text:
Talk:Interlaced video

Interline twitter explanation
The explanation is bogus and does not make sense, please correct it or insert citation that explains it in the current way.

The deffect explained here sounds like TV's strobing

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.87.192.98 (talk) 16:57, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Strobing? We are not talking about jerkiness here, and the image hardly represents what you call "strobing".  Eugene2x -talk 23:15, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Leon Theremin a inventor of television and the inventor of 'interlaced' technique?
"The concept of breaking a single video frame into interlaced 'fields' was first demonstrated by Russian inventor Léon Theremin in 1927" (Albert Glinsky: Theramin, University of Illinois Press, 2000)

First of all, I do not doubt that Theremin invented his electronic instrument "Theramin" and other things in the 1920s. These are proven facts.

But with all respect, I very much doubt this whole Theremin / television inventor / interlaced inventor stuff. This sounds like one of those classic Russian/Soviet falsifications to me.

The whole story is just based on a single source, which is the book mentioned above - published in 2000. The other source would be Theremin's own few lines about this topic in the book "A.F. Joffe - Memories [my own translation], Academy of Sciences Press [again my own translation], Moscow, 1973", offering a phantastic story how he invented television devices with a few lines up to 62 and even 120 lines (incorporating interlaced 'lines' technique) within 2 or 3 (!) years (from 1924 or 1925 to 1927) as part of his academic thesis! Moreover, he was travelling a lot during that period to present his 'Theramin', to negotiate lincence issues for his 'Theramin', etc. His alleged development of television of course had to be temporary halted during his extensive travels in 1925/26. He also claims to have invented in 1927 a portable(!) camera or whole television system with 100 lines, which could operate outdoor and under daylight conditions! (Meaning without any additional light source - in 1927!!!)

Should these claims be true, Theremin would have been ways ahead of all other television pioneers. I think - and 'early television buffs' would agree - about one decade ahead wouldn't be exaggerated in this case. The story of early television would have to be rewritten.

The stupid thing, now, about all of these phantastic 'achievements' regarding television devices is that there is not a single proof for not even one of these claims. No photos, no patent files, no drawings, no working schemes, no technical descriptions, nothing detailed and nothing general, no presentations (he travelled a lot and had his own laboratory in the US during the early 1930s), no contemporary articles. Absolutely nothing. Zero.

However, Theremin himself claims that there had been an article in the magazine Ogonyok [my own translation] in the 1920s. But even if that would be true, it wouldn't change anything about the non-existing proofs: Theremin maybe indeed has written a (theoretic) thesis about television and maybe did some research. But if one remembers the tons of propaganda, which had been put out especially by the early Soviet Union, to show how 'progressive' and 'modern' the largely backwards country was, it is not unlikely that Ogonyok somehow 'sexed up' its article a little bit.

There is some literature about Theremin from (communist) East Germany, a soviet puppet state, which glorified everything Soviet/Russian. Theremin had been a big celebrity in East Germany due to his various achievements. But in none of this literature, if at all, I could discover anything new about his alleged achievements in the field of television. It's always the same few statements, which I tried to give above in my own words.

So I have good reason to assume that this whole 'Theremin-television story' is nothing more than a huge fake!

I can only hope that it's only Russian chauvinists that spread such allegations via the 'University of Illinois Press' and all over corresponding Wikipedia articles.

I for my part will erase those non-proven statements about Theremin and television.

Greets. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.157.69.85 (talk) 19:34, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The mention of Theremin seems to be back, but I agree with this post from 4 years ago. Glinsky's book on Theremin is sensationalist more than anything, and I do not consider it a reliable source on the history of television technology. I cannot say anything about the Russian literature, but I am dealing quite comprehensively with the history of frame rates and have yet to encounter a credible mention of Theremin. In this respect, Schröter's work with interlaced phototelegraphy around 1928 is much more interesting and properly documented. I will remove the mention of Theremin if there are no objections. K37b8e4fd (talk) 01:32, 22 May 2013 (UTC)

switching between in interlaced and progressive scan
How can PAL, NTSC, VGA, SCART switch between progressive (like 240p) and interlaced scan. Is it just timing? Just a single sentence with a reference would suffice (and you know the correct section). It would add hard facts to the article and we could remove some of the advantage/disadvantage stuff. -- Arnero (talk) 17:00, 8 March 2010 (UTC)

 * indeed, it is only timing, since you're skipping half of the image, since the output is analog, it is quite easier to interlace, comapred to digital outputs 178.255.104.154 (talk) 19:12, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

Text in lede
I am here in response to a request posted on the NPOV noticeboard.

The question was about the sentence, "Interlace is a technique of improving the picture quality of a video signal without consuming extra bandwidth", which currently is the first sentence of the article. It is my opinion that this is not NPOV. It would be better to say something like, "Interlace is a technique of displaying video." Then subsequently, its quality could be compared to other video display techniques (without saying one is improved over the other) and its bandwidth use could likewise be compared. Thoughts?  Blue Rasberry  17:06, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that the original statement is uncontroversially true. Given a fixed analog bandwidth and no digital processing, an interlaced signal would always look better then a progressive one.  That is why none of the analog standards are progressive.  Once digital compression is involved, that changes the rules because MPEG does a much better job of reducing bandwidth then interlace.  Algr (talk) 17:28, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I did not speak clearly so I think you misunderstand. The statement says "improved", but does not say improved with regard to what, and is therefore giving a subjective opinion rather than an objective comparison. What you just wrote sounds much better, if it is not controversial that in all circumstances an interlaced signal always looks better than a progressive one.  I know absolutely nothing about this topic; I am just commenting on the pov of the grammar and word choice in the statement.  Blue Rasberry  21:39, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * MPEG is also often interlaced. Digital encoding changes nothing. Today it is the difference of recorded media: Movies: 25fps progressive, TV: 60fps broadcast as interlaced, either analog or digital. Carewolf (talk) 00:16, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Digital encoding, (and specifically compression) changes things radically because with a compression, you can no longer assume that two images with the same pixel count and bit depth will have the same picture quality. A video DVD running at 1200 kbps will look much better then one running at 300 kbps for example even though they are both 480/60i.  This is why you can't add interlace to 720p and produce 1440i.  Algr (talk) 09:20, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Interlacing was adopted as a means of increasing the number of scan lines of early TV systems, and thus the vertical resolution, while staying within a 6 MHz TV channel. The field rate of 60 Hz gave interlaced video an effective frame rate of 30 fps, exceeding the 24 fps frame rate of motion-picture film, and allowed TV equipment to synchronize to the AC power-line frequency of 60 Hz. Both persistence of vision (Phi phenomenon) and phosphor persistence reduce apparent flicker. This technology was developed by RCA in the 1930's in and around New York city (NBC) and RCA headquarters in Camden, New Jersey. Interlacing was a way of improving picture quality by increasing the number of scan lines without exceeding the allocated RF spectrum.

