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Fort Union National Monument

Fort Union National Monument is a unit of the United States National Park Service located 7.7 miles north of Watrous in Mora County, New Mexico.

The site preserves the remains of three forts that were built starting in the 1850’s. Also visible at Fort Union and from the road leading to it are ruts from the Mountain and Cimarron Branches of the old Santa Fe Trail.

The National Monument has a visitor center containing a historical museum and showing a film about the fort’s history. A self-guiding trail leads through remains of the second and third forts. Ruins of the ordnance depot and site of the first fort are visible across the valley to the west.

The National Monument is open 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. throughout the year except Thanksgiving (fourth Thursday of November), Christmas Day (December 25) and New Year’s Day (January 1). Admission is free.

Description by William Davis
Santa Fe trader and author William Davis gave his first impression of the fort in the year 1857:

"Fort Union, a hundred and ten miles from Santa Fé, is situated in the pleasant valley of the Moro. It is an open post, without either stockades or breastworks of any kind, and, barring the officers and soldiers who are seen about, it has much more the appearance of a quiet frontier village than that of a military station. It is laid out with broad and straight streets crossing each other at right angles. The huts are built of pine logs, obtained from the neighboring mountains, and the quarters of both officers and men wore a neat and comfortable appearance."

History of Fort Union
The treaty ending the U.S.-Mexican War gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas and ceded to the United States the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.

In New Mexico, the U.S. army set up garrisons in settlements to protect the area’s inhabitants and travel routes from raids by Native Americans, but this proved unsatisfactory. Temptations in civilian communities such as alcohol distracted soldiers and often made them unfit for duty.

In April 1851, Lt. Col. Edwin V. Sumner was ordered to revise the defense of the territory. Among his first acts was to break up the garrisons and move them closer to the Indians. He moved his headquarters and supply depot from Santa Fe to near where the Mountain and Cimarron branches of the Santa Fe Trail converged. This was about 25 miles northeast of the town of Las Vegas. There he set up Fort Union.

The first of the three forts built in this valley was begun in August 1851. For a decade it served as the base for military operations in the area and a key station on the Santa Fe Trail, affording travelers a place to rest nearby and refit at the post sutler’s store (where general merchandise not supplied to soldiers by the army was sold). It also became the principal military supply depot of the Southwest.

During the 1850s, the fort’s mounted riflemen (called dragoons) campaigned against several southern Rocky Mountain Indian tribes that were disrupting traffic on the Santa Fe Trail. One of the first campaigns was directed against the Jicarilla Apaches. In 1854 that tribe nearly wiped out a company of dragoons. The Apaches were driven into the mountains west of the Rio Grande and routed. Military operations were also conducted against Utes of southern Colorado in 1855 and Kiowas and Comanches for raiding the plains east of the fort in 1860–61.

Anticipating a Confederate invasion of New Mexico, Col. Edward R.S. Canby, charged with the territory’s defense, concentrated troops at Fort Craig on the Rio Grande near present-day Socorro, and sent its soldiers to patrol the Santa Fe Trail, the main artery of supply for Federal forces. He also ordered construction of the second Fort Union, a star-shaped earthen fortification, to strengthen defenses.

When the Civil War began in April 1861, most of the regular troops (except those officers who joined Confederate forces) were withdrawn from Fort Union and other frontier posts to be sent east. They were replaced by volunteer regiments.

The second fort at the National Monument was designed to defend against a Confederate military invasion coming north up the Rio Grande Valley, from El Paso, Texas. Early in the war such a force was turned back in 1862 by Colorado and New Mexico Volunteers and U.S. Regulars from Fort Union. They fought the Confederates at Glorieta Pass, about 20 miles southeast of Santa Fe. Defeated, the Confederates withdrew to Texas, ending Civil War activity in the Southwest and saving the mines in Colorado from being used as a source of funds for the South. The second Fort Union was abandoned soon afterwards.

The third fort, whose ruins was begun in 1863. With New Mexico securely in Federal hands, the new departmental commander, Brig. Gen. James H. Carleton began its construction. The sprawling installation took six years to complete and was the most extensive in the territory. It included not only a military post but a separate quartermaster depot with warehouses, corrals, shops, offices and living quarters.

The supply function overshadowed that of the military and employed far more men, mostly civilians. An ordnance depot, erected on the site of the first fort at the western edge of the valley, rounded out the complex.

Throughout the 1860s and the 1870s troops from Fort Union took part in operations against Indians. Several relentless campaigns against the Apaches, Navajos, Cheyennes, Arapahos, Kiowas, Utes and Comanches finally brought peace to the southern Plains in the spring of 1875 but on the white man’s terms.

Fort Union’s involvement in the Indian wars had come to an end but its garrison occasionally helped to track down outlaws, quell mob violence, and mediate feuds. The supply depot continued to flourish until 1879, when the Santa Fe Railroad replaced the Santa Fe Trail as the principal means of commerce. By 1891 the fort had outlived its usefulness and was abandoned.

Units assigned to Fort Union and Kit Carson
The fort served as headquarters of the 8th Cavalry in the early 1870s and as headquarters of the 9th Cavalry in the late 1870s during the Apache Wars. Christopher “Kit” Carson was commander of Fort Union from December 24, 1865 to April 24, 1866.

Land ownership
In its forty years (1851–1891) as a frontier post, Fort Union had to defend itself in the courtroom as well as on the battlefield. When the United States Army built Fort Union in the Mora Valley in 1851, the soldiers were unaware that they had encroached on private property, which was part of the Mora Grant. The following year Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner expanded the fort to an area of eight square miles by claiming the site as a military reservation. In 1868, President Andrew Johnson declared a timber reservation, encompassing the entire range of the Turkey Mountains (part of the Sangre de Cristo range) and comprising an area of fifty-three square miles, as part of the fort.

The claimants of the Mora Grant immediately challenged the government squatters and took the case to court. By the mid-1850s, the case reached Congress. In the next two decades, the government did not give any favorable decision to the claimants, until 1876 when the Surveyor-General of New Mexico reported that Fort Union was "no doubt" located in the Mora Grant. But the army was unwilling to move to another place or to compensate the claimants because of the cost. The Secretary of War took "a prudential measure", protesting the decision of the acting commissioner of the General Land Office. He argued that the military had improved the area and should not give it up without compensation. This stalling tactic worked; the army stayed at the fort until its demise in 1891, not paying a single penny to legitimate owners.

title: Fort Union National Monument


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia

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Just for the record, Amtsakhara has always been at that title, so I changed the link here. Furthermore, it's the title that always seems to be used in English - until I read it here, I didn't even know that its English name was Signal Lights. Ambi 00:23, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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Requested move 29 March 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Consensus against moving away from the common "list of" title. (non-admin closure) Natg 19 (talk) 17:47, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

