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Thiele/Small parameters

Thiele/Small parameters (commonly abbreviated T/S parameters, or TSP) are a set of electromechanical parameters that define the specified low frequency performance of a loudspeaker driver. These parameters are published in specification sheets by driver manufacturers so that designers have a guide in selecting off-the-shelf drivers for loudspeaker designs. Using these parameters, a loudspeaker designer may simulate the position, velocity and acceleration of the diaphragm, the input impedance and the sound output of a system comprising a loudspeaker and enclosure. Many of the parameters are strictly defined only at the resonant frequency, but the approach is generally applicable in the frequency range where the diaphragm motion is largely pistonic, i.e., when the entire cone moves in and out as a unit without cone breakup.

Rather than purchase off-the-shelf components, loudspeaker design engineers often define desired performance and work backwards to a set of parameters and manufacture a driver with said characteristics or order it from a driver manufacturer. This process of generating parameters from a target response is known as synthesis. Thiele/Small parameters are named after A. Neville Thiele of the Australian Broadcasting Commission, and Richard H. Small of the University of Sydney, who pioneered this line of analysis for loudspeakers. A common use of Thiele/Small parameters is in designing PA system and hi-fi speaker enclosures; the TSP calculations indicate to the speaker design professionals how large a speaker cabinet will need to be and how large and long the bass reflex port (if it is used) should be.

History
The 1925 paper of Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg, fueled by advances in radio and electronics, increased interest in direct radiator loudspeakers. In 1930, A. J. Thuras of Bell Labs patented (US Patent No. 1869178) his "Sound Translating Device" (essentially a vented box) which was evidence of the interest in many types of enclosure design at the time.

Progress on loudspeaker enclosure design and analysis using acoustic analogous circuits by academic acousticians like Harry F. Olson continued until 1954 when Leo L. Beranek of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology published Acoustics, a book summarizing and extending the electroacoustics of the era. J. F. Novak used novel simplifying assumptions in an analysis in a 1959 paper which led to a practical solution for the response of a given loudspeaker in sealed and vented boxes, and also established their applicability by empirical measurement. In 1961, leaning heavily on Novak's work, A. N. Thiele described a series of sealed and vented box "alignments" (i.e., enclosure designs based on electrical filter theory with well-characterized behavior, including frequency response, power handling, cone excursion, etc.) in a publication in an Australian journal. This paper remained relatively unknown outside Australia until it was re-published in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society in 1971. It is important to note that Thiele's work neglected enclosure losses and, although the application of filter theory is still important, his alignment tables now have little real-world utility due to neglecting enclosure losses.

Many others continued to develop various aspects of loudspeaker enclosure design in the 1960s and early 1970s. From 1968 to 1972, J. E. Benson published three articles in an Australian journal that thoroughly analyzed sealed, vented and passive radiator designs, all using the same basic model, which included the effects of enclosure, leakage and port losses. Beginning in June 1972, Richard H. Small published a series of very influential articles on direct radiator loudspeaker system analysis, including closed-box, vented-box,    and passive-radiator  loudspeaker systems, in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, restating and extending Thiele's work. These articles were also originally published in Australia, where he had attended graduate school, and where his thesis supervisor was J. E. Benson. The work of Benson and Small overlapped considerably, but differed in that Benson performed his work using computer programs and Small used analog simulators. Small also analyzed the systems including enclosure losses. Richard H. Small and Garry Margolis, the latter of JBL, published an article in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society (June 1981), which recast much of the work that had been published up till then into forms suited to the programmable calculators of the time.

Fundamental parameters
These are the physical parameters of a loudspeaker driver, as measured at small signal levels, used in the equivalent electrical circuit models. Some of these values are neither easy nor convenient to measure in a finished loudspeaker driver, so when designing speakers using existing drive units (which is almost always the case), the more easily measured parameters listed under Small Signal Parameters are more practical:

 * $$S_{\rm d}$$ – Equivalent piston area of the driver diaphragm, in square metres.
 * $$M_{\rm ms}$$ – Mass of the driver diaphragm and voice-coil assembly, including acoustic load, in kilograms. The mass of the driver diaphragm and voice-coil assembly alone is known as $$M_{\rm md}$$.
 * $$C_{\rm ms}$$ – Compliance of the driver's suspension, in metres per newton (the reciprocal of its 'stiffness').
 * $$R_{\rm ms}$$ – The mechanical resistance of the driver's suspension (i.e., 'lossiness'), in N·s/m.
 * $$L_{\rm e}$$ – Voice coil inductance, in henries (H) (typically measured at 1 kHz for woofers).
 * $$R_{\rm e}$$ – DC resistance of the voice coil, in ohms.
 * $$Bl$$ – The product of magnetic flux density in the voice-coil gap and the length of wire in the magnetic field, in tesla-metres (T·m).

Small signal parameters
These values can be determined by measuring the input impedance of the driver, near the resonance frequency, at small input levels for which the mechanical behavior of the driver is effectively linear (i.e., proportional to its input). These values are more easily measured than the fundamental ones above. The small signal parameters are:

 * $$f_{\rm s}$$ – Resonance frequency of driver
 * $$f_{\rm s} = \frac{1}{2 \pi\cdot\sqrt{C_{\rm ms}\cdot M_{\rm ms}}}$$

 * $$Q_{\rm es}$$ – Driver $Q$ at $$f_{\rm s}$$ considering electrical resistance $$R_{\rm e}$$ only
 * $$Q_{\rm es} = \frac{2 \pi\cdot f_{\rm s}\cdot M_{\rm ms} \cdot R_{\rm e}}{(Bl)^2} = \frac{R_{\rm e}}{(Bl)^2} \sqrt{\frac{M_{\rm ms}}{C_{\rm ms}}}$$

 * $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ – Driver $$Q$$ at $$f_{\rm s}$$ considering driver nonelectrical losses only
 * $$Q_{\rm ms} = \frac{2 \pi\cdot f_{\rm s}\cdot M_{\rm ms}}{R_{\rm ms}} = \frac{1}{R_{\rm ms}} \sqrt{\frac{M_{\rm ms}}{C_{\rm ms}}}$$

 * $$Q_{\rm ts}$$ – Total driver $$Q$$ at $$f_{\rm s}$$ resulting from all driver resistances
 * $$Q_{\rm ts} = \frac{Q_{\rm ms} \cdot Q_{\rm es}}{Q_{\rm ms} + Q_{\rm es}}$$

 * $$V_{\rm as}$$ – Volume of air having the same acoustic compliance as driver suspension
 * $$V_{\rm as} = \rho \cdot c^2 \cdot S_{\rm d}^2 \cdot C_{\rm ms}$$
 * where $$\rho$$ is the density of air (1.184 kg/m3 at 25 °C), and $$c$$ is the speed of sound (346.1 m/s at 25 °C). Using SI units, the result will be in cubic metres. To convert $$V_{\rm as}$$ to litres, multiply by 1000.

Large signal parameters
These parameters are useful for predicting the approximate output of a driver at high input levels, though they are harder, sometimes extremely hard or impossible, to accurately measure. In addition, power compression, thermal, and mechanical effects due to high signal levels (e.g., high electric current and voltage, extended mechanical motion, and so on) all change driver behavior, often increasing distortion of several kinds:

 * $$X_{\rm max}$$ – Maximum linear peak (or sometimes peak-to-peak) excursion (in mm) of the cone. Note that, because of mechanical issues, the motion of a driver cone becomes non-linear with large excursions, especially those in excess of this parameter.
 * $$X_{\rm mech}$$ – Maximum physical excursion of the driver before physical damage. With a sufficiently large electrical input, the excursion will cause damage to the voice coil or another moving part of the driver. In addition, arrangements for voice coil cooling (e.g., venting of the pole piece, or openings in the voice coil former above the coil itself, both allowing heat dissipation with air flow) will themselves change behaviors with large cone excursions.
 * $$P_{\rm e}$$ – Thermal power handling capacity of the driver, in watts. This value is difficult to characterize and is often overestimated, by manufacturers and others. As the voice coil heats, it changes dimension to some extent, and changes electrical resistance to a considerable extent. The latter changes the electrical relationships between the voice coil and passive crossover components, changing the slope and crossover points designed into the speaker system.
 * $$V_{\rm d}$$ – Peak displacement volume, calculated by $$V_{\rm d}$$ = $$S_{\rm d}$$·$$X_{\rm max}$$

Other parameters

 * $$Z_{\rm max}$$ – The impedance of the driver at $$f_{\rm s}$$, used when measuring $$Q_{\rm es}$$ and $$Q_{\rm ms}$$.
 * $$Z_{\rm max} = R_e\left(1+\frac{Q_{\rm ms}}{Q_{\rm es}}\right)$$

 * $$EBP$$ – The efficiency bandwidth product, a rough indicator measure. A common rule of thumb indicates that for $$EBP>100$$, a driver is perhaps best used in a vented enclosure, while $$EBP<50$$ indicates a sealed enclosure. For $$50<EBP<100$$, either enclosure may be used effectively.
 * $$EBP = \frac{f_{\rm s}}{Q_{\rm es}}$$

 * $$Z_{\rm nom}$$ – The nominal impedance of the loudspeaker, typically 4, 8 or 16 ohms.
 * $$\eta_0$$ – The reference or "power available" efficiency of the driver, in percent.
 * $$\eta_0 = \left(\frac{\rho \cdot B^2 \cdot l^2 \cdot S_{\rm d}^2}{2 \cdot \pi \cdot c \cdot M_{\rm ms}^2 \cdot R_{\rm e}}\right)\times100\%$$
 * The expression $$\rho/2\pi c$$ can be replaced by the value 5.445×10−4 m2·s/kg for dry air at 25 °C. For 25 °C air with 50% relative humidity the expression evaluates to 5.365×10−4 m2·s/kg.
 * A version that is more easily calculated with typical published parameters is:
 * $$\eta_0 = \left(\frac{4 \cdot \pi^2 \cdot f_{\rm s}^3 \cdot V_{\rm as}}{c^3 \cdot Q_{\rm es}}\right)\times100\%$$
 * The expression $$4\pi^2/c^3$$ can be replaced by the value 9.523×10−7 s3/m3 for dry air at 25 °C. For 25 °C air with 50% relative humidity the expression evaluates to 9.438×10−7 s3/m3.

