text:
Delwin Vriend

Delwin Vriend is a Canadian teacher who was at the center of a landmark provincial and federal legal case, Vriend v. Alberta, concerning the inclusion of sexual orientation as a protected human right in Canada.

Early life
Delwin Vriend was born in Sioux Center, Iowa, in 1966, to a Canadian father and an American mother. At the age of two, Vriend moved to Edmonton, Alberta with his family. The oldest of five children, he was raised with three siblings on an organic vegetable farm south of Edmonton in Leduc County. His parents were members of the local Christian Reformed Church, and he attended private Christian elementary and secondary schools, before enrolling at The King's College (now The King's University) in Edmonton. He then transferred to Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, to earn his physics and mathematics degree. After briefly being employed as an electrician, Vriend was asked to work at The King's College as a laboratory coordinator and chemistry lab instructor. He worked in that capacity for three years.

Civil rights case
In 1991, Vriend, who was open within his congregation about being in a same-sex relationship, was fired because his sexual orientation was deemed incompatible with a newly created statement of religious belief adopted by The King's College.

Vriend attempted to file a discrimination complaint with the Alberta Human Rights Commission, but was refused on the grounds that sexual orientation was not protected under the province's human rights code. He subsequently sued the Government of Alberta and its Human Rights Commission.

In 1994, an Alberta court ruled that sexual orientation must be treated as a protected class under human rights legislation. The provincial government subsequently appealed and in 1996 the decision was overruled by the Alberta Court of Appeal. This decision was then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada in the case of Vriend v. Alberta, who finally ruled in 1998 that provincial governments could not exclude protection of individuals from human rights legislation on the basis of sexual orientation.

Despite popular misunderstanding, the Vriend case was not against The King's College, and Vriend never pursued a human rights complaint against the institution. The case strictly involved whether claims to the Human Rights Commission on the basis of sexual orientation could be investigated by provincial human rights commissions, and did not set any legal precedent for the resolution of such claims. Canadian human rights legislation does exempt religious institutions in specific cases typically involving the education of minors, and the Supreme Court ruling did not change that. However, some religious groups had lobbied the provincial and federal governments to invoke Canada's notwithstanding clause to overrule the decision. This course of action was never pursued by the Alberta government.

The Supreme Court decision in Vriend vs. Alberta was used to argue provincial cases against bans on same-sex marriage throughout Canada. In addition, the decision has had greater ramifications within Canadian law outside of sexual orientation issues. It has shaped legal precedent concerning provincial and federal government relationships as well as labor and other civil rights and constitutional laws.

Personal life
Delwin Vriend left the Christian Reformed Church. After his termination, Vriend was unemployed for seven months before finding part-time employment with the AIDS Network of Edmonton Society and eventually a full-time position with the University of Alberta library. However, the publicity surrounding the case caused Vriend to leave Canada in 2000.

In 2005, Delwin Vriend placed 44th on the list published by Alberta Venture magazine as one of this century's 50 greatest Albertans.

In 2011 Delwin Vriend was inducted into the Q Hall of Fame Canada.

title: Delwin Vriend


text:
List of Baltimore neighborhoods

This list of Baltimore neighborhoods includes the neighborhoods of Baltimore, Maryland, divided into nine geographical regions: North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, and Central, with each district patrolled by a respective precinct of the Baltimore Police Department. Charles Street down to Hanover Street and Ritchie Highway serve as the east-west dividing line and Eastern Avenue to Route 40 as the north-south dividing line. However, Baltimore Street is north-south dividing line for the U.S. Postal Service. It is not uncommon for locals to divide the city simply by East or West Baltimore, using Charles Street or I-83 as a dividing line.

The following is a list of major neighborhoods in Baltimore, organized by broad geographical location in the city:

Baltimore neighborhoods
A list of the neighborhoods of Baltimore listed by planning district:

Northwest
• Arlington

• Callaway-Garrison, Baltimore

• Central Park Heights

• Cheswolde

• Coldspring

• Cross Country

• Cylburn

• Fallstaff

• Glen

• Greenspring

• Langston Hughes

• Levindale

• Lucille Park

• Mount Washington

• Park Circle

• Parklane

• Pimlico Good Neighbors

• Reisterstown Station

• Seton Business Park

• Towanda-Grantley

• Woodmere

North
• Abell

• Barclay

• Bellona-Gittings

• Belvedere

• Better Waverly

• Blythewood

• Cameron Village

• Cedarcroft

• Charles North

• Charles Village (formerly Peabody Heights)

• Chinquapin Park

• Cross Keys

• Ednor Gardens-Lakeside

• Evergreen

• Evesham Park

• Glen Oaks

• Greenmount West

• Guilford

• Hampden

• Harwood

• Hoes Heights

• Homeland

• Idlewood

• Johns Hopkins Homewood

• Jones Falls Area

• Kenilworth Park

• Kernewood

• Keswick

• Lake Evesham

• Lake Walker

• Loyola/Notre Dame

• Mid-Govans

• New Northwood

• North Roland Park/Poplar Hill

• Oakenshawe

• Old Goucher

• The Orchards

• Original Northwood

• Pen Lucy

• Radnor-Winston

• Remington

• Richnor Springs

• Roland Park

• Rosebank

• Sabina-Mattfeldt

• Tuscany-Canterbury

• Villages at Homeland

• Waverly

• Wilson Park

• Winston-Govans

• Woodberry

• Woodbourne Heights

• Woodbourne-McCabe

• Wrenlane

• Wyman Park

• Wyndhurst

• York-Homeland

Northeast
• Arcadia

• Armistead Gardens

• Belair-Edison

• Belair-Parkside

• Beverly Hills

• Broening Manor

• Cedmont

• Cedonia

• Clifton Park

• Coldstream-Homestead-Montebello

• Eastwood

• Four By Four

• Frankford

• Glenham-Belhar

• Graceland Park

• Hamilton Hills

• Herring Run

• Hillen

• Holabird Industrial Park

• Lauraville

• Loch Raven

• Lower Herring Run Park

• Mayfield

• Medford

• Montebello

• Moravia-Walther

• Morgan Park

• Morgan State University

• Mt Pleasant Park

• North Harford Road

• Orangeville

• Orangeville Industrial Area

• Orchard Ridge

• Overlea

• Perring Loch

• Pulaski Industrial Area

• Ramblewood

• Rosemont East

• Saint Helena

• Stonewood-Pentwood-Winston

• Taylor Heights

• Waltherson

• Westfield

East and Downtown

 * Baltimore Highlands
 * Berea
 * Biddle Street
 * Brewers Hill
 * Broadway East
 * Butcher's Hill
 * Canton
 * Canton Industrial Area
 * CARE
 * Darley Park
 * Downtown
 * Downtown West
 * Dundalk Marine Terminal
 * East Baltimore Midway
 * Ellwood Park/Monument
 * Greenmount Cemetery
 * Highlandtown
 * Inner Harbor
 * Johnston Square
 * Madison-Eastend
 * McElderry Park
 * Milton-Montford
 * Oliver
 * Patterson Place
 * South Clifton Park
 * University of Maryland

Central
• Mid-Town Belvedere

• Mount Vernon

• Seton Hill

Southeast
• Bayview

• Dunbar-Broadway

• Fells Point

• Gay Street

• Greektown

• Jonestown

• Kresson

• Little Italy

• Middle East

• O'Donnell Heights

• Oldtown

• Patterson Park Neighborhood

• Penn-Fallsway

• Perkins Homes

• Pleasant View Gardens

• Upper Fells Point

• Washington Hill

South
• Barre Circle

• Brooklyn

• Carroll Park

• Carroll-Camden Industrial Area

• Cherry Hill

• Curtis Bay

• Curtis Bay Industrial Area

• Fairfield Area / (former Masonville & Wagner's Point - East Brooklyn)

