text:
Crossroads Guitar Festival

The Crossroads Guitar Festival is a series of music festivals and benefit concerts founded by Eric Clapton. The festivals benefit the Crossroads Centre founded by Eric Clapton, a drug treatment center in Antigua. The concerts showcase a variety of guitarists, selected by Eric Clapton personally. To the 2007 audience, Clapton declared that each performer was one of the very best, and had earned his personal respect.

The first concert was held on June 30, 1999, at Madison Square Garden in New York City, and there again in 2013. The 2004 concert was held at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, while the 2007 and 2010 festivals were held at Toyota Park, Bridgeview, Illinois, just outside Chicago. The festival returned to Dallas in 2019 at the American Airlines Center.

1999 festival
The first Crossroads Benefit concert was held at Madison Square Garden, New York on June 30, 1999. It was held under a different title which was Eric Clapton & Friends In Concert: A Benefit For The Crossroads Centre At Antigua. The first official Crossroads Guitar Festival did not happen until 2004.

Performers
Some performers at the 1999 Concert were David Sanborn, Sheryl Crow, Bob Dylan and Mary J Blige. Backup musicians included Nathan East (bass), Steve Gadd (drums) Andy Fairweather Low (guitars), Tim Carmon (keyboards) and Dave Delhomme (keyboards). Back-up vocals were by Tessa Niles and Katie Kissoon.

2004 festival
Held at Cotton Bowl stadium in Dallas, Texas, from June 4, 2004, to June 6, 2004. A two-disc DVD containing 250 minutes of footage of the 2004 concert was released in the same year. This became the first official Crossroads Guitar Festival even though the 1999 concert had a different title. It was also the first benefit concert under the Crossroads Guitar Festival name.

Performers
Some performers at the Crossroads Guitar Festival such as Jeff Beck, Pat Metheny, Neal Schon, and Styx were not included on the DVD.

 * Eric Clapton
 * Johnny A.
 * Vishwa Mohan Bhatt
 * Ron Block
 * Joe Bonamassa
 * Booker T. & the M.G.'s
 * Doyle Bramhall II
 * JJ Cale
 * Larry Carlton
 * Robert Cray
 * Steve Cropper
 * Sheryl Crow
 * Bo Diddley
 * Jerry Douglas
 * David Honeyboy Edwards
 * Rocky Frisco
 * Vince Gill
 * Buddy Guy
 * David Hidalgo
 * Zakir Hussain
 * Eric Johnson
 * B.B. King
 * Sonny Landreth
 * Jonny Lang
 * Robert Lockwood, Jr.
 * John Mayer
 * John McLaughlin
 * Robert Randolph
 * Duke Robillard
 * Carlos Santana
 * Hubert Sumlin
 * James Taylor
 * Susan Tedeschi
 * Derek Trucks
 * Dan Tyminski
 * Steve Vai
 * Jimmie Vaughan
 * Joe Walsh
 * ZZ Top
 * David Johansen

2007 festival
The 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival was held at Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois on July 28, 2007. Tickets were estimated as sold out for the 28,000 capacity park in twenty two minutes. A DVD of the concert was released on November 20, 2007.

Performers
Eric Clapton played alongside various performers, and there were many one-off collaborations during the show. In order of appearance, the performers on the main stage were

 * Bill Murray
 * Sonny Landreth
 * John McLaughlin
 * Alison Krauss and Union Station featuring Jerry Douglas
 * Doyle Bramhall II
 * The Derek Trucks Band
 * joined by Susan Tedeschi and Johnny Winter
 * Robert Randolph and the Family Band
 * The Robert Cray Band
 * joined by Jimmie Vaughan, Hubert Sumlin, and B. B. King
 * Aaron Loesch (winner of Guitar Center's 2007 King of the Blues contest)

 * John Mayer
 * Vince Gill
 * joined by Albert Lee, Sheryl Crow, Peter Stroud and Willie Nelson
 * Los Lobos
 * Jeff Beck with Tal Wilkenfeld, Vinnie Colaiuta, and Jason Rebello
 * Eric Clapton
 * joined by Robbie Robertson and Steve Winwood
 * Buddy Guy
 * Finale featuring Buddy Guy with Eric Clapton, Robert Cray, John Mayer, Hubert Sumlin, Johnny Winter, and Jimmie Vaughan

On the second stage at the Festival Village, performers included:

 * Orianthi
 * Harvey Mandel
 * Jedd Hughes
 * Pete Huttlinger

 * Tab Benoit and Louisiana's LeRoux
 * Jeff Baxter
 * Todd Wolfe
 * Tyler Bryant
 * Flophouse

2010 festival
The 2010 Crossroads festival was again held at Toyota Park in Bridgeview, IL (outside Chicago) on June 26, 2010.

Performers
In order of appearance. Artists in bold have received star billing in advertisements. Comedian Bill Murray MC-ed.

 * Kirby Kelley (winner of Guitar Center's 2009 King of the Blues contest)
 * Sonny Landreth^*
 * Robert Randolph and the Family Band^* joined by Joe Bonamassa and Pino Daniele
 * The Robert Cray Band^* with Jimmie Vaughan^* and Hubert Sumlin^*
 * Bert Jansch
 * Stefan Grossman joined by Keb' Mo'
 * ZZ Top^
 * Doyle Bramhall II^* and Faded Boogie joined by Gary Clark, Jr. and Sheryl Crow^* and Derek Trucks* and Susan Tedeschi*
 * Vince Gill^* joined by Albert Lee*, James Burton^, and Keb' Mo'

 * Citizen Cope joined by Sheryl Crow
 * Earl Klugh with Yonrico Scott and Joseph Patrick Moore
 * John Mayer Trio^*
 * Buddy Guy^* with Jonny Lang^ and Ronnie Wood
 * The Derek Trucks* and Susan Tedeschi* Band joined by Warren Haynes, Sheryl Crow, David Hidalgo^*, Cesar Rosas*, and Johnny Winter* (This set replaced the originally scheduled Allman Brothers Band.)
 * Jeff Beck^* with Rhonda Smith, Narada Michael Walden, and Jason Rebello*
 * Eric Clapton^* with Steve Winwood* joined by Citizen Cope and Jeff Beck
 * B. B. King^* with The Robert Cray Band, Jimmie Vaughan and Eric Clapton
 * Finale set with many artists returning for a performance of "Sweet Home Chicago"

^ - artists who also performed at the 2004 festival. * - artists who also performed at the 2007 festival.

2013 festival
The 2013 festival was held April 12–13 at Madison Square Garden in New York City.

Performers
Performers included:

 * Albert Lee
 * Alice Smith
 * Allan Holdsworth
 * Allman Brothers Band
 * Andy Fairweather Low
 * B.B. King
 * Beth Hart
 * Blake Mills
 * Booker T
 * Buddy Guy
 * Citizen Cope
 * Dave Biller
 * Derek Trucks
 * Doyle Bramhall II
 * Earl Klugh
 * Eric Clapton
 * Gary Clark Jr.
 * Jeff Beck

 * Jimmie Vaughan
 * John Mayer
 * John Scofield
 * Keb' Mo'
 * Keith Richards
 * Keith Urban
 * Kurt Rosenwinkel
 * Los Lobos
 * Matt Murphy
 * Paul Carrack
 * Quinn Sullivan
 * Robbie Robertson
 * Robert Cray
 * Robert Randolph
 * Sonny Landreth
 * Steve Cropper
 * Taj Mahal
 * Vince Gill

2019 festival
The 2019 festival was held on September 20–21 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas.

MC: Bill Murray

Performers
Performers included:

 * Alan Darby
 * Albert Lee
 * Andy Fairweather Low
 * Artur Menezes
 * Billy Gibbons
 * Bonnie Raitt
 * Bradley Walker
 * Buddy Guy Band
 * Daniel Santiago
 * Derek Trucks
 * Doyle Bramhall II
 * Eric Clapton
 * Gary Clark Jr.
 * Gustavo Santaolalla
 * James Bay
 * Jeff Beck
 * Jerry Douglas

 * Jimmie Vaughan
 * Joe Walsh
 * John Mayer
 * Jonny Lang
 * Keb' Mo'
 * Kurt Rosenwinkel
 * Lianne La Havas
 * Los Lobos
 * Pedro Martins
 * Peter Frampton
 * Robert Cray
 * Robert Randolph
 * Sheryl Crow
 * Sonny Landreth
 * Susan Tedeschi
 * Tom Misch
 * Vince Gill
 * Citizen Cope
 * The Marcus King Band

Outdoor Venue: Among the Village Stage performers will be surprise main stage artists, along with special guest guitarists such as Eric Johnson, Joe Robinson, Andy Timmons, Paul Reed Smith, Boscoe France, Bryan Ewald, Ryan McGarvey and Peterson Brothers, with others. In addition, next-gen guitarists Jacob Reese Thorton and Brotherhood of the Guitar, the Ernie Ball Play Crossroads national contest winner, and Gibson’s G3 trio will make their Crossroads debut on the Village stage.

2023 festival
A 2023 edition of the festival is scheduled for September 23–24 at the Crypto.com Arena in Downtown Los Angeles.

Announced performers

 * Joe Bonamassa
 * Doyle Bramhall II
 * James Bullard
 * Eric Clapton
 * Gary Clark Jr.
 * Judith Hill
 * Sheryl Crow
 * Jerry Douglas
 * Jakob Dylan
 * Andy Fairweather Low
 * Samantha Fish
 * Eric Gales
 * Vince Gill
 * Buddy Guy
 * Ben Haggard
 * H.E.R.
 * Sierra Hull
 * Christone "Kingfish" Ingram
 * Marcus King
 * The Bros. Landreth
 * Sonny Landreth
 * Albert Lee

 * Los Lobos
 * Taj Mahal
 * Pedro Martins
 * John Mayer Trio
 * John McLaughlin
 * Del McCoury Band
 * Roger McGuinn
 * Keb' Mo'
 * Ariel Posen
 * Robert Randolph
 * Robbie Robertson
 * Kurt Rosenwinkel
 * Santana
 * Gustavo Santaolalla
 * Daniel Santiago
 * Stephen Stills
 * Molly Tuttle
 * Jimmie Vaughan
 * Bradley Walker
 * The War on Drugs
 * ZZ Top

title: Crossroads Guitar Festival


text: Talk:Tax Court of Canada

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tax Court of Canada


text:
Category:0-8-0 locomotives

Locomotives classified 0-8-0 under the Whyte notation of locomotive axle arrangements.
 * The equivalent AAR wheel arrangement and UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements is D.

title: Category:0-8-0 locomotives


text:
Alliance for the Future of Kosovo

The Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (Aleanca për Ardhmërinë e Kosovës, AAK) is a right-wing political party in Kosovo.