– Removing the first two words is more concise, without losing any clarity. The very few exceptions where there exists a separate page already at target format (Political parties in Ukraine, Political parties in the United States, Political parties in Eswatini) are not affected. Iveagh Gardens (talk) 15:53, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
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 * Oppose, this is too broad. There is a significant loss of clarity when shifting from a List article to a non-list article. Maybe some articles are different, but in a quick spotcheck above the three I clicked were all actual lists. CMD (talk) 16:32, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Some articles are definitely different (such as Russia) and those should be moved. Charles Essie (talk) 17:37, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I've responded to this to a similar comment below, but as yours was the first, I thought to add here: I'm not advocating for a change in the content to any of these articles, merely to the title. Iveagh Gardens (talk) 07:34, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I am unsure about the argument that there will be no loss in clarity. An overwhelming majority of these articles appear to be, indeed, lists. What such merger will cause is that some articles will not be lists but rather more detailled descriptions of the party system in given country (so Political parties in Ukraine and Political parties in the United States), whereas others will be just... lists. This is not clarity at all. Brat Forelli🦊  17:41, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * To ask what might seem like a silly question, what is the specific benefit of including List of in the title itself? I appreciate the general guidance at WP:LISTNAME, but I don't understand it as saying that it's required as a naming convention. Take List of political parties in Costa Rica (to pick one at random): if titled Political parties in Costa Rica, and the reader finds a list, I can't see a confusion on their part. Political parties is itself a generalised plural; it would be different if it were Party system of X. Others above are more descriptive and discursive, although including a list, while some that are lists have the potential to be developed with a more discursive section. Even for those destined to remain a simple list, I don't see that a shorter article title is less clear for the reader. Iveagh Gardens (talk) 18:25, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * "List" in the title makes it clear that the article is just that: a list, and not an encyclopedic description of the subject. For instance, if I saw an article titled "List of political parties in Serbia", I would know that it's simply going to be a long table where each row is a link to a specific Serbian party, possibly with a few brief bits of data about each one. However, if the article was titled "Political parties in Serbia", I would expect it to give a thorough textual description of Serbia's party system, its history, its current state, important individuals, key organizations, etc. Since the articles in this RM seem to be just tables of links to parties by country, it's correct and helpful to title them as "lists". ╠╣uw [ talk ]  18:41, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose: "List" for many nations might be as far as this goes for a great many nations, and is a good stoping place that covers the full topic since some smaller (fringe) parties may never even evolve to have a full article and thus since wikipedia censors if its there's redlinks in full articles it means further bias would creep into Wikipedia. CaribDigita (talk) CaribDigita (talk) 19:43, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, a shift to non-list based articles is adventurist and broad, there's nothing wrong with how these articles are organized now. The perceived "benefit" of clarity that's being brought up is trite and unclear; growth for the sake of growth is the ideology of the cancer cell. Castroonthemoon (talk) 21:25, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * For the sake of clarity, I'm not arguing that the content of any or all of the articles here expand. Some might, and if a meaningful expansion, that's great. I'm merely arguing that those which remain simply as lists (which could be most if not all) are not less clear to the reader by being titled simply as Political parties in Ruritania. Iveagh Gardens (talk) 07:33, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose: Per all above. Vif12vf/Tiberius (talk) 23:17, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per reasons listed above. CanonNi (talk) 01:56, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose, WP:CONCISE doesn't matter here, if it is a list it should prefix with list. If this wouldn't be lists, that would be a valid argument though. Killarnee (talk) 02:16, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. Some articles, like the List of political parties in Indonesia, already rather more detailled descriptions, than a list, and other will non-list later. What for co-existing Pol. par in... and List of pol. par. in...? DayakSibiriak (talk) 03:40, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * so a list can't be detailed? Castroonthemoon (talk) 06:10, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * We can. And will more exect under titles Political parties in... If remain list titles, users wull create dupl pages Political parties in... only for description. Better to settle a matter now. DayakSibiriak (talk) 06:49, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Support. Proposed rename would result in more meaningful, more encyclopedic articles that go beyond a mere list. Marokwitz (talk) 07:30, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I can envision it being possible that at some point (maybe even now) one of these pages gets so large with both a list and prose description that a split could be useful. So they'd split a List of x in y (list page) and X in y (prose page) again, and we'd be back where we started. I think there's a possible argument you can make on the individual level on which variant of the title is more appropriate even at present. Not easily fittable into unilateral decision. toobigtokale (talk) 10:10, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose Not seeing the issue with the current title, and the change changes the scope slightly for the articles to become more essay-like and less focussed (and the kind of thing that could be covered at the Politics of Fooland articles. Don't really understand the comment above about List of political parties in Indonesia – it looks like a pretty normal list article to me. Number   5  7  12:19, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * In Indonesian Wiki nearly same contert devided into two articles: "Political parties in Indonesia" and "List of..." To me it's not best. Afraid of the same style in EnWiki. DayakSibiriak (talk) 14:01, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * See my comment just above this exchange. Division like that I'd argue is necessary if either the list or prose description is too long. toobigtokale (talk) 21:35, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I expect, we together understand in this case no big deal and problem. Can be so ans so. Just. The head "Political parties..." better covers content. And pure lists may be with no a word "list" too. DayakSibiriak (talk) 10:57, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose per the arguments made above, particularly precision for the naming of lists FortunateSons (talk) 23:36, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose: In conjunction with the previous arguments, I agree that this makes the subject of the articles too ambiguous and broad, especially for larger countries with many active and former political parties. For smaller countries, like the European microstates, maybe. However, for the sake of clarity and consistency I wouldn't consider it. Probably a redirect at best. TheBritinator (talk) 15:53, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Question: Why can't there be an overview and list of political parties of a given region? OzzyOlly (talk) 17:50, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'd argue there can/should be if either the prose overview or list on a single article get too long. toobigtokale (talk) 17:52, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose. Keep standard title format for lists. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:26, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, the ones I clicked are actually lists, so should stay with list in the title. Individual ones that aren't or are to no longer be lists could be raised separately. I don't think this proposal is calling for all of these articles to be converted to prose. If its a list then it should be titled as such.  Dank Jae  17:57, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Support A lot of articles have more information than just a standard list, and for those that don't I hope it will encourage useres to add more information, such as history, ideology, important leaders, etc. Yosy (talk) 11:47, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:81.155.66.25

title: User talk:81.155.66.25


text:
Talk:Linux Gazette

This article is heavily geared towards SSC's POV. I've refrained from editing this article because I am a member of LinuxGazette.net's Answer Gang, but it's worth noting that User:TaranRampersad, who added the POV material, is the current editor of LinuxGazette.com -- Jim Regan 00:24, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

As the original "Answer Guy" I have to agree with Jim here. Beyond that I also have to question whether Linux Gazette actually deserves a Wikipedia article entry at all. I don't consider myself to be worthy of an article, either. My inclination would be to recuse myself because of my obvious bias. However, the article already violates Wikipedia's NPOV policy. So I'm fixing it as best I can.JimD 01:57, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)

As Taran Rampersad, I'm saying that before I jumped in the article was heavily slanted toward the non-SSC Point of View, which can be determined by the history. I've made additions based on fact, not opinion. If others can bring facts to bear, or wish to question the facts presented, then that's fair game. I'm not here to change this Wikipedia entry by myself, but I will not stand by and let SSC get rained upon in public opinion again.

