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Afri Cola

Afri Cola is a cola soft drink produced in Germany. The trademark Afri-Cola was registered in 1931 by the company F. Blumhoffer Nachfolger GmbH. The same company also produced Bluna, an orange soft drink. Today the brand belongs to the Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG. Afri Cola was once one of the most popular cola brands in Germany, but has lost considerable market share since the 1960s.

History
Afri-Cola was registered in 1931 by F. Blumhoffer Nachfolger GmbH, a company founded in 1864 and based in Cologne.

In 1932, Karl Flach flew to the USA and came back with the idea to develop a German equivalent to Coca-Cola. After the Second World War, Afri-Cola became one of the most popular drinks in Germany and a symbol of the West German Wirtschaftswunder. In 1952, the company launched Bluna, an orange soft drink similar to Fanta, which also became a hit among customers. However, in the hard competition of the 1960s, Afri-Cola started to lose its influence on the German market to Coca-Cola and Pepsi. To update its image, the company hired designer and photographer Charles Wilp who created a controversial and attention-grabbing marketing campaign (with lustful nuns drinking Afri-Cola) which positioned the brand in Germany's new-age landscape.

The market share of Afri-Cola continued to dwindle during the 1980s and 1990s. Eventually, in 1998, German beverage company Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG bought all rights to Afri-Cola and Bluna. This company changed the recipe of Afri-Cola in 1998; the taste differed from that of the original. Also, until 1998 the caffeine content was 250 mg/L, which is higher than the average. At the re-release, it had a content below 150 mg/L so that the content does not need to be listed on the bottle.

However, as with Coca-Cola's New Coke, the new recipe was unpopular. The mixture was again changed to taste more like the original one, the caffeine content was increased in 2005 to around 200 mg/L and caffeine was again listed as an ingredient on the label. This mixture was also not sufficiently successful and on 1 April 2006, the company finally changed back to the original recipe, with caffeine content of 250 mg/L.

Afri-Cola was the only distributed soda during the G8 summit 2007 in Heiligendamm. In 2009, it was refused the registration of the trademark in international classes 29 and 30 (coffee, coffee substitutes, tea, salt, sugar, rice), sparking the legal debate around the word "Afri" in the brand's name which deceptively leads consumers to believe at first that the drink is produced in Africa.

Since then, Afri-Cola has slightly regained market share.

Availability outside Germany
In the mid-1990s, Real Soda LLC, a U.S. company, started importing Afri Cola into the United States, largely in the Seattle area. At the time, it was marketed as "highest caffeine content allowed by law" and positioned to compete with such high-caffeine colas as Jolt Cola and Fukola Cola. In the late 1990s, it was widely available at convenience stores and supermarkets in Seattle and is available in several cafes in Minneapolis. For a short time, it was available at Carnegie Mellon University Student Union in Pittsburgh, the University of Rhode Island in their student union and at the University of Michigan at Backroom Pizza. In the early 2000s, it was available in the Reed College bookstore. Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG itself exports Afri-Cola to Austria, France, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland and the Czech Republic.

Afri Cola was relaunched in the US in May 2017 on the West Coast and in the New York area through importer Classic Beverage Imports working with various distributors. The USA product is in the same original high-caffeine formula and is sold in a 330 ml version of the iconic Afri Cola glass bottle.

In literature
Afri Cola figures prominently in Volker Kutscher's 2014 detective novel Märzgefallene, set in 1933 Berlin and Cologne. (English translation published in 2020 under the title The March Fallen. )

title: Afri Cola


text:
Talk:Calormen

I commented out some possibly POV sentences
I have commented out (made invisible) some possibly POV sentences. Here is what I commented out:

 * "in general and Islamic civilization in particular."

 * "and are generally characterized within the Narnian chronicles as being rapacious, avaricious, frivolous, indolent and corrupt."

 * "The generally negative characteristics of Calormen and its people have led to accusations of racialism against Lewis."

The reason why I did this is because I feel that these sentences may too strongly give the impression that Lewis was anti-muslem. While possibly true, this is a bit of a POV.

As an aisde, I appreciate Centauri's contributions and his adding significant information to this entry. Welcome to Wikipedia! Samboy 10:01, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've just restored the comments you removed, as I don't see any logic in your action. That Calormene civilization is directly derived from Islamic civilization is obvious to anyone who has read the book. That Lewis characterizes Calormene characters in almost universally negative terms is equally obvious. Including these factual observations in the article does not represent a biased reading of the book. Likewise, noting that Lewis has been accused of racialism (not to mention sexism and misogyny) on the basis of his characterizations is not a "POV" - it is a neutral observation, because he has been. In fact this theme has already been explored in more detail in the commentary accompanying the article on the Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe.--Centauri 01:42, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've also added a qualifying statement to the closing sentence which makes clear that modern attitudes to race were not prevalent when Lewis was writing. --Centauri 01:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Plot/spoiler warning?
Is it appropriate to include a plot/spoiler warning here? This is an article about one country in the Narnia universe. Calormen is neither a book nor a film, and as far as I can tell, the Wikipedia standard seems to be to include a spoiler warning only in the context of an article devoted to a particular film or literary narrative.--Centauri 00:22, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I checked Hogwarts (a place) and Harry Potter (a character), neither one a film nor a narrative, both had a plot spoiler warning. Since the ending of two C.S. Lewis books are summarized, a plot spoiler is probably a good idea for the kiddies out there.  Revmachine21 00:39, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Spelling
I was contemplating adding a sentence about how the word "Calormen" when used as a proper noun is spelled without an 'e' at the end, and when used as an adjective has an 'e' at the end. Most of the people who've contributed to the article seem to know this, but is this something that should be pointed out to people who are reading the article as a reference? Starfoxy

Sounds like a good idea to me. --Centauri 22:30, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Reference to Arabian Nights and the Epic of Kings
I have added in the medieval Arabic works that Lewis directly took his inspiration and ideas from, namely the Arabian Nights and the Epic of Kings. MaryAnderson

Pronunciation?
How does one pronounce Calormene? I visited this article hoping to find the answer. Perhaps there's a recording of Lewis reading some of his works...

 * The audio books that I listened to as a kid used the pronunciation "CAH-lor-meen" . Mendor 23:04, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I was listening to the DVD's extras today (the timeline), and the place (not the people) was "cah-LOR-men." Hmm…? --Fbv65 e del / ☑t / ☛c || 17:01, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Something that is of Calormen is prounounced Calor-MEN-e Jebediah Hogman (talk) 19:52, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm very surprised to see anything other than "CALormen" and "CALormeen" here. It would make sense if the pronunciations given at least had a rider saying "in the films" or something. Of course, it shouldn't really say at all, because CSL never told us how it's pronounced. Knole Jonathan (talk) 20:47, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

 * In the article, the phonetic pronunciation of Calormene (the adjective) is erroneously given as /kəˈlɔːrmən/, the same as the placename Calormen.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 16:31, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

Islam
The article says, "In the broader allegorical context of the Chronicles, the Calormene Empire and Calormenes in general clearly represent Islam, from the age of Islamic empire. . . "

This interpretation is indefensible. The Horse and his Boy is clearly a retelling of the Exodus story. Shasta is guided down the river in a basket as a child, just like Moses. He escapes across the desert (a stand in for the Sinai desert), past the tombs of the kings (a stand in for the pyramids), meets Aslan on the top of a mountain (just as Moses met with God) and escapes first to Archenland (a stand in for Midian) and then to Narnia (a stand in for the Promised Land). Therefore, 'in the broader allegorical context of the Chronicles' the Calormene Empire is ancient Egypt. While the imagery for the Calormenes is drawn from the Arab world, Persia and India, the polytheistic Calormenes represent the polytheistic Egyptians, not the monotheistic Muslims. Joey1898 23:48, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

-- Precisely, Joey, particularly on the Muslims call. Someone added a lot of conjecture and negative POV to the article besides that phrase, which has now all been removed.

A good many of the details of Calormene life are borrowed from E. Nesbit's description of ancient Babylon (much of the Narnia series is written as an 'homage' to Nesbit's children's books). Babylon was, of course, not Islamic, and the presence of polytheism, idolatry, and god-kings should tip us off that we are not looking at a Muslim or even Muslim-like world. That the style is Arabian-Nightsish is undeniable, but it's possible to have an Arabian Nights style while having a quite different content.

