text:
Free Marie

Marie Antoinette Wright (born February 7, 1968), better known by her stage name, Free, is an American media personality, television producer, choreographer, rapper, and philanthropist. She became known as the first host (alongside A. J. Calloway) of Black Entertainment Television's 106 & Park until 2005. She was later as a disc jockey at KKBT 100.3 The Beat in L.A., serving as a morning drive co-host at WPGC-FM in Washington, D.C., and is the former co-host of The Ed Lover Morning Show on Power 105.1 in New York.

Career
Free was born as Marie Antoinette Wright to African-American parents. She became involved in the arts as a child in Boston, Massachusetts. She attended the Roxbury Center for Performing Arts for 11 years, but traveled and toured as part of a young dance troupe. Inspired by her hometown group New Edition, she was part of a few groups in Boston performing and winning talent shows, while improving her singing and rap skills. One of her biggest breaks in her dancing career was performing in the 1991 hip-hop music video of Good Vibrations by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch.

Free left Boston to immerse herself in her true passion: music. One of Free's "stepping stones" was an internship at a radio station in Massachusetts, where she began to make a name for herself. She then made career moves between Los Angeles and New York City in an effort to build the structure of her calling. She appeared on Patriots, the second track on Can-I-Bus, the debut album from critically acclaimed hip-hop artist Canibus. This appearance was her first major appearance and the album eventually went gold. Her appearance on the album was a direct result of her professional connection with Wyclef and his Refugee Camp crew.

Free stated: “What influenced me to chase after my dreams was music itself; its power and creative medium." Fate led her to a casting held by BET, where executives chose her to co-host (with AJ Calloway) their signature show based in New York: 106 & Park: Top 10 Live. During her 5 years at 106 & Park, Free interviewed notable people such as Michael Jackson, Denzel Washington, Aaliyah, Halle Berry, Mariah Carey, Maxwell, Alicia Keys, Janet Jackson, and Beyonce.

In 2003, Free began to record a full-length debut studio album titled, Pressure Free, which was expected to be released in Spring of 2008. Free went on to promote the album and release rumored singles via underground mixtapes from early 2003 throughout 2007. A rumored single, Uh Huh, featuring Busta Rhymes, leaked via Internet in the aspiration of she, again generating rumors for the album. Contributors for the debut included Faith Evans, Bink, Scott Storch, Rockwilder, Kanye West, Just Blaze, Rah Digga, Timbaland, and Missy Elliott. As of 2012, there is no confirmation if the album will be released.

On December 1, 2009, Clear Channel Radio's Power 105.1 (WWPR-FM, New York) had (along with added R&B, hip hop, and old-school jams) announced that Malikha Mallette would move to co-host on The Ed Lover Show, from 5:30 AM until 9:30 AM; meanwhile, DJ Envy would be Power 105.1's new afternoon personality, between 2:00 PM and 6:00 PM on weekdays. The announcement was made by Cadillac Jack, Power 105.1's program director. Free stated on her Twitter page, "Ok that's a Tuesday morning for ya: As of now I will no longer be heard on Power 105 in the A.M.: NY thanks for the laughs..rock on."

In October 2010, Free returned to BET once again to produce and star in 106 & Park’s two-episode anniversary show, titled 106 & Park: 10 Years & Counting and 106 & Park: The Celebration, 10 Years Live!. Both shows earned the highest 106 & Park ratings in BET history.

She could also be seen yet again on BET, as a presenter at the inaugural Black Girls Rock! on November 7, 2010.

On May 9, 2011, Free began co-hosting The Big Tigger Morning Show on “The People’s Station” WPGC (95.5 FM), serving the regions of Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Northern Virginia; she hosted alongside Darian "Big Tigger" Morgan from 6:00 AM until 10:00 AM, weekdays. Several months later, Big Tigger was fired, and Free continued the morning radio show without him.

On December 19, 2014, Free again returned to BET, hosting the final episode of 106 & Park, titled "The Final Act" (with Bow Wow, Terrence J and Rocsi).

Philanthropy
In 2002, Free founded the Free4Life Foundation, a non-profit dedicated to empowering young people in disadvantaged neighborhoods through programs that encourage literacy, financial education and creative arts. The Free4Life Foundation has created opportunities that inspire, support, encourage and strengthen the healthy development of young people in Boston's underserved communities. Initially focused on eradicating domestic violence and improving financial literacy, Free is currently in the process of expanding the depth and breadth of the foundation's scope. Through the foundation, Free also launched the successful fundraising event, Break! Break!.

Free is also an advocate for breast cancer awareness. In October 2010, she participated in the American Cancer Society's "Making Strides Against Breast Cancer" charity walk in honor of her late mother Selina "Tina" Wright. She later formed team "Walk 4 Tina," as she and her family walked 5.7 miles to help raise donations and awareness.

Personal life
As of 2023, Free lives a quiet and private life away from the media and the public eye. She maintains residences in both her hometown Boston and New York City.

Discography

 * 2004: Free's World (mixtape)
 * 2007: Pressure Free (shelved)

 * Album appearances
 * 1998: Canibus – "Can-I-Bus" (On "Patriots")
 * 1998: Pras – "Ghetto Supastar" (On "What'cha Wanna Do") and (On "Can't Stop The Shining)
 * 2000: Wyclef Jean – The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book (on "Da Cypha")
 * 2001: Erick Sermon – React (on "We Don't Care")
 * 2001: Ed O.G. – The Truth Hurts (on "Just Because")
 * 2009: Lisa "Left-Eye" Lopes — Eye Legacy (on "Spread Your Wings")

 * Remixes
 * 1999: "Bring It All to Me (Triple Threat Mix)" — Blaque (feat. NY Glaze, Jazz-Ming Mackey, and Free)
 * 2003: "21 Answers" — Lil' Mo

 * Soundtracks
 * 1996: The Associate (on "Mr. Big Stuff" with Queen Latifah and Shades)
 * 1999: Music Inspired by the Motion Picture Life – (on "What Goes Around" with Khadejia)
 * 2000: The PJs: Music from & Inspired by the Hit Television Series – "Holiday" (with Earth, Wind & Fire)
 * 2003: The Fighting Temptations: Music from the Motion Picture (on "Fighting Temptation" — Beyoncé (feat. Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free)

title: Free Marie


text:
User:Kitoba

 * Real Name: Christopher Sunami
 * Website: http://kitoba.com

About
Philosopher, musician and educator from Columbus, Ohio.

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 * valign=top |
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kitoba


text:
Jenette Goldstein

Jenette Elise Goldstein (born February 4, 1960) is an American actress. She is known for starring as Private Vasquez in the sci-fi horror film Aliens (1986), which won her the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. She also played Diamondback in Near Dark (1987) which earned her a second Saturn Award nomination, Megan Shapiro in Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) and Janelle Voight in Terminator 2 (1991). She made cameo appearances in Star Trek Generations (1994) and Titanic (1997), and appeared in two episodes of the television series Star Trek: Short Treks (2019).

Early life
Goldstein was born in Los Angeles, California, and raised in Beverly Hills. Her family is from Russia, Morocco, and Brazil. Goldstein trained to be a gymnast before she started her acting career.

Career
Goldstein's first film role was in James Cameron's science fiction action film Aliens (1986), as the character PFC Jenette Vasquez, for which she received the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. She later appeared as the vampire Diamondback in the neo-Western horror film Near Dark (1987) directed by Kathryn Bigelow, receiving her second Saturn Award nomination. Goldstein then appeared in several action movies, including The Presidio starring Sean Connery, and played Officer Meagan Shapiro in Lethal Weapon 2 (1989). In 1991, she played Janelle Voight, John Connor's foster mother, in the science-fiction action film Terminator 2: Judgment Day.

Goldstein had a number of one-scene roles in films including: Miracle Mile (1988), as the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-B) science officer in Star Trek Generations (1994), as Irish immigrant mother in Titanic (1997), and as Alice the Maid in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998). On television, she guest-starred on MacGyver, L.A. Law, Strong Medicine, ER and 24. During the 1990s, Goldstein also had supporting roles in the films: Donato and Daughter (1993), Fair Game (1995) and Living Out Loud (1998).

Goldstein is the owner of the store Jenette Bras, a large-cup bra specialist known for its slogan "The alphabet starts at 'D'.

Awards and nominations

 * Saturn Awards
 * 1987: Best Supporting Actress – Aliens (Won)
 * 1988: Best Supporting Actress – Near Dark (Nominated)
 * DVD Exclusive Awards
 * 2003: Best Audio Commentary (New for DVD) – Aliens (Nominated) with James Cameron, Michael Biehn, Carrie Henn, Christopher Henn, Lance Henriksen, Gale Anne Hurd, Pat McClung, Bill Paxton, Dennis Skotak, Robert Skotak and Stan Winston

title: Jenette Goldstein


text:
User:Cuaz

I am an Spanish-speaker user of Wikipedia. I have edited some articles in English and Spanish.

I have learned English from time ago, so my contributions can contain some spelling errors. I have also learned German and want to do some contributions in the German version of Wikipedia.

title: User:Cuaz


text:
Caversham Bridge

Caversham Bridge is a bridge across the River Thames between Caversham and the town centre of Reading. The bridge is situated on the reach above Caversham Lock, carrying the A4155 road across the river and also providing pedestrian access to the adjacent mid-river Pipers Island.

The first bridge on the site was built sometime between 1163, when a famous trial by combat was fought on nearby De Montfort Island, and 1231, when Henry III wrote to the Sheriff of Oxfordshire, commanding him:

 * "to go in person, taking with him good and lawful men of his county, to the chapel of St Anne on the bridge at Reading over the Thames one side of which is built on the fee of William Earl Marshal and by the view and testimony of those men see that the abbot has the same seisin of the said chapel as he had on the day the said earl died."

William Marshal was the first Earl of Pembroke, the principal landowner in the Caversham area, and regent during the early years of Henry's reign. He had died at his home at Caversham Park in 1218.

The old bridge was the site of a skirmish during the English Civil War in 1643 and was left with a wooden drawbridge structure on the Berkshire half. The bridge was still in this state when it was depicted by Joseph Mallord William Turner in 1806/7, in a painting entitled Caversham Bridge with Cattle in the Water.

In 1869, the entire bridge was replaced by an iron lattice construction. When Reading Bridge was completed in 1923 work began on replacing Caversham Bridge with the current structure which is of concrete with a granite balustrade. It was opened in 1926 by Edward Prince of Wales.

