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Eleanor of Castile

Eleanor of Castile (1241 – 28 November 1290) was Queen of England as the first wife of Edward I. She was educated at the Castilian court and also ruled as Countess of Ponthieu in her own right (suo jure) from 1279. After diplomatic efforts to secure her marriage and affirm English sovereignty over Gascony, 13-year-old Eleanor was married to Edward at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, on 1 November 1254. She is believed to have birthed a child not long after.

Fuller records of Eleanor's life with Edward start from the time of the Second Barons' War onwards, when Simon de Montfort's government imprisoned her in Westminster Palace. Eleanor took an active role in Edward's reign as he began to take control of Henry III's post-war government. The marriage was particularly close; Edward and Eleanor travelled together extensively, including the Ninth Crusade, during which Edward was wounded at Acre. Eleanor was capable of influencing politics but died too young to have much effect.

In her lifetime, Eleanor was disliked for her property dealings; she bought up vast lands such as Leeds Castle from the middling landed classes after they went into arrears on loan repayments to Jewish moneylenders, and the Crown forced them to sell their bonds. These transactions associated Eleanor with the abuse of usury and the supposed exploitation of Jews, bringing her into conflict with the church. She profited from the hanging of over 300 Jewish alleged coin clippers and after the Expulsion of the Jews in 1290, she gifted the former Canterbury Synagogue to her tailor. Eleanor died at Harby near Lincoln in late 1290; following her death, Edward built a stone cross at each stopping place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross. This series of monuments may have included the renovated tomb of Little St Hugh – who was falsely believed to have been ritually murdered by Jews – to bolster her reputation as an opponent of supposed Jewish criminality.

Eleanor exerted a strong cultural influence. She was a keen patron of literature and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs. She was a generous patron of the Dominican friars, founding priories in England, and supporting their work at Oxford and Cambridge universities. Notwithstanding the sources of her wealth, Eleanor's financial independence had a lasting impact on the institutional standing of English queens, establishing their future independence of action. After her death, Eleanor's reputation was shaped by conflicting fictitious accounts – both positive and negative – portraying her as either the dedicated companion of Edward I or as a scheming Spaniard. These accounts influenced the fate of the Eleanor crosses, for which she is probably best known today. Historians have generally neglected Eleanor and her reign as a topic of serious study, but she has received more attention since the 1980s.

Birth
Eleanor was born in Burgos to Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu. She was named after her paternal great-grandmother Eleanor of England, the daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England.

Eleanor was the second of five children; her elder brother Ferdinand was born in 1239/40, her younger brother Louis in 1242/43, and two sons who were born after Louis's death in childhood. Because her parents were separated for 13 months while King Ferdinand was on a military campaign in Andalusia – from which he returned to the north of Spain in February 1241 – Eleanor was probably born towards the end of that year. The courts of her father and her half-brother Alfonso X of Castile were known for their literary atmosphere. Both kings encouraged extensive education of the royal children so it is likely Eleanor was educated to a standard higher than the norm, a likelihood that is reinforced by her later literary activities as queen. Eleanor was at her father's deathbed in Seville in 1252.

Prospective bride to Theobald II of Navarre
Eleanor's marriage in 1254 to the future Edward I of England was not the only marriage her family planned for her. The kings of Castile had long made a tenuous claim to be paramount lords of the Kingdom of Navarre due to sworn homage from Garcia VI of Navarre in 1134. In 1253, Ferdinand III's heir Alfonso X of Castile – Eleanor's half-brother – appears to have stalled negotiations with England in the hope she would marry Theobald II of Navarre. The marriage would have afforded several advantages: the Pyrenees kingdom afforded passage from Castile to Gascony; and Theobald II was not yet of age so an opportunity to rule or potentially annex Navarre into Castile existed. To avoid Castilian control, in August 1253, Margaret of Bourbon – mother and regent to Theobald II – allied with James I of Aragon instead, and as part of that treaty, solemnly promised Theobald would never marry Eleanor.

Marriage
In 1252, Alfonso X resurrected an ancestral claim to the Duchy of Gascony in the south of Aquitaine – the last possession of the Kings of England in France – which he claimed had formed part of the dowry of Eleanor of England. Henry III of England swiftly countered Alfonso's claims with both diplomatic and military moves. Early in 1253, the two kings began to negotiate; after haggling over the financial provision for Eleanor, Henry and Alfonso agreed she would marry Henry's son Edward, who was now the titular duke, and Alfonso would transfer his Gascon claims to Edward. Henry was anxious for the marriage to take place; he willingly abandoned the already-made, elaborate preparations for the knighting of Edward in England and agreed Alfonso would knight Edward on or before the next Feast of Assumption.

Eleanor and Edward were married at the monastery of Las Huelgas, Burgos, on 1 November 1254. Edward and Eleanor were second cousins once removed because Edward's grandfather King John of England and Eleanor's great-grandmother Eleanor of England were the son and daughter of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Following the marriage, they spent nearly a year in Gascony and Edward ruled as lord of Aquitaine. During this time Eleanor, aged thirteen and a half, almost certainly gave birth to her first child, a short-lived daughter. Eleanor travelled to England alone in mid 1255 and Edward followed her a few months later.

Henry III resolved the Gascon crisis but Eleanor's position in England would have been difficult; some of her relatives travelled to England soon after her marriage. Eleanor's brother Henry of Castile stayed in England for three years, hoping Henry III would help him reconcile with his father Alphonso. While Eleanor was still young and childless, the prospect of a new Castilian family faction at court would have been troubling for those surrounding Henry, making Eleanor's position precarious.

Second Barons' War
There is little record of Eleanor's life in England until the 1260s, when the Second Barons' War between Henry III and his barons divided the kingdom. During this time, Eleanor actively supported Edward's interests, importing archers from Ponthieu, France. Eleanor was in England during the war, and held Windsor Castle and baronial prisoners for Edward. Rumours Eleanor was seeking fresh troops from Castile led the baronial leader Simon de Montfort to order her removal from Windsor Castle in June 1264 after the defeat of the royalist army at the Battle of Lewes.

Edward was captured at Lewes and imprisoned, and Eleanor was confined at Westminster Palace. After Edward's and Henry's army defeated the baronial army at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, Edward took a major role in reforming the government, and Eleanor rose to prominence. In July 1266, after she had birthed three short-lived daughters, Eleanor gave birth to a son John, who was followed in early 1268 by a second boy named Henry, and in June 1269 by a healthy daughter named Eleanor.

Crusade
Eleanor of Castile came from a family who were heavily involved in the Crusades; Eleanor appears to have been very committed to the church's call to arms, and took a vow to participate. Women were not obliged to travel to fulfil their vow and if not prohibited from doing so were discouraged. Although other women members of her family had travelled on crusade, it was an unusual thing to do.

By 1270, England was at peace, and Edward and Eleanor left to join Edward's uncle Louis IX of France on the Eighth Crusade. Louis died at Carthage before they arrived; the couple spent the winter in Sicily then proceeded to Acre in the Holy Land, where they arrived in May 1271. Eleanor gave birth to a daughter, who is known as Joan of Acre for her birthplace.

The crusade was a militarily failure but Baibars of the Bahri dynasty was worried by Edward's presence at Acre and in June 1272, an assassination attempt was made on Edward. Edward was wounded in the arm by a dagger that is thought to have been poisoned. The wound quickly became seriously inflamed and a surgeon saved Edward by excising the diseased flesh after Eleanor was led away from his bed "weeping and wailing".

Eleanor and Edward left Acre in September 1272. In Sicily that December, they learnt of Henry III's death on 16 November. Following a trip to Gascony, where their next child Alphonso – named for Eleanor's half-brother Alfonso X – was born, Edward and Eleanor returned to England and were crowned together on 19 August 1274.

Queen consort of England
Available evidence indicates Eleanor and Edward were devoted to each other, and it appears that Edward was faithful to her in the marriage. The couple were rarely apart; Eleanor accompanied Edward on military campaigns in Wales, giving birth to their son Edward at Caernarfon Castle on 25 April 1284. Their household records narrate incidents that imply a comfortable, even humorous, relationship. Each year on Easter Monday, Edward allowed Eleanor's ladies to trap him in his bed and paid them a token ransom so he could go to her bedroom on the first day after Lent; this custom was so important Edward that in 1291, on the first Easter Monday after Eleanor's death, he gave her ladies the money he would have given them if she had been alive. Edward disliked ceremonies; in 1290, he refused to attend the marriage of Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk; Eleanor paid minstrels to play for him while he sat alone during the wedding.

Edward was greatly affected by Eleanor's death, shown for instance in his January 1291 letter to the abbot of Cluny in France, in which he sought prayers for the soul of the wife "whom living we dearly cherished, and whom dead we cannot cease to love". Edward ordered the construction of twelve elaborate stone crosses between 1291 and 1294, marking the route of her funeral procession between Lincoln and London. Only one of Eleanor's four sons survived childhood, and even before she died, Edward worried over the succession: if that son died, their daughters' husbands might cause a succession war. Edward therefore married again, in 1299 to Margaret of France. He delighted in the sons his new wife bore, but attended memorial services for Eleanor to the end of his life.

Land acquisition and unpopularity
Eleanor's acquisition of lands was unprecedented for an English queen: between 1274 and 1290, she acquired estates worth about £2,600 yearly. This provided a majority of her expenditure, which amounted to £8,000 a year at the time of her death, while income from her dower lands was worth £4,500, to which she would be entitled in the event of Edward's death. Edward initiated this process; He wanted the queen to hold lands sufficient for her financial needs without drawing on funds needed for government, and to be independent if she was widowed. The process began after the Battle of Evesham when Eleanor received the grant of lands formerly held by rebels.

