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Rikkyo University

Rikkyo University (立教大学), also known as Saint Paul's University, is a private university, in Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Japan.

Rikkyo is one of the five MARCH universities, the group of elite private universities in the Kanto region, together with Meiji, Aoyama Gakuin, Chuo, and Hosei.

Rikkyo is known as one of the six leading universities in the field of sports in Tokyo (東京六大学 "Big Six" — Rikkyo University, University of Tokyo, Keio University, Waseda University, Meiji University, and Hosei University).

A leading liberal arts teaching and research institution, the university is the largest Anglican Christian affiliated university in Japan.

The university is internationally oriented and involved in numerous international programmes and projects. Rikkyo maintains contact with more than 140 educational institutions abroad for the purpose of exchanging lecturers, students and projects. With more than 700 students from outside Japan, the institution has 20,000 students, and 2,700 teachers and staff members.

Rikkyo University's deviation value is in the top 10 in the ranking of private universities in Japan.

Rikkyo Gakuin
The Rikkyo Gakuin is an educational institution, which includes Rikkyo University and several affiliated schools. They include three all-male schools, three all-female schools, a junior college, St. Margaret's Junior College, and an international school, The Rikkyo School in England.

Boys' schools

 * Rikkyo Primary School
 * Rikkyo Ikebukuro Junior and Senior High School
 * Rikkyo Niiza Junior and Senior High School

Girls' schools

 * St. Margaret's Elementary School, AKA Rikkyo Girls' Elementary School
 * St. Margaret's Junior & Senior High School, AKA Rikkyo Girls' Junior & Senior High School
 * St. Hilda's Junior & Senior High School, AKA Kouran Girls' Junior & Senior High School

Founding
The origins of the university date from the founding of St. Paul's School for boys in 1874 by Channing Moore Williams, a missionary of the Episcopal Church and a leading figure in the establishment of the Anglican Church in Japan.

The school's first classes were held in Williams' home in the foreign settlement in Tsukiji, Tokyo. Initially five students came to study with the resident missionaries. By the end of the first year this number had grown to 55 with as many as 46 living in a dormitory rented by the school.

Fire devoured the first school buildings in 1876. With funding from the Domestic and Foreign Mission Society of the Protestant Episcopal Church and, in 1880, a new principal, James McDonald Gardiner to supervise, new three-story brick facilities with an imposing 60-foot spire were constructed.

In 1891, Gardiner resigned from the management of the school and was succeeded by Rev. Theodosius Stevens Tyng. Simultaneous with the appointment of Rev. Tyng, the school's name was changed from St. Paul's School to St. Paul's College; curriculum changes were introduced; and a formal application was made for a government license. Enrollment jumped, but the school buildings were in a poor state of repair and were condemned as unsafe by government inspectors. As president of the school Tyng immediately set off to the United States on a fundraising tour. Less than three weeks after his return to Tokyo an earthquake in 1894 leveled much of the original school facilities, highlighting the perils of building on reclaimed land next to the Sumida River. The college was temporarily housed in Trinity Parish House, and by 1896 new buildings including an academic hall and student dormitory were ready for occupation.

In 1897, the Rev. Arthur Lloyd became president of the university. The Rikkyo schools experienced a rapid rise in student enrollment by virtue of the granting of a government license exempting students from military service and granting them access to all government established schools of higher education. Lloyd navigated the school through a turbulent six years as the Japanese Ministry of Education sought to curtail any religious instruction in the curriculum of government-approved schools. As only in the dormitories at Rikkyo was any religious instruction given, the school was able to retain its license.

In 1903, the Rev. Henry St. George Tucker succeeded Rev. Lloyd as president. In 1905 the school reported a male student enrollment of 573 and the need for larger school classroom facilities was acute. After another successful fundraising appeal new classrooms, an assembly hall and an office building were opened in 1907. The Rev. Charles S. Reifsnider succeed Rev. Tucker in 1912 when the latter took up his new post as Bishop of Kyoto.

New campus and elevation to university status
In 1909, 23 acres of land were purchased near Ikebukuro for the construction of a larger dedicated campus and the university moved into new buildings at this site in 1919. The University Chapel was consecrated in 1920, and the university was officially chartered by the Ministry of Education in 1922.

The original, red-brick, campus buildings, designed by Murphy & Dana Architects of New York, suffered structural damage in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake but, due to the university's more suburban location, escaped the fires that destroyed much of the center of the city.

Until the 1920s almost all classes at Rikkyo were held in English; Japanese language textbooks were made more widely available toward the end of the decade.

In the late 1930s and during the Second World War Rikkyo's status as an Anglican Christian university came under severe pressure from the military authorities. In 1936, the president of the university, Shigeharu Kimura, was forced to resign over allegations of disrespect during a required public reading of the Imperial Rescript on Education in the University Chapel.

In September 1942, university trustees agreed to change the wording of the charter to sever all ties with Christianity. The majority of Christian faculty members lost their positions and the University All Saints Chapel was closed.

Post-war period
At the end of World War II in October 1945 the U.S. Occupation authorities moved swiftly to remove head officials associated with the teaching of militarism and the violation of the university's founding charter. The university re-established its links with the Anglican Church in Japan. With the support of former faculty such as Paul Rusch, they began to restart classes, re-hire faculty, and rebuild.

Women were admitted to degree programs in 1946.

A new library extension, designed by renowned Japanese architect Kenzo Tange, was completed in 1960.

With contributions from private donors, the Episcopal Church in the United States and the Japanese Ministry of Education, between 1961 and 2001 the university owned and operated a TRIGA 100kW research reactor at Yokosuka, Kanagawa contributing the development of neutron radiography and energy research in Japan.

A second suburban campus in Niiza, Saitama for first- and second-year students was established in 1990.

Building on existing undergraduate study programs, new graduate schools for Business Administration, Social Design Studies, and Intercultural Communication were opened in 2002.

Recent developments
In September 2014, the Japanese Ministry of Education announced that Rikkyo University had been selected as a “Global Hub” university and will now receive special strategic government funding to support its global education programs.

Undergraduate colleges

 * College of Arts
 * College of Intercultural Communications
 * College of Economics
 * College of Business
 * College of Science
 * College of Sociology
 * College of Law and Politics
 * College of Tourism
 * College of Community and Human Service
 * College of Contemporary Psychology
 * College of Sports and Wellness
 * Global Liberal Arts Program

Graduate schools

 * Graduate School of Christian Studies
 * Graduate School of Arts
 * Graduate School of Intercultural Communication
 * Graduate School of Economics
 * Graduate School of Business
 * Graduate School of Science
 * Graduate School of Sociology
 * Graduate School of Law and Politics
 * Graduate School of Tourism
 * Graduate School of Community and Human Service
 * Graduate School of Contemporary Psychology
 * Graduate School of Sport and Wellness
 * Graduate School of Business Administration
 * Graduate School of Social Design Studies
 * Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence and Science

Center for Interdisciplinary Research institutes

 * Institute for American Studies
 * Institute for Leadership Studies
 * Centre for Asian Area Studies
 * Japan Institute of Christian Education (JICE)
 * Institute for Latin American Studies
 * Institute of Social Welfare
 * Institute of Tourism
 * St. Paul's Institute of English Language Education
 * Rikkyo Institute of Church Music
 * Rikkyo Economics Research Institute
 * Institute for Japanese Studies
 * Rikkyo Wellness Institute
 * Rikkyo Institute for Business Law Studies
 * Rikkyo Institute for Legal Practice Studies
 * Rikkyo Institute for Global Urban Studies

Other research institutes

 * Rikkyo Institute for Peace and Community Studies
 * Education for Sustainable Development Research institutes

Library
The Old Main Library, or Mather Library, in the group of historic red brick buildings at the university's main entrance, was built in 1918. The original building was named in memory of Samuel Mather an American industrialist and long-time sponsor of Episcopal Church overseas mission work. Funds for the original building were donated by Mather in memory of his father. Further funding was also provided by him in 1925 to finance the repairs to the building in the wake of the 1923 Great Kanto earthquake.

The university library buildings have been expanded over succeeding decades to include landmark buildings by Kenzo Tange and more modern structures to house collections containing over 1.7 million volumes of print and non-print materials. The university libraries house specialist collections of the Protestant Episcopal Church and Edogawa Rampo.

Ikebukuro campus

 * Main Library
 * Social Sciences Library
 * Humanities Library
 * Natural Sciences Library
 * Media Library

Niiza Campus

 * Niiza Library
 * Niiza Repository

Students
Rikkyo is a co-educational university. As of 2009, female students outnumber male students overall; male students outnumber female students at the graduate level.

Events
In common with most universities in Tokyo, Rikkyo holds an annual student-organized festival each autumn. Known as the St. Paul's festival, student clubs and societies provide entertainment, prepare food, organize sporting events and showcase academic work for the benefit of other students, prospective students, alumni, and the local community.

