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Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse

The Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse (INSA Toulouse; English: National Institute of Applied Science) is a French grande école of engineering, under the authority of the French Ministry of Education and Research. Situated in Toulouse, this school is one of the 6 state engineering institutes that compose the INSA's network.

The school was founded in 1963 to train highly qualified engineers, foster continuous training and scientific research. It is a member of the University of Toulouse since 2007. Even though INSA Toulouse is highly selective (its offer rate was 10.1% in 2020, for an Applications/accepted ratio of 1.48% ), diversity and international openness are two values to which INSA Toulouse gives priority: the school is composed of 38% female students, 32% of students are scholarship holders, and 23% of students are international.

The INSA Toulouse is located along the Canal du Midi on the university campus that includes Université Paul Sabatier III, Supaero and ENAC. Along with those schools, INSA Toulouse is a founding member of the Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (Université fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées), the association of universities and higher education institutions (ComUE), which is reconstituting the collective Université de Toulouse. As a member, INSA Toulouse coordinates the training offers and the research and transfer strategies of 31 public university and research establishments within the Occitanie region, has its own budgetary allocation, and can issue diplomas. Among others, this membership includes all large campuses in Toulouse: Capitole University, Jean Jaurès, Paul Sabatier University, TBS Education, Sciences Po Toulouse, ISAE-SUPAERO, as well as the 7 grandes écoles of the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse. Within the Université de Toulouse, INSA Toulouse also awards double-diplomas in engineering and business administration with TBS Education, Toulouse School of Management, and joint training with IMT Mines Albi, ISAE-SUPEARO and INP-ENSEEIHT.

Academics
INSA Toulouse is one of several engineering schools within the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) network under the supervision of the Ministry of the Economy and Finance (France) (Ministre de l'Économie et des Finances. All INSA engineering schools are Grandes Écoles, a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the French public university system. Similar to the Ivy League in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, Grandes Écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process.  Alums go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France.

Although INSA engineering schools are selective and can be more expensive than public universities in France, Grandes Écoles typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies, and many of their programs are taught in English. International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the Grandes Écoles. Many of the top ranked schools in Europe are members of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE), as are INSA engineering schools. Degrees from INSA are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France) (Le Ministère de L'éducation Nationale).

New European program
In 2002, INSA Toulouse decided to reform its structure to adapt to the European 3/5/8 system. The Engineering degree is obtained after five years of studies. The new programme, better adapted to the social and economic environment, includes a one-year common core, two years of pre-specialization and two years of specialization. The selection level at INSA Toulouse has greatly increased since the European reform, and it now makes the INSA Toulouse one of the most elitist universities in France, with an average grade at the Baccalauréat exam (high school achievement exam) of 17.05/20, equivalent to the grades 1.0 or A in Anglo-Saxon countries.

Specializations
INSA Toulouse offers master level degrees (Diplôme d'Ingénieur)  in the following 8 specializations:

 * Biological engineering
 * Mathematical modeling and AI
 * Mechanical engineering
 * Applied physics
 * Civil engineering
 * Chemical engineering
 * Computer and networks engineering
 * Automatic control and Electronics

Note that other specializations are possible in the other INSAs (Lyon, Rennes, Rouen, Strasbourg, Centre Val de Loire).

Research Masters
In parallel of the regular Masters in Engineering, students may also follow one of the research masters, taught in French:
 * Civil Engineering: Sustainable Engineering – research and innovation in materials and structures
 * Mechanical/Energy/Thermic Engineering: Fluid dynamics, Energetics and Transfers
 * Mechanical Engineering: Sciences for Mechanics of Material and Structures
 * Embedded Networks and Connected objects – Security of information systems and networks

Advanced Masters’s Degree
INSA Toulouse delivers three Mastères Spécialisés, also called post master's degree for students already holding a master's degree. These masters are taught in English in the following subjects:
 * Advanced Master in Safety Engineering & Management
 * Advanced Master Business Engineering and International Affairs
 * Advanced Master in Innovative and Secure IoT systems

Masters of Science and Technology

 * At INSA Toulouse, four master's degrees are especially designed for international students:
 * Electronic systems for embedded communications and applications
 * Fluids Engineering for Industrial Processes
 * Water Engineering and Water Management
 * Industrial & Safety Engineering

Doctoral studies
Doctoral studies are managed together with other universities and engineering schools of Toulouse. PhD candidates can study in one of the following "écoles doctorales":
 * Aeronautics and Astronautics
 * Electrical, Electronic and Telecommunications Engineering
 * Mathematics, Informatics and Telecommunications
 * Mechanics, Energetics, Civil Engineering and Processes
 * Materials Sciences
 * Ecology, Agronomy, Bioengineering and Veterinary Sciences
 * Systems engineering

International
During their study, each student must spend a minimum of 12 weeks abroad, either as part of a semester in a partner university or during an internship, but some stay longer or spend considerably more time in a foreign country. In Europe, exchanges take place in the framework of the Erasmus programme, with partnerships in UK (University of Bristol, University of Nottingham, University of Cardiff, University of Glasgow, etc.), Germany (Universität Hamburg, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, etc.), Italy (Politecnico di Milano, Politecnico di Torino), Spain, Netherlands, Scandinavian countries, in Eastern countries and so on INSA Toulouse also offers double-degrees with 20 foreign institutions, including: Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Seoul National University, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, etc.

In addition to receiving short-term exchange students, INSA Toulouse participates in several exchange programmes with universities around the world:

 * ERASMUS - Over 130 partnership agreements with universities in 21 European countries.
 * ECIU University - Since 2019, INSA has been a member of the European Alliance University, a research and training partnership with 12 European partner institutions.
 * FITEC - Cooperative training and internships with many universities in Argentina (ARFITEC), Brazil (BRAFITEC) and Mexico (MEXFITEC).
 * Summer Schools - Cooperative summer programs with University of Texas at Austin and Mississippi State University in the U.S.
 * ASINSA - Targeted for Asian students (primarily from China, Vietnam and Malaysia) interested in engineering in France.
 * IBERINSA - Targeted for Spanish speaking students interested in engineering in France.

Research
INSA Toulouse conducts research in the following subjects:
 * aeronautics, space, embedded systems
 * environment, health, biotechnologies, energy
 * nanosciences and nanotechnologies
 * towns, urban networks, information networks
 * biomathematics, bioinformatics

The research programmes are run with partner institutions; the 8 research laboratories are:
 * Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (Biosystems and Process Engineering Laboratory – LISPB) (in partnership with CNRS and INRA)
 * Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of Nano-objects – LPCNO (in partnership with UPS and CNRS)
 * Laboratory for Materials and Construction Works Durability – LMDC (in partnership with UPS)
 * Institut Clément Ader (in partnership with UPS, ISAE and EMAC)
 * Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse – IMT (in partnership with UPS, UT1, UT2 and CNRS)
 * Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses – LNCMI (in partnership with CNRS, UPS and UJF)
 * Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes – LAAS (in partnership with CNRS)
 * Centre for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies – CEMES (in partnership with CNRS and UPS)

INSA culture
The campus of INSA Toulouse is very active and flourishes with cultural activities. L’Amicale des Elèves and its over 70 students clubs offer a wide range of activities that will suit all tastes: outdoors and indoors sports, arts, events, social actions, leisure and so on.`There is also a student hall and a party hall in where insaïens (INSA students) can organize events and the school's newspaper informs student about the campus life. The web radio, “Radio Insa Toulouse”, created in 2007, aims to facilitate communication between students and the staff (administration, teachers, researchers...). Every year, an annual race around the campus called “Les 100 tours de l’INSA”, gather every student association during two days in a festive atmosphere.

In September 2000 was created Les Enfoiros, a student association, which aims to help Les Restos du Coeur (a French nationwide association that gives free meals to impoverished persons) collecting money through various concerts and other events all along the year. Since then, Les Enfoiros have raised around €250,000 for this association.

Moreover, the AIIT, the INSA Toulouse students association, is very active as well and aims to:
 * Establish and maintain alumni contact
 * Advise students and graduates in their professional life
 * Develop cooperation between the Board and INSA's professors
 * Promote the school and its values

The Toulouse Ingénierie Multidisciplinaire (TIM) (partnership with the Paul Sabatier University) is a state of the art student association whose objective is to conceive and build very low consumption prototype cars. Founded in 1995, the association takes part every year ever since in the Shell Eco Marathon, a European competition whose winner is the vehicle able to run the longest distance with one litre of gasoline equivalent. As a matter of facts, the TIM is one of the best teams in the world, breaking several world records throughout its history, such as: ICE Prototypes category (Internal Combustion Engine), ethanol fuel: 3350 km/L in 2009, on the Rokingham track (still valid in 2017)

Rankings and acceptance rates
Rankings (national and international):
 * 2nd place according to L'Express (06/01/2010), among 5-year schools. In the French education system, high school graduates go to "Prepa" courses for 2 years, then compete for engineering schools where they spend 3 more years; whereas other schools like INSA include the "Prepa" as part of their 5-year cursus. Ranking differ between these 2 categories.
 * 2nd place for academic excellence (among 77) according to L'Etudiant (2021), among 5-year schools in France. 3rd place (among 77) overall.
 * Shanghai Ranking by Subject 2021: despite its small size (500 students graduate each year overall, among which 48 in mathematics and 96 in biology, process engineering and environnement ) INSA Toulouse is in the world top 200 in mathematics, and in the world top 300 in biotechnologies.

