text:
Clyde steamer

The Clyde steamer is the collective term for several passenger services that existed on the River Clyde in Scotland, running from Glasgow downstream to Rothesay and other towns, a journey known as going doon the watter. The era of the Clyde steamer began in August 1812 with the very first successful commercial steamboat service in Europe, when Henry Bell's PS Comet began a passenger service on the River Clyde between Glasgow and Greenock. The Comet undertook her official trial run on 6 August 1812. Henry Bell himself was on board, along with John Robertson, maker of Comet's engine, and William McKenzie, formerly a schoolmaster in Helensburgh, acting as skipper. According to the Glasgow Courier newspaper two days later, the journey was completed in three-and-a-half hours. After this success, other operators sprang up in competition, and the Firth of Clyde became immensely popular with holidaymakers. By 1900 there were over three hundred Clyde steamers operating, and the industry was still in full swing by the early 1960s. Then, competition from new forms of holiday travel brought the era almost to a close, but PS Waverley continues to provide excursions.

From the outset, steamboat services were aimed at holidaymakers, with a stop at Helensburgh bringing passengers to Bell's Baths Hotel. Within ten years, there were nearly fifty steamers on the Firth of Clyde, sailing as far as Largs, Campbeltown and Inveraray, and the Glasgow Magistrates had introduced a five-pound fine for services running late to prevent "the Masters of Steam Boats, from improper competition and rivalship, postponing their departure for considerable and uncertain periods, after the times they had previously intimated to the Public". Steamer services were also introduced onto the inland lochs, with the Marion appearing on Loch Lomond in 1816.

With the rapid industrialisation and population growth of 19th-century Glasgow, great numbers were eager to be released from the grimy city on Fast Days, and during the annual Glasgow Fair week they went on a cruise down the Clyde to clean, unspoilt scenery. Tiny villages, perhaps with a stone jetty, soon became resorts with wooden piers and villas, hotels and public houses. Local residents would let out rooms, and boarding houses developed. Established towns like Dunoon and Rothesay, on the Isle of Bute, became major resorts. The wealthy built sandstone villas at places like Kilcreggan, Blairmore and Innellan, to which they could commute daily, or weekly, during the summer.

The first turbine-powered merchant vessel, the Clyde steamer TS King Edward, was built in 1901. Her successor, the TS Queen Mary of 1933, was a floating restaurant on the River Thames in London until 2009. She was rescued by the Friends of TS Queen Mary, and she is now undergoing restoration on the Clyde in preparation for a return to passenger service in summer 2024.

The PS Waverley, built in 1947, is the last sea-going paddle steamer in the world. This ship sails a full season of cruises every year from places around Britain, and has sailed across the English Channel for a visit to commemorate the 1940 sinking of her 1899-built predecessor at the Battle of Dunkirk. The 1900 steamer SS Sir Walter Scott still sails on Loch Katrine, while on Loch Lomond the PS Maid of the Loch is being restored.

Vessels

 * PS Comet (1812–1820)
 * PS Hero (1858–1909)
 * PS Iona II (1863–1864)
 * PS Iona (1864–1936), the longest-serving Clyde steamer
 * PS Chancellor (1864–1896)
 * PS Gael (1867–1924)
 * PS Columba (1879–1935)
 * PS Waverley (1885–1921), built for Captain Robert Campbell for the Kilmun station, taken over by his sons P & A Campbell, operated in the Bristol Channel 1887 to 1917, ferry and minesweeper during World War I
 * PS Waverley (1899–1940), the surviving Waverley's predecessor that carried passengers on the Clyde and was sunk while carrying evacuees from Dunkirk during World War II
 * TS King Edward (1901–1952)
 * PS Duchess of Montrose (1902–1917)
 * PS Waverley (1907–1939), a Clyde-built paddle steamer (originally operating as the PS Barry before being renamed in 1926) that carried passengers on the Bristol Channel and was sunk during minesweeping duty in World War II
 * PS Vale of Clyde (1907–1952)
 * PS Eagle III (1910–1946)
 * TS Queen Alexandra (1912–1958)
 * TS King George V (1926–1974)
 * TS Duchess of Montrose (1930–1964)
 * PS Jeanie Deans (1931–1964)
 * TS Duchess of Hamilton (1932–1970)
 * TS Queen Mary (1933–1978)
 * PS Caledonia (1934–1980)
 * PS Waverley (1947–present), the last sea-going paddle steamer in the world
 * PS Maid of the Loch (1953–1981)

In popular literature and song
The journey down the Clyde to Rothesay is immortalised in the song "The Day we Went to Rothesay O".

Neil Munro celebrates a trip 'doon the watter' on a Clyde steamer in his Erchie MacPherson story "A Quiet Day Off", first published in the Glasgow Evening News of 23rd May 1908.

title: Clyde steamer


text:
Billy Steinberg

William Endfield Steinberg (born February 26, 1950) is an American songwriter. He achieved his greatest success in the 1980s with songwriting partner Tom Kelly; together they wrote or co-wrote the No. 1 hits "Like a Virgin" by Madonna (1984), "True Colors" by Cyndi Lauper (1986), "Eternal Flame" by the Bangles (1989), "So Emotional" by Whitney Houston (1987), and "Alone" (covered by Heart in 1987). They also wrote or co-wrote the hit songs "I Drove All Night" (recorded by various artists, initially recorded by Roy Orbison in 1987 but first released by Cyndi Lauper in 1989), "I Touch Myself" by Divinyls (1990), and "I'll Stand by You" by The Pretenders (1994).

After Kelly retired from music in the 1990s, Steinberg collaborated with other songwriters. With Rick Nowels and Marie-Claire D'Ubaldo he wrote the hit songs "Falling Into You" (covered by Celine Dion) and "One & One". He has written hit songs with Josh Alexander including "All About Us" by t.A.T.u. (2005), "Too Little Too Late" by JoJo (2006), "Over It" by Katharine McPhee (2007), and "Give Your Heart a Break" by Demi Lovato (2012).

Early life
Steinberg grew up in Fresno, California and moved to Palm Springs, California when he was 12 and worked with his father's table grape operation. He attended Cate School in California, and Bard College in New York. Steinberg is Jewish.

Music career
In his mid-20s, he formed the group Billy Thermal, which eventually was signed to Richard Perry's Planet Records.

Their breakthrough occurred in 1980 when Linda Ronstadt heard their album and decided to record their song "How Do I Make You?" for her 1980 Mad Love album. The album hit the top three of the charts and went platinum, and Ronstadt's version of their song reached the American top 10.

Pat Benatar, on her 1980 album Crimes of Passion, covered another Billy Thermal song, "I'm Gonna Follow You". In 1981, Steinberg wrote "Precious Time", which became the title track for Benatar's album Precious Time. Also that year, Steinberg began writing with Tom Kelly, who had written another song ("Fire and Ice") on the album for Benatar.

Further success followed with the song "Like a Virgin", when it was played for Warner Bros. executives who thought it would be perfect for Madonna. Steinberg later recalled writing the lyric in 1983 following a failed relationship, stating that he had genuinely felt that he'd 'made it through the wilderness' and that he was 'beat, incomplete'. Madonna's version of the song spent six weeks at number one in the United States in 1984 and became a worldwide hit. It was also the title track for her number one album.

The success of the partnership continued with more number one singles, "True Colors" (recorded by Cyndi Lauper), "So Emotional" (by Whitney Houston), "Eternal Flame" (by The Bangles) and "Alone" (by Heart).

Their other hits include "In Your Room" (The Bangles), 'Spirit of Love' (by Laura Branigan), "I Drove All Night" (recorded by Roy Orbison, Cyndi Lauper and Celine Dion), "I Touch Myself" (Divinyls), 'Sex as a Weapon' (by Pat Benatar), and 'Look Me in the Heart' (by Tina Turner). They also wrote several songs with Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, including the top-10 single "I'll Stand By You". Artists such as REO Speedwagon, Cheap Trick, Bette Midler, Belinda Carlisle, and Taylor Dayne (on her multi-platinum debut album "Tell It to My Heart") also recorded their songs.

In the mid-1990s, Steinberg began writing with Rick Nowels, who had established himself as a songwriter for artists such as Stevie Nicks and Belinda Carlisle. Their greatest success of the period was the Celine Dion recording of "Falling into You". In 1997, Steinberg co-wrote the track "One & One" with Rick Nowels and Marie-Claire D'Ubaldo for Edyta Górniak, and this song became a hit in Europe and Asia, leading Edyta as the first Polish singer in the Music & Media's European Radio Top 50 airplay chart. Between 1997 and 1999, he has written songs for Melanie C in her debut album Northern Star as well as The Corrs' second album Talk On Corners.

In 2005, Steinberg collaborated with producer Josh Alexander and Jessica and Lisa Origliasso of The Veronicas to write several tracks for The Veronicas' debut release, The Secret Life Of..., including the third single, "When It All Falls Apart". Steinberg and Alexander also wrote "All About Us", a hit for the Russian pop duo t.A.T.u. They wrote JoJo's 2006 single "Too Little Too Late" and Leigh Nash's "Nervous in the Light of Dawn" and "My Idea of Heaven", and Katharine McPhee's "Over It" in 2007. In 2008, Steinberg and Alexander wrote "Fly on the Wall" for t.A.T.u.'s album Happy Smiles. He wrote songs with Alexander on JoJo's scrapped album All I Want Is Everything.

With Alexander and Porcelain Black, he wrote the track "How Do You Love Someone?" for Ashley Tisdale's 2009 album Guilty Pleasure. In 2010, Steinberg and Alexander wrote "What Happened to Us" for Australian singer Jessica Mauboy for her album Get 'Em Girls. With Alexander and Toby Gad, he wrote the 2011 song "Don't Hold Your Breath" for Nicole Scherzinger, and with Alexander and Rivers Cuomo he wrote the 2011 song "High Maintenance" for Miranda Cosgrove. Steinberg and Alexander also wrote and produced the hit song "Give Your Heart a Break" by Demi Lovato. he wrote the 2016 song "My Stupid Heart" for Tini Stoessel.

Appearance in film
Steinberg performs an acoustic version of "I Touch Myself" in an on camera interview in the documentary film Sticky: A (Self) Love Story.

Awards and honors
Steinberg was awarded a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in 2008.

