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User talk:Pfwebadmin

About Pathfinder:
The company I work for (Pathfinder International) is a US-based non-profit that works to improve the reproductive health of women, men, and adolescents throughout the developing world.

We've been around for almost 50 years, and we work in about 20 countries in Africa, Asia & Latin America.

I'd like to see an article on us in Wikipedia, and I think we're probably a big enough player to merit one, but it is obviously more appropriate that an experienced Wikipedian start it. If you are an experienced Wikipedian, and you think we'd merit an article, I'd thank you very much for getting Pathfinder International (started). Special thanks to User:Lotsofissues for starting the Wikipedia article on Pathfinder.

About how I will behave:
As mentioned above, I am disinclined to edit the article out of concern primarily for POV issues. (This is out of concern for appearances mostly, not actual concern for my ability to remain NPOV. I wish to show repect to the community, and am aware that more scrutiny should be directed at those with a vested interest in an article.)

I will feel free as any Wikipedian to edit mercilessly if prankster issues arise, but I will try call for experienced Wikipedian's where possible instead of doing it myself.

I would like to encourage further development of the article, though.

Please feel free to contact me if I can be of any assistance. You can leave me a message here or email bnardone@pathfind.org. Email's probably better since I don't check this site very often.

Thanks in advance for any thoughts or efforts,

-:)Pfwebadmin 16:49, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Edits
I will try to list here any edits that I do make. Please feel free to comment.

 * I added us to the disambiguation page for Pathfinder
 * I posted to the discussion page for our article to thank user:lotsof issues for starting it, and to encourage further article development.
 * Fixed typo in PI article (reporductive to reproductive)

Comments & Messages here:

 * I am currently working on it. I do not wish to accept money.  Lotsofissues 08:44, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I've created a short stub. I've done considerable research  but I've decided not to write a more extensive article for lack of third party information. Lotsofissues 12:54, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Pfwebadmin 17:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem. Thank you for your careful consideration of POV on this site.  It's refreshing to see after discovering/deleting so much vanity/marketing daily.  Lotsofissues 22:10, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * You might want to read the editing help. If you want to link to something on en.wikipedia, just surround it by square brackets like this:  (which looks like The title of your link). If you wanted it to link to, for example, Orange (word), but want to have the face of the link say Orange, use:   which makes Orange. External links should only be used to link to external sites. (So, instead of , use  .  :)  ✏ Oven Fresh  ²  01:38, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the pointer, OvenFresh:). Wasn't going to bother spending too much time learning editing stuff here since I'm not planning on really editing actual articles, but don't mind spending a little now and anon.  Fixed links here.  Will-do on other posts as I go.  -Pfwebadmin 13:22, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Killerdark
As you might have noticed, I started editing the wiki.

I normally rewrite everything I place and use several sources for my wikis and try to create complete wikis in short periods of time. Pathfinder International is a nice challenge due to the high amount of information available, but a nice one.

Killerdark 15:27, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like to add a logo and maybe one or two pictures, preferably one of the current CEO and one of the headquarters of Pathfinder International. Can you arrange either self made pictures or arrange the use of pictures from the website?
 * Killerdark 16:33, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * For foundations it is quite common to add a short (or sometimes long) list of the biggest contributors to the foundation. I will look into that later. Due to (normally) complex structures between the participating foundations it takes some time to figure out who paid, for what and why. Normally those are figured out in an early stage, to figure out who paid for the dirty work, but I haven't found any dirty work so far (thats likely the reason no one bothered to make this a real wiki so far), so I don't think the contributors list will add a lot of insights.
 * Killerdark 17:29, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the interest and the effort, Killerdark. I can shoot you a copy of our logo via email; photos would be trickier. Just to clarify, we're not a foundation. We're a nonprofit NGO (501(c)(3)). We do accept contributions from individuals and foundations, and we also do work for several govermental agencies (e.g. USAID). Pfwebadmin 20:46, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

This is where I leave notes about the content of the article about the Pathfinder article.

 * The Buffet mention is appropriate, and speaks very well of us, but will likely fill in the overall picture unevenly until tweaked a bit. Mention of donors maybe could, if it's to happen at all, include some mention of the overall mix of donations so that mention of the bit that is readily available and trustworthy/reference-able online doesn't skew the article-readers' perceptiion.  Not sure what will pass muster for inclusion on Wikipedia, but audited financials are available.  FYI I've got financial information on our site and there's also some in our Annual Reports.

title: User talk:Pfwebadmin


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Johan Tobias Sergel

Johan Tobias Sergel (7 September 1740 in Stockholm – 26 February 1814 in Stockholm) was a Swedish neoclassical sculptor. Sergels torg, the largest square in the centre of Stockholm and near where his workshop stood, is named after him.

Life
Johan Tobias Sergel was born in Stockholm in 1740. He was the son of the decorator, Christoffer Sergel and Elisabet (née Swyrner), and was the brother of the decorator, Anna Brita Sergel. His first teacher was Pierre Hubert Larchevêsque. After studying in Paris, he went to Rome, where he moved in the same circles as the painters Alexander Runciman and James Barry. He stayed in Rome for twelve years and sculpted a number of groups in marble. Besides subjects from classical mythology such as the Diomedes Stealing the Palladium, which he sold to the British collector, Thomas Mansel Talbot, in 1772, he also sculpted a colossal representation of The Muse of History Recording the Deeds of Gustavus Adolphus, in which are depicted the achievements of King Gustav II Adolf before the Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. It was in Rome also that he modelled the statue of King Gustav III, subsequently cast in bronze and purchased by the city of Stockholm in 1796. While primarily a sculptor, Sergel (inspired by English artists like Thomas Rowlandson) also drew sequential picture stories, an early form of comic strip.

Summoned by Gustav III, Sergel returned to Stockholm in 1779 and continued to work there. Among the monuments he created at this time are a tomb for Gustav Vasa, a monument to Descartes, and a large relief in the church of St. Clarens, representing the Resurrection. He was an important part of the artistic elite in Stockholm, drawing a portrait of Sweden's bard Carl Michael Bellman among others. He had a relationship with the celebrated actress Fredrique Löwen and was possibly the father of one of her children. He died in his native city on 26 February 1814.

Works
Among his works in the Nationalmuseum in Blasieholmen, central Stockholm are his monumental sculptures "Diomedes Stealing the Palladium", "The Muse of History Recording the Deeds of Gustavus Adolphus", and a "Bust of Gustavus III".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johan Tobias Sergel


text: Talk:Mark Shuttleworth

title: Talk:Mark Shuttleworth


text: User talk:66.225.141.5

title: User talk:66.225.141.5


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Clarence W. Barron

Clarence Walker Barron (July 2, 1855 – October 2, 1928) was an American financial editor and publisher who founded the Dow Jones financial journal, Barron's National Financial Weekly, later renamed Barron's Magazine.

He was one of the most influential figures in the history of Dow Jones. As a career newsman described as a "short, rotund powerhouse", he died holding the posts of president of Dow Jones and de facto manager of The Wall Street Journal. He is considered the founder of modern financial journalism.

Early life and education
Barron was born in Boston and graduated from Boston English High School in 1873.

Career
Barron began his journalism career as a reporter for the Boston Daily News from 1875 to 1878 and the Boston Evening Transcript from 1878 to 1887. At the Transcript, Barron gradually focused on financial news. He founded the Boston News Bureau in 1887 and the Philadelphia News Bureau in 1897, supplying financial news to brokers. Barron sought to improve objectivity in financial journalism to reflect what he called "the public interest, the financial truth for investors and the funds that should support the widow and the orphan."

In 1902, Barron purchased Dow Jones & Company for $130,000, following the death of co-founder Charles Dow. In 1912, he appointed himself president of Dow Jones and its newspaper The Wall Street Journal. Under Barron, The Wall Streeet Journal gained new printing presses and expanded reporting staff, with circulation increasing from 7,000 in 1912 to over 18,000 in 1920 to beyond 50,000 by 1930.

In 1913, he gave testimony to the Massachusetts Public Service Commission regarding a slush fund held by the New Haven Railroad. In 1920, he investigated Charles Ponzi, inventor of the Ponzi scheme, for The Boston Post. His aggressive questioning and commonsense reasoning helped lead to Ponzi's arrest and conviction.

Barron also established the financial advertising agency Doremus & Co. in 1903. In 1921, he founded the Dow Jones financial journal, Barron's National Financial Weekly, later renamed Barron's Magazine, and served as its first editor. He priced the magazine at 10 cents an issue and saw circulation explode to 30,000 by 1926, with high popularity among investors and financiers.

Personal life
Barron married Jessie M. Waldron in 1900 and adopted her daughters, Jane and Martha. Mrs. Barron died in 1918. After Jane married Hugh Bancroft in 1907, Jane Barron became a prominent member of the Boston Brahmin Bancroft family. Martha Barron married H. Wendell Endicott, heir apparent to the Endicott Shoe Company. Mr. and Mrs. Barron and the Endicotts are buried in a joint family plot at the historic Forest Hills Cemetery in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.

Barron was a prominent lay member of the Massachusetts New Church (Swedenborgians).

Barron died in 1928 in Battle Creek, Michigan.

Legacy
After his death, Barron's responsibilities were split between his son-in-law Hugh Bancroft, who became president of Dow Jones, and his friend Kenneth C. Hogate, who became the managing editor of the Journal.

They Told Barron (1930) and More They Told Barron (1931), two books edited by Arthur Pound and S. T. Moore were published that showed his close connections and his role as a confidant to top financiers from New York City society, such as Charles M. Schwab. As a result, he has been called "the diarist of the American Dream." (Reutter 148) This has led to allegations that he was too close to those he covered.

The Bancroft family remained the majority shareholder of Dow Jones & Company until July 31, 2007, when Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. won the support of 32 percent of the Dow Jones voting shares controlled by the Bancroft family, enough to ensure a comfortable margin of victory.

Books

 * The Boston Stock Exchange (1893)
 * The Federal Reserve Act: A discussion of the principles and operations of the new Banking Act as originally published in the Wall Street Journal and the Boston News Bureau, including a description of the financial, commercial and industrial characteristics of each of the Federal Reserve Districts and the Federal Reserve Act fully indexed, with pertinent legislation (1914): a.k.a. "Twenty-Eight Essays on the Federal Reserve Act".
 * The Audacious War (1915)
 * The Mexican Problem (1917)
 * War Finance, As Viewed From the Roof of the World in Switzerland (1919)
 * A World Remaking; or, Peace Finance (1920)
 * Lord's Money (1922)
 * My Creed (unk.)
 * They Told Barron (1930)
 * More They Told Barron (1931)

title: Clarence W. Barron


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User:Pfwebadmin

This is a "Role" account for someone at Pathfinder International ( Wikipedia Article on Pathfinder, www.pathfind.org).