Leadership
The party was formed on 29 April 2001 after having previously operated as a coalition of five parties since 2 May 2000. Founder and the current president of the party is Ramush Haradinaj. In December 2004 the parliament elected him as Prime Minister of Kosovo and he formed a coalition government with the largest party, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK). He resigned as Prime Minister in March 2005 after learning that he had been indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, for 37 counts of war crimes. He received a full acquittal from the Tribunal on 3 April 2008. He returned to Kosovo and immediately resumed his duties as president of the party.

The AAK currently has three deputy presidents: Blerim Shala, Naim Maloku and Ahmet Isufi.

The current Secretary General is Burim Ramadani and the Secretary of Organisation is Ibrahim Selmanaj.

In Parliament
At the last legislative elections held on 17 November 2007, the alliance won 9.6% of the popular vote and 10 out of 120 seats in the Assembly of Kosovo, which made it the fifth largest political force. This was a gain on the previous two legislative elections in 2001 and 2004 in which the AAK won 7.8% and 8.4% of the popular vote, respectively.

The AAK's eight current members of parliament are: Ramush Haradinaj, who is the leader of AAK, Shemsedin Dreshaj, Besnik Tahiri, Bekë Berisha, Pal Lekaj, Albena Reshitaj, Albana Bytyqi and Time Kadrijaj also serves as the AAK's member of the Assembly Presidency.

Currently they are part of the opposition team together with PDK, LDK and the Serb List

Local elections
At the municipal elections held on 17 November 2007, the AAK gained control of 3 municipalities in western Kosovo: Peja, Gjakova and Deçan.

At the municipal elections held on 15 November 2007, the party gained 8 of 37 municipalities of Kosovo.

Political position
AAK is located slightly to the right on the political spectrum. It is generally considered an Albanian nationalist party.

Party name and symbols
The party flag is red, black and white. White represents peace; red and black are the national colours of the 96% Albanian majority of Kosovo.

The choice of the party's name, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK) is explained in Ramush Haradinaj's second book. Whereas previous Kosovo party acronyms began with consonants, a vowel was chosen for AAK because it seems less harsh and more open. The word "future" was chosen to mark a break with the old communist tendency to reflect backwards upon one's history. Finally, "alliance" was chosen because of its association with the NATO alliance which is much revered in Kosovo for its intervention in the Kosovo War of 1999, and also because of it evokes the idea of working together to achieve one's aims. The alliance was originally formed by several smaller parties:
 * People's Movement of Kosovo (Lëvizja Popullore e Kosovës - LPK)
 * Parliamentary Party of Kosovo (Partia Parlamentare e Kosovës)
 * Civic Alliance of Kosovo (Aleanca Qytetare e Kosovës)
 * National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo (Lëvizja Kombëtare për Çlirimin e Kosovës)
 * Party of Albanian National Union (Partia e Unitetit Kombëtar Shqiptar)
 * Albanian Union of Christian Democrats (Unioni Shqiptar Demokristian)

title: Alliance for the Future of Kosovo


text:
User talk:Drjones79

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 00:21, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Image copyright
Thank you for uploading Image:BentleySign.jpg and for stating the source. However, its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. If it is open content or public domain, please give proof of this on the image page. If the image is fair use, please provide a rationale. Thank you. --Ellmist 18:44, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:BentleyFalcon.GIF
Thanks for uploading Image:BentleyFalcon.GIF. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 03:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:BentleyLogo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:BentleyLogo.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 03:55, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Drjones79


text:
Everyone Poops

Everyone Poops is the title of US editions of the English translation (by Amanda Mayer Stinchecum) of Minna Unchi (みんなうんち), a Japanese children's book written and illustrated by the prolific children's author Tarō Gomi and first published in Japan by Fukuinkan Shoten in 1977 within the series Kagaku no Tomo Kessaku-shū (かがくのとも傑作集).

The English translation has been published in the US by Kane/Miller, within the series "My Body Science", and by Scholastic. In Britain, the book is titled Everybody Poos and is published by Frances Lincoln.

The book tells children that all animals defecate and that they have always done so. The book is intended to relieve shame and embarrassment around the act of defecating by explaining to children that it is a natural part of life.

The book has also been translated into Spanish and Thai.

Story
Everyone Poops does not have a plot. The first sixteen pages contain various prompts regarding defecation in animals such as opposites ("An elephant makes a big poop" and "[a] mouse makes a tiny poop"), comparisons (that various species produce various sizes and shapes of poop) and questions ("What does whale poop look like?").

On the seventeenth page, a boy with black overalls and a red shirt is introduced, seen running into a bathroom. The book then goes on to explain how people of all ages, from adults to very young children, defecate, and how infants may use diapers. After that, there are only three more illustrations that do not feature the boy. On the next page of the book, the child uses toilet paper and flushes the toilet. The final portion of the book explains that because every animal eats, they must therefore defecate, and the book ends with rear views of the boy and six different animals defecating and the words "Everyone Poops".

Publication
Everyone Poops was written by Tarō Gomi, and first published by Tokyo-based Fukuinkan Shoten as Minna Unchi in 1977.

It was acquired by Kane/Miller in 1993. Kane/Miller was later bought by Educational Development Corporation. Everyone Poops is the best-known title sold by the company. This book is sold in the U.S. through traditional bookstores such as Barnes & Noble and on the party plan by independent booksellers.

Editions

 * Minna Unchi (みんなうんち). Kagaku no Tomo Kessaku-shū (かがくのとも傑作集). Tokyo: Fukuinkan Shoten (福音館書店), 1977. For later printings, ISBN 4-8340-0848-7. 28 pages in Japanese edition.
 * Everyone Poops. Trans. Amanda Mayer Stinchecum. My Body Science. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Kane/Miller, 1993. ISBN 0-916291-45-6.
 * Everyone Poops. Trans. Amanda Mayer Stinchecum. La Jolla: Kane/Miller, 2001. ISBN 1-929132-14-X. New York: Scholastic, 2004. ISBN 0-439-72659-X.
 * Everybody Poos. Trans. Amanda Mayer Stinchecum. London: Frances Lincoln, 2002. ISBN 0-7112-2046-8. London: Frances Lincoln, 2004. ISBN 1-84507-258-8
 * Todos hacemos caca. Trans: Leopoldo Iribarren. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Kane/Miller, 1997. ISBN 0-916291-77-4
 * ʻƯ. Krung Thēp: Samnakphim Phrǣo Phư̄an Dek, 1995. ISBN 974-89200-0-3. Krungthēp: ʻAmmarin, 2003. ISBN 974-247-036-7.

title: Everyone Poops


text:
1903 in rail transport

January events

 * January 20 – The Grand Trunk Western Railroad opens a passenger depot in Lansing, Michigan.
 * January 28 – Esmond Train Wreck: fourteen people are killed when the Crescent City Express (No. 8, bound for Benson, Arizona) collides head-on with the bound Pacific Coast Express (No. 7, bound for Tucson).

February events

 * February 12 – North British Locomotive Company established as a locomotive builder in Glasgow, Scotland, by merger of Dübs & Company, Neilson, Reid & Company, and Sharp, Stewart & Company. In April it receives its first new order for steam locomotives, from India.

March events

 * March 3 – Baker valve gear for steam locomotives is first patented in the United States.

April events

 * April 7 – Apalachicola Northern Railroad, later to become AN Railway, is chartered.

May events

 * May 3 – The Mersey Railway, operating between Birkenhead and Liverpool by tunnel beneath the River Mersey, England, converts from steam to electric traction.
 * May 13 – The Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad (later to become part of Chicago & North Western Railway) begins passenger train service to Casper, Wyoming.
 * May 25 – The Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley Railroad opens, becoming the first railroad in the United States to use an electrified third rail to power its trains.

July events

 * July – Regular passenger traffic from Saint Petersburg to Vladivostok over the Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern Railways begins.
 * July 1 – Opening of the Albula Railway portion of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) (metre gauge) in Switzerland, passing through the Albula Tunnel, the highest of the principal Alpine tunnels at 1370 m.
 * July 13 – Danbury Union Station in Danbury, Connecticut, on the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, opens.
 * July 27
 * Construction begins on the Baghdad Railway with the 200 km segment between Konya and Bulgurlu in the Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey).
 * Glasgow St Enoch rail accident, Scotland: sixteen killed when a train crashes into the buffers.

August events

 * August 10 – Paris Metro train fire, France: electric fire on Paris Métro at Couronnes; 84 killed.
 * August 17 – The Great Western Railway becomes the first British railway company to operate its own road motor services (i.e. buses), between Helston and The Lizard in Cornwall.

September events

 * September 27 – Wreck of the Old 97, Danville, Virginia, United States: A southbound Southern Railway passenger train derails on a trestle in Danville; eleven people are killed.

October events

 * October – Experimental electric trains, built by AEG and Siemens & Halske, reach 210.2 km/h (130.6 mph) between Marienfelde and Zossen in Germany.
 * October 1
 * The first railway in Norway rebuilt to double track, from Bryn to Lillestrøm on the Hovedbanen, is opened.
 * The Gold Coast Government Railway is extended from Obuasi to Kumasi.
 * October 21 – Howard Elliott succeeds Charles Sanger Mellen as president of Northern Pacific Railway.
 * October 26 – The Key System begins operating their first streetcar-ferry service, the Berkeley line in Berkeley, California.
 * October 31 – The Purdue Wreck, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA: A Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis Railway football special carrying the Purdue University football team and fans to the annual game with Indiana University collides with a coal train. Fourteen of the team and three other passengers are killed.

November events

 * November 9 – The gauge Kalka-Shimla Railway opens in India.

December events

 * December 14 – The New York, New Haven and Hartford introduces the all-parlor car Merchants Limited between Boston and New York City.

Unknown date events

 * The British Engineering Standards Committee draws up specifications for eight standard steam locomotive designs for the broad gauge Indian Railways.
 * Southern Pacific Railroad gains 50% control of the Pacific Electric system in Los Angeles, California.
 * The Wilkes-Barre & Hazleton Railway opens as the first railroad to have a guarded third rail.
 * The provisions of the Railroad Safety Appliance Act, enacted in 1893, are extended to include all railroad cars whether or not the cars themselves are used in interchange service.
 * Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway introduces the first 2-10-2 compound locomotives (built by Baldwin Locomotive Works) into service.
 * Edward Harriman becomes president of the Union Pacific.
 * George Whale succeeds Francis William Webb as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London & North Western Railway.