-- While I will admit that the people of Calormen do not bear any religious similarity to Islamic theology in either "The Horse and His Boy" or their brief appearence in "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader", it seems to me that the Calormenes of "The Last Battle" do have some sort of relationship to Islam, particularly in the whole "Tashlan" issue: Shift the Ape alleging that the warlike god of the Arabic stand-ins of the Narnian Chronicles is one and the same with the Christ-like god of the European stand-ins, much as like it is stated in the real world that the Judeo-Christian God is the same as the Islamic Allah. For the Narnian universe, Lewis makes it clear that this notion is utterly false, and I know that when I was reading "Battle", I thought that he was making a comment on the real world issue. I don't think that the possibility of Lewis inserting commentary into his fiction is entirely impossible: after all, he had stated, in previous books ("Mere Christianity" I believe), that Islam is a "Christian heresy"; why wouldn't he insert this belief into a children's introduction to Christianity if he had already inserted it into an adult's introduction to Christianity? 67.72.98.86 01:17, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

-- Someone had misrepresented Lewis' characterization of Islam in the article: "indeed, Lewis praises certain Islamic attitudes in the theological work "Mere Christianity."" So I excised it since it could not be supported with any reference from Mere Christianity and since Lewis in fact did the opposite in the book. Lewis taught that “Islam is only the greatest of the Christian heresies” (“Christian Apologetics,” in God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics [ed. W. Hooper; The Collected Works of C. S. Lewis; New York: Inspirational, 1996], 369). Lewis believed “Islam to be a simplification” of Christianity ( cf. Kathryn Lindskoog, The C. S. Lewis Hoax [Portland, OR: Multnomah, 1988], 166; in Appendix 2, in the first of 3 Lewis letters to Sheldon Vanauken, dated 14/12/50). And Lewis said “it is the simple religions that are the made up ones” (C. S. Lewis, Mere Christianity [rev. ed.; New York: Touchstone, 1952], 144). In Lewis’ view, one of the heretically destructive simplifications committed by Islam is denial of the Trinity in favour of radical unitarian monotheism, which undercuts the foundation for the essentially loving eternal nature within the pluriform Trinitarian Godhead (cf., e.g., Mere Christianity, 153). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Olorin3k (talk • contribs) 22:16, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * All the stereotypes are there - turbans and curved swords, elaborate language, love of bargaining, slave trading. And there's the traditional enmity between Narnians (Christians) and Calormenes - Muslims were historically considered the nemesis of choice for Christianity (still are, in certain circles).  And their money is the "crescent," for God's sake - how much more obvious does it get?
 * Yes, I know people say the religion is polytheistic and based on Philistines and Canaanites... Only to quite a few people, especially Protestant fundamentalists - which Lewis was, theologically, though it was a lot more common back then and therefore not its own movement - it makes no difference.  *What* a non-Christian believes is not important.  It matters only that their beliefs are not Christianity, and therefore they are all in the service of Satan, whether they know it or not and whatever they might call him.  (Some take it even further and say that any Christian church whose beliefs do not match fundamentalism's - Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Coptic, liberal Protestant, Mormon - are also in the service of Satan).  I think it's pretty clear that the Calormenes were meant to be the stereotypical "bad guys", enemies of God and worshippers of the devil - "Tash", in the Narnian universe - and Lewis drew heavily from Muslims to inspire him (others also, but like I said, it makes no difference to people like him). 213.181.226.21 (talk) 19:21, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Whatever else Lewis was, he was not a fundamentalist, in the only meaningful sense of that word, i.e. someone who believes in Biblical inerrancy: see his "Reflections on the Psalms". He was an inclusivist, in the sense of someone who believes that "there is only one right answer and all the others are wrong, but some wrong answers are very much nearer the truth than others".  In a letter to an American lady, he says that, though he is not a Catholic he feels much closer to her since her conversion to Catholicism, and "I would extend this even beyond the boundaries of Christianity.  Think how much more one has in common with a real Jew or Muslim than with a wretched, liberal, Occidentalizing specimen of the same."

 * Certainly Calormen has something in common with Islam; but that means the bogey Islam of medieval Christian literature and the Italian epics, Mahound, Termagant etc, rather than real historic Islam. The link with the Canaanites and Carthaginians is not obvious until you read Chesterton's The Everlasting Man, which was one of Lewis's main influences.  If we want a formula, it is something like "the imagined Oriental enemy, existing at any given period".  Bogey-Islam is just one instantiation of this.  --Sir Myles na Gopaleen (the da) (talk) 08:33, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Merging Calormen and Calormene
I think this is a good idea. Jeffr 16:52, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Good call; it can be undone later if need be, but for now I've gone ahead and changed all the links to Calormene to Calormen, and turned it into a redirect. We don't have separate articles for adjectival forms of nations, to my knowledge. -- nae'blis (talk) 19:13, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Brainwashing?
"The Calormenes all have a desire for the current Tisroc to be immortal, which may indicate brainwashing at a young point in life."

 * The fact that Calormenes always seem to say "may he live for ever," to me does not say they are particularly brainwashed, but is instead more of a cultural idiosyncrasy, and an enforced mark of respect, much like referring to the British Queen as "Her Royal Highness," and is done even if there is no real respect for the tisroc

 * Agreed. It's likely been borrowed from "inshallah" (god willing), a term that's appended to the end of sentences concerning future events by many Arabs, eg "I'll see you tomorrow, inshallah". --Centauri 23:32, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * In the Book of Daniel, the courtiers of Nebuchadnezzar and Darius--including Daniel [Dan 6:21]--address the King with the words "O King, live forever!" It was a polite form of address; I don't think C.S. Lewis thought that the prophet Daniel had been brainwashed. -- Narsil 09:02, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge Tarkaan article to Calormen
I would like to suggest that we merge the Tarkaan article into the calormen article. There is a paragraph of information there and it seems to me that that is about all of the information there is on the subject. It would make a nice section here instead of a permanent stub there. Please post any comments for or against the merge LloydSommerer 22:32, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that the article should be merged. Ari (talk) 05:20, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

Info from Narnian timeline?
Some of the material on this page comes from the "Narnian timeline", not from the Chronicles themselves. (Specifically, the claim that Calormen was settled by Archenlander outlaws descended from King Frank, and not, e.g., by a separate group from Earth, as Telmar was.) As I understand it, this timeline is of doubtful provenance (part of the "Hooper controversy").

I feel that if we're going to include material not from the Chronicles themselves, we ought at the least to note its questionable source. Me, I'd be happier going just by the books... what say others? -- Narsil 09:10, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I've responded to you on Talk:Narnian timeline. Lewis himself supplied the timeline for a commentary book on Narnia. It's considered canon, I believe. --Fbv65 e del / ☑t / ☛c || 03:56, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I took it upon myself to rewrite that paragraph somewhat--I kept the statement about Calormen being settled by Archenlander exiles, but I noted its source (the Timeline, not the Chronicles themselves). Hope that's acceptable! -- Narsil 01:45, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks fine, though didn't it establish in Horse and His Boy that this was true as well, and supported in the timeline? Hmm, don't feel like searching for a reference right now… --Fbv65 e del / ☑t / ☛c || 02:41, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I sure don't remember anything like that from TH&HB, but I don't quite have the books memorized... -- Narsil 20:20, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

However inaccurate the timeline is, after reading the chronicles, I too feel (by memorising) that they don't say anything about Calormen being settled by separate people from the real world. Besides, if we remove the Archenlander outlaws part, only the part about the Middleeastern portel will be left for information on the settling of Calormen, and that will conferm the accusations of racism and may cause that part of the article to become dubious. Ari (talk) 10:11, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Commentary
I removed the entire Commentary section since it clearly contravened the Wikipedia's foundational policy on original research. It is still availible in the page history if people want to restore it (or parts of it) or merge parts into the rest of the article. Eluchil404 09:00, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

In-universe perspective
Please note Wikipedia's Manual of Style on writing about fiction (WP:WAF). Wikipedia's articles should be written from the perspective of the real world and critical discussion of the material, not merely its in-universe fictional story.

I have tried to remedy this a little, by using material from the Chronicles of Narnia article to look at the disputed question of racism, which is one of the most important critical questions about the Calormenes.

But it would be useful to review the material deleted above be Eleuchi404 in this edit, particularly on C.S. Lewis's objectives and inspirations for the Calormenes, to see how much of it can be sourced, to change this article so that it is at least top and tailed from a real-world position. (It is important that the lead paragraph also should be written from a real-world perspective, and summarise some of the critical discussion, not just in-story material). Jheald 11:25, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

NPOV
The section below the NPOV stinks of trying to excuse racism from the books, as well as original research. 219.89.16.145 (talk) 06:57, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * It seems reasonably well sourced to me. What parts do you think are OR and which parts are NPOV? LloydSommerer (talk) 01:25, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

Accusations of "racism" seem grossly exaggerated to me. At worst, Lewis presents a mildly critical portrayal of the Calormenes and their traditions, while also praising certain aspects of their culture. He does not advocate their extermination, destruction nor indeed that any punitive measure of any kind be taken against them - simply that it and the other nations of his fantasy world co-exist and keep themselves to themselves, geopolitically speaking. Calormen is ultimately destroyed by Aslan's apocalypse, but so are all the other realms.

