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Ben Mink

Benjamin Mink (born January 22, 1951) is a Canadian songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and producer best known as a longtime collaborator of Canadian singer k.d. lang. He plays several string instruments, notably the guitar, violin, and the mandolin.

Early life, family, and education
Born to Polish Holocaust survivors, Mink was raised in Toronto, Canada.

Beginnings
Mink began performing with the rock/country group Mary-Lou Horner, which became the house band at the Rockpile bar and nightclub and acted as a backup band for Chuck Berry.

He has been a member of the groups Stringband, Murray McLauchlan's Silver Tractors, and FM.

With k.d. lang
Mink is best known as a longtime collaborator of Canadian singer k.d. lang, whom he met at Expo '85 while doing a gig with CANO. He has performed on, along with co-writing and producing, several of her albums, which often combine voice with string arrangements. Mink subsequently performed as violinist, guitarist, and mandolinist with lang's band, the Reclines. A performance for the Grammy-nominated album Ingénue was recorded as part of the MTV Unplugged series at the Ed Sullivan Theater, New York City, on December 16, 1992. Mink was interviewed about his songwriting collaboration with lang on the British television show South Bank Show in 1996.

With Rush
Mink was invited to play electric violin on the Rush song "Losing It", from their 1982 album, Signals, and contributed strings to the song "Faithless" from the 2007 album, Snakes & Arrows. He also co-wrote, produced, and played guitar on My Favourite Headache (2000), a solo project of Rush lead singer and bassist, Geddy Lee. On June 19, 2015, he performed "Losing It" with the trio at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, as part of their farewell R40 Live Tour.

Other collaborations
Mink has also produced and/or performed on recordings by the Barenaked Ladies, Anne Murray, Dan Hill, Mendelson Joe, Prairie Oyster, Raffi, Jane Siberry, Ian and Sylvia Tyson, Valdy, Bruce Cockburn, Murray McLauchlan, Willie P. Bennett, Susan Aglukark, Methodman, Alison Krauss, Feist, Daniel Lanois, Sarah McLachlan, Roy Orbison, Elton John, and Heart.

He co-produced Red Velvet Car for Heart's Ann and Nancy Wilson, released in the fall of 2010, and appeared onstage in the band's concert video Night at Sky Church. Mink was back at the helm as producer of Heart's 2012 album Fanatic, which included the single "Walkin' Good", featuring Sarah McLachlan.

Mink co-produced and performed on Feist's Grammy-nominated hit single "1-2-3-4", playing strings and guitars.

He is a member of the Black Sea Station, a North American klezmer supergroup. Their debut recording, Transylvania Avenue, is produced by Mink, and was released on Rounder Records in the Fall of 2010 as a digital download. He has also produced other klezmer musical acts in the past, such as Finjan, The Klezmatics, and Chava Alberstein.

Soundtracks
Mink scored the 2007 biopic Confessions of an Innocent Man about British-Canadian engineer William Sampson, which garnered him a Gemini Award. He wrote the soundtrack to the film Fifty Dead Men Walking, which has since received numerous awards and nominations, including a 2010 Genie Award nomination for Best Achievement in Music—Original Score, and a 2009 Leo Award for Best Musical Score for a Feature-Length Drama. The television soundtracks for Terminal City and Alice both also garnered Leo Awards. In 2011, the TV series Glee used the 1992 song "Constant Craving", written by Mink and k.d. lang, in the seventh episode of the third season, for its closing number (performed by Chris Colfer, Idina Menzel and Naya Rivera).

Other work
Mink has lectured on such topics as "The Music Business vs. the Creative Process" at the University of British Columbia, Western Washington University, and Simon Fraser University. He has also worked with students as an associate of UBC's Department of Mechanical Engineering (robotics) and is an associate member of the Institute for Computing, Information & Cognitive Systems. In 2006, he delivered the introductory speech to k.d. lang's Governor General's Performing Arts Award induction at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa. He has also contributed to the Library and Archives Canada.

Mink is one of few people to ever share a songwriting credit with Mick Jagger and Keith Richards. In 1997, Mink and k.d. lang were co-credited as songwriters on the Rolling Stones single "Anybody Seen My Baby?" because Jagger-Richards felt the chorus was similar to "Constant Craving".

Mink has one solo recording—the 1980 release Foreign Exchange, on Passport Records.

Selected awards

 * Grammy Awards: In 1990, Mink was co-nominated with k.d. lang for a Best Country Song Grammy for "Luck in My Eyes". Subsequently, as a producer and writer, he has been nominated for a total of nine Grammies, winning twice for his work with lang.
 * Juno Awards: He has received seven Juno nominations, winning three times between 1993 and 1994.
 * Genie/Gemini Awards: Genie Award – Best Original Score for 50 Dead Men Walking; Gemini Award – Best British Columbia Film for Confessions of an Innocent Man.
 * Leo Awards: Best Musical Score 2006, 2009, 2010.

title: Ben Mink


text:
Marie Adélaïde of Savoy

Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was the wife of Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, and of Anne Marie d'Orléans. Her betrothal to the Duke of Burgundy in June 1696 was part of the Treaty of Turin, signed on 29 August 1696. She was the mother of the future King Louis XV of France. Styled as Duchess of Burgundy after her marriage, she became Dauphine of France upon the death of her father-in-law, Le Grand Dauphin, in 1711. She died of measles in 1712, followed by her husband a week later.

Early life and background
Born at the Royal Palace of Turin in December 1685, Marie Adélaïde was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, since 1675 and his French wife Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV, and the daughter of Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, and of Henrietta of England. Her birth nearly cost her sixteen-year-old mother her life. As a female, she was not eligible to inherit the Duchy of Savoy due to salic law. Her grandmother Marie Jeanne of Savoy and the Prince of Carignan acted as godparents. Marie Adélaïde enjoyed a particularly close relationship with her grandmother as well as her mother who, despite protocol, was raising her children herself, which was quite unusual among royalty during the era. As children, she and her sister Maria Luisa frequented the Vigno di Madama outside Turin, and paid weekly visits to their grandmother at the Palazzo Madama in Turin.

Marie Adelaide was tiny, even described as "doll-sized." Her hair was chestnut in her youth, and darkened as she grew up. Her eyes were large and black, surrounded by long eyelashes.

Betrothal and marriage
The marriage of Marie Adélaïde came as a result of the Treaty of Turin signed on 29 August 1696. This treaty between her father and Louis XIV agreed that her father would support France in the Nine Years' War. Her father's dominions had been ravaged during the war.

Victor Amadeus had first proposed Marie Adélaïde as a candidate for marriage with the Archduke Joseph, but Emperor Leopold I had declined because of their young age. The Treaty of Turin was negotiated under the influence of the Maréchal de Tessé, who suggested that Marie Adelaïde be sent to France to perfect her education before marrying the French prince.

Upon her arrival in France, Louis XIV, who had come to greet her, met her in Montargis on 4 November 1696, and was quite pleased with "the Princess". As she was still a girl of 11 years, the marriage did not take place immediately. Instead, three days a week, she was a pupil at the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, the girls' school Madame de Maintenon had founded in 1684 in Saint-Cyr, in the vicinity of Versailles.

On 6 December 1697, on her twelfth birthday, Marie Adelaïde was formally married to the Duke of Burgundy in the Palace of Versailles. The event took place after the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick which ended the Nine Years' War. Her husband was the eldest son of Le Grand Dauphin and Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria.

Duchess of Burgundy
The new Duchess of Burgundy had a close relationship with the king and with Madame de Maintenon. Her arrival in Versailles was described "like a breath of fresh air," reviving the dull court. She also maintained an ongoing correspondence with her parents and grandmother back in Savoy.

Louis de Rouvroy in his memoirs, depicts the dauphine as an accomplished woman at court, full of spirit and energy.

She used her influence over the aging king to prevent her political enemies from furthering their causes. This group, known as the cabale de Meudon, devoted themselves to her father-in-law, hoping to secure themselves in his expected reign upon the death of Louis XIV. Her great enemy was the Duchess of Bourbon, a legitimated daughter of Louis XIV and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. The Duchess of Bourbon wanted her daughter Mademoiselle de Bourbon to wed Charles, Duke of Berry, youngest son of the Grand Dauphin. To maintain her influence over her grandfather-in-law, the Duchess of Burgundy organized Berry's marriage to Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, the eldest daughter of Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and of his wife Françoise Marie de Bourbon. The influential Marie Adélaïde also brought about the disgrace of Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, the great military man of the era.

The Duchess of Burgundy gave birth to her first child in 1704. The child, a short-lived boy, was given the title Duke of Brittany before his death in 1705. Marie Adélaïde bore two more children in 1707 and 1710. Her youngest son, the only child to survive beyond childhood, later became King Louis XV of France.

Dauphine of France

In early April 1711, her father-in-law Le Grand Dauphin caught smallpox and died on 14 April at the Château de Meudon. Upon the death of Le Grand Dauphin, Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France.

The mourning court traveled to Fontainebleau in February 1712. At Fontainebleau, Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which escalated in measles. Having been bled and given emetics, she died in Versailles at the age of 26. Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon were plunged into sadness. Madame later said that Marie Adélaïde was one of only two persons Louis XIV had ever truly loved in his life, the other being Anne of Austria, the king's mother. After the Dauphine's death, the royal family moved to Marly to avoid the spread of infection. It was at Marly that the Dauphin himself died six days later, having caught the measles from his wife.