Since late 2018, Caversham bridge has featured on the club crest of local football team Caversham United Football Club.

title: Caversham Bridge


text:
Pitas

Pitas may refer to:

 * Pita, a round pocket bread
 * Pitas, Malaysia, a town and district in Malaysia
 * Pitas (state constituency), Malaysia

title: Pitas


text:
Bushnell

Bushnell may refer to:

United States

 * Bushnell, Florida, a city
 * Bushnell Army Airfield, a World War II airfield
 * Bushnell, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 * Bushnell, Illinois, a city
 * Bushnell Township, McDonough County, Illinois
 * Bushnell Township, Michigan
 * Bushnell, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Bushnell, Nebraska, a village
 * Bushnell, South Dakota, a town
 * Bushnell Park, Hartford, Connecticut
 * Bushnell Peak, Colorado
 * Bushnell Rock Formation, Oregon

Antarctica

 * Mount Bushnell, Ross Dependency

People

 * Asa S. Bushnell (Governor) (1834–1904), American politician, 40th governor of Ohio and president of the Warder, Bushnell and Glessner Company, which became one of four companies that merged to form International Harvester
 * Aaron Bushnell (1998–2024), American serviceman who self-immolated in front of the Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.
 * Bert Bushnell (1921–2010), British rower, 1948 Olympic gold medalist in double sculls
 * Candace Bushnell (born 1958), American journalist and author
 * Colin J. Bushnell (1947–2021), British mathematician
 * Cornelius Scranton Bushnell (1829–1896), American railroad executive and shipbuilder who helped build the USS Monitor for the Union Navy
 * Daniel Bushnell (1808–1891), American industrialist
 * David Bushnell (1754–1824), American inventor
 * David Bushnell (historian) (1923–2010), American academic and Latin American historian
 * David P. Bushnell (1913–2005), American entrepreneur
 * Dennis M. Bushnell, NASA scientist
 * E. A. Bushnell (1872–1939), American newspaper cartoonist
 * Emily Bushnell (born 1950), Tufts University professor of psychology
 * Geoffrey Bushnell (1903–1978), British archaeologist
 * George E. Bushnell (1887–1965), member of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1934 to 1955
 * Horace Bushnell (1802–1876), American Congregational minister and theologian
 * John Bushnell (died 1701), English sculptor
 * Katharine Bushnell (1855–1946), American medical doctor, Christian writer, medical missionary to China, Bible scholar, and social activist
 * Kenneth Wayne Bushnell (1933–2020), American visual artist
 * Linda Bushnell, American electrical engineer and control theorist
 * Nehemiah Bushnell (1813–1873), American attorney, businessman and politician
 * Nolan Bushnell (born 1943), American engineer and entrepreneur who founded Atari, Inc. and the Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza-Time Theaters chain
 * O. A. Bushnell (1913–2002), American microbiologist, historian, novelist and professor
 * Prudence Bushnell (born 1946), American diplomat
 * Robert T. Bushnell (1896–1949), American politician and Massachusetts Attorney General
 * Thomas Bushnell (born 1967), formerly Michael Bushnell, programmer and GNU contributor
 * Washington Bushnell (1827–1885), American politician and Illinois Attorney General

Other uses

 * Bushnell Corporation, American manufacturer of optics and outdoor gear
 * Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts, a theater venue in Hartford, Connecticut
 * Bushnell University, a private Christian university in Eugene, Oregon
 * USS Sumner (AGS-5), a survey ship that was originally commissioned as the USS Bushnell (AS-2) submarine tender in honor of David Bushnell
 * USS Bushnell (AS-15), a submarine tender commissioned in 1943

title: Bushnell


text:
Chenango

Chenango, which means "Bull thistle" in the Oneida language, may refer to:

 * Chenango County, New York, a county in the United States of America
 * Chenango, New York, a town in Broome County
 * Chenango River, a river in New York
 * Chenango Forks, New York, a community in Broome County
 * Chenango Canal, a former canal in New York
 * USS Chenango, the name of two naval ships
 * Chenango, Texas, an unincorporated community in Brazoria County
 * Chenango Avenue, an avenue in Denver, Colorado
 * Chenango, a subdivision in Centennial, Colorado
 * Chenango Pl., street in West Lafayette, IN

title: Chenango


text:
Cortlandt

Cortlandt may refer to:

Places

 * Cortlandt, New York, a town in Westchester County, New York
 * Cortlandt (Metro-North station)
 * Cortlandt Manor, New York, an area of the town
 * Cortlandt Town Center, a shopping center in the town
 * Cortlandt Street (Manhattan), a street in New York City

 * New York City Subway stations:
 * Cortlandt Street (BMT Broadway Line)
 * Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line), demolished in the September 11th attacks
 * Cortlandt Street (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)
 * Cortlandt Street (IRT Sixth Avenue Line)

People

 * Cortlandt F. Bishop (1870–1935), American pioneer aviator, autoist, book collector, and traveler
 * Cortlandt V.R. Schuyler (1900–1993), United States Army four-star general
 * Cortlandt Skinner (1727–1799), Royal Attorney General of New Jersey and American Revolutionary general
 * Cortlandt Starnes (1864–1934), seventh commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
 * Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1658–1739), wealthy merchant and mayor of New York City
 * Philip Van Cortlandt (1749–1831), American surveyor, landowner, and politician from New York
 * Pierre Van Cortlandt (1721–1814), first Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York
 * Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1643–1700), first native-born mayor of New York City
 * Cortlandt Van Rensselaer (1808–1860), US Presbyterian clergyman

Fictional characters

 * Members of a fictional family on the soap opera All My Children:
 * Nina Cortlandt
 * Opal Cortlandt
 * Palmer Cortlandt
 * Pete Cortlandt
 * Pierre Cortlandt

Music

 * Cortlandt (album), a 1996 album by Sean Malone

title: Cortlandt


text:
1956 in rail transport

January events

 * January 5 – The General Motors Electro-Motive Division “Aerotrain” makes its initial Chicago to Detroit test run.
 * January 11 – The Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway officially adopts its longtime nickname, Monon Railroad, as corporate title.
 * January 22 – Redondo Junction train wreck, Santa Fe Railway's San Diegan passenger train derails just outside Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal. The accident is announced over the radio and so many doctors, nurses and sightseers drive to the scene that it causes one of the first Sig Alerts.

February events

 * February 11 – Rock Island’s Aerotrain, “Jet Rocket” begins service between Chicago and Peoria, Illinois.
 * February 28 – Swampscott train wreck, a southbound Danvers–Boston commuter train crashed into the rear of a stopped Portsmouth–Boston local train just north of Swampscott station during a snowstorm. The collision, blamed on the engineer operating at unsafe speeds for the conditions, killed 13 people and injured 283.
 * February 28 – A collision in Revere, Massachusetts injured 143 people – some of whom had already been in the Swampscott wreck.

March events

 * March 5 – The last steam locomotive purchased new by Southern Pacific Railroad, cab forward class AC-12 4-8-8-2 number 4294, is retired from revenue service.
 * March 15 – In Tokyo, Japan, the Marunouchi Line begins service between Kasumigaseki and Shinjuku.
 * March 17 – Trailer Train Corporation begins operations. Stockholders include the Pennsylvania Railroad, Norfolk and Western Railroad, Frisco and Missouri Pacific Railroad.
 * March 24 – Kansas City Southern Railway officially dedicates Deramus Yards in Shreveport, Louisiana, named in honor of William N. Deramus, Jr., the company's current president.
 * March – Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan construct the first batch of 2-10-2 steam locomotives for the isolated Ramal Ferro Industrial Río Turbio (RFIRP) 750 mm gauge railway in the southern Patagonian Desert of Argentina to haul coal from Río Turbio for shipping from Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz.

April events

 * April 6 – The East Broad Top Railroad, a 3 ft (914 mm) gauge carrier in Pennsylvania, ceases operations.
 * April 28 – Canadian Pacific Railway discontinues the former Imperial Limited passenger train schedule.

May events

 * May 22 – The last Chicago and North Western Railway steam locomotive-powered Chicago commuter train drops its fires.

June events

 * June 3 – Remaining Second class accommodation on British Railways trains (by now surviving only on Southern Region boat trains) is abolished and Third class redesignated Second class.
 * June 30 - The Rochester Subway (Rochester Industrial and Rapid Transit Railway) ceases operation after 29 years.

July events

 * July 8 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway equips its El Capitan with new Hi-Level cars from Budd.
 * July 27 – The last two Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 2-6-6-6 “Alleghenies” are taken off standby status. The last revenue run had been made about a month earlier.
 * July 31 – Great Northern Railway runs its last electric locomotive over Stevens Pass.

August events

 * August 6 – The last big diesel locomotive constructed by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton at Eddystone, Pennsylvania, is shipped: Columbus Geneva Steel #35.
 * August 12 – The Manila Railroad Company commences the dieselization of its entire fleet.
 * August 27 – Pacific Great Eastern Railway, in British Columbia, holds official opening ceremonies to celebrate the beginning of service over its line (which occurred on June 11, 1956).

September events

 * September 1 – Last day of steam locomotive operations on the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad.
 * September 13 – Last day of steam locomotive power for the New York Central Railroad trains in New York City suburban service.
 * September 16 – Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad begins operating over a relocated alignment through East Chicago, Indiana, reducing travel time on the railroad between Gary, Indiana, and Chicago by ten minutes.

October events

 * October
 * General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD FL9.
 * Harry W. Von Willer succeeds Paul W. Johnston as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * October 18 – Head-on collision between two Atlantic Coast Line Railroad freight trains at Pineola, Florida in Citrus County kills five crewmen.
 * October 30 – Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton ships its last common carrier sized diesel locomotive from Eddystone, Pennsylvania: Erie Mining S12 #403. The locomotive had been built in 1955.
 * October 31 – The last surface streetcars operate in Brooklyn, New York.

November events

 * November – British Railways agrees specification and plan for national installation of the Automatic Warning System (its version of Automatic Train Control).
 * November 8 – Paris Métro introduces pneumatic tires on some trains.

December events

 * December 30 – Last day of operation on Liverpool Overhead Railway (England).

