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United Kingdom in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest

The United Kingdom first participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest at the inaugural which took place in Copenhagen, Denmark. ITV, a member organisation of the United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting (UKIB) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), was responsible for the selection process of their participation from 2003 to. The United Kingdom used a national selection format, broadcasting a show entitled Junior Eurovision Song Contest: The British Final, for their participation at the contests. The first representative to participate for the nation at the 2003 contest was Tom Morley with the song "My Song For The World", which finished in third place out of sixteen participating entries, achieving a score of one hundred and eighteen points. The United Kingdom withdrew from competing after the, but returned to the contest in in Yerevan, Armenia, with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) replacing ITV as the country's broadcaster.

History
The United Kingdom is one of the sixteen countries to have made its debut at the inaugural Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003, which took place on 15 November 2003 at the Forum in Copenhagen, Denmark. Child-singer, Tom Morley, was the first participant to represent the United Kingdom with the song "My Song For The World", which finished in third place out of sixteen participating entries, achieving a score of one hundred and eighteen points. Morley and Cory Spedding sang both for the peace in the world and Joni Fuller  described her feelings. The country's best result at the contest was placing second in 2004 with the song "The Best is Yet to Come". The remaining British entrant finished in fourteenth position in 2005.

In 2003, the contest was broadcast live on the main channel ITV1, however the broadcaster decided to relegate it and the national final to digital channel ITV2 for the next two years due to poor viewing figures that year, before their complete withdrawal in. A delayed broadcast, consisting of highlights, was aired on the main channel in 2004 and 2005. The inaugural contest, broadcast live on ITV1, averaged 5 million viewers. 1.9 million watched the 2004 contest on delay on ITV1 (221,000 watched the live coverage on ITV2). In 2005, the contest was watched by 700,000 viewers on ITV1 (down 63.16% compared with 2004 viewing figures), with 171,000 watching live on ITV2 (down 22.62% compared with 2004).

The contest originally should have been organised by Carlton Television for ITV in Manchester. In May 2003, it was confirmed that the UK would take part in Copenhagen and host the next edition. ITV then announced in May 2004 that due to financial and scheduling reasons, the contest would in fact not take place in the United Kingdom after all. In August 2004, it was reported that Granada Television, who would have co-produced the show with Carlton, had decided to pull out of the deal claiming that the original allocated budget of 1,500,000 EUR to produce the contest was too small. The EBU reportedly offered a further 900,000 EUR of funding to produce the contest, but ITV stated that it would have cost almost 2,500,000 EUR to do so, and they asked the EBU to find a new host broadcaster. It is also thought that another factor to their decision was the previous years' audience ratings for ITV which were below the expected amount.

Radio broadcasts
On 21 November 2013, it was revealed that Edinburgh-based 98.8 Castle FM (a non EBU member) would broadcast the live to listeners in Scotland. The broadcasting rights had been offered by the EBU to its members, however when no-one in the UK took up the offer, Castle FM – previously known as Leith FM – moved in. The commentators were Ewan Spence and Luke Fisher.

It was announced on 16 October 2014 that the contest would be broadcast on a radio station across the United Kingdom. Five local radio stations broadcast the contest, one in England (103 The Eye, delayed) and Wales (Oystermouth Radio), and three in Scotland (K107 in Kircaldy, Radio Six International in Glasgow and Shore Radio in Edinburgh). Cotswold FM, Fun Kids, Oystermouth Radio, Radio Six International and Shore Radio transmitted the contest live with commentary again provided by Ewan Spence.

On 9 November 2016, Radio Six International announced that they would broadcast the contest live. Ewan Spence, Lisa-Jayne Lewis, Sharleen Wright and Ben Robertson provided the commentary for the radio stations Radio Six International, Fun Kids and 103 The Eye.

Welsh debut
The Welsh broadcaster Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C) had shown interest in participating for the UK in, hoping to share the Welsh language with a wider audience. Before the digital switchover, the contest would therefore be a bilingual broadcast that would be broadcast in Wales on analogue, and on S4C Digidol in the rest of the UK. In the end, S4C chose not to broadcast the contest. S4C announced on 9 May 2018 that they would debut at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 to be held in Minsk, Belarus. However, S4C withdrew from the contest in, citing the COVID-19 pandemic as the reason for their withdrawal, and have not returned to the contest since.

It was also reported that Scottish broadcaster BBC Alba had also been in talks with the EBU to enable Scotland to participate in, having previously debuted in Eurovision Choir in. However, on 29 June 2019, BBC Alba announced that they would not debut in 2020.

UK return
In July 2020, it was reported that the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) were considering participation in the upcoming contest in Warsaw. The UK did not appear on the official list of participants as released by the EBU on 8 September 2020. At a Junior Eurovision press event in May 2021, the EBU stated that they were working to bring the United Kingdom back to the contest, possibly for the 2021 edition. However, once again the United Kingdom did not appear on the final list of participants for the 2021 contest which took place in Paris. On 17 December 2021, at a press conference between France Télévisions and the executive supervisor of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest Martin Österdahl, Österdahl stated that he was positive about talks between the European Broadcasting Union and the BBC about a potential return of the UK to the contest in the future. On 11 January 2022, it was speculated that the BBC were looking to return to the contest in 2023, the year marking the 20th anniversary of the first contest. On 25 August 2022, it was confirmed that the United Kingdom would return to the contest in, with the BBC replacing ITV as the country's broadcaster. The BBC internally selected Freya Skye to represent the United Kingdom with the song "Lose My Head" after an audition process held by the broadcaster. The British return proved successful, with Skye placing fifth with 146 points, winning the online vote. In 2023, the BBC continued the internal process, selecting girl group Stand Uniqu3 to represent the United Kingdom in Nice, France with the song "Back To Life". At the contest, the UK improved on the fifth place position, placing fourth overall with 160 points, the best result for the United Kingdom since 2004.

Second withdrawal
Despite the good results achieved in and, on 21 June 2024, the BBC announced that the United Kingdom would withdraw from the  contest. According to a article posted by The Euro Trip Podcast on the same day, a spokeperson from the BBC stated the following, "We sometimes have to make difficult decisions and the BBC will not participate in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest this year. We would like to thank the artists and creative teams who represented the UK for the last two years." Additionally, the CBBC channel, which broadcast the 2022 and 2023 contest, is scheduled to close in 2025 and be replaced with an online service, which could tie in with the withdrawal as the contest is a live event and requires a continuous live broadcast. It has also been suggested that low viewership of the junior contest in the UK, which moved from BBC One to BBC Two in 2023, could also be a reason that supported the country's withdrawal in 2024.

Despite this, if the United Kingdom does not compete at the contest, it opens up the possibility for individual countries that make up the country to compete instead, including Wales who has competed twice previously, in 2018 and 2019 with Welsh broadcaster S4C. This also means that Scotland could debut in the contest, who did compete at Eurovision Choir in 2019, with Scottish broadcaster BBC Alba. Currently, no countries in the United Kingdom have confirmed their intention to return (Wales) or debut (England, Northern Ireland and Scotland) at the 2024 contest or onwards.

Commentators and spokespersons
The contests are broadcast online worldwide through the official Junior Eurovision Song Contest website junioreurovision.tv and YouTube. In 2015, the online broadcasts featured commentary in English by junioreurovision.tv editor Luke Fisher and 2011 Bulgarian Junior Eurovision Song Contest entrant Ivan Ivanov.

Between 2003 and 2005, the British broadcaster, ITV, sent their own commentator to each contest in order to provide commentary in the English language. From 2013 to 2020, the contest was broadcast by various non-participating radio stations. From 2022, the BBC broadcast the contest simultaneously on CBBC and BBC One, whilst in 2023, the BBC moved the contest to BBC Two in a simultaneous broadcast with CBBC. Spokespersons are also chosen by the national broadcaster in order to announce the awarding points from United Kingdom.

The table below list the details of each commentator and spokesperson since 2003.


text: User talk:212.219.57.50

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:212.219.57.50


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Talk:Calcium metabolism

Biological functions of calcium
please include it's role in apoptosis — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.237.110.144 (talk) 14:51, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Sources of calcium
Could someone correct this? 25 in and 10+5 out doesn't give a net 5 in, so one of the numbers has to be wrong. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cnyh (talk • contribs) 10:17, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

Absorption
Agree with post by Cnyh. Numbers don't add up. Found a new source that states "The percentage of calcium absorbed depends on the total amount of elemental calcium consumed at one time; as the amount increases, the percentage absorption decreases. Absorption is highest in doses ≤ 500 mg. So, for example, one who takes 1,000 mg/day of calcium from supplements might split the dose and take 500 mg at two separate times during the day." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.100.97.30 (talk) 12:49, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

How does aging disrupt calcium metabolism?
EIN (talk) 14:04, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons, Calcium metabolism and vitamin D in the extreme longevity --IONTRANSP (talk) 18:32, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

Positive and negative interactions with other chemicals
I have revised the section on the regulation of calcium metabolism, and added a new diagram which is clearer than the one that was there before (I hope). The revised text does not say anything that deviates radically from what was there before but is less telegraphic in style, and makes sure that all the logical steps are covered.