The couple was buried together at the Basilica of Saint Denis on 23 February 1712. Their son, the Duke of Brittany succeeded as Dauphin, but he died the following March from the measles. The only child to survive the epidemic was the future Louis XV who was locked inside his apartments with his governess Madame de Ventadour to avoid being bled to death by doctors like his elder brother had been. Madame de Ventadour was renowned for having saved the infant Louis XV's life. Louis XV subsequently named his fourth daughter Marie Adélaïde in his mother's honour.

The Dauphine was the subject of a statue held at the Louvre in which she posed as the Roman goddess Diana which was crafted by Antoine Coysevox in 1710.

Issue

 * 1) Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
 * 2) Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
 * 3) Louis of France, Duke of Anjou then Dauphin of France, future King Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

In fiction
Novel by Saga Hillbom (2019)
 * Today Dauphine Tomorrow Nothing

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marie Adélaïde of Savoy


text:
Piero Scotti

Piero Scotti (November 11, 1909 – February 14, 1976) was a racing driver from Italy. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, on June 3, 1956. He scored no championship points.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Piero Scotti


text:
Renato Pirocchi

Renato Pirocchi (26 March 1933 – 29 July 2002) was a racing driver from Italy. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the 1961 Italian Grand Prix on September 10, 1961. He qualified in 29th position (out of 33) and finished 12th, five laps behind, scoring no championship points.

After a successful time in Formula Junior at the turn of the 1960s, Pirocchi participated in several non-Championship Formula One races during the 1961 season, but often failed to qualify. He finished 12th at Syracuse, and shared a drive to 11th place at Zeltweg with Lorenzo Bandini, but was many laps adrift on both occasions.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Renato Pirocchi


text:
Richard Robarts

Richard Robarts (born 22 September 1944) is a British former racing driver from England. He participated in 4 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 13 January 1974. He scored no championship points.

Robarts began his career in Formula Ford, competing from 1969 to 1972. In 1973 he drove a GRD in Formula Three and shared the Lombard North Central, British Formula 3 championship with Tony Brise.

After paying for an F1 drive with Brabham in 1974, Robarts lost it after three races to the better-funded Rikky von Opel. He later found a seat with Williams, but before Robarts could start a race, the team gave the opportunity to Tom Belsø instead. Robarts later raced in Formula 2 before moving on to other series.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Richard Robarts


text:
Rikky von Opel

Frederick "Rikky" von Opel (born 14 October 1947) is a former racing driver who represented Liechtenstein in the Formula One World Championship, the only driver to have done so. He won the Lombard North British Formula 3 Championship in 1972. He participated in 14 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix for the Ensign and Brabham teams, debuting on 1 July 1973. He scored no championship points.

1973
Opel's Formula One debut coincided with that of the team that provided him with his big break, Ensign. Both began at Paul Ricard in France, the eighth race of the 1973 season, with Opel qualifying his N173 25th and finishing 15th, three laps down. Great Britain was next, while Opel finished 13th, six laps down, after starting from 21st.

More promising signs appeared to be on the horizon at Zandvoort for the Dutch Grand Prix where he qualified a very creditable 14th, ahead of former World Drivers' Champions Emerson Fittipaldi and Graham Hill. However, on the morning of the race, cracks were found in the chassis. With too little time to make repairs, Opel was unable to start and the same issues prevented the team from starting in Germany too. Fuel system issues curtailed Opel's Austrian Grand Prix where he qualified 19th, and an overheating engine ended his Italian Grand Prix, after qualifying 17th.

The North American climax offered little better; he qualified 26th and last in Canada and was unclassified in the race, finishing 12 laps down, whilst in that year's United States Grand Prix he once again qualified dead last, 27th, and retired on the opening lap with his throttle jammed open. Opel's debut season produced no points, and he was unclassified in the Drivers' Championship.

1974
Ensign's car for the new season, the N174, was much like the N173, but at the opening round of 1974 in Argentina, Opel discovered how little progress had really been made. He qualified 26th, again dead last, more than seven seconds slower than pole-sitter Ronnie Peterson and almost one and a half seconds slower than Guy Edwards, who qualified 25th. The handling of the car was so flawed that he chose to withdraw from the meeting. Shortly afterwards Opel quit the team.

He sat out the races in the Brazilian Grand Prix and South Africa until he took over the second Brabham seat from Richard Robarts, starting with the Spanish Grand Prix. Their BT44 was powered by the same Cosworth DFV V8 as the Ensign, but the chassis was far superior, so hopes were raised. However, Opel could not make the most of it and he struggled to match the performance of new teammate, Argentine Carlos Reutemann.

Retiring with an oil leak in Spain, after qualifying 24th, and again a fortnight later in Belgium with a blown engine, from which he started 22nd, were not the lift in performance Opel wished for. Monaco was worse still, where he was the only driver that failed to qualify. Brief respite was found in Sweden and the Netherlands with his first top-10 finishes, 9th on both occasions (after qualifying 20th and 23rd respectively).

The promise was short-lived though, as failure to qualify next time out in France was the final straw for Brabham boss Bernie Ecclestone, and Opel was replaced by Carlos Pace. For the second year running he was unclassified in the Driver's Championship with no points. A little over a year after his debut, the career of Liechtenstein's only Formula One driver was over.

Personal life
He is the son of Fritz von Opel and a great-grandson of Adam Opel, the founder of the German car-maker Opel. His mother is von Opel's second wife, Emita Herrán Olozaga, the daughter of a Colombian diplomat. He was born in the United States and lived in St. Moritz, Switzerland during his youth - often secretly challenging his cousin Gunter Sachs and friend Alexander Onassis to flat-out midnight bobsled runs at the St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun. He chose to represent Liechtenstein in racing despite having no connection to the country, and proclaimed before one of his Grands Prix that "When I win, I want to hear the German national anthem".

After his stint in Formula One, von Opel retired to a Buddhist monastery in rural Thailand and became a monk. His exact whereabouts are unknown and his only contact with the outside world comes in the form of a post office box, the location of which is known by only a select few of his acquaintances.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Rikky von Opel


text: User talk:12.215.73.102

title: User talk:12.215.73.102


text:
Rob Schroeder

Robert Schroeder (May 11, 1926 − December 3, 2011) was a racing driver from the United States, born in El Dorado. He lived in Medina, Wisconsin and participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the 1962 United States Grand Prix, on October 7, 1962. He finished tenth, seven laps behind the winner, and scored no championship points. He died after suffering from a short period of ill-health and heart problems in a Dallas hospital in 2011.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Rob Schroeder


text:
Robert La Caze

Robert La Caze (sometimes spelled La Gaze ) (26 February 1917 – 1 July 2015) was a Moroccan-French racing driver. He was the first driver to race in Formula One under an African licence, and the only driver to race under a Moroccan licence.

Early life
La Caze was born in Paris, but as the grandson of a French diplomat, he moved to Morocco at a young age and spent most of his life there. He started his motorsport career in rallying, taking part in many events across North Africa. He also became the Moroccan national skiing champion.

Sportscar races and rallies in Morocco
International motorsport returned to Morocco after the Second World War in the form of a sportscar race, the Agadir Grand Prix. The event was held from 1950 to 1956, each year featuring multiple races for different engine classes. In 1951, he placed third in the S750 race. In 1952, he placed second in the S1.0 race. In 1953, he placed second in the S1.1 and S2.0 races. In 1954, he placed second in the S1.1 race. In 1955, he won the S1.0 race. In 1956, he set the fastest practice time for the S1.3 race but his final result is unclear; he finished 8th in the feature race.

In 1951, La Caze participated in the Rallye du Maroc and finished sixth. In 1952, he finished third in the 12 Hours of Casablanca. In 1953, he won the 3 Hours of Safi and started the 3 Hours of Algeria and 12 Hours of Casablanca, but his result in either race is unclear. 1954 was particularly successful: he won the S1.1 and S1.5 races at the Marrakech Grand Prix, the S1.6 race at the Tangier Grand Prix, and the Rallye du Maroc for the first time. He was runner-up in the rally in 1955. Outside of Morocco, La Caze raced in the 1955 Mille Miglia, the 1956 Tour de France and the 1957 24 Hours of Le Mans.

Moroccan Grand Prix
The Moroccan Grand Prix returned in 1957, but it was run to Formula One regulations and local competitors could not afford to enter. The event organisers remedied this for the 1958 event, allowing Formula Two cars to enter in a separate class. La Caze secured an F2 entry with a privately owned Cooper. He lacked open-wheel racing experience, but impressed in practice by lapping within two seconds of the F2 class leaders. He qualified fourth out of the F2 entries and steadily improved his pace throughout the race, making a late pass on André Guelfi to secure third in the F2 class and 14th overall. However, the race was marred by Stuart Lewis-Evans's accident which ultimately proved to be fatal, and the Moroccan Grand Prix would not return.

Last races and later career
La Caze would race four times alongside Jean Kerguen, who had also been part of the Moroccan Grand Prix F2 field. In 1959, they competed at Le Mans and the Tour de France, finishing fourth overall in the latter. In 1960, they drove to 14th overall in the Rally Isla de Gran Canaria before returning to Le Mans. La Caze won the Rallye du Maroc for the second time in 1967, and drove again in 1968 but retired with an accident.

