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Dutch Wikipedia

The Dutch Wikipedia (Nederlandstalige Wikipedia) is the Dutch-language edition of the free online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. It was founded on 19 June 2001.

As of July 2024, the Dutch Wikipedia is the -largest Wikipedia edition, with articles. It was the fourth Wikipedia edition to exceed one million articles, after the English, German, and French editions. Many articles however have been created by bots and are only a few lines of length, the article depth is very low. In April 2016, 1154 active editors made at least five edits in that month.

Dutch is consistently the most popular Wikipedia in the Netherlands. In Belgium, Dutch is sometimes the most popular Wikipedia, but French is usually the most popular; in Suriname however, the only Dutch-speaking country outside Europe, Dutch Wikipedia is second after English.

In Curaçao and Aruba, as well in Caribbean Netherlands, it has a presence, but has fewer pageviews than English.

History

The Dutch Wikipedia was started on 19 June 2001, and reached 100,000 articles on 14 October 2005. It briefly surpassed the Polish Wikipedia as the sixth-largest edition of Wikipedia, but then fell back to the eighth position. On 1 March 2006, it overtook the Swedish and Italian editions in one day to rise back to the sixth position. The edition's 500,000th article was created on 30 November 2008. In a 2006 Multiscope research study, the Dutch Wikipedia was rated the third-best Dutch-language website, after Google and Gmail, with a score of 8.1.

The Dutch language Wikipedia has the largest ratio of Wikipedia pages per native speaker of all of the top 10 largest Wikipedia editions. Its rate of daily article creations spiked in March 2006, rapidly growing to an average of 1,000 a day in early May 2006. After this number was reached, growth dropped to an average of only about 250 a day, comparable to the averages around December 2005. Since then, there have been more article-creation surges, one of the largest peaking at 2,000 new articles per day in September 2007, but the growth rate has always returned to the lowest average of around 250.

In 2008, Dutch businessman Bob Sijthoff attempted to sue "the Vereniging Wikimedia Nederland" and "the Stichting Wikimedia Nederland" to force the removal of his Dutch Wikipedia article, which he stated contained "false and abusive" information. On 10 December 2008, the court rejected his request. The judge ruled that he had sued the wrong entity and that legal responsibility for the content of the articles would not lie in the Netherlands, but with the American Wikimedia Foundation.

Internet bots
The majority of articles in Dutch Wikipedia (59%) were created by internet bots. In October 2011, several bots created 80,000 articles (then equivalent to 10% of the entire edition's article count) in only 11 days.

The Dutch Wikipedia's one-millionth article was created in December 2011, after another surge of bot activity saw 100,000 added articles in only 10 days. In late March 2013, the Dutch Wikipedia surpassed the French Wikipedia to become the third-largest edition of Wikipedia. In June 2013, it overtook the German Wikipedia to become the second-largest Wikipedia edition.

Depth
The depth or editing depth of Wikipedia is a rough indicator of the encyclopedia's collaborative quality, showing how frequently its articles are updated. The depth is measured by taking the average number of edits per article multiplied by the extent in which articles are supported by discussion (among other things, talk pages). Among the nine language editions with one million articles, the Dutch, Swedish, and Polish Wikipedias in that order have depth parameters much lower than the other six. , for the English version the article depth is 666, for the German 88, for the French 153, for the Spanish 160, for the Dutch only 18.

Bytes per article
Compared to most other Wikipedia editions with a similar number of articles, articles on the Dutch Wikipedia have less content with an average of 1,598 bytes per article. This is roughly 40% of that of the French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish editions (3,986–4,277 bytes/article ).

Culture
Dutch Wikipedians responding to a Wikimedia survey described the atmosphere on the Dutch Wikipedia as quarrelsome and distrustful, with ego and stubbornness named as the premier causes of conflict. There is a small hardcore group of users in effective control. An ability to argue is deemed indispensable to be heard. New users are discouraged by moderators from joining discussions in the Dutch equivalent of the Village pump.

title: Dutch Wikipedia


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American Freightways

American Freightways Corp. (AF) was an American regional less than truckload (LTL) carrier based in Harrison, Arkansas. It was acquired by FedEx in 2001, renamed FedEx Freight East in 2002, and its operations were merged with FedEx's other LTL subsidiaries in 2010 to form FedEx Freight Inc.

History
Sheridan Garrison founded The company Arkansas Freightways' on October 25, 1982. At its inception, it provided service to seven states from 20 terminals. Garrison had former experience in trucking, having bought a small Arkansas trucking company, Harp Line Trucks, which they renamed Garrison Motor Freight, in 1955 with his brother and father. By 1987 the company still served seven states but had grown to 58 terminals and had a combined 1,700 tractors and trailers and almost 1,000 employees.

Arkansas Freightways became a publicly held corporation in March 1989 with an over-the-counter stock offering. At the time, it served nine states with 1,200 employees and reported previous year profits of US$3.46 million on US$73 million in revenue. The company continued expansion in November announcing 13 new terminals in Texas bringing the network-wide total to 89.

In January 1993, Arkansas Freightways, which now served 12 states, changed its name to American Freightways Corp..

FedEx acquisition
American Freightways was acquired by FedEx Corporation in 2001 for US$1.2 billion. FedEx created a new subsidiary, FedEx Freight to serve as the parent of both AF and FedEx's existing LTL subsidiary, Viking Freight, a western US regional carrier. The combination created the third largest LTL carrier in the United States after Con-way Freight and USFreightways.

In June 2002, FedEx rebranded AF as FedEx Freight East and Viking as FedEx Freight West, both still operated as independent subsidiaries of FedEx Freight. This marked the end of the American Freightways brand. FedEx expanded its LTL operations by buying Lakeland, Florida-based LTL carrier Watkins Motor Lines in 2006. Watkins was renamed FedEx National LTL and initially operated as a separate subsidiary of FedEx alongside FedEx Freight, both part of FedEx's FedEx Freight division.

In January 2010, FedEx merged its regional and national operations into a single entity, FedEx Freight Inc. marking the end of independent operations of the former American Freightways. The DOT number, 239039, which was initially assigned to American Freightways, remains in use by FedEx Freight, Inc.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: American Freightways


text:
Georg Waitz

Georg Waitz (9 October 1813 – 24 May 1886) was a German medieval historian and politician. Waitz is often spoken of as the leading disciple of Leopold von Ranke, though perhaps he had more affinity with Georg Heinrich Pertz or Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann. He concentrated on medieval German history.

Biography

He was born at Flensburg, in the duchy of Schleswig, and educated at the Flensburg gymnasium and the universities of Kiel and Berlin. The influence of Ranke early diverted him from his original purpose of studying law, and while still a student he began researches in German medieval history, his life's work.

On graduating at Berlin in August 1836, Waitz went to Hanover to assist Pertz in publishing the Monumenta Germaniae historica; and it led to the chair of history at Kiel in 1842. Waitz began to take an interest in politics, and in 1846 entered the provincial diet as representative of his university. His leanings were strongly German, so that he annoyed the Danish government, and he accepted an invitation in 1847 to become professor of history at the University of Göttingen peculiarly acceptable.

The Revolutions of 1848 delayed Waitz in taking up his new chair. When the German party in Schleswig and the duchy of Holstein rose against the Danish government during the First Schleswig War, Waitz placed himself at the service of the provisional government. He was sent to Berlin to represent the interests of the duchies there, and during his absence he was elected by Kiel as a delegate to the Frankfurt Parliament. He was supported German unification; and when King Frederick William IV of Prussia declined the imperial crown Waitz withdrew from the assembly in disappointment, and left public life.

In the autumn of 1849 Waitz began lecturing at Göttingen, and the reputation of the Göttingen historical school grew. In 1875 he moved to Berlin to succeed Pertz as principal editor of the Monumenta Germaniae historica. He travelled to England, France and Italy to collate works preserved there. He died at Berlin on 24 May 1886. He was twice married—in 1842 to a daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling the philosopher, and in 1858 to a daughter of Jakob von Hartmann.

The violinist Joseph Joachim attended Waitz's lectures in 1853.

