text:
Talk:Capital punishment in New Hampshire

Old VfD
from VfD:

(please note this was for when the page was just a list and at List of individuals executed in New Hampshire. Evil Monkey - Hello 02:48, 25 November 2005 (UTC))

Reason I recommended this article for VfD:
 * 1) Where's the list?  It says 28 people were executed, and says it's a list, but I don't see an enumeration of 28 executed people.
 * 2) Wikipedia is not a web guide.  This article seems to be an introduction directing readers to an external website that has the list.  —ExplorerCDT 22:43, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion
 * Delete —ExplorerCDT 22:43, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Either add a list to the article or rename it Capital punishment in New Hampshire. - SimonP 22:47, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, problem has been solved. - SimonP 00:19, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Rename --fvw *  22:49, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Rename... to what? The title seems appropriate as-is. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:34, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have now added the list since it was short; however, this is part of a series of articles linked from Capital punishment in the United States on each state which still uses the death penalty. Do not rename. Rmhermen 23:03, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * The wiki links on that page are so obscure I wouldn't have found them unless I knew they were there. -Willmcw 01:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and do not rename. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:34, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's interesting to note that the lists in this series are some of the only few "lists of people" to not refer to the people in question as people.  -Sean Curtin 00:24, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep the rewritten article. Geogre 02:13, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hey... where is the List of groups executed in New Hampshire? End the pluraism! :p I think this is almost noteworthy enough to keep. Alphax (talk) 04:41, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Worthwhile series. -Willmcw 01:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Apparently used to be an empty list but the list is quite OK now. Maybe those who voted delete should reconsider now that the article is improved? 129.177.61.123 13:41, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Soft updates

This is the name as McKusick writes it. I thought the article should be at the right place and fixed all the links to it except someone's user page. - Taxman 22:44, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Are softupdates more flash SSD friendly than journalling? It seems that they should reduce the number of writes (no log) and hence provide a better wear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cyril (talk • contribs) 20:40, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * For FFS-like file systems, yeah, I'd guess so. But overall, FFS and the like aren't very flash friendly, even with softupdates. Even though softupdates will delay and aggregate meta-data updates, the FFS meta-data is still scattered into smaller blocks than optimal for flash. IIUC, a log-structured FS would be way better since flash doesn't have the high seek time of HDDs. Adding some softupdates-like functionality on top of that would be even better (like not simply queueing writes, but only writing the differences needed between the in-core cache and the on-disk flushed state), but probably overkill. Most of the unnecessary writes are prolly restricted to /tmp, and you can deal with that one other ways. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.200.77.59 (talk) 21:57, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Soft updates


text: User talk:80.3.96.40

title: User talk:80.3.96.40


text: Category:Colorado Avalanche

title: Category:Colorado Avalanche


text:
Bud Dajo

Bud Dajo (Būd Dahu; Monte Dajó), is a cinder cone and the second highest point (+600m) in Sulu. It is one of the cinder cones that make up the island of Jolo and part of the Jolo Volcanic Group. The extinct volcano is located 8 km southeast from the town of Jolo in Sulu. The mountain and adjacent lands were declared as Mount Dajo National Park in 1938. It is a sacred mountain for the locals, and the Tausug people at-large, as well as nearby ethnic groups.

Physical features
The cinder cone has an elevation of 620 m with a base diameter of 9.5 km. On the summit of the mountain is 0.5 km crater that is breached to the southwest. The other volcanic edifices adjacent to Bud Dajo are: Matanding, located northeast of the Bud Dajo with an elevation of 400 m asl; Guimba, east and elevation of 482 m asl; and Sungal, southeast which is 518 m asl., dangerous volcano.

Geology
The basaltic volcanic cone is part of Zamboanga-Sulu volcanic arc.

1641
Two volcanoes falsely attributed to the eruption on January 4, 1641, which engulfed southern Philippines in darkness. Further studies later found the eruption to have come from Mount Melibengoy in Cotabato.

1897
The earthquake and subsequent tsunami on September 21, 1897, that devastated the Southern Philippines was believed to be from a submarine eruption therefore excludes Bud Dajo.

PHIVOLCS monitoring activity
A short-term monitoring (seismic and visuals) surveys were conducted by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology in 1993 and in 1997 on the mountain. No unusual activities were observed within the vicinity of the volcano.

Mount Dajo National Park
The mountain and surrounding areas were declared as a national park by Proclamation No. 261 on February 28, 1938, encompassing 213 ha of land. Recent reports have shown that the mountain is very deforested with few remaining forest cover usually on the steep ridges. The game refuge is not currently listed as a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.

Fauna
Some vulnerable and endangered species, not necessarily endemic to the area, but can be found within the Mount Dajo National Park are (from BirdLife International):
 * 1) Grey imperial pigeon (Ducula pickeringii), Vulnerable
 * 2) Philippine cockatoo or the red-vented cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia), Critically endangered
 * 3) Sulu hornbill (Anthracoceros montani),	Critically endangered
 * 4) Sulu pygmy woodpecker Dendrocopos ramsayi, Vulnerable
 * 5) Winchell's kingfisher or rufous-lored kingfisher (Todiramphus winchelli), Vulnerable

Historical relevance
Bud Dajo is a sacred mountain for the indigenous peoples of the Sulu archipelago. The mountain was the site of the First Battle of Bud Dajo during the Moro Rebellion of the Philippine–American War in 1906, which culminated in the killing by U.S. forces of over 800-900 villagers, mostly civilians, hiding on the crater of Bud Dajo. The event is known as the Moro Crater Massacre. The barbaric killings committed by the American government, under governor-general Leonard Wood and American president and Republican Theodore Roosevelt, included the murder of hundreds of women and children, whose bodies were photographed by the American soldiers as war trophies. In many of the photographs, the American soldiers smiled in glee as skulls, rotting dismembered limbs and torso, and blown-out heads with punctured cheeks were piled-up around them. When the photographs and numbers of killings were known to the American public, the government at the time received some backlash. In an attempt to cover-up the massacre, the American government branded the historical event as fake news, and when branding didn't work, they changed the narrative and explained that the Moros of Bud Dajo were uncivilized, falsely depicting them as war-thirsty beings. In truth, the Moros were just defending their land from colonizers that sought to erase their cultural identities. The American government also justified the killing of women by stating that their soldiers killed them because they wore traditional pants, which made them look like men in the eyes of the soldiers. Although the massacre received backlash from certain parts of the American public, the issue later faded from the American public knowledge and discussion as other issues occurred in their daily lives. The horrific atrocities committed by the Americans during the massacre continue to influence the peoples of the Sulu archipelago today, whose people were obliterated in the name of colonialism and white supremacy, and whose sacred mountain and its spirits were disrespected. In 1911, another similar massacre now called the Second Battle of Bud Dajo was committed by the American government under governor-general Wood and the new American president, another Republican, William Howard Taft, with fewer casualties due to negotiations, where the Moros were forced to leave the sacred ground under American colonial rule. In 1913, the American government under both Wood and Taft launched another similar massacre at Bud Bagsak, another sacred mountain near Bud Dajo.

title: Bud Dajo


text:
Albéric Clément

Albéric Clément (c. 1165 – 3 July 1191) was the first Marshal of France (Marescallus Franciae), a position created for him by Philip Augustus in 1185. He also inherited the seigneurie of Mez (later Mez-le-Maréchal) in Gâtinais after his father's death in 1182.

Albéric was born sometime in the mid-1160s to Robert III Clément and Hersende de Mez, and thus came from a knightly family- the Cléments of Mez. He accompanied Philip on the Third Crusade as Marshal, and distinguished himself at the Siege of Acre in particular, frequently leading the advanced guard into battle.

Albéric is said to have died on 3 July 1191, during an attempted breach of the city's walls, with accounts by those such as contemporary poet Ambroise suggesting the Marshal led the charge himself and died on- or close to the Accursed Tower, after swearing that he would either die that day or enter Acre. Some accounts describe Albéric charging the walls with Philip's standard in hand and a number of men with him, attempting to scale the walls with a ladder, being pulled up with a grappling hook by the Saracen defenders and isolated from his men by rocks thrown onto the climbing assault party. Other accounts describe the ladder breaking under the weight of the Marshal's followers, leaving him alone on the wall. Accounts also go on to describe a defending soldier parading the walls wearing Albéric's armour after his death, stopping only when Richard I of England shot the man down.

Albéric had two siblings, one of whom- Henry I Clément- would go on to become Marshal of France himself.

Duties as Marshal of France
The title of Marshal of France as awarded to Albéric Clément and his successors did not involve command responsibilities of large armies- Albéric held no official command even at Acre. While military in nature, the position was more concerned with management of the king's horses and stables. It was not until the 15th century that the position would move away from managing stables to one with battlefield authority second only to the French sovereign.

title: Albéric Clément


text:
William Green (American football)

William Green (born December 17, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Boston College Eagles, receiving consensus All-American honors in 2001. The Browns chose him in the first round of the 2002 NFL Draft and he appeared in 46 games for Cleveland between 2002 and 2005.

Early years
Green was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey. His father was a heroin addict who died of AIDS when Green was 13 years old. His mother died of the disease a year later after being infected by his father. After his parents' deaths, Green was separated from his four siblings.

Green attended Holy Spirit High School in Absecon, New Jersey, where he played for the Holy Spirit Spartans high school football team and received multiple high school All-American honors.

College career
Green received an athletic scholarship to attend Boston College, and played for their Eagles football teams from 1998 to 2001. In two years as a starting running back, he compiled over 2,700 yards rushing and 32 touchdowns. He was a first-team All-Big East Conference selection in 2000 and 2001, was honored as the Big East Offensive Player of the Year, and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2001, after receiving first-team honors from the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), The Sporting News, the Walter Camp Football Foundation, Football News and Pro Football Weekly.

Professional career
In the 2002 NFL Draft, Green was a top-rated player. However, two college suspensions for marijuana use hurt his stock on draft day.

