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Hamilton Naki

Hamilton Naki (26 June 1926 – 29 May 2005) was a laboratory assistant to cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard in South Africa. He was recognised for his surgical skills and for his ability to teach medical students and physicians such skills despite not having received a formal medical education, and took a leading role in organ transplant research on animals.

A controversy arose after his death in that at least five periodicals and the Associated Press retracted statements in their obituaries of Naki that claimed that he participated in the world's first human-to-human heart transplantation in 1967; For instance, in:
 * Hamilton Naki, an unrecognised surgical pioneer, died on May 29th, aged 78. The Economist 9 June 2005.
 * Hamilton Naki. Apartheid's shadow. How an inspiring life became distorted by politics. The Economist 14 July 2005.
 * Richmond C. Hamilton Naki. Surgical assistant to Christiaan Barnard. The Independent 11 June 2005.
 * Richmond C. Correction. The Independent 24 August 2005.
 * Fox M. Hamilton Naki, 78, self-taught surgeon, dies. New York Times 11 June 2005.
 * Editors' note. New York Times 27 August 2005.
 * Associated Press. Hamilton Naki – self-taught surgeon aided heart transplant. Washington Post 13 June 2005.
 * Correction. Washington Post 28 August 2005. the incident has been cited as an example of inadequate fact checking by the newsmedia and delayed corrections of the errors.
 * Fox M. Hamilton Naki, 78, self-taught surgeon, dies. New York Times 11 June 2005.
 * Editors' note. New York Times 27 August 2005.
 * Associated Press. Hamilton Naki – self-taught surgeon aided heart transplant. Washington Post 13 June 2005.
 * Correction. Washington Post 28 August 2005. the incident has been cited as an example of inadequate fact checking by the newsmedia and delayed corrections of the errors.

Early life
Naki was born to a poor family in Ngcingwane, a village in Centani in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. He received six years of education up to the age of 14, after which he moved to Cape Town. Beginning about 1940, he commuted from Langa, Cape Town to the University of Cape Town to work as a gardener, specifically rolling grass tennis courts.

Medical career and retirement
In 1954 Robert Goetz of the University's surgical faculty asked Naki to assist him with laboratory animals. Naki's responsibilities progressed from cleaning cages to performing anaesthesia. Most of Naki's work under Goetz involved anaesthetising dogs, but Naki also assisted in operating on a giraffe "to dissect the jugular venous valves to determine why giraffes do not faint when bending to drink."

Several years after Goetz left, Naki started working for Christiaan Barnard in the laboratory as an assistant. Barnard had studied open-heart surgery techniques in the United States and was bringing those techniques to South Africa. Naki first performed anaesthesia on animals for Barnard, but was then "appointed principal surgical assistant of the laboratory because of his remarkable skill and dexterity." Barnard was quoted as saying "If Hamilton had had the opportunity to study, he would probably have become a brilliant surgeon" and that Naki was "one of the great researchers of all time in the field of heart transplants".

In 1968, Barnard's cardiac surgical research team moved out of the surgical laboratory, and Naki helped develop the heterotopic or "piggyback" heart transplantation technique. In the 1970s, Naki left Barnard's team and returned to the surgical laboratory, this time working on liver transplantation. His contributions at this time were described as follows:
 * Rosemary Hickman, transplantation surgeon whom Naki assisted and taught in the laboratory, and who worked with Naki for nearly 30 years: "Despite his limited conventional education, he had an amazing ability to learn anatomical names and recognize anomalies. His skills ranged from assisting to operating and he frequently prepared the donor animal (sometimes single-handedly) while another team worked on the recipient."
 * Del Khan, head of Groote Schuur Hospital's organ transplant unit, whom Naki taught in the laboratory: "A liver transplant on a pig in the U.S. would involve a team of two or three medically qualified surgeons… Hamilton can do this all on his own."
 * Ralph Kirsch, head of the Liver Research Centre at the University of Cape Town: “He was one of those remarkable men who really come around once in a long time. As a man without any education, he mastered surgical techniques at the highest level and passed them on to young doctors."
 * Barnard: "A liver transplant is much more difficult than a heart transplant… [doctors who work with Naki] tell me that Hamilton can do all the various aspects of liver transplantation, which I can't do. So technically, he is a better surgeon than I am."

Naki taught many students during his career; although newsmedia accounts placed the number of students in the thousands, Hickman said that that number appears to have been exaggerated. Naki assisted Hickman until his retirement in 1991, after which he received "a gardener's pension: 760 rand, or about $275, a month."

Personal life, post-retirement activities and recognition, and death
Naki was reported to be married with four sons and one daughter. He lived in a small one-room house without electricity or running water and sent "most of his pay to his wife and family, left behind in Transkei," but "could pay for only one of his five children to stay to the end of high school." He was active in his church and read the Bible frequently.

After retirement, Naki helped the community of Kentani, where part of his family lived, for example "in the construction of a school and in the provision of a mobile clinic" by soliciting donations from his "medical contacts". He received public recognition of his medical work after his retirement, including:
 * Metropolitan Eastern Cape Award, 2002.
 * The Bronze Order of Mapungubwe, 2002, presented by President Thabo Mbeki. One of the highest South African civil honours, this Order is "awarded to South African citizens for excellence and exceptional achievement."
 * BTWSC Black S/Heroes Award, 2003.
 * An honorary master's degree from the University of Cape Town in 2003, presented by Chancellor Graça Machel. The honorary degree was described as MMed (Master of Medicine) in some sources and MSc (Master of Science) in others.
 * Inclusion in a "senior civil guard of honour" at the 2004 opening of the Parliament of South Africa.
 * In August 2017, the plain opposite the Christiaan Barnard Hospital in Cape Town was renamed from Salazar Plain to Hamilton Naki Square.

He died in Langa on 29 May 2005, aged 78, of "heart trouble."

Controversy concerning participation in 1967 heart transplantation
After Naki's death, obituaries published 9 June 2005 to 2 July 2005 in at least two medical journals (The BMJ and The Lancet), one magazine (The Economist), two newspapers (The Independent and The New York Times), and an unknown number of newspapers publishing Associated Press stories, printed obituaries that made the following claims about Naki's participation in the world's first human-to-human heart transplantation:
 * That Barnard had asked Groote Schuur Hospital for permission for Naki to be on the transplant team, and that permission was given in secret because of hospital rules and apartheid laws. Under apartheid, black health care providers could not have contact with white patients.
 * That on 3 December 1967, Naki removed the heart of the deceased Denise Darvall, who was white, for transplantation into Louis Washkansky by Barnard.

Between 14 July 2005 and 3 September 2005, the five aforementioned periodicals and the Associated Press issued formal retractions of statements in their obituaries of Naki that claimed that he participated in the world's first human-to-human heart transplantation. The reasons given for the initial mistakes included:
 * The Economist stated that its obituary was based on Naki's "own words in interviews," but that Naki's role "was gradually embellished in post-apartheid, black-ruled South Africa" and that Naki came to believe the story himself. Furthermore, the magazine reported that the University of Cape Town did not initially deny the story because it appeared "ridiculous."
 * The author of the BMJ and The Independent obituaries wrote that she had "relied on secondary sources" such as The Economist.
 * In an article published the same day as its correction, the New York Times concluded that reports that Naki was involved in the 1967 transplantation emerged "most prominently" in a 2003 article in The Guardian. The 2003 article mentioned that "a team led by Mr. Naki went to work, a 48-hour marathon" to remove the donor heart.
 * The Associated Press cited a reliance on previous (1993 and 2003) Associated Press articles.

Evidence cited in 2005 that Naki was not present at the first transplant included:
 * Surgeons at the hospital where the 1967 transplantation was performed "assured" The Economist that Naki "was nowhere near the operating theatre."
 * The Economist reported that "a source close to" Naki said that Naki said that he had heard of the first heart transplant "on the radio."
 * The chief of the laboratory in which Naki worked as of 1967 stated that Naki at the time was a scrub nurse and that Victor Pick was the surgical assistant; Naki became surgical assistant only after Pick died in the early 1970s and only "at the experimental surgical operating table."
 * Hickman was quoted as saying that Naki "was an honest man and he wouldn't have made that claim [of being present at the 1967 transplanation]".
 * Filmmaker Dirk de Villiers stated that he heard Naki "tell other people" that he assisted in the transplant but did not say this to de Villiers in private.
 * David Dent, Acting Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Cape Town University as of 2005, asserted that he worked with Naki "on transplanting pigs' livers" in 1967, but that technicians such as Naki did not perform surgeries in hospitals.
 * In a letter to BMJ, Dent wrote that Naki "did not participate in the first heart transplant, did not ever operate on humans, nor ever work in Groote Schuur Hospital…. The suggestion that Hamilton Naki performed the donor operation was never mentioned in life by the man himself, by the department of cardiac surgery, or by the university in his citation for his honorary degree in 2003. It was not mentioned after his death at his family funeral, or at the memorial service in the medical school experimental laboratory."
 * Chris Logan, author of a biography of Barnard, wrote that Naki "did not at any stage assist in the first or subsequent human heart transplant operations, nor could he have done under the apartheid laws at the time".
 * It was effectively illegal for blacks to do surgery on whites under apartheid, and it is beyond the bounds of probability that an untrained black technician would have been permitted to undertake such an operation, or that his participation in such a high-profile operation at a leading white hospital could have avoided public notice during apartheid.