Following his motorsport career, La Caze ran a garage and a youth sports association in Marrakech. He was the oldest living World Championship driver from the death of Paul Pietsch in May 2012 until his own death in July 2015.

Complete Formula One results
(key)

title: Robert La Caze


text:
Roberto Bonomi

Roberto Wenceslao Bonomi Oliva (30 September 1919 in Buenos Aires, Argentina – 10 January 1992) was a racing driver who took part in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix driving a Cooper for the Scuderia Centro Sud team. Before he participated in Formula One he was a sports car champion in 1952 and 1953, as well as a member of the Argentine team to race in Europe. Bonomi worked as a local politician and landowner.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Roberto Bonomi


text:
Roberto Bussinello

Roberto Bussinello (4 October 1927 – 24 August 1999) was a racing driver from Italy.

He participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 10 September 1961. He scored no championship points. He also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races.

Bussinello travelled to Australia in 1964 for a production car race at the Sandown Park circuit in Melbourne. Teaming with Australian driver Ralph Sachs in an Alec Mildren Racing Alfa Romeo Giulia TI Super, Bussinello would win the 1964 Sandown 6 Hour International. The race was the forerunner of what would become the Sandown 500.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

title: Roberto Bussinello


text:
Talk:Myst: The Book of Atrus

The storyline given here, connecting all 3 books and all 4 Myst games, is a heavily reworked text from an original publication by skinhansen in a MystCommunity.com Forum. Kudos to him. - HarryJMK

Thanks very much for finally doing it--every time I try to find this information I am bombarded by confused fans that believe Myst exists in the real world. But it's written like a set of lecture notes; it needs to be completely rewritten.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:00, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Myst: The Book of Atrus


text: User talk:68.107.58.6

title: User talk:68.107.58.6


text:
Roberto Lippi

Roberto Lippi (17 October 1926 – 31 October 2011) was a racing driver from Italy. He participated in 3 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, all of them in Italy, debuting on 10 September 1961. He started only one of these races, and scored no championship points.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Roberto Lippi


text:
Robin Widdows

Robin Michael Widdows (born 27 May 1942 in Cowley, Middlesex) is a British former racing driver from England. He participated in Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Three and sportscars including Le Mans.

Widdows began his career with an MG Midget and a Lotus 23 winning the Autosport Class C Championship in 1965. He moved to Formula Three the following year and in 1967 competed in Formula Two with a Brabham BT23, winning the Rhine Cup at Hockenheim. In 1968, Widdows joined The Chequered Flag team to compete in a McLaren M4A and that year took part in his only World Championship Grand Prix, for Cooper, in the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch but retired with ignition problems. He returned to Formula Two the following season with Bob Gerard and also raced sportscars for Matra. Widdows continued in Formula Two in 1970, with a Brabham, but retired from the sport part way through the season.

Widdows holds the rare distinction of being one of a select group of six who have competed in both a Formula One World Championship race and the Olympic Games (bobsleigh in 1964 and 1968).

On 17 January 1965, he became the fastest Englishman to ride the Cresta Run from Junction with a time of 44.14 secs, recorded in the Harjes Cartier Silver Chip handicap race.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Robin Widdows


text:
Robin Montgomerie-Charrington

Robin Montgomerie-Charrington (born Robert Victor Campbell Montgomerie; 23 June 1915, in Mayfair, London – 3 April 2007 ) was a British racing driver from England. He took up 500cc Formula 3 in 1950, achieving modest results through '50 and '51. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the European Grand Prix at Spa, Belgium, on 22 June 1952. He retired his Aston Butterworth with "engine trouble" after 17 laps and scored no World Championship points.

He later emigrated to the United States.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Robin Montgomerie-Charrington


text:
Goatsnake

Goatsnake is an American stoner/doom metal band from Los Angeles. They have released three studio albums, the first being 1999's Goatsnake Vol. 1.

History
Goatsnake was formed in 1996 after the disbanding of The Obsessed. After The Obsessed's disbanding, the rhythm section consisting of bassist Guy Pinhas (also former of the Dutch Beaver) and drummer Greg Rogers began jamming with guitarist Greg Anderson (Thorr's Hammer, Burning Witch, Sunn O)))). They soon found a vocalist in Pete Stahl (Scream, Wool, Earthlings?, The Desert Sessions).

Goatsnake recorded and released two 7-inch EPs in 1998 and were featured on several metal compilations. They released their debut full-length, 1, in 1999 on Man's Ruin Records/Rise Above Records.

Goatsnake toured Europe in support of their debut album and played with bands such as Unida, Fatso Jetson, and Electric Wizard. They returned in 2000 for a UK tour with Orange Goblin and Sunn O))), another Anderson project.

In 2000 Pinhas left Goatsnake to join Acid King and was replaced by Stuart Dahlquist of Burning Witch. Later that year Goatsnake released a split album with Burning Witch on Hydra Head Records. They also released the Dog Days EP on Anderson's Southern Lord Records that same year. They went on to release their second album, Flower of Disease on Man's Ruin Records/Rise Above Records.

The band split up in 2001 and Anderson continued with Sunn O))) and played in Teeth of Lions Rule the Divine.

In 2004 the band reformed with Anderson and Stahl being joined by bassist Scott Reeder (The Obsessed, Kyuss) and drummer JR Conners (Cave In). They recorded three songs which were released on the Trampled Under Hoof EP along with two previously vinyl-only tracks. This same year also saw the release of the compilation 1 + Dog Days by Southern Lord Records, which combines the first album and the Dog Days EP as well as a track from the Man of Light EP.

Goatsnake reunited in 2010 with the original line up to headlining the Roadburn Festival on Thursday April 15. To coincide with the reunion a re-issue of Flower of Disease came out around the same time. On June 16, 2011, the band played another rare reunion show as special guests to Godflesh at The Forum in London, England.

Original members Anderson, Stahl, and Rogers, along with new bassist Scott Renner, and acclaimed record producer Nick Raskulinecz began working on a new full-length album, Black Age Blues, which was released in 2015. The current Goatsnake line up also played shows in October 2014 including the Southern Lord Records showcase in Los Angeles and the Southwest Terror Fest in Tucson, Arizona.

Band members

 * Pete Stahl – vocals, harmonica
 * Greg Anderson – guitar
 * Scott Renner – bass
 * Greg Rogers – drums

Former members

 * Guy Pinhas – bass
 * Scott Reeder – bass
 * G. Stuart Dahlquist – bass
 * Joey Castillo – drums
 * JR – drums

Albums

 * Goatsnake Vol. 1 CD (Man's Ruin Records 1999)
 * Flower of Disease CD (Man's Ruin Records 2000)
 * Black Age Blues CD (Southern Lord Records 2015)

EPs

 * IV 7-inch (Prosthetic Records 1998)
 * Man of Light 7-inch (Warpburner Records 1998)
 * Goatsnake/Burning Witch split CD (Hydra Head Records 2000)
 * Dog Days CD (Southern Lord Records 2000)
 * Trampled Under Hoof CD (Southern Lord Records 2004)

Compilations/reissues

 * 1 + Dog Days CD (Southern Lord Records 2004)

Compilation tracks

 * "Hot Rod" on Rise 13: Magick Rock, Vol. 1 (Rise Above Records 1999)

title: Goatsnake


text:
Severo Ornstein

Severo M. Ornstein (born 1930) is an American retired computer scientist and the son of composer Leo Ornstein. In 1955, he joined MIT's Lincoln Laboratory as a programmer and designer for the SAGE air-defense system. He later joined the TX-2 group and became a member of the team that designed the LINC. He moved with the team to Washington University in St. Louis where he was one of the principal designers of macromodules.

Returning to Boston he joined Bolt, Beranek and Newman. When ARPA issued a Request for Proposal for the ARPANET, he joined the group that wrote the winning proposal. He was responsible for the design of the communication interfaces and other special hardware for the Interface Message Processor. In 1972 he headed the first delegation of U.S. computer scientists to the People's Republic of China.

In 1976, he joined Xerox PARC where he implemented a computer interface to an early laser printer. Later he co-led (with Ed McCreight) the team that built the Dorado computer. Ornstein co-designed Mockingbird, the first interactive computer-based music-score editor, and oversaw its programming.

In 1980 he was instrumental in starting Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR). He wrote an autobiography describing his experiences in computer science, published in 2002.

title: Severo Ornstein


text:
Rodney Nuckey

Rodney York Nuckey (26 June 1929 in Wood Green, London – 29 June 2000 in Manila, Philippines ) was a British racing driver from England. He started in 500cc Formula 3. He entered two Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 2 August 1953, although his place in the 1954 British Grand Prix was ultimately taken by Eric Brandon. Nuckey scored no championship points, but he finished third in the non-championship Syracuse Grand Prix in 1953, and took part in many other non-Championship Formula One races.

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text:
Roelof Wunderink

Roelof Wunderink (born 12 December 1948) is a Dutch former racing driver. He participated in six Formula One World Championship Grands Prix for Ensign, debuting on 27 April 1975. He scored no championship points.

