text:
Talk:Selah

Inconsistent
At the beginning we find the claim that "Selah" "...is a difficult concept to translate." Yet the rest of the article expresses uncertainty as to its actual meaning. I see a note below (in the "Untranslatable" section) that the meaning is completely obvious to people in the know, but the uncertainty expressed in the article, and the completely varying explanations given, suggest that the meaning is unknown to anybody.

Untranslatable
Can it be added that although the word "Selah" is untranslatable, its meaning is completely obvious in context to those who understand Biblical Hebrew. It is just that the multiple concepts are not easily explained in other languages. Similarly, the comma as it is used in English has various properties (e.g., the original Greek use as a breathing mark as opposed to the English grammatical use) and would require a lengthy article to explain it - academics may argue about definitions and so on, but speakers of the language know exactly what is meant even if they find it hard to verbalise. Words like Schadenfreude are what is more commonly meant by 'untranslatable' in that they do not have a direct English equivalent, but rather, require several words to explain what is meant. (And yes, I know that Schadenfreude does translate directly to epicaricacy, but that's hardly common usage.) But I digress; the point is that the page as it stands is a translation - just a rather wordy one. 212.134.179.30 (talk) 18:58, 17 June 2008 (UTC)Josh

Well, since no-one cared enough to answer, I have changed the article. 92.234.8.173 (talk) 03:24, 29 April 2009 (UTC)Josh

No, German has a different kind of word construction than English. You see extremely long words in German that are merely nouns and adjectives mashed together and whose meaning is immediately clear to anybody who knows German. And then there are idioms but those exist in any language. So the example of Schadenfreude doesn't demonstrate your point.

The 6th Beracha of the Amida is not Selah
The 6th beracha of the Amidah is not "selah" - rather "selicha". Some transliterate the Hebrew "selach" (imperative verb - forgive!) as selah; so in the Amidah we have "selach lanu avinu" - "forgive us our Father"

 * The article is refering to the second to last blessing right before the prayer for peace. "v'khol ha'chaim yedukha selah".  Jon513 20:55, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

holding Selah?
In the song Selah by the Ethiopians, the Ras Tafari is said to hold "Selah". I have difficulty interpreting the meaning of the lyric:

Want to leave out Babylon I am tired of Babylon Want to leave out Babylon Oh because the Saviour hold Selah

Is the Saviour "holding" the Selah? What is meant by this? Any thoughts?--Sonjaaa 17:42, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

No one is 'holding the Selah' is this song. The word is being used as a musical device, much as it is utilized in the Psalms. The lyric is stating the desire to leave Babylon, because the Saviour hold(s). Selah is used as a musical pause here.

gematria
I find the addition of the discussion on gematria a bit jarring in context. Implicitly it places study of "the mathematical underpinnings" of the Bible on par with scientifically established lexicography and historical critical research. I would suggest abbreviating this section and/or setting it apart somehow indicating that it represents minority opinion or that it is controversial in nature. Gematria is also a separate entry and a link might be in order.

70.48.153.199David

 * I agree. It needs a source, at least. I also find the use of English Gematria very strange. --agr 22:15, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Simple(6,74) English(7,74) Gematria(8,74) has been a tool of Kaballists, Freemasons, and Rosicrucians for many centuries and it's now all over the Internet and its use has been documented in many books. "'The mathematical underpinnings' of the Bible are on par with scientifically established lexicography and historical critical research". The Hebrew leaders and scribes were well aware of the GOD=7_4 Code (although it took awhile for The Holy Tongue and the Word 'God' to evolve/reappear). The Hebrew practioners of the ancient mysteries were/are also well aware that 'selah' appears 74x in the Bible. The Gematria reference should NOT have been deleted by an unenlightened destroyer of esoteric sacred knowledge. - Brad Watson, Miami (talk) 15:44, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Once again, Brad, gematria is not considered a reliable source (reliable sources are discussed at this link). Gematria and other numerology is considered fringe, and not accepted as a neutral or reliable view on this site.  Wikipedia does not care about your "enlightenment," or whatever fantasies you have about Jews, Freemasons, or Rosicrucians.  Ian.thomson (talk) 16:04, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Ian(24) Thomson(74), your fantasy of overseeing Wikipedia is just that. I AM just as BIG a part of this commnity as you think you are and have, in fact, been editing its articles much longer than you have. The difference between(74) you and I are striking! I AM a contributer and you are a deleter. You are WRONG about so many things, i.e. gematria is NOT numerology, although numerologists can use it. They can also use your low IQ number, but that doesn't make your low IQ numerology either. You've 'crossed the line' with me now numerous times and your judgment will be placed on http://7seals.yuku.com. - Brad Watson, Miami (talk) 16:32, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
 * What part of "no personal attacks" don't you get? While age doesn't matter here, you've been editing since this year, I've been editing since 2006.  And as I said, age here doesn't matter, but being able to edit within site policies and guidelines (like WP:RS, WP:NPOV, WP:FRINGE, WP:NPA, all of which you have demonstrated severe problems with).  You are contributing fringe materials against the guidelines, I am making sure the articles stay within the guidelines and policies while also contributing (as can be seen at the Debtera article, which, except for two minor edits, was worked on by me).  Ian.thomson (talk) 16:45, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

"calah"
In calah, cited as a possible etymon, what letter does the 'c' represent? —Tamfang (talk) 01:07, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * According to the citation from the Book of Job in the referenced article, it is samekh. I will add this info in. Vilĉjo (talk) 10:37, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

E.W. Bullinger regarding "Selah"
The article about E.W. Bullinger on Selah is incorrect. I have the complete library of Bullinger and nowhere does it speak of such confusion. One can read of this in the Companion Bible Appendix 66 II, The Works of Bullinger. Bbwjenkins (talk) 15:45, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Urbandictionary?
Is Urban dictionary really considered a source? (footnote 6) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.73.83.113 (talk) 14:29, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Selah is found 74x in the Bible
We should always strive to be as accurate as possible. Therefore... Selah (Hebrew: סֶלָה, also transliterated as selāh) is a word used 74 times in the Hebrew Bible - 71 times in the Psalms and 3 times in Habakkuh - and is a difficult concept to translate. - Brad Watson, Miami (talk) 16:41, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

'Book of Habakkuh' should have its own article
Apparently, there is no article on Habakkuh. How do we create one? - Brad Watson, Miami (talk) 16:43, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
 * We have the article Book of Habakkuk, and I've created a redirect to that. Ian.thomson (talk) 16:47, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Selah does not mean "prayer" in Arabic
"Additionally, this word also means prayer in modern Arabic.[citation needed]". I erased this false (and unsourced) claim. Salah or Salat (prayer) in Arabic is written with a Ṣād, which is cognate to Hebrew Tsadi, while Selah is written with a Samekh. Yabti (talk) 10:23, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Selah is a man
'''David and Habakkuk addressed the man who would arrive in futur: Selah '''

'''Habakkuk 3:3 ''' God comes from Teman, And the Holy One from Mount Paran. Selah. His splendor covers the heavens, And the earth is full of His praise./ New American Standard Version (1995)

'''Habakkuk 3:9 ''' Thy bow was made quite bare; The oaths to the tribes were a `sure' word: Selah. Thou didst cleave the earth with rivers./ American Standard Version (1901)

'''Habakkuk 3:13 ''' You went forth for the salvation of your people, for the salvation of your anointed. You crushed the head of the land of wickedness. You stripped them head to foot. Selah./ World English Bible

'''Psalms 24:10 ''' Who is this King of glory? The LORD of hosts, he is the King of glory: Selah.

'''Psalms 44:8 ''' In God we boast all the day long, and praise thy name for ever Selah.

'''Psalms 47:4 ''' He shall choose our inheritance for us, the excellency of Jacob whom he loved Selah.

'''Psalms 50:6 ''' And the heavens shall declare his righteousness: for God is judge himself Selah.

'''Psalms 59:13 ''' Consume them in wrath; consume them that they may not be: and let them know that God ruleth in Jacob unto the ends of the earth Selah.

'''Psalms 61:4 ''' I will abide in thy tabernacle for ever: I will trust in the covert of thy wings Selah.

'''Psalms 66:4 ''' All the earth shall worship thee, and shall sing unto thee; they shall sing to thy name Selah.

'''Psalms 68:19 ''' Blessed be the Lord, who daily loadeth us with benefits, even the God of our salvation: Selah.

'''Psalms 75:3 ''' The earth and all the inhabitants thereof are dissolved: I bear up the pillars of it: Selah.

'''Psalms 89:4 ''' Thy seed will I establish for ever, and build up thy throne to all generations Selah.

'''Be informed, the word has been changed alittle through the history coz of different pronunciation of hebrow, Greek and English. If you can read the bible in Hebrow, the result will be shoking.'''--37.63.222.46 (talk) 16:17, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I can read the Bible in Hebrew, and I'm not shocked at all. This is wp:or and can't be included.
 * What a shame the last comment here-above isn't signed. It deserves the SMILEY OF THE YEAR :))) Arminden (talk) 14:22, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

I've removed a bit of text
The following text was recently added to the very beginning of this article:

[begin quote]Selah means to "pause". Though David wrote musical Psalms, this is no reference to a musical dynamic, but rather to how one should "pause", to enable oneself in reflecting and stopping to think about what was just said, with the purpose to make it part of your life, before moving on to the next declaration.

March 2017 Astrid Claasen[end quote]'

Because it is unsourced, and at odds with the rest of the article, I've removed it, at least till someone can tell us where it came from. Alephb (talk) 02:31, 11 March 2017 (UTC)

Add to "Literary Instances" Section
“Selah” is the first song of Emeli Sande’s 2016 album titled “Long Live the Angels.”

