text:
Honda B20A engine

The Honda B20A engine series, known as the B20A and B21A, was an inline four-cylinder engine family from Honda introduced in 1985 in the second-generation Honda Prelude. Also available in the contemporary third-generation Honda Accord in the Japanese domestic market, along with the Accord-derived Vigor, the B20A was Honda's second line of multivalve DOHC inline four-cylinder engines behind the "ZC" twin-cam variant of the ordinarily SOHC D-series, focused towards performance and displacing 2.0 to 2.1 litres.

The third-generation Prelude was exclusively powered by the B20A engine family and production of the B20A engine family ended with the conclusion of the production of the third-generation Prelude in 1991.

History
The B20A would be succeeded by the Honda B engine family. Although sharing similar nomenclature and some design elements, the earlier B20A substantially differs from the later B-series in architecture enough to be considered two different engine families and is also not to be confused with the B20B, a 2.0 liter DOHC engine introduced alongside the Honda CR-V in 1994.

There were two versions of the B20A:
 * The first generation of B20A engines was available in the 83–87 Prelude 2.0SI in Japan and in Europe, the 86–89 Honda Vigor and Accord. It leaned towards the front of the car just like the A20A engine found in the same cars. This B20A produces 160 PS and 140 lbft torque in Japan. In Europe this is called B20A1, producing 137 hp and 127 lb.ft (172 Nm).
 * There was also a similar engine named B18A for the 86–89 Accords. It was a de-stroked B20A powered by two-sidedraft Keihin carbs.
 * The second generation of B20A was found in the 87–91 Prelude. The 87–91 Prelude B20A and B21A blocks are cast so they lie at an 18-degree angle leaning towards the firewall. This was done to please the exterior specifications for the 1988–1991 3rd Generation Prelude due to its ultra-low hood line which Honda dubs the "engineless design" and also for handling reasons; placing the engine at an angle gives it a lower center of gravity (similar to straight 6 designs in older BMW's).

All B20A engines consisted of closed-deck aluminium blocks with thicker-than-average iron sleeves whereas the B21A1 had FRM (fiber reinforced metal) cylinder liners.

The B21A1 was basically a re-worked B20A5 with an increase in bore to 83 mm. The external block dimensions had to stay identical (although there was increased external strengthening and webbing on the B21) to the B20A5 block so Honda called upon Saffil to create a thin but strong cylinder liner using FRM (fiber reinforced metal) which consisted of a carbon fiber matrix, aluminium alloy, and aluminium oxide to make a very strong cylinder sleeve. The sleeve is so strong, in fact, that it wears out the piston rings, causing low compression numbers, severe smoking, and high oil usage. It is possible in many situations to merely replace the worn rings in order to revive the motor's former output. Many machine shops will not attempt to re-hone or re-bore the FRM sleeves, as this type of sleeve will de-laminate during machining operations.

B20A, B20A1
(16-Valve, 4 Cylinder, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * "Honda" logo in center of valve cover – Filler cap on left side of cover.
 * Found in:
 * Serial numbers 1000001~, 1500001~ and 1550001~
 * 1985–1987.03 Honda Prelude Non-U.S.
 * 1985.06–1987.04 Honda Accord Non-U.S.
 * 1985.06–1987.04 Honda Vigor Non-U.S.
 * Serial numbers 1600001~ and 1640001~
 * 1987.05–1989.08 Honda Accord Non-U.S.
 * 1987.05–1989.08 Honda Vigor Non-U.S.
 * Displacement: 1958 cc
 * bore: 81 mm
 * stroke: 95 mm
 * Compression: 9.4:1
 * Power:
 * (JDM GOLD TOP B20A 1985.06–1987.04) 160 PS at 6300 rpm & 137 lb.ft (186 N·m) at 5000 rpm (!JIS Gross data), using PH3 ECU
 * (JDM BLACKTOP B20A 1987.05–1989.08) 145 PS at 6200 rpm & 127 lb.ft (173 N·m) at 4000 rpm (!JIS Net data with new dual-stage intake manifold), using PH3 ECU
 * (EDM, B20A1 Gold Top) 137 PS at 6000 rpm & 127 lb.ft (172 N·m) at 4000 rpm, using PJ5 (602,603,752), PJ7, PH3 ECU w vac. advance
 * Transmission: B2K5(86–87), F2K5(88–89)

The B20A installed in 1988–1991 Preludes have the following specifications:

(16-Valve, 4 Cylinder, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * Found in:
 * 1987–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen Non-U.S.
 * Power: 145 PS at 6000 rpm
 * Torque: 128tq at 4500 rpm
 * Compression ratio: 9.4:1

B20A2
(16-Valve, 4 Cylinder, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * Found in:
 * 1987–1989 Honda Accord (CA5), Europe
 * Power: 137 PS at 6000 rpm

B20A3
(12-valve, SOHC, dual side-draft carburetors)
 * Found in:
 * 1987–1990 Honda Prelude 3rd gen 2.0 S
 * Power: 109 hp at 5800 rpm (MT) with catalytic converter, 115 hp at 5800 rpm without catalytic converter
 * Torque: 111 lbft at 4000 rpm
 * It was PGM-CARB microprocessor controlled (pk-1)

B20A4
(12-Valve, SOHC, dual side-draft carburetors)
 * Found in: 1987–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen Non-U.S.
 * Fuel system: 2 carburetors
 * Displacement (cm3): 1958
 * Bore x Stroke (mm): 81 x 95
 * Compression ration: 9.2:1
 * Maximum power: 114 hp at 5800 rpm
 * Maximum torque: 116 ft lb at 4500 rpm
 * Catalytic converter: no
 * ECU: no

B20A5
(16-valve, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * Found in:
 * 1987–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen 2.0Si
 * Power: 135 hp at 6200 rpm
 * Torque: 127 lbft at 4000 rpm
 * Engine cc: 1958.14
 * Cylinder cc: 489.535
 * Deck cc: 13.885
 * Head cc: 47.3
 * Compression Ratio: 9.0:1

B20A6
(16-Valve, DOHC, PGM-FI) 142 hp at 6000 rpm 174 Nm at 4500 rpm KY model is one of them
 * Found in:
 * 1987–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen Non-U.S. and Australian Domestic Market

B20A7
(16-Valve, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * Found in:
 * 1987–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen Non-U.S. UK, France, Holland, Norway, South Africa, New Zealand
 * Power 150 PS at 6000 rpm
 * Torque 132tq (180 Nm) at 5500rpm
 * Compression ratio 10.5:1
 * Bore 81 mm
 * Stroke 95 mm
 * Engine capacity 1958 cm3 or 119.5 cu-in

B20A8
(16-Valve, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * Found in:
 * 1987–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen Non-U.S. Russian, Swedish Domestic Market
 * 1988–1989 Honda Accord Non-U.S.
 * Power 133 PS at 6000 rpm

B20A9
(16-Valve, 4Cylinder, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * Found in:
 * 1990–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen Non-U.S. Finland, Germany, Norway, Netherlands, Russia, Argentina
 * Power 139 hp at 6000 rpm
 * Torque 129tq (175 Nm) at 4500 rpm
 * Cylinder cc: 489.535
 * Deck cc: 13.885
 * Head cc: 47.3
 * Compression ratio 9,3:1

B21A
(16-valve, DOHC, PGM-FI) engine using a pk-3 honda ECU
 * Found in:
 * 1990–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen Si States
 * Very rare, it was only produced for the "Si States" models in Japan
 * Power: 145 PS
 * Torque: 186 N·m (137 lb·ft)
 * Compression Ratio: 9.4:1

B21A1
(16-valve, DOHC, PGM-FI)
 * Found in:
 * 1990–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen SI USDM
 * 1990–1991 Honda Prelude 3rd gen SR Canadian Market
 * Power: 140 hp at 5800 rpm
 * Torque: 135 lbft at 5000 rpm
 * Engine cc: 2056.03
 * Bore 83 mm
 * Stroke 95 mm
 * Cylinder cc: 514.0075
 * Deck cc: 10.191
 * Head cc: 51.0
 * Compression Ratio: 9.4:1

title: Honda B20A engine


text:
Vizzola Ticino

Vizzola Ticino is a village and comune of the province of Varese in Lombardy, Italy. It is on the banks of the Ticino River, immediately to the west of Strada Provinciale 52 on the western perimeter of Malpensa Airport.

In the late 19th century, the town was the site of one of the largest electrical generating facilities in Europe, powered by a canal run from the Ticino. The Caproni aircraft company had a manufacturing facility here and the Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics was situated here from the 1960s to the 1980s.

Economy
Nippon Cargo Airlines has its Italy branch in the MXP Business Park in the comune, near Malpensa Airport.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vizzola Ticino


text: User talk:139.149.1.195

title: User talk:139.149.1.195


text:
Honda F20C engine

The F20C and F22C1 were inline-4 engines produced by Honda for use in the Honda S2000. They are one of the few Honda 4-cylinder automobile engines that are designed to sit longitudinally for rear wheel drive.

These engines are a distant relative to the F-series engines found in the mid-1990s Honda Accord and Prelude. To get most out of the compact-sized engine, Honda engineers utilized technology derived from Honda's racing engines. The F20C and F22C1 have two overhead cams with roller followers, a ladder-frame main bearing stiffener, a VTEC system for both the intake and exhaust camshaft, Fiber-Reinforced Metal cylinder liners (FRM), Forged aluminum molybdenum disulfide-coated piston skirts for reduced friction, and uses a timing chain.

