text:
John Greaves

John Greaves (1602 – 8 October 1652) was an English mathematician, astronomer and antiquarian.

Educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he was elected a Fellow of Merton College in 1624. He studied Persian and Arabic, acquired a number of old books and manuscripts for archbishop William Laud (some still in Merton College Library), and wrote a treatise (in Latin) on the Persian language. He travelled in Italy and the Levant from 1636 to 1640 and made a survey of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

He was Gresham Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, London, and Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford University, and collected astrolabes and astronomical measuring devices (now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford). He was particularly interested in the study of weights and measures, and wrote a treatise on the Roman foot and denarius, and was a keen numismatist. In 1645 he attempted a reform of the Julian calendar, which was not adopted.

During the English Civil War he supported Charles I, who stayed at Merton College while in Oxford, but lost his academic positions at Oxford in 1647 through the animosity of Nathaniel Brent, Warden of Merton College and a Parliamentarian.

Early life
He was born in Colemore, near Alresford, Hampshire. He was the eldest son of John Greaves, rector of Colemore, and Sarah Greaves. His brothers were Nicholas Greaves, Thomas Greaves and Sir Edward Greaves, physician to Charles II.

His father ran a school for sons of the neighbouring gentry, where Greaves began his education. Aged 15, he went to Balliol College, Oxford between 1617–1621, gaining a B.A. degree. In 1624 he was the first of five newly elected Fellows of Merton College, becoming M.A. in 1628. He began to study astronomy and oriental languages, and especially the works of the ancient eastern astronomers. In 1630 Greaves was chosen Gresham Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, London. Through his predecessor, Peter Turner, he later met archbishop William Laud, the chancellor of Oxford University and Visitor (patron) of Merton College. Laud was keen to make English editions of Greek and Arabic authors, and Greaves' later travels abroad involved collecting manuscripts and books for presentation to his new patron.

Travels in Italy

Greaves enrolled at University of Leyden in 1633, where he became friends with Jacob Golius, professor of Arabic at Leyden. He enrolled at the University of Padua in 1635 along with George Ent, meeting the Dane Johan Rode (John Rhodius), an expert on ancient weights and measures, who also made a commentary on Celsus. A brief return to England was followed by a second European journey; in 1636 he sailed via Livorno (Leghorn) to Rome, dining with Ent on 5 October at the English College, Rome; he also met William Harvey, who was entertained at the college on the 12th, Gasparo Berti, Lucas Holstenius and Athanasius Kircher.

Probably in the same month he met and consulted with the Earl of Arundel's art-collecting agent, William Petty (who dined at the college on 14 October), on the Earl's attempted acquisition of the Obelisk of Domitian, then still lying broken in the Circus of Maxentius. Though "now it is broken into 5 stones", he measured these and including a sketch of the obelisk as hypothetically repaired in his almanac-notebook (Bodleian Library Savile MS 49,1). Though Arundel paid a 60 crown deposit for the obelisk, pope Urban VIII vetoed its export and it was erected by his successor Innocent X above Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers in the Piazza Navona.

Greaves toured the Catacombs and made drawings of the Pantheon and Pyramid of Cestius. During his stay in Rome he instituted inquiries into the ancient weights and measures that are among the early classics of metrology.

Travels in the Levant
In 1637 he made a journey to the Levant, one intention being to fix the latitude of Alexandria where Ptolemy had made his astronomical observations. He sailed from England to Livorno in the company of Edward Pococke; after a brief visit to Rome, he arrived in Istanbul (Constantinople) around April 1638. There he made the acquaintance of the English ambassador Sir Peter Wyche. He procured various manuscripts there, including a copy of Ptolemy's Almagest ("the fairest work I ever saw"). Greaves ended up owning two copies of the Almagest. He was going to have visited the many monastic libraries at Mount Athos, in order to make a catalogue of their MSS and unprinted books. Athos was normally open only to members of the Orthodox church, but thanks to a special dispensation from the Patriarch of Constantinople Cyril Lucaris, Greaves would have had access; but the execution of the patriarch by strangulation in June 1638 for treason against Sultan Murad IV prevented his journey.

Instead, Greaves continued on to Alexandria, where he collected a number of Arabic, Persian and Greek manuscripts. He was an inveterate note-taker, making countless observations in notebooks and on blank pages of other books he bought; he also visited Cairo twice, and made a more accurate survey of the pyramids of Egypt than any traveller who had preceded him. He returned to England in 1640.

Calendar reform
On the death of John Bainbridge in 1643, Greaves was appointed as Savilian professor of astronomy and senior reader of the Linacre lecture at Oxford, but he was deprived of his Gresham professorship for having neglected its duties. In 1645 he essayed a reformation of the Julian calendar; but although his plan of omitting the bissextile day (29 February) for the next 40 years was approved by the king, the matter was dropped owing to the turbulent times. The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in Britain until 1752.

Ejection from Oxford

In 1642 Greaves had been elected subwarden of Merton College. Merton was the only Oxford college to side with the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, through an earlier dispute in 1638 between Nathaniel Brent, the Warden of Merton, and Greaves' patron William Laud. Brent had been a witness for the prosecution at Laud's 1644 trial. After Laud was executed on 10 January 1645, Greaves drew up a petition for Brent's removal from office; Brent was deposed by Charles I on 27 January.

However, in 1647 a Parliamentary commission (or visitation) was set up "for the correction of offences, abuses, and disorders" in the University of Oxford. Nathaniel Brent was the president of the visitors. After Thomas Fairfax had captured Oxford for the Parliamentarians in 1648 and Brent had returned from London, Greaves was accused of sequestrating the college's plate and funds for king Charles. Despite a deposition from his brother Thomas, Greaves had lost both his Merton fellowship and his Savilian chair by 9 November 1648. Many of his books and MSS disappeared after his rooms were rifled by soldiers, although his friend John Selden managed to recover some of them. However, Greaves was not actually deprived of the professorship until August 1649.

He was succeeded as Savilian Professor of Astronomy in that year by Seth Ward, who ensured that Greaves was paid the arrears (£500) of his salary; Greaves was unlikely to have got his money, since the Savilian professors were paid from the income of lands held in Kent and Essex, which were under control of Parliament (rather than the king). Ward also gave over a considerable amount of his own salary to Greaves.

Later life and death
But Greaves' private fortune more than sufficed for all his wants until his death; he retired to London, married and occupied his leisure writing and editing books and manuscripts. He died in London aged 50, and was buried in the church of St Benet Sherehog, which was destroyed during the Great Fire of London.

His brother Nicholas Greaves was his executor. He left his cabinet containing his coin collection to Sir John Marsham, and his astronomical instruments to the university, for the use of the Savilian professors. Two of his astrolabes (inscribed by his brother Nicholas) are in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. (see External links)

Greaves' astronomical instruments
Greaves had entrusted his will to his friend and fellow-traveller in the Levant, the scholar of Arabic Edward Pococke. The will had originally stipulated that Greaves' collection of astronomical instruments (astrolabes, quadrants, telescopes etc.) was to be left to Oxford university. But by 1649 Greaves (who was staying at Sir John Marsham's house in Rochester, Kent) had become increasingly exasperated with the academic situation at Oxford since the civil war. He wrote to Pococke asking to him to send the will to blot out his gift of his instruments to the university (which had cost him more than a hundred pounds), because he "so far despaired of any future encouragement to learning and ingenuity in Oxford." Greaves repeated his request a few months later, asking Pococke to open the will and strike the words out himself. Pococke seems to have eventually complied with Greaves' wishes, since after Greaves' death in 1652 his executor and brother Nicholas Greaves kept hold of his late brother's collection.

However, when the Commonwealth ended with the resignation of Richard Cromwell in 1659, Nicholas Greaves (in accordance with his late brother's original intent) presented the instruments - suitably inscribed - for the use of the Savilian Professors of Astronomy. They were kept in the professor's room at the top of the Eastern Tower of the Oxford Schools, now the Bodleian Library. A list of them appears in the 1697 Catalogue' of Bodleian manuscripts In 1710 the collection was held in the Museum Savilianum.

The instruments had disappeared by the 1920s when R. T. Gunther, the first curator of the Oxford Museum of the History of Science, made inquiries into their whereabouts. Gunther listed them in his Early Science in Oxford, Vol. 2: Astronomy as "not extant". But in 1936 during the refurbishment of the University Radcliffe Observatory, he was alerted by the Savilian professor of Astronomy, H. H. Plaskett, to a chance discovery of "certain old metal bars and plates behind some cases." These turned out to be part of the missing Savilian collection, including a 6ft 9in mural quadrant, and an astrolabe of Queen Elizabeth I which Greaves took on his 1637-40 expedition to the Middle East. Gunther wrote two articles in The Observatory on his findings, one shorter preliminary report with a fuller appreciation a few months later.