Steinberg and Kelly were inducted as a team into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2011.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Billy Steinberg


text:
Talk:Dębica

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See also this edit with lots of info not incorporated into the present version of the article. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 13:53, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

pl.wikipedia.org/Alois Kurz, source Valleyspring (talk) 07:01, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Dębica


text: User talk:130.89.196.19

title: User talk:130.89.196.19


text:
Talk:Voiceless palatal plosive

disputed
That doesn't sound like a c. lysdexia 13:53, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The sound is a recording made by Peter Ladefoged, one of the foremost experts on phonetics in the entire world. It's a [c]. Nohat 20:08, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

"Hungarian is one of the few languages with true palatal plosives" ??? And what about Slavic languages? In Czech and Slovak "ť" is used to represent [c] (and ď to represent [ɟ]) and in Slovak "ti", "te" are also pronounced palatalized ([ci], [ce]). In Russian and Ukrainian (and probably Belarusian) [c] is pronounced to read "ть", "те" ("тэ" in Ukrainian), "тё", "ти" ("тї", "ті" in Ukrainian), "тя", "тю" (and "дь",... is for [ɟ]). It's not used in Polish, I can't say about the the Southern Slavic languages (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian,…), although the article on Serbian language suggests the sound is used there too. — Ján Kľuka, 2005-09-08T12:02+0200

 * Yes, palatalized, not palatal. I believe all the sounds you've indicated are, not . If the sounds involve the flexible front of the tongue, as t, d, s, z, ch, sh do, then they're coronal. Palatal consonants are pronounced with the body of the tongue, as k, g, x are (though further forward than those).

 * Quite a few languages are described with the symbols, but that doesn't mean that the sounds are actually palatals. The symbols are also commonly used for the sounds of English ch and j. kwami 11:16, 2005 September 8 (UTC)

While the recordings are in fact correct, I doubt that this is the same sound represented by the soft variants of t in some Slavic languages and Hungarian, as I read in many articles here. Isn't that a [t]-sound articulated with the tongue touching the palate? The tongue doesn't make contact with the upper-teeth while pronouncing [c]. I have always thought of this sound as a strong palatalization of [k]. That is, while [kʲ] still remains velar, articulated a bit more forward than [k], [c] is fully palatal. For instance, in Turkish it is the variant of the phoneme /k/ with front wovels following, with both acting mostly as allophones of each other. Ditto for [g], [gʲ] and [ɟ]. I am confused about this matter in other languages mentioned above and hope that someone clears it up, preferably by giving some sound samples. --Pipifax 16:28, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't have sound samples, and I'm not sure I understand the question (or if you're even asking a question), but I'll try to answer.

 * Correct, this is not the sound heard in Slavic. It is heard in Hungarian, but only in formal or deliberate speech. Ladefoged has some quite convincing illustrations of Hungarian [c] that show that it's its own separate articulation. [kʲ] is not (necessarily) further forward than [k]; a forward [k] would be [k̟] or [c]. Rather, it is pronounced as [k] with a secondary raising of the tongue in the area of [c]. [c] does sound a lot like a strong palatalization of [k], but it doesn't have a glide to it the way [kʲ] does. As for [tʲ], the tongue does not touch the palate; the middle of the tongue is only raised towards the palate while the tip of the tongue touches the teeth/alveolar ridge. kwami 19:42, 2005 September 8 (UTC)

As this is en.Wikipedia, common sense dictates that editors describe the sound as it relates to English which this description doesn't do very well. The main difference between this sound (from listening to the recording) and English 'k' seems to be an absence of aspirated air after the sound and the fact that it is produced at a different place on the palate. If Graham Bell was able to teach his deaf wife how to speak simply by describing what to do with her tongue and mouth, a phonetician with an adequate understanding of this sound should be able to describe it less ambiguously than this article. Franky, I consider the description of this sound an unintelligible mess. Mike Hayes (talk) 02:47, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

sound sample looks wrong
sound says something like "ja, aja" (like y in yes), is it right? --Monkbel 10:04, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

I think you might've downloaded a wrong sample. :) This one in the article is definitely not the English y in yes.

If you are certain that you've downloaded the good sample than the only thing I can imagine is that you might not notice the difference because you're not used to this sound (as it never occurs in your own language). I have the same problem with the English [ð] of "than". I cannot distinguish it from a [d] sound (as in Dan/iel/), because I only hear it when I listen to native English speakers. And that doesn't happen too often. --194.152.154.1 03:12, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Monkbel that there is a very audible IPA:/j/, in the recording. It sounds rather like IPA:/akja:/ and, in fact, the section below this one states that this sound is like the 'cu' in 'cute', which confirms this point, as does the section that compares it with 'kj' in Reykjavik. Mike Hayes (talk) 02:55, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

ć or c
Is this sound similar to Serbo-Croatian c or ć? --Djordje D. Bozovic 22:23, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, I see, it is ć after all. --Djordje D. Bozovic 22:25, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope. "Ćć" is this.

 * I just wanted to know is voiceless palatal plosive similar to Serbian ć, or to Serbian c. I know what Serbian ć actually is. :) --Djordje D. Bozovic 20:31, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * How is that sound any different from an English ch? MXVN (talk) 09:23, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

 * If cute and chute sound the same in your dialect, it may be the same. But usually, the C in cute sounds approximately like this phone, and chute has an affricate like the tsh in hotshot. Depending on your dialect, the T in tune may be a better approximation. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:22, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

Spanish
Isn't Spanish ch a voiceless postalveolar affricate?

 * yes.Cameron Nedland 14:48, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, but this is Canarian dialect. That's why I wrote it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.53.119.169 (talk) 12:20, 17 August 2013 (UTC)

Well, somebody's removed it again, but it is correct indeed. If users are adding every single dialectal variety in other languages I don't see a reason to not include the Canarian occurence of this sound, so I'm recovering it.--Il Qathar (talk) 17:10, 24 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Please provide a source first. Peter238 (talk) 17:16, 24 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Why don't you take down the other unsourced examples then, hum?--Il Qathar (talk) 16:49, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Easiest example of Icelandic: The capital!
Yup. FWIW, the kj in Reykjavík is pronounced with a true [c]. -andy 91.32.75.66 09:00, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for this. The article is apparently poorly-written, as I was under the impression that [c] was pronounced as a "ty-," and in fact the sound sample sounded like "tyah, ahtyah" until reading this. Now, it does actually sound more like "kyah, ahkyah."

 * You are quite right. The article is an unintelligible mess. Mike Hayes (talk) 03:02, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

What about Romanian?
I do not speak this language, but I do have a vague thought that they have a similar or the same sound in their language. So have they? -andy 91.32.75.66 09:03, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It is actually present in the language, I will add an example now. » byeee 23:46, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you're confusing it with a palatalized velar plosive? That's what Romanian phonology seems to say it is. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 01:19, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * No, Romanian has three phonetic values for the letter C. It's [tʃ] when followed by E or I (like in Italian), a [c] when followed by HE or HI, and a [k] otherwise. » byeee 03:12, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * This is from The phonology of Romanian by Ioana Chițoran (page 10): "On the surface, however, palatalized consonants also occur, derived from underlying sequences of a consonant and the high vowel : C+ → ..." She then lists a posited phoneme inventory with all palatalized consonants being phonemes, including and .  The distinction between  and  is subtle.  So subtle that literature on languages like Polish and Jamaican Patois have variance between them in the transcription of particular sounds.  Right now, evidence is leaning more towards a palatalized velar but more sources could enlighten us on the matter.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  03:38, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I could not tell you the difference between [kʲ] and [c], and I am personally not sure that there is one, but all samples of [c] on Wiki and elsewhere, as well as the Romanian wikipedia and the Czech language example point to that sound. Also, that article seems to want to eliminate a lot of sounds. [ʨ] is also present in Romanian (final -CI), but the consonant does not have an article on the ro:wiki. » byeee 03:47, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, I have looked around and you seem to consider Ioana Chitoran an expert on Romanian linguistics - says who? The fact that she has published a book? The name said nothing to me, and still does not. She is not in any way affiliated with the Romanian Academy, so her book is just as good as any book I would publish and would appear on the Internet. » byeee 04:01, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Chițoran may not be affiliated with the Romanian Academy (why she would need such an association to be considered an "expert" escapes me) but she has more authority than you or I. It's not just that she's published a book but that she's done credible research on Romanian; she is a reputable linguist and her department considers her an expert in Romance languages.  If your standard for reputability is whether a name "says something" to you, then I'm curious what scholars you find to be more authoritative.  I also recommend that you read her work before you dismiss her whole cloth and, more importantly find sources that back your position up.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  04:31, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I partially agree with you, but, still, she has no authority on saying whether Romanian /chi/ is pronounced [kʲ] or [c] because she is not part of the language regulating body to confirm an official position. Yes, I read her work and it seems sketchy and slightly dismissive (in the sense of let's disregard this possible sound because I don't want to crowd up my paper). While I do appreciate her work, I don't find it necessarily relevant. The difference between [kʲ] and [c] is the difference between /kě/ and /tě/ in Czech. And Romanian /che/ is the latter, pronounciation-wise. » byeee 04:39, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Sadly, that is not how linguistics works. Phonologists are not required to check in with regulating bodies to determine if their research passes their standards.  Anyway, I don't feel compelled to defend Chitoran too much.  Find some sources that say otherwise.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  05:02, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The Romanian phonology article on ro:wiki has one section dedicated to the palatal k and g. They are further described under Consoană_oclusivă_palatală_surdă and Consoană_oclusivă_palatală_sonoră individually. Is that good enough for you? » byeee 05:26, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * All three are uncited, so no. Got anything else? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  06:00, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, since Romanian is not a very well-known language, phonetic studies tend to remain within the borders of the country (or the Romanian-speaking community). Furthermore, since pronounciation is assumed, so far I have found three dictionaries which give the proper spelling, but only phonemically. I will keep looking. » byeee 01:03, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Romanian not well-known? I find that hard to believe.  Where are you doing your searching? — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  02:23, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Besides the native speakers and the large diaspora (26 million total), I doubt there are many learning or knowing Romanian as a second language. And, out of the Romance languages, it is the most "ignored" (unless you count Romansh). I was looking online and in my bilingual German-Romanian dictionary, which only gives phonemic spelling. » byeee 17:26, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Vietnamese
Vietnamese phonology says: So, I've deleted mention about Vietnamese in the article. --Koryakov Yuri 18:28, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * /c, ɲ/ are phonetically palatoalveolar [ṯ, ṉ] (i.e. the blade of the tongue makes contact behind the alveolar ridge).
 * 1) /c/ is often slightly affricated [ṯʃ], although much less than English [tʃʰ]. (Note that the English affricate is also aspirated and usually apical, unlike Vietnamese). This affrication, however, is not obligatory.