The average acceptance rates (percentage of candidates who have been offered admission) of the national competition taken by students after High school exams are indicated below:

Notable alumni

 * Pierre Andurand, hedge fund manager of BlueGold Capital and Andurand Capital. Chairman of Glory (kickboxing).
 * Sylvie Lorente, Chevalier de l'Ordre des Palmes académiques, elected to the Academia Europaea in 2019, member of the European Research Council (2022-2026).
 * Louis Castex, former director of Arts et Métiers ParisTech and INSA Toulouse, former president of the University of Toulouse.
 * Pierre Monsan (born on 25 June 1948, graduated in 1969), biochemist and entrepreneur, Professor emeritus at INSA Toulouse, founder of Toulouse White Biotechnology.
 * Didier Quillot (born on 18 May 1959, graduated in 1981), chairman of Lagardère Active.
 * Jean Botti (born on 14 April 1957, graduated in 1986), Chief Technical Officer (CTO) of EADS since 2006.
 * Richard Attias (born on 19 November 1959), a Moroccan-born businessman. In 2008 he married former First Lady of France, Cécilia Ciganer-Albéniz, in New York.
 * Romain Mesnil (born on 13 July 1977, graduated in 2001), a French Pole vaulter.
 * Jean Bouilhou (born 7 December 1978, graduated in 2002), rugby player, played with the French national team.
 * Thomas Castaignède, (born 21 January 1975) rugby player, played with the French national team.
 * David Skrela (born 2 March 1979, graduated in 2003), rugby player, played with the French national team.


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Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel

Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel (15 December 1804 – 21 January 1861) was a German sculptor.

Life
Rietschel was born in Pulsnitz in Saxony the third child of Friedrich Ehrgott Rietschel and his wife Caroline.

From the age of 20 he became an art student at Dresden, and from 1826 was a pupil of Rauch in Berlin. He there gained an art studentship, and studied in Rome in 1827–28. After returning to Saxony, he soon brought himself into notice by a colossal statue of Frederick Augustus, King of Saxony; was elected a member of the academy of Dresden, and became one of the chief sculptors of his country. In 1832 he was elected to the Dresden professorship of sculpture, and had many foreign orders of merit conferred on him by the governments of different countries.

He died in Dresden in 1861 aged 56. He is buried in the Trinitatisfriedhof, north-east of the city centre.

Family
He married three times.

Firstly in 1832 to Albertine Trautscholdt. In 1836 he married Charlotte Carus daughter of Carl Gustav Carus. Finally in 1841 he married Marie Hand (1819–1847).

From the third marriage he had a son Georg Rietschel.

Style and sculptures
Rietschel's style was very varied; he produced works imbued with much religious feeling, and to some extent he occupied the same place as a sculptor that Overbeck did in painting. Other important works by him were purely classical in style. He was specially famed for his portrait figures of eminent men, treated with much idealism and dramatic vigour; among the latter class his chief works were colossal statues of Goethe and Schiller for the a monument in Weimar, of Weber for Dresden and of Lessing for Braunschweig cast by Georg Howaldt. He also designed the Luther Monument in Worms, Germany, and created two of its many statues, but died before it was completed.

The principal among Rietschel's religious pieces of sculpture are the well-known Christ-Angel, and a life-sized Piet, executed for the king of Prussia. He also worked a great deal in rilievo, and produced many graceful pieces, especially a fine series of bas-reliefs representing "Night and Morning" and "Noon and Twilight".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ernst Friedrich August Rietschel


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Atris

Atris may refer to:

 * a'tris, an alternative rock band
 * Atris, a fungus moth genus, nowadays synonymized with Infurcitinea
 * Atris, a Jedi historian in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic 2
 * the descendants of Atri in Rigvedic mythology

title: Atris


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Barrett

Barret, Barrett, or Barretts may refer to:

People

 * Barrett (surname), including a list of people with the surname
 * Barrett Brown (born 1981), American journalist and activist)
 * Barrett Foa, American actor

Court cases

 * Barrett v. Rosenthal, a 2006 California Supreme Court case concerning online defamation
 * Barrett v. United States, an 1898 Supreme Court case regarding subdivision of South Carolina into judicial districts

Fictional characters

 * Brenda Barrett, a character on the daytime soap opera General Hospital
 * Dana Barrett, a character in the films Ghostbusters and Ghostbusters II, played by Sigourney Weaver
 * Elcid Barrett, captain of the Antelope in the folk song "Barrett's Privateers"
 * Betty Barrett, a character on the TV show Atomic Betty
 * Oliver Barrett, a character in the book Love Story and its film and musical adaptations
 * Barret Wallace, a character in the video game Final Fantasy VII

Organizations

 * Barrett, The Honors College, Arizona State University
 * Barrett Firearms Manufacturing, a weapons manufacturing company
 * Barrett Technology, a robotics company
 * Barrett-Jackson, a car auction company
 * Bill Barrett Corporation, an energy company
 * Col. James Barrett Farm, a historic site in Concord, Massachusetts
 * Barrett (advertising agency), an advertising agency

United States

 * Barrett, Indiana
 * Barrett, Minnesota
 * Barrett Mountain, New Hampshire
 * Barrett Township, Pennsylvania
 * Barrett Township, Perkins County, South Dakota
 * Barrett, Texas
 * Barrett, West Virginia
 * Barrett, U.S. Virgin Islands

 * Barrett Dam, reservoir, San Diego, California

France

 * Barret, Charente
 * Barret-de-Lioure, Drôme
 * Barret-sur-Méouge, Hautes-Alpes
 * Breuil-Barret, Vendée
 * Pont-de-Barret, Drôme

Ireland

 * Barretts (barony), County Cork

Weaponry

 * .416 Barrett
 * Barrett M82
 * Barrett M90
 * Barrett M95
 * Barrett M98B
 * Barrett M99
 * Barrett REC7
 * Barrett XM109
 * Barrett XM500

Other

 * Barrett (album), the second album by Syd Barrett
 * Barrett's esophagus, a medical condition
 * Barrett reduction, an algorithm in modular arithmetic

title: Barrett


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Modlin, Nowy Dwór County

Modlin was a village near Warsaw in Poland near the banks of rivers Narew and Vistula. In 1961 it was incorporated into the town of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki.

There is a former Modlin Fortress holding a junction of the two rivers, built in the 19th century, and last used during World War II. Currently, there is Modlin Airport in a part of the fortress.

title: Modlin, Nowy Dwór County


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.no

.no is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Norway. Norid, the domain name registry, is based in Trondheim, is owned by the state-owned Uninett and operates under supervision of the Norwegian Communications Authority. As of December 24, 2022 there were 843,749 registered .no domains. Organizations with a presence in Norway and registration at the Brønnøysund Register Centre are limited to 100 domains each. Individuals residing in Norway may register in the second-level domain priv.no and, as of June 17, 2014, directly under .no. Other second-level domains exist for organizations of certain types, such as municipalities and schools. The strict regulations have resulted in near-absence of cybersquatting and warehousing.

Management of a ccTLD was awarded to Pål Spilling in 1983, but was taken over by Uninett four years later. The 1000th domain was registered in 1995. Norid is the result of several re-organizations within Uninett, in 2003 becoming a separate limited company. Norway has also been allocated two other ccTLDs, .sj for Svalbard and Jan Mayen and .bv for Bouvet Island; neither are open to registration. Originally only a single domain was permitted per organization, and this was manually checked by Norid to ensure compliance with trademark ownership. The regulations were liberalized in 2001, when the process was automated and a retrospective dispute resolution scheme was introduced. This resulted in a boom of registrations, with the accumulated registrations exceeding 100,000 in the course of the year. Domain names may consist of the twenty-six basic Latin letters, digits and the hyphen, and beginning in 2004 three Norwegian language letters and twenty Sami language letters have been permitted. All-numeric domains were introduced in 2007 and priv.no in 2011.

History
The domain name registry responsibility for .no was in 1987 awarded to Pål Spilling at the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration's Research Institute. The actual registration work was carried out by Jens Thomassen. The first registered domains were tor.nta.no (the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration) and ifi.uio.no (the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo). Initially the workload of domain registration was light, but after a few years the workload had become unmanageable as a side project for an individual. Policy-makers also indicated a need for the domain registration to be managed by a non-commercial organization. The responsibility was therefore transferred to the publicly owned Uninett, a supplier of information and communications technology to Norwegian public universities, colleges and research institutions on 17 March 1987. The oldest archived zone file dates from 1989 and includes 19 domains. In 1991 and 1992, all state university colleges were connected to the Internet and issued domain names, causing a boom of registrations. The 1000th domain was registered in 1995.

Uninett was at first administrated as a division of SINTEF, but was in 1993 transformed to a limited company owned by the Ministry of Education and Research. Norid was established as a division within Uninett in 1996, and issued the responsibility of managing the .no domain. On 21 August 1997, Norid was given the responsibility for the newly created .sj and .bv domains. Uninett FAS was established the following year as a subsidiary of Uninett to manage the technical network and service infrastructure, including operation of the network systems for the universities and colleges. Thus Norid also became part of the Uninett FAS portfolio. Two organizations were established in 1998: the Domain Resolution Body, to resolve domain disputes, and Norpol, a political advisory board. Domain name registrars were introduced in 1999 to handle aspects that could be provided by a third party. Uninett Norid was in 2003 registered as a limited company owned by Uninett, to secure the management of the domains within an independent organization.

Until 2001, each organization could only register a single domain and had to document its right to the name, either directly connected to the company's name or a trademark; this information was verified by Norid. The rules were liberalized on 19 February 2001. A new cap was set at fifteen domains per organization and Norid no longer made an evaluation of the right to the name; if the domain was not registered it would be awarded. This resulted in a large increase in the number of domains, and the 100,000th domain was registered that same year. Originally only the basic Latin letters were permitted, but from 9 February 2004 an additional twenty-three characters from the Norwegian and Sami languages were permitted, along with the number of permitted domains per organization increasing to twenty. From 13 June 2007, all-numerical domains names were allowed. The 500,000th domain was registered in January 2011. The priv.no second-level domain was permitted from June 2011, which gave individuals the possibility to register. On 30 November 2011, organizations were permitted to register 100 domains.