Telmar, ostensibly a kingdom of white Europeans, is presented as belligerent, expansionist, culturally philistine land - if anything, Lewis depicts it more negatively than he does Calormen and its people. This seems to be of less than no interest to those who have spent decades accusing Lewis of racism on the basis of "The Horse and His Boy", however. 86.20.255.1 (talk) 19:26, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Never the less, the accusation of racism has been made by other authors of children's literature. It then seems to me that the article goes on to point out the many counterpoints to that accusation that have been offered. I just don't see it as lacking a NPOV if both the accusation and the arguments against the accusation are presented. You could argue that the accusation is not Notable, but you should first look through the archives of the talk page for the main Chronicles of Narnia page where that discussion has taken place. LloydSommerer (talk) 21:10, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

I would argue that some sort of discussion is needed on this topic as I came here after viewing a video entitle top 10 children's books you didn't realize were racist, and it listed C.S. Lewis works with the Calormen as number 1. So it seems its a notable subject of inquiry. Here is the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCdBmddPa1Q --Wowaconia (talk) 21:01, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I think that the reference to the colour of the European skin is cultural racism, so I have removed it from the above comment, if nobody minds. Ari (talk) 10:25, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I've restored it; please don't edit comments that are not your own. -- Elphion (talk) 14:07, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

 * The video that one of the commenters posted is not watchable by the visually impaired. As far as I can here, there are only pictures and music and the sound of the pages of books being turned and no audio commentary. I am requesting you to send a video with audio commentary for the sake of those of us with vision impairement. Ari (talk) 10:32, 21 May 2017 (UTC)

Philip Hensher
Is the article cited in the sources really by him? Its link offers no conclusive proof (and no connection with the Indy, the stated source on wiki), and his novels refer with affectionate detail to Reepicheep (cf his 'The Fit'); plus the sledgehammer, self-confessedly, blokishly Philistine style seems completely off to me. Unless this is some other viciously Lewisophobe P Hensher of whose existence I'm totally unaware, the attribution seems to range from unlikely to impossible. I'd guess the real author was a professional Indy hack (someone along the lines of Rod Liddle or Giles Coren?). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.169.192 (talk) 17:36, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * This seems to be the original, but I don't know anything about it. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/dont-let-your-children-go-to-narnia-1189015.html LloydSommerer (talk) 12:37, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

Cultural racism
What is that whole section of stuff about "well Lewis doesn't say the negative aspects of Calormene culture come from their skin color, in fact to say so would be racist therefore it's not racist"? That is some original research over there. Cultural racism is very much a form of racism, reflecting colonialist/orientalist attitude that was used to justify a lot of bigotry for a very long time. Can we refrain from making puerile arguments like that and just stick to the facts? It reads like an essay somebody wrote for a cultural criticism class in undergrad after deciding they knew better than their texts! Staying stuff about why pointing out cultural stereotypes is racist diminishes the thrust of this whole article, because the content is so badly informed and juvenile. We don't need to be arguing points like that in here! Lewis reflected the racism of his time but mitigated it with the occasional charitable moment. To point that out isn't what's racist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.64.35.46 (talk) 09:46, 19 July 2015 (UTC)

Calormen and Islam
The problem with reading The Last Battle debate over the Tash/Aslan equivalancy as a Christ/Allah equivalancy is that it is essentially made about arguments that were in the future when Lewis wrote. We need any such discussion to be based on actual sourcing, preferably about any actual comments by Lewis on the issue. The last battle was published in 1956 by a writer who came of age in a Britain where the crown of the empire was India. While the honorific following the title of the Tashban does sound vaguely like some honorific connections in Arabic culture, the actual evidence points more to Lewis drawing for his sourcing on accounts of the ancient Middle East, the realms of Babylon, and by some arguments Egypt, not post-Islamic empires. Others point out that Tash resembles a Hindu God, and if we keep in mind the gem of the empire was India we may be focusing more on the right things. What would probably do more good is to look at the actual Christ equivalency arguments made in the West in the 1950s and earlier by various philosphers, not look at the religion of peace debates of the 2000s or Bernie Sanders attempt to exclude a person from government office based on his having written arguments about how Islam and Christianity are distinct religions.John Pack Lambert (talk) 18:20, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

I know that the religion of love "Christianity", love of killing millions, Christian writers feel a lack or hatred towards Islam, because it is the only religion that has not changed much since its inception, unlike a Christian religion in Europe, millions were killed because of their religious differences with churche in the 17th century, but a problem You will not find a Muslim writer or literary writer who puts this cowardly allegory against any religion because he considers other religions that must be respected despite their "misguidance." Jesus said: Do not care about the branch that obscures the eyes of your brother, but rather the trunk that blinds you from seeking the truth Hjk899 (talk) 11:37, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Calormen


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Rosslare Strand

Rosslare Strand, or simply Rosslare ( or 'middle wood'), is a village and seaside resort in County Wexford, Ireland. The name Rosslare Strand is used to distinguish it from the nearby community of Rosslare Harbour, site of the Rosslare Europort.

Tourism
Rosslare has been a tourist resort for at least 100 years. It is noted as the "sunniest spot in Ireland", and records bear this out: Rosslare has consistently more sunshine hours that any other part of Ireland. The long sandy strand is a Blue Flag beach. The beach itself consists of sand and stone running the length of the southern peninsula which protrudes into Wexford Harbour. It is segmented by a series of timber breakwaters which are designed to retain sandy deposits along the beach.

There are a number of golf courses in the vicinity. Rosslare also has several hotels, cafes and restaurants.

At the time of the 1996 census, the village had a population of 929 people, increasing to 1,795 by the time of the 2022 census. According to the April 2016 census, of the 551 occupied private households in the village, 228 were built between 2001 and 2010. During the early 21st century, the village saw an amount of building, including of a number of holiday homes. There are a number of housing estates of holiday homes near the strand, and the population reportedly grows from "about 1,500 to 17,000" during the summer months.

A long sandspit stretching north from Rosslare separates Wexford Harbour from the Irish Sea. Until the early 1920s, this spit stretched for many miles north, almost touching the Raven Point and giving a very narrow mouth to Wexford Harbour. At the end of the spit was a small fort called Rosslare Fort. In the winter of 1924-25 a storm breached the spit and it was gradually washed away. The fort was abandoned and now all that is left is an island at low tide.

Climate
Rosslare is commonly known in Ireland as being in the "Sunny South-East", and in 1959 Rosslare recorded 1,996.4 hours of sunshine, the highest recorded in Ireland. However, it is not the warmest or driest place in Ireland.

Met Éireann operated a weather station at Rosslare until its closure in 2007. Sunshine duration for the county is now recorded at the Johnstown Castle weather station, which has been operational since 2009. However, due to its inland location, Johnstown Castle receives considerably less sunshine than Rosslare.

Rail transport
Rosslare is served by Rosslare Strand railway station, which opened on 24 June 1882. The Dublin to Rosslare Europort railway serves the village.

Bus transport
Two main local bus services operate; 'Wexford Bus' and 'Local Link'.

The village is also served by Bus Éireann routes 370 and 385. The 370 links it to Wellingtonbridge, New Ross and Waterford (this bus route replaces the train service to Waterford which ceased in September 2010).

title: Rosslare Strand


text:
Darren Bennett (dancer)

Darren Lee Bennett (born 14 February 1977) is an English professional dancer. With his wife Lilia Kopylova he has a successful career in professional Latin dancing, competing nationally and internationally. Darren's favourite dances are the Samba and the Foxtrot. They teach private lessons in their own studio at Sheffield, England.

Bennett was born in Sheffield. He first met Kopylova after his twin brother Dale, also a dancer, introduced them. In November 2005 Bennett and Kopylova won the British Championships for Professional Latin, coming first in all five dances. In November 2006 they successfully defended this title against a challenge from Olga Rodionova and Paul Richardson, who had been competing for the USA but had recently registered as a British couple. Bennett and Kopylova triumphed winning all five dances to retain the title.

In February 2008, Bennett and Kopylova were winners of the Carl Alan Award for Ballroom, Latin and Sequence (performers)- a prestigious title described by the IDTA as 'the Oscars of the world of dance'.

The couple starred in a West End dance show, Latin Fever, which they choreographed themselves, as well as choosing the music and costumes to reflect the mood of each Latin dance.

Bennett is a consultant creative producer for the Dancing with the Stars (Irish Edition) TV show working alongside his wife and choreographer Lilia Kopylova.

Strictly Come Dancing
He was one of the professional dancers on the BBC dancing television programme, Strictly Come Dancing. This is a summary of how well he has done in the show:
 * Series Two: Won with his partner, actress Jill Halfpenny.
 * Christmas Special: Won with his partner from series two, Jill Halfpenny.
 * Series Three: Knocked out in the third week with his partner, TV presenter Gloria Hunniford.
 * Series Four: Knocked out in the semi-final after competing with singer Emma Bunton. They also competed together in the 2006 Christmas Special, finished in third place overall (the remaining couples were not ranked).
 * Series Five: Knocked out in the quarter-final (fourth place) after competing with actress Letitia Dean. They also competed together in the 2007 Christmas Special, but were not placed in the final two overall (the remaining couples were not ranked).
 * Live Tour 2008: Competing at a series of venues during January and February 2008 with Series Five partner Letitia Dean, they won once (31 January 2008), and were runners up on two further occasions. The tour was based on a similar format to the main series, with each couple performing two routines which were marked by the judges, and the audience being invited to vote for their favourite.
 * Series Six: Knocked out in the fourth week, dancing with EastEnders' Jessie Wallace. Won the 2008 Christmas Special with Jill Halfpenny, meaning they became two of the select few couples to win the Christmas Special twice.
 * On the 2009 Strictly Come Dancing Tour Darren was re-united with his Series 2 partner and champion Jill Halfpenny.
 * Series Seven: Knocked out in the fourth week, dancing with Actress and Loose Women presenter Lynda Bellingham

Other work
Darren along with wife Lilia have been heavily involved in the "Essentially Dance" scheme, with the intention to give all children within the UK a chance to experience ballroom and Latin dance, the scheme is funded by the Aldridge Foundation and was officially launched on 22 June 2009.