 * From the efficiency, we may calculate sensitivity, which is the sound pressure level a speaker produces for a given input:
 * A speaker with an efficiency of 100% (1.0) would output a watt for every watt of input. Considering the driver as a point source in an infinite baffle, at one metre this would be distributed over a hemisphere with area $$2\pi$$ m2 for an intensity of $$1/(2\pi)$$ = 0.159155 W/m2. The auditory threshold is taken to be 10–12 W/m2 (which corresponds to a pressure level of 20×10−6 Pa). Therefore a speaker with 100% efficiency would produce an SPL equal to 10log(0.159155/10–12), which is 112.02 dB.
 * The SPL at 1 metre for an input of 1 watt is then: dB(1 watt) = 112.02 + 10·log($$\eta_0$$)
 * The SPL at 1 metre for an input of 2.83 volts is then: dB(2.83 V) = dB(1 watt) + 10·log(8/$$R_e$$) = 112.02 + 10·log($$\eta_0$$) + 10·log(8/$$R_e$$)

Qualitative descriptions

 * $$f_{\rm s}$$
 * Resonance frequency of driver, measured in hertz (Hz). The frequency at which the combination of the energy stored in the moving mass and suspension compliance is maximum, and results in maximum cone velocity. A more compliant suspension or a larger moving mass will cause a lower resonance frequency, and vice versa. Usually it is less efficient to produce output at frequencies below $$f_{\rm s}$$, and input signals significantly below $$f_{\rm s}$$ can cause large excursions, mechanically endangering the driver. Woofers typically have an $$f_{\rm s}$$ in the range of 13–60 Hz. Midranges usually have an $$f_{\rm s}$$ in the range of 60–500 Hz and tweeters between 500 Hz and 4 kHz. A typical factory tolerance for the value of $$f_{\rm s}$$ is ±15%.

 * $$Q_{\rm ts}$$
 * A unitless measurement, characterizing the combined electric and mechanical damping of the driver. In electronics, $$Q$$ is the inverse of the damping ratio. The value of $$Q_{\rm ts}$$ is proportional to the energy stored, divided by the energy dissipated, and is defined at resonance ($$f_{\rm s}$$). Most drivers have $$Q_{\rm ts}$$ values between 0.2 and 0.5, but there are valid (if unusual) reasons to have a value outside this range.

 * $$Q_{\rm ms}$$
 * A unitless measurement, characterizing the mechanical damping of the driver, that is, the losses in the suspension (surround and spider). It varies roughly between 0.5 and 10, with a typical value around 3. High $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ indicates lower mechanical losses, and low $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ indicates higher losses. The main effect of $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ is on the impedance of the driver, with high $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ drivers displaying a higher impedance peak. One predictor for low $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ is a metallic voice-coil former. These act as eddy-current brakes and increase damping, reducing $$Q_{\rm ms}$$. They must be designed with an electrical break in the cylinder (so no conducting loop). Some speaker manufacturers have placed shorted turns at the top and bottom of the voice coil to prevent it leaving the gap, but the sharp noise created by this device when the driver is overdriven is alarming and was perceived as a problem by owners. High $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ drivers are often built with nonconductive formers made from paper or various plastics.

 * $$Q_{\rm es}$$
 * A unitless measurement, describing the electrical damping of the loudspeaker. As the coil of wire moves through the magnetic field, it generates a current which opposes the motion of the coil. This so-called "Back-EMF" (proportional to $$Bl$$ × velocity) decreases the total current through the coil near the resonance frequency, reducing cone movement and increasing impedance. In most drivers, $$Q_{\rm es}$$ is the dominant factor in the voice coil damping. $$Q_{\rm es}$$ depends on amplifier output impedance.  The formula above assumes zero output impedance.  When an amplifier with nonzero output impedance is used, its output impedance should be added to $$R_{\rm e}$$ for calculations involving $$Q_{\rm es}$$.

 * $$Bl$$
 * Measured in tesla-metres (T·m). Technically this is $$B \times l$$ or $$B \times l sin(\theta)$$ (a vector cross product), but the standard geometry of a circular coil in an annular voice-coil gap gives $$sin(\theta)=1$$. $$B \times l$$ is also known as the 'force factor' because the force on the coil imposed by the magnet is $$B \times l$$ multiplied by the current through the coil. The higher the $$B \times l$$ product, the larger the force that is generated by a given current flowing through the voice coil. $$B \times l$$ has a very strong effect on $$Q_{\rm es}$$.

 * $$V_{\rm as}$$
 * Measured in litres (L) or cubic metres, it is an inverse measure of the 'stiffness' of the suspension with the driver mounted in free air. It represents the volume of air that has the same stiffness as the driver's suspension when acted on by a piston of the same area ($$S_{\rm d}$$) as the cone. Larger values mean lower stiffness, and generally require larger enclosures. $$V_{\rm as}$$ varies with the square of the diameter. A typical factory measurement tolerance for $$V_{\rm as}$$ is ±20–30%.

 * $$M_{\rm ms}$$
 * Measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg), this is the mass of the cone, coil, voice-coil former and other moving parts of a driver, including the acoustic load imposed by the air in contact with the driver cone. $$M_{\rm md}$$ is the cone/coil mass without the acoustic load, and the two should not be confused. Some simulation software calculates $$M_{\rm ms}$$ when $$M_{\rm md}$$ is entered. $$M_{\rm md}$$ can be very closely controlled by the manufacturer.

 * $$R_{\rm ms}$$
 * Units are not usually given for this parameter, but it is in mechanical 'ohms'. $$R_{\rm ms}$$ is a measurement of the losses, or damping, in a driver's suspension and moving system. It is the main factor in determining $$Q_{\rm ms}$$. $$R_{\rm ms}$$ is influenced by suspension topology, materials, and by the voice-coil former (bobbin) material.

 * $$C_{\rm ms}$$
 * Measured in metre per newton (m/N). Describes the compliance (i.e., the inverse of stiffness) of the suspension. The more compliant a suspension system is, the lower its stiffness, so the higher the $$V_{\rm as}$$ will be. $$C_{\rm ms}$$ is proportional to $$V_{\rm as}$$ and thus has the same tolerance ranges.

 * $$R_{\rm e}$$
 * Measured in ohms (Ω), this is the DC resistance (DCR) of the voice coil, best measured with the cone blocked, or prevented from moving or vibrating because otherwise the pickup of ambient sounds can cause the measurement to be unreliable. $$R_{\rm e}$$ should not be confused with the rated driver impedance, $$R_{\rm e}$$ can be tightly controlled by the manufacturer, while rated impedance values are often approximate at best. American EIA standard RS-299A specifies that $$R_{\rm e}$$ (or DCR) should be at least 80% of the rated driver impedance, so an 8-ohm rated driver should have a DC resistance of at least 6.4 ohms, and a 4-ohm unit should measure 3.2 ohms minimum. This standard is voluntary, and many 8-ohm drivers have resistances of ≈5.5 ohms, and proportionally lower for lower rated impedances.

 * $$L_{\rm e}$$
 * Measured in henries (H), this is the inductance of the voice coil. The voice coil is a lossy inductor, in part due to losses in the pole piece, so the apparent inductance changes with frequency.  Large $$L_{\rm e}$$ values limit the high-frequency output of the driver and cause response changes near cutoff. Simple modeling software often neglects $$L_{\rm e}$$, and so does not include its consequences. Inductance varies with excursion because the voice coil moves relative to the pole piece, acting like a sliding inductor core, increasing inductance on the inward stroke and decreasing it on the outward stroke in typical overhung voice coil arrangements. This inductance modulation is an important source of nonlinearity (distortion) in loudspeakers. Including a copper cap on the pole piece, or a copper shorting ring on it, can reduce the increase in impedance seen at higher frequencies in typical drivers, and also reduce the nonlinearity due to inductance modulation.

 * $$S_{\rm d}$$
 * Measured in square metres (m2). The effective projected area of the cone or diaphragm. It is difficult to measure and depends largely on the shape and properties of the surround. Generally accepted as the cone body diameter plus one third to one half the width of the annulus (surround). Drivers with wide roll surrounds can have significantly less $$S_{\rm d}$$ than conventional types with the same frame diameter.

 * $$X_{\rm max}$$
 * Specified in millimetres (mm). In the simplest form, subtract the height of the voice-coil winding from the height of the magnetic gap, take the absolute value and divide by 2. This technique was suggested by JBL's Mark Gander in a 1981 AES paper, as an indicator of a loudspeaker motor's linear range. Although easily determined, it neglects magnetic and mechanical non-linearities and asymmetry, which are substantial for some drivers. Subsequently, a combined mechanical/acoustical measure was suggested, in which a driver is progressively driven to high levels at low frequencies, with $$X_{\rm max}$$ determined by measuring excursion at a level where 10% THD is measured in the output. This method better represents actual driver performance, but is more difficult and time-consuming to determine.