World Congress

 * 2014 International Ornithological Congress

Sports
Rikkyo's baseball team plays in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League. They have won 12 league championships in their history.

Rikkyo's American football team plays in Japan's division one in the Kanto B conference. Their record was 3–4 in 2009.

Rikkyo fields a strong program in women's lacrosse.

Alumni

 * Jiro Akama: member of the House of Representatives (Liberal Democratic Party)
 * Shinji Aoyama - Film director
 * Tetsuma Esaki: member of House of Representatives (Liberal Democratic Party)
 * Mineyuki Fukuda: member of the House of Representatives (the Liberal Democratic Party)
 * Toshio Gotō - Film director
 * Isuna Hasekura - Author
 * Tomoko Honda - Television announcer
 * Haruomi Hosono - musician, member of the Yellow Magic Orchestra
 * Ryō Ikebe - Actor
 * Tadashi Inuzuka: member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (Democratic Party of Japan)
 * Fukuzo Iwasaki: real estate entrepreneur
 * Tsutomu Kawabuchi: member of the IIHF Hall of Fame
 * Kiyoshi Kurosawa - Film director
 * Monta Mino - Radio and television announcer
 * Shinkichi Mitsumune - Composer
 * Tatsuya Mori - Documentary filmmaker
 * Yuka Murayama - Author
 * Shigeo Nagashima - Baseball player and manager of the Yomiuri Giants
 * Rei Nakanishi - Japanese novelist
 * Yōko Nogiwa - Actress
 * Toshio Ogawa: former Senior Vice-Minister of Justice (Japan), member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (Democratic Party of Japan)
 * Akira Sakuma - Game producer
 * Motoharu Sano - SongWriter, Musician
 * Makoto Shinozaki - Film director
 * Akihiko Shiota - Film director
 * Hiroshi Sugimoto - Photographer
 * Masayuki Suo - Film director
 * Kazuhito Tadano - Baseball player of the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
 * Taichi Takami - Professional shogi player, former Eiō title holder.
 * Masami Tanabu: former Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)
 * Ryosei Tanaka: member of the House of Representatives (Liberal Democratic Party)
 * Yun Dong-ju - Poet
 * Osamu Uno: member of the House of Representatives (Liberal Democratic Party)
 * Asako Yuzuki - Author
 * Zhou Zuoren - Chinese writer, the younger brother of Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren)
 * Mafumafu - Singer-Songwriter

Recipients of honorary degrees

 * Henry St. George Tucker (bishop) - the 19th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church (1958)
 * Arthur C. Lichtenberger - bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States (1959)
 * Milton Friedman - American economist (1963)
 * Friedrich Hayek - economist and philosopher (1963)
 * Paul Rusch - Anglican lay missionary to Japan, founder of Camp Seisen Ryo (1965)
 * Arthur Frank Burns - American economist (1965)
 * Edwin O. Reischauer - United States ambassador to Japan (1965)
 * Joseph Kitagawa - dean of University of Chicago Divinity School(1977)
 * Hanna Holborn Gray - president of the University of Chicago (1979)
 * Robert Runcie - Archbishop of Canterbury (1987)
 * Tom Foley - United States Ambassador to Japan (2000)
 * Bill Gates - American business magnate (2000)
 * Bob Hawke - Prime Minister of Australia (2003)
 * Frank Griswold - 25th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church (2005)
 * Muhammad Yunus - founder of the Grameen Bank (2007)
 * Rowan Williams - Archbishop of Canterbury (2009)
 * Fazle Hasan Abed - Founder and Chairman of BRAC (NGO) (2009)

International exchanges

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 * The University of Chicago, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Cornell University, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Kent State University, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Linfield College, 🇺🇸 United States
 * University of Maryland, 🇺🇸 United States
 * University of Missouri-St. Louis, 🇺🇸 United States
 * San Diego State University, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Vanderbilt University, 🇺🇸 United States
 * University of Virginia, 🇺🇸 United States
 * The University of the South, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Western Michigan University, 🇺🇸 United States
 * Saint Mary's University, 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Université de Sherbrooke, 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Université du Québec à Montréal, 🇨🇦 Canada
 * University of Toronto, Faculty of Arts and Science, 🇨🇦 Canada
 * University of Waterloo, 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * University of Turku, 🇫🇮 Finland
 * BI Norwegian Business School, 🇳🇴 Norway
 * Norwegian School of Economics, 🇳🇴 Norway
 * Jean Moulin University Lyon 3, 🇫🇷 France
 * Panthéon-Assas University, 🇫🇷 France
 * Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, 🇫🇷 France
 * Humboldt University, 🇩🇪 Germany
 * University of Tübingen, 🇩🇪 Germany
 * University of Bonn, 🇩🇪 Germany
 * University of Wuppertal, 🇩🇪 Germany
 * University of Marburg, 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland
 * Leiden University, The Netherlands
 * Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
 * Warsaw University, 🇵🇱 Poland
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 * University of Essex, UK
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title: Rikkyo University


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User talk:Jnusaira

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:40, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Jnusaira


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User talk:Benoni

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:40, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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You can contact me on my page : Benoni

Wikimedia Commons
Hi. May you help with translation of Degemer? ~ kintup 19:32, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

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Your recent bot approvals request has been approved. Please see the request page for details. --ST47 Talk 15:01, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

light-year
Hello. In the process of adding a foreign language link to the light-year page, your bot seems to have randomized the alphabetical order of the foreign language links. Rhialto 14:19, 15 June 2007 (UTC)
 * No, I'm afraid it's you who randomized it by your changes. My bot put the links in a strictly alphabetical order... Have a look at the page now please [[image:SFriendly.gif|19px]].Benoni 00:04, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Bot edits in User space
Please change your bot to avoid changing pages in User space. I put my interwikis through a template, and your edit duplicated my interwikis. Please acknowledge that some people don't want their user pages to be interrupted. Thank you.-- ✉ Hello World! 13:39, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Kings or dukes of Brittany?
I have reverted a few page moves of yours recently. See Nominoe, Erispoe, Pasquitan, Duke of Brittany, Gurvand, Duke of Brittany, and Judicael, Duke of Brittany. I think that the royal title is inappropriate for these individuals. I have rewritten their articles with sources to explain why. Srnec 04:35, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Bot edits
The ru-sib Wikipedia has been deleted or disapproved. (I can't edit your primary talk page, as it seems to be blocked.) If I see another ru-sib: addition after the second warning I left on the bot page, I'll block the bot. — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 17:16, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Breton Help
I am involved in a little project with a number of others at LyricWiki.org and we need some help with Breton. The lyrics have been gathered from verious sources and their language now needs to be identified.

If you have the time would you be so kind as to look at the Alan Stivell songs on LyricWiki, open each for editing and replace Unknown under the SongFooter (almost at the bottom of the page) with the correct language? I can recognize French although I do not know it. I am not certain that the language that is not French is Breton and I am not certain if there are songs that are in both languages, French-Breton.

There is no need to reply to this either here or on my talk page. If you can do it, that would be great. If you can not do it, That is all right, too. After all, it is only a website.

Thank you!

JimCubb (talk) 23:57, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Reference errors on 5 March
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Talk:History of the Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870

older entries

 * landroost is certainly not a Dutch word. Should it be landdrost? A 'drost' was an official of the old Republic. nl:Gebruiker:Jcwf
 * Shouldn't there at least be an explanation that the word 'kaffer' is used here in its historical sense?nl:Gebruiker:Jcwf

The word 'Kaffir' is not being used 'in it's historical context'. Would something like the following be acceptable to an American audience?
 * the Niggers had taken possession of the neutral ground and attacked the colonists. In order to expel them, General Grant...

