text:
LHCb experiment

The LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) experiment is a particle physics detector experiment collecting data at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. LHCb is a specialized b-physics experiment, designed primarily to measure the parameters of CP violation in the interactions of b-hadrons (heavy particles containing a bottom quark). Such studies can help to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. The detector is also able to perform measurements of production cross sections, exotic hadron spectroscopy, charm physics and electroweak physics in the forward region. The LHCb collaborators, who built, operate and analyse data from the experiment, are composed of approximately 1650 people from 98 scientific institutes, representing 22 countries. Vincenzo Vagnoni succeeded on July 1, 2023 as spokesperson for the collaboration from Chris Parkes (spokesperson 2020–2023). The experiment is located at point 8 on the LHC tunnel close to Ferney-Voltaire, France just over the border from Geneva. The (small) MoEDAL experiment shares the same cavern.

Physics goals
The experiment has wide physics program covering many important aspects of heavy flavour (both beauty and charm), electroweak and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) physics. Six key measurements have been identified involving B mesons. These are described in a roadmap document that formed the core physics programme for the first high energy LHC running in 2010–2012. They include:
 * Measuring the branching ratio of the rare Bs → μ+ μ− decay.
 * Measuring the forward-backward asymmetry of the muon pair in the flavour-changing neutral current Bd → K* μ+ μ− decay. Such a flavour changing neutral current cannot occur at tree-level in the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and only occurs through box and loop Feynman diagrams; properties of the decay can be strongly modified by new physics.
 * Measuring the CP violating phase in the decay Bs → J/ψ φ, caused by interference between the decays with and without Bs oscillations. This phase is one of the CP observables with the smallest theoretical uncertainty in the Standard Model, and can be significantly modified by new physics.
 * Measuring properties of radiative B decays, i.e. B meson decays with photons in the final states. Specifically, these are again flavour-changing neutral current decays.
 * Tree-level determination of the unitarity triangle angle γ.
 * Charmless charged two-body B decays.

The LHCb detector
The fact that the two b-hadrons are predominantly produced in the same forward cone is exploited in the layout of the LHCb detector. The LHCb detector is a single arm forward spectrometer with a polar angular coverage from 10 to 300 milliradians (mrad) in the horizontal and 250 mrad in the vertical plane. The asymmetry between the horizontal and vertical plane is determined by a large dipole magnet with the main field component in the vertical direction.

Subsystems
The Vertex Locator (VELO) is built around the proton interaction region. It is used to measure the particle trajectories close to the interaction point in order to precisely separate primary and secondary vertices.

The detector operates at 7 mm from the LHC beam. This implies an enormous flux of particles; VELO has been designed to withstand integrated fluences of more than 1014 p/cm2 per year for a period of about three years. The detector operates in vacuum and is cooled to approximately -25 C using a biphase CO2 system. The data of the VELO detector are amplified and read out by the Beetle ASIC.

The RICH-1 detector (Ring imaging Cherenkov detector) is located directly after the vertex detector. It is used for particle identification of low-momentum tracks.

The main tracking system is placed before and after the dipole magnet. It is used to reconstruct the trajectories of charged particles and to measure their momenta. The tracker consists of three subdetectors:

Following the tracking system is RICH-2. It allows the identification of the particle type of high-momentum tracks.
 * The Tracker Turicensis, a silicon strip detector located before the LHCb dipole magnet
 * The Outer Tracker. A straw-tube based detector located after the dipole magnet covering the outer part of the detector acceptance
 * The Inner Tracker, silicon strip based detector located after the dipole magnet covering the inner part of the detector acceptance

The electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters provide measurements of the energy of electrons, photons, and hadrons. These measurements are used at trigger level to identify the particles with large transverse momentum (high-Pt particles).

The muon system is used to identify and trigger on muons in the events.

LHCb upgrade (2019–2021)
At the end of 2018, the LHC was shut down for upgrades, with a restart currently planned for early 2022. For the LHCb detector, almost all subdetectors are to be modernised or replaced. It will get a fully new tracking system composed of a modernised vertex locator, upstream tracker (UT) and scintillator fibre tracker (SciFi). The RICH detectors will also be updated, as well as the whole detector electronics. However, the most important change is the switch to the fully software trigger of the experiment, which means that every recorded collision will be analysed by sophisticated software programmes without an intermediate hardware filtering step (which was found to be a bottleneck in the past).

Results
During the 2011 proton-proton run, LHCb recorded an integrated luminosity of 1 fb−1 at a collision energy of 7 TeV. In 2012, about 2 fb−1 was collected at an energy of 8 TeV. During 2015–2018 (Run 2 of the LHC), about 6 fb−1 was collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. In addition, small samples were collected in proton-lead, lead-lead, and xenon-xenon collisions. The LHCb design also allowed the study of collisions of particle beams with a gas (helium or neon) injected inside the VELO volume, making it similar to a fixed-target experiment; this setup is usually referred to as "SMOG". These datasets allow the collaboration to carry out the physics programme of precision Standard Model tests with many additional measurements. As of 2021, LHCb has published more than 500 scientific papers.

Hadron spectroscopy
LHCb is designed to study beauty and charm hadrons. In addition to precision studies of the known particles such as mysterious X(3872), a number of new hadrons have been discovered by the experiment. As of 2021, all four LHC experiments have discovered about 60 new hadrons in total, vast majority of which by LHCb. In 2015, analysis of the decay of bottom lambda baryons (Λ$0 b$) in the LHCb experiment revealed the apparent existence of pentaquarks, in what was described as an "accidental" discovery. Other notable discoveries are those of the "doubly charmed" baryon $$\Xi_{\rm cc}^{++}$$ in 2017, being a first known baryon with two heavy quarks; and of the fully-charmed tetraquark $$\mathrm{T}_{\rm cccc}$$ in 2020, made of two charm quarks and two charm antiquarks.

CP violation and mixing
Studies of charge-parity (CP) violation in B-meson decays is the primary design goal of the LHCb experiment. As of 2021, LHCb measurements confirm with a remarkable precision the picture described by the CKM unitarity triangle. The angle $$\gamma \, \,(\alpha_3)$$ of the unitarity triangle is now known to about 4°, and is in agreement with indirect determinations.

In 2019, LHCb announced discovery of CP violation in decays of charm mesons. This is the first time CP violation is seen in decays of particles other than kaons or B mesons. The rate of the observed CP asymmetry is at the upper edge of existing theoretical predictions, which triggered some interest among particle theorists regarding possible impact of physics beyond the Standard Model.

In 2020, LHCb announced discovery of time-dependent CP violation in decays of Bs mesons. The oscillation frequency of Bs mesons to its antiparticle and vice versa was measured to a great precision in 2021.

Rare decays
Rare decays are the decay modes harshly suppressed in the Standard Model, which makes them sensitive to potential effects from yet unknown physics mechanisms.

In 2014, LHCb and CMS experiments published a joint paper in Nature announcing the discovery of the very rare decay $$\mathrm{B}^0_{\rm s} \to \mu^+\mu^-$$, rate of which was found close to the Standard Model predictions. This measurement has harshly limited the possible parameter space of supersymmetry theories, which have predicted a large enhancement in rate. Since then, LHCb has published several papers with more precise measurements in this decay mode.

Anomalies were found in several rare decays of B mesons. The most famous example in the so-called $$\mathrm{P}_5^'$$ angular observable was found in the decay $$\mathrm{B}^0 \to \mathrm{K}^{*0} \mu^+\mu^-$$, where the deviation between the data and theoretical prediction has persisted for years. The decay rates of several rare decays also differ from the theoretical predictions, though the latter have sizeable uncertainties.

Lepton flavour universality
In the Standard Model, couplings of charged leptons (electron, muon and tau lepton) to the gauge bosons are expected to be identical, with the only difference emerging from the lepton masses. This postulate is referred to as "lepton flavour universality". As a consequence, in decays of b hadrons, electrons and muons should be produced at similar rates, and the small difference due to the lepton masses is precisely calculable.

LHCb has found deviations from this predictions by comparing the rate of the decay $$\mathrm{B}^+ \to \mathrm{K}^+ \mu^+ \mu^-$$ to that of $$\mathrm{B}^+ \to \mathrm{K}^+ \mathrm{e}^+ \mathrm{e}^-$$, and in similar processes. However, as the decays in question are very rare, a larger dataset needs to be analysed in order to make definitive conclusions.

In March 2021, LHCb announced that the anomaly in lepton universality crossed the "3 sigma" statistical significance threshold, which translates to a p-value of 0.1%. The measured value of $$R_{\rm K} = \frac{\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^+ \to \mathrm{K}^+ \mu^+\mu^-)}{\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{B}^+ \to \mathrm{K}^+ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-)}$$, where symbol $$\mathcal{B}$$ denotes probability of a given decay to happen, was found to be $$0.846^{+0.044}_{-0.041}$$ while the Standard Model predicts it to be very close to unity. In December 2022 improved measurements discarded this anomaly.

In August 2023 joined searches in leptonic decays $$b\rightarrow s\ell^+\ell^-$$ by the LHCb and semileptonic decays $$b\rightarrow s\ell\nu$$ by Belle II (with $$\ell=e,\mu$$) set new limits for universality violations.

Other measurements
LHCb has contributed to studies of quantum chromodynamics, electroweak physics, and provided cross-section measurements for astroparticle physics.

title: LHCb experiment


text:
Filiași

Filiași is a town in Dolj County, Oltenia, Romania, on the river Jiu. The town administers six villages: Almăjel, Bâlta, Braniște, Fratoștița, Răcarii de Sus, and Uscăci.

Natives

 * Bianca Curmenț (born 1997), handball player
 * Ștefan Nanu (born 1968), footballer
 * Irinel Popescu (born 1953), surgeon
 * Laurențiu Popescu (born 1997), footballer
 * Daniel Rogoveanu (born 1995), footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Filiași


text:
Margarete Rabe

Margarete Maria Rabe (born 2 October 1923) was a guard at two concentration camps from November 1944 until April 1945.