 * $$P_{\rm e}$$
 * Specified in watts. Frequently two power ratings are given, an "RMS" rating and a "music" (or "peak", or "system") rating, usually peak is given as ≈2 times the RMS rating. Loudspeakers have complex behavior, and a single number is really unsatisfactory. There are two aspects of power handling: thermal and mechanical.  The thermal capacity is related to coil temperature and the point where adhesives and coil insulation melt or change shape. The mechanical limit comes into play at low frequencies, where excursions are largest, and involves mechanical failure of some component. A speaker that can handle 200 watts thermally at 200 Hz, may sometimes be damaged by only a few watts at some very low frequency, like 10 Hz. Power handling specifications are usually generated destructively, by long-term industry standard noise signals (IEC 268, for example) that filter out low frequencies and test only the thermal capability of the driver. Actual mechanical power handling depends greatly on the enclosure in which the driver is installed.

 * $$V_{\rm d}$$
 * Specified in litres (L). The volume displaced by the cone, equal to the cone area ($$S_{\rm d}$$) multiplied by $$X_{\rm max}$$. A particular value may be achieved in any of several ways. For instance, by having a small cone with a large $$X_{\rm max}$$, or a large cone with a small $$X_{\rm max} $$. Comparing $$V_{\rm d}$$ values will give an indication of the maximum output of a driver at low frequencies. High $$X_{\rm max}$$, small cone diameter drivers are likely to be inefficient, since much of the voice-coil winding will be outside the magnetic gap at any one time and will therefore contribute little or nothing to cone motion. Likewise, large cone diameter, small $$X_{\rm max}$$ drivers are likely to be more efficient as they will not need, and so may not have, long voice coils.

 * $$\eta_0$$
 * Reference efficiency, specified in percent (%). Comparing drivers by their calculated reference efficiency is often more useful than using 'sensitivity' since manufacturer sensitivity figures are too often optimistic.

 * Sensitivity
 * The sound pressure, in dB, produced by a speaker in response to a specified stimulus. Usually this is specified at an input of 1 watt or 2.83 volts (2.83 volts = 1 watt into an 8-ohm load) at a distance of one metre.

Measurement notes—large signal behavior
Some caution is required when using and interpreting T/S parameters. Individual units may not match manufacturer specifications. Parameters values are almost never individually taken, but are at best averages across a production run, due to inevitable manufacturing variations. Driver characteristics will generally lie within a (sometimes specified) tolerance range. $$C_{\rm ms}$$ is the least controllable parameter, but typical variations in $$C_{\rm ms}$$ do not have large effects on the final response.

It is also important to understand that most T/S parameters are linearized small signal values. An analysis based on them is an idealized view of driver behavior, since the actual values of these parameters vary in all drivers according to drive level, voice coil temperature, over the life of the driver, etc. $$C_{\rm ms}$$ decreases the farther the coil moves from rest. $$Bl$$ is generally maximum at rest, and drops as the voice coil approaches $$X_{\rm max}$$. $R_{\rm e}$ increases as the coil heats and the value will typically double by 270 °C (exactly 266 °C for Cu and 254 °C for Al), at which point many voice coils are approaching (or have already reached) thermal failure.

As an example, $$f_{\rm s}$$ and $$V_{\rm as}$$ may vary considerably with input level, due to nonlinear changes in $$C_{\rm ms}$$. A typical 110-mm diameter full-range driver with an $$f_{\rm s}$$ of 95 Hz at 0.5 V signal level, might drop to 64 Hz when fed a 5 V input. A driver with a measured $$V_{\rm as}$$ of 7 L at 0.5 V, may show a $$V_{\rm as}$$ increase to 13 L when tested at 4 V. $$Q_{\rm ms}$$ is typically stable within a few percent, regardless of drive level. $$Q_{\rm es}$$ and $$Q_{\rm ts}$$ decrease <13% as the drive level rises from 0.5 V to 4 V, due to the changes in $$Bl$$. Because $$V_{\rm as}$$ can rise significantly and $$f_{\rm s}$$ can drop considerably, with a trivial change in measured $$M_{\rm ms}$$, the calculated sensitivity value ($$\eta_0$$) can appear to drop by >30% as the level changes from 0.5 V to 4 V. Of course, the driver's actual sensitivity has not changed at all, but the calculated sensitivity is correct only under some specific conditions. From this example, it is seen that the measurements to be preferred while designing an enclosure or system are those likely to represent typical operating conditions. Unfortunately, this level must be arbitrary, since the operating conditions are continually changing when reproducing music. Level-dependent nonlinearities typically cause lower than predicted output, or small variations in frequency response.

Level shifts caused by resistive heating of the voice coil are termed power compression. Design techniques which reduce nonlinearities may also reduce power compression, and possibly distortions not caused by power compression. There have been several commercial designs that have included cooling arrangements for driver magnetic structures, which are intended to mitigate voice coil temperature rise, and the attendant rise in resistance that is the cause of the power compression. Elegant magnet and coil designs have been used to linearize $$Bl$$ and reduce the value and modulation of $$L_{\rm e}$$. Large, linear spiders can increase the linear range of $$C_{\rm ms}$$, but the large signal values of $$Bl$$ and $$C_{\rm ms}$$ must be balanced to avoid dynamic offset.

Lifetime changes in driver behavior
The mechanical components in typical speaker drivers may change over time. Paper, a popular material in cone fabrication, absorbs moisture easily and unless treated may lose some structural rigidity over time. This may be reduced by coating with water-impregnable material such as various plastic resins. Cracks compromise structural rigidity and if large enough are generally non-repairable. Temperature has a strong, generally reversible effect; typical suspension materials become stiffer at lower temperatures. The suspension experiences fatigue, and also undergoes changes from chemical and environmental effects associated with aging such as exposure to ultraviolet light, and oxidation which affect foam and natural rubber components badly, though butyl, nitrile, SBR rubber, and rubber-plastic alloys (such as Santoprene) are more stable. The polyester type of polyurethane foam is highly prone to disintegration after 10 to 15 years. The changes in behavior from aging may often be positive, though since the environment that they are used in is a major factor the effects are not easily predicted. Gilbert Briggs, founder of Wharfedale Loudspeakers in the UK, undertook several studies of aging effects in speaker drivers in the 1950s and 1960s, publishing some of the data in his books, notably Loudspeakers: The Why and How of Good Reproduction.

There are also mechanical changes which occur in the moving components during use. In this case, however, most of the changes seem to occur early in the life of the driver, and are almost certainly due to relaxation in flexing mechanical parts of the driver (e.g., surround, spider, etc.). Several studies have been published documenting substantial changes in the T/S parameters over the first few hours of use, some parameters changing by as much as 15% or more over these initial periods. The proprietor of the firm GR Research has publicly reported several such investigations of several manufacturers' drivers. Other studies suggest little change, or reversible changes after only the first few minutes. This variability is largely related to the particular characteristics of specific materials, and reputable manufacturers attempt to take them into account. While there are a great many anecdotal reports of the audible effects of such changes in published speaker reviews, the relationship of such early changes to subjective sound quality reports is not completely clear. Some changes early in driver life are complementary (such as a reduction in $$f_{\rm s}$$ accompanied by a rise in $$V_{\rm as}$$) and result in minimal net changes (small fractions of a dB) in frequency response. If the performance of speaker system is critical, as with high order (complex) or heavily equalized systems, it is sensible to measure T/S parameters after a period of run-in (some hours, typically, using program material), and to model the effects of normal parameter changes on driver performance.

Measurement techniques
There are numerous methods to measure Thiele-Small parameters, but the simplest use the input impedance of the driver, measured near resonance. The impedance may be measured in free air (with the driver unhoused and either clamped to a fixture or hanging from a wire, or sometimes resting on the magnet on a surface) and/or in test baffles, sealed or vented boxes or with varying amounts of mass added to the diaphragm. Noise in the measurement environment can have an effect on the measurement, so one should measure parameters in a quiet acoustic environment.

The most common (DIY-friendly) method before the advent of computer-controlled measurement techniques is the classic free air constant current method, described by Thiele in 1961. This method uses a large resistance (e.g., $$R_{\rm test}$$ = 500 to 1000 ohms) in series with the driver and a signal generator is used to vary the excitation frequency. The voltage across the loudspeaker terminals is measured and considered proportional to the impedance. It is assumed that variations in loudspeaker impedance will have little effect on the current through the loudspeaker. This is an approximation, and the method results in $$Q$$ measurement errors for drivers with a high $$Z_{\rm max}$$ – the measured value of $$Z_{\rm max}$$ will always be somewhat low. This measurement can be corrected by measuring the total voltage across the calibration resistor and the driver (call this $$V$$) at resonance and calculating the actual test current $$I = V/(R_{\rm test} + Z_{\rm max})$$. You may then obtain a corrected $$Z_{\rm max}$$ = $$Z_{\rm max(uncorrected)}\times R_{\rm test}/I$$.

A second method is the constant voltage measurement, where the driver is excited by a constant voltage, and the current passing through the coil is measured. The excitation voltage divided by the measured current equals the impedance.

A common source of error using these first two methods is the use of inexpensive AC metres. Most inexpensive metres are designed to measure residential power frequencies (50–60 Hz) and are increasingly inaccurate at other frequencies (e.g., below 40 Hz or above a few hundred hertz). In addition, distorted or non–sine wave signals can cause measurement inaccuracies. Inexpensive voltmeters are also not very accurate or precise at measuring current and can introduce appreciable series resistance, which causes measurement errors.

A third method is a response to the deficiencies of the first two methods. It uses a smaller (e.g., 10 ohm) series resistor and measurements are made of the voltage across the driver, the signal generator, and/or series resistor for frequencies around resonance. Although tedious, and not often used in manual measurements, simple calculations exist which allow the true impedance magnitude and phase to be determined. This is the method used by many computer loudspeaker measurement systems. When this method is used manually, the result of taking the three measurements is that their ratios are more important than their actual value, removing the effect of poor meter frequency response.

title: Thiele/Small parameters


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Joey Browner

Joey Matthew Browner (born May 15, 1960) is an American former football safety who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Minnesota Vikings from 1983 to 1991 and for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1992. Browner played college football for the USC Trojans.

