text:
Talk:Laurens van der Post

Movie dates
Movie dates are often hard to pin down, as diffrent sources use different dateing.. the copyright date, or the date of release in the USA, or the date of release in Britain, etc.. different sources will seem contradictory that way. Stbalbach 11:06, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I understand. That's why I gave my source. Paul Beardsell 13:45, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:08, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Weasel phrase
"While Jones's book did interpret a darker side to van der Post's life, it did not diminish his popularity and he continued to strike a chord with many people. Nor could many of his wartime accomplishments and his conservation efforts be easily dismissed." - this is uncited and seems to be an editorial attempt to diminish the impact of the previous sentences. This is not in line with NPOV. Zaian (talk) 12:45, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * No it was appropriate. Van der Post did many different things in many different areas. It's POV without some sort of clarification which areas of his reputation are hurt, and which are in good standing. Green Cardamom (talk) 21:46, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * What you've just said may be true, but it needs a reference. Zaian (talk) 06:30, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Poor Quality
I find this article to be, for the most part, very poorly sourced and highly editorialised. This needs a major clean-up. The "War Years" section is a particularly egregious offender; no sources are cited and it reads almost like a hagiography. Also, from the 'Controversy and reputation' section:

"The appeal of his novels is likewise undiminished; while for lovers of Africa, van der Post's evocations of the atmosphere of the African bush, his celebrations of the many peoples of the continent and their tragic courage in violent times, will remain as testament to his gifts as a writer."

This sort of thing does not belong on Wikipedia. I do not feel qualified to do the deed as I know nothing of the man. I'm sure he was nice and all, but come on. NPOV people. Holydave (talk) 14:25, 27 September 2009 (UTC)
 * You're 100% right. I've removed the offending sentences from the "controversy" section. Zaian (talk) 07:31, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

Children
Can someone please explain the second lot of "children" in the info box (viewable by going to Edit)? I take it that Jan and Lucia are Laurens van der Post's omly children. ARBrennan 09:01, 18 July 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by ARBrennan (talk • contribs)

I have no idea who are the additional children who come up in the Box (as mentioned above). However, it would clearly be unsound to assume that Jan and Lucia were his only children. The fact that he fathered a child on a 14 year-old girl is not disputed, even by as staunch a defender as Christopher Booker. Nandt1 (talk) 01:27, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

"The fact that he fathered a child on a 14 year-old girl is not disputed, even by as staunch a defender as Christopher Booker."--maybe not, but I think in needs to be properly cited. The sentences before and after have citations, but this one does not.2602:306:BC71:63C0:BCAF:D4DE:F088:DBA (talk) 02:19, 19 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Van der Post's daughters Lucia Crichton-Miller and Cari Mostert do appear to confirm this in the New York Times article already cited in the bibliography, which looks into the claims made in JDF Jones's book.

https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/03/books/master-storyteller-or-master-deceiver.html

 * "And when it came to women, der Post was a bounder. In the early 1950's, when he was 46, he seduced the 14-year-old daughter of a wealthy South African winemaking family, who had been entrusted to his care during a sea voyage. She became pregnant, and although he sent her a small stipend, he never publicly acknowledged the daughter born of the relationship... In The Lost World of the Kalahari, published in 1958, van der Post claimed he had discovered the Bushman paintings of the Tsodilo Hills, when in fact they had been well-known to Europeans for close to 50 years, Mr. Jones writes.

 * Van der Post also lied to the women in his life, Mr. Jones says. He juggled affairs with numerous women simultaneously, keeping them secret from one another. In 1934, he settled in England with his first wife, Marjorie, and his son, John, on a farm probably bought for him with money from the Queen Mother's cousin Lilian Bowes Lyon, with whom he was having a relationship.

 * In 1936, the same year his first daughter, Lucia, was born, van der Post met Ingaret Giffard on a boat to South Africa. In 1938 he sent Marjorie and his two children to South Africa with the argument that war was imminent. He didn't see his children for nearly 10 years. He and Marjorie eventually divorced, and he married Ingaret after the war. They lived together even after she became ill with dementia in later life, though for 30 years he also had a mistress, Frances Baruch...

 * As for Mr. Jones's allegations about her father's relationship with a 14-year-old girl, I'm afraid I think that's true, Ms. Crichton-Miller said. He was not a saint. He hurt people. He hurt me. But by God, he was fascinating.

 * Bonny Kohler-Baker, whom van der Post seduced and abandoned when she was 14, is the mother of van der Post's other daughter. She now lives outside New York City under a different name, and would not discuss the book. But her daughter, Cari Mostert, in a phone interview from the Eastern Transvaal in South Africa, said she had been brought up to believe that her maternal grandmother was her mother and that her mother was her sister. She said her grandmother had told her when she was 10 that van der Post was her father. Ms. Mostert described meeting her father for the first time when she was 12, when she and her mother had surprised him in Los Angeles, where he had a speaking engagement: I was crying, and he was crying.

 * Ms. Mostert said she had confronted him once again, as he arrived in Johannesburg airport, and he had said that her grandmother had lied in saying that she was his daughter. She claimed that she had sent her father over 50 letters, but that he had never replied. I thought he is such an upright, a noble human being, Ms. Mostert said, if he would only understand . . .  Her voice trailed off."

 * Jones also contends that van der Post romanticised and falsified other aspects of his life, such as his father's status, the length of time he actually spent with the Bushmen and the strength of his friendship with Jung. He would not, of course, be the only autobiographical writer who ever talked himself up a bit. But the current article is blandly hagiographic, written almost as if the subject were still living and gifted with influential friends, and it tends to make van der Post seem less interesting than he actually was.

 * A 2013 Guardian article by Richard Dowden, director of the Royal African Society, on Margaret Thatcher's relationship with Nelson Mandela, said of Thatcher: "Advised by her husband, Dennis, who had business interests in South Africa, she felt that anything that damaged wealth creation must be bad for South Africa. She was also a great admirer of Laurens van der Post, the South African writer and traveller later exposed as a fraud, who also opposed sanctions on the country. He introduced her to Mangosuthu Buthelezi, the Zulu leader, who played an ambivalent role in the struggle against apartheid, splitting from the ANC in 1979 and accepting "homeland" status for Kwazulu. His movement, Inkatha, helped the South African police repress ANC rebellion in the townships." https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/10/margaret-thatcher-apartheid-mandela

Khamba Tendal (talk) 19:04, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

Can we take it as confirmed that Cari Mostert is his daughter by the abusive relationship with the 14-year-old? PatGallacher (talk) 23:35, 23 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I think we can. Hemiauchenia (talk) 23:40, 23 October 2022 (UTC)

"An intense but brief affair of love letters"
Could we make up our mind here please and avoid beating about the Veldt. Which was it? An affair? Or an exchange of letters? Nandt1 (talk) 22:33, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Laurens van der Post


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Feast of the Cross

In the Christian liturgical calendar, there are several different celebrations of the Feast of the Cross, all of which commemorate the cross used in the crucifixion of Jesus. Unlike Good Friday, which is dedicated to the passion of Christ and the crucifixion, these feast days celebrate the cross itself, as the sign of salvation. It is chiefly celebrated by Roman Catholics (Latin Church Catholics, Eastern Catholics), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Old Catholics, and to a lesser extent by Protestants (mostly Lutherans and Anglicans, but also in some cases other Mainline Protestant, Evangelical, Confessional, and Confessing Movement Protestants). The most common day of commemoration is 14 September in churches that use the Gregorian calendar or 27 September in churches that use the Julian calendar, Ge'ez calendar, or Coptic calendar.

In English, the feast is called The Exaltation of the Holy Cross in the official translation of the Roman Missal, while the 1973 translation called it The Triumph of the Cross. In some parts of the Anglican Communion the feast is called Holy Cross Day, a name also used by Lutherans. The celebration is also sometimes called Holy Rood Day, or by the historical names Roodmas or Crouchmas.

History
The Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, celebrated every year on 14 September, recalls three events:
 * 1) The finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena.
 * 2) The dedication of churches built by Emperor Constantine on the site of the Holy Sepulchre and Mount Calvary.
 * 3) The restoration of the True Cross to Jerusalem in AD 629 by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, after it had fallen into the hands of the Persian Emperor Chosroes II in the AD 614 Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem.