April births

 * April 10 – Edward T. Reidy, last president of Chicago Great Western Railway 1957–1968.

March deaths

 * March 29 – Gustavus Franklin Swift, founder of Swift & Company which pioneered the use of refrigerator cars in late 19th century America (born 1839)

July deaths

 * July 27 – Frederick Kimball, American civil engineer who was instrumental in the formation of Norfolk & Western (born 1844).

Unknown date deaths

 * John Elfreth Watkins, railroad civil engineer and first curator for the Smithsonian Institution's railroad artifacts including John Bull.

title: 1903 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Yield

This article says that the yield on a bond is current yield. That is not the way the word yield is used in the bond markets in the United States. One would never say "yield" to mean "current yield". Yield would always mean bond equivalent yield. The controlling reference (again, in the United States) is the documentation published by the Bond Market Association (which used to be called the Public Securities Association). I am thinking of adding some explanation to the article, and I wanted to see if there are other thoughts. Morris 00:22, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

agricultural yield
Yield also has an agricultural meaning which should be included here. yield would always mean bond equivalent yield.

manufacturing yield
Where is manufacturing yield, (the percentage of products manufactured that pass quality assurance)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.235.17.122 (talk) 06:13, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yield


text:
Prime Minister of Kosovo

The prime minister of the Republic of Kosovo (Kryeministri i Republikës së Kosovës, Премијер Републике Косово) is the head of government of Kosovo.

The prime minister and the Government of Kosovo, which they head, are responsible for their actions to the Assembly of Kosovo, of which they must all be members. The current prime minister of Kosovo is Albin Kurti, who assumed office on 22 March 2021.

Prime Minister
Political parties:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2| No. ! rowspan=2| Portrait ! rowspan=2| Name (Birth–Death) ! colspan=3| Term of office ! rowspan=2| Political party ! rowspan=2| Election ! Took office ! Left office ! Time in office !colspan=8|

Republic of Kosova

!colspan=8|

UN-administered Kosovo

!style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"|5 (born 1960)
 * Kosovo politic personality icon.svg
 * Bajram Kosumi
 * 25 March 2005
 * 10 March 2006
 * PPK
 * PPK

!colspan=8|

Republic of Kosovo

 * }

Deputy Prime Ministers
The deputy prime minister of the Republic of Kosovo (Zëvendëskryeministri i Republikës së Kosovës, Заменик премијера Републике Косово) is the deputy head of government of Kosovo. In the absence of the prime minister, the deputy prime minister takes over the functions of chairman of the cabinet. The office is the second senior minister of the cabinet in the executive branch of the government in the parliamentary system in the Republic of Kosovo.

Political parties:

title: Prime Minister of Kosovo


text:
Talk:Domingo Cavallo

Untitled
I've fixed the logical flaw, article previously referred to the "catastrophic collapse of inflation", :) Hardly something you would upbraid a finance minister for....

I question the NPOV here though. Was the collapse **entirely** the result of his policys?

Shoka

Mr Domingo Cavallo has long handled government finance policies of Argentina. As head of the Central Bank he implemented the transfer of private debt to the government, during a military dictatorship in the eighties, a much criticized measure. Ten years later, he enacted a far fetched fixed-currency-rate system, that was considered extremely harmful, as it indeed proved to be when it blew up, finding him as the maximum finantial authority in the country, not only the single creator of the model, but also in charge and endowed with extended decission power, by  Congress, which proved to be totally useless. He has always admitted to having his savings overseas, even at times when there was no risk in sight, even while publicly advising people to trust his policies. Three years after his dismissal, Argentina has not fully recovered from the effects of the collapse, while Mr Domingo Cavallo resides in the US. Of course, the downfall of a hundred billion economy was not the act of a single individual, but Mr Domingo Cavallo has been a major actor, one that has personally profitted from the dooming of a whole nation.

I don't like this
I don't like this article. I've reverted an anon user's changes directly making Cavallo responsible for the economic crisis, but I still think it should be mentioned in some form, with proper sources. The article as it stands now pictures Cavallo as a "victim of circumstances", a poor fellow who simply couldn't persuade Menem to do the right thing because bad politics won over good economics, and couldn't work with De la Rúa because he was "weak" and things had gotten out of control already. There's also the matter of whether he sold information to some of his wealthiest "friends" regarding how to take money out of Argentina right before the corralito was in force. Comments are welcome. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 14:40, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Allen Greenspan, in his book, says that this man was responsible for fixing the state of the country's economy, going from 2,000% inflation in 1990 to single digit inflation in 91. Despite this the legislature spent the vast wealth and purchasing power that had been created and destroyed the nation's ability to hold the 1:1 exchange rate.

--RSaylors

i'm not attacking Cavallo
why do you think that? i really enjoy what cavallo did, we don't like argentineans very much.

and thats what he did, its not my POV, you can call it a "Masterpiece" if you think it was, i don't care.

14 February 2006

 * If you dislike the masterpiece thing why don't you change that? User:Ejrrjs says What? 19:06, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

N.B. I wrote the original version and the masterpiece thing was kind of tongue-in-cheek. Of course it's unencyclopedic, as there is no guarantees that it will be understood as meant, so  I won't complain if it is improved.

Do you like it?
HOW is he better known...(in the place WHERE he is better known)???

why don't you try to describe cavallos's activities? i could do the first one (just some ctrl+c/ctrl+v), and you the rest.

1st founded(from the same web): ''In 1982, when disappearances, torture and executions were commonplace in the country, the Military Junta appointed Mr. Domingo Cavallo to the presidency of Argentina's Central Bank. At that time, Cavallo made a decision that would mire the country's economy for years to come: he consolidated the transference of a significant part of the private sector's debt with international banks to the federal government, greatly inflating a foreign debt that to this day makes Argentina dependent on foreign credit.''

well, this explain his first big job, and under what circumstances it was done.

"there is neither security nor justice."
He also said that Interior Minister Carlos Corach and Justice Minister Elias Jassan "control many federal judges," on whom they can call ata moment's notice with instructions regarding cases in their courts.

Cavallo said that, at a meeting while he was part of the cabinet, Corach wrote on a napkin the names of the judges who would unconditionally follow his suggestions. Cavallo also said that, in a meeting with Menem, Alberto Kohan, general secretary of the presidency, admitted he was aware of bribes paid in a case involving US-based IBM and the state-run Banco de la Nacion Argentina.

you try to describe
2 times "convertivilidad" but omitting crucial information The end result of the fixed-exchange-rate scheme was disastrous / a masterpiece / successful / or whatever you want to call it (mr Ejrrjs / Pablito / Seba); it put pressure on the country's trade balance and the caused the decimation of the nation's industry. Recession followed, and with it, fiscal deficit.

When Menem's administration ended in 1999, it left a ruined country and a trail of grave corruption that has included the prosecution of Mr. Menem and Mr. Cavallo (Cavallo was freed after he spent two months in jail) for their alleged participation in the smuggling of arms to Croatia and Ecuador in spite of international embargoes to war zones.

come and chat kids! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.83.142.148 (talk • contribs).

 * Remember that we are all trying to make an encyclopedia here, and the users you refer to have no mean intentions. It would be really good if you created a user for yourself, and sign your comments in the talk pages. I know you pretend to write the truth about Cavallo, but let's not get driven by enthusiasm. We are not to make speculations on 'causes' but only state 'facts'. Of course, a quote of certain known political figure or economy specialist is more than welcome, always trying to show both sides of the history. Good wiking, Mariano (t/c) 18:38, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
This article is far from the so called 'neutral point of view principle of Wikipedia'. Clearly written mainly be Cavallo opposers. I have deleted remarks that are not widely accepted. Please maintain the neutrality, otherwise none of this makes sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.47.233 (talk • contribs)

Mariano Grondona is one of Argentina's best known intellectuals and newspaper columnists, and one of very few who incorporates a psychohistorical perspective in his work. His book Realidad: El Despertar del Sueño Argentino (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 2002) is a psychologically sensitive account of Argentine political culture.

Domingo Cavallo, a brilliant and charismatic economist who had remarkable success as Carlos Menem's Economy Minister in the 1990s, is characterized by Grondona as exhibiting obsessive-compulsive and narcissistic personality traits. Cavallo is supremely self-confident, energetic and known for a hot temper, especially for an incident when he lashed out publicly at journalists who reported that he had lost an election.

ill try. 67.83.142.148 06:46, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I tried to leave the article without any POV statements, both for nor against Cavallo. Mariano (t/c) 11:53, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Domingo Cavallo
Free after two months in jail

A court panel in Buenos Aires has said there are no grounds to prosecute Domingo Cavallo on accusations of gun-running.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2032432.stm

Debt transfers?
I've commented out the following text:
 * The mechanism turning private debt into liabilities of the state continued throughout the government of Raúl Alfonsín (1983–1989), and took place again after the economic crisis that followed the devaluation in the 2000s.

True, some in the private sector managed to get the state to pay for their dollar-denominated debts after the devaluation, indirectly, but this was not an official measure. I don't know about Alfonsín's time. Given that the article has no sources, I find this a bit too harsh (basically on the same (un)encyclopedic level as saying "the same people have been screwing us in the same way for decades, so que se vayan todos"). Could someone verify this and add it in a more suitable place if needed? —Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 21:54, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * "Alfonsín estatizó el 1° de julio de 1985 mediante las resoluciones “A” 695, 696, y 697 BCRA los 2.000 millones de dólares reconocidos en su legitimidad y los 12.000 millones de dólares de deuda externa financiera no registrada como legítima y cierta."
 * Well, it has been happening for over 100 years already. Check this: Cuando 114 años tampoco es nada, Historia De La Deuda Externa, Deuda Externa, Historia de la economía argentina, Adictos a la deuda, Menem no inventó nada.
 * I was thinking aobut doing a History of the Argentine external debt or something like that, what do you think? Mariano (t/c) 08:23, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Domingo Cavallo


text:
Talk:List of state leaders in 1124

Earlier, I stopped adding these lists at 1124 because I kept finding more, and I thought I should wait until I found everything. Well I think I found everything that is included in lists on Wikipedia, but Hostkingdom.net, which is usually accurate and useful (and is run by a sometimes-contributor to Wikipedia) has many many more lists. So, here is a list I compiled of people we do not already have in the 1124 list. However, it also includes some people I know are not heads of state as such, in areas I am personally familiar with - various vassals of Jerusalem, and English peers. The vassals of the king of Jerusalem are not "peers" as such, but they're not really heads of a separate state either...and I guess the English ones can be removed entirely. I'm not sure what to do with the others - France and the Holy Roman Empire are pretty tricky. I included titles if hostkingdom.net indicated them (or if I could make a reasonable guess). If anyone has any comments, please discuss them here. (And I know this list is kind of arbitrary because things change so often in the 12th century, but I wanted to stop somewhere where I was fairly familiar with the situation.) Adam Bishop

