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Brian Tamaki

Brian Raymond Tamaki (born 2 February 1958), is a New Zealand Christian fundamentalist religious leader, and politician. He is the leader of Destiny Church, a Pentecostal Christian organisation which advocates strict adherence to fundamentalist biblical morality. Tamaki has been involved with various fringe political parties and movements, and since 2022 he has led the Freedoms New Zealand party. A perennial candidate, he has run for office several times but has yet to be elected.

Founded by Tamaki in the 1980s, the Destiny Church is known for its position against homosexuality, its patriarchal views, and for its calls for a return to biblical conservative family values and morals. Tamaki has also stated the COVID-19 pandemic is a sign the world has "strayed from God", which led to widespread condemnation, with one Anglican vicar describing Tamaki as "dangerous". This, alongside many comments he has made, has made him a controversial figure in New Zealand.

Tamaki's church and his political involvements have pushed a strong campaign that opposes COVID-19 vaccination, lockdowns and mask mandates since the pandemic began in New Zealand, and engaged in protests against mandates at Parliament, including the 2022 Wellington protest. In 2022 Tamaki was briefly imprisoned for breaching bail conditions as he took part in an anti-mandate protest in Christchurch.

Early life
In his autobiography Bishop Brian Tamaki: More than meets the eye, Tamaki makes the following claims about his early life:

Born in Te Awamutu in the Waikato region as the eldest in a family of five, Tamaki spent his childhood years on the family farm, called "Te Manuka", in the rural area of Te Kopua. His mother was "devoutly religious", taking her sons to the Te Awamutu Methodist Church on Sundays. Tamaki describes his father as an alcoholic who showed no interest in fatherhood. Tamaki is a Tainui man from the Ngati Ngawaero and Ngāti Maniapoto tribes. During Tamaki's childhood the family moved from the farm to Te Awamutu and then on to Tokoroa in 1970. While in Tokoroa, Tamaki became interested in rugby union and a little later came to enjoy pig-hunting and participating in a rock band playing the pub circuit. Two of Tamaki's brothers, Doug and Mike, are tourism venture operators in Rotorua.

Tamaki dropped out of secondary school at fifteen, after, as he describes in his autobiography, dabbling in drugs, before completing the fourth form and took a labouring job in the forestry industry. In his teens Tamaki began a relationship with Hannah Lee and the unwed couple moved to Te Awamutu, where Tamaki worked on a dairy farm owned by his uncle and aunt. An incident occurred where Lee tried to stab Tamaki to death. It is reported that he had to lock himself in the bathroom but that the blade pierced through the door, nearly wounding him. Tamaki and Lee had their first child, Jasmine, in December 1978. Later at 21, Tamaki joined the Ngāruawāhia Apostolic Church. He lost his farm job and he and Lee returned to Tokoroa, where he attended the Tokoroa Apostolic Church. Tamaki became heavily involved with the church after pastor Manuel Renata baptised him in December 1979. Since Tamaki and his partner had not married, Renata would not allow him to carry out all the functions of the church. Tamaki and Lee then married at the Tokoroa Presbyterian Church on 22 March 1980. Fourteen months later they had their second child, a girl named Jamie.

Destiny Church
In 1982 the Tamakis attended the Apostolic Church's Te Nikau Bible College in Paraparaumu, and also had their third child, Samuel. Tamaki became an ordained elder, and then (in September 1984) a pastor in the Tokoroa Apostolic Church. Tamaki went on to establish the Rosetown Community Church in Te Awamutu, the Lake City Church in Rotorua, City Church and then Destiny Church in Auckland.

On 18 June 2005 kaumātua and Destiny Pastor Manuel Renata ordained Tamaki as bishop of the Destiny Church movement (which at the time totalled 15 churches throughout New Zealand and Australia).

Tamaki advocates prosperity theology, which has been criticised as immoral and potentially dangerous.

In 2017 Brian Tamaki and Hannah Tamaki moved into a 234 square metre house in Drury, South Auckland. While it is the residence of Brian Tamaki and his family they are not legally connected to the home and only reside there. In response to criticism that moving into a house of such size was an overreach of his wealth, Tamaki responded "Jealousy is part of the promotion of god".

In mid-April 2018, it was reported that Tamaki had sustained two second-degree burns to his face and body after a botched attempt to burn rubbish. Tamaki announced to members of his congregation that he was recovering and praised his wife and hospital staff for aiding his recovery.

In February 2021, The Otago Daily Times noted that he was being styled "Apostle Bishop" and that church members who paid various fees could be styled "Apostle's Sons".

In late July 2022, it was reported that Tamaki was facing a charge of careless driving after crossing the centre line and colliding with a car carrying two occupants near Rotorua on 6 May 2022. He pleaded guilty to careless driving and was ordered to pay reparations.

Church and politics
In 2004, Tamaki predicted the Destiny Church would be "ruling the nation" before its tenth anniversary in 2008. A year earlier, in 2003, several members of the Destiny Church started the Destiny New Zealand political party, led by Richard Lewis. The party fielded 42 candidates in the 2005 general election, but garnered 0.6 per cent of the vote, short of the 5 per cent threshold required to enter Parliament without winning an electorate seat. None of its candidates came close to being elected.

Destiny New Zealand was promoted by a nationwide tour and DVD labelled "A Nation Under Siege". Tamaki features in the DVD and accompanied the tour. The DVD shows Tamaki decrying what he sees as four problems with New Zealand society: "a Government gone evil, a radical homosexual agenda, the media: a modern day witchcraft" and "the retreat of religion in New Zealand".

Destiny Church claimed a close relationship with New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Atlanta, USA, the church of Bishop Eddie Long, until at least September 2010. In his autobiography Tamaki wrote a chapter titled "Spiritual Father – a long time coming", in which he described meeting "my spiritual father", Eddie Long, in 2002. In October 2003, Long visited New Zealand after Tamaki invited him to address Destiny Church members. Tamaki wrote, "the ease of our connection and the confirmation of a date was entirely in line with Kingdom principle – when God speaks, do it". Long travelled to New Zealand again subsequently and Tamaki usually met him each year at church conferences.

On 23 May 2019 Tamaki launched a new political party, Coalition New Zealand, led by his wife Hannah Tamaki. Coalition New Zealand would not be an explicitly Christian party but would oppose abortion and homosexuality. The name of the party was deemed potentially misleading by the Electoral Commission and was subsequently renamed to Vision New Zealand.

On 23 August 2022 Tamaki launched Freedoms New Zealand, a new umbrella political party which includes the New Nation Party, Vision New Zealand, and the NZ Outdoors & Freedom Party. On 13 May 2023, Tamaki announced that he would contest the 2023 New Zealand general election as the leader of Freedoms New Zealand.

During the 2023 general election held on 14 October, Freedoms NZ failed to get into Parliament, attracting only 9,586 votes (0.33%). Following the release of preliminary results, Tamaki defended the anti-abortion stance of the unsuccessful National Party candidate Simon O'Connor, describing New Zealand Christians as "gutless."

Media engagement
At the Nelson meeting of the Destiny New Zealand "A Nation Under Siege" tour, Tamaki attacked the media, the government, the Green Party and Grey Power (a lobby group for the elderly), referring to the Greens as "pagans", Grey Power as "self centred" and the media as "modern day witchcraft".

In 2004 the Sunday Star-Times reported that Mr Tamaki "hijacked" $450,000 from elderly couple Barry and Marian Wilson. The Wilsons lent the money, which they had received from the sale of nautical clothing label Line7 in the mid-'90s, on the understanding that it was to be used to purchase a block of land in Rotorua for the construction of a church. It was reported that after almost 10 years and countless attempts to contact Mr Tamaki and his wife Hannah, the Wilsons had given up hope of ever recovering the full amount. The Sunday Star-Times asked Mr Tamaki for a response to a series of questions regarding the loan, but he declined to respond.

In 2004 Sunday broadcast a documentary of Tamaki and of the Destiny Church. Dr Philip Culbertson of the University of Auckland said: "As far as I can tell it's a cult".

In July 2005 Tamaki had directed "highly offensive abuse" at Newstalk ZB host Mike Yardley while off-air during an interview on 20 July. In his autobiography Tamaki denies that the abuse happened.

In May 2006 a poll ranked Tamaki the least-trusted of 75 prominent New Zealanders. In June 2006 Tamaki expressed opposition to Sue Bradford's private members Child Discipline Bill, which removed the legal defence of "reasonable force" for prosecutions of parents who have assaulted their children.

In May 2007 the Reader's Digest "Most Trusted People"' poll again ranked Tamaki as New Zealand's least trusted of 75 prominent persons, followed by Ahmed Zaoui and Don Brash. He was again ranked least-trusted in 2012 in a list of 100, this time followed by Hone Harawira and Kim Dotcom.

In July 2008 TV3 broadcast "Inside New Zealand: The Life of Brian", a documentary by reporter Ross Jennings. Jennings claimed to "go inside the head of the Destiny Church’s home, inside his boat, inside his church and yes, even inside his flashy wardrobe."

Cult allegations
In a Close-Up TV interview on the subject Tamaki denied that his church is a cult claiming that "if we are a cult then the Catholics, the Presbyterians, the Methodists, the Baptists, and the Pentecostals are all cults as well. Because we believe – we have the same actual orthodox tenets of belief."

Richard Lewis, spokesperson for Destiny, earlier in the same interview deflected the criticism by re-defining the term in a pejorative sense saying "Well a cult is umm some exclusive community out in the backdrops of nowhere, but Destiny is the opposite of that; we’re in the middle of Mt Wellington, our doors are always open, as Bishop says; we broadcast live, we’re an open book".

Views on sexuality and marriage
Tamaki used his address to Destiny Church on 4 September 2022 to declare that queer people are perverts. Queer rights activist Shaneel Lal says that Tamaki "being concerned about what consenting adults are doing in bed is perverted.