Under Emperor Constantine, around AD 327, Bishop Macarius of Jerusalem caused excavations to be made in order to ascertain the location of Calvary as well as that of the Holy Sepulchre. It was in the course of these excavations that the wood of the cross was recovered. It was determined by Macarius to be authentic (the crosses of the two thieves were also recovered) and for it Constantine built the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre. Subsequently, pieces of the True Cross relic were distributed across the empire and by the turn of the 5th century were venerated as far away as Italy.

The Ancient Georgian Iadgari (Chantbook) bears witness to the celebration of the Exaltation of the Cross in Jerusalem prior to the middle of the 6th century. In the west before the end of the seventh century the feast was mainly observed in Rome. However, the earliest recorded commemoration of 14 September as the feast day on a Western calendar is from the 7th century A.D.

In the Gallican usage, beginning about the seventh century, the Feast of the Cross was celebrated on 3 May, and called "Crouchmas" (for "Cross Mass") or "Roodmas". When the Gallican and Roman practices were combined, the September date was assigned to commemorating the rescue of the cross from the Sassanid Persians, and the May date was kept as the Finding of the Holy Cross or Invention of the True Cross to commemorate the finding. ("Invention" is a rendering of the Latin term inventio meaning "discovery".) Pope John XXIII removed this feast in 1960, so that the General Roman Calendar now celebrates both the finding and the exaltation of the Holy Cross on 14 September, although some Latin American countries and Mexico still celebrate the feast of the finding on 3 May. Some communities which celebrate the liturgy in the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite also observe the feast of the finding of the Holy Cross on 3 May.

Theological distinction
The Second Council of Nicæa of 787, drew the distinction between veneration of the cross and worship or latria, "which, according to the teaching of the faith, belongs to the Divine nature alone." Petavius noted that this cult must be considered as not belonging to the substance of religion, but as being one of the things not absolutely necessary to salvation. Thus, the honor paid to the image passes to the prototype; and he who adores the image, adores the person whom it represents.

Traditions
According to Christian tradition, the True Cross was discovered in 326 by Saint Helena, the mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great, during a pilgrimage she made to Jerusalem. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was then built at the site of the discovery, by order of Helena and Constantine. The church was dedicated nine years later, with a portion of the cross. One-third remained in Jerusalem, one-third was brought to Rome and deposited in the Sessorian basilica Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Holy Cross in Jerusalem), and one-third was taken to Constantinople to make the city impregnable.

The date of the feast marks the dedication of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335. This was a two-day festival: although the actual consecration of the church was on 13 September, the cross itself was brought outside the church on 14 September so that the clergy and faithful could pray before the True Cross, and all could come forward to venerate it.

Historically in Western Christianity, the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday of the calendar week after the one in which the feast day occurs are designated as one of each year's four sets of Ember days. Until 1969, these ember days were a part of the liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. Organization of these celebrations in the ordinary form is now left to the decision of episcopal conferences in view of local conditions and customs. The ember days are still observed in the calendar of the Roman Rite's Extraordinary Form, the Anglican Ordinariate, and Western Orthodoxy.

Liturgical colours
Red is the usual liturgical color in churches that follow such traditions.

In Western Christianity, red vestments are worn at church services conducted on this day.

The lectionaries of the Church of England (and other Anglican churches) and Western Rite Orthodoxy also stipulate red as the liturgical color for 'Holy Cross Day.'

In Eastern Orthodox Churches that use various liturgical colors, red vestments are also worn. Yet in these Orthodox churches, the wearing of red continues for a week after the feast.

Religious orders
The Carmelite Rule of St. Albert of 1247 gives this date as the beginning of the period of fasting, which ends on Easter Sunday.

This date is the titular feast of the Congregation of Holy Cross, The Companions of the Cross and the Episcopal Church's Order of the Holy Cross.

Church of England
The Common Worship calendar (2000), like the General Roman Calendar, celebrates the Feast on 14 September.

Church of the East
The Church of the East celebrates the finding of the Cross on 13 September, and considers it to be a major feast. The Assyrian Church considers the Sign of the Cross to be the sacrament by which all of the other sacraments are sealed and perfected. (The Church's traditional list of sacraments does not include marriage.) Saranaya (Syriac) hold a shara every year in cities like Chicago, Illinois, and Modesto, California, and other parts of the world. The shara in Modesto is held every Sunday prior to 13 September at East La Loma Park, where they in remembrance of the Feast Of the Cross. People gather to feast, sing and dance to celebrate the joyous event.

Eastern Orthodoxy
In Byzantine liturgical observance, the Universal Exaltation (also called Elevation in Eastern Orthodox tradition) of the Precious and Life-creating Cross commemorates both the finding of the True Cross in the year 326 and its recovery from the Persians in the year 628, and is one of the Twelve Great Feasts of the church year. 14 September is always a fast day and the eating of meat, dairy products and fish is prohibited. The Feast of the Exaltation has a one-day forefeast and an eight-day afterfeast. The Saturday and Sunday before and after 14 September are also commemorated with special Epistle and Gospel readings about the Cross at the Divine Liturgy.

On the eve of the feast before small vespers the priest, having prepared a tray with the cross placed on a bed of fresh basil leaves or flowers, covered with an aër (liturgical veil), places it on the table of prothesis; after that service, the priest carries the tray on his head preceded by lighted candles and the deacon incensing the cross, processes to the holy table (altar), in the centre whereof he lays the tray, in the place of the Gospel Book, the latter being set upright at the back of the altar. Those portions of the vespers and matins which in sundry local customs take place before the Icon of the Feast (e.g., the chanting of the Polyeleos and the Matins Gospel ) instead take place in front of the Holy Table. The bringing out of the cross and the exaltation ceremony occur at matins.

The cross remains in the centre of the temple throughout the afterfeast, and the faithful venerate it whenever they enter or leave the church. Finally, on the leave-taking (apodosis) of the feast, the priest and deacon will incense around the cross, there will be a final veneration of the cross, and then they will solemnly bring the cross back into the sanctuary through the Holy Doors. This same pattern of bringing out the cross, veneration, and returning the cross at the end of the celebration is repeated at a number of the lesser times.

Armenian Apostolic Church and other Armenian Christians
The Armenian Apostolic Church observes a five-day fast, called the Fast of the Holy Cross, from September 10 through 14 September, in preparation for the Feast of the Holy Church in view of the Holy Cross, which they celebrate on September 15. September 16 is observed as the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Khachverats in Armenian), a feast which continues for several days thereafter. It is counted as one of the five major feasts of the Armenian Church, and the most important of the four feasts of the Holy Cross. According to Armenian tradition, the first one to "exalt" the Cross was the Apostle James of Jerusalem, the "Brother of the Lord". On the Sunday nearest 14 September, the liturgy is marked with an antasdan service (blessing of the fields) during which the processional cross is adorned with basil (a symbol of royalty) and the four corners of the church are blessed as a sign of the sanctification of the world.

On the Sunday nearest September 28 (always two weeks after the Exaltation) the Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Holy Cross of Varak (Varaka Khach) commemorating the third century placement of an authentic relic of the cross in Armenian soil at Varagavank. This is a cross feast unique to the Armenian Church.

On the Sunday closest to October 26, the Armenian Church celebrates the Discovery of the Holy Cross (Kyood Khach), commemorating the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena (327 AD).

Coptic Orthodox Church and other Coptic Christians
The Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church annually commemorates two events related to the Cross. The first Feast of the Cross commemorates the Consecration of the Church of the Resurrection on 17 Thout according to the Coptic calendar. This corresponds to 14 September on the Julian Calendar (or, in years following a Coptic leap year, one day later) which will correspond to 27 September on the Gregorian Calendar until AD 2099. The second Feast of the Cross commemorates the Appearance of the Holy Cross on 10 Paremhat according to the Coptic calendar. This corresponds to 19 March on the Gregorian Calendar until AD 2099.

Orthodox Tewahedo Churches and other Ethiopian-Eritrean Christians
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and to a lesser extent Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelical Protestants, the Ethiopian Catholic Church, and the Eritrean Catholic Church, commemorate the finding of the true cross on Mäskäräm 17 of the Ethiopian Calendar. This is the same date as observed by the Coptic Orthodox Church. The eve of this day is popularly called Demera (meaning "Bonfire") in Amharic.

The Ethiopian Patriarch lights a large bonfire in Meskel Square, Addis Ababa's greatest open arena, and smaller bonfires are lit by individuals and local parishes throughout the country. Thousands attend the colourful and vibrant ceremony of religious chantings around the bonfire in Meskel Square, which owes its name to the ceremony, for meskel means "cross" in Ge'ez. According to tradition, the bonfire commemorates how the Empress Helena used the smoke of a bonfire to determine where to search for the true cross in Jerusalem, or how, by a series of bonfires, she signalled to her son Constantine in Constantinople her success in finding it.

Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church
In the Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church a special offering called panchasarayumanda is made on this day, in particular at the Akaparambu Mor Sabor-Mor Aphroth Church in the Ernakulam District, Kerala.

Roman Catholic Church
In the liturgy of the Roman Catholic church, the readings in the Holy Mass for the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross draw a comparison between the bronze serpent of Numbers 21, which was raised up on a pole so that all who looked upon it would be cured of the deadly poison of venomous snakes, and John 3:14–15, "And just as Moses lifted up the serpent in the desert, so must the Son of Man be lifted up, so that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life." If the feast falls on a Sunday, its Mass readings are used instead of those for the occurring Sunday in Ordinary Time.

6 March
On 6 March, the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church, commemorates the Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by Empress Saint Helen—that is to say, the anniversary of the actual discovery; the date for the feast on 14 September was determined by the consecration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This is a lesser feast, and does not have any of the liturgical peculiarities of the feast of 14 September.

3 May
The General Roman Calendar before 1960 contained the Feast of the Finding of the Holy Cross (Roodmas) on 3 May. It commemorated the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena, the mother of the emperor Constantine. With the reorganisation of the liturgical calendar by his Motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of Pope John XXIII (1960), the Feast of the Finding of the Cross was celebrated only in some regions. Meanwhile, the finding of the True cross is also commemorated at the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross on 14 September.

1 August
The Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholics also commemorate the Procession of the Precious Wood of the Life-giving Cross of Jesus Christ on 1 August, which is also the first day of the Dormition Fast. The propers of the feast are combined with those of the Holy Maccabean Martyrs, the commemoration of whose endurance is deemed appropriate for the first day of a fast. Unlike the observance on 14 September, this commemoration is considered to be a minor feast, but it does have the bringing out of the cross and veneration by the faithful like the September feast.

The history of this feast begins in Constantinople where it was the custom to carry the relic of the True Cross through the streets and squares of the city to ask for God's blessing and for relief from sickness. On the eve of the feast (31 July), observed as a forefeast, it was taken out of the imperial treasury, and laid upon the altar of the "Great Church" (Hagia Sophia) and the following day solemnly placed in the middle of the Great Church for the faithful to venerate. It was taken in procession daily throughout the city, offering it to the people to venerate, until the Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (15 August), when it was returned to the imperial treasury.

In commemoration of this tradition, it is customary to have an outdoor procession with the Lesser Blessing of Water on August 1. It is the first of three "Feasts of the Saviour" in the month of August, the other two being the Transfiguration (6 August) and the Icon of Christ "Not Made by Hands" (16 August). Because of the blessing of holy water, this feast is sometimes called "Saviour of the Water." There may also be celebrated on this day the Rite of Blessing New Honey, for which reason the day is also referred to as "Saviour of the Honey."

According to Saint Nikolaj Velimirović, this feast was instituted by mutual agreement of the Greeks and Russians to commemorate the simultaneous victories of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos over the Bulgarians and the Russian Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky over the Saracens in the 12th century.

In the Russian Orthodox Church, this feast also celebrates the Baptism of Rus, which occurred on 1 August 988.
 * Synaxarion

12 October
In the Russian Orthodox Church, 12 October is the commemoration of the Translation of a Portion of the Life-Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina. A portion of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord, as well as the Philermos icon of the Mother of God and the right hand of John the Baptist were preserved on the island of Malta by the Knights of the Catholic Order of St. John of Jerusalem, who controlled the island.

In 1798, when the French seized the island, the Maltese Knights turned to the Russian Empire for defense and protection. To this end, they elected Paul I, the Tsar of Russia, as Grand Master of the Order. The Tsar accepted his election. On 12 October 1799, Maltese knights came to their new Priory Palace, just built for them by Paul in Gatchina (45 km [27 miles] south of St. Petersburg), and offered these ancient and holy treasures to their new Grand Master, the tsar.

In the autumn of 1799 the holy items were transferred to St. Petersburg and placed in the Winter Palace within the internal church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not-Made-by-Hands. The feast for this event was established in 1800.

Moveable feasts
In addition to celebrations on fixed days, the Cross may be celebrated during the variable, particularly in Lent and Eastertide.

Eastern Christians celebrate an additional Veneration of the Cross on the third Sunday of Great Lent. The services for this day are modeled on the Feast of the Exaltation (14 September), and include bringing the cross to the holy table at little vespers and with solemnity out into the center of church at matins, albeit without the ceremony of the Exaltation of the Cross, for veneration by the faithful. It remains in the centre of the church for nearly a week (the Fourth Week of Great Lent). On the Monday and Wednesday of that week, a veneration of the Cross takes place at the First Hour (repeating a portion of the service from matins of the previous Sunday). On Friday of that week, the veneration takes place after the Ninth Hour, after which the priest and deacons return the cross to the sanctuary.

In addition to all of the above commemorations, Orthodox also hold Wednesday and Friday throughout the year as a commemoration of the Cross.

In the Roman Breviary before the 1961 reform, a Commemoration of the Cross is made during Eastertide except when the office or commemoration of a double or octave occurs, replacing the suffrage of the Saints said outside Eastertide.

Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, and some Anglican churches have a formal Adoration of the Cross during the services on Good Friday.

Feast days
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, on several of the feast days mentioned above, there is a public veneration of the cross. It may take place at matins, after the cross is brought out, at the end of the celebration of the Divine Liturgy, or at the end of one of the Little Hours, depending upon the particular feast and local custom.

The faithful come forward and make two prostrations, make the sign of the cross on themselves, and kiss the feet of Christ on the cross, and then make a third prostration. After this, they will often receive a blessing from the priest and bow towards their fellow worshippers on each side of the church (this latter practice is most commonly observed in monasteries).

At the end of services
At the end of the Divine Liturgy, and at some other services as well, it is customary for the faithful to come forward and venerate the "Blessing Cross" (hand-cross) which is held by the bishop or priest, and to kiss his hand. This practice is also called the "Veneration of the Cross", though it does not involve making prostrations. The cross which is venerated is small (typically 10–16 inches). This cross is usually metal, often gold or gold-plated, and can be enameled or decorated with jewels. The figure of Jesus on the Cross (the soma) is usually engraved, enameled, or painted on the cross, rather than being a separate three-dimensional figure as is found on a crucifix.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Feast of the Cross


text: Category:Towns in Ireland

title: Category:Towns in Ireland


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Fairchild Group

The Fairchild Group is a Canadian business conglomerate headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Fairchild Group operates various media properties under the Fairchild Media Group name. Fairchild currently operates the Cantonese channel Fairchild TV, Cantonese & Mandarin radio network Fairchild Radio, and Mandarin channel Talentvision. Fairchild Group is also involved in film production, real estate development, retail, telecommunications and wholesale trade.

History
The Fairchild Media Group acquired the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) broadcasting licence from Chinavision Canada and Cathay TV in 1993 to form Fairchild TV and Talentvision respectively. Later on, it formed Fairchild Radio with stations in Vancouver, Calgary and Toronto. It has an investment portfolio over US$350 million.

The company's corporate headquarters are located in Vancouver, British Columbia with separate regional offices in Richmond Hill, Ontario and Calgary, Alberta.

Ownership
The Fairchild Group is mostly owned by Hong Kong-born Canadian businessman Thomas Fung Wing Fat (馮永發). However, the Hong Kong-based media company TVB has a minor stake of 20 percent.

Coverage

 * 80% Cantonese
 * 20% Mandarin

Television
Fairchild Group operates four national ethnic television channels that cater to both Cantonese & Mandarin speaking audiences- Fairchild TV, Fairchild TV 2 HD & Talentvision. Hong Kong broadcaster TVB owns a minority stake (20%) in both channels.

Fairchild TV and Talentvision currently consists of four feeds:

 * Fairchild TV 1 Toronto (Cantonese and Mandarin)
 * Fairchild TV 1 Vancouver (Cantonese)
 * Fairchild TV 2 (Cantonese)
 * Talentvision (Mandarin)

Radio Stations
Fairchild Group operates four multicultural radio stations & shares programming on another station. All stations feature programming for both Cantonese- & Mandarin-speaking audiences:
 * Fairchild Radio Calgary: CHKF-FM/94.7 (Cantonese & Mandarin broadcast)
 * Fairchild Radio Toronto: CHKT/1430 (Cantonese & Mandarin broadcast)
 * Fairchild Radio Vancouver: CJVB/1470 & CHKG-FM/96.1 (Cantonese & Mandarin broadcast)

In October 2019, Fairchild Radio gained public attention when it fired a Toronto talk-show host allegedly because of his questions during an interview perceived as critical of the Chinese government's stance on the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests.

