text:
X-machine

The X-machine (XM) is a theoretical model of computation introduced by Samuel Eilenberg in 1974.S. Eilenberg (1974) Automata, Languages and Machines, Vol. A. Academic Press, London. The X in "X-machine" represents the fundamental data type on which the machine operates; for example, a machine that operates on databases (objects of type database) would be a database-machine. The X-machine model is structurally the same as the finite-state machine, except that the symbols used to label the machine's transitions denote relations of type X→X. Crossing a transition is equivalent to applying the relation that labels it (computing a set of changes to the data type X), and traversing a path in the machine corresponds to applying all the associated relations, one after the other.

Original theory
Eilenberg's original X-machine was a completely general theoretical model of computation (subsuming the Turing machine, for example), which admitted deterministic, non-deterministic and non-terminating computations. His seminal work published many variants of the basic X-machine model, each of which generalized the finite-state machine in a slightly different way.

In the most general model, an X-machine is essentially a "machine for manipulating objects of type X". Suppose that X is some datatype, called the fundamental datatype, and that Φ is a set of (partial) relations φ: X → X. An X-machine is a finite-state machine whose arrows are labelled by relations in Φ. In any given state, one or more transitions may be enabled if the domain of the associated relation φi accepts (a subset of) the current values stored in X. In each cycle, all enabled transitions are assumed to be taken. Each recognised path through the machine generates a list φ1 ... φn of relations. We call the composition φ1 o ... o φn of these relations the path relation corresponding to that path. The behaviour of the X-machine is defined to be the union of all the behaviours computed by its path relations. In general, this is non-deterministic, since applying any relation computes a set of outcomes on X. In the formal model, all possible outcomes are considered together, in parallel.

For practical purposes, an X-machine should describe some finite computation. An encoding function α: Y → X converts from some input data type Y into the initial state of X, and a decoding function β: X → Z, converts back from the final state(s) of X into some output data type Z. Once the initial state of X is populated, the X-machine runs to completion, and the outputs are then observed. In general, a machine may deadlock (be blocked), or livelock (never halt), or perform one or more complete computations. For this reason, more recent research has focused on deterministic X-machines, whose behaviour can be controlled and observed more precisely.

Example
A compiler with a peep-hole optimizer can be thought of as a machine for optimizing program structure. In this Optimizer-machine, the encoding function α takes source code from the input-type Y (the program source) and loads it into the memory-type X (a parse tree). Suppose that the machine has several states, called FindIncrements, FindSubExprs and Completed. The machine starts in the initial state FindIncrements, which is linked to other states via the transitions:

FindIncrements →DoIncrement FindIncrements FindIncrements →SkipIncrement FindSubExprs FindSubExprs →DoSubExpr FindSubExprs FindSubExprs →SkipSubExpr Completed

The relation DoIncrement maps a parsed subtree corresponding to "x := x + 1" into the optimized subtree "++x". The relation DoSubExpr maps a parse tree containing multiple occurrences of the same expression "x + y ... x + y" into an optimized version with a local variable to store the repeated computation "z := x + y; ... z ... z". These relations are only enabled if X contains the domain values (subtrees) on which they operate. The remaining relations SkipIncrement and SkipSubExpr are nullops (identity relations) enabled in the complementary cases.

So, the Optimizer-machine will run to completion, first converting trivial additions into in-place increments (while in the FindIncrements state), then it will move on to the FindSubExprs state and perform a series of common sub-expression removals, after which it will move to the final state Completed. The decoding function β will then map from the memory-type X (the optimized parse-tree) into the output-type Z (optimized machine code).

Convention
When referring to Eilenberg's original model, "X-machine" is typically written with a lower-case "m", because the sense is "any machine for processing X". When referring to later specific models, the convention is to use a capital "M" as part of the proper name of that variant.

1980s
Interest in the X-machine was revived in the late 1980s by Mike Holcombe,M. Holcombe (1988) 'X-machines as a basis for dynamic system specification', Software Engineering Journal 3(2), pp. 69-76. who noticed that the model was ideal for software formal specification purposes, because it cleanly separates control flow from processing. Provided one works at a sufficiently abstract level, the control flows in a computation can usually be represented as a finite-state machine, so to complete the X-machine specification all that remains is to specify the processing associated with each of the machine's transitions. The structural simplicity of the model makes it extremely flexible; other early illustrations of the idea included Holcombe's specification of human-computer interfaces,M. Holcombe (1988) 'Formal methods in the specification of the human-machine interface', ''International J. Command and Control, Communications and Info. Systems.'' 2, pp. 24-34. his modelling of processes in cell biochemistry,M. Holcombe (1986) 'Mathematical models of cell biochemistry'. Technical Report CS-86-4, Dept of Computer Science, Sheffield University. and Stannett's modelling of decision-making in military command systems.M. Stannett (1987) 'An organisational approach to decision-making in command systems.' ''International J. Command and Control, Communications and Info. Systems.'' 1, pp. 23-34.

1990s
X-machines have received renewed attention since the mid-1990s, when Gilbert Laycock's deterministic Stream X-Machine was found to serve as the basis for specifying large software systems that are completely testable.M. Holcombe and F. Ipate (1998) Correct Systems - Building a Business Process Solution. Springer, Applied Computing Series. Another variant, the Communicating Stream X-Machine offers a useful testable model for biological processes and future swarm-based satellite systems.  M. G. Hinchey, C. A. Rouff, J. L. Rash and W. F. Truszkowski (2005) 'Requirements of an Integrated Formal Method for Intelligent Swarms', in Proceedings of FMICS'05, September 5–6, 2005, Lisbon, Portugal. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 125-133.

2000s
X-machines have been applied to lexical semantics by András Kornai, who models word meaning by `pointed' machines that have one member of the base set X distinguished. Application to other branches of linguistics, in particular to a contemporary reformulation of Pāṇini were pioneered by Gerard Huet and his co-workers

Major variants
The X-machine is rarely encountered in its original form, but underpins several subsequent models of computation. The most influential model on theories of software testing has been the Stream X-Machine. NASA has recently discussed using a combination of Communicating Stream X-Machines and the process calculus WSCSS in the design and testing of swarm satellite systems.

Analog X Machine (AXM)
The earliest variant, the continuous-time Analog X-Machine (AXM), was introduced by Mike Stannett in 1990 as a potentially "super-Turing" model of computation;M. Stannett (1990) 'X-machines and the Halting Problem: Building a super-Turing machine'. Formal Aspects of Computing 2, pp. 331-41. it is consequently related to work in hypercomputation theory.B. J. Copeland (2002) 'Hypercomputation'. Minds and Machines 12, pp. 461-502.

Stream X-Machine (SXM)
The most commonly encountered X-machine variant is Gilbert Laycock's 1993 Stream X-Machine (SXM) model, which forms the basis for Mike Holcombe and Florentin Ipate's theory of complete software testing, which guarantees known correctness properties, once testing is over. The Stream X-Machine differs from Eilenberg's original model, in that the fundamental data type X is of the form Out* × Mem × In*, where In* is an input sequence, Out* is an output sequence, and Mem is the (rest of the) memory.

The advantage of this model is that it allows a system to be driven, one step at a time, through its states and transitions, while observing the outputs at each step. These are witness values, that guarantee that particular functions were executed on each step. As a result, complex software systems may be decomposed into a hierarchy of Stream X-Machines, designed in a top-down way and tested in a bottom-up way. This divide-and-conquer approach to design and testing is backed by Florentin Ipate's proof of correct integration, which proves how testing the layered machines independently is equivalent to testing the composed system.

Communicating X-Machine (CXM)
The earliest proposal for connecting several X-machines in parallel is Judith Barnard's 1995 Communicating X-machine (CXM or COMX) model,J. Barnard, C. Theaker, J. Whitworth and M. Woodward (1995) 'Real-time communicating X-machines for the formal design of real-time systems', in Proceedings of DARTS '95, Universite Libre, Brussels, Belgium, 9–11 November 2005 J. Barnard (1996) COMX: A methodology for the formal design of computer systems using Communicating X-machines. PhD Thesis, Staffordshire University. in which machines are connected via named communication channels (known as ports); this model exists in both discrete- and real-timed variants.A. Alderson and J. Barnard (1997) 'On Making a Crossing Safe', Technical Report SOCTR/97/01, School of Computing, Staffordshire University. (Citeseer) Earlier versions of this work were not fully formal and did not show full input/output relations.

A similar Communicating X-Machine approach using buffered channels was developed by Petros Kefalas. The focus of this work was on expressiveness in the composition of components. The ability to reassign channels meant that some of the testing theorems from Stream X-Machines did not carry over.

These variants are discussed in more detail on a separate page.

Communicating Stream X-Machine (CSXM)
The first fully formal model of concurrent X-machine composition was proposed in 1999 by Cristina Vertan and Horia Georgescu, based on earlier work on communicating automatata by Philip Bird and Anthony Cowling.P. R. Bird and A. J. Cowling (1994) 'Modelling logic programming using a network of communicating machines', in ''Proc. 2nd Euromicro Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Processing, Malaga, 26–28 January 1994'', pp. 156-161. Abstract In Vertan's model, the machines communicate indirectly, via a shared communication matrix (essentially an array of pigeonholes), rather than directly via shared channels.

Bălănescu, Cowling, Georgescu, Vertan and others have studied the formal properties of this CSXM model in some detail. Full input/output relations can be shown. The communication matrix establishes a protocol for synchronous communication. The advantage of this is that it decouples each machine's processing from their communication, allowing the separate testing of each behaviour. This compositional model was proven equivalent to a standard Stream X-Machine, so leveraging the earlier testing theory developed by Holcombe and Ipate.

This X-machine variant is discussed in more detail on a separate page.

