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Ontario Highway 402

King's Highway 402, commonly referred to as Highway 402 and historically as the Blue Water Bridge Approach, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connects the Blue Water Bridge international crossing near Sarnia to Highway 401 in London. It is one of multiple trade links between Ontario and the Midwestern United States. It is four lanes for much of its length, though the approach to the Blue Water Bridge is six lanes.

Although Highway 402 was one of the original 400-series highways when it was designated in 1953, the freeway originally merged into Highway 7 near the present Highway 40 interchange in what was, at the time, Sarnia Township. In 1972, construction began to extend Highway 402 from Sarnia to Highway 401 near London thus creating a bypass to Highway 7; construction took over a decade. The final section of the extension, between Highway 81 and Highway 2, opened to traffic in 1982. The removal of an intersection at Front Street in Sarnia made the entire route a controlled-access highway.

Motorists crossing into Michigan at the western end have direct access to Interstate 69 (I-69) and Interstate 94 (I-94) into Port Huron; motorists crossing onto the Canadian side from the east end of I-69 and I-94 have access to Toronto via Highway 401, and onwards to Montreal via A-20 in Quebec. The only town along Highway 402 between Sarnia and London is Strathroy.

Since September 26, 2019, the speed limit is 110 kph on most of its length, with the exceptions of the speed limit of 100 kph in Sarnia and near the Highway 401 interchange.

Route description

Highway 402 begins on the Canadian side of the Blue Water Bridge. Across the St. Clair River, Highway 402 continues in Michigan as I-69 and I-94. The twin bridge crossing has six lanes of traffic and non-stop freeway access. This provides a quicker route than the busier Ambassador Bridge crossing in Windsor, which features over ten traffic lights leading to the four-lane bridge, although that situation is expected to be rectified after the planned Gordie Howe International Bridge is constructed. Although Highway 402 passes through Sarnia, it is not intended to operate as a commuter highway; at Highway 40 and westward all ramps leading to the westbound lanes of the freeway were originally signed as "Bridge To U.S.A." without reference to Highway 402, though these have been replaced in the early 2000s with signs saying "402 West Bridge To U.S.A.".

After descending over the village of Point Edward and passing through a customs plaza, the freeway curves as it crosses Front Street (former Highway 40B) and a former railway line. Running north of the former Holmes Foundry (closed in 1988 by owner Chrysler), the route then becomes parallel to and north of Exmouth Street as it dives under the Christina Street overpass and enters the City of Sarnia.

East of the Murphy Road underpass, the freeway curves to the northeast to bypass its original alignment. It crosses the Howard Watson Nature Trail, a mixed-use recreational trail that was converted from a Canadian National Railway (CNR) line in 1988. The highway curves back to its east–west orientation at an interchange with Highway 40 (Modeland Road). It passes south of Sarnia Chris Hadfield Airport before exiting the city limits at Mandaumin Road (Lambton Road 26).

Now parallel and north of London Line, the former route of Highway 7 (the predecessor route between Sarnia and London), the freeway jogs north to travel along the back lot line of farmland fronting London Line and the concession road north of Highway 402. The highway split at least one farm in half during its construction, with the family’s barn being burned down to make way for the construction. The freeway passes by a truck inspection station (eastbound traffic only) and truck rest area (westbound traffic only, formerly a truck inspection station) before being crossed by Camlachie Road. It meets Lambton County Road 21 (Oil Heritage Road), the northern terminus of the Oil Heritage Route, north of the town of Wyoming. The county road is also a former southern extension of Highway 21, which itself begins as Forest Road 9.3 km to the east. Highway 21 is also known as the Bluewater Route, as most of its length is parallel to the shore of Lake Huron.

After passing an interchange with Forest Road, the freeway is crossed by London Line and momentarily diverges from its straight alignment to dip south of Warwick. It continues 25 km east through large patches of farmland, then meets with Middlesex County Road 81 (Victoria Street) at an interchange as it passes north of Strathroy. Shortly thereafter it curves to the southeast and zig-zags towards London, bisecting farms and dividing woodlands. The freeway passes to the west of the town of Delaware and curves east. It enters London and meets interchanges with Highway 4 south of Lambeth, as well as with Wonderland Road before merging into Highway 401. Access to westbound and from eastbound Highway 401 is provided via Highway 4 or Wonderland Road.

The freeway generally uses Parclo A2 and Parclo B2 designs for interchanges. Exceptions include the Front Street interchange in Sarnia, which is a hybrid of a diamond and Parclo B2 interchange (previously a Parclo AB2 until the mid-2000s), and the Highway 40 interchange which is a Parclo B-4. There is presently no interchange using the full six ramp Parclo A4 layout (a common design on other Ontario freeways) on the entirety of Highway 402; although several interchanges do have five ramps, while the junction with Indian Road was previously a Parclo A4 until the directional ramp in the NW quadrant was removed and replaced with a signalized left turn in the late 1990s.

History
Planning for the route that would become Highway 402 began following the completion of the Blue Water Bridge in 1938. A divided highway was constructed through Sarnia following World War II; it was completed and designated in 1953. The Department of Highways announced its intent to extend the route to Highway 401 in 1957. However, while some preliminary work began in the early 1960s, it would take until 1968 for a preferred route to be announced, and until 1972 for construction to begin. Work was carried out through the remainder of the 1970s, and the freeway was completed and ceremonially opened in late 1982. Since completion as a four-lane route, expansion work has been concentrated on the portion of the freeway in Sarnia approaching the border crossing.

Construction
Highway 402 is one of the original 400-series highways. It was numbered in 1953, a year after Highway 400 and Highway 401. The short 6.1 km dual highway was built as an approach to the Blue Water Bridge, which itself opened to traffic October 10, 1938. As such, the highway was named the Blue Water Bridge Approach. Construction began in 1939. However, like many other road projects, World War II halted construction. In 1947 a new survey was undertaken; construction resumed by 1952. The approach road was opened in 1953, at which point the route was designated Highway 402. It featured an interchange with Christina Street and at-grade intersections with Front Street, Indian Road and Modeland Road (the Highway 40 Sarnia bypass); after Modeland Road the route continued to London as Highway 7.

Ultimately, Highway 402 was designated with the intent of extending it to Highway 401. This was formally announced by the Department of Highways in late 1957. Construction on a new grade-separated intersection with Modeland Road began in 1963 and opened in 1964, although as before Highway 402 still continued eastward as Highway 7. On February 28, 1968, a 98 km extension towards London was officially announced by Minister of Highways George Gomme. It was decided to construct the extension on a new right-of-way, as had been done with most freeways constructed after Highway 400. East of the Murphy Road overpass, Highway 402 was re-aligned to bypass the interchange with Highway 40 constructed in 1964; Exmouth Street was redirected to connect with Highway 7 (London Line) at that junction, and Quinn Street now follows the former routing of Highway 402. For the new Highway 402, an overpass crossing was required with the then-CNR line (now the Howard Watson Nature Trail) and a Parclo B4 interchange with the newly twinned Highway 40 just north of the 1964 interchange. Construction east of Highway 40 began in 1972.

Under two construction contracts, construction of 23.2 km of Highway 402 began near Highway 7 in 1974. A third contract to bridge the gap between that project and Sarnia was awarded in 1975. On October 13, 1978, Highway 402 was opened to traffic between Highway 40 and Highway 21. By the end of that year, construction was progressing on the section between Highway 21 and Highway 81 near Strathroy, as well as on the section connecting Highway 2 with Highway 401. The section between Highway 21 and Highway 81 north of Strathroy was the next to be completed; it was opened to traffic on November 26, 1979. On November 17, 1981, the section between London and Delaware was completed, including the interchange at Highway 401. It forced westbound drivers to exit at Longwoods Road (Highway 2). Construction was already underway on the final section between Strathroy and Delaware at this point.

The opening of the section between Highways 2 and 81 completed Highway 402 from London to the Blue Water Bridge. In addition, the removal of the Front Street intersection in Sarnia made the entire route a controlled-access highway. Both were completed in time for the official opening in Sarnia on November 10, 1982.

Since completion
In 1997, noise barriers were erected upon both sides of the highway between Colborne Road to just east of the Howard Watson Trail. At the Indian Road interchange, the directional ramp in the NW quadrant was removed and replaced with a signalized left turn for the NE quadrant loop ramp, enabling a continuous noise barrier to be placed in place of the former directional ramp. However, the Sarnia-Lambton Chamber of Commerce was concerned that the new noise barriers would cause travelers to overlook the city. A partnership was formed between the municipality and the Ontario Ministry of Transportation to make additional aesthetic improvements to the highway corridor within the city that would be funded by the community, including a "City of Sarnia" landscaped sign that was completed in 2001.

In 2007, the southern part of the Front Street interchange was realigned. It was originally a parclo AB2 (folded diamond) configuration when it opened in 1982, since Highway 402 needed to cross a railway as well as Front Street; however the railway has since been removed by the 1990s allowing a new on-ramp to Highway 402 eastbound to be built in the SE quadrant. For the overpass carrying eastbound highway traffic, the acceleration lane which previously served the now-removed loop ramp in the SW quadrant was instead allocated to a new on-ramp from the Canada Border Services Agency secondary inspection; previously transport trucks exiting the customs plaza had to make a right-turn from Marina Road to the highway which caused considerable congestion.

On Monday, December 13, 2010, a whiteout caused by lake-effect snow squalls left an 80 km stretch of Highway 402 closed for several days. Lambton County officials declared a state of emergency. Although the entire distance between Sarnia and London is subject to occasional snow squalls and whiteout conditions, they usually dissipate or move in less than a day. The exceptional conditions at that time were caused by a snow squall which remained stationary over several days, dropping up to two metres (6 ft) of snow in some parts of the area. Defence Minister Peter MacKay sent two Canadian Forces Griffon helicopters and a C-130 Hercules to Sarnia to aid in the search-and-rescue efforts. The hospitality of locals in providing shelter for stranded motorists was the primary focus of local media coverage. The highway was reopened to traffic on the morning of December 16. A single death was reported; a man succumbed to hypothermia on a nearby county road.