I think that the original statement is uncontroversially true... Can it be then backed up by a source/citation? --Xerces8 (talk) 13:15, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * User:Algr said some interesting things on the WP:NPOVN. Here is a quote from this which I feel summarizes the content. "But video signals can be designed in a wide variety of ways, so there is no obvious choice as to which two signals to compare." Read the rest here.
 * The sentence in question is still "Interlace is a technique of improving the picture quality of a video signal without consuming extra bandwidth." I really know nothing about this topic, but if I understand Algr, there was not a point when video was widely used without interlace, and thus there are no established or popular terms for non-interlace video. Could we go another route with this and instead of comparing it to something else, describe the cost of the improvement?
 * There must be some drawback, otherwise interlaced video could be further interlaced indefinitely. I think qualifying the improvement would be another way of stating a comparison. The picture improves up to a certain point, then some attribute becomes compromised, and so  interlacing is only a technique for improving video with less interlacing than that point, right?
 * And we are only talking about the human perception of the presentation of a video signal, right? The video is actually being made a lot worse for preservation of data within any presented frame, right?
 * Is it the opinion of anyone here that this line of questioning is meaningful? I do not want to debate the facts, but rather I want to go toward a statement which is less open to interpretation and unlikely to be further questioned on Wikipedia.  Blue Rasberry  06:06, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

If you have a problem with the word "improving", say "doubling the apparent vertical resolution". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.91.176.10 (talk) 05:05, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Page moved to Interlaced video. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:33, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Interlace → Interlace (video) — Relisted. There may be a consensus forming for a different name in the discussion, but if so we need some clear indications of support. Vegaswikian (talk) 22:56, 7 November 2010 (UTC) Especially now the video technique is gradually falling from use, it does not meet the requirement of WP:PRIMARY, & the plain term should go straight to disambiguation. Johnbod (talk) 20:25, 31 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Interlace (disambiguation) → Interlace

 * Support as nom. Johnbod (talk) 20:25, 31 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose, whether the technique is 'falling from use' has no relevance on WP:PRIMARY. Interlace still at this time most commonly refers to video interlacing. See these google searches: 26 results for interlace art, 42 results for interlaced art, 3,930 results for interlaced video, 219 results for interlace video, 7 results for interlace bitmaps(from WP usage, so 0 results in reality), 1 result for interlaced bitmaps. Also the pages views for the Interlace article compared to the other two terms of the dab page are over 7 times greater. This is clearly still the primary usuage of the term. I do think that there may be argument for a move to "Interlaced video" (currently a redirect), as it is a much more specific title, and prehaps more common refered to as such rather than just 'interlace' alone. -France3470 (talk) 16:41, 1 November 2010 (UTC)
 * These "art" searches are meaningless, as a look at the results shows - you get many things like "...interlace. Art..." just in these few results. Neither of the search terms you used exist as terms - there is no "interlace art" though the words do occur together occasionally, same for the other. Removing the "" gives 'interlace' plus 'art' 32,600 and "interlaced" + "art" 77,900, whereas "interlace" + "video" only goes to 33k odd.  So I think these searches are proving my case.  While the video article has the plain term the number of hits it gets is also meaningless - who is to say what people were looking for? There are also other meanings we don't have articles for, plus a rash of business names etc etc.  But your suggestion of moving this to "Interlaced video", so long as plain "interlace" then goes to disam, would be an excellent solution. Can we agree to do this?   Johnbod (talk) 16:55, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Erf edit conflict lost my reply. Anyways what I basically said was that yes the google book searches don't work exactly. I used quotation marks specifically to show that the two subject did have a relationship two eachother, I am aware that it is not perfect and that particularly for 'interlace art' this is flawed. Not using them though just give ambigous results as the terms can be used anywhere in the book and don't necessary have to have any relationship other than they exist within the same text. Nevertheless I support a new move proposal with Interlace being moved to 'Interlaced video'. I suggest you withdraw this one and propose a new request. I also think that 'Interlace (art) could be moved to Interlace. as 'interlace (bitmaps)' is actually titled Interlacing (bitmaps) which doesn't specifically share the same name (it can still be on the dab however). In terms of the video and graphics usage, 'interlace' is the action (actually more the name of the button you press) not the product that results from the action. In the art term however, interlacing is the action and interlace is the element or outcome. Just a thought, -France3470 (talk)
 * In retrospect perhaps Interlace (art) shouldn't appear at Interlace. I don't feel fully commited to the idea of it becoming a dab but perhaps afterall it would be alright if the video term was not longer titled as Interlace. Not sure. Also I think 'interlacing video' is also an appropriate title (this is what the article is actually about, and thoughout the article the term interlacing is used). Though a new proposal would be best for either, a move to interlacing video, interlaced video or even interlacing (video) (to agree with the bitmaps naming) though this might be odd. There is also the option of a move to Interlacing though this just leaves us with the same problem as we have now. Personally I think interlacing video or interlaced video is best. -France3470 (talk) 17:41, 1 November 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, shall we leave it here for a few days to see if others have a preference between "interlacing video, interlaced video or even interlacing (video)"? I think I prefer your first thought, "interlaced video", but I don't have strong views. One of these options is the way to go anyway. Johnbod (talk) 17:56, 1 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Sound good. Just a final thought (at least for today). We also have a page titled deinterlacing, in so theory perhaps this article should actually be titled interlacing to match. Also not all of this article appears to be about video specifically, see the section of 'Interlace and computers', which perhaps makes the inclusion of video in the title debatable.-France3470 (talk) 18:02, 1 November 2010 (UTC)
 * "Interlaced signal" perhaps? That seems to cover everything. Does this one overlap with raster one? I'm not technical enough to tell. Johnbod (talk) 20:06, 1 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No, I don't think so. "interlaced signal" is not the technique, only a transmission of an application of the technique. Did anyone ask WPTV, WPELECTRONICS, or WPCOMPUTING? 76.66.203.138 (talk) 05:17, 6 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No, nor the other projects involved. There is rarely a response in my experience. "interlacing" reduces but does not entirely remove the ambiguity re art, I don't know about the raster one. We seem to be closing in on "interlaced video". Johnbod (talk) 11:08, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

 * After relisting - to be clear, I'll support any reasonable alternative, with "interlaced video" current favourite. But the plain "interlace" needs to go to disam. Johnbod (talk) 23:03, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Interlaced video is fine by me. 76.66.203.138 (talk) 06:12, 8 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. To me "interlacing" first means physical interlacing as in interlaced strings or interlaced creeping plant stems etc. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 08:57, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Discretion in adding to projects
Adding tags to talk pages is fun and easy. However, not every article belongs in every project. Adding a very low relevance project to an article's talk page wil have no effect in improving the article and will just annoy people concerned about the project's backlog. This article is pretty important to the subject of "television" but just because they watch interlaced broadcast video in Paraguay doesn't mean it should be added to the Paraguay project. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:04, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Theremin and interlace
From the description, he developed a scanning television method. But where does interlace come into it? Did his mirror drum already produce interlaced pictures? -- megA (talk) 12:28, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

OLED and the future of interlacing
Just wondering about the future of interlacing. Initially interlacing was designed for fast refresh rate CRT use but CRTs are no longer produced so interlacing could disappear altogether.

Does anybody know if OLED refresh rates are up to the job? I don't understand why they should stop using interlacing along with all the other digital compression mechanisms to use less bandwidth if future displays could have refresh rates up to the job. I read that oled could be up to the task with little quality loss even compared to a CRT. Should somebody mention this in the future of interlacing? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.27.131.165 (talk) 10:24, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

Doubling perceived vertical resolution VS Doubling perceived frame rate
I think the first line should be corrected as: «Interlaced video is a technique for doubling the perceived vertical resolution of a video display without consuming extra bandwidth».Senbei64 (talk) 11:35, 24 September 2015 (UTC)
 * That is only one thing it can do. It can also double the framerate at the expense of virtual resolution without consuming extra bandwidth.Carewolf (talk) 14:04, 24 September 2015 (UTC)
 * The problem is that you can't really say how interlace improves a picture unless you specifically define which interlaced and progressive standards you are comparing. For example, If you start with VGA 480/60p and "add interlace" you could get:
 * 480/60i - Bandwidth requirement cut in half, small reduction in quality. Basically NTSC.
 * 960/60i - Quality almost doubled, more complex anti-aliasing needed. Bandwidth unchanged.
 * 480/120i - Picture quality and bandwidth unchanged, large area flicker improved. (60 hz CRT refresh was too slow for some computer displays.)
 * All of that is for uncompressed video, right? I challenge you to show the benefits (e.g. half "bandwidth" from VGA 480/60p -> VGA 480/60i) with compressed video. I think that interlacing has exactly no benefits and is an outdated technology that only introduces headaches. It certainly does not give you free benefits. Even if going from 60p to 60i reduces bandwith the reduction in quality is not small. 80.108.8.19 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:29, 16 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Each of these can equally be called "VGA with Interlace", but the benefits and losses of the first two almost directly contradict each other. Algr (talk) 09:33, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

When the HDTV standards were first established in the U.S. in the 1990's, broadcasters had a choice between vertical resolutions of 1080 interlaced or 720 progressive. Digital compression was in its infancy and MPEG-2 was chosen as the compression standard (and remains so as of this writing). In the U.S. there was (and still is) a hard limit of 6 MHz of RF spectrum for each TV channel, which will carry 19.39 Mbps of digital data. Interlace was preserved as a legacy of analog broadcasting. These resolutions were initially offered as a way of delivering 16 x 9 high-definition pictures.