Cleveland selected him as 16th overall pick in the first round of the 2002 NFL Draft. As a rookie in 2002, Green appeared in all 16 regular season games and started ten of them, gaining 887 yards and scoring six touchdowns. In a home game with playoff implications versus Atlanta late in the season, Green provided Browns fans with one of the most memorable moments of the new Browns. He ran for a 64-yard touchdown to put the Browns ahead for good in a play known as "Run William Run!" due to radio play by play man Jim Donovan's call of the play.

His 2003 season, however, was fraught with turmoil. After a good start with 559 yards, Green was arrested for drunk driving and marijuana possession. Green was also notoriously seen wearing one shoe and one sock during the arrest. The arrest led to a four-game suspension under the league's substance abuse policy. While under suspension, Green's fiancée, Asia Gray, stabbed him in the back during a domestic dispute. The league extended his suspension through the end of the 2003 season "for treatment purposes."

In 2004, Green gained 585 yards on the season. On November 14, he was ejected prior to a game with the Pittsburgh Steelers for fighting with linebacker Joey Porter. Around this time, he had disclosed that he was having a child with a woman other than his wife.

His final season in Cleveland was an injury-plagued 2005 campaign where he appeared in eight games and gained only 78 yards. The Browns placed him on injured reserve at the end of training camp in 2006 and reached an injury settlement with Green allowing them to release him.

In March 2008, it was reported that Green would attempt to play in the NFL again after two seasons out of the league. He worked out at his alma mater Boston College's Pro Day on March 19, showing up in "great shape," bench-pressing 225 pounds 25 times and posting a 42-inch vertical leap, and also ran a 4.85 forty yard dash. However, he did not sign a contract.

NFL statistics
Rushing stats

Receiving stats

Personal life
Prior to his 2008 NFL comeback attempt, Green became a Christian. He became a motivational speaker at corporate, church, and school events. His speeches are typically about forgiveness and overcoming struggles. In 2012, he became an ordained minister.

He is the father of eight children, seven with his wife, Asia Gray, and one from a previous relationship. All eight children live with him and his wife on a four-acre property in Berlin, New Jersey.

title: William Green (American football)


text: User talk:69.128.49.39

title: User talk:69.128.49.39


text: User talk:68.105.128.220

title: User talk:68.105.128.220


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Justin lange

Justin lange
Vanity. --fvw *  22:47, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Blatant at that. Later, Justin.  :^)  Seriously, please consider getting a user page and putting the info there. - Lucky 6.9 22:53, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, doesn't say when he stopped sucking his thumb. Wyss 23:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Very sparse autobiographical article. ("Punctuate Now: Ask Me How!")  Geogre 02:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * When will people learn that Wikipedia is not the only way to get yourself onto a web page? Delete, and if the content winds up on the user's page, so be it. Alphax (talk) 04:38, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, for reasons above. --Spangineer 15:53, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable even if unusual in not having a capitalized last name. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 17:25, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete boring vanity Carole a 18:21, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

Kuhn, Loeb & Co. was an American multinational investment bank founded in 1867 by Abraham Kuhn and his brother-in-law Solomon Loeb. Headed from 1885 onwards by Jacob H. Schiff, Loeb's son-in-law, it grew to be one of the most influential investment banks in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, financing America's expanding railways and growth companies, including Western Union and Westinghouse, and thereby becoming the principal rival of J.P. Morgan & Co.

In the years following Schiff's death in 1920, the firm was led by Otto Kahn (died 1934) and Felix Warburg (died 1937), men who had already solidified their roles as Schiff's able successors. However, the firm's fortunes began to fade following the end of World War II in 1945 - it failed to keep pace with a rapidly changing investment-banking industry, in which Kuhn, Loeb's old-world, genteel ways, did not seem to fit; the days of the gentleman-banker had passed.

The firm lost its independence from the Bulge Bracket in 1977 when it merged with Lehman Brothers, creating Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb Inc. The combined firm was itself acquired in 1984 by American Express, forming Shearson Lehman/American Express and with that, the "Kuhn, Loeb" name was retired.

History
Kuhn, Loeb & Co. was an investment bank located in New York City. It was founded in 1867, by Abraham Kuhn and Solomon Loeb. Kuhn and Loeb had created a successful merchandising business in Cincinnati, Ohio, when they decided to move east, to New York, to take advantage of the country's burgeoning economic expansion. Company records indicate that by the time Kuhn and Loeb established their partnership, they were able to capitalize it at $500,000 (equivalent of about $ million in ). On January 1, 1875, Jacob Schiff (1847–1920), Solomon Loeb's son-in-law, joined the firm. He eventually became its leader and grew the firm into the second most prestigious investment bank in the United States behind J. Pierpont Morgan's J.P. Morgan & Co.

The firm grew to prominence during the railroad era in the United States. Americans saw great hope and promise in railroads and investors saw great opportunities to profit. Kuhn, Loeb, like all investment banks, brought capital together with commercial opportunity. Its first meaningful entry into railroad financing was in 1877 when it raised funds for the Chicago and North Western Railroad, and several years later, in 1881, for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad.

Schiff was instrumental in the reorganization of the Union Pacific in 1897, helping to place the firm on sound financial footing. In 1901, with Kuhn, Loeb's financial support, E. H. Harriman famously battled James Jerome Hill and J.P. Morgan to acquire control of the Northern Pacific Railroad.

The firm was long associated with many of America's emerging industrial giants, providing financial backing for Westinghouse and Western Union, as well as innovative consumer giants like the Polaroid Corporation. The firm also enjoyed respect as a trusted adviser overseas, providing services to numerous foreign governments, including the governments of Austria, Finland, Mexico and Venezuela.

It also acted as the leading investment house for John D. Rockefeller, through the guidance of his investment adviser, Frederick T. Gates. Rockefeller invested in many syndicates with the bank, including major stakes in the prominent railroad companies, as well as contributing to its consolidation of the Chicago meatpackers, which resulted in the formation of a leading trust. Overseas ventures that Rockefeller also got involved with included the bank's loans to the Chinese and Imperial Japanese governments.

The firm also joined a partnership with Rockefeller in 1911 to gain control of the Equitable Trust Company, which was later to merge and become the Chase Bank.

Famous partners of the firm included Otto Kahn, Paul Warburg, Felix Warburg, Mortimer Schiff, Benjamin Buttenwieser, Abraham Wolff, Lewis Strauss, and Sigmund Warburg, founder of S.G. Warburg.

In its early years, intermarriage among the German-Jewish elite was common. Consequently, the partners of Kuhn, Loeb were closely related by blood and marriage to the partners of J & W Seligman, Speyer & Co., Goldman, Sachs & Co., Lehman Brothers and other prominent German-Jewish firms. Prior to the Second World War, a particularly close relationship existed between the partners of Kuhn, Loeb and M. M. Warburg & Co. of Hamburg, Germany, through Paul and Felix, who were Kuhn, Loeb partners. Later on, following World War II, their cousin Sigmund Warburg would briefly continue this relationship as a partner and Executive Director of the firm.

The firm's fortunes began to fade in the years following World War II. Wall Street was changing and shifting away from relationship banking. Kuhn, Loeb's world of gentlemen bankers was gradually being replaced by a more aggressive, transaction-oriented Wall Street, with underwriters entering the trenches and selling securities directly to the public—territory Kuhn, Loeb stubbornly refused to enter. When asked how many people worked at Kuhn, Loeb, one partner famously quipped, "about half". Such was life at Kuhn, Loeb, resting on its laurels, while Wall Street passed it by.

In 1977, facing a capital crisis, the firm succumbed and merged with Lehman Brothers, to form Lehman Brothers, Kuhn, Loeb Inc. Internationally, the merged firms were known as Kuhn Loeb Lehman Brothers Inc., in recognition Kuhn Loeb's superior international reputation.

The merger did not, however, prove to be the panacea to what ailed Kuhn, Loeb. Indeed, as detailed more closely in the Lehman Brothers history, a period of bitter internal strife ended in 1984 when the firm sold itself to Shearson/American Express, itself the product of a recent merger between American Express and Sandy Weill's, Shearson Loeb Rhoades. The combined firms then dropped the Kuhn, Loeb name and became known as Shearson Lehman/American Express, ending Kuhn, Loeb's almost 120 years on Wall Street.

Later, the combined firm purchased E.F. Hutton, becoming Shearson Lehman Hutton. Ultimately, however, American Express could not make the pieces of its financial services supermarket work. In 1993, under then newly appointed CEO, Harvey Golub, the firm sold its retail brokerage operations to Primerica. In 1994, it spun off a beleaguered Lehman Brothers as Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., in an initial public offering.

Although the Kuhn, Loeb name is probably gone forever, the firm's legacy is not. Former Kuhn, Loeb employees remain in senior positions throughout Wall Street, and until recently, at Lehman Brothers. Vestiges of the firm survived in the form of Lehman Brothers' extensive fixed income capabilities, including many of their bond indices, such as the Government/Credit index. This index, originally created in 1973 by Kuhn, Loeb, as the Government/Corporate index, was among the first generation of bond index data to measure the fixed income market. It is still the preeminent benchmark in its class.