The VTEC system consists of two separate cam lobe profiles. Variable cam phasing is not used. Roller followers are used to reduce friction in the valvetrain. The rocker arms are constructed using metal injection molding.

The engine block is constructed of aluminum with a fiber-reinforced metal sleeve. A timing chain drives an intermediate gear, which drives the cams. The pistons are forged aluminum. The intake plenum was designed with minimal volume for fast engine response, and a 14 lb flywheel was fitted until 2004. A high-flow catalyst is supplied along with an exhaust air-injection system, which greatly decreases catalyst light-off time and cold emissions.

F20C

 * Rod Length: 153 mm (approximately 6.024 in)
 * Rod/stroke ratio: approximately 1.8214:1
 * Power:
 * JDM 250 PS at 8,600 rpm & 150 lbft at 7,500 rpm
 * USDM 240 PS at 8,300 rpm; 155 lbft at 7,500 rpm
 * Rev limit: 9,000 rpm
 * VTEC actuates between 5,500-6,000 rpm depending on ECU triggers.

The F20C was designed with high engine speed capability in mind, for increased power output; the rev limit is 9,000 rpm, with VTEC engagement at 6,000 rpm. Its relatively long stroke of 84 mm results in a mean piston speed of 4,965 ft/m, or 25.2 m/s, which was higher than any other production car to date. Power output is 234 bhp at 8,300 rpm in North America and Europe. The Japanese version, which has a higher compression ratio, is capable of 247 bhp at 8,600 rpm. Honda's F20C Engine won a spot on Wards' 10 Best Engines List twice, in 2000 and 2001.

The engine displaces 1997 cc, lending to the Honda S2000's name. This method of naming follows suit with the rest of the Honda S roadsters (i.e. Honda S500, S600, and S800).

Applications:
 * 1999-2005 Honda S2000 (Japan)
 * 2000-2003 Honda S2000 (North America)
 * 1999–2009 Honda S2000 (United Kingdom, Europe, Australia)
 * 2009 IFR Aspid
 * 2009 Skelta G-Force

The F20C produces the highest specific power output for any naturally aspirated piston engine in a car priced under US$100,000, at 125 hp per liter, ahead of the SR16VE N1 found in the homologation version of the JDM Nissan Pulsar producing 197 bhp for a specific power of 123.45 bhp per liter. Honda's F20C engine held the record for producing the highest specific power output for any mass production naturally aspirated piston engine in a car, at 123.5 HP/L, until Ferrari began production of the 458 Italia in 2010, which produced 124.5 HP/L.

Although designed at the end of the previous century, the F20C is still one of the highest output per liter and the highest revving mass production engines ever made. In recognition of its incredible power output, the Honda S2000's engine has won the International Engine of the Year category for 1.8 to 2.2-liter engines five times in its lifetime (from 2000 to 2004).

F22C1

 * Rod Length: 149.65 mm (approximately 5.892 in)
 * Rod/stroke ratio: approximately 1.6499:1
 * Power:
 * USDM 240 hp at 7,800 rpm; 162 lbft at 6,500 rpm (revised to 237 hp at 7,800 rpm in 2005 per SAE Certified Power standard)
 * Rev limit: 8,200 rpm
 * VTEC: "6,000 rpm"

In 2004, Honda produced a stroked 90.7 mm version of the F20C, increasing displacement by 160 cc to 2157 cc. Dubbed the F22C1, it was originally designed for the North American market being introduced for the 2004 model year. Maximum power output was maintained at 240 hp at 7,800 rpm. Rated torque increased from 155 lbft at 7,500 rpm for the F20C to 162 lbft at 6,500 rpm for the F22C. The redline was reduced from 8,900 rpm to 8,200 rpm, mandated by the longer travel distance of the pistons. Peak horsepower output was originally rated identical to the F20C, with "overall powerband characteristics strengthened 4% to 10% between 1,000 -8,000 rpm".

The F22C1 was used exclusively in the North American market for 2004 and 2005 with the F20C being used in all other markets. In 2006, the engine fully replaced F20C engines in the Japanese market as well which resulted in a drop in rated power output from 250 PS to 242 PS. Outside Japan and the United States, the F20C continued to be the only available engine.

Applications:
 * 2004–2009 Honda S2000 (F22C1) (North America)
 * 2006–2009 Honda S2000 (Japan)

title: Honda F20C engine


text:
Talk:Shoals, Indiana

Untitled
Sounds like a tiny town, but there are a lot more than 807 people who call Shoals home. There are hundreds more in the rural areas within the Shoals school district who list Shoals as their home and who use the stores and services in Shoals. Shoals has a good school system (K-12), a nice library, a modern supermarket, an old-fashioned but well-supplied dime store, a clothing store, a couple of eating establishments, a bar, two gas stations, a hardware store, a bank, video rental store, and probably a few more things I haven't thought of. It's a great little town! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.162.0.37  (talk • contribs)  17:19, 22 December 2004
 * The population of a municipality refers only to those who live within the corporate limits. Kurt Weber 14:01, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shoals, Indiana


text: User talk:212.95.194.142

title: User talk:212.95.194.142


text:
Talk:Paul and Gnosticism

Clementine homilies
I deleted the following two paragraphs from near the end of the article because they are factually in error.
 * Clement of Rome, who lived at the end of the first century, and is considered by the early Christian church a saint, vigourously attacked Paul's teachings, going so far as to state that the vision Paul is alleged to have had, on the way to Damascus, originated from a demon. Clement was the 3rd/4th pope, and was strongly anti-gnostic, in his homilies even asserting his opinion that Paul is a dangerous heretic who should be expelled from the church. Other early christians, such as Justin Martyr, chose not to mention Paul at all.

 * Some scholars, such as Elaine Pagels, take this as evidence that Paul, and consequently early Christianity, was originally gnostic, rather than literalist. Clement himself demonstrates such a view of Paul, corroborating the claim by Valentinus, a gnostic, that Paul had initiated his teacher, Theudas into the Deeper Mysteries of Christianity, which revealed a secret gnostic doctrine of God.

These homilies are generally thought to have been written in the early third century, possibly based on earlier material that may have been written in the late second century. Second, they discuss Simon Magus by name, not Paul, although some scholars speculate that Simon was an encoded reference to Paul. Based on the dating alone, they could not have been written by Clement of Rome. Wesley 17:22, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"Through a glass, darkly"
I find it ironic that this is in here. In it's full context, this verse is actually having a go at Gnosticism! Read verse 1 Corinthians 8-10 in its entirity: "Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away. For we know in part and we prophesy in part, 10but when perfection comes, the imperfect disappears." That seems to be refuting Gnosticism! the clue here is that he is saying that where there is knowledge, it will pass away. Considering that Gnosticism was based on "knowledge" I think it would be strange for a Gnostic Paul to say that knowledge would pass away, don't you think?

Another thing is, Plato didn't necessarily hold the view that he knew nothing. Socrates did, and Plato wrote about it. To say that about Plato shows a deep misunderstanding of the man and his writing. - Ta bu shi da yu 10:59, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You really should use an accurate translation, TBSDY. The phrase concerning "gnosis" i.e. "knowledge" is more accurately translated "knowledge puffeth up" (which modern evangelical translators have ASSUMED is an attack, but the gnostics said it meant that it improved oneself, and lead to a fealing of fulfillment).

 * Which translation are you using? You never say. I use the NIV, a well respected translation. And also, if this is CheeseDreams, you're blocked from editing, . - Ta bu shi da yu 02:13, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Incidently, you might like to note that if Evangelicals dispute this (which you know about, clearly) then it is highly POV of you not have noted this in your text! Oh, and incidently, see Special:Contributions/81.156.182.159. I notice that you have attempted to say that I am POV pushing. How exactly? I have just removed unsourced material. Maybe when you get back from your one week block (about to be extended, incidently) you can add this material back, but this time say what your sources are in the text either as an inline reference or as a footnote? It's not much to ask, surely? - Ta bu shi da yu 02:32, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Disputed
In not translating words which have meaning as concepts, it appears that Paul states to Christians (in Romans) I long to see you, so that I may share with you a certain pneumatic charisma'' (Romans 1:11-12). Charisma is derived (etymologically) from makarismos, which means the manner in which those who had witnessed the mysteries of mystery religions were considered blessed, and pneumatic is the gnostic term for the class of people who were governed by their spiritual side and thus saved.''

I looked this up and asked some people who speak Greek, the work pneumatikon, which is an adjective. Pneuma is a generic Greek word for spirit, not exclusively Gnostic. The other word is Charisma, which is a general Greek word for "gift". So basically that's dubious. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:30, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, I also suggest that we check out the Charisma bit from Strong's encyclopedia! See . Till then, I'm removing this. If CheeseDreams wants to put it back, she's going to have to source her claims and prove that this is not just her own conclusions (original research)! - Ta bu shi da yu 05:43, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It is absolutely, definitely, incorrect to say that pneumatikos (anglicized above as "pneumatic") is "a Gnostic term". It's an adjective meaning (basically) spiritual. The Gnostics certainly used it with this specialized meaning, but that doesn't mean that they were the only ones who used it or that it always had the meaning they assigned to it. Charisma, in the New Testament, generally refers to a gift of God. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 17:07, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * This means that the next stuff needs to be removed (not least because this is unsourced and thus is original research!):

 * The fact that, although Paul does long to share the knowledge with those he writes to in Romans he does not write the knowledge into the letter, was explained by gnostics as Paul's respecting the principle common to mystery religions of having secret teachings, which must not be shared openly (for example, if the letter was intercepted). However, Paul also indicated that he expected his letters to be read in public, not only in the church to which they were addressed but in other churches as well. Elsewhere, Paul makes use of a phrase which is also the vow of secrecy common to many gnostic groups, such use by gnostics being attested by Hippolytus in his criticism of the gnostic Justinus, as well as in the gnostic Gospel of Thomas, and by Clement of Rome, for example, in 1 Corinthians Paul states
 * Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him

 * Unless CheeseDreams can source it, I'm disputing this and taking it out. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:50, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Mystery religion initiation
Paul also can be construed as referring to the initiation system of the mystery religions. In 2 Corinthians, Paul refers to those who are novices in the religion as having veils over their face as their mind was blinded, a principle that mystery religions considered true and as such some made their novices wear veils and referred to them as mystae (i.e. having closed eyes).