• Federal Hill

• Franklin Square

• Hawkins Point / Arundel Cove

• Hollins Market

• Lakeland

• Locust Point

• Locust Point (North & South) Industrial Area

• Middle Branch / Broening / Reedbird Parks

• Mount Winans

• New Southwest/Mount Clare

• Otterbein

• Poppleton

• Port Covington

• Ridgely's Delight

• Riverside

• Saint Paul

• Sharp-Leadenhall

• South Baltimore

• Spring Garden Industrial Area

• Stadiums Area / Camden Yards sports complex

• Union Square

• Westport

Southwest
• Allendale

• Beechfield

• Boyd-Booth

• Carroll-South Hilton

• Carrollton Ridge

• Dickeyville

• Edgewood

• Edmondson Village

• Franklintown

• Gwynns Falls

• Gwynns Falls/Leakin Park

• Hunting Ridge

• Irvington

• Lower Edmondson Village

• Millhill

• Morrell Park

• Oaklee

• Penrose/Fayette Street Outreach

• Rognel Heights

• Saint Agnes

• Saint Josephs

• Shipley Hill

• Ten Hills

• Tremont

• Uplands

• Violetville

• Wakefield

• Washington Village/Pigtown

• West Hills

• Westgate

• Wilhelm Park

• Yale-Heights

West
• Ashburton

• Bolton Hill

• Bridgeview-Greenlawn

• Burleith-Leighton

• Central Forest Park

• Concerned Citizens of Forest Park

• Coppin Heights/Ash-Co-East

• Dolfield

• Dorchester

• Druid Heights

• Druid Hill Park

• East Arlington

• Easterwood

• Evergreen Lawn

• Fairmont

• Forest Park

• Forest Park Golf Course

• Franklintown Road

• Garwyn Oaks

• Grove Park

• Hanlon Longwood

• Harlem Park

• Heritage Crossing

• Howard Park

• Liberty Square

• Madison Park

• Midtown-Edmondson

• Mondawmin

• Mosher

• Mount Holly

• Northwest Community Action

• Panway/Braddish Avenue

• Parkview/Woodbrook

• Penn North

• Purnell

• Reservoir Hill

• Rosemont

• Rosemont Homeowners/Tenants

• Sandtown-Winchester

• Upton

• Walbrook

• West Arlington

• West Forest Park

• Winchester

• Windsor Hills

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Baltimore neighborhoods


text: User talk:207.69.138.9

title: User talk:207.69.138.9


text: User talk:204.66.3.242

title: User talk:204.66.3.242


text:
Sub

Sub or SUB may refer to:

Places

 * Juanda International Airport, Surabaya, Indonesia, IATA code SUB

People

 * Bottom (BDSM), or "sub" for "submissive"
 * Substitute teacher

Computing and technology

 * , an HTML tag for subscript
 * designates a subroutine in some programming languages
 * SUB, substitute character, ASCII character 26
 * SUB, subtraction processor command
 * .sub (disambiguation), several file extensions
 * Subeditor
 * Subwoofer loudspeaker

Typography

 * Subscript and superscript
 * Subtitle

Entertainment and media

 * Sub (TV channel)
 * Sub (album), a 2000 album by Swiss industrial metal band Apollyon Sun
 * The Sub, a 2017 American short horror film
 * Subs (novel), a 2011 novel by Thor Kunkel

Other uses

 * Seafarers' Union of Burma, or SUB
 * Submarine sandwich, or hero sandwich
 * Submarine boat
 * Submersible boat
 * Subscription

title: Sub


text:
Stephen S. Roach

Stephen Samuel Roach (born September 16, 1945) is an American economist. He serves as senior fellow at Yale University’s Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, and a senior lecturer at the Yale School of Management. He was formerly chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia, and chief economist at Morgan Stanley, the New York City-based investment bank.

Career
In 1968, Roach earned a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and, later, a PhD in economics from New York University.

After earning his PhD, Roach was a research fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. From 1972 until 1979, Roach served as staff economist of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. supervising the preparation of the official Federal Reserve projections of the U.S. economy. From 1979 until joining Morgan Stanley in 1982, Roach was Vice President for Economic Analysis for the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company in New York.

Roach was with Morgan Stanley for 30-plus years. He was the investment bank's chief economist since 1982, serving as head of the firm's global team of economists in New York, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Paris. From 2007-10 he was Chairman, Morgan Stanley Asia, from 2010-12 he was Non-Executive Chairman, Morgan Stanley Asia, and since mid-2010 he has been a Senior Fellow at Yale University.

In 2009, Dirk Bezemer, a Professor of Economics at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, noted that Roach was one of the earliest to have predicted the 2008 global financial crisis.

Personal life
Roach and his wife live in New Canaan, Connecticut.

Work
Roach writes monthly columns for the international media organization Project Syndicate.
 * Roach, Stephen, The Next Asia: Opportunities and Challenges for a New Globalization, (Wiley 2009)
 * Roach, Stephen, Unbalanced: The Codependency of America and China (2014)
 * Roach, Stephen, Accidental Conflict: America, China, and the Clash of False Narratives, (Yale University Press 2022) ISBN 978-0-300-25964-3

title: Stephen S. Roach


text:
User talk:Wkdewey

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:28, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Warning newcomers
Hi Wkdewey. If you are going to warn newcomers, remember to please assume good faith and use test0 before you use test2. -- Electric Eye  ( talk ) 04:48, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Fix the template
(cur) (last) 14:39, 13 July 2008 Wkdewey (Talk | contribs) (19,148 bytes) (AFD) (undo)  •Jim 62 sch• dissera! 19:43, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks fine to me. Did I miss a step?Wkdewey (talk) 19:46, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Forget to log in?
I will be declining Fortynateyate's unblock per your comment, but it looks like you forgot to log in. Daniel Case (talk) 14:14, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wkdewey


text:
File:Dr Benjamin Rush.png

Dr. Benjamin Rush Engraving by James Barton Longacre (1794–1869), from painting by Thomas Sully (1783–1872).

Library of Congress

Note that this is from the same picture as the older Image:Benjamin_Rush.png but the proportions have not been distorted. Old vs. New:

title: File:Dr Benjamin Rush.png


text:
User talk:P Ingerson

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:28, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Samuele de Gaunt
Hello! I really thank you for the hard work of reverting all the vandalism done in several pages by those loonies around Samuele de Gaunt. I really don't know what is that thing all about, but it must be carried out by some guys without nothing better to do, but I have to admit that they have some creativity... Keep your good work! (sorry for any spelling mistakes) - Afonso Silva 22:05, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I second Afonso Silva's comments. Keep up the good work; I'll try to revert any vandalism to the vfd page if I see it too. --Whimemsz 17:24, May 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concerning the vandalism reverts: No problem. --Whimemsz 02:25, May 5, 2005 (UTC)

Paul Bouche
See Votes for deletion/Paul Bouche; it's a recreation of a vanity article, so I wouldn't waste too much of your time with it. Dunc|☺ 15:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Just so you know, I recently created for computer and video game articles, leaving  for board games and dice games and so on. Andre ( talk )A| 23:40, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)

SHRC
Sherlock Holmes topics recent changes J OHN C OLLISON (An Liúdramán) 17:45, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"Lord Seal"
I'm sure you meant well, but take a look here! -- Hoary 11:54, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)
 * I believe in innocent until proven guilty. Even if it does turn out to be vanity, it should still get the full and proper treatment (e.g. redirects, etc.) until it's finally deleted.  P Ingerson 12:02, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Well said. Still, I thought you might be interested in a closer look at "Lord Seal" (whose notability in Spilsby has escaped the notice of Google), his chum "Lord Hudson", and the Order of Sir John Franklin. -- Hoary 13:09, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

Alexander McNair
Hi - for future reference, there's a note at the top of the hist-stub category saying "Please don't put biographies in here". I've changed the stub template that you put on Alexander McNair to US-politician-stub :) Grutness|hello?  01:39, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops. Sorry. I do get confused about different stub categories.

'Salright - there are so many of them now it's easy to lose track.
 * I normally follow Template messages/Stubs which isn't very helpful.