The inscriptions on four of the instruments (including Elizabeth I's astrolabe) read:

 * 1659 Acad. Oxon. in usum praecipue Prof. Savilianorum:
 * Ex dono Nic Greaves S.T.D.
 * In memoriam Tho. Bainbridge M.D. Jo Greaves A.M. N. fra: olim Astronomiae Prof. Savil.

Greaves' other, smaller astrolabe didn't surface until 1971, when it was discovered by Gunther's son A. E. Gunther at his mother's house. The cataloguer of the OMHS attributes this to an oversight on Gunther's part. The inscription around the edge of the limb reads: '1659. Acad. Oxon. Ex dono Nic Greaves. S.T.D.' It doesn't appear in Gunther's 1932 magnum opus, Astrolabes of the World.

Works
Besides his papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, the principal works of Greaves are:

These were reprinted (together with a biographical notice of the author) as part of
 * Pyramidographia, or a Description of the Pyramids in Ægypt (1646)
 * A Discourse on the Roman Foot and Denarius (1647)
 * Greaves, John (1737) Miscellaneous works of Mr. John Greaves Vol. I and Vol. II. London: Published by Dr Thomas Birch, printed by J. Hughes for J. Brindley and C. Corbett. This also contains a reprint of
 * Withers, Robert (ed. John Greaves) A Description of the Grand Signour’s Seraglio; or Turkish Emperours Court (1653) London: Printed for Jo. Ridley, at the Castle in Fleet-street by Ram-Alley.

 * Pyramidographia was translated into French and published in Relations de divers voyages curieux, qui n'ont point esté publiees... (1664) Paris: Jacques Langlois, imprimeur ordinaire du Roy, pp. i-xxv [pdf 20-52], including Greaves' detailed drawings of the pyramids and mummies.
 * Elementa linguae Persicae, authore Johanne Gravio: item anonymus Persa de siglis Arabum & Persarum astronomicis (1649) (Elements of the Persian language)

Translations into Latin:
 * Chorasmiae et Mawaralnahrae, etc. (1650). A description of Khwarezm and Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) translated from the Arabic MS of Abu'l-Fida, with tables of latitude and longitude for the principal towns. A copy is in Merton College Library.
 * Abulfedae Peninsulam Arabum. This is an edited translation of part of Abu'l-Fida's History.
 * Binae Tabulae Geographicae, two tables of geographical latitudes and longitudes translated from the Persian of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Ulugh Beg

The above three works appeared in Hudson, John (1712): Geographiae Veteris Scriptores Graeci Minores Vol. III, Oxon. (in Latin)
 * Lemmata Archimedis, apud Graecos et Latinos iam pridem desiderata, e vetusto codice manuscripto Arabico. This is a translation of part of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi's edition of the so-called Middle Books. Greaves' unpublished MS was revised and amended after his death by Samuel Foster:
 * Foster, Samuel (1659). Miscellanea sive lucubrationes mathematicae. London: printed by R. & W. Leybourn, published by John Twysden.

The following book may not be by John Greaves, although his name appears on the title-page. First printed (posthumously) in 1706 for G. Sawbridge, and again in 1727, with a second edition in 1745, it discusses Greaves' findings and measurements of the Roman foot and denarius.
 * Greaves, John (1745) [1706]. The origin and antiquity of our English weights and measures discover'd... 2nd edition. London: Printed for W. Payne and W. Bathoe.

title: John Greaves


text:
Randy Neumann

Randolph Neumann (born July 21, 1948), raised in Cliffside Park, New Jersey, is a former professional boxer who has been a referee for the New York State Athletic Commission since 1982. He has been the "third man" in many championship matches that have taken place in Madison Square Garden in New York City.

Boxer
As a boxer, he compiled a professional record of 31 wins (11 by way of knockout) and 7 losses in 38 contests. In his career, he faced the likes of Jimmy Young, Chuck Wepner, and Jerry Quarry. He was ranked as high as the #9 contender worldwide at the Heavyweight division. However, after graduating from Fairleigh Dickinson University in Teaneck, New Jersey with a degree in business in 1975, he decided to retire from boxing. He once won the New Jersey State Heavyweight title by beating Chuck Wepner. The pair fought for that title three times, with Wepner winning twice.

Though he came back for one more bout as a Cruiserweight against Ibar Arrington on April 15, 1977, he retired from prizefighting for good to focus on acting, writing, and a business career.

Retirement
Neumann was elected to the board of directors by the members of the International Boxing Federation at their annual convention, held in Montreal in May 2015. While there, he attended his first board meeting at which time he was elected Treasurer of the organization. Although he no longer referees fights (which he did for 31 years), he now supervises championship fights around the world. From 1983 to 2014, he refereed 339 fights, including many world title ones.

Today he is the President of Randy Neumann Wealth Management located in Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Professional boxing record

 * align="center" colspan=8|31 Wins (11 knockouts, 20 decisions), 7 Losses (5 knockouts, 2 decisions)
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
 * align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
 * -align=center
 * Loss
 * 19-2-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ibar Arrington
 * TKO
 * 5
 * 15/04/1977
 * align=left|🇺🇸 William L. Dickinson High School, Jersey City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 32-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Duane Bobick
 * TKO
 * 4
 * 12/12/1975
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 2:17 of the fourth round.
 * Win
 * 7-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bobby Walker
 * UD
 * 10
 * 17/10/1975
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Long Island Arena, Commack, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 32-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Boone Kirkman
 * UD
 * 10
 * 05/09/1975
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Las Vegas, Nevada
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 7-10-2
 * align=left|🇹🇹 Wendell Joseph
 * DQ
 * 6
 * 27/06/1975
 * align=left| Nassau, Bahamas
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 17-8-4
 * align=left| Billy Aird
 * TKO
 * 8
 * 05/06/1975
 * align=left| Cunard Hotel, London
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 19-16
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Larry Renaud
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 08/04/1975
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Orlando, Florida
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 6-7
 * align=left|🇺🇸 "Irish" Bob Scott
 * DQ
 * 2
 * 21/03/1975
 * align=left| Bimini, Bahamas
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 13-7
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Larry Beilfuss
 * TKO
 * 5
 * 04/02/1975
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Milwaukee Auditorium, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * align=left|Referee stopped the bout at 2:08 of the fifth round.
 * Win
 * 20-20-1
 * align=left|🇹🇹 Carl "Tank" Baker
 * TKO
 * 10
 * 15/12/1974
 * align=left| Nassau, Bahamas
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 27-9-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Chuck Wepner
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 08/03/1974
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|New Jersey Heavyweight Title.
 * Win
 * 11-4-1
 * align=left|🇦🇷 Reinaldo Raul Gorosito
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 05/11/1973
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Felt Forum, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 26-4
 * align=left|🇵🇷 Pedro Agosto
 * TKO
 * 9
 * 10/09/1973
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 13-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Doug Kirk
 * TKO
 * 2
 * 19/04/1973
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 43-6-4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jerry Quarry
 * RTD
 * 7
 * 05/01/1973
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 5-2-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 G.G. Maldonado
 * TKO
 * 6
 * 26/10/1972
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Alex Carr
 * KO
 * 1
 * 14/09/1972
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|Carr knocked out at 1:24 of the first round.
 * Loss
 * 22-9-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Chuck Wepner
 * PTS
 * 12
 * 15/04/1972
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jersey City, New Jersey
 * align=left|New Jersey Heavyweight Title.
 * Win
 * 7-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Young
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 10/03/1972
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 22-8-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Chuck Wepner
 * PTS
 * 12
 * 09/12/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|New Jersey Heavyweight Title.
 * Win
 * 5-1
 * align=left|🇦🇷 Reinaldo Raul Gorosito
 * UD
 * 10
 * 17/11/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-4
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Bob Castle
 * TKO
 * 5
 * 28/10/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 9-5
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Brian O'Melia
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 17/06/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-0
 * align=left|🇦🇷 Reinaldo Raul Gorosito
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 13/05/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Norris
 * PTS
 * 10
 * 16/04/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Paterson Armory, Paterson, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Harris
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 18/03/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Loss
 * 1-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jimmy Harris
 * KO
 * 2
 * 18/02/1971
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 4-4-2
 * align=left|🇯🇲 Edmund Stewart
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 17/06/1970
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 4-3-2
 * align=left|🇯🇲 Edmund Stewart
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 28/05/1970
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Cliffside Park, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 0-9-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Sonny Pittman
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 09/04/1970
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 0-4
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Len Couture
 * KO
 * 4
 * 19/03/1970
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 13-9-3
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Tony Gagliardo
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 16/02/1970
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 0-3
 * align=left|🇵🇷 Angel Viera
 * TKO
 * 2
 * 15/01/1970
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Junior Wilkerson
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 12/12/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Junior Wilkerson
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 20/11/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 0-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 George Simpson
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 30/10/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Junior Wilkerson
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 01/10/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jersey City Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jeff Marx
 * KO
 * 1
 * 18/08/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * }
 * 12/12/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 1-1
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Junior Wilkerson
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 20/11/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 0-2
 * align=left|🇺🇸 George Simpson
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 30/10/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Embassy Hall, North Bergen, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Junior Wilkerson
 * PTS
 * 4
 * 01/10/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jersey City Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey
 * align=left|
 * Win
 * 2-0
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Jeff Marx
 * KO
 * 1
 * 18/08/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * }
 * 1
 * 18/08/1969
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York
 * align=left|
 * }

Referee
In 1982, he telephoned John Condon (president of Madison Square Garden Boxing) and expressed interest in being a referee. After Condon put in a good word with the New York State Athletic Commission, they started using him as a ringside judge. Before long, he had his first assignment as a referee in a four-round bout at the Felt Forum (a part of Madison Square Garden).

