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Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) is a public university in Edwardsville, Illinois. Located within the Metro East of Greater St. Louis, SIUE was established in 1957 as an extension of Southern Illinois University Carbondale. It is the younger of the two major institutions of Southern Illinois University system. SIUE has eight constituent undergraduate and graduate colleges, including those in arts and sciences, business, dentistry, education, engineering, graduate study, nursing, and pharmacy, in addition to the East St. Louis Center.

Most of SIUE's students are from Illinois, with out-of-state and international students accounting for 19% of enrollment. SIUE does offer in-state tuition for undergraduate students from all 50 states. The university offers numerous extracurricular activities to its students, including athletics, honor societies, student clubs and organizations, as well as fraternities and sororities. The university has more than 115,000 alumni.

Fielding athletic teams known as the SIU Edwardsville Cougars, the university participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division I level as a member of Ohio Valley Conference (OVC).

History
During the post–World War II economic expansion, a lack of public higher education was noticeable in the growing Metro-East area. Organizations from across the area took it upon themselves to relieve this lack. Southern Illinois University (SIU), over 100 mi to the region's south, opened a residence center in Belleville in 1949. In 1955, the Edwardsville Chamber of Commerce founded the Southwestern Illinois Council for Higher Education (SWICHE), tasked with creating a more permanent solution to the problem. SWICHE and SIU's board of trustees met and stated their agreement in goals in 1956, and, that same year, an Executive Committee from the Board of Education in Alton invited Alonzo Myers, Chairman of the Department of Higher Education for Higher Education at New York University, to perform a study of the need for higher education in the Metro-East.

Myers's 1957 report, The Extent and the Nature of Needs for Higher Education in Madison and St. Clair Counties, outlined the precise need: the 1950 census showed that students in the region in question were only half as likely as those in other regions of the country to finish a four-year college degree program (owing specifically to the lack of a nearby university and the financial difficulties of going to school away from home at other state universities). Businesses in the area were in need of college-trained employees, but were forced to hire outside of the area, especially in the fields of business administration, nursing, education, and industrial technology. Myers concluded that, rather than more residence centers, private schools, or junior colleges, a branch of a four-year public university would best serve the needs of the area. He recommended SIU, the closest large public university, as the best candidate.

Acting on the report, in 1957, SIU purchased both a former building of East St. Louis High School and the campus of Shurtleff College in Alton as temporary facilities. Even with all of the research and planning that had gone before, the true need had been underestimated. When the new campuses opened, officials planned on having about 800 students; 1776 enrolled, and enrollment doubled within two years.

The dual campus solution was temporary mostly because both facilities were in urban areas with little room for expansion even at the time of purchase. Land for the permanent campus was purchased in 1960—2660 acres of farmland. Money for the purchase came from A) contributions from individuals, businesses, industries, labor unions, civic organizations, and PTAs; B) loans from 14 Metro-East banks; and C) state funding. The location, west of Edwardsville, was chosen due to its accessibility via highways, its usability as an educational campus, and its proximity to the major urban areas of the Metro-East.

In 1960, a bond issue was voted upon by the residents of Illinois; the measure passed by more than 100,000 votes, providing funds for the construction of the campuses of SIUE and the school now known as the University of Illinois Chicago. A conference entitled Environmental Planning-Edwardsville Campus (EPEC) took place in 1961, highlighting the architectural and spatial design of the future campus. The campus was designed by architects Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum]. Ground was broken in 1963 and, with the first two buildings (Peck Hall and Lovejoy Library) completed, classes were first held on the Edwardsville campus in fall 1965. A series of dedication ceremonies from 1966 to 1969 highlighted the ongoing growth of the campus.

Prior to the development of the Edwardsville campus, six "Divisions of Academic Programs" were established for the SIU Residential Centers in Alton and East St. Louis on March 4, 1960. When the move was made to the new campus in 1965, the "Divisions" became the Schools of Business, Education, Fine Arts, Humanities, Science and Technology, and Social Sciences. The nursing program, which was to become the School of Nursing when the new campus opened, was established on March 29, 1964. On April 18, 1969, the board of trustees voted to establish the School of Dental Medicine, which opened in 1972. The School of Engineering originated as the Engineering Department of the School of Science and Technology and was elevated to School status in 1982. Between September 9, 1993, and July 1, 1995, the Schools of Fine Arts, Humanities, Sciences, and Social Sciences and the University College merged to become the College of Arts and Sciences. The newest of SIUE's schools, the School of Pharmacy, began classes in 2005. In 2014, the School of Education was renamed to School of Education, Health and Human Behavior to better represent the diversity and growth of its academic programs.

During its early days of rapid growth, the school became increasingly independent of its parent school in Carbondale. In 1971, SIU's board of trustees made official the campus's name of Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville.

Mississippi River Festival
From 1969 to 1980, the SIUE campus hosted the Mississippi River Festival (MRF), a summer outdoor concert series that featured performances by the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra (which was in-residence on campus during the MRF's early years) and high-profile classical, jazz, folk, pop, and rock artists including the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Van Cliburn, Aaron Copland, Bob Hope, The Who, Yes, Chicago, Joan Baez, The Eagles, the Modern Jazz Quartet, and The Grateful Dead. The MRF stage was beneath a large tent which also covered the reserved seating section, with lawn seating outside on the grass of the large natural amphitheater. The MRF attracted crowds of upward of 30,000.

Main campus

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville is located on 2660 acre of trees and lakes, making SIUE one of the largest college campuses in the US by land area. The campus is home to a wide variety of university programs and facilities—classroom and labs, arts and theatre spaces, research centers, student housing, and athletic and recreational venues.

The majority of SIUE's academic buildings are located in the Core Campus, inside Circle Drive on the south side of the 77 acre Cougar Lake. Many of the academic buildings were constructed during the 1960s, shortly after the land for the campus was purchased, with major additions during the 1970s. Another building boom has occurred since the turn of the 21st century, as the university experienced enrollment growth and expanded programs.

The center of the Core Campus is the Stratton Quadrangle, named after William Stratton, who served as the governor of Illinois from 1953 to 1961 and was the university's first commencement speaker in June 1960. The quadrangle is designed with no direct pathway between two buildings, this provides students with exposure to nature during the commute between buildings. The quadrangle also contains The Rock, which is constantly changing color because student organizations, such as fraternities and sororities, compete to see who can keep it painted their colors the longest. The original Rock, a rose quartz boulder, was donated by the supplier of stone for the original Core Campus buildings. It was stolen during the night of October 7–8, 2003 and was found in pieces nine days later. A replacement Rock of limestone was donated by the Unimin Corporation in 2003, installed on March 14 and dedicated on April 7. The remnants of the original Rock were put on display in the Morris University Center.

The Lovejoy Library is named after Elijah Parish Lovejoy and sits on the north side of the Stratton Quadrangle. It opened in 1965 and now holds over 800,000 volumes of almost 600,000 titles in book form plus over 1.67 million titles on microfilm across its four floors. Three of the university's major academic buildings lie to the east of Lovejoy Library and northeast of the quadrangle. Peck Hall is named after John Mason Peck and opened in 1965. It houses the College of Arts & Sciences and the Departments of Anthropology, History, Sociology, Social Work, English, Foreign Languages, Political Science, and Philosophy. Alumni Hall opened in 1976 and was originally known as Classroom Building III. It houses classrooms and the offices of the School of Nursing and of the departments of Speech Communication, Art Education, Art Therapy, Geography, and Public Administration and Policy Analysis. Founders Hall was originally known as Classroom Building II and opened the same year as Alumni Hall. Founders contains various classroom space and is home to the schools of Business and Education and the Army ROTC program.

The Science Building Complex is located to the west of Lovejoy Library and contains the classrooms, labs, and offices of the departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Environmental Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, and Physics as well as the SIUE Center for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Research, Education and Outreach. The Science Lab Building East (originally the Science Building) opened in 1966. Construction of the new Science Lab Building West was begun in late 2009, part of a $72 million project to build it and completely renovate the existing building. The new building opened for use in the Fall of 2013, and the gutting and renovation of the old building is underway with completion originally scheduled for the Fal of 2016. Renovation work on Science Building East was halted in 2015 due to the Illinois budget crisis, but SIUE "forward funded" the work on the two large lecture halls, which were already back in use when work resumed. Science Lab Building West was rededicated in September 2018, the completion late but well under budget.

Dunham Hall opened in 1966 and was expanded in 1995. The building is named after Katherine Dunham and houses the Departments of Music, Mass Communications, Theater and Dance, and the Information Technology Services. In addition to departmental offices, the building houses music studios, theater studios and workshops, the student television studio, a multimedia computer lab, video editing lab, photojournalism dark room, and WSIE-FM and web-radio radio stations. There is also a theater seating approximately 400, with a proscenium stage, orchestra pit, theatrical lighting, and special effect trap doors. The building is located south of the Science building and directly west of the quadrangle.

The Morris University Center is named for former SIU president Delyte W. Morris and opened in 1967. The MUC is the heart of student activity and lies on the southern edge of the Stratton Quadrangle. The facility contains dining halls, restaurants, a ballroom, conference rooms, the university bookstore, a bowling center and game room, a Starbucks coffeeshop, the University Bookstore, and other student services, as well as offices for various student organizations and volunteer activities. The Student Success Center is one of the newest facilities on the SIUE campus. It opened in 2009 and is connected to the MUC. Available to students 24 hours a day, the Success Center houses academic and personal support services all in one convenient location, a study lounge and coffee bar, meeting rooms, and a Mac computer lab. The building also contains the offices of student government, disability support services, academic advancement, health services, a career development center, and international programs. The building was constructed using Green building techniques that includes the use of sustainable and recycled construction materials.

Rendleman Hall is located to the east of the University Center and is named after former SIUE president John S. Rendleman. It opened in 1969 and serves as the main administrative building, housing admission review and processing, the bursar's office, and the housing office. Rendleman Hall, since 1970, has also been the location of the branch U.S. Post Office for ZIP code 62026, which serves SIUE's campuses in Edwardsville, Alton, and East St. Louis.

