text:
Talk:Lymphatic system

Could explain lymphatic basin
Other articles use lymphatic basin or lymph node basin but it's not defined here. Is the basin a cluster of lymph nodes or the region of the body drained through said cluster ? - Rod57 (talk) 12:59, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

Part of the circulatory system?
I'm confused by the opening, which says firstly that the lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system then follows it up by saying 'unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system is not a close system'. I can see that it's possible for x to have characteristic y but a particular component of x not to have that characteristic in itself, but I'm not given the impression that that is the intended meaning, I'm given the impression that contradictory statements are in close proximity, possibly due to confused terminology. Scatterkeir (talk) 12:06, 6 May 2018 (UTC)

Immature T cells?
"The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately surrounds the medulla. Unlike the cortex, which has mostly immature T cells, or thymocytes, the paracortex has a mixture of immature and mature T cells. Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through specialized high endothelial venules found in the paracortex."

I think there is confusion between cortex/medulla of thymus and cortex/medulla of lymph node. Thymocytes migrate from cortex to medulla during T cell development in the thymus and are not found circulating in peripheral lymphoid tissue.

2607:FEA8:87E0:F41:24FB:A4F1:13A1:4A0 (talk) 21:43, 27 October 2018 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
(a) Alexander Monro Secundus/Junior was important but it's simply mistaken to throw all the credit to him the way the current article does. The lymphatic system was popularized by a feud between Monro and Hunter over priority that ended up discovering that Francis Glisson had already figured it out and published a century earlier. (Currently Wiki's coverage of all of this is so bad that the lymph system is only mentioned on Hunter's brother's page and omitted entirely from Glisson's stub.)

See also here

which goes into much more detail (b) about how mercury was essential to the studies and experiments that established the basic location and functions of the lymphatic system.

Finally, (c) some other sources give priority not to Glisson but to a guy named Hoffmann. We should figure out if that's true and then mention and link him if it turns out he was a few years ahead of Glisson. — Llywelyn II   20:31, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Also: — Llywelyn II   21:52, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

Vertebrates in general or human-specific?
The introduction tells us the article is about anatomy for vertebrates in general but the rest of the article frequently ends up talking about human anatomy without letting the reader know that a shift has occured. I suspect many editors naturally have a focus on human anatomy and lose the general viewpoint required to prevent that shift being made implicitly. I think the best approach would be to write the article so it applies to all vertebrates, using human anatomy only for examples. It would be great to get a review by someone knowledgeable in this topic as it applies to vertebrates in general. Jojalozzo (talk) 02:06, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lymphatic system


text:
William Dobell

Sir William Dobell (24 September 1899 – 13 May 1970) was an Australian portrait and landscape artist of the 20th century. Dobell won the Archibald Prize, Australia's premier award for portrait artists on three occasions. The Dobell Prize is named in his honour.

Career
Dobell was born in Cooks Hill, a working-class neighbourhood of Newcastle, New South Wales in Australia to Robert Way Dobell and Margaret Emma (née Wrightson). His father was a builder and there were six children.

Dobell's artistic talents were evident early. In 1916, he was apprenticed to Newcastle architect, Wallace L. Porter and in 1924 he moved to Sydney as a draftsman. In 1925, he enrolled in evening art classes at the Sydney Art School (which later became the Julian Ashton Art School), with Henry Gibbons as his teacher. He was influenced by George Washington Lambert. He was also gay and consequently never married, while several of his works carried strong homoerotic overtones.

In 1929, Dobell was awarded the Society of Artists' Travelling Scholarship and travelled to England to the Slade School of Fine Art where he studied under Philip Wilson Steer and Henry Tonks. In 1930, he won first prize for figure painting at Slade and also travelled to Poland. In 1931 he moved on to Belgium and Paris, and after 10 years in Europe returned to Australia – taking with him a new Expressionist style of painting as opposed to his earlier naturalistic approach.

In 1939, he began as a part-time teacher at East Sydney Technical College. After the outbreak of war, he was drafted into the Civil Construction Corps of the Allied Works Council in 1941 as a camouflage painter; he later became an unofficial war artist. During his two years as a camouflage painter, he shared a tent with artist Joshua Smith.

In 1944, he had his first solo exhibition including public collection loans at the inauguration of the David Jones Art Gallery, Sydney.

In 1949, he visited New Guinea as a guest of Sir Edward Hallstrom with writers Frank Clune and Colin Simpson. The trip inspired a new series of tiny, brilliantly coloured landscapes. In 1950, he revisited New Guinea; on his return to Australia he continued to paint scenes of New Guinea, as well as portraits.

Between 1960 and 1963 TIME magazine commissioned Dobell to paint four portraits for covers, one per year, of: Sir Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia; South Vietnam's President Ngô Đình Diệm; Frederick G. Donner, the Chairman of General Motors; and Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia.

In 1964, Dobell exhibited in a major retrospective at the Art Gallery of New South Wales and the first monograph of his work was written by James Gleeson.

The Archibald Prize controversy
In 1943, Dobell's portrait of Joshua Smith, titled "Portrait of an artist", was awarded the Archibald Prize. This was contested in 1944 by two unsuccessful entrants (Mary Edwell-Burke and Joseph Wolinski), who brought a lawsuit against Dobell and the Gallery's Board of Trustees in the Supreme Court of New South Wales on the grounds that the painting was a caricature and therefore not eligible for the prize. Public opinion was sharply divided, with most viewers puzzled by the unexpected portrait.

One art critic was highly laudatory:
 * Creating a man in the simplicity of everyday existence, Dobell reaches profundity by his understanding of this life which, at this instant, is realised and merged with his own nature.

During his courtroom defense of the piece Dobell stated:"'Art fails to be Art if you fail to select for your design. All artists must do that and I did it.'"The claim was dismissed and the award was upheld, but the ordeal left Dobell emotionally disturbed and he retreated in 1945 to his sister's home at Wangi Wangi on Lake Macquarie, where he began to paint landscapes. The Supreme Court opinion by Mister Justice Roper said:
 * The picture in question is characterized by some startling exaggeration and distortion, clearly intended by the artist, his technique being too brilliant to admit of any other conclusion. It bears, nevertheless, a strong degree of likeness to the subject and is, I think, undoubtedly a pictorial representation of him. I find it a fact that it is a portrait within the meaning of the words in the will, and consequently the trustees did not err in admitting it to the competition.

Death and legacy
Dobell was a very private man, known almost always as "Bill". He died on 13 May 1970 in the City of Lake Macquarie suburb of of hypertensive heart disease. The sole beneficiary of his estate was the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation, which was founded on 19 January 1971 and awards the Dobell Australian Drawing Biennial, which is named in his honour. He was cremated with Anglican rites and his ashes interred at Newcastle Memorial Park in Beresfield, New South Wales.

A film of Dobell's life, titled Yours sincerely, Bill Dobell was made in 1981 by Brian Adams and Cathy Shirley for the Australian Broadcasting Commission and the William Dobell Art Foundation. Brian Adams' book Portrait of an Artist – A biography of William Dobell was first published in 1983 by Hutchinson Publishing Group and revised in paperback in 1992 for Random House Australia.

A book on the life and art of William Dobell, William Dobell: An Artist's Life by Elizabeth Donaldson, was compiled in 2010 with the support of the Sir William Dobell Art Foundation and Dobell House, in Wangi Wangi. It is published by Exisle Publishing.

A biography, Bill: The Life of William Dobell, was published in 2014 by Scott Bevan.

In November 2023 it was announced that Dobell was one of 14 people, places and events commemorated in the second round of blue plaques sponsored by the Government of New South Wales alongside Kathleen Butler, godmother of Sydney Harbour Bridge; Emma Jane Callaghan, an Aboriginal midwife and activist; Susan Katherina Schardt; journalist Dorothy Drain; writer Charmian Clift; Beryl Mary McLaughlin, one of the first three women to graduate in architecture from the University of Sydney; Grace Emily Munro, Syms Covington; Ioannis (Jack) and Antonios (Tony) Notaras; Ken Thomas of Thomas Nationwide Transport, Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club and the first release of myxomatosis.

Analysis
Dobell was noted for his ability to adapt his style to suit the character of his subject. This was best described by James Gleeson: "One of the astonishing things about Dobell's portraiture is his ability to adjust his style to the nature of the personality he is portraying ... If the character of his sitter is broad and generous, he paints broadly and generously. If the character is contained and inward looking, he uses brushstrokes that convey this fact. In his later portraits one has only to look at a few square inches of a painted sleeve to know what sort of person is wearing it."

Among private and other public holdings, examples of Dobell's work are exhibited in the Newcastle Region Art Gallery, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Queensland Art Gallery in Brisbane and the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra.

