text:
David Cannadine

Sir David Nicholas Cannadine (born 7 September 1950) is a British author and historian who specialises in modern history, Britain and the history of business and philanthropy. He is currently the Dodge Professor of History at Princeton University, a visiting professor of history at Oxford University, and the editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. He was president of the British Academy between 2017 and 2021, the UK's national academy for the humanities and social sciences. He also serves as the chairman of the trustees of the National Portrait Gallery in London and vice-chair of the editorial board of Past & Present.

Early life and education
David Nicholas Cannadine was born in Birmingham on 7 September 1950 and attended King Edward VI Five Ways School. He was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, where he took a double first in history, at St John's College, Oxford, where he completed his DPhil, and at Princeton University where he was a Jane Eliza Procter Visiting Fellow.

Academic career
After completing his graduate work, he returned to the University of Cambridge, where he was a research fellow at St John's College. He was then elected a fellow of Christ's College and appointed to a university lectureship in history.

Cannadine was appointed to the professorial chair of history at Columbia University in 1988, returning to Britain ten years later as director of the Institute of Historical Research at the University of London and, subsequently, as Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Professor of British History. In 2008 he joined the History Department of Princeton University from which he has announced his intention to retire at the end of the 2022–2023 academic year. In 2014 he was appointed Editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and also to a visiting professorship at the University of Oxford.

Cannadine has held many other visitorial appointments: at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (twice), at Birkbeck College, London, at the Whitney Humanities Center, Yale, at ANU Canberra, at the NHC North Carolina, at the Huntington Library and at New York University Stern School of Business. He is the general editor of the Penguin History of Britain and the Penguin History of Europe. He is currently completing a volume on the history of the Ford Foundation.

Works
Cannadine's books include The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (1990); G. M. Trevelyan: A Life in History (1992); Class in Britain (1998); Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (2001); Mellon: An American Life (2006); The Thirty Year Rule (jointly, 2009); The Right Kind of History (jointly, 2011); and The Undivided Past: Humanity Beyond our Differences (2013). His most recent publications are Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800–1906 (2018), published for the Penguin History of Britain series, as well as two edited volumes on Westminster Abbey and on Anthony Blunt.

Cannadine has delivered many public lectures including the Raleigh Lecture at the British Academy (1997), the Carnochan Lecture at Stanford University (2001), the Linbury Lecture at the National Gallery (2002), the T. S. Eliot Lecture at Washington University in St. Louis (2003), the George Macaulay Trevelyan Lectures at the University of Cambridge (2007), the Inaugural Lecture for the Centre for British Studies at Humboldt University, Berlin (2010), the Crosby Kemper Lecture at Westminster College (Fulton, Missouri), the Jon Sigurosson Lecture at the University of Iceland (2012), the Haaga Lecture at the Huntington Library (2012), the Creighton Lecture at the University of Toronto (2013), the Robb Lectures at the University of Auckland, New Zealand (2015), the Wolfson Anniversary Lecture at the University of Glasgow (2015), the Oxford University Press Centenary Lecture (2017) and the Founder's Lecture at St John's College, Oxford (2019).

Public work
Cannadine has served as a vice-president of the Royal Historical Society (1998–2002) and as a member of the advisory council, Public Record Office, subsequently National Archives (1999–2004); as a trustee and vice-chairman of the Kennedy Memorial Trust (1999–2010); as a trustee, vice-chair and chair of the National Portrait Gallery (2000–12); as a commissioner of English Heritage (2001–09) and as Chairman of its Blue Plaques Panel (2006–13); as a member of the Royal Mint Advisory Committee (2004–14); and as chair of Churchill 2015 (2013–15).

Cannadine is also widely known as a commentator on current events, in newspapers, on the radio and on television; he has been a long-standing contributor to A Point of View, broadcast on BBC Radio 4, as the successor to Alastair Cooke's Letter from America; and he has also written and presented a series of programmes on Churchill's Other Lives. He has been active in attempts to reform and improve the history curriculum in the United Kingdom. He also often contributes to contemporary discussions on the present-day British monarchy.

Currently, Cannadine serves as a member of the Bank of England Banknote Character Advisory Committee; he is a trustee of the Rothschild Archive, the Gordon Brown Archive and Gladstone's Library; and of the Library of Birmingham Development Trust, the Royal Academy Trust, Historic Royal Palaces and the Wolfson Foundation. He is also 168th president of The Birmingham & Midland Institute, a vice-president of the Victorian Society, vice-chairman of the Westminster Abbey Fabric Commission, and of the editorial board of Past & Present and president of the Friends of the Imperial War Museum.

Honours and distinctions
Cannadine has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (1981), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (1998), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (1999), a Fellow of the British Academy (1999), and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (2005). He has been awarded the Lionel Trilling Prize (1991) and the Dean's Distinguished Award in the Humanities (1996) by Columbia University, the Dickinson Medal by the Newcomen Society (2003), the Minerva Medal of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2013), the Norton Medlicott Medal of the Historical Association (2013), and the Blenheim Award of the International Churchill Society (2016).

Cannadine holds honorary degrees from the London South Bank University (2001), the University of East Anglia (2001), the University of Birmingham (2002), the University of Worcester (2011), Open University (2016), the University of London (2017), the University of Leicester (2019), Queen's University, Belfast (2020), and Aston University (2022). He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Historical Research (2005), Christ's College, Cambridge (2005), the Historical Association (2011), and Clare College, Cambridge (2012) and an Honorary Churchill Fellow of Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri (2012).

He was knighted for "services to scholarship" in 2009.

More recently, in April 2018 Cannadine was elected an international honorary member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.

Personal life
Cannadine is married to fellow historian Linda Colley.

Publications

 * Lords and Landlords: The Aristocracy and the Towns, 1774–1967 (1980)
 * Patricians, Power and Politics in Nineteenth-century Towns (1982) (editor)
 * 'Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat': Winston Churchill's Famous Speeches (1989) (editor)
 * The Pleasures of the Past (1989)
 * The First Modern Society: Essays in English History in Honour of Lawrence Stone (1989) (editor) (with A.L. Beier and James Rosenheim)
 * The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (1990)
 * G.M. Trevelyan: A Life in History (1992)
 * Aspects of Aristocracy: Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain (1994)
 * The Rise and Fall of Class in Britain (1998)
 * History in Our Time (1998)
 * Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (2001)
 * In Churchill's Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (2002)
 * What Is History Now? (2002) (editor)
 * History and the Media (2004) (editor)
 * Churchill in the Twenty-First Century (2004) (editor) (with Roland Quinault)
 * Admiral Lord Nelson: Context and Legacy (2005) (editor)
 * Gunpowder Plots: A Celebration of 400 Years of Bonfire Night (jointly 2005)
 * Trafalgar: A Battle and its Afterlife (2006) (editor)
 * Mellon: An American Life (2006)
 * National Portrait Gallery: A Brief History (2007)
 * Empire, the Sea and Global History: Britain's Maritime World, c.1763–c.1840 (2007) (editor)
 * Making History Now and Then: Discoveries, Controversies and Explorations (2008)
 * History and Philanthropy: Past, Present and Future (2008) (editor) (with Jill Pellew)
 * The Thirty Year Rule (jointly, 2009)
 * The Right Kind of History: Teaching the Past in Twentieth-Century England (2011) (with Jenny Keating and Nicola Sheldon)
 * The Undivided Past: History Beyond Our Differences (2013)
 * George V (Penguin Monarchs series) (2014)
 * Heroic Chancellor: Winston Churchill and Bristol University (2015)
 * Margaret Thatcher: A Life and Legacy (2017)
 * Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800–1906 (Penguin History of Britain) (2018)
 * The Country House: Past, Present and Future (2018) (editor) (with Jeremy Musson)
 * Why Collect Now? A Report on the State of Museums and of Collecting (2019)
 * Westminster Abbey: A Church in History (2019) (editor)
 * A Question of Retribution?: The British Academy and the Matter of Anthony Blunt (2020) (editor)

title: David Cannadine


text:
Common Worship

Common Worship is the name given to the series of services authorised by the General Synod of the Church of England and launched on the first Sunday of Advent in 2000. It represents the most recent stage of development of the Liturgical  Movement within the Church and is the successor to the Alternative Service Book  (ASB) of 1980. Like the ASB, it is an alternative to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer (BCP), which remains officially the normative liturgy of the Church of England.

It has been published as a series of books, rather than a single volume, offering a wider choice of forms of worship than any of its predecessors. It was drafted by the Church of England's Liturgical Commission; the material was then either authorised by General Synod (sometimes with amendments) or simply commended for use by the House of Bishops.

Series
The main Common Worship book is called Common Worship: Services and Prayers for the Church of England. It was published in 2000 alongside Common Worship: President's Edition. These volumes contain the material for Sunday services, but unlike the ASB, contain no readings.

The third book to be published (also in 2000), Common Worship: Pastoral Services, provides for the first time a range of healing services, as well as revised provision for weddings and funerals. The former has a completely rewritten preface that no longer describes the threefold purposes of marriage and is much more secular in tone. It includes, for the first time, a congregational response to the declarations by the couple and a long nuptial blessing. The funeral provisions includes material for before and after the service, all completely rewritten. The funeral now includes an optional penitential section, no longer has a required psalm and includes set intercessions. It also allows for a eulogy by one of the mourners, a new departure, at the beginning of the service.