Other academic, arts and athletic buildings are located to the west of the campus center. The Theater Department also uses the Metcalf Experimental Theater, a separate building named after James F. Metcalf (father of actress Laurie Metcalf) that opened in 1984 as a replacement for an old Quonset hut that was used for productions. The Engineering Building, opened in 2000 and expanded in 2013–14, houses the SIUE School of Engineering. It includes classrooms, laboratories, and offices for the school and its departments. The Art and Design Building, opened in 1994 and expanded in 2012–13, contains the offices of the Department of Art and Design and its classrooms and studios. The Center for Spirituality & Sustainability, formerly known as the Religious Center was completed in 1971 and is located near the Art and Design Building. It is topped by a plexiglass Geodesic dome which resembles a globe with Edwardsville oriented at the top. The center was designed by R. Buckminster Fuller and internationally known architect, Shoji Sadao, and dedicated by Fuller, who was a visiting professor at SIUE at the time. The 90th Meridian runs through the building.

In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville campus was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).

Athletic facilities
The Vadalabene Center (also known as the "VC"), named after state senator Sam M. Vadalabene, opened in 1983 and is the focal point for SIUE athletics, containing many of the university's sports facilities. The Vadalabene Center's arena was renamed to First Community Arena at the Vadalabene Center by First Community Credit Union in 2021. The company will pay $2.3 million over the next 10 years for the new name. The center was expanded in 1993 with the addition of the Student Fitness Center, which was improved in 2009. It was further expanded in 2008 as SIUE's athletics began the transition from NCAA Division II to Division I. Among the changes were an increase in the arena seating from 2,400 to over 4,000. All of the athletics department offices are housed in the Lukas Athletics Annex to the VC, which was opened in 2012. The VC is home to not only Intercollegiate Athletics, but also to Campus Recreation and to the Departments of Kinesiology and Health Education of the School of Education. Korte Stadium and its Bob Guelker Field opened in 1994 and serves the men's and women's soccer and track and field teams. Cougar Field, home of the softball team, and its Fulginiti Indoor practice facility (opened 2012) sits just to the northwest of Korte Stadium. The Simmons Baseball Complex is home to the Cougar baseball team and is located on New Poag Road, west of Stadium Drive, in the northwest corner of the campus. The Cougar Tennis Courts are just west of the Vadalabene Center and the SIUE Cross Country Course is on the north edge of the campus at the intersection of North University Drive and New Poag Road.

Student housing
Housing consists of several residence halls and Cougar Village, which are the university's on-campus apartments. All campus student accommodations are suite-style and furnished. Each contains social lounges and multiple service units such as computer labs and Learning Resource Centers. Student housing surrounds the academic buildings in the central portion of the SIUE campus.

Woodland and Prairie Hall are located on the southern side of campus between Circle Drive and South University Drive. The two serve as freshmen dorms, providing housing for a combined 1,000 students. Woodland Hall opened in 1994 and is the oldest residence hall. It houses 500 freshmen students. The hall is multifunctional and contains conference and meeting rooms. Woodland Hall has a small student café, Woodland Cart, which provides students with food during the week. Freshmen Focused Interest Communities (groups based on common interest or academic majors) are spread out among the three freshmen residence halls. Prairie Hall opened in 1998. It houses 500 freshmen students. Prairie Hall contains meeting rooms and a computer lab, and Freshmen Focused Interest Communities.

Bluff and Evergreen Halls lie to the west of Circle Drive and are the two newest residence halls on the SIUE campus. Bluff Hall opened in 2001 and houses 500 freshmen students. Bluff Hall recently added an Esports Arena into the building. Evergreen Hall is the newest residence hall, opened in 2007, and houses about 500 students. Evergreen is designed for upper-class residents, it features apartment and suite-style living. Students are able to choose from multiple floor plans. The hall also has multiple service facilities, such as fitness center and meeting rooms.

In addition to the traditional, dorm-style residence halls, Cougar Village is a student apartment development that opened in 1970. The complex is located along the eastern shore of Cougar Lake and is composed of around 500 two and three-bedroom apartments in 62 buildings that house approximately 1,500 undergraduate students, graduate students, and family residents. The village was originally called Tower Lake Apartments, after the man-made lake on the north side of campus located behind the water tower and the heating and refrigeration plant. Tower Lake is now called Cougar Lake. Apartments provide multiple floor plans and are a short walk or shuttle ride from the core campus. Cougar Village also includes the Cougar Village Commons Building, located in the middle complex. The Commons contains an information desk, laundry facilities, a lounge, a computer lab, and the Common's Grill and Convenience Store. In 2010, a project was developed and approved to remodel eight of the buildings in Cougar Village into a Greek Village, providing on-campus fraternity and sorority houses, but the project was later dropped.

University Park
University Park is a 330 acre mixed-use technology park located on the eastern side of the SIUE Campus. It is home to 27 business, industry, and state tenants classified as agricultural-biotechnology, professional services, health sciences and information technology.

The School of Pharmacy Lab houses the SIUE School of Pharmacy and began offering courses to students admitted to the SIUE doctor of Pharmacy program in August 2005. The building is located in SIUE's University Park. The School of Pharmacy also has space in the adjacent 200 University Park Building and in the nearby Technology and Management Center and the Biotechnology Laboratory Incubator, which also contains Biology and Chemistry labs, as well as the Geographic Information Systems offices.

The National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center (NCERC) is the world's only facility dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting corn (maize) to ethanol. Using emerging technologies, the NCERC contains an analytical lab, a fermentation lab, and a pilot-scale production plant for performing research and training future workers.

Additional facilities

The Environmental Resource Training Center (ERTC) is designated by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) as the State of Illinois' center for continuing education of personnel involved in the operation, maintenance and management of drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. The ERTC is located on the north side of the campus along New Poag Road and features lab and classroom space, as well as a 30,000 gallon-per-day wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment plant.

The STEM Resource Center (SRC), located in Science East, is dedicated to researching, developing, and dispersing ways and means of advancing Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics education at all levels, from elementary school through college and on into professional development. The center's resources include a staff possessed of diverse skills, a classroom and laboratory for developmental work, and a lending library of media and teaching materials and equipment.

The Interdisciplinary Research and Informatics Scholarship (IRIS) Center, located in Peck Hall, is an interdisciplinary facility designed to support individual and collaborative scholarship (at faculty and student levels) that applies digital content as a primary methodology.

The university developed a 35 acre botanical garden, known as The Gardens at SIUE, that is also a living laboratory in support of the educational and research missions of the university. The Gardens are located off Cougar Lake Road, near the Cougar Lake Recreation Area and the Cougar Village apartments.

The Southwest Illinois Advanced Manufacturing Center (SIAM) was launched in 2005, performing applied and basic research for product/process development and improvement. The center was funded by the U. S. Department of Commerce Economic Development Administration. The Hoffman Center on the N.O. Nelson Campus of Lewis and Clark Community College in Edwardsville provided over 35000 sqft of space for SIAM. The center was closed in 2012.

Alton Campus
SIUE's campus in Alton, Illinois, 17 mi from the main campus, the site of SIU's Alton residential center from 1957 to 1965, now houses the School of Dental Medicine and its offices, classrooms, labs, clinics, and ancillary services.

The Alton campus is also home to the Alton Museum of History and Art, located inside Loomis Hall.

East St. Louis Center
Offering comprehensive programs, services and training to more than 6,000 people annually, the SIUE East St. Louis Center (ESLC) is dedicated to improving the lives of families and individuals in East St. Louis and surrounding urban communities.

SIUE's East St. Louis Center, located in East St. Louis, Illinois, 22 mi from the main campus, traces its beginnings when Southern Illinois University Board of Trustees in response to local people's demands for more education in the Metro East established residence centers in East St. Louis in 1957. The current location is the center's fifth in the city since 1957, but it is the first site specifically designed and built for this purpose. The center provides educational programs, community outreach health services, and cultural events to an economically deprived area of the Metro East. It also provides clinical and practicum experiences relating to urban community needs for various university baccalaureate, professional, and master's programs and for urban studies research.

The ESLC operates in conjunction with the SIUE East St. Louis Charter High School to prepare students for career and college programs. The ESLC includes a Head Start Program providing services to children up to age five, pregnant women, and families; a Latchkey Program to provide local families with after-school care for children ages six to 12; and the SIUE East St. Louis Center Performing Arts Program, established in 1967 (formerly known as the Katherine Dunham Center for the Performing Arts and originally as the Performing Arts Training Center) to provide cultural and performing arts classes and workshops. The center also houses the Community Nursing Services office of the SIUE School of Nursing, the East St. Louis Dental Clinic of the SIUE School of Dental Medicine, an eye care clinic, and the East St. Louis Community College Center.

Springfield Campus
SIUE also maintains an off-site location in Springfield, Illinois, for graduate nursing students as part of the SIUE School of Nursing. Classes at the Springfield Campus are delivered via live televideo conferencing as well as traditional lectures. The location is near the SIU School of Medicine and works with the School of Medicine to help students engage in interdisciplinary activities.

Academics
The university is classified among "D/PU: Doctoral/Professional Universities". Total enrollment in fall 2015 was 14,265, the largest overall enrollment in the university's history. The new freshman class of 2015 of 2,096, representing the second largest group of new freshmen in SIUE's history. The average ACT Score for SIUE's fall 2015 freshman class was 23.2; the national average freshman ACT score is 20.9. There are more than 91,000 living alumni. The student body in the fall of 2013 came from all 102 Illinois counties, 38 states, and 43 foreign nations. The international student population exceeds 300. The top five countries represented on campus are India, Turkey, Iran, China, and Nigeria.

SIUE offers 65 baccalaureate degrees, eight post-baccalaureate certificate, 49 master's degrees, 12 post-master's or specialist certificates, and doctoral degrees in Dental Medicine, Pharmacy, Educational Leadership, and Nursing Practice. The university also offer three cooperative Doctor of Philosophy degrees in education, engineering, and history in conjunction with SIUC. Additionally, the Office of Educational Outreach provides and coordinates continuing education programs offered by several academic departments.