Jewish Encyclopedia text needs massive pruning
has done the fledgling article a lot of good on 4 March 2005 by adding a pile of material from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia. Mostly copied-and-pasted, down to the structure and much of the wording, even if he claimed it was edited ;) After 16 years though, and in accordance to what he wrote back then (good for now, but needs to be replaced with newer research), most of it should be removed. The weird "Attribution" paragraph at the bottom of the page (was it a common formula back then?), actually informing that the Jewish Encyclopedia has been used as a source, is easily overlooked and has misled some, me included, to put "citation needed" tags all over the place. The JE article is full of references to further authors and sources from around 1900, who/which are of interest for historians of science rather than modern researchers, maybe with the exception of H. Grätz. It's not the only article stuck with such massive transplants from public domain dinosaurs, but one of the worst afflicted ones I've come across. Ora et labora! Arminden (talk) 14:35, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

Pronounciation
Why should the word be pronounced /ˈsiːlə(h)/? The Hebrew vowel signs make it pretty clear that the first vowel is /e/ or perhaps /ɛ/, similar to "e" in "sell", certainly not the vowel from "seal".

--194.166.11.234 (talk) 07:28, 16 May 2022 (UTC)

Usage in the Talmud
Mention should probably be made of this word's usage in the Talmud. I personally don't know enough about the Talmud to write a section, but I can give an example: Tractate Berachot Chapter 1, towards the beginning of pg. 5a, at the end of R. Levi bar Chama / R. Shimon ben Lakish's opinion on fighting against one's "Evil Inclination." Zlvaughan (talk) 21:19, 8 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Selah


text:
Moonbabies (band)

Moonbabies is a Swedish bubblegum pop duo formed in 1997 by Ola Frick (Vocals, guitar and various instruments) and Carina Johansson (Vocals and keyboards).

History
The duo formed in 1997. Their debut album June and Novas was released in 2000 and they went on a U.S. tour in the spring of 2001. Their second album was released in 2004 and was followed by a European tour in 2004. After the release the album Moonbabies at the Ballroom in 2007, they went on hiatus until 2015 when they released Wizards on the Beach. Their music was shoegaze inspired but later progressed into a more pop and electronic sound.

Albums

 * Wizards on the Beach (2015)
 * Moonbabies at the Ballroom (2007)
 * The Orange Billboard (2004)
 * June and Novas (2000)

Singles

 * 24' / 'The Ocean Kill' (Digital Single) (2014)
 * Chorus' / 'Raindrops' (Digital Single) (2014)
 * Take me to the Ballroom (Single) (2007)
 * War on Sound (Single) (2007)
 * War on Sound Mini Album (2005)
 * Forever Changes Everything Now (Single) (2004)
 * Sun A.M. (Single) (2004)
 * Standing on the Roof/Filtering the Daylight EP (7" Vinyl) (2002) Limited to 500 numbered copies
 * We're Layabouts EP (2001)
 * I'm Insane But so are You (7" Vinyl) (2000)
 * Air>>>Moon>>>Stereo EP (7" Vinyl) (1999)

Reception
The group has generally received positive to mixed reviews. Their song Sun A.M. was called "a sugary treat" by FingerTips. Exclaim praised some of their songs in the album The Orange Billboard but claimed it was a "missed opportunity" and had filler tracks. PopMatters gave the EP War on Sound Mini Album a positive review with a score of 7 but later gave the full album Moonbabies at the Ballroom a 4 claiming it "made for a peaceful listen" but had "no lasting qualities whatsoever."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Moonbabies (band)


text:
Eclipse Park

Eclipse Park was the name of three successive baseball grounds in Louisville, Kentucky in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were the home of the Louisville baseball team first known as the Louisville Eclipse and later as the Louisville Colonels.

The unusual name for these ballparks derived from the original name of the Association club, the Eclipse. The more local name "Colonels" eventually won out. Nonetheless, "Eclipse" was among the early team names to be a singular word, despite "sounding like" a plural.

Semi-pro baseball had been played at the first Eclipse Park as early as 1874. The Louisville Eclipse played there from 1882 to 1884. The team was then renamed the Louisville Colonels and continued to play under that name from 1885 to 1893. The team was a member of the American Association until 1891 when it joined the National League when the American Association folded. The park was destroyed by fire on September 27, 1892. The 1893 season started in what was left of the park.

The original Eclipse Park was located at 28th and Elliott streets in west Louisville.

The second Eclipse Park was built a block south of the original. City directories and local newspapers give the location as 28th Street (east) and Broadway (north). The Louisville Colonels played there from early in the 1893 season until well into the 1899 season. This is the ground at which Hall of Famer Honus Wagner made his Major League debut on July 19, 1897.

The second Eclipse Park was destroyed by fire on August 12, 1899. The club was on a road trip at the time. They returned to a partially-rebuilt park ten days later, but the stands were inadequate and the club played the final month as a road team.

The fire contributed significantly to the once-strong Louisville club being contracted after the end of the season. Team owner Barney Dreyfuss moved on to acquire the Pittsburgh Pirates. Instead of being scattered to the wind, the best players from the Louisville team roster were brought onto the Pittsburgh payroll, including Wagner, third baseman Tommy Leach, outfielder-manager Fred Clarke, and ace right-hander Deacon Phillippe. This influx of talent soon turned the perennial cellar-dwelling Pirates into a three-peat pennant winner, and a participant in the first modern World Series.

After a one-year absence of professional ball, a Louisville Colonels entry in the Western Association opened at the remnants of the park in 1901. The club drew poorly and transferred to Grand Rapids, Michigan near the end of June.

The third and final Eclipse Park was built on a block bounded by 7th Street (east); Kentucky Street (south); 8th Street (west); and Florence Place (north) in the Limerick neighborhood of Louisville. This ballpark was built by George "White Wings" Tebeau as the home for the American Association minor league Louisville Colonels who played there from 1902 through 1922.

The final Eclipse Park had better luck than the first two, remaining in operation for more than twenty years, until it too was destroyed by fire, on November 21, 1922.

All three Eclipse Park locations had been destroyed by fire of various origins. The Louisville Courier-Journal covered each of these events in the days following. After the 1922 fire, the paper editorialized that wooden ballparks were obsolete and should be replaced by steel and concrete. The ball club followed that advice, opening Parkway Field the following spring.

title: Eclipse Park


text:
Template talk:Constitution of the United States

Interpretation section
I am moving preemption to the "interpretation" section, since preemption is not a clause or concept that appears explicitly in the Constitution, but rather derives from—is an interpretation of—the Supremacy Clause. Hydriotaphia 17:14, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

In approximately a day, unless I hear objections, I shall remove Civil liberties of the United States from the template for several reasons. I hope no one will be offended that I plan on doing this. Please let me know if you object. Best, Hydriotaphia 03:38, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Most importantly, it is not a particularly informative article. It contains nothing that other articles (Freedom of speech in the United States, Equal Protection Clause, etc.) don't already have.
 * 2) I think the limited space on the Template would be better used for other articles.
 * 3) I don't think it's quite accurate to say that civil liberties are an "interpretation" of the Constitution; rather, they derive from the guarantees of specific clauses, and thus the topic is better addressed in the articles on those clauses.

For the moment, however, I shall content myself with adding Incorporation (Bill of Rights) to the "intepretation" section and moving "due process"—and renaming it "Due Process Clause"—to the "Specific Clauses" section. Hydriotaphia 03:42, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)

I have chagned 'signatures' to 'signatories', which is the title of the page it linked to, and a more desciptive word of what it links to. JiMternet 23:49, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Albany Congress
I think a link to Albany Congress should be included, since the "Albany Plan" was the first document drawn up to create some sort of union of the colonies. --JW1805 02:01, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Exec priv
Anyone think that executive privilege should be added to "interpretation?" Kaisershatner 20:39, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Overlap
This template has a lot of overlap with Template:Infobox US Constitution. I think that infobox, at the very least, should have some actual info pertaining to each article it's used on. Possibly other changes are necessary. See Template talk:Infobox US Constitution for further discussion. —Tox 21:41, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

"Taxing and Spending Clause"? -> "General Welfare Clause"
For those of you who have watchlisted this page, you might be interested to know that "Taxing and Spending Clause" was moved to General Welfare Clause. Firstly, the former gets only 3,130 ghits and the latter gets 2,270,000 27,300. Moreover the article's own first reference supports the new name as primary, but doesn't even recognize the old one.

I've taken care of all the double redirects, but there are still dozens of single. Squee23 19:21, 28 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Good; thanks. Publicola 20:03, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Sorry that it's months later, but I've returned the General Welfare stuff back to the Taxing and Spending Clause article as the GWC is a component of the larger T/SC and can be properly explained there. Foofighter20x (talk) 04:32, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Preamble
I was going to rm the Preamble from the "Interpretation" group because it's already listed in the "Articles" group. Any particular reason why the Preamble should be listed in two groups on the same template? —  .`^) Paine Ellsworthdiss`cuss (^`.   08:39, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree and have removed the second link. Skomorokh,  barbarian  09:07, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
 * You da Bar!(barian)
 * —  .`^) Paine Ellsworthdiss`cuss (^`.   09:45, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Minor fixes
I tried to fix some of the links in the template but couldn't because it's fully protected. Here is what the new version would look like —Preceding unsigned comment added by NES Wii (talk • contribs)
 * Code moved to Template:US Constitution/sandbox. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 18:18, 27 January 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 18:18, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Latest version
I've left a version in the sandbox where the list backgrounds are fixed, the "Bill of Rights" link is absorbed into list3 and divs are used to make the lists more distinct from each other. 212.84.103.144 (talk) 11:15, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Like what you've done with "Bill of Rights", but amendments 11-27 should be with 1-10 shouldn't they?
 * Thanks. I left 11-27 on the next line as that's how they are in the current template. It might be worth keeping them that way so there's a clear break between what's now called the Bill of Rights (1-10) and the rest (11-27). People new to the topic might otherwise start confusing the two...?
 * I agree that the spacing looks better on your version, but I don't think we should be doing that locally. This could be proposed on the meta-template Template:Navbox.
 * — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:45, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. I keep seeing templates where -- at a glance -- the alternating white and faint grey backgrounds don't really do enough to make the lists distinct from each other. Could you propose this, please? Thanks, 212.84.103.144 (talk) 01:41, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

