text:
Talk:Destroyer

Last active DD
The USN's last active "Spruance-class" DD was decommissioned on 09/21/2005. Updated a section where the 'Burke-class and the Spruance-class were mentioned to be in active service. -Anon, 12/06/05

needs attention: Decatur class destroyer

 * Done. Stan 01:12, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I deleted the "long lance" reference; it was given to the Type 93 by Morison postwar. I also corrected Tribal to Afridi, the class name; they were named for tribes, hence the common reference "Tribal" (never an actual ship name). Also, I question use of Exocet as an example of early SSM. In addition, this article leaves the impression (beyond reference to Kutaka) only RN and USN operate destroyers. More on Japan, Germany, and the Soviet Union would be welcome. So would some analysis of wartime use and misuse, such as failures of Japanese convoy escorts and British "offensive sweeps" against U-boats. (I've heard of both, but don't know enough to write it...) 70.64.128.34 02:13, 20 October 2005 (UTC)squadfifteen

The spanish destroyer
The destroyer originated in Spain, not Britain, and was firstly designed by Fernando Villaamil, in 1885, as a response agaisnt the torpedo-boat. In fact, the name of the first vessel of this kind of ships was Destructor, leading to the Destructor class. Destroyer is the literal translation into english of Destructor. Fernando Villaamil ordered the construction of this ship in the James and George Thompson ship-factory, of Clydebank, Britain, and the bill was about 38.000 pounds, but the design was Spanish, the idea was Spanish, and the Destructor entered to serve in the Armada Española.

I think the article should be corrected.

 * If you can find a source to support this then you can make the change yourself. I always understood they were developed as part of the Anglo-French naval race in the late 19th century. Wiki-Ed 12:44, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Read Spanish Ship Destructor article in wkipedia, its plnty of sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.136.120.216 (talk) 12:40, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

The image
The image displaying the modern destroyer silhouettes has a spelling mistake. The Russian destroyer is spelled Sovremenny not Sorvremenny. So, only one "r", after the "v".

History of the Destroyer
Anyone object if, shortly, I fork the historical material to a new main article at History of the Destroyer? Seems to me we're getting on for the break point. The Land 16:21, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi. It's really not such a long article yet. And even Aircraft carrier doesn't have a separate history page. I suggest we keep all this together as much as possible. Regards PHG 17:26, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Fairy snuff. The Land 18:07, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

The reference to the turbine-propelled destroyer Viper is erroneous : The Viper did not break her back at sea but ran unto a reef during the 1900 (I think) Naval Manoeuvers. She should not be conflated with the Cobra (also a turbine-driven t.b.d., built by Armstrongs, with insufficient scantlings) which did indeed break her back in rough seas - and took several of Sir Charles Parsons key assistants with her. Ebbe

Destructor, Kotaka, and sources
I am not sure it's helpful to refer to either Kotaka or Destructor as a 'torpedo boat destroyer'. Most reference works refer to them as torpedo boast; e.g. Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships calls destructor a 'torpedo gunboat'. The phrase seems to have been invented in English to describe the Havock, and while Kotaka and Destructor were of the same nature, describing them as 'precusors' makes more sense to me. Havock's design, unlike that of Kotaka or Destructor, was immediately developed by the Britihs and then copied by all the other major navies.

BTW the source for most of the material I've added was Preston's 'Destroyers', to which I added a reference. Since the article does not generally use inline references I've avoided putting an inline ref to every statement I derived from that book. The Land 07:33, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Polyphemus
I cannot find any reference to the torpedo ram HMS Polyphemus being conceived as a counter to torpedo boats, and so I have removed the para implying this. I have several references describing the ship as being designed primarily as a torpedo ship, and that the ram was very much a secondary weapon. Incidently, Polyphemus could make 17.8 knots, which doesn't seem enough even to ram the relatively slow 18 knot HMS Lightning.

The para read "An early idea was the torpedo ram Polyphemus built in 1881. At 18 knots, she was fast enough to close against torpedo boats, threatening them with her ram, and could engage enemy warships with either ram or her own torpedoes. However, her speed and her armament of 1in guns proved not to be up to the task." Jll 21:01, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Destructor again
Does anyone have evidence (as opposed to speculation) that the British were influenced either by the design or the name of the Destructor? If so, please cite it. If not, there is no basis for including such an assertion in the article. The Land 09:32, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Hi. I was thinking about my statement. I think there are strong suggestions that the British were indeed influenced, if not by the design, by the ideas that Villaamil put on the table: i.e. an ocean-going vessel able to beat torpedo boats, acting as a screen protection to the battleships.

In fact, as yourself had already cited, Conway's intimates that the Destructor was an enterily new type of warship, since he classified her as a Torpedo gunboat, rather than a large Torpedo boat. I guess that Conway's classification doesn´t applies to any other ship built before Destructor.

On the other hand, the |Encyclopaedia Britannica's article about the destroyer traces the first naval use of the (English) word back to the Havock class, well after the name Destructor was chosen by Villaamil to christen his warship. I think the British name was not chosen by chance; if not, it's a case of strange coincidence.

However, I acknowledge that no decisive evidence can be offer, and, after all, the first destroyers built as a class were undoubtfully British, so I used the verbal phrase seems to be rather than an outright assertion.

DagosNavy 11:49, 26 March 2007

Hi again. I just added two quotations from the book The first destroyers of David Lion. While still no conclusive evidence, he implies a strong link between the first RN Torpedo boat destroyers and the Destructor, at least from those designed by Thomson shipyards. About the name, he describes the name Destructor as prophetic.