Awards

 * In 1943, Archibald Prize for Mr Joshua Smith, a portrait of the artist Joshua Smith (unsuccessfully challenged in court as being caricature rather than portraiture)
 * In 1948, Archibald Prize for a portrait of Margaret Olley
 * In 1948, the Wynne Prize for Storm Approaching Wangi
 * In 1959, Archibald Prize for a portrait of Dr E. G. MacMahon

Honours

 * Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) 1 January 1965, "In recognition of service to the arts as a portrait and landscape painter"
 * Knight Bachelor 3 June 1966, "In recognition of service to the arts"
 * The federal electoral Division of Dobell in New South Wales is named after Dobell

Exhibitions
Dobell had the following solo exhibitions:

 * 1942 'Margaret Preston and William Dobell loan exhibition' Art Gallery of New South Wales, 19 March – 16 April
 * 1944 'William Dobell', David Jones' Art Gallery, Sydney, 1–26 August
 * 1954 'William Dobell, exhibition of paintings', David Jones' Art Gallery, 27 January – 17 February
 * 1959 'The Art of William Dobell' National Gallery Society of Queensland, Finney Isles Gallery, Brisbane, August–September
 * 1960 'William Dobell', War Memorial Gallery of Fine Arts, The University of Sydney, 12–27 April
 * 1960 'William Dobell', Museum of Modern Art of Australia, Melbourne, 17 May – 10 June
 * 1960 'Dobell loan exhibition', Newcastle City Art Gallery, 22 June – 30 July
 * 1960 Adelaide, Adelaide Festival of Arts
 * 1964 'William Dobell paintings from 1926 to 1964', Art Gallery of New South Wales, 15 July – 30 August
 * 1964 'William Dobell exhibitions', Bendigo Art Gallery, Bendigo, Victoria, November
 * 1965 'William Dobell, first London exhibition', Commonwealth Arts Festival, Qantas Gallery, London, 16 September – 2 Oct.
 * 1970 'Sir William Dobell recent paintings', Newcastle City Art Gallery, 3–26 April
 * 1970 'Paintings and Drawings by Sir William Dobell', Girl Guides Association of New South Wales, Robert Wardrop Galleries, Sydney, 26 September – 1 October
 * 1985 'William Dobell. The Painting of a Portrait', Lake Macquarie Community Gallery, 7 February – 10 March; S. H. Ervin Gallery, 21 March – 28 April
 * 1993 'William Dobell exhibitions', David Jones Art Gallery, 1–21 April
 * 1997–1998 'William Dobell; the painter's progress,' The Art Gallery of New South Wales, 14 February – 27 April 97; Newcastle Region Art Gallery, 7 May – 6 July 97; Museum of Modern Art at Heide, Melbourne, 29 July – 21 September 97; Queensland Art Gallery, 25 October – 7 December 97; Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, 8 January – 1 March 98
 * The Pro Hart Art Gallery in Broken Hill has a dedicated 'Sir William Dobell Room' that displays more than 300 of Dobell's drawings

The book William Dobell: An Artist's Life by Elizabeth Donaldson published in 2010 includes many of Dobell's works, as well as archival photographs.

A biography of Dobell, Bill: The Life of William Dobell, by Scott Bevan was published in 2014.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: William Dobell


text:
Blue (English group)

Blue are a British boy band consisting of members Simon Webbe, Duncan James, Antony Costa, and Lee Ryan. The group formed in 2000 and released three studio albums before announcing a hiatus in late 2004. In January 2011, the group reformed and represented the United Kingdom at the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest in Düsseldorf with the song "I Can", coming in 11th place with 100 points. In 2013, it was confirmed that the group would be joining The Big Reunion, in which six groups from the past (including Liberty X, Atomic Kitten and 5ive) reform for a one-off gig. On 27 March 2013, the group announced they would embark on their first headlining tour later on in the year, their first tour in nearly ten years.

In April 2015, Blue were dropped by their record label Sony due to the poor performance of their fifth album Colours. In 2022, Blue returned with singles "Haven't Found You Yet" and "Dance with Me", both from their sixth studio album Heart & Soul, which was released on 28 October 2022.

Blue have sold 15 million records worldwide. According to the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), Blue has been certified for 3.6 million albums and 2.2 million singles in the UK.

2000–01: Formation and All Rise
In May 1999, Lee Ryan and Antony Costa met at the ages of 15 and 17, respectively, when auditioning for a boy band on ITV's This Morning, with Simon Cowell putting the group together. Ryan made it into the band, as did Will Young (who would go on to win the first series of Pop Idol in 2002), although Costa was not chosen. The boy band never took off, but Ryan and Costa remained friends following their meeting.

In 2000, Costa and another one of his friends, Duncan James, decided to form their own band, and they were soon joined by Ryan. Their manager Daniel Glatman said, "Duncan came to see me with his friend, Antony Costa, who was also in the same position [wanted to be in the music industry], and they told me that they wanted to do something together. When I asked them if they had anyone in mind to work with, they said they had a friend, Lee Ryan, whom they wanted to invite to join their band. The three of them came in a couple of days later and I was completely blown away by the incredibly talented stars that stood before me." Ryan, Costa, James and Glatman all felt that something was missing and so they went on to audition for a fourth member, a position eventually filled by Ryan's flatmate, Simon Webbe.

Blue started recording for their debut album following their new line-up. They released their debut single "All Rise" in May 2001 and it reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. Their follow-up single "Too Close" was released in August 2001 and peaked at number one. Following this, the band went to New York City to film the "If You Come Back" music video, and while there, they witnessed the attacks on the World Trade Center. The following month, Blue were being interviewed by British newspaper The Sun and Ryan commented that "This New York thing is being blown out of proportion" and asked "What about whales? They are ignoring animals that are more important. Animals need saving and that's more important." The other members of the band tried to silence Ryan, but he went on. This caused a huge media backlash that resulted in Blue losing a record deal in the United States and campaigns to sack Ryan from the group. Despite the backlash, Blue went on to achieve a second number one in November with the ballad. The album All Rise was released in time for Christmas and reached number one, eventually selling in excess of 1.3 million copies in the UK. It peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart and was certified 4× Platinum in the UK. The album spent 63 weeks on the UK top 75 Albums chart. The final single from the album, "Fly By II", reached number six in March 2002.

The album received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Sharon Mawer of AllMusic gave the album three and half stars out of five and noted, "The vocals were sung as if there was some real feeling, and that maybe is what separated Blue from their peers." Andre Paine of the NME gave the album five stars out of ten stating, when describing some of the tracks that "All of these are fine, but so as not to alienate a single teenage girl, there's also the traditional boyband slop; 'If You Come Back' ...the ballads and various Backstreet Boys rip-offs. But at least Stargate & Ray Ruffin know what they do. And Blue are young and talented enough to secure themselves a successful pop career."

2002–04: One Love and Guilty
Blue's second album, One Love, was released in October 2002, entering at number one on the UK Albums Chart and selling more than 150,000 copies. Three singles were released from the album: "One Love", which peaked at number three, "Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word", featuring vocals from Elton John, which peaked at number one, and "U Make Me Wanna", which peaked at number four. The song "Supersexual" was issued in parts of South America and Spain in order to promote the band in the region. The album peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart, where it stayed for one week. On 20 December 2003 it was certified 4× Platinum in the UK. In June 2003, Hugh and David Nicholson of 1970s Scottish band Blue took the group to court, attempting to sue them and their record label EMI for £5 million. The case was a high-profile High Court case over the rights to use the name Blue. After some negotiation, the two groups agreed to drop the case and were both allowed to continue to be known as Blue and to use the name commercially.

Their third album, Guilty, was released in autumn 2003, entering at number one on the UK Albums Chart and selling 100,000 copies on the week of release. The album spawned four singles, including the title track, "Guilty", which peaked at number two, "Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours", featuring vocals from Stevie Wonder and Angie Stone, which peaked at number 11, "Breathe Easy", which peaked at number four, and "Bubblin'", which peaked at number nine. The album ended up selling more than 1 million copies in the UK alone. The song "The Gift" was released to promote the album in Japan.

It was released on 3 November 2003 in the United Kingdom and on 25 November in the United States. It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart after its release, and it was certified 2× Platinum in December 2003.

The album was particularly successful in the UK, Europe, Japan and New Zealand. "Guilty", "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours", "Breathe Easy" and "Bubblin'" were released as singles from the album. "Guilty", co-written by Gary Barlow, was the most successful single from the album, peaking at number two in the UK.

2004–05: Best of Blue and hiatus
In November 2004, the band released Best of Blue, a greatest hits compilation. The album spawned the singles "Curtain Falls", which peaked at No. 4 in the UK, "Get Down on It" and "Only Words I Know", which peaked at No. 2 in France and Italy. The album peaked at No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart and was awarded a double platinum certification. Following the release of Best of Blue, group members Simon Webbe and Antony Costa made the decision to release an album compiling a selection of the group's B-sides, remixes and previously unreleased material. The album also includes three tracks only previously released in Japan: "The Gift", "It's Alright" and "Elements". The album also includes band member Duncan James' duet single, "I Believe My Heart". By the indication of the album booklet, a live version of "Lonely This Christmas" from CD:UK was intended to be track seven on the album, however, it was removed from the track listing for unknown reasons. The album was released in July 2005, becoming available in several European countries, as well as Japan, Thailand and China, but was not released in the UK. In 2005, the group announced that they would pause and go into hiatus to devote themselves to solo careers for some time. In 2009, the band planned a return, but it never happened at the time.

2011–12: Return and Eurovision Song Contest
It was announced on 29 January 2011 that Blue would reunite and also represent the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011, with their entry "I Can". It coincided with the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the band in 2001 and a one-hour documentary, Eurovision: Your Country Needs Blue, was broadcast in April 2011 celebrated their preparations for the final. It was the third time the group has Eurovision ambitions as group member Lee Ryan wrote and composed "Guardian Angel", Andy Scott-Lee's song for the 2005 edition of Making Your Mind Up. Furthermore, Antony Costa came second in the 2006 edition of the show with the song "It's A Beautiful Thing". Group member Duncan James was a panellist on all episodes of the Eurovision: Your Country Needs You series in 2009, which Jade Ewen won. He also announced the UK votes in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 final.

Blue became the first UK representatives since The Shadows in 1975 to have had multiple no.1 singles in the UK chart prior to appearing in Eurovision, and the first since Sonia in 1993 to have had a no.1 at all before entering the competition. The song "I Can" premiered on 11 March 2011, on The Graham Norton Show. In the contest, they came 11th with 100 points. After the contest Blue said they were the victims of political voting, claiming they would have finished higher if countries had voted for the performance rather than their neighbours. It was later revealed that, when the European Broadcasting Union (who runs Eurovision) released the split Televote & Jury results, Blue were in 5th place in the televote, with the final result down to finishing in 22nd place on the jury vote. Duncan James insisted that the result of their Eurovision bid won't affect their UK comeback, adding: "Should the worst happen, we're still going to press ahead with the album. It won't be the last of us – we're all fully committed to this band again."