Remove a redirect
Under the amendments section, "Unsuccessful" is redirect to the page "Proposed" also links to. Eliminating that would be best and non-controversial. Outback the koala (talk) 05:30, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ —  Tivedshambo   (t/c) 06:52, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Remove close paren
There seems to be an incorrect lone closing parenthesis after "Signers". Doprendek (talk) 20:20, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Doprendek (talk) 20:20, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Nope, it's correct. It's closing the parenthetical opened with "Philadelphia Convention (". --Cyber cobra (talk) 20:49, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Suggestion: Add "Property Clause" to Clauses Section
Link to Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution Frappyjohn (talk) 23:02, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Signatories section
I see we both edited this template recently. Do we really need the list of Signatories? I could see a link to Framers being relevant, but I'd argue that this template should focus specifically on Constitution-related articles. Much of the linked signatory articles are on the people themselves, not about their activities at the Constitutional Convention, and to the extent it is covered, it's already covered at the link to Constitutional Convention (United States). Any thoughts? Just trying to avoid template-bloat... SnowFire (talk) 05:00, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello . Came by for a look after your interesting edits and again realized how the two Constitution templates differ (see Historical American Documents which has its own Constitution template and where the signatories were copied from). They probably should have the same template content, and the signors seem essential on these templates as the names of the Founding Fathers and their work have been recognized as inseparable (see the His.Amer.Docs template which includes the founders of all four major documents). Do you think that this template's content should be copied to the Historical American Documents or both left as they are with separately arranged content? Thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:08, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply, . I'm not very familiar with the Historic American Documents template, but my inclination would be that regardless of duplication, this template should be on closely Constitution related articles. The signatories-as-a-whole are "interesting", but each individual signer's article doesn't really need to be called out, since their article will generally not be heavily Constitution related in the same way that an actual part or amendment of the Constitution is (most of the template) or articles directly on the Constitution's legacy as their only topic.  It's still a reasonably long template with just that!  But navigation templates are about articles, and those articles are clearly substantially less directly Constitution related than the others.
 * To be honest, I'm skeptical of Historical American Documents including signatories as well, and I would probably also want to remove signatories from that and create a much shorter template. Just links to the lists of signers would be sufficient, it's list material not template material.  But I'm not super familiar with that template, and maybe it makes sense depending on how it's used.  SnowFire (talk) 16:08, 22 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The importance of America's Founding Fathers equals and creates inseparability from the documents themselves. They belong on these templates as much as the ink from the Syng inkstand indelibly belongs on, and gave life to, their historically unparalleled oath-taking affiliations to the Declaration and Constitution. Randy Kryn (talk) 18:44, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Another point for continued inclusion is that the drafters and signers of the U.S. Constitution actually have their own proper name, Framers. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:21, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure, I agree, I already mentioned a link to Framers might be relevant - although technically it's already linked since that's a redirect to a section of Constitutional Convention (United States). But wouldn't one link work much better than a zillion?  This isn't about a ranking of importance (obviously the Framers are very important, although so are lots of topics), just...  it's already covered in the links to the articles on the drafting & signing of the Constitution.  In my opinion, the template was already very long before adding signatories, and is exceptionally long now - I'd rather draw the scope narrower rather than wider.  Most of those biographical articles are not in fact about the Framer's activities with regards to the Constitution.  (ANd hell, I'd argue that the link to Framers is better anyway - not all Framers were signatories, but it's the full list of Framers that really matters, along with other related matters like the Federalist Papers if we're talking about understanding the creation of the Constitution.)  SnowFire (talk) 04:42, 24 September 2021 (UTC)


text:
Stede Bonnet

Stede Bonnet (1688 – 10 December 1718) was a Barbadian-born pirate and military officer, known as the Gentleman Pirate because he was a moderately wealthy landowner before turning to a life of crime. Bonnet was born into a wealthy English family on the island of Barbados, and inherited the family estate after his father's death in 1694. Despite his lack of sailing experience, Bonnet decided he should turn to piracy in the spring of 1717. He bought a sailing vessel, the Revenge, and travelled with his paid crew along the Eastern Seaboard of what is now the United States, capturing other vessels and burning other Barbadian ships.

Bonnet set sail for Nassau in the Bahamas, to the haven for pirates known as the "Republic of Pirates", but he was seriously wounded en route during an encounter with a Spanish warship. After arriving in Nassau, Bonnet met the infamous pirate Blackbeard. Incapable of leading his crew, Bonnet temporarily ceded his ship's command to Blackbeard. Before separating in December 1717, Blackbeard and Bonnet plundered and captured merchant ships along the East Coast. After Bonnet failed to capture the Protestant Caesar, his crew abandoned him to join Blackbeard aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge. Bonnet stayed on Blackbeard's ship as a guest, and did not command a crew again until summer 1718, when he was pardoned by North Carolina governor Charles Eden and received clearance to undertake privateering against Spanish shipping interests. Bonnet was tempted to resume his piracy but did not want to lose his pardon, so he adopted the alias "Captain Thomas" and changed his ship's name to Royal James. He had returned to piracy by July.

In August, Bonnet anchored Royal James on an estuary of the Cape Fear River to careen and repair the ship. In late August and September, Colonel William Rhett, with the authorization of South Carolina's governor Robert Johnson, led a naval expedition against pirates on the river. Rhett's and Bonnet's men engaged in combat for hours, but the outnumbered pirates ultimately surrendered. Rhett arrested the pirates and brought them to Charles Town (now Charleston, South Carolina) in early October. Bonnet escaped on 24 October, but was soon recaptured on Sullivan's Island. On 10 November, Bonnet was brought to trial and charged with two acts of piracy. Judge Nicholas Trott sentenced him to death. Bonnet wrote to Johnson to ask for clemency, but Johnson endorsed the judge's decision, and Bonnet was hanged in Charles Town on 10 December.

Pre-criminal life
Stede Bonnet was born in 1688, and he was christened at Christ Church parish on 29 July 1688. His parents, Edward and Sarah Bonnet, owned an estate of over 400 acre southeast of Bridgetown, Barbados, which was bequeathed to Bonnet upon his father's death in 1694. Bonnet received a good education, and lived as one of the richest and highest members of Bridgetown society. Bonnet married Mary Allamby in Bridgetown on 21 November 1709. They had three sons – Allamby (who died by 1715), Edward, and Stede Jr – and a daughter, Mary. The three surviving children were all younger than five when their father abandoned them for piracy.

In the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, historian Robert C. Ritchie suggests that Bonnet was driven to piracy to escape his bad marriage, or to "recapture his more adventurous youth". Details of Bonnet's military service are unclear, but he held the rank of major in the Barbados militia. Bonnet's militia service coincided with the War of the Spanish Succession, but there is no record that he took part in the fighting.

Early career as a pirate
During the spring of 1717, Bonnet decided to become a pirate, despite having no knowledge of shipboard life. He contracted a local shipyard to build him a sloop, which he equipped with ten guns and named the Revenge. This was unusual, as most pirates seized their ships by mutiny, by boarding them, or by converting a privateer vessel to a pirate ship. Bonnet enlisted a crew of more than seventy men. He relied on his quartermaster and officer for their knowledge of sailing, and as a result, he was not highly respected by his crew. In another break from tradition, Bonnet paid his crew wages, not shares of plunder as most pirates did. After staying at anchor for several days, telling inquirers that he was going to use the Revenge for island trading, Bonnet departed Carlisle Bay, Barbados, under the cover of darkness.

Bonnet's initial cruise took him to the coast of the Colony of Virginia, near the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay, where he captured and plundered four vessels, and burned the Barbadian ship Turbes to keep news of his crimes from his home island. He sailed north to New York City, taking two more ships, and picking up naval supplies and releasing captives at Gardiners Island. Finding that New York was a less profitable hunting ground, by August Bonnet had returned to the Carolinas, where he attacked two more ships, a brigantine from Boston and a Barbadian sloop. He stripped the brigantine, but brought the cargo-filled Barbadian sloop to an inlet off North Carolina to use for careening and repairing the Revenge. After the Barbadian sloop's tackle was used to careen the Revenge, the ship was dismantled for timber, and the remains were burned. In September, Bonnet set course for Nassau, which was an infamous pirate den on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas. En route, he encountered, fought, and escaped from a Spanish man-of-war. The Revenge was badly damaged, Bonnet was seriously wounded, and half the crew of the sloop was killed or wounded in the encounter. Putting in at Nassau, Bonnet replaced his casualties and refitted the Revenge, increasing the sloop's armament to twelve guns.

Collaboration with Blackbeard
While at Nassau, Bonnet met Captain Benjamin Hornigold and Blackbeard for the first time. Blackbeard and Bonnet struck up an unlikely friendship, and decided to cruise together, with Blackbeard taking command while Bonnet kept to his cabin, recovering from his wounds. The ship sailed northward to Delaware Bay, where they plundered eleven ships. On 29 September, the Revenge, captained by Blackbeard, plundered the sloop Betty, which had a cargo full of Madeira wine. Captain Codd, whose merchant ship was taken on 12 October, described Bonnet as walking the deck in his nightshirt, lacking any command and still unwell from his wounds. The Revenge later captured and looted the Spofford and Sea Nymph, which were leaving Philadelphia. On 22 October, the Revenge stopped and robbed the Robert and Good Intent of their supplies. On 17 November Blackbeard captured the French slave ship La Concorde which he took as his own, naming her Queen Anne's Revenge. Bonnet took back command of Revenge.