20 years later (as of this writing), digital compression has come a long way, with broadcasters using a portion of their 19.39 Mbps for their main programming service, along with digital subchannels often carrying vintage standard-definition programs and movies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.91.176.10 (talk) 07:54, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

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Theremin
Theremin had nothing to do with interlacing. The source used in the article for the claim that Theremin has invented interlacing can be found as a Google Book here:, and it makes no mention of Theremin having anything to do with interlacing at all, much less having invented it. --2003:71:4E16:4B83:4CBE:CCA1:12C7:4742 (talk) 04:40, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Progressive vs Interlaced Frame Rate Confusion
The Description Section of this article includes the following text:

"Format identifiers like 576i 50 and 720p 50 specify the frame rate for progressive scan formats, but for interlaced formats they typically specify the field rate (which is twice the frame rate). This can lead to confusion, because industry-standard SMPTE timecode formats always deal with frame rate, not field rate. To avoid confusion, SMPTE and EBU always use frame rate to specify interlaced formats, e.g., 480i 60 is 480i/30, 576i 50 is 576i/25, and 1080i 50 is 1080i/25. This convention assumes that one complete frame in an interlaced signal consists of two fields in sequence."

This text contains several issues: 1. "576i 50 and 720p 50 specify the frame rate for progressive scan formats": 576i50 would be interlaced not progressive; 2. "To avoid confusion, SMPTE and EBU always use frame rate to specify interlaced formats": I believe this is untrue. I believe this statement is true with respect to the EBU, however if you refer to the SMPTE UHD-SDI Standards Roadmap (see: https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/images/SMPTE%20wallchart%232.6_20_17-JULY%202017.pdf), you can see that the SMPTE nomenclature 1080i50 and 1080i60 actually refers to 25 and 30 frames per second respectively.

It is my understanding that a lot of confusion arises due to the fact the the EBU uses frame rates, while SMPTE uses field rates for interlaced designations, while both EBU and SMPTE use frame rates for progressive designations.

Scj242 (talk) 07:27, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Edit: Further supporting references can be found in the various SMPTE standards documents, such as SMPTE 274M, SMPTE 296M (e.g. 274M, Table 1, System 6, "1920 × 1080/50/2:1, 25 [Frame rate] 2:1 interlace").

Scj242 (talk) 20:01, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Please correct terminology
Progressive is a relatively new term used for non-interlacing, yet is used here to the extent that it says that "progressive scan" was reintroduced in the 1970s. This is incorrect. Non-interlacing was reintroduced. It wasn't called progressive scan until the first HD televisions. Unless I'm seriously mistaken, monitors were previously advertised as non-interlaced, not progressive. Because of this, I wondered for years when TVs would go non-interlaced. Thetrellan (talk) 17:59, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

IBM 8514 not mentioned
the IBM 8514 should be mentioned as one of the fiew interlaced computer display standards. What do you think? --RokerHRO (talk) 08:32, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Interlaced displays were pretty common in the 80s with home computers just using TVs as screen. Carewolf (talk) 10:49, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Sure. But there is a separate section for "Interlace and computers" where also certain interlaced video modes for computer screen and not TV screens are mentioned. But 8514 is missing there which was – at least in clones – more common than others. :-/ --RokerHRO (talk) 19:42, 19 October 2020 (UTC)

On Flicker
"This enhances motion perception to the viewer, and reduces flicker by taking advantage of the characteristics of the human visual system."

But, compared to what? Is it not true that interlaced video often has a lot of flicker? This is what I'm not understanding. If you were to for example use a CRT TV that was capable of displaying both 480i and 480p, it would be almost certainly clear to the eyes that the 480p picture looks much more stable and less distracting to the eye because the TV wouldn't have to draw the even and odd lines to interlace the video, which is usually very visible. 2601:147:4B80:8A70:E8B0:9DF3:1C60:2D97 (talk) 17:44, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The way English works is that in the sentence above, "this" stands in for "interlace", and the comparison is implicitly to non-interlaced systems. The weak phrase "characteristics of the human visual system" are an attempt to avoid saying "persistence of vision" which is Wikiwrong and to avoid the link to some very technical term which isn't clearly cited as the explanation in the descriptions of interlace that I've read. When comparing flicker levels, be careful of the frame rate. "Is it not true that" is always a clue that what follows needs an authoritative citation before we can put it in the article. Why would the designers of NTSC/PAL/SECAM have made an interlaced system if it made flicker worse? Happy Editing!--Wtshymanski (talk) 00:52, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interlaced video


text:
Talk:Wood

Semi-protected edit request on 28 April 2014
It must contain simplest word that can be understand by student.

41.136.73.64 (talk) 17:08, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

There is an easier article about wood at the Simple English Wikipedia. Does that help you? Tdslk (talk) 17:50, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

File:16 wood samples.jpg to appear as POTD soon
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Carbohydrate foam listed at Redirects for discussion
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Heartwood sentence doesn't make much sense to me...
"Some uncertainty exists as to whether the wood dies during heartwood formation, as it can still chemically react to decay organisms, but only once." What exactly does this sentence mean? When organisms decay wood, isn't it usually already dead? How would a piece of wood react to a decay organism multiple times? Maybe I'm just not enough of a wood expert, but could someone let me know if this does make proper sense. TheSpoonKing (talk) 03:15, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Structure: Call for citation unnecessary
At the end of the fourth paragraph of the section on Wood Structure, there is a call for a source of the information. The sentence in question is: These fibers are the elements which give strength and toughness to wood, while the vessels are a source of weakness. I don't see why a source needs to be cited for this statement. Not only is the reason for this intuitively obvious, but also it is explained in several ways in the rest of the article. The vessels are a source of weakness because they are open tubes. The more empty space, the less solid the structure; the less solid the structure, all other things being equal, the easier it is to break.

The concept is presented again under the subsection Wood:Structure:In Softwoods: '''When examined under a microscope, the cells of dense latewood are seen to be very thick-walled and with very small cell cavities, while those formed first in the season have thin walls and large cell cavities. The strength is in the walls, not the cavities. Hence the greater the proportion of latewood, the greater the density and strength.'''

But here there is no call for the citation of a source. I think that's as it should be. It should also be that way in the introductory paragraph mentioned above. The request for a citation is distracting and unnecessary. It should be removed.

For some reason, I am not considered to have the status necessary to make this edit myself. If you have that status and agree, please remove the request for the citation of a source. EditorCliff (talk) 03:53, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Tabulated physical properties
In the section Tabulated physical properties, it seem you did convert Relative density (Specific gravity) into Density (kg/m3). Strictly speaking from the standpoint of physics, only oven dry SG is a true specific gravity (SG) where mass and volume are determined with wood in the same state (https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf2010/fpl_2010_williamson001.pdf). Here are used Green basic SG and air dry 12% MC SG. Dangerous the convertion into kg/m3, I think--Oimabe (talk) 00:22, 8 May 2020 (UTC)

The Density (kg/m3) data appears inverted. 12% moisture vs green (>30%) the density for green should be higher. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.77.12.4 (talk) 04:14, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

The density/specific gravity are technically not the exact same thing as you pointed out, but usually we assume water at room temperature and standard pressure, a density of about 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter, and that's usually good enough for most engineering applications. The conversion from g/cm^3 to kg/m^3 should be correct, multiply by a factor of 1000, but perhaps you're talking about the conversion from specific gravity to density still? Again, for engineering purposes (the most likely application for this table), assuming 1.00 g/cm^3 is typically adequate, and introduces minimal error.