 * What?! Clearly, CheeseDreams is talking about 2 Corinthians 3:7-18. Here's the translation of the NIV:
 * But if the ministry of death, written and engraved on stones, was glorious, so that the children of Israel could not look steadily at the face of Moses because of the glory of his countenance, which glory was passing away, 8how will the ministry of the Spirit not be more glorious? For if the ministry of condemnation had glory, the ministry of righteousness exceeds much more in glory. For even what was made glorious had no glory in this respect, because of the glory that excels. For if what is passing away was glorious, what remains is much more glorious.
 * Therefore, since we have such hope, we use great boldness of speech-- unlike Moses, who put a veil over his face so that the children of Israel could not look steadily at the end of what was passing away. But their minds were blinded. For until this day the same veil remains unlifted in the reading of the Old Testament, because the veil is taken away in Christ. But even to this day, when Moses is read, a veil lies on their heart. Nevertheless when one turns to the Lord, the veil is taken away. Now the Lord is the Spirit; and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty. But we all, with unveiled face, beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from glory to glory, just as by the Spirit of the Lord.
 * Sorry, but that is not in any way, shape, or form referring to novices! Paul is saying that the "children of Israel could not look steadily at the end of what was passing away. But their minds were blinded. For until this day the same veil remains unlifted in the reading of the Old Testament because the veil is taken away in Christ." What was written here is highly dubious, so I'm taking it out until we can get a source for this opinion. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:00, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jewish practices
The article states: "Paul cut his hair at Cenchreae, waiting for a ship to Ephesus, despite the Jewish prohibition on doing so outside of Jerusalem." That's the first I've heard of this. What source states this? Would someone be able to clarify it? If not, I'm going to take it out. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:52, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the haircut is mentioned in the NT, but I've never heard of that prohibition, and it seems unlikely. I'll remove them both, as the haircut by itself isn't worth mentioning. Wesley 05:50, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Overarching problem
Coming back to look at this article again, the whole thing reads like an essay arguing for a point, rather than an encyclopedia article. It cites almost no sources, but rather puts forth arguments for a POV. With this in mind, I think it should be majorly overhauled, or possibly even considered for deletion. Wesley 17:18, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't agree with deleting it. I do agree with a major overhaul! - Ta bu shi da yu 23:51, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

From the reference desk: Romans question
I would like to confirm something. According to Paul and Gnosticism
 * In not translating words which have meaning as concepts, it appears that Paul states to Christians (in Romans) I long to see you, so that I may share with you a certain pneumatic charisma (Romans 1:11-12). Charisma is derived (etymologically) from makarismos, which means the manner in which those who had witnessed the mysteries of mystery religions were considered blessed, and pneumatic is the gnostic term for the class of people who were governed by their spiritual side and thus saved.

However, I talked to a friend who studied Greek and he tells me that the word is actually pneumatikon, which is an adjective. Pneuma is a generic Greek word for spirit, not exclusively Gnostic. The other word is Charisma, which is a general Greek word for "gift". Thus it does not make it a confirmation of Gnosticism.

Can some clarify this for me? - Ta bu shi da yu 05:37, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The NIV says: "11I long to see you so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to make you strong". I think linking to Talk:Paul and Gnosticism may be useful at this point. Alphax (t) (c) (e) 13:15, Feb 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * The actual Greek expression is charisma pneumatikon, "a spiritual gift". (Personally, I think anyone who claims that Paul was a Gnostic is mistaken, but the Gnostics certainly loved some of his writigns.) Charisma in the New Testament generally refers to gifts given by God. (Paul also likes to use related charis, grace.) I think the Christians used this word more than it was used elsewhere. See.
 * Pneuma is definitely not an exclusively Gnostic word. (It appears frequently in the Septuagint.) Pneumatikos is the adjective you would use to refer to anything spiritual and is not exclusive to the Gnostics. (Anglicizing it as pneumatic is perfectly acceptable, but it does tend to call to mind the Gnostic "pneumatics", which is not what the word actually means.) Pneumatikos is absolutely not "a Gnostic term". (If I spoke of a charismatic leader, would you automatically assume that I was referring to a Charismatic Christian leader?) -Aranel (" Sarah  ") 17:03, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Where to start the article?
Without addressing the issue whether or not Paul was a Gnostic (disclosure: I doubt that he was), shouldn't this article address the fact that the overwhelming majority of Biblical scholars hold that not only wasn't Paul a Gnostic, but far too often their arguments over who were Gnostic in their outlook or belief were defined by how they disagreed with Paul & his teachings? I remember one Christian historian assuming that the wayward Christians of Corinth Paul wrote to were embracing Gnostic ideals, although his 2 surviving letters to that congregation do not clearly substantiate whether the Corinthians were Gnostics.

Failing to state that Biblical scholars for centuries have assumed that Paul was not a Gnostic is tantamount to asking whether Ronald Reagan was a socialist & ignoring the fact that tens of millions of US citizens have assumed for decades that he was not. This failure to explain the historiography of the issue only allows certain miscontents to slip Gnosticism into the mainstream thru the backdoor -- instead of properly arguing for it. -- llywrch 01:53, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * And there you have the problem of this article. It's not a descriptive article. It's an article holding one particular (and dodgy) viewpoint is correct to the exclusion of all other (and more widely held) beliefs. Thus, to put it crudely but succinctly, it is a stinking pile of POV. - Ta bu shi da yu 05:49, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep in mind that this is the first time I've read this article. If the thesis of this article is being developed in good faith -- that there is evidence suggesting Paul either was or influenced Gnosticism -- then it should acknowledge that this POV is at odds with the consensus viewpoint of Christian history. And it should offer a clear definition of Gnosticism beyond the broad label that it was a "mystery religion".

 * Beyond that, I don't know what to say about this contribution. Yes, the words of Paul can be twisted to support a Gnostic interpretation -- but was this done in Antiquity? Otherwise, this would be better considered as a freshman-level paper in cultural history -- & not suitable for WP. -- llywrch 19:25, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think it's safe to say that some Gnostics quotes selected passages from Paul's letters to support their positions. Marcion of Sinope certainly did, elsewhere the article suggests the Valentinians did, and I'm sure they're not the only ones. I also think you're right in saying that historically, the bulk of Christian scholarship has not considered Paul to be a Gnostic, and this ought to be made clear in the article. Wesley 05:57, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Which 1 Corinthians verse?
The following:
 * The terms Paul uses for perfected Christianity, such as (in the standard translation) Mature and to the level of maturity and the perfect man, actually use the greek word Teleioi, which means initiated, a principle also used in the hellenic mystery religions. In particular, in 1 Corinthians, we speak wisdom amongst the perfected also translates we speak of Sophia amongst the initiated (Sophia being a spiritual entity to the gnostics, as well as the Greek word for "wisdom"), something which the gnostic Valentinians quoted as proof that Paul initiated Christians into the gnostic ideas of Sophia.

does not give the verse in 1 Corinthians, so I am unable to verify this information. Until this is clarified, it's going. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:14, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Chapter 2. It's a few verses.  In verse 2:6 specifically Paul says: "We speak of Sophia among the intiated.  Yet not the sophia of this world or the sophia of the archons of this world who come to naught."  Much of the impact is lost in english.  Sophia is the proper name of the goddess of wisdom as well as common name for wisdom in general.  The "archons of this world" also multiple meanings referring to Roman rulers as well as the demiurge.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.33.153.28 (talk) 06:38, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Further material removed
I have removed:
 * For example, Lilitu (mentioned in Isaiah) is usually translated screech owl, which has very little significance in a wider picture, rather than Lilith, a reference to a child snatching demon, that some ancient Jewish legends held to have been Adam's first wife.

until I can get some info on what part of Isaiah is being referred to, and to see where this source of information is coming from. - Ta bu shi da yu 06:30, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I have also removed:
 * As for himself, in 1 Corinthians, Paul considers he is a Steward of the mysteries of God, which was also the technical term for a priest in the Egyptian version of the mystery religions where the central figure is the god Serapis.

because it is unclear where exactly this info is from! Please provide the chapter and verse before we put this back again. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:57, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paul and Gnosticism


text:
Polyorchidism

Polyorchidism is the incidence of more than two testicles. It is a very rare congenital disorder, with fewer than 200 cases reported in medical literature and six cases (two horses, two dogs and two cats) in veterinary literature.

Polyorchidism is generally diagnosed via an ultrasound examination of the testicles. However, the diagnosis of polyorchidism should include histological confirmation. The most common form is triorchidism, or tritestes, where three testicles are present. The condition is usually asymptomatic. A man who has polyorchidism is known as a polyorchid.