Darren joined the judging panel of the Lebanese edition of Dancing With The Stars for its first series in December 2012 and second series in November 2013 and third series in March 2015 and fourth series in November 2016.

title: Darren Bennett (dancer)


text:
The Fall Guy

The Fall Guy is an American action-adventure television series produced for ABC and originally broadcast from November 4, 1981, to May 2, 1986. It stars Lee Majors, Douglas Barr, and Heather Thomas as Hollywood stunt performers who moonlight as bounty hunters.

Plot
Colt Seavers (Lee Majors) is a Hollywood stunt man who moonlights as a bounty hunter. He uses his physical skills and knowledge of stunt effects (especially stunts involving cars or his large GMC pickup truck) to capture fugitives and criminals. He is accompanied by his cousin and stuntman-in-training, Howie Munson (Douglas Barr), and occasionally by fellow stuntwoman Jody Banks (Heather Thomas).

Cast

 * Lee Majors as Colt Seavers
 * Douglas Barr as Howie "Kid" Munson
 * Heather Thomas as Jody Banks
 * Jo Ann Pflug as Samantha "Big Jack" Jack (1981–82)
 * Markie Post as Terri Shannon / Michaels (1982–1985)

Production
Seavers's truck was a Rounded-Line 1981 GMC K-2500 Wideside with the Sierra Grande equipment package. A Rounded-Line 1980 GMC K-25 Wideside with the High Sierra equipment package was also used. During the show's initial series, the stunts took their toll on the modified production trucks, supplied at low cost to the production by General Motors, so several different years, makes (Chevy/GMC), and models were used during the show's initial run.

From the second season, General Motors supplied three specially adapted trucks for the stunt sequences, with the engine moved to a mid-chassis position immediately under the cab seat.

Intros
The series introductions were composed mainly by scenes from this TV series, and from risky stunt scenes of various films predating 1981. The theme song, "Unknown Stuntman", was sung by Lee Majors and later released as a single.

Home media
On June 5, 2007, 20th Century Fox released the first season of The Fall Guy on DVD in Region 1. Season one was released on DVD in Region 2 in Germany and the UK. Season two has also been released in Region 2, in Germany on November 28, 2008, and in the UK on February 16, 2009. all with edits.

Reception
These are the Nielsen ratings.

Legacy
A board game adaptation based on the show was released by the Milton Bradley Company in 1981.

A comic strip adaptation was drawn by Jim Baikie for Look-In magazine.

A video game adaptation was produced by British video game developer Elite Systems in 1984.

In September 2020, Universal Pictures announced the film The Fall Guy, loosely based on the television series, starring Ryan Gosling and directed by David Leitch. It was released on May 3, 2024 to positive reviews but performed unsuccessfully at the box office. Lee Majors and Heather Thomas appear as police officers in the mid-credit scene.

title: The Fall Guy


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User:Tom Camfield

Hurrah! Someone who knows useful contemporary information about AP! Spottedowl 10:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Tom Camfield


text:
Pinchas Menachem Alter

Pinchas Menachem Alter (פינחס מנחם אלתר, June 9, 1926 – March 7, 1996), also known as the Pnei Menachem (פני מנחם), after the works he authored, was the seventh rebbe of the Hasidic dynasty of Ger, a position he held from 1992 until his death in 1996. From 1956 until he was appointed rebbe, he was a Rosh Yeshiva (dean of a yeshiva). He also served as a member and the president of the Torah Scholars Council and as the chairman of the Agudat Yisrael political party.

Early years
Alter was born in Falenica, near Warsaw, Poland. He was the only child of Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, the fourth rebbe of Ger, and his second wife, Feyge Mintshe Biderman. Alter had four half-brothers and two half-sisters from his father's first marriage—including the fifth rebbe of Ger, Yisrael Alter, and Simcha Bunim Alter, the sixth rebbe of Ger.

After World War II he married his cousin Tzipora Alter. In 1956, he was appointed rosh yeshiva of Sfas Emes, the flagship yeshiva of Ger in Jerusalem, Israel.

Succession as rebbe
Alter succeeded his half-brother, Simcha Bunim Alter, as rebbe in 1992. His position as rosh yeshiva of Sfas Emes Yeshiva was assumed by his son, Shaul Alter.

As rebbe he continued the policies of his half-brothers Simcha Bunim and Yisrael by supporting the Agudat Israel of Israel political party, promoting Haredi Judaism in the Israeli Knesset (parliament). He reached an accommodation with non-Hasidic Ashkenazi Haredi rabbis, in particular with Elazar Shach, leader of the rival Degel HaTorah party. Together, they created the United Torah Judaism (Yahadut HaTorah) party in order not to lose residual votes in the Israeli proportional representation system, and thereby potentially obtain an extra seat for the newly united party in Knesset elections.

Death and burial
Alter died in 1996 and was buried beside his father in the courtyard of the Sfas Emes Yeshiva. Unlike his father's grave, which was dug by hand under the cover of darkness during the British curfew in 1948, his grave was dug with machinery and is therefore lower than his father's. A red-brick ohel (tomb) was built over the two graves, which are visited frequently by students in the yeshiva.

He was succeeded as rebbe by his nephew, Yaakov Aryeh Alter, son of Simcha Bunim Alter.

In 2019 his son Shaul Alter formed his own followership of Ger Chasidim called Kehilas Pnei Menachem which is independent of the greater Ger sect.

title: Pinchas Menachem Alter


text:
List of sail frigates of the Ottoman Empire

This is a list of Ottoman Empire and allied sail and steam frigates of the period 1650-1867: The guns listed are sometimes approximate as it's difficult to get accurate data for early Ottoman warships.

Algiers Eyalet

 * ? 37 - Spanish Nuestra Señora de Trapana
 * El-Merikane 36 (1797, ex-Crescent) was built at Portsmouth, NH, as tribute for the Dey of Algiers and launched from the U.S. Navy Yard on 29 June 1797; stricken 1805
 * Mashouda 46 (1802) Stephen Decatur, Jr, of the U.S. Navy, captured her in 1815; the U.S. returned her. She was sunk at Algiers 1816
 * El-Portugaziye 36 (ex-Portuguese "N.a S.a do Bom Despacho, Cisne" (1779-1802; 36 guns), captured 1802 in the Mediterranean and sunk at Algiers during the Bombardment of Algiers (1816)
 * Grande frigate 50 (1805) - Sunk at Algiers 1816
 * El-Tunisiye 44 (1804, ex-Tunisian, obtained 1811) - Sunk at Algiers 1816
 * El-Jazairiye 38 (1812) - ?
 * ? 32 (ex-Moroccan El-Mansouriye, obtained 1817) - Storm 1822
 * Rehber Iskender 40 (1818) - Egyptian 1830, stricken before 1836
 * Meftah el-Jihad 46 (~1820?) - Egyptian 1830, stricken after 1838
 * Bel Houaz/El-Touloniye (1822) - French 1830, BU 1830/31

Tripolitania Eyalet

 * ? 32 (ex-French, captured 1668)
 * Looking Glass (34) - Burnt 1676
 * Sancta Chiara (24) - Burnt 1676
 * Philadelphia (36) – ex-USS Philadelphia (1799), captured 1803; a U.S. naval boarding party under Lieutenant Stephen Decatur, Jr. set fire to her in 1804, destroying her

17th century

 * ? 34 - Captured by Venice 1660
 * ? 25 - Captured by Venice 1660
 * ? 30 - Captured by Venice 1662
 * ? 24 - Captured by Venice 1662
 * ? 36 (ex-French, captured 1668)
 * ? 30 (ex-French, captured 1668)

18th century

 * (6 frigates) - Burnt at the Battle of Chesma 1770
 * ? - Burnt 1772
 * ? 30 - Burnt 1772
 * (7 frigates) 30 - Burnt 1772
 * ? 30 - Sunk 1772