Successors
The following is an illustration of the company's mergers and its role in later successor firms, notably Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, Shearson Lehman Brothers and later Lehman Brothers (this is not a comprehensive list):

General Partners

 * Abraham Kuhn (1867–1887)
 * Solomon Loeb^ (1867–1899)
 * Samuel Wolff (1867–1872)
 * Samuel Kuhn (1868–1869)
 * Jacob Netter (1867–1869)
 * Jacob H. Schiff^ (1875–1920)
 * Abraham Wolff (1875–1900)
 * Michael Gernsheim (1875–1881)
 * Lewis S. Wolff (1884–1891)
 * James Loeb (1894–1901)
 * Louis A. Heinsheimer (1894–1909)
 * Felix M. Warburg (1897–1937)
 * Otto H. Kahn^ (1897–1934)
 * Mortimer L. Schiff (1900–1931)
 * Paul M. Warburg (1903–1914)
 * Jerome J. Hanauer** (1912–1932)
 * Gordon Leith (London) (1927–1930)
 * George W. Bovenizer (1929–1961)
 * Lewis L. Strauss (1929–1946)
 * Sir William Wiseman, Bart. (1929–1960)
 * John M. Schiff^ (1931 – ?)
 * Frederick M. Warburg (1931 – ?)
 * Gilbert W. Kahn (1931 – ?)
 * Benjamin J. Buttenwieser (1932–1949)
 * Hugh Knowlton (1932 – ?)
 * Elisha Walker (1933–1950)
 * Percy M. Stewart (1941 – ?)
 * Robert F. Brown (1941 – ?)
 * Robert E. Walker (1949–1958)
 * J. Emerson Thors (1949 – ?)
 * J. Richardson Dilworth (1952–1958)
 * Jonas C. Andersen (1955–1956)
 * Sir Siegmund G. Warburg (London) (1956–1964)
 * David T. Miralia (1957 – ?)
 * Kenneth N. Hall (1956 – ?)
 * Henry Necarsulmer (1956–1977)
 * Charles J. Ely (1956 – ?)
 * Bernard Einhorn (1965–1967)
 * Nathaniel Samuels^ (1955–1974)
 * Morris H. Wright
 * John M. Leonard
 * Alvin E. Friedman (1962 – ?)
 * John S. Guest (1962 – ?)
 * Jerome S. Katzin (1962–1977)
 * John T. Monzani (1962–?)
 * H. Spottswood White (1962–?)
 * Thomas E. Dewey Jr. (1966–1975)
 * Andre Istel (1964–1966)
 * Harvey M. Krueger^ (1965–1977)
 * Anthony M. Lund
 * William H. Todd
 * Yves-Andres Istel (1966 – ?)
 * John K. Libby (1967–1977)
 * James H. Manges (1967 – ?)
 * David T. Schiff (1967 – ?)
 * Sydney S. Netreba (1968 – ?)
 * Sidney J. Sauerhaft (1968 – ?)
 * Joseph F. Schwartz (1968 – ?)
 * John Barry Ryan III (1969 -)
 * Edgar R. Koerner (1969 – ?)
 * Archie E. Albright (1969 – ?)
 * Mark C. Feer (1969–1977)
 * W. Richard Bingham (1970 – ?)
 * James A. Favia (1970 – ?)
 * William M. Kearns Jr. (1970 – ?)
 * Norman W. Stewart (1970 – ?)
 * Clifford W. Michel (1972 – ?)
 * Robert M. Shepard (1973–1977)

** First non-family member to be admitted to the partnership.

^ Indicates status as former managing partner

Partnership Summary Data

 * 67 General Partners
 * Longest Serving Partners: Jacob H. Schiff (45 years), Felix M. Warburg (40 years)

Clients of the Firm

 * American Smelting and Refining Company
 * Anheuser-Busch
 * Automatic Data Processing, Inc.
 * Bank Leumi
 * Bayer
 * Bethlehem Steel
 * CIT Group
 * Chemical Bank
 * The Dreyfus Corporation
 * Eastern Air Lines
 * Endicott Johnson Corporation
 * Erie Lackawanna Railway
 * European Coal and Steel Community (forerunner of the E.U.)
 * Ford Foundation
 * The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company
 * ITT Corporation
 * Israel Discount Bank
 * Kingdom of Denmark
 * Kingdom of Norway
 * Ericsson, Sweden
 * Metromedia
 * Metropolis of Tokyo, Japan
 * Power Authority of the State of New York
 * RKO
 * Republic Aviation
 * Republic of Austria
 * Republic of Finland
 * Republic of Peru
 * Republic of the Philippines
 * Republic of Venezuela
 * Reynolds Metals Company
 * Rockwell Manufacturing Company
 * Rockwell-Standard Corp.
 * Southern Pacific Transportation Company
 * Stouffer's
 * Uniroyal
 * Mexico (United Mexican States)
 * Wagner Electric Corporation
 * Western Union Telegraph Company
 * Westinghouse Electric Corporation

Operating Entities

 * Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Incorporated
 * Kuhn, Loeb Asia Limited
 * Kuhn, Loeb Government Securities Incorporated
 * Kuhn, Loeb International Limited

Office Locations
Kuhn, Loeb & Co., had a number of homes throughout its existence:
 * 31 Nassau Street, New York, NY (1867)
 * 30 Nassau Street, New York, NY (1884)
 * 27 Pine Street, New York, NY (1894)
 * 52 William Street, New York, NY (1903)
 * 30 Wall Street, New York, NY, (May 31, 1955)
 * 40 Wall Street, New York, NY
 * 55 Water Street (as Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb)

Value of a Dollar
In 1867 Kuhn, Loeb & Co., was reputed to have been capitalized at $500,000.00. In today's dollars, versus various benchmarks, this would be equal to:

 * $7,029,288.70 using the Consumer Price Index
 * $6,321,583.51 using the GDP deflator
 * $55,096,551.72 using the unskilled wage
 * $98,870,892.13 using the GDP per capita
 * $791,998,799.52 using the United States Gross Domestic Product

Law Firms Representing Kuhn, Loeb & Co.

 * Guthrie, Cravath & Henderson L.L.P.
 * Dewey, Ballantine, Bushby, Palmer & Wood L.L.P.

Books

 * Auletta, Ken. Greed and Glory on Wall Street: The Fall of the House of Lehman. Random House, 1985
 * Birmingham, Stephen. Our Crowd: The Great Jewish Families of New York.  Pocket Books, 1977
 * Chernow, Ron. The Warburgs. Random House, 1993
 * Collins, Theresa M. Otto Kahn: Art, Money & Modern Time. The University of North Carolina Press, 2002
 * Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Kuhn, Loeb & Co.: A Century of Investment Banking. New York: privately printed, 1967
 * Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Kuhn Loeb & Co.: Investment Banking Through Four Generations. privately printed, 1955
 * Strauss, Lewis L. Men and Decisions. Doubleday, 1961
 * Williams, Iain Cameron. The KAHNS of Fifth Avenue, iwp publishing, February 17, 2022, ISBN 978-1916146587

Articles

 * The Gilded Age – Investment Bankers

title: Kuhn, Loeb & Co.


text:
Coelius Sedulius

Sedulius (sometimes with the nomen Coelius or Caelius, both of doubtful authenticity) was a Christian poet of the first half of the 5th century.

Biography
Extremely little is known about his life. "Sedulius" is the Latin form of the Irish name "Siadhal". The only trustworthy information, contained in his two letters to Macedonius, recounts that he devoted his early life, perhaps as a teacher of  rhetoric, to secular literature. Late in life he converted to Christianity, or, if a Christian before, began to take his faith more seriously. One medieval commentary states that he resided in Italy. Isidore of Seville (c.  560 – 636) and the Gelasian decree refer to him as a presbyter.

Works
His fame rests mainly upon a long poem, Carmen paschale, based on the four gospels. In style a bombastic imitator of Virgil, he shows, nevertheless, a certain freedom in the handling of the Biblical story, and the poem soon became a quarry for the minor poets. His description of the Four Evangelists in Carmen Paschale became well-known; the English translation below is from.

His other writings include an Abecedarian hymn in honour of Christ, A solis ortus cardine, consisting of twenty-three quatrains of iambic dimeters. This poem has partly passed into the liturgy, the first seven quatrains forming the Christmas hymn "A solis ortus cardine"; and the Epiphany hymn, "Hostis Herodes impie." A "Veteris et novi Testamenti collatio" in elegiac couplets has also come down.

Editions

 * Faustino Arévalo (Rome, 1794), reprinted in Jacques Paul Migne's Patrologia Latina vol. xix.
 * Johann Huemer (Vienna, 1885).
 * Victoria Panagl (Bearb.), Sedulius, Opera Omnia, Ex Recensione Iohannis Huemer (Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, 10), Wien, 2007, XLVII, 532 S.

title: Coelius Sedulius


text:
Jonas Berggren

Jonas Petter Berggren (born 21 March 1967) is a Swedish musician and singer-songwriter and record producer, also known as Joker. He started writing songs when he was seven, and continues to write for the Swedish band Ace of Base, which he is a founding member of, as well as other bands. He was born in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Early life
Jonas Petter Berggren was the first child of three siblings; his younger sisters are Linn and Jenny. Jonas was born with a cleft lip, undergoing three surgeries within his first year. He became interested in music when he was 10, after his father started teaching him to play the guitar.

Career
As the founding member of Ace of Base, Berggren has written all of their biggest hits, including "All That She Wants", "The Sign", and "Beautiful Life". He also plays the guitar and keyboards. Working under the artist name of "Joker" (or, in some later works, JP), Berggren nowadays also has his own studio, called The Barn. The former female members of Ace of Base, Linn and Jenny Berggren, are his sisters. He also worked with DJ Bobo, Army of Lovers, E-Type and Meja.

Jonas was also the producer and composer for the album Pride by Swedish pop group Yaki-Da, in 1995.

Writing for Ace of Base
Berggren has contributed to writing all Ace of Base's material, except the following:

 * "Don't Turn Around" (Cover: Diane Warren & Albert Hammond)
 * "Edge of Heaven" (Ulf, John Ballard, & StoneStream)
 * "Strange Ways" (Malin)
 * "Ravine" (Jenny)
 * "Perfect World" (Ulf, John Ballard, & StoneStream)
 * "Whispers in Blindness" (Malin)
 * "Wave Wet Sand" (Jenny)
 * "Que Sera" (Ulf, John Ballard, & StoneStream)
 * "Just 'N' Image" (Malin)
 * "Experience Pearls" (Jenny)
 * "Mercy Mercy" (Ulf and John Ballard)
 * "He Decides" (Jenny)
 * "Everytime It Rains" (B. Steinberg, R. Nowels, M. Vidal)
 * "I Pray" (Ulf and John Ballard)
 * "Don't Go Away" (Ulf and John Ballard)
 * "Cruel Summer" (Cover: S. Dallin, S. Fahey, S. Jolley, A. Swain & K. Woodward)
 * "Wonderful Life" (Cover: Black)
 * "Juliet" (Cover; Henry Bergström & Peter Bergström)

Personal life
He married Norwegian hairdresser Birthe Haugland on 12 July 2000 whom he met during a cruise in Norway in the summer of 1996. Together they have four children: Julia, born in 1999, Gabriel, born in 2001, Amanda, born in 2006, and Molly, born in 2008.

title: Jonas Berggren


text:
Brandon Stokley

Brandon Ray Stokley (born June 23, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns. He was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He is famously known as The Slot Machine.

