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Troika Pottery

Troika was an art pottery that operated in Cornwall from 1962 to 1983. It was founded by three people, Leslie Illsley, Jan Thompson and Benny Sirota who took over the Powell and Wells Pottery at Wheal Dream, where Sirota had previously worked as a decorator and driver. The name is from the Russian тройка, meaning "a set of three", or triumvirate.

History

Troika was set up in February 1962 by Leslie Illsley, Jan Thompson and Benny Sirota who took over the Powell and Wells Pottery at Wheal Dream, St Ives, Cornwall, where Benny Sirota had previously worked. They wanted to pursue their vision of pottery as art, without regard to function. This ran counter to the aims of much of the studio pottery movement at the time, as epitomised by the work of Bernard Leach. They initially relied on the ceramics of Leslie's wife, Caroline (Kingston School of Art). This included the novel double egg cup and the Love plaque.

The venture rapidly became successful, gaining both critical praise and very high sales through a combination of the summer tourist trade and contracts with department stores such as Heals and Liberty in London. Vases, lamp bases and tableware were made using plaster moulds; tiles and wall plaques were also made in the early years.

The Troika pottery was based at the Wheal Dream site in St Ives from 1962 to 1970, when it moved to Fragden Place in Newlyn. Benny Sirota left in 1980, and with declining sales, the business closed in 1983.

From 19 January to 9 March 2013, an exhibition, Troika 1963-1983, was held at the Penlee House Gallery and Museum Penzance, celebrating 50 years since the inception of Troika, which included a number of prototypes by Leslie Illsley. Benny Sirota attended the opening, and explained the origin of the company's name: "my grandfather escaped from Russia dressed as a woman on a troika – a sledge with three horses...there were three of us who started the firm – and it just gelled."

Ranges
Troika had two distinct ranges of ceramics — the rough textured wares and the smooth glazed wares. Although there was some crossover in shapes and styles between these ranges, they each had different characters and different successes. A number of examples can be found in the V&A collection.

title: Troika Pottery


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Trallalero

Trallalero is a kind of polyphonic folk music from the Ligurian region of Genoa, in northern Italy. It is traditionally performed by men, though there have been some female performers in the modern era. The name derives from the monosyllabic vocables (non-lexical vocalizations), tra-la-le-ro, which feature heavily in the repertoire of the groups or Squadre. These are typically sections of songs without words during which the melody is sung on nonsense syllables.

In the 1950s, American musicologist Alan Lomax and Diego Carpitella recorded trallalero. Lomax later claimed he was blown away, and called it the most significant work in his long and storied career. Edward Neill worked to revitalize the tradition in the middle of the 20th century, with a wide range of works by musicologist Mauro Balma making up the majority of modern academic study on the subject.

Trallalero groups consist of tenor, baritone and bass parts, accompanied by a contralto and a singer whose voice imitates a guitar (chitarra). As the names of parts suggest, the imitation of instrumental styles replaces traditional vocal polyphony: this is a distinguishing feature of this genre. Nine singers are considered a normal line-up: one each of chitarra, tenor, contralto, baritone and five basses, although sometimes groups can be significantly larger.

In these larger groups basses are often divides into three sections: the bassi profondi or 'deep basses' who are usually limited to the long sounds or drones, the bassi altior 'high basses' who are similar to the deep basses but, as the name suggests, sing a slightly higher melody during certain sections of the songs, and the 'bassi cantabili' or 'singable basses' who typically sing a higher, more complex melody and often provide a rhythmic counterpoint to the other bass parts.

Group harmony in Liguria is historically associated with mountain villages, where two voices (usually a tenor and a baritone) sung over accompaniment by bass or drone. A repertoire of traditional songs evolved over time, and the style moved to the docks of Genoa, a noted port city. There, metal-workers, longshoremen and stevedores sang Trallalero, with the practice peaking in the first three decades of the 20th century. Some Trallalero groups are still practicing in Genoa and Liguria, and can be usually seen performing at the annual Le vie dei canti festival in the winter months.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trallalero


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Cistern

A cistern is a space excavated in bedrock or soil designed for catching and storing water. To prevent leakage, the interior of the cistern is often lined with hydraulic plaster.

Cisterns are distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in capacity from a few litres to thousands of cubic metres, effectively forming covered reservoirs.

Early domestic and agricultural use
Waterproof lime plaster cisterns in the floors of houses are features of Neolithic village sites of the Levant at, for instance, Ramad and Lebwe, and by the late fourth millennium BC, as at Jawa in northeastern Lebanon, cisterns are essential elements of emerging water management techniques in dry-land farming communities.

Early examples of ancient cisterns, found in Israel, include a significant discovery at Tel Hazor, where a large cistern was carved into bedrock beneath a palace dating to the Late Bronze Age. Similar systems were uncovered at Ta'anakh. In the Iron Age, underground water systems were constructed in royal centers and settlements throughout ancient Israel, marking some of the earliest instances of engineering activity in urban planning.

The Ancient Roman impluvium, a standard feature of the domus house, generally had a cistern underneath. The impluvium and associated structures collected, filtered, cooled, and stored the water, and also cooled and ventilated the house.

Castle cisterns
In the Middle Ages, cisterns were often constructed in hill castles in Europe, especially where wells could not be dug deeply enough. There were two types: the tank cistern and the filter cistern. Such a filter cistern was built at the Riegersburg in Austrian Styria, where a cistern was hewn out of the lava rock. Rain water passed through a sand filter and collected in the cistern. The filter cleaned the rain water and enriched it with minerals.

Present-day use

Cisterns are commonly prevalent in areas where water is scarce, either because it is rare or has been depleted due to heavy use. Historically, the water was used for many purposes including cooking, irrigation, and washing. Present-day cisterns are often used only for irrigation due to concerns over water quality. Cisterns today can also be outfitted with filters or other water purification methods when the water is intended for consumption. It is not uncommon for a cistern to be open in some manner in order to catch rain or to include more elaborate rainwater harvesting systems. It is important in these cases to have a system that does not leave the water open to algae or to mosquitoes, which are attracted to the water and then potentially carry disease to nearby humans.

Some cisterns sit on the top of houses or on the ground higher than the house, and supply the running water needs for the house. They are often supplied by wells with electric pumps, or are filled manually or by truck delivery, rather than by rainwater collection. Very common throughout Brazil, for example, they were traditionally made of concrete walls (much like the houses themselves), with a similar concrete top (about 5 cm/2 inches thick), with a piece that can be removed for water filling and then reinserted to keep out debris and insects. Modern cisterns are manufactured out of plastic (in Brazil with a characteristic bright blue color, round, in capacities of about 10,000 and 50,000 liters (2641 and 13,208 gallons)). These cisterns differ from water tanks in the sense that they are not entirely enclosed and sealed with one form, rather they have a lid made of the same material as the cistern, which is removable by the user.

To keep a clean water supply, the cistern must be kept clean. It is important to inspect them regularly, keep them well enclosed, and to occasionally empty and clean them with a proper dilution of chlorine and to rinse them well. Well water must be inspected for contaminants coming from the ground source. City water has up to 1ppm (parts per million) chlorine added to the water to keep it clean. If there is any question about the water supply at any point (source to tap), then the cistern water should not be used for drinking or cooking. If it is of acceptable quality and consistency, then it can be used for (1) toilets, and housecleaning; (2) showers and handwashing; (3) washing dishes, with proper sanitation methods, and for the highest quality, (4) cooking and drinking. Water of non-acceptable quality for the aforementioned uses may still be used for irrigation. If it is free of particulates but not low enough in bacteria, then boiling may also be an effective method to prepare the water for drinking.

Many greenhouses rely on a cistern to help meet their water needs, particularly in the United States. Some countries or regions, such as Flanders, Bermuda and the U.S. Virgin Islands, have strict laws requiring that rainwater harvesting systems be built alongside any new construction, and cisterns can be used in these cases. In Bermuda, for example, its familiar white-stepped roofs seen on houses are part of the rainwater collection system, where water is channeled by roof gutters to below-ground cisterns. Other countries, such as Japan, Germany, and Spain, also offer financial incentives or tax credit for installing cisterns. Cisterns may also be used to store water for firefighting in areas where there is an inadequate water supply. The city of San Francisco, notably, maintains fire cisterns under its streets in case the primary water supply is disrupted. In many flat areas, the use of cisterns is encouraged to absorb excess rainwater which otherwise can overload sewage or drainage systems by heavy rains (certainly in urban areas where a lot of ground is surfaced and doesn't let the ground absorb water).