Classification
Polyorchidism occurs in two primary forms: Type A and Type B.
 * Type A: The supernumerary testicle is connected to a vas deferens. These testicles are usually reproductively functional. Type A is further subdivided into:
 * Type A1: Complete duplication of the testicle, epididymis and vas deferens.
 * Type A2: The supernumerary testicle has its own epididymis and shares a vas deferens.
 * Type A3: The supernumerary testicle shares the epididymis and the vas deferens of the other testicles.
 * Type B: The supernumerary testicle is not connected to a vas deferens and is therefore not reproductively functional. Type B is further subdivided into:
 * Type B1: The supernumerary testicle has its own epididymis but is not connected to a vas deferens
 * Type B2: The supernumerary testicle consists only of testicular tissue.

Type A3 is the most common form of polyorchidism, and types A2 and A3 together account for more than 90% of cases. In 65% of cases, the supernumerary testicle is found in the left scrotal sac.

Numeric system
An older system of classification structures polyorchidism into similar types, but with no subdivision between connected and disconnected testicles:
 * Type 1: The supernumerary testicle lacks an epididymis and vas deferens and has no connection to the other testicles.
 * Type 2: The supernumerary testicle shares the epididymis and the vas deferens of the other testicles.
 * Type 3: The supernumerary testicle has its own epididymis and shares a vas deferens.
 * Type 4: Complete duplication of the testicle, epididymis and vas deferens.

Complications
Most cases of polyorchidism are asymptomatic, and are discovered incidentally, in the course of treating another condition. In the majority of cases, the supernumerary testicle is found in the scrotum.

However, polyorchidism can occur in conjunction with cryptorchidism, where the supernumerary testicle is undescended or found elsewhere in the body. These cases are associated with a significant increase in the incidence of testicular cancer: 0.004% for the general population vs 5.7% for a supernumerary testicle not found in the scrotum.

Polyorchidism can also occur in conjunction with infertility, inguinal hernia, testicular torsion, epididymitis, hydrocele testis and varicocele. However, it is not clear whether polyorchidism causes or aggravates these conditions, or whether the existence of these conditions leads sufferers to seek medical attention and thus become diagnosed with a previously undetected supernumerary testicle.

Management
Because polyorchidism is very uncommon, there is no standard treatment for the condition. Prior to advances in ultrasound technology, it was common practice to remove the supernumerary testicle. Several cases have been described where routine follow-up examinations conducted over a period of years showed that the supernumerary testicle was stable.

A meta-analysis in 2009 suggested removing non-scrotal supernumerary testicles because of the increased risk of cancer, and regular follow-up in the remaining cases to ensure that the supernumerary testicle remains stable.

title: Polyorchidism


text:
Arnaud Baille/Sicre

Arnaud Baille/Sicre was a cobbler in the Comté de Foix in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth century. A number of details about his life are known to us through the Fournier Register, and Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's analysis of those records.

Raised in Ax-les-Thermes he was the son of Arnaud Sicre, a notary, and Sybille Baille. His father was a Catholic and worked as a writer for the Church. His mother, however, was a firm Cathar. The marriage did not last, and Sybille forced her husband out of the house. Sybille readopted her maiden name, while Arnaud Jr. and his brother Bernard, would alternate between surnames, sometimes using both. At the age of seven Arnaud was sent to live with his father in Tarascon-sur-Ariège so that he could be educated.

His mother's heresy was uncovered by the Inquisition. Sybille was arrested, and was eventually burned at the stake after relapsing into Catharism. The family's property was confiscated. This left Arnaud embittered, as his mother's heresy had cost him his inheritance. He became an itinerant cobbler.

In an attempt to win back the family home, Arnaud decided on becoming an informer for the Inquisition. He was sent to Catalonia where a number of Cathar exiles were in hiding. Arnaud joined this group and eventually convinced a number of them to return to the Comté to attend his sister's wedding. Forces of the Inquisition were waiting and a number of the heretics were captured, including their leader Guillaume Bélibaste and the shepherd Pierre Maury.

title: Arnaud Baille/Sicre


text:
Vogt (surname)

Vogt is the surname of:

Politicians and civil servants

 * Andreas Vogt (1880–1958), Liechtenstein politician
 * Benjamin Vogt (politician) (1863–1947), Norwegian politician
 * Daniel A. Vogt, Florida politician, Civil War era
 * David Vogt (1793–1861), Norwegian politician
 * Franz Vogt (1899–1940), German trade unionist
 * Hersleb Vogt (1912–1999), Norwegian diplomat
 * Hilde Vogt (born 1945), Norwegian politician
 * Jan Fredrik Vogt (born 1974), Norwegian politician
 * Johanna Vogt (1862 – 1944), German suffragist and first female city council member in Kassel, Germany.
 * John W. Vogt (politician) (1936-2018), American politician in Florida
 * Jørgen Vogt (1900–1972), Norwegian politician
 * Jørgen Herman Vogt (1784–1862), Norwegian politician
 * Lorenz Juhl Vogt (1828–1901), Norwegian politician
 * Niels Nielsen Vogt (1798–1869), Norwegian politician
 * Nils Vogt (civil servant) (1926–2000), Norwegian civil servant
 * Nils Vogt (politician) (1817–1894), Norwegian politician
 * Paul Benjamin Vogt (1863–1947), Norwegian politician
 * Roland Vogt (1941–2018), German politician
 * Svend Borchmann Hersleb Vogt (1852–1923), Norwegian politician
 * Ute Vogt (born 1964), German politician

Sciences

 * Carl Vogt (1817–1895), German scientist and philosopher
 * Erich Vogt (1929–2014), Canadian physicist
 * Evon Z. Vogt (1918–2004), American anthropologist
 * George B. Vogt (1920–1990), American entomologist
 * Hans Vogt (1903–1986), Norwegian linguist
 * Johan Herman Lie Vogt (1858–1932), Norwegian geologist
 * Marthe Louise Vogt (1903–2003), German neuroscientist
 * Ramona Vogt physicist
 * Richard Vogt (1949–2021), American herpetologist
 * Rochus Eugen Vogt (born 1929), German-American physicist
 * Thorolf Vogt (1888–1958), Norwegian geologist
 * William Vogt (1902-1968), American ornithologist and writer of global population issues

Medicine and psychiatry

 * Alfred Vogt (1879–1943), Swiss ophthalmologist
 * Cécile Vogt-Mugnier (1875–1962), French neurologist
 * Heinrich Vogt (neurologist) (1875–1936), German neurologist
 * Oskar Vogt (1870–1959), German neurologist

Engineering

 * Fredrik Vogt (1892–1970), Norwegian engineer
 * Jens Theodor Paludan Vogt (1830–1892), Norwegian engineer
 * Richard Vogt (aircraft designer) (1894–1979), German engineer and aircraft designer during and after World War II

Artists and writers

 * A. E. van Vogt (1912–2000), Canadian author
 * Carl de Vogt (1885–1970), German actor
 * David Vogt (born 1975), German musician and record producer best known as Charles Greywolf
 * Hans Vogt (composer) (1911–1992), German composer and conductor
 * Klaus Florian Vogt (born 1970), German tenor
 * Lars Vogt (1970–2022), German classical pianist, conductor and academic teacher
 * Linda Vogt (1922–2013), Australian flautist
 * Martin Vogt (born 1992), American music producer
 * Nils Vogt (comedian) (born 1948), Norwegian comedian
 * Nils Collett Vogt (1864–1937), Norwegian poet
 * Paul Vogt (historian) (born 1952), Liechtenstein politician and historian
 * Paul C. Vogt (born 1964), American comedian
 * Roy Vogt (1934-1997), Canadian economist and literary critic
 * Ulrich Andreas Vogt (born 1952), German tenor and director of a concert hall

Journalists

 * Doug Vogt, Canadian photojournalist and cameraman
 * Nils Vogt (journalist) (1859–1927), Norwegian newspaper editor

Other

 * Hannah Vogt (1910–1994), German historian
 * Johan Herman Vogt (1900–1991), Norwegian economist
 * John W. Vogt (1920-2010), American military officer
 * Kevin Vogt (born 1991), German footballer
 * Miriam Vogt (born 1967), German alpine skier
 * Lothar Vogt (born 1952), German chess grandmaster
 * Paul Vogt (pastor) (1900-1984), Swiss pastor and theologian
 * Richard Vogt (boxer) (1913–1988), German boxer
 * Stephen Vogt (born 1984), American baseball player
 * Steven S. Vogt (born 1949), German American astronomer
 * Volrath Vogt (1817–1889), Norwegian theologist
 * Von Ogden Vogt (1879-1964) American theologian and author

title: Vogt (surname)


text: User talk:24.247.46.62

title: User talk:24.247.46.62


text:
Vogtland

Vogtland is a region spanning the German states of Bavaria, Saxony and Thuringia and north-western Bohemia in the Czech Republic. It overlaps with and is largely contained within Euroregio Egrensis. The name alludes to the former leadership by the Vögte ("advocates" or "lords protector") of Weida, Gera and Plauen.

Natural geography
The landscape of the Vogtland is sometimes described as idyllic, thanks to its fields, meadows and wooded hilltops. In the south and southeast, Vogtland rises to a low or mid-height mountain range also called Oberes Vogtland, or Upper Vogtland. Here, monocultural coniferous forest is the predominant form of vegetation. The Vogtland's highest mountain is Schneehübel, reaching 974 metres; another remarkable landmark is the Schneckenstein, 883 m above sea level, which gained some renown for its (falsely) alleged unique abundance of topaz crystals. Its mountains spread from Ore Mountains in the south-east to Fichtel Mountains in the south-west, including the Elster Mountains.