The examples
I think most of them are wrong.

Many of the examples describe the Romance /k/, a fronted velar ("palatovelar"?) plosive. That is, not.  sounds similar to, not to . As in all dorsopalatal consonants, the tongue bends into a ⋂ shape, with the tip touching the alveolar ridge of the lower jaw.

Others probably describe, though the difference between [c] and is a rather small matter of degree.

AFAIK the Albanian q, gj are, in the south and ,  in the north – the same what happens to the letters ќ and ѓ in the neighboring Macedonian language. Sure, one can expect as historical intermediates between the palatalized velar stops and the alveolopalatal ( = palatalized palatoalveolar) affricates, and maybe these pronunciations actually occur somewhere in central Albania, but I'd like to see some evidence for this.

Most Australian languages have "laminopalatal" (postalveolar?) plosives; the tj in the last example is such a thing. Dorsopalatal plosives, or even nasals, apparently don't occur anywhere in Australia (not even in Yanyuwa which has plosives and nasals at seven contrasting places of articulation). David Marjanović 11:57, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * All examples I have added are from academic sources. I could actually list every source, but that would be tedious for language examples.  Albanian does have palatal stops and the your statement about the north/south distinction is not accurate.  In any event, the Albanian example is for standard Albanian.  For a more obscure language, the Tadaksahak is from here: http://www.sil.org/silesr/1999/008/nsonghay.pdf  and the transcription includes the palatal stop.  I cannot vouch for Greek having palatal stops though... Azalea pomp 17:28, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Kiedy? Nigdy! (pol. "When? Never!")
I took the liberty of removing the alleged Polish example from the table. I've never heard "kie-" pronounced with an IPA [c], and I've been using the language for forty years now. The word in question is pronounced with a [kʲ] instead. By the way, the meaning of the word is 'when' rather than 'and', which further makes me think that the example was probably a misunderstanding. Regards -- Bmucha

"Similarity"
Am I the only one who thinks the similarity to [tʃ] is slightly over the top? I can see a much bigger similarity to [k]. » byeee 00:14, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * The palatalization of to  is common, usually with intermediate steps like this .  Also,  is usually unstable as a phone in a language and more often turns into a postalveolar affricate than to a velar plosive.  — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  01:18, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with that, but still "similarity" is subjective. Judging upon a language where all three sounds are present, I tend to stand by my earlier opinion.» byeee 03:06, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it is perhaps most helpful to readers who only have two of the sounds (as in English). — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi]  03:25, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the article could be made more clear on just how this sound is made. If it is not [kʲ] then what is it? The sound sample unfortunately does not make this clear, and as I stated in a previous comment, I actually thought the sample was making a [ty-] sound at first. Does the sound of [c] begin with a [k], or a [t], or somewhere between the two in a way I have a difficult time understanding? Does the back *and* the front of the tongue connect? If so, that seems almost unrealistically complicated for a natural language, but what else could it be? ... Either way, this does not seem at all, in my opinion, similar to [tʃ], and I think the comparison is actually rather misleading. And this is coming from a native English-speaker, if that makes a difference (a post below states an opinion that this might be easier for English readers, but I found the Reykjavik example to be far more enlightening). - MXVN (talk) 09:39, 24 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It's neither, duh. It's its own sound. A stop made at the same place of articulation as the Y in yes. Monolingual English speakers just need to cope with the unfortunate fact that a lot of languages have sounds that they may not be familiar with from their own native dialect or accent, and are thus ill-equipped to pick up even from the speech of a foreigner whose native language possesses the sound in question (or the demonstration of a phonetician). As I said, cute or tune provide useful approximations, but ultimately [c] is not identical with either (except perhaps in some accents), only similar to both. The sound [c] is not precisely identical with ky or ty, because if it were, we could simply write [kj] or [tj] and be done with, and there would be no need for this symbol. For the same reason, you're leading yourself down the garden path if you think that [c] "starts" with a t or k. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 20:35, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

 * That's all very well BUT. This is en.Wikipedia and therefore it has to be intelligible to English speakers. This article is an unintelligible mess. One should be able to get a good idea of what the phoneme sounds like without reading through the entire talk-page. Mike Hayes (talk) 03:20, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

It's interesting. I don't hear any similarity with [k]. To me, it sounds exactly like [tj] as in British "tune". (I know it's neither, but that's how I hear it, no [kj], just [tj].) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.204.51.15 (talk) 21:53, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

c = k with a hook?
My German-Greek dictionary uses k with a hook similar to the "more rounded" diacritic in IPA (◌̹) to denote the sound [c]. Is there a diacritic in IPA which looks like the "more rounded" diacritic and shows palatalization? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Meidei (talk • contribs) 22:45, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * There used to be, but it's no longer used since a superscript j came about. — Æµ§œš¹  [aɪm ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɛ̃ɾ̃ˡi] 23:18, 23 February 2011 (UTC)

Irish English
Is it possible that some accents of English in Ireland use [c] for t in tune [cu:n]. Check out how Micheál Ó Muircheartaigh pronounces the word opportunity at 8:21 of the following video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqkVkt0P74M&feature=related. I'm thinking it's [ɔpərcu:nɪtɪ], but I'm not sure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.20.33.217 (talk) 09:33, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
 * That's definitely not palatal, but palato-alveolar . Peter238 (v̥ɪˑzɪʔ mɑˑɪ̯ tˢʰoˑk̚ pʰɛˑɪ̯d̥ʒ̊) 11:41, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

Blackfoot
For Blackfoot it says that is an "allophone of  after front vowels", but the example given is. I suppose this is supposed to be ? Does anyone have a source for it? — Lfdder (talk) 16:49, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * You're guilty of making the same mistake I make in my head sometimes: switching the meanings of before and after. But I don't know if it's true or not for Blackfoot. — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ] 17:08, 18 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Whoops! I somehow think I wouldn't have made this mistake if it were . ;P — Lfdder (talk) 17:22, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

Diaphragm?
"The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds."

The human diaphragm does not, and cannot, push air out of the lungs. It be contracted to draw air in, and it can be relaxed to allow exhalation, but the pressure of exhalation comes from contracting the intercostl muscles. The diaphragm cannot "push air." Simple human anatomy. 172.56.193.244 (talk) 16:58, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voiceless palatal plosive


text:
Tom Kelly (musician)

Thomas F. Kelly (born April 16, 1952) is an American musician. With Billy Steinberg he co-wrote numerous hit songs for popular music artists, including five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the 1980s.

Early life
Originally from Indiana, Kelly lived in Effingham, Illinois from 1963 to 1966, before moving back to West Lafayette, Indiana where he graduated from West Lafayette High School in 1967. Kelly attended Eastern Illinois University, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, and Purdue University, but dropped out of college to pursue his music career. He played bass guitar and sang in several bands throughout Illinois and Indiana in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the Trifaris, the Gaping Huggers, the One Eyed Jacks, and the Guild.

In 1974 Kelly moved to Los Angeles with his first wife, Kay Kelly, and two children, Barry and Denise. He played in Dan Fogelberg's backup band, and joined with other members of the band under the name 'Fools Gold' to release two albums in 1976 and 1977. Kelly became a prominent session singer in Los Angeles, singing backing vocals for many recording artists. He accompanied Toto on their 1979 World Tour as a backing vocalist and rhythm guitarist, and sang background vocals on the Toto albums Toto IV, Isolation and The Seventh One. In 1981 he wrote his first hit song, "Fire and Ice", with Pat Benatar for her album Precious Time.

Partnership with Billy Steinberg
After Kelly met Steinberg at a party in 1981, the duo began writing songs together, with Steinberg as lyricist and Kelly the principal music writer. Steinberg and Kelly wrote songs for a variety of popular music artists, including five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The pair also joined together as 'i-Ten' to release the album Taking a Cold Look in 1983.

Notable songs written by Steinberg and Kelly include:

Steinberg and Kelly were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2011.
 * "True Colors", recorded by Cyndi Lauper and by Phil Collins
 * "Alone", originally recorded by his band i-Ten, re-recorded by Heart and by Celine Dion
 * "In Your Room", recorded by The Bangles (co-written with Susanna Hoffs)
 * "Eternal Flame", recorded by The Bangles (co-written with Susanna Hoffs)
 * "I Drove All Night", recorded by Cyndi Lauper, by Roy Orbison and by Celine Dion
 * "I'll Stand by You", recorded by The Pretenders (co-written with Chrissie Hynde)
 * "I Touch Myself", recorded by Divinyls (co-written with Christina Amphlett and Mark McEntee)
 * "Like a Virgin", recorded by Madonna
 * "So Emotional", recorded by Whitney Houston

Later life
Kelly co-wrote "In My Dreams", recorded by REO Speedwagon with Kevin Cronin but Kelly lost enthusiasm for songwriting in the mid-1990s, and went into semi-retirement in 1998. He remarried and had two more children. He lives in Thousand Oaks, California near Sherwood Country Club where he enjoys playing golf regularly.

title: Tom Kelly (musician)


text:
Choi Kwang-jo

Choi Kwang-jo (born March 2, 1942) is a former South Korean national champion in taekwondo, and is one of the twelve original masters of taekwondo of the Korea Taekwon-Do Association. Following a career in the South Korean military, he emigrated to the United States of America in 1970. Choi is the founder and head of the Choi Kwang Do international martial art organization, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Early life
Choi was born on March 2, 1942, in Daegu, Keishōhoku-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan. He started training in the martial arts at the age of 12 because his father was concerned—he wanted his small, physically weak son to be able to protect himself in the war-torn streets. Choi's first master was Dong Ju Lee. During his military service, Choi became a chief Instructor in the 20th Infantry Division and came into contact with General H. H. Choi when the military began to use taekwondo for unarmed combat.

United States
Due to injuries sustained from his martial arts training he sought medical attention in the United States of America, moving in 1970, and began to study different physical therapy techniques. As a result, he began to study anatomy, physiology, and human-movement sciences.

In 1987, Choi incorporated everything he had learned into his own martial art system called Choi Kwang Do, which translates as “the art (or method) of Kwang Choi.” Choi maintains that Choi Kwang Do is free from the mysticisms of traditional martial arts, yet he advertises that his art practises yoga-based stretching. Choi heads the Choi Kwang Do organization from Atlanta and was inducted into the Tae Kwon Do Times magazine's Hall of Fame in 2006. One notable critic of Choi is Roger Koo. Since resigning from the post of Vice President under Choi's organization in 1991, Koo has remained a staunch opponent. Koo dedicates a large portion of his website to disparaging Choi and his organization.