Film production
Fairchild Group operates Fairchild Films International Limited, a motion picture production company that creates Chinese language films for international audiences.

The company has produced one film, Paper Moon Affair, in 2005.

Real estate development and management

 * Aberdeen Centre, Richmond, B.C. – One of the many Asian shopping malls in the Golden Village district.
 * Aberdeen Residence, Richmond, B.C. – A residential complex attached to Aberdeen Centre.
 * Aberdeen Square, Richmond, B.C. – A new shopping mall and office tower completed in 2014, that will be attached to Aberdeen Centre and Aberdeen Residence.
 * English Bay Village, Vancouver, B.C.
 * Fairchild Square, Vancouver, B.C. – New FMG headquarters and office tower.

Retail
All retail operations are in British Columbia other than Oomomo and St Germain Bakery (British Columbia and Ontario):

 * Saint Germain Bakery – Chinese bakery (1986)
 * Aberdeen Post Office
 * Racing Devils Hobbies – Hobby store
 * Smart Living Design – Home furniture store
 * Smart Office Furniture – Office furniture store
 * A Light Idea – Lighting retail store
 * Memory Collection – Gift shop
 * Living Colors – Modern home & kitchenware store
 * aR Fashion – Fashion retailer
 * Ozone Fashion – Fashion retailer
 * Gado Gado Fashion – Men's fashion retailer
 * Gibson Travel Accessories – Luggage / backpack / Travel accessories
 * IT Power – Computer Retail / service store
 * Menji Stationery Store – Stationery retailer
 * Impulse Sports – Sporting Equipment Retailer
 * Super Garage – Auto accessories
 * Party Goodies – Party supply retailer
 * Pot and Plant- Artificial floral retailer
 * Pot Arts – Closed
 * Timbuktu Military Surplus & Apparel – Military Surplus & Apparel retailer – Closed
 * Voodoo Palace – Voodoo dolls retailer
 * Bike Stop – Closed
 * Giordano
 * Santayaya
 * Planet Food
 * 7th Heaven Cafe – Closed
 * Ajijiman
 * Hanabi
 * Bean Factory
 * Frappe Bliss
 * Hainanese Chicken
 * David and Goliath
 * Oomomo – Dollar store

Trading

 * Hutchison Imports has extensive wholesale and distribution interests in general merchandise, dollar store items, toys, RC hobby, sports, apparel, furniture, consumer and lifestyle products. The company works with manufacturers and suppliers all over the world to source out products for the North American market.

Hutchison Imports has its own brand – "Menji". Menji products are fast becoming a staple on many dollar/discount store shelves.

Telecommunications
Fairchild Group operates various online, internet-based businesses:

 * eSeeNet.com Ltd.- A business solutions company, founded in 1995
 * eSeeHosting- Web hosting provider
 * Lynx Communications- Internet service provider, based in Richmond, British Columbia

Foreign investment

 * Stone Group – a pharmaceutical firm in China via Fairchild Investments Ltd.

title: Fairchild Group


text: Category:Towns in Provence

title: Category:Towns in Provence


text: File:Summer Scent.jpg

title: File:Summer Scent.jpg


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Category:Towns in Saxony

Towns in the Free State of Saxony

title: Category:Towns in Saxony


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Karen Kwiatkowski

Karen U. Kwiatkowski, née Unger, (born September 24, 1960) is an American activist and commentator. She is a retired U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel whose assignments included duties as a Pentagon desk officer and a variety of roles for the National Security Agency.

Since retiring, she has become a noted critic of the U.S. government's involvement in Iraq. Kwiatkowski is primarily known for her insider essays which denounce a corrupting political influence on the course of military intelligence leading up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003. In 2012, she challenged incumbent Bob Goodlatte, in the Republican primary for Virginia's 6th congressional district seat in the United States House of Representatives and garnered 34% of the Republican vote on a constitutional and limited government platform. As of 2024, she is a member of Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity.

While in the Air Force, she wrote two books about U.S. policy towards Africa: African Crisis Response Initiative: Past Present and Future (US Army Peacekeeping Institute, 2000) and Expeditionary Air Operations in Africa: Challenges and Solutions (Air University Press, 2001). She contributed to Ron Paul: A Life of Ideas, (Variant Press, 2008) and Why Liberty: Personal Journeys Toward Peace and Freedom, (Cobden Press, 2010). She has been featured in a number of documentaries, including "Why We Fight" in 2005. She has written for LewRockwell.com since 2003.

Early life
Born Karen Unger, Kwiatkowski was raised in western North Carolina. She received an master's in government from Harvard University and an MS in Science Management from the University of Alaska. She has a PhD in World Politics from The Catholic University of America; her thesis was on the overt and covert war in Angola, A Case Study of the Implementation of the Reagan Doctrine.

Military
Kwiatkowski began her military career in 1982 as a Second Lieutenant. She served at Eielson Air Force Base in Alaska, providing logistical support to missions along the Chinese and Russian coasts. She also served in Spain and Italy. Kwiatkowski was then assigned to the National Security Agency (NSA), eventually becoming a speechwriter for the agency's director. After leaving the NSA in 1998 she became an analyst on sub-Saharan Africa policy for the Pentagon. Kwiatkowski was in her office in the Pentagon when it was attacked on September 11, 2001. From May 2002 to February 2003 she served in the Pentagon's Near East and South Asia directorate (NESA). While at NESA, she wrote a series of anonymous articles, Insider Notes from the Pentagon which appeared on the website of David Hackworth. Kwiatkowski left NESA in February 2003 and retired from the Air Force the following month.

Writer and commentator
In April 2003 Kwiatkowski began writing a series of articles for the libertarian website LewRockwell.com. Since February 2004 she has written a biweekly column ("Without Reservations") for the website MilitaryWeek.com.

She is currently a Senior Fellow at the Eisenhower Media Network, a nonprofit group of former military, intelligence and civilian national security officials who described themselves as offering "alternative analyses untainted by Pentagon or defense industry ties" and countering "Washington’s establishment narrative on most national security issues of the day."

Her most comprehensive writings on the subject of a corrupting influence of the Pentagon on intelligence analysis leading up to the Iraq War appeared in a series of articles in The American Conservative magazine in December 2003 and in a March 2004 article on Salon.com. In the latter piece ("The New Pentagon Papers") she wrote:

"I witnessed neoconservative agenda bearers within OSP usurp measured and carefully considered assessments, and through suppression and distortion of intelligence analysis promulgate what were in fact falsehoods to both Congress and the executive office of the president."

Kwiatkowski described how a clique of officers led by retired Navy Captain Bill Luti, assistant secretary of defense for NESA and former aide to Dick Cheney when the latter was Secretary of Defense, took control of military intelligence and how the "Office of Special Plans" (OSP) grew and eventually turned into a censorship and disinformation organism controlling the NESA.

Following the American Conservative and Salon articles, Kwiatkowski began to receive criticism from several conservative sources that supported President Bush's policies. Michael Rubin of the National Review argued she had exaggerated her knowledge of the OSP's workings and claimed she had ties to Lyndon LaRouche. Republican U.S. Senator Jon Kyl criticized her in a speech on the Senate floor. On a Fox News program, host John Gibson and former Republican National Committee communications director Clifford May incorrectly described her as an anarchist. Kwiatkowski responded by saying, among other points, that she had never supported or dealt with LaRouche. She requested and received a written apology from Senator Jon Kyl for his false statements about her.

In addition to her writings Kwiatkowski has appeared as a commentator in the documentaries Hijacking Catastrophe, Honor Betrayed, Why We Fight and Superpower.

She has been critical of neoconservatism and has advocated for a non-interventionist foreign policy.

Politics
Kwiatkowski was raised as a Goldwater Republican, and registered Republican from 1981 until 1994. She joined the U.S. Libertarian Party in 1994 and continued that membership until 2011. She was a speaker on military and foreign policy at the party's national convention in 2004. She returned to the Republican Party in 2011, and entered politics with the hope of joining Ron Paul, Justin Amash and others in the House Republican Liberty Caucus. She is endorsed by a past Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia, as well as by a range of other fiscal and constitutional conservatives.