Highway 402 was widened in the Sarnia area from four to six lanes due to extensive traffic backups from the bridge crossing towards the USA; the westbound lanes were widened by two lanes, while eastbound capacity remains unchanged. The new four-lane roadway is divided into specific lanes for cars, trucks, local traffic, and NEXUS card holders. The new lanes begin just before the Murphy Road overpass with a local lane breaking away for interchange access; all travellers wishing to exit the highway from this point must be travelling in this lane. Construction began August 4, 2009, between the Blue Water Bridge and Lambton County Road 26 (Mandaumin Road) and included the widening of the Colborne Road and Front Street underpasses, plus a new Christina Street bridge with a signalized intersection allowing full exit/entry to the westbound lanes. Work was completed by the end of 2012. Between 2004 and 2013, the speed limit along the westbound lanes from Airport Road westward was reduced from the standard 100 km/h. However, following the reconstruction, the speed limit was raised between Indian Road and Airport Road on June 20, 2013.

On January 5, 2013, a temporary vehicular roadblock was created at the Blue Water Bridge as part of the "Idle No More" protests by First Nations groups. The blockade was known in advance and was planned to occur during the noon hour. Lambton OPP monitored the protest by walking alongside the protesters. Traffic resumed flowing normally by 1:30 p.m. While Highway 402 itself was not closed, the protest did back up traffic onto the highway causing congestion in the areas of Front Street and Christina Street. Later that year, another protest was held west of Strathroy on October 19, advocating against wind turbine construction. The rolling protest of about 150 vehicles, including farm equipment, was monitored by the OPP and required intermittent ramp closures to the westbound lanes.

On November 23, 2015, the Indian Road overpass was damaged by a flatbed trailer carrying an over-height load. The eastbound lanes of the highway were closed for 60 hours, while the girders damaged in the impact had to be removed, while the overpass reopened for Indian Road traffic which was reduced to two lanes for the next few months. The overpass was repaired by May 2016 at a cost of $554,000 (overall damage of $3 million). The trucking company, under the Highway Traffic Act, was held liable and had to compensate the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario for the repair costs.

title: Ontario Highway 402


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raptor Phuckov

Raptor Phuckov
The "leading scorer" this year for Spartak Varna. Except their website doesn't have anything on anyone named "Raptor" and a Google search for "Raptor Phuckov" gets only this incoherent entry:. With the last name being what it is, it smells like a hoax to me. -- Antaeus Feldspar 00:55, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC) RAPTOR IS REAL
 * As a linguistics major, I can tell you that the name is highly unlikely; if indeed it were a Slavic name (as indicated by the suffix -ov), it would not contain the Greek digraph "ph" or the Germanic digraph "ck". Delete as a hoax. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 01:18, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: apparent hoax. Spartak Varna appears to be more BS, probably it should be deleted while we wait for a real article to come along. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:43, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Hoax: Raptors F*ckoff or something along those lines.  At the least it's unverifiable and pretty much proven false. Could be a speedy for vandalism.  Geogre 05:53, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment was by 81.178.228.239, who then went on to vandalize the VfD vote by erasing all votes.
 * Delete. Even if Raptor/Rhaptor is a real person, he's not notable enough to appear in an encyclopaedia. -Ashley Pomeroy 14:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless it can be shown that he's real and notable. Martg76 16:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Maybe his name would be easier to google in Cyrillic.
 * Delete Probable hoax. Wyss 19:43, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Spartak Varna are entirely real but they don't have anyone called Phuckov playing for them. I hear they're planning to sign the Chinese player Huang King though.Dr Zen 01:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete these Phuckovs. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:49, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Hoax. User:Phieferboy 00:09, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. Fire Star 18:19, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Reasons that some of the others mentioned. [[User:Squash|Squash (Talk)]] 06:36, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Hoax. --Chris Du 13:39, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete waste of time already. Pedant 22:56, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * "-ck-" is possible in Slavic languages that spell "ts" as "c". But this article still looks like a dirty hoax. Delete. Anthony Appleyard 11:48, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - total waste of time. I also suggest doing a search through Wikipedia for all references to "Raptor Phuckov" and deleting them on sight - I've just reverted Michael Owen, Andriy Shevchenko, and Malcolm Glazer for this vandalism. -- Arwel 23:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Fairy (disambiguation)

A fairy is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore.

fairy (faery, faerie or faërie) may also refer to:

Tradition and mythology

 * Fairyland
 * The Faerie faith, a neopagan tradition
 * The Fairy Flag, a Scottish heirloom
 * Feri Tradition, a neopagan tradition

Animals and plants

 * Calypso (plant) or fairy slipper, a species of orchid
 * Fairy hummingbirds, in the genus Heliothryx
 * Fairy tern, a bird
 * Fairyfly, a wasp
 * Little penguin, formerly known as "fairy penguin"

Fictional entities

 * Fairy (Artemis Fowl), from the series Artemis Fowl
 * Faerie (DC Comics), comic book fictional place
 * The Shobijin, the little sisters, or the name of the moth they ride in Mothra

Music

 * The Fairies, translation of Die Feen, opera by Richard Wagner
 * The Fairies (British band), a 1960s British R&B band
 * Fairies (Japanese group), a Japanese girl group
 * Fairies (album), 2014

Other uses in entertainment

 * Faeries (1999 film), a 1999 animated film
 * Faeries (1981 film), a 1981 animated special
 * Faeries (anthology), an anthology of fantasy and science fiction short stories
 * Fairy chess piece, an unorthodox piece in a chess variant
 * The Fairies (TV series), an Australian live-action children's television series
 * Faeries (book)

Homosexual context

 * Fairy (gay slang), a slang term for gay men
 * Radical Faeries, an organization composed mostly of gay men

Other uses

 * Fairy (brand), a detergent brand owned by Procter and Gamble
 * Fairy (steamboat), a small wooden sidewheel-driven steamship
 * Fairy, Texas, an unincorporated community in Hamilton County, Texas
 * Fairy, codename of Special Operations Executive Agent Yvonne Cormeau (1909–1997)

title: Fairy (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Strange Days at Blake Holsey High

Hi - I'm responding to the comment you put on my Talk page here, so we can both follow the discussion more easily.

As you can see, I re-did some of my edits - a few of them small and obvious (e.g., putting the word "television" in the intro, since there are lots of kinds of series) and some of them designed to keep this an encyclopedia article, not a fan site. The most obvious of the last type is taking out the comments about the cast and crew hoping that the show is renewed - excellent fodder for a fan site, but not for this article. If nothing else, it's incredible obvious: of course the cast and crew want their jobs to continue. We might as well say "The show is missed by its fans" ... another self-evident statement, unnecessary for an article.

I also took out the quotation because, once again, it's the sort of thing designed to add tone and feeling to a fan article, but it added no information to an encylopedia article. What do you think? - DavidWBrooks 00:56, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Looking back at it, I do agree with you about the removal of the statement about the cast and crew, but I believe the statement about it possibly being picked up by another company (Lawrence Bayne and Jim Raspas have both reported that there is another company, which they will not name, thinking about taking it) should remain. About the quote - I have a hard time seeing it unbiasedly (if that's a word), because I like it there and I think it adds just a bit of knowledge about Josie and Victor, as well as the school.  And thank you for the television series bit - don't I feel silly now!

 * So I agree, but disagree. --AmethystAngel 01:02, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

DVD
An edit I made about the DVD release has been removed, regarding pre-orders of the DVDs. They are indeed available at Amazon.co.uk, but are given a release date of Jan 1, 2020 as evidenced by that link. smurray  in   chester  ( User ), ( Ho Ho Ho! ) 10:57, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * What is being questioned is not whether this has happened or not, but whether it's relevant. Is a release date set to 2020 likely to be reliable? No. Is it relevant? Probably not, as it would seem that this is a bug in Amazon's system. --Sn0wflake 17:24, 11 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry; you're right. I've removed the note. I'd assumed that it was something to do with no source for the information. smurray  in   chester  ( User ), ( Ho Ho Ho! ) 18:12, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Does anyone know how long after inquiry Conclusions takes place?

About a year after Inquiry. Lyokofreak101 02:30, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Avenir's name?
He is credited as "Jack Avenir", but in Conclusions Part 2, Josie2 says "Andreas Avenir". Whichever one is correct should be included in the article. Roy boy cr ash  fan   03:47, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Title
Isn't the correct title "Black Hole High"?82.41.66.173 08:54, 28 January 2007 (UTC)DanZieBoy
 * The title is correct, at least for the name that was used for broadcast in the United States of America. Val42 04:22, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

When I watched the show in Australia it was called "Black Hole High". Draxacoffilus

Janitor
What's up with the janator? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.119.235.187 (talk • contribs) 02:04, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That was never answered in the series. — Val42 20:04, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Well didn't Josie's clone say that he was from the really distant future, and acted as "an observer of observers"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.149.195.205 (talk) 23:24, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Nevermind
Nevermind.CN Guy (talk) 18:08, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * See here for talk page guidelines (i.e. discuss improvements to an article on it's talk page, not the subject of the article itself), and see here for the Wikipedia content disclaimer, which states that you'll find spoilers on Wikipedia. Talk Islander 12:10, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

strange days at blake holsey high
this show was asome even though it was not made in the US. i still dont no if the sience in this is true but i watch it all the time!!! i wonder if the cast even like's sience and i like..............(out of the cast)by the way im a girl(only if you were wondering) and if someone other than me is watch or reading this how come my new computer is not working?!!!???!! :) =) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.70.71.5 (talk) 20:53, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

i'm a girl too and i love this show too bad the hub took over and banned it until 1 or 2 in the morning idon't even like science —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.225.127.10 (talk) 05:40, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

New series
It looks like a web continuation series is being worked on, planned release in 2022. Not sure if this is enough of a source.

https://www.blakeholsey.com/echoes

https://twitter.com/BlakeHolseyHigh

Sephiroth storm (talk) 15:02, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strange Days at Blake Holsey High


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Waterloo Sunset

"Waterloo Sunset" is a song by English rock band the Kinks. It was released as a single on 5 May1967 and featured on the album Something Else by the Kinks later that year. Written and produced by Kinks frontman Ray Davies, "Waterloo Sunset" is one of the band's best-known and most acclaimed songs, and was ranked number 14 on the 2021 edition of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list. It was also their first single that was available in true stereo.