Works
Waitz's main works, apart from his contributions to the Monumenta, are:

 * Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte (8 vols, Kiel, 1844–1878; 2nd ed., 2 vols only, 1865–1870)
 * Schleswig-Holsteins Geschichte (2 vols, Göttingen, 1851–1854; the 3rd vol. was never published)
 * Lübeck unter Jürgen Wullenwever und die europäische Politik (3 vols; Berlin, 1855–1856)
 * Grundzüge der Politik (Kiel, 1862)

Other works include:

 * Jahrbücher des deutschen Reichs unter Heinrich I. (Berlin, 1837, 3rd ed., 1885)
 * Über das Leben und die Lehre des Ulfila (Hanover, 1840)
 * Das alte Recht der salischen Franken (Kiel, 1846)
 * Deutsche Kaiser von Karl dem Grossen bis Maximilian (Berlin, 1872)

With other scholars, Waitz took a leading part in the publication of the Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte (Munich, 1862 seq.), and in the Nordalbingische Studien, published in the Proceedings of the Schleswig-Holstein Historical Society (Kiel, 1844–1851). A Bibliographische Übersicht über Waitz's Werke was published by Ernst Steindorff at Göttingen in 1886.

Obituary notices of Waitz are in the Historische Zeitschrift, new series, vol. xx.; in the publications for 1886 of the Berlin Academie der Wissenschaften, the Göttingen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, and the Hansischer Geschichtsverein; in the Historisches Jahrbuch der Görres Gesellschaft, vol. viii.; and in the Revue historique, vol. xxxi.

title: Georg Waitz


text: User talk:83.152.207.243

title: User talk:83.152.207.243


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Question the Answers

Question the Answers is the fourth studio album by the American ska punk band the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, released on October 4, 1994. "Pictures to Prove It" was released to alternative radio on February 17, 1995.

Track listing
All tracks were written and composed by Dicky Barrett and Joe Gittleman.
 * 1) "Kinder Words" – 3:06
 * 2) "A Sad Silence" – 3:57
 * 3) "Hell of a Hat" – 3:54
 * 4) "Pictures to Prove It" – 3:16
 * 5) "We Should Talk" – 3:11
 * 6) "Dollar and a Dream" – 3:18
 * 7) "Stand Off" – 3:22
 * 8) "365 Days" – 3:10
 * 9) "Toxic Toast" – 3:47
 * 10) "Bronzing the Garbage" – 2:27
 * 11) "Dogs and Chaplains" – 3:01
 * 12) "Jump Through the Hoops" – 4:11

Big Rig 10" Double Vinyl bonus track

 * 1) "Pirate Ship" – 3:01

Japan CD bonus tracks

 * 1)  "Chocolate Pudding" – 3:02
 * 2) *Previously available as a B-side to the "Kinder Words" single.
 * 3) "Patricia (New Version)" – 2:44
 * 4) *Previously available as a B-side to the "Pictures to Prove It" single.
 * 5) *Original version appears on their debut album, 1989's Devil's Night Out.

Personnel

 * Dicky Barrett – lead vocals, artwork
 * Nate Albert – guitar, backing vocals
 * Joe Gittleman – bass, backing vocals
 * Joe Sirois – drums
 * Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burton – saxophone, backing vocals
 * Kevin Lenear – saxophone
 * Dennis Brockenborough – trombone
 * Ben Carr – Bosstone, backing vocals
 * Brian Dwyer – trumpet
 * Johnny Goetchius – keyboards, backing vocals
 * Beth Enloe – backing vocals, assistant engineer
 * Klotz – director
 * Ross Humphrey – producer, mixing
 * Paul Q. Kolderie – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Joe Nicolo – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Phil Nicolo – producer, engineer, mixing
 * David Cook – engineer, mixing
 * Dan McLaughlin – assistant engineer
 * Carl Plaster – assistant engineer

title: Question the Answers


text:
Talk:Battle of Fredericksburg

Date and place
The date and place info in this article isn't the same as on this site. --[[User:Brian0918|brian0918 talk]] 22:42, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Casualties Inaccurate
The number of casualties in the War Box and the text of the article disagree by at least an order of magnitude. Guapovia 10:43, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I fixed a minor error in the text's Confederate figure, but perhaps you're confusing casualties with killed. Casualties = men lost due to death, serious wounds, and captured/missing. ACW articles rarely dwell only on actual deaths. Hal Jespersen 12:33, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure whether this is the same error that was noted and "fixed" 13 years ago, but the article says the Union had more than three times the casualties of the Confederates. In none of the various categories for comparison in the text box do the Union numbers exceed 3x the Confederate numbers, so without knowing what was included in the ambiguous category of "casualties" this claim fails on the basis of the distributive property of mathematics. Or else the stats in the box are wrong. It's certainly true that some Civil War stats, especially from the Confederate side, can be debatable. But if that's the case, the article should acknowledge that in providing a range in the stats box and in adding qualifiers to the 3x claim in the text. Either way, the text and box should not be in such obvious mathematical disagreement. Ftjrwrites (talk) 18:42, 11 January 2019 (UTC)

The troop strength differs between the text number and the number in the war box. Ctifumdope 21:10, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Most sources seem to agree on the Union losses being in the 12,500 range. My original 4,201 figure for the CSA came from official Army of Northern Virginia reports, but it may be too low. Confederate officers often didn't report minor battle wounds on their reports at all. Most sources have about what the article says now. As for the troop strength, Lee had just over 72,000, everyone agrees on that. For the Army of the Potomac, it depends on whether or not you count the men Burnside never brought over the river. user:Jsc1973

Added: Quote
I've added the quote said by Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain after the war. 65.255.130.104 22:02, 11 January 2007 (UTC)VonR

 * Oops, I reverted that change without providing an explanation in the edit history. Sorry, I will do it here. That quotation, provided without citation and poorly formatted, really has nothing to do with the aftermath of the battle. It may be more appropriate in Chamberlain's bio. Also, we don't do 'decisive.' See User:Hlj/adjectives. Hal Jespersen 23:43, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Missing reference: Sumner
Please add details/link for "Sumner". Assume you mean "Edwin Vose Sumner", but only his last name is used with no explanation or reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.170.53.179 (talk) 02:51, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Main Effort vs Shaping Effort
I'd like some advice before making a change.

Nowadays we use the term "Main Effort" for the principal attack by a force and "Shaping Effort" for an attack which is to pin other enemy forces in place. The attack against Jackson was Burnside's Main Effort (altho' bungled orders denied it the force it needed to be successful) and the attack on Longstreet was the Shaping Effort. Where is a good place to put that in the article? CsikosLo (talk) 18:39, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * When you say "we" I assume you are not talking about ACW authors, but about modern military writers. We generally avoid 20th/21st century military terminology unless the average civilian reader would be familiar with it. (I was in the Army for over 8 years and I never heard the term Shaping Effort that I can recall.) So I don't object to rewordings for clarity, but please find nonjargonistic ways to say it. Hal Jespersen (talk) 21:00, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I think I can find a way to do that. Wonder though, we do we use archaic terms rather than modern/current ones?  I've encountered this before here and it still mystifies me. CsikosLo (talk) 15:41, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I can't think of too many 'archaic' terms in use, other than 'torpedo', but we always explain that. There are also fortification-related terms like redoubt, redan, etc., but there isn't much that can be done about those. The key stylistic test is whether a term appears in many of the numerous modern military history books not published by the DoD. Our potential readers are overwhelmingly not US military. Hal Jespersen (talk) 18:39, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Penetration?
The article refers to a penetration on Jackson's front, making it appear that Meade broke through there, but that is not the case. Altho' Maxcy's Brigade was defeated, other forces (the term that comes to mind is secondary and tertiary defensive belts) were in place and were able to patch the hole in short order (altho' at some cost), most notably Early's Division but also D. H. Hill's, which was positioned along Mine Road. I'll take a look later at rewording that section when I have more time available, if someone else doesn't get to it first. CsikosLo (talk) 18:39, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Commanders
User 72.221.69.79 was been adding Longstreet & Jackson to the Conf. side of the infobox, as well as to the BoAnt, BoChanc, and others. Do we want this kind of expansion there? I we do the Union side should reflect this as well by adding key Corps commanders and such, and the list would be long and probably arbitrary in selection. What is the consensus? Kresock (talk) 17:04, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Oops, I have been reverting some of these changes before reading this Talk page. I guess my opinion should be apparent. :-) I think the only time we should have multiple commanders listed on a side should be those cases where isolated units from larger organizations were fighting. If two armies are generally engaged with each other, listing only the army commanders should be adequate, or we will be descending into editing hell putting entire orders of battle into the infoboxes.  I am sure there are deviations from this already out there. (An example: the first battle I thought of that is an obvious exception is Battle of Perryville, where Alexander McCook's corps was the primary fighting element of Don Carlos Buell's army. So both of those guys are listed. On the Confederate side, I'm not sure why Leonidas Polk is listed in addition to Braxton Bragg. He probably should not be. Maybe it was simply to have a balance of names.) Hal Jespersen (talk) 17:25, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