On 17 June 2014 Norid opened up for private citizen registrations of .no domains. On 9 December 2014 Norid enabled support for DNSSEC.

Management
Management of .no lies with the Trondheim-based Norid, which is also the domain name registry for the unused .sj and .bv. Norid is a limited company owned by Uninett, which is again owned by the Ministry of Education and Research. The legal right to manage the domains is two-fold, based both on an agreement with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and regulations under the Electronic Communications Act which is supervised by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. The policy for use of .no is regulated by the Regulation Concerning Domain Names Under Norwegian Country Code Top-level Domains, also known as the Domain Regulation. This regulation also regulates Norway's other two ccTLDs, .bv and .sj, for Bouvetøya and Svalbard and Jan Mayen, respectively; neither are open to registration.

Registration takes place through a third party, a domain name registrar. The relationship between Norid, the registrar and the holder is regulated through civil legal agreements. The registrar registers the domain on behalf of the holder, and the holder then holds the right to the domain name until it is terminated, unless a dispute resolution dictates otherwise. Norid charges registrars 60 Norwegian krone (NOK) per registration and change of holder, as well as NOK 60 in an annual fee per domain. Registrars must meet criteria regarding technical and administrative resources, must pay an annual fee of NOK 5,000 and a deposit of minimum NOK 10,000, depending on activity level. Registrars must also undertake a minimum activity of either administrating or registering forty domains per year.

Upon registering a domain, the user signs a declaration that they are not infringing on the rights of other parties and that the user will assume full responsibility for any consequences of use of the domain name. The registration process at Norid is fully automated and does not include any steps to ensure that the user has the rights to the name. Disputes regarding the right to a domain name are handled retrospectively, either through the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee or court proceedings. Issues which could give the right to take over a domain name include infringements of the Trademarks Act and the Marketing Control Act. Trademark holders will also be awarded the domain if the registration was solely made to sell the domain to the trademark owner. The dispute bodies will also consider the risk of confusion, based on the domain name itself rather than the content of the site. For one domain, volvoimport.no, the issue of ownership was subject to a Supreme Court case.

The Supreme Court has ruled that the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority may seize domain registrations under specifications of the General Civil Penal Code, as domains are legally regarded as assets with financial value. As of 27 September 2012 there were 552,255 registered domains. .no-domains had a 90.6-percent renewal rate in 2009, which is significantly higher than more liberal domains, such as 71 percent of .com domains. Cybersquatting and warehousing has not been a problem with .no-domains because of the strict registration requirements. Norpol is an advisory body with thirteen members appointed to discuss and comment on the domain policy. It consists of members from several government authorities, the Internet industry and other stakeholders.

Policy
Only organizations with a local presence in Norway and with registration in the Brønnøysund Register Centre are allowed to register domains under .no. Specifically, they must be registered in the Central Coordinating Register for Legal Entities—and thus have an organization number, have a postal address in Norway and must be able to actually document activity in Norway upon request from Norid. All qualified users may register up to 100 domains directly under .no and five additional domains under each second-level domain.

The priv.no domain is available for registration by individuals. To register, an individual must be registered in the National Registry and have been issued a national identity number, must be resident in Norway and be at least 18 years old. Moving abroad will not result in the domain being deleted, but the person cannot register any more domains while living abroad. There is a limit of five registered domains per person.

Non-residents can utilize 'trustee services' based in Norway for .no domain registration, though these trustees technically become the domain's legal owners.

Since June 2014, individuals are not restricted to the priv.no domain anymore, they can register up to five domains directly under .no, in addition to the five priv.no domains and five geography-oriented domains (e.g. under oslo.no, see below).

Domain names must consist of 2 to 63 characters. Permitted characters are the ISO basic Latin alphabet (a through z), digits (0 through 9), the hyphen (-), the three Norwegian language letters æ, ø and å, and twenty special Sami languages letters (á·à·ä·č·ç·đ·é·è·ê·ŋ·ń·ñ·ó·ò·ô·ö·š·ŧ·ü·ž). The domain name must start and end in a digit or a letter. A large number of domains cannot be registered, including all that are the basis for second-level domains, and a specified series of geographical names, including names of settlements and islands, which may become second-level domains in the future. Eight specific Internet terms may not be registered (ftp, localhost, whois, www, no, nic, internet and internett). Additional general-category potential future second-level domains have also been blocked, such as com.no and as.no.

Second-level domains
There are three types of second-level domains: geography-oriented, category-oriented and those managed by other agencies than Norid. There are reserved geographic second-level domains for all counties (such as oslo.no for Oslo and nt.no for Nord-Trøndelag), all urban areas with at least 5,000 inhabitants (such as orkanger.no for Orkanger) and all municipalities (such as bergen.no for Bergen and both inderoy.no and inderøy.no for Inderøy). In addition, svalbard.no has been reserved for Svalbard and jan-mayen.no for Jan Mayen. Users are asked to not register with a geographic second-level domain unless they have a local presence in the area. The www name under a geographic second-level domain (such as www.lillehammer.no) may only be carried out by the local government of the area, such as the municipality, the county municipality and the Governor of Svalbard.

The category second-level domains require the user to meet specific characteristics; for instance, only upper secondary schools may register under vgs.no. Most of the second-level domains are managed by Norid, although five domains are managed by three other government agencies, the Government Administration Services for central parts of the government, the Norwegian Armed Forces for their own sites and the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities for municipalities and county municipalities.

title: .no


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Pith helmet

The pith helmet, also known as the safari helmet, salacot, sola topee, sun helmet, topee, and topi is a lightweight cloth-covered helmet made of sholapith. The pith helmet originates from the Spanish military adaptation of the native salakot headgear of the Philippines.

It was often worn by European travellers and explorers in the varying climates found in Southeast Asia, Africa, and the tropics, but it was also used in many other contexts. It was routinely issued to colonial military personnel serving in warmer climates from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. The headdress remains in use in several military services in the 21st century.

Definition
Typically, a pith helmet derives from either the sola or "pith" plant, Aeschynomene aspera, an Indian swamp plant, or from Aeschynomene paludosa. In the narrowest definition, a pith helmet is a type of sun hat made from the wood of the pith plant. However, pith helmet may more broadly refer to this style of helmet when made from any number of lightweight sun-shading materials, such as cork wood, rattan or fiber. It was designed to shade the wearer's head and face from the sun.

Origin
The origin of the pith helmet is the traditional Filipino headgear known as the salakot (Spanish salacot, a term still also used for pith helmets). They are usually dome-shaped or cone-shaped and can range in size from having very wide brims to being almost helmet-like. The tip of the crown commonly has a spiked or knobbed finial made of metal or wood. It is held in place by an inner headband and a chin strap. These were originally made from various lightweight materials like woven bamboo, rattan, and bottle gourd; sometimes inlaid with precious metals, coated with water-proof resin, or covered in cloth.

Salacots were used by native Filipino auxiliaries in the Spanish colonial military as protection against the sun and rain during campaigns. They were adopted fully by both native and Spanish troops in the Philippines by the early 18th century. The military versions were commonly cloth-covered and gradually took on the shape of the Spanish cabasset or morion.

19th century
The salacot design was later adopted by the French colonial troops in Indochina in the 19th century (who called it the salacco or salacot, a term also later applied to the native Vietnamese cone-shaped or disk-like nón lá) due to its effectiveness in protecting from damp and humid weather. French marines also introduced the early version of the salacot to the French Antilles, where it became the salako, a cloth-covered headgear still mostly identical to the Filipino salakot in shape. British and Dutch troops, and other colonial powers in nearby regions followed suit and the salacot became a common headgear for colonial forces in the mid-19th century.

While this form of headgear was particularly associated with the British Empire, all European colonial powers used versions of it during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The French tropical helmet was first authorised for colonial troops in 1878. The Dutch wore the helmet during the entire Aceh War (1873–1904), and the United States Army adopted it during the 1880s for use by soldiers serving in the intensely sunny climate of the Southwest United States. It was also worn by the North-West Mounted Police in policing North-West Canada, 1873 through 1874 to the North-West Rebellion and even before the stetson in the Yukon Gold Rush of 1898.

European officers commanding locally recruited indigenous troops, as well as civilian officials in African and Asian colonial territories, used the pith helmet. Troops serving in the tropics usually wore pith helmets. However, on active service, they sometimes used alternatives such as the wide-brimmed slouch hat worn by US troops in the Philippines and by British Empire forces in the later stages of the Boer War.

Within the British Empire
The salacot was most widely adopted by the British Empire in British India, who originally called them "planters' hats". They began experimenting with derivative designs for a lightweight hat for troops serving in tropical regions. This led to a succession of designs, ultimately resulting in the "Colonial pattern" pith helmet and later designs like the Wolseley pattern. Originally made of pith with small peaks or "bills" at the front and back, the British version of the helmet was covered by white cloth, often with a cloth band (or puggaree) around it, and small holes for ventilation. Military versions often had metal insignia on the front and could be decorated with a brass spike or ball-shaped finial. Depending on the occasion, the chinstrap would be either leather or brass chain. The base material later became the more durable cork, although still covered with cloth and frequently referred to as a "pith" helmet.

During the Anglo-Zulu War, British troops dyed their white pith helmets with tea, mud, or other makeshift means of camouflage. Subsequently, khaki-coloured pith helmets became standard issue for active tropical service.