Pathfinder International works to improve the reproductive health of women, men, and adolescents throughout the developing world.

I'll mostly just be posting to the Pathfinder International article's talk page, though I will revert vandalism that gets done to the article about Pathfinder.

 * Thanks to User:Vardion for hooking me up with a Viet Nam map graphic.

 * Special thanks to User:lotsofissues for starting the  Wikipedia article on Pathfinder

title: User:Pfwebadmin


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G-structure on a manifold

In differential geometry, a G-structure on an n-manifold M, for a given structure group G, is a principal G-subbundle of the tangent frame bundle FM (or GL(M)) of M.

The notion of G-structures includes various classical structures that can be defined on manifolds, which in some cases are tensor fields. For example, for the orthogonal group, an O(n)-structure defines a Riemannian metric, and for the special linear group an SL(n,R)-structure is the same as a volume form. For the trivial group, an {e}-structure consists of an absolute parallelism of the manifold.

Generalising this idea to arbitrary principal bundles on topological spaces, one can ask if a principal $$G$$-bundle over a group $$G$$ "comes from" a subgroup $$H$$ of $$G$$. This is called reduction of the structure group (to $$H$$).

Several structures on manifolds, such as a complex structure, a symplectic structure, or a Kähler structure, are G-structures with an additional integrability condition.

Reduction of the structure group
One can ask if a principal $$G$$-bundle over a group $$G$$ "comes from" a subgroup $$H$$ of $$G$$. This is called reduction of the structure group (to $$H$$), and makes sense for any map $$H \to G$$, which need not be an inclusion map (despite the terminology).

Definition
In the following, let $$X$$ be a topological space, $$G, H$$ topological groups and a group homomorphism $$\phi\colon H \to G$$.

In terms of concrete bundles
Given a principal $$G$$-bundle $$P$$ over $$X$$, a reduction of the structure group (from $$G$$ to $$H$$) is a $$H$$-bundle $$Q$$ and an isomorphism $$\phi_Q\colon Q \times_H G \to P$$ of the associated bundle to the original bundle.

In terms of classifying spaces
Given a map $$\pi\colon X \to BG$$, where $$BG$$ is the classifying space for $$G$$-bundles, a reduction of the structure group is a map $$\pi_Q\colon X \to BH$$ and a homotopy $$\phi_Q\colon B\phi \circ \pi_Q \to \pi$$.

Properties and examples
Reductions of the structure group do not always exist. If they exist, they are usually not essentially unique, since the isomorphism $$\phi$$ is an important part of the data.

As a concrete example, every even-dimensional real vector space is isomorphic to the underlying real space of a complex vector space: it admits a linear complex structure. A real vector bundle admits an almost complex structure if and only if it is isomorphic to the underlying real bundle of a complex vector bundle. This is then a reduction along the inclusion GL(n,C) → GL(2n,R)

In terms of transition maps, a G-bundle can be reduced if and only if the transition maps can be taken to have values in H. Note that the term reduction is misleading: it suggests that H is a subgroup of G, which is often the case, but need not be (for example for spin structures): it's properly called a lifting.

More abstractly, "G-bundles over X" is a functor in G: Given a Lie group homomorphism H → G, one gets a map from H-bundles to G-bundles by inducing (as above). Reduction of the structure group of a G-bundle B is choosing an H-bundle whose image is B.

The inducing map from H-bundles to G-bundles is in general neither onto nor one-to-one, so the structure group cannot always be reduced, and when it can, this reduction need not be unique. For example, not every manifold is orientable, and those that are orientable admit exactly two orientations.

If H is a closed subgroup of G, then there is a natural one-to-one correspondence between reductions of a G-bundle B to H and global sections of the fiber bundle B/H obtained by quotienting B by the right action of H. Specifically, the fibration B → B/H is a principal H-bundle over B/H. If σ : X → B/H is a section, then the pullback bundle BH = σ−1B is a reduction of B.

G-structures
Every vector bundle of dimension $$n$$ has a canonical $$GL(n)$$-bundle, the frame bundle. In particular, every smooth manifold has a canonical vector bundle, the tangent bundle. For a Lie group $$G$$ and a group homomorphism $$\phi\colon G \to GL(n)$$, a $$G$$-structure is a reduction of the structure group of the frame bundle to $$G$$.

Examples
The following examples are defined for real vector bundles, particularly the tangent bundle of a smooth manifold. Some $$G$$-structures are defined in terms of others: Given a Riemannian metric on an oriented manifold, a $$G$$-structure for the 2-fold cover $$\mbox{Spin}(n) \to \mbox{SO}(n)$$ is a spin structure. (Note that the group homomorphism here is not an inclusion.)

Principal bundles
Although the theory of principal bundles plays an important role in the study of G-structures, the two notions are different. A G-structure is a principal subbundle of the tangent frame bundle, but the fact that the G-structure bundle consists of tangent frames is regarded as part of the data. For example, consider two Riemannian metrics on Rn. The associated O(n)-structures are isomorphic if and only if the metrics are isometric. But, since Rn is contractible, the underlying O(n)-bundles are always going to be isomorphic as principal bundles because the only bundles over contractible spaces are trivial bundles.

This fundamental difference between the two theories can be captured by giving an additional piece of data on the underlying G-bundle of a G-structure: the solder form. The solder form is what ties the underlying principal bundle of the G-structure to the local geometry of the manifold itself by specifying a canonical isomorphism of the tangent bundle of M to an associated vector bundle. Although the solder form is not a connection form, it can sometimes be regarded as a precursor to one.

In detail, suppose that Q is the principal bundle of a G-structure. If Q is realized as a reduction of the frame bundle of M, then the solder form is given by the pullback of the tautological form of the frame bundle along the inclusion. Abstractly, if one regards Q as a principal bundle independently of its realization as a reduction of the frame bundle, then the solder form consists of a representation ρ of G on Rn and an isomorphism of bundles θ : TM → Q ×ρ Rn.

Integrability conditions and flat G-structures
Several structures on manifolds, such as a complex structure, a symplectic structure, or a Kähler structure, are G-structures (and thus can be obstructed), but need to satisfy an additional integrability condition. Without the corresponding integrability condition, the structure is instead called an "almost" structure, as in an almost complex structure, an almost symplectic structure, or an almost Kähler structure.

Specifically, a symplectic manifold structure is a stronger concept than a G-structure for the symplectic group. A symplectic structure on a manifold is a 2-form ω on M that is non-degenerate (which is an $$Sp$$-structure, or almost symplectic structure), together with the extra condition that dω = 0; this latter is called an integrability condition.

Similarly, foliations correspond to G-structures coming from block matrices, together with integrability conditions so that the Frobenius theorem applies.

A flat G-structure is a G-structure P having a global section (V1,...,Vn) consisting of commuting vector fields. A G-structure is integrable (or locally flat) if it is locally isomorphic to a flat G-structure.

Isomorphism of G-structures
The set of diffeomorphisms of M that preserve a G-structure is called the automorphism group of that structure. For an O(n)-structure they are the group of isometries of the Riemannian metric and for an SL(n,R)-structure volume preserving maps.

Let P be a G-structure on a manifold M, and Q a G-structure on a manifold N. Then an isomorphism of the G-structures is a diffeomorphism f : M → N such that the pushforward of linear frames f* : FM → FN restricts to give a mapping of P into Q. (Note that it is sufficient that Q be contained within the image of f*.) The G-structures P and Q are locally isomorphic if M admits a covering by open sets U and a family of diffeomorphisms fU : U → f(U) ⊂ N such that fU induces an isomorphism of P|U → Q|f(U).

An automorphism of a G-structure is an isomorphism of a G-structure P with itself. Automorphisms arise frequently in the study of transformation groups of geometric structures, since many of the important geometric structures on a manifold can be realized as G-structures.

A wide class of equivalence problems can be formulated in the language of G-structures. For example, a pair of Riemannian manifolds are (locally) equivalent if and only if their bundles of orthonormal frames are (locally) isomorphic G-structures. In this view, the general procedure for solving an equivalence problem is to construct a system of invariants for the G-structure which are then sufficient to determine whether a pair of G-structures are locally isomorphic or not.

Connections on G-structures
Let Q be a G-structure on M. A principal connection on the principal bundle Q induces a connection on any associated vector bundle: in particular on the tangent bundle. A linear connection ∇ on TM arising in this way is said to be compatible with Q. Connections compatible with Q are also called adapted connections.

Concretely speaking, adapted connections can be understood in terms of a moving frame. Suppose that Vi is a basis of local sections of TM (i.e., a frame on M) which defines a section of Q. Any connection ∇ determines a system of basis-dependent 1-forms ω via

 * ∇X Vi = ωij(X)Vj

where, as a matrix of 1-forms, ω ∈ Ω1(M)⊗gl(n). An adapted connection is one for which ω takes its values in the Lie algebra g of G.

Torsion of a G-structure
Associated to any G-structure is a notion of torsion, related to the torsion of a connection. Note that a given G-structure may admit many different compatible connections which in turn can have different torsions, but in spite of this it is possible to give an independent notion of torsion of the G-structure as follows.

The difference of two adapted connections is a 1-form on M with values in the adjoint bundle AdQ. That is to say, the space AQ of adapted connections is an affine space for Ω1(AdQ).

The torsion of an adapted connection defines a map

 * $$A^Q \to \Omega^2 (TM)\,$$

to 2-forms with coefficients in TM. This map is linear; its linearization

 * $$\tau:\Omega^1(\mathrm{Ad}_Q)\to \Omega^2(TM)\,$$

is called the algebraic torsion map. Given two adapted connections ∇ and ∇′, their torsion tensors T∇, T∇′ differ by τ(∇−∇′). Therefore, the image of T∇ in coker(τ) is independent from the choice of ∇.

The image of T∇ in coker(τ) for any adapted connection ∇ is called the torsion of the G-structure. A G-structure is said to be torsion-free if its torsion vanishes. This happens precisely when Q admits a torsion-free adapted connection.

Example: Torsion for almost complex structures
An example of a G-structure is an almost complex structure, that is, a reduction of a structure group of an even-dimensional manifold to GL(n,C). Such a reduction is uniquely determined by a C∞-linear endomorphism J ∈ End(TM) such that J2 = −1. In this situation, the torsion can be computed explicitly as follows.