A number of Libertarian Party members and supporters have encouraged Kwiatkowski to seek the Party's presidential nomination in the past few election cycles. She has thus far declined to do so. On April 15, 2007, Kwiatkowski received the New Hampshire Libertarian Party's 2008 vice-presidential nomination, within a couple of weeks she declined the nomination. In 2007, she announced her support for Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul.

2012 U.S. House of Representatives candidacy
In February 2011, a Federal Elections Commission filing declared the Friends of Karen Kwiatkowski were drafting her to run for the Virginia's 6th district U.S. congressional seat in the 2012 election.

On August 18, 2011, Kwiatkowski formally announced her candidacy for the Republican nomination to challenge incumbent Republican U.S. Representative Bob Goodlatte in the June 12, 2012, primary election. She wrote a variety of opinion pieces geared directly to her 2012 House race, and was interviewed by both local and national media. Her campaign slogan was "Less Government, More Prosperity".

On June 12, 2012, Kwiatkowski lost the nomination bid to Goodlatte who won 66.48% of the vote in the Republican 6th district primary election.

Personal life
Kwiatkowski lives with her family in Mount Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and is a farmer and part-time professor. She is married to Hap Kwiatkowski and has four children and seven grandchildren. She is a Christian.

Founding member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity
Kwiatkowski is a founding member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity.

In September 2015 Kwiatkowski and 27 other members of VIPS steering group wrote a letter to the President challenging a recently published book, that claimed to rebut the report of the United States Senate Intelligence Committee on the Central Intelligence Agency's use of torture.

Articles and essays
Most of Kwiatkowski's written work is available online.

title: Karen Kwiatkowski


text:
Roshan

Roshan may refer to:

People

 * Roshan (music director) (1917–1967), Indian musician and music director, born Roshan Lal Nagrath
 * Hrithik Roshan (born 1974), Hindi film actor, son of Rakesh Roshan
 * Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan (1980–2012), Iranian nuclear scientist
 * Pir Roshan (1525 – c. 1580), Pashtun warrior and poet
 * Rajesh Roshan (born 1955), Bollywood music director
 * Rakesh Roshan (born 1949), Indian producer, director and former actor in Bollywood films
 * Roshan Cools (born 1975), Dutch neuroscientist
 * Roshan Mahanama (born 1966), Sri Lankan cricketer
 * Roshan Meka, Indian actor in Telugu films
 * Roshan Pilapitiya (born 1975), Sri Lankan actor
 * Roshan Ranawana (born 1981), Sri Lankan actor
 * Roshan Ravindra, Sri Lankan actor
 * Roshan Seth (born 1942), British-Indian actor
 * Roshan Singh (1892–1927), Indian revolutionary

Other uses

 * Roshan (telco), Afghan telecommunications provider
 * Rushani language, language spoken in Afghanistan and Tajikistan; sometimes spelled "Roshani"
 * Rushon District, district in Tajikistan; sometimes spelled "Roshan"
 * Afghan Premier League, the top football league in Afghanistan, also known as Roshan Afghan Premier League due to sponsorship
 * Roshan, a boss creature in the video game, Dota 2
 * Roshan, a character from Ice Age.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

title: Roshan


text:
Henry V. Esmond

Henry Vernon Esmond (30 November 1869 – 17 April 1922) was a British actor and playwright.

Biography
Esmond was born Harry Esmond Jack in Hampton Court, Middlesex, the son of Richard George Jack, a physician and surgeon and his wife Mary Rynd. He was baptised on 22 February 1870 at the Church of St Mary, Hampton Court, Middlesex. He began his career as an actor in London in 1889 where he had several successes in comedies. He began writing plays, usually comedies, while in his early twenties. These plays were very popular and were also highly fashionable with their themes of light-hearted romance appealing to the audience of the day. He toured with a number of these plays and co-starred in them with his wife, Eva Moore.

His plays were also well received in the United States where nine of them were produced on Broadway between 1899 and 1907. For the next Broadway production, Eliza Comes to Stay, Esmond travelled to New York to appear alongside his wife and the popular actor Leslie Banks. This proved to be the greatest success of his career. He continued writing, acting and touring until his sudden death in Paris caused by pneumonia. He is buried in the Old Cemetery of Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris.

He was the father of the actress Jill Esmond.

title: Henry V. Esmond


text:
Rakesh Roshan

Rakesh Roshan (born 6 September 1949) is an Indian film producer, director, screenwriter and actor who works in Hindi films. He had appeared in 84 films throughout the 1970s and 1980s until 1989. As an actor, he was mostly known for his supporting roles in big-budget films. Later, his prominence increased and achieved fame for directing films with titles beginning with the letter "K" since 1987.

As a filmmaker, his most notable work includes the action drama Khudgarz (1987), the revenge drama thriller Khoon Bhari Maang (1988), the action comedy Kishen Kanhaiya (1990), the melodramatic thriller Karan Arjun (1995), the musical romantic thriller Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000), the science fiction film Koi... Mil Gaya (2003) and its sequels, the superhero Krrish film series (2006–13). All of his directed films have been commercially successful. He also won the Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director for Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai and Koi... Mil Gaya.

He is the son of Indian music director Roshan and Indian Bengali singer Ira Roshan. In January 2019, Rakesh was diagnosed with early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the throat.

1970–1986
After his father's (Roshan) untimely death, Rakesh started his career as an assistant director to film-maker Mohan Kumar in films like Anjaana starring Rajendra Kumar and Babita. Actor Rajendra Kumar referred him to some film-makers and thus he was signed by Soodesh Kumar for Man Mandir starring Sanjeev Kumar and Waheeda Rehman. But he made his entry as an actor, making his debut in the 1970 film Ghar Ghar Ki Kahani, in which he got a supporting role. He got very few solo hero films in his career. He got solo hero roles in more women-oriented films where the focus was more on the heroine, such as Paraya Dhan with Hema Malini, Aankh Micholi with Bharati, Khubsoorat with Rekha and Kaamchor with Jaya Prada. His few successful solo hero films, with the focus equally on both hero and heroine, were Aankhon Aankhon Mein with Rakhee, Nafrat with Yogita Bali, Ek Kunwari Ek Kunwara with Leena Chandavarkar, Hamari Bahu Alka with Bindiya Goswami and Shubh Kaamna with Rati Agnihotri. J. Om Prakash produced Aankhon Aankhon Mein with Rakesh in the lead. Later, J. Om Prakash directed Aakraman, with Sanjeev Kumar in the lead, and had Rakesh in a supporting role, and then produced Aakhir Kyun?, with Rajesh Khanna in the lead and Rakesh in a supporting role. Rakesh played supporting roles in a few successful films such as Man Mandir with Sanjeev Kumar in the lead, Khel Khel Mein with Rishi Kapoor in the lead, Bullet with Dev Anand as the hero, Hatyara with Vinod Khanna in the lead, Dhongee with Randhir Kapoor, Khandaan with Jeetendra and Neeyat with Shashi Kapoor as the lead hero. He played supporting roles regularly in films with Rajesh Khanna in the lead role and of those, Chalta Purza was a failure and the other three were blockbusters - Dhanwan, Awaaz and Aakhir Kyon?. The few multi-star cast films he was part of as the lead hero that were successful between 1977 and 1986 were Devata, Shriman Shrimati and Haathkadi, all of which had Sanjeev Kumar as the main lead hero and Jaag Utha Insan and Ek Aur Sikander, which had Mithun Chakraborty in the main lead, and other hits such as Dil Aur Deewaar, Khatta Meetha, Unees-Bees (1980) and Maqaar (1986). Most of his other films as a second lead hero or solo hero films between 1973 and 1990 were box office flops.

Rakesh set up his own production company, Filmkraft, in 1980 and their first production was Aap Ke Deewane (1980), which was a box office flop. His next venture was Kaamchor, also produced by him, which became a hit, but the success of this film was attributed to its music and the heroine Jaya Prada. His next solo hero film Shubh Kaamna, directed by K. Vishwanath, was a hit. He tried to re-launch himself as a lead hero with Bhagwaan Dada (1986), directed by J. Om Prakash and starring Rajinikanth as the main lead and himself in the second lead. But Bhagwaan Dada was a flop. Between 1984 and 1990 he only got supporting roles, with the exception of Bahurani. The multi-star films where he was the second lead, such as Maqaar and Ek Aur Sikander were successful. His last film as a leading hero was Bahurani, which was a woman-oriented film starring Rekha in the lead, which was directed by Manik Chatterjee and released in 1989.