Colonial pattern
Sun helmets made of pith first appeared in India during the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars of the 1840s. Adopted more widely during the Indian Mutiny of 1857–59, they were generally worn by British troops serving in the Ashanti War of 1873, the Zulu War of 1878–79, and subsequent campaigns in India, Burma, Egypt, and South Africa. This distinctively shaped early headwear became known as the Colonial pattern helmet.

The British Colonial pattern pith helmet, in turn, influenced the designs of other European pith helmets, including the Spanish and Filipino designs, by the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.

Wolseley pattern
The Wolseley pattern helmet is a distinctive British design developed and popularised in the late 19th and early 20th century. It was the official designation for the universal sun helmet worn by the British Army from 1899 to 1948 and described in the 1900 Dress Regulations as "the Wolseley pattern cork helmet". It is named after Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Wolseley. With its swept-back brim, it provided greater protection from the sun than the old Colonial pattern helmet. Its use was soon widespread among British personnel serving overseas and some Canadian units. It continues to be used by the Royal Marines, both in full dress as worn by the Royal Marines Band Service and in number 1 dress ("blues") on certain ceremonial occasions.

Home Service helmet
At the same time, a similar helmet (of dark-blue cloth over the cork and incorporating a bronze spike) had been proposed for use in non-tropical areas. The British Army formally adopted this headgear, which they called the Home Service helmet, in 1878 (leading to the retirement of the shako). Most British line infantry (except fusilier and Scottish regiments) wore the helmet until 1902, when the khaki Service Dress was introduced. It was also worn by engineers, artillery (with a ball rather than a spike), and various administrative and other corps (again with a ball rather than a spike). The cloth of the helmet was generally dark blue, but a green version was worn by light infantry regiments and grey by several volunteer units. With the general adoption of khaki for field dress in 1903, the helmet became purely a full dress item, being worn as such until 1914. It returned to use by regimental bands and officers attending levees in the inter-war period and is worn by regimental bands of British Army line infantry regiments to the present day. The design of the Home Service helmet closely resembles the traditional custodian helmet worn since 1869 by several police forces in England and Wales. Black helmets of a similar shape were also part of the uniform of the Australian Victoria Police during the late 19th century. The US Army also wore blue cloth helmets of the same pattern as the British model from 1881 to 1901 as part of their full-dress uniform. The version worn by cavalry and mounted artillery included plumes and cords in their respective service branches' colours (yellow or red).

Military use
Before the First World War, the Royal Navy and other navies had sometimes provided pith helmets for landing parties in tropical regions. Pith helmets were widely worn during the First World War by British, Belgian, French, Austrian-Hungarian, and German troops fighting in the Middle East and Africa. A white tropical helmet was issued to personnel of the French Navy serving in the Red Sea, Far Eastern waters, and the Pacific between 1922 and the 1940s.

During the 1930s, the locally recruited forces maintained in the Philippines (consisting of the army and a gendarmerie) used sun helmets mostly made out of compressed coconut fiber called "Guinit". The Axis Second Philippine Republic's military, known as the Bureau of Constabulary, and guerrilla groups in the Philippines also wore this headdress.

Before the Second World War, Royal Navy officers wore the Wolseley helmet when in white (tropical) uniform; the helmet was plain white, with a narrow navy-blue edging to the top of the puggaree. Pith-styled helmets were used as late as the Second World War by Japanese, European and American military personnel in hot climates. Included in this category are the sun helmets worn in Ethiopia and North Africa by Italian troops, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army, Union Defence Force, and Nazi Germany's Afrika Korps, as well as similar helmets used to a more limited extent by U.S. and Japanese forces in the Pacific Theater. In the British Army, a khaki version was frequently worn, ornamented with a regimental cap badge or flash. The full-dress white helmet varied from regiment to regiment: several regiments had distinctive puggarees or hackles. On ceremonial occasions, the helmet was topped with a spike (for infantry and cavalry regiments, for the Army Ordnance Corps and the Royal Engineers) or a ball (for the Royal Artillery and other corps); and general officers staff officers and certain departmental officers, when in full dress, wore plumes on their helmets, similar to those worn on their full-dress cocked hats.

George Orwell, commenting on the unproblematical use of slouch hats by Second World War British troops rather than the "essentially superstitious" use of pith helmets, wrote, "When I was in Burma I was assured that the Indian sun, even at its coolest [even in the early morning, and the sunless rainy season], had a peculiar deadliness which could only be warded off by wearing a helmet of cork or pith. 'Natives', their skulls being thicker, had no need of these helmets, but for a European, even a double felt hat was not a reliable protection." The British Army formally abolished the tropical helmet (other than for ceremonial purposes) in 1948.

The Ethiopian Imperial Guard retained pith helmets as a distinctive part of their uniform until the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1974. Imperial Guard units serving in the Korean War often wore these helmets when not in combat.

American naval officers could wear a pith helmet with the tropical khaki uniform. Most often, the pith helmet was worn by the U.S. Navy's Civil Engineer Corps.

Public use
Through the first half of the 20th century, the Wolseley pattern helmet was routinely worn with civil uniform by British colonial, diplomatic, and consular officials serving in 'hot climates'. It was worn with a gilt badge of the royal arms at the front. When worn by governors and governors-general, the helmet was topped by a 10-inch red and white swan-feather plume. British diplomats in tropical postings, governors-general, governors and colonial officials continued to wear the traditional white helmets as part of their ceremonial white uniforms until Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) officials ceased to wear such dress in the late 20th century as an economy measure. The ceremonies marking the end of British rule in Hong Kong in 1997 featured the Royal Hong Kong Police (RHKP) aide-de-camp to the Governor in a white Wolseley pith helmet with black and white feathers. It was the last occasion on which this style of headdress appeared as a symbol of the Empire.

Civilian use
Due to its popularity, the pith helmet became common civilian headgear for Westerners in the tropics and sub-tropics from the mid-19th century. The civilian pith helmet usually had the same dimensions and outline as its contemporary military counterpart but without decorative extras such as badges. It was worn by men and women, old and young, on formal and casual occasions, until the 1940s. Both white and khaki versions were used. It was often worn together with civilian versions of khaki drill and bush jackets.

At the turn of the 20th century, there was a widespread assumption that wearing this form of head-dress was necessary for people of European origin to avoid sunstroke in the tropics. By contrast, indigenous peoples were assumed to have acquired relative immunity. Modern medical opinion holds that some form of wide-brimmed but light headwear (such as a Panama hat, etc.) is highly advisable in strong sunlight for people of all ethnicities to avoid skin cancers and overheating.

Pith helmets began to decline in popularity in the mid-1950s. For example, they had become relatively uncommon in Francophone African colonies by 1955, despite their former conspicuous popularity among European visitors and expatriates there during the previous decade.

Netherlands
A dark blue pith helmet, similar to the British Home Service helmet, is worn with the ceremonial uniforms of the Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene and the Netherlands Marine Corps.

United States
Throughout the Second World War, the U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy, and the U. S. Army developed a cheaper, similar-looking alternative to the pith helmet, called the American fiber helmet, which was made from pressed fiber. Some of the helmets were printed with a camouflage pattern. The two main producers of the US military fiber pressed pith helmet were the International Hat Company and Hawley Products Company. Both companies had originally designed and manufactured several civilian models made from pressed fiber with a foil lining in the 1930s, aimed to be used by laborers who worked in the hot sun, from farms to road construction to other manual labor.

The U.S. Marine Corps pith helmet (officially "Helmet, sun, rigid, fiber") has been used as a form of identification by rifle range cadres; similarly, rifle range instructors and drill instructors wear the campaign hat. The U.S. Navy also authorized a plastic khaki sun helmet for wear by officers in tropical regions during the mid-20th century. It was decorated with a full-size officer's hat crest on the front.

White or light blue helmets of plastic material but traditional design are official optional uniform items worn today by letter carriers of the U.S. Postal Service to protect against sun and rain.

Vietnam
After the Second World War, the communist Viet Minh in French Indochina, and later the People's Army of Vietnam of the North, based their helmet design, called mũ cối, on the French pith helmet. Today it is still widely worn by civilians in Vietnam (mainly in the North, but its use declined sharply in 2007 when the motorbike helmet became mandatory for motorbike riders). In design, the Vietnamese model was similar to the pre-Second World War civilian type but covered in jungle green cloth or other colors depending on the army's branches (for example, blue for the Air Force), usually with a metal insignia at the front. It is considered a symbol of the Vietnamese Army.

Kenya
After the struggles for independence, including the Mau Mau Uprising, Kenya gained its independence from Britain in December 1963, riding the 'winds of change'. In the following year, after President Jomo Kenyatta's election in 1964, the pith helmet became a regulated hat of the uniform for provincial administrators and commissioners, who acted as representatives of the central government overseeing local management.

Originally, in Kenya and other African regions, the pith helmet was perceived as a product of reporters' exaggerations and misunderstood by readers. Travel books and magazines advised Europeans not to engage in outdoor activities without head coverings, claiming that exposure to direct tropical sunlight could cause their brains to deteriorate. While the articles may have been somewhat exaggerated, the pith helmet indeed protected against intense direct sunlight on the savanna, and its sturdy shell and liner shielded the head from collisions with branches in the jungle rainforest. The brim, resembling an eave, also served to prevent raindrops from entering the eyes or forming on glasses. Now, in addition to that, it has been left as a symbol of authority for free Africans.

Commonwealth realms
Several military units still use the pith helmet throughout the Commonwealth.

In the United Kingdom, the Royal Marines wear white Wolseley pattern helmets of the same general design as the old pith helmet as part of their number 1 or dress uniform. These date from 1912 in their present form and are made of natural cork covered in white cloth on the outside and shade green on the inside. Decoration includes a brass ball ornament at the top (a detail inherited from the Royal Marine Artillery), helmet plate, and chin chain.

