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Mataram (city)

Mataram (Indonesian: Kota Mataram) is a city and the capital of the Indonesian province of West Nusa Tenggara. The city is surrounded on all the landward sides by (but is not administratively part of) West Lombok Regency and lies on the western side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It is also the largest city of the province, and had a population of 402,843 at the 2010 Census and 429,651 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 441,147 (comprising 219,625 males and 221,522 females).

The city is an economic, cultural, and education center of the province. It hosts all public universities in the province, the main airport as well as the only international airport in the province, and also main government offices. Greater Mataram Area (Indonesian: Mataram Raya) or sometimes also called Gumi Rinjani Metropolitan Area is a metropolitan area surrounding the city with a total population of around 3 million people on 2015, making it one of the largest in the Lesser Sunda Islands along with Denpasar metropolitan area in Bali.

History
There was a small city called Selaparang in East Lombok, which was a centre of Sasak power in Lombok from the 16th to the 17th century AD. West Lombok was under the control of Balinese rajas, based on their states of Mataram and Cakranegara, until the island was invaded and occupied by the Dutch in 1894.

Geography
The modern city is an urban sprawl in the middle of West Lombok, composed of three contiguous towns which were formerly separate but now share a single administration. The old port town of Ampenan in the west merges into the administrative centre of Mataram and this in turn merges into the commercial town of Cakranegara. Further east still lies the district of Sweta, the location of Lombok's biggest market as well as Lombok's bus terminal. The towns are linked by a wide, 8km-long one-way street which begins as Jalan Langko in Apenan, becomes Jalan Pejanggik in Mataram and finishes as Jalan Selaparang in Cakranegara; it then continues east as the principal cross-island highway to Labuhan Lombok and then Kayangan, site of the Lombok-Sumbawa ferry.

Administrative division
The city consists of six districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the number of administrative villages (all classed as urban kelurahan, also called "kampungs") in each district, and its postal codes.

Notes: (a) Except the kampungs of Ampenan Tengah (postcode 83112), Pejeruk (postcode 83113), Ampenan Selatan (postcode 83114) and Ampenan Utara (postcode 83511). (b) Except the kampung of Pagutan (postcode 83117).

Ethnicity
The Sasak people are the indigenous people of Lombok and form the majority of Mataram's residents. Mataram is also home to people of Balinese, Javanese, Tionghoa-Peranakan people of mixed Indonesian and Chinese descent and a small number of Arab Indonesian people, mainly of Yemeni descent who arrived when the city was known as "Ampenan". Despite being urban dwellers, the Sasak people of Mataram still identify strongly with their origins and the Sasak culture.

Religion
Islam is the religion of over 80% of the population of Mataram. Hinduism has the second largest following with 14% of the population. Other religions practised in Mataram are Christianity, Buddhism, and Confucianism.

Language
Mataram society normally speaks the Sasak language, Bahasa Sasak, which is the native language of the indigenous people of Lombok. Indonesian is the language most widely used in formal business, education and government contexts. When at home or a place of recreation, Mataram residents tend to use the Mataram Sasak language. There is also a large community of Balinese speakers in the city Because in past Mataram was a colony and center of government for the Karangasem kingdom of Bali.

Sister City
Pengzhou, China

Climate
Mataram has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am) with heavy rainfall from November to March and moderate to little rainfall from April to October.

title: Mataram (city)


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User talk:Vinnie Barone

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Roodog2k

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Vinnie Barone


text:
Eleones

Eleones, meaning in Greek olive-groves, is a neighbourhood of Pylaia in the municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis, Greece, a suburb of Thessaloniki.

Located on the edge of a forest, it is the location of multiple private schools and many residences.

The Greek Society for the Protection and Assistance of Disabled Children (ELEPAAP, Ελληνική Εταιρία Προστασίας και Αποκατάστασης Ανάπηρων Παιδιών - ΕΛΕΠΑΑΠ), a school for disabled children is there.