In 1944, Rabe applied to the Neustadt camp office at Neustadt-Glewe to be a guard, and was stationed at Ravensbrück concentration camp on 7 November 1944. She immediately began mistreating the female prisoners there, and was infamous in the camp for her brutality. In late November or early December 1944, Rabe was one of several guards to be posted to the Uckermark camp under Ruth Closius. There the young SS Aufseherin helped select women and children for the gas chambers, and also took part in murders and torture (one survivor commented that the SS women in Uckermark were the most brutal of any in the Ravensbrück complex). In April 1945, Rabe fled the Uckermark camp.

At the third Ravensbrück Trial in April 1948, the British court handed her a sentence of life imprisonment. It was estimated that she had selected 3,000 female prisoners for the gas chamber and other execution methods. Rabe was released from prison on 26 February 1954, having served five years and ten months in confinement.

title: Margarete Rabe


text:
BMW M67

The BMW M67 is an automobile diesel engine, used in the BMW 7 Series. It was first introduced in 1998, and used until 2009. The engine is a common rail turbodiesel V8 design, using double overhead camshafts and 32 valves. It is the first luxury car application of a bi-turbo diesel intercooled V8 engine. The 3.9-litre iteration won the "3-4 L" category of the International Engine of the Year award in 1999 and again in 2000. It was replaced by the 6-cylinder N57 engine.

M67D40
The M67D40 was introduced in 1998.

Applications:
 * 175 kW at 4000 rpm, 560 Nm at 2000 rpm, with a 4700 rpm redline.
 * 1998-2000 E38 740d
 * 180 kW at 4000 rpm, 560 Nm at 1750-2500 rpm, with a 4700 rpm redline.
 * 1999 Z9 concept
 * 2000-2001 E38 740d

M67TUD40
The M67TUD40 was introduced in 2002. M67TUD40 is also known as M67TUD39.

Applications:
 * 190 kW at 4000 rpm, 600 Nm at 1900-2500 rpm, with a 4700 rpm redline.
 * 2002-2005 E65 740d.
 * 2004 Siemens DuoCombino tram

M67D44
The M67D44 was introduced in 2005.

Applications:
 * 221 kW at 4000 rpm, 700 Nm at 1750-2500 rpm, with a 4700 rpm redline.
 * 2005-2006 E65 LCI (facelift) 745d.

M67TUD44
The M67TUD44 was introduced in 2006.

Applications: 243 kW at 4000 rpm, 750 Nm at 1900-2500 rpm, with a 4700 rpm redline.
 * 2006-2009 E65 LCI (facelift) 745d.

title: BMW M67


text:
Talk:Batgirl

Archives
Because of their length, the previous discussions on this page have been archived. If further archiving is needed, see How to archive a talk page.

Previous discussions:
 * Archive 1 2004 - August 2005

Oracle
I've reverted the merge of Oracle to Batgirl. This was done with no consensus by an anon and breaks the mold established by characters alter egos, such as Robin and Spoiler, being kept seperate.Gateman1997 21:20, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Barbara Gordon
We purposely keep them seperated out to make differentiating between the Batgirls easier.Gateman1997 22:24, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Separate page for Betty Kane?
I was wondering if the first Bat-Girl should have a separate page, since now all the other Batgirls do as well. It would also make links easier -- currently the Batwoman and Flamebird pages need to link using the awkward syntax of Bat-Girl.

But I figured I should ask first, since perhaps this idea has been debated and rejected in the past. - Lawrence King 04:36, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Spinning her off into her own 'main article' (as done with the other Batgirls) doesn't seem amiss, though I'd think she'd need a bit of a beefier article. As it stands, she'd be a stub.  Why not make a Betty Kane to redirect to Batgirl for now, and then if you can make it a decent article, un-redirect later? -- Ipstenu 15:59, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Why does the "Betty Kane" page redirect here, when there is an entire article dedicated to Betty Kane at Flamebird?

 * This article has both her Bat-Girl and Flamebird history. Tigrahawk 04:24, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Recently, I split her off into Bette Kane and am in the process of correcting the redirects. Feel free to add or correct information. ACS (Wikipedian); Talk to the Ace. See what I've edited. 22:11, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Yvonne Craig's costume
Hey everyone. I happened across this page kinda by accident and was reminded of an interview I read many years ago in Cinefantastique magazine regarding Ms. Craig's time as Batgirl. Supposedly, the nature of her costume made it impossible for her to sit down between takes, or else the entire thing would become bunched up and crumpled. Has anyone else out there heard this story? I will try to find the issue where the interview is printed, but I thought I would ask. I think that's a fairly neat little piece of trivia regarding that portrayl of the character. I don't know much about the character but this article is pretty informative. Thanks for listening. Ljacone

Small quibble over introduction word
I find myself wondering why the word 'classic' belongs in this sentence: "However, in the classic 1988 one shot The Killing Joke, The Joker shot her in the spine, leaving her paraplegic; she later reinvented herself as Oracle, the premiere information broker of the DC’s superhero community."

It seems a vague, possibly subjective, and at any rate unencyclopedic note to hit. Does anyone agree or disagree?

LaPrecieuse 02:40, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

As much as I hate "The Killing Joke" as a comic, it is indeed considered a classic my comic-book collectors and fans. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.78.163.63 (talk) 16:12, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Fictional librarian category?
Do we want to add this category on this page? It is on the Barbara Gordon page now, and I know that the other characters to be Batgirl were not librarians, but I don't think it would be inappropriate here as well. Comments?

KConWiki 13:23, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Moving this to the bottom of the page ... No. If there's a shared page, and no spinoffs, then it would be appropriate, but in this case, it's more applicable on Babs' page alone. -- Ipstenu ( talk | contribs ) 13:52, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Just had my addition of the category Fictional librarians removed and replaced with just the category Librarian which doesn't make sense. I.e., if not all Batgirls were librarians and it's not copacetic to add the fictional category, then the non-fictional category makes even less sense. In any case, I posit that since at least one incarnation of Batgirl (Barbara Gordon) is a librarian that the category makes sense for both articles. The point of categorization in this case is as an appropriate entry point to relevant articles. By NOT putting this article in the category Category:Fictional librarians wikipedia users browsing that category will see Barbara Gordon listed, but NOT Batgirl. That then requires them to already know that Barbara Gordon is Batgirl before they ever read that article. Similarly, since not all versions of Batgirl are sidekicks, THAT category should be removed for consistency. My point here is that you can have consistency (remove all categories that aren't universal to all incarnations of Batgirl - something I don't favor), or you can have utility (people looking for fictional librarians will find BOTH Batgirl and Barbara Gordon).

 * Besides, in library land, everyone knows Batgirl was a librarian. Comments? -- Quartermaster (talk) 13:15, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Yup, at least some stories, and the 1960s show, have Barbara Gordon employed as a librarian. But only that character, not the other 4 that branch off of this dab page. The cats for this article should be limited to those that apply to all 5 characters. That means that the following (based on current cats) are valid:
 * DC Comics superheroes
 * DC Comics titles
 * American comics characters
 * Fictional vigilantes
 * These should not be here since they are not shared across the board:
 * Comic book sidekicks (Misfit has not really been a sidekick)
 * DC Comics martial artists (Misfit, again)
 * Fictional detectives (Only covers Barbara, may cover Helena and Cass)
 * And just for clarity, the individual articles have:
 * Barbara
 * American comics characters
 * Comic book sidekicks
 * DC Comics superheroes
 * DC Comics martial artists
 * Fictional adoptees
 * Fictional Americans
 * Fictional characters with eidetic memory
 * Fictional characters with spinal disabilities
 * Fictional detectives
 * Fictional hackers
 * Fictional lawyers
 * Fictional librarians
 * Fictional orphans
 * Fictional politicians
 * Fictional technopaths
 * Fictional United States Representatives
 * Fictional vigilantes (Should be added)
 * Bette
 * American comics characters
 * Fictional Americans
 * Child superheroes
 * Comic book sidekicks
 * DC Comics martial artists
 * DC Comics superheroes
 * Fictional characters from California
 * Fictional gymnasts
 * Fictional tennis players
 * Fictional vigilantes (Should be added)
 * Helena
 * Catholic comic book characters
 * DC Comics superheroes
 * DC Comics martial artists
 * Fictional Italian-Americans (covers "American comics characters")
 * Fictional orphans
 * Fictional schoolteachers
 * Fictional vigilantes
 * Fictional child molestation victims
 * Cassandra
 * Asian superheroes
 * Comic book sidekicks
 * DC Comics martial artists
 * DC Comics superheroes
 * Fictional Asian Americans (covers "American comics characters")
 * Fictional assassins
 * Fictional Eurasians
 * Fictional vigilantes (Should be added)
 * Misfit
 * American comics characters
 * DC Comics characters who can teleport
 * DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
 * DC Comics metahumans
 * DC Comics superheroes
 * DC Comics characters with accelerated healing
 * Fictional orphans
 * Fictional vigilantes (Should be added)
 * - J Greb (talk) 15:15, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. I've gone ahead and deleted the erroneous categories from the article. -- Quartermaster (talk) 20:25, 27 April 2008 (UTC)

SEPT 07- Proposed merger
Since Barbara Gordon is the only Batgirl to have been adapted into other media, I suggest having "Batgirl in other media" reduced to a single paragraph and redirect to Barbara_Gordon#Adaptations_into_other_Media Bookkeeperoftheoccult 05:31, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I can see having it compressed and adding the link. (And is there a main style link for a specific section?) But the section here may run slightly more than just 1 paragraph, no sub-heads though, definitely no sub-heads. - J Greb 06:22, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * PROPOSED REVISION:

Barbara Gordon's incarnation as Batgirl has become one of DC Comic's most recognizable female superhero icons. To date, Gordon's version of Batgirl has been adapted into all media relating to the Batman franchise including merchandise, television, animation and feature film. Notable adaptations of Batgirl include:

 * Batman: The Barbara Gordon Batgirl appeared in the final season of the live-action Batman television series in 1967, the same year as her comic-book debut. In fact, she was created in cooperation with the show's producers, who wanted a female character who could be added to the show's regular cast.