Napoleonic era

 * ? 28 (ex-French Brune, captured 1799)
 * ? 40 (ex-French Justice, captured 1801)
 * ? 40 - Aground and sunk 1807
 * ? 36 - Aground and sunk 1807
 * ? 36 - Aground and sunk 1807
 * ? 32 - Aground and sunk 1807
 * Uri Bahar (British Royal Navy (RN) version of the name; 40 guns) - The RN took possession of her on 21 March 1807 during the Alexandria expedition of 1807. Uri Bahar had twenty-eight 18-pounder guns on her upper deck, and six 8-pounder guns and six 18-pounder carronades on her QD and Fc. There is no record that the RN evere commissioned her. It disposed of her i in 1809.
 * Uri Nasard (RN version of the name; 34 guns) - The RN took possession of her on 21 March 1807 during the Alexandria expedition of 1807. The Royal Navy commissioned Uri Nasard circa January 1808. Captain George Hony (or Honey) took command of Uri Nasard. She was armed with twenty-six 12-pounder guns on her upper deck, and eight 6-pounders (QD/Fc). The RN disposed of her in 1809. * * Meskeni-ghazi 50 (A)
 * Bedr-i Zafar 50 (A)
 * Fakih-i Zafar 50 (A)
 * Nessim 50 - Aground and burnt 1807
 * Iskenderiye 44 (A)
 * Badere Zafer/Bedr-i zafar 52 - HMS Seahorse (1794) captured her on 5/6 July 1808. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the clasp "Seahorse Wh. Badere Zaffere" to the Naval General Service Medal (1847) to surviving claimants from the action
 * ? - Captured by Russia 1810
 * Mahubey Subhan 40 - Captured by Russia 1811

Greek War of Independence

 * ? - Wrecked 1822
 * ? 54 - Burnt by fireship 1824
 * Asia 44 - Burnt by fireship 1825
 * ? 66 (possibly cut-down battleship) - Burnt by fireship 1825
 * ? 64 (N) - Blew up during the Battle of Navarino 1827
 * ? 56 (N) - Captured by the UK and blown up at the Battle of Navarino, 1827
 * ? (N)
 * ? (N)
 * ? 52 (N)
 * ? 64 (N) - Sunk during the Battle of Navarino 1827
 * ? (N)
 * ? (N)
 * ? (N)
 * "Conquerant" 56 (N) - Captured by Russia and blown up at the Battle of Navarino, 1827
 * ? (N)
 * "Grande Sultane" (N) - Captured by France at the Battle of Navarino 1827
 * ? (N)

Ottoman frigates, 1829

 * Hıfz-ı Rahmân 60
 * Feyz-i Mi'rac 48
 * Keyvan-ı Bahrî 48
 * Fevz-i Nusret 64
 * Bandino Seret
 * Mejra Zafer 48
 * (10 ships) 42
 * Nouhan Bahari 50
 * M ' sian Zafer 50
 * Chabal Bahari 50
 * Naoum Bahari 50
 * ? - Captured by the UK 1840 (returned?)
 * Diwân

Note that some of the later ships in this list may be repeats, due to bad transliteration.


text:
Dick Quax

Theodorus Jacobus Leonardus "Dick" Quax (1 January 1948 – 28 May 2018) was a Dutch-born New Zealand runner, one-time world record holder in the 5000 metres, and local-body politician.

Quax stood for Parliament for the ACT Party in 1999 and 2002. He was a Manukau City councillor from 2001 to 2007, when he stood unsuccessfully for mayor, and was a councillor on the Auckland Council from 2011 until his death in 2018.

Athletic career
Quax won four New Zealand national athletics titles: the 5000 m in 1972, 1973, and 1974; and the one mile in 1969.

At the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, Quax won the silver medal in the 1500 metres. In the 5000 m, at the 1972 Summer Olympics he was eliminated in the heats, but he won silver in 1976. He did not compete in 1980 in Moscow due to the West's boycott.

In 1977 at Stockholm Quax set a world record of 13:12.9 in the 5000 m. This record stood for less than a year, but as a national record it stood for over 31 years, until beaten by Adrian Blincoe in July 2008.

Early in 1980 at Stanford Stadium Quax missed Jos Hermens' 15 km world record by five seconds, running a New Zealand national record of 43:01.7. In his later career Quax switched his focus to the marathon, running 2:11.13 in his debut for 4th place at the Nike OTC Marathon in 1979, at that time the fastest debut marathon in history. In 1980 he returned and won the race in a New Zealand record time of 2:10.47. After retiring from competition, Quax established a career in sports management. He also coached his son, Theo, the New Zealand U18 and U20 Champion for 1500 m.

Political career
Quax was a member of the ACT Party and stood in the in the  electorate but was unsuccessful. He was ranked 11th on the ACT party list, which was too low to be elected from the list, as only the first 9 candidates got returned. He stood again in the 2002 general election.

In October 2001 Quax was elected to the Manukau City Council for the Pakuranga ward and was re-elected in 2004 to represent the new Botany-Clevedon ward after a failed bid for the Manukau City mayoralty. On 13 October 2007 Quax lost his bid to become mayor of Manukau City to Len Brown by 14,000 votes.

During this election, Quax complained to the electoral office over an "offensive flyer" depicting him and members of his People's Choice party as the Thunderbirds. His complaint was not upheld as there was no evidence to suggest who had posted the flyers.

Quax stood for Citizens & Ratepayers in the 2010 Auckland Council elections, losing to Jami-Lee Ross by 253 votes. In 2011 Quax was elected to the council after a by-election was held in Howick due to Ross resigning after becoming a Member of Parliament. He was re-elected unopposed in 2013.

During the 2013 Len Brown mayoral scandal, Quax took the opportunity for political payback against Brown, leading the call for him to resign for not declaring hotel upgrades as gifts. It emerged that Quax had also not filed returns on the gifts he had received during the previous term.

Quax was re-elected in the 2016 Auckland elections.

In his tenure as councilor, he opposed high density housing and public transportation, and supported selling Auckland's council-owned water and wastewater supplier Watercare Services. While originally opposing the council's proposed Unitary Plan, Quax later supported the plan in full. Quax was described by The New Zealand Herald as "right wing".

Personal life
Quax and his family arrived in New Zealand from the Netherlands on 10 October 1954. According to an interview in the New Zealand Listener the family had travelled on the same ship as future Race Relations Commissioner Joris de Bres. Quax became a naturalised New Zealander in 1969.

Quax married three times, his third marriage being to Roxanne in August 1991. He had three children, with Theo being on the NAU Lumberjacks cross country team.

"Quaxing"
Quax tweeted in January 2015 about his disbelief that anyone in the Western world would go shopping by means of "walking, cycling, or public transit." Twitter users responded by creating the hashtag "#quaxing". The Public Address website voted "quaxing" as its word of the year 2015, followed by "Red Peak" and "twitterati".

"Quax, [verb; past: quaxed, present: quaxing] — to shop, in the western world, by means of walking, cycling or public transit. #quaxing"

Illness and death
It was revealed on 27 November 2013 that Quax had been undergoing treatment for throat cancer, which had been diagnosed two months earlier.

Quax died of cancer in Auckland on 28 May 2018, aged 70.

title: Dick Quax


text:
Harmonized System

The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, also known as the Harmonized System (HS) of tariff nomenclature is an internationally standardized system of names and numbers to classify traded products. It came into effect in 1988 and has since been developed and maintained by the World Customs Organization (WCO) (formerly the Customs Co-operation Council), an independent intergovernmental organization based in Brussels, Belgium.

It is used by over 200 WCO member countries and economies as a basis for their Customs tariffs and for the collection of international trade statistics as well as many other purposes.

Structure
The HS is organized logically by economic activity or component material. For example, animals and animal products are found in one section of the HS, while machinery and mechanical appliances are found in another. The HS is organized into 21 Sections, which are subdivided into 96 Chapters (Chapters 1 to 97 with Chapter 77 reserved for potential future use by the HS). The 96 HS Chapters are further subdivided into 1,228 headings and 5,612 subheadings in the current 2022 edition of the HS.

Section and Chapter titles describe broad categories of goods, while headings and subheadings describe products in more detail. Generally, HS Sections and Chapters are arranged in order of a product's degree of manufacture or in terms of its technological complexity. Natural commodities, such as live animals and vegetables, for example, are described in the early Sections of the HS, whereas more evolved goods such as machinery and precision instruments are described in later Sections. Chapters within the individual Sections are also usually organized in order of complexity or degree of manufacture. For example, within Section X (Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; Recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard; Paper and paperboard and articles thereof), Chapter 47 provides for pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic materials, whereas Chapter 49 covers printed books, newspapers, and other printed matter. Finally, the headings within individual Chapters follow a similar order. For example, the first heading in Chapter 50 (Silk) provides for silk worm cocoons while articles made of silk are covered by the Chapter's later headings.

The HS code consists of 6-digits. The first two digits designate the Chapter wherein headings and subheadings appear. The second two digits designate the position of the heading in the Chapter. The last two digits designate the position of the subheading in the heading. HS code 1006.30, for example, indicates Chapter 10 (Cereals), heading 10.06 (Rice), and subheading 1006.30 (Semi-milled or wholly milled rice, whether or not polished or glazed).