Notable firsts, etc.
I recently attended a talk about the Battle of Fredericksburg at Chatham Manor, the house across the Rappahannock which was used as a headquarters and hospital by the Union troops during the battle. The ranger mentioned that the battle was noteworthy for several reasons: it was one of the bloodiest urban battles in American history, if not the bloodiest; the building of the pontoon bridges marked the first time that troops attempted a bridging maneuver while under enemy fire (and as such could be considered a predecessor of the marine landings of World War II); and it was the first time that the civilian population of an American city was subjected to shelling. I had also heard that the Sunken Road was considered by some military historians to be a precursor of the trench warfare of World War I. I may have misremembered some of these, and of course an oral report isn't a reliable source. But if these are accurate, and if they've been noted by reliable sources (military historians, et al.), I think that these would be noteworthy additions to the article. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 02:01, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I can't comment on your first three points, but the fourth, shelling a populated US city, I have to believe the British hit some civilians (on purpose or not) during the American Revolution or in 1812. The natural trench at Antietam might be considered a precursor, just as are land mines, complicated entrenchments, ironclads, the turret, water torpedoes, subs in combat, etc. With more eyes on this, I bet examples and sources will be brought forward. Be patient, I guess! Kresock (talk) 02:39, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * In my years fooling with Wikipedia, I have found it very difficult to sustain arguments about 'first', 'biggest', 'worst', 'bloodiest', etc. Few reputable secondary sources come out and say such things and counter-examples always show up. It is unclear what the real definition of "urban battle" is, for example. The real carnage at FB was south of town and at Marye's Heights, neither of which you'd consider urban. There was some shelling of the town, but few casualties resulted because almost everyone evacuated. If 'urban' means in or near a town, then Gettysburg was much bloodier. Although FB was one of the first instances of field fortifications playing a major role in defense in the war, it was not literally the first. Check out Battle of Fort Donelson or Second Battle of Corinth, two examples that spring to mind. Hal Jespersen (talk) 14:58, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Fair enough. If the superlative is debatable, it doesn't belong in the article. (That said, Marye's Heights was pretty close to the town proper, with scattered houses that can be seen in the Matthew Brady photographs of the battlefield.) Out of curiosity, what about the pontoon bridge water landing under fire, as compared to, say, Normandy and Iwo Jima? I realize I'm now heading into WP:NOTAFORUM territory, but I'm curious. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 19:00, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * My point was that a few scattered houses might not be what people think of when the term 'urban combat' is used. Any attempt to compare the pontoon builders at FB to the amphibious landings at Normandy or Iwo Jima would be laughable and I would not advise it. Hal Jespersen (talk) 14:58, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, the park ranger made that comparison and nobody laughed, but I'm sure you know the subject well enough. —Josiah Rowe (talk • contribs) 18:58, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

trenches
I have removed the uncited paragraph about traversed trenches. There is a description of this architecture in Piston's biography of Longstreet, Lee's Tarnished Lieutenant, but they make it clear that this is work done after the battle on the 35 mile long Rappahannock line. Hess's Field Armies and Fortifications in the Civil War also indicates that this post-battle line did not represent any innovation beyond designs that were already in the military literature of the time. Furthermore, the references I have about the battle indicate that the Confederate artillery was well protected, but the infantry did not construct elaborate earthworks. Hal Jespersen (talk) 16:00, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

An Error Concerning John Pelham
The section regarding John Pelham has an error. It says that he held off the union with two canons, but really it was only one. One of John Pelham's canon broke very quickly, and the majority of his maneuvering was with a single canon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.248.160.122 (talk) 03:39, 10 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It's not an error exactly, just a short summary. Even his page offers this brief version, as does the book by Eicher (p. 400) in the references. However, I think I've read somewhere that he used only two guns to greatly slow Meade's force, then one was damaged by heavy Union artillery fire, leaving him with one, and he still continued to annoy their advance. Big, big balls on that young man! It might be from one of the Time-Life books or one of Catton's; I'll look into it. Perhaps another user can add to Pelham's account in the meantime, have patience. Kresock (talk) 04:37, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure the difference is so significant in an article of this length, but I have updated the description. Hal Jespersen (talk) 18:47, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Why isn't Meade listed as a key commander?
He was the one who helped deal the majority of confederate casualties at Fredericksburg, and personally I've never heard of what Hooker did at Fredericksburg.--75.177.176.20 (talk) 14:49, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I do not know why you are referring to Hooker, but the commanders in the information box list only the army commanders, not selected subordinates. Hal Jespersen (talk) 16:49, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

I was referring to Hooker because he is listed as a key commander while Meade isn't. And what do you mean by selected subordinates? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Valkyrie Red (talk • contribs) 16:58, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh, sorry, I thought you were referring to the list of commanders in the information box. The commanders in the picture gallery are the "grand division" commanders. They are there because of their positions, not value judgments about their contributions to the battle. More accurately titling the gallery "Army and Grand Division commanders" is a bit too lengthy. Hal Jespersen (talk) 17:06, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Irish Brigade Casualties are wrong
The article states that the Irish Brigade lost over 50% of it's fighting force in the battle. I personally feel that over 50% is a very loose term, cause, as stated in the Irish Brigade Article: Battle of Fredericksburg where its fighting force was reduced from over 1600 to 256--Red Wiki 19:55, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I have updated this article to include specific casualties, based on Meagher's returns in the OR (Gooolrick secondary source). The editors of the Irish Brigade article should reconsider (or at least cite their assertion). The only other reference I found to their brigade strength during this period referred to a very small number -- it might have been 256 -- at the end of February, but the Union Army suffered a significant number of desertions after Fredericksburg, and this might be a significant factor for this brigade. Hal Jespersen (talk) 16:49, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

Hollow victory?
I see there is a dispute about the added paragraph:

 * Despite winning in the most overwhelming tactical sense, however, the Battle of Fredericksburg proved to be a hollow victory for the Confederates. The limitless resources of the North soon rectified Burnside's losses in manpower and materiel. Lee, on the other hand, found it difficult to replenish either missing soldiers or needed supplies. The Battle of Fredericksburg, although profoundly discouraging to Union soldiers and the Northern populace, made no decisive impact on the war. Instead, it merely postponed the next "On to Richmond" campaign until the spring.

This opinion is actually correct, but there are two problems with it in this article. First, a lament regarding a Confederate victory that turned out to be hollow because they eventually lost the war could actually be included in many of the battle articles about Lee, so it is not very valuable in this one. Second, although this article is not yet fully cited, this paragraph is obviously an opinion and should be accompanied by citations from secondary sources. Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:15, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

 * My rationale for questioning inclusion, exactly. Also, I think we can do better than copying verbatim the NPS text. Sswonk (talk) 01:19, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

I didn't notice that, so thanks for catching it. (I thought it seemed well written.) We are trying to avoid plagiarism of that type. Although a number of articles still have some copied public domain text in them, is a good thing to root that out when we find it. Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:23, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

 * All right, if that's the case then why don't one of you two write something similar to it. Since you happen to be "experts" in this field and always criticize whatever the I write, this seems to be a perfect solution.Red Wiki 23:01, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Well, apparently in this case you didn't write anything yourself. But I have already given my opinion above about whether similar text should be included, even if properly cited. Hal Jespersen (talk) 23:16, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

I never said I wrote it. What I meant to say was that if I wrote something similar, you would just criticize it.--Red Wiki 02:06, 22 November 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Valkyrie Red (talk • contribs)

With all due respect to a very good article that is very well researched and documented the issue of the quality of the victory is relevant. Many claim Fredericksburg is Lee's greatest achievement or amongst his greatest anyway. The mauling the Union took was painful but far from fatal - had the Army of the Potomac been trapped after a flanking maneuver it would have been quite different. The article ends a little abruptly with the lull and withdrawal part without examining why Lee (mistakenly or not) decided to forgo pressing an attack. The Union managed to extricate most of its troops and get away - with hardship certainly and leaving all manner of things behind but get away they did. This failure - and the same scenario at Chancellorsville - certainly contributed to hasten the moment that Lee would hit a wall when the North's greater resources started to tell: Gettysburg. I know this has been written about in quite a few academic publications but it is omitted is it worth digging this up or do you have a reason for not going into the reasons that made Lee fail to follow up? 81.164.98.215 (talk) 14:52, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