Try WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types. It's probably a more comprehensive list, and a lot easier to read (and load!) Grutness|hello? 09:45, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for the reversion on my user and talk pages. Gee, I hope nobody saw that and thought that I do those terrible things. – ClockworkSoul 19:48, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Just wanted to add a thank you from me for sorting out the categories for some TV shows for me. I didn't know that I could change them so that they listed under their name and not the "The" which precedes them. Thanks once again - I do apologise for categorising a few which needed such a change. HowardBerry 30 June 2005 19:56 (UTC)

Abbreviations
Hi, regarding your tag on Scinteia, "NPOV" stands for "Neutral Point of View", and so "It is hopelessly NPOV" is not in common use on Wikipedia. "Hopelessly POV" however... Sjakkalle 12:32, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Never heard of irony? P Ingerson 14:02, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Was it irony? OK sorry... Sjakkalle 14:12, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

User:82.211.102.159
I blocked this guy for twenty-four hours for being a pain in the ass. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:48, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

italics -v- double quotes
''Hi. Sorry to be a pedant, but please use double quotes not italics to denote a story within a series, as per Manual of Style. And please don't edit existing articles to replace the double quotes with italics. (eg. ) Thanks. — P Ingerson (talk)  10:11, 7 May 2005 (UTC)''

Sorry, I was applying the style guide used at WikiProject Doctor Who when I changed that. I accept that is not standard so I will confine such edits to Doctor Who specific articles in future. Please revert that change if you haven't already. --TimPope 11:06, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

Hi. Sorry about that, but naming conventions in Doctor Who have rather interesting historical reasons. I will do the same as TimPope and confine any such edits to Doctor Who-specific articles. I am reverting your changes to those articles but not the others. --khaosworks 13:29, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

Re:Principality of galore
Did the Port Phillip City Council respond to your e-mail? What did they say? I am just curious and want to know if the author's claim that somebody actually recognizes this micronation is as false as I think. - Mike Rosoft 19:41, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Jugge
I don't think the show he's on is a contest, I think it's more a documentary show about Swedish people who live in Goa. At least, from what I gathered from that link I posted. RickK 23:15, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Ugh. Well, I have to admit I didn't read the whole thing very extensively ... :) If there were an article about Club Goa, we could merge this, but since we don't he isn't that notable.  RickK 23:27, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Careful
Please be careful when editing, you accidentally removed my comment here. Radiant_ >|< June 28, 2005 15:04 (UTC)
 * Apparently, 'edit conflict' warning is disabled, per yesterday. Ouch! Radiant_ >|< June 28, 2005 15:15 (UTC)

Valedictorian
You'll find that it is the highest ranking person in a U.S. high school graduating class. It comes from the tradition in the US for such person to give a speech to his/her classmates at the graduation ceremony. (from the latin for "worthy speech")--eleuthero 29 June 2005 05:29 (UTC)

Category:UK Wikipedians
Hi, just to let you know that the list of UK participants at the UK notice board was getting rather long, so I have replaced it with the above category which I have added to your user page. -- Francs2000 | Talk 30 June 2005 20:35 (UTC)

Sorry I messed up, thanks for fixing it
Ah, so that's what I did, put in an extra bracket on the VfD for Double seat brief. D'oh! Thanks for fixing it. Zora 1 July 2005 11:01 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Tea Sucking
Please re-visit this discussion. Uncle G 2005-07-01 16:16:20 (UTC)

Black five
Do you want this image or do you want it listed on WP:IFD? We have three decent photos of preserved black fives on LMS Stanier Black Five already, and I can't see where it could be used in an article. Dunc|☺ 9 July 2005 08:46 (UTC)

 * I've now listed it on WP:IFD Dunc|☺ 15:09, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Roy Harper singles
Yes the page is short, but instead of deleting it can you help me fix it? i.e. get the Harper singles listed on it, as on the Roy Harper Album page? Admittedly, there are only two singles so far that I have written reviews for, but there are many more to be written up. Harper is a musician with a 40 year output and there's a lot of work to do...can you help? Stephenjh

You don't need to know anything about Roy Harper in order to make my links work. I figured if you had the ability to delete, you might have the knowledge to help that's all. Stephenjh

So, basically you think my page is too short and suitable for deletion, but you cannot help me add information to it in order to make it function like the Category:Roy Harper albums page? Stephenjh

You don't have to know anything about Harper to help. At the bottom of Roy Harpers album pages is a category, "Roy Harper albums" if you click that it takes you to another page, an alphebetised list of his output (at least the albums that have been reviewed here). I am trying to create a similar page for his single output, by creating that category and page and I thought you might have the knowledge. Stephenjh

That's it! Thanks for your help...hopefully the page will grow in time Stephenjh

Cochise...
At present, I am working on changing that. There is nothing on the Wikipedia Cochise County regarding the City of Cochise. Therefore this is my reasoning for using the Ghost Site page. After reading the links you suggested, there is nothing that outlines how I can address this very dilemma. Other than suggesting it may not be wise to not use an outside link.

As I am editing I will address the issue, but I most certainly appreciate your help!! Angelbby1 17:24, 22 December 2006 (UTC)Angelbby1

Dont Bite
Hey! Just a quickj reminder, try not to BITE the newcomers. The article on Cochise, AZ was added in good faith. This user is makind a serious effort to go about things in the right way. I feel they may be becoming discouraged due to all of the warnings. Cochise, arizona is a real place, and has some historical value! Feel free to drop User talk:Angelbby1 a like and offer to help them! -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 17:26, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Its ok! No problem. I just seem to remeber when I first started, everybody was jumping at me.  I had best of intentions but after you have been here a while it just becomes a routine. there is so much bad faith, especuially on new page patrol and anti vandalism patrol that it becomes second nature to slap thet csd tag on there.  (trust me, ive done my share of it too).  Thanks for the great work.  It is much appreciated.  -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 17:33, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I have added information and references on the city of Cochise, Arizona. (i also moved it from its originial names Cochise, AZ.  Do you have any objections to my removals of the peedy tag?  If you do, that is no problem at all and i respect that and i will leave it up for admin decision. -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 17:37, 22 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for being so CIVIL about that! I gave you a shiny new barnstar. If you dont want it, you are welcome to delete it and I will not be offended.  Thanks for the good job you do, it is much aprpeciated.  -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 17:46, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

No No No....do not apologize!! It is people like you who make this site an awesome resource!!

Thanks Again for your help! =)

Shakespeare Authorship Source
For starters, here is a source for much of the information you seek - It's called "Shakespeare and his Rivals: A Casebook on the Authorship Controversy" by George McMichael and Edgar M. Glenn, a pair of college professors. It is copyright 1962, and published by The Odyssey Press, in NY. lib of congess card #62-11942. It is strictly informative, providing source documents, contemp. reference, first signs of doubt, etc. It makes it clear on the first page that "most academic scholars aceept that Shakespeare was Shakespeare", and in presenting each theory, pretty much dismisses them - although without all the anger and name-calling and wild theories that Kathman advances. I do agree that better sources would be the best compromise and appreciate P Ingerson for a civility that is often lacking on this page.Smatprt 07:36, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Here is another: The Authorship of Shakespeare. James G. McManaway. Publisher: Folger Shakespeare Library. Cornell University Pres, Ithaca, NY. 1962.

Regarding Kathman - he is not a professional scholar - he is a mutual fund analyst. He has done some decent research on apprentices and boy acting companies but has also advanced a number of unsupported theories about the authorship. He has contributed ONE essay to a collection by Wells - and it contains at least one whopping error. This does not an expert make. However, because its in the Wells book, Wiki rules seem to say that that ONE essay can be quoted. However, his personal website, more of a blog, is full of ridiculous assertions that have no support among mainstream scholars (who dare not make such claims for fear of ridicule). Kathman's website cites very few references and is chock full of OR. His website is also so mean-spirited that I am surprised that anyone who cares about Wikipedia would want it linked. It drags down Wikipedia in general and this article in particular.Smatprt 07:36, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Delgado and Brett.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Delgado and Brett.JPG. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Armedanode (talk) 08:21, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Clay as Lancelot.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Clay as Lancelot.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 20:09, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Invitation
Hello there

I see you are interested in the Life On Mars Television Series, as I am.