The band revealed during an interview that they had recorded a collaboration with American R&B superstar Bruno Mars for their upcoming fourth studio album. Discussing the record with Digital Spy, Lee Ryan said: "We've been writing with Ne-Yo, and I've written at least a couple of songs on my own that will probably make the album. We've also been working with Bruno Mars on a song called "Black and Blue" – he's sending his parts over from a demo we recorded a while ago. It's got some haunting notes on the chorus." They also revealed that three tracks on the album had been produced by RedOne and that they felt that the material was "their best work to date". During February 2012, the band embarked on a small tour across Manila, performing with fellow boyband A1 and Jeff Timmons in three special concerts, two of which included the Smart Araneta Coliseum on 25 February 2012, and the Singapore Indoor Stadium on 28 February. The tour was billed as "Boybands: The Greatest Hits Tour".

2012–2019: Roulette and Colours
On 22 June 2012, the band premiered their new song, "Hurt Lovers", during a concert in China. In an interview shortly after the concert, the band claimed that "Hurt Lovers" was one of the first tracks they recorded after re-uniting, and that it was an obvious choice for their comeback single. It received positive reception across Asia, before being officially premiered in Germany on 6 October 2012. Thus, the creators of the film Break Up Man approached the band, and asked if the song could be used as the official theme for the film. Thus, the track will receive an early release on 4 January 2013, before being released across the world later in the year. In promotion of the single, the band performed it live on Vocea României on 4 December 2012, as well as embarking on an acoustic radio tour across six cities in Germany. In October 2012, the group confirmed via their official Facebook page that the title of their fourth studio album would be Roulette. It was also revealed that the album will receive an early release in Germany, being made available from 25 January 2013. The band shot the album's artwork in a deserted casino in November 2012. On 21 February 2013, it was confirmed that the group would join ITV2's reality series The Big Reunion.

The bands were originally only supposed to perform a one-off concert at London's Hammersmith Apollo on 26 February 2013, but the entire show sold out in under five minutes shortly after the premiere of the first episode on 31 January 2013. A DVD of the Hammersmith Apollo concert will be released in April 2013. On 11 February, it was confirmed that following high ticket demands and the popularity of The Big Reunion, a full 12-date UK tour would be taking place from 3–12 May 2013. On 28 April 2013, Roulette was released in United Kingdom and Ireland. . "I Can" was released as the band's comeback single. The track was also used as the United Kingdom's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2011, which was held in Düsseldorf, Germany. The song came 11th in the contest, scoring 100 points. The single was released on 1 May 2011 as a digital download, with the physical release the day after. The track peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Blue's lowest-charting single in the United Kingdom to date. The song was written by group members Duncan James and Lee Ryan with Ciaron Bell, Ben Collier, Ian Hope, Liam Keenan, and Norwegian production team StarSign. It was produced by Ronny Svendsen and Hallgeir Rustan, the latter who previously produced several of Blue's hit singles.

"Hurt Lovers" was released as the official lead single from the album on 4 January 2013, in Germany, three weeks prior to the release of the album in the country. The track also serves as the official theme for the German film Break Up Man. In an interview, the band claimed that "Hurt Lovers" was one of the first tracks they recorded after re-uniting, and that it was an obvious choice for the band's reunion single. The track was co-written by the band, along with Jez Ashurst, David Jost, Martin Schmidt and Alexander Zuckowski. The band first premiered the song during a concert in China on 22 June 2012. It received positive reception across Asia, before being officially premiered in Germany on 6 October 2012. The creators of the film Break Up Man approached the band, and asked if the song could be used as the official theme for the film. Thus, the track received an early release in Germany on 4 January 2013, before being released across the world later in the year. In promotion of the single, the band performed it live on The Voice of Romania, as well as embarking on an acoustic radio tour across six cities in Germany. "Without You" was released as the second single from the album on 16 May 2013 only in Germany, Swiss and Austria. The music video premiered the same day.

"Break My Heart" was released as the third single from the album on 29 June for radio premiere and 5 August 2013 for digital download. The single was released as official single only in Germany and promotional radio single on United Kingdom. The music video was premiered on 18 August. The song was released as the third single in the United Kingdom as part of the Roulette Summer Edition EP on 2 September 2013. "Broken" and "Ayo" was released as the fourth and fifth single in the United Kingdom and Ireland in the same day: 2 February 2014. The music video for "Broken" premiered on 31 January 2013.

On 16 May the band released "Without You" as the second single from the album only in Germany, Swiss and Austria. The music video premiered the same day. "Break My Heart" was released as the third single from the album on 29 June for radio premiere and 5 August 2013 for digital download. The single was released as official single only in Germany and promotional radio single on United Kingdom. The music video was premiered on 18 August. Blue starred in their own TV programme on ITV2 called Blue Go Mad in Ibiza, which followed the band as they ran their own bar out in Ibiza. Little did they know that they were being pranked, everybody involved with the bar excluding Blue themselves were actors who purposely made things as awkward as possible.

In November 2014, Blue announced they had signed a two-album record deal with Sony Music, starting with their fifth studio album Colours released on 9 March 2015. The album underperformed, which resulted in the band being dropped by the record label in April. Blue then embarked on a 16-date tour around the United Kingdom during March and April 2015. On 9 May 2015 Blue performed at VE Day 70: A Party to Remember in Horse Guards Parade, London, dressed as World War II RAF officers. In summer 2017 the group started recording their next album, but the project was canceled when Sony Music did not renew the contract. After that, the band decided only to go on tour for the next few years, alternating with his solo projects – Antony Costa and James focused on the acting career and Ryan and Webbe released solo songs. In 2019 the band said they had no plans to release new material, only tours.

2021–present: Heart & Soul album and 20th Anniversary Tour
On 30 November 2021 the group confirmed they would be going on an arena tour to celebrate their 20th anniversary, it was also confirmed that Atomic Kitten would be supporting them on the tour. When interviewed on This Morning the group also confirmed that they were back in the studio recording, a new album is expected to follow along with the tour.

On 11 April 2022 the group announced that their sixth studio album Heart & Soul which would be released on 9 September 2022. On 20 May the group unveiled the track listing for the album on their social media accounts, following with first single "Haven't Found You Yet". On 29 June 2022, the group released the single "Dance with Me", a cover of the 2001 112 single. The Heart & Soul album release date was pushed back to 28 October 2022.

In November 2022, Blue performed at a fan festival in Qatar for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The appearance attracted criticism due to Qatar's human right's abuses and strict anti-LGBT laws.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * All Rise (2001)
 * One Love (2002)
 * Guilty (2003)
 * Roulette (2013)
 * Colours (2015)
 * Heart & Soul (2022)

Tours

 * Headlining
 * One Love Tour (2002–2003)
 * Guilty Tour (2003–2004)
 * Best Of Blue Tour (2005)
 * Roulette Tour (2013)
 * Colours of Blue Tour (2015–2016)
 * 20th Anniversary / Heart & Soul Tour (2022–2023)
 * Greatest Hits Tour (2024)

 * Co-headlining
 * The Big Reunion (with various artists) (2013)
 * The Big Reunion Boy Band Tour (with various artists) (2014)

Awards and nominations

 * style"text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2001
 * "All Rise"
 * The Record of the Year for Best Single
 * Nominated
 * Blue
 * TMF Award for Best Breakthrough Artist/Newcomer
 * Won
 * style"text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2002
 * Blue
 * Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act
 * Won
 * Blue
 * Brit Award for British Pop Act
 * Nominated
 * style"text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|2003
 * Blue
 * Brit Award for British Group
 * Nominated
 * Blue
 * Brit Award for British Pop Act
 * Won
 * Blue
 * MTV Asia Award for Favorite Pop Act
 * Won
 * Blue
 * MTV Asia Award for Favorite Breakthrough Artist
 * Nominated
 * style"text-align:center;"|2004
 * Blue
 * MTV Asia Award for Favorite Pop Act
 * Won
 * style"text-align:center;"|2005
 * Blue
 * MTV Asia Award for Favorite Pop Act
 * Nominated
 * }
 * style"text-align:center;"|2004
 * Blue
 * MTV Asia Award for Favorite Pop Act
 * Won
 * style"text-align:center;"|2005
 * Blue
 * MTV Asia Award for Favorite Pop Act
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

title: Blue (English group)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Muhammd Mahmood Sarfraz

Muhammd Mahmood Sarfraz
The page is a vanity page, includes email addresses. I vote for deletion. Phil179 10:45, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Probably a good speedy candidate. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 14:08, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Entirely inappropriate penpal. Geogre 16:16, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedied as blatent vandalism. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 18:58, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Please at least give the content if you unilaterally delete pages that are under discussion. It's not "vandalism" to post a vanity page.Dr Zen 01:42, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It was nothing but name, date/place of birth, and an email address. WikiRolodex? -- Jmabel | Talk 08:33, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * COMMENT: Please note another VFD discussion at - Votes for deletion/Muhammad Mahmood Sarfraz


text:
Pipeline (software)

In software engineering, a pipeline consists of a chain of processing elements (processes, threads, coroutines, functions, etc.), arranged so that the output of each element is the input of the next. The concept is analogous to a physical pipeline. Usually some amount of buffering is provided between consecutive elements. The information that flows in these pipelines is often a stream of records, bytes, or bits, and the elements of a pipeline may be called filters. This is also called the pipe(s) and filters design pattern which is monolithic. Its advantages are simplicity and low cost while its disadvantages are lack of elasticity, fault tolerance and scalability. Connecting elements into a pipeline is analogous to function composition.

Narrowly speaking, a pipeline is linear and one-directional, though sometimes the term is applied to more general flows. For example, a primarily one-directional pipeline may have some communication in the other direction, known as a return channel or backchannel, as in the lexer hack, or a pipeline may be fully bi-directional. Flows with one-directional trees and directed acyclic graph topologies behave similarly to linear pipelines. The lack of cycles in such flows makes them simple, and thus they may be loosely referred to as "pipelines".