DagosNavy 13:29, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Hi DagosNavy. Although the references are great, the phrase as it is has no chance to stand. It will also be interpreted as Original Research. You could rephrase into something like "The Spanish Destroyer is thought to have influenced the designation and concept of later destroyers developed by the British Navy". Regards PHG 18:21, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

DagosNavy 23:45, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * OK, PHG. I think You are right about some degree of Original Research in my statement. I will introduce the paragraph you suggest, although retaining the references. Thank you for the idea :).

I believe the original name for this catagory of vessel was "Torpedo Boat Destroyer". --Two way time (talk) 04:58, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

USS McFaul photo
The first photo looks as if it has been doctored to add the outsize US ensign. Anyone agree? In any case, IMO, it gives the article a POV feel. Again, anyone agree? Folks at 137 15:11, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It might be present in the original photo, but there's no source present for it. I've swapped it for the pic of the Algonquin as it has source info for it. Tabercil 22:26, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

False?
When comparing modern destroyers to WWII destroyers the intro states, "(modern vessels)are equivalent in tonnage but drastically superior in firepower to cruisers of the World War II era, capable of carrying nuclear missiles that are able to destroy cities." I am aware of no destroyer which mounts nuclear weapons as part of its standard armament. Clearly, many missiles can be re-armed with a warhead, but by that logic any vessel/plane/vehicle which fires a sufficiently large missile would have to be classified as carrying nuclear weapons. I recommend that the allusion to nuclear weapons be deleted. Rugz (talk) 15:14, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * What about the tonnage part? Current DD's are around 7000+ tons displacement while post WWii were around 4000 tons (like current large Frigates) at most and WWii ones were around 2000. Doesn't seem very accurate that part. -130.208.183.161 (talk) 09:02, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

4 nations?
Why does the article mention 4 nations with cruisers, and proceeds to list only 3? dawhipsta (talk) 01:22, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

The fourth was the uk, which Ive added to the list Obikirk (talk) 21:17, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

US-centric
The article reads like its headline were "Destroyers of the US Navy (and a few tidbits from other countries as well". I propose moving the US-centric bits to an article about destroyers in the US Navy. 46.239.100.186 (talk) 09:14, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Question
- With this edit (and the following one) you removed the FREMM multipurpose frigates because they're "not a destroyer officially", though they're used in the same capacity (ASW, AA, ABM & NGFS) as many destroyers, but you left other frigates listed there. Why is that? - the WOLF  child  04:54, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * - I removed FREMM multipurpose frigates because I know about that particular class of ships are not destroyers and I gave reason for removal, If you have credible sources saying FREMM is a destroyer then add sources and feel free to revert my edit. of course there are other frigates if you think they should or should not be there then explain why add or remove them. I know FREMM multipurpose frigate is a Frigate and not a destroyers so I removed that and I don't know deeply about every other frigates given in the article. Bye Thewolfchild Nicky mathew (talk) 08:56, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * - There is no dispute that everything there that is called a "frigate" is indeed a "frigate". What I'm asking is why would you remove one and deliberately leave the other? -  the WOLF  child  09:03, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * - So sorry, i did not see morocco yesterday. Really sorry for the confusion that I may have caused you. I removed it now.Nicky mathew (talk) 09:09, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * - No confusion here as I'm quite familiar with these ships, but others obviously are not. And while I appreciate you apologizing and trying to correct your mistakes, I think you may have made things worse. There are numerous other frigates still listed on the page, such as with the Italian Navy. The French Navy only has frigates listed. The navies of Germany, Iran, The Netherlands, Norway and Spain all list frigates, but go on to explain how they are either considered destroyers in some circles or are comparable to destroyers in size, configuration and/or role. Perhaps such consideration should be given to the FREMM as well? Or, if you're going to insist FREMMs remain out of the article, then perhaps you should have an RfC to determine if all the frigates should be removed, simply because they aren't "officially" destroyers. One way or the other, there is a glaring inconsistency here. - the WOLF  child  09:24, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I am not interested to take this to Rfc now as i am going for trip some days now and might not get network coverage or time to give timely response also i am not interested anyway. if other editors have no issue then add back FREMM I have no problem. You are right we should give consideration to the FREMM as well. GoodBye :).Nicky mathew (talk) 09:51, 27 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Very well, we'll add them back in and see if anyone else has an objection to their inclusion. When you get back from your trip, if there has been no change, then perhaps you would like to address the issue again. Have a nice trip. - the WOLF  child  09:59, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

Propulsion
This article could be improved with information on how destroyer propulsion changed through history. Can someone with the relevant knowledge add this information to the relevant historical sections? Thanks. FreeFlow99 (talk) 09:18, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

F-125 Frigates
The F-125 Frigate of the German navy has a size comparable to Destroyers, but it lacks anti air missiles beside the CIWS system and anti submarine capabilities besides the helicopter. They should probably removed from the article.DatAlien2 (talk) 01:38, 27 July 2019 (UTC) — Instead the planned MKS 180 should probably included in the Future Developement section.DatAlien2 (talk) 01:40, 27 July 2019 (UTC) Just blind, its there DatAlien2 (talk) 01:42, 27 July 2019 (UTC)

Comment on HMS Swift
The article report "At 23.75 knots (43.99 km/h; 27.33 mph), while still not fast enough to engage enemy torpedo boats reliably, the ship at least had the armament to deal with them" in the 1884 the faster RN TBs were 21 knotters... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.1.30.14 (talk) 19:57, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

