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Purple Noon

Purple Noon (Plein soleil; Delitto in pieno sole; also known as Full Sun, Blazing Sun, Lust for Evil, and Talented Mr. Ripley) is a 1960 crime thriller film starring Alain Delon (in his first major role), alongside Marie Laforêt and Maurice Ronet; Romy Schneider, Delon's girlfriend at the time, makes a brief cameo appearance in the film. Directed by René Clément, the French/Italian international co-production is loosely based on the 1955 novel The Talented Mr. Ripley by Patricia Highsmith. The majority of the film's dialogue is spoken in French, although there are brief sequences in Italian and English.

Anthony Minghella's 1999 film The Talented Mr. Ripley and the 2024 streaming television series Ripley are adaptations of the same source novel.

Plot
Handsome young American Tom Ripley has been sent to Italy by the father of wealthy playboy Philippe Greenleaf to persuade him to return to San Francisco and take over the family business. Philippe has no intention of doing so, and the impoverished Tom falls into sharing in his escapades.

Tom becomes fixated on Philippe and his fiancée, Marge, and covets the other man's life of luxury and leisure in the beautiful seaside town of Mongibello. Philippe eventually grows bored with Ripley's fawning and becomes cruel and abusive to him. The final straw for Tom is reached during a yachting trip when Philippe strands him in the dinghy and accidentally leaves him to drift for hours in the blazing sun.

Back on board, Tom hatches a plan to kill Philippe and steal his identity. First, he leaves evidence of Philippe's philandering for an outraged Marge to find. Finding that Tom has pilfered his banking records, Philippe seeks to draw him out. After Marge goes ashore following a blow-up with Philippe, he confronts Tom, who admits his plan quite casually. Philippe offers Tom a substantial sum to leave him and Marge alone, but Tom rebuffs it, saying he is interested in far more. He fatally stabs Philippe, weights his body with an anchor, and wraps it in canvas, and he is preparing to dump it overboard when he is hit by the ship's boom and knocked in the sea, taking Philippe's corpse with him. Tom narrowly manages to make it back onto the ship.

Upon returning to Mongibello alone, Tom informs Marge that Philippe has decided to stay away. He then goes to Rome, skillfully replaces Philippe's picture with his own in Philippe's passport, masters forging Philippe's signature, and successfully takes over the dead man's wealth, identity, and lifestyle.

When Philippe's friend Freddy Miles tracks down "Philippe's" hideaway, he is surprised to only find Tom there. Feeling he is beginning to suspect the truth, Tom impulsively murders him. Freddy's body is soon found, and the Italian police become involved. Tom continues his charade, switching like a chameleon between his own identity and Philippe's to give the illusion that Philippe is still alive and implicate him in Freddy's murder.

Tom survives a long string of close shaves, throwing the Italian police off his trail and seemingly outwitting everyone. After forging Philippe's suicide note and a will that leaves Philippe's entire fortune to Marge, Tom thinks he is finally in the clear. He then seduces Marge, dallying with her in Philippe's home.

Philippe's father arrives in Mongibello to settle the transfer of Philippe's estate and the sale of his yacht. Marge leaves Tom at the beach to go meet Mr. Greenleaf, while Tom goes to a seaside cafe and celebrates the success of his gambit by ordering the best drink in the house. As Philippe's boat is being pulled out of the water so a potential buyer can inspect it, Marge is horrified to see Philippe's canvas-wrapped body dragged up the slipway behind it, the loose end of the lashing having become wrapped around the sailboat's propeller. A police inspector from Rome who has been watching Tom jumps into action and goes to the cafe, where he has the waitress tell Tom, who is lounging in the sun, that there is a phone call for him. Tom smirks smugly and, unsuspecting, walks into a trap.

Cast

Director Clément has an uncredited cameo appearance in the film as a clumsy waiter, and Romy Schneider, who was Delon's girlfriend when the film was made, has an uncredited cameo appearance as one of Freddy's female companions in the film's opening scene.

Production
Delon was cast after Clément saw him in Women Are Weak (1959). Billy Kearns was an expatriate American actor well-liked in France.

Screenwriter Paul Gégauff wrote a variation on the same story in 1968 when he worked on Les biches with Claude Chabrol.

Reception
Purple Noon was lauded by critics and made Delon a star. In 1962, Clément and Gégauff won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Foreign Film Screenplay. The film enjoys a loyal cult following even today, with fans including film director Martin Scorsese.

Roger Ebert gave the film three stars (compared to the four-star review he gave to 1999's The Talented Mr. Ripley ), writing that "the best thing about the film is the way the plot devises a way for Ripley to create a perfect cover-up", while criticizing the "less than satisfactory ending", about which he wrote: "Purple Noon ends as it does only because Clement doesn't have Highsmith's iron nerve".

James Berardinelli rated Purple Noon higher than The Talented Mr. Ripley, giving it a four-star review (compared to two-and-a-half stars for The Talented Mr. Ripley). Berardinelli praised Delon's acting, writing that "Tom is fascinating because Delon makes him so", and also complimented the film for "expert camerawork and crisp direction." In the entry for Purple Noon on Berardinelli's All-Time Top 100 list, he compared it to the 1999 film, saying: "The remake went back to the source material, Patricia Highsmith's The Talented Mr. Ripley. The result, while arguably truer to the events of Highsmith's book, is vastly inferior. To say it suffers by comparison to Purple Noon is an understatement. Almost every aspect of Rene Clement's 1960 motion picture is superior to that of Minghella's 1999 version, from the cinematography to the acting to the screenplay. Matt Damon might make a credible Tom Ripley but only for those who never experienced Alain Delon's portrayal."

Nandini Ramnath, writing for Scroll.in, said: "The definitive portrayal of crime novelist Patricia Highsmith's most enduring creation was as early as 1960. Damon and Hopper come close to conveying the ruthlessness and ambition of Tom Ripley, but Delon effortlessly captures his mystique."

Highsmith's opinion of the film was mixed. She felt that Alain Delon was "excellent" in the role of Tom Ripley and described the film overall as "very beautiful to the eye and interesting for the intellect", but criticized the ending (in which it is implied that Ripley is to be caught by the police): "[I]t was a terrible concession to so-called public morality that the criminal had to be caught."

The Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa cited Purple Noon as one of his 100 favorite films.

Restoration and re-release
In 2012, StudioCanal funded a restoration of the film by the Immagine Ritrovata laboratory, to be shown at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival as part of an homage to Delon's career prior to a theatrical re-release in (at least) France.

On 4 December 2012, The Criterion Collection released the high-definition digital restoration of Purple Noon on Blu-ray and DVD. Special features include an interview with René Clément scholar and author Denitza Bantcheva, archival interviews with Alain Delon and Patricia Highsmith, the film's original English-language trailer, and a booklet featuring an essay by film critic Geoffrey O'Brien and excerpts from a 1981 interview with Clément. The film has also been released on Blu-ray in the UK and Germany (by StudioCanal in 2013), and Japan (by Kinokuniya in 2011).

title: Purple Noon


text:
Madelyn Pugh

Madelyn Pugh (March 15, 1921 – April 20, 2011), sometimes credited as Madelyn Pugh Davis, Madelyn Davis, or Madelyn Martin, was a television writer who became known in the 1950s for her work on the I Love Lucy television series.

Early life and education
Pugh was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, to I. Watt Pugh, a bank treasurer, and Louise Huff. She had two older sisters, Audrey and Rosalind.

During her senior year at Shortridge High School, she was co-editor of the high school newspaper, along with her classmate Kurt Vonnegut. She graduated in 1938, two years before Vonnegut.

In 1942, she graduated from Indiana University's School of Journalism.

Career
Pugh became interested in writing while serving as Friday editor of the Shortridge High School daily newspaper in Indianapolis, Indiana with classmate Kurt Vonnegut. At Shortridge she also served as vice president of her senior class. Her first professional writing job was writing short radio spots for WIRE, an Indianapolis radio station.

When her family moved to California, she got work as a radio writer, first for NBC and then CBS, where she met Bob Carroll. Pugh credits some of her breakthrough as "the girl writer" to the war effort, which limited the pool of qualified male writers; she was frequently the only female writer on staff.

Early in her career, as a staff writer for CBS Radio in Hollywood, Pugh forged a partnership with Bob Carroll Jr. which lasted more than 50 years. Together they wrote some 400 television programs and roughly 500 radio shows. While the team was writing for The Steve Allen Show, they became interested in writing for Lucille Ball's new radio show, My Favorite Husband. They paid Allen to write his own show one week so they could focus on creating a script submission for My Favorite Husband. Under the supervision of head writer Jess Oppenheimer, the pair wrote Ball's radio program for its 2½ years.

Pugh and Carroll helped create a vaudeville act for Lucille Ball and her husband Desi Arnaz, which became the basis for the pilot episode of I Love Lucy. Together with Oppenheimer and/or Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf, who joined the show at the beginning of the fifth year, the team tackled 39 episodes per season for the run of the series. Although they never won, Pugh and Carroll were nominated for three Emmy Awards for their work on the series.

Pugh and Carroll are credited with helping create the 'Lucy' character, which Ball played in one form or another for over 40 years. The pair also wrote episodes for The Lucy Show, Here's Lucy, The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show (aka The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour) and Ball's final series, Life with Lucy (1986).

