text:
Talk:List of burghs in Scotland

[Untitled]
The term 'burgh' is still commonly known, but it is generally only used in legal and historical documentation. In everyday speech it is certainly not commonly used as an alternative to 'town'. Adambisset 01:57, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Burgh pages
Errr.. I'm thinking of reorganising the bits and pieces about burghs ti make more sense. I found a list of large burghs here Large burgh and a list of royal burghs somewhere else, which is also on this apge. I also have a list of butrghs by category and county which could replace what is here, and some bits on the legislation that's behind various cjanges. anyone got an opinion? Lozleader 17:09, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think this page should be outright replaced, but probably moved to List of towns in Scotland and expanded to cover post-1975 new towns and suchforth. (on the basis that burgh is Scots for borough, not for town)

 * Then I suppose a table showing every burgh, when various things happened to it (created, abolished, categorised into large burgh/small burgh, made a police burgh, made a municipal burgh, was reformed), etc. Once we get the raw data can think a bit about how to handle it. Morwen - Talk 18:22, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm. I have an idea of doing 1892 -1975 Burghs, grouped by county. There are reasons for this - my understanding is that the old burghs of regality and barony were finally dissolved at that date, leaving only the actual local goverrnment bodies.  The altter types of burgh are a bit ephemeral, and there is some doubt about some of them.  I'd rather put up something solid and then worry about the rest.
 * I was also thinking of putting together a page on the LGA (Scotland) 1929 as this made a lot of changes (formed joint county councils, merged some burghs, designated large and small burghs, abolished parish councils and replaced them with district councils). It also got rid of the poor law system, but I don't really understand that.

Lozleader 20:37, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Sounds good. Poor law system is rather poorly documented at poor law union at the moment.  Have been working on it.  Morwen - Talk 23:32, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

OK, here's a bit (sample county) of the table which is virtually complete - should I just take out the list of burghs on this page and replace it?

Angus or Forfarshire
‡ Absorbed by Dundee royal burgh 1913

Lozleader 11:10, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

That looks good, although I've fiddled with the formatting a bit (see the diff). Morwen - Talk 18:53, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

V good, I need to tweak it abit and de the old de- disambiguation on it anyway. Lozleader 19:51, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

County names and boundaries
I take it the county names and boudaries used in the article are those used for local government purposes circa 1890 to 1975, not earlier names and boundaries. I intend to add a note to this effect in the article. Laurel Bush 10:51, 14 February 2006 (UTC).

 * Yes, that was the way I built the table. Lozleader 17:08, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Inverbervie
I am finding no reference to Inverbervie, Aberdeenshire. According to District of burghs (UK Parliament) it was a parliamentary burgh 1708 to 1950. Laurel Bush 13:28, 9 February 2006 (UTC).

OK. I've found it - in Kincardinshire. Laurel Bush 11:07, 10 February 2006 (UTC).

Buckhaven, Methil and Innerleven
Under Fife I find a reference to a police burgh called Buckhaven and Methil, created 1891. In District of burghs I find references to two parliamentary burghs called Buckhaven and Methil and Innerleven, created 1918. Perhaps by 1918 there was no sense of a need for the names of parliamentary burghs to correspond with the names of burghs for other purposes. Or is there some other explanation? Laurel Bush 12:07, 14 February 2006 (UTC).

 * According to this the police burgh originally had the three names - must have changed after 1918. Lozleader 17:07, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. I guess its possible that the areas of two parliamentary burghs, dividing the area one police burgh, were named with elements from the original name of the police burgh, Buckhaven, Methil and Innerleven. Perhaps more likely there was effectively just one parliamentary burgh with the original name of the police burgh. Laurel Bush 10:19, 15 February 2006 (UTC).

The Ninth Schedule to the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1918 lists the burgh as "Buckhaven Methil and Innerleven"--George Burgess 18:42, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Queensferry/South Queensferry
I am finding no reference to South Queensferry. According to District of burghs it was a parliamentary burgh 1708 to 1832. District of burghs, however, has the burgh in Fife. I guess it was Midlothian. Laurel Bush 12:29, 15 February 2006 (UTC).

According to County & Burgh Heraldry (1973) - "Queensferry was a burgh dependent on the Abbey of Dunfermline by 1328, and as South Queensferry was created a Burgh of Regality in favour of Robert Pitcairn, Archdeacon of St Andrews, as commendator of Dunfermline, in 1576 - 1577. It was made a Royal Burgh by King Charles I in 1636. It was in West Lothian.

Which I think makes Queensferry and South Queensferry the same place - in West Lothian (or Linlithgowshire), being where the ferries from St Andrews (in Fife) landed. I presume this accounts for the Fife link? Lozleader 22:58, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * errr I just looked at the district of burghs and am now thoroughly confused - perhaps the royal burgh (Queensferry) and burgh of regality (South Queensferry) had different areas with an overlap?

Lozleader 23:04, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * VOB link may be some help. Lozleader 23:13, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Cheers. Queensferry links, by the way, to an article about somewhere in Wales. Laurel Bush 10:25, 16 February 2006 (UTC).

Looks to me now like Queensferry, as a parliamentary burgh, was renamed South Queensferry in 1832. Probably enlarged as well. (At this time, 1832, boundaries of burghs for parliamentary elections ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes.) Laurel Bush 10:39, 16 February 2006 (UTC).

Wigtown
OK. Think I have now accounted for all of the parliamentary burghs in List of burghs in Scotland, except Wigtown seems to be missing. It was one of the Wigtown Burghs. Laurel Bush 12:51, 16 February 2006 (UTC).

From here I have this about Wigtown: ''A town, until 1975 in the county of Wigtown and a royal burgh until 1975. A small burgh from 1930 until 1975.'' No indication that it was ever a police burgh. No date for its erection as a royal burgh. Laurel Bush 11:07, 17 February 2006 (UTC).

Sorry for missing that one - I think any royal burgh that hadn't adopted a police system by 1893 became one in that year under the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act, 1892. Lozleader 17:35, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Cheers. Laurel Bush 18:52, 17 February 2006 (UTC).

 * Just looking at the table in District of burghs, I wonder if the original table from which the data is extracted might not have read the "Buckhaven, Methil & Innerleven", and "Queensferry / South Queensferry" but with each entry split onto two different lines - later misinterpreted as different burghs? Just a theory. BTW the work you have done on thse is valuable - and picked up a good few mistakes! Well done. Lozleader 22:53, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Kincardine
Can somebody add Kincardine http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/towns/townfirst43.html says it was founded as a burgh of barony in 1663. Thanks/wangi 09:30, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I note that Laurel Bush has added it now, but under "Fife". Is this correct? Although now in Fife, it was only put there in 1890, prior to which it was in Perthshire. I note that Doune, Dunblane and Callander are listed under "Perthshire" (despite no longer being in Perthshire), so why is Kincardine listed under "Fife"? --Mais oui! 11:35, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * According to VOB the parish of Tulliallan that contained the burgh was in Perthshire until 1891, then in Fife. It would have been abolished in 1893 by the Burgh Police (Scotland) Act of the previous year, along with all non-police burghs so it spent just 2 years as a burgh in Fife. Lozleader 21:53, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Seems to me that listing burghs by county is itself questionable, because some have belonged to more than one. Or perhaps burghs like Kincardine should be under two counties, with dates for the change? Laurel Bush 09:29, 6 April 2006 (UTC).