Asia

 * Arakan – Parin dynasty – Thakiwengngay 1115-1133
 * Awadh – Govindachandra, king of Benares c. 1114-c. 1155
 * Azerbaijan – Atabeg Abu Muzaffar Manuchihr II c. 1095-1155
 * Bali – Jayashakti 1133-1150
 * Bengal – Kumarapala, Pala dynasty, c. 1120-c. 1125
 * Caesarea – Lord Walter 1123-1154
 * Part of Jerusalem, not a state
 * Gujarat – Kumarapala, c. 1125-c. 1171
 * Hebron – Lord Baldwin of St. Abraham (1120-1136)
 * Part of Jerusalem, not a state
 * Jaffa – Count Hugh II 1122-1134
 * Part of Jerusalem, not a state
 * Java – Kediri dynasty Bamesvara I c. 1117-1130
 * Kashmir – Sussala 1120-1127
 * Keraits – Borjegin king – Mark Buyuruq-Khan c. 1120-1150s
 * Kerala – Kotha Varma, raja of Venad 1102-1125
 * Kipchak Turks – Otrok Khan 1111-c. 1146
 * Lori – Prince of Matznaberg David II 1118-1145
 * Malwa – Naravarman 1097-1134
 * Manipur – Loitongba 1121-1149
 * Mardin – Ortuqid ruler al-Sa’id Husan ad-Din Timur Tash 1122-1154
 * Nepal – Thakuri dynasty, Shivadeva 1118-1128
 * Orissa – Anantavarman Chodaganga 1118-1148
 * Oultrejordain – Lord Roman of Puy 1118-1126
 * Part of Jerusalem, not a state
 * Sana – Yahya ibn Mohammed Abu Talib – 1117-1137
 * Siuna – Gregory VI 1094-1166
 * Sivas – Danishmendid, Gumushtigin 1084-1134
 * Zabid – al-Mansur ibn Fatiq 1109-1124

Africa

 * Kanem-Bornu – Dunama I 1098-1150
 * Kangaba – Baraonendana c. 1090-c. 1150
 * Kano – Gajemasu 1095-1134
 * Kilwa – Emperor of Zeng, Daoud II ibn Sulayman 1117-1158
 * Mali – Majan Wagadu c. 1120-c. 1130
 * Mukurra - Basil, c. 1089-c. 1130

Europe

 * Albemarle - Stephen, 2nd Earl of Albemarle 1096-c. 1125
 * I think he's just a peer. Mackensen (talk) 04:00, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Albi – Viscount Bernard Aton Trencavel 1082-1130
 * Presumably part of the County of Toulouse
 * Alençon – Count of Alencon William III 1112-1171
 * A first order vassal of the Kings of France
 * Amboise – Count Hugh II 1080-1128
 * Arborea – Constantine I 1090-1131
 * Aremberg – Franko 1117-1129
 * Armagnac – Count Gerard III 1110-1160
 * I believe a vassal of the Dukes of Aquitaine. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Aversa – Count Giordano II 1120-1127
 * Not sure the story here - it's in south Italy, so probably independent.
 * A separate county, according to our Aversa article.
 * Bar-sur-Seine – Count Milo II 1085-1125
 * Bari – Count William II, Duke of Apulia 1113-1127
 * Apulia would be the state here, not Bari. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Bearn – Count Gaston IV 1090-1131
 * Maybe connected Toulouse, since Gaston followed Raymond IV on crusade; otherwise, it was formerly connected to Aquitaine, and then later to Foix and Navarre, but at this point it is apparently independent
 * Bentheim – Otto 1115-1149
 * Berg – Count Adolph III 1093-1132
 * Besançon – Count Anseric of Montreal 1117-1134
 * Probably part of the County (or Duchy?) of Burgundy
 * Bregenz – Rudolph I 1097-1143
 * Buckingham - Walter Giffard, 2nd Earl of Buckingham 1102-1164
 * I think he's just a peer. Mackensen (talk) 04:00, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cagliari – Torgodorio II 1108-1129
 * Capua – Duke Jordan II 1120-1127
 * Like Aversa, probably independent. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Chatillon – Lord Gaucher II 1121-1148
 * Chester – Earl Ranulf I 1120-c. 1129
 * A palatine county in England. Durham's the only other one, I believe. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Chiny – Count Otto II 1106-1125
 * Clermont-en-Beauvais – Count Renaud II 1101-1157
 * Cleves – Arnold I 1119-1147
 * Condé – Lord Goswin II 1120-1127
 * Cuyk – Godfrey I, Burgrave of Utrecht 1121-1168
 * Dagestan – Saif ad-Din Mohammed ibn Khalifa c. 1120-1140
 * Dalhem – Count Conrad c. 1108-1128
 * Danzig – Duke of Pomerelia Wartislaw I of Pomerania 1107-1137
 * Pomerania is still part of Poland at this point, so Danzig probably is too
 * Desmond – King Cormac III 1123-1127
 * Dublin – Jarl Thorfinn 1119-1124
 * Durham – Prince-Bishop Ranulf Flambard 1099-1129
 * Same deal as Chester. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * East Franconia – Godfrey 1104-1127
 * Evreux – Count Amaury I 1118-1136
 * Part of the Duchy of Normandy
 * Franconia – Duke Conrad I, later HRE, 1105-1138
 * Definitely a first order stem duchy in Germany. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Foix – Count Roger II 1071-1124, Roger III 1124-1148
 * A vassal of the Dukes of Aquitaine, I think.
 * According to County of Foix, it was independent.
 * No it doesn't - it says it was a feudatory of the County of Toulouse that at some point established independence. john k 07:03, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah...should have read a little further. But they were independent at some point, at least... Adam Bishop 07:43, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Friuli – Count, Patriarch of Aquileia Gerard Primiero 1122-1129
 * Frisia – Count Henry II 1107-c. 1138
 * Gaeta – Duke Richard II 1121-1125
 * Another independent South Italian state, I should think. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * According to Gaeta it was part of the County of Aversa and then the Kingdom of Sicily.
 * Gloucester – Earl Robert Fitzhenry 1121-1147
 * A marcher earldom. Not sure how that fits in. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hebrides – Lord of the Isles Olaf Bitling 1113-1153
 * Heinsberg – Goswin I c. 1085-1128
 * Henneberg – Godwalt 1078-1143
 * Hereford –Miles de Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford 1100-1143
 * I think he's just a peer. Mackensen (talk) 04:00, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Another marcher lord. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hesse – Henry Raspe I (Landgrave of Thuringia?) 1122-1130
 * Hesse was not a state at this point - it was the western half of the Landgraviate of Thuringia. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hohnstein – Ilger I 1123-1145
 * Holstein – Adolph I 1110-1131
 * Huntingdon - Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon 1114-1152
 * An English peerage. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Iceland – Lawspeaker Guthmundur Thorgeirsson 1123-1124
 * Istria – margrave of Istria Engelbert II 1103-1134
 * Julich – Gerard IV 1114-1127
 * Kazan – Shamgun ibn Adam 1118-1135
 * Kent - William de Ipres, 1st Earl of Kent c. 1115–1162
 * I think he's just a peer. Mackensen (talk) 04:00, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Leiningen – Emich II 1117-c. 1141
 * Leinster – Enna II 1117-1126
 * Leister - Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester 1118-1168
 * Just a peer, I should think. Also, spelled Leicester. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Leuchtenberg – Frederick I c. 1123-1146
 * Liege – Prince Bishop Alberon I de Louvain 1121-1128
 * Limburg – Duke Walram II 1119-1139
 * Limoges – Viscount Ademar III 1090-1139
 * Lodi – Count-Bishop Arderico I Vignati 1103-1128
 * Loon – Count Arnold I c. 1082-c. 1126
 * Lowenstein – Albert IV 1099-1147
 * Luxembourg – Count William 1096-1129
 * Macon – Count Reinald III 1102-1127 (then Count of Burgundy)
 * The County of Burgundy counts, certainly. Not sure about Macon (and even if it's in the Kingdom of France or in the Empire). john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Mallorca – Abu-l-Rabi Sulayman El Burabe 1114-1126
 * The Spanish Muslim states should be dealt with on their own - I think this is the period of the break-up of the Almoravids, so probably an independent state. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Meath – Murchad IV 1106-1153
 * There were five Irish Kingdoms, I think. Not sure how to deal with them. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Mecklenberg – Prince of Greater Wendia Henry I 1093-1127
 * Meissen – Margrave Wisbert 1123-1124, Henry III 1124-1135, Herman II 1124-1129
 * A high order vassal of the Holy Roman Empire. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Milan – Count-Bishop? Olrico 1120-1126
 * Muron – Vselvod 1123-1127
 * Montenegro – King of Zeta, Grubesa 1116-1125
 * It wouldn't be Montenegro at this point, but Zeta. Not sure of the exact status of this region. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nassau – Rupert I 1123-1152
 * Neuneahr – Dietrich I 1107-1126
 * Nevers – Count William II 1097-1147
 * Northampton - Simon Saint-Lis, 2nd Earl of Northampton 1109-1153
 * Another peer. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Northumberland – Earl Henry of Scotland, 1st Earl of Northumberland 1114-1152
 * A marcher earldom, but really a peerage at this point, I think. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nuremburg – Conrad I 1123-c. 1126, Godfrey II 1123-1160
 * Oldenburg – Elimar II 1108-1143
 * Orange – Countess Tiburge I 1121-1150
 * Oriel – King Flaitherty 1119-1127
 * Ossory – King Murchad 1123-1126
 * Padua – Count-Bishop Sinibald 1106-1124
 * Papal States? – Callistus II 1119-1124, Honorius II 1124-1130
 * No Papal States, exactly, but the Pope deserves mention nevertheless. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Peremyshl –Volodar 1092-1124, Rostislav II 1124-1129
 * Przemysl, Poland. "Volodar" is a misnomer. It simply means "ruler", "lord". Mikkalai 08:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Piacenza – Count-Bishop Arduino 1122-1130
 * Querfurt – Burchard III, Burggrave of Magdeburg, 1120-1150
 * Ravensburg – Herman II 1096-1141
 * Reuss – Egbert II 1115-1132
 * Rheingrafen – Louis II 1109-1140
 * Rome? – Prefects Pierleone and Leone Frangipane 1108-1143
 * Definitely not. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * S-Hertogenrade – Lord Adolf 1109-1136
 * Saarbrucken – Frederick 1120-1135
 * Salm – Herman II 1088-1135
 * Savona – Margrave of Western Liguria Boniface 1084-1125
 * Savona would not be the state - again, it would be Western Liguria. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Schwalenburg – Count Withukind III 1116-1137
 * Schwarzburg – Count Sizzo III 1109-1160
 * Soissons – Count Renaud II 1118-1146
 * Sponheim – Frederick 1112-1148, Meinhard 1118-1155
 * Stein – Wolfram II 1081-1126
 * St. Pol – Count Hugh II 1083-1131
 * Sulz – Alwig II 1095-1139
 * Surrey – Earl William II 1103-1138
 * Thomond – King Conchobar I 1118-1142
 * Thouars – Viscount Aimery V 1123-1127
 * Thuringia – Louis III 1123-1140 (Landgrave of Hesse 1130-1140)
 * A major vassal state in the Empire. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Torres – Constantine I 1112-1127
 * Tubingen – Count Palatine Hugo V 1125-1152
 * Tuscany – Margrave Conrad von Scheiren 1120-1127
 * A major vassal state in the Regnum Italicum. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Tyrconnell – Rory II 1093-1135
 * Tyrol – Count of Tyrol Albert III 1101-1165
 * Ulster – King Niall IV 1122-1127
 * Another Irish kingdom. Not sure if there was a High King at this point. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Urgel – Count Armengol VI 1102-1153
 * Valkenburg – Lord Goswin I c. 1106-c. 1128
 * Vaudemont – Count Hugh I 1108-1155
 * Veldenz – Count Gerlach I 1112-1146
 * Vendome – Count Geoffrey III 1102-1137
 * Vermandois – Count Raoul I 1102-1152
 * The previous count was the brother of the king of France, so it might be a sort of peerage title.
 * Vicenza – Count-Bishop Enrico II 1117-1131
 * Vienne – Count Guiges III 1075-1133
 * Warwick – Earl Roger 1119-1153
 * Another English peerage type thing. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weimar – Albert the Bear 1123-1170
 * Weimar-Orlamunde – Siegfried II 1113-1123
 * Werd – Sigbert I 1124-1135
 * Wernigerode – Albert I 1120-1146
 * Wied – Matfried III 1093-1129
 * Wildfragen – Emicho II 1108-1139
 * Zaragoza – 'Abd al-Malik Imad al-Dawla 1110-1130
 * Ziegenhain – Gozmar II 1117-1141