Destroyer vs Frigate

 * Some NATO navies, such as the Canadian, French, Spanish, Dutch and German, use the term "frigate" for their destroyers

Do they use a word in their own language that is cognate to "frigate" (and which will typically be quite similar) or do they literally use the English word "frigate"? 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:CD50:BE34:214B:7875 (talk) 15:21, 28 June 2022 (UTC)
 * "Their own language"...? Canada speaks English, so if they call their ships "frigates", then their frigates. - w o lf  17:08, 28 June 2022 (UTC)

 * That's confusing to me too. See Iroquois-class destroyer. BilCat (talk) 19:54, 28 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Meh... I think specifics and type-certainty kinda went out the window in '75 when the US suddenly decided their destroyers were cruisers. (And now they build ships larger than their cruisers and call them destroyers). Some ships are built for multiple navies and are given different type designations, all we can do is go by which-ever type the navy on a given ship/ship-class page uses, (which of course needs to be supported anyway), and clarify where we can. (jmho) - w o lf  03:23, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Destroyer


text:
Bob Enyart

Robert Enyart (January 10, 1959 – September 12, 2021) was an American conservative talk radio host and pastor of Denver Bible Church in Denver, Colorado. He was an anti-abortion advocate and political commentator. Enyart opposed mandated vaccinations and mask mandates for COVID-19. He died of COVID-19.

Early life and education
Enyart was born and raised in Paterson, New Jersey. He attended a Catholic grammar school for eight years before attending a public high school. Enyart studied at Arizona State University at Tempe, where he specialized in computer science.

Career
Before graduating from college, Enyart began working in the technology industry, including positions at McDonnell Douglas and US West in Denver. He designed computer software for military helicopters and served as a computer analyst for Microsoft.

Opposed to legal abortion, Enyart began working for Operation Rescue in 1989; multiple arrests for trespassing, assault and obstruction at women's clinics led to conviction, and Enyart spent time in jail.

In 1991, Enyart began broadcasting about conservative issues at KQXI. With his audience growing, he began broadcasting on Christian television station KWHD-TV, owned by LeSea Broadcasting of South Bend, Indiana.

In 2000, Enyart became pastor at Denver Bible Church.

Enyart hosted Bob Enyart Live, a daily show on Denver-based Christian radio station KLTT and was a host for Cornerstone Television.

In 1991, Enyart created a radio show to support creationism and attack evolution. Enyart changed the name of the show in 2006 to Real Science Friday as a challenge to National Public Radio's show Science Friday. On December 28, 2012, Enyart settled a trademark infringement and cybersquatting lawsuit brought against him by NPR and renamed his show Real Science Radio.

Abortion
Enyart served as a spokesperson for the anti-abortion group American Right to Life. He picketed the homes of doctors who performed abortions, causing one Colorado town to ban such protests in residential neighborhoods. Enyart criticized presidential candidates who did not share his view on abortion and advocated for the death penalty for women who had abortions.

AIDS
In 1995, Enyart angered families of people with AIDS when he read a man's obituary on his television show, Bob Enyart Live, calling the deceased a sodomite. A regular feature of the show involved reading obituaries of people who had died from AIDS while playing "Another One Bites the Dust" by Queen, whose lead singer, Freddie Mercury, died in 1991 from complications from AIDS.

Corporal punishment
Enyart was a proponent of corporal punishment of children. He served a 60-day jail sentence in the Jefferson County Correctional Facility after being convicted of child abuse for hitting a 7-year-old child with a belt so violently that he raised welts and broke the skin of the child.

In 1994, Enyart agreed to stop making late-night telephone calls to residents of Kenosha, Wisconsin who were upset with the content of his program on a Kenosha television station. The calls prompted Senator Russ Feingold (D-Wis.) to call for a Federal Communications Commission investigation to determine if the talk show host had broken laws.

Enyart was sentenced to 11 days in jail in June 2009 after he refused to pay a fine upon his conviction of criminal trespassing at the Focus on the Family headquarters.

O. J. Simpson
In 1999, Enyart bought about $16,000 worth of O. J. Simpson memorabilia, which he burned on the steps of the Los Angeles courthouse where Simpson was acquitted, to protest the verdict in the Simpson murder case.

Open Theism
Enyart was a proponent of the doctrine Open Theism which rejects several aspects of the Classical Theism of traditional Christianity. In 2014, he publicly debated the issue with Reformed Baptist apologist James R. White.

COVID-19
Following a lawsuit brought by Enyart, a U.S. District Court judge ruled in October 2020 that the state could not impose mask-wearing mandates or limits on the size of gatherings at Denver Bible Church.

Enyart supported the debunked theory that COVID-19 vaccinations had been tested on aborted fetuses. He remained unvaccinated until his death from Covid.

Personal life and death
Enyart married Krista Johnson in 1982. The couple had two children, Josiah and Nathanial, before divorcing in 1989 as a result of his extra-marital affairs.

After a brief second marriage, Enyart married Cheryl Mayns in 1994. In 1999, he served a 60-day jail sentence after being convicted of child abuse for hitting her 7-year-old child with a belt so violently that he raised welts and broke the skin of the child.

In August 2021, Enyart announced that he had contracted COVID-19. He died from the virus on September 12, 2021, at the age of 62.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bob Enyart


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title: User talk:Vanished user j123kmqwfk56jd


text: Talk:USS Decatur (DD-936)

title: Talk:USS Decatur (DD-936)


text:
Brooklyn Eagle

The Brooklyn Eagle (originally joint name The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat, later The Brooklyn Daily Eagle before shortening title further to Brooklyn Eagle) was an afternoon daily newspaper published in the city and later borough of Brooklyn, in New York City, for 114 years from 1841 to 1955.