Although its name results from olive-groves that were once in abundance in the area, very few olive trees can be found there today.

title: Eleones


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Fulton Street (Brooklyn)

Fulton Street is a long east–west street in northern Brooklyn, New York City. This street begins at the intersection of Adams Street and Joralemon Street in Brooklyn Heights, and runs eastward to East New York and Cypress Hills. At the border with Queens, Fulton Street becomes 91st Avenue, which ends at 84th Street in Woodhaven.

History
The street is named after Robert Fulton; a street of the same name in Manhattan was linked to this street by Fulton with his steam ferries. For a hundred years before the Fulton Ferry monopoly, Fulton Street was the Ferry Road through Jamaica Pass and, in the centuries before any ferry service, Indian path to the Hempstead Plains. It began at the Fulton Ferry Landing and climbed south through Brooklyn Heights past Brooklyn Borough Hall to where it now begins at Adams Street. Part of the original Fulton Street survives as Old Fulton Street in Brooklyn Heights and Dumbo, and as Cadman Plaza West in Downtown Brooklyn. The segment of Fulton Street that traveled past Borough Hall has been turned into a pedestrian esplanade.

Route
The initial segment of Fulton Street as it exists today is the Fulton Mall between Adams Street and Flatbush Avenue. East of Flatbush Avenue, Fulton Street becomes a major artery of Downtown Brooklyn, Fort Greene and Clinton Hill. At Franklin Avenue, Fulton Street then becomes the signature street of Bedford–Stuyvesant. At Broadway Junction in East New York, the street is interrupted by the intersection of Broadway and Jamaica Avenue, but continues on the other side as a one-way residential street through East New York and Cypress Hills until Norwood Avenue, once again as a two-way street reaching the Queens border at Elderts Lane in Woodhaven, Queens. There it becomes 91st Avenue, which continues until 84th Street in Queens.

The elevated BMT Fulton Street Line used to run over Fulton Street. The New York City Subway's IND Fulton Street subway line has replaced it east of Washington Avenue. The BMT Jamaica Line runs above Fulton Street between Broadway Junction and Crescent Street.

On March 10, 2005, Fulton Street was co-named Harriet Ross Tubman Avenue along most of its length from Rockaway Avenue in Bedford-Stuyvesant to Elm Place in Downtown Brooklyn, on the anniversary of the death of the ex-slave and abolitionist, which has been designated "Harriet Tubman Day of Commemoration" in New York State.

Fulton Mall
Fulton Mall is a pedestrian street and transit mall in Downtown Brooklyn that runs on Fulton Street between Flatbush Avenue and Adams Street. It contains 230 stores and dedicated bus lanes. For the mall's length, only buses, commercial vehicles, local truck deliveries, and emergency vehicles are allowed to use the street. The center of the mall is an open public space known as Albee Square.

History
Fulton Street’s first period of great vigor occurred before the era of enclosed shopping malls, the era when huge department stores like Abraham & Strauss, Frederick Loeser & Co. and A.I. Namm & Son reigned on the street. The current era dates from the 1970s, when through the persistent efforts of the street’s merchants, the city agreed to a revitalization program through which it would narrow the roadway, widen the sidewalk, and create, with the exception of buses, a traffic-free shopping area. Architect Lee Harris Pomeroy redesigned the mall in the early 1980s: he designed street furniture and equipment for the project including large, free-standing canopies, vendors’ kiosks, directory and telephone kiosks, and high mast lighting. The graphics program he also designed for the project consists of informational, directional and street signage. Pomeroy's renovation was completed in 1984 and received an Albert S. Bard Award from the City Club of New York.

Subway stations at Jay Street–MetroTech, DeKalb Avenue, Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets, Nevins Street, and Hoyt Street and bus lines service the Fulton Mall area. The area is New York City's third-largest commercial center after Herald Square and a stretch of Madison Avenue. The mall has attracted major investments from prominent Brooklyn retail real estate developers such as Stanley Chera, Albert Laboz, Joseph Jemal, Raymond M. Chera, and Eli Gindi.