There's nothing historical about this. The term is racist and does not belong here. The people the British were fighting were the Xhosa. The wars are now known as the Frontier wars. I traced the history of this article, and it began with a lengthy article from an anonymous contributer. Either it's malicously racist, or has been ignorantly plucked from a dated textbook. -- Greenman 14 June 2005

 * You would have to ask an American, sorry. I know that "nigger" and "negro" was part of the vernacular, but as far as I'm concerned, it originated from the word "black."  However, you state that it isn't used in its historical context, and then go on to say it must be plucked from a dated textbook — a textbook from that era provides the historical context.
 * However you look at it, I argue that it is being used in its historical context. The Brits used the word as substitute for natives, probably as a tribal name.  This is apparent from the writings of the time;  as examples:
 * Lessons of the War, by Spenser Wilkinson, 1900: "The Government of Natal thought that if the troops were withdrawn from Glencoe--Dundee, or the whole force collected, say at Colenso instead of Ladysmith, the appearance of retreat would have a bad effect on the natives, the Kaffirs, and perhaps the Dutch farmers."
 * The Great Boer War, by Arthur Conan Doyle, 1902: "The burghers would not pay taxes and the treasury was empty. One fierce Kaffir tribe threatened them from the north, and the Zulus on the east. It is an exaggeration of English partisans to pretend that our intervention saved the Boers, for no one can read their military history without seeing that they were a match for Zulus and Sekukuni combined."
 * It won't be correct to simply replace it with "natives" throughout, if you're wanting to be PC. And I strongly suspect that it isn't that closely delineated so that Xhosa would be correct throughout.  Unless there is some source that can provide the necessary link between the reference from that era and today's namings, I don't think we should change things on speculation.  I have brought this up before;  see Talk:History of Cape Colony. Dewet 13:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a difference between historical context, and using the word in a modern context to refer to a historical event. The word kaffir may have been used in the past, but no modern history book would even consider using the word kaffir now to describe the people the British were fighting, and nor should Wikipedia. The word was used at one point to name the wars, so references to the fact that the British historically called the wars the Kaffir Wars are appropriate, but to continually use the term to describe the people being fought is not acceptable. Native is not much better as a term. The people being fought were the Xhosa. It's not about being PC, it's about being accurate, and avoiding a certain systemic bias in the article. There may be a few instances of other people's being involved, but then they should be clearly described too. You asked the question in December 2004 in the talk page you refer to, and I hope I'm answering it :) I have modern sources and will help with this if needs be, though I'll be away and have no online access for the next few days. -- Greenman June 14 2005

 * We are in agreement, then. I dislike the term too, but what it needs to be replaced with is what I'm not too sure about.  If it can be shown that what today is labeled "Xhosa" is indeed what was then labeled "Kaffir" without any grey areas, then I'm happy to replace it.  Dewet 22:01, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Changes have been made. The people being fought were the Xhosa. Sources include:, and A History of South Africa, by Frank Welsh, 2000, Harper Collins. Greenman 2 July 2005 18:34 (UTC)

names in this article
There are some spellings that need looking at- E.g. Amaxosa is surely amaXhosa, Nongkwase is normally spelt Nongqawuse. On the subject of the word Kaffir as used in this article: there are areas where the word has historical context (Kaffir Wars, any quotes from dispatches, books etc). In most cases though I would support it being replaced by some less in-your-face term, as the way the word is used does often not refer to a historical usage, but is simply a generic term for blacks as used by the settlers of the time.

 * Agree. Xhosa replaces Kaffir, as discussed above. Many of the other spellings are incorrect according to today's conventions. I suspect the article was originally taken from an ancient Enclyclopedia Britannica, judging by the colonial tone, and old spellings. It needs a far bit of work still. Certainly not featured article standard yet. Greenman 2 July 2005 18:34 (UTC)

 * Spot on - the original is from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article online at Love to Know Humansdorpie 13:02, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

colonial bias
This article is written from a British Colonial perspective: Words like "natives" are used. When Africans fight for their freedom this is referred to as "causing problems". Africans are referred to as enemies--clearly a British Colonial perspective masking the fact that the British (and the Dutch before)were the invaders, on the wrong side of the earth, and destroyed societies that had been there for a very long time. otium19.May.06

 *  Páll  (Die pienk olifant) 13:08, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed, the article is rife with colonialist bias and racism, blatantly evident in passages such as these "On 22 April 1817, led by a prophet-chief named Makana, they attacked Graham’s Town, then held by a handful of white troops. Help arrived in time and the enemy were beaten back.  It was then agreed that the land between the Fish and the Keiskamma rivers should be neutral territory." In addition the entire history of Cape Colony is told from the British and Afrikaner perspective, and not from the point of view of the Xhosa or the KhoiKho, whose sovereignty and terrieory were being usurped. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.192.68.117 (talk) 17:54, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

FAR
History of Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870 has been nominated for a featured article review. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. Please leave your comments and help us to return the article to featured quality. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, articles are moved onto the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article from featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. Reviewers' concerns are here. Cheers, Spawn Man (talk) 01:47, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

It would be worth prefacing this article with a caveat regarding the extent to which an authentic and objective historical account is possible. The primary historical record of the series of colonial Frontier Wars is firstly quite limited and secondly is almost exclusively drawn from material belonging to the colonial invaders. As is well known, this is commonly the case with imperial invasion pre-1900, irrespective of the continent. In addition to the paucity and bias of the available records, there is the unfortunate tendency toward simplification. For instance, in the periods between each of the Cape Frontier Wars there is evidence of many fruiful and peaceful interactions between Xhosa groups and settlers. There were even some settler men who opted for integration with these groups, choosing to marry Xhosa women or act as travelling traders between tribal groups between the Kei and Umzimvubu Rivers. Inevitably relations became polarised - on the one hand by a flawed, colonial policy (which when judged in retrospect, was inherently violent and elitist) and on the other, by incessant pilfering of settler property by certain Xhosa groups. The full story of this time will never be told. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AmaNafrikan (talk • contribs) 19:59, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Edit of Cattle Killings
I removed opening paragraph to this section references the "delusions" that led to the cattle killings. This term seems quite loaded to me, and I don't think it would be used if the article was referencing the beliefs of other faiths.

Also, the reference I added cited 40,000 deaths, not 50,000.

Finally, I tried to add a footnote, but had trouble understanding the correct syntax. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shultze (talk • contribs) 21:43, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

The Cattle-Killing Movement section of this article has problems
First, much information contradicts what's in the standard scholarly reference, J.B. Peires' "The Dead Will Arise." Second, most of what's here is racially biased and presents white viewpoints without presenting the Xhosa viewpoint (both of which are covered and exhaustively documented in Peires' book). I'm new here and don't have the skills to make the changes but would be happy to provide the info to someone who can. (Email me at senselj@yahoo.com.) Short of that, that part of the article needs a flag that indicates it is incomplete, incorrect, or biased. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.113.244.167 (talk) 15:44, 5 June 2018 (UTC)

Reversing the outdated, colonial history - not just identifying the bias
This talk page has already mentioned that this article is almost a direct copy-and-paste from this 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article -- thus mirroring all of its outdated history, colonial language and organization of the subject matter. Not only was it dated to 1911, but the 1911 article says it is a condensed version of the 1878 book History and Geography of South Africa by G. M. Theal.

The section on the Xhosa Cattle Killing told the ‘Chief’s plot’ account of the events (a long-ago falsified conspiracy that the Xhosa chiefs were trying to starve their own people to recruit them for war) and likened the Xhosa to cannibals eating their children! I have edited and rewritten paragraphs in that section considerably to incorporate modern scholarship and Peires seminal account The Dead Will Arise - but I would highly encourage others familiar with the other wars and sections to do the same. Just replacing ‘Kaffir’ with Xhosa does not remove the colonial bias and outdated historical interpretations embedded in the content of this page, and almost all of it needs to be rewritten.

Another thing to consider is that the very categories of this article are the exact subsections from the 1911 article -- while names like the 'The Great Amaxosa Delusion’ have been updated to 'Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine,' the content and overall structure of what types of events are included remains the same. The focus currently is on wars and the perspective of the colonial apparatus. What kinds of sections could we add to get to the Xhosa perspective and go beyond the colonial state?

I was really disappointed when I read the article, then encouraged when I saw the discussions going on here about the inappropriate use of ‘Kaffir,’ the inaccuracies in the Cattle Killing section, and the overall colonial bias. Now let’s translate that from the talk page to editing the actual page, which still remains almost an exact copy of the 1911 page, minus ‘Kaffir.’

DustyGusty (talk) 22:54, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

"Lungsickness" Disease
this wording in this line: "In 1854, the lungsickness disease spread through the cattle of the Xhosa..." implies that lungsickness disease has already been mentioned previously in the article (it hasn't). Also, if the disease in question is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia there should be a link to it on first use.AL20227 (talk) 16:20, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

History
How the British colonialism impact on the lives of the people of the cape colony 41.114.166.42 (talk) 05:27, 23 August 2023 (UTC)


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Vanabin

Vanabins (also known as vanadium-associated proteins or vanadium chromagen) are a group of vanadium-binding metalloproteins. Vanabins are found almost exclusively in the blood cells, or vanadocytes, of some tunicates (sea squirts), including the Ascidiacea. The vanabins extracted from tunicate vanadocytes are often called hemovanadins. These organisms are able to concentrate vanadium from the surrounding seawater, and vanabin proteins have been involved in collecting and accumulating this metal ion. At present there is no conclusive understanding of why these organisms collect vanadium.

Vanadium has been reported in high concentrations in the blood of the sea cucumber Stichopus. However, later research has found little or no vanadium in this and four other sea cucumber genera.

Vanabins as oxygen carriers
Because of the high concentration of vanadium in the blood, it has been assumed that vanabins are used for oxygen transport like iron-based hemoglobin or copper-based hemocyanin. Unfortunately no scientific evidence can be found to back this hypothesis.