SIUE confers degrees from eight colleges and schools, while Lovejoy Library also has status as a school that does not grant degrees:

 * College of Arts and Sciences
 * School of Business
 * School of Dental Medicine
 * School of Education, Health and Human Behavior

 * School of Engineering
 * Lovejoy Library
 * School of Nursing
 * School of Pharmacy
 * Graduate School

In fiscal year 2016, SIUE faculty and staff received 162 grants and contracts for research, teaching, and service initiatives worth more than $24 million—which ranked second among more than 680 comparable public and private universities in the country. The grants awarded were from agencies that included the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Departments of Education and Health and Human Services, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Accreditation
SIUE has had full accreditation from the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools since 1969.

The SIUE School of Business and its Department of Accounting are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). All of the SIUE School of Education programs are fully accredited by the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education as well as by the Illinois State Board of Education, and its Early Childhood Education Program is accredited by the National Academy of Early Childhood Programs. In the SIUE School of Engineering, the Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Manufacturing Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering programs are accredited by the Engineering Accrediting Commission of the American Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET); the Computer Science Program is accredited by the Computing Accreditation Commission of ABET; and the Construction Management program is accredited by the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE). The SIUE School of Nursing is fully accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) for a period of ten years; additionally, the Certified Nurse Anesthesia Program is fully accredited for a ten-year period by the Council on Accreditation of Nurse Anesthesia Programs. The SIU School of Dental Medicine is fully accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association (ADA), and the Endodontic Residency and Periodontics Residency programs offered in cooperation with St. Louis University are also accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of the ADA. In the spring of 2009, the SIUE School of Pharmacy, the university's newest school, received full accreditation status from the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE).

Departments within the SIUE College of Arts Sciences university are accredited or certified by: the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communications, the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, the Council on Social Work Education, the National Association of Schools of Music, the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration, and the National Association of Schools of Theatre, as appropriate. In addition, the American Art Therapy Association and the American Chemical Society have formally reviewed and approved SIUE's programs as meeting their standards.

Rankings
U.S. News & World Report   Best Colleges 2019 edition dropped SIUE 25 places from 2014 so that SIUE became tied for number 72 in the "Best Regional Universities-Midwest" category. Back in the 2014 edition, U.S. News & World Report   Best Colleges had placed SIUE at number 47, and at that time placed it among the top 10 public universities, both in the "Best Regional Universities-Midwest" category. Plus, back then in 2014, SIUE was tied with Butler University at No. 3 of the "Up-and-Coming Schools (Midwest)".

Washington Monthly, a national political magazine, in its "2018 College Guide and Rankings" ranked SIUE at number 99 among private and public colleges and universities in the nation that are classified as "Masters Universities" with the rankings based on contributions to the public good. Previously, in 2014, Washington Monthly had ranked SIUE 40th in its "Masters Universities" category, the 2018 ranking dropping SIUE 59 places.

The National Council for Home Safety and Security's 2018 listing of the Safest College Campuses in the U.S. placed SIUE 11th among schools with an enrollment over 10,000; this placed the school No. 1 in Illinois and ranked ahead of all institutions in Missouri. The online news magazine The Daily Beast ranks SIUE 21st in the nation among its 2010 Top 50 Safest Colleges: University Primetime News ranked it as the ninth safest. These ratings led to feature stories on SIUE's safety. SIUE police officers are academy trained and engaged in a community policing program.

SIUE students' commitment to community service through volunteer efforts earned them a spot on the 2009 and 2010 President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll of the Corporation for National and Community Service, an honor given to only six US colleges and universities each year.

SIUE's School of Business was ranked as a "Best 310 Business School" in the 2010 edition of the Princeton Review. In The Princeton Review's 2012 rankings, SIUE's business school was ranked in the top 294. In 2006, SIUE's Department of Psychology won a national award from the Council for Higher Education Accreditation. In 2014, the same department won a departmental service award from the American Psychological Association.

Athletics
The SIUE athletic teams are nicknamed the Cougars. SIUE is a member of the NCAA at the Division I level. The university is a member in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) and most teams compete in the OVC. However, the university also fields certain sports that the OVC does not sponsor competition in; SIUE is an associate member of the Mid-American Conference for men's soccer and wrestling. Previously, they were an associate member of the Missouri Valley Conference for men's soccer and an associate member of the Southern Conference for wrestling from 2007 to 2017. Until 2008, SIUE competed in the NCAA's Division II as a member of the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC). The university has won 17 NCAA National Championships, 16 of which occurred while the university was a member of Division II.

The school mascot was Cory the Cougar until 2010, when the school decided to get a new mascot, "Eddie the Cougar"—the new name being a direct reference to Edwardsville. The number 57 on Eddie's jersey is in honor of the university's founding in 1957.

Student body
SIUE's students come to Edwardsville from throughout the United States and around the world. Slightly less than 88% of the student body is from Illinois, with more than 44% of in-state students from Madison and St. Clair counties. Out-of-state students represent 10.8% of SIUE enrollment and are from 42 of the 50 US states, with the majority being from Missouri. 2.89% of SIUE's students are native to 57 other nations.

Student clubs and activities
Numerous extracurricular activities are available to students, including nearly 260 student organizations, Greek organizations, and sports clubs.

Many of the student activities are overseen by the staff of the Kimmel Leadership Center which also offers students the opportunities to engage in community volunteer programs. Among these programs, students can take part in the Student Leadership Development Program, which consists of 60 hours of volunteer service and attending a structured reflection session. Half of the volunteer hours must be completed in the community. Participants can receive credit toward a leadership transcript by documenting service hours and by providing an account of skills obtained and duties performed.

The Department of Campus Recreation sponsors a wide variety of intramural sports, club sports, and recreation activities such as group fitness classes, aquatic programs, gym and fitness programs, special events, and outdoor recreation activities and trips.

The Greek community at SIUE has 19 fraternities and sororities and four governing councils with a tradition of campus leadership and community involvement. In December 2009, the SIU Board of Trustees approved the "Greek Learning and Living Community," authorizing the renovation and conversion of eight buildings in Cougar Village to a Greek Village so as to provide fraternity and sorority houses on-campus as a part of the university's housing program.

Student media and publications
The school newspaper, The Alestle, is named for the school's three campuses: Alton (the location of the dental school), East St. Louis and Edwardsville. The Alestle is a member of the Illinois College Press Association and the Associated Collegiate Press. The Alestle is published exclusively online on Tuesdays and in print on Thursdays during fall and spring semesters and on Wednesdays during summer semesters. It was established in 1960.

WSIE-FM 88.7 is the university-owned radio station that specializes in modern jazz, blues, R&B, news, SIUE sports, and student programming. The station serves the Greater St. Louis Area and Southwestern Illinois and is also available online. The station offers hands-on training for SIUE students to gain knowledge of radio station production.

SIUE Web Radio is a sister organization to WSIE. The station began in 2003 as a branch of the traditional station but eventually broke off and is now a separate organization that partners with the Mass Communications Department and The Alestle.

Student government
The Student Government (SG), SIUE's student government, serves the primary function to serve as an advocate on student issues and voice students' concerns about campus issues. The organization has a combined undergraduate and graduate student senate. The student government at SIUE is composed of two branches. The legislative branch consists of twelve senators elected by the student body on a yearly basis. The Executive Board consists of the Student Body President, Student Body Vice President, and Student Trustee who are also elected by the student body. The Financial Officer, Internal Affairs Officer, Organization Relations Officer, External Affairs Officer and School Spirit & Pride Chair are also considered part of the Executive Board and are appointed by the Student Body President then confirmed by the Senate.

Freedom of speech settlement
In late July 2023, SIUE paid a student $80,000 to settle a legal complaint against it for faculty misconduct against a student. The student had expressed conservative views online. Other students complained the views were harmful, and gag and no contact orders were issued against her. Under the settlement, three SIUE professors must undergo compulsory First Amendment training.

Notable alumni
In the Fall of 2019, SIUE had 106,627 living alumni. The SIUE Alumni Association has offices in the B. Barnard Birger Hall.


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Chicago Motor Speedway

The Chicago Motor Speedway at Sportsman's Park was a motorsports race track, located in Cicero, Illinois, just outside Chicago. It was built in 1999 by a group including Chip Ganassi, owner of Chip Ganassi Racing. In 2002 the 1.029 mi oval shaped track suspended operations due to financial conditions in the motorsports industry. The track was also the site of horse races, for which the track was called "Sportsman's Park". The track was one of three racetracks that hosted both NASCAR auto races and horse races (the others are Dover International Speedway and the Syracuse Mile).

History

Before 1999, Sportsman's Park was one of the premier locations for horse racing in the area. Hawthorne Race Course, located right across the street to the south from the track, is the current host of the Illinois Derby. The two tracks operated together for decades.

In 1999, after the final season of the old Sportsman's Park, the main grandstand and infield were completely demolished to make way for the massive grandstand that was to follow.

The track held CART races from 1999 to 2002, the Toyota Atlantic Series, and NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series races in 2000 and 2001. Chicago Motor Speedway also held American Speed Association (ASA) races. Traditional horse races remained; this time as dirt was brought in over the racing surface. Problems with the hard surface led to several scratches by trainers and races being cancelled.

In 2001, Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet was built in the hopes of attracting more racing fans and upper-level races; all Cicero races were subsequently moved to Joliet and the track closed the following year after the CART event. The few remaining horse races were transferred to Hawthorne.

Portions of the motion picture Driven were shot at Chicago Motor Speedway.

In 2003 the town of Cicero purchased the track for $18 million. During 2005 the main grandstands were torn down but the track itself remained.

On October 31, 2008, it was reported that contracts for the demolition of the remaining structures and track had been awarded. Demolition of the remaining Sportsman's Park structures and the track itself began January 5, 2009.

The western portion of the site is now a Wirtz Beverage Group distribution center, while the eastern portion is home to a Walmart supercenter, effectively removing any last remains of the track. Part of the parking lot to the west across Laramie Avenue has been converted into a public park.