I don't believe the densities are inverted. Most wood floats, and thus typically has a density of less than 1.00 g/cm^3. You appear to be correct though, greener wood is typically associated with higher densities. I'm not sure why my source indicates otherwise, but it appears to be a valid source, perhaps you're referring to a specific type of wood, maybe I typed in the wrong numerical value for some of them? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jlefevre76 (talk • contribs) 17:56, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Here are a couple of articles from wood-database explaining specific gravity and dried weight.
 * Specific Gravity
 * Average Dried Weight
 * According to this, there are several ways to calculate SG. Some of these represent impossible conditions for the wood and are useful to scientists, but not to woodworkers.  A real piece of dried wood would never have the density given by these methods. For example, the US Forest Products Lab says that their SG value is:
 * Specific gravity is based on weight when ovendry and volume when green or at 12% moisture content.
 * wood-database tries to give both SG and realistic density of dried wood, and you'll notice his numbers differ considerably from those from the FPL. For example, American Beech you give as 640 kg/m3 (which you derive from the FPL value of SG=0.64).  Wood-database gives 720, or 12.5% higher.
 * I'm not sure what his source is for these numbers, but to me they seem much more useful than the SG as calculated by the FPL. GregHolmberg (talk) 03:44, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I found some sources for "average dried weight" (mass at 12% MC / volume at 12% MC). Also many other properties.
 * Hardwoods of North America
 * Softwoods of North America
 * From the US Forest Products Laboratory.
 * Other data can be found in Tropix 7 from the French agricultural research and international cooperation organization, CIRAD. GregHolmberg (talk) 23:04, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

Heartwood
I removed the following paragraph per WP:OR and WP:EDITORIAL,so if anyone believes parts of it should be salvaged they'd need a rewrite and suitable citations. Snizzbut (talk) 03:12, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

 * I support your action. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 03:30, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

Wood
Wood is on earth from over 400 million years 223.235.164.85 (talk) 17:34, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Carbon-Neutral?
I would disagree with saying that wood is carbon-neutral as it would be a bit misleading that using wood as a energy source (i.e. burning wood as a energy sourece) has no impacts on the climate of Earth. Here is a webpage that may explain more : https://www.chathamhouse.org/2017/03/wood-not-carbon-neutral-energy-source and https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/epa-declares-burning-wood-carbon-neutral-180968880/. Imurmate (talk) 21:43, 6 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Behavior 2022
— Assignment last updated by Gonet99 (talk) 19:16, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2022
copper wood is a type of wood that is as tough as copper and is flammable like wood copper wood was found in a cave in Vietnam This wood has the property of copper and wood not much is know about this wood as of now; Covidspreader (talk) 22:52, 15 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. MadGuy7023 (talk) 23:06, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program course assignment
This article was the subject of an educational assignment at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

The above message was substituted from by PrimeBOT (talk) on 15:54, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Wood property table is very weird
The table of properties of different types of wood is very weird currently. Each type of wood is listed twice but has different numbers for most of the columns. This is very confusing and we should clarify what this means. Also, the moisture content column alternates between "green" and "12.00%". I do not know what green means in this context and I doubt all of these species have 12.00% moisture content. We really need to fix this table. 209.237.105.194 (talk) 15:40, 17 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I just discovered that the bamboo properties table has the same double listing thing. In addition, "green" still appears occasionally on the moisture content column, in addition some rows do not have anything there! 209.237.105.194 (talk) 15:42, 17 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It seems to mean: when green, it has these properties; when 12% moist, it has these other properties. Might be clearer with "rowspan=2" in the first two columns. —Tamfang (talk) 06:44, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

More properties
I propose adding more properties to the table, specifically:

• Janka hardness

• Elastic (Young's) modulus

• Poisson's strain ratios (two)

• shrink (volume, radial, tangential, and longitudinal)

• Sound radiation co-efficient, a function of the elastic modulus and density.

I have this data on Tonewood and I think it would be better to have it here since it is not really specific to use in musical instruments.

Thoughts? Objections? GregHolmberg (talk) 19:39, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Wood


text:
User talk:Roo72

Welcome!

Your controversial Kaczism reverts
WARNING. The next time you vandalize a page you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia.

You have reverted allegedly npovly the article, if you want to do this again please explain it thoroughly, otherwise your activity should be considered as vandalism or political propaganda on wikipedia - that is forbidden see also unprotection request: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Kaczism_.28edit.7Ctalk.7Chistory.7Clinks.7Cwatch.7Clogs.29
 * you did this again without any earlier discussion. WARNiNG: You can be accused of vandalism
 * here (on english wikipedia) you cannot do what you are doing as quasi-administrator on polish wikipedia. This is not a place for political propaganda statements, especially communist propaganda (the political system which is considered as criminal in many countries). (see also similar other user's note : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Roo72#vandalism)

83.29.136.140 20:27, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Welcome message
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Radioukacz
Why do you keep inserting the link to that fancy article on the Polish language page? I never-ever heard the word and it's not even in the dictionary... Halibutt 02:53, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, if the word is not recognised by the main regulator of the Polish language and it doesn't exist in the Polish dictionaries, then perhaps the link belongs more to the urban myth article - or some similar culture-related page..? Halibutt 21:54, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

Szczecin
Please do not start a revert war about Szczecin. The language you are using is quite POV and really against the very neutral tone of the whole article. "Repatriated" is a much better word to describe what has happened after the war to the German people living in Stettin and sure "conquered" to describe Red Army's liberation of the city is too strong a word. I will not revert the article to its former version yet, if you don’t agree with my wording please suggest what you would consider to be appropriate but please note I do not agree with the current version.

First, I am very sorry that I apparently screwed up your user page, and I do apologize most sincerely. Whatever I did, it was a mistake, inadvertent and unintended.

Now, as to your comment on my user page (above):

Why is "conquered" too strong a word? Germany and the USSR were at war, savagely so on both sides. Germany was defeated and conquered by the Big 3 allies. Eastern Germany was conquered by Soviet forces. You can't really believe this constituted "liberation" for the residents of these areas -- unless you are an unreconstructed Stalinist, which presumably you're not.

Stettin was a German city at the time. (Not even Emax would contest this.) It was the capital of the German province of Pomerania (German: Pommern), the primary port for Berlin, and it was not close to any prewar border with Poland. As a result of Germany losing the war, Stettin's inhabitants -- all of them who survived -- were indeed expelled. I suppose we could say "transferred," which is a neutral word, but the action itself was obviously not a neutral one, so even this is glossing over reality.

In anticipation of something like this exchange, over the weekend I dragged out my old college textbook on 20th C. European history -- from a box in the garage -- and found the following entry about Stettin/Szczecin:

"In 1945 Russia unilaterally handed over the city of Stettin on the left bank of the Oder to the Poles, who soon converted it into the completely Polish city of Szczecin." -- C.E. Black, E.C. Helmreich: Twentieth Century Europe: A History. Knopf, New York: 1950, 1959, 1966, p. 696.

At the time this textbook was written, the information summarized in the above sentence above was general knowledge among historians and others concerned with the ramifications of World War II. There was nothing controversial about it. It was a simple statement of fact.

Since then the West seems to have forgotten about some of these details, to the point where one sees casual references to places that were indisputably German BEFORE the Nazi period, and within the 1919-37 borders of Germany, as having been "in occupied Poland." This should concern anyone interested in historical accuracy.

I don't know whether you're a native English speaker, but the use you are proposing for "repatriated" is inaaccurate. "Repatriate" is defined as: "To send back or return to the country of birth, citizenship or allegiance," and gives as it's most typical example "to repatriate prisoners of war." (From Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the most often used dictionary in the U.S.)

Please notice the words BACK TO and RETURN. The residents of Stettin were not sent "back to" someplace they had been before or "returned" to some country that was different from the one which, until then, their city had been -- they were evicted from their homes in their own country. They hadn't taken these homes from Poles or anyone else; Stettin was their city. The Soviets took it from them and gave it to the Poles.

Whether that was justified given Nazi Germany's aggression, or as "compensation" to Poland for Poland's losses to the USSR (Wilna, Lwow, etc.), is another debate. The point here is simply WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED on the ground. If what actually happened is upsetting to Polish readers, too bad -- that doesn't change history.