High school career
Browner attended Western Reserve High in Warren, Ohio, for two years but moved for his junior and senior seasons to Atlanta, Georgia, where he attended Southwest High. He was an All State defensive lineman as a junior, played basketball with future NBA forward Gerald Wilkins, and ran track and field, qualifying twice for the Ohio State meet.

As a senior, Browner had 120 unassisted tackles and three interceptions earning Parade All-American Honors as well as the Georgia class 3-A lineman of the year. Browner was also named Atlanta Area Player of the Year. After high school it was generally believed that Browner would follow his three brothers to Notre Dame, but he instead decided on the University of Southern California.

College career
At USC, Browner was the team's Most Valuable Player in 1982. Other members of the Trojan defensive backfield included Dennis Smith, Hall of Famer Ronnie Lott, and future Los Angeles Rams head coach Jeff Fisher. Browner also played with Anthony Muñoz, Marcus Allen, Charles White, and Paul McDonald. He was also selected to the first-team All-Pac-10, first-team All-Coast. Browner notched 243 total tackles, nine interceptions, 40 passes defended, seven fumble recoveries and three touchdown returns in his collegiate career.

His USC teams compiled a 36–8–1 mark. He played in one Rose Bowl Game and one Fiesta Bowl.

Professional career
Browner, a safety, was selected 19th overall in the first round of the 1983 NFL draft by the Minnesota Vikings..

An outstanding defensive player and tackler, Browner was selected to six Pro Bowls (1985–1990) while playing with the Minnesota Vikings. He finished his career with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1992. Browner was a four time member of the John Madden "All-Madden Team".

While with the Vikings, Browner travelled to China with the NFL players association in 1988, to Germany with the 1989 USO Tour, and to Paris to kick off the French Federation of American Football Annual Championship game in 1991.

Browner amassed over 1,100 total tackles, caused 18 fumbles and recovered 16 of them; he also led the Vikings in nine defensive categories over his NFL career.

Browner holds the NFL Pro Bowl record with three fumble recoveries returned for touchdowns. He had 40 interceptions in his career for 505 total yards including the playoffs.

The Minnesota Vikings placed Browner in the team's Ring of Honor in October 2013 on a Sunday night football game vs the Packers. Joey Browner was the 21st overall selection into the Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor that night.

In 2019, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Browner to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2019.

Personal
The Browner family has produced six NFL players: brothers the late Ross Browner (Cincinnati Bengals & Green Bay Packers), Jim Browner (Cincinnati Bengals), and Keith Browner all played in the NFL, as do Ross's son Max Starks (Pittsburgh Steelers) and Keith's son, Keith Browner, Jr. (Houston Texans). Browner's next eldest brother Willard was drafted by the Chicago White Sox as a pitcher and also served as the starting tailback for Notre Dame with brother Ross's teams. Youngest and late brother Gerald played at the University of Georgia.

Browner is a member of the 1980s all star all decade team, of the NFL Gridiron Legends team along with former Viking teammate Cris Carter and the PAC 12 all century team, also on the EA Sports game, NFL Street 2. Joey Browner was enshrined into the African-American hall of fame in 2004 for his work in radio sports broadcasting with his longtime friend Rich Perez in Las Vegas and Hawaii.

Browner has been nominated for Pro Football Hall of Fame selection nine times. He is the 21st member of the Ring of Honor and the 17th player in Minnesota Vikings history. Browner was inducted into the All "Mall of America Field" team signifying the best players who played for the Vikings during their years at the Metrodome/Mall of America Field.

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title: Joey Browner


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Yu Hua

Yu Hua (born April 3, 1960) is a Chinese author, widely considered the foremost writer of avant-garde fiction and one of the greatest living authors in China.

Shortly after his debut as a fiction writer in 1983, his first breakthrough came in 1987, when he released the short story "On the Road at Age Eighteen". Yu Hua was regarded as a promising avant-garde or post-New Wave writer. Many critics also regard him as a champion for Chinese meta-fictional or postmodernist writing. His novels To Live (1993) and Chronicle of a Blood Merchant (1995) were widely acclaimed. While other works like Brothers (2005–06) received mixed reviews domestically, but positive reviews abroad.

Yu Hua has written five novels, six collections of stories, and three collections of essays. His works have sold around a total of nine million copies and have been translated into over 20 languages.

Background
Yu was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, on April 3, 1960. Yu Hua's parents worked as doctors, so his family lived in a hospital compound across from the mortuary. His childhood proximity to death shaped his later works. He practiced dentistry for five years before turning to fiction writing in 1983 because he didn't like "looking into people’s mouths the whole day." For Yu Hua, the Cultural Revolution took place from the ages of seven to seventeen. It is for this reason that many of his works include the violence and chaos that were prevalent at the time. In his own words, “a calm, orderly society cannot produce such great works,” which is why one of the distinctive characteristics of his work is his penchant for detailed descriptions of brutal violence.

Yu Hua is interested in the interplay of diverse meaning constructions, particularly between imagination and reality. Yu Hua's personal life is deeply reflected in his writing as a direct influence from the socio-economic challenges throughout his youth. There are many elements in Yu Hua's writings that could have been influenced by his life. He is considered to belong to the “generation of the 60s,” which refers to writers that spend their whole childhood and teenage years during the Cultural Revolution. He was born in Hangzhou, but he spent his formative years in the Wuyuan Township in Haiyan, a small town that has been thought to be fairly monotonous, but much of Yu Hua's writing uses it as the setting behind his characters. Yu Hua has stated that writing makes him feel like he is going back to Haiyan; thus, many of Yu Hua's writing uses Haiyan as a story setting. After failing to enter the university, Yu Hua took a one-year program to become a dentist. He was a dentist for 6 years but then started writing more seriously when he grew bored of that lifestyle.

Yu Hua has stated that his writing has been heavily influenced by both Franz Kafka and Yasunari Kawabata, among others. He stated that by reading Kawabata's work, he understood that the point of writing was to show human feelings. However, there is also a deep connection that Yu Hua has with his country and its history. His writing reflects that. In an interview with The New Yorker, he stated that, “My writing is always changing, because my country is always changing, and this inevitably affects my views and feelings about things.”

Yu Hua's personal life was heavily influenced by the changes that China has gone through, which is perhaps why many of his early texts often portray the world as cold and ruthless, marked by graphic descriptions of physical violence and bodily mutilation. He stated in an interview that he grew up in a time when China went through many different changes in a relatively short period of time. He said, “I grew up during the Cultural Revolution. Then came Reform and Opening and the economy’s explosive takeoff in the 90s, and then came the fantastic wildness of the new century and our worldview and our value system were both turned upside down.” He has also said that childhood experiences will impact the life of a writer.

In recent years, Yu Hua has dedicated many of his works about China itself, both aimed at China and East Asia, and then also the Western world. He also writes a monthly column for The New York Times in which he describes issues about China. Many of his writings have been known for their violence, but he is also known for some of his more intimate style. For example, the book, he stated in an interview that the book “To Live,” addresses “the cruelty and violence of the Cultural Revolution,” but that he also has “milder stories” like “The Boy in Twilight.” One of the key aspects of his writing is in dealing with the absurd. In an interview, he stated that “I am a realistic writer, and if my stories are often absurd, that’s simply because they are a projection of absurd realities.” As China has changed, he has started writing about the absurdities that come with it. In answering the criticisms that his writing is too violent, he responds that he is reflecting what he sees in reality, stating that “violence has long existed in my subconscious.”

Themes
Heavily inspired and affected by the Cultural Revolution, the theme of modern Chinese history is prevalent in Yu Hua's writing. Yu Hua's work is very traditional, with psychologized storylines that investigate and illustrate the challenges of cultural disintegration and identity loss and his stories are often set in small towns during historical periods that he experienced including China under Chairman Mao's rule, the Civil War and Cultural Revolution, and post Mao capitalist China. Childhood is also a theme which appears often in his stories, but does not consequently lighten the subject matter. Yu Hua is known for his brutal descriptions of violence, cruelty and death as well as themes surrounding "the plight of China's underclasses" as seen in Chronicle of a Blood Merchant. When he began focusing on more chaotic themes in Brothers, Yu Hua admitted his belief that despite his past modeling after Kafka's novels, "the essential nature of writing was to free yourself. If the great masters can unfetter themselves, why can't we?" In this same work, he prides himself on his simultaneous expression of tragedy and comedy. Yu Hua also frequently engages in diverse attitudes of aesthetic modernity in his works, earning him the reputation of being a catalyst.

Style
Yu Hua has been influenced by magic realism and also incorporates pre-modern Chinese fiction elements into his work. He is known to use dark humour and strange modes of perception and description in his writing. The linguistic humour of Yu Hua's novels is gray humour in extreme contrast, a kind of zero-degree emotional narration, and this humour often receives a surprisingly effective expression. He creates humour mainly through the context, the situation, the context of the times, and the national cultural tradition. He has been influenced by music, with a particular interest in classical, and the narrative structure of music; in fact, Chronicle of a Blood Merchant uses techniques borrowed from Yue opera's style. He constantly draws from musical works when he composes his novels, using the characteristics of musical language to enrich his writing, thus making his fictional language full of musical rhythms, which is closely related to Yu Hua's musical literacy and musical hobbies. He also gained inspiration for his literary creation from musical pieces. For example, repetition of words is a narrative style Yu Hua favours. It is an important method for him to portray his characters' character traits and psychological changes, achieving a focused and concise language expression through the clever use of repetitive language techniques.