The preceding sections on the positive and negative interactions of calcium with other chemical make no sense. "Positive" and "negative" from what point of view? Just looking at the lists I think that these are meant to be substances that influence the availability of calcium for absorption from the gut, but some of the items listed make no sense. For instance sodium (a positive ion) cannot "bind" calcium (also a positive ion). I am very tempted to completely remove those two sections, leaving maybe only the list of foodstuffs that bind calcium and make it unavaibale for absorption (e.g. phytates etc.)Cruithne9 (talk) 12:57, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calcium metabolism


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Man lebt nur einmal!

Man lebt nur einmal! (, You Only Live Once!) is a waltz by Johann Strauss II written in 1855. The piece was marked as im Ländlerstyle which in other words means "in the same style as the Ländler", which is an Austrian folk dance. The title was a quotation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's 1774 play Clavigo, but it raised a few eyebrows at that time as Vienna was just recovering from a disastrous cholera epidemic and many of the stricken populace may have been superstitious of such a title. Nonetheless, Strauss performed it at the Sperl Ballroom to great acclaim and this waltz has endured lasting appeal even in a simple string arrangement for a quintet consisting of two violins, one viola, one cello, and a double bass.

The introduction is a rustic Austrian countryside evocation, with flutes announcing the first bars. The first waltz section is undoubtedly Viennese in character however, with a similar mood second part of the first section. The sections 2 to 4 are genial and unsurprisingly cheerful whereas the fifth section is an excellent landler adaptation. The coda is short with the first waltz theme making a quiet reentry. As the waltz proceeds to its close, a short snatch from the introduction melody comes in again before its anticipated ending.

title: Man lebt nur einmal!


text: Template:Timeline of the Migrations Period


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User talk:DesertFly3

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:DesertFly3


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Field (sculpture)

Field (1991) is a sculpture by British artist Antony Gormley. It consists of approx. 35,000 individual terracotta figures, each between 8 and 26 cm high, installed on the floor of a room facing the viewer. The figures were sculpted in Cholula, Mexico by about 60 members of a Texca family of brickmakers, under the supervision of the artist. The sculpture received a lot of media attention upon its first display, and many affectionate parodies.

Field has been installed and displayed at various locations. The specific configuration is changed to suit each location, but the miniature figures are always placed to form a dense carpet with each figure looking towards the viewer. Ideally the Field is extended through a doorway or round a corner, so that the figures going out of sight leave the impression of an unlimited horde.

Several other versions of Field have subsequently been created, including
 * Amazonian Field (1991) made in Porto Velho, Brazil (approx. 24,000 figures)
 * Field for the British Isles (1993) made in St Helens near Liverpool in the UK (approx. 40,000 figures)
 * European Field (1993) made in Östra Grevie, Sweden (approx. 40,000 figures)
 * Asian Field (2003) made in Xiangshan County, Guangdong, Guangdong province, People's Republic of China (approx. 190,000 figures)
 * Field for the Art Gallery of New South Wales (1989)

Field for the British Isles was typical in recruiting some 100 volunteers from the pupils and their extended families, of two local schools in St Helens. Each volunteer was given a portion of the 30 tonnes of clay required, along with some loose instructions specifying the rough size and proportions for the figures. An accidental feature of the original Field was that Texca family involved people aged from 6 to 60 working on the figures, and Gormley felt that the involvement of three generations of a family should be continued in all the subsequent versions.

Gormley has also made several other works entitled Field, but these are smaller groups of life size figures more typical of Gormley's earlier work.

In 1994, Gormley won the Turner prize with a collection of his work, including Field for the British Isles, shown at the Tate Gallery.

title: Field (sculpture)


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Talk:St. Pauli

Please correct any errors of language. I speak German better than English but do not want to restrict my work on the German language wikipedia. Thanks! Besserwissi

St. Pauli is definitely not one of the poor districts in Germany. The average rent is way above the average of Hamburg. St. Pauli has become very polished during the last 20 years. This article does not cover the strong presence of night clubs in that area. Usually when you go out in Hamburg you go to or close to the St. Pauli Area. Even though the presence of Prostitution, Drugs and Violence is extremely high in this area, St. Pauli is one of the "hip" districts in Hamburg.

Cheers! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Claa$ (talk • contribs) 13:01, January 19, 2006 (UTC)

deleting of not corrct or not cited statements

 * del: The district is nowadays one of the poorest in former West Germany.

This is not correct: In 2004 the inhabitants depending on social welfare are 11.3% (in the borough Hamburg-Mitte 11.3% (rich Altona borough 6.1%)). Unemployed were in 2006 11.1% (Hamburg-Mitte 10.4% (Altona borough 7.6%)). Inhabitants of the quarter St. Pauli earned in 1995 41,645 DM p.a. (Hamburg-Mitte 53,702 DM, Hamburg-Nord 65,475 DM, Altona 75,345 DM) In 2006 welfare paid according to the new law (Hartz IV) St. Pauli 18.5& (Hamburg-Mitte 18.4% Altona 10.6%). So the total borough of Hamburg-Mitte is poor nowadays ? This is a strong WP:POV, isn't it?

 * del: The band have a disproportionately high number of fans in Germany. Citation ?
 * del: St. Pauli is known as well as a centre for the German punk movement. Citation?

HUH not signed sorry Sebastian scha. (talk) 16:51, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:St. Pauli


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Battle of Modlin

The Battle of Modlin took place during the 1939 German invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War. Modlin Fortress was initially the headquarters of the Modlin Army until its retreat eastwards. From 13 to 29 September 1939, it served as a defensive citadel for Polish forces under the command of General Wiktor Thommée against assaulting German units. The fighting was closely linked with the strategic situation of the Battle of Warsaw.

The Polish forces defending the fortress included the armoured train Śmierć ("death") and the Modlin anti-aircraft battery, which was credited with shooting down more Luftwaffe planes than any other in the entire September campaign.

Fortress Modlin capitulated on 29 September, one of the last to lay down its arms in the campaign, and surrendered 24,000 troops. Several days earlier, Rochus Misch had attempted to negotiate the surrender of the fortress despite being wounded, an act for which he was awarded the Iron Cross.

Soldiers of the Panzer Division Kempf committed the Massacre in Zakroczym on 28 September 1939.

title: Battle of Modlin


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Wiener Frauen

Wiener Frauen or 'Viennese Ladies' op. 423 is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1886.

The waltz was originally titled 'Les dames de St. Peterburgh' when Strauss was invited by the 'Russian Red Cross Society' to conduct in St. Petersburg in that year.

Strauss first performed the piece at the riding school of the Horse Guards Regiment in that city to great acclaim and was thoughtful enough to re-christen the waltz 'Wiener Frauen' in a homage to his Viennese admirers when he had it performed in Vienna later that year.

The piece was among Strauss's last great waltzes and it brims with youthful vigour yet with hints of pensiveness and poignant moments as was common among his last works. The waltz was also first performed with its lesser-known 'sister work' Adele-Walzer op. 424 in the same hall and was dedicated to the composer's third wife Adele Strauss.

title: Wiener Frauen


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User:Besserwissi

Just for those who wonder about my name: 'Besserwissi' is close to 'Besserwisser (German)' which is German for 'know-all', someone who thinks they knew better than others and who gets on others' nerves by teaching them without being asked to.

And for those who wonder about my language: I am a German who has learned English as a foreign language at school years ago. It is far from being faultless in grammar, vocabulary and style. Therefore I am thankful for any correction or advice concerning language (for those concerning content as well, of course!).

title: User:Besserwissi


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Skënder Gjinushi

Skënder Gjinushi (born 24 December 1949 in Vlorë, Albania) is an Albanian politician and academic. He has served in several high-ranking positions in the Albanian government, including as Speaker of Parliament and Deputy Prime Minister. He founded the Social Democratic Party of Albania and served as its chairman from 1991 to 2019. He is currently serving as the president of the Academy of Sciences of Albania.

Early life and academic career
Skënder Gjinushi was born 24 December 1949 in Vlorë. He was educated at a high school in Tirana, and graduated from the University of Tirana in 1972 with a degree in mathematics. He completed postgraduate studies at Pierre and Marie Curie University in France, earning a doctoral degree in functional analysis. He has published several articles in mathematics.

Political career
Gjinushi was Minister of Education from 1987 to 1991, during Albania's communist regime. In 1991, after the fall of communism, he founded the Social Democratic Party of Albania (PSD), and served as the party's first chairman.

Gjinushi was elected to Parliament in the 1992 elections. He served as Speaker of Parliament from 1997 to 2001. He then had a stint as Deputy Prime Minister from 2001 to 2002, in the Meta II and Majko II governments. During this period, he also served as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs.

In 2000, Koha Jonë published an interview with Dhori Kule, a former secretary-general of the PSD. In the interview Kule accused PSD leaders of corruption and nepotism, and was particularly critical of Gjinushi. Gjinushi responded to the interview, which referred to him as a "dangerous mafioso in politics", by bringing libel charges against the reporter who conducted it. The case has been cited as an example of the Albanian government's failure to protect press freedoms.