Neumann is now a widely respected figure within the boxing community and has worked in the ring for 50+ title fights involving champions including Mike Tyson, Wladimir Klitschko, Meldrick Taylor, Buddy McGirt, Chris Byrd, Evander Holyfield, John Ruiz, and many others.

Writer
Neumann wrote an article about a fight that he had against Chuck Wepner in Madison Square Garden that was published in the July 1974 issue of Sport magazine. He wrote 13 columns about boxing for the sports section of the New York Times. He wrote stories of boxing The New York Post, The New York News Magazine, Forbes, Signature, Harper's, New Jersey Monthly and other magazines. In 1988 he began writing a financial column for the Hudson Dispatch. Over the years he has syndicated the column in several newspapers. He wrote another book titled "Fighting for your Financial Future - Round Two".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Randy Neumann


text:
Talk:Mon oncle Antoine

Deletion notice
This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/Mon oncle Antoine. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 20:05, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

Oscar notice
Mon oncle Antoine did not actually win an Oscar for Best Foreign Language film. 74.118.192.156 17:00, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

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Talk:Throbbing Gristle

Origin Of The Name
In the trivia section, someone has entered that Throbbing Gristle may also refer to the heart. I am giving a heads up that I am removing this, as Genesis P-Orridge states in Simon Reynold's Rip It Up And Start Again that they wanted to give the group a purile name. Therefore it IS meant to be the slang for an erect penis.

All Tomorrows' Parties
Throbbing Gristle didn't play at All tomorrows parties in April 2004. Their show was canceled. This should be updated.

M. Alexander alex777@telbank.pl

 * Best you do it then... quercus robur

Industrial
Throbbing Gristle were known as an "Industrial" group. In fact, they were one of the first groups to be known to make "industrial music". This should be mentioned Dunk meister 22:50, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Especially since many "Industrial purists" will not accept groups other than TG to have the designation of Industrial under their genre no matter how similar. Xe7al (talk) 22:33, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Need Ultrasonic Info
This band used to use ultrasonic at their concerts a lot and I think this needs to be mentioned. DyslexicEditor 05:12, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Inaccurate Info
The article says that Throbbing Gristle "pioneered the use of pre-recorded samples". This actually isn't the case. Sampling was used significantly--though perhaps not extensively--before Throbbing Gristle was making music. For example, some of the early works of Steve Reich (i.e. "It's Gonna Rain" (1965) and "Come Out" (1966)) used pre-recorded samples, while even earlier Karlheinz Stockhausen was the first composer to rearrange the sound envelope through the use of pre-recorded samples with his "Gesang der Jünglinge" (1955/6). I wanted to share this here before blindly making the edit to the main article. --postmodpunk 02:33, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe it was TG who helped in the creation of the first sample triggered keyboard or something of the sort  — Preceding unsigned comment added by AlexOvShaolin (talk • contribs)

 * Nonsense. It wasn't the first, it wasn't a sampler (regardless of what Sleazy Christopherson wants to call it), and it wasn't even close to the first time a piano-type keyboard had been used to trigger or create other/nonmusical/stochastically-sourced sound. You have to ignore 38 prior years of classical and popular experimentation with found sound, tape manipulation, prepared piano, Musique concréte, the 1956 invention of digital sampling, the release of the first commercial sampler the same year TG first formed, etc. (and 50 years of aesthetic thought in related arts fields) to believe this statement is remotely true. And, the source is Sleazy's MySpace blog - question, is that considered authoritative? Sounds like original research to me. (?) You know what, either way, this talk page section has been up for 6 years and only one vague, unsigned statement in support has been offered. I'm making the edit.

 * Incidentally, postmodpunk, not sure what you mean by "rearrange the sound envelope" but the first piece constructed of edited found sounds was Pierre Schaeffer's 1948 "Etude au Chemin de Fer", the Railroad Etude. Gotta give Schaeffer his props. The concept is actually considered to have begun in the visual arts, in 1917, with Marcel Duchamp's "readymades".SteubenGlass (talk) 00:59, 7 July 2011 (UTC)

TG live
is there any reason this should be below the influences and trivia section? revert. Alex Ov  Shaolin  15:28, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I wish you would've looked at the substance of the edit before simply reverting it. I don't really care where the sections go--but the live discography on this page is simply dead weight, being the same as the info on Throbbing Gristle live.  --Jackhorkheimer 20:26, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * more important info should come first, a brief overview of the live TG should be put in the section on this page a la Coil (band) -- Alex Ov  Shaolin  23:37, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Middle
There's a "Beginning" section and an "End" section" - but no "middle", a period of four years of activity isn't even mentioned... Totnesmartin 09:34, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Mystery Men
I've never heard of, and can find no other online references to "classical composers such as Austin Bedell and Raphael Villalobos" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.213.158.45 (talk) 17:38, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

Bootlegs
What's with all the bootleg albums in the discography? Daniel Christensen (talk) 15:00, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Ken G. Hall

Kenneth George Hall (22 February 1901 – 8 February 1994) was an Australian film producer and director, considered one of the most important figures in the history of the Australian film industry. He was the first Australian to win an Academy Award.

Early years
Kenneth George Hall was born in Paddington, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, in 1901, the third child of Charles and Florence Hall. He was educated at North Sydney Boys' High School.

At age 15, with the help of his father, he gained a cadetship at the Sydney Evening News, where he became friends with a young Kenneth Slessor, then a cadet for another paper. Two years later, he became a publicist for Union Theatres, initially working as an assistant to Gayne Dexter. He had a six-month stint as manager for the Lyceum Theatre then returned to publicity, working his way up to national publicity director, "the highest post in film publicity in Australia" at that time.

In 1924, Hall joined the American distribution company First National Pictures as a publicist, and visited Hollywood the following year.

Early years: 1928–1930
Hall began making films in 1928 when at First National he was assigned to recut and shoot additional sequences for a German movie about the Battle of Cocos, Our Emden. The resulting film, The Exploits of the Emden, was a local hit.

Hall moved back to Union Theatres, running publicity for the State Theatre in Sydney, and working on the campaign against the proposed entertainment tax from Stanley Bruce's government. He eventually became assistant to Stuart F. Doyle, managing director of the company.

Formation of Cinesound: 1931–1934
Doyle established Cinesound Productions to make local films and assigned Hall to direct a number of shorts including Thar She Blows! (1931), about the whaling industry, and That's Cricket (1931). He then gave Hall the job of directing a film adaptation of the popular play On Our Selection, adapted by Bert Bailey from the writings of Steele Rudd about the adventures of a fictional Australian farming family, the Rudds, and the perennial father-and-son duo, 'Dad and Dave'. Hall persuaded Bailey to reprise his stage performance as Dad Rudd. The result was a massively popular film, which was among the top four most popular films in Australian cinemas in 1932, earning £46,000 in Australia and New Zealand by the end of 1933.

Hall and Cinesound decided to follow it with another adaptation of a play written by Bailey, The Squatter's Daughter (1933). It was a melodrama set in the Australian bush, and starred a discovery of Hall's, Jocelyn Howarth, who later had a Hollywood career as "Constance Worth". It was successful at the box office. During this time he made a short documentary Ghosts of Port Arthur (1933).

Hall's third feature was The Silence of Dean Maitland (1934), another melodrama based on a play (which had been based on a novel). It starred English stage star John Longden. The film encountered censorship issues but was highly popular. Dean Maitland was released on a double bill with Cinesound Varieties (1934), a short film directed by Hall featuring several musical acts.

Hall's fourth feature, Strike Me Lucky (1934), was a vehicle for stage comedian Roy "Mo" Rene, one of the most popular performers in Australia. It was Hall's first feature that was a film original, and not based on other material. However the film was not well received and Hall later said it was the only one of his movies not to go into profit.

Middle career: 1935–1937
Needing a sure-fire hit, Hall then persuaded Bert Bailey to reprise his role as Dad Rudd in Grandad Rudd (1935), based on a play co-written by Bailey. It was popular, although not as big a hit as On Our Selection.