In addition to the HS codes and commodity descriptions, each Section and Chapter of the HS is prefaced by Legal Notes, which are designed to clarify the proper classification of goods.

To ensure harmonization, the Contracting Parties to the Convention on the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, have agreed to base their national tariff schedules on the HS Nomenclature and Legal Notes. Parties are permitted to subdivide the HS Nomenclature beyond 6-digits and add their own Legal Notes according to their own tariff and statistical requirements. Parties often set their customs duties at the 8-digit "tariff code" level. Statistical suffixes are often added to the 8-digit tariff code for a total of 10 digits. If the number of digits are more than 6, additional digits are called as the national subdivision.

Chapter 77 is reserved for future use by the HS. Chapters 98 and 99 are reserved for domestic use for the Contracting Parties to the HS Convention.

Since its creation, the HS has undergone several revisions to reflect changes in trade. These revisions eliminate some headings and subheadings describing commodities with low volume of trade and create new headings and subheadings that address new needs, for example, to reflect technological advancements or monitor goods posing an environmental concerns. The current edition of the HS became effective on 1 January 2022.

Classification
The process of assigning HS codes is known as "HS Classification". All products can be classified in the HS by using the General Rules for the Interpretation of the Harmonized System ("GRI") that must be applied in strict order. HS codes can be determined by a variety of factors including a product's composition, its form and its function. An example of a product classified according to its form would be whole potatoes. The classification will also change depending on whether the potatoes are fresh or frozen. Fresh potatoes are classified, under heading 07.01 (Potatoes, fresh or chilled), more specifically under subheading 0701.90 (Other), while frozen potatoes are classified, under heading 07.10 (Vegetables (uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water), frozen), more specifically under subheading 0710.10 (Potatoes).

An example of a product classified according its material composition is a picture frame. Picture frames made of tropical wood are classified under heading 44.14 (Wooden frames for paintings, photographs, mirrors or similar objects), more specifically under subheading 4414.10 (Of tropical wood). Picture frames made of plastic are classified under heading 39.24 (Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and hygienic or toilet articles, of plastics), more specifically under subheading 3924.90 (Other). Picture frames made of glass are classified under heading 7020.00 (Other articles of glass), the '.00’ at the end indicates the heading is not further subdivided.

An example of a product classified according to its form is personal hygiene soap. When in the form of a bar, cake or moulded shape, such soap is classified under heading 34.01 (Soap, among others), then under 1-dash subheading 3401.1 (Soap and organic surface-active products and preparations, in the form of bars, cakes, moulded pieces or shapes, and paper, wadding, felt and nonwovens, impregnated, coated or covered with soap or detergent), and under 2-dash subheading 3401.11 (For toilet use (including medicated products)). Conversely, liquid personal hygiene soap, depending on what is in the liquid, is classified under either subheading 3401.20 (Soap in other forms), or subheading 3401.30 (Organic surface-active products and preparations for washing the skin, in the form of liquid or cream and put up for retail sale, whether or not containing soap).

An example of a product classified according to its function is a carbon monoxide (CO) detector. If the CO detector captures and displays gas measurements, then it is properly classified under subheading 9027.10 (Gas or smoke analysis apparatus), under heading 90.27 (Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis (for example, polarimeters, refractometers, spectrometers, gas or smoke analysis apparatus; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking viscosity, porosity, expansion, surface tension or the like; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking quantities of heat, sound or light (including exposure meters); microtomes. If the CO detector does not capture and display gas measurements, then it is properly classified under subheading 8531.10 (Burglar or fire alarms and similar apparatus), under heading 85.31 (Electric sound or visual signaling apparatus (for example, bells, sirens, indicator panels, burglar or fire alarms), other than those of heading 85.12 or 85.30).

Although every product and every part of every product is classifiable in the HS, very few are explicitly described in the HS Nomenclature. Any product for which there is no explicit description can be classified under a "residual" or "basket" heading or subheading, which provide for Other goods. Residual codes normally occur last in numerical order under their related headings and subheadings.

An example of a product classified under a residual heading is a live dog, which must be classified under heading 01.06, which provides for Other live animals because dogs are not covered by headings 01.01 through 01.05, which explicitly provide for live equine, live bovine, live swine, live sheep and goats, and live poultry, respectively.

Applications
As of 2022, there were more than 200 countries or economies applying the Harmonized System worldwide,

HS codes are used by Customs authorities, statistical agencies, and other government regulatory bodies, to monitor and control the import and export of commodities through:
 * Customs tariffs
 * Collection of trade data (international trade statistics)
 * Rules of origin
 * Collection of internal taxes
 * Trade negotiations (e.g., the  schedules of tariff concessions of the World Trade Organization)
 * Transport tariffs and statistics
 * Monitoring of controlled goods (e.g., wastes, narcotics, chemical weapons, ozone layer depleting substances, endangered species, wildlife trade )
 * Other areas of Customs controls and procedures, including risk assessment, information technology and compliance.

Companies use HS codes to calculate the total landed cost of imported products and parts, and to identify selling and sourcing opportunities abroad.

Challenges in classification for companies
HS classification is not always straightforward. Many automotive parts, for example, are not classified under heading 87.08, which provides for Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05. For example, automotive seats are classified as articles of furniture under heading 94.01, which provides for Seats (other than those of heading 94.02), whether or not convertible into beds, and parts thereof, and more specifically under subheading 9401.20, which provides for Seats of a kind used for motor vehicles.

In many jurisdictions, traders alone bear the legal responsibility to accurately classify their goods. However, due to a lack of familiarity with the rules of HS classification traders may inadvertently determine erroneous HS codes for their commodities. Depending on the severity of the infraction, incorrect classification can result in the imposition of non-compliance penalties, border delays or seizures, or denial of import privileges.

There are multiple resources available to traders to assist in properly classifying their goods including the following.

Global

 * The Official Explanatory Notes to the Harmonized System, published by the World Customs Organization (WCO) (Paid publication)
 * The WCO Trade Tools (WCO online database for the HS, Valuation and Origin, containing both free and paid content, with the legal text of the Harmonized System freely available)

National or Regional

 * The US Census "Classify your Commodity" engine
 * Classify your Commodity video tutorial by US Census
 * Explanatory notes to the Combined Nomenclature of the European Union by the European Commission
 * Customs Rulings Online Search System (CROSS), by U.S. Customs and Border Protection
 * Binding Tariff Information (BTI), by the European Commission
 * Informed compliance publications, by U.S. Customs and Border Protection
 * Classification Guides, by HM Revenue & Customs
 * Harmonized Tariff Schedule as the principal US page with updated info about Tariffs.
 * Integral System of Trade Information (SIICEX) by the Confederation of Associations of Custom Brokers of the Mexican Republic (CAAAREM). It provides updated information about tariffs and explanatory notes in order to import and export goods from/to Mexico. It compiles information of many national and international legal regulations.

Traders may sometimes resort to using HS code determination guides and other references to classify their traded commodities. These could include local databases published by authorities in other countries. However, such databases are not valid globally.

Many Customs authorities around the world allow traders to apply for an advanced HS classification ruling. Such rulings are legally binding in the countries they are issued in and give certainty to the trader. Provided the information supplied in the request was truthful and valid, they may also provide legal protection to the trader following the ruling if there are future questions on the classification of the goods.

Tariffs by region

 * Customs Tariff of Canada (Canada Border Services Agency)
 * Customs Tariff of India
 * Integrated Tariff of the European Union - TARIC
 * Central Excise Tariff of India by Department of Customs, Ministry of Revenue
 * East Africa Community Common External Tariff
 * Japan Tariff Association – webpage refers to Japan Harmonised System Code Search
 * Mexico import-export codes (Harmonized Tariff Schedule) by SIICEX and CAAAREM
 * UK Tariffs
 * Official Tariff Book of South Africa (South African Revenue Service)
 * United States of America
 * U.S. import codes (Harmonized Tariff Schedule) by U.S. International Trade Commission
 * U.S. export codes by U.S. Census Bureau

 * Australian Customs & Border Protection Service - Tariff

title: Harmonized System


text:
Talk:Melbourne Central railway station

Untitled
For now, don't add a station facilities link for this station, as the page at the Connex Melbourne website lists the wrong station's details (Ivanhoe). I've emailed them to ask that it be fixed - check here to see if it's been done yet. T.PK 10:19, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) - They actually did fix it! T.PK 07:34, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * They've fixed errors that I've reported in the past as well. They took about a week to fix the page that stated Altona was on the Hurstbridge line for me. Somebody in the WWW 23:34, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * seems to be the right link, but the link you mentioned says Ivanhoe! Somebody in the WWW 23:35, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Old photos of Museum Station
In the R.M. Williams shop in Melbourne Central, there's a tiny museum. You can look right up inside the shot tower. There's a photo of Museum Station before Melb Central was built. I have vague memories of this. I can't find any exterior images online. Anyone know where I can find some? There are some interesting photos here. Cnwb 03:30, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Hey. Good news, I have found an aerial shot of Musuem Station before Melbourne Central was built. I think it looks real retro and way out there but is sorta cool as well. I have added it to this article. Enjoy! Lakeyboy 11:48, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Where did you find it? Its copyright status is a bit dubious to me.  "No copyright mentioned." is not good enough.  In most countries (including Australia) copyright is automatically granted.  The work remains the property of the author(s) until the copyright expires.  The copyright owner decides whether or not to give you permission to use it.  Consequently you can't just go collecting random images from web sites and uploading them to Wikipedia.  Not without permission from the photographer.