Yu Hua's work has been successful at constructing mysterious and rich literary universes in both fiction and non-fiction. As Yu Hua has said, "Inevitably the novel involves China's history, but I don't intend to present history. My responsibility and interest as a writer lie in creating real people in my work, real Chinese people."

In the beginning of his career, he was not successful at gaining traction with readers due to the complexity of his work. He aimed to demonstrate the dark side of human psychology and society in a non-traditional way. He changed his style after he started to gain traction in the writing world and adjusted his work away from over-complexity due to readers finding his work difficult to understand. After his adjustments, he focused on injecting the right amount of modern ideologies into his work, which is primarily constructed on the narration of "realistic societies".

Yu Hua's writing style focuses on quality over quantity. Known by its complexity and unique linguistic styles, his style of writing and communication breaks the everyday rule of linguistics to form, in a sense, its own linguistic system. With its complex foundations, Yu Hua's work has been successful at constructing mysterious and rich literary universes in both fiction and non-fiction.

Avant-garde
Yu Hua is a contemporary avant-garde writer formally introduced to the literary world with the publication of "On the Road at Eighteen". This short story takes pains to highlight what the narrator sees, thinks and feels in moments of confusion and cruelty. It describes the feeling that the world has shredded its own integrity, and thus unveils a broken traditional view of reality based on surrealism.

Among avant-garde novelists, Yu Hua is exemplary in that he is able to combine the ludicrous together with poetic violence to challenge the philosophical idea of humanism. He is known for his delicacy and sharpness. As a pioneer writer, Yu Hua's thinking in the face of reality and life is not to stay in some public imaginary happiness state, but to consciously pass through all kinds of ordinary happiness appearance, and to enter the more secret soul level to torture and question the original state of life. Thus, his novels rebel against the traditional writing mode and aesthetic style to a new height.

Yu Hua has deepened the rational reflection of human beings on the situation of their lives in the form of novels, which has caused a lot of shock and attention in the literary world and among the readers. Therefore, he has become the representative of the avant-garde novels in China. In the late 1980s, Yu Hua was regarded as one of the most promising avant-garde or post-trendy writers, and many critics considered him perhaps the best example of Chinese yuan novels or post-modern writing. In the late 1990s, he plowed through a series of short stories, novellas and novels in which his style seemed to shift slightly toward the traditional "psychoanalytic" narrative.

Yu Hua's novels in this period make a deep and detailed analysis of human evil and violence, instinct and desire, tradition and history. It mainly reveals the evil of human nature and a series of cruel, violent and bloody events caused by the evil of human nature. "1986", "One Kind of Reality", "The Inevitable" and other early works are his almost brutal indifference tone of the real and detailed fictional violence, blood and death, so as to show the human nature of violence, desire and the desire of the impulse.

Works
Note: titles have been translated into English from the original Mandarin Chinese.

Short story collections
Originally published in literary journals, these stories were subsequently anthologized in different collections in both Taiwan and Mainland China. The most complete collection of his stories to date is I Don't Have My Own Name (2017), including 21 stories. It features his most notable short stories such as "Leaving Home at Eighteen", "Classical Love", "World Like Mist", "The Past and the Punishments", "1986", "Blood and Plum Blossoms", "The Death of a Landlord", and "Boy in the Twilight" along with 13 other works. Other anthologies with these works include The April 3rd Incident (2018), translated by Allan H. Barr; The Past and the Punishments (1996), translated by Andrew F. Jones; Boy in the Twilight (2014), translated by Allan H. Barr; On the Road at Eighteen (1991); Summer Typhoon (1993); Shudder (1995); and the three volumes of Yu Hua's Collected Works (1994), among others.

Novels

 * Cries in the Drizzle (1992): In Yu Hua's first published novel, which is a first-person reminiscence of the protagonist Sun Guanglin in China under the reign of Mao. As a black sheep in society and his own family, he observes the consequences of Communist rule from a unique perspective of a resentful teenager. Readers are given a chance to revisit the meanings of family, friendship, marriage, fate, sex and birth through a child's perspective. The formatting and style of Yu Hua's first published level can be described as a "serpentine, episodic collection of anecdotes forming a kind of Maoist-era kinderscenen."
 * To Live (1993): An exaggerated realist fiction depicts the protagonist Xu Fugui has been constantly suffering in his life. Yu Hua's breakthrough novel follows the transformation of a landlord's spoiled son witnessing the brutality and hardships of the Civil War and Cultural Revolution. The body of the book is formatted by the main character, Fugui, recounting his story to an unnamed narrator in the 1980s, while the story itself takes place between the Second-Sino Japanese War until the death of his last remaining relative. In order of appearance, his relatives are his parents, his wife Jiazhen, daughter Fengxia, son Youqing, son-in-law Erxi, and his only grandchild Kugen who is the last to die. Over the events of the book that follows the historical timeline of China under rule of Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution, which lead to the many deaths in Fu Gui's family as they experience poverty, illness, and the malpractice of medicine. The novel was originally banned in China due to its exaggerated realism writing style but was later named one of that nation's most influential books.
 * Chronicle of a Blood Merchant (1995) follows a struggling cart-pusher and portrays the hardships of life under the leadership of Mao's China. Xu Sanguan, the cart-pusher, partakes in the illicit act of selling his blood to support his dysfunctional family during a period of famine from the Cultural Revolution. As the story develops, Xu Sanguan must put aside his bitterness towards his wife Xu Yulan and the illegitimate son she gave birth to, Yile, under the guise that he was Xu Sanguan's child. The title Chronicle of a Blood Merchant refers to China's Plasma Economy that took place in the years that Yu Hua was writing his sophomore novel.
 * Brothers (2005): Described as "an epic and wildly unhinged black comedy of modern Chinese society running amok", Brothers consists of two volumes following the childhood of two step-brothers during the Cultural Revolution and life in post-Mao, capitalist China. Baldy Li is the protagonist, a town scoundrel that evolves into the nation's top entrepreneur. His rags to riches story opposes that of his step-brother Song Gang, who although is known for being so similar to his chivalrous and smart father, gets hit by the brunt of the Cultural Revolution and suffers as a wandering man who partakes in unlicensed cosmetic surgery practices in South China. These cosmetic surgeries eventually influence Baldy Li's newly established beauty pageant, that only virgins can participate in. Over the many decades of the novel, Baldy Li begins an affair with Song Gang's wife, Lin Hong, who he has admired for years. Later, the brothers are united to resolve their differences. The book was inspired by Yu Hua's trip to the United States in 2003, during which he observed China prepare for hosting the Miss World competition from afar.
 * The Seventh Day (2015): Yu Hua's most recent novel takes the deceased as the protagonist and depicts what the deceased saw and heard within seven days after death. Yu Hua portrays an absurd and desperate real world and an afterlife opposite to it. The protagonist Yang Fei died at the age of forty-one without adequate money for a burial plot, is left to aimlessly roam the afterworld as a ghost. Over the course of seven days, he encounters the souls of friends, family and acquaintances who died before him. Through the narrative and experience of the deceased, the novel exposes the cruel and corrupt realities, such as men disguised in females in prostitution, violent demolition, post-disaster concealment of the death toll, the hospital disposes of dead babies as medical wastes, etc. While other facets of human rights that are encroached during Yang Fei's exploration of limbo are police brutality, the violence of the sex industry, suicide, and the forced evictions of those suffering from poverty by the government. Yu Hua "got the idea that death is not the end of life but just a turning point" from living close to a mortuary as a child. The Seventh Day serves as a criticism to the class disparity in China, a disparity that is so severe it continues to exist even in the afterlife, as a result of government corruption and a "country's headlong affair with consumerism". Other facets of human rights that are encroached during Yang Fei's exploration of limbo are police brutality, the violence of the sex industry, suicide, and the forced evictions of those suffering from poverty by the government.

Essays

 * China in Ten Words (2011): In a collection of ten essays, titled after a word he has deemed representative of the culture and politics of modern China, Yu Hua describes a "morally compromised nation," contrasting the Cultural Revolution events with post-Mao China's rapid developments and even discussing the origins of current events and the 1989 pro-democracy protest; Yu Hua did not publish the Chinese version of the essays novel in China. The ten words are "People", "Leader", "Reading", "Writing", "Lu Xun", "Revolution", "Disparity", "Grassroots", "Copycat", and "Bamboozle". Using these words, Yu Hua conducts a recollection of historical and cultural events that have made China what it is today, intermixed with autobiographical accounts of growing up during the Cultural Revolution. Each essay explains why the titular term is particular in order to further understand a controversial China. Yu Hua states that this work is "to bring together observation, analysis, and personal anecdote" for a critique of contemporary China.

Cultural Revolution
Most of Yu Hua's novels are centred around the Cultural Revolution, either as the setting, a contextual reference, or as a literary device. Yu Hua was born in 1960, and his childhood memories are the Cultural Revolution. Yu Hua said, "My novel creation is closely related to childhood and juveniles." Yu Hua's description of the Cultural Revolution is indifferent, no matter whether it is describing violence or death. For example, the novel To Live uses an objective narrative style to describe the suffering of the Cultural Revolution. In Brothers, Yu Hua directly talks about what happened to a family during the Cultural Revolution. In these books, we can understand the harm of the Cultural Revolution to human nature and clearly understand the mistakes made during the Cultural Revolution.

Reception
Yu Hua is regarded as one of the greatest living Chinese writers. Jeffrey Wasserstrom of the Los Angeles Review of Books wrote, "When people ask me to suggest a novel dealing with the rise and rule of China's Communist Party, I point them toward To Live, which is available in a lively translation by Michael Berry and presents pivotal stages of revolutionary history from the perspective of everyman characters, or Chronicle of a Blood Merchant, which has similar virtues and a slightly larger quotient of humor".