Developments

Fulton Mall includes major retailers such as Macy's, H&M, Gap, GameStop, Foot Locker, Modell's Sporting Goods, and Finish Line. The Fulton Mall Improvement Association is the local business improvement district. According to the Improvement Association, in 2003 the Fulton Mall area saw between 100,000 and 125,000 visitors a day. The mall has spurred additional commercial development in its immediate vicinity, such as the City Point development, and has become the most expensive place to do business in downtown Brooklyn. Fulton Street's retail space was $301 per square foot in 2016 and $326 per square foot in 2017.

The Macy's store at 422 Fulton Street was originally Abraham & Straus's flagship store. The building was designed in Art Deco style by Starrett & Van Vleck and built in 1933. It was formerly the showroom for the W.C. Vosburgh Mfg. Co. As of 2017, the building is undergoing a $194 million renovation by Tishman Speyer. Its new portion will have 10 floors dedicated to Class A office space. Macy's is also renovating its part of the building.

The Offerman Building on Fulton Mall was built in 1893 by Henry Offerman, a businessman in the sugar industry. It was designed in the Romanesque Revival architectural style and originally hosted retail on the ground floor. The Offerman Building was designated a New York City Historic Landmark in 2005, and by 2017 had been converted into a 121-unit residential complex.

title: Fulton Street (Brooklyn)


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Talk:Gregg shorthand

Untitled
What are diction machines and what does "Series 90 version" refer to?

 * Series 90 was an edition of Gregg shorthand that was so dumbed down that you couldn't get very fast with it. Dictation machnes are stenotypes and the like.  --Marlow4 21:00, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thank heavens! I started with Diamond Jubilee in school (1976), and they switched horses in midstream to series 90...now I know the system was flawed and I wasn't dumb like the teacher tried to imply back then!

The example image
Which version of Gregg Shorthand is the picture of? DJ? I think it should be labelled more clearly. --80.2.207.196 12:36, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

What, you mean the alphabet? It's common to all systems of Gregg Shorthand. It is a unified system after all. Be kind of hard to use if the alphabet changed all the time. 12.205.111.31 (talk) 18:01, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Memory load?
Please add a definition of memory load as used in the article. I did a cursory web search for a definition, and it is not easy to find immediately-- the results that came up were computer related. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.13.180.50 (talk) 01:27, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Cursive longhand comparison
Currently, the introduction says " Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. "

This seems an odd thing to say. Cursive longhand does not fit this description.

Ordinary Person (talk) 14:37, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

What kind of cursive? The cursive hands (Spencerian, Palmer, Copperplate) that were popular at the time of the creation of Gregg shorthand explicitly emphasized the ellipse as the basis of writing letters. I would say that the modern English cursive hands (such as D'Nealian) somewhat resemble German fonts such as Sütterlin. Still, I would disagree that they aren't elliptical, particularly when you look at how people sign their name.

Nowadays, unlike when my grandparents went to school, penmanship is hardly emphasized. I don't even think they teach cursive. Back in the early 1900s everyone learned the Palmer method, which put great emphasis on arm motion. I think Gregg shorthand instruction capitalized on this American phenomenon to its advantage. You frequently read in Gregg manuals of 'using your arm, not your fingers' to write, which is a didactic mark of the Palmer method.

This book was very helpful and an okay read (http://www.amazon.com/Handwriting-America-Professor-Plakins-Thornton/dp/0300074417). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.119.111.125 (talk) 02:47, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Polish derivate of Gregg shorthand?
Here it is the only place, where you can read about it. Is it confirmed in any way?