Bring facts. With facts, there's less POV and more article. I removed the link to my personal website, and in exchange affirm that I am the current editor of Linux Gazette.--TaranRampersad 01:33, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I beg to differ. Both of your edits were heavily laden with POV: I've left a message on your talk page outlining those in your last edit. Nobody's trying to rain on SSC here, what we're trying to do is accurately reflect both sides of an argument. Before your edits, the article stated:
 * "In October 2003, the Linux Gazette split into two competing groups; SSC decided to use a CMS, making the Linux Gazette site similar to that of Linux Journal, the company's main magazine. Thischange was resisted by The Answer Gang--which includes the Gazette's editors and many of its regular authors--who have decided to continue the Linux Gazette in its original form. SSC has attempted to assert trade mark claims over the publication, which have been resisted by the Answer Gang."

I really don't see how that's "heavily slanted toward the non-SSC Point of View": if it's heavily slanted in any direction, it's towards SSC's POV, as it did not mention the Answer Gang's stated reasons for moving. Just to spare you from having to go to the competition's website:
 * "October 2003 (#95): Heather Stern sends off her portion of the issue (TAG, Tips, and Mailbag) for public release. Several days later, a sharp-eyed observer notices the "Gazette Matters" topic, describing SSC's plans and the staff's concerns, is mysteriously missing from the Mailbag article. Queries to SSC about the deletion go unanswered. Most mirrors carry the damaged edition (and later it turns out that other articles are being silently deleted from prior issues, likewise reflected out to the mirrors).
 * "As it is still unknown which CMS software is planned to be used for the release, the staff confer, with the eventual consensus that:

 * "1. SSC's CMS may end up being a fine Web discussion forum of some sort, but (being neither periodic, edited, nor a magazine) clearly won't be Linux Gazette.
 * "2. they find it disturbing that a hosting site (such as SSC) would suddenly turn completely uncommunicative towards the magazine staff and make unauthorised and unannounced edits to the published text."

(From A Brief History of Linux Gazette by Rick Moen.

(The deleted mailbag content may be viewed here. Compare with SSC's version) -- Jim Regan 00:38, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC) Oh... I think I see now: "decided to continue the Linux Gazette in its original form." Is that what you consider to be "heavily slanted"? Sorry, but that is fact: Linux Gazette.net is much closer to the original form of Linux Gazette (in my opinion -- sorry, couldn't resist). -- Jim Regan 00:48, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Look, I responded here to your questions: []

As for the rest, SSC hasn't really said much, and this is not the proper context for SSC to do so. However, everything in the article can be substantiated - otherwise I would not have added it. At the link above, you can see how to contact me. I'll be in flux over the next month, but I'll be around as much as I can.

 * I've read that, and responded. I'm not looking to argue about specifics, or to drag SSC's name through the mud. What I'm looking for is to keep this article NPOV'd. I've stated my bias, I know you're keeping an eye on the article and vice versa. Perhaps between us we can have an article that's balanced? I will admit that adding the word 'claim' has tilted the balance somewhat, but I'm waiting to see if you can rephrase those two sentences in a way that both of us feel us fair.

 * It's a pain, sure, but it's the Wikipedia way. -- Jim Regan 13:00, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Currently, (May 1st, 2006) linuxgazette.com redirects to the linuxjournal.com homepage. So it appears that linuxgazette.com is effectively dead. -- 209.206.234.62 20:13, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

And more recently (2015-02-01) http://www.linuxgazette.net reads "The main content of this site is currently down for service" and looking at the page info tells me that it's been this way since (2014-05-29) while the most recent issue available on http://linuxgazette.net is from June 2011 (#186). So, has Linux Gazette died? In that case a bit more info about its demise would be nice to have on the page. TomasPospisek (talk) 20:02, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linux Gazette


text:
Peirce Lynch

Peirce Lynch, alias Peter Lynch, fl. 1485–1486, was the first Mayor of Galway.

The son of John Lynch fitz Edmond, as well as a brother of Dominick Dubh Lynch, and a member of one of The Tribes of Galway, Peirce became the first Mayor of Galway in August 1485, being succeeded by his brother Dominck in August 1486. His grandfather, Edmond Lynch, was Sovereign of Galway in the years 1434 and 1443. Their ancestor, Thomas de Linche, was provost of Galway in 1274. Descendants of the family continued to hold office regularly up to 1654.

title: Peirce Lynch


text:
Talk:Œ

I find "œ" written in a lot of French texts and words, even modern ones. Is "œ" still a common ligature in French?

It's not particularly common, and it's sometimes just written OE as a capital, but you can still find it, mainly before u, as in œuf egg. 68.145.207.92 00:07, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, it's extremely common if we consider that it is used in 100% of cases in which the letters o and e together are pronounced /œ/ or /ø/. — Chameleon 03:32, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

The pronunciation was ambiguous as to /eɪ/ vs. /ɛ/, and it isn't in the OED, so I transcribed it as I pronounce it. It would be best for someone to check. kwami (talk) 02:45, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

In handwritten and typeset French, using the ligature is mandatory where the word requires it. In typewritten and computer-written French, using separate characters has been very common (in France, at least), since standard French AZERTY keyboards did not have a dedicated key or shifted/combo key for œ/Œ (or for æ/Æ, for that matter). Some computer applications automatically substitute the ligature for separate characters where appropriate, but apart from that, separate characters have been the rule in typewritten and online copy in France. A voluntary standard for a new AZERTY computer keyboard layout that does include the œ/Œ and æ/Æ ligatures was recently adopted by the French government. If it ever comes into widespread use, we may begin to see more properly spelled French online. PCMartinSeattle (talk) 03:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Œ in German
"Œ is not used in German; borrowings using oe are rendered ö." Really? I see "Cœurs" and "Coeurs" in German text all the time, referring to hearts (the suit of playing cards; not "Herzen".) I am certainly not proficient in German, so I'd be interested in what a native German speaker would have to say. Incremental Improvements (talk) 14:31, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * You'll find the Œ or œ quite seldom in German texts. The only occurrences I know are in words borrowed from French. But even French words get Germanised: Friseur -> Frisör (barber) - but the use of the Germanised word is optional. I don't quite know any example for the use of œ in German texts. "Cœurs" is usually not used in daily language. —Preceding unsigned comment added by FAThomssen (talk • contribs) 13:53, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

phenix
That's preposterous to claim "phenix" is an American English variant of "phoenix." The legendary bird is spelled with a superfluous o, the Arizonan city is not an exception as "yes, you can also find "phoenix" in the US, especially in the case of Phoenix, Arizona, but that is beside the point" implies. Though, it could be said Phenix, Alabama is the exception.68.188.2.182 (talk) 03:45, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

I replaced that example with "diarrh(o)ea" which--I think--is more accurate.68.188.2.182 (talk) 03:48, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