Richard Rowland Kirkland
Contained within the section "Aftermath" is a paragraph repeating the legend of "the Angel of Marye's Heights". While the other paragraphs in the section report on historical information following the battle, the Richard Rowland Kirkland paragraph only repeats the legend of a battlefield deed. The entry should be removed because it adds no verifiable useful information.Norwigger (talk) 15:24, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The paragraph carries a citation from Frank O'Reilly's definitive campaign study. If you have other citations indicating that this was merely a legend and not a fact, please provide them. Hal Jespersen (talk) 16:31, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * The details aren't compatible with the contemporary accounts and seem to be heavily embellished, though nobody actually seems to doubt Kirkland's personal heroism. Richard Keatinge (talk) 11:44, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

Date on one diagram is off by a year
I notice that in one of the diagrams (specifically ), the year is wrong. Its legend says "Battle of Fredericksburg, Overview: 13 December 1863" when it means to say 1862. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.67.26.222 (talk) 22:51, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Whoops! Fixed. Thanks for catching. Hal Jespersen (talk) 23:36, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the quick fix! Hank314 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:14, 29 October 2010 (UTC).

popular media
I have restored the deleted section "In popular media". I believe that the reference to WP:MILPOP was intended, as it states, to primarily suppress the trivial inclusion of weapon and equipment references. In contrast, many of the American Civil War articles include references to major motion pictures that depict applicable battles or generals, and these references are rarely abused as they apparently have been in other military history articles. Hal Jespersen (talk) 17:06, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

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Dinner theater

Dinner theater (sometimes called dinner and a show) is a form of entertainment that combines a restaurant meal with a staged play or musical. "Dinner and a show" can also refer to a restaurant meal in combination with live concert music, where patrons listen to a performance during a break in the meal. In the case of a theatrical performance, sometimes the play is incidental entertainment, secondary to the meal. In the style of a night club, the play may be the main feature of the evening, with dinner less important or optional. Dinner theater requires the management of three distinct entities: a live theater, a restaurant and, usually, a bar.

History
The Madrigal dinners in the Renaissance were early forms of dinner theater. Some early dinner theaters, known as "theatre restaurants", served dinner in one room and staged the play in another.

Narroway Productions
Narroway Productions is a Christian Dinner Theatre, founded by Yvonne Clark and Rebecca Martin in September 1996, located in Fort Mill, South Carolina. The theater started out in the "King's Arena" amphitheater. After 8 years of performing at the King's Arena amphitheater, their lease had ended and they were forced to switch locations. In 2005 an old gambling warehouse, on Carowinds Blvd, went for sale. after some negotiation, the owner of the warehouse agreed to sell the property to Narroway Productions under value. Since then they have written 3+ new shows, they created 4 shops across the parking lot, and even hosted a golf tournament.

Barksdale Theatre
Barksdale Theatre in Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1953 by David and Nancy Kilgore at the Hanover Tavern, was the first formal dinner theater in the United States. After the theatre was established, an adjoining room in the theatre was changed to accommodate a buffet dinner for groups attending the performance, eventually becoming available to all patrons.

Drury Lane Theatres
Tony DeSantis opened the Martinique Restaurant in Evergreen Park, Illinois and began producing plays in 1949 in a tent adjacent to the restaurant to attract customers. The enterprise was successful, prompting him to build his first theater, Drury Lane Evergreen Park in 1958. It was the first of six dinner theaters he started and a local entertainment fixture for 45 years before closing in 2003. Drury Lane North began operations in 1976 and was sold to the Marriott Lincolnshire Resort, becoming the Marriott Theatre. Drury Lane Oak Brook Terrace opened in 1984. The facility uses local performers and shows are limited to musicals.

Meadowbrook Theatre Restaurant
Cedar Grove, New Jersey, was the location of the Meadowbrook Theatre Restaurant, which opened in 1960 with 700+ seats of table service. It closed after 13 years, in part due to nearby competition from Broadway and Actors' Equity Association (Equity) requirements that the facility follow the rules that applied to Broadway theatres, including pay scales and other restrictions.

Candlelight Theatre Restaurant
The first facility where dinner and the show were together in one room was the Candlelight Theatre Restaurant in Washington, D.C. Bill Pullinsi was a theater student in 1959 who conceived and implemented the entertainment concept at the Presidential Arms Hotel during summer breaks. The venture was successful but it was unable to convert to a year-round operation due to the hotel's convention business. Pullinsi returned to his Chicago home and opened the Candlelight Dinner Playhouse, first in a building owned by his grandfather, then in a new facility with seating for 550. The Candlelight introduced several innovations, including the hydraulic stage, lighting equipment located in the mezzanine, and stage wagons on wheels.

Barn Dinner Theatres
Howard Douglass Wolfe, an entrepreneur from Roanoke, Virginia, created the Barn Dinner Theatre franchise and has been called the "Father of Dinner Theater". He began the franchise in 1961 with Conley Jones. The chain included 27 theaters in New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia. Each franchise featured Wolfe's architectural barn designs, farm-themed decorations that included a plow and other tools, and a stage elevator that Wolfe called the "Magic Stage". At the end of an act or scene, the stage would disappear into the ceiling, then reappear set for the next scene. The whole process took less than a minute. During the franchise phase of The Barn, all the productions were staged at a studio in New York City, then sent out to the individual theaters. At the break-up of the franchise, the production facilities were moved to Nashville. In its early days, the performance's cast also served as the waiters and waitresses. Actors were selected and cast in New York and resided in living quarters above the theater for the duration of the productions. Mickey Rooney and many other well-known performers acted in roles at The Barn.

The Barn in Greensboro, North Carolina, was founded in 1964 and is the oldest continuously running dinner theater in America and the last of the original Barn Dinner Theatres.

Chaffin's Barn in Nashville, Tennessee, opened in 1967, as Nashville's first professional theater. The dinner theatre was forced to close in October 2020, after 50 years of business due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Alhambra Dinner Theatre
The Alhambra Dinner Theatre in Jacksonville, Florida was opened in 1967 by Leon Simon. It was purchased in 1985 by Tod Booth, who left Chicago's Drury Lane Theatres. The Alhambra is the oldest dinner theater still open. The facility uses a thrust stage to provide all 400 seats with an unobstructed view.

Chanhassen Dinner Theatres
The Chanhassen Dinner Theatres in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota were founded in 1968. Herb Bloomberg, who designed and built the expanded Old Log Theatre near Lake Minnetonka, subsequently constructed and operated the Chanhassen Dinner Theatres. The Old Log Theatre has an attached dining room. Revenue from food sales is necessary for financial success, but is not a dinner theater. The Chanhassen claims to be the largest professional dinner theater in the U.S. The Main Stage seats 577, the Fireside Theatre contains 230 seats for non-dining patrons, and the Playhouse Theatre has tables for 126.

Carousel Dinner Theatre
The Carousel Dinner Theatre opened in 1973 and moved to Akron, Ohio in 1988 to what had been a Las Vegas-style nightclub. With 1200 seats, it was the largest dinner theater in the United States until it closed in 2009. Some believe the theater was a victim of the late 2000s US economic crisis, however it was more likely the change in ownership and poor decisions on their part that triggered events leading to the theatre closing.

Beef & Boards Dinner Theatre
Beef & Boards Dinner Theatre in Indianapolis, Indiana, opened in 1973 and was one of a chain of dinner theatres founded by J. Scott Talbott. It has a 450-seat house and features Broadway shows and concerts preceded by a buffet dinner. It is a professional Equity theatre.

Riddlesbrood Touring Theater
The Riddlesbrood Touring Theater Company stages dinner theater, murder mystery shows, and comedy shows. Based in Stratford, New Jersey, some of their shows have been performed entirely in made-up languages and have incorporated ideas from the New Thought movement.

Westchester Broadway Theatre
Westchester Broadway Theatre in Elmsford, NY. The theatre continuously presents Broadway Musical Revivals and many special events and concerts including tribute bands, comedy shows, rock bands, dance shows, magic shows, and more. It is the longest running year-round professional theatre in the State of New York. The Theatre originally opened as An Evening Dinner Theatre on July 9, 1974. In 1991, the theatre moved to a larger performance space with state-of-the-art technology, hydraulic lifts, increased seating capacity, and many other features. The theatre was also given the new name, "Westchester Broadway Theatre".