Radio Pacific host John Banks aired an interview with Tamaki that attacked a New Zealand AIDS Foundation's takatāpui (Māori for LGBT-person) HIV-prevention project, in which Tamaki referred to traditional Māori pre-colonial intolerance for male homosexuality, painting a picture of a society which, he claimed, exterminated gay and lesbian people. However, many Māori academic authorities question the basis for this claim.

The broadcasting of Tamaki's preaching against homosexuality on Television New Zealand has led to numerous complaints to the Broadcasting Standards Authority. Television New Zealand pulled the original opening episode of his series Higher Ground, because it "had language and phrases that did not meet industry standards of accuracy, fairness and balance".

Tamaki does not recognise the sex-reassignment surgery of the transgender former MP Georgina Beyer: Tamaki referred to Beyer in his autobiography as a male.

On 16 November 2016, Brian Tamaki drew controversy when he made statements during a sermon that the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes were divine retribution for sinful behaviour including murder and homosexuality. These statements preceded the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake by a few hours. Tamaki's comments were condemned by leading New Zealand public figures including the Mayor of Christchurch Bob Parker, Prime Minister John Key, and the Anglican bishop of Dunedin, Kelvin Wright. One Auckland-based critic Aaron Smithson also organised a Change.org petition calling on Prime Minister Key to revoke Destiny Church's tax-free status. On 17 November, Tamaki responded by accusing the media of bias and sensationalizing his statements.

On 19 April 2018, Tamaki tweeted his support for Australian rugby union player Israel Folau's comments condemning homosexuality.

In June 2019, he made an 'apology' in front of representatives from the LGBT community who were invited on to stage to share their stories and ask for a bridging of the divide between the LGBT community and the church. He told his South Auckland congregation that he is sorry for any past comments that have offended the gay community, claiming that some of his past comments were misinterpreted. But he said that he hasn't changed his beliefs, and doesn't agree with homosexual acts. This apology came only one week after his wife launched a political party Vision NZ (then called Coalition New Zealand). Only one month before the apology Brian had also used the hashtag on social media #crybabygays while showing support for Australian rugby league player Israel Folau, who among other things said how hell awaited gay people.

Views on women in politics
Tamaki regards the perceived lack of male leadership in New Zealand, including the leadership over one's family, as "the work of the devil". He claims that Parliament reflects this alleged lack of male leadership. In his autobiography he defends his attitude towards women by pointing to the role of his wife Pastor Hannah Tamaki in the Destiny Church organisation, and also says "God is very specific about the role and function of men". He has also said that he wants to appoint a Minister for Men.

Trans woman MP Georgina Beyer confronted Tamaki at the "Enough is Enough" protest in Wellington in August 2004, charging "Your hatred is totally intolerable". Beyer also compared Tamaki to despots like Robert Mugabe in a 3 News interview.

Views on Islam
Following the Christchurch mosque shootings in March 2019, Brian Tamaki issued a Tweet protesting at Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern's decision to hold an Islamic call to prayer ahead of the two minutes of silence being held for the victims of the Christchurch shootings on 22 March 2019. Tamaki also made remarks attacking Islam as a "false religion" and falsely claiming that Christianity was the national religion of New Zealand. He called removing Jesus Christ out of parliamentary prayer "a slap in the face" to "generations of Christians".

Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand, Tamaki courted media attention and controversy in mid-March 2020 when he announced that Destiny Church would not be closing their churches in response to Government directives discouraging gatherings of more than 100 people. Tamaki stated that he was "not about to let a filthy virus scare us out of having church. To equate fear with common sense is nonsense." He claimed that "... very ignorant Kiwis don't even realise their rights have been stolen". Tamaki's remarks were criticised by infectious diseases expert Siouxsie Wiles for undermining COVID-19 containment efforts." While Destiny Church held services on 22 March, they subsequently shifted to online services to comply with national lockdown restrictions.

In mid-2020, Tamaki criticized the Government's alert level two restrictions limiting religious services to 10 people. Describing the Government as "controlling parents," Tamaki announced that Destiny Church would be holding services in defiance of lockdown regulations and also called upon other New Zealand churches to join him in opposing these restrictions.

In early March 2021, Tamaki and his wife Hannah attracted media coverage and public criticism after they left Auckland during a Level 3 lockdown and visited Rotorua in the North Island and Te Anau in the South Island, which were both under a Level 2 lockdown. The COVID-19 Response Minister Chris Hipkins described the Tamakis' actions as "completely irresponsible." The Mayor of Invercargill Tim Shadbolt stated that the Tamakis were not welcome in the South Island city. That same month, Tamaki had defended Hannah's Facebook post stating that she would not take any COVID-19 vaccine, claiming they were not "anti-vaxxers" or conspiracy theorists.

On 2 October 2021, Tamaki along with The Freedoms & Rights Coalition (TFRC) staged an anti-lockdown protest outside the Auckland War Memorial Museum in the Auckland Domain. The protests attracted thousands of demonstrators, including gang members on motorbikes, young children and elderly, many of whom were not following social distancing rules or wearing masks. The protesters were criticised for flouting lockdown restrictions and endangering public health by ACT Party leader David Seymour, Auckland Council councillors Jo Bartley and Richard Hills, and Jacinda Ardern. The New Zealand Police's delay in laying charges against Tamaki drew criticism, with a Change.org petition calling for his prosecution attracting 65,000 signatures by 4 October. On 5 October, Tamaki was charged with breaching the COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 and Alert Level 3 restrictions in relation to organising the protest. He appeared in court by video link on 12 October and pleaded not guilty. He was remanded on bail until a further appearance in January 2022. He was also banned from attending protests in breach of anti-COVID restrictions and from using the internet to encourage non-compliance.

Tamaki attended an anti-lockdown protest in Auckland on 16 October and was subsequently arrested for breach of bail conditions.

In early November 2021, Stuff identified Brian Tamaki as the "founder and architect" of the anti-lockdown "The Freedom and Rights Coalition" (TFRC) protest movement, which had organised nationwide anti-lockdown and anti-vaccination protests. The Stuff report also identified Jenny Marshall, Destiny Church's director of operations and Tamaki's assistant, as the owner of TFRC's web domain. Marshall confirmed that Tamaki was the leader of the TFRC but claimed that the Coalition's merchandising and donations were separate from the Church's finances. In addition, Stuff reported that Brian and Hannah Tamaki maintained links with Groundswell NZ's Pukekohe and Auckland coordinator Scott Bright, who donated vegetables to the TFRC and participated in an anti-lockdown protest in his personal capacity.

On 23 November, Brian and Hannah Tamaki were summoned to the Auckland Central Police station for attending the Auckland Domain protest held on 20 November in breach of the form's bail conditions. In response, 100 supporters gathered outside the Police station in solidarity with the Tamakis. Brian denied breaching bail conditions and criticised the Government's COVID-19 Protection Framework. Auckland District Court Judge Steve Bonnar altered Tamaki's bail conditions to explicitly bar him from the Auckland Domain and from speaking at gatherings deemed unlawful by law enforcement authorities. Following an appeal, High Court Justice Geoffrey Venning allowed Tamaki to visit the Auckland Domain and Auckland Museum for recreational purposes but not protests. Tamaki was scheduled to face trial in April 2022.

On 27 December, the Police launched another investigation of Tamaki after he threatened to blow up mobile vaccination clinics in opposition to the rollout of COVID-19 vaccines to children between the ages of 5 and 11. According to The New Zealand Herald, Tamaki had made this alleged threat during a sermon held on 26 December, which was uploaded on Destiny Church's website.

On 8 January 2022, Tamaki addressed an anti-lockdown and anti-vaccine mandate rally in Christchurch's Hagley Park, which he described as a "family picnic" rather than a protest. In response, Police launched an investigation into whether Tamaki had breached his bail conditions.

On 17 January 2022, Tamaki was arrested for allegedly breaching his bail conditions. Police have previously stated they were investigating an anti-vaccine mandate rally held at Christchurch's Hagley Park on 8 January. Tamaki is not allowed to "organise or attend" any protest encouraging non-compliance with the Covid-19 Public Health Response Act 2020. In response, Tamaki denounced the arrest and claimed that he was a political prisoner. Tamaki was remanded in custody for ten days for allegedly breaching his bail conditions by attending the Christchurch protest.

Supporters from Destiny Church and the Freedom and Rights Coalition camped outside Mount Eden Corrections Facility for several days. On 22 January 2022, six pastors including City Impact Church pastor Peter Mortlock and pastors from the Grace Churches in Gisborne, Tauranga, and Rotorua, Auckland's Covenant Church and South City Reformed Baptist Church objected to Tamaki's imprisonment, claiming that he had been silenced for his dissenting views. Following nine days of imprisonment, High Court judge Paul Davison ruled in favor of Tamaki's appeal that the decision to remand him in prison was wrong. Davison granted Tamaki bail but barred him from attending, organising, supporting and speaking at future anti-lockdown protests and ordered him to reside at home on a 24 hour curfew.

TFRC protests
On 23 July, Tamaki's Freedom and Rights Coalition staged protests in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch to protest against various problems in New Zealand society including rising living costs, violence, housing shortages, healthcare sector strains, and excessive government farming regulations. Tamaki addressed protesters in the Auckland Domain. Protesters disrupted traffic in Auckland and Wellington. Following the 23 July protests, Tamaki announced plans to establish a new coalition with three minor parties to contest the 2023 New Zealand general election. On 16 August, Tamaki and his wife Hannah were issued with traffic infringement notices for causing traffic disruption during the 23 July Auckland protest.

On 6 August, Tamaki led another TFRC protest known as the "patriots day and march" at the Auckland Domain. The TFRC protesters were met by counter-demonstrators led by Mark Graham. Police kept peace between the two rival groups and sealed the Southern Motorway's ramps at Khyber Pass Road to prevent TFRC protesters from marching onto the highway and disrupting traffic.