Instead, the surgeons who removed the heart from the donor were Marius Barnard (Christiaan Barnard's brother) and Terry O'Donovan.

Despite the retractions, the claim that Naki participated in the 1967 heart transplantation has been perpetuated in journal articles and books published after 2005. Examples include:
 * "In December 1967… Naki, with amazing dexterity, removed the donor heart from Darval, irrigated it with electrolyte solution and passed it to Barnard."
 * "1967 Dr. Christiaan N. Barnard of South Africa performed the world's first human heart transplant operation… Working with a team that included… black South African surgeon Hamilton Naki…."
 * "One of the most interesting people I learned and read about was Hamilton Naki. He assisted Dr. Barnard with the first transplant in 1967…."

A 2007 book traced the origin of the incorrect story to a 1993 article in the Associated Press that stated "Barnard had Naki on his heart-transplant backup team. … When Barnard performed the first heart transplant in 1967, Naki was part of the backup team at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town." The story's "blossom[ing] into accepted fact" was partly attributed to neither Barnard's nor Naki's taking steps to refute the story. The 2007 book noted that the 2005 corrections in the newsmedia "did not include any statement about adopting new procedures to prevent the same thing from happening again."

A documentary film Hidden Heart which was released widely in 2009 included interviews with Christiaan Barnard and Naki suggesting that Naki was present at the 1967 heart transplantation. Marius Barnard was quoted as describing the claims in the film that Naki removed the donor heart as "rubbish, a joke, it’s a total distortion of the facts" and as stating that Naki was at the time "in his bed, about 8 km away from Groote Schuur". The co-director of the film "acknowledge[d] that Naki was not present the night of the operation." A South African Broadcasting Corporation investigation after the release of the film quoted five people about the event:
 * Tollie Lambrechts, a member of the transplantation team, said Naki "was definitely not in the operating room on that night."
 * Dene Friedmann, a member of the transplantation team, said Naki "was not here that night, the only people here were the ones that would actually do the work. Hamilton never worked in the theatres. He wasn’t allowed to operate on a human being without a medical and surgical degree."
 * Hickman said that Naki's being there was "highly unlikely."
 * The former wife of Barnard stated that Barnard "never mentioned Naki was there the evening of the first transplant."
 * Naki’s youngest son said that Naki was "the one who took out the heart and gave it to Chris Barnard." However, his son could not have been a witness to the operation, and was more likely to have heard the myth later.

The German surgeon Stefan von Sommoggy, who worked with Naki in South Africa for a year and, unlike many of his South African white colleagues, was on friendly terms with him, denied in a letter to the editor of the renowned German medical newspaper "Ärzteblatt" in response to the documentary " Hidden Heart" that Naki's participation in the operation in any form could be ruled out for two reasons. Firstly, due to the colour of his skin but also due to his lack of medical qualifications, he was not able to access the surgical area. Secondly, Naki's technical skills were quite limited. Although he was able to show students how to transplant dog hearts, his crude technique due to the lack of medical training made it impossible for him to show the much more difficult pig heart transplant. Von Sommoggy referred to Naki as a friend who, under the circumstances of his life, could not be capable of such a feat. All the more he emphasized Naki's desire to be able to do something for the education of future generations, so that they would have the basics that are needed for such specialized activities.

title: Hamilton Naki


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User talk:Patrick/w

This page claims to be a member of several categories to which it (as a hotch-potch of topics) has no right to belong. The categories should be removed. Ian Cairns 14:46, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Patrick/w


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.sl

.sl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sierra Leone.

Request for use by Somaliland
In 2020, the Minister of Telecommunication and Technology of the unrecognized state of Somaliland asked Sierra Leone's Ministry of Information and Communication if they would be willing to share the use of the ccTLD with Somaliland. It is not clear if any response was received.

Second-level domains

 * .sl: General (may be registered by anyone)
 * .com.sl: Commercial entities, e.g. companies
 * .net.sl: Commercial entities with relation to networking (such as ISPs, cable companies etc.)
 * .org.sl: Charities and non-profit organisations
 * .edu.sl: Educational institutions registered in Sierra Leone
 * .gov.sl: State and local government entities (requires authorization letter from the local Minister of Information Office)

title: .sl


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John K. Shields

John Knight Shields (August 15, 1858 – September 30, 1934) was a Democratic United States Senator from Tennessee from 1913 to 1925. He also served as an associate justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court.

Biography
Shields was born at his family's estate "Clinchdale", near the early pioneer settlement of Bean's Station, Tennessee in Grainger County. His education as a youth was by private tutors, a sign of the family's affluence. He studied law and was admitted to the Tennessee bar in 1879. He practiced in the counties surrounding his home until 1893, when he was named Chancellor of the former 12th Chancery Division. The next year, he resumed private practice in nearby Morristown, in Hamblen County.

In 1902, Shields was nominated in the Democratic primary to succeed retiring incumbent David L. Snodgrass to become an associate justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court, an office which he held until 1910 when he was named chief justice. He resigned that post in 1913, becoming the last Tennessean elected to the U.S. Senate by the Tennessee General Assembly prior to the 17th Amendment coming into effect. Shields was popularly reelected in 1918 but in 1924 lost the Democratic nomination to Lawrence Tyson, and returned to the private practice of law, this time in Knoxville.

While in the Senate, Shields served as the chairman of several committees. He chaired the Committee on Canadian Relations in the 63rd and 64th Congresses, the Committee on Interoceanic Canals in the 65th Congress, and the Committee on the Sale of Meat Products in the 66th Congress.

Shields died at his estate "Clinchdale" and is buried in Knoxville's Memorial Cemetery.

title: John K. Shields


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Talk:Parliamentary sovereignty

Development of English Parliamentary Concept of Sovreignty
Wonder if anyone thinks this should be expanded. No mention is made of the Bill of Rights in England, which displaced the earlier mutings by the judiciary in Dr Bonham's Case (1610) and the Case of Proclamations (1611) that the primacy of statute law was not certain.

Echo_park00 10:13, 4 Apr 2006 (UTC)

Why does parliamentarism redirect here?
I believe there used to be a fairly okay article on parliamentarism years ago, but this is not it. There is no mention of variants such as positive versus negative parliamentarism anymore, for example. What happened? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.186.55.135 (talk) 01:11, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Inclusion of India
Does India really have Parliamentary Sovereignity? The only source given to substantiate this argument is from an article which says that some political parties came together and unanimously voiced yheir concern over erosion of Parliamentary Supremacy. This is merely a sentiment or an opinion, not the factual truth. India has a Constitutional Supremacy and the Judiciary has powers of Judicial Review. The Basic structure doctrine is one such example. The Indian Parliament cannot amend the Constitution (even if it has the needed supra majority) or pass laws if it violates the doctrine, which consists Judicial independence and certain Fundamental Rights, among other things, under its arms. It's very much clear that the Parliament doesn't have Parliamentary Sovereignity or Superiority over the Constitution or the Judiciary.

One very interesting thing that I saw in the sole 2013 source is that some political parties were demanding a Judicial Commission Act that would give the Executive and the Parliament a bigger say in the appointment of Judges. Consequentially the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act actually came into force in 2014 along with the 99th Constitutional amendment to serve the above mentioned purpose but got repealed in 2015 by the Supreme Court of India as it was held unconstitutional as it violated the Basic Structure Doctrine. This case is enough to prove the fact that Parliament doesn't rule supreme in India.

I am including my only source here :- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/les-avis/parliamentary-supermacy-and-judicial-review-indian-perspective/

I am not going to remove India from the list as I want to have a discussion and sharing of sources in this Talk Page before taking any such step. I am in favour of attaining a consensus in this matter and therefore will wait a reasonable time for replies. SoloKnowHow83 (talk) 19:07, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Due to lack of any response I am going forward with the deletion of India from the list. Please reply to this thread for further discussion. SoloKnowHow83 (talk) 15:54, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

Parliamentary supremacy
Speak in English 197.215.21.93 (talk) 09:53, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Inclusion of Canada
Canada does not seem to be an example of parliamentary sovereignty as the country has a constitution (The 1867 constitution and Charter of Rights) that explicitly defines the powers of what is provincial jurisdiction and federal jurisdiction.