The pair's other writing credits include work on the television series The Jane Wyman Show, The Paul Lynde Show, Dorothy, Those Whiting Girls, Kocham Klane (an I Love Lucy series remake in Poland) and The Tom Ewell Show. They also worked on the films Forever, Darling and Yours, Mine and Ours, starring Ball. They created and wrote the Desi Arnaz Productions series The Mothers-in-Law (filmed at Desilu), which starred actresses Kaye Ballard and Eve Arden. The two served for seven years as executive producers of the long-running television series Alice and occasionally contributed scripts, one of which was awarded a Golden Globe Award.

In September 2005, Madelyn Pugh Davis, who lived in California, released her memoirs, titled Laughing with Lucy, written with Bob Carroll Jr.

Personal life and death
Pugh was married twice, first to TV producer Quinn Martin on December 24, 1955, in Los Angeles, until their 1960 divorce. They had a son, Michael Quinn Martin. She later married Dr. Richard Merrill Davis in 1964, and they remained married until his death in 2009. Pugh Davis died on April 20, 2011, aged 90, in Bel Air, California, and her ashes were in a place of honor on display in the Chapel columbarium, at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.

Portrayal in popular media
Pugh was played by Alia Shawkat (younger) and Linda Lavin (older) in Being the Ricardos, a 2021 film written and directed by Aaron Sorkin.

Madelyn Pugh Davis and Bob Carroll Jr.

 * 1955, Emmy nomination for comedy writing, I Love Lucy
 * 1970, Emmy nomination for "Lucy Meets the Burtons" episode, Here's Lucy
 * 1979, Golden Globe as Producers for Alice
 * 1990, Television Academy Hall of Fame award, I Love Lucy
 * 1992, Writers' Guild of America Paddy Chayefsky Laurel Award for Television Achievement
 * 1999, "Loving Lucy" award, Lucy Convention
 * 2001, UCLA Lifetime Achievement award

Madelyn Pugh Davis

 * 1957, Los Angeles Times Times Woman of the Year Award
 * 1957, Women in Communications award
 * 1960, Kappa Kappa Gamma Outstanding Alumni award
 * 1972, Indiana University Distinguished Alumni award
 * 1996, Women in Film Lucy Award
 * 1998, Indiana Broadcasters Award
 * 2006, Paley Center for Media "She Made It!" honoree

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Madelyn Pugh


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North Region, Brazil

The North Region of Brazil (Região Norte do Brasil ) is the largest region of Brazil, corresponding to 45.27% of the national territory. It is the second-least-inhabited of the country, and contributes with a minor percentage in the national GDP and population. The area of the region is a little larger than India and a little smaller than the whole European Union. It comprises the states of Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, and Tocantins.

Its demographic density is the lowest in Brazil considering all the regions of the country, with only 4.5 inhabitants per km2. Most of the population is centered in urban areas.

Belém International Airport and Manaus International Airport connect the North Region with many Brazilian cities and also operate some international flights. The region is home to the Federal University of Amazonas and the Federal University of Pará, among others.

History
The first inhabitants of the North Region, as in the rest of Brazil, were the Native Brazilians, who shared a diverse number of tribes and villages, from the pre-Columbian period until the arrival of the European people.

The Spaniards, among them Francisco de Orellana, organized exploratory expeditions by the Amazon River to know the region. After long journeys alongside Francisco de Orellana, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés wrote a letter addressed to Cardinal Pedro Bembo in Venice, extolling the fauna and flora existing in the region at the time of the expedition.

The 17th century marked the arrival of the Portuguese people, where they built military strongholds to defend the region against the invasion of other peoples, in 1616, causing in the foundation of Belém do Pará. The richness of the Amazon Rainforest has also become interesting for the Portuguese Crown. With the Portuguese explorers, the Catholic missionaries came to the region, in order to catechize the natives. The natives were assembled by missionaries in villages, called missions, many of which gave birth to several cities, such as Borba and Óbidos.

Some of the Region's oldest towns: Bragança, Xapuri, Tefé, Natividade and Amapá. In order to work on rubber extraction, Brazilians from other states, mainly from the Northeast Region, moved to the region. Also many Japanese families came to work in the agricultural colonies.

During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, military governments implemented a major plan to integrate the region with other regions of Brazil, including the construction of several highways (such as the BR-010), the installation of industries and the creation of the Free Economic Zone of Manaus.

Settlement
The territorial division into countries does not necessarily coincide with the indigenous occupation of the geographical space; in many cases, there are people living on both sides of international borders, which were created long after they were already in the region.

From the beginning of the colonization from the 17th century to the present day, the inhabitants of Amazônia dedicated themselves to extractive and mercantilist activities, inserting between 1840 and 1910 the monopoly of rubber, mainly in Amazonas and Acre. All this process of colonization has brought about changes such as the reduction of the indigenous population, the increase of the Caboclo identity, the mixing of whites, blacks and indigenous people, the reduction of species of plants and animals and other consequences.

After World War II, the Brazilian Amazon became part of the national development process. The creation of the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) in 1952, the establishment of regional development agencies such as the Superintendency of Development for the Amazon (SUDAM) in 1966 and the Free Economic Zone of Manaus in 1967 began to contribute to the settlement of region and in the execution of projects focused on the region.

Geography
The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest. The region is home to about 2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2000 birds and mammals species. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 3,000 fish, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in Brazil alone.

The diversity of plant species is the highest on earth with some experts estimating that one square kilometre may contain over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000 species of higher plants. One square kilometre of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants. This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world. One in five of all the birds in the world live in the rainforests of the Amazon. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogue

Some latitudes can create a region with hot and humid climates. The existence of heat and the enormous liquid mass favor evaporation and make the region a very humid area.

Dominated by an equatorial climate, the region presents high temperatures throughout the year (averages from 24 °C to 26 °C), a low thermal amplitude, with the exception of some areas of the states of Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre, where the phenomenon of "friagem" occurs, due to La Niña's activity, allowing cold air masses coming from the South Atlantic Ocean to penetrate the states of the South Region of the country, pass through the Central-West region and reach the Amazonian states, causing rapidly falling temperature.

The Amazonian heat provides an area of low latitude that attracts masses of polar air. Occurring in winter, the effect of "friagem" lasts a week or so.

Culture
With its own folklore, the main attractions are the Parintins Folklore Festival, Círio de Nazaré in Belém, Rio Branco and Macapá; Sairé Festival, in Santarém, ExpoAcre (the largest in the North region)   and typical dances, Marujada, Carimbó, Brazilian Calypso, Tecno brega and Cirandas such as Samba lelê and others.

In the region, there are some of the most beautiful theaters and palaces in Brazil: The Amazon Theatre, located in Manaus, Palácio Rio Branco, in Rio Branco, Palácio Senador Hélio Campos, in Boa Vista, Teatro das Bacabeiras, in Macapá and the Peace Theatre, located in Belém. The gastronomic culture of the northern region of Brazil is quite rich, has Indigenous, African and Portuguese roots, in addition to other influences from both within Brazil and other cultures outside the country, the strong Amazonian indigenous influence in its main dishes is remarkable, among the main highlights are delicacies such as duck in tucupi sauce, maniçoba, tacacá and a menu of a wide variety of species of Amazonian fish, such as pirarucu, tambaqui, jaú, piramutaba, among other species; a huge menu of fruits, such as the local açaí, pupunha, tucumã, cupuaçu, buriti, abiu, urucu, Malay apple, cumaru, guaraná, and ingá, among other fruits. The whole region has a rich variety of ingredients, but also foods based on cassava such as water flour, uarini flour, tapioca flour, tapioca gum, tucupi, among others.

Ethnic groups
The population of northern Brazil is largely made up of Caboclos, descendants of Native Brazilians and Europeans - mostly Portuguese, French and Spanish.

North of Brazil has received and continues to receive large migration of people from South and Southeast regions of the country. In the 20th century, also received great migration from the Northeast, who were working in the rubber plantations of Amazonas and Acre.

Economy
The economy of the North Region is essentially based on the vegetal plantation and extraction, such as latex, açaí, woods and Brazil nuts; and mineral extraction of gold, precious stones, cassiterite and tin (metal); as well as mining exploitation, mainly iron, at Carajás Mountain Range (in the State of Pará) and manganese, at Navio Mountain Range (in the State of Amapá). Small-scale Buffalo creation and the Free Economic Zone of Manaus are also important to the local economy.

Infrastructure
Vehicles: 1,746,501 (March/2007); Telephones: 1,805,000 (April/2007); Cities: 449 (2007).

Portuguese language is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. However, English and Spanish are also part of the official high school curriculum.

Educational Institutions

 * Federal University of Pará (UFPA)
 * Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA)
 * Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará (UNIFESSPA)
 * Pará State University (UEPA)
 * Federal University of Acre (UFAC)
 * Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM)
 * Amazonas State University (UEA)
 * University of Amazon (UNAMA)
 * Federal University of Rondônia (UNIR)
 * Federal University of Tocantins (UFT)
 * Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP)
 * Federal University of Roraima (UFRR)

Transportation
There are only a few highways in the North region. The most important ones are the BR-364, the Interoceanic Highway, running through Acre into Peru, the BR-010 connecting Belém to Southern Brazil, and BR-174 connecting Manaus to Venezuela.

Most of the transportation in the region is done by boat or airplane. There are two major airports in the region: Belém International Airport, serving Belém, and Eduardo Gomes International Airport, serving Manaus.