On 23 August, Tamaki led a protest march outside the New Zealand Parliament in Welligton, which attracted between 1,500 and 2,000 protesters. They were met by 500 counter-protesters led by Pōneke Anti-Fascist Coalition. According to Wellington District Commander Superintendent Corrie Parnell, protesters, counter-protesters and the public were generally well behaved with no reported problems, arrests, or trespass orders being issued. During the Parliament protest, Tamaki launched a new umbrella political party called "Freedoms NZ" which consists of the New Nation Party, Vision New Zealand, and the NZ Outdoors & Freedom Party.

On 28 September 2023, Tamaki and his wife Hannah led a TFRC protest against a scheduled "Agenda 2030" conference at the New Zealand Parliament in Wellington. They along with Outdoors Party leader Sue Grey addressed the protesters. Members of the Pōneke Anti-Fascist Coalition staged a counter-protest outside Parliament. The Coalition's march coincided with similar protest activities in Wellington organised by Julian Batchelor's Stop Co-Governance movement, the farming advocacy group Groundswell NZ, and a gang hīkoi protesting against the National and ACT parties' anti-gang policies.

Response to Cyclone Gabrielle
In March 2023, Tamaki blamed pornography, abortion, and gay rights for the devastation in the eastern North Island caused by Cyclone Gabrielle. Tamaki made these statements during an hour long sermon based on the Old Testament Book of Leviticus. He also claimed that Gisborne and Hastings had the highest number of pornography consumers in New Zealand. Tamaki's remarks were condemned by Mayor of Gisborne Rehette Stoltz, who described them as "disappointing, unhelpful and laughable."

2023 Israel-Hamas war
During the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, Tamaki led a pro-Israel rally outside the grounds of the New Zealand Parliament on 7 December, which attracted 400 supporters. Tamaki's group opposed calls for a ceasefire and submitted a petition to ACT MP Simon Court calling for Hamas and Hezbollah to be classified as a terror organisations and for sympathetic Members of Parliament to be expelled. In response, members of the Poneke Anti-Fascist Coalition staged a counter-protest outside the Supreme Court building in Lambton Quay.

Views on drag story events
In mid-March 2024, Tamaki opposed two proposed Drag Queen Story Hour events at Rotorua and Hastings's municipal libraries. Due to anti-drag queen opposition, these story events were cancelled. On 26 March, members of Destiny Church protested outside another drag storytime event at Gisborne's library, who also painted over a rainbow crossing.

On 15 April 2024, Ford O'Connor, a member of Destiny Church who is married to Tamaki's granddaughter, pleaded guilty to vandalising the Karangahape Road rainbow crossing in Auckland in late March 2028 and was fined $16,093 to cover the repair costs. During the sentencing, Tamaki defended O'Connor, saying that "he undertook a political protest against the excessive rainbow-washing that is occurring across New Zealand right now, at the expense of our taxpayers and our ratepayers." In mid-May 2024, Tamaki claimed responsibility for instructing his followers to vandalise the rainbow pedestrian crossing in Gisborne.

On 27 June 2024, Tamaki, Destiny Church's trustees and several pastors were sued by drag performers Sunita Torrance and Daniel Lockett for inducing breach of contract, conspiracy to injure, unlawful means conspiracy, and defamation in relation to the disruption of their drag story events. In response, Destiny Church said it would continue to advocate for children's well-being and accused the New Zealand Herald of promoting crowdfunding for the drag performers' legal case.

Transgender issues
On 5 May 2024, Tamaki denounced the use of puberty blockers for transgender children and youth people undergoing transitioning, claiming they were causing "irreversible damage." He also opposed the appointment of Dr Sue Bagshaw as the Government's lead investigator on the review of puberty blockers' suitability in New Zealand. The following day, he and Pastor Derek Tait led a protest by Destiny Church members against Te Tahi Youth health service in Christchurch, which helps transgender people access healthcare. Destiny supporters were met by counter-protesters while Police monitored the event. During a heated altercation, a teddy bear was thrown at Tamaki's car.

On 14 2024, The New Zealand Herald reported that Tamaki was scheduled to speak at the upcoming "UNSILENCED: Middle New Zealand on ideology" at Wellington's Tākina Convention Centre on 18 May alongside Family First New Zealand leader Bob McCoskrie and former National Party MP Simon O'Connor. The Convention Centre is owned and operated by Te Papa Museum and Wellington City Council. Protest groups Queer Endurance In Defiance and the Pōneke Anti-Fascist Coalition denounced the conference for allegedly promoting transphobia and said it was contacting the Council in order to cancel the event on safety grounds. While Wellington City Council Māori Ward Councillor Nīkau Wi Neera called for the event's cancellation, New Zealand Free Speech Union chief executive Jonathan Ayling defended the conference on free speech grounds.

Following a safety review, Te Papa allowed the event to proceed, but said it would monitor the situation and expressed support for the LGBT community. Tamaki spoke at the Unsilenced conference, which was organised by Inflection Point NZ. O'Connor and British activist Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull (who participated via video-link) also spoke at the conference. 360 people attended the Unsilenced conference. A protest organised by Pōneke Anti-Fascist Coalition and Queer Endurance in Defiance attracted 500 people. A protester also released a bottle containing a foul-smelling substance outside the Convention Centre.

Publications

 * A Nation under Siege: A social disaster has hit our nation (2005) Directed by J Cardno. Rated M. DVD format.
 * Tamaki, Brian (2006). Bishop Brian Tamaki: More than meets the eye. Auckland: Tamaki Publications, Destiny Churches New Zealand. ISBN 0-473-11242-6

title: Brian Tamaki


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Council of Ministers of Russia

The Russian Council of Ministers is an executive governmental council that brings together the principal officers of the Executive Branch of the Russian government. This includes the chairman of the government and ministers of federal government departments.

Committee of Ministers
The Ministries and the Committee of Ministers (Комитет Министров) were created in the early 19th century as part of the Government reform of Alexander I. The committee was an advisory board for the Emperor but could only consider matters referred to it by the monarch or when details for implementation of policy were brought to it by ministers. However, the committee had little collective power and did not make decisions, just recommendations. When the monarch presided personally over Committee meetings it was referred to as a council as the monarch had decision/policy making authority that the committee did not possess.

Chairmen of the committee of Ministers (de facto), 1802 – 1810

 * Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov (1802–1804) as Imperial Chancellor and Foreign Minister
 * Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (1804–1806) as Foreign Minister
 * Andreas Eberhard von Budberg (1806–1807) as Foreign Minister
 * Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (1807–1810) as Foreign Minister

Chairmen of the committee of Ministers, 1810 – 1905

 * Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev (1810–1812)
 * Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov (1812–1816)
 * Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin (1816–1827)
 * Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey (1827–1834)
 * Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev (1834–1838)
 * Illarion Illarionovich Vasilchikov (1838–1847)
 * Vasily Vasilyevich Levashov (1847–1848)
 * Aleksandr Ivanovich Chernyshov (1848–1856)
 * Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov (1856–1861)
 * Dmitry Nikolayevich Bludov (1861–1864)
 * Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin (1865–1872)
 * Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev (1872–1879)
 * Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev (1879–1881)
 * Michael von Reutern (1881–1887)
 * Nikolai Karl Paul von Bunge (1887–1895)
 * Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo (1895–1903)
 * Sergei Yulyevich Witte (1903–1905)

Council of Ministers
After Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto of 1905 granting civil liberties and a national legislature (Duma and a reformed State Council), the committee was replaced with a Council of Ministers. Unlike the Committee of Ministers, this council was presided over by a Chairman (Совет министров) besides the Emperor, and functioned as a policy making cabinet with its Chairman acting as Prime Minister (head) of the government. As a result, from 1905 to 1917 the Council of Ministers collectively decided the government's policy, tactical direction, and served as a buffer between the Emperor and the national legislature.

The meetings of the council were in two parts, "official and secret". The first followed a printed agenda; the second was devoted to the discussion of confidential questions, basic issues of policy and so forth.

 * Sergei Yulyevich Witte (1905–1906)
 * Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1906)
 * Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (1906–1911)
 * Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov (1911–1914)
 * Ivan Logginovich Goremykin (1914–1916)
 * Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer (1916)
 * Alexander Fyodorovich Trepov (1916)
 * Nikolai Dmitriyevich Golitsyn (1916–1917)

Nicholas's hostility to parliamentarism emerged at the very beginning of his reign in 1894; to him, it would cause Russia to disintegrate. According to S. Kulikov: "Nicholas was pursuing the entirely specific idea of gradually replacing absolutism with dualism, rather than with parliamentarism". On July 1, 1914, the Tsar suggested that the Duma – half of the deputies were nobles – should be reduced to merely a consultative body. On 24 August 1915 the Progressive Bloc, including the entire membership of the Duma, except the extreme right and the extreme left, was formed. It had the support of the press, the public opinion and, to a considerable extent, most of the Council of Ministers as well. The deputies tried to bring the Council "uninterested in reform" under control of the Duma, but their demands for a "ministry of confidence" were not received by the Tsar.

In late 1915, there was a shortage of food and of coal in the big cities; Alexander Trepov was appointed as crisis manager in the Minister of Railways. Five key ministries would gather on a more regular basis to solve the transport question. In November 1915 Rasputin told Goremykin (or the obstinate Tsar) it was not right not to convene the Duma as all were trying to cooperate; one must show them a little confidence. In January 1916, Rasputin was opposed to the plan to send the old Goremykin away, who had persuaded the Tsar to reject the proposals of the Progressive Bloc for a government of confidence.

On 20 January 1916 Boris Stürmer was appointed as Prime Minister "to the surprise of everyone, and most of all Goremykin, who, as was usual with the Emperor, had never been given the idea that he was even in danger". According to B. Pares, Stürmer was prepared to pose as a semi-liberal and would try in this way to keep the Duma quiet. The new chairman of the council was not opposed to the convening of the Duma, as Goremykin had been, and he would launch a more liberal and conciliatory politic. The Duma gathered on 9 February, on the condition not to mention Rasputin. The deputies were disappointed when Stürmer made his indistinct speech. For the first time in his life, the Tsar made a visit to the Taurida Palace, suggesting he was willing to work with the legislature. According to Milyukov Stürmer would keep his further dealings with the Duma to a minimum.