 * Birds of Prey: The short-lived Birds of Prey television series (2002) featured a paralyzed Barbara Gordon (Dina Meyer) donning her Batgirl costume both in flashback sequences and in the present, thanks to a device that allows her to walk.

 * Batman with Robin the Boy Wonder: Batgirl made her first animated appearance in 1968, turning up in a handful of episodes of the animated Filmation series The Batman/Superman Hour and voiced by Jane Webb. The character was voiced by Melendy Britt in the 1977 animated series entitled The New Adventures of Batman.

 * Batman: The Animated Series: More recently, Barbara Gordon was a recurring character in Batman: The Animated Series, voiced by Melissa Gilbert, and later in the follow-up series The New Batman Adventures, by Tara Strong. In the animated series, she originally adopted the Batgirl identity to help her father when he was framed by Two-Face.

 * The Batman:A young Barbara Gordon assumed the role of Batgirl in the third season of The Batman, voiced by Danielle Judovits. In that series, Barbara was close friends with the teenaged eco-terrorist Pamela Isley, who became transformed into Poison Ivy in the same two-part special that introduced Batgirl.

 * Batman & Robin: The Barbara Gordon version of Batgirl was the inspiration for the character Barbara Wilson that was portrayed by actress Alicia Silverstone in the 1997 movie Batman & Robin. This Batgirl was similar in many ways to Barbara Gordon, but James Gordon's relatively small role in the films contributed to the differences. The film also provided her with her own transport in the form of the Batblade.

 * All other information would be deleted since it is all mentioned in Barbara Godrdon's article.Bookkeeperoftheoccult 08:50, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

BARBARA GORDON'S ROLE IN BATMAN BEYOND
I really don't believe why is not mentioned the participation of Barbara Gordon in Batman Beyond. Please check the Batman Beyond article in Wikipedia, there she is mentioned. Don't you think is a discrepancy not to talk about that here too? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.134.69.125 (talk) 17:38, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Barbara Gordon was not Batgirl in Batman Beyond. She was Police commissioner of Gotham City. Therefore her appearances in the series are not mentioned in this article which focuses on use of the Batgirl character. Her role in Batman Beyond should be mentioned in the Barbara Gordon article under the Animation subsection.Bookkeeperoftheoccult (talk) 01:35, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Barbara from Batman TAS.
In Batman the Animated Animated Series, didn't she die when the Scarecrow pushed her off a skyscraper? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.161.122.193 (talk) 13:00, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The episode you're referring to is "Over the Edge" from The New Batman Adventures. The end of the episode reveals Barbara had been dreaming due to being gassed by the Scarecrow. She was never really killed. Bookkeeperoftheoccult (talk) 21:29, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

GA pass
At first I was taken aback by the odd organization of the article. It talks about everything from a historical perspective, rather than having an "origins" section and an "abilities" section and a "reception" section. But as I read it I realized it covers all of those things very well. Great job. Wrad (talk) 01:46, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Endash and Emdash
There are problems with the use of dashes in the article. Graham Colm Talk 10:14, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Collected Edition listing?
I noticed that this main Batgirl page doesn't list any collected editions, but the article 'Cassandra Cain' does... to me, this seems really counter-intuitive and kind of backwards. Wouldn't it be better to show the Batgirl TPBs on the Batgirl article itself? 94.168.72.144 (talk) 17:10, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Merger
I was thinking that due to the Batgirl merger we could have the publication history have the Volume one and two from the merging article replace Cassandra Cain and Stephanie Brown. Volume One for Cain and Two for Brown. We will keep any existing infromation and add the new one and add the collected editions into this article. Or we could have volume one and two int the publication page with the collected editions and have the characters in their own section. --Schmeater (talk) 00:39, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Claimants?
Helena Bertinelli belongs in the same category as Betty Kane, Barbara Gordon, Cassandra Cain, and Stephanie Brown as an officially recognized Batgirl. Though her tenure as Batgirl was intended as temporary, she was a Batgirl officially sanctioned by Batman and was heavily promoted by DC at the time as a new Batgirl.

Charlotte Gage-Radcliffe falls into a separate category and, I would argue, does not even deserve a mention in this article. She is in the same league of Batgirl imposters as Harley Quinn briefly posing as Batgirl, Dick Grayson dressing in drag as Batgirl as a decoy (in Batgirl: Year One), Clayface pretending to be Batgirl (in Supergirl #19), etc.

What is the consensus? If no objections are raised, I intend to edit the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BlackburnianW (talk • contribs) 21:37, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

non sequitur martil artist - sex object
history in comics of being portrayed as martial artists, and as a result, are often exploited as sex objects. - this seems a non-sequitur. What has being a martial artist got to do with being exploited as a sex object??? many male martial artists are in comic books are they also so exploited? What makes sexual exploitation of women anything to do with if they are martial artists or not??? at present this does not follow logically. Perhaps someone who knows the genre better can calrify. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.165.130.52 (talk) 18:41, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

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Batboy link
There's redirect link at the very top of the article to Batboy. This article is for Batgirl, not "Batboy". I believe the redirect link should be removed, since it's irrelevant. If the character was named Batboy, then it would stand to reason that a redirect link should be present. DrRC (talk) 21:01, 2 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The first line in Batboy states that an alternate name is Batgirl when the subject is female, and should thus a hat should be provided given that "batgirl" is an actual term. 93 22:10, 5 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Since batgirl is a female form of batboy:
 * Wiktionary
 * OED: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/batgirl
 * Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bat%20girl
 * and, in the same way that Actress redirects to Actor, people searching for a female version of "batboy" should be provided the link. 93 22:19, 5 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Consistency and Accuracy
I'll just leave these here. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batwoman_(Kathy_Kane) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Kane#Pre-Crisis

title: Talk:Batgirl


text:
Youngblood (comics)

Youngblood is a superhero team that starred in their self-titled comic book series, created by writer/artist Rob Liefeld. The team made its debut as a backup feature in RAMM #1 (May 1987) before the next month appearing in the one-shot Megaton Explosion #1 (June 1987) before later appearing in April 1992 in its own ongoing series as the flagship publication for Image Comics and the wider Image Universe. Youngblood was originally published by Image Comics, and later by Awesome Entertainment. Upon Rob Liefeld's return to Image Comics, it was revived in 2008, 2012, and 2017. In 2019, Liefeld revealed that he has not owned the rights to Youngblood for several years.

In most of its iterations, Youngblood is a high-profile superteam sanctioned and overseen by the United States government. Youngblood's members include Shaft, a former FBI agent who uses a high-tech bow; Badrock, a teenager transformed into a living block of stone; Vogue, a Russian fashion model with purple-and-chalk-white skin; and Chapel, a government assassin.

Creation of the series
Youngblood was inspired by creator Rob Liefeld's idea that if superheroes existed in real life, they would be treated as celebrities, much the same as movie stars and athletes. The series, therefore, depicts the superhero members of Youngblood not only as they participate in adventures fighting crime and evil, but navigating the world of celebrity endorsement deals, TV show appearances, agents, managers, and the perceived pressures of celebrity life.

From 1985 to 1987, Liefeld did pinups for Megaton Comics, including one of the character Ultragirl that would see print in RAMM #1 (May 1987) and Megaton Comics Explosion #1 (June 1987), a "who's who"-type reference book featuring individual entries of characters in the style of an encyclopedia or handbook. This gave Liefeld an opportunity for his own creation, Youngblood, to see print in this form. The two-page entry featuring the team (consisting at that point of the characters Sentinel, Sonic, Brahma, Riptide, Cougar, Psi-Fire, and Photon) was the team's first appearance in print.

Two months later, the team appeared in an advertisement in Megaton #8 (August 1987) indicating that it would next appear in Megaton Special #1 by Liefeld and writer Hank Kanalz, with a cover by artist Jerry Ordway. However, Megaton Comics went out of business before that comic was printed.

Liefeld has explained that the version of Youngblood that eventually saw print in Youngblood #1 was based partially on his 1991 plan for a new Teen Titans series for DC Comics to be co-written with Marv Wolfman. According to Liefeld, he and managing editor Dick Giordano failed to reach an agreement on the project, and Liefeld merged his Teen Titans ideas with his previous, creator-owned Youngblood property. According to Liefeld, "Shaft was intended to be Speedy. Vogue was a new Harlequin design, Combat was a Kh'undian warrior circa the Legion of Super-Heroes, ditto for Photon and Die Hard was a S.T.A.R. Labs android. I forgot who Chapel was supposed to be, but I'm sure it would have rocked". Given the failed deal with DC and Liefeld's increasingly strained relationship with Marvel Comics over his X-Force royalties, he joined other Marvel artists to form Image Comics in order to publish Youngblood in their own series.

Original runs
Youngblood #1 (April 1992) was an anthology consisting of two separate stories published in flip book format: each half of the book had its own front cover and contained one story, rotated upside-down from the other half. One story featured the organisation's "Home Team", for domestic missions, consisting of Shaft, Badrock (originally named Bedrock), Chapel, Die Hard, Photon and Vogue. The other story featured the "Away Team", for international missions, consisting of Sentinel, Brahma, Combat, Cougar, Psi-Fire and Riptide.

A sneak preview of the series appeared in The Malibu Sun #1 (February 1992), published by Image through Malibu Comics, which provided administrative, production, distribution, and marketing support for Image's early publications. On March 13, two separate 5½" x 8½″ black-and-white ashcan editions of Youngblood began to surface, each featuring one of two separate stories from Youngblood #1. Edition "A" featured the 13-page lead story, while Edition "B" featured the other side of the flip book, along with four extra pages of art that would not be included in the premier issue. According to Image Comics spokesperson John Beck, the print run on edition "A" was 1,000 copies, and edition "B" was limited to 500 copies.

