text:
Gordon Coates

Joseph Gordon Coates (3 February 1878 – 27 May 1943) served as the 21st prime minister of New Zealand from 1925 to 1928. He was the third successive Reform prime minister since 1912.

Born in rural Northland, Coates grew up on a farm, which he took charge of at a young age due to his father's mental illness, before becoming a member of Parliament in 1911. He maintained a focus on farming issues and stood as an independent candidate. After distinguished service during World War I, he was appointed as Minister of Justice and Postmaster-General in the Reform government of William Massey (1919); he served as Minister of Public Works (1920–26) and Native Affairs (1921–28) and became prime minister in 1925 on Massey's death.

Defeated in the elections of 1928, Coates returned to government in 1931 as the key figure in the coalition government of George Forbes. Serving as Minister of Public Works (1931–33) and of Finance (1933–35), he instituted rigorous policies to combat the economic depression of the 1930s. He became a member of Peter Fraser's War Administration from 1940, serving as Minister of Armed Forces and War Co-ordination until his death.

Early life
Born at Ruatuna, the family home on their sheep and cattle farm at Hukatere in the Matakohe district on the Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand, Coates took on significant responsibility at a relatively early age because his father suffered from bipolar disorder. He received a basic education at a local school, and his well-educated mother also tutored him. He became an accomplished horseman, although an accident left him with a bad leg for the rest of his life. The large Māori population of the area meant that Coates learned to speak some Māori and understood a lot more. Gossip suggests that before his marriage, Coates had two children by a Māori woman. He allegedly became engaged to Eva Ingall, a teacher, but her father forbade marriage on the grounds that the illness of Coates' father might prove hereditary. Eventually, on 4 August 1914, he married Marguerite Grace Coles, better known as Marjorie Grace Coles, by whom he had five daughters.

Early political career
While farming, Coates became active in farmers' organisations. He first became involved in politics with the Otamatea County Council, to which he won election in 1905. He served as the Council's chairman from 1913 to 1916. He had previously distinguished himself as commander of the Otamatea Mounted Rifle Volunteers, and had a good local reputation. In the 1911 parliamentary election, Coates won the Kaipara seat, having stood as an independent candidate aligned with the Liberal Party. In Parliament he generally voted with the Liberals, and formed part of the group that allowed Joseph Ward to keep his position as prime minister. When Ward resigned and Thomas Mackenzie replaced him, Coates declined the offer of a ministerial position.

Gradually, however, Coates distanced himself from the Liberal Party – primarily because of his strong belief in freehold for farmers, which the Liberals generally opposed. Coates had developed this belief due to his own experience with leasehold on his family's farm. When a vote of no confidence took place in 1912, Coates voted against the Liberals, helping the opposition Reform Party come to power. By 1914, Coates had formally joined Reform. He did not, however, act as a particularly partisan member, and made friends with politicians of many different political shades. His political activities focused primarily on improving services for the Far North. At the outbreak of World War I, Coates attempted to enlist for active service, but the prime minister, William Massey, dissuaded him from doing so by – the Reform Party had only a tenuous majority. In November 1916, however, Coates finally gained permission to join up – he served with considerable distinction, winning a Military Cross and bar. When he returned to New Zealand, many saw him as a hero, and on 2 September 1919 Massey appointed him to Cabinet as Minister of Justice, Postmaster-General, and Minister of Telegraphs. He later became Minister of Public Works and Minister of Railways. He also encouraged publicity for rail travel. From March 1921, Coates served as Minister of Native Affairs, where his knowledge of Māori proved a useful asset. He became a friend of Āpirana Ngata, and worked with him to help address Māori concerns. As Minister of Public Works Coates set up the regulatory framework for generation of electricity and reticulation. Likewise he initiated several major state hydro power schemes such as the Mangahao Power Station in the Tararua Range near Shannon which was officially opened on 3 November 1924.

Premiership
Coates' prominence gradually increased to the point where people saw him as a natural successor to Massey. When Massey died on 10 May 1925, Sir Francis Bell became caretaker prime minister while the Reform Party could make a decision on it long-term leadership. On 27 May 1925 Coates was elected Reform's leader having defeated William Nosworthy in a caucus ballot. The 74 year old Bell resigned to make way for Coates to become prime minister, aged 47, on 30 May.

The leaders of the Liberal Party met with Coates in June 1925 to discuss the 'fusion' of the two parties to better oppose the Labour Party. Coates had little enthusiasm for the idea, nor did Bell or any other seniors MPs in Reform, and the idea was rejected thinking that Reform would win the election on its own. Coates decided against making any changes to the cabinet before the election. The remainder of the parliamentary session was rather dull and seen as business as usual, rather than anything new in terms of legislation. The biggest talking point was Nosworthy's budget which revealed a healthy surplus. It included a reduction to the land tax and lowered the maximum rate of income tax. Also created were child welfare provisions including a children's court system, state supervision for support and supervision of delinquent, neglected and illegitimate children by child welfare officers.

The Reform Party's campaign organiser, Albert Davy, made Coates and his personality the focus of the 1925 election campaign. Being relatively young and New Zealand born Coates was seen as something of a political novelty which in and of itself garnered public interest. Reform's slogans were also about its leader such as 'Coates and confidence', 'Coates and certainties' and 'coats of with Coates' which were aggressively advertised in newspapers to convey safety and decisiveness. Personally, Coates was not ideologically committed any particular political or economic philosophy more noted for his good sense and pragmatism. Accordingly, when Reform's manifesto was released on 2 October was light on detail and mainly discussed broad sentiments. It spoke of Reform promising government stability, economic security, equal opportunities and New Zealand's role in imperial defence. Also included were commitments to complete all public works schemes already underway and gradually reduce overseas borrowing. It also famously borrowed the line "more business in government, less government in business" from American president Calvin Coolidge.

Coates drew large crowds during his election campaign, conducting a speaking tour. His speeches were likewise broad on sentiment and light on detail. Most spoke of the need for 'strong and stable government' with intention to 'govern for all' while labelling his own views as 'liberal and progressive'. This last point was discussed as atypical of the Reform Party which was made mostly of social and fiscal conservatives. During the campaign one of Coates' ministers, Sir James Parr, told a crowd in Auckland Coates was "no Tory ... he came from the people and was for the people; he stood all the time for justice to all sections of the community." He defended freehold land policy from Labour Party attacks and even promised to introduce a contributary insurance scheme to fund payments for the invalided and unemployed. Reform won a massive victory with 47% of the vote and 55 out of 80 seats.

The sheer scale of his victory would later turn into a difficulty of its own as Coates found it difficult to live up to the high expectations on him. This was seen almost immediately after the election when, contrary to the decisiveness promised in the campaign, Coates dithered as to his cabinet reshuffle. A somewhat sentimental man, he eventually revealed that he would retain most of Massey's cabinet with a few new additions which bloated the cabinet to 13 members. The reshuffle was not fully complete until April 1926 when Parr was sent to London as the new High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Coates was losing his reputation for decisiveness. Unsure on how to capitalise on his election win, Coates had created a new Prime Minister's Department with his private secretary Frank David Thomson as department head to provide a 'greater measure of efficiency in dealing with official matters'. Parr's departure triggered a by-election in his seat of. The by-election was a disaster for Reform as its vote was split between the official candidate and an independent Reformer, allowing Labour to win the seat. Only five months after Reform's landslide general election result, this was a huge election turnaround. Coates seemed unable to impose order on his party, a trait Massey had always been noted for.