The notwithstanding clause’s applicability is also limited in scope, so the Parliament of Canada is not the supreme authority DankMemester117 (talk) 01:14, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Due to lack of any response I am going forward with the deletion of Canada from the list. Please reply to this thread for further discussion. DankMemester117 (talk) 03:20, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Just because the sovereignty is limited, doesn't mean it can't be a part of this article. Almost all the other countries in this list also has the same issues. Canada fullfills the requirement of Manual of Style and deserves to stay. Although I have reveresed your edit, you're free to add or delete information with legitimate sources. SoloKnowHow83 (talk) 16:56, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I reverted your change before noticing that there was a section on the Talk page; would have come here first if I had noticed it.  However, the basic point is that Canada does not have parliamentary supremacy, the way countries like Britain or the Netherlands do.  In those countries, the courts have no power of judicial review over statutes passed by the Parliament.  In the UK, for example, the courts cannot strike down an Act of Parliament.  That's not the case in Canada.  Any Act of the federal Parliament, or of a provincial legislature, is always subject to judicial review against the Constitution.  If an Act does not comply with the Constitution, it is of no force or effect.  The basic definition of parliamentary supremacy or sovereignty in this article is set out in the lead:  "It holds that the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions, including executive or judicial bodies."  That is true for the UK and the others listed here.  It is not true for Canada. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 17:57, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Firstly, I understand that Canada doesn't have the extreme degree of parliamentary sovereignty practised in UK or Holland, but it does have some form of parliamentary sovereignity. The deleted portion mentions this very clearly..."Legislatures of Canadian provinces are sovereign within matters enumerated to them" and "Similarly, the federal Parliament is "sovereign in all matters delegated to it". The deleted portion also includes-
 * "In addition, although a law can be challenged and struck down by a court when found to be in violation of certain sections of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Parliament or provincial legislatures may invoke Section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (the "notwithstanding clause") to allow the law to operate for up to five years, at which time it may either lapse or be renewed."
 * The presence of Sec 33 does grant parliament the de facto superiority you're looking for, albeit for a limited time. For me this part is enough to include Canada.
 * Secondly, this article is not only about the concept of parliamentary supremacy explicitly practised in UK but also the general idea of parliament having sovereignty. It's a complex legal and political subject and even though many nations will not have the extreme form of parliamentary sovereignity, they are still included in this article (Australia, Belgium, Italy, etc). Canada is in a grey area just like the other nations mentioned above, and although it mayn't perfectly fit the unsourced definition of parliamentary sovereignty given in the lead, it deserves to be atleast mentioned here. One can always make the Canadian portion better by enumerating the grey areas or by providing expert opinions of the opposite sides of the debate, but completely deleting Canada from here just bcoz it doen't fit with the UK model is untenable.
 * Thirdly, this deletion is violative of NPOV policies. All significant views must be allowed to expressed. For me the presence of Sec 33 is very much a significant view that deserves to be represented here.
 * Lastly, there can be a separate heading for such countries in the grey area like Canada and Australia. This will provide the much needed distinction between the countries practising the extreme form of this concept and others who can/do use it in special or limited cases. This compromise will be better for everyone involved as well as make the article better. SoloKnowHow83 (talk) 19:35, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I disagree with you. I'll take up your points in order.
 * First, the comments about legislatures being sovereign is immediately qualified by "within matters enumerated to them" / "sovereign in all matters delegated to it". Those qualifications are fundamental in understanding judicial review in Canada.  It is the Constitution that "enumerates" and "delegates" their powers, and  any act, federal or provincial, can be subject to judicial review to ensure that the legislator has stayed within its constitutionally permissible scope.  For examples, the federal Parliament cannot use its criminal law power to regulate industries civilly;  the provinces cannot use their taxing power to regulate banks, which are under federal jurisdiction;  and it's the courts that make that call, through judicial review.  That is a power that is completely absent in countries like the UK, where the courts cannot review statutes passed by the Parliament.  In Canada, courts can and do review federal and provincial laws under the division of powers.
 * With respect to s. 33, the same principle applies. The courts can review a legislator's reliance on s. 33 in a statute, to ensure it is consistent with the constitutional scope of s. 33.  If the statute exceeds the grant of power under s. 33, the courts can hold it unconstitutional, to the extent of the inconsistency.  Regardless of the source of legislative authority, laws in Canada are subject to judicial review.
 * Second, the definition of parliamentary sovereignty for the purposes of this article is given in the lead: "It holds that the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions, including executive or judicial bodies. It also holds that the legislative body may change or repeal any previous legislation and so it is not bound by written law (in some cases, not even a constitution) or by precedent."  That's what this article is about, and Canada does not meet that definition.  If you want to change the nature of what this article is about, or start a different one, let's discuss that.  But as this article is framed, no legislative body in Canada has "absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions", and "is not bound by written law".
 * Third, it's not a breach of NPOV to delete something that is not accurately included in the article. If there is an article about railways, and an editor adds a lengthy passage on highways, it's not a breach of NPOV to point out that highways don't belong in an article on railways.  Here, I deleted the passage on Canada because, as stated above, no legislative body in Canada has "absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions," and "is not bound by written law".  Canada therefore does not belong in this article, as framed.
 * Fourth, I disagree that Canada is in a grey area for this article as framed. Since no legislative body in Canada "has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all other government institutions", and "is not bound by written law", which is the topic of this article, there is no grey area.  Rather, I think there is reason to ask the same question about Australia and some of the other countries:  should they be included here?  Since I don't know enough about those other countries, I'm not going to comment on whether they should be included, but I think there is a question mark about Australia, at least.
 * Finally, rather than an NPOV issue, I think there are WP:SYNTH and WP:VERIFY issues here. The deleted passage did not give a citation to a political science text or legal text, or any court decisions, that suggest that Canada is an example of parliamentary sovereignty.  Rather, the deleted portion pointed to different aspects of Canadian constitutional law, and drew the conclusion that Canada therefore is an example of parliamentary sovereignty.  The only source cited was s. 91 of the Constitution Act, 1867, which is a primary source. Section 91 was cited to support the quotation that provincial legislatures are "sovereign within matters enumerated to them."  The difficulty is that phrase is not found anywhere in s. 91, which is the provision outlining the powers of the federal Parliament, not the provincial legislatures. That is the only citation given in the entire section.  Interpreting legal provisions, which are a primary source, is a form of Original Research.   Similarly, there are no citations to secondary sources which discuss either the power to amend a provincial constitution, nor s. 33.  Lacking citations to reliable secondary sources, I do not think the deleted passage has made the case that Canada has parliamentary sovereignty.  I would take the position that before the deleted portion is restored, it needs to have citations to reliable sources that support that thesis.  It's easy to find such citations for the UK, in Halsburys and Dicey.  I don't think you will find such citations for Canada.  To the contrary, there are passages in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada which indicate that Canada has moved from parliamentary supremacy (to the extent we ever had it), to "constitutional supremacy."  I think a strong cite would be needed to support the position that Canada is an example of parliamentary sovereignty.  There is no such cite in the deleted portion.  It fails the requirement for reliable sources. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 03:34, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parliamentary sovereignty


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User talk:Weide

Hi Weide

You sent me an email but did not provide a valid return address, so I cannot respond by email.

If you would like to have me respond here, please edit this page and add a note so saying. Otherwise, if you would like an email response, please send me your email address.

The Uninvited Co., Inc. 14:49, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Personal Reflection
Thank you moderators for giving me a swift 48 hour Cooling Off Period for Personal Reflection.

I have come to better recognize my own character, and undestand why certain types of opinions upset me.

Censorship of a Newbie
I have only just completed my 48 hours sentence imposed on me by this candidate.

While I now know that I should not contribute in the area of my expertise, it gave a Newbie to WikiPedia a sour introduction to the process. I was ambushed with accusation and no detail on claims of 'self promotion' and 'Link Spamming'. This in response for attempting to fill the void on that topic.

I respect the establishment of the wikipedia process. But I beg for it's own legacy that wikipedia treat volunteers with due respect and understanding. weide 04:01, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC) ref: Talk:Republican_Party_%28United_States%29

Historical Biographies
keeping people in categories for political officies they no longer hold seems to be standard practice (the us house cat is a perfect example of this), so i just go with what the consensus seems to be. feel free to add any information you have, i'm all for new info. Thepedestrian 15:57, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Sounds great. I figure that once the historical biography data is large enough for a person, then we could consider breaking the 'Past Offices' into a new section. It would be really useful to look back in history, ans see who was in office, in which house, at what time. weide 16:26, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Texas congressional delegation
It seems you have edited all the articles on Congressional representatives from Texas to add an unnecessary link under "References" and "External links" sections. What you've added is neither a reference nor an external link. Moreover, I see no reason for the addition -- the articles already explain that these are Congresspeople. As such, I am reverting your changes; please do not repeat them without offering some form of explanation. RadicalSubversiv E 22:43, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikicities
Hi, your email address is bouncing. Please could you contact me about the wiki which you requested. Thanks. Angela 16:54, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Weide


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Michael Robinson (footballer)

Michael John Robinson (12 July 1958 – 28 April 2020) was a professional footballer who played as a striker.

He appeared in more than 300 official matches in England for Preston North End, Manchester City, Brighton & Hove Albion, Liverpool and Queens Park Rangers and played the last three seasons of his career in Spain with Osasuna. He represented the Republic of Ireland at international level.

Robinson settled in Spain after retiring in 1989 and went on to work as a television pundit in the following decades, hosting El día después from 1991 to 2005.

Playing career
Robinson was born in Leicester, England. When he was young, his parents moved to Blackpool to run a boarding house, and he started his career with Preston North End in the second division. He then moved in August 1979 to Malcolm Allison's Manchester City, the fee of £750,000 being widely regarded as extravagant for a young player with no First Division experience; he was sold at a loss later that season to Brighton & Hove Albion, and rebuilt his reputation as both a strong and skilful attacking player.