Racing career
Wunderink began his career with a Simca in 1970 subsequently moving into Formula Ford and winning the Dutch championship in 1972. With sponsorship from the HB alarm company, he moved into Formula Three and then Formula 5000 in the following two seasons. In, with HB backing, he moved into Formula One with the Ensign team, but was hampered by using obsolete machinery and injuries sustained in a Formula 5000 testing incident. In six attempts, he qualified on three occasions retiring from two races with mechanical problems. In his only finish, in Austria, he was not classified, four laps behind having pit-stopped for tyres. At the end of the season, Wunderink withdrew from top-level motorsport. He was subsequently known to be involved in the property business.

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title: Roelof Wunderink


text:
Roger Laurent

Roger Laurent (21 February 1913 – 6 February 1997) was a racing driver and motorcycle racer from Belgium. He was born in Liège and died in Uccle. Laurent competed aboard a Moto Guzzi in the 1949 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season, entering the Belgian Grand Prix. He also participated in two World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 22 June 1952. He scored no championship points.

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title: Roger Laurent


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Roger Loyer

Roger Loyer (5 August 1907 – 24 March 1988) was a motorcycle road racer and racing driver from France. He won the 1937 250cc French motorcycle Grand Prix and the 1938 350cc French motorcycle Grand Prix.

He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the Argentine Grand Prix on 17 January 1954. His Gordini Type 16 ran out of oil, and he scored no championship points. Shortly after, this car failed again during the non-Championship Buenos Aires Grand Prix, but Loyer was able to share Élie Bayol's car to finish 10th.

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title: Roger Loyer


text: Category:1147 births

title: Category:1147 births


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Roger Williamson

Roger Williamson (2 February 1948 – 29 July 1973) was a British racing driver and a two time British Formula 3 champion, who died during his second Formula One race, the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort Circuit in the Netherlands.

Biography
Williamson was born in Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire. He won the 1971 and 1972 British Formula 3 Championship titles. In 1973, he was offered a drive in the March Engineering works Formula One team. Williamson originally tested for the BRM team, but his manager advised him to take the March offer, as March had a slightly stronger performance in the previous season.

Death
After his Formula One debut at the 1973 British Grand Prix, Williamson's second Formula One appearance was at the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort Circuit. On his eighth lap, a suspected tyre failure at the high speed esses near the Tunnel Oost (East Tunnel) caused his car to flip upside down and catch fire. Williamson had not been seriously injured by the impact, but was trapped under the car which was swiftly engulfed in flames. The track marshals were both poorly trained and badly equipped, and did not assist him. Another driver, David Purley, upon witnessing the crash of his friend, abandoned his own race and pulled over in a desperate and valiant attempt to rescue Williamson. He ran across the still active track to Williamson's car and tried to turn it upright, before grabbing a fire extinguisher from a marshal and returning to the engulfed car. He emptied it on the car and signalled for others to help. Purley's efforts to turn the car upright and extinguish the flames were in vain, and the marshals were unable to handle the vehicle without flame retardant overalls. Purley later stated he could hear Williamson's screams from underneath the car, but by the time the first fire engine arrived and the fire was extinguished, Williamson had died of asphyxiation. As most racers mistakenly identified Purley as the driver of the crashed car, and therefore thought the burning car to be empty, none of them stopped to help and the race continued, even as Purley stood on the circuit and gestured with his hands for them to stop. Furthermore, the track marshals were wearing normal blazers and not the fire-resistant overalls which the drivers wore, and thus were not able to go near the large flames. Purley was later awarded the George Medal for the bravery he displayed in attempting to rescue Williamson. A series of photos of the incident, showing a clearly desperate and ultimately dejected Purley, won that year's World Press Photo award for Photo Sequences. Williamson's body was later cremated with his ashes being taken to an undisclosed location. In the years following the accident, fire-resistant clothing would become mandatory for all trackside marshals so that they would be able to assist in the event of a fire. The next few years also saw a noticeable increase in drivers stopping at accident sites to assist in rescue efforts, notably at the 1976 German Grand Prix. Williamson was 25 years old at the time of his death.

In 2003, on the thirtieth anniversary of his fatal crash, a bronze statue of Williamson was unveiled at the Donington Park circuit in his native Leicestershire. Then-owner Tom Wheatcroft had provided financial backing to Williamson, and described the day Williamson died as "the saddest day of my life".

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title: Roger Williamson


text:
Rudolf Krause

Rudolf Krause (30 March 1907 – 11 April 1987) was a racing driver from East Germany.

Biography
Born in Reichenbach im Vogtland, Krause is mainly known as one of the leading sportsmen in motor racing in Formula Two, during his career between 1927 and 1954, beside other Formula Two drivers like Hans Stuck. In 1952 and 1953 he participated in two World Championship Grands Prix. He scored no championship points and his only finish was 14th in the 1953 German Grand Prix. When Krause’s career began in 1927, he mainly raced in motorcycles. He switched to self-modified cars in the beginning of the 1930s. Soon after Krause’s career began, he set up his own mechanic shop inside of his garage in Reichenbach, and raced in his own BMW sports car. Krause’s formula racing career debuted in 1949 when racing in East Germany itself began races after the Second World War. Krause was a top contender when East Germany ran its own formula racing Grand Prix and championships between 1950 and 1953, placing in top positions several times and winning the formula 2 East German Championship in its last year of existence. He mainly drove in BMW race cars, many of which were at least partially built in his own workshop in Reichenbach. When Krause retired in 1954, it was mainly because of his age. However, it also awards him the distinction of one of the few East German drivers to not defect to western Germany to further his career.

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title: Rudolf Krause


text: Category:1199 deaths

title: Category:1199 deaths


text:
Rudolf Schoeller

Rudolf Schoeller (27 April 1902 in Düren, Germany – 7 March 1978 in Grabs) was a racing driver from Switzerland. He participated in a single Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, on 3 August 1952. He retired from the race with shock absorber problems, and scored no championship points.

He was a member of the Ecurie Espadon.

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text:
Sam Posey

Samuel Felton Posey (born May 26, 1944) is an American former racing driver and sports broadcast journalist.

Early life and driving career
Posey's father was killed in the Battle of Okinawa. Posey grew up on his grandfather's Connecticut estate near Lime Rock Park. Posey was bought a Mercedes-Benz 300 SL when he was 14 years old, and practiced driving the car around his family farm. He received his first racing lessons from neighbor John Fitch. Sam Posey started as an amateur sports car racer, and graduated to the Can-Am, in a car designed and funded by himself in collaboration with engineer friend Ray Caldwell. Posey raced the Sunoco Camaro for Roger Penske in 1968 in the Trans-Am Series. Chevrolet won the championship based on the Penske team effort. Mark Donohue was the lead driver and he won a remarkable 10 of 13 races. Posey's first race was at Bridgehampton where he finished 3rd. Other finishes were: Meadowdale, 3rd; St Jovite, 3rd; Bryar, 6th; Watkins Glen, 2nd which was the only race that Donohue was beaten by a Camaro in 1968. Posey's car was the same Sunoco Blue with yellow lettering as Donohue. Posey sported a yellow spoiler and Donohue had a red spoiler.

In 1969, he won the Lime Rock Trans-Am in a factory Ford Mustang. In 1970, Posey was the driver for Ray Caldwell's factory-backed Autodynamics Dodge Challenger in Trans-Am, racing against Parnelli Jones, Dan Gurney, Mark Donohue and Jim Hall in what most racing historians regard as the greatest season of professional road racing in US history. Posey also raced in the USAC Championship Car series in the 1969 and 1972-1974 seasons, with 13 career starts, including the 1972 Indianapolis 500. Posey's entry was disqualified from the 1973 Indianapolis 500 after it was discovered that his team had disguised his already qualified car as another vehicle so that he could make another qualifying attempt to try to avoid being bumped from the field. He finished in the top ten 8 times, with his best finish in 3rd position in 1969 at the Kent road course. He was the team driver for Caldwell's Can-Am racer which featured monocoque aluminum construction in two parallel longitudinal space frames, with solid front and rear axles.

As an endurance racer, Posey appeared at the 24 Hours of Le Mans 10 times (1966, 1969–1973, and 1975–1978) and finished in the top 10 five times. His best finish was 3rd position during the 1971 competition in which he drove the Ferrari 512M. He won the 1975 12 Hours of Sebring, teaming with three other drivers.

He participated in two Formula One world championship events, the 1971 and 1972 United States Grand Prix, retiring from the first and finishing 12th in the second, thus not scoring any championship points. He drove Surtees cars on both occasions, but only the first was a works-entered car.

He also competed in a single event in the NASCAR Grand National Series (now known as the NASCAR Cup Series), the first race of the 1970 season, held on the Riverside International Raceway road course in Riverside, California.

ABC
Posey went on to become an auto racing commentator for ABC Sports. Posey debuted on ABC for the Indianapolis 500 in 1974, serving as analyst. In subsequent years, he served as a pit reporter but would fill in when regular analyst Jackie Stewart was unavailable as Posey was second choice as analyst. Posey returned to the booth starting in 1982 as Stewart reduced his workload. By 1986, Stewart had left and Posey was their first choice as analyst.

While commentating the 1986 Indianapolis 500, as there was a yellow flag out very near the end of the race, Posey used a two-way radio to ask an impromptu question to race leader Kevin Cogan. Posey was trying to ask Cogan about his thoughts in leading the Indianapolis 500 at this stage. Cogan tried to stave off the conversation once, but Posey persisted a second time, at which time Cogan politely replied to Posey that he was "a little busy now," but would talk to him later. Posey understood the circumstances and told the audience if that were he, "I wouldn't want to talk to me either." Moments later, on a restart with two laps remaining, Bobby Rahal jumped Cogan on the restart and went on to win.