He retained the native affairs portfolio throughout his premiership. He set up a royal commission on Māori land confiscations, known as the Sim commission after its chairman Sir William Sim a supreme court judge. The Sim commission looked into historic land confiscations, which was the cause of much bitterness. By mid-1926 serious problems were mounting. Export prices for meat, wool and butter were falling resulting in the country being in a trade deficit. The problem was spreading as lower profits from producers was causing unemployment to rise steadily. Coates' government came under attack in the house by the opposition, particularly over unemployment. Coates responded by pushing through emergency legislation empowering local authorities to borrow funds to create jobs. This had minimal effect leading the government to contemplate pausing immigration. By August a Family Allowances bill was introduced. It was a means-tested allowance from the Pensions Department for families on incomes of less than £4 a week with more than two children. Men in employment were assumed to be paid enough to support themselves, a wife and two children so no payments were made for the first two children. It was criticised from the left by Labour as being inadequate to the situation, as only 5% of the population were recipients. Rather than raise taxes, £250,000 was appropriated by Parliament. An innovative policy, and without precedence in the western world, it was also criticised from the right as encouraging dependence on the state. Coates had a temporary reprieve from domestic troubles when he left to lead the New Zealand contingent to attend the 1926 Imperial Conference in London. Though performing well, he disliked the formalities and protocols which he felt left little room for action after talk. Bell accompanied him through much of the conference which established the Balfour Declaration of 1926 which declared New Zealand and the other dominions as autonomous communities within the British Empire with equal in status. Coates and Bell were both against the idea. They were in agreement on defence with Britain and Australia for establishing a naval base at Singapore. Coates pledged that New Zealand would pay £1 million toward the construction. Late in the year Coates visited France and Belgium to visit cemeteries where New Zealand First World War soldiers were buried. He also briefly visited Ireland and while in Dublin was awarded an honorary doctorate. On route back to New Zealand he visited Canada and the United States. He met with Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, US Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and President Calvin Coolidge mostly discussing matters of the South Pacific. Soon after returning he hosted Prince Albert, Duke of York on his royal tour of New Zealand.

By February 1927 unemployment was still growing. Coates suspended immigration for several months as a reprieve for the problem. Farmers incomes were suffering due to the economic downturn in its British export market. The Dairy Board proposed to fix the price of butter on the British market to try and stabilise farmers' incomes. The government, recognising market conditions were unable to meet the board's demand, was forced to persuade the board to desist in March 1927. Coates was to receive much hostility from the farmers who continued to blame him for their continued financial woes. Rural areas, usually Reform's stronghold, were deeply dissatisfied with the government and had the opportunity to make their dissatisfaction known at the Raglan by-election in September 1927. Reform was embarrassed for the second time that term in losing a normally safe seat to Labour. Vote splitting was again rife with many farmers, who normally voted Reform, having a Liberal, Country Party and independent Reformer to vote for. Labour's successful candidate won mostly with votes from local coal miners. Even Reform friendly papers acknowledged popularity for Coates and his government had collapsed since 1925, though he still was able to attract crowds when he visited the electorate during the campaign.

Coates premiership was marked by an intention to develop the rural economy of New Zealand, from which he stemmed, partricularly in terms of roads and transport infrastructure. To this goal, he dedicated a number of projects, such as the construction of the Kopu Bridge in the Coromandel Peninsula, which gave the local farmers better road access, and approving the construction of a Rotorua-Taupo railway which had long been sought after by settlers living between Rotorua and Taupo to open up the district. He also supported public works schemes as they offered jobs for unemployment releif.

As the Great Depression loomed and New Zealand's economy began to further deteriorate, Coates and the Reform Party attracted considerable criticism. Promised legislation had to be shelved such as the contributary insurance scheme promised at the 1925 election and in late-1928 it was dropped altogether. By 1927 Davy had fallen out with Coates and had left Reform and created the new United Party mostly out of the remainder of the Liberal Party with funds from disaffected former Reform donors. At the 1928 general election Reform and United Party won an almost equal number of parliamentary seats. When parliament met a vote of no confidence was called. Both United and Labour voted against the government, as did four independent MPs and the sole Country Party member, which saw Coates' government defeated 50 votes to 28. As a result Coates lost the premiership.

Opposition
With the formation of the United government Coates became Leader of the Opposition. When United put forward their proposed Unemployment Act of 1930 to deal with the still growing numbers of unemployed Labour refused to support it. It required men to register as unemployed, but insisted on the principle of no pay without work, requiring men to labour in work schemes of dubious value receiving pay from an unemployment board. Without Labour's votes the bill could not be passed but Coates pledged Reform's support to allow it to pass. Coates though the government was largely incompetent and were risking social cohesion with its austerity. He sensed a political opportunity to let United take the blame for the depression while leaving his own party comparatively clean. However the Reform Party conference in 1931 advised further co-operation with United. Against his better judgement Coates was persuaded to do so.

Coalition
In 1931, the Labour Party completely withdrew its support from the United government, protesting about various economic measures which it regarded as hostile to workers. Coates and the Reform Party subsequently agreed to form a coalition with United, preventing a general election in which Labour might have made significant gains. United's leader, George Forbes, remained prime minister, but Coates and his Reform Party colleagues gained a number of significant posts. William Downie Stewart Jr, Coates' colleague, became Minister of Finance.

In the 1931 general election the United-Reform Coalition retained power, although Labour increased its share of the vote. Economic problems persisted, however, and unemployment continued to rise. Coates quarrelled with William Downie Stewart Jr over the government's response, and Coates himself became Minister of Finance. The Prime Minister, George Forbes, became increasingly apathetic and disillusioned, and increasingly Coates ran the government. Talk persisted about the emotional state of Coates. As finance minister he devalued the New Zealand currency and established the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in 1934.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.

In the 1935 general election the coalition suffered a major defeat, winning only 19 seats: Coates nearly lost Kaipara. The Labour Party, which had won 53 seats, formed its first government and Michael Joseph Savage became prime minister.

Later political career

After the defeat of the coalition government, Coates withdrew from public attention to a large extent. He experienced a period of financial difficulty resulting from the sudden loss of income, but his situation improved when a group of friends presented him with a large sum of £550 as thanks for his long service.

When United and Reform merged to establish the National Party in May 1936, Coates sat as a National MP. Some of his supporters urged him to seek the party's leadership, but others within the party believed that both Coates and Forbes remained too closely associated with the country's economic problems, and that the new party needed fresh faces. Forbes supported Charles Wilkinson for the leadership, but Coates and his supporters rejected this choice, going so far as to threaten a re-establishment of the Reform Party if it went through. Eventually Coates preferred choice Adam Hamilton, a former Reform member, won the leadership ballot by one vote. Coates was a loyal supporter of Hamilton, who retained him on the frontbench as finance spokesperson. In the house Coates was critical of Labour's finance minister Walter Nash, arguing the government's new regulations would restrict competition, inflate costs and slow economic growth. At the same time he did concede that on reflection that the coalition government's austerity had gone too far and caused unnecessary hardship. Coates deputised at times for Hamilton including in August 1940 when, while Hamilton was ill, Coates was acting Leader of the Opposition when war was imminent with Germany. He ceased all politicking by National and advocated for co-operation with the government for the sake of national defence.

With the outbreak of World War II, the Labour government invited both Coates and Hamilton to join a special War Cabinet, which would be responsible for matters related to the war's prosecution. Their acceptance created a rift between them and their National colleagues – the party replaced Hamilton as leader over the issue, and relations between Coates and the new leader, Sidney Holland, deteriorated. Coates strongly believed partisanship misplaced during the war, and attempted to convince both Labour and National to work together. He expressed pleasure when the two parties established a joint War Administration, with the War Cabinet serving as its executive body. The War Administration quickly collapsed, with National choosing to resign. Coates and Hamilton openly criticised this decision, and the day after their resignation became effective, they rejoined the War Cabinet on the invitation of the prime Minister, Peter Fraser. Coates thus became an Independent, and he decided that he would contest the next election as an independent National candidate, not as the National Party's officially-nominated candidate.

Death
Coates' health, however, had begun to fail. He had smoked heavily for most of his life, and had also developed heart trouble. On 27 May 1943 he collapsed and died in his office in Wellington. The Labour Party eulogised him more strongly than did his National Party colleagues, although politicians from all sides of the House paid tribute to him.

Legacy
Coates' style lived on through his mentee Keith Holyoake, later prime minister himself (1957; 1960–72), who saw Coates as his political role model. Both held each other in mutual admiration and respect and held shared views on opposition to socialism and state control while supporting individual freedom and private enterprise.