Between 1270 and 1281, a significant method for Eleanor to acquire land was the cheap purchase of debts owed by Christian landlords to Jewish moneylenders. In exchange for cancelling the debts, she received the lands pledged against the debts. Since the early 1200s, the Jewish community had been taxed well beyond its means, leading to a reduction in the capital the small number of rich Jewish moneylenders had to support their lending. Jews were also disallowed from holding land assets. Bonds for lands could be sold to recoup against a defaulted debt but these could only be traded by royal permission, meaning Eleanor and a select group of very wealthy courtiers were the exclusive beneficiaries of these sales. The periodic excessive taxes of the Jews called "tallages" would force them to sell their bonds very cheaply, and these would be bought by courtiers. Access to these cut-price land bonds can be viewed as a form of royal patronage.

By the 1270s, this situation had led the Jewish community into a desperate position while Edward, Eleanor and a few others gained vast new estates. According to contemporaries, however, the problem resulted from Jewish "usury", which contributed to a rise in anti-Semitic beliefs. Eleanor's participation in Jewish usury and dispossession of middling landowners caused her to be criticised, both by members of the landed classes and by the church. An example of a cheaply-purchased estate is the release of Leeds Castle to Edward and Eleanor by William de Leybourne; it became a favourite residence. Through these acquisitions, Eleanor gained an "unsavoury reputation". Records of her unpopularity are common: for instance, Walter of Guisborough highlighted her reputation and preserves a contemporaneous poem:

The annalist of Dunstable Priory noted in a contemporary notice of her death: "a Spaniard by birth, she acquired many fine manors". John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, warned Eleanor's servants about her activities in the land market and her association with the highly unpopular moneylenders: "A rumour is waxing strong throughout the kingdom and has generated much scandal. It is said that the illustrious lady queen, whom you serve, is occupying many manors, lands, and other possessions of nobles, and has made them her own property – lands which the Jews have extorted with usury from Christians under the protection of the royal court."

Peckham also warned Eleanor of complaints against her officials' demands upon her tenants.

The majority of the lands Eleanor acquired were not acquired through the cheap acquisition of Jewish bonds. This method declined after 1275, and especially after 1281, because the Crown had largely removed the wealth of the Jewish community. By the late 1280s, Eleanor's income from the lands she had acquired was sufficient to fund future purchases. Eleanor's selection of lands was judicious, and aimed at consolidation of her estates. Neighbouring rather than isolated lands were chosen, and the price of the potential acquisitions was less important than whether it would make sense for her estate's management. Eleanor was able to seek lands because of the intelligence gathered by her advisors, and had tremendous advantages and wealth in being able to choose such strategies. She was also able to compromise with those whose lands were being purchased. It was not necessarily important to her strategy whether lands were immediately handed to her, or for the lowest possible price, for instance, which distinguished her from other courtiers, whose acquisitions tended to be more straightforwardly immediately profitable. There is evidence Eleanor's managers could impose very strict terms, and that she would have known of their actions. She paid close attention to her property dealings.

Eleanor's executors' financial accounts record the payments of reparations to many of those who brought actions before the judicial proceedings in 1291, done on Eleanor's request shortly before her death to provide redress for wrongdoings in her property dealings. She is likely to have been aware of the heavy-handed tactics of her administrators because she was regularly notified of activities regarding her estates. Notwithstanding the manner by which she acquired her estates and income, Eleanor of Castile's queenship is significant in English history for the evolution of a stable financial system for the king's wife and for the honing this process gave the queen-consort's prerogatives.

Other income
As queen, Eleanor had income other than that from her estates. Queen's gold was paid as an additional sum of ten percent on taxes. She also benefited from revenues from vacant estates, and could be granted income from trials and seizures, but the income she received from these sources was at the king's discretion rather than being a right.

Eleanor was granted significant income from hidden or unclaimed assets resulting from trials. For instance, during the late 1270s, Jews were targeted for coin-clipping offences. Although the evidence was largely fictional, around ten percent of the Jewish population – over 300 individuals – was sentenced to death; their assets were seized and forfeit to the Crown, together with fines for those who escaped hanging. Over £16,500 was collected, from which Eleanor received a significant portion. Other income from Jews came from seizures of their property at death, particularly if Eleanor had close financial relationships with them. Following the 1290 Edict of Expulsion, with which the whole Jewish population was expelled from England, their houses, debts and other property was forfeit to the Crown. Around £2,000 was raised for the Crown from sales but much was given away in about 85 grants to courtiers, friends and family; Eleanor gave the synagogue at Canterbury to her tailor.

Political influence
Eleanor was given little overt political role; even in diplomatic matters her role was minor. Edward heeded her advice on the age at which their daughters could marry foreign rulers, preventing her 12-year-old daughter Eleanor from leaving England in 1282. Eleanor of Castile was in part educated in diplomatic practices – such as giving gifts to visiting princes and envoys, as a means to win influence, and in the art of interceding to reduce friction from disputes – by Edward's mother Eleanor of Provence. While Edward honoured his obligations to Eleanor's father Alfonso X, his support may be seen as relatively limited. When Alfonso's need was desperate in the early 1280s, Edward did not send English knights to Castile but sent knights from Gascony, which was closer to Castile.

Eleanor played a role in Edward's counsels but she did not overtly exercise power except on occasions when she was appointed to mediate disputes of a between nobles in England and Gascony. Eleanor directed Edward's attention to Vegetius when she commissioned an Old French translation of De Re Militari while on Crusade in Acre in 1272. She also intervened in disputes, for instance to limit the consequences of the Baronial rebellions and to defend the Earl of Cornwall in 1287 against charges of incompetence, arguing they were unjustified. Eleanor was a "clever operator" at court with "unique influence" due to Edward's love for her. She appears to have limited her role to avoid the wide criticism her mother-in-law had experienced, and perhaps due to her immediate concerns with pregnancies and building her landholdings.

Edward was prepared to resist Eleanor's demands or to stop her if he felt she was excessive in her activities, and he expected his ministers to restrain her if her actions threatened to inconvenience important people in his realm; on one occasion, the Lord Chancellor Robert Burnell assured the Bishop of Winchester, from whom the queen was demanding the repayment of a debt the bishop owed her, he would speak with the queen and that the business would end happily for the bishop. As queen, Eleanor's major opportunity for power and influence would have come later in her life, when her sons grew older, by promoting their political and military careers.

Promotion of her relatives

Eleanor patronised many of her relatives, though as queen, given the unpopularity of foreigners in England, and the criticism of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence's generosity to them, Eleanor of Castile was cautious to choose which cousins to support. Rather than marry her male cousins to English heiresses, which would put English wealth in foreign hands, Eleanor arranged marriages to English barons for her female cousins. Edward strongly supported Eleanor in these endeavours, which provided him and his family – alongside Eleanor in her potential widowhood – with an expanded network of potential supporters.

In a few cases, Eleanor's marriage projects for her female cousins provided Edward, as well as her father-in-law Henry III, with opportunities to sustain healthy relations with other realms. The marriage of Eleanor's kinswoman Marguerite de Guînes to the Earl of Ulster, one of the most-influential English noblemen in Ireland, gave Edward a new family connection in Ireland and also with Scotland because Marguerite's cousin Marie de Coucy was the mother of Edward's brother-in-law Alexander III. The earliest of Eleanor's recorded marriage projects linked one of her Châtellerault cousins with a member of the Lusignan family, Henry III's highly favoured maternal relatives, strengthening the king's ties with that family and creating a new tie between the English king and a powerful family in Poitou, northern Gascony.

Cultural and other interests
Although she was allowed no overt political role, Eleanor found other satisfying outlets. She was an active patron of literature, maintaining the only royal scriptorium known to have existed at the time in Northern Europe, with scribes and at least one illuminator to copy books for her. Some of the works produced were vernacular romances and saints' lives but Eleanor's tastes were wider than that and were not limited to the products of her own writing office. The number and variety of new works written for her show her interests were broad and sophisticated.

After Eleanor succeeded her mother as Countess of Ponthieu in 1279, a romance about the life of a fictional, ninth-century count of Ponthieu was written for her. Eleanor commissioned an Arthurian romance with a Northumbrian theme, possibly for the marriage of the Northumbrian lord John de Vescy, who married a close friend and relation of hers. In the 1280s, Archbishop Peckham wrote a theological work for Eleanor to explain angels and their roles. She almost certainly commissioned the Alphonso Psalter, which is now in the British Library, and is also thought to be the commissioner of the Bird Psalter, which bears the arms of Alphonso and his prospective wife. Eleanor's accounts reveal he corresponding in 1290 with an Oxford master about one of her books. There is also evidence Eleanor she exchanged books with her brother Alfonso X. Eleanor is assumed to have spoken French, which was her mother's language and the dominant language of the English court. All of the extant literary works created for Eleanor are in French.

In the domestic sphere, Eleanor emphasised comfort and made changes to residences to reflect her taste. She commissioned piped bath works at Leeds Caste and tiled bathrooms elsewhere, echoing the bathroom culture of Castile. Eleanor popularised the use of tapestries and carpets; the use of hangings and especially floor coverings was noted as a Spanish extravagance on her arrival in London but by the time of her death, it was much in vogue among rich magnates. Eleanor also promoted the use of fine tableware, elegantly decorated knives, and forks, though it is uncertain whether forks were used as personal eating utensils or as serving pieces from the common bowls or platters. She also had considerable influence on the development of garden design in the royal estates. Extensive spending on gardens, including the use of water features – a common feature of Castilian garden design feature – is in evidence at her properties and in most places she stayed. The picturesque Gloriette at Leeds Castle was developed during Eleanor's ownership; she also introduced fishponds, aviaries with song birds, and Spanish flora to her gardens and grounds. Her household food supplies appear to have reflected her Spanish upbringing; they include olive oil, French cheese and fresh fruit. She also kept a connection with Acre and her time in the Crusades, ordering foodstuffs and other items from Acre throughout her time in England.

Eleanor had a keen interest in hunting, particularly with dogs. The royal family appears to have stayed each February at Quenington in the Cotswolds for hunting. She was a keen horse rider and employed Spanish horse-breeders. Eleanor enthusiastically played chess and backgammon, and passed this interest to her children.