The Derby Dinner Playhouse

The Derby Dinner Playhouse in Clarksville, Indiana opened in 1974 and was still open in 2009, operating continuously for 35 years. They utilized a "magic stage" similar to those used by the Barn Dinner Theatre. An orchestra, if utilized, plays in the "attic", out of sight.

Popularity and decline
Dinner theaters as regional entertainments for local audiences in the US peaked in the 1970s. Alhambra Dinner Theatre owner Tod Booth stated that in 1976, there were 147 professional dinner theaters in operation nationwide. The dinner theaters that used former movie actors to star in the productions were particularly successful. Van Johnson, Lana Turner, Don Ameche, Eve Arden, Mickey Rooney, June Allyson, Shelley Winters, Dorothy Lamour, Tab Hunter, Betty Grable, Sandra Dee, Mamie Van Doren, Joan Blondell, Debbie Reynolds, Cyd Charisse, Kathryn Grayson, Betty Hutton, Jane Withers, Martha Raye, Elke Sommer, Donald O'Connor, Roddy McDowall, Jane Russell, Cesar Romero, and Ann Miller are just a few Hollywood stars who were featured in dinner theatre. Actors from well remembered television series, such as Betty White, Ann B. Davis, Vivian Vance, Bob Denver, Jo Anne Worley, Bernie Kopell, Dawn Wells, Ken Berry, Gavin MacLeod, Nancy Kulp, Frank Sutton, and Bob Crane were also used as headliners. Burt Reynolds owned a dinner theater in Jupiter, Florida from 1979 to 1997, as did actor Earl Holliman, who owned the Fiesta Dinner Playhouse in San Antonio, Texas.

The boom ended in the mid-1980s, with many of the theaters closing. Film and television stars ceased working in dinner theater. Booth commented: "They could make more in a day doing a commercial than they could make during the entire run of dinner theater show, and they didn't have to travel. Plus, a lot of the stars just started dying off. It was a fine gig for a while." He said that, in 1999, you could count the number of surviving professional dinner theaters on two hands. There was a stigma attached to dinner theater and audiences got tired of such shows like The Last of the Red Hot Lovers and Arsenic and Old Lace.

Resurgence
After 2000, new dinner theaters began opening. Chicago's original Drury Lane Water Tower Place was founded in 1976, but closed in 1983. A new $7 million version opened in 2004. The Desert Star Theater in Murray, Utah opened a dinner theater in 2004 and the Gathering Dinner Theatre in Jacksonville opened in early 2009. At the end of 2006, the National Dinner Theatre Association had 32 members, compared to 9 in 1999.

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 led to a resurgence of the form as a way of giving employment back to musicians and entertainment back to patrons in an industry severely affected by closures.

Union vs. non-union
In the United States, union theatres are known as equity theatres, where performers are members of the Actors' Equity Association, the union that represents professional stage actors and stage managers. Union shows have a higher cost because equity contracts typically require the theater to pay for lodging, a minimum salary, insurance and pension payments, among other work rules regarding auditions and hiring.

The reduction in professional dinner theaters from 147 in 1976 to 9 in 1999 was partly because union theaters changed to non-union to reduce expenses. Although actors are often housed at non-union theatres, salary for non-union actors may be significantly lower than at Equity theaters.

Commercial vs. non-profit
Tony DeSantis commented that theater operations break even at best, while the restaurant and especially the bar, are more likely to be profitable. While many theaters operate as not-for-profit organizations in order to take advantage of grants and funding from government agencies or private foundations, most dinner theaters are commercial businesses. Commercial dinner theatres often have shows six or seven nights a week and matinees. They also have short breaks between shows, usually less than a week.

An example of a non-profit theater is the Starlight Dinner Theatre in Lansing, Michigan, where the dinner is catered. The shows are staged at a school cafetorium and the season includes only four productions with four performances per production (on Friday and Saturday nights).

Some non-profits use amateur actors or casts where the leading role may be a professional with the rest of the cast composed of amateurs.

Tourist
Vacation American destinations such as Las Vegas, Destin, Florida, Branson, Missouri, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, Anaheim, and Los Angeles, California, saw the emergence of specialty dinner theaters, where the show stays the same for an extended run because the vast majority of their customers are tourists, not local residents. The most popular vacation destination in the United States, Orlando, Florida, had more than a dozen dinner theaters operating in 1999; through the 1990s, sixteen opened and closed there.

Murder mystery
Murder mystery games are interactive dinner theater events that have become popular on their own. The productions may be public where anyone can attend for the price of admission, or private where a company, social group or organization sponsors an event for its members. While utilizing the "dinner and a show" concept, the murder mystery show generally targets a smaller audience than typical dinner theater. Public performances usually feature professional actors while private showings may offer "roles" to the guests who participate in the production as either characters or detectives.

Others
The Wedding Comedy is similar to Murder Mystery as the staging requirements are minimal and the audience has interaction with the actors while they perform. Joey and Maria's Comedy Italian Wedding was written by Darlyne Franklin in 1992 and the franchise rights were sold in 2001. Other examples include Tony n' Tina's Wedding and a gay version, Joni and Gina's Wedding.

Riverboat Dinner Cruises combine a showboat with a meal. They are limited to locations on a navigable body of water, such as the Showboat Branson Belle or the Goldenrod Showboat.

Madrigal dinners aka Madrigal Feasts are seasonal, typically held during the Christmas season. They are often staged by educational or religious entities for fundraising and include food, singing, poetry, humor, costumes, and a play from the Middle Ages, ranging from medieval to the Renaissance periods.

Medieval Times Dinner and Tournament is a chain of dinner theaters with shows featuring horses and jousting.

title: Dinner theater


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Teodor Lubomirski

Prince Teodor Lubomirski (1683–1745) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

He was the oldest son of Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski and his first wife Elżbieta Denhoff. He was owner of Lańcut, Ujazdów and Połonne. Voivode of Kraków Voivodeship and starost of Spisz.

As Sejm Marshal he led the extraordinary Sejms on 22–27 August 1729 and 2–14 October 1730 in Grodno.

He died on 6 February 1745 in Ujazdów and was buried in Czerniaków.

He married Elżbieta Culler-Cuming and had two children, Kasper Lubomirski and Anna (d. 1771).

title: Teodor Lubomirski


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File:Vervethisismusicsingles.jpg

Fair use in the following

 * 1) This Is Music: The Singles 92-98
 * 2) This Could Be My Moment
 * 3) Monte Carlo (song)

Fair use rationale for This Is Music: The Singles 92-98

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
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Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Vervethisismusicsingles.jpg


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Nashua (horse)

Nashua (April 14, 1952 – February 3, 1982) was an American-born thoroughbred racehorse, best remembered for a 1955 match race against Swaps, the horse that had defeated him in the Kentucky Derby.

Background
Nashua's sire was the European champion Nasrullah. The dam was Segula, a broodmare who has had influence through her female descendants.

Racing career
Owned by William Woodward Jr.'s famous Belair Stud in Bowie, Maryland, Nashua was trained by Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons and ridden by jockey Eddie Arcaro. As a two-year-old in 1954, Nashua entered eight races, winning six and finishing second twice, which earned him champion 2-year-old honors. The following year he earned United States Horse of the Year awards from the Thoroughbred Racing Association (with 21 of the 40 votes), and the publishers of Daily Racing Form.

U.S. Triple Crown series
Nashua was the betting favorite to win the 1955 Kentucky Derby but was beaten by the second choice, Swaps.

In the 1955 Preakness Stakes, second leg of the Triple Crown, Swaps did not run and Nashua won by a length over a surprisingly strong challenge by Marion duPont Scott's colt, Saratoga. Nashua's time of 1:54 3/5 for the mile and three-sixteenth race on dirt broke the Pimlico track record.

Swaps did not run in the Belmont Stakes and Nashua, the overwhelming choice of the bettors, romped home nine lengths ahead of his nearest rival Blazing Count with Porterville another five and on-half behind them.

In what would become Nashua's most famous race, he defeated Swaps in an August 31, 1955 match race at Chicago's Washington Park Race Track.

Nashua would be voted the 1955 American Horse of the Year.