Coatesville a small town in Auckland north of Albany was called Fernielea until 1926, when it was renamed after Coates.

title: Gordon Coates


text:
Théoneste Bagosora

Théoneste Bagosora (16 August 1941 – 25 September 2021) was a Rwandan military officer. He was chiefly known for his key role in the 1994 Rwandan genocide for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). In 2011, the sentence was reduced to 35 years' imprisonment on appeal. He was due to be imprisoned until he was 89. According to René Lemarchand, Bagosora was "the chief organizer of the killings". On 25 September 2021, he died in a prison hospital in Mali, where he was being treated for heart issues.

Early life and career
Bagosora was born in Giciye in what is now Nyabihu District, Western Province, Rwanda. In 1964 he graduated from the École des officiers (Officers' School) in Kigali with the rank of second lieutenant. In 1982, he graduated with a commendation from the Institut des hautes études de défense nationale in France. During his military career, he served as second-in-command of the École supérieure militaire (Superior Military School) in Kigali and as commander of Kanombe military camp.

On 29 April 1970, he was promoted to the rank of captain. He became a full colonel in October 1989. He was appointed to the position of directeur du cabinet (chief of staff) in the Ministry of Defence in June 1992. Despite officially retiring from the military on 23 September 1993, he retained this post until fleeing the country in July 1994.

Role in the genocide
"It seems that, in as much as there was a general organizer of the whole operation, this distinction has to go to Colonel Théoneste Bagosora."

- Gérard Prunier

Bagosora was born in the same northern region as Juvénal Habyarimana, the president of Rwanda from 1973 to 1994. He was linked to le Clan de Madame, known later as the akazu, a group associated with Agathe Habyarimana, the president's wife, who was at the nexus of the Hutu Power ideology.

Although he was present at the negotiations of the Arusha Accords in August 1993, he never supported them. He is widely cited as saying, in the context of the Arusha Accords, that he was returning to Rwanda to "prepare for the apocalypse", but that is apocryphal. Luc Marchal, a Belgian officer, who served as Kigali sector commander in UNAMIR, reported that Bagosora told him that the only way to solve Rwanda's problems was to get rid of the Tutsi.

Bagosora was responsible for establishing paramilitary "self-defense" units, the Interahamwe, that would operate in every commune in the country. These groups were to act in concert with the local police, militias, and military authorities. Bagosora was also responsible for distributing arms and machetes throughout Rwanda. Between January 1993 and March 1994, Rwanda imported more than 500,000 machetes, twice the number imported in previous years.

At about 8:15 pm on the evening of 6 April 1994, President Habyarimana was flying back to Kigali after a meeting when his plane was struck by two missiles fired from the ground. The plane crashed, killing everyone on board. The position of the American and Rwandan governments is that the missiles were fired from the Kanombe barracks, which were controlled by the Presidential Guard, but that conclusion is disputed. News of the President's death was broadcast and the killings began.

After the assassination, Colonel Bagosora along with Colonel Rwagafilita gathered supporters and convened a meeting of a Crisis Committee. Roméo Dallaire, the UN commander was invited, and arrived to find the senior leadership of the Rwandan army. Dallaire rejected Bagosora's proposal of having the military take control of the political situation until they could hand it over to the politicians and he reminded him that Rwanda still had a government headed by Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana. Bagosora responded that she was incapable of governing the nation. A few hours later, Madame Agathe was murdered with her husband by members of the Presidential Guard and the army. After Bagosora's failed attempt to have the military take over the role of government, the group proceeded to pick a provisional government. The interim government was a multiparty group, but all came from the hardliner sections of their respective parties.

Massacres began all over the country. Many prominent Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed right away, their names and addresses having been on lists. Radio Mille Collines broadcast incitements to murder. Trucks began arriving to pick up scores of bodies. On the morning of 7 April, ten Belgian peacekeepers who had been guarding Prime Minister Agathe and who were witnesses to the government troops laying siege to her residence were disarmed and taken to Camp Kigali, approximately 200 metres from where Colonel Bagosora was holding a meeting of military officers. The peacekeepers were murdered over the course of several hours by military personnel. During his testimony, Colonel Bagosora admitted attending to the scene while the murders were in progress, although claiming he could do nothing to stop the killings. As anticipated, the death of the ten Belgian peacekeepers prompted the withdrawal of most peacekeeping troops from Rwanda, effectively clearing the way for slaughter.

Over the next 100 days, people were being killed at an astonishing rate. The number of dead in the genocide varies from 500,000 to more than 1,000,000 people, depending on the source.

Upon the interference of Tutsi army in response to the genocide, Bagosora fled into neighbouring Zaire. "Fed and protected in refugee camps supported by millions of dollars in international aid, the Hutu Power leaders were able to hold regular planning meetings and to recruit new members." With Bagosora actively involved, they rebuilt their military structures with the purpose of wiping out the Tutsi population.

ICTR trial

Bagosora later moved to Cameroon with several other Hutu Power leaders. It was there that he was detained with André Ntagerura in 1996. In 1997, he first appeared before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in Arusha, Tanzania, to face thirteen counts of eleven different international crimes, based on the laws of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The joint trial with three other senior military officers charged as co-conspirators opened on 2 April 2002.

During his trial further evidence was submitted that in 1991 he and other co-accused helped to draft a document where they referred to the Tutsi ethnic group as the "principal enemy" which was widely distributed in the army. They were also accused of supporting the media outlets responsible for spreading hate messages and making lists of victims. The trial wrapped up on 1 June 2007, after five years, with Colonel Théoneste Bagosora still maintaining his innocence.

On 18 December 2008, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda found Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers, Major Aloys Ntabakuze and Colonel Anatole Nsengiyumva, guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentenced him to life imprisonment. In ruling that life imprisonment was the appropriate sentence for Bagosora the three trial judges concurred that "The toll of human suffering was immense as a result of crimes which could have only occurred with his orders and authorisation." The tribunal court stated that Bagosora had been "the highest authority in the Rwandan Defense Ministry, with authority over the military" in the aftermath of the assassination of President Habyarimana. The court ruled that Bagosora was responsible for the murders of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, the ten Belgian peacekeepers who had been guarding the Prime Minister at Camp Kigali, the president of the Constitutional Court Joseph Kavaruganda, and three major opposition leaders, Faustin Rucogoza, Frederic Nzamurambaho, and Landoald Ndasingwa. In addition, the court found Bagosora guilty of orchestrating the mass killings of Tutsis in Kigali and Gisenyi. However, the trial court held there was a reasonable doubt that events prior to 6 April could only be explained by Bagosora conspiring with others, so he was therefore acquitted on a charge of conspiracy to commit genocide prior to 7 April 1994.

In the end result at trial, Bagosora was convicted of 10 counts of eight different crimes, including genocide, two counts of murder (one for Rwandans and one for peacekeepers), Extermination, Rape, Persecution, Other Inhumane Acts, two counts of Violence to Life (one for Rwandans and one for peacekeepers) as well as Outrages Upon Personal Dignity. He was serving his sentence in the Koulikoro prison in Mali. On 1 April 2021, his request for parole was denied. Bagosora died five months later.

In popular culture
In the 2005 film by HBO Sometimes in April, a historical drama about the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, Bagosora is portrayed by Abby Mukiibi Nkaaga.

In the 2007 film Shake Hands with the Devil, a dramatisation of Canadian military officer Roméo Dallaire's book about his time as commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, Bagosora is portrayed by Burundian actor Michel-Ange Nzojibwami.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Théoneste Bagosora


text: Category:Towns in Canada

title: Category:Towns in Canada


text:
Talk:Ohm

Siemens and Mho as reciprocals to resistance
I edited the mho reference to state that mho is used in addition to the SI unit of Siemens. Mho has not fallen out of use in all fields, especially electrical engineering. Nicholas SL Smith chatter 02:38, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Formula
Shouldn't R = V/I be in it somewhere? In that simple form.