Neighbouring regions are Franconian Forest, Ore Mountains, Thuringian Highland and Fichtel Mountains. The south-eastern part of the Vogtland belongs to Ore Mountain/Vogtland Nature Park, a protected area comparable to a national park.

In its northern part, which averages around 250 m above sea level, the landscape is marked by several river valleys, as the White Elster, the Zwickauer Mulde and the Göltzsch have their spring in the Vogtland, while the Saale flows through Bavaria and Thuringia in the west of Vogtland.

Cultural geography
The river valley geography in Vogtland's north made it necessary to build comparatively big bridges to channel railroad and automobile traffic streams. Particularly famous are the Göltzsch Viaduct between Reichenbach im Vogtland and Netzschkau, the world's largest bridge built of bricks, and her "little sister", the Elster Viaduct. Both of them are in use as railroad bridges closing the gap between Dresden and Nuremberg.

As road bridges are concerned, the major bridges forming part of the A 72 near Hof, Pirk and Weißensand are the most important ones, while one urban bridge poses as a rarity: The Syratal Viaduct is Europe's biggest mono-arch bridge made of chunked natural stone - to be found in Plauen, commonly called Friedensbrücke.

Integral part of the Vogtland landscape are its reservoirs, the shores of which mostly are popular holiday and camping destinations.

Notable cities
Plauen is the largest city and seat of the Vogtlandkreis county and informally known as the "capital of the Vogtland". A university city, Gera is the largest city of the historical Vogtland region, yet, also a link in the Thüringer Städtekette (Thuringia city chain) ranging eastwards from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar, and Jena to Gera.

Other towns of regional significance are:

In Saxony

 * Reichenbach im Vogtland, Große Kreisstadt and site of the Vogtland's landmark, the Göltzsch viaduct, the largest brick bridge made of bricks, spanning from Reichenbach to the adjacent town of Netzschkau.
 * Auerbach/Vogtl., Große Kreisstadt
 * Oelsnitz im Vogtland, Große Kreisstadt
 * Klingenthal, Große Kreisstadt

In Thuringia

 * Greiz, former capital of the Principality of Reuss-Greiz, the smallest principality of the former Holy Roman Empire
 * Weida, ancestral seat of the first Vogts and thus often referred to as the cradle of the Vogtland.

In Bavaria

 * Hof, university city and capital of the Hof county.

In the Czech Republic

 * Cheb, capital of the Cheb District as well as seat of the University of West Bohemia Faculty of Economics

History
The larger settlemental region surrounding Gera has been recorded in documents as early as the year 1000. It is thought to have been inhabited since late 7th or early 8th century by Slavic Settlers who tribally belonged to the Sorbs. Large portions of the Vogtland, however, were still covered with pristine forests and were not settled before the High Middle Ages, especially until the period called the Deutsche Ostsiedlung. Those settlers arrived mainly in eleventh and twelfth centuries, ethnically being Slavic or German, coming from Altsiedellandschaft like Franconia, Thuringia and Saxony. Even today this can be traced along lines dividing dialectal areas, providing linguistic differences at close distances of settlement while demonstrating peculiar commonalities with varieties spoken in more distant regions of Germany. For instance, in a number of villages of the upper Vogtland even nowadays a dialect is spoken similar to that in Oberpfalz (/ou/ sounds instead of /u:/ as in Kou (en. cow) etc.).

The place name Vogtland (formerly also known as Voigtland, terra advocatorum) originates in the rule of the Vogts in this region from the eleventh to the sixteenth century AD, specifically in reference to the Vogts of Weida, Gera and Plauen. In the 12th century, Kaiser Barbarossa appointed the first Vogts as administrators of his imperial forest areas in the East to facilitate his rule. Their headquarters was the Osterburg at Weida, thus giving it the reputation as the cradle of the Vogtland. Among the privileges of the Vogts were the endowment over minerals still unextracted from the ground (Bergregal) and the entitlement to regulating mint and coinage affairs (Münzregal), which were both handed down to them by Kaiser Frederick II in 1232.

As in the 14th century claims to power by the Margraves of Meißen emerged, Henry of Plauen submitted to the tenure-based regnancy of the Bohemian Crown, excepting only the dominion of Voigtsberg, that stayed tenured to the Reich. In 1349, his equinomic son Henry also handed Voigtsberg over to Bohemian tenure; thus the whole Vogtland had become a Reichsafterlehn (a specific status of tenure). In 1357 an exchange of territories was agreed with by the Margraviate of Meißen, effectually making Wiedersberg, Liebau, Adorf, Pausa, Neuenkirchen and Hirschberg (among others) Meißenian while Borna, Geithein and Kohren were handed to the Vogt. The exchange was heavily disputed by branch line cousins of Henry's. The Lords of Plauen, as they called themselves, retrieved Auerbach, Pausa and Liebau as Meißenian tenure in 1379. Since 1426 the Lords of Plauen were Burggraves of Meißen and found themselves in constant power struggles with the Saxonian Kurfürsts.

King George of Podiebrad took the burning of the royal castle of Graslitz due to fights between Henry II of Plauen and his enemies to be an occasion to withdraw his tenure and have the Vogtland occupied by Ernest in 1466. Henry II von Plauen had fallen into disgrace with him for his open opposition against nobility. Thus, Ernest received tenure over the Vogtland which, at the occasion of the Leipziger Teilung in 1485, was transferred to the House of Ernest while keeping the Bergregal under joint control. In 1547, after the Battle of Mühlberg, the Ernestines forfeited the tenure over the Vogtland and Kaiser Ferdinand I handed it down to his Chancellor Henry IV of Plauen, making Maurice, Elector of Saxony co-tenant to the Vogtland tenure. Henry V and Henry VI could not settle up their debts towards Augustus, Elector of Saxony. Due to arrears in Tithe and other liabilities the Brothers impawned the Vogtland to Kursachsen in 1559.

With Heinrich VI the rule of the Vogts of Plauen over the Vogtland ended, as he could not redeem the pawn any more. In 1566, Augustus acquired the office and towns of Voigtsberg, Oelsnitz, Plauen and Pausa. Matters were furtherly resettled in 1657, among other transactions assigning office over Plauen, Voigtsberg and Pausa to the Duchy of Saxe-Zeitz while schriftsässige Rittergüter and the town of Schöneck remained in Kursaxon possession. In 1718, after the Duchy of Saxe-Zeitz line had vanished, the areas in concern reverted to Kursachsen. Asides from the Kursaxonian share, the forests around Auerbach and Schöneck remained an exceptional area being both Kursaxonian and ducal at the same time.

Transportation and infrastructure
Two major motorways (A 72 and A 9) serve the Vogtland with connection to the surrounding regions and cities. Providing connections locally within the region and beyond state and national borders, Vogtlandbahn is a private railway company which operates the Vogtland Express. Vogtlandbahn services includes direct connections to Leipzig, Regensburg and Berlin independently from Deutsche Bahn and cooperates with Bohemian (Czech) railway company Viamont as well as with Bavaria-based Alex train services to provide further connections to Munich, Prague and further destinations of note in Euregio Egrensis and beyond. There is a bus service that runs from Vogtland to Berlin.

While the European Union develops into a Europe of Regions, Vogtland could experience an increase of significance for transiting traffic and tourism for the region of Euregio Egrensis, independently from the political meaning of Vogtlandkreis.

title: Vogtland


text:
List of insurance companies in Canada

This is a list of Canadian insurance companies.

The top insurance providers in Canada are Manulife, Canada Life (subsidiary of Great-West Lifeco), Sun Life Financial, Desjardins, and IA Financial Group (aka Industrial Alliance). Smaller insurers include those operating as subsidiaries of banks, such as CIBC Insurance and TD Insurance.

Current insurance carriers

 * Allstate Canada — Canadian subsidiary of Allstate (US).
 * Assumption Life
 * Assurant Canada
 * Aviva Canada
 * Beneva (created through merger of La Capitale and SSQ Insurance)
 * CAA Insurance Company
 * Canadian Association of Blue Cross Plans
 * Alberta Blue Cross
 * Canassurance Hospital Service Association
 * Ontario Blue Cross
 * Quebec Blue Cross
 * Manitoba Blue Cross
 * Medavie Blue Cross
 * Pacific Blue Cross
 * Saskatchewan Blue Cross
 * Canadian Premier
 * Combined Insurance Canada — Canadian subsidiary of Combined Insurance (US).
 * The Co-operators Group
 * Sovereign General Insurance Company
 * Desjardins Insurance
 * Desjardins Financial Security
 * The Personal
 * Economical Insurance
 * Foresters Financial
 * Canada Protection Plan
 * Empire Life
 * Equitable Life of Canada
 * Federated Insurance Company of Canada
 * Gore Mutual Insurance Company
 * Great American Insurance Company
 * Great-West Lifeco, Inc. — insurance-centered financial holding company
 * Canada Life
 * Green Shield Canada
 * Humania
 * IA Financial Group
 * Intact Financial ONTARIO
 * Knights of Columbus
 * Manulife
 * John Hancock Financial (based in the US)
 * Munich Re Canada
 * Primerica Canada — Canadian subsidiary of Primerica (US).
 * Reliable Life
 * Sun Life Financial
 * Swiss Re
 * Teachers Life
 * UV Insurance (formerly the Union Life Mutual Assurance Company, or UL Mutual)
 * Wawanesa Insurance
 * Wawanesa Life

 * Wilton Re
 * ivari

Bank-affiliated carriers

 * BMO Life
 * CIBC Insurance
 * National Bank Insurance
 * RBC Insurance
 * Scotia Life
 * TD Insurance

Government-owned insurance companies

 * Insurance Corporation of British Columbia
 * Manitoba Public Insurance

 * Saskatchewan Government Insurance
 * Coachman Insurance Company
 * Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec

title: List of insurance companies in Canada


text:
Shanghai Star

Shanghai Star (上海英文星报) was a weekly English-language newspaper published in Shanghai, China, between 1992 and 2006. It was owned and run by its parent, the Beijing-based China Daily.

title: Shanghai Star


text:
Andy Ward (musician)

Andrew John Ward (born 28 September 1952) is an English progressive rock drummer.