Bathing
In some southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia showers are traditionally taken by pouring water over one's body with a dipper (this practice comes from before piped water was common). Many bathrooms even in modern houses are constructed with a small cistern to hold water for bathing by this method.

Toilet cisterns
The modern toilet utilises a cistern to reserve and hold the correct amount of water required to flush the toilet bowl. In earlier toilets, the cistern was located high above the toilet bowl and connected to it by a long pipe. It was necessary to pull a hanging chain connected to a release valve located inside the cistern in order to flush the toilet. Modern toilets may be close coupled, with the cistern mounted directly on the toilet bowl and no intermediate pipe. In this arrangement, the flush mechanism (lever or push button) is usually mounted on the cistern. Concealed cistern toilets, where the cistern is built into the wall behind the toilet, are also available. A flushing trough is a type of cistern used to serve more than one WC pan at one time. These cisterns are becoming less common, however. The cistern was the genesis of the modern bidet.

At the beginning of the flush cycle, as the water level in the toilet cistern tank drops, the flush valve flapper falls back to the bottom, stopping the main flow to the flush tube. Because the tank water level has yet to reach the fill line, water continues to flow from the tank and bowl fill tubes. When the water again reaches the fill line, the float will release the fill valve shaft and water flow will stop.

One Million Cisterns Program
In Northeastern Brazil, the One Million Cisterns Program (Programa 1 Milhão de Cisternas or P1MC) has assisted local people with water management. The Brazilian government adopted this new policy of rainwater harvesting in 2013. The Semi-Arid Articulation (ASA) has been providing managerial and technological support to establish cement-layered containers, called cisterns, to harvest and store rainwater for small farm-holders in 34 territories of nine states where ASA operates (Minas Gerais, Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará and Piauí).

The rainwater falling on the rooftops is directed through pipelines or gutters and stored in the cistern. The cistern is covered with a lid to avoid evaporation. Each cistern has a capacity of 16,000 liters. Water collected in it during 3–4 months of the rainy season can sustain the requirement for drinking, cooking, and other basic sanitation purposes for rest of the dry periods. By 2016, 1.2 million rainwater harvesting cisterns were implemented for human consumption alone. After positive results of P1MC, the government introduced another program named "One Land, Two Water Program" (Uma Terra, Duas Águas, P1 + 2), which provides a farmer with another slab cistern to support agricultural production.

Notable examples

 * Basilica Cistern in Istanbul, Turkey
 * Aljibe of the Palacio de las Veletas in Cáceres, Spain
 * Portuguese cistern (Mazagan) in El Jadida, Morocco
 * Cistern in Silves, Portugal
 * Matera, southern Italy
 * Asa of Judah built a cistern. The prophet Jeremiah was later thrown in it after prophesying the Babylonian invasion
 * Cistern in Genesis 37:20, 22

title: Cistern


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Talk:University of Ottawa Students' Union

Notability
All references for notability are from the student federation's own newspapers (Fulcrum or Rotonde) or from the SFUO's website itself.

Chrisjustinparr (talk) 19:13, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Notability-supporting links for a few of the names I wiki'ed:

 * Timothy Evans
 * Bernard Drainville
 * Patty Barrera

Also: SFUO's own website has Jock Turcot listed as president in 1965-1966 while dying in 1964. Will investigate. Bearcat 08:52, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds great, thanks for updating the list of Presidents since I didn't get to them all. Spinboy 18:55, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'll look into some of this since I work at the SFUO. I'll go check the plaque and also pester the President since there is no way that history is correct on the SFUO website. The SFUO has *NOT* been around since the 1800s (they only list from the 1940s), and a dead man can't be president. --Waterspyder 11:10, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds great, just ensure that the article doesn't become an autobiography. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 15:00, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm going to call bias on the section about the February 2009 elections. The content is not neutral, as denoted by the use of all capitals for the word successful. The fact is also not referenced. I will correct these inadequacies in the next little bit. Luckystrikes (talk) 02:31, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

I have placed the 2009 Elections Appeal Section of this page under "watch for neutrality". This section deals with an event which has not yet been resolved, has taken a personal turn for some individuals involved, and as of this time includes text that amounts to argumentation in favour of one side's claims in the dispute.

I suggest that this section be struck until the appeal has been resolved, but I would like to promote discussion on how to fix this situation. Jenny.Petrow 07:47, 20 Mar 2009

 * The Elections Appeal section doesn't cite any sources. Perhaps using verifiable information would help clean up its neutrality? Quizmil 13:26, 23 Mar 2009

--> Yeah, cause the New York Times has covered SlateGate at length. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BuyAFrame (talk • contribs) 21:09, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

The NYT may not cover uOttawa, but The Fulcrum does, and they even post articles online! http://www.thefulcrum.ca/node/2560 MinRob (talk) 04:18, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

We need more sourcing for phrases such as "The neutrality of the SAC has been questioned with regards to this appeal." Who questioned the appeal? Where is the source? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.122.115.81 (talk) 18:04, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

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Merging with SFUO
Recently the SFUO and UOSU draft page were merged. This seems wrong to me, as they are distinct and separate organizations. The article is choppy and difficult to read with both of them merged. I think they should be kept as different articles, but linked together, so readers will understand them as different organizations that did the same task in representing students at the university.

I think it could also make to keep the SFUO part to simply the history section, but that would remove some content relating to the governing structure, campaigns, and controversies. Moneymanmark (talk) 04:02, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree, the SFUO was a completely different organization and should be separate from the UOSU one. The ending of the SFUO should just be mentioned as a part of the UOSU history, specifially that UOSU started as a protest movement against SFUO before the referendum, etc. HighlandFacts (talk) 03:15, 26 April 2024 (UTC)


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List of rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande

This is the list of rulers of the Bariba state of Kouande.

List of Rulers of the Bariba (Borgu) state of Kouande
Territory located in present-day Benin.

The king of Kouande is called "Bagana" meaning Bull.

Banga = Ruler.


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Jewish schisms

Schisms among the Jews are cultural as well as religious. They have happened as a product of historical accident, geography, and theology.

Samaritans
The Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant originating from the Israelites (or Hebrews) of the Ancient Near East.

Ancestrally, Samaritans claim descent from the Tribe of Ephraim and Tribe of Manasseh (two sons of Joseph) as well as from the Levites, who have links to ancient Samaria from the period of their entry into Canaan, while some Orthodox Jews suggest that it was from the beginning of the Babylonian captivity up to the Samaritan polity under the rule of Baba Rabba. According to Samaritan tradition, the split between them and the Judean-led Southern Israelites began during the biblical time of the priest Eli when the Southern Israelites split off from the central Israelite tradition, as they perceive it.

They consider themselves to be B'nei Yisrael ('Children of Israel'), a term used universally by Jewish denominations for the Jewish people as a whole, but do not call themselves Yehudim. The word Yehudim comes from the Hebrew word Yehudi which means from the Tribe of Judah.

First Temple period
The biblical narrative describes the split by the Kingdom of Israel from the Kingdom of Judah. It points to Solomon's unfaithfulness to the divine covenant as the reason for the schism. When Rehoboam, Solomon's son, became king, the people requested tax reform. Rehoboam refused. This caused the break. At first, Rehoboam considered a military solution but the prophet Shemaiah told him not fight because God had caused the schism. Jeroboam, the leader of the tax revolt, became the leader of the Kingdom of Israel.

After the destruction and exile of the Kingdom of Israel by Assyria, non-Yahwistic practices continued. The narratives of Jeremiah and others interpreted this as the cause of the failure, destruction, and exile of the Kingdom of Judah by Babylonia. Nebuchadnezzar had additional reasons for taking over Judah and turning its inhabitants into exiles, including challenging its great rival Egypt.

Second Temple period
Conflicts between Pharisees and Sadducees took place in the context of much broader and longstanding social and religious conflicts among Jews, made worse by the Roman occupation. Another conflict was cultural, between those who favored Hellenization (the Sadducees) and those who resisted it (the Pharisees). A third was juridico-religious, between those who emphasized the importance of the Second Temple with its rites and services, and those who emphasized the importance of other Mosaic Laws. A fourth point of conflict, specifically religious, involved different interpretations of the Torah and how to apply it to current Jewish life, with Sadducees recognizing only the Written Torah (with Greek philosophy) and rejecting doctrines such as the Oral Torah, the Prophets, the Writings, and the resurrection of the dead.