Hall intended to follow this movie with a version of Robbery Under Arms but decided not to proceed because of uncertainty arising from a ban the NSW government had on films about bushrangers. Cinesound ceased production for several months in 1935 to enable Hall to travel to Hollywood and research production methods.

Hall returned to Australia with new filmmaking equipment and an American screenwriter Edmond Seward, who was to take over Cinesound's story department. Seward wrote Thoroughbred (1936), a horse racing drama based on the life of Phar Lap. It starred imported Hollywood actor Helen Twelvetrees and was a success.

Seward also wrote Hall's next film, Orphan of the Wilderness (1936), the story of a boxing kangaroo. It was meant to be a 50-minute movie in the vein of Cinesound Varieties but Hall decided to expand it to feature length.

Hall returned to comedy with It Isn't Done (1937), based on an idea by its star, Cecil Kellaway. It was the first movie Hall made from a script by Frank Harvey, who would write most of his subsequent films. It was also the film debut of Shirley Ann Richards.

Richards was the female lead in Hall's next film, Tall Timbers (1937), an adventure tale set in logging country, based on a story by Frank Hurley.

Comic series: 1938–1940
Hall made two films with comic George Wallace: Let George Do It (1938) and Gone to the Dogs. In between these two, he made a third Rudd film, Dad and Dave Come to Town (1938), which featured a performance from a young Peter Finch. Hall gave Finch a bigger role in Mr Chedworth Steps Out (1939), a vehicle for Cecil Kellaway. Hall produced and co-wrote, but did not direct, Come Up Smiling (1939), a vehicle for Will Mahoney. He made a fourth and final Rudd, Dad Rudd, M.P. (1940), which introduced Grant Taylor.

World War II
Film production at Cinesound ground to a halt with the advent of World War II, although Hall kept busy during this period producing and directing newsreels, documentaries and short subjects, including Road to Victory (1941) and Anzacs in Overalls (1941).

Hall also did shorts with dramatised segments, such as Another Threshold (1942), and short features, 100,000 Cobbers (1942) and South West Pacific (1943).

Kokoda Front Line (1942)
His most notable newsreel was the Oscar-winning Kokoda Front Line (1942) – the first time an Australian film/documentary was awarded an Oscar.

Smithy (1946)
After the war Hall returned to feature film production, enjoying a big success with Smithy, a film biography of Australia's most famous aviator, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith, which he produced, co-wrote and directed. This film was financed by Columbia Pictures, who went on to offer its star, Ron Randell, a long-term contract in Hollywood.

However, attempts by Hall to make further feature films (particularly an adaptation of the novel Robbery Under Arms, which he later described as "the film I wanted to make more than any other" ) were not successful, partly because the Greater Union cinema chain, who had backed all of Cinesound's films in the 1930s, were no longer enthusiastic about investing in local production. He was also stymied by the fact that the Australian government refused to allow money over a certain amount to be raised for films. In particular, an attempt to raise £160,000 to make two films in collaboration with Ealing Studios, including a version of Robbery Under Arms, was refused government permission.

His short subjects included Can John Braund Cure Cancer? (1948), Fighting Blood (1951), and Overland Adventure (1956).

His last documentary was The Kurnell Story (1957).

Television
In 1956, Hall became the first general manager for Channel Nine in Sydney, where he remained until 1966. There he instigated the practice of showing feature films uncut; previously in Australia they had been cut to fit the television schedules.

Later years
On 1 January 1972, Hall was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his services to the "Australian motion picture industry." The Australian Film Institute recognised his ability to convey the unique Australian character on film, and his important contribution to the development of the Australian film industry, with a Raymond Longford Award for "Lifetime Achievement" in 1976. In 1985, he was inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame. He was a freemason.

Hall was vocal in his criticism of the Australian New Wave, remarking in 1979, "the market for Australian films is flooded with mediocre to weak product. Too many of these films cannot stand up to the competition and will drown." He supported the production of local commercial films, his motto being "Give the audience what they want."

Hall suffered a stroke in 1993. He died in Sydney on 8 February 1994. He wrote an autobiography, Directed by Ken G. Hall (1977), later updated as Australian Film: The Inside Story (1980). His wife since 1925, Irene Addison, had died in 1972. Hall never remarried.

Legacy
In 1995, the Australian National Film and Sound Archive (Screensound) inaugurated the annual Ken G. Hall Award, which is presented by the Archive each year to a person, organisation or group that has made an outstanding contribution to Australian film preservation. Past winners of the Award are Alan Rydge and Rupert Murdoch (1995), Peter Weir (1996), Kodak Australasia Pty Ltd (1997), Joan Long AM (1999), Anthony Buckley (2000), Murray Forrest (2001), Judy Adamson (2002), Tom Nurse (2003) and archivist and historian Graham Shirley (2004).

Stage 3 at Fox Studios in Sydney is named after him.

Feature films

 * The Exploits of the Emden (1928)
 * On Our Selection (1932)
 * The Squatter's Daughter (1933)
 * The Silence of Dean Maitland (1934)
 * Strike Me Lucky (1934)
 * Grandad Rudd (1935)
 * Thoroughbred (1936)
 * Orphan of the Wilderness (1936)
 * It Isn't Done (1937)
 * Tall Timbers (1937)
 * Lovers and Luggers (1937)
 * The Broken Melody (1938)
 * Let George Do It (1938)
 * Dad and Dave Come to Town (1938)
 * Gone to the Dogs (1939)
 * Come Up Smiling (1939) (producer only)
 * Mr. Chedworth Steps Out (1939)
 * Dad Rudd, MP (1940)
 * Smithy (1946)

Selected short films

 * Thar She Blows! (1931)
 * That's Cricket (1931)
 * Cinesound Varieties (1934)
 * 100,000 Cobbers (1942)
 * Kokoda Front Line! (1942)
 * South West Pacific (1943)

Books

 * Birthday Book for First National (1927) Ed. Ken G Hall
 * Directed by Ken G. Hall (1977)

title: Ken G. Hall


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User talk:Defacto

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[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 12:20, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you.Geni 00:31, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Heavy metal music
Hey there, man. The color of genreboxes is defined by WikiProject Music genres, so I had to revert your edit. However, don't feel discouraged about this. You may work on that article normally. Welcome to the Wikipedia and feel free to contact me in case you have any doubts. --Sn0wflake 00:13, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Heh, no problem.
I wasn't aware of a certain code, sorry. Thought a darker red would go better, that's all.

title: User talk:Defacto


text: Template:Radiohead

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User talk:Geoffarnold

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Silver Fang

Silver Fang: The Shooting Star Gin (銀牙 -流れ星 銀-) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Takahashi. It was published by Shueisha in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1983 to 1987, and collected in 18 bound volumes. It received the 1987 Shogakukan Manga Award for best shōnen series. It was licensed in North America in 2020 by Manga Planet.

The series tells the story of a young Akita Inu pup called Gin (Japanese for "silver") who leaves his master, a young boy named Daisuke, to join a pack of wild dogs. The pack is gathering strong dogs from all over Japan to fight a giant, monstrous, bloodthirsty and deranged Kodiak bear named Akakabuto (Japanese for "red helmet") and his entire army of bears. The story begins from the point of view of the humans, but swings to the dogs afterwards. Takahashi was reportedly inspired by a news article about hunting dogs that had been abandoned by their owners and had begun living as wild animals.

Silver Fang: The Shooting Star Gin was adapted as a 21-episode anime television series by Toei Animation. In western countries, the anime was released as a set of four VHS tapes, and censored for violent images to make the anime more suitable for younger audiences. This led to the removal of several plot-critical scenes, including all footage from the episodes preceding the series finale as well as the deaths of certain characters. Due to limitations of sound-editing at the time this resulted in the background music of certain scenes to be lost.

The anime has been dubbed in Korean, Thai, Finnish, Hungarian, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. In 2003, the uncensored and non-dubbed version of the anime was released in Finland and Sweden as a 5 DVD box set. A corresponding DVD set was released in Denmark and Norway on October 3, 2006, with new dubs in both Danish and Norwegian. The Finnish publisher Punainen jättiläinen is releasing the original 18-volume manga with the first volume published in May 2010. The Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin data book, Ginga Seiken Densetsu Meteor Gin (銀牙聖犬伝説) was released in September 2011 and after Silver Fang: The Shooting Star Gin ended, its sequel, Weed (銀牙伝説ウィード) started to be published in December 2011.

The manga has been released for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch at Apple's iTunes App Store and it is also available in English.

Manga

 * }

Anime
The TV series was produced by TV Asahi and Toei Animation, with Tomoharu Katsumata serving as series director, Mitsuru Majima and Kenji Terada writing the scripts, Jōji Yanase designing the characters, and Gorō Oumi composing the music. It was broadcast every Monday from 19:30 to 20:00 (Japan Standard Time) on TV Asahi affiliate stations from April 7 to September 22, 1986, for a total of 21 episodes. The anime adaptation ended with the Akakabuto arc, and the Hakkenshi arc was not produced. In addition, the development of the last half of the story is simplified, with some dogs lacking any lines and their appearances reduced compared to the original manga. Takayuki Miyauchi performed both the opening and ending themes, "Nagareboshi Gin" and "TOMORROW".