The name "œthel"
The name "oethel" has been in this article for several years (first introduced in this edit), but I find no evidence for it outside Wikipedia. The Oxford English Dictionary does not include oethel or any variant in this sense (athel or ethel means "ancestry" or "nobility" in Old English, but was not written with œ or oe) and I can't find it in Google Scholar or Google Books (although it appears as a misprint or misscan for æthel in a few places). Similarly oegule appears in only 4 Web pages, and nowhere in Google Scholar or Books. So I have removed both names. --Macrakis (talk) 00:55, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I have now found references to the name ethel (not œthel) in the glossaries of several recent typography books (Bringhurst et al.), but it's not clear where they're getting this. The Unicode standard under U+0153 claims that the name comes from Old English eðel = æthel, but that means 'noble' and has no connection as far as I can see to a letter name. --Macrakis (talk) 21:37, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps some supposed connection with the rune Odal? (See the section Futhorc Ethel.) But I have no idea how accurate that article is. --Zundark (talk) 22:01, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * This rune is related to the concept of ethel, family descent and inheritance, but I don't know of any connection to the œ ligature. --Macrakis (talk) 22:17, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * If the word ôþalan were umlauted in a North Germanic language, it would be spelled œðal- (where œ represents a long umlauted ō, like German öh). But umlaut is triggered by an i after the umlauted vowel, and there is no i. — Eru·tuon 03:54, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

Pronunciation
"The œ, oe, or e is generally pronounced /iː/, or /ɛ/ in a few cases." I don't know what that means. Can someone translate to English? I really think we need to start adding examples in addition to the International Phonetic Alphabet stuff; if I don't know how to use it, I bet most other people don't, either. OptimistBen (talk) 06:28, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * IPA is Wikipedia's standard for pronunciation, for many reasons. For an English-oriented introduction, see IPA chart for English. It is the only reasonable system that works for all languages (not just English phonology but Vietnamese phonology), that is taught and used internationally (which is especially important for those whose best language isn't English), and is unambiguous. It would be nice if there were a useful IPA-based phonemic system for English so that dialect variations wouldn't cause problems, but I don't think there is one....

 * If you want to read the (rather extensive) existing discussions on IPA in WP, take a look at Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style_(pronunciation); and of course you are welcome to continue the discussion there. --Macrakis (talk) 16:25, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Why couldn't you attempt an explanation of how to pronounce it? I read the guide for IPA; it is opaque. This wiki is English. It is not limited by paper. Putting an example in there (as pronounced by the "i" in [word] would not be that big of a deal. OptimistBen (talk) 16:49, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Because the purpose of Talk pages is to discuss editing the article, not to answer random questions. --Macrakis (talk) 18:25, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The purpose of letters is ostensibly to aid in reading, but apparently we're foregoing that purpose in this case, eh? If I'm reading that correctly, then celiac and coeliac have the exact same pronunciation. It's just that coeliac is impossible to read phonetically in English. I read coeliac as "koliac", similar to the pronunciation of Frank Coe's last name. What purpose does oe serve? Also, when do we pronounce it /iː/ rather than /ɛ/? The rule surrounding that distinction should be included, as those are very different sounds. OptimistBen (talk) 18:56, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't tell if you're trolling or just want to chat, but Talk pages aren't appropriate for either. --Macrakis (talk) 20:40, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Maybe the length of my last reply prevented you from seeing its relevance to this article. 1) I don't appreciate you calling me a troll. Have you never heard of good faith? 2) Two of the languages presented, Romance and IPA, have examples of how to pronounce. Romance has a good exposition on when pronunciations are different, and its distribution in the language -- the ligature is not used that often. I don't see why this would be irrelevant when we are talking about a symbol in a phonetic alphabet. OptimistBen (talk) 22:19, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I said I "couldn't tell". Why couldn't I tell? Because you keep changing the subject. You started with a complaint about the phrasing of the article ("I don't know what that means. Can someone translate to English?"); then you complain about IPA (which, as a matter of WP policy, should be discussed on the relevant policy page); then you apparently are complaining that you don't like the spelling "oe" because it "doesn't aid in reading" (WP is not here to reform English spelling); then you ask about when it's /iː/ rather than /ɛ/.

 * This last point actually fits in to the purpose of a talk page, so.... I suspect that to the extent there's any pattern at all, it's the same as a plain 'e'. We have /iː/ in foetus, diarrhoea, subpoena, coenobite, homoeopathic, oenology, oesophagus (UK), oestrus (UK), oedema (UK), sometimes reduced to /ɪ/ when unaccented: oedema (UK); /ɛ/ in foetid, phloem, oestrus (US/UK), foederal (rare since 1800); reduced to /ə/ in accented position: oesophagus (US), oedema (US); then of course there are French borrowings like oeuvre.... I don't see a clear pattern; do you? --Macrakis (talk) 14:35, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

ISO8859-1 history
I've added personal recollections of how the character was removed from ISO8859-1 to Talk:ISO/IEC 8859. I can assert that the French committee members insisted that it be removed; it wasn't a case of neglect. David Brooks (talk) 05:39, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

Input method
Does Alt Gr + X really work in US international? There is no Alt Gr + X combination on this image http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_layout#US-International I have never seen a Win 7 PC where Alt Gr + X would work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.14.191.73 (talk) 20:25, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Oe - capital O, minor e
Does the combination exist: capital O connected with a minor e? Thanks, --143.245.6.110 (talk) 13:07, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * In French, it is a rare typographical variant of Œ. I don’t know about other languages. Palpalpalpal (talk) 19:21, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

mœur?
What's up with the word "mœur"? It's not in the French dictionary I have, nor does the translation "mores" make sense in English.186.106.123.94 (talk) 17:00, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The singular form does not exist in French, only the plural, mœurs. I’ve corrected this in the article. For the meaning of mores in English, see for instance here. Palpalpalpal (talk) 19:24, 4 August 2015 (UTC)

We?
I noticed that the Modern English section uses the term "we", I'm unsure if this is correct. 198.189.140.18 (talk) 13:46, 14 September 2017 (UTC) anon 2017 sept 14
 * Agreed, I'll change the wording so it's more neutral. 2WR1 (talk) 21:59, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Inputting Œ and œ
Since Wikipedia is not a manual or how-to guide, I've removed the above text. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 08:55, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

Austrian name confusion
In the Other Germanic languages section there is a line that says "In Österreich/Oesterreich (Austria), the œ is pronounced Ëhr." This does not make any sense, the name of the country is spelt Österreich and so doesn't contain a 'œ'. Also 'Ëhr' doesn't mean anything, that is not the way anything is spelt in German, I have no idea what that is supposed to mean. I think this line should be removed, just wanted to see what other people think. 2WR1 (talk) 21:58, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Removed. ---Sluzzelin talk  22:04, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Minor editing mistake
Do a search for this: ''The words involved include. These recent borrowings from French include manœuvre, hors d'œuvre, œuvre, and œil de bœuf'' The first sentence is incomplete and there's no period after the second. I'm guessing someone began to compose or edit it and was interrupted. I'll leave it to that person (or the article's primary author) to fix it. PCMartinSeattle (talk) 03:40, 21 August 2020 (UTC) WP:BE BOLD and go ahead and fix it yourself, especially if it's a minor error like this so that its correction should be uncontroversial. Thanks and have a nice day! -a fellow editor 01:24, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Œ


text:
Fossil Butte National Monument

Fossil Butte National Monument is a United States National Monument managed by the National Park Service, located 15 mi west of Kemmerer, Wyoming, United States. It centers on an assemblage of Eocene Epoch (56 to 34 million years ago) animal and plant fossils associated with Fossil Lake—the smallest lake of the three great lakes which were then present in what are now Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. The other two lakes were Lake Gosiute and Lake Uinta. Fossil Butte National Monument was established as a national monument on October 23, 1972.

