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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Rat Park/archive1

Rat Park
The story of a largely forgotten psychology experiment. Self nomination. Slim 10:11, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. It has a POV problem, as evidenced by the concluding comment about the 'War on Drugs'. A good copyedit to remove POV could make it up to the required standard. Dbiv 12:31, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Dbiv, thanks for your comment. Apart from the concluding comment, can you point to anything else you feel is specifically POV and should be removed?

 * Object. My main problem is with the images. The first two seem both too big and somewhat out of place. I'd prefer to see the good Dr A as the first image. Not sure that the poppy or the junkie are needed at all. Filiocht 12:51, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I like the junkie a lot. Perhaps you're right about the poppy. I'll get rid of it. Slim

 * Object. The article is detailed and very interesting, but it seems to be a one-sided story. I know that the scientific world can be sometimes quite conservative when it comes to accepting new ideas, but there are, surely, reasons why this work has been ignored. Was its methodology discussed? Etc. And, as Dbiv said, the final comment shows some POV (it could surely be reworded as something like "Dr Foobar deplored that so little was spent on such projects while considerable sums are expended on the War on Drugs [ref]"). David.Monniaux 13:03, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * David, the problem with this study is that it doesn't seem to have been criticized. Just not taken up. The author Lauren Slater goes into detail about how the drug czar Prof. Kleber and his colleagues are "disdainful of any research north of the Connecticut River." I didn't put that in because it's too POV even as a quote. But I've looked around a lot over the last couple of weeks for criticism of this experiment and couldn't find any. I have e-mailed the pharmacology journal who published it to ask if they received any critical responses, but so far I've had no reply. Slim 21:35, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm curious. I'm unaware of the usages of experimental psychology and drug studies, but in some other scientific fields it is common usage that the authors of papers refused by scholarly journals get a copy of the reviews of the referee that caused the paper to be refused. The mere fact that a "drug czar" and close associates were disdainful of the paper is not necessarily a good indication about this – good scholarly journals seek the opinion of several specialists, often in several countries. I doubt that whatever influence an American drug czar has, it probably cannot does not dictate his opinion to researchers in Europe or Japan. But, again, I don't know the particular usages of those fields and I don't know what happened to these papers.
 * Note that, on the other hand, the "drug czar" and disdain explanation may be appropriate for the absence of funding, since such things are generally set by committees staffed by national personalities. David.Monniaux 18:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Object for reasons above. I really want to support, though. It's an interesting topic, but it does sound crankish and could do with NPOving. Johnleemk | Talk 14:14, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object in its present state. I've tidied up a lot of the bad punctuation, but there's far too much "quotes" said X, replied Y, etc., which needs to be cleaned up into normal prose. At the moment it reads more like a cheap thriller than a good wikipedia article. - MPF 14:40, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * MPF, you put a Cleanup tag on the article, which I feel is inappropriate (as do others: another editor removed it, thinking it was there as a joke. Also, you made only a tiny number of changes, including changing "wild Norway rat" to "Brown Rat," which is not what the author said, and changing some North American punctuation to British. I'd appreciate it if you'd recommend and discuss changes here first. Slim 21:35, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Object: POV. The writing follows its hero so closely as to write a biography of an experiment, with a vested interest in its truth.  Also, there is a very serious problem with the experiment, as it does not show in any way that there is no physical addiction to opiates, but only that, left to their own devices, rats will not choose to become addicted.  I.e. the article argues that morphine isn't addictive, but that's not what the experiment shows.  The experiment shows who will and will not grab morphine and get to the level of addiction, not that morphine is not addictive.  It could conceivably show that rats with a plentiful supply of opiates are capable of withdrawing slowly when they get to self-administer.  That's all well and good.  It argues that unhappy people start taking the drugs.  No shock there.  However, the escalation of addiction and the physical basis of addiction isn't even argued against by the experiment.  Either the professor wasn't trying to argue against physical addiction and the article misrepresents the aims, or he was making up one really terrible experimental design.  Also, the physical basis of addiction is pretty darned empirical.  What's not stated is that lots of rat brains have been chopped up and photographed to show the chemical alterations in the addicted brain.  Geogre 15:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * George, the points you raise are interesting. First, the rats' brains: being able to view physical changes isn't enough. You have to be able to say why those physical changes led the animal to lose control of its intake. No scientist has shown that. (That goes to the heart of what the word "causation" means.) You also have to say something about what you mean when you refer to loss of control and choice. Again, to my knowledge, no scientist has done that. Second, Alexander started off with rats who were physically addicted to morphine, and who had been drinking nothing but morphine-laced water for 57 days. When he put them in Rat Park, where they had a choice, they started drinking plain tap water instead. Does this not show that morphine is not "addictive," in the sense of robbing the user of all, most or some control and choice; that is, in the sense of causing a degree of compulsion? Slim 21:35, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't see, in the article, that the rats at the outset had addiction of 57 days. That may be my fault.  My point, however, is "addiction" as physiologic dependence vs. behavioral compulsion.  Unhappy animals want relief, naturally.  However, whether they are unhappy or happy, opiates produce a physiological change, and withdrawal causes a change.  I.e. a rat or a human will become dependent upon the drug, something that the article mentions.  However, the article says that the physical dependence was trivial, which is POV.  Creatures that can communicate their status, and in particular humans, report pretty severe withdrawal problems, whether they were addicted by their own choice or not.  E.g. patients who had received too much and too often a morphine dose in a hospital stay and were suddenly stopped were not psychologically or morally weak, and yet they became addicts upon release.  This was a common enough problem with WW1 soldiers, and it continued to be a problem through the 1940's.  These days, hospital protocols prevent it by tapering a dose.  My problem is that the claim in the article for the experiment is that it shows a lack of physical basis for "addiction."  Addiction can refer either to psychological or physical dependence.  Geogre 02:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * But George, don't you see that you're doing exactly what you say the article is doing. That is, you are, in my view, begging the question. First, I will make it clearer in the article that the Rat Park rats had already been fed morphine for 57 days, and where what the physicalists would call "addicted."

 * I1) You write "opiates produce a physiological change, and withdrawal causes a change." That is not in dispute. What is in dispute is the extent to which the physical changes in the brain CAUSE. or whether they merely ACCOMPANY, the perceived physical and psychological addiction of the user. You are simply stating that there is a relationship of causation here. That has to be shown.

 * Actually I do dispute that withdrawal causes a change. The observation here is that when opiates are used to control pain, as in palliative care, provided that no more morphine has been given than is necessary to control the pain, then addiction does not result. If the level of pain reduces or the pain disappears, then the druig can be reduced or stopped (respectively) without the symptoms of addiction appearing. Therefore the effect that the drug has, in terms of addiction, is dependent on the degree of physical pain that the paitent is suffering. I don't think this point is covered here or elsewhere, and it may, of course not be relevant here. Matt Stan 20:49, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * (2) SOME creatures who can communicate their status report severe withdrawal problems. Some do not. It's the same with cigarettes. Some long-term smokers end up dying because they say they cannot stop. Other long-term smokers stop cold turkey with very little difficulty. (I used to work as a smoking-cessation counsellor, so I saw these disparities firsthand and they are very pronounced.)

 * (3) Again, SOME patients who take morphine for long-term pain relief become what they say is "addicted." But many do not. In fact, I believe that most do not. (I will check the known figures). This is one of the issues that the psycho-social theorists rely on: that most patients who are prescribed morphine do not become either physically or psychologically addicted. Tapering a dose would not prevent addiction, if the argument is that you need ever-increasing doses to get the same hit.

 * (4) You talk about psychological addiction. What is that? It doesn't even have the perceived physical changes in the brain accompanying it. It is just a statement made by scientists who cannot find any physical basis for an addiction.

 * I can see why you feel this article is POV. But I argue that it is the physicalist side that is so POV and so completely accepted, that anything that argues against it looks POV. Take a look at Wikipedia's Drug addiction. There is no doubt expressed in that article, no room for any other debate, no questioning of results, no questioning of methodology. But the most funadamental problem is, as I said above, a confusion between a change in a physical state CAUSING a change in behavior, and the physical change ACCOMPANYING the behavioral change. This is a fundamental logical and epistemological error that all first-year undergraduate philosophy students are taught not to make. And yet all the drugs-are-addictive scientists are making that error, apparently unaware that it's cauing them to beg the very question they're seeking to answer.