Youngblood #1 (April 1992) was the first Image Comics publication. At the time of its release, it was the highest selling independent comic book published, despite receiving poor reviews from critics for unclear storytelling due to both Liefeld's art and the book's flip format, which some readers found confusing; poor anatomy; incorrect perspective; non-existent backgrounds; poor dialogue; and the late shipping of the book, a problem that continued with subsequent issues. In an interview in Hero Illustrated #4 (October 1993), Liefeld conceded disappointment with the first four issues of Youngblood, calling the first issue a "disaster". He explained that production problems, as well as sub-par scripting by his friend and collaborator Hank Kanalz, whose employment Liefeld later terminated, resulted in work that was lower in quality than that which Liefeld produced when Fabian Nicieza scripted his plots on X-Force, and that reprints of those four issues would be re-scripted. Writer and columnist Peter David pointed to Liefeld's scapegoating of Kanalz as an example of Liefeld's failure to take responsibility for his project, and evidence that genuine collaboration with good writers like Louise Simonson and Fabian Nicieza, which some of the Image founders did not appreciate, had previously reflected better on Liefeld's art. Throughout its run at Image, Youngblood and other books published by Liefeld's Extreme Studios were attacked by critics for late issues and inconsistent quality.

Although intended for monthly publication, issues #1–3, #0 and #4–5 of Youngblood were published intermittently between April 1992 and July 1993. Four months passed between the publication of issues #3 and #0, and five months between issues #4 and #5. Ultimately, Youngblood #5 was published in flip-book format with Brigade #4 as its flip-side; Liefeld was also replaced with Chap Yaep as penciller. Various other Image Comics series were spun off or previewed in these issues: issue #0 introduced the team leader of Brigade, the story arc in issues #2–5 introduced the main characters and central premise of Prophet, and a backup story in issue #3 introduced the series Supreme.

An anthology spin-off series Youngblood: Strikefile began publication in 1993, featuring stories spotlighting various individual main characters from Youngblood. Issues #1–3 (April – August 1993) were flip books, containing three-part stories starring Die Hard and Chapel; issue #4 (October 1993) contained a single self-contained story featuring Shaft, Badrock and Die Hard. A one-shot Youngblood Yearbook (July 1993) featuring the "Away Team" was also published, effectively as an annual.

Liefeld solicited writer Kurt Busiek for Youngblood stories in 1993. Busiek wrote detailed plots for three issues and ideas for a fourth, under the proposed title Youngblood: Year One. This was never produced, but the plot lines were revived amid controversy years later.

From September 1993 a new title was launched, Team Youngblood, published monthly, pencilled by Chap Yaep. It featured what was formerly termed the "Away Team" with an altered team lineup, consisting of Sentinel, Cougar, Riptide, Photon, and new characters Dutch (owned by Yaep) and Masada. This series effectively replaced the original Youngblood title; the characters Shaft and Badrock were limited to cameos, and Chapel was added to the cast of Bloodstrike. Issues #7–8 were included in the "Extreme Prejudice" crossover event.

The original Youngblood series resumed in June 1994 from issue #6, now published monthly, and strongly integrated with Team Youngblood: plot developments and characters regularly crossed back and forth between the two titles. Old characters were brought back including Shaft, Badrock, Vogue, Combat and Brahma, while new ones were introduced including Knightsabre, Troll, and trainee recruits Task and Psilence. Youngblood issue #9 was an out-of-continuity story written and pencilled by Jim Valentino as part of "Image X Month", where creators swapped titles. The original volume of Youngblood ended with issue #10 in December 1994, having been delayed. Youngblood: Strikefile also resumed publication in July 1994 from issue #5, now also published monthly; it ended with issue #11.

The January 1995 crossover event "Extreme Sacrifice" incorporated Team Youngblood #17 as "Part 6 of 8", and afterward included Youngblood: Strikefile #11 (February 1995) as "Part 0 of 8" for its main story featuring Chapel. Team Youngblood then ran for issues #18–20 (May – July 1995), ahead of a relaunch of the Youngblood title with a new issue #1 (September 1995).

The second Youngblood volume included many crossovers with other comics published by Image. Issue #3 (November 1995) crossed over with Glory in a two-part story. The January 1996 nine-part crossover event "Extreme Destroyer" included Youngblood #4. The "Rage of Angels" (March 1996) crossover included Youngblood #6 and also issue #21 of a revived Team Youngblood; the "ShadowHunt" crossover (April 1996) included Youngblood #7 and Team Youngblood #22, the latter series' final issue. Following issue #10, Youngblood crossed over with the Marvel Comics series X-Force (also created by Liefeld) in one of the several inter-company crossover one-shot stories Image Comics would do with Marvel over the course of the 1990s; the two-part story consisted of issues titled Youngblood/X-Force (July 1996) and X-Force/Youngblood (August 1996).

In September 1996, Liefeld had a falling out with his Image partners, forcing him to leave the company. Liefeld retained the creative rights to Youngblood; however, the series was put on hiatus. In December 1996, Youngblood #14 was published by Liefeld's company Maximum Press – its story picked up directly after #10, and no issues #11-13 were ever published. The ongoing story arc was intended to conclude with an issue #15, which was solicited but never released.

Alan Moore
In 1997, Liefeld hired Alan Moore to relaunch and revamp Youngblood. Moore's run on the title began with a mini-series entitled Judgment Day, which revolved around the mysterious murder of Youngblood member Riptide, the subsequent "super-trial" of teammate Knightsabre, and the all-powerful Book of All Stories which dictates the order of the universe.

Moore created a new, teenaged Youngblood group that was financed independently by millionaire Waxey Doyle, formerly the WWII superhero Waxman. The team was led by Shaft and was augmented by new members Big Brother, Doc Rocket, Twilight, Suprema, and Johnny Panic. Moore said he wanted Youngblood to be a "less sprawling, more dynamic team" and that "if you have more characters than [six], the action gets cluttered and it becomes increasingly difficult to establish each character as a real and solid person in their own right". All of the new team members and most of the villains featured in this series, including Jack-A-Dandy, were Moore's creations.

However, despite Moore's plans for at least 12 issues of his new Youngblood, only three issues were ever printed, and the third issue was published in another book called Awesome Adventures. The team also appeared in a short story in the Awesome Christmas Special where Shaft's journal provides the narration as the new team comes together.

Moore's rough outline for the series was published in Alan Moore's Awesome Handbook and included a budding relationship between Big Brother and Suprema, a giant planet-devouring entity called "The Goat", Shaft's fruitless crush on Twilight, and the revelation that Johnny Panic was the biological son of Supreme villain Darius Dax. In the Handbook, Moore also reveals that he intentionally chose the team members for their connections to various points and significant characters in the Awesome Universe's superhero history, noting this as the case in the 1980s launch of The New Teen Titans.

Youngblood: Genesis
In 2000, Liefeld began soliciting orders for Youngblood: Genesis, using Kurt Busiek's unused Year One plots. Busiek asked that he only be credited with providing the plots for this new series. He was listed as plotter on the comic book itself when it came out years later, but when Liefeld advertised the comic through Diamond Previews "as written by Kurt Busiek", Busiek accused him of not honoring their agreement and eventually asked that his fans not buy the series.

Youngblood: Genesis officially ended after two issues, as the third and fourth issues would have used Image Comics characters for which Liefeld did not have the appropriate permissions. According to Liefeld: "I have the original issues #3 and #4 that Kurt wrote, [but] they can't be produced as is simply from the standpoint that they heavily feature prominent supporting cast members from Spawn and Wildcats, as well as Lynch from Gen13 and Team 7".

2004–present
A number of projects were announced in 2003 including reprinting older material and providing the art for two Youngblood series. The two new comic books involved Mark Millar writing new issues of Youngblood: Bloodsport and Youngblood: Genesis written by Brandon Thomas. However, only one issue of the Youngblood: Bloodsport was published, but in June 2008, Liefeld announced that issue #2 would appear in September.

In 2004, Robert Kirkman began writing a new series, Youngblood: Imperial, with artist Marat Mychaels but left after one issue due to his busy schedule. Fabian Nicieza was slated to take over.

In 2005, Liefeld announced that Joe Casey would be re-assembling and re-scripting the original Youngblood mini-series into a more coherent and sophisticated story to be titled Maximum Youngblood. On July 12, 2007, it was announced that Liefeld would return to Image Comics to publish a collected "definitive version" of Maximum Youngblood with a new ending written by Joe Casey, illustrated by Liefeld himself. This was followed in January 2008 by a new ongoing series (Youngblood Volume 4) written by Casey and illustrated by Derec Donovan, with covers by Liefeld. Liefeld was slated to begin writing and art duties on Youngblood beginning in May 2009. No new issues have come out since then, with Youngblood Volume 4 ending with only nine issues and issue #9 focusing only on the backup stories plot.

In late 2011, it was announced that screenwriter John McLaughlin would write a revival of Youngblood with artist Jon Malin and series creator Rob Liefeld for a May 2012 release, starting with Youngblood #71, as the series reverts to its original legacy numbering. The series ran for 8 issues, concluding with #78 in July 2013.

For the 25th anniversary of both Youngblood and Image Comics, in May 2017 a new ongoing series (Youngblood Volume 5) was launched, written by Chad Bowers with art by Jim Towe. It lasted 11 issues, a 12th issue was solicited but never published.

In August 2019, Liefeld revealed that he has not owned the rights of Youngblood since the late 1990s, and that they are currently owned by Andrew Rev of Terrific Production LLC.

Fictional team history
In the 1980s, politician Alexander Graves created Youngblood as a team of genetically-enhanced superpowered humans with the intention to forge the team into his own personal weapon—Graves was later revealed to be Lucifer.

Reaction and impact
As Youngblood #1 is the comic book that introduced Image Comics, it is ranked #19 on Comic Book Resources's 2008 chronological list of the 20 Most Significant Comics. According to CBR's Steven Grant, this status is derived not so much from the comic's content, but for triggering both the 1990s speculator boom and bust and the trend towards the creation of superhero universes among various publishers. The series, and the formation of Image itself, is credited with discouraging publishers' emphasis on their creative talent in their marketing decisions.