The Rio Branco International Bus Station offers services to destinations in Peru and Bolivia, the Boa Vista International Bus Station to Venezuela and Guyana.

title: North Region, Brazil


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South Improvement Company

The South Improvement Company was a short-lived Pennsylvania corporation founded in late 1871 which existed until the state of Pennsylvania suspended its charter on April 2, 1872. It was created by major railroad and oil interests, and was widely seen as part of John D. Rockefeller's early efforts to organize and control the oil industry in the United States under Standard Oil. The company's purpose was to end a rate war with the rail trunk lines by dividing oil traffic more evenly between the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Erie Railroad, and the New York Central railroads. The second purpose of the company was to limit the production of refined oil - the country had a daily refining capacity of 40,000 barrels and a market for only 16,000. Although the company never shipped any oil, the South Improvement Company scheme caused widespread attention to be focused on the relationships between big railroads and big businesses that wanted and demanded favorable treatment. In what would become known as the Cleveland Massacre, John D. Rockefeller and Henry Flagler bought eighteen refineries, only one of which wasn't located in Cleveland over a month's time between mid-February and mid-March 1872.

Formation
Thomas A. Scott, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad established the South Improvement Company in the fall of 1871. A group representing the trunk railroad interests and oil refinery interests met in New York in late November, 1871, to discuss the creation of the company. Included in this meeting were William Henry Vanderbilt and John D. Rockefeller. The scheme was intended to benefit both the railroads and major refiners, notably those controlled by Rockefeller through secret rebates.

Rockefeller had earlier merged several of the Cleveland area refineries and issued 2,000 shares of stock, of which 900 were controlled by Rockefeller and his partners. Rockefeller then started negotiations to collude with the three major railroads running through Cleveland: the Erie Railroad, the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the New York Central Railroad. The result of these secret negotiations were as follows: (1) The official rate per barrel from Cleveland to New York would be $2.56, but South Improvement would receive a $1.06 rebate; (2) The railroads would also pay South Improvement $1.06 per barrel of oil shipped that was not produced by South; (3) The railroads would also give reports of the shipping destinations, costs, and dates of all of South's competitors; (4) The commerce would be divided evenly among the railroads, with a double share going to Pennsylvania Railroad; and (5) South would provide tank cars and loading facilities. The secret concessions would have helped lessen the "vicious" competition among the railroad lines by giving a steady, standardized flow of commerce.

Shares of the South Improvement Company were allocated to interests in the oil refining cities as follows: Pittsburgh received 485, Philadelphia received 505, Cleveland received 720, and New York received 180 (represented by Jabez A. Bostwick). Peter H. Watson, as president of the South Improvement Company, received 100 shares. Since both Bostwick and Watson were secretly allied with Standard Oil, Rockefeller kept control of the company from the Pennsylvania oil refiners and Pennsylvania Railroad interests. Charles Pratt of New York and John Dustin Archbold and Jacob Vandergrift of the oil regions had refused to join and so did not receive shares.

Rockefeller used the company as a tool to force Cleveland refiners to further consolidate. Between mid-February and mid-March 1872, John D. Rockefeller and Henry Flagler bought twenty-three companies, eighteen of which were oil refineries, and all but one of them were located in Cleveland. Historians would come to call this the "Cleveland Massacre." An independent refiner who thought he could survive found that when he went to borrow money, all the Cleveland banks were in Standard Oil's pocket. Rockefeller had offered every important Cleveland banker a chance to buy Standard Oil stock, ensuring the welfare of the Standard Oil company.

Dissolution
Word leaked out of the South Improvement scheme, and the proposed 100% increase in rail shipping rates inflamed the independent producers and many smaller refineries. Following a summit and vocal protest by the independent oil producers and refiners led by Henry Huttleston Rogers and the Charles Pratt and Company refining interests of Brooklyn, New York, which came close to physical warfare in western Pennsylvania in March 1872 (and came to be known as the "Oil War"), the railroads agreed to back down.

Crude oil suppliers formed their own organization called the Petroleum Producers' Union which levied a boycott on all members of the South Improvement Company on March 1, 1872. The producers' union also agreed to stop drilling wells for 30 days. On March 2, 1872, the Pennsylvania Railroad sent a message to the oil regions indicating that their lines would not harm the mutually beneficial relationship between the railroads and the producers. By March 9th, newspapers were generally attacking the South Improvement Company as an assault on free enterprise. On March 11, 1872, New York refiners sent a delegation to the oil regions to back the suppliers' opposition to the South Improvement Company. On March 23, John D. Rockefeller met with producers, refiners, and railroad leaders. On March 25, 1872, railroad leaders ended their contracts with South and publicly announced that thereafter no rebates would be made or allowed. The state of Pennsylvania suspended its charter on April 2, 1872. On April 10, the suppliers' oil embargo was officially lifted. Two weeks after the railroad contracts with the South Improvement Company were ended, the Pennsylvania Railroad gave rebates to refiners on its lines.

Aftermath
After the company's dissolution, refiners were once again in a position where they competed with each other on a regional basis - now largely Rockefeller in Cleveland, Charles Lockhart in Pittsburgh, William G. Warden in Philadelphia, Charles Pratt in New York, and John Dustin Archbold in the oil regions. In April 1872, these leaders tried to coordinate with each other to obtain better rates from the railroads by creating the National Refiners' Association. This group would be administered by a central board of their own choosing, would operate in the open, would buy and allot crude oil to members via quota, and would negotiate with railroads on behalf of members. The oil producers did not object to the organization because the organizers made clear they were not seeking to reduce the price of crude oil. Rockefeller was chosen to head the organization because refiners did not fear his takeover of this organization. The association collapsed at the beginning of the Panic of 1873. Standard Oil would buy up the interests of these four oil leaders by 1875 and they would in turn administer these regions for the company.

title: South Improvement Company


text:
Patapedia River

The Patapédia River (French: Rivière Patapédia) is a tributary of the Restigouche River in Northwest New Brunswick and Southeast Quebec, in Canada.

The course of river in Quebec (upper segment) has its beginnings the Matapédia Valley in the regional county municipality of La Mitis of the Gaspé Peninsula, in the administrative region of Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine, while its end forms the natural provincial border between Quebec and New Brunswick before flowing into the Restigouche River at the "Million Dollar Pool". Also known as the Patapédia Pool, the deep, cold reservoir gets its name from the abundance of salmon that gather there every season.

The upper part of the river is served by forest roads in Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent. The lower part of Quebec Bank of the river is served by forest roads from the Matapedia Valley such Thomas road, coming from the village of L'Ascension-de-Patapédia, Quebec. The New Brunswick bank of the river has no carrosables access roads because of the rugged mountains along the lower course of the river.

Geography
Patapedia river originates at Lac Long (Long Lake) (length: 2.1 km; height: 401 m) in the unorganized territory of Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes, Quebec, in Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent, in Quebec. This lake is located in the northern part of the Zec du Bas-Saint-Laurent or close to the limit of the ZEC and the Southeastern limit of the Massé township. The mouth of the lake is located at:
 * 2.9 km North of Montagnais Lake;
 * 7.5 km to the Southwest from the Lac-Mitis village;
 * 63.3 km Northwest of the confluence of the Patapédia River;
 * 43.3 km Southeast of the Southeast coast of Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

The Patapédia river flows on 91.2 km generally toward the Southeast, entirely in forest land.

Upper course of Patapédia River (segment of 20.3 km)

From its source at the mouth of Long Lake, the Patapédia river flows:
 * 2.9 km Eastward up to the discharge (from the South) of Montagnais Lake (length: 1.1 km; height: 406 m) and Metsébagot (length: 0.8 km; height: 402 m);
 * 1.4 km Eastward up to Silver Creek (from the North);
 * 3.8 km to the Southeast, up to the outlet of Maliset Lake (from the West);
 * 1.8 km to the East up to the West bank of "Hunters Lake" which is located between the "Mountain Height" (which is on the South side) and the "Mountain Lac des Chasseurs" (located on the North side);
 * 3.9 km to the Southeast, crossing the "Hunters Lake" (altitude: 365 m) over its full length up to its mouth;
 * 5.0 km to the Southeast up to the West shore of Patapédia Lake which is located at the foot of the "Moose Mountain";
 * 1.5 km to the Southeast, crossing the Patapédia Lake (altitude: 341 m) over its full length up to its mouth.

Intermediate course upstream of Patapédia Lake (segment of 25.2 km)

From the mouth of the Patapédia Lake, the Patapédia river flows:
 * 2.1 km to the Southeast, crossing a small lake on 0.7 km which proves to be an extension of Patapédia Lake, up to a stream (from the East);
 * 2.5 km to the Southwest, up to the confluence of "Le Gros Ruisseau" (from the West);
 * 9.3 km to the Southeast, then East, up to a stream (from the North);
 * 1.1 km Eastward up to a creek (from the South);
 * 5.5 km Eastward, forming a detour to the North to a stream (from the South);
 * 2.6 km to the Northeast, up to a stream (from the Southeast);
 * 2.1 km to the Northeast, up to the confluence of the East Patapédia River (from the North-West).

Intermediate course upstream of the East Patapédia River (segment of 11.6 km)

From the confluence of the East Patapédia River, the Patapédia river flows:
 * 1.0 km to the Southeast, up to a stream (from the North);
 * 4.9 km to the Southeast, up to a stream (from the North);
 * 0.2 km to the southeast, up to the confluence of the Meadow River (Patapédia River) (from the Northeast);
 * 2.0 km to the Southeast, up to a stream (from the East);
 * 1.1 km to the South, up to a creek (from the Southwest);
 * 4.4 km to the South, up to the Southeast limit of the unorganized territory of Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes, Quebec, is at the Northern limit of the New Brunswick.

