text:
User talk:Sollog/Archive 1

1
This article was voted on for deletion. It was decided to keep the article. --Rlandmann 05:58, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Because of all the vandalism, personal attacks, and legal threats carried out on this page, I'm refactoring the discussion to contain only suggestions for improving the article in question (which is, after all, the purpose of this talk page). Anyone interested in what has gone before should consult the page history. --Rlandmann 12:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

In order to keep discussions constructive, civil, and on topic, I'd like to remind everyone of the following policies, plus I have some proposals regarding how they might be enforced on this page: Thank you. --MarkSweep 19:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Sign all comments with ~ .  Unsigned comments will be de-anonymized.
 * 2) Consider logging in if you have an account.  If you don't have one, create one. If you have more than one, pick one to use on this page and stick with it, i.e., don't be a sock puppeteer.  Posting without an account does not protect you or exempt you from the rules.  Posting from anonymizing proxies is not allowed.
 * 3) No name calling, no personal attacks.  Portions of comments containing personal attacks will be removed.
 * 4) No legal threats.  Portions of comments containing legal threats will be removed.
 * 5) Do not maliciously alter other people's comments, blank the page, etc.  This is considered vandalism and will be reverted.

"Son of light, light of God"
Article should explain that the name is an acronym... and should also mention that he was convicted of aggravated assault, reckless endangerment and DUI and claimed to be God while defending himself in the courtroom. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 18:01, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree, acronym and court case both merit mention. Apparently the court case was quite a sight at the time... A2Kafir 20:02, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Does that have anything to do with the sentence "Belief of TOH is that all life is part of God and therefore GOD"? I can't quite parse it, but if GOD stands for something that would help. (Kind of...) —tregoweth 00:44, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

 * you people are a joke, as has been pointed out and erased, sollog is not an acronym of son of ... that's bs from altman a moron, that's why the morons running this bs resource keep linking to him and ignoring all the major media mentions of sollog, and that's why they keep erasing true sollog info like sollog doesn't mean son of whatever

 * BIASED and false remarks. Sollog's name is not son of light... Also, Sollog is well know for his prophecies, math theories and books, not for a bs court case that was over turned. How can someone be tried for a 1988 dui in 1996 when such minor crimes are under a 5 year statue of limitations, plus the skeptic author even admits the cop lied on the stand. Any links promoting that bs is nothing but an attempt to harass sollog and TOH members

 * SOLLOG does not mean Son of whatever, these posts are an insult to Sollog and all members of TOH.

DO NOT REFER TO SOLLOG AS ENNIS
You people are real ignorant. Sollog is Sollog that is his true name. Calling Sollog ennis is like calling Muhammad Ali by his slave name Clay. You people have no respect for the great leader and founder of TOH. So STOP CALLING SOLLOG by names that TOH MEMBERS consider to be offensive.

TOH Member S FL

 * Muhammad Ali isn't a sockpuppet, Ennis. Wyss 14:23, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'm not ennis and I'm not sollog and I am offended that you try to imply I am Sollog and you call him ennis show you biased position. You need to be removed as a member of this site. You keep offending people over their religious beliefs.

 * In my opinion Ennis posts as a sockpuppet in order to further the illusion that he has followers. I don't think my posts violate wiki policy, but if I were to be suspended from wiki for my posts, or was asked to stop posting to this page, I certainly wouldn't return as a sockpuppet. Wyss 14:34, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

lam a proud member of TOH and l believe everyone should have Religious FREEDOM to pray and Worship whatever Religion they want too. But all we members ever see is lies about our Great leader SOLLOG who knows so much and just wants to help all the people of the world see the TRUTH. We are sick and tried of seeing these LIES spread. The American Goverment knows much more truth about SOLLOG than any of you people here. You'll Wake up some day and find it's too late to change when you finally see the TRUTH You will have doomed yourself and your family by not being honest and doing some research yourself. You have a few more years until the end my friends. (ToraH)
 * Comment There is a straight-forward explanation for why most (or all) of the posts by Sollog's followers seem to have the same pattern of syntax, grammar and punctuation errors: I suspect they're written by the same person, probably John Ennis, aka Sollog, which reinforces my opinion that he may have few if any serious "followers", that this article is truly vanity advertising and would be best reconsidered for deletion. Wyss 18:41, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "A few more years until the end?" Care to specify how many?  It would make an interesting test of Ennis's powers of prophecy. --Carnildo 19:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Suggestions for improvement
OK, since we're keeping the page, anyone have any suggestions for improving it? --Rlandmann 06:05, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * YES if you want to show wiki is truly a neutral source then you need to keep out info that is defamatory and links to such info is wrong.

You need to concentrate on why Sollog is so popular on the net.

1. He allows his prophecies to be put into Usenet as soon as they are made, that means you don't have to pay him to see what he says about the future.

2. You need a complete bibliography of his 30+ books under his three pen names.

3. You don't need incorrect information about what his religious names means or doesn't mean.

4. Sollog is involved in several movies, so he needs a filmography as well

5. Sollog has several CD's so he needs a Music list as well

6. Sollog has about 9 or so major math theories, so they need to be listed.

7. A few links to the most famous prophecies would be a good idea

8. A few links to the major media references of him would be a good idea (city paper is not major media) such as the WP, der spiegel, register in uk and few others

9. A couple of links explaining his connection to Leo Phoenix

10. Links to info about TOH the religious movement he started

11. Links to his abstract symbolism art

The facts are Sollog has many fans and skeptics in usenet and on many web sites, he has many references in the media. His is known mostly for his prophecies, you don't see other seers or psychics allowing their stuff to be put into the public domain via usenet where it is recorded with time stamps to prove they either know details about future events or they don't. He has many many hits and some of the so-called misses are in fact simple allegorical hits. i.e. the 902 prophecy about the pope of satan's death, no where does he say john paul II, but skeptics say he did, fans point out anton lavey aka the pope of satan died that month etc.

Sollog is a brilliant mathematician and his finding of hidden 24 number deep number sequences within primes and fibonacci prove that. He did ratio align the inner planets in his PDF formula, he united the mythos of major religions in his creator formula.

You can find references in articles where judges call him the most brilliant man they have ever had in their court room, yet you allow people here to call him names and then threaten his fans with banishment.

Look at all the bs hoary and wyss said about Sollog fans and yet you threaten his fans with banishment.

I suggest you get a new mod to supervise the creation of a real neutral article on Sollog, since the people doing it so far are not neutral.

Allowing the same people that have been attacking him and his fans to create the page is a joke, get a new mod that is neutral and leave off stuff that will harass his fans.

 * That was contributed at 06:21, 10 Dec 2004 by 65.34.173.202. (Why not get a user ID?) I'll just take two points. First, Sollog is a brilliant mathematician and his finding of hidden 24 number deep number sequences within primes and fibonacci prove that. Uh-huh. Does any mathematician back that up? Secondly, You need a complete bibliography of his 30+ books under his three pen names. Does this mean that "Sollog" has pen-names? A pen-name of a pen-name seems absurd -- why not rename the article Ennis and list the pen-names there? In the meantime, bookfinder.com lists a total of, count 'em, 0 (no) books by "Sollog" or "Sol Adoni", which appear to be Ennis's fave names when he's in a writing mood. What are the criteria for "book" here? -- Hoary 06:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I own over 20 so shut up.

 * What are the criteria for "book" here? Let's say, for simplicity, anything that has a verifiable ISBN. --MarkSweep 08:00, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Not it's not. ISBN means nothing, it's an artificial number system and since Sollog's words are HOLY you don't number them.

Wikipedia aims to present information from a neutral point of view. This means that when there is more than one point of view, then we aim to present both of them. Altman seems to be the most outspoken of Sollog's detractors, and the general consensus here seems to be that links to his articles are worth including in the article. As to your other points:

1. Agreed that his usenet activities should be better described.

2. Could you please supply publication details on his 30+ books? As far as anyone here is able to tell, these are just vanity publications available in electronic format. Have any of them been in print? If so, who published them and when?

3. The "Son of Light, Light of God" moniker seems to be a fairly widespread interpretation of his name - so widespread that it probably needs to be commented on, even if to say that Sollog does not claim (or no longer claims) this to be the meaning of the name.

4. see 2. Who distributed the films?

5. see 2. Who distributed the CDs?

6. Wikipedia has a policy of not publishing original research. Have any of Sollog's math theories been published in a peer-reviewed publication? If so, please supply citations.

7. Wikipedia is not a link farm. However, I agree that some of the major prophecies should be detailed. What are Sollog's three most accurate prophecies?

8. Agreed that we could perhaps include a couple more links. Der Spiegel's material seems especially relevant.

9. Why?

10. Agreed - if there is any information on this movement available that has been written by third parties and not by Sollog or his close associates.

11. see 2. Has this art been published or exhibited?

Finally - If Sollog's fans are willing to adhere to the same standards of behaviour that are required of all members of this community, their contributions here will be welcomed. If they use their editing privileges to vandalise the encyclopedia, disrupt the project, or make personal attacks on or legal threats against other users, then those privileges will be taken away and they will be excluded from the community. It's really as simple as that. --Rlandmann 07:10, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Adoni Publishing distributes all Sollog material via their network of over 300 developed content sites. Haven't you heard you live in a new digital age? Adoni Publishing is one of the largest new media publishers in the world, they get millions of viewers each month across their large network of web sites. They publish full color facsimiles of rare ancient works such as Nostradamus and Shakespeare and have over 5000 titles in their catalog. They have several films and Music CD's as well.

 * Get some old copies of City Paper and you will see a dozen or so bookstores listed that carried the original sollog books in print. Any bookstore can order you an eBook CD of the Sollog titles, some are in print and most are in POD.

 * You can either download Adoni Films (three are related to Sollog) or you can order them on DVD or eMovie CD.

 * Alexa tracks over 50 Million web sites, you have to be top 10% in traffic to even get a ranking there. Adoni has put dozens of sites into the top 100K at Alexa, something no other publishing company has done. Any site with a 500K or so ranking at Alexa is in the top 1% of the net for traffic.

 * Anyway, from what I hear Wiki is about to be served with a lawsuit to remove any and all Sollog material.

 * So this page will be removed soon.

 * No point in fixing what will soon be removed.

 * Wiki has shown they can't be neutral on Sollog so wiki will be sued to remove all reference to Sollog.