At one point, the publication was the afternoon paper with the largest daily circulation in the United States. Walt Whitman, the 19th-century poet, was its editor for two years. Other notable editors of the Eagle included Democratic Party political figure Thomas Kinsella, seminal folklorist Charles Montgomery Skinner, St. Clair McKelway (editor-in-chief from 1894 to 1915 and a great-uncle of the New Yorker journalist), Arthur M. Howe (a prominent Canadian American who served as editor-in-chief from 1915 to 1931 and as a member of the Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board from 1920 to 1946) and Cleveland Rodgers (an authority on Whitman and close friend of Robert Moses who was editor-in-chief from 1931 to 1938 before serving as an influential member of the New York City Planning Commission until 1951).

The paper, added "Daily" to its name as The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846. The banner name was shortened on May 14, 1849, to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, but the lower masthead retained the political name until June 8. On September 5, 1938, the name was further shortened, to Brooklyn Eagle, with The Brooklyn Daily Eagle continuing to appear below the masthead of the editorial page, through the end of its original run in 1955. The paper ceased publication in 1955 due to a prolonged strike. It was briefly revived from the bankrupt estate between 1960 and 1963.

A new version of the Brooklyn Eagle as a revival of the old newspaper's traditions began publishing in 1996. It has no business relation to the original Eagle (the name having lost trademark protection). The new paper publishes a daily historical/nostalgia feature called "On This Day in History", made up of much material from the original publication.

History
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle was first published on October 26, 1841. Its address at this time, and for many years afterwards, was at 28 Old Fulton Street, Brooklyn (today the site of a landmark building known as the "Eagle Warehouse"). A few days after it started, the paper suspended publication for a month due to a printing press fire. From 1846 to 1848, the newspaper's editor was the poet Walt Whitman.

The paper started as a combination of objective news and Democratic party organ. During the American Civil War, the Eagle supported the Democratic Party; as such, its mailing privileges through the United States Post Office Department were once revoked due to a forged letter supposedly sent by President Abraham Lincoln. The Eagle played an important role in shaping Brooklyn's civic identity. The once-independent city became the third-largest city in America at that time, across the water from old New York City. In 1898, it became a borough as part of the annexation and merger campaign that formed the City of Greater New York. The Eagle had editorially tried to forestall and stop this process, claiming that Brooklyn would go from being a great city on its own to a hinterland of the bigger city.

In August 1938, Frank D. Schroth bought the newspaper from M. Preston Goodfellow. In addition to dropping the word "Daily" from the paper's front page, Schroth increased the paper's profile and readership with more active local coverage focused on the borough as opposed to the other competing dailies at that time in Manhattan, such as The New York Times, New York Herald-Tribune, New York Journal-American, New York Daily News, New York Post, New York World-Telegram & Sun, New York Daily Mirror, and, later, Newsday, further out in the Long Island suburbs.

The newspaper received the 1951 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its "crime reporting during the year". Investigative journalist Ed Reid in an eight-part series exposed the activities of bookmaker Harry Gross and corrupt members of the New York City Police Department. This exposé led to an investigation by the Brooklyn District Attorney, and resulted in the eventual resignation of Mayor of New York City William O'Dwyer.

Hollow Nickel Case
On June 22, 1953, a newspaper boy, collecting for the Brooklyn Eagle, at an apartment building at 3403 Foster Avenue in Brooklyn, was paid with a nickel that felt funny to him. When he dropped it on the ground, it popped open and contained microfilm inside. The microfilm contained a series of numbers. He told the New York City Police Department, which in two days told a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent about the strange nickel. The FBI was not able to link the nickel to KGB agents until a KGB (Committee on State Security of the Soviet Union) agent, Reino Häyhänen, wanted to defect to the West and the U.S. in May 1957, including Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher (aka Rudolph Ivanovich Abel).

Closure
In the face of the continued economic pressure brought on by a 47-day strike by the local reporters' trade union, the Newspaper Guild, and later attempting to sell the Eagle, the paper published its last edition on January 28, 1955, and shut down for good on March 16, 1955. Thomas N. Schroth, the publisher's son, served as the newspaper's managing editor in the last three years of its existence. Thereafter, he became editor of Congressional Quarterly and founded National Journal in Washington, D.C. This occurred around the same time as the Brooklyn Dodgers professional baseball team (who had played since 1913 at Ebbets Field in Crown Heights) shocked New Yorkers by joining Manhattan's New York Giants (a fellow National League team based at the Polo Grounds in Washington Heights) in moving to the West Coast, becoming the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants in the process.