In 2005 the fourth book, Common Worship: Daily Prayer, was published. The form and style of daily morning and evening prayer no longer shows the influence of the BCP, but the work of the English Franciscan community and its book Celebrating Common Prayer. The offices are not dissimilar to those of the Roman Catholic Church. Penitence becomes optional, as does the Creed; the Te Deum disappears almost completely, and a Gospel canticle—the Benedictus in the morning and the Magnificat in the evening—follows the reading(s); there is a wide range of intercessions; collects are provided for lesser festivals (unlike in the main book); and there is a psalter. Both the book and the new daily lectionary were tried out in parishes before final publication.

In 2006, three more volumes, Common Worship: Christian Initiation, Common Worship: Ordination Services and Common Worship: Times and Seasons, were published. In the first, there is provision for Baptism, Confirmation, and related rites (including Reconciliation). In the second, there are rites for the ordination of deacons, priests and bishops. In the third, there is provision for all the seasons of the church's year, including sections on the Agricultural Year and Embertide.

The final book, Common Worship: Festivals, was published in 2008 and provides propers for all the Festivals and Lesser Festivals of the Church of England's calendar.

Content and style
Common Worship is published in electronic, as well as paper form, with the intent that congregations can assemble their own orders of service and extend them with prayers and readings.

Appraisal
Common Worship and other liturgical revision efforts in the Church of England have been criticized by proponents of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. In 2004, Prayer Book Society president Patrick Cormack described the preceding 40 years of Church of England revisions as "liturgical anarchy", holding that the new liturgical books had alienated traditionalists and failed to attract young people. Cormack added that "command of modern liturgists over the language does not begin to equal Cranmer's".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Common Worship


text:
Carla Kihlstedt

Carla Kihlstedt (born 1971) is an American composer, violinist, vocalist, and multi-instrumentalist, originally from Lancaster, Pennsylvania and currently working from a home studio on Cape Cod.

She is a founding member of Tin Hat Trio (1997, renamed Tin Hat), Sleepytime Gorilla Museum, The Book of Knots, Causing a Tiger, and Rabbit Rabbit. Other musical projects include 2 Foot Yard, Charming Hostess and Minamo (Carla Kihlstedt & Satoko Fujii). She is a recognized classical composer who has performed with the International Contemporary Ensemble (ICE), has worked occasionally on projects with Tom Waits, John Zorn, and Fred Frith, and recorded numerous albums as a guest or session musician. Kihlstedt has studied at the Peabody Conservatory of Music, San Francisco Conservatory of Music, and Oberlin Conservatory of Music.

In February 2012 she founded Rabbit Rabbit with her husband (and Sleepytime Gorilla Museum drummer) Matthias Bossi. Rabbit Rabbit released their debut album, Rabbit Rabbit Radio – Vol. 1 in 2013. The band revolves around a song-a-month subscription website called Rabbit Rabbit Radio.

Personal life
She is the sister of American actress Rya Kihlstedt.

Collaborations and bands

 * Phil Gelb, Carla Kihlstedt, John Shiurba, Matthew Sperry
 * 1998–99 – Smoking Balance: The Complete Recordings (Limited Sedition, 2011)

 * Charming Hostess
 * 1999 – Eat (Vaccination)
 * 2004 – Punch (RēR)
 * 2004 – Sarajevo Blues (Tzadik)

 * Tin Hat
 * 1999 – Memory Is an Elephant (Angel)
 * 2000 – Helium (Angel)
 * 2002 – The Rodeo Eroded (Ropeadope/Rykodisc)
 * 2004 – Book of Silk (Ropeadope/Rykodisc)
 * 2007 – The Sad Machinery of Spring (Hannibal)
 * 2007 – La giusta distanza (OST, Radiofandango)
 * 2010 – Foreign Legion (BAG)
 * 2012 – The Rain Is a Handsome Animal (New Amsterdam)

 * Sleepytime Gorilla Museum
 * 2001 – Grand Opening and Closing (Seeland/Belle Antique/Chaosophy)
 * 2003 – Live (Sickroom)
 * 2004 – Of Natural History (Web of Mimicry)
 * 2005 – The Face with Shinichi "Momo" Koga (DVD, not on label)
 * 2007 – In Glorious Times (The End)
 * 2024 – of the Last Human Being (Avant Night)

 * 2 Foot Yard
 * 2003 – 2 Foot Yard (Tzadik)
 * 2008 – Borrowed Arms (Yard Work/CD Baby)

 * Lesli Dalaba, Fred Frith, Eric Glick Rieman & Carla Kihlstedt
 * 2003 – Dalaba Frith Glick Rieman Kihlstedt (Accretions)

 * The Book of Knots
 * 2004 – The Book of Knots (Arclight)
 * 2007 – Traineater (ANTI-)
 * 2011 – Garden of Fainting Stars (Ipecac)

 * Carla Kihlstedt & Shahzad Ismaily
 * 2004 – Flying Low (Holy Night in the Outhouse)

 * Carla Kihlstedt, Fred Frith & Stevie Wishart
 * 2006 – The Compass, Log and Lead (Intakt)

 * Carla Kihlstedt & Satoko Fujii
 * 2007 – Minamo (Henceforth)
 * 2009 – Kuroi Kawa ~ Black River (Tzadik)

 * Cosa Brava
 * 2010 – Ragged Atlas (Intakt)
 * 2012 – The Letter (Intakt)

 * Causing a Tiger
 * 2010 – Causing a Tiger (Les Disques Victo)
 * 2011 – How We Held Our Post (Twelve Cups)

 * Carla Kihlstedt & Matthias Bossi
 * 2008 – Ravish (And Other Tales for the Stage) with Dan Rathbun (Twelve Cups)
 * 2011 – Still You Lay Dreaming: Tales for the Stage, II (self-released)
 * 2012 – Niagara Falling: Tales for the Stage, III (self-released)

 * Rabbit Rabbit
 * 2013 – Rabbit Rabbit Radio – Vol. 1 (self-released)
 * 2014 – Rabbit Rabbit Radio – Vol. 2: Swallow Me Whole (self-released)
 * 2015 – Rabbit Rabbit Radio – Vol. 3: Year of the Wooden Horse (self-released)
 * 2018 – Black Inscription (self-released)

As a guest or session musician

 * 1994 – Carnival Skin – Dreamchair Music
 * 1998 – Twelve Minor – Ben Goldberg
 * 1998 – III – The Grassy Knoll
 * 1998 – What Is the Difference Between Stripping & Playing the Violin? – Masaoka Orchestra
 * 1998 – Buddy Systems – Selected Duos and Trios – Gino Robair
 * 1998 – Sonarchy 1998 – Sonarchy Trio: Kihlstedt, Gino Robair, Matthew Sperry (released 2008)
 * 1999 – Beauty and the Bloodsucker – Eugene Chadbourne and the Insect and Western Party
 * 1999 – Half-wit Anthems – Deadweight
 * 1999 – Bryant Street – Dubtribe Sound System
 * 1999 – California – Mr. Bungle
 * 1999 – Blue – Third Eye Blind
 * 1999 – Pokey in the Bobo – Baby Snufkin
 * 2000 – Revolver (A New Spin) – Ann Dyer
 * 2000 – Shuffle Play: Elegies for the Recording Angel – John Schott
 * 2000 – American Pi – Austin Willacy
 * 2001 – This Ungodly Hour – Mumble & Peg
 * 2002 – Alice – Tom Waits
 * 2002 – Trilectic – Jewlia Eisenberg
 * 2003 – Rybi Tuk – Už Jsme Doma
 * 2003 – Ghost Taxi – Eesk
 * 2004 – I'm Gonna Stop Killing – Carla Bozulich
 * 2004 – Timelines – Lesli Dalaba
 * 2004 – To Each According... – Redressers
 * 2004 – An Alligator in Your Wallet – Rova::Orkestrova
 * 2005 – Tommyland: The Ride – Tommy Lee
 * 2005 – Love Songs – Peter Garland
 * 2005 – Motel – PAK
 * 2005 – Electric Ascension – Rova::Orkestrova
 * 2005 – Thin Pillow – Thin Pillow
 * 2006 – There Be Squabbles Ahead – Stolen Babies
 * 2006 – The Door, the Hat, the Chair, the Fact – Ben Goldberg
 * 2006 – Half the Perfect World – Madeleine Peyroux
 * 2006 – Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards – Tom Waits
 * 2006 – Dreaming Through the Noise – Vienna Teng
 * 2006 – The Happy End Problem – Fred Frith
 * 2007 – A Distant Youth – Wu Fei
 * 2007 – A Handful of World; Kafka Songs – Lisa Bielawa
 * 2007 – Two Rooms of Uranium Inside 83 Markers – Moe! Staiano's Moe!kestra!
 * 2008 – Unsquare – Maybe Monday
 * 2008 – Our Bright Future – Tracy Chapman
 * 2008 – Diana and James – Greg Copeland
 * 2009 – Sugar – Mary Bragg
 * 2009 – Fear Draws Misfortune – Cheer-Accident
 * 2009 – Nowhere, Sideshow, Thin Air – Fred Frith
 * 2009 – Bare Bones – Madeleine Peyroux
 * 2010 – Eye to Ear III – Fred Frith
 * 2012 – Secrets of Secrets – Aaron Novik
 * 2015 – Orphic Machine – Ben Goldberg
 * 2020 – Super Meat Boy Forever - RIDICULON
 * 2021 – The Binding of Isaac: Repentance - RIDICULON
 * 2022 – Séances - Trevor Dunn's Trio-Convulsant avec Folie à Quatre

title: Carla Kihlstedt


text:
The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power

The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power is Daniel Yergin's 1990 history of the global petroleum industry from the 1850s through 1990. The Prize became a bestseller, helped by its release date in December 1990, four months after the invasion of Kuwait ordered by Saddam Hussein and one month before the U.S.-led coalition began the Gulf War to oust Iraqi troops from that country. The book eventually went on to win a Pulitzer Prize.