Implementation
Pipelines are often implemented in a multitasking OS, by launching all elements at the same time as processes, and automatically servicing the data read requests by each process with the data written by the upstream process. This can be called a multiprocessed pipeline. In this way, the scheduler will naturally switch the CPU among the processes so as to minimize its idle time. In other common models, elements are implemented as lightweight threads or as coroutines to reduce the OS overhead often involved with processes. Depending on the OS, threads may be scheduled directly by the OS or by a thread manager. Coroutines are always scheduled by a coroutine manager of some form.

Read and write requests are usually blocking operations. This means that the execution of the source process, upon writing, is suspended until all data can be written to the destination process. Likewise, the execution of the destination process, upon reading, is suspended until at least some of the requested data can be obtained from the source process. This cannot lead to a deadlock, where both processes would wait indefinitely for each other to respond, since at least one of the processes will soon have its request serviced by the operating system, and continue to run.

For performance, most operating systems implementing pipes use pipe buffers, which allow the source process to provide more data than the destination process is currently able or willing to receive. Under most Unixes and Unix-like operating systems, a special command is also available, typically called "buffer", that implements a pipe buffer of potentially much larger and configurable size. This command can be useful if the destination process is significantly slower than the source process, but it is desired that the source process complete its task as soon as possible. E.g., if the source process consists of a command which reads an audio track from a CD and the destination process consists of a command which compresses the waveform audio data to a format like MP3. In this case, buffering the entire track in a pipe buffer would allow the CD drive to spin down more quickly, and enable the user to remove the CD from the drive before the encoding process has finished.

Such a buffer command can be implemented using system calls for reading and writing data. Wasteful busy waiting can be avoided by using facilities such as poll or select or multithreading.

Some notable examples of pipeline software systems include:
 * RaftLib – C/C++ Apache 2.0 License

VM/CMS and z/OS
CMS Pipelines is a port of the pipeline idea to VM/CMS and z/OS systems. It supports much more complex pipeline structures than Unix shells, with steps taking multiple input streams and producing multiple output streams. (Such functionality is supported by the Unix kernel, but few programs use it as it makes for complicated syntax and blocking modes, although some shells do support it via arbitrary file descriptor assignment).

Traditional application programs on IBM mainframe operating systems have no standard input and output streams to allow redirection or piping. Instead of spawning processes with external programs, CMS Pipelines features a lightweight dispatcher to concurrently execute instances of more than 200 built-in programs that implement typical UNIX utilities and interface to devices and operating system services. In addition to the built-in programs, CMS Pipelines defines a framework to allow user-written REXX programs with input and output streams that can be used in the pipeline.

Data on IBM mainframes typically resides in a record-oriented filesystem and connected I/O devices operate in record mode rather than stream mode. As a consequence, data in CMS Pipelines is handled in record mode. For text files, a record holds one line of text. In general, CMS Pipelines does not buffer the data but passes records of data in a lock-step fashion from one program to the next. This ensures a deterministic flow of data through a network of interconnected pipelines.

Object pipelines
Beside byte stream-based pipelines, there are also object pipelines. In an object pipeline, processing elements output objects instead of text. PowerShell includes an internal object pipeline that transfers .NET objects between functions within the PowerShell runtime. Channels, found in the Limbo programming language, are other examples of this metaphor.

Pipelines in GUIs
Graphical environments such as RISC OS and ROX Desktop also use pipelines. Rather than providing a save dialog box containing a file manager to let the user specify where a program should write data, RISC OS and ROX provide a save dialog box containing an icon (and a field to specify the name). The destination is specified by dragging and dropping the icon. The user can drop the icon anywhere an already-saved file could be dropped, including onto icons of other programs. If the icon is dropped onto a program's icon, it is loaded and the contents that would otherwise have been saved are passed in on the new program's standard input stream.

For instance, a user browsing the world-wide web might come across a .gz compressed image which they want to edit and re-upload. Using GUI pipelines, they could drag the link to their de-archiving program, drag the icon representing the extracted contents to their image editor, edit it, open the save as dialog, and drag its icon to their uploading software.

Conceptually, this method could be used with a conventional save dialog box, but this would require the user's programs to have an obvious and easily accessible location in the filesystem. As this is often not the case, GUI pipelines are rare.

Other considerations
The name "pipeline" comes from a rough analogy with physical plumbing in that a pipeline usually allows information to flow in only one direction, like water often flows in a pipe.

Pipes and filters can be viewed as a form of functional programming, using byte streams as data objects. More specifically, they can be seen as a particular form of monad for I/O.

The concept of pipeline is also central to the Cocoon web development framework or to any XProc (the W3C Standards) implementations, where it allows a source stream to be modified before eventual display.

This pattern encourages the use of text streams as the input and output of programs. This reliance on text has to be accounted when creating graphic shells to text programs.

title: Pipeline (software)


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User talk:Itpastorn

Questions to me
Feel free to ask.

Comments to me
Feel free to speak your mind.

In your comment on the discussion page about the German spring offensive in WWI, you referred to a book that suggested that the German advance was slowed by looting for food and wine by the soldiers. FWIW, I recall reading that in Paul Fussell's The Great War and Modern Memory; perhaps that is the book you are thinking of??Bloggy's man 02:45, 25 January 2007 (UTC)Bloggy's Man

That's not the one, but it may say the same thing.

--itpastorn 15:45, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Howdy, I uploaded the Acid3 Test screenshot with the current score of 52/100. Not sure how you wanted to link it up. MarsInSVG (talk) 17:39, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Image:Acid3 ff20012 score52.png

I see that it has been taken care of. However the score of 52 seems unreliable. I get 51 with FFox 2.0.12 on Win XP.--itpastorn (talk) 18:01, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Why the allies won WW2
In some articles this subject tend to come up. In some american movies, e.g. Pear Harbour, it seems as though the US won mainly because of their soldiers bravery, etc. In some discussions people seem to think that "if only" the Germans had won one more battle, be it Stalingrad, Kursk or "the Bulge" or whatever, they'd won the war. It is not true. It had simply prolonged the war some.

War material production in billions of dollars (dollar value as of 1944).
Source: P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (1966).

--itpastorn 15:07, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Help with Translation!?
Can you help translate this for me to swedish? Many thanks in advance!

''Albania is also rich in rivers and streams with significant hydroelectric potential. These have been exploited quite effectively, making the country an energy exporter. A number of huge hydroelectric power plants have been built, mainly on the Drin River, and more than half of the country's arable land is irrigated, largely from the artificial reservoirs created upstream of the dams.''

--Armour 10:05, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Idiomatic translation:

Albanien har gott om floder och andra vattendrag med en påtaglig möjlighet att bygga vattenkraftverk. Dessa har exploaterats i stor utsträckning, så att landet exporterar el. Ett antal stora vattenkraftverk har byggts, främst på floden Drin, och mer än hälften av landets odlingsbara yta är konstbevattnad, till största delen från konstgjorda sjöar skapade genom kraftverkens fördämningar.

Re: Just curious
How a rather young person like you have come to study ancient greek to such an extent? And do you have any particular favourite works? --itpastorn 21:03, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I started relatively early and spent a good deal of my energy and life force learning the subject. Armed with a Greek dictionary and a grammar handbook in case of any abnormal features (ancient Greek prose and poetry display little-used irregular forms of verbs, etc) I can tackle the language pretty effectively. I have translated part of Aeschylus' Agamemnon and I am currently translating book I of the Iliad, part of which is required as a set text paper at Greek GCSE. They're both powerful works, and make a good, if rather heavy, read. In the case that I am unable to translate anything, I can cheat and consult the Greek thinktanks around this place - they're pretty knowledgable.  haz  (user talk) e 21:27, 5 March 2006
 * I can relate to that; we did large parts of the Ιλιάς and the Οδύσσεια in school, as well as various plays, historical authors, and so on. While I most certainly did not like my Latin/Ancient Greek teacher, he was great in his subjects. =] — Nightst a  llion  (?) 07:50, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikimania 2010 could be coming to Stockholm!
I'm leaving you a note as you may be interested in this opportunity.

People from all six Nordic Wiki-communities (sv, no, nn, fi, da and is) are coordinating a bid for Wikimania 2010 in Stockholm. I'm sending you a message to let you know that this is occurring, and over the next few months we're looking for community support to make sure this happens! See the bid page on meta and if you like such an idea, please sign the "supporters" list at the bottom. Tack (or takk), and have a wonderful day! Mike H. Fierce! 09:05, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Lord's Resistance Army
Do you recall which Swedish publications examine the Lord's Resistance Army? —  C M B J  00:52, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

The one which writes about it the most is probably [Dagen] --itpastorn (talk) 13:39, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Talk:Comparison of layout engines (Cascading Style Sheets)#Trident version numbers
mabdul 02:15, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Comparison of layout engines (ECMAScript)

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Nomination for deletion of Template:Ethernet parameters
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Proposed deletion of Comparison of JavaScript engines

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title: User talk:Itpastorn


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Asia (Roman province)

Asia (Ἀσία) was a Roman province covering most of western Anatolia, which was created following the Roman Republic's annexation of the Attalid Kingdom in 133 BC. After the establishment of the Roman Empire by Augustus, it was the most prestigious senatorial province and was governed by a proconsul. That arrangement endured until the province was subdivided in the fourth century AD.

The province was one of the richest of the Empire and was at peace for most of the Imperial period. It contained hundreds of largely self-governing Greek city-states, who competed fiercely with one another for status, through appeals to the Imperial authorities and the cultivation of prestigious cultural institutions such as festival games, religious cults, and oratory.

Geography
The province of Asia originally consisted of the territories of Mysia, the Troad, Aeolis, Lydia, Ionia, Caria, and the land corridor through Pisidia to Pamphylia. The Aegean islands, with the exception of Crete, were part of the province of Asia. The western part of Phrygia was added to Asia in 116 BC. Lycaonia was added before 100 BC, while the area around Cibyra was added in 82 BC. The southeast region of Asia province was later reassigned to the province of Cilicia. During the Empire, the province of Asia was bounded by Bithynia to the north, Lycia to the south, and Galatia to the east.