Fossil Butte National Monument preserves the best paleontological record of Cenozoic aquatic communities in North America and possibly the world, within the 50-million-year-old Green River Formation — the ancient lake bed. Fossils preserved include fish, alligators, bats, turtles, a dog-sized horse, insects, and many other species of plants and animals — suggest that the region was a low, subtropical, freshwater basin when the sediments accumulated, over about a 2 million-year period.

Geologic formations

During the Eocene this portion of Wyoming was a sub-tropical lake ecosystem. The Green River Lake System contained three ancient lakes, Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute, and Lake Uinta. These lakes covered parts of southwest Wyoming, northeast Utah and northwestern Colorado. Fossil Butte is a remnant of the deposits from Fossil Lake. Fossil Lake was 40 to 50 mile long from north to south and 20 miles wide. Over the two million years that it existed, the lake varied in length and width.

Fossil Buttes National Monument contains only 13 square miles (8198 acres) of the 900-square-mile (595200 acres) ancient lake. The ancient lake sediments that form the primary fossil digs is referred to as the Green River Formation. In addition to this fossil-bearing strata, a large portion of the Wasatch Formation, river and stream sediments, is within the national monument. The Wasatch Formation represents the shoreline ecosystem around the lake and contains fossil teeth and bone fragments of Eocene mammals. Among these are early primates and horses.

History
Coal mining for the railroad led to the settlement of the nearby town of Fossil, Wyoming. When the fossils were discovered, miners dug them up to sell to collectors. In particular, Lee Craig sold fossils from 1897 to 1937. Commercial fossil collecting is not allowed within the National Monument, but numerous quarries on private land nearby continue to produce extraordinary fossil specimens, both for museums and for private collectors.

Exhibits
The Fossil Butte National Monument Visitor Center features over 80 fossils and fossil casts on exhibit, including fish, a crocodile, turtle, bats, birds, insects and plants. A 13-minute video is shown about the fossils found at the site and what scientists have learned. Interactive exhibits let visitors create fossil rubbings to take home, and a computer program discusses fossils, geology and the current natural history of the monument.

Activities
During the summer, lab personnel prepare fossils in public. Summer activities also include ranger programs, hikes, paleontology and geology talks, and participation in fossil quarry collections for the park.

A Junior Ranger program can be completed by children aged 5–12 (with exercises scaled to the child's age) in 3–4 hours. A highlight is hiking 3/4 mile up the butte to the dig, where interns from the Geological Society of America talk about their excavation and let children help them flake apart sedimentary deposits to discover fish fossils and coprolites.

List of fossil species recovered at Fossil Butte National Monument
Fish:
 * Asterotrygon spp, an extinct stingray
 * Diplomystus dentatus, an extinct ray-finned fish
 * Knightia spp, an extinct fish related to herring and sardines
 * Seven extinct species of perch
 * Heliobatis radians, an extinct stingray
 * Notogoneus spp, an extinct bottom-feeding fish
 * Crossopholis magnicaudatus (Commons), a 1-meter (40 inches) long predatory paddlefish
 * Asineops squamifrons, called 'mystery fish'- allocated its own family Asineopidae
 * Two extinct species of the family Osteoglossidae
 * Amphiplaga brachyptera, an extinct freshwater fish
 * Two extinct species of the genus Hiodon

Amphibians:

 * Aleoamphiuma tetradactylum, an extinct omnivorous salamander
 * Aerugoamnis paulus, an extinct frog

Mammals:

 * Coryphodon
 * Onychonycteris finneyi and Icaronycteris index, bats
 * Heptodon, an extinct tapir
 * Apatemys chardini, a tree-dwelling mammal similar to the lemur
 * Protorohippus, an early horse-like mammal
 * Palaeosinopa didelphoides, an otter-like carnivore
 * Hyopsodus wortmani 'tube sheep', a small omnivore
 * L. popoagicum, an extinct odd-toed ungulate

Birds:
 * Frigate birds
 * Pseudocrypturus cercanaxius, an extinct shoreline bird
 * Gallinuloides wyomingesis, an extinct land fowl
 * Primobucco mcgrewi, an extinct roller bird
 * Four extinct species of parrot- Cyrillavis coldurnorum, Cyrillavis olsoni, Avolatavis tenens and Tynskya eocaena

Reptiles: Plants:
 * Afairiguana, an extinct anole
 * Boavus idelmani, a small extinct snake
 * Bahndwivici, Afairiguana avius and Bahndwivici ammoskius, extinct lizards
 * Baptemys wyomingenis, an extinct river turtle
 * Echmatemys wyomingensis, an extinct pond turtle
 * Borealosuchus wilsoni and Tsoabichi greenriverenis, extinct crocodiles
 * Three species of soft-shell turtles- Apalone heteroglypta, Axestemys byssinus and Hummelichelys guttata
 * Baenidae, turtle
 * Palm trees
 * Cattails
 * Gyrocarpus spp
 * Lagokarpos Lacustris, a type of distinct 'winged fruit' plant Lagokarpos found in lake deposits
 * Ailanthus confucii
 * Platycerium, a staghorn fern
 * Salvinia preauriculata, a water fern
 * Lygodium kaulfussi 'climbing fern'
 * Nelumbo spp
 * The American Museum journal (c1900-(1918)) (17975178659) Chaneya tenuis.jpg[[Chaneya|Chaneya tenuis]]; a genus of uncertain affinities
 * Birthwort (species unknown)
 * Soapberry
 * Species similar to a walnut

Arthropods:

 * Bechleja rostrata, an extinct species of shrimp
 * Procambarus primaevus, an extinct species of crayfish
 * Three unidentified species of spider
 * Dragonflies
 * Damselflies
 * Crickets
 * Other insects including bees and ants

Primary source:

title: Fossil Butte National Monument


text:
Maxwell Air Force Base

Maxwell Air Force Base, officially known as Maxwell-Gunter Air Force Base, is a United States Air Force (USAF) installation under the Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The installation is located in Montgomery, Alabama, United States. Occupying the site of the first Wright Flying School, it was named in honor of Second Lieutenant William C. Maxwell, a native of Atmore, Alabama.

The base is the headquarters of Air University (AU), a major component of Air Education and Training Command (AETC), and is the U.S. Air Force's center for Joint Professional Military Education (PME). The host wing for Maxwell-Gunter is the 42d Air Base Wing (42 ABW).

The Air Force Reserve Command's 908th Airlift Wing (908 AW) is a tenant unit and the only operational flying unit at Maxwell. The 908 AW and its subordinate 357th Airlift Squadron (357 AS) operates eight C-130H Hercules aircraft for theater airlift in support of combatant commanders worldwide. As an AFRC airlift unit, the 908th is operationally gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).