The Prize has been called the "definitive" history of the oil industry, even a "bible".

Popular success
In 1992 The Prize won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction; it has been translated into fourteen languages. Now out of print in hardcover, The Prize was published in a paperback edition (ISBN 0-671-79932-0) that was released at the end of 1992, and is currently in print. The Prize is often cited as essential background reading for students of the history of petroleum. Prof. Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. said in Library Journal, for example:

Written by one of the foremost U.S. authorities on energy, it is a major work in the field, replete with enough insight to satisfy the scholar and sufficient concern with the drama and colorful personalities in the history of oil to capture the interest of the general public. Though lengthy, the book never drags in developing its themes: the relationship of oil to the rise of modern capitalism; the intertwining relations between oil, politics, and international power; and the relationship between oil and society in what Yergin calls today's age of "Hydrocarbon Man".

Adaptations
The Prize was the basis for an eight-part, eight-hour documentary television series titled The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, & Power, narrated by Donald Sutherland and broadcast by PBS in 1992–1993. The series is said to have been seen by 20 million people in the United States.

The book is also available as an abridged audiobook, read by Bob Jamieson with a run time of 2 hours and 53 minutes.

In 2011 Yergin's The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World was published by Penguin Press. The Quest is the sequel to The Prize.

Origin of the title
The name of the book is taken from a quote by Winston Churchill in 1912, when he was First Lord of the Admiralty, long before becoming Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was arguing for the conversion of British warships from coal to fuel oil, but noted the geopolitical ramifications of tying Britain's fortunes to oil.

As Yergin quotes Churchill:

"To build any large additional number of oil-burning ships meant basing our naval supremacy upon oil. But oil was not found in appreciable quantities in our islands. If we required it we must carry it by sea in peace or war from distant countries. We had, on the other hand, the finest supply of the best steam coal in the world, safe in our mines under our own land. To commit the Navy irrevocably to oil was indeed to 'take arms against a sea of troubles.' Yet, if the difficulties and risk could be surmounted, 'we should be able to raise the whole power and efficiency of the Navy to a definitely higher level; better ships, better crews, higher economies, more intense forms of war power'—in a word, 'mastery itself was the prize of the venture.' [Emphasis added]"


text: Talk:Protectorate General to Pacify the East


text:
Mai, the Psychic Girl

Mai, the Psychic Girl (舞) is a Japanese manga series written by Kazuya Kudō and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami. It was serialized in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from March 1985 to April 1986, with its chapters collected in six tankōbon volumes; it was later republished by Media Factory.

Mai, the Psychic Girl is one of the first manga series to be fully published in English; it was published by Viz Communications, in partnership with Eclipse Comics, in a bi-weekly comic book format starting in 1987 and republished in collected volumes a few years later.

Story
The story follows Mai Kuju (久住 舞), a 14-year-old girl with powerful psychic abilities. She is being pursued by the Wisdom Alliance, an organization which secretly strives to control the world. The alliance already controls four other powerful psychic children, and it has hired the Kaieda Intelligence Agency to capture Mai.

Manga
Written by Kazuya Kudo and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami, Mai, the Psychic Girl was serialized in Shogakukan's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Sunday from March 20, 1985, to April 2, 1986. Shogakukan collected its chapters in six tankōbon volumes, released from August 1985 to August 1986. Media Factory republished the series in three bunkoban volumes, released from 2002 to 2003, and in two wideban volumes in 2006.

Mai, the Psychic Girl is one of the first manga series to be fully published in English. Along with The Legend of Kamui and Area 88, Mai, the Psychic Girl was one of the first three manga published by Viz Communications, in partnership with Eclipse Comics. It was published in a bi-weekly comic book format starting in May 1987. As it was one of the forerunners of manga popularity in the West, Mai was chosen for localization due to its middle-ground artwork: neither "too Japanese or too American." It was presented in the "flopped" format; panels and pages read in the left-to-right reading order instead of the Japanese style of right-to-left, that was the norm with early localized manga. Along with the other two series, Mai proved popular enough that second printings were needed of the first two issues. The series was later reprinted in a 4-volume edition by Titan Books in 1989, and by Viz in 1990;  the edition featured a brief nude scene that had been edited out of the comic book edition. The series was later re-released in 3-volume edition, titled Mai, the Psychic Girl: Perfect Collection.

Film
Beginning in the late 1980s, new wave rock band Sparks attempted to make Mai, the Psychic Girl into a musical, with interest from Tim Burton and Carolco Pictures, who purchased the film rights in August 1991. Carolco hoped Burton would start production in 1992, but he chose to work on The Nightmare Before Christmas and Ed Wood for Disney. The option on the film rights eventually expired, and Burton dropped out. Francis Ford Coppola later developed the property in the 1990s. In June 2000, Sony Pictures Entertainment started on a new different project with Kirk Wong attached to direct. By February 2001, a script had been written by Lisa Addario and Joey Syracuse for Sony's Columbia Pictures. The release of The Seduction of Ingmar Bergman, a radio musical by Sparks, in August 2009, was informed by the six years the band spent trying to get their Mai, the Psychic Girl produced. The album generated new interest, and gained a "second wind", vocalist Russell Mael explained. "The music is all ready and we are hoping that this still might see the light of day". In 2010, Burton expressed renewed interest in adapting the property.

Reception
Mai, the Psychic Girl was well received by critics and readers in America (more than in its native Japan), and is recognized as an important first step in the gradual popularity of manga in America. Many praised the series for avoiding typical superhero cliches and for also introducing many readers to the world of manga.

title: Mai, the Psychic Girl


text:
Synthesis of precious metals

The synthesis of precious metals involves the use of either nuclear reactors or particle accelerators to produce these elements.

Precious metals occurring as fission products
Ruthenium and rhodium are precious metals produced as a small percentage of the fission products from the nuclear fission of uranium. The longest half-lives of the radioisotopes of these elements generated by nuclear fission are 373.59 days for ruthenium and 45 days for rhodium. This makes the extraction of the non-radioactive isotope from spent nuclear fuel possible after a few years of storage, although the extract must be checked for radioactivity from trace quantities of other elements before use.

Ruthenium
Each kilogram of the fission products of 235U will contain 63.44 grams of ruthenium isotopes with halflives longer than a day. Since a typical used nuclear fuel contains about 3% fission products, one ton of used fuel will contain about 1.9 kg of ruthenium. The 103Ru and 106Ru will render the fission ruthenium very radioactive. If the fission occurs in an instant then the ruthenium thus formed will have an activity due to 103Ru of 109 TBq g−1 and 106Ru of 1.52 TBq g−1. 103Ru has a half-life of about 39 days meaning that within 390 days it will have effectively decayed to the only stable isotope of rhodium, 103Rh, well before any reprocessing is likely to occur. 106Ru has a half-life of about 373 days, meaning that if the fuel is left to cool for 5 years before reprocessing only about 3% of the original quantity will remain; the rest will have decayed. For comparison, the activity in natural potassium (due to naturally occurring ) is about 30 Bq per gram.

Rhodium
It is possible to extract rhodium from used nuclear fuel: 1 kg of fission products of 235U contains 13.3 grams of 103Rh. At 3% fission products by weight, one ton of used fuel will contain about 400 grams of rhodium. The longest lived radioisotope of rhodium is 102mRh with a half-life of 2.9 years, while the ground state (102Rh) has a half-life of 207 days.

Each kilogram of fission rhodium will contain 6.62 ng of 102Rh and 3.68 ng of 102mRh. As 102Rh decays by beta decay to either 102Ru (80%) (some positron emission will occur) or 102Pd (20%) (some gamma ray photons with about 500 keV are generated) and the excited state decays by beta decay (electron capture) to 102Ru (some gamma ray photons with about 1 MeV are generated). If the fission occurs in an instant then 13.3 grams of rhodium will contain 67.1 MBq (1.81 mCi) of 102Rh and 10.8 MBq (291 μCi) of 102mRh. As it is normal to allow used nuclear fuel to stand for about five years before reprocessing, much of this activity will decay away leaving 4.7 MBq of 102Rh and 5.0 MBq of 102mRh. If the rhodium metal was then left for 20 years after fission, the 13.3 grams of rhodium metal would contain 1.3 kBq of 102Rh and 500 kBq of 102mRh. Rhodium has the highest price of these precious metals ($440,000/kg in 2022 ), but the cost of the separation of the rhodium from the other metals needs to be considered, although recent high prices may create opportunity for consideration.