Boris Stürmer was also appointed on the Ministry of Interior, the most powerful of all, which had under its control governors, police, and a Special Corps of Gendarmes, the uniformed secret police. He had risen to the status of virtual dictator. In the same month, Minister of War Alexei Polivanov, who in his few months of office had brought about a recovery of the efficiency of the Russian army, was removed and replaced by Dmitry Shuvayev. According to Victor Chernov, the campaign of the party of the Empress and Rasputin was waged steadily against the eight ministers who "had resisted the removal of the commander in chief (Grand Duke Nikolai), and one after the other they were discharged".

Early July, Aleksandr Khvostov, Alexei's uncle, not in good health, was appointed as Minister of the Interior and Makarov as Minister of Justice. Foreign Minister Sazonov, decisive when the war started, pleaded for an independent and autonomous Russian Poland. He was demoted on 10 July and the office given to Stürmer. On 21 July, the minister of agriculture Naumov refused to participate any longer in the government. According to Vladimir Gurko, the Council of Ministers as a whole declined continually in importance.

Around 6 September, Alexander Protopopov had been invited as Minister of the Interior. Placing the vice-president of the Duma in a key post might improve the relations between the Duma and the throne. Protopopov made himself ludicrious when he expressed his loyalty to the Imperial couple, and his contacts on peace and credit in Stockholm (without being authorized) became a scandal. When Protopopov raised the question of transferring the food supply from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of the Interior, a majority of the zemstvo leaders announced that they would not work with his ministry. His food plan was universally condemned by the Council of Ministers.

Soviet Russia
The Sovnarkom of the RSFSR was the basis for all Soviet governments, including both Union and republican levels, until 1946, when all of the Sovnarkoms were renamed "Councils of Ministers". With the leading role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) fixed by law in the 1936 Soviet Constitution, the governments were little more than the executive bodies of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The CPSU's leading role was also stated in the 1977 Soviet Constitution, and was not abolished until 1990.

Russian Federation
After the fall of the Soviet Union the Russian Council of Ministers became the chief body of administration for the President of the Russian Federation. At times it consisted of as many as 60 ministries and state committees and up to 12 Vice-Premiers. After the 2004 reform, Government duties were split between 17 Ministries, 7 Federal Services and over 30 governmental Agencies.

The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of Russia and confirmed by the State Duma. The chairman is second in line to succeed to the Presidency of Russia if the current President dies, is incapacitated or resigns.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Council of Ministers of Russia


text:
User:Jameth

Hallo.

title: User:Jameth


text:
Maroon (rocket)

A maroon is a type of rocket which generates a loud bang and a bright flash. It is used as an alarm or warning. The British Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) used these rockets in the past to call the crew when the lifeboat needs to be launched. Another example was as a signal on a railway, to alert oncoming trains that they must stop due to unexpected accident or track work ahead. Used by British spotters in World War I located around the cities, they would fire when German bombers were approaching. Maroons were also intended to be used by the British Civil Defense or Royal Observer Corps in the event of a nuclear attack - the Protect and Survive series of informational civil nuclear defence videos shows the intended usage of maroons to signal impending fallout. Maroons would be used in groups of three to sound an alarm.

title: Maroon (rocket)


text:
List of Monty Python projects

The Monty Python comedy troupe branched off into a variety of different media after the success of their sketch comedy television series, Monty Python's Flying Circus.

Television

 * Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–1974)
 * Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus (1972)
 * Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python (1989)
 * Monty Python Live at Aspen (1998)
 * Python Night – 30 Years of Monty Python (1999)
 * Monty Python's Personal Best (2006)

Films

 * And Now for Something Completely Different (1971)
 * Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
 * Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
 * Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)
 * Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)

Books
The following official Monty Python books authored by the team members have been published, mostly in large format:

 * Monty Python's Big Red Book (1971) – Hardcover and paperback. Covers vary.
 * The Brand New Monty Python Bok (1973) (Paperback edition issued as The Brand New Monty Python Papperbok)
 * Monty Python and the Holy Grail (Book) (1977) (First draft and shooting scripts, with Gilliam pictures, lobby cards, stills, correspondence and cost breakdown - the film script later republished separately as a standard paperback)
 * Monty Python's The Life of Brian/MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK (1979) (Expanded film script plus a lot of extra material published back-to-back with it - the film script later published separately as a standard paperback)
 * The Complete Works of Shakespeare and Monty Python: Vol. 1 – Monty Python (1981) (a repackaging of both the Big Red Book and the Brand New Bok)
 * Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) (Expanded film script with photos)
 * The Monty Python Gift Boks (1986) (Reissues of paperback editions of Big Red Book and the Brand New Papperbok wrapped in a mini poster)
 * Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words (1989) (Mostly complete transcripts of all 4 television series. Originally published in two volumes)
 * The Fairly Incomplete & Rather Badly Illustrated Monty Python Song Book (1994)
 * Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus - Sämtliche Deutschen Shows (1998) (Germany-only scriptbook for the two Fliegender Zirkus specials)
 * A Pocketful of Python - Picked by Terry Jones (1999) (Terry Jones's favourite Python moments.)
 * A Pocketful of Python - Picked by John Cleese (1999) (John Cleese's favourite Python moments.)
 * A Pocketful of Python - Picked by Terry Gilliam (2000) (Terry Gilliam's favourite Python moments.)
 * A Pocketful of Python - Picked by Michael Palin (2000) (Michael Palin's favourite Python moments.)
 * A Pocketful of Python - Picked by Eric Idle (2002) (Eric Idle's favourite Python moments.)
 * The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons (2003) (Edited by Bob McCabe - a large-format, illustrated coffee table book, oral history of Monty Python told through collection of interviews from Python members and friends; later reissued as small, text-only paperback.)
 * The Very Best of Monty Python (2006) (Full-colour paperback combining the five volumes of A Pocketful of Python)
 * Monty Python Live! (2009) (A combination of oral history and new Python comedy book including the complete illustrated libretto of Python's live shows)

Documentaries

 * Film Night - On Location with Monty Python and the Holy Grail (BBC 2, 1974)
 * The Pythons (BBC 1, 1979)
 * The Meaning of Monty Python's Meaning of Life (ITV, 1983)
 * Life of Python (US version) (Showtime, 1990)
 * Life of Python (UK version) (BBC 1, 1990)
 * 30 Years of Monty Python - A Revelation (Paramount Comedy Channel, 1999)
 * It's...The Monty Python Story (BBC 2, 1999)
 * Pythonland (BBC 2, 1999)
 * From Spam To Sperm - Monty Python's Greatest Hits (BBC 2, 1999)
 * The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations (DVD, 2001)
 * The Meaning of Making The Meaning of Life (DVD, 2003)
 * Comedy Connections - Monty Python's Flying Circus (BBC 1, 2005)
 * The Secret Life of Brian (Channel 4, 2007)
 * What The Pythons Did Next... (Channel 4, 2007)
 * The Story of Brian (Alternate extended edit of The Secret Life of Brian) (DVD/Blu-ray, 2007)
 * Before the Flying Circus (DVD, 2008)
 * Monty Python Conquers America (DVD, 2008)
 * Movie Connections - Monty Python and the Holy Grail (BBC 1, 2009)
 * Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut) (DVD/Blu-ray, 2009)
 * The Meaning of Monty Python (Blu-ray, 2013)
 * Monty Python: And Now for Something Rather Similar (BBC 1, 2014)
 * Monty Python: The Meaning of Live (UKTV Gold, 2014)
 * Python at 50: Silly Talks and Holy Grails (BBC 2, 2019)

Stage productions

 * Spamalot (2004)
 * Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) (2007)
 * An Evening Without Monty Python (2009)
 * Monty Python Live (Mostly) (2014)

Computer and video games

 * Monty Python's Flying Circus: The Computer Game (1991)
 * Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time (1994)
 * Live With(out) Monty Python (1994)
 * Monty Python's More Naughty Bits (1994)
 * Monty Python's Invasion from the Planet Skyron (1995)
 * Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail (1996)
 * Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1997)

Other collaborations outside Monty Python
In addition to their work as a group, the six members have collaborated with each other on numerous other film and television projects outside Monty Python.

title: List of Monty Python projects


text:
Aristocles

Aristocles may refer to:
 * Plato, Greek philosopher whose given name was Aristocles but who became best known by his nickname, Plato.
 * Aristocles of Rhodes (fl. 1st century BCE), grammarian, rhetorician and Platonist
 * Aristocles of Pergamon (fl. 1st century), rhetorician
 * Aristocles (physician) (fl. 1st century) physician of Ancient Greece
 * Aristocles of Messene (fl. 2nd century), Peripatetic philosopher
 * Aristocles, a Stoic philosopher, who wrote a commentary in four books on a work of Chrysippus some time after the 3rd century
 * Aristocles, a musician to whom Athenaeus attributes a worked titled "On Song" (περὶ χόρων)
 * Aristocles, the otherwise unknown author of a solitary epigram in the Greek Anthology
 * Aristocles, author of a work on paradoxes (Παράδοξα). Some scholars believe this person is identical with Aristocles of Messene.
 * Aristocles (sculptors)

title: Aristocles


text:
Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/December 8, 2004

Ugh! It is impossible to "center around" something. Change this!

-andrewphelps 07-Dec-2004
 * I've switched it to 'centered on'. →Raul654 05:15, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Downey, California

Stonewood Center
Perhaps someone can create an article or include a passage of the Stonewood Center in the Downey article. Most cities have at least a mention of shopping malls in their jurisdiction. AManSac 22:18, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Police
Someone keeps posting that Downey is served by the Downey Police Department AND the Sheriff's Department. That's incorrect; Downey is served only by Downey PD. Norwalk and Pico Rivera contract with the Sheriff's Department for law enforcement services because they lack their own police departments. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.103.79.215 (talk) 00:39, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Downey Farmers' Market
The Downtown Downey Farmers' Market was approved by the Downey City Council on February 12, 2008. It has quickly grown into a community staple, and is open every Saturday from 9AM to 1PM on Second Street between New St. and La Reina.