Along with the Indy 500, Posey's ABC Sports duties included commentary for the CART/PPG Indy Car World Series with Paul Page and Bobby Unser, lasting through 1995. Posey also appeared on selected NASCAR broadcasts on ABC. The three-man booth of Page, Posey, and Unser was a fixture of Indy car racing during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Posey and Bobby Unser were known to engage in friendly, but sometimes heated exchanges on-air. The friction reached a level such that beginning in 1993 at the Indy 500, Unser moved out of the booth and began reporting from a remote location in turn two.

In 1989, Posey was brought in as part of the ABC Sports broadcast team covering the 1989 Tour de France. Many people were surprised by Posey's knowledge and genuine enthusiasm for the sport. ABC would bring him back as the lead anchor for the 1990 and 1991 races. Posey also worked as the play-by-play announcer for luge during ABC's coverage of the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.

Speedvision
Posey moved to Speedvision (later known as SPEED) in 1996, covering various races namely sports car racing and Formula One. He also did essay work for the coverage of the Tour de France on OLN/Versus (later known as NBCSN), serving as the "Race Historian", and wrote for Road & Track magazine.

Recent years
Posey is also the author of Playing With Trains, a book on model railroading published by Random House and his layout (the Colorado Midland) was featured in the February 1995 issue of Model Railroader Magazine, and The Mudge Pond Express, an autobiography which centers around his personal racing career and love of the sport.

An accomplished artist, painter and architect, in 1966 he earned his B.F.A. in painting from Rhode Island School of Design. Since 1995, Posey suffers from Parkinson's disease, which has attenuated his activities in recent years.

Posey was the voice for the pre-race build-up montage slotted between the Mercedes-Benz Pre-Race Show and the actual race coverage for each Formula 1 race shown on the Speed Channel. Posey also comments on recent Formula 1 races and the championship in a segment called "Posey's Perspective" as part of the Formula 1 Debrief show (also featuring Bob Varsha, David Hobbs, Steve Matchett, and Will Buxton) on the Speed Channel. Posey narrated F1 montages for the NBC Sports Network from 2013 to 2017.

Awards
He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2016.

Tribute
In 2013, the front straight at Lime Rock Park was renamed the Sam Posey Straight.

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title: Sam Posey


text:
Sam Tingle

Sam Ashworth Tingle (24 August 1921 – 19 December 2008) was an English-born racing driver from Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. He participated in five Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, and scored no championship points. He also competed in several non-Championship Formula One races.

Tingle was born in Manchester, United Kingdom, and made his Formula One debut on 28 December 1963.

He was one of only two drivers from Rhodesia to successfully enter a Formula One race, the other being John Love. A third Rhodesian racer, Clive Puzey, failed to qualify in his Formula One attempt. He died in Somerset West, South Africa, aged 87.

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Michelle Lee

Michele or Michelle Lee may refer to:

Entertainment industry personalities

 * Michele Lee (born 1942), American actress and singer
 * Jennifer Michelle Lee (born 1971), American screenwriter and director at Disney
 * Michelle Lee (actress) (born 1978), American martial artist and stuntwoman
 * Michelle Lee (model) (born 1981), Miss World Australia runner-up, a/k/a Michelle Leslie
 * Michelle Lee (singer) (born 1991), South Korean singer and music instructor

Writers

 * Michelle Lee (editor) (born 1975), American editor in chief of Allure
 * Michelle Ye Hee Lee (born 1988), American journalist

Others

 * Michelle Lee (plastic surgeon), American plastic surgeon and television personality
 * Michelle K. Lee (born 1965), American attorney and former head of Patent and Trademark Office
 * Michelle-Lee Ahye (born 1992), Trinidadian sprinter

Characters

 * Michelle Lee (NCIS), American special agent played by Liza Lapira

title: Michelle Lee


text:
Talk:Alabama Constitution of 1901

Word Count Image
I feel the image is not "unencyclopedic" as it gives a fairly good appromimation of how long the Alabama Constitution really is. KeoniPhoenix 01:47, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * But it this way: If you get this articel a legit, free, clear (enough) pic of it on display at the state capitol, or in a coorthouse, or the original on display (Like the Federal one @ the Nacional Archives), or a pic of the convention (MAYBE), then I'll recommend it replace the current one. As it is it's the best pic for this page I can come up with or think of. 68.39.174.238 10:07, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Longest constitution?
The Constitution of India page also claims to be the longest constitution in the world. Which one is right?
 * I think that the Constitution of India is referring to national constitutions, only. I'm not positive about this, however. Since this page lists the number of words in the Alabama Constitution, we could resolve the problem if we found the number of words in the Constitution of India. — Mateo SA | talk 03:20, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've done so and the results are listen on the Talk page for the Indian constitution. 68.39.174.150 19:42, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Obvious Amendments
Among the "blatantly obvious" amendments, I made a notation that Madison County's amendment to prevent municipalities from exercising extraterritorial jurisdiction was an effort to prevent a "police jurisdiction" from going beyond city boundaries -- a practice that is common in Alabama. I'll leave it to others as to whether that bullet point should be eliminated altogether.

 * Ahh, I didn't know that... personally, I'll consider removing that section, or maybe noting it somewhere else. Just reading the amendment with no background it seemed rather blatant. 68.39.174.238 01:13, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Based on your comment, I have removed that. To someone unfamiliar with AL, that looked extremely strange. 68.39.174.238 22:17, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The sportsmans bill of rights is not as blatant as it seems, it was enacted to define the legal difference between hunting and fishing as a "right" and not a "privilege." It was a popular movement a few years back and several states enacted similar legislation. At the same time the state also made it illegal to interfere with the act of lawful hunting or fishing.  This was response to anti-hunting protests.68.113.118.223 02:53, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Ahh, I remember Tennessee was doing something like that, but it was extremely broad and was prevented, or something. Come to think of it, that section is probably nothing BUT things that are nonsensical out of context. 68.39.174.238 02:18, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Alabama Citizens for Constitutional Reform
There is a group representing both liberals and business interests that would like to re-write the Alabama constitution altogether, and this effort is supported by several of the state's newspapers, such as Mobile's Press-Register. It would greatly add to the article if someone with more knowledge of the issues surrounding a constitutional re-write would add a section.

The convention proceedings
The state legislature seems to be getting the convention journal 1901 online. While it's dry, it does have some attention-getting parts, such as an unfavorable reference to the Committee on Corporations, the old Railroad Commission, and an unbelievably stereotypical ramble by a self-described "old fogy" in support of the "white male" clause in the electoral part: http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/1901/proceedings/1901_proceedings_vol1/day52.html 68.39.174.238 02:35, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

NPOV problem
The article is completely negative about the Alabama constitution. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.248.123.28 (talk) 01:51, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree it's unbalanced, however the principal thing about the constitution is it's notorious size and content. I've tried to add some info that is more general and neutral, however more is needed. 76.117.247.55 (talk) 03:57, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

 * NPOV is not about finding positive as well as negative things about the constitution. It is about using sources that provide a thorough overview and description of the situation. If sources agree that the constitution is unwieldy, too lengthy, and creates a cumbersome form of government, then maybe it does. Are these aspects described in factual language and comparisons to other states? If editors find sources that point out positive aspects, then they can add them. A factual statement is not inherently negative if it is describing reality. Editors can also compare lawmakers' original intent and the world they wrote in, to the types of problems encountered by state residents today. Does the constitution enable state and county governments to accomplish their work in an efficient manner? If the constitution does not work, it is not POV to say so. Parkwells (talk) 17:27, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

Amendment 693
The article lists Amendment 693 as not existing, but the Legislate of the State of Alabama lists it in their website:

http://www.legislature.state.al.us/codeofalabama/constitution/1901/CA-570623.htm —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.64.34.81 (talk) 01:25, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Where do we say that? I searched but couldn't find "693" anywhere on this page. 76.117.247.55 (talk) 03:59, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Previous constitutions
Could anyone supply any information about Alabama's five previous constitutions? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.216.38.68 (talk) 17:21, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think WikipediA has anything on them, but the State Legislature has info and copies on its site: http://www.legislature.state.al.us/misc/history/constitutions/constitutions.html 76.117.247.55 (talk) 03:34, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Moved links
It seems that all the links to the online copy of the constitution have moved. I think I've fixed 'em all:

http://www.legislature.state.al.us/codeofalabama => http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama

and

http://www.legislature.state.al.us/history/ => http://www.legislature.state.al.us/aliswww/history/

HughesJohn (talk) 15:12, 26 June 2015 (UTC)

2004 proposal
The 2004 proposal was narrowly defeated by fewer than 2,000 votes,[8] due to objections by conservatives who saw it as a "plot to raise taxes."[2]

This reads like a jab at conservatives and doesn't really supply any information. If you look at the edit at

18:40, 8 February 2015 Parkwells (talk | contribs). . (29,047 bytes) (+709). . (→Discrimination: c/e) (undo)

The section was much more informative prior to the edit, and it actually provided the reason. I think it needs to be changed.