ARCA Lincoln Welders Truck Series history

 * 2001 Robbin Slaughter

NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series history

 * 2000 Joe Ruttman
 * 2001 Scott Riggs

Mid-American Stock Car Series

 * 1999 Mike Monroe
 * 2000 Nate Clatfelter

Lap Records
The fastest official race lap records at Chicago Motor Speedway are listed as:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chicago Motor Speedway


text:
Crossroads (1986 film)

Crossroads is a 1986 American musical drama film inspired by the legend of blues musician Robert Johnson. Starring Ralph Macchio, Joe Seneca and Jami Gertz, the film was written by John Fusco and directed by Walter Hill and features an original score by Ry Cooder featuring classical guitar by William Kanengiser and harmonica by Sonny Terry. Steve Vai appears in the film as the devil's virtuosic guitar player in the climactic guitar duel.

Fusco was a traveling blues musician prior to attending New York University Tisch School of the Arts, where he wrote Crossroads as an assignment in a master class led by the screenwriting giants Waldo Salt and Ring Lardner Jr. The student screenplay won first place in the national FOCUS Awards (Films of College and University Students) and was sold to Columbia Pictures while Fusco was still a student.

Plot
17-year-old Eugene Martone has a fascination for blues music while studying classical guitar at the Juilliard School in New York City. Researching blues and guitar music brings famed Robert Johnson's mythically creative acclaim to his attention; especially intriguing are the legends surrounding exactly how Johnson became so talented – most notably the one claiming he "sold his soul to the Devil at the crossroads", as well as a famed "missing song" that was lost, supposedly evermore, to the world.

In his quest to find this song, he researches old archived newspaper clippings, learning that Johnson's longtime friend, musician Willie Brown, is alive and incarcerated for murder or attempted murder in a nearby minimum security hospital. Eugene goes to see the elderly man, who denies several times that he is that Willie Brown. He finally admits his identity after hearing Eugene play some blues (but notes that Eugene "plays with no soul"). Willie then says he knows the missing Robert Johnson tune in question but refuses to give it to Eugene unless the boy breaks him out of the facility and gets him to Mississippi, where he has unfinished business to settle. Eugene agrees and they head south. The boy soon realizes, however, that Willie is constantly running minor scams, such as falsely claiming that he has enough money to cover their bus tickets. With only $40 on them, they end up "hoboing" from Memphis to Mississippi.

During their quest, Eugene and Willie experience the blues legacy of Robert Johnson first-hand, taking part in an impromptu jam session at a "jook joint" (as Willie calls it), where Eugene is given the nickname "Lightning Boy" by Willie because of his musical skill. Eugene jokingly suggests that he himself ought to "sell his soul to the Devil at the crossroads", Willie angrily slaps him and demands he not to joke about that.

The pair meet 17-year-old Frances, who is fleeing her abusive stepfather. She hitchhikes with them, and she and Eugene start a relationship. When she abandons them to continue her own journey, Eugene is left heartbroken but with a deeper feeling for the blues.

Willie helps Eugene buy a portable Pignose amplifier, through which Eugene plays his old Fender Telecaster. Willie tells Eugene that the secret of playing the blues is using a slide. Willie confesses that there is no missing Johnson song, but tells the boy that he has proven himself far beyond what learning any blues song could ever teach him.

They reach a deserted crossroads in rural Mississippi, where Willie reveals his secret: his ability on the harmonica came about because of a deal with the Devil, which he made at this very location. Willie now hopes to end the deal. The Devil, who calls himself Scratch and Legba, shows up and insists that the contract for Willie's soul is still valid, even if Willie is dissatisfied with how his life turned out.

Eugene, believing the other two are joking around, steps into the conversation. The Devil offers a challenge: if Eugene can come to a special concert and win a guitar battle against his ringer guitarist, then Willie gets his soul back. If Eugene loses, then Eugene too forfeits his soul. Despite Willie's protests, Eugene agrees to the deal. Willie and Eugene are transported to a music hall, where metal-blues guitar master Jack Butler, who also sold his soul for musical ability, is wowing the crowd with his prowess. Eugene, now understanding the situation, receives a mojo bag from Willie to hold in his pocket. He also slips his slide on, giving him a perceived advantage over his opponent.

Eugene and Butler trade flamboyant guitar parts, with each able to top the other. Eventually, Eugene falls back on his classical training, playing a fast and difficult piece that Butler cannot match. Dejected, Butler drops his guitar and strides off, and the Devil tears up Willie's contract, freeing the bluesman's soul.

Willie and Eugene are transported back to Mississippi, where they start walking again, talking of cities they plan to visit.

Cast

 * Ralph Macchio as Eugene Martone
 * Joe Seneca as Willie Brown
 * Jami Gertz as Frances
 * Joe Morton as Scratch's Assistant
 * Robert Judd as Scratch
 * Steve Vai as Jack Butler
 * Dennis Lipscomb as Lloyd
 * Harry Carey Jr. as Bartender
 * John Hancock as Sheriff Tilford
 * Allan Arbus as Dr. Santis
 * Gretchen Palmer as Beautiful Girl/Dancer
 * Al Fann as Pawnbroker
 * Sammie Minniefield Jr as Pete
 * Wally Taylor as O.Z.
 * Tim Russ as Robert Johnson
 * Tex Donaldson as John McGraw
 * Guy Killum as Willie at 17
 * Akosua Busia as Woman at Boardinghouse
 * Edward Walsh as Harley Terhune
 * Allan Graf as Alvin

Development
The script was an original by John Fusco, who had long been interested in blues music. He worked as a blues singer and musician but had been warned by a doctor to rest his voice. In 1981 his girlfriend, who was working at a rest home, told him that an old black man with a harmonica had been admitted. Fusco went to visit him and on the way dreamt up a story about what would happen if the player was a legendary blues player. This gave him the idea for the story. He expanded on the myth of Robert Johnson selling his soul to the Devil at the crossroads. Coincidentally, Johnson was inducted to the inaugural class of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 1986, while the film was in production.

Fusco wrote the script as his Master's Thesis at New York University. It was only his second screenplay. Producer Mark Carliner acted as Fusco's independent adviser on it and later helped get it made. Fusco was paid $250,000.

Jami Gertz was cast as the female lead. "She had the warmth I was looking for", Hill said, "and she was feisty, but I wondered, is she strong enough? She has to put Macchio through the experience of falling in love, and then she has to leave him, to strengthen his character for the movie's final showdown. I decided to go with her, and I was amazed by how strong she seemed on the screen." Guitar specialist Arlen Roth was hired as Macchio's musical coach.

Hill was aware of some surface similarities to The Karate Kid: "You boil it down, and it sounds like a young kid and a wise old guy and their showdown with evil", said Hill. "But if you really look at 'Crossroads,' it's a completely different movie... I knew my most difficult task would be creating real, believable scenes between Macchio and Seneca. They had to be real characters; with an ongoing reality level, to work at all. You have to set the stage, or when your movie shifts gears to fantasy, you lose your audience."

Shooting
Shooting took place on location in Beulah, Mississippi as well as Hollywood. Blues legend Frank Frost makes a cameo.

"I think the blues still speaks to kids today", said Ry Cooder, who performed the music with Steve Vai and Arlen Roth. "It's so old that it's new."

Cooder says the final duel involving Vai "had to be all mapped out, since we had to carefully choreograph the call-and-response of that guitar duel and use it as playback during the filming. Steve Vai is tremendously scientific when it comes to guitar playing, and was able to adapt to that process."

The original script ended with Joe Seneca's character dying on a Greyhound bus. Director Walter Hill's father had died shortly before production commenced, and he found filming this scene difficult, so he also shot a happier ending. Both were tested with audiences; the happy ending was chosen.

Crossroads was Robert Judd's final film role. He died of stomach cancer in January 1986, two months before the film's theatrical release.

Music
Ry Cooder spent a year working on the film. He later said: "That was an easy film to understand. We’ve all looked at that myth about a white kid going South, and I knew the sign posts along the way. Old time players, juke joints, the lonely roads you go down... These things are all wordlessly spoken of in blues music, which is an encyclopedia of experience. I had songs in my head that dealt with every scene in Crossroads. To mold them into shape for that film was like Blues 101."

Macchio was taught to play guitar by Arlen Roth in preparation for filming. Roth writes that he and Macchio would work together for two hours per day, after which Macchio would work with his karate instructor to prepare for the forthcoming Karate Kid 2. Macchio initially hoped to be able to play some of the music on screen himself, but came to realise that the difficult pieces the professional guitarists were preparing would be beyond him.

Guitar duel
The climactic guitar duel between Eugene and Butler was originally intended to be a slide-guitar blues contest, with Cooder appearing on screen as Butler, and with Roth dubbing Eugene's part. Director Walter Hill decided to replace Cooder and produce a harder "boxing match" style battle, with Keith Richards, Frank Zappa, and Stevie Ray Vaughan considered for the part of Butler. He settled on Alcatrazz player Steve Vai, hoping that the fashionable shred guitar style would increase the film's appeal to a wider audience. Cooder was disappointed; he and Roth felt the use of a contemporary musical style was not in keeping with the movie's blues theme, and would badly date the film later.

The director shot an additional duel, which was to appear before the final confrontation. This pitted Vai's Jack Butler against a blues player portrayed by Shuggie Otis; Otis was to lose this, establishing how threatening Butler was. The producers decided not to use this footage in the final film.

Eugene wins the duel by playing a neoclassical metal composition called "Eugene's Trick Bag", which quotes heavily from violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini's "Caprice No. 5". This reprises parts of the classical playing that William Kanengiser had dubbed for Eugene at the film's beginning; in the final duel, Vai dubs "Eugene's Trick Bag" while Macchio mimed on Eugene's Telecaster. The identity of the red superstrat guitar that Butler plays on-screen became something of a mystery. Guitar World magazine later uncovered that it was a custom Charvel, built either by Grover Jackson or Charvel builder Mike Shannon, and equipped with DiMarzio pickups and a Floyd Rose tremolo. The guitar was Vai's own and, as Butler drops it heavily to the floor, the production team hastily constructed mock-up instruments for the shot. The original guitar, signed by Vai, it is now in the collection of the Hard Rock Cafe company.