Lower course of the river Patapédia (segment of 34.1 km)

From the Southeast limit of the unorganized territory of Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes, Quebec, the Patapédia river delimits the Quebec (Roncesvalles Township) and the New Brunswick (Restigouche County), to the confluence of the river, as follows:
 * 0.3 km to the Southeast, up to a stream (from the East);
 * 1.5 km to the Southwest up to a stream (from the West);
 * 0.7 km to the South, up to a creek (from the West);
 * 2.3 km to the South, then East, up to a creek (from the Southwest);
 * 2.6 km to the South, up to confluence of Pollard Brook (from the southwest);
 * 5.7 km to the Southeast, forming six river bends, up to a stream (from the North);
 * 2.7 km Eastward up to Cinq-Mars stream (from the North);
 * 2.0 km Eastward up to Guérette stream (from the North);
 * 4.8 km Eastward up to Wild Creek (from the West);
 * 3.8 km Eastward up to Fivemile Creek (from the West). Note: The confluence of the creek "Five Mile Gulch" (from the West) or the New Brunswick is located at 0.2 km upstream of the confluence of Fivemile Creek;
 * 1.6 km Eastward up to a creek (from the North);
 * 2.0 km to the East, then South, up to a stream (from the Southwest);
 * 4.1 km to the Southeast, winding up to the confluence of the river

After rounding an island at the confluence, the Patapédia River empties into a river bend on the West bank of the Restigouche River, on the edge of the unorganized territory of Ruisseau-Ferguson, Quebec, of the regional county municipality (MRC) of Avignon Regional County Municipality. This confluence forms the boundary of Quebec and New Brunswick and is located at:
 * 1.5 km upstream of the confluence of Whites Brook (New Brunswick) (coming from the Est);
 * 53.4 km Southwest of the bridge crossing the Restigouche River to link the city of Campbellton, New Brunswick (in New Brunswick) and the village of Pointe-à-la-Croix, Quebec;
 * 34.8 km Southwest of the confluence of the Matapedia River;
 * 23.8 km Northwest of Kedgwick downtown, in New Brunswick.

Toponymy
The toponym "Patapédia River" was officialized on December 5, 1968, at Commission de toponymie du Québec (Quebec Place Names Board).

Fishes and wildlife
Patapédia river is known for its Atlantic salmon fishing. The CGRMP (Corporation de Gestion des Rivières Matapédia et Patapédia - Management Corporation of Rivers Matapedia and Patapédia) administers sport fishing area of the river; it is a non-profit organization constituted as of March 5, 1991 under the 3rd part of "Loi des compagnies du Québec". This creation resulted of the grouping of 23 municipalities spread over two Regional County Municipality (RCM): La Matapedia Regional County Municipality and Avignon Regional County Municipality.

The upstream migration of salmon in the Patapédia River is usually done in early June, while between 600 and 1,000 specimens date back its course. The recreational salmon fishery usually opens in early June for a period of three months. The heyday of the fishing season is between the last week of June and the second week of August. The CGRMP offers accommodation in all sectors.

Patapédi river is divided in three sectors for fishing quotas. Fishing rights are drawn. The first sector includes 16 tanks (including Big Indian, Ravin Brûlé and Twin Upper); the second includes 38 tanks (including Berge red Fosse Swimming and Hewitt); the third sector includes 20 tanks (including Field of Blueuts, Fosse Albini and Salmon Hole).

title: Patapedia River


text:
Spheres (TV series)

Spheres is a South Korean animated television series comprising 26 episodes, first broadcast by Studio Kaab on MBC TV in 2003.

The now-defunct Studio Kaab went on to animate the series Nalong, the flying squirrel from Spheres.

Story
Unbeknownst to human history, the Kingdom of Spheres existed upon Earth long ago. The people of this kingdom would be regarded today as people with psychic powers. Unfortunately, like most other civilizations, as the gap widened more and more between the social classes, the Kingdom of Spheres was troubled by those greedy for power; and in the end it collapsed. Na Yeon is a mysterious girl who was found in the Antarctic after the destruction of Spheres. One day Asten, the chairman of Sphere Union, who has a burning ambition to control the world, sent his followers to keep watch on Na Yeon. Na Yeon and her friends try to keep three artifacts, the keys to conquer the world, from the hands of Sphere Union.

In the Italian opening, Santo Verduci composed for TV show Contactoons.

Characters

 * Han Na Yeon (한나연)
 * She is the main character of the story. She lives in a small village with her parents when she discovers her special talents. She believes that everything is possible to those who possess enough hope and faith. She uses Sphere Phoenix, which only she can control as she is the only remaining member of Ancient Spheres.
 * She is the main character of the story. She lives in a small village with her parents when she discovers her special talents. She believes that everything is possible to those who possess enough hope and faith. She uses Sphere Phoenix, which only she can control as she is the only remaining member of Ancient Spheres.

 * Principal An Il Hwan (안일환 교장선생님)
 * The grandfather of Na Yeon, he is very gentle and never yells at children. He is very interested in the origin of Spheres. He built a school for geniuses on the site of the ancient Spheres kingdom, and in this school, he created a club called "New Spheres" in which only Sphere users can participate. He trains young Sphere users in this club. He believes that children have infinite possibilities.
 * The grandfather of Na Yeon, he is very gentle and never yells at children. He is very interested in the origin of Spheres. He built a school for geniuses on the site of the ancient Spheres kingdom, and in this school, he created a club called "New Spheres" in which only Sphere users can participate. He trains young Sphere users in this club. He believes that children have infinite possibilities.

 * Lee Ho Joon (이호준)
 * He is a member of New Spheres. Both of his parents possess Spheres and he has the ambition to become the best of all the Spheres. He has the ability to use many types of power but his weak point is that he is not particularly skilled at any of them. He uses Sphere Storm, which reflects his personality clearly.
 * He is a member of New Spheres. Both of his parents possess Spheres and he has the ambition to become the best of all the Spheres. He has the ability to use many types of power but his weak point is that he is not particularly skilled at any of them. He uses Sphere Storm, which reflects his personality clearly.

 * Jin (진)
 * He is Asten's only son and a student at An Il Hwan's school. He works as a singer with Tilla as part of Sphere Union's plan. He meets Na Yeon while searching for the kid who the headmaster (An Il Hwan) took away. Jin looks more mature than most kids of his age and is the idol of every girl at the school. He is a polite man with a cold personality. He wears a tiger mask when he is on a mission for his father, in order to keep his cover as a spy. Later in the series, he abandons the Sphere Union. He uses Sphere Thunder, which is empowered by human technology.
 * He is Asten's only son and a student at An Il Hwan's school. He works as a singer with Tilla as part of Sphere Union's plan. He meets Na Yeon while searching for the kid who the headmaster (An Il Hwan) took away. Jin looks more mature than most kids of his age and is the idol of every girl at the school. He is a polite man with a cold personality. He wears a tiger mask when he is on a mission for his father, in order to keep his cover as a spy. Later in the series, he abandons the Sphere Union. He uses Sphere Thunder, which is empowered by human technology.

 * Nalong (나롱이)
 * He is a baby flying squirrel whose wings are not big enough to make him fly. He likes taking naps and eating chocolate balls. It seems that he can communicate with Na Yeon.
 * He is a baby flying squirrel whose wings are not big enough to make him fly. He likes taking naps and eating chocolate balls. It seems that he can communicate with Na Yeon.

 * Gong Ju (공주)
 * Tiosnia Uconio Visaer Princess. She claims to be the princess of Papaoh Kingdom, but nobody believes her. She uses Sphere Flower, which can detect dangers. (Note: "Gongju" is the Korean word for princess.)
 * Tiosnia Uconio Visaer Princess. She claims to be the princess of Papaoh Kingdom, but nobody believes her. She uses Sphere Flower, which can detect dangers. (Note: "Gongju" is the Korean word for princess.)

 * Ria (리아)
 * She is the unofficial leader of New Spheres. She's taller than most people of her age. She was born in Canada but she had to move to Korea after causing an accident because of her uncontrollable powers. Although she cannot control her powers, she is quite clever and for this reason prefers to use her mind and her computer instead of her uncontrollable powers. She is also a game maniac. She uses Sphere Power Brain, which has the ability to find the weaknesses of an enemy.
 * She is the unofficial leader of New Spheres. She's taller than most people of her age. She was born in Canada but she had to move to Korea after causing an accident because of her uncontrollable powers. Although she cannot control her powers, she is quite clever and for this reason prefers to use her mind and her computer instead of her uncontrollable powers. She is also a game maniac. She uses Sphere Power Brain, which has the ability to find the weaknesses of an enemy.

 * Yoo Seo Dong (유서동)
 * He is a member of New Spheres. He used to make predictions for the monks in a mountain temple until the abbot threw him out. He later realizes that predicting the future is dangerous. He uses Sphere Wind, which acts as a compass.
 * He is a member of New Spheres. He used to make predictions for the monks in a mountain temple until the abbot threw him out. He later realizes that predicting the future is dangerous. He uses Sphere Wind, which acts as a compass.

 * Tilla (틸라)
 * Tilla is a female humanoid robot whose energy source is water. She existed before Jin was born. The relationship between Tilla and Jin is complex because she acts both as his mother and his female companion. Jin's attention towards Na Yeon makes her jealous.
 * Tilla is a female humanoid robot whose energy source is water. She existed before Jin was born. The relationship between Tilla and Jin is complex because she acts both as his mother and his female companion. Jin's attention towards Na Yeon makes her jealous.

 * Asten (아스텐)
 * The father of Jin, he collected the Sphere users from all over the world and made an entertainment company called "Sphere Union" to aid in his efforts to take over the world.
 * The father of Jin, he collected the Sphere users from all over the world and made an entertainment company called "Sphere Union" to aid in his efforts to take over the world.