 * Well I'll just say thanks - it's this complexity that caused me to ask someone else to add the entry ;)
 * And as a thank you Laurel, I've tidied up Queensferry that you noted above. Thanks/wangi 09:37, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

"County" subdivisions
Following on from User:Laurel Bush's comment above: "Seems to me that listing burghs by county is itself questionable... ":

I think that the use of the so-called "counties" is highly dubious, especially in the case of burghs. All the classic burghs were created centuries before the word "county" even began being used in Scotland, let alone the late date at which counties were officially established in Scotland: 1890. Eg. the Royal Burgh of Roxburgh had been long abandoned as a settlement - long, long before "Roxburghshire" was even a twinkle in a civil servant's eye. The county subdivisions are very, very late in the history of Scotland, whereas burghs were there from near the beginning of the emergant state. --Mais oui! 11:07, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I built the table this way because it was the way it was organised in the sources. Yes, the burghs predate the counties (which are seventeenth or eighteenth century in origin I think, and which were altered in the 1890s). The counties are, for the most part, where the burgh was situated at abolition in 1975 or earlier.

 * Counties are relevant in a post 1930 situation in that small burghs lost most of their powers to the county council, and conversely large burghs took over most of the county services in their area.

 * Any way, the question remains of how to organise the information: alphabetically?

Lozleader 13:07, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Alphabetically? Perhaps. Right now I can not think of anything better. We seem to need some way of taking account of the time dimension. While they existed, county boundaries went through a lot of changes, and if, for example, we restrict the list to burghs abolished in 1975, then we lose all burghs abolished by earlier reforms, including perhaps those whose names became names of cities. Laurel Bush 16:38, 6 July 2007 (UTC).

Another approach. Two distinct lists. One of burghs abolished in 1975, with counties as at that date. Another of burghs 'abolished' at earlier dates, with counties as at time of abolition. I guess, however, the latter list would have to include the four burghs which became counties of cities. Laurel Bush 15:15, 23 July 2007 (UTC).

A useful source document
I've stumbled upon this document - http://www.caledonia.org.uk/commonweal/docs/commongood_v3.pdf - which lists all Scottish burghs. It is based on George S. Pryde's book, The Burghs of Scotland, but with the addition of police burghs.

Might be of use... From a quick glace there a few more listed... /wangi 22:02, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Very interesting. I wonder how easy it is to obtain a copy of Pryde's book. I can see this leading to complete redesign of the page.

Lozleader 11:22, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Canongate
From the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland website:

I am not seeing Canongate listed in the article. Seems to have merged into Edinburgh mid 19th century. Laurel Bush 15:48, 18 August 2006 (UTC).

Musselburgh
Musselburgh is listed under Midlothian, even although it is situated in East Lothian, is this correct? Im.sarcastic 14:04, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Historically Midlothian (or Edinburghshire) included Musselburgh (see ). /wangi 14:21, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Large burgh and Small burgh
Rather than keep these lists separate, why not merge them into the tables here? It would only require an additional column, called "Post 1930 status" or something, and the background text could be put into Burgh, which needs expanding anyway. Any comments? Jonathan Oldenbuck 15:07, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Towns or Burghs?
If the term has been legally abolished and is in disuse, why the hell is it being used here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.194.146.58 (talk) 13:25, 24 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Because they existed. Similarly, we have articles on Municipal boroughs, Urban districts and Rural districts in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, even though they were also abolished in the 1970s (later in the Republic of Ireland).  Incidentally, many towns in Scotland still describe themselves as "Royal borough".  Your argument seems to be on the basis that "the Austro-Hungarian Empire no longer exists, so we should not have an article about it."  Skinsmoke (talk) 11:19, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of burghs in Scotland


text: User talk:68.21.161.28

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.21.161.28


text:
Talk:Flag of Vermont

Real flag photo looks better
Re: change at this diff. I don't know if that's the photo of the real flag since I thought I read it was not in that great shape, but it does look better and more realistic than a mere graphic. CarolMooreDC (talk) 01:13, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The photo of physical flag is a nice image, and does belong somewhere on the Flag of the Green Mountain Boys page. But here it is inconsistent with the other flags which are all graphic representations.
 * looking over the other state flag pages, shows the same approach, favoring graphics over photos for informational purposes. The same is also generally true for pages about countries, military units, etc., in that infoboxes use graphics over photos. —MJBurrage(T•C) 10:41, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Whatever. I was just mostly interested in figuring out the history which was a bit different across various articles. CarolMooreDC (talk) 14:46, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Yea, there is no definitive answer, since flags does not seem to be something they worried about on paper until the 1800s. So while it is almost certain that they had a flag or flags they considered to be Vermont flags. All we know know is that none was legally official, and that only the Green Mountain Boys flag can be definitively tied back to the era in question. So did they consider the militia flag to be the Republic's flag, or did they use a flag with the Seal (essentially what we have today).  We will probably never know, but the continued use of the GMB flag by both the National Guard and historians as a stand in for a VR flag, gives us what we do have. —MJBurrage(T•C) 18:39, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Flag of Vermont


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Wellesley station

Wellesley is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Wellesley Street East, east of Yonge Street. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

History
Wellesley station opened in 1954 as part of the original stretch of the Yonge line from to  stations, and was listed as a heritage property by the City of Toronto in 1984. The address given for this listing of 16 Wellesley Street East/15 Dundonald Street, which differs from the TTC address, more accurately describes the location of the station structure which runs between those streets, to the rear of the properties fronting on the east side of Yonge Street.

On February 6, 2006, the only baby to be born on the subway, Mary Kim of Scarborough, was delivered on the Wellesley platform. Her mother Sun Hee Paik took the subway with her family to St. Michael's Hospital from their Scarborough home. She did not make it to the downtown hospital, going into labour on the train. Her husband delivered the baby after they disembarked at Wellesley and Toronto EMS arrived later to help finish the birth and send the mother and child to St. Michael's. TTC officials later promised to provide Mary with lifetime transit access.

Construction began in early 2018 to make the station fully accessible, including the addition of two elevators and accessible fare gates. On July 22, 2020, the station became accessible with the completion of the elevator construction. As part of the enhancements for accessibility, provision was made for the future installation of an artwork on the curved wall opposite the two new elevators.

Wellesley was the last downtown TTC subway station with only one street entrance. In July 2020, a secondary entrance was opened on Dundonald Street (entry or exit here is by Presto card or Presto ticket only).

Station description
This station is located on the north side of Wellesley Street East east of Yonge Street. It is built on two levels, with the main Wellesley Street entrance and bus platform at street level and the subway platforms located on the lower level. There are elevators from street level to the two platforms. A Gateway Newstands can be found in the station. There is a second automatic entrance on Dundonald Street.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
North of the station the tunnel was constructed by cut and cover into Bloor station, where it crosses over Yonge station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth. South of the station, the tunnel is mostly of a similar construction towards College station. The strip of land occupied by this section of the subway is distinguished by being used mainly for public parks or parking lots.

Surface connections
Bus routes below can be boarded at a curbside stop with a valid transfer.
 * 94A Wellesley westbound to Ossington station and eastbound to Castle Frank station
 * 94B Wellesley eastbound to Castle Frank station
 * 97C Yonge northbound to Eglinton station and southbound to Union station (rush hour service)
 * 320 Yonge Blue Night northbound to Steeles Avenue and southbound to Queens Quay

title: Wellesley station


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Talk:Santo Domingo

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:24, 20 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Bandera del Municipio Santo Domingo de Guzmán.png

Article needs significant improvement
There is some information in the article, but it has been randomly collected, and it is questionable about the value of some of the information. Very few sections are adequately sourced. This is a start class article:

"An article that is developing but still quite incomplete. It may or may not cite adequate reliable sources. More detailed criteria:

The article has a usable amount of good content but is weak in many areas. Quality of the prose may be distinctly unencyclopedic, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style compliance non-existent. The article should satisfy fundamental content policies, such as Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons. Frequently, the referencing is inadequate, although enough sources are usually provided to establish verifiability. No Start-Class article should be in any danger of being speedily deleted. Provides some meaningful content, but most readers will need more. Providing references to reliable sources should come first; the article also needs substantial improvement in content and organisation. Also improve the grammar, spelling, writing style and improve the jargon use."