The loss of both primary national icons of the borough's identity within two and a half years—compounded by such factors as longstanding institutional decline at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and the Brooklyn Army Terminal, which were both decommissioned in 1966; the precipitous contraction of the borough's manufacturing sector after state-level right-to-work laws were permitted by the 1947 Taft–Hartley Act; the advent of containerization and the 1956–1962 development of the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in New Jersey, largely supplanting the panoply of breakbulk cargo facilities that had scaled Brooklyn's western waterfront from Greenpoint to Bush Terminal for decades; and the deeply intertwined phenomena of redlining, suburbanization and white flight—sent the borough into a psychological and socioeconomic slump. Comparatively sanguine developments—ranging from the initial wave of professional-driven gentrification in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Boerum Hill and Park Slope (leading to the former neighborhood's designation as New York City's first landmark historic district in 1965) to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (which removed racially-based restrictions on immigration to the United States, enabling many neighborhoods to be revitalized by migrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean)—did not immediately attenuate the malaise in the popular consciousness. Notwithstanding the Heights and analogous enclaves, Brooklyn as a whole continued to elicit disproportionately vituperative scorn (first reified decades earlier in the stock "uneducated Brooklyn character" of classical Hollywood cinema, a trope that continued to manifest in such later films as John Badham's Saturday Night Fever (1977), and in an array of deprecatory literary works emblematized by James Agee's Brooklyn Is) from affluent, Manhattan-based New Yorkers working in the city's influential media and FIRE industries. Ultimately, the publication of key counternarratives (such as the oeuvre of Jonathan Lethem) and the broader maturation of the borough's postwar institutions would effectively render Manhattan's cultural hegemony moot by the late 2000s.

As journalist Pete Hamill (who worked as a delivery boy for the Eagle) observed in New York in 1969,"[Even] though the Eagle was not a great paper, it had a great function: it helped to weld together an extremely heterogeneous community. Without it, Brooklyn became a vast network of hamlets, whose boundaries were rigidly drawn but whose connections with each other were vague at best, hostile at worst. None of the three surviving metropolitan newspapers really covers Brooklyn now until events ... have reached the stage of crisis; the New York Times has more people in Asia than it has in Brooklyn, and you could excuse that, certainly, on grounds of priorities if you did not also know that this most powerful New York paper has three columnists writing on national affairs, one writing on European affairs, and none at all writing about this city. Without the Eagle, local merchants floundered for years in their attempt to reach their old customers; two large Brooklyn department stores—Namm's and Loeser's—folded up. If you were looking for an apartment or a furnished room in Brooklyn, there was no central bulletin board."

1960s revival attempts
In 1960, former comic book publisher Robert W. Farrell acquired the Eagle's assets in bankruptcy court, five years later after its closing, publishing five Sunday editions of the paper in 1960. In 1962–1963, under the corporate name Newspaper Consolidated Corporation, Farrell and his partner Philip Enciso briefly revived the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper as a daily. During the 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike, the paper had circulation grow from 50,000 to 390,000 until the strike ended.

The final edition appeared on June 25, 1963.

1990s–present version
The Brooklyn Daily Bulletin, a much smaller newspaper also focusing on the Brooklyn borough began publishing when the original Brooklyn Eagle folded in 1955.

In 1996, The Bulletin merged with a newly revived Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and now publishes a morning paper five days a week under the Brooklyn Daily Eagle name. There is also a weekend edition published Saturdays as Brooklyn Eagle: Weekend Edition. This revived Brooklyn Eagle has no business relationship with the original Eagle; but it adopted the Eagle name adding it to its Bulletin title after the Eagle name fell into the public domain, and following a dispute with another Brooklyn publisher over ownership of the Eagle name. The new publication is published by J. Dozier Hasty. The Daily Eagle editorial staff includes 25 full-time reporters, writers, and photographers.

As of 2014, it is one of three English-language daily newspapers published in the borough of Brooklyn (the others are the New York Daily Challenge and Hamodia).

As an homage to the original Eagle, The Brooklyn Daily Eagle publishes a daily feature called "On This Day in History", made up of much material taken from the original Brooklyn Eagle.

Several exhibits have been held regarding the role of the paper in creating the identity of Brooklyn and its citizens at the Brooklyn Historical Society, including extensive mention and documentation in several histories published.

Everything Brooklyn Media
The new publication is published under the auspices of Everything Brooklyn Media (now stylized as ebrooklynmedia). The Daily Eagle editorial coverage has grown to include other areas with local publications under the ebrooklynmedia banner. These include:
 * The Bay Ridge Eagle a weekly section in Western Brooklyn, particularly Bay Ridge area.
 * Brooklyn Reporter in South Brooklyn
 * Queens Daily Eagle in Queens – first issue printed June 25, 2018.
 * Brooklyn Heights Press and Cobble Hill News in Brooklyn Heights and Cobble Hill, Brooklyn areas
 * Brooklyn Barrister, a legal practice publication

title: Brooklyn Eagle


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Oded Golan

Oded Golan (עודד גולן) (born 1951 in Tel Aviv) is an Israeli engineer, entrepreneur, and antiquities collector. He owns one of the largest collections of Biblical archaeology in the world.

Biography
Oded Golan is the son of an engineer and a professor of microbiology. He served as an officer in the Israel Defense Forces before studying industrial and management engineering at the Technion, graduating with honors. Since childhood, Golan has had a keen interest in archeology and antiquities. At the age of 10, during a visit to the ancient site of Tel Hatzor, he discovered the world’s oldest dictionary, which was later published by Professor Yigael Yadin. At the age of 12, Golan participated in excavations at Masada.

Antiquity collection
Golan's collection, amassed over a period of more than 50 years, contains thousands of archaeological artifacts, the vast majority of which were purchased from antiquities dealers, mostly in East Jerusalem.

Golan’s collection includes a wide range of artifacts which together represent the culture of Israel and TransJordan from the fifth millennium BCE to the fifth century AD. Among the items that attracted international attention is the James Ossuary, the bone box possibly used to intern the bones of James, brother of Jesus.

Controversy
In June 2003, Golan was accused by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) of involvement in the forgery of one half of the James Ossuary inscription, the Jehoash Inscription and other items. Golan denied any involvement in forgery and argued that he purchased the two items from licensed antiquities dealers in 1976 and 1999 respectively. Four other defendants were indicted along with Golan, including two of the largest antiquities dealers in Israel.