Religious views and patronage
Contemporaneous monastic chroniclers are noticeably silent on Eleanor's piety, which was considered an important quality of a queen. The lack of material may be due to Eleanor's distance from the English Bishops, who represented traditional hierarchy, and her preference for the Dominican Order of Friars, to whom she was a patron, founding several priories in England and supporting their work at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Eleanor's piety was intellectual and reinforced the idea the higher powers were in Eleanor's favour. Apart from her religious foundations, Eleanor was not given to direct good works; she left her chaplains to distribute alms for her. Eleanor gave significant funds to charitable foundations.

Eleanor as a mother

Eleanor birthed between 14 and 17 children, only six of whom survived into adulthood. Most of Eleanor's children were born at Windsor, although she gave birth to three while on travels. It has been suggested Eleanor and Edward were more devoted to each other than to their children. As king and queen, it was impossible for them to spend much time in one place; when the children were very young, they could not tolerate the rigours of constant travel with their parents. The children had a household that was staffed with attendants who were carefully chosen for competence and loyalty, and with whom the parents regularly corresponded. The children lived in this comfortable establishment until they were about seven years old, after which they began to accompany their parents on important occasions. By the time they were 13, the children spent much of their time with their parents. In 1290, Eleanor sent one of her scribes to join her children's household, probably to help with their education.

Eleanor's children were frequently cared for by relatives and other trusted families. In 1274, when their six-year-old son Henry lay dying at Guildford neither parent made the short journey from London to see him but Edward's mother Eleanor of Provence tended to Henry. Henry had lived with his grandmother while his parents were absent on crusade, and because he was just two years old when they left England in 1270, he could not have had substantial memories of them when the returned to England in August 1274, only weeks before his death. The dowager queen was a more familiar and comforting presence to her grandson than his parents would have been. Edward and Eleanor allowed her mother Joan, Countess of Ponthieu to raise their daughter Joan of Acre (1274–1278) in Ponthieu; the practice of fostering noble children in other dignified households was common. Edward and Eleanor regretted allowing Joan of Ponthieu to foster Joan; when six-year-old Joan travelled to England in 1278, they found she had been spoilt; she was a spirited child and at times defiant.

Character
To her immediate friends and family, Eleanor appears to have been kind, loyal and considerate, and although not overtly charming; she appears to have had a sense of humour, employing two fools, for example. Her taste in everyday clothes and emphasis on repairing rather than replacing where possible, contrasting with her predecessors and successors, suggests some practicality in her nature. With those outside her inner circle, Eleanor was frequently harsh and manipulative, and is known to have frequently lost her temper.

Two letters from Peckham show some people thought Eleanor urged Edward to rule harshly, and that she could be a severe woman who did not take it lightly if anyone crossed her, contravening contemporaneous expectations that queens should intercede with their husbands on behalf of the needy, the oppressed and the condemned. Edward warned a convent of nuns: "if they knew what was good for them", they would accede to the queen's wishes and accept into their house a woman the convent had refused, whose vocation Eleanor had decided to sponsor. Records from the king's administrations shows Hugh Despenser the Elder, who agreed to allow Eleanor to hold one of his manors for a term of years to clear his debt to her, thought it well to demand official assurances from the King's Exchequer the manor would be restored to him as soon as the queen had recovered the exact amount of the debt. A chronicle written at St Albans in 1307–1308 includes the first positive assessment of Eleanor's character, though the chronicler may have been writing to flatter her son Edward II, who had succeeded his father in 1307.

Death
Eleanor of Castile had birthed at least 16 children, suggesting she was not frail. Shortly after the birth of her last child, financial accounts from Edward's household and her own show frequent payments for medicines for the queen's use. The nature of the medicines is not specified so the nature of Eleanor's illness cannot be deduced until in late 1287, while she was in Gascony with Edward, Eleanor had a double quartan fever, suggesting she was suffering from a strain of malaria. Malaria is not directly fatal but weakens its victims and makes them vulnerable to opportunistic infections. Among other complications, the liver and spleen become enlarged, brittle and susceptible to injury, which may cause death from internal bleeding. It is also possible hereditary heart conditions caused Eleanor's death.

From the time of the return from Gascony, Eleanor may have been aware of her impending death. Arrangements were made for the marriage of her daughters Margaret and Joan, and negotiations for the marriage of young Edward of Caernarfon to Margaret, the Maid of Norway, heiress of Scotland, were hurried on. In mid 1290, a tour north through Eleanor's properties began, but proceeded much more slowly than usual, and the autumn Parliament was convened in Clipstone rather than in London. Eleanor's children were summoned to visit her in Clipstone, despite warnings travel might endanger their health. Following the conclusion of the Parliament, Eleanor and Edward set out on the short distance from Clipstone to Lincoln. By this time, Eleanor was travelling fewer than 8 mi per day.

Eleanor's final stop was at the village of Harby, Nottinghamshire, less than 7 mi from Lincoln. The journey was abandoned and the queen was lodged in the house of Richard de Weston, the foundations of which can still be seen near Harby's parish church. After piously receiving the Church's last rites, Eleanor died there on the evening of 28 November 1290, aged 49 and after 36 years of marriage. Edward was at Eleanor's bedside to hear her final requests.

Procession, burial and monuments

Eleanor's embalmed body was borne in great state from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey, through the heartland of Eleanor's properties, and accompanied for most of the way by Edward and a substantial cortege of mourners. Edward ordered the erection of memorial crosses at the site of each overnight stop between Lincoln and Westminster. These artistically significant monuments, which were based on crosses in France marking Louis IX's funeral procession, enhanced the image of Edward's kingship and bear witness to his grief. Eleanor crosses stood at Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone near Northampton, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham, Westcheap and Charing. Only three of these monuments have survived, none in their entirety. The cross at Geddington is the best-preserved example. All three monuments have lost their crosses "of immense height" that originally surmounted them; only the lower stages remain. The Waltham cross has been heavily restored and to prevent further deterioration, its original statues of Eleanor are now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

The monument now known as "Charing Cross" in London, in front of the Charing Cross railway station, was built in 1865 to publicise the railway hotel at Charing station. The original Charing cross was at the top of Whitehall on the south side of Trafalgar Square; it was destroyed in 1647 by Puritans and later replaced with a statue of Charles I.

In the 13th century, embalming involving evisceration and separate burial of heart and body was not unusual. Eleanor was afforded an unusual triple burial; her viscera, heart and body were separately buried. Eleanor's viscera were buried in Lincoln Cathedral, where Edward placed a duplicate of the Westminster tomb. The Lincoln tomb's original stone chest survives; its effigy was destroyed in the 17th century and was replaced with a 19th-century copy.

Also built in the same style as the Eleanor crosses and Eleanor's tomb at Lincoln was the renovated shrine of Little Saint Hugh, a cult that was based on a false ritual murder allegation made against Jews. It is likely the association with Eleanor was made to help improve her posthumous reputation because she had been closely associated with the abuse of Jewish loans. according to historians Caroline and Joe Hillaby, the crosses and tomb amounted to a "propaganda coup", rehabilitating Eleanor's image and portraying her as the protector of Christians against the supposed criminality of Jews following the Expulsion of the Jewry.

Eleanor's heart was buried in the Dominican priory at Blackfriars, London, along with that of her son Alphonso. The accounts of her executors show the monument constructed at the priory to commemorate her heart burial was richly elaborate, and included wall paintings and a metallic angelic statue that stood under a carved stone canopy. It was destroyed in the 16th century during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Eleanor's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 17 December 1290. Eleanor's tomb, which she had probably ordered before her death, consists of a marble chest with carved mouldings and shields – originally painted – of the arms of England, Castile and Ponthieu. The chest is surmounted by William Torel's gilt-bronze effigy of Eleanor in the same pose as the image on her great seal.

Historical reputation

Despite her negative reputation in her lifetime, the St Albans Chronicle and the Eleanor Crosses assured Eleanor of Castile a romantic and flattering, if slightly obscure, standing in the two centuries following her death. In 1586, the antiquarian William Camden first published in England the tale of Eleanor saving Edward's life at Acre by sucking his wound. Camden ascribed the construction of the Eleanor crosses to Edward's grief at the loss of a heroic wife, who had risked her own life to save his. In 1587, Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland described Eleanor as "the jewel [Edward I] most esteemed ... a godly and modest princess, full of pity, and one that showed much favour to the English nation, ready to relieve every man's grief that sustained wrong and to make them friends that were at discord, so far as in her lay."

A counter-narrative that was driven by rising anti-Spanish feeling in England from the Reformation may have begun to emerge. The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor, a popular ballad sung to the popular tune "Gentle and Courteous", is thought to date from the 1550s, and to be an indirect attack on the half-Spanish queen Mary Tudor and her husband Philip II of Spain. The song depicts Eleanor as vain and violent: she demands of the king "that ev'ry man / That ware long lockes of hair, / Might then be cut and polled all"; she orders "That ev'ry womankind should have / Their right breast cut away"; she imprisons and tortures the Lady Mayoress of London, eventually murdering the Mayoress with poisonous snakes; she blasphemes against God on the common ground at Charing, causing the ground to swallow her up; and finally, miraculously spat up by the ground at Queen's Hithe, and now on her death-bed, she confesses to murder of the Mayoress and to committing infidelity with a friar, by whom she has borne a child.

This was followed in the 1590s by George Peele's The Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First. The first version of this, written in the early 1590s, is thought to have presented a positive depiction of the relationship between Eleanor and Edward. If so, it disappeared with little trace. The surviving revised version, which was printed in 1593, depicts Eleanor as a haughty "villainess capable of unspeakable treachery, cruelty, and depravity"; she is also depicted as intransigent and hubristic, "concerned primarily with enhancing the reputation of her native nation, and evidently accustomed to a tyrannous and quite un-English exercise of royal prerogative"; delaying her coronation for twenty weeks so she can have Spanish dresses made, and proclaiming she shall keep the English under a "Spanish yoke". The misdeeds attributed to her in The Lamentable Fall of Queene Elenor are repeated and expanded upon; Eleanor is now also shown to box her husband's ears. Eleanor confesses to adultery with her brother-in-law Edmund Crouchback and to conceiving all of her children, except Edward I's heir Edward II, in adultery; this revelation prompts her unfortunate daughter Joan of Acre, who is fathered by a French friar, to drop dead of shame. This portrait of Eleanor owes little to historicity, and much to the then-current war with Spain and English fears of another attempt at invasion, and is one of a number of anti-Spanish polemics of the period.