Stokley also played for the Indianapolis Colts, Seattle Seahawks, New York Giants, and Denver Broncos, earning two Super Bowl wins during his career. After his playing career, he became a radio personality.

Personal life
His father, Nelson Stokley, played college football at LSU and was the head coach of the Louisiana–Lafayette Ragin' Cajuns from 1986 to 1998. Brandon played wide receiver under his father from 1994 to 1997, with Jake Delhomme as quarterback through the 1996 season.

While in college, Stokley met his future wife, Lana, a two-time All-American left fielder in softball who led Southwestern Louisiana to two College World Series. The couple have two sons.

Early years
Stokley attended Ovey Comeaux High School (Lafayette, Louisiana) and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball. In football, Stokley won All-District 3-A honors, All-Parish honors, All-Acadiana honors, and All-State Class 5-A honors. In basketball, Stokley averaged 14 points a game and won All-District honors. In baseball, he won All-District honors.

College career
Brandon Stokley was a four-year letterman for the Ragin’ Cajun football team from 1995-1998. During his career as a wide receiver, Stokley had three 1,000+ yard seasons and was the first player in NCAA Division I-A to average 100 yards per game over a four-year career.

Stokley is the all-time UL Lafayette leader in passes caught at 241, reception yardage at 3,702 and touchdown receptions with 25.

First stint with Baltimore Ravens
Stokley was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens out of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, then named the University of Southwestern Louisiana, in the fourth round (105th pick overall) of the 1999 NFL Draft. Stokley won a championship ring in Super Bowl XXXV (2001) as a member of the Ravens. In the game, he caught 3 passes for 52 yards, including the first touchdown of the game—a 38-yard touchdown reception in the first quarter.

Indianapolis Colts
In 2003, Stokley signed with the Indianapolis Colts. On December 26, 2004, Stokley received the record-breaking 21-yard touchdown pass for Peyton Manning in the hunt to break Dan Marino's record of 48 touchdown passes in a season. That year, he had a breakout season with 68 passes caught for 1,077 yards and 10 touchdowns and an average of 15.8 yards per catch. Furthermore, the TD catch made the 2004 Colts the first NFL team to have three WRs with 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns or more in a season, the other two being Reggie Wayne and Marvin Harrison. The next two seasons of Stokley's career were marred by various injuries. After he participated in only four games of the 2006 season, the Colts terminated his contract on March 1, 2007. Stokley earned his second Super Bowl ring after the Colts won Super Bowl XLI (2007) against the Chicago Bears, even though he wasn't able to play in the game due to injury.

First stint with Denver Broncos
On March 14, 2007, Stokley signed with the Denver Broncos. On December 7, 2007, he signed a 3-year extension with the team. In a memorable play from the Broncos' 2009 season opener, Stokley caught a pass intended for teammate Brandon Marshall that was tipped by Cincinnati Bengal Leon Hall, and took it 87 yards into the end zone for the winning score. As he reached the 5-yard line, he abruptly changed direction and ran parallel to the goal line, running an additional six seconds off the clock, only crossing into the end zone once he reached the opposite side of the field. This ensured a win for the Broncos, who were trailing the Cincinnati Bengals 7–6 with 28 seconds left before Stokley's touchdown reception. Stokley attributed the clock-burning run to having done so in video games "probably hundreds of times", and it can be seen in the introduction of Madden NFL 11. With Stokley's touchdown, the final score was 12–7 and the Broncos got their first 2009 regular season win. The play was also memorable for play-by-play commentator Gus Johnson's call. Later that season, in week 16 against the Philadelphia Eagles, he was ejected from the game after slapping referee Mike Carey's hand in retaliation for a no pass interference call.

On September 4, 2010, Stokley was released by the Broncos.

Seattle Seahawks
On September 28, 2010, Stokley signed with the Seattle Seahawks. His most notable contribution in Seattle came in the 2010 NFL Playoffs against the New Orleans Saints and the Chicago Bears. In those games, Stokley was the leading receiver for Seattle, catching four passes for 73 yards and a touchdown against New Orleans and 8 catches for 86 yards and a touchdown against Chicago. His performance was one of the keys to the 7-9 Seahawks' surprise upset of the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints. He was later cut by the Seahawks after the 2011 lockout ended. During free agency he expressed interest in the Washington Redskins but never signed with them.

New York Giants
On September 15, 2011, Stokley signed with the New York Giants. After catching 1 pass in two games, he was released by the team with an injury settlement on October 4. The Giants went on to win Super Bowl XLVI at the end of the season.

Second stint with Broncos
On April 16, 2012, Stokley agreed to a one-year contract to return to the Denver Broncos, reuniting him with his former quarterback, Peyton Manning. Stokley went on to have one of his most productive seasons in several years, ending the year with 45 receptions, 544 receiving yards, and 5 touchdowns.

Second stint with Ravens
On August 10, 2013, Stokley agreed to terms with the Baltimore Ravens, reuniting him with the team that drafted him in 1999. On August 11, Stokley officially signed a one-year deal with the Ravens. On October 5, the Ravens cut Stokley, and on October 8, the Ravens re-signed Stokley. Stokley suffered a concussion in a Week 14 victory over the Minnesota Vikings and was subsequently placed on injured reserve, ending his season. On December 26, Stokley announced his decision to retire from professional football after the season.

Radio career
After his playing career ended, he went into sports radio. He co-hosts with Josh Dover weekdays from 11am to 2pm MST on 104.3 The Fan, a radio station in Denver.

title: Brandon Stokley


text:
Strehaia

Strehaia is a town in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania. It is situated on the Motru River valley, in the eastern part of the county. Nine villages are administered by the town: Ciochiuța, Comanda, Hurducești, Lunca Banului, Menți, Motruleni, Slătinicu Mare, Slătinicu Mic, and Stăncești.

Geography
The town is located 48 km east of the county seat, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, on national road DN6 (part of the European route E70). It lies on the border with Gorj County, 25 km west of Filiași and 29 km southeast of Motru.

Forests in the vicinity are home to the largest Hermann's tortoise colonies in Oltenia.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, the town had a population of 9,837. Of these, 88.79% were Romanians and 11.11% Roma; 99.4% were Romanian Orthodox. By the 2021 census, Strehaia's population had decreased to 9,059 inhabitants; of those, 72.26% were Romanians and 14.28% Roma.

History
Strehaia was first mentioned in documents of the 15th century. As an alternative location for the residence of Oltenian Bans during the early Craiovești rules, the town still features the foundation of the Banate estate house; it had replaced Severin due to frequent Ottoman attacks, and was in turn replaced by Craiova, remaining a largely rural locality.

The Monastery of Strehaia was built by Wallachian Prince Matei Basarab in 1645. In 1671, a cattle fair was organized in the town, a regular event which contributed to the town's development. Strehaia was the site of skirmishes between the Pandurs of Tudor Vladimirescu and troops loyal to Scarlat Callimachi, during the Wallachian uprising of 1821.

The estates of Prince Antoine Bibesco were located near Strehaia.

Natives

 * Rodion Cămătaru (born 1958), footballer
 * Adrian Pigulea (born 1968), footballer
 * Nicolae Popescu (1937–2010), mathematician

title: Strehaia


text:
Sedulius

Sedulius may refer to:

 * Coelius Sedulius, Christian poet of the 5th century
 * Sedulius Scottus, grammarian of the 9th century

title: Sedulius


text: Category:Colorado Rockies (NHL)

title: Category:Colorado Rockies (NHL)


text:
Euler brick

In mathematics, an Euler brick, named after Leonhard Euler, is a rectangular cuboid whose edges and face diagonals all have integer lengths. A primitive Euler brick is an Euler brick whose edge lengths are relatively prime. A perfect Euler brick is one whose space diagonal is also an integer, but such a brick has not yet been found.

Definition
The definition of an Euler brick in geometric terms is equivalent to a solution to the following system of Diophantine equations:
 * $$\begin{cases} a^2 + b^2 = d^2\\ a^2 + c^2 = e^2\\ b^2 + c^2 = f^2\end{cases}$$

where $a, b, c$ are the edges and $d, e, f$ are the diagonals.

Properties

 * If $a, b, c$ is a solution, then $d, e, f$ is also a solution for any $(a, b, c)$. Consequently, the solutions in rational numbers are all rescalings of integer solutions. Given an Euler brick with edge-lengths $(ka, kb, kc)$, the triple $k$ constitutes an Euler brick as well.

 * Exactly one edge and two face diagonals of a primitive Euler brick are odd.

 * At least two edges of an Euler brick are divisible by 3.

 * At least two edges of an Euler brick are divisible by 4.

 * At least one edge of an Euler brick is divisible by 11.