New owners
Following the killing of William Woodward Jr., the Belair Stud horses were auctioned off. In 1955, a syndicate purchased Nashua for a record $1,251,200 from the Woodward estate, with majority interests owned by Christopher J. Devine (senior partner and founder of C.J. Devine & Co.); Leslie Combs II; and John Wesley Hanes II, an Under Secretary of the Treasury in the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration, the head of the New York Racing Association and a part owner in the company that made Hanes hosiery and underwear. In 1956 the syndicate leased Nashua to Combs to race under the Combs colors.

Retirement
At the end of his 1956 season, after thirty career races with a record of 22–4–1, Nashua was retired to stand at stud at Spendthrift Farm in Lexington, Kentucky. He retired as only the second horse to earn more than $1 million. His earnings of $1,288,565 surpassed the great Citation's record and stood as the earnings mark until surpassed by Round Table in the autumn of 1958.

At stud, Nashua was consistent, though his fillies were usually better runners than his colts. His progeny included the Hall of Fame racemare Shuvee, Bramalea (the dam of Roberto), Gold Digger (the dam of Mr. Prospector), and Melbourne Cup winner Beldale Ball.

In 1965, Nashua was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. In The Blood-Horse ranking of the top 100 U.S. thoroughbred champions of the 20th Century, he was ranked 24.

Nashua died in 1982 and is buried at Spendthrift Farm. In the mid-eighties, the farm commissioned a statue to be raised over him. The sculptor was Liza Todd, the daughter of Mike Todd and Elizabeth Taylor.

In 2010, sportswriter Bill Christine wrote that Nashua "...belongs on that short list of best horses never to have won the Kentucky Derby".

title: Nashua (horse)


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Small satellite

A small satellite, miniaturized satellite, or smallsat is a satellite of low mass and size, usually under 1200 kg. While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on mass. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of launch vehicles and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example, gathering of scientific data and radio relay. Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient power storage or of room for a propulsion system.

Rationales
One rationale for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost; heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust that also have greater cost to finance. In contrast, smaller and lighter satellites require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples. They can also be launched 'piggyback', using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs and ease of mass production.

Another major reason for developing small satellites is the opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite could not accomplish, such as:
 * Constellations for low data rate communications
 * Using formations to gather data from multiple points
 * In-orbit inspection of larger satellites
 * University-related research
 * Testing or qualifying new hardware before using it on a more expensive spacecraft

History
The nanosatellite and microsatellite segments of the satellite launch industry have been growing rapidly in recent years. Development activity in the 1 - 50 kg range has been significantly exceeding that in the 50 - 100 kg range.

In the 1–50 kg range alone, fewer than 15 satellites were launched annually in 2000 to 2005, 34 in 2006, then fewer than 30 launches annually during 2007 to 2011. This rose to 34 launched in 2012 and 92 launched in 2013.

European analyst Euroconsult projects more than 500 smallsats being launched in 2015–2019 with a market value estimated at US$7.4 billion.

By mid-2015, many more launch options had become available for smallsats, and rides as secondary payloads had become both greater in quantity and easier to schedule on shorter notice.

In a surprising turn of events, the U.S. Department of Defense, which has for decades procured heavy satellites on decade-long procurement cycles, is making a transition to smallsats in the 2020s. The office of space acquisition and integration said in January 2023 that "the era of massive satellites needs to be in the rear view mirror for the Department of Defense" with small satellites being procured for DoD needs in all orbital regimes, regardless of "whether it's LEO MEO or GEO" while aiming for procurements in under three years. The smaller satellites are deemed to be harder for an enemy to target, as well as providing more resilience through redundancy in the design of a large distributed network of satellite assets.

In 2021, the first autonomous nanosatellites, part of the Adelis-SAMSON mission, designed and developed by the Technion and Rafael in Israel were launched into space. In 2023, SpaceX launched a 20cm quantum communication nano satellite developed by the Tel Aviv University, it is the world's first quantum communication satellite. TAU's nanosatellite is designed to form a quantum communication network as well as communicate with Earth through an optical ground station.

Small satellites
The term "small satellite", or sometimes "minisatellite", often refers to an artificial satellite with a wet mass (including fuel) between 100 and 500 kg, but in other usage has come to mean any satellite under 500 kg.

Small satellite examples include Demeter, Essaim, Parasol, Picard, MICROSCOPE, TARANIS, ELISA, SSOT, SMART-1, Spirale-A and -B, and Starlink satellites.

Small satellite launch vehicle
Although smallsats have traditionally been launched as secondary payloads on larger launch vehicles, a number of companies currently are developing or have developed launch vehicles specifically targeted at the smallsat market. In particular, the secondary payload paradigm does not provide the specificity required for many small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements.

Some USA-based private companies that at some point in time have launched smallsat launch vehicles commercially:
 * Orbital Sciences Corporation's Pegasus (rocket)
 * Rocket Lab's Electron (300 kg)
 * Virgin Orbit's LauncherOne (500 kg)
 * Astra's Rocket 3.3 (100 kg)
 * Firefly Aerospace's Firefly Alpha

Microsatellites
The term "microsatellite" or "microsat" is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 10 and 100 kg. However, this is not an official convention and sometimes those terms can refer to satellites larger than that, or smaller than that (e.g., 1 - 50 kg). Sometimes, designs or proposed designs from some satellites of these types have microsatellites working together or in a formation. The generic term "small satellite" or "smallsat" is also sometimes used, as is "satlet".

Examples: Astrid-1 and Astrid-2, as well as the set of satellites currently announced for LauncherOne (below)

In 2018, the two Mars Cube One microsats—massing just 13.5 kg each—became the first CubeSats to leave Earth orbit for use in interplanetary space. They flew on their way to Mars alongside the successful Mars InSight lander mission. The two microsats accomplished a flyby of Mars in November 2018, and both continued communicating with ground stations on Earth through late December. Both went silent by early January 2019.

Microsatellite launch vehicle
A number of commercial and military-contractor companies are currently developing microsatellite launch vehicles to perform the increasingly targeted launch requirements of microsatellites. While microsatellites have been carried to space for many years as secondary payloads aboard larger launchers, the secondary payload paradigm does not provide the specificity required for many increasingly sophisticated small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements.

In July 2012, Virgin Orbit announced LauncherOne, an orbital launch vehicle designed to launch "smallsat" primary payloads of 100 kg into low Earth orbit, with launches projected to begin in 2016. Several commercial customers have already contracted for launches, including GeoOptics, Skybox Imaging, Spaceflight Industries, and Planetary Resources. Both Surrey Satellite Technology and Sierra Nevada Space Systems are developing satellite buses "optimized to the design of LauncherOne". Virgin Orbit has been working on the LauncherOne concept since late 2008, and, is making it a larger part of Virgin's core business plan as the Virgin human spaceflight program has experienced multiple delays and a fatal accident in 2014.

In December 2012, DARPA announced that the Airborne Launch Assist Space Access program would provide the microsatellite rocket booster for the DARPA SeeMe program that intended to release a "constellation of 24 micro-satellites (~20 kg range) each with 1-m imaging resolution." The program was cancelled in December 2015.

In April 2013, Garvey Spacecraft was awarded a US$200,000 contract to evolve their Prospector 18 suborbital launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering a 10 kg payload into a 250 km orbit to an even-more-capable clustered "20/450 Nano/Micro Satellite Launch Vehicle" (NMSLV) capable of delivering 20 kg payloads into 450 km circular orbits.

The Boeing Small Launch Vehicle is an air-launched three-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle concept aimed to launch small payloads of 100 lb into low Earth orbit. The program is proposed to drive down launch costs for U.S. military small satellites to as low as US$300,000 per launch ($7,000/kg) and, if the development program was funded, could be operational by 2020.

The Swiss company Swiss Space Systems (S3) has announced plans in 2013 to develop a suborbital spaceplane named SOAR that would launch a microsat launch vehicle capable of putting a payload of up to 250 kg into low Earth orbit.

The Spanish company PLD Space born in 2011 with the objective of developing low cost launch vehicles called Miura 1 and Miura 5 with the capacity to place up to 150 kg into orbit.

Nanosatellites

The term "nanosatellite" or "nanosat" is applied to an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 1 and 10 kg. Designs and proposed designs of these types may be launched individually, or they may have multiple nanosatellites working together or in formation, in which case, sometimes the term "satellite swarm" or "fractionated spacecraft" may be applied. Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with nanosatellites. Over 2300 nanosatellites have been launched as of December 2023.