An easy dimension count shows that

 * $$\Omega^2(TM)= \Omega^{2,0}(TM)\oplus \mathrm{im}(\tau)$$,

where Ω2,0(TM) is a space of forms B ∈ Ω2(TM) which satisfy

 * $$B(JX,Y) = B(X, JY) = - J B(X,Y).\,$$

Therefore, the torsion of an almost complex structure can be considered as an element in Ω2,0(TM). It is easy to check that the torsion of an almost complex structure is equal to its Nijenhuis tensor.

Higher order G-structures
Imposing integrability conditions on a particular G-structure (for instance, with the case of a symplectic form) can be dealt with via the process of prolongation. In such cases, the prolonged G-structure cannot be identified with a G-subbundle of the bundle of linear frames. In many cases, however, the prolongation is a principal bundle in its own right, and its structure group can be identified with a subgroup of a higher-order jet group. In which case, it is called a higher order G-structure [Kobayashi]. In general, Cartan's equivalence method applies to such cases.

title: G-structure on a manifold


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Herd mentality

Herd mentality is the tendency for people’s behavior or beliefs to conform to those of the group they belong to. The concept of herd mentality has been studied and analyzed from different perspectives, including biology, psychology and sociology. This psychological phenomenon can have profound impacts on human behavior.

Social psychologists study the related topics of collective intelligence, crowd wisdom, groupthink, and deindividuation.

History
The idea of a "group mind" or "mob behavior" was first put forward by 19th-century social psychologists Gabriel Tarde and Gustave Le Bon. Herd behavior in human societies has also been studied by Sigmund Freud and Wilfred Trotter, whose book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War is a classic in the field of social psychology. Sociologist and economist Thorstein Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class illustrates how individuals imitate other group members of higher social status in their consumer behavior. More recently, Malcolm Gladwell in The Tipping Point, examines how cultural, social, and economic factors converge to create trends in consumer behavior. In 2004, the New Yorker financial columnist James Surowiecki published The Wisdom of Crowds.

Twenty-first-century academic fields such as marketing and behavioral finance attempt to identify and predict the rational and irrational behavior of investors. (See the work of Daniel Kahneman, Robert Shiller, Vernon L. Smith, and Amos Tversky.) Driven by emotional reactions such as greed and fear, investors can be seen to join in frantic purchasing and sales of stocks, creating bubbles and crashes. As a result, herd behavior is closely studied by behavioral finance experts in order to help predict future economic crises.

Research
The Asch conformity experiments (1951) involved a series of studies directed by American Psychologist Solomon Asch that measured the effects of majority group belief and opinion on individuals. Fifty male students from Swarthmore College participated in a vision test with a line judgement task.

A naive participant was put in a room with seven confederates (i.e. actors) who had agreed in advance to match their responses. The participant was not aware of this and was told that the actors were also naive participants. There was one control condition with no confederates. Confederates purposefully gave the wrong answer on 12 trials. The other participant usually went with the group and said the wrong answer.

Through 18 trials total, Asch (1951) found that one third (33%) of naive participants conformed with the clearly incorrect majority, with 75% of participants over the 12 trials. Fewer than 1% of participants gave the wrong answer when there were no confederates.

Researchers at Leeds University performed a group experiment in which volunteers were told to randomly walk around a large hall without talking to each other. A select few were then given more detailed instructions on where to walk. The scientists discovered that people end up blindly following one or two instructed people who appear to know where they are going. The results of this experiment showed that it only takes 5% of confident looking and instructed people to influence the direction of the other 95% of people in the crowd, and the 200 volunteers did this without even realizing it.

Researchers from Hebrew University, NYU, and MIT explored herd mentality in online spaces, specifically in the context of "digitized, aggregated opinions." Online comments were given an initial positive or negative vote (up or down) on an undisclosed website over five months. The control group comments were left alone.

The researchers found that "the first person reading the comment was 32% more likely to upvote it if it had been already given a fake positive score." Over the five months, comments artificially rated positively showed a 25% higher average score than the control group, with the initial negative vote ending up with no statistical significance in comparison to the control group. The researchers found that "prior ratings created significant bias in individual rating behavior, and positive and negative social influences created asymmetric herding effects."

"That is a significant change," Dr. Aral, one of the researchers involved in the experiment, stated. "We saw how these very small signals of social influence snowballed into behaviors like herding."

Theories of Herd Behavior
1. Evolution

Evidence of herding in animals, especially monkeys, humankind’s closest relatives suggests that herd mentality has evolutionary roots. Evidence shows that animals acquire information to make important decisions (i.e. where to forage and mating potential) by monitoring the interactions of others with their environment. For instance, imitation in monkeys is the most effective strategy of rapidly transmitting information throughout the species. Accumulating evidence and statistical hypotheses framework developed using a Markov chain approach has shown that the joint exploitation of one source will give more benefit to the group than an even distribution of effort over two different sources. In humans, evidence suggests that conformity is the product of both informational and normative influences, where the latter refers to receptivity to intra-group social pressures. Social scientists have regarded this as an important evolutionary instinct which encourages socially constructive empathy and altruism, helpful in overcoming conflict. The advantages conferred to herd behavior has led to it shaping human evolution, consistent with Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

2. Neuroscience

Herd behavior can also be illuminated by neuroscience. Recent developments in neuroscience suggest that our tendency to ‘imitate’ might be due to a system of ‘mirror neurons’ in our brains. In an experiment that recorded electrical activity in the brain of a macaque, it was found that the same neurons fired both when the monkey acted and when the monkey observed the same action performed by the other. The neuron ‘mirrored’ the motor behavior of the other, as though the observer was executing the motor act. It is hypothesized that there is a similar ‘mirror neuron’ network that exists in human brains but has yet to be proven because of the ethical considerations surrounding experimentation.

Another neuroscientific phenomenon which results in the primitive, automatic and unconscious process of social mimicry is emotional contagion. When a receiver of information interacts with its sender, the receiver perceives the emotional expressions of the sender and automatically transfers the emotional expressions to his/her bodily expressions. Through the process of afferent feedback, the copied bodily expressions result in the receiver experiencing the same emotions as the sender. This leads to an emotional convergence and mimicry behavior. This theory is reinforced by a study that has shown that herd-decisions are associated with shorter decision-making times, suggesting that herding is an intrinsic, emotional response and a more automatic decision-making heuristic.

Neuroscientific analysis of economic games suggests that social rewards trigger a ‘bliss response’, through the release of the neurochemical, oxytocin. Importantly, activations are pronounced where cooperation is reciprocated. This creates a positive feedback loop, where the brain triggers social behavior to release a ‘bliss response’.

3. Psychology

‘Docility’, or receptivity to social norms is a fundamental characteristic that underlies herd behavior. Research done on cognitive psychology has shown that humans differ from other species in the development of social norms and mutually shared expectations which inform them about what actions are normal, appropriate or just given any situation. The Asch experiment where subjects conformed to the erroneous majority view, has shown that the human mind is built to be receptive to social norms and self-censor actions in advance to avoid deviations from the norm. ‘Docility’ is also created by the human response to narratives and stories, by which most information is conveyed, which influences people to view, interpret and see things from a shared viewpoint.

Experimental evidence has shown that there exists a correlation between risk aversion and herding behavior. People tend to avoid risk and conform to the status quo as they believe that others’ information is more reliable and strength in numbers minimizes uncertainties. For instance, consumers on online platforms perceive popular products as the ones with superior quality.

4. Sociology

A study by Katona established that there were two primary methods of group-learning: (1) the ‘stamping-in’ of simple rules-of-thumb and heuristics and (2) learning that occurs via problem solving and understanding. Imitating behavior of a social group to learn falls under the former as it relies on observations of others as opposed to individual experience. This provides a ‘fast and frugal heuristic approach to learning’ in social situations and a path of least resistance, which humans gravitate towards.

Additionally, in a world where social perception is an inherent determinant of social status, it seems rational to submit to majority pressure. The desire to strongly identify with the group could thus spur people to abandon their own judgements and imitate the actions of others within the group.

Intersection of Modern Society and Herd Mentality

While in some situations, adopting the herd mentality can be a beneficial survival strategy, herd behavior has not been well-adapted for modern ‘artificial’ contexts and can lead to negative consequences.

1. Financial Markets

Trading in financial markets is characterized by herd behavior to a large extent. In times of market uncertainty, fear response drives investors to imitate what other investors are doing without conducting their own analysis to mitigate the risk of failure. Economist Keynes states that ‘worldly wisdom teaches that it is better for reputation to fail conventionally than to succeed unconventionally’. Unjustified runs on foreign exchange currencies and stock market bubbles are usually attributable to herding behavior. At other times, individuals benefit from the ‘information cascade’ by herding to piece together incomplete information about the market. Nonetheless, the arbitrary nature of decision-making in the financial markets based on herding can generate large-scale instability.

2. Marketing and Social Media

Herd mentality can be harnessed as a useful tool in marketing (i.e. influencers and reviews) as studies have found that shoppers are more inclined to purchase a product when their attitude is framed by others’ influence and that herd mentality becomes more apparent as the group size grows.

Nonetheless, herd behavior on social media can also create dangerous echo chambers and lead to the polarization of society. When people do not challenge the status quo or express dissenting opinions, it might create an echo-chamber environment where a person only encounters information that reflects and reinforces their own. Where members of a societal group adopt homogenous opinions, it amplifies the group’s collective beliefs and might result in the marginalization of minority viewpoints and a potential for group members to priorities consensus over rational decision-making (known as ‘group think’).

title: Herd mentality


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Tenofovir disoproxil

Tenofovir disoproxil, sold under the brand name Viread among others, is a medication used to treat chronic hepatitis B and to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is generally recommended for use with other antiretrovirals. It may be used for prevention of HIV/AIDS among those at high risk before exposure, and after a needlestick injury or other potential exposure. It is sold both by itself and together in combinations such as emtricitabine/tenofovir, efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir, and elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir. It does not cure HIV/AIDS or hepatitis B. It is available by mouth as a tablet or powder.

Common side effects include nausea, rash, diarrhea, headache, pain, depression, and weakness. Severe side effects include high blood lactate and an enlarged liver. There are no absolute contraindications. It is often recommended during pregnancy and appears to be safe. It is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and works by decreasing the ability of the viruses to replicate.

Tenofovir was patented in 1996 and approved for use in the United States in 2001. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available in the United States as a generic medication as of 2017.