Robinson made an impact in the 1982–83 FA Cup final, feeding the ball to Gordon Smith for his infamous miss in the first game with Manchester United, performing outstandingly in a 2–2 draw but eventually losing in the second match at Wembley (4–0). It was enough, however, for clubs to bid for him and he was keen to leave due to Brighton's relegation.

Liverpool came in for Robinson and paid Brighton £250,000 for him and he duly battled with established Kenny Dalglish and Ian Rush for a place up front. In that first season his new team won three trophies – the league, the league cup (where he was a substitute in the final 0–0 draw against Everton, and did not feature in the replay) and the European Cup (being used as a replacement in the final against AS Roma) – and he played enough games to earn a title medal.

Despite showing some ability, Robinson was often on the substitutes' bench, and so moved on to Queens Park Rangers at the end of 1984. There, he was an unlucky loser at Wembley again, in the 1986 Football League Cup final 3–0 defeat by Oxford United; however, during the run to the decisive match, he earned himself a place in QPR fans' hearts when he scored a 40-yard goal against arch-rivals Chelsea in the quarter-final replay at Stamford Bridge.

Robinson moved to Spain to play for CA Osasuna in January 1987, with ex-Liverpool team-mate Sammy Lee joining in August. He recalled that he assumed that Osasuna was the name of the club's location and proceeded to look for it in a map. Questioned about why would he choose such a destination, he remarked that "financially it was the worst offer [available]. But it was romantic". He retired in summer 1989 at the age of 31 after making 58 La Liga appearances and scoring 12 goals, two of which came in 1987–88 campaign as the Navarrese overachieved for a final fifth place.

Robinson, who won 24 caps for the Republic of Ireland, making his debut on 28 October 1980 in a 2–0 loss in France for the 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, stayed in Spain after retiring, having settled very well in the country and learned the language to fluency, a trait that was later picked up on by Steve McManaman (with Real Madrid from 1999 to 2003), who regarded Robinson as his mentor.

 * }

Media career
After retiring, Robinson began his broadcasting career in Spain as a commentator for Radio Televisión Española, covering the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. He later worked as a commentator and presenter on Cadena SER's El Larguero and then on the subscription channel Canal+, where he hosted the cult television show El día después for 14 years (1991–2005). Following the show's demise he continued working with the network, as co-commentator on their live coverage of the Sunday night match as well as on the studio show El día del fútbol, and later by presenting a monthly sports magazine series called Informe Robinson.

Speaking to Simon Hughes, Robinson said "I came over on 7 January 1987. I didn't know if I was going to be here forever. But something strange happened. I enjoyed more or less everything about Spain and the way the Spanish interpreted life. I finished up realising that I had loads in common with the Spaniards. We laughed about the same things, cried about the same things."

In addition, Robinson also worked as a pundit for Setanta Sports, covering Republic of Ireland away internationals and also being the president of the Iberian Superleague, a rugby union league covering the Iberian Peninsula. As a broadcaster he also covered for Canal+ rugby events, including the World Cup and the Six Nations Championship.

Robinson also did voice-over work on television adverts as well as feature films, voicing the ugly sister in the dubbed Spanish versions of the Shrek films by DreamWorks Animation.

Illness and death
On 17 December 2018, while taking part in La Ventana, a radio programme on Cadena SER, Robinson announced that he had a malignant melanoma which had been found at an advanced stage and had metastasized. Doctors had told him it 'had no cure'. He died on 28 April 2020 of cancer at his home in Madrid at the age of 61, being survived by his wife Christine (née Sharrock) and children Liam, who worked in television production in Madrid, and Aimée, who worked in public relations in Australia.

Among the tributes was one from Rafael Nadal: "We woke up with the sad news of the death of one of our own. You were the one who always made us happy about sport. We are grateful to you."

Player
Liverpool
 * Football League First Division: 1983–84
 * League Cup: 1983–84
 * European Cup: 1983–84

Other awards

 * Premios Ondas: 2009 – Informe Robinson (Best Current affairs programme)
 * Adopted son of Cádiz (2019)

Television programmes

 * El día después; at Canal Plus (archived)
 * Informe Robinson; at Canal Plus (archived)

Personal

 * Official blog

title: Michael Robinson (footballer)


text:
Talk:Glossary of climate change

Disputed list
This glossary had items that are more applicable to a list of topics. A glossary is "a list of terms in a special subject, field, or area of usage, with accompanying definitions." I have removed entries that do not belong in a glossary. Might be time for a List of climate change topics. -- Alan Liefting- talk - 03:13, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, maybe. The Global Warming box is a good start but not complete. Any more articles in that box would probably be too much. But if we start the suggested List of climate change topics, that would make it the third place (after glossary and global warming box) to collect articles about the subject. That is definately confusing. Splette :) How's my driving? 21:44, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I do not see that having three locations for links to articles of a common theme to be confusing. The important thing is to have boundaries for the types of articles added. The Global Warming box would be for the most important, a glossary is for technical terms that need explaining and a List of climate change topics is for all relevant article. Other subject areas have a similar schemes and sometimes include a List of basic (subject) topics. -- Alan Liefting- talk - 23:01, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Other perspectives
Here are some resources which show what others have deemed to be appropriate items for inclusion in a glossary of climate change.

 * Glossary Overview: The Pew Center on Global Climate Change
 * Glossary of Climate Change Terms | Climate Change | U.S. EPA
 * The climate change glossary
 * BBC News | SCI/TECH | Climate change glossary
 * http://www.babylon.com/dictionary/50547/EPA-Glossary-of-Climate-Change-Terms.html
 * Climate Change Glossary
 * peopleandplanet.net > climate change > glossary
 * Glossary: Climate change

-- Wavelength (talk) 22:32, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Wikiproject Earth
Hello i have recently proposed the Wikiproject Earth. This Wikiproject`s scope includes this article. This wikiproject will overview the continents, oceans, atsmophere and global warming Please Voice your opinion by clicking anywhere on this comment except for my name. --IwilledituTalk :)Contributions —Preceding comment was added at 15:31, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

What is SOR?
https://jam-news.net/baku-to-host-cop29/

mentions SOR29 but what is it? Chidgk1 (talk) 18:53, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of climate change


text:
.sm

.sm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for San Marino.

The domain is occasionally used as a domain hack for sites ending in the -ism suffix.

title: .sm


text:
.sn

.sn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Senegal. Technical operation of the TLD is handled by AFNIC. Domains are sold through 68 accredited registrars.

The following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:
 * art.sn
 * com.sn
 * edu.sn
 * gouv.sn
 * org.sn
 * perso.sn
 * univ.sn

title: .sn


text:
.sr

.sr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Suriname. This top-level domain is operated by Telesur, the local telecom company.

It is also used in the Republic of Srpska and Serbian Krajina to denote "Srpska Republika".

It is considered to be a generic top-level domain by Google.

title: .sr


text:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief

The United States President's Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is a United States governmental initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and help save the lives of those suffering from the disease. Launched by U.S. President George W. Bush in 2003, as of May 2020, PEPFAR has provided about $90 billion in cumulative funding for HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and research since its inception, making it the largest global health program focused on a single disease in history until the COVID-19 pandemic. PEPFAR is implemented by a combination of U.S. government agencies in over 50 countries and overseen by the Global AIDS Coordinator at the United States Department of State. As of 2023, PEPFAR has saved over 25 million lives, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa.

History
PEPFAR began with President George W. Bush and his wife, Laura, and their interests in AIDS prevention, Africa, and what Bush termed “compassionate conservatism.” According to his 2010 memoir, Decision Points, the two of them developed a serious interest in improving the fate of the people of Africa after reading Alex Haley’s Roots, and visiting The Gambia in 1990. In 1998, while pondering a run for the U.S. presidency, he discussed Africa with Condoleezza Rice, his future secretary of state; she said that, if elected, working more closely with countries on that continent should be a significant part of his foreign policy. She also told him that HIV/AIDS was a central problem in Africa but that the United States was spending only $500 million per year on global AIDS, with the money spread across six federal agencies, without a clear strategy for curbing the epidemic.

The U.S. Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 (or the Global AIDS Act) specified a series of broad and specific goals, alternately delegating authority to the president for identifying measurable outcomes in some areas, and specifying by law the quantitative benchmarks to be reached within discrete periods of time in others. The legislation also established the State Department Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator to oversee all international AIDS funding and programming.

PEPFAR continues to be a cornerstone of U.S. global health efforts. On April 4, 2014, Ambassador Deborah L. Birx was sworn in as United States Global AIDS Coordinator. She held the position until January 2021 when Angeli Achrekar filled the Acting role, from being Principal Deputy.

In May 2022, Dr. John N. Nkengasong was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator and was officially sworn in on June 13, 2022. A little over a year later, Ambassador Nkengasong joined U.S. Secretary of State Anthony J. Blinken to launch State Department’s Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy (GHSD) August 1, 2023, which he leads.