NB: The last passage "Adoni Publishing distributes ... wiki will be sued to remove all reference to Sollog" was contributed by Sollog, i.e. User:65.34.173.202, at 02:29, 10 Dec 2004. --MarkSweep 07:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This saga is getting more and more exciting. Last time Ennis sued for a mere trillion dollars (or so we learned); this time, will it be a quadrillion, or a squillion gazillion? And hold on -- I thought that I was saying W'pedia needn't bother with Sollog, while his fans wanted as much publicity as possible. Meanwhile: we're told that Adoni Publishing distributes all Sollog material via their network of over 300 developed content sites.... Recall that Adoni is another moniker of Ennis, so this means that Ennis is publishing Ennis, so it's self-publishing. As for maths, without credible evidence of any significant mathematical breakthroughs by Ennis, I suggest changing "mathematician" to "self-described mathematician". -- Hoary 07:46, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Now that Sollog Ennis realizes he's been identified and can't vandalize or intimidate his way into having a vanity page and fortune telling ad of his very own on wiki, he wants all reference to himself removed... Wyss 07:49, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You people look like fools. Let's see does Sollog own Adoni Publishing? Let's see Sollog Immanuel Adonai-Adoni aka Sol Adoni aka Founder of Adoni Publishing. Adoni Publishing was created to distribute Sollog's writing. They also publish several other authors, they also publish historical facsimiles from the Adoni Collection. They also publish over 300 content sites, they publish Books, Movies and Films. They also own several programs. Didn't you hear Sollog owned a very successful software company years ago that had the largest market share in their industry.

 * The copyright on Sollog.com and all Adoni sites says COPYRIGHT ADONI NET, this is public information. And you people act like you 'discovered' it. Funny how when Sollog's lawyers sue wiki the first thing they'll do is show this IP address does not belong to Sollog like all you liars are saying.

 * You need to look at various sollog forums, there's a huge class action coming against wiki and of course altman, about time AIS sued him for his slanders. Since wiki is quoting him as a source he will now be removed from the net as will wiki.

 * Just remove the page, if you don't wiki will be put out of business.

That minatory comment added circa 08:11, 10 Dec 2004 by 65.34.173.202. "Sollog"-fan, (i) the only thing I heard about Ennis's earlier business was that it involved porn; (ii) I hadn't been aware that Wiki was a business; (iii) my "divine" (not!) ability to predict the future tells me that your minutes of freedom to edit Wikipedia are numbered. (If these things aren't coordinated, look out Wikisource and the rest!) -- Hoary 08:18, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Look, John, we're clearly at an impasse. You keep pushing everyone's buttons, but that has not resulted in any progress, only in people pushing back.  At the very least, you'll probably have realized that you're outnumbered -- there are more people interested in keeping this site running and civil, plus you just won't have the time to keep up your comments at the current pace.  So let's assume you'll come clean about who you are and stop antagonizing people, stop the name-calling, and stop the legal threats; you don't need to say anything, we'll just notice in passing that you've stopped and that's that -- clean slate.  What everyone is really interested in is making this a better article.  Now you have certain views about what this might look like, but you have to accept that people here will not necessarily agree with everything.  How about continuing the dialog that User:Rlandmann started, regarding specific suggestions for improving the article? --MarkSweep 10:28, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Annual TOH Toy Drive
65.34.173.202 posted a link to a TOH activity here. --Carnildo 09:59, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

See http://www.sollog.com/toh/toys it's one of the many charitable things Sollog does through TOH you should have it on his main page

See how you biased people are removing positive stuff about Sollog

Post a link to the TOH Toy drive and don't remove it, is a legit thing to discuss
 * The above was posted by 65.34.173.202
 * Now that you're not advocating a particular course of activity with respect to that site, maybe the link can stay. This isn't an advertising venue. --Carnildo 10:08, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

OK, it "is a legit thing to discuss", so let's kick off a discussion. I took a look at that page. What it says is that "Each year TOH distributes Winter Solstice Toys to Children". There's no hint of what these toys are, where the children are, how they're distributed, etc. There's no solicitation of toys. Instead, Ennis wants your money (via PayPal, to sollog@sollog.com). (Incidentally, I'm surprised that such a major concern as Ennis's hasn't yet set up its own secure server for payments, but then of course "God" moves in mysterious ways.) In return for your donation of money, Ennis will send you such amazing things as "a 15 Minute phone reading by Sollog" (that's for 250 unspecified units, revealed in the hidden source [!] as US dollars). Mmm, are these donations tax deductible as charitable? If so, I wonder why the deductibility isn't mentioned; and if not, I wonder why not. Looks pretty feeble. Not notable. Oh, OK, notably unconvincing. -- Hoary 12:48, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If wiki is so lame, I wonder why Ennis bothers to expend so much energy on a single talk page? Personally, I think the locked wiki article about him is still too PoV. Aside from the fortune-telling scam, about all that's left is a link to a freep article about this person's allegedly dodgy past, some commercial websites and lots of USENET spam. Since he and his fans appear to be one and the same, in my opinion the subject of this article is really nothing more than a bandwidth hog: Hardly notable. Ironically, I'd still vote to delete (and protect the article title from future vandalism). Wyss 13:07, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

1. Calling Sollog ennis is an insult to Toh members SO STOP IT. I'm not Sollog and I know many members of TOH and even more fans. I've given to TOH for many years. You show your ignorance about taxes, like native indians and the amish TOH members are Tax Exempt. By Biblical Law. TOH only follows Books of Moses. Anyway, TOH is a tax exempt religion. So the whole tax garbage does not pretain to TOH and members of TOH. So keep paying your 'voluntary' taxes in the USA. comment added at 14:27, 10 Dec 2004 by T-Mobile USA customer 208.54.95.129, who has made lots of other contributions to this page today

 * T-Mobile Man (or woman), I can make little sense of what you say other than that you don't want "Sollog"/Ennis to be called "ennis". The "tax garbage" I was referring to was the ability of people to claim charitable contributions as deductions from their taxable income. So anyway, what are the toys, where are the kids, what percentage of money sent to Mr Ennis goes to the toys for the kids? Can you present any other evidence that this is a real charity that does a significant amount of good in the world? Incidentally, while whether "TOH" members (their incomes?) are tax exempt according to their own interpretation of something in the Bible is of some trivia interest, I think readers of the article would be more interested to see how the IRS of the USA views this publishing empire. -- Hoary 14:51, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

TOH members ask that this page be removed
I am a member of TOH i.e. TEMPLE OF HAYAH

I find the links to City Paper offensive to me and any TOH member due to false information in the articles meant to defame Sollog and TOH members.

I find the way several Wikipedia mods/members have been harassng and defaming Sollog and all TOH members.

Since Wikipedia has proven they are not a neutral resource TOH MEMBERS demand all Sollog pages be removed ASAP.

TOH MEMBER S. Florida

208.54.95.129 talk contribs 09:02, 10 Dec 2004

Agreed, you guys need to get rid of that BS Altman article. He's a moron putting out disinfo about Sollog. Be fair and get rid of the biased material. Aries31 02:54, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That would not be in the spirit of the Neutral point of view. We will, of course, have everything scrutinized that Altman claims, but bias is not in itself a reason for excluding material. We can always neutralize it by stating "Altman claims that so-and-so... Others counter that so-and-so..." or (preferably) refactoring everything into one more neutral statement. After all, if "biased material" were outright disallowed, most of the information coming from the Sollog website and people who openly claim to be his followers couldn't be put in either. There'd be no article left. JRM 03:15, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)

 * If you would like this page to be removed, you should register as a wiki user and nominate the page for deletion. You can count on me for a Delete vote. Wyss 14:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Unlikely to happen. It was just voted on, and the consensus was to keep.  I'd probably vote to keep again. --MarkSweep 17:12, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I know... I was just trying to point out that as usual, Ennis seems to have issues following wiki procedure. Wyss 20:46, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

REMOVE HOARY WYSS MARKSWEEP
I do not think hoary, wyss and marksweep can do a neutral page on Sollog and TOH.

Please remove them and all their comments.

They are harassing all pro-Sollog posters.

208.54.95.129 talk contribs 09:11, 10 Dec 2004

Civility, and the discussion
No matter how much people vandalize a page, no matter how ridiculous or invalid you think the topic is, no matter how lowly you think of people—practice what you preach by discussing here. Don't call people sockpuppets. Don't imply that any particular person editing under an IP is Sollog, or another IP, or Archimedes Plutonium for all I care. Don't take the "you are a vandal and I am not" approach by threatening people with tasty blocks and bans because you've seen them vandalize before and know they'll do it again. Do not lower your standards for administering these measures because you feel their behaviour warrants it. Don't ridicule the topic at every turn to make a nice inharmonious editing club of you and other regular Wikipedians.

Now, why am I saying this instead of properly deriding all the vandals? No, it's not because I'm a member of a Wikipedian Moral Majority who are comfortable in remaining as bland as they are unattached to any opinion. It's because these people can be of use in improving the article, even if just to get the far-out POV of Sollog followers straight from the horse's... mouth. (I must remind myself to practice what I preach as well, every now and again—no facile jokes.) This is Wikipedia on the edge. Maybe it'll go over the edge sometimes; we're all only human, after all. (No easy jokes here either...) We have the unique opportunity to give the world an NPOV article on a topic that, to my knowledge, has not had any neutral observers. Let's use it. At the very least, it could give us a better understanding of the social phenomena involved. If you don't care, I still do. Humor me.

With that out of the way, there are several things I would like to have cleared up. JRM 00:22, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)
 * What, according to TOH members, does Sollog mean? Where does it come from? Is it "Sollog" or "SOLLOG", and why? Where did Altman get the expansion "Son of light, light of God" from? Did he make it up himself or was he misreading something?
 * I've tried to get some information from the website, but found it rather hard to navigate. What is "'Hayah" (is the apostrophe right)?
 * Does Sollog now or has Sollog ever claimed to be God, or a god? Have his followers?

 * You're right. How about we remove all comments that are not directly about the article and concentrate on specific issues?  See below for a proposal. --MarkSweep 01:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)  Added later: I'll continue this on a separate page. --MarkSweep 03:32, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sollog/Archive 1


text: User talk:66.57.198.162

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:66.57.198.162


text:
Santa Ana College

Santa Ana College is a public community college in Santa Ana, California.