 * Teacher Joo Ah Ra (주아라 선생님)
 * She respects the headmaster who raised her. As his student, she is very skillful. She is founder of the New Spheres club and is also a self-described career advisor. Although she is an adult, she is very innocent and has a foolish side. She is a kind person who uses honorifics when addressing children.
 * She respects the headmaster who raised her. As his student, she is very skillful. She is founder of the New Spheres club and is also a self-described career advisor. Although she is an adult, she is very innocent and has a foolish side. She is a kind person who uses honorifics when addressing children.

 * Teacher Rhee Tae Baek (이태백 선생님)

 * King Kong (킹콩)

 * Na Yeon's Mother (나연 엄마)

 * Na Yeon's Father (나연 아빠)

 * Tang Kong (땅콩)

Production staff

 * Director: Byeon Yeong Kyoo
 * Scenario: Kim Eun Ji, Studio Kaab
 * Continuity: Byeon Yeong Kyoo, Kooji Aritomi, Katsuyuki Kodera, Kenichi Kawamura, Seo Seong Jong, Yoo Jae Woon, Rhee Choong Bok, Kim Keum Soo
 * Character Design: Byeon Yeong Kyoo, Kim Keum Soo
 * Art Consultants: Yeon Yeong Kyoo, Bak Hyo Jin, Bak Jong Min
 * Art Board: Han Moon Joong, Kang Seung Chan
 * Art Production Director: Kim Keum Soo
 * Art Director: Han Moon Joong
 * Scenario: Namoo Production
 * Color Settings: Byeon Yeong Kyoo, Ko Il Joon, Kim Dae Hyeon
 * Animation Checker: Lim Jong Yeol
 * Animation: Monster Production
 * Digital Color: Hanho Animation
 * Digital Scan: DNA Production, Abram Enterprise
 * Editing Output: Kim Yeong Ho
 * Sound Director: Rhee In Kyoo
 * Sound Assistant Director: Ko Kwang Hyeon
 * Sound Effects: Live tone, Poly Sound
 * Music Director: Kim Jun Seok
 * Music Recording: MNFC
 * Dubbing: Jo Jeong Ran
 * Producer: An Seong Eun, Kim Mi Ryeong, Cheon Chae Jeong
 * Executive Producer: Kim Sin Hwa

title: Spheres (TV series)


text:
Talk:Immigration Act of 1924

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 January 2021 and 7 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): CT-5597.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

New edits
I am just making aware of the edits I am proposing to make.

Under context, the statement relating to Henry Cabot Lodge's proposal in 1909 as the first restrictive bill towards S/E European immigration is incorrect. In fact, Lodge had supported a literacy test bill that was introduced in 1896 as a measure that would restrict S/E European immigration, but this bill was vetoed by President Cleveland.

For the purpose of maintaining a clear, easily digestible narrative, I suggest the reference to the historian Mae Ngai under the 'context' subheading be deleted. Stating 'before WW1, the U.S had virtually open borders', this quote seems contradictory to the rest of the paragraph it is situated in, as the preceding sentences detail the number of exclusionary acts passed against Asian immigration before WW1. If this is referencing European immigration, it needs to be made more clear.

I propose to include some detail concerning the Japanese government's reaction to the act and the repercussions this had on American businesses.

I also propose to include some historiographical views on the legacy of the act under the 'legacy' subheading, as this needs a bit of expansion. I will also include some retrospective views by those who were involved in the formation of the act itself. I shall include sources to be viewed for all amendments. Swicksa (talk) 09:53, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Racial Segregation
I would argue that Immigration Legislation is a distinct phenomena from "Racial Segregation", despite politicizing both of these issues with the same broad brush. Suggest this label be removed. I would agree given it's xenophobic (as opposed to racist) nature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.68.173.107 (talk) 09:48, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The law had the clear intention of restricting immigration based on race, de jure and de facto. It was both racist and xenophobic.2601:140:8980:106F:14E8:3641:9C09:3CAB (talk) 19:01, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

Most countries in the world restrict immigration on racial and or religious grounds, so that was not unique to the US. It is not "racist and xenophobic" either as again, nations that want to keep their ethnic or religious balance restrict immigration otherwise they may become a minority in their own nation. Nobody has a birth right to move to another country whether you like that or not. So no, immigration restriction does not at all equate to Racial Segregation. 2600:1700:1EC1:30C0:BC54:6BD2:31DD:67DF (talk)

Effect on Japan/US relationship and other international consequences
If I remember correctly, this act played a significant role in further souring the relationship between Japan and the United States, and played into the hands of the militarists. I'd like to see some inclusion on the effect the act has had internationally, and the long term consequences it bought about.Haverberg (talk) 15:21, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Influence in Mexico?
How did the 1924 Immigration Act affect attitudes toward Mexican immigrants?

-- Don't believe it was much of an issue at the time due to internal affairs in Mexico; I'm weak on history here, but I think things still hadn't settled down by this point. Again, however, I'm pretty weak on my knowledge here, and this is almost a decade after Pancho Villa ceased being an active revolutionary, correct? --70.144.36.227 02:32, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Right, Mexican immigration was not the big issue of the day; the main target of this Act were the Japanese, whose economic success along the West Coast (especially California) consistently provoked retaliatory legislation to slow them down. Chinese immigration had been illegal since 1892. Mexicans were also immigrating in large numbers to the Southwest (especially Arizona, Texas, etc), and they also faced widespread hostility. But because they formed such an integral part of the unskilled workforce in the region and because the West was generally underpopulated, their immigration was tolerated. -- Trivial 04:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Mexican immigration at that time compared with European immigration was actually suprisingly small. The wage differential had not grown as large as it was later and there were fewer of them.RichardBond (talk) 20:12, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The date 1892 seems to be a mistake for 1882 in the remark by Trivial. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.15.21.214 (talk) 12:37, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Two thumbs up!!
'Thank you for making this site. It really helps me get the information I need fast! I give it 10/10 and two thumbs up! Thanks!!!

Merge
Definitely

Merge
This is the same Act as National Origins Quota Act, right?—Markles 17:58, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Anti Catholicism +Anti Semitism
Anti-Catholicism needs to be added considering this was major in the 1924 immigration act. Can someone start working on it? I will help. Thanks!

Jerry Jones 21:35, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Picture...
Someone let me know if it needs to be resized. With the resolution on this computer it makes it hard to tell how it would look for different resolutions. Hopefully its not too big.

Floor Debates
For some reason, this section keeps getting deleted. Within this section of the article there contains important excerpts that wholly contradict this notion "show the superiority of the founding Northern European races" and show this discussion in its proper context and zeitgeist.

Quotes, such as,
 * "Let me emphasize here that the restrictionists of Congress do not claim that the 'Nordic' race, or even the Anglo-Saxon race, is the best race in the world." show that this notion of "superiority" to be a red herring.

The actual debate was on
 * "preserve as nearly as possible, the racial status quo of the United States. It is hoped to guarantee as best we can at this late date, racial homogeneity in the United States. The use of a later census would discriminate against those who founded the Nation and perpetuated its institutions.”

Moreover, if an act to maintain ancestry and maintain the ethnic character of a nation is indicative somehow of "superiority," then might we add this ridiculous conflation into the current efforts of Olmert, the Israeli Prime Minister, as also an indicator of "superiority."

 * "For some reason", most of this article has been copied from Kevin B. MacDonald. For that reason, most of this article has been reverted back to an older version. -Will Beback 16:49, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Why would you feel a need to maintain the ethnic character of a nation, if not because that ethnic character was seen as superior to others? Certainly if someone's ethnic character is equal or superior to yours, there is no reason to exclude them, as they're joining the nation would make it stronger. The United States has never been an ethnic nation state regardless.173.67.19.243 (talk) 04:01, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

National Origins Quota Act forwarded here
I could not see anything to "merge" that isn't already in this article, so National Origins Quota Act now forwards to this one. Feel free to let me know if there's anything that's been missed in the process. RadioKirk (u|t|c)  04:27, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

POV
Only an anti restrictionist POV was presented, Grant was sideline in the reform, except, of course in the speeches of ultraliberals who hated the law. White americans have the same right as anybody else to preserve themselves and their country. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 201.231.161.9 (talk • contribs).

 * One reference says:
 *  During congressional debate over the 1924 Act, Senator Ellison DuRant Smith of South Carolina drew on the racist theories of Madison Grant to argue that immigration restriction was the only way to preserve existing American resources. Although blatant racists like Smith were in the minority in the Senate, almost all senators supported restriction, and the Johnson-Reed bill passed with only six dissenting votes.
 * Do you have a cite for Grant being on the sidelines? -Will Beback 02:20, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Actually, I was going to post the same thing you did from the same site when I saw it. You said it yourself, they are in the minority. Its not representative to post the most extreme quote from the most extreme senator to display a feeling you believe widespread. The argument that the law was supported by believers of racial superiority was used rather by the opposition with restrictionists having usually to be on the defense and disassociate from Grant. --201.231.161.9 12:59, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What evidence do you have that the Vaile quote is representative of the majority? And what's your source for the quotation? As for the Smith quote, it's frequently referenced by historians. -Will Beback 05:49, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

What you are answering doesnt mean DuRant is representative at all. The quote is from the records of the discussions. The whole climate back then with the labor unions, unemployment, as well as Vaile's position and reputation together with the rest of the transcripts I read point towards "defend the american interest" being the main force behind the law; instead of a sole senator with ideas that were regarded as unusual at best. I invite you to read the debates and you will see that the position of restrictionists is nearly always taking distance from racial considerations and arguing in economic and demographic terms.