The market is intended to be a community gathering place, an opportunity to purchase California-grown products, and a means to support the Downtown Downey area.

More information is available at the City's website, http://www.downeyca.org/city_farmersmarket.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.60.105.2 (talk) 20:52, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Controversy
Last week, concerned by his association with Bell, the Downey City Council voted to terminate the city’s contract with Lee and Best, Best & Krieger. In Covina, officials had said they were considering similar action, but Lee resigned his post there Tuesday. DocOfSoc (talk) 07:58, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Demography and economy
Downey was once known for a large Irish-American population, the legacy of late 19th century land settlement and employed railroad workers known as "Garrydancers". I doubt this factoid I mentioned is still true, but the community was relatively untroubled until recent economic crises. Downey appearedly is a stable lower-/middle class town under the shadow of downtown L.A. The historic McDonald's restaurant symbolize the L.A. area's innovativeness in the 1950's, the time of high suburban sprawl development. From my knowledge, Downey also used to be headquarters of Downey Savings Bank. + Mike D 26 (talk) 15:24, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The correct term is gandydancer. I don't believe that the comment about a large population Irish-American population is correct, but if it is, it should be properly supported with a citation and placed in the article.WMThomas (talk) 02:16, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

Gingerbread Houses
It seems pointless to get into an edit war over a photograph caption, so let's not. It is true that that "gingerbread" is used as a term to describe Victorian architecture, as the annotation on the history page correctly notes and as is discussed in the relevant Wikipedia architecture article. The architecture of the houses in the photograph, however, is not Victorian, either in style or period of construction, and using this term for them is misleading, however much they may resemble the gingerbread houses in the food article. Fortunately, the photograph conveys more information than does the caption to those interested in architecture.WMThomas (talk) 05:24, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * You are correct in that the image does not show what the caption denotes. It does not show the gingerbread aspects of the homes. It is a lousy picture, but it is what we have. TY for your scholarly input.  — DocOfSoc •  Talk  •  22:45, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Photos

 * The photos are not fine. The infobox photo of "Downtown Downey" doesn't show anything identifiable as being Downey. It doesn't show a banner, a street sign, or any evidence indicating downtown Downey. Downey Avenue doesn't have a street sign. It is also too big, streching out the infobox. The pictures of houses can be any cities in the USA. A better picture would be Downey's Stonewood shopping center, the North American Rockwell facilities, or Rancho Los Amigo Hospital. Ucla90024 (talk) 18:14, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * UCLA, nobody said the pictures were fine. If you would like to replace them go ahead. I did downsize the downtown Downy image. Almost None of the pictures actually say "Downey" in them. Why don't you trek on down there and get some better pics? Namaste  — DocOfSoc •  Talk  •  10:07, 25 April 2011 (UTC) — DocOfSoc •  Talk  •  00:11, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Downey City Library and Notable Figures
Hello,

I'm new to editing Wikipedia, and I've been tasked with editing a page as part of a class assignment. I'd like to make a change to the section regarding the Downey City Library; the library underwent a renovation originally planned for 15 months but was extended to two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Also want to make a minor update to Evan Longoria's information on the page. Longoria currently plays for the Arizona Diamondbacks. Rigby824 (talk) 17:42, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Great, the article is in need of improvement. See WP:USCITIES for guidelines and tips. Cheers, Fettlemap (talk) 17:55, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

Culture
I think that the Culture section should be deleted. I think that it doesn't make much sense and doesn't belong in an encyclopedia. LeviEdits (talk) 00:27, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Downey, California


text:
Omalizumab

{{Infobox drug
 * Verifiedfields = changed
 * verifiedrevid = 458283563
 * type = mab
 * image = Omalizumab.png
 * caption = Omalizumab structure: (A) murine complementarity-determining region and (B) IgG1κ human framework
 * alt =

 * mab_type = mab
 * source = zu/o
 * target = IgE Fc region

 * pronounce = {{IPAc-en|%|oU|m|@|"|l|I|z|u|m|{|b}} {{Respell|OH|mə|LI|zoo|mab}}
 * tradename = Xolair
 * Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|omalizumab}}
 * MedlinePlus = a603031
 * DailyMedID = Omalizumab
 * pregnancy_AU = B1
 * pregnancy_AU_comment =
 * pregnancy_category =
 * routes_of_administration = Subcutaneous
 * class =
 * ATC_prefix = R03
 * ATC_suffix = DX05
 * ATC_supplemental =
 * biosimilars = Omlyclo

 * legal_AU = S4
 * legal_AU_comment =
 * legal_BR =
 * legal_BR_comment =
 * legal_CA = Rx-only
 * legal_CA_comment = / Schedule D
 * legal_DE =
 * legal_DE_comment =
 * legal_NZ =
 * legal_NZ_comment =
 * legal_UK = POM
 * legal_UK_comment =
 * legal_US = Rx-only
 * legal_US_comment =
 * legal_EU = Rx-only
 * legal_EU_comment =
 * legal_UN =
 * legal_UN_comment =
 * legal_status =

 * bioavailability =
 * protein_bound =
 * metabolism =
 * metabolites =
 * onset =
 * elimination_half-life = 26 days
 * duration_of_action =
 * excretion =

 * CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
 * CAS_number = 242138-07-4
 * CAS_supplemental =
 * PubChem =
 * IUPHAR_ligand =
 * DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
 * DrugBank = DB00043
 * ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
 * ChemSpiderID = none
 * UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
 * UNII = 2P471X1Z11
 * KEGG = D05251
 * ChEBI =
 * ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
 * ChEMBL = 1201589
 * NIAID_ChemDB =
 * PDB_ligand =
 * synonyms =

}}
 * C=6450 | H=9916 | N=1714 | O=2023 | S=38

Omalizumab, sold under the brand name Xolair among others, is an injectable medication to treat severe persistent allergic forms of asthma, nasal polyps, urticaria (hives), and immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy.

Omalizumab is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to free human immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the blood and interstitial fluid and to the membrane-bound form of IgE (mIgE) on the surface of mIgE-expressing B lymphocytes. Its primary adverse effect is anaphylaxis.

In 1987 Tanox filed its first patent application on the anti-IgE drug candidates. It took until 2003, in the United States until omalizumab was approved, in Europe until 2005 for moderate to severe persistent asthma, severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. In February 2024, the FDA approved it also to treat severe food allergy.

Medical uses
In the United States, omalizumab is indicated to treat moderate to severe persistent asthma, severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and chronic idiopathic urticaria, and as of February 2024, food allergy.

In the European Union, omalizumab is indicated to treat allergic asthma, chronic (long-term) spontaneous urticaria (itchy rash), and severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

In Australia, omalizumab is indicated to treat allergic asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria.

Allergic asthma
Omalizumab is used to treat people with severe, persistent allergic asthma that is not controlled with oral or injectable corticosteroids. Those patients have already failed step I to step IV treatments and are in step V of treatment. Such a treatment scheme is consistent with the widely adopted guidelines for the management and prevention of asthma, issued by Global Initiative of Asthma (GINA), which was a medical guidelines organization launched in 1993 in collaboration with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US, and the World Health Organization. A 2014 Cochrane review found that omalizumab was effective in reducing exacerbations and hospitalisations related to asthma when used as an adjunct to steroids.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria
Omalizumab is indicated for chronic spontaneous urticaria in adults and adolescents (>12 years old) poorly responsive to H1-antihistamine therapy. When administered subcutaneously once every four weeks, omalizumab has been shown to significantly decrease itch severity and hive count.

Food allergy
In February 2024, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) added an indication for immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy for the reduction of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, which may occur with accidental exposure to one or more foods. Omalizumab can be used as a monotherapy or in combination with oral immunotherapy.

Chemistry and formulations
Omalizumab is a glycosylated IgG1 monoclonal antibody produced by cells of an adapted Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line. The antibody molecules are secreted by the host cells in a cell culture process employing large-scale bioreactors. At the end of culturing, the IgG contained in the medium is purified by an affinity-column using Protein A as the adsorbent, followed by chromatography steps, and finally concentrated by UF/DF (paired ultra filtration/depth filtration).

Mechanism of action
The rationale for designing the anti-IgE therapeutic antibodies and the pharmacological mechanisms of anti-IgE therapy have been summarized in articles by the inventor of the anti-IgE therapy. Unlike an ordinary anti-IgE antibody, it does not bind to IgE that is already bound by the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on the surface of mast cells, basophils, and antigen-presenting dendritic cells.

Perhaps the most dramatic effect, which was not foreseen at the time when the anti-IgE therapy was designed and which was discovered during clinical trials, is that as the free IgE in patients is depleted by omalizumab, the FcεRI receptors on basophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells are gradually down-regulated with somewhat different kinetics, rendering those cells much less sensitive to stimulation by allergens. Thus, therapeutic anti-IgE antibodies such as omalizumab represent a new class of potent mast cell stabilizers. This is now thought to be the fundamental mechanism for omalizumab's effects on allergic and non-allergic diseases involving mast cell degranulation. Many investigators have identified or elucidated a host of pharmacological effects, which help bring down the inflammatory status in omalizumab-treated patients.

IgE in allergic diseases
In conjunction with achieving the practical goal to investigate the applicability of the anti-IgE therapy as a potential treatment for allergic diseases, the many corporate-sponsored clinical trials of TNX-901 and omalizumab on asthma, allergic rhinitis, peanut allergy, chronic idiopathic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases, have helped define the role of IgE in the pathogenesis of these prevalent allergic diseases. For example, the clinical trial results of omalizumab on asthma have unambiguously settled the long debate on whether IgE plays a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Numerous investigator-initiated case studies or small-scale pilot studies of omalizumab have been performed on various allergic diseases and several non-allergic diseases, especially inflammatory skin diseases. These diseases include atopic dermatitis, various subtypes of physical urticaria (solar, cold-induced, local heat-induced, or delayed pressure-induced), and a spectrum of relatively less prevalent allergic or non-allergic diseases or conditions, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, cutaneous or systemic mastocytosis, bee venom sensitivity (anaphylaxis), idiopathic anaphylaxis, eosinophil-associated gastrointestinal disorder, bullous pemphigoid, interstitial cystitis, nasal polyps, and idiopathic angioedema.