"Waterloo Sunset" reached number 2 on the British charts in mid-1967. It was a top 10 hit in Australia, New Zealand and most of Europe. It was also released as a single in North America, but failed to chart there.

History
Interviewed in May 1967, Ray Davies stated that he wrote "Waterloo Sunset" having had "the actual melody line in my head for two or three years". He initially titled the song "Liverpool Sunset", but scrapped the Liverpool theme after the release of the Beatles' song "Penny Lane".

The lyrics describe a solitary narrator watching (or imagining) two lovers passing over a bridge, with the observer reflecting on the couple, the Thames, and Waterloo station. Speaking in 2010, Davies commented "I didn't think to make it about Waterloo, initially, but I realised the place was so very significant in my life. I was in St Thomas' Hospital when I was really ill [when he had a tracheotomy aged 13] and the nurses would wheel me out on the balcony to look at the river. It was also about being taken down to the 1951 Festival of Britain. It's about the two characters – and the aspirations of my sisters' generation who grew up during the Second World War. It's about the world I wanted them to have. That, and then walking by the Thames with my first wife and all the dreams that we had." The two lovers in the lyric are named as Terry and Julie. Interviewed in May 1967, Davies stated in 1967 that "if you look at the song as a kind of film, I suppose Terry would be Terence Stamp and Julie would be Julie Christie", referring to the popular British film actors romantically linked at the time. Latterly, Davies has refuted this connection; in 2008, he described the song as "a fantasy about my sister going off with her boyfriend to a new world", referring to Rosy Davies, who moved to Australia in 1964.

The song was the first Kinks recording produced solely by Ray Davies, without longtime producer Shel Talmy; Talmy's contract with the band had expired in spring 1967. Despite its complex arrangement, the sessions for "Waterloo Sunset" lasted ten hours; Dave Davies later commented on the recording: "We spent a lot of time trying to get a different guitar sound, to get a more unique feel for the record. In the end we used a tape-delay echo, but it sounded new because nobody had done it since the 1950s. I remember Steve Marriott of the Small Faces came up and asked me how we'd got that sound. We were almost trendy for a while."

"Act Nice and Gentle"
The B-side "Act Nice and Gentle" was exclusive to this single, and has been described as a plea for "some civility". It has a "country-western influence" that foreshadowed Muswell Hillbillies, and later appeared on album as a bonus track with the 1998 reissue of Something Else by the Kinks.

Legacy and accolades
In Britain, the song is commonly considered to be Davies' most famous work, and it has been "regarded by many as the apogee of the swinging sixties". Highly esteemed for its musical and lyrical qualities, the song is commonly the subject of study in university arts courses. Davies largely dismisses such praise and has even suggested that he would like to go back and alter some of the lyrics; most professionals, however, generally side with the observation of Ken Garner, a lecturer at Caledonian University in Glasgow, who said: "Davies, like all the best singer-songwriters, is intensely self-critical."

Pop music journalist Robert Christgau has called the song "the most beautiful song in the English language". Pete Townshend of the Who has called it "divine" and "a masterpiece". In 1972, Record World said that it "may be the best thing [the Kinks have] ever done." Damon Albarn was similarly effusive, naming it the one song he wished he had written, and commenting that "It's the most perfect song I could ever hope to write, with my sort of voice." AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine concurred, citing it as "possibly the most beautiful song of the rock and roll era". In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine placed the song at number 42 on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and was re-ranked at number 14 on the 2021 list. Ray Davies performed "Waterloo Sunset" at the closing ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics. A subsequent reissue of the Kinks' original single entered the UK charts at #47.

Personnel
According to band researcher Doug Hinman:

The Kinks
 * Ray Davies – lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar, piano
 * Dave Davies – backing vocal, electric guitar
 * Pete Quaife – backing vocal, bass guitar
 * Mick Avory – drums

Additional musician
 * Rasa Davies – backing vocal

References in other works

 * In the 1979 Barrie Keeffe Play for Today, "Waterloo Sunset", directed by Richard Eyre, the song is performed at the piano by Queenie Watts at the start of the play.
 * In her 2000 novel, White Teeth, Zadie Smith references a central character fantasising herself "demanding 'Waterloo Sunset' be played at [her boyfriend's] funeral."
 * In the 2018 film Love, Simon, the film's protagonist Simon chooses his username (frommywindow1) from lines of the song as he listens to the record.
 * In the 2018 film Juliet, Naked, singer/songwriter Tucker Crowe (Ethan Hawke) plays the song and says he wishes he had written it.
 * Okkervil River's 2018 album In the Rainbow Rain contains the song "Famous Tracheotomies," which tells the tales of several celebrities' brushes with tracheotomies, and ends with the story of Ray Davies's writing "Waterloo Sunset" (and references the song's melody.)
 * In the second season of the Netflix show Green Eggs and Ham, the song is heard twice—in one episode as background music and in another episode with one of the characters, Looka, singing part of it.
 * Plays during the closing credits of the movie BlackBerry.

Cathy Dennis version
British singer-songwriter Cathy Dennis recorded a version of the song that was released as the second single from her 1997 album, Am I the Kinda Girl?. Her version peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart and number seven in Iceland. Both versions of the CD single feature a cover of another Kinks song: "Sunny Afternoon".

Critical reception
British magazine Music Week rated Dennis' version three out of five. The reviewer wrote, "The approval of Ray Davies — who appears in the video — will help the cause of this cover which captures the atmosphere and laziness of The Kinks' original. This could be the hit to kick off the album Am I The Kinda Girl?." In a 1997 review, the magazine gave it two out of five, adding, "Ray Davies's song is given an unremarkable treatment by the former dance chanteuse, but television exposure should help this reach the Top 40."

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Waterloo Sunset" consists of Dennis singing the song whilst travelling alone in a taxi driven by Ray Davies in a cameo role. The scenes visible outside the taxi windows vary between the London of the 1990s and film of various locations (e.g. driving up Piccadilly with Green Park tube station on the left, Knightsbridge tube station and the small dome north of Finsbury Square) as they were in the 1960s.

Track listings

 * UK CD1
 * 1) "Waterloo Sunset"
 * 2) "Consolation"
 * 3) "Sunny Afternoon"
 * 4) "I Just Love You"
 * UK CD2
 * 1) "Waterloo Sunset"
 * 2) "Consolation"
 * 3) "Sunny Afternoon"
 * 4) "West End Pad" (Alternative Supple 7-inch) – 3:41
 * UK cassette single
 * 1) "Waterloo Sunset"
 * 2) "Consolation"

Other versions
The song has been recorded by many other artists, including the Jam, Def Leppard, Elliott Smith and David Bowie.

title: Waterloo Sunset


text:
Sean Conway

Sean Conway (born July 24, 1951) is a former provincial politician in Ontario, Canada and a university professor. He served for 28 years as a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1975 to 2003 and was a high-profile cabinet minister in the government of David Peterson.

After positions as a Fellow in the School of Policy Studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, a special assistant to the Principal of Queen's University, Daniel Woolf, and the Acting Vice-Principal (Advancement) at Queen's, Conway is currently an instructor at St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto and a Distinguished Research Fellow in the Centre for Urban Energy at Ryerson University.

Background
Conway attended St Joseph's Separate School and Madawaska Valley District High School. He earned his Bachelor of Arts at Waterloo Lutheran University (now Wilfrid Laurier University), and his Masters at Queen's University, both in history. His grandfather, Thomas Patrick Murray, represented Renfrew South for the Liberals from 1929 to 1945.

Politics
In the provincial election of 1975, at age twenty-four, Conway was elected as a Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) for the eastern Ontario riding of Renfrew North. He defeated Progressive Conservative candidate Bob Cotnam by 183 votes. The Progressive Conservatives won a minority government in the election, and Conway sat with his party in the opposition benches.

The Liberals increased their parliamentary representation in the 1977 election, although not by enough to form government; Conway was re-elected over Cotnam by an increased margin. He became his party's official Critic for Health following the election and served in this capacity for the entirety of the four-year minority parliament which followed.

The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government in the 1981 provincial election, although Conway was popular enough in his riding to be re-elected by about 2,000 votes. On March 9, 1982, he was chosen as Deputy Leader of the Ontario Liberal Party by David Peterson, who had defeated Sheila Copps in a leadership convention the previous month.

In government
The provincial election of 1985 resulted in a minority parliament, with the Progressive Conservatives having only four more seats than the Liberals and the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power with twenty-five seats. Conway, by this time regarded as being on the progressive wing of his party, was involved in the Liberal Party's post-election negotiations with the NDP. In this capacity, he helped bring about a written pact, in which the NDP offered support to the Liberals for two years in return for certain progressive legislative initiatives. On June 26, 1985, he was named as the province's Minister of Education.

Conway's most controversial responsibility as Education Minister was managing the government's legislation for full funding to Ontario's Roman Catholic separate schools. Conway's grandfather, Thomas Murray, had championed a similar initiative in the 1930s and was disappointed when Mitchell Hepburn backed away from a previous commitment in the face of Protestant opposition. Conway had supported the announcement of full funding by Bill Davis's Progressive Conservative government prior to the 1985 election and was responsible for significantly increasing the actual revenues to the Catholic system after a mathematical error in the Davis government's funding formula came to light. He also guaranteed hiring rights for non-Catholics within the system and exempted non-Catholic children from compulsory religious education in separate high schools.

On June 17, 1986, Conway was also named Acting Ontario Minister of Government Services, a position which he held until the dissolution of parliament in 1987. He was re-elected by a landslide in the 1987 provincial election, in which the Liberals won 95 of 130 seats. On September 29, 1987, he was named Government Government House Leader and Minister of Mines. Following a cabinet shuffle on August 2, 1989, he was again named Minister of Education, and also held the portfolios of Minister of Skills Development and Minister of Colleges and Universities.

In opposition
Like many others in the Peterson government, Conway opposed holding an early election in 1990 (in fact, he would later reveal that sentiment in the party caucus was almost uniformly against an early trip to the polls). Nonetheless, Peterson called a snap provincial election in 1990, and his party was resoundingly defeated by the NDP. Conway himself was re-elected in a landslide in Renfrew North, where the NDP has a very limited base of historical support. On September 17, 1991, he was chosen as Deputy Leader of the Official Opposition. Conway did not contest the Liberal leadership in 1992.