In December 2014, PEPFAR announced a program PEPFAR 3.0 focusing on Sustainable Control of the AIDS epidemic. This program was designed to address the UNAIDS "90-90-90" global goal: 90 percent of people with HIV diagnosed, 90 percent of them on ART and 90 percent of them virally suppressed by the year 2020.

Focus countries
When PEPFAR was signed into law 15 resource-limited countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates were designated to receive the majority of the funding. The 15 "focus countries" were Botswana, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia. Most of the $15 billion for the program was to be spent on these focus countries, $4 billion was allocated for programs elsewhere, and for HIV/AIDS research (the other $1 billion was contributed to the Global Fund).

With the reauthorization of PEPFAR in 2008 there was a shift away from the "focus country" approach by authorizing the development of a Partnership Framework model for regions and countries, with the aim of ensuring long-term sustainability and country leadership. Through bilaterally-funded programs, PEPFAR works in partnership with host nations to support treatment, prevention and care for millions of people in more than 85 countries. Partnership Frameworks provide a 5-year joint strategic framework for cooperation between the U.S. Government, the partner government, and other partners to combat HIV/AIDS in the host country through service delivery, policy reform, and coordinated financial commitments.See the PEPFAR World Wide Activities Map and PEPFAR Dashboard.

Implementing agencies
Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC)

Housed in the Department of State, the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator oversees the implementation of PEPFAR and ensures coordination among the various agencies involved in the U.S global response to HIV/AIDS. United States Ambassadors from the State Department provide essential leadership to interagency HIV/AIDS teams and engage in policy discussions with host-country leaders.

U.S. Agency for International Development

An independent federal agency, USAID receives overall foreign policy guidance from the Secretary of State and is the agency primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid. USAID supports the implementation of PEPFAR programs in nearly 100 countries, through direct in-country presence in 50 countries and through seven other regional programs.

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

Under PEPFAR, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) implements PEPFAR-funded prevention, treatment and care programs through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The Office of Global Health Affairs within HHS coordinates all of the HHS agencies to be sure PEPFAR resources are being used effectively.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

As part of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses PEPFAR funding to implement its Global AIDS Program (GAP). GAP works with highly trained physicians, epidemiologists, public health advisers, behavioral scientists, and laboratory scientists in 29 countries, who are part of USG teams implementing PEPFAR. Through partnerships with host governments, Ministries of Health, NGOs, international organizations, U.S.-based universities, and the private sector, GAP assists with HIV prevention, treatment, and care; laboratory capacity building; surveillance; monitoring and evaluation; and public health evaluation research.

Department of Defense (DoD)

The Department of Defense (DoD) implements PEPFAR programs by supporting HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, care, strategic information, human capacity development and program/policy development in host military and civilian communities. The DoD HIV/AIDS Prevention Program (DHAPP) is the DoD Executive Agent for the technical assistance, management, and administrative support of the global HIV/AIDS prevention, care and treatment for foreign militaries.

Department of Commerce (DoC)

The Department of Commerce (DoC) provides support for PEPFAR by furthering private sector engagement through public-private partnerships. Housed within DoC, the U.S. Census Bureau assists with data management and analysis, survey support, estimating infections averted and supporting mapping of country-level activities.

Department of Labor (DoL)

The Department of Labor (DoL) implements PEPFAR workplace-targeted projects that focus on the prevention and reduction of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination. DoL programs (in over 23 countries) consist of three main components: increasing knowledge aboutHIV/AIDS, implementing workplace policies to reduce stigma and discrimination and building capacity of employers to provide support services.

Peace Corps

With programs in 73 countries, the Peace Corps is heavily involved in the fight against HIV/AIDS.Peace Corps volunteers provide long-term capacity development support to nongovernmental, community-based, and faith-based organizations as they provide holistic support to people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS.

Programs
The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: Five-Year Strategy report from 2009 outlines the PEPFAR strategy and programs for the fiscal years 2010-2014.

Prevention

To slow the spread of the epidemic, PEPFAR supports a variety of prevention programs: the ABC approach (Abstain, Be faithful, and correct and consistent use of Condoms); prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) interventions; and programs focusing on blood safety, injection safety, secondary prevention ("prevention with positives"), counseling and education.

Initially, a recommended 20% of the PEPFAR budget was to be spent on prevention, with the remaining 80% going to care and treatment, laboratory support, antiretroviral drugs, TB/HIV services, support for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), infrastructure, training, and other related services. Of the 20% spent on prevention, one third, or 6.7% of the total, was to be spent on abstinence-until-marriage programs in fiscal years 2006 through 2008, a controversial requirement (see below). The other two thirds was allotted for the widespread array of prevention interventions described above, including counseling, education, injection safety, blood safety and condoms.

The 2008 reauthorization of PEPFAR eliminated the 20% recommendation for prevention efforts, including the requirement for abstinence programs.

Treatment

In addition to providing antiretroviral therapy (ART), PEPFAR supports prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections, as well as services to prevent and treat malaria, tuberculosis, waterborne illness, and other acute infections. PEPFAR supports training and salaries for personnel (including clinicians, laboratorians, pharmacists, counselors, medical records staff, outreach workers, peer educators, etc.), renovation and refurbishment of health care facilities, updated laboratory equipment and distribution systems, logistics and management for drugs and other commodities. This is intended to ensure the sustainability of PEPFAR services in host countries, enabling long-term management of HIV/AIDS.

PEPFAR-supported care and treatment services are implemented by a wide array of U.S.-based and international groups and agencies. Among the largest "Track 1.0" (treatment) partners are Harvard University, Columbia University's International Center for AIDS Care & Treatment Programs (ICAP), the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF), and the AIDSRelief consortium of Catholic Relief Services.

Care

For those who have already been infected with HIV/AIDS, PEPFAR provides HIV counseling, resources for maintaining financial stability, etc. Special care is given to orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) and services are provided that meet the unique needs of women and girls, including victims of sex trafficking, rape, abuse, and exploitation (see fact sheet on Gender and HIV/AIDS). Finally, the Emergency Plan works closely with country leaders, military groups, faith-based organizations, etc. in an attempt to eliminate stigma.

Health Systems Strengthening

PEPFAR has directly and indirectly contributed to the health systems strengthening of recipient countries including improving laboratory capacity as well as improving monitoring and evaluation including introduction of the electronic medical record systems.

Results
The results of the program include:
 * As of September 30, 2023, PEPFAR has saved 25 million lives.
 * As of September 30, 2023, PEPFAR supported antiretroviral treatment for nearly 20.47 million people worldwide.
 * In 2023, PEPFAR supported 1.95 million people to newly enroll for antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV infection.
 * PEPFAR in FY2023 supported 2.5 million adolescent girls and young women were reached through DREAMS HIV prevention services.
 * PEPFAR directly supported HIV testing and counseling for more than 71 million people in fiscal year 2023.
 * PEPFAR supported antiretroviral drug prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), resulting in 5.5 million babies born HIV-free.
 * PEPFAR directly supported 7.0 million orphans, vulnerable children and their caregivers in fiscal year 2023.
 * PEPFAR directly supported approximately 32.5 million male circumcision procedures worldwide cumulatively from 2017 through Dec 2023.

The U.S. is the first and largest donor to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. To date, the U.S. has provided more than $7 billion to the fund.

Of the estimated 8 million individuals in low- and middle-income countries who currently receive treatment, nearly 6.8 million receive support through PEPFAR bilateral programs, the Global Fund, or both.

There is additional evidence in the published literature that funding towards PEPFAR vis-a-vis antiretroviral therapy also affirmed maternal and child health in addition to HIV treatment outcomes

Accountability and funding
Since the start of PEPFAR in 2003, the program has utilized multi-year appropriations. PEPFAR reports to Congress on an annual basis, providing programmatic and financial data as required by law. The Fourteenth Annual Report to Congress on the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief is available on the official PEPFAR website, as are more specific reports, financial information and other information.

Global AIDS funding is provided in the Foreign Operations and Labor, Health and Human Services appropriations bills, which, if the process goes smoothly, are agreed to by the House and Senate in advance of the federal fiscal year beginning October 1. The Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator (OGAC) budgets according to the allocations provided by Congress and the policy of the Administration. Funding figures by program are reported to Congress by the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator.

For FY 2013, President Obama requested $6.42 billion, including more than $4.54 billion for bilateral HIV/AIDS programs and $1.65 billion for the Global Fund. For FY 2014, President Obama requested $6.73 billion, including more than $4.88 billion for bilateral HIV/AIDS programs and $1.65 billion for the Global Fund.

For FY 2024, President Biden requested at least $4.7 billion for the PEPFAR program in its annual budget request to Congress in addition to funding for the multilateral Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

PEPFAR was exempt from the Mexico City Policy.

Funding data
Annual data on the PEPFAR budget, spending by budget code, and impact estimates are available online at PEPFAR Panorama Spotlight. Funding amounts to specific in-country implementing mechanisms and partners are only available for the year 2013 onward.

In 2008, funding data was obtained by the Center for Public Integrity from PEPFAR's own information system COPRS. The data were obtained after CPI sued the U.S. State Department to gain access to the data. The data were analyzed by the HIV/AIDS Monitor team at the Center for Global Development, who also share the full dataset.