Ohm’s law
What about Ohm's law should that be mentioned? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.207.22.59 (talk) 16:32, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

ohm symbol
do we really need three ohm different characters? PeregrineAY 02:34, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)

 * No, but we need the right one. Unless the two sets of comments confused me, it looked like you kept the incorrect one to display.  I left the comment for future editors, but rearranged to just one.  There is probably no difference between using the first listed; they should both map to the same character. Gene Nygaard 04:00, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there such thing as a "right" one? I am wondering if all users can see &*omega; and if the other ones, 937 and 8486, would be better for all wikipedians to use. PeregrineAY 07:50, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)

 * There is such a thing as a wrong one. #8486 or #x2126 is the Unicode character is in a group of characters whose only purpose is to enable accurate rendition in Unicode of text originally formatted in a certain few code pages in a certain few Asian languages.  It is not for use in new writing in any language, and certainly not in English.
 * There have been times when some browsers will support a named character and not support it numerical equivalent, or vice versa. I don't think that is a problem at all in regards to the basic Greek characters, though it still does matter for some other more obscure characters.  I don't think it makes any difference if you use &omega; or &#937; or &#x3A9 as they should all show up as exactly the same character.  Here they are, side by side--increase the text size in your browser and compare them:  ΩΩΩ
 * This way, if anybody's browser doesn't show all three of them, and all the same, they can let us know. Gene Nygaard 13:01, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * out of interest do you know what encoding lead to omega and ohm sign being seperated? Plugwash 01:43, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The appearance should depend on the font specified, for example, I may have installed a general unicode font as well as a font only for Greek letter with higher priority. According to http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/3a9/index.htm, &Omega; is defined as U+03A9, while ohm is another Unicode character. I noticed this when I'm using a special math fonts for Omega but not ohm. In my option, only &937 is correct, not the other two. Coolwanglu (talk) 15:36, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Seems to me that most communication, computer and scientific systems are still restricted to ASCII for the forseeable future and in those the common notation for the ohm unit is to use the capital letter R or Z (also used for Impedance generally). This is obvious general knowledge to anyone working in any technical field but shouldn't he article mention this? Anyone know where to find citation for this ? (other than me :P ) --Miikka Raninen (talk) 07:19, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I had a quick look in some of my books and two (Electronics Toolkit and Practical Electronics Handbook) mentioned BS 1852, which has the codes like 4R7, 470R, 4K7, etc. The books say that the decimal point is replaced to avoid it being lost on poor drawings and photocopies, and that R is used because omega is less available on computer printers. I wouldn’t say it’s specifically because of ASCII though. Also I’ve never seen it directly substituted for the omega symbol in conjunction with an SI prefix (4.7 kR, 4.7 MR), nor have I ever seen Z used as a unit (only as a quantity, traditionally italic Z). Vadmium (talk, contribs) 11:05, 31 January 2012 (UTC).

Kilohm or kiloohms
I have edited this part on the basis of the following

Google                      hits   (august 2005) kilohm OR kilohms                12,300   23,800 kiloohm OR kiloohms               7,180    8,440 "kilo-ohm" OR "kilo-ohms"                 10,900 "kilo-ohm"                        6,350 "kilo-ohms"                       5,470 megaohm OR megaohms              22,600   23,200 megohm OR megohms                92,900   99,800 "mega-ohm" OR "mega-ohms"                 11,600 gigaohm OR gigaohms               7,680    7,490 gigohm OR gigohms                 1,250      853 "giga-ohm" OR "giga-ohms"                    849 teraohm OR teraohms               1,350      693 terohm OR terohms                    40       55 Gene Nygaard 05:43, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC) Urhixidur 00:23, 2005 August 22 (UTC) (for the August 2005 counts)

 * "The simplified spelling kilohm is approved by the Institute of Electrical and (IEEE)" - Can we have a link to that?
 * Urhixidur 17:45, 2005 August 21 (UTC)
 * Yes - section 9.3 on this NIST page cites SI 10-2002 IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI) as saying that "there are three cases in which the final vowel of an SI prefix is commonly omitted: megohm (not megaohm), kilohm (not kiloohm), and hectare (not hectoare)." JohnCD (talk) 21:17, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Perfect!  The above citation is relevant and yields relevant information.
 * Editing based data from search engine results is original research and unless it is cited from within the content of a reliable published source, it is against Wikipedia:No_original_research.  Linking to sources talking about linguistics or approved spellings is acceptable, but unless a source comments on the frequency, history, or correctness of a spelling, it is an inappropriate topic for this article.   Nicholas SL Smith chatter 03:02, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * What you say applies to articles. The policy also states in the first first paragraph: "This policy of no original research does not apply to talk pages and other pages which evaluate article content and sources..." Senator2029  “Talk”   06:21, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move back, of course. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 19:53, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Seems like a clear case of primary topic disambiguation. --SPUI (talk - don't use sorted stub templates! ) 03:25, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * (Against) I'm not too sure, it seems that Ohm could be used (as last names commonly are) by someone looking for Georg Ohm or Martin Ohm. --tonsofpcs (Talk) 03:29, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Neutral, I don't really care, but in any case, I fixed all the links that are clearly intended as referring to the unit from "[[Ohm]]" to "[[Ohm (unit)]]" and they need not be changed back regardless of the result, as single redirects are not a problem. — Mar. 21, '06 [04:20]
 * Oppose -- it was just moved, so there's not consensus. "Where there is no such consensus, there is no primary topic page." And it's a lot easier to find and fix links to a Generic Topic page. --William Allen Simpson 09:32, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support per below. Femto 13:30, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. Absent consensus for the move, the article "just moved" ought to have the move undone, and agree with the points below.  Lack of consensus for the move that was done means the long-standing and proper way of doing it should remain; editors shouldn't be allowed to shift the burden of proof by jumping in and making a move without consensus.  Gene Nygaard 14:27, 23 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. I am open to the debate and I am reading the comments with interest. But for now, I see no reason for treating it differently from other unit articles (and there is still some room for consistency improvements with unit articles). bobblewik 17:23, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. Pretty sure the unit is the primary topic here. Plugwash 17:28, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support Cacycle 18:42, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Absolutely support and am shaking my head that this was moved, there is no other meaning for Ohm. I never refer to nor have I ever seen a reference to Georg Ohm or Martin Ohm as just "Ohm" (like Cher).  "Ohm" means the unit, period.  The only time I see George Ohm referred to as just Ohm is in Ohm's law because there are no other laws by a dude named Ohm. Cburnett 22:43, 24 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support as per Cburnett — Omegatron 23:35, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Comments
Ohm was in line with Becquerel, Celsius, Coulomb, Farad, Hertz, Joule, Newton, Pascal, Sievert, Volt, Watt, which are all primary topics about the unit. Gray redirects to Grey with the color as the primary topic. Henry, Weber, Siemens also have notable other uses and are disambiguation pages. Tesla redirects to Nikola Tesla. — Articles about people are available under their proper names. Someone looking for Georg or Martin will find them just as well through a dablink. Disambiguation on last names is a navigational help, not a criterion to decide whether a topic is primary. There are no other notable things called "Ohm"! (*)
 * (*) There is an obsolete German liquid measure called Ohm, thus Ohm (unit) itself is ambiguous, by the way.

There wasn't consensus either to move Ohm to Ohm (unit), was there? What is this move all about? As to the consensus argument, I think "no such consensus" does not mean that primary topic disambiguations may be overturned by any possible minority. There are Fiona Apple and Charlie Apple: does Apple have to be moved to Apple (fruit)? Femto 13:30, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No consensus means that primary topics can be overturned by a minority. Most pages start as primary topics, and when they aren't anymore, they are moved (usually on the third topic, see WP:D).  This has been quite fully discussed.  Primary topic pages have to be so important that folks are willing to do the extra effort to find all valid and invalid links on a regular basis.  That's a lot of extra work!  Generic Topic pages can assume that all links need disambiguation.  There's a whole project page devoted to shuffling these around.  Thanks for pointing out more that need moving.
 * --William Allen Simpson 06:40, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * You're not going to move Apple without a discussion and a formal move request—and that's the weakest candidate in the list. Tell, what is the other meaning of "Ohm" that needs disambiguation? You misinterpret Disambiguation: it can not be imposed by any minority. Consensus does not mean there can't be any opposition at all to reach it. Femto 13:30, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Ohm capitalized
I've heard that the unit Ohm should be capitalized at all times since it is derived from a family name. Is that true? If not, was it ever true in the past? Binksternet (talk) 21:59, 22 May 2008 (UTC)
 * SI units derived named for a person should not be capitalized, but their symbols should be. Note that the symbol for the ohm (Ω) is not a Latin letter, but it is a capitalized Greek letter. --Random832 (contribs) 15:54, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The words "Latin" and "Greek" are proper nouns, and they ARE capitalized. So are English, French, German, Spanish, etc.
 * Units derived from names are NOT capitalized, and neither are the named of chemical elements that are derived from proper nouns. Note: americium, berkelium, curium, einsteinium, fermium, germanium, holmium (derived from Stockholm), lawrencium, mendelevium, polonium, scandium, thorium, uranium, yttrium, and many more. Once you can get this straight, it makes it easy to remember how to do it.98.67.106.90 (talk) 01:00, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