Background
The word "Asia" comes from the Greek word Ἀσία, originally only applied to the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea, which is attested in Mycenaean Greek texts as aswia and probably derives from Assuwa, the name of the region in the Bronze Age. After the Greco-Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC, Greek sources often use it to refer to the whole continent,

The territory was ruled by various Macedonian kingdoms following the conquests of Alexander the Great. In 190 BC, the Romans crushed Antiochus III the Great at the battle of Magnesia. In the subsequent Treaty of Apamea (188 BC), he surrendered the entire territory to the Romans, who placed most of it under the control of the Attalid dynasty based at Pergamum. The western part of Phrygia was given to Mithridates V, King of Pontus, while Caria and Lycia were given to Rhodes.

Annexation
With no legitimate heir, King Attalus III of Pergamum, having been a close ally of Rome, chose to bequeath his kingdom to Rome. Upon his death in 133 BC, the pretender Eumenes III staged a rebellion. He defeated one of the consuls of 131 BC, Crassus Mucianus. The following year, the consul Marcus Perperna brought the war to a close by defeating Eumenes in the first engagement. He followed up his victory by laying siege to Stratonikeia, whither Eumenes had fled. The town was compelled by famine to surrender and the pretender fell into the consul's hands. Manius Aquillius formally established the region as the province of Asia. The bequest of the Attalid kingdom to Rome presented serious implications for neighbouring territories. It was during this period that the Kingdom of Pontus rose in status under the rule of Mithridates VI. He would prove to be a formidable foe to Rome's success in Asia and beyond.

Mithridates and Sulla
By 88 BC, Mithridates VI of Pontus had conquered virtually all of Asia. Capitalizing on the hatred of corrupt Roman practices, Mithridates instigated a mass revolt against Rome, ordering the slaughter of all Romans and Italians in the province. Contemporary estimates of casualties ranged from 80,000 up to 150,000.

Three years later, Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeated Mithridates in the First Mithridatic War and in 85 BC reorganized the province into eleven assize districts, each central to a number of smaller, subordinate cities. These assize centers, which developed into the Roman dioceses, included Ephesus, Pergamum - the old Attalid capital, Smyrna, Adramyttium, Cyzicus, Synnada, Apamea, Miletus, and Halicarnassus. The first three cities - Ephesus, Pergamum, and Smyrna - competed to be the dominant city-state in Asia province. Age-old inter-city rivalry continued to inhibit any sort of progress towards provincial unity.

Augustus
After Augustus came to power, he established a proconsulship for the province of Asia, embracing the regions of Mysia, Lydia, Caria, and Phrygia. To its east, the province of Galatia was established. The proconsul spent much of his year-long term traveling throughout the province hearing cases and conducting other judicial business at each of the assize centers. Rome's transition from the Republic to the early Empire saw an important change in the role of existing provincial cities, which evolved from autonomous city-states to Imperial administrative centers.

The beginning of the principate of Augustus also signaled the rise of new cities in Mysia, Lydia and Phrygia. The province grew to be an elaborate system of self-governing cities, each responsible for its own economics, taxes, and law in its territory. The reign of Augustus further signaled the start of urbanization of Asia province, as public building became the defining characteristic of a city.

Decline
The 3rd century AD marked a serious decline in Asia stemming in part from epidemic disease, beginning with the Antonine plague, the indiscipline of local soldiers and also the diminishing instances of voluntary civic generosity. The Gothic invasions of the 250s and 260s, part of the Crisis of the Third Century, contributed to failing feelings of security. Furthermore, as political and strategic emphasis shifted away from Asia proconsularis, it lost much of its former prominence.

In the 4th century, Diocletian divided Asia province into seven smaller provinces. During the 5th century and, until the mid-6th century the cities and provinces of western Anatolia experienced an economic renaissance. But after the great plague of 543 many cities towards the interior of the province declined to the point where they were indistinguishable from common villages by the time of the Persian and Arab invasions of the 7th century. On the other hand, leading cities from the early empire including Ephesus, Sardis, and Aphrodisias retained much of their former glory and came to serve as the new provincial capitals. Asia remained a center of the dominant Hellenistic culture in the east for centuries. The territory remained part of the (Eastern) Roman Empire until the end of the 14th century when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Taxation
Rome had always been very reluctant to involve itself in matters to the east. It typically relied on allies to arbitrate in the case of a conflict. Very rarely would Rome send delegations to the east, much less have a strong governmental presence. This apathy did not change much even after the gift from Attalus in 133 BC. In fact, parts of the Pergamene kingdom were voluntarily relinquished to different nations. For example, Great Phrygia was given to Mithridates V of Pontus.

While the Senate was hesitant in involving itself in Asian affairs, others had no such reluctance. A law passed by Gaius Gracchus in 123 BC gave the right to collect taxes in Asia to members of the equestrian order. The privilege of collecting taxes was almost certainly exploited by individuals from the Republic.

In case a community was unable to pay taxes, they borrowed from Roman lenders but at exorbitant rates. This more often than not resulted in default on said loans and consequently led Roman lenders to seize the borrower's land, their last remaining asset of value. In this way and by outright purchase, Romans dispersed throughout the province of Asia.

Military presence
Other than to quell occasional revolts, there was minimal military presence in Asia province, until forces led by Sulla set forth in their campaign against Mithridates VI. In fact, Asia province was unique in that it was one of the few ungarrisoned provinces of the empire. While no full legions were ever stationed inside the province, that is not to say that there was no military presence whatsoever.

Legionary detachments were present in the Phrygian cities of Apamea and Amorium. Auxiliary cohorts were stationed in Phrygian Eumeneia while smaller groups of soldiers regularly patrolled the mountainous regions. High military presence in rural regions around 3rd century AD caused great civil unrest in the province.

Imperial cult
Imperial cult was prevalent in provincial communities during the Roman empire. Soon after Augustus came to power, temples erected in his honor sprang up across Asia province. The establishment of provincial centers of imperial cult further spawned local cults. These sites served as models followed by other provinces throughout the empire.

Imperial cult served as a way for subjects of Asia province to come to terms with imperial rule within the framework of their communities. Religious practices were very much a public affair and involved citizens in all its aspects including prayer, sacrifice, and processions. Rituals held in honor of a particular emperor frequently outnumbered those of other gods. No other cult matched the imperial cult in terms of dispersion and commonality.

title: Asia (Roman province)


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Wikipedia:Humor

Humor is used on Wikipedia as a means of bringing connection to the community. This page gives some information on how humor is typically handled in various areas on the encyclopedia.

Humor needs indicators
Humor that is counter to the truth or verifiability of a page on Wikipedia requires clear and concise indicators, as decided by the community in a 2013 RfC. Humor used inappropriately, without indicators, can and often does result in blocks or other corrective actions against editors.

On talk pages, text can be marked inline with april fools, sarcasm or jokes. Sarcasm following these methods can prevent many disagreements from escalating.

Outside of the article namespace, full pages or sections can be marked with indicators before lead paragraphs or under the section header such as humor.

Why responsible humor is important

No one wants to be the skunk at the garden party, but Wikipedia is no longer the fledgling experiment it was back in the 2000s. It's now the world's foremost repository of humanity's collective knowledge, and with that privilege comes some custodial responsibilities. The benefits of humor in helping boost editor retention must be weighed against its potential for disruption. Consider:
 * Humor is sometimes misinterpreted – Sarcasm is hard to convey in writing that lacks the cues of verbal communication. Many editors and administrators have spent hours resolving disputes arising from this.
 * Irresponsible humor damages Wikipedia's credibility – We've all worked hard to cultivate the reputation for trustworthiness Wikipedia enjoys. Readers come here expecting information, and when they find jokes instead, they lose faith in our reliability.
 * Not everyone is looking for humor – Sometimes, an editor is engaged in a serious task and just wants to focus on it. Clear disclosure gives them the option to do so, whereas undisclosed jokes often draw attention and take time to figure out.

Think of the disclosure requirement not as an obstacle, but as a challenge. Humor can still be funny even when it's disclosed — try reading WP:Sarcasm is really helpful with a straight face — it just needs to be, well, good.

Humor in articles
There is no clear consensus as to when and how humor should be included in articles.

If humorous content is included in an article, it must be done in such a way as to meet all the usual article requirements, including:

 * Verifiability
 * Neutral point-of-view
 * No original research
 * Reliable sources

Writing an article about humor or humorous subjects is not the same as adding humor to an article. One can write "dry" articles on humor, should that be considered appropriate. This concept is somewhat analogous to the style guidelines for writing about fiction.

How humor can be included
When a humorous work on a subject has attracted enough attention to be verifiable in reliable sources, it can be appropriate to reference that work on the page for the subject it is written about. For example, whereas an article in The Onion might not be an acceptable source/reference to use to add a humorous observation to a page, if an article in The Onion attracts outside attention, such as here, then the humorous article can be mentioned, using the source written about it.

Humor outside of articles
Outside of the encyclopedic content, humor is often seen on Wikipedia pages. The primary purpose of project namespace and similar pages are to coordinate the mission – the building of the encyclopedia – but being a human community, humor often appears as well.

Humor can appear in many different ways, with considerable overlap. These ways include:

 * Sometimes Wikipedians just highlight the humor — in articles or other areas — without intending to criticize at all. For example, Unusual articles, which generally considers the humorous nature of the listed articles to be a positive thing.
 * Sometimes Wikipedians create humor for its own sake in out-of-the-way places where readers are unlikely to find it. For example, see WP:END or the AfD for Vowel.
 * Humor is often used in attempts to "lighten the mood" in an active discussion, with varying degrees of success and failure.
 * Irony is often used to illustrate a point. For example, BOLD, revert, revert, revert provides an example of how not to behave.
 * Humor is sometimes used to illustrate a point without irony. For example, the list of the Lamest Edit Wars may serve to curtail edit wars by providing examples of just how absurd they can become.
 * Wikipedians often make jokes about the Wikipedia community, and/or which are intended for the Wikipedian community. These may sometimes qualify as "in-jokes", as without community experience, the humor will be lessened or lost. For an example, see the 1 April 2018 RfA for SineBot.
 * Wikipedians sometimes voice the opinion that other Wikipedians are taking a given issue too seriously, and will create "spoofs" of the issue, which many find humorous.