At the moment I have A Life On Mars Wikiproject currently up for approval by the Wikiproject Approval Council. As you are interested in Life On Mars I was wondering if you would be interested in adding your name and joining. If you are interested you can find it on WikiProject Council/Proposals its right at the very bottom you cant miss it as its titled ‘Wikipedia: Wikiproject Life on Mars (Television Series)’. And after your name is added to Wikiproject propsals please add it to the main page Wikiproject Life On Mars

If you are interested by all means feel free to join

Regards

Police,Mad,Jack —Preceding comment was added at 20:14, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Delgado and Brett.JPG
Thank you for uploading Image:Delgado and Brett.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this image under "fair use" may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the image description page and add or clarify the reason why the image qualifies for fair use. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a fair use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for images used under the fair use policy require both a copyright tag and a fair use rationale.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it might be deleted by adminstrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. Ricky81682 (talk) 03:52, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Peter Wyngarde.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Peter Wyngarde.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:29, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nicholas Smith 1968.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Nicholas Smith 1968.JPG. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Project FMF (talk) 00:38, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Dave Prowse Champions.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Dave Prowse Champions.JPG. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Polly (Parrot) 01:33, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added a fair use rationale to this image, and removed the deletion notifications as I believe there is no reason to remove this screenshot. Cheers, Face 18:25, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Nicholas Smith 1968.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Nicholas Smith 1968.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:13, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

File:Nicholas Smith 2003.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Nicholas Smith 2003.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. 74.204.40.46 (talk) 10:04, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello P Ingerson! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 22:47, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) William Gaunt -

Orphaned non-free image File:Doctor Syn.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Doctor Syn.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

PLEASE NOTE:

 * I am a bot, and will therefore not be able to answer your questions.
 * I will remove the request for deletion if the file is used in an article once again.
 * If you receive this notice after the image is deleted, and you want to restore the image, click here to file an un-delete request.
 * To opt out of these bot messages, add  to your talk page.
 * If you believe the bot has made an error, please turn it off here and leave a message on my owner's talk page.

Thank you. DASHBot (talk) 05:21, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Non-free rationale for File:Max Geldray.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Max Geldray.JPG. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:46, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Dave Prowse Champions.JPG
 Thanks for uploading File:Dave Prowse Champions.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:15, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Chloe Ashcroft

The article Chloe Ashcroft has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, this biography of a living person will be deleted after seven days unless it has at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp/dated tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within seven days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. – Davey 2010 Talk 21:45, 10 October 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:P Ingerson


text:
Talk:Kim Possible

New article
Dose anyone want to help with Draft:Kim Possible in film Fanoflionking 21:37, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

kim possible external link talk
so, i noticed that you maed an edit to external links on Kim Possible, and i gotta tell you, you were wrong.

the current link for the official site is dead: http://disneychannel.disney.com/kim-possible

this site leads to kim possible site, check it out for yourself: https://movies.disney.com/kim-possible

the "movie" site you were talking about is here: https://movies.disney.com/kim-possible-2019

i dare you go go to all three sites and see my point.--Jetcold0 (talk) 02:03, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

After reading "Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist-supervillain duo Dr.Drakken and his sidekick Shego, though they encounter other enemies as well." I found "though they encounter other enemies as well." to be disjointed and redundant considering it already mentioned that their "primary" nemesis are Dr.Drakken and Shego, which insinuates that there are others they encounter. I did remove that part, but I'd love to hear you all's thoughts on this.Toph Baraz (talk) 01:11, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

Middleton Location
The article states that Middleton is in Colorado.

This is NOT specified in Canon. So it should not be in the article. While most of the evidence to support Colorado exists (and I personally subscribe to it in my fan works), the main evidence is a map of Colorado Senor Senior, Sr references in targeting missiles at Middleton, another episode references a map of West Virginia. These conflicting aired canon graphics makes it impossible to *definitively* state Colorado as Middleton's state.

BTW, I'm the Admin for the KimPossible.fandom.com wiki.

Reprise: Middleton cannot be declared as in Colorado, even though I personally subscribe to it.

I looked briefly at the history to see if I could spot when it was added, but I don't have the time for a deep dive. I would simply make the change, but I don't want to be seen as *a vandal* Love Robin (talk) 23:57, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree. I saw nothing when watching the series that indicated Colorado was the location. Figured Middleton was just some random stateless name of a generic city. Anyway nothing in the article supports Colorado, nothing in the series defines it as being there. I removed it. Was changed from USA with this edit in January 2020. Geraldo Perez (talk) 02:08, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Reboot
Believe me or not, there has been a possibility about a possible reboot as told by Kim's voice actress Christy Carlson Romano and Entertainment Tonight (ET). 2601:196:4A01:D770:1FC5:26BB:A03D:8117 (talk) 15:22, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

Reboot explication
Geraldo Perez, i just added a source, so why THE HECK DID YOU HAD TO REVERT MY FREAKING EDITS. I JUST EDIT A DAMN RELIABLE SOURCE. 73.182.164.191 (talk) 02:50, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Because the source didn't support the information added to the article. There was no announcement of any sort made, she hinted at a possibility and it is more her personal aspirations than something official from the production studio who she doesn't even work for let alone speak for. Geraldo Perez (talk) 03:38, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I get that, but you should know that i was proving a reliable source. 73.182.164.191 (talk) 04:06, 12 November 2023 (UTC)
 * That generally reliable source did not support the information that was added. Whether or not that source is generally reliable isn't the issue here - the source didn't support the information that was added to the article. She made no announcement of any sort, the source reliably reported that she "hinted" at what she hopes is a possibility and it mostly supports that she is trying to drive up support for a sequel, not that there is actually anything happening. This is not the sort of information that belongs in a Wikipedia article. There is nothing solid there to report, she is not an authority tied to the production studio who knows what is going on. Geraldo Perez (talk) 04:17, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kim Possible


text:
Macroecology

Macroecology is a subfield in ecology that uses a methodological approach that investigates the empirical patterns and mechanistic processes by which the particulate components of complex ecological systems generate emergent structures and dynamics Unlike traditional ecology, which focuses on local and small-scale interactions, macroecology seeks to identify general emergent patterns within and across spatial and temporal scales.

One of the main tenets of macroecology is that, despite the apparent complexity and randomness of ecological systems, they exhibit a significant degree of order. This order is particularly evident in statistical patterns related to organism interactions, their relationships with the environment, and the emergent structures and dynamics of ecological systems. As put by Brown (1999), "Despite their complexity, ecological systems are not haphazard collections of organisms interacting randomly. Instead, they exhibit a great deal of order: in the kinds of organisms that make up the system, like their interactions with each other and their nonliving environment, and especially in the emergent structure and dynamics of the system. This order is perhaps best revealed in certain statistical patterns." Lawton aptly captures the essence of macroecology: "Macroecology ... seeks to get above the mind‐boggling details of local community assembly to find a bigger picture, whereby a kind of statistical order emerges from the scrum.” Thus, macroecology often aims to elucidate statistical patterns of abundance, distribution, and diversity across different biological scales.

The term "macroecology" was first introduced by Venezuelan researchers Guillermo Sarmiento and Maximina Monasterio in 1971 and was later adopted by James Brown and Brian Maurer in their 1989 paper in Science.

Macroecology is not just a large-scale study; a macroecological approach can also be taken at small scales to study emergent behavior. In essence, macroecology adopts a "top-down" approach, focusing on understanding the properties of entire systems (populations, communities, assemblages etc.) rather than individual components. It is akin to seeing the entire forest instead of individual trees, as Kevin Gaston and Tim Blackburn suggested. Some critical areas of interest within macroecology include the study of species richness, latitudinal gradients in species diversity, the species-area curve, range size, body size, and species abundance. Specifically, the relationship between abundance and range size—exploring why some species are widespread and abundant while others are restricted and less common—has been a focal area of macroecological research.

title: Macroecology


text: Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects

title: Template:Active Wiki Fixup Projects


text:
Drawing Down the Moon (book)

Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today is a sociological study of contemporary Paganism in the United States written by the American Wiccan and journalist Margot Adler. First published in 1979 by Viking Press, it was later republished in a revised and expanded edition by Beacon Press in 1986, with third and fourth revised editions being brought out by Penguin Books in 1996 and then 2006 respectively.

According to The New York Times, the book "is credited with both documenting new religious impulses and being a catalyst for the panoply of practices now in existence" and "helped popularize earth-based religions." Adler was a Neopagan and "recognized witch" herself and a reporter for National Public Radio.

The book is an examination of Neopaganism in the United States from a sociological standpoint, discussing the history and various forms of the movement. It contains excerpts from many interviews with average Pagans, as well as with well-known leaders and organizers in the community.

The first edition of the book sold 30,000 copies. Successive versions have included over one hundred and fifty pages of additional text and an updated contacts section. It has been praised by Theodore Roszak, Susan Brownmiller, The New York Times Book Review and the Journal of the American Academy of Religion.