The highest concentration of vanadium found so far, 350 mM, was found in the blood cells of Ascidia gemmata belonging to the suborder Phlebobranchia. This concentration is 10,000,000 times higher than that in seawater.

Vanabins accumulate vanadium in the blood cells and produce V(III) species and vanadyl ions (V(IV)) from orthovanadate ions (V(V)), with the use of NADPH as a reducing agent. Vanabins also transport the reduced vanadium species into the vacuoles of vanadocytes (vanadium-containing blood cells). The vacuoles are kept at a very acidic pH of 1.9 (due to sulfuric acid in it), made possible by pumping hydrogen ions into the vacuoles by use of energy intensive H+-ATPase. All the use of NADPH and ATP to collect and maintain the vanadium is extremely energy intensive, unusual for oxygen transporting proteins.

Other oxygen transporting proteins have a very low dissociation constant with their metal prosthetic group and bind these groups tightly. Vanabins on the other hand have a moderate dissociation constant and do not tightly bind vanadium. Most importantly, because of this moderate dissociation constant, vanadium is usually found free-floating and separated from any proteins inside the vacuoles. This is completely different from other oxygen transporting proteins.

Another possible function is that vanabin containing organisms cleave the core out of chlorin-based compounds such as the magnesium in chlorophyll and replace it with their vanadium center in order to attach and harvest energy via light-harvesting complexes. It is believed that the bacteria contained in worm castings, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, do this during its photoautotrophism mode of metabolism. By this information it may be hypothesized that kerogen is the result of photoautotrophic bacteria using vanabin as their method of attaching to chlorophyll.

Vanabins not oxygen carriers
The most convincing evidence against vanadium in use for oxygen transport is that many ascidians and tunicates also have hemocyanin in their blood that could be assumed to handle all oxygen transport.

The use of vanabins and vanadium for oxygen transport in ascidians and tunicates is doubtful. Another hypothesized reason for these organisms collecting vanadium is to make themselves toxic to predators, parasites and microorganisms.

History
German chemist Martin Henze discovered vanadium in ascidiaceans in 1911.

title: Vanabin


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William Ward Duffield

William Ward Duffield (November 19, 1823 – June 22, 1907) was an executive in the coal industry, a railroad construction engineer, and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After the war he was appointed Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Early life
Duffield was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the son of Isabella Graham (Bethune), and the Reverend George Duffield, a prominent minister in the Presbyterian Church. He was also the brother of Brigadier General Henry M. Duffield. Although he would call Michigan home after 1836, throughout his life William worked and traveled widely. He graduated in 1842 from Columbia College, New York City, as a civil engineer, and two years later received a Master of Arts. He later studied law and was admitted to the Detroit bar. At the onset of the Mexican–American War he entered the U.S. Army as adjutant of the 2nd Tennessee Infantry. Later during the war he served on the staff of General Gideon J. Pillow. He went to California as an Army paymaster after the war and qualified as a founding member in the Society of California Pioneers. During this service he became well enough versed in the military sciences to author two books on the subject. After leaving the Army he worked as engineer and superintendent of railroads in New York; surveyed the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad from Pontiac to Grand Haven, from Detroit to Port Huron, and from Mendota to Galesburg, Illinois.

Civil War
When the Civil War erupted, Duffield joined the 4th Michigan Infantry as its lieutenant colonel, and participated with the regiment in the First Battle of Bull Run. In September 1861 he resigned from the 4th and accepted a commission as colonel of the 9th Michigan Infantry.

On January 9, 1862, he was ordered to Bardstown, Kentucky, to head an officer examining board. From March 8 to May 14, 1862, he commanded the 23rd Brigade of the Army of the Ohio. On April 11, 1862, he was appointed acting brigadier general, but his appointment was not confirmed by the United States Senate; it was tabled on July 16, 1862. On May 9, 1862, he was appointed acting military governor of Kentucky. On July 12, 1862, Duffield arrived in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in command of the 9th Michigan. The following day the Union garrison, under the overall command of Brig. Gen. Thomas T. Crittenden, was attacked and defeated by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest in the First Battle of Murfreesboro. Col. Duffield received two gunshot wounds during the attack; one passing through the right testicle, the other through the left thigh. These, although very painful and bleeding profusely, did not prevent him from remaining with his own regiment until the attack was repulsed, when, fainting from pain and loss of blood. He was carried from the field. At noon the same day he was made prisoner by General Forrest, but, in his then helpless condition, was released upon his parole promising not to bear arms against the Confederate States until being regularly exchanged. He was exchanged on August 27, 1862.

Postbellum career
Duffield resigned from the Army on February 6, 1863, and returned to Michigan. After the war he had charge of coal mines in Pennsylvania and iron mines in Kentucky, and was chief engineer of the Kentucky Union Railroad. In 1879–1880 he served as a member of the Michigan State Senate. He was appointed by President Grover Cleveland as Superintendent of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, holding that position from 1894 to 1897. He spent his last years in Washington, D.C., where he died. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Books

 * American Biographical History of Eminent Self-Made Men, Michigan Edition Cincinnati, OH: Western Biographical Publishing Company. (1878)
 * Bennett, Charles Historical Sketches of the Ninth Michigan Infantry  Coldwater, MI: Daily Courier. (1913)
 * Bingham, Steven D. Early History of Michigan with Biographies of State Officers, Members of Congress, Judges and Legislators Lansing: Thorp and Godrey, State Printers (1888).
 * Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
 * Michigan Biographies: Including Members of Congress, Elective State Officers, Justices of the Supreme Court, Members of the Michigan Legislature, Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, State Board of Agriculture and State Board of Education 2 vols. Lansing, MI: Michigan Historical Commission (1924).
 * Wyeth, John Allan. That Devil Forrest: the Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest 1899. Reprint. NY: Harpers, 1959.

Journal articles

 * King, William H. "Forrest's Attack on Murfreesboro, July 13, 1862." Confederate Veteran 32 (November 1924): 430–431.

Attribution

title: William Ward Duffield


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Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival

Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival, also known simply as The Carnival, is the debut studio album released by Haitian hip hop musician Wyclef Jean. The album was released on 24 June 1997. Wyclef Jean also served as the album's executive producer. The album features guest appearances from Celia Cruz and The Neville Brothers and multiple appearances from Jean's former Fugees bandmates, Lauryn Hill and Pras.

The album was released to critical acclaim. While commercially it peaked at number sixteen on the US Billboard 200 chart, and at number four on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, it garnered Jean three Grammy Award nominations, including two nominations at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards, for Best Rap Album and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for "Guantanamera", and Best Rap Solo Performance at the 41st Grammy Awards in 1999, for his top-ten hit "Gone till November".

Music and lyrics
The album encompasses many musical genres, including hip hop, reggae, folk, disco, soul, Son Cubano and Haitian music. The album features guest appearances from Celia Cruz, The Neville Brothers, John Forté, Jeni Fujita, and Jean's bandmates from The Fugees, Lauryn Hill and Pras, among others. It also features skits between many of its songs, most of them set in a fictional trial for Wyclef Jean, in which he is accused of being "a player" and a "bad influence". The final three songs on the album are sung in Haitian Creole.

Critical reception
The Carnival was released to critical acclaim. In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, music critic Robert Christgau found the album more R&B than the "diasporan flavors" it uses as "half decoration, half concept", and remarked that Jean uses the sampler for "one-dimensional tunes" that showcase his "well-articulated morality tales and popwise carnivalesque." In his review for Playboy, Christgau asserted that the album is more likely than any other well-meaning hip hop to impact the demographic it aims at and also works as an attempt to prove Jean is equally worthy of the attention given to Lauryn Hill.

Stephen Thompson of The A.V. Club, in a favorable review, called The Carnival "a stunning solo album that's light years beyond The Score". He also wrote "In his universalist embrace of music of all forms, Wyclef Jean makes a more powerful call for peace and unity than a thousand East Coast–West Coast 'Stop the violence, y'all' intros put together." The Carnival was voted the sixteenth best album of the year in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll for 1997. Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it twentieth on his own list.

In 2011, Rolling Stone ranked The Carnival the 69th best album of the 1990s.

Commercial performance
The Carnival debuted at number sixteen on the US Billboard 200, selling 52,000 copies in its first week. It also debuted at number four on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album spawned the singles "Gone Till November", "We Trying to Stay Alive", "Guantanamera" and "To All the Girls". On 16 December 1998, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and sold approximately two million copies worldwide.