Object X-Machine (OXM)
Kirill Bogdanov and Anthony Simons developed several variants of the X-machine to model the behaviour of objects in object-oriented systems. This model differs from the Stream X-Machine approach, in that the monolithic data type X is distributed over, and encapsulated by, several objects, which are serially composed; and systems are driven by method invocations and returns, rather than by inputs and outputs. Further work in this area concerned adapting the formal testing theory in the context of inheritance, which partitions the state-space of the superclass in extended subclass objects.

A "CCS-augmented X-machine" (CCSXM) model was later developed by Simons and Stannett in 2002 to support complete behavioural testing of object-oriented systems, in the presence of asynchronous communicationM. Stannett and A. J. H. Simons (2002) 'CCS-Augmented X-Machines', Technical Report CS-2002-04, Department of Computer Science, Sheffield University, UK. This is expected to bear some similarity with NASA's recent proposal; but no definitive comparison of the two models has as yet been conducted.

Downloadable technical reports

 * M. Stannett and A. J. H. Simons (2002) Complete Behavioural Testing of Object-Oriented Systems using CCS-Augmented X-Machines. Tech Report CS-02-06, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download
 * J. Aguado and A. J. Cowling (2002) Foundations of the X-machine Theory for Testing. Tech Report CS-02-06, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download
 * J. Aguado and A. J. Cowling (2002) Systems of Communicating X-machines for Specifying Distributed Systems. Tech Report CS-02-07, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download
 * M. Stannett (2005) The Theory of X-Machines - Part 1. Tech Report CS-05-09, Dept of Computer Science, University of Sheffield. Download

title: X-machine


text:
Benzyl group

In organic chemistry, benzyl is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure R\sCH2\sC6H5. Benzyl features a benzene ring (C6H6) attached to a methylene group (\sCH2\s) group.

Nomenclature
In IUPAC nomenclature, the prefix benzyl refers to a C6H5CH2 substituent, for example benzyl chloride or benzyl benzoate. Benzyl is not to be confused with phenyl with the formula C6H5. The term benzylic is used to describe the position of the first carbon bonded to a benzene or other aromatic ring. For example, (C6H5)(CH3)2C+ is referred to as a "benzylic" carbocation. The benzyl free radical has the formula C6H5CH2•. The benzyl cation or phenylcarbenium ion is the carbocation with formula C6H5CH2+; the benzyl anion or phenylmethanide ion is the carbanion with the formula C6H5CH2-. None of these species can be formed in significant amounts in the solution phase under normal conditions, but they are useful referents for discussion of reaction mechanisms and may exist as reactive intermediates.

Abbreviations
Benzyl is most commonly abbreviated Bn. For example, benzyl alcohol can be represented as BnOH. Less common abbreviations are Bzl and Bz, the latter of which is ambiguous as it is also the standard abbreviation for the benzoyl group C6H5C(O)\s. Likewise, benzyl should not be confused with the phenyl group C6H5\s, abbreviated Ph.

Reactivity of benzylic centers
The enhanced reactivity of benzylic positions is attributed to the low bond dissociation energy for benzylic C−H bonds. Specifically, the bond C6H5CH2\sH is about 10–15% weaker than other kinds of C−H bonds. The neighboring aromatic ring stabilizes benzyl radicals. The data tabulated below compare benzylic C−H bond to related C−H bond strengths.

The weakness of the C−H bond reflects the stability of the benzylic radical. For related reasons, benzylic substituents exhibit enhanced reactivity, as in oxidation, free radical halogenation, or hydrogenolysis. As a practical example, in the presence of suitable catalysts, p-xylene oxidizes exclusively at the benzylic positions to give terephthalic acid:

Millions of tonnes of terephthalic acid are produced annually by this method.

Functionalization at the benzylic position
In a few cases, these benzylic transformations occur under conditions suitable for lab synthesis. The Wohl-Ziegler reaction will brominate a benzylic C–H bond: (ArCHR2 -> ArCBrR2). Any non-tertiary benzylic alkyl group will be oxidized to a carboxyl group by aqueous potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or concentrated nitric acid (HNO3): (ArCHR2 -> ArCOOH). Finally, the complex of chromium trioxide and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (CrO3\sdmpyz) will selectively oxidize a benzylic methylene group to a carbonyl: (ArCH2R -> ArC(O)R). 2-iodoxybenzoic acid in DMSO performs similarly.

As a protecting group
Benzyl groups are occasionally employed as protecting groups in organic synthesis. Their installation and especially their removal require relatively harsh conditions, so benzyl is not typically preferred for protection.

Alcohol protection
Benzyl is commonly used in organic synthesis as a robust protecting group for alcohols and carboxylic acids.

 * Treatment of alcohol with a strong base such as powdered potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride and benzyl halide (BnCl or BnBr)
 * BnProtectedalcohol.png
 * Monobenzylation of diols can be achieved using Ag2O in dimethylformamide (DMF) at ambient to elevated temperatures
 * Primary alcohols can be selectively benzylated in presence of phenol functional groups using Cu(acac)2

Deprotection methods
Benzyl ethers can be removed under reductive conditions, oxidative conditions, and the use of Lewis acids.

 * Removed using hydrogenolysis
 * BnEtherExample.png
 * Single electron process with Na/NH3 or Li/NH3

 * Benzyl protecting groups can be removed using a wide range of oxidizing agents including:
 * CrO3/acetic acid at ambient temperature
 * Ozone
 * N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS)
 * N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS)

 * Trimethylsilyl iodide (Me3SiI) in dichloromethane at ambient temperature (selectivity can be achieved under specific conditions)

The p-methoxybenzyl protecting group
p-Methoxybenzyl (PMB) is used as a protecting group for alcohols in organic synthesis (4-Methoxybenzylthiol is used to protect thiols).

 * Strong base such as powdered potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride and p-methoxybenzyl halide (chloride or bromide)
 * 4-methoxybenzyl-2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate can be used to install the PMB group in presence of:
 * Scandium (III) triflate (Sc(OTf)3) in toluene at 0 °C
 * Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) in dichloromethane at 0 °C
 * PMBAlcohol.png

Deprotection methods

 * 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ)
 * PMBDeprotection.png
 * Conditions for deprotection of benzyl group are applicable for cleavage of the PMB protecting group

Amine protection
The benzyl group is occasionally used as a protecting group for amines in organic synthesis. Other methods exist.

 * Aqueous potassium carbonate and benzyl halide (BnCl, BnBr) in methanol
 * Bn_protection_with_bnbr.png
 * Benzaldehyde, 6 M HCl and NaBH3CN in methanol
 * Bn_protection_with_benzaldehyde.png

Deprotection methods

 * Hydrogenation in the presence of the palladium catalyst

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Benzyl group


text:
Talk:Jackson Pollock

Influence
From research I've done, I've read in many sources that Pollack's unique style was influenced by the artist Max Ernst. However, I see no mention of Ernst in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.187.21.115 (talk) 07:27, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * During the 1930s he worked in the manner of the Regionalists, being influenced also by the Mexican muralist painters Orozco, Rivera, Siqueiros as well as the German painter Max Ernst.Barrymartin2 (talk) 12:12, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

More on the Biography
"in an alcohol-related, single car crash " -this is a bit euphemistic, isn't it? Why not say that he was drunk at the wheel? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.181.46.66 (talk) 09:32, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

because it's more specific.

I think the Charlie Rose interview about Pollock should be linked to this Article somehow because it goes into the end of his life in depth and detail, and includes a letter from the brother of Edith Metzger stating that Pollock murdered his sister and the protest against showing his work ( glorifying Pollock ) at the MoMA at the end of the 20th Century.

The last 20 minutes of the film, and the director's commentary on the DVD also go into detail about the decline and death of Pollock. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.43.18.19 (talk) 04:18, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Wikiprojects
I feel that the wikiprojects:
 * Wyoming,
 * new york
 * arizona

are a bit excessive, i have removed them nishantjr (talk) 13:36, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

No information on his depression
This is solely an account of his technique, there is no connection to his life and how it influenced his artwork. He suffered from depression and from alcoholism and those are major biographical items that cannot be omitted. A correction should be made. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.55.213.30 (talk) 11:39, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree. WP lists him as having suffered from clinical depression. Sounds to me like an important fact about his life, and one whose influence on his life and work may be documented and discussed in some reliable source. David Spector (talk) 22:54, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

John Squire or The Stone Roses inspired by Jackson Pollock?
There is no doubt that most of the artwork for The Stone Roses, which is done by their lead guitarist, John Squire, was inspired by the works of Jackson Pollock. Just look at their legendary The Stone Roses (album) artwork- The Stone Roses- (Bye Bye Badman- is what the artwork is called), it is without question that it draws influence from Pollock and his works. So why is there no mention of it, at least in the popular culture section?

(http://www.john-squire.com/art/byebye_orig.jpg) - The piece from their debut. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.100.112 (talk) 17:18, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Not to mention the lyrics to "Going Down" ("Yeah she looks like a painting/Jackson Pollock's Number Five"). He's also quite forthcomming about his influences. "Apart from untitled, I made the album covers on canvasses that are roughly four times the size of a vinyl album. They were straight rip-offs of Jackson Pollocks done in that style." Dendlai (talk) 20:33, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Prominent Antiamericanist?
Is Eva Cockcroft prominent or even most prominent or really only completely unknown? She still might be right of course.--Radh (talk) 17:08, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Tate Modern holdings
I notice the Tate website lists 6 Pollocks in its collection: These ones look worth listing as major works:

 * 1938/40 Naked Man with Knife
 * ~1941 Birth
 * 1948 Number 23
 * 1948 Summertime Number 9A

Macdonald-ross (talk) 17:31, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

Discussion of high prices
There's very little discussion of the extraordinarily high sale price of Pollack's paintings. I know very little about art and read the article in large part because I'd like to know why someone would pay such vast amounts for these works. For instance, the article mentions a painting bought in 2006 which may or may not be a Pollack. Depending on authorship, its value may skyrocket. Why is this? From my naive point of view, the art should stand on its own and have intrinsic worth only. I'd love it if the article included an intelligent discussion (sourced, of course, not just random speculation) that could explain why this is not so. The price seems to have greatly increased over the last few decades as well, from the sale price and more modern estimates for Blue Poles. Is there a reason?