Paganism and Wicca in the United States
Contemporary Paganism, which is also referred to as Neo-Paganism, is an umbrella term used to identify a wide variety of modern religious movements, particularly those influenced by or claiming to be derived from the various pagan beliefs of pre-modern Europe. The religion of Pagan Witchcraft, or Wicca, is one of a number of different Pagan religions, and developed in England during the first half of the 20th century. The figure at the forefront of Wicca's early development was the English occultist Gerald Gardner (1884-1964), the author of Witchcraft Today (1954) and The Meaning of Witchcraft (1959) and the founder of a tradition known as Gardnerian Wicca. Gardnerian Wicca revolved around the veneration of both a Horned God and a Mother Goddess, the celebration of eight seasonally-based festivals in a Wheel of the Year and the practice of magical rituals in groups known as covens. Gardnerianism was subsequently brought to the U.S. in the early 1960s by an English initiate, Raymond Buckland (1934-2017), and his then-wife Rosemary, who together founded a coven in Long Island.

In the U.S., new variants of Wicca developed, including Dianic Wicca, a tradition founded in the 1970s which was heavily influenced by second wave feminism, rejecting the veneration of the Horned God and emphasizing female-only covens. One initiate of both the Dianic and Gardnerian traditions, who used the pseudonym of Starhawk (1951-), later founded her own tradition, Reclaiming Wicca, as well as publishing The Spiral Dance: a Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess (1979), through which she helped to spread Wicca throughout the U.S.

Adler and her research
In 1976, Adler publicly announced that Viking Press had offered her a book contract to undertake the first wide-ranging study of American Paganism.

Synopsis

Drawing Down the Moon offers a guide to the Pagan movement across the United States.

1986 revision
In 1986, Adler published a revised second edition of Drawing Down the Moon, much expanded with new information. Identifying several new trends that had occurred in American Paganism since 1979, Adler recognized that in the intervening seven years, U.S. Pagans had become increasingly self-aware of Paganism as a movement, something which she attributed to the increasing number of Pagan festivals. One reviewer noted that the alterations made for the 1986 edition "often creates a vivid contrast with events and persons first described in 1979."

2006 revision
The 2006 edition includes a new section on Greencraft (pp. 127–129), a Wiccan tradition emerging out of an Alexandrian Wicca coven, and which features its own rune alphabet and a non-Hebrew form of Kabbalah based on work by Neopagan author R. J. Stewart; it emphasizes the practice of Wicca as a nature religion and as a mystery religion. It also gives a more complete and sympathetic treatment of the Northern European Neopagan revivals grouped under the rubric "Heathenism," which she admits to having consciously omitted from the first edition because of discomfort with the more conservative social values of this form of Pagan revival, and because some far-right and even neo-Nazi groups were using it as a front for their activities at the time (pp. 286–296). And she prefaces her chapter "Women, Feminism, and the Craft," which discusses the emergence of feminist forms of Neopaganism, with discussion of how her personal feelings about such groups have changed, but "decided to leave the chapter pretty much as is, with a few minor corrections, and address the question of feminist spirituality today at the end."

Academic reviews
Writing in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Mara E. Donaldson of the University of Virginia commented that Adler's book provided an "extensive study of paganism" that "demythologizes" the movement "without being sentimental or self-righteous." Considering it to be a "serious corrective to common misconceptions" propagated in the media, Donaldson stated that it was "worth reading" despite what she herself perceived as "neopaganism's weaknesses", namely the movement's lack of "historical-traditional-cultural memory" and a lack of "sensitivity to the Western problem of evil".

In a 1996 paper discussing the various sociological studies that had then been made of Paganism, the sociologist Sarah M. Pike noted that Drawing Down the Moon had gone "a long way towards answering the question" as to "what makes these [Pagan ritual] activities valid and viable to those who engage in them". In doing so, Pike believed that Adler's work was an improvement on earlier sociological studies of the movement, namely that of Nachman Ben-Yehuda, which Pike felt had failed to answer this question. Noting Adler's position as a practicing Wiccan, and the impact which this would have on her study, Pike however felt that the book was "less defensive and apologetic than sociological studies conducted by many supposedly objective "outsiders"." Summarizing Drawing Down the Moon as being "unmatched" in its "sweeping survey" of the Pagan movement, Pike notes that in providing an overview of the subject it failed to focus on "detailed examination of specific issues and events."

Other reviews
Writing for The Women's Review of Books, Robin Herndobler praised Adler's "clear, graceful prose", and the manner in which she had written about Paganism "with interest and compassion."

Pagan community
Writing in his later biography of Eddie Buczynski, the Pagan independent scholar Michael G. Lloyd noted that Adler's book was a marked departure from earlier books dealing with Pagan Witchcraft which continued to equate it with either historical Early Modern witchcraft or Satanism. In her 1999 study of American Wiccans, A Community of Witches, the sociologist Helen A. Berger noted that Drawing Down the Moon had been influential in getting many Wiccans to accept the non-existence of a historical Witch-Cult from which their religion descended. Along with Starhawk's Dreaming the Dark (1982), Adler's book politicized practices of Paganism and witchcraft by emphasizing their radical and feminist aspects, and as a result drew many radical feminists into their orbit.

Academia
In her sociological study of American Paganism, Loretta Orion, author of Never Again the Burning Times: Paganism Revisited (1995), noted that she had "benefitted" from Adler's study, believing that it contained "insightful reflections" on those whom it was studying.

Editions

 * Original edition 1979, hardcover, ISBN 0-670-28342-8 (Viking, New York)
 * Original edition 1979, paperback, ISBN 0-8070-3237-9 (Beacon Press, Boston)
 * Revised edition 1986, paperback, ISBN 0-8070-3253-0 (Beacon Press, Boston)
 * Revised edition 1996, paperback, ISBN 0-14-019536-X (Penguin, New York)
 * Revised edition 2006, paperback, ISBN 0-14-303819-2 (Penguin, New York)

Reviews

 * Bittner, Amy. 'Review of Margot Adler, Drawing Down the Moon
 * Dangler, Michael. A Review of Adler's Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshipers, and Other Pagans in America Today
 * Donaldson, Mara E. Untitled review in Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Jun., 1982), pp. 303–304.

Interviews

 * The Wiccan / Pagan Times. Drawing Down the Moon: TWPT Talks with Margot Adler

title: Drawing Down the Moon (book)


text:
Historical population of Poznań

The following table contains information on the historical population of the city of Poznań in western Poland.

For details of the historical developments, see History of Poznań.

The above figures do not include a significant number of students (approximately 60,000) resident temporarily in Poznań during the academic year.

title: Historical population of Poznań


text:
Talk:Drawing Down the Moon

Untitled
Started page as a stub. This one needs a complete re-work.

--Justin.eiler 01:32, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This is a BOOK article, not a RITUAL article.
Removed information not related to the book Drawing Down the Moon.

--Justin.eiler 03:41, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Drawing down the Moon (ritual) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 01:30, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drawing Down the Moon


text:
Evolutionary ecology

Evolutionary ecology lies at the intersection of ecology and evolutionary biology. It approaches the study of ecology in a way that explicitly considers the evolutionary histories of species and the interactions between them. Conversely, it can be seen as an approach to the study of evolution that incorporates an understanding of the interactions between the species under consideration. The main subfields of evolutionary ecology are life history evolution, sociobiology (the evolution of social behavior), the evolution of interspecific interactions (e.g. cooperation, predator–prey interactions, parasitism, mutualism) and the evolution of biodiversity and of ecological communities.

Evolutionary ecology mostly considers two things: how interactions (both among species and between species and their physical environment) shape species through selection and adaptation, and the consequences of the resulting evolutionary change.

Evolutionary models
A large part of evolutionary ecology is about utilising models and finding empirical data as proof. Examples include the Lack clutch size model devised by David Lack and his study of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands. Lack's study of Darwin's finches was important in analyzing the role of different ecological factors in speciation. Lack suggested that differences in species were adaptive and produced by natural selection, based on the assertion by G.F. Gause that two species cannot occupy the same niche.

Richard Levins introduced his model of the specialization of species in 1968, which investigated how habitat specialization evolved within heterogeneous environments using the fitness sets an organism or species possesses. This model developed the concept of spatial scales in specific environments, defining fine-grained spatial scales and coarse-grained spatial scales. The implications of this model include a rapid increase in environmental ecologists' understanding of how spatial scales impact species diversity in a certain environment.

Another model is Law and Diekmann's 1996 models on mutualism, which is defined as a relationship between two organisms that benefits both individuals. Law and Diekmann developed a framework called adaptive dynamics, which assumes that changes in plant or animal populations in response to a disturbance or lack thereof occurs at a faster rate than mutations occur. It is aimed to simplify other models addressing the relationships within communities.