Early life
Born in Epsom, England, Ward attended the City of London Freemen's School. He began drumming at the age of 13 in a local rock band with Jim Butt (guitar), Doug Houston (vocals), Colin Burgess (bass) and Jan (Murray) Obodynski (keyboards).

Camel (1971–1981)
Ward became a founding member of the progressive rock band Camel, who formed in 1971, evolving from Ward's first band, The Brew. One of the leading lights of the English progressive rock movement, Camel enjoyed considerable success worldwide, peaking in 1975 when they performed their album The Snow Goose at the Royal Albert Hall, accompanied by the London Symphony Orchestra. Following a period of ill health – including problems caused by alcohol and drugs – in 1981 he was forced to retire from the band. With Ward's departure, Andrew Latimer became the only original member who remained in the band.

Marillion (1983)
Two years later, he resurfaced briefly with the neo-progressive rock band Marillion, appearing in the video of the hit single "Garden Party" from their debut album Script for a Jester's Tear and performing with them for three months as a replacement for their original drummer, Mick Pointer, who had recently been sacked. Ward's performances with the band included an appearance on the BBC's The Old Grey Whistle Test when they performed "Forgotten Sons". According to Mark Kelly, Ward had been recruited to the band without a proper audition because of his reputation. However, as both Kelly and Fish have recalled, his personal problems had resurfaced and he succumbed to a nervous breakdown midway through the band's first American tour.

Canterbury (1987–2002)
Throughout the 1990s, Ward worked with Richard Sinclair's Caravan of Dreams and Going Going, with Sinclair, Hugh Hopper, Vince Clarke and Mark Hewins. In 1994, he joined Mirage – a progressive "supergroup" combining members from both Camel and Caravan. Other projects included the studio-only group the Chrysanthemums, led by singer-songwriter Yukio Yung (aka Terry Burrows), who received drum tracks through the post from Ward before building songs around them, playing all the other instruments himself. At this time Ward also became full-time drummer with the English rock band the Bevis Frond, with whom he recorded and toured extensively.

Present
In 2002, a compilation CD, Sticking Around, was released. This compilation highlights his work with Camel and other projects.

In 2003, Ward participated in a short lived reformation of the original members of The Brew (with Latimer and Ferguson) and recorded material for an album that never materialized, largely due to Latimer's ongoing health issues.

Albums with Camel

 * Camel (1973)
 * Mirage (1974)
 * The Snow Goose (1975)
 * Moonmadness (1976)
 * Rain Dances (1977)
 * Breathless (1978)
 * I Can See Your House from Here (1979)
 * Nude (1981)

Studio albums

 * 1971 Phil Goodhand Tait I Think I'll Write a Song
 * 1985 Adrian Shaw Tea for the Hydra
 * 1987 Stan Campbell Stan Campbell
 * 1988 Skaboosh Freetown
 * 1991 Todd Dillingham Wilde Canterbury Dream
 * 1993 Todo Dillingham Vastrmpty Spaces
 * 1994 Bevis Frond Sprawl
 * 1995 Bevis Frond Superseeder
 * 1995 Yukio Yung Goodbye Pork Pie Brain
 * 1995 Yukio Yung Hello Pulsing Vein
 * 1996 Yukio Yung Mostly Water
 * 1996 Richard Sinclair Caravan of Dreams
 * 1997 Richard Sinclair RSVP
 * 1997 The Deviants Have Left the Planet
 * 1998 Bevis Frond Valedictory Songs
 * 1999 The Chrysanthemums The Baby's Head
 * 1999 Steve Adams Vertigo
 * 2002 Bevis Frond What Did for the Dinosaurs
 * 2002 Anton Barbeau King of Missouri
 * 2003 Hugh Hopper in a Dubious Manner
 * 2003 Andy Ward Sticking Around

title: Andy Ward (musician)


text:
Paint.NET

Paint.NET (sometimes stylized as paint.net) is a freeware general-purpose raster graphics editor program for Microsoft Windows, developed with the .NET platform. Paint.NET was originally created by Rick Brewster as a Washington State University student project, and has evolved from a simple replacement for the Microsoft Paint program into a program for editing mainly graphics, with support for plugins.

History
Paint.NET originated as a computer science senior design project during spring 2004 at Washington State University. Version 1.0 consisted of 36,000 lines of code and was written in fifteen weeks. In contrast, version 3.35 has approximately 162,000 lines of code. The Paint.NET project continued over the summer and into the autumn 2004 semester for both the version 1.1 and 2.0 releases.

Development continues with one programmer who worked on previous versions of Paint.NET while he was a student at WSU. As of May 2006 the program had been downloaded at least 2 million times, at a rate of about 180,000 per month.

Initially, Paint.NET was released under a modified version of the MIT License, with the exclusion of the installer, text, and graphics. However, citing issues with the open source code being plagiarized by others that had rebranded the software as their own and bundled user content without their permission, the availability of the source code was restricted, in December 2007 Brewster announced his intent to restrict access to components of the program (including its installer, resources, and user interface). In November 2009, the software was made proprietary, restricting the sale or creation of derivative works of the software.

Starting with version 4.0.18, Paint.NET is published in two editions: A classic edition remains freeware, similar to all other versions since 3.5. Another edition, however, is published to Microsoft Store under a trialware license and is available to purchase for US$7. According to the developer, this was done to enable the users to contribute to the development with more convenience, even though the old avenue of donation was not closed.

Overview
Paint.net is primarily programmed in the C# programming language. Its native image format, .PDN, is a compressed representation of the application's internal object format, which preserves layering and other information.

Plugins
Paint.net supports plugins, which add image adjustments, effects, and support for additional file types. They can be programmed using any .NET Framework programming language, though they are most commonly written in C#. These are created by volunteer coders on the program's discussion board, the Paint.NET Forum. Though most are simply published via the discussion board, some have been included with a later release of the program. For instance, a DirectDraw Surface file type plugin, (originally by Dean Ashton) and an Ink Sketch and Soften Portrait effect (originally by David Issel) were added to Paint.net in version 3.10.

Hundreds of plugins have been produced; such as Shape3D, which renders a 2D drawing into a 3D shape. Some plugins expand on the functionality that comes with Paint.net, such as Curves+ and Sharpen+, which extend the included tools Curves and Sharpen, respectively.

Examples of file type plugins include an Animated Cursor and Icon plugin and an Adobe Photoshop file format plugin. Several of these plugins are based on existing open source software, such as a raw image format plugin that uses dcraw and a PNG optimization plugin that uses OptiPNG.

paint-mono
Paint.net was created for Windows, and has no native support for any other system. With its previous open-source nature, the possibility for alternate versions was available. In May 2007, Miguel de Icaza officially started a porting project called paint-mono. This project had partially ported Paint.net 3.0 to Mono, an open-source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure on which the .NET Framework is based. This allowed Paint.net to be run on Mono-supported platforms, such as Linux. This port is no longer maintained and has not been updated since March 2009.

Newer Mono runtime 6 versions are able to run original Paint.NET releases up to 3.5.11 almost perfectly.

Pinta
In 2010, developer Jonathan Pobst started a project called Pinta, describing it as a clone of Paint.net for Mono and Gtk#. Pinta reused the adjustments and effects code from Paint.net but otherwise is original code.

title: Paint.NET


text:
User:Dhshepard

Dhshepard, I love what you did with the brief history of OCR, thank you very much! user:KellyCoinGuy

title: User:Dhshepard


text:
Charlie Brown Jr.

Charlie Brown Jr. was a Brazilian rock band from Santos, São Paulo. The group was popular with disadvantaged youth because of their relatable commentary about social issues and the frequent use of skate punk and hip hop slang in their songs. The band won two Latin Grammy Awards and was one of the most-popular Brazilian bands of the late 1990s to mid-2000s.

Vocalist Chorão's drug addiction and disagreements with other musicians frequently overshadowed the band. Chorão was the only founding member to remain through several line-up changes. After Chorão died of a cocaine overdose on March 6, 2013, the band disbanded.

In 2015, the streaming platform Deezer reported that Charlie Brown Jr. was the second most-listened-to Brazilian band outside Brazil. In a Spotify survey also from 2015, the band placed 31st out of the 47 most-popular bands and artists.

Early years
Chorão formed the band What's Up, shortly after his move from São Paulo to Santos, in 1987. After a line-up change in 1990, twelve-year-old bassist Champignon joined the band, followed by Marcão, Renato Pelado, and Thiago Castanho. In 1992, Chorão revamped What's Up with a new name. He chose Charlie Brown Jr., explaining that Charlie Brown came from when he crashed his car into a coconut stand with a drawing of Charles M. Schulz's comic strip Peanuts on it. The "Jr." alluded to the fact that he considered himself and the band "the children of rock".