Roles in non-allergic diseases
Several groups have reported clinical trial results that omalizumab may be effective in patients with non-allergic asthma. This seems to be contrary to the general understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms of the anti-IgE therapy discussed above. Furthermore, among the diseases in which omalizumab has been studied for efficacy and safety, some are not allergic diseases, because hypersensitivity reactions toward external antigens is not involved. For example, a portion of the cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria and all cases of bullous pemphigoid are clearly autoimmune diseases. For the remaining cases of chronic idiopathic urticaria and those of the different subtypes of physical urticaria, the internal abnormalities leading to the disease manifestation have not been identified. Notwithstanding these developments, it is apparent that many of those diseases involve inflammatory reactions in the skin and the activation of mast cells. An increasing series of papers have shown that IgE potentiates the activities of mast cells, while omalizumab can function as a mast cell-stabilizing agent, rendering these inflammatory cells less active.

Adverse effects
Omalizumab's primary adverse effect is anaphylaxis (a life-threatening systemic allergic reaction), with a rate of occurrence of 1 to 2 patients per 1,000. A Cochrane review found injection site reactions to be the main reported adverse reaction.

Limited studies are available to confirm whether omalizumab increases the risk of developing cardiovascular (CV) or cerebrovascular disease (CBV). Cohort and randomised controlled studies have shown that the risk of developing CV/CBV disease is around 20–32% higher in patients taking omalizumab compared to those not taking omalizumab. Additional multi-national, longitudinal studies with increased subject numbers are required to provide further clarification into the relationship and clinical significance between omalizumab and CV/CBV disease. Due to the severity of CV/CBVs side effects, clinicians and health care providers should continue to remain vigilant and monitor side effects when treating patients with omalizumab.

IgE may play an important role in the immune system's recognition of cancer cells. Therefore, indiscriminate blocking of IgE-receptor interaction with omalizumab may have unforeseen risks. The data pooled in 2003 from the earlier phase I to phase III clinical trials showed a numeric imbalance in malignancies arising in omalizumab recipients (0.5%) compared with control subjects (0.2%). A 2012 study found that a causal link with cancer was unlikely.

History
In 1983, the product concept of anti-IgE antibodies against autologous IgE epitopes was discovered by perinatal monoclonal IgE immunization in rodents prior to the emergence of endogenous self IgE by Swey-Shen Chen at the Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) and in Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), and later confirmed by Dr. Alfred Nisonoff at Brandeis University using monoclonal IgE in incomplete Freund's adjuvant in perinates.

Tanox, a biopharmaceutical company based in Houston, Texas, started the anti-IgE program, created antibody drug candidates, and in 1987 filed its first patent application on the anti-IgE therapeutic approach. In 1988, the company converted one candidate antibody to a chimeric antibody (which was later named CGP51901 and further developed into a humanized antibody, TNX-901 or talizumab). The anti-IgE therapeutic concept was not well received in the early period of the program. Representatives of Ciba-Geigy (which merged with Sandoz to form Novartis in 1996) thought the anti-IgE program scientifically interesting and executives from Tanox and Ciba-Geigy signed a collaborative agreement in 1990 to develop the anti-IgE program.

In 1991, after several rounds of pre-IND ("investigational new drug") meetings with officials/scientists of the FDA, the FDA finally allowed CGP51901 to be tested in human subjects. This approval of IND for an anti-IgE antibody for the first time was regarded a brave demonstration of professionalism for both the FDA officials and the Tanox/Ciba-Geigy team. The scientists participating in the pre-IND discussion comprehended that an ordinary anti-IgE antibody (i.e., one without the set of the binding specificity of CGP51901) would invariably activate mast cells and basophils and cause anaphylactic shock and probably deaths among injected persons. Notwithstanding this concern, they came to the same view that based on the presented scientific data, CGP51901 should have an absolutely required clean distinction from an ordinary anti-IgE antibody in this regard. In 1991–1993, researchers from Ciba-Geigy and Tanox and a leading clinical research group (headed by Stephen Holgate) in the asthma/allergy field ran a successful Phase I human clinical trial of CGP51901 in Southampton, England, and showed that the tested antibody is safe. In 1994–1995, the Tanox/Ciba-Geigy team conducted a Phase II trial of CGP51901 in patients with severe allergic rhinitis in Texas and showed that CGP51901 is safe and efficacious in relieving allergic symptoms.

While the Tanox/Ciba-Geigy anti-IgE program was gaining momentum, Genentech announced in 1993 that it also had an anti-IgE program for developing antibody therapeutics for asthma and other allergic diseases. Scientists in Genentech had made a mouse anti-IgE monoclonal antibody with the binding specificity similar to that of CGP51901 and subsequently humanized the antibody (the antibody was later named "omalizumab"). This caused great concerns in Tanox, because it had disclosed its anti-IgE technology and sent its anti-IgE antibody candidate, which was to become CGP51901 and TNX-901, to Genentech in 1989 for the latter to evaluate for the purpose of considering establishing a corporate partnership. Having failed to receive reconciliation from Genentech, Tanox filed a lawsuit against Genentech for trade secret violation. Coincidentally, Tanox started to receive major patents for its anti-IgE invention from the European Union and from the U.S. in 1995.The family of anti-IgE patents. ; ; ; ; . After a 3-year legal entanglement, Genentech and Tanox settled their lawsuits out-of-court and Tanox, Novartis, and Genentech formed a tripartite partnership to jointly develop the anti-IgE program in 1996. Omalizumab became the drug of choice for further development, because it had a better developed manufacturing process than TNX-901. A large number of corporate-sponsored clinical trials and physician-initiated case series studies on omalizumab have been planned and performed since 1996 and a large number of research reports, especially those of clinical trial results, have been published since around 2000, as described and referenced in other sections of this article. In 2007, Genetech bought Tanox at $20/share for approximately $900 Million.

Legal status
In June 2003, Genentech, as affiliate of Novartis, and Tanox announced that omalizumab had been approved by the FDA to treat moderate-to-severe persistent asthma in adults and adolescents above 12 years.

In October 2005, EMA issued the marketing authorisation for omalizumab for the therapeutic indication of obstructive airway disease to Novartis.

The FDA approval of omalizumab for food allergy in February 2024 was based on the OUtMATCH trial, a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study that evaluated its efficacy and safety in those allergic to peanut and two other foods, including milk, egg, wheat, cashew, hazelnut, or walnut.

In March 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Omlyclo, intended for the treatment of severe persistent allergic asthma, severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). The applicant for this medicinal product is Celltrion Healthcare Hungary Kft. Omlyclo is a biosimilar medicinal product. It is highly similar to the reference product Xolair (omalizumab), which was authorized in the EU in October 2005. Omlyclo was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2024.

Economics
In August 2010, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom ruled that omalizumab should not be prescribed on the National Health Service (NHS) to children under 12, as the high costs of the compound, over £250 per vial, did not represent a sufficiently high increase in quality of life. However, in March 2013, NICE issued "final draft guidance" about the allowance of omalizumab, recommending the medication as an option for treating severe, persistent allergic asthma in adults, adolescents and children following additional analyses and submission of a "patient access scheme" by Novartis, the manufacturer.

In August 2013, a senior Dutch researcher at Leiden University Medical Center responsible for the TIGER trial to treat rheumatoid arthritis was fired for research fraud. The TIGER trial was halted as a result.

in the United States, omalizumab cost about US$540 to $4,600 per month.

title: Omalizumab


text:
CMoy

A CMoy is a pocket headphone amplifier originally designed by Pow Chu Moy.

The headphone amplifier is designed around single or dual-channel operational amplifiers (op-amps) such as Burr-Brown's OPA2134 or OPA2132PA, however, a wide variety of op-amps have been successfully implemented. As the op-amp directly drives headphones, some care should be given when choosing an op-amp. Some op-amps are not suitable for such low impedance loads and will result in poor performance. (See Op-amp swapping.)

The amplifier's design is quite simple. It consists of only a few components, can be assembled on a small section of protoboard, has a lower parts cost than other headphone amplifiers, and can run for many hours on a single 9 volt battery.

Circuit
A typical CMoy consists of two identical AC coupled, non-inverting operational amplifier circuits each with a 100kΩ input impedance.

Power is supplied to the opamps using a dual power supply, which effectively divides the input voltage source in half to create a virtual ground. Many virtual ground circuit options are presented in the various CMoy tutorials found online.

title: CMoy


text:
Santiago Creel

Santiago Creel Miranda (born on 11 December 1954) is a Mexican lawyer and politician, and a member of the National Action Party (PAN). Since 1 September 2021, he has been a federal deputy and the current President of the Congress of the Union and of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Deputies. He served as Secretary of the Interior during the presidency of Vicente Fox Quesada, from 2000 to 2005. In 2006, he was elected Senator to the Congress of the Union and served as President of the Senate of the Republic from 2007 to 2008. In 2016 he served as Constituent Deputy of Mexico City.

Background and family life
Creel's campaign information describes him as a lawyer, father, and husband, as well as a Party loyalist. Born to an American father of Mexican, English, Irish and Spanish descent, and a French mother of German, German Jewish, Spanish and Mexican ancestry, he is a descendant of the Creel-Terrazas family via his father René Creel (1921–2009) who was one of the founders of the National Action Party. Creel has a long history with the PAN. In 2008, he admitted that he is the father of actress Edith González's daughter, Constanza.

Education
Creel received a bachelor's degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and subsequently completed graduate studies at Georgetown University and earned a master's degree at the University of Michigan.