Choi is listed as a pioneer in Asia (1950s and 1960s) and Canada (1970s) in Chang Keun Choi's list of taekwondo pioneers.

title: Choi Kwang-jo


text:
Dallas Semiconductor

Dallas Semiconductor, acquired by Maxim Integrated in 2002 for $2.5 billion, then acquired by Analog Devices in 2021, was a company that designed and manufactured analog, digital, and mixed-signal semiconductors (integrated circuits, or ICs). Its specialties included communications products (including T/E and Ethernet products), microcontrollers, battery management, thermal sensing and thermal management, non-volatile random-access memory, microprocessor supervisors, delay lines, silicon oscillators, digital potentiometers, real-time clocks, temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXOs), iButton, and 1-Wire products.

History
The company, based in Dallas, Texas, was founded in 1984 and purchased by Maxim Integrated Products in 2001. Both the Maxim and Dallas Semiconductor brands were actively used until 2007. Since then, the Maxim name has been used for all new products, though the Dallas Semiconductor brand has been retained for some older products, which can be identified by "DS" at the beginning of their part numbers, for example the 1-Wire communications protocol devices.

Notable products by the company included the DS80-series microcontrollers with 8051 instruction set.

As of June 2021, devices are still under active production by Maxim Integrated. In August 2021, Maxim was then acquired by Analog Devices.

title: Dallas Semiconductor


text: User talk:65.5.74.2

title: User talk:65.5.74.2


text:
Category talk:Wikipedia maintenance

Requests for categories page?
Is there a "requests for categories" page? So that people could keep an eye out for things which might fit into an empty category we're creating...

Ojw 13:58, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * There is Category:Underpopulated categories. If you want to create a category, feel free to just go ahead and do so. -- Beland 22:18, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Public parties
why must there be public parties? i mean what is the difference between the parties. i think that we shouldn't have to be put into a party. so let me know ya feedback--Rebelchick2009 23:02, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no idea what you're talking about. "Public parties"? -- Beland 22:18, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Either user was lost, or was refering to categories. I can't tell which. ⇒    SWAT Jester   [[Image:Flag_of_Iceland.svg|18px|]]  Ready    Aim    Fire!  21:50, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Template error reporting categories
I see that Pascal666 has today boldly started to re-categorise many of the categories that I call "template error reporting categories". (I created several of those categories and the templates that use them.) I am very happy to see that someone is taking the time to work this area over. But there are some things that I would like to change. This also means I have some other comments on how we organise the category tree under Category:Wikipedia maintenance.

I am writing this to discuss with and explain to Pascal666 and any one else interested. I'll try to be thorough here since I don't know how much the rest of you know about this:

1: What I mean with "error reporting categories": We have added code to some templates so when they get invalid or wrong parameters they categorise the page they are on into a category. For instance when ambox is used with an invalid parameter it categorises the page into the error report category Category:Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing. Among other things this is so we can easily find those pages and fix them. But there are much more to it how we use these categories, see Template talk:Tmbox if you want more details.

2: Some of the categories here are hidden categories. To be able to see them in the category footer box on pages you need enable it. If you haven't already: Go to the user menu at the very top of any page, "my preferences - Misc - Show hidden categories".

3: Some day ago you Pascal666 added Category:Wikipedia template cleanup to some of the error report categories. But that category is for templates that are themselves broken and needs fixing. Not for categories that are error reports about pages that feed the wrong parameter to a template. I see that you have probably already realised that since you have stopped using that category.

4: Category:Wikipedia template cleanup is currently categorised into Category:Wikipedia cleanup categories. I think that is wrong, since "Category:Wikipedia cleanup categories" is for categories populated by templates such as cleanup who report errors in article content. Thus has nothing to do with broken templates. (I'll fix this.)

5: A minor technicality: Pascal666: Today you created Category:Template parameter issues. But as I understand the guideline Naming conventions (categories) then this category clearly is an "administrative category" and thus should nowadays have the word "Wikipedia" in the beginning of the name. Thus we should rename it to Category:Wikipedia template parameter issues.

6: Other editors some time ago started to put the message box tracking category at the top of the error reporting categories. That message box categorises them into Category:Tracking categories (which in turn is in Category:Wikipedia maintenance). I think that was fairly okay, since the error reporting categories are a kind of tracking categories, albeit a special kind. They track something that needs fixing, while many of the other tracking categories create lists because they are interesting for some other reason than being an error.

7: Now Pascal666 created the special Category:Template parameter issues for the error categories. And I agree that they should have their own category. (Although as I stated above, we should call it Category:Wikipedia template parameter issues.)

8: Category:Template parameter issues is currently categorised into Category:Wikipedia cleanup categories. But as I mentioned for another category above, I think that is wrong, since "Category:Wikipedia cleanup categories" is for categories populated by templates such as cleanup who report errors in article content. Thus it has nothing to do with broken templates. So, where should we categorise it instead? I think putting it into Category:Tracking categories would be fairly okay, but putting it directly into Category:Wikipedia maintenance would be even better.

--David Göthberg (talk) 18:19, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Rename complete. Category:Wikipedia cleanup categories is for categories of articles.  Category:Wikipedia template parameter issues contains categories of articles.  Sounds like a good place for it to me.  Category:Wikipedia template cleanup contains categories of templates.  Probably belongs somewhere else.  --Pascal666 (talk) 23:29, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Wow, I had no idea we had so many "template parameter issue" categories. And I took a look at them, you are right that most of them are about erroneous use of templates for main (article) space. But some of those categories are for templates used in other namespaces, such as talk space, category space and "Wikipedia:" space. So I would like to (also) categorise Category:Wikipedia template parameter issues directly into Category:Wikipedia maintenance.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 01:22, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah, surprised the hell outta me too. Category:Wikipedia template parameter issues is in Category:Wikipedia cleanup categories which is in Category:Wikipedia cleanup which is already in Category:Wikipedia maintenance.  Therefore I would never put Category:Wikipedia template parameter issues directly into Category:Wikipedia maintenance as well.  If you were to do so though, I wouldn't revert it or say anything else about it.  I just created Category talk:Wikipedia template parameter issues as a workspace for this project.  --Pascal666 (talk) 12:49, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Split historic/obsolete maintenance into a new subcat
I think that it would be more helpful if this category only (directly) contained current/ongoing maintenance. jlwoodwa (talk) 20:24, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Wikipedia maintenance


text:
Tiny Internet Interface

The Tiny Internet Interface (known as TINI or MxTNI) is a microcontroller that includes the facilities necessary to connect to the Internet. The MxTNI platform is a microcontroller-based development platform that executes code for embedded web servers. The platform is a combination of broad-based I/O, a full TCP/IP stack, and an extensible Java runtime environment that simplifies development of network-connected equipment.

MxTNI was developed by Dallas Semiconductor, now Maxim Integrated Products. The interface was originally known as "TINI". The company renamed it MxTNI in December 2011.

title: Tiny Internet Interface


text:
User talk:C redman

I have also been working on expanding it, I would like to work with you on it redman. --Saigon76nyc 13:59, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Sju logo.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Sju logo.gif. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:24, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Sju logo.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Sju logo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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title: User talk:C redman


text:
Tini

Tini may refer to:

 * Tiny Internet Interface, a microcontroller that includes the facilities necessary to connect to the Internet
 * Titanium nitride, an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a coating to improve surface properties
 * Tini, Iran, a village in Kermanshah Province, Iran
 * Tini (album), 2016 debut solo album by Tini
 * Tini Tini Tini, 2020 studio album by Tini

 * People
 * Tinì Cansino (born 1959), stage name of Photina Lappa, Greek actress and television personality, mainly active in Italy
 * Tini Kerei Taiaroa (1846–1934), New Zealand personality and community worker
 * Tini Wagner (1919-2004), Dutch freestyle swimmer
 * Clelia Tini (born 1992), Sammarinese swimmer
 * Jody Tini (born 1976), New Zealand female basketball player
 * Tini (singer) (born 1997), Argentine actress, singer-songwriter, dancer and model, also known for her lead role in Disney's series Violetta

 * Other
 * tini (software), alternative init included in Docker

title: Tini


text:
Geom Mojam

Geom Mojam (?–670) was the military leader of a short-lived movement to restore Goguryeo after its fall to Silla in the later 7th century CE. After the kingdom fell to Tang and Silla in 668, he kindled an opposition movement in the Taedong River valley and in 670 established Anseung (안승, 安勝, another source has it as Ansun, 안순, 安舜) as the new King of Goguryeo. Anseung is believed to have been the illegitimate son of King Bojang, the last ruler of that kingdom. The capital was set up in modern-day Chaeryŏng-gun, South Hwanghae, North Korea. The rebellion is briefly described in the Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo Book 10.

One source gives Geom's birthplace as Surimseong (수림성, 水臨城), while the Samguk Sagi (“Annals of Silla”/King Munmu 10/Month 6) relates that he was a native of the walled city of Yeongnim (location unknown). His date of birth is unknown. As military official, the Samguk Sagi relates, he reached the rank of daehyeong (대형, 大兄), seventh among the 14 ranks of Goguryeo officialdom. However, the New History of Tang (book 220/“Gaoli Monograph”) records his name as Gyeom Mojam (겸모잠, 鉗牟岑) and his office as that of daejang.

The Samguk Sagi relates how following the fall of Goguryeo Geom departed from Gungmo fortress (궁모성, 窮牟城) and arriving to the south of the Pae River he met and killed several Tang officials and the monk Fa An (法安) before heading for Silla territory. En route to Silla he met Anseung at Saya Island (present day Soya Island) and together they came to Han fortress (present day Chaeryŏng, Chaeryŏng county, South Hwanghae Province). There Anseung was proclaimed king of Goguryeo.

After placing Anseung on the throne, Geom dispatched the sohyeong (소형, 小兄) Dasik (다식, 多式) to Silla to request armed assistance and recognition from that kingdom. Silla at this time was struggling to avoid absorption into the Tang dynasty through the Protectorate General to Pacify the East (安東都護府), a military government Tang had established on the peninsula after the fall of Baekje and Goguryeo. Therefore, Silla eagerly sent an embassy recognizing Ansun as the legitimate King of Goguryeo and offering an alliance. But relation with Geom and Anseung suddenly deteriorated, and Geom was assassinated at the behest of Anseung. After the assassination, Anseung fled to Silla and later ruled the short-lived Bodeok Kingdom based in Iksan.