Sca 19:58, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yup, "repatriation" is a typical example of commie propaganda. In both GDR and Poland, those who were forcibly expelled from their homes and sent to some new, alien place were referred to as "repatriated" ("returned to their homeland", although as far as Latin is concerned, they should be called "depatriated", or "deprived of their homeland". Halibutt 03:10, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

Not really. Compare what you say with the definition in almost any dictionary. Take Webster for instance: Main Entry: re·pa·tri·ate; Etymology: Late Latin repatriatus, past participle of repatriare''
 * to go back to one's country
 * to restore or return to the country of origin, allegiance, or citizenship

Neither the root nor the current English meaning have anything to do with forcible expulsion from one's motherland. It's the contrary, to repatriate is to restore someone who has left his motherland. On the other hand those who were "repatriated" after WWII were mostly de-patriated, or expulsed from their homes rather than returned to them.

Of course we could use this word, but still take note that it has been misused by various propagandists at least since WWII and if we are to use it, we should stick to the original sense of the word, not the one created to prove some point or hide some truth. Word is a powerful weapon, said the Satan. Halibutt 10:41, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I see. You don't accept Satan as the highest language authority - fine with me, we'll stick with Humpty Dumpty and Alice from now on :D Halibutt 17:20, Feb 8, 2005 (UTC)

Dear Roo72, How are you today? I am fine.

In response to this message from you on my page …

I don't care about any "compensations" and I don't know why you mentioned them, I only care that the history is represented as it actually happened using words that are not biased and the previous version of that part of the article was IMO biased. We seem to have reached an agreement about "conquered", now let's talk about "expelled":The verb repatriate has 2 meanings: Meaning #1: send someone back to his homeland against his will, as of refugees Meaning #2: admit back into the country and, Militaryrepatriate (DOD) A person who returns to his or her country or citizenship, having left said native country either against his or her will, or as one of a group who left for reason of politics, religion, or other pertinent reasons. Care to explain why this word is not appropriate?--Roo72 20:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

… I'm sorry but as a 1) native English speaker, 2) writer, 3) sometime historian and 4) editor, I cannot agree to your use of "repatriate" in this context.

As outlined above, the primary and original meaning of repatriate is to return to one's country of origin. People who are evicted from their place of origin or residence, which until their eviction was part of their country of origin, cannot be described as "returning" to their country of origin. This applies whether those involved are Germans, Poles, Russians, Armenians, Greeks, Turks, Chinese, etc. ad infinitum.

I've mentioned the Webster's definition of repatriate. Here are some others, including one that is irreverent but on the mark:

1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000: repatriate TRANSITIVE VERB: To restore or return to the country of birth, citizenship, or origin: repatriate war refugees. ETYMOLOGY: Late Latin repatrire, repatrit-, to return to one's country : Latin re-, re- + Latin patria, native country.

2. wordreference.com: repatriation the act of returning to the country of origin

3. freesearch.co.uk: repatriate verb {T} to send or bring someone, or sometimes money or other property, back to their own country: -- The government repatriated him because he had no visa.

4. The Urban Dictionary: repatriate "Politically-correct bullshit for DEPORT. The foreigner was repatriated to his home country because he tried to find a job so he could pay his medical bills.

One common use of "repatriate" in historical writing involves diplomats and other foreign nationals present in one country when their own country declares war on the host country. In WWII, Germans in Britain, Brits in Germany, Japanese in the U.S., etc., were "repatriated," usually by being transhipped via neutral countries to their countries of origin. (Some Americans in Japanese hands had other experiences -- as did some Japanese in the U.S.)

I will grant you that "repatriate" is sometimes used in the manner you are employing it, but usually to serve political or nationalistic propaganda. Using "repatriate" to refer to uprooting human beings of whatever nationality from their established homes is political doublespeak and cannot equated with historical accuracy; it is a corruption of the basic meaning from RE and PATRIA.

I hope you having a nice evening wherever you are. Here the sun is shining brightly for a change.

Sca 20:58, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WWII Polish tanks
I believe this category is to specific; there only about 3 or 4 Polish tanks of WWII. Oberiko 00:16, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Polish Wikipedians' notice board
Zapraszam.--Witkacy 09:01, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

looking at Liberal Party of Australia...
My Polish isn't much to write home about (or in), but the article looks good. Just one quibble: the word "party" has never featured in the Australian Democrats' name. J.K. 02:22, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

VMI peer review
You've worked on the VMI article. I have posted the article Virginia Military Institute at Peer review/Virginia Military Institute/archive1 and would appreciate your comments. Rillian 14:09, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Polish elections
Are you an Australian in Poland, or a Polish-Australian, or what? Adam 01:55, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

I am curious to know what the history and politics sections of the Polish Wikipedia are like, given the gross Polish-nationalist bias that many Polish editors bring to the English Wikipedia. Adam 02:27, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

''Well, I do not think that pro-Polish bias of the Polish contributors is any bigger than any other nationalistic bias brought to the English Wiki by other contributors. ''

 * I beg to differ. I have dealt with Greek, Turkish, German etc etc nationalists at Wikipedia, but I'm afraid the Poles are much the worst.

''But anyway, Polish history pre-WII is pretty uncontroversial and most articles are as NPOV as they should be. ''

 * Have a look at the Gdansk/Danzig article history some time!

Adam 06:05, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

I would like to express my thanks to all the people who took part in my (failed) RfA voting. I was both surprised and delighted about the amount of support votes and all the kind words! I was also surprised by the amount of people who stated clearly that they do care, be it by voting in for or against my candidacy. That's what Wiki community is about and I'm really pleased to see that it works. As my RfA voting failed with 71% support, I don't plan to reapply for adminship any more. However, I hope I might still be of some help to the community. Cheers! Halibutt 05:10, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff
{Please stop deliberately introducing incorrect information into articles. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. Cyberevil 04:16, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, never mind, an anon vandalized the article. Cyberevil 04:18, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Self-ref
Re: your question about Henryk Batuta, From Avoid self-references, "If, in this framework, you link from an article to a Wikipedia page outside the main namespace, use external link style to allow the link to work also in a site with a copy of the main namespace content." I'm just following policy. BrokenSegue 02:28, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, Roo72! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page. Computerjoe 's talk 14:47, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to VandalProof!
Thank you for your interest in VandalProof, Roo72! You have now been added to the list of authorized users, so if you haven't already, simply download and install VandalProof from our main page. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me or any other moderator, or you can post a message on the discussion page. Prodego talk  01:24, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

vandalism
I see you are not sysop here, so please remember, that here you wont get away with acts of vandalism, and you wont be able to block me only because I told you that what you are doing is vandalism! Szczur Zosia 14:41, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

About your rude comment on my talk page
Would you dare to translate your comment into English and put it once again on my talk page? If no - please don't bother me again. You were right deleting unsourced statments but no matter who's right you cannot isult me. I find your comment very rude. Please do something about it. --Wnuk-pl 09:09, 3 April 2007 (UTC) PS I didn't add those statements. My edits are here:

Screens
Hello Roo72. I have question for you: Can I upload screens from computer games on license Fair use? Alden(Sharon boyfriend) or talk 22:21, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

KA i odejscie
Michal - o tym wlasnie chcialem pogadac z Toba przez Skype ponad miesiac temu. Nie bede komentowal tu decyzji KA, ale z tym odejsciem to przesadzasz, tak jak ja przesadzalem juz 2-krotnie. Wiki sporo na tym straci i wiedza to zarowno twi zwolennicy, jak i przeciwnicy. Pozdo. V1t 00:14, 14 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Jakoś tak wcześniej nie mięliśmy okazji :( Nie wiem co powiedzieć :( Wolałbym, żeby niektóre sprawy toczyły się inaczej. KA, to KA. Nie twierdzę, że z odejściem przesadzasz, może zwyczajnie odpoczynek to dobra sprawa. Mam nadzieję, że wrócisz, szybko.--Beentree (talk) 22:43, 19 May 2008 (UTC) Jeżeli jakimś cudem to przeczytasz przed wizytą w Polsce, albo tuż po wylądowaniu ... no cóż: Warszawę, Kraków i Białowieżę trzeba zobaczyć ... o Rabce nie wspomnę ;)--Beentree (talk) 19:26, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Zaproszenie
Hej, dowiedzialem sie wlasnie, ze wyslali cie na przymusowe wakacje na pl wiki. Nie znam szczegolow sprawy, ale slyszalem o tobie sporo dobrego w Rabce, kilka razy jak spotkalismy sie na wiki bylo sympatycznie - wiec bardzo chcialbym cie zaprosic do aktywnego udzialy w naszym WikiProject Poland tutaj. Bardzo, ale to bardzo brakuje nam aktywnych edytorow - przydalbys sie nam tu 10 razy tyle co na pl wikipedii :) Mam nadzieje, ze rozwaszysz to zaproszenie. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 00:12, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

:)
Widzę, że działasz. Super.--Beentree (talk) 21:07, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Przeprosiny
Witaj! Zobacz na to. Może jednak wrócisz. Serdecznie pozdrawiam Astromp (talk) 14:29, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Trzymam kciuki. Astromp (talk) 19:12, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Hi
For quite a while I had been hesitant but after a comment by a Polish Wikipedian I was finally encouraged to leave Polish Wikipedia (for some time only perhaps). I decided to move to the English Wikipedia for a change.