Political career
His career highlights include running for Head of Government of the Federal District in 2000 (a race he narrowly lost to Andrés Manuel López Obrador). He was later appointed to the cabinet by President Vicente Fox to serve as Secretary of the Interior, a position he held from December 2000 to June 2005.

On 1 June 2005, Creel presented Fox with his resignation in order to seek his party's candidacy for the 2006 presidential election. Creel's main contender for the PAN's candidacy was Felipe Calderón who won the primary elections and went on to become President of Mexico.

In 2006, Creel received a proportional representation seat in the Senate to serve during the 60th and 61st Legislatures (2006–2012) and led the PAN Senate delegation until June 2008.

2012 PAN presidential primary
Santiago Creel decided to run for the PAN's Presidential Nomination for the 2012 election and initially led polls ahead of the other candidates on the basis of his high profile, but subsequently lost the nomination to Josefina Vazquez Mota.

Constituent Assembly of Mexico City
Creel was one of seven PAN representatives elected by the voters of Mexico City to sit on the Constituent Assembly of Mexico City, which convened on 15 September 2016.

title: Santiago Creel


text:
Talk:Buteyko method

"The lack of evidence that it works in practice" and 90% less asthma medication
The current article claims "the lack of evidence supporting either the theory behind the method[citation needed] or that it works in practice". Six published controlled randomized trials found about 90-95% reduction in main medication for asthmatics in 3-6 months after application of the Buteyko method. There are strong suspicions that people who made these changes in the current version of the article conceal known, publicly available facts about the proven effects of the Buteyko method on people with asthma. If it does not work in practice, why 6 top notch Western trials found 90% less meds? ARakhimov 07:36, 15 September 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ArtourRakhimov (talk • contribs)
 * Please do not bomb the lede with tags; it is properly summarizing the body as it is supposed to (and citations are not required in the lede). I don't see what the issue is here. According to the best sources we have, &, the evidence simply isn't good enough to say the method is effective. Wikipedia can do nothing other than reflect that. Also, remember WP:TINC. Alexbrn talk 08:17, 15 September 2014 (UTC)
 * There IS a serious problem here. New pharmaceuticals get approved when they have even just a minor possible significant effect (cf Irving Kirsch: "The Emperor's New Drugs"), while non-pharma therapies like Buteyko's obviously get simply shot down by spin doctors / lobbyists. One example is that here in Germany it has been acknowledged by the medical community as indeed effective (and Germany is very bureaucratic and uber-correct, believe me), yet the state health insurance agencies still won't pay for it, it's reserved to the minority of rich private patients (which are no market for big pharma here). --91.47.43.243 (talk) 01:45, 7 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Do you have any evidence that "here in Germany it has been acknowledged by the medical community as indeed effective"? Claims are cheap, and science does not work differently and come to different conclusions in different countries. --Hob Gadling (talk) 12:48, 7 January 2019 (UTC)
 * You say "Six published controlled randomized trials found" something. But how good were they, and how many RCTs found nothing? Such questions are answered by meta-analyses such as those quoted in the article. And they found there is no good evidence. This is how it is determined, not by some conspiracy of "spin doctors". Using primary sources is frowned upon here precisely because it prevents cherry-picking such as what you are doing here. --Hob Gadling (talk) 12:48, 7 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Those metanalytic studies against Butyeko don't establish there is no good evidence. This is simply not true, the evidence is incomplete as these articles and other parts of this article state. Using primary sources prevents the bias from interpreting 2 metanalyses. Furthermore, according to the two PMID studies cited above: "Although few in number, RCTs of respiratory muscle training found a significant reduction in bronchodilator medication use. Where meta-analyses could be done, they provided evidence of benefit from yoga, Buteyko breathing technique and physiotherapist-led breathing training in improving asthma-related quality of life." and "Even though individual trials reported positive effects of breathing exercises, no reliable conclusions could be drawn concerning the use of breathing exercises for asthma in clinical practice. This was a result of methodological differences among the included studies and poor reporting of methodological aspects in most of the included studies. However, trends for improvement are encouraging, and further studies including full descriptions of treatment methods and outcome measurements are required."
 * This is not "no good evidence", that is an overstatement of what is actually incomplete evidence. You my fine sir are cherry-picking excerpts from the metanalyses it seems. Ppavlik (talk) 21:00, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Source: Complementary Therapies in Asthmatic Children
In reading this article, I found that a section requested sources. In searching for sources that pertained to the statements, I found some of the material in COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES IN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN. @Yobol, you actually pointed out that article plagiarized WP. Good catch! I should have checked the date of the publication against previous versions of the article. It is amazing how many internet sites do plagiarize WP. I'll be more careful in the future. Thatcher57 (talk) 23:12, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:41, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Profbuteyko.jpg

Buteyko Biographer Sergey Altukhov & Buteyko Russian to English Translation Project
Is this resource useful for the Buteyko Method Wiki page? Sergey Altukhov written work details how the Buteyko Method was taught in detail. Sergey Altukhov English Website https://thebreathingman.com/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C4:B628:6C01:9197:66B1:B651:7928 (talk) 20:44, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Doubtful from a WP:FRIND perspective. Bon courage (talk) 20:51, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buteyko method


text:
Starting line

Starting line may refer to:
 * A position marking the beginning of a race.
 * The Starting Line, a pop punk band.
 * "Starting Line", a song by Luke Hemmings from When Facing The Things We Turn Away From
 * "The Starting Line", a song by Neil Cicierega from Mouth Moods

title: Starting line


text:
Category talk:Articles to be split

Small formatting quibble
Small formatting quibble: can something be done to remove

 * Template: Split
 * Wikipedia: Template messages/All (and)
 * Wikipedia: Template messages/Disputes

off of the list of articles to be split? It's obvious that the software lists them because they do in fact all contain the "split" template, but on those three pages, the "split" template is only there for an example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.88.233.11 (talk • contribs)
 * Unfortunetly that's a feature bug of Mediawiki. You can't make an included template not add the page to any categories although that would be a nice thing to have.  I assume there's a feature request for it in bugzilla... JesseW 1 July 2005 08:07 (UTC)

GFDL concern
Please take note of discussion at Wikipedia_talk:Summary_style.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 13:57, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Making a start. ..
May - June 2008: started with about 820 articles and now down to 792. It's gonna be a long haul!! -- Alan Liefting ( talk ) - 01:21, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

Progress templates
Once a date parameter is placed on the split templates it would be good to get a progress template. -- Alan Liefting ( talk ) - 07:55, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Merge
Instead of merging this cat with Category:All articles to be split that cat should be merged with this one and then deleted. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 22:10, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

Down to double figures
Op47 (talk) 19:57, 18 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Well done mate.   A rbitrarily 0    ( talk ) 02:58, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

Backlog tag
Since the only articles in this category are either problematic or new, I believe the backlog tag can be removed and have done so. Op47 (talk) 12:47, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

Links to talk pages
I am marking the talk pages as G8 exempt so that any notes are not lost immediately the categories become empty. The following are links so that the pages will not become total orphans.

 * Category talk:Articles to be split from October 2011
 * Category talk:Articles to be split from January 2012
 * Category talk:Articles to be split from February 2012
 * Category talk:Articles to be split from March 2012
 * Category talk:Articles to be split from April 2012
 * Category talk:Articles to be split from May 2012

I'll add
 * Category talk:Articles to be split from September 2013. I put a question there, which I hope someone can answer. Snowsuit Wearer (talk|contribs) 20:27, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Maintainace category
This is a maintenance category. It is preferable that template for this type of action appear on the talk pages, because it is talk pages that are designed for discussing editor actions not article pages. -- PBS (talk) 16:21, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

"CAT:ATBS" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect CAT:ATBS and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. TartarTorte 20:43, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

"Cat:atsb" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat:atsb&redirect=no Cat:atsb] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 01:00, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

"Cat:atbs" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cat:atbs&redirect=no Cat:atbs] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 01:00, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

category title
This category is difficult to find. Why's it a category, unlike the proposed mergers that are linked by month in Wikipedia:Proposed article mergers? rootsmusic (talk) 23:13, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Articles to be split


text:
Alfa Romeo Alfasud

The Alfa Romeo Alfasud (Type 901, 902 and 904) is a small family car manufactured and marketed from 1971 to 1989 by Alfa Romeo as a front-engine, four-door, five-passenger entry-level model over a single generation — with facelifts in 1977 and 1980. There was also a two-door sedan, only available in "ti" trim. Alfa Romeo subsequently introduced a three-door wagon variant, the Giardinetta (1975); two-door coupé, the Alfasud Sprint (1976); three-door hatchback (1981) and finally the five-door hatchback (1982).

Assembly was primarily at the Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant, and 893,719 were manufactured from 1972 to 1983, with the addition of 121,434 Sprint coupé versions between 1976 and 1989.

Developed by Austrian engineer, Rudolf Hruska, the Alfasud was noted for its boxer engine configuration, low center of gravity, aerodynamic profile, class-leading handling, styling by Giorgetto Giugiaro of ItalDesign, and a conspicuous susceptibility to rust.

Background and development
Alfa Romeo had explored building a smaller front wheel drive car in the 1950s but it was not until 1967 that firm plans were laid down for an all-new model to fit in below the existing Alfa Romeo range.

The car was manufactured at a new factory at Pomigliano d'Arco in southern Italy, hence the car's name, Alfa Sud (Alfa South). January 18, 1968, saw the registration at Naples of a new company named "Industria Napoletana Costruzioni Autoveicoli Alfa Romeo-Alfasud S.p.A.". 90% of the share capital was subscribed by Alfa Romeo and 10% by Finmeccanica, at that time the financial arm of the government controlled IRI. Construction work on the company's new state-sponsored plant at nearby Pomigliano d'Arco began in April 1968, on the site of an aircraft engine factory used by Alfa Romeo during World War II.