1987–1999
He made his directorial debut with the action drama Khudgarz (1987), starring Jeetendra, Shatrughan Sinha, Govinda, Bhanupriya, Amrita Singh and Neelam Kothari. The film emerged as a Huge commercial success and an Huge Hit at the box-office. The film became a Blockbuster Success.

He next directed the revenge drama thriller Khoon Bhari Maang (1988), starring Rekha alongside Kabir Bedi and Sonu Walia. The film received highly positive reviews upon release, and became a major commercial success at the box-office. It was also noted as a path-breaking film, emerging as one of the first successful films with the heroine as the central protagonist. The film also earned Rekha her second Filmfare Award for Best Actress, in addition to Roshan's first nominations for Best Film and Best Director. He followed it up with the action comedy Kishen Kanhaiya (1990), starring Anil Kapoor in a double role, alongside Madhuri Dixit and Shilpa Shirodkar.

His next directorial venture was the romantic comedy Khel in (1992) starring an ensemble cast of Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Anupam Kher, Mala Sinha and Sonu Walia in lead roles and action comedy King Uncle in (1993) starring an ensemble cast of Jackie Shroff, Anu Aggarwal, Shah Rukh Khan, Nagma and Paresh Rawal in lead roles. Both Khel and King Uncle was commercially successful and has since gained cult status, being well received by families and children. King Uncle was one of few early successful films in which Shah Rukh Khan played a supporting role or second lead. It is also first film of Rakesh Roshan with Shah Rukh Khan.

His next directorial venture was the melodramatic thriller Karan Arjun (1995), starring an ensemble cast of Raakhee Gulzar, Salman Khan, Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol, Mamta Kulkarni and Amrish Puri in lead roles. The film received positive reviews from critics, and emerged as a blockbuster at the box-office, ranking as the second-highest-grossing Indian film of the year. It also earned Roshan his second nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director.

He next directed the action thriller Koyla (1997), starring Shah Rukh Khan and Dixit. The film received mixed reviews from critics, and emerged as an average grosser at the box-office, ranking as the ninth highest-grossing Indian film of the year.

2000 assassination attempt
On 21 January 2000, Roshan was shot at by two Budesh gang members near his office on Tilak Road at Santacruz, Mumbai. The assailants fired two bullets at him, one of which hit him on the left arm, while the other grazed his chest. As the director fell to the ground, the assailants fled the scene. The assailants were later identified as Sunil Vithal Gaikwad and Sachin Kamble. The attack on Rakesh was not undertaken with the intent to kill, but to signal that the Shiv Sena could no longer protect its clients. Rakesh had stonewalled demands from Budesh for a percentage of the profits from the overseas earnings of his hit film Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai.

Career
He launched his son Hrithik's career as an actor with the musical romantic thriller Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai (2000), alongside debutante Ameesha Patel. Rakesh later revealed that this film was inspired by Shakti Samanta's Aradhana (1969), starring Sharmila Tagore and Rajesh Khanna. The film received positive reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as the second highest-grossing Indian film of the year. It won Rakesh his first Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director, in addition to entering the Limca Book of Records for the most awards won by a Bollywood film.

He directed his son again, alongside Rekha and Preity Zinta, in the 2003 science-fiction film Koi... Mil Gaya. The first installment of the Krrish franchise, the film opened to positive reviews, with particular praise for its novel concept, and emerged as the second highest-grossing Indian film of the year. It earned Rakesh his second consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director.

He directed his son for the third time in its sequel, the science-fiction superhero film Krrish (2006), alongside Priyanka Chopra, Rekha and Naseeruddin Shah. The film received positive reviews upon release, and emerged as a trend-setter, bringing in Hindi cinema's first superhero. It emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, ranking as the second highest-grossing Indian film of the year. Krrish earned Rakesh his fifth nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Film and Best Director.

In 2008, he produced the comedy thriller Krazzy 4. which marked his first production-only venture. Directed by Jaideep Sen and starring Juhi Chawla, Arshad Warsi, Irrfan Khan, Rajpal Yadav and Suresh Menon, the film received negative reviews and emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office.

In 2010, he produced the Bollywood-meets-Hollywood crossover film titled Kites, directed by Anurag Basu and starring Hrithik alongside Mexican actress Bárbara Mori. Despite hype prior to release, the film received mixed-to-negative reviews upon release, and emerged as a commercial failure at the box-office. Another version of this film was released internationally and known as Brett Ratner presents Kites: The Remix. This version was shorter, and mainly toned down the amount of musical numbers.

His next directorial was Krrish 3 (2013), the third film of the Krrish franchise. With Hrithik and Chopra reprising their roles from the previous film, it also starred Vivek Oberoi and Kangana Ranaut. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, ranking as the third highest-grossing Indian film of the year.

In 2017, he directed the romantic action thriller Kaabil, starring Hrithik alongside Yami Gautam. The film opened to mixed reviews from critics upon release, and emerged as an average grosser at the box-office.

He is next set to direct Krrish 4, with Hrithik Roshan and Priyanka Chopra reprising their roles. However, the film has been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Honors

 * Rakesh was honoured on 3 December 2006 during the International Film Festival of India (IFFI) in Panaji for his contribution to mainstream cinema.
 * On 11 December 2006, Rakesh was honoured during the Global Indian Film Awards (GIFA) for his outstanding contribution to Indian cinema over the past 35 years.

Frequent collaborations
As a director, Rakesh is known for making films with his son Hrithik Roshan and having music directed by his brother Rajesh Roshan. Other actors he has frequently collaborated with include Rekha, Madhuri Dixit, Anil Kapoor, Shah Rukh Khan, and Amrish Puri. As a director, all his film name's start with a 'K'.

title: Rakesh Roshan


text:
Junák

Junák – český skaut (Junák – Czech Scouting), is the internationally recognized organization of Scouts and Guides of the Czech Republic. Founded in 1911, Junák – český skaut is the largest organisation of children and youth in the nation, with a membership of 73,315 (as of 2022).

History
A voluntary, non-political civic organization, without restriction to membership, Junák was founded in 1911 by Antonín Benjamin Svojsík, who, after visiting British Scouts, wanted to establish a similar movement in his homeland. In 1910, inspired by the writings of Baden-Powell, Svojsík wrote Základy junáctví ("The Foundations of Scouting"), the first handbook for Scouts already operating in the Czech lands. In that book, he combined Baden-Powell's system of education; ideas of the American writer, traveller and painter Ernest Thompson Seton (founder of Woodcraft); and the traditions of the Czech nation. He followed this with an experimental camp in 1912. The participants walked the entire 200 km distance on foot, and their luggage was brought there on a single large push-cart. In the quickly developing world of Scouting at the time, Junák-Český skaut provided a model to be followed by many other developing national associations.

Scouting in the Czech Republic has a long and distinguished history. The independent organization Junák was established in June 1914, the same year its first Scouting newsletter was issued; the chairman was Čeněk Klika and Svojsík was the Chief Scout. A month later World War I started and many leaders were called up to fight. In January 1915, the first Girl Scouts were introduced, under the leadership of Vlasta Koseová, and shortly thereafter, a section for Guide Education was established. Anna Berkovcová became the Chief Guide. The same summer, the first Girl Guide company "Anemones" held a camp on the banks of river Vltava.

In 1918, at the creation of the Czechoslovak Republic, the Czech Scouts offered their services, and helped the established government with many things, they kept patrol over important buildings and sites, but they are best known for their mail delivery service, delivering official mail in Prague. They had their own stamps, the first Scout stamps in the world, which are very rare and valuable today among stamp-collectors. On 21 December 1918, "Czech Scout mail" was restored, due to the arrival of President Masaryk from exile. The ranks of Scouting grew rapidly in the new country, and in 1922 a National Scout festival took place in Prague to commemorate 10 years of Scouting. Following the end of World War I, the different associations within Czechoslovakia came together in one united national association, and the Czechoslovakian Scout and Guide Federation was among the charter members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1922, with Svojsík elected to the World Committee.

Before World War II, Junák had the third most members of any Scout Association in Europe, and numbered seventh in the world; by 1936 the number of Scouts in Czechoslovakia was 70,000. Junák bid to host the World Jamboree in 1933. The preparations started in earnest and in 1931 Czech Scouts prepared the "All-Slavonic Jamboree" as the test for the World Jamboree, a successful festival which culminated in a march through Prague and an address by President Masaryk at Prague castle. But in the end the World Jamboree was to take place in Hungary. Czech Scouts participated in all World Jamborees from the first in 1920 through 1937. At the 1937 World Jamboree in the Netherlands, the Junák contingent had 314 members.