History
In 1915, Santa Ana Junior College opened its doors to 25 students as a department of Santa Ana High School. It was the second community college founded in Orange County, behind Fullerton College, and the fourth oldest in all of California. In 1932, a charter of Gamma Sigma Fraternity International was granted. Beta Alpha Chapter was at the school from 1932 to 1938 but anti-fraternity agitation and lack of communication with the organization in the east made the chapter dormant by 1938. The 1933 Long Beach earthquake damaged the Santa Ana High School building, prompting the campus move to North Main Street where it remained until 1947. A bond issue passed in 1945, paving the way for development of a 48-acre (194,000 m2) campus at its current location. Santa Ana College plays host to Middle College High School, a small alternative high school in the Santa Ana Unified School District in which students can earn their Associate of Arts degree at the same time as their high school diploma. In the late 1970s the college purchased the properties on Martha Lane south of the original campus and that land is now part of the parking lot. Recent years have witnessed the further development of and annexation of adjacent property to the original location.

For a short time, the college was known as Rancho Santiago College, but the name changed back to Santa Ana College in the late 1990s.

In 1985, a satellite campus, what is now called Santiago Canyon College, was established in Orange, California. Santiago Canyon has since grown in size to become a separate college from Santa Ana College, although both colleges are part of the Rancho Santiago Community College District.

Academics
The college has various programs lead to the awarding of associate degrees in Arts and Sciences, as well as vocational certificates.

Santa Ana College is also home to the Tessmann Planetarium which was renovated and now has a state-of-the art planetarium system. It is the largest, both in diameter (30 ft) and seating capacity planetarium in the County of Orange CA. It was completed and became operational in 1967.

Santa Ana College is also home to Around and About Orange County News and Noticiero Latino del Condado de Orange (NLCO), student-produced weekly news shows. NLCO became the first Spanish language college newscast produced by a community college.

The TV Department uses the college's Digital Media Center to produce, shoot, and edit the college's newscast.

The Journalism & Media Studies Department writes, edits, and publishes the college's nationally recognized online and printed news called el Don.

Athletics
Santa Ana College sponsors 18 sports programs. The 9 men's sports programs are baseball, basketball, cross country, football, soccer, swimming, track and field, water polo and wrestling. The 9 women's programs are basketball, beach volleyball, cross country, soccer, softball, swimming, track and field, volleyball and water polo.

Notable alumni

 * Duane Allen, NFL player
 * Barry Asher, Hall of Fame bowler
 * Heath Bell, retired MLB All-Star Pitcher
 * Bob Boyd, Basketball coach
 * Lem Burnham, NFL player
 * George Brancato, NFL player and CFL All-star
 * Al Carmichael, NFL player
 * Ed Caruthers, high jump olympian
 * Nancy Fuller, host of Food Network's Farmhouse Rules
 * Robert David Hall, Actor on the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.
 * Bob Hamelin, MLB player
 * Diane Keaton, Academy Award-winning actress
 * Khan Malaythong, Olympic Badminton player
 * Cathy Marino, Team USA Kayak in the 1988 and 1992 Olympics.
 * Yael Markovich, Israeli/American model and beauty queen/pageant titleholder (Miss Israel)
 * Steve Martin, Emmy and Grammy winning actor
 * Kris Medlen, former MLB pitcher for the Kansas City Royals, Atlanta Braves, and Arizona Diamondbacks.
 * Dan Meyer, MLB player
 * Louie Olivos Jr., Actor, promoter, producer, director and playwright
 * Rick Ownbey, MLB player
 * Kasey Peters, American football player
 * John Pitts, NFL player
 * Jim Steffen, NFL player
 * Larry Stuart World record setting javelin thrower
 * Joe Taufeteʻe, rugby player
 * Bill Thomas, Member of the United States House of Representatives
 * Bob Webster, Diving champion who won gold medals at both the 1960 and 1964 Olympic games
 * Ray Willsey football coach
 * CJ Wilson – Class of 1998 – Baseball player: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim starting pitcher
 * Jose Vasquez, Professional soccer player
 * Gaddi Vasquez, United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture and Director of the Peace Corps
 * Tony Zendejas, former NFL kicker

title: Santa Ana College


text:
ShadowHawk (character)

ShadowHawk is a comic book antihero created by Jim Valentino for the Image Universe.

He was first advertised in the Malibu Sun free promotional magazine in May 1992. His official Image Comics debut was in the second issue of Youngblood series (June 1992), written and illustrated by Rob Liefeld.

Originally, the name ShadowHawk was to be used for the Marvel character Starhawk while he had darkness powers, but Tom DeFalco convinced Valentino to use the name for a new character instead.

Fictional character biography
Paul Johnstone grew up as a troubled youth in Harlem, New York City. He avoided a life of crime due in part to the encouragement of a man named Richard Woodroe, who was originally assigned as a caseworker to Paul when he was caught stealing, and eventually married his mother, becoming his stepfather.

Eventually, Paul became a lawyer and, beyond that, a district attorney. While his life was going so well, his half brother Hojo had taken his success in college, moved to Wall Street and developed a Coke and crack addiction. Using Hojo, some gangsters tried to leverage Paul into letting their men off, but Paul refused. Soon after he ended up the target of an assault intended to serve as an example to others who got in the way of these mobsters. This incident culminated in his attackers injecting him with HIV-infected blood.

After the encounter, Johnstone was left uncertain regarding whether he had been infected or not. The attack had been made public and word of his possible infection spread through Johnstone's workplace, making it a very inhospitable environment to be in. Tensions between Johnstone and one of his co-workers led to an altercation between the two which landed Johnstone out of a job and in jail.

After he was released, Paul received medical confirmation that he was HIV positive and he descended into depression. While walking the streets to clear his head, Paul was threatened by a group of young gang members. He went berserk and attacked them, leading to his brutal mugging and return to the hospital. During this time he resolved that he would use the rest of his time to dispense justice to the individuals who preyed on innocent victims. One of his friends, a cop named Christina Reid (who had been kicked off the force that day for use of excessive force), was also in the hospital and came to visit him. She informed Paul that she and a man named Carlton Sun had been developing an exoskeleton suit of armor that could help aid him in accomplishing this task.

Johnstone decided to don the suit, christening himself "ShadowHawk" after his favorite superhero (a name that would eventually lure out the psychotic and racist villain Hawk's Shadow, who believed he was the one entitled to bear the mantle of ShadowHawk), and was taught how to fight effectively with the help of Christine, promising to "take back the night". Johnstone also kept the pills needed to slow his reaction to his HIV infection in small pouches on his belt so he could take them as needed.

Early on, ShadowHawk's actions against criminals were brutal. He would catch violent criminals in the act and break their spines, leaving them to be discovered by police with no indication that he had attacked them other than hearsay from the criminals and very obvious severe injuries. This led to ShadowHawk garnering a reputation as an urban legend as well as being hunted by both criminals and law enforcement alike. Johnstone would also face various supervillains, including crime-boss Vendetta, her gang the Regulators (Blackjack, Vort-X, Arson, Hardedge and Scandal), the acidic mutant Liquifier, super-powered hitman Dedline and the racist ShadowHawk copycat Hawk's Shadow. ShadowHawk also encounters other superheroes such as Spawn and The Savage Dragon. ShadowHawk would later become a member of the superhero group Brigade.

Later in his career (and as his lifespan shortened due to the progression of HIV to AIDS), Johnstone eventually grew to be less violent. He encounters Trencher and his dispatcher Phoebe; who agrees to assist him in his search for a cure to his infection or another way to extend his life. This led to encounters with the likes of Youngblood's Chapel (another hero also infected with HIV), Bloodstrike and ShadowHawk team-up with each other in the hopes of finding a cure. He then teams up with the WildC.A.T.s (who offered a possible solution involving a robotic body to transplant Johnstone's consciousness into – which would ultimately fail to work). ShadowHawk then visited the Others (Guardd, Klone, Racket, Rebound) in a similar attempt, where they attempt to exorcise the spirit of the virus from his body, which ultimately fails. He is then transported into an encounter with Supreme (in which a battle would ensue, leading to the discovery of ShadowHawk's true identity to the world), then encounters Badrock and company in another attempt at changing his body's structure in order to live longer, again leaving in failure, and finally meeting Spawn in his alleyways who, with the help of Trencher and Phoebe, convince him to accept his inevitable death from the virus. One of his few regrets was that he never got to join a super-group, as in his search for a cure, he had realized how useful and fun fighting in a group was.

In his final act as ShadowHawk, Johnstone would rescue his mother from being attacked by Hawk's Shadow. The aftermath of the fight would leave Johnstone in a weakened state and unable to elude the pursuit of the police. He was remanded into custody and transported to a hospital where AIDS eventually took its toll and ended his life.

Edward Collins
In the wake of Paul Johnstone's death, it was revealed that ShadowHawk is in fact a "Spirit of Justice" and the spirit has inhabited at least four people in the past. Three of the revealed ShadowHawks were human, the last one being a robot. The three human ShadowHawks dealt with villains such as big game huntress Trophy, the toxic mutant Glortch, the mutant crime-boss Joe the Blowfish and the street gang of super-villains the Junkyard Dogz (Hotspur, Rumble Doll, Fast Lucy, Guncrazy and Needle). One of the ShadowHawks included Paul Johnstone's accomplice, Christina Reid. Like Johnstone, the New ShadowHawks become members of Brigade.

After the Spirit of Justice leaves the robot it becomes "Justice", without human feelings and starts to kill people. The saga of the robot ShadowHawk was told in a crossover story called "ShadowHunt", which ran through five Image titles in April 1996. At the end of New Man #4, the robot was destroyed.

The new ShadowHawk
After the robot is destroyed, Eddie Collins, a young high school student, makes his debut as the new ShadowHawk. Having just moved to New York with his recently widowed father James, an electrician, Eddie was walking down a street when the helmet literally fell into his hands. The helmet – called "Nommo" – contains the spirits of all people who were, at one time, inhabited by ShadowHawk, the Spirit of Justice. Eddie Collins tried to meditate with the Nommo on, meeting the spirit of Paul Johnstone, who tells Eddie that he is a reincarnation of a first dynasty Egyptian shaman, how he was the prior ShadowHawk and that Eddie is destined to start anew.

At first Eddie's father orders him to stop, thinking it would kill him. But Eddie is faster, stronger and more agile now and finds new responsibility to the people of New York City. After saving some hostages, Eddie meets Captain Nieves and starts working with him.