Consumer Electronics
I was just researching ohm for my antenna strength. Not sure what 75-ohm means. After reading this article I still don't. I imagine a section about the use of ohm in consumer electronics might be a nice addition to this article. thanksDkriegls (talk) 16:15, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Numbers on consumer electronics gear are generally dubious. In the context of radioantennas, "75 ohm" refers to the driving point characteristic impedance of the antenna - the antenna is matched when it is connected to a 75 ohm cable, which is a transmission line...oh h***, do you need to understand all this or can you just accept that you use 75 ohm cables with a 75 ohm antenna, 50 ohm cables with a 50 ohm antenna, and you might have two, four, eight, or 16 ohms speakers on your stereo? There's a frustratingly large amount of background to explain! --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:12, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Some of the above paragraph is right, but much of it is wrong. The following is a simplified explanation. For antennas and transmission lines, what is important are the electric and magnetic fields around them, and in particular, the ratio between the electric field and the magnetic field. Electric fields work out to have the unit of volts per meter, and magnetic fields work out to have the unit of amperes per meter. Then, when you divide one by the other to find the ratio, the "per meters" cancel out. You are left with volts/ampere, and that unit is the ohm. Electrical engineers and physicists tend to refer to this as "impedance", and this is in spite of the fact that impedance is in general a complex number. In most cases, though, the impedance of a transmission line or an antenna turns out to be a real number. In other words, it is a resistance, but it isn't the kind of resistance that dissipates power by the relationship P = VI. All it is is the quotient of an electric field and a magnetic field. Transmission lines and other devices - such as antennas - work well together when they have the same "characteristic impedance" in ohms.
 * Also, there is no such thing as "antenna strength", and the whole terminology of "a powerful antenna" or "a powerful receiver" was made up by "science writers" who do not understand anything about electromagnetic fields in physics or anything about electrical engineering at all. Antennas and receivers DO NOT "suck in" signals, but rather they just sit there passively and get whatever electromagnetic waves hit them. Furthermore, antennas do no have any power supply, so they could not be powerful at all. Likewise, antennas, receivers, and telescopes are not "powerful", as the bad terminology says. These devices are "sensitive" in that they passively gather most of the electromagnetic waves (in the desired bandwidth) that hits them.
 * By the way, most people in computer science do no understand what "bandwidth" means, either.98.67.106.90 (talk) 01:35, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

Where's the HISTORY?
Start with. The British Association report is on the Internet Archive, though probably too primary a source to be a good reference here. Talk about origins of the unit - starting with telegraphers, various empirical standards, the CGS "absolute" units, magnetic vs. electrostatic units, metrology, practical realizable standards, artifact standards, 20th century redefinitions, then the modern definition. Talk about the struggle to make E=IR and P=IV true by consistent definitions of volt, ohm, amp, and watt. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:29, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Definition section is hard to understand
I think the definition section needs to be rewritten so that it is easily understandable. After reading it five or so times, I still don't get what an ohm is. Kevin chen2003 (talk) 21:04, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Not only that, but how hard would it be for someone to simple write "The higher the rating is in ohms the more resistance is on the line." Or is it lower? I don't know. Whatever happened to the "plumbing" analogies? --204.17.31.126 (talk) 23:36, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * That seems to be a whole lot redundant - it's like saying "the more kilometers you have to travel, the further apart the cities are" - we have to assume the reader knows something and sometimes its difficult to draw the line. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:04, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

 * "Plumbing analogies" in Ohm's Law and electricity are completely silly. The definition is that one volt across one ohm produces one ampere of electric current. Otherwise, one volt divided by one ampere is one ohm. You need to understand the definitions, and analogies are not needed.
 * Also, I read an article (by an electrical engineer) that claimed that electric current does not "flow". I wrote the author back with an e-mail to tell him that electric current "flowing" is standard jargon in electrical engineering, physics, and electrical technology. I told him that if he did not want to use the standard jargon, he might as well leave the field.98.67.106.90 (talk) 04:19, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

Physics
From a physics point of view I would strongly suggest to add "$$\Omega = \frac{Js}{C^2}$$" to the first equation, since in this way it becomes obvious that the resistance quantum $$\sim \hbar/e^2$$ has the same units, see Conductance_quantum. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.187.160.240 (talk) 13:43, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

Units error?
using P=I^2 * R, it seems that the Ohm should have units of ...s^-1, not ...s^-3. since [P]=J/s and [I]^2 = C^2/s, then [R] = [P]/[I]^2 = (J/s)/(C^2/s^2) = J*s/C^2 = kg*m^2/(C*s) 129.93.4.35 (talk) 22:38, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

and I should add that the above section's author came to the same conclusion — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.93.4.35 (talk) 22:41, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * If you're referring the SI Base units, the page is correct. What Quantum was requesting is already within the page.--E8 (talk) 03:19, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Are there Some-other Symbols for Ohm? such as ϵ, E, etc?
I'm now in a short, vocational course of electronics, and in that class, many circuit diagrams using ϵ and E for Ohm. But this was very surprising, because in Wikipedia, and any textbooks I could-not found this use, and its basis. But I found mention in several Websites such as https://www.quora.com/What-does-1E-2E2-220E-4E7-470E-4K7-2K2-2M2-6K8-8K2-means-in-a-mixed-pack-of-resistor,    http://www.edaboard.com/thread67699.html    ,  http://learn.mikroe.com/ebooks/componentsofelectronicdevices/chapter/introduction-to-resistors/ ,  ( The last-one also  tells  R is also used). The first-one website also tells 4E7 = 4.7 Ohm. (That also confuses me, because we often write 4E7 = 4 X 10 ^7 ). But these websites do-not clearly mention the origin of these conventions, and do-not cite reference.

So, to improve the article, please provide further information about Symbols for Ohm, other-than capital-letter-Omega (Ω), their origins, uses etc. Thanks. RIT RAJARSHI (talk) 12:24, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

 * According to one of your links, this notation was used by the Yugoslav former electronics company Iskra and it stands for enot, meaning unit, and presumably is a Serbo-Croatian word. Thus, it is both rare in the English speaking world, and does not really mean Ohm.  In principle, it could be used to mark components other than resistors.  This article is not really a suitable place to discuss component marking.  It is certainly not a marking system likely to be found on modern surface mount components.  Those markings are discussed at Surface-mount technology. SpinningSpark 18:00, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree with Spark. There is mention of this coding on the Resistor page, but manufacturers use symbols as they see fit, regardless of standardized units.--E8 (talk) 19:22, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:45, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

"megohm" vs. "megaohm", "kilohm" vs. "kiloohm"
Can't we have the proper (or most common) forms listed in the article, especially as "kilohm" and "megohm" might be some of the few exceptions to the general rules (presuming it is actually "kilohm" and "megohm")?

Article Hertz has it both in the lead (kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, and terahertz) and in the sub section SI multiples.

OK, some of them are mentioned inside a sentence at the end of section Definition. What about a more prominent place (e.g. in the lead or a separate subsection)?