There was a sort of discussion on this issue in one of the archives, but it was basically someone saying "his paintings suck / are way overvalued" and others agreeing or disagreeing. This post is instead meant to suggest an improvement to an article about which I know little.

[For full disclosure, since it's relevant to my good faith, I find the paintings of Pollack's that I've seen to be quite interesting, but not worth anything close to what they're valued at. The ultra rich apparently need hobbies like everyone else.] 67.158.43.41 (talk) 00:05, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

 * This would be a good question for posting to the Humanities reference desk. Bus stop (talk) 20:23, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Norman Rockwell Connoisseur, an art lesson in disguise
Is an in-joke. Rockwell is the uptight viewer, plus by painting the Pollock painting inside his graphic illustrative painting, he's saying, "you're not special, anyone can do that." AT THE TIME (and even a little bit today), traditional artists hated abstractionists for painting like children and not taking the time to learn to draw properly. (Now we know that Pollock was disturbed and expressing his emotion in he only way he knew how, like an animal, as stated in the movie, "I am Nature.") In the late 20th century, Fantasy painters such as Boris and Frazetta also railed against and lampooned (Connoisseur is a lampoon)"modern art" with Boris stating in his book, Fantasy Art Techniques, that "...modern art had crawled up it's own ass." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.43.18.19 (talk) 04:11, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Signature
What's the deal with removing the signature? They're found in many articles and it adds a nice touch to the Infobox. Thanks  J e n o v a  20 18:15, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * This issue has been argued, discussed for years and it was decided by consensus that we don't include signatures of artists in the visual arts articles for a variety of reasons. There is no line in the infobox for a signature - that is not a coincidence - that was a decision made by the visual arts project several years ago. While other projects use them we don't in the visual arts...Modernist (talk) 18:20, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * There is an infobox for people with that line. I can't say i understand why they decided against signatures, especially for dead artists where they can't be abused...  J e n o v a  20 18:26, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Copyright violations, forgeries, and a host of other issues as well as visual distraction were a few problems. Here is a link to one of those conversations that we had several years ago Template talk:Infobox artist...Modernist (talk) 18:31, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * There's no copyright on a dead person's signature?
 * Seems stupid, i'll take your word for it though and leave it in this instance. Thanks for telling me  J e n o v a  20 18:43, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Fractals or no Fractals?
According to this article Taylor' s method is insufficient to show that Pollock had such an intuition of the nature of chaotic motion and his paintings may not be fractals at all. I think this should be added to the article. I m going to add it if there isn't any disagreement.-- NNeilAlieNN  Talk to me  20:53, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

An Open University BBC show called "The Code", episode 2 - Shapes presented by Oxford Unversity Mathmatics Professor Marcus du Sautoy shows that Pollock had literally stumbled across a Universal Law of self similarity, later expressed by Mandelbrot (so called in popular media as "God's Fingerprint" or more formally as Mandelbrot's Set). His Chaotic Motion did indeed express fractal self similarity of different scales that is expressed everywhere in nature and that this was the key to it's appeal. Geometry that matches nature compells us. Nature's geometric beauty lies behind the Mona Lisa, for example as Humans express self similarity similar to the Earth (75% Ocean vs 75% water in humans, or that the nerves and blood vessels are identical to trees and river courses... etc.)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01320wn — Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.247.84.102 (talk) 15:10, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

The idea of fractal geometry is that you cannot get an idea of the size of an object no matter how much you zoom or expand on its image. Very turbulent flows are like this, say Re of 10000. Viscous flows are not since zooming in shows the flow becoming smoother. I wonder if the sheet of newspaper in the bottom of a bird;s cage and covered with specky droppings would also be a fractal image. Pollock's paintings have been compared to this.203.221.157.18 (talk) 12:45, 23 October 2016 (UTC)

CIA connection
I didn't see anything in he article about that - http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/modern-art-was-cia-weapon-1578808.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.223.78.189 (talk) 17:10, 16 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Interesting, but that "long leash" probably precludes any direct mention here. How do we get a reliable source? --Pete (talk) 20:50, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Surrealist influence
Following a revert by Coldcreation with regards to a text about the influence of Wolfgang Paalen posted by Andreasneufert: According to Pepe Karmel, Jackson Pollock: Interviews, Articles, and Reviews, The Museum of Modern Art, 1999, though the Surrealist technique of Coulage (pouring) had been practiced by Onslow-Ford and Wolfgang Paalen in 1938-39 in Paris, Pollock had never seen these pictures. And that, despite the presence of Onslow-Ford in New York for a short time during the 1940s. Pollock likely never knew of their existence. "They are simply of historical interest as a step in modern painting's liberation from what the Surrealists called the tyranny of the brush." Very different results were obtained by Paalen in his Coulage works, producing a fusion of colored inks (more in the style of Paul Jenkins than Pollock. Though Jenkins had never seen these Coulage works either). See above source. Coldcreation (talk) 18:40, 21 December 2014 (UTC)

As far as the lengthy text on the "action" involved in Paalen's article on Totem Art of the indigenous people of British Columbia: The term "action painting" was coined by the American critic Harold Rosenberg in 1952, not Pollock under the influence of Paalen's text (which he or Rosenberg had likely never read). Coldcreation (talk) 19:29, 21 December 2014 (UTC)

And about Fumage: The technique(s) employed by Pollock bare no resemblance to the technique of fumage. Coldcreation (talk) 19:39, 21 December 2014 (UTC)

Critc Robert Coates nickname
There is a reference for Robert Coates providing Pollock the nickname "art pour l'art". I will source it, as soon as I find it. Please do not change this edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.41.122.130 (talk) 14:42, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

Wikilinks to 'surname' and 'nee'
To respond properly to your revert here, and the edit summary ("Hyperlinked initial references to née and surname. Wikipedia has a page devoted to each term. Consequently, each hyperlink should NOT be removed - keep it, and tell the neophyte revisionist to chill out!"):

A word having a Wikipedia article about it is not adequate qualification for a wikilink. That could be said of a huge portion of the words in any Wikipedia article. In general, if a word is in the dictionary, and is not used in any special sense in the article, a wikilink is unnecessary and contributes to what WP:OVERLINK calls a "sea of blue". From Manual_of_Style/Linking: "What generally should not be linked", I quote "everyday words understood by most readers in context".

There are exceptions, of course. I would support your edit on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert here, as 'iteration' is not a common or well understood word, and the definition in my dictionary does not shed much light on its meaning in the article. I would also support your edit on Hagar here, because the Wikipedia article provides a deeper understanding of the word in context, which you would never get from the general definitions in a dictionary. And I don't challenge your | link to 'reclusive' in this article.

In contrast, 'surname' and 'nee' are common English words, in my opinion, and for readers that don't know those words, any dictionary should suffice to set them straight. I don't see the words being used in a way peculiar to this particular article. If you would still argue that the edit is an improvement, please challenge my reasoning above, because "Wikipedia has a page devoted to each term" is a non-starter.

As for "tell the neophyte revisionist to chill out!", please assure me that this is just your style, and the response was not provoked by anything I did. I would be devastated to learn that you mistook my reversion as a personal affront. Willondon (talk) 03:35, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

there is and so far there is not. it all depends on the nothingness of it all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.61.10.131 (talk) 17:56, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

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Authenticity Issues
A painting that is "15 by 281 1/2 in" would be a foot and a quarter high by over 23 feet wide. That seems very unlikely. the cited source, a Vanity Fair article, does say that. I will try to find better information, but of course I will not change anything until i do. Dgndenver (talk) 00:07, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

List of major works

 * I ran across information on a painting referred to as Free Form (1946) but it is not included in the section. Is this an over-sight or is there a reason?

Fractal Expressionism

 * In the third sentence there are ten references. I am sure these are sources for the 10 scientific groups but this would be presented better if there was one footnote with the 10 listed there. Otr500 (talk) 14:27, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Jackson Pollock. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110715000634/http://www.ollalumni.com/local-history.php to http://www.ollalumni.com/local-history.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110712213618/http://www.hollistaggart.com/artists/biography/janet_sobel/ to http://www.hollistaggart.com/artists/biography/janet_sobel/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071014054858/http://canberra.yourguide.com.au/detail.asp?class=news&subclass=general&story_id=528424&category=General&m=11&y=2006 to http://canberra.yourguide.com.au/detail.asp?class=news&subclass=general&story_id=528424&category=General&m=11&y=2006
 * Added tag to http://phys.unsw.edu.au/phys_about/PHYSICS!/FRACTAL_EXPRESSIONISM/fractal_taylor.html
 * Added tag to http://www.mcah.columbia.edu/arthumanities/mov/arthum_pollock_studio.mov
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051224171704/http://materialscience.uoregon.edu/taylor/art/info.html to http://materialscience.uoregon.edu/taylor/art/info.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081024212103/http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_works_129_0.html to http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_works_129_0.html