Unknown date events

 * Last steam locomotive built for Soviet Railways, express passenger class P36 4-8-4 No. 251, from Kolomna Locomotive Works.
 * First China Railways QJ 2-10-2 built: the class will eventually exceed 4,000 in number.
 * Benjamin W. Heineman becomes president of the Chicago and North Western Railway.
 * The Pullman-Standard "Sun Lounges" debut on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad Silver Meteor.
 * The Pullman-Standard "Placid series" sleeping cars enter service with the Union Pacific Railroad.

title: 1956 in rail transport


text:
Creighton

Creighton may refer to:

Canada

 * Creighton, Saskatchewan
 * Creighton, Simcoe County, Ontario
 * Creighton Mine, a mine in Greater Sudbury, Ontario
 * Creighton Mine, Ontario

South Africa

 * Creighton, KwaZulu-Natal

United States

 * Creighton, Florida
 * Creighton, Missouri
 * Creighton, Nebraska
 * Creighton, Pennsylvania
 * Creighton, South Dakota
 * Creighton Township, Knox County, Nebraska

Education

 * Creighton Preparatory School, Omaha, Nebraska
 * Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
 * Fortismere School, north London, England, formed from Creighton School and Alexandra Park School

Other uses

 * Creighton (name), a given name and surname
 * Creighton Bluejays, the athletic program of Creighton University
 * Creightons, a British manufacturer of consumer goods
 * 10046 Creighton, a carbonaceous background asteroid
 * Mount Creighton, Antarctica

title: Creighton


text:
Nomura Securities

Nomura Securities Co., Ltd. (野村證券株式会社) is a Japanese financial services company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Nomura Holdings, Inc. (NHI), which forms part of the Nomura Group. It plays a central role in the securities business, the group's core business. Nomura is a financial services group and global investment bank. Based in Tokyo, Japan, with regional headquarters in Hong Kong, London, and New York, Nomura employs about 26,000 staff worldwide; it is known as Nomura Securities International in the US, and Nomura International plc. in EMEA. It operates through five business divisions: retail (in Japan), global markets, investment banking, merchant banking, and asset management.

Established December 25, 1925 in Osaka, it is the oldest brokerage firm in Japan. It is named after its founder Tokushichi Nomura II, a wealthy Japanese businessman and investor.

Background (before 1925)
Nomura was founded by Tokushichi Nomura, father of Nomura Securities founder Tokushichi Nomura II as a money changing business. This was just before the Meiji Restoration, the move to setting up a bank was a logical extension and progression of this business as times changed. Changes included the founding of stock exchanges in Tokyo and Osaka as the country became industrialised. Key amongst these changes was the Japanese government's decision to issue foreign currency denominated public bonds to fund the Russo-Japanese war; Nomura employed English speaking staff so that they could take on this international business.

By 1906 Nomura had founded an in-house research department headed up by former Osaka newspaper journalist Kisaku Hashimoto. This was responsible for publishing the Osaka Nomura Business News with trading news, stock analysis and current economic trends. Research combined with a substantial newspaper advertising campaign helped raise the profile of Nomura. By 1917, Nomura had gone public and soon after Osaka Nomura Bank (the present day Resona Bank) was set up, within this business there was a securities section to handle bond sales and underwriting.

Origins to 2001
On December 25, 1925, the Nomura Securities Co., Ltd. (NSC) was established in Osaka, as a spin-off from Securities Dept. of Osaka Nomura Bank Co. (later known as Daiwa Bank and now Resona Bank). NSC initially focused on the bond market. It was named after its founder Tokushichi Nomura II, the son of Tokushichi Nomura and a wealthy Japanese stockbroking tycoon. He had earlier established Osaka Nomura bank in 1918, based on the Mitsui zaibatsu model with a capital of ¥10 million. Like the majority of Japanese conglomerate, or zaibatsu, its origins were in Osaka, but today Is based in Tokyo.

By 1927, Nomura had opened a New York office. NSC gained the authority to trade stock in 1938, and went public in 1961. In 1981, the company became a member of the New York Stock Exchange, followed five years later by its membership in the London Stock Exchange.

2001 to present
On October 1, 2001 Nomura adopt a holding company structure with the establishment of Nomura Holdings, Inc. and Nomura Securities Co. became a fully owned subsidiary of Nomura Holdings.

In February 2007 it purchased the US based broker and trading technology provider Instinet. In October 2008 Nomura acquired Lehman Brothers' business in the Asia Pacific region including Japan, Hong Kong and Australia; together with Lehman Brothers investment banking and equities business in Europe and the Middle East and hired a number of people from Lehman's fixed-income business. In 2007, Lehman international businesses were responsible for half of the bank's total revenue. The acquisition made Nomura the world's largest independent investment bank with Y20,300bn (£138bn) assets under management according to the Financial Times. According to Bloomberg, in the wake of the financial crisis, Nomura did not take any government bail-out money In 2010 Nomura acquired a stake in Bank of Ireland according to publicly available data.

In a bid to move the company's focus from Japan to global markets, the global headquarters for investment banking was moved out of Tokyo to London in April 2009 as part of a stated aim by Hiromi Yamaji, Nomura's chief executive of global investment banking to move the company's focus from Japan to global markets.

On July 27, 2009 the Federal Reserve Bank of New York designated Nomura a primary dealer for Federal Reserve System open market operations and U.S. Treasury securities auctions. Tricorn Partners LLP was acquired on December 16, 2009 to further expand its investment banking business. Nomura operates across 18 exchanges globally and holds a number of primary dealerships. In late May 2017, Nomura Securities paid for Venezuelan government bonds valued at $100 million, paying $30 million for the debt at a steep discount. In 2017, Nomura has chosen Frankfurt am Main, Germany as its new EU hub after brexit.

On 15 June 2021, a colony of small-flowered tongue-orchids were found growing in the rooftop garden of Nomura's London HQ. The species, which is native to the Mediterranean Basin and Atlantic coast of Western Europe, was thought extinct in the UK, as no sightings of the plant had been recorded since 1989 prior to the discovery of the colony.

Operations
Nomura provides a range of services through the capital markets including equities and fixed income trading, brokerage, underwriting, offering, secondary offering and private placement of securities. The investment banking arm provides corporate and leveraged financing.

Nomura previously made most of its profits in the Japanese retail banking market but has expanded its international investment banking capabilities. Nomura divides its operations up into three regional areas, Americas, Asia-Pacific and Europe, Middle East & Africa (EMEA). The American operations are predominantly focused on offices in the New York and New Jersey areas with additional offices in Toronto, Canada and Bermuda, employing 1,300 staff in the US; investment banking in the US is headed up by Glenn Schiffman. There are 32 offices across the Asia Pacific region headquarters are located in Hong Kong, including Australia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. EMEA employs 4,500 people in 18 countries, the chairman is Colin Marshall and the CEO is Jeremy Bennett. In December 2009 Reuters reported that Nomura had raised $7 billion of extra funding through issuing additional shares.

Nomura's four business lines (global markets, investment banking, merchant banking and asset management) are coordinated globally but each European operating entity is incorporated and regulated separately and reports to local management as well as Tokyo-based business leads.

title: Nomura Securities


text:
Category:Hong Kong geography stubs

 * For roads, please use HongKong-road-stub instead.

title: Category:Hong Kong geography stubs


text:
Dyer

Dyer often refers to:
 * Dyer (occupation), a person who is involved in dyeing

Dyer may also refer to:

Places

 * Dyer, Arkansas, a town
 * Dyer, Indiana, a town
 * Dyer (Amtrak station)
 * Dyer, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Breckinridge County, Kentucky
 * Dyer, Nevada, a town
 * Dyer, Tennessee, a city
 * Dyer, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Dyer County, Tennessee
 * Dyer Bay, Maine
 * Dyer River, Maine
 * Dyer Plateau, Palmer Land, Antarctica
 * Dyer Point, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica
 * Dyer Island (disambiguation), several islands
 * Dyer Avenue, in New York
 * Camp Dyer, Rhode Island, a temporary camp used during the Spanish–American War
 * Dyer State Wayside, a rest stop in Oregon

People

 * Dyer (surname)
 * Dyer Ball (1796–1866), American missionary and doctor in China
 * Dyer Lum (1839–1893), American anarchist labor activist and poet
 * Dyer Pearl (1857–1930), American businessman

Other uses

 * 78434 Dyer, an asteroid
 * USS Dyer (DD-84), a United States Navy destroyer
 * Dyer Observatory, an astronomical observatory in Brentwood, Tennessee, owned and operated by Vanderbilt University
 * Dyer baronets, two baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
 * DYER-TV, a Philippine television station

title: Dyer


text:
Earlville

Earlville may refer to places in:

Australia

 * Earlville, Queensland, a suburb in Cairns

United States

 * Earlville, Illinois
 * Earlville, Iowa
 * Earlville, New York

title: Earlville


text:
Lasker

Lasker may refer to:

 * Lasker (surname)
 * Lasker, North Carolina
 * Lasker Award, an award for medical research
 * Lasker's Manual of Chess, a book on the game of chess by Emanuel Lasker.
 * Lasker–Noether theorem or Lasker Ring, a mathematical theorem
 * NOAAS Reuben Lasker (R 228), an American fisheries and oceanographic research ship in commission in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fleet since 2014

title: Lasker


text: Category:Geography of Hong Kong

title: Category:Geography of Hong Kong


text:
Emmet

Emmet may refer to:

Australia

 * Emmet, Queensland

Germany

 * Emmet (Upland), a mountain in Hesse

United States

 * Emmet, Arkansas
 * Emmet, Nebraska
 * Emmet, North Dakota
 * Emmet, South Dakota
 * Emmet, Dodge County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Emmet, Marathon County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Emmet County, Iowa
 * Emmet County, Michigan
 * Emmet Township (disambiguation)

Surname

 * A. Maitland Emmet, entomologist and school teacher
 * Christopher Temple Emmet, Irish barrister and poet
 * Devereux Emmet, golf course architect
 * Grenville T. Emmet, American attorney and diplomat
 * Katherine Emmet (1878–1960), American actress
 * Lydia Field Emmet, American artist
 * Richard S. Emmet Jr. (1871–1897), New York assemblyman
 * Robert Emmet, leader of the 1803 Irish rebellion
 * Robert Temple Emmet, US Medal of Honor winner
 * Thomas Addis Emmet, lawyer and politician
 * Thomas Addis Emmet (bishop), American-born Roman Catholic bishop in Jamaica
 * William Le Roy Emmet, electrical engineer