Gold
Chrysopoeia, the artificial production of gold, is the traditional goal of alchemy. Such transmutation is possible in particle accelerators or nuclear reactors, although the production cost is estimated to be a trillion times the market price of gold. Since there is only one stable gold isotope, 197Au, nuclear reactions must create this isotope in order to produce usable gold.

Gold was synthesized from mercury by neutron bombardment in 1941, but the isotopes of gold produced were all radioactive. In 1924, a German scientist, Adolf Miethe, reported achieving the same feat, but after various replication attempts around the world, it was deemed an experimental error.

In 1980, Glenn Seaborg transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atoms. Seaborg's technique was far too expensive to enable the routine manufacture of gold but his work is the closest yet to emulating an aspect of the mythical Philosopher's stone.

title: Synthesis of precious metals


text:
Talk:Alka Yagnik

About other languages
Hi DEAR, I removed just the name of languages because I think that this is so stupid thing to mention all languages names. When we say she sung in many languages then all things will clear and even a kid understand what the meaning of other languages. My intention was not for POV. WAITING for your reply because I am not agree with your edit of bringing names of languages. Zafar24 Talk  17:58, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * You got it wrong dear. I wasn't talking about your POV nor mine but the others'. People from multiple backgrounds come and start adding /deleting there language of choice. I believe it would be better if we mention only the languages in which she has sung as in her Discography article. That would be fine by me. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 18:01, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

Okay DEAR, I understood now:) Zafar24  Talk  18:06, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks and welcome dear. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 18:10, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

About Osama Bin Laden liking Alka Yagnik's songs
Hi DEAR, I not agree with you for removing this edit.

First, I makes things clear that I am Atheist and I don't like religions and people who supporting religions. I like Alka Yagnik so its very important thing if Alka name came with Osama Bin Laden.

There are two more notable singers of Hindi cinema, Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle. I assume if you know Alka Yagnik then you also know those two. Think, why Osama Bin Laden dont listen to those Lata and Asha 's songs. This is the point, I am pointing to you. That's means that Osama Bin Laden was a great fan of Alka Yagnik and public should know that after all Osama Bin Laden was a public figure. My edit rightly goes to' In the media' section because media said that they found Alka Yagnik's cassette/cds in the place of Osama Bin Laden. Waiting for you response. Zafar24 Talk  18:49, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I still don't think it is relevant in this article, maybe in Bin Laden's article. A famous or infamous person can listen to a lot of things. If he was notable as a fan of Alka Yagnik then perhaps. Lets ask, he can respond better. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 18:54, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

If a famous or infamous person can listen to a lot of things then why Only Alka Yagnik cassettes /cds was found there? Dear please don't mind, If I am talking to you then why you are bringing him? Zafar24 Talk  19:03, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

I can give you an example for your this statenent :" A famous or infamous person can listen to a lot of things". Example : I am a fan of Alka Yagnik and my cell phone is full of Alka's mp3 songs (about 70 to 80 percent) so this is obvious that this thing tells others about my liking. So Osama Bin Laden had only Alka's songs there in that place. So Osama Bin Laden Only likes Alka's songs. Zafar24 Talk  19:14, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Note: I don't particularly see what is relevant about Bin Laden liking her songs. I'm sure lots of famous people like Lady Gaga's songs, but do we typically make a mention of this in articles? It seems like we are including this only because Bin Laden is infamous, but it's not really clear why this information matters. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 01:40, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Exactly, I don't think it is relevant in Yagnik's article. This info can be mentioned in Osama Bin Laden article but I still will be trivia considering all the other info in his article., bringing Osama to this discussion was for obvious reasons. Heinrich Himmler's article previously had mention of him following Hindu religious book, the Bhagawat Gita with proper sources, but The Gita article never had Himmler mentioned in them (atleast not a stable version of it). Many Indian and Pakistani celebrities and cricketers have singers from both the countries as their favourite. But these info do not get highlighted in the articles - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:23, 2 August 2019 (UTC)

Dil Mein Leti Hai
Alka Yagnik has sung thousands of songs. Choli Ke Peeche is an iconic song of Bollywood which won her awards. Can't add every random song on the page ANKMALI (talk) 02:44, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The song in question is Din me Leti Hai and NOT Dil mein Aati Hai. Since these are sourced, you should have started a talk before making POV deletions and engaging in edit-wars. And keep the discussion here rather than my talk page. Coming to the point, since the song/content has been added by, I'd like to invite him. Also pinging and . - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 07:27, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

According to reliable sources, the song 'Din Mein Leti Hai' is a Doble Meaning Song. Double meaning song is also known as 18 plus song and 18 plus song is called seductive song. What's wrong dear people. Why you are removing my this edit. Look, I am also a big admire of Alka Yagnik and I respect Alka Yagnik and her goodwill. I didn't wrote that edit to insult Alka Yagnik. I just provide the information about her song 'Din Mein Leti Hai'. When I noted that 'Din Mein Leti Hai' then I thought that I should write this in Wikipedia. But hey, Wikipedia requires trustworthy source. So I found this trustworthy source https://web.archive.org/web/20190728222055/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/gossip/26267-15-most-perverted-double-meaning-songs-in-bollywood-you-have-to-listen-to.html  and then I wrote my edit. Now what is the matter. Dear Its not random song but Its Alka Yagnik's notable song. Zafar24 Talk  16:45, 21 August 2019 (UTC)

Dear & Fylindfotberserk Alka Yagnik has hundreds of more popular and notable songs. Should I start writing about each of them in the article ? Can find trustworthy sources for all of them ! --ANKMALI (talk) 02:30, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

But 'Din Mein Leti Hai' is a song which is double meaning. Alka Yagnik sung this song. The other notable songs are not mention because they are just romantic not double meaning. Yes, if you can find trustworthy sources, then you should write about others notable songs. This is why we have career section. Zafar24 Talk  06:34, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alka Yagnik


text:
Jemmy Button

Orundellico, known as "Jeremy Button" or "Jemmy Button" or "Jimmy Button" (c. 1815–1864), was a member of the Yaghan (or Yámana) people from islands around Tierra del Fuego in modern Chile and Argentina. He was taken to England by Captain FitzRoy in HMS Beagle and became a celebrity there for a period.

HMS Beagle

In 1830, Captain Robert FitzRoy, at the command of the first expedition of HMS Beagle, took a group of hostages from the Fuegian people after one of his ship's whaleboats was stolen. Jemmy Button was paid for with a mother of pearl button, hence his name. It is not clear whether his family willingly accepted the sale or he was simply abducted. FitzRoy decided to take four of the young Fuegian hostages all the way to England "to become useful as interpreters, and be the means of establishing a friendly disposition towards Englishmen on the part of their countrymen." He seems to have shown great concern for the four, feeding them before his own officers and crew and intending them to be educated and Christianised so that they could improve the conditions of their kin.

The names given to the Fuegians by the crew were York Minster, Jemmy Button, Fuegia Basket (a girl) and Boat Memory. The original names of the first three were, respectively, El'leparu, O'run-del'lico, and Yok'cushly. Boat Memory died of smallpox shortly after his arrival in England and his Yaghan name is unknown.

Arrival in England
The Beagle arrived back in Plymouth from her first voyage of exploration in mid-October 1830. The newspapers soon started publishing details of the Yaghan visitors and they became celebrities. In London, they met King William IV. Fuegia Basket was given a bonnet by Queen Adelaide.

Return to Patagonia
One year later, Captain Fitzroy returned the three surviving Fuegians home. He took with him a young naturalist, Charles Darwin, on what was the second voyage of HMS Beagle.

After initial difficulty recalling his language and customs, Orundellico / Jemmy soon shed his European clothes and habits. A few months after his arrival, he was seen emaciated, naked save for a loincloth, and long-haired. Nevertheless, he declined the offer to return to England, which Darwin conjectured was due to the presence of his "young and nice looking wife". It appears that he and the others had taught their families some English.

Darwin noted in his The Descent of Man that Jemmy Button, probably like other Fuegians, did not have any concept of God or Devil. In The Descent of Man, he suggests that Button never understood the plan to convert Fuegians to Christianity and "with justifiable pride, stoutly maintained that there was no devil in his land."

Wulaia Bay massacre

In 1855, a group of Christian missionaries from the Patagonian Missionary Society visited Wulaia Bay on Navarino Island to find that Jemmy still had a remarkable grasp of English. Some time later in 1859, another group of missionaries was killed at Wulaia Bay by the Yaghan, supposedly led by Jemmy and his family. In early 1860, Jemmy visited Keppel Island and gave evidence at the enquiry held in Stanley into the massacre. He denied responsibility.

Death
In 1863, the missionary Waite Stirling visited Tierra del Fuego and re-established contact with Jemmy; from then relations with the Yaghan improved. In 1866, after Jemmy's death, Stirling took one of Jemmy's sons, known as Threeboy, to England.