 * That's why I find Rat Park impressive. It doesn't do anything fancy; doesn't commit any logical errors; doesn't use fancy equipment; doesn't interpret the fancy results of the fancy equipment; doesn't start talking about how the brain functions as though much is actually known about brain function. All Rat Park does is this: It takes a bunch of morphine-soaked rats ("addicts" by anyone else's standards) and it offers them morphine to see what they'll do. And what do they do? They don't want it. That has to tell us something. And Alexander is very cautious in what he claims Rat Park tells us: only that the theory of physical and psychological addiction has not been empirically proven. Slim 03:23, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Reluctant Object : Its an interesting subject, but its not featured article material, there must be another side of the coin here. The picture of the opium poppy seems to be there just to make the page attractive, and the one of the drug addict for unclear reasons, although it is hard to know what images could illustrate this page - certainly Dr. Alexander and the rat .  Perhaps this needs to be incorporated in a biographical page of Bruce Alexander Giano 19:38, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstain for now, there is a lot of work and thought going on here at the moment Giano 21:48, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, the picture of the poppy is there to make the page attractive and to show readers what opium/morphine comes from. The drug addict is there to show what heroin/morphine does to people. The woman is in her early 30s but looks a great deal older.
 * Heroin produces dreadful effects, but do the images help explain Rat Park? Giano 21:52, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I felt they did. I felt the picture of the woman showed what a compulsion heroin use can become. The definition scientists use of "addictive" (I think I should make this clearer in the article) is if the activity becomes self-destructive or destructive of others, or of relationships. No matter how much you feel you need to take a substance, scientists will not say you are addicted until you start to want the substance more than you want other important things in life (food, love, work, health etc). I felt the picture of this young woman totally summed that up. The Rat Park author took rats who were the equivalent of that woman (they had drunk nothing but morphine-laced water for 57 days). Yet, he put them in Rat Park, and they suddenly didn't want it anymore.
 * I have a query about Wikipedia articles and illustrations in general. I would always prefer a nicely illustrated article, whether in a newspaper, magazine or encyclopedia, to one that isn't. Yet I've noticed some Wikipedia editors don't like photographs. I've had that criticism of my articles before: either that the pics are too big, or there are too many of them. Can anyone explain the reasoning behind that? Slim 22:03, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Object Interesting topic, worthy of an article. But not in this form. - DavidWBrooks 21:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) (whoops - typo'd by own signature)

 * Support. Lead section includes the phrase "It was rat heaven". That's good enough for me! - Ta bu shi da yu 02:40, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * LOL I wouldn't mind being in there myself.  :-)  Slim 03:24, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Object. As above, serious POV sections. This piece of pseudo-conspiracy theory doesn't need to have specific objections to the experiment itself mentioned (I'm not suprised an experimental conclusion based on the somewhat shaky foundation that the only evidence for physiological addiction comes from 'depressed lab rats' was largely ignored, actually), what needs to be described is evidence for physiological addiction and why this experiment doesn't address this. This should be done, preferably, not by the original authour of the article, but by someone who isn't trying to support the experiment's conclusion. This stinks of the 'all scientists are in a big conspiracy so they're ignoring this idea' argument used by pseudo scientists the world over. Psychobabble 09:09, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hmmm . . . I think to be fair you should acknowledge that you're doing a degree in commerce/law, and the author of the book that drew attention to Rat Park has a PhD in psychology. The author of the original study, Bruce Alexander, is a professor of psychology; the sponsoring university is a reputable one; and the journal that published the results, and has subsequently published more material from the same man, is a reputable peer-reviewed academic journal. Based on these facts, I would suggest you have no reason to call this pseudo-science. What this was, and remains, was an experiment that went against the grain ideologically, as many rigorous scientific projects do every day. I apologize if I have created a conspiratorial tone; I will remove it when I do the re-write. The fault for that tone is mine, not Bruce Alexander's. Slim 21:05, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I wrote after speaking to my wife, with a degree in behavioural neuroscience, who has looked fairly extensively at addiction. She assured me, as I thought, that the scientific consensus on addiction actually does exist for a reason. Gasp. Psychobabble 22:40, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Psychobabble, please be civil and realistic about this, and please assume good faith. It is simply false to call the Rat Park study "pseudo-science." It was funded by a major university. It was published in a peer-reviewed journal. The author has written a book about the issue, which has been published by a reputable publisher. There was a similar study showing similar results before it. There have been similar studies showing similar results since it. It is definitely a minority position, but not to the point of being "pseudo-science," or being so much in the minority that it is not worthy of a Wikipedia entry. If you want to see a real POV article on this issue, take a look at Drug addiction. To read that, you'd think no other view existed and that the matter had been settled.

 * I would be most grateful if your wife could supply a reference for her position and would happily incorporate it into the article. I am looking for the most reputable and most decisive studies that suggest opiates are physically and psychologically addictive. Over the last few days, I've been in touch with several scientists on the majority side of the debate, and have asked them to refer me to papers that most clearly show the opposite of the Bruce Alexander position. The papers show that the scientific community is having a great deal of difficulty in finding a consensus. For example, one recent paper I'll be quoting from in Science says: "[M]any people have at some time self-administered a potentially addictive drug, but very few become addicts"; "Mere self-administration [in rats] is not evidence of addiction"; and "There are no good animal models to distinguish mere drug self-administration behavior from the compulsive drug self-administration behavior that characterizes addiction." This paper is written by a scientist who appears to be on the drugs-are-addictive side of the debate, and the paper acknowledges that the empirical evidence to support this view is weak, though it ends by saying it hopes future studies may strengthen it. Slim 23:36, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

- Dealing with the objections: The overriding objection seems to be POV, partly due to my writing style, but largely due to there being no reference to published criticism of the study. The latter is because, using all the normal research methods, I was not able to find any criticism other than the one sentence from the former drug czar in the Lauren Slater book, which I quoted. I've therefore e-mailed the current editor-in-chief of the pharmacology journal that published the Rat Park research in 1981 and have asked him whether he can help me to find any published responses to the experiment; and if there were none, at least then I can say in the article that there were none. And I've e-mailed Kleber, the former deputy drug tzar who was quoted by Lauren Slater as saying he recalled there was a methodology problem with Rat Park but couldn't remember what it was. I've asked him if he can direct me to some published criticism of Rat Park. I'll have to wait for a while for their responses, but I'll report back as soon as I receive more information. I've also removed the drawing of the poppy and the photograph of the heroin user, which a couple of editors felt were not appropriate. Slim 09:03, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * As a scientist, my reaction, when faced with the claims of some fellow scientist of having been unfairly disregarded by mainstream science and official policies, is always that of prudent scepticism. I do not exclude that such things happen. However, there are many examples of people who try to win in the arena of the popular press / book writing for the general population the recognition that they could not win among their peers due to shoddy experimentation or reasoning.
 * I really find the topic interesting, but due to its sensitivity and the risks for undue endorsement of a dubious theory, I would much prefer that somebody with some good knowledge of the field look into it, before making it a featured article. David.Monniaux 18:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * David, I take your point about scientists trying to score points in the court of popular opinion. But so far as I can tell, that is not what happened here. The author of this experiment was sought out by Lauren Slater, who is a psychologist and who had heard of Rat Park but wondered what had become of it. He actually said to her during the interview: "Why do you want to do Rat Park? It's forgotten." There was no impression given that he was seeking publicity. Anyway, I've written to a few scientists in the field today, including the editors-in-chief of a couple of pharmacology/psychopharmacology journals, and so far, I'm surprised and touched by the response. One of them has assigned two research assistants to find out whether published criticism of Rat Park exists. And all for Wikipedia. Slim 03:38, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Object. The article is very interesting but: 1) The experiment results - wheter Dr.Alexander hypothesis was proven right or false, and how it was ignored and why - must be added to the lead. Also, the section 'The physicalist model of drug addiction' while interesting and fairly well written, seems out of place in that article - I think it should be moved to its own article instead. Finally, some more ilinks are in order (names, concepts...). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 23:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. Very interesting. I can think of a few Wikipedians who need such a park. - Xed 00:15, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * :-) Thank you, Xed.  I'm one of them.  Slim 00:16, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. POV issues appear to be, as far as I can tell, addressed. Informative and researched, AND interesting.--ZayZayEM 10:33, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Support. As it says in the talk page, it's not really POV - the problem is that the opposite theory has become so often repeated that people accept it as 'fact', and anything which does not agree with it seems POV. Dehumanizer 21:04, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)


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Yeungjin College

Yeungjin University, formerly Yeungjin College, is a private technical college located in Buk-gu, Daegu, South Korea. Information technology is the principal academic focus; however, courses of study in other fields such as nursing and international tourism are also provided.

Yeungjin University also operates Yeungjin Cyber College, which since 2002 has offered its own two-year courses of study in fields such as computer science and multimedia, e-management, social welfare, and real estate. The cyber college employs seven full-time instructors and 41 adjunct faculty, teaching a virtual student body of about 800.

History
The school first opened its doors as Yeungjin Technical School on March 12, 1977. It became a college in 1985.

Yeungjin University newest project is the Daegu English Village, located outside of Waegwan.