Antonín Benjamin Svojsík died on 17 September 1938. Czech Scouts and Guides unified on 22 January 1939 to found the new association called Junák. The Chief Scout was Rudolf Plajner and the Chief Guide was Vlasta Koseová. Junák was abolished by force and Scouting prohibited by German State Secretary Karl Hermann Frank during the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia on 28 October 1940. Many Scouts and Guides joined the Czech Resistance; over 700 of them died during the war as part of the movement. After the war, the association was re-registered in Prague in 1945, following the country's liberation, with 120,000 members registered in 1946, the number of members grew to nearly 250,000, (making it the second largest association in the World Movements at that time), and in 1947, a contingent of 500 represented Junák at the World Scout Jamboree in France, sporting two Scout bands. In summer 1946, Lady Olave Baden-Powell visited Czechoslovakia and she was welcomes in the whole country by Scouts and Guides. After the war, in lieu of Scout camps, their participants helped in local agriculture. Chief Guide Vlasta Koseová became the Vice-chairman of the World Committee of WAGGGS and Chairman Velen Fanderlik was a member of the World Scout Committee of WOSM.

However, in 1948, after the Communist coup, Junák was disbanded; beginning in 1949, trials were held against various Junák Commissioners, some of whom were sentenced to many years of imprisonment in communist concentration camps, where many of them died. Many Junák troops continued to meet in secret. In 1968, during the Prague Spring, Scouts and Guides again began meeting openly, until Junák was banned by order of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, in October 1970. During that period, the number of Scouts in Czechoslovakia was 65,000. Again, many Junák units continued to operate in secret.

After the 1989 Velvet Revolution, Junák was one of the first organisations to re-emerge from working underground, by then, for the fourth time in its history. By the close of 1989, the number of Scouts in Czechoslovakia was 80,000. On 1 February 1990, the Federation of Czech and Slovak Scouting was officially registered, paving the way for its re-admittance to the World Organization during the World Scout Conference in Paris in July 1990, re-recognised by the major world Scouting organisations (see below). Upon Czechoslovakia's dissolution on 31 December 1992, Český Junák (as it was then called) and Slovenský skauting were required to apply for membership of the World Organization as the national member organizations of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, respectively. On June 30 1996, Junák – svaz skautů a skautek ČR was welcomed as the 141st member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. In 1998, Junák became one of the founding members of the Czech Council of Children and Youth, a national youth council that aims to protect the rights and interests of Czech young people. Membership in 2019 was 64,383 Scouts and Guides in the Czech Republic. During the summer of 2018, 1,039 camps were held. In 2001, Junák hosted the European Guide and Scout Conference, in Prague.

Organisation and structure
Czech Scouts within Junák are members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), the Guides are members of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS), and the Adult Scouts and Guides of the International Scout and Guide Fellowship (ISGF).

The "Adult Scout and Guide Guild", also known as "Czech Scout and Guide Fellowship", changed their name in 2007 from "The Old Scout Guild" into "The Adult Scout and Guide Guild".

The association has a total membership of some 64,000 operating in a country with a population of around 10.5 million people. Junák is a "Scout and Guide National Organization" in accordance with the Statement on Relationships between WAGGGS and WOSM.

The organisational body of Junák is divided into 14 regions and below 80 districts, overseen by the National Assembly (14 elected, 17 appointed by regions and internal bodies), led by the Chief Scout and Chief Guide, who, in turn, appoint the president and the members of the executive committee of Junák.

Communications between the districts and regions, and to Junák headquarters, includes monthly information packages sent to all groups, mostly by e-mail.

Events
The Scouts and Guides in Junák organise many events on the national and local level. One of them is the Svojsík's Race, which takes place every two years. Junák hosted Intercamp in 1994, 2004 and 2016, and the Czech Rover Moot Obrok, every two years and the Water Scouts hold a national water-themed jamboree, Navigamus, every three years. Junák also organises monetary drives and information campaigns, e.g. in support of cancer research and development projects in Ethiopia. Every Christmas, Czech Scouts and Guides distribute the Bethlehem Light around the country.

Junák publishes four magazines, for its various divisions, as well as various other materials, numbering roughly 15–20 different publications a year. The organisation also maintains Scout/Guide centres around the country, run by their respective districts and groups. Some of these are open to the public, for a nominal fee, as self-service accommodation.

During the communist era, Scouts, trampers, and other hikers, would trek to Ivančena. These hikes were monitored by the state security. Pilgrimages to the mound continue to this day. Each year on a Saturday near Saint George's Day (April 24), Czech Scouts make a pilgrimage to the site. Since 1996, when a plaque commemorating the "Resistance of the Silesian Heroes" was placed at the Jewish cemetery in Cieszyn, Poland, a commemorative event has also been held at this place as part of the pilgrimage. The mound is still growing and is made of stones originating from around the world.

Program
The program is as follows:
 * Benjamínci/Benjamins – ages 5 to 7
 * Vlčata and Světlušky/Cubs and Fireflies – ages 8 to 10
 * Skauti and Skautky/Scouts and Guides – ages 11 to 14
 * Roveři/Rovers and Rangers – ages 15 to 26

As Native American symbology and mythology has been popular in Central Europe since the 1880s, the most known merit badge in Czech Scouting is the Three Feathers of Eagle, highest one is Lion Scout. Highest award in Czech Scouting is The Order of silver trefoil for women or The Order of the Silver Wolf for men.

Scout and Guide ideals and symbology
The Scout Motto (Skautské heslo) is Buď připraven, translating as Be Prepared in Czech. The Czech noun for a single Scout is Skaut.

The famous painter Mikoláš Aleš created the Czech Scout emblem-the symbol is the Scout lily, with the head of a Bohemian Shepherd (a legendary symbol of faithfulness and freedom, the historical symbol of Czech frontiersmen), placed on the trefoil. The musician Karel Kovařovic composed the Czech Scout anthem.

Scout Promise (Skautský slib)
Slibuji na svou čest, jak dovedu nejlépe:
 * sloužit nejvyšší Pravdě a Lásce věrně v každé době,
 * plnit povinnosti vlastní a zachovávat zákony skautské,
 * duší i tělem být připraven pomáhat vlasti a bližním.

Složení slibu mohou věřící skauti zakončit prosbou: K tomu mi dopomáhej Bůh.

I promise on my honour that I will do my best:
 * To serve the Highest Truth and Love, faithfully at all times
 * To fulfill all my own duties and to obey Scout laws
 * To be prepared to help my nation and those close to me with all my soul and body

Optionally a Scout may add: May God help me so.

Scout Law (Skautský zákon)

 * Skaut je pravdomluvný. (A Scout speaks the truth.)
 * Skaut je věrný a oddaný. (A Scout can be trusted and is loyal.)
 * Skaut je prospěšný a pomáhá jiným. (A Scout is useful and helps others.)
 * Skaut je přítelem všech lidí dobré vůle a bratrem každého skauta. (A Scout is a friend to all people of good will and a brother to all Scouts.)
 * Skaut je zdvořilý. (A Scout is courteous.)
 * Skaut je ochráncem přírody a cenných výtvorů lidských. (A Scout protects nature and valuable creations of mankind.)
 * Skaut je poslušný rodičů, představených a vůdců. (A Scout obeys his/her parents, superiors and Scout leaders.)
 * Skaut je veselé mysli. (A Scout is of cheerful mind.)
 * Skaut je hospodárný. (A Scout is thrifty.)
 * Skaut je čistý v myšlenkách, slovech i skutcích. (A Scout is pure in thought, word and deeds.)

title: Junák


text:
User:CiaraBeth

Ciara (pronounced KEER-a) Beth

The generalized continuum hypothesis says the sequence of beth numbers is the same as the sequence of aleph numbers.

User on break.

title: User:CiaraBeth


text:
Feast of the Baptism of the Lord

The Feast of the Baptism of the Lord, or Theophany, is the feast day commemorating the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by John the Baptist. Originally the baptism of Christ was celebrated on Epiphany, which commemorates the coming of the Magi, the baptism of Christ, and the wedding at Cana. Over time in the West, however, the celebration of the baptism of the Lord came to be commemorated as a distinct feast from Epiphany. It is celebrated in the Catholic Church as well as the Anglican and Lutheran Churches on the first Sunday following The Epiphany of Our Lord (January 6). Some Lutheran churches celebrate it on the Sunday before Lent, or Quinquagesima.