Some time after 19 December, Bonnet and Blackbeard separated. Bonnet sailed into the western Caribbean. On 28 March 1718, he encountered the 400-ton merchant vessel Protestant Caesar off Honduras. The ship escaped him, and his frustrated crew became restive. When Bonnet encountered Blackbeard again shortly afterwards at Turneffe Atoll, Bonnet's crew deserted him to join Blackbeard. Calling Bonnet on board his own ship, Blackbeard essentially imprisoned him, suggesting that as a gentleman he would prefer a life of leisure to that of command. Blackbeard put a henchman named Richards in command of the Revenge. Bonnet, surprised that his colleague had betrayed him, found himself as a guest aboard Blackbeard's ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge. Bonnet confided in a few loyal crew members that he was ready to give up his criminal life if he could exile himself in Spain or Portugal.

Under Richards, the Revenge captured a Jamaican sloop, the Adventure, captained by David Herriot, who joined the pirates. Bonnet accompanied Blackbeard to South Carolina, where Blackbeard's four vessels blockaded the port of Charles Town in the late spring. Needing a place to rest and refit his vessels, Blackbeard headed north to Topsail Island, where the Queen Anne's Revenge ran aground and was lost in June. With dissent rising amongst the pirates, Blackbeard allowed Bonnet to take command of the Revenge again. Leaving the remaining vessels at Topsail Island, Blackbeard and Bonnet went ashore and journeyed to Bath, which was the capital of North Carolina. Once there, both men accepted pardons from Governor Charles Eden under King George's Act of Grace, putatively on condition of their renouncing piracy forever. While Blackbeard quietly returned to Topsail Island, Bonnet stayed in Bath to get a "clearance" to sail the Revenge to Denmark's Caribbean colony of St. Thomas, where he planned to buy a letter of marque and go privateering against Spanish shipping. Eden granted Bonnet this clearance.

Resumption of pirate command
Bonnet returned to Topsail Island to find that Blackbeard had sunk several of his pirate ships, taken all the loot, and robbed the Revenge and two other vessels of the squadron of most of their supplies, before sailing away. Bonnet then rescued seventeen pirates who had been marooned on a sand bar by Blackbeard for disagreeing with his plans.

Bonnet began to resupply the ravaged Revenge, having bumboats bring food on board from ashore. One of these informed Bonnet that Blackbeard was moored in Ocracoke Inlet with only eighteen pirates. Wanting to take revenge on Blackbeard, Bonnet set sail for Ocracoke, but missed Blackbeard's departure by several hours. Bonnet gave chase but failed to catch the other pirate. Although Bonnet apparently never discarded his hopes of reaching St. Thomas and getting his letter of marque, Blackbeard had stolen the food and supplies he and his men needed to subsist.

Hoping to preserve his pardon while returning to his pirate ways, Bonnet adopted the alias "Captain Thomas" and changed the Revenge's name to the Royal James. The name Royal James that Bonnet conferred on his sloop was possibly a reference to James Francis Edward Stuart, the son of the deposed James II of England who was at the time plotting to retake the throne of England from George I of Great Britain.

Bonnet further tried to disguise his return to piracy by engaging in a pretence of trade with the next two vessels he robbed. Soon afterward, Bonnet quit the charade of trading and reverted to naked piracy, encouraged by his crew. Cruising north to Delaware Bay, in July Bonnet pillaged several more vessels, totalling eleven since he had received his pardon. He took several prisoners, some of whom joined his pirate crew. While Bonnet set loose most of his prizes after looting them, he retained control of the last two sloops he captured.

During these operations the Royal James had begun to leak badly and was in need of careening. Bonnet sailed the ship to Cape Fear River, a well-known pirate rendezvous, to undertake repairs which were estimated to require two months of work. Shortly afterwards, a small shallop entered the river and was captured. Bonnet had the shallop broken up to help repair the Royal James. The work of careening was done, in whole or in part, by the prisoners Bonnet had captured. Bonnet threatened at least one man with marooning if he did not work with the slaves to repair the Royal James. Bonnet remained in the Cape Fear River, intending to wait out the hurricane season there.

Battle of Cape Fear River

By the end of August, news had reached Charles Town that a pirate vessel was moored in the Cape Fear River. Robert Johnson, governor of South Carolina, authorised Colonel William Rhett to lead a naval expedition against the pirates, believing that North Carolina was in league with the pirates and would not do anything if left to combat them alone. After a false start due to the appearance of another pirate ship near Charles Town, Rhett arrived at the mouth of the Cape Fear River on 26 September with two eight-gun sloops, the Henry and the Sea Nymph, and a force of 130 militia men. Bonnet sent three canoes out to Rhett's ships and was disconcerted to learn that they were warships.

Bonnet planned to fight his way out to sea in the morning with his crew of 45. He also wrote a letter to Johnson, threatening to burn all the ships in Charles Town Harbour. At daybreak, on 27 September 1718, Bonnet set sail toward Rhett's force, and all three sloops opened fire, initiating the Battle of Cape Fear River. Rhett sailed his two ships towards the Royal James, forcing the pirate to stay in the shallow waters along the river. Royal James soon ran aground, but in the chase so did the South Carolinian vessels. The Sea Nymph was stuck too far away to be of use, leaving only the Henry in range of the Royal James.

The battle was at a stalemate for the next five or six hours, with all the participants immobilized. Bonnet's men had the advantage that their deck was heeled away from their opponents, giving them cover, while the Henry's deck was tilted toward the pirates, thus exposing Rhett's men to punishing musket volleys. Bonnet's force suffered twelve casualties while killing ten and wounding fourteen of Rhett's 70-man crew. Most of Bonnet's men fought enthusiastically, challenging their enemies to board and fight hand to hand, and tying a knot in their flag as a mock signal to come aboard and render aid. Nevertheless, some of the prisoners who had been forced to join the pirate crew refused to fire on Rhett's men, and one narrowly escaped death at Bonnet's hands in the confusion of the engagement.

The battle was ultimately decided when the rising tide lifted Rhett's sloops free while temporarily leaving the Royal James stranded. As the Henry closed with Bonnet's ship, his crew demanded that he surrender. Bonnet at first refused, saying that he would blow up the ship before surrendering, and threatening to shoot any man who did. Despite this, the crew won Bonnet over and a white flag was raised. After negotiations were shouted between the two ships, Bonnet agreed to surrender unconditionally. Rhett returned to Charles Town with his prisoners and the Royal James on 3 October.

Escape, recapture, and execution

In Charles Town, Bonnet was separated from the bulk of his crew and held for three weeks along with his boatswain, Pell, and his sailing master, Herriot, at the home of Town Marshal Nathaniel Partridge. The remaining crew were held outside of Charles Town at the public watchhouse, due to the town lacking an actual jail. On 24 October, Bonnet and Herriot escaped, probably by colluding with local merchant Richard Tookerman. Johnson at once placed a £700 bounty on Bonnet's head and dispatched search teams to track him down. Bonnet and Herriot, accompanied by a slave and a Native American who wanted to become pirates, obtained a boat and made for the north shore of Charles Town Harbour, but foul winds and lack of supplies forced the four of them onto Sullivan's Island. Johnson sent a posse under Rhett to Sullivan's Island to hunt for Bonnet.

The posse discovered Bonnet after an extensive search, and opened fire, killing Herriot and wounding the other two of Bonnet's followers. Bonnet surrendered and was returned to Charles Town, imprisoned in a safer location. While awaiting trial, some sort of civil uprising in his support took place within the city, an event authorities would later describe as having nearly resulted in the burning of the town and the overthrow of the government. Bonnet possibly awaited his execution in the Court of Guard, a militia guardhouse in the city where the Exchange and Provost stood as of 2007.

The Vice-Admiralty judge Nicholas Trott sat in judgment on Bonnet's crew and sentenced most of them to hang on 5 November, with Pell turning King's evidence against his fellow pirates. They were executed on 8 November. Bonnet was brought to trial before Trott two days later, and formally charged with two acts of piracy, against the Francis and the Fortune, whose commanders were on hand to testify against Bonnet in person. Bonnet pleaded not guilty to the offences but provided little defence for his actions. On 12 November Trott sentenced Bonnet to death by hanging, using his final speech to recite Bonnet's crimes and suggest that in the afterlife he would be "in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone, which is the second death".

Johnson decreed that Bonnet would be executed on 10 December. While awaiting this, Bonnet wrote to Johnson, begging abjectly for clemency and promising to become a "menial servant" to Johnson and his government if he was spared. He sent several other letters, including to Rhett who offered to take Bonnet to England for a re-trial if Johnson allowed it. Bonnet's visibly disintegrating mind moved many Carolinians to pity, particularly the female population, and London papers later reported that the governor delayed his execution seven times. Johnson stayed firm, and Bonnet was hanged at White Point, in Charles Town, on 10 December. After being cut down, his body was buried alongside those of his crew in nearby marshland below the low water mark. No marker was provided for the graves.

Bonnet's authority
The actual degree of authority any pirate captain exercised over his crew was questionable, as he had no access to the procedures and sanctions of admiralty law that supported government captains. Many pirate captains were elected by their crews and could be deposed in the same manner. At his trial, Bonnet downplayed his own authority over his pirate crew. He told the court that his crew engaged in piracy against his will, and said he had not given them consent to rob any vessels. The court did not accept these protestations. Pell testified that Bonnet's quartermaster, Robert Tucker, had more power than Bonnet. Despite this, at Delaware Bay Bonnet ordered two of his crew to be flogged for breaches of discipline. Pirates did not lightly submit to flogging, as they resented the frequent use of this punishment in the naval and merchant services from which most of them came.

Walking the plank
Bonnet is alleged to have been one of the few pirates to make his prisoners walk the plank. The detailed record of his trial, however, makes no mention of this method of execution, and the historian Hugh F. Rankin argues that the idea is a modern fabrication. Marcus Rediker, Professor of History at the University of Pittsburgh, agrees that pirates were unlikely to make captives walk the plank, preferring either bloodless assaults or far more violent methods of murder.