Roth later released a recording of the planned final duel, between himself and Cooder, on his SoundCloud channel.

Soundtrack album
A soundtrack album was released alongside the film, featuring 37 minutes of the film's music. The album does not feature Eugene's classical playing (which was performed by William Kanengiser) nor the final duel with Jack Butler. Vai's playing, including the duel, is featured on his album The Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1.

Critical response
Farliner said, "This is as tricky a picture to market as anything. I was the first one who tried to sell the story. I know how tricky it is... It could be a classic crossover movie. But you could blow that opportunity real quick with a bad campaign." He thought Columbia had an excellent marketing team and liked that the studio spent $6 million on launching it.

According to Ry Cooder, the film "went down the tubes". The film managed a domestic total gross of $5,839,031.

As of 2024, the film had a 82% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 17 reviews.

Roger Ebert in his review stated that the movie "borrows so freely and is a reminder of so many other movies that it's a little startling, at the end, to realize how effective the movie is and how original it manages to feel despite all the plunderings." He praised the film's acting and music, giving the movie 3.5 stars out of 4.

title: Crossroads (1986 film)


text:
TestDaF-Institut

The TestDaF-Institut is an institute for language testing in Bochum, Germany. It runs the TestDaF.

The institute is part of the Society for Academic Study Preparation and Test Development, Gesellschaft für Akademische Studienvorbereitung und Testentwicklung e. V., based in Bonn, which was founded in 2000 by various German-language institutions including DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service), the Goethe-Institut, the distance learning university in Hagen, and the Carl Duisberg Centre in Cologne. The idea for the society came from the DAAD and the German Rectors' Conference (Hochschulrektorenkonferenz, HRK).

title: TestDaF-Institut


text: User talk:84.9.87.177

title: User talk:84.9.87.177


text:
Moritz Hoernes

Moritz Hörnes (14 July 1815 – 4 November 1868) was an Austrian palaeontologist.

Born in Vienna, he was educated at the University of Vienna and graduated with a PhD. He then became an assistant in the Vienna mineralogical museum. He was distinguished for his research on the Cenozoic Mollusca of the Vienna Basin and of Alpine regions. Most of his memoirs were published in the ''Jahrbuch der K. K. geol. Reichsanstalt''.

In 1864 he introduced the term Neogene to include Miocene and Pliocene, as these formations are not always to be clearly separated: the fauna of the lower division being subtropical and gradually giving place in the upper division to Mediterranean forms. He died in Vienna on 4 November 1868.

In 1860 the mineral hörnesite was named in his honor by Wilhelm Haidinger, with Gustav Adolph Kenngott being its co-describer.

The Florentine Diamond was properly weighed and documented and a plaster copy made of it under his supervision.

His son Dr. Rudolf Hörnes (1850–1912), professor of geology and palaeontology in the University of Graz, also carried on researches among the Cenozoic mollusca, and is author of Elemente der Palaeontologie (1884).

title: Moritz Hoernes


text:
Newington Park

Newington Park was a baseball grounds in Baltimore, Maryland. It was home to the Lord Baltimore baseball club of the National Association from 1872 to 1874 and to the Baltimore Orioles of the American Association for the 1882 season. There are apparently no surviving photographs of the grounds. Its location was on Pennsylvania Avenue "extended," on the northwest side of West Baltimore (Baker Street, North Calhoun Street, Gold Street and Pennsylvania Avenue).

The ballpark was built around a development and eventually was replaced by homes and tin factory which is now Ames Memorial United Methodist.

title: Newington Park


text:
Media-independent interface

The media-independent interface (MII) was originally defined as a standard interface to connect a Fast Ethernet (i.e., 100 Mbit/s) medium access control (MAC) block to a PHY chip. The MII is standardized by IEEE 802.3u and connects different types of PHYs to MACs. Being media independent means that different types of PHY devices for connecting to different media (i.e. twisted pair, fiber optic, etc.) can be used without redesigning or replacing the MAC hardware. Thus any MAC may be used with any PHY, independent of the network signal transmission medium.

The MII can be used to connect a MAC to an external PHY using a pluggable connector, or directly to a PHY chip on the same PCB. On older PCs the CNR connector Type B carried MII signals.

Network data on the interface is framed using the IEEE Ethernet standard. As such it consists of a preamble, start frame delimiter, Ethernet headers, protocol-specific data and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC). The original MII transfers network data using 4-bit nibbles in each direction (4 transmit data bits, 4 receive data bits). The data is clocked at 25 MHz to achieve 100 Mbit/s throughput. The original MII design has been extended to support reduced signals and increased speeds. Current variants include:

 * Reduced media-independent interface (RMII)
 * Gigabit media-independent interface (GMII)
 * Reduced gigabit media-independent interface (RGMII)
 * Serial media-independent interface (SMII)
 * Serial gigabit media-independent interface (serial GMII, SGMII)
 * High serial gigabit media-independent interface (HSGMII)
 * Quad serial gigabit media-independent interface (QSGMII)
 * 10-gigabit media-independent interface (XGMII)

The Management Data Input/Output (MDIO) serial bus is a subset of the MII that is used to transfer management information between MAC and PHY. At power up, using autonegotiation, the PHY usually adapts to whatever it is connected to unless settings are altered via the MDIO interface.

Standard MII
The standard MII features a small set of registers:

 * Basic Mode Configuration (#0)
 * Status Word (#1)
 * PHY Identifier (#2, #3)
 * Auto-Negotiation Advertisement (#4)
 * Auto-Negotiation Link Partner Base Page Ability (#5)
 * Auto-Negotiation Expansion (#6)
 * Auto-Negotiation Next Page Transmit (#7)
 * Auto-Negotiation Link Partner Received Next Page (#8)
 * MASTER-SLAVE Control Register (#9)
 * MASTER-SLAVE Status Register (#10)
 * PSE Control register (#11)
 * PSE Status register (#12)
 * MMD Access Control Register (#13)
 * MMD Access Address Data Register (#14)

Register #15 is reserved; registers #16 through #31 are vendor-specific. The registers are used to configure the device and to query the current operating mode.

The MII Status Word is the most useful datum, since it may be used to detect whether an Ethernet NIC is connected to a network. It contains a bit field with the following information:

Transmitter signals
The transmit clock is a free-running clock generated by the PHY based on the link speed (25 MHz for 100 Mbit/s, 2.5 MHz for 10 Mbit/s). The remaining transmit signals are driven by the MAC synchronously on the rising edge of TX_CLK. This arrangement allows the MAC to operate without having to be aware of the link speed. The transmit enable signal is held high during frame transmission and low when the transmitter is idle.

Transmit error may be raised for one or more clock periods during frame transmission to request the PHY to deliberately corrupt the frame in some visible way that precludes it from being received as valid. This may be used to abort a frame when some problem is detected after transmission has already started. The MAC may omit the signal if it has no use for this functionality, in which case the signal should be tied low for the PHY.

More recently, raising transmit error outside frame transmission is used to indicate the transmit data lines are being used for special-purpose signalling. Specifically, the data value 0b0001 (held continuously with TX_EN low and TX_ER high) is used to request an EEE-capable PHY to enter low power mode.

Receiver signals
The first seven receiver signals are entirely analogous to the transmitter signals, except RX_ER is not optional and used to indicate the received signal could not be decoded to valid data. The receive clock is recovered from the incoming signal during frame reception. When no clock can be recovered (i.e. when the medium is silent), the PHY must present a free-running clock as a substitute.

The receive data valid signal (RX_DV) is not required to go high immediately when the frame starts, but must do so in time to ensure the "start of frame delimiter" byte is included in the received data. Some of the preamble nibbles may be lost.

Similar to transmit, raising RX_ER outside a frame is used for special signalling. For receive, two data values are defined: 0b0001 to indicate the link partner is in EEE low power mode, and 0b1110 for a false carrier indication.

The CRS and COL signals are asynchronous to the receive clock, and are only meaningful in half-duplex mode. Carrier sense is high when transmitting, receiving, or the medium is otherwise sensed as being in use. If a collision is detected, COL also goes high while the collision persists.

In addition, the MAC may weakly pull-up the COL signal, allowing the combination of COL high with CRS low (which a PHY will never produce) to serve as indication of an absent/disconnected PHY.

Management signals
MDC and MDIO constitute a synchronous serial data interface similar to I²C. As with I²C, the interface is a multidrop bus so MDC and MDIO can be shared among multiple PHYs.

Limitations
The interface requires 18 signals, out of which only two (MDIO and MDC) can be shared among multiple PHYs. This presents a problem, especially for multiport devices; for example, an eight-port switch using MII would need 8 × 16 + 2 = 130 signals.

Reduced media-independent interface
Reduced media-independent interface (RMII) is a standard which was developed to reduce the number of signals required to connect a PHY to a MAC. Reducing pin count reduces cost and complexity for network hardware especially in the context of microcontrollers with built-in MAC, FPGAs, multiport switches or repeaters, and PC motherboard chipsets. Four things were changed compared to the MII standard to achieve this. These changes mean that RMII uses about half the number of signals compared to MII.
 * The two clocks TXCLK and RXCLK are replaced by a single clock. This clock is an input to the PHY rather than an output, which allows the clock signal to be shared among all PHYs in a multiport device, such as a switch.
 * The clock frequency is doubled from 25 MHz to 50 MHz, while the data paths are narrowed from 4 bits to 2 bits.
 * RXDV and CRS signals are multiplexed into one signal.
 * The COL signal is removed.

MDC and MDIO can be shared among multiple PHYs.

The receiver signals are referenced to the REF_CLK, same as the transmitter signals.

This interface requires 9 signals, versus MII's 18. Of those 9, on multiport devices, MDIO, MDC, and REF_CLK may be shared leaving 6 or 7 pins per port.

RMII requires a 50 MHz clock where MII requires a 25 MHz clock and data is clocked out two bits at a time vs 4 bits at a time for MII or 1 bit at a time for SNI (10 Mbit/s only). Data is sampled on the rising edge only (i.e. it is not double-pumped).