The Progressive Conservatives under Mike Harris returned to government in the 1995 provincial election with a large majority. Despite the Tories' sweep of much of the province, Conway was re-elected in Renfrew North.

Conway supported Dwight Duncan's bid to succeed Lyn McLeod as party leader in 1996; Duncan finished fourth against Dalton McGuinty. Conway continued to serve as Deputy Opposition Leader until December 19, 1996, when he was replaced with Joseph Cordiano. In the 1999 election, he defeated an incumbent MPP, Tory Leo Jordan, in the redistributed riding of Renfrew--Nipissing--Pembroke. With the retirement of Bud Wildman in 1999, Conway became the longest-serving member of the legislature.

Having spent more than half his life as an MPP, Conway decided to retire before the 2003 provincial election.

After politics
He is currently a member of TV Ontario's political discussion panel, a public policy advisor with Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP, an instructor at St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto and a Distinguished Research Fellow in the Centre for Urban Energy at Ryerson University.

On November 20, 2008, Conway was appointed as Acting Vice-Principal (Advancement) at Queen's.

In November 2007, Conway was honoured with the prestigious Churchill Society Award for Excellence in the Cause of Parliamentary Democracy. Previous recipients include former Prime Ministers, Cabinet Ministers, Premiers and Lieutenant Governors.

Conway offered significant assistance to former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin, in the project to publish Martin's memoirs, Hell Or High Water: My Life In And Out of Politics, which appeared in late 2008. Conway performed many interviews for the National Archives of Canada, which were also utilized for the book.

Conway endorsed Sandra Pupatello in the 2013 Ontario Liberal Party leadership election.

title: Sean Conway


text:
Command key

The Command key (sometimes abbreviated as Cmd key), ⌘, formerly also known as the Apple key or open Apple key, is a modifier key present on Apple keyboards. The Command key's purpose is to allow the user to enter keyboard commands in applications and in the system. An "extended" Macintosh keyboard—the most common type—has two command keys, one on each side of the space bar; some compact keyboards have one only on the left.

The ⌘ symbol (the "looped square") was chosen by Susan Kare after Steve Jobs decided that the use of the Apple logo in the menu system (where the keyboard shortcuts are displayed) would be an over-use of the logo. Apple's adaptation of the symbol—encoded in Unicode at U+2318—was derived in part from its use in Nordic countries as an indicator of cultural locations and places of interest. The symbol is known by various other names, including "Saint John's Arms", "the Funky Square" and "Bowen knot".

History
Apple's computers up through the 1979 Apple II Plus did not have a command key. The first model on which it appeared was the 1980 Apple III, where there are two monochrome Apple keys, both to the left of the space bar on the lowest row of the keyboard. Two other early Apple computers, the 1982 Apple IIe and the 1984 Apple IIc, also had two such keys, one to the left and one to the right of the space bar; in these models, they mapped to the first two fire buttons of an attached joystick. This allowed for flexible combinations of a modifier key and base key (such as Open-Apple with C for Copy) with just a few extra wires and no ROM changes, since the Apple II could only register one key press at a time (Shift and Control keys were handled in the keyboard encoding hardware which generated ASCII codes). In all these cases, the left Apple key had an outlined "open" Apple logo, and the one on the right had an opaque, "closed" or "solid" Apple logo key. The Apple Lisa had only the closed Apple logo.

When the Macintosh was introduced in 1984, the keyboard had a single command key with a looped square symbol (⌘, U+2318), because Steve Jobs said that showing the Apple logo throughout the menus as a keyboard shortcut was "taking [it] in vain". Thus, the ⌘ symbol appears in the Macintosh menus as the primary modifier key symbol. The original Macintosh also had an Option key, which was used primarily for entering extended characters.

In 1986, the Apple II GS was introduced. Like the newer Macintosh computers to come, such as the Macintosh SE, it used the Apple Desktop Bus for its keyboard and mouse. However, it was still an Apple II. Apple changed the keys on the II GS 's keyboard to Command and Option, as on Mac keyboards, but added an open-Apple to the Command key, for consistency with applications for previous Apple II generations. (The Option key did not have a closed-Apple, probably because Apple II applications used the closed-Apple key much more rarely than the open-Apple key; thus there was less need to keep it around.) Because any ADB keyboard could be used with the II GS, all of Apple's ADB keyboards—even those intended for the Mac—also required the open-Apple, and it stuck for more than twenty years, causing confusion long after the Apple II series went out of production.

The Apple symbol was removed in the keyboard's 2007 redesign, making room for the key's name to appear—the word "command" is now printed on the key.

NeXT

On the keyboard of the NeXT Computer that key was marked in green.

The menus were not marked with a symbol denoting the command key.

Besides being used as a modifier key for keyboard shortcuts it was also used to alter the function of some keys. toggles alpha lock, sends Enter and  toggles Mute.

The functions were printed in green on the front side of the modified keys. This was also done on the Z, X, C and V keys (Undo, Cut, Copy and Paste).

(Left) -- triggers a non-catchable hardware reset thereby hard rebooting the computer. (Contrary to Ctrl alt del on a PC compatible computer which triggers only a software reset.)

On the NeXT ADB keyboard, the Command keys were replaced by keys labeled and the Command key morphed into a wide Command bar in front of the space bar.

Function
The purpose of the Command key is to allow the user to enter keyboard shortcuts in applications and in the system. The Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines have always recommended that developers use the Command key (and not the Control or Option keys) for this purpose. A small set of keyboard commands (such as cut and paste, open and save) are standard across nearly all applications, and many other commands are standardized (Find, Show Fonts). If an application needs more shortcuts than can be obtained with the twenty-six letters of the Latin alphabet, double modifiers such as Command+Option are used.

One advantage of this scheme, as contrasted with the Microsoft Windows mixed use of the Control and Alt keys, is that the Control key is available for its original purpose: entering control characters in terminal applications. (Indeed, the very first Macintosh lacked a Control key; it was soon added to allow compatible terminal software.)

The Macintosh keyboard's other unusual modifier key, the Option key, serves as a modifier both for entering keyboard shortcuts and for typing text—it is used to enter foreign characters, typographical symbols, and other special characters.

Origin of the symbol

The ⌘ symbol came into the Macintosh project at a late stage. The development team originally went for their old Apple key, but Steve Jobs found it frustrating when "apples" filled up the Mac's menus next to the key commands, because he felt that this was an over-use of the company logo. He then opted for a different key symbol. With only a few days left before deadline, the team's bitmap artist Susan Kare started researching for the Apple logo's successor. She was browsing through a symbol dictionary when she came across the cloverleaf-like symbol, commonly used in Nordic countries as an indicator of cultural locations and places of interest (it is the official road sign for tourist attraction in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, and the computer key has often been called Fornminne—ancient monument—by Swedish Mac users and Seværdighedstegn—landmark signs—by Danish users). When she showed it to the rest of the team, everyone liked it, and so it became the symbol of the 1984 Macintosh command key. Susan Kare states that she has since been told that the symbol was picked for its Scandinavian usage due to its resembling the shape of a square castle with round corner towers as seen from above looking down, notably Borgholm Castle. However, the symbol is used in many places in Scandinavian history, for example on a 5th century picture stone from Gotland, and first usage of the shape as a sign for a place of interest was suggested by the Finnish Local Heritage Federation in the 1950s.

The symbol was included in the original Macintosh font Chicago, and could be inserted by typing a key combination.

In Unicode and HTML it is encoded as.

On other keyboards
On USB keyboards, the keys are mapped to standard keycodes reserved for GUI functions.

When using a Macintosh computer with a keyboard lacking keys, the  keys used on Microsoft Windows oriented keyboards, or the  keys used on Sun and other Unix keyboards, can be used in place of the Command keys. Conversely, when an Apple USB keyboard is used with other operating systems, the Command keys function as Windows keys or Meta keys.

On a Windows keyboard the position of the and  keys are swapped compared to the position of  and  keys on an Apple keyboard. In macOS this can be configured in the keyboard preferences (Modifier Keys ... ) so that the Windows key (next to the space bar) becomes the Mac  key and vice versa so that users do not have to change their motor learning. All the modifier keys, along with the, can be remapped to whichever modifier key function the user wishes, so users of traditional Unix style keyboards may choose to use the key as a  key or other modifier.

title: Command key


text:
Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs

Alfred Dubs, Baron Dubs (born 5 December 1932) is a British Labour politician and former Member of Parliament.

Early life and education
Alfred Dubs was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia to a Jewish father, Hubert and an Austrian mother, Bedriska. Hubert worked in the cotton industry, whilst Bedriska was a dietitian. Dubs was one of 669 Czech-resident, mainly Jewish, children saved by British stockbroker Nicholas Winton, and others, from the Nazis on the Kindertransport between March and September 1939. Hubert had fled to England the day the Nazis arrived in Czechoslovakia and met young Alf at Liverpool Street station. Alf later said that he clearly remembered leaving Prague station at age six and not touching the food pack given to him by his mother for the next two days. His mother was initially denied a visa but was able to join him and his father in London shortly afterwards.

Dubs learned the facts when Winton's story was broadcast on That's Life! in 1988. He later met Winton in person and campaigned for him to be honoured. Winton was finally knighted in 2003, "for services to humanity, in saving Jewish children from Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia, 1938–39".

Dubs was educated at Cheadle Hulme School and the London School of Economics. He then worked as a local government officer and for Ogilvy and Mather as an account executive before entering politics.

Career
Before being elected for Battersea South, Dubs stood three times, due to closely spaced elections. In 1970 he stood for Cities of London and Westminster and was defeated by the Conservative candidate Christopher Tugendhat. In South Hertfordshire in the February and October 1974 general elections, he was beaten by the incumbent Conservative MP Cecil Parkinson.

Dubs was elected in the 1979 general election as a member of parliament for Battersea South and for the next parliament was re-elected – in 1983 for Battersea (a restored seat). He lost the election of 1987 for the same seat. Dubs stood for Battersea again at the 1992 election, only to see the Conservative majority increase, against the national trend. From 1988 to 1995, he was director of the Refugee Council. On 27 September 1994, he was appointed as a Labour life peer with the title of Baron Dubs, of Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth. He was Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Northern Ireland Office from May 1997 to December 1999.