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Full name
Hey there Thanks for the warning, I hadn't realized how many times I had reverted you. To me, it seems that this article should follow the standards of all other Wikipedia articles and include the subject's full name at the top. What are your thoughts? --Hameltion (talk, contribs) 23:49, 12 February 2018 (UTC)
 * In art history it is the "drip paintings" that are associated with Jackson Pollock. This may be the biography of the artist but the name most commonly associated with the "drip paintings" are Jackson Pollock or even just "Pollock". Placement of the full name "Paul Jackson Pollock" in the "Early life (1912–1936)" section is appropriate for clarity. In my reasoning the paintings are of primary importance. They are not so much known by their titles such as Blue Poles, Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), or No. 5, 1948. The name "Paul Jackson Pollock" is least associated with the paintings. Bus stop (talk) 00:16, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * The article is fine now; best leave it alone...Modernist (talk) 03:07, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia article about a person is a biography. While articles on individual paintings would obviously just write "Jackson Pollock", omitting "Paul", a biography of the person, by Wikipedia guidelines, includes the full name of the subject at the very start of the article. The relevant section of the Manual of Style is WP:BIRTHNAME, which reads, "While the article title should generally be the name by which the subject is most commonly known, the subject's full name, if known, should be given in the lead sentence". -> "Paul Jackson Pollock" should be at the very start, and there's also no need to write "professionally known as" or such since it's clear that his given name was disused. --Hameltion (talk, contribs) 21:39, 13 February 2018 (UTC)

 * To be clear you are talking about a guideline. There is a big difference between policy and a guideline. Bus stop's comments below are correct and the article is ok as is...Modernist (talk) 23:06, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I would say an exception should be made in a biography of Jackson Pollock and perhaps exceptions should be made in other instances as well. Concerning art history it is familiarity with widely acknowledged inflection points in the history of art, that matters. That the artist's name is "Paul" is a minor point. A lead is a summary of an article's most important contents. I think the "Early life" section is an appropriate place to mention the name at birth. In that spirit, the very first sentence of the body of the article presently reads "Paul Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, in 1912, the youngest of five sons," and I feel that is appropriate to the subject matter of this article. I also agree that there is no need to use a term such as "professionally known as". And I am aware this is a biography and distinct from an article on an individual painting. Even though it is a biography the aim is art education, in my opinion. In an article such as this, in my opinion, we should always be mindful of the place of the paintings in art history. It is common practice in talking about art to refer to "Pollock" or "Jackson Pollock" but rarely if ever to "Paul Jackson Pollock". Bus stop (talk) 22:44, 13 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I now understand. I will join the consensus that there is an exception for this page. Keeping the full name in the infobox is also in order. Thanks! Hameltion (talk, contribs) 00:27, 14 February 2018 (UTC)

Tenets of modernism
''Krasner's extensive knowledge and training in modern art and techniques helped her bring Pollock up to date with what contemporary art should be. Krasner was often considered to teach her husband in the dominant tenets of modernistic painting.''
 * This needs fleshing out. The more important ‘tenets’ ought to be explained. Valetude (talk) 19:34, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

Bad sentence
The sentence beginning "There are several accounts where Krasner intended to use her own intuition..." is terrible. It's barely English. Frankly, I'm not sure how to rewrite it, but someone who cares about this Wikipedia article should rewrite it.Redound (talk) 00:45, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:52, 18 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The-she-wolf.jpg

Different Image?
It's not his best-known look. It's him at around 16 which is a bit odd of a choice considering he grew well into adulthood. UlyssesYYZ (talk) 10:41, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, ridiculous choice to use a teenage picture. Replacing it with adult passport picture. As he died nearly 70 years ago, shouldn't most photos of him be "free" by now? 193.159.102.88 (talk) 17:35, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jackson Pollock


text:
Stretton, Rutland

Stretton is a village and civil parish in the county of Rutland, England, just off the A1 Great North Road. The population of the civil parish was 770 at the 2001 census, including Thistleton and increasing to 1,260 at the 2011 census. The ecclesiastical parish of Stretton shares the same boundaries and is part of the Rutland deanery of the diocese of Peterborough.

Geography
The principal landmark is a large modern prison, HMP Stocken. Stocken Hall itself, dating principally from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was used as the prison farm from the 1950s until the 1980s and is now converted into apartments. Of the seventeen Strettons in England, all but two are on Roman roads, and Stretton in Rutland is no exception, being situated on Ermine Street.

The civil parish extends along the east side of the A1 up to the edge of Morkery Wood. It also extends at this point to the west side of the A1, as far south as Hooby Lane, and includes Hooby Lodge.

The B668 (for Oakham) meets the A1 at a junction, improved in 1971 when the A1 was dualled to Great Casterton.

History
The village's name means "farm/settlement on a Roman Road" in Anglian and Old English. The village is situated on Ermine Street. The pub is called the Jackson Stops (the name of an estate agent). It was previously called the White Horse but was for sale for so long with the estate agents' sign outside that it is now officially called by their name.

The Ram Jam Inn (former Winchelsea Arms), situated on the Great North Road next to a service station, is just inside the parish of Greetham. It was bought by the then-owner of Stocken Hall, Major Charles Fleetwood-Hesketh (1871–1947), in the 1920s, who transformed it into a well-known roadside inn. He was also a Deputy Lieutenant of Lancashire, as was his son, Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh, who became a Conservative MP.

Geno Washington & the Ram Jam Band took their name from the inn in the 1960s. Also in the parish of Greetham is the former Greetham Inn (previously the New Inn).

The parish church is dedicated to St Nicholas. Rev. Edward Bradley (rector of Stretton, 1871–83), who wrote as Cuthbert Bede, and who paid for its restoration, is buried in the churchyard.

title: Stretton, Rutland


text:
Philippines national football team

The Philippines national football team (Pambansang koponan ng futbol ng Pilipinas) represents the Philippines in international football, governed by the Philippine Football Federation (PFF) and has been playing internationally since 1913.

Prior to World War II, the Philippines had regularly competed with Japan and the Republic of China in the Far Eastern Championship Games. So far, the national team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup and has qualified for the AFC Asian Cup only once, in 2019. They finished second at the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup after losing to Palestine in the final.

Unlike most of Southeast Asia where football is the most popular sport, the Philippines' most popular sports are basketball and boxing, inherited from American rule. This drives away many football talents and contributes to the lack of success of football in the country. Often, the Philippines would suffer group stage eliminations at the AFF Championship.

However, since the 2010 AFF Championship, the country has attempted to develop football as part of the sport's renaissance, finding more incentives to increase football development and fan support. It eventually led to the country's first major tournament participation in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup.

1910s–1940s: Early years
The Philippines participated in the Far Eastern Championship Games, which included football. The first edition was in 1913 and the last was in 1934. The games were the first regional football tournament for national teams outside the British Home Championship. The national team routinely faced Japan and China and at one edition the Dutch East Indies at the games. The Philippines won over China at the inaugural tournament with a scoreline of 2–1. During the 1917 edition, the national team achieved its biggest win in international football. Led by Filipino-Spanish icon Paulino Alcantara, the Philippines defeated Japan 15–2.

After the dissolution of the Far Eastern Championship Games, the national squad participated in the 1940 East Asian Games organized to commemorate the 2600th anniversary of the foundation of the Empire of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. The team finished third behind champions Japan and second placers Manchukuo, and ahead of the Republic of China.

1950s–1990s: Decline of football
In the 1950s the Philippines hosted friendlies with international-based sides, However, the national team experienced lack of funding and barely received any coverage from the media. During that time talents from the national team were drawn from the Manila Football League which received substantial support from the Chinese-Filipino community. The national team's decent performance at the 1958 Asian Games, hosted in Tokyo, where they defeated Japan 1–0, was labeled as an upset by the Japanese press.

The years following 1958 saw the decline of Philippine football, as several key players resigned from the national team due to financial challenges for playing. National team players Ed Ocampo and Eduardo Pacheco switched to basketball, and went on playing for commercial basketball clubs where players are paid. The Philippine Congress passed Republic Act 3135 that revised the charter of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation, which had a provision, or a 60-40 rule, that mandated teams to not have more than 40 percent Chinese and other players with foreign blood. Sponsors withdrew and leagues, which were mostly funded by the Chinese-Filipino community, started to decline. The 60–40 rule was lifted much later during the tenure of president Johnny Romualdez of the Philippine Football Federation (PFF), after 1982 when the PFA had reorganized itself as the PFF.

The national team suffered defeats with big margins at the 1962 Asian Games in Jakarta. This includes the national team's record 15–1 defeat to Malaysia, which became the worst defeat of the national team at that time. The record was later broken by the 15–0 loss to Japan in 1967 at the qualifiers for the 1968 Summer Olympics. Foreigners were hired to serve as head coaches for the national team in an attempt to reduce big margin loses. Englishman Allan Rogers was hired following the record defeat to Malaysia, and Spaniard Juan Cutillas was likewise tasked to lead the national team following the record defeat to Japan.

In the early sixties, the Philippine Football Association partnered with the San Miguel Corporation to seek foreign assistance to train local football players and coaches and to develop the sport in the country. These included Alan Rogers and Brian Birch, coaches from the United Kingdom. After the two were relieved, Danny McClellan and Graham Adams continued their task. In 1961, San Miguel, through the national football association, brought in four medical students from Spain who were experts in football — Francisco Escarte, Enrique dela Mata, Claudio Sanchez and Juan Cutillas. Escarte and dela Mata left the country after one year.

In 1971, head coach Juan Cutillas recruited five foreign players to play for the national team: four Spaniards and one Chinese. The national team joined several international competitions such as the Merdeka Tournament, Jakarta Anniversary Tournament and the President Park Tournament. The team caused some upset results against the national teams of Thailand, Singapore and South Korea. The national team saw another decline after the four Spanish players left the team due to financial reasons and basketball gained more foothold over football in the country.

The national team under German head coach Eckhard Krautzun finished fourth overall at the 1991 Southeast Asian Games, its best ever finish at the tournament. The Philippines dealt a 1–0 defeat to defending champions Malaysia at the tournament which knocked out the latter out of the tournament at just the group stage. Norman Fegidero scored the sole goal for the Philippines.