The Home Service helmet is still worn by line infantry regiments in the United Kingdom today as part of full dress uniform. Although these units' wearing of full dress uniform largely ceased after the First World War, it continues to be worn by regimental bands, Corps of Drums, and guards of honour on ceremonial occasions. Such personnel are likewise directed to wear the Foreign Service helmet (either colonial pattern or Wolseley pattern according to regimental specification) when full dress uniform is worn "in hot weather overseas stations such as Cyprus".

Within the British Overseas Territories, a white Wolseley helmet with red and white swan-feather plume is occasionally worn by colonial governors when in white tropical uniform. Since 2001, such dress has been provided only at the expense of the territory concerned and is no longer paid for by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

The Royal Gibraltar Regiment routinely wear the white pith helmet with a white tunic (in summer) and scarlet tunic (in winter).

The pith helmet is used by Australian military bands, such as the Army Band and the Band of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, as well as the New South Wales Mounted Police, and the Band of the South Australia Police.

A white Wolseley helmet forms a part of the Canadian Army's universal full-dress uniform, although specific units wear different headgear owing to authorized regimental differences. In addition, the pith helmet is also worn by cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada for certain parades and special occasion.

In the Bahamas, pith helmets are worn by the Royal Bahamas Police Force Band. A khaki or white pith helmet is part of the standard summer uniform of traffic officers in specific police departments in India. The pith helmet is also used by the Sri Lankan Police as part of their dress uniform.

Other countries
In the Dominican Republic, pith helmets with black pugarees were the standard duty headgear used by transit officers of the national police in the 1970s until the beginning of the 21st century, when these units were replaced by the creation of the Autoridad Metropolitana de Transporte (AMET) corps, which were issued dark green stetson hats instead.

In Greece, the Hellenic Navy band uses the pith helmet during its appearances (ex., at parades, when inspected by officials outside of churches, both events held during national feasts, etc.), with the Wolseley type one being used worn with full dress. It was possibly introduced at the beginning of the 20th century when the Hellenic Armed Forces were organized according to the French Army (the Hellenic Army) and the British Royal Navy (the Hellenic Navy). Modern Italian municipal police wear a helmet modeled on the Model 1928 tropical helmet of the Royal Italian Army for foot patrols in summer. These are made from white plastic with cork or pith interior lining and resemble the British Custodian helmet, though taller and narrower.

Pith helmets are worn by the Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince of Monaco.

In the Philippines, some ceremonial units such as the Presidential Security Group and the guard of honor of the National Police use pith helmets.

They are also used by the King's Guards of the Royal Thai Army when on guard duty; a similar helmet but with plumes is used when in the full dress uniform with the plumes in uniform facings (similar to the bearskin).

White Wolseley helmets are worn by mounted Presidential Guard members in Harare, Zimbabwe, during the State Opening of the first session of Parliament each year.

Civilian and commercial uses
The pith helmet has had a limited comeback in recent years, with their now novel appearance and genuine functionality making the headdress increasingly popular for gardening, hiking, safari, and other outdoor activities. Today's helmets are generally available in four basic types (see below). These have changed little since the early 1900s, except that for more effortless adjustment; the inner headband utilises hook-and-loop fasteners (e.g., Velcro) instead of the earlier brass pins. They can also be soaked in water to keep the wearer's head cool in hot weather and feature an adjustable chinstrap towards the front. (i) French pith helmet. This is the most functional of the helmets, with its wide brim providing more sun protection than the narrow-brimmed variations. This helmet is mostly made in Vietnam, where the design was inherited from French colonial patterns.

(ii) Indian pith helmet. The Indian model is almost the same as the French one but with a slightly narrower brim and a squarer dome. It shares with other helmets the ventilation "button" atop the dome.

(iii) African pith helmet, or safari helmet, is a variation mainly used in savanna or jungle regions of Africa. It is generally a khaki-grey colour with the same dimensions and shape as the Indian helmet described above.

(iv) Wolseley pith helmet. This variation of the helmet was named after (but not designed by) Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Wolseley, an Anglo-Irish military commander, and widely used by the British Army and Colonial civil service from 1900. The Wolseley helmet differs from other pith helmets in having a more sloping brim with an apex at the front and back. The dome is also taller and more conical than the other more rounded variations. It is the helmet often portrayed as being worn by stereotypical "Gentleman Explorers".

In popular culture
Over the last century and a half, the helmet has become an iconic piece of apparel identified with western explorers, big game hunters, archaeologists, paleontologists, biologists, botanists, soldiers, and colonists throughout Africa, southern Asia and South America. It was popularized by Theodore Roosevelt in the first half of the 20th century, and by cinema in the second. Examples include:
 * Many characters in Edgar Rice Burrough's Tarzan franchise. Among them is Jane Porter in the 1931, 1981, and 1999 films.
 * Mr. Pompous (Dr. Mustache), an ecologist and animal caretaker in Jungle Emperor Leo, 1989.
 * Dr. Schweitzer, a medical volunteer and Nobel Peace Prize winner from the biographical film Albert Schweitzer, 2009
 * The Marvel Comics mad scientist and mercenary Klaw on Fantastic Four and Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.
 * Van Pelt, a big game hunter, in Jumanji and the TV series based on it.
 * Jack Black playing Professor Sheldon Oberon in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle and Jumanji: The Next Level.
 * Members of the British Army in the 1994 version of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, the war film Zulu and its prelude Zulu Dawn, and the Doctor Who episode Empress of Mars.
 * Captain Cook on the Doctor Who episode The Greatest Show in the Galaxy.
 * The poacher Betty on Widget the World Watcher
 * The hammerhead shark-themed poacher and temple robber known as the Collector on Atomic Betty.
 * The title characters on Yin Yang Yo on the episodes Scary Scary Quite Contrary and Carl of the Wild.
 * Thaddeus Thatch, the grandfather of main character Milo James Thatch (who himself briefly wears the same pith helmet early on), in the film Atlantis: The Lost Empire.

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Talk:Steve Kipner

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This article needs some external links—Trevor Caira 13:28, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steve Kipner


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Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song

Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song is a 1971 American independent blaxploitation action thriller film written, co-produced, scored, edited, directed by, and starring Melvin Van Peebles. His son Mario Van Peebles also appears in a small role, playing the title character as a young boy. The film tells the picaresque story of a poor black man fleeing from the white police authorities.

Van Peebles began to develop the film after being offered a three-picture contract for Columbia Pictures. No studio would finance the film, so Van Peebles funded it himself, shooting it independently over 19 days, performing all of his own stunts and appearing in several sex scenes, some reportedly unsimulated. He received a $50,000 loan from Bill Cosby to complete the project. The film's fast-paced montages and jump-cuts were unique features in American cinema at the time. The picture was censored in some markets, and received mixed reviews. However, it has left a lasting impression on American cinema.

The musical score of Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song was performed by Earth, Wind & Fire. Van Peebles did not have money for traditional advertising methods, so he released the soundtrack album prior to the film's release in order to generate publicity. Initially, the film was screened in only two theaters in the United States (in Atlanta and Detroit). It went on to gross $15.2 million at the box office. Huey P. Newton celebrated and welcomed the film's revolutionary implications, and Sweetback became required viewing for members of the Black Panther Party. According to Variety, it demonstrated to Hollywood that films which portrayed "militant" Blacks could be highly profitable, leading to the creation of the blaxploitation genre, although critic Roger Ebert did not consider this example of Van Peebles' work to be an exploitation film.

In 2020, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
A young African-American orphan is sheltered by a Los Angeles brothel in the 1940s. Working as a towel boy, he is seduced by one of the prostitutes. The women name him "Sweet Sweetback" in honor of his sexual prowess and large penis. As an adult, Sweetback performs in the whorehouse sex show.

One night, two white LAPD officers come in to speak to Sweetback's boss, Beetle. A black man has been murdered, and there is pressure from the black community to bring in a suspect. The police suggest arresting Sweetback to appease their superiors, blame him for the crime, and then release him a few days later for lack of evidence. Beetle agrees, and they arrest Sweetback. On the way to the police station, the officers also arrest a young Black Panther named Mu-Mu after some trouble. They handcuff him to Sweetback, but when Mu-Mu insults the officers, they take both men out of the car, undo the handcuff from Mu-Mu, and beat him. In response, Sweetback fashions his handcuffs into brass knuckles and beats the officers, putting them into comas.

Sweetback returns to the whorehouse for help, but Beetle refuses out of fear of being arrested himself. As Sweetback leaves, he is arrested and beaten by order of the police chief, seeking information about Mu-Mu's whereabouts, but escapes when a black revolutionary throws a molotov cocktail at the police car transporting him to the station for more severe interrogation. He next visits an old girlfriend, who similarly refuses him aid but cuts his handcuffs off in exchange for sex. Sweetback then asks his priest for help, but he refuses for fear of the police shutting down the church's drug rehab center.

Police officers interrogate Beetle, seeking to discover Sweetback's whereabouts, rendering him deaf by firing a gun against each ear. Sweetback meets up with Mu-Mu and black gangsters drive them through South Central Los Angeles to the outskirts. Stopping overnight at a seemingly abandoned building, they discover it is a safe house for the Hells Angels. Their helmeted president challenges Sweetback to a duel: asked to decide the weapon and discovering she is a woman, he chooses sex and is judged to win.

The bikers leave the men in their club to await a member of the all black East Bay Dragons who will get them to Mexico. During the night, the club is raided by two policemen with drawn guns. Sweetback resists arrest and kills both officers in self-defense, but Mu-Mu is badly wounded. The next morning, the Dragon arrives, but his motorcycle can only carry one; Sweetback asks him to take Mu-Mu, as the activist is their future.