Examples
The smallest Euler brick, discovered by Paul Halcke in 1719, has edges $(a, b, c)$ and face diagonals $(bc, ac, ab)$. Some other small primitive solutions, given as edges $(a, b, c) = (44, 117, 240)$ — face diagonals $(d, e, f ) = (125, 244, 267)$, are below:
 * {| style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"

 * (|| 85,|| 132,|| 720||) — (|| 157,|| 725,|| 732||)
 * (||140,|| 480,|| 693||) — (|| 500,|| 707,|| 843||)
 * (||160,|| 231,|| 792||) — (|| 281,|| 808,|| 825||)
 * (||187,||1020,||1584||) — (||1037,||1595,||1884||)
 * (||195,|| 748,||6336||) — (|| 773,||6339,||6380||)
 * (||240,|| 252,|| 275||) — (|| 348,|| 365,|| 373||)
 * (||429,|| 880,||2340||) — (|| 979,||2379,||2500||)
 * (||495,||4888,||8160||) — (||4913,||8175,||9512||)
 * (||528,||5796,||6325||) — (||5820,||6347,||8579||)
 * }
 * (||240,|| 252,|| 275||) — (|| 348,|| 365,|| 373||)
 * (||429,|| 880,||2340||) — (|| 979,||2379,||2500||)
 * (||495,||4888,||8160||) — (||4913,||8175,||9512||)
 * (||528,||5796,||6325||) — (||5820,||6347,||8579||)
 * }
 * (||528,||5796,||6325||) — (||5820,||6347,||8579||)
 * }
 * }

Generating formula
Euler found at least two parametric solutions to the problem, but neither gives all solutions.

An infinitude of Euler bricks can be generated with Saunderson's parametric formula. Let $(a, b, c)$ be a Pythagorean triple (that is, $(d, e, f)$.) Then the edges

 * $$ a=u|4v^2-w^2| ,\quad b=v|4u^2-w^2|, \quad c=4uvw $$

give face diagonals

 * $$d=w^3, \quad e=u(4v^2+w^2), \quad f=v(4u^2+w^2).$$

There are many Euler bricks which are not parametrized as above, for instance the Euler brick with edges $(u, v, w)$ and face diagonals $u2 + v2 = w2$.

Perfect cuboid
A perfect cuboid (also called a perfect Euler brick or perfect box) is an Euler brick whose space diagonal also has integer length. In other words, the following equation is added to the system of Diophantine equations defining an Euler brick:

 * $$a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = g^2,$$

where $(a, b, c) = (240, 252, 275)$ is the space diagonal. , no example of a perfect cuboid had been found and no one has proven that none exist.

Exhaustive computer searches show that, if a perfect cuboid exists,
 * the odd edge must be greater than 2.5 × 1013,
 * the smallest edge must be greater than $500,000,000,000$.
 * the space diagonal must be greater than 9 × 1015.

Some facts are known about properties that must be satisfied by a primitive perfect cuboid, if one exists, based on modular arithmetic:

 * One edge, two face diagonals and the space diagonal must be odd, one edge and the remaining face diagonal must be divisible by 4, and the remaining edge must be divisible by 16.
 * Two edges must have length divisible by 3 and at least one of those edges must have length divisible by 9.
 * One edge must have length divisible by 5.
 * One edge must have length divisible by 7.
 * One edge must have length divisible by 11.
 * One edge must have length divisible by 19.
 * One edge or space diagonal must be divisible by 13.
 * One edge, face diagonal or space diagonal must be divisible by 17.
 * One edge, face diagonal or space diagonal must be divisible by 29.
 * One edge, face diagonal or space diagonal must be divisible by 37.

In addition:

 * The space diagonal is neither a prime power nor a product of two primes.
 * The space diagonal can only contain prime divisors that are congruent to 1 modulo 4.

If a perfect cuboid exists and $$a, b, c$$ are its edges, $$d, e, f$$ — the corresponding face diagonals and the space diagonal $$g$$, then
 * The triangle with the side lengths $$(d^2, e^2, f^2)$$ is a Heronian triangle an area $$abcg$$ with rational angle bisectors.
 * The acute triangle with the side lengths $$(af, be, cd)$$, the obtuse triangles with the side lengths $$(bf, ae, gd), (ad, cf, ge), (ce, bd, gf)$$ are Heronian triangles, with area equal to $$\frac{abcg}{2}$$.

Cuboid conjectures
Three cuboid conjectures are three mathematical propositions claiming irreducibility of three univariate polynomials with integer coefficients depending on several integer parameters. The conjectures are related to the perfect cuboid problem. Though they are not equivalent to the perfect cuboid problem, if all of these three conjectures are valid, then no perfect cuboids exist. They are neither proved nor disproved.

Cuboid conjecture 1. For any two positive coprime integer numbers $$a \neq u$$ the eighth degree polynomial

is irreducible over the ring of integers $$\mathbb Z$$.

Cuboid conjecture 2. For any two positive coprime integer numbers $$p \neq q$$ the tenth-degree polynomial

is irreducible over the ring of integers $$\mathbb Z$$.

Cuboid conjecture 3. For any three positive coprime integer numbers $$a$$, $$b$$, $$u$$ such that none of the conditions

are fulfilled, the twelfth-degree polynomial

is irreducible over the ring of integers $$\mathbb Z$$.

Almost-perfect cuboids
An almost-perfect cuboid has 6 out of the 7 lengths as rational. Such cuboids can be sorted into three types, called body, edge, and face cuboids. In the case of the body cuboid, the body (space) diagonal $(d, e, f ) = (348, 365, 373)$ is irrational. For the edge cuboid, one of the edges $g$ is irrational. The face cuboid has one of the face diagonals $a, b, c$ irrational.

The body cuboid is commonly referred to as the Euler cuboid in honor of Leonhard Euler, who discussed this type of cuboid. He was also aware of face cuboids, and provided the (104, 153, 672) example. The three integer cuboid edge lengths and three integer diagonal lengths of a face cuboid can also be interpreted as the edge lengths of a Heronian tetrahedron that is also a Schläfli orthoscheme. There are infinitely many face cuboids, and infinitely many Heronian orthoschemes.

The smallest solutions for each type of almost-perfect cuboids, given as edges, face diagonals and the space diagonal $d, e, f$, are as follows:
 * Body cuboid: $g$
 * Edge cuboid: $a, b, c$
 * Face cuboid: $d, e, f$

, there are 167,043 found cuboids with the smallest integer edge less than 200,000,000,027: 61,042 are Euler (body) cuboids, 16,612 are edge cuboids with a complex number edge length, 32,286 were edge cuboids, and 57,103 were face cuboids.

, an exhaustive search counted all edge and face cuboids with the smallest integer space diagonal less than 1,125,899,906,842,624: 194,652 were edge cuboids, 350,778 were face cuboids.

Perfect parallelepiped
A perfect parallelepiped is a parallelepiped with integer-length edges, face diagonals, and body diagonals, but not necessarily with all right angles; a perfect cuboid is a special case of a perfect parallelepiped. In 2009, dozens of perfect parallelepipeds were shown to exist, answering an open question of Richard Guy. Some of these perfect parallelepipeds have two rectangular faces. The smallest perfect parallelepiped has edges 271, 106, and 103; short face diagonals 101, 266, and 255; long face diagonals 183, 312, and 323; and body diagonals 374, 300, 278, and 272.

title: Euler brick


text:
Talk:Fell beast (Middle-earth)

Question
On what winged creatures did the other Ringwraiths ride when referred to as Winged Nazgul, if not fell beasts? --Deelkar (talk) 22:51, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Actually, In the Lord of the Rings:The Return of the King, Tolkein does name the 'Fell Beast' In the story, Eowyn names them once, during her battle with the Witch King, calling the creature a Dwimmerlaik. Saying "Begone foul dwimmerlaik, lord of carrion! Leave the dead in peace!"-Eowyn to the Witch King of Angmar, the Battle of the Pelennor Feilds. so they do have a name, but that doesnt help determine what they looked like.--BlueChickenẼ

 * In book five, chapter 1 (Minas Tirith) Pippin remembers the Black Riders from when they were in the shire and describes the Nazgûl as winged terror, shortly afterwards he hears the shriek of one Winged Nazgûl and describes it as:
 *  'It is the sign of our fall, and the shadow of doom, a Fell Rider of the air.'
 * (page 749 of my edition of "The Lord of the Rings")
 * --Deelkar (talk) 23:24, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As I recall, the other creatures aren't described much, except that they resemble birds. Also when Pippin looks in the palantír, they look like bats. Eric119 05:15, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "Fell beasts" is just a designation we have adopted because it's a description used for them, and Tolkien does not provide a name. "Fell Rider" is another such description (sort of like I might call one "really bad news"). I don't believe it is really common enough to deserve mentioning—is the term used elsewhere? (What evidence is there that the one ridden by the Witch-king is any different from the ones ridden by the others?) -[[User:Aranel|Aranel (" Sarah ")]] 05:21, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Is it really proper to refer to the Fell beasts as not being pterasaur like because they don't have beaks? Many pterosaurs had more reptile like mouths with teeth. I'd have to watch the movie again, but I believe the fell beasts walk like a pterosaur and have wings that are pterosaur instead of the four legs and seperate wings of a dragon.

 * The 'pterosaur' connection isn't as clearly established as the article implies. In Letters #211 Tolkien responds to a direct question of whether the Witch-king's mount was a pterodactyl by saying that he did not intend it to be such when he wrote the story, but that the result was 'pterodactylic' and owed much to the "new mythology" of paleontology. Thus, I think the question of beaks vs no-beaks is likely irrelevant... Tolkien didn't intend such a direct parallel. --CBDunkerson 08:04, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Just watched the movie again, and the wings bone structure and the way that the Fell Beast moves is exactly in line with is being pterosaur like instead of dragon like.

Actually its more of a pterosaur/bat hybrid in its design.

Why are we using the depictions of the movie in order to justify the design of Fell Beasts? I find it pretty repugnant to accept the screen version as canon. Also, what earthly reference do you have to say they are "pterosaur like instead of dragon like?" Have you seen a dragon? Sighter Goliant 16:14, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Teeth vs. Beak
I don't remember anything specific in the book refering to them having either. Is there a source other than the bird/pteresaur debate? Because if they are meant to be pterasaur-like its possible that they would have either.

 * Return of the King: "Suddenly the great beast beat its hideous wings, and the wind of them was foul. Again it leaped into the air, and then swiftly fell down upon Éowyn, shrieking, striking with beak and claw." 2606:6000:61CF:3400:8929:EAE1:5A38:549E (talk) 08:05, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

Ancient
The Balrog and Fellbeast could have been dinosaurs as thay are depicted as ancient.