FYI: The Chicago Manual of Style has in 10.57 (16th edition, 2010):

 * "Note that in three cases the final vowel of an SI prefix is omitted: kΩ, kilohm (not kilohm); MΩ, megohm (not megaohm); ha, hectare (not hectoare);"

--Mortense (talk) 07:03, 22 January 2017 (UTC)

Symbol ω and Ω
About the statement in the article: "In documents printed before WWII the unit symbol often consisted of the raised lowercase omega (ω), such that 56 Ω was written as 56ω." This can be traced back to William Henry Preece in 1867.  He used the lowercase ω for ohm, and the capital Ω for megaohm. Ceinturion (talk) 14:22, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ohm


text:
Royal guard

A royal guard is a group of military bodyguards, soldiers or armed retainers responsible for the protection of a royal family member, such as a king or queen, or prince or princess. They often are an elite unit of the regular armed forces, or are designated as such, and may maintain special rights or privileges.

Institution and tasks
Royal guards have historically comprised both purely ceremonial units serving in close proximity to the monarch, as well as regiments from all arms, forming a designated substantial elite and intended for active service as part of the army. An example of the first category would include the Tropas de la Casa Real of the Spanish monarchy prior to 1930, comprising halberderos and a mounted escort. Examples of the second would include the Imperial Guards of the Russian and German Empires prior to 1917–18.

Monarchs frequently modelled their royal guards upon those of fellow rulers. Thus, Napoleon I's Garde Imperiale was imitated by his opponent Alexander I of Russia, his Bourbon successor Louis XVIII, and his nephew Napoleon III. The modern Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers regiment of the Netherlands and the Escorte Royale of Belgium retain features of uniform and other distinctions that can be traced back to Napoleonic influences.

Political importance
Because of their location, status, role and nature, royal guards have frequently been able to play a political role beyond their intended military and social ones. In times of revolution, the continued loyalty or defection of such units has often played a key part in the outcome of wider unrest. Historical examples were England in 1688, Spain in 1808, Sweden in 1809, France in 1789 and again in 1814-15, Russia in 1917 and Persia in 1906 and again in 1953.

Past

 * Mesedi, in the Hittite Empire
 * Medjay, since the old kingdom of Egypt until the Ptolemaic dynasty
 * Somatophylakes, in the ancient Kingdom of Macedonia
 * Royal Palace Guards, in Burma
 * Pengawal Diraja, in Brunei
 * Hangu Beykalun, the Royal Bodyguards of Maldivian Sultan, the unit was formed by Muhammad Thakurufaanu al-Auzam (1573–1585), decommissioned in early 1930s, at the end of the reign Sultan Muhammad Shamsuddeen III
 * Royal Foreign Units Guards, King's Royal Guards such as the Scottish Guard, Swiss Guards such as the Hundred Swiss, Guards of the French Royal Army, which served the European monarchies such as the Kingdom of France (the Ancien Régime), part of the Maison militaire du roi de France.
 * Monaspa, in the Kingdom of Georgia
 * Tobang, in the Goryeo dynasty of Korea
 * Naegeumwi, in the Joseon dynasty of Korea
 * Athapattuva, in the Kingdom of Kandy
 * Monteros de Espinosa, in the Kingdom & Crown of Castille, now part of the Guardia Real of Spain
 * Walloon Guards, in Spain; recruited from the Spanish Netherlands
 * Spanish Guards (Gardes Espagnoles), an infantry regiment brigaded with the Walloon Guards but recruited within Spain itself.
 * Maison militaire du roi de France (to which belonged the Garde du Corps, the Swiss Guards, and the French Guards), in the Kingdom of France
 * Royal Foot Guard, in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
 * Leibgarde der Hartschier, in the Kingdom of Bavaria
 * Guards Corps, in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire
 * Noble Guard and Palatine Guard, in the Holy See until 1970
 * Corazzieri and Granatieri di Sardegna, in the Kingdom of Sardinia and later the Kingdom of Italy
 * Personal Cavalry Convoy, in the Principality of Bulgaria and Kingdom of Bulgaria
 * Konigliche Ungarische adelige Leibgarde (Royal Hungarian Noble Bodyguard)
 * Royal Hungarian Crown Guard. In existence under both the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the subsequent Kingdom of Hungary
 * Royal Guard of the Halberdiers, in the Kingdom of Portugal
 * Royal Palace Guard, in Belgium
 * Royal Guard in Greece, now the Presidential Guard
 * Romanian Royal Guards, in Romania

Present

 * Royal Guard, in Bahrain
 * Royal Escort, in Belgium
 * Gurkha Reserve Unit, in Brunei
 * Ceremonial Guard, in Canada
 * Den Kongelige Livgarde and Guard Hussar Regiment Mounted Squadron, in Denmark
 * Royal Guard, in Jordan
 * Royal Johor Military Force, in Malaysia
 * Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince, in Monaco
 * Royal Guard, in Morocco
 * Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment, Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene and the Royal Marechaussee in the Netherlands
 * Hans Majestet Kongens Garde, in Norway
 * Royal Guard, in Oman
 * Royal Guard Regiment, in Saudi Arabia
 * Guardia Real, in Spain
 * Livgardet and Livregementets husarer, in Sweden
 * King's Guard and the Royal Security Command, in Thailand
 * King's Guard; Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms; High Constables and Guard of Honour of the Palace of Holyroodhouse; Royal Company of Archers; and Yeomen of the Guard, in the United Kingdom
 * Pontifical Swiss Guard, in Vatican City

Similar units

 * Foot guards
 * Household Division
 * Imperial guard
 * Lifeguard
 * Presidential guard

Related units

 * Colour guard
 * Guard of honour
 * Sovereign's Bodyguard

title: Royal guard


text:
Telesync

A telesync (TS) is a bootleg recording of a film recorded in a movie theater, often (although not always) filmed using a professional camera on a tripod in the projection booth. The audio of a TS is captured with a direct connection to the sound source (often an FM microbroadcast provided for the hearing-impaired, or from a drive-in theater). If a direct connection from the sound source is not possible, sometimes the bootlegger will tape or conceal wireless microphones close to the speakers, as it is better than a mic on the camera. A TS can be considered a higher quality type of cam, that has the potential of better-quality audio and video.

The true definition of telesync would include the film being synchronized to the camera's own frame rate and shutter timing as done by television companies when preparing celluloid film for broadcast. A bootleg TS rarely, if ever, uses this form of synchronization which can lead to additional temporal aliasing. Most cameras used to make modern telesyncs run at 24 frames per second, like the movie projectors, to reduce artifacts compared to the 60 frames per second cameras of old.

As technology gets better, the quality of telesyncs also improves, although even the best telesyncs are lossy and will be inferior in quality to direct rips from Blu-ray, DVD or digital transfers from the film itself (see telecine). Some release groups use high-definition video cameras to get the clearest picture possible. When an unlicensed copy of a film exists even before its official publication, it is often because a telesync version could be easily produced.

In the German warez scene additional tags for the audio source can be added to a telesync release. These are LD (line dubbed) for when the audio track of an unlicensed copy has been ripped from the line out connection of a projector or MD (mic dubbed) when a microphone is used for the recording. These tags are not used exclusively on cam releases though.

title: Telesync


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Otakon guests

List of Otakon guests was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

List of Otakon guests
Lists of guests to "Otakon", which we learn is a convention for anglophone or US-resident オタク otaku, or fans of Japanese kommercial kulture for kids (more or less). Now, I'd concede that Otakon might be article-worthy, but lists of its guests surely are not. These people (all tagged for future articles) hardly seem like major figures in contemporary culture. For example, the first for whom an article already exists is Lisa Ortiz, who "is perhaps best known for the roles of the high-elf Deedlit in Record of Lodoss War and Lina Inverse in the Slayers TV series" -- or anyway the anglophone versions thereof. Non-notable. Incidentally, I see that a new category has been created: Category:Otakon. That too strikes me as expendable. -- Hoary 05:47, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Although Otakon and Lisa Ortiz are both notable in my opinion, but I don't think the list is. Delete. [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 05:54, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, approaching spam here. Wyss 15:11, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons above. DreamGuy 15:44, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Cdc 22:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Otakon is notable and some of the people on that list too, but this list doesn't seem useful at all. Jeltz 22:42, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * I've removed the speculation about their 2005 event. Delete anyway.  Rossami (talk) 20:20, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: If it were up to me, I'd delete every "List of..." article we have, but given that we accept them, I really don't see the difference between this one and all the others. Surely all list articles that pertain to a subject notable enough for Wikipedia and contain links to some other articles that are notable enough for Wikipedia are equally meritorious?  I can't think of what criteria could be used to judge one such list as being more or less worthy of inclusion than another, considering that they all contain exactly the same (narrow) type of data and little or no context or explanation.  It's not as if this is a trivial list like "List of years/cities/etc. in which Otakon was held"; guests are certainly important parts of any convention.  I do, however, agree that Category:Otakon isn't warranted—it will never have so many articles that they need their own category—and that not all of the guests listed in this article deserve their own articles.  No vote from me at this time.    —Triskaideka 20:08, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:36, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Allister