As Sweetback and Mu-Mu continue to evade arrest, pressure mounts on the police; the police chief warns his staff that the fugitives' example could prompt a black uprising. The police badly beat up a black man sleeping with a white woman, believing him to be probably one of the fugitives, and that he deserves a beating in any case. Later, Beetle, now in a wheelchair following the police brutality, is brought to the morgue to identify a body believed to be Sweetback and smiles when he sees it is someone else. As the police trawl black areas for him, they find Sweetback's biological and rather confused mother, who reveals that his birth name is Leroy.

Sweetback pays a hippie to switch clothes with him, deceiving a police helicopter which sends a patrol car in pursuit. Sweetback was also wounded in the shootout and both stows away and hitches rides on trucks and a train heading south. Running through arid country, he survives by drinking from a puddle and eating a lizard. When police hear he might be at a rural hippie musical event, he successfully disguises himself by simulating sex in the bushes. He is later spotted and police borrow a farmer's hunting dogs to track him. Realising he will cross the border before they reach him, a policeman releases the dogs, expecting them to catch and kill him. However, at the Tijuana River, Sweetback stabs the dogs and escapes into Mexico, swearing to return to "collect some dues".

Cast

 * Melvin Van Peebles as Sweetback
 * Mario Peebles as Young Sweetback / Kid
 * Hubert Scales as Mu-Mu
 * Simon Chuckster as "Beetle"
 * John Dullaghan as Commissioner
 * West Gale
 * Niva Rochelle
 * Rhetta Hughes as Old Girl Friend
 * Nick Ferrari
 * Ed Rue
 * Johnny Amos as Biker
 * Lavelle Roby
 * Ted Hayden

Pre-production
During production on Watermelon Man for Columbia Pictures, Van Peebles attempted to rewrite the script in order to change it from a comedy poking fun at white liberals into the first black power film. The writer, Herman Raucher, who had based the script on friends of his who expressed liberal sentiments while still holding onto bigoted beliefs, objected to Van Peebles' efforts because he felt that the movie should be a parody of liberal culture. Raucher ultimately exercised a clause in his contract that allowed him to novelize his own script, effectively preventing Peebles from too radically changing the film.

After Watermelon Man proved to be a financial success, Van Peebles was offered a three-picture contract. While the deal was still up in the air, Van Peebles—still wanting to create the first black power film—developed the story for Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song. The initial idea for the film did not come clearly to him at first. One day, Van Peebles drove into the Mojave desert, turned off the highway, and drove over the rise of a hill. He parked the car, got out, and squatted down facing the sun. He decided that the film was going to be "about a brother getting the Man's foot out of his ass."

Because no studio would finance the film, Van Peebles put his own money into the production, and shot it independently. Van Peebles was given a $50,000 loan by Bill Cosby to complete the film. "Cosby didn't want an equity part," according to Van Peebles. "He just wanted his money back." Van Peebles wound up with controlling ownership of the film. Several actors auditioned for the lead role of Sweetback, but told Van Peebles that they would not do the film unless they were given more dialogue. Van Peebles ended up playing the part himself.

Filming
According to Van Peebles, during the first day of shooting, director of photography and head cameraman Bob Maxwell told him he could not mix two different shades of mechanical film lights, because he believed the results would not appear well on film. Van Peebles told him to do it anyway. When he saw the rushes, Maxwell was overjoyed, and Van Peebles did not encounter that issue again during the shoot. Van Peebles shot the film over a relatively short period of 19 days in order to reduce the possibility of the cast, most of whom were amateurs, showing on some days with haircuts or clothes different from the prior day. He shot the film in what he referred to as "globs," where he would shoot entire sequences at a time.

Because Van Peebles could not afford a stunt man, he performed all of the stunts himself, which also included appearing in several unsimulated sex scenes. At one point in the shoot, Van Peebles was forced to jump off a bridge. Bob Maxwell later stated, "Well, that's great, Mel, but let's do it again." Van Peebles ended up performing the stunt nine times. Van Peebles contracted gonorrhea when filming one of the many sex scenes, and successfully applied to the Directors Guild in order to get workers' compensation because he was "hurt on the job". Van Peebles used the money to purchase more film.

Van Peebles and several key crew members were armed because it was dangerous to attempt to create a film without the support of the union. One day, Van Peebles looked for his gun, and failed to find it. Van Peebles found out that someone had put it in the prop box. When they filmed the scene in which Beetle is interrogated by police, who fire a gun next to both of his ears, it was feared that the real gun would be picked up instead of the prop.

While shooting a sequence with members of the Hells Angels, one of the bikers told Van Peebles they wanted to leave; Van Peebles responded by telling them they were paid to stay until the scene was over. The biker took out a knife and started cleaning his fingernails with it. In response, Van Peebles snapped his fingers, and his crew members were standing there with rifles. The bikers stayed to shoot the scene.

Van Peebles had received a permit to set a car on fire, but had done so on a Friday; as a result, there was no time to have it filed before shooting the scene. When the scene was shot, a fire truck showed up. This ended up in the final cut of the film.

According to Van Peebles, the dead dogs seen in the film's final scenes were sourced from a humane society: "Boy, were we lucky... At first, the society didn't even think it could help us... but after a little donation, they looked in their refrigerator again, I guess, and found almost exactly what we were looking for..."

Directing
Van Peebles stated that he approached directing the film "like you do the cupboard when you're broke and hungry: throw in everything eatable and hope to come out on top with the seasoning, i.e., by editing". Van Peebles stated that "story-wise, I came up with an idea, why not the direct approach. ... To avoid putting myself into a corner and writing something I wouldn't be able to shoot, I made a list of the givens in the situation and tried to take those givens and juggle them into the final scenario."

Van Peebles wanted "a victorious film ... where niggers could walk out standing tall instead of avoiding each other's eyes, looking once again like they'd had it". Van Peebles was aware of the fact that films produced by major studios would appear to be more polished than low-budget independently made features, and was determined to make a film that "[looked] as good as anything one of the major studios could turn out".

Van Peebles knew that in order to spread his message, the film "simply couldn't be a didactic discourse which would end up playing ... to an empty theater except for ten or twenty aware brothers who would pat me on the back and say it tells it like it is" and that "to attract the mass we have to produce work that not only instructs but entertains". Van Peebles also wanted to make a film that would "be able to sustain itself as a viable commercial product ... [The Man] ain't about to go carrying no messages for you, especially a relevant one, for free."

Van Peebles wanted half of his shooting crew "to be third world people. ... So at best a staggering amount of my crew would be relatively inexperienced. ... Any type of film requiring an enormous technical sophistication at the shooting stage should not be attempted." Van Peebles knew that gaining financing for the film would not be easy and expected "a great deal of animosity from the film media (white in the first place and right wing in the second) at all levels of filmmaking", thus he had to "write a flexible script where emphasis could be shifted. In short, stay loose."

Editing
The film's fast-paced montages and jump cuts were novel features for an American movie at the time. Stephen Holden from The New York Times commented that the film's editing had "a jazzy, improvisational quality, and the screen is often streaked with jarring psychedelic effects that illustrate Sweetback's alienation". In The 50 Most Influential Black Films: A Celebration of African-American Talent, Determination, and Creativity, author S. Torriano Berry writes that the film's "odd camera angles, superimpositions, reverse-key effects, box and matting effects, rack-focus shots, extreme zooms, stop-motion and step-printing, and an abundance of jittery handheld camera work all helped to express the paranoid nightmare that [Sweetback's] life had become".

Music
Since Van Peebles did not have the money to hire a composer, he composed the film's music score himself. Because he did not know how to read or write music, he numbered all of the keys on a piano so he could remember the melodies. Van Peebles stated that "Most filmmakers look at a feature in terms of image and story or vice versa. Effects and music [...] are strictly secondary considerations. Very few look at film with sound considered as a creative third dimension. So I calculate the scenario in such a way that sound can be used as an integral part of the film."

The film's music was performed by the then-unknown group Earth, Wind & Fire, who were living in a single apartment with hardly any food at the time. Van Peebles' secretary was dating one of the bandmembers, and convinced him to contact them about performing the music for the film. Van Peebles projected scenes from the film as the band performed the music. By alternating hymn-based vocalization and jazz rhythms, Van Peebles created a sound that foreshadowed the use of sampling in hip hop music.

Van Peebles recalls that "music was not used as a selling tool in movies at the time. Even musicals, it would take three months after the release of the movie before they would bring out an album." Because Van Peebles did not have any money for traditional advertising methods, he decided that by releasing a soundtrack album in anticipation of the film's release, he could help build awareness for the film with its music.

Release
Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song was released on March 31, 1971, at the Grand Circus Theatre in Detroit and on April 2, 1971, at the Coronet Theatre in Atlanta. Melvin Van Peebles stated that "at first, only two theaters in the United States would show the picture: one in Detroit, and one in Atlanta. The first night in Detroit, it broke all the theater's records, and that was only on the strength of the title alone, since nobody had seen it yet. By the second day, people would take their lunch and sit through it three times. I knew that I was finally talking to my audience. Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song made thousands of dollars in its first day." It grossed $70,000 in its first week in Detroit.

The film earned $4.1 million in rentals in the US and Canada, and went on to gross over $15 million at the box office.

Censorship
After receiving an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, which inspired the advertising tagline "Rated X by an all-white jury", distributors and exhibitors (including the Music Hall theater in Boston) removed nine minutes. Van Peebles stated, "Should the rest of the community submit to your censorship that is its business, but White standards shall no longer be imposed on the Black community."

The Region 2 DVD release from BFI Video alters the opening sex sequences. A notice at the beginning of the DVD states "In order to comply with UK law (the Protection of Children Act 1978), a number of images in the opening sequence of this film have been obscured."