Sister colleges
Yeungjin maintains sisterhood relationships with a total of 34 institutions around the world. A significant number of these are in the Philippines, as during the 1990s Yeungjin College was actively involved in developing IT programs at many Philippine universities. Others are located in the United States, Taiwan, China, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Switzerland. The first sisterhood ties established were with Ertong Technical College of Taiwan in 1981.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yeungjin College


text:
Bathycles of Magnesia

Bathycles of Magnesia (Βαθυκλής) was an Ionian sculptor of Magnesia on the Maeander. He was commissioned by the Spartans to make a marble throne for the statue of Apollo at Amyclae, about 550 BC. Pausanias (iii.18) gives us a detailed description of this monument, which is of the greatest value to us, showing the character of Ionic art at the time. It was adorned with scenes from mythology in relief and supporting figures in the round. Adolf Furtwängler, on p. 706 of Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik (1893), gives a reconstruction of the work.

title: Bathycles of Magnesia


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Talk:Lipolysis

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): MHarberson.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:39, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Is
Is it time to make this page a redirect to Fatty acid metabolism? --Slashme 08:20, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes, it is. Done. Scott Ritchie 12:26, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

FUSION MESOTHERAPY
Fusion mesotherapy is a new technology for the most effective fat lipolysis. It s a non-invasive alternative to plastic and cosmetic surgery. In only 3 sessions you ca achieve incredible results.

Cell Death is irrelevant to this article
Just saying. It's pretty obvious whoever added wanted to promote their business. --2A02:587:8009:7C00:50A5:EB76:448E:853E (talk) 09:33, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

My Evaluation of the Article
Although this article provides some useful information and is well referenced, it is inadequate in organization and content. The presentation is understandable because the different topics are broken up into separate paragraphs. With this considered, there are still no headings or table of contents to assist in the viewing process. There is an introduction to this article. It properly defines lipolysis and gives other important details, but it fails to properly summarize the article. After the introduction, the material of the article is lacking focus and feels erratic from paragraph to paragraph. For instance, in the introduction it mentions lipolysis occurs in adipose tissue while in the second paragraph it mentions lipolysis occurs in the blood without connecting those two pieces of information within the context of whole body lipid metabolism. The article covers the material partially and sporadically. There are details missing, for example, the molecular mechanism by which lipolysis occurs and specificity of the location of lipolysis within the body as well as within the cell. The single image provided is a helpful diagram that shows epinephrine's effects on lipolysis.

The facts are emphasized and properly cited throughout and no assumptions are made. All facts appear to be true and come from sources that show evidence. The sources used are all from reputable sources. The references section contains only published primary literature, review articles, and a textbook. Additionally, it can be seen from the wording used that this article is unbiased. MHarberson (talk) 11:51, 26 October 2017 (UTC)

How does this affect blood tests?
If someone is given epinephrine, or epinephrine is elevated for other reasons like scared or stressed, how can the effects be measured with blood tests for triglycerides, LDL etc?

--ee1518 (talk) 10:06, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lipolysis


text: User talk:210.213.161.141

title: User talk:210.213.161.141


text: Talk:Yeungjin College

title: Talk:Yeungjin College


text:
Renault Modus

The Renault Modus is a mini MPV produced by the French manufacturer Renault from August 2004 to December 2012, in Valladolid, Spain. The production version is very similar to the concept car of the same name, which was presented at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show. It is essentially a taller version of the Clio III and, as such, shared its platform and much of its engine range with the third generation of the Clio.

A larger wheelbase version was produced as the Renault Grand Modus. Originally marketed as "a higher-range alternative to the Twingo and Clio", it aimed to provide the practicality and versatility of the larger Renault Scénic in a smaller footprint. The Clio platform that spawned the Modus also gave rise to the current Nissan Micra and its monospace relative, the Nissan Note.

Design features

Marketed as the Triptic System, the Modus' rear seats are mounted on sliding rails with four preset positions. When in the rearmost two positions the seats are configured for two people with increased leg, hip, and shoulder room. When in the forward positions they are configured for three passengers, increasing cargo capacity.

Another seat-based feature of Modus is the "Stay Put" system. The base of the front passenger seat flips up to reveal a storage compartment. An optional feature of the Modus is a boot chute, a drop-down opening in the centre of the tailgate below the rear window.

The facelifted Modus was launched in Europe in 2007, featuring colour coded bumpers on all versions, clear Perspex 'glass' indicator bezels, revised side door mouldings and updated interior trim on all specification levels.

Restyle

Soon after, in February 2008, a restyled Modus and the new Grand Modus were launched. Also that year, the Grand Modus replaced the Modus in Spain. The Grand Modus has an extended length of 4034 mm and a boot volume of 410 litres (0.41 m3) below the parcel shelf.

This restyle saw changes made to the front and rear of the standard model to match the styling of the newer Grand variant. The boot chute has been removed from the options list.

In February 2012, Renault discontinued the Modus, Espace, Kangoo, Laguna, and Wind lines in the United Kingdom.

Safety
The Modus was the first small car to receive the full 5 Euro NCAP stars for passenger safety due in part to its six airbag system, front and rear side impact bars and ISOFIX child seat fixing points. It was also one of the first cars in its class to have such features as automatic headlamps and windscreen wipers on its options list.

The Modus was offered with a cornering lamp function. Concealed in the main headlamp unit and operating at speeds less than 38 mi/h, the lights gave the driver a wider field of vision when going round bends. On Privilège and Initiale models, Renault offered the Modus with "double distance" Xenon headlamps.

Phase II

 * QS5 = QuickShift5

In terms of reliability, according to the 2006 breakdown survey from the German Automobile Club, the Modus ranks 3rd in its class with an average 5.8 breakdowns per 1,000 vehicles after three years. This is behind the Audi A2 (1st) and the BMW Mini (2nd) and ahead of the Lupo (4th) & Polo (5th), Toyota Yaris (6th) and Honda Jazz (7th).

title: Renault Modus


text: User talk:81.178.235.103

title: User talk:81.178.235.103


text: User talk:62.190.231.25

title: User talk:62.190.231.25


text:
User:Darren Olivier/Copyrights

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Darren Olivier/Copyrights


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wicked WiZardZ

Wicked WiZardZ
Band vanity of the rather, uh, absurd kind. Article pretty much states that they are not notable -- Ferkelparade π 13:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Very funny band vanity. Geogre 15:15, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Benji 15:31, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - bad vanity. Spangineer 15:54, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No sign of notability.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability (and the writing's a mess, with cute bits). Wyss 22:44, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * To be deleted in the known future. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:44, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * OMFG it's another one for BJAODN!!11!!. ROFLMAO. Alphax (talk) 05:04, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Comments from Maker of Article about Wicked WiZardZ: I don't see the big deal about this, but I strongly oppose the idea of deleting the page about about Wicked WiZardZ. Why? Because I don't see it as abusing nor rude/offensive in any way - And what you people mean - 'Bad vanity' (that they are boasting of their artistic skills?) or 'Not notable' - If you think the band is too weird or too unorthodox to be here, or just not 'famous enough' to be mentioned, I suggest you re-think. In an enclycopedia, especially an free one, everything should be worth an mention. This article was NOT ment as an advertision. To your note the article have been cleaned up for 'cute bits' and 'mess'. Thank you.
 * Sorry, my friend, but "free" does not equal "open season on Wikipedia's servers." :^)  I know you mean well, but what you're attempting to do with this article is against this site's guidelines.  The policy is simple:  No "vanity" articles.  We all hope that Wicked WiZardZ is a success.  When it is, rest assured someone will write about it.  Gently delete with best wishes. - Lucky 6.9 01:08, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Our main concern here isn't the "cute bits" or the "mess", since those sorts of things can always be fixed, but the topic. The de facto policy is that we cover things that have significant and notable implications for society at large, and it seems Wicked WiZardZ hasn't yet reached that point. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 08:33, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. No article with phrases like "an abstract/horrorcore rap band with sample-shift electronica equipment" should be allowed to survive! P Ingerson 12:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Comments from Maker of Article about Wicked WiZardZ: Althought I strongly oppose the decision the Wikipedians who is loosely based on it's "vanity", and "phrases" and "not being significant enough", I will bow before the decision although I don't find it fair. Cute bits and Mess have been changed, although, to YOUR best wishes. But, alas, what is an gentle deletion in the face of defeat? We have been confirmed of our uselessness to you. We will come back when we are more...famous for you. Until then....we will survive as an recognized band despite the odds, I hope....ur until the guidelines are less strict. Good bye.
 * On the contrary, it would be unfair for us to keep this when we routinely reject articles on other bands who have not yet released albums achieved notability in the public eye. The fact of the matter is that we can't maintain thousands of articles on bands and people that haven't reached any fame, since it would be exceedingly difficult to verify any information about them (or even that they exist at all), and because they would not be very useful, probably ending up as articles that no other articles link to and that nobody would search for. We have to draw the line somewhere between what is useful for an encyclopedia for the whole world and what is only going to fulfill the curiosity of a negligible group of people. We are not accusing you of "usefulness", just saying that your band is not yet at a level where it would merit inclusion in an encyclopedia. I urge you to reconsider leaving the Wikipedia over this. We always warmly welcome new contributors. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 05:07, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This belongs to somewhere else, not in encyclopedia. Someone should set up a band wiki for these types of articles, so we could have an outlet where to transwiki. jni 07:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
National Maritime Board

 * This is about the Maritime Board in the United Kingdom. For the Board in the Philippines, see National Seamen Board.