Regards, Kpjas (talk) 19:02, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

OH NO! Never TO ENGLISH
Why to English? No one wants you here. Get lost from English speaking sites! Scram! The English wikipedia is NOT the site for Polish idiots teaching all of us the communist way of not thinking! We don't want you here! Stay on the communist sites  with your tiny soviet agentural propaganda brain! They will love your crap! That is were all the mental cases should be cured! That Polish Wikipedian must be right! You should be editing ONLY  the Russia Talk! That where you fit the best, and there they would love you, you soviet nut! Regards, Chasidy] ([[User talk:Chasidy|talk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.80.209.90 (talk) 15:39, 27 May 2011 (UTC)

Hi 2
Witay ponounie. Widzem, rze tuthay mash lepshom znajomosc jenzyka, nisz na el-wiki, wew takim razie nje bendem urzywal lungwidża. Zachencam do pczeczytania Hasta la vista, baby. I'll be back. Leszek Jańczuk (talk) 04:32, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm back. A ja myślałem, że tylko żartować potrafisz, a tu taka powaga. 100% powagi. Nie pasuje to do Twojej strony użytkownika na pl-wiki. Zmień ją, albo skończ z taką manierą. U wielu wikipedystów na ich stronach można przeczytać wiele, o nich samych. Ja nie pisałem o życiu prywatnym. To jest tylko o pracy na wikipedii. Na en-wiki u pewnego usera, nie wskażę adresu, widziałem kilka artykułów doczepionych do brudnopisu, ilustrowanych, z przypisami, z bibliografią. To są artykuły alternatywne wobec tych, które są na wikipedii. Przedstawiają odmienny, to jest nie neutralny punkt widzenia. Nikt mu na to nie zwracał uwagi. Zwrócono dopiero wtedy, gdy dodał kategorie i jego artykuły stały się widoczne wśród "bardzo poważnych" artykułów. Osoba, która zwróciła na niestosowność tego postępowania (tj. kategoryzowania), zapytała tylko: "Nie wiem dlaczego to zrobiłeś?". Jakoś mi nie pasujesz, do swoich deklaracji ze strony użytkownika na pl-wiki. Leszek Jańczuk (talk) 21:45, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Poland
We are now dividing our members into active, semi-active (have not edited a Poland-related article in more then three months) and inactive (have not edited at all for three months or more). You are active on Wikipedia but I see you've not edited any Poland-related articles in in many months; we are moving you to semi-active members category. Please consider participating in our project activities again in the future, we would love to work more closely with you again! --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:18, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Henryk Batuta hoax
I have nominated Henryk Batuta hoax, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Henryk Batuta hoax. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Badger Drink (talk) 08:59, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

ChiefLittleCrow.jpg
An editor was pointing out that the image ChiefLittleCrow.jpg has no source or publication information. It says you were the one who uploaded it. Do you have the source information? If not the image has to be removed.

Thanks.

--Mcorazao (talk) 05:03, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

Revision to Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri articles
I noticed that you have revised either Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri or Sid Meier's Alien Crossfire.

I intend to revise those articles following the WikiProject Video games/Article guidelines. There are more details on the discussion pages of those articles. I'd be interested in any comments you have. It would be best if your comments were on the discussion pages of the two articles.

Thank you.

Vyeh (talk) 03:46, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Monitor. WikiProject Poland Newsletter: Issue 1 (April 2011)
Delivered by EdwardsBot (talk) 21:22, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Polish Clubs
Hello Roo72 ! After having had a look in the history file of Polish Club, it seems like you are its main author. Could you please explain what's meant by "GF" (in the article). Cheers Boeing720 (talk) 22:25, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Roo72


text:
Grace Hopper College

Grace Hopper College is a residential college of Yale University, opened in 1933 as one of the original eight undergraduate residential colleges endowed by Edward Harkness. It was originally named Calhoun College after US Vice President John C. Calhoun, but renamed in 2017 in honor of computer scientist Grace Murray Hopper. The building was designed by John Russell Pope.

From the 1960s onward, Calhoun's white supremacist beliefs and pro-slavery leadership   had prompted calls to rename the college and remove its tributes to Calhoun. In 2016, the Yale Corporation chose to retain the Calhoun name, but in 2017 it reversed its decision and renamed the college after Hopper.

Before the college

In 1641, John Brockston established a farm on the plot of land that is now Grace Hopper College. After the American Revolutionary War an inn was constructed that would later become the meeting place of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. From 1863 until 1931 the land was home to the Yale Divinity School, which was housed in three buildings known as West Divinity Hall, Marquand Chapel, and East Divinity Hall. After Yale President James Rowland Angell announced the residential college plan in 1930, the Divinity School campus was demolished and a new campus built at the top of Prospect Hill, where it currently stands.

Construction and early history

Although all the other Collegiate Gothic-style colleges at Yale were conceived by James Gamble Rogers, the commission for the new college at the corner of College and Elm Streets was given to John Russell Pope, a campus planner who concurrently designed the Payne Whitney Gymnasium. The new dormitory was named Calhoun College.

Like all other residential colleges at their inception, the college had twenty-four-hour guard service and the gates were never locked. Jacket and tie was the necessary attire in the dining hall and meals were served at the table.

At first, it was considered an undesirable college because of its location at the corner of College and Elm, where trolleys frequently ran screeching around the corner. This perception changed under the popular Master Charles Schroeder, who once remarked that if the despicable trolley service were ever removed he would purchase a trolley car, put it in the courtyard, and hold a celebration to commemorate the event. The trolley system was indeed removed in 1949, and though a whole car proved unfeasible, Master Schroder secured the fare collecting machine from a trolley and made good on his promise to celebrate. Thus was born Trolley Night, a proud tradition of the college.

The coat of arms designed for Calhoun College combined the university arms, set atop the Calhoun arms (a saltire engrailed sable on a field argent). The college colors were black, navy blue, and gold.

Under the Yale College policy that let incoming students express a residential college preference, Calhoun developed a reputation for attracting athletic, upper-class elites until the policy ended with the class of 1958.

Later events
In 1989, Calhoun was the first residential college to be renovated. The renovations, mostly funded by alumnus Roger Horchow, were done quickly and over the summer to minimize disruption to student life, and by 2000, the physical plant began to show wear and tear again.

2005 saw the retirement of William and Betsy Sledge as Master and Associate Master. They were succeeded by Dr. Jonathan Holloway (PhD '95) and his wife Aisling Colón. In 2014, Holloway became the Dean of Yale College, the first African-American to hold that position. He was succeeded as Master by Julia Adams, Professor of Sociology and International and Area Studies. In the same year a limited window replacement was commissioned amid controversy over the college's exclusion from the most recent campus-wide renovation effort.