Tangled nature model
The tangled nature model provides different methods for demonstrating and predicting trends in evolutionary ecology. The model analyzes an individual prone to mutation within a population as well as other factors such as extinction rate. The model was developed by Simon Laird, Daniel Lawson, and Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen of the Imperial College London in 2002. The purpose of the model is to create a simple and logical ecological model based on observation. The model is designed such that ecological effects can be accounted for when determining form, and fitness of a population.

Ecological genetics
Ecological genetics tie into evolutionary ecology through the study of how traits evolve in natural populations. Ecologists are concerned with how the environment and timeframe leads to genes becoming dominant. Organisms must continually adapt in order to survive in natural habitats. Genes define which organisms survive and which will die out. When organisms develop different genetic variations, even though they stem from the same species, it is known as polymorphism. Organisms that pass on beneficial genes continue to evolve their species to have an advantage inside of their niche.

Charles Darwin
The basis of the central principles of evolutionary ecology can be attributed to Charles Darwin (1809–1882), specifically in referencing his theory of natural selection and population dynamics, which discusses how populations of a species change over time. According to Ernst Mayr, professor of zoology at Harvard University, Darwin's most distinct contributions to evolutionary biology and ecology are as follows: "The first is the non-constancy of species, or the modern conception of evolution itself. The second is the notion of branching evolution, implying the common descent of all species of living things on earth from a single unique origin." Additionally, "Darwin further noted that evolution must be gradual, with no major breaks or discontinuities. Finally, he reasoned that the mechanism of evolution was natural selection."

George Evelyn Hutchinson
George Evelyn Hutchinson's (1903–1991) contributions to the field of ecology spanned over 60 years, in which he had significant influence in systems ecology, radiation ecology, limnology, and entomology. Described as the "father of modern ecology" by Stephen Jay Gould, Hutchinson was one of the first scientists to link the subjects of ecology and mathematics. According to Hutchinson, he constructed "mathematical models of populations, the changing proportions of individuals of various ages, birthrate, the ecological niche, and population interaction in this technical introduction to population ecology." He also had a vast interest in limnology, due to his belief that lakes could be studied as a microcosm that provides insight into system behavior. Hutchinson is also known for his work Circular Causal Systems in Ecology, in which he states that "groups of organisms may be acted upon by their environment, and they may react upon it. If a set of properties in either system changes in such a way that the action of the first system on the second changes, this may cause changes in properties of the second system which alter the mode of action of the second system on the first."

Robert MacArthur
Robert MacArthur (1930–1972) is best known in the field of Evolutionary Ecology for his work The Theory of Island Biogeography, in which he and his co-author propose "that the number of species on any island reflects a balance between the rate at which new species colonize it and the rate at which populations of established species become extinct."

Eric Pianka
According to the University of Texas, Eric Pianka's (1939–2022) work in evolutionary ecology includes foraging strategies, reproductive tactics, competition and niche theory, community structure and organization, species diversity, and understanding rarity. Pianka is also known for his interest in lizards to study ecological occurrences, as he claimed they were "often abundant, making them relatively easy to locate, observe, and capture."

Michael Rosenzweig
Michael L. Rosenzweig (1941–present) created and popularized Reconciliation ecology, which began with his theory that designated nature preserves would not be enough land to conserve the biodiversity of Earth, as humans have used so much land that they have negatively impacted biogeochemical cycles and had other ecological impacts that have negatively affected species compositions.

Other notable evolutionary ecologists

 * R. A. Fisher (1890–1962), whose 1930 fundamental theorem of natural selection recognised the power of rigorous application of the theory of natural selection to population biology.
 * David Lack (1910–1973), a follower of Charles Darwin, worked to merge the fields of evolutionary biology and ecology, focusing mainly on birds and evolution.
 * Thierry Lodé (1956–present), a French ecologist whose work focused on how sexual conflict in populations of species impacts evolution.

Research
Michael Rosenzweig's idea of reconciliation ecology was developed based on existing research, which was conducted on the principle first suggested by Alexander von Humboldt stating that larger areas of land will have increased species diversity as compared to smaller areas. This research focused on species-area relationships (SPARs) and the different scales on which they exist, ranging from sample-area to interprovincial SPARs. Steady-state dynamics in diversity gave rise to these SPARs, which are now used to measure the reduction of species diversity on Earth. In response to this decline in diversity, Rosenzweig's reconciliation ecology was born.

Evolutionary ecology has been studied using symbiotic relationships between organisms to determine the evolutionary forces by which such relationships develop. In symbiotic relationships, the symbiont must confer some advantage to its host in order to persist and continue to be evolutionarily viable. Research has been conducted using aphids and the symbiotic bacteria with which they coevolve. These bacteria are most frequently conserved from generation to generation, displaying high levels of vertical transmission. Results have shown that these symbiotic bacteria ultimately confer some resistance to parasites to their host aphids, which both increases the fitness of the aphids and lead to symbiont-mediated coevolution between the species.

Color variation in cichlid fish
The effects of evolutionary ecology and its consequences can be seen in the case of color variation among African cichlid fish. With over 2,000 species, cichlid fishes are very species-rich and capable of complex social interactions. Polychromatism, the variation of color patterns within a population, occurs within cichlid fishes due to environmental adaptations and to increase chances of sexual reproduction.

title: Evolutionary ecology


text:
Talk:Octal

octal
snip:

For example, the binary representation for decimal 74 is 1001010, which groups into 1 001 010 — so the octal representation is 112.

-end-

Can anyone explain this "representation?" -- Anonymous

It may help to first understand the binary numeral system. Put simply, 1001010 binary is equivalent to 1 × 26 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 21 = 64 + 8 + 2 = 74. Since each octal digit directly corresponds to a group of three binary digits, any binary representation can be condensed into an octal form. The octal numeral 112 above can be expanded to mean 1 × 82 + 1 × 81 + 2 × 80 = 64 + 8 + 2 = 74. -- Wapcaplet 01:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I changed the above quoted paragraph to be slightly clearer, I hope.

I'm not sure about a couple of things in the article though. First, Knuth/TAOCP says Karl ("Charles") XII "hit on the idea of radix-8 arithmetic about 1717" and that this "was probably his own invention, although he had met Leibniz briefly in 1707". The article makes it sound like Knuth is certain about this, and forgets the .. well, qualified statement. Perhaps it should not even mention it at all?

Second, novem/novus. Any specific reason to believe this is true? Most of these kind of similarities are entirely random.

Third, fractions. Why should octal be better for fractions? (I'm assuming the author really meant numbers like 0.25, not fractions like 1/4, but then English is not my first language.) It has all the advantages and disadvantages of binary, but if anything it is worse than most bases: it has fewer divisors, so more numbers would tend to "expand into infinity". (Compare with radix 12, that would be nice considering how common 1/3 is.)

Fourth, does the "8" in "base 8 number system" really need to be an article link?

magetoo 16:36, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't answer for the Knuth reference or novem/novus, but I agree on the matter of fractions; I don't think fractions should even be brought into the picture. When octal is the preferred numeral system, fractions aren't likely to be of much interest. I raised a similar question about the hexadecimal article a while back (the author in that case had claimed that hexadecimal was "quite good" for fractions, which is only true if one considers infinitely repeating expansions desirable). If it were up to me, discussion of fractions would be removed from both articles. In fact, I think I will go ahead and do so... -- Wapcaplet 17:48, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Think I made it a bit more clear. Pseudoanonymous 20:44, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Number prefixes
Please add description of 0x = hexadecimal, 0b = binary, 0 = octal. - Omegatron 16:48, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

This is just a C rule. Why then not use the '

' prefix, as in Pascal? ;) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.35.8.117 (talk) 2005-10-11T19:02:42

Why Hexadecimal won
Coming from binary there are two choices which approximate decimal the most: Octal or hexadecimal. If you have no experience with either system, octal seems to be the more reasonable choice since you already know 0-7, and don't need to learn the extra A-F people in the end settled upon. But hexadecimal has one big advantage: 0-9 fit in four bits, or into 0-9+A-F. Which led to early business machines which actually exploited that, and simply used four bits to represent a digit, eight bits for two digits, etc. These machine architectures even had special instructions for dealing with these numbers. (See: Binary Coded Decimal.)

So, coming from decimal, octal seemed the more reasonable choice but hexadecimal turned out to be more convenient.