Collected editions
A number of the comic books have been collected into trade paperbacks:
 * Youngblood TPB (collects Youngblood Volume 1, #1–4; 96 pages; 1993 Previews Exclusive Edition)
 * Youngblood: Baptism of Fire TPB (collects Youngblood Volume 1, #6–8 and 10, Team Youngblood #9–11, and the Troll story from Image Comics Zero; Image Comics; 1996)
 * Youngblood, Volume 1 (collects Youngblood Volume 1, #0–10; remastered as Maximum Edition, 168 pages, Image Comics, hardcover, December 2008, ISBN 1-58240-858-0)
 * Youngblood, Volume 1: Focus Tested (collects Youngblood Volume 4, #1–4; includes introduction by Robert Kirkman, plus interviews with Joe Casey and Rob Liefeld; 104 pages, Image Comics, September 2008, ISBN 1-58240-945-5)
 * Youngblood, Volume 2: Voted Off the Island (collects Youngblood Volume 4, #5–9; 128 pages, Image Comics, November 2008, ISBN 1-60706-003-5)

In other media
A half-hour Youngblood animated series was planned for the 1995–96 season on Fox as part of an hour block with a proposed Cyberforce series. The series was being developed by Roustabout Productions, a newly formed animation company. According to Nick Dubois, creative director and co-founder of Roustabout, the series would take a lighthearted approach with tongue-in-cheek humor. A clip was created but the series was never produced. The clip aired in commercials for Youngblood action figures.

A Youngblood video game, an isometric action game similar to Crusader: No Remorse but incorporating RPG elements such as experience points and character stats, was in development by Realtime Associates for the PlayStation and PC in 1997, with GT Interactive as the publisher. It was never released.

In 2009, Reliance Entertainment acquired the feature film rights to the comic book, reportedly for a mid-six figures, with Brett Ratner attached to direct. As of September 2023, no such film has materialized.

title: Youngblood (comics)


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Tossa de Mar

Tossa de Mar is a municipality in Catalonia, Spain, located on the coastal Costa Brava, about 100 kilometres north of Barcelona and 100 kilometres south of the French border. It is accessible through Girona Airport, some distance north.

The GR 92 long-distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain, has a staging point at Tossa de Mar. Stage 10 links northwards to Sant Feliu de Guíxols, a distance of 20.2 km, whilst stage 11 links southwards to Lloret de Mar, a distance of 14.4 km.

History
There is ample evidence of settlements dating back to the Neolithic period, and it is believed that the area has been continuously populated since that time. Between the 4th-1st century BC the first Iberian settlements appeared, followed shortly after by the Romans in the 1st century.

In 966, Tossa was ceded by Count Miró of Barcelona to the Abbey of Ripoll. Some two centuries later, in 1187, Tossa was granted its charter by the Abbot of Ripoll, coinciding with the building of a church atop Mount Guardí, the remnants of which can still be seen today.

Sometime in the 12th century, the medieval town was walled off and a castle was built on the highest point of Mt. Guardí, this castle was to be subsequently replaced by a windmill, and this in turn by a lighthouse which is still operational.

By the year 1500, the first houses were built extra-muros to accommodate population growth. This process was greatly accelerated during the 17th and 18th centuries, shaping an urban configuration that was to remain practically unchanged until the arrival of mass tourism in the 1950s.

In 1989, Tossa de Mar was the first place in the world to declare itself an anti-bullfighting city.

Economy
Contrary to popular belief that Tossa has traditionally been a fishing town, in medieval times and until the arrival of tourism, the local economy was mostly based on agricultural production, principally grapes and cork. There was a thriving export market of the latter (in the form of cork taps shipped to the Americas) during the 18th century and early 19th century.

Fishing has traditionally been a relatively minor contributor to the village's economy, although it has consistently provided an alternative source of income in times of economic crisis. A small fishing industry is still active as of 2005 and occupies a few members of local fishing families. Most of their captures are sold to local restaurants and in the fish markets in neighbouring Blanes and Sant Feliu de Guíxols.

Beaches
Tossa de Mar has three main beaches:
 * The Tossa Beach (Platja Gran), in front of downtown. This beach is enclosed to the west by the medieval castle. It is 380m long and 60m wide.
 * La Mar Menuda, on the other side of the bay. It has all the usual services and facilities, such as sports equipment hire.  Local police patrol the area on bicycles. Dimensions of the beach: 180m long and 20m wide.
 * El Codolar, behind the walls.

The Ancient Hospital of Sant Miquel
This ancient hospital was founded in 1773 as a hospital for the poor. The founder, Tomás Vidal i Rey had become wealthy in America. It is a building with two floors and a central courtyard. It now houses the cultural centre of the village. At its side is the chapel of Sant Miquel with a baroque altar of some note.

Roman villa of Ametllers
This rural villa (1st century BC - 6th century AD) belonged to the Roman province of Tarraconensis. It consists of two parts: the rural and the rustic. One can get an idea of its great value by looking, among other things, at the remains of the spa, the central heating system, the mosaics, and the base of a fruit press with the recipient for the crushed juices. Fragments of the mosaics, the stucco, and several elements of sculptures attest to the wealth of the owners of the villa. The ceramic vases are proof of the trade with the Mediterranean world. Farming tools, fish tackle, and loom tools reveal agricultural and fishing activities. Everyday life is evoked by other objects such as hairpins, small spoons, and bone and ivory utensils.

Parish church
This church, dedicated to the martyr Vincent of Saragossa, was inaugurated on 29 November 1775, after 20 years of construction. The church is one of the largest in the diocese and can, during important celebrations, host the whole population of Tossa de Mar. Much of the interior of the church was devastated during the Civil War in 1936.

Inside is the chapel of Saint Sebastian, a saint adored by the population. The devotion started in the 15th or 16th century and culminates each year on 20 January into the commemoration of "Vot del Poble" (pledge of the people). The retable of the Rosary has also survived the destruction in 1936.

The walled-in Old Town
The "Vila Vella enceinte" is the only example of a fortified medieval town still standing on the Catalan coast. Its present appearance dates back to the end of the 14th century. It still has the entire original perimeter with battlemented stone walls, four turrets, and three cylindrical towers with parapets. At the highest point, where the lighthouse stands today, was, until the beginning of the 19th century, the castle of the Abbot of the Monastery Santa Maria de Ripoll, the territorial Lord of the town. The site has been declared a national historic monument in 1931.

The interior of the Old Town is a charming place with narrow, cobblestoned streets, the Governor's House (now the Municipal museum), the House of Holy Cloth ("Sant Drap"), a medieval hospital, and remnants of a Romanesque church and a Gothic church.

Municipal museum
The Municipal Museum, built in Late Gothic style, is situated in the Governor's House, inside the Vila Vella enceinte. It used to be the residence of the jurisdictional governors of Tossa de Mar and its environs, who ruled for the Abbots of the monastery Santa Maria de Ripoll.

The museum was opened on 1 September 1935. It houses an important collection of contemporary art with works of Spanish and foreign artists who frequented Tossa de Mar during the 1930s, such as the Celestial Violinist by Marc Chagall. The archaeological section houses artefacts dating from the Paleolithical Period to the Late Middle Ages. Of particular note are the mosaics found in the atrium of the Roman Villa of the Ametllers, dating from the end of the 4th - beginning of the 5th century.

Associated with the artists were the Scottish journalist Archie Johnstone and his Anglo-Irish writer wife Nancy Johnstone who established a hotel in the old town in 1934, the Casa Johnstone. The building still exists, although it now forms part of a larger hotel complex, the Hotel Don Juan. At the end of the Spanish Civil War, the Johnstones turned the hotel over to use by refugee children who, shortly before Tossa fell to the Nationalists, the Johnstones piled 70 children into a truck, and drove them to safety in France, being chased throughout by Franco's troops. Nancy wrote two memoirs recording their experiences in Tossa de Mar: Hotel in Spain, describing their ups and downs between 1934 and 1936, as they set up the hotel, and Hotel in Flight describing the war years, 1936-1939.

title: Tossa de Mar


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Tower of Silence

Tower of Silence

This picture is quite lovely and evocative, and is the jewel in the crown of the Towers of Silence article. - Smerdis of Tlön 16:17, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Nominate and Support. - Smerdis of Tlön 16:17, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Bleak and beautiful -- I support. Jwrosenzweig 20:44, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral I can't tell what resolution that picture is at....The full size version is very pixelated. Could someone upload a good loking version. [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 22:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object until a proper copyright tag is added. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 03:36, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agree with BrokenSegue. Incredibly pixelated.--Fir0002 04:25, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It is not. Reload the page. Fredrik | talk 06:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. imho, this picture isn't very interesting, and I can't see how it would add significantly to an article about geography/geology/rocks etc. Enochlau 15:05, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose, focus is not sharp, and the utility lines distract from the subject. - Bevo 15:08, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Flat, poor quality. ed g2s  •  talk  16:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Can't be promoted without an appropriate copyright tag ed g2s  •  talk  16:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I have asked Maziart to clarify its status. I see that another request was made on his talk page in November.  Not sure how often he logs in.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 01:44, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Going by his contributions, not since he posted that image. ed g2s  •  talk  04:27, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose until copyright is clarified, support with suitable copyright -- Chris 73 Talk 23:47, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Even with copyright clarification, what makes you want to support it? Enochlau 15:14, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Quality issues.--ZayZayEM 00:43, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not promoted, +2 / -7


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Rules lawyer

A rules lawyer is a participant in a rules-based environment who attempts to use the letter of the law without reference to the spirit, usually in order to gain an advantage within that environment. The term is commonly used in wargaming and tabletop role-playing game communities, often pejoratively, as the "rules lawyer" is seen as an impediment to moving the game forward. The habit of players to argue in a legal fashion over rule implementation was noted early on in the history of Dungeons & Dragons. Rules lawyers are one of the "player styles" covered in Dungeon Master for Dummies. The rules of the game Munchkin include various parodies of rules lawyer behavior.