According to Josephus, the Sadducees differed from the Pharisees on a number of doctrinal grounds, notably rejecting ideas of life after death. They appear to have dominated the aristocracy and the temple, but their influence over the wider Jewish population was limited.

The Essenes preached a reclusive way of life. The Zealots advocated armed rebellion against any foreign power such as Rome. All were at violent loggerheads with each other, leading to the confusion and disunity that ended with the destruction of the Second Temple and the sacking of Jerusalem by Rome.

Split of early Christianity and Judaism

The first Christians (whom historians refer to as Jewish Christians) were the original Jewish followers of Jesus, a Galilean preacher and, according to early Christian belief, the resurrected messiah. After his crucifixion by the Romans, his followers broke over whether they should continue to observe Jewish law, such as at the Council of Jerusalem. Those who argued that the law was abrogated (either partially or fully, either by Jesus or Paul or by the Roman destruction of the Temple) broke to form Christianity.

The eventual repudiation of Moses' Law by Jesus' disciples and their belief in his divinity, along with the development of the New Testament, ensured that Christianity and Judaism would become different and often conflicting religions. The New Testament depicts the Sadducees and Pharisees as Jesus' opponents (see Woes of the Pharisees), whereas the Jewish perspective has the Pharisees as the justified predecessors of the rabbis who upheld the Torah including the Oral law, which Christians refer to as the Mosaic Law or Pentateuch or "Old Covenant" in contrast to the "New Covenant".

Karaite Judaism

Karaite Judaism is a Jewish denomination characterized by reliance on the Tanakh as the sole source of binding Jewish Law. Karaites rejected the rabbinic tenet that an Oral Torah (oral law) was transmitted to Moses at Mount Sinai along with the written scriptures. Accordingly, they rejected the central works of Rabbinic Judaism which claimed to expound and interpret this written law, including the Midrash and the Talmud, as authoritative on questions of Jewish law. They may consult or discuss various interpretations of the Tanakh, but Karaites do not consider these other sources as binding or authoritative. Karaites prefer to use the peshat method of study, seeking a meaning within the text that would have been naturally understood by the ancient Hebrews.

Karaites had a wide following between the 9th and 12th centuries (they claim that at one time they numbered perhaps 10 percent of Jewry), but over the centuries their numbers have dwindled drastically. Today they are a small group, living mostly in Israel; estimates of the number of Israeli Karaites range from as low as 10,000 to as high as 50,000.

There is a divergence of views about the historical origins of Karaite Judaism. Most scholars and some Karaites maintain that it was founded at least in part by Anan ben David, whereas other Karaites believe that they are not the historical disciples of Anan ben David at all, and point out that many of their later sages (such as Ya'acov Al-Kirkisani) argued that most of Anan's teachings were "derived from Rabbanite Lore".

The state of Israel, along with its Chief Rabbinate, ruled that Karaites are Jews, and while critical differences between Orthodox Judaism and Karaite Judaism exist, American Orthodox rabbis ruled that Karaism is much closer to Orthodoxy than the Conservative and Reform movements, which may ease issues of formal conversion.

Sabbateans and Frankists

In 1648 Sabbatai Zevi declared himself to be the long-awaited Jewish Messiah whilst living in the Ottoman Empire. Vast numbers of Jews, known as Sabbateans, believed him; but when under pain of a death sentence in front of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV he became an apostate from Judaism by becoming a Muslim, his movement crumbled. Nevertheless, for centuries, small groups of Jews believed in him, and the rabbis were always on guard against any manifestations of this schism, always suspicious of hidden Shebselekh (Yiddish for "little Sabbatians", a play on the word for "young dumb sheep"). When the movement of Hasidism began attracting many followers, the rabbis were once again suspicious that this was Sabbatianism in different form. It would take centuries to sort out these complex divisions and schisms.

After his mysterious death somewhere in the area of Ottoman Albania, groups of Jews continued to be clandestine followers of Shabbatai Sevi even though they had outwardly converted to Islam, these Jews being known as the Donmeh. Jewish converts to Islam were, at times, therefore regarded with great suspicion by their fellow Muslims.

A few decades after Shabbatai Sevi's death, a man by the name of Jacob Frank claiming mystical powers preached that he was Shabbatai Sevi's successor. He attracted a following, preached against the Talmud, advocated a form of licentious worship, and was condemned by the rabbis at the time. When confronted by the Polish authorities, he converted to Catholicism in 1759 in the presence of King Augustus III of Poland, together with groups of his Jewish followers, known as "Frankists". To the alarm of his opponents, he was received by reigning European monarchs who were anxious to see their Jewish subjects abandon Judaism and apostacise. The Frankists eventually joined the Polish nobility and gentry.

Hasidim and Misnagdim

Israel ben Eliezer (1698–1760), also known as the Baal Shem Tov ('Master [of the] Good Name'), changed much of Jewish history in Eastern Europe for what is now known as Haredi Judaism. His teachings were based on the earlier expositions of Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534–1572) who had based much of his Kabbalistic teachings on the Zohar. Baal Shem Tov came after Jews of Eastern Europe were collectively recovering from false messiahs Shabtai Tzvi (1626–1676) and Jacob Frank (1726–1791) in particular.

Baal Shem Tov witnessed Frank's public apostasy (shmad in Hebrew) to Christianity, which compounded Tzvi's earlier apostasy to Islam. Baal Shem Tov was thus determined to encourage his influential disciples (talmidim) to launch a spiritual revolution in Jewish life in order to reinvigorate the Jewish masses' connections with Torah Judaism and to vigorously motivate them to bind themselves to the joyous observance of the commandments, worship, Torah study, and sincere belief in God, so that the lures of Christianity and Islam, and the appeal of the rising secular Enlightenment, to the Jewish masses would be weakened and halted. To a large degree he succeeded in Eastern Europe.

Already during his lifetime, and gaining momentum following his death, Baal Shem Tov's disciples spread out to teach his mystical creeds all over Eastern Europe. Thus was born Hasidic Judaism (Hasidism). Some of the main movements were in: Russia which saw the rise of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement; Poland which had the Gerrer Hasidim; Galicia had Bobov; Hungary had Satmar Hasidim; and Ukraine had the Breslovers, and many others that grew rapidly, gaining millions of adherents, until it became the dominant brand of Judaism.

Only when this new religious movement reached Lithuania did it meet its first stiff resistance at the hands of the Lithuanian Jews (Litvaks). It was Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman (c. 1720 – 1797), known as the Vilna Gaon ("Genius [of] Vilna"), and those who followed his classic stringent Talmudic and Halakhic scholasticism, who put up the fiercest resistance to the Hasidim ("devoted [ones]"). They were called Mitnagdim, meaning "[those who are] opposed [to the Hasidim]".

The Vilna Gaon, who was himself steeped in both Talmudic and Kabbalistic wisdom, analyzed the theological underpinnings of this new "Hasidism" and in his view, concluded that it was deeply flawed since it had elements of what may be roughly termed as panentheism and perhaps even outright pantheism, dangerous aspirations for bringing the Jewish Messiah that could easily be twisted in unpredictable directions for Jewry as had previously happened with the Tzvi and Frank religious "revival" fiascos, and an array of complex rejections of their religious ideology. The Vilna Gaon's views were later formulated by his chief disciple Rabbi Chaim Volozhin (1741–1821) in his work Nefesh HaChaim. The new Hasidic leaders countered with their own religious counter-arguments, some of which can be found in the Tanya of Chabad-Lubavitch.

Little of the split between Hasidim and Mitnagdim remains within the modern Haredi world. In modern-day Israel Hasidim support the Agudat Israel party in the Knesset (Israel's parliament) and the non-Hasidic Mitnagdim support the Degel HaTorah party, led by Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky and Rabbi Gershon Eidelstein. Agudat Israel and Degel Torah have formed a political alliance, the United Torah Judaism party. There is also another large community that follows the rabbinical teachings of the Edah Charedis. These include the Satmar Hasidim and the perushim communities, which do not support any groups that participate in the Israeli government or state activities, including elections.

Orthodox versus Reform
From the time of the French Revolution of 1789, and the growth of Liberalism, added to the political and personal freedoms granted by Napoleon to the Jews of Europe, many Jews chose to abandon the foreboding and isolating ghettos and enter into general society. This influenced the internal conflicts about religion, culture, and politics of the Jews to this day.