Reception
It received the 1987 Shogakukan Manga Award for best shōnen series.

title: Silver Fang


text:
User talk:Shreem Fried Rice

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

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[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 12:23, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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Talk:Diborane

Untitled
Why are all types of compounds of boron monomers with the exception of diboranes and other boron hydrides? Can you explain why structure of diborane is unusual? example: BCl3, BI3 are monomers of trivalent boron; whereas B2H6 or (BH3)2 is a dimer having unusual structure.

In BCl3 and BI3, there is donation of electron density from the filled p-orbitals on the halides to the vacant p-orbital on boron, stabilising the boron monomer. With hydrogen, no such donation is possible as it has only one electron and no occupied p-orbitals. I will eventually add this (and other information) to the article, after I have finished adding to Borane--Amigadave 11:45, 2005 Apr 26 (UTC)

Also, if you think that B2H6 is strange, Al2Me6 is analogous, with two bridging methyl groups (five coordinate carbon).Smokefoot 14:00, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * please give the preparation of B2H6 - how is it manufactured?

Image?
We could really use a picture of the borane dimer. DS 16:44, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Alumane?
Is this Aluminium Hydride? If so it should link to that article.Dajwilkinson 23:53, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins
I have added the name of the undergraduate student. H. Christopher Longuet-Higgins went on to great things as a theoretical chemist and was a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. He then changed fields completely to Artificial Intelligence. I will write on article on him sometime but the two fields make it difficult. I'm working through the redlinks on International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science. Of course, if anyone else wants to write it, please go right ahead. --Bduke 00:58, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

MSDS error
It should be a 4,4,3 based on the NOAA guidelines. I have put the link below. https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/4943

Contradiction in Terms
What is a "repulsively sweet" odor?71.195.250.188 (talk) 06:01, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * So sweet it's unpleasant?

 * Ben (talk) 14:32, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Saccharine? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.106.65.110 (talk) 13:52, 8 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Burned sugar? Materialscientist (talk) 22:30, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

 * A paradoxical combination of fragrant and unpleasant odors? Like partially-rotted fruits, perhaps?—Tetracube (talk) 23:18, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Dialane exists and is known
''Of the other elements in Group 13, only gallium is known to form a similar compound, digallane, Ga2H6. Aluminium forms a polymeric hydride. No hydrides of indium and thallium have yet been found.[2]''

My english is too bad and I don't take the risk to dirty the article, however I want to signal that dialane (Al2H6) exists and is known. See. Kiss kiss, bye bye. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.14.173.211 (talk) 16:05, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You are quite correct, the existence of Al2H6 is even mentioned (and referenced) in the article Aluminium hydride.

 * However, polymeric AlH3 is far more common and stable than Al2H6.

 * Ben (talk) 17:21, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Ok Ben, good lack 78.14.173.211 (talk) 00:55, 25 January 2009 (UTC).

Bonds in Diborane
I would like to know how Hydrogen form one electron covalent bond? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.168.40.4 (talk) 12:14, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Dubious claim
I removed the following dubious sentence from the section "Structure and bonding":

 * The structure is isoelectronic with C2H62+, which would arise from the diprotonation of the planar molecule ethene.

First of all, the formula for ethene is C2H4, and deprotonation means removal of hydrogen, which would result in an anion, not a cation, as well as having less than 4 hydrogens. That is to say, either C2H3-, or C2H22-. This is completely inconsistent with the claimed cationic formula C2H62+. Going the other way, protonating ethene would give either C2H5+ or C2H62+. The latter matches the formula claimed, however, I have never heard of protonation involving the insertion of a hydrogen into a covalent sigma bond between two carbon atoms. Even if the unstable species C2H5+ could be further protonated, I highly doubt it would result in something isoelectronic with diborane.

The only way I can see a carbon equivalent of diborane forming is via the dimerisation of the carbocation CH3+, which is unfortunately an extremely unstable carbocation that is very unlikely to exist long enough to dimerise with another instance of itself.—Tetracube (talk) 22:29, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * You misread and then misconcluded, but we are all reading too fast these days, so no big deal. The item you find objectionable said diprotonation, not deprotonation. And C2H62+ would be isoelectronic with diborane.  The question is whether this dication would be isostructural.  Deprotonation does not mean removal of hydrogen, the term refers to removal of protons.--Smokefoot (talk) 23:07, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Mea culpa. So it did mean protonation (and on that note, I meant "removal of H+", which is equivalent to removing a proton, when I referred to deprotonation. Talk about reading/writing too fast. :-)). I still think it's a dubious claim, though. Would protonating C2H5+ break the C-C sigma bond, as would be necessary for the resulting dication to be isoelectric with diborane? I highly doubt it.—Tetracube (talk) 23:28, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

I searched the literature for the ethane dication, [C2H6]2+, and found a paper (G. Rasul, G. K. S. Prakash, G. A. Olah, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2005, 109 (5), pp 798–801) that answers most of the questions posed here:

 * "Neutral diborane, B2H6, is isoelectronic with the C2H62+ dication."
 * "the 2e-3c bonded carbonium-carbenium structure 1 is more stable than the doubly hydrogen bridged diborane-type structure 2 by 12.4 kcal/mol."
 * however, for the silicon analogue [Si2H6]2+, "the 2e-3c bonded siliconium-silicenium structure 8 is 8.7 kcal/mol less stable than doubly hydrogen bridged structure 9."

Ben (talk) 00:17, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * "Would protonating C2H5+ break the C-C sigma bond" Wha? Who said protons break bonds? Diborane enjoys a nice bond with its fellow boron .. At least if one believe the MO's.--Smokefoot (talk) 02:22, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, maybe I'm still stuck in the old-school mindset... I was thinking of the mechanism of adding a proton to the species C2H5+, which I assume has a sigma bond between the two carbon atoms. The only way to get something isoelectronic with diborane with this process is if the new proton gets inserted between the carbon atoms. But what do I know, maybe from the MO perspective all of this is just trappings from an obsolete theory that has no real basis in reality.—Tetracube (talk) 17:12, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Diborane is a electron efficient molecule.in this molecule boron undergoes sp3 hybridization. in this molecule to form ethane like structure boron gives fore electrons.and each hydrogen give one electron.12 electrons are obtained. so they can form only 6 covalent bonds only.to ehane like structure 14 electrons are required. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.212.222.90 (talk) 08:51, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Bond angles and bond lengths
The only reference I can find has different B-H bond lengths from the ones in our pretty picture. Has anyone got a reference for the bond lengths we use? Axiosaurus (talk) 12:12, 28 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Consensus is emerging at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chemistry to revert and rethink the borane articles. At least that is my guess because we dont want the readership being tricked into thinking that BH3 is a major reagent or actor in much chemistry, so it would be discussed within a great context. But that is only my guess the way this article development would go.  The B-H distance of the monomer is however useful.  In general I think that we need a structural report for as articles on chemical compounds.--Smokefoot (talk) 14:42, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 13:22, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Electron-deficiency?
Hi. I'm a bit confused here.In the article it is asserted that diborane is electron-deficient, but in the link to the article about electron deficiency it is asserted that it is not. Could someone whose knowledge of chemistry is either more recent or more comprehensive than mine (or both) please clarify? Meltingpot (talk) 09:01, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

 * First, I have moved this edit to the end of the talk page because it is the most recent subject discussed.

 * You are correct in saying that there was an apparent contradiction between the two articles. Editor Smokefoot solved this by simply deleting the mention of electron deficiency in this article. However I have restored the mention but in the History section of the article, in order to clarify that electron deficiency in diborane is an older and simpler theory which is still found in some textbooks, even if it is no longer accepted as the most correct description of diborane and other boron hydrides. I have also added more historical perspective to the other article on electron deficiency. Dirac66 (talk) 01:34, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Sweet odor and toxic? Diborane explodes on contact with air.
How can diborane have a repulsively sweet odor, and, as of an edit today, be toxic? Pyrophoric indeed it is. Some decades ago when with my BB gun I shot a glass ampule containing 1 cc of diborane straight off the vacuum line, it exploded with a loud, sharp, instantaneous crack on contact with air, so no way to smell it or test toxicity, and I made sure I was not downwind. Are we talking about the smell and toxicity of combustion products? Jslipscomb (talk) 17:19, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diborane


text:
Talk:Zwezda Polnoca

-- [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 12:23, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) There is no such thing as Polish mythology. Poland was born at the moment the age of mythology ended, the phenomenon was most surely a part of Slavic mythology.
 * 2) The name is definitely not Western Slavic, not to mention Polish. It's most likely some barbarised Russian term.
 * 3) This article should really be revised by someone who has some info on the topic

title: Talk:Zwezda Polnoca


text:
Talk:Zwezda Dnieca

-- [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 12:25, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) There is no such thing as Polish mythology. Poland was born at the moment the age of mythology ended, the phenomenon was most surely a part of Slavic mythology.
 * 2) The name is definitely not Western Slavic, not to mention Polish. It's most likely some barbarised Russian term.
 * 3) This article should really be revised by someone who has some info on the topic

title: Talk:Zwezda Dnieca


text: User talk:152.163.100.5

title: User talk:152.163.100.5


text:
Talk:Navy Petty-Officers School

Perhaps somebody more familiar than myself with Wikipedia procedures would propose this page for deletion? I myself expanded this entry from a shorter original. However, it describes one of about 100 similar establishments. There is now an entry in Concentration Camp (expanded again by myself) which links to the same URL as linked from this page. The very detailed reference lists all known camps.