Related terms

 * In the US military, "sea lawyer" is used in the navy and "barracks lawyer" in the army.
 * The term "language lawyer" is used to describe those who are excessively familiar with the details of programming language syntax and semantics.
 * On English Wikipedia, a "wikilawyer" is a contributor who attempts to use the wording of policies to win disputes rather than reaching the goal of the policy.

title: Rules lawyer


text:
Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin

Prince Nikolai or Nicholas Vasilyevich Repnin (Николай Васильевич Репнин; 22 March 1734 – 24 May 1801) was a Russian statesman and general from the Repnin princely family who played a key role in the dissolution of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; the leading figure in the Repnin Sejm, the victor at Maçin.

Rule of Poland
Born in Saint Petersburg, Prince Repnin served in the Imperial Army under his father, Prince Vasily Anikitovich Repnin, during the Rhine Campaign of 1748, and subsequently resided for some time abroad, where he acquired "a thoroughly sound German education." He also participated, in a subordinate capacity, in the Seven Years' War.

In 1763, Emperor Peter III sent him to Prussia as ambassador. The same year, Catherine transferred him to Poland as minister plenipotentiary; in Warsaw he was rumored to have had an affair with Izabela Fleming (and to have fathered Adam Jerzy Czartoryski).

Due to the level of Russian control of the Polish government, Repnin was the effective ruler of the country, with special instructions to form a pro-Russian faction from among the various Protestants, who were to receive equal rights with the Catholics. Repnin believed that the Protestants were not significant enough to benefit Russia; at the same time, the Protestant community itself petitioned Empress Catherine, requesting not to be involved.

In order to further Russian interests, he encouraged the creation of two Protestant confederations (of Sluck and Toruń) and later, a Catholic one (the Radom Confederation, led by Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł). According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Repnin's correspondence reveals that he disliked the type of politics he was required to engage in. Nevertheless, he obeyed his instructions, and used various means to force the 1767–68 Sejm (the "Repnin Sejm") to concede all points in dispute. Before the Sejm, he ordered the capture and exile to Kaluga of some vocal opponents of his policies — Józef Andrzej Załuski and Wacław Rzewuski. The immediate result was the formation of the Bar Confederation, which practically demolished the ambassador's strategy.

Military career
Repnin resigned his post to lead troops against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War. At the head of an independent command in Moldavia and Wallachia, he prevented a large Ottoman army from crossing the Pruth (1770), distinguished himself at the actions of Larga and Kagul, and captured Izmail and Kilia. In 1771 he received the supreme command in Wallachia and occupied Bucharest. A quarrel with the commander-in-chief, Rumyantsev, then induced him to send in his resignation, but in 1774 he participated in the capture of Silistria and in the negotiations which led to the peace of Kuchuk-Kainarji. In 1775-76 Repnin and his factotum, Yakov Bulgakov, represented Russian interests at the Porte.

On the outbreak of the War of the Bavarian Succession he led 30,000 men to Breslau, and at the subsequent congress of Teschen, where he was Russian plenipotentiary, compelled Austria to make peace with Prussia.

During the second Turkish war (1787-92) Repnin was, after Alexander Suvorov, the most successful of the Russian commanders. He defeated the Ottomans at Salcia, captured the whole camp of the seraskier, Cenaze Hasan Pasha, shut him up in Izmail, and was preparing to reduce the place when he was forbidden to do so because of his indecisiveness at the siege (1789). After another unsuccessful siege by Pavel Potemkin, Samoylov, and de Ribas, Suvorov, appointed by Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin, stormed Izmail. On the retirement of Potemkin in 1791, Repnin succeeded him as commander-in-chief, and immediately routed the grand vizier at Măcin, a victory which compelled the Ottomans to accept the truce of Galaţi (31 July 1791).

Declining years

After the Second Partition of Poland, he was made governor-general of the newly acquired Lithuanian provinces, where he also commanded the Russian forces during the Kościuszko Uprising. Tsar Paul I raised him to the rank of field marshal (1796), and in 1798 sent him on a diplomatic mission to Berlin and Vienna to detach Prussia from France and unite the Habsburg monarchy and Prussia against the First French Republic. Unsuccessful, upon his return he was dismissed from service and died in Riga.

Repnin had an illegitimate son, Ivan Pnin, and it was widely rumored that Adam Jerzy Czartoryski was the fruit of a liaison between Repnin and Izabela Fleming. Repnin's legitimate children were three daughters. Upon his death, as the male Repnin line became extinct, Alexander I permitted Repnin's grandson prince Nikolai Repnin-Volkonsky to assume the Repnin name and his grandfather's coat-of-arms.

title: Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin


text:
Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill

The Military Action Against Iraq (Parliamentary Approval) Bill was a private member's bill introduced into the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by Tam Dalyell under the Ten Minute Rule. It received its formal first reading on 26 January 1999. The bill sought to transfer the power to authorise military strikes against Iraq from the monarch to Parliament. The long title of the bill was "A Bill to require the prior approval, by a simple majority of the House of Commons, of military action by United Kingdom forces against Iraq". It was presented by Tam Dalyell and supported by Tony Benn, Harry Cohen, Jeremy Corbyn, George Galloway, Neil Gerrard, Ian Gibson, John McAllion, Alice Mahon, Robert Marshall-Andrews, Dennis Skinner and Audrey Wise.

The bill became Bill 35 in the 1998/1999 parliamentary session, and was initially scheduled for second reading on 16 April 1999. As a bill modifying the monarch's prerogative powers, Queen's Consent was required before it could be debated in Parliament. The Queen, acting upon the advice of her government, refused to grant her consent for the Bill to be debated. The second reading was initially postponed from 16 April until 23 July 1999. Due to the Crown's continuing refusal to signify its consent to the Bill being debated, it could not receive its second reading on 23 July 1999. In the absence of a request for a further postponement, the Bill was automatically dropped before it obtained its second reading.

When military action against Iraq was eventually organised in 2003, the government sought parliamentary approval on 18 March 2003, one day before the invasion began, although no powers under the royal prerogative were thereby transferred to Parliament.


text:
Talk:Cimetidine

Techelf, this is very very good! JFW | T@lk  16:20, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tagamet for treatment of acid reflux disease
I have used Tagamet 2 times to cure acid reflux disease. I believe, if I remember correctly, I took it for a month the last time I had it. I requested it from the doctor. I told her that it took care of it last time I had it. Tagamet's main medicinal value is treating ulcers. At one time it was the most prescribed medicine ever. (Source Pharmacist) The makers of the drug I believe received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their "Discovery" i.e. the research and the testing to get the best medicine out. It is one of the most important discoveries in Medicine; my opinion. Me too drugs have come out, but they probabaly are not as good as Tagamet (Cimetidine). Try it for a month if you have acid reflulx disease. It is sold over the counter at many drug stores. 38.184.1.101 (talk) 01:13, 7 October 2009 (UTC) Hisashi Bob Iwahashi

Structural formula
The triple bond between the N and C on the structural formula drawing looks odd. Is it right? 66.68.107.6 (talk) 04:46, 21 November 2011 (UTC) Iain

 * I'm pretty sure the structural formula is not correct here. Shouldn't the cyanide group be attached to the sp2 nitrogen of the guanidine group? The methyl group should rather be connected to the right nitrogen of the guanidine group. This would make much more sense as the cyanide group is electron-withdrawing and served, in the development of cimetidine, to lower the pKaH (and thus increase the pKb) of the guanidine group compared to the hydrogen bond sp2 nitrogen. The ball-and-stick model describes the molecule correctly though. (compare the german wikipedia article for the (in my eyes) correct representation of cimetidine). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.132.227.171 (talk) 09:43, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I believe you're right. The ball-and-stick cites a 1991 paper which it follows faithfully. 104.153.72.218 (talk) 12:01, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

In guanidin nitrogen 1 and 3 are same, 2 is double bounded. (See IUPAC nomenclature, Table 31(a), Acyclic polynitrogen parent structures and derived substituent groups. Parent structures.) So difference between 1 and 3 is only a numbering problem. 2 is the important.

Links below are from infobox.
 * enwiki drawing: 2 is cyano. IUPAC name: 2 is methyl
 * CasNo drawing: 2 is the long chain. Name: N'-methyl.
 * PubChem 2 is methyl. Drawing and name are consistent.
 * IUPHAR/BPS 2 is methyl, drawing and name are consistent.
 * Drugbank drawing: cyano. Name: N' (2 I think) is methyl.
 * KEGG drawing: 2 is cyano, there is no IUPAC name.
 * ChemSpider 2 is the long chain. Drawing and name are consistent
 * ChEBI 2 is cyano, text and drawing are consistent
 * ChEMBL: 2 is long chain, no IUPAC name
 * EPA drawing: 2 is cyano. Name: N' is the long chain.
 * Dashboard (EPA) ECHA InfoCard drawing: 2 is cyano. All IUPAC names say that 2 or N' is the long chain.

Not easy... Is there anybody in the world who knows what is Cimetidine? :) Gyimhu (talk) 01:12, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Update External Link
I am the program coordinator of the ACS-National Historic Chemical Landmarks program. I have updated the links to ACS-NHCL web content, as those pages are being replaced. KLindblom (talk) 19:04, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

This page crashes my browser, when javascript is allowed
Hej. I am sure it is most probably a problem of my outdated messy browser(Opera 10.1), but I thought it may also be a sign of something messy in whatever javascript-thingy in thís article's page. It is not en.wikipedia in general, and e.g the page for Ambroxol does not crash my browser. As soon as I disallow javascript - no problem. (thanks. no need to tell me to update or switch browser, seems impossible on this now 14 year old box, and a new computer is already on the way.) well, then, Pardon my German (Fiiiisch!) (talk) 12:09, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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need alternate ref, and proper sentence
"While, in the United Kingdom there is an exception to the POM category where for the short-term symptomatic relief of heartburn, dyspepsia, and hyperacidity. "

What does this say? BNF only available in UK.71.230.16.111 (talk) 08:09, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

Histamine blocker
I have low stomach acid and SIBO. Is continuing my H-2 blocker for histamine overload safe? 2601:603:4900:F5A0:CC62:CF7C:3FCB:FD5 (talk) 20:18, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cimetidine


text:
Negru Vodă, Constanța

Negru Vodă (, historical names: Caraomer, Karaömer) is a town in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, south-eastern Romania. The town is close to the border with Bulgaria and there is a border crossing linking Negru Vodă to the Bulgarian village Kardam. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.