To build the article, first decide what information should be included, and which information is unimportant (do we need a list of main streets - what is the criteria for deciding which streets to include, and what information to include?); then do research in reliable sources, and summarise the important information in appropriate sections, citing the sources used. SilkTork (talk) 11:48, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

Population
Hi. Could someone explain to me what's going on with the population numbers? The population of Santo Domingo is definitely higher than 937,320 people, or 2.5 million in the metropolitan area. These numbers are simply untrue and similar (although not identical) to the 2010 census, which was conducted 13 years ago. The numbers reflected on this article should only be those provided by the most recent census (conducted in 2022). Any other changes provided by any other source that is not the ONE (Oficina Nacional de Estadistica) should be deemed as completely unreliable. Richarddo1442 (talk) 20:01, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I don’t know, but I am so confused with the little tracking device 2603:6010:F104:96AE:9D01:9585:6696:F3B (talk) 03:04, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Small Group Communication
— Assignment last updated by Kpere039 (talk) 20:01, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Santo Domingo


text:
Talk:Lake Champlain

The new picture
Thanks for the new picture! It looks like a shot looking west from Burlington harbor towards the breakwater, taken with a wide-angle lens. Is it? We could put some of that info into the caption if so.

Atlant 1 July 2005 11:19 (UTC)

picture
You are correct, the picture was taken from burlington harbor last summer looking west out towards the breakwater. No fancy lenses though, just a standard digital point and shoot.

I'm glad you found the picture acceptable. I'm still new at this wikipedia thing and often feel a bit like a 'vandal' whenever I modify an article that other people have put a lot of work into.

Please feel free to change the caption to better reflect the location of the image etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mitomac (talk • contribs) 14:03, 1 July 2005 (UTC)

Sixth largest body of fresh water in the United States?
Can anyone cite a source for this? I don't necessarily doubt it, but I am curious as to whether or not this includes all or any of the Great Lakes, the lakes of Alaska, and what the top five lakes are. -- Ithacagorges 05:54, August 8 2005 (UTC)

 * According to http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html, the round-up of the top-twenty (when sorted by surface area) is as follows:

Lake                     Location                                     Area in Square Miles 1. Lake Superior            Michigan-Minnesota-Wisconsin-Ontario         31,700 2. Lake Huron               Michigan-Ontario                             23,000 3. Lake Michigan            Illinois-Indiana-Michigan-Wisconsin          22,300 4. Lake Erie                Michigan-New York-Ohio-Pennsylvania-Ontario   9,910 5. Lake Ontario             New York-Ontario                              7,340 6. Lake of the Woods        Minnesota-Manitoba-Ontario                    1,485 7. Great Salt Lake          Utah                                          2,117 8. Iliamna Lake             Alaska                                        1,014 9. Lake Oahe (manmade)      North Dakota-South Dakota                       685 10. Lake Okeechobee          Florida                                         662 11. Lake Pontchartrain       Louisiana                                       631 12. Lake Sakakawea (manmade) North Dakota                                    520 ==> 13. Lake Champlain           New York-Vermont-Quebec                         490 14. Becharof Lake            Alaska                                          453 15. Lake St. Clair           Michigan-Ontario                                430 16. Red Lake                 Minnesota                                       427 17. Selawik Lake             Alaska                                          404 18. Fort Peck Lake (manmade) Montana                                         393 19. Salton Sea               California                                      347 20. Rainy Lake               Minnesota-Ontario                               345

 * Their apparent sources:
 * About our Great Lakes, NOAA, 2002
 * U.S. Geological Survey, 2003
 * Apparently, the order varies slightly when sorted by volume (as some lakes are much deeper than others).
 * Atlant 13:16, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The claim has been around for a while, at least since the turn of the previous century... which may also explain it. First, we can remove The Great Salt Lake, and Lake Ponchartrain from the list as neither are fresh water. Lakes Oahe and Sakakawea were not yet created when the claim was first made, and Iliamna would not have been counted because Alaska was not yet a State... That would move Champlain up to Number 8 (behind the five Great Lakes, Lake of the Woods and Lake Okechobee).  I also suspect the historical validity of the claim is based on Volume. Blueboar 01:03, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If you drop Lake of the Woods as being mostly in Canada, basing it on volume Champlain passes Okeechobee and is 6th (or was before Alaska became a state). Today it'd be 8th in the U.S. based on volume - behind the Great Lakes, Iliamna, and Sakakawea (volumes found on wiki pages and )Kmusser 16:28, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Revised as Lake Mead and Lake Powell would pass Champlain based on volume - so it'd be 10th. It would be the 7th largest natural lake in the U.S. (6th if you exclude Alaska). Kmusser 16:36, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

It is worth noting that Lake Champlain is part of the Great Lakes drainage in that it flows to the sea through the St. Laurence. Dmccabe — Preceding undated comment added 20:24, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Winter railroad crossing(s)?
I've heard it told that, during the winter when the lake is frozen solid, in the old days they would build a temporary railroad across the lake to New York, simply sitting the railroad track directly on the ice.

This sounds a bit like a tall tale to me, but might have just been within the realm of possibility/practicality.

Does anyone know for sure whether or not this was done, and, if so, where on the lake it was done?

Atlant 18:55, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't know, but there was a RR crossing on barges; you can still see at least one of them with a shallow scuba diveDmccabe 12:44, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's possible. They did this for at least one winter, likely more, in Montreal during the lead-up to the construction of the Victoria Bridge over the St. Lawrence.  Winters in Vermont and southwestern Quebec were colder and longer-lasting during the 1800s, according to climate archives. Plasma east 18:45, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Pictures at bottom
Are these needed, and if so, can they be integrated better? -- Whereizben - Chat with me - My Contributions 14:40, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Tech thing: "edit" links
What's with all the "edit" links next to the "Modern History" section heading? I'm looking at the page using Firefox 2.0.0.8, and there's a string of "edit" links next to the "Modern History" header that seem to go to each of the prior headings. The article has also twice caused Firefox to freeze when I tried printing the whole thing, although "print selection" worked fine. --grant 20:04, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * That's all the pictures at the beginning of the article: if those would be spread around, the edit buttons would be where they belong. --Qyd (talk) 03:45, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I've embedded them in a div container, that fixes the edit buttons alignment; still it would be better if pictures would illustrate specific information in the article. --Qyd (talk) 19:18, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Elevation?
I came here hoping to find Lake Champlain's elevation above sea level. 140.147.160.34 (talk) 16:37, 14 March 2008 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