Stephen Lassonde stepped down as dean in June 2007 thus ending one of the longest tenures in the college's history. Within the Residential College system at Yale, deanships normally last only a few years, but Stephen Lassonde served as Calhoun Dean for fourteen years. In late April 2007, he made the official announcement that he would be leaving the college to serve as Deputy Dean of the College at Brown University in nearby Providence, Rhode Island. He was succeeded by Leslie Woodard, who died unexpectedly at her home at the college in October 2013. Until June 2007 Dean Woodard was the director of the undergraduate creative writing program at Columbia University. A published author of short stories, Dean Woodard also had a history in the performing arts; she was a professional dancer in the Dance Theater of Harlem for a decade.

In late June 2007 the college's mighty elm, which had provided shade since the college's foundation and also supported the college's famous tire swing, was felled. The tree was rotting from the ground up and was beginning to lean dangerously. Given the fact that the tree was actually taller than the college (itself a five- and six-story building in different places), the tree posed a real danger to the college structure and students.

The college was eventually fully renovated over the 2008-09 school-year.

John C. Calhoun
John C. Calhoun grew up on a plantation in South Carolina. He entered Yale College in November 1802 and lived in Union Hall, a dorm on Yale's Old Campus. His professors included Benjamin Silliman, and Yale Presidents Jeremiah Day and Timothy Dwight. Calhoun was socially ostracized at Yale and wrote to his cousin that he found “a considerable prejudice here against both the southern states and students.” He did well academically, was selected as a member of the Linonia literary society, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1804. He was selected to give his commencement address, but was prevented from doing so by illness.

Calhoun remained in Connecticut for several years to obtain a law degree from Litchfield Law School, then returned to South Carolina. After his student years, Calhoun never again had significant involvement in Yale and was never a benefactor. Calhoun's plantation estate later became the campus of Clemson University.

Elected to the United States Congress in 1810, he made his name as a War Hawk before the War of 1812, then became Secretary of War under President James Monroe. He was elected Vice President in 1825 and served two terms before resigning to fight for South Carolina's nullification of federal tariffs as a Senator. During his political career, Calhoun gained a reputation as a great rhetorician and intellectual. In addition to his advocacy of states' rights, Calhoun was a proponent of slaveholder rights and believed that slavery was justified by white supremacy. Inheriting his father's farm, Calhoun remained a slaveholder his entire life and profited from the cotton trade.

Naming of Calhoun College
Because of his political, military, and intellectual achievements, Calhoun was venerated as an illustrious Yale alumnus beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. He was the only Yale graduate to be elected to a federal executive office in the school's first two centuries, until the election of U.S. President William Howard Taft in 1909. A 1914 biography of Calhoun by Yale Secretary Anson Phelps Stokes details his accomplishments as an "eminent Yale man" without once mentioning his slaveholdings or pro-slavery leadership.

Already holding some of Calhoun's papers, Yale offered its first commemoration of Calhoun during the construction of the Memorial Quadrangle in 1917. Statues of eight pre-20th century "Yale worthies" were placed on Harkness Tower, including an eight-foot statue of Calhoun. Of these, only Calhoun and Jonathan Edwards were selected as namesakes of the eight original residential colleges when they were named around 1931.

Re-naming debates
A debate over the appropriateness of the college's name has waxed and waned, as John C. Calhoun's involvement in defending slavery has been reconsidered. In 1992, the graduating seniors commissioned a plaque noting the unfortunate reality of John C. Calhoun's legacy, but at the same time supported the notion that the college retain its name for historical purposes. Around the same time, a pane of stained glass in the college's common room depicting a shackled black man kneeling before Calhoun was altered to depict Calhoun alone.

After the June 2015 Charleston church shooting, radio commentators Colin McEnroe and Ray Hardman questioned whether the preservation of the college's name was an inappropriate legacy of white supremacy. The events, which instigated student protests and alumni petitions in the same year, caused administrators to consider renaming the college. In their petition students argued that—while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an "extraordinary American statesman"—he was "one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as "a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina." He acknowledged that Calhoun also "believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests."

In April 2016 Salovey announced that "despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests," Calhoun's name would remain on the Yale residential college. Salovey argued that it was preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's "shadow" so they will be "better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future." He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would "obscure" his "legacy of slavery rather than addressing it." "Yale is part of that history" and "We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it." At the same time, Salovey announced that the title of “master” would be changed to “head of college” because of the title's freighted use by American slaveowners.

Artistic depictions of antebellum slavery
Stained glass window panels in the college depicted images of slavery. One showed a black man in shackles kneeling before Calhoun. Temple University professor and co-founder of the Yale Black Alumni Network Chris Rabb advocated for that panel to be altered. The alterations replaced the black man with blank white pieces of glass. The university had plans to change some additional stained glass windows in the dining hall in 2016, but, before that was done, Corey Menafee, an African-American dishwasher who worked there, knocked out the pane that showed black slaves harvesting cotton in the fields, because, as he related, he no longer wanted to be subjected to seeing the "racist, very degrading" image at his place of work, but also added: "There's always better ways of doing things like that than just destroying things." Menafee was initially arrested on felony and misdemeanor charges. Yale chose not to press charges which were then dropped and, after initially accepting Menafee's resignation, rehired him to work at a different location.

Calhoun's name has been tied up in larger controversies about the associations of the colleges with slavery. A 2001 report revealed that at least seven of the colleges' namesakes were slave owners. In 2009, a student group protested the connection by posting alternative names for slaveowner-named colleges near the college entrances. Commenting for the Wall Street Journal, Roger Kimball pointed out that Yale's namesake, Elihu Yale, was a slave trader, and questioned how Yale can defend the name of the university against similar moral arguments.

Renaming
Partly because of the controversy surrounding the 2016 decision not to rename Calhoun College, Yale put in place a policy on the potential renaming of buildings and other institutions around the university. One of the first items of business the consequent task force addressed was the renaming of Calhoun College, and in February 2017 it recommended to the Yale Corporation that the college's name be changed. The Corporation accepted that recommendation, and voted at its February 2017 meeting to change the name of Calhoun to Grace Hopper College, effective July 1, 2017.

The college's new namesake has a tie to Yale, having received her Ph.D. from there under the direction of Øystein Ore in 1934.

The college's new arms, designed in 2017, were intended to represent Admiral Hopper's history, as well as to create a tie to the college's past. The heraldic dolphin represents both leadership and Hopper's career in the United States Navy. The rectangles and circles represent her contributions to mathematics and computer science. The scalloped (engrailed) bar is evocative of waves—and also incorporates a design element of the Calhoun College arms, which featured an engrailed saltire.

Unique features
The courtyard used to have a popular tire swing, which stood in stark contrast to the Neo-Gothic architecture. In fall 1990, newly appointed master Turan Onat made it his first priority to remove the tire swing as he sought "to restore the courtyard to a grassier state." The seniors immediately reinstalled the swing overnight and Onat quickly reversed his policy.

The college used to be the only residential college with its own sauna. The sauna was removed from Entryway B/C during the 2005–06 school year.

The College Council is a student governing organization that coordinates activities and social life for the residential college. Throughout the year, the Council organizes numerous activities including: Study Breaks, a dorm-wide dance, and Trolley Night, an annual dance party.