Some Jews in Western Europe, and many Jews in America, joined the religiously liberal Reform Judaism movement, which drew inspiration from the writings of modernist thinkers like Moses Mendelson. They coined the name "Orthodox" to describe those who opposed the "Reform". They were criticized by the Orthodox rabbis, such as Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany, and condemned particularly by those known today as followers of Haredi Judaism, based mainly in Eastern Europe. (Later on, in 1880s America, Conservative Judaism split from the Reform movement.)

Thus a cultural schism was also created between the more Western German-, English- and French-speaking Western European Jews and their more religiously observant Yiddish speaking Eastern European brethren whom they denigratingly labeled Ostjuden ("Eastern Jews"). These schisms and the debates surrounding them, continue with much ferocity in all Jewish communities today as the Reform and Orthodox movements continue to confront each other over a wide range of religious, social, political and ethnic issues. (Today, the largest Jewish communities are in Israel and in the United States, and the geographical separation has resulted in cultural differences, such as a tendency to identify as hiloni and haredi in Israel, as opposed to, say, Reform and Orthodox in the United States.)

title: Jewish schisms


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User:*Kat*

I'm just an average sort of person who enjoys looking things up on Wikipedia and often stays a while to do a bit of cleanup. Sometimes my edits are massive, more often though, they are minor. Sometimes I'm here everyday. Othertimes I come once a week. It all sort of depends upon what else might be holding my interest. I no longer affiliate myself with any wikiprojects although I do sometimes help out with them. Usually though I'm just passing through.

I'm not a vandal, and I'll revert vandalism at will, but every so often I come across something that deserves recognition for the sheer amount of effort and creativity that went into it.

 * "Proposed decision" for the WP Climate Change Arb Case.

title: User:*Kat*


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Talk:Cistern

Explanation for an Edit
I edited the part about the origin of the word, as the word بعر exactly means "well" or "water hole" in Arabic/Hebrew. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.147.206.189 (talk • contribs) 13:27, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Brazil
I'm not editing anything myself; this is for real editors but why all the references to Brazil? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.171.129.73 (talk) 19:02, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Question about page content
I came to the cistern page to find out if the term was only for underground tanks or could also be used for above-ground tanks. The page says at the top that "this article is about the underground reservoir". But lower on the page it has small sections dealing with toilet 'cisterns' and 'cisterns' for hand dipped showers. These are not underground. If there are other meanings of 'cistern', there ought to be another page to cover them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.78.49.156 (talk) 14:38, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I noticed the same thing. The statement here is not in agreement with the Wiktionary definition.  Perusal of several engineering sites suggests that except for those inside buildings a cistern can be wholly or partially underground.  Large outdoor containers that do not rest on the ground were referred to as tanks.
 * I also found that cisterns are not necessarily filled by rainwater; cisterns can be fed by stream or aqueduct.
 * I'm not sure how to edit this at the moment but I'll keep thinking about it. Dismalscholar (talk) 21:42, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cistern


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Mesum

Mesum is a village south of Rheine, located in the district Steinfurt, part of North Rhine-Westphalia. The current population in 2004 is about 8500. Mesum was first mentioned in 1373 in a document listing the church. That old church still exists as the oldest building of the village.

The village grew in the 19th century with the textile industry. At that time, it was part of the Prussian Kingdom.

Railway station
The village has a railway station Rheine-Mesum, however Rheine has more services.

Link to city-homepage (German)

title: Mesum


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User:Matthy~enwiki

Hi,

Iam a german wikipedian

for more information see:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Matthy

de:Benutzer:Matthy

title: User:Matthy~enwiki


text:
Piedmont Sanatorium

Piedmont Sanatorium was a rest home for tubercular African Americans in Burkeville, Virginia from 1917 to 1965. It was the first facility of its kind ever to be established in the United States. The Sanatorium later became the site of Piedmont Geriatric Hospital.

Influence of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis was the leading cause of death in the early twentieth century, accounting for one out of every 10 deaths. Those infected with the disease were isolated from society in sanatoriums. These self-contained communities became known as "waiting rooms for death."

Piedmont Sanatorium was established circa 1917 in Burkeville, Virginia as a rest home for blacks suffering from tuberculosis. Concerns about the health of whites were what led to its construction.

Segregation
In the 1910s, as increasing urbanization began bringing whites and blacks into closer contact, Virginia health officials started compiling evidence of the "Negro Health Problem" - high disease, death, and maternal and infant mortality rates among blacks. Hard physical labor along with poor diet and sanitation contributed to the problem. Disease flourished in the crowded black neighborhoods, where garbage piled up, sewage went untreated, and running water was often nonexistent.

Fearing that black child-care nurses, cooks, and laundresses might spread tuberculosis to white neighborhoods, the government began looking for ways to stamp out TB and other contagious diseases. At the time, the only treatment facilities for blacks were the Central State Hospital for Mental Diseases and the State Penitentiary.

The Negro Organization Society, a grassroots advocacy association in Virginia, initiated discussions with the State Board of Health, and particularly Agnes Randolph. Agnes Dillon Randolph, a lifelong political activist and charter member of the Virginia State Association of Nurses, became concerned about the situation. To strengthen her political influence, Randolph rose to the position of Executive Secretary of the Virginia Anti-Tuberculosis Association. She lobbied the General Assembly to establish a sanatorium for Negro tuberculosis patients - the first ever in the United States. Although some legislators were reluctant to try such an unprecedented idea, in 1916, the legislature granted her request.

The all-white Blue Ridge Sanatorium was established in 1920. The City of Charlottesville, Virginia actively sought to locate Blue Ridge within their community. Charlottesville paid $15,000 of the $32,000 required for the procurement of the property and funded Blue Ridge's water supply. Piedmont, in contrast, had to hire contractors to dig its well.

Blue Ridge patients enjoyed access to University of Virginia medical staff located in the same city. Piedmont patients, on the other hand, had to travel more than 50 miles to St. Phillips Hospital in Richmond, Virginia in the event of a non-tubercular medical emergency.

Building Site
Finding an acceptable site was an uphill battle. The Board of Health placed ads across the state for a site where a "colored sanatorium" could be built. The first location considered was in Ivor, Virginia. Local whites fiercely protested the facility, as recorded in the Aug. 24, 1916 State Board of Health minutes:

"While the negotiations [for the purchase of the property] were in progress, and before any papers were passed, a large number of protests began to come into the health department from citizens of Ivor, objecting seriously to the location of such an institution at that point. The Commissioner went down to Ivor and attempted to allay the feeling, without result. A number of the citizens had employed an attorney and a delegation bringing a large petition entered emphatic protest before the committee."

The Piedmont Sanatorium committee then visited a site in Lynchburg, Virginia but received an even harsher response. According to The Tuberculosis Experience of African-Americans in Virginia, "any idea of such purchase was immediately abandoned."

In 1917, the committee hired a real estate agent named Mr. Barnes to negotiate the purchase of a site in Burkeville, Virginia. This time, the committee asked a group of citizens from Burkeville to sign a statement which said that the sanatorium could be built there. Nonetheless, opposition emerged for a third time. An attorney named Mr. H.H. Watson wrote a letter to the committee on behalf of a group of citizens who opposed locating the sanatorium in Burkeville. Impatient with the delays, this time the State Board of Health ignored the opposition and began construction of Piedmont Sanatorium on a 300 acre parcel in Burkeville.

The Negro Organization Society continued to be heavily involved with the issue, from raising public awareness to donating funds to improve the facility. Bonds were issued "to erect and to equip one Building to be used for the patients and to include rooms for visiting Doctors who shall from time to time be invited for study to the Sanatorium."

Daily life
According to Gertz, "everything at Piedmont was hierarchically organized and routine". Patients were awakened every morning at 7:15 a.m. for breakfast. They then rested until lunch, had quiet time from 1:45 until 4:00 p.m., ate supper at 6:00 p.m., and went to bed at 9:30 p.m. Some patients who were advanced in their treatment exercised at certain times of the day. An occupational therapist led the patients in handicraft activities. Some patients were taught skills that they could use upon returning to productive society.

Patients were required to attend weekly lectures on tuberculosis. They were taught the proper way to dispose of sputum and other aspects of dealing with the illness. Piedmont staff hoped that they would go back to their home communities and teach other blacks about tuberculosis.