Gunter Annex is a separate installation under the 42 ABW. Originally known as Gunter Field, it later became known as Gunter Air Force Station (Gunter AFS) when its runways were closed and its operational flying activity eliminated. It was later renamed Gunter Air Force Base (Gunter AFB) during the 1980s. As a hedge against future Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) closure actions, Gunter AFB was consolidated under Maxwell AFB in March 1992 to create a combined installation known as Maxwell/Gunter AFB.

Maxwell AFB is also the site of Federal Prison Camp, Montgomery, a minimum security facility for male inmates.

Origins
Toward the end of February 1910, the Wright Brothers decided to open one of the world's earliest flying schools at the site that would subsequently become Maxwell AFB. The Wrights taught the principles of flying, including take-offs, balancing, turns, and landings. The Wright Flying School closed on May 26, 1910.

The field served as a repair depot during World War I. In fact, the depot built the first plane made in Montgomery and exhibited it at the field on September 20, 1918. Repair activity at the depot was sharply curtailed at the end of the war.

Interwar years
The Aviation Repair Depot's land was leased by the U.S. Army during World War I, and later purchased on January 11, 1920 for $34,327. Diminished postwar activity caused the U.S. War Department in 1919 to announce that it planned to close thirty-two facilities around the country, including the Aviation Repair Depot. In 1919, the Aviation Repair Depot had a $27,000 monthly civilian payroll, and was a vital part of the city's economy. The loss of the field would have been a serious blow to the local Montgomery economy. The field remained open into the early 1920s only because the War Department was slow in closing facilities. After this initial reprieve, the War Department announced in 1922 that facilities on the original closure list would indeed close in the very near future. City officials were not surprised to hear that Aviation Repair Depot remained on the list, because 350 civilian employees had been laid off in June 1921.

On November 8, 1922, the War Department redesignated the depot as Maxwell Field in honor of Atmore, Alabama native, Second Lieutenant William C. Maxwell. On 12 August 1920, engine trouble forced Lieutenant Maxwell to attempt to land his DH-4 in a sugarcane field in the Philippines. Maneuvering to avoid a group of children playing below, he struck a flagpole hidden by the tall sugarcane and was killed instantly. On the recommendation of his former commanding officer, Major Roy C. Brown, the Montgomery Air Intermediate Depot, Montgomery, Alabama, was renamed Maxwell Field. In 1923, it was one of three U.S. Army Air Service aviation depots. Maxwell Field repaired aircraft engines in support of flying training missions such as those at Taylor Field, southeast of Montgomery.

Maxwell Field, as most Army air stations and depots developed during World War I, was on leased properties with temporary buildings being the mainstay of construction. These temporary buildings/shacks were built to last two to five years. By the mid-1920s, these dilapidated wartime buildings had become a national disgrace. Congressional investigations also showed that the manning strength of the U.S. Army's air arm was seriously deficient. These critical situations eventually led to the Air Corps Act of 1926 and the two major programs that dramatically transformed Army airfields. The Air Corps Act changed the name and status of the Army Air Service to the U.S. Army Air Corps and authorized a five-year expansion program. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, this program and its companion, the 1926 Army Housing Program, produced well-designed, substantial, permanent buildings and infrastructure at all Army airfields retained after World War I.

Taking up the cause of Maxwell Field was freshman Congressman J. Lister Hill, a World War I veteran who served with the 17th and 71st U.S. Infantry Regiments. He, as well as other Montgomery leaders, recognized the historical significance of the Wright Brother's first military flying school and the potential of Maxwell Field to the local economy. In 1925 Hill, a member of the House Military Affairs Committee, affixed an amendment to a military appropriations bill providing $200,000 for the construction of permanent buildings at Maxwell Field. This amendment did not have the approval of the War Department nor the Army Air Corps, but as a result of this massive spending on Maxwell Field, the War Department kept it open. Hill recognized that to keep Maxwell Field open, it needed to be fiscally or militarily valuable to the War Department.

In September 1927, Hill met with Major General Mason M. Patrick, chief of the Army Air Corps, and his assistant, Brigadier General James E. Fechet, to discuss the placement of an attack group at Maxwell Field. Both made it clear that Maxwell Field was too close to Montgomery and was not a suitable location for an attack group. In fact, they asked Hill as "a friend of the Air Corps" not to "embarrass" the Corps by asking that the group be placed there. They warned that if he persisted, they would "very much oppose" the effort. However, General Patrick not wanting to alienate the new and up and coming Congressman (who was also a member of the House Military Affairs Committee) sought to appease Hill by offering to create an observation squadron at Maxwell Field. Hill welcomed the gesture; however, the creation of an observation squadron fell short of the long term on-going mission sought by Hill for Maxwell Field.

Hill continued to argue for the attack group to be placed at Maxwell Field. He argued that because of the permanent buildings scheduled to be built, it would be fiscally advantageous for the placement of the attack group at Maxwell Field. Hill's arguments were an extension of ones that had been presented to him by Major Roy S. Brown, former commandant of Maxwell Field from 1922 to 1925. In 1927, Major Brown was the commander of the Air Corps Tactical School located at Langley Field, Virginia. Major Brown urged Hill to keep his name out of it because of the easily traceable insider information. Hill, frustrated with the lack of positive response from Generals Patrick and Fechet, moved up the chain of command and passed on the correspondence he had with General Fechet to Secretary of War Dwight Davis, Assistant Secretary of War for Air F. Trubee Davison, and Army Chief of Staff Charles P. Summerall. His request to them was given the answer: that they would give the matter "full consideration."

The depot's first official flying mission was carried out after that. Observation missions originated there in 1927–1929. Pilots from the field were also involved in completing the first leg of a test designed to establish an airmail route between the Gulf Coast and the northern Great Lakes area. The successful test played a major role in the eventual establishment of permanent airmail service in the Southeast.

By early 1928, the decision of basing a new Army Air Corps attack group had come down to Shreveport, Louisiana, and Montgomery. Both cities vied for the federal money to be spent in their respective local areas, but Shreveport the more economically developed city than its counterpart Montgomery won the day. In April 1928, Hill, via his contacts in the War Department, found out that Montgomery would not be getting the attack group. Flexing his congressional muscle, Hill persuaded Assistant Secretary Davidson and now chief of the Air Corps Major General Fechet to hold off the official announcement until Montgomery had a second look by the War Department. During the interim Montgomery leaders had set forth actions to acquire over 600 acre for Maxwell Field's expansion in hopes of wooing the War Department into placing the attack group in Montgomery.

In May 1928 General Benjamin Foulois, General Fechet's assistant, during an inspection visit with Third Army commander General Frank Parker to Maxwell Field mentioned that the Air Corps Tactical School would be moving from Langley Field to a still undecided location. During his stay General Foulois met with local Chamber of Commerce chairman Jesse Hearin and Maxwell Field post commandant, Major Walter R. Weaver. Hearin and Weaver touted the feasibility of Maxwell Field and the Montgomery area for the placement of the attack group at Maxwell Field. However, General Foulois guided the conversation towards the impending movement of the Air Corps Tactical School and he favored Maxwell Field for the new home. Hearin immediately worked up an option on another one thousand acres (4 km²) for the Air Corps Tactical School should Montgomery not be favored with the attack group.