The National Maritime Board (NMB) was a bilateral board governing wages and working practices in the British shipping industry.

It was founded in November 1917 against a backdrop of strike action amongst seafarers and was originally intended as a purely wartime measure to facilitate wage negotiations in a period of rapid inflation. It built upon the union-employer relationship that had emerged during the war years and brought together representatives of the Shipping Federation, the National Union of Seamen and the National Union of Ship's Stewards, as well as some smaller unions in the industry, but allowing the British Seafarers' Union only local representation. In 1919 the board was re-established as a permanent body and set about establishing national wage rates for all grades, the first time such rates had been enforced. Aylmer Vallance was appointed as the board's General Secretary.

In the 1920s, the board imposed a series of wage reductions with the support of the National Union of Seamen. The Ship's Stewards Union opposed the first of these reductions in 1921, and its members were locked out. At this time, the board also became embroiled in controversies over the policy of Joint Control introduced by the NUS and Shipping Federation. This arrangement aimed to ensure that seafarers could only gain employment if in possession of a form endorsed by both the union and the employers' organisation. It was allegedly widely used to force out of employment members of rival unions, communists, and other 'agitators'.

Later history is unclear: the University of Warwick's Modern Records Centre states that "the records of the Board currently held [...] end in 1985 [...] and it is not known how the organisation continued to operate after this time".

title: National Maritime Board


text:
Andrzej Kowerski

Andrzej Kowerski (18 May 1912 in Łabunie, Zamość County, Lublin Province, eastern Poland – 8 December 1988 in Munich ) was a Polish Army officer and SOE agent during World War II. From 1941 he used the nom de guerre Andrew Kennedy.

Life
Before the war Kowerski lost a part of one leg in a hunting accident.

During the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Lieutenant Kowerski fought as a member of Poland's 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade, commanded by Col. Stanisław Maczek, winning his country's highest military decoration, the Virtuti Militari.

When Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland on September 17, forcing Poland's government to evacuate south into Romania, Kowerski and his "Black Brigade" (so called after their black leather jackets) evacuated to neighboring Hungary. There he was involved in covert activities, exfiltrating interned Polish, and other Allied, military personnel out of Hungary.

When Kowerski subsequently worked for British Intelligence and the Special Operations Executive, he was given the cover name "Andrew Kennedy." Having lost part of a leg, he became the first disabled man to complete SOE's parachute training. (His lover, Krystyna Skarbek, aka Christine Granville, was the longest serving female agent of SOE and one of its most prominent. They had first met as children at her family's stables when his father had brought him over to play with ten-year-old Krystyna while he and her father discussed agricultural matters. )

Disappearance of Reichsbank and Abwehr reserves
Between 1952 and 1954, Kowerski joined up with his friend W. Stanley Moss to investigate a mystery of the final days of the Third Reich. In April and May 1945, the remaining reserves of the Reichsbank – gold (730 bars), cash (6 large sacks), and precious stones and metals such as platinum (25 sealed boxes) – were dispatched by Walther Funk to be buried on the Klausenhof Mountain at Einsiedl in Bavaria, where the final German resistance was to be concentrated. Similarly the Abwehr cash reserves were hidden nearby in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Shortly after the American forces overran the area, the reserves and money disappeared. Moss and Kennedy travelled back and forth across Germany and into Switzerland and corresponded with fugitives in Argentina, to research what had happened. The disappearance of Major Martin Borg, the US Military Governor of Garmisch-Partenkirchen at the time, has not been explained.

Later, Moss and Kennedy went on to uncover the consequences of Heinrich Himmler’s order of 28 October 1939, which confirmed the Lebensborn programme. They researched what had become of the children born as a result of the order.

Death and burial
Kowerski died from cancer in Munich, Germany, in December 1988. His ashes were flown to London and interred at the foot of Skarbek's grave in St Mary's Roman Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green, northwest London.

title: Andrzej Kowerski


text:
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (lit. 'Central Bank of the Philippines'; commonly abbreviated as BSP in both Filipino and English) is the central bank of the Philippines. It was established on July 3, 1993, pursuant to the provision of Republic Act 7653 or the New Central Bank Act of 1993 as amended by Republic Act 11211 or the New Central Bank Act of 2019. The principal author was Senator Franklin Drilon. It was signed by President Rodrigo Duterte.

American era and World War II
In 1900, the First Philippine Commission passed Act No. 52, which placed all banks under the Bureau of the Treasury and authorizing the Insular Treasurer to supervise and examine banks and all banking activity. In 1929, the Department of Finance, through the Bureau of Banking, took over bank supervision.

By 1933, a group of Filipinos had conceptualized a central bank for the Philippine Islands. It came up with the rudiments of a bill for the establishment of a central bank after a careful study of the economic provisions of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, which would grant Philippine independence after 12 years, but reserving military and naval bases for the United States and imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. However, the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act would be rejected by the Senate of the Philippines at the urging of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon. This Senate then advocated a new bill that won United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt's support, this would be the Tydings–McDuffie Act, which would grant Philippine independence on July 4, 1946.

Under the Commonwealth, discussions continued regarding the idea of a Philippine central bank that would promote price stability and economic growth. The country's monetary system then was administered by the Department of Finance and the National Treasury, and the Philippine piso was on the exchange standard using the United States dollar, which was backed by 100 percent gold reserve, as the standard currency.

As required by the Tydings–McDuffie Act, the National Assembly of the Philippines in 1939 passed a law establishing a central bank. As it was a monetary law, it required the approval of the President of the United States; Franklin D. Roosevelt did not give his. A second law was passed in 1944 under the Japanese-controlled Second Republic during the Second World War, but the 1945 arrival of American liberation forces, aided by Philippine Commonwealth troops and recognised guerrillas, aborted its implementation.

Third Republic and martial law
Shortly after President Manuel Roxas assumed office in 1946, he instructed then-Finance Secretary Miguel Cuaderno, Sr. to draw up a charter for a central bank. The establishment of a monetary authority became imperative a year later as a result of the findings of the Joint Philippine-American Finance Commission chaired by Cuaderno. The commission, which studied Philippine financial, monetary, and fiscal problems in 1947, recommended a shift from the dollar exchange standard to a managed currency system. A central bank was needed to implement this proposed shift.

Roxas then created the Central Bank Council to prepare the charter of a proposed monetary authority. It was submitted to Congress in February 1948. The Central Bank Act authored by then Congressman José J. Roy was signed into law in June of the same year by the newly proclaimed President Elpidio Quirino, who succeeded the late President Roxas, affixing his signature on Republic Act (RA) No. 265 or the Central Bank Act of 1948. On January 3, 1949, the Central Bank of the Philippines was formally inaugurated with Cuaderno as the first governor. The main duties and responsibilities of the Central Bank were to promote economic development and maintain internal and external monetary stability.

Over the years, changes were introduced to make the charter more responsive to the needs of the economy. On November 29, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos' Presidential Decree No. 72 amended Republic Act No. 265, emphasizing the maintenance of domestic and international monetary stability as the primary objective of the Central Bank. The Bank's authority was also expanded to include regulation of the nation's entire financial system just supervision of the banking system. In 1981, RA 265, as amended, was further improved to strengthen the financial system, among the changes was the increase in the capitalization of the Central Bank from ₱10 million to ₱10 billion. In 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte signed R.A. 11211, further increasing the Bank's capitalization to ₱200 billion.

In the 1973 Constitution, the interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly) was mandated to establish an independent central monetary authority. Presidential Decree No. 1801 designated the Central Bank of the Philippines as the central monetary authority (CMA). According to a confidential October 19, 1984 Monetary Board report, the Central bank overstated the country's dollar reserves at $600 million.

Following the overthrow of President Marcos, the 1987 Constitution adopted the CMA provisions from the 1973 Constitution that were aimed at establishing an independent monetary authority through increased capitalization and greater private sector representation in the Monetary Board.

Present
In accordance with a provision in the 1987 Constitution, President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act No. 7653, otherwise known as the New Central Bank Act, into law on June 14, 1993. The law provides for the establishment of an independent monetary authority to be known as the "Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas", its primary objective being the maintenance of price stability. This objective was only implied in the old Central Bank charter. The law also gives the Bangko Sentral fiscal and administrative autonomy which the old Central Bank did not have. On July 3, 1993, the New Central Bank Act took effect.