Piedmont Sanatorium School of Tuberculosis Nursing
Piedmont Sanatorium School of Tuberculosis Nursing, a two-year nursing school for black women, was founded shortly after the Sanatorium opened. It allowed the black women to become certified specifically in tuberculosis nursing; a third year of training at St. Phillips Hospital in Richmond was required in order to become a Registered Nurse. The school became the subject of controversy due to the hospital staffing shortages of World War II. In 1943, Virginia Governor Colgate W. Darden Jr. proposed having an all-black staff at Piedmont in order to free white personnel to work in white hospitals. The proposal failed, partly because of concerns that the quality of care at Piedmont would suffer.

Closing
In 1965, in a visible sign that racial segregation was beginning to crumble, Piedmont Sanatorium closed and black patients were admitted to the previously all-white Blue Ridge Sanatorium. By 1967, the Burkeville facility had been converted into Piedmont Geriatric Hospital.

title: Piedmont Sanatorium


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tightlacing

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Tightlacing

 * Delete Original research. There are known ill effects to health, and tightlacing is certainly fatal, if they use witorian corsets which continuous are for sale. Haabet 09:06, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * Huh?? --Viriditas 10:14, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Huh=who? http://www.versatilecorsets.com/ Haabet 10:39, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

 * Keep! Whether or not tightlacing has ill effects on health (which Haabet and I have been debating on the discussion page) is irrelevant. For a fetishistic/BDSM practice, tightlacing is quite well-known and well-documented (both currently and in history) and definitely merits a Wikipedia article. As for the charge of original research, I will add some sources to the article. - Katherine Shaw 09:25, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * this page say: http://www.staylace.com/retail/cands/c&s.htm What makes C&S corsets special and different from others is that Constance and Stuart have an instinctive understanding of the human anatomy, [And is the only and] C&S Constructions is a small corsettiere. [all other make dangerously corset]. Haabet 11:48, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

 * Keep! I think you can see the problem. Haabet believes that tightlacing is fatal and bases his case on 100-year-old medical reports, and the reported experiences of two of his friends. Insofar as his case can be understood, as he writes in a strange gibberish. Both Katherine Shaw and I, who have been working on the tight-lacing article, would be willing to modify the article if we believed that Haabet represented anything other than his own POV. But so far as we know, there is no contemporary anti-tightlacing movement, and no contemporary doctor on record as saying that it is fatal, or even medically ill-advised, if carried out with the medically-advised safeguards (professionally fitted corset, extremely gradual tightening, stop at first hint of trouble). Both Katherine and I agree that Wikipedia needs an article about the late-Victorian and Edwardian anti-corset and dress reform movement, and I intend to write one, as soon as I get a round tuit. Perhaps this would satisfy Haabet, who has been fluttering about the corset and tight-lacing articles for ages, inserting gibberish and objecting to its deletion. Zora 09:31, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * a replica of a 100-year-old corsets, will make the same damage. Haabet 10:39, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

 * Keep. Look at the talk page; we clearly have a POV conflict here, not an article that falls under the Deletion policy (which it does not now and didn't at the time of nomination). Haabet even put up an NPOV tag, but apparently got tired of waiting. At best it just needs some cleanup and NPOVing, at worst it might need merging with an existing article—neither of which is VfD. JRM 09:42, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * Keep--Viriditas 10:14, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * a reason?

 * Keep-- AllyUnion (talk) 10:51, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * a reason?

 * Keep, this is a widely discussed topic and is notable. Wyss 12:33, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. VfD isn't a forum for POV confilcts. The article should be kept and the conflict resolved. If you can die from tightlacing or not is irrelevant to if the article should or should not be included here. Jeltz 12:58, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * Keep: DCEdwards1966 14:27, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: if this really is bad for you, it underlines the need for an article on the topic. -- Smerdis of Tlön 15:13, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. VfD is not cleanup, and that is all this article needs.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:01, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. One does not go to VfD out of pique at not getting one's way on an article.  Haabet, IMO, needs some attitude correction. —Morven 19:53, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Topic is notable but esoteric.  It's even referenced. - Lucky 6.9 02:41, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - VfD is not the place to resolve (your own perception of) a page's POV problems. -Sean Curtin 05:43, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Clearly notable and worthy of inclusion.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 16:31, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. However, I've replaced the VfD; we should have a policy that the originator of a VfD may withdraw it, but at the moment we don't. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:22, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * We have a policy that anyone may withdraw it in these circumstances.Dr Zen 02:21, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * OK, in that case, the person who removes it from the article should also (a) remove it from WP:VfD, and (b) perhaps archive the discussion. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 04:51, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is news to me. Where is this policy mentioned (pertaining to delisting VfDs)? And yes, we should, of course, archive this debate^H^H^H^H^H^H overwhelming support to keep this article.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:18, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - David Gerard 03:57, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Trikiti

The trikiti (standard Basque, pronounced ) trikitixa (dialectal Basque, pronounced ), or eskusoinu txiki ("little hand-sound", pronounced )) is a two-row Basque diatonic button accordion with right-hand rows keyed a fifth apart and twelve unisonoric bass buttons. The onomatopoeia trikitixa, apparently stemming from the sound emitted by the tambourine, originally referred to a traditional Basque ensemble, made up of the instrument which now bears the name as well as alboka, txistu and other instruments.

Probably introduced by Italian immigrants coming from the Alps, the trikitixa's first written evidence is attested late in the 19th century, exactly in 1889, when diatonic accordion was used for music in a popular pilgrimage festivity of Urkiola (Biscay). In 1890, a trikiti appears in a picture taken in Altsasu (Navarre), a railway junction. Therefore, some point to the instrument's import to the Basque Country from Italy through the port of Bilbao, while other sources suggest that this kind of diatonic accordion was brought in by Italian railway workers from the Alps. The diatonic button accordion itself was devised in Vienna in 1829, expanding thereafter all over Europe.

The pair of diatonic button accordion along with tambourine gradually grew in popularity and was adopted to perform in local and popular festivities, where the young danced to its tunes (fandangos, arin-arin etc.), despite the Catholic Church's resistance, who dubbed it "hell's bellows" on the grounds that its dance-inciting and lively music would lead Basque youths into temptation.

That playing pattern remained unchanged up to the 1980s, when Kepa Junkera and Joseba Tapia started to develop unprecedented ways of playing trikiti. While both authors came in for much criticism for their novelties and experimenting, they caught on and both styles, traditional and modern trikiti, have found their way and consolidated their separate paths. Both performers remain nowadays key figures of trikiti accordion. There have been influences of Tejano artists like Flaco Jiménez and other international players. Other renowned players include Alaitz Telletxea, Iñaki Malbadi, Maixa Lizarribar, Xabi Solano, Xabi Aburruzaga, Iker Goenaga and the Catalan Carles Belda.

Currently traditional style ensembles consist of a pair playing trikiti (diatonic button accordion), tambourine and voice. Players typically use a highly ornamented and swift style, along with staccato triplets.

title: Trikiti


text:
New People's Army

The New People's Army (Bagong Hukbong Bayan), abbreviated NPA or BHB, is the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). It acts as the CPP's principal organization, aiming to consolidate political power from what it sees as the present "bourgeois reactionary puppet government" and to aid in the "people's democratic revolution". Founded on March 29, 1969, by the collaboration of Jose Maria Sison and former members of the Hukbalahap led by Bernabe Buscayno, the NPA has since waged a guerrilla war based on the Maoist strategy of protracted people's war. The NPA is one of the key figures in the ongoing Communist rebellion in the Philippines, the longest ongoing conflict in the country.

The NPA operates and is based primarily in the Philippine countryside, where the CPP alleges it has established itself in 73 out of the country's 81 provinces, across over 110 guerrilla fronts. In guerrilla zones where the NPA has entrenched itself, the CPP–NPA has established a People's Democratic Government (Gobyernong Bayan), which operates independently of the Philippine government. Within these zones, income taxes which would nominally go to the government treasury instead go to the NPA, which they use to fund community services.

The NPA, as represented by the National Democratic Front of the Philippines, is a party to ongoing peace talks between the People's Democratic Government and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. Peace negotiations have reached an impasse, with the Rodrigo Duterte administration unilaterally announcing the termination of peace talks in 2019. Negotiations between the GRP and the NDFP stalled on signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on Socio-Economic Reforms (CASER), and the issue of localized peace talks between individual units of the NPA.

The Office of the President of the Philippines designated the NPA as a terrorist group, along with the CPP. The United States and the European Union have designated the CPP–NPA as "foreign terrorist organizations" in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Japan's Public Security Intelligence Agency designated the NPA as a "major international terrorist organization" (主な国際テロ組織).