2000s
In September 2006, the country fell to 195th on the FIFA World Rankings, its lowest ever. By the end of the year, the Philippines moved back up to 171st overall, after a good run in the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship qualification. They were able to win three games in a row, which was a first for the Philippines and thus qualifying for the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship. Coach at that time Aris Caslib, aimed to reach the semifinals with two wins at the group stage. The decision came despite Philippine Football Federation president Juan Miguel Romualdez stating that they would still be underdogs in the tournament and that they should not raise their expectations too high, as the Philippines have only gotten their first ever win of the tournament during the 2004 edition.

The Philippines eventually failed to reach their target, only getting a draw in three matches. Their poor performances led to Caslib's resignation, as well as the refusal of the PFF to register and enter the qualification stages for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. They would be one of four nations, all from Southeast Asia, not to enter after a record number of entries. However, it was revealed that the decision not to enter the 2010, as well as the 2006 World Cup qualification, was made during the PFF presidency of Rene Adad, whose term ended in 2003. Instead, the PFF wanted to focus on domestic and regional competitions.

The Philippines failed to qualify for any major competition in 2008. They missed out on the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup only on goal difference, and the 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup with an inferior goals scored record.

Dan Palami, businessman and sports patron, was appointed as team manager of the national team in 2009 by the Philippine Football Federation. The national team still received minimal support from the government. Palami made financial investments into the team using his own personal money. Since taking responsibility over the national team, he envisioned a plan named Project 100, which aimed to make the team among the top 100 national teams in the world in terms of FIFA rankings. More foreign-born Filipinos were called up to play for the national squad.

2010s: Era of renaissance
The Philippines's campaign at the 2010 AFF Championship under Simon McMenemy's tenure was a breakthrough. Holding a primal ticket as one of two teams along with Laos that had to qualify for the tournament, the Philippines advanced from the group stage for the first time, did not concede a single defeat, and their win against defending champions Vietnam in particular was considered one of the biggest upsets in the tournament's history. The match, which would later be referred by local Filipino fans as the "Miracle of Hanoi", is also considered the match that started a football renaissance in the country where basketball is the more popular sport. In the knockout stage, they had to play both their designated home and away games against Indonesia in Jakarta due to the unavailability of a stadium that passes AFF standards. The Philippines lost both games to end their campaign.

The following year, Michael Weiß became the head coach. The national team managed to qualify for the 2012 edition of the AFC Challenge Cup, the first time since qualifiers were introduced and also recorded their first ever victory in the FIFA World Cup qualification, beating Sri Lanka 4–0 in the second leg of the first preliminary round. Kuwait finished the Philippines' World Cup qualification campaign after winning over them twice in the second round.

In 2012, the Philippines qualified for the semifinals of the AFC Challenge Cup for the first time winning over former champions India and Tajikistan, though they lost 2–1 against Turkmenistan in the semifinal. In the third place-playoff the Philippines won 4–3 over Palestine. The Philippines won the 2012 Philippine Peace Cup, a friendly tournament hosted at home, which was their first title since the 1913 Far Eastern Games. At the 2012 AFF Championship, the Philippines replicated their performance in 2010 by advancing to the semifinal. They lost to Singapore on aggregate by a single goal in the two-legged semifinal.

The Philippines reached the final of the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup. With a berth to the 2015 AFC Asian Cup on the line, the Philippines lost to Palestine 1–0 on May 30. The Philippines once again advanced from the group stage at the 2014 AFF Championship by winning over Indonesia, the first time since the 1934 Far Eastern Games, and Laos despite their loss to Vietnam. The Philippines faced Thailand in the two-legged semifinal, coming up with a goalless draw against their opponents at home in Manila but losing the away match at Bangkok.

Thomas Dooley became the head coach of the national team. In October 2015 their 2–0 victory over Yemen in Doha, Qatar in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers was their first-ever World Cup qualifier victory away from home. Their campaign to qualify for the FIFA World Cup ended in the second round though they advance to the third round of the Asian Cup qualifiers.

In late 2016 the Philippines jointly hosted the group stage of the AFF Championship with Myanmar though they fail to progress from the group stage like they did in the past three editions.Though the national team failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, they secured qualification for 2019 AFC Asian Cup after defeating Tajikistan, 2–1 at home in their final qualifier match. In May 2018, the national team reached 111th rank in the FIFA World Ranking making it the highest rank that the team has. The Philippines made its historic debut in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup with a 0–1 defeat to South Korea. then a 0–3 loss to China and was edged 1–3 by Kyrgyzstan, with Stephan Schröck scoring a historic goal for the Azkals in the tournament.

2020s
Following a relatively successful debut in the Asian Cup, the Philippines began their 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification where they were grouped together with Syria, China, Guam and the Maldives. In their opening game, the Azkals met Syria at home and took an early lead, only to see the Syrians managed an outstanding comeback and smashing the Azkals 5–2 in Bacolod. Following the crushing home defeat, the Pinoys regained its pace with two away wins over Guam and the Maldives. Between these matches, the Pinoys also hosted China at home where they acquired an encouraging goalless draw, after a splendid performance by the Azkals goalkeeper Neil Etheridge which increased the team's chance. However, the Syrians once again blew the chance of the Filipinos, with the Syrians emerged with a 1–0 win over the Azkals. When COVID-19 pandemic led the games to be postponed to 2021, the Philippines had to play in a centralised venue in Sharjah. The Filipinos then won Guam 3–0, but lost 0–2 to China thus did not manage to reach the 2022 FIFA World Cup, before ending the qualification with a 1–1 draw to the Maldives. Nonetheless, the third place in their group meant the Philippines qualified for the third round of 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers.

At the third round of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers in Ulaanbaatar, the Philippines managed to draw with Yemen 0–0 and defeat the hosts Mongolia 1–0 through a last-minute goal by debutant Gerrit Holtmann but were defeated 4–0 by eventual group winners Palestine. Despite finishing second in Group B, in which the five best runner-up teams across all the groups qualify for the tournament, the Azkals failed to qualify for the 2023 Asian Cup after finishing as the worst runner-up.

Long-time general manager, Dan Palami stepped down from his role in January 2024.

On February 26, 2024, the Philippine Football Federation announced it will retire the Azkals moniker after two decades in part of the new management.

Supporters
Some fans have organized themselves to support the national team, one of them is the Ultras Filipinas, which formed in 2011. The Kaholeros started out as a gathering of friends using Twitter calling for fans to watch games of the AFC Challenge Cup at the National Sports Grill in Greenbelt. The Ultras Filipinas was established when fans of Philippine Air Force F.C. and Ultras Kayas decided to form a support group for the national teams of the Philippines not necessarily just for the football team. The first outing of Ultras Filipinas was not for the national football team but for the national rugby union team. The two fan groups take alternative turns in cheering and chanting for the national team during games.

Colors
The traditional home kit is similar to the France national team; blue jersey, white shorts, and red socks. However, in recent times, the home and away kit has either been all-blue, all-red or all-white, currently is the all-white as home jerseys. The current kit supplier of the national team is German sportswear Puma. Adidas, as well as Japanese company Mizuno, has provided kits for the team in the past.

Puma was the official outfitter of the national team during the 1996 AFC Asian Cup qualification. Later that year, Adidas assumed that role and outfitted the team that participated at the 1996 Tiger Cup.

For three years from March 2008, Mizuno served as the official outfitter and equipment supplier of the team. It also helped the national federation in its grassroots development program. On June 4, 2012, Puma supplanted Mizuno's role with the national team.

Local firm LGR Sportswear became the official kit provider of the national team in 2015 and a new set of kits made by LGR were unveiled to the public on June 5, which was later used by the team at the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. The home and away kits were white and blue respectively. Filipino weave design and the three stars and the sun are present at the back of the home and away kits. The goalkeeper's kit is black and has a yellow trim on the chest area and a weave pattern with the three stars and the sun and Azkals logo incorporated in the design, in front around the shoulder area. Adidas was also announced as the footwear sponsor of the team for the qualifiers.

Spanish sportswear brand Kelme became the official kit provider of the national team in 2021.

In June 2022, the team used Chronos Athletics-made kits when they competed in the third round of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers in Mongolia. It was later explained that the Kelme kits they were supposed to wear arrived late.

Following Kelme's deal with the Philippines expiring in January 2023, local sportswear brand Chronos Athletics finally became the Philippines' new kit supplier. In March 2023, following a TikTok video that went viral, presenting a concept shirt for the Philippines. The management then decided to acquire the design made by JerseyBird, a small US-based sportswear brand. Chronos Athletics remained as the kit supplier, with both sides agreed to retain the JerseyBird logo on the kits and to be distributed under a subsidiary brand, Azkals Sportswear.

In the recent 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Iraq, the Philippines were seen wearing a new kit design supplied by Puma. On May 3, 2024, the Philippines National Football Team announced a four-year partnership with Puma until 2028.

Names
Under the official FIFA Trigramme the team's name is abbreviated as PHI; this acronym is used by FIFA, the AFC and the AFF to identify the team in official competitions. The team is also identified under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) country code for the Philippines as PHL. However the team was more commonly known as the RP, the acronym for the country's official name, Republika ng Pilipinas, which the local press used when they referred to the team as the "RP Booters" or the "RP XI". This was until late October 2010 when the Department of Foreign Affairs decided to change the official abbreviation of the country from "RP" to "PH" or "PHL", to be in line with ISO standards. The local press have since referred to the team as either "PH/PHL Booters" or "PH/PHL XI".

They were also known as the "Tri–Stars," which was derived from the three stars on the Philippine flag, although this nickname was not frequently used.

The national team is referred to as the "Azkals". The name was coined when an online Philippine football community proposed the nickname Calle Azul (Spanish for Streets of Blue, referring to the color of their kit) which was modified to Azul Calle, shortened to AzCal, and finally became Azkal – a word that is similar to Filipino term Askal meaning street dog. "Azkals" became a trending topic on Twitter during the semifinals of the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup. The name would be officially adopted by the PFF during the tenure of general team manager Dan Palami until 2023. Its discontinuation of its use by the federation was confirmed in February 2024.