Jim Valentino's ShadowHawk
Blacklight, a 1960s "hippie hero" wakes up from a 30-year coma and learns his wife Dayglo was killed 10 years ago by a villain called Firepower. He is falsely told by a mysterious man that ShadowHawk is the son of Firepower. Blacklight later attacks ShadowHawk and is accidentally killed by him. After killing Blacklight, ShadowHawk faces a mercenary named ZAP. After ZAP is defeated, police propose that Eddie Collins go through the Police Academy to learn the difference between superhero and vigilante. Eddie is attacked by the man who hired ZAP and lied to Blacklight, named Nocturn.

Out on patrol, Nocturn, who knows Eddie Collins is ShadowHawk, attacks him. After a brutal fight, Hawk's Shadow comes out of the shadows to face his "returned" arch-enemy. After being beaten nearly to death, ShadowHawk faces Hawk's Shadow, who wants the helmet that gives ShadowHawk his powers. In the end, Paul Johnstone usurps Eddie's body and beats Hawk's Shadow to near death, but Eddie stops him before the kill.

Soon, Eddie meets the new Blacklight, who is investigating the origin of her new-found powers. The two team-up to bring a vicious monster down. Their target turns out to be the first Blacklight.

Eddie's mentally unstable classmate, Philip Marko discovers he has the power of pyrokinesis. After killing ten people at the high school and his mother, ShadowHawk stops him.

A man-beast named Komodo kills Eddie's best friend, Steven "Skeeve" Evans and defeats ShadowHawk. The helmet, the source of ShadowHawk's power, is taken by Hawk's Shadow, who steps in and kills Komodo. He is soon confronted by his father, the Silver Age ShadowHawk. With the help of the new Blacklight, and Astroman, Eddie goes after Hatfield (Hawk's Shadow) and wins, taking back the helmet.

After hearing the stories of past ShadowHawks, Eddie Collins makes the decision that now he is going to be ShadowHawk on his terms and receives a new costume.

Steven Evans' younger brother blames Shadowhawk for his brothers death and seeks revenge, while Hawk's Shadow's brain is placed in Komodo's body.

Silver Age ShadowHawk
The Silver Age ShadowHawk is a parody of the Jack Schiff-era Silver Age Batman comics. He works out of the Shadowcave which is in the basement of his house, has a Shadowcar and a Shadowdog. His wife and son are his crimefighting partners, Lady ShadowHawkette and Squirrel. Squirrel went on to become Hawk's Shadow.

The ShadowHawk Special (December 1994) featured two Silver Age ShadowHawk stories. In "The Hyena's Revenge" ShadowHawk and Squirrel hunt the Hyena, a villain based on the Joker. The second was "The Phantom Gorillas from Dimension-Z!" The Silver Age ShadowHawk also appeared with the Silver Age Knight Watchman in Big Bang Comics #2.

The story "Rising" in issue #11 of Jim Valentino's ShadowHawk described Hatfield Sr and his family's final fight against the Hyena and the death of Lady ShadowHawkette.

ShadowHawk: Resurrection
Image Comics published a new ShadowHawk ongoing series following the events of Image United. The series featured Paul Johnstone, the original ShadowHawk, as wearing the helmet once again 15 years after his death. The story was written by Dan Wickline, and the art by Tone Rodriguez and Jim Valentino. The series also featured covers by Erik Larsen and Frank Bravo. Variant covers for ShadowHawk: Resurrection took homage from older issues of ShadowHawk titles and other notable covers throughout comic history. Notably, #3 featured a variant that was styled after the glow-in-the-dark cover for ShadowHawk (1st series) issue #3, while issue #5 featured a variant cover that paid homage to the "Death of Supergirl" cover of Crisis on Infinite Earths #7.

Bomb Queen VII: The End Of Hope
In Bomb Queen VII: The End Of Hope, released from December 2011 to May 2012, after being killed by Rebound 100 years prior, Bomb Queen awakens in a techno-dependent future protected by ShadowHawk, who now inhabits the closest members of the human race to ongoing crimes, regularly switching between bodies. As their battle continues, despite their moral opposition, Bomb Queen gradually begins to fall in love with him.

Toys
Two action figures of ShadowHawk have been released in the past by McFarlane Toys.

In 2009, Shocker Toys released two ShadowHawk figures as part of the first series of its "Indie Spotlight" line.

title: ShadowHawk (character)


text:
Henry Ives Cobb

Henry Ives Cobb (August 19, 1859 – March 27, 1931) was an architect from the United States. Based in Chicago in the last decades of the 19th century, he was known for his designs in the Richardsonian Romanesque and Victorian Gothic styles.

Biography
Cobb was born in Brookline, Massachusetts to Albert Adams and Mary Russell Candler Cobb. Cobb studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for one year then transferred to Harvard University where he graduated in 1881 with an engineering degree. After graduating, Cobb worked at the Boston architectural firm Peabody & Stearns before moving to Chicago in 1882.

In Chicago, Cobb partnered with Charles Sumner Frost and formed Cobb and Frost. They designed the Palmer Mansion (demolished) on Lake Shore Drive; the Chicago Varnish Company Building—listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Chicago Landmark; the Episcopal Church of the Atonement at 5749 North Kenmore Avenue—also on the National Register of Historic Places; the Chicago Federal Building (demolished); the Newberry Library; the Fisheries Building (demolished) at the World's Columbian Exposition; and many pre-1900 buildings at Lake Forest College and the University of Chicago. Elsewhere, he designed the Sinclair Oil Building (today the Liberty Tower), a Perpendicular-style skyscraper in downtown Manhattan, that was converted to residences in 1980; the Olive Building in St. Louis and co-designed the King Edward Hotel in Toronto. Cobb moved to Washington, D.C., in 1897 to escape the Chicago grime, which damaged his cherished art collection. Cobb is responsible for The University of Chicago Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, WI, constructed from 1895 to 1897, with its Greco-Roman terra-cotta architectural detail.

Family
Henry Ives Cobb's grandmother, Augusta Adams Cobb, controversially abandoned her husband, Henry Cobb, and five of her seven children in 1843, and married Brigham Young as a plural wife.

Cobb and wife Emma Martin Smith had 10 children, seven of whom survived into adulthood. The children were: architect and author Henry Ives Cobb, Jr. (1883–1974), Cleveland Cobb (1884–?), Leonore Cobb (1885–?), Candler Cobb (c. 1887–?), Elliot Cobb (1888–?), Priscilla Cobb (1890–91), Alice Cobb (1892–93), Boughton Cobb (1894–1974), Russell Cobb (1897–?), and Emerson Cobb, (1902–10).

title: Henry Ives Cobb


text:
Hyperbolic triangle

In hyperbolic geometry, a hyperbolic triangle is a triangle in the hyperbolic plane. It consists of three line segments called sides or edges and three points called angles or vertices.

Just as in the Euclidean case, three points of a hyperbolic space of an arbitrary dimension always lie on the same plane. Hence planar hyperbolic triangles also describe triangles possible in any higher dimension of hyperbolic spaces.

Definition
A hyperbolic triangle consists of three non-collinear points and the three segments between them.

Properties
Hyperbolic triangles have some properties that are analogous to those of triangles in Euclidean geometry:

 * Each hyperbolic triangle has an inscribed circle but not every hyperbolic triangle has a circumscribed circle (see below). Its vertices can lie on a horocycle or hypercycle.

Hyperbolic triangles have some properties that are analogous to those of triangles in spherical or elliptic geometry:

 * Two triangles with the same angle sum are equal in area.
 * There is an upper bound for the area of triangles.
 * There is an upper bound for radius of the inscribed circle.
 * Two triangles are congruent if and only if they correspond under a finite product of line reflections.
 * Two triangles with corresponding angles equal are congruent (i.e., all similar triangles are congruent).

Hyperbolic triangles have some properties that are the opposite of the properties of triangles in spherical or elliptic geometry:

 * The angle sum of a triangle is less than 180°.
 * The area of a triangle is proportional to the deficit of its angle sum from 180°.

Hyperbolic triangles also have some properties that are not found in other geometries:

 * Some hyperbolic triangles have no circumscribed circle, this is the case when at least one of its vertices is an ideal point or when all of its vertices lie on a horocycle or on a one sided hypercycle.
 * Hyperbolic triangles are thin, there is a maximum distance δ from a point on an edge to one of the other two edges. This principle gave rise to δ-hyperbolic space.

Triangles with ideal vertices

The definition of a triangle can be generalized, permitting vertices on the ideal boundary of the plane while keeping the sides within the plane. If a pair of sides is limiting parallel (i.e. the distance between them approaches zero as they tend to the ideal point, but they do not intersect), then they end at an ideal vertex represented as an omega point.

Such a pair of sides may also be said to form an angle of zero.

A triangle with a zero angle is impossible in Euclidean geometry for straight sides lying on distinct lines. However, such zero angles are possible with tangent circles.

A triangle with one ideal vertex is called an omega triangle.

Special Triangles with ideal vertices are:

Triangle of parallelism
A triangle where one vertex is an ideal point, one angle is right: the third angle is the angle of parallelism for the length of the side between the right and the third angle.

Schweikart triangle
The triangle where two vertices are ideal points and the remaining angle is right, one of the first hyperbolic triangles (1818) described by Ferdinand Karl Schweikart.

Ideal triangle
The triangle where all vertices are ideal points, an ideal triangle is the largest possible triangle in hyperbolic geometry because of the zero sum of the angles.

Standardized Gaussian curvature
The relations among the angles and sides are analogous to those of spherical trigonometry; the length scale for both spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry can for example be defined as the length of a side of an equilateral triangle with fixed angles.

The length scale is most convenient if the lengths are measured in terms of the absolute length (a special unit of length analogous to a relations between distances in spherical geometry). This choice for this length scale makes formulas simpler.

In terms of the Poincaré half-plane model absolute length corresponds to the infinitesimal metric $$ds=\frac{|dz|}{\operatorname{Im}(z)}$$ and in the Poincaré disk model to $$ds=\frac{2|dz|}{1-|z|^2}$$.

In terms of the (constant and negative) Gaussian curvature $K$ of a hyperbolic plane, a unit of absolute length corresponds to a length of
 * $$R=\frac{1}{\sqrt{-K}}$$.

In a hyperbolic triangle the sum of the angles A, B, C (respectively opposite to the side with the corresponding letter) is strictly less than a straight angle. The difference between the measure of a straight angle and the sum of the measures of a triangle's angles is called the defect of the triangle. The area of a hyperbolic triangle is equal to its defect multiplied by the square of $R$:
 * $$(\pi-A-B-C) R^2{}{}\!$$.