In popular culture
Portrayals of Bonnet extend to video games, such as Sid Meier's Pirates! and Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag. In the 1941 film The Devil and Daniel Webster, the Devil summons Bonnet to join a jury of the damned, announcing Bonnet and fellow seaman Floyd Ireson as "the fiendish butchers".

The period comedy television series Our Flag Means Death, created by David Jenkins, stars Rhys Darby as Bonnet and Taika Waititi as Blackbeard. Jenkins depicts a romantic relationship between the two.

title: Stede Bonnet


text:
Talk:List of Irish counties by population

Units
is the density per square mile or per square kilometre? Kingturtle 17:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The density is per kilometre. Will put units in now.Afn 15:54, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

N.I. population
Where do the population figures for the six Northern ireland counties come from? As far as I'm aware there are no census figures compiled for the counties since the 1971 census. Lozleader 12:10, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

The figures are still collected but aren't readily available. To find the figures you have to add together all the councils areas entirely that lie entirely within one county and add any excess areas from neighbouring council areas that also form part of the county. The census figures can be broken down into Census Output Areas throughout northern Ireland and so, whilst one cannot be completely accurate, one can be relatively sure of an approximate figure, give or take a few hundred (as the afore mentioned Census Output Areas tend to have populations of circa 200-250 persons). D.de.loinsigh (talk) 01:56, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Inclusion of non-traditional counties of Republic of Ireland
I have reverted the replacement of County Down with County Fingal. The 6 traditional counties of Northern Ireland have been included in the list. The newer administrative counties of the Republic of Ireland have not yet been included in this list. Ossory 17:39, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Should the population of city councils be included?
I find it odd that the population of e.g. County Galway excludes Galway City. Surely most people looking for this kind of page would want the value to be inclusive? Regardless, the references have to be moved, probably to the top of the table, as they're ruining the numerical sorting, and that's the one thing a table like this really should be able to do! 80 Ursae Majoris (talk) 21:21, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Ah, the references. Thank you, I was wondering what was casuing the problem. Anyway, I've fixed the list to include only counties. I have linked the list of town and city populations in the notes. --Ire2500 (talk) 05:19, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

City Councils
This is a list of counties by population, people come here to see county populations. Stop removing city populations from the list, we've been through this before. --Ire2500 (talk) 13:25, 1 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I entirely agree that as this article is a list of counties by population then only the populations of Irish counties should be listed. Populations not related to those counties should therefore be excluded (or put into footnotes). It is for this reason that the populations of the cities should be excluded. The area of the city is distinct from the area of the county that surrounds them. That's why the CSO lists them separately. If the list was about the popolations of the counties prior to the re-organisation of counties in Ireland (the so-called traditional counties), them the article and scope should reflect that historic definition and make it clear that it does not reflect current realities. Laurel Lodged (talk) 22:00, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

I think its already made clear that some counties no longer have function, besides CSO also lists full county populations, such as this  I just don't see the need to remove them, its not like its a list of county councils by popualtion. We already have the non-traditional counties on list, and a list of cities by popualtion. If we remove the city population from the total, then what we don't have is a list of the traditional counties by population, which, although you may not agree, is what most people are probably looking for. As you may have noticed someone already came looking for the total county populations, with city councils included, because nobody comes to this list expecting to see figures like Galway 10th, Waterford 28th.--Ire2500 (talk) 21:53, 2 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Re "some counties no longer have function". That's not the issue. Most of the counties listed have function. That's not the reason for adjusting their populations. The issue is that the terretory of 5 of those counties has been reduced in size by the extent of their eponymous cities. They are physically smaller. Therefore their populations are smaller. Also, it has nothing to do with coounty councils. It is about legal demarkated units of land. And for some counties, they got smaller. Laurel Lodged (talk) 22:09, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

Changes since previous census is misleading
At first glance, it is hard to understand how the total 'Change since previous census' figure for Ireland (15.48%) is greater than any county listed. What it actually happening, is RoI counties are comparing 2006 census with 2011 census and NI counties comparing 2001 with 2011. Ireland total is comparing 2001 with 2011. This column is not comparing 'like with like'. Should this be made clearer? 86.1.59.22 (talk) 21:07, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Derry
There is no county LondonDerry this is just some unionist troll being the usual prick. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:8084:2163:2300:A1C9:8CC1:2464:19F3 (talk) 14:54, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Evidence, reliable references and official record proves otherwise I'm afraid. It's County Derry that has never been a county and is simply a colloquial name for County Londonderry. See County Londonderry for the references and background information. Canterbury Tail talk 17:38, 21 February 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 April 2021
The map is wrong it’s Derry not Londonderry. Bigbear1234 (talk) 22:44, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Bigbear1244 Bigbear1234 (talk) 22:44, 10 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Please refer to WP:DERRY, which describes the established style for this encyclopaedia. -- zzuuzz (talk) 22:48, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 June 2023
“Change Londonderry to Derry” 2A02:8084:6A00:C100:25D1:135B:66A5:51E4 (talk) 20:25, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Not done. See Wp:DERRY and County Londonderry article. Canterbury Tail talk 20:30, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 June 2023
80.111.153.152 (talk) 22:37, 30 June 2023 (UTC) carlow is ranked 29 not 30
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. M.Bitton (talk) 23:10, 30 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Under-Secretary of State for India

This is a list of Parliamentary Under-Secretaries of State and Permanent Under-Secretaries of State at the India Office during the period of British rule between 1858 and 1937 for India(and Burma by extension), and for India and Burma from 1937 to 1948.

The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State was a ministerial position and the Permanent Under-Secretary of State was a civil service position.

title: Under-Secretary of State for India


text:
Ashcroft

Ashcroft may refer to:

Places

 * Ashcroft, British Columbia, a village in Canada
 * Ashcroft House in Bagpath, Gloucestershire, England—eponym of the Canadian village
 * Ashcroft, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Ashcroft, Colorado, a former U.S. mining town, south of Aspen
 * Ashcroft (Geneva, New York), a historic house
 * Ashcroft Technology Academy, a secondary school in London, UK

People

 * Catherine Ashcroft, English musician (Irish Folk)
 * Charlie Ashcroft, English footballer
 * Chloe Ashcroft, British television presenter
 * Christina Ashcroft (born 1964), Canadian sport shooter
 * Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki, British occultist
 * Edgar Arthur Ashcroft (1864–1938), invented zinc extraction process in Australia
 * Ernest Ashcroft (b. 1925), English professional rugby league footballer
 * Lee Ashcroft, English footballer
 * Lee Ashcroft (footballer, born 1993), Scottish footballer
 * Jay Ashcroft, American politician
 * Jimmy Ashcroft, English footballer
 * John Ashcroft, the 79th Attorney General of the United States under George W. Bush (2001–2005)
 * Ken Ashcroft, Australian rugby league footballer
 * Marcus Ashcroft, Australian rules footballer
 * Michael Arbuthnot Ashcroft, British codebreaker in Hut 8 during WW2
 * Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, British businessman and member of the House of Lords
 * Neil Ashcroft (1938–2021), condensed matter physicist
 * Peggy Ashcroft, English actress
 * Ray Ashcroft, English actor
 * Richard Ashcroft, English musician, frontman for The Verve
 * Stella Ashcroft (born 2002), New Zealand gymnast
 * William Ashcroft, English artist

title: Ashcroft


text:
Renault 16

The Renault 16 (R16) is a D-segment family hatchback manufactured and marketed over a single generation by French automaker Renault between 1965 and 1980 in Le Havre, France — and widely noted as the first French winner of the European Car of the Year award.

Market placement
In the early 1960s Renault was building a series of small cars, including the hatchback Renault 4 and rear engine Renault Dauphine and aimed to replace its larger family car, the Renault Frégate model (1951–1960) which had managed a modest production total of 163,383 units.

The R16 was a great success, with 1,845,959 R16s manufactured during a production run of 15 years. The car sold well in most of Europe, winning praise for its spacious and comfortable interior as well as the practicality offered by its effectively unique hatchback bodystyle. It was marketed in the United States, with only a small number sold. It met with considerably more success in Canada, where Renault manufactured the 16 from knock down kits.

Design
The mechanical layout of the R16 is similar to the Citroën Traction Avant – front-wheel drive, engine mounted inline behind the transmission. torsion bar suspension, and column mounted shift. In addition the car had an aluminium engine and an electric cooling fan, both technical innovations.

The 16 successfully introduced the hatchback bodystyle to the mid-size family segment, allowing the interior to be configured in seven different ways. This body style is between a saloon and an estate, and, before the term hatchback was coined, journalists struggled to describe it. A review in the English Motoring Illustrated in May 1965 (several months before the car was officially launched there) stated: "The Renault Sixteen can thus be described as a large family car but one that is neither a four door saloon and nor is it quite an estate. But, importantly, it is a little different."

The R16 is likewise noted for its unequal wheelbase, left to right, as with the earlier Renault 4 and later Renault 5. The two rear wheel axle shafts are not in-line; rather the left wheelbase is 70 mm (2.76 in) longer than the right wheelbase, to accommodate the transverse torsion bar suspension. This and the soft front seats gives the car a particularly smooth ride even over big bumps.

The engine was mounted longitudinally in the front, behind the gearbox/transaxle, contributing to the handling balance by keeping the weight closer to the centre of the car. Front drive layouts typically have transversely (sometimes longitudinally) mounted engines, with the engine in front of the transmission. While the R16's north-south/forward gearbox layout gave excellent handling, servicing access to the engine was so difficult that its successor, the Renault 20, kept the north-south layout but placed the engine ahead of the gearbox.

A column-mounted gear change lever allowed a more spacious front cabin. The column-mounted gear change (required by the position of the transmission in front of the engine) was rare in West European markets.