Personnel

 * Wyclef Jean – guitar, keyboards
 * Rita Marley – background vocals
 * Judy Mowatt – background vocals
 * Marcia Griffiths – background vocals
 * Sonny Kompanek – arranger
 * Salaam Remi – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Warren Riker – mastering, mixing
 * Rudy – assistant engineer
 * DJ Skribble – scratching
 * Funkmaster Flex – scratching
 * Crazy Sam & Da Verbal Assassins – performer
 * Manuel Lecuona – mastering
 * Rawle Gittens – mixing assistant
 * Tony Gonzales – assistant engineer
 * Lauryn Hill – arranger, performer, executive producer
 * Jerry Duplessis – guitar, bass, producer
 * Alex Olsson – mixing assistant
 * John Forté – performer
 * Jay Nicholas – mixing assistant
 * Pras – performer, executive producer
 * Melky Sedeck – performer
 * New York Philharmonic Orchestra – performer
 * Tomas Muscionico – photography
 * Mike Roach – mixing assistant
 * Storm Jefferson – mixing assistant
 * Paul Epworth – assistant engineer
 * Brian Dozoretz – engineer, mixing assistant
 * Jocelyne Béroard – performer
 * Sweet Micky – performer
 * The Neville Brothers – performer
 * Celia Cruz – performer

title: Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival


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Urbana University

Urbana University was a private university specializing in liberal arts education and located in Urbana, Ohio. In its final few years, it was purchased by Franklin University and was a branch campus of that university.

History
Urbana University was founded in 1850 as Urbana College by followers of the 18th century Swedish philosopher and scientist, Emanuel Swedenborg. The university was the second institution of higher learning in Ohio to admit women; the first was Oberlin College.

The groundwork for the founding of the university was in part laid by John Chapman, better known as Johnny Appleseed, who became the inspiration for the Johnny Appleseed Museum founded for his extraordinary history. While more famous for spreading apple seeds throughout the East, Chapman was also a Swedenborgian missionary and helped spread this faith among the early settlers around Urbana. Chapman encouraged his friend and fellow Swedenborgian, John Hough James, to donate the land on which Urbana University was built. To this day, the university maintains an informal relationship with the Swedenborgian General Convention of the Church of the New Jerusalem in the United States of America. The university is also home to the Johnny Appleseed Educational Center & Museum to honor John Chapman.

Classes for elementary and secondary students under the name Urbana Seminary began in the fall of 1850 in a rented room in a building in downtown Urbana. College level classes were first held in the fall of 1854, following the construction of Bailey Hall, the first building on the campus. Less than 10 years after the college opened it suspended operations from 1861 to 1866 during the Civil War. The college experienced a number of changes in the early 20th century when the college's curriculum was shortened to a two-year junior college format in 1907. The school later shut down the primary school in 1911; and the secondary school was closed in 1928.

Urbana operated as a two-year college until 1968, when it returned curriculum to a four-year format. In 1975, Urbana was granted full membership in the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. In 1985, the institution changed its name from Urbana College to Urbana University. Until 2014, in addition to having been a traditional liberal arts college, Urbana University's School of Adult and Graduate Education offered associate degree and Bachelor of Science degree completion programs in Business Management, Education, Criminal Justice Leadership, Human Services Leadership, and many more. In addition to these programs, Master's programs were available in Business Administration, Education, Nursing, and Criminal Justice. Classes met on the Urbana University main campus, and at several off-campus locations throughout Western Ohio. These locations were in Bellefontaine, Dayton, Kettering, Marysville, Piqua, and Springfield.

In 2014, the university was purchased by Franklin University after undergoing significant budget shortfalls. Under the agreement, Urbana would retain its name, and act as a physical campus for both Urbana and Franklin students. On August 1, 2017, Franklin University received approval for its change of status application by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) to bring Urbana University under Franklin's accreditation as a "branch campus." The campus closed in 2020, transferring records to Franklin University in Columbus, Ohio. Urbana cited the coronavirus pandemic and declining enrollment.

Campus

The 128 acre main campus was located on the southwest side of Urbana in west central Ohio. Its buildings ranged from historic 19th-century buildings styled in traditional architecture to modern structures. Bailey Hall, Oak Hall, and Barclay Hall are the three oldest buildings on the campus. All three are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The university had undergone various changes in the early 21st century with the construction of Sycamore Hall in 2004, the Urbana University Stadium, the Student Center in 2006, McConnell Hall in 2007, and Ross Hall in 2019.

Academics
Urbana University offered 28 undergraduate majors and Graduate programs in Nursing (MSN), Education (MEd), Business Administration (MBA), Criminal Justice Administration (MA), and a Post-Baccalaureate in Teacher Licensure

Athletics
The Urbana athletic teams were called the Blue Knights. Their athletic colors were blue and white. The university was a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Mountain East Conference (MEC) from 2013–14 to 2019–20. The Blue Knights previously competed in the Great Midwest Athletic Conference (G-MAC) as a provisional member only during the 2012–13 school year; as an NCAA D-II Independent from 2008–09 to 2011–12; and in the defunct American Mideast Conference (AMC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1971–72 to 2007–08.

Urbana competed in 19 intercollegiate varsity teams: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, volleyball and wrestling; while women's sports included acrobatics & tumbling, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, volleyball and water polo.

Club sports
Urbana University also offered club sport programs in shooting sports, bowling, and cheerleading.

Move to NCAA Division II
In 2010, Urbana completed the transition from the NAIA to the NCAA in the Division II ranks. Also in that year, the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) had accepted Urbana as an associate member of the GLVC in football only starting with the 2012 fall season. In 2011, the university and five other schools, many also transitioning to the NCAA from the NAIA, had announced their intentions to form the G-MAC in 2013. The G-MAC ultimately launched a year earlier than planned, in 2012, with Urbana as a member. The school spent only one season in the G-MAC; on August 20, 2012, Urbana was unveiled as a charter member of the MEC, a new Division II conference set to launch for the 2013–14 school year. The MEC is mostly made up of schools leaving the then-soon-to-be dissolved West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WVIAC), but also includes another Ohio school in Notre Dame College.

Student organizations
Urbana University had several recognized student organizations including leadership groups such as Student Government Association, Campus Activities Board, and Student Athlete Advisory Committee. There were organizations with special interest topics around politics, disc golf, and cancer awareness; and there were academic groups for history students and students interested in social sciences.

Residence life
There were six residence halls on campus (South, East, Francis E. Hazard, McConnell, Sycamore, and Ross halls). Urbana's residence halls emphasized civic responsibility, mutual respect, mature interpersonal relationships, multicultural understanding, and community engagement. Students living on campus forged friendships to last a lifetime while learning about different cultures, backgrounds and ideas, gaining an understanding of being part of a community, and developing their leadership skills. Residential living provides students with life skills that were transferable to careers and other aspects of independent living after graduation. Advice and guidance are available from trained upperclass student resident assistants and professional resident hall directors, as well as an Area Coordinator. Resident assistants lived on each floor of each residence hall and served as a resource for students dealing with any type of issue. The university's Student Conduct programs were recognized as Ohio's most innovative Student Affairs program in 2014 by the Ohio College Personnel Association.

Notable alumni

 * T. Coleman du Pont, former president of DuPont industries and former U.S. Senator from Delaware
 * Justin Edwards, football player; professional mixed martial artist for the UFC's Lightweight Division
 * Filip Filipović, former NFL player
 * Jan Finney, softball player; professional MMA fighter
 * Ross McGregor, member of Ohio House of Representatives
 * Gretchen Worden, known for her contributions to the Mütter Museum and several appearances on the Late Show with David Letterman

title: Urbana University


text: User talk:207.177.95.237

title: User talk:207.177.95.237


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Black Patch Tobacco Wars

The Black Patch Tobacco Wars were a period of civil unrest and violence in the western counties of the U.S. states of Kentucky and Tennessee at the turn of the 20th century, circa 1904–1909. The so-called "Black Patch" consists of about 30 counties in southwestern Kentucky and northwestern Tennessee. During that period this area was the leading worldwide supplier of dark fired tobacco. It was so named for the wood smoke and fire-curing process which it undergoes after harvest. This type of tobacco is used primarily in snuff, chewing and pipe tobacco.

The primary antagonists were the American Tobacco Company (ATC) (owned by James B. Duke), historically one of the largest U.S. industrial monopolies, and the Dark Tobacco District Planters' Protective Association of Kentucky and Tennessee (PPA). This association of planters formed on September 24, 1904, in protest of the monopoly ATC practice of paying deflated prices for their product and with the intent to control their own product and pricing by banding together.

The initial idea of the PPA was to "pool" and withhold their tobacco until the ATC agreed to pay higher prices. When this plan was unsuccessful, many farmers resorted to violence and vigilante practices, organizing as the Silent Brigade or Night Riders. They committed numerous acts of violence and destroyed crops, machinery, livestock, and tobacco warehouses, even capturing whole towns. They raided Princeton, Hopkinsville, and Russellville, Kentucky, destroying tobacco warehouses.