 * Added elevation of 95 ft (and metric equivalent) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aiken1986 (talk • contribs) 22:17, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Loch Ness Monster
I saw a special on TV about how, supposedly, Lake Champlain has a Loch Ness monster type creature in it. Shouldn't it be added? Mumbles (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 18:10, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Whoops, just found an article for ol' Champ. :D But he still deserves a mention. Mumbles (talk) 18:14, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Structure
Lots of good information here. Please follow structure of WikiProject Lakes so lake researchers can have an easier time. I tried to restructure and the results, admittedly were a bit jerky and will need to be redone for better flow, but the overall structure is correct. Reading the projects guidelines may have with further article development. Student7 (talk) 13:08, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Shoreline?
A Burlington Free Press article claimed that there were 700 miles of shoreline, disagreeing with the information in our article. All the other figures matched. I don't know how this is measured. Are islands included? See BFP 8/2/2009 page 10D. May be online as of this writing.Student7 (talk) 15:21, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I think our number is right, even with the Coastline paradox issues, 700 seems way too high. Most on-line sources use 587, although they may be getting that from us.  uses 570.  Doing a quick GIS calculation I got 592. Kmusser (talk) 16:20, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Lake Champlain bridge out?
I heard on the radio that there is a Lake Champlain road bridge out, and motorists are using ferries or driving a long way to get around the bridge that is out. I see from Mapquest that US 2 has several bridges, and VT 78 has a bridge. Can some Vermonter tell us what bridge is out? Beyond that, pictures and more information about bridges over parts of the lake would be interesting. --DThomsen8 (talk) 21:47, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The bridge is named the Lake Champlain Bridge. It is at Crown Point, New York, about 13 miles west of Middlebury, Vermont. It has no route number itself, but connects Vermont Routes 17 and 125 with New York Routes 22 and 9N. There is a story about it on the WPTZ site. --Jc3s5h (talk) 22:43, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a temporary pedestrian ferry across the lake at Westport, NY. It started Monday .--Pleasantville (talk) 23:17, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Coast Guard
An editor has added "All active navigational aids on the lake are maintained by USCG Burlington station, along with those on international Lake Memphremagog to the east; this facility houses the primary maritime public safety units for both lakes." That is great but the lakes don't interconnect except through the Saint Lawarence which belongs to Canada and isn't really navigable for a CG craft anyway. HQ could be in Burlington maybe? Student7 (talk) 13:45, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I have revised the article to more closely follow what the USCG web site states. I would speculate that aids to navigation on Lake Memphremagog could be maintained by sending a truck with a trailer from Burlington. --Jc3s5h (talk) 16:04, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

 * If they say they take care of navigation aids on Lake Memphremagog, that's what they do; how they get there is a non-issue.
 * Student7 seems to believe the Coast Guard has to travel by water. According to the person I just spoke with at the station, they do trailer a boat to launch at Newport. It's a moot point though, because Lake Memphremagog does not connect to the St. Lawrence.
 * That the St. Lawrence "isn't really navigable for a CG craft" is just plain wrong: if ocean-going cargo ships can use it to get from the Atlantic to Lake Erie, anything the Coast Guard floats sure could. The largest vessel at the Burlington station is a 49-foot buoy tender, which certainly wouldn't have any trouble.  --Mfwills (talk) 14:15, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Need section on alga bloom
It's a big problem —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.203.59.178 (talk) 01:08, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Alburg / Alburgh
In 2006, Alburg voters attending Town Meeting decided to revert the name to its original spelling of Alburgh. This does not mean that everything in the town changed. There are still businesses using the shorter spelling for legal reasons, and "named locations" within the town (e.g., Alburg Springs, East Alburg) which did not change; this would also apply to the body of land: officially changing the name of the town does not mean that the Alburg Tongue automatically became the Alburgh Tongue.--Mfwills (talk) 11:20, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Province Point
Two problems:
 * 1) In light of the above Alburg / Alburgh section, East Alburg did not automatically become East Alburgh in 2006.
 * 2) East Alburg is not nor was it ever a town. Some might loosely refer to it as a village,; others would reserve that term for an incorporated municipality within a town. --Mfwills (talk) 11:43, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

Infrastructure/Mainland
The article notes that as of 2009, there is only one bridge, yet then states a second was (re?)opened in November 2011. I'd edit this to clarify, but I'd like someone more familiar with the area to verify this is in fact true first. MichaelCaricofe (talk) 00:14, 25 December 2011 (UTC)

La Chute river
Wouldn't the La Chute river, from which outflow from Lake George enters Lake Champlain, be one of the primary inflows? It's not listed, but I'd guess the water volume entering the lake from the La Chute would rival or exceed some of the other inflows listed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.179.104.130 (talk) 13:06, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

 * ✅ Student7 (talk) 15:12, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Unsourced Material
Below information was unsourced long-term. Feel free to reinsert with appropriate references. DonIago (talk) 12:45, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I've added sources for much of this material, but I encourage further improvement. Jc3s5h (talk) 15:01, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your work on this! DonIago (talk) 15:03, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

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Choice of units
Almost all of Lake Champlain is in the US. Doesn't that imply that the default units should be the US customary units? I think that's what Manual of Style/Dates and numbers indicates. Rks13 (talk) 05:24, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

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Units
Given that the lake is primarily in the US, the article should list US measurements (miles, feet, etc.) first. The article flips between US and metric units randomly at the moment.  Calidum   05:32, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I just noticed that the pronunciation puts emphasis on the first syllable. I've lived in the Burlington, VT, area for many years. Absolutely everyone (in local media and in everyday in-person interaction) pronounces it with emphasis on second syllable: "sham-PLAYN"  "layk sham-PLAYN". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.179.97.111 (talk • contribs) 26 February 2022 UTC (UTC)

 * I have changed it. My guess is the person who added the respell template didn't know that in IPA the emphasis mark comes before the stressed syllable, not after. Some dictionaries put the stress mark after the syllable. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:41, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

Edit Suggestions
This article looks correctly updated, however, the following edits could be made: Jag223 (talk) 18:14, 2 September 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) The “Colonial America and Revolutionary War” section lacks citations, so adding those in would be important.
 * 2) Adding more modern-day information would strengthen the article. The article has significant portions about its history and infrastructure, and adding perspectives on the lake as of today would help make this article more well-rounded

title: Talk:Lake Champlain


text:
Inferno (DC Comics)

Inferno (alias Sandy Anderson) is a superheroine in the DC Comics universe. The character is a former ally of the Legion of Super-Heroes in the future, but currently resides in the present day.

Fictional character biography
The name "Sandy Anderson" first appeared when several Legionnaires, including Inferno, were placed in an illusionary world representing rural 1950s America where, among other things, all their names were anglicized to names that might exist then, making it unclear whether that is her name or whether it is just a close approximation. The Inferno miniseries from 1997-1998 has her refer to Sandy as her name and shows a flashback where she is called Ms. Anderson, establishing this as her actual name. Her parents are named John Anderson and Maja Will Anderson.

As depicted in the post-Zero Hour reimagining of the LSH storyline, Inferno is depicted as a rather bloodthirsty character who initially works for a group called the Workforce. She works alongside Live Wire after he resigns from the Legion. As a member of the Workforce, she is shown killing opponents by immolating them, much to the chagrin of Legion members.

She was part of the Legion group and was sent to the 20th century by the Emerald Eye. She assists with battling the Sun-Eater, as detailed in The Final Night #1-4. Later, not feeling any affiliation to the Legion, she elected to remain there when the others returned to the 30th century.

There, she spent some time affiliated with a strange shopping mall and several homeless teenagers. During this time, she had to deal with the problem of unwittingly moving locations while asleep. She was later recruited to the invading force sent to Zandia to avenge the murder of the parents of the Empress. The force was made up of many young superheroes such as Damage, the Wonder Twins, and Young Justice.

Inferno has not appeared in the original Legion continuity, although she may have been based on a character named Beauty Blaze who was created for the Legion of Super-Villains, but ultimately unused.

In Mark Waid's rebooted Legion, Inferno is a member of a group called the Wanderers, a "black ops" group of adult heroes who opposed the Legion because they won't take orders. The rebooted Inferno comes from Mercury and has green skin.

title: Inferno (DC Comics)


text:
Ghulam Rasool Santosh

Ghulam Rasool Santosh (1929 – March 10, 1997), also known as G. R. Santosh, was a prominent Kashmiri painter and poet. He was best known for his themes inspired by Kashmir Shaivism. In 1979, he became the recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award for his poem titled Be Soakh Rooh.