Notable alumni

 * Angela Bassett, 1980, actress
 * John R. Bolton, 1970, National Security Advisor of the United States, attorney
 * David L. Boren, 1963, Governor of Oklahoma, US Senator, Chancellor, University of Oklahoma
 * Sandra Boynton, 1974, author
 * Robert Curtis Brown, 1979, actor
 * Jonathan Coulton, 1993, singer-songwriter
 * Claire Danes, X2002, actress (attended)
 * Mark Dayton, 1969, governor of Minnesota
 * Bryce Dessner, 1998, composer and guitarist with The National
 * Jodie Foster, 1985, actress
 * Henry Louis Gates, Jr., 1973, author, literary critic, professor
 * John Hodgman, 1994, comedian
 * Roger Horchow, 1950, Tony Award-winning Producer and founder of The Horchow Finale
 * Paul Krugman, 1974, economist, New York Times columnist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, 2008
 * Demetri Martin, 1995, comedian
 * Steven Mnuchin, 1985, United States Treasury Secretary
 * Jennie Livingston, 1983, filmmaker
 * George Packer, 1982, journalist, author, playwright
 * Katie Porter, 1996, member of the US House of Representatives.
 * Joshua Prince-Ramus, 1991, architect
 * Philip T. Reeker, 1986, Acting Assistant Secretary of State, diplomat and career foreign service officer
 * Kurt Hugo Schneider, 2010, internet celebrity
 * Jake Sullivan, 1998, foreign policy adviser to Joe Biden and Hillary Clinton
 * Maury Yeston, 1967, Tony Award-winning composer, lyricist, musicologist
 * Itamar Moses, 1999, Tony Award-winning playwright

title: Grace Hopper College


text:
Davenport College

Davenport College (colloquially referred to as D'port) is one of the fourteen residential colleges of Yale University. Its buildings were completed in 1933 mainly in the Georgian style but with a gothic façade along York Street. The college was named for John Davenport, who founded Yale's home city of New Haven, Connecticut. An extensive renovation of the college's buildings occurred during the 2004–2005 academic year as part of Yale's comprehensive building renovation project. Davenport College has an unofficial rivalry with adjoining Pierson College.

Namesake
John Davenport was born in 1597 to draper and Mayor of Coventry Henry Davenport and Winifred Barnaby. He attended Oxford University for three years starting in 1613 before leaving without a degree. He returned to Oxford to finish his MA and Bachelor of Divinity after serving as the chaplain of Hilton Castle and vicar of St. Stephen's Church in London. In 1633 he resigned from the Church of England after several disputes with the senior clergy.

In 1638 he sailed to North America with his congregation and a patent for a colony in Massachusetts. One year later he co-founded the city of New Haven with Theophilus Eaton and served as its burgess until his departure to Boston 30 years later. Beginning in the 1640s, Davenport advocated for the creation of a college near the New Haven Green, a vision realized by Yale College some fifty years after his death. He is also credited with co-founding the nearby Hopkins School.

In 1668, Davenport left New Haven to serve as the pastor of the First Church in Boston. His invitation to that position was not without opposition due to his strict Puritan values, especially regarding infant baptism. Davenport died of apoplexy less than two years later.

The College
Davenport College was, like many of Yale's residential colleges, designed by James Gamble Rogers. It has two distinct styles of architecture: The York Street facade is constructed from gothically-detailed sandstone while the remainder of the college has been built in the red-brick Georgian style of the colonial era. This "hybridization" is meant to complement the monumental gothic streetscape of York Street, on which the western façades of the Branford and Saybrook College complex along with Jonathan Edwards College stand opposite the gothic-inspired Yale Daily News building and University Theater. On the inner, Georgian face, the college entrance has an adaptation of the eastern façade of the original Massachusetts Statehouse, in which the British imperial lion and unicorn have been replaced by a pair of yales. The inner face was featured in the 2008 movie The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2.

The enclosed space of Davenport College features three courtyards: Kumble Court (usually referred to as the "upper courtyard"), the lower courtyard and a recently created stone courtyard in front of the dean's suite, the result of the annexation of the former Yale Record building during the 2004–2005 renovations. A half-story terrace and two house-like residential units (one dubbed "The Cottage") flank the upper courtyard to the north. Traditionally, the college's sophomores live in the suites bordering the lower courtyard, while most of the juniors and seniors of the College live around the upper courtyard.

Separating the two main courtyards is the Crosspiece, housing both the Dean's and Head's Offices and a classroom space as well as carrels and reading rooms extending from the college's Spitzer Library. The Crosspiece formerly held a second library in the top floor which has since been converted to student housing, with the book holdings moved into the expanded Library. Indoor spaces of architectural note include the Davenport Common Room, the aforementioned Spitzer Library and the Dining Hall. The Dining Hall's walls are adorned with a two-panel portrait showcasing the diversity of the college's staff and students. A Waterford crystal chandelier hangs from the dining hall's ceiling.

The student buttery, or "The Dive", is the snack shop. An entertainment center—and game room is nearby. The Davenport basement also includes a letterpress print-shop, a pottery studio, a digital media arts center, a dance studio, and a small theater with stadium seating. These are all shared with students in Pierson. Davenport students also have access to shared facilities on the Pierson side of the basement, including music practice rooms and an exercise room containing treadmills, ellipticals, and free weights.

Freshman housing
Davenport College freshmen live on the Old Campus with the rest of their Yale College class, with the exception of students from Silliman, Timothy Dwight, Pauli Murray, and Benjamin Franklin. Currently, Davenport College freshmen live in Welch Hall, which is located next to Phelps Gate. Welch is known for the 10- and 12-pack suites on the bottom floor (for 10 and 12 students) and the princess suites on the top two floors, complete with cathedral ceilings and skylights.

History
Under the Yale College policy that let incoming students express a residential college preference, Davenport developed a reputation for attracting athletic, upper-class elites until the policy ended with the class of 1958.

In July 2022, Anjelica Gonzalez will succeed John Fabian Witt, making her the first Black woman to serve as Head of College in Yale's history.

Mascot
For a while after Davenport College's inception into the Yale residential college system, students were known as "Hybrids," a reference to the hybrid style of the college's architecture. While the nickname appeared in a few official publications in the 1970s, it was no longer used by either Davenporters or their rivals. Davenport students were without a title or figure to rally behind.

In 1998, then junior Thomas Shaw, upon returning from a semester of mountaineering, brought back from the California Redwood country a five-and-a-half foot tall, 400 pound carved wooden gnome as a gift to the college. The gnome, with its green painted shirt and yellow pants, quickly developed a following in the Davenport community, and was soon proudly adopted as the college's official mascot.

The gnome was first placed in the college's courtyard, but after repeated theft by neighbor and unofficial Davenport rival Pierson, the gnome was relocated inside. It was in the entrance of the administrative offices in Crosspiece for the first semester of the 2005–2006 school year, but was moved to the Davenport Dining Hall. In April 2011, Davenport students stopped a group of Piersonites from the most recent attempt at stealing the gnome. The gnome was successfully rescued and taken to its home in the Davenport Dining Hall.

Intramurals
Davenport College has competed for the Tyng Cup, winning the championship 4 times. The college's ice hockey team has won 16 championships, most recently in 1997. Davenport is the current coed football champion and has won championships in table tennis, golf, bowling, men's volleyball, swimming, softball, and track and field in the past 5 years.

Notable alumni

 * Sherrod Brown, 1974, United States Senator (D-Ohio)
 * Barbara Bush, daughter of President George W. Bush
 * George H. W. Bush, 1948, 41st President of the United States
 * George W. Bush, 1968, 43rd President of the United States
 * William F. Buckley, Jr., prominent conservative columnist, founder of the National Review
 * Ben Carson, 1973, neurosurgeon, 2016 Republican presidential candidate, former Secretary of U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
 * Michael Gerber, humorist and author
 * Jonathan Haidt, social psychologist and author
 * Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian-American academic and diplomat
 * Michael J. Knowles, 2012, conservative political commentator, author, and media host
 * Sarah Lyall, London correspondent for The New York Times
 * Robert K. Massie, historian, winner of 1981 Pulitzer Prize in biography
 * Jefferson Mays, Tony Award-winning actor
 * David McCullough, American historian and best-selling author
 * Edwin Meese, 75th Attorney General of the United States
 * Karen Narasaki, a civil rights leader and a Commissioner on the United States Commission on Civil Rights
 * John D. Negroponte, 1960, former ambassador to Honduras and Iraq, and former permanent representative to the United Nations
 * Samantha Power, United States Ambassador to the United Nations
 * Clark T. Randt, Jr., the longest-serving United States Ambassador to China
 * Kurt Schmoke, Dean of Howard University Law School, former mayor of Baltimore, and former Senior Fellow of Yale University
 * Stephen Schwarzman, 1969, investor and founder of The Blackstone Group
 * Ari Shapiro, 2000, an American radio journalist
 * Garry Trudeau, artist/writer of Doonesbury comic strip
 * Sam Tsui, YouTube musician and Internet celebrity
 * Thornton Wilder, American playwright and novelist

title: Davenport College