Controversial requirements
Some critics of PEPFAR feel that American political and social groups with moral rather than public health agendas are behind several requirements of PEPFAR, pointing to the mandates that one-third of prevention spending in 2006–2008 be directed towards abstinence-until-marriage programs and that all funded organizations sign an anti-prostitution pledge. This pledge requires all organizations that receive PEPFAR funding to have a policy that explicitly opposes prostitution and sex trafficking which some activists compared to a loyalty oath. A number of AIDS organizations felt such a policy would alienate their efforts to reduce HIV contraction rates among sex workers.

In 2005, it was reported from United Nations' envoy leader for HIV/AIDS in Africa Stephen Lewis that the Bush administration's abstinence policy may have contributed to a shortage of condoms in Uganda.

In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the requirement violated the First Amendment's prohibition against compelled speech in Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. According to a study presented at the 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in 2015, the $1.3 billion that the U.S. government spent on programs to promote abstinence in sub-Saharan Africa had no significant impact.

The requirement for prevention spending was lifted with the PEPFAR reauthorization in 2008, but some critics worry that some funds could still be spent on abstinence programs. The Center for Health and Gender Equity and Health GAP outline their criticism of PEPFAR on a website known as PEPFAR Watch. The previous 33% earmark has since been replaced by a requirement that if more than 50% of PEPFAR funds are allocated to non-abstinence promotion measures, the US Global AIDS Coordinator must report to Congress. However, the new reporting requirement continues to emphasize abstinence and fidelity to the exclusion of comprehensive approaches, such as those that include education about male and female condoms. This can cause a chilling effect for organizations receiving PEPFAR funding, who may censor their prevention activities and fall short of providing comprehensive HIV prevention services to women, men, and young people.

PEPFAR also does not fund needle exchange programs, which are widely regarded as effective in preventing the spread of HIV.

Conditions
Many have argued that PEPFAR's emphasis on direct funding from the United States to African governments (bilateral programs) have been at the expense of full commitments to multilateral programs such as the Global Fund. Reasons given for this vary, but a major criticism has been that this enables the U.S. "to maximize its leverage with other countries through the funds available for distribution" since the "Global Fund and other multilateral venues do not possess the same top-down leverage as does the United States in demanding fundamental national-level reforms". However, since the inception of PEPFAR there has been a shift away from strictly bilateral funding to more multilateral programs.

Recruitment of locals
PEPFAR has been criticized for having a negative impact on the health systems in regions receiving its funding through its recruitment practices. Although Congress made attempts to limit its impact by prohibiting "topping off" salaries and limiting funding for healthcare worker training (thereby eliminating per diems as a method of augmenting salaries), PEPFAR funded programs effectively paid its local staff up to a hundred times more than that of the local healthcare structure.

Rather than strictly through salaries, program staff received benefits such as housing and education subsidies. Countries, already stressed by the number of trained physicians and nurses emigrating to western nations, have seen the presence of PEPFAR programs significantly decrease the number of skilled medical professionals willing to work within the domestic healthcare infrastructure. As a result, the overall health of these communities are placed in jeopardy, but funds, physicians, and nurses are diverted to combat HIV/AIDS exclusively within the framework of PEPFAR.

Investigations
On June 15, 2011, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) published a report critical of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) administration of PEPFAR funds. The report read in part: "Our review found that CDC did not always monitor recipients' use of [PEPFAR] funds in accordance with departmental and other Federal requirements.... [M]ost of the award files did not include all required documents" to demonstrate proper monitoring. On the November 19, 2012, the OIG published a report critical of the CDC Namibia Office's monitoring of the use of PEPFAR funds.

Official

 * Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator
 * A USA government fact sheet on the project
 * AIDS.gov—The U.S. Federal Domestic HIV/AIDS Resource
 * HIVtest.org—Find an HIV testing site near you
 * HIVtest.org—Find an HIV testing site near you


text:
New Waver

New Waver was an Australian satirical musical project developed by Greg Wadley in 1990. It grew out of Wadley's prior projects, a zine Loser, a mock political action group, Campaign Against Uninteresting Shops in Brunswick Street and a fictitious tribute band, Christmas Party.

History
New Waver was founded by Greg Wadley in 1990 in Melbourne. Wadley, on bass guitar, was a founding member of Tex Perkins' Brisbane-formed cowpunk band, Tex Deadly and the Dum Dums, in 1982. Fellow member Peter Jetnikoff provided guitar. They relocated to Sydney but disbanded in the following year. Wadley established the Losercorp project in the 1980s, which published a zine Loser (1987–1992) under the pseudonyms A Loser and Arthur Protestant, formed a mock political action group, Campaign Against Uninteresting Shops in Brunswick Street and a fictitious tribute band, Christmas Party.

New Waver, was the music project of Wadley, which has a similar pessimistic outlook to Losercorp's earlier efforts, underwritten with Darwinism. Its music consists of electronic elements (from synthesisers, samplers and drum machines), along with samples from TV nature programmes, advertisements and audio books by Richard Dawkins, selectively chosen to reinforce the bleak, fatalistic message, coupled with dark humour. The New Waver world view extends the survival of the fittest hypothesis to the social ladder present in modern urban and suburban culture. The songs feature both cover versions and parodies of well-known songs with lyrics altered to reflect their world view, as well as instrumentals populated with samples and loops. The term "New Waver" is 1980s-vintage pejorative Queensland slang for a male who is interested in music, rather than football, and thus deserving of harassment or violence. "New Waver" also became a term for those who were fans of new wave music throughout the 1980s.

New Waver issued their first music cassette, Middle Class Man, in 1990. According to a reviewer for Radiation from Space Magazine, it is "esoteric, weird and wild keyboard and samples, blended with drums, bass and odd guitar they created a hypnotic groove." The title track is a parody of "Working Class Man" (1985) by Jimmy Barnes, while "Teabreak" relates to AC/DC's "Jailbreak" (1976).

In 1998, the band was one of many in the music video "Thunderbirds Are Coming Out" by fellow Australian band TISM. For New Waver's album, The Defeated (1999), Zyklatt provided drum loops. Most of its original tracks were written by Wadley however, former bandmate, Jetnikoff wrote the track, "Struggle for Hogwash", for the album. In 2006 a compilation album, Neuters, was issued, its "music consisted of dinky covers of Top 40 hits with the lyrics changed to address the life of the office loser." Guy Blackman of The Age described the band's members, "two unassuming public-servant types lurking behind cheesy synthesisers, with a singer who began most gigs naked, putting on an item of clothing after each song in a deadpan inversion of rock'n'roll behaviour." There is an interview with Wadley in Iain McIntyre and Mike Munro's book, How to Make Trouble and Influence People (2009).

Discography

 * Middle Class Man (cassette, 1990)
 * Hard Drivin' Beat (cassette, 1991)
 * Perverted by Wheat (cassette, 1991)
 * Low Self Opinion (cassette, 1992)
 * Live 'n' Lossy (cassette, 1993)
 * "What a Man" (cassette single, 1994)
 * Aspects of Loserdom (cassette, 1994)
 * Mr Loser-Boozer Goes to Town (cassette, 1996)
 * Darwin Junior High (vinyl EP, 1997)
 * Bohemian Suburb Rhapsody (album, 1998)
 * The Defeated (CD, 1999) – Endearing Records
 * Computer World (mp3 album, 2001)
 * Neuters (CD compilation album, 2006) – Dual Plover/Spill Records

title: New Waver


text:
Marcin

Marcin (Polish pronunciation: ) is a male given name or surname. It is the Polish equivalent of the English name Martin; the female version is Martyna.

Notable people with the name Marcin include:

Given name
 * Marcin Adamski (born 1975), Polish footballer
 * Marcin Awiżeń (born 1985), Polish Paralympian middle distance runner
 * Marcin Budkowski (born 1977), Polish Formula One engineer
 * Marcin Dorociński (born 1973), Polish actor
 * Marcin Gortat (born 1984), Polish basketball player
 * Marcin Held (born 1992), Polish mixed martial artist
 * Marcin Jakubowski founded Open Source Ecology (OSE) in 2003
 * Marcin Kaczmarek (disambiguation), several people
 * Marcin Kaczmarek (footballer) (born 1979), Polish footballer
 * Marcin Kaczmarek (swimmer) (born 1977), Polish butterfly swimmer
 * Marcin Kalinowski (1605–1652), Polish nobleman
 * Marcin Kleczynski (born 1989), co-founder and CEO of Malwarebytes Inc.
 * Marcin Kromer (1512–1583), Polish historian and chronicler, royal secretary, bishop of Warmia
 * Marcin Lewandowski (born 1987), Polish 800m runner
 * Marcin Matkowski (born 1981), Polish tennis player
 * Marcin Mroziński (born 1981), Polish-English actor, singer and television presenter
 * Marcin Nowak (disambiguation), several people
 * Marcin Patrzalek (born 2000), Polish guitarist
 * Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt (1728–1810), Polish-Lithuanian Jesuit astronomer and mathematician
 * Marcin Rożek (1885–1944), Polish sculptor and painter
 * Marcin Święcicki (born 1947), Polish politician and economist
 * Marcin Świetlicki (born 1961), Polish poet, writer, musician
 * Stanislaw Marcin Ulam (1909–1984), Polish mathematician who participated in the Manhattan Project
 * Marcin of Urzędów (1500–1573), Polish priest, physician, botanist
 * Marcin Wolski (born 1947), Polish writer and satirist
 * Marcin of Wrocimowice (died 1442), Polish knight and diplomat

Surname
 * Max Marcin (1879–1949), Polish screenwriter and film director
 * Matúš Marcin (1994-), Slovak professional footballer

title: Marcin


text:
.st

.st is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for São Tomé and Príncipe. The code is marketed worldwide as an abbreviation for various entities.