Geom's struggle is comparable to that of the Baekje leader Boksin, who led a similarly ill-fated attempt to restore the Baekje state a decade before. The ultimate failure of Geom's struggle also prepared the way for the subsequent Goguryeo diaspora.

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Kim Myung-soo in the 2006-2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo-yeong.

title: Geom Mojam


text:
British Electricity Authority

The British Electricity Authority (BEA) was established as the central British electricity authority in 1948 under the nationalisation of Great Britain's electricity supply industry enacted by the Electricity Act 1947. The BEA was responsible for the generation, transmission and sale of electricity to area electricity boards, and the development and maintenance of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of electricity supply.

History
The authority took over the operations of over 600 small public supply power companies, municipal authority electricity departments and the Central Electricity Board to form the BEA, which comprised a central authority and 14 area boards. Its scope did not include control of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, which had been founded in 1943 and remained independent of the BEA.

The appointment of chairmen and members of the BEA and the area boards were made in August 1947 and the BEA was formally established on 15 August 1947. The 14 area boards were formally established on 1 January 1948, and Vesting Day, when the BEA and area boards became responsible for electricity supply, was on 1 April 1948.

The London headquarters were initially at British Electricity House, Great Portland Street, W1, then British Electricity House, Trafalgar Buildings, Strand, SW1, and British Electricity House, Winsley Street, W1.

Board structure
The British Electricity Authority was established by Section 2 of the Electricity Act 1947. It comprised a chairman and four to six other members appointed by the Minister of Fuel and Power; four members, also appointed by the minister, who were chairmen of an area electricity board (in rotation); and one other member who was chairman of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board.

Management board members
The first appointments to the board were:

 * Lord Citrine, former member of the National Coal Board, Chairman
 * Sir Henry Self, permanent secretary of the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Deputy Chairman (Administration)
 * Sir John Hacking, chief engineer of the Central Electricity Board, Deputy Chairman (Operations)
 * Ernest Bussey, general secretary of the Electrical Trades Union, Member for Labour Relations and Welfare
 * Dame Caroline Haslett, director of the Electrical Association for Women, member
 * Sir William Walker, former Lord Mayor of Manchester, member
 * Tom Johnston, North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, member
 * Josiah Eccles, Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board, member
 * W. Lewis, Midland Electricity Board, Member
 * J. S. Pickles, South West Scotland Electricity Board, member
 * Henry John Randall, London Electricity Board, member

Subsequent appointments were, by rotation, the chairman of the South Eastern (Norman R. Elliott), East Midlands (C. R. King), South Wales (L. Howes) and South East Scotland Electricity Board (Sir Norman Duke) were appointed members of the BEA from 1 January 1950. Their terms expired on 31 December 1951 and were succeeded by the appointment of C. T. Melling (Eastern Electricity Board), H. H. Mullens (North Eastern), H. Nimmo (Southern), and S. F. Steward (South Western).

Sir John Hacking retired in 1953 and his place on the board was taken by Josiah Eccles as deputy chairman with effect from January 1954.

Appointments by rotation with effect from 1 January 1954 were H. J. Randall (London), W. S. Lewis (Midlands), D. Bellamy (Yorkshire), and Sir John Hallsworth (North Western).

Headquarters organisation
The headquarters organisation had seven main departments.

The Chief Contracts Officer (F. W. Smith) was responsible to both of the deputy chairmen.

A board member (E. W. Bussey) was responsible for Labour Relations and Welfare.

Under the Deputy Chairman for Administration (Sir Henry Self) were:

 * The Secretary (H. F. Carpenter)
 * Commercial Manager (E. R. Wilkinson)
 * Chief Accountant (D. W. Coates)
 * Chief legal adviser (R. A. Finn)

Under the Deputy Chairman for Operations (Sir John Hacking) was:

 * Chief Engineer (V. A. Pask), who had four deputy chief engineers
 * Deputy Chief Engineer Generation had two engineering teams:
 * Generation Design Engineer
 * Generation Operations Engineer
 * Deputy Chief Engineer Transmission had three engineering teams:
 * Transmission Design Engineer
 * Transmission Construction Engineer
 * System Operation Engineer, responsible for national control
 * Deputy Chief Engineer Generating Station Construction had four engineering teams:
 * Coordination Engineer
 * Production Inspection and Test Engineer
 * Specifications and Contracts
 * HQ Stations Supervising Engineer
 * Deputy Chief Engineer Research had two engineering teams:
 * Director of Laboratories
 * Engineer-in-Charge Electro-Technical Research

Area boards
Area electricity boards were established by Section 3 of the Electricity Act 1947. They were responsible for the distribution of electricity and sales to customers. They comprised a chairman and five to seven other members appointed by the Minister of Fuel and Power after consultation with the central authority; and one member holding the office of chairman of the consultative council. The new area boards were:

 * 1) East Midlands Electricity Board (EMEB)
 * 2) Eastern Electricity Board (EEB)
 * 3) London Electricity Board (LEB)
 * 4) Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board (MANWEB)
 * 5) Midlands Electricity Board (MEB)
 * 6) North Eastern Electricity Board (NEEB)
 * 7) North Western Electricity Board (NORWEB)
 * 8) South East Scotland Electricity Board
 * 9) South Eastern Electricity Board (SEEBOARD)
 * 10) South Wales Electricity Board (SWALEC)
 * 11) South West Scotland Electricity Board
 * 12) South Western Electricity Board (SWEB)
 * 13) Southern Electricity Board (SEB)
 * 14) Yorkshire Electricity Board (YEB)

Consultative councils
Section 7 of the Electricity Act 1947 established a consultative council for each of the area electricity boards. These councils had the duty of considering matters affecting the distribution of electricity in the area, including tariffs and the provision of new or improved services, following representations by consumers or other persons requiring supplies; they could also consider any matter referred to them by the area board. They were to notify their conclusions to the board.

The councils consisted of between twenty and thirty persons appointed by the minister. Not less than half nor more than three-fifths were appointed from a panel of members of local authorities. The remainder represented agriculture, commerce, industry, labour and the general interests of consumers of electricity in the area. The chairman of each consultative council was a member of the area electricity board.

Electricity generation, supply and sales
The electricity generated, supplied and sold, in GWh, over the establishment of the BEA was as follows:

Financial
A summary of the BEA's financial results is as follows:

Employees
There were a total of 169,000 employees in the electricity supply industry 1952, comprising:

Publications

 * Report and statement of accounts - British Electricity Authority, London, HMSO, 1949-55.
 * British Electricity Authority, Electricity supply, Directory of B.E.A., boards and officials. [With portraits and a map.] British Electricity Authority, London, 1948.
 * Glyn Bowen-Jones and British Electricity Authority, Souvenir of the opening of Kingston Power Station by His Majesty the King accompanied by Her Majesty the Queen, on the 27th day of October, 1948, London, 1948.
 * British Electricity Authority, National negotiations in industry: Address, British Electricity Authority, London, 1949.
 * British Electricity Authority, British electricity: its organisation under public ownership, London, 1950.
 * British Electricity Authority Publications Vols. 1, 2 and 3, 1950. Volume 3 comprises Organisation Charts, ‘Two Years’ Work’ and ‘Summer Schools Oxford’.
 * British Electricity Authority, British electricity conference: held at the Royal Hall, Harrogate, 19th June, 1950, London, British Electricity Authority, 1950.
 * British Electricity Authority, Beam: Magazine of the B.E.A., Midlands Division Branch, London, 1954.
 * British Electricity Authority, Power and prosperity, British Electricity Authority, 1954.

Successors
As a result of the Electricity Reorganisation (Scotland) Act 1954, the British Electricity Authority was replaced on 1 April 1955 by the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) for England and Wales. At the same time, the two South of Scotland Area Boards and the associated electricity generation and distribution plant were merged into the South of Scotland Electricity Board (SSEB) to form an integrated electricity board responsible for generation, distribution and electricity supply in southern and central Scotland.

Soon afterwards, the Electricity Act 1957 dissolved the Central Electricity Authority, which it replaced with the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) and the Electricity Council.

title: British Electricity Authority


text: User talk:61.0.100.89

title: User talk:61.0.100.89


text:
Royal Thai Navy

The Royal Thai Navy (Abrv: RTN, ทร.; กองทัพเรือไทย, ) is the naval warfare force of Thailand. Established in 1906, it was modernised by the Admiral Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse (1880–1923) who is known as the father of the Royal Navy. It has a structure that includes the naval fleet, Royal Thai Marine Corps, and Air and Coastal Defence Command. The RTN headquarters is at Sattahip Naval Base.

The navy operates three naval area commands (NAC): Northern Gulf of Thailand (First NAC); Southern Gulf of Thailand (Second NAC); and the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) (Third NAC). RTN also has two air wings and one flying unit on its aircraft carrier.

Ancient era
The military history of Thailand encompasses 1,000 years of armed struggle, from wars of independence from the Khmer Empire through to struggles with her regional rivals, Burma and Vietnam, and periods of conflict with Britain and France during the colonial era.

The naval arm of the army consisted mainly of riverine war craft whose mission was to control the Chao Phraya River and protect ships carrying the army to battle. The warships carried up to 30 musketeers, a large number of rowers and a front 6 or 12-pounder cannons or no guns at all.

The Siamese navy was also supported by Chinese immigrants, mostly in Chantaburi. During the era of Taksin the Great, his army successfully sieged the old capital of Ayutthaya with the help of the Chinese shipwrights who are masters of building war junks, which carried more guns than riverine warcrafts.

Vietnamese-Siamese war
The timeline of emergence of a Siamese sea fleet is unknown. Most of its sailors were foreign, such as Cham, Malay, and Chinese. It is assumed that in this era, Ships designs changed from shallow draft Chinese junk (Reu-Sam-Pau/Reụ̄x s̄ảp̣heā) to deeper draft Kam-pan and sloop; with a short period of copied Vietnamese junks. The most prominent naval battle was at Vàm Nao River.

Franco-Siamese crisis
The Paknam Incident was a navy engagement fought during the Franco-Siamese crisis in July 1893. Three French ships violated Siamese territory and warning shots were fired at them by a Siamese fort and a force of gunboats on the Chao Phraya River in Paknam. In the ensuing battle, France prevailed and blockaded Bangkok. Peace was restored on 3 October 1893 after the British put pressure on both the Siamese and French to reach a negotiated settlement.

World War I

The First World War had no direct impact on Siam due to its distance from the fighting. The war did, however, provide an opportunity for King Rama VI to strengthen his country's position in the international arena. He also used the war as a means to promote the concept of a Siamese nation.