Bowerbush3 (talk) 04:24, 20 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Alabama Constitution of 1901


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Siegfried Stohr

Siegfried Stohr (born 10 October 1952) is a former racing driver from Italy. He participated in 13 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 15 March 1981. He scored no championship points.

Biography
Stohr started in the Italian Formula Italia class in 1976 finishing second in the championship. In 1977 he won the series. Stohr won the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1978 driving a Chevron and progressed to Formula two for 1979 where he took second places at Vallelunga and Pau, with a Chevron before switching with less success to a March. For 1980 he joined Alan Docking Racing, driving a Toleman, and finished fourth in the championship with one win, at Enna.

Stohr joined Arrows for the 1981 Formula One season, as teammate to Riccardo Patrese. Patrese proved considerably faster than Stohr, who struggled in his first few races. Just as Stohr began to improve, he was involved in a start-line accident at the 1981 Belgian Grand Prix; after Patrese's engine stalled, his mechanic Dave Luckett ran onto the grid to try to reignite it while the race had already started. Stohr crashed into the back of Patrese's car, seriously injuring Luckett. Stohr's confidence was badly affected by the accident and his performance throughout the rest of the season deteriorated, along with that of his team, relative to their rivals. Stohr retired before the end of the season after crashing out of qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.

After Formula One, Stohr made a short lived comeback in the Italian Superturismo Championship in 1989 driving a BMW M3.

A psychology graduate at the University of Padua, Stohr started a racing school and safe driving academy at the Misano circuit in 1982. In the 1990s he became a regular columnist for the Italian motorsport weekly Autosprint. He also wrote columns about driving safety in several publications.

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title: Siegfried Stohr


text:
Wartha

Wartha may refer to the following places:

 * Wartha (Königswartha), a part of Königswartha, Saxony, Germany
 * Wartha (Eisenach), a part of Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany
 * Wartha, the German name for Bardo, Lower Silesia, Poland

title: Wartha


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Degory Priest

Degory Priest (c. 1579) was a member of the Leiden contingent on the historic 1620 voyage of the ship Mayflower. He was a hat maker from London who married Sarah, sister of Pilgrim Isaac Allerton in Leiden. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact in November 1620 and died less than two months later.

In some documents of the time, his name was also written as Digory Priest.

English origins
According to Banks, the name Digory Priest or Prust is common in Devon and Cornwall. A family with those names was found residing in Lezant, co. Cornwall.

At the time of the Pilgrim emigration, families of this name were living in the London parishes of All Hallows the Great, All Hallows on the Wall, St. Augustine, St. Dunstan-in-the-West and St. Margaret Patten.

Life in Holland
Per Banks, "Digory" Priest was credited as one of the "Leyden" contingent and was again identified as a hat-maker from London in Leyden records.

His name appears in many Leiden records of the time, being comparatively active in comparison to other church members. He became a citizen (burgess) of Leiden on November 16, 1615, with guarantors being future Mayflower compatriot Isaac Allerton and Roger Wilson.

Several Leiden incidents in June 1617 are recorded regarding Degory Priest’s involvement in activities that border on assault in one case and adultery in another. On June 28, 1617, Priest requested two tobacco pipe-makers to sign an affidavit that he had not hit John Cripps on June 17, 1617, but only "touched his Jabot" – i.e., the frill on the front of his shirt. The affidavit may have been needed by Priest to document his innocence in what could have been an assault case. And on the next day, June 18, 1617, Priest needed another affidavit, this time also involving John Cripps, card maker, who was rumored to have been in an adulterous relationship with Elizabeth, who was the wife of Leiden woolcomber John Mos.

On April 9, 1619, Degory Priest and Samuel Lee, both hatters, signed a good behavior document on behalf of Nicholas Claverly, a tobacco-pipe maker, who had arrived in Leiden about 1615 and resided in a house owned by Degory Priest. In the document, Priest stated an age of forty years, which indicated he was born about 1579.

Records show that on May 3, 1619, Degory Priest witnessed an affidavit to a statement signed by Richard Tyrill stating that Nicholas Claverly was not connected with the murder of Tyrill’s brother John Tyrill.

Degory Priest departed Plymouth, England, aboard the Mayflower on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship‘s timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, contributed to illness that would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way, there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter.

On November 9/19, 1620, after about three months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook, now called Provincetown Harbor. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day. Degory Priest was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact on November 11, 1620.

From William Bradford’s later recollection of seven men from the Mayflower who died soon after arrival, "Digerie Preist" among them, with this comment: "All these dyed sone after their arrival in the general sickness that befell." And with this about Priest’s family: "But Digerie Preist had his wife and children sent hither afterwards, she being Mr. Allertons sister." Bradford closed his comments in this section with the note: "But the rest left no posteritie here."

Marriage and family
Degory Priest married Sarah (Allerton) Vincent on November 4, 1611. She was the widow of John Vincent and sister of Mayflower passenger Isaac Allerton. They had two daughters, Mary and Sarah.

Sarah Priest married 2nd in Leiden on or shortly after November 13, 1621, Godbert Godbertson, whose name, per Banks, was also written as Cuthbert Cuthbertson. He was a hat-maker from Leiden, as was Priest, and had been in communion with the Pilgrims before their emigration. He had previously been married to Elizabeth Kendall in 1617, who presumably was deceased by the time of his second marriage. They came to Plymouth on the ship Anne in 1623 with their son and her two daughters. Both Sarah and her second husband Godbert Godbertson died in 1633 in the epidemic that was rampant at that time. Their burial places are unknown.

Children of Degory Priest and his wife Sarah (Allerton) Priest

 * Mary Priest was born about 1612 and died in Charlestown in 1689. She married Phineas Pratt by 1633 and had eight children. The family moved to Charlestown about 1646. Pratt was a person of note in Plymouth history, coming on the ship Sparrow in 1622, being one of Thomas Weston's settlers at the failed Weymouth settlement, and coming to Plymouth in 1623.
 * Sarah Priest was born about 1614, went to England by October 1646, and may have died there, date and place unknown. She married John Coombs about 1632 and had two sons. For reasons that are not known, possibly the demise of her husband, Sarah traveled to England about 1645 and left her two sons, John and Francis Coombs, in the care of William Spooner, who had agreed to their maintenance. It is believed that Sarah never returned to Massachusetts Colony, either having died on the voyage, or in England.

Death and burial
Priest died early in the first winter, on January 1, 1621, of the "general sickness". He was aged about 42 years.

He was buried likely sometime in January 1621 in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, most probably in an unmarked grave, as was the custom that first winter. Along with many others who died in the winter of 1620–1621, his name is memorialized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb, located on Cole's Hill in Plymouth.

Sarah Allerton, wife of Degory Priest and Godbert Godbertson
After Priest’s death, his wife Sarah married another hat-maker, Godbert Godbertson (or Cuthbert Cuthbertson), on November 13, 1621, with whom she had one son, Samuel, born possibly about 1622. Godbertson was said by Edward Winslow to be an English speaker of the Dutch Church and a member of the Separatist church in Leiden. They came, with their son Samuel Cuthbertson (later shortened to Cuthbert) and her daughters Mary and Sarah Priest, to Plymouth on the ship Anne in 1623. They were assigned land in the 1623 Division of Land with 6 "akers" for "Cudbart Cudbartsone" – one acre for the deceased Priest and one each for his wife Sarah, her second husband Godbert Godbertson and their three children. Both Godbertson and his wife Sarah died in the Massachusetts smallpox epidemic of 1633 sometime that fall, with their estate inventories being taken on October 24, 1633. Their burial places are unknown.

Sarah Allerton was the sister of another Mayflower passenger, Isaac Allerton.

title: Degory Priest


text:
Skip Barber

John "Skip" Barber III (born November 16, 1936) is an American retired racecar driver who is most famous for previously owning and founding the Skip Barber Racing Schools.

Driving career
Barber started racing in 1958 while studying at Harvard University, where he earned a degree in English.

In the mid-1960s, he won three SCCA national championships in a row and finished third in the 1967 United States Road Racing Championship. Later, Barber won consecutive Formula Ford National Championships (1969 and 1970), a record tied only recently.

At the start of the 1971 season he purchased a March 711, which he planned to take back to the United States and race in the U.S. Formula 5000 series. Before he did so, he took part in the Monaco Grand Prix, Dutch Grand Prix, United States Grand Prix, and Canadian Grand Prix in a privately funded March. He returned to the U.S. and Canadian races in 1972. After that, he raced GT cars.

Retirement leads to Skip Barber Racing
When his racing career ended, Barber's belief that auto racing was "coachable" in the same manner as any other sport—at the time, a distinctly minority position—led him to create the eponymously named racing school, and a year later the equal-car race series.

In 1975, with two borrowed Lola Formula Fords and four students, Barber started the Skip Barber School of High Performance Driving. In 1976 it was renamed the "Skip Barber Racing School", and that same year he created the Skip Barber Race Series. Barber divested from the racing school in 1999.

Barber was the owner and operator of Lime Rock Park, a road-racing venue in Connecticut. In April 2021 he sold the facility to Lime Rock Group, LLC. He maintains a minority stake. He lives in the nearby town of Sharon, CT with wife Judy.

Barber was inducted into the SCCA Hall of Fame on March 2, 2013.