On the evening of September 26, 2012, a Wednesday, the BSP website was hacked by a group named Anonymous Philippines in a protest against the recently passed Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. The website was promptly restored in the early hours of the following day.

On April 23, 2013, The Asian Banker named the BSP as the Best Macroeconomic Regulator in the Asia-Pacific Region for 2013 in The Asian Banker Leadership Achievement Awards in Jakarta, Indonesia. The BSP was cited as a "good, strong, and fair-minded regulator." About a month later, the BSP was given the country award by the Child and Youth Finance International in its 2013 International Summit in Istanbul, Turkey, in recognition of its initiative to integrate financial literacy education into the Philippine elementary school curriculum.

Project Nexus
The Bank for International Settlements signed an agreement with Central Bank of Malaysia, Bank of Thailand, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Monetary Authority of Singapore, and the Reserve Bank of India on 30 June 2024 as founding member of Project Nexus, a multilateral international initiative to enable retail cross-border payments. Bank Indonesia involved as a special observer. The platform, which is expected to go live by 2026, will interlink domestic fast payment systems of the member countries.

Roles and responsibilities
As prescribed by the New Central Bank Act, the main functions of the Bangko Sentral are:
 * 1) Liquidity management, by formulating and implementing monetary policy aimed at influencing money supply, consistent with its primary objective to maintain price stability,
 * 2) Currency issue. The BSP has the exclusive power to issue the national currency.  All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully guaranteed by the Government and are considered legal tender for all private and public debts,
 * 3) Lender of last resort, by extending discounts, loans and advances to banking institutions for liquidity purposes,
 * 4) Financial supervision, by supervising banks and exercising regulatory powers over non-bank institutions performing quasi-banking functions,
 * 5) Management of foreign currency reserves, by maintaining sufficient international reserves to meet any foreseeable net demands for foreign currencies in order to preserve the international stability and convertibility of the Philippine peso,
 * 6) Determination of exchange rate policy, by determining the exchange rate policy of the Philippines. Currently, the BSP adheres to a market-oriented foreign exchange rate policy, and
 * 7) Being the banker, financial advisor and official depository of the Government, its political subdivisions and instrumentalities and GOCCs.

Organization
The basic structure of the Bangko Sentral includes:
 * The Monetary Board, which exercises the powers and functions of the BSP, such as the conduct of monetary policy and supervision of the financial system;
 * The Monetary Stability Sector, which takes charge of the formulation and implementation of the BSP's monetary policy, including serving the banking needs of all banks through accepting deposits, servicing withdrawals and extending credit through the rediscounting facility;
 * The Supervision and Examination Sector, which enforces and monitors compliance to banking laws to promote a sound and healthy banking system; and
 * The Resource Management Sector, which serves the human, financial and physical resource needs of the BSP.

The powers and function of Bangko Sentral are exercised by its Monetary Board, whose seven members are appointed by the President of the Philippines. As provided for by RA 7653 or the New Central Bank Act, one of the government sector members of the Monetary Board must also be a member of Cabinet. Members of the Monetary Board are prohibited from holding certain positions in other government agencies and private institutions that may give rise to conflicts of interest. The members have fixed and overlapping terms, except for the Cabinet Secretary representing the incumbent administration.

The current members of the Monetary Board are:
 * Eli M. Remolona, Jr. – BSP Governor and Chairman of the Monetary Board
 * Francisco G. Dakila, Jr. – Deputy Governor for Monetary and Economics Sector
 * Chuchi Fonacier – Deputy Governor for Financial Supervision Sector
 * Mamerto Tangonan – Deputy Governor for Payments and Currency Management Sector
 * Eduardo G. Bobier – Deputy Governor for Corporate Services Sector
 * Bernadette Romulo-Puyat – Deputy Governor for Regional Operations and Advocacy Sector
 * Ralph Recto - Secretary of the Department of Finance (DoF)
 * Benjamin Diokno - Monetary Board Member
 * V. Bruce J. Tolentino - Monetary Board Member
 * Anita Linda Aquino - Monetary Board Member
 * Rosalia V. De Leon - Monetary Board Member, former National Treasurer
 * Romeo L. Bernardo - Monetary Board Member, former undersecretary of the DoF

Convertible currencies
The Bangko Sentral has 32 currencies directly convertible with the Philippine peso, which serves as a benchmark for all Philippine banks.

Convertible currencies with Bangko Sentral:

 * 🇦🇺 Australian dollar (AUD)
 * 🇧🇭 Bahraini dinar (BHD)
 * 🇬🇧 British pound (GBP)
 * 🇧🇳 Brunei dollar (BND)
 * 🇨🇦 Canadian dollar (CAD)
 * 🇨🇳 Chinese yuan (CNY)
 * Euro (EUR)
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
 * Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
 * 🇯🇵 Japanese yen (JPY)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korean won (KRW)
 * Kuwaiti dinar (KWD)
 * Saudi riyal (SAR)
 * Singapore dollar (SGD)
 * Swiss franc (CHF)
 * 🇹🇭 Thai baht (THB)
 * United Arab Emirates dirham (AED)
 * 🇺🇸 United States dollar (USD)

Others (Not Convertible With BSP):

 * 🇦🇷 Argentina Peso (ARS)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil Real (BRL)
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark Kroner (DKK)
 * 🇮🇳 India Rupee (INR)
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia Ringgit (MYR)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico New Peso (MXN)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand Dollar (NZD)
 * 🇳🇴 Norway Kroner (NOK)
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan Rupee (PKR)
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa Rand (ZAR)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden Kroner (SEK)
 * 🇸🇾 Syria Pound (SYP)
 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan NT Dollar (TWD)
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela Bolivar (VEB)

Microfinance and financial inclusion
In 2000, the General Banking Law mandated the BSP to recognize microfinance as a legitimate banking activity and to set the rules and regulations for its practice within the banking sector. In the same year, the BSP declared microfinance as its flagship program for poverty alleviation. The BSP has become the prime advocate for the development of microfinance. To this end, the Bangko Sentral aims to:

 * 1) Provide the enabling policy and regulatory environment;
 * 2) Increase the capacity of the BSP and banking sector on microfinance operations; and
 * 3) Promote and advocate for the development of sound and sustainable microfinance operations.

The Bank is active in promoting a financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. It is also one of the original 17 regulatory institutions to make specific national commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration during the 2011 Global Policy Forum held in Mexico.

Anti-money laundering
With money laundering being one of the problems of the Philippines, the BSP has issued a number of measures to bring the Philippines' regulatory regime on money laundering closer to international standards. In September 2001, the Anti-Money Laundering Act, or AMLA, was made into law. The AMLA defined money laundering a criminal offense, and prescribed corresponding penalties. It also provided the foundation for a central monitoring and implementing council called the Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC). The AMLC is composed of the Governor of the Bangko Sentral as chair, and the Commissioner of the Insurance Commission and the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission as members, all acting unanimously in the discharge of the group's mandate.

In February 2013, Philippine President Benigno Aquino III signed "R.A. No. 10365" known as An act further strengthening the Anti-Money Laundering Law, which aims to strengthen the AMLC by requiring that any suspicious transaction in foreign exchange, real estate, and jewelry and precious metal trading be reported.

Logo
The 2020 logo of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas was first adopted as the central bank's primary logo in November 20, 2020 with the design receiving endorsement by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP). The circular symbol features a full-bodied gold-colored Philippine eagle based on actual photographs of the bird and three stars.

The logo featuring a blue and white logo and a more stylized rendition of the eagle, used since June 18, 2010 (concurrently with the 1993 from June 18, 2010 to November 30, 2017 and 2020 logos since November 20, 2020), is still currently used in coinage and banknotes in circulation. It was used on New Generation Currency banknotes printed from December 16, 2010 to December 7, 2022 and coins minted from November 30, 2017 until the said date of December 2022, and on its headquarters in Manila and Security Plant Complex in Quezon City from 2012 to 2022.

Museum
Within the main Manila complex of the BSP is the Museo ng Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (English: Museum of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas). Inaugurated on January 3, 1999, as part of the golden jubilee of central banking in the country, the Museo showcases the BSP's collection of currencies.

As repository and custodian of the country's numismatic heritage, the Museo collects, studies and preserves coins, paper notes, medals, artifacts and monetary items found in the Philippines during its different historical periods. These collections have been placed on permanent display at the Museo. Designed to "walk" the visitor through a number of galleries dedicated to a specific historical period of the country, the Museo visually narrates the development of the Philippine economy, parallel to the evolution of its currency. Complementary paintings from the BSP's art collection,  together with chosen artifacts, enhance each gallery.