 * On a more practical note, I'm not sure the image in question is of any real benefit. It may be old but because it's so small I can't really make out any of the features.  A photograph of the entrance(s) to Museum station would be interesting. --ozzmosis 13:08, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

The Lat/Long for Melbourne Central Station are incorrect, (the ones currently listed are for Parliament Station.) I believe the Lat/Long is -37.810051,144.962947.

—118.209.215.230 (talk) 22:28, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

 * — TransporterMan  ( TALK ) | DR goes to Wikimania! 23:42, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Melbourne Central railway station


text:
Yeoju Institute of Technology

Yeoju Institute of Technology (or YIT) is a private higher educational institution in Yeoju County, southeastern Gyeonggi province, South Korea. As of 2012 the status of the institution has changed to a university. Several four-year programs have been established such as the school's nursing program. Yeoju University has begun to develop an international studies program. A big number of students from China, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, and Burma have enrolled. These students mainly attend the college for Korean language training. Yeoju University is famous for its educational programs in Architecture, Civil engineering, Renewable energy development, Management and marketing.

There are many "foreign instructors and professors" employed at institute. A small extension campus is located in neighboring Icheon City, at a Hyundai/ KCC plant. The school has a strong focus on automotive technology, but offers training in a variety of other fields, including ceramic design, a field which is of considerable economic importance in Yeoju and Icheon.

History
The school was established by the Dongshin Educational Foundation. Governmental permission was received in 1992. The school admitted its first entering class in March 1993. It was known at that time as Yeoju Industrial Technical College, taking its present name two years later in 1995. The first international sisterhood relationship was established in the intervening year (1994), with Salt Lake Community College in the United States.

Sister colleges
In addition to Salt Lake Community College, YIT maintains relationships with schools in several countries. These include Houghton College and Utah Valley University in the United States, British Columbia Institute of Technology in Canada, the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom, the University of Newcastle in Australia, Osaka Industrial University in Japan, and Kyung Hee University in Korea.

In addition, Yeoju Technical Institute in Tashkent (Toshkent shahridagi Yodju texnika instituti) in Uzbekistan was established in the cooperation with the Korean Yeoju Institute of Technology. A joint venture in the form of a Limited Liability Company “Yeoju Technical Institute in Tashkent” started its operation from September 2018 on the basis of a license OT 0002 issued by the State Inspectorate for Supervision of Quality in Education under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

title: Yeoju Institute of Technology


text:
Madhava Panikkar

Madhava Panikkar may refer to:
 * K.M. Panikkar (1895-1963), Indian journalist, historian and diplomat
 * Madhava Panikkar, a member of the Niranam poets of the 14th and 15th centuries

title: Madhava Panikkar


text:
File:Vaoverland.jpg

user vaoverland

title: File:Vaoverland.jpg


text:
KPC

KPC may refer to:
 * kiloparsec (kpc), a unit of measurement used in astronomy
 * Kaltim Prima Coal, a thermal coal mine in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
 * Kampala Pentecostal Church, an English speaking church in downtown Kampala, Uganda
 * King's Privy Council for Canada, an advisory body to the monarch of Canada
 * Kenai Peninsula College, a college with three campuses on the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska
 * Key purchasing criteria, a business term defining factors that contribute to a consumer's buying decision
 * KPC Media Group, a media company based in Kendallville, Indiana
 * Kenya Pipeline Company, a state corporation of Kenya
 * Kiribati Protestant Church, the former name of the Kiribati Uniting Church, the second-largest religious group in Kiribati
 * Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase, the gene for an enzyme produced by some highly antibiotic-resistant bacteria
 * Kosovo Protection Corps
 * Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, an umbrella company which takes control of all petroleum and oil-related aspects of Kuwait
 * Kunzang Palyul Choling, a Tibetan Buddhist organization headed by Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo

title: KPC


text:
Golden number (time)

A golden number (sometimes capitalized) is a number assigned to each year in sequence which is used to indicate the dates of all the calendric new moons for each year in a 19-year Metonic cycle. They are used in computus (the calculation of the date of Easter) and also in Runic calendars. The golden number of any Julian or Gregorian calendar year can be calculated by dividing the year by 19, taking the remainder, and adding 1. (In mathematics this can be expressed as (year number modulo 19) + 1.)

For example, 2024 divided by 19 gives, remainder. Adding 1 to the remainder gives a golden number of.

The golden number, as it was later called, first appears in a calendar composed by Abbo of Fleury around the year 1000. Around 1162 a certain Master William referred to this number as the golden number "because it is more precious than the other numbers." The name refers to the practice of printing golden numbers in gold. The term became widely known and used, in part through the computistic poem Massa Compoti written by Alexander de Villa Dei around 1200.

title: Golden number (time)


text:
Lady's Island Lake

Lady's Island Lake is a brackish lake in the south of County Wexford, Ireland.

The lake is technically a back-barrier seepage lagoon, one of only two in Ireland. The other is nearby Tacumshin Lake. The lake has no natural outlet, but is separated from the Atlantic Ocean at the southern end by a sand and gravel bar 200 m wide. Salt water seeps through the barrier, while fresh water flows into the lake from run-off from the land around the lake. This means that the lake is neither fresh nor salt water but somewhere in between.

The bar is breached or "cut" mechanically for drainage in an annual event locally known as the "Cutting of the Lake". This is done by the Lady's Island Lake Drainage Committee in association with the National Parks and Wildlife Service, but historical records mention the cut in the seventeenth century. The sandbar is also breached by occasional storms when salt water flows in from the sea, increasing the salt levels considerably. Wildlife in the lake must therefore be able to cope with variable levels of salinity.

The lake is an important breeding ground for terns. It is estimated that the lake is home to over 1,200 breeding pairs of Sandwich terns and, more importantly, to 150 breeding pairs of the rare roseate tern; this is the second largest colony in Europe.

At the north end of the lake is the village of Lady's Island or Our Lady's Island. The 'island' itself has been joined to the mainland by a causeway, so it is actually a peninsula sticking out into the lake from the village. On the peninsula are a castle, a leaning tower, church ruins and a graveyard. The leaning tower is a small stone tower which was built on unstable ground and now leans at an angle. The space in front of the castle is a pilgrimage site associated with the Blessed Virgin Mary: the pilgrimage takes place in August each year, when believers come from all over Ireland to gather and pray.

Public transport access
Bus Éireann route 378 provides a link between Wexford railway station and Our Lady's Island on Fridays.

title: Lady's Island Lake


text: User talk:212.181.115.254

title: User talk:212.181.115.254


text:
Talk:Rat Park

Use versus abuse
I'm not sure I agree with the change of abuse to use. Alexander wasn't arguing that heroin use is the result of unhappiness. He argued that it was the abuse of it — the repeated use to the point of self-destruction — that was a product of social conditions, and not a physical phenomenon, or at least not entirely (and not even mostly). He writes somewhere about morphine that it's a safe drug to use, so long as it is not abused, and the crossing from one to the other is not connected to any supposed addictive quality of the drug itself. SlimVirgin (talk) 02:53, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

"Abuse" introduces a POV that he himself steered clear of. Look at claim A. He describes what he is investigating as "continued use". There is no suggestion of "abuse". The model that he questions says that any use is "abuse" because the use of drugs for recreation is improper. The distinction in the word "abuse" is not between "sensible usage" and "destructive usage" but between "proper usage" and "improper usage". People who write screeds about "drug abuse" are not, after all, suggesting that using heroin is okay in moderation. Grace Note 03:52, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, point taken. Continued use makes it clear. SlimVirgin (talk) 03:58, Apr 21, 2005 (UTC)

Exactly - abuse is a value judgement - if we say abuse, it should be in the context of someone's opinion. Guttlekraw 18:47, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Introduction
I think that the introduction as it is now - returned from before I fiddled with it - has way too much detail. The purpose of an intro is to touch quickly on the main points of the article so the casual reader knows what is there, and can decide whether to learn more. Now it has long quotes giving fairly detailed arguments - that will halt casual readers completely, meaning they will miss a portion of what's below. I had attempted to summarize quickly the main points, moving that detail down so it's no longer a show-stopper for the person browsing wikipedia. - DavidWBrooks 21:01, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The thing about your intro is that it didn't say what was special about Rat Park. Someone reading the intro should be given an overview of the article such that, if they want to, they can read the intro and nothing else, and still get the gist of the page. Sort of an upside-down pyramid. SlimVirgin (talk) 21:08, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. But this: Alexander told the Canadian Senate in 2001, but are isolated in cramped metal cages, then "subjected to surgical implantations in the hands of an eager (but seldom skilful) graduate student, followed by being tethered in a self-injection apparatus." Such experiments show only that "severely distressed animals, like severely distressed people, will relieve their distress pharmacologically if they can," he said. is WAY too much detail for an introduction. - DavidWBrooks 00:18, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Among several other criticisms, there was a factual error relating to the size of Rat Park. The journal article cited refers to an enclosure of 8.8 square meters which is substantially less than 200 square feet. The error was corrected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.219.239.30 (talk) 02:46, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Reception
There are a couple of problems with this article.