It is likely Peele's play and the ballad associated with it had a significant effect on the survival of the Eleanor Crosses in the 17th century. Performances of the play and reprints of The Lamentable Fall – which was reprinted in 1628, 1629, 1658, and 1664, testifying to its continuing popularity – meant that by the time of the Civil War, this hostile portrait of Eleanor was probably more-widely known than the positive depictions by Camden and Hollingshed. The loss of most of the crosses can be documented or inferred to have occurred between 1643 and 1646; for example, Parliament's Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry ordered the removal of the Charing Cross in 1643. Eleanor's reputation began to become more positive following the 1643 publication of Sir Richard Baker's A History of the Kings of England, which retold the myth of Eleanor saving her husband at Acre. Thereafter, Eleanor's reputation was largely positive and ultimately derived from Camden, whose work was uncritically repeated by historians. In the 19th century the self-styled historian Agnes Strickland used Camden to write the most-positive account of Eleanor. None of these writers used contemporaneous chronicles or records to provide accurate information about Eleanor's life.

Such documents began to become widely available in the late 19th century, but when historians began to cite them to suggest Eleanor was not the perfect queen Strickland depicted, many rejected the correction and frequently expressed indignant disbelief anything negative was said about Eleanor. In recent decades, historians have studied queenship in its own right and regarded medieval queens as worthy of attention. Eleanor of Castile's career can now be examined as the achievement of an intelligent and determined woman who was able to meet the challenges of a demanding life, though her qualities were often expressed in unpleasant ways.

Issue

 * 1) Stillborn girl (July 1255)
 * 2) Katherine (c. 1264 – 5 September 1264), buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * 3) Joanna (January 1265 – before 7 September 1265), buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * 4) John (13 July 1266 – 3 August 1271), died at Wallingford, in the custody of his granduncle, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * 5) Henry (before 6 May 1268 – 16 October 1274), buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * 6) Eleanor (18 June 1269 – 29 August 1298). She was betrothed to Alfonso III of Aragon, who died in 1291 before the marriage could take place, and in 1293 she married Count Henry III of Bar, by whom she had one son and two daughters.
 * 7) Daughter (1271 Palestine). Some sources call her Juliana, but there is no contemporary evidence for her name.
 * 8) Joan (April 1272 – 7 April 1307). She married (1) in 1290 Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, who died in 1295, and (2) in 1297 Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer. She had four children by each marriage.
 * 9) Alphonso (24 November 1273 – 19 August 1284), Earl of Chester.
 * 10) Margaret (15 March 1275 – after 1333). In 1290 she married John II of Brabant, who died in 1318. They had one son.
 * 11) Berengaria (1 May 1276 – before 27 June 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * 12) Daughter (December 1277/January 1278 – January 1278), buried in Westminster Abbey. There is no contemporary evidence for her name.
 * 13) Mary (11 March 1279 – 29 May 1332), a Benedictine nun in Amesbury.
 * Son, born in 1280 or 1281 who died very shortly after birth. There is no contemporary evidence for his name.
 * 1) Elizabeth (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316). She married (1) in 1297 John I, Count of Holland, (2) in 1302 Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex. The first marriage was childless; by Bohun, Elizabeth had ten children.
 * 2) Edward II of England, also known as Edward of Caernarvon (25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327). In 1308 he married Isabella of France. They had two sons and two daughters.

title: Eleanor of Castile


text:
Mucoid plaque

Mucoid plaque (or mucoid cap or rope) is a pseudoscientific term used by some alternative medicine advocates to describe what is claimed to be a combination of harmful mucus-like material and food residue that they say coats the gastrointestinal tract of most people. The term was coined by Richard Anderson, a naturopath and entrepreneur, who sells a range of products that claim to "cleanse" the body of such purported plaques.

Many such "colon cleansing" products are promoted to the public on websites that have been described as making misleading medical claims. The presence of laxatives, bentonite clay, and fibrous thickening agents in some of these "cleansing agents" has led to suggestions that the products themselves produce the excreted matter regarded as the plaque. The concept of a 'mucoid plaque' has been dismissed by medical experts as having no anatomical or physiological basis.

History
Various forms of colon cleansing were popular in the 19th and early 20th century. In 1932, Bastedo wrote in the Journal of the American Medical Association about his observation of mucus masses being removed during a colon irrigation procedure: "When one sees the dirty gray, brown or blackish sheets, strings and rolled up wormlike masses of tough mucus with a rotten or dead-fish odor that are obtained by colon irrigations, one does not wonder that these patients feel ill and that they obtain relief and show improvement as the result of the irrigation."

While colonic irrigation enjoyed a vogue in the early 20th century as a possible cure for numerous diseases, subsequent research showed that it was useless and potentially harmful. With the scientific rationale for "colon cleansing" disproven, the idea fell into disrepute as a form of quackery, with a 2005 medical review stating that "there is no evidence to support this ill-conceived theory that has been long abandoned by the scientific community." Similarly, in response to claims that colon cleansing removes "toxins", Bennett Roth, a gastroenterologist at the University of California, stated that "there is absolutely no science to this whatsoever. There is no such thing as getting rid of quote-unquote 'toxins.' The colon was made to carry stool. This is total baloney." The preoccupation with such bowel management products has been described as a "quaint and amusing chapter in the history of weird medical beliefs." Nevertheless, interest in colonic "autointoxication" as a cause of illness, and in colonic irrigation as a cure, enjoyed a revival in alternative medicine at the end of the 20th century.

The term "mucoid plaque" was coined and popularized by naturopath and entrepreneur Richard Anderson, who sells a range of products that claim to cleanse the body of such purported plaques by causing them to be eliminated. Anderson describes a mucoid plaque as a rubbery, ropey, generally green gel-like mucus film that covers the epithelial cells of the hollow organs, particularly of the alimentary canal. Anderson also claims the plaque can impair digestion and the absorption of nutrients, hold pathogens, and cause illnesses such as diarrhea, bowel cancer, allergies and skin conditions. Based on these claims, he promotes efforts to remove the plaque, and sells a range of products to this end.

Though Anderson argues that his beliefs are backed by scientific research, his claims are primarily supported by anecdotal evidence rather than empirical data, and doctors have noted the absence of mucoid plaques. Anderson claims this is due to medical textbooks failing to cover the concept, which results in doctors not knowing what to look for.

Medical evaluation
Practicing physicians have dismissed the concept of mucoid plaque as a hoax and a "non-credible concept". A pathologist at the University of Texas School of Medicine addressed Anderson's claims directly, saying that he has "seen several thousand intestinal biopsies and have never seen any 'mucoid plaque.' This is a complete fabrication with no anatomic basis."

Another pathologist, Edward Friedlander, noted that, in his experience, he has never observed anything resembling a "toxic bowel settlement", and that some online photographs actually depict what he recognises as a blood clot. Commenting on claims that waste material can adhere to the colon, Douglas Pleskow, a gastroenterologist at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, stated, "that is the urban legend. In reality, most people clear their GI tract within three days."

In a review of websites promoting products that claim to remove 'mucoid rope' or plaque from consumers' intestines, Howard Hochster of New York University wrote that these websites are "abundant, quasi-scientific, and unfortunately convincing to a biologically uneducated public." He noted that although such sites are entertaining, they are disturbing in that they promote a belief that has no basis in physiology.

Hochster also noted that a preparation marketed to remove mucoid plaque contains laxatives and bulky fibrous ingredients. Thus, the rope-like fecal material expelled from people who consume this product "certainly is a result of the figs and senna in this preparation," rather than any sort of pathologic 'plaque'. Other 'colon cleanser' products contain bentonite clay that, when ingested, would also result in production of bulky stools.

In many cases, customers purchase supplement products that are said to help the body excrete the so-called 'mucoid plaque'. The customer may consume a number of pills, and then within 12–48 hours, will pass a rope-like fecal material in their subsequent bowel movements. This fecal material is said to be the 'mucoid plaque'. However, analysis of supplements consumed by the customer shows that the active ingredient is very similar to that of clay used in clumping cat litter. This clay takes a negative mould of the large intestine which is then excreted during the customer's next bowel movement.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mucoid plaque


text:
User talk:Chemical Halo

General
Chemical Halo: Hey everyone. As of this posting, I'm relatively new to Wikipedia so I'm still trying to figure out how things work here. No harm in pointing out things I don't know or how to do things better. I'm looking to learn lots of new stuff and I can handle any constructive criticism you might have. : P And of course, if you're interested in the same stuff I am, be sure to point out some articles I might enjoy. Thanks! -->Chemical Halo 08:36, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey, welcome to Wikipedia. I look forward to seeing your contributions! Hopefully with your help we could create an improved Goa and Psytrance sections (once all the copyvio stuff is resolved, that is), and also the newly started list of psychedelic trance artists.  Good luck! -Ld | talk 19:32, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks Ld. I look forward to working with you on the Goa trance and Psychedelic trance pages. : D -->Chemical Halo 23:34, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)

Kobe Bryant page vandalism by 66.229.134.210
Hiya, Hall Monitor. It looks like anon user 66.229.134.210 is back to vandalizing Kobe Bryant now that his temp block has expired. Could you step in? Thanks. -->Chemical Halo 17:46, 22 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry that no one noticed this problem over the weekend, IP address 66.229.134.210 has now been blocked for a second time. If racist vandalism of this sort persists, please do not hesitate to add the Kobe Bryant article to WP:VIP, an extra pair of eyes on this wouldn't hurt.  Hall Monitor 16:37, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Why got my lyric links defaced ?
external link of H2O (band) external link of Haddaway what did i did to you ? Why do you hate me ? Musicwarior 08:16, December 13, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Love your taste in music and wanted to say thanks for your contributions to the Avenged Sevenfold and Atreyu pages. Right now, anyone willing to help clean up the articles is welcome to do so. TearAwayTheFunerealDress 16:11, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Marmelade
I read S.o.a.D's talk page, but more specifically I read the section disscussing the social/political aspect of the band. I believe S.o.a.D's music is very politcal but more in a poetic sense. Along with Violent Pornoraphy there is another song that, to me, represents blatant sexulizing of the media: Marmelade. --SacredVisions 00:42, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Article on Matrixism: an Entheogenic Religion
There is an article on a entheogenic new religious movement called Matrixism being created at User:Xoloz/Matrixism. There are numerous sources for this article yet it has because contentious because it deals with the subject of entheogens. Thought you might like to look at it and perhaps contribute. 206.124.144.3 05:35, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Longmont Potion Castle
Hello, I was wondering if you could help me out with the Longmont Potion Castle page over at deletion review. I saw that you voted to keep the original article and was just wondering if you'd give your opinion in the deletion review page. Thanks. Sayitaintjoe (talk) 21:12, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chemical Halo


text:
Kashyap Bandhu

Kashyap Bandhu (March 1899 – 18 December 1985, born Tara Chand) was a political leader and social reformer in Kashmir.