 * May I ask what book or link you are using to read the debates? I'd be interested to see them myself. Nonetheless, they are primary sources and are susceptible to misunderstanding. Madison Grant is usually included in modern histories of the Act, so he should be mentioned here too. We're not writing history, we're summarizing the histories written by others. Thanks, -Will Beback 07:16, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

It has to be remembered that the Act came before the growth of the Welfare Society and that any indigent cases had to be supported from voluntary agencies which were typically formed along religious and ethnic lines. If quotas were not set along ethnic national origin lines indigents would have had to be taken care of by the general public and Public Welfare programs were not generally accepted yet. RichardBond (talk) 20:17, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

Link down?
The US Citizenship and Immigration site link, when you click on it, puts you on the website, but the website gives you an error message saying (slight paraphrase) The page you requested was not found on our website. It may have been available before our October 2006 redesign.

So, is it possible the link got broken by said redesign? Could someone please look into this? 169.229.121.94 01:56, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It looks like it may be gone. However the Google cache is still available so I've linked there. -Will Beback · † · 01:45, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

Immigration Stats
That section is quite confusing and really needs to be re-written... 140.233.13.53 01:35, 1 December 2006 (UTC) User:Yuletide

Merge from National Origins Quota of 1924
The National Origins Quota of 1924 describes the outcome of this Act. I suggest we merge them. -Will Beback · † · 04:58, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Done, a few weeks ago. Thanks. Jim.henderson (talk) 22:20, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Jews as a distinct legal group?
I don't know if this is act treated Jews as a separate group. Obviously national origins weren't all it took into account, but I don't see anything regarding why so many American Jews (other than Gompers) would object to the act itself (as distinct from the testimony). At the time Germany (with the biggest quota) had a lot of Jews, I think, but perhaps they weren't emigrating in big numbers compared with Poland, Lithuania, etc? Boris B (talk) 20:15, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

The per centage of the German population which was Jewish in 1924 was less than one per cent while it was about twenty per cent in Poland RichardBond (talk) 20:21, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Far as I know, no, by the Act a Jew was simply a person from Russia (including Poland and Lithuania) or Germany or some other place with a restricted or liberal allowance. On the other hand, much of the propaganda, even some of the motive, in favor of the Act was antisemitic, and American Jews reacted to that. Jim.henderson (talk) 23:01, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The language in this bill pertained to NATIONAL ORIGINS, not ethnic origins, although there may have been some hidden racial undertones. 184.96.220.172 (talk) 18:06, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I have changed to opening paragraph to clarify that it was the Eastern European Jews who were affected. From my understanding of what the sources are saying, German Jews weren't seriously affected, in spite of the anti-semitic rhetoric behind the act.—MiguelMunoz (talk) 19:12, 16 February 2020 (UTC)

First sentence of the body.
The first sentence in the body of the article (about the ships) looks deeply irrelevant. It's cited, so I won't remove it, but I think someone should do so, or if they want to keep it, find a way to connect it to what follows130.216.234.127 (talk) 03:00, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

Wording of first sentence
"...that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2%" - is this referring to the total number of immigrants admitted to the US, from all countries, or the number of immigrants per country admitted to the US? The wording is slightly ambiguous.

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Latin American immigration paragraph
The paragraph "Contrary to popular belief [...] Latin American immigration." doesn't have a single citation throughout the entire paragraph. Mae Ngai, cited a paragraph later and someone who's researched the subject quite thoroughly, pretty vehemently disagreed. In her paper "The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924", she actually argues that Latin Americans - specifically she refers to Mexicans - as being excluded from the whiteness articulated by the Immigration Act: "But, while Euro-Americans' ethnic and racial identities became uncoupled, non-European immigrants-among them Japanese, Chinese, Mexicans, and Filipinos-acquired ethnic and racial identities that were one and the same" at Page 70.

I'm new to editing wikipedia and didn't watch to step on any toes, so I didn't fix the paragraph beyond adding a 'citation needed', but I do think the paragraph should either be significantly revised or have some pretty strong counterfactual evidence presented. Hope this helps! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.198.77.234 (talk) 03:21, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

Problematic statement in lead section
I am referring to this diff here. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&diff=880689360&oldid=880685490

The version I restored was more in-line with the citations than this new version, which contains a number of problems and even went as far as to remove a citation I added. One, the phrasing is highly awkward. Two, at no point in the given citations are Jewish immigrants referred to as "Slavs" or "Poles", planting it firmly in the "original research" category. In fact, the citation I included more or less directly rebuts this claim. Three, it is a WP:POINTY passage. And four, it broaches the topic of Jewish identity which is highly contentious, especially on here. I propose restoring the older version, or at least amending this current one to something more palatable.2601:84:4502:61EA:456F:E528:DD7:CF11 (talk) 22:37, 28 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The only content you added (versus removed) was this, which completely lacked any source (and hence was removed):
 * Contrary to popular belief, Latin Americans were not prohibited or limited from immigrating under the law. In most states and under federal law, persons of mixed white and Native American ancestry were considered white if they did not have black ancestry; this principle was interpreted under the Act to allow Latin Americans to immigrate as "white persons." Moreover, unlike Eastern and Southern Europe, no nationality-based quotas were placed on Latin American immigrants. Thus, the law allowed unlimited Latin American immigration, just as it allowed unlimited northwestern European immigration. Ironically, the 1965 immigration law that replaced the 1924 Act, though abolishing racial preferences and national quotas, would effectively place greater restriction on Latin American immigration.
 * If you have a source for those statements, please cite it along with the content; otherwise the content stays out as unsourced WP:OR.  General Ization Talk  22:45, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I was talking about this. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Immigration_Act_of_1924&diff=880683962&oldid=880683831

 * You reverted me before I had a chance to add it.2601:84:4502:61EA:456F:E528:DD7:CF11 (talk) 00:39, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

I restored the aforementioned citation. Luckily, I had the book lying around. The citation mentions that Jews were considered 'Asiatic' back then, and were targeted by the Asiatic Exclusion League. Listing Jews as Europeans here is, in my opinion, unhelpful and unnecessary.The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 09:22, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how that's relevant. And what book are you referring to? As to the latter comment, that's what the sources say; Jews weren't singled out specifically for their race, it just happens to be one of the major groups of Europeans that were effected. UpdateNerd (talk) 09:31, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Jews were not seen as European. If you need me to I can pull up several very horrible sources showing how Europeans viewed Jews. Also Jewish immigration has never been limited to European Jews anyway. Now UpdateNerd I do not think it will negatively affect this article to list Jews after Europeans. Also one of the sources you deleted "White By Law" clearly did point out that people from Arabia were not usually seen as white by courts.-Rainbowofpeace (talk) 09:58, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * That's not what the sources being cited here say. You can be Eastern European if you're Jewish if that's where you're from. We shouldn't reflect the anti-Semitism of "very horrible sources" of how some in Europe previously thought. That "people from Arabia were not usually seen as white by courts" is not the point being made; it's the sentence defining what changes the Immigration Act of 1924 specifically made. Be wary of WP:SYNTH. UpdateNerd (talk) 10:40, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * ""Proceedings of the Asiatic Exclusion League" Asiatic Exclusion League. San Francisco: April 1910. Pg. 7. "To amend section twenty-one hundred and sixty-nine of the Revised Statutes of the United States. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, that section twenty-one hundred and sixty-nine of the Revised Statutes of the United States be, and the same is hereby, amended by adding thereto the following: And Mongolians, Malays, and other Asiatics, except Armenians, Assyrians, and Jews, shall not be naturalized in the United States."" This clearly calls Jews Asiatics. Jews should be separated. -Rainbowofpeace (talk) 01:01, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * This source likewise lists Jews separately from East Europeans. "Bill Ong Hing, Making and Remaking Asian America Through Immigration Policy, 1850-1990 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), 32-33."The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 01:58, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * From Eric Goldstein's book "The Price of Whiteness", in the section pertaining to the US immigration act, page 102. "Yet many Jews feared that the government's adoption of the "Hebrew" classification might be a first step toward their eventual exclusion from the rights of Americans. Not only was a congressional commission gathering racial statistics on incoming Southern and Eastern Europeans in order to bolster their case for immigration restriction, but the Census Bureau was planning to expand the racial classification on the census to include immigrant "races" such as the Jews."