While Dubs was still in the House of Commons, John O'Farrell worked in his office and was a Labour activist in Battersea. In his book, Things Can Only Get Better, O'Farrell described the events leading up to Dubs's shock defeat by the Conservative John Bowis at the 1987 general election.

Dubs has served on an area health authority and more recently on a mental health trust. He was chair of the Broadcasting Standards Commission until December 2003 and had previously been deputy chair of the Independent Television Commission. He is a trustee of the Open University Foundation.

In the past, he has been a local councillor, chair of the Fabian Society, chair of Liberty, a trustee of Action Aid, a trustee of the Immigration Advisory Service and of a number of other voluntary organisations.

Dubs is a patron of Humanists UK, formerly known as the British Humanist Association, as well as treasurer of the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group.

In 2008, Dubs participated in 42 House of Lords debates, well above average for all peers. He has spoken on many varied subjects including the National Probation Service and road safety. Dubs was chair of the Road Safety Foundation.

Dubs lists his main home as a cottage in the Lake District in Cumbria, which enabled him to claim over £26,000 of overnight subsistence expenses in 2007–08, although he has lived in Notting Hill, London, since 1964. In May 2009, he argued in justification that Lords regard the overnight allowance as a payment instead of salary. "We are the only legislators in the world that don't get paid," he said. "The overnight thing is quite generous because it compensates for not having a salary. In practice that's how it works."

Dubs is a vice-president of the Debating Group.

Dubs was awarded Humanist of the Year 2016 by the British Humanist Association at an awards ceremony in London and an Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk at the Czech Republic Ambassador's residence in London in November 2019. In 2021, he had his Czech citizenship restored (alongside his British one) and thus became the first Czech-British member of the House of Lords.

During the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, Dubs was among a number of Humanists UK patrons to contribute morale-boosting messages of resilience, hope, and inspiration on National Prison Radio.

Dubs amendment
In 2016, Lord Dubs tabled what became section 67 of the Immigration Act 2016 by which UK local authorities admitted unaccompanied minors housed in EU refugee camps who are mainly asylum seekers. It responded to the European migrant crisis. Originally rejected by the House of Commons, the provision was accepted by the government following a second debate and vote in favour by the Lords. In February 2017, the Home Office removed this as a type of permission to enter, in the light of other new provisions targeted at family reunion, after accepting 350 of the c. 3,000 whom analysts expected it would apply to.

A new amendment was proposed by Lord Dubs in January 2020, to require the UK government to negotiate an agreement with the EU to ensure that unaccompanied children in Europe could continue to come to the UK to join a close relative, who was in the process of seeking refugee status, as part of the law effecting the Withdrawal Agreement. The amendment was supported by the House of Lords, but was rejected by the House of Commons due to the Government opposing it. It would expand the laissez-passer system of Restoring Family Links for settled refugees, in line with latest European Union practice. It would also expand the vulnerable person resettlement and vulnerable children resettlement schemes which began in 2016.

title: Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs


text:
Eurogliders

Eurogliders are a band formed in 1980 in Perth, Western Australia, which included Grace Knight on vocals, Bernie Lynch on guitar and vocals, and Amanda Vincent on keyboards. In 1984, Eurogliders released an Australian top ten album, This Island, which spawned their No. 2 hit single, "Heaven (Must Be There)". "Heaven" also peaked at No. 21 on the United States Billboard Mainstream Rock charts and appeared on the Hot 100. Another Australian top ten album, Absolutely, followed in 1985, which provided two further local top ten singles, "We Will Together" and "Can't Wait to See You". They disbanded in 1989, with Knight having a successful career as a jazz singer. Australian rock music historian Ian McFarlane described Eurogliders as "the accessible face of post-punk new wave music. The band's sophisticated brand of pop was traditional in its structure, but displayed the decidedly 'modern veneer' (hip clothes, heavy use of synthesiser)". The band reformed in 2005 releasing two new albums followed in 2014 by their seventh album.

Early days (1980–1982)
Guitarist and singer Bernie Lynch (as Rip Torn) fronted a new wave band, The Stockings, in Perth, Western Australia in the late 1970s. He left in early 1980 to form Living Single, with keyboard player Amanda Vincent. Together, they recruited Crispin Akerman on guitar, Don Meharry on bass guitar and Guy Slingerland on drums through a series of advertisements. The following year, Grace Knight – Lynch's future domestic partner – joined as lead vocalist. By the end of 1981, drummer John Bennetts replaced Slingerland and the band changed their name to Eurogliders. They were signed by manager, Brian Peacock, to their first recording and publishing contracts with PolyGram. They recruited Melbourne bass player Geoff Rosenberg to replace Meharry. In 1982, Eurogliders travelled to Manila, capital of the Philippines, to record their first album, Pink Suit Blue Day, produced by Englishman Lem Lubin, which did not peak into the top 50 of the Australian Kent Music Report albums chart. From Manila, they relocated to Sydney to release their first single in June, "Without You", which peaked into the top 40 on the Kent Music Report singles chart.

International success (1983–1985)
Eurogliders changed record labels from Polygram to CBS in 1983. They replaced bass guitarist, Rosenberg, with Scott Saunders and travelled to the UK in July. While there, they recruited bass guitarist Ron François, formerly of The Sinceros, The Teardrop Explodes and Lene Lovich. With this line-up they recorded This Island, produced by Nigel Gray (also worked with the Police) which was released in May and peaked at No. 4 on the Australian albums chart. The single, "Heaven (Must Be There)", also released in May, reached No. 2 on the Australian singles charts. Released several months later in North America, the single peaked at No. 47 in Canada, and at No. 65 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The album peaked at No. 140 on the Billboard 200 chart. In Australia, "Heaven" was followed by a domino effect of two more top 10 hits, with "We Will Together" (No. 7, April 1985), and "Can't Wait to See You" (No. 8, November 1985). Their third album Absolutely, which peaked at No. 7, spent 47 weeks in the Australian charts. Between 1984 and 1986, Eurogliders toured Australia, the USA, Canada, Puerto Rico, Japan and New Zealand.

At the height of the band's success, Grace Knight and Bernie Lynch reconciled their relationship and were married in 1985 but the union was short-lived. Despite their marital separation, they stayed together in the band for another four years. Lynch and Knight dismissed Brian Peacock, and took over the band's management.

Demise (1986–1989)
In early 1987, journalists documented Lynch and Knight's claim that Bennetts, François and Vincent left the band voluntarily. Vincent went to London on a world tour with the Thompson Twins, and stayed in the UK to tour and co-wrote with Boy George. François became a session musician in Australia, while Bennets toured with Eartha Kitt, and later worked in the Educational IT industry before founding Monkeydrum Studios.

Reduced to a duo, Lynch and Knight recorded their fourth album (Groove) with session musicians, including Akerman. However, despite Akerman's presence on the album it was clear that Lynch and Knight by themselves were now the Eurogliders, as they were the only people pictured on the album cover or inner sleeve, or on any of the album's associated singles.

Groove peaked at No. 25 on the Australian charts in April 1988. The related single, "Groove" had peaked at No. 13 in February but the next singles, "It Must Be Love" in June, "Listen" in September and "Precious" in March 1989 did not reach the top 50.

For the album tour, Lynch, Knight and Akerman were joined by Guy Le Claire on guitar, Rex Goh on guitar (ex-Air Supply), Lindsay Jehan on bass guitar and Steve Sowerby on drums. Later in 1989, the Eurogliders disbanded. Akerman returned to his visual art background and became a painter, Lynch initially pursued a solo music career; while Knight became a successful jazz singer.

Post-Eurogliders (1990–2005)
After Eurogliders, Knight made a cameo appearance in the 1990 TV series Come In Spinner and sang on its soundtrack, Come In Spinner, recorded with jazz artist Vince Jones, which peaked at No. 4 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) albums charts. This launched a new career for Knight as a jazz singer with her first solo album, Stormy Weather, which peaked at No. 16 in 1991. Lynch became involved in theatre and soundtrack composition, and as the business manager of his second wife, fashion designer Collette Dinnigan. Vincent, who had a successful popular music career with credits including Boy George, Gang of Four and Billy Bragg, moved into ethnomusicology, specialising in African and Cuban music.

Reformations
Eurogliders reformed in October 2005, with Grace Knight and Bernie Lynch using session musicians including former member, Rex Goh, and they released their fifth studio album, simply called Eurogliders and included the single, "Hummingbird", but neither album nor single peaked into the ARIA top 50 charts. They started touring again in April 2006 and performed on the Countdown Spectacular during June to August, which was a nostalgic tour of Australian bands from the 1970s and 1980s, as featured on the pop television show Countdown with its host Ian "Molly" Meldrum. The group's sixth album, Blue Kiss, was recorded during the same sessions as the previous and was released in mid-2006, it also had no top 50 charting. Eurogliders official website was shut down in September 2008. In 2013 it was announced that the Eurogliders were expected to reform to support The Boomtown Rats on a planned reunion tour of Australia in May. However, the tour was cancelled due to poor ticket sales. Their seventh studio album, Don't Eat the Daisies, appeared in 2014. In May 2017 they headlined the entertainment on Darley Kingsford-Smith Cup Day during the Brisbane Winter Racing Carnival. Eurogliders plan to tour Australia in support of Simple Minds and OMD in December 2021.

Members
Eurogliders' members (arranged chronologically):
 * Bernie Lynch – vocals, guitar, keyboards (1980–1989, 2005–2007, 2013–present)
 * Amanda Vincent – keyboards (1980–1987)
 * Crispin Akerman – guitar (1980–1987)
 * Don Meharry – bass guitar (1980–1981)
 * Guy Slingerland – drums (1980–1981)
 * Grace Knight – vocals, saxophone, keyboards (1981–1989, 2005–2007, 2013–present)
 * John Bennetts – drums, percussion (1981–1987)
 * Stephen Clarke - drums (1981)
 * Geoff Rosenberg – bass guitar (1981–1983)
 * Ron François – bass guitar, backing vocals (1983–1987)
 * Scott Saunders – bass (1983)
 * Rex Goh – guitar (1988–1989)
 * Lindsay Jehan – bass guitar (1988–1989)
 * Guy Le Claire – guitar (1988–1989)
 * Joy Smithers – backing vocals (1988–1989)
 * Steve Sowerby – drums (1988–1989)
 * Phil Whitcher – Keyboards (1988–1989)

Countdown Australian Music Awards
Countdown was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974–1987, it presented music awards from 1979–1987, initially in conjunction with magazine TV Week. The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.