Film

 * The 2009 film Creation briefly recounts the story of Jemmy and the other children.
 * A 2015 Chilean documentary, The Pearl Button, was named in part after the manner in which Jemmy Button was named
 * Several episodes of the 1978 serial The Voyage of Charles Darwin dramatize the Fuegians' capture and their later return to Tierra del Fuego.

Literature

 * According to Julia Voss, the German children's book, Jim Knopf und Lukas der Lokomotivführer by Michael Ende, translated into English as Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver, was based on Jemmy Button. Ende, who grew up in Nazi Germany, wanted to write a story that provided a contrast to Adolf Hitler's racist ideology and misuse of Darwin's theories of evolution. Ende's 1960 novel became one of the most successful children's books in postwar Germany and won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1961.
 * Jemmy Button appears in Argentine novelist Sylvia Iparraguirre's Tierra del Fuego, which won the 2000 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize.
 * Jemmy appears in Harry Thompson's debut novel This Thing of Darkness (2005).
 * Jemmy features prominently in "Notes From the Scientific Record" in James Rollins' tenth Sigma Force novel, The 6th Extinction (2014).
 * Jemmy Button is the name of a novel by the Chilean writer Benjamín Subercaseaux.

Theater

 * A play based on Jemmy's story premiered in Santiago, Chile on 8 April 2010.

Music

 * A song entitled Jemmy Button is featured on the 2009 Darwin Song Project.

Podcast

 * Is mentioned as an analogy in Case 63, Episode 7 "Jemmy Button" 2022, Gimlet

title: Jemmy Button


text:
Talk:Isolationism

Improved.
I added a couple of sources to this article. I redid the introduction based on a reliable, relatively non-controversial source: World Book. I also added a quote from George Washington's Farewell Address in an attempt to start a rewrite of this section.--TGregory (talk) 18:44, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Neo-isolationism
In the Face the Nation interview with Ron Paul (lots of Youtube videos of it for those who missed it), he referred to Neo-isolationism and I was wondering if it was notable enough to be included here?

I know he definitely didn't invent the term as searches turn up lots of other places it was used except there's no wikipedia article on neo-isolationism and if you heard how he described it, it does fit in with this article.

--Trailing (talk) 08:05, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

what?
How is this part of a series on discrimination? That's idiotic. News to you: ALL countries are isolationists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.163.0.37 (talk) 16:54, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

This article should be completely rewritten, as "Isolationism" was (and is) a pejorative smear word that has made its way into common usage. An article on "non-interventionism" would contain most of what is included in this article, whereas an Isolationism article should deal with that term exclusively.

To call Jefferson's sentiments "Isolationist" are especially absurd, seeing as he calls for peaceful exchange between nations (rather than hostile isolation).

Paul 16:52, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Right, Paul. I've rewritten the non-interventionism article, and intend to move the examples of "isolationism" in  this article to the non-interventionism article, and to replace the term "isolationism" with "non-interventionism" where appropriate. Hogeye 17:22, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * isolationism as its used is mostly a smear world, but it wasn't always, like stated in the comment below, it was sometimes a stated policy, 'splendid isolation' was a conscious policy decision in great britain. see my last entry in the discussion page for comments on this. Brianshapiro

Would anybody object to a section for british isolationism? "splendid isolation" from the conflicts and alliances of the european continent until the massive strength of germany forced britain into alliance with the french and russians in order to retain the balance of power. SRP 15:41, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Eek
Needs some work, eh. Isolationism in China = See China? Also, "Britain isolated herself within the Empire" is a contradiction-in-terms. You're not exactly isolated when you're administering to a quarter of the planet. Marskell 19:07, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

'British Isolationism'
This section is plain wrong. For most of the 20th century Britain *did not* isolate herself from the Continent. During the Edwardian era Britain formed the Entente with France and fought the Great War against Germany. During the 1920s she signed the Locarno treaty with France and Germany. During the 1930s she actively appeased Germany and then reversed this position to fight the Second World War, mostly during the 1940s. In the 1950s Britain negotiated with six other European countries to form EFTA which became official in January 1960. Britain applied twice in the 1960s to join the Common Market, which it eventually did in the 1970s. Britain signed the European Single Act in the 1980s and the Maastricht treaty in the 1990s. - Johnbull 20:18, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course, the policy of Britain in the 19th century was Splendid Isolation
 * Brianshapiro

Pejorative?
I don't think there's any dispute that isolationism was a pejorative term in the WWI era. In a previous version of the article it was claimed that just before WWII "isolationism" was not pejorative. Is there any evidence of this? E.g. Did America Firsters call themselves isolationists? My impression is that the label is generally used only by opponents, but I could be wrong. Hogeye 07:25, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Stay objective.
It seems whoever wrote this is not staying objective. When giving examples against, you should also give examples supporting. Else do not tell readers what to consider, as if it requires being said to consider an event or the past. Just say it, don't spray around argumentative statements like "one must consider."

"One must consider..." is where this article goes into an argument. Stay objective, please, or as objectional as possible when describing the failures or faults of "isolationism."

Also, general, sweeping statements like "isolationism has always been a debated topic." Has it ALWAYS?

Could someone please verify how long isolationism stayed in effect in Japan for? Inferno 17:16, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Objectiveness is needed. As are meny citations, and specific numbers. In fact, this article might need a major re-write; though I am probably not the best person to do so, I would bias the article in the other direction. --- Le Blue Dude (Not logged in right now)

The last paragraph in the introduction reads like two people having an edit fight to contradict each other in every sentence. This section needs to be rewritten to remove the opinions and crosstalk. Martinemde (talk) 05:16, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

North Korea
Wouldn't North Korea be considered isolationist? --LeoNomis 09:49, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Korea in general has some history of isolationism due in part to being conquered by outsiders on occasion. I think it was called the Hermit kingdom for a time.--T. Anthony 14:33, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have added some information from the Foreign relations of North Korea page. However, this shows that in fact North Korea is isolated, but not isolationist (according to the definition on this page). It has continued to seek diplomatic relations with many countries...--Jack Upland (talk) 03:19, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Bricker Amendment
For some time I have been working on revisions to the Bricker Amendment article. I finally posted it and have a PR at Peer review/Bricker Amendment/archive1. I'd welcome comments. I know all those references may seem extravagant, but I'm hoping to get it as an FA and those voters want lots of footnotes. PedanticallySpeaking 16:25, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Racial isolationism
I think this article is about isolationism as a state policy, not racial isolationism. I would reconsider attaching the "this is part of a series on racial segregation" box in the upper right. If someone wants to create an article titled Isolationism (racial), go ahead, but this article is on isolationism as political policy. ~ Rollo44 07:09, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Truman
I would say american isolationism ended with Truman. Participation in the World Wars was seen as something temporary. Quote from Robert H. Ferrell, Harry S. Truman: a life (1995): "The principal accomplishment of Harry S. Truman... was to change the foreign policy of the United States, from abstention to participation in the affairs of Europe and the world... the truth is that until 1947, in the midst of Truman's first term, the principal American way with foreign policy was that of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, and Monroe... that the interests of humankind... lay in nonintervention in, abstention from, the affairs of the Old [World]... Americans of this time deemed participation in the world wars a temporary proposition... President Roosevelt told Stalin at Yalta he did not expect American troops to remain in Europe more than two years." Vints 12:10, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Non-interventionism ended with Roosevelt and Truman, not Wilson. Wilson got reelected with his slogan, "He kept us out of war." But that's besides the point because America has never been an isolationist. ~ UBeR (talk) 20:42, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Isolationism in Art/Music and as a Mental State
Isolationism is also a term used in art and music, an example being the Isolationism compilation of ambient music released by Virgin Records in 1994. heqs 00:59, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Excellent point - this needs to be addressed in a separate section or under a different term. To ignore isolationism in art and music, as well as the mental state (I believe it is defined in the DSM IV psychiatric handbook) leaves out a huge area of knowledge.

WinkJunior (talk) 21:28, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

US part of article expanded
I added some to the US section, to 1) expand it. (aka: expanded that more than just Washington thought that isolationism (militarily, at least, but also economically somewhat) was the way to go) And 2) add a section about the US's current position on isolationism.

Hey, what do you think about adding [Mercantilism] under "see also?" Constitutional texan 21:35, 7 August 2007 (UTC) Constitutional texan 21:12, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Removed U.S.
I removed the United States as an example of an isolationist country. The United States has never been an isolationist. Even this article explains how non-interventionism is not the same as isolationism. The United States has always openly traded and communicated with foreign nations. These ideals of non-interventionism but open trade and talk with other nations is found in the writings of the Found Fathers and has persisted today (at least the trade and talk part). ~ UBeR (talk) 20:45, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * "The United States decided to wash its hands of European wars and reverted to a policy of Isolationism." []. Changes to this article ought to be done then. 83.248.168.231 (talk) 21:02, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Fixed. ~ UBeR (talk)

On the US, and problems with this article
To the previous commenter, yes if you view "protectionism"--the belief there should be barriers on trade--like this article does--as the standard for trade relations to be a criteria for isolationism, then the US was isolationist. The US in the 19th century relied heavily on a policy of tariffs, often called "neo-mercantilism", and pushed by Whigs like Henry Clay, and these policies lasted into WWII (Smoot-Hawley). It was only in the aftermath of WWII that the US looked to move towards free trade policies. And even in so much as it did, real free trade agreements didn't start until the 1970s.