The American Tobacco Company
James Buchanan "Buck" Duke of North Carolina was an ambitious businessman and planter who quickly learned that profit was maximized buying and selling tobacco, not producing it. In 1879, the W. Duke Sons and Company was established as a tobacco manufacturer and began producing cigarettes. Two years later, the commercial cigarette-rolling machine was invented by James Bonsack. Duke quickly rented two of these machines, allowing his company to produce 400 cigarettes per minute. In 1884, he struck a deal with its inventor to use his machines exclusively in manufacturing cigarettes in exchange for lower royalties. The lowered manufacturing costs realized allowed him to cut his retail prices so low that his competitors couldn't compete. By 1890, Duke was able to compel his major competitors to consolidate with him as the American Tobacco Company (ATC).

By 1900, the ATC had a stranglehold on the American market and had made inroads into foreign markets, affecting the majority of the world's tobacco sales either directly or through foreign partnerships. Duke used this power to reduce his tobacco-buying price by eliminating the competitive bidding process. This brought many farmers to the brink of financial ruin or led to the complete loss of their farms, as they found it cost more to plant their crop than they earned on it.

The ATC's collusive fixed-price purchasing policy, combined with a new Federal tax on tobacco, placed tobacco producers into an impossible situation.

Dark Tobacco District Planters' Protective Association of Kentucky and Tennessee
In 1904, Felix Ewing, a wealthy tobacco planter and owner of Glenraven Plantation near the Kentucky stateline in Adams, Tennessee, proposed a way for the Black Patch growers to regain control of their sale prices. Glenraven Plantation, developed like a company town, had its own church, stores and post office, and its residents were tenant farmers and sharecroppers. Because of the decline in sale price of their product, they were defecting to find better-paying opportunities in the cotton industry. During the summer of 1904, Ewing discussed his idea throughout the region and on September 24, 1904, hosted a meeting in Guthrie, Kentucky, attended by some 5,000 locals. He presented a plan for every farmer in the area to join a protective association whose purpose was withholding their tobacco from the Trust until buyers paid their asking price.

The group moved to form the new organization, the "Dark Tobacco District Planters' Protective Association of Kentucky and Tennessee,” referred to as the PPA. Officers were appointed, and a charter drawn up and approved. One article called upon each member to use his influence and strong endeavor with those tobacco planters who are not members of the Association to become members. This provision was implemented in a way that resulted in years of unrest and violence. The PPA gained instant popularity throughout the region, among both farmers and businessmen. For those who were indifferent about the Association, a boycott of their businesses was generally enough to convince them to join.

The number of members soared as farmers anticipated an immediate resolution to their problem, and included judges, prosecutors and law enforcement officials. However, some farmers refused to join. When the Trust fought back by offering exceptionally higher prices for tobacco sold by non-members, the number of holdouts increased. PPA members referred to these hold-outs as "hillbillies".

The PPA inadvertently created new tensions in the region, dividing men who had previously worked closely together if they had opposite ideas about joining the association. This situation worsened as PPA members turned to violence to "persuade" former friends to join.

Conditions for the growers did not improve by 1905, causing dissension among the members who had expected an immediate turnaround. What had started as an idea for a peaceful resolution turned ugly.

Silent Brigade and Night Riders
Ewing fell ill and became less of a regular presence. More radical members took power, promoting a harsher approach to handling the farmers' problems. Dr. David Amoss, a farmer and country doctor from Cobb, Kentucky who lived in Caldwell County rose to a position of notoriety within the Association. He took a lead when frustrated members wanted to take stronger action.

Possum Hunters
"In October 1905 thirty-two members of the Robertson County Branch of the PPA met at the Stainback schoolhouse in the northern part of the county and adopted the "Resolutions of the committee of the Possum Hunters Organization. "The possum hunters outlined their grievances against the Trust and the hillbillies and stated their intention to visit Trust tobacco buyers and hillbillies in groups of no fewer than five and no more than two thousand and use "peaceful" methods to convince buyers and non-poolers to adhere to the PPA."

The idea caught on quickly and Possum Hunter groups began to spring up throughout the region. They paid visits to non-PPA members, delivering stern lectures on the advisability of joining the cause. Gradually, however, their activities grew more violent.

Rise of the Night Riders: The Black Patch turns violent.
Amoss had been a cadet and drillmaster at Major Ferrell's Military School in Hopkinsville, Kentucky. He used this background to begin training his groups as paramilitary insurgents. They conducted nocturnal mounted raids, while wearing masks, hoods and robes, and riding in well-organized columns of twos. When on a mission, they muffled their mounts' hooves with cloths, and rode silently, carrying torches and lanterns. As a result, they began referring to themselves as the Silent Brigade. By mid-1906, they numbered an estimated 10,000 members.

They began beating and whipping non-compliant hillbillies, officials and Trust employees. They burned hillbillies' barns and destroyed their tobacco fields and plant beds by scraping, salting, or choking the young plants with grass seed. Amoss ordered his men to burn or otherwise destroy the property of growers, and whip them and other persons who refused to cooperate with them in their fight against the Trust.

Raid on Princeton, Kentucky
According to local accounts, on December 1, 1906, small groups of Night Riders drifted during the day into Princeton, Kentucky, the seat of Caldwell County. At an appointed time some raided and occupied the police station, while others simultaneously seized the telegraph and telephone offices, and the fire station, and shut off the city water supply. Some 200 masked men arrived at night, riding down the main street of Princeton. Armed with rifles, shotguns, and pistols, they began firing, waking the townspeople. As lights came on, if anyone looked out or tried to venture outside, the riders would shout "stay in your houses!" and "keep the lights off!", then shoot to shatter windows and door frames.

The riders moved swiftly toward the J.G. Orr Tobacco Factory (located at the corner of North Seminary and West Shephardson Street), where they placed sticks of dynamite under piles of tobacco and doused the building with kerosene. They tossed a flaming torch into the warehouse, which quickly went up in flames and became a raging inferno. The raiders moved to the Steger & Dollar Warehouse (located about 5 blocks south at the corner of South Seminary and Depot Street) and set it on fire as well. Then with three long whistle blasts the men came together, then slowly and methodically rode out of town singing "The fires shine bright on my old Kentucky home" bringing the night of terror to an end. Both warehouses were completely destroyed, along with 75 tons of non-PPA tobacco.

Raid on Hopkinsville
News of the Princeton raid spread rapidly. Residents of nearby Hopkinsville, the county seat of Christian County, worried that their town could be next. The police, a large contingent of armed citizens, and the state militia prepared to protect the town from the expected raid.

On January 4, 1907, Hopkinsville Mayor Charles Meacham received a telephone warning that the Riders were coming. He set the defense plan in action, and the different units were alerted and took their positions, but the warning was a hoax, a test of the city's preparedness.

As had been the case in Princeton, Night Riders regularly drifted in and out of town to keep an eye on what was going on, in order to properly plan the raid and be prepared to pull it off at the right time. For months the riders assembled, ready to strike. On one such night as they approached the city limits, they received word the militia was waiting for them and turned back. Finally, in the early hours of December 7, 1907, the Silent Brigade struck Hopkinsville.

They left their horses outside town, and about 250 masked men marched down 9th Street to Main, where they separated and carried out their orders with military precision. Several men guarded the routes into the city and other downtown streets, while others took control of the police and fire departments, L&N rail depot, and the telephone and telegraph offices, essentially cutting off communications. Others rode up and down the streets, shooting out windows whenever a light would be turned on. They held several people hostage in a makeshift corral on Main Street. Many businesses were vandalized, including the newspaper office. Lindsey Mitchell, a buyer for a local tobacco company, was dragged from his home and beaten. The Night Riders took complete control of the city.

The largest group first burned the Latham warehouse near the Rail Depot, then the Tandy and Fairleigh warehouse a few blocks away. The fires burned out of control, igniting several residences and the PPA warehouse. J.C. Felts, a brakeman working for the railroad, was shot in the back with 35 pellets of buckshot (but survived the injury) as he tried to save railcars from the fire. Dr. Amoss was accidentally wounded in the head by his own men and was taken away from town early to be treated.

As had occurred in Princeton, when the raid concluded the men assembled, and sang "My Old Kentucky Home" while riding out.

While the raid was taking place, Major Bassett, commander of the militia, slipped out a rear window in his house and raised a posse of eleven men to pursue the Night Riders as they left town. Because the Night Riders failed to post a rear guard, members of the posse were able to mingle with them. Several miles outside of town the Night Riders split up, with most riding off in a different direction. The posse stayed with the smaller group and opened fire, killing one man and injuring another.

As a result of the raid on Hopkinsville, the governor ordered the Kentucky Militia on active duty. Major Bassett was given command of all military operations in the area. The militia would remain on duty from December 1907 until November 1908. No raids took place where the soldiers were stationed.

Raids on Russellville
In the early hours of January 3, 1908, while the soldiers were guarding Hopkinsville and other towns, the Night Riders hit Russellville, Kentucky, the seat of Logan County. Using similar tactics as previously, they took over the town and dynamited two factories, one belonging to the Luckett Wake Tobacco Company and the other to the American Snuff Company. Additional violence took place in the county from the spring on, with an increasing number of attacks on blacks as tensions and violence rose.