Early East Slavs
I sublisted them. They are not "states". The word is "principality". Territories of modern Russia (European part), Belarus, Ukraine. Mikkalai 08:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Chernigov – Yaroslav I 1123-1127
 * Drutsk – Boris I 1101-1128
 * Halych Galitzia – Duke of Galitzia Vasilko I 1087-1124, John I 1124-1141
 * One of the Rus principalities, I believe. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Grodno – Vladiko 1116-1141
 * "Vladiko" is a misnomer; it means simply "ruler", "owner", "master", also a form of addressing to bishop. Mikkalai 08:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Izyaslavl – Bryachislav I 1116-1127
 * Kyiv - Volodymyr Monomakh 1113-1125
 * Novgorod – Vselvod 1117-1132
 * Novgorod-Severskiy, Novgorod-Siverskyy – Vsevolod II of Kiev 1115-1127
 * These two are more Russian states. Not sure the exact situation here. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Pereyaslavl – Yaropolk I 1114-1132
 * More Russian states. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Polotsk – David 1116-1127
 * Another Russian state, I think. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ryazan – Svyatoslav the Young 1097-1129
 * Russian state. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Rostov – George Longarm Yuri Dolgoruky – 1114-1134
 * More with the Russia. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Smolensk – Vyacheslav II – 1113-1127
 * Russian principality. These all owed allegiance to a great prince, but not in the normal feudal way. Weird situation. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Turaw Turov – Vyacheslav I 1119-1133
 * Volhynia – Andrew the Good 1119-1134

See also List of Russian rulers and Rulers of Kievan Rus'. Mikkalai 08:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

...
Isn't the real problem here that in the medieval period, you don't really have "states" in the modern (or even the early modern) sense? I would suggest that the main page just have the highest level states - in the case of Christendom in 1124, that would presumably be England, Scotland, whatever independent Welsh states there were (Gwynedd? Possibly some others), any independent Irish states, Castile-León, Navarre, Aragon, the Holy Roman Empire, the Pope, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the Counties of Apulia and Sicily (any other south Italian states still around at this point), france, Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, the Byzantine Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem, other three Crusader states. And that first order vassals of the Holy Roman Empire or the Kingdom of France could go into a separate page. I've tried to add any knowledge I can to your list. john k 02:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, this is the same sort of problem with other lists trying to extend throughout all the ear articles - "1124 in sports" or "list of international organization leaders in 1124", if we extended those all the way as well. I guess we need a better definition of "state" and "independent" for this period. Adam Bishop 19:59, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I think most historians would agree that the term "state" does not apply to feudal agglomerations at all. It probably would also not apply to any of the governmental structures in place at this time period...Perhaps the whole "state leaders" designation needs to be reconsidered, at least for this period. IMO, "polity" would be a better term than "state." john k 00:41, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The French wikipedia has a helpful page listing when certain parts of France were annexed directly to the crown: fr:Domaine_royal_français. fr:Liste_des_duchés_et_comtés_français also has a list of counties and duchies in France. Adam Bishop 00:28, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The problem is that in 1124 there is a great deal of local sovereignty, including many more bishops aside from the "Prince-Bishops", and even abbots; the communes of central and northern Italy (Montepulciano? Arezzo? San Gimignano?; the utterly uncontrolled local seigneurs of central France, etc. At the same time, there are few that do not owe fealty to a higher power. So this will have to be a selective list, of the polities that are essentially self-governing. There should also be a link to a broader discussion of the historical career (evolution and devolution) of sovereignty at Sovereignty. --Wetman

title: Talk:List of state leaders in 1124


text:
User:Mustafaa/Early Qur'anic inscriptions

 * PERF 558, 22 AH: contains the basmala.
 * al-Hajri inscription, 31 AH: contains the basmala.
 * Hafnat al-Abyad stone, 64 AH. No Qur'an, but contains several familiar formulas: the basmala and part of the usual Eid dua, as well as "Amin Rabb al Alamin".
 * The inscriptions at the Dome of the Rock, 72 AH. Contains various Qur'anic verses.
 * Uthman ibn Wahran inscriptions, Makka
 * 80 AH. Contains Qur'an 38:26.
 * 1st century AH. Contains Qur'an 56:28-40, with one addition.
 * Abdallah ibn Ammarah inscription, 80 AH, Makka. Contains a mixture of 4:1, 2:21 and 2:189.
 * Hakim ibn Ammarah inscription, 84 AH, Makka. Contains Qur'an 20:130.
 * Ali ibn Abdallah inscription, 93 AH, Jabal Usays.  Contains part of Ayat al-Kursi.
 * Umayyah ibn Abd al-Malik inscription, 98 AH, Makka.  Contains 65:3 slightly modified.


text:
Talk:B52 (disambiguation)

Untitled
Seriously, should this be a separate disambig? I would say it should forward to B-52 Stratofortress, with a minor disambig notice on top. 95% of people are going to be looking for the BUFF when they come here. -Joseph (Talk) 00:25, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * I tried this once (on 22 February 2004) but my change was immediately reverted. I didn't create this disambig page, but was happy to see it.  Ray Spalding 05:29, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Is it time to revisit this? —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 01:08, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Move

 * Consistence with most letter-number combinations; the primary form is the unhyphenated form. Georgia guy 18:40, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * OPPOSE, every listed instance uses the dash, so this disambig is specifically for B-52, and not a general B52. 132.205.45.148 22:14, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, just to make sure even after not fulfilled. WTH is an LND, the term used in the request, anyway? Gene Nygaard 16:54, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, most instances are somehow related to the B-52 Stratofortress, which is always dashed. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 01:08, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Outcome
Move request not fulfilled due to lack of consensus. Rob Church Talk 16:50, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Bundesstr. 52
The abbreviation is B 52, sometimes B52, but I have never seen a hyphen for that in German. Should be deleted, since there is no article, anyway. --bossel (talk) 23:41, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:B52 (disambiguation)


text:
Kosher foods

Kosher foods are foods that conform to the Jewish dietary regulations of kashrut (dietary law). The laws of kashrut apply to food derived from living creatures and kosher foods are restricted to certain types of mammals, birds and fish meeting specific criteria; the flesh of any animals that do not meet these criteria is forbidden by the dietary laws. Furthermore, kosher mammals and birds must be slaughtered according to a process known as and their blood may never be consumed and must be removed from the meat by a process of salting and soaking in water for the meat to be permissible for use. All plant-based products, including fruits, vegetables, grains, herbs and spices, are intrinsically kosher, although certain produce grown in the Land of Israel is subjected to other requirements, such as tithing, before it may be consumed.

Kosher food also distinguishes between meat and dairy products. Meat products are those that comprise or contain kosher meat, such as beef, lamb or venison, kosher poultry such as chicken, goose, duck or turkey, or derivatives of meat, such as animal gelatin; non-animal products that are processed on equipment used for meat or meat-derived products are also considered to belong to this category. Dairy products are those which contain milk or any derivatives such as butter or cheese; non-dairy products that are processed on equipment used for milk or milk-derived products are also considered as belonging to this category. Because of this categorization, meat and milk or their respective derivatives are not combined in kosher foods, and separate equipment for the storage and preparation of meat-based and dairy-based foods is used in order for food to be considered kosher.

Another category of kosher food, called contains neither meat, milk nor their derivatives; they include foods such as fish, eggs from permitted birds, produce, grains, fruit and other edible plants. They remain pareve if they are not mixed with or processed using equipment that is used for any meat or dairy products.

Because of the complexities of modern food manufacturing, kashrut agencies supervise or inspect the production of kosher foods and provide a certification called a hechsher to verify for kosher food consumers that it has been produced in accordance with Jewish law.

Jewish dietary law is primarily derived from Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14:1-21. Foods that may be consumed according to Jewish religious law are termed kosher in English, from the Ashkenazi pronunciation of the Hebrew term kashér, meaning "fit" (in this context, fit for consumption). Foods that are not in accordance with Jewish law are called treif (טרײף, derived from טְרֵפָה ṭərēfā) meaning "torn."