Return to academics
Gjinushi was elected president of the Academy of Sciences of Albania on 24 May 2019. This election was accused of being a political appointment by Prime Minister Edi Rama, who threatened to withhold funding if Gjinushi was not elected. For several years prior, Gjinushi had been a member of the Academy in violation of the law, which states that no one holding a political position may be a member. At a press conference immediately after his election was announced, Gjinushi sexually harassed a female journalist.

President of Albania Ilir Meta refused to approve Gjinushi's election, citing his leadership of the PSD while competing for the position. The day after Meta's statement, the Academy called his refusal "absolutely invalid". Consequently, Parliament passed a law stating that the Academy can override the president's veto, giving it the power to complete Gjinushi's nomination. Gjinushi was ultimately confirmed as president of the Academy.

As a result of his election, Gjinushi resigned from the PSD, and was replaced as party leader by Ëngjëll Bejtaj.

Personal life
Gjinushi is married and has two children.

title: Skënder Gjinushi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roland DeWitte

Roland DeWitte

 * Original research. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 13:05, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 14:28, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ethereal research, not empyrian. Geogre 15:24, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:147.46.112.189

title: User talk:147.46.112.189


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Review postings

Review postings
Advertisement. Joyous 13:12, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 14:29, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ad. "If you are looking for a website, then this website is for you!"  Geogre 15:22, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. --LeeHunter 15:38, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:News sources

The purpose of this page is to provide a list of links that can be used to research current events and news stories. It provides links to reliable sources for Wikipedia articles by way of connections to websites in various parts of the world. The page is structured in a hierarchical manner so that areas that have a disproportionate number of news providers don't get a disproportionate amount of space. It also allows us to see which areas are lacking in news sites.

Note that Wikinews, a sister project of Wikipedia, offers a wiki-style news service.

News sources by geographical area

 * Africa
 * Americas (North and South)
 * Oceania
 * Europe
 * China
 * India
 * Asia (rest of)

Topic specific
See No specific region/Topic-specific

Collections
These are news aggregation sites: News sources/Collections

Adding new links
Please concentrate your efforts in the adding of new news sites to regions which are not/under represented currently. Only add links to pages listed at the top. A restructuring is under way and this will simplify matters.

Notes on Categories
Kashmir is categorised with "rest of Asia". Australia and New Zealand are categorised in Oceania and hence in Americas and Oceania. Russia is categorised in Europe. The Middle East is categorised with "rest of Asia".

None of these categorizations are meant to be political statements. Where choices would otherwise be somewhat arbitrary, countries are placed to keep the hierarchical structure balanced according to population.

title: Wikipedia:News sources


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Stone Soupercomputer

The Stone Soupercomputer was a Beowulf-style computer cluster built at the US Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the late 1990s.

A group of lab employees including William W. Hargrove and Forrest M. Hoffman applied for a grant to build a cluster in 1996, but it was rejected. They decided to build a cluster anyway, using desktop personal computers that had been discarded as being too slow. The name was derived from the story of stone soup. The developers used freely available and open source software such as Linux operating system, the Parallel Virtual Machine toolkit, and the Message Passing Interface library.

By early 1997 the first applications were running on the cluster. By May 2001 it had 133 nodes. They included Intel 80486 and Pentium-based machines as well as a few DEC Alpha workstations. Low-cost Ethernet networking was used for interconnection instead of any special-purpose network. The cluster was the subject of an article in Scientific American magazine in 2001. Many applications were developed on this system that could then be deployed on other, faster clusters. The stone cluster was no longer in use by August 2003. This approach was used as a model for other educational cluster projects.

title: Stone Soupercomputer


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1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election

Elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly were held on 25 November 1917, although some districts had polling on alternate days, around two months after they were originally meant to occur, having been organized as a result of events in the February Revolution. They are generally recognised to be the first free elections in Russian history. The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was also approved by the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and anarchists; both groups were in favour of a more extensive democracy.

Various academic studies have given alternative results. However, all indicate that the Bolsheviks were clear winners in the urban centres, and also took around two-thirds of the votes of soldiers on the Western Front. Nevertheless, the Socialist-Revolutionary party topped the polls, winning a plurality of seats (no party won a majority) on the strength of support from the country's rural peasantry, who were for the most part one-issue voters, that issue being land reform.

The elections did not produce a democratically-elected government, as the Bolsheviks subsequently disbanded the Constituent Assembly and proceeded to rule the country as a one-party state with all opposition parties banned.

Some modern Marxist theoreticians have contested the view that a one-party state was a natural outgrowth of the Bolsheviks' actions. George Novack stressed the initial efforts by the Bolsheviks to form a government with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries and bring other parties such as the Mensheviks into political legality. Tony Cliff argued the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government dissolved the Constituent Assembly due to a number of reasons. They cited the outdated voter-rolls which did not acknowledge the split among the Socialist Revolutionary party and the assemblies conflict with the elected Russian Congress of the Soviets as an alternative, democratic structure.

Background
The convocation of a Constituent Assembly had been a long-standing demand of the democratic and popular movements in Tsarist Russia. In the later phase of the February Revolution, Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on March 2, 1917. The Russian Provisional Government was formed and pledged to carry through with holding elections for a Constituent Assembly. Consensus emerged between all major political parties to go ahead with the election. Nevertheless, the various political parties were divided over many details on the organization of the impending election. The Bolsheviks demanded immediate elections, whilst the Socialist-Revolutionaries wanted to postpone the vote for several months for it not to collide with the harvest season. Right-wing forces also pushed for delay of the election.

On March 19, 1917 a mass rally was held in Petrograd, demanding female suffrage. The march gathered some 40,000 participants. The protest was led by Vera Figner and Poliksena Shishkina-Iavein. It moved from the Petrograd City Duma to the Tauride Palace, and the demonstrators refused to vacate the palace grounds before the Provisional Government and the Soviet committed to female suffrage. On July 20, 1917, the Provisional Government issued a decree awarding voting rights for women aged 20 years and above.

In May the political parties agreed on main principles of the election (proportional representation, universal suffrage and secret ballot). A special electoral commission was set up, composed of multiple lawyers and legal experts. The following month September 17, 1917 was set as the election date. The new Constituent Assembly was supposed to have its first meeting on September 30, 1917.

In July the left-wing parties increased their pressure on the Provisional Government, reaching a nearly insurrectionist situation. In the end, the following month the left consented to a further postponement. On August 9, 1917 a new date for the election was set by the Provisional Government: voting on November 12 and the first session of the Constituent Assembly would be held on November 28, 1917.

Between the finalization of candidate lists and the election, the October Revolution broke out. The October Revolution ended the reign of the Provisional Government. A new Soviet government took charge of the country, the Council of People's Commissars. Nevertheless, the new government pledged to go ahead with the election and that its rule remained provisional until its authority would be confirmed by the Constituent Assembly.

Electoral system
81 electoral districts (okrugs) were formed by the Provisional Government. Electoral districts were generally set up on (pre-revolutionary) governorate or ethnic oblast boundaries. Moreover, there were electoral districts for the different army groups and fleets. There were also an electoral district assigned for the workers at the Chinese Eastern Railroad and one electoral district for the soldiers of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in France and the Balkans (with some 20,000 voters).

No official electoral census exists. The estimated population of eligible voters at the time (excluding occupied territories) has been estimated at around 85 million; the number of eligible voters in the districts where polling took place has been estimated at around 80 million.

Each party had a separate ballot with a list with names of candidates, there was no general ballot. The voter would either have received copies of different party lists in advance or at the polling station. The voter would select one list, place it in an envelope, seal it and place it in the box. If any name was scratched, the vote would be invalid.

Voting
The voting began on November 12–14, 1917. The election was at the time the largest election organized in history. However, only in 39 districts did the election take place as scheduled. In many districts the voting occurred in late November or early December, and in some remote places the vote took place only in early January 1918.

In spite of war and turmoil, some 47 million voters exercised their franchise, with a national voter turnout of around 64% (per Protasov (2004)). According to Protasov (2004), the countryside generally had a higher voter turnout than the cities. 220 cities across the country, with a combined population of seven million, had a voter turnout of 58%. In agrarian provinces turnout generally ranged from 62 to 80%. In Tambov province urban areas had a turnout of 50.2% while rural areas had 74.5%. According to Radkey (1989) national voter turnout stood at around 55%.

Socialist-Revolutionaries
The Socialist-Revolutionaries emerged as the most voted party in the election, swaying the broad majority of the peasant vote. The agrarian programmes of the SR and Bolshevik parties were largely similar, but the peasantry were more familiar with the SRs. The Bolsheviks lacked an organizational presence in many rural areas. In areas where the Bolshevik electoral campaign had been active (for example, near to towns or garrisons) the peasant vote was somewhat evenly divided between SRs and Bolsheviks.

Moreover, whilst the SRs enjoyed widespread support among the peasantry, the party lacked a strong organizational structure in rural areas. The party was highly dependent on peasant union, zemstvos, cooperatives and soviets.

On the issue of war and peace, the SR leadership had vowed not to enter into a separate peace with the Central Powers. The SR leadership condemned the peace talks initiated by the Bolsheviks, but to what extent the SR's were prepared to continue the war was unclear at the time. Along with the Mensheviks, the SRs supported the notion of engaging with other European socialist politicians to find a settlement to the ongoing World War.