A CubeSat is a common type of nanosatellite, built in cube form based on multiples of 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm, with a mass of no more than 1.33 kg per unit. The CubeSat concept was first developed in 1999 by a collaborative team of California Polytechnic State University and Stanford University, and the specifications, for use by anyone planning to launch a CubeSat-style nanosatellite, are maintained by this group.

With continued advances in the miniaturization and capability increase of electronic technology and the use of satellite constellations, nanosatellites are increasingly capable of performing commercial missions that previously required microsatellites. For example, a 6U CubeSat standard has been proposed to enable a satellite constellation of thirty five 8 kg Earth-imaging satellites to replace a constellation of five 156 kg RapidEye Earth-imaging satellites, at the same mission cost, with significantly increased revisit times: every area of the globe can be imaged every 3.5 hours rather than the once per 24 hours with the RapidEye constellation. More rapid revisit times are a significant improvement for nations performing disaster response, which was the purpose of the RapidEye constellation. Additionally, the nanosat option would allow more nations to own their own satellite for off-peak (non-disaster) imaging data collection. As costs lower and production times shorten, nanosatellites are becoming increasingly feasible ventures for companies.

Example nanosatellites: ExoCube (CP-10), ArduSat, SPROUT

Nanosatellite developers and manufacturers include EnduroSat, GomSpace, NanoAvionics, NanoSpace, Spire, Surrey Satellite Technology, NovaWurks, Dauria Aerospace, Planet Labs and Reaktor.

Nanosat market
In the ten years of nanosat launches prior to 2014, only 75 nanosats were launched. Launch rates picked up substantially when in the three-month period from November 2013–January 2014 94 nanosats were launched.

One challenge of using nanosats has been the economic delivery of such small satellites to anywhere beyond low Earth orbit. By late 2014, proposals were being developed for larger spacecraft specifically designed to deliver swarms of nanosats to trajectories that are beyond Earth orbit for applications such as exploring distant asteroids.

Nanosatellite launch vehicle
With the emergence of the technological advances of miniaturization and increased capital to support private spaceflight initiatives in the 2010s, several startups have been formed to pursue opportunities with developing a variety of small-payload Nanosatellite Launch Vehicle (NLV) technologies.

NLVs proposed or under development include:
 * Virgin Orbit LauncherOne upper stage, intended to be air-launched from WhiteKnightTwo similar to how the SpaceShipTwo spaceplane is launched.
 * Ventions' Nanosat upper stage.
 * Nammo/Andøya North Star (polar orbit-capable launcher for a 10 kg payload)
 * , Garvey Spacecraft (now Vector Launch) is evolving their Prospector 18 suborbital launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering a 10 kg payload into a 250 km orbit.
 * Generation Orbit is developing an air-launched rocket to deliver both nanosats and sub-50 kg microsats to low Earth orbit.

Actual NS launches:
 * NASA launched three satellites on 21 April 2013 based on smart phones. Two phones use the PhoneSat 1.0 specification and the third used a beta version of PhoneSat 2.0
 * ISRO launched 14 nanosatellites on 22 June 2016, 2 for Indian universities and 12 for the United States under the Flock-2P program. This launch was performed during the PSLV-C34 mission.
 * ISRO launched 103 nanosatellites on 15 February 2017. This launch was performed during the PSLV-C37 mission.

Picosatellites
The term "picosatellite" or "picosat" (not to be confused with the PicoSAT series of microsatellites) is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass between 0.1 and 1 kg, although it is sometimes used to refer to any satellite that is under 1 kg in launch mass. Again, designs and proposed designs of these types usually have multiple picosatellites working together or in formation (sometimes the term "swarm" is applied). Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with picosatellites.

Picosatellites are emerging as a new alternative for do-it-yourself kitbuilders. Picosatellites are currently commercially available across the full range of 0.1 - 1 kg. Launch opportunities are now available for $12,000 to $18,000 for sub-1 kg picosat payloads that are approximately the size of a soda can.

Femtosatellites
The term "femtosatellite" or "femtosat" is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass below 100 g. Like picosatellites, some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers.

Three prototype "chip satellites" were launched to the ISS on on its final mission in May 2011. They were attached to the ISS external platform Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE-8) for testing. In April 2014, the nanosatellite KickSat was launched aboard a Falcon 9 rocket with the intention of releasing 104 femtosatellite-sized chipsats, or "Sprites". In the event, they were unable to complete the deployment on time due to a failure of an onboard clock and the deployment mechanism reentered the atmosphere on 14 May 2014, without having deployed any of the 5-gram femtosats. ThumbSat is another project intending to launch femtosatellites in the late 2010s. ThumbSat announced a launch agreement with CubeCat in 2017 to launch up to 1000 of the very small satellites.

In March 2019, the CubeSat KickSat-2 deployed 105 femtosats called "ChipSats" into Earth orbit. Each of the ChipSats weighed 4 grams. The satellites were tested for 3 days, and they then reentered the atmosphere and burned up.

Technical challenges
Small satellites usually require innovative propulsion, attitude control, communication and computation systems.

Larger satellites usually use monopropellants or bipropellant combustion systems for propulsion and attitude control; these systems are complex and require a minimal amount of volume to surface area to dissipate heat. These systems may be used on larger small satellites, while other micro/nanosats have to use electric propulsion, compressed gas, vaporizable liquids such as butane or carbon dioxide or other innovative propulsion systems that are simple, cheap and scalable.

Small satellites can use conventional radio systems in UHF, VHF, S-band and X-band, although often miniaturized using more up-to-date technology as compared to larger satellites. Tiny satellites such as nanosats and small microsats may lack the power supply or mass for large conventional radio transponders, and various miniaturized or innovative communications systems have been proposed, such as laser receivers, antenna arrays and satellite-to-satellite communication networks. Few of these have been demonstrated in practice.

Electronics need to be rigorously tested and modified to be "space hardened" or resistant to the outer space environment (vacuum, microgravity, thermal extremes, and radiation exposure). Miniaturized satellites allow for the opportunity to test new hardware with reduced expense in testing. Furthermore, since the overall cost risk in the mission is much lower, more up-to-date but less space-proven technology can be incorporated into micro and nanosats than can be used in much larger, more expensive missions with less appetite for risk.

Collision safety
Small satellites are difficult to track with ground-based radar, so it is difficult to predict if they will collide with other satellites or human-occupied spacecraft. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission has rejected at least one small satellite launch request on these safety grounds.

title: Small satellite


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User:Sgeo/testsig

Sgeo

title: User:Sgeo/testsig


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Luciano Benetton

Luciano Benetton (born 13 May 1935) is an Italian billionaire businessman and one of the co-founders of Benetton Group, an Italian fashion brand. He served as the chairman of Benetton from 1978 to 2012.

Early life
Luciano Benetton was born on 13 May 1935 in Treviso. His father had a small business and following his death, Benetton dropped out of school at the age of 14 to work in a clothing shop. He saved money to buy a $200 knitting machine and teamed up with his sister to produce a collection of twenty pieces of yellow, green and pale blue sweaters.

Career
In 1965, together with his siblings Giuliana, Carlo and Gilberto, he founded Benetton Group.

In 1992, he was elected to the Italian Senate.

In 2003, he announced that his family is stepping down from running the company, due to decreasing sales and increased competition.

In 2006, he founded the Imago Mundi Collection, a collection of contemporary art in 10 by 12 cm format from around the world.

In May 2015, Forbes estimated the net worth of Luciano Benetton and each of his three siblings at US$2.9 billion.

Personal life
He is married with four children and lives in Treviso. His son Alessandro chaired Benetton Group from April 2012 to May 2014.

title: Luciano Benetton


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Hebrew Wikipedia

Hebrew Wikipedia (ויקיפדיה העברית, ) is the Hebrew language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started on 8 July 2003 and contains more than 0 articles as of July 2024.