What's Up and Charlie Brown Jr. developed a heavy style influenced by crossover thrash and hardcore punk, with lyrics in English. Some of Chorão's greatest inspirations were Blink-182, Sublime, Bad Brains, NOFX, Suicidal Tendencies, Biohazard, Faith No More, and 311. The band initially struggled because most members had to rent or borrow their instruments, often forcing the band to cancel performances. Champignon, who was underage, needed a permit signed by his parents to perform at shows.

In 1995, they recorded their first demo tape, the self-titled Charlie Brown Jr. To finance the recording, Champignon pawned one of his bass guitars, and Chorão pawned a television set. The underground scene of Santos responded positively to the demo, motivating Champignon to show it to his friend, record producer Tadeu Patolla. Patolla was impressed but advised Chorão to sing in Portuguese and experiment with other genres, such as hip hop, reggae, and ska, taking Red Hot Chili Peppers and Rage Against the Machine as inspiration. Subsequently, Patolla introduced the group to fellow producer Rick Bonadio, and they helped the band secure a contract with Virgin Records. Virgin released the band's debut album, Transpiração Contínua Prolongada, in 1997.

In early 1999, the band released a promotional extended play entitled Aquele Luxo! as a teaser for a forthcoming album. Preço Curto... Prazo Longo came out on March 6, 1999, and was the band's longest album, with 25 tracks. Chorão later said it was recorded out of necessity because the band did not have much of an original repertoire for their live shows. The album's first single, "Zóio de Lula", was released on April 1, 1999. It was the band's first song to reach first place on Brazilian radio. The band made a music video for the single, featuring a then-19-year-old Luize Altenhofen.

2000s
Nadando com os Tubarões, Charlie Brown Jr.'s third album, was released in November 2000. It included guest appearances by the rap group RZO (fronted by Sabotage at the time ) and up-and-coming singer Negra Li, who co-wrote the album's biggest hit, "Não É Sério". Nadando com os Tubarões was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award for Best Portuguese Language Rock or Alternative Album in 2001. Shortly after the album's release, guitarist Thiago Castanho left Charlie Brown Jr., citing his dissatisfaction with their extensive touring schedule.

The band's fourth album, Abalando a Sua Fábrica, came out on November 01, 2001, under their new label EMI. It was their first recording as a quartet and the band shifted away from their rap rock-inflected sonority, toward a "rawer" style influenced by punk and garage rock. The band achieved this sound by recording all instrumental parts simultaneously as if they were recording live.

In 2002, Charlie Brown Jr. released their first DVD, Charlie Brown Jr. ao Vivo, recorded live at a concert at the DirecTV Music Hall in São Paulo. Later, this show was broadcast by direct broadcast satellite service provider DirecTV. That year, the band toured internationally, with a leg in Portugal. After a Portuguese newspaper critic called them "bocas ordinárias", a Portuguese expression for a "foul-mouthed" person, Chorão decided to use this as the name of their next album. Bocas Ordinárias was considered one of the band's best albums by fans and critics alike, earning a nomination for the Latin Grammy Award in 2003. Chorão dedicated the album to singer Cássia Eller, a friend who died the year prior.

In 2003, Charlie Brown Jr. filmed an episode of Acústico MTV, the Brazilian equivalent of MTV Unplugged. Their critically acclaimed performance featured guest appearances by Marcelo D2, Marcelo Nova, RZO, and Negra Li. Acústico MTV: Charlie Brown Jr. was released on CD and DVD formats on September 20, 2003.

Their sixth studio album, Tamo Aí na Atividade, came out in December 2004 and won the Latin Grammy Award in 2005. However, its recording sessions were plagued by creative differences and clashes between Chorão and his bandmates. By early 2005, Champignon, Marcão, and Renato Pelado left the group. Chorão announced that Charlie Brown Jr. was on hiatus for an indeterminate time, leading many to speculate that the band was splitting up.

Charlie Brown Jr. returned from their hiatus with a new line-up: bassist Heitor Gomes, drummer/beatboxer Pinguim Ruas, and original founding member Thiago Castanho on guitar. Their album, Imunidade Musical, featured a guest appearance by rapper Rappin' Hood. It was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award in 2006. Around the same time, the band released a DVD, Skate Vibration, recorded at the inauguration of Chorão's Skate Park.

The band released Ritmo, Ritual e Responsa in 2007. MV Bill, João Gordo, Paranormal Attack, and Forfun were guest musicians on the album. Ritmo, Ritual e Responsa was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award in 2008. It was the first part of the soundtrack of the film O Magnata, which was written and co-produced by Chorão. The film also included cameos by Chorão and the other Charlie Brown Jr. members. However, O Magnata was a moderate box office success, receiving mixed to negative reviews.

The band released a performance DVD to promote the release of Ritmo, Ritual e Responsa ao Vivo in 2008. However, Pinguim was not in the band by the time the DVD was released; his contract had expired and both parties were uninterested in renewing it. He was replaced by Bruno Graveto.

2010s
Camisa 10 Joga Bola Até na Chuva was Charlie Brown Jr.'s ninth album and won the Latin Grammy Award in 2010. It was their final release with Heitor Gomes, who left in 2011 to join CPM 22. "Só os Loucos Sabem", a single from this album, became one of the band's highest-charting hits. Chorão originally wrote "O Dom, a Inteligência e a Voz", another track on the album, for Cássia Eller in 2001, but she died before recording the song.

In 2010, the band composed the opening theme for the variety show Legendários, hosted by Marcos Mion on RecordTV. In 2011 Chorão announced that Marcão and Champignon were returning to the band. Their first recording under this new line-up, Música Popular Caiçara, was released in CD, DVD, and Blu-ray formats. It was recorded in 2011 during performances in Curitiba and Santos. Liminha was its producer and KondZilla was the director. The CD version was released as two volumes: the first concomitantly with the DVD and Blu-ray, and the second four years later, in 2016.

By 2011, Chorão's drug abuse issues began to take their toll on his life and health, causing his divorce from his long-time companion, Graziela "Grazon" Gonçalves. He wrote the song "Céu Azul", included in the band's 2012 release Música Popular Caiçara, for Gonçalves following their divorce.

In 2012, the band began work on a new studio album, La Familia 013. Its first single, "Meu Novo Mundo", premiered in February 2013. On March 6, Chorão died in his apartment following a cocaine overdose. As a result, the album was left unfinished. After a hiatus, the band resumed work on the unfinished instrumental parts. The band unveiled the album's cover art on July 7, 2013. La Familia 013 was released on October 8, 2013. In 2014, it received the band's fifth Latin Grammy Award nomination.

After Charlie Brown Jr.
Following his first departure from Charlie Brown Jr., Champignon formed the band Revolucionnários. After Revolucionnários broke up, he joined the supergroup Nove Mil Anjos, with Junior Lima of Sandy & Junior fame and Pitty guitarist Peu Sousa. Marcão formed the band TH6, while Renato Pelado became a DJ.

Following the death of Chorão, the remaining band members formed A Banca, a tribute act to both Chorão and Charlie Brown Jr. In August, they released the single "O Novo Passo", which was selected by Rolling Stone Brasil as one of the best Brazilian songs of the year. Nevertheless, some Charlie Brown Jr. fans criticized Champignon for "not respecting Chorão's death" and "not mourning it properly", dismissing him as a "cash-grabber", a "traitor" and a "Judas". Even though Champignon vehemently denied such claims, the constant criticism eventually led him into depression. On September 9, 2013, he shot himself in the head with a .380 ACP pistol.

Except for Thiago Castanho, the existing members of A Banca later regrouped as Bula and went on to form D'Chapas.

Reunions
In January 2019, Marcão Britto, Heitor Gomes, and Pinguim Ruas reformed Charlie Brown Jr. for a series of shows held throughout the year, with guest vocalists such as Dinho Ouro Preto of Capital Inicial, Di Ferrero of NX Zero, Digão of Raimundos, and Supla. Although the reunion had the approval of Chorão's son Alexandre, it was heavily criticized by Chorão's ex-wife Graziela Gonçalves, former guitarist Thiago Castanho, and music critic Mauro Ferreira of G1.

On February 1, 2021, Alexandre announced that the band would reunite once more for the Chorão 50 Tour in Brazil, celebrating what would have been his father's 50th birthday. This time, Thiago Castanho returned as the band's guitarist. Fronted by former Tihuana vocalist Egypcio, the line-up consisted of all former Charlie Brown Jr. band members except for its first drummer Renato Pelado. On October 25, 2021, Marcão and Castanho departed the tour, citing creative divergences with Alexandre.

Legacy
On April 13, 2014, Chorão's son Alexandre organized the Tamo Aí na Atividade Festival in São Bernardo do Campo to celebrate the legacy of Charlie Brown Jr. and the deaths of his father and Champignon. The date coincides with the 22nd anniversary of the band's first live performance in 1992. Although a DVD of the festival was initially planned, Alexandre stated that, due to "bureaucratic reasons", it never came through.

On March 29, 2015, a biographical musical about Chorão, entitled Dias de Luta, Dias de Glória, premiered. It was written by Well Rianc and directed by the sibling duo Bruno and Luiz Sorrentino. Rapper DZ6 starred as Chorão. Despite positive critical reception, Chorão's brother, Ricardo Abrão, lambasted the musical as being "disrespectful" and "inaccurate".

In 2017, Alexandre published the book Eu Estava Lá Também, a compilation of his father's photographs and memoirs, dating from 2005 to 2012. In 2020, Alexandre revealed that, shortly after Chorão's death, he had ordered a diamond made of a lock of his father's hair. Chorão's ex-wife, Graziela Gonçalves, published her memoirs, Se Não Eu, Quem Vai Fazer Você Feliz?, in 2018.