Model history
Series production started in March 1965 at the company's recently completed Sandouville plant, a few kilometers to the east of Le Havre. The car had its formal launch in March 1965 at the Geneva Motor Show, and was made available for sale in France and most other left-hand drive markets during June 1965. Late that year, it was first imported to the UK market in right-hand drive form, and would quickly establish itself as one of Britain's most popular imported cars. It arrived on the UK market at a time when imported models still only accounted for a small percentage of new car sales, but was one of a string of cars from foreign brands which helped foreign cars increase their market share during the 1970s; other notable examples being the Fiat 127 and MK1 Volkswagen Golf. Renault's later R5 and R12 models also sold well in Britain during the 1970s.

For 1967, Renault introduced a lower-equipped model better suited for cargo, marketed as the 16 Commerciale until about 1976.

Equipment levels were high for the price. Initially, Renault sold the R16 with just a 1.5 L (1470cc) gasoline engine in GL specification for which 55 PS was claimed; in March 1968 there appeared at the Geneva Motor Show the 1.6 L (1565cc) 84 PS inline-four TS which could top 100 mi/h. An automatic transmission version, originally designated the Renault 16 TA, was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show early in 1969. The top-line model was the TX, launched at the Paris Motor Show in October 1973, featuring a 5-speed manual transmission along with power front windows and central door locking, one of the first family cars in Europe to include these.

Sales of the TX were less than stellar, as with the entire 16 lineup, due to the effects of the 1973 oil crisis. The TX Automatique's introduction was delayed in order to lower its fuel consumption to the level of that of the manual model. In October 1974 the chrome grille was replaced with a black plastic grille, except for on the 16 TX. This change did not apply in Sweden where a version of the chrome grille that incorporated headlight wipers, as required there since 1974, kept being used until 1980. In 1975 the automatics were discontinued, while the regular engine was switched to a 66 PS version of the TX's 1647 cc unit. The 16 L's power decreased to 55 PS, and could now be run on the lowest-octane fuel. In 1976 the L was replaced by a version of the TL with the same 55 PS engine. The TS was discontinued in 1976.

The American-market model arrived in late 1968 for the 1969 model year and was marketed as the Renault 16 Sedan-Wagon. The single headlights were replaced by twin sealed beam units, while slightly altered bumpers increased the overall length to 4270 mm. Its 851-02 engine combined the head of the 1470 cc base engine with the block of the 1565 cc unit and had a maximum output of 62 PS DIN (70 PS SAE) at 5200 rpm. Sales continued into 1972 but only in very small numbers. The R16 had already been imported to Canada, and was then assembled there in the Renault-SOMA plant in Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville until 1974. A variety of different side marker lights and also some different taillights were installed on these cars.

Production of the R16 continued until 1980, five years after the arrival of its official successor, the larger Renault 20, with the Renault 18 saloon and estates continuing as Renault's only offering of this size in Europe. By the time the R16 ceased production most other European manufacturers had at least one hatchback on sale, although most cars of the R16's size were still sold as saloons or estates; the exceptions were the Austin Maxi, Talbot Alpine (previously sold as a Chrysler or Simca) and Volkswagen Passat. Renault did not build a hatchback of this size again until the hatchback version of the Renault 21 was launched in 1989.

The 16 had no direct competitors until the arrival of the Alec Issigonis designed Austin Maxi in 1969, but the Austin Maxi was not a strong seller outside of the UK.

Renault 16 sedan concept
In 1965, Philippe Charbonneaux proposed a more traditional saloon body but the project never went past prototype stage. One surviving prototype is permanently on display at the Musée Automobile Reims Champagn in Reims, France.

Renault 16 coupé cabriolet
A coupé cabriolet version was in development, but due to most of the body parts being unique to those used on the saloon, production would have been too costly and the project was shelved.

Commentary
In 1970, racing driver Stirling Moss exclaimed: "There is no doubt that the Renault 16 is the most intelligently engineered automobile I have ever encountered and I think that each British motorcar manufacturer would do well to purchase one just to see how it is put together".

Pre-launch publicity was extensive, with semi-authorized media leaks. L'Auto-Journal reported details of the car, at this stage in an exclusive report, towards the end of 1963. During October 1964, timed to coincide with the Paris Motor Show, Renault distributed photographs of its innovative new family car, still at this stage described simply as the forthcoming "Renault 1500", for publication as "scoop" pictures in various magazines. It was only two months later that the car, now officially named a "Renault 16", was approved for sale by the French homologation authorities.

Legacy
The Renault 16 was voted European Car of the Year by a board of European motoring journalists late in 1965. It was the third winner of the award, and the Renault 16 was the first French winner - the first two winners had been British.

Timeline

 * August 1964 – First official pictures of the R16 are released to the media.
 * December 2, 1964 – The first R16 is completed at the factory in Sandouville, near Le Havre, a facility purpose-built for the R16.
 * January 5, 1965 – The Renault 16 is introduced to the world and the press in a presentation on the Côte-d'Azur.
 * April 1965 – The R16 is made available to the public, in two specifications: Grand Luxe and Super, both powered by a 1470 cc engine
 * Autumn 1965 – The R16 is launched in right-hand drive form for the UK market.
 * 1967 – Ventilation and heating are both improved and the dashboard is redesigned. An automatically operated choke is also made available.
 * 1968 – The R16 TS is introduced. It features a new 1565 cc engine, an all-new instrument panel that includes a tachometer and water temperature gauge and many other new features including two-speed windscreen wipers, rear defroster, passenger reading light and optional manual steel sunroof and powered front windows.
 * June 1968 – Australian assembly commences
 * 1969 – The other R16 models get the same wheels and brakes as the TS. The TS gets reversing lights (mounted beneath the taillights). The other models are available with reversing lights as an optional extra.
 * 1969 – The R16 TA, with an automatic transmission, is introduced. The TA is effectively a R16 Super with some features from the TS.
 * 1970 – Front seatbelts are installed on all R16s.
 * 1971 – The R16 undergoes a mild revamp. Among the most obvious changes are new rectangular taillights. The Grand Luxe and Super are replaced by the L and TL specifications, both of which gain the same 1565 cc engine as the TS (but with the cylinder head from the 1470 cc). The TA is discontinued and an automatic transmission is made available as an option across the whole R16 range.
 * 1973 – An upmarket R16 TX model is introduced at the Paris Motor Show, equipped with a 1647 cc engine (an enlarged version of the TS engine) and a five-speed manual transmission. The TX was distinguishable from other R16s on the exterior by its four rectangular headlights with large turn signal lights underneath. Among the other features available on the TX were Gordini wheels, a rear spoiler, a rear windscreen wiper, a laminated windscreen, automatic seatbelts, power windows, central locking and optional air conditioning.
 * 1974 – The aluminium grille on L, TL and TS is replaced by a black plastic grille.
 * 1975 – Launch of the R20 and R30 models which are expected to replace the R16, but it continues alongside the newer cars for the time being.
 * 1976 – The automatic transmission ceased to be available as an option on the L, TL and TS. However, a TL Automatic model was launched.
 * 1977 – The L and TS models are discontinued as Renault unveils the new R18 saloon, another car expected to appeal to current R16 owners.
 * 1978 – All models now have reversing lights fitted as standard.
 * 1979 – Rear three-point seatbelts are made standard on all models. The TL Automatic is discontinued.
 * January 1980 – R16 production ends after 15 years.

title: Renault 16


text:
No Opportunity Wasted

No Opportunity Wasted is an American television series that premiered on the Discovery Channel on October 3, 2004. It was created by Phil Keoghan, better known as the host of the reality show on CBS entitled The Amazing Race.

In the series, 26 contestants are given 72 hours, $3,000 and the opportunity to fulfill a long-held dream or desire.

A version was also produced for broadcast in New Zealand, reflecting Phil Keoghan's fondness for his native country. Also hosted by Keoghan, the show proceeded on much the same premise but with local contestants. It premiered on New Zealand's TV2 on Sunday November 12, 2006. It was sponsored by Vodafone, whose slogan is Make the Most of Now.

A third version of the series premiered on CBC in Canada on October 3, 2007. Ten thirty-minute episodes were filmed, hosted by Canadian adventurer Bruce Kirkby following a May 2007 casting tour through the country by Keoghan.

title: No Opportunity Wasted


text: User talk:62.163.169.196

title: User talk:62.163.169.196


text:
São Bento

São Bento (Portuguese for Saint Benedict) may refer to:

Brazil

 * Colégio de São Bento, Rio de Janeiro, a school in Rio de Janeiro
 * School of Philosophy of São Bento, São Paulo
 * Mosteiro de São Bento (São Paulo), a monastery in the center of São Paulo
 * São Bento (São Paulo Metro), a railway station near the monastery
 * Pinhal de São Bento, Paraná
 * São Bento, Maranhão, Maranhão
 * São Bento, Paraíba, Paraíba
 * São Bento Abade, Minas Gerais
 * São Bento do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte
 * São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo
 * São Bento do Sul, Santa Catarina
 * São Bento do Tocantins, Tocantins
 * São Bento do Trairi, Rio Grande do Norte
 * São Bento do Una, Pernambuco
 * Serra de São Bento, Rio Grande do Norte

Portugal

 * São Bento (Porto de Mós), a parish in the municipality of Porto de Mós
 * São Bento (Angra do Heroísmo), a parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo, Azores
 * São Bento Palace, in Lisbon, residence of the Portuguese prime minister
 * São Bento railway station, in Porto

Sports

 * Associação Atlética São Bento, a defunct Brazilian football club
 * Esporte Clube São Bento, a Brazilian football club

Other

 * São Bento (carrack), Portuguese ship wrecked off the Mbhashe River mouth, South Africa in 1554

title: São Bento


text:
Talk:Nick Mason

Date of Birth
What's going on with Nick's date of birth?