In 2012, the court acquitted Golan of forgery and fraud, but convicted him of illegal trading in antiquities. In late 2013, the Supreme Court ordered the State to return to Golan the James Ossuary, the Jehoash Inscription and hundreds of other items that had been confiscated by the IAA “for the purpose of investigation."

The IAA claimed that Golan and numerous antiquity dealers were involved in forgery assisted by experts in ancient Semitic languages. Media coverage and documentary films which reported the case created what Golan called a “media circus". The BBC reported that when the police took Golan into custody and searched his apartment they discovered a workshop with a range of tools, materials, and half finished 'antiquities'. According to the allegations, collectors around the world paid hundreds of thousands of dollars for artifacts that came through Golan's associates. Dozens items were examined. Police suspected that artefacts made by these forgers had found their way into leading museums.

The documentary film The History Merchants alleged Golan (working with a team of people, including an expert in ancient semitic languages and an artisan) had produced forged artifacts for sale on the religious antiquities market. In 2004, Horizon aired King Solomon's Tablet of Stone on the BBC. This program included allegations of forgery and fraudulent activity by Golan.

On December 29, 2004, Golan was indicted in an Israeli court along with three antiquities dealers; Robert Deutsch, one of Israel’s leading antiquities dealers and an inscriptions expert who has lectured at the University of Haifa; dealer and conservator Refael Braun; and dealer Shlomo Cohen; Faiz al-Amla, a Palestinian dealer from the village of Beit Ula in the Hebron Hills was charged with trading in antiquities without a license. Early in the trial, charges were dropped against Braun and Cohen, leaving Golan and Deutsch as the only defendants.

Golan denied any involvement in forgery and argued that the inscriptions were purchased from licensed antiquities dealers. He presented evidence that he had purchased the James Ossuary in 1976 and the Jehoash Table in 1999. Golan stated that to the best of his understanding and judgment, these are authentic ancient inscriptions.

Court ruling and acquittal
In a trial that lasted almost eight years (2004-2012), the District Court of Jerusalem heard testimony relating to the authenticity of the inscriptions on the James Ossuary and the Jehoash Tablet from over 50 experts from a wide range of fields, who examined the inscriptions and submitted dozens of scientific reports, and 70 other witnesses including antiquities dealers and well-known collectors. Trial transcripts covered over 12,000 pages, and the court ruling was 438 pages long.

The IAA announced that they accepted the court’s ruling. The State accepted the main decision of the District Court and did not appeal against the judgment. After the judgment, the State moved to confiscate the James Ossuary and the Jehoash Tablet for the State Treasury, arguing that these items may well be of enormous historic, religious and archeological significance and therefore should not remain in private hands. The District Court and the Supreme Court denied this motion and ordered the State to return to Golan all the antiquities that had been taken from him. The James Ossuary and the Jehoash Tablet, as well as hundreds of other antiquities, were returned to Golan in late 2013.

title: Oded Golan


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Internexin

Internexin, alpha-internexin, is a Class IV intermediate filament approximately 66 KDa. The protein was originally purified from rat optic nerve and spinal cord. The protein copurifies with other neurofilament subunits, as it was originally discovered, however in some mature neurons it can be the only neurofilament expressed. The protein is present in developing neuroblasts and in the central nervous system of adults. The protein is a major component of the intermediate filament network in small interneurons and cerebellar granule cells, where it is present in the parallel fibers.

Structure
Alpha-internexin has a homologous central rod domain of approximately 310 amino acid residues that form a highly conserved alpha helical region. The central rod domain is responsible for coiled-coil structure and is flanked by an amino terminal head region and a carboxy terminal tail. This rod domain is also involved in the 10 nm filament assembly structure. The head and tail regions contain segments that are highly homologous to the NF-M’s structure. The head region is highly basic and contains many serine and threonine polymers while the tail region has distinct sequence motifs like a glutamate rich region. The alpha domain is composed of heptad repeats of hydrophobic residues that aid the formation of a coiled coil structure. The structure of Alpha-internexin is highly conserved between rats, mice and humans.

Alpha-internexin can form homopolymers, unlike the heteropolymer the neurofilaments form. This formation suggests that α-internexin and the three neurofilaments form separate filament systems. Not only can alpha-internexin form homopolymers but it form a network of extended filaments in the absence of other intermediate filament proteins and efficiently co-assemble with any type IV or type III subunit, in vitro. In Ching et al., a model of the intermediate filaments assembly is proposed. This model includes the following steps:
 * Step 1: in the first step of IF assembly two parallel, unstaggered intermediate filament polypeptides chains form a dimer via their a-helical rod domains; these dimers can be either homodimers or heterodimers.
 * Step 2: the dimers may associate laterally to form antiparallel, unstaggered tetramers or antiparallel, staggered tetramers.
 * Step 3: the dimers may also associate longitudinally with a short head-to-tail overlap of the a-helical rod domains.
 * Step 4: these lateral and longitudinal associations lead to the formation of protofibrils (octamers) and ultimately 10 nm intermediate filaments.

The close connection between the neurofilament triplet proteins and α-internexin is quite obvious. α-internexin is functionally interdependent with the neurofilament triplet proteins. If one genetically deletes NF-M and/or NF-H in mice, the transport and presence, in the axons of the Central Nervous System, of α-internexin will be drastically reduced. Not only are they functionally similar, the turnover rates are also similar among the four proteins.