Permitted and forbidden animals
The Torah permits eating only those land animals that chew their cud and have cloven hooves. Four animals, the hare, hyrax, camel, and pig, are specifically identified as being forbidden because they possess only one of the above characteristics: the hare, hyrax and camel are hindgut fermenters and chew their cud but do not have cloven hooves, while the pig has a cloven hoof but does not chew its cud.

The Torah lists winged creatures that may not be consumed, mainly birds of prey, fish-eating water-birds, and bats. Certain domesticated fowl can be eaten, such as chicken, geese, quail, dove, and turkey.

The Torah permits only those fish which have both fins and scales to be eaten. Monkfish is not considered kosher. To comply with kosher requirements, a fish must have fins and easily detached scales; the scales of a sturgeon are extremely hard to remove, hence it is non-kosher. Other seafood considered non-kosher includes shellfish like clams, oysters, crabs and shrimp. There is also a risk of products like seaweed and kelp being contaminated by microscopic, non-kosher crustaceans.

The Torah forbids two types of (creeping things):
 * Earth crawlers, e.g. mouse, lizard
 * Flying creeping things, with four exceptions: Two types of locust, the cricket, and the grasshopper (translations of the species names vary).

Animal products
In addition to meat, products of forbidden species and from unhealthy animals were banned by the Talmudic writers. This included eggs (including fish roe), as well as derived products such as jelly, but did not include materials merely "manufactured" or "gathered" by animals, such as honey (although, in the case of honey from animals other than bees, there was a difference of opinion among the ancient writers).

According to the rabbinical writers, eggs from ritually pure animals would always be prolate ("pointy") at one end and oblate ("rounded") at the other, helping to reduce uncertainty about whether consumption was permitted or not.

Dairy products
The classic rabbinical writers imply that milk from an animal whose meat is kosher is also kosher. As animals are considered non-kosher if they are discovered to have been diseased after being slaughtered, this could make their milk retroactively non-kosher.

However, by adhering to the principle that the majority case overrules the exception, Jewish tradition continues to regard such milk as kosher, since statistically it is true that most animals producing such milk are kosher; the same principle is not applied to the possibility of consuming meat from an animal that has not been checked for disease.

Rabbi Hershel Schachter argued that with modern dairy-farm equipment, milk from the minority of non-kosher cows is invariably mixed with that of the majority of kosher cows, thus invalidating the permissibility of consuming milk from a large dairy operation. Many leading rabbis, however, rule milk permissible, as do major kashrut authorities.

Human breast milk
Breast milk from a woman is permitted. However, authorities assert breast milk may be consumed directly from the breasts only by children younger than four (five if the child is ill), and children older than two were only permitted to continue to suckle if they had not stopped doing so for more than three consecutive days.

Cheese
The situation of cheese is complicated as hard cheese often involves rennet, an enzyme that splits milk into curds and whey.

Many forms of rennet are derived from the stomach linings of animals, but since the 1990s rennet is often made recombinantly in microbes because it can be produced more efficiently (though many artisanal cheeses and cheeses made in Europe still use animal rennet).

Because the rennet could be derived from animals, it could potentially be non-kosher. Rennet made recombinantly, or from the stomachs of kosher animals, if they have been slaughtered according to the laws of kashrut, can be kosher. Cheese made from plant-derived rennet can also be kosher. Many authorities require that the cheese-making process follow certain stringencies to be kosher.

According to the Shulchan Aruch, a rabbinic decree (called gevinat akum) prohibits all cheese made by non-Jews without Jewish supervision, even if its ingredients are all kosher, because very frequently the rennet in cheese is not kosher. Rabbeinu Tam and some of the geonim suggested that this decree does not apply in a location where cheese is commonly made with only kosher ingredients, a position that was practiced in communities in Narbonne and Italy.

Many contemporary Orthodox authorities do not follow this ruling, and hold that cheese requires formal kashrut certification to be kosher; some even argue this is necessary for cheese made with non-animal rennet. However, some such as Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik ate generic cheeses without certification. Isaac Klein's tshuva authorized the use of cheese made from non-kosher rennet, and this is widely practised by observant Conservative Jews and Conservative institutions.

Eggs

The eggs of kosher birds are kosher. Eggs are considered pareve despite being an animal product.

Blood found in eggs
Occasionally blood spots are found within an egg, which can affect the kosher status of the egg. The halacha varies depending on whether or not there is a possibility of the egg being fertilized.

If the egg may have been fertilized, the Rishonim and Shulchan Aruch suggest a complex set of rules for determining whether the egg may be eaten; among these rules, if blood appears on the yolk, the entire egg is forbidden. To avoid the complexity of these rules, R' Moshe Isserles records a custom not to eat any such eggs with blood spots.

If the egg was definitely unfertilized (laid by a hen kept isolated from roosters), many authorities (including Rabbis Moshe Feinstein and Ovadiah Yosef) rule that one may remove the blood spot and then eat the remainder of the egg. This is the case nowadays, when battery eggs form the majority of available produce.

Regarding the question of whether one must check an egg for blood spots, the Shulchan Aruch rules that one may eat hard-boiled eggs where checking is impossible. R' Moshe Isserles adds that checking is not required, but that a custom exists to check eggs if they are cracked during the daytime (when blood could be seen).

A contemporary Ashkenazi authority writes that while "halacha does not require" checking supermarket-bought eggs, "there is a minhag" to do so. Nevertheless, eggs are not checked in commercial settings where doing so would be expensive.

Gelatin
Gelatin is hydrolysed collagen, the main protein in animal connective tissue, and therefore could potentially come from a non-kosher source, such as pig skin. Gelatin has historically been a prominent source of glue, finding uses from musical instruments to embroidery, one of the main historic emulsions used in cosmetics and in photographic film, the main coating given to medical capsule pills, and a form of food including jelly, trifle, and marshmallows; the status of gelatin in kashrut is consequently fairly controversial.

Due to the ambiguity over the source of individual items derived from gelatin, many Orthodox rabbis regard it as generally being non-kosher. However, Conservative rabbis and several prominent Orthodox rabbis, including Chaim Ozer Grodzinski and Ovadia Yosef—the former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel—argue that gelatin has undergone such total chemical change and processing that it should not count as meat, and therefore would be kosher.

Technically, gelatin is produced by separating the three strands in each collagen fiber's triple helix by boiling collagen in water. Rabbi David Sheinkopf, author of Gelatin in Jewish Law (Bloch 1982) and Issues in Jewish Dietary Laws (Ktav 1998), has published in-depth studies of the kosher uses of gelatin, as well as carmine and kitniyot.

One of the main methods of avoiding non-kosher gelatin is to substitute gelatin-like materials in its place; substances with a similar chemical behaviour include food starch from tapioca, chemically modified pectins, and carrageenan combined with certain vegetable gums—guar gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum, gum acacia, agar, and others. Although gelatin is used for several purposes by a wide variety of manufacturers, it has started to be replaced with these substitutes in a number of products, due to the use of gelatin also being a significant concern to vegans and vegetarians.

Today manufacturers are producing gelatin from the skins of kosher fish, circumventing many of these problems.

Ritual slaughter
One of the few dietary laws appearing in Exodus prohibits eating the meat from animals that have been "torn by beasts"; a related law appears in Deuteronomy, prohibiting the consumption of anything that has died from natural causes. While this law was primarily intended for the priests, it applied to all Israelites (but not "strangers").

Traditional Jewish thought has expressed the view that all meat must come from animals that have been slaughtered according to Jewish law. These guidelines require the animal be killed by a single cut across the throat to a precise depth, severing both carotid arteries, both jugular veins, both vagus nerves, the trachea and the esophagus, no higher than the epiglottis and no lower than where cilia begin inside the trachea, causing the animal to bleed to death.

Some believe that this ensures the animal dies instantly without unnecessary suffering, but many animal-rights activists view the process as cruel, claiming that the animal may not lose consciousness immediately, and activists have called for it to be banned. Animal science researcher Temple Grandin has stated that kosher slaughter, no matter how well performed, does not result in an instantaneous loss of consciousness, whereas stunning properly with a captive bolt is instantaneous. She gives various times for loss of consciousness via kosher ritual slaughter, ranging from 15 to 90 seconds depending on measurement type and individual kosher slaughterhouse.

To avoid tearing, and to ensure the cut is thorough, such slaughter is usually performed by a trained individual, with a large, razor-sharp knife, which is checked before each slaughter to ensure that it has no irregularities (such as nicks and dents); if irregularities are discovered, or the cut is too shallow, the meat is deemed non-kosher.

Rabbis usually require the slaughterer, known within Judaism as a shochet, to also be a pious Jew of good character and an observer of the Shabbat. In smaller communities, the shochet was often the town rabbi, or a rabbi from a local synagogue, but large slaughterhouses usually employ a full-time shochet if they intend to sell kosher meat.

The Talmud, and later Jewish authorities, also prohibit the consumption of meat from animals who were slaughtered despite being in the process of dying from disease. This is an extension of the rules banning the meat from animals torn by beasts, and animals that die from natural causes.

To comply with this Talmudic injunction against eating diseased animals, Orthodox Jews usually require that the corpses of freshly slaughtered animals be thoroughly inspected.

There are 70 different traditional checks for irregularities and growths; for example, there are checks to ensure that the lungs have absolutely no scars, which might have been caused by an inflammation. If these checks are passed, the meat is then termed glatt (גלאַט), the Yiddish word meaning 'smooth'.

An unusual situation is created when a live fetus is removed from a kosher slaughtered animal. The fetus is called a Ben pekuah and takes the status of the mother, so that if the mother was kosher, the fetus is kosher even if there were problems with the slaughter.

Compromises in contenence with animal-cruelty laws that prohibit such practices involve stunning the animal to lessen the suffering that occurs while the animal bleeds to death. However, the use of electric shocks to daze the animal is often not accepted by some markets as producing meat that is kosher.

Forbidden parts of a slaughtered animal
As forbidden fats, tendons, blood vessels and the gid hanasheh (sciatic nerve) must be removed, more difficult in the rear-quarters, often only cuts of meat from the forequarters are available.

Leviticus prohibits the eating of certain types of fat (chelev) from sacrificial land animals (cattle, sheep, and goats), since the fat is the portion of the meat exclusively allocated to God (by burning it on the altar).

Foreleg, cheeks and maw
The gift of the foreleg, cheeks and maw of a kosher-slaughtered animal to a kohen is a positive commandment in the Hebrew Bible. Some rabbinic opinions maintain that consumption of the animal is forbidden before these gifts are given, though the accepted halacha is to permit this.