The filing of nominations for the election took place just as the split in the SR party was taking place. By late October, when the SR party lists were already set, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries formed a separate party. But whilst by the time of the election the Left SRs had constituted a separate party, the split was not completed in local SR party branches until early 1918. The Kazan, Yaroslavl, Kazan and Kronstadt SR organizations went over to the Left SRs en bloc. In Ufa and Pskov the majority in the SR party organization crossed over to the Left SRs. In Petrograd the leftist faction had dominated the SR party branch prior to the October Revolution, but elsewhere the majority in the party organizations remained with the PSR. Notably in some of the locations leftist and rights SR lists were separately presented (Baltic Fleet, Petrograd, Kazan), the leftists prevailed over the rightists, leading D'Agostino (2011) to argue that had separate right/left SRs lists been presented nationwide the peasantry could have opted for the left (considering that there were no major difference between the factions on their agrarian programmes).

A key Bolshevik argument against the legitimacy of the Constituent Assembly once it was elected was the fact that the lists had been finalized before the Left SRs constituted themselves as a separate party, and that if the Left SRs had stood separately the Bolshevik and Left SR would have won the majority vote. This was despite the Left SR's eventual opposition to the closure of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks. Per Serge's account, 40 of 339 elected SR deputies were leftists and 50 belong to Chernov's centrist faction. Smith points out that though the association with Soviet power strengthened the PLSR popularity in the countryside, the schism did not transform the PLSR overnight into a large and well-organized political party, and during the following months of 1918 the PSR managed to regain control over some of the soviets and local branches it lost to the left.

Bolsheviks
In 1917 the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) had begun to allow mass membership, without consulting with Lenin. On July 1, 1917 the Central Committee sent out an instruction to local party organizations to build a broad democratic unity ahead of the elections, to reach out to Menshevik-Internationalists, left-wing SRs and trade unions. In the wake of the abortive July uprising (organized by the revolutionary Petrograd Bolshevik Committee and the Military Organization), the moderates of the Central Committee again appealed to build a left socialist bloc and invited the Menshevik-Internationalists to attend the upcoming party congress as observers. With the election finally approaching, Lenin took a tough stance towards the Central Committee. He deplored the absence of proletarians from the list of proposed candidates that the Central Committee had adopted, charging the Committee with opening the doors for opportunists. In Lenin's view, only workers would be able to create alliances with the peasantry. Lenin also criticised the list for including many recent arrivals to the party who had not yet been tested in "proletarian work in our Party's spirit." While Lenin believed that some new members of the Bolsheviks, in particular Leon Trotsky (who had fought for the merger of his Mezhraiontsy faction into the Bolshevik Party since his return to Russia and had "proved himself equal to the task and a loyal supporter of the party of the revolutionary proletariat"), were acceptable candidates, placing large numbers of untested new members on the Bolshevik ballot opened the party's doors to careerism.

The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) campaigned for bread, peace and a government of Soviets. But the party leadership was divided on the issue of the Constituent Assembly. The moderates in the Central Committee held the opinion that the Constituent Assembly should become the supreme body to decide the future path of Russia. Lenin opposed this line. In an article edited after the elections, he stated that the proletariat cannot achieve victory if it does not win the majority of the population to its side. But to limit that winning to polling a majority of votes in an election under the rule of the bourgeoisie, or to make it the condition for it, is crass stupidity, or else sheer deception of the workers. In order to win the majority of the population to its side the proletariat must, in the first place, overthrow the bourgeoisie and seize state power; secondly, it must introduce Soviet power and completely smash the old state apparatus, whereby it immediately undermines the rule, prestige and influence of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois compromisers over the non-proletarian working people. Thirdly, it must entirely destroy the influence of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois compromisers over the majority of the non-proletarian masses by satisfying their economic needs in a revolutionary way at the expense of the exploiters.

The party emerged victorious in the two main cities; Petrograd and Moscow, and emerged the major party in urban Russia overall. It won an absolute majority of votes in the Baltic Fleet, the Northern Front and the Western Front. The call for immediate peace made the Bolsheviks popular in the military, winning around 42% of the votes from the armed forces. Often the election result is portrayed as an indicator for impopularity of the Bolsheviks, but as per Victor Serge the strong showing of the Bolshevik vote in the main cities 18 days after the October Revolution broke out shows that there was a popular mandate from the industrial workers for the Revolution.

Mensheviks
By the time of the election, the Mensheviks had lost most of their influence in the workers' soviets. The election result confirmed the marginalization of the Mensheviks, obtaining a little over a million votes. In a fifth of the constituencies, pro-war Mensheviks and Internationalists ran on competing slates and in Petrograd and Kharkov the defencists had set up their own local organizations. Nearly half of the Menshevik vote came from Georgia.

Kadets
The Kadet party had changed its name to 'People's Freedom Party' by 1917, but the new name was rarely used. Kadets campaigned for national unity, law and order, honour commitments to the allies of Russia and 'honorable peace'. The Kadets condemned Bolsheviks in election campaign. The Kadets had sought to build a broad democratic coalition, setting up a liaison committee for alliances (Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, Andrei Ivanovich Shingarev and M. S. Adzhemov) but this effort failed as the Popular Socialists and cooperative movement rejected electoral pacts with the Kadets.

Whilst the Kadets emerged as the main losers in the election, they did take a sizable share of the votes in the largest cities. However the Kadets were hurt by abstention amongst urban intelligentsia voters. They had also lost a large share of their habitual Jewish intelligentsia vote to Jewish national coalition lists.

Popular Socialists
The congress of the Popular Socialists, held on September 26, 1917, rejected the notion of an electoral alliance with the Kadets. The party congress ordered that joint lists would only be organized with fellow socialist groups. The Popular Socialists condemned Bolsheviks in their campaigning, whilst stressing the defencist line of their own party.

Cooperative movement
The cooperative societies held an emergency congress on October 4, 1917, at which it was decided that they would contest the Constituent Assembly elections directly. The congress discarded the notion of electoral pacts with non-socialist groups. In the Petrograd election district, the list of cooperative candidates included only one notable figure, Alexander Chayanov. The other six candidates were largely unknown.

National minorities
Most non-Russian voters opted for national minority parties. In the case of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party dominated the 4 electoral districts of the Ukrainian peasantry. Non-Ukrainian urban populations largely voted for Russian parties. In the city of Kiev, the Ukrainian parties obtained 26% of the vote. Over half a million soldiers and officers in the army and navy voted for Ukrainian parties supporting the Central Rada, making the Ukrainians the third force among military voters.

However, in Belarus, Belarusian nationalist groups gathered less than 1% of the votes. In Transcaucasus the vote was divided between Georgians (voting for Mensheviks), Armenians (voting for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, also known as Dashnaksiun) and Azeris (voting for Musavat and other Muslim groups). Tatar and Bashkir lists gathered 55% of the votes in Ufa.

In July 1917 the First All-Kazakh Congress was held, establishing the Alash Party as a national political party. The party called for the 'liberation of the Kazakh people from colonial yoke'. Ahead of the election, party committees were formed in Semipalatinsk, Omsk, Akmolinsk and Uralsk. In the Semirechie, Syr-Darya and Horde electoral districts Alash did not field lists of their own, but placed candidates of other Muslim lists. Four days ahead of the vote the newspaper Qazaq published the Alash programme, including a call for a democratic federal republic with equality of nationalities.

In 14 electoral districts, 2 or more Jewish lists were in the fray. In Zhitomir, 5 out of 13 parties contesting were Jewish. In Gomel 4 out of 11 parties were Jewish, in Poltava 5 out of 14. Some 80% of the votes cast for Jewish parties went to Jewish national coalition lists. The Folkspartey was the most enthusiastic proponent of Jewish national coalition lists. These coalitions, generally contesting under titles such as 'Jewish National Bloc' or 'Jewish National Election Committee' also gathered Zionists and Orthodox Jews. The candidates on these lists had vowed to form a common bloc in the Constituent Assembly and implement decisions of the All-Russian Jewish Congress. The Jewish national lists were confronted by the various Jewish socialist parties; the General Jewish Labour Bund, the Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion) and the United Jewish Socialist Workers Party (Fareynikte). The Bund carried out 200 electoral meetings in White Russia (with a total attendance of about 127,000), and in the Ukraine the party held 2-3 electoral meetings weekly. In Odessa confrontations between socialist and non-socialist Jewish parties led to physical violence. Jewish national lists elected Iu. D. Brutskus, A.M. Goldstein, the Moscow rabbi Yaakov Mazeh. V. I. Temkin, D. M. Kogan-Bernsthein, N. S. Syrkin and O. O. Gruzenberg (who was then close to Zionist circles). David Lvovich was elected on SR-Fareynikte list and the Bundist G.I. Lure was elected on a Menshevik-Bund list.

The Buryat National Committee had previously been linked to the SRs, but ahead of the election relation was broken. Buryat SRs were not given prominent places on candidate lists, and the Buryat National Committee ended up contesting on its own.