A panoramic memorabilia of central banking in the Philippines, it showcases the strides made in bringing about price stability to sustain economic growth in the country. The exhibition hall also features portrait busts of previous governors.

Security Plant Complex
The Security Plant Complex, or SPC, was formally established on September 7, 1978, to safeguard the printing, minting, refining, issuance, distribution and durability of coins, banknotes, gold bars, government official receipts, lottery tickets, internal revenue stamps, passports, seaman identification record books, strip stamps, official documents, registration certificates, Torrens titles, treasury warrants, stocks and bonds, government contracts, ration coupons, official ballots, election return forms, checks and other security printing or minting jobs of the Philippine government.

Printing of official ballots and other public documents was later transferred to the National Printing Office pursuant to Executive Order No. 285 issued on July 25, 1987.

On August 4, 2003, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo issued "Administrative Order No. 79", which designated the SPC as the sole producer of insignia of national orders, decorations, and medals.

The BSP will relocate its security plant complex from East Avenue, Quezon City to the National Government Administrative Center district of New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac after it signed a memorandum of agreement with the Bases Conversion and Development Authority in September 2019. The new currency production facility will be located on a 29 ha plot near the access road connecting New Clark City in Pampanga to the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway and it is expected to be completed within two years.

title: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas


text: User talk:69.110.6.68

title: User talk:69.110.6.68


text:
Yeungnam University College

Yeungnam University College is a technical college located in Nam-gu, Daegu, South Korea. It offers two-, three-, and four- year degree programs in a variety of technical fields, including those of computers, information technology, and industrial machinery. As of 2004, the student body numbers about 5,000 students. About 20% of those students are full-time workers who study at night.

History
Yeungnam University College was founded as a technical high school attached to Yeungnam University in 1968, during the presidency of Park Chung Hee. It was designated a college in 1979. Enrollment has risen dramatically over the years; the first graduating class in 1970 numbered 68, while the class of 2004 numbered 1,818.

Sister colleges
Yeungnam maintains sisterhood relationships with various institutions around the world. These include Taiwan's Taipei Institute of Technology, America's Lewis & Clark College, Canada's Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, Australia's Central Queensland University and Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Japan's Osaka Industrial College and Nagasaki Science College, the Philippines' University of Santo Tomas, and China's Shenyang University of Technology.

title: Yeungnam University College


text:
Talk:The Hire

Terrible Grammer
The grammer in this article is so bad that some of the sentences don't even make sense. Somebody has to give the whole article a major overhaul.

Theatrical Release
The article states that "the BMW films never had a theatrical release." However, I definately saw the "Beat the Devil" short in a London cinema. I believe it prefaced The Recruit. Zoganes 13:19, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

History
The last paragraph in the history section reads like a press release. I suspect it was taken from somewhere else and should be removed. Lord Bodak 18:02, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Nissan
"The Run" was also clearly influenced by Claude Lelouche's "C'etait un Rendezvous" (1976)

YouTube links
This article is one of thousands on Wikipedia that have a link to YouTube in it. Based on the External links policy, most of these should probably be removed. I'm putting this message here, on this talk page, to request the regular editors take a look at the link and make sure it doesn't violate policy. In short: 1. 99% of the time YouTube should not be used as a source. 2. We must not link to material that violates someones copyright. If you are not sure if the link on this article should be removed or you would like to help spread this message contact us on this page. Thanks, ---J.S (t|c) 03:27, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The fact that the videos are on YouTube needs to be said here, in passing. Don't ever link to them. That wouldn't be good. I just rewrote it to say they can be found on many FLV movie sites like YouTube or DailyMotion. Tabascoman77 13:52 (PST), 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Title
Why isn't this at "The Hire"? Kuralyov 05:01, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Costs / budget?
Is there any data on how much these movies cost to make, how long they took to make, etc.?

Why so many citations needed?
I can prove half the stuff on this page, including how I purchased the DVD direct from BMW's site, the fact that YouTube has all the movies posted on their site, I mean these are common facts. I can even prove that there's a comic book out there. Why is the whole page "lacking citations"??? Tabascoman77 03:57, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Article Rewritten - Sources on the way
I went ahead and rewrote most of the article from scratch. Not to worry: I DO have sources for everything. Please give me time to get a list of them and I will post them.

CHANGES:
 * I corrected as much of the grammar as I could.
 * Corrected timeline in the history.
 * More detailed history
 * Forest Whitaker "Follow" details filled in.
 * Added a sub-chapter about "the interlude" movies and how they related to an online game by BMW.
 * Lots more...

Tabascoman77 13:50 (PST), 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Added the film's infobox today, added a low-res movie poster, and made small edits here and there. Tightened up the "influences" section, added more tidbits about Sea-Doo and Covad to the list of influences. Fixed up a factual error about the producers of Seasons 1 and 2. More to come, regarding sources (mostly regarding the whole Forest Whitaker fiasco)... Tabascoman77 11:04 (PST), 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Removal of "needs-infobox" tag
This article has had its infobox tag removed by a cleanup using AWB. Any concerns please leave me a message at my talk page. RWardy 06:27, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Fact checking - "Ambush"
Btw, awesome work you are doing! My question has to do withe whether the diamond merchant swallowed the diamonds or not. It wasn't clarified as to whether he did or not. When the Driver asked him, he just smiles and chuckles. Sounds more like a case of 'baby, you will never know.' Thoughts? - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  04:47, 25 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'll correct that, then, - Arcayne   (cast a spell)  23:37, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

vandals?
second paragraph: [..PJ plays "clive owen"] needs to be corrected in some way, without repeating the last sentence in the first paragraph. Monikker23 (talk) 20:30, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080120192600/http://www.mediabuyerplanner.com:80/2005/10/03/bmw_backs_out_of_branded/ to http://www.mediabuyerplanner.com/2005/10/03/bmw_backs_out_of_branded/

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External links modified
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title: Talk:The Hire


text:
Best Director

Best Director is the name of an award which is presented by various film, television and theatre organizations, festivals, and people's awards. It may refer to:

Film awards

 * AACTA Award for Best Direction
 * Academy Award for Best Director
 * BAFTA Award for Best Direction
 * Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival)
 * César Award for Best Director
 * Citra Award for Best Director
 * Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Director
 * Empire Award for Best Director
 * Empire Award for Best British Director
 * European Film Award for Best Director
 * Golden Globe Award for Best Director
 * Goya Award for Best Director
 * Independent Spirit Award for Best Director
 * Japan Academy Prize for Director of the Year
 * MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction, called Award for Best Director in 2007
 * New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director
 * Polish Academy Award for Best Director
 * Satellite Award for Best Director
 * Saturn Award for Best Director

Television awards

 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special
 * MuchMusic Video Award for Best Director

Theatre awards

 * Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical
 * Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play
 * Tony Award for Best Director

title: Best Director


text: Talk:Yeungnam University College

title: Talk:Yeungnam University College


text: File:Devdas (2002 Hindi film).jpg

title: File:Devdas (2002 Hindi film).jpg


text:
Gaslight Radio

Gaslight Radio were an Australian indie rock band. It was founded by brothers, Martin (guitar) and Rory Cooke (vocals, guitar) with Simon Piper (drums) and Phil Roubin (bass guitar) in Burleigh Heads, Queensland in 1995. They released three studio albums, Hitch on the Leaves (September 1998), Z-Nation (2003) and Good Heavens Mean Times (July 2006), before disbanding in 2009.

History
Gaslight Radio formed at Burleigh Heads, Queensland in 1995 as an indie guitar pop group by Rory Cooke on vocals and guitar, his brother Martin Cooke on guitar, Phil Roubin on bass guitar and Simon Piper on drums. The Cooke brothers grew up in a housing commission suburb, Burleigh Park, which later became part of Burleigh Heads. Rory later explained why he took up song writing, "If someone is in their bedroom with their headphones on, trying to drown their parents' fighting, that's when music can mean the most."

Gaslight Radio recorded a four-track demo in the Gold Coast hinterland, which included the track "Tarmac and Line". The demo was sent to Mushroom Records, where the band signed with an independent offshoot – Lonely Guy Records. The first EP, Torchin' Towns, Hankering Homes (August 1996), was recorded over the Easter weekend with Greg Wales (Drop City) producing at Smash Studios, Sydney. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, opined, "With influences drawn from US bands like The Pixies, Pavement and The Breeders, the band fashioned a compelling brand of low-fi indie guitar pop." Its five tracks were "earning the band across-the-board praise." "Tarmac and Line" was one of its popular tracks.

The group played several shows in the Gold Coast and Brisbane prior to the release of the EP, including co-headlining with another Gold Coast band, Pollen. They toured Australia for a year "with other like-minded bands such as Autohaze, Drop City and Pollen." After its release their material gained high rotation on JJJ radio and independent stations ZZZ and RRR. They appeared at the Big Day Out, Gold Coast and at Brisbane's Livid festival.