 * There are also paragraphs on page 103 pertaining to the classification of Jews as 'Asiatic'. If the reason for including UpdateNerd's proposal is a single passage in that WaPo article (which is currently being challenged in the RS board), then there's really no reason to include it at all.The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 02:49, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * As well as this citation. The sources mention no Jews not from Eastern Europe, so I don't see the problem with "Eastern European Jews", unless your point is that we should reword it to "Jews who emigrated from Eastern Europe", which is unnecessarily complicated. The wording doesn't assert that all Jews came from Eastern Europe. UpdateNerd (talk) 03:23, 31 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The argument over whether Jews from Europe are white or European is a sticky one in sociology. I really don't understand what the problem is with labeling them separately. Jews should be listed as Jews we shouldn't be imposing our ideas on how Jews should be viewed into a wikipedia article. The sources don't even seem to agree on how to label Jews.-Rainbowofpeace (talk) 10:03, 1 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, I'm not arguing about whether Jews are white or not. Perhaps you and The Human Trumpet Solo are, but I fail to see the relevance. Sources agree that Jews from southern Europe were significantly effected in the 1924 act, not because of their lack of whiteness, but because of the U.S. population of people from the countries they lived in based on the 1890 census. Jews outside Southern Europe evidently weren't negatively effected. Older versions of the article didn't make that point very clear, and had a bunch of misinformation about race being the reason for the act. That is false, except for the Asian Exclusion Act portion, which has nothing to do with Jewish-majority countries that I'm aware of. UpdateNerd (talk) 10:23, 1 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I am arguing that the current phrasing is 1) unnecessary, 2) controversial, 3) contradicted by other relevant sources. The source used to support that phrasing is currently under review, and may have to be taken out soon. Moreover, there's no evidence within the sources, or elsewhere, that Jews in Southern Europe or Eastern Europe were specifically targeted, to the exclusion of Jews migrating from elsewhere.The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 05:25, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Are Jews even mentioned in the act itself. The sources at least seem to disagree on how Jews were affected by the act. Didn't at least one of the sources mention them as Asiatics? Weren't Jews included in the "Yellow Peril" that racists used as an excuse for the act in the first place?-Rainbowofpeace (talk) 05:35, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The argument that WaPo is currently under review is no reason to remove it; until a decision has been, that's putting the cart before the horse. The wording of the article never asserted that Jews were targeted in the language of the act, only that they were significantly effected. Also, in a recent change, it was claimed that bans were only placed on South and East Asia, when a cited government source states otherwise.
 * I also noticed the removal of information from a source I don't have access to, and can only guess that you might have confused it with another. Please reinstate that edit if you indeed checked Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America, p. 39. UpdateNerd (talk) 06:47, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The US definition of Asia = East and South Asia. It has been that way since the 1910s, at least. Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Russians were not included in this.
 * And yes, I did check that book. I wouldn't have deleted it otherwise.The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 18:59, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * What's your source for that being the US definition of Asia? And just to be clear, did you actually check that book's page, or are you relying on the lack of search results on Google Books or Amazon? Because that's what I tried, and that page didn't appear (which isn't the same thing as actually looking at the page). That said, the claim sounds somewhat far-fetched, and I support removing it if you confirm that you truly checked the source. UpdateNerd (talk) 22:03, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * No, I have the book at home. It's not in there.
 * It also says here that in the US, an Asian is ""A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian." https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 08:59, 5 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The countries defined by "Asia" and the "Asia–Pacific Triangle" aren't necessarily the same thing, so that link is irrelevant. But if you really have the book and it doesn't mention "the Middle East, the 'Asiatic' Soviet Union (Georgia, Azerbaijan and Central Asia)" on p. 39, then I will assume good faith and not revert it if you remove said info from the 'Provisions' section. UpdateNerd (talk) 09:10, 5 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Done. As for the lede, I'll see if I can find something that is more specific. Statistics from that period show there wasn't a complete ban on Jews, Armenians, or Arabs, and that Middle Easterners were considered White by that point.The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 06:23, 6 February 2019 (UTC)
 * More sources for clarity would be welcome. Although just to be clear, the article doesn't assert that there was a racial ban, only that specific countries were banned and others reduced to a 2% quota based on the 1890 census, and the end result was that specific groups were effected more than others. UpdateNerd (talk) 06:48, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

All Immigration From Asia
Did the act really ban all immigration from Asia or only East Asia and South Asia? Were Soviet countries and Middle Eastern countries included? If not this really should be changed to state that it meant East Asian and South Asian people and not all immigration from Asia?-Rainbowofpeace (talk) 10:42, 11 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The language of the act says the entire continent of Asia. Since many modern Middle-Eastern countries were nonextant prior to World War I, they officially had no representation in the states. As long as it could be argued that a potential immigrant was Asian, they wouldn't have been considered.
 * The Immigration Act of 1917's barred zone included Arabia and the Soviet Union east of the Urals, so presumably that division carried over. History-world.org also defines people from Middle-Eastern countries as Asians. UpdateNerd (talk) 18:35, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

Source
"Guisepi, Robert A. (January 29, 2007). "Asian Americans". World History International."

Link

World History Association is an academic source, one that had already been used within this same article no less. Why it's being removed only in this instance is beyond me.

Furthermore, it describes the 1924 Act as pertaining exclusively to immigrants from within the Asian-Pacific Triangle. See here:

"The Immigration Act of 1924, which became known as the Asian Exclusion Act and the National Origins Act, prohibited the entry into the United States for permanent residence of all persons whose national origin sprang from nations within what was called the Asia Pacific Triangle. These countries included Japan, China, the Philippines, Laos, Siam (Thailand), Cambodia, Singapore (then a British colony), Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Burma (Myanmar), India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and Malaysia." The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 02:56, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Also, User:UpdateNerd used this same source in his last post on this same talk page, simultaneously alleging that it classifies to Middle Easterners as Asian, which it never does. In fact, it doesn't even mention Middle Easterners at all. See here

For the above reasons, I have restored the source and earlier phrasing.The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 03:10, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

 * You're overdoing it with this single self-published source. See WP:RSSELF. While I'll admit this is one of the better self-published (even semi-academic) sources, it's still prone to errors. It's not as good as published books or the language of the government act itself, which both say Asia and never the "Asia-Pacific Triangle" regarding the 1924 act. That's why I'm inclined to believe it's an error, and unless you can provide another source, I'd advise against giving this one undue weight. UpdateNerd (talk) 03:23, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I can promise you that User:The Human Trumpet Solo is not named Guisepi. Asia is a really big continent that streches from Japan and Indonesia and even Russia all the way to part of Egypt and Turkey. I'm shocked that you would want to use wording that is that inclusive. If it really does include all of Asia this entire article needs to be rewritten.-Rainbowofpeace (talk) 00:21, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

I do not share your doubts about the source. But if it is genuinely not usable, it should be removed from the article entirely. We can't just deem it credible in one passage and then non-credible in another.

I have some books laying around that should sort this out, assuming I can still find them. Because I know for a fact that the Immigration Act did not include the entire Asian continent, only those listed within the "Barred Zone". If I can't find it, then an RFC should help.The Human Trumpet Solo (talk) 00:55, 13 March 2019 (UTC)
 * It wouldn't be a problem to remove the source entirely from the article, because the only other points it's cited for regard immigration history in general, and can be swapped for another. However, I see nothing controversial about temporarily using the source for those points until better ones are located. If you know of other sources which contradict those currrently cited, please share them and make your case, but we will have to present both possibilities for balance, not just an outlying one. UpdateNerd (talk) 01:36, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

Quota
The word "quota" seems to mean "annual quota". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.15.21.214 (talk) 13:53, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

1929
See https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/70th-congress/session-2/c70s2ch690.pdf. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.192.125 (talk) 13:49, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * There seems to be no WP article on the 1929 law in America. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.155.192.125 (talk) 13:52, 5 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing that out. I've added a mention on History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States. UpdateNerd (talk) 04:27, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

New additions
Firstly, it looks like some of these additions are sourced and valuable. I think a table is a great idea, but I'm confused why the ones you've added seem to primarily focus on later laws, not the 1924 act which was based on 1890 census data. I also think the comparison table would be more appropriate on History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States. If this article has any tables, it should show the figures from the 1890 census as was originally passed, then another table or two showing how it was modified before other major laws replaced the act altogether. UpdateNerd (talk) 21:00, 10 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I made edits to the highly inaccurate opening paragraph that had existed to try to make it clearer for you, but you still deleted everything I wrote...You don't seem to be familiar with the basics of the law, nor the plethora of Dept of Commerce/Census Bureau/INS data, records, and information on immigration policy. I really don't know how to spell it out to make it any clearer... The 1924 Act had multiple provisions. Effective FY 1925, § 11(a) lowered the 1921 Emergency Quota Act quotas per country from being based on 3% of the foreign-born population present in the 1910 Census to 2% of the foreign-born population in the 1890 Census.
 * More significantly, the 1924 Act at § 11(b) prescribed that beginning July 1, 1927, and for each fiscal year thereafter, the annual quota shall bear the same ratio to 150,000 as the number of inhabitants in the United States in 1920 having that national origin, i.e. the National Origins Formula. The rest of § 11 describes the complex process by which this new national origins formula based on nationalities among the total U.S. population in 1920 was to be calculated by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, and reported to the president to proclaim by April 1, 1927. If they failed to report on time, the temporary quotas based on 1890 of subdivision(a) would be used as a fallback, which occurred for 2 years, postponing until 1929 the presidential proclamation that established the 1920 National Origins quota system as law, effective July 1, 1929—thus the first fiscal year under the new formula ending on June 30, 1930, recorded on the table as distinct from 1925 under the same Act of 1924. Foreign-born in the 1890 census was used as basis temporarily 1925-1929 and then never used again.
 * Inqvisitor (talk) 23:33, 10 August 2021 (UTC)

 * 1. I don't doubt your expert familiarity with the law (even though I've never seen you edit this article before). This law is a very important one, and I appreciate your contributions to help make it easier for readers to understand. However, you seem to be relying heavily on WP:PRIMARY sources. Are there any secondary ones you can help to verify your additions? This article has a history of poorly sourced additions, so I'm pretty quick to revert things which are not abundantly self-evident from the source.
 * 2. My main problems with your editing is process, not content. You didn't explain most of the small changes you made in your edit summaries. You also made many small changes in only one or two edits, so this is very hard for other editors to understand your intent. Further, you added information to the lead without putting it in the body. Most offensively, you entirely ignored WP:BRD, which requires discussion before reinstating content. That could result in re-removal, but even if I need to revert questionable material please understand I'm interested in sorting out problematic edits from good ones... not throwing out the baby with the bathwater.
 * 3. You didn't answer my objections above about why the table on "Quota calculation formula" uses 1920 data, when the 1924 act was originally based on 1890 data. The 1924 act was modified to use 1920 data in 1927, but that could be made much clearer. Why not have a two-in-one table comparing the versions of the law that used 1890 and 1920 census data? What is the "National Origins of the White Population of the United States in 1920" and why is it italicized? I don't see anything in the cited sources, which are all non-searchable primary PDF sources. Please provide a quote if possible.
 * 4. I'll retract my objection about putting a table about the 1921/1952 immigration acts here, since that seems like a helpful comparison to the 1924 act.
 * Again, don't doubt the good faith of your additions, but there are i's that need dotting and t's that need crossed.
 * UpdateNerd (talk) 00:48, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Immigration to the U.S.
— Assignment last updated by Jbjohnson123 (talk) 18:16, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Immigration Act of 1924


text:
Bob Carroll Jr.