Medical uses
Tenofovir disoproxil is used for HIV-1 infection and chronic hepatitis B treatment. For HIV-1 infection, tenofovir is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for people 2 years of age and older. For chronic hepatitis B patients, tenofovir is indicated for patients 12 years of age and older.

HIV risk reduction
Tenofovir can be used for HIV prevention in people who are at high risk for infection through sexual transmission or injecting drug use. A Cochrane review examined the use of tenofovir for prevention of HIV before exposure and found that both tenofovir alone and the tenofovir/emtricitabine combination decreased the risk of contracting HIV for high risk patients. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also conducted a study in partnership with the Thailand Ministry of Public Health to ascertain the effectiveness of providing people who inject drugs illicitly with daily doses of tenofovir as a prevention measure. The results revealed a 48.9% reduced incidence of the virus among the group of subjects who received the drug in comparison to the control group who received a placebo.

Adverse effects
Tenofovir disoproxil is generally well tolerated with low discontinuation rates among the HIV and chronic hepatitis B population. There are no contraindications for use of this drug. The most commonly reported side effects due to use of tenofovir disoproxil were dizziness, nausea, and diarrhea. Other adverse effects include depression, sleep disturbances, headache, itching, rash, and fever. The US boxed warning cautions potential onset of lactic acidosis or liver damage due to use of tenofovir disoproxil.

Long term use of tenofovir disoproxil is associated with nephrotoxicity and bone loss. Presentation of nephrotoxicity can appear as Fanconi syndrome, acute kidney injury, or decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Discontinuation of tenofovir disoproxil can potentially lead to reversal of renal impairment. Nephrotoxicity may be due to proximal tubules accumulation of Tenofovir disoproxil leading to elevated serum concentrations.

Interactions
Tenofovir interacts with didanosine and HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Tenofovir increases didanosine concentrations and can result in adverse effects such as pancreatitis and neuropathy. Tenofovir also interacts with HIV-1 protease inhibitors such as atazanavir, by decreasing atazanavir concentrations while increasing tenofovir concentrations. In addition, since tenofovir is excreted by the kidney, medications that impair renal function can also cause problems.

Mechanism of action
Tenofovir disoproxil is a nucleotide analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI). It selectively inhibits viral reverse transcriptase, a crucial enzyme in retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), while showing limited inhibition of human enzymes, such as DNA polymerases α, β, and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ. In vivo tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is converted to tenofovir, an acyclic analog of deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP). Tenofovir lacks a hydroxyl group in the position corresponding to the 3' carbon of the dAMP, preventing the formation of the 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage essential for DNA chain elongation. Once incorporated into a growing DNA strand, tenofovir causes premature termination of DNA transcription, preventing viral replication.

Pharmacokinetics
Tenofovir disoproxil is a prodrug that is quickly absorbed from the gut and cleaved to release tenofovir. Inside cells, tenofovir is phosphorylated to tenofovir diphosphate (which is analogous to a triphosphate, as tenofovir itself already has one phosphonate residue), the active compound that inhibits reverse transcriptase via chain termination.

In fasting persons, bioavailability is 25%, and highest blood plasma concentrations are reached after one hour. When taken with fatty food, highest plasma concentrations are reached after two hours, and the area under the curve is increased by 40%. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2.

Tenofovir is mainly excreted via the kidneys, both by glomerular filtration and by tubular secretion using the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and ABCC4.

Detection in body fluids
Tenofovir may be measured in plasma by liquid chromatography. Such testing is useful for monitoring therapy and to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity in people with kidney or liver problems.

Chemistry
Tenofovir is a derivative of adenine and this was the chemical starting point for its first published synthesis which was included in patents to the compound. During drug development, attention switched to the phosphonate ester derivative, tenofovir disoproxil, which was the subject of extensive process chemistry to provide a viable manufacturing route.
 * Tenofovir disoproxil synthesis.svg

Adenine is first reacted with a chiral version of propylene carbonate with R absolute configuration, using sodium hydroxide as base. Under these conditions, the reaction is regioselective, with alkylation occurring exclusively in the imidazole ring and at the less-hindered carbon of the dioxolane. In the second step, the hydroxyl group is reacted with a phosphonic acid derivative, using tert-butyllithium as base to ensure selective O-alkylation, with the formation of an ether bond. Tenofovir is formed when the diethyl phosphonate group is converted to its acid using trimethylsilyl chloride in the presence of sodium bromide, a further refinement of the original manufacturing route. The synthesis of the alternative ester in tenofovir disoproxil is completed by alkylation with the appropriate chloromethyl ether derivative and this may be purified as its fumarate salt.

History
Tenofovir was initially synthesized by Antonín Holý at the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. The patent filed in 1986 makes no mention of the potential use of the compound for the treatment of HIV infection but claims activity against herpes simplex virus.

In 1985, De Clercq and Holý described the activity of PMPA against HIV in cell culture. Shortly thereafter, a collaboration with the biotechnology company Gilead Sciences led to the investigation of PMPA's potential as a treatment for HIV infected patients. In 1997 researchers from Gilead and the University of California, San Francisco demonstrated that tenofovir exhibits anti-HIV effects in humans when dosed by subcutaneous injection.

The initial form of tenofovir used in these studies had limited potential for widespread use because it poorly penetrated cells and was not absorbed when given by mouth. Gilead developed a pro-drug version of tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil. This version of tenofovir is often referred to simply as "tenofovir". In this version of the drug, the two negative charges of the tenofovir phosphonic acid group are masked, thus enhancing oral absorption.

Tenofovir disoproxil was approved in the U.S. in 2001, for the treatment of HIV, and in 2008, for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.

Drug forms
Tenofovir disoproxil can be taken by mouth and is sold under the brand name Viread, among others. Tenofovir disoproxil is a pro-drug form of tenofovir phosphonate, which is liberated intracellularly and converted to tenofovir disphophate. It is marketed by Gilead Sciences (as the fumarate, abbreviated TDF).

Tenofovir disoproxil is also available in pills which combine a number of antiviral drugs into a single dose. Well-known combinations include Atripla (tenofovir disoproxil/emtricitabine/efavirenz), Complera (tenofovir disoproxil/emtricitabine/rilpivirine), Stribild (tenofovir disoproxil/emtricitabine/elvitegravir/cobicistat), and Truvada (tenofovir disoproxil/emtricitabine).

Gilead has created a second pro-drug form of the active drug, tenofovir diphosphate, called tenofovir alafenamide. It differs from tenofovir disoproxil due to its activation in the lymphoid cells. This allows the active metabolites to accumulate in those cells, leading to lower systemic exposure and potential toxicities.

title: Tenofovir disoproxil


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George Nugent-Grenville, 2nd Baron Nugent

George Nugent-Grenville, 2nd Baron Nugent of Carlanstown, GCMG (31 December 1788 – 26 November 1850), was an Irish politician.

Life

A younger son of George Nugent-Temple, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, by Lady Mary Elizabeth Nugent, only daughter and heiress of Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent, he was born on 31 December 1788. His mother was created a baroness of the kingdom of Ireland in 1800, with remainder to her second son; and on her death (16 March 1813) he consequently succeeded to the peerage. Nugent was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, and in 1810 received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the university.

He was Whig Member of Parliament for Buckingham, 1810–1812. This was a rotten borough controlled by the Grenvilles. At the general election of 1812 Nugent was returned to Parliament for the borough of Aylesbury; but in 1818 he was in some danger of losing his seat in consequence of his brother Richard, then by courtesy the Marquess of Buckingham, having joined the ministry. Nugent stood in his own interest, however, and was returned. He fought another successful contest in 1831, and remained one of the members for Aylesbury until the dissolution in 1832.

In November 1830 Nugent was made one of the Lords of the Treasury, but he resigned this position in August 1832, to become Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. This office he retained for three years, returning to England with the Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George. He again offered himself for Aylesbury in 1837 and 1839, but was defeated on both occasions; and in 1843, when he stood, with the reformer George Thompson, for Southampton, he sustained a third defeat. On reappearing at Aylesbury in 1847 he was returned.

Nugent was an extreme Whig, or a whig-radical, in politics. He was a strong supporter of Queen Caroline of Brunswick, and he visited Spain as a partisan of the Spanish Liberals against the Carlists. In the session of 1848 Nugent moved for leave to bring in a bill abolishing the separate imprisonment in gaols of persons committed for trial, but the motion was lost. During the same session he advocated the abolition of capital punishment. In 1849 he voted for limiting the powers of the Habeas Corpus (Ireland) Suspension Bill, and also supported a measure for the further repeal of Penal Laws. He was a member of the Reform Club and the Athenaeum Club.

Nugent died on 26 November 1850, at his residence in Buckinghamshire.

Works
In 1812 Nugent published Portugal, a Poem then in 1829 Oxford and Locke, which defended the expulsion of Locke from the University of Oxford against the censures of Dugald Stewart. Nugent's sympathetic Memorials of John Hampden appeared in 1832. The work was favourably reviewed by Thomas Babington Macaulay in the Edinburgh Review, and adversely by Robert Southey in the Quarterly Review, resulting in a flurry of correspondence.

Legends of the Library at Lillies (his family seat) appeared in 1832: "from the fireside of the... little oak library the following legends proceed." It was followed by the two-volume travelogue Lands Classical and Sacred in 1845–6. Nugent also wrote pamphlets on political, social, and ecclesiastical subjects.

Family
Nugent married, 6 September 1813, Anne Lucy, second daughter of Major-General the Hon. Vere Poulett. She died without issue in 1848, and the barony became extinct on the death of Nugent.


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Thomas Burnett Swann

Thomas Burnett Swann (October 12, 1928 – May 5, 1976) was an American poet, critic and fantasy author. His criticism includes works on the poetry of H.D. and Christina Rossetti. Swann died of cancer and several of his novels were published posthumously.

Poetry
Swann's poetry consists largely of short, whimsical pieces evoking a naive innocence. Many of them were later incorporated into his novels and placed in the mouths of his characters - sometimes the same poem is spoken by two or three different characters in novels set centuries and continents apart.

Poets also frequently appear as characters in his novels, always on the side of good: Sappho in Wolfwinter (1972); Robert Herrick in Will-o-the-Wisp (1977, serialized 1974); a fictionalized Charles Sorley in The Goat Without Horns (1971); and Thomas Chatterton in The Not-World (1975).