 * Not the Balrogs, for certain. They are Maiar spirits, Quenya valaraukar "demons of power", if I recall correctly. In fact, despite their fearsome size and features as they are depicted in the films, for example their wings and horns, they are in the book not even necessarily so large. The shadow around the Balrog of Moria might span the hall in Khazad-Dûm, but the physical size and shape of the creature is left largely to our imagination. The idea that a Balrog is only roughly man-sized is given further credence by the fact that Glorfindel, a mere (albeit mighty) elf, was able to take one down. With Gandalf's Maiar powers, he would be on par with the Balrog in terms of magical combat, and so the size of the Balrog of Moria could be anything really, but for an elf it would have to be at least vaguely on the same scale.

Entry "In the books" contains information from the movie
"In The Return of the King the fell beast attacked and eventually killed Snowmane, Théoden's horse."

This is what happened in the movie version. In the book, isn´t he pierced by a black dart on the Pellenor Fields after the Witch-King arrives with his "wave of terror"? The horse is already dead when the fell beast tries to "feast on its flesh", right? I don´t have the book with me right now, but I´m pretty positive that this is right.

If you agree, we may change that section to something strictly book-related.

General use of Pterosaur vs Pterodactyl
Pterodactyl was one of the first pterosaurs discovered, and is almost certainly one of the best publicized (as noted by Tolkien refering to it specifically), but wouldn't it be better to also talk more generally about the various descriptions and thoughts on the pterosaur/bird/fantasy dragon matter?

 * Tolkien was clear in his description of what it looked like, and said specifically in a cited source that it was not a pterodactyl. The reason it cannot be a dragon is given. Why belabor the point further? And why drag in references from other fantasy works? TCC (talk) (contribs) 20:44, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * pterodactyl is a specific pterosaur though, so Tolkien saying its not a pterodactyl doesn't necessarily mean that its not a pterosaur, and his description does sound pterosaur-like, why not a line referencing that theory?

 * Tolkien was not a paleontologist. It was very common decades ago for non-specialists to fail to make (or even understand) the distinction. You're splitting a hair that doesn't exist here. TCC (talk) (contribs) 05:16, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You don't think it might be a good idea to clarify it to make sections further down the page make a little more sense? Even I was wrong about it, pterodactyl refers to a group of pterosaurs instead of just a single pterosaur species. (I was getting it confused with pteranodon for some reason)

 * What doesn't make sense further down the page? The bit about the movies? That the movie people chose to make their fell beasts look like pterosaurs is neither here nor there as far as Tolkien is concerned. There were numerous visual inconsistencies between the book and the movies. This is just another one of them. Either way, the "general interpretation" claim is still unreferenced. (Most of the movies' variance with the book was against the general interpretation -- or even the unadorned text.) TCC (talk) (contribs) 07:02, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Numerous visual inconsistancies between the movies and what is described in the books on other matters perhaps. I've been unable to find any problems between the physical appearance of the fell beasts in the movies and the books aside from the teeth/beak issue. They're not described specifically as being pterosaurs, however that is the closest real creature. Otherwise it would be describing them as being small dragons which is certainly incorrect.

 * Or -- as it most likely -- it was describing a beast entirely of Tolkien's imagination that never existed in either history or legend. That you could use a pterosaur (despite Tolkien saying that's not what they were -- yes, he said "pterodactyl" but I'd be shocked to learn he observed this distinction) and not be too far off is beside the point. A bald bat would have been equally similar. TCC (talk) (contribs) 23:40, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * So no objections to the current version then? It lists both bat-like or pterosaur-like as both would have to be bald to qualify.

 * No, it's far too wordy and speculative. I have no idea why there's this need to try to identify it specifically. You might as well try to discover the exact taxonomy of Smaug's species. Added: Now that I read it over more carefully, as it stands I see there's really only one sentence I don't think is necessary. I'll cut it, but I won't insist on it. It's not worth the effort. TCC (talk) (contribs) 04:09, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I also marked a sentence with . Who actually thinks these things are dragons? I've never encountered such a person myself. This should either be made more explicit, referenced, or cut. TCC (talk) (contribs) 04:19, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Edit summary: "This is useful for making the argument in the following sentence, and points out the (deliberate) ambiguity of Tolkiens statement." The quote from Tolkien is itself enough to establish the reasonableness of the following sentence, and it's not ambiguous at all. (Vague perhaps, but not ambiguous.) Besides, an encyclopedia is not in the business of making arguments, only reporting what has been said elsewhere. I said I wouldn't insist on it, but I was hoping for an acutal answer to this, especially since I asked about it earlier. TCC (talk) (contribs) 05:41, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Enough confusion in some people that it has been a part of the page for a long time. I've encountered several myself. Whether or not any of these people who never read the books will ever read this wikipedia entry is an open question.

 * Also the identification is interesting because it does resemble pterosaurs more closely than anything else, and Tolkiens own statements, as they don't particularly resemble anything else in his writing even going back to the earliest periods of middle earth's history. I think its worthwhile simply for a visual aid to counter the more prevalent depiction of them simply as smaller dragons (which happens all too often).

 * If it was too speculative and wordy hows that?

 * You succeeded in cutting away much that was interesting, and also much that was definite and cited, or at least citable. They were, for example, certainly beaked. ("Suddenly the great beast beat its hideous wings, and the wind of them was foul. Again it leaped into the air, and then swiftly fell down upon Éowyn, shrieking, striking with beak and claw.") There's also no reason to eliminate Tolkien's own words on its nature. I have no idea why you think it's confusing, except that it punctures this pterosaur idea.

 * If dragons are a "prevalent depiction" of them, it shouldn't be too hard to find an example. (What's really needed is something that says it's common, not just one or two examples of someone having misread the description.) We can't just put things into articles because we think they're right. We have to be able to prove they're right. TCC (talk) (contribs) 10:06, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I cut "bat-like" since as described its general form is not at all like a bat. The wing structure is indeed like a bat's, ("...webs of hide between horned fingers..." whereas a pterosaur's wing is attatched to a single finger) so I pointed that up. TCC (talk) (contribs) 10:16, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The comments above are interlaced, not consistently indented, and sometimes unsigned... so I have no idea who wrote, "Also the identification is interesting because it does resemble pterosaurs more closely than anything else, and Tolkiens own statements, as they don't particularly resemble anything else in his writing even going back to the earliest periods of middle earth's history." Whoever it was, this response is directed to you.
 * Actually, Tolkien wrote about creatures in the early ages of Middle-earth that had been twisted by Morgoth into monsters with horns and tough hides. Orome, the huntsman of the Valar, used to ride about Middle-earth hunting down these creatures... and it was on one of those excursions that he encountered the recently Awakened Elves. The possibility that these creatures were meant to be 'dinosaurs' (as they were understood in Tolkien's time) has been discussed before and seems to me not unlikely, but was not specifically stated. In any case, the 'fell beasts' as creatures surviving from an elder age do have some similarity to those earlier references. Tolkien viewed 'palentology' as a 'new mythology' which was largely speculative (and indeed, many of the early ideas about dinosaurs were later revised). I believe he incorporated it into his legendarium, but I think it is a mistake to apply modern views of dinosaurs to Tolkien... he simply didn't have that kind of information. He may not even have heard of pterodactyls when he first came up with the 'fell beasts'. They thus might be more Tolkien's imagination of what a 'flying dinosaur' might have been like than actual flying dinosaurs... of which he probably knew very little. --CBDunkerson 11:19, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The above comments are not in fact interlaced, although they might appear that way because I posted several times in succession at one point. The comment to which you're replying was from 64.6.2.192. The indent is inconsistent as you note.

 * What you say here is really my point, but as usual you put it better. TCC (talk) (contribs) 20:54, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Does the quote actually clarify anything in its current form? Perhaps it would be useful to have the full quote, instead of a partial quote (where he dismisses the possibility of them being pterodactyls) followed by a paraphrase with the "older geologic eras" section. This is a confusing statement. As previous versions of the page noted, the only creatures of older geologic eras that resemble the fell beast are pterosaurs.

 * Clarify anything? The problem here is that you're looking for something definitive where it does not in fact exist. Was Tolkien vague about the nature of the beasts? Then he was vague about it. We have no warrant to go beyond that. He was "open to the idea", but did not intend pterosaurs. Period.

 * You have misunderstood the reason I attached . It had nothing to do with the wingspan of a Quezalcoatlus. The paragraph as a whole makes assertions about reasons why certain design decisions were made for the movies. A cite is necessary to establish that these really are the reasons and not someone's after-the-fact analysis. TCC (talk) (contribs) 02:24, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

 * They're in the DVD extras. A little hard to cite against another wikipedia article.

 * The paragraph is, unfortunately, not phrased so as to inspire confidence. "These differences are likely attributable...." If there's a source, then it's either attributable ir not; there's no need to mince. If the source doesn't say, then we shouldn't go there at all. (Actually, the best reason to make the wings bat-like is because that's how Tolkien described them.)