Robert Gordon Carroll Jr. (August 12, 1918 – January 27, 2007) was an American television writer notable for his creative role in the series I Love Lucy, the first four seasons of which he wrote with his professional partner Madelyn Pugh, and collaborator Jess Oppenheimer.

Early life and career
Born in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, Carroll's family moved to Florida when he was three years old. His father made a living buying and selling real estate in the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The family also moved to California for a time in conjunction with Carroll Sr.'s work, but eventually settled back in St. Petersburg, Florida.

He attended St. Petersburg Junior College (now St. Petersburg College), where he studied French. He became a writer by happenstance. In 1940, he broke his hip in an accident. While he was recovering from his injury, he heard about a script writing contest being sponsored by local radio station WSUN. With plenty of time on his hands, the 21-year-old decided to try writing a radio script, which ended up winning the station's $10 prize.

Hollywood years
Concerned that he might never work, due to his injury, Carroll felt very fortunate when his brother-in-law helped him get a job as the front desk clerk for CBS Radio in Hollywood, California. There, Carroll got a kick out of making celebrities sign in. He eventually worked his way up into the publicity department and moved from there to assignments as a junior and eventually senior writer.

There Carroll was teamed with fellow staffer Madelyn Pugh. The two created a partnership that lasted more than 50 years, and together wrote approximately 400 television episodes and 500 radio episodes. Though they briefly dated, they married other people.

While writing for Steve Allen's early local radio program on CBS Radio station KNX in Los Angeles  the duo became interested in writing for Lucille Ball's new radio series My Favorite Husband. In an effort to seize that opportunity, they paid Allen to write his own show one week so that they could focus their energies on creating a script submission for My Favorite Husband. Successful, the pair wrote for Ball's popular program for its 2½-year duration.

Carroll and Pugh helped develop and create a vaudeville act for Lucille Ball and her husband, Desi Arnaz, which became the basis for the pilot episode of the I Love Lucy series. Together the team tackled 39 episodes per season for the run of the show. Pugh and Carroll were nominated for three Emmys for their work on it; that total would likely have been considerably higher, but the Academy did not award Emmys to writers until 1954. The pair also wrote episodes of Ball's subsequent series, The Lucy Desi Comedy Hour, The Lucy Show, Here's Lucy, and, in 1986, her final sitcom, Life With Lucy.

Later career
The duo's non-Lucy credits include work on the television series The Tom Ewell Show, The Paul Lynde Show, Dorothy, Those Whiting Girls and Kocham Klane. They created and wrote the successful Desilu series The Mothers-in-Law, which starred Lucille Ball's longtime MGM pals Eve Arden and Kaye Ballard. Carroll and Pugh served as executive producers and did some writing for the hit television series Alice, starring Linda Lavin, for which the duo won a Golden Globe Award. They also wrote the story basis for the film Yours, Mine and Ours (1968).

In a 2005 interview with the St. Petersburg Times, Carroll discussed the fact that he and his writing partner Pugh did not receive any compensation for the I Love Lucy re-runs, as would be standard for writers today. He did, however, keep his sense of humor over the situation telling a reporter: "Do you think I'd be sitting here if I'd had residuals? I'd have flown you down to Cuba for this interview if I had."

He co-authored Madelyn Pugh Davis' memoir, Laughing with Lucy, released September 2005.

Carroll died in Los Angeles after a brief illness. Divorced twice, he was survived by a daughter, Christina Carroll, of Los Angeles.

Awards

 * Golden Globe for Alice
 * Writers' Guild of America Paddy Chayefsky Laurel Award for Television Achievement (1992)
 * Distinguished Alumni Award, St. Petersburg College (2005)

title: Bob Carroll Jr.


text:
Nanjing Museum

The Nanjing Museum is located in Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu Province in East China. With an area of 70,000 m2, it is one of the largest museums in China, with over 400,000 items in its permanent collection. Especially notable is the museum's enormous collections of Ming and Qing imperial porcelain, which is among the largest in the world.

History
The Nanjing Museum was one of the first museums established in China. The predecessor of the Nanjing Museum was the preparatory department of the National Central Museum, which was established in 1933. The museum took over 12.9 ha in the Half Hill Garden of Zhongshan Gate. Cai Yuanpei, the first preparatory president of the council of the museum, proposed building three major halls, named "Humanity," "Craft" and "Nature". Because of China's political instability in the 1930s, only the Humanity Hall was built. During the Japanese invasion, part of its collections were transferred to Southwest China, and in the end moved to the National Palace Museum in Taipei when the Kuomintang lost the Chinese Civil War. The historian Fu Sinian and anthropologist and archaeologist Li Ji were once preparatory presidents, and the archaeologist and museologist Zeng Zhaoyu was the first female president and also a founder of Nanjing Museum. In 1999 and 2009, extensions were built to the museum.

Buildings
The main building was designed by Liang Sicheng in the 1930s combining Chinese and Western architectural styles. The front section is structure of traditional style and features a golden tiled roof. In the back is a Western-style flat-roof structure. Added in the 1990s to the west of the main building is an art hall which references Chinese architecture of the first half of the 20th century.

Exhibition halls
There are twelve exhibition halls at the museum. A highlight of the collection is a full-size suit of armor made from small jade tiles held together by silver wire.

 * Qin Garden
 * Earthen Ware Hall
 * Treasure Hall
 * Folk Art Hall
 * Bronze Ware Hall
 * Ming and Qing Porcelain Hall
 * Wu Weishan Sculpture Hall
 * Ancient Paintings Hall
 * Modern Art Hall
 * Jiangnan Silk Product Hall
 * Jade Hall
 * Lacquer Hall

title: Nanjing Museum


text:
St. Vital (electoral district)

St. Vital (Saint-Vital) is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba.

Historical riding
The original St. Vital riding was established at the time of the province's creation in 1870, as one of twelve "francophone" constituencies. It was eliminated in 1879, after a redistribution process which reduced the level of francophone representation in the province.

Current riding
The modern St. Vital riding was created by redistribution in 1957, and has formally existed since the provincial election of 1958. The riding is located in the southeastern section of the City of Winnipeg.

St. Vital was bordered to the east by St. Boniface and Southdale, to the south by Riel, to the north by St. Boniface and to the west by Riel, Lord Roberts and Fort Garry (the latter two across the Red River of the North). As of the 2019 Manitoba election, it is bordered to the north by St. Boniface, to the east by Southdale, to the southeast by Lagimodière, to the south by Riel, to the west by Fort Garry, and to the northwest by Fort Rouge (the latter two across the Red River).

The riding's population in 1996 was 20,255. Its character is mostly middle-class, although 28% of the riding's residents are categorized as low-income. In 1999, the average family income was $44,868, and the unemployment rate was 7.90%. Ten per cent of the riding's residents are francophone, and 7% are aboriginal. Almost half the riding's dwellings are rental units.

The service sector accounts for 16% of St. Vital's industry, with a further 13% in the retail trade.

St. Vital was represented by members of the Progressive Conservative Party from 1958 to 1971. Since then, it has generally been represented by members of the New Democratic Party (NDP), although the Liberals held the seat for one term from 1988 to 1990, and the Progressive Conservatives for two terms from 1990 to 1999.

title: St. Vital (electoral district)


text:
Käymäjärvi inscriptions

The Käymäjärvi Inscriptions are two inscription-like mark rows on a stone approximately 52.5 cm high and 105 cm wide, engraved with characters similar to those in runic alphabets. The Käymäjärvi Inscriptions are near Lake Käymäjärvi, about 26 km northwest of Pajala in northern Sweden. The inscriptions were first reported in 1689 and were thought to be man made. According to a 2018 report by archaeologists, geologists and historians, however, the inscriptions were found not to be man made but instead results of natural processes.

First report
The Käymäjärvi Inscriptions were first reported by Olof Rudbeck Sr. (1630–1702) in the second volume of Atlantica (1689). The local inhabitants, especially the Saami, considered the stone to carry a very important message from their ancestors.

Second report
The second author to report the inscriptions was Eric Brunnius (1706–83) of Uppsala University in a discussion about the town of Tornio (De urbe Torna; 1731). Brunnius states that the stone has rune characters and the engraving of a triple crown which was degraded and is absent. The physicist Anders Celsius (1701–44), also an early runologist, concluded that the inscriptions were not of runic character.

Third report
Celsius and Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) visited the stone around 11 April 1737, during their Earth meridian measurement expedition. Celsius and Maupertuis both sketched the inscriptions in their diaries of the journey. The tale of this travel and stone, at that time considered to be very exotic in nature, was presented in his application to the Académie des Sciences and may have influenced the decision to elect him to the Academy.

Report 2018
According to a study made by archaeologists, geologists and historians published in the Cambridge Archaeological Journal in 2018, the inscriptions are not man-made but instead a result of natural processes.

title: Käymäjärvi inscriptions