Awards
Yu Hua received the Grinzane Cavour Prize as his first award in 1998 for his novel To Live. Four years later, Yu Hua became the first Chinese writer to receive the James Joyce Award (2002). Originally published in 1993, To Live was then published in English in 2003 and earned him the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France in 2004. That same year, Yu Hua was awarded the Barnes & Noble Discovery Great New Writers Award (2004) and in 2005, took home the Special Book Award of China. Since then, he has also won the Prix Courrier International (2008) for his novel Brothers which was also shortlisted for the Man Asian Literary Prize and won the Best Foreign Language Works Award of the 2022 Yasnaya Polyana Literary Award.

TV and film adaptations
Four of Yu Hua's works have screen adaptations. To Live (1994) was directed by the highly esteemed Zhang Yimou, with Yu Hua himself participating in screenwriting. Though the screenplay was greatly altered it was still banned upon initial release. However, To Live swept awards at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. There are some notable changes within the narrative. One stark difference is Fugui's career being in shadow puppetry rather than farming. Another great contrast is the death of Youqing being from a car accident involving himself and the Magistrate Chunsheng. The same novel was adapted by Zhu Zheng as a television drama in 2003, named after the protagonist "Fu Gui". The movie and novel emphasize two ways of "living" through exposing harsh realities underneath the facade of life and pondering the significance of existing. The television adaptation followed the tragedies in the original storyline more closely, avoiding the casting of big names in order to effectively portray the simplicity of civilian life in revolution era China. Each have their own virtues, but the public seems to prefer the movie. In 2015, Chronicles of a Blood Merchant was adapted into a Korean language film, both directed by and starring actor Ha Jung-woo. A film adaptation of Yun Hua's Mistakes by the River directed by Wei Shujun, Only the River Flows, was released in 2023.

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Vijnanananda

Swami Vijnanananda (born Hariprasanna Chattopadhyaya; 30 October 1868 – 25 April 1938) was an Indian monk of Ramakrishna order, born in an upper-class family near Dakshineswar, and was a direct disciple of Ramakrishna. He was an engineer and worked as the District Engineer in the erstwhile State of United Provinces, India. He was a great scholar of Sanskrit with expertise in religio-philosophical works, astronomy, civil engineering etc. He spent considerable time in Allahabad (Prayag) centre of Ramakrishna Math. He became the President of Ramakrishna Mission in 1937. It was under his presidency and direct supervision that the Ramakrishna Temple at Belur Math was constructed and consecrated.

Early life
Hariprasanna Chattopadhyaya was born on 30 October 1868, in a respectable family of Belgharia. He had, in all probability, first seen Ramakrishna on 15 September 1879 at Keshab Chandra Sen's spiritual retreat at Belgharia. When studying in the first or second class of a High School, Hariprasanna saw Ramakrishna at Dewan Govinda Mukherji's house. It was on 18 February 1883 that Hariprasanna, then a student of the St. Xavier's College, went to Dakshineswar with his fellow students Sarat, later Saradananda (Sarat Maharaj), and Barada Pal. Ramakrishna showed great love and kindness towards Hariprasanna, which bound the latter indissolubly to the former. Hariprasanna took Ramakrishna to be his Master. He however saw the Master only a few more times in his life, as he was compelled to live at Bankipore in Bihar. Hariprasanna's guardians were not in favour of his meeting Ramakrishna. He stayed back in Dakshineswar one night upon request from the Master, and later he divulged that on that night Sri Ramakrishna granted him special spiritual favours. Vijnanananda later recalled: 'As I approached the Master he asked me to stick out my tongue. When I did so, he drew a figure on it with his finger. My whole body began to tremble, and I felt an unspeakable bliss within.' He was rebuked by his mother and elder sister for the transgression and could not go to see Ramakrishna for a long time, who sent Sarat to bring him along. Ramakrishna made him enter into a deep meditation and gave him intimate knowledge on various facets of spiritual lives.

Student life
As a student, Hariprasanna was very spirited and would be upset at the sight of any moral turpitude or social injustice. After passing the First Arts examination from Calcutta, Hariprasanna went to Bankipore in Bihar. He graduated from Patna college and went to study Civil Engineering in Pune. During this time Sri Ramakrishna died and Hariprasanna had a vision of Ramakrishna on the night he died. He completed his diploma in civil engineering (Licentiate in Civil Engineering or L.C.E) from Poona College of Science. He did not appear for his final examination deliberately in order to help a poor but meritorious student to secure a job, as in those days only the first or second ranked students could get a Government job and Hariprasanna's classmates were of the opinion that he was to stand first or second. At that time, Hariprasanna was financially dependent on his elder sister's husband. The next year, he passed the examination successfully and landed with a Government job.

Pre-monastic life
He started his Government service as the district engineer of Ghazipur, Uttar Province. Later he worked in Etawah, Meerut, Bulandshahr and other places. When he was staying in Etawah, Swami Subodhananda stayed with him and from him Hariprasanna got the information about the financial distress of Alambazar Math, and he contributed 60 rupees every month thereafter. Hariprasanna took up the job to save money for his mother's future and after enough money was secured for his mother's maintenance, he left the job to join the Alambazar monastery.

Monastic life
In the year 1896, shortly before Swami Vivekananda returned from the West, Hariprasanna joined the Alambazar Math and there he took his monastic vows and came to be known as Swami Vijnanananda. ''One of my boys in training has been an executive engineer, in charge of a district. That means a very big position here [in India]. He gave it up like straw!'' wrote Swami Vivekananda in a letter to Sister Nivedita on 20 June 1897, in the context of Hariprasanna's renunciation. Vijnanananda accompanied Vivekananda on his trip to Rajputana and elsewhere. In 1899, he started working in constructing the buildings in Belur Math. As a wandering monk he visited many places and came to Allahabad in 1900. Here a group of young students had started an organization called Brahmavadin club, for which they solicited his help. Vijanananda made Allahabad his permanent place, and he established a centre of Ramakrishna Mission. He found Ramakrishna Math in Muthiganj in 1908. He lived a life of great austerity, often cooking his own food and spending time in meditation. In 1934, he was appointed as the Vice President of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission and in 1937, its president. During his last few years he travelled extensively and visited many centres of Ramakrishna Math, including those of Rangoon and Colombo. The main Ramakrishna temple in Belur was started in 1935 and in view of the deteriorating health condition of Vijanananda, it was planned to have the installation ceremony just after the completion of the main shrine. On 14 January 1938, Vijanananda performed the dedication of the temple and the consecration of the marble image of Sri Ramakrishna. He paid only one more visit to Belur, on the occasion of Sri Ramakrishna's birthday. He returned to Allahabad, where he died on 25 April 1938.

There is a dormitory named, in his honour, Vijnanananda Dham in Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar.

Major works
Swami Vijanananda constructed the major buildings of Belur Math, as well as the embankment on the Ganges in front of the main temple. Vivekananda entrusted him with the responsibility of planning a big memorial temple dedicated to Ramakrishna, giving him specific instructions. The Swami, in consultation with a noted European architect of Calcutta, prepared a design of the proposed temple, which was approved by Vivekananda. The temple was planned to have unifying features from all major religions - Church, Mosque and Temple. The plan got shelved after Vivekananda's death in 1902 owing to the paucity of funds. Thirty years after Vivekananda's death, the temple plan was revived when an unexpected financial help was received from some devoted American students. The foundation stone of the temple was laid by Vijanananda, then Vice President of Ramakrishna Math and Mission, in July 1935. The main shrine was opened in his presence in 1938. Hariprasanna Maharaj also established the Ramakrishna Math and Mission in Allahabad and trained many novice monks there. He also supervised the construction of some of the buildings of Ramakrishna Mission Home of Service in Benaras as well as the Swami Vivekananda temple in Belur Math. He also provided valuable advice with regard to the construction of the other buildings of Ramakrishna Math.

Spiritual visions
While studying in Patna, Hariprasanna had a vision of Ramakrishna, which took place on the day of the latter's passing away in Cossipore in Calcutta in 1886. While staying in Allahabad, he also had a vision of Swami Vivekananda on the day the latter died in 1902. He had several other spiritual visions in various places like Benaras, Kalighat, Sarnath and Triveni in Allahabad.

Vijanananda wrote several books in his lifetime.
 * Paramahamsa-charit (Hindi: Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsadev-ka Samkshipta Jivancharit aur Upadesh): This is Vijnanananda's first book. It is also the first biography of Sri Ramakrishna written by one of his monastic disciples. It was written and published while he was staying at the Brahmavadin Club at Allahabad. The book was published in 1904.
 * Jal Sarbaraher Karkhana was a book in Bengali written in 1905 for the students of engineering, engineers, contractors and municipal authorities
 * Engineering Sikhsha was a book on Engineering in Bengali
 * Sri Surya Sidhhanta was a translation in Bengali of the famous Sanskrit treatise on astronomy and mathematics, Surya Sidhhanta, published in 1909
 * The Brihajjatakam of Varaha Mihira was an English translation of Brihajjataka, written in Sanskrit by the great astronomer and astrologist Varaha Mihira. It was published in 1912
 * The Narada Pancharatram / The Jnanamrita Sara Samhita the important book on Vaishnavism was translated into English in 1921
 * The Srimad Devi Bhagavatam, the translation of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana was pubslihed in 1932
 * Srimad Valmikiya Ramayanam, was translated by Swami Vijanananda towards the end of his life and the first volume, comprising Baal Kanda and Ayodhya Kanda, was translated by Swami Vijanananda himself

Character and legacy
While Hariprasanna was in Government service, he had an uncommon integrity and sense of duty. He was also a great scholar and a voracious reader, and had varied intellectual interests. As a monk he normally did not deliver lectures but held informal discussions with devotees and disciples. He also had a great humour sense. Vijnanananda loved seclusion, was frugal in his speech, and avoided giving spiritual instructions. Only after becoming vice president, he initiated a large number of people. In many things, he was just like an innocent child. His frankness was beyond comparison. The same trait made him a very plain-speaking person, but his straight words would not give offence to anyone.