 * But of course you can cite a DVD! Try Template:Cite video. TCC (talk) (contribs) 08:07, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Actually, In the Lord of the Rings:The Return of the King, Tolkein does name the 'Fell Beast' In the story, Eowyn names them once, during her battle with the Witch King, calling the creature a Dwimmerlaik. Saying "Begone foul dwimmerlaik, lord of carrion! Leave the dead in peace!"-Eowyn to the Witch King of Angmar, the Battle of the Pelennor Feilds {{unsigned|BlueChicken))

 * She is addressing not the beast, but the Witch-king. "Dwimmerlaik" is an Old English compound meaning "phantom" or "spectre". TCC (talk) (contribs) 23:52, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Am I the only one who notices that whenever Tolkien attempts to use a real-world reference, he's not talking about bats or pterodactyls or pterosaurs or fruit flies? He uses birds. He mentions vultures, and he says, "if bird, then greater than all other birds." Now, I'm not saying it was a bird, but I am saying this argument reeks of people forwarding pet theories. We have no reason in Middle Earth to assume the Fell Beasts were giant bats or dinosaurs of any type. Yet we each make that assumption, then try to argue on the basis of extremely scant "evidence" that our way is better. Frankly, I'm not convinced, and I'm pretty sure that what we should actually put on the article itself is something saying that it's impossible to resolve this issue based on the texts available to us. Sighter Goliant 16:26, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * What issue? There is no issue. There are, as you say, pet theories. What's this impulse to relate a fantasy creature to a prehistorical one? It's absurd. TCC (talk) (contribs) 07:32, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, of course. My problem is with pages and pages in the talk of an argument over something useless, that shouldn't ultimately be in the article to begin with. Sighter Goliant 18:11, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

These fell beasts are as similar to pterosaurs as raccoons are to rats. They bear no resemblance other than flight. Look at the neck: no pterosaur yet discovered has a neck as tubular as that shown in the films. Pterosaurs also had long beaklike structures, with those approaching large sizes having absolutely no teeth at all. Then you have the wings, which are of completely different structure; and the legs, which on pterosaurs are frail. No known pterosaur is anywhere near as strong or corpulent as the fell beasts are shown. Piotr (Venezuela) 06:15, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know as relying on the movies is a good idea. We should have a section devoted to "Film Depictions," but the rest of the article should not mention them. Sighter Goliant 18:11, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Books section
I corrected the Return of the King portion here. Book Five, page 115 (Houghton Mifflin "collector's edition" ISBN 0-395-19395-8) states Snowmane was killed by a "dart", which clearly could not have been launched by the fell beast itself. It is also stated on page 163 that the forces of the West saw "all the Nazgûl gathered together, hovering above the Towers of the Teeth like vultures." They were therefore on flying mounts, certainly fell beasts, and there's no guesswork at all about what they were riding on the last race to Mount Doom. TCC (talk) (contribs) 05:41, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Dwimmerlaik
I saw a comment posted here suggesting that "dwimmerlaik" be a name for these creatures.

The word "dwimmerlaik", and here I refer to the Encyclopedia of Arda, is derived from the Anglo Saxon words dwimor, pertaining to sorcery, and lich(e), a word for "corpse" preserved in our lich(e)-gates at cemeteries (and a word much overused by unimaginative fantasy authors to describe particularly powerful undead creatures).

A sorcerer-corpse, or something similar, patently has little relationship to a giant bird or reptilian creature - and applies perfectly to the magic-wielding living dead Nazgûl.
 * The Encyclopedia of Arda is a bit off on the translation of this one. Tolkien did not invent the term. It can be found in the Oxford English Dictionary under the spelling demerlayk - with various alternate spellings (e.g. dweomerlak) listed. The root 'dwimer' is 'phantom / illusion / magic' and the 'layk' part actually the same root found in "wedlock"... Old English 'lak', meaning 'action / play'. All historical uses of the word based on these roots had it meaning something like 'act of magic / sorcery'. This matches Tolkien's definition (in the LotR index), "work of necromancy, spectre". The word 'lich' is completely unrelated. It comes from OE 'lic', meaning 'shape, form'... which later came to be used for the physical body, and then specifically a dead body. Given the 'work of' bit, Tolkien was clearly using the word in its standard form with the 'lak' derivation. --CBD 15:15, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Thanks for the correction there. I wonder if my memory regarding the Encyclopedia of Arda was wrong. So a work of magic still seems more applicable to the Nazgûl, but could it perhaps refer to the "fell beast" as well?
 * Theoretically yes since they were apparently corrupted/altered by Sauron, but note that in the index Tolkien described 'dwimmerlaik' as "work of necromancy, spectre"... which seem clearly to refer to the Witch king rather than his steed. As to Encyclopedia of Arda, I checked... they only cover the 'dwimmer' part and get that right. I have seen the 'lich' interpretation before though so it might have been there at some point or just a theory elsewhere on the web. --CBD 11:55, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Good grief. Eowyn's use of dwimmerlaik OBVIOUSLY refers to the Lord of the Nazgul, NOT to his "Fell" beast. In the section of the LOTR appendices on the language of the Rohirrim, Tolkien provides the meaning and derivation. I don't have it in front of me, but you can look it up.169.253.4.21 (talk) 21:15, 25 February 2008 (UTC)Texxasfinn

Use of Term "Fell Beast"
I know "Fell beast" or "Fellbeast" is all over the internet, but Tolkien would have choked to see "fell" used as a proper noun. It is an adjective. He might just as easily referred to the creatures as "horrid beasts" or "ghastly beasts"-- would it then sound right to you to use "Horridbeast" as a proper name? Tolkien uses "fell" many times in LOTR, refering to the Nazgul's winged steeds, to the "fell meats" Sauron nursed them on, to "fell voices" in the air, to "fell creatures" before the walls of Minas Tirith, and even to the "fell-handed" Rohirrim. In "The Homecoming of Beorthnoth," one of the two main characters refers to "fell things" that are about. The professor's not around anymore, but I'd wager all I've got that he would have been exasperated by "fellbeasts" and their proponents. It's an adjective, not a noun!!!!

Now that I've gotten that out of my system, I think I'll go look up a few favorite passages in LOTR so that I can read about the Nazgul lord mounting his "Blackhorse," Sam leading Bill, his "Poorpony," and Theoden riding into battle on "Swiftsnowmane." 169.253.4.21 (talk) 21:15, 25 February 2008 (UTC)TexxasFinn

-- Seriously tho...people didn't refer to the Nazgul's steeds as "fell beasts" until the movies came out. In the book iirc they're called "winged steeds" more, and even that's obviously just another description - the same way as "short humanoid" would be a fine description of a Hobbit, but a ridiculous *name* for them. The reason people started acting like Fell Beast was some sort of Official Designation is that in the dvd commentaries & the movie companion books they're always referred to as such. But that doesn't mean they're *called* Fell Beasts - they're meerely *described* as beasts, which are fell, and a lot less often than they're descirbed as other things (such as steeds which are winged). People seem to think Fell Beast is the name of a species, like Orc, and are using it all over the place. Truth is, these creatures were never named. Nobody knows what they are. At the very least, can we PLEASE mention at the top of the article something to this effect. It's kind of aggravating to see people talking about The Fell Beasts as some definite, concrete term for something (I mean the noisy cat outside my garden's a fell beast by any standard...but I'd call it a Cat); almost as annoying as PJ's obsession with referring to The World Of Men.

He's a great action director, and I love the films, but god love him when it comes to his way with words I think JRRT would have a heart attack. 41.240.99.145 (talk) 17:09, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I completely agree with these two editors. The use of the term "fell beast" is nothing short of silly. Why don't we call it a "terrifying fell beast" if we're into descriptors or what about simply "beast" or "unnamed beast." The creature in question was never named in the books, was never named in any adaptations (to my knowledge), and it's pretty clear that giving it the name "fell beast" demonstrates nothing more than inexperience with the English language. I can't think of a good way to rename this article, so I'm suggesting that we merge it. Please see Talk:Nazgûl. -Thibbs (talk) 22:40, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

Picture experiment
Tried a little something to place a bat wing and a pterodactyl wing right near each other for comparison with a single caption. I basically ripped off the code that was generated from a tag and tweaked it. I suppose it looks OK, and hopefully it won't break in some future release of MediaWiki. TCC (talk) (contribs) 06:12, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Wyverns and Fell Beasts
The other day it occurred to me that the mythological creatures most resembling the general description of Tolkien's winged creatures/fell beasts were wyverns. It's true that wyverns were originally considered a form of dragon (but now are considered separate from dragons which now always have 4 legs with 2 wings), but as Tolkien must have had a good knowledge of English mythology, I have to wonder if wyverns hadn't influenced his thoughts on fell beasts even a little. After all Wyverns are supposed to be large reptilian creatures with two wings (dragon-like or bat-like) and two legs and are supposed to have long tails. According to the wyvern article, the rest of the appearance could vary, so it wouldn't be too far-fetched to imagine that some wyverns were described as having beaks and possibly not being able to breathe fire. Of course, this is all speculation and will remain so unless Christopher Tolkien finds some notes by his father on the fell beasts being wyverns. Shame J.R.R. Tolkien isn't around so the question could be asked directly.72.27.92.79 19:32, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * JRRT came right out and said they were related to the "new mythology" of dinosaurs, while at the same time he didn't identify them as any one in particular. TCC (talk) (contribs) 22:44, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Did JRRT say that the fell beasts were solely related to the "new mythology" of palentology or that the "new mythology" contributed (even if greatly) to development of the creature in his work? There is a difference. If he based it solely off paleontology (unlikely considering his background) then one does have to admit that the results are astonishingly similar to the description of wyverns. However, given that Tolkien did have knowledge of mythology (and his knowledge of mythology was probably greater than his knowledge of paleontology) then it is at least likely that knowledge of wyverns (grouped in with the knowledge of dragons, elves, etc.) would have had some influence (even if minute) upon his development of the winged steeds of the Nazgul.72.27.92.79 00:57, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * He said it "owes something to the new mythology" or something along those lines. The idea is that it was roughly based on what he called a "pterodactyl", but not corresponding to any real animal. He never said a thing about wyverns that I recall, and I would guess they weren't much on his radar. I know of no legends about them; they appear primarily as heraldic animals. Modern post-Tolkien fantasy has done somewhat more with them, which may lend the impression that they were more significant in medieval legend than they really were. But don't be so sure you know what he'd be aware of based on his "background". If you go by that, you'd never guess in a million years who one of his favorite modern authors was. TCC (talk) (contribs) 01:21, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Fellbeast.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:02, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Categories
Should I leave the categories here or not, as it is now a redirect page? Darth Newdar  (talk)  17:54, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm not a member of WikiProject Middle Earth so I may be wrong about this, but all things considered a merged article is no longer really an article in its own right. This page is a redirect so it's meaningless to have class and importance tags given to it. The merged-to article should provide adequate class and importance ratings for this material now. I'll change the top and add a merge-from tag to the new parent article. For the history books, though, this had been ranked a B-class and was recognized as of mid-importance. -Thibbs (talk) 20:54, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fell beast (Middle-earth)


text:
Talk:Fergie

Slang
The slang note looks very spurious; please clarify and cite a better reference. --Cmprince 22:51, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Removed. If you feel strongly, add back and provide a citation. --Cmprince 20:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