Science fiction
Swann began writing fiction in 1958 with "Winged Victory", a science fiction story based on the famous headless statue known as the Winged Victory of Samothrace. In Swann's story the statue's head is discovered and found to have been modeled upon an alien visitor whom the sculptor took for a goddess.

Extraterrestrials also feature in "The Painter", in which the painter Hieronymous Bosch is abducted by hideous aliens and forced to paint them, thereby providing the inspiration for the grotesque images in his painting The Garden of Earthly Delights. This and many other early stories appeared in the British magazine Science Fantasy. Some stories also appeared in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (F&SF).

Fantasy
Most of Swann's fiction was outright fantasy. The early story "The Dryad-tree" is set in contemporary Florida and features a woman's reaction to the knowledge that her new husband's garden contains a tree possessed by a jealous dryad. The story was adapted as a short film in 2017.

The bulk of Swann's fantasy fits into a rough chronology that begins in ancient Egypt around 2500 BC and chronicles the steady decline of magic and mythological races such as dryads, centaurs, satyrs, selkies and minotaurs. The coming of more "advanced" civilisations constantly threatens to destroy their pre-industrial world, and they must continually seek refuge wherever they can. They see the advent of Christianity as a major tragedy; the Christians regard magic and mythological beings as evil and seek to destroy the surviving creatures, although some manage to survive and preserve some of their old ways through medieval times down to the late 19th Century and perhaps even the 20th.

Sexuality as a topic
An undercurrent of sexuality runs through all of these stories. Many of Swann's characters are sexually adventurous and regard sexual repression as spiritually damaging. Casual and sometimes permanent nudity is common. Homosexual relationships between both male and female characters are often hinted at, although seldom made explicit.

The most openly homosexual relationship in Swann's stories is also the most controversial. His novel How Are the Mighty Fallen (1974) depicts the Biblical Jonathan and David as lovers, and furthermore suggests that Jonathan was himself a member of an ancient winged half-human race. The book appeared from Swann's regular publisher DAW Books, but only after DAW's founder and chief executive Donald A. Wollheim fought to prevent distributor New American Library from banning it. However, Swann was reportedly unhappy with George Barr's cover artwork, which showed two of the characters being chased by a cyclops, because he felt it misrepresented the style of the novel.

The Minotaur Trilogy
(Written in reverse order. Swann claimed that he would correct the inconsistencies between the two earlier books if there was a second edition, but in the event there was not.) The three novels were collected as The Minotaur Trilogy (1997)
 * Cry Silver Bells (1977)
 * The Forest of Forever (1971)
 * The Day of the Minotaur (1966; previously serialized in 1964-1965 as The Blue Monkeys in Science Fantasy)

The Latium Trilogy
(Not Swann's title; also written largely in reverse)
 * Queens Walk in the Dusk (1977)
 * Formerly Swann's rarest novel, only published in a limited edition of 2000 copies. It has since been reprinted in both hardcover and paperback editions.
 * Green Phoenix: The Last Stand of the Prehumans (1972; based on the novella "Love Is A Dragonfly" published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction March 1972)
 * Lady of the Bees (1976; expanded from the 1962 Science Fantasy story "Where is the Bird of Fire?")

Others

 * The Weirwoods (1967; serialized in Science Fantasy 1965)
 * Moondust (1968)
 * The Goat Without Horns (1971)
 * Wolfwinter (1972)
 * How Are the Mighty Fallen (1974)
 * Will-o-the-Wisp (1976; serialized in Fantastic in 1974); the book seems to have been typeset directly from the magazine, resulting in part of the synopsis of part 1 being erroneously included in the book. The cover design, depicting a woman riding a giant insect, also seems to have been inspired by the cover of the magazine issue containing part 1, although this actually had no connection with Swann's story.
 * The Not-World (1975)
 * The Gods Abide (1976)
 * The Tournament of Thorns (1976, assembled from two stories in F&SF; The Manor Of Roses [1966] and The Stalking Trees [January 1973])
 * The Minikins of Yam (1976). This novel's prologue is printed before the title page, opposite the inside front cover where promotional text would normally be placed.

Short story collections

 * The Dolphin and the Deep (1968)
 * Where is the Bird of Fire? (1970)

title: Thomas Burnett Swann


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Sophie Schröder

Sophie Antonie Luise Schröder ( Bürger; 1 March 1781 – 25 February 1868) was a German actress and an early adopter of spoken word performances combined with music.

Born at Paderborn, the daughter of an actor, Gottfried Bürger, she made her first appearance in opera at St Petersburg, in 1793. On Kotzebue's recommendation she was engaged for the Vienna Court theatre in 1798, and here and in Munich and Hamburg she won great successes in tragic roles like Marie Stuart, Phèdre, Merope, Lady Macbeth, and Isabella in The Bride of Messina, which gave her the reputation of being "the German Siddons."

She retired in 1840 and lived in Augsburg and Munich until her death in 1868. She had married, in 1795, an actor, Stollmers (properly Smets), from whom she separated in 1799. In 1804, she married the tenor Friedrich Schröder, and after his death in 1818, she married the actor, Wilhelm Kunst in 1825. Schröder's eldest daughter was the opera singer, Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient. She had several illegitimate children with the painter Moritz Michael Daffinger.

title: Sophie Schröder


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Kara DioGuardi

Kara Elizabeth DioGuardi (born December 9, 1970) is an American songwriter, record producer, music publisher, A&R executive, and singer. She primarily writes music in the pop rock genre. She has worked with many popular artists; sales of albums on which her songs appear exceed 160 million worldwide. DioGuardi is a 2011 NAMM Music for Life Award winner, 2009 NMPA Songwriter Icon Award winner, 2007 BMI Pop Songwriter of the Year, and has received 20 BMI Awards for co-writing songs.

DioGuardi was a judge on American Idol for its eighth and ninth seasons. In 2008, she was appointed to the position of executive vice president of talent development at Warner Bros. Records; she has signed acts such as Jason Derulo and Iyaz. In 2011, she was a head judge on the Bravo singer-songwriter competition series Platinum Hit.

Early life
DioGuardi was born in Ossining, New York. Her family has origins in the Arbëreshë (Albanian) minority from Italy. Her father is former Republican Congressman and 2010 US Senate candidate Joe DioGuardi. Her mother Carol died in 1997 after a seven-year battle with ovarian cancer.

DioGuardi grew up in the Wilmot Woods section of suburban New Rochelle, New York and attended elementary school at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic School in Scarsdale, New York. She graduated from The Masters School in Dobbs Ferry, New York and earned a degree in political science at Duke University. After graduating from college, she worked for Billboard magazine as an assistant to Timothy White and Howard Lander; later she was an advertising sales representative there.

Professional songwriting
DioGuardi has a songwriting catalog of several hundred songs; over 300 have been released on major labels worldwide and over 150 have appeared on platinum selling albums. She has had 50 international charting singles over the course of her career, and her songs have helped propel more than 66 albums into the Top Ten of the Billboard 200. Her songs have been featured in major motion pictures, television shows, film soundtracks, and radio spots, as well as in national and international commercial campaigns.

She wrote with Ashlee Simpson for Simpson's first and second albums, in 2003 and 2004. She collaborated with Thalía in 2003 for her self-titled album Thalía. In 2004, DioGuardi co-wrote one-sixth of the tracks off Kelly Clarkson's sophomore album Breakaway including Clarkson's hit "Walk Away". DioGuardi then worked with Australian singer, Ricki-Lee Coulter on her 2005 single, Sunshine from her debut studio album, Ricki-Lee, which was released in October of the same year.

She also worked with Christina Aguilera on her album Back to Basics in 2006, co-writing twelve of the thirteen tracks on disc one of the album, among them being "Ain't No Other Man" and "Back in the Day". In the same year, she collaborated with Jesse McCartney on his album Right Where You Want Me, co-writing four songs called "Anybody", "Invincible", "Running Away", and "Feels Like Sunday".

In 2007, DioGuardi worked with many notable artists, one of whom was Britney Spears. DioGuardi wrote and produced "Ooh Ooh Baby" and co-produced "Heaven on Earth" on Spears' album Blackout. DioGuardi also contributed a majority of the songs on Hilary Duff's fourth studio album, Dignity. Since American Idol Season 8, DioGuardi returned to songwriting and producing, and has worked with number of artists, including Pink's "Sober," Kelly Clarkson's "I Do Not Hook Up," Cobra Starship's "Good Girls Go Bad," Katharine McPhee's "Had It All", Carrie Underwood's "Undo It", and Theory of a Deadman's "Not Meant to Be" among other releases.

Among DioGuardi's projects is the song "Not Meant to Be", which appears on Theory of a Deadman's 2008 album, Scars & Souvenirs. She co-wrote the song with lead singer Tyler Connolly, and is also featured as the love interest in the music video which was released on March 10, 2009. The song was her debut in the music video industry.

In 2007, Dioguardi and Eurythmics member Dave Stewart wrote "Taking Chances" for Celine Dion. It was released as the first single from the album Taking Chances in September 2007. The song was a success around the world reaching the top ten in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy and Switzerland. It also peaked at number 40 on the UK Singles Chart, while reaching number 54 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

In 2009, DioGuardi wrote "If I Can't Have You" for Meat Loaf's 2010 album, Hang Cool Teddy Bear and recorded the vocal as a duet with him. She is also one of the writers for "Ghost", which was released as a single from Fefe Dobson's album Joy (2010). She wrote songs for Aussie singer Natalie Imbruglia's third studio album Counting Down the Days. After taking a break from writing DioGuardi was one of the songwriters of Kelly Clarkson's "Heartbeat Song" which was the first single from Clarkson's seventh studio album Piece by Piece (2015). DioGuardi wrote "Rebel Hearts" for Hilary Duff's Breathe In Breathe Out album in 2015.

Songs for film and television
DioGuardi has also written for films and television series. She wrote "Halo" for One Tree Hill, "Brand New Day" for Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam, "We Rock" and "Play My Music" for Camp Rock, "He Could Be the One" for Hannah Montana, "Set This Party Off" for Jonas, and "Someone Watching over Me" for Raise Your Voice. She has written songs which have been used as themes including "Taking Chances" on Glee, "Come Clean" on Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, "Autobiography" on The Ashlee Simpson Show, and "Ain't No Other Man" on Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel.