As it is stated now, the article doesn't seem to really reflect this simple choice between octal or hexadecimal - there were no deep mathematical reasons nor really deep chip design reasons. In the end, hexadecimal 'won' because of this popular intermediate representation, four bits per decimal digit, i.e. hexadecimal approximates decimal better than octal, because it has more, not less, digits.

move Knuth?
Seems like that reference to Knuth (that King Charles XII of Sweden was the inventor of octal in Europe) should be removed from the "By Native Americans" section and placed in its own section. Perhaps "Historically" or "In History"? Meonkeys 01:00, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Benefits of octal
Here's some original research of mine (though easily verifiable by anyone) that I wisely refrained from adding to the article. I'm placing it here for purposes of discussion.

Octal has three specific and distinct properties that decimal does not:
 * Easy powers of two: The powers of two, which in decimal are written 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, etc., would be written as 1, 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 100, 200, 400, 1000, 2000, 4000, etc. Also, inverse powers of two, decimal .5, .25, .125, .625 (equivalent to 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16) would be just as simply written .4, .2, .1, .04, .02, .01, etc., or 1/2, 1/4, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40, etc.
 * Rational appearance of nonprimes: The first nonprime that is not divisible by two is nine (3x3). In octal, it would be written 11.  Thus, single-digit numbers' primality is easily found just by checking evenness.  3, 5, and 7 would be easily seen as prime, while 4 and 6 would be obviously nonprime.
 * Easy divisibility by 7 and 9: Take a multiple-digit number in octal, such as 527 (decimal 343). Take the sum of the digits (16 octal, 14 decimal), and repeat the process if the result also has multiple digits.  If the resulting single digit is 7, the original number is divisible by seven.  Also, since nine is written 11, it has the same property of eleven in decimal, namely that multiples are visually obvious: 22, 55, 121, etc.  In octal, 374 is thus obviously a product of nine, seven, and two, since it is even, its digits eventually add up to 7, and it is obviously the sum of 340 and 34.

However, octal loses the easy divisibility by five, three, and eleven. Anyone else have other such? --205.201.141.146 22:58, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You mean easy divisibility checking, not divisibility itself. If you prefer powers of two, you must give up divisibility by any prime but two.  - TAKASUGI Shinji (talk) 03:53, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The third item is nothing special: divisibility by n–1 and n+1 is easy to check in base n for any n. Elphion (talk) 17:41, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * You don't lose the test for 3: it follows from the test for 9. Double sharp (talk) 04:09, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Wiki page for "significant digit"
Is there any page we can link to for the line "most significant octal digit"? I gather that this refers to the leftmost digit out of the three, but I've never seen a definition of "significant digit" in this sense - it certainly does not mean the same thing as significant figure. --Keflavich 21:50, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

The Simpson's should use Base 8
As the animated cartoon series, The Simpon's, have only four fingers on each hand their numeral system should be octal. It is not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.3.66.29 (talk) 2008-04-24T19:25:16

 * It's not just the Simpsons. By convention, most cartoon figures have only four fingers; evidently five looks too fussy. Elphion (talk) 19:01, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

Corrected Rama inaccuracy
I have updated the In Fiction section. It stated that octal was used by the octospiders in 'Rendezvous with Rama'. However, the octospiders are not from that book, but from the book 'Rama Revealed'. To my shame, I was not logged in. I am the anon-IP that did it, and I assume blame for any further inaccuracy in this update! Dfrauzel (talk) 09:12, 20 July 2008 (UTC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10

Base 8 in the Indus Valley
I have read claims by archaeologists (e.g., Walter Fairservice) than the numbers found in inscriptions in the early Indus Valley civilization indicate a base-8 system; and that there are vestiges of this in modern Dravidian languages (where often nine is "eight and one" and ten "eight and two"), suggesting an ancestral relationship. Any truth in this? Elphion (talk) 17:50, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Finnish?
The following was added recently:
 * Finnish language and Estonian language (both belonging to Finno-Ugric languages ) represent certain cardinal numbers in a way which suggests the former use of an octal system. Number nine (9) - yhdeksän - in Finnish could be decomposed as "one-from-ten" while number eight (8) - kahdeksan - could be decomposed as "two-from-ten". In Estonian language the relevant cardinals sound very similar: 8=kaheksa and 9=üheksa.

So Finnish uses "overcounting" - subtraction from a larger number - as does vigesimal Danish "halvtreds" (i.e. half third score = 2.5 scores = 2.5 x 20 = 50) and Roman numeral IX = 10-1. But what's that got to do with octal?--Noe (talk) 20:15, 17 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I've now removed the paragraph, pending a reply or source.--Noe (talk) 08:48, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

(I hope this is the right place for comments - I am a newbie here).

What the addition has to do with octal? The usage of indo-europaean root words for these numbers suggests that the previous (lost) system for ugris was octal. I have to investigate yet the issue but considering that virtually all ugri languages have this feature, it should be rather old - 3-10 thousands years. While "overcounting" probably is more related to a culturally and economically developed nation. Ugris probably were not having high civilization at that period, thus they only needed some very basic counting system, not more.

You can suggest another (even non-existing) article for including this information. My primary interest is that some rare features of my language should be described and accessible for further investigation. The proper place hasn't to be "octal". I am open to ideas. Overcounting? No-no, a too crowded termin.

About sources - a no-no again. A nation or 1.4 mln probably has not too many linguists to deep issues. I haven't yet met this issue in written.

Considering the "half third" example above, in Estonian we say (as German Dreiviertel adaptation): "the clock is 5 minutes before 3/4 of five - kell on viie pärast kolmveerand viis - actually it is 20:40" and - and I have noticed this amuses indo-europeans much. You are right these shortcuts have nothing to do with the counting system, and, I think they rather reflect some difficulties grasping a foreign value system (like the clock was for ugris). For cardinal numbers, it could be very weird to think that numbers up to 7 were "own" and the larger these became, the more too difficult it got to grasp these ... ;) . Well, that is my personal understanding, not more. Tunguuz (talk) 15:54, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Split Octal

 * Octal representation of a 16-bit word requires 6 digits, but the most significant octal digit represents (quite inelegantly) only one bit (0 or 1). This representation offers no way to easily read the most significant byte... Therefore, hexadecimal is more commonly used...

Surely this calls for a discussion of Split Octal as used by Digital Equipment Corporation as well as microcomputers such as the Heathkit H8? Wlindley (talk) 12:43, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Split octal was particularly convenient on early machines such as the MIL MOD8 which used the 1702A EPROM organized as 256 x 8-bits. In these computers, the memory address was decoded and each 256 byte block selected a specific EPROM in hardware. When using split octal on these devices, the first 3 digits represented the memory “page” or which EPROM was being addressed. The lower 3 digits then represented the memory location within that page. The page/location was very useful to immediately know where a particular section of code could be found on the memory card. Using split octal often made data lookup easier and when updating a program one could easily identify those EPROMs which needed to be reprogrammed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.146.72.77 (talk) 04:28, 25 October 2019 (UTC)

This is an especially egregious error and should be corrected as an octal representation of the maximum of the range of a 16 bit word requires only five octal digits: 17777 - not six. (2^16)-1 == 0d65,535 == 0q17777 == 0hFFFF —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.20.0.19 (talk) 03:17, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

 * You've dropped a digit: 65535 = 0177777, not 017777; it does in fact require 6 octal digits. -- Elphion (talk) 03:31, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Pamean number system doesn't appear to be base 8
Going through the article linked as a citation, if you scroll down to the actual words, you'll notice a few things. First, the number 8 does have significance. The word for 9 (nda ntsaw? nda) is made from putting together the words for 8 (nda ntsaw?) and 1 (nda). But that's not enough to say that they have a base 8 number system.

The word for 10 isn't made from putting together the words for 8 and 2. 10 gets its own word: seska?ai. The word for 11 isn't made from putting together 8 and 3. It's made from putting together 10 and 1: seska?ai nda

Similarly for all the numbers between 10 and 20. 16 is 10 and 6, 19 is 10 and 9, etc. There's no entry on the list for a word meaning 64. A language that uses base 8 obviously would have a separate word for 64.

There is a word for 100: nda ntswa?. And 200: nui ntswa? And 300: renhu? ntswa?