Establishment
The New People's Army was established on March 29, 1969, following the split of the old Communist Party (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930) into Lava and Guerrero factions. The 1960s saw a resurgence in radical ideology, following the establishment of Kabataang Makabayan and the emerging popularity of Mao Zedong Thought as an advancement of ideological Marxism-Leninism. In 1966, Jose Maria Sison, under the nom de guerre Amado Guerrero, wrote Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party!, a treatise which criticized the old Lavaite leadership and emphasized the need to follow Mao Zedong Thought to foster re-establishment. The conflict continued until December 26, 1968, when the Communist Party of the Philippines was formally re-established along Maoist lines, and the entire issue was termed the First Great Rectification Movement.

After re-establishing the CPP, Guerrero set about to establishing the People's Army. KM cadres in Tarlac had contacted Guerrero and linked him with Bernabe Buscayno, a former member of the older Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan. Relations were established and the New People's Army was formally founded on March 29, in continuity with the previous Hukbalahap. At the time the NPA only had 60 armed fighters.

Initial activities
The NPA was immediately tasked with the role of implementing the CPP's program for a People's Democratic Revolution. In the Declaration of the New People's Army, Amado Guerrero outlined the following as its main tasks:
 * 1) The New People's Army Must Engage in Party Rebuilding
 * 2) The New People's Army Must Carry Out Agrarian Revolution, Build Rural Bases, and Advance the Armed Struggle
 * 3) The New People's Army Must Build the National United Front

The NPA quickly spread alongside organizational work of the CPP. By 1972, it had established 735 barrio organizing committees and 60 barrio organizing committees, governing an estimated 400,000 people all over the country. The CPP used the NPA to establish barrio organizing and revolutionary committees, which served as instruments in administering the people's revolutionary government. Barrio organizing committees were established to lower land rent, eliminate usury, and ensure the "annihilation of enemy troops and the elimination of landlord despots, enemy spies, and such bad elements as cattle rustlers, extortionists, robbers, murderers, arsonists, and the like." Once established, barrio revolutionary committees replaced the BOC to formally establish the area as a stronghold of the revolutionary government. The NPA at the time had 72 squads of 800 regulars armed with weapons.

Rapid expansion during the Martial Law era
Over the next decade, the NPA expanded in response to Ferdinand Marcos and the declaration of martial law in the Philippines. The CPP and the NPA were successfully able to establish themselves in the countryside, reaching a mass base of over one million people, with 1,000 fighters armed with high-powered rifles by 1977 By 1981, the NPA began engaging in tactical offensives involving company-sized units emerged, particularly in the Southern Mindanao region. By 1983, the NPA fielded 5,000 high-powered rifles. By 1988, it had 10,000 high-powered rifles, with 7,000 inferior firearms. It operated in 60 guerrilla fronts across 63 provinces of the Philippines.

Changes in tactics and Kampanyang Ahos
The momentum gained in the 1980s was also given to multiple setbacks. Changes in strategy and internal conflicts within the CPP resulted in ideological, political, and organizational losses for the CPP–NPA–NDF. The CPP devised a plan called a "strategic counteroffensive" (SCO) with the aim of "leaping over" to a higher stage of armed revolution and quickly win the revolution. The SCO program led to "regularization" of units, urban partisan actions, peasant uprisings, and an insurrectionist concept of "seizing opportunities".

From 1981, the NPA enjoyed strategic gains in Mindanao and was able to consolidate its forces there. However, the Mindanao Commission adopted a strategy of designating areas as Red (where military struggle was applicable) or White (where political struggle and insurrection was applicable) along with the SCO program.

Problems in discipline also emerged during this time, as well as deterioration of the NPA's ability to conduct mass work. These ideological and organizational shortcomings, coupled with the Corazon Aquino administration's counter-insurgency program, Oplan Lambat Bitag, managed to severely harm the NPA and the CPP as a whole.

In 1989, the NPA assassinated U.S. Army Colonel James "Nick" Rowe, founder of the U.S. Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) course. Colonel Rowe was part of a military assistance program to the Philippine Army. The NPA asserts that this made him a legitimate military target.

Second Great Rectification Movement
By 1991, the CPP central committee had assessed the mistakes of the previous decade and carried out the Second Great Rectification Movement from 1992 until declaring a success in 1998. The Second Great Rectification Movement, however, saw splits in the CPP ranks, with rejectionists such as Filemon Lagman, Romulo Kintanar, Etta Rosales, and others leaving the CPP and forming their own groups based on ideological differences. The Alex Boncayao Brigade, notorious for its partisan activities, left the CPP with Lagman and formed the Revolutionary Proletarian Army.

In 1998, the GRP and NDFP signed the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CAHRIHL), which establishes rules of engagement for both parties in accordance to international rules of war. The NPA, as a signatory to CAHIRHL, is bound to international agreements stated in the Geneva Convention and thus follows rules set for prisoners of war, command-detonated explosives, and similar rules of engagement.

Since then, rejectionists have been met with reprisals. Lagman was ambushed in the University of the Philippines in 2001 by armed gunmen and slain. The NPA has admitted to killing Kintanar in 2003. Other rejectionists, like Rosales and Walden Bello continue as members of the social-democratic Akbayan party. Ricardo Reyes is active in local politics, having last attempted to secure the mayoralty of Pasig in 2010.

Post-Rectification
The CPP declared the Second Great Rectification Movement as having been "conclusively won" in 1998. Since then, it has re-affirmed that the CPP is in absolute command of the NPA, outlining that its most pressing task is to "defeat and destroy the US-created and US-supported reactionary Armed Forces of the Philippines.

Since then, it has continued to wage a protracted people's war through the use of guerrilla tactics, while steadily expanding. In 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo requested for the United States Department of State to declare the CPP-NPA as a foreign terrorist group, which was granted on August 2. This was in line with her counter-insurgency program, Oplan Bantay Laya, which aimed to end the conflict between the AFP and the NPA. In 2005, the European Union Common Foreign and Security Policy included the NPA as a terrorist group. Despite these efforts, the NPA has declared Oplan Bantay Laya I a "failure", citing that it did not lose a single guerrilla front despite the AFP's efforts of concentrating its forces in 300 to 600 barrios at any given time.

In 2005, the NPA reported that its strength had surpassed its previous peak in 2005. Arroyo, at this time, had replaced OBL1 with Oplan Bantay Laya 2, which aimed at "ending the revolutionary movement by 2010". OBL2, along with what the CPP identified as "conservatism" in the ranks, led to a decline in NPA strength until 2009.

During the administration of Benigno Aquino III, OBL2 was replaced by Oplan Bayanihan, which had a more "people-centered" approach compared to OBL's military-heavy tactics. NPA membership, at this time, steadily rose. By 2017, NPA strength had surpassed the previous 2005 peak by 3%.

As of 2018, its strength is tallied at greater than the 5,600 rifles recorded in the CPP's 1985 plenum. The Central Committee has stated in its 2017 Congress that it has a five-year plan with aims to "carry forward the antifascist, antifeudal and anti-imperialist movement and overthrow the tyrannical US-Duterte regime, and bring the protracted people's war to the advanced phase of the strategic defensive, in order to reach the threshold of the strategic stalemate". The five-year plan:
 * 1) Aims to develop 7 to 10 advanced regions in terms of strength, spread, and advancement of guerrilla warfare, with approximately 20,000 Red fighters spread across the country.
 * 2) Calls for the development of sub-regions, with one or two undersized companies and 9 to 15 horizontal platoons, interlocked across three to five company-sized guerrilla fronts.
 * 3) Aims for every region and sub-region should have one company-sized unit for every nine platoon-sized units, with recruitment campaigns utilized to achieve this goal.

The CPP five-year plan emphasizes the need to combat conservatism in the NPA ranks, the importance of mass-work in building and strengthening Party groups, and the intensification of guerrilla warfare against enemy targets.

The NPA has a long record of attacking mining corporations and logging companies which they accuse of harming the forests of the Philippines. In 2011 in revenge for the murder of anti-mining activist Rabenio Sungit, the NPA attacked three mines in Mindanao, causing 190 million dollars in damages. Some corporations willing to pay NPA taxes for local social programs are allowed to continue operating within NPA territory, those who do not are often attacked by the NPA who burn their equipment.