 * rowspan="2" |1982
 * "Pink Suit Blue Day"
 * Best Debut Album
 * Nominated
 * "Without You"
 * Best Debut Single
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="5" |1984
 * rowspan="2" | "Heaven Must Be There"
 * Best Single
 * Won
 * Best Video
 * Nominated
 * Themselves in "Heaven Must Be There"
 * Best Group Performance in a Video
 * Nominated
 * Bernie Lynch (Eurogliders)
 * Best Songwriter
 * Nominated
 * Grace Knight
 * Most Popular Female Performer
 * Nominated
 * 1986
 * Grace Knight
 * Most Popular Female Performer
 * Nominated
 * Grace Knight
 * Most Popular Female Performer
 * Nominated
 * 1986
 * Grace Knight
 * Most Popular Female Performer
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

West Australian Music Industry Awards
The West Australian Music Industry Awards are annual awards celebrating achievements for Western Australian music. They commenced in 1985.

 * 2017 || Eurogliders || Hall of Fame || inductee
 * 2017 || Eurogliders || Hall of Fame || inductee

title: Eurogliders


text:
Grey Court School

Grey Court School is a mixed-sex high school academy in Ham, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. In September 2014, a new sixth form centre opened for Grey Court's founding sixth form students.

The school occupies a large acreage in Ham, with playing fields and tennis courts. The school's current head teacher is Christopher Rhodes.

Performance
As with other schools, latest exam results and related data are published in the Department for Education's national tables.

History
The school was opened in 1956 to provide education for the children of the newly constructed estate. The school was built in the grounds of the Georgian Grey Court House from which it took its name. The house itself was renamed Newman House after Cardinal Newman, who lived there as a child in the early 19th century.

In 2013, and again in 2018, the school was rated outstanding by Ofsted, having previously been satisfactory. The sixth form was included in Ofsted's 2018 inspection.

In March 2018, the sixth form building was named 'The True Building' after Lord True, Conservative politician and former Leader of Richmond upon Thames Council.

Notable former pupils

 * Ruby Bentall, actress
 * Andrew Gilligan, transport advisor to the Prime Minister, journalist and former London Cycling Commissioner
 * Declan Rice, professional footballer

title: Grey Court School


text:
Talk:DVCPRO

"The differences between DV, DVCAM, and DVCPRO are ones of track width ...."

since this sentence is talking about the tape formats, shouldn't that say miniDV instead of DV ? --Johnjosephbachir 01:02, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:DVCPRO


text:
Talk:Real Person Fiction

Fubar: Alright, I saw what you said on that page, but I don't believe I mentioned anything about having a grudge against the site. I still post at that site, and am still an active part of it. I don't understand why you think that it needs attention - the fact are stated, all I know and nothing more. I write fanfiction of this genre as well, and I didn't think that I needed to re-state anything written in the fanfiction or slash fiction articles, being as it does link to both. I'd like it if you'd talk to me about exactly what you think needs attention - and ask you to contact other people who write in RPF fandoms. If they talk to me about what's wrong - or maybe, gasp, edit it themselves - that might prove to me there is something wrong. But by your statement that it 'needs someone who knows about the genre' you simply prove that you know nothing about it yourself, therefore, how can you judge that there is something wrong with it? --AmethystAngel 01:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no opinion about, and not terribly much experience with, RPF fandom. That's why I didn't edit the article when I noticed that it needed it. Instead, I listed it for attention so that it would come under the view of others who do have some idea about this fandom. Wikipedia articles always need to be looked at by multiple people who know the subject at hand; that is, after all, what Wikipedia is for. Calling for such review isn't an attack; it doesn't mean the article is wrong -- it means it's a start that needs attending to.

 * If you don't have a grudge against fanfiction.net, great. Sorry I brought it up. (As far as I know, I've never even used fanfiction.net.) It was particularly the line "When fanfiction.net started cracking down and banning things, one of the first things to go was RPF" in the article that gave me that impression. That's the sort of phrasing a person would usually use to claim that an action was distastefully arbitrary -- Wikipedia articles have to present a neutral point of view that generally excludes that kind of thing.

 * Overall, my biggest concern here is actually with the legal speculation. I'm no lawyer, but I know enough to say this: if there is a real "legal issue" against RPF (for instance, that people have rights against the use of their likenesses without permission) then it's doubtful that placing "disclaimers" on such fiction would change very much at all. --FOo 04:51, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thank you. After looking it over again, I agree that the line you mentioned did sound a little nasty - I made an attempt to change it a little and make it sound less like an attack. The legal section I tried to work with as well, but, like you, I have little knowledge about the legality of RPF - I've been involved with it for quite a time, but beyond disclaimers, I never looked into the legal implications of it. I left the pages needing attention bit up, because if others come by who know more about the legality than I, it would be quite useful.

Thank you for pointing out the problems in the article - as the author, I do have a hard time seeing things from any other point of view than my own. --AmethystAngel 18:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Real Person Fiction


text:
User:CatherineMunro/Duran Duran Featured Article Discussion

For my own gratification, before it gets lost in the midst of archival:

Duran Duran
I just stumbled on this — it seemed so good (and surprisingly chockful of references) that I was surprised it's not a featured article yet. Johnleemk | Talk 09:11, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. violet/riga (t) 13:02, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Tuf-Kat 17:36, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, but it needs more consistent year linking - I see four years listed in the lead without links, and then several linked later in the article. Other than that, looks good. Spangineer 00:00, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixed. [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 02:51, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. How can you have an article about a group without a single picture of them other than one blurry photograph of one member? I realize that copyright obstacles may make this difficult, but it still is a glaring hole... —Steven G. Johnson 00:50, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've been trying for six months to get a picture with appropriate permissions -- it's turning out to be very difficult! (Pictures of this band are apparently still worth money to the photographers.)  I have one promising lead to write to yet.  Can press kit/press release photos be used, and if so, how should they be tagged? [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 02:51, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * IANAL, but a fair use claim on some photo sounds reasonable in this case. Ambi 03:45, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * All right, several fair use press kit photos and a magazine cover included; I'll keep hunting for fully GFDL pictures though. [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 10:52, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Can they be captioned please? Johnleemk | Talk 11:19, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Done, according to the guidelines. [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 06:32, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support when it gets a picture of the whole band, preferably from about 1984. This is worthy as an example to others taking a lead on popular music-related articles as to the standard to aim at. Dbiv 00:57, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep, that's a good'un. Dbiv 20:56, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Minor objection. A very substantial rewrite has annulled all my previous objections, the structure is truly fantastic now, the 90s section is nicely NPOV, there is no sentence in brackets which shouldn't be and my other minor quibbles are gone. Well done. My only remaining request is some information on bands which Duran Duran have listed as influences and a link to what I'm guessing is a new page containing bands influenced by the band. And the fair use on some of the pictures might need to be looked at by people who know more about this stuff than I do. Overall, very nice work. Object. I'm beginning to see how articles that have glaring examples of bad writing in them (like Celtic tiger) get featured. This has glaring examples of bad writing. There's a sentence with the phrase "needless to say" twice in it, a large number of sentences enclosed in brackets which should be either taken out or made into proper sentences, a few misplaced phrases (such as the one referencing NME, and their "very controversial"... early release of a video) and some POV writing (in the Nineties section only, the rest is refreshingly good). And can we source the "famous" quote about So Red the Rose? Also I think the structure could use a re-working, the heading dividers under Nineties and Eighties are good, but not inclusive of all the text under the heading. Putting year dates, even if they are approximate, on the events under the headings in the heading itself would be a very good idea. Otherwise things like mentioning that someone got married just seem like non-sequiters. It's mostly good, but it really needs a polish. Given the number of supports this has got, maybe I'm just being too picky, but I though featured articles were meant to be brilliant prose. Psychobabble 08:54, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Sadly, brilliant prose seems to have been disposed of. I often wish we had retained that name. Filiocht 10:44, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've been working to build this towards FA candidacy, but knew it wasn't quite ready for prime-time yet; still trying to weave together several different contributors' works (including lots of trivia about marriages and pop rivals). I've tried to address your concerns, but I'm not sure what to do about the NME Top 100 albums phrase -- it's not chronological, but it seems worth noting, and it's much more about the Rio album than about the year.  Do you suggest deleting it, or moving it down to the 2000s section, or what?  And what is the objection to "very controversial"?  It was definitely a tempest in a teapot, but there were articles about it in the LA Times, Rolling Stone, and more.  If it's just the "very", consider it gone.  I'd be really happy for someone else to come give the article a good copyedit; after a while one becomes blind to one's own mistakes, and I don't care whether the brilliant prose is mine or yours! [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 10:52, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I've polished the whole thing up a bit -- can you please re-read and let me know if your concerns have been addressed?
 * Should the lengthy list of "musicians influenced" be pared down, prosified, or moved to another page? [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 10:52, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I think they should be moved unless it's possible to really turn them into prose. Johnleemk | Talk 11:19, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Moved to talk page; will work in a paragraph on some of the more important bands mentioned here. [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]] 06:32, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. -- ALoan (Talk) 13:13, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support--ZayZayEM 03:28, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Robert Wuhl

Robert Wuhl (born October 9, 1951) is an American actor, comedian and writer. He is best known as the creator and star of the television comedy series Arliss (1996–2002) and for his portrayal of newspaper reporter Alexander Knox in Tim Burton's Batman (1989) and Larry in Bull Durham (1988).

Early life
Wuhl was born in Union, New Jersey, to a Jewish family. His father worked as a produce distributor. After attending Union High School, Wuhl headed to the University of Houston, where he was active in the drama department and the Epsilon-Omicron chapter of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity. Wuhl was awarded a Distinguished Alumni Award from his alma mater in April 2012.