Early political life
After some time he left the job and went to Lahore. He came under the influence of Arya Samaj and joined Vrjanand Ashram in Lahore.

Social reforms
In 1931, Bandhu returned to Kashmir. After return to Kashmir he along with Prem Nath Bazaz, Shiv Narain Fotedar, and Jia Lal Kilam organised a "Yuvak Sabha".

title: Kashyap Bandhu


text:
Summerhill station

Summerhill is a subway station on the Yonge–University line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Shaftesbury Avenue just east of Yonge Street, with the entrance being at the north end of the train platforms. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

Like Rosedale station, the next station to the south, it is currently among the least-used stations, with only 0 average weekday ridership. This is mainly due to it having no surface transit connections, except the parallel Yonge Street bus, and no major local destinations. The station has to rely entirely on the immediate Summerhill residential neighbourhood for passengers.

History
Summerhill station opened in 1954 as part of the original Yonge line.

The tunnel connecting Summerhill station with St. Clair station (which is the next station north) originally ended immediately north of the station at Summerhill Avenue and continued in an open cut as far as Pleasant Boulevard. Various sections of this open cut were roofed over as the years passed, and since the early 1980s it has been entirely under cover, except when one block was opened to allow new construction above it. Passengers who look out from the train into the tunnel on this section can still see the sloping sides of the original cut, the stumps of lamp posts and trees, and the undersides of six bridges which still carry six streets (Woodlawn, Summerhill, Shaftesbury, Scrivener, Price and Rowanwood streets) over the line.

South of the station, the tunnel emerges to the surface at Rowanwood Drive. Originally, the line surfaced at Price Portal, but a one-block section from Rowanwood Drive to Price Street was roofed over in 2002 for parking.

In a February 2020 meeting of the TTC board, the TTC proposed a secondary exit for emergency use. The station entrance is at the north end of the station. The proposed exit would be at the south end of the station and emerge to the surface at Scrivener Square. There would be underground corridors to connect the platforms to the new exit, with one corridor running under the subway tracks from the northbound platform to the west side of the tracks.

Construction started in the fourth quarter of 2021 to install elevators to the side platforms; they will connect the north and south platforms to the street level concourse. Completion is expected at the end of 2024.

Nearby landmarks

 * The Catholic Pastoral Centre, which includes the offices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toronto, is on the northeast corner of Yonge and Shaftesbury beside the station entrance.
 * Just south of the station is the Canadian Pacific Railway’s former North Toronto station, now restored and repurposed as an LCBO liquor store. GO Transit’s Midtown line, proposed as recently as 2000 but not a current priority, would have seen that station reopened and served by commuter trains, bypassing Toronto's downtown Union Station, which would have turned Summerhill into a major interchange between local public transport and mainline railways.
 * The station is a meeting point for walking clubs heading east to the Rosedale Ravine via a staircase from Shaftesbury Avenue down to David A. Balfour Park.
 * The Toronto Lawn Tennis Club is also nearby.

Surface connections
All connecting bus routes require a transfer and can be boarded at curbside stops.

TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Summerhill station


text: Talk:List of Vermont state prisons

title: Talk:List of Vermont state prisons


text: Category:1242 deaths

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text: Category:1243 deaths

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text: Category:1244 deaths

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Talk:Green Mountains

Regional map
Regional map much needed + ASSERT EXPERT TEMPLATE and 'geo-stub for attention (One showing other NEARBY mountain regions WITH DIFFERENTIATION) I was trying to see the Catskills extent relative to the map in Appalachian Plateau... but others would have a similar need trying to distinquish between the Green Mountains,VT; The Berkshires in MA; and Adirondack Mountains. et. al. don't you agree? Fra nkB 18:19, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * never put stub templates on a talk page!  BL Lacertae -  kiss the lizard  00:52, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * And never put expert, cleanup, or other maintenance tags on talk pages – they go on the article itself. Krakatoa  Katie  21:44, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Highest Mountains
I'm not aware of any ski slopes on Mount Abraham and will change that, if there are some correct me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.247.179.110 (talk) 02:26, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Mount Snow
I'm not really sure why there is a reference to Mt. Snow in the 'See Also' section, since there isn't any particular reason why it needs more attention than any other Green Mountain. Vter4life 07:56, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Physiographic sections
What is a "Physiographic section?" How does that category help anybody with anything? I don't understand. (You might want to describe this on the category page). Student7 12:33, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm just starting out adding in physiographic information. This is a huge 'category' that is very poorly defined here on Wikipedia. As I progress (and hopefully others like yourself will see these and help contribute), the entire range of subjects will become more complete. As a start, you can see Physiographic regions of the world and Physical geography. If you're interested, any help on the subject would be greatly appreciated. wbfergus undefinedTalk 13:32, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You apparently know what you are doing. At least I hope you do! :)  So that we might help, what, exactly, is this speciality? Geography? Geology? Civil Engineering? Cartography? Obviously articles can be in different classes and serve different purposes. My point in asking is this: should this fact be listed under geography in place articles? If so, how? And maybe why? Student7 14:13, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * For the most part (there are exceptions), physiographic areas are based upon landforms and the geologic structures that they are contained on. The geology usually helps define (through terrain features and rock types and ages and mineral content) the types of flora and fauna that are abundant in these reagions. Weather (climate) and hydrology (watersheds) also play a role in defining these areas as well. They are roughly analogous to ecosytems. So, there's really no 'easy' place to state this information in an article. I suppose on a case-by-case basis it would rewuire finding the most appropriate place for it within the current content. Eventually though, it may warrant its own distinct section within articles. Hope this helps some, it's a convoluted subject. Right now I'm still trying to get as many areas as I can wikilinked on the Physiographic regions of the world page, and adding the categories as I run across those pages that are linkable. Next, I'll need to finish fleshing out the main table with additional information and references, then as time permits add more content to the various linked pages. At least that's my plan so far. :^) wbfergus undefinedTalk 14:37, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Mount Aeolus
It probably shouldn't be listed here; in its own article, we say it's in the Taconic Range. OK to delete it here? 206.208.105.129 (talk) 15:59, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Nobody having objected in five months, I went ahead and fixed it. 206.208.105.129 (talk) 14:25, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Green Mountain State.
This website won't tell me if G.M.S. is northern or southern half of the United States of America. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.14.25.181 (talk) 13:49, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

 * But it does tell you it is in Vermont. You would have to link there to find out. Right now, we have no policy to explain to a reader of an article on a large country, what general section of the country a landmark is in. This would have to be pursued on a policy page, perhaps for Project Geography. Student7 (talk) 12:37, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Treeline
''For the most part, however, the Green Mountains, especially the northern sections, support a dense boreal forest up to the 3,000–3,500 feet (910–1,100 m) elevation treeline. This forest is well established in the Green Mountains. Throughout the winter months harsh temperatures, snowfall and winds would destroy other species. Much of the "green" in Green Mountains is due to this boreal forest.''

This looks dubious to me. If treeline were at 3,000 to 3,500 feet elevation, there would be a whole lot more peaks in Vermont with alpine vegetation than there are! In the White Mountains, treeline is usually described as being at 4,200 to 4,800 feet, depending on site aspect and other considerations. Given that Vermont's latitude is similar to New Hampshire's, one would expect the treeline to be comparable as well. As for the "green" of the Green Mountains being due to the boreal forest, I'd say it's much more likely to be due to the northern hardwood forest--birches, beeches, and maples are much more distinctly green (in spring and summer, anyway) than the boreal spruces and firs are, and in any case even in the Northern Green Mountains, according to www.vtfpr.org/util/NERB158.pdf, spruce-fir forests make up only about a fifth of the forest cover, with northern hardwood forests making up almost three quarters. 206.208.105.129 (talk) 17:46, 6 September 2013 (UTC)

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Geology and physiography section
There is no real discussion of geology in this section. One would expect some discussion of how these mountains formed, their age, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cacarr (talk • contribs) 08:06, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green Mountains


text:
Talk:Mount Mansfield

Categories
I don't agree that Mount Mansfield should be a "region" of Vermont. "Region" has an actual meaning beyond "belonging to Vermont." It is identifiable with a large area - Champlain Valley, Northeast Kingdom, etc.