Critical response
Critical response was mixed. Kevin Thomas in the Los Angeles Times described the film as "a series of stark, earthy vignettes, Van Peebles evokes the vitality, humor, pain, despair and omnipresent fear that is life for so many African-Americans". Stephen Holden in The New York Times called it "an innovative, yet politically inflammatory film". The film website Rotten Tomatoes, which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics, gives the film a score of 73% "Fresh" from 30 reviews. The end of the film was shocking to Black viewers who had expected that Sweetback would perish at the hands of the police—a common, even inevitable, fate of Black men "on the run" in prior films. Film critic Roger Ebert cited the ending as a reason for the film not to be labeled as an exploitation film.

The New York Times critic Clayton Riley viewed the film favorably, commenting on its aesthetic innovation, but stated of the character of Sweetback that he "is the ultimate sexualist in whose seemingly vacant eyes and unrevealing mouth are written the protocols of American domestic colonialism". In another review, Riley explained that "Sweetback, the profane sexual athlete and fugitive, is based on a reality that is Black. We may not want him to exist but he does." Critic Donald Bogle states in a New York Times interview that the film in some ways met the Black audience's compensatory needs after years of asexual, Sidney Poitier-type characters and that they wanted a "viable, sexual, assertive, arrogant black male hero".

In a compendium about the Museum of Modern Art's film and media collection, curator Steven Higgins describes the film's place in history: "Not since Oscar Micheaux had an African-American filmmaker taken such complete control of the creative process, turning out a work so deeply connected to his own personal and cultural reality that he was not surprised when the white critical establishment professed bewilderment...[it] depends less on its story of a superstud running from the police than it does on its disinterest in referencing white culture and its radically new understanding of how style and substance inform each other."

Metroactive's Nicky Baxter's response is mixed: "Sweet Sweetback introduced the biggest and baddest buck of the [blaxploitation era]. Warts and all, the film is perhaps the closest analogy to the progressive aims of the then-flourishing Black Arts movement. Indeed, it can be argued that because it was written, produced and directed by an American-born African outside of Hollywood, the film is not truly part of the blaxploitation genre, yet it cannot be denied that it shares certain thematic similarities. The film works best when it follows Sweetback's odyssey from stud boy to proto-nationalist consciousness. Unlike the Horatio Alger-style integrationism propagated in past films about blacks, here we see an outlaw among outlaws, nourished by a community segregated from the mainstream. It is in this disenfranchised community--and not the sterile offices of the NAACP--that he seeks and finds refuge. The sordid sexual trysts, the faux fantasies in the desert are, finally, less interesting than Sweetback's quest for self-realization."

Notable reactions
Huey P. Newton, devoting an entire issue of The Black Panther to the film's revolutionary implications, celebrated and welcomed the film as "the first truly revolutionary Black film made [...] presented to us by a Black man." Newton wrote that Sweetback "presents the need for unity among all members and institutions within the community of victims," contending that this is evidenced by the opening credits which state the film stars "The Black Community," a collective protagonist engaged in various acts of community solidarity that aid Sweetback in escaping. Newton further argued that "the film demonstrates the importance of unity and love between Black men and women," as demonstrated "in the scene where the woman makes love to the young boy but in fact baptizes him into his true manhood". This is, in fact, the rape scene mentioned in the earlier plot summary. The film became required viewing for members of the Black Panther Party.

A few months after the publication of Newton's article, historian Lerone Bennett Jr. responded with an essay on the film in Ebony, titled "The Emancipation Orgasm: Sweetback in Wonderland," in which he discussed the film's "black aesthetic". Bennett argued that the film romanticized the poverty and misery of the ghetto and that "some men foolishly identify the black aesthetic with empty bellies and big bottomed prostitutes." Bennett concluded that the film is "neither revolutionary nor black because it presents the spectator with sterile daydreams and a superhero who is ahistorical, selfishly individualist with no revolutionary program, who acts out of panic and desperation." Bennett described Sweetback's sexual initiation at ten years old as the "rape of a child by a 40-year-old prostitute".

Bennett described instances when Sweetback saved himself through the use of his sexual prowess as "emancipation orgasms" and stated that "it is necessary to say frankly that nobody ever fucked his way to freedom. And it is mischievous and reactionary finally for anyone to suggest to black people in 1971 that they are going to be able to screw their way across the Red Sea. Fucking will not set you free. If fucking freed, black people would have celebrated the millennium 400 years ago." Poet and author Haki R. Madhubuti (then known as Don L. Lee) agreed with Bennett's assessment of the film, stating that it was "a limited, money-making, auto-biographical fantasy of the odyssey of one Melvin Van Peebles through what he considered to be the Black community."

Legacy
Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song is considered to be an important film in the history of African-American cinema. The film was credited by Variety as leading to the creation of the blaxploitation genre, largely consisting of exploitation films made by white directors. As Spike Lee states, "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song gave us all the answers we needed. This was an example of how to make a film (a real movie), distribute it yourself, and most important, get paid. Without Sweetback who knows if there could have been a [...] She's Gotta Have It, Hollywood Shuffle, or House Party?"

Robert Reid-Pharr wrote that "...[Sweetback] was seen (correctly I believe) as the first in a long line of so-called Blaxploitation features..." and goes on to say that Van Peebles was "one of the first artists to bring not only compelling but realistic images of Black Americans into mainstream cinemas, breaking with decades-long traditions ..."

In 2004, Mario Van Peebles directed and starred as his father in Baadasssss!, a biopic about the making of Sweet Sweetback. The film was a critical but not commercial success.

In a 2019 reference book published by the Museum of Modern Art to commemorate key works of art in its collection, Anne Morra, Associate Curator of the department of film, says Sweetback's importance goes beyond the history of filmmaking and that its impact on "social consciousness, culture, and political discourse remains indisputable".

title: Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song


text:
Talk:RAS syndrome

RFC on including DC Comics
Should DC comics be included in the list? This was last discussed five years ago; however, little participation in that RFC led to consensus being established. JDDJS ( talk to me  •  see what I've done ) 19:24, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose this is article is about RAS itself, and not a list article for every example of it. There are probably dozens of other examples that people could think of, but it simply adds nothing to the page to include every single example of it. Even more importantly, DC has long since changed its name to just be DC and not stand for anything, it is highly debatable if RAS even applies here in the first place. I just do not see how including it helps improve the article in any way. JDDJS  ( talk to me  •  see what I've done ) 19:24, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose Go ahead and remove it, I guess. This isn't the best example on that list. Yes, it is probably an example of RAS when comics nerds who are aware of the history of the DC say "DC Comics" (no matter the current status of DC's name ... changing your companies name or what you say it means doesn't change the language, or necessarily what people think it means). But given the complicated history of the name/trademark/brand DC, there's kind of an asterisk here. If we're only going to have a few examples, make them the best ones, not the ones that provoke responses of "Well, actually...". Vadder (talk) 21:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * you know what, to the bottom of hades with this
 * oppose unless someone (me or otherwise) can find sources that aren't paywalled
 * and to @JDDJS, sorry about the comment in the revert, my "we already went through this and it was hell" alarm gave a false positive  cogsan (give me attention)  (see my deeds) 22:45, 21 December 2023 (UTC)
 * did a quick look, and only found two sources
 * one is from a source of questionable reliability, only mentions this example in passing, and nudges readers to go to wikipedia (this detail isn't important, i just thought it was kind of funny)
 * the other is from a source of questionable reliability in just about every typoe of case besides simple facts like this one, but also only mentions the redundancy in passing
 * but i will actually change my vote to a support anyway, because screen rant just isn't paywalled anymore, i guess  cogsan (give me attention)  (see my deeds) 23:34, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Support it's continued inclusion, as the OP points out, it has been on this very small, highly regimented list of examples for years. The debate about DC changing their name has little bearing here, even if DC really is just "DC" now, it was "Detective Comics" for decades, (and many people still recognize it as that), and that means that all that time, "DC Comics" was also known as "Detective Comics Comics", which makes it a perfect example for this list. An example that is supported by sourcing, btw, and a list that is not just a "list of current examples, btw. It's also a useful example in that it demonstrates that these examples don't have to be specifically three letters, they can also be two, (or four, or more). Why one or two users here (the op and a now perma-banned disruptor) have this long-standing gripe about this particular entry is somewhat of mystery, if not a waste of time. (jmho) - w o lf  11:23, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per JDDJS and Vadder. Nemov (talk) 18:39, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:RAS syndrome


text:
Talk:Sean Waltman

Shoot Interview with Waltman
There is an overview of the RF Video shoot interview here which might be handy, has his side of his WWE release among other things --Apsouthern (talk) 12:50, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

X-Factor
I really don't know how to edit pages but there is no link for the X-Factor or what it is in basic terms. 63.214.229.41 (talk) 03:45, 10 January 2009 (UTC)
 * where exactly are you talking about? ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 11:14, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The X-Factor is Sean Waltman's signature move. Give me a few seconds, I'll watch YouTube and see if I can describe it.

 * few seconds pass*

As per this video, it looks like the X-Factor is simply a run of the mill sitting facebuster. He basically grabs the opponents head, jumps up, opponent jumps too, then he slams their face into the mat, in a seated position. He starts it off with a kick to the gut. Basically, the IP user would like a link to a wrestling move page, complete with a description of the move. 199.212.27.249 (talk) 22:30, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

GWF = independent?
I disagree with the implication the article makes that GWF was an "independent organization". Considering they had national television clearance via ESPN, they really don't fit the term as it's applied within pro wrestling.76.226.216.9 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:11, 10 November 2009 (UTC).