Siamese sailors were part of a volunteer expeditionary force, consisting of medical, motor transport, and aviation detachments. By early-1918, 1,284 men were selected from thousands of volunteers. The force was commanded by Major General Phraya Bhijai Janriddhi and was sent to France.

Franco-Thai War
The Battle of Ko Chang took place on 17 January 1941 during the Franco-Thai War in which a flotilla of French warships attacked a smaller force of Thai vessels, including a coastal defence ship. The HTMS Thonburi was heavily damaged and grounded on a sand bar at the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, with about 20 dead. The Thai transport HTMS Chang arrived at Ko Chang shortly after the French departed and took the Thonburi in tow, before purposefully running her aground in Laem Ngop.

The French suffered 11 men killed. During the post-action investigations, the Thai Navy claimed, based on statements by Thai sailors and the fisherman around Ko Chang and merchantmen in Saigon, that heavy damage was seen to have been caused to the French ship Lamotte-Picquet and her squadron. The battle was a tactical victory by the French Navy over the Thai Navy although the strategic result is disputed. The Japanese intervened diplomatically and mediated a ceasefire. Within a month of the engagement, the French and the Thais had negotiated a peace that ended the war.

World War II
During World War II, Siam allied with Japan after Japan invaded Siam on 8 December 1941. Thailand officially joined the war in January 1942.

Thai submarines saw service throughout World War II, but saw no combat. Two of them did serve an unconventional role during the war. On 14 April 1945, five months before the Japanese surrender, Bangkok's Samsen and Wat Liab Power Plants were bombed by the Allies, leaving the city without electricity. In response to a request from the Bangkok Electricity Authority, the Matchanu and Wirun anchored at the Bangkok Dock Company and served as power generators for one of Bangkok's tram lines.

Manhattan Rebellion

During the Manhattan Rebellion of 1951, the navy was involved in a failed coup against Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram which led to the sinking of flagship HTMS Sri Ayudhya.

Vietnam War
In support of South Vietnam and its allies during the Vietnam War, two Thai naval vessels supported ground forces with naval bombardments.

Later years
The navy's combat forces include the Royal Fleet and the Royal Thai Marine Corps. The 130 vessels of the Royal Fleet include frigates equipped with surface-to-air missiles, fast attack craft armed with surface-to-surface missiles, large coastal patrol craft, coastal minelayers, coastal minesweepers, landing craft, and training ships.

The mission space of the Thailand navy includes rivers and the Gulf of Thailand and the Indian Ocean, which are separated by the Kra Isthmus. Naval affairs are directed by the country's most senior admiral from his Bangkok headquarters. The naval commander in chief is supported by staff groups that plan and administer such activities as logistics, education and training, and various special services. The headquarters general staff function like the corresponding staffs in the Royal Thai Army army and Royal Thai Air Force command structures.

Command and control

The Royal Thai Navy is commanded by the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy, currently, Admiral Adung Phan-iam, who was appointed in 2023. The Royal Thai Navy headquarters is in Bangkok.
 * Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Adung Phan-iam
 * Deputy Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Suwin Jangyodsuk
 * President, Royal Thai Navy Advisory Group: Admiral Kowit Inprom
 * Assistant Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Chonlathit Navanukroh
 * Chief of Staff, Royal Thai Navy: Admiral Worawut Pruksarungruang
 * Commander-in-Chief, Royal Thai Fleet: Admiral Chatchai Thongsaat

Naval Area Commands
The Royal Thai Navy operates three naval area commands:
 * First Naval Area Command: responsible for the northern part of Gulf of Thailand
 * Second Naval Area Command: responsible for the southern part of Gulf of Thailand
 * Third Naval Area Command: responsible for the Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean)

District forces

 * Navy Fleet District Forces
 * Northern Gulf of Thailand Fleet
 * Southern Gulf of Thailand Fleet
 * Andaman Sea Fleet
 * Royal Thai Naval Air District Forces
 * U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield
 * Chanthaburi Airstrip
 * Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Navy Base
 * Songkhla Royal Thai Navy Airfield
 * Phuket Royal Thai Navy Airfield
 * Narathiwat Airstrip
 * Navy Bases District Forces
 * Sattahip Naval Base
 * Bangkok Naval Base
 * Phang Nga Naval Base
 * Songkhla Naval Base
 * Phuket Naval Base
 * Samui Naval Base
 * Trat Naval Base

Royal Thai Naval Dockyard
The Naval Dockyard was on Arun amarin Road, Siriraj Subdistrict, Bangkoknoi District, Bangkok. It has constructed and repaired ships since the reign of King Mongkut. As ships grew larger, King Chulalongkorn ordered the construction of a large wooden dock. He presided over the opening ceremony on 9 January 1890, a date now considered the birth of the Naval Department. Its headquarters is now at Mahidol Adulyadej Naval Dockyard, Sattahip District, Chonburi Province.
 * Ships built during the reign of King Rama VIII, Ananda Mahidol:
 * HTMS Sarasin-class: Fisheries boat; displacement 50 tons; three ships in this class
 * Coast Guard Boat 9 class: Coast Guard boat; displacement 11.25 tons; four ships in this class
 * HTMS Prong: Tanker; displacement 150 tons
 * Ships built during the reign of King Rama IX, King Bhumibol Adulyadej the Great:
 * HTMS Khamronsin (II)-class: Corvette; displacement 450 tons; three ships in this class
 * HTMS Hua Hin-class: Patrol gunboat; displacement 530 tons; three ships in this class
 * HTMS Sattahip (I)-class: Torpedo boat; displacement 110 tons
 * Tor.91-class: Patrol Boat: displacement 115 tons; nine ships in this class
 * Thor (II)-class: Minesweeper; displacement 29.56 tons; five ships in this class
 * HTMS Proet: Tanker; displacement 412 tons; two ships in this class
 * HTMS Chuang-class: Water tanker; displacement 360 tons; two ships in this class
 * HTMS Samaesarn (II)-class: Tugboat; displacement 328 tons; two ships in this class
 * Tor.991-class: Gunboat; displacement 115 tons; four ships in this class
 * HTMS Krabi-class: Offshore patrol vessel; displacement 1,969 tons; two ships in this class
 * HTMS Laemsing-class: Patrol gunboat; displacement 520 tons

Royal Thai Marine Corps
The Royal Thai Marine Corps (RTMC) was founded in 1932, when the first battalion was formed with the assistance of the United States Marine Corps. It was expanded to a regiment in 1940 and was in action against communist guerrillas throughout the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1960s, the United States Marine Corps assisted in its expansion into a brigade. In December 1978, RECON teams of The Royal Thai Marine Corps were sent to the Mekong River during skirmishes with the Pathet Lao, a communist political movement and organisation in Laos.

Thai Marines today are responsible for border security in Chanthaburi and Trat provinces. They have fought communist insurgents in engagements at Baan Hard Lek, Baan Koat Sai, Baan Nhong Kok, Baan Kradook Chang, Baan Chumrark, and in the battle of Hard Don Nai in Nakhon Phanom Province. They serve in 2019 in the southern border provinces currently affected by the South Thailand insurgency. A monument to their valor stands at the Royal Thai Navy base at Sattahip.

Marine special force
The RTMC Reconnaissance Battalion, known as "RECON", is a reconnaissance battalion. It falls under the command of the Royal Thai Marine Division. The mission of Reconnaissance Battalion is to provide task forces to conduct amphibious reconnaissance, ground reconnaissance, battlespace shaping operations, raids, and specialized insertion and extraction.

Naval Special Warfare Command
The Naval Special Warfare Command was set up as an underwater demolition assault unit in 1956 with the assistance of the US. A small element of the Navy SEALs has been trained to conduct maritime counter-terrorism missions. The unit has close ties with the United States Navy SEALs and conducts regular joint training exercises.

Most of the operations of the Navy SEALs are highly sensitive and are rarely divulged to the public. Navy SEALs have been used to gather intelligence along the Thai border during times of heightened tension. Navy SEALs have participated in anti-piracy operations in the Gulf of Thailand.

Thai Navy SEALs participated in the Tham Luang cave rescue. The rescue team successfully extricated members of 12 junior football players and their coach, who were trapped in Tham Luang Nang Non Cave in Chiang Rai Province in July 2018. One former Navy SEAL died in the rescue effort.

Air and Coastal Defence Command
The Air and Coastal Defence Command was formed in 1992 under the control of the Royal Fleet Headquarters, with one coastal defence regiment and one air defence regiment. Personnel were initially drawn from the Royal Thai Marine Corps, but are now being recruited directly. The First Coastal Defence Regiment is based near the Marine Corps facility at Sattahip. The First Air Defence Regiment was near the Naval Air Wing at U-Tapao. Coastal Defence Command was greatly expanded in 1992, following the government's decision in 1988 to charge the RTN with the responsibility of defending the eastern seaboard and Southern Seaboard Development Project. The Second Air Defence Regiment, based at Songkhla, was formed the following year. Some analysts believe that this element will eventually grow to a strength of up to 15,000 personnel.

 * The First Air Defence Regiment: its mission is to provide anti-aircraft defence for the northern Gulf of Thailand with three anti-aircraft battalions.
 * The Second Air Defence Regiment: to provide anti-aircraft defence for the southern Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea with three anti-aircraft battalions.
 * The First Coastal Defence Regiment: has three artillery battalions.
 * Two Air and Coastal Defence Command and Control Centers
 * Air and Coastal Defence Supporting Regiment: one transportation battalion, one communications battalion, one maintenance battalion.

Royal Thai Naval Air Division

The RTN recently has two air wings and one Flying Unit of aircraft carrier HTMS Chakri Naruebet, operating 23 fixed-wing aircraft and 26 helicopters from U-Tapao, Songkhla, and Phuket. The First Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons; the Second Royal Thai Navy wing has three squadrons and another wing for HTMS Chakri Naruebet Flying Unit.