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title: Skip Barber


text:
Stéphane Sarrazin

Stéphane Jean-Marc Sarrazin (born 2 November 1975) is a French racing and rally driver. He has won races across a number of single-seater, sportscar and rallying disciplines and competitions, was French Formula Renault champion in 1994, and Le Mans Series champion in both 2007 and 2010. Although he has never won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race, he has finished on the podium six times, including four outright second positions. He participated in one Formula One Grand Prix, the 1999 Brazilian Grand Prix, for Minardi as a replacement for Luca Badoer, who had injured his wrist. He suffered a big spin in the race coming up to the start-finish straight on lap 31 and scored no championship points. He also carried out testing duties for the Prost Grand Prix team during the 1999–2001 Formula One seasons and for Toyota Racing in their first season in.

Career
During the 1999 season, Sarrazin raced in International Formula 3000, winning one race at the Hungaroring. In 2003, he raced in the Superfund World Series.

In 2004, Sarrazin converted to rallying and competed in two World Rally Championship events, posting a best result of 4th. He was signed to drive Subaru's second car along with young Australian Chris Atkinson as a teammate to defending world champion Petter Solberg. He also competed at the 2004 Race of Champions.

Sarrazin drove an Aston Martin DBR9 in the GT1 class of the 2006 American Le Mans Series, but was announced on January 10, 2007 as an official works driver for Peugeot Sport in the Le Mans Series, driving the new 908 HDi FAP diesel Le Mans Prototype. He won the 2007 Le Mans Series with Pedro Lamy, by winning three races. Sarrazin also took pole position at the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans and finished second in the race with Lamy and Sébastien Bourdais. He won the 2008 24 Hours of Spa driving the Vitaphone Racing Team Maserati MC12. He finished third in the 2009 Monte Carlo rally. Sarrazin finished second again in the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans. He finished fourth overall on the Monte Carlo round of the 2010 Intercontinental Rally Challenge.

Following Peugeot's withdrawal from endurance racing, Sarrazin signed with Starworks Motorsport for the 2012 FIA World Endurance Championship. Sarrazin also signed a temporary deal to drive the Toyota TS030 Hybrid at Le Mans due to the withdrawal of Hiroaki Ishiura on medical grounds.

In 2013, Sarrazin joined Toyota Racing full-time as a driver of the Toyota TS030. Sarrazin helped the team finish 2nd at Le Mans and scored his first win with the team in Bahrain.

Sarrazin continued with Toyota Racing in 2014, and signed for Venturi Grand Prix to race in Formula E. He finished the first ever race of the series, the 2014 Beijing ePrix in 9th place. Two months later in November 2014 he took his first international rally victory in the Tour de Corse, which was the last rally of the 2014 European Rally Championship.

Sarrazin currently races in the Extreme E all-electric off-road racing series for Veloce Racing. During the 2021 Island X-Prix, he suffered a massive rollover, but he came out unscathed, though he went to the medical centre for precautionary checks.

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title: Stéphane Sarrazin


text:
No. 610 Squadron RAF

No. 610 (County of Chester) Squadron of the Royal Air Force was a Squadron of the Auxiliary Air Force. Comprising very high quality pilots, often ex-RAF officers and occasionally locally based company Test pilots from companies such as de Havilland and Airwork, its pilots were initially part timers who would spend their weekends and spare time flying and practising combat manoeuvres. The squadron was named the "County of Chester" and adopted the motto "Alifero tollitur axe ceres"; which translates as "Ceres rising in a winged chariot", Ceres being the Roman Goddess of Wheat, a reference to Chester's Agricultural sector. Its badge contained the image of a garb (sheaf of wheat).

610 Squadron Association, with headquarters at Hooton Park, has a substantial number of ex-members of the Squadron on its list of members.

Formation and early years
The squadron was formed on 10 February 1936 at Hooton Park, Wirral, Cheshire as one of the Auxiliary Air Force Squadrons. It was equipped with Hawker Hart light bombers. As war approached, these were replaced by Hawker Hinds in May 1938. On 1 January 1939 the squadron role was changed to that of a fighter squadron, and on the outbreak of war in September 1939 it received its first Hawker Hurricane fighters. By the end of that same month it was flying the more advanced Supermarine Spitfire fighter.

Second World War
610 Squadron gained its first experience of aerial combat against the Luftwaffe whilst desperately attempting to protect the Army and Navy during the Dunkirk evacuation.

It was a very tough few days for ‘The Chesters’, operating in difficult conditions from RAF Gravesend, against an enemy air force which was a battle-hardened foe. In just four engagements with the enemy, 610 Squadron lost seven pilots Missing or Killed In Action,  and one wounded; 610 made claims of ten enemy aircraft destroyed, three unconfirmed destroyed and one damaged, which shows the lethal nature of the dogfights. All of 610’s casualties were experienced pilots, but they inevitably lacked any combat experience, which could only be gained during the life or death struggles in the skies over Dunkirk.

During the first two months of the Battle of Britain, 610 Squadron operated out of RAF Biggin Hill as part of 11 Group, where it was one of the units bearing the brunt of German attacks. It moved to RAF Acklington for rest and recuperation at the end of August 1940, having fought heroically but sustained heavy casualties in the process. During the Battle of Britain, 610 Squadron's pilots included Squadron Leader Andrew Thomas Smith AFC, Squadron Leader John Ellis DFC, Flight Lieutenant Edward Brian Bretherton Smith DFC, Flight Lieutenant William Warner, Flying Officer Stanley Norris DFC, Flying Officer Constantine Oliver Joseph Pegge DRC, Sergeant Ronald Fairfax Hamlyn DFM and Sergeant Horatio Herbert Chandler DFM.

In 1941, 610 Squadron moved south to RAF Westhampnett where it was one of Douglas Bader's three Spitfire squadrons of the Tangmere wing. It remained based in the UK until late 1944 when it moved to the Continent to provide fighter cover as the allies entered Germany. 610 Squadron was disbanded before the end of the war at RAF Warmwell on 3 March 1945.

Post-war
The squadron was re-formed on 10 May 1946 at RAF Hooton Park as a Royal Auxiliary Air Force fighter squadron, embodied in June of that year and receiving its first Spitfire F.14s in November 1946, switching to more powerful Spitfire F.22s in March 1949. Gloster Meteor F.4 jet fighters were received in July 1951, being replaced by the later F.8 version in March 1952. Meteor T.7 twin-seat training aircraft were also used as advanced conversion trainers. The Meteors were flown until shortly before the squadron disbanded on 10 March 1957, together with all other RAuxAF flying units.

title: No. 610 Squadron RAF


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Tarso Marques

Tarso Anibal Santanna Marques (born 19 January 1976) is a Brazilian racing driver. He previously participated in 24 Formula One Grands Prix, all driving for the Minardi team, but scored no championship points in three separate seasons and never completed a full year in the sport.

Open wheel racing
After five years of karting, Marques raced in Formula Chevrolet in his home country aged only 16, and he won the title at his first attempt. In 1993 he moved up to Formula Three Sudamericana and subsequently European Formula 3000, and became the youngest driver to win races at both levels. In, he started racing for Minardi in Formula One, competing with various drivers for the seat over the following two years, including Giancarlo Fisichella, Jarno Trulli and Pedro Lamy. Minardi's financial situation demanded that drivers with strong sponsorship were generally favoured, and there were several driver changes in the team at that time.

In 1999, he moved stateside to drive in the American Champ Car ranks, and caught the eye of legendary team-owner Roger Penske. When two-time Indianapolis 500 winner Al Unser Jr. was injured, Penske asked him to fill in. His best finish was 9th. In 2000, 2004, and 2005, he drove sporadically in that series for perennial minnows Dale Coyne Racing, with a best result of 11th.

Marques returned to Formula One in to race alongside future double World Champion Fernando Alonso in the Minardi team, newly purchased by Paul Stoddart. He finished the season ahead of the Spaniard but it was a difficult season for Marques, with the team's financial difficulties not always allowing equal equipment for both drivers. Marques brought no money to the team and was employed under the provision that another driver with more sponsorship money could replace him at any point in the season, and that prospect was realised towards the end of the year, when Minardi replaced Marques with Alex Yoong with three races remaining. Marques welcomed the driver change as the extra finance would enable the team to progress, adding, "Yoong brought the sponsor for the team already two or three races ago so he should be in the car." His two ninth-place finishes remained Minardi's best results of the season, but he was nearly always outpaced by Alonso. Marques would however remain at Minardi for 2002 as the test and reserve driver. Despite this, he did not replace Yoong later in the season when the Malaysian was dropped, with the seat instead going to Anthony Davidson, and Justin Wilson also being offered the drive ahead of Marques.

Since his last Champ Car outing in 2005, Marques has returned to South America to drive in the TC2000 and Stock Car Brasil touring car championships.

Stock car racing
In March 2022, it was announced that Marques would compete in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 79 Ford Mustang for Team Stange Racing on a part-time basis. His Cup Series debut, which was going to be in the race at Road America, had to be delayed as NASCAR would not approve him to make a Cup Series start without any prior experience in a stock car. As a result, TSR announced that they would field an entry for Marques in the NASCAR Xfinity Series race at the Indianapolis Road Course in order for him to be approved to race in the Cup Series, and his first Cup Series start would now be in the race at Watkins Glen. The team and Marques did not show up for the race weekend. Nothing has been heard from the team since then, and they ended up not running at all in 2022.