Early life
He was born Ghulam Rasool in a Kashmiri Muslim family of modest means in the Chinkral Mohalla habba kadal neighborhood of old Srinagar. He dropped out of school after his father's death and took up odd jobs like writing, painting signboards, weaving silk and whitewashing walls. In 1954 he won a scholarship to study fine arts under a celebrated Indian painter, N. S. Bendre in the city of Baroda, in the state of Gujarat, in western India.

Around the same time he did what was considered unusual and unacceptable in conservative Kashmiri society - he married his childhood sweetheart, Santosh, who was a Kashmiri Pandit, and also assumed her name.

Career
In the early 1960s, Santosh studied Tantric (mystical) art and Kashmir Shaivism. In 1964 he adopted this style to create some of the best examples of modern Tantric paintings. His paintings are known for the vibrancy of colors, neat lines, spiritual energy and sensuousness. His paintings have been exhibited in notable international shows including the Tenth São Paulo Art Biennial, 1969 and the 'Neo-Tantra: Contemporary Indian Art Inspired by Tradition' exhibition at University of California, Los Angeles, 1985.

Santosh also wrote plays, poetry and essays in Kashmiri. He was also an authority on Kashmiri Shaivism, and was one of the very few people who could read and write the ancient, and almost-extinct, Kashmiri script called Sharda.

Death
He died on March 10, 1997, in New Delhi, India. He was survived by his wife, a son and a daughter.

title: Ghulam Rasool Santosh


text: User:Wiesenthaler

title: User:Wiesenthaler


text:
Polyurea

Polyurea is a type of elastomer that is derived from the reaction product of an isocyanate component and an amine component. The isocyanate can be aromatic or aliphatic in nature. It can be monomer, polymer, or any variant reaction of isocyanates, quasi-prepolymer or a prepolymer. The prepolymer, or quasi-prepolymer, can be made of an amine-terminated polymer resin, or a hydroxyl-terminated polymer resin.

The resin blend may be made up of amine-terminated polymer resins, and/or amine-terminated chain extenders. The amine-terminated polymer resins do not have any intentional hydroxyl moieties. Any hydroxyls are the result of incomplete conversion to the amine-terminated polymer resins. The resin blend may also contain additives or non-primary components. These additives may contain hydroxyls, such as pre-dispersed pigments in a polyol carrier. Normally, the resin blend does not contain a catalyst(s). This is because the reaction between an isocyanate and amine is extremely fast and hence does not need catalysis.

Polymer structure

The word polyurea is derived from the Greek words πολυ- - poly- meaning "many"; and ουρίας - oûron meaning "to urinate" (referring to the substance urea, found in urine). Urea or carbamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula (NH2)2CO. The molecule has two amine groups (–NH2) joined by a carbonyl functional group (C=O). In a polyurea, alternating monomer units of isocyanates and amines react with each other to form urea linkages. Ureas can also be formed from the reaction of isocyanates and water which forms a carbamic acid intermediate. This acid quickly decomposes by splitting off carbon dioxide and leaving behind an amine. This amine then reacts with another isocyanate group to form the polyurea linkage. This two step reaction is used to make what is commonly but improperly called polyurethane foam. The carbon dioxide that is liberated in this reaction is the primary blowing (foaming) agent especially in many polyurethane foams which more precisely should be called polyurethane/urea foams.

Uses
Polyurea and polyurethane are copolymers used in the manufacture of spandex, which was invented in 1959.

Polyurea was originally developed in automotive applications in the 1980s but other applications such as protecting tabletop edges followed. Its fast reactivity and relative moisture insensitivity made it useful for coatings on large surface area projects, such as secondary containment, manhole and tunnel coatings, tank liners, and truck bed liners. Excellent adhesion to concrete and steel is obtained with the proper primer and surface treatment. They can also be used for spray molding and armor. Some polyureas reach strengths of 40 MPa (6000 psi) tensile and over 500% elongation making it a tough coating. The quick cure time allows many coats to be built up quickly. The high strength, impact and abrasion resistance of polyurea coatings is a key reason for their use.

In 2014, a polyurea elastomer-based material was shown to be self-healing, melding together after being cut in half. The material also includes inexpensive commercially available compounds. The elastomer molecules were tweaked, making the bonds between them longer. The resulting molecules are easier to pull apart from one another and better able to rebond at room temperature with almost the same strength. The rebonding can be repeated. Elastic, self-healing paints and other coatings recently took a step closer to common use, thanks to research being conducted at the University of Illinois. Scientists there have used "off-the-shelf" components to create a polymer that melds back together after being cut in half, without the addition of other chemicals.

Polyurea has become a preferred long term solution for narrowboats. The traditional coating with bitumen, known as "blacking" is being replaced with the practice of using polyurea coatings. The clearest advantage is that it is not necessary to reapply a coat every 3–4 years. It is thought that polyurea coatings last 25–30 years.

Commercial trademarks for Polyurea include Line-X, GLS 100R, and Pentens SPU-1000, to name a few. There are multiple possible polyurea formulations. The Polyurea Development Association is a trade association that represents the interests of polyurea coating manufacturers.

title: Polyurea


text: Category:1241 births

title: Category:1241 births


text: Category:1243 births

title: Category:1243 births


text: Category:1244 births

title: Category:1244 births


text: Category:1245 births

title: Category:1245 births


text:
Talk:Polyurea

add desirable properties of polyurea, compare/contrast with industrial polyurethane or other similar elastomers

This sentence is missing a verb: "For reference purposes, a polyurethane / polyurea hybrid coating / elastomer that is the reaction product of an isocyanate component and a resin blend component." Mdmcginn (talk) 15:16, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Chemical intros
To avoid scaring off the non-technical, the intros to chemical articles should probably focus on uses, and not composition or production.

I've reorganized as stated above. Also, the uses section could use a lot of clean up. It's essentially saying the same thing over and over again for different things. It should perhaps be organized as a section of anti-corrosion linings (listing all those uses), and a section on decorative uses, etc.

69.7.41.230 (talk) 18:03, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Practical Uses
The entire practical uses section comes word for word from an industry website and uses a great deal of marketing language without much substantiation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brooker (talk • contribs) 14:18, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I just noticed that, too, and removed it all. Pro crast in a tor (talk) 04:45, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

✅
 * Speaking of practical and industrial uses for polyurea, aren't there certain polyurea polymers that are used as thickening agents in synthetic lubricant greases? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.41.23.114 (talk) 05:02, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

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GRALISTAIR (talk) 17:07, 8 November 2019 (UTC) really feel this article needs expanding - I will do some of it.

Still lacking some references and citations. I continue to work on it GRALISTAIR (talk) 16:58, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polyurea


text: Category:1249 births

title: Category:1249 births


text: Category:1247 births

title: Category:1247 births


text:
Bloor–Yonge station

Bloor–Yonge is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 2 Bloor–Danforth in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located in Downtown Toronto, under the intersection of Yonge Street and Bloor Street, it is the busiest subway station in the system, handling over 200,000 passengers on an average weekday. Wi-Fi is available at this station.

History
The station was opened in 1954 and designed by Charles B. Dolphin. It was originally named "Bloor", and connected with a pair of enclosed platforms in the centre of Bloor Street to allow interchange with Bloor streetcars within the fare-paid zone. When the streetcars were replaced with the Bloor-Danforth subway in 1966, the station began to be shown on maps as "Bloor–Yonge". However, actual platform signs still show "Bloor" on the Yonge–University line and "Yonge" on the Bloor–Danforth line, following a naming style common in New York subway station complexes, where only the platform's cross street is shown on the platform signs.