Others
Radical Democrats (rightists) got some 19,000 votes.

National results

 * No fully complete account of the results of the 1917 election exists, as in several districts the holding of the election or the tallying of votes was interrupted. The numbers in the table below represent accounts from the voting in 70 out of 81 electoral districts, although not all of those districts have complete voting tallies. The tally of elected deputies stems from 74 districts.

Svyatitsky and Lenin
There are various different accounts of the election result, with varying numbers. Many accounts on the election result originate from N. V. Svyatitsky's account, who was himself elected as an SR deputy to the Constituent Assembly. His article was included in the one-year anniversary symposium of the Russian Revolution organized by the SR party (Moscow, Zemlya i Volya Publishers, 1918). Lenin (1919) describes Svyatitsky's account as extremely interesting. It presented results from 54 electoral districts, covering most of European Russia and Siberia. Notably is lacked details from the Olonets, Estonian, Kaluga, Bessarabian, Podolsk, Orenburg, Yakutsk, Don governorates, as well as Transcaucasus. All in all, Svyatitsky's account includes 36,257,960 votes. According to Lenin, the actual number from said 54 electoral districts was 36,262,560 votes. But Lenin reaffirms that between Svyatitisky's article and his account, the number of votes cast by party is largely identical.

Radkey and Spirin
More recent studies often use Svyatitsky's 1918 account as their starting point for further elaboration. L. M. Spirin (1987) uses local newspapers and Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian archival holdings to supplement Svyatitsky, whereas U.S. historian Oliver Henry Radkey predominately uses local newspapers as sources. According to Rabinovitch (2016), Spirin's account is the most complete. According to Arato (2017), U.S. scholar Radkey is the most serious historian on the 1917 election.

Radkey uses a number of uses broad categories in presenting the result party-wise: SRs (sometimes distinguished between left/right), Bolsheviks, Mensheviks (sometimes divided between Menshevik-Internationalists and Right-wing pro-war Mensheviks), Other Socialists (with subcategories) Kadets, Special interests (including subcategories peasants, landowners, Cossacks, middle-class, others), Religious (Orthodox, Old Believers, others), Ukrainian (with subcategories), Turkic-Tatar (with subcategories), Other Nationalities (with subcategories).

Deputies elected
Protasov (2004) presents the party affiliation of 765 deputies elected from 73 electoral districts: 345 SRs, 47 Ukrainian SRs, 175 Bolsheviks, 17 Mensheviks, 7 Ukrainian Social Democrats, 14 Kadets, 2 Popular Socialists, another 32 Ukrainian socialists (possibly SRs or social democrats), 13 Muslim Socialists, 10 Dashnaks, 68 from other national parties, 16 Cossacks, 10 Christians and one clergyman. Another 55 deputies were supposed to have been elected from another 8 electoral districts. Of the over 700 deputies known by name, over 400 participated at first session and only session of the Constituent Assembly (240 of the assembled belonged to the SR bloc).

Several prominent politicians had stood as candidates in multiple electoral districts. The Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) had named Lenin as their candidate in 5 districts: Petrograd City, Petrograd Province, Ufa, Baltic Fleet and Northern Front. Lenin was also nominated from Moscow City. On November 27 (December 10) the All-Russia Committee for Elections to the Constituent Assembly requested members of the Constituent Assembly who had been returned by several areas to present a written statement indicating the electoral district for which they accepted election. Having been elected by several areas, Lenin, too, presented such a statement. Lenin opted to represent the Baltic Fleet in the Constituent Assembly. In case an elected candidate didn't send in such a statement, the All-Russian Election Commission for the Constituent Assembly would consider the person elected from the district where he obtained the highest number of votes.

Dissolution of Constituent Assembly by Bolsheviks
The All Russian Constituent Assembly (Всероссийское Учредительное собрание, Vserossiyskoye Uchreditelnoye sobraniye) convened only for 13 hours, from 4 p.m. to 5 a.m., 18–19 January 1918, whereupon it was dissolved by the Bolshevik-controlled All-Russian Central Executive Committee, making the Bolshevik Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets the new governing body of Russia.


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JSS Science and Technology University

JSS Science and Technology University, or in its full name Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Science and Technology University, formerly Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering (SJCE), is a state private university located in Mysore, Karnataka, India. Established in 1963 as SJCE has 12 departments in engineering, a Master of Computer Applications department. It was affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum, but now it's a part of JSS Science and Technology University from 2016 - 2017 academic year. SJCE is accredited by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), all its departments are accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA). It was founded and is managed by the JSS Mahavidyapeetha.

History
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering which was the dream child of Sri Sri Shivarathri Rajendra Mahaswamigalavaru the 23rd pontiff of Suttur Matt was officially inaugurated in 1963 by T. M. A. Pai, who was the then Chairman of the Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Courses in Civil, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering branches were started first. The first batch of engineering graduates completed their course in 1968. Electronics and Communication branch of engineering was introduced in 1968 followed by bachelor's degree in Instrumentation in 1978, Computer Science and Engineering during 1982, Polymer Science and Technology in 1992 and Information Science and Engineering in the year 2000.

Rankings
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 158 among engineering colleges in 2022.

Campus
The campus is spread over 120 acre .It is located adjacent to Manasa Gangothri (the campus of the University of Mysore) and the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing.

JSS International Institute of Professional Studies
This was established in 1998 with the objective of helping JSS Students who are planning to go abroad for further studies. JSS IIPS is a recognized center of Edexcel, London to offer Edexcel courses in India. JSS IIPS is offering National Diploma (ND) and Higher National Diploma (HND) courses of Edexcel. Mahavidyapeetha has entered into an agreement with University of Teesside, Middlesbrough, UK and University of West Virginia, USA for transfer of students. ND and HND completed students can join UK or USA Universities to pursue their studies further.

Library and Information Centre
The centre is equipped with over 70,000 volumes related to science and engineering, encyclopedias, dictionaries, and over a hundred magazines and journals every month. It has a collection of ISI specifications, Project Reports and Dissertations, Doctoral Thesis and Proceedings of Conferences and Monographs. It provides audio visual facilities, photo copying facilities, and a book bank.

Auditorium
The auditorium Hall, located on one side of the staff room besides the civil engineering department, can accommodate 300 people. Complete with videorama, slide projector, LCD and overhead projector, and sound system, it is used for seminars, meetings, group use of audiovisual material, etc.

Physical education
Football, hockey and cricket ground respectively, basketball, tennis, table tennis and volleyball courts respectively have been maintained by the Department of Physical Education. Outdoor and indoor recreation facility is available both during and after college hours, in its sports complex building. The college's sports council conducts annual sport events. Inter-collegiate and VTU tournaments are organized. The college also started multi-speciality Gym in 2007. Softball is also gaining popularity.

Hostels
The College has separate hostel facilities for about 500 boys and 210 girls. The boys' hostel is located in the college premises, in H Block, L Block, M Block, PG Block and GH Block, all located on the north-end of the campus. The hostel runs a mess. A separate TV room and reading room are provided in the Boys' Hostel. The girls hostel is located on the south-end of the campus. Another girls hostel is located approximately 3 Kilometres away from the college, in Hootagalli industrial estate.

Health care
A Health Care Unit has been provided on the campus with a qualified physician. The centre works between 10.00 a.m and 2.00 p.m on all working days. However this is no longer available.

Scholarships and awards
SJCE offers scholarships and awards to students for their future education, and benefits based on their performance. The eligible students can apply for fee concession or scholarship. Endowment scholarships are also available.

Extracurricular activities
The college has a quiz club - The Greycells. The club was started in 1999. The weekly quiz is 'WeKuiz' The SJCE students have twice won (2001 and 2003) the Times of India Ascent Quiz conducted by the Times Group in addition to other intercollegiate quizzes held in and around the city.

CSI-SJCE and IEEE-SJCE chapters conduct weekly events ranging from aptitude and technical tests to workshops. They conduct annual technical fests which are attended by students from around the nation. The CSI conducts its annual technical fest "Technologix" during the even semester. IEEE-SJCE conducts its annual technical fest "Cyberia" in every even semester and open-source fest "Tuxedo" in every odd semester. IEEE-SJCE also conducts various hands on workshop for robotics and electronics enthusiasts and has been recognized for the same in IEEE student activities community. MEA (Mechanical Engineers Association) also actively conducts events and fests. The previous fest named 'MECHmerize-2015' featured many events and competitions of which the Autoexpo had a huge following and fun events like PC gaming, RC car racing, etc. Also the association organises many industrial visits frequently. MCA Association conducts a two-day national level technical fest called as INFOTSAV.

The expertise of the Linux Campus Club - SJCE has a goal of fostering the use of free open source software among the students. Its activities include sessions on tools, packages, programming languages and other technical topics related to FOSS, and talks by members of the open source community.

The college magazine editorial board is JC ED , they release an annual magazine Jayzine. They organize a yearly literary extravaganza called 'Shabd'. The college's annual fest 'Jayciana' is one of the popular student events in the state.