Humor tends to be very subjective. One should remain aware that what one finds hilarious, another may find offensive. The use of humor does not override such core policies as Civility and No Personal Attacks.

Many pages which at least some Wikipedians found funny have been categorized into Category:Wikipedia humor.

title: Wikipedia:Humor


text:
Air Force Base Bloemspruit

AFB Bloemspruit is an airbase of the South African Air Force. It is co-located with Bloemfontein Airport, and shares the airfield.

The base motto is Ex Unite Pax ("Peace Through Unity").

The unit is also responsible for maintaining the military airstrip at Vastrap, near Upington.

Units hosted

 * 16 Squadron - Attack helicopter squadron
 * 87 Helicopter Flying School - Helicopter training unit
 * 106 Squadron - Light transport reserve
 * 107 Squadron - Light transport reserve
 * 506 Squadron - Security services

Aviation

 * Non-directional beacon - BL380.0
 * VHF omnidirectional range - BLV114.1
 * Automatic Terminal Information Service - 126.45

title: Air Force Base Bloemspruit


text:
Dogmatix

Dogmatix is a fictional white terrier dog who is a companion to Obelix in the Asterix comics. Dogmatix is a pun on the words dog and dogmatic. In the original French, his name is Idéfix, itself a pun on the French expression idée fixe (fixed idea) meaning an obsession.

On January 6, 2021, it was announced that the character would have his own animated television series titled Dogmatix and the Indomitables.

Character synopsis
Dogmatix is the only animal among the main characters of the series. His role is minor and funny in most of the stories, significant mainly as a 'bone' of contention between Asterix and Obelix as to whether he should be allowed to accompany them on their adventures. However, he is often seen doing something interesting in the background and occasionally fulfills an important part of the plot. In the words of the authors, Dogmatix is the only known "canine ecologist": he loves trees and howls in distress whenever one is damaged. Despite his small size, he is quite fearless. He has drunk the magic potion on a number of occasions, but his favourite treat is to 'chew a bone'.

A dog similar to Dogmatix appeared in page 28 of Asterix & the Golden Sickle. Dogmatix first appears in Asterix and the Banquet. Sitting outside a butcher's shop in Lutetia, he observes Asterix and Obelix go in. He then follows them all around Gaul, appearing in nearly every panel of the remainder of the story. The two men do not notice him until the very end when he finally attracts Obelix's attention at the closing banquet and is given a pat on the head and a bone. He was meant to be a one-off character (hence his leaving the village in the final picture) but he was so effective it was decided to bring him back. Pilote, the magazine that published Asterix, held a contest to find a name for the dog. Hundreds of suggestions were received. The winning name, Idéfix, was submitted by Hervé Ambroise, Dominique and Anne Boucard, and Rémi Dujat.

In the next adventure, Asterix and Cleopatra, Dogmatix is given his name and plays a more active role. Asterix and Obelix argue about whether or not Dogmatix should accompany them to Egypt, but he proves his worth by following the Gauls into a pyramid in which they were lost and guiding them out safely.

Like many dogs, Dogmatix is protective of his master, especially when he falls for, or is shown affection by, beautiful young women. In Asterix the Legionary he makes clear his loathing for Panacea with whom Obelix had fallen in love. He shows the same attitude to Influenza in Asterix and Caesar's Gift and Melodrama in Asterix and the Great Divide. However, despite his loyalty to his master, Dogmatix has been shown to side with Asterix in arguments on various occasions, such as in Asterix and the Soothsayer and Obelix and Co.

His friendship with Pepe in Asterix in Spain  and Asterix in Corsica causes Obelix to become jealous. Likewise, Dogmatix is unimpressed by Obelix's attraction towards Panacea in the earlier stages of Asterix the Legionary and is hostile and growls when his master asks her to look after him while he is away. However, Panacea kisses him straightaway, putting him into a lovestruck daze.

Like the other villagers, he does not like Cacofonix and his only dialogue (in a thought bubble) is in Asterix and the Magic Carpet where he comments on Cacofonix's music skills, when Cacophonix was commenting on Wazizneim.

In Asterix and the Actress, he finds a mate and returns with a litter of puppies.

Dogmatix books
Dogmatix's great popularity gave rise to a line of children's books in 1973 featuring his "adventures". These were in the form of text with illustrations and were not consistent with the Asterix stories.

 * 1) Idéfix fait du sport (Dogmatix the Athlete)
 * 2) Idéfix et la petite fille (Dogmatix and the Little Girl)
 * 3) Idéfix au cirque (Dogmatix at the Circus)
 * 4) Une folle poursuite (The Crazy Chase)
 * 5) Idéfix se fait un ami (Dogmatix Makes a Friend)
 * 6) La chasse au sanglier (Dogmatix and the Boar Hunt)
 * 7) L'orage (Dogmatix and the Storm)
 * 8) Un gouter bien merité (The Well-Deserved Tea Party)
 * 9) Idefix et le bébé (Dogmatix and the Baby) - not translated to English
 * 10) Idéfix et le poisson clown (Dogmatix and the Lost Fish)
 * 11) L'anniversaire d'Idéfix (Dogmatix's Birthday) - not translated  to English
 * 12) Idéfix à la neige (Dogmatix in the Snow) - not translated to English
 * 13) Idéfix magicien (Dogmatix the Wizard) - not translated to English
 * 14) Idéfix et le perroquet (Dogmatix and the Parrot)
 * 15) Idéfix s'en va-t'en guerre (Dogmatix goes to war) - not translated to English
 * 16) Idéfix et le petit lapin (Dogmatix and the Little Rabbit) - not translated to English

Although they carry the Goscinny/Uderzo byline, these are licensed works aimed at the children's market. They lack the style and sophistication of the main Asterix creative team, and have little or no editing for continuity. Although widely translated (not by the regular English translators of the Asterix comics), these comics did not become very popular and are mostly forgotten. The English editions of these works also contain many glaring mistakes. For example, the chief's wife is referred to as "Bacteria", while her usual name is Impedimenta; Bacteria is the name of Unhygenix’s wife.

In 1983, an attempt was made to revive the series with two new stories. These were translated by Derek Hockridge and Anthea Bell, the regular English language translators of the Asterix albums.

 * 1) Idéfix et le vilain petit aiglon (Dogmatix and the Ugly Little Eagle)
 * 2) Idéfix et la grande fringale (Dogmatix and the Magic Potions)

Comic albums
Idéfix et les Irréductibles
 * 1) Pas de quartier pour le latin ! 2021.
 * 2) Les Romains se prennent une gamelle ! 2022 June
 * 3) Ça balance pas mal à Lutèce ! 2022 October
 * 4) Les irréductibles font leur cirque ! 2023 June
 * 5) Idéfix et le druide 2023 October

title: Dogmatix


text:
Shatsk, Volyn Oblast

Shatsk (Шацьк, ; Szack; שאצק) is a rural settlement in Volyn Oblast, Kovel Raion, western Ukraine. It is located to the north-west of Kovel. Population:

The village is situated in a picturesque area in the western part of Volyn Woodlands, surrounded by lakes, which are sometimes called Shatsky (Velyke Chorne, Svitiaz, Pulemetske, Luka, Liutsymer, Somynets, Karasynets, Ozertse).

In 2017, a postage stamp featuring the coat of arms of Shatsk was released by Ukrposhta.

History
In Ukrainian sources, the town located in this area is mentioned twice, in 1255 and in 1287. In Polish sources the town is first mentioned in 1410. During the Invasion of Poland it was the battlefield of the Battle of Szack between Polish forces of general Wilhelm Orlik-Rueckemann and the Soviet 4th Army.

The Jewish population of the village at the beginning of the German occupation was probably around 300. Germans arrived in the village on June 30, 1941. In October 1941, the Jews of the city and surrounding villages were held captives in a ghetto. Shortly after, 319 Jews were shot by the Einsatzkommando and German police.

Until 2020 was an administrative centre of Shatsk Raion.