DJ Fergie
Added a redlink to DJ Fergie as a page I was updating linked here in reference to the DJ. - mike[F] 16:28, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Let's face it
Fergie(singer) is going to be the one that everyone directed here will be looking for. I call for the fergie page to redirect streight to her page, and create a link there to lead back here if she wasn't what they were looking for. If there are no objections, I'll do it in a few days. --24.15.165.14 01:26, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

 * They'll be plenty of objections, the first one being from me. It's been tried many times before and hotly contested.  When there's that much debate and lack of consensus over whither a word should redirect, a disambiguation page is always best.--The Fat Man Who Never Came Back 01:43, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

I think a lot of people would look for Alex Ferguson, manager of the biggest sports team in the world, more than the singer. 217.44.10.167 02:26, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The first people I'd think of when I heard Fergie would be either alex ferguson, sarah ferguson or the DJ. The singer would come far behind that. I think a disambig page is definately best in this situation. 212.140.167.99 23:10, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "Fergie" is Sarah Ferguson, obviously. She was famous as such when the singer was still a small child.  — Chameleon 03:57, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Fergie the "singer" has been around for 5 mins. I was looking for sarah ferguson. I oppose any sort of redirect. 82.3.18.24 20:52, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * To think that most people would look for the Fergie (singer) is a highly US-centric view. A disambiguation is best here.  See Template:Globalize 129.199.159.36 18:42, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Craig Ferguson fans often refer to him as Fergie, too. I don't think there needs to be a redirect. 71.48.76.59 (talk) 21:55, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Everyone going her is looking for Fergie the singer. Why would anyone call the other people "Fergie." These people do not go by the name as the singer does.--Cartman005 00:28, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Nonsense. Ask anyone over 30 (there are more people over 30 than under). "Fergie" refers to Sarah, Duchess of York, and that is precisely what she was called in the popular press for years and years before anybody heard of a band called the Black Eyed Peas. -GTBacchus(talk) 14:52, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

 * For most people around the whole world including me Alex Ferguson is much better known by this name than the singer, even those who aren't very interested in football. Regardless of me being under 30 and even a Liverpool fan, I think the disambiguation is the best solution. --91.9.187.64 (talk) 13:19, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

It surprises many Americans the extreme extent "Fergie" is applied to both Alex Ferguson and the ex-princess in media, so motions are frequently brought up to promote the Stacy Ferguson article to primary topic, but with the last Nov. 2010 move request, consensus again fell to continue with the current disambiguation setup. de M URGH   talk  21:00, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

Singer's birth year
The article on the Black Eyed Peas woman says 1975 and this should match. 202.126.211.238 (talk) 07:53, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Fergie (singer) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 01:16, 27 November 2010 (UTC)

"Fergie"
The usage of Fergie is under discussion at Talk:Fergie (singer) -- 65.94.76.126 (talk) 05:23, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Random ordering
There doesn't appear to be any sort of order in the disambiguation listing. Would other editors prefer to see it sorted chronologically or alphabetically? Astronomy Explained (talk) 00:36, 11 October 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Fergie (singer) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:18, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fergie


text: Category:Hiyo class aircraft carriers

title: Category:Hiyo class aircraft carriers


text: User talk:65.35.44.45

title: User talk:65.35.44.45


text:
Category:Colorado Rockies

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Colorado Rockies


text:
Edwin R. A. Seligman

Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman (1861–1939), was an American economist who spent his entire academic career at Columbia University in New York City. Seligman is best remembered for his pioneering work involving taxation and public finance. His principles for a progressive federal income tax were adopted by Congress after the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. A prolific scholar and teacher, his students had great influence on the fiscal architecture of postcolonial nations. He served as an influential founding member of the American Economics Association.

Early life
Edwin Seligman was born April 25, 1861, in New York City, the son of the banker Joseph Seligman. His family was Jewish. He was tutored by Horatio Alger and had a broad facility for languages.

Seligman attended Columbia University at fourteen and graduated in 1879 with an AB Seligman continued his studies in Europe, attending courses for three years at the universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, Geneva, and Paris. He earned his MA and LLB degrees in 1885 and successfully defended a PhD in 1885. He later was awarded a LL.D. in 1904.

Career
Seligman spent his entire academic career at Columbia University, first joining as a lecturer in 1885. He was made an adjunct professor of political economy in 1888. He became the first McVickar Professor of Political Economy at the same university in 1904, a position which he occupied until 1931.

Seligman's academic work dealt largely with matters of taxation and public finance, and he was regarded as a leading proponent of the progressive income tax. He also taught courses at Columbia in the field of economic history.

From 1886 Seligman was one of the editors of the Political Science Quarterly. He also edited Columbia's series in history, economics, and public law from 1890.

Seligman was a founder of the American Economic Association and served as president of that organization from 1902 to 1904. He was also a key figure behind the formation of the American Association of University Professors, serving as that group's president from 1919 to 1920.

Seligman dedicated a great deal of effort to the question of public finance during World War I and was a prominent advocate of the establishment of a progressive income tax as a basis for the funding of government operations.

Although a proponent of the economic interpretation of history, commonly associated with Marxism, Seligman was an opponent of socialism and appeared in public debates opposing prominent radical figures during the early 1920s, including such figures as Scott Nearing and Harry Waton.

Seligman's later academic work revolved around questions of tax policy and consumer finance.

Among his students was B.R. Ambedkar, the Chief architect of Indian Constitution and first Law and Justice minister of India.

Seligman's teaching career ended in 1931.

Death and legacy
Edwin Seligman died July 18, 1939. His beliefs were highly influential with Charles A. Beard, who was an academic colleague at Columbia. In particular, Seligman's economic viewpoints to history helped inform Beard's work An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. As a mentor to fiscal experts including Carl Shoup, Seligman's ideas also guided post-World War II tax reform.

Books and pamphlets

 * Railway Tariffs and the Interstate Commerce Act. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1887.
 * The General Property Tax. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1890.
 * Progressive Taxation in Theory and Practice (1894). Second Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1908.
 * The Shifting and Incidence of Taxation (1899). Second Edition. New York: Macmillan, 1902.
 * Report of the Committee of Economists on the dismissal of Professor Ross from Leland Stanford Junior University. Detroit?: The Committee?, 1901.
 * The Economic Interpretation of History. New York: Macmillan, 1902.
 * Essays in Taxation. New York: Macmillan, 1905.
 * Principles of Economics: With Special Reference to American Conditions. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1905.
 * The Income Tax: A Study of the History, Theory and Practice of Income Taxation at Home and Abroad. New York: Macmillan, 1911.
 * The Social Evil: With Special Reference to Conditions Existing in the City of New York. (Editor.) New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1912.
 * An Economic Interpretation of the War. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1915.
 * The Next Step in Tax Reform: Presidential Address of Edwin R. A. Seligman, LL. D., Delivered at the Ninth Annual Conference of the National Tax Association, San Francisco, August 11, 1915. New York: National Tax Association, 1915.
 * A University School of Business. New York: Columbia University Press, 1916.
 * How to Finance the War. With Robert Murray Haig. New York: Division of Intelligence and Publicity of Columbia University, 1917.
 * Financial Mobilization for War: Papers Presented at a Joint Conference of the Western Economic Society and the City Club of Chicago, June 21 and 22, 1917. (Editor.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1917.
 * The House Revenue Bill: A Constructive Criticism. New York: Division of Intelligence and Publicity of Columbia University, 1917.
 * Currency Inflation and Public Debts: An Historical Sketch. New York: Equitable Trust Company of New York, 1921.
 * A Public Debate: Capitalism vs. Socialism: Professor Edwin R.A. Seligman, Columbia University, vs. Professor Scott Nearing, Rand School of Social Science. New York: The Fine Arts Guild, 1922.
 * Stenographer's Report of the Selig vs. Waton Debate. New York: Marx-Engels Institute, 1922.
 * Studies in Public Finance. New York: Macmillan, 1925.
 * Essays in Economics. New York: Macmillan, 1925.
 * The Economics of Instalment Selling: A Study in Consumers' Credit, with Special Reference to the Automobile. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1927.
 * The Economics of Farm Relief: A Survey of the Agricultural Problem. New York: Columbia University Press, 1929.
 * Price Cutting and Price Maintenance: A Study in Economics. With Robert Alonzo Love. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1932.
 * A Report on the Revenue System of Cuba. With Carl S. Shoup. Havana: Talleres tipográficos de Carasa y cía., 1932

Selected articles

 * "Economists," in Cambridge History of English and American Literature, 1907.
 * "The Crisis of 1907 in the Light of History," in Edwin R.A. Seligman (ed.), The Currency Problem and the Present Financial Situation: A Series of Addresses Delivered at Columbia University 1907-1908. New York: Columbia University Press, 1908.
 * "Recent Reports on State and Local Taxation," American Economic Review, 1911.
 * "The Crisis in Social Evolution," in Albert Bushnell Hart, et al., Problems of Readjustment After the War. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1915.
 * "Tax Exemption Through Tax Capitalization: A Reply," American Economic Review, 1916.
 * "Loans versus Taxes in War Finance," in Financing the War. Philadelphia: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 75, 1918.
 * "Who is the Twentieth Century Mandeville?" American Economic Review, 1918.
 * "Are Stock Dividends Income?" American Economic Review, 1919.
 * "The Cost of the War and How It Was Met," American Economic Review, vol. 9, no. 4 (Dec. 1919), pp. 739–770.

title: Edwin R. A. Seligman