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title: Tarso Marques


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Rabban Bar Sauma

Rabban Bar Ṣawma (Syriac language: ܪܒܢ ܒܪ ܨܘܡܐ, ; c. 1220 – January 1294), also known as Rabban Ṣawma or Rabban Çauma, was a Uyghur or Ongud monk turned diplomat of the "Nestorian" Church of the East in China. He is known for embarking on a pilgrimage from Yuan China to Jerusalem with one of his students, Markos (later Patriarch Yahballaha III). Due to military unrest along the way, they never reached their destination, but instead spent many years in Ilkhanate-controlled Baghdad.

The younger Markos was eventually elected Yahballaha III, Patriarch of the Church of the East and later suggested his teacher Rabban Bar Ṣawma be sent on another mission, as Mongol ambassador to Europe. The elderly monk met with many of the European monarchs, as well as the Pope, in attempts to arrange a Franco-Mongol alliance. The mission bore no fruit, but in his later years in Baghdad, Rabban Bar Ṣawma documented his lifetime of travel. His written account of his journeys is of unique interest to modern historians, as it gives a picture of medieval Europe at the close of the Crusades, painted by a keenly-intelligent, broadminded, and statesmanlike observer.

Bar Ṣawma's travels occurred before the return of Marco Polo to Europe, and his writings give a reverse viewpoint, of the East looking to the West.

Early life
Rabban ("Our Master"; c.f. "Rabbi" "my lord" in Judaism) Bar Ṣawma was born c. 1220 in or near modern-day Beijing, known then as Zhongdu, later as Khanbaliq under Mongol rule. According to Bar Hebraeus he was of Uyghur origin. Chinese accounts describe his heritage as Öngüd, a Turkic people classified as members of the "Mongol" caste under Yuan law. The name bar Ṣawma is Aramaic for "Son of Fasting" though he was born to a wealthy family. He was a "Church of the East Christian", and became an ascetic monk around the age of 20 and then a religious teacher for decades.

Pilgrimage to Jerusalem
In his middle age, Rabban Bar Sauma and one of his younger students, Rabban Markos, embarked on a journey from Yuan China to make pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They traveled by way of the former Tangut country, Khotan, Kashgar, Taraz in the Syr Darya valley, Khorasan (now Afghanistan), Maragha (now Azerbaijan) and Mosul, arriving at Ani in the Kingdom of Georgia. Warnings of danger on the routes to southern Syria turned them from their purpose, and they traveled to Mongol-controlled Persia, the Ilkhanate, where they were welcomed by Patriarch Denha I of the Church of the East. The Patriarch requested the two monks to visit the court of the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Abaqa Khan, to obtain confirmation letters for Mar Denha's ordination as Patriarch in 1266. During the journey, Rabban Markos was declared a "Nestorian" bishop. The Patriarch then attempted to send the monks as messengers back to China, but military conflict along the route delayed their departure, and they remained in Baghdad. When the Patriarch died, Rabban Markos was elected as his replacement, Yahballaha III, in 1281. The two monks traveled to Maragheh to have the selection confirmed by Abaqa, but the Ilkhanate khan died before their arrival, and was succeeded by his son, Arghun.

It was Arghun's desire to form a strategic Franco-Mongol alliance with the Christian Europeans against their common enemy, the Muslim Mamluk Sultanate at Cairo. A few years later, the new patriarch Yahballaha III suggested his former teacher Rabban Bar Ṣawma for the embassy, to meet with the Pope and the European monarchs.

Ambassador to Europe
In 1287, the elderly Bar Sauma embarked on his journey to Europe, bearing gifts and letters from Arghun to the Eastern Roman emperor, the Pope, and the European kings. He followed the embassy of another "Nestorian", Isa Kelemechi, sent by Arghun to Pope Honorius IV, in 1285.

Rabban Bar Sauma traveled with a large retinue of assistants, and 30 riding animals. Companions included the Church of the East Christian (archaon) Sabadinus; Thomas de Anfusis (or Tommaso d'Anfossi), who helped as interpreter and was also a member of a famous Genoese banking company; and an Italian interpreter named Uguetus or Ugeto (Ughetto). Bar Sauma likely did not speak any European languages, though he was known to be fluent in Chinese, Turkic, and Persian, and he was able to read Syriac. Europeans communicated to him in Persian.

He traveled overland through Armenia to either the Empire of Trebizond or through the Sultanate of Rum to the Simisso on the Black Sea, then by boat to Constantinople, where he had an audience with Andronicus II Palaeologus. Bar Sauma's writings give a particularly enthusiastic description of the beautiful Hagia Sophia. He next traveled to Italy, again journeying by ship. As their course took them past the island of Sicily, he witnessed and recorded the great eruption of Mount Etna on 18 June 1287. A few days after his arrival, he also witnessed a naval battle in the Bay of Sorrento on St. John's Day, 24 June 1287, during the conflict of the Sicilian Vespers. The battle was between the fleet of Charles II (whom he calls Irid Shardalo, i.e. "Il re Charles Due"), who had welcomed him in his realm, and James II of Aragon, king of Sicily (whom he calls Irid Arkon, i.e. "Il re de Aragon"). According to Bar Sauma, James II was victorious, and his forces killed 12,000 men.

He next traveled to Rome, but too late to meet Pope Honorius IV, who had recently died. So Bar Sauma instead engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, and visited St. Peter's Basilica.

Bar Sauma next made stops in Tuscany (Thuzkan) and the Republic of Genoa, on his way to Paris. He spent the winter of 1287–1288 in Genoa, a famous banking capital. In France (Frangestan), he spent one month with King Philip the Fair, who seemingly responded positively to the arrival of the Mongol embassy, gave him numerous presents, and sent one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to accompany Bar Sauma back to Mongol lands. Gobert de Helleville departed on 2 February 1288, with clercs Robert de Senlis and Guillaume de Bruyères, as well as l'arbalétrier (crossbowman) Audin de Bourges. They joined Bar Sauma when he later returned through Rome, and accompanied him back to Persia.

In Gascony in southern France, which at that time was in English hands, Bar Sauma met King Edward I of England, probably in the capital of Bordeaux. Edward responded enthusiastically to the embassy, but ultimately proved unable to join a military alliance due to conflict at home, especially with the Welsh and the Scots.

Upon returning to Rome, Bar Sauma was cordially received by the newly elected Pope Nicholas IV, who gave him communion on Palm Sunday, 1288, allowing him to celebrate his own Eucharist in the capital of Latin Christianity. Nicholas commissioned Bar Sauma to visit the Christians of the East, and entrusted to him a precious tiara to be presented to Mar Yahballaha (Rabban Bar Sauma's former student, Markos). Bar Sauma then returned to Baghdad in 1288, carrying messages and many other gifts from the various European leaders.

The delivered letters were in turn answered by Arghun in 1289, forwarded by the Genoese merchant Buscarello de Ghizolfi, a diplomatic agent for the Il-khans. In the letter to Philip IV, Arghun mentions Bar Sauma:

"'Under the power of the eternal sky, the message of the great king, Arghun, to the king of France..., said: I have accepted the word that you forwarded by the messengers under Saymer Sagura (Rabban Bar Sauma), saying that if the warriors of Il Khaan invade Egypt you would support them. We would also lend our support by going there at the end of the Tiger year’s winter [1290], worshiping the sky, and settle in Damascus in the early spring [1291].

If you send your warriors as promised and conquer Egypt, worshiping the sky, then I shall give you Jerusalem. If any of our warriors arrive later than arranged, all will be futile and no one will benefit. If you care to please give me your impressions, and I would also be very willing to accept any samples of French opulence that you care to burden your messengers with.

I send this to you by Myckeril and say: All will be known by the power of the sky and the greatness of kings. This letter was scribed on the sixth of the early summer in the year of the Ox at Ho’ndlon.'"

The exchanges towards the formation of an alliance with the Europeans ultimately proved fruitless, and Arghun's attempts were eventually abandoned. However, Rabban Bar Sauma did succeed in making some important contacts which encouraged communication and trade between the East and West. Aside from King Philip's embassy to the Mongols, the Papacy also sent missionaries such as Giovanni da Montecorvino to the Mongol court.

Later years
After his embassy to Europe, Bar Sauma lived out the rest of his years in Baghdad. It was probably during this time that he wrote the account of his travels, which was published in French in 1895 and in English in 1928 as The Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China or The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe, and Markos Who as Mar Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the Church of the East in Asia, translated and edited by Sir E. A. Wallis Budge. The narrative is unique for its observations of medieval Europe during the end of the Crusading period, through the eyes of an observant outsider from a culture thousands of miles away.

Rabban Bar Sauma died in 1294, in Baghdad.

Translations
Rabban Bar Sauma's travel narrative has been translated into English twice: A critical edition of the Syriac text with an English translation was published in 2021:
 * Montgomery, James A., History of Yaballaha III, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927)
 * Budge, E. A. Wallis, The Monks of Kublai Khan, (London: Religious Tract Society, 1928). Online
 * Borbone, Pier Giorgio, History of Mar Yahballaha and Rabban Sauma. Edited, translated, and annotated by -, (Hamburg, Verlag tredition, 2021)

title: Rabban Bar Sauma