Riverine Patrol Regiment

The Royal Thai Navy RTN Riverine Patrol Regiment keeps the peace, prevents illegal immigration, human trafficking, drug smuggling or any other threats to national security on the Chao Phraya and Mekong Rivers and elsewhere. Royal Thai Navy Riverine Patrol detachments are stationed in several provinces:

Royal Thai Naval Academy

The Royal Thai Naval Academy in Samut Prakan was established by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) in 1898, Those who want to enter the academy first have to pass the entrance exam, after which they join a three-year preparatory program at the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School where they study together with army, air force, and police cadets. On successful completion, they enter the academy. After graduation, they attend a further one-year advanced course at Sattahip that leads to a graduate diploma in naval science. On completion of this course, they are ready to work as officers in the Royal Thai Navy or Royal Thai Marine Corps. Cadets graduate with a bachelor's degree in engineering or science and are commissioned in the Royal Thai Navy with the rank of ensign (sub-lieutenant). Together with graduates of the other armed forces and police academies they receive their swords from the king personally or the king's representative. Selected first-year cadets of the RTNA are awarded scholarships to study at naval academies abroad. On their return to Thailand they start working as officers in the Royal Thai Navy straightaway.

Naval Medical Department

The Naval Medical Department was first set up on 1 April 1890 and is headquartered at Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital in Bangkok. It provides medical services for sailors of the Royal Thai Navy and operates a number of hospitals in Thailand including Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital in Chonburi, opened on 20 November 1995.

Royal Thai Navy Music Division

A Royal Thai Navy band has existed since the RTN was only a naval department of the Royal Thai Army. Its began with the creation of the "Naval Trumpet Band" on 10 June 1878, with the arrival of the new royal yacht Vesatri and her captain, M. Fusco, who later was one of the training instructors.

Captain Fusco had the duty to stage musicals for King Rama V when the king traveled by sea, as when King Chulalongkorn visited Europe in 1897. The government assigned the young ensemble under the command of Captain Fusco to the Royal Yacht Maha Chakri' for the voyage to Europe. This band would later become the basis of the Royal Thai Navy Music Division of the RTN Bangkok Naval Base. Today, the RTNMD stations bands in all naval bases and installations, as well as in educational institutions.

Naval Military Police Regiment
The navy was the first branch of the Thai military to create a military police unit. The naval military police was established at the order of Marshal Admiral Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, Prince of Nakhon Sawan, who was a naval commander at that time. The official founding date was on 14 December 1905 by the Department of Mechanical Ships and the Department of Naval Affairs.

Equipment

The Royal Thai Navy fleet consists of ships constructed in Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Thai shipbuilding companies and RTN dockyards such as Mahidol Adulyadej Naval Dockyard, Asian Marine Services, Marsun Shipbuilding, Italthai Marine, and Bangkok Dock also have the capability to construct vessels.

Humanitarian relief operations
Thailand worked with more than 60 nations in providing help to the Nepali people following an earthquake. Operation Sahayogi Haat ('helping hands') was a US military relief operation delivering humanitarian assistance to victims of the April and May 2015 Nepal earthquakes. The Royal Thai Navy assisted relief efforts. A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the region of Kathmandu in Nepal on 25 April 2015. Operation Sahayogi Haat for humanitarian relief operations was put into action by Joint Task Force 505 on 6 May 2015.

Royal Barges
The royal barge is the type of vessel for Thailand's Royal Barge Procession, when is a ceremony of both religious and royal significance which has taken place for almost 700 years when was the earliest historical evidence of royal barges dates from the Sukhothai period (1238–1438). The royal barges are a blend of craftsmanship and traditional Thai art. The Royal Barge Procession takes place rarely, marking only the most significant cultural and religious events.

Royal barge Narai Song Suban Ratchakan Thi Kao or the royal barge Narai Song Suban HM King Rama IX is the only barge out of four royal barges which was built under commission by the Royal Thai Navy, along with the Thai Department of Fine Arts.

She was built during the reign of HM King Rama IX Bhumibol Adulyadej, who laid the keel in 1994. Thus Narai Song Suban HM King Rama IX was launched on 6 May 1996 to be commissioned and coincide with the celebration of the 50 anniversary of Bhumibol Adulyadej's accession to the throne.

Budget
The RTN budget for FY2021 is 48,289 million baht, up from 47,050M baht in FY2020 and 45,485M baht in FY2019.

title: Royal Thai Navy


text:
The Incal

The Incal (French: L'Incal) is a French graphic novel series written by Alejandro Jodorowsky and originally illustrated by Jean Giraud (aka Mœbius). The Incal, with first pages originally released as Une aventure de John Difool ("A John Difool Adventure") in Métal hurlant and published by Les Humanoïdes Associés, introduced Jodorowsky's "Jodoverse" (or "Metabarons Universe"), a fictional universe in which his science fiction comics take place. It is an epic space opera blending fantastical intergalactic voyage, science, technology, political intrigues, conspiracies, messianism, mysticism, poetry, debauchery, love stories, and satire. The Incal includes and expands the concepts and artwork from the abandoned film project Dune directed by Jodorowsky and designed by Giraud from the early 1970s.

Originally published in installments between 1980 and 1988 in the French magazine Métal Hurlant, and followed by Before the Incal (1988–1995, with Zoran Janjetov), After the Incal (2000, with Jean Giraud), and Final Incal (2008–2014, with José Ladrönn), it has been described as a contender for "the best comic book" in the medium's history. From it came spin-off series Metabarons, The Technopriests, and Megalex.

The Incal
The story is set in the dystopian capital city of an insignificant planet in a human-dominated galactic empire, wherein the Bergs, aliens who resemble featherless birds and reside in a neighboring galaxy, make up another power bloc. It starts in medias res with Difool thrown from the Suicide Alley to the great acid lake below by a masked group, luckily saved by a police cruiser. During the questioning he denies that he received the Light Incal, a crystal of enormous and infinite powers (it guides and protects those who believe in it), from a dying Berg. The Incal is then sought by many factions: the Bergs; the corrupt government of the great pit-city; the rebel group Amok (led by Tanatah); and the Church of Industrial Saints, commonly referred to as the Techno-Technos or the Technopriests, a sinister technocratic cult which worships the Dark Incal. Animah (an allusion to anima), the keeper of the Light Incal, seeks it as well. During the journey Difool and Deepo (Difool's loyal concrete seagull) are joined by Animah, The Metabaron, Solune, Tanatah (sister of Animah) and Kill Wolfhead, with a task of saving the universe from the forces of the Dark Incal, and the Technopriests manufacture and launch into outer space the sun-eating Dark Egg. As the darkness is overcome, Difool is brought before Orh, the fatherlike divinity, who tells him he must remember what he witnessed. As Difool falls away, he finds himself where he was at the beginning, falling down the shaft.

Before the Incal
The story is a considerably more straightforward noir tale of boundless urban corruption with the relative absence of spiritualistic elements, which dips deeper into exploring the urban fabric of the world of The Incal. The story follows young Difool living in demimonde. He soon finds that his prostitute mother devoted herself to growing amorine, a drug that restores the ability to love. His father, Olivier Difool, breaks the law in wearing a fake halo that is the mark of an aristo. Justice is harsh for such transgressions of class — a legal clause "allows the condemned man to choose between a tablet at the morgue-wall, where he'll sleep away his thirty-year-and-one-day term", or "remodeling", which means having his entire memory wiped. His father chooses remodeling. Difool soon begins to investigate the mystery of the disappearance of prostitutes' children, something he shouldn't find out.

Final Incal
The story from the unfinished After the Incal was rewritten to provide a separate narrative for this volume. The story starts after The Incal climax, in which John Difool encountered a flowing-bearded divine being named Orh, witnessing a universe-shaking event, hurtling towards certain death in the acid lake. DiFool forgets about the cosmic encounter, and recovers his memory as the universe faces the threat of a metallic virus. The Prezident was cloned in a metallic body, equipped with both chemical and brutal weapons, but also an altered mind — operating under the influence of the "destroyer of all living things", the Benthacodon (equivalent to The Incal's Black Egg). He unleashes a destructive organic virus called the Biophage 13-X with the purpose of forcing the population to abandon their natural bodies in favor of robotic ones. The only way to counteract is to reunite John Difool with his true love, Luz de Garra (from Before the Incal), and the Elohim (a force of goodness) makes four John Difools from different realities to encounter each other on a quest to find her. The egos of the allegedly evolved guru Difool and the super-evolved "angelic" Difool are ridiculed, and the least enlightened Difool, the ugliest and most craven, is selected to save the universe. In the end, the cosmic humanity manages to become one collective consciousness, as true love saves it from turning into a collection of unfeeling metallic beings.

Main characters

 * John Difool, protagonist: a Class R licensed private investigator and occasional bodyguard. Difool is reluctant to assume the role of hero, and suffers mood swings, self-doubt, and temper tantrums. He has a fondness for cigars, "ouisky", and "homeosluts" (gynoid prostitutes). He is an everyman character, both unusually damning and praising of the human condition, kindly, sacrificing and selfish, likely to run away. His story is presented in "Before the Incal": he is the son of a prostitute, and started as a PI while investigating on the children of the red ring prostitutes.
 * Deepo, Difool's loyal and good-hearted "concrete seagull"; generally smarter and more resourceful than John himself. Early in the story, the Light Incal gives him the power of speech.
 * Animah and Tanatah, two sisters charged with guarding the Light and Dark Incals, respectively, whereof Tanatah hired the Metabaron to kill John DiFool and obtain the Light Incal. Animah, mother of Solune, who originally safeguarded the Light Incal, has psychic powers. Tanatah is also the head of the rebel group called the Amok.
 * The Metabaron, the greatest bounty hunter, mercenary, and fighter ace in the known universe, and the adopted father of Solune; originally sent to kill John Difool by Tanatah. The Metabaron returned John in a frozen state without killing him, knowing that Tanatah would betray him.
 * Solune (French words soleil and lune), the adopted child of the Metabaron and the biological child of Animah and John Difool. Like Animah, Solune has immense psychic powers, and was the chosen host of the power known as the Incal and become the dual-gendered leader of the universe.
 * Kill Wolfhead, an anthropomorphic wolf mercenary in Tanatah's employ. Kill holds a grudge against DiFool, who pierced his ear with a bullet near the beginning of the story. He is featured as faithful, loyal, impulsive and aggressive.

Analysis
The center of the concept is Difool's fantastic spiritual journey (or initiation) on a cosmic scale, which he is reluctant to accept; he constantly wishes to return to his own ignorant reality of simple hedonistic pleasures. It is an allegory for the sins repeating, the futility of complacency and the necessity for individual transformation. As the story progresses he keeps changing, becoming more heroic, even physically more handsome. The original six installments begin and end by DiFool falling from the bridge; he descends, ascends and later re-descends in "closed" circularity.

The universe is split into two galaxies, a human (with 22,000 planets), and a Berg (featherless birdlike aliens), and the story is set on four planets in the human galaxy: Ter21, Techno-Gea, Aquaend, and the Golden Planet.