If anybody knows, where to find any informations of Polish derivate of Gregg system, please, send it on skolim@gmail.com

We are in project of development Polish shorthand inspired by Gregg. Thanks in advance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.174.63.19 (talk) 14:40, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

 * In Leslie Cowan's book John Robert Gregg, on page 107: "His system was adapted to a large number of languages throughout the world during these years: French and German editions of the shorthand textbooks were published in 1924; Polish and Maltese appeared in 1926..." So this doesn't really help much, the year 1926 is the only additional information. --Ryhanen (talk) 19:50, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Russian derivative
The same with Polish. I never found any mention of Russian version of Gregg shorthand, neither in English, nor in Russian-speaking Net. --Sindikat (talk) 09:58, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

 * A German shorthand history book (Christian Johnen's Allgemeine Geschichte der Kurzschrift, 4th edition, 1940) mentions a Russian version by Akopjan (1933), but nothing more than the name and year. --Ryhanen (talk) 21:17, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * An adaptation by Frederick G. Fox and Louis List (Stenografia Gregga) was published in 1935. Google finds some hits, but the book is probably very rare. -- Ryhanen (talk) 13:28, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Merge References
I propose merging duplicate references. For example, the reference to "Gregg, Basic Principles, 16." would be a named reference and only appear once. Any concerns? I bring up this idea before implementation under WP:CITEVAR. DutchTreat (talk) 01:08, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Refs in lIntro
All those refs for various versions belong, not in the Intro, but in the "Versions" part of the body. - Snori (talk) 10:00, 10 May 2020 (UTC) ✅--Akrasia25 (talk) 14:16, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Ambiguous (& incorrect?) use of "upward(s) of"
In these two phrases: the meaning of "upwards of [x] WPM" is unclear.
 * "allows for speeds upwards of 280 words per minute"
 * "one could still reach speeds upward of 150 WPM"

According to upwards of, the phrase means "more than", but reading both these sentence with this definition is strange. Searching the web regarding this leads me to this Stack Exchange question that shows other people also have contradicting understandings of this phrase.

Should these be replaced with a more unambiguous word? Yxtqwf (talk) 06:28, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gregg shorthand


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Talk:Noa

Noa, נועה, is a feminine Hebrew name, derived from a root that means "movement".

This is a mistake. The Hebrew feminine name is spelled in the Bible as נעה and Noah. It comes from the name of one the first feminist fighters as written in the book of Numbers: Numbers Chapter 27 1 Then drew near the daughters of Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of Manasseh the son of Joseph; and these are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah.

 * I don't see the contradiction. The root is one aspect, the biblical reference a second aspect, whether the name is spelled נועה or נעה, Noa or Noah, is just a matter of which conventions you are adhereing too. --Woggly 22:30, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There is no contradiction but IMHO "the Hebrew feminine name" comes from the Bible and not derived from the root.

 * Linguistically speaking, it is derived from the root - just as "Jacob" derives from the root "follow" and "Isaac" derives from the root "laugh". Culturally, these are also the names of biblical personages. The Hebrew language is such that all Hebrew words derive from a root, names included. I'm willing to bet that most people who name their child Noa today do not do so primarily because of the biblical precedent, but because of the sound, meaning, and associations of modern Hebrew. Names like "Na'ama" and "Amnon" are popular modern Hebrew names because they have nice meanings and sound nice, even though the biblical Na'ama and Amnon were not pleasant characters. Which is not to say that the biblical precedent is without significance: quite the contrary. Please go ahead and add the biblical reference into the article, it's definitely relevant and worthwhile (but so is the root). --Woggly 22:18, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wouldn't Noa as a common mispelling of Noah under the denomination "real people" subscribe to a very specific POV ? I think another subgroup say "biblical" would be more appropriate for that entry.

Why is the Hebrew name at the top of the page rather than in the list like everything else? It looks like everything on the page is a subset of the Hebrew name, which is clearly not the case. --Helenalex 02:38, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Japanese for "with Love"?
Can you explain this? I don't see how "Noa" can mean "with Love in Japanese and there is no reference for this in the Japanese Wikipedia.　UncleMatt (talk) 13:39, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

It is incorrect. The source is misinformed. I'm a fluent Japanese speaker and this is just a terrible misunderstanding.173.226.198.14 (talk) 23:19, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Noa