The United States industrial revolution was built on protectionist policies. See American School. For a lot of reasons, I think it would be accurate to call the US in the 19th century isolationist.

But not because it was protectionist, or because it was non-interventionist, or both:

This drives at the major problem of this article.

--'Protectionism' could mean any degree of trade barriers, from 5% tariff rates based on labor and environmental and other standards; to massive quotas and governmental regulation of what goes in and out.

--'Non-interventionism' could mean any degree of non-involvement, from lack of participation in international 'policing' activities through international bodies like the UN, to refusal to participate in any alliances.

So, a government can be both protectionist and non-interventionist, in the less extreme ways, and not be isolationist.

Isolationism is not about either protectionism or non-interventionism or a combination of both; its about a political world view which intentionally tries to seek to isolate a country from the problems of the rest of the world. The United States in the 19th century did this, by both avoiding alliances with Europe and warning Europe through the Monroe Doctrine to stay away from the Americas. Foreign trade was heavily managed, because the US, being a burgeoning country with a lot of resources, never really needed to rely on it. 19th century Britain was isolationist in policy towards the rest of the world, because it could survive through management of colonies it already owned. One could say Britains participation in these colonies was anti-isolationist, but really Britain saw it as Britain managing its own affairs. See Splendid Isolation.

Isolationism usually also only refers to the diplomatic stance, and not the stance on trade. Isolationism does mean an isolation from the political concerns of other nations, not economic concerns.

'Isolationism' as a term often is, and is as defined in this article, merely a derisive slur against a populist viewpoint which supports both protective tariffs and withdrawl from international policing activities. But neither of these things together add up to isolationism, if it means keeping alliances and diplomatic commitments, and limiting tariffs to purposes of interest while trying to open trade relations worldwide.

So what you have in the two-part definition in the opening of this article is not an objective account of what isolationism has been historically, but what opponents of populism use to attack populist candidates. In fact, even though libertarians don't fit the real meaning of the term historically, they are better examples of it than populists. (Taking their stance towards diplomacy only)

Brianshapiro

Possible Edits

 * This page seems to be going in the right direction but it has some issues with neutrality and sourcing. In the introduction, there is a large quote which could be paraphrased and Cuba could probably be taken off the list of isolationist nations, especially since with the normalization of US-Cuban relations. There may also be some neutrality issues in portraying nations that engage in isolationist foreign policies as non-Western and/or at a lower living condition. The Bhutan subsection could use some more sourced information and would make a good example of how some nations use isolationism to preserve culture (it should be noted that isolationism can come in different forms i.e. cultural, economic, etc.). The second paragraph in the China section also could be sourced since there is a lot of information used without any citation. Finally, the phrase "a tragic fact that separated families and loved ones from each other over the course of many years" under the Soviet Union subsection could be rephrased since the current wording carries an opinionated feel. Perhaps the word "tragic" could be removed. Thank you for reading these suggested edits. --Nolanrose (talk) 05:54, 5 February 2017 (UTC)

Albania
Albania under communism ?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.243.112.20 (talk • contribs) 09:11, June 23, 2008

Tibet
Before the Chinese take-over — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.243.112.20 (talk • contribs) 09:11, June 23, 2008

Butan
?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.243.112.20 (talk • contribs) 09:11, June 23, 2008

Myanmar
?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.243.112.20 (talk • contribs) 09:11, June 23, 2008

Definition?
There seem to be two definitions at work in this article: The USSR was clearly not isolationist according to the dictionary definition.--Jack Upland (talk) 06:08, 14 March 2017 (UTC)
 * 1) The definition in the lead: "the foreign policy position that a nation's interests are best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance". This is the dictionary definition.
 * 2) An invented definition implied in the article of any policy that leads to a country's isolation.

To back up the dictionary definition: I intend to remove any examples which do not fit this definition.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:16, 15 March 2017 (UTC)
 * the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc., seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.
 * a policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations.
 * the political principle or practice of showing interest only in your own country and not being involved in international activities
 * A national policy of abstaining from political or economic relations with other countries.
 * A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

I have removed the following: Because of their social and political systems, these countries were isolated to some extent, particularly from the Western world, but they were not isolationist. No sources provided in the article say that they were.--Jack Upland (talk) 05:16, 16 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Albania: The People's Socialist Republic of Albania was allied with China. It was a member of the Warsaw Pact until 1968. It was a member of the UN.
 * China: Mao's China was barred from the UN, though it attempted to join. China had relations with the Eastern Bloc countries, particularly Albania. China had close relations with Indonesia, Vietnam, and Cambodia at various times. China fought alongside North Korea in the Korean War.
 * North Korea: I quote what I recently inserted in the article: North Korea is often described as the "Hermit kingdom" that is completely isolated from the rest of the world. In truth, North Korea maintains diplomatic relations with many countries. During the Cold War, North Korea operated as a maverick member of the Communist Bloc, having close relations with East Germany, Yugoslavia, and Romania. In 1975, it joined the Non-Aligned Movement. In same period, North Korea began to play a part in the global radical movement, forging ties with such diverse groups as the Black Panther Party of the USA, the Workers Party of Ireland, and the African National Congress. As it emphasized its independence, North Korea began to promote the doctrine of Juche ("self-reliance") as an alternative to orthodox Marxism-Leninism and as a model for developing countries to follow. When the Soviet Bloc collapsed from 1989-1990, North Korea became more isolated. However, it continues to have strong relations with remaining Communist outposts such as Cuba.
 * Soviet Union: The USSR was a member of the UN Security Council, COMECON, and the Warsaw Pact. It had good relations with other Communist countries, such as Vietnam and Cuba, and with developing countries (for example, the Arab countries). Through Comintern and Cominform, it fostered relations with Communist Parties around the world.

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Planned revisions/edits (7/5/2020)
1. I want to improve the introductory sentence to better grasp the essence of what isolationism entails. Currently the introductory sentence is ambiguous and difficult to understand for the neutral viewer of the page.

2. I aim to address motivations behind isolationism. Isolationism is a broad term and understanding it requires a deeper understanding of motivations behind isolationism. By using examples, sources, and research, I will be able to properly describe the pattern we see that leads to isolationism. This way, the article will ensure impartiality while touching upon the motivations that will enhance our understanding of the topic.

3. Entirely rework the section 'isolationism by country'. This section is weak and lacks any application of a theoretical framework. I want to look at North Korea, Russia, Iran, and the United States and use each of these examples to elaborate on the theoretical framework and also expand on motivations behind isolationism.

4. I want to rework the structure of the article. Currently there is no coherent structure to the article and the way it is laid out seems random. I will structure the article as follows:

- Introduction - Characteristics - History - Examples - Variations of Isolationism - References — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uva honeybadger (talk • contribs) 14:24, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

In response to your question above
Do you mean that the article's theoretical framework could be improved with reference to Iran's benefiting from a reduction in trade imbalance debt? I think yes. (Thus the theoretical framework on the Wikipedia page can reference Cialdini's book "Influence" with respect to the "reciprocity rule.") However, non-cash iterative gestures only benefit isolated countries after they fully open up and start trading again. So I'm not sure that should appear in the article about isolationism. That may make sense in a new article about trade peace. However, if Iran were to call for peace talks for Palestinians (a group they very much want to experience peace, and who they very much want to experience the economic progress that can result from such talks), that may be more relevant because calling for peace talks could result in a full opening up for Iran to the global economy, with bipartisan US, European & Israeli support for JCPOA. That level of unanimous support would be a new enjoyable experience for Iran. That's much more important and relevant to the article. 2600:1700:FB80:AB0:447:CB06:FE21:C631 (talk) 18:46, 11 February 2021 (UTC)

Opportunity for Iran
There would be great prestige in leading on peace.

A public call by Iranian leadership for Palestinian peace talks would immediately enhance the Iranian government’s prestige both within the area and globally.

(Imagine the best public relations for the Iranian government in the history of the country.)

The Iranian people care about peace and want peace for the Palestinian people. The Supreme Leader of Iran loves peace. It’s wonderful to quietly hope to one’s self for peace, however much more beneficial to speak up and call for peace talks.

Remember, both political parties in the United States, Europe & Israel support peace for the Palestinians, and hope to invest tens of billions of dollars to improve their standard of living. There is also a multi hundred billion dollar opportunity for the Palestinians to participate in the global economy over the next decade.

But more important to Iran, and more immediately, both political parties in the United States, Europe & Israel would support Iran’s prosperity - and full participation in the global economy. (JCPOA.) Why not let the Iranian people enjoy the trillion dollar opportunity over a decade (perhaps much more)?

Russia might benefit tremendously too. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:FB80:AB0:315B:5E48:EB2D:B16B (talk) 11:00, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

All it takes is words to achieve this - a couple of spoken phrases by the Supreme Leader calling for talks, and then some phenomenal local and foreign language newspaper reporting.