Sahas - SJCE Adventure Club which organizes trekking, rafting, and mountaineering.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni include:
 * Narayan Iyengar, Chief Operating Officer, Dish Network Inc
 * Akhilesh Yadav, former UP Chief Minister
 * Shanmughan Manjunath, former IOCL officer
 * Javagal Srinath, cricketer, India
 * Prahlad Srinath, tennis player
 * Ravindra Dastikop, educator and speaker
 * Vijay Prakash, playback singer
 * Nidhi Subbaiah, model and actress
 * Dhananjay (actor)
 * Rishi (Kannada actor)
 * Meghana Shanbough, Karnataka’s 1st woman fighter pilot
 * Mahesh Nagarajaiah (CEO of VIRTUELE)
 * Dr. Arun Hampapur (CEO of Bloom Value Corporation)

Distinguished faculty

 * Prof. Chidananda Gowda, former Vice Chancellor of Kuvempu University.

title: JSS Science and Technology University


text:
Talk:Plant cell

Vandalism
Somebody wrote "Dessutom Jag hästar" - which is sweedish for  "I like horses" and it could not be removed by editing, Is this a hacker's job? DO SOMETHING!! and it reads "There are 3" - with no explenation, ALSO .. They only put 2/3 .. (have a look.) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 85.250.24.199 (talk) 02:03, 1 October 2006 UTC.
 * I've reverted the vandalism, which appears to have occurred several times. Colin Lower profile signature.°Talk 09:31, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Why would someone write "Dessutom Jag hästar" (I like horses) I mean, Thats just random

Vandalism
The page appears to be have been vandalised--again. A pity as its main graphic is today's featured picture. Could this be fixed, and maybe locked? 211.30.97.65 00:38, 18 December 2006 (UTC)David Fixed Matthew P Also whoever forgot to write about golgi bodies is an idiot. So, i had to step in.=) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.187.195.118 (talk) 21:50, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

I am doing a project on plant cells I find the usage of a better more realistic picture would be wonderful

Im doin 1 on animal, plant and specialised Cells and i cant find any information that I understand

Add more information
Add some more information on it ? Anjishnu15 (talk) 05:36, 16 June 2019 (UTC) Does anyone have any good information about Animal, Plant and specialised Cells? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.151.20.121 (talk) 13:44, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

Natural science
Name the small particles that make a plant 41.13.88.152 (talk) 15:11, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

 * What is plant cell 41.121.60.119 (talk) 16:09, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

Biology
Plant cell 2409:4070:4E0F:E38C:E6CC:A9DA:8710:D796 (talk) 12:52, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plant cell


text:
Wise Children

Wise Children (1991) was the last novel written by Angela Carter. The novel follows the fortunes of twin chorus girls, Dora and Nora Chance, and their bizarre theatrical family. It explores the subversive nature of fatherhood, the denying of which leads Nora and Dora to frivolous "illegitimate" lechery. The novel plays on Carter's admiration of Shakespeare and her love of fairy tales and the surreal, incorporating a large amount of magical realism and elements of the carnivalesque that probes and twists our expectations of reality and society.

Background
Angela Carter wrote this novel after she knew she had been diagnosed with lung cancer. She would leave behind a husband and small son.

Plot summary
The story begins on the 75th birthday of identical twin sisters, Dora and Nora Chance. By what Dora, who is also the narrator of the story, describes as a bizarre coincidence, it is also the 100th birthday of their natural father, Melchior Hazard, and his fraternal twin brother, Peregrine Hazard, who is believed to be dead. The date is also Shakespeare's supposed birthday – 23 April.

Dora and Nora's birthday gets off to a dramatic start when their half-brother, Tristram Hazard, who believes himself to be the nephew of the twins, arrives on their doorstep. He announces that Tiffany – his partner, and the goddaughter of the twins – is missing. Dora and Nora soon discover that Tiffany is pregnant with Tristram's baby, but he is unwilling to take on the responsibility. Once this bombshell has been dropped, it emerges that a body has been found and it is believed to be Tiffany's.

Most of the novel consists of Dora's memories. As well as providing the backstory of her natural father, Melchior Hazard, her legal father, Peregrine Hazard, and her guardian, Grandma Chance, Dora describes key events of her life. As Melchior becomes a renowned Shakespearean theatre actor in the 1920s, he refuses to acknowledge his daughters, who are publicly and legally believed to be the daughters of Peregrine instead. Dora is deeply hurt by Melchior's rejection, contrasting the loving nature of Peregrine, who becomes the twins' father figure. She recalls her early theatre performances and her first sexual experience, in which she impersonates Nora and sleeps with her unknowing lover. Melchior marries Lady Atalanta Lynde, who Dora calls "Lady A", and has two legitimate twin daughters, Saskia and Imogen. In the 1930s, he goes to Hollywood and produces a film version of A Midsummer Night's Dream in which Dora and Nora play Peaseblossom and Mustardseed. The production ends in disaster as Melchior leaves his first wife to elope with the wife of the film's producer, who plays the Titania to his Oberon in the film.

After the Second World War, during which Grandma Chance is killed in the Blitz, Dora and Nora attend the 21st birthday party of Saskia and Imogen. Melchior announces, to Saskia and Imogen's fury, a third marriage to the best friend of Saskia, who is playing Cordelia in his King Lear. The announcement sparks a family argument in which Peregrine disappears, never to be seen again. The same night, Lady A falls down a flight of stairs and becomes confined to a wheelchair for the rest of her life; she moves in with Dora and Nora. It is implied Saskia and Imogen may have pushed her down the stairs in their rage. Melchior has two more twins, Tristram and Gareth. Saskia, in an act of vengeance, enters into an incestual sexual relationship with her half-brother Tristram. Gareth, meanwhile, becomes a priest and vanishes.

Dora, Nora and Lady A attend Melchior's 100th birthday party, where most of the novel's expansive cast of characters are in attendance. Melchior acknowledges Dora and Nora are his children for the first time in their lives. Peregrine makes a dramatic entrance accompanied by Tiffany, revealing both are still alive, and Lady A reveals that Peregrine is the true father of Saskia and Imogen. While Melchior and Nora share a dance together, Dora has sex with her paternal uncle Peregrine upstairs. She asks Peregrine if he is her father too; Peregrine strongly denies it, but suggests Grandma Chance may have been Dora and Nora's true mother.

The novel ends with Dora and Nora being presented with the twin babies of the missing son Gareth to look after – a gift from Peregrine. They realise that they "can't afford" to die until they've seen their children grow up. The final line of the story is a message constantly conveyed throughout the novel: "What a joy it is to dance and sing!"

Main characters

 * Dora Chance – 75 years of age, minor theatre and film star, illegitimate daughter of Melchior Hazard and "Pretty Kitty". Believed by outsiders to be the daughter of Peregrine Hazard.
 * Nora Chance – Twin sister and best friend of Dora.
 * Melchior Hazard – High-profile theatre and film star, known for putting career before his family. Biological Father of Nora and Dora.
 * Peregrine Hazard – Twin brother of Melchior, who raises Nora and Dora. Adventurer, explorer, actor. Embodies magic realism and the carnivalesque.
 * Lady Atalanta Hazard (Wheelchair) – First wife of Melchior Hazard, mother of Saskia and Imogen. In her later life, she is cared for by Nora and Dora after her daughters push her down a staircase and take all her money
 * Delia Delaney (Daisy Duck) – Actress, second wife of Genghis Khan, former lover of Peregrine Hazard, second wife, briefly, of Melchior Hazard.  Later marries Puck from the production of 'Midsummer Night's Dream.'
 * My Lady Margarine – Third wife of Melchior Hazard. Mother to Gareth and Tristram. Known as "Lady Margarine" because she stars in a margarine advert on TV.
 * Grandma Chance – Guardian of Dora and Nora Chance. Peregrine suggests that Grandma Chance may have been Dora and Nora's mother, but Dora considers this unlikely. Nudist and vegetarian. She is also against picking flowers, believing it to be cruel.black
 * Saskia Hazard – Legal daughter of Melchior Hazard. TV chef. Cunning and ambitious. Has an ongoing relationship with Tristram, her half brother. Nemesis of Dora Chance. Assumed by Nora and Dora to be the biological daughter of Peregrine Hazard.
 * Imogen Hazard – Legal daughter of Melchior Hazard, twin sister of Saskia Hazard. Plays a fish on a children's TV program.
 * Tristram Hazard – Son of Melchior Hazard's third marriage. Presenter of "Lashings of Lolly." Twin brother of Gareth.
 * Tiffany – Goddaughter of Dora and Nora Chance. Girlfriend of Tristram Hazard, with whom she hosts "Lashings of Lolly", a TV gameshow. Also pregnant with Tristram's baby.