Career
Wuhl's first role in movies was a starring role in the 1980 comedy The Hollywood Knights along with other fledgling actors Tony Danza, Michelle Pfeiffer, and Fran Drescher, followed by a small role in the film Flashdance (1983). Wuhl had larger roles in films including Good Morning, Vietnam (1987) with Robin Williams, Bull Durham (1988) with Kevin Costner, Tim Burton's 1989 Batman (as reporter Alexander Knox) with Michael Keaton,  Blaze (1989) with Paul Newman, Missing Pieces (1991) with Eric Idle, Mistress (1992) with Robert De Niro, Blue Chips (1994) with Nick Nolte, and Cobb (1994) with Tommy Lee Jones. He wrote two of the six episodes for the TV series Police Squad! in 1982 and did an audio commentary for its release on DVD in 2006.

He and Keith Carradine appeared in the 1985 music video to Madonna's "Material Girl". In 1992, he appeared in The Bodyguard as host of the Oscars.

Wuhl won two Emmy Awards for co-writing the Academy Awards in 1990 and 1991 with Billy Crystal, Bruce Vilanch, David Steinberg, and others.

From 1996 to 2002 he wrote and starred in the HBO series Arliss as the title character, an agent for high-profile athletes.

From 2000 to 2001, he was a frequent panelist on the ESPN game show 2 Minute Drill, often quizzing the contestants on sports-related movies.

In 2006, he starred on HBO in a one-man-show, Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl, where he taught a history class to show how history is created and propagated in a similar fashion to pop culture. A second chapter entitled Assume the Position 201 with Mr. Wuhl aired on HBO in July 2007.

Wuhl hosted a sports, sports business and entertainment daily talk radio show, for Westwood One (now Dial Global) from January through December 2011. Wuhl occasionally fills in for Boomer Esiason on the Boomer and Carton show.

Wuhl played "Herb Tucker" in a revival of Neil Simon's play I Ought to Be in Pictures. In 2017, he appeared with Don Most in another Simon play, The Sunshine Boys, at Judson Theatre Company.

Wuhl has appeared as himself in four episodes of American Dad!: the 2015 episode "Manhattan Magical Murder Mystery Tour", the 2017 episode "The Talented Mr. Dingleberry", the 2019 episode "One-Woman Swole", and the 2021 episode "Cry Baby".

Personal life
Wuhl married actress Barbara Koldys in 1983.

title: Robert Wuhl


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Talk:Legio II Augusta

Existed before 9 AD
According to, this legion may have existed before 9 AD, was originally stationed at Sabine, and was possibly identical to the Legio II Gallica (no article on that yet). JRM 01:05, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * A very short article Legio II Gallica has been created. Pavel Vozenilek (talk) 23:09, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Isca Dumnoniorum
This legion was stationed at Isca Domnoniorum (modern Exeter) from 50 to AD75, according to the page on Roman Exeter and corroborated by archaeology lectures (at Exeter University). In AD75, the legion relocated to Isca Augusta (mordern Caerleon). Suggest this page is corrected by someone with Wiki experience (i.e. not me!). Matt S 212.140.139.225 18:53, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Legio II Augusta?
Is there anyone in the world who would call this legion "Legio II Augusta" when writing or talking in English? Surely the article needs a name we would actually use? Moonraker2 (talk) 11:17, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Legio II Augusta


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Category:Wikipedia copy editing

This category contains pages related to copy-editing of Wikipedia articles.

title: Category:Wikipedia copy editing


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Picabo Street

Picabo Street (born April 3, 1971) is an American former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist. She won the super G at the 1998 Winter Olympics and the downhill at the 1996 World Championships, along with three other Olympic and World Championship medals. Street also won World Cup downhill season titles in 1995 and 1996, the first American woman to do so, along with nine World Cup downhill race wins. Street was inducted into the National Ski Hall of Fame in 2004.

Early life
Street was born at home in Triumph, Idaho; her parents are Dee (a music teacher) and Roland "Stubby" Street (a stonemason). Her brother Roland, Jr. is one year older. Her parents decided to let Picabo choose her own name when she was old enough, so for the first two years of her life she was called "baby girl" or "little girl". At age three she was required to have a name in order to get a passport. She was named after the nearby village of Picabo. She was raised on a small farm in Triumph, several miles southeast of Sun Valley, where she learned to ski and race.

She attended Rowland Hall-St. Mark's School in Salt Lake City, Utah, and participated in its Rowmark Ski Academy for one year before returning to Sun Valley to race for the Sun Valley Ski Education Foundation. Before joining the academy, she was a member of the local Hailey Ski Team.

Skiing career
Street joined the U.S. Ski Team in 1989 at the age of 17. She primarily competed in the speed events of downhill and super G, with her World Cup debut at age 21 in a slalom on December 6 1992. Two months later at the 1993 World Championships in Japan she won the silver medal in the combined event.

1994–1996
After her silver medal performance in the downhill at the 1994 Winter Olympics, a run was named after her at Sun Valley, on the Warm Springs side of Bald Mountain; the expert run formerly known as "Plaza" became "Picabo's Street." Street joined Christin Cooper and Gretchen Fraser as Sun Valley Olympic medalists (their named runs are on Seattle Ridge).

By winning the 1995 downhill title, she became the first American to win a World Cup season title in a speed event. She repeated as downhill champion the following season, adding the title of world champion with her gold medal at the 1996 World Championships in Sierra Nevada, Spain.

1997–2002
While training in Colorado in early December 1996, Street suffered an ACL injury to her left knee and missed the remainder of the 1997 season. A month after her gold medal win in the super G at the 1998 Winter Olympics, she careened off course at the final downhill of the 1998 season at Crans-Montana, Switzerland. Street crashed, snapping her left femur and tearing the ACL in her right knee. She was in rehabilitation for two years following the accident.

Street returned to ski racing in late 2000, and retired from international competition after the 2002 Winter Olympics in Utah, where she finished sixteenth in the downhill.

Commercial endeavors
Street appeared on the TV shows Nickelodeon GUTS in 1994, and Pyramid (2002). She performed well on the show American Gladiators, where Street used her strength to defeat the gladiator character "Ice" in a couple of events.

In the late 1990s, after her success at the 1998 Winter Olympics, Street became a spokeswoman for a variety of products, including the soft drink Mountain Dew and ChapStick-brand lip balm.

In 1998 she signed with Giro Sport Design which was then developing its first winter sports helmet. In August she toured the company's headquarters/manufacturing facility, then located in Santa Cruz, CA. She spoke with the senior manufacturing engineer, a long-time skier himself, about the progression of equipment, signing a prototype helmet for him as she left. She also appeared on Celebrity Paranormal Project.

She wrote an autobiography in 2001 titled Picabo: Nothing to Hide (ISBN 0-07-140693-X). In it, Street revealed the pressure placed on her by her sponsors to succeed and win, which she maintains contributed to her devastating 1998 crash. She also described how she was able to transform from a rebellious tomboy into a world-class athlete.

A feature film based on Street's life story was in development as of late 2009, written by Eric Preston with director Charles Winkler slated to direct, and produced by Jeff Luini and Richard Weiner. Filming was slated begin in 2010 in Argentina.

She appeared in two skits on Sesame Street with the character Elmo and Telly. In one, Telly was looking for a place called Peekaboo Street and met the real Picabo Street; in the other, Elmo insisted on introducing Picabo because he thought she was a world champion peek-a-boo player. Her name also appeared in the song "One Big Mob" by the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Street was the runner up (with a time of 5:37) in the NBC celebrity reality competition series Stars Earn Stripes.

Personal life
Street is retired and splits her time between homes in Alabama and Winter Park, Colorado. She has a son born in August 2004, with her former partner N. J. Pawley. On October 25, 2008, she married businessman John Reeser atop Prospect Mountain, near Hanceville, Alabama. On August 3, 2009, Street gave birth to her second son.

On ESPN's College Game Day in Boise on September 25, 2010, Street stated that she was pregnant and expecting her third boy.

Street named her skis for people who were strong and meaningful to her. Among them are her "Earnies" (after Dale Earnhardt) and her "Arnolds" (after Arnold Schwarzenegger).

In the early 2000s, an internet joke spread which claimed Street made a "substantial donation" to her hometown hospital, which named a wing after her, the "Picabo ICU" (as in "Peekaboo! I see you!"). Another version claimed she became an ICU nurse and would answer the phone by saying, "Picabo, ICU!" A less common variant claimed a fan feared Street would be injured and appear in a headline reading, "Picabo? ICU." All three variants of the joke were debunked by Snopes.

Race podiums

 * 9 wins – (9 DH)
 * 17 podiums – (15 DH, 2 SG)

title: Picabo Street


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Phyllis Webb

Phyllis Webb (April 8, 1927 – November 11, 2021) was a Canadian poet and broadcaster.

Webb's poetry had diverse influences, ranging from neo-Confucianism to the field theory of composition developed by the Black Mountain poets. Critics have described her collections Naked Poems (1965) and Wilson's Bowl (1980) as important works in contemporary Canadian literature.

As a broadcaster at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in the 1960s, Webb created programs including Ideas and Extension, a television program about Canadian poetry. She left the CBC in 1967 to return to British Columbia, where she remained for much of her life.

Early life and education
Phyllis Webb was born on April 8, 1927, in Victoria, British Columbia. She attended the University of British Columbia, where she received a BA in English and philosophy in 1949, and McGill University. In 1949, aged 22, she ran as a candidate for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in the 1949 British Columbia general election. In 1957 Webb won a grant that allowed her to study theatre in France.

Poetry
Webb's first poems were published in Contemporary Verse, a magazine run by Alan Crawley. Her first book publication was in Trio, a collection of poems by Eli Mandel, Gael Turnbull, and Webb published by Raymond Souster's Contact Press. In the 1950s, Webb became interested in Eastern philosophy; critic Pauline Butling suggests that Webb's early work shows the influence of neo-Confucianism's metaphysics of time.

Webb's approach shifted in the 1960s toward a model of poetry influenced by the field theory of composition developed by Charles Olson and the Black Mountain poets. The field theory was a jumping-off point for Naked Poems, which she started in 1963 and published in 1965. George Bowering describes Naked Poems as a "key text in contemporary Canadian literature". Wilson's Bowl (1980) adopts a new poetics centred on a critique of political and interpersonal power, drawing from Haida stories "to undermine the binary structures of Western thought". Critic Northrop Frye called it a "landmark". Webb composed the poems in Hanging Fire (1990) by waiting for words to arrive in her mind. She said in an interview that adopting this passive stance allowed her to focus more on the external world.