Wish you peace & success.2600:1700:FB80:AB0:75F2:D437:E11:DCF6 (talk) 13:00, 12 February 2021 (UTC)

Religion, peace & isolationism
Is Islam humanity’s most peaceful religion?

Is there great significance to the title Islam (and slam)?

Is peace what Islam is really about?

Wish you peace and success.2600:1700:FB80:AB0:6876:28B:823C:115E (talk) 15:52, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

A+
China

“China, as a good friend, partner and brother of the Palestinian people, is a staunch supporter of Palestine-Israel PEACE.”

https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-11-28/President-Xi-Jinping-pledges-support-to-Palestine-LYNjj9HXZS/index.html

“ China is ready to work with the international community to push forward the Palestine-Israel PEACE TALKS and strive for an early realization of comprehensive, just and sustainable peace in the Middle East, said the president.”

Russia

“ Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov on Tuesday backed a Palestinian proposal for a Middle East peace conference, saying at the UN that it could be held at ministerial level in spring or summer.

Recalling that Moscow had backed Palestinian leader Mahmud Abbas' idea for international talks in early 2021 when he first proposed it in September, Lavrov offered ideas about who could be invited.

"We propose holding an international, ministerial-level meeting in spring-summer 2021," Lavrov told a videoconference UN Security Council meeting about the Middle East.

Participants would include Israel, the Palestinians, the four members of the so-called Middle East diplomatic quartet (Russia, the United Nations, the United States and the European Union), along with four Arab states — Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates, Lavrov said.”

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/01/26/russia-suggests-middle-east-peace-conference-a72739

2600:1700:FB80:AB0:D189:ED30:3B84:56B1 (talk) 15:48, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

If not now, when?
Iran has support for improving relations from liberals in the US & Europe.

However, Iran lacks support for improving relations from conservatives in the US & Europe.

Iran also lacks support from Israel.

All it takes is one tweet from the US for Iran to love its relations with the United States, Europe & Israel.

All it takes is one tweet from the US for Iran to love bipartisan support.

The Palestinians may love the possibility that peace can result from peace talks.

If not now, when?

2600:1700:FB80:AB0:ECDD:E35E:F789:9D4D (talk) 13:01, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isolationism


text:
Sauer 202

The Sauer 202 is a lightweight bolt-action rifle manufactured by Sauer & Sohn in Germany between 1993 and 2015. The rifle was imported to the US by SIG Arms. This rifle has a modular construction which allowed easy replacement of components and caliber changes. This rifle has a modular barrel-change system allows to change between calibers easily, and was offered in a large selection of calibers.

Separate magnum receivers and barrels were made which were not interchangeable with non-magnum calibers.

Receiver
The standard receiver is made out of steel, but there is also a lightweight version available made of aluminium which weighs 470 grams less.

Barrel change system
The standard 202 system uses the same receiver for mini and short action cartridges, but different types of bolts. The bolts for mini length cartridges (like .223) uses three lugs, while most short action cartridges (i.e. .308) uses six lug bolts. The four main types of bolts and some of their factory calibers are:

 * Mini action cartridges, using a 3 lug bolt:
 * .222 Remington and .223 Remington (both 9.6 mm rim)

 * Some short action cartridges, using a 3 lug bolt:
 * .22-250 Remington and .243 Winchester (both 12 mm rim)

 * Some short and medium action cartridges, using a 6 lug bolt:
 * 6.5x55 (12.2 mm rim)
 * .25-06 Remington, .270 Winchester, .308 Winchester, .30-06 Springfield (all 12 mm rim)
 * 7x64mm Brenneke and 8x57mm IS (both 11.95 mm rim)
 * 9.3x62mm (11.93 mm rim)

 * Magnum calibers, using a 6 lug bolt:
 * 7mm Remington Magnum and .300 Winchester Magnum (both 13.5 mm rim)

The magnum version uses a different receiver than the standard version, and some parts can not normally be interchanged between standard and magnum caliber versions. For example, the barrel tenon on the magnum receiver is larger, meaning that barrels can not be swapped between the standard and magnum receivers.

The barrel can be changed using a 5 mm hex key.

title: Sauer 202


text:
Whatfor

Whatfor is the name of the band created by the second season of the popular French reality-TV show Popstars aired on RTL Group TV channel M6 in fall 2002. The group consisted of Cyril and Erika (from Marseille), Nicolas (from Toulon) and Monia (from the Lyon suburbs).

Their first hit "Plus haut" (Higher) reached rank #1 in the French charts and so did their first and only album called Popstars. Their musical style was a mix of modern dance music, pop, and R&B, with a clear late 1970s disco/funk touch that is mainly because the mastermind behind this album, Philippe Saisse, was the one behind the most successful albums of some great artists of that era like Chic and Chaka Khan.

But the success story ended as their second single called "L'amour n'a pas de loi!" ("Love knows no law!"), a cover of Swedish singer Carola's song "A Kiss Goodbye" (from her album My Show) was a flop.

The group disbanded in 2003. Erika and Cyril founded a band together (Everton), and Nicolas tried a solo career, but none of their attempts were successful. However, Nicolas went back to being a comedian which garnered him some fame.

Album

 * What For (2002)

Singles

 * "Plus haut" (2002)
 * "L'amour n'a pas de loi!" (2003)

title: Whatfor


text:
Purley on Thames

Purley on Thames (known locally as Purley) is a village and civil parish in Berkshire, England. Purley is centred 3 mi north-west of Reading, 1 mi east of Pangbourne, and 22 mi south-east of Oxford. Historically, Purley comprised three separate manors and associated settlements. In the centre there is an historic area named variously Lething or Burley (Domesday) which accommodated traders and craftsmen alongside the main Reading to Oxford road.

History
Purley has been settled since at least Saxon times. The original settlements were based on Purley Magna (to the east), Purley Parva (to the north-west) and Purley La Hyde (to the west). Ownership of these manors changed several times over successive centuries but the parish remained almost entirely agricultural until development began in the 20th century, with a population of 150–200. Since then it has grown to 4,232 (2001 Census) and around 4394 people in 2011.

A timbered Elizabethan manor house was constructed in the 1540s, to be replaced by a brick house in 1740. This was demolished around 1800 to be replaced by Purley Park, designed by James Wyatt in 1800 and on the brow of the hill to be well away from flooding. The house is a Grade II* listed building. At the same time most of the eastern part of the parish was emparked; a new road, New Hill, constructed to provide access to the residual village, and the turnpike highway diverted to the south.

In 1948, the mansion was purchased to provide a home and school for people with Down syndrome. While the mansion itself has now been converted to apartments, the Purley Park Trust continues to support adults with learning difficulties with care homes in the former grounds. When the mansion was built, the farm was moved further west and was home to the South Berks Hunt for many years. Its Master of Foxhounds, Cecil Aldin, ran a remount depot there in World War I, employing his friend and fellow artist, Alfred Munnings as a horse doctor. After World War II the property was sold to Messrs G Percy Trentham who used it as the head offices for their civil engineering business. This building is also Grade II* listed. In the 1990s this too was redeveloped and the barn, another listed building, which had originally been adjacent to the church, donated to the parish council as a community facility.

Purley Hall was built around 1608 to replace the manor house of Purley La Hyde and was home to personages such as Warren Hastings, Lady Baden-Powell, as a child, and Thomas Hawes, of South Sea Bubble fame.

Several smallholdings were established between World War I and World War II, including one by Mortimer Menpes, the artist and friend of Whistler. These have almost all now been redeveloped.

Recent development
Purley lost most of its old houses due to enclosures around 1800 and redevelopment in the 20th century. After the sale of the estate of Purley Magna in the 1920s most of the eastern part of the parish has been developed but there is easy access to rural areas to the west and south. The area encompassing the other manors has also retained a rural character.

Changes in the 20th century began with ribbon development along the Oxford Road and Long Lane and in recent years these properties have been redeveloped with modern housing estates. The Purley River Estate was sold off in small plots in the 1930s and for many years suffered much non-planned development. As a result of the guidance plan agreed during the 1960s, it has gradually developed from self built, timber dwellings and converted railway carriages, to an area with more conventional housing. The gradual upgrading of the area has resulted in a diverse range of housing styles.

Government
The civil parish of Purley on Thames stretches roughly 1.5 km both north–south and east–west and is within the West Berkshire Council unitary authority area. It has its own parish council of 13 elected members with the parish office at Goosecroft, off Beech Road. The parish is within the Reading West parliamentary constituency.

Geography
Previously a rural village, Purley is in West Berkshire. It is bounded to the north by a stretch of the River Thames, to the east by the Borough of Reading, to the west by Pangbourne and to the south by Tilehurst and Sulham. The eastern half is almost completely redeveloped but the western half includes meadow land alongside the river and agricultural land on the north slope of the escarpment. There are small settlements in the extreme west, around Sulham Home Farm, and in the north west around Springs and Westbury Farms.

Due to its proximity to the River Thames, Purley has suffered periods of severe flooding, most recently in 2014. The part of Purley closest to the river has changed radically, with most properties having been built since the 1970s and, with a very few exceptions, it was a condition of planning approval that the houses were built at or above the 1947 flood level. A flood alleviation scheme, in the form of a clay bund and a pumping platform was completed by the Environment Agency in late 2014.