Home stadium
During the early years of the Philippine national team, they played their home matches at the Manila Carnival Grounds. By 1934 it became the site of the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. One of the facilities within the complex is the 12,000 capacity national stadium, known as the Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium or simply the Rizal Memorial Stadium. Since its opening, it has been the home venue of the Philippine national team until May 2015 when they declared the 25,000 seater and Philippine Sports Stadium in Bocaue, Bulacan as their new home. However, due to disappointing attendance numbers in PSS and RMS and an impressive crowd for Ceres–Negros F.C.'s run to the 2017 AFC Cup, the Philippine Football Federation decided to make Panaad Stadium the national team's home again for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers.

The RMS has also become a hub for track and field. The continued use for athletics along with poor maintenance has deteriorated the stadium and the 1991 Southeast Asian Games was the last time it was used for international football matches.vIn early 2009, the Philippine Sports Commission planned to transform it to a modern football stadium which would make it usable by the national team for international matches.

The national team also held official international matches at the Cebu City Sports Center in Cebu City, and at the Barotac Nuevo Plaza Field in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Personnel
Updated as of 30 May 2024

Coaching history
One of the earlier head coaches of the national team was Dionisio Calvo. Foreign coaches of American, Argentinean, English, German, Scottish, Spanish, and Swedish nationality have managed the national team. Juan Cutillas has managed the team in at least four non-consecutive tenures (1969–1978, 1981–1984, 1996–2000 and 2008–09).

Thomas Dooley led the national team to its best finish in a tournament sanctioned by the Asian Football Confederation and FIFA by leading the team to second place at the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup. The past three coaches, Simon McMenemy, Michael Weiß and Thomas Dooley, also made some strides at the regional level leading the team to the semifinals at the AFF Suzuki Cup (2010, 2012 and 2014 editions respectively), the top football tournament in Southeast Asia. Eckhard Krautzun also led the national team to the semifinals, its best finish at the 1991 Southeast Asian Games, before football became an under-23 tournament at said multi-sporting event.

 * Caretaker managers are listed in italics.

 * 🇵🇭 Dionisio Calvo (1930–1954)
 * 🇵🇭 Luis Javellana (1956)
 * 🇵🇭 Ramon Echevarria Sr. (1958)
 * 🇵🇭 Fernando Giménez Álvarez (1962)
 * 🏴 Alan Rogers (1962–1963)
 * 🏴 Danny McLennan (1963)
 * 🇵🇭 Orlando Plagata (1965)
 * 🇵🇭 Emilio Pacheco (1967)
 * 🇪🇸 Juan Cutillas (1967–1972)
 * 🇵🇭 Florentino Broce (1973–1974)
 * 🇪🇸 Juan Cutillas (1975–1978)
 * Bernhard Zgoll (1980)
 * 🇪🇸 Juan Cutillas (1981–1984)
 * 🇵🇭 Alberto Honasan (1987)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Cavagnaro (1989)
 * 🇵🇭 Consorcio Manresa (1991)
 * 🇩🇪 Eckhard Krautzun (1991–1992)
 * 🇵🇭 Mariano Araneta (1993)
 * 🇵🇭 Rodolfo Alicante (1993)
 * 🇵🇭 Noel Casilao (1993–1996)
 * 🇪🇸 Juan Cutillas (1996–2000)
 * 🇵🇭 Rodolfo Alicante (2000)
 * 🇯🇵 Masataka Imai (2001)
 * 🇯🇵 Sugao Kambe (2002–2003)
 * 🇵🇭 Aris Caslib (2004–2007)
 * 🇵🇭 Norman Fegidero (2008)
 * 🇪🇸 Juan Cutillas (2008–2009)
 * 🇵🇭 Aris Caslib (2009)
 * 🏴 Des Bulpin (2009–2010)
 * 🏴 Simon McMenemy (2010)
 * 🇩🇪 Michael Weiß (2011–2014)
 * 🇺🇸 Thomas Dooley (2014–2018)
 * 🇵🇭 Marlon Maro (2017)
 * 🏴 Terry Butcher (2018)
 * 🏴🇮🇪 Scott Cooper (2018)
 * 🇵🇭 Anto Gonzales (2018)
 * 🇸🇪 Sven-Göran Eriksson (2018–2019)
 * 🇷🇸 Goran Milojević (2019)
 * 🏴🇮🇪 Scott Cooper (2019)
 * 🏴 Stewart Hall (2021–2022)
 * 🇺🇸 Thomas Dooley (2022)
 * 🇪🇸 Josep Ferré (2022–2023)
 * 🇲🇦 Barae Jrondi (2023)
 * 🇩🇪 Michael Weiß (2023–2024)
 * 🇧🇪 Tom Saintfiet (2024–)

Current squad
The following 28 players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against and 🇮🇩 indonesia on 6 and 11 June 2024.

Caps and goals updated as of June 11, 2024; after the match against 🇮🇩 indonesia.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the Philippines within the past 12 months.

INJ Withdrew due to an injury

PRE Included in the preliminary squad

RET Retired from the national team

SUS Serving suspension

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active.

Competition records
For the head-to-head record of the national team against opposing nations, see the team's head-to-head record page

FIFA World Cup
The Philippines has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup. The national team entered the 1950 FIFA World Cup qualification but withdrew without playing a single game. The Philippines had intended to enter the 1962 edition but did not push through with the plan. The country's entry to the 1966 edition was not accepted due to its association not being able to pay the registration fee for the qualifiers and the national team withdrew from the 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification just as they did in the 1950 qualifiers. The national team made its first participation in a FIFA World Cup qualifiers for the 1998 edition.

At the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, Yanti Barsales made the first goal for the Philippines at a FIFA World Cup qualifier against Syria.

The national team did not enter the qualifiers for the next succeeding editions until the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, about 10 years later. The national team secured their first victory in a World Cup qualifier against Sri Lanka, 4–0.

AFC Asian Cup
The Philippines qualified once for the Asian Cup, in 2019. For the 2011 and the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, the Philippines attempted to qualify for the tournament through the AFC Challenge Cup. The Philippines would have been invited to host the 1968 Asian Cup, a tournament in which it did not qualify for, if Iran withdrew as hosts.

AFC Challenge Cup
The AFC Challenge Cup was organized as a route for nations classified as "emerging" or "developing" as a sole route to qualify for the Asian Cup. The Philippines is among these nations and participated at the inaugural 2006 AFC Challenge Cup. After a qualification phase was introduced the Philippines failed to qualify for the next two succeeding editions in 2008 and 2010. The Philippines qualified for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup where the finished third. Phil Younghusband was the Golden Boot winner of the edition scoring six goals in the final tournament. The team reached the finals of 2014 edition of the tournament settling for second place after losing to Palestine in the finals. The AFC Challenge Cup tournament was dissolved after the 2014 edition.

Far Eastern Games
Out of the ten football tournaments held in ten editions of the Far Eastern Games, The Philippines only won the inaugural 1913 edition despite fielding American, Spanish and British players violating tournament rules in that edition. The team was nevertheless named champions. China was awarded champions of the nine other editions of the tournaments. At the 1917 Far Eastern Games, the Philippines recorded its biggest victory in an international match to date, which was the 15–2 win against Japan. FC Barcelona player Paulino Alcántara was part of the national squad.

AFF Championship
The Philippines participated in every edition of the AFF Championship except the 2008 edition in which the team failed to qualify for the final tournament. Their first match in the tournament was a 0–5 defeat handed by Thailand in 1996 edition. Freddy Gonzalez scored the first goal for the Philippines in the tournament in a 1–3 defeat, also to Thailand in the 1998 edition. Emelio Caligdong made a brace in the national team's 2–1 victory against Timor Leste in the 2004 edition. The victory was the first for the Philippines in the AFF Championship.

The national team fared poorly during the first seven editions of the AFF Championship from 1996 to 2008 losing 19 out of 21 matches. The Philippines' worst defeat at the tournament was the 1–13 match against Indonesia at the 2002 AFF Championship which was also remains the highest scoreline in the tournament as of 2020. The national team made to its first semi-finals at the 2010 AFF Championship.

Southeast Asian Games
The senior national team managed to reach the semi-finals of the football tournament of the Southeast Asian Games before the football was made into an under-23 tournament.

Minor tournaments
The Philippines participated at numerous minor friendly tournaments. Aside from other national teams, the Philippine nationals also faced selection teams and club sides from other nations at some of these tournaments. The team made a podium finish, placing not below third place, at the Japanese Empire-sanctioned East Asian Games in 1940, the Long Teng Cup (2010, 2011) held in Taiwan, and all three editions of the Philippine Peace Cup (2012, 2013 and 2014) hosted by the home country.

Continental

 * AFC Challenge Cup
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Runner-up (1): 2014
 * [[File:Med 3.png]] Third Place (1): 2012

Regional

 * Far Eastern Championship Games
 * [[File:Med 1.png]] Gold medal (1): 1913
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Silver medal (6): 1915, 1917, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1925
 * [[File:Med 3.png]] Bronze medal (3): 1927, 1930, 1934

Men's

 * Philippines national under-23 football team
 * Philippines national under-21 football team
 * Philippines national under-19 football team
 * Philippines national under-17 football team

Women's

 * Philippines women's national football team
 * Philippines women's national under-20 football team
 * Philippines women's national under-17 football team

title: Philippines national football team


text:
Narayan Rao

Narayanrao (10 August 1755 – 30 August 1773) was the 10th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy from November 1772 until his assassination in August 1773. He married Gangabai Sathe who later gave birth to Sawai Madhavrao.