The REF_CLK operates at 50 MHz in both 100 Mbit/s mode and 10 Mbit/s mode. The transmitting side (PHY or MAC) must keep all signals valid for 10 clock cycles in 10 Mbit/s mode. The receiver (PHY or MAC) samples the input signals only every ten cycles in 10 Mbit/s mode.

Limitations
There is no signal which defines whether the interface is in full or half duplex mode, but both the MAC and the PHY need to agree. This must instead be communicated over the serial MDIO/MDC interface. There is also no signal which defines whether the interface is in 10 or 100 Mbit/s mode, so this must also be handled using the MDIO/MDC interface. Version 1.2 of the RMII Consortium specification states that its MDIO/MDC interface is identical to that specified for MII in IEEE 802.3u. Current revisions of IEEE 802.3 specify a standard MDIO/MDC mechanism for negotiating and configuring the link's speed and duplex mode, but it is possible that older PHY devices might have been designed against obsolete versions of the standard, and may therefore use proprietary methods to set speed and duplex.

The lack of the RX_ER signal which is not connected on some MACs (such as multiport switches) is dealt with by data replacement on some PHYs to invalidate the CRC. The missing COL signal is derived from AND-ing together the TX_EN and the decoded CRS signal from the CRS_DV line in half duplex mode. This means a slight modification of the definition of CRS: On MII, CRS is asserted for both Rx and Tx frames; on RMII only for Rx frames. This has the consequence that on RMII the two error conditions no carrier and lost carrier cannot be detected, and it is difficult or impossible to support shared media such as 10BASE2 or 10BASE5.

Since the RMII standard neglected to stipulate that TX_EN should only be sampled on alternate clock cycles, it is not symmetric with CRS_DV and two RMII PHY devices cannot be connected back to back to form a repeater; this is possible, however, with the National DP83848 which supplies the decoded RX_DV as a supplemental signal in RMII mode.

Signal levels
TTL logic levels are used for 5 V or 3.3 V logic. Input high threshold is 2.0 V and low is 0.8 V. The specification states that inputs should be 5 V tolerant, however, some popular chips with RMII interfaces are not 5 V tolerant. Newer devices may support 2.5 V and 1.8 V logic.

The RMII signals are treated as lumped signals rather than transmission lines. However, the IEEE version of the related MII standard specifies 68 Ω trace impedance. National recommends running 50 Ω traces with 33 Ω series termination resistors for either MII or RMII mode to reduce reflections. National also suggests that traces be kept under 0.15 m long and matched within 0.05 m on length to minimize skew.

Gigabit media-independent interface
The gigabit media-independent interface (GMII) is an interface between the medium access control (MAC) device and the physical layer (PHY). The interface operates at speeds up to 1000 Mbit/s, implemented using a data interface clocked at 125 MHz with separate eight-bit data paths for receive and transmit, and is backwards compatible with the MII specification and can operate on fall-back speeds of 10 or 100 Mbit/s.

The GMII interface was first defined for 1000BASE-X in IEEE 802.3z-1998 as clause 35, and subsequently incorporated into IEEE 802.3-2000 onwards.

Transmitter signals
There are two transmitter clocks. The clock used depends on whether the PHY is operating at gigabit or 10/100 Mbit/s speeds. For gigabit operation, the GTXCLK is supplied to the PHY and the TXD, TXEN, TXER signals are synchronized to this. For 10 or 100 Mbit/s operation, the TXCLK is supplied by the PHY and is used for synchronizing those signals. This operates at either 25 MHz for 100 Mbit/s or 2.5 MHz for 10 Mbit/s connections. In contrast, the receiver uses a single clock signal recovered from the incoming data.

Management signals
The management interface controls the behavior of the PHY. It has the same set of registers as the MII, except that register #15 is the Extended Status register.

Reduced gigabit media-independent interface
The reduced gigabit media-independent interface (RGMII) uses half the number of data pins as are used in the GMII interface. This reduction is achieved by running half as many data lines at double speed, time multiplexing signals and by eliminating non-essential carrier-sense and collision-indication signals. Thus RGMII consists only of 14 pins, as opposed to GMII's 24 to 27.

Data is clocked on rising and falling edges for 1000 Mbit/s, and on rising edges only for 10/100 Mbit/s. The RX_CTL signal carries RXDV (data valid) on the rising edge, and (RXDV xor RXER) on the falling edge. The TX_CTL signal likewise carries TXEN on rising edge and (TXEN xor TXER) on the falling edge. This is the case for both 1000 Mbit/s and 10/100 Mbit/s.

The transmit clock signal is always provided by the MAC on the TXC line. The receive clock signal is always provided by the PHY on the RXC line. Source-synchronous clocking is used: the clock signal that is output (by either the PHY or the MAC) is synchronous with the data signals. This requires the PCB to be designed to add a 1.5–2 ns delay to the clock signal to meet the setup and hold times on the sink. RGMII v2.0 specifies an optional internal delay, obviating the need for the PCB designer to add delay; this is known as RGMII-ID.

RGMII version 1.3 uses 2.5V CMOS, whereas RGMII version 2 uses 1.5V HSTL.

Serial gigabit media-independent interface
The serial gigabit media-independent interface (SGMII) is a variant of MII used for Gigabit Ethernet but can also carry 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet.

It uses differential pairs at 625 MHz clock frequency DDR for TX and RX data and TX and RX clocks. It differs from GMII by its low-power and low pin-count 8b/10b-coded SerDes. Transmit and receive path each use one differential pair for data and another differential pair for clock. The TX/RX clocks must be generated on device output but are optional on device input (clock recovery may be used alternatively). 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet is carried by duplicating data words 100/10 times each, so the clock is always at 625 MHz.

High serial gigabit media independent interface
The high serial gigabit media-independent interface (HSGMII) is functionally similar to the SGMII but supports link speeds of up to 2.5 Gbit/s.

Quad serial gigabit media-independent interface
The quad serial gigabit media-independent interface (QSGMII) is a method of combining four SGMII lines into a 5 Gbit/s interface. QSGMII, like SGMII, uses low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) for the TX and RX data, and a single LVDS clock signal. QSGMII uses significantly fewer signal lines than four separate SGMII connections.

10 gigabit media-independent interface
10 gigabit media-independent interface (XGMII) is a standard defined in IEEE 802.3 designed for connecting full duplex 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GbE) ports to each other and to other electronic devices on a printed circuit board (PCB). It is now typically used for on-chip connections. PCB connections are now mostly accomplished with XAUI. XGMII features two 32-bit datapaths (Rx & Tx) and two four-bit control flows (Rxc and Txc), operating at 156.25 MHz DDR (312.5 MT/s).

title: Media-independent interface


text:
Kasabian (disambiguation)

Kasabian is an English rock band.

Kasabian or Kassabian may also refer to:

 * Kasabian (album), by Kasabian, 2004
 * Linda Kasabian (1949–2023), "Manson family" member and key witness in the 1970 Tate-LaBianca murder trial
 * Mihran Kassabian (1870–1910), Armenian-American radiologist
 * Rita Kassabian, Lebanese-Armenian composer

title: Kasabian (disambiguation)


text:
Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum

'Capsicum annuum'' var. glabriusculum', a chili-pepper variety of Capsicum annuum'', is native to southern North America and northern South America. Common names include chiltepín, Indian pepper, grove pepper, chiltepe, and chile tepín, as well as turkey, bird’s eye, or simply bird peppers (due to their consumption and spread by wild birds; "unlike humans birds are impervious to the heat of peppers"). Tepín is derived from a Nahuatl word meaning "flea". This variety is the most likely progenitor of the domesticated C. annuum var. annuum. Another similar-sized pepper, 'Pequin' (also called 'piquin') is often confused with tepin, although the tepin fruit is round to oval where as the pequin's fruit is oval with a point, and the leaves, stems and plant structures are very different on each plant.

Description
Chiltepin is a perennial shrub that usually grows to a height of around 1 m, but sometimes reaches 3 m. In areas without hard frost in winter, plants can live 35–50 years.

Fruit
The tiny chili peppers of C. a. var. glabriusculum are red to orange-red, usually slightly ellipsoidal, and about 0.8 cm in diameter. Some strains of tepin peppers are much closer to perfectly round when fresh. A dried tepin pepper appears quite round even if it was slightly ellipsoidal when fresh. Tepin peppers are very hot, in Scoville Heat Units (SHU) measuring between 465,000–1,629,000, or 325,000–2,469,000 depending on the capsaicinoid ⇨ SHU conversion method.

The tepin can be hotter than the habanero or red savina, with the highest levels seen in green fruit 40-50 days after fruit set.

However and since this pepper is primarily harvested from wild stands in the Mexican desert, the heat level of the fruit can vary greatly from year to year, depending on the amount of natural rainfall that occurs during the time the fruits are forming. Fruit heat levels can be weak during drought years, and normal rainfall years produce the highest heat levels. The heat levels also varies between the green fresh fruits (which are pickled in vinegar), red-ripe fresh fruits, dried whole fruit, and dried fruit with the seeds removed, with heat levels arranged from hottest to mildest in that order. Around 50 tons are estimated to be harvested commercially annually in Mexico, primarily in Sonora.

In Mexico, the heat of the chiltepin is called arrebatado ("rapid" or "violent"), because, while the heat is intense, it is not very enduring. This stands in contrast to the domesticated 'Pequin' variety, which is the same size as the wild tepin, but is oval-shaped, and delivers a decidedly different experience.

The different drying methods used for the tepin and 'Pequin', can help tell these peppers apart. Tepins are always sun-dried, whereas the Pequins are commonly dried over wood smoke, and the smell of the smoke in the Pequins can help separate the two varieties. Pequins are not as hot as chiltepins (only about 30,000–50,000 Scoville units), but they have a much slower and longer-lasting effect.

Habitat and range
C. a. var. glabriusculum can be found in Texas, Arizona, Louisiana and Florida in the Southern United States, the Bahamas, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. It prefers well-drained soils, such as silty or sandy loams, and 800 - 2000 mm of annual precipitation in Puerto Rico. It may be found in areas with a broken forest canopy or disturbed areas that lack tree cover if moisture and soil are favorable. Elsewhere, such as in Arizona, it may require the partial shading of a nurse plant.