Given name

 * Emmet Birk (1914–2000), American basketball player
 * Emmet Bolton (born 1985), Gaelic footballer
 * Emmet D. Boyle (1879–1926), American politician
 * Emmet Byrne (1896–1974), American politician
 * Emmet Byrne, Irish rugby union player
 * Emmet Crawford (1844–1886), American soldier
 * Emmet Dalton (1898–1978), Irish soldier and film producer
 * Emmet Densmore (1837–1911), American businessman and physician
 * Emmet Flood, American attorney
 * Emmet Fox (1886–1951), New Thought spiritual leader
 * Emmet French, (1886–1947) American golfer
 * Emmet Friars (born 1985), footballer
 * Emmet Gowin (born 1941), American photographer
 * Emmet Hayes (born 1951), American lobbyist and politician
 * Emmet Heidrick (1876–1916), American baseball player
 * Emmet John Hughes (1920–1982), American editor, speechwriter and author
 * Emmet Kirwan, Irish actor, playwright and screenwriter
 * Emmet Lanigan (1909–1989), Australian cricketer
 * Emmet Lavery (1902–1986), American playwright and screenwriter
 * Emmet G. Lavery Jr. (1927–2014), American producer and attorney
 * Emmet Malone, Irish football correspondent
 * Emmet McDermott (1911–2002), Australian dentist and politician
 * Emmet McHardy (1904–1933), New Zealand missionary
 * Emmet McLoughlin, amateur football player
 * Emmet McNamara (born 1990), Irish jockey
 * Emmet Nolan (born 1995), Irish hurler
 * Emmet O'Brien (born 1981), Irish auto racing driver
 * Emmet O'Neal (1853–1922), American politician and lawyer
 * Emmet O'Neal (Kentucky politician) (1887–1967), American politician and ambassador
 * Emmet M. Reily (1866–1954), American politician
 * Emmet Sargeant, musician
 * Emmet Stagg (1944), Irish politician
 * Emmet Sullivan (sculptor), (1887–1970), American sculptor
 * Emmet G. Sullivan (born 1947), American judge
 * Emmet M. Walsh (1892–1968), American prelate
 * Emmet Wan (born 1992), football midfielder

Fictional characters

 * Emmet Brickowski, the protagonist of The Lego Movie and its sequel The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part
 * Emmet Cole, in ABC's The River
 * Emmet Hawksworth, a character in the sitcom Keeping Up Appearances
 * Emmet Lefebvre, a character in the American sitcom Top of the Heap
 * Emmet Otter, the protagonist of Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas
 * Emmet Ray, the protagonist of Sweet and Lowdown

Other uses

 * Emmet, an archaic English word for ant
 * Emmet (heraldry), the heraldic ant
 * Emmet (Cornish), a nickname for tourists
 * Emmet (software), a set of tools for HTML and CSS coders, formerly known as Zen Coding

title: Emmet


text:
Battle of Giornico

In the Battle of Giornico (Italian: Battaglia di Giornico, dei Sassi Grossi; German: Schlacht bei Giornico) (28 December 1478) a Swiss force of 600 defeated 10,000 Milanese troops.

History
The Battle of Giornico was part of an expansionist policy of the Old Swiss Confederation during the 15th century. The confederation attempted to expand into the southern foothills of the Alps to gain control of both ends of the valuable mountain passes. In November 1478, Uri troops moved south over the Gotthard pass into the Leventina valley. The population of the valley, who had long been opposed to Milan, greeted the Swiss troops as liberators and allies. However, below the valley at Bellinzona, they found the city gates closed. Uri was quickly joined by forces from other Confederation cantons and established a siege camp below the walls of Bellinzona on 30 November 1478. The Duke of Milan responded by sending 10,000 men toward Bellinzona to drive the Confederates back and reassert his control over the Leventina.

The battle
On 16 December the Milanese army reached Magadino on Lake Maggiore about 14 km from Bellinzona. However, the Confederates had already retired, after a 14-day siege of Bellinzona, to the Gotthard Pass. Only a 175-strong reserve army, reinforced by about 400 soldiers from the Leventina, were guarding the rear at Giornico in the Leventina valley. The entire Milanese army reached Giornico on 28 December 1478 and outnumbered the defenders by about twenty-to-one. The defenders were able to defeat the much larger force because the Milanese army was confined in a narrow valley, struggling for foothold on the December snow and ice. The Swiss ambushed the army from above, creating confusion by rolling large boulders down the hillside. They reportedly also wore crampons for better foothold. Against this attack, the Milanese army was helpless regardless of its superior number, and they were forced to flee, leaving an estimated 1,400 dead.

Aftermath
Following this decisive defeat, the Duke of Milan withdrew from the Leventina, leaving it under Uri's control. The treaty of Lucerne was signed on 3 March 1480 establishing the cession of Leventina from Milan to Uri.

To consolidate his power in Bellinzona, the Duke of Milan built the small Sasso Corbaro castle. Nine years later, the Swiss and the Milanese met again, in 1487, at the Battle of Crevola.

title: Battle of Giornico


text:
Garfield Township

Garfield Township may refer to:

Illinois

 * Garfield Township, Grundy County, Illinois

Iowa

 * Garfield Township, Calhoun County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Clay County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Hancock County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Ida County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Kossuth County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Lyon County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Mahaska County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Montgomery County, Iowa, in Montgomery County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Plymouth County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Pocahontas County, Iowa
 * Garfield Township, Sioux County, Iowa

Kansas

 * Garfield Township, Clay County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Decatur County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Dickinson County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Finney County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Jackson County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Ottawa County, Kansas, in Ottawa County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Pawnee County, Kansas, in Pawnee County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Rush County, Kansas, in Rush County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Smith County, Kansas, in Smith County, Kansas
 * Garfield Township, Wabaunsee County, Kansas, in Wabaunsee County, Kansas

Michigan

 * Garfield Township, Bay County, Michigan
 * Garfield Township, Clare County, Michigan
 * Garfield Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan
 * Garfield Township, Kalkaska County, Michigan
 * Garfield Township, Mackinac County, Michigan
 * Garfield Township, Newaygo County, Michigan

Minnesota

 * Garfield Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota
 * Garfield Township, Polk County, Minnesota

Nebraska

 * Garfield Township, Antelope County, Nebraska
 * Garfield Township, Buffalo County, Nebraska
 * Garfield Township, Cuming County, Nebraska
 * Garfield Township, Custer County, Nebraska
 * Garfield Township, Phelps County, Nebraska

North Dakota

 * Garfield Township, Traill County, North Dakota, in Traill County, North Dakota

South Dakota

 * Garfield Township, Clark County, South Dakota, in Clark County, South Dakota
 * Garfield Township, Clay County, South Dakota, in Clay County, South Dakota
 * Garfield Township, Douglas County, South Dakota, in Douglas County, South Dakota
 * Garfield Township, Hamlin County, South Dakota, in Hamlin County, South Dakota
 * Garfield Township, Roberts County, South Dakota, in Roberts County, South Dakota
 * Garfield Township, Spink County, South Dakota, in Spink County, South Dakota

title: Garfield Township


text:
Higgins

Higgins may refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Higgins (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters with the surname

Australia

 * Higgins, Australian Capital Territory, a suburb in the Canberra district of Belconnen
 * Division of Higgins, an Australian electoral division in Victoria
 * Higgins Field, a World War II airbase in Queensland

United States

 * Higgins, North Carolina, a populated place
 * Higgins, Texas, a city
 * Higgins Township, Michigan
 * Higgins Beach, a small beach in Maine
 * Higgins Lake, Michigan

Other uses

 * Higgins (dog), a dog actor in Benji and Petticoat Junction
 * Higgins boat, a landing craft used in amphibious warfare in World War II
 * Higgins Industries, an American firm that manufactured the Higgins boat
 * Higgins project, an open source framework for user-centric identity management
 * Higgins Armory Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts, US
 * Higgins Glass, art glass
 * Higgins Building, Los Angeles, California, US

title: Higgins


text:
Iredell

Iredell may refer to:
 * Places:
 * Iredell County, North Carolina
 * Iredell, Texas
 * People:
 * James Iredell (1751–1799), American Supreme Court Justice
 * James Iredell Jr. 1788–1853), Governor of North Carolina
 * James Iredell Waddell, Confederate-American commanding officer

title: Iredell


text: Template:HongKong-stub

title: Template:HongKong-stub


text:
Kilgore

Kilgore may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Kilgore Trout, a recurring character in the novels of Kurt Vonnegut
 * Lt. Colonel Bill Kilgore, a character in the Francis Ford Coppola movie Apocalypse Now
 * Teddybear Kilgore (AKA Kilgour), a character in the John Irving novel A Prayer for Owen Meany
 * Eli and Hastings Kilgore, brothers from the Ugly Hill webcomic
 * Kilgor, a barbarian king in the computer game Heroes of Might and Magic III: Armageddon's Blade
 * Kilg%re, a DC Comics supervillain
 * Kilgore, a Killer Instinct character
 * Killgore, a character from My Life as a Teenage Robot
 * Tacitus Kilgore, a pseudonym for Arthur Morgan from Red Dead Redemption 2

In politics

 * Constantine B. Kilgore, U.S. Representative from Texas 1887–1895
 * Daniel Kilgore, U.S. Representative from Ohio, 1793–1851
 * David Kilgore, U.S. Representative from Indiana 1857–1861, grandfather of Bernard Kilgore
 * Harley M. Kilgore, U.S. Senator from West Virginia 1941–1956
 * Jerry W. Kilgore, Virginia Attorney General 2002–2005
 * Larry Kilgore, Texas conservative Christian activist and political candidate
 * Moses Kilgore (1817–1890), Wisconsin state legislator
 * Terry Kilgore, Virginia state delegate 1994–, twin brother of Jerry W. Kilgore

Other people

 * Al Kilgore, cartoonist
 * Bernard Kilgore, editor of The Wall Street Journal 1941–1967
 * Caroline Burnham Kilgore (1838–1909), American lawyer and suffragist
 * Chad Kilgore, American football player
 * Kenneth Kilgore (1947-2011), American musician
 * Merl Kilgore, founder of Zion's Order, Inc., a Latter Day Saint sect
 * Merle Kilgore, country music singer/songwriter
 * Theola Kilgore (1925–2005), American singer
 * Tom Kilgore, CEO Tennessee Valley Authority

Places

 * Kilgore, Idaho
 * Kilgore, Nebraska
 * Kilgore, Ohio
 * Kilgore, Texas

Other uses

 * Kilgore (band), an American heavy metal band formed in Providence, Rhode Island
 * Kilgore College
 * Kilgore College Rangerettes

title: Kilgore


text: Template:HongKong-geo-stub

title: Template:HongKong-geo-stub


text:
Karnevalsbotschafter

 Karnevalsbotschafter  (Carnival's Ambassador) op. 270 is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in the autumn of 1862 during his honeymoon with his first wife Henrietta Treffz in Venice. It was first performed at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Vienna's Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde (Society of Friends of Music in Vienna) at the 'Sperl' dance hall on 11 November 1862.