This theorem, first proven by Johann Heinrich Lambert, is related to Girard's theorem in spherical geometry.

Trigonometry
In all the formulas stated below the sides $a$, $b$, and $c$ must be measured in absolute length, a unit so that the Gaussian curvature $K$ of the plane is −1. In other words, the quantity $R$ in the paragraph above is supposed to be equal to 1.

Trigonometric formulas for hyperbolic triangles depend on the hyperbolic functions sinh, cosh, and tanh.

Trigonometry of right triangles
If C is a right angle then:
 * The sine of angle A is the hyperbolic sine of the side opposite the angle divided by the hyperbolic sine of the hypotenuse.
 * $$\sin A=\frac{\textrm{sinh(opposite)}}{\textrm{sinh(hypotenuse)}}=\frac{\sinh a}{\,\sinh c\,}.\,$$

 * The cosine of angle A is the hyperbolic tangent of the adjacent leg divided by the hyperbolic tangent of the hypotenuse.
 * $$\cos A=\frac{\textrm{tanh(adjacent)}}{\textrm{tanh(hypotenuse)}}=\frac{\tanh b}{\,\tanh c\,}.\,$$

 * The tangent of angle A is the hyperbolic tangent of the opposite leg divided by the hyperbolic sine of the adjacent leg.
 * $$\tan A=\frac{\textrm{tanh(opposite)}}{\textrm{sinh(adjacent)}} = \frac{\tanh a}{\,\sinh b\,}$$.

 * The hyperbolic cosine of the adjacent leg to angle A is the cosine of angle B divided by the sine of angle A.
 * $$\textrm{cosh(adjacent)}= \frac{\cos B}{\sin A}$$.

 * The hyperbolic cosine of the hypotenuse is the product of the hyperbolic cosines  of the legs.
 * $$\textrm{cosh(hypotenuse)}= \textrm{cosh(adjacent)} \textrm{cosh(opposite)}$$.

 * The hyperbolic cosine of the hypotenuse is also the product of the cosines of the angles divided by the product of their sines.
 * $$\textrm{cosh(hypotenuse)}= \frac{\cos A \cos B}{\sin A\sin B} = \cot A \cot B$$

Relations between angles
We also have the following equations:

 * $$ \cos A = \cosh a \sin B$$

 * $$ \sin A = \frac{\cos B}{\cosh b}$$

 * $$ \tan A = \frac{\cot B}{\cosh c}$$

 * $$ \cos B = \cosh b \sin A$$

 * $$ \cosh c = \cot A \cot B$$

Area
The area of a right angled triangle is:
 * $$\textrm{Area} = \frac{\pi}{2} - \angle A - \angle B$$

The area for any other triangle is:
 * $$\textrm{Area} = {\pi} - \angle A - \angle B - \angle C$$

also
 * $$\textrm{Area}= 2 \arctan (\tanh (\frac{a}{2})\tanh (\frac{b}{2}) )$$

Angle of parallelism
The instance of an omega triangle with a right angle provides the configuration to examine the angle of parallelism in the triangle.

In this case angle B = 0, a = c = $$ \infty $$ and $$\textrm{tanh}(\infty )= 1$$, resulting in $$\cos A= \textrm{tanh(adjacent)}$$.

Equilateral triangle
The trigonometry formulas of right triangles also give the relations between the sides s and the angles A of an equilateral triangle (a triangle where all sides have the same length and all angles are equal).

The relations are:

 * $$\cos A= \frac{\textrm{tanh}(\frac12 s) }{\textrm{tanh} (s)}$$

 * $$\cosh( \frac12 s)= \frac{\cos(\frac12 A)}{\sin( A)}= \frac{1}{2 \sin(\frac12 A)}$$

General trigonometry
Whether C is a right angle or not, the following relationships hold: The hyperbolic law of cosines is as follows:
 * $$\cosh c=\cosh a\cosh b-\sinh a\sinh b \cos C,$$

Its dual theorem is
 * $$\cos C= -\cos A\cos B+\sin A\sin B \cosh c,$$

There is also a law of sines:
 * $$\frac{\sin A}{\sinh a} = \frac{\sin B}{\sinh b} = \frac{\sin C}{\sinh c},$$

and a four-parts formula:
 * $$\cos C\cosh a=\sinh a\coth b-\sin C\cot B$$

which is derived in the same way as the analogue formula in spherical trigonometry.

title: Hyperbolic triangle


text:
Maxwell coil

A Maxwell coil is a device for producing a large volume of almost constant (or constant-gradient) magnetic field. It is named in honour of the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

A Maxwell coil is an improvement of a Helmholtz coil: in operation it provides an even more uniform magnetic field (than a Helmholtz coil), but at the expense of more material and complexity.

Description
A constant-field Maxwell coil set consists of three coils oriented on the surface of a virtual sphere. According to Maxwell's original 1873 design: each of the outer coils should be of radius $$\sqrt{\frac{4}{7}}R $$,  and distance $$\sqrt{\frac{3}{7}}R$$  from the plane of the central coil  of radius $$R$$.

Maxwell specified the number of windings as 64 for the central coil and 49 for the outer coils. Though Maxwell did not specifically state that current for the coils came from the same source, his work was specifically describing the construction of a sensitive galvanometer designed to detect a single current source. It follows that the ampere-turns for each of the smaller coils must be exactly $$\frac{49}{64}$$ of the turns of the larger.

Gradient-field Maxwell coil
A gradient-field Maxwell coil is essentially the same geometry of the 3-coil configuration above, with the central coil removed to leave only the smaller two coils. If the current in one of the coils is reversed, a uniform-gradient magnetic field is produced near the centre of the two coils. Maxwell describes the use of the 2-coil configuration for the generation of a uniform force on a small test coil. A Maxwell coil of this type is similar to a Helmholtz coil with the coil distance increased from coil radius $$R$$ to $$\sqrt{3}R$$ and the coils fed with opposite currents.

title: Maxwell coil


text:
Talk:Investiture Controversy

Edits by 147.226.216.174
Reverted edits. None of the footnotes are accurate, I checked the books in question using Amazon Look Inside and they are bogus refrences. On further research found that the text is copyvio's from other websites. I'm curious if 147.226.216.174 will chime in here and explain why this was done, the intent seemed to be good, but the footnotes and copyrighted are clearly misleading. --Stbalbach 03:47, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC) - Added a section on the English investiture controversy. Many elusive circumlocutions in bureaucratspeak need to be made more crisp and informative in this sometimes flaccid report. --Wetman 1 July 2005 20:35 (UTC)

 * WTF? "In addition, the Holy Roman Emperor had the special ability to appoint the pope".  This line is nonsense and should be removed.  The Bishops of Rome had been elected by the citizenry of the City up until 1059, when Nicholas II restricted the privilege to the Cardinal Priests of the Church. Solicitr (talk) 06:17, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

 * This claim was inserted by Wetman again, uncited and pointing to his pet proprietary church article, so I removed it again. Requires a verifiable and reliable source if it's going to stick. --Geoff Capp (talk) 00:16, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

"sacredoium"
I do not have much Latin, but I am mostly convinced that this form is corrupt; that it derived from 'sacredotum' (modern spelling sacerdotum; genitive plural of sacerdos, 'priest' or 'cleric') via a faulty OCR scan. I cannot find the form 'sacredoium' in usage anywhere on the web that does *not* trace its origin back to this page, with a single exception (https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.151204/2015.151204.Early-Tudor-Poetry-1485-1547_djvu.txt) that is itself clearly the proceeds of an OCR scanning project. Recommend changing to 'sacredotus'.Sebum-n-soda (talk) 21:02, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

"holy father"
I would like this article to include information on the rcc's pope's title. If someone can do that in wikipedia standard that would be nice.

The origin of the Roman Catholic title according to http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0038.html was "born" during the Investiture Controversy.

 * The qualifier “holy” underlines the spiritual dimension of this fatherhood exercised in the name of God; and we have already said that it does not imply a moral judgment on the person of the Pope. The expression “Holy Father” was born in the time of the controversy over lay investiture, and it seemed normal that in its becoming common usage in the acts of the chancery, the Roman Curia had then wished to underscore the spiritual and supernatural level of the mission of the Pope by adding the adjective “holy” — to defend implicitly the superiority of papal power over imperial power.
 * What is the connection of the assumed title with the Investiture Controversy? Isn't this part of the broader program discussed (badly so far) at Gregorian Reform? --Wetman 17:55, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Edits by 66.235.44.73
There is NO WAY that the Gregorian Reforms, begun in 1056, are not connected with the Great Schism of 1054. Indeed, the reason behind the Great Schism was Rome's aggressive assertion of Papal Primacy which the Greek Orthodox world could not stomach. This smacks of the very Papal Absolutism characterizing the Gregorian Reforms! Thus, it seems unambiguously clear beyond all doubt that in this period of the 1050s, a Papal Absolutism party took final control of the RCC, leading to a break with the Orthodox East (1054), the absolutist Gregorian Reforms (1056+), the crushing of then-Orthodox England (1066) still in communion with the Greek East, and the Investiture Controversy (1075+), and even the First Crusade (1095). During this period, the RCC aggressively shed all restraints to its absolutist powers and proclaimed itself the inerrant avatar of Almighty God on Earth for all peoples, to wit, Global Ruler. These assertions alienated all of its neighbors, leading to conflicts with the Orthodox World, England, Germany, and the Muslim World. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.235.44.73 (talk • contribs).