Until 26 January 2024, Shatsk was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Shatsk became a rural settlement.

title: Shatsk, Volyn Oblast


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Magicjigpipe

Vanity page, the entry name is the same as the author's name. Phil179 10:54, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)


text:
John Fuller

John Fuller may refer to:

Politics

 * John Fuller (Massachusetts politician), representative to the Great and General Court
 * John Fuller (died 1744), British Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle, 1728–1734
 * John Fuller (1680–1745), British Member of Parliament for Sussex, 1713–1715
 * John Fuller (1706–1755), British Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge, 1754–1755
 * John Fuller (1732–1804), British Member of Parliament for Tregony, 1754–1761
 * Mad Jack Fuller (John Fuller, 1757–1834), English politician, philanthropist and patron of the arts, and Squire of the hamlet of Brightling
 * Sir John Fuller, 1st Baronet (1864–1915), British Liberal politician and Governor of Victoria
 * John Fuller (Australian politician) (1917–2009), New South Wales minister in the Robert Askin government
 * John Fuller (Montana politician), member of the Montana House of Representatives
 * John Fuller, Baron Fuller (born 1968), British Conservative Party councillor and life peer

Military

 * John W. Fuller (1827–1891), Union general
 * J. F. C. Fuller (John Frederick Charles Fuller, 1876–1966), British soldier
 * John Augustus Fuller (1828–1902), British Army officer
 * John V. Fuller (born 1965), United States Navy admiral

Arts

 * John G. Fuller (1913–1990), New England–based American author
 * John Fuller (poet) (born 1937), English poet and author
 * Johnny Fuller (musician) (1929–1985), American blues singer and guitarist
 * Jack Fuller (author), Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing-winning author and former editor and publisher of the Chicago Tribune
 * John Fuller (singer) (1850–1923), New Zealand singer and theatrical company manager
 * John Fuller (theatrical entrepreneur) (1879–1959), his son, New Zealand theatrical entrepreneur

Sports

 * Johnny Fuller (born 1946), American football player
 * John Fuller (baseball) (born 1950), Major League baseball player
 * John Fuller (cricketer) (1834–1893), English cricketer, clergyman and academic

Others

 * John Fuller (college head) (died 1558/9), master of Jesus College, Cambridge
 * John Fuller (bushranger) (1830–1865), Australian bushranger
 * John L. Fuller (1910–1992), behavior geneticist
 * John Doc Fuller, prison coach, motivational speaker and author
 * John Fuller (surgeon), Scottish surgeon and historian

title: John Fuller


text:
Talk:Muskrat

Cultural Reference
An editor has twice removed the following, apparently without comment:

"Muskrat town, muskrat town," are the lyrics of a song written for a huge dinner in 1906. "Detroit is all right to see, but Monroe is the place for me. Roast 'em brown, roast 'em brown. Gravy, gravy, gravy, gravy."[1]

This is a charming story, fully sourced to a major newspaper and an historical library. It is relevant because it helps to illustrate a portion of the species' rather significant cultural and historical significance in the United States. There were 2,000 people attending this dinner.

If anybody can offer a reason why it ought not to be included, please enlighten me on the rationale. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Calamitybrook (talk • contribs) 03:34, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Family/Revert
Cricetidae is an invalid synonym for Muridae according to ITIS. NCBI gives Muridae. I reverted the change because I can't find anyone who shows Ondatra as Cricetidae, and Wikipedia calls the family Muridae. Is there support for this change? —Tkinias 10:54, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I just put together a Cricetidae page, which should explain most of it. Muridae as defined by NCBI and ITIS is based on Musser and Carleton's chapter in Wilson and Reeder's Mammal Species of the World 1993.  They explained (Caleton and Musser in a 1984 publication) that they subsumed all subfamilies of muroids into a single family, Muridae, because there was no data to support how any of the previous authors divided the group into families.  This was not done because it shouldn't be split into several families (1/4 of all mammals are in this superfamily), just that there was no way of knowing how the subfamilies are related to each other.  Since 1993 there have been a series of genetic studies (i.e. Michaux et al. in Molecular Biology and Evolution 2001; Jansa and Weksler in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004; and Norris et al. in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004) on the group that have all shown essentially the same relationships.  The best of these, Steppan et al. 2004, is referenced on the Muroidea page.  They proposed the taxonomy shown there. -Aranae 05:48, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * (I moved Aranae's post to make the chronology clear...) OK, cool.  I should have looked at who was doing the edit.  Being unfamiliar with the literature, I thought this was reverting to an older classification (such as I've seen people do on some fish pages).  Looks good. —Tkinias 18:13, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Muskrat Trapping
A Muskrat Trapping article was just created; but I think it would be better suited in here. Merge and redirect? --Andy Saunders 15:28, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * MERGE - SirIsaacBrock 01:47, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. MERGE - fdewaele 16:05, 1 May 2006 (CET)
 * MERGE Do it!
 * DON'T MERGE, its ok to have more than 1 section for an animal.
 * MERGE - The trapping article has to do with an aspect of the Muskrat's life. --Acromagalin 22:06, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * UNMERGE (or would that be SPLIT?) The trapping section now takes up about half of the article.  RANT Way too much of WP's coverage of animals is human-centric.  Look at this article. The majority of it is about how we give them a name or how we exploit them or they harm our interests.  One of the worst I have come across is Donkey about half the article is not about donkeys at all but about the connontations of the words "donkey" and "ass". I mentioned this on its talk page. Thanks.  I feel better now. Steve Dufour 19:31, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
 * UNMERGE, animal trapping is quite complex, and describing it uses language and many new terms that the average person would not understand without seeking a definition. Because of the explanations involved, it would be lengthy, and take up too much space here were it to be truly comprehensive and authoritative. I do concur that the result of merging with the trapping article makes it too centered upon mankind's use for the animal, also, the trapping information is shallow and vague at best.  Nowhere is mentioned the use of drowning rigs and wires, colony traps, appropriate footholds, cage traps, jump traps, lures and baits, snares, conibears (body grips,) cable restraints, or methods for cage trapping.  I say unmerge the article, and slap a "stub" label on the old trapping article.Tsarevna (talk) 07:41, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Picture
How about a picture with color like out in it's surroundings. --Riverofdreams 15:58, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Would this one do? It's a little blurry, and you'd have to contact the copyright holder for permission, but looking at that site it seems possible that he'd give it.  It says he took all the photos on that site himself.  Also, if he could be convinced to generally consider putting images under the GFDL for Wikipedia on request, his page could be a very useful resource--it seems to have a lot of pictures of nature and such that would be valuable on Wikipedia. Anyway, you could check out the Boilerplate request for permission and send something like that to his email address if you want. Alternatively, this one is at this government site, so we might be able to use it...  but I don't see any copyright notices, so you'd have to contact the address at the bottom of that second link to ask about copyright status first. A simple Google Image search for [muskrat] turns up 9,080 results; I'm sure if you dug around a little you could find one you could use under the GFDL, or whose copyright holder could be convinced to put it under the GFDL. Aquillion 02:47, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Replaced line drawing with clear FWS color photo. Hope you like it. Muskrats don't seem to be too photogenic, but this one was.   By the way, I sort of know the webmaster of the Eco-USA page you referenced. He's a fellow Hoosier. User:Cuppysfriend 1 September 2005.

Difference between Nutria?
Since Nutria are similar-looking animals that often dwell in wetlands alongside Muskrat (in many places in North America,) perhaps the differences between the two animals could be pointed out in the article? It is important for a landowner/hunter to know the difference, since, in some states, Muskrat are classified as "furbearers," and therefore subject to closed seasons and regulation, whereas the non-native Nutria is typically not protected. Perhaps a side-by-side illustration of their body shape or skulls could help the reader understand the difference?Tsarevna (talk) 07:44, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * As I understand it the muskrat has a much longer tail, which is vertically flattened. This could be mentioned. Steve Dufour 19:14, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The size seems to be the main difference, the nutria is much larger. I have added the info to the article. Steve Dufour 03:21, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you, looks good!Tsarevna (talk) 07:44, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Misc
-What is "medium sized" DGerman (talk) 17:24, 26 December 2007 (UTC) -Can we get the measurements in inches, especially considering it is an animal native to America? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.230.178.1 (talk) 03:00, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * They should be in both. I will check it out. What do they use in Canada? Steve Dufour 19:16, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I took care of that, at least for the size of the animals. Steve Dufour 06:27, 16 November 2007

Too much hunting and trapping?
About half the article is about how to kill a muskrat. I think some of that could be taken out and/or more information about muskrats themselves added to the article. Steve Dufour 19:14, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I am going to add some info and make some changes to the article. Please forgive my low-tech footnotes. Steve Dufour 02:55, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and removed the "hunting and trapping" section. It was totally uncited and was objected to during the FA nomination. Besides, other articles about animals don't have this kind of thing. Steve Dufour (talk) 13:00, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Isn't the article lop-sided about trapping information because the article was merged with a Muskrat Trapping article? I make my case above for the reasons to unmerge.Tsarevna (talk) 07:43, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Good article nomination on hold
This article's Good Article promotion has been put on hold. During review, some issues were discovered that can be resolved without a major re-write. This is how the article, as of January 21, 2008, compares against the six good article criteria:

 * 1. Well written?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] The prose is very readable, and certainly meets the GA standard. But in terms of Manual of Style compliance, the article needs some work. Structurally, the sections in the article are far too broad. Compare to articles such as the GA-class Northern Cardinal, which has separate sections for diet, behavior and distribution/habitat. I'm going to try some sectioning changes along those lines, so please let me know what you think.
 * 2. Factually accurate?: [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] The nominator expressed some hesitance about the style of citations on WP:GAC. Per the GA criteria and the Manual of Style, either the footnote (i.e. ) format or Harvard referencing is acceptable. The key is internal consistency in style, and the appropriate placement of in-line cites, which the article does well.
 * 3. Broad in coverage?: [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Broad and concise.
 * 4. Neutral point of view?: [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Gives fair representation to all significant points of view.
 * 5. Article stability? [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|15px]] Obviously stable, with no edit wars underway.
 * 6. Images?: [[Image:Symbol wait.svg|15px]] The core GA requirement for images is that any images present have sufficient source and licensing info. Currently, Image:Rat-Musque.jpg has no license. You may try to contact the uploader to provide one, or simply replace it. I've recently uploaded some new images to the muskrat category, so unless there are any objections I'll be making some changes to the images. Note that any such changes aren't a pass/fail issue, so feel free to dispute them if you disagree. Most importantly, I want to change the lead taxobox image to Image:Rat-Musque.jpg.

As stated above, I'm going to try and make the necessary changes myself. I await your feedback before passing the article.

Please address these matters soon and then leave a note here showing how they have been resolved. After 48 hours the article should be reviewed again. If these issues are not addressed within 7 days, the article may be failed without further notice. Thank you for your work so far. Van Tucky 00:05, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Some name and etymology issues
According to the Oxford Dictionary of American English, musquash is an "archaic" term, and comes from the Abenaki language, not Cree.

Also there's no reason to give the French name in an English Wikipedia article (unless it has some interesting cultural implication in translation).