They recorded their second five-track EP, ...Our Dolelove (June 1997), in Melbourne during mid-1997 with the assistance of Charles Bickford from the Paradise Motel. It appeared via Lonely Guy Records and was distributed by Mushroom Distribution Services (MDS). McFarlane felt its "track 'The Singer's a Liar' highlighted the band's off-kilter inventiveness." Extensive touring was undertaken in support of the EP, including a national support with Even and Header.

In late 1997 Gaslight Radio recorded four tracks for their third EP, Is by Bus (November 1997), with Lindsay Gravina (Underground Lovers, Magic Dirt) at Birdland Studios, Melbourne. The title track, "Is by Bus", received significant airplay. Phil Roubin departed the band, prior to their relocation from the Gold Coast to Melbourne.

Gaslight Radio's debut, Hitch on the Leaves (September 1998), was released to critical acclaim: McFarlane described it as "a fine example of indie guitar-pop," while AllMusic's Ned Raggett rated it as four out-of five stars. He explained, "[it is] a wonderful debut album from this quintet, equal parts pretty Cocteau Twins-inspired shoegaze and fragile rock drive... [they] don't sound like a cloning of any one group in particular, partially since the group turns from total feedback overdrive to subtler, slow motion approaches."

In December 1999 they issued a six-track EP, Sleeveful of Slight, via Silvertone Records, "With a new bass player and drummer installed, the band recorded new material." Five of its tracks were recorded in October with Tim Whitten producing. Cameron Webb of Oz Music Project felt the title track is "easily the best track here and is forged from the same mould used for the previously released 'Is by Bus' and 'Spindlings of the Summer'."

Webb observed, "Upbeat catchy pop with skewed guitars and abstract lyrics have become the trademark of Gaslight Radio and there is no shortage of those elements here. However, it is nice to hear a more minimalist approach taken to most of the other tracks where drums have been stripped back and a greater prevalence bestowed upon the organ."

A six-track EP, Chapter 6: The Hard Luck Knights, was released in 2002 via Love + Mercy / Inertia Records. Oz Music Project's Jasper Lee opined "[it] follows nicely onto their last release, the 7" Sleeveful of Slight and is broken down into two single tracks and four demo recordings... Not much to fault here, it's very much a Gaslight Radio disc, with their sound relatively intact through the years in the musical wilderness."

Z-Nation, the group's second album, was issued in 2003 via Love + Mercy / Inertia with Gravina, Michael Alonso and Glen Berry producing. According to Sam Fell of Mess + Noise "[it] was a polarising release. Still, it was a record that found the band comfortable in their own musical skin; one where they developed their signature wall of sound. 'I like that album. Not many people do, but I do,' [Rory] Cooke jokes. 'Marty and I had been doing it for a long time by that stage, we knew how to do it, realised strengths and weaknesses of certain things'." Lee opined "the band have added several members to their ranks, the sum total of their parts being a fuller version of their earlier incarnation. The ever-languid vocals of Rory Cooke still glide through the band's defining jangly indie rhythms with a seemingly enhanced vigour."

Gaslight Radio released a compilation album, Magic Castle Broke Songs, in August 2004. It included tracks from their first four EPs. The group's third studio album, Good Heavens Mean Times appeared in July 2006. Darren Levin of The Sydney Morning Herald observed "the members had to weather homelessness, doomed relationships and Melbourne's hottest summer in 45 years. Tracked in five days at Birdland Studios, most of the album was written on the lounge-room floor of bass player Michael Regan's flat, where songwriting brothers Martin and Rory Cooke were temporarily housed."

In August 2007, New Zealand group Cut Off Your Hands, performed "Is by Bus", on Triple J's Like a Version program. In 2009 Gaslight Radio disbanded with Rory and Martin Cooke pursuing their own projects: Forty Thousand Sisters for Martin, and the Eliza Band for Rory. Latter day members of Gaslight Radio included Nick Treweek (2nd drummer), Matt Davis (keys), Emily Fullerton (keys), Alex Jarvis (guitar), Peter Mclean (guitar), Michael Regan (bass) and Cameron Teys (drums). In June 2015 Emporio Armani choose "Change the Ending" from Gaslight Radio's album, Good Heavens Mean Times, for an ad campaign. Martin explained "[it] was sourced old school, someone heard it on Youtube, and the negotiations started." The track was co-written by the Cooke brothers.

Albums

 * Hitch on the Leaves (September 1998) – Lonely Guy Records / MDS (GUY004)
 * Z-Nation (2003) – Love + Mercy/Inertia (Briar004)
 * Magic Castle Broke Songs (compilation album, August 2004) – Independent (GR001)
 * Good Heavens Mean Times (July 2006) – Love + Mercy (Briar013)

Extended plays

 * Torchin' Towns, Hankerin' Homes (August 1996) – Lonely Guy Records (GUY001)
 * ...Our Dolelove (June 1997) – Lonely Guy Records / MDS (GUY002)
 * Is by Bus (November 1997) – Lonely Guy Records / MDS (GUY003)
 * Sleeveful Of Slight (December 1999) – Silvertone Records (SILV002)
 * Chapter 6: The Hard Luck Knights (2002) – Love + Mercy/Inertia (Briar001)
 * One Kid (2004) – Independent

Singles

 * "Guillotine Sun" (2009)

title: Gaslight Radio


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British Rail Class D2/11

The British Rail Class D2/11 was a British class of locomotive designed in 1958 by Brush Traction and Beyer, Peacock & Company, which co-operated to produce five prototype diesel-electric shunting locomotives of 0-4-0 wheel arrangement. They were intended to demonstrate a new generation of diesel shunters for industrial and mainline use. Two were loaned to British Railways for trials and one, number D2999, was subsequently purchased by BR. However, no large scale orders resulted from these demonstrators.

Similar locomotives were built for industrial use, notably for steelworks in South Wales and Yorkshire. These were built by Brush Traction working with Bagnall.

D2999
D2999 was loaned by Brush Traction to British Railways (BR) from January 1960 and was allocated to Stratford TMD where it was subsequently allocated to the goods yard at Globe Road & Devonshire Street. The locomotive proved popular at Devonshire Street and in September 1960 and subsequently purchased by them for further use. It was classified as British Rail Class D2/11 at this point, and remained there bar the odd maintenance visit to  Stratford, until 15 October 1967 when it was withdrawn. It was fitted with a National M4AAV6 engine of 200 hp, had a maximum speed of 18 mi/h and weighed 30 LT. D2999 is preserved on the Middleton Railway.

D9998
D9998 was on loan to BR for approximately a year from mid-1961. It was fitted with a Petter-McLaren engine of 200 hp, had a maximum speed of 18 mi/h and weighed 30 LT.

title: British Rail Class D2/11


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Sibutramine

Sibutramine, formerly sold under the brand name Meridia among others, is an appetite suppressant which has been discontinued in many countries. It works as a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor similar to a tricyclic antidepressant. Until 2010, it was widely marketed and prescribed as an adjunct in the treatment of obesity along with diet and exercise. It has been associated with increased cardiovascular diseases and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in 2010 in several countries and regions including Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. However, the drug remains available in some countries.

Sibutramine was originally developed in 1988 by Boots in Nottingham, UK, and manufactured and marketed by Abbott Laboratories and sold under a variety of brand names including Reductil, Meridia, Siredia, and Sibutrex before its withdrawal 2010 from most markets. It was classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance in the United States.

As of 2018, the FDA still found sibutramine in over 700 diet supplements marketed as "natural", "traditional" or "herbal remedies".

Medical uses
Sibutramine has been used to produce appetite suppression for the purpose of attaining weight loss in the treatment of patients with obesity.

Contraindications
Sibutramine is contraindicated in patients with:

 * Psychiatric conditions as bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, serious depression or pre-existing mania
 * Patients with a history of or a predisposition to drug or alcohol abuse
 * Hypersensitivity to the drug or any of the inactive ingredients
 * Patients below 18 and above 65 years of age
 * Concomitant treatment with a MAO inhibitor, antidepressant or other centrally active drugs, particularly other anoretics
 * History of peripheral arterial disease
 * Hypertension that is not sufficiently controlled (e.g., >145/90 mmHg), caution in controlled hypertension
 * Existing pulmonary hypertension
 * Existing damage on heart valves, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, serious arrhythmias, previous myocardial infarction
 * A history of coronary artery disease (e.g., angina, history of myocardial infarction), congestive heart failure, tachycardia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, arrhythmia or cerebrovascular disease (stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA))
 * Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA)
 * Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
 * Closed angle glaucoma
 * Seizure disorders
 * Enlargement of the prostate gland with urinary retention (relative contraindication)
 * Pheochromocytoma
 * Pregnant and lactating women (relative contraindication)

Side effects
A higher number of cardiovascular events has been observed in people taking sibutramine versus control (11.4% vs. 10.0%). In 2010 the FDA noted the concerns that sibutramine increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease.