Celebration in the Eastern Christian Churches
In the Eastern Orthodox and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the Baptism of the Lord is celebrated as an integral part of the celebration on January 6, the Great Feast of the Theophany. For those churches which follow the traditional Julian calendar, January 6 falls on January 19 of the modern Gregorian calendar (see Epiphany (holiday) and Theophany for details).

Roman Catholic Church
The Baptism of the Lord is observed as a distinct feast in the Roman rite, although it was originally one of three Gospel events marked by the feast of the Epiphany. Long after the visit of the Magi had in the West overshadowed the other elements commemorated in the Epiphany, Pope Pius XII instituted in 1955 a separate liturgical commemoration of the Baptism.

The Tridentine calendar had no feast of the Baptism of the Lord for almost four centuries. Then the feast was instituted, under the denomination "Commemoration of the Baptism of our Lord", for celebration on 13 January as a major double, using for the Office and the Mass those previously said on the Octave of the Epiphany, which Pius XII abolished; however, if the Commemoration of the Baptism of Our Lord occurred on Sunday, the Office and Mass were to be those of the Feast of the Holy Family without any commemoration.

In his revision of the calendar five years later, Pope John XXIII kept on 13 January the "Commemoration of the Baptism of our Lord Jesus Christ", with the rank of a second-class feast.

A mere 14 years after the institution of the feast, Pope Paul VI set its date as the first Sunday after January 6 (as early as January 7 or as late as January 13) or, if in a particular country the Epiphany is celebrated on Sunday January 7 or Sunday January 8, on Monday January 8 or Monday January 9.

Pope John Paul II initiated a custom whereby on this feast the Pope baptizes babies in the Sistine Chapel.

Lutheran Churches
In the past, the Lutheran Churches as with other Western Christian Churches, commemorated the Baptism of the Lord on the octave of the Feast of the Epiphany.

The Feast of the Baptism of the Lord is celebrated today in many Lutheran parishes as a separate feast, on the first Sunday after the feast of the Epiphany.

Lutheran Churches with Scandinavian history, such as the Evangelical Lutheran Synod celebrate the Baptism of Christ on the final Sunday before Lent on Quinquagesima Sunday. Chronologically, the Temptation of Jesus, heard on the 1st Sunday in Lent, immediately follows the Baptism of Jesus. This order follows the lectionary which Johannes Bugenhagen included in his church order he brought to Denmark.

Anglican Communion
In the Church of England, Epiphany may be observed on January 6, or on the Sunday between January 2 and 8. If Epiphany is observed on a Sunday on January 6 or before, the Baptism of Christ is observed on the following Sunday. If the Epiphany is observed on January 7 or 8, the Baptism of Christ is observed on the following Monday, on January 8 or 9. In the Church of England, Ordinary Time does not begin until the day after the Presentation of Christ in the Temple.

In the Episcopal Church [USA], Epiphany is always celebrated on January 6, and the Baptism of the Lord is always celebrated on the following Sunday. It is not clear as to whether or not the Feast of the Baptism of our Lord is the end of Christmastide for the Episcopal Church. On one hand, the Prayer Book refers to the "Twelve Days of Christmas," and clearly distinguishes the Christmas and Epiphany seasons, the latter extending until Ash Wednesday. On the other hand, the Prayer Book allows for the continued use of Christmas prayers and readings on the weekdays following the Epiphany and leading up to the Baptism of our Lord. Further, the Epiphany and the Baptism of Christ are viewed as specially connected, allowing the interpretation that Christmastide does extend through and end with the Feast of our Lord's Baptism on the Sunday following the Epiphany.

Methodist Churches
Traditionally, the Methodist Churches partake in a covenant renewal liturgy during watchnight services held on New Year's Eve.

The Feast of the Baptism of the Lord is celebrated in many Methodist parishes on the second Sunday in January, after the feast of the Epiphany has already occurred.

title: Feast of the Baptism of the Lord


text: User talk:81.138.10.219

title: User talk:81.138.10.219


text:
Talk:Facet

I am a first-time gem buyer, and I find the jargon a little forbidding. Table, antique, cabochon, trilliant, etc. I have guessed at the meaning of a few of these, but I don't want to spend good money based on my guesses and a web picture or two.

Does anyone have a good reference for a list of such terms, so I can decide what they mean? In particular, right now I'm looking for stones carved fairly flat so a setting wouldn't have to be too thick.

Thanks for any help!
 * There is an article titled "Gem Cutting Terms" in the International Gem Society's Reference Library. http://www.gemsociety.org/info/info.htm

Donald49Donald49 17:27, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Donald49: For the sake of legibility, you may want to indent your replies using colons. Wikisyntax assumes you are adding code when you start a line with a space, and converts it to monotype with no automatic line breaks!--Joel 06:08, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Jbottoms76 (talk) 21:29, 3 May 2010 (UTC)
 * jbottoms76: The term "facet" is a keyword in knowledge representation. To allow the addition of a new meaning for facet a disambiguation page needs to be added. --Jbottoms76 (talk) 14:03, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Facet


text: User talk:163.15.174.176

title: User talk:163.15.174.176


text: User talk:69.70.169.6

title: User talk:69.70.169.6


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alok Kumar

Alok Kumar was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Alok Kumar
Vanity. --Korath会話 09:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Delete iMeowbot~Mw 09:57, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Wyss 14:56, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 02:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete kaal 05:44, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Bill Barker

Redirect broken
Why doesn't this redirect work? Brianjd 09:11, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bill Barker


text:
Chinavision Canada

Chinavision was a Canadian television broadcasting company.

It was launched in 1984 by Francis Cheung of Toronto, Ontario to provide a first pay-TV station for Chinese language viewers in Toronto and Vancouver, British Columbia. The station's content was roughly 90% Cantonese and 10% Mandarin.

The station expanded to Edmonton, Alberta and Calgary, Alberta in 1987 by acquiring Cathay International Television. The station rights were later sold to The Fairchild Group (owned by Happy Valley Investments Limited via Thomas Fung) and Condor (owned by TVB Limited of Hong Kong) after receivership in 1990, to form Fairchild TV in 1993.

Content
Contingent on the application to the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) Chinavision was required to have minimum of 30% Canadian made programs with the remainder from sources outside of Canada (mainly Hong Kong, China).

Broadcasting time
Chinavision's broadcaster hours were limited to two periods:

 * 4:30 p.m. to 12:30 a.m. weekdays
 * 2:30 p.m. to 12:30 a.m. on weekends

Original broadcast time was from 5pm to 1am daily.

Programming in Toronto was replayed in Vancouver and other markets.

Studios
Studios in Toronto were located within the city (160 Duncan Mills Road) and moved after the sale to Fairchild to Richmond Hill, Ontario.

Subscription
Viewers of Chinavision, namely in Toronto area had to obtain a converted box that had to connected to their existing cable boxes to decode signals for the channel. Thus Chinavision was only available to cable subscribers only.

In 1991 Chinavision had about 110,000 subscribers across Canada (Toronto, Vancouver, Edmonton and Calgary).

China influence in Chinavision
Chinavision was involved in an investigation by CSIS on their speculations of connections to Chinese authorities trying to influence media after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

Sale
After 1990 Chinavision was in facing financial difficulties and was sought out by two buyers, but eventually sold to Fairchild Group in 1993, who transformed the channel to Fairchild TV.

Former staff and Others Connected with Chinavision
A number of TVB staff and other Hong Kong personalities were hired or worked with the station from 1984 to 1990s:

 * Louise Li - Hong Kong actress was newspresenter in Toronto in the 1980s (1986-1989)
 * Lau Dan - Hong Kong actor who briefly worked for the station when his family moved to Canada (son Harwick Lau attended school in Toronto until 1994)
 * Ivan Ho - Hong Kong actor who briefly worked for the station
 * Teresa Cheung, Hong Kong socialite, was cultural ambassador for the channel and daughter of the owner Francis Cheung
 * Jean Lumb, corporate director; Toronto restaurateur and community activist

title: Chinavision Canada


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aziz Jan

Aziz Jan was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Aziz Jan
Vanity. There seems to be a number of there posted by anons from 129.64.?.? , all of random Brandeis students. iMeowbot~Mw 09:16, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Wyss 14:56, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete—Trevor Caira 23:25, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 02:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete kaal 05:45, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User:Dienstag

Dienstag is the name of a content provider for the Wikipedia project. This page exists merely as a placeholder until I create a more substantive description of myself. Don't hold your breath ...

--DCH 18:17, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Dienstag