Launch
The Alfasud debuted at the Turin Motor Show in 1971, featuring front wheel drive with a Boxer of 1,186 cc water-cooled engine with a belt-driven overhead camshaft on each cylinder head; front (MacPherson struts and rear beam axle with Watt's linkage; inboard front disc brakes as well as rear disc brakes as well as rack and pinion steering. The boxer engine allowed a low hood/bonnet line, contributing to an aerodynamic profile, a low center of gravity, and noteworthy road-holding and handling. Despite its two-box shape, the Alfasud was not initially offered as a hatchback. Lights, turn indicators, horn, wipers and heater fan were operated by two column stalks.

The range grows
In November 1973 the first Alfasud sport model joined the range, the two-door Alfasud ti—(Turismo Internazionale, or Touring International). Along with a 5-speed gearbox, it featured a more powerful version of the 1.2 litre engine, brought to 68 PS by adopting a Weber twin-choke carburettor, allowing the small saloon to reach 160 km/h. Quad round halogen headlamps, special wheels, a front body-colour spoiler beneath the bumper and rear black one around the tail distinguished the "ti", while inside there was a three-spoke steering wheel, auxiliary gauges, leatherette/cloth seats, and carpets in place of rubber mats.

In 1974, Alfa Romeo launched a more upscale model, the Alfasud SE. The SE was replaced by the Alfasud L (Lusso) model introduced at the Bruxelles Motor Show in January 1975. Recognizable by its bumper overriders and chrome strips on the door sills and on the tail, the Lusso was better appointed than the standard Alfasud (which was now called "normale"), with such features as cloth upholstery, headrests, padded dashboard with glove compartment and optional tachometer. A three-door estate model called the Alfasud Giardinetta was introduced in May 1975, with the same equipment of the Alfasud "L".

The Lusso model was produced until 1976, and was then replaced by the new Alfasud 5m (5 marce, five speed) model, the first four-door Alfasud with a five-speed gearbox. Presented at the March 1976 Geneva Motor Show, it was equipped like the Lusso it replaced.

In September 1976, the Alfasud Sprint coupé was launched. Built on the same platform of the saloon, it featured lower, more angular bodywork, again by Giorgetto Giugiaro, and featured a hatchback. The Sprint was powered by a new, more powerful Boxer, stroked from the 1.2 to displace 1286 cc and develop 76 PS, and was paired the five-speed gearbox. The same 1286 cc engine was later fitted into the 2-door saloon, creating the Alfasud ti 1.3, which was put on sale alongside the "ti" 1.2 in July 1977.

1978 revisions
In late 1977 the Alfasud Super replaced the range-topping four-door "5m". It was available with both the 1.2- and 1.3-litre engines from the "ti", though both were equipped with a single-choke carburettor. The Super introduced improvements both outside, with new bumpers including large plastic strips, and inside, with a revised dashboard, new door cards and the choice of either Alfatex (vinyl) or two-tone cloth seats. Similar upgrades were applied to the Giardinetta.

In May 1978 the Sprint and "ti" got new engines, a 79 PS 1.3 (1,350 cc) and an 85 PS 1.5 (1,490 cc), both with a twin-choke carburettor. At the same time the Alfasud ti received cosmetic updates: bumpers from the Super, new rear spoiler on the boot lid, black wheel arch extensions and black front spoiler, and was upgraded to the revised interior of the Super. The 1.3 and 1.5 engines were soon made available alongside the 1.2 on the Giardinetta and Super, with a slightly lower output compared to the sport models, due to having a single-choke carburettor. In 1979 the Sprint was given a double twin-choke carburettor setup and became the Alfasud Sprint Veloce.

1980 facelift
All Alfasuds were upgraded in 1980 with plastic bumpers, a new instrument panel, headlamps and rear lights, as well as other revisions. The Ti version was fitted with a twin-carburetor version of the 1490 cc engine that had been fitted to the Sprint the previous year, developing 95 bhp A three-door hatchback was added to the range in 1981 in either SC or Ti trim, and the two-door Ti and Giardinetta were deleted from most markets around that time. Belatedly, in 1982 the four-door cars were replaced by five-door versions, as by now, most of its competitors were producing a hatchback of that size, although some also produced a saloon alternative. The range was topped by the five-door Gold Cloverleaf, featuring the 95 PS engine from the Ti and enhanced interior trim.

In 1983 an attempt to keep pace with the hot hatchback market, the final version of the Alfasud Ti received a tuned 1490 cc engine developing 105 PS (77 kW). Named Quadrifoglio Verde (Green Cloverleaf), the model was also fitted with Michelin low-profile TRX tyres on metric rims (tyre size 190/55 VR 340 TRX) as well as an enhanced level of equipment.

Rust
The Alfasud became notorious for its propensity to rust, notably because of an assembly process that combined inferior recycled steel, and the factory's Pomigliano d'Arco location just 15 kilometers from the Bay of Naples. In one instance, early Bodies in White, ready for painting, were left outside the assembly building, in the naturally salty air. To inhibit rust, engineers called for filling all bodywork box-sections with synthetic foam, which was later discovered to hold moisture.

End of production
In 1983, the five-door Alfasud saloons were replaced by the 33 models. The 33 was an evolution of the Alfasud's floorpan and running gear, including minor suspension alterations, and a change from four-wheel disc brakes to front disc and rear drum brakes to reduce costs. The Alfasud Sprint was renamed the Alfa Romeo Sprint in 1983. That model was continued until 1989 by sharing 33's running gear. The three-door versions continued for a further year before being replaced by the unsuccessful Alfa Romeo Arna, a joint venture between Alfa Romeo and Nissan.

Foreign assembly
The Alfasud was also assembled in Malaysia by City Motors of Ipoh, although the plant was located in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian cars received the 1.2, 1.35, and 1.5 litre engines, and all had the four-door bodywork. In South Africa, Alfa Romeo's local subsidiary built the Alfasud in its plant in Brits. Beginning in June 1981, the South African-made Alfasud was renamed the Alfa Romeo Export GTA and received the 105 PS version of the 1.5 litre flat-four. The Export GTA had the five-door bodywork.

Engines

 * 1971–1983 1.2 L (1,186 cc) Alfa Romeo Boxer H4, 63–68 hp
 * 1977–1983 1.3 L (1,286 cc) Alfa Romeo Boxer H4, 68-75 hp (56 kW)
 * 1978–1983 1.4 L (1,350 cc) Alfa Romeo Boxer H4, 79 hp
 * 1978–1984 1.5 L (1,490 cc) Alfa Romeo Boxer H4, 85–105 hp (63–78 kW)

Motorsport
From 1975, a racing series was organised exclusively for Alfasuds. One year later, the Alfasud Trophy began in Italy and Austria, and later France and Germany got their own competitions. In 1977 the "Trofeo Europa Alfasud" was set up, in which the best drivers from each country competed. The Trofeo Alfasud was equipped with the 1,286 cc engine with an Autodelta kit. Gerhard Berger is probably the best-known driver to participate in the Alfasud Trofeo.

An Alfasud Ti contested the 1980 Hardie-Ferodo 1000 at Bathurst in Australia, placing fourth in the up to 1600 cc class. Jon Dooley, Rob Kirby and Andrew Thorpe took part in the 1982 British Saloon Car Championship season, using an Alfasud Ti and an Alfasud Sprint.

The Alfasud Ti also competed successfully in Rallying, with class wins in the prestigious Monte Carlo Rally in 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1984 and 1985.

Legendary 3 time Formula 1 World Champion Ayrton Senna, had an Alfasud Ti 1.5L. He drove it to his first F1 test with Williams Racing.

Alfa Romeo Caimano
The Alfa Romeo Caimano is a concept car designed in 1971 by Giorgetto Giugiaro at Italdesign Giugiaro. It uses the same mechanicals and frame from the Alfasud, but with an 8 in shorter wheelbase.

Famous conversions

 * Gian Franco Mantovani Wainer produced a one-off Bimotore version, with two 1,186 cc engines and four-wheel drive for rallying. Wainer also produced a turbocharged Turbowainer model in 1983.
 * The Alfasud was the basis of the Minari kit car designed by Andy Borrowman and Sean Prendergast. Approximately 120 cars were sold throughout the 1990s.

title: Alfa Romeo Alfasud


text:
Talk:South Whittier, California

Legitimacy of South Whittier as a city
Not many people regard this as a seperate city, as mailing address and maps connotate Whittier area (whether it is Whittier or South Whittier) as "Whittier". There are some disputed areas of which could be Whittier or surrounding cities such as Santa Fe Springs or La Mirada. However, most residents regard all of the city north of Telegraph, east of Carmenita, and west of the Leffinwell/Telegraph intersection as Whittier. THe area south of Telegraph and in between Valley View and Candlewood is usually regarded as Whittier when closer to Telegraph, and as La Mirada when close to Imperial.
 * South Whittier is a U.S. gov't-defined census designated place, so the discussion of whether South Whittier is a community is moot. WhisperToMe (talk) 17:19, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Whittier, California


text:
User talk:Lostchicken

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:28, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

fit vs. fitted
Hi. regarding a recent edit you made eliminating "fitted". This is the past tense of 'to fit' in British English which is what I wrote the article in originally. Usually articles remain in whatever version of English they were created in. This prevents a mixture of dialects which sounds terrible. Graham 23:43, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Hey there
Hey, Thomas! I just stumbled across you looking at Hockaday's history and I wanted to let you know that if ever you have any questions or problems feel free to contact me. Hope the semester's wrapping up / wrapped up well (this old timer can't remember when classes ended).— Laura Scudder ☎ 21:30, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Template:Infobox Computing signal
Hi. Thanks for your alert. User:DH85868993 kindly disabled the malfunctioning section so it wouldn't continue to cause problems while I remained unaware. I think (hope) all is okay again as I've inserted the end-table tag that was missing. Sorry to've overlooked! Sardanaphalus (talk) 11:50, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Downtown Kingstree 1303.jpg

The file File:Downtown Kingstree 1303.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

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This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:00, 18 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lostchicken