Music publishing
DioGuardi co-owns Arthouse Entertainment, a publishing company which is a resource business for record companies and other music entities seeking compositions, productions, artists, and related music services. Arthouse has been a part of many chart-topping hits including B.O.B's "Nothin' On You"; Bruno Mars' "Just The Way You Are" and "Grenade"; Cee-Lo Green's "Forget You", Flo Rida's "Club Can't Handle Me", Demi Lovato's "Heart Attack"; Jason DeRulo's "Want to Want Me" and "Trumpets"; Eminem's "Monster", Zedd's "Beautiful Now", Jon Bellion's "All Time Low", Maroon 5's "Memories", Illenium's "Good Things Fall Apart", Halsey's "Graveyard", Florida Georgia Line's "Simple", and Ingrid Andress' "More Hearts Than Mine."

Reality television
In July 2006, DioGuardi was a judge in an Idol-like TV show called The One: Making a Music Star. The show debuted on ABC with the second-lowest rating ever for a premiere on a major American network and was abruptly canceled after just two weeks.

In 2009, she joined the hit Fox television show American Idol as a fourth judge for the show's eighth season alongside judges Simon Cowell, Randy Jackson, and Paula Abdul. DioGuardi returned to Idol for its ninth season alongside Cowell, Jackson, and new judge Ellen DeGeneres who replaced Paula Abdul after she quit the show in contract disagreements. However, DioGuardi decided to leave the show on September 3, 2010 and did not return for the tenth season of Idol. It has since been said that DioGuardi helped Steven Tyler become a judge on American Idol, after they worked together at DioGuardi's house in Los Angeles. She has had Idol connections in the past: in 2000, DioGuardi and former Idol judge Paula Abdul co-wrote the UK number-one single "Spinning Around", performed by Kylie Minogue. DioGuardi has written many songs sung by Idol winners and alumni such as Kelly Clarkson, Allison Iraheta, David Archuleta, Carrie Underwood, Diana DeGarmo, Katharine McPhee, Kris Allen, Danny Gokey, and Adam Lambert. DioGuardi co-wrote the American Idol season eight coronation single, "No Boundaries", which was performed by both finalists during the competition. DioGuardi struggled to find her place among the judges. In Richard Rushfield's book, "American Idol: The Untold Story," he reveals that often the other judges would leave the studio during commercial breaks, leaving DioGuardi behind to awkwardly sit by herself.

DioGuardi also co-wrote with Jason Reeves a song called "Terrified" for Katharine McPhee's album Unbroken, which was covered by Didi Benami, an American Idol contestant from Season 9, during Hollywood week. DioGuardi recorded a video of herself singing "Terrified" with Jason Reeves on YouTube, which has over 1,800,000 views. She appeared on Hannah Montana as herself in the episode "Judge Me Tender".

After leaving American Idol, she was a head judge on the Bravo singer-songwriter competition series Platinum Hit.

Other projects
DioGuardi guest starred as herself on The Simpsons and Sesame Street. From September 5 – October 30, 2011, she made her Broadway debut as Roxie Hart in Chicago. She released an autobiography after her departure from American Idol named A Helluva High Note; Surviving Life, Love and American Idol.

Since 2012, she has taught a semester course called "Hitmaking with Kara DioGuardi" at Berklee College of Music in Boston. The course was developed specifically for the fall 2012 curriculum; it has paired 27 student songwriters and producers to mirror today's music industry practices. One of her students was Charlie Puth.

In late 2017, DioGuardi helped launch the first effort in Maine of a national program working to prevent child sexual abuse, the Enough Abuse Campaign (EAC).

Awards and nominations
In 2003, DioGuardi won a BMI Cable Award for co-writing and performing "Somethin' To Say", the theme to the Lifetime Television series For the People, which starred Lea Thompson, Debbi Morgan, A. Martinez, and Cecilia Suárez. DioGuardi has been awarded 15 BMI Awards for having co-written the most performed songs on the radio. One of the industry's most highly sought after songwriters and producers, her songs have appeared on records which have sold more than 150 million copies combined. In 2007, she was nominated for a Latin Grammy in the category of Song of the Year for writing the Belinda single, "Bella Traición" along with co-writers Belinda, Ben Moody, Nacho Peregrin and producer Mitch Allan. In November 2007, DioGuardi was awarded the TAXI A&R award for Humanitarian of the Year at the annual Road Rally Convention.

As a vocalist
With MaD DoLL:
 * Mad Doll (1999)

With Platinum Weird:
 * Make Believe (2006)
 * Platinum Weird (2006)

As a featured artist:
 * "If I Can't Have You" on Meat Loaf's album "Hang Cool Teddy Bear" (2010)
 * "The Sun Will Rise" on Kelly Clarkson's album Stronger (2011)

Music videos
 * "Not Meant to Be" – Theory of a Deadman (2009)

Personal life
DioGuardi splits her time between Los Angeles and York Harbor, Maine. She began dating teacher-turned-general contractor Mike McCuddy in 2007 after the two met while he was working on a home adjacent to her property in Maine. After a year and a half of dating, DioGuardi and McCuddy got engaged in December 2008 and married on July 5, 2009, in Prospect Harbor, Maine. McCuddy has a teenage daughter from a previous relationship. Together, DioGuardi and McCuddy have one son, born via gestational carrier on January 31, 2013. The couple made the decision to use a surrogate after years of infertility and unsuccessful in vitro fertilization attempts.

DioGuardi works with the Phoenix House, a non-profit substance abuse service organization; she contributes to recording studios in the facilities and helps teach the teens how to operate the equipment. In February 2010, she joined former American Idol contestant Elliott Yamin in a charity trip sponsored by ExxonMobil to Angola where they visited malaria prevention and treatment projects as part of Idol Gives Back.

In May 2010, she posed nude for the annual "Naked Truth" issue of Allure magazine.

title: Kara DioGuardi


text:
Borșa

Borșa (Borsa, Borscha, בורשא or Borsha) is a town in eastern Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania. It administers one village, Băile Borșa.

Geography
The town is located at the eastern extremity of Maramureș County, 123 km from the county seat, Baia Mare. Covering 12% of the county's area, it borders Ukraine to the north, Suceava County to the east, Bistrița-Năsăud County to the south, and Moisei commune to the west.

Borșa lies in the valley of the river Vișeu and near the Prislop Pass. Linking Transylvania to Bukovina, Prislop Pass is surrounded by the Rodna and Maramureș Mountains, both ranges of the Carpathians. The highest peak in the region is Pietrosul Rodnei, at 2303 m. The Rodna National Park, which has an area of 463 km2, can be accessed from Borșa.

The town is crossed by national road DN18, which connects it to the west to Sighetu Marmației and Baia Mare and to the east to Iacobeni, Suceava through the Prislop Pass.

History
The town is home to a wooden church, built in 1718. In 1891, there were 1,432 Jews living in Borșa. The area has lost much of its population following the collapse of the communist regime. In the past, the town of Borșa was also home to a Zipser German community.

Natives

 * Israel Polack (1909–1993), textile industrialist
 * Frank Timiș (born 1964), rich businessman based in London

Population
At the 2021 census, Borșa had a population of 27,711, with an absolute majority (94%) of ethnic Romanians.

title: Borșa


text:
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title: Talk:Automatic picture transmission


text:
Mark Jackson (disambiguation)

Mark Jackson (born 1965) is an American former basketball guard and former head coach of the Golden State Warriors.

Mark or Marc Jackson may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Mark Jackson, R&B musician and member of the 1950s American R&B group the Crows
 * Marc Evan Jackson (born 1970), American comedian and actor
 * Mark Jackson (musician) (born 1970), English musician, member of VNV Nation
 * Mark Jackson (actor) (born 1982), English actor known for his appearance as Isaac on The Orville

American football

 * Mark Jackson (quarterback) (born 1954), American football player
 * Mark Jackson (defensive back) (born 1962), American football player
 * Mark Jackson (wide receiver) (born 1963), American football player
 * Mark Jackson (athletic director) (born 1972), American football coach/administrator

Other sports

 * Mark Jackson (Australian footballer) (born 1959), Australian rules footballer and actor
 * Mark Jackson (hurdler) (born 1969), Canadian track and field athlete
 * Marc Jackson (born 1975), American professional basketball player
 * Mark Jackson (footballer, born 1977), English footballer
 * Mark Jackson (speed skater) (born 1980), New Zealand Olympic speed skater

Others

 * Mark Jackson (curator) (born 1976), American British curator

title: Mark Jackson (disambiguation)


text:
Johnny Rodriguez

Juan Raoul Davis "Johnny" Rodriguez (born December 10, 1951) is an American country music singer. He is a Tejano and Texas country music singer, infusing his music with Latin sounds, and even singing verses of songs in Spanish.

In the 1970s and 1980s, he was one of country music's most successful male artists, recording a string of hit songs, such as "You Always Come Back to Hurting Me," "Desperado," "Down on the Rio Grande" and "Foolin'." He has recorded six No. 1 country hits in his career.

Early life
Rodriguez was born in Sabinal, Texas, situated 90 miles from Mexico. He was the second youngest in a family of 10 children living in a four-room house. Growing up in Sabinal, Rodriguez was a good student in school and an altar boy for his church. He was also the captain of his junior high school football team. When Rodriguez was 16 years old, his father died of cancer, and his older brother, Andres, died in an automobile accident the following year. The two incidents had an effect on Rodriguez and he became a troubled teen.

In 1969, at age 18, Rodriguez ended up in jail. He sang frequently in his cell and was overheard by Texas Ranger Joaquin Jackson, who was impressed and told promoter "Happy" Shahan about him. (The common story told is that he was arrested after he and some friends were caught stealing and barbecuing a goat, although Jackson would later state that Rodriguez was in jail simply for an unpaid fine.)

Shahan then hired Johnny to perform at his local tourist attraction called the Alamo Village. During one of his sets in 1971, he came to the attention of country singers Tom T. Hall and Bobby Bare, who encouraged the young singer to go to Nashville, Tennessee. The 21-year-old singer arrived in Nashville with only a guitar in his hand and $14 in his pocket. Hall soon found work for Rodriguez fronting his band, as well as writing songs.

Less than one year later, Hall took Rodriguez to Mercury Records' Nashville division and landed him an audition with the record label. After performing the songs "I Can't Stop Loving You" and "If I Left It Up to You," he was offered a contract with Mercury. He signed and began recording in their Nashville studio.

Career in the 1970s
After signing with Mercury, his first single to be released was 1972's "Pass Me By (If You're Only Passing Through)." This recording was a success, going to No. 9 on the Hot Country Songs list that year. Rodriguez became the first well-known American of Mexican descent as a country singer.