Unsurprisingly, nda, nui, and renhu? are similar to the words for 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

It's not a base 8 language. It's a base 10 language with a special word for 8. 72.37.171.108 (talk) 20:20, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Use of mod operator in examples
I've reverted the example using the mod operator, in favor of the basic well-known arithmetic operators. The mod operator obscures what is going on, and its use in the examples does not match the surrounding text. -- Elphion (talk) 01:25, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. But the real idea that is behind is the Euclidean division, where the quotient and the remainder are determined at the same time. This wasn't clear, and I've rewritten the examples to use the usual a=bq+r form, and added a link to the Euclidean division article on this subject. — Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 22:54, 14 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's a big improvement. -- Elphion (talk) 05:32, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Irrational numbers
I just added a table on irrational numbers so that this page is consistent with entries for other bases. I just copied the formatting from hexadecimal, but I wasn't really sure what precision we should be using. I used to compute the entries, but someone should probably verify their acuracy. Jaxcp3 (talk) 21:58, 3 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Checked with GNU MPFR by computing lower or upper bounds using this program: octal.c. Vincent Lefèvre (talk) 22:40, 4 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Octal


text:
Talk:Khandi Alexander

IMDB Link Not Working
When the link to Alexander's International Movie Database is clicked there is a Page Not Found error. Wigren 23:01, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
 * That was my fault, I wrote the link wrong - fixed now. Belovedfreak 18:10, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khandi Alexander


text: User talk:64.230.19.210

title: User talk:64.230.19.210


text:
MiniGL

MiniGL is an incomplete implementation of the OpenGL specification which implements enough of the API to allow 3D video games in the late 1990s to run with hardware acceleration on contemporary graphics cards, which otherwise provided their own APIs. The original implementation came from 3dfx Interactive, and was designed around supporting Quake. Other companies implementing similar software included PowerVR and Rendition.

History
In 1996, id Software announced that the Rendition Vérité was to be the only hardware 3D accelerator targeted by Quake. Partly because of the perceived hassle in supporting chipset specific APIs and partly because Quake's development heritage on high-end workstations made such a thing easy. They also released a Microsoft Windows port of their OpenGL version of Quake, even though no consumer chipset had OpenGL support at the time.

In response, 3dfx developed and quickly released the first MiniGL: a quick implementation of the bare minimum amount of the OpenGL API that was required to run the OpenGL version of Quake. By obtaining a copy of the OpenGL Quake executable and a copy of the relevant MiniGL, 3dfx owners could easily modify their copies of Quake to play with full 3D acceleration, giving a smoother and better looking display than was possible with the Quake software renderer. After the success of the 3dfx original, several other manufacturers followed 3dfx in producing MiniGL drivers.

At the time, the OpenGL API was almost universally agreed to be superior to the then new and immature Direct3D system from Microsoft, so following the arrival of the various MiniGLs, many programmers sought to use them in other programs as an easy way of supporting multiple 3D chipsets. Unfortunately, id Software had not released any official list of OpenGL calls and parameters used by Quake and none of the MiniGL implementors had released lists of what their implementation would and would not support.

In practice, this led to a very cautious use of OpenGL features by programmers and new releases of MiniGLs with slightly more functionality every time a major game came along that did not work on the previous generation.

All major 3D card manufacturers now support complete OpenGL implementations, negating the need for any sort of MiniGL.

Other implementations
MiniGL implementations have been developed for other operating systems, including Palm OS and AmigaOS.

title: MiniGL


text:
Dartford Cable Tunnel

The Dartford Cable Tunnel is a 2.4 km utility tunnel beneath the Thames, upstream of the Dartford Crossing. With a diameter of ~3 m, it carries a 400 kV National Grid electrical transmission cable. It is accessible by foot as a crossing of the Thames, but by authorised personnel only. It was built in 2003–04 at a cost of £11 million (equivalent to £ million in ).

title: Dartford Cable Tunnel


text:
Talk:Economy of Panama

Note
Why is the percentage below the poverty line not applicable? Superm401 01:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

There's a difference now.

The poverty percentage for Panama was a 1999 estimate, at that time, Panama had a medium HDI and an lower middle income classification, with low standards of living. Today, Panama has a high HDI and a low level of inequality 48.5 (compared to other countries) and is also experiencing a new period of great growth.

Since highly developed countries such as Costa Rica take in mind only the extreme poverty (this since the rest of the relatively poor population has now reached the "medium class" international requirement.) and do not take in mind past measures before reaching a high Human Development.

The source I placed on the main page specifies Panama's extreme poverty level, which reaches 16,6, and since Panama has a high HDI AND THE RELATIVE POVERTY DOES NOT COUNT! Panama now has 16.6 % of poor people, just look at the San Isidro shantytown (Caserio Brujo). It isn't a shantytown anymore.

201.218.82.97 (talk) 20:14, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, since it has no source on this page, its considered OR. I reinstated the percentage according to a reliable source (even though the percentage was from 1999). Unless you find another reliable source, the percentage should stay as is. -- LaNicoya  •Talk•   20:47, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

This page needs to be edited so it at least reaches the level of idiomatic English. This section stands out: ''' GDP growth for 2000 was about 2.3% compared to 3.0% in 1999. Panama has the third highest GDP per capita in Central America and the poverty rate was estimated to have been 16.6% in 2004, a level which only Chile gets to be lower, however, the estimate counts only food and income poverty, but household poverty is amounted up to 40.5%, this is since most of the sufferers of this problem are frequently restricted with housing due to vandalism and natural disasters which force families to move from a place to the other to evade the inclemence of these catastrophes and to seek a safe place where they can stablish their homes.[3] The unemployment rate stands at 7.2%.[1]'''

That aside, it's pretty incoherent and strange ("frequently restricted with housing due to vandalism"), not to mention out of date. Panama is an increasingly important country. It deserves better.Wfriar (talk) 22:34, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

96.29.164.44 (talk) 23:16, 4 March 2013 (UTC) according to this website, which is very through, it seems that recently Panama's largest export has become antibiotics by a very large margin. This is listed under products of the chemical or allied industries and then under organic chemicals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.29.164.44 (talk) 23:14, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
Cyberbot II has detected that page contains external links that have either been globally or locally blacklisted. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed, or are highly innappropriate for Wikipedia. This, however, doesn't necessarily mean it's spam, or not a good link. If the link is a good link, you may wish to request whitelisting by going to the request page for whitelisting. If you feel the link being caught by the blacklist is a false positive, or no longer needed on the blacklist, you may request the regex be removed or altered at the blacklist request page. If the link is blacklisted globally and you feel the above applies you may request to whitelist it using the before mentioned request page, or request it's removal, or alteration, at the request page on meta. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. The whitelisting process can take its time so once a request has been filled out, you may set the invisible parameter on the tag to true. Please be aware that the bot will replace removed tags, and will remove misplaced tags regularly.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://www.panamaeconomyinsight.com.pa
 * Triggered by  on the local blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 15:34, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Panama


text:
User talk:Thevirus

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:IbanezEDA900Ssmler.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the imagesand I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 01:42, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

title: User talk:Thevirus


text:
Lubrański Academy

The Lubrański Academy (Polish: Akademia Lubrańskiego; Latin: Collegium Lubranscianum) was a university college that was established in 1518 in Poznań by Bishop Jan Lubrański. It was the first school with university aspirations in Poznań (in fact it was not a full university).

History
The academy's first rector was the Poznań humanist Tomasz Bederman. Another prominent lecturer was Grzegorz of Szamotuły.

The Lubrański Academy aimed at independence from the Kraków Academy but was finally transformed into a faculty of the Kraków Academy. Before that the Lubrański Academy comprised six schools: of philosophy, logic, mathematics, languages (Latin, Greek), law, and rhetoric.

The academy's main building was remodeled in the 17th and 18th centuries.

In 1780 the academy was merged with the Jesuit Collegium Posnaniae.

Today the Lubrański Academy's building holds the museum of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poznań.

Alumni

 * Józef Struś – scientist, mayor of Poznań.
 * Klemens Janicki – poet
 * Łukasz Opaliński – poet and writer
 * Jan Śniadecki – astronomer and polymath

title: Lubrański Academy


text:
Talk:Aerozine 50

Renamed Areozine 50 page to Aerozine 50 page. The latter is the correct name for the propellant, as a comparative Google of the two names will confirm. J Heath 01:45, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Aerozine 50. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20041212163205/http://www.astronautix.com/props/n2oine50.htm to http://www.astronautix.com/props/n2oine50.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:43, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aerozine 50