The domain also has become controversial since 2023 for hosting KiwiFarms and BreachForums.

Second-level domains
Registrations are taken directly at the second level, but some names have been reserved for use in specialized third-level registrations (though not all of these are actually in use at present):

 * nic.st: Official ST domain registry (older: registry.st)
 * gov.st: Government of São Tomé and Príncipe
 * saotome.st: Island of São Tomé
 * principe.st: Island of Príncipe
 * consulado.st: São Tomé and Príncipe consulates
 * embaixada.st: São Tomé and Príncipe embassies
 * org.st: non-profit organisations
 * edu.st: educational institutions
 * net.st: network providers/operators, ISPs
 * com.st: commercial entities
 * store.st
 * mil.st: Armed Forces of São Tomé and Príncipe
 * co.st

Other uses
The .st domain is being marketed as a general-use domain, with a number of meanings suggested, including the abbreviation of "street", "state", short for "Star Trek" and more. The .st domain is also commonly used to create domain names that spell words ending in st, such as bur.st or ho.st. It is used for URL shortening domains like The Washington Post's wapo.st, and PlayStation's play.st.

Smalltalk
The Smalltalk programming language uses the .st extension, and several websites about it use the .st domain.

Styria
The state of Styria, in Austria, has ST as its official abbreviation on Austrian vehicle registration plates. Therefore, the .st extension is used by some small businesses located in Styria.

South Tyrol
Also some registrations in South Tyrol, an autonomous, chiefly German-speaking Italian province, use the .st extension to abbreviate Südtirol, its German name.

Stockholm
There is limited usage of .st in Stockholm, Sweden, by smaller businesses and private people. Falck Emergency in Stockholm uses .st for all their employees in the ambulance service of the Swedish capital Stockholm. Since 2018 the city has its own top level domain, .stockholm.

Telstra
Australia's Telstra, uses tel.st as a shortcut to its main website. The shortcut is occasionally used for marketing purposes.

Australia Post
Australia Post uses mypo.st as a shortcut to its site when sending SMS alerts.

Washington Post
The U.S. newspaper The Washington Post uses wapo.st (along with wapo.com) as a shortcut redirect to their main URL washingtonpost.com

Meta Quest
Meta leverages the domain metaque.st as a shortcut to their online store, which features their "Quest" line of virtual reality products.

title: .st


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Mount Bonnell

Mount Bonnell, also known as Covert Park, is a prominent point alongside the Lake Austin portion of the Colorado River in Austin, Texas. It has been a popular tourist destination since the 1850s. The mount provides a vista for viewing the city of Austin, Lake Austin, and the surrounding hills. It was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1969, bearing Marker number 6473, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.

Geography
Mount Bonnell is often described as the highest point in Austin, with the elevation at its peak about 775 ft above mean sea level (AMSL). If Mount Bonnell ever held this distinction, it was only because the city limits did not include the next summit to the north, Mount Barker, which has an elevation of about 840 ft above mean sea level. City of Austin records, however, indicate that the city annexed for "full purpose jurisdiction" both Mt. Bonnell and Mt. Barker as part of the same parcel "on or before" 1951; Mt. Bonnell entered the city limits with its higher neighbor, Mt. Barker. Many other areas now in the city of Austin are also higher than Mount Bonnell, but few publicly accessible spots offer such a sweeping view of the downtown area.

Mount Bonnell's Indian Trail
A historical marker was placed at Mount Bonnell in 1969 by State Historical Survey Committee. The marker reads:

"Rising 775 feet above sea level, this limestone height was named for George W. Bonnell, who came to Texas with others to fight for Texas independence, 1836. Was commissioner of Indian affairs in Republic of Texas under President Sam Houston. Moved in 1839 to Austin; there published the 'Texas Sentinel', 1840. Member Texan-Santa Fe expedition, 1841. Was captured but released in time to join Mier expedition, 1842. Was killed in camp on Rio Grande, Dec, 26, 1842. Frontiersman W.A.A. 'Bigfoot' Wallace killed an Indian he met face to face while crossing a narrow ledge 50 feet above river, 1839. He also took refuge in a Mount Bonnell cave to recover from 'flux', but was missing so long his sweetheart eloped. In the mid-1800s Mormons built a mill on the Colorado river at foot of Mount Bonnell. Mill was destroyed by flood and the Mormons moved on west. Mount Bonnell was site of picnics and outings in 1850s and 1860s. As it is today. Legend has it that an excursion to the place in the 1850s inspired the popular song 'Wait for the Wagon and We'll All Take a Ride'. As a stunt in 1898, Miss Hazel Keyes slid down a cable stretched from the top of Mount Bonnell to south bank of then Lake McDonald below."

Years after Bigfoot Wallace's refuge in the cave on Mount Bonnell, when asked why he had chosen the cave as a refuge, he responded "Well the cave was right on the old Indian trail leading down to Austin ... and besides, the cave was in the best hunting ground for bear in all this country.."

Julia Lee Sinks
Julia L. Sinks, author and historian, was an early settler to Austin, arriving in the spring of 1840. Before meeting and marrying George Sinks, chief clerk of the Post Office Department during the Republic years, she lived on West Pecan, present day 6th street, and later wrote "Our home was on the beaten track of the Indians into town from the pass of Mount Bonnell. The knolls beyond the quarry branch were interspersed with timber, and sometimes though not often, we would see galloping past the open spaces beyond the blanketed Indian. The path along the quarry branch, secluded as it was, became their main inlet to the town. It was a sheltered road, never traveled at night by whites, so the Indians claimed right of way, and all full moons brought moccasin tracks in abundance".

Abduction of Simpson Children
If Mount Bonnell was on an Indian trail into Austin, it was also a trail out, as illustrated in another story included in Wilbarger's book, Indian Depredations of Texas. In 1842, a Mrs. Simpson living on that very same street as Julia Lee Sinks, West Pecan, about three blocks west of Congress, had two children – a daughter 14, a son 12—abducted by Indians while the children were in the adjacent "valley" (Shoal Creek). Wilbarger says that at that time there were no houses there. The Indians "seized the children, mounted their horses and made off for the mountains going in the direction of Mt. Bonnell". A posse was raised and gave pursuit. Wilbarger then says "At one time the citizens came within sight of the redskins just before reaching Mt. Bonnell, but the Indians, after arriving at the place, passed on just beyond to the top of the mountain, which being rocky, the citizens lost the trail and were never able to find where the savages went down the mountain". The Simpson girl was killed, but the boy survived and was later "traded off to some Indian traders, who returned him to his mother". It is because the boy survived and was returned home that we know what happened after the posse lost the trail of the Indians on Mount Bonnell. From Mt. Bonnell they stopped at Spicewood Springs, "which is situated in the edge of the mountains". This is where the Simpson girl was killed. Spicewood Springs is located about 5 miles north of Mount Bonnell, at the present day intersections of Mopac Expressway and Spicewood Springs Road.

Origin of the name
Mount Bonnell is generally believed to have been named after early Texas newspaper publisher George W. Bonnell, who moved to Texas in 1836. George W. Bonnell was publisher of the local paper The Texas Sentinel and was prominent in early Texas and Travis County (Austin) affairs after the War for Independence. Though sources have long credited George Bonnell as the mountain's namesake, Albert Sidney Johnston may have named Mount Bonnell in present-day Austin for his friend and fellow West Point graduate Joseph Bonnell, who was a Captain in the Texas Army during the War for Independence. There is little contemporaneous evidence to support either derivation of the name.

Legend has it that Mount Bonnell was once called Antoinette's Leap, after a young woman who leaped to her death to avoid being captured by Native Americans who had killed her fiancé.

Geology
Mt. Bonnell forms part of the Balcones Fault Escarpment and these "balconies" were first described by Bernardo de Miranda in 1756. The lower Cretaceous Glen Rose Formation limestone outcrops to the west of the fault zone but is buried 1000 feet to the east.

A stratigraphic column starts with the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group overlain by the Edwards Group and the Georgetown Formation. Upper Cretaceous formations follow, starting with the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and then the Eagle Ford Group. Formations within the Trinity Group include the Hammett Formation, Cow Creek Formation, Hensel Formation, and Lower and Upper Glen Rose Formation. The Hammett and the lower portion of the Upper Glen Rose act as confining units (or aquitard) for the Middle Trinity Aquifer. The Upper Glen Rose contains the Upper Trinity Aquifer, which appears to have intra-aquifer groundwater flow with the Edwards Aquifer as water levels are at the same elevation. Formations within the Edwards Group include the Kainier Formation and the Person Formation. The Upper Cretaceous rock units confine the Edwards Aquifer within the group.