Trumpets announce the first bars, before a loud chord interrupts; signalling the waltz proper. Pizzicato strings support the first waltz theme although other instruments carry the main melody. Waltz 1B is punctuated by loud chords and is loud for the entire passage. Waltz 2A has triangles as accompaniment whereas waltz 2B is gentle. Waltz 3A starts with a brief intrada and is decorated with trills whereas waltz 3B's principal melody is carried by cellos and double basses. Waltz 4A is livelier than the previous waltz part and waltz 4B is dominated by the flute. Waltz 5B has a timpani beat and waltz 5B reconciles the earlier sections. A brief coda is introduced and waltz 1B is repeated. Without halting nor slowing down for a moment, the first waltz theme makes a re-entry, before rising chords heralds its close, complete with a snare-drumroll and brass flourish.

title: Karnevalsbotschafter


text: User talk:65.111.198.34

title: User talk:65.111.198.34


text: Category:Olympic competitors for Paraguay


text:
Victory Aircraft

Victory Aircraft Limited was a Canadian manufacturing company that, during the Second World War, built mainly British-designed aircraft under licence. It acted as a shadow factory, safe from the reach of German bombers.

Initially the major wartime contract to manufacture Avro Lancaster heavy bombers was to go to the National Steel Car Ltd. headquartered in Hamilton, utilizing the Malton factory (near today's Toronto Pearson International Airport). National Steel Car was already producing Westland Lysander aircraft (Malton 1938–1939) and involved as a subcontractor in the manufacture of Hawker Hurricane fighters (1939-1943), Avro Anson trainers (Montreal 1941–1945) and Handley Page Hampden bombers (Malton and Montreal 1939-1941?). Questions arising as to the company's ability to manage the project led to the government's expropriation of the plant on 4 November 1942 and the setting up of the Crown Corporation, Victory Aircraft Limited, incorporated under the Department of Munitions and Supply Act, 1940 c.31. J.P. Bickell, one of C.D. Howe's "dollar-a-year men" headed Victory Aircraft Ltd. as president and chairman of the board.

Wartime production
Although originally designated to produce the Martin B-26 Marauder medium bomber, the Malton plant received a contract on 18 September 1941 to build the Avro Lancaster Mk X heavy bomber. When the first drawings arrived in January 1942, the complexity of the project seemed daunting. Some 500,000 manufacturing operations were involved in manufacturing over 55,000 separate components that went into a Lancaster (excluding engines and turrets and small items such as rivets, nuts and bolts).

Avro Lancaster X
A Lancaster Mk I (R5727) from Avro Aircraft (UK) was flown across the Atlantic in August 1942, to act as a "pattern" aircraft for production. Differences between the British Lancasters and the Canadian built versions (known as the Mk X) revolved around engines, instruments and radio equipment being manufactured in Canada or the United States instead of England. The Rolls-Royce Merlin engines were the same design, but manufactured by Packard in the United States. A later series Lancaster Mk X replaced the original Frazer-Nash FN 50 mid-upper turret with a US-made Martin 250CE turret moved to a new location farther back on the upper fuselage due to differences in weight between that unit and the original turret. All major sub-assemblies of the Canadian Lancasters were interchangeable with the British versions so that in the event of damage, spare parts were immediately at hand.

Initially, all components were built at Malton except for the bomb doors, flaps, ailerons and elevators, that were produced by Ottawa Car & Aircraft Ltd. Later, more of the parts were subcontracted out with Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd. of Toronto constructing the fuel tanks, tailplane, fins and rudders, while the outer wings were subcontracted to the Fleet Aircraft Limited plant in Fort Erie, Ontario.

From the first blueprints arriving to the first test flight took only 16 months, an impressive accomplishment, not lost on Avro (UK) management. The Malton work force climbed from 3,300 (1942) to 9,521 in 1944, most of them initially unskilled workers and about a quarter of them women. Almost exactly a year to the day from when the "pattern" aircraft was flown to Canada, the Canadian prototype, (serial number KB700), rolled off the Victory Aircraft assembly line on 1 August 1943. Named the "Ruhr Express," much publicity was made of its christening, first flight and its departure (albeit delayed as the prototype was wheeled out missing some of its essential gear and was barely able to fly) to England. Nevertheless, the Avro Lancaster setting off for war was an occasion for which the country could be proud.

Eventually, Lancaster production at Victory Aircraft Ltd. reached the impressive mark of one aircraft per day. After being ferried to England and sent to operational squadrons, the Canadian "Lancs" were assigned to No. 6 Group RCAF, the Canadian component of RAF Bomber Command, to complete this "all-Canadian" contribution to the war effort. The Lancaster X was also slated to equip the RCAF bomber squadrons for the British Commonwealth Tiger Force for the bombing of Japan however the war with Japan ended before the force was sent overseas. The Malton plant went on to build by war's end, a total of 3,629 Avro aircraft: 3,197 Ansons, 430 Mk X Lancasters (including six Lancastrian transport conversions), one Mk XV Lincoln heavy bomber, and a single York transport.

End of Victory Aircraft
Victory Aircraft ceased operations on 11 November 1945. In 1945, the Canadian government sold Victory Aircraft to Hawker Siddeley Group who used it for their subsidiary A.V. Roe Canada Ltd (known as Avro Canada).

title: Victory Aircraft


text:
Sonning Bridge

Sonning Bridge is a road bridge across the River Thames at Sonning, Berkshire. It links Sonning with Sonning Eye (Oxfordshire) and crosses the Thames on the reach above Shiplake Lock, just short of Sonning Lock. It is a brick arch bridge completed in 1775, to replace an earlier wooden bridge. The bridge has been the subject of many paintings and prints by artists and is a Grade II listed building. The road extends to the two Sonning Backwater Bridges. One is over the backwater downstream of the weir and the other is over the millrace which is between the two main branches.

The Thames Path crosses the river at this point.

History
The earliest definite reference to a "timber" bridge is around 1530, although there are claims that there was a wooden old Saxon bridge here before 1125. It was spoken of as being rebuilt in 1604, although throughout the 17th century there are reports of decay and the need for repair.

A stone marker at the centre of the bridge is marked "B | O'" (for the counties of Berkshire and Oxfordshire on each side of the river) with the vertical line indicating the exact boundary down the middle of the river. This is an ancient border which used to be between Wessex and Mercia.

In the 18th century, the bridge presumably gave Dick Turpin a convenient escape route from Berkshire to Oxfordshire when he was staying at his aunt's inn in Sonning.

At the beginning of the 20th century, there were complaints about traction engines causing structural problems with the old wooden backwater bridges at Sonning and disturbing the peace. The wooden backwater bridges were not replaced until the 20th century.

The bridge became a Grade II listed building on 1 August 1952.

Traffic
Sonning Bridge has traffic lights because it is too narrow for traffic in both directions simultaneously. It is the only road bridge across the Thames between Henley-on-Thames and Reading. Thus there are large queues during the morning and evening rush hours. An additional bridge to relieve the traffic problems has been a subject of debate for many years. In 2019, Transport for South East proposed a bridge at Playhatch, but while supported by local councils in Berkshire, the bid for funds from the Department for Transport was opposed by Oxfordshire.

Art installations
Beginning in the second decade of the 21st century, the anonymous artist Impro has affixed a series of objects to a supporting buttress of the bridge: the frontage of a letterbox (2013), a front door with floating doormat (2016), a telephone labelled "Emergency Flood Line" (2021), another postbox (2022), a urinal (2023). and a cashpoint (2024).

Adjacent buildings
Close to the bridge are the Great House, a hotel on the southern bank, the Mill at Sonning, now a theatre, on an island between two branches of the river, and the French Horn, another hotel on the northern bank.

title: Sonning Bridge


text: User talk:130.89.14.79

title: User talk:130.89.14.79


text:
L!VE TV

L!VE TV was a British television station that was operated by Mirror Group Newspapers on cable television from 12 June 1995 until 5 November 1999. It was later revived for Sky from 2003. In 2006, L!VE TV's name was changed to Babeworld to reflect the channel's gradual change of focus towards "adult material".

Background
L!VE TV was proposed by David Montgomery as part of MGN's move into pay television and due to the dominance on satellite of Sky Television, the decision was made to launch channels exclusively on cable.

In February 1995, Mirror Television, a Mirror Group plc subsidiary, bought flagship cable channel Wire TV which included sports content shown at certain times during Wire's output. Sports programming on Wire had recently been expanded when several sporting rights were acquired, such as Vauxhall Conference football, the live broadcast rights to Lennox Lewis's WBC title fights and the 1996 Cricket World Cup, plus other sporting coverage following a deal with Chrysalis Sport. Mirror Group planned to turn Sportswire into a separate channel to operate alongside L!VE TV, both of which would replace Wire. Wire was closed on 31 May of that year; however TCI (owners of Telewest) and NYNEX made a deal with British Sky Broadcasting, which included a clause that the cable operators would not launch any rival channels to those already operated by Sky. Consequently, Sportswire collapsed just days before it was due to launch, leaving Mirror Television with just L!ve TV.

First incarnation (1995–1999)
At its launch in 1995, the station was headed by Kelvin MacKenzie with Janet Street-Porter as managing director. Presented by an on-air team of young presenters who were mostly new to TV, Street-Porter created a channel based around presenter-led blocks of live broadcasting from its base on the 24th floor of London's Canary Wharf building. The output was orientated towards a rolling mix of celebrities, interviews, reviews, lifestyle features and reports from events and happenings across the UK.

Three months after going on air, Street-Porter left due to clashes with MacKenzie over content. MacKenzie axed the rolling content and replaced it with programmes that received much media coverage but low viewer figures. These included Topless Darts, produced by future Times journalist Sathnam Sanghera with commentary by comedian Jimmy Frinton, the surreal talent show Spanish Archer, Talgarth Trousers, (a comedy sketch show) and Canary Wharf, a soap opera which used the station's offices in London Docklands as a set. Other features were the weather read in Norwegian by a blonde model (Eva Bjertnes or Anne-Marie Foss) wearing a bikini, Britain's Bounciest Weather with Rusty Goffe (known, although uncredited, for his appearance as an Oompa Loompa in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory) who due to his small stature bounced on a trampoline while doing the forecast (bouncing higher the further north he was talking about), Tiffany's Big City Tips, in which model Tiffany Banister gave the financial news while stripping to her underwear, Painted Ladies, which involved topless girls "painting" on large sheets of paper with various body parts and the News Bunny, a person in a rabbit suit who stood behind a newsreader making gestures and expressions for each item.