Symbolism
Chiltepin was named "the official native pepper of Texas" in 1997, two years after the jalapeño became the official pepper of Texas.

Conservation
In 1999, Native Seeds/SEARCH and the United States Forest Service established the 2500 acre Wild Chile Botanical Area in the Coronado National Forest. Located in the Rock Corral Canyon near Tumacacori, Arizona, the preserve protects a large C. a. var. glabriusculum population for study and as a genetic reserve.

title: Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum


text:
The Stability EP

The Stability EP is a limited edition EP by Indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie, released February 19, 2002. The release marks the final appearance of drummer Michael Schorr.

The tracks on The Stability EP were originally featured as bonus tracks on the limited edition and Japanese versions of The Photo Album.

Song information
"Stability" reappears as the closing track to the band's 2005 major label debut, Plans. The new recording is considerably shorter than the original twelve-minute, mostly instrumental version found on this EP, ending where the vocals end. The version included on Plans is titled "Stable Song". A live rehearsal version of "Stability" can be found on the DVD Drive Well, Sleep Carefully, which clocks in at 10:03.

The track "All Is Full of Love" is a Björk cover.

Personnel

 * Ben Gibbard – lead vocals, guitar, piano, choir on "20th Century Towers"
 * Nick Harmer – bass, Juno on "All Is Full of Love", choir on "20th Century Towers"
 * Michael Schorr – drums, choir on "20th Century Towers"
 * Christopher Walla – guitar, choir on "20th Century Towers", production, recording, mixing
 * James Mendenhall – outro piano on "Stability"
 * John Vanderslice – additional vocals, Juno on "Stability"
 * Jeff Saltzman – mastering
 * S.E. Sharma at Avast! – mixing on "All Is Full of Love"

title: The Stability EP


text:
Talk:Joseph "Pleasant Gardens" McDowell

Untitled
Repair: (1758-1799)...He died on 1801 March 7. Kwantus 21:08, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * It was his cousin of the same name, Joseph McDowell, Jr., who died in 1801. —Kevin Myers 16:47, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph "Pleasant Gardens" McDowell


text: Category:Cosmists

title: Category:Cosmists


text:
MII

A Mii is a personalized digital avatar on Nintendo video game consoles.

Mii or MII may also refer to:
 * 1002, the year or the number, in Roman numerals
 * Mii (Jungle de Ikou!), the goddess of fertility in Jungle de Ikou!
 * MII (videocassette format), a video tape format developed by Panasonic
 * Maritime Institute of Ireland
 * Media-independent interface, in Ethernet hardware
 * Mineral Information Institute, an American educational institute
 * Mutual Information Index, a measure of two random variables' mutual dependence
 * Frank Miloye Milenkowichi Airport in Marília, Brazil (IATA code)
 * SEAT Mii, a small car, a rebadged Volkswagen Up
 * MII, cost estimating software developed for the United States Army Corps of Engineers by Project Time & Cost
 * Major Industry Identifier, part of ISO/IEC 7812
 * Medium Independent Interface, in the ITU-T G.hn standard for high-speed networking over home wires
 * Ministry of Information Industry of the People's Republic of China, precursor to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China
 * Cyrix MII, a rebranded Cyrix 6x86MX CPU, which was an updated Cyrix 6x86 with the MMX instruction set

title: MII


text:
Gabriel o Pensador

Gabriel Contino (born March 4, 1974), better known as Gabriel o Pensador (Portuguese for "Gabriel the Thinker") is a Brazilian rapper, writer, and composer known for his conscious lyrics which speak of activism, and issues of race, politics, social problems, and the Catholic church. Gabriel began his music career when he launched a demo tape containing the song "Tô Feliz (Matei o Presidente)" I'm Happy (I killed the President) landing him a contract with Sony Music. Since then he has released eight albums: Ainda É Só o Começo, Quebra-Cabeça, Nádegas a Declarar, Gabriel o Pensador, Seja Você Mesmo (mas não Seja sempre o Mesmo), MTV ao Vivo, Cavaleiro Andante and Sem Crise (this last one was released independently). Gabriel has also written three books: "Diário Noturno", "Um Garoto Chamado Rorbeto" and "Meu Pequeno Rubro-Negro". "Um Garoto Chamado Rorbeto" won the "Prêmio Jabuti", for best Children's literature.

Biography
Coming from a middle-class family, a unique background among Brazilian rappers, Gabriel, the son of a well known journalist in Brazil, hit fame in 1992 with the song "Tô Feliz (Matei o Presidente)" ("I'm happy, I've killed the president"), the debut single from his first and eponymous album. This song was written in protest of President Fernando Collor de Mello and his corrupt administration. Gabriel's mother was Collor's press secretary. The same album also yielded other hits, including "Lôrabúrra" ("Dumb Blonde", shortened) and "Retrato de um Playboy" ("Portrait of a Playboy"), bringing hip hop mainstream attention in Brazil by catering to the middle class. Although rapping about everyday life, Gabriel also found time to talk about social injustices with his fourth single, "O Resto do Mundo" ("The Leftovers of the World", a pun on the word for "leftovers" and "rest" being the same in Portuguese), a more downbeat track about homeless life, with a purposefully depressive melody and flow. Gabriel was "notorious for his biting attacks on some of the major ills of Brazilian society: poverty, racism, violence."

His following albums were also commercially successful, with a careful blend of socially relevant tracks mixed with airwave-minded pop anthems. His third album, Quebra-Cabeça, was released in 1997 and sold over one million copies. History-minded, Gabriel was highly influenced by other Brazilian music, including bossa nova, samba and MPB, as well as using hip hop's traditional methods of sampling jazz, funk and disco ("2345meia78", for example, sampled Chic's "Good Times").

In 1994, while touring in Portugal, Gabriel's song "Lavagem Cerebral" (Brainwashing) was received with much praise. The piece was accepted as "a strong social critique of Brazilian society and of the ideology of the dominating classes."

Besides his native Brazil, Gabriel, o Pensador is also well known in other Lusophone countries such as Portugal, Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and has worked with Portuguese musicians like Sérgio Godinho and General D. In 2004, he recorded his first song in English entitled, Who's The Enemy?, that appeared on American rapper Ithaka's album, Fishdaddy Flashbacks.

Other projects
The musician has also released three books: "Diário Noturno" (Brazil and Portugal; poems and short stories), "Um garoto chamado Rorbeto" (Brazil; fiction poetry for children) "Meu Pequeno Rubro-Negro" (Brazil; about children who support Flamengo, like himself). He has been a juror on the spelling bee contest "Soletrando" (in its second edition) on the program Caldeirão do Huck. Concerned about the truancy among a group of boys he helped in Rocinha, in, Rio de Janeiro, Gabriel put his hands to work and created an NGO called "Pensando Junto"(Portuguese for Thinking Together), an organization serving a social, educational and cultural purpose for children and youth in the community of Rocinha, providing its participants with access to culture, education, leisure, food, medical, dental and psychological care. The organization offers tutoring and courses for a group of underprivileged children in the Rocinha district, located in Gabriel's hometown of Rio de Janeiro, where he still lives in today. Gabriel is also a member of the Dreams Can Be Foundation, a nonprofit charitable supporting organization and a Brazilian NGO dedicated to aiding street children and impoverished youth in Brazil, working in partnership with local organizations and NGOs to provide: education, moral and social development, humanitarian relief, and the offering of opportunities where there were none before.

Discography

 * Studio Albums

 * Live Albums

 * Compilations

title: Gabriel o Pensador


text:
Kalle Lasn

Kalle Lasn (born March 24, 1942) is an Estonian-Canadian film maker, author, magazine editor, and activist. Near the end of World War II, his family fled Estonia and Lasn spent some time in a German refugee camp. At age seven he was resettled in Australia with his family, where he grew up and remained until the late 1960s, attending school in Canberra. In the late 1960s, he founded a market research company in Tokyo, and in 1970, moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Over the course of twenty years, he produced documentaries for PBS and Canada’s National Film Board. He currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia.

He is the co-founder of Adbusters magazine and author of the books Culture Jam and Design Anarchy and is the co-founder of the Adbusters Media Foundation, which owns the magazine. He reportedly started Adbusters after an epiphany that there was something profoundly wrong with consumerism. It happened in a supermarket parking lot. Frustrated that he had to insert a quarter to use a shopping cart, he jammed a bent coin in so that the machine became inoperable. This act of vandalism was his first (quite literal) "culture jam"—defined as an act designed to subvert mainstream society.

Life and work
Born in Tallinn, Estonia, during World War II, Lasn's family fled to Germany and he spent several years after the war in a displaced-persons camp before his family were offered resettlement in Australia. In Australia he earned a degree in applied mathematics and then relocated to Tokyo, where he spent five years running his own market-research firm before eventually immigrating to Canada in 1970. Lasn’s life works are applied within the philosophical lens of the French Situationists theory and the philosophy of detournement. His concept pertained to the "rerouting [of] spectacular images, environments, ambiences and events to reverse or subvert their meaning." Lasn has also contemporized the concept of the Spectacle, in which he applies to explain the thousands of images encountered by consumers on a daily basis.

In an interview with PRWeek magazine, Lasn recalls the moment in 1989, as an environmental campaigner, when he realized that all brands carry a "political message". In response to a multimillion-dollar marketing campaign launched by the forest industry, which sought to reassure the Pacific Northwest that they had nothing to worry about, Lasn and his team developed a 30-second advertisement of their own which would challenge the initial campaign. However, Lasn’s attempt at airing the spot on television ultimately failed, as the TV station refused to sell him any time. Lasn referred to this move as "absurd and unfair" because "even the most innocuous product ad is laden with unspoken and unquestioned political assumptions", adding that no line exists between product and advocacy ads, and that all ads are political.