Dominium mundi
Hi, I came across the article Dominium mundi at the list of requests for cleanup after translation. I know absolutely nothing about this topic, but as I worked on the lead section, I came across a few other articles (this one, Separation of church and state (medieval), and others) that seemed to overlap with it in various ways. I think it would be really helpful if someone with knowledge of the history of this period would take a look at the article and see if perhaps parts of it (or all of it) could be merged. - AdelaMa e (talk - contribs) 06:56, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

TERRIBLE
This article is awful - like a bad A-level paper but with too many errors. THe claims in the opening paragraph are laughable. Please, can someone who knows something about this topic write a new piece? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.130.58.95 (talk) 12:39, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed! It is clearly a biased article worthy of a place among Luther's. To quote, "The crisis began when a group within the church, members of the Gregorian Reform, decided to rebel against the rule of simony by forcefully taking the power of investiture from the ruling secular power, i.e. the Holy Roman Emperor and placing that power wholly within control of the church." It completely disregards the fact that the Church had started off with bishops (and pope) elected by the clergy and people; it disregards the Pax Dei movement and Cluniac reforms which are part and parcel of the Gregorian reforms; it disregards the excesses of the "secular" bishops appointed by the Emperor. Instead it paints a picture of a cunning pope eager for power. Simony was one of the gravest sins for the early Church; so no they did not "rebel" against the "rule" of simony. Not that there wasn't a power-grab, but the article needs to be balanced by someone in the know.Chrystomath2 (talk) 10:38, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

An improvement walk (not an improvement drive)
 The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe.[NOTE: Oh... there wasn't any separation before then, and in fact, not before the 13th century... needs to be reworded]. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops and abbots. Although the principal conflict began in 1075 between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a brief but significant struggle over investiture also occurred between Henry I of England and the papacy of Paschal II in the years 1103 to 1107, and the issue played a minor role in the struggles between church and state in France as well. The entire controversy was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
 * I plan to chip in bits 'n pieces to this article, a little bit here and there over a longish time period. I knew nothing about this topic before encountering this article & so will be learning as I go. All and sundry who watch this page are cordially invited to let me know where I err. Later! Ling.Nut (talk) 13:39, 25 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm gonna play with the WP:LEDE here in talk, 'cause I don't wanna completely uglify the article. I'll just be adding scraps and thoughts, and referencing them as best as I can. All or most of the footnotes would be moved to the body text of the article (and out of the lede) if/when this gets moved onto the article page... Don't take whatever you see below as anything other than a working scratchpad of thoughts:

In the Holy Roman Empire, there was no clear separation between church and state... the High Churchmen had control over lands and money. They were literate and educated, and were an important administrative force of the empire, and a counterbalance against the rebellious barons. Control over investiture, then, amounted to control over a significant income flow and a large amount of territory (more than one-third the empire) ...

By undercutting the Imperial power established by the Salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany, the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire from which Germany would not recover until the unification of Germany in the 19th century.dooby-ooby-oobius

 * Bishop, Morris (2001). The Middle Ages. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 061805703X.
 * Spruyt, Hendrik (1996). The sovereign state and its competitors: an analysis of systems change. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691029105.

investiture... alive and well in China
Wow, I didn't know this:
 * "China says it has the right to appoint bishops; Vatican says that's the pope's job"
 * Chinese underground churches expose rift, CNN article.
 * Ling.Nut (talk) 23:58, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Removal
I removed the following sentence: This radical departure from the balance of power of the Early Middle Ages, among the other Gregorian reforms, eliminated the practice of investiture, the divinely-appointed monarch's right to invest a ..."

There are four problems with that text:
 * the word "radical" implies that the changes were an innovation rather than a repudiation of uncanonical practices
 * "Balance of power": that a king should be one - the only one! - to appoint bishops in his realm doesn't look like balanced to me, more like something totally imbalanced. Sure, there was a time when the Papacy claimed total supremacy as under Boniface VIII (at least rhetorically) but what one can see in the aftermath of the Investiture Controversy was not an imbalanced distrubution of power but rather one balance two sides.
 * "eliminated the practice of investiture" - it did eliminate "lay investiture", not investiture as such, which strictly speaking cannot be eliminated.
 * "the divinely-appointed monarch's right to invest" both informs the reader that the monarch was appointed by God and that he had that right - both are quite contentious claims.

12:32, 20 April 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Deposuit (talk • contribs)

.... a cat? ...
This article currently has a picture of a cat, described as a "medieval king" by the caption - this is clearly wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.144.197 (talk) 00:38, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Syntax
...their first step was to forcibly gain the papacy from the control of the emperor.

— Gain? Do we mean "wrest" or "remove"? Sca (talk) 00:21, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Nobility leader
What is a "nobility leader"? The term is used twice in this article, but I can't find any evidence that it is English. Whatever it really means, I'm thinking it must be something wikilinkable. Ntsimp (talk) 20:38, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

Origins
I was wondering why Pope Gelasius, St. Ambrose & St. Augustine were not included in the discussion of origins of this controversy, as the dialogue about separation of church and state is much older than stated.

76.27.193.75 (talk) 21:32, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

Article reviewed
This article was reviewed by a professional Medieval historian and a paper written about it:

-- Green  C  20:32, 9 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Interesting. And I generally consider this article to be not nearly as good as it could be. Ealdgyth - Talk 22:47, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 26 April 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved.   Calidum   06:06, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

Investiture Controversy → Investiture controversy – Noun, anyone? PPEMES (talk) 20:14, 26 April 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. DannyS712 (talk) 23:24, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Support Julia ☺ 00:00, 27 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Rezelc (talk) 12:20, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The bare support votes and the bland nomination certainly don't help here. Isn't this a specific controversy in history? Has the name ever been used to refer to other conflicts at any other era?. I would note that, sources I consulted do refer to the name as a proper noun as can be seen with Britannica, this book published by Penn Press as well as this book published by a reputable press too. – Ammarpad (talk) 16:29, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I this in light of Ammarpad's sources above - pinging  so that they have a chance to see them --DannyS712 (talk) 23:24, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - as per User:Ammarpad, this article is about THE Investiture Controversy, not just any old investiture controversy. Ingratis (talk) 02:44, 6 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment: Still don't understand how you make this a proper name? Consider article controversy. PPEMES (talk) 06:19, 6 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Consider (e.g.) articles Church Fathers, Stone Age, Opium Wars - that's how. Ammarpad has given an argument + references to back up Investiture Controversy: all you've given is an opinion. Ingratis (talk) 01:02, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is a proper noun, like Protestant Reformation. What the hell does "Noun, anyone?" even mean? Srnec (talk) 02:59, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Merge from Concordat of Worms
The article Concordat of Worms currently contains a lot of information that's not about the concordat, but is actually background on the Investiture Controversy. In fact, it has more information on the controversy than the article on the controversy. As a result, I found it difficult to figure out what the Concordat of Worms did, exactly, just by reading its article. Moving most of the background material to Investiture Controversy would help. And actually the concordat can be explained in a single section, and it has to be explained in the controversy article anyway, because it resolves the whole thing, so unless the amount of material we have on the concordat itself is greatly expanded, I don't see the need to have a separate article for it, even though it's notable. -- Beland (talk) 15:15, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge Doesn't need to have a separate article. TuorEladar (talk) 14:58, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

Merged. -- Beland (talk) 18:26, 24 April 2020 (UTC)

Bold claims from intro need verification
I removed the following from the intro until it can be verified:
 * According to historian Norman Cantor, the Investiture Controversy was "the turning-point in medieval civilization", marking the end of the Early Middle Ages with the Germanic peoples' "final and decisive" acceptance of Christianity. More importantly, it set the stage for the religious and political system of the High Middle Ages.

These are very bold claims! I'm wondering to what degree these are accurate summaries of the cited source, so I requested quotations. I'm also wondering to what degree other historians agree with it. I don't see any support for the first idea at Christianisation of the Germanic peoples, though if true of course it could be added. -- Beland (talk) 19:50, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

Claims about taxation and feudalism
I moved the following from Concordat of Worms to this talk page instead of merging it into the article:

 * A more immediate result of the investiture struggle identified a proprietary right that adhered to sovereign territory, recognizing the right of kings to income from the territory of a vacant diocese and a basis for justifiable taxation. These rights lay outside feudalism, which defined authority in a hierarchy of personal relations, with only a loose relation to territory.

I don't see where the Concordat addresses the issue of taxation. If that's a misreading, the above claim could use a lot more explanation of how this came about. It's also unclear to me there's a single definition of "feudalism" that separates fealty from taxation. That could also use more explanation if that claim is kept. -- Beland (talk) 18:42, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

Second merge from Concordat of Worms
has created a new version of Concordat of Worms which is well-researched and has better footnotes than the Worms section of Investiture Controversy. But most of the new article is background info on the controversy and two previous unsuccessful summits not previously mentioned in either article. The half that's about the Concordat and its impact will fit neatly into Investiture Controversy. Merging would improve the target article, ease future editing by making only one place to update coverage of the Concordat, reduce repetition, and benefit readers interested in the Concordat with a more thorough background. -- Beland (talk) 18:04, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge: fundamentally, I believe the concordat should have its own article because it is independently notable form the investiture controversy. The situation, in principle, is the same as with WWI and the Treaty of Versailles. This view is held by many of our sister projects in languages other than English who have created a standalone page. I don't think doubling of content in the background section is a problem per se. Regarding the Investiture Controversy page: it's clear that the page would benefit from content of a higher standard. I have plans to give it a complete re-write and organisation when I have the time. Additionally, I would like to develop the article on the Concordat further, perhaps with a longer reception section and more on the details of the contract. Additions such as these should not go into the Investiture Controversy article. In summary, I think the Concordat is an independently notable topic with potential for expansion that wouldn't not benefit from being covered only in a subpar article on the larger topic. Modussiccandi (talk) 18:49, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment: I agree with Modussiccandi that the Concordat of Worms is clearly notable in its own right, and that having a well-focused article on the Cordordat will make it easier to keep Investiture Controversy from getting too unwieldy. But I have no objection to Beland's suggestion of moving or, where appropriate, duplicating material from Concordat of Worms to improve Investiture Controversy. Alarichall (talk) 11:42, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Same view as A. C. Santacruz ⁂ Please ping me! 03:00, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per above. The concordat deserves its own article. (I am shocked to find that it was ever merged. How did I miss that?) There is lots of room for expansion. The current article does not note, for example, that the concordat did not apply to the entire Empire, but only to Germany. Srnec (talk) 04:27, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Srnec. Totally warrants a WP:STANDALONE article: one of the most important treaties of the middle ages, the effects of which were still being felt 100s of years later.   SN54129  13:27, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose per above. Concordat of Worms is clearly independently notable. The alleged ease of future maintenance is not viable, as both topics are centuries old, and minimal future academic developments are unlikely. There is no reason both articles cannot be developed in parallel to cover relevant aspects of the topic. –Zfish118⋉talk 16:44, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Investiture Controversy


text:
Jennifer Dougherty

Jennifer P. Dougherty (born April 13, 1961) was elected Frederick, Maryland's first female mayor in 2001. Dougherty defeated 2-term incumbent Republican Mayor James S. Grimes.

Dougherty campaigned for re-election in 2005 but did not win the Democratic primary, losing to opponent Ron Young. Dougherty and Young both ran bitter, negative campaigns in which each attacked the other.

Dougherty was the Democratic nominee for Maryland's 6th congressional district in 2008.