It is factually incorrect to say that the experiment met only lukewarm reception. The main paper has been cited more than three dozen times; an earlier paper from the same series ("The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats", Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1978, 58, 175-9, ) has been cited nearly 100 times. All sorts of drugs have been tried with this experimental setup, e.g. nicotine, ampetamine and alcohol. Especially problematic is that in a later study the results of "Rat Park" could not be reproduced. The researcher concludes that genetic factors may play a role and all earlier studies must be approached with great caution.

It's also not true that most animal studies support the disease model of addiction. Nowadays the "three-hit" model is favored by researchers - which takes into account genetic factors, early-life events and late environmental factors.

The article would benefit from discussing a recent reviev on the psychology of addiction. Dr Zak 15:20, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This article is not about the psychology of addiction as such. Alexander designed his study to counter the disease model, not the "three-hit" model. The section on the "disease model" is, I think, only as overwritten as it is to satisfy the mouse-torturers who felt that an article that didn't put their case strongly would not be neutral, even if the case itself is not entirely apropos.

 * By all means though you should rewrite the bit about a lukewarm reception to mention that it has been cited many times and sparked off other studies. I'd be careful with the Petrie study though, because what it didn't replicate is not entirely central to Alexander's hypothesis (which is not that terrible conditions will necessarily make rats addicts but that continued use in itself will not; his rats "came off" the smack, whereas Petrie's, it seems, didn't become addicts to the same degree in the first place). Grace Note 04:39, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Petrie is an ex-Ph.D. student of Alexander; he defended his thesis in Simon Fraser on how Alexander's experiments could not be replicated in Alexander's lab under Alexander's supervision. Given the fact that it's extremely hard to defend such a hostile thesis without a good reason, and that Alexander's project funding was pulled in the same year the thesis went through, and that no data (other than the thesis) from 1982-1985 was published by Alexander, I suspect that Petrie had good reasons to refute the studies. --198.96.180.245 (talk) 16:39, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

 * First we have to find out where we want the article to go. The data from this experiment doesn't prove that "drug addiction is a myth", Alexander in his first paper in the series went no further to state that morphine consumption interferes with the animals' social functioning and consequently they will wean themselves off of it. What this study did do is spread the notion that the social environment is an important determining factor, and that that is true in laboratory rats as well. The reception history is important here.

 * Instead we have paragraphs about what Alexander thinks about the experiment. The sourcing is terrible, too; we have one report to Parliament whose title is hardly neutral, and from what I can see the article is based around Lauren Slaters "Opening Skinner's Box", which has been described as creative non-fiction and whose accuracy has been disputed.

 * I'm not sure, though, that I want to do work on this, there are better things to do with one's time than arguing with non-experts, possessive authors and those who use the encyclopedia to promote their pet ideologies. The recent antics of management leave a bad taste, too. Dr Zak 14:19, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Dr Zak, on every article I've encountered you, it's the same: tags, arguments, policy disagreements, problems with the writing. Please. That section, and perhaps others, are about to be rewritten anyway, so please just leave the tags off for the time being. SlimVirgin (talk) 20:55, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Can we argue about the article instead? That is the common theme in everycontext I have encountered you: playing the person instead of the content. Dr Zak 21:06, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry no. I've never been able to make you understand our content policies, and I have no desire to try again. I'd rather leave your tag on. SlimVirgin (talk) 21:29, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry? You are arguing about matters of style, which trump matters of fact, or so it seems if I read you right. The serious neutrality problems that were pointed out to you 18 months ago in the Featured Article review still haven't been fixed, and you are waving the content policies?! Dr Zak 22:24, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Replaceable image
Please note: availability of free images would show the image is replaceable. The lack of free images does not show that the image is not replaceable. The subject is alive and it is assumed (under policy) that an equivalent image can be made by simply taking a picture of the individual. Whether or not the subject would agree to this is moot. - Mdsummermsw (talk) 14:15, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The image [File:Ratselfinject.gif] is a sanitized PhotoShop recreation of a controversial vivisection procedure. It does not accurately portray what the article discusses- conditions under which social animals rat will maintain or avoid narcotic dependence. It does not even portray what the image box claims- a surgically modified animal.
 * Is there a fair reason why any government whitewash image should remain in this article?  Hilar leo  Hey, L.E.O. 10:50, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

criticism - allegedly rats hate taste of opiates
here is an interesting critical quote about the experiment, from https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=9017037. I have no way to evaluate it, but FWIW: 76.119.30.87 (talk) 22:30, 8 February 2015 (UTC) Getting a rat in a rat colony addicted to opiates isn't easy at all, opiates taste so disgustingly bitter that rats just won't touch them. I think they had to go up to 20 % sugar and even then the animals preferred to be thirsty. Some went so far as not to touch the sugar/opiate solution at all and found it better to die of thirst. Contrary to popular opinion/Wikipedia, Rat Park wasn't paradise.

The other thing is that opiates don't help rats being rats. Anyone who has ever interacted with rat knows they are curious and social animals, they like to explore, fight and have sex. Nothing you can do while high on opiates. From this angle you'd almost predict that a rat might not like to be addicted to opiates. The experiment actually confirms the hypothesis.

Now alcohol on the contrary - it doesn't taste quite as awful, you can have much fun being drunk, have barfights and drunk sex, as Friday night in a British city center confirms, and it works just as well with rats as with humans. The follow-up experiments have been made. No rat ever voluntarily gave up booze.

Coambs, one of the co-authors, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.621.745&rep=rep1&type=pdf did a M.Sc. thesis on this topic], so they at least tried. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.96.180.245 (talk) 20:43, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Related research
I removed the related research section on the grounds of OR, because none of the sources mention Rat Park or cite Alexander's work. This article still has the same POV issues that were previously raised (see archived discussions for more). Permstrump (talk) 00:39, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
 * For followers, here's another list of articles that "lean toward" rat park but don't mention it explicitly: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7743089 Rogerdpack (talk) 01:08, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

Deleted content unsupported by sources used
I deleted content b/c the referenced sources said the exact opposite of what was stated in this article. The truth is that when Herbert Kleber, former U.S. deputy drug czar, was interviewed by Bruce Alexander's daughter-in-law for her book, she asked him "What makes the [Rat Park] experiment great?" He replied, "The experiment's not great." She also wrote that Alexander himself said to her, "Rat park's not famous. Why would you include it? It has a small cult following, but that's it." Those are direct quotes from his DIL's book (pg 173).

I also deleted the assertion that there have been studies by other researchers that replicated Alexander's finding. The citation used to support that argument, Bozarth, Murray and Wise in 1989, stated that they were UNABLE to replicate the findings, and in fact, rats in the more socialized housing self-administered more cocaine than rats in isolation.

I also removed references to Alexander's newest book as they were clearly promotional and unrelated to this article. Permstrump (talk) 02:56, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

Reconciling Alexander's Senate paper with published results
I notice that Alexander's Senate paper seems to lift data from his 1980 paper, with some points cherry picked and some notation changed. I.e. he changes group names from IC, CI and so on to CP, PC and so on; what's more, he seemingly picks his best point to arrive at "19 times as much morphine" number. However, Figure 1 from the article show that "19 times" was an intermediate result; what's more, not only 5 days later the gap shrunk to "5 times" at best for PP (or CC) group, but the morphine consumption by "Paradise" rats was steadily increasing, while their isolated comrades reached the plateau. Should the Wiki article describe the experiment setup based on peer-reviewed paper and not on its retelling by one of the authors? - 3:40, October 11, 2018 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.96.180.245 (talk) 20:40, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Yes it should. Zezen (talk) 17:12, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

Relevance of funding line
There's already a talk topic challenging the "lukewarm" reception of this research, but I'd like to discuss the lines suggesting that cutting of funding was relevant to the credibility of the research. There's a lot of profit to be made based on the current model of addiction so I would assert that the motivations behind defunding are unknown. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.16.110.225 (talk) 22:19, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

I agree; funding priorities change, often with govt priorities (a lot of research at institutions like SFU are funded by TriCouncil funds [NSERC, SSHRC, CIHR]), and are not reflective of the quality of research. I also wonder about including the line "The two major science journals, Science and Nature, rejected Alexander". The overwhelming majority of articles submitted to those journals do not get accepted, and not necessarily because they are poorly done. While I'm unsure about the research regarding profits off of addictions model, I agree that those lines may be worth altering. GVK 07:56, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rat Park