Why was Mansfield removed from Category:Geography. This does not make sense to me. Student7 11:11, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with you about 'Regions'. As for 'Geography', that seems unnecessary since 'Mountains' is a subcat of 'Georgraphy'.
 * —wwoods 14:33, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Photos
Some nice photos for this article. Are there enough that someone can delete "Westward view...." It is a tiny photo. The viewer can see a horizontal line and the sun or something. It could be the view from anyplace. It is too dark to really make it out well.Student7 01:43, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * At full size it's kind of a nice picture. The horizontal line is Lake Champlain, with the silhouettes of the Adirondacks beyond. I just made it a little larger, but it still seems dark. Maybe someone could make a lighter version?
 * —wwoods 16:06, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Height of Mount Mansfield
Due to the accuracy of newer GPS measuring devices, the National Geodetic Survey (NOAA) has measured the height of Mount Mansfield as 1339.69 meters or 4395.3 feet. See the source on the page: NGS/NOAA It is odd that the height source does not back up the height as it is shown on the page. Can we please change the height to the updated figure? --Vtnate (talk) 00:41, 16 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Why not be bold and do so? Just make sure you include the source. Cheers. DonIago (talk) 14:40, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Mansfield


text:
Talk:Long Trail

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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title: Talk:Long Trail


text: Category:1989 singles

title: Category:1989 singles


text: User talk:67.85.32.104

title: User talk:67.85.32.104


text:
St. Clair station

St. Clair is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station opened in 1954 as part of the original Yonge Street subway.

Description
The station is located between St. Clair Avenue East and Pleasant Boulevard behind the buildings on the east side of Yonge Street. The station has three vertical levels: Main entrance level (level with St. Clair Avenue), concourse level (level with Pleasant Boulevard) and subway platform level. There are elevators, escalators and stairways connecting the levels.

The station has four entrances, all of which accept Presto cards and tickets:
 * Main entrance is at street level on its south side of St. Clair Avenue East. This is a staffed, wheelchair-accessible entrance. There is a McDonald's restaurant within the station building beside the entrance door.
 * The secondary entrance, also wheelchair accessible, is located at the concourse level which is also street level with Pleasant Boulevard. This used to be staffed entrance, until January 5, 2020.
 * A third entrance is from the concourse level of St. Clair Centre at 2 St. Clair Avenue East, at the northeast corner with Yonge Street. Stairs at the entrance lead down to the subway platforms.
 * A fourth entrance, open during peak hours, is accessed from 1 St. Clair Avenue East (Scotiabank), a building at the southeast corner of the intersection with Yonge Street. Stairs lead to the station concourse level.

The St. Clair streetcar loop runs counter-clockwise behind buildings on the south side St. Clair Avenue East. There are two streetcar platforms within the fare-paid zone: an arrival platform roughly perpendicular to St. Clair Avenue, and a departure platform parallel to the avenue. Both platforms are on the main entrance level.

A bus terminal is located on the south side of the station parallel to and accessed from Pleasant Boulevard. It is on the concourse level within the fare-paid zone next to the station's secondary entrance. A multi-storey building stands over the bus roadway and platform.

History
On March 30, 1954, the station opened along with the original Yonge subway (Eglinton to Union station).

Originally, in 1954, the station's streetcar loop handled streetcars coming from Mount Pleasant Road as well as St. Clair Avenue West. Three routes with four destinations used to pass through the loop all sharing the same track. The streetcar services at the loop were:
 * St. Clair route, both westbound to Keele Street and eastbound to Mount Pleasant Road and Eglinton Avenue
 * Earlscourt route, westbound to Lansdowne Avenue
 * Rogers route (rush hour service), westbound to Rogers Road and Bicknell Avenue

In 1974, the Rogers streetcar route was converted to bus, ending direct rush-hour service between Rogers Road and St. Clair station. This abandonment was due to a streetcar shortage.

On March 30, 1975, the St. Clair route east of St. Clair station became the separate Mt. Pleasant streetcar route. This ended the one-seat ride from Mount Pleasant Road to St. Clair Avenue West thus forcing a change of vehicle at St. Clair station.

On July 25, 1976, the Mt. Pleasant streetcar line was converted to diesel bus, ending streetcar service east of St. Clair station. The Metro Roads Department, responding to complaints from motorists about streetcars on Mount Pleasant Road slowing traffic, forced the line's abandonment.

On November 29, 1977, trolley buses replaced diesel buses on route 74 Mt. Pleasant and followed the former streetcar route; thus, the Mount Pleasant trolley buses used the streetcar loop and platforms at St. Clair station rather than the bus terminal. The trolley buses operated out of the Eglinton Garage, the site being used today as the Eglinton station bus terminal.

In 1978, the Earlscourt and St. Clair streetcar routes were merged as the 512 route. With the introduction of the CLRV, streetcar destination signs showed a route number instead of a route name. With this change, St. Clair station served only one streetcar route, although some 512 streetcars continued to be signed as terminating at Lansdowne Avenue during the rush hours.

On December 28, 1991, the trolley buses on route 74 Mt. Pleasant were replaced by diesel buses, which again used the station's bus terminal.

Since 2007, the station has been fully accessible with the addition of elevators, escalators and stairway connecting all levels.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
North of the station, the tunnel jogs west to cross to the west side of Yonge Street. At the Muir Portal the line runs in an open cut for 1.3 kilometres, between Yonge Street and the Davisville Yard, the TTC's original subway yard.

South of the station, the train continues to travel in a tunnel. Originally, the area south of the station was open-cut until Summerhill Avenue, immediately before Summerhill station; the line continued in open cut as far as Pleasant Boulevard, just before the next station to the north, St. Clair. Various sections of this open cut were roofed over as the years passed, and since the early 1980s it has been entirely under cover, except when one block was opened out and re-covered, to allow new construction above it. Passengers who look out into the tunnel on this section can still see the sloping sides of the original cut, the stumps of lamp posts and trees, and the undersides of four road bridges.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include the David A. Balfour Park (Vale of Avoca section of Rosedale ravine), St. Michael's Cemetery, Deer Park, Moore Park, Upper Canada College, and Forest Hill.

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include:

title: St. Clair station


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Newcastle upon Tyne/archive1

Newcastle upon Tyne
This will be the featured article on December 28, 2004. Anyone have suggestions? --Cheung1303 02:08, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Added a public domain picture of Jesmond Dene. There are some nice public domain images (including one of Jesmond Dene that is probably better than the one I put up) of the Newcastle area available for download at the Library of Congress.  My suggestion is to download the full size TIFF version, open it in Photoshop, resize it and then change it to indexed colors and save it as a PNG.  If you need help with this, send me a message.  --[[User:Brian0918|brian0918 talk]] 03:35, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm struggling to understand this nomination. What does 'This will be the featured article on December 28, 2004.' mean? Filiocht 08:54, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * As I said on his talk page, I think it's shows a fundemental misunderstanding of how the process works. Just treat this like any other nom and ignore the comment. →Raul654 16:28, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. The article needs to be expanded - at the moment the lists are almost as long as the article itself. There is quite a lot of material already out there, for example in aricles about universities. It should be used to expand the main city article. Also, I think that stubs should be written for current redlinks, there is quite a lot of those. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 13:50, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "Object" the article is biased and inaccurate. Many of the elements that are claimed for Newcastle are features of Gateshead or Northumbria/County Durham.


text:
When the Last Sword Is Drawn

When the Last Sword Is Drawn (壬生義士伝) is a 2002 historical drama film directed by Yōjirō Takita loosely based on real historical events. When the Last Sword Is Drawn won the Best Film award at the 2004 Japanese Academy Awards, as well as the prizes for Best Actor (Kiichi Nakai) and Best Supporting Actor (Kōichi Satō). It received a further eight nominations.

Synopsis
The film tells the story of two Shinsengumi samurai. Saitō Hajime (played by Kōichi Satō) is a heartless killer. Yoshimura Kanichiro (played by Kiichi Nakai) appears to be a money-grabbing and emotional swordsman from the northern area known as Nambu Morioka.

The main storyline is set during the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate, but it is told in a series of flashbacks as Saitō and another man reminisce. The themes include conflicting loyalty to the clan, lord, and family.

More than just swordplay, it is the story of a man willing to do anything for the good of his family, even if it means never being able to see them.

Cast

 * Kiichi Nakai — Yoshimura Kanichiro
 * Kōichi Satō — Saitō Hajime
 * Yui Natsukawa — Shizu/Mitsu
 * Takehiro Murata — Ono Chiaki
 * Miki Nakatani — Nui
 * Yuji Miyake — Ohno Jiroemon
 * Sansei Shiomi — Kondō Isami
 * Eugene Nomura — Hijikata Toshizo
 * Masato Sakai — Okita Soji
 * Atsushi Itō — Young Chiaki Ono
 * Kanji Tsuda — Ōkubo Toshimichi
 * Hideaki Itō — Tokugawa Yoshinobu

title: When the Last Sword Is Drawn


text: Category:1994 singles

title: Category:1994 singles


text:
Liocranidae

Liocranidae is a family of araneomorph spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1897. They are one of several groups called "sac spiders". The holarctic genus Agroeca is the best-known, but it also includes various genera of more obscure spiders that still lack a diagnosis. Two species in the North American genus Neoanagraphis are found in the extremely dry conditions in the Mojave, Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts. Females live in animal burrows while males wander and are the ones most often caught in pitfall traps.