On August 1, 1908, about one hundred masked men believed to be Night Riders entered the jail in Russellville and demanded four black prisoners: Joseph Riley, and Virgil, Robert, and Thomas Jones. The frightened jailer complied. The four men were local sharecroppers, and friends with Rufus Browder.

Browder was a sharecropper for a white landowner named James Cunningham. Cunningham and Browder had engaged in an altercation, and Cunningham hit Browder with a whip and shot him as the sharecropper had turned to walk away. Browder returned fire, killing Cunningham in self-defense. Browder was arrested and taken to another town for protection. His friends and Masonic lodge brothers, Riley and the three Jones, were arrested for allegedly having expressed approval of Browder's actions, as well as discontent with their employers. The Night Riders are believed to have taken the four men from the jail and hanged them all from the same tree. They pinned a racist warning to the clothing of one man.

Raids in Crittenden County
On February 4, 1908, Crittenden County was raided for the first time. Night Riders took over the small village of Dycusburg, Kentucky, burning the tobacco warehouse and distillery of Bennett Brothers. During the raid they took W. B. Groves from his home and severely whipped him because he refused to join the Association. They also seized Henry Bennett, and after binding him to a tree, they whipped him with the branches of a thorn tree.

During the early hours of the following Sunday, February 10, the Riders attacked in the county again. They raided the farm of A. H. Cardin, a former candidate for state governor. They burned his large warehouse, which contained tobacco that he had purchased for Buckner & Dunkerson of Louisville, as well as a barn containing tobacco grown on his own farm. On their way to Cardin's farm, the Night Riders passed through the small community of Fredonia, in Caldwell County. They took over the town and held the inhabitants under guard while the raid took place on Cardin's farm near Mexico, Kentucky.

Raid on Birmingham, KY
On April 9, 1908, Lyon County Night Riders crossed the Tennessee on the Birmingham Ferry, and rode into the small African-American section of the Marshall County river town of Birmingham, KY. The Night Riders fired gunshots into every home there as a warning to the African-Americans of Birmingham to move on and not be hired for the tobacco fields of the "enemy" tobacco growers. Apparently, most white residents of the area had been sufficiently dissuaded from working in these competitor fields, but the black residents hadn't "gotten the message", as far as the Lyon County Night Riders were concerned. The intimidation shots fired into the rows of houses unfortunately struck a few people, including the fatal wounding of an elderly African American named John Scruggs and the fatal wounding of his young grandson in the same round of fire. Some African Americans were taken from their homes and held down to be whipped.

Marshall County authorities were relentless in their investigation of this raid. Burnett Phelps was the first raider to be brought to trial. Black victims, refugees from Birmingham, were encouraged to sue in court for damages. By December 1908, two men who confessed to being lesser leaders in the raid were persuaded to turn State's evidence and admit their crimes. However, Ed Fox, one of these men, had several younger brothers and in-laws in the Riders and was filled with remorse or fear for them. Deciding he would be better off dead, as he was about to shoot himself in the head, his wife discovered him and grabbed the pistol. He accidentally shot himself in the stomach, dying in agony a few days after Christmas, 1908. The other witness, Fred Holden, also committed suicide rather than testify. Otis Blick, a Night Rider, did testify in court, having little choice since his Night Rider mask was found hidden in a tree stump. He admitted that he was inducted into the Riders in Amous Stringer's barbershop. After being put through some "strange rites", he was taught the passwords of the Night RIders. "Silent Brigade" was spoken; replied with, "I see you have been there"; counter-replied with, "Yes, on bended knees."

The Lyon County Night Riders attempted to intimidate the Marshall County Judge (Judge William Reed) and the Court at Benton, even so much as staging a ride through the town. But their tactic backfired, and led the authorities there to pursue the men even harder, seeking to bring to justice the killers of a black man and a black boy. One Dr. Emilius Champion of Lyon Co., a popular physician, was indicted by popular belief to have been the ringleader of the Lyon County Night Riders and would later serve a year in the Eddyville Kentucky State Penitentiary based on a convincing circumstantial case and eyewitness testimony. Two of the Black plaintiffs, L. A. Baker, and schoolteacher Nat Frizzell, were each awarded $25,000.00 in damages, payable by even shares from the 72 defendants. In each case, the juries were only out five minutes.

The wars come to an end
In April 1908, a Kentucky State Guard detachment commanded by Lieutenant Newton Jasper Wilburn led a series of raids against the Night Riders' leaders. Wilburn arrested several of the men and also provided protection to several key informers. He gained the help of former Night Riders, including Macon Champion, who implicated fifteen local farmers. The arrests broke the power of the Night Riders and effectively ended the Black Patch War. Lieutenant Wilburn was rewarded with a promotion to captain. Even though most men arrested were not convicted at trial, Capt. Wilburn's actions helped bring law and order to the region.

Aftermath
By the summer of 1910, the Night Rider trouble had come to an end except for a few scattered minor episodes. The tobacco growers were now receiving higher prices for their crops. A challenge to the ATC reached the US Supreme Court, which ruled in United States v. American Tobacco Co. (1911) that the Duke trust, ATC, was a monopoly and was in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890. ATC was ordered to dismantle.

Gov. Augustus E. Willson commissioned Major Bassett as a Lt. Colonel in the Kentucky Militia. Bassett was called on several times to protect witnesses during the trials of the Night Riders. Many of the Night Riders escaped prosecution while others were sued in civil courts.

John C. Latham did not rebuild his warehouse, instead donating the site to the city of Hopkinsville to be used as a park. It was named Peace Park.

Dr. Amoss faced trial in the Christian County Court, and in March 1911, he was acquitted of all charges. Nevertheless, he left the state, accompanying his physician son to New York City. He practiced medicine there until his death in 1915.

Poetry
THE OLD KNOTTY OAK

On the old Knotty Oak in North Christian Way out on the Kirkmansville Road, There has lately been posted a notice, To all farmers, the bad and the good. Its just a "guilt" edged invitation Placed there by a Night Rider brave (?) "Better join the 'Sociation, If you plant beds and barns you would save." It was stylishly dressed up in canvas, And written by type-writer's hand, It was worded in terms so expressive, That any one might understand. The farmers were warned to come over, that they were in danger outside, All tobacco must be in the union, And the signature this "Men who ride." Now, Old Knotty has long been a landmark, Not noted for beauty 'tis true, But a study and silent old fellow And of secrets he's heard quite a few. Wiley words of the smooth politician, Merry laughter of children at play. Whispered wooing of lovers by moonlight, All of these he has heard in his day, The patient ox, the tired horses in summer How they long for his shade by the road. To them he's the feed ground, the noon hour, and rest from the weary road. Old has held all the sale bills; He's proud of the nails in his side. But his head hangs in humiliation At the threat of the bad "Men who ride." However he's keeping the secret, but of course he would know just at sight The face of the man who disgraced him, by posting a threat in the night The people who live near Old Knotty, and quietly working their farms, but they've nothing to lose by marauders, No plant beds, tobacco or barns. They are not opposed to the Union, Its findings they would not revoke. But they'd like a 'polite invitation, Instead of a threat to the Oak. They've read long ago, in an old book, That in Union alone man may stand; That a house with its members divided, Is like the one build on the sand. then, here's to the D.T. 'Sociation, May its principles ever abide, Here's to order and law in Old Christian But contempt for the men who ride."

 * -This poem was published many years ago in The Kentucky New Era.

title: Black Patch Tobacco Wars


text:
Osteon

In osteology, the osteon or haversian system (named for Clopton Havers) is the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures that are typically between 0.25 mm and 0.35 mm in diameter. Their length is often hard to define, but estimates vary from several millimeters to around 1 centimeter. They are present in many bones of most mammals and some bird, reptile, and amphibian species.

 Histogenesis  The Haversian system forms during the process of endochondral ossification, which starts with a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. "Osteoblasts", the bone-forming cells, secrete the organic components of bone matrix [osteoid] and then initiates its mineralization. As osteoblasts become surrounded by the bone matrix, they differentiate into osteocytes, which reside in the lacunae and maintain bone tissue. The osteocytes connect to each other and the Haversian canal via tiny canals called "canaliculi".

Structure
Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal. The haversian canal contains the bone's blood supplies. The boundary of an osteon is the cement line.

Each haversian canal is surrounded by varying number (5-20) of concentrically arranged lamellae of bone matrix. Near the surface of the compact bone, the lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface; these are called circumferential lamellae. Some of the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, each living within its own small space, or lacuna. Osteocytes make contact with the cytoplasmic processes of their counterparts via a network of small transverse canals, or canaliculi. This network facilitates the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Collagen fibers in a particular lamella run parallel to each other, but the orientation of collagen fibers within other lamellae is oblique. The collagen fiber density is lowest at the seams between lamellae, accounting for the distinctive microscopic appearance of a transverse section of osteons. The space between osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae, which are the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling.

Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann's canals or perforating canals.

Drifting osteons
Drifting osteons are a phenomenon that is not fully understood. A "drifting osteon" is classified as one that runs both longitudinally as well as transversely through the cortex. An osteon can "drift" in one direction or change directions several times, leaving a tail of lamella behind the advancing haversian canal.

Investigative applications
In bioarchaeological research and in forensic investigations, osteons in a bone fragment can be used to determine the sex of an individual and age, as well as aspects of taxonomy, diet, health and motor history.

Osteons and their arrangement vary according to taxon, so that genus and sometimes species can be differentiated using a bone fragment not otherwise identifiable. However, there is considerable variability among the different bones of a skeleton, and features of some faunal osteons overlap with those of human osteons; therefore, examination of osteons is not of primary use in the analyses of osteological remains. More research is needed, but osteohistology has the potential to positively affect the studies in bioarchaeology, paleontology and forensic investigations.

In recent decades, osteohistological studies of dinosaur fossils have been used to address a number of issues, such as the periodicity of growth of dinosaurs and whether it was uniform across species and the question of whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or not.

title: Osteon


text: User talk:67.171.251.183

title: User talk:67.171.251.183


text:
Talk:Ultima X: Odyssey

Virtue System
I think that example about the virtue system is very faulty. It lacks in substance and is too subjective. --Sheng Long Gradilla 16:44, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Reasons for Cancellation
The article states: "'...the real reason behind the cancellation was the fact that EA decided to move the UXO development team from Austin, Texas to another facility in California. Most of the developers couldn't cope with the move because it would mean they would have to go away from their families and friends in Austin. Since the developers didn't move and EA chose not to give time to the new developer team based in California to figure out the already existent code, it was decided to cancel the debut of the last game of the Ultima Series.'" This seems to contain either speculation or insider information. At minimum, these claims need a citation. My recollection from the time is that there was considerable speculation that the game simply wasn't turning out to be fun. Baldrake 22:13, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

File:Ultima X Odyssey box.jpg Nominated for speedy Deletion

 * Fixed it. Glad a bot posted on the talk page of an article I was watching.    D r e a m Focus  14:18, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultima X: Odyssey


text:
Demesne

A demesne or domain was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor under the feudal system for his own use, occupation, or support. This distinguished it from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants. In contrast, the entire territory controlled by a monarch both directly and indirectly via their tenant lords would typically be referred to as their realm. The concept originated in the Kingdom of France and found its way to foreign lands influenced by it or its fiefdoms.

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, royal demesne is the land held by the Crown, and ancient demesne is the legal term for the land held by the king at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086.

Etymology
The word derives from Old French demeine, ultimately from Latin dominus, "lord, master of a household" – demesne is a variant of domaine.

The word barton, which is historically synonymous to demesne and is an element found in many place-names, can refer to a demesne farm: it derives from Old English bere (barley) and ton (enclosure).

Development
The system of manorial land tenure, broadly termed feudalism, was conceived in France, but was exported to areas impacted by French expansion during the Middle Ages, including the British Isles after the Norman Conquest.

In this feudal system, the demesne was all the land retained and managed by a lord of the manor for his own use and support. It was not necessarily all contiguous to the manor house. A portion of the demesne lands, called the lord's waste, served as public roads and common pasture land for the lord and his tenants. Most of the remainder of the land in the manor was sub-enfeoffed by the lord to others as sub-tenants.

Initially, the demesne lands were worked on the lord's behalf by villeins or by serfs, who had no right of tenure on it, in fulfilment of their feudal obligations, but as a money economy developed in the later Middle Ages, the serfs' corvée came to be commuted to money payments. With the advent of the early modern period, demesne lands came to be cultivated by paid labourers. Eventually, many of the demesne lands were leased out either on a perpetual (i.e., hereditary) or a temporary renewable basis so that many peasants functioned virtually as free proprietors after having paid their fixed rents. In times of inflation or debasement of coinage, the rent might come to represent a pittance, reducing the feudal aristocrat to poverty among a prosperous gentry.

Demesne lands that were leased out for a term of years remained demesne lands, though no longer in the occupation of the lord of the manor. See, for example, Musgrave v Inclosure Commissioners (1874) LR 9 QB 162, a case in which the three judges of the Queen's Bench Divisional Court and everyone else concerned assumed without argument that farms which were let by the lord of the manor were part of the lord's demesne land.

In Ireland, demesne lands were often demarcated with high stone walls. Today, 24 townlands in Ireland bear the name of "Demesne", and many others contain the word.

Royal demesne
Immediately following the Norman Conquest of 1066, all land in England was claimed by King William the Conqueror as his absolute title by allodial right, being the commencement of the royal demesne, also known as Crown land. The king made grants of very large tracts of land under various forms of feudal tenure from his demesne, generally in the form of feudal baronies. The land not so enfeoffed, for example royal manors administered by royal stewards and royal hunting forests, thus remained within the royal demesne. In the Domesday Book of 1086, this land is referred to as terra regis (literally "the king's land"), and in English common law the term ancient demesne refers to the land that was held by the Crown at the time of the Domesday Book.

The royal demesne was not a static portfolio: it could be increased, for example, as a result of escheat or forfeiture where a feudal tenure would end and revert to its natural state in the royal demesne, or it could be reduced by later grants of land. During the reign of King George III (1760–1820), Parliament appropriated most of the royal demesne, in exchange for a fixed annual sum thenceforth payable to the monarch, called the Civil List. The position of the royal estate of Windsor, still occupied by the monarch and never alienated since 1066, may be a rare remnant of the royal demesne.

In the Lordship of Ireland, King Henry II claimed a large area as the royal demesne in 1171: Dublin, its hinterland, the coastline down to Arklow and the towns of Wexford and Waterford. This region around Dublin would evolve into the Pale.

title: Demesne


text:
Arthur Christiansen

Arthur Robin Christiansen (27 July 1904 – 27 September 1963) was a British journalist, and editor of Lord Beaverbrook's newspaper the Daily Express from 1933 to 1957.

Christiansen was born in Wallasey, Cheshire to Louis Niels Christiansen, a shipwright, and his wife Ellen. From an early age, he demonstrated a talent for writing, producing a magazine for his grammar school. At 16, he became a reporter for the Wallasey and Wirral Chronicle, where he worked for three years before moving to the Liverpool Evening Express and the Liverpool Daily Courier. He was named the London editor of the Evening Express in 1925, a position he held for a year before moving to the Sunday Express.

Christiansen made his reputation four years later, when, as assistant editor, he produced a special late-morning edition of the Sunday Express to report the R101 airship disaster.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1957, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre.

In 1961, he was cast as the editor of the Daily Express in the Fleet Street-based sci-fi thriller The Day the Earth Caught Fire, directed by Val Guest. He also played a news editor in the 1963 medical thriller 80,000 Suspects, again directed by Guest.

Christiansen's son, Michael, also became a newspaper editor; his grandson Rupert Christiansen was the Daily Telegraph opera critic until 2020.

Partial filmography

 * The Day the Earth Caught Fire (1961) - 'Jeff' Jefferson - Editor
 * 80,000 Suspects (1963) - Editor - Bath Evening Chronicle (Mr. Graney) (final film role)

title: Arthur Christiansen


text:
User talk:AndrewMcQ

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:45, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Scoring the Hales
I guess so. Is it still played? Someone in the office might know. --Tagishsimon (talk)

Phyllis Pearsall
I wondered about removing the NPOV comment about the book when I was copyediting it yesterday. Did you by any chance see the TV program about her today (under the title Men and Maps!). I missed it, just wondered if thats why you read the article. Justinc 21:59, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Ian Nairn
I have started an article on him - would be good if you could expand. Need to get hold of some more of his books. Justinc 22:03, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Dreadlocked Dutch ****er
a.k.a. Ruud Gullit ;) I stand corrected. Yes, I'd say "forced to resign" covers it well. After all, anyone who'd start a home game against the mackems with our two best strikers on the bench really needed encouraged out the door as strongly as possible. Especially as I got drenched watching us lose that night. And drove from/to Colchester to watch it. Grr. IainP (talk) 11:51, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Alnwick Adveriser & Alnwick Advertiser
I see what you mean - apparently I hadn't looked closely enough at the page history, because I didn't realize you were the page (redirect) creator. If you want it gone, then it's probably safe for it to be removed :) Cheers! --P e ruvianLlama(spit) 23:26, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Gilbertlookingdown.JPG
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True History of the Kelly Gang
I have added a "" template to the article True History of the Kelly Gang, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Oo7565 20:39, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:48, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:AndrewMcQ


text: Category:Ducks

title: Category:Ducks


text:
User talk:Canavar~enwiki

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User talk:Jay1

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Jay1