Furthermore, the actual foreleg, cheeks and maw of all kosher-slaughtered beef are forbidden to a non-kohen unless the kohen permits.

Blood
One of the main biblical food laws forbids consuming blood on account of "the life [being] in the blood". This ban and reason are listed in the Noahide Laws and twice in Book of Leviticus as well as in Deuteronomy.

Classical rabbis argued that only if it is impossible to remove every drop of blood, the prohibition against consuming blood was impractical, and there should be rare exceptions.

They claimed that consuming the blood that remained on the inside of meat (as opposed to the blood on the surface of it, dripping from it, or housed within the veins) should be permitted and that the blood of fish and locusts could also be consumed.

To comply with this prohibition, a number of preparation techniques became practiced within traditional Judaism. The main technique, known as meliḥah, involves the meat being soaked in water for about half an hour, which opens pores.

After this, the meat is placed on a slanted board or in a wicker basket, and is thickly covered with salt on each side, then left for between 20 minutes and one hour. The salt covering draws blood from the meat by osmosis, and the salt must be subsequently removed from the meat (usually by trying to shake most of it off and then washing the meat twice ) to complete the extraction of the blood. The type of salt used in the process is known as kosher salt.

Meliḥah is not sufficient to extract blood from the liver, lungs, heart, and certain other internal organs, since they naturally contain a high density of blood, and therefore these organs are usually removed before the rest of the meat is salted. Roasting, on the other hand, discharges blood while cooking, and is the usual treatment given to these organs. It is also an acceptable method for removing blood from all meat.

Food preparation by non-Jews
Classical rabbis prohibited any item of food that had been consecrated to an idol or had been used in the service of an idol.

Since the Talmud views all non-Jews as potential idolaters, and viewed intermarriage with apprehension, it included within this prohibition any food that has been cooked or prepared completely by non-Jews. (Bread sold by a non-Jewish baker was not included in the prohibition. ) Similarly, a number of Jewish writers believed food prepared for Jews by non-Jewish servants would not count as prepared by potential idolaters, although this view was opposed by Jacob ben Asher.

Consequently, Orthodox Jews generally rule that wine, certain cooked foods, and sometimes dairy products,  should be prepared only by Jews.

The prohibition against drinking non-Jewish wine, traditionally called yayin nesekh (literally meaning "wine for offering [to a deity]"), is not absolute. Cooked wine (Hebrew:, yayin mevushal), meaning wine that has been heated, is regarded as drinkable on the basis that heated wine was not historically used as a religious libation; thus kosher wine will often be prepared by Jews and then pasteurised, after which it can be handled by a non-Jew.

Some Jews refer to these prohibited foods as akum, an acronym of Ovde Kokhavim U Mazzaloth, meaning "worshippers of stars and planets (or Zodiac)". Akum is thus a reference to activities that these Jews view as idolatry, and in many significant works of post-classical Jewish literature, such as the Shulchan Aruch, it has been applied to Christians in particular.

However, among the classical rabbis, there were a number who refused to treat Christians as idolaters, and consequently regarded food that had been manufactured by them as being kosher.

Conservative Judaism is more lenient; in the 1960s, Rabbi Silverman issued a responsum, officially approved by the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, in which he argued that wine manufactured by an automated process was not "manufactured by gentiles", and therefore would be kosher.

A later responsum of Conservative Judaism was issued by Rabbi Dorff, who argued, based on precedents in 15th- to 19th-century responsa, that many foods, such as wheat and oil products, which had once been forbidden when produced by non-Jews, were eventually declared kosher. On this basis he concluded wine and grape products produced by non-Jews would be permissible.

Milk and meat
Three times the Torah specifically forbids "seething" a young goat "in its mother's milk". The Talmud interprets this as a general prohibition against cooking meat and dairy products together, and against eating or deriving any benefit from such a mixture.

To help prevent accidental violation of these rules, the modern standard Orthodox practice is to classify food into either being fleishig (meat), milchig (dairy), or neither; this third category is more usually referred to as pareve (also spelled parve and parev) meaning "neutral".

As the biblical prohibition uses the word gedi ("kid") and not the phrase gedi izim ("goat-kid") used elsewhere in the Torah, the rabbis concluded that the flesh of all domestic mammals (behemoth) is included in the prohibition.

Flesh of fish and bugs is not included, and therefore is considered pareve. By rabbinic decree, the flesh of birds and wild mammals (chayot), such as deer, is considered as "meat", rather than pareve.

By rabbinic law and custom, not only are meat and milk not cooked together, but they are not eaten even separately within a single meal.

Pikuach nefesh
The laws of kashrut can be broken for pikuach nefesh (preservation of human life). For example, a patient is allowed to eat non-kosher food if it is essential for recovery, or where the person would otherwise starve.

Tainted food
The Talmud adds to the biblical regulations a prohibition against consuming poisoned animals. Similarly, Yoreh De'ah prohibits the drinking of water, if the water had been left uncovered overnight in an area where there might be snakes, on the basis that a snake might have left its venom in the water. In a place where there aren't usually snakes, this prohibition does not apply.

Fish and meat
The Talmud and Yoreh De'ah suggest that eating meat and fish together may cause tzaraath. Strictly Orthodox Jews thus avoid combining the two, while Conservative Jews may or may not.

Kosherfest
Each year, 5,000 food industry vendors, kosher certification agencies, journalists and other professionals gather in New York City to sample kosher fare from 300 event attendees.

Among the offerings at the 2018 Kosherfest were plantain croutons from Ecuador. The gluten-free croutons won the Kosherfest award for best new snack.

There were breaded dessert ravioli stuffed with sweet ricotta and chocolate chips, pareve and vegan "ice cream" cake made from cherry and passion fruit sorbet, butter substitute made from coconut oil, and a gluten-free variation of Syrian sambusak dumplings.

title: Kosher foods


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Talk:Meriones

Disambiguation
It may be worth posting a disambiguation for Meriones. I suspect many searches will be for the genus of gerbil, which was no doubt named for the mythological figure. Included in this genus is Meriones unguiculatus, the common gerbil of pet stores and an important laboratory test subject. Aranae 00:27, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Meriones


text: User talk:24.162.120.225

title: User talk:24.162.120.225


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Eugene W. Chafin

Eugene Wilder Chafin (November 1, 1852 – November 30, 1920) was an American politician and writer who served as the Prohibition Party's presidential candidate during the 1908 and 1912 presidential elections. He was active in local politics in Wisconsin, statewide elections in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Arizona, and campaigned throughout the United States and the world in favor of the prohibition of alcohol.

After serving as a delegate to multiple Prohibition national conventions he rose to serving on the national committee and then received the presidential nomination twice, but declined to seek the nomination again for the 1916 presidential election.

Early life

Eugene Wilder Chafin was born on November 1, 1852, to Samuel Evans Chafin and Betsy Almira Pollard on his family's farm in between East Troy and Mukwonago, Wisconsin. Chafin attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and graduated on June 17, 1875, with a law degree and during his education shared a room with future Governor, Senator, and presidential candidate Robert M. La Follette. From 1875 to 1901 he practiced law in Waukesha, Wisconsin. On November 24, 1881, he married Carrie Arvila Hunkins and later had two children with her, one that died after birth on February 22, 1884 and Desdemona Eleanor on March 17, 1893.

On October 1, 1901, he moved to Chicago to become the superintendent of the city's Washingtonian home, which housed 1,500 alcoholics, and served in that position until 1904. From 1904 to 1908 he served as a lecturer as part of the Chautauqua movement. In 1909, he was admitted to practice law before the Supreme Court of the United States after being presented by Senator La Follette and with Carrie Nation in attendance.

Local politics
In 1881, he left the Republican Party and joined the Prohibition Party and in the same year ran for District Attorney in Waukesha county. From 1884 to 1920, he served as a delegate to the Prohibition national conventions, from 1888 to 1896 he served as a national committeeman from Wisconsin and again for Arizona and California from 1912 to 1920, at the 1884 convention he served as the Sergeant-at-Arms and gave one of the seconding speechings for John St. John, and in 1900 he served on the platform committee.

In 1877, he was elected as the Justice of the Peace in Waukesha and served until 1883 and then served as Police Justice until 1885. He later served on the school and public library board. Chafin ran for the House of Representatives in Wisconsin in 1882 and in Illinois in 1902. In 1886 and 1900, he ran for attorney general in Wisconsin and later ran for attorney general in Illinois in 1904. In 1898, he ran for Governor of Wisconsin.

1908
On July 16, 1908, Chafin was nominated by A. G. Wolfenbarger and Chafin won the Prohibition presidential nomination on the third ballot with 636 delegates voting for him against William B. Palmore, Daniel R. Sheen, Alfred L. Manierre, Will W. Tracy, Frederick F. Wheeler, James B. Cranfill, and Oliver W. Stewart. The vice presidential nomination was offered to Palmore due to him receiving the second highest amount of support, but he declined and the position was instead given to Aaron S. Watkins. While running for president he was also simultaneously running for the Prohibition gubernatorial nomination in Illinois, but was defeated in the primary by Daniel R. Sheen.

In August, he was swimming at the YMCA in Lincoln, Nebraska, where he almost drowned, but was rescued by three people. On August 14, 1908, he was giving a speech in Springfield, Illinois, when a lynch mob started a race riot in an attempt to kill three black prisoners and while he was taking his handkerchief out from his pocket a member of the mob believed that he was pulling a gun out and threw a brick at him. In the general election he received 254,087 votes for 1.71% of the total popular vote.

1912
Chafin started his second presidential campaign on January 5, 1912, in Tucson, Arizona, and then traveled east towards Atlantic City, New Jersey, where on July 12, 1912, he won the Prohibition presidential nomination on the first ballot with 594 delegates after having his name presented by F. J. Sibley and Watkins was selected as his vice president again after two ballots. After winning the nomination he traveled towards the western United States and campaigned in all of the states along the Pacific Coast before the general election. During the campaign he traveled a total of 36,300 miles through thirty states and received 208,156 votes for 1.38% of the popular vote in the general election.

1916
In December 1915, he stated that he would not seek the Prohibition presidential nomination again for the 1916 presidential election and that he believed that Representative Richmond P. Hobson would receive the nomination. He also gave his support to Henry Ford's Peace Ship and that he would put forward a vote to add abolishing the War and Navy Departments and establishing a Department of Peace at the 1916 National Prohibition Convention.