The name is probably derived from the legendary Radu Negru (also known as Negru Vodă, the "Black Prince"), founder and ruler of Wallachia.

It has an area of 164.9 sqkm.

Administration
The following villages are administered by the town of Negru Vodă:
 * Darabani (historical names: Daulchioi, Davulköy)
 * Vâlcele (historical names: Valalî, Valalı)

Although still mentioned in the official documents as part of the township, the village of Grăniceru (historical names: Canlî Ciucur, Kanlı Çukur), located at 43.79285°N, 28.26324°W, is currently deserted.

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Negru Vodă had a population of 4,616. At the 2011 census, the town had 4,933 residents; of those, 4,698 were Romanians (95.24%), 160 Roma (3.24%), 43 Turks (0.87%), 28 Tatars (0.57%), and 4 others (0.08%).

title: Negru Vodă, Constanța


text:
Gara Garayev

Gara Abulfaz oghlu Garayev (Qara Əbülfəz oğlu Qarayev, Кара́ Абульфа́зович Кара́ев (Kara Abulfazovich Karayev), February 5, 1918 – May 13, 1982), also spelled as Qara Qarayev or Kara Karayev, was a prominent Soviet Azerbaijani composer. Garayev wrote nearly 110 musical pieces, including ballets, operas, symphonic and chamber pieces, solos for piano, cantatas, songs, and marches, and rose to prominence not only in the Azerbaijan SSR, but also in the rest of the Soviet Union and worldwide.

Early life
Garayev was born into a family of pediatricians, which was famous in Baku. His mother, Sona, was among the first graduates of the Baku-based school of the Russian Music Society. Garayev's younger brother, Mursal, became a surgeon and Doctor of Medicine.

In 1926, at the age of eight, Gara Garayev first entered the junior music school at the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire, currently known as the Baku Music Academy. Due to his musical talents, Garayev was allowed to enroll simultaneously in two faculties at the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire in 1933. Among his teachers were Georgi Sharoyev, Leonid Rudolf, and Uzeyir Hajibeyov. In 1937, Garayev joined the Union of Composers of Azerbaijan SSR.

Career
In 1938, at the age of twenty, Garayev composed his first musical piece, a cantata "The Song of the Heart" to the poem by Rasul Rza. It was performed in Moscow's Bolshoi Theater in the presence of Joseph Stalin in the same year. Garayev conducted his cantata during the Decade of Azerbaijani Art festival in the Bolshoi Theater, an event also attended by Stalin. In the same year, Garayev moved to the Moscow State Conservatoire, where he became a student and a good friend of Dmitri Shostakovich.

In 1941 Garayev returned to Baku to teach at Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Society. In 1945, both he and Jovdat Hajiyev wrote the Motherland ("Vətən") opera, for which they were awarded a prestigious Stalin Prize. In 1948, at the age of 30, Garayev was again awarded this prize for his symphonic poem Leyli and Majnun, based on the same-titled famous work of Nizami Ganjavi. Upon the death of Uzeyir Hajibeyov in 1948, Garayev became the Chair of the Union of Composers of Azerbaijan SSR and the rector of the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire. In this latter position, Garayev retained Uzeyir Hajibeyov's traditional emphasis on Azerbaijani folk music in teaching, and also promoted contemporary genres, such as jazz in Azerbaijani music. In 1948 Garayev also became the delegate to the First National USSR Congress of Soviet Composers. In the same year Garayev also headed the Music Department at the Azerbaijan Architecture and Art Institute.

In 1952, under the direction of the choreographer P. A. Gusev, Garayev's Seven Beauties ballet was staged at the Azerbaijani Theater of Opera and Ballet. Based on Nizami Ganjavi's famous poem, Seven Beauties ("Yeddi gözəl") opened a new chapter in the history of classical music of Azerbaijan. Garayev's only other ballet, Path of Thunder ("İldırımlı yollarla"), staged in 1958, was dedicated to racial conflicts in South Africa. In the same year, Garayev also wrote the score for the documentary film A Story About the Oil Workers of the Caspian Sea, directed by Roman Karmen and set at the Oil Rocks.

During his teaching career at the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire, Garayev tutored a number of prominent Azerbaijani musicians and composers, including Galib Mammadov, Arif Malikov, Khayyam Mirzazade and Ismayil Hajibeyov among others. Garayev's son, Faraj (born 1943), also became his student and went on to compose single-act ballets such as Shadows of Qobustan ("Qobustanın kölgələri") and Kaleidoscope, and later led the musical avant-garde movement in Azerbaijan.

During the Cold War in June 1961, Garayev and Tikhon Khrennikov were the only two Soviet composers who attended the first International Los Angeles Music Festival held at UCLA. The festival programmed works by fifteen composers from around the world, including Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky. On June 11, Franz Waxman conducted the Festival Symphony Orchestra with a suite from Garayev's Path of Thunder.

In 1962 Garayev became a member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and visited the United States, Ethiopia, and Lebanon. In 1972 he visited Poland.

Later life
Garayev suffered from heart disease, which prevented him from attending his own 60th jubilee celebration held in Baku, where he was awarded the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor. Garayev spent the last five years of his life in Moscow, away from the public, although his love for Baku remained strong and was reflected in his writing: To me, Baku is the most beautiful city in the world. Every morning, when the city wakes whether it be to the sun or the rain and fog, every morning my city sings. Baku is meant for art. It gives me so much pleasure to write about this city no matter if you write music, verse or paint images.

Garayev died on May 13, 1982, in Moscow at the age of 64. His body was flown to Baku and buried at the Alley of Honor.

Appraisals

 * Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer and Garayev's mentor:

Garayev has a great and brilliant talent which is highly developed. He is extremely knowledgeable about instrumentation, polyphony and the other components that make up music. He surely has a great future.

 * Niyazi, Azerbaijani conductor and composer:

I've been one who has been privileged in being able to reveal the private and mysterious ideas of Gara Garayev to the audience. So I know the excitement the audience feels while listening to Garayev's music. It can't be characterized as either entertainment or relaxation. Rather, it exposes all the fire in one's heart and compels one to act. I'm grateful that I've had the chance to be in touch with his music and to be the first one to interpret most of his works.

 * Tahir Salahov, Azerbaijani painter:

I must say that I indeed have been fortunate, not only because I had the chance to meet such a talented musical personality but because I got to know him through his music. This is the only way to get deep inside an artist-through music. Everything trivial and insignificant - the things one pays attention to during mundane, everyday meetings - disappears. Only the essence of a man is left.

 * Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian composer:

Garayev has that rare ability to stay true to himself and not to imitate anyone. He maintains his own individuality even while changing with the times, regardless of genre.

 * Rodion Shchedrin, Russian composer:

There was almost no limit to Garayev's scope of knowledge in all genres of music. In 1963, we traveled together to America. It amazed me how Garayev knew so many things about so many different genres of music. For example, I'd have to admit to being a bit elitist when it comes to jazz. But I couldn't hide my admiration when he demonstrated competency in this field as well. He mentioned several names, compared one tendency in jazz to another and talked about things I had never heard of.

 * Fikret Amirov, Azerbaijani composer:

Garayev's music is one of the greatest columns in the museum of Azerbaijani music. His role in making Azerbaijan's music known worldwide is immense.

 * Khayyam Mirzazade, Azerbaijani composer and Garayev's student:

As a rule, Garayev would turn his lessons into a discussion of problems in contemporary music - analysis of techniques, language and styles of music. Garayev hated thoughtless attitudes toward folk music. He made his students learn the inner workings of folk music.

 * Imran Qasymov, Azerbaijani writer:

It seems like all civilization is in Garayev's hands, not as simple encyclopedic data but in a profound way. He was an indisputable authority in music circles in the USSR.

 * Arif Malikov, Azerbaijani composer and Garayev's student:

He was very strict with his students. He had an encyclopedic knowledge of almost everything related to problems of life as well as problems of art regardless of whether it was in the field of science, music or literature. He was acquainted with so many intelligent people. You gain so much confidence through belief in your teacher when he is a great Master. We never dared to think of skipping class or of not coming prepared. Our classes were one-on-one with him, but we didn't leave when they were over. We would stay on and listen to what went on with the next student. That's why there were always so many people in Garayev's classes all the time despite how hard it was to enroll with him.

Tribute to his memory
The International Festival of Contemporary Music has been held since 1986 with the support of the Ministry of Culture of Azerbaijan.
 * In memory of Gara Garayev:
 * metro station in Baku
 * an avenue in Baku
 * a street in Imishli (city)
 * Children's Music School No.75 in Moscow
 * a ship
 * A memorial plaque installed on the wall of Gara Garayev's house in Baku.
 * In The 30th of February, the monument to Gara Garayev opened by President Ilham Aliyev in 28 May Street of Baku.
 * A memorial board installed at Gara Garayev's house in Moscow. Where he lived between 1973 and 1982.