Considered cheap and always accused of poor taste, the channel never captured more than 1% of the British television audience under MGN, and at its worst was losing around £7 million a year. It was often described as "tabloid television", in part due to its control by MGN and because MacKenzie had been editor of The Sun.

L!VE TV had a teletext service, initially operated by Intelfax Ltd.

Sport
The channel also broadcast sport. The first event shown by the channel was the 1995 Rugby League World Cup and due to the BBC deciding only to show the opening match, the semi-finals and the final live, the channel was the only place to see live coverage of the majority of the games. L!VE also aired the 1995 darts World Masters, greyhound racing and weekly highlights from the 1998–99 Football Conference.

In 1996, Mirror Television entered the bidding process with Carlton Television for rights to show FA Premier League football but they were beaten by Sky Sports.

Shortly before its demise in 1999, it was said that the channel would, once again, bid for rights to show the FA Premier League, but given the size of the financial commitment required, it is likely that it was merely a publicity stunt.

Local L!VE TV channels
Part of the overall plan for L!ve TV was for a network of local L!ve TV channels and at the end of 1995 and during 1996 the first local channels launched in Liverpool and Edinburgh. These channels featured both local content and programming from London. A local version was also carried on BT-owned Westminster Cable, featuring local headlines but had fewer and shorter opt-outs than the Liverpool and Edinburgh channels. Around 20 stations had been planned to launch by the end of the 1990s but only a small number ever made it to air.

Closure
L!VE TV ceased broadcasting on 5 November 1999 at 6 pm with a pre-recorded farewell message from the station's production team.

Earlier in the day, L!VE TV's local channels had aired their final local programmes before handing over to the national channel ahead of the 6pm closedown.

Second incarnation (2003–2006)
In 2003, L!VE TV returned as a free channel on Sky, first on EPG 274, then on 214. Its content was almost entirely archive from L!VE TV. Then in 2004, following competitor channels, its risqué archive of late-night offerings was supplemented with banners advertising adult text messaging.

Towards the end of 2005, the evening and late night were turned over to promoting adult text and phone-in services, involving models stripping to entice viewers into phoning or texting the studio. This was under the pretence that the viewer would get to talk to a studio guest.

By February 2006, content had dwindled to little more than these shows and it was moved to the adult section of Sky's EPG on 28 February 2006. Two days later, the name changed to Babeworld, ending links to the MGN operation. Babeworld closed on 22 October 2011, two days prior to Ofcom publishing a notice of revocation for its broadcast licence, ending eight years of the active Sky channel slot.

2007–present
A number of archive programmes from L!VE TV, including The Why Files and Lie Detector were shown on My Channel, formerly known as Eat Cinema, on Sky channel 199.

The entire L!VE TV archive and the rights to the channel's programming were sold on eBay in May 2013 with the winner of the sale buying the entire programming archive for £14,100.

Presenters

 * Matt Arnold
 * Richard Bacon
 * Donna Bernard
 * Julia Bradbury
 * Simon London
 * Charlie Stayt
 * Rhodri Williams
 * Claudia Winkleman

Management

 * Nick Ferrari
 * Kelvin McKenzie
 * Tony Orsten
 * Rachel Purnell
 * Janet Street-Porter
 * Ruth Wrigley

title: L!VE TV


text:
User:Jnusaira

32 American, graduate of Ohio University with 2 bachelors degrees and author.

Priorities in life:
 * 1) God
 * 2) Country
 * 3) Family
 * 4) The Almight Ls1 Camaro!!!!

title: User:Jnusaira


text:
WRGB

WRGB (channel 6) is a television station licensed to Schenectady, New York, United States, serving the Capital District as an affiliate of CBS. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside CW affiliate WCWN (channel 45, also licensed to Schenectady). The two stations share studios on Balltown Road in Niskayuna, New York (with a Schenectady postal address); WRGB's transmitter is located on the Helderberg Escarpment west of New Salem.

WRGB is notable for being one of the first television stations in the world. It began broadcasting experimentally in early 1928, with the first daily programs being broadcast later that year. It later became one of a handful of television stations licensed for commercial broadcasting operation before the end of World War II.

The station launched the on-camera careers of TV chefs Art "Mr. Food" Ginsburg in the mid-1970s; and of Rachael Ray, who launched her "30 Minute Meals" segment on WRGB's newscasts in the mid-1990s.

W2XCW
One of the first experimental television stations in the world, WRGB traces its roots to an experimental station founded on January 13, 1928, and broadcast from the General Electric facility in Schenectady under the call letters W2XCW. It was popularly known as "WGY Television" after its sister radio station (though WMAK, the predecessor of modern station WBEN in Buffalo also had partial control of the station, which was relinquished shortly after the station signed on). W2XCW operated a very limited schedule, with 30 kW on 2.1-2.2 MHz (video) and 92 meters (approx. 3.258 MHz) (audio). It transmitted 24 vertical lines of resolution at a rate of 20 frames per second.

W2XAF
The W2XCW callsign disappeared around 1932. By 1930, GE had begun audio transmission on shortwave; one of these transmitters, W2XAF, was pressed into service during off-hours for further television experiments, which continued through the 1930s. Toward the end of that decade, General Electric teamed up with other experimental broadcasters to adopt an all-electronic TV standard that was created by RCA.

W2XB
In 1938, General Electric announced plans to build and operate a standalone TV station, and applied for an FCC license. It was granted the callsign W2XB, which took to the air in 1939. It moved into the VHF band using a 6 MHz-wide channel and improved resolution (gradually increasing from 343 to 441 to 525 lines). In 1940, it began sharing programs with W2XBS (forerunner of WNBC) in New York City, receiving the New York station directly off the air from a mountaintop and rebroadcasting the signal, becoming NBC's first television affiliate. Later, the New York connection was achieved via coaxial cable and eventually by satellite. The NBC affiliation would last for 42 years.

WRGB
In 1942, General Electric opted to end experimental broadcasts and begin commercial programming. While the call WGY-TV was available, the company applied for and received a call letter change to WRGB, in honor of pioneering electric engineer Walter Ransom Gail Baker. The station moved into a state-of-the-art studio on Washington Avenue in Schenectady. It was the first building in the nation specifically designed for television.

In 1948, WRGB took on secondary affiliations with the three other networks in operation (CBS, ABC, and DuMont). At the time of the announcement, the station only broadcast for 28 hours a week. On January 4, 1954, it moved from channel 4 to channel 6 to alleviate interference from WNBC-TV (then known as WRCA-TV) and Boston's WBZ-TV, and increased its radiated power approximately fourfold to 93,000 watts. WRGB dropped its secondary affiliations when WCDA (channel 41, now WTEN on channel 10) and WTRI (channel 35, now WNYT on channel 13) took the ABC and CBS affiliations respectively. From 1939 till 1957, the station's studio were located on Washington Avenue in downtown Schenectady. In 1957, WRGB moved to its current studio on Balltown Road on the line between Niskayuna and Schenectady; the old studio is currently occupied by Schenectady County Community College.

The longest-running locally produced children's television show, Freihofer's Breadtime Stories was broadcast on the station starting November 21, 1949. WRGB produced two of the longest-running locally produced programs in television history: a quiz show called Answers Please and a bowling program entitled TV Tournament Time. After the cancellation of both by the late-1980s, WRGB's local programming has been variable and erratic, ranging from a local home shopping show to a weekly video countdown done with Top 40 stations WFLY and (later) WKKF.

In 1979, General Electric almost filed to sell WRGB to Group Six Broadcasting during a proposed General Electric merger with Cox Broadcasting, with Group Six being led by the station's general manager and vice president James J. Delmonico, which paid $24 million, but the deal apparently fell through due to a lack of FCC approval.

On September 28, 1981, WRGB swapped affiliations with WAST (which would become what is now WNYT on the day of the switch) and became a CBS affiliate. WAST had only picked up the CBS affiliation four years earlier, but had remained stubbornly in third place behind WRGB and WTEN. Under the circumstances, when its affiliation contract with WAST ran out, CBS jumped at the chance to align with long-dominant WRGB. The switch made WRGB the third station in the Capital District to affiliate with CBS, with the newly rechristened WNYT taking over the NBC affiliation. The network had originally aired on WTRI, forerunner of WNYT, from 1954 to 1955, then moved to WCDA (now WTEN) from 1955 to 1977.

In April 1983, 55 years of General Electric ownership ended when it sold WRGB to Universal Communications Corporation which was owned by Forstmann Little and John D. Backe, a former CBS president and then president of Tomorrow Entertainment (GE would re-enter the TV business upon its purchase of RCA, then-parent company of NBC in late 1985, which WRGB was formerly affiliated with). WRGB was sold to Freedom Communications in March 1986. In 1987, WRGB won the Broadcast Pioneers Golden Mike Award and shortly thereafter was awarded a Presidential Citation by Ronald Reagan.

In September 2003, WRGB-DT (UHF channel 39) became the first full-market digital signal to sign on in the Albany region. Around December 2007, WRGB and WCWN became the first television stations in the Capital District that upgraded to high definition time delay and rebroadcast capability, and high definition local broadcasts. This allows broadcasting of syndicated shows in high definition. WRGB changed its on-air name to "CBS 6" in October 2004.

Providence Equity Partners owned a controlling stake in Newport Television (formerly Clear Channel Communications' television division), the owner of local Fox affiliate WXXA (channel 23). As a result, the FCC granted conditional approval of Newport's acquisition of Clear Channel Television in late November 2007, provided that Providence Equity Partners would follow through with its planned divestiture of its 16 percent share of Freedom Communications to another company (as required when Providence Equity Partners purchased a minority stake in the Spanish-language broadcaster Univision earlier in 2007) as soon as the deal was finalized. Freedom filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in September 2009, emerging in April 2010. At that point, Providence Equity Partners relinquished its stake in Freedom Communications, making its purchase of WXXA legitimate.

Freedom announced on November 2, 2011, that it would bow out of television and sell its stations, including WRGB, to Sinclair Broadcast Group. The group deal closed on April 2, 2012, after which Sinclair obtained a waiver allowing the company to keep both WRGB and WCWN. In 2016, WRGB adopted a logo similar to that of sister station WSYX in Columbus, Ohio, replacing the ABC logo with that of the CBS eye.