In 2017, Universal Music Group re-released the band's debut, Transpiração Contínua Prolongada, in a special 20th-anniversary deluxe edition. To celebrate what would have been Chorão's 49th birthday and the 20th anniversary of the release of Charlie Brown Jr.'s single "Zóio de Lula" on April 9, 2019, UMG re-issued a special edition containing the song's original version and a new cover featuring Marcelo D2, Hungria Hip Hop, Nação Zumbi, and Maneva.

In 2020, the band's song "Confisco" was included in the soundtrack of the video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 + 2. On March 15, 2021, Chorão's son struck a deal with Sony Music to release a compilation of outtakes and other rarities by Charlie Brown Jr. The live album/DVD Chegou Quem Faltava, originally recorded during a show in São Paulo in 2011, was released on July 13, 2021.

On April 11, 2023, Universal Music announced a greatest hits compilation to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Chorão's death. On July 17, 2023, Universal Music released a deluxe boxset, simply entitled Charlie Brown Jr., containing the band's entire studio discography plus the video album Ritmo, Ritual e Responsa ao Vivo, which came out in CD format for the first time.

Films
Shortly after Chorão died in 2013, film producers Felipe Elias, Victor Santini Stockler, and Roberta Franco launched a crowdfunding campaign on the website Catarse to finance a documentary Marginal Alado. The campaign raised R$41,513.00, surpassing its original goal of R$35,000.00. Directed by Felipe Novaes, the documentary premiered at festivals across Brazil in 2019. Its theatrical release in 2020 was postponed to April 8, 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2017, filmmaker Gabriel Mellin announced he was working on a biopic about Champignon, entitled Champ. Mellin wrote its script with Champignon's widow, Claudia Bossle. On September 4, 2020, actor José Loreto expressed his desire to portray Chorão in a potential biopic.

Band members

 * Chorão – lead vocals (1992–2013; died 2013)
 * Marcão Britto – guitars (1992–2005, 2011–2013)
 * Thiago Castanho – guitars (1992–2001, 2005–2013)
 * Champignon – bass (1992–2005, 2011–2013; died 2013)
 * Heitor Gomes – bass (2005–2011)
 * Renato Pelado – drums (1992–2005)
 * Pinguim Ruas – drums (2005–2008)
 * Bruno Graveto – drums (2008–2013)

title: Charlie Brown Jr.


text:
Raw Deal (1986 film)

Raw Deal is a 1986 American action film directed by John Irvin, from a story by Luciano Vincenzoni & Sergio Donati and script by Gary DeVore & Norman Wexler. The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Kathryn Harrold, Darren McGavin and Sam Wanamaker. In the film, Harry Shanon, an elderly FBI agent, recruits Mark Kaminski, an FBI agent turned small-town sheriff, to destroy a mafia organization.

Raw Deal was released in North America on June 6, 1986 to negative reviews from critics. The film grossed $16.2 million in the US against its $8–10 million budget.

Plot
On December 16, 1985, in a remote wooded cabin, a mob informant is under protection by the FBI. They are ambushed by a hit squad who brutally slaughter the bodyguards and the witness. One of the agents killed is Blair Shannon, son of FBI Agent Harry Shannon, who vows revenge.

After capturing a man posing as a motorcycle cop, small-town sheriff Mark Kaminski goes home to his alcoholic wife Amy, who resents what their lives have been reduced to; Kaminski once worked for the FBI, but five years ago he fiercely beat a suspect who sexually assaulted and murdered a young girl. Kaminski was given the option to "resign or be prosecuted" by ambitious prosecutor Marvin Baxter, who is now Special Federal Prosecutor heading up a committee investigating the dealings of Luigi Patrovita, the strongest of the Chicago Outfit Dons.

Due to a leak within the FBI ranks causing their agents to be killed, Shannon calls for outside help and recruits Kaminski for an unsanctioned assignment to infiltrate and dismantle Patrovita's organization. Kaminski fakes his own death in a chemical plant explosion and poses as convicted felon Joseph P. Brenner. He manages to get an audience with Patrovita's right-hand man Paulo Rocca, and convinces them of his worth by harassing Martin Lamanski, a rival mob boss who is trying to move in on his former boss Patrovita's territory. While at Patrovita's casino, hidden in a basement level of a high class hotel, he makes the acquaintance of Monique, who works for Rocca's top lieutenant Max Keller.

Kaminski continues to work his way into the good graces of the Patrovita family, including devising a plan that recovers $100 million of heroin and cash seized by the feds from one of Patrovita's hideouts and simultaneously assisting in Lamanski's assassination. Keller is not convinced that 'Brenner' is who he says and manages to find proof of the deception, showing Kaminski's photo to a police informant who previously arrested the real Brenner. The leak the FBI has been looking for is revealed to be Baxter, who is forced to stay close to Patrovita. Kaminski accompanies Keller to a cemetery for a hit job, but discovers that the target is Shannon, forcing Kaminski to blow his cover and kill Keller. In the ensuing shootout, Shannon is severely wounded and crippled.

Kaminski escapes with Monique's assistance. He tells her to go to the airport and wait for him. After gathering an arsenal of firearms, Kaminski raids one of Patrovita's gravel pits, killing everyone and stealing a large amount of drug money. He then sets off for Patrovita's casino, where he embarks on a killing spree, single-handedly wiping out all his soldiers, including the men directly responsible for the murder of Blair and his fellow FBI agents. Rocca and Patrovita retreat to a back room, but Rocca is cut down in a barrage of gunfire. Patrovita flees into an office pleading for his life, but Kaminski mercilessly guns him down. On his way out, he encounters a whimpering Baxter who tries to talk his way out by apologizing for what happened five years ago. Kaminski responds to Baxter by saying that because of him a lot of people are dead, and now it's his turn and offers him a gun with the same line Baxter gave him five years earlier: "Resign, or be prosecuted. Any way you want it." Kaminski starts to walk off, and when Baxter attempts to shoot him, Kaminski turns and shoots Baxter dead in self-defense. Later when Chicago detective Baker arrives with other officers, they discover Baxter among the dead, eventually surmising that he had been the leak. After driving to the airport, Kaminski hands a duffel bag containing $250,000 in cash to Monique and puts her on a chartered plane, telling her she is free and can start a new life with no obligations to anyone. As Monique's plane taxis away, a helicopter carrying detective Baker lands near Kaminski. Baker reveals to Kaminski that he'd always suspected Kaminski was a law enforcement officer.

Kaminski is later reinstated with the FBI and is reunited with a pregnant Amy. Kaminski visits a despondent Shannon, who refuses to undergo physical therapy. In order to thank Shannon for helping him, Kaminski asks him to be his child's godfather in exchange for completing his therapy, which Shannon accepts.

Production
Shooting took place in October 1985 in Chicago, Illinois, and Wilmington, North Carolina.

Box office
Raw Deal released in the United States on June 6, 1986, and made $5.4 million in its opening weekend. It went on to gross a total of $16.2 million in the United States. Its earnings were considered a disappointment.

Critical response
Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of four and wrote, "This plot is so simple (and has been told so many times before), that perhaps the most amazing achievement of 'Raw Deal' is its ability to screw it up. This movie didn't just happen to be a mess; the filmmakers had to work to make it so confusing." Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the film "isn't exactly Oscar material. It does nothing for the cause of nonviolence. It will warm the hearts of gun lobbyists everywhere, and its final body count may be even higher than that in Mr. Stallone's 'Cobra.' Yet 'Raw Deal' somehow manages to be measurably less offensive. At times, it's almost funny — intentionally." Todd McCarthy of Variety reported, "Comic book crime meller suffers from an irredeemably awful script, and even director John Irvin's engaging sense of how absurd the proceedings are can't work an alchemist's magic." Writing in the Los Angeles Times, Sheila Benson began, "Has it come to this? That we can feel vaguely cheered that Raw Deal (citywide), where the bodies again pile up like cordwood, is a better made movie than Cobra?" However, she praised Schwarzenegger, saying that his strength as an actor is "not that he can toss grown men over ceiling beams, but that he has a vein of sweetness and self-deprecation that no amount of mayhem can obliterate ... it has shone from him since Pumping Iron, it has allowed him to surmount silly and unwise pieces of action (such as the drunk scenes in one of the Conans and here), and even his own awkwardness as an actor." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1 star out of 4 and noted that it had "essentially the same story" as Cobra, "but it is told with so many superfluous characters that we're never really sure whose side a few key people are on. Needless to say, in a film filled with punch-outs, we very quickly don't care." Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post dismissed the film as "a mostly tedious, cheaply made shoot-em-up" that "recycles the clichés that have long been the cud of television cop dramas." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker called it "reprehensible and enjoyable, the kind of movie that makes you feel brain dead after two minutes—after which point you're ready to laugh at its mixture of trashiness, violence, and startlingly silly crude humor."

Raw Deal holds a score of 31% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 4.6/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 44 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

title: Raw Deal (1986 film)


text:
Talk:Trzebinia

I added on German massacre
During Second World War. --Molobo (talk) 21:26, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Very Poor Standard article.
Very Poor Standard article. Extremely lacking in links, references and documentation

"One of the largest camps", yet no numbers given? One link as reference?? Nunamiut (talk) 07:34, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Excuse me, that should be _zero_ references. The link is a internal reference link to a wikimedia commons file (image?) Nunamiut (talk) 07:36, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trzebinia


text: Category:Pirate radio

title: Category:Pirate radio


text: Category:Psychological warfare

title: Category:Psychological warfare