Changes made to reflect this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.155.87 (talk) 07:59, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Range Map
The article states introduces in South America - not shown on map? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.36.155.87 (talk) 08:05, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * One of the books I used as a source mentioned that they were introduced in southern South America. The map predates that information in the article. I guess someone could add a dab of color to the map, if you feel like it. Steve Dufour (talk) 17:38, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I put a note in the map's caption. I am confident that the muskrats are still there. It is very hard to get rid of them. :-) Steve Dufour (talk) 17:41, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

No references?
I added a reference to this article, then noticed that there are no other references for this article. There are a lot of items listed under References, but they are really See Also type resources since they do not seem to be directly related to any statement in the text. This entire article needs properly inserted references to make it easier to verify content. Bob98133 (talk) 13:06, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

I note in particular that there seems to be no reference for the statement that they were introduced to Europe (and spread from there to Asia) at the beginning of the 20th Century. 97.64.209.102 (talk) 19:16, 11 April 2014 (UTC)Terry Thorgaard (talk) 19:17, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

Raised importance rating
An attempt is made to gauge the probability of the average reader of Wikipedia needing to look up the topic (and thus the immediate need to have a suitably well-written article on it). Topics which may seem obscure to a Western audience—but which are of high notability in other places—should still be highly rated.SriMesh | talk  03:44, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Black muskrats
I have trapped black muskrats in Virginia and New Jersey and wrote that black muskrats exist, yet some one keeps erasing my great contribution to this article and Wikipedia will be notified —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.246.165.155 (talk) 21:22, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * See WP:OR. You will need an acceptible reference to include that info in the article. Bob98133 (talk) 14:46, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I took off your original research but added the word "black" to the description of its colors. Does anyone doubt that there are black muskrats? Steve Dufour (talk) 14:48, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

Species epithet gender
i'm guessing that Ondatra zibethicus is the name given in MSW3? (i don't have a copy, so i have to ask.) grammar-wise, as the species name describes the genus name, the gender of the words should agree, i.e., either both inflected -a or -us but not -a/-us. so: Ondatra zibethica? is there a consensus on this usage? discuss. ;) -- Μετανοιδ  (talk, email) 02:21, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * It is: . I'm not sure what's going on here.  Could Ondatra be a masculine word ending in -a like agricola?  --Aranae (talk) 03:36, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

it's a definite possibility, as they say. :) -- Μετανοιδ  (talk, email) 03:49, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * A rather belated reply, but... I checked Palmer's Index generum mammalium (1904) and he says that Ondatra is an "Indian name for the muskrat of North America" (p. 475). I would think that loanwords in Latin ending on -a would normally be considered feminine, but in this case, apparently not. Ucucha 14:33, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

Muskrat
Would anyone, by any chance be able to address comments at Graphic Lab/Illustration workshop? I've requested a vector version be made of the range map, File:Verbreitungsgebiet Bisamratten.jpg, but the main concern was regarding the accuracy of the information being represented. Thanks, Connormah (talk) 13:15, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The information about them being introduced to southern South America and doing well there is from Walker's Mammals of the World, if that is a question. I will google for more info. Steve Dufour (talk) 13:38, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * This page has info and links to articles in Spanish: http://my.net-link.net/~vaneselk/muskrat/badults.htm (Look down the page a ways.) Steve Dufour (talk) 13:45, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * BTW I googled "Argentina muskrat", very easy. Steve Dufour (talk) 14:01, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks Steve - so Argentina should be included as well? Could you sum it all up on the graphics lab page, just in case I make an interpretation mistake? Connormah (talk) 14:10, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I also commented on the graphic lab page. Ucucha 14:33, 31 August 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:40, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Tail or Hind legs as main propulsion?
There appears to be a discrepancy with one section describing the tail as the main source of propulsion while a latter section attributes it to the hind legs 2600:1700:9290:B5F0:505C:344:58D0:4DE3 (talk) 23:44, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Could someone validate one or the other? 107.9.230.247 (talk) 04:37, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

Propulsion?
Intro states the muskrat uses their tails for primary propulsion underwater, but further down when describing physical features, it states the rear web feet do the same thing. Sbcwylie (talk) 17:02, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I see this was pointed out already. Sbcwylie (talk) 17:03, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muskrat


text:
Talk:Roman Hofstetter

Untitled
There seem to be at least four alternative spellings of his name: Does somebody have an opinion about which spelling is most correct?--Troels Nybo 10:55, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Roman Hofstetter
 * Romanus Hofstetter
 * Roman Hoffstetter
 * Romanus Hoffstetter

There's even a Roman Hoffstetter page. Which is correct? Jjd27 12:19, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roman Hofstetter


text:
Agha Hasan Abedi

Agha Hasan Abedi, (14 May 1922 – 5 August 1995) was a Pakistani banker and convicted felon who founded Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) and saw its collapse after one of the biggest banking fraud scandals in history was unearthed. Before his death, he was convicted by the United Arab Emirates court of fraud and sentenced to eight years in prison. Abedi also founded United Bank Limited. Abedi underwent a heart transplant operation in 1988, and died of a heart attack on 5 August 1995 in Karachi.

Early life and education
Agha Hasan Abedi was born in Lucknow, British India, to a Urdu Speaking Muhajir middle class family with members who served as advisors and courtiers to the Nawab of Awadh. He received a master's degree in English literature and a law degree from Lucknow University. Abedi migrated to Pakistan after the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Career
Abedi started his career at the age of 24 when he joined Habib Bank Limited.

In 1959, Abedi founded the United Bank Limited (UBL). He was the Founder and the first President. Under his stewardship, UBL became the second largest bank in Pakistan. Abedi introduced the concept of personalised service and banking support to trade and industry, paying particular attention to the bank's overseas operations. One of the first to comprehend the opportunities offered by the oil boom in the Persian Gulf, Abedi pioneered close economic collaboration in the private sector between Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE President, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, extended his patronage to UBL operations both in Pakistan and abroad.

Bank of Credit and Commerce International
In 1972, Abedi started the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) initially with funding of US$2.5 million only. For a decade, it was the fastest growing bank in the world. At its peak, it operated in more than seventy countries and had about 1.3 million depositors.

In 1988, he left because of poor health.

In July 1991, it was found by international regulators that the bank was involved in a massive fraud and money laundering for Colombian drug cartels, Abu Nidal Organization, and Central Intelligence Agency. Subsequently, its assets were seized.

Registered in Luxembourg, the BCCI began its operations from a two-room head office in London. It developed into a worldwide banking operation with branches in 72 countries and 16,000 employees. Abedi was personally responsible for inducing a large number of Pakistanis into the field of international banking and almost 80 per cent of the BCCI's top executive positions at the head office and in branches in various countries were held by Pakistanis. "It was founded by the charismatic Agha Hasan Abedi in 1972, backed by Middle Eastern investors and run mostly by the South Asians." Abedi severed his connection with BCCI in 1990 after suffering a heart attack and led a retired life in Karachi until his death due to heart failure at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi in 1995.

Philanthropy

Abedi founded charitable organisations in UK, India, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and Pakistan.

The Infaq Foundation has only one office in Karachi, Pakistan. It has capital and reserves of over Rs. 2.50 billion, which in 2009 is equivalent to just over US$30 million. Major beneficiaries among the known institutions are, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lady Dufferin Hospital and Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology in Karachi, and Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology in Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Ghulam Ishaq Khan was the first Chairman of the Foundation from 1983 to 1995.

Abedi also founded BCCI FAST in 1980 with a donation of Rs. 100 million, to promote education in computer science. It is now the first multi-campus university of Pakistan, known as National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences. It has five campuses situated in Islamabad, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad.

Abedi also contributed funds to establish Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology.

Personal life
Hasan Abedi was married to Rabia Abedi. The couple had a daughter named Maha. Although Abedi was born into a Shia Muslim family, he was a well-known Muslim mystic. During his speeches at the meetings of the BCCI Bank, he would spend hours sharing his mystical beliefs. He believed that BCCI was not only a bank, but a god-gifted entity that was directly connected to the universe.

Award and honor

 * Agha Hasan Abedi Auditorium at Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, was named after him.
 * Agha Hasan Abedi was posthumously awarded the Hilal-i-Imtiaz, a Pakistani Civilian Award, by the President of Pakistan in 2015 for his services to the nation.

title: Agha Hasan Abedi


text:
Alexandra Tydings

Alexandra Huntingdon Tydings is an American actress, director, writer, producer, and activist, best known for her role as Greek goddess Aphrodite on the television series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and its spin-off, Xena: Warrior Princess.

Personal life
Alexandra Tydings was born in Washington, D.C. She has four sisters and one brother, and is the daughter of former Maryland U.S. Senator Joseph Tydings and his second wife, Terry Lynn Huntingdon Tydings and the granddaughter of former Maryland U.S. Senator Millard Tydings. She is a graduate of Sidwell Friends School and Brown University, with a degree in film and critical theory. She speaks English, French and Spanish.

Tydings counts Katharine Hepburn and Kevin Spacey among her favorite actors. She told Whoosh, a Xena fansite, that she most enjoys the research and collaborating process of acting and that auditioning is her least favorite part of theater arts. She competed in Irish dancing as a child, and performed with The Royal Ballet of London at the Kennedy Center. Dance led to performance of all kinds; in addition to acting, she was the singer and bassist of bands Annabelle Kickbox and She's Seen You Naked.

Whoosh points out that Tydings maintained a vegetarian diet for 14 years, and that she enjoys gardening.

Career
After graduating from Brown University, Tydings moved to Hollywood to pursue an acting career. In her first major feature film, she played opposite Woody Harrelson in Oscar winner Michael Cimino's The Sunchaser, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. She has since performed in dozens of roles in film, television and theater, including six years as a series regular on Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys where she played Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of love.

In 2015, Tydings wrote and directed The Trial of Hanna Porn, a multi-media piece on abortion, which won the Best of Fringe award at the Charm City Fringe Festival. She then went on to write, direct and produce Rainbow Bridge, an independent film about two women advocating for abortion in the United States.

title: Alexandra Tydings