Similarly, the automated station announcement system installed from 2007 to 2008 refers to the station as "Bloor" on Line 1 and "Yonge" on Line 2 respectively. The new Toronto Rocket subway trains that operate on Line 1 refers to the station as "Bloor–Yonge" along with "Change for Line 2". It is the only TTC station named in this way; all other interchanges share the same name for both lines, including.

The station used to feature a small retail concourse along the corridor leading from the entrance at the south side of Bloor Street. This concourse was closed and disappeared during the construction of the office building at 33 Bloor Street East in the late 1980s.

Due to its congestion, the TTC has had to expand the station. In 1992, it took advantage of building construction over the Yonge–University portion of the station to open it out and widen the platforms.

In 1996, the station became accessible with elevators as one of the TTC's first accessible stations.

The TTC experimented with crowd-control measures on the southbound platform of the Yonge–University level on November 24, 2009, and made these permanent as they allowed for improved passenger flow by discouraging crowding near the stairs leading to the Bloor–Danforth level. These measures also reduced dwell times by a few seconds, such that a few more trains can enter the station during rush hour without building additional capacity.

Increasing ridership has led to overcrowding of the station and discussion of a potential Relief Line. The TTC took various crowd-control measures during peak periods; empty trains were often dispatched to the station to clear the platform. Signal upgrades and other improvements on Line 1 have relieved the station and line of some crowding, but a study conducted by Metrolinx concluded that the benefits would only last until 2031.

, a trial for new numerical signage referring to the subway routes such as Line 1 for the Yonge line and Line 2 for the Bloor line were phased in on signs and maps at the station.

In April 2019, as a 6-month trial project, the TTC installed floor decals along platform edges to direct rush-hour crowds boarding trains. The decals, located near where the train doors open, indicate where passengers on the platform should stand in order not to block passengers leaving the train. The decals have two background colours – grey and blue – where the blue decals (with a wheelchair symbol) indicate where passengers with mobility problems should board. The blue decals are installed near platform elevators. Such decals have already been successfully used at York University station.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
North of the station the Yonge–University line crosses under Church Street in a tunnel then emerges to the surface at the Ellis Portal, continuing in an open cut through Rosedale Station. South to Wellesley Station, the line was constructed by cut-and-cover, with the surface areas now occupied by a Toronto Parking Authority multi-storey garage at Charles Street and three parks maintained by the City of Toronto – George Hislop Park, Norman Jewison Park, and James Canning Gardens south of that.

The east–west Bloor–Danforth centre platform was constructed under the existing north–south Yonge–University side platforms, and is fully accessible by elevator.

Between Yonge and Sherbourne Station to the east, the Bloor–Danforth line crosses to the south side of Bloor Street in a 2250 ft long section of bored tunnel, rather than the shallow cut-and-cover method used to construct most of the line. Cumberland Terrace, a two-storey shopping centre, has been built over the right of way west of Yonge Street to Bay Street.

Entrances
There are six entrances to Bloor–Yonge station. The main entrances along with the fare collector booth and elevators are located at the northeast side via the Hudson's Bay Centre and at the southeast side via the Xerox building. There is also an unmanned automatic entrance at the northeast corner which leads directly to the Line 2 platform and is accessible only to Presto card holders since January 2018. All entrances are located near the intersection of Bloor and Yonge streets.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include the Toronto Reference Library, the Hudson's Bay Centre, and 2 Bloor Street West.

Future expansion
Since April 2019, the TTC has been proposing a major upgrade to Bloor–Yonge station, including adding a second Line 2 platform similar to the platform added at Union station in 2014. The project is mainly to address platform crowding. At that time, the estimated cost was $1.1billion. By October 2020, the project cost had risen to $1.5billion and had a target completion of 2029. The project includes:
 * A new Line 2 platform for eastbound traffic and conversion of the existing centre platform for westbound traffic only
 * Extension and widening of both Line 1 platforms at the north end
 * A new substation
 * 5 new fan plants
 * A new station entrance
 * Platform screen doors

Surface connections
Transfers to buses occur at curbside stops located at Bloor Street and Yonge Street outside the station. TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Bloor–Yonge station


text:
Brownian noise

In science, Brownian noise, also known as Brown noise or red noise, is the type of signal noise produced by Brownian motion, hence its alternative name of random walk noise. The term "Brown noise" does not come from the color, but after Robert Brown, who documented the erratic motion for multiple types of inanimate particles in water. The term "red noise" comes from the "white noise"/"white light" analogy; red noise is strong in longer wavelengths, similar to the red end of the visible spectrum.

Explanation
The graphic representation of the sound signal mimics a Brownian pattern. Its spectral density is inversely proportional to f 2, meaning it has higher intensity at lower frequencies, even more so than pink noise. It decreases in intensity by 6 dB per octave (20 dB per decade) and, when heard, has a "damped" or "soft" quality compared to white and pink noise. The sound is a low roar resembling a waterfall or heavy rainfall. See also violet noise, which is a 6 dB increase per octave.

Strictly, Brownian motion has a Gaussian probability distribution, but "red noise" could apply to any signal with the 1/f 2 frequency spectrum.

Power spectrum
A Brownian motion, also known as a Wiener process, is obtained as the integral of a white noise signal: $$ W(t) = \int_0^t \frac{dW}{d\tau}(\tau) d\tau $$ meaning that Brownian motion is the integral of the white noise $$t\mapsto dW(t)$$, whose power spectral density is flat: $$  S_0 = \left|\mathcal{F}\left[t\mapsto\frac{dW}{dt}(t)\right](\omega)\right|^2 = \text{const}. $$

Note that here $$\mathcal{F}$$ denotes the Fourier transform, and $$S_0$$ is a constant. An important property of this transform is that the derivative of any distribution transforms as $$ \mathcal{F}\left[t\mapsto\frac{dW}{dt}(t)\right](\omega) = i \omega \mathcal{F}[t\mapsto W(t)](\omega), $$ from which we can conclude that the power spectrum of Brownian noise is $$ S(\omega) = \big|\mathcal{F}[t\mapsto W(t)](\omega)\big|^2 = \frac{S_0}{\omega^2}. $$

An individual Brownian motion trajectory presents a spectrum $$S(\omega) = S_0 / \omega^2$$, where the amplitude $$S_0$$ is a random variable, even in the limit of an infinitely long trajectory.

Production
Brown noise can be produced by integrating white noise. That is, whereas (digital) white noise can be produced by randomly choosing each sample independently, Brown noise can be produced by adding a random offset to each sample to obtain the next one. As Brownian noise contains infinite spectral power at low frequencies, the signal tends to drift away infinitely from the origin. A leaky integrator might be used in audio or electromagnetic applications to ensure the signal does not “wander off”, that is, exceed the limits of the system's dynamic range. This turns the Brownian noise into Ornstein–Uhlenbeck noise, which has a flat spectrum at lower frequencies, and only becomes “red” above the chosen cutoff frequency.