Timeline
Hebrew Wikipedia features several organized article writing projects, among them Wikitort - an academic project to write original articles about tort law, PhysiWiki - a project to write and improve articles about Physics with the cooperation of Weizmann Institute of Science, and ongoing academic projects. Another major topic is Jewish history and the History of Israel. In 2006, the Elef Millim project (Thousand Words/Thousand Miles project) was launched to provide Wikipedia with free images. Groups of Wikipedians meet for field trips around the country to take pictures of Israeli sites. Hebrew spelling is a matter of debate. Since the standards published by the Academy of the Hebrew Language are not always meticulously followed in common usage, the Hebrew Wikipedia community decides on problematic cases of spelling through discussion and polls to ensure  consistency. When technically possible, spelling decisions are periodically enforced using automatic replacement by a bot.
 * 8 July 2003: The Hebrew edition of Wikipedia was launched.
 * 25 October 2003: The 1,000th article was written.
 * 22 July 2004: The first meeting of Hebrew Wikipedians took place in Tel Aviv, Israel.
 * 10 September 2004: The 10,000th article was written.
 * 20 September 2004: The Hebrew version of the Flag of Kazakhstan article became the one millionth article created in all Wikipedias.
 * 24 December 2006: The 50,000th article was written.
 * 10 January 2010: The 100,000th article was written.
 * 29 August 2013: The 150,000th article was written.
 * 28 December 2016: The 200,000th article was written.
 * 15 September 2019: The 250,000th article was written.
 * 3 August 2021: The 300,000th article was written.

Hebrew Wikipedia's requirements for notability standards are relatively strict.

Hebrew Wikipedia organizes yearly competitions, sometimes with the assistance of the Wikimedia foundation, as well as social gatherings and picnics.

Haaretz journalist Omer Benjakob said in 2023 that "Unlike many Wikipedias in languages with a global span, like English, Spanish or Arabic, Hebrew Wikipedia resembles its Polish or Hungarian counterparts in being more of an "Israeli Wikipedia." It can be seen as having an implicit pro-Israeli bias."

2010 Knesset meeting
On the occasion of the 100,000 articles milestone, the Science and Technology Committee of the Knesset (Israeli parliament) invited Wikipedia contributors and users to the 2 February 2010 morning meeting, to join in a debate about Wikipedia and other open-source resources. Some Wikipedia contributors at the meeting criticized "the lack of government cooperation with their efforts to compile a free online Hebrew-language encyclopedia," as well as sharing complaints from Wikipedia editors abroad that since the Israel Defense Forces does not release photos for free redistribution on the Internet, the sole source of available pictures for entries such as the Gaza War and the 2006 Lebanon War are the Palestinians.

Hamichlol
Hamichlol (המכלול "The Entirety") is a mirror of the Hebrew Wikipedia. It contains articles copied from the Hebrew Wikipedia which are edited to be acceptable to Orthodox Jewish readers.

title: Hebrew Wikipedia


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Crémazie station

Crémazie station is a Montreal Metro station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM) and serves the Orange Line. It is located on the border between the boroughs of Ahuntsic-Cartierville and Villeray–Saint-Michel–Parc-Extension The station opened October 14, 1966, as part of the original Metro network.

Overview
The station, designed by Adalbert Niklewicz, is a normal side platform station, built in tunnel. A large volume serves as the transept, with three of the four platform stairways in enclosed tunnels. The mezzanine serves two entrances, one on each side of the Autoroute Métropolitaine, and both integrated into buildings; the northern access has doors both in front of and behind the building.

A large ceramic mural by Georges Lauda, Paul Pannier, and Gérard Cordeau, Le poète dans l'univers ("the poet in the universe"), is located on the wall of the large volume, over the Montmorency platform. It commemorates three famous Quebec poets, Octave Crémazie, Émile Nelligan, and Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, represented by wrought iron masks on the mural.

Origin of the name
This station is named for Crémazie Boulevard, in turn commemorating Octave Crémazie (1827–1879), one of Quebec's most important poets and the author of "Le Drapeau de Carillon." The street was so named in 1914.

Nearby points of interest

 * Complexe FTQ
 * Collège Ahuntsic
 * Collège André-Grasset
 * Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard
 * Centre Rockland

title: Crémazie station


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Jolicoeur station

Jolicoeur is a station on the Green Line of the Montreal Metro rapid transit system operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM). It is located in the Côte-Saint-Paul district in the borough of Le Sud-Ouest in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The station opened on September 3, 1978, as part of the extension of the Green Line westward to Angrignon.

Art and architecture
Designed by Claude Boucher, it is a side platform station, built in a shallow open cut, with the ticket hall integrated into a large glass-walled entrance pavilion. The design was influenced by the International Style architecture of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The floor of the platform level is decorated with a series of 42 circular ceramics by the architect.

Renovation and upgrade works
In October 2019, work began to make the station universally accessible. To allow for the installation of elevators, the entrance building was expanded on both sides. As part of the project, a sculpture by Chloé Desjardins entitled Perspectives was installed on the main floor overlooking the platforms in June 2022. The work is inspired by the preexisting circular and triangular ceramics in the station. The upgrades were completed in December 2022, making Jolicoeur the 25th accessible station of the Metro, and the 6th station to be made accessible in 2022.

Origin of the name
This station is named for rue Jolicoeur. Father Jean-Moïse Jolicoeur founded the parish of Notre-Dame-du-Perpétuel-Secours in 1906; the street was renamed in his honour in 1914.

Connecting bus routes
There are no bus bays here and Société de transport de Montréal and RTM Roussillon (CITROUS) buses serve the station from curbside bus stops on Drake Street and Jolicoeur Street.

Nearby points of interest

 * Parc de La Vérendrye
 * Canal de l'Aqueduc

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Don't Know How to Party

Don't Know How to Party is the third full-length album by the American ska punk band The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, which was released in 1993. Don't Know How to Party was The Mighty Mighty Bosstones' major label debut on Mercury Records, their first venture away from their original label Taang! Records. The album reached #187 on the Billboard 200, and spawned several singles, including the Bosstones fan favorite—"Someday I Suppose" (#19 Billboard Modern Rock Tracks). Lead singer Dicky Barret would later state that, "When we made `Don't Know How to Party', no one knew where [we] [were] coming from". Bassist Joe Gittleman stated that the album was "slower than [our] other records."

Reception
Gregory Perez of the Tampa Bay Times said that the album "packs quite a wallop. While it isn't all ska, as Barrett is quick to point out, it is all Bosstones. Songs such as A Man Without and Issachar maintain the harder-than-calculus anthems that make live Bosstones shows such a brutal pleasure." AllMusic writer Steve Huey gave the album 2 and 1/2 stars, explaining that "the lackluster songwriting renders this album necessary for diehards only."

Track listing
All tracks were written by Dicky Barrett and Joe Gittleman.

 * 1) "Our Only Weapon" – 3:07
 * 2) "Last Dead Mouse" – 3:37
 * 3) "Don't Know How to Party" – 3:14
 * 4) "Someday I Suppose" – 3:28
 * 5) "A Man Without" – 2:47
 * 6) "Holy Smoke" – 2:52
 * 7) "Illegal Left" – 3:11
 * 8) "Tin Soldiers" – 3:24 (Originally by Stiff Little Fingers)
 * 9) "Almost Anything Goes" – 4:11
 * 10) "Issachar" – 3:46
 * 11) "What Was Was Over" – 2:59
 * 12) "Seven Thirty Seven/Shoe Glue" – 4:32

Big Rig 12" Vinyl bonus tracks

 * 1) "Someday I Suppose" – 3:26
 * 2) "Think Again" – 1:56
 * 3) "Lights Out" – 0:49
 * 4) "Police Beat" – 2:09
 * 5) "Simmer Down" – 3:34
 * 6) "Drugs and Kittens"/"I'll Drink to That" (Live) – 6:17
 * 7) "Howwhywuz Howwhyam" (Live) – 2:26
 * Previously available on Ska-Core, the Devil, and More EP.

Personnel

 * Dicky Barrett – lead vocals
 * Nate Albert – guitar, backing vocals
 * Joe Gittleman – bass, backing vocals
 * Joe Sirois – drums
 * Tim "Johnny Vegas" Burton – saxophone, backing vocals
 * Kevin Lenear – saxophone
 * Dennis Brockenborough – trombone
 * Ben Carr – Bosstone, backing vocals
 * Tony Platt – producer, engineer
 * Brian Dwyer – trumpet
 * Molly Ackerman – vocals
 * Matt Rice – vocals
 * Darryl Jenifer – vocals
 * Mike Teelucksingh – talking
 * Geoff Hunt – mixing
 * Eric Gast – mixing assistant
 * Ben Argueta – art direction
 * Larry Stessel – design
 * Arthur Cohen – photography

title: Don't Know How to Party