Teachings

 * One should not ask for anything from God, but remain satisfied with whatever He is pleased to give. If you ask for anything He will give a gift which is like a double-edged sword. Real welfare lies in using things properly; wrong use of things brings misfortune.
 * Whatever situation one may be in, one can, to some degree, serve the motherland, serve the common people, and above all, serve God. Always have the good of the universe at heart and let this become a part of your daily prayer.
 * One reason for the decadence of our country is that in the name of religion, people put forward harmful theories, as a result of which, people lose their faith in religion itself. Simplicity, faithfulness and purity of heart are called for.
 * One who can detach his mind from material things will see the light of God and his presence in everything. Worldly attachment draws people away from God and scorch them in the wild fire of the world.

Notable disciples
Notable disciples of Vijnanananda include Pravrajika Mokshaprana, second president of Sri Sarada Math, Swami Atmasthananda, fifteenth president of the Ramakrishna Mission, and Swami Swahananda, spiritual leader of the Vedanta Society of Southern California.

Books

 * Swami Vijnanananda: Life and Teachings by Swami Vishwashrayananda ISBN 81-7120-721-9
 * God lived with them by Swami Chetanananda ISBN 0-916356-79-5
 * The Disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, Advaita Ashrama, Maywati, 1943, page 327

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User talk:QMHeraty

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 14:57, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Coshocton

Coshocton may refer to:
 * Coshocton, Ohio
 * Coshocton High School
 * Coshocton County, Ohio
 * Cohocton, New York

title: Coshocton


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Carl Garner

William Carl Garner (June 1, 1915 – July 6, 2014) was an American engineer. He served as resident engineer of Greers Ferry Lake since its construction in 1959, and in that capacity, he organized a citizen cleanup of the area which expanded to the Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day. The attention the program has received has also made people more aware of the problem of litter and preservation of the environment during the entire year.

Biography
Garner was born in Moorefield, Arkansas, the son of Burton John Garner and Minnie Pearl Morgan. He was the first born out of six raised on a farm near Sulphur Rock, Arkansas. Carl attended Sulphur Rock High School and was salutatorian of his class when he graduated. Because of his basketball record he received a basketball scholarship from Arkansas College (now Lyon College), which he attended and graduated from in 1938 with a degree in economics. His first wife was Ruth Elizabeth Wade, daughter of Ernest Wade and Lizzie Estella Leggett. They were married September 18, 1940, and had a son. His second wife, Ima Jean "Jean" Reedy, also worked for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. They were married in 1972.

Garner's 43-year career with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Little Rock Division, began in 1938 at Pocahontas, Arkansas. He worked in the survey, mapping, estimating, construction and operational branches in Missouri and Arkansas. Chief construction projects he worked on were Bull Shoals, Table Rock and Greers Ferry. In 1962 he became resident engineer in charge of operations and maintenance of the Greers Ferry Project, a position he held until his retirement in 1998.

Garner received numerous awards in recognition of his work. Some of them are: 1963-Social Service Award for preparation of President John F. Kennedy's dedication of the Greers Ferry Project and the guided tour following the dedication; 1967-President's Citation, National Water Safety Congress for outstanding efforts in water safety; 1977-Corps of Engineers Meritorious Service Award and Bronze Medal; special appreciation awards from governors David Pryor and Bill Clinton, and Congressman Bill Alexander; 1979-Award of Excellence from Chief of Engineers as No. 1 Resident Engineer out of 440 Corps of Engineers lakes.

Garner is best known for his development of the Greers Ferry Lake recreational facilities. In 1969 he led the Greers Ferry Lake and Little Red River Tourism Association's first-annual lake shore cleanup program, which has been nationally acclaimed, receiving the Keep America Beautiful Award twice and placing five times. In 1983 Carl Garner was named Arkansas Tourism Person of the Year. In 1984 the Keep America Beautiful first National Public Lands Cleanup Day launched, using the Greers Ferry Lake and Little Red River Tourism Association's annual cleanup as its model. In 1983 the William Carl Garner Visitor Center opened near the dam, telling the story of the Little Red River and the dam development.

He was a fellow in the American Society of Civil Engineers, member of the U.S. Committee on Large Dams and National Trails Council, Vice-President and member of the National Water Safety Congress. Other than professional organizations he was a member of the Board of Associates of Arkansas College; Advisory Board of Foothills Vocational Tech School; Official Board of First United Methodist Church of Heber Springs; and the building committee and service on the Board of Governors for Cleburne County Hospital.

During Carl Garner's more than 57 years of service to the Corps of Engineers in Arkansas, he headed preparations for the dedication of Greers Ferry Dam by President John F. Kennedy and introduced many families to the outdoors.

The William Carl Garner Visitor Center was named after him and is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Visitor Center for Greers Ferry Lake. The center is located on Highway 25 North just west of Greers Ferry Dam near Heber Springs, Arkansas.

He died July 6, 2014, in White County Medical Center in Searcy, White County, Arkansas. He was buried July 2014 in Cleburne County Memorial Gardens in Heber Springs, Cleburne County, Arkansas.

title: Carl Garner


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Data dredging

Data dredging (also known as data snooping or p-hacking) is the misuse of data analysis to find patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant, thus dramatically increasing and understating the risk of false positives. This is done by performing many statistical tests on the data and only reporting those that come back with significant results.

The process of data dredging involves testing multiple hypotheses using a single data set by exhaustively searching—perhaps for combinations of variables that might show a correlation, and perhaps for groups of cases or observations that show differences in their mean or in their breakdown by some other variable.

Conventional tests of statistical significance are based on the probability that a particular result would arise if chance alone were at work, and necessarily accept some risk of mistaken conclusions of a certain type (mistaken rejections of the null hypothesis). This level of risk is called the significance. When large numbers of tests are performed, some produce false results of this type; hence 5% of randomly chosen hypotheses might be (erroneously) reported to be statistically significant at the 5% significance level, 1% might be (erroneously) reported to be statistically significant at the 1% significance level, and so on, by chance alone. When enough hypotheses are tested, it is virtually certain that some will be reported to be statistically significant (even though this is misleading), since almost every data set with any degree of randomness is likely to contain (for example) some spurious correlations. If they are not cautious, researchers using data mining techniques can be easily misled by these results. The term p-hacking (in reference to p-values) was coined in a 2014 paper by the three researchers behind the blog Data Colada, which has been focusing on uncovering such problems in social sciences research.

Data dredging is an example of disregarding the multiple comparisons problem. One form is when subgroups are compared without alerting the reader to the total number of subgroup comparisons examined.

Drawing conclusions from data
The conventional statistical hypothesis testing procedure using frequentist probability is to formulate a research hypothesis, such as "people in higher social classes live longer", then collect relevant data. Lastly, a statistical significance test is carried out to see how likely the results are by chance alone (also called testing against the null hypothesis).

A key point in proper statistical analysis is to test a hypothesis with evidence (data) that was not used in constructing the hypothesis. This is critical because every data set contains some patterns due entirely to chance. If the hypothesis is not tested on a different data set from the same statistical population, it is impossible to assess the likelihood that chance alone would produce such patterns.

For example, flipping a coin five times with a result of 2 heads and 3 tails might lead one to hypothesize that the coin favors tails by 3/5 to 2/5. If this hypothesis is then tested on the existing data set, it is confirmed, but the confirmation is meaningless. The proper procedure would have been to form in advance a hypothesis of what the tails probability is, and then throw the coin various times to see if the hypothesis is rejected or not. If three tails and two heads are observed, another hypothesis, that the tails probability is 3/5, could be formed, but it could only be tested by a new set of coin tosses. The statistical significance under the incorrect procedure is completely spurious—significance tests do not protect against data dredging.

Hypothesis suggested by non-representative data
Suppose that a study of a random sample of people includes exactly two people with a birthday of August 7: Mary and John. Someone engaged in data dredging might try to find additional similarities between Mary and John. By going through hundreds or thousands of potential similarities between the two, each having a low probability of being true, an unusual similarity can almost certainly be found. Perhaps John and Mary are the only two people in the study who switched minors three times in college. A hypothesis, biased by data dredging, could then be "people born on August 7 have a much higher chance of switching minors more than twice in college."

The data itself taken out of context might be seen as strongly supporting that correlation, since no one with a different birthday had switched minors three times in college. However, if (as is likely) this is a spurious hypothesis, this result will most likely not be reproducible; any attempt to check if others with an August 7 birthday have a similar rate of changing minors will most likely get contradictory results almost immediately.

Systematic bias
Bias is a systematic error in the analysis. For example, doctors directed HIV patients at high cardiovascular risk to a particular HIV treatment, abacavir, and lower-risk patients to other drugs, preventing a simple assessment of abacavir compared to other treatments. An analysis that did not correct for this bias unfairly penalized abacavir, since its patients were more high-risk so more of them had heart attacks. This problem can be very severe, for example, in the observational study.

Missing factors, unmeasured confounders, and loss to follow-up can also lead to bias. By selecting papers with significant p-values, negative studies are selected against, which is publication bias. This is also known as file drawer bias, because less significant p-value results are left in the file drawer and never published.