FM audio
WRGB's former analog TV signal used an FM audio carrier which could be heard on 87.75 FM in areas where the video signal could be received (and somewhere it could not); the same was true of all analog channel 6 television stations in North America. Many channel 6 stations would then promote this avenue for commuters to listen to their morning and early evening newscasts, or severe weather and breaking news coverage on their car stereos, including WRGB.

However, this analog FM carrier no longer existed for digital television stations after the June 12, 2009, conversion to digital, but remained in effect for analog low-powered stations on channel 6 until they too transitioned on July 13, 2021.

When WRGB shifted its digital broadcasts to channel 6 with the full-power digital transition, Freedom proposed an unconventional approach to retain the analog audio broadcast, requesting to operate an analog FM radio transmitter at the far right edge of its allocated spectrum, using vertical polarization to retain compatibility with standard broadcast car stereos. This idea was once proposed by New York City's WNYZ-LP in 2008. According to WRGB's site, "We hope that the FCC will allow us to continue to operate on 87.7. We are building a unique transmitter for 87.7 that can operate simultaneously with our DTV signal on channel 6. TV transmissions always use horizontal antennas. Our new 87.7 transmitter will be vertically polarized. The use of vertical polarization for 87.7 will allow reception of our audio in a car radio or any other FM radio with a whip type antenna."

WRGB would be the only full-power station to propose such a solution, with only WITI in Milwaukee attempting to continue to carry its Channel 6 television audio in some form by contracting with Clear Channel to lease an HD Radio subchannel of radio station WMIL-FM until the mid-2010s. WPVI-TV in Philadelphia, the nearest full-power channel 6, expressed an interest in the technology, but backed off due to overall rights issues for its programming and continuing issues regarding reception of their station throughout the market (which would have been complicated more by side-channel analog audio).

The station received an experimental special temporary authorization from the FCC to allow it to test the FM audio system but it had to cease operations when it was found to cause RF interference with the digital TV signal.

On July 7, 2009, WRGB resumed its radio simulcast broadcasts on a frequency of 87.9 FM, without explicit FCC authorization. Less than two months later, on August 24, the FCC ordered WRGB to turn off the 87.9 transmitter. All efforts to carry an analog FM audio signal were abandoned with the sale of WRGB to Sinclair (a company that is a major stakeholder in the ATSC 3.0 standard), and its 2022 shift to UHF transmission made any renewal of the effort impossible as it no longer has access to the VHF channel 6 spectrum.

Power boost and proposed translators
As noted above, on June 12, 2009, WRGB became a digital-only station. The station vacated its digital transition UHF channel 39 and moved its digital operations to their former analog channel assignment on VHF-low channel 6. After the digital transition, some viewers in the Capital District had receptions issues with the WRGB signal. So WRGB boosted their power twice: Once in July 2009 at the power level of 11.5 kW with an interference agreement with WPVI-TV in Philadelphia and WEDY in New Haven, Connecticut, and in late January 2010, the FCC granted an STA for WRGB to boost their power again at their current level of 30.2 kW. An application was filed back in June 2009 to operate at the current level on a permanent basis. That application was granted on March 16, 2011.

WRGB has also filed applications for three digital replacement translators to fill in some of the coverage-loss areas, which have all been granted construction permits. One will be in Schenectady on the station's pre-transition digital allotment on UHF channel 39, another one will be in Kingston on UHF channel 24, and the last one will be in Pittsfield on UHF channel 19. The Kingston translator became operational in May 2011.

Upon the purchase of WCWN, Sinclair added a simulcast of WRGB's main signal in a reduced 720p form on WCWN-DT3, allowing viewers with no access to the main WRGB VHF signal in the core of the Capital Region to utilize WCWN's UHF signal for reception of WRGB programming.

WNYA and WCWN involvement
In April 2003, WRGB signed a joint sales agreement with the area's fledgling UPN affiliate WNYA several months prior to that station's sign-on in September. Under the agreement, WRGB handled advertising sales for WNYA and shared syndicated programming with the station. The agreement, originally set to expire at the end of August 2006, was extended to the end of 2008, but was terminated in February 2007. Since September 5, 2006, WNYA has been the area's MyNetworkTV affiliate.

On June 19, 2006, Freedom Communications announced the purchase of current CW affiliate WCWN from Tribune Broadcasting for $17 million. Since the Capital District does not have enough full-powered stations to legally permit duopolies, Freedom applied for a "failed station" waiver to acquire WCWN. The waiver was granted on November 22, and the purchase was finalized on December 6, giving the Capital Region market its first duopoly. Until the end of the JSA with WNYA, WRGB had control of three stations in the market. (In 2013, WNYA would also be acquired through a "failing station" waiver when Hubbard Broadcasting, owner of rival NBC affiliate WNYT, bought WNYA. )

During past airings of the annual Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon, WNYA took on the responsibility of airing WRGB's local and network lineup. This role was later shifted to WCWN, which also aired CBS' coverage of the US Open Tennis Championship. This was no longer necessary starting with Jerry Lewis' retirement as telethon host and MDA chairman in 2011, as the telethon was significantly shortened to six hours on the night before Labor Day that year. Starting in 2013, WTEN broadcast the telethon, shortened again to two hours and retitled the MDA Show of Strength, as it moved to ABC from syndication for the event's remaining two years, ending after the 2014 edition.

News operation
For most of its first half-century on the air, WRGB was the dominant news station in the Capital District. This was in part because of its status as the area's first station. Indeed, for its first decade-and-a-half on the air as a commercial station, it was the only station that provided a clear picture to most of the market; its competitors were initially on the UHF band before the FCC dropped in additional VHF allocations in the late 1950s. It also benefited from its relationship with WGY radio, which was a sister station from 1942 to 1983; the two stations were able to cover the Capital District like no one else could.

Its newscasts were anchored for over 40 years by the venerable Ernie Tetrault (who was immortalized in the 1992 film Sneakers directed by one-time WRGB intern Phil Alden Robinson).

Liz Bishop is the station's longest tenured personality. She joined WRGB as a weekend sportscaster in 1975, and became Tetrault's last anchor desk partner in 1982. She is still the station's main female anchor. After Tetrault's retirement in 1993, the station was quickly eclipsed by WNYT and for several years in the mid-1990s fell to third place, mirroring a nationwide trend that saw CBS' ratings drop in the wake of losing rights to the National Football League while NBC was buoyed by blockbuster shows like Seinfeld and ER, along with NBA, NFL and Olympics coverage. For the most part, the station has stabilized at a steady second place although for a period in the early-2000s it fell back to third. In recent years, the Capital District has seen a spirited three-way battle for news leadership, with WRGB, WTEN, and WNYT regularly trading the number-one spot.

From April 2003 until mid-2004, WNYA aired replays of WRGB's weekday noon show at 1, weeknight 11 o'clock news at 11:35, and WRGB's former public affairs program Sunday Morning with Liz Bishop. On April 17, 2006, it was announced that WNYA would begin airing an hour long extension of WRGB's weekday morning newscast at 7 known (at the time) as CBS 6 First News on UPN Capital Region. This could be seen as a pre-emptive move by WRGB to fend off a challenge by WXXA who had announced their plans to launch weekday morning news two weeks earlier. Rumors of WRGB producing a 10 p.m. broadcast on WNYA had circulated as well. However, the pickup of a second run of Dr. Phil to air at that hour killed the rumors. At the start of 2007, the news on WNYA moved to WCWN (because that station had higher ratings overall) becoming CBS 6 First News on The Capital Region's CW.

In 2007 and 2008, WCWN aired WRGB's 11 o'clock news during CBS' coverage of NCAA March Madness. On January 13, 2008, WRGB began producing its newscasts in high definition, becoming the first in the market to do so. This was exactly 80 years to the date after its first experimental broadcasts. The WCWN broadcast was upgraded the next day. After becoming a sister station, it was rumored that WCWN would add a WRGB-produced 10 p.m. broadcast to challenge WXXA's long time dominance at that hour. This became a reality on September 24 when WRGB launched a weeknight 10-minute block in high definition featuring the top stories of the day along with an updated weather forecast. Accordingly, it was known as The CBS 6 News 10 at 10. The success of the 10-minute newscast resulted in the expansion to a full 30 minute newscast in October 2010, currently anchored by Dori Marlin and Jerry Gretzinger.

In addition to its main studios, WRGB operates an Albany bureau at One Commerce Plaza in downtown Albany.

Weather coverage
As with its heritage of being the first station in the Capital Region, WRGB has also had several firsts in the weather field, given the unpredictable weather of the Northeast. In February 1996, it became the first Capital District station to put forecasts on the World Wide Web with the launch of a website. A severe weather outbreak in late May 1998 led to further developments in the station's weather coverage. WRGB won an Emmy Award for Chief Meteorologist Steve Lapointe's near-nonstop work over two days which made sure there were no fatalities in the otherwise devastating weather.

In May 1999, the station started "WeatherNet 6" which allows viewers to submit weather observations around the area. The public is allowed to report anything from current conditions to snowfall totals. In 2000, the station became the first in the market to offer a station-owned weather radar known as "Instant Doppler 6" that was installed next to their studios. This exclusive distinction was held until 2004 when WNYT set up its own live radar. In recent times, WTEN and WXXA have also updated their radar outputs to so-called "live" capabilities. They do not own their own radars but decided to re-brand the live NOAA National Weather Service NEXRAD Level II radar data as their own. Data is used from four regional sites in Albany, Binghamton, Montague, and Upton. This government data is also used on WRGB known as "WeatherScan Radar".

WRGB was the last in the market to bring a degree-holding meteorologist onto its staff with the purchase of the station by Freedom, not doing so until several years after WTEN and WNYT did. On January 6, 2009, veteran meteorologist Neal Estano returned to the area airwaves for his third tour of duty with WRGB. He had worked for the station twice before leaving to pursue new opportunities in Jacksonville, Florida and Baltimore, Maryland. Estano left the station on April 25, 2012, taking on a new career in real estate with Keller Williams Realty. Estano has since reappeared on Capital Region airwaves, starting at WNYT in the summer of 2013 on weekend evenings.