The Mount Bonnell fault has a vertical throw of up to 600 feet, making it the most prominent normal fault within the Balcones Fault Zone. During the Miocene, the Edwards Group was displaced downwards relative to the Glen Rose Formation on the Edwards Plateau, so that they are juxtaposed.

title: Mount Bonnell


text:
Weyl transformation

 * See also Wigner–Weyl transform, for another definition of the Weyl transform.

In theoretical physics, the Weyl transformation, named after Hermann Weyl, is a local rescaling of the metric tensor:

 * $$g_{ab}\rightarrow e^{-2\omega(x)}g_{ab}$$

which produces another metric in the same conformal class. A theory or an expression invariant under this transformation is called conformally invariant, or is said to possess Weyl invariance or Weyl symmetry. The Weyl symmetry is an important symmetry in conformal field theory. It is, for example, a symmetry of the Polyakov action. When quantum mechanical effects break the conformal invariance of a theory, it is said to exhibit a conformal anomaly or Weyl anomaly.

The ordinary Levi-Civita connection and associated spin connections are not invariant under Weyl transformations. Weyl connections are a class of affine connections that is invariant, although no Weyl connection is individual invariant under Weyl transformations.

Conformal weight
A quantity $$\varphi$$ has conformal weight $$k$$ if, under the Weyl transformation, it transforms via

\varphi \to \varphi e^{k \omega}. $$

Thus conformally weighted quantities belong to certain density bundles; see also conformal dimension. Let $$A_\mu$$ be the connection one-form associated to the Levi-Civita connection of $$g$$. Introduce a connection that depends also on an initial one-form $$\partial_\mu\omega$$ via

B_\mu = A_\mu + \partial_\mu \omega. $$

Then $$D_\mu \varphi \equiv \partial_\mu \varphi + k B_\mu \varphi$$ is covariant and has conformal weight $$k - 1$$.

Formulas
For the transformation

g_{ab} = f(\phi(x)) \bar{g}_{ab} $$   We can derive the following formulas

\begin{align} g^{ab} &= \frac{1}{f(\phi(x))} \bar{g}^{ab}\\ \sqrt{-g} &= \sqrt{-\bar{g}} f^{D/2} \\ \Gamma^c_{ab} &= \bar{\Gamma}^c_{ab} + \frac{f'}{2f} \left(\delta^c_b \partial_a \phi + \delta^c_a \partial_b \phi - \bar{g}_{ab} \partial^c \phi \right) \equiv \bar{\Gamma}^c_{ab} + \gamma^c_{ab} \\ R_{ab} &= \bar{R}_{ab} + \frac{f'' f- f^{\prime 2}}{2f^2} \left((2-D) \partial_a \phi \partial_b \phi - \bar{g}_{ab} \partial^c \phi \partial_c \phi \right) + \frac{f'}{2f} \left((2-D) \bar{\nabla}_a \partial_b \phi - \bar{g}_{ab} \bar{\Box} \phi\right) + \frac{1}{4} \frac{f^{\prime 2}}{f^2} (D-2) \left(\partial_a \phi \partial_b \phi - \bar{g}_{ab} \partial_c \phi \partial^c \phi \right) \\ R &= \frac{1}{f} \bar{R} + \frac{1-D}{f} \left( \frac{f''f - f^{\prime 2}}{f^2} \partial^c \phi \partial_c \phi + \frac{f'}{f} \bar{\Box} \phi \right) + \frac{1}{4f} \frac{f^{\prime 2}}{f^2} (D-2) (1-D) \partial_c \phi \partial^c \phi \end{align} $$ Note that the Weyl tensor is invariant under a Weyl rescaling.

title: Weyl transformation


text:
.sv

.sv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for El Salvador.

Second-level domains

 * edu.sv: Education and/or research institutions
 * gob.sv: National governmental institutions
 * com.sv: Commercial entities and other not included in the rest
 * org.sv: Non-profit Organizations
 * red.sv: National network administration (reserved)
 * ts.sv: Trade Shift (reserved)

title: .sv


text:
.sy

.sy is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Syria. The registry is operated by the National Agency for Network Services. It took over from the Syrian Telecommunications Establishment in 2011.

Second-level domains
There are several reserved second-level domains. They are:
 * .edu.sy (educational institutions)
 * .gov.sy (Government of Syria and government agencies)
 * .net.sy (network operator/providers)
 * .mil.sy (Syrian Armed Forces)
 * .com.sy (commercial entities)
 * .org.sy (nonprofit organisations)
 * .news.sy (news agencies)

title: .sy


text:
Blueschist

Blueschist, also called glaucophane schist, is a metavolcanic rock that forms by the metamorphism of basalt and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures (200-500 C), approximately corresponding to a depth of 15-30 km. The blue color of the rock comes from the presence of the predominant minerals glaucophane and lawsonite.

Blueschists are schists typically found within orogenic belts as terranes of lithology in faulted contact with greenschist or rarely eclogite facies rocks.

Petrology
Blueschist, as a rock type, is defined by the presence of the minerals glaucophane + ( lawsonite or epidote ) +/- jadeite +/- albite or chlorite +/- garnet +/- muscovite in a rock of roughly basaltic composition. Blueschist often has a lepidoblastic, nematoblastic or schistose rock microstructure defined primarily by chlorite, phengitic white mica, glaucophane, and other minerals with an elongate or platy shape.

Grain size is rarely coarse, as mineral growth is retarded by the swiftness of the rock's metamorphic trajectory and perhaps more importantly, the low temperatures of metamorphism and in many cases the anhydrous state of the basalts. However, porphyritic varieties do occur. Blueschists may appear blue, black, gray, or blue-green in outcrop.

Blueschist facies
Blueschist facies is determined by the particular temperature and pressure conditions required to metamorphose basalt to form blueschist. Felsic rocks and pelitic sediments which are subjected to blueschist facies conditions will form different mineral assemblages than metamorphosed basalt. Thereby, these rocks do not appear blue overall in color.

Blueschist mineralogy varies by rock composition, but the classic equilibrium assemblages of blueschist facies are:

 * Basalts: glaucophane + lawsonite and/or epidote + albite + titanite +/- garnet +/- quartz jadeite + quartz - diagnostic of pressures ~> 10 kbar
 * Ultramafic rocks: serpentinite/lizardite +/- talc +/- zoisite
 * Pelites: Fe-Mg-carpholite +/- chloritoid +/- kyanite + zoisite +/- pargasite or phengite +/- albite +/- quartz +/- talc +/- garnet
 * Granites: kyanite +/- paragonite +/- chlorite +/- albite +/- quartz +/- pargasite or phengite
 * Calc-silicates: Various
 * Limestones and marble: calcite transforms to aragonite at high pressure, but typically reverts to calcite when exhumed

Blueschist facies generally is considered to form under pressures of >0.6 GPa, equivalent to depth of burial in excess of 15–18 km, and at temperatures of between 200 and 500 °C. This is a 'low temperature, high pressure' prograde metamorphic path and is also known as the Franciscan facies series, after the west coast of the United States where these rocks are exposed. Well-exposed blueschists also occur in Greece, Turkey, Japan, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Continued subduction of blueschist facies oceanic crust will produce eclogite facies assemblages in metamorphosed basalt (garnet + omphacitic clinopyroxene). Rocks which have been subjected to blueschist conditions during a prograde trajectory will gain heat by conduction with hotter lower crustal rocks if they remain at the 15–18 km depth. Blueschist which heats up to greater than 500 °C via this fashion will enter greenschist or eclogite facies temperature-pressure conditions, and the mineral assemblages will metamorphose to reflect the new facies conditions.

Thus in order for blueschist facies assemblages to be seen at the Earth's surface, the rock must be exhumed swiftly enough to prevent total thermal equilibration of the rocks which are under blueschist facies conditions with the typical geothermal gradient.

Blueschists and other high-pressure subduction zone rocks are thought to be exhumed rapidly by flow and/or faulting in accretionary wedges or the upper parts of subducted crust, or may return to the Earth's surface in part owing to buoyancy if the metabasaltic rocks are associated with low-density continental crust (marble, metapelite, and other rocks of continental margins).

It has been held that the absence of blueschist dating to before the Neoproterozoic Era indicates that currently exhumed rocks never reached blueschist facies at subduction zones before 1,000 million years ago. This assertion is arguably wrong because the earliest oceanic crust would have contained more magnesium than today's crust and, therefore, would have formed greenschist-like rocks at blueschist facies.

History and etymology
In Minoan Crete blueschist and greenschist were used to pave streets and courtyards between 1650 and 1600 BC. These rocks were likely quarried in Agia Pelagia on the north coast of central Crete.

In 1962, Edgar Bailey of the U.S. Geological Survey, introduced the concept of "blueschist" into the subject of metamorphic geology. His carefully constructed definition established the pressure and temperature conditions which produce this type of metamorphism.

title: Blueschist