Alternatively, if it is felt that this entry should stand, please delete the "see discussion" at the top of the article.

MS 213.208.107.91 12:32, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have recommended that this page be merged with Concentration camp. Brianjd 12:49, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

 * This is currently a well written article with a lot of information. The old recommendation of moving it seams now to be outdated. Mariano (t/c) 11:42, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Upon looking at the history, it was indeed not a good idea to move it even then; it should've been expanded more. Saying "it describes one of about 100 similar establishments" misses the point horribly. The notability of this particular place has been sufficiently established by now, I hope. For God's sake, if individual highschools, ephemeral Shakira hit singles and Pokémon characters are worthy of their own articles, each and every Dirty War detention center of Argentina is worthy 100 times more. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 14:44, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Citations needed
This article is garbage until someone can start supplying sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.47.85.22 (talk) 03:22, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree. According to the article, 30,000 people died at ESMA. That's 100% impossible considering that according to the Wikipedia Dirty War article, 9,000-30,000 people died in the whole war. So according to this article, all of them died at ESMA? --Lacarids (talk) 03:31, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

 * It was simply a badly reported number. The referenced page says 30,000 for the whole war, and 5,000 at the ESMA. I have fixed it. Cambalachero (talk) 12:08, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Article title is wrong
Escuela Superior de Mecánica de la Armada translates as Higher School of Mechanics of the Navy, or Navy Higher School of Mechanics. Emphasis on petty officers is wrong; in fact, no reference is given for the original (pre-1976) school even being for those ranks, regardless of the name.Pol098 (talk) 14:09, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Expanding my previous comment, either the current name Navy Petty-Officers' School (no mention of mechanics) or the original name Higher School of Mechanics of the Navy should be used as the title. I prefer the "Higher School" one, a very well-known and notorious term, to the obscure name of the modern, legitimate successor school. Pol098 (talk) 16:03, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Now renamed. Navy Petty-Officers School. I still prefer Higher School of Mechanics of the Navy, but at least the present title is a name actually used. Pol098 (talk) 15:22, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (February 2018)
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I have just modified 2 external links on Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150709211327/http://www4.terra.com.ar/canales/politica/86/86659.html to http://www4.terra.com.ar/canales/politica/86/86659.html
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Plans for improving ESMA wiki page
I plan on adding more details to this page. In the intro paragraph, I will add dates indicating during which time was ESMA used as a clandestine operation during the Dirty War --Panchovillastan (talk) 17:15, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Additionally, I plan to reorganize this page to make ESMA's history clear. I want to organize this page in chronological order from its time as a navy school to its present use as a memorial museum. I just want to make clear I do not plan on deleting anything on the contrary I want to expand on the already present information. --Panchovillastan (talk) 18:04, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Navy Petty-Officers School


text:
Tremadog

Tremadog (formerly Tremadoc) is a village in the community of Porthmadog, in Gwynedd, north west Wales; about 1 mile north of Porthmadog town centre. It was a planned settlement, founded by William Madocks, who bought the land in 1798. The centre of Tremadog was complete by 1811 and remains substantially unaltered. Tremadog hosted an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1872.

Planning
By mid-1805, Madocks had already built some houses on the site of Tremadog, for he wrote to the Post-Master at Caernarfon informing him that letters addressed to Pentre-Gwaelod should be delivered to the new houses he had built on Traeth Mawr, near Tan-yr-Allt. Pentre-Gwaelod translates as Bottom Village, but Madocks had grander plans, for aldermen and a mayor had been appointed, and he corrected the word "village" in a letter written soon afterward to read "borough". He planned it himself, perhaps with some help from architectural friends and architectural books, but his letters reveal that a master plan was never produced, as he held the ideas for the settlement in his mind.

Tremadog is a good example of a planned town, with an array of Georgian architecture built in the classical tradition of the 18th century. It is located immediately below the high ground of Snowdonia and on the edge of the modern Snowdonia National Park.

Tremadog was built on flat land reclaimed from Traeth Mawr, the estuary of the Afon Glaslyn, and to enhance its appearance Madocks placed the Market Square, the centre of his project, just in front of a great crag of rock, the former edge of the estuary. It towers some 100 ft over the Town Hall, and the coaching inn, giving a theatrical effect to the area. He hoped to attract more buildings that fitted his overall plan, but this plan failed and he eventually funded most of them himself. The main streets were named Dublin Street and London Street, as Madocks wanted Tremadog to be a stopping-off point on the main route from London to Porth Dinllaen on the Llŷn Peninsula, which was intended to be the chief port for ferries to Dublin. However, this plan failed when Holyhead supplanted Porth Dinllaen as the main ferry port. He was keen that everything should enhance the village's appearance — his main interest. Unlike some contemporary town planners, he was less interested in the moral reform of the inhabitants: he felt that people had the right to work, educate their children, pray, drink, gamble, save or waste money as they saw fit; and that the town should give its residents opportunities to get on with their own lives, providing that they were congenial neighbours.

Tremadog Town Hall is located in the Market Square. Five round arches supported the front of the building, and the ground floor was used as a market hall. The dancing room had a fireplace at both ends, a minstrels' gallery on the back wall, and five large sash windows at the front, overlooking the square. It was reached by stairs from the tap room in the adjacent public house so that people attending a dance did not have to pass through the market area. The roof was in a similar style to many of Madocks' buildings, with a shallow pitch of slates, and wide eaves, while a flight of steps ran across the front of the building, creating a plinth on which it stood. There were six medallions and five keystones on the front of the building, with representations of theatrical figures.

During August, the market space became a theatre. The house to the east of the town hall was quite shallow, allowing a stage to be built behind it, connected to the market space by a proscenium arch. Madocks wrote several stirring prologues and a play for the theatre, and there are rumours that the playwright and poet Sheridan acted in a production of his play The Rivals there, although it was probably his son Tom, who was a contemporary of Madocks.

Church and chapel
Madocks believed that "in education and religion all ought to have fair play", and this was reflected in the provision of a Gothic revival style church for the Anglicans and a classical chapel for the Methodists. His approach did not find favour with the Bishop of Bangor, but he defended his decision by telling the Bishop that the church would be built on rock, while the chapel would be built on sand. This was true geologically, but was also a reference to the parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.

The church was built on a rocky outcrop, which had once been an island in the estuary, and was one of the first churches to be built in Gothic revival style in Wales. The tower supported a spire, built in brick which was rendered with Parkers Roman Cement. It deceived the antiquarian Richard Fenton, who described it as yellow freestone in his book of travels published soon after 1813. The entrance to the churchyard is spanned by a decorative arch of Coade stone, a ceramic material manufactured in Lambeth, London, which is in Gothic horror style, with representations of boars, dragons, frogs, grimacing cherubs, owls, shrouded figures and squirrels, while the tops of the towers are surrounded by elephants' heads. Madocks wanted it to become a parish church, but it was only ever a chapel of ease, as Tremadog was part of the parish of Ynyscynhaearn. The population of the parish as a whole in 1841 was 1,888. Although he provided a churchyard, no burials took place, but it was one of the few buildings in the region where services were regularly conducted in the English language.

The church was fitted with box pews, cast iron windows with coloured glass, and a blue ceiling with stars painted on it. There was a crypt, the precise location of which is unknown, in which Madocks hoped to be buried, but he died in Paris and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery. He is commemorated by a brass plaque, which also commemorates the wedding of Mary Madocks to Martin Williams there in 1811. John Williams, originally a gardener from Anglesey, who worked tirelessly to complete Madocks' plans when he was so often away, was buried in the vault when he died in 1850, as were his wife and their only son, W T Massey Williams.