Multiple modelling
Another aspect of the conditioning of statistical tests by knowledge of the data can be seen while using the A crucial step in the process is to decide which covariates to include in a relationship explaining one or more other variables. There are both statistical (see stepwise regression) and substantive considerations that lead the authors to favor some of their models over others, and there is a liberal use of statistical tests. However, to discard one or more variables from an explanatory relation on the basis of the data means one cannot validly apply standard statistical procedures to the retained variables in the relation as though nothing had happened. In the nature of the case, the retained variables have had to pass some kind of preliminary test (possibly an imprecise intuitive one) that the discarded variables failed. In 1966, Selvin and Stuart compared variables retained in the model to the fish that don't fall through the net—in the sense that their effects are bound to be bigger than those that do fall through the net. Not only does this alter the performance of all subsequent tests on the retained explanatory model, but it may also introduce bias and alter mean square error in estimation.

In meteorology and epidemiology
In meteorology, hypotheses are often formulated using weather data up to the present and tested against future weather data, which ensures that, even subconsciously, future data could not influence the formulation of the hypothesis. Of course, such a discipline necessitates waiting for new data to come in, to show the formulated theory's predictive power versus the null hypothesis. This process ensures that no one can accuse the researcher of hand-tailoring the predictive model to the data on hand, since the upcoming weather is not yet available.

As another example, suppose that observers note that a particular town appears to have a cancer cluster, but lack a firm hypothesis of why this is so. However, they have access to a large amount of demographic data about the town and surrounding area, containing measurements for the area of hundreds or thousands of different variables, mostly uncorrelated. Even if all these variables are independent of the cancer incidence rate, it is highly likely that at least one variable correlates significantly with the cancer rate across the area. While this may suggest a hypothesis, further testing using the same variables but with data from a different location is needed to confirm. Note that a p-value of 0.01 suggests that 1% of the time a result at least that extreme would be obtained by chance; if hundreds or thousands of hypotheses (with mutually relatively uncorrelated independent variables) are tested, then one is likely to obtain a p-value less than 0.01 for many null hypotheses.

In sociology
Another way to flatten a p-curve is to control for gender. An analysis by Simonsohn et. al. of a study by Bruns and Ioannidis (2016) demonstrates this, as when Bruns and Ioannidis dropped the gender control, this also dropped the reported t-value from 9.29 to 0.88, showing a non-causal effect where a causal one was previously recorded (3). This is an important finding because t-values are inversely proportional to p-values, meaning higher t-values (above 2.8) indicate lower p-values. By controlling for gender, one can artificially inflate the t-value, thus artificially deflating the p-value as well.

Appearance in media
One example is the chocolate weight loss hoax study conducted by journalist John Bohannon, who explained publicly in a Gizmodo article that the study was deliberately conducted fraudulently as a social experiment. This study was widespread in many media outlets around 2015, with many people believing the claim that eating a chocolate bar every day would cause them to lose weight, against their better judgement. This study was published in the Institute of Diet and Health. According to Bohannon, to reduce the p-value to below 0.05, taking 18 different variables into consideration when testing was crucial.

Remedies
While looking for patterns in data is legitimate, applying a statistical test of significance or hypothesis test to the same data until a pattern emerges is prone to abuse. One way to construct hypotheses while avoiding data dredging is to conduct randomized out-of-sample tests. The researcher collects a data set, then randomly partitions it into two subsets, A and B. Only one subset—say, subset A—is examined for creating hypotheses. Once a hypothesis is formulated, it must be tested on subset B, which was not used to construct the hypothesis. Only where B also supports such a hypothesis is it reasonable to believe the hypothesis might be valid. (This is a simple type of cross-validation and is often termed training-test or split-half validation.)

Another remedy for data dredging is to record the number of all significance tests conducted during the study and simply divide one's criterion for significance (alpha) by this number; this is the Bonferroni correction. However, this is a very conservative metric. A family-wise alpha of 0.05, divided in this way by 1,000 to account for 1,000 significance tests, yields a very stringent per-hypothesis alpha of 0.00005. Methods particularly useful in analysis of variance, and in constructing simultaneous confidence bands for regressions involving basis functions are Scheffé's method and, if the researcher has in mind only pairwise comparisons, the Tukey method. To avoid the extreme conservativeness of the Bonferroni correction, more sophisticated selective inference methods are available. The most common selective inference method is the use of Benjamini and Hochberg's false discovery rate controlling procedure: it is a less conservative approach that has become a popular method for control of multiple hypothesis tests.

When neither approach is practical, one can make a clear distinction between data analyses that are confirmatory and analyses that are exploratory. Statistical inference is appropriate only for the former.

Ultimately, the statistical significance of a test and the statistical confidence of a finding are joint properties of data and the method used to examine the data. Thus, if someone says that a certain event has probability of 20% ± 2% 19 times out of 20, this means that if the probability of the event is estimated by the same method used to obtain the 20% estimate, the result is between 18% and 22% with probability 0.95. No claim of statistical significance can be made by only looking, without due regard to the method used to assess the data.

Academic journals increasingly shift to the registered report format, which aims to counteract very serious issues such as data dredging and HARKing, which have made theory-testing research very unreliable. For example, Nature Human Behaviour has adopted the registered report format, as it "shift[s] the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them". The European Journal of Personality defines this format as follows: "In a registered report, authors create a study proposal that includes theoretical and empirical background, research questions/hypotheses, and pilot data (if available). Upon submission, this proposal will then be reviewed prior to data collection, and if accepted, the paper resulting from this peer-reviewed procedure will be published, regardless of the study outcomes."

Methods and results can also be made publicly available, as in the open science approach, making it yet more difficult for data dredging to take place.

title: Data dredging


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Mackenzie

Mackenzie, Mckenzie, MacKenzie, or McKenzie may refer to:

People

 * Mackenzie (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name)
 * Mackenzie (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name)
 * Clan Mackenzie, a Scottish clan

Australia

 * Mackenzie, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane
 * Mackenzie, Queensland (Central Highlands), a locality in the Central Highlands Region
 * Lake McKenzie, a perched lake in Queensland

Canada

 * Mackenzie (provincial electoral district), a former constituency in British Columbia
 * Mackenzie, British Columbia, near Williston Lake in east central British Columbia
 * Mackenzie, Ontario, on Thunder Bay in west central Ontario
 * Mackenzie Mountains, a mountain range in northern Canada
 * District of Mackenzie, a former administrative district of Canada's Northwest Territories

Alberta
 * Mackenzie County, a specialized municipality in northwestern Alberta
 * Mackenzie Highway, in Alberta
 * McKenzie Lake, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta
 * McKenzie Towne, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta

Iraq

 * Mackenzie Library located on al-Rasheed Street, Baghdad

United States

 * McKenzie, Alabama
 * McKenzie, Maryland
 * Mackenzie, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis
 * McKenzie, North Dakota, an unincorporated community in Burleigh County
 * McKenzie, Tennessee
 * McKenzie County, North Dakota
 * Glacial Lake McKenzie, in North Dakota
 * Point MacKenzie, Alaska, a census-designated place in Matanuska-Susitna Borough

Guyana

 * Mackenzie, Guyana, a township of Linden, Guyana

Bodies of water

 * MacKenzie Bay, Antarctica
 * Mackenzie Bay, Canada, Northwest Territories/Yukon, Canada
 * Mackenzie Bay, Greenland
 * Mackenzie River (disambiguation)
 * McKenzie River (disambiguation)

Bodies of land

 * Mackenzie Basin, a central South Island of New Zealand
 * Mackenzie Island (Eilean Mhic Coinnich), Scotland
 * Mackenzie Island (Western Australia), an island of Western Australia
 * Mackenzie King Island, Queen Elizabeth Islands, Northwest Territories/Nunavut, Canada (named for the Mackenzie King families of William Lyon Mackenzie King)
 * Mackenzie Mountains, southeast Northwest Territories, Canada
 * Mackenzie Peninsula, South Orkney Islands

Geo-political

 * District of Mackenzie, a former Canadian administrative district
 * Mackenzie District, a political district in South Island, New Zealand
 * Mackenzie (federal electoral district), a former Canadian federal electoral district in Saskatchewan
 * Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, an oil pipeline impact inquiry committee
 * Powell River-Sunshine Coast, a Canadian provincial electoral district in British Columbia, called "Mackenzie" from 1924 to 1991

Dogs

 * Mackenzie River husky, bred for pulling freight in the Arctic
 * Spuds MacKenzie, Budweiser mascot (fictional character)
 * Mackenzie, a fictional border collie character from the 2018 Australian animated television series Bluey

Education

 * Mackenzie High School (disambiguation)
 * McKenzie College (disambiguation)
 * Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, a private university in São Paulo, Brazil
 * William Lyon Mackenzie Collegiate Institute, a public secondary school in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Bishop Mackenzie International School, a private international school in Lilongwe, Malawi

Geology

 * Mackenzie dike swarm, in the western Canadian Shield
 * Mackenzie hotspot, in northern Canada

Legal

 * Baker McKenzie, law firm based in the US
 * McKenzie friend, a British legal term

Music

 * "Sgt. MacKenzie", a 2000 lament written by Joseph Kilna MacKenzie
 * A 'Father McKenzie' features in the well-known Beatles' song "Eleanor Rigby"
 * Jenson McKenzie, a German rock band

Sports

 * Associação Atlética Mackenzie College, a defunct Brazilian association football club
 * Mackenzie Esporte Clube, a recreational, cultural and sports club from Belo Horizonte, Brazil
 * Mack Hansen, Irish/Australian rugby player who plays international for Ireland and for Connacht at club level

Other uses

 * McKenzie & Co, a 1995 video game
 * USS MacKenzie, several ships

title: Mackenzie