Notable former on-air staff

 * Dr. Alan Chartock – director of WAMC, was a political analyst until dropped in 1994 at which point he went to WNYT
 * Tony Guida – former news anchor at WNBC and WCBS-TV in New York City
 * Dr. Tim Johnson – later with ABC News as medical correspondent
 * Joe Pagliarulo – main anchor, now a nationally syndicated conservative TV/radio talk show host
 * Howard Reig – announcer for WGY radio and WRGB from 1943 to 1952, later a staff announcer for NBC from 1952 to 2005; deceased
 * Joe Tessitore – sports anchor; later with WFSB in Hartford, Connecticut; now play-by-play announcer for College Football on ESPN

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
WRGB shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 39 to VHF channel 6. During the 2019 digital television repack, WRGB continued to broadcast on VHF channel 6, though due to long-time complications with low-band VHF channels, the station was simulcast in a 720p form on WCWN-DT3 to provide UHF antenna access to over-the-air viewers. In early 2022, WRGB itself relocated to UHF channel 35, and the WCWN simulcast was converted to one in ATSC 3.0, as the station serves as the market's lighthouse station, carrying all the major stations except for WNYT in the format.

title: WRGB


text:
Talk:Liquid rocket propellant

question about approximating isp at different chamber pressures
I'm just wondering where this table came from, is there some equation or formula behind it, or did it just come from a bunch of test data? 24.137.113.90 18:55, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Just a note
Near the bottom of the page, for the H2O2/N2H4 combo, in a vacuum, it lists the exhast velocity as 3700 m/s. I'm not an expert, but this seems very unlikely, given that LOX/kerosene is 3500, and in general LOX and kerosene are supposed to be better performing than H2O2/N2H4. Could someone who knows what they're doing run those calculations again?

 * Hmm. I ran it on 'cpropep web', and got a maximum of 322 seconds. I wouldn't consider that to be definitive however. But your observations are very good ones; and I certainly distrust these figures.WolfKeeper 22:51, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, the 1992 version of Huzel and Huang lists H2O2/N2H4's ISP as: 337.6 seconds. Looks like the original version quoted here was wrong. (An older version of this book was available on the net.)WolfKeeper 01:05, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sure enough, I had mistyped the data from H&H for that combination (I typed 377.6 instead of 337.6). Let's not suggest that an earlier version of H&H was wrong unnecessarily!

 * I checked all the other Isp data against H&H, and found no other errors.Iain McClatchie 01:14, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Units need to be specified
"Units have been converted to metric. "

All those units need to be specified, in all the tables. What's "pressure" in earlier table, for example. Gene Nygaard 17:08, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hmmm. "Pressure" is psia, which I'm sure you figured out from context. But this does bring up the point that psia is hardly metric. And 1000 psia is 6.894 MPa, which is hardly a nice round number. Iain McClatchie 19:38, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You could just as easily use a nice round 10 MPa as the base pressure (the one multiplied by 1.00 in the first table, and the starting point in the second table), couldn't you? Or even if that is for some reason unsatisfactory, 7 MPa would certainly work just as well as 1000 lbf/in².  Why use a halfway conversion, one still requiring reference to English units?  Gene Nygaard 08:37, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * 7 Mpa is not the same as 1000 lbf/in2. The results of the program run are accurate enough that the difference between the two might matter. Iain McClatchie 18:32, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Opening paragraph
Wolfkeeper,

You obviously know the subject, we're arguing over the meaning of words.

"believed" versus "noted".
 * Nobody knows what someone once believed. That's definitely the wrong word.

 * The fact that they wrote stuff down supports this position that they believed it :-) Noted has connotations, for example you talk about 'noted researchers'. It sort of implies correctness/importance etc. which is not really true in this case. It's like I once refered to a serving lady as a 'wench', when she was giving me some lip. Whilst formally correct, the other connotations (which I didn't mean at all) could have got me into a lot of trouble :-) Connotations are important. WolfKeeper

 * The correctness of hydrogen being "ideal": I agree, no propellant is ideal, so the problem word here is "ideal". How about "Many early rocket theorists noted that hydrogen would be a marvellous propellant, since it gives the highest specific impulse."

 * That would be ok.WolfKeeper

"whilst being very energy dense and lightweight"
 * This is what high specific impulse means, so this phrase is redundant.
 * not precisely, they are not truly equivalent, but I don't feel strongly.WolfKeeper

"where a hydrogen stage's low fuel mass"
 * I do not want to confuse Isp and mass. Helium cold-gas thrusters have low fuel mass too, but they have crummy Isp.  Isp is what matters, not (directly) mass.
 * No, that's not correct. For a given stage's delta-v and for a given payload mass a hydrogen fuelled stage happens to weigh less than say, a kerosene one. That's mainly why they use it I believe, because the whole launch vehicle gets a lower GLOW, and hence ends up cheaper. But the fact that hydrogen gives a high Isp is significant, but not on its own enough. For example a theoretical fuel with an Isp 1 second less than hydrogen, but with several times higher density could easily give the same delta-v, but the stage would weigh less due to the better mass fraction.WolfKeeper

"in practice"
 * Hydrogen is bulky in theory too. Even slush hydrogen is bulky in theory.
 * Without in any way trying to be evasive: it depends on the theory. A theory is just a model of reality; models always leave things out.WolfKeeper

 * There are no other proposed hydrogen storage systems besides cryogenic storage. That makes it the only practical storage system.  Would you quibble with the phrase "remotely practical"?
 * Yes. GOX for example has been used on Buran. There's no obvious reason why GH2 couldn't be used for similar purposes; it's much heavier that way, but that doesn't always matter, and gaseous propellants are easily space storable, liquid hydrogen is rather difficult.WolfKeeper

I'm leaving your edits up for now so we can talk about this and resolve it. But I don't agree with all of them.

Iain McClatchie 22:23, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Reactions
It would be nice to see some of these reations written as chemical equations. --87.112.86.164 17:59, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

ethanol
Some early liquid rockets were powered by ethanol. E.g. V-2. What propellants did Goddard use? Did he manage cryogenic oxygen? Sdsds 22:04, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, the history sections needs coverage of alcohol as a fuel (V-2, PGM-11 Redstone, and also coverage of Hydyne as used for Juno I. (sdsds - talk) 21:04, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Goddard used LOX and gasoline. The V-2 and Redstone rockets burned 75% ethanol (the engines were not cooled very well, so fuel had to be diluted).  Improved engines by RMI, Rocketdyne and in the Soviet Union burned 95% ethanol.  It would be historically interesting to include Isp for those two concentrations of alcohol. DonPMitchell (talk) 16:18, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

First Rockets?
This is an excellent article. I like the conciseness and choice of references (e.g. Huzel and Huang as opposed to the overused Sutton). I am a bit perplexed by one of the opening comments:"This type of propellant has a long history going back to the first rockets..." Given that for 600 years all chemical rockets used solid propellants, that comment seems peculiar, or rather conspicuously false. Or am I missing something?Magneticlifeform (talk) 15:26, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Heptyl
The article does not, and should, mention the Russian fuel Heptyl. It should say exactly what the molecular structure of this Heptyl is, and state its relevant physical properties. A Google search of this site has found nothing helpful. 94.30.84.71 (talk) 13:06, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

The number of liquid propellants in current/recent/historic use is not all that large, and the number of interesting properties is small (name; maybe melting point, boiling point, flash point, vapour pressure at 300K, density, toxicity, link to oxidant, link to more info) and could fit in a row of a Table. 94.30.84.71 (talk) 13:06, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The article does mention it plenty, just under its significantly more common name UDMH... ChiZeroOne (talk) 17:02, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Kerosene/H2O2
There is a strange omission in the propellant table of RP-1/H2O2. I say this is strange, because that combination was used an actual orbital launch vehicle (The UK Black Arrow rocket), whereas as far as I know all the other combinations with H2O2 haven't found practical applications yet. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GrampaScience (talk • contribs) 17:50, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

Merge
I recommend this page be merged with the page Liquid-propellant rocket. 161.31.231.168 (talk) 03:55, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

want more

 * Cyclopropane
 * Propane
 * Propene (a.k.a. methylethylene or propylene)
 * Propyne (a.k.a. methylacetylene) and propadiene (together called methylacetylene-propadiene gas)
 * Dicyanoacetylene
 * Syntin
 * Cyanogen
 * 1.1.1-Propellane
 * 2.2.2-Propellane
 * Cubane
 * Cyclononane
 * Norbornane
 * Cyclobutane

(these have bond strain and other interesting features) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.89.71.42 (talk) 08:13, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Hydrazine as oxidizer?
I commented the last row in Liquid_rocket_propellant as hydrazine doesn't seem to be a useful rocket fuel oxidizer. Please cite your source. Darsie42 (talk) 07:44, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

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xdfghjk
asdfghjklm 154.115.246.120 (talk) 16:55, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Liquid rocket propellant


text:
Stelios

Stelios (Greek: Στέλιος) or formally Stylianos (Greek: Στυλιανός) is a Greek first name. This name is given to honor St. Stylianos, a Greek Orthodox saint, the protector of children. The name is derived from the Greek word στύλος (stylos) that means "pillar".

Notable people and characters with the name include:
 * Stelios Giannakopoulos, association football player
 * Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, owner of easyGroup
 * Stelios Kazantzidis, singer and novelist
 * Stelios Constantas, singer
 * Stelios Arcadiou (better known as Stelarc), performance artist
 * Stelios Phili, Cypriot-American songwriter and record producer
 * Stel Pavlou writer and TV host
 * Stelios, character in the film 300, played by Michael Fassbender

title: Stelios


text:
User:Jay1

so I'm writing this sentence for anything to be on my user page. pretty senseless, i know

title: User:Jay1


text: User talk:24.151.5.210

title: User talk:24.151.5.210


text:
Víctor Olea Alegría

Víctor Olea Alegría (born 17 June 1950) was a member (militante) of Chile's Partido Socialista.

Olea lived in Santiago, Chile. He was detained by "security agents" on 11 September 1974, and became one of the "detenidos desaparecidos". Manuel Contreras was convicted in 2002 for his abduction.

title: Víctor Olea Alegría


text:
Talk:GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders

Untitled
This is just a quick note that past entries for this article were wrong about the meaning of the acronym 'GLAD', (saying that it is a play on the word 'gay'). 'GLAD' is nothing more than an acronym for Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders. Hey8 17:16, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders
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If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

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title: Talk:GLBTQ Legal Advocates & Defenders


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User talk:Mr. Pwn

Do NOT move articles like you just moved George W. Bush - if you do like that you risk to get blocked because of vandalism quite fast. andy 17:16, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr. Pwn