Music was supplied by a small barrel organ, but it was not adequate and was moved to Ynyscynhaearn, where it is still in the gallery. A replacement was bought from Bates of Ludgate Hill in 1857. In 1898, the chancel floor was raised, and the windows were replaced. A new roof was fitted in the 1950s, and the ceiling was removed, while the spire was repaired with cement in the 1970s. The building ceased to be used for worship in 1995 and was eventually bought by Cyfeillion Cadw Tremadog, a trust dedicated to the repair and refurbishment of the historic buildings of Tremadog, in 2005. The fabric was repaired, and modern facilities installed. An upper floor was fitted, and the building was subsequently used as offices by Cartrefi Cymru ("Homes of Wales"), a charity which assists disabled people living in the community. Repair of the coadestone arch, requiring the manufacture of several replacement parts, was completed in 2007.

In December 2017, Ffestiniog Travel moved into the church.

Peniel Chapel, which was built by the Methodists, and was one of the first buildings to be completed in the settlement, was quite unlike most Welsh chapels. On the outside, it looked like a Greek temple, while inside the pulpit was on the end wall rather than the more traditional long side wall. Methodists had begun a Sunday School in a house in 1805, and in 1808 Madocks gave them the land on a 99-year lease, subject to a peppercorn rent. It was completed in two and a half years — 18 months before the church — and the first service was led by Thomas Charles from Bala. Since Madocks and his family were there, he conducted the service in English, and the two men became friends, with Charles often visiting Tan-yr-Allt, where Madocks lived.

The front facade, with a large circular window, was not completed until 1849, and the work was supervised by John Williams, Madocks' agent, who continued to serve the community long after Madocks' death in 1828. As the congregation grew, galleries were built in 1840 and 1880, and extensive plasterwork was added between 1908 and 1910. The chapel is one of only five grade I listed nonconformist chapels in Wales, and it was hoped to refurbish it for the bicentenary in 2010.

Governance
There is a separate electoral ward called Porthmadog-Tremadog. The total ward population of Tremadog at the 2011 census was 1,257.

Industry
In the early 1800s, there was a thriving woollen industry, supplying garments to South Carolina and other southern states of America, the West Indies, South America, and Russia, but it was a cottage industry. One of Madocks' first projects was to build a factory where wool could be processed on an industrial scale. Although there were a few sites in Wales where the fulling of cloth was powered by water, this was one of the first woollen mills where water power was used for carding and spinning. The building was located close to his home at Tan-yr-Allt, because the high ground behind it provided a good head of water. It had a characteristic shallow-pitched slate roof, and Madocks instructed that the walls should be yellow, and the windows painted dark green. Nearby were a corn mill and a fulling mill. The water was provided by building a dam across a small valley, to form Llyn Cwm Bach, with sluices channelling the water to feed the mill and the factory.

Although Madocks initially employed a Mr Fanshawe to manage the factory, he was not happy with his performance, and soon the project was being managed by John Williams, Madocks' assistant. The building was advertised for sale in 1810, and from 1835 was used as a tannery. It still stands but has a temporary roof. In the 1990s, the Tremadog Buildings Preservation Trust obtained permission for its repair and conversion but failed to acquire the site.

Houses
Most of the houses of Tremadog were of a similar plan, and in common with townhouses of the period, opened directly onto the square. They had a central doorway, with a parlour or a shop on each side, and there were two bedrooms on the upper floor. Shops were not a common feature of Welsh villages at the time, but the Mayor opened a general store, which was supplied from London, and Madocks instructed his assistant to look out for a shoemaker, a tailor, a butcher and a weaver. At the back of the houses, there was a lean-to scullery, running across the full width of the buildings. For the two inns, the nature of the reclaimed land prevented the digging of a dry cellar, and in this case, half of the scullery was replaced by a structure with a stone vaulted roof, which helped to regulate the internal temperature. Evidence of this can be seen in the bar of the Golden Fleece Inn in the village centre.

Ty Pâb was the end of the first phase of the building on the road leading to the church, originally called London Road, but subsequently renamed Church Street. Arches on the side of the building mark the planned location of a cross street, which was never built.

Tŷ Nanney, Tan-yr-Allt and Wern Manor
The ordinary houses were supplemented by several gentlemen's villas. Tŷ Nanney is a good example in the village itself, and is a Grade II* listed building. Tan-yr-Allt, Madocks' home, is situated to the north-east of the village centre. It is listed at Grade II* and stands in gardens and a small park which are designated Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales. Wern Manor, to the west, is also a Grade II* listed house with a Grade II listed garden, designed by Thomas Mawson at the very end of the 19th century.

Education
'Ysgol y Gorlan', a primary school, is the only school in Tremadog. It is a state school which caters for 120 pupils between the ages of three and eleven. Most of the leavers go to 'Ysgol Eifionydd', the nearest secondary school, in Porthmadog.

Canal
Madocks enlarged a drainage ditch to the river Glaslyn to form a canal which was opened in about 1815. It was used for 35 years to carry copper ore from a local mine, before being replaced by a tramline.

Tourism
Tremadog is an increasingly popular tourist destination. The area's long, quiet roads attract motorcyclists, and Tremadog also has a good quality rock climbing "crag" (another has been closed because of rock instability) which attracts climbers from all over the UK. There have been issues with access to the crags, with local farmers and the Nature Conservancy Council trying to prevent climbing, but one section, Craig Bwlch y Moch, has been owned by the British Mountaineering Council since 1979. Deteriorating conditions led to annual events to tidy up the climbs between 2007 and 2010, and negotiations with the Forestry Commission resulted in invasive sycamore trees being removed in 2009. A further event was held in April 2012, but a climber was injured in May 2012 when huge blocks of rock were dislodged during a climb.

Tremadog also boasts one of the country's most iconic chapels. Peniel, a Calvinist Methodist chapel, was finished in 1810 and then expanded after Construction work, with its eye-catching and unusual columns, finishing in 1849, its temple front loosely based on St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden, in London.

The design of the building went on to influence how other chapels in Wales during the period were built, but the site was forced to close in 2015 as its dwindling congregation was unable to keep it open. It is set to be rejuvenated, funds pending.

Below these crags is a café, campsite and bunkhouse, which provides a base for climbers.

Famous residents

 * T. E. Lawrence, also known as "Lawrence of Arabia". His birthplace, Snowdon Lodge, is listed at Grade II, and now provides group accommodation for young people.
 * Eric Jones, climber and base jumper, lives in Bwlch Moch.
 * Barri Griffiths, TV Gladiator, professional WWE wrestler Mason Ryan
 * Percy Bysshe Shelley moved into Tan-yr-Allt, Madocks' former residence, and initially promised to assist in the financing of his schemes, once he came of age, but after living there rent-free from November 1813 to March 1814 he left for Dublin, leaving behind debts which took several years to sort out.
 * Rhys Meirion, opera singer was born at Bryn Ffynnon, near Ysgol y Gorlan.

title: Tremadog


text:
Alboraya

Alboraya or Alboraia  is a town and municipality of the province of Valencia, Spain. It is situated very close to the city of Valencia.

Originally a farming community, Alboraya has grown in recent decades following the development of the metropolitan area of Valencia. Better transport connections, including two stations on the Valencia metro system (Alboraya-Palmaret and Alboraya-Peris Aragó), The population increased from 11,267 in 1986, to an estimated 24,741 in 2020. Of these, 58.84% declared themselves to be Valencian speakers.

In 1994, 45.8% worked in the service sector, 33% in industry, 16.7% in agriculture, and 3.60% in construction.

In the May 2011 elections, the People's Party (PP) lost their absolute majority, as they fell from 11 to 8 council seats. The remaining seats were won by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) (5), Unión Popular de Alboraya (3), Coalició Compromís (3) and Ciudadanos por Alboraya (Citizens for Alboraya) (2) Subsequently, a coalition of everyone but the PP was formed, with Miguel Chavarria becoming the first PSOE Mayor since 1999.

Traditional crops are based on irrigated, intensive farming. Especially important are the tiger nuts (chufas, xufes), which are used to produce horchata, a popular refreshment.

Geography
The town still contains large, open, irrigated fields which are farmed intensively but these areas are shrinking due to urban pressure. The designation of the city of Valencia as host city for the 2007 America's Cup sparked major land development. Seventy-five percent of the competing teams located their bases of operation in Alboraya.

The municipality is divided into eight parts: Calvet, Desamparados, Mar, Masamardá, Masquefa, Miracle, Savoy and Vera.

Alboraya is connected to the rest of the Valencian metropolitan area by Line 3 of the Valencia Metro with two stations, Alboraya and Palmaret, Line 70 of the Municipal Transport Company of Valencia, EMT, and Patacona provides buses on Line 31 of the EMT bus company.

The council offers the people a local bus service, which runs through the villages of Alboraya, linking the village with Port Saplaya and Patacona seven days a week, with a frequency of one bus every hour.

Neighbouring towns
Alboraya is bordered by Almàssera to the northwest by Meliana to the north, by Tavernes Blanques to the west, Valencia city to the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the east; all in the province of Valencia.