Demography
The population has around 88% White British ethnicity, 4% other white ethnicity; residents identifying with an Asian ethnicity constituted 3%, with a Caribbean or African ethnicity 1% and those with a mixed ethnicity, 2%.

The majority of homes in Purley are detached houses, with minorities of small housing and shared ownership properties and several council estates. The area is largely unaffordable for most of the population - as of 2016, the average price of a property in Purley is £413,268 and the median UK wage is £26,500; the average house price is thus nearly 16 times the average salary.

Transport
The parish is crossed from east to west by both the Great Western Main Line and the A329. The railway is mostly hidden in a deep cutting and the nearest stations are those at Tilehurst and Pangbourne. Purley is served by Reading Buses service 16 and Thames Travel service 143. For those with mobility problems, ReadiBus provides door to door minibus services and the Pangbourne and District Volunteer Centre provides help getting to medical facilities. Mapledurham Lock, on the Thames, is within the parish, despite its name.

Education
Purley has two primary schools with three other primary schools and Denefield Academy within a short distance of its boundaries.

Amenities
Purley is bounded to south and west by the North Wessex Downs area of outstanding natural beauty and has a good range of habitats from river and woodland supporting a diverse range of creatures. The Thames Path beside the river and a set of 12 designated footpaths provide many opportunities for ramblers. There are two recreation areas, a bowling green and Pike Shaw woods in the ownership of the parish council. There are three community halls: The Barn, the Memorial Hall and St Mary's Church hall, which host a large number of clubs and societies.

Church
The parish church of St Mary was described as 'ancient' in a founding charter of Reading Abbey in 1121. It is believed it was burnt down in 1135 in The Anarchy and replaced by a Norman church around 1150. The new church was built on an excavated platform and graves dating from the 10th century or 11th century were discovered in 1982 only about a foot below the surface. This church was modified and added to in the 14th and 17th centuries and completely rebuilt in 1870 in the Gothic revivalist style by G E Street. A further major extension was added in 1983. The church is a Grade II* listed building.

Notable parish priests
The list of rectors dates from the mid-14th century. Purley's foremost clergymen suffered ejection during the 120 years of sectarian conflict commencing with Edward VI's reign. These included Richard Gatskyll, in Edward VI's reign, for being a Catholic, John Leke, in Mary I's reign, for having been married, Thomas Handcock, in 1563, for not being Protestant enough for the church overseen by Elizabeth I and Daniel Reynor, in 1662, who was a Congregationalist, and so unwilling to conform to the Act of Uniformity 1662 passed after the Restoration of Charles II. The current Church of England rector is David Archer.

title: Purley on Thames


text:
Talk:John IV of Portugal

Untitled
How the Portuguese participation in the Thirty Years' War would relate to its war against the Dutch Brazilian colonies? The Dutch were too fighting Spain.

John/João Discussion
An RfC/RM discussion has opened up on the talk page Talk:João VI of Portugal, about the spelling of the article title for King John/João VI, which will probably be relevant to this article. Should the name be spelled in Portuguese or in English? Please give your comments and opinions over there. Walrasiad (talk) 03:51, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:John IV of Portugal


text:
Portpatrick

Portpatrick is a village and civil parish in the historical county of Wigtownshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It is located on the west coast of the Rhins of Galloway. The parish is about 4+1/2 mi in length and 4 mi in breadth, covering 9300 acre.

History
Dating back some 700 years and built adjacent to the ruins of nearby Dunskey Castle, Portpatrick's position on the Rhins of Galloway affords visitors views of the Northern Irish coast 21 mi to the west, with cliff-top walks and beaches both north and south. The Gulf Stream, flowing in from the north, gives the coastline a pleasant climate, in which subtropical plant life can flourish.

Portpatrick has a Community Council, and an annual Life Boat Week, featuring parades, activities, and a firework display. There are bowls clubs, a golf club, many guesthouses and hotels, and rustic public houses. The village is also home to a mini putting course.

By the inner harbour is the starting point of the Southern Upland Way, a long-distance walking route to Cockburnspath on the east coast. The Portpatrick Hotel, built in 1905 and extended in 1907, sits on the cliffs above this point.

The village was used as one of the locations for the 1952 film Hunted, starring Dirk Bogarde and directed by Charles Crichton. It also featured in the BBC drama Two Thousand Acres of Sky as a stand-in for Portree.

Harbour

Portpatrick village was founded on fishing, operating from the sandy, crescent-shaped harbour that remains the focal point of the village. It was the principal port for goods and mail traffic to Ireland from the 17th century, but the strong winds across the North Channel made this impractical. In 1770 John Smeaton constructed the town's first proper harbour. In 1821, John Rennie was appointed to create a new harbour defined by two new piers. The north pier collapsed in 1839, but the south remains standing. The harbour's inner basin was built between 1861 and 1863, but by then, the main goods route to Ireland was via Stranraer, and services went into decline.

St Patrick's Church

This ruined church, dating from 1629, may itself stand on the ruins of an earlier church, known as St Patrick's Chapel. The circular tower may date from the 1520s, and originally stood on its own. Its unusual shape (for Scotland) may mean that it was either a lighthouse for the harbour, or heavily influenced by Irish architecture.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, when Portpatrick was an important ferry port for passengers, postal mail and freight between Ireland and Scotland, the village was described as the Gretna Green for Ireland. There was a daily packet boat from Donaghadee, and marriages for couples from Ireland were conducted by the Church of Scotland minister in Portpatrick, although according to Brack (1997) he often overlooked the rules about the publication of banns or the required period of residence. It's believed that happy couples could disembark, complete the ceremony, and be back on board within an hour.

The graveyard around the church contains memorials to many victims of shipwrecks in nearby waters. Joined to the original chapel was a district by the name of the Black Quarter of Inch. When the church was rebuilt in 1629, the Black Quarter was disjoined from Inch and erected as the Parish of Montgomorie. The name of the parish however was changed after only two or three years to that of Portpatrick.

Railway

Portpatrick railway station was completed in 1861. It was the original terminus of the Portpatrick Railway, in order to serve new steam packet services across the North Channel. After a new harbour was built in Stranraer, Portpatrick declined again as a cross-channel port, and the station closed on 6 February 1950. Portpatrick would likely be the eastern terminus of the proposed road and rail Irish Sea Bridge.

Dunskey Castle
1/2 mi south of the village is Dunskey Castle, reached via a steep trail incorporating steps and a narrow bridge. The site has seen at least two castles, though the present ruins date from the 16th century.

Cairn Pat (Cairnpot) Hill Fort or settlement
A large fort or walled settlement enclosed an area of 1.2 ha, about 137 x, within two walls, covered on the west by two ramparts set about 5.5 m and 9.5 m apart, with external ditches. A third rampart 2.1 m thick by 0.3 m high was on the southern approach, outside of which was a low bank about 1.5 m wide. On the west-north-west arc of the second wall there was an entrance gap about 1.2 m wide. On the north a 2.1 m road passed diagonally through the defences from the north-west. From the south-east a natural hollow ran out from the fort, flanked on the west by a face of outcropping rock. At the head of it on the west side within the inner rampart were foundations of a small circular structure measuring internally about 2.1 m and overall 3.7 m.

Portpatrick Navtex transmissions
Portpatrick is the base from which Navtex transmissions for the seas North and West of the UK are broadcast. For the purpose of extended Shipping forecasts, the Met Office uses Portpatrick as the name of the forecast area covering the sea between South-East Iceland and Lundy, including the waters around Ireland

title: Portpatrick


text:
Talk:Yang Manchun

Recent edits by anonymous users

 * "Tang Taizong did suffer an arrow injury, but not to the eye. If anyone suffered it to the eye, they surely would be dead! Li shimin would never do what the source claimed to present a gift." Prove it.
 * "the original source given was biased as anyone can go check the original link. It's glaring to see that the site says the source is BIASED against China." Give another NPOV source, then.
 * "I swear those losses were all mutiplied by 10X. According to Zhizhi Tongjian, Tang Taizong sent out 100,000 and had losses 10,000-20,000." Prove what you swear.

When you bring up an argument, you prove it. It doesn't matter if the previous edition did not have any citations, etc. If some editors favor the version prior to your edits, then you prove what you claim. (Wikimachine 03:47, 8 March 2007 (UTC))

 * That is not actually correct. The burden of proof is always upon the editor wishing to keep the information in the article.  See WP:V et al.  Cheers, -- Visviva 07:25, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Then I have a question about that interpretation. How practical is it to put burden of proof on the editors wishing to keep the previous edition of the article in place when about 99.9% (probably) of all articles have nearly 0 citation? In a theoretical case where some POV editors conspire (whether sock puppets or organized) to overturn a set of related articles that might not have citations, it is humanly impossible to keep up the demands. Editors can use that interpretation to argue for deletion of certain articles, removal of materials, etc. Just like this one. Not until the users advocating the newer version of the article prove their hypotheses, the burden of proof does not rest on the editors advocating a previous position.
 * By the way, could you fix the Wikiproject collaboration of the month logo? Thanks. (Wikimachine 16:01, 8 March 2007 (UTC))

title: Talk:Yang Manchun