Ceasefires

 * In November 27, 1986, the Philippine government and rebels signed a 60-day ceasefire. This deal was rescinded in January 1987 following the events of the Mendiola massacre, where police fired on protesters and killed 13 farmers, injuring 30 more.
 * The peace talks between the two sides were intermittent and inconclusive since 1986, bogging down in 2012 when the government refused to free political prisoners. They resumed in August 2016, when Duterte released 19 rebel leaders from jail. However, President Duterte scrapped talks in February 2017, when rebels ambushed an army convoy, breaking a unilateral ceasefire that had held for five months. Both sides returned to the negotiating table on April 1, 2017.
 * In April 2017, peace talks between the National Democratic Front and the Philippine government brokered by Norway took place in the Netherlands, hoping to reach a political settlement in twelve months to end the conflict. This was the second time the two sides agreed on a bilateral truce since November 1986.
 * As of 2019, the Duterte administration unilaterally declared the end of peace talks between the GRP and the NDFP, focusing instead on their counter-insurgency program Oplan Kapanatagan and what it terms as a "whole-of-nation" approach.

Ideology and policies
The NPA, being the primary organization of the CPP, follows a theoretical ideology of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. It regards the Philippines as a semi-colonial, semi-feudal state where political and economic power is concentrated on a local class of landlords and comprador bourgeoisie, aided by foreign imperialists, chief of which is United States imperialism. The CPP regards a two-stage revolution of People's Democratic Revolution followed by socialist reconstruction as the path to achieve socialism and wrest control away from the bourgeois.

The NPA regards itself as waging a revolution ultimately stemming from the "unfinished" revolution of the Katipunan, calling itself a revolution of the "new type"; whereas the Katipunan waged a "bourgeois democratic revolution of the old type, the NPA is waging a "proletarian socialist revolution" in the same vein as the October Revolution in Russia.

The CPP-NPA regards three things as central to waging revolution: armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and the building of mass-bases in the countryside. The NPA, aside from being a military force, also puts emphasis in carrying out land reform and organizational work to ensure that villages become bases of the people's democratic government.

Ideologies regarding armed struggle
The CPP regards armed struggle as a necessary component of revolution coinciding with the Party's organizational work. The NPA, as the central agent of armed struggle, serves to achieve its central task of "destroying and dismantling the rule of the enemy and taking their political power". In waging armed revolution, the NPA follows the strategic line of protracted people's war by "encircling the cities from the countryside until conditions are ripe for seizing the cities through a strategic offensive".

The NPA identifies three stages in waging armed struggle: strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive. It regards itself as yet unable to conduct symmetric warfare in the urban centers and thus regards the people's war as being in a stage of strategic defensive moving to a stage of strategic stalemate. During the stage of strategic defensive, the NPA "maintains the initiative in tactical offensives against the strategic military advantage of the enemy", making use of guerrilla tactics to attack targets and defend guerrilla zones, while armed partisans perform special roles in the cities. The second stage is strategic stalemate, where fighting force is more or less equal, while the last stage is that of strategic offensive, where the NPA has developed its strength capable of assaulting military camps and cities.

Promotion of LGBT rights
The NPA has explicitly allowed the recruitment of sexual and gender minorities. Many queer Filipinos join the NPA due to the lack of LGBT rights in the Philippines, and they believe that queer liberation can be achieved through a communist revolution. To the NPA, one's ability and willingness to serve the cause takes precedence over one's sexual orientation and gender identity; the CPP had recognized "the right to form samesex relationships and changing one's gender" since 1992. Kaira Zoe Alburo writes that gay NPA recruits challenge the concept of a hegemonic, "heterosexualized" masculinity in the army in that by enlisting, they create a "new man" who exists outside of the heterosexual ideal of a "real man patterned on being strong, aggressive, and skilled in the art of war".

Same-gender marriage is permitted by the NPA. In 1998, the CPP released the document On Proletarian Relationship of the Sexes, which outlined how romantic relationships and marriages should work under the army. The document also covered same-gender relationships, and with its implementation, the queer rights of sexual and gender minorities in the army became more recognized. In 2005, the NPA conducted the first recorded gay marriage in the history of the Philippines.

The former Filipino president Duterte mocked the NPA's acceptance of LGBT members, erroneously claiming that '40 percent' of NPA members are gay. Duterte also claimed that NPA guerrillas once attempted to sexually seduce his son. NPA co-founder Jose Maria Sison confirmed that the NPA openly accepted LGBT people and called Duterte's claims "unbelievable".

International relations
The Philippine Army had apprehended Eduardo Quitoriano in 1994, who was a NPA liaison officer to the Japanese Red Army and involved in a money laundering case in Switzerland.

It is reported that the NPA had supported the Naxalites (of India) during the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency by providing training and technical support.

The CPP-NPA received large-scale support, in the form of arms, $7 million and logistical support, from the Gaddafi government in Libya according to a US Secretary of State.

Under the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957
At the time of its inception, Government of the Philippines automatically outlawed the NPA (along with the CPP) through the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 which had branded the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 (PKP) and the Hukbalahap as an "organized conspiracy". As splinter groups which had roots to the PKP, the ban extended to the CPP-NPA.

Repeal of the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957
The Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 was repealed by President Fidel Ramos in October 1992, decriminalizing membership in the NPA and CPP.

Tagging as "Terrorist Organization" during the Duterte administration
In December 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared the NPA along with the CPP as terrorist organizations. In agreement were the European Union, New Zealand and the United States.

The Anti-Terror Council of the Philippines designated CPP-NPA as a terrorist organization in the Philippines on December 9, 2020.

The Manila Regional Trial Court has junked a proscription case by the Department of Justice seeking to designate the CPP-NPA as a terrorist organization on September 22, 2022. The court concluded that the constitution and program of the CPP-NPA, including its justification for armed struggle, fall under "rebellion" and do not constitute the legal definition of "terrorism".

title: New People's Army


text:
Talk:Hitler (disambiguation)

Hitler (disambiguation)
A while back someone had the brilliant idea of changing Hitler from a redirect to a disambiguation page, because, let's face it, when someone mentions "Hitler" it's not quite clear who they're talking about. I moved this to Hitler (disambiguation) and restored the redirect, but now we have this orphan, which seems just useless. Everyone on this page (except Adolf Lu Hitler Marak, who probably doesn't even belong) is already on the Adolf Hitler page. Even a disambig notice at the top of Adolf's page seemed stupid, so this has been sitting here, basically unsearchable. Time to delete it. -R. fiend 09:03, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and add a link to it from the main Adolf Hitler page. The dab page is harmless. That Indian politician could be notable in that country. --Gene s 09:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, I don't think this page is really necessary. If necessary at all, a reference to Adolf Lu Hitler Marak can be added to the main Hitler article, and we have the same effect with a lot less clutter -- Ferkelparade π 10:57, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * To the page Adolf Hitler I prepended a pointer to Hitler (disambiguation). Anthony Appleyard 11:05, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to A.H., there is no ambiguity about the name or what it refers to. Most people with the surname Hitler changed it over fifty years ago. Wyss 12:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Er... are you sure about redirecting? Nothing should link to a disambig page, so having it redirect to a regular page doesn't seem like a good idea. It's usually the other way around. JRM 14:03, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * Thanks JRM, typing Hitler into the search box already takes the user directly to AH's page, so I vote Delete Wyss 14:13, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. There clearly are Wikipedia articles on more than one "Hitler".  Since one is clearly more notable than the others it makes sense that Hitler should redirect there, but a disambig page should still exist, per Wikipedia policy.  --L33tminion | (talk) 13:30, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gene and L33tminion have points, but it's worth nothing that the other Hitlers are notable relatives of Adolf, and they're all mentioned in the "Hitler's family" section. That's not worth a separate disambig page if it's linked to from Adolf Hitler. As for the aforementioned Adolf Lu Hitler Marak, from that page: "It may be noted that his name is not particularly curious within Meghalaya, where other local politicians are named Lenin R. Marak, Stalin L. Nangmin, Frankenstein W. Momin, or Tony Curtis Lyngdoh." Are those worth disambigs too? Rotten precedent. If we're going to quote policy, there's always Disambiguation: "Disambiguation in Wikipedia and Wikimedia is the process of resolving the conflict that occurs when articles about two or more different topics have the same natural title." (Emphasis in the original.) Is "Hitler" or even "Adolf Hitler" a natural title for Adolf Lu Hitler Marak? No. My bold conjecture is that people searching for or linking to Hitler do not want Adolf Lu Hitler Marak and should look in Adolf Hitler for his relatives, and hence the disambig is too pointless to exist. JRM 14:03, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * I saw keep. A while back I wrote an article on Everything2 about the name 'Hitler' (rather than the person), and I'm sure there's space for something similar here. A 'panga' is a type of bladed weapon popular in Kenya; Mel Gibson's first name is not short for anything, it is just 'Mel'. -81.179.194.227 15:22, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, doesn't seem to do any harm, although I suppose it is kind of useless. Certainly Hitler should redirect to Adolf's article, but this can still exist, can't it? The note shouldn't be at the top of the page, though. Maybe at the bottom if really necessary. I'd actually like to see an article about the Hitler name itself, which I think would be interesting, and then that could be linked here in addition to the individuals. Everyking 04:50, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Re that last: absolutely. If 81.179.194.227 could put the material here, that would be wonderful. JRM 13:34, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)
 * Sorry, forgot to log in (again). The article is here, although too shallow and self-indulgent to be ported over directly. 'Hitler' is an interesting name because, unlike the names of many other famous leaders of the 20th Century, it is (a) extremely well-known, to the extent that 'Adolf' is almost redundant (b) not a common name but (c) not a fabricated 'nom de guerre', either. General opinion seems to be that it's a corruption of 'Hutter' and 'Hiedler', and that Adolf Hitler and has family were the only ones who used it. -Ashley Pomeroy 16:26, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There is lots of interesting information in there that would make a nice addition to Wikipedia, but I think it would be best put on Hitler (name) or something similar (with a link at the top or (better) in a section of Adolf Hitler). This would also be the place to mention Adolf Lu Hitler Marak. However: I just don't think the disambig page should stay. There is nothing to disambiguate here. I'm all for keeping the information, I'm all for a new Hitler (name), but certainly not Hitler (disambiguation). That's just silly. Disambig pages are not indexes. People who are saying that it doesn't hurt are, IMO, missing the point: this sets a bad precedent for disambiguation pages; we have enough confusion on them as it is. This page should not stay, because it encourages people to add information at a place where nobody will think to look for it. And that does hurt. JRM 17:11, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)
 * Keep. --JuntungWu 14:33, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Anthony's approach seems correct to me Wolfman 05:33, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 21:15, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. As long as there are multiple pages that refer to someone/something named 'Hitler', I think it should be kept. Somebody in the WWW 06:52, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