In July 1928, word "via rumor" of the decision for the establishment of an attack group came out that Shreveport was indeed the victor of the final decision. In December 1928, after much debate and political maneuvering it was announced officially by the Assistant Secretary of War that Shreveport would be getting the attack group and that the Army Air Corps Tactical School (ACTS) would be coming to Maxwell Field. The move to Maxwell Field from Langley Field was initially expected to increase Maxwell Field's population by eighty officers and 300 enlisted. It was expected that the ACTS would be to the Army Air Corps what Fort Benning, Georgia was to the infantry.

On January 15, 1929, it was announced that the ACTS would be twice as large as originally planned. On February 11, it was announced that $1,644,298 had been allowed for ACTS construction. This was not including an additional $324,000 the Secretary of War had approved previously for non-commissioned officer barracks and a school building after a conference with Congressman Hill. On March 12, a conference between a Major Kennedy, Chief of Buildings and Grounds of the Army Air Corps and commandant of the ACTS, and Congressman Lister Hill to determine the locations of the buildings and types of construction. In March 1929, personnel at Maxwell provided flood relief to citizens of Montgomery. This was the first time at which food and supplies were airdropped by U.S. military forces during a major civilian emergency.

On July 9, 1929, Captain Walter J. Reed and a battery of attorneys checked titles for the land. The War Department also announced the same day that the plan had changed to where the ACTS would now be four times as large as originally planned with 200 officers and 1,000 enlisted men. At the time, this made Maxwell Field the largest (as far as personnel) Army Air Corps installation in the southeast. Approximately 300 signatures to the deed of the land occupied by the Air Corps Tactical School were signed, of which one was signed by a minor. Chairman of the Montgomery Chamber of Commerce James Hearin said, "...several cases had to be taken to court." Despite the obvious rush for signatures, by October 5, deeds to the land were signed and mailed to the War Department.

On December 17, 1929, Congressman Lister Hill introduced a bill to appropriate $320,000 for the acquiring of 1075 acre of land in Montgomery County as a part of an expansion program for Maxwell Field. This was a particularly bold move at the time by Hill because of the stock market crash. Effects of the crash had yet to take place; however, the panic caused by the crash had certainly captured Montgomery's attention.

On January 25, 1930, President Herbert Hoover asked Congress to re-appropriate an additional $100,000 for the main school building at Maxwell Field. President Hoover's policy was to speed public works to offset unemployment. In February 1930, Congressman Hill's resolution was passed in the House of Representatives and 80 acre were to be added to Maxwell Field for expansion purposes. George B. Ford and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., were hired by the Army Quartermaster Corps and they designed the overall layout of ACTS at Maxwell. Ford used an approach that clustered similar functions together. This technique provided plenty of open space and gave each cluster a distinct appearance.

On September 17, 1931, the first ACTS training occurred at Maxwell Field. Forty-one students met at 8:40 a.m. in the operations office conference room for general instruction. Classes were divided into sections, with some pilots sent on check flights, while others were sent out to become familiar with the surrounding countryside to become familiar with emergency landing field locations.

On the morning of September 22, 1931, opening exercises of the Air Corps Tactical School were held. On September 24, the Air Corps Tactical School was officially launched. The address was made by Major General James E. Fechet, chief of the Army Air Corps also attending were Congressman Lister Hill and commandant of the Air Corps Tactical School, Major John F. Curry. General Fechet, along with announcing his impending retirement, declared that the forty-one student officers could be future generals of the Air Corps. At a later luncheon, General Fechet also lauded Montgomery's attitude toward the Air Corps.

The 1931-1932 faculty included Army Air Corps (AC), Army Infantry (Inf), Army Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), and Army Field Artillery (FA) instructors. Initially, the school's curriculum reflected the dominating influence of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. Mitchell was a strong believer in the importance of gaining and maintaining air superiority during a conflict. He argued strongly for pursuit (e.g., "fighter") aircraft in combination with bombers and regarded enemy pursuit forces as the most serious threat to successful bombing operations and felt that the task of American pursuit was not necessarily to escort bombers, but to also seek out and attack enemy fighters. During the first five years of the school's operation, Mitchell's beliefs formed the basis for instruction at the tactical school. However, by the mid-1930s the school's emphasis had shifted from pursuit to bombardment aviation.

On July 16, 1933, Congressman Lister Hill secured approval from the War Department for $1,650,075 for immediate spending at Maxwell Field. Hill's request was justified by increased enrollment at the Air Corps Tactical School and the desperate need for employment for the local Montgomery population. At the start of October 1933 bids opened for four construction projects that were to start immediately; 1933-1934 construction at Maxwell Field later employed an average of more than 500 workers.

The Air Corps Tactical School opened July 15, 1931. The school evolved into the Army Air Corps (later, U.S. Air Force's) first tactical center until the imminence of American involvement in World War II forced a suspension of classes in June 1940 that resulted in permanent closure of the school. One of the school's notable achievements was its development of two aerial acrobatic teams: the "Three Men on a Flying Trapeze", put together by then-Captain Claire L. Chennault in 1932, and the Skylarks in 1935.

World War II

In 1940, it was announced that the installation was to be converted into a pilot-training center. On 8 July 1940 the Army Air Corps redesignated its training center at Maxwell Field, Alabama as the Southeast Air Corps Training Center. The Southeast Air Corps Training Center at Maxwell handled flying training (basic, primary and advanced) at airfields in the Eastern United States.

An Air Force Pilot School (preflight) was also activated which instructed Aviation Cadets in the mechanics and physics of flight and required the cadets to pass courses in mathematics and the hard sciences. Then the cadets were taught to apply their knowledge practically by teaching them aeronautics, deflection shooting, and thinking in three dimensions. In June 1941, the Army Air Corps became the U.S. Army Air Forces. On 8 January 1943, the War Department constituted and redesignated the school as the 74th Flying Training Wing handling pre-flight training.

During following years, Maxwell was home to six different schools that trained U.S. military aviators and their support teams for wartime service. As World War II progressed, the number of required pilot trainees declined, and the Army Air Forces decided not to send more aircrew trainees to Maxwell Field. The following known sub-bases and auxiliaries were constructed to support the flying school:
 * Passmore Auxiliary Field 32.35833°N, -86.53333°W
 * Troy Auxiliary Field 32.86222°N, -86.0125°W
 * Autaugaville Auxiliary Field 32.425°N, -86.68611°W

On 31 July 1943, the Southeast Air Corps Training Center was redesignated as the Eastern Flying Training Command. Also in July, the Army Air Forces announced a specialized school for pilots of four-engine aircraft. The first B-24 Liberator landed at the field later that month and in early 1945, B-29 Superfortress bomber training replaced the B-24 program.

Cold War
Training at Maxwell continued until 15 December 1945, when the Eastern Flying Training Command was inactivated and was consolidated into the Central Flying Training Command at Randolph Field, Texas.