Genera
, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:

 * Agraecina Simon, 1932 — Europe, Africa, Kazakhstan
 * Agroeca Westring, 1861 — Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, North America
 * Andromma Simon, 1893 — Africa
 * Apostenus Westring, 1851 — Africa, United States, Europe
 * Arabelia Bosselaers, 2009 — Greece, Turkey
 * Argistes Simon, 1897 — Sri Lanka
 * Coryssiphus Simon, 1903 — South Africa
 * Cteniogaster Bosselaers & Jocqué, 2013 — Tanzania, Kenya
 * Cybaeodes Simon, 1878 — Europe, Algeria
 * Donuea Strand, 1932 — Madagascar
 * Hesperocranum Ubick & Platnick, 1991 — United States
 * Jacaena Thorell, 1897 — Asia
 * Koppe Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia, Papua New Guinea
 * Laudetia Gertsch, 1941 — Dominica
 * Liocranoeca Wunderlich, 1999 — United States, Europe, Russia
 * Liocranum L. Koch, 1866 — Europe, Ethiopia, Asia, Papua New Guinea, Cuba
 * Liparochrysis Simon, 1909 — Australia
 * Mesiotelus Simon, 1897 — Europe, Asia, Kenya
 * Mesobria Simon, 1898 — Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Neoanagraphis Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 — United States, Mexico
 * Oedignatha Thorell, 1881 — Asia, Oceania, Seychelles
 * Paratus Simon, 1898 — Asia
 * Platnick Marusik & Fomichev, 2020 — Tajikistan
 * Rhaeboctesis Simon, 1897 — Angola, Namibia, South Africa
 * Sagana Thorell, 1875 — Europe, the Caucasus
 * Scotina Menge, 1873 — Algeria, Malta, Asia
 * Sesieutes Simon, 1897 — Asia
 * Sestakovaia Zamani & Marusik, 2021 — Europe, Iran
 * Sphingius Thorell, 1890 — Asia
 * Sudharmia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia
 * Teutamus Thorell, 1890 — Asia
 * Toxoniella Warui & Jocqué, 2002 — Kenya
 * Vankeeria Bosselaers, 2012 — Greece
 * Xenoplectus Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1958 — Argentina

title: Liocranidae


text: User talk:68.184.229.108

title: User talk:68.184.229.108


text:
Robert Bloet

Robert Bloet (sometimes Robert Bloett; died 1123) was Bishop of Lincoln 1093–1123 and Chancellor of England. Born into a noble Norman family, he became a royal clerk under King William I. Under William I's son and successor King William II, Bloet was first named chancellor then appointed to the See of Lincoln. Continuing to serve the king while bishop, Bloet remained a close royal councillor to William II's successor, King Henry I. He did much to embellish Lincoln Cathedral, and gave generously to his cathedral and other religious houses. He educated a number of noblemen, including illegitimate children of Henry I. He also was the patron of the medieval chronicler Henry of Huntingdon, and was an early patron of Gilbert of Sempringham, the founder of the Gilbertine monastic order.

Early life
Bloet was a member of the Norman noble family that held Ivry in Normandy. Bloet was related in some manner to Hugh, the Bishop of Bayeux from 1015 to 1049, and Hugh's brother John, who was Bishop of Avranches from 1060 to 1067. Another relative was Richard Bloet, Abbot of St Albans Abbey.

Chancellor and bishop
Bloet was a royal clerk in the household of King William I of England. He accompanied William I's son, William Rufus, when Rufus traveled to England to claim the throne after William I's death. Rufus named Bloet as chancellor by January 1091, but then named Bloet to the See of Lincoln in March 1093 after the death of Remigius de Fécamp. Bloet was appointed at the same time that Anselm was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, during a severe illness when Rufus feared he was dying. Bloet was consecrated at Hastings not long before 22 February 1094, probably on 12 February the day after the dedication of the church at Battle Abbey. By 19 March 1094 he had been replaced as chancellor by William Giffard.

Prior to Bloet's consecration, the Archbishop of York, Thomas of Bayeux, who had previously had a claim to supervise the see of Lincoln, tried to prevent the Archbishop Anselm's consecrating Bloet. Thomas argued that the area of Lindsey, which was within the diocese of Lincoln, really belonged to the archdiocese of York. The medieval chronicler Hugh the Chanter alleged that Bloet gave Rufus £3,000 to intervene on Bloet's side when Thomas attempted to assert York's claim to Lindsey, but another medieval chronicler, Henry of Huntingdon, who knew Bloet well, said that the sum was £5,000. This payment secured Rufus' support in the dispute between York and Lincoln, which was settled in Lincoln's favour. The sum of £5,000 was extremely large, eight times what Domesday Book records as the bishop of Lincoln's annual income. The king gave York the abbeys of Selby and St Oswald, Gloucester in return for the settlement in favour of Lincoln. Bloet also refused to profess obedience to Anselm, but when King William intervened on Anselm's side, Bloet made the profession to Anselm.

Bloet was one of the chief administrative officers of the kingdom under William II, often associated with Ranulf Flambard, Urse d'Abetot, and Haimo the dapifer. As a bishop, he moved the newly founded monastery of Stow to Eynsham instead. This church was considered a proprietary church and the bishops of Lincoln retained the right to appoint the abbot and installing the abbot in office. The monks of Stow had been established by his predecessor. Bloet also gave lands to the priory of Bermondsey, which became a Cluniac priory during Rufus' reign.

Even after becoming a bishop, Bloet continued to witness royal writs, witnessing six of Rufus' writs while bishop, to add to his 11 witnessed writs during his chancellorship. Bloet was one of the bishops in 1097 that attempted to persuade Anselm when the archbishop was in a dispute with Rufus over travelling to Rome to consult with the papacy. When Anselm refused to be persuaded not to go, the king ordered him to leave the kingdom, with the support of most of the bishops and nobility.

Under Henry I
Bloet continued to be an advisor to the king even after Rufus was succeeded by King Henry I, and was a supporter of Henry during the rebellion of 1102. During the rebellion, Bloet was sent by King Henry to besiege Tickhill Castle, which surrendered when the king joined Bloet with a larger army. When the king and Anselm clashed over investiture, the king persuaded Bloet to consecrate a number of the king's abbatial appointments in 1102 and 1103. Throughout Henry's reign, Bloet continued to be a trusted councillor, and was often trusted with advising the queen when the king was absent from England. Bloet is only recorded as accompanying the king outside England once, in 1114. He served as a royal justice often, being named by Henry of Huntingdon as one of the justices who were not restricted to one or a few counties but who served throughout England. During Henry's reign, Bloet witnessed 155 royal documents.

When the new see at Ely was established in 1109 in a former abbey, it was carved out of Bloet's diocese who was compensated for the loss by a grant of land. This grant included the town of Spaldwick in Huntingdonshire. He was one of the councillors who urged Henry to appoint William of Corbeil to the archbishopric of Canterbury in 1123, although Bloet died before Corbeil was selected. Bloet was opposed to the other candidates, as they were monks, and he wanted a non-monk appointed at Canterbury. In 1114, when Canterbury was vacant, he had also opposed the appointment of a monk to Canterbury. During the reign of Henry, Bloet accepted the supervision of St Albans abbey, ruled by his relative Richard, when Richard objected to the harshness of the archbishop of Canterbury and switched the abbey's obedience to Lincoln instead. Bloet continued to be a benefactor to Albans throughout his episcopate. He doubled the number of canons in the cathedral chapter at Lincoln Cathedral during his episcopate. He also embellished the newly built Lincoln Cathedral and gave the cathedral many gifts of objects and lands. Most of his surviving episcopal documents concern the consecration of churches in his diocese or the confirmation of donations to religious houses. He also founded a hospital in Lincoln dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre.

Henry of Huntingdon, the medieval chronicler, wrote a letter entitled De contemptu mundi where he related a story from right before Bloet's death that Bloet felt he had fallen from King Henry's favour. Bloet allegedly told Huntingdon that the bishop had lost two lawsuits. However, the whole letter is concerned with setting out examples of prominent men who suffered a fall from grace, so possible bias on Huntingdon's part must be kept in mind. There are also records of two legal proceedings involving Bloet at the end of Bloet's life, and although Bloet lost both cases, neither was a loss of much income or prestige. In one, he was allowed to continue to hold the property, although instead of it being judged as his land alone, the settlement was that Bloet held it of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury. The other lawsuit involved Bloet's attempt to hold a manor free of dues owed to Westminster Abbey, which was settled in the Abbey's favour, although Bloet continued to hold the land. Nor is there any lessening of the rate of Bloet's witnessing to royal documents. It appears that Bloet's lost lawsuits were decided by other royal justices, and while he may have lost some favour with the king, he did not fall completely out of favour either.

Death and legacy
Bloet was a married bishop, and he appointed his son Simon as Dean of Lincoln. It was in Bloet's household that the medieval historian Henry of Huntingdon was brought up. He died on 10 January 1123 at Woodstock, Oxfordshire and was buried at Lincoln. He had a sudden fit while out riding with King Henry and Roger of Salisbury, the Bishop of Salisbury, and collapsed in the king's arms before dying shortly thereafter without absolution, which combined with his style of living led many contemporaries to conclude he was condemned to Hell. His last words were "Lord king, I am dying" which he uttered right before collapsing into Henry's arms. His entrails were buried at Eynsham, but the rest of his body was buried in Lincoln Cathedral near the southern entrance in front of St. Mary's altar.

Henry of Huntingdon records that noblemen sent their children to be educated at Bloet's household, whether or not they were destined for a career in the church. King Henry's illegitimate son Robert of Gloucester was educated in Bloet's care. Another illegitimate son of Henry's, Richard of Lincoln, was also in Bloet's household for an education. Gilbert of Sempringham, who founded the Gilbertine Order, was also educated in Bloet's household, entering it before Bloet's death and continuing there under Bloet's successor Alexander of Lincoln. Besides educating laymen, Bloet educated his own household clergy, including sending some of them to study under Ivo, Bishop of Chartres. He was known for his ostentatious manner of living, and served personally in war when needed. The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury claimed that he hated monks. Henry of Huntingdon, however, remembered him as handsome, cheerful and affable. Earlier in his episcopate, Bloet had aided Christina of Markyate's family in their attempts to get the hermit to marry, at one point giving a judicial judgement that she must marry, which she refused to do. It was only after Bloet's death that Christina was able to be consecrated as a recluse at St Albans Abbey.

title: Robert Bloet


text: Talk:These Green Mountains

title: Talk:These Green Mountains


text:
Davisville station

Davisville is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 1900 Yonge Street, where it intersects with Chaplin Crescent and Davisville Avenue. The station opened in 1954 as part of the original Toronto subway. In 2002, this station became accessible with elevators.

Description
The station is on three levels: the entrances are located on street level, the concourse and collector booths are on the mezzanine (second) level, and the subway platforms are on the lower level.