Early life
Narayanrao Bhat was born 10 August 1755. He was the third and youngest son of Balaji Baji Rao (also known as Nana Saheb) and his wife Gopikabai. He received a conventional education in reading, writing and arithmetic and possessed a functional understanding of Sanskrit scriptures. He was married to Gangabai Sathe on 18 April 1763 before his eighth birthday. Gangabai was born in Kelashi village and belonged to Sathe family. Her father's name is not known, but Keshav Vinayak Sathe was the family head. Sathe's were the dashagranthi Brahmins and were serving as priests of Kelashi's Mahalakshmi. Ruins of Gangabai's house are still present in Kelshi village near a small Datta Mandir. He was very close to Parvatibai, the widow of Sadashivrao, who took him under her care to lessen her sorrows after her husband's death. His eldest brother Vishwasrao, heir to the title of the Peshwa, died in the Battle of Panipat in 1761 along with Sadashivrao. His father died a few months later and his elder brother Madhavrao took over as Peshwa.

He accompanied his brother Madhavrao in his expeditions to Carnatic on two occasions, once in 1765 and later in 1769. He received a wound in his wrist at the storming of fort Nijagal at the end of April 1770. In last one or two years of his brother's reign, he was placed in the care of the Maratha minister Sakharam Bapu in order to train him in his administrative work. His behaviour and performance of his duties always failed to impress his brother Madhavrao who expressed great fears about his future.

Ascension
Before his death, Madhavrao conducted a court session in which the issue of ascension was discussed at length and at the end of which, in the presence of the family deity, he nominated his younger brother Narayanrao as the next Peshwa. He counselled Naraynrao to conduct his administration by the advice of Sakharam Bapu and Nana Padnavis. Raghunathrao, the uncle of both Madhavrao and Narayanrao, didn't have the courage to openly oppose the nomination of Narayanrao in front of the dying Peshwa and so he apparently acquiesced to the arrangement. The Peshwa had also ordered in writing that Raghunathrao was to continue his confinement so as to prevent him from engaging in mischief. Raghunathrao attempted an escape shortly before the Peshwa's death but was immediately caught and put back into confinement.

Madhavrao finally died on 18 November 1772. His funeral rites were conducted at Theur and the court returned to Pune on 2 December. Narayanrao prepared to set off for Satara in order to receive his robes from Rajaram II. Before he could leave, his uncle Raghunathrao demanded to accompany him to Satara unless he was granted an independent fief of 25 lakhs annually for him and his family. But Raghunathrao was persuaded to give up his demands. And so Narayanrao went to Satara and received his robes from Rajaram II on 13 December. At the same time, Sakharam Bapu took his role as Karbhari ("Chief Administrator") and other officials confirmed their respective posts.

Gardis
The Peshwas employed Gardi soldiers for police duty around the palace and the city of Pune. The Gardis were less than 5000 strong and were mostly composed of North Indians, Pathans, Ethiopians, Arabs, Rajputs and Purbiyas. Their monthly salary ranged somewhere between Rs. 8 and Rs. 15. According to French military leader and administrator Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, the Gardis saw their role in purely commercial terms and had no personal attachment to their employer. The new Narayanrao inherited an empty treasury from his brother. Madhavrao had lost all the wealth he had accumulated over the years in paying off the empire's debts and had failed to bring funds in the last few years of life due to his illness. On top of that, with Ibrahim Khan Gardi and Marquis de Bussy gone, the Gardis no longer had an overarching leader to keep them disciplined. The unpaid and disorganised Gardis had now become a liability for the Marathas but neither Peshwa nor his advisors paid much attention to the pressing issue.

Prabhus
The Prabhus were an influential community in the Maratha empire. They claimed to be belonging to the Kshatriya ("warrior") caste which gave them the right to perform religious functions through the use of Vedic chants. A dispute over their caste status had occurred in the late 17th century but it was virtually resolved after the founder of the Maratha empire Shivaji and his confidential secretary Balaji Avji Chitnis, a Prabhus by caste, performed the sacred thread ceremony of their sons at the same time by using Vedic chants under the direction of the celebrated Brahmin scholar Gaga Bhatt. This created a precedent that allowed the Prabhus to hold on to their Kshatriya status without interference from orthodox Brahmins. But then Narayanrao decided to take up the cause of the orthodoxy and, likely under the impression from Nana Phadnavis, reduced their caste status from that of Kshatriya ("warrior") to that of Shudra ("servant"). Prominent leaders of the Prabhu community were called together and under severe torture, including starvation, forced to give up their caste status. They were compelled to sign an agreement of nine specific articles, according to which they would give up Kshatriya status and accept Shudra status. This action on the part of Narayanrao lost him the support of an influential community who later supported Raghunathrao.

Sakharam Bapu
Sakharam Bapu's policy which favoured compromise over radicalism was at odds with the rash and irritable behaviour of Narayanrao. The differences between the two quickly came to light during the appointment of the governorship of Vasai. The position had previously been held for a long time by a soldier and diplomat named Visajipant Lele. Sakharam Bapu held him in high regard because he had faithfully served him in several awkward situations that required mutual support. But Visajipant Lele was a corrupt official whose ill deeds were long known to Madhavrao. During the last days of his tenure, Madhavrao dismissed Visajipanth Lele after he misappropriated government property worth 20 lakhs. So when Narayanrao became Peshwa, Visajipanth Lele requested the new Peshwa to reappoint him as the Governor of Vasai. His request was supported by Sakharam Bapu but Narayanrao rejected Bapu's advice and appointed Trimbak Vinayak instead.

Narayanrao and Sakharam Bapu also disagreed on the issue of the Patwardhan Sardars. The Patwardhan Sardars had gained enormous power through their loyal service to the late Peshwa which irked Sakharam Bapu and Raghunathrao who took certain steps to lower their prestige, much to the displeasure of Narayanrao. Since the differences between Narayanrao and Sakharam Bapu were growing they decide to consult the opinions of Gopikabai, the widow of Balaji Rao and the eldest member of the family. And so Narayanrao, Sakharam Bapu and Vamanrao Patwardhan, the leading of the Patwardhan family, repaired to Gangapur in the middle of March 1773 to meet and ask for her advice. They spent a few days in frank discussion but could not arrive at any definite resolution.

Other Maratha officials
The courtiers at Pune had very negative opinions of the new Peshwa whom they described as impatient, irritable, facetious, gullible and immature person who refused to follow the guidance of Sakharam Bapu. Narayanrao had started imitating the manners and behaviour of his elder brother Madhavrao and had openly disrespected Sakharam Bapu and other elderly officials on several occasions. Nana Phadnavis kept himself aloof due to lack of confidence shown towards him. Unlike his senior colleague Sakharam Bapu, he only involved himself with the administration when absolutely necessary. This explains why Nana Phadnavis did not notice the talks of intrigues and plots taking place in the city. Moroba Phadnavis was another member of the executive government who shared the attitutde of indifference towards the Peshwa. The same was true for the Maratha general Haripant Phadke.

First attempt to escape
Narayanrao's relationship with his uncle Raghunathrao was cordial at the beginning. When Raghunathrao's daughter Durgabai was about to get married, Narayanrao made the arrangements for the marriage which took place on 7 February 1773. But later when Narayanrao was at Nashik, Raghunathrao tried to take advantage of the Peshwa's absence and plotted his escape. Raghunathrao began to enlist his own troops and wrote to Haidar Ali for support. Naro Appaji, the Maratha officer incharge for law and order in Pune, heightened the security around Raghunathrao by placing guards to watch all the exits of the palace and the city. Raghunathrao pitched his tents outside and declared that he was going on an expedition.

As soon as this news reached Narayanrao he returned to Pune and found Raghunathrao in his tents. He brought him back to the palace on 11 April 1773 and placed additional guards to prevent his escape. This further strained the relationship between Narayanrao and Raghunathrao. In July 1773, Raghunathrao become so exasperated with the restrictions imposed on him that he threatened to starve himself, his wife and his adopted son to death. Narayanrao failed to sooth things over by compromise. He had no advisors whom he could trust upon at this point.

Second attempt to escape
Two agents from Nagpur had been dispatched to Pune to request the Peshwa's confirmation for making Raghuji Bhonsle, the son of Mudhoji Bhonsle, the ruler of Nagpur in order to put the succession dispute between Mudhoji and his brother Sabaji to an end. But when the two agents arrived at Pune in the summer of 1773 and discovered the tensions between Narayanrao and Raghunathrao, they realised they had much to benefit from the chaos. At the same time Narayanrao continued supporting the claim of Sabaji and sent armed reinforcements under Khanderao Darekar to support him against his brother. This caught the ire of Mudhoji who vaguely told his agents to do whatever they deemed necessary for accomplishing their mission by supporting Raghunathrao's power.

But the agents needed to have a discussion with Raghunathrao before they could formulate a plan. Raghunathrao was in strict confinement at the time and so they approached Sakharam Hari Gupte, a strong partisan of Raghunathrao who had also been incensed by the Peshwa's decision to reduce the caste status of his community. They manage to obtain a secret meeting with Raghunathrao in which they hatch a plan which involved seizing Narayanrao and placing Raghunathrao on the throne. This would require for Raghunathrao to be free and organise an armed foce. In August 1773, during night time, Raghunathrao tried to escape using the help of Lakshman Kashi. But Raghunathrao was caught and taken into custody while Lakshman Kashi managed to escape and fled from Pune.

When news of Raghunathrao's attempted escape reached Narayanrao he made the terms of uncle's confinement harsher. Raghunathrao was no longer allowed to leave his room, all his essentials were delivered to him and his lavish lifestyle was curtailed. As part of his prayer, Raghunathrao would stand in the open and gaze at the sun, but he was now barred from performing it which made him furious. Although the relationship between Madhavrao and Raghunathrao, the former carefully avoided exasperating his uncle beyond a certain limit and skillfully employed his uncle's partisans so as to prevent any action against him. But Narayanrao lacked his elder brother's foresight and so his dissidents were able to find a common goal in supporting his uncle.