In 1972, Rodriguez was voted the 'Most Promising Vocalist' by the Academy of Country Music. The next year, he achieved his first No. 1 hit song, "You Always Come Back to Hurting Me." Another song that year, "Ridin' My Thumb to Mexico," was also a No. 1 hit. Both songs were listed in the Billboard Hot 100. Rodriguez wrote some of his own material such as the song "Ridin' My Thumb to Mexico."

In 1973, his debut album was released, which rose to No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart. He was nominated for Male Vocalist of the Year by the CMA Awards. In addition to his success in country music, he also had a role on the television show Adam-12 and also made a guest appearance on The Dating Game in 1974.

In 1975, all three singles he released reached to No. 1 on the country chart: "I Just Can't Get Her Out of My Mind" "Just Get Up and Close the Door," and "Love Put a Song in My Heart." Rodriguez's success on the country chart continued throughout much of the 1970s. He recorded songs not only written by himself around this time, but also covers of songs such as George Harrison's "Something," Linda Hargrove's "Just Get Up and Close the Door," Mickey Newbury's "Poison Red Berries," and Billy Joe Shaver's "Texas Up Here Tennessee." By 1975, Rodriguez was considered a member of the outlaw country market in country music, like fellow musicians Bobby Bare and Tom T. Hall.

Career in the 1980s and 1990s and murder charge
Despite the outlaw movement fading from view in the late 1970s, Rodriguez was determined to stay on top of his game. In 1979, he switched to Epic Records. There he worked with the record producer Billy Sherrill. His first hit from Epic came that year with the No. 6 country hit, "Down on the Rio Grande." His debut album from the record company was entitled Rodriguez, although all the songs from the album were cover versions.

Although Rodriguez did not make the Top 10 continuously as in the past, he managed to stay in the Top 20, with hits like "Fools For Each Other" and "What'll I Tell Virginia." At the same time, Rodriguez continued to be a popular concert attraction. However, Rodriguez was also having personal problems, due to his drug addiction. In 1982, he did a duet with Zella Lehr on the song "Most Beautiful Girl (La Chica Mas Linda)." The single was released by Columbia Records. In 1983, he went into the Top 5 with the hit song "Foolin'," followed by the Top 10 hit "How Could I Love Her So Much." However, by the mid-1980s, he was becoming less successful and, in 1986, he left Epic Records.

In 1987, he signed with Capitol Records for a brief period of time. He had his last major hit in 1988 with "I Didn't (Every Chance I Had)," which reached No. 12 on the country chart. By 1989, he had left Capitol.

In August 1998, Rodriguez shot and killed a 28-year-old acquaintance in his Texas home, believing the man to be a burglar. In October 1999, he was acquitted of murder by a jury.

In 1993, he recorded an album for Intersound Records called Run For the Border. In the mid-1990s, the indie label High-Tone released his album, You Can Say That Again. He continued to tour around the country during this time. In 1996, he turned to another label, Paula Records, which issued "One Bar At a Time", but it was unsuccessful. By this time his musical presence was fading from the public view.

1998–present
Since 1998, Rodriguez has toured the United States and further afield including Switzerland, Poland, UK, South Korea, Canada, and Mexico. He has performed concerts at the Ryman Auditorium and Carnegie Hall.

Rodriguez continues to tour and record new material, performing dates in the United States and Canada. In 2012, he released his first live album, Johnny Rodriguez: Live from Texas.

Awards and recognition
Rodriguez has been honored by three U.S. presidents: Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush. He played at George H.W. Bush's inaugural ball.

On August 18, 2007, Rodriguez was inducted into the Texas Country Music Hall of Fame, located in Carthage, Texas.

On October 23, 2010, Rodriguez received the Institute of Hispanic Culture Pioneer Award, in recognition of his accomplishment as the first major Hispanic singer in country music.

Personal life
Rodriguez was first married to Linda Diann Patterson, a Southern Airways flight attendant from Conyers, Georgia. His second marriage was in 1995 to Lana Nelson, daughter of country singer/songwriter Willie Nelson. That marriage lasted seven months. His most recent marriage was to Debbie McNeely, a hair salon owner from San Marcos, Texas, in 1998, with whom he had a daughter, Aubry Rae Rodriguez born in April 1998.

Academy of Country Music Awards

 * rowspan=2| 1973
 * Johnny Rodriguez
 * Most Promising Male Vocalist
 * Won
 * "Pass Me By (If You're Only Passing Through)"
 * Single Record of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=3| 1974
 * Introducing Johnny Rodriguez
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan=2| Johnny Rodriguez
 * Top Male Vocalist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Entertainer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Nominated
 * Entertainer of the Year
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

Country Music Association Awards

 * 1973
 * Johnny Rodriguez
 * Male Vocalist of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 1994
 * Tribute to the Music of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Nominated
 * }

title: Johnny Rodriguez


text:
Herta Ehlert

Herta Ehlert (née Liess; 26 March 1905 – 4 April 1997) was a female guard at many Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust.

During the war
On 15 November 1939, Ehlert was called for Schutzstaffel (SS) work by the Labor Exchange, and began working at Ravensbrück concentration camp. She stated, "I had to see that civilian workers did not mix with the prisoners, and later on, I was detailed to working parties outside camp."

In October 1942, she was moved as an Aufseherin to the Majdanek camp near Lublin. She claimed she was moved as a punishment for being too nice to the prisoners, by not giving them harsh enough punishments and helping to feed them. However, according to the Belsen Trial, she had received a bonus, as well as better working conditions at this camp.

By mid-1944, she was transferred to Kraków. SS officers there noticed she was too lenient, polite and helpful to the prisoners, so the SS returned her to Ravensbrück to undergo another training course, this time by Dorothea Binz. During this time, Ehlert divorced her husband.

Ehlert was later moved to the Auschwitz concentration camp as an Aufseherin, where she oversaw women commanding Kommandos (slave labor groups). Ehlert later served as a guard at the Auschwitz subcamp in Rajsko, Poland, before she was transferred to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where she became deputy wardress under Oberaufseherinnen Elisabeth Volkenrath and Irma Grese.

Halina Nelken described Ehlert at Plaszow in these words: "immensely obese, sly, vicious in character, and an absolute master in using the whip. She was the overseer in charge of the kitchen. Through a small window, she would spy on the Jewish women while they were at work peeling potatoes or onions, washing dishes, and doing other chores necessary in the kitchen. Once, Ehlert even ordered the women who were at work to undress completely. After they had stripped, Ehlert searched each one extremely thoroughly, looking, no doubt, for rings, money, wrist watches, and other valuables. She remained at her job until the final liquidation of the Plaszów camp. She, too, was on the death march when the time came for us to retreat along with Germans."

Trials
When the British Army liberated the Belsen camp, Ehlert was arrested and tried at the Belsen Trial. She was defendant #8 during the trial. While on trial, Ehlert was asked if she had committed theft, witnessed severe beatings, had committed murder and so on, to which she had denied most accusations. She was remanded along with all 45 defendants, and pleaded not guilty to all charges. She was found guilty at Belsen and innocent at Oświęcim.

Ehlert was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Her sentence was reduced 12 years, and Ehlert was released early on 7 May 1953.

After the war
After the war, she lived under the assumed name Herta Naumann. Ehlert died in April 1997, aged 92.

title: Herta Ehlert


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hotel Industry under SARS

Hotel Industry under SARS
A personal essay. I don't think that this could become an encyclopedial article and that it would be best to delete this so that if anyone in the future wants to write about the subject can start from scratch. Jeltz 20:15, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Delete, too limited and PoV. Wyss 22:48, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Original research. The article is a talk/paper delivered by the authors, whose names are prebended.  The title is, additionally, non-idiomatic English.  Geogre 01:09, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like copy of an article from a small-circulation trade magazine (thought I could not find it through Google), and therefore potential copyvio. Maybe some of the potential effects may be mentioned in SARS. But definitely delete - Skysmith 08:43, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Nachtfalter

 Nachtfalter  (Moths) op. 157 is a waltz by Johann Strauss II written in 1854. The waltz was first performed at a parish festival ball at Unger's Casino in the suburb of Hernals, Vienna on 28 August of the same year.

The work, which first suggests the whirring of the wings of a moth in the Introduction and then its circling flight, failed to gain the recognition many now feel it deserves when first performed in 1854. The Habsburg monarchy has formed an alliance with France and Great Britain during the Crimean War and the action has incurred the wrath of the Russian Tsar. Vienna at that time was also recovering from a devastating cholera outbreak that autumn and many entertainment establishments were finding it difficult to attract patronage to their dance halls and Strauss' works during that time do not reach a wider public attention.

Strauss' work eventually enticed Liszt, who was made aware of the work's charms. The latter was observed at a festive occasion to earnestly entreating his daughter Cosima Wagner to play 'Nachtfalter' with his as a piano duet. Further, performances abroad such as in Pavlovsk and the later in Paris, confirmed the work as one of Strauss' earlier inspired creations.

title: Nachtfalter


text:
The Record (Sherbrooke)

The Record is the only daily (Monday–Friday) English language newspaper based in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. It serves the Eastern Townships region of that province. It is one of the French-speaking province's last two English-language dailies; the other is the Montreal Gazette, which serves the anglophone community in Montreal.

Launched on February 9, 1897, by businessman Leonard Channell and originally known as the Sherbrooke Daily Record, it is one of the two last surviving English-language daily newspapers in the French-speaking province, the other being the much larger Montreal Gazette.

For the past several years, The Record has been a daily community newspaper for the anglophone minority in the Eastern Townships, without comprehensive coverage of national and world news.

"Talk", or "Talk of the Townships", a weekly television, arts and cultural insert, appears every Friday. Periodic sections focus on individual communities and events within the Record's service area.

Future Canadian media barons John Bassett and Conrad Black both got their starts in newspaper ownership as owner and co-owner, respectively, of the Sherbrooke Daily Record.

For years The Record was owned by Black's Hollinger International. In January 2006 it was purchased by Alta Newspaper Group, a partnership of Glacier Ventures International and former Hollinger executive David Radler.

Fire
In January 1999, a fire broke out in The Record's offices, which were located on rue Delorme in Sherbrooke. The building and its contents, including the newspapers computers and presses, suffered heavy losses. The newspaper was temporarily moved to a location in nearby Lennoxville without its own press. A replacement press was eventually purchased and in June 2000 the newspaper moved into its current location on rue Galt Est, in Sherbrooke.