There are four entrances that connect the station to two buildings in the area:
 * three accessible entrances from the TTC head office
 * an unstaffed entrance at 1910 Yonge Street, near Chaplin Crescent, which leads directly to the northbound subway platform

An artwork titled 100 Years with the TTC is displayed at the mezzanine level of the station; it celebrates the 100th anniversary of the TTC. Working with STEPS Public Art, an organization that develops public art installations, artist Rosena Fung designed the work using contributions by 12 school students, the winners of a contest to depict futuristic vehicles.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
The station is constructed above ground, but below street level, with separate canopies over each platform. It is adjacent to the Davisville Subway Yard, which is visible from the trains and platforms. The station has a unique semi-active third platform, on the yard side - actually referred to as the Davisville Buildup - which can be used by trains entering or leaving the yard on service or as an alternate route if one of the running lines is blocked.

The line continues in open cut in both directions: north as far as the Berwick Portal, immediately before Eglinton station; and south as far as the Muir Portal, roughly halfway to St. Clair station, from which it continues in tunnel.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include the Mount Pleasant Cemetery, the Upper Canada College campus, and the TTC's main administrative office building, the William McBrien Building. The station's bus platforms are under the western half of the building at street level, and the open-air northbound subway platform abuts against the building's west wall.

The former Canadian National Railways Belt Line Railway railway corridor crosses over the subway tracks south of the station. It has been converted into a pedestrian and biking trail, called the Beltline Trail.

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Davisville station


text:
Talk:Music of Vermont

Untitled

 * Just FYI if you look into it you will see that Ben and Jerrys stopped putting on the their festival shortly after Unilever took over the company.

title: Talk:Music of Vermont


text: Category:Samurai films

title: Category:Samurai films


text: Talk:251 Club of Vermont

title: Talk:251 Club of Vermont


text:
Eglinton station

Eglinton is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University of the Toronto subway. Located on Eglinton Avenue, it is central to the Yonge–Eglinton neighbourhood in Midtown Toronto. Eglinton station is the seventh busiest station of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC).

Line 5 Eglinton will serve Eglinton station upon completion of the line, which is scheduled for 2024. Eglinton will then become an interchange station for the two lines.

Line 1 station
The current station is on three levels, with entrances scattered throughout the street level in the surrounding area of Yonge Street and Eglinton Avenue. The concourse, fare gates and bus terminal as well as several shops are on the second level, and the Line 1 platform is on the lower level.

Eglinton station is the only one of the original 1954 subway stations (Eglinton to Union on Line 1) to retain its original vitreous marble wall tiles. The other 1954 subway stations used similar wall tiles with variations in colour schemes, but at the other stations, the tiles were replaced because of deterioration.

The Line 1 tracks approach the station from the south in an open cut before going underground at the Berwick Portal immediately before the station. Here the tracks divide sharply to go either side of the island platform. There is a crossover at this location, from when the station was the terminus of the line to reverse trains. North of the station, the line swings to the east, to run directly under Yonge Street in a bored tunnel.

Line 5 station
The Line 5 station structure (under construction) will cross the structure for Line 1 and have 5 levels: There is a double crossover on the east side of the Line 5 station to reverse trains.
 * The street level, with an entrance near the southwest corner of Eglinton Avenue and Yonge Street
 * The concourse level of the existing station
 * The LRT upper concourse level, which will be slightly lower than the Line 1 platform level, and be split into east and west sections by the Line 1 tracks and platform
 * The LRT lower concourse level, which will run under the Line 1 tracks and platform
 * The LRT platform level, which will be the deepest level of the station complex upon completion of Line 5

Bus terminal
The Eglinton station bus terminal is located at the south side of the station. The terminal's platforms and bus loop lie mostly within the building of a former bus garage. There is a station entrance and waiting room at the northeast corner of the bus terminal. From this entrance, passengers can descend to the Line 1 platform, and from the waiting room passengers can walk along a passageway connecting the bus terminal to the main concourse above the Line 1 platforms. Platforms on the south side of the terminal serve eastbound bus routes while those on the northside serve westbound routes. Buses can enter the terminal from either Berwick Avenue or Duplex Avenue.

Entrances
There are six entrances to the station in the surrounding area:

Current

 * An entrance at the southwest corner of Yonge Street and Eglinton Avenue (Canada Square)
 * An accessible, automatic entrance at Yonge Street, north of Berwick Avenue, which leads directly to the bus platform level

Temporarily closed
The following entrances were temporarily closed to accommodate Line 5 construction at Eglinton station:
 * An entrance at the southeast corner of Yonge Street and Eglinton Avenue, at the CIBC
 * An entrance on the northwest corner of Yonge Street and Eglinton Avenue
 * An entrance at 2300 Yonge Street via the food court level of Yonge Eglinton Centre
 * An entrance at the northeast corner of Yonge Street and Eglinton Avenue, at the TD Bank

Public art
As part of a program to install artworks at six of the stations along Line 5 Eglinton, Eglinton station will feature an artwork titled Light from Within by artists Rodney LaTourelle and Louise Witthoeft. The artwork will be installed above the escalators leading down to the Line 5 platform. The 13-ton panel will be made of mirrored glass tiles and is inspired by minerals, crystals and gemstones evoking the "subterranean nature of rapid transit", according to the artists.

Line 5 construction
Twenty-four weekend closures of Line 1 Yonge–University at Eglinton station were scheduled for 2018 alone for construction activities related to Line 5 Eglinton. The first closure was scheduled for February 10 and 11, 2018.

Structures to be constructed at Eglinton station as part of the Line 5 project are:
 * Main entrance to Line 5 to be located just west of the existing, to-be-retained station entrance at the southwest corner of Eglinton Avenue and Yonge Street.
 * Replacement entrances at the northwest, northeast and southeast corners of the intersection of Yonge Street and Eglinton Avenue connecting to underground concourses.
 * LRT platforms with rails laid 22 metres below ground.
 * Separate Line 5 concourse at a lower level than the Line 1 platform.
 * Northward extension of the existing Line 1 platform providing room for escalator/elevator access down to the Line 5 concourse level.
 * Emergency exit and ventilation shaft at 7 Eglinton Avenue East in a four-story structure to also be used as a Salvation Army church.
 * Facility services building to be located over the Line 1 portal at Berwick Avenue, which will house a ventilation capable of emergency smoke extraction.

In November 2013, the TTC originally proposed to shift the current Line 1 platform approximately 70 m northward of its current location. Such a change would have allowed smoother flows of passenger traffic between the platforms for Lines 1 and 5, and avoided a situation where all transferring passengers are bottlenecked by only one transfer path, similar to the busy Bloor–Yonge station. The pocket track at the north end of the station would have had to be abandoned. However, this proposal was modified by March 2018 to shift the Line 1 platform north by only 24 m, allowing the pocket track to be retained. In the new area there will be an elevator and escalators down to the Line 5 concourse. At the south end of the platform, the elevator and stairs to the south station entrance would be retained but the platform edge would be walled off in this area. The northern platform extension opened on May 14, 2023.

History
Eglinton station opened in 1954 as the northern terminus of the original Yonge subway line, today a part of Line 1 Yonge–University. In 1954, the Yonge subway ran from Eglinton station to Union station, and replaced the Yonge streetcar line. Eglinton station sits on the site of the former Eglinton Carhouse, a streetcar facility opened in 1922, partly closed in 1951 to construct the subway line, and fully closed in 1954.

When opened in 1954, Eglinton station had a different bus terminal from what exists today. Eglinton's first bus terminal was located at the south side of Eglinton Avenue, just north of the current bus terminal. It initially had nine parallel bays within the fare-paid zone, each with a covered platform and staircases leading down to an east–west, underground concourse. There was also a platform 10 outside the fare-paid zone. In 1963, platforms 11–13 were added on the west side of platform 10 to handle increasing suburban traffic. The bus terminal had its own street entrance facing Eglinton Avenue at the north end of platform 10, about 50 metres east of Duplex Avenue.

With its opening in 1954, Eglinton station hosted trolley bus service serving neighbourhoods north of Eglinton Avenue. One bay was for 97 Yonge trolley buses to Glen Echo Loop, and two bays were for 61 Nortown trolley buses with separate bays for eastbound and westbound trips. The Nortown route was U-shaped serving Mount Pleasant Road east of the station, and Avenue Road to the west. The Eglinton garage, at the site of today's Eglinton station bus terminal, serviced trolley buses as well as diesel buses.

In 1973, Line 1 was extended to York Mills station and Eglinton station ceased to be a terminal station. Along with the extension, a pocket track was installed on the north side of the station to reverse some Line 1 trains. Also with the extension, Glen Echo Loop was closed and the Yonge trolley bus route was converted to diesel. This left Nortown as the only trolley bus route serving Eglinton station.

In 1991, the Nortown trolley bus route was converted to diesel, ending trolley bus service at Eglinton station.

In 2004, the original bus terminal from 1954 was closed because of safety concerns over its aging infrastructure. A replacement bus terminal was opened in the former bus garage just south of the old bus terminal.

In 2004, this station became accessible with the addition of elevators, and also with the closure of the old bus terminal which had required passengers to use stairs to reach the buses.

In 2016, the original bus terminal from 1954 was demolished to make way for construction of Line 5.

On November 17, 2016, Eglinton became the last station on Line 1 to be Presto enabled.

In October 2021, automatic train control (ATC) was extended to Eglinton station. On May 14, 2023, the northern platform extension on Line 1 opened. ATC had been adjusted the previous day so that trains stopped 24 m further north. The southern 24metres of the platform was closed off for passenger boarding and disembarking.

Nearby landmarks
There are several high-rise buildings at or near the corner of Yonge Street and Eglinton Avenue. Built directly over the station is the Canada Square Complex, which is home to TVOntario studios and the head offices of Canadian Tire. Yonge Eglinton Centre is at the northwest corner of Yonge and Eglinton. Further south is the residential Minto Midtown. Another nearby destination is Eglinton Park, west of Eglinton station.

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include:

After Line 5 opening
After the opening of Line 5 Eglinton, the above connections will be replaced by the following connections (proposed ):

title: Eglinton station