Brownian noise can also be computer-generated by first generating a white noise signal, Fourier-transforming it, then dividing the amplitudes of the different frequency components by the frequency (in one dimension), or by the frequency squared (in two dimensions) etc. Matlab programs are available to generate Brownian and other power-law coloured noise in one or any number of dimensions.

title: Brownian noise


text:
Talk:Hand game

A note
from VfD:

 * Delete - not encyclopedic, and only two things link to it. 65.173.85.87 02:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 02:23, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Part of Category:Hand games, which includes the absolutely article-worthy Thumb Wrestling ("Unfortunately, bulky action figures did nothing to improve the game") and Rock, Paper, Scissors ("Rochambeau is also often used as an example of the mathematical concept of non-transitivity.") I love Wikipedia. Request expansion, with redirect from Hand games. Samaritan 04:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep, expand. Mikkalai 07:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * also check this. Mikkalai 07:15, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstaining for the time being, but leaning towards keep. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:16, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand Dan100 09:24, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak keep - Andre Engels 09:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:47, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup, and expand. ElBenevolente 16:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. Quite a notable topic. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 16:54, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep This is extremely notable.  (And Rock, Paper, Scissors is an incredible article.  Just sayin'.)  --L33tminion | (talk) 04:11, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: A better article by this name would be about the American Indian "Hand Game" Paul August ☎ 04:15, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * If that article showed up, which would be great, I would say move hand game to hand games with a disambig notice on the new article at hand game. Kappa

end moved discussion

there is only one hand game, that proper reference should be that of which that describes a shoshone derived traditional gambling & competition game
 * It is inadmissible to delete old texts, if they are not false. It not only one hand game. I played many hand games in my childhood. If you are familiar with shoshone game, please give it name in the original language. mikka (t) 15:47, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Expand this article
I put a stub template on this article; I personally would like to see some more examples, including hand games from previous eras and different cultures. And as well as more links to hand game articles, I think there should be mention of who plays such games, and why; for example, Rock, Paper, Scissors is often used to decide who goes first in another game, and variations of Pat-a-cake are played either as a bonding experience between mother and young child, or as a playground game in elementary schools. B7T 21:57, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Hand Castles
Maybe it was just within my family, but we used to play 'Hand Castles'. There was never a winner, but it was great fun to fill a gap between courses during a meal, or afterwards, while seated round a table. One person would put their hand in the centre of the table, palm down. Then the person to the left would put their hand on top, etc, until everyone had both hands piled up on the table. Then the bottom hand could be extracted and placed on top, etc. Eventually it got faster and faster until the hands were just a blur and the sequence fell apart. I can't believe it's unique, but Google hasn't found me any other reference ! I'm sure I have played it since childhood, outside the family. It can be played using a knee if no table is available (There was a reference in a Charlie Chaplin film, seated in a theatre "A Night in the Show @7:00"). I think I've seen it stacking fists too, instead of open hands. Maybe not notable, though ?--195.137.93.171 (talk) 00:13, 23 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Found another cinematic reference - The Three Stooges - Nutty But Nice ~04:00 - starts as handshaking. --195.137.93.171 (talk) 14:17, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Delete?
Is there any link to the above discussion about deleting the article?

I'm wondering how to revisit deletion. It's been a long time and it hasn't been expanded. Also, I don't see any real cohesive properties of Rock-paper-scissors and Mercy_(game). They're both played with hands, but ... I just don't see it. And there's no references indicating that game-study people or game-book people are anyone see this as a category either. Absent something like that, is this just a neologism which should be deleted? C RETOG 8(t/c) 15:45, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hand game


text:
State flag

In vexillology, a state flag is either the flag of the government of a sovereign state, or the flag of an individual federated state (subnational administrative division).

Government flag
A state flag is a variant of a national flag (or occasionally a completely different design) specifically designated and restricted by law or custom (theoretically or actually) to use by a country's government or its agencies. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as government flags. In many countries the state flag and the civil flag (as flown by the general public) are identical, but in other countries, notably those in Latin America, central Europe, and Scandinavia, the state flag is a more complex version of the national flag, often featuring the national coat of arms or some other emblem as part of the design. Scandinavian countries also use swallowtailed state flags, to further differentiate them from civil flags.

In addition, some countries have state ensigns, separate flags for use by non-military government ships such as guard vessels. For example, government ships in the United Kingdom fly the Blue Ensign.

State flags should not be confused with the national flag as used by military organizations; these are referred to as war flags and naval ensigns.

Flag of a federated state (subnational entity)

In Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, the United States, and some other federalized countries, the term state flag can have a different usage, as it frequently refers to an official flag of any of the individual states or territorial subdivisions that make up the nation.

To avoid confusion with the first meaning of the term, however, such a flag would be more precisely referred to as "the flag of the state of X", rather than "the state flag of X". For this usage, see also:

 * Flags of the Argentine provinces
 * Flags of the Australian states
 * Flags of the Austrian states
 * Flags of the Brazilian states
 * Flags of the Canadian provinces
 * Flags of the German states
 * Flags of the Malaysian states
 * Flags of the Mexican states
 * Flags of the Nigerian states
 * Flags of Pakistani provinces and territories
 * Flags of the U.S. states and territories

title: State flag


text:
2004 United States presidential election in Florida

The 2004 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 2, 2004, as part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Florida was won by incumbent President George W. Bush by a 5.01% margin of victory. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this a swing state that was leaning towards Bush. Once again, Florida was under the national spotlight due to its high number of electoral votes and the fresh memory of the controversy surrounding the 2000 Florida vote. Turnout was much higher, going from an estimated 6 million voters in 2000 to over 7.5 million voters showing up to vote in 2004. This remains the last time that any candidate won Florida by a greater than 5% margin and the last time a Republican won a majority of the state's popular vote until 2020.

Predictions
There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.

Polling
Throughout the general election, candidates exchanged narrow leads in the state. The final 3 poll averaged showed Bush leading with 49% to Kerry's 47%.

Fundraising
Bush raised $16,956,510. Kerry raised $7,285,151.

Advertising and visits
This state was heavily targeted as a swing state. Over the course of the election, Bush visited the state 15 times to Kerry's 18 times. Also, both candidates spent heavily on television advertisements, spending an estimated $3 million each week.

Analysis
During the 2004 U.S. presidential election, numerous allegations of irregularities were made concerning the voting process in Florida. These allegations included missing and uncounted votes, machine malfunction, and a lack of correlation between the vote count and exit polling.

In the prior election, Ralph Nader obtained over 2% of the vote, thus Bush won with less than 50% of the vote, making his approval rating and his brother's approval ratings the deciding factor of the state. Polls throughout the campaign indicated that Florida was too close to call, prompting concerns about a repeat of the 2000 fiasco. However, the high popularity of George W. Bush's brother, Republican Governor Jeb Bush, contributed to a relatively comfortable victory for Bush, by a margin of 5% over his Democratic rival, John Kerry. Despite this, Florida remained the most Democratic of the 11 states of the former Confederacy, and Kerry's 5% loss in Florida was the closest he came to carrying any Confederate state.

While the South Florida metropolitan area mostly voted for Kerry, the other parts of the state mainly supported Bush, being culturally closer to the rest of the southern United States than to Miami, home to large Hispanic and Jewish populations, as well as retirees and transplants from the largely liberal Northeastern United States.

Key to Bush's victory was increased turnout in Republican areas. Bush's margin of victory in several counties topped 70%, particularly in the Florida Panhandle. Bush also won a significant number of heavily populated and fast-growing areas including Jacksonville, the entire Tampa Bay area, Southwest Florida, Orlando, the Space Coast, and Ocala.

, this is the last election in which Hillsborough County and Osceola County voted for the Republican candidate. This is also the last time that the cities of Orlando, Tampa, and Kissimmee have voted Republican in a presidential election.

By county
[[File:Florida County Flips 2004.svg|thumb|County Flips:

Democratic {{legend|#92c5de|Hold}}

Republican {{legend|#f48882|Hold}} {{legend|#ca0120|Gain from Democratic}} ]]

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Flagler (largest municipality: Palm Coast)
 * Hernando (largest municipality: Spring Hill)
 * Osceola (largest municipality: Kissimmee)
 * Pasco (largest municipality: Wesley Chapel)
 * Pinellas (largest municipality: St. Petersburg)

By congressional district
Bush won 18 of 25 congressional districts. Both candidates won a district held by the other party.