Former editors

 * Leonard S. Channell, 1897–1899
 * Victor E. Morrill, 1899–1909
 * Harry Logie, 1909–1919
 * Gordon Miller, 1919–1930
 * Alfred Wood, 1930–1935
 * Gordon Miller, 1935–1937
 * J.K. Flaherty, ?-?
 * Albert Reid, ?-?
 * Don McMahon, ?-?
 * Douglas Amaron, ?-?
 * Gerald McDuff, ?-?
 * George McFarlane, ?-?
 * Arnold Agnew, ?-1959
 * John Cranford, 1959–1963
 * Hugh Doherty, 1963–1968
 * Leonard Ryan, 1968–1969
 * Leonard Coates, 1969–1970
 * William Duff, 1970
 * Paul Waters, 1971
 * Ivy Weir, [nee Pankovitch], 1971
 * C. Scott Abbott, 1971–1972
 * Lewis Harris, 1972–1973
 * Alex Radmanovich, 1973–1974
 * Hugh Tait, 1974
 * Barbara Verity, [Stevenson], 1974–1977
 * James Duff, 1977–1981
 * Charles Bury, 1981–1996
 * Sharon McCully, 1996-2006
 * Eleanor Brown, 2006-?
 * Jennifer Young, ? -2009
 * Michael McDevitt, (interim editor 2009) (assistant editor 2010)
 * Daniel Coulombe, 2010-2014
 * John Edwards, 2014- 2015
 * Matthew McCully, Gordon Lambie assoc editors 2015- 2019
 * Matthew McCully 2019 - present

title: The Record (Sherbrooke)


text:
Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden

Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden (23 February 1800 – 10 November 1873), known as Robert Vernon Smith until 1859, was a British Whig and then Liberal Party politician.

Background and education
Vernon was the son of Robert Percy Smith, of 20 Savile Row, London, and of Cheam, Surrey, and the nephew of The Rev. Sydney Smith, Canon of St Paul's. His mother was Carolina Maria Vernon, daughter of Richard Vernon. Vernon was educated at Christ Church, Oxford (2nd class classics 1822).

Political career
He was elected Member of Parliament for Tralee in 1829, a seat he held until 1831, and then sat for Northampton from 1831 to 1859. When the Whigs came to power in 1830 under Lord Grey, Vernon was appointed a Lord of the Treasury (government whip), which he remained also when Lord Melbourne became Prime Minister in July 1834. The Whigs fell from office in November of that year, but returned already in April 1835, when Vernon was appointed Secretary of the Board of Control by Melbourne, which he remained until 1839. He then served as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies from 1839 to 1841. The latter year he was also admitted to the Privy Council. He did not hold office again until February 1852, when he was made Secretary at War in the first administration of Lord John Russell. However, the government fell already the same month. When the Liberals (as the Whigs were now known) returned to office in 1855 under Lord Palmerston, Vernon was appointed President of the Board of Control, with a seat in the cabinet, a post he retained until the government fell in March 1858. The Indian Mutiny took place during his tenure. The following year he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lyveden, of Lyveden in the County of Northampton, and in 1879 he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB).

In 1845 he was appointed one of the Lay Commissioners in Lunacy.

Family
Lord Lyveden married Lady Emma Mary Fitzpatrick, daughter and co-heir of the Earl of Upper Ossory, in 1823. In 1846 he assumed for his children by Royal licence the surname of Vernon in lieu of Smith and in 1859 he assumed for himself by Royal licence the same surname in lieu of Smith. Lord Lyveden died in November 1873, aged 73, and was succeeded in the barony by his son Fitzpatrick. Lord Lyveden was a member of the Reform Club, the Travellers Club, and Brooks's.

He tomb is located in the church of St Andrew in Brigstock, Northamptonshire.

title: Robert Vernon, 1st Baron Lyveden


text: User talk:70.57.47.183

title: User talk:70.57.47.183


text:
Claude Sautet

Claude Sautet (23 February 1924 – 22 July 2000) was a French film director and screenwriter.

He was a chronicler of post-war French society. He made a total of five films with his favorite actress Romy Schneider.

Biography
Born in Montrouge, Hauts-de-Seine, France, Sautet first studied painting and sculpture before attending a film university in Paris where he began his career and later became a television producer. His first movie, Hello Smile! (originally Bonjour Sourire) was released in 1956.

He earned international attention with The Things of Life (Les choses de la vie, 1970), which he wrote and directed, like the rest of his later films. Featuring Michel Piccoli in the male lead, it was shown in competition at the 1970 Cannes Festival. The film also revived the career of Romy Schneider; she acted in several of Sautet's later films. In his next film Max and the Junkmen (Max et les Ferrailleurs, 1971) Schneider played a prostitute, while in César and Rosalie (César et Rosalie, 1972) she portrayed a married woman who copes with the reappearance of an old flame.

Vincent, François, Paul and the Others (Vincent, Paul, François, et les Autres, 1974) is one of Sautet's most acclaimed films. Four middle-class men meet in the country every weekend mainly to discuss their lives. As well as Piccoli, it featured Yves Montand, Gérard Depardieu, and Stéphane Audran. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian in a 2020 tribute article to Michel Piccoli thought it was "arguably the best" of the "five very well-regarded movies" on which the actor and director collaborated. Sautet achieved even further critical success with Mado (1976).

His film A Simple Story (Une Histoire simple, 1978) was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The film featured Schneider again, this time as a dissatisfied working woman in her 40s. She won the César Award for Best Actress for her performance.

In the 1980s, he made only two films Waiter! (Garçon!, 1983), a drama starring Yves Montand as a middle-aged waiter, and the comedy A Few Days with Me (Quelques Jours Avec Moi, 1988).

Claude Sautet won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival and the César Award for Best Director for A Heart in Winter (Un cœur en hiver, 1992) and received the César once more for Nelly and Mr. Arnaud (Nelly et Monsieur Arnaud, 1995). Both films starred Emmanuelle Béart. Apart from his own directing, he also wrote screenplays for other directors.

Claude Sautet died of liver cancer  in Paris in July 22, 2000 and was buried there in the Montparnasse Cemetery.

In 2001, from May 5th to July 14th, Canal Plus aired eleven of its feature films in their final versions, following the work done with Béatrice Valbin.

Filmography
Director
 * Bonjour sourire (1955)
 * Classe tous risques (1960)
 * L'arme à gauche (1965)
 * Les choses de la vie (1970)
 * Max et les ferrailleurs (1971)
 * César et Rosalie (1972)
 * Vincent, François, Paul et les autres (1974)
 * Mado (1976)
 * Une histoire simple (1978)
 * Un mauvais fils (1980)
 * Garçon! (1983)
 * Quelques jours avec moi (1988)
 * Un cœur en hiver (1992)
 * Nelly et Monsieur Arnaud (1995)

Writer
 * Les Yeux sans visage (1959), directed by Georges Franju (also first assistant director)
 *  (1963), directed by Jacques Deray
 * Peau de banane (1963), directed by Marcel Ophüls
 * That Tender Age (1964), directed by Gilles Grangier
 * Échappement libre (1964), directed by Jean Becker
 * La Vie de château (1965), directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau
 *  (1967), directed by Alain Cavalier
 * Borsalino (1970), directed by Jacques Deray
 * Les Mariés de l'an II (1971), directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau
 * Mon ami le traître (1988), directed by José Giovanni

Other
 * Patrick Dewaere (1992), documentary of Marc Esposito

title: Claude Sautet


text:
Pimba

Pimba is a Portuguese type or genre of music with an uptempo style and/or folk song features, corny romantic or saucy and vulgar lyrics, which was often associated with poorly educated public from rural areas and suburban poor or working-class neighbourhoods, as well as with Portuguese economic migrants living abroad who spend their holidays in their ancestors' localities across the Portuguese countryside. The Portuguese word pimba by itself means a quick, unexpected event or the end of an action, and is also a slang code word for having any type of sexual pleasure with another person. A loose translation could be the English word bang when used to express an act of sexual intercourse or the expression "wham!". In the context of Portuguese music, the genre was christened Pimba after Emanuel's 1995 single called Pimba Pimba.

History
The genre began to have a greater popularity in the 1980s and reached its apogee in the 1990s. Pimba bands and musicians or singers are influenced by the rural areas of the Portuguese countryside and the economic emigration phenomenon which was common place in Portuguese life and the society throughout the 20th century. The Pimba genre is characterized by humorous lyrics, usually charged with sexual metaphors (like Rosinha's, Quim Barreiros' and Toy's songs), but it can also be used to refer to singers of overly sentimental lyrics (such as Tony Carreira, Dino Meira, Mónica Sintra and Ágata) who play in local festivities across the country, usually during the Summer season, where the overly vulgar or saucy music performances were also displayed. At the onset and for many years, Pimba music and musicians or bands were object of negative criticism by some music erudites and cultural authorities, although being often much more popular and profitable across Portugal and the Portuguese expat communities abroad than other more reputable genres. The origins of Pimba as a genre are hard to define with precision, but Portuguese singer Emanuel's 1995 single called Pimba Pimba is regarded as a milestone in the genre's popularity explosion even after Quim Barreiros’ 1991 and 1992 songs Bacalhau à Portuguesa (O Bacalhau Quer Alho) and O Sorveteiro (Chupa Teresa) have reached such a huge success that the genre started to be widely sought-after and appreciated nationwide by then, although still just known as Portuguese folk (or popular) music instead of Pimba music. The single Pimba Pimba eventually gave its name to this music genre. Always present in local festivities and holidays of villages and towns across the entire country, that are often connected with religious holidays in honor of a patron saint of a local community, almost always in the Summer, Pimba singers also became a must in several major university and college festivals or festivities, such as the Queima das Fitas.

Other names who were highly successful throughout the glory days of the genre include, Ana Malhoa and her father José Malhoa, the band Diapasão, Iran Costa, Fernando Correia Marques, Ruth Marlene, Micaela, Romana and Nel Monteiro.

Actress Maria João Bastos character Liliane Marise, a pimba music singer in the Portuguese telenovela Destinos Cruzados (2013/14), was so remarkable that the actress, impersonating the character, released a CD that reached first place in the Portuguese album chart and performed in Lisbon's MEO Arena in October 2013, and also in Guimarães on 2 November 2013. In 1998 and 1999, the pimba music scene, at its most mediatic point, was parodied in RTP's sitcom Débora, starred by Ana Bola.

title: Pimba


text:
Waders

Waders may refer to:

 * Wader, a name for various birds in the order Charadriiformes
 * Waders (footwear) a type of waterproof boot

title: Waders