Function and expression
It is expressed in early development in the neuroblast along with α-internexin and peripherin. As development continues into neurons the neurofilament triplet proteins (NF-L: neurofilament low molecular mass, NF-M: neurofilament medium molecular mass, and NF-H: neurofilament high molecular mass) are expressed in increasing molecular mass order as α-internexin expression decreases. In the neuroblast phase of development α-internexin is found in the neural tube and neural crest derived neuroblasts.

In adult cells, α-internexin is expressed abundantly in the central nervous system, in the cytoplasm of neurons, along with the neurofilament triplet proteins. They are expressed in a relatively fixed stoichiometric ratio to neurofilaments.

Alpha-internexin is a brain and central nervous system filament that is involved in neuronal development and has been suggested to play a role in axonal outgrowth. Gefiltin and xefiltin, homologs of α-internexin in zebrafish and Xenopus laevis, respectively, are highly expressed during retinal growth and optic axon regeneration and therefore have aided the speculation that α-internexin and axonal outgrowth may be connected. With this speculation, studies have been performed to develop a stronger bridge between the two. Through knockout studies using mice, the inhibition of α-internexin had no visible effect on development of the nervous system which suggests that axonal outgrowth is unaffected by α-internexin, however, the knockout study failed to rule out subtle differences that the protein may have caused. Not only has α-internexin been linked to axonal outgrowth but it may regulate axonal stability or diameter through changes in filaments and their subunit composition. Also, internexin could be involved in the maintenance or the formation of dendritic spines. There have been many implications as to the function of α-internexin, but no concrete evidence currently exists to fully support or negate these speculations.

Disease associations
α-internexin has also been implicated in several degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, neuropathies, tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. In HTLV-1 myelopathy, Tax, transactivator expressed by HTLV-1, interacts with α-internexin in cell culture resulting in dramatic reduction in Tax transcactivation and intermediate filament formation.

title: Internexin


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Desmin

Desmin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DES gene. Desmin is a muscle-specific, type III intermediate filament that integrates the sarcolemma, Z disk, and nuclear membrane in sarcomeres and regulates sarcomere architecture.

Structure
Desmin is a 53.5 kD protein composed of 470 amino acids, encoded by the human DES gene located on the long arm of chromosome 2. There are three major domains to the desmin protein: a conserved alpha helix rod, a variable non alpha helix head, and a carboxy-terminal tail. Desmin, as all intermediate filaments, shows no polarity when assembled. The rod domain consists of 308 amino acids with parallel alpha helical coiled coil dimers and three linkers to disrupt it. The rod domain connects to the head domain. The head domain 84 amino acids with many arginine, serine, and aromatic residues is important in filament assembly and dimer-dimer interactions. The tail domain is responsible for the integration of filaments and interaction with proteins and organelles. Desmin is only expressed in vertebrates, however homologous proteins are found in many organisms. Desmin is a subunit of intermediate filaments in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and smooth muscle tissue. In cardiac muscle, desmin is present in Z-discs and intercalated discs. Desmin has been shown to interact with desmoplakin and αB-crystallin.

Function
Desmin was first described in 1976, first purified in 1977, the gene was cloned in 1989, and the first knockout mouse was created in 1996. The function of desmin has been deduced through studies in knockout mice. Desmin is one of the earliest protein markers for muscle tissue in embryogenesis as it is detected in the somites. Although it is present early in the development of muscle cells, it is only expressed at low levels, and increases as the cell nears terminal differentiation. A similar protein, vimentin, is present in higher amounts during embryogenesis while desmin is present in higher amounts after differentiation. This suggests that there may be some interaction between the two in determining muscle cell differentiation. However desmin knockout mice develop normally and only experience defects later in life. Since desmin is expressed at a low level during differentiation another protein may be able to compensate for desmin's function early in development but not later on.

In adult desmin-null mice, hearts from 10 week-old animals showed drastic alterations in muscle architecture, including a misalignment of myofibrils and disorganization and swelling of mitochondria; findings that were more severe in cardiac relative to skeletal muscle. Cardiac tissue also exhibited progressive necrosis and calcification of the myocardium. A separate study examined this in more detail in cardiac tissue and found that murine hearts lacking desmin developed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and chamber dilation combined with systolic dysfunction. In adult muscle, desmin forms a scaffold around the Z-disk of the sarcomere and connects the Z-disk to the subsarcolemmal cytoskeleton. It links the myofibrils laterally by connecting the Z-disks. Through its connection to the sarcomere, desmin connects the contractile apparatus to the cell nucleus, mitochondria, and post-synaptic areas of motor endplates. These connections maintain the structural and mechanical integrity of the cell during contraction while also helping in force transmission and longitudinal load bearing.

In human heart failure, desmin expression is upregulated, which has been hypothesized to be a defense mechanism in an attempt to maintain normal sarcomere alignment amidst disease pathogenesis. There is some evidence that desmin may also connect the sarcomere to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through desmosomes which could be important in signalling between the ECM and the sarcomere which could regulate muscle contraction and movement. Finally, desmin may be important in mitochondria function. When desmin is not functioning properly there is improper mitochondrial distribution, number, morphology and function. Since desmin links the mitochondria to the sarcomere it may transmit information about contractions and energy need and through this regulate the aerobic respiration rate of the muscle cell.