Actual debut date?
Any quick look at the linked title histories shows 1992 is blatantly wrong, with his first PWA Light Heavyweight Title win being on April 12, 1990. So approximately when WAS his debut, anyway? Late '89? Very early '90? --Bix (talk) 19:03, 6 February 2012 (UTC)
 * A bit slow here, but I've heard him say he started wrestling as a teenager, and WrestlingData says he debuted in 1989. I've corrected it to that. InedibleHulk (talk) 20:48, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

WCW Tag Team Championship riegn
Waltman should be credited with a WCW Tag Team Championship reign, as WWE credits him as being "Freebirded" into the title with Hall and Nash in 1997.

The belts are WWE property, so if they want to say Waltman was a co-champion using the Freebird Rule, then their word is law, since it's their title. Vjmlhds (talk) 19:22, 20 November 2013 (UTC)
 * His WWE profile says he wasn't champion. http://www.wwe.com/superstars/x-pac In fact, every single source says that Waltman wasn't champion (cagematch, solie, OWOW, Canoe...) Only source is a photo, where you can find also unregonized laycool reigns. --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 19:25, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

 * With Lay-Cool, WWE made it clear that only one was officially champion, but allowed the other to defend the title on her partner's behalf. That's the difference between a singles title and a tag team title.  With tag teams, the entire group are considered champions, and can pick which ever two to wrestle in title defences.  And with all due respect to your sources (solie, etc.) they can say what they want, but if the company that owns the title says Waltman was "Freebirded" into it, then that trumps all, since it's their title, and they make the rules. Vjmlhds (talk) 19:39, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I support it, as long as we note the circumstances. Though he didn't win the title, he clearly lost it to the Steiners. Can't lose a title without holding it. InedibleHulk (talk) 20:47, 20 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Are you sure? List of WWE European Champions: Owen Hart. Aired January 26. Defeated Goldust, who was dressed as Triple H. Commissioner Slaughter awards the title to Hart considering Goldust as a substitution for Triple H. List of NWA World Tag Team Champions Kingz of the Undergrounf Defeated Kory Chavis and Lance Hoyt for the titles; Davis was absent for "personal reasons" and had not teamed with Chavis in quite some time but the NWA never stripped the Dark City Fight Club of their championship. A substitusion doesn't mean recognized champion. --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 21:45, 20 November 2013 (UTC)
 * OK, they can sometimes lose titles without holding them. But the difference between that and this is Syxx was the scheduled opponent. WCW made it clear from the start that he and Hall were defending the title, and it changed hands at the bell. Hart was given the title after the match, by special ruling. If Slaughter hadn't decided to abuse his power, Triple H would have kept the title. Since he was stripped of it, Goldust couldn't have been champ during the match, even temporarily.

 * Can't comment on the other case, not familiar with it. InedibleHulk (talk) 20:41, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Syxx didn't win the title, that's not being argued, but he was "Freebirded" into it. Just like with all the other teams WWE mentioned in their piece, what happened was X and Y won the titles, and then announced that their buddy Z will also defend the titles, so all 3 members of the team are champions and they can pick whichever 2 to defend the titles in any given match.  There's a difference between "Freebirding" and a substitution. Vjmlhds (talk) 05:39, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

123 Kid moves
Moonsault should mentioned that it used to be a finisher of his as Waltman did use a Moonsault to beat Razor Ramon and it his most famous finisher under the 123 Kid gimmick from his first WWF run. It was also his finisher in the WWF Monday Night Raw videogame for the Genesis, SNES and 32X.

He also beat a young Jeff Hardy with this submission move. Which isn't a Crossface Chickenwing.

His X-Factor Facebuster he didn't start using until his WCW run as Syxx and is also where he picked up the Bronco Buster.90.195.150.31 (talk) 23:02, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

Another move that 123 Kid used was a Diving Legdrop which he uses here to beat a jobber called Black Phantom. 90.195.150.31 (talk) 23:23, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

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Wife
He married Angela he thanked her at his Hall of Fame induction with nWo 47.205.241.39 (talk) 23:44, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Ring Name Origin
The subject of Waltman's Attitude Era ring name does not appear to be addressed in a satisfactory manner. The current section on his return to WWF claims that "X-Pac" derives from "ex-Wolfpac." This is a novel theory that does not appear to have any support from other sources.

The more commonly accepted explanation is that the ring name evolved from 1-2-3 Kid>Syxx/Syxx-Pac>X-Pac. "Syxx-Pac" was reportedly a nickname given to him by Hall and Nash, with various origin explanations found in other sources. "X" was reportedly derived from "DX."

I added both a Citation Needed tag and included the alternate and more commonly accepted origin explanation, and the edits were immediately reverted. Requesting that anyone with a source regarding this issue please edit article accordingly. 130.45.24.168 (talk) 06:25, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

Found footage of Waltman explaining ring name origin. He confirms that "X-Pac" derived from the WCW-era "Syxx-Pac" nickname: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qndJ-h601oA [timestamp 5:18]. 130.45.24.168 (talk) 08:33, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:23, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Sean Waltman


text:
Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England

The Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England provides a listing and classification system for historic parks and gardens similar to that used for listed buildings. The register was set up by Historic England under the provisions of the National Heritage Act 1983. Over 1,600 sites are listed, ranging from the grounds of large stately homes to small domestic gardens, as well other designed landscapes such as town squares, public parks and cemeteries. The register is published on the National Heritage List for England alongside other national heritage designations.

Purpose
The register aims to "celebrate designed landscapes of note, and encourage appropriate protection", so safeguarding the features and qualities of key landscapes for the future. It is hoped that listing sites of special interest will increase awareness of their value and encourage those who own them, or who have a part to play in their protection, to treat the sites with due care, whether this is a question of carrying out appropriate maintenance or making changes to the site.

If a park or garden has been registered using the designation process under the National Heritage Act 1983 it has legal protection. Registration is a material consideration in the planning process so, following a planning application for development which would affect a registered park or garden, local planning authorities must take into account the historic interest of the site when deciding whether or not to grant permission for any changes. Although the inclusion brings no additional statutory controls in itself, English local authorities are required by government to take the protection of the historic environment into account in their policies and resource allocations. If material changes are made to a registered park or garden without having been granted planning permission first, local planning authorities may require that the changes are undone and, in extreme cases, a prosecution may result.

The register is also used in influencing management decisions, to improve public awareness of important parks and elements within them and to encourage their owners to preserve and maintain them. Gardening and landscape design have long been important preoccupations to the British and, although a wealth of historic parks and gardens exist, they are a fragile and finite resource: they can easily be damaged beyond repair or lost forever.

Since 1995, the Garden History Society has been a statutory consultee in relation to planning proposals which affect historic designed landscapes identified by Historic England as being of national significance and which are included on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. This means that when a planning authority receives a planning application which affects a site on the Register, or the setting of such a site, the planning authority must consult the Garden History Society. This applies to registered sites of all grades. In addition, Historic England must be consulted where a planning proposal affects a site which is included on the Register at Grade I or Grade II*.

Register
An online searchable register of all registered parks and gardens that are legally protected through the designation system, has been incorporated into the National Heritage List for England currently available through the Historic England website. This shows the relevant list entry which describes the park or garden, and shows where it is on a map. Not all designated parks and gardens are open to the public. Information on historic parks and gardens can also be searched online via Parks & Gardens UK (a partnership between the Association of Gardens Trusts and the University of York). This site does not claim to have any statutory authority and includes a wider range of sites across the UK.

Eligibility
Eligibility for the register is based around documentary research and field survey which attempts to classify and date each park according to set criteria. These are:

 * Parks and gardens with a main phase of development prior to 1750 even when only a small part is still evident.
 * Sites with a main phase of development dating to between 1750 and 1820 where enough of the park or garden's landscape survives to reflect the original design.
 * Sites with a main phase of development between 1820 and 1880 which is deemed important and survives relatively intact.
 * Sites with a main phase of development between 1880 and 1939 where this is of high importance and survives intact.
 * Sites with a main phase of development laid out since the Second World War, but are more than 30 years old, where the park or garden is of exceptional importance.
 * Sites influential in the development of taste whether through repute or literary references.
 * Sites which are early or representative examples of a style of layout, or type, or the work of a landscape architect of national importance.
 * Sites with an association with significant people or historical events.
 * Sites with strong group value, as with some listed buildings.

As with listed buildings, parks and gardens are graded on a scale, Grade I being internationally significant sites are therefore the most important and constitute around 10% of the total number. Historically important gardens are Grade II* (about 30% of the total) and the remainder are of regional or national importance and are Grade II registered.

Other parts of the United Kingdom
Separate registers of parks, gardens and designed landscapes are maintained in the other countries of the United Kingdom:

 * The Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales is maintained by Cadw
 * The Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland is maintained by Historic Environment Scotland
 * The Register of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest is maintained by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency


text:
Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1987–1990

This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 1987 to 1990, as elected at the 1987 federal election. They were together known as the 35th Parliament.

 * The Labor member for Adelaide, Chris Hurford, resigned on 31 December 1987; Liberal candidate Mike Pratt won the resulting by-election on 6 February 1988.
 * The Labor member for Port Adelaide, Mick Young, resigned on 12 February 1988; Labor candidate Rod Sawford won the resulting by-election on 26 April 1988.
 * The National member for the Toowoomba-based Groom, Tom McVeigh, resigned on 29 February 1988; Liberal candidate Bill Taylor won the resulting by-election on 9 April 1988.
 * The Labor member for Oxley (QLD), Bill Hayden, resigned on 17 August 1988; Labor candidate Les Scott won the resulting by-election on 8 October 1988.
 * The National member for Gwydir (NSW), Ralph Hunt, resigned on 24 February 1989; National candidate John Anderson won the resulting by-election on 15 April 1989.