Chafin attempted to draft Henry Ford for the Prohibition presidential nomination, but he made no attempt. At the national convention he put forward former New York Governor William Sulzer for the presidential nomination, but he was defeated by former Indiana Governor Frank Hanly with 440 delegates to 188 delegates on July 21, 1916. An attempt was made to make Hanly's nomination unanimous, but it failed after Chafin objected. He also objected and stopped efforts to rename the party to either the Progressive, American, or National party and criticized Virgil G. Hinshaw for writing to John M. Parker in an attempt to fuse the Prohibition and Progressive parties. In the general election, Hanly and Ira Landrith received 221,302 votes for 1.19% of the popular vote.

Later life
In 1908, Chafin was appointed to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States and in October 1909, he and his family moved to Tucson in the Arizona Territory. Following Arizona's admission into the United States as a state he ran in the House special election and received 0.41% in fourth place.

In January 1913, he started a campaign in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to fundraise $1,000,000 for the Prohibition party to use during the 1916 elections and later participated in a fundraising event in November across Ohio to raise $10,000 for the party.

On January 29, 1914, he announced that he would run in Arizona's Senate election and received 15.05% in the general election and from 1914 to 1915 gave lectures as part of the Flying Squadron of America. Chafin also campaigned in favor of a California ballot proposition to prohibit alcohol in 1914 and during it stated that women who voted against it deserved to be beaten by their husbands.

On January 6, 1919, Chafin and his family boarded the S.S. Sonoma to travel to Australia to help the Australian prohibition movement. The Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol was ratified while he was traveling on January 16, 1919, and he was interviewed after disembarking in Australia.

On November 20, 1920, Chafin was lighting his gas heater at his home in Long Beach, California, in the Los Angeles area, and his clothing caught fire. He suffered burns and was initially saved by Henry Murray who wrapped him in quilts, but he died from his injuries on November 30. In 1921, his cremated remains were buried in Prairie Home Cemetery in Waukesha, Wisconsin, and the National Prohibition Committee had a memorial hour for Chafin at its November 1921 session.

title: Eugene W. Chafin


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Talk:George Wythe

Question about will
"Wythe provided for his slaves in his will, and his other heir...": this can't be quite right, surely? Does it mean "only heir"? Or "one of his heirs"? VivaEmilyDavies 00:29, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wythe didn't have any surviving children (his daughter died in infancy). In the will made several months before his death, Wythe made one relative (the George Wythe Sweeney who murdered him) his principal heir, and also made provisions for the already-freed Lydia Broadnax, and for the education of Michael Brown by Thomas Jefferson, who was to receive Wythe's renowned library (perhaps as partial payment). Wythe revised his will after Brown died, making other decendants of his sister his heirs. Jweaver28 (talk) 01:39, 8 November 2012 (UTC) revised Jweaver28 (talk) 01:05, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I reside in Wythe County, Virginia. Locals pronounce Wythe just like "with". However I have heard on several occasions that the name Wythe was originally pronounced with a long-I sound, like "wīth". It would be useful to note the proper pronunciation in the article when it can be determined. I will check locally to try to verify which is correct. For some reason names are pronounced oddly around here. There is a nearby town named Fries, which is pronounced "freeze". --Dan East 06:00, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

The George Wythe College's website says that his name is properly pronounced "with".

I don't believe the article gives sufficient attention to the degree that George Wythe served as a companion and intellectual model to Thomas Jefferson, almost as a second father. I will try to lightly revise the article to reflect this.

Andrew Szanton, 7/06

 * I have never heard Wythe's name pronounced any way other than "with". Wythe County, Virginia is pronounced that way, also. I'd suggest that there is a 19th-century and later tendency to pronounce words that way based on spelling, even when there was no original distinction; for example, the name "Smythe", which is just an alternate spelling of "Smith". Rklear (talk) 08:53, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Having lived in Philadelphia, I want to pronounce his name like those of the famous painter Wyeths of the Delaware valley. But those are of course different names. All the Virginians I've met who are familiar with Wythe (especially denizens of Williamsburg and Richmond) pronounce it "with" so I presume that's the correct pronunciation. Other pronounciations in the county named for him may well be derived from that area's German and Scots-Irish settlers.Jweaver28 (talk) 01:40, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

The other name whose pronunciation differs from the now-US normal is that of his wife's family, apparently pronounced 'Tolliver' in Virginia. I had a schoolmate with that name (clearly not related to the Virginia family), who pronounced it the Italian way.Jweaver28 (talk) 01:09, 7 December 2012 (UTC)

George Wythe's pupils
Although Wythe did teach both Thomas Jefferson and Henry Clay, he did not do so while he was the Chair of Law at William & Mary. He taught Jefferson and Clay prior to that (Neither Jefferson nor Clay is an alum of the William & Mary Law School). It was Wythe's meaningful instruction to Jefferson that inspired Thomas Jefferson to appoint Wythe as the first professor of law in the United States when Jefferson was Governor of Virginia.

John Marshall did attend butt head Law School under Wythe's instruction. Monroe left William & Mary to fight in the Revolution, but returned to study law in 1880, although I don't know if he studied at the W&M Law School or if he studied directly under Jefferson.

At the William & Mary Marshall-Wythe School of Law, Wythe's name is indeed pronounced "with." 68.13.202.140 23:37, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

New and old references
I Am Murdered by Bruce Chadwick reviewed in Crime and Justice in Colonial America in the Boston Globe at http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/02/23/crime_and_justice_in_colonial_america/ rumjal 20:17, 3 March 2009 (UTC). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rumjal (talk • contribs)

Wythe's jurisprudence extended far beyond Hudgins v Wright, and if someone has time, perhaps a reference could be added to Wythe's being overruled numerous times by Edmund Pendleton. I'm not near a library now, but in addition to the death scandal books, I have seen a couple of biographies in several Virginia public libraries which don't figure here. One is called "American Aristides."Jweaver28 (talk) 01:52, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I have done some research on Questia. Questia does not have "American Aristides." I found none of the sources that have Pendleton and Wythe together in a search remarked on this point. Wythe is referred to in hundreds of other books and articles. It seemed too big a project to go through them all. I suppose someone will need to find "American Aristides" or perhaps another full biography of Wythe or perhaps a specialized book on early Virginia law if there is one in order to find a reference. Sorry, I gave it a try. I'll try to keep it in mind if I come across it later since I sometimes work on colonial and early American articles. Donner60 (talk) 22:51, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

Unfortunately, the fairly short books appear confined to the noncirculating Virginia rooms of libraries or the Library of Congress (LOC.gov). I'm starting to read them and correct the references, starting with the shortest (published by Virginia's Bicentennial Commission). Imogene E Brown's American Aristides: A Biography of George Wythe was published by New Jersey's Fairleigh Dickinson University, one of the Associated University Presses in 1981. The other somewhat common books that go beyond the death scandal are Joyce Blackburn's George Wythe of Williamsburg: America's Forgotten Founding Father by Harper and Row in 1975. Frankly, Alonzo Dill's published by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and Virginia's Bicentennial Commission in 1976 is better than the more recent booklet by Loker, probably in print at the site, which I haven't visited in years. While Wythe's anti-slavery stance is important, even the Cover book barely touches on it, so I'm leaving most of that to a subsection, not the main bio header. Jweaver28 (talk) 22:58, 30 November 2012 (UTC) revised 01:16, 7 December 2012 (UTC)Jweaver28 (talk) 23:53, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

The Chadwick references (and those to Morgan and Finkleman) may be messy, since I have time constraints and started from pages that referred to a written article by Chadwick and a video on history.com, I believe both created while Chadwick was promoting his book circa 2009-2010. I tried to reference pages from the book itself, but it's not really chronological (giving a lot of background on Richmond's boom town era). Plus, I haven't had a chance to check his references (or locate the Morgan and Finkleman articles), and was a little surprised to find Chadwick missed both the Chesterville/traitor and Hudgins connection in Kirtland's thesis and book. But Kirtland, a priest who I believe became the dean of the University of Toledo law school, died in 2008. His PhD thesis from 1983 (based in part on research the ABA funded in 1969), is actually easier to locate via the ProQuest database than the book published (in double-spaced pages) by Garland (now a subsidiary of a larger publisher) in 1986. While I'd prefer to cite the more polished work, I haven't had the time to compare them (the latter's only available in the Library of Congress' law reading room, not accessible to the public outside 9-5 (M-Sat) and with a difficult parking situation. I'm not sure when I'll have the time to read the few other bios, by Clarkin (reserve only at lva and loc) and Julian Boyd (in rare book room only), and would prefer to cite them rather than scandal chapters in various books.Jweaver28 (talk) 23:46, 20 December 2012 (UTC)Jweaver28 (talk) 00:47, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Also, BTW, the Pendleton/Wythe comparison is apparently discussed at length in the 2 volume Pulitzer Prize winning (1953) biography by David J. Mays, again basically available in noncirculating reference rooms.Jweaver28 (talk) 00:06, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

The academic.udayton.edu/legaled/Race/Cases weblink now calls the second party Wrights, which agrees with both Kirtland at pp 166-167 and Brown at pp. 266-267, but the online print from the Swem library's St. George Tucker papers shows appellant as Jackey Wright. Neither Kirtland nor Brown gives the slave's first name. Usual practice has the losing party as the first name on an appeal, and both agreed that Wythe declared the slave free. Both Brown and Kirtland agree the original Wythe opinion being appealed vanished, and I cannot identify the handwriting of the surviving papers online. The weblink's excerpt only gives a slave's first name as Hannah, but it appears one issue below was the grandmother's identity. I confirmed last month at both the Library of Virginia (which maintains the state court system's archives) and the Virginia Supreme Court library that the fire which burned Richmond as the confederates left destroyed the chancery court files. However, in the 1950s files related to other controversial cases were recovered from a state office building basement by David J. Mays, enabling him to write Pendleton's biography. Brown cites the 1903 reprint of Henning and Munford's reports at pp. 71-74; the webpage does not give an edition date. I probably cannot get access to the rare book room at the law library of congress in the near future to check if any changes occurred, since that republication might relate to the original clerk's son, who became Confederate General Thomas T. Munford. Jweaver28 (talk) 16:15, 26 December 2012 (UTC)

The references to the 1954 UVa microfilm are to that available at the Library of Congress, which may have the original volumes as well in its rare law book collection, but such is not available on Saturdays unlike the microfilm. I do not know if I will be able to see the original volumes within the next month or months, given my other responsibilities. According to Mays, Pendleton's friends assured him that only 20 copies of the single-volume work had been sold. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jweaver28 (talk • contribs) 21:24, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: Category:4-2-0 locomotives