Allister is an American pop-punk band from Chicago, Illinois. The four-piece formed in 1994 as Phineas Gage when the original band members were still in high school. In 1998, Allister became one of the first bands to sign to Drive-Thru Records. They went on hiatus in 2007, then reunited in 2010, and have been touring and recording again since. They have released six studio albums: Dead Ends and Girlfriends (1999), Last Stop Suburbia (2002), Before the Blackout (2005), Countdown to Nowhere (2010), Life Behind Machines (2012), and 20 Years and Counting (2019). The band also made a cameo appearance in the 2004 film Sleepover.

Commercial success (2002–2007)
With the aid of producer Chris Fudurich, the band recorded their second full-length album Last Stop Suburbia in 2002, showcasing a certain degree of growth in the songwriting of Rogner and Murphy. The album featured several fan-favorites, such as "Radio Player", "Overrated", and "Somewhere on Fullerton" (an ode to the legendary Chicago punk venue, Fireside Bowl), though the band had to part ways with both Rossi and Chris Rogner, who would concentrate on his own band August Premier. The following year, the band added Kyle Lewis (guitar) – formerly of Showoff, Now She's Gone, and The Fold – and Mike Leverence (drums), formerly of PARR5. Last Stop Suburbia reached No. 9 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. The song "Somewhere on Fullerton" was featured in Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure.

In 2004, Allister toured the world (including Europe and Japan) and scored a small guest appearance on the big screen in the film Sleepover, before releasing their third album Before The Blackout (2005) and supporting it by co-headlining the "Before the Blackout, after the Breakup Tour" with Fenix*TX.

In 2006, the group was invited to a two and a half-month tour of Japan with Japanese band Ellegarden, with whom they had become friends while playing together at the SXSW music festival in Austin, Texas. The tour consisted of 40 sold-out shows all over Japan. At this time, the group released a cover EP titled Guilty Pleasures, on which Murphy sang half of the songs in Japanese. Before the departure, Rogner learned that he was becoming a father and made the decision to take a job where he was more available to his family. As such, Allister decided to go on hiatus following one final Japanese tour that the band had already committed to in the spring of 2007 – for which former Allister member Chris Rogner took his brother's place – and a final farewell show in Chicago at The Metro on 20 July 2007, at which Tim Rogner returned to perform. Former member John "Johnny" Hamada returned to sing backing vocals on the final song, "Somewhere on Fullerton", as well as other members of support bands Punchline and The Fold.

Breakup and side projects (2007–2010)
Soon after, Murphy and Lewis went on to start the band The Get Go with friends and former members of bands Home Grown and Mest. The Get Go released 2 records and toured the UK and Japan, but due to conflicting schedules has since ceased activity.

In 2008, Scott Murphy signed as a solo artist to the label Universal Music in Japan, recording his debut solo album, Guilty Pleasures II, as a continuation of the band's past work. The album contains a number of Japanese and English songs. On the album's release date, "Scott Murphy" was the number 1 searched word on Google in Japan. Murphy released another follow-up EP, Guilty Pleasures 3, on 3 December 2008. Guilty Pleasures 3 was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipment of 100,000 copies on 10 September 2009 and Guilty Pleasures II was also certified Gold by RIAJ on 10 December 2009. Throughout the following years, he released several more albums in the "Guilty Pleasures" series, including: Guilty Pleasures Love, Guilty Pleasures 4, Guilty Pleasures Animation, Guilty Pleasures Christmas and Guilty Pleasures Thriller, a track for track rock cover of the Michael Jackson album Thriller.

In 2010, Murphy began working on a project with alternative rock band Weezer's frontman Rivers Cuomo entitled Scott & Rivers. The pair met in Los Angeles in 2010, and soon began writing and recording an album of original songs sung in Japanese. They share lead vocal duties and play guitar in the group. They played their first show at the Countdown Japan Festival in Chiba on 31 December 2012, as the first non-Japanese act to perform at the 10-year-old festival. They released a full-length album, Scott & Rivers, in 2013.

In 2012, Rogner recorded and released a solo acoustic EP entitled "The Ravenswood Sessions."

Reunion and recent events (2010–present)
Allister announced their intention to reunite in the spring of 2010, and the band broke their hiatus at the Bamboozle Festival in Chicago on 2010 May 15 at the Charter One Pavilion. They recorded and released their 4th full-length album Countdown to Nowhere on Universal Music Japan on 16 July 2010. In 2012, Allister recorded and released their 5th full-length album entitled Life Behind Machines, and promoted its release with a tour of Japan and their first ever tour of China. In 2014, Allister toured the United States playing dates with MxPx and Showoff. Former Allister members Chris Rogner and Eric "Skippy" Mueller have both been playing in new bands, Rogner in Hey Einstein and Mueller in We've Got Ours.

On 19 December 2018, Tim Rogner announced that the band would release a new record to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the release of You Can't Do that on Vinyl. The record, called 20 Years and Counting, is a "20 song compilation that features songs from previous records as well as four brand new tracks." Since Allister did not own the recording licenses for songs on its first three records, but owned the rights to the songs themselves, the band re-recorded and "re-imagined" some of them. A video for the re-recording of "Somewhere on Fullerton" was released on YouTube the same day as Rogner's announcement. The new record was officially released through Universal Japan on 30 January 2019, available digitally via iTunes and Google Play.

Band members
Current members
 * Tim Rogner – drums, lead and backing vocals (1994–2000); rhythm and lead guitar, lead and backing vocals (2000–2007, 2010–present)
 * Scott Murphy – bass guitar, lead and backing vocals (1998–2007, 2010–present)
 * Kyle Lewis – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–2007, 2010–present)
 * Mike Leverence – drums (2003–2007, 2010–present)

Timeline

Former members
 * John "Johnny" Hamada – lead guitar, backing and lead vocals (1994–2002); backing vocals (touring guest 20 July 2007)
 * Eric "Skippy" Mueller – bass guitar, backing vocals (1996–1998); rhythm guitar, backing and lead vocals (1998–2000)
 * David "Dave" Rossi – drums (2000–2003, touring guest spring 2014)
 * Chris Rogner – lead guitar, backing vocals (2002–2003, touring substitute 20 July 2007, touring guest spring 2014); rhythm guitar, lead vocals (touring substitute 20 July 2007)

Session guests
 * Ariel Rechtshaid – guitar on "Waiting for You" from Last Stop Suburbia (2002)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Dead Ends and Girlfriends (1999)
 * Last Stop Suburbia (2002)
 * Before the Blackout (2005)
 * Countdown to Nowhere (2010)
 * Life Behind Machines (2012)
 * 20 Years and Counting ( 2019 )

 * Extended plays
 * 5 Song Demo Tape (1997)
 * You Can't Do that on Vinyl (1998)
 * Guilty Pleasures (2006)
 * Second City Showdown (Split EP with Good 4 Nothing) (2010)
 * You Still Can't Do That on Vinyl (2011, Little Heart Records)

Non-album tracks

 * "My Little Needle" – released on A Tribute to Alkaline Trio  (2012)
 * "We Close Our Eyes" – released on the original soundtrack to Sleepover (2004)
 * "Shima Uta" – released on the Japanese version of Before the Blackout (2005)
 * "Walking the Plank" – released on Hair: Chicago Punk Cuts (2006)

Trivia

 * "Somewhere on Fullerton" from Last Stop Suburbia was featured in the video game Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure, while "Scratch" and "Flypaper" from the same album were featured in Project Gotham Racing 2.