Clinical significance
Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy (DRM or desminopathy) is a subgroup of the myofibrillar myopathy diseases and is the result of a mutation in the gene that codes for desmin which by changing the protein structure prevents it from forming protein filaments, and rather, forms aggregates of desmin and other proteins throughout the cell. Desmin (DES) mutations have been associated with restrictive, dilated, idiopathic,  arrhythmogenic  and non-compaction cardimyopathy. The N-terminal part of the 1A desmin subdomain is a genetic hot spot region for mutations affecting filament assembly. Some of these DES mutations cause an aggregation of desmin within the cytoplasm. A mutation p.A120D was discovered in a family, where several members had sudden cardiac death. In addition, DES mutations cause frequently cardiac conduction diseases.

Desmin has been evaluated for role in assessing the depth of invasion of urothelial carcinoma in TURBT specimens.

title: Desmin


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Vimentin

Vimentin is a structural protein that in humans is encoded by the VIM gene. Its name comes from the Latin vimentum which refers to an array of flexible rods.

Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament (IF) protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells. IF proteins are found in all animal cells as well as bacteria. Intermediate filaments, along with tubulin-based microtubules and actin-based microfilaments, comprises the cytoskeleton. All IF proteins are expressed in a highly developmentally-regulated fashion; vimentin is the major cytoskeletal component of mesenchymal cells. Because of this, vimentin is often used as a marker of mesenchymally-derived cells or cells undergoing an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during both normal development and metastatic progression.

Structure
The assembly of the fibrous vimentin filament that forms the cytoskeleton follows a gradual sequence. The vimentin monomer has a central α-helical domain, capped on each end by non-helical amino (head) and carboxyl (tail) domains. Two monomers are likely co-translationally expressed in a way that facilitates their interaction forming a coiled-coil dimer, which is the basic subunit of vimentin assembly. A pair of coiled-coil dimers connect in an antiparallel fashion to form a tetramer. Eight tetramers join to form what is known as the unit-length filament (ULF), ULFs then stick to each other and elongate followed by compaction to form the fibrous proteins.

The α-helical sequences contain a pattern of hydrophobic amino acids that contribute to forming a "hydrophobic seal" on the surface of the helix. In addition, there is a periodic distribution of acidic and basic amino acids that seems to play an important role in stabilizing coiled-coil dimers. The spacing of the charged residues is optimal for ionic salt bridges, which allows for the stabilization of the α-helix structure. While this type of stabilization is intuitive for intrachain interactions, rather than interchain interactions, scientists have proposed that perhaps the switch from intrachain salt bridges formed by acidic and basic residues to the interchain ionic associations contributes to the assembly of the filament.

Function
Vimentin plays a significant role in supporting and anchoring the position of the organelles in the cytosol. Vimentin is attached to the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, either laterally or terminally.

The dynamic nature of vimentin is important when offering flexibility to the cell. Scientists found that vimentin provided cells with a resilience absent from the microtubule or actin filament networks, when under mechanical stress in vivo. Therefore, in general, it is accepted that vimentin is the cytoskeletal component responsible for maintaining cell integrity. (It was found that cells without vimentin are extremely delicate when disturbed with a micropuncture). Transgenic mice that lack vimentin appeared normal and did not show functional differences. It is possible that the microtubule network may have compensated for the absence of the intermediate network. This result supports an intimate interaction between microtubules and vimentin. Moreover, when microtubule depolymerizers were present, vimentin reorganization occurred, once again implying a relationship between the two systems. On the other hand, wounded mice that lack the vimentin gene heal slower than their wild type counterparts.

In essence, vimentin is responsible for maintaining cell shape, integrity of the cytoplasm, and stabilizing cytoskeletal interactions. Vimentin has been shown to eliminate toxic proteins in JUNQ and IPOD inclusion bodies in asymmetric division of mammalian cell lines.

Also, vimentin is found to control the transport of low-density lipoprotein, LDL, -derived cholesterol from a lysosome to the site of esterification. With the blocking of transport of LDL-derived cholesterol inside the cell, cells were found to store a much lower percentage of the lipoprotein than normal cells with vimentin. This dependence seems to be the first process of a biochemical function in any cell that depends on a cellular intermediate filament network. This type of dependence has ramifications on the adrenal cells, which rely on cholesteryl esters derived from LDL.

Vimentin plays a role in aggresome formation, where it forms a cage surrounding a core of aggregated protein.

In addition to its conventional intracellular localisation, vimentin can be found extracellularly. Vimentin can be expressed as a cell surface protein and have suggested roles in immune reactions. It can also be released in phosphorylated forms to the extracellular space by activated macrophages, astrocytes are also known to release vimentin.

Clinical significance
It has been used as a sarcoma tumor marker to identify mesenchyme. Its specificity as a biomarker has been disputed by Jerad Gardner. Vimentin is present in spindle cell squameous cell carcinoma.

Methylation of the vimentin gene has been established as a biomarker of colon cancer and this is being utilized in the development of fecal tests for colon cancer. Statistically significant levels of vimentin gene methylation have also been observed in certain upper gastrointestinal pathologies such as Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma, and intestinal type gastric cancer. High levels of DNA methylation in the promoter region have also been associated with markedly decreased survival in hormone positive breast cancers. Downregulation of vimentin was identified in cystic variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma using a proteomic approach. See also Anti-citrullinated protein antibody for its use in diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

Vimentin was discovered to be an attachment factor for SARS-CoV-2 by Nader Rahimi and colleagues.

Interactions
Vimentin has been shown to interact with:
 * DSP
 * MEN1
 * MYST2
 * PKN1
 * PRKCI
 * PLEC
 * SPTAN1
 * UPP1
 * YWHAZ

The 3' UTR of Vimentin mRNA has been found to bind a 46kDa protein.

title: Vimentin