These sources give it as 1944:
 * the text of this article
 * the 1944 article
 * most Google hits for "Nick Mason date of birth" and similar queries

These sources give it as 1945:
 * the 1945 article
 * the January 27 article
 * the categorisation of this article
 * one or two Google hits

Does anyone have evidence of which is correct? -- Smjg 17:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes! Nick Mason himself, through the medium of his book Inside out, states that it is 1944. I have removed the 'disputed' tag on the article and modified the 1945 and January 27 articles on the basis that the horse's mouth constitutes a pretty incontrovertible source. (And due to the lack of response to your perfectly valid query). --HighHopes 19:23, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Not an Official Band Member?
For some reason I remember there was a time that he was not an Official member of Pink Floyd, some time around the recording of or just before "A Momentary Lapse of Reason" which is why his name and Wright's are smaller than Gilmore's in the credits on the album cover. Is this verified anywhere? Billy Nair 23:25, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Mason is actually the only member of Pink Floyd who has been a official member since they started in 1965. It was Richard Wright's name that was smaller in the AMLoR-sleeve since he only was a hired session musician for Floyd back then. Although Pink Floyd only was made up by Gilmour and Mason when AMLor was released, it has later been relived by Gilmour that booth Mason and Wright contributions were fairly minimal, only playing one or very few songs each. This was partly because the album started as a solo project by Gilmour, but he then (six months before release) decided to turn it into a Pink Floyd project. Bjurbeck (talk) 21:10, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Although he was an official member during this period, he played very little on AMLOR; in fact, all he did was perform the drum fills on "Learning to Fly" 72.226.78.94 (talk) 03:57, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Pie Crust
What does Nick Mason have against pie crust? ("I'll have apple pie, without any crust")
 * Pie crust is full of additional calories. I do likewise. Sidar 04:25, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * My friend Seiko says that the reason for his dislike of pie crust is that he used to have a moustache and he used to get annoyed at the crumbs sticking to it. This was mentioned in an interview (if anyone would like to track that down). --gilgongo (talk) 20:49, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Parker-Bowles Pad
He bought the Parker-Bowles pad, Middlewich, off them after their divorce. Anon user 19:45, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

31st May 2006
Nick joined David Gilmour and band on stage at the Royal Albert Hall on 31st May 2006. He played drums on the final two songs - Wish You Were Here and Comfortably Numb.

Recent Picture?
How about a recent picture? If I come across one accidently I'll see about putting it up. Gmip 06:55, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Insideoutmason.jpg
Image:Insideoutmason.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:13, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Childhood music lessons
"He has claimed that he took some failed violin and piano lessons as a child." Is there any reason to doubt him? I would like to change "claimed" to "mentioned" unless a verifiable source gives a reason for doubt. VisitorTalk 05:46, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Session Drummers
"Mason has been drummer on every Pink Floyd album (but not on every song; some session drummers have been used)"

Do we have any more information on this? Who are these session drummers? Why didn't Nick play on those songs? What songs were they? It's a very (potentially) interesting fact, but I would like more facts/statistics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Adamckillip (talk • contribs) 23:49, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Information relating to session drummers should be and, as I recall, is included in the individual article for each of those songs. By the way, it isn't that unusual that session musicians are used on albums, if the band members feel that a particular band member can't play his part well enough, or in the style best suited for the song 80.213.191.159 (talk) 10:12, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Most popular songs?
"Interstellar Overdrive" and "A Saucerful Of Secrets" among Pink Floyd's most popular songs ??? 81.83.137.88 (talk) 12:55, 11 July 2011 (UTC)

Associated Acts
Considering adding David Gilmour here for his solo albums sometimes performed live with Nick Mason, discuss? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.152.47 (talk) 08:55, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Gilmour (and Waters, for that matter) doesn't really fit with the criteria for inclusion in the info box. Joefromrandb (talk) 01:54, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

Career Section
I'm a bit disappointed in the "Career" section of this article, which seems to be simply a list of "bullet points" about things that he did mostly during and after PF.

I specifically looked up the article to find information about his training and playing career leading up to PF, but alas, nothing. Since he wrote a tell-all book about his time with the band, isn't there more information available to round out this section of the article?

B. Polhemus (talk) 23:28, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd says PF was founded in 1965 Current article says that "He has been the only constant member since the band's formation in 1964, and is the only member to appear on every Pink Floyd album." - it's a contradiction 46.39.248.204 (talk) 13:42, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nick Mason


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User:Mikeyangelo

Hi, how's it going everyone? I'm in Arts Education at the University of Regina. For my ECMP 355 class (Introducing computers into the classroom), I was asked to post the most valuable website that I can use as a teaching resource possible. One of the most meaningful classes that I took this semester is ELNG 205 (Language Arts). Our assigned book, Italic textEarly Childhood Language ArtsItalic textby Mary Renck Jalongo is an excellent resource. What I find the most interesting about it is how it takes the idea of communication, and breaks is up in all of it varying elements. It also deals with inclusion and inclusion pedagogies, which I find very interesting. The book has a website: www.ablongman.com/jalongo3e It takes many of the main conponents form the book and puts them online, as well as tools to help us understand the meaning behind every chapter which is specifically talked about. You can also sign up for other websites, and be put on their mailing list, and receive endless teaching resources. To any future educator, educator, special needs assistant, or organization that deals with varying mental and/or health circumstances, please have a look! Hope you all enjoy it!

title: User:Mikeyangelo


text:
Henry Chinaski

Henry Charles "Hank" Chinaski is the literary alter ego of the American writer Charles Bukowski, appearing in five of Bukowski's novels, a number of his short stories and poems, and the films Barfly and Factotum. Although much of Chinaski's biography is based on Bukowski's own life story, the Chinaski character is still a literary creation that is constructed with the veneer of what the writer Adam Kirsch calls "a pulp fiction hero." Works of fiction that feature the character include Confessions of a Man Insane Enough to Live With the Beasts (1965), Post Office (1971), South of No North (1973), Factotum (1975), Women (1978), Ham on Rye (1982), Hot Water Music (1983), Hollywood (1989), and Septuagenarian Stew (1990). He is also mentioned briefly in the beginning of Bukowski's last novel, Pulp (1994).

Chinaski is a writer who worked for years as a mail carrier. An alcoholic, womanizing misanthrope, he serves as both the protagonist and antihero of the novels in which he appears, which span from his poverty-stricken childhood to his middle age, in which he finds some small success as a screenwriter.

Some of the features of the Chinaskian persona: excessive alcohol consumption; love of art (classical music, literature); solitude and self-isolation; volatile relationships (especially with women); self-effacement; nihilism; and the violation of societal norms.

In popular culture
Chinaski was portrayed by Mickey Rourke in the film Barfly (1987), which Bukowski himself wrote and by Matt Dillon in the film Factotum, released in 2005. In the Dutch short film De Blauwe Bus (The Blue Bus), which was released in 2009, he was portrayed by Jan Mulder. In 2015 he was portrayed by actor Jonathan Peacy in the short film Sitting on a Fire Escape Eating Eggs.

In 2013 the Argentine rock band Los Hijos de Claudia recorded a song called "Señor Chinasky", which refers to the character in the lyrics, where it states: "Mr. Chinasky, do not stop drinking".

The Avalanches used Henry Chinaski as a moniker to release "Sleepy Bedtime Mix for Young Ones" on the podcast Pinchy & Friends.

The character inspired the name of the long-running Czech rock band Chinaski.

title: Henry Chinaski


text:
Talk:Installation 04

129.15.138.194 recently took out a lot of information about the LaGrange points being incorrectly represented in the game. I can understand his reasoning, but one could also argue that it was valuable information, or, at least, moderately interesting. It should have been summarized or shortened, not taken out, I think. LockeShocke 17:20, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well I just put it back. --pile0nadestalk 09:36, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Installation 04


text:
Mediumwave transmitter Flevoland

The mediumwave transmitter Flevoland (Middengolf Zendstation Flevoland) was a broadcasting facility for medium wave near Zeewolde in the province of Flevoland, Netherlands, situated at 5°25′ E and 52°23′ N. It has been used for broadcasting on 747 kHz (until September 2015) and 1008 kHz with a nominal power of 400 kilowatts. As aerial two guyed steel framework masts with a height of 195 metres are used, which form an anti-fading aerial. These masts are grounded and carry a cage aerial, which is upperward the separation insulator, separating the masts in a height of 95 metres in two parts, connected toward the mast construction. The radiation diagram is directional, with a maximum gain of 4 dB in South-Eastern direction, to compensate for the variation in electrical admittance of terrain in the Netherlands.

The station, which came into service in 1980, initially carried the programmes of Hilversum 1 and Hilversum 2. In 1985, following an overhaul of the Dutch public radio service, the frequencies were reassigned to NPO Radio 1 and NPO Radio 5 for 747 kHz and 1008 kHz respectively. In 2003, the 1008 kHz frequency was auctioned by the Dutch Government while NPO Radio 5 remained on 747 kHz. Since then, the 1008 kHz has been used by Radio 10 Gold (from 2004 to 2007) and Groot Nieuws Radio, a Dutch privately owned religious station.

In September 2014, NPO announced that distribution of NPO Radio 5 on Medium wave would be discontinued as of September 2015. On 1 September 2015 at 00:02 CEST, the 747 kHz transmitter closed down, marking the end of Medium wave transmissions by the Dutch Public Broadcasters. The 1008 kHz remained in use by Groot Nieuws Radio, though at reduced power of 100 kW. Groot Nieuws Radio ceased broadcasting at 31 December 2018.

On 9 January 2019 the masts were demolished with explosives, marking the definitive end of mediumwave broadcasting from this location. This was the last large mediumwave transmitter in The Netherlands, marking the end of a 90-year era of mediumwave broadcasting.

title: Mediumwave transmitter Flevoland


text:
Logic Made Easy

Logic Made Easy: How to Know When Language Deceives You is a 2004 book by Deborah J. Bennett published by W.W. Norton & Company (ISBN 0-393-05748-8). Its theme is the analysis of what common words such as "some", "all", and "not" mean, and how logic relates to speech and writing. It discusses eliminating problems such as ambiguity and imprecise language from communications, such as in technical writing.

title: Logic Made Easy


text:
River Teviot

The River Teviot (Abhainn Tìbhiot), or Teviot Water, is a river of the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, and is the largest tributary of the River Tweed by catchment area. The Teviot is an important river for wildlife, especially the Atlantic salmon, but in recent years has witnessed at least four extreme flooding events.