History
Alquería Muslim King James I of Aragon gave land to the bishop of Huesca, Canyelles Vidal. Teresa Gil de Vidaura, managed the property through a land swap with the bishop which strengthened the patrimony of James of Jericho, and his son King James II of Aragon. In 1331, it passed into the hands of Gilberto Zanoguera [1], who founded the lordship of Alboraya. During the 15th century, it was held by the Crown. At the end, is the outback of Rafelterras.

In its place is the deserted Rafelterras. The church was built in the 15th century and dedicated to Santa Maria. Along the Carraixet ravine a chapel was constructed dedicated to Our Lady of Desamparados (the Virgin of the Helpless), its first building dates from 1414 and was ordered built by the General Council of Valencia the year 1400. It included a consecrated cemetery where the executed and disadvantaged were buried. The current building is new.

The main activity is agriculture, and the most important crop is the plug, which has become popular in the Alboraya horchata.

The year 1646 population census provides a calculation of 88 houses; Cavanilles population figure in the year 1794 of 560, in the mid-19th century 3301, and in 1922 4265 inhabitants.

Demography
The population has grown considerably: in 1986 there were 11,267 people, and by 2002 the figure had risen to 18,656, of which, 58.84% reported in the 2001 census that they had some ability in Valencian language. It has a population of 24,741 inhabitants according to (INE 2020).

Business
Economic activity in the population is distributed as follows (1994 data): 45.80% work in the service sector, 33% in industry, 16.70% in agriculture, and finally, 3.60% in construction.

Arts and architecture
Alboraya still retains the flavour typical of people in an important part of the town. The coastline is nearly four miles long, with two residential neighborhoods separated by the mouth of the Barranco del Carraixet: Port Saplaya and Patacona. The first has a marina that offers the possibility of having mooring a boat at ones front door. It is a residential complex and walk characterized by the warm ochres, blue and pale pink, traditionally used in the painting of houses. The second has housing in the space occupied by a former paper mill. Both areas have excellent beaches.

Some of its monuments include The Parish Church of Our Lady of the Assumption (18th century) with the home abbey formed in a block. The people of Alboraya have other shrines such as the Chapel of the Holy Christ of Souls in Mas Vilanova, the shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the house of the Rector, the Hermitage of Santa Barbara (recently restored ) in the neighborhood of the same name, the Chapel of San Cristobal near the industrial estate, and at the mouth of the Barranco del Carraixet the Chapel of the Peixets (Miracle of the fish). All of them are part of an important historical and artistic heritage, rich in sculptures, paintings, retables, and pottery.

Cuisine
Alboraya's foods include typical valencian dishes like a pot made with rice, beans and turnips (arròs amb fesols i naps); baked rice (arròs al forn); rice with spinach; ox-liver paella (paella amb fetge); spicy snails (avellanencs). Local desserts include the fartons and the so-called "Christian cake" (coca escudellà).

title: Alboraya


text:
Mildred Dunnock

Mildred Dorothy Dunnock (January 25, 1901 – July 5, 1991) was an American stage and screen actress. She was nominated twice for an Academy Award for her works in Death of a Salesman (1951) and Baby Doll (1956).

Early life
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Dunnock graduated from Western High School. She developed an interest in theater while she was a student at Goucher College where she was a member of Alpha Phi sorority and the Agora dramatic society. After graduating, she taught English at Friends School of Baltimore and helped with productions of plays there.

While teaching school in New York, she earned her Master of Arts degree at Columbia University and acted in a play while she was there. She also studied at the Actors Studio under Lee Strasberg, Robert Lewis and Elia Kazan.

Career
After roles in Broadway productions of Life Begins (1932) and The Hill Between (1938), Dunnock won praise for her performance as a Welsh school teacher in The Corn is Green in 1940 — a role that she performed while she was a full-time teacher at Brearley School. The 1945 film version marked her screen debut. During the 1940s she performed mainly on stage, in such dramas as Another Part of the Forest (1946) and Death of a Salesman (1949) and in the musical Lute Song (1946). She also performed in regional theatrical productions, including those of the Long Wharf Theatre and the Yale Repertory Theatre.

In 1947, she became a founding member of the Actors Studio.

Dunnock reprised her role as Linda Loman, Willy's wife, in the 1951 film version of Death of a Salesman. She originated the role of Big Mama on Broadway in Tennessee Williams' play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, although she lost the film role to Judith Anderson. Several of her films include The Trouble with Harry (1955), Love Me Tender (1956), Baby Doll (1956), Peyton Place (1957), The Nun's Story (1959), Butterfield 8 (1960), Something Wild (1961) and Sweet Bird of Youth (1962). She was the woman in the wheelchair pushed down a flight of stairs to her death by the psychotic villain Tommy Udo (Richard Widmark) in Kiss of Death (1947). She also appeared in guest roles on numerous TV series such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents and Ponds Theater, and, later in her career, several television movies.

Dunnock was twice nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, for Death of a Salesman in 1951, and for Baby Doll in 1956. She was also nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for Baby Doll, as well as Viva Zapata! in 1952 and Peyton Place in 1957.

In 1960 she appeared in the play The Crystal Heart at the East 74th Street Theater with Virginia Vestoff (in her first professional appearance), with top seats selling for $4.96 ($0 in current dollar terms).

In 1966, she played Linda Loman for the third time in the television film adaptation of Death of a Salesman, alongside her original Broadway co-star, Lee J. Cobb. This earned Dunnock a nomination for an Emmy Award in 1967, in the category of Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Drama.

Her final film was The Pick-up Artist (1987), which starred Robert Downey Jr. and Molly Ringwald.

Dunnock has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to motion pictures, at 6613 Hollywood Boulevard. She is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame, which she was inducted into in 1983.

Personal life and death
Dunnock was married to Keith Urmy, an executive at Chemical Bank in Manhattan, from 1933 until her death. The couple had one child. In 1991, at age 90, Dunnock died from natural causes in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, although at that time she was a resident of nearby West Tisbury.

Film appearances

 * The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944) – Norma – the Chambermaid (uncredited)
 * The Corn Is Green (1945) – Miss Ronberry
 * Kiss of Death (1947) – Mrs. Rizzo (uncredited)
 * Death of a Salesman (1951) – Linda Loman
 * I Want You (1951) – Sarah Greer
 * Viva Zapata! (1952) – Senora Espejo
 * The Girl in White (1952) – Dr. Marie Yeomans
 * The Jazz Singer (1952) – Mrs. Ruth Golding
 * Bad for Each Other (1953) – Mrs. Mary Owen
 * Hansel and Gretel: An Opera Fantasy (1954) – Mother (voice)
 * The Trouble with Harry (1955) – Mrs. Wiggs
 * Love Me Tender (1956) – Martha Reno
 * Baby Doll (1956) – Aunt Rose Comfort
 * Peyton Place (1957) – Miss Elsie Thornton
 * The Nun's Story (1959) – Sister Margharita (Mistress of Postulants)
 * The Story on Page One (1959) – Mrs. Ellis
 * BUtterfield 8 (1960) – Mrs. Wandrous
 * Something Wild (1961) – Mrs. Gates
 * Sweet Bird of Youth (1962) – Aunt Nonnie
 * Behold a Pale Horse (1964) – Pilar
 * Youngblood Hawke (1964) – Sarah Hawke
 * 7 Women (1966) – Jane Argent
 * Death of a Salesman (1966) – Linda Loman
 * What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969) – Miss Edna Tinsley
 * The Spiral Staircase (1975) – Mrs. Sherman
 * The Shopping Bag Lady (1975) – Annie Lewis
 * Dragonfly (1976) (later: One Summer Love) – Miss Barrow
 * The Best Place to Be (1979)
 * The Pick-up Artist (1987) – Nellie

Television

 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents
 * (Season 2 Episode 5: "None Are So Blind") (1956) - Aunt Muriel Drummond
 * (Season 2 Episode 35: "The West Warlock Time Capsule") (1957) - Louise Tiffany
 * (Season 3 Episode 4: "Heart of Gold") (1957) - Martha Collins
 * Thriller (American TV series) (1960) (Season 1 Episode 15: "The Cheaters") - Miriam Olcott
 * The Tom Ewell Show (1960) (Season 1 Episode 10: "The Friendly Man") - Mrs. Steckel
 * The Investigators (1961) (Season 1 Episode 11: "The Mind's Own Fire") - Mrs. Brewster
 * The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) (Season 2 Episode 14: "Beyond the Sea of Death") - Minnie Briggs

title: Mildred Dunnock


text:
Emeishan

Emeishan may refer to:

 * Mount Emei, mountain in Sichuan, China
 * Emeishan (city), in Leshan, Sichuan, China
 * Emeishan Traps, flood basalt volcanic province in southwestern China, centered in Sichuan

title: Emeishan


text:
Category:Frasier characters

 *  characters.

title: Category:Frasier characters


text: Category:Frasier

title: Category:Frasier