"Little Hitler"
Is there any source for the court ruling that made "Little Hitler" an illegal insult? I'm going to remove the section unless someone can source it. Jdavidb 18:35, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

This is a disambig page

 * reference edit

This is a disambiguation page, not a list of articles to do with Hitler. See WP:DAB and WP:MOSDAB for further information. Downfall (film) should not be listed here because it is unlikely that someone will type in "Hitler" when trying to specifically find that film article. Thanks/wangi 12:54, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Pre-1889
Is there any record of any people of merit being named Hitler before 1889? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nog64 (talk • contribs) 23:38, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Discussion elsewhere
For the record, there has been some discussion of recent changes to this page on the talk page of the WikiProject Disambiguation. Interested parties can find it here. Please note that the link to Hitler which begins the introductory line is entirely correct according to the Manual of Style. Disambiguation pages are not articles, and have a different set of formatting guidelines which can be reviewed at WP:MOSDAB. Please use this talk page for any future discussions about the formatting of this page, especially in the case of multiple reversions. SlackerMom (talk) 19:37, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Let's be serious now. The first word in an article should never be a link. I can't imagine why that would be allowed in the manual of style. Circular linking like that is never nice (even if, in this particular case, the link goes to another page). And why hasn't the discussion been held here? John Anderson   (talk) 07:25, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The discussion should have been held here. Unfortunately, your edits were drummed upon without clear explanation. There is a reasoning behind this particular practice.  It begins with the fact that a disambiguation page is not an article.  It is a navigational aid.  This page, in particular, exists in order to help the user who is looking for something or someone known as "Hitler" to find the article he or she is seeking.  Because this page is named "Hitler (disambiguation)" it is highly unlikely that someone will get here by typing in the name of this page.  Rather they will be directed here by a link, probably a hatnote at the top of another "Hitler"-related article.  In a typical scenario, a user will type in "Hitler" and will be taken to Adolf Hitler, which is most likely where they wanted to go.  If for some chance they were looking for some other use of "Hitler", the hatnote at the top of that page would direct them to this page.  They are NOT likely to be looking for Adolf Hitler, since that's where they just came from, which is why we put that link at the top of the page in the introduction, rather than mixed in with the other links below.  The manual of style guideline which applies can be found here.  In this case, we would consider Hitler the "primary topic", even though it is actually a redirect to Adolf Hitler. SlackerMom (talk) 12:49, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, but that's the difference, what you write in your last sentence. If the page was named "Adolf Hitler (disambiguation)", I could understand the starting link, but "Hitler" is just a redirect to Adolf Hitler, it is not an article in itself. Therefor, I see no reason to let it be a link. The manual of style takes up an example where the link in the starting word is exactly as the name of the article it is pointing to, not a redirect. John Anderson   (talk) 14:06, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That's true, but the fact remains that the Hitler redirect functions exactly the same as Adolf Hitler, and does represent the primary topic of this page. Redirects are not deprecated, not even on disambiguation pages, so there's no reason to automatically avoid them, and indeed their use is encouraged when they help a page retain a consistent format.  The only other option is to move this dab page to Hitler, then reformat so that Adolf Hitler is the first link, but I think the redirect is better since it is so overwhelmingly primary. SlackerMom (talk) 15:26, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't agree with you on this, but I'll let it be. It's not that important to me. John Anderson   (talk) 12:12, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Why use the redirect Hitler argument?
Among other redirects there's Hitler equivalence, Hitler rule, and Hitler card. However it should be noted that none of these are mentioned on their targeted article. Should this problem be fixed or would it be best to remove the entry altogether? Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 03:41, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Who cares? Redirects are cheap. Grand  master  ka  03:47, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That's not my point. I'm just asking for clarification. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 03:56, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean. I don't think it really matters, although "Hitler argument" could be used for Reducto ad Hitlerum. Grand  master  ka  04:06, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * So you're telling me it's ok to use redirects without a reference? I don't believe WP:PIPING works that way. In all of the dabs I have edited, the redirect term is written on its target page. Might you have a precedent? Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 04:34, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * "In general, it is best not to use piping or redirects in disambiguation pages so that it is clear to the reader which article is being suggested, and so that they remain in control of the choice of article." In this case, the listing mentions Godwin's Law, so it's clear what the listing is for, and the redirect is listed to tie it to the subject of this disambiguation page. In any case, this is the kind of small thing I would never bother to blow a gasket over. If it's causing you that much insecurity, then by all means, remove it. Grand  master  ka  04:43, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 04:49, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Hitler as a name
A couple of weeks ago my sister told me she read an article in the local newspaper (Hamilton Spectator) that a local couple named their son Hitler (i.e. Hitler 'Smith'). The couple weren't Nazi's, they just said that they liked the name. I'm not saying the kid deserves his own page, but is this common? Other then the people related to Hitler and the fictional people named Hitler, there are only 3 others (Ferguson used it as a stage name only, the Zimbabwean nationalist leader seems like it was given to him as a nickname [probably because of his actions] and the other guy, who like the kid in the newspaper, his partents just liked the name. So is Hitler a common last name or even a first name? Tydamann (talk) 20:17, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Sort of like Hitler in Love. 76.181.154.8 (talk) 09:51, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Sure. There was a whole family of them living in Circleville, Ohio in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries

http://www.circlevilletoday.com/news/hitlers-were-county-pioneers/article_2a6487b2-a34a-55f4-83f4-dfcf116d15d5.html

Mark76 (talk) 15:23, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

from VfD
DOB- jan. 6th 1889 Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP, commonly known as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most well known for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and the Holocaust. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.164.141.32 (talk) 03:35, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Hitler (family name)
Someone should create the page Hitler (family name), I think. I have no time and energy now to do it myself. —  Ark25  (talk) 22:26, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

Hotler?
"Hotler" redirects to this page, even though there is no article with a title even close to "Hotler" listed in it. 94.234.41.111 (talk) 12:27, 5 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Never mind, turns out it's from a misspelling. 109.225.98.60 (talk) 12:52, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hitler (disambiguation)