 * On the booklet from Allisters album, "Last Stop Suburbia" the band includes a Thank You section, one of the people thanked is Brian Peterson, a person affiliated with The Fireside Bowl on Fullerton avenue in Logan Square, Chicago.

title: Allister


text: User talk:65.185.28.52

title: User talk:65.185.28.52


text:
Talk:James Mooney

Which James money?
Is this article supposed to reference two different people? Should we disambiguate? Rhymeswithgod 05:58, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, and here is a third . Sam Spade 15:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on James Mooney. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051020154816/http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/ to http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:16, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Moving some extra text here
The following was in the body of the article and didn't seem relevant for his biography, so dropping it here for a future editor.

Mooney's obituary is available on JSTOR in American Anthropologist'' 24, #2 (New Series), pp. 209–214. A fuller biographical profile by George Ellison can be found in his edited version of James Mooney's History, Myths, and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees."

Signed, --Engineerchange (talk) 13:07, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Mooney


text: User talk:68.121.86.216

title: User talk:68.121.86.216


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stripperpole

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - merged and redirected

Stripperpole

 * Delete. A "stripperpole" is simply a long stick of steel, nothing more. It only has 1,000 google results, does it really need to be in an encyclopedia? There is nothing you can really write about it. Somebody in the WWW 06:00, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment This article has been expanded since the above post. Kappa 08:38, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep . It's a common enough object, although the article might be better off named "stripper pole" or "stripper's pole" (32,700 Google hits combined), and has been expanded beyond a dicdef. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 09:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to pole dance. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 18:47, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. With the expanded version I even learned something. iMeowbot~Mw 10:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup . Even with the expanded version, it's not at all clear to me what this article is about. See Talk:Stripperpole for some specific questions. If we can't improve a great deal on the current introductory paragraph (almost unchanged from the original, at A stripper pole is a simple invention that adds flair to one of the most lucrative professions an attractive, young female can pursue: stripping), then I think it should be relisted. Andrewa 13:39, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to pole dance (change of vote). At least that article answers a few of my questions. Andrewa 17:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Obscure, weird, trivial. But notable for those interested. --JuntungWu 13:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable enough, and I've cleaned it up. Delete, after having watched the article and pondered a bit, I think Pole dance covers the topic. Wyss 19:37, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Why wouldn't you redirect rather than delete? the old title ("stripperspole") has been searched for at least once and the new one seems like a reasonable candidate for a search term Kappa 20:36, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Does it say stripperpole on the box when you buy one? Wyss 20:42, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. I found this interesting and informative. Articles like this are one reason we're doing better than Brittanica. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 17:47, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move, terrible name, but marginally deserving of an article. --fvw *  18:11, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Keep—Trevor Caira 23:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fascinating stuff! But since the item would seem to have no use or significance outside pole dancing, merge. -- Hoary 03:33, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Redirect - That is what WP is all about, even an obscure term as stripper pole has his article! Kewl. :) Merge the text with Pole dance and redirect. --Zappaz 04:38, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to pole dance, redirect. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:39, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect, ditto. My unscientific impression is that pole dance and "pole dancing" would be the more widely used phrases to refer to this cultural phenomenon.  This article is indeed a bit better than the pole dance article.  It's really only one subject, though.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 07:31, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - Andre Engels 22:07, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to pole dance. -Sean Curtin 00:30, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * The merge and redirect seems sensible to me too. Shane King 00:33, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks as if the merge and redirects have it. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 20:37, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Works for me ;) Wyss 23:18, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Otakorp

from VfD:

After fourteen months, the only encyclopedic content of this long article is: "Otakorp Inc. is a non-profit organization based in Pennsylvania that manages the popular Otakon anime convention." The rest, which is considerable, is an address list. Now, I've no objection to that single sentence, but if it's all that's worth saying about Otakorp Inc then it can be said within Otakon. I think I'd be within my rights in merging and redirecting, but my idea of a merge would involve deleting the huge majority of this article, and it would be discourteous (or worse) for me to do this unilaterally. Thus my invitation to a VfD of the (to my mind) non-encyclopedic ninety-plus-percent of the article. -- Hoary 06:00, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The sentence, and perhaps the president of Otakorp, should be merged into Otakon, and a redirect made. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 06:04, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It takes that many people to run an anime con? Gamaliel 06:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You mean, how many "anime" fans does it take to change a lightbulb? -- Hoary 08:40, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * With all respect, you try it. Organizing even small events is a giant headache (thank you, internship)--something as large as a several-hundred-people convention would be a ton of work. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:21, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge the one sentence and redirect. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 06:31, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Never mind...everything in that sentence is already at Otakon. But we should just eschew the whole list of people and e-mail addresses and turn this into a redirect. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 06:34, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Otakon. I hope everyone listed on that org chart has a good spam filter.  —RaD Man (talk) 08:28, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as a kindness to those listed. Wyss 15:10, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Otakon and merge, or stubify (again). They have an excellent website, listed as an external link in Otakon, and if they wanted this on the web they'd put it there. Good call listing this on VfD, IMO, it needed this discussion. And you're right, something should be done. Deletion is OK by me too. Andrewa 15:20, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * On closer inspection, there's nothing to merge. Redir still my preference. Andrewa 15:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Might as well Redirect to Otakon but the contents need to go. DreamGuy 15:45, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * redir Mikkalai 02:26, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:36, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Otakorp


text:
User talk:Ganesha

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 06:01, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ganesha


text:
User talk:Kyouketsusha

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 06:02, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

Regarding Neon Genesis Evangelion names
Buh? Dude, no. "Gendo" is no more "correct" than "Gendou". We should use the names used in the English versions. "Correct" versions of the names are noted next to the Japanese anyway. WhisperToMe 06:38, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

"I'd like to point out that in the Japanese spelling of this character's first name, it's written with these characters: GE N DO U - with the last 'u' extending the o of 'do'."

That's wapuro. The Library of Congress system uses "Gendō". WhisperToMe 17:59, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

I have an idea on what to do. Maybe we can take a list of different romanizations in the different English versions and compare them side-by-side. Then we can figure out which one reflects the most common naming for Evangelion characters. WhisperToMe 18:06, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

I read VIZ' books. They all use small o's and u's. Did you watch ADV's stuff? WhisperToMe 04:30, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia
Hello! I read what you said in the discussion of Gendo Ikari, and I was wondering, if you knew how, how to change the title of one article to another. - Brittany

Regarding Hikaru Ichijo
ADV romanized the name as "Hikaru Ichijo" on its website, so I moved "Ichijyo" to "Ichijo". Who is the Macross fan that yelled at you? WhisperToMe 07:35, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Greetings...
fellow human worm baby. *leaves biscuits* FallenAngelEyes 13:04, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Psst
I'm trying to build support for this nomination in its last few days. Please check out this page. Pass it along. Nudge nudge. -- evrik 20:18, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Jennifer Government: NationStates
As I said when I changed your user page NationStates link, I hope you don't mind. There is also a category for those who play. All you have to do to join it is to type  . Please join us there. —Lady Aleena talk / contribs 11:33, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

WikiLove

has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling to someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Smile to others by adding {{subst:smile}}, {{subst:smile2}} or {{subst:smile3}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Happy editing!

WikiProject LGBT studies
Hello! I noticed that your userpage mentions that you are interested in LGBT issues. Would you be interested in joining WikiProject LGBT studies? The WikiProject's been a bit inactive recently and some of us are trying to get it going again. We'd love to have you on board! Dev920 (Have a nice day!) 12:10, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Come hang out with us!
Hi! I wanted to let you know that we have created an IRC channel for "countering systemic bias one new editor at a time", aka closing the gender gap! Come hang out at #wikimedia-gendergap. We hope this channel can serve as a safe haven to hang out, talk about Wiki, brainstorming, women in Wikimedia, article alerts and foster friendships. I hope you join us! (And if you need any IRC help, just let me know!) See you there! SarahStierch (talk) 15:02, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

title: User talk:Kyouketsusha


text:
User talk:Tte

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 06:02, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tte