Course
It rises in the western foothills of Comb Hill on the border of Dumfries and Galloway. It flows north-eastwards through Teviotdale and past Teviothead, the Colterscleuch Monument, Broadhaugh, Branxholme and Branxholme Castle.

The Teviot passes through Hawick and Lanton, past the Timpendean Tower and the village of Ancrum, Harestanes and Monteviot, Nisbet and Roxburgh, before joining the River Tweed to the southwest of Kelso.

The Borders Abbeys Way keeps close company with the Teviot on its journey to the Tweed.

Catchment and hydrometry
The river flows across a lowland catchment with shale underlying the surface. The headwaters are mostly moorland, woodland and some hill grazing. More intensively worked land for agriculture is found nearer the eastern end of the river where it flows into the Tweed.

The river is prone to flooding with serious events in Hawick in 2005 when it caused "millions pounds worth of damage", and the river level was recorded at 3.3 m). After two more extreme flooding events in 2015, and 2016 (when Jedburgh and Hawick saw water levels rising more than 5 ft in an hour), a £44 million scheme was launched to provide the town with the requisite flood defences needed to extreme events occurring. Delays to the scheme meant that it wasn't started until 2020, by which time the town was subjected to extreme flooding again when Storm Ciara  hit in January 2020. Flooding was so bad, that one restaurant on the bank of the river collapsed into the floodwaters.

Economy
The river is used by the Borders Whisky Distillery at Hawick for cooling water and processed water. Historically, the river had many mills along its length, and the site of one in Hawick, at Cobel Cauld, is to be used with a reverse Archimedes Screw to generate hydroelectricity. The plan was approved in 2019, with an expected completion date of 2021. The plant is hoped to generate 300 megawatt hours per year; enough to power 100 homes.

Ecology
The river was designated as a site of special scientific interest in 2001. The designation applies to the full length of the river and other tributaries of the River Tweed. The Teviot is noted for its wildlife, including salmon, otters, lamprey and forget-me-nots. The river is an important site for breeding grounds of the Atlantic salmon.

Tributaries
The principal tributaries of the Teviot are the Allan Water which enters its right bank at Newmill, the Borthwick Water which enters its left bank between Branxholme and Hawick, the Slitrig Water which enters via the right bank in Hawick itself, the Ale Water entering via the left bank at Ancrum, the Jed Water on the right bank just downstream and the Kale Water which enters on the right bank between Crailing and Roxburgh.

title: River Teviot


text:
São Bento (Angra do Heroísmo)

São Bento is a parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 2,000, in an area of 10.34 km². The parish lies at an elevation of 65 metres above sea level. It contains the localities Caboucos, Canada da Fontinha, Canada do Vale, Carreirinha, Escopins, São Luís and Vale de Linhares.

title: São Bento (Angra do Heroísmo)


text:
Moravian Cemetery

The Moravian Cemetery is a cemetery in the New Dorp neighborhood of Staten Island, New York, United States.

Location
Located at 2205 Richmond Road, the Moravian Cemetery is the largest and oldest active cemetery on Staten Island, having opened in 1740. The cemetery encompasses 113 acre and is the property of the local Moravian Church congregation of Staten Island. To the cemetery's southwest is High Rock Park, one of the constituent parks of the Staten Island Greenbelt.

History
In what was a purely farming community, the 113 acre cemetery was originally made available as a free cemetery for the public in order to discourage families from using farm burial plots. After the closure in the 1880s of the South Reformed Dutch Church in Richmondtown, the graves of that church's graveyard were reinterred at Moravian.

A monument to Robert Gould Shaw, a Union soldier who led the first all-black regiment in the American Civil War and died in the Second Battle of Fort Wagner, was erected here by his family.

The Moravian Cemetery is the burial place for a number of famous Staten Islanders, including members of the Vanderbilt family. The director Martin Scorsese also has a burial plot here.

Vanderbilt Family Cemetery
In the 19th century, Cornelius Vanderbilt gave the Moravian Church 45 acres of land. Later, his son William Henry Vanderbilt gave a further 4 acre and constructed the residence for the cemetery's superintendent.

The Vanderbilt Mausoleum was designed by Richard Morris Hunt and constructed in 1885–1886. It is part of the family's privately owned cemetery, which is not open to the public. The Vanderbilt Mausoleum is a replica of a Romanesque church in Arles, France.

The Vanderbilt family cemetery's landscaping was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. The Vanderbilt Mausoleum and portions of the cemetery were designated a New York City designated landmark in 2016.

Italian-American Catholics
The cemetery is the burial place of many Italian-American Catholics, even though it is a Protestant cemetery. This is due to the efforts of Father Ettore Barletta, who was in charge of the Italian Mission congregation at the nearby Moravian Church in the early 1900s. Catholic mafia families who had been refused a Catholic burial were offered burials in this cemetery.

Notable burials

 * Mark W. Allen (1877–1958), businessman and New York state senator.
 * Alice Austen (1886–1952), notable 20th-century photographer.
 * Thomas Bilotti (1940–1985), mobster and underboss in the Gambino crime family
 * Alfred Thompson Bricher (1837–1908), painter associated with White Mountain art and the Hudson River School
 * Frank Cali (1965–2019), former reputed boss of the Gambino crime family.
 * John Merven Carrère (1858–1911), partner in notable Beaux-Arts architecture firm.
 * Paul Castellano (1915–1985), former boss of the Gambino crime family.
 * John Celardo (1918–2012), comic strip and comic book artist
 * Charles P. Clinch, playwright and government official who served as Collector of the Port of New York
 * Frank DeCicco (1935–1986), former underboss of the Gambino crime family.
 * John Eberhard Faber (1822–1879), German-born American manufacturer of pencils.
 * Frank J. LeFevre (1874–1941), Congressman.
 * John A. Lynch (1882–1954), New York state senator and Staten Island borough president.
 * Jim Mutrie (1851–1938), baseball pioneer.
 * John L. O'Sullivan (1813–1895), journalist who first utilized in print the phrase Manifest Destiny to embody American expansionist ambitions.
 * William Page (1811–1885), painter and portrait artist
 * Anning Smith Prall (1870–1937), Congressman and Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission.
 * Bradhurst Schieffelin (1821–1909), 19th Century social activist.
 * Charles Scorsese (1913–1993) and Catherine Scorsese (1912–1997), father and mother of director Martin Scorsese
 * Stephen H. Weed (1831–1863), Union general who died in the Battle of Gettysburg.
 * Paul Zindel (1936–2003), notable playwright and young adult novelist.

In popular culture
In the novel It's Superman: A Novel, the mother of the character Lex Luthor is buried in the Moravian Cemetery.

title: Moravian Cemetery


text:
Milene Domingues

Milene Domingues Aganzo (born 18 June 1979), also known as Mika, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
Born in São Paulo, Domingues played in a promotional futsal team of models run by the Flash Book modeling agency. In 1994 this team formed the basis of a new SC Corinthians women's team. She finished her playing career with CF Pozuelo de Alarcón. The ex-model holds the women's record for ball juggling. Until the £400,000 transfer of Keira Walsh to Barcelona in 2022, Domingues was the most expensive female football player in Spain, costing over £200,000, and second in the world behind Pernille Harder, who cost £250,000.

At international level she was included in the Brazil women's national football team for the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup. Her inclusion was somewhat surprising and coach Paulo Gonçalves emphasised that she was not a first choice: "Milene is going with us, but she is between the 19th and 20th player." Despite Milene's poor physical conditioning, Brazil's selectors felt she would attract interest from the media and public. She remained an unused substitute in all four matches as Brazil were eliminated in the quarter finals.

She did participate in Brazil's next match in April 2004, under their new coach René Simões, an unofficial friendly against Texas A&M Aggies women's soccer at Aggie Soccer Stadium.

Personal life
She was married to football star Ronaldo from April 1999 to September 2003. Together they have one son, Ronald, who was born in Milan, on 6 April 2000. Due to her marriage to Ronaldo, some fans nicknamed her Ronaldinha, but she has opposed this and prefers to be called Milene or Mika. Later, Domingues married Spanish footballer David Aganzo. She is a Buddhist.

title: Milene Domingues


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Treynor reis

Treynor reis was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Vanity—Trevor Caira 17:24, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but it has an intriguing stream of consciousness prose style that just might merit BJAODN. Samaritan 18:53, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't know if Jack Kerouac is proud or rolling over in his grave. —ExplorerCDT 19:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's either nonsense or vanity or both! P Ingerson 20:23, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Kevintoronto 20:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as prank. Wyss 23:03, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --fvw *  23:36, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Armstrong award

There are several Armstrong awards, named after different people called Armstrong.

 * Louis Armstrong award for musical achievement in high school
 * Edwin Howard Armstrong award for excellence and originality in radio broadcasting

title: Armstrong award


text:
Talk:Armstrong award

Untitled
Someone requested an article about the "Armstrong award", but I didn't know which one they were talking about. S Sepp 17:26, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Armstrong award


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oorged

Oorged was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Neologism. Dicdef. Delete. P Ingerson 17:27, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to wiktionary—Trevor Caira 17:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oorg...um...Delete. Halocruft. Not a legitimate dicdef. —ExplorerCDT 19:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Does wikitionary include slang? Transwiki if so.  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:26, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, too obscure. Wyss 23:04, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, --fvw *  23:34, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wiktionary includes slang, but this isn't notable. Judging by the unconvincing one Google hit (and the absence of any hits on Usenet), I'd say this isn't even known amongst Halo fanatics. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 01:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Oorged