Major works

 * 1942 - Film score for A Story About the Oil Workers of the Caspian Sea
 * 1943 - Symphony No. 1
 * 1943 - Opera Motherland, with Jovdat Hajiyev, premiered in Baku in 1945
 * 1947 - Symphonic poem Leyli and Majnun. Edited Muslim Magomayev's opera Shah Ismayil
 * 1948 – Seven Beauties, ballet
 * 1949 - Seven Beauties, a suite for symphonic orchestra
 * 1950 - Six children's pieces for piano
 * 1952 - Albanian Rhapsody, children's pieces for piano
 * 1957 - Path of Thunder ballet
 * 1958 - Film score for Her Great Heart, three nocturnes for jazz orchestra
 * 1960 - Don Quixote, symphonic sketches
 * 1960 - Sonata for violin and piano
 * 1951-63 - 24 Preludes for piano
 * 1964 - Symphony No. 3
 * 1967 - Violin Concerto

Honours and awards

 * Hero of Socialist Labour (1978)
 * Two Orders of Lenin (1967, 1978)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1971)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1961)
 * Stalin Prize, twice (1946, 1948)
 * Lenin Prize (1967)
 * Azerbaijan SSR State Prize (1965)
 * Honoured Artist of the Azerbaijani SSR (1955)
 * People's Artiste of the Azerbaijan SSR (1958)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1959)

title: Gara Garayev


text:
Talk:Economy of the United Kingdom

Infobox
I accidentally got rid of the infobox! I don't know how to replace it! Help! StatisticsUpdater (talk) 11:39, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

I fixed it. Don't worry. StatisticsUpdater (talk) 12:03, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

2020 section - remove forecasts
In the 2020 section it says "... estimation that the economy could shrink by 35% in Q2 2020". Should this sentence be removed, I don't think an article summarising the UK economy should include estimates or forecasts that do not link to subsequent actions or results (ie it is OK to include a reported estimate if followed with an actual outcome or some change in policy). NOTFUTURE John a s (talk) 23:05, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, should be removed. Plus it is a very rough estimate and likely to be superceded with better data.  Jolly  Ω   Janner  01:13, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

"UK is an emerging market"
No unbiased independent organisation is calling the UK an emerging market. Only the UK's back-stabbing economic rivals are saying that. Firebrace (talk) 19:52, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't know what you mean by "back-stabbing economic rivals", which doesn't sound like the kind of description that has a place in discussion of article content, but the editor who keeps adding this is . Thegoodsoul, please stop - a few speculative opinion pieces aren't enough to change the classification of an economy. Cordless Larry (talk) 20:45, 15 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, it got your attention. Firebrace (talk) 22:53, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Wealth in the United Kingdom
(moved from Category:Wealth in the United Kingdom)

The difference in wealth between the wealthiest 10% and the poorest 10% has been increasing since 2008. The richest 10% of households owned 45% of national wealth in 2018, while the poorest 10% owned only 2%.

--Estopedist1 (talk) 07:07, 24 March 2023 (UTC)

The 'Recentism' template
This seems a little out of place as the section is, by definition, about things that are recent.

If no-one objects I think it should go. Lukewarmbeer (talk) 11:32, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Rather than removing it completely, I've moved it to the start of the history section as a whole, which only starts in 1945. Cordless Larry (talk) 12:45, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of the United Kingdom


text:
Talk:California Academy of Mathematics and Science

"One of three high schools in California with an API >900"
Hmm....

Mission San Jose High. Lowell High. Lynbrook High. San Marino High.

There. That's FOUR high schools, not including CAMS, with API's above 900. Do your research. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.130.199.76 (talk) 18:00, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

RE: "One of three high schools in California with an API >900"
http://data1.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/AcntRpt2008/2008GrowthSch.aspx?allcds=19647251995539

Data from the state of California showing CAMS with an API over 900. POV Dispute cleared. Removed 2/27/2012. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.51.134.136 (talk) 04:56, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

 * That takes care of a tag, but POV runs deeper in the article. tedder (talk) 05:40, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

History
Be sure to check the history for a laugh or two. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.0.126.148 (talk) 06:40, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

Stubified article
Stubified this article. Most importantly, content on Wikipedia must be verifiable (see WP:VERIFY). These sections: General information, Campus, History, Extracurricular activities, and Athletics do not include any citations to a reliable source. Per WP:BURDEN, "Any material lacking an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports the material may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source." Large amounts of non-cited material may also constitute original research, which is not allowed on Wikipedia. The article also contains content to not include, per WP:WPSCHOOLS/AG, which include a list of school districts/schools that the school admits from and clubs in the school that aren't notable (this is only of relevant interest to pupils of the school and shouldn't be included, also see WP:NOTDIRECTORY), the amount of students that specific universities have admitted, and copies of the school mission statement - which are considered promotional.

Feel free to restore any deleted material from the page history if you can find a reliable source to cite.

On that note, I do withdraw my edits on removing the lead of the school from the infobox. I accidentally misread WP:RFCSCHOOLADMIN to remove all administrators of the school, not just non-notable ones, which was dumb on my part.

Parksfan1955 (talk) 04:49, 19 January 2023 (UTC) ; edited 08:51, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

I retract this statement. Parksfan1955 (talk) 08:51, 26 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Seoul Subway Line 4

Line color name
It makes perfect sense that this line is the light blue line and that Line #1 is the dark blue line. However, the official terminology is that this line is designated as plain blue. Why?? Georgia guy 13:51, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seoul Subway Line 4


text:
List of Iowa railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of Iowa.

Common freight carriers

 * Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad (BSVY)
 * BNSF Railway (BNSF)
 * Burlington Junction Railway (BJRY)
 * Canadian National Railway (CN) through subsidiaries Illinois Central Railroad (IC) Cedar River Railroad (CEDR) and Chicago Central and Pacific Railroad (CC)
 * Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC) through subsidiary Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad (DME)
 * Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway (CIC)
 * D&I Railroad (DAIR)
 * Iowa Interstate Railroad (IAIS)
 * Iowa Northern Railway (IANR)
 * Operates the D&W Railroad
 * Iowa Northwestern Railroad (IANW)
 * Iowa River Railroad (IARR)
 * Iowa Southern Railway (ISRY)
 * Iowa Traction Railroad (IATR)
 * Keokuk Junction Railway (KJRY)
 * Norfolk Southern Railway (NS)
 * Union Pacific Railroad (UP)

Private freight carriers

 * CBEC Railway
 * East Camden and Highland Railroad
 * Greater Davenport Redevelopment Corporation

Passenger carriers

 * Amtrak (AMTK)
 * Fourth Street Elevator

Defunct railroads

 * Electric
 * Albia Interurban Railway
 * Albia Light and Railway Company
 * Burlington Electric Railway
 * Burlington Railway and Light Company
 * Cedar Falls and Normal Railway
 * Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway and Light Company
 * Cedar Rapids and Marion City Railway
 * Centerville Light and Traction Company
 * Charles City Western Railway
 * Citizens' Railway and Light Company
 * Clinton, Davenport and Muscatine Railway
 * Clinton Street Railway
 * Clinton and Lyons Horse Railway
 * Colfax Springs Railway
 * Davenport and Muscatine Railway
 * Des Moines City Railway
 * Des Moines Street Railroad
 * Des Moines Suburban Railway
 * Dubuque Street Railway
 * Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Southern Railroad
 * Fort Dodge Street Railway
 * Fort Madison Street Railway
 * Inter-Urban Railway (ITU)
 * Iowa Railway and Light Company
 * Iowa City Electric Company
 * Iowa and Illinois Railway
 * Iowa Southern Utilities Company
 * Keokuk Electric Company
 * Keokuk Electric Railway and Power Company
 * Lake Manawa and Manhattan Beach Railway
 * Marshalltown Light, Power and Railway Company
 * Mason City and Clear Lake Railroad
 * Mississippi Valley Electric Company
 * Newton and Northwestern Railroad
 * Omaha and Council Bluffs Railway and Bridge Company
 * Omaha and Council Bluffs Street Railway
 * Omaha, Council Bluffs and Suburban Railway
 * Oskaloosa and Buxton Electric Railway
 * Oskaloosa Traction and Light Company
 * Ottumwa Railway and Light Company
 * Ottumwa Traction and Light Company
 * Sioux City, Crystal Lake and Homer Electric Railway
 * Sioux City, Homer and Southern Railway
 * Sioux City Service Company
 * Sioux City Traction Company
 * Tama and Toledo Railroad
 * Tama and Toledo Railway
 * Tri-City Railway
 * Tri-City Railway and Light Company
 * Union Electric Company
 * Waterloo, Cedar Falls and Northern Railroad
 * Waterloo, Cedar Falls and Northern Railway
 * Waterloo and Cedar Falls Rapid Transit Company
 * Waterloo Street Railway

title: List of Iowa railroads


text:
Darwin (lunar crater)

Darwin is a lunar impact crater of the type categorised as a walled plain. It lies in the southeastern part of the Moon, and is sufficiently close to the limb to appear significantly foreshortened when viewed from the Earth. Attached to its southern rim is Lamarck. To the northeast is the dark-floored crater Crüger.

The outer rim of this formation has been significantly disintegrated by the nearby impacts. The southern and northern parts of the rim in particular are all but destroyed. The eastern rim is somewhat worn but intact, and several small craters lie along the southwestern rim. The satellite crater Darwin B, a fairly large formation with a diameter of 56 kilometers, is attached to the outer western rim.

Parts of the interior floor of Darwin have been resurfaced. The southern floor of Darwin is only roughly level, with irregular surface features and several small craters. There is a dune-like set of hills in the northeast part of the floor, which is "decelerated surface-flow ejecta" from the Orientale basin impact that struck the eastern rim. In the western floor is a large, low, somewhat irregular dome, one of the few such features not found on a mare. There is also the remnant of a small crater at the southern end of the floor.

A system of rilles cut across the northern part of the floor, crossing the eastern rim and continuing to the southeast. These rilles are designated the Rimae Darwin, and they stretch for a distance of about 280 kilometers. To the east of Darwin, this system of rilles crosses Rima Sirsalis, a wide rille that follows a line to the northeast.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Darwin.

title: Darwin (lunar crater)


text:
Christian Reformed Church

Christian Reformed Church may refer to:
 * Christian Reformed Churches (Netherlands), a Protestant church in the Netherlands
 * Christian Reformed Church in North America, a Protestant Christian denomination in the United States and Canada
 * Christian Reformed Churches of Australia, a Christian denomination established in Australia

title: Christian Reformed Church