Other characters

 * Gareth Hazard – Son of Melchior Hazard's third marriage. Twin brother of Tristram Hazard. He became a missionary in his teens and was later based in South America. His children are presented to Dora and Nora at the end of the novel.
 * Estella 'A Star Danced' Hazard – Mother of Melchior and Peregrine. A Shakespearian actress. Her nickname is a reference to a line in William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing said by Beatrice: "Then there was a star danced and under that was I born."
 * Ranulph Hazard – Husband of Estella Hazard. Ranulph kills Estella, Cassius Booth and himself.
 * Cassius Booth – Boyfriend of Estella Hazard. Possibly the father of Melchior and Peregrine.
 * Pretty Kitty – Mother of Dora and Nora Chance, she dies giving birth to the girls.
 * ‘Our Cyn’ – Mother of Mavis, grandmother of Brenda and great grandmother of Tiffany. Showed up at Grandma Chance's door as a peasant.
 * Miss Worthington – Dora and Nora's dance teacher.
 * Mrs. Worthington – Miss Worthington's mother.
 * Gorgeous George – Comedian who appears as Bottom in a film version of A Midsummer Night's Dream. A Patriot who displays a map of the British Empire on his body. He is later on reduced to begging at the end of the novel.
 * ‘Pantomime Goose’ – Nora Chance's first boyfriend.
 * Principal boy – The wife of the Pantomime Goose.
 * ‘Blond tenor with unmemorable name’ – Nora Chance's boyfriend, to whom Dora loses her virginity on her seventeenth birthday.
 * Genghis Khan – A film producer. He produces a film version of 'The Dream' later described as a "masterpiece of kitsch". Takes his name from the ruthless Mongol warlord Genghis Khan because he behaves in manner that is perceived as similar. At one point is engaged to Dora Chance, but the marriage does not occur. Marries Daisy Duck.
 * Genghis Khan's first wife – A jealous woman who still loves her ex-husband after his marriage to Daisy Duck.
 * Mascara – Dance teacher during the filming of The Dream.
 * ‘Radical German exile’ – Boyfriend of Dora Chance.
 * Puck – Third husband of Delia Delaney.
 * Ross "Irish" O'Flaherty – An American writer and a boyfriend of Dora Chance, who taught her about literature.
 * Tony – Nora's boyfriend and fiancé on the set of The Dream.
 * Brenda – The granddaughter of 'Our Cyn' and the mother of Tiffany.
 * Leroy Jenkins – The husband of Brenda.
 * Miss. Euphemia Hazard – Melchior and Peregrine's Presbyterian aunt, who adopts Melchior after his parents' deaths.

Major symbols
There are many symbols used in the book which illustrate the themes. Carter frequently uses objects and places which take on meanings beyond the literal and begin to develop ideas about society, for example:

A grandfather clock represents their absent father, as it was given to them by their great Aunt (Ranulph's Sister) and sent to their house as the last known address of Melchior. It is also a phallic symbol. It is flawed, as it doesn't always strike the right time: "it gives out the time in a falsetto ping, and always the wrong time". This links to their father, as he is also flawed, there being aspects of his personality which are less than admirable.

Song and dance represents their career. Like them it is light-hearted and full of energy.

London is their home city and their birthplace. There is a carnivalesque element to London as a city that is constantly changing.

The pairing of opposites is shown in sets of twins and in the family names "Chance" and "Hazard" (two words with the same meaning, perhaps emphasising the superficial nature of the differences between them).

Themes
Illegitimacy versus legitimacy: Nora and Dora are from "the wrong side of the tracks" and were "born out of wedlock", their father is "a pillar of the legit theatre" and throughout the book the twins are constantly trying to become legitimate and be accepted. However, Carter questions the concept of legitimacy, and whether it is just a perception rather than reality: even the characters that are seen to be from the legitimate side do not always act in a respectable way, for example Saskia has an affair with Tristram, her half-brother. See Illegitimacy in fiction.

Carnivalesque: Carter uses the carnivalesque to illustrate some of her points about social boundaries, such as illegitimacy and highbrow/lowbrow. Important instances include the scene at the burning mansion in Chapter 2, where she describes the "orgiastic" element to the scene, using images of the "flickering flames" to emphasise this: the highbrow party and mansion is reduced to a ruined, passionate near-orgy by the fire and the breaking of social boundaries. This is similar to the final chapter when Dora and Perry have sex, as Nora says she wishes Dora would "fuck the house down": as well as physically damaging the Hazard residence, Dora and Perry having sex almost brings down the divide between the highbrow and lowbrow sides of the family. Some of the imagery used in this scene echoes the imagery of the Chapter 2 scene, for example "cover them all... with plaster dust and come and fire".

Incest: for example Saskia and Tristram are half brother and sister (although may be cousins), Nora loses her virginity to a pantomime goose when playing a gosling, Perry sleeps with Dora. Melchior and Peregrine also share partners (e.g. Daisy Duck, Lady A); Nora and Dora both sleep with the Blond Tenor. This could be seen as carnivalesque, as it inverts social hierarchies and boundaries. There is also the recurring idea of the actress playing Cordelia falling for the actor playing Lear in Shakespeare's "King Lear" on stage.

Culture and class: the high culture of the theatre in the legitimate side of the family as opposed to the dance halls in which Nora and Dora perform.

Shakespeare: Shakespeare is used continually, the ideas of his plays are incorporates, comparisons made continually between characters of the book and of the play and the book itself is written in five chapters just as a Shakespearian play often had five acts. Melchior idolises his father, and also Shakespeare, worshipping earth from ground that Shakespeare once performed on more than his own daughters. The inclusion of Shakespeare references in Dora's narrative highlights the idea of culture and class and of Shakespeare now being considered "high art".

Allusions and references to other works
The term "wise children" occurs in two other works by Angela Carter: The Bloody Chamber and Nights at the Circus.

Throughout the novel, there are numerous references to the works and impact of William Shakespeare. At the beginning of the novel there are three quotations, two of which allude to Shakespeare: "Brush Up on Your Shakespeare", a song title from the musical Kiss Me, Kate based on Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, and the quote "How many times Shakespeare draws fathers and daughters, never mothers and daughters" by Ellen Terry, an English stage actress. In an interview on the subject of Wise Children, Angela Carter stated "[I wanted] to have a transparent prose that just ran, I wanted it to be very funny, and at the same time I wanted the complex ideas about paternity and the idea of Shakespeare as a cultural ideology."

There are also various other theatrical quotations, for example there is a "paper moon" motif, symbolising the spot-light, and indicating a sense of illusion. Also present are instances of magic realism, which is when a scene is exaggerated to an extent when the reader cannot possibly believe it, but does because of the realism of the rest of the novel. This is known as the willing suspension of disbelief.

Stage adaptation
A stage adaption based on the book, adapted and directed by Emma Rice premiered at The Old Vic in London on 8 October 2018. It was the debut production of a new theatre company, also named Wise Children, created and led by Rice.

title: Wise Children


text:
Kaiser-Jubiläum-Jubelwalzer

Kaiser-Jubiläum Jubelwalzer is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1888 to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the accession to throne of his monarch, Emperor Franz Josef. The Emperor commissioned the waltz in order to celebrate the progress of Vienna and the prosperity of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.

The numerous celebrations planned were withheld out of respect of the death of the Emperor's father-in-law, although Strauss was permitted to proceed with the dedication. He conducted the Strauss Orchestra in the first performance of the waltz at the Musikverein where brother Eduard Strauss was having his own benefit concert at the same day of the official royal celebrations.

title: Kaiser-Jubiläum-Jubelwalzer


text:
Jäneda

Jäneda (Jendel) is a small village in northern Estonia. It is located in Lääne-Viru County (from autumn 2005) and is a part of Tapa municipality.

Jäneda hill fort
Jäneda hill fort was a hill fort used from the 10th to the 12th century. It consisted by a rampart reaching approximately 3 m, surrounding a triangular courtyard. There were two towers at the entrance at the southern end and, possibly, another tower at the northern end. The fort was surrounded by a moat.

Jäneda manor
Jäneda manor was founded as an estate before 1510. The estate has belonged to several different aristocratic families. The present building was built 1913-1915 in an eclectic Art Nouveau style with strong neo-Gothic influences. In 1922, the interiors were rebuilt after designs by architect Anton Lembit Soans. Estonian composer Urmas Sisask has furnished a planetarium at the top of the tower.

In the early 1900s the manor was owned by Countess, later Baroness, Moura (Maria Zakrevskaya Benckendorff) Budberg, who has been called the "Mata Hari of Russia" and who was close to Sir R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Russian writer Maxim Gorky and H. G. Wells.

The manor is now converted to a museum and conference center. Ugri.info seminar on Finno-Ugric languages and infosystems was held at the manor on either 3 December 2004 or March 12, 2004.

title: Jäneda


text:
Concurrency (road)

A concurrency in a road network is an instance of one physical roadway bearing two or more different route numbers. When two roadways share the same right-of-way, it is sometimes called a common section or commons. Other terminology for a concurrency includes overlap, coincidence, duplex (two concurrent routes), triplex (three concurrent routes), multiplex (any number of concurrent routes), dual routing or triple routing.

Concurrent numbering can become very common in jurisdictions that allow it. Where multiple routes must pass between a single mountain crossing or over a bridge, or through a major city, it is often economically and practically advantageous for them all to be accommodated on a single physical roadway. In some jurisdictions, however, concurrent numbering is avoided by posting only one route number on highway signs; these routes disappear at the start of the concurrency and reappear when it ends. However, any route that becomes unsigned in the middle of the concurrency will still be signed on most maps and road atlases.