Electors
Technically the voters of Florida cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Florida is allocated 27 electors because it has 25 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 27 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 27 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from Florida. All were pledged to and voted for George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.

 * 1) Al Austin
 * 2) Allan Bense
 * 3) Sally Bradshaw
 * 4) Al Cardenas
 * 5) Jennifer Carroll
 * 6) Armando Codina
 * 7) Sharon Day
 * 8) Maria de la Milera
 * 9) Jim Dozier
 * 10) David Griffin
 * 11) Fran Hancock
 * 12) Cynthia Handley
 * 13) William Harrison
 * 14) Al Hoffman
 * 15) Bill Jordan
 * 16) Tom Lee
 * 17) Randall McElheney
 * 18) Jeanne McIntosh
 * 19) Nancy Mihm
 * 20) Gary Morse
 * 21) Marilyn Paul
 * 22) Tom Petway
 * 23) Sergio Pino
 * 24) John Thrasher
 * 25) Janet Westling
 * 26) Robert Woody
 * 27) Zach Zachariah


text:
Rosedale station (Toronto)

Rosedale is a station on Line 1 Yonge–University of the Toronto subway. It is located on the east side of Yonge Street at Crescent Road.

Despite its proximity to downtown Toronto, it is one of the lesser used stations in the subway system, averaging only 0 riders daily in. This reflects the fact that no high volume surface bus routes connect to the station and the affluent Rosedale neighbourhood has a lower population density and lacks major destinations.

There is only one entrance to the station, the entrance acts as the concourse, and the subway platforms are directly below. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

, construction had started to install two elevators to make Rosedale station accessible. The elevators will connect the street-level concourse to each of the north- and southbound platforms. Completion is expected in 2024.

Architecture
This open-air station has separate canopies over the two platforms. Two pedestrian bridges allow access to the northbound platform on the east side, one from the main entrance off Crescent Road and the other from the bus platforms on the west side of the station.

The station, designed by John B. Parkin in 1947 and opened in 1954, was designated as a heritage property, under PART IV of the Ontario Heritage Act by City of Toronto By-law 440-90, passed August 13, 1990. Despite the station's historic designation the original large green-blue Vitrolite panels and black trim on the platform walls were replaced by small square dark green tiles in a unique criss-cross pattern with yellow lettering and no trim.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
After leaving Bloor station northbound, the Yonge–University line crosses under Church Street in a tunnel and emerges to the surface at the Ellis Portal, running in a cutting through Rosedale station. Originally the line continued north in open cut all the way to the Price Portal, where the tunnel resumed, but a one-block section from Rowanwood Drive to Price was roofed over in 2002 for parking.

Budd Sugarman Park
The southwesterly portion of the property, which is surplus to the needs of the TTC for use as part of the subway or bus station, has been developed as a public park. The park is named in honour of the civic activist Budd Sugarman, who died in 2004. In 2008 the City of Toronto, Parks, Forestry and Recreation Division proposed an expansion of the park along Yonge Street and a reconfiguration of the bus loop. This was rejected by the TTC on the grounds that it would negatively affect passengers and bus operations, while providing no transit benefits, and eliminate any potential long term development of the site, which is contrary to a stated policy of encouraging development at subway stations.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include Ramsden Park and the Studio Building.

Surface connections
TTC routes with a connection to the station include:

title: Rosedale station (Toronto)


text:
Jan Frans van Bloemen

Jan Frans van Bloemen (baptized 12 May 1662 - buried 13 June 1749) was a Flemish landscape painter mainly active in Rome. Here he was able to establish himself as the leading painter of views (vedute) of the Roman countryside depicted in the aesthetic of the classical landscape tradition.

Life
Born in Antwerp, Jan Frans van Bloemen was a younger brother of Pieter van Bloemen. He likely trained with his brother. Between 1681 and 1684, he was in his native Antwerp a pupil of Anton Goubau, a painter of market scenes and bamboccianti (low-life) subjects situated in Roman or Mediterranean settings.

He travelled to Paris around 1682 and resided there for a few years. He then moved to Lyon where his brother Pieter van Bloemen was staying. He probably met the painter Adriaen van der Kabel around this time. Via Turin, Jan Frans and Pieter van Bloemen travelled on to Rome where in 1688 they were registered in the parish of Sant’Andrea delle Fratte. In 1690 a third painting brother, Norbert van Bloemen (1670-1746), joined them as well. Whereas Pieter returned to Antwerp in 1694 and Norbert left for Amsterdam before 1724, Jan Frans remained in Rome for the rest of his life, except for a few trips to Naples, Sicily and Malta, which he undertook with his brother Pieter. The Dutch-born painter Caspar van Wittel, who lived in Rome since 1675, became the godfather of his first child.

Van Bloemen was successful in Rome and received commissions for the painting of large vedute from prominent patrons such as the Queen of Spain Elizabeth Farnese, the Roman nobility and the Pope.

He joined the Bentvueghels, the association of Dutch and Flemish artists in Rome, where he took the nickname Orizzonte or Horizonti. This nickname referred to the distance he painted in his landscapes. While van Bloemen was a much locally patronized painter, he was unable to gain acceptance into the pre-eminent Roman painter's guild, the Accademia di San Luca, until he was over 70 years old. Some of the resistance may have arisen from the Roman establishment's disdain for landscape painting as a demonstration of skill.

Among his pupils were Franz Ignaz Oefele, Gabrielle Ricciardelli, and Nicolò Bonito. He died in Rome in 1749.

Work
Van Bloemen predominantly painted classical landscapes, taking his inspiration from the Roman Campagna. His landscapes, with their recession through a series of planes, soft, warm lightning and classical and religious subject matter, drew on the examples of artists such as Claude Lorrain and Gaspard Dughet. Van Bloemen's paintings are exquisitely imbued with that "difficult-to-define pastoral ambience" which helped to make him such a great painter in the eyes of his contemporaries. His vedute fall into the category that combine reality with imaginary elements.

His landscapes have an Arcadian lushness, with mountains, streams, distant hamlets, and small inhabitants painted with imprecise pittura di tocco ('painting of touch') using small dotting and spirited brush-strokes. Unlike van Wittel, van Bloemen did not generally depict views of areas distant from Rome such as the Tiber Valley or the Alban hills. His subjects were limited to views in the immediate vicinity of Rome, an outline of which was typically visible in his compositions. Van Bloemen was in particular known for his 'estate views' representing the estates of the nobility in the Roman Campagna. His views aim to associate the modern estate view with the classical arcadian landscape. Rather than offering the wide panoramic views, distant horizon and atmospheric effects associated with topographical landscapes, van Bloemen's estate views emphasize minute observation of reality and a limited viewpoint. The estates are thus made to appear as immutable features of the local landscape.

He worked together with other painters who painted the figures in his landscapes such as Carlo Maratti, Placido Costanzi and Pompeo Batoni. However, he only relied on such collaboration with figure painters in the last decades of his life when he produced his most ambitious classicising compositions. Even then he only relied on these figure specialists for the most prominent figures in the foreground while he took care of the minor characters. In fact, van Bloemen was an accomplished staffage painter and he was very skilled at quickly learning to imitate the style of his collaborators. As a result, many of the figures in his paintings that are attributed to prestigious contemporaries were actually by his own hand. He collaborated most frequently with Placido Costanzi. He regarded the pair of paintings representing The Flight to Egypt and The Rest on the Flight to Egypt as his best collaboration with Placido Costanzi who painted the figures.

His landscape drawings, which often depict imaginary ruins, have been confused with those of his brother Pieter, who is better known for his drawings of figures and animals. Jan Frans van Bloemen also made pen drawings of buildings in and around Rome.

title: Jan Frans van Bloemen