Early life and education
Dougherty graduated from Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School in Washington, D.C.. She later graduated from Mount Saint Mary's University in 1983 with a BA in History, magna cum laude. While a student at The Mount, Dougherty was a 4-year varsity field hockey player. She is the only person in The Mount's Athletic Hall of Fame honored for field hockey. Dougherty also wrote for The Mountain Echo, The Mount's official campus-wide newspaper, for 4 years, serving as editor-in-chief in her senior year.

Career
Dougherty operated Jennifer's Restaurant on West Patrick Street (opened 1987; closed 2008) and Dougherty's Irish Shop (1999–2006). She also served on the Board of Directors of Heartly House, the Frederick County Chamber of Commerce President (1999), and the Rotary Club of Carroll Creek. More recently in December 2009, Dougherty and partner Bruce Rhoderick opened Magoo's Pub and Eatery on West Second Street in Frederick.

Mayor of Frederick
Accomplishments and challenges marked Dougherty's tenure in Frederick's City Hall. The focus on improving the relationship with the Frederick Police Department by hiring Chief of Police, Kim C. Dine, strengthened the community support for the police. Her tenure was marked by inciting divisiveness among her fellow politicians. A strong proponent of unions, she fought hard behind the scenes to get city workers to unionize. The workers finally voted against this initiative, and the labor support of Dougherty waned.

The creation of the Neighborhood Advisory Councils to better serve each neighborhood established a more effective communication link for the residents. Many saw her Neighborhood Advisory Committees (NACs) as a way to pander to select, influential neighborhood members who then fostered votes on her behalf. The city had resisted speed bumps for years, at the request of fire and rescue professionals. Speed bumps became commonplace in neighborhoods where there were NACs supportive to Dougherty.

During her tenure, the city faced serious water shortages due to decades of growth and poor management of water and sewer infrastructure. Innovative legislation created a process to track and allocate water to new development in the city. A million-dollar temporary, mobile water treatment plant was installed that never was able to produce potable water. The water produced created plumbing problems for surrounding neighborhoods.

The long-stalled Carroll Creek Linear Park was finally completed with the investment of public effort and investment. With the completion of the public improvements, the city sought private investment of more than $100 million in the first phase bringing needed tax revenue to the city.

The Dougherty Administration also addressed aging infrastructure by creating an incentive for mall owners to improve their properties. The Golden Mile Tax Credit District resulted in more than $50 million in private investment and 1000 new jobs. Dougherty was diversified in her hiring, placing more women in high positions. After a failed re-election bid Dougherty went to work for the mother of one of her previous subordinates in real estate.

Congressional campaign
On November 19, 2007, Dougherty filed to run for Maryland's 6th congressional district. She won the primary and was the Democratic candidate for congress in 2008 against 8-term Republican Roscoe Bartlett. Bartlett defeated Dougherty in the general election.

Subsequent mayoral campaigns
Dougherty announced in 2009 that she would again seek the office of mayor of the City of Frederick, but lost in the primary to newcomer Jason Judd. Dougherty has remained visible in Frederick politics and has recently filed a bid for the 2017 mayoral election.

In 2013, Jennifer Dougherty announced that she was running for mayor of Frederick as an independent candidate. The election was held on November 5. Dougherty lost, garnering 19.43 percent of the vote to Democratic nominee Karen Young's 31.59 percent and incumbent Republican Mayor Randy McClement's 48.75 percent.

Electoral history
! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Year ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Office ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Election ! ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Winner ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Party ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Votes ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |% ! ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Opponent ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Party ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Votes ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |% ! ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Opponent ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Party ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |Votes ! bgcolor="#cccccc" |%
 * 2008
 * Congress, 6th district
 * General
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |Roscoe Bartlett
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |Republican
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |176,062
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |58.18
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Jennifer Dougherty
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Democratic
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |116,455
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |38.48
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Gary Hoover
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Libertarian
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |10,101
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |3.34
 * 2009
 * Mayor of Frederick, Maryland
 * Primary
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |Jason Judd
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |Democratic
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |1,672
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |58.65
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Jennifer Dougherty
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Democratic
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |1003
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |35.18
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Chris Simpson
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Democratic
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |176
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |6.17
 * 2013
 * Mayor of Frederick, Maryland
 * General
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |Randy McClement
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |Republican
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |3,714
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |48.75
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Karen Young
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Democratic
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |2,407
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |31.59
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Jennifer Dougherty
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Unaffiliated
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |1,480
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |19.43
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |3,714
 * bgcolor="#FFE8E8" |48.75
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Karen Young
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |Democratic
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |2,407
 * bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |31.59
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Jennifer Dougherty
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |Unaffiliated
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |1,480
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |19.43
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |1,480
 * bgcolor="#9DFF9D" |19.43

title: Jennifer Dougherty


text:
Jacob Tonson

Jacob Tonson, sometimes referred to as Jacob Tonson the Elder (1655–1736), was an eighteenth-century English bookseller and publisher.

Tonson published editions of John Dryden and John Milton, and is best known for having obtained a copyright on the plays of William Shakespeare by buying up the rights of the heirs of the publisher of the Fourth Folio after the Statute of Anne went into effect. He was also the founder of the famous Kit-Cat Club. His nephew, Jacob Tonson the Younger (1682–1735), was his business partner. The business was continued by the younger Tonson's son, Jacob Tonson (1714–1767).

History
Scholars have not always been sure of Tonson's birthdate, and it has in the past been listed as occurring in 1655 or 1656. But the register of christenings in the parish of St Andrew Holborn demonstrates that Tonson was born on 12 November 1655 and baptized 18 November 1655. The register lists Tonson as the "sonne of Jacob Tonson Shoemaker and of Elizabeth his wife neare Grayes Inn Lane." He is believed to have been related to Major Richard Tonson, who obtained a grant of land in county Cork from Charles II, and whose descendants became Barons Riversdale. His father's will left him and his elder brother Richard, as well as three sisters, each £100, to be paid when they came of age. On 5 June 1670 Jacob was apprenticed to Thomas Basset, a stationer, for eight years. Having been admitted a freeman of the Company of Stationers on 20 December 1677, he began business on his own account, following his brother Richard, who had commenced in 1676, and had published, among other things, Thomas Otway's Don Carlos, Prince of Spain. Richard Tonson had a shop within Gray's Inn Gate; Jacob Tonson's shop was for many years at the Judge's Head in Chancery Lane, near Fleet Street.

It has been said that when Tonson bought the rights to Troilus and Cressida (1679), the first play of John Dryden's that he published, he was obliged to borrow the purchase money (£20) from Abel Swalle, another bookseller. The names of both booksellers appear on the title-page, as was often the case at that time. Tonson was sufficiently well off to purchase plays by Otway and Nahum Tate. In 1681 the brothers Richard and Jacob joined in publishing Dryden's Spanish Friar, and in 1683 Jacob obtained a valuable property by purchasing from Barbazon Ailmer, the assignee of Samuel Simmons, one half of his right in Paradise Lost. The other half was purchased at an advance in 1690. Tonson afterwards said he had made more by Paradise Lost than by any other poem.

In the earlier part of his life Tonson was much associated with Dryden. A step which did much to establish his position was the publication in 1684 of a volume of Miscellany Poems, under Dryden's editorship. Other volumes followed in 1685, 1693, 1694, 1703, and 1708, and the collection, which was several times reprinted, is known as both as Dryden's Miscellany and Tonson's Miscellany. During the ensuing year Tonson continued to bring out pieces by Dryden, and on 6 October 1691 paid thirty guineas for all the author's rights in the printing of the tragedy of Cleomenes. Joseph Addison's Poem to his Majesty was published by Tonson in 1695, and there was some correspondence respecting a proposed joint translation of Herodotus by Boyle, Richard Blackmore, Addison, and others.

Dryden's translation of Virgil, executed between 1693 and 1696, was published by Tonson in July 1697 by subscription. Serious financial differences arose between the poet and his publisher, and Dryden's letters to Tonson (1695–1697) are full of complaints of meanness and sharp practice and of refusals to accept clipped or bad money. Tonson would pay nothing for notes; Dryden retorted, "The notes and prefaces shall be short, because you shall get the more by saving paper." He added that all the trade were sharpers, Tonson not more than others. Dryden described Tonson thus, in lines written under his portrait, and afterwards printed in Faction Displayed (1705):

Subsequently the letters became more friendly, and on the publication of Alexander's Feast, in late 1697, Dryden wrote to Tonson, "I hope it has done you service, and will do more."

Dryden's collection of translations from Boccaccio, Chaucer, and others, known as The Fables, was published by Tonson in November 1699; a second edition did not appear until 1713. There is an undated letter from Mrs. Aphra Behn to Tonson at Bayfordbury, thanking him warmly for what he had said on her behalf to Dryden. She begged hard for five pounds more than Tonson offered for some of her verses. In connection with Jeremy Collier's attack on the stage, the Middlesex justices presented the playhouses in May 1698, and also William Congreve for writing the Double Dealer, Thomas d'Urfey for Don Quixote, and Tonson and Brisco, booksellers, for printing them. Tonson published Congreve's reply to Collier, and at a later date The Faithful Friend and The Confederacy by his friend, Sir John Vanbrugh.

Before the end of the century Tonson had moved from the Judge's Head to a shop in Gray's Inn Gate, probably the one previously occupied by his brother Richard. It is not unlikely that Richard was dead, and that Jacob, who had no children, and seemingly never married, now took into partnership his nephew Jacob, whose son was afterwards to be his heir. It is not always easy to distinguish the uncle from the nephew in later years; the latter is sometimes referred to as Tonson Junior.

By 1700 Tonson's position was well established, and about that time the Kit-Cat Club was founded, with Tonson as secretary. The meetings were first held at a mutton-pie shop in Shire Lane, kept by Christopher Cat, and may have begun with suppers given by Tonson to his literary friends. About 1703 Tonson purchased a house at Barn Elms, and built a room there for the club. In a poem on the club, attributed to Sir Richard Blackmore, we find:

Tonson was satirised in several skits, and it was falsely alleged that he had been expelled by the club, or had withdrawn from the society in scorn of being their jest any longer.

In 1703 Tonson went to the Dutch Republic to obtain paper and engravings for the fine edition of Caesar's Commentaries, which was ultimately published under Samuel Clarke's care in 1712. At Amsterdam and Rotterdam he met Addison, and assisted in some abortive negotiations for Addison's employment as travelling companion to Lord Hertford, son of the Duke of Somerset. In 1705 Tonson published Addison's Remarks on several Parts of Italy.