Adbusters
Inspired by what he saw as the lack of democracy in access to all-power media, Lasn founded Adbusters, a bi-monthly radicalizing magazine which lends itself the title of one of the leading voices in global environmentalism, anti-capitalist and anti-consumerist movements. Having worked in market research in Japan in the 1960s, Lasn drew from his personal experience and knowledge to produce publications and campaigns that would employ the necessary tools and techniques to create powerful imagery, stunts, slick graphics and vibrant language to promote his cause.

By taking conventional marketing communication techniques and applying them to anti-consumerism messages, Adbusters has created a powerful, global social movement, which takes aim at large-scale industries. Although the company’s headquarters in Vancouver only has ten employees, it has a large global following, with 40,000 paper subscribers and 30,000 online subscribers. Lasn claims that ‘’Adbusters" is the "hub of global activism – it’s the (communication) model of the future".

Books and films
In his first book, Culture Jam, Lasn portrays consumerism as the fundamental evil of the modern era. He calls for a "meme war": a battle of ideas to shift Western society away from consumer capitalism. Lasn, in his book, calls on the values of authenticity, individuality and freedom of expression. He promotes the rebelling of the notion that hierarchies can dictate people’s identities. Essentially, Lasn’s concept of culture jamming calls upon consumers to value experiences over possessions, while accusing marketing experts of co-opting these values and "slapping a brand name on them".

His second book, Design Anarchy, calls on graphic designers, illustrators and others to turn from working in service to corporate and political pollution of both the planet and "the mental environment", and to embrace a radical new aesthetic devoted to social and environmental responsibility.. The book, which in an introduction to Lasn’s notion of culture jamming, includes a compilation of some of Adbuster’s greatest moments, but with the addition of what Lasn calls a "technical event", which forces the mind to take notice of something and search for meaning, even if there is no meaning. This "technical event" invites readers to become mindful of their patterns of consumption. Similar to Lasn’s prior book, Design Anarchy is a "personal statement, manifesto and textbook", which takes many of the prominent advertising campaigns found in the Adbusters magazine, and reconfigures them to stop "the flow of bits of information long enough to interrupt the spectacle, to promote the jolt, to allow the process of awareness". In the book, Lasn claims that if members of a society can begin by demarking themselves, then they are able to de-market certain rituals imposed by commercial forces, consequently shifting the ways in which the customer interacts with mass media, the way information flows, and the ways in which meaning is produced, ultimately leading to a break in commercial meaning and a shift to a post-consumerist society.

In his third book, Meme Wars: The Creative Destruction of Neoclassic Economics, Lasn prefaces the book by calling on University students to realize that they are being "fooled by the façade" of the capitalist educational system, adding that the lack of incorporation of externalities such as species extinction, resource depletion, climate change, and financial meltdowns has turned the profession into a "target for derision and ridicule". Lasn challenges students to look beneath the surface of the façade to realize that economics is a "highly contested" and "questionable" field. To do so, Lasn offers two distinct ways for students to approach their academic endeavours: to either "accept the status quo" of the system, or become "an agitator, a provocateur, a meme warrior, and occupier", calling on students to engage in a paradigm shift within educational institutions. The book includes a series of essays, photographs and advertisements, which support Lasn’s approach to culture jamming.

Lasn made documentary films for 20 years beginning in 1970 - many of them to do with Japan, the homeland of his wife, Masako Tominaga. His award-winning films include:
 * Bears and Man (Co-writer, editor)
 * Japan Inc: Lessons for North America?
 * Japanese Woman
 * Satori in the Right Cortex
 * The Rise and Fall of American Business Culture
 * The Autumn Rain: Crime in Japan

Activism and views
Lasn, in collaboration with others of Adbusters, came up with the original idea for an Occupy Wall Street (OWS) demonstration, but has been careful not to claim ownership of it. In a CBC TV interview, Lasn described OWS as an example of radical democracy and suggested a local movement might emerge, perhaps Occupy Main Street.

On Jews and Israel
In March 2004, Lasn published an article in Adbusters claiming that, whereas less than two percent of Americans are Jewish, 26 of the top 50 (from a list of George W. Bush-era neoconservatives) advocating war in Iraq are Jewish (52 percent).

On Hamas he wrote, "Hamas, at heart, are freedom fighters...What these young men actually did on Oct 7 was brutal and barbaric and in many cases impossible to defend. But why they did it, that's easier to understand."

title: Kalle Lasn


text: User talk:65.95.158.139

title: User talk:65.95.158.139


text:
Cosmism

Cosmism may refer to:

 * A religious philosophical position from the writings of Hugo de Garis
 * Russian cosmism, a philosophical and cultural movement in Russia in the early 20th century

title: Cosmism


text:
Talk:World Assembly of Muslim Youth

WAMY was designated as one of the main Saudi charities involved in al-Qaida financing, by the United Nations in a report entitled "TERRORISM FINANCING Roots and trends of Saudi terrorism financing" The Report was prepared for the President of the Security Council, United Nations Dec. 19, 2002 by Jean-Charles Brisard (JCB Consulting)

The document is available online HERE. '' —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mojotexas (talk • contribs) as of 16:10, 2004 December 18

Section deleted without discussion
The section heading and three paragraphs in italics, that I have pasted in below, were excised from this article, here, and here. I wrote about half that passage. I don't think my prose is sacred, or anything special. But I do like to see an explanation when a whole sub-topic is removed.

I have attempted to initiate discussions with wikipedia contributors who hold various points of view, in their personal lives, about material they excise. Over on the Talk:Tablighi Jamaat, a year and a half ago, I made many attempts to provide coverage of the fact, referenced from verifiable and authoritative sources, that there are strong elements within the counter-terrorism establishments around the world who assert there is a connection between TJ and terrorism.

Initially my correspondents on Talk:Tablighi Jamaat wanted to wholesale excise, to suppress all coverage of these allegations, justifying the suppression based on their perception that the allegations were flimsy, far-fetched, contradicted the stated principle that the TJ movement was non-political. My response was that so long as the coverage of the allegations conformed with the wikipedia's core policies, like WP:NPOV, WP:NOR and WP:VER, it should stay. Suppressing coverage of material because, in the personal opinion of one, or several, wikipedia contributors, that the material is not credible, is a violation of WP:NPOV, when the material complies with the wikipedia's core policies.

I am going to wait a reasonable period of time, for the wikipedians who excised the material, or for someone who agrees with its excision, to offer an explanation why it should remain exicsed. And if I don't get one, I think it should be restored.

Cheers! Geo Swan 17:49, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Unreliable Sources
Many of the statements in this article give discoverthenetworks.org as the source, which is not reliable in itself, although it often draws its information from reliable sources. In addition, there are many direct quotations from this source. Someone with the time and interest (unfortunately not me) should replace those citations with citations to the original, reliable sources of the information posted. In the meantime I am flagging as unreliable. Jazzcowboy (talk) 13:18, 25 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I've fixed some of these, but it still needs some work. Jazzcowboy (talk) 14:11, 25 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I have removed material cited to discoverthenetworks.org. Snuish (talk) 21:57, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:World Assembly of Muslim Youth


text:
Cafe Express

Cafe Express operates two fast-casual, bistro-style restaurants in Houston, Texas, United States. The company's headquarters are in Houston.

The chain was founded in 1984 by Schiller Del Grande Restaurant Group. In 2004 fast food giant Wendy's International acquired a 70% stake in Cafe Express. In 2007, Wendy's sold the company back to Schiller Del Grande and its original investor, Redstone.

title: Cafe Express


text:
European Poker Tour

The European Poker Tour (EPT) is a series of poker tournaments created by John Duthie, winner of the inaugural Poker Million tournament. It began in 2004 as part of the worldwide explosion in Texas Hold 'em popularity. Since 2011 the EPT has been sponsored and wholly owned and controlled by PokerStars the online casino and taped by Sunset + Vine for television broadcast across Europe. By season 4 the buy-in for most EPT events was increased to €8,000 (due to increased popularity and lack of space in participating casinos ). At 2007 exchange rates, this is approximately equal to the US$10,000 which is the buy-in for most major poker events.

This single move made the EPT the largest poker tour in the world, eclipsing its nearest rivals significantly. The WSOP was larger, but was only run in Las Vegas.

The final table like most other major poker events is made up of 8 players.

For the first couple of seasons, John Duthie commentated for the show alongside Colin Murray. Since the middle of Season 3, James Hartigan has been the lead commentator, with professional players Greg Raymer, Daniel Negreanu and Victoria Coren Mitchell providing analysis. Hartigan also presents the live webcast from each event. The TV show was first hosted by Caroline Flack, then joined by Natalie Pinkham. Seasons 4 and 5 were hosted by Kara Scott, while Seasons 6 and 7 were fronted by Michelle Orpe. Since Season 8, there have been four different presenters with Kristy Arnett, Sarah Grant, Laura Cornelius and Lynn Gilmartin, with commentators James Hartigan and Joe Stapleton presenting the TV shows.

2010 EPT Berlin robbery
On 6 March 2010 four masked men, armed with knives and at least one hand gun robbed the EPT event in Berlin. According to the police, the robbers got away with €242,000. No one was seriously injured, only one guard got a minor cut while trying to detain one of the robbers. The panic which gripped the crowd was briefly captured on the live webcast before the camera cut away. The attackers were caught several days after the robbery and later convicted and sentenced to three years in prison.

2017 rebranding
In 2017, the series was discontinued and rebranded as the PokerStars Championship. However, this only lasted one year and the EPT returned in 2018.

2020 EPT Online
In 2020, three scheduled stops on the EPT (in Monte Carlo, Barcelona and Prague) were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic – a fourth event (in Sochi) continued as planned.

An inaugural EPT Online series took place on sponsor site PokerStars instead, running from 8–18 November 2020. The series comprised 20 tournaments, including a $5,200 Main Event, four $10,300 High Roller events, and a $25,000 Super High Roller. The Main Event, which had a $5 million guaranteed prize pool, attracted 1,304 entries. The final prize pool came to $6.52 million, of which $1,019,082 went to the eventual winner "WhatIfGod", with Timothy Adams finishing as runner-up.

title: European Poker Tour