Third attempt to escape
Raghunathrao was also able to find the finding the sympathy of Appaji Ram, the ambassador of Haidar Ali at Pune, who managed to persuade his ruler to support Raghunathrao's cause. When Narayan found out about his uncle's plan to escape by enlisting the support Haidar Ali, he confined him in his palace and allowed neither his friends to visit him nor his servants to attend to him. His uncle, whether through exasperation or shrewdness, declared that he would starve himself to death so that his murder would be attributed to his nephew. For the next eighteen days, he consumed nothing except for two ounces of deer milk each day. When he was finally exhausted due to pangs of hunger, his nephew somewhat relented by promising him a district and five castles and a jagir of Rs. 12 lakh per annum, provided some of the great chieftains would become surety for his future conduct.

Resettlement of old allies
The Marathas led by Mahadji Shinde had recaptured Delhi in 1771. Mahadji Shinde and other Marathas chiefs were later occupied in looking after the affairs of Delhi and collecting revenues from other North Indian districts. Ghazi-uddin Imad-ul-mulk, an ally of the Marathas, was anxious to be reinstalled as the Wazir of the Mughal Empire as he had once been. The Mughal emperor Shah Alam II bitterly hated Ghazi-uddin for he murdering his father and would not give him any help. Meanwhile, Ghazi-uddin had been reduced to the status of a vagabond and so he went to Pune in December 1772 to make his case in front of the new Peshwa. In recognition of the services he had rendered onto the Marathas so far, and likely because of a promise made to him by Narayanrao, Nana Padnavis gave Ghazi-uddin a small provision in Bundelkhand. The previous Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim was another important friend of the Marathas and expected a similar compensation for his services but it was beyond the power of the Peshwa to satisfy him.

British naval attack
In April 1772, as Madhavrao was on his death bed, the President of Bombay Council received orders from the Home authorities to try and acquire from the Maratha certain places such as Salsette, Vasai, Elephanta, Karanja and others islands in the vicinity of Mumbai and to station a British agent in Pune in order to gain that object. British official Thomas Mostyn was chosen for the task as he was already familiar with the Pune court, having led the British mission of 1767. He arrived in Pune on 13 October 1772 and spent the next two years keenly watching the events unfold and advising the Bombay Council to take the necessary steps for the acquisition of those place.

Soon after the death of Madhavrao and ascension to the Maratha throne of his ostensibly weaker brother Narayanrao, the British navy sensing an opportunity started wanton aggression against Maratha posts of Thane, Vasai, Vijaydurg and Ratnagiri on the west coast. But Narayanrao took immediate action by appointing Trimbak Vinayak as the Sar-Subah of Vasai and the Konkan, and dispatched him with necessary funds to counter the British efforts. Trimbak Vinayak and the Maratha naval officer Dhulap of Vijaydurg together successfully repelled the British attack. But Mostyn remained at Pune watching and waiting for another opportunity.

Nagpur succession crisis
The death of the ruler of Nagpur Janoji Bhonsle in May 1772 set off a succession dispute within his family and led to a civil war between his sons Mudhoji and Sabaji. The disputed created ruptures at the Court of Pune as Sakharam Bapu and Raghunathrao supported Mudhoji while Narayanrao, Nana Phadnavis and others supported Sabaji. Sabaji also gained the support of Nizam Ali Khan and fought some battles against him brother whose result turned out to be indecisive. The brothers finally reached an agreement, according to which Mudhoji's son Raghuji was to be made the ruler of Nagpur. The arrangement had to be approved by the Peshwa, and so two agents, Vyankatrao Kashi Gupte and his brother Lakshman, were sent to Pune in order to acquire the robes for Raghuji.

The agents sent to Pune belonged to the Prabhu caste whose members were cross with Narayanrao who, likely under the impression from Nana Phadnavis, had reduced their caste status from that of Kshatriya ("warrior") to that of Shudra ("servant"). Prominent leaders of the Prabhu community were called together and under severe torture, including starvation, forced to give up their caste status. This action on the part of Narayanrao lost him the support of an influential community who later supported Raghunathrao. The two agents then tried to help Raghunathrao escape from his confinement. The actions of the agents exasperated and disgusted the Peshwa who on 16 August 1773 issued orders recognising Sabaji as the rightful ruler of Nagpur and commanded the agents to go back to Nagpur along with the third agent Bhavani Shivam who had just arrived.

Assassination
The period between 16 and 30 August witnessed an unprecedented number of secret talks and concealed discussions taking place among the various partisans of Raghunathrao, but as this had been a regular occurrence at the palace, no responsible official paid any serious attention to them. Since Raghunathrao could not leave his confinement, the preparations for the plot were carried out by Tujali Pawar, an influential personal servant of Raghunathrao and his wife Anandibai. Tujali additionally felt he had been wronged by Narayanrao and possibly Madhavrao, and regardless of whether this supposed offense was real or not, it motivated him to play an integral part in the plot. While the previous plan involved simply capturing Narayanrao, the new plan involved his murder and was partly based on the assumption that Sakharam Bapu would remain neutral with regards to the plot.

Legal consequences
Ram Shastri, the Nyayadhish ("Chief Justice") of the Maratha empire, likely began looking into the killing of Narayanrao immediately after the incident despite Raghunathrao's opposition. The investigation lasted for around six weeks and decisions were made in accordance with established judicial practices. Shastri found Raghunathrao as the main culprit and in addition about fifty persons more or less responsible for the murder (forty nine males and one female servant). Of these forty nine men, thirteen were Gardis (eight Hindus and five Muslims), twenty six were Brahmin, three were Prabhu and seven were Marathas. The twenty six Brahmins were essentially clerks who acted as agents in planning and executing the details of the plan. Vyankatrao Kashi, his brother Laxman and Sakharam Hari Gupte were the three Prabhus who were declared to have played a prominent role in the plot. When Shastri approached Raghunathrao, the latter downplayed the murder as a private, personal affair and asked the former to not concern himself with it. Shastri on his part, without an ounce of fear, told Raghunathrao that he was the main culprit for the murder of his nephew. Hence Raghunathrao and the general public understood the degree of power that lay with the judiciary in a well-governed state. But Shastri was dismissed from his office by Raghunathrao and went back to his native village.

Barbhais Council
While Shastri was conducting his investigation, Sakharam Bapu ensured that pregnant Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao, was secure and safe from harm's way. If Gangabai were to give birth to a male child, he would become the heir to the kingdom. But if she were to give birth to a female child, Sakharam Bapu contemplated the idea of making Ali Bahadur, the grandson of Baji Rao, the Peshwa of the Maratha empire. He convinced most of the Maratha chiefs from Raghunathrao's camp to switch sides without rousing his suspicion. He laid the foundations of a group of twelve Maratha officials and chiefs who were collectively known as the Barbhais Council ("Twelve Comrades"). These included Nana Phadnavis, Haripant Phadnavis, Babuji Naik, Maloji Ghorpade, Bhavanrao Pratinidhi, Raste, Patwardhans with the addition of Mahadji Shinde and Tukoji Holkar.

Raghunathrao's short lived government
Having failed to convince the senior and most highly competent ministers such as Sakharam Bapu and Nana Phadnavis to join his new administration, Raghunathrao had to begin his rule with the help of ministers Chinto Vithal and Moroba Phadnavis. The two Nagpur agents also continued supporting him. Raghunathrao sent one of them, Laksham Kashi with a letter of friendly terms to Mudhoji Bhonsle inviting him to Pune with all his forces. The other Nagpur agent Vyankatrao remained in Pune to help the new Peshwa manage the new administration. He sent Amritrao to Satara to procure the robes from Chhatrapati Rajaram II but there was a delay and the robes were finally obtained on 10 October 1773. He did not ceremoniously accept them in a durbar at Pune but rather at Alegaon near the river Bhima on the last day of October. He prepared his own seal and purposefully omitted Rajaram's name as being inauspicious.

During the Dashera festival occurring on 25 September 1773, apart from having to discuss the threats posed by Haidar Ali and Nizam Ali, Raghunathrao also had to deal with the Gardi chiefs who virtually held all the power and whose only goal was to get as much money from him as possible. He appointed Bhavanrao Pratinidhi as his agent for settling the matter with the Gardi chiefs. Bhavanrao Pratinidhi got rid of the Gardi chiefs from the palace by paying them the stipulated five lakh rupees and an additional amount of three lakh rupees in lieu of the three forts they wanted as their safe resort. During the negotiations, the Gardis had threatened to depose Raghunathrao and install Ali Bahadur (grandson of Peshwa Baji Rao) as the peshwa if their payments were made. They also demanded and were given a written order that Raghunathrao would protect them under all circumstances.

Hence Raghunathrao now had no strong supporters except second rate men such as the Gardi chiefs, and Sakharam Hari, Sadashiv Ramchandra, Vyankatrao Kashi, Abaji Mahadev, Tulaji Pawar, Moroba Phadnavis, Maloji Ghorpade, Govindrao Gaikwad, Manaji Phadke and Mudhoji Bhonsle. Gangadhar Yeshwant, an important partisan of Raghunathrao, died on 20 February 1774 and this considerably weakened his party. But at least his monetary troubles were relieved after Visaji Krishna arrived in Pune and brought with him, under orders from the previous Peshwa, a treasure of 22 lakh rupees and which Raghunathrao greedily sized.

Legacy

 * The Narayan Peth area in Pune is named after Peshwa Narayanrao.
 * There is a belief in Pune that Narayanrao's ghost roams the ruins of Shaniwar Wada  at every full moon night and calls out for help just like the way he did on the fateful day of his assassination .    Bajirao II believed in the ghost superstition too and planted thousands of mango trees around Pune city and gave donations to Brahmins and religious institutions in the hope that this would propitiate the ghost.
 * S. N. Patankar directed an early Indian silent film on the assassination of the Peshwa, titled Death of Narayanrao Peshwa, in 1915.

title: Narayan Rao


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