Verses by young Alexander Pope were circulating among the critics in 1705, and in April 1706 Tonson wrote to Pope proposing to publish a pastoral poem of his. Pope's pastorals ultimately appeared in Tonson's sixth Miscellany (May 1709). William Wycherley wrote that Tonson had long been gentleman-usher to the Muses: "you will make Jacob's ladder raise you to immortality."

Nicholas Rowe's edition of Shakespeare, in six volumes, was published early in 1709 by Tonson, who had previously advertised for materials. Richard Steele dined at Tonson's in 1708–1709, sometimes to get a bill discounted, sometimes to hear manuscripts read and advise upon them. There is a tradition that in earlier days Steele had had a daughter by a daughter of Tonson's; if this is true, it must apparently have been a daughter of Richard Tonson, Jacob's brother. In the autumn of 1710 Tonson moved to the Shakespeare's Head, opposite Catherine Street in the Strand; his former shop at Gray's Inn Gate was announced for sale in the Tatler for 14 October (No. 237); and it seems to have been taken by Thomas Osborne, stationer, the father of the afterwards well-known publisher, Thomas Osborne (died 1767). On 26 July 1711, after a long interval, Swift met Addison and Steele "at young Jacob Tonson's". "The two Jacobs", says Jonathan Swift to Esther Johnson, "think it I who have made the secretary take from them the printing of the Gazette, which they are going to lose.... Jacob came to me t'other day to make his court; but I told him it was too late, and that it was not my doing." Accounts furnished to Steele by Tonson of the sale of the collective editions of the Tatler and Spectator have been preserved; from October 1712 Tonson's name was joined with Samuel Buckley's as publisher of the Spectator. In November 1712 Addison and Steele sold all their right and title in one half of the copies of the first seven volumes of the Spectator to Tonson the younger, for £575, and all rights in the other half for a similar sum to Buckley. Buckley in October 1714 reassigned his half-share in the Spectator to Tonson junior for £500.

Tonson published Addison's tragedy, Cato, in April 1713; and, according to a concocted letter of Pope's, the true reason why Steele brought the Guardian to an end in October was a quarrel with Tonson, its publisher; "he stood engaged to his bookseller in articles of penalty for all the Guardians, and by desisting two days, and altering the title of the paper to that of the Englishman, was quit of the obligation, those papers being printed by Buckley." There are various reasons why this story is improbable; the truth seems to be that Steele was anxious to write on politics with a freer hand than was practicable in the Guardian. In the summer of 1714 we hear of Steele writing political pamphlets at Tonson's, where there were three bottles of wine of Steele's, and in October Tonson printed Steele's Ladies' Library. Tonson appears in Rowe's Dialogue between Tonson and Congreve, in imitation of Horace:

 * Thou, Jacob Tonson, were, to my conceiving,
 * The cheerfullest, best, honest fellow living.

In the same year Tonson, with Barnaby Bernard Lintot and William Taylor, was appointed one of the printers of the parliamentary votes. Next year he paid fifty guineas for the copyright of Addison's comedy, The Drummer, and published Thomas Tickell's translation of the first book of the Iliad, which gave offence to Pope. On 6 February 1718 Lintot entered into a partnership agreement with Tonson for the purchase of plays during eighteen months following that date.

In one of several amusing letters from Vanbrugh, now at Bayfordbury, Tonson, who was then in Paris, was congratulated upon his luck in South Sea stock, and there is other evidence that he made a large sum in connection with Law's Mississippi scheme. "He has got £40,000" wrote Robert Arbuthnot; "riches will make people forget their trade." In January 1720 Tonson obtained a grant to himself and his nephew of the office of stationer, bookseller, and printer to some of the principal public offices; and on 12 October 1722 he assigned the whole benefit of the grant to his nephew. The grant was afterwards renewed by Robert Walpole, in 1733, for a second term of forty years. The elder Tonson seems to have given up business about 1720. He had bought the Hazells estate at Ledbury, Herefordshire, and in 1721 he was sending presents of cider to the Dukes of Grafton and Newcastle, the latter of whom called Tonson "my dear old friend," and asked him to give him his company in Sussex. Henceforth we may suppose, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that "Tonson" in contemporary allusions means the nephew.

Steele's Conscious Lovers appeared in 1722, and Tonson assigned to Lintot half the copyright for £70. He had to apply to the court of chancery for an injunction to stop Robert Tooke and others printing a pirated edition of the play; the sum paid for the copyright was £40. In the same year Tonson published the Duke of Buckingham's Works, and in 1725 Pope's edition of Shakespeare.

Proposals were issued by Tonson in January 1729 for completing the subscription to the new edition of Rymer's Fœdera, in seventeen folio volumes (of which fifteen were then printed), at fifty guineas the set. The work was finished in 1735. Tonson published a quarto edition of Waller's works, edited by Fenton, in 1729, and an edition of Lord Lansdowne's works in 1732. Pope was annoyed to find in 1731 that Tonson was to be one of the publishers of Lewis Theobald's proposed edition of Shakespeare, in which he feared an attack on his own editorial work, but he professed to be satisfied with the assurances he received. In writing to the elder Tonson on this subject, Pope asked for any available information respecting the "Man of Ross," and, in thanking him for the particulars received, explained his intention in singling out this man as the centre of a poem. Earlier in the year the elder Tonson was in town, and Pope, writing to Lord Oxford, said that if he would come to see him he would show him a phenomenon worth seeing, "old Jacob Tonson, who is the perfect image and likeness of Bayle's Dictionary; so full of matter, secret history, and wit and spirit, at almost fourscore." On 19 March Lord Oxford, Lord Bathurst, Pope, and Gay dined with old Tonson at Barnes and drank Swift's health. In 1734 Samuel Gibbons was appointed stationer to the Prince of Wales in place of Jacob Tonson.

Jacob Tonson junior predeceased his uncle, dying on 25 November 1735, worth £100,000. His will, of great length, was written on 16 August and proved on 6 December 1735.

The elder Tonson's death at Ledbury followed that of his nephew on 17 March 1735/6. The elder Tonson's will was made on 2 December 1735 and proven in probate on 2 April 1736, when he was described as worth £40,000.

A painting of the elder Tonson by Godfrey Kneller is among the Kit-Cat portraits; it is best known through Faber's engraving. Pope says that Tonson obtained portraits from Kneller without payment by flattering him and sending him presents of venison and wine. Dryden's satirical account of his appearance has been quoted; Pope, in The Dunciad calls him "left-legged Jacob" and "genial Jacob". John Dunton describes Tonson as "a very good judge of persons and authors; and as there is nobody more competently qualified to give their opinion of another, so there is none who does it with a more severe exactness or with less partiality; for, to do Mr. Tonson justice, he speaks his mind upon all occasions, and will flatter nobody." No doubt this roughness of manner wore off as Tonson grew in prosperity.

Jacob Tonson the younger
Jacob Tonson (died 1767) (Jacob Tonson the younger) was the great-nephew of the Jacob Tonson the elder and son of Jacob Tonson junior. He carried on the publishing business in the Strand. In 1747 he paid Warburton £500 for editing Shakespeare, and he was eulogised by Steevens [sic] in the advertisement prefixed to his edition of Shakespeare 1778: "he never learned to consider the author as an under-agent to the bookseller . . . His manners were soft and his conversation delicate," but he reserved his acquaintance for a small number. Samuel Johnson spoke of him as "the late amiable Mr. Tonson."

In 1750 he was High Sheriff of Surrey, and in 1759 he paid the fine for being excused serving the same office for the city of London and county of Middlesex. There is a story of his having twice helped Henry Fielding when that writer was unable to pay his taxes. Tonson died on 31 March 1767, without issue, in a house on the north side of the Strand, near Catherine Street, whither he had removed the business some years earlier. His will was made in 1763. In 1775 letters of administration of the goods of Jacob Tonson, left unadministered by Richard Tonson, were granted to William Baker, esq. (M.P. for Hertfordshire), and in 1823, Baker having failed to administer, letters of administration were granted to Joseph Rogers.

Richard Tonson
Richard Tonson (died 1772), the third Jacob Tonson's brother, who took little part in the concerns of the business, lived at Water Oakley, near Windsor, where he built a room for the Kit-Cat portraits. His benevolence and hospitality made him popular, and in 1747 he was elected MP for Wallingford, and in 1768 MP for New Windsor. In some correspondence with the Duke of Newcastle in 1767, the duke spoke of his old friendship with Richard Tonson, "the heir of one I honoured and loved, and have passed many most agreeable hours with." Richard Tonson died on 9 October 1772.

Besides the papers at Bayfordbury, there is a considerable collection of Tonson papers in the British Museum, some relating to business and some to private matters; but many of them are damaged or fragmentary.

title: Jacob Tonson


text: User talk:17.213.12.163

title: User talk:17.213.12.163


text:
SPE

SPE may refer to:

Science and technology

 * A monomer used to make polysulfobetaines, or occasionally the resulting polymer itself
 * Serum protein electrophoresis
 * Solar particle event, generating very high energy protons
 * Solid phase extraction, from a mixture
 * Solid-phase epitaxy, from amorphous to crystalline
 * The Sound Pattern of English, a 1968 book by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle
 * SpE, abbreviation for Sporadic E propagation
 * Spe (planet), 14 Andromedae b
 * Stanford prison experiment, in psychology
 * Synchronous payload envelope, in synchronous optical networking

Computer science

 * Synergistic Processing Element in the Cell microprocessor
 * Signal-Processing Engine, for example in the PowerPC e500
 * Single-Pair Ethernet

Organizations

 * Sauber Petronas Engineering, car engine manufacturer
 * Societas Privata Europaea, a Europe-wide type of limited company
 * Sony Pictures Entertainment, a US company
 * SPE, later Luminus (company)
 * Special Police Establishment, later Central Bureau of Investigation, India
 * Special purpose entity, for a specific purpose

Professional societies

 * Society for Photographic Education
 * Society of Petroleum Engineers
 * SPE Certified Petroleum Professional, a designation
 * Society of Plastics Engineers
 * Society of Professional Engineers UK

Other

 * US supervisory patent examiner
 * SPE Certified, a food standard
 * Setiawangsa–Pantai Expressway, an expressway in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * Société Parisienne d'Édition (S.P.É.), a French publisher

Gaming

 * Seasonal Player Experience, a self imposed challenge in Realm of the Mad God

title: SPE