Overview
Most concurrencies are simply a combination of at least two route numbers on the same physical roadway. This is often practically advantageous as well as economically advantageous; it may be better for two route numbers to be combined into one along rivers or through mountain valleys. Some countries allow for concurrencies to occur, however, others specifically do not allow it to happen. In those nations which do permit concurrencies, it can become very common. In these countries, there are a variety of concurrences which can occur.

An example of this is the concurrency of Interstate 70 (I-70) and I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike in western Pennsylvania. I-70 merges with the Pennsylvania Turnpike so the route number can ultimately continue east into Maryland; instead of having a second physical highway built to carry the route, it is combined with the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the I-76 designation. A triple Interstate concurrency is found in Wisconsin along the 5 mi section of I-41, I-43, and I-894 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The concurrency of I-41 and I-43 on this roadway is an example of a wrong-way concurrency.

The longest Interstate highway concurrency is I-80 and I-90 for 278 mi across Indiana and Ohio, while the longest Interstate highway concurrency with three interstates is I-39, I-90, and I-94 in Portage, Wisconsin for over 29 miles (47 km).

There are at least two examples of eight-way concurrencies. The first example is in Indianapolis, between exits 46 and 47 of the 53 mi I-465 beltway, where the highway is concurrent with U.S. Route 31 (US 31), US 36, US 40, US 52, US 421, State Road 37 (SR 37), and SR 67. Once I-69 is extended south of Indianapolis, this segment will have a nine-way concurrency. The second example is in downtown Athens, Georgia, between exits 4 and 8 of Georgia State Route 10 Loop, where the highway is concurrent with US 29, US 78, US 129, US 441, State Route 8 (SR 8), SR 15, and SR 422.

North America
In the United States, concurrencies are simply marked by placing signs for both routes on the same or adjacent posts. The federal Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices prescribes that when mounting these adjacent signs together that the numbers will be arranged vertically or horizontally in order of precedence. The order to be used is Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, state highways, and finally county roads, and within each class by increasing numerical value.

Several states do not officially have any concurrencies, instead officially ending routes on each side of one. There are several circumstances where unusual concurrencies exist along state borders. One example occurs along the Oklahoma–Arkansas state line. At the northern end of this border Oklahoma State Highway 20 runs concurrently with Arkansas Highway 43 and the two highways run north–south along the boundary.

Concurrencies are also found in Canada. British Columbia Highway 5 continues east for 12 km concurrently with Highway 1 and Highway 97, through Kamloops. This stretch of road, which carries Highway 97 south and Highway 5 north on the same roadway (and vice versa), is the only wrong-way concurrency in British Columbia. Concurrencies are also very common in Quebec. Most notably, the Samuel-de-Champlain Bridge features a concurrency with three Autoroutes: A-10, A-15, and A-20. Another example is A-55, which runs concurrently with A-10, A-20, and A-40, all of which are major highways.

In Ontario, the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 run concurrently between Burlington and Oakville, forming the province's only concurrency between two 400-series highways. The concurrency was not in the original plan which intended for both the QEW and Highway 403 to run parallel to each other, as the Hamilton–Brantford and Mississauga sections of Highway 403 were initially planned to be linked up along a corridor (later planned to be tolled) now occupied by Highway 407. To avoid forcing drivers to pay tolls to use a section of a continuous Highway 403, the new link was designated as a western extension of the tolled Highway 407, with the Mississauga section of Highway 403 planned to be renumbered as Highway 410. The renumbering to 410 never came to pass, and consequently Highway 403 was signed concurrently along the Queen Elizabeth Way in 2002, remedying the discontinuity. Nonetheless, many surface street signs referring to that section of freeway with the QEW/Highway 403 concurrency still only use the highway's original designation of QEW, although the MTO has updated route markers on the QEW to reflect the concurrency.

At the national level, the Trans-Canada Highway, which does not bear a uniform number in the eastern provinces, follows various provincial highways. In the Atlantic Provinces the main designated TCH route either follows a single numbered route across each province (an exception being the switching of the designation between Nova Scotia Highways 104 and 105), or has branches that are signed exclusively as TCH routes. In Ontario and Quebec, The TCH follows a series of provincial highways, and also has branches that follow sections of others that have concurrencies with it, signed with TCH shields alongside the provincial number.

Europe

In the United Kingdom, routes do not run concurrently with others. Where this would normally occur, the roadway takes the number of only one of the routes (usually, but not always, the most important route), while the other routes are considered to have a gap and are signed in brackets (the equivalent of "to" signs in North America). An example is the meeting of the M60 and the M62 northwest of Manchester: the motorways coincide for the 7 mi between junctions 12 and 18 but the motorway between those points is only designated as the M60 (although in this case the same junction numbers would also apply to the M62). European route numbers as designated by UNECE may have concurrencies (for instance E15 and E30 around Greater London), but since the E-route numbers are unsigned and unused in the UK, the existence of these concurrencies is purely theoretical.

In Sweden and Denmark, the most important highways use only the European route numbers that have cardinal directions. In Sweden the European route E6 and E20 run concurrently for 280 km. In Denmark the E47 and E55 run concurrently for 157 km. There are more shorter concurrencies. There are two stretches in Sweden and Denmark where three European routes run concurrently; these are E6, E20 and E22 in Sweden, and E20, E47, and E55 in Denmark. Along all these concurrencies, all route numbers are posted with signs.

In the Czech Republic, the European route numbers are only additional, and they are always concurrent with the state route numbering, usually highways or first-class roads. In the state numbering system, concurrences exist only in first-class and second-class roads; third class roads do not have them. The local term for such concurrences is peáž (from the French word péage). In the road register, one of the roads is considered the main ("source") road and the others as the péaging (guest) roads. The official road map enables a maximum of five concurrent routes of the intrastate numbering system. Cycling routes and hiking routes are often concurrent.

The Middle East
In Israel, two freeways, the Trans-Israel Highway (Highway 6), and Highway 1 run concurrently just east of Ben Shemen Interchange. The concurrency is officially designated "Daniel Interchange", providing half of the possible interchange directions. It is a 1 mi segment consisting of eight lanes providing high-speed access between the two highways. Access from Highway 1 west to Highway 6 south and Highway 6 north to Highway 1 east is provided via Route 431, while access between Highway 1 east to Highway 6 north and Highway 6 south to Highway 1 west are provided at Ben Shemen Interchange. The other movements are provided through the concurrency.

Wrong-way concurrencies

Since highways in the United States and Canada are usually signed with assigned cardinal directions based on their primary orientation, it is possible for a stretch of roadway shared between two highways to be signed with conflicting, even opposite, cardinal directions in a wrong-way concurrency. For example, near Wytheville, Virginia, there is a concurrency between Interstate 77 (which runs primarily north–south, as it is signed) and Interstate 81 (which runs primarily northeast–southwest, but is also signed north–south). A vehicle might simultaneously be on I-77 northbound and I-81 southbound, while actually traveling due westbound. An unusual example of a three-directional concurrency occurs southeast of Rhinelander, Wisconsin, where US 8 westbound (the actual compass direction) converges with southbound Wisconsin Highway 17 and northbound Wisconsin Highway 47, and vice-versa.

Effect on exit numbers
Often when two routes with exit numbers overlap, one of the routes has its exit numbers dominate over the other and can sometimes result in having two exits of the same number, albeit far from each other along the same highway. An example of this is from the concurrency of I-94 and US 127 near Jackson, Michigan. The concurrent section of freeway has an exit with M-106, which is numbered exit 139 using I-94's mileage-based numbers. US 127 also has another exit 139 with the southern end of the US 127 business loop in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. (US 127's mile markers in Michigan reflect the cumulative distance north of the Ohio state line; the numbers resume north of the I-94 overlap and reflect the distance accumulated on that concurrency.)

However, there are also instances where the dominant exit number range is far more than the secondary route's highest exit number, for example the concurrency of I-75 and I-85 in Atlanta, Georgia—where I-75 is dominant—the exit numbers range from 242 to 251, while I-85's highest independent mile marker in Georgia is 179.

Consolidation plans
Some brief concurrencies in the past have been eliminated by reassigning the designations along the roadways. This can involve scaling back the terminus of one designation to the end of a concurrent section. At the same time, there could be an extension of another highway designation that is used to replace the newly shortened designation with another one.

Between states, US 27 in Michigan previously ran concurrently with I-69 from the Michigan–Indiana state line to the Lansing, Michigan, area. From there it turned northwards to its terminus at Grayling. In 1999, the Michigan and Indiana departments of transportation petitioned the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials for permission to truncate US 27 at Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 2002, Michigan removed the US 27 designation from I-69 and extended the US 127 designation from Lansing to Grayling. MDOT's stated reason for the modification was to "reduce confusion along the US 27/US 127 corridor". After US 27's signage was removed, the highway north of the Lansing area was renumbered US 127, and the US 27 designation was removed from I-69.

Some consolidation schemes involve the use of incorporating two single-digit numbers onto one marker, as along the US 1/9 concurrency in northern New Jersey. In the mid-20th century, California had numerous concurrencies, but the California Legislature removed most of them in a comprehensive reform of highway numbering in 1964.

title: Concurrency (road)