Air University, an institution providing continuing military education for Army Air Forces personnel, was established at Maxwell in 1946, prior to the U.S. Air Force becoming an independent service the following year. Today, it remains the main focus of base activities at Maxwell.

Maxwell Field was renamed Maxwell Air Force Base in September 1947 when the Air Force was created.

In 1992, the 3800th Air Base Wing (3800 ABW) was disbanded and the 502d Air Base Wing (502 BW) took over as the host wing, which two years later gave way to the current 42d Air Base Wing.

As home of the Air University, Maxwell became the postgraduate academic center of the U.S. Air Force. Air University evolved first as an institution influenced by air power as shaped in World War II, then by the Cold War under the threat of nuclear annihilation, and by air power as applied during the Cold War's Korean and Vietnam conflicts. In the early twenty-first century, the emphasis shifted to air power's role in confronting international and transnational terrorism by both state-sponsored and non-state actors. AU grew materially from inadequate quarters, classrooms, and instructional technology into a campus that is as modern and up-to-date as those of any other in the U. S. armed forces. Construction of Maxwell's Academic Circle, Air University's primary education complex, began in the 1950s. Its centerpiece was the Air University Library, eventually one of several major libraries on a military installation.

Over the years, other activities were established or relocated to Maxwell AFB, to include Headquarters, Civil Air Patrol – USAF; the Air Force Reserve's 908th Tactical Air Support Group (908 TASG), which evolved into the present day 908th Airlift Wing; the Ira C. Eaker Center for Professional Development; the Air Force Financial Systems Operation office (SAF/FM); the Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research and Education (CADRE); and the Air Force Historical Research Agency, a support organization and repository for air power scholars and AU students. In 1994, Air Force Officer Training School (OTS) was also relocated from Lackland AFB/Medina Annex, Texas to Maxwell AFB, joining the national headquarters of the Air Force's other non-Academy officer accession source, Air Force ROTC.

Detachment 3 of the 58th Operations Group activated at Maxwell during January 2024 to train crews on the MH-139A Grey Wolf.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Maxwell Air Force Base.

United States Air Force
Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
 * 42nd Air Base Wing (host wing)
 * 42nd Mission Support Group
 * 42nd Communications Squadron
 * 42nd Contracting Squadron
 * 42nd Force Support Squadron
 * 42nd Logistics Readiness Squadron
 * 42nd Operations Support Flight
 * 42nd Security Forces Squadron
 * 42nd Medical Group
 * 42nd Health Care Squadron
 * 42nd Medical Operations Squadron
 * Air University
 * Headquarters Air University
 * Air Force Center for Unconventional Weapons Studies
 * Air Force Culture and Language Center
 * Air Force Cyber College
 * Air Force Judge Advocate General's School
 * Air Force Negotiation Center
 * Air Force Research Institute
 * Carl A. Spaatz Center for Officer Education
 * Air Command and Staff College
 * USAF Air War College
 * International Officer School
 * Squadron Officer School
 * Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education
 * Ira C. Eaker Center for Professional Development
 * Air Force Personnel Professional Development School
 * Commanders' Professional Development School
 * Defense Financial Management and Comptroller School
 * US Air Force Chaplain Corps College
 * Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development
 * Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps
 * Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps
 * Officer Training School
 * Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center
 * School of Advanced Air and Space Studies
 * Thomas N. Barnes Center for Enlisted Education
 * Air Force Career Development Academy
 * Air Force Enlisted Heritage Research Institute
 * Air Force Senior Non-commissioned Officer Academy
 * Airman Leadership School
 * Community College of the Air Force
 * Non-commissioned Officer Academy
 * USAF First Sergeant Academy
 * USAF Center for Strategic Deterrence Studies
 * USAF Center for Strategic Leadership Communication
 * USAF Center for Strategy and Technology
 * Nineteenth Air Force
 * 58th Special Operations Wing
 * 58th Operations Group
 * Detachment 3 – MH-139A Grey Wolf

Air Combat Command (ACC)
 * First Air Force
 * Civil Air Patrol-U.S. Air Force (CAP-USAF)
 * Sixteenth Air Force
 * 688th Cyberspace Wing
 * 26th Cyberspace Operations Group
 * 26th Network Operations Squadron (GSU)

Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
 * Air Force Life Cycle Management Center
 * Detachment 5 (GSU)
 * Business & Enterprise Systems Directorate (GSU)
 * Enterprise Logistics Readiness Division
 * Mission Support Systems Division
 * Operations Division
 * Service Management Division
 * Program Execution Group Division
 * Cybersecurity Division
 * Technical Services Division
 * Financial Services Division
 * Contracting Services Division
 * Legal Services Division

Field Operating Agencies
 * Air Force Historical Research Agency
 * Air Force Logistics Management Agency

Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)
 * Twenty-Second Air Force
 * 908th Airlift Wing
 * 908th Operations Group
 * 357th Airlift Squadron – C-130H Hercules
 * 908th Operations Support Squadron
 * 908th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron
 * 908th Maintenance Group
 * 908th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 908th Maintenance Squadron
 * 908th Mission Support Group
 * 25th Aerial Port Squadron
 * 908th Civil Engineering Squadron
 * 908th Force Support Squadron
 * 908th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 * 908th Mission Support Squadron
 * 908th Security Forces Squadron
 * 908th Aeromedical Staging Squadron
 * Tenth Air Force
 * 960th Cyberspace Wing
 * 960th Cyberspace Operations Group
 * 689th Network Operations Squadron (GSU)

Civil Air Patrol (CAP)
 * Civil Air Patrol National Headquarters (NHQ-NHQ-001)
 * Civil Air Patrol Overseas Group (NHQ-NHQ-902)
 * South East Region
 * Alabama Wing
 * Maxwell Composite Squadron (SER-AL-032)

United States Space Force
Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM)
 * Space Delta 13
 * 13th Delta Operations Squadron
 * Detachment 2

United States Army
Military Entrance Processing Command (USMEPCOM)
 * Eastern Sector
 * 8th Battalion
 * Montgomery Military Entrance Processing Station (GSU)

Department of Defense
Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)
 * Defense Information Systems Agency - Montgomery

Environmental Protection Agency

 * National Laboratories
 * National Analytical Radiation Environmental Laboratory

U.S. Department of Justice

 * Federal Bureau of Prisons
 * Federal Prison Camp, Montgomery

Education
Maxwell Air Force Base is zoned to Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) schools for grades K-8. The DoDEA operates Maxwell Air Force Base Elementary/Middle School. For high school Maxwell AFB residents are zoned to Montgomery Public Schools facilities: residents of the main base are zoned to George Washington Carver High School, while residents of the Gunner Annex are zoned to Dr. Percy L. Julian High School. Residents may attend magnet schools.

Future
In November 2020, the Air Force announced that Maxwell AFB is its preferred choice for basing the MH-139A Grey Wolf Formal Training Unit. The Grey Wolf training mission will replace the 908th Airlift Wing's C-130H Hercules mission, with the first of the new aircraft expected to arrive during 2023.

Popular culture
Maxwell AFB appears in the video game Tom Clancy's EndWar as a possible battlefield.

title: Maxwell Air Force Base