Webb taught creative writing at the University of British Columbia, the University of Victoria, and the Banff Centre, and was writer-in-residence at the University of Alberta from 1980 to 1981.

Webb's poems often concern death, particularly suicide.

Broadcasting
Beginning in 1964, Webb worked as a writer and broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). In 1965 she created, with William A. Young, the radio program Ideas. From 1967 to 1969, Webb was its executive producer. In 1967, she travelled to the Soviet Union, carrying out research on the anarchist Peter Kropotkin; she later proposed, but did not complete, a cycle of poems called "The Kropotkin Poems". Also in 1967, Webb created the CBC television program Extension, a series about Canadian poetry.

Honours
In 1980 Webb was awarded a prize of CA$2,300 by fellow Canadian poets in recognition of her book Wilson's Bowl, which was overlooked for a Governor General's Award nomination that year. The award citation stated, in part, "this gesture is a response to your whole body of work as well as to your presence as a touchstone of true good writing in Canada, which we all know is beyond awards and prizes".

Webb won the Governor General's Literary Award for Poetry, 1982, for The Vision Tree.

She won Canada Council awards in 1981 and 1987.

She became an officer of the Order of Canada in 1992.

Personal life
Soon after Extension finished, Webb moved from Toronto to Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, where she lived for much of her life. Webb died at Lady Minto Hospital on Salt Spring Island on November 11, 2021.

Poetry

 * Trio: First Poems by Gael Turnbull, Phyllis Webb, and Eli Mandel. Toronto: Contact Press, 1954.
 * Even Your Right Eye. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1956.
 * In a Garden of the Pitti Palace; A Pang Cantata: 2 New Poems. Vancouver: Pica Press, 1961.
 * The Sea is Also a Garden: Poems. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1962.
 * Naked Poems. Vancouver: Periwinkle Press, 1965.
 * For Fyodor. Toronto: Mongrel, 1973.
 * Wilson's Bowl. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1980.
 * The Bowl. Lantzville, BC: Island Magazine, 1981.
 * Talking. Montreal: Quadrant Editions, 1982.
 * Sunday Water: Thirteen Anti-Ghazals. Lantzville, BC: Island Writing Series, 1982.
 * Prison Report. Vancouver: Slug Press, 1982.
 * Water and Light: Ghazals and Anti-Ghazals: Poems. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1984.
 * Hanging Fire. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1990.
 * Hulcoop, John, ed. Selected Poems, 1954–1965. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1971.
 * Thesen, Sharon, ed. Selected Poems: The Vision Tree. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1982.
 * Hulcoop, John, ed. Peacock Blue: The Collected Poems. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 2014.

Prose

 * Nothing but Brush Strokes: Selected Prose. Edmonton, AB: NeWest, 1995.

Edited

 * The Griffin Poetry Prize Anthology: A Selection of the 2004 Shortlist. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 2004.

title: Phyllis Webb


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Francs-Tireurs et Partisans

The Francs-tireurs et partisans français (FTPF), or commonly the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP), was an armed resistance organization created by leaders of the French Communist Party during World War II (1939–45). The communist party was neutral at first, following the Soviet Union's official view that the war was a struggle between imperialists, but changed to a policy of armed resistance against the German occupation of France after Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. Three groups were formed, consisting of party members, young communists and foreign workers. Early in 1942 they were merged to form the FTP, which undertook sabotage and assassinations of the occupation. The FTP became the best organized and most effective of the French Resistance groups. In March 1944, before the Allied forces returned to Normandy, the FTP was theoretically merged with the other Resistance groups. In practice, it retained its independence until the end of the war.

Background
Germany attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 in Operation Barbarossa. With this, the policy of the French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) policy switched to support for armed struggle against the German occupiers. The National Front (Front national de l'indépendance de la France) was created as a French Resistance movement in the northern area in June 1941. The Front national was theoretically independent of the PCF, but in reality it was dominated by the PCF. At first the objectives were mainly political, taking advantage of the unstable situation under the occupying German army. Charles Tillon was put in charge of military matters.

On 2 August 1941 Albert Ouzoulias was put in charge of the Bataillons de la Jeunesse, fighting groups that were being created by the Jeunesses Communistes. Soon after, Arthur Dallidet introduced him to Eugène Hénaff, who was responsible for the armed struggle under the direction of Tillon. In October 1941 the PCF decided to unify its armed groups into the Organisation spéciale. Hénaff joined the leadership of the PCF's Organisation Spéciale, where he was responsible for coordinating between the various armed units. He was a member of the Comité militaire national, which became the Francs-tireurs et partisans français (FTPF).

Formation
Rather than limit armed action to Communists, it was decided to create a non-Communist organization, the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), under the Front national. The FTP was open to non-communists but operated under communist control. The FTP movement was seen as a way to increase the political influence of the Communist Party in the future government of France. A special issue of L'Humanité in February 1942 confirmed the existence of "partisans et de francs-tireurs" (partisans and free-shooters) to whom patriots should give aid and assistance. Another special issue in March 1942 urged people to form such groups to conduct guerrilla war and help the population defend itself against the "boches".

The FTP was created in April 1942, led by Charles Tillon. On 3 April 1942 L'Humanité used the expression "Francs-Tireurs et Partisans" for the first time, and in following weeks reported acts of sabotage of war production and attacks against German soldiers and French collaborators. The paper began using the initials FTP in July 1942. The FTP's mandate was to sabotage railways and factories, punish collaborators and assassinate German soldiers.

Organization

The FTP unified three Communist organizations, the Bataillons de la Jeunesse, the Organisation Spéciale and the Main-d'œuvre immigrée (MOI). The FTP national committee was headed by Charles Tillon, commander in chief. Eugène Hénaff was political commissioner of the force until May 1943, when he was replaced by René Camphin. Albert Ouzoulias was in charge of operations, and Georges Beyer was responsible for armaments and recruitment. Marcel Prenant, a captain of the reserve, was Chief of Staff. He wrote some of the manuals on tactics and armament, but his main role was to act as liaison between the FTP and the Gaullist resistance groups.

The inter-regional and departmental military committees reported to the central organization in groups of three, a basic principle in the communist Resistance. In the field, each group would consist of two groups of three or four men under a commander and his assistant. For as long as possible they would continue to work in their normal occupations, only coming together to undertake an operation and then if possible returning to their normal daily life. Ouzoulias was a proponent of quick strikes against carefully studied targets by small groups of fighters, who would then rapidly withdraw. He also drew up guidelines for urban warfare in which FTP units could attack greatly superior German forces and be protected while they withdrew. Tillon called this a strategy of "drops of mercury", through which the group could use surprise and mobility to achieve transient superiority before disappearing.

The FTP-MOI (Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée) was created in the spring of 1942 with four detachments made up of communists of "immigrant" origin. Most of its fighters were Jews from France, Hungary, Romania or elsewhere in Europe. Some were former volunteers in the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). Leaflets and publications were issued in Yiddish. Although integrated with the FTP, the FTP-MOI groups retained their autonomy, which caused problems at times. The FTP-MOI were aroused to violent reprisals against the Germans by the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup in July 1942 in which Jews in Paris and other parts of France were arrested, detained and then deported to be killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp. The violence of the FTP-MOI in their struggle for survival did not always coincide with the interests of the French people. They received little recognition in France after the war.

The FTP-MOI were the target of the notorious Affiche Rouge poster campaign, which emphasised the composition of the group's membership in an attempt to discredit the Resistance as not "French" enough. The campaign seems to have had the effect of highlighting their feats to the general public as freedom fighters.

History

The military strength of the communists was still relatively feeble at the end of 1941, but the rapid growth of the FTP ensured that French communists regained their reputation as an effective anti-fascist force. Arthur Dallidet was placed in charge of security. Dallidet was recognized talking to a woman in a cafe beside the Reuilly metro station on the evening on 28 February 1942. He was arrested, taken to La Santé Prison, chained, handcuffed and severely beaten. He did not reveal any information, but had been carrying a long list of names and addresses. This led to other arrests including "Betty" (Madeleine Passot), his most important liaison officer. Further names and addresses were found in Betty's apartment.

Gradually the FTP developed a more military organization, with sections, companies and battalions, each containing three lower-level groups. There were often gaps in this paper organization. The FTP complained that the British and Gaullists were deliberately depriving them of arms, although more likely the problem was that they did not have the necessary contacts to arrange delivery.

In November 1943 Joseph Epstein, the FTP Chief of Staff, was arrested and subjected to extreme torture, but revealed nothing. This was followed by a major police operation that largely destroyed the FTP's Paris organization. From the end of 1943 the national organization began to intensify preparation for a national uprising to support the expected Allied landings in Europe.

By 1944, the FTP had an estimated strength of 100,000 men. In March 1944 General Charles de Gaulle placed all the French Forces of the Interior (Forces françaises de l'intérieur, FFI). under the authority of General Marie-Pierre Kœnig, but the FTP retained its de facto independence. During the Allied Normandy Campaign the FTP conducted delaying actions in the center and southwest of France against the German troops who had been recalled to the battle zone.

From June to August 1944 Ouzoulias coordinated the FTP's military action in the Paris region. Ouzoulias and Colonel Henri Rol-Tanguy, who led the Île-de-France Resistance movement, planned a major rising in Paris which played a vital role during the August 1944 Liberation of Paris. On 28 August 1944 de Gaulle put Ouzoulias in charge of the FTP and the FFI.

In the autumn of 1944 Ouzoulias was charged by de Gaulle with integrating the FTP members with the regular French army. In October 1944 the communist militias were dissolved and the FTP was integrated into General de Lattre's army.

In 2019, a surviving member of FTP, Edmond Réveil, revealed details of the June 1944 execution of up to 40 Nazi occupiers, taken during the Tulle uprising, along with a woman collaborator, at Le Vert, near Meymac. After delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic, forensic examination of the likely burial site only began in May 2023, initially using ground-penetrating radar. 11 bodies had been found at the site in 1967; by August 2023 artefacts had been unearthed, but no further bodies.

title: Francs-Tireurs et Partisans