On the planet Ter21 there are two social classes: the fortunate (common and aristocrats), who reside at the top, and the others (including the mutants led by Gorgo the Foul, who represent the poor living in misery, on the fringes of society, minorities of all kinds ), who live down in the pits. At the top, it's a near-panopticonical dystopia with standard TV program (with the same presenter Diavaloo) depicting filmed violence for public consumption, and indoctrination. Seemingly no one works anymore, and all life is mediated through the TriD (TV), even people's dreams. People are addicted to "love drug" amorine, while the president is engaged in repeated body transplants. The masculine role is ridiculed by mass-produced holographic prostitutes. The technopriests represent the most damning, avaricious human drives.

John Difool is based upon The Fool from tarot with his name being a pun upon "John, the Fool". Animah's name is based on the Jungian concept of the anima, the feminine part of every male's psyche, as well in Latin "anima" means "psyche". The series has no taboos, an attitude towards sex, violence and general social stigmas that may be avoided in more conventional comics. They include black-and-white dualism or the conflict between good and evil, mystical symbolism, archetypes, metaphysics, tarot and other influences. In the story there's often a conflict between life or nature and dead technology (even uniformity and diversity ), as "glasses enable you to see, that's technology. But happiness is not that, it's not your glasses. It's what you are able to see. If you have wonderful glasses but don't know how to see what's in front of you, then that technological tool is useless". The series also showcases religion, economy, politics and warfare, all mixed together.

The Final Incal is kind of a call for revolt to organize life in a different way, because as individuals people are mortal, but as humanity itself they are immortal. To learn that others exist, to live together and give, that there is continuity only as part of humanity as a whole. It demonstrates that "love is the ultimate purifier; a force that can cleanse, renew and revitalize".

Style
The series capture worlds with cityscapes, huge spacecraft and lands populated by technopriests, rubbish-dwelling mutants, doppelgängers, giant jellyfish, chiming forests of gems and jostling, old gurus floating on crystals, an underground rat army, flying leeches, "necro-panzers", a selfish humanity among others. Some touches are borrowed directly from Dune: the Emperoress, a "perfect androgyne", or Aquend, a planet composed entirely of water which is Arrakis's seeming opposite, and a "mentrek" who betrayed his former master.

Jean Giraud's (also known as Moebius) artwork and Yves Chaland's colouring from The Incal were well praised. Jodorowsky initially didn't have a script, but recounted and mimed the ideas to Moebius who sketched the scenario, recorded their conversation on tape, and they jointly altered the plot. Jon Evans considered resemblance to the De Stijl school of art inspired by artists like Piet Mondrian and Vilmos Huszár.

Moebius refused to do Before the Incal, thus Jodorowsky found Zoran Janjetov. Although Janjetov had his own style, he was influenced by Moebius and imitated him. Finally, Moebius decided to do After the Incal, but beside his illness at the time he had a different style, and Jodorowsky was not satisfied by the overall work. He depicted the nightmare of the tech-world with a more abundant sense of optimism, something peppered with light and hope throughout.

José Ladrönn's rendition of the worlds that Moebius originally designed in the rewritten sequel Final Incal is much darker and grittier; the streets are emptier, less colorful, more muted. He excelled at drawing, but as if he has studied not only Moebius but also the movies that Moebius influenced, directly or indirectly (like Blade Runner).

Publication history
The Incal was initially serialized in French between 1980 and 1985 in the magazine Métal Hurlant, which was published by Les Humanoïdes Associés. An English translation was serialized in the magazine Heavy Metal (published by National Lampoon) from 1982 to 1984. Concurrent with its serialization in Métal Hurlant, Les Humanoïdes Associés collected the series as six hardcover volumes: L'Incal Noir (1981), L'Incal Lumière (1982), Ce qui est en bas (1984), Ce qui est en haut (1985), La cinquième essence – Galaxie qui Songe (1988), and La cinquième essence – La planète Difool (1988). In 1988, Epic Comics (a division of Marvel Comics) published The Incal in three volumes as a part of their "Epic Graphic Novels" line, with translation by Jean-Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier.

Later, between 2001 and 2002, was republished a series of The Incal and Before the Incal in a twelve-issue limited series, with the former in two parts, Orphan of the City Shaft and John Difool, Class "R" Detective, between 2002 and 2003, while the first in two parts The Epic Conspiracy and The Epic Journey softcover trade format by Humanoids Publishing. The Humanoids Publishing initial version (of both The Incal and Before the Incal) was recolored in a more modern style and had the nudity censored. Jodorowsky did not like the change of the series to seduce a young audience.

In December 2010, Humanoids released a limited and oversized hardcover edition of The Incal, with 750 copies printed. It was sold out and soon the series was out of print in the United States. In 2011 more hardcovers were released by Humanoids Publishing in the US and Self Made Hero in the UK. Smaller than the oversized hardcover edition, they resemble it in that they restore the original colouring and remove the censorship. In 2012 Humanoids Publishing released 9.4 x 12.6" limited deluxe edition of Before the Incal with a foreword by José Ladrönn, artist on the upcoming Final Incal. Between January 2013 and 2014, they released a sold-out 12 x 16" limited coffee table edition of The Incal six volumes.

In 2014, Humanoids released 7.9 x 10.8" hardcover trade collection of The Incal and its sequels, After the Incal and Final Incal, in one complete collection called Final Incal, as a 9.5 x 12.5" deluxe slipcase hardcover, as well limited and numbered edition 12 x 16" coffee table format. In 2015 they released a 7.9 x 10.8" hardcover trade edition, but without After the Incal. All four volumes were digitally released by Humanoids Publishing in 2014.

Humanoids released three prequel graphic novels as part of the Incal Universe project, to which Alejandro Jodorowsky gave his blessing: Psychoverse by Mark Russell and Yanick Paquette, Dying Star by Dan Watters and Jon Davis-Hunt, and Kill Wolfhead by Brandon Thomas and Pete Woods. Psychoverse was released on November 15, 2022, while Kill Wolfhead was the English-language debut of Kill Tête-de-Chien, released on November 17 2021, in France.

The series was translated from French into more than eleven languages, selling millions of copies.

The Incal

 * Note: For particulars on the English language editions of this series, please refer to the main article.

 * 1) L'Incal Noir ("The Black Incal") (1981)
 * 2) L'Incal Lumière ("The Luminous Incal") (1982)
 * 3) Ce qui est en bas ("What Lies Beneath") (1984)
 * 4) Ce qui est en haut ("What is Above") (1985)
 * 5) La cinquième essence – Galaxie qui Songe ("The Fifth Essence – The Dreaming Galaxy") (1988)
 * 6) La cinquième essence – La planète Difool ("The Fifth Essence – Planet DiFool") (1988)

Before the Incal

 * 1) Adieu le père ("Farewell, father") (1988)
 * 2) Détective privé de "Classe R ("Class "R" Detective") (1990)
 * 3) Croot! (1991)
 * 4) Anarchopsychotiques ("Psycho Anarchist") (1992)
 * 5) Ouisky, SPV et homéoputes ("Vhisky, SPV and Homeo-Whores") (1993)
 * 6) Suicide Allée ("Suicide Alley") (1995)

 * A prequel series to the first Incal series, published after it.

After the Incal
Left unfinished but The New Dream is remade and expanded in the first volume of Final Incal.
 * 1) Le nouveau rêve  ("The New Dream") (2000)

Final Incal

 * 1) Les Quatre John Difool ("The Four John DiFools") (2008)
 * 2) Louz de Garra ("Luz De Garra") (2011)
 * 3) Gorgo Le Sale ("Gorgo the Foul") (2014)

Reception and legacy
Rolling Stone magazine in "The 50 Best Non-Superhero Graphic Novels" list placed the original volume as #30, calling it "one of the great comics team-ups". Patrick Hess from Nothing But Comics placed it as fourth out of seventy best comics list, as "there are very few comics ever created in the history of the medium that are this imaginative, this thoughtful, this heartfelt or this good".

Mark Millar called it "quite simply one of the most perfect comics ever conceived and probably the most beautiful piece of graphic literature ever drawn".

Anthony Paletta from Los Angeles Review of Books considered that "The Incal isn't only a parade of thrilling grotesqueries: it also has a spiritual core that ... reflects Jodorowsky’s abiding idiosyncratic Buddhism", while "Moebius’s work is simply some of the most beautiful not merely in his catalog, but in the comics world at large". He noted that the "echoes of The Incal can also be found in the work of Hayao Miyazaki, Katsuhiro Otomo’s Akira, the decaying futurity of Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner, The Matrix, and even depictions of Coruscant in the Star Wars prequel films.

Daniel Kalder from The Comics Journal noted that the drawing by Moebius in After the Incal was of lesser ability, also saying: "Moebius was and always will be The Man but he was not the man for this story: Ladrönn was. And so while After the Incal is certainly an intriguing footnote, a glimpse of a path not taken, Final Incal is the real deal".

Hugh Armitage from Digital Spy noted that Moebius's After the Incal "delivers some typically breathtaking scenery, but his characters take on a cartoonish, Sergio Aragonés-like style that is both atypical for the artist and at odds with the dark story. [Valérie] Beltran's colours leave the images looking flat and uninteresting", and praised the Ladrönn's artwork in Final Incal.

Legal issues
The publishers sued Luc Besson, director of The Fifth Element (1997), claiming that the film borrowed graphic and story elements from The Incal, but lost their case. In an interview given to Chilean newspaper The Clinic, Jodorowsky claimed that neither he nor Moebius actually sued Besson, but instead that the lawsuit was filed by the editor of the comic series. He further claimed that the case was lost because Moebius "betrayed them" by working directly with Besson on the production of the film. In a 2002 interview with the Danish comic book magazine Strip!, Jodorowsky considered it an honour that somebody stole his ideas.

Adaptations
In the 1980s the Canadian animation director Pascal Blais created a short trailer for The Incal (i.e. Dark Incal), but the movie was never made. In 2011 and 2016, his studio made updated versions of the original trailer.

In 2013, in an interview by France Inter, Nicolas Winding Refn was reportedly working as a director on a live-action movie adaptation of The Incal, but it appeared to have been a rumor that Winding Refn dismissed in 2016.

US black metal band Bihargam released the album Ove Tenebrae as a musical adaption of The Incal on October 16, 2020.

In 2021, Jodorowsky officially announced a big screen adaptation directed by Taika Waititi, from a screenplay he co-wrote with Jemaine Clement and Peter Warren.

title: The Incal