Frequently encountered side effects are: dry mouth, paradoxically increased appetite, nausea, strange taste in the mouth, upset stomach, constipation, trouble sleeping, dizziness, drowsiness, menstrual cramps/pain, headache, flushing, or joint/muscle pain.

In a 2016 Cochrane review, sibutramine was found to substantially increase blood pressure and heart rate in some patients, in the updated review in 2021 sibutramine was not included since the drug had been withdrawn from the market. When used, regular blood pressure monitoring needed to be performed.

The following side effects are infrequent but serious and require immediate medical attention: cardiac arrhythmias, paresthesia, mental/mood changes (e.g., excitement, restlessness, confusion, depression, rare thoughts of suicide).

Symptoms that require urgent medical attention are seizures, problems urinating, abnormal bruising or bleeding, melena, hematemesis, jaundice, fever and rigors, chest pain, hemiplegia, abnormal vision, dyspnea and edema.

Currently, no case of pulmonary hypertension has been noted. (Fenfluramine, of the 1990s "Fen-Phen" combo, forced excess release of neurotransmitters—a different action. Phentermine was uninvolved in the rare—but clinically significant—heart issues of fenfluramine.)

Interactions
Sibutramine has a number of clinically significant interactions. The concomitant use of sibutramine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs, such as selegiline) is not indicated, as it may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a somewhat rare but serious adverse drug reaction. Sibutramine should not be taken within two weeks of stopping or starting an MAOI. Taking both sibutramine and certain medications used in the treatment of migraines—such as ergolines and triptans—as well as opioids, may also increase the risk for serotonin syndrome, as may the use of more than one serotonin reuptake inhibitor at the same time.

The concomitant use of sibutramine and drugs which inhibit CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole and erythromycin, may increase plasma levels of sibutramine. Sibutramine does not affect the efficacy of hormonal contraception.

Pharmacodynamics
Sibutramine is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that, in humans, reduces the reuptake of norepinephrine (by ~73%), serotonin (by ~54%), and dopamine (by ~16%), thereby increasing the levels of these substances in synaptic clefts and helping enhance satiety; the serotonergic action, in particular, is thought to influence appetite. Older anorectic agents such as amphetamine and fenfluramine force the release of these neurotransmitters rather than affecting their reuptake.

Sibutramine's mechanism of action is similar to tricyclic antidepressants, and it has demonstrated antidepressant effects in animal models of depression. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 1997 for the treatment of obesity.

Sibutramine is reported to be a prodrug to two active metabolites, desmethylsibutramine (M1; BTS-54354) and didesmethylsibutramine (M2; BTS-54505), with much greater potency as monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Further studies have indicated that the (R)-enantiomers of each metabolite exert significantly stronger anorectic effects than the (S)-enantiomers.

Unlike other serotonergic appetite suppressants like fenfluramine, sibutramine and its metabolites have only low and likely inconsequential affinity for the 5-HT2B receptor.

Pharmacokinetics
Sibutramine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (77%), but undergoes considerable first-pass metabolism, reducing its bioavailability. The drug itself reaches its peak plasma level after 1 hour and has also a half-life of 1 hour. Sibutramine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP3A4 into two pharmacologically active primary and secondary amines (called active metabolites 1 and 2) with half-lives of 14 and 16 hours, respectively. Peak plasma concentrations of active metabolites 1 and 2 are reached after three to four hours. The following metabolic pathway mainly results in two inactive conjugated and hydroxylated metabolites (called metabolites 5 and 6). Metabolites 5 and 6 are mainly excreted in the urine.

Chemistry
Sibutramine has usually been used in the form of the hydrochloride monohydrate salt.

Detection in body fluids
Sibutramine and its two active N-demethylated metabolites may be measured in biofluids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma levels of these three species are usually in the 1–10 μg/L range in persons undergoing therapy with the drug. The parent compound and norsibutramine are often not detectable in urine, but dinorsibutramine is generally present at concentrations of >200 μg/L.

Regulatory approval, 1997–2010
Sibutramine was originally developed in 1988 by Boots in Nottingham, UK, / and marketed by Knoll Pharmaceuticals after BASF/Knoll AG purchased the Boots Research Division in 1995. It was classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance in the United States.

In 1997, the US FDA approved it for weight loss and maintenance of weight loss in people with a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 or for people with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2 who have other cardiovascular risk factors. It was manufactured and marketed by Abbott Laboratoriess. It was sold under a variety of brand names including Reductil, Meridia, Siredia, and Sibutrex.

In 2002, studies looked into reports of sudden death, heart failure, renal failure and gastrointestinal problems. Despite a 2002 petition by Ralph Nader-founded NGO Public Citizen, the FDA made no attempts to withdraw the drug, but was part of a Senate hearing in 2005. Similarly, in 2004, David Graham, FDA "whistleblower", testified before a Senate Finance Committee hearing that sibutramine may be more dangerous than the conditions it is used for.

Between January 2003 and November 2005, a large randomized-controlled "Sibutramine Cardiovascular OUTcomes" (SCOUT) study with 10,742 patients examined whether or not sibutramine administered within a weight management program reduces the risk for cardiovascular complications in people at high risk for heart disease and concluded that use of silbutramine had a RR 1.16 for the primary outcome (composit of nonfatal MI, nonfatal CVA, cardiac arrest, and CV death).

In April 2010 David Haslam (chairman of the National Obesity Forum) said in a dissenting article, "Sibutramine: gone, but not forgotten", that the SCOUT study was flawed as it only covered high-risk patients and did not consider obese patients who did not have cardiovascular complications or similar contraindications.

On January 21, 2010, the European Medicines Agency recommended suspension of marketing authorizations for sibutramine based on the SCOUT study results.

In August 2010 the FDA added a new contraindication for patients over 65 years of age because clinical studies of sibutramine did not include sufficient numbers of such patients.

On October 8, 2010, the FDA recommended against continued prescribing because of unnecessary cardiovascular risks to patients, asking Abbott Laboratories to voluntarily withdraw. Abbott announced the same day that it was withdrawing sibutramine from the US market, citing concerns over minimal efficacy coupled with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events.

Counterfeit weight-loss products, 2008–present
On December 22, 2008, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued an alert to consumers naming 27 different products marketed as “dietary supplements” for weight loss, that illegally contain undisclosed amounts of sibutramine. In March 2009, Dieter Müller et al. published a study of sibutramine poisoning cases from similar Chinese "herbal supplements" sold in Europe, containing as much as twice the dosage of the legally licensed drug.

An additional 34 products were recalled by the FDA on April 22, 2009, further underscoring the risks associated with unregulated "herbal supplements" to unsuspecting persons. This concern is especially relevant to those with underlying medical conditions incompatible with undeclared pharmaceutical adulterants. In January 2010, a similar alert was issued for counterfeit versions of the over-the-counter weight loss drug Alli sold over the Internet. Instead of the active ingredient orlistat, the counterfeit drugs contain sibutramine, and at concentrations at least twice the amount recommended for weight loss.

In March 2010 Health Canada advised the public that illegal "Herbal Diet Natural" had been found on the market, containing sibutramine, which is a prescription drug in Canada, without listing sibutramine as an ingredient. In October 2010 FDA notified consumers that "Slimming Beauty Bitter Orange Slimming Capsules contain the active pharmaceutical ingredient sibutramine, a prescription-only drug which is a stimulant. Sibutramine is not listed on the product label."

In October 2010 the MHRA in the UK issued a warning regarding "Payouji tea" and "Pai You Guo Slim Capsules" which were found to contain undeclared quantities of sibutramine.

On December 30, 2010, the FDA released a warning regarding "Fruta Planta" dietary products, which were found to contain undeclared amounts of sibutramine. The recall stated that "there is NO SAFE formula on the US market and that all versions of Fruta Planta contain sibutramine. All versions of the formula are UNSAFE and should not be purchased from any source."

In 2011, some illegal weight loss products imported into Ireland have been found to contain sibutramine. In 2012, similar concerns were raised in Australia, where illegal imported supplements have been found to contain sibutramine, resulting in public alerts from Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration.

In October 2011, the FDA warned that 20 brands of dietary supplements were tainted with sibutramine.

In a 2018 study the FDA found synthetic additives including sibutramine in over 700 diet supplements marketed as "natural", "traditional" or "herbal remedies".

title: Sibutramine


text: User talk:80.53.88.66

title: User talk:80.53.88.66


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User talk:Jamescolton

Hello James and welcome to wikipedia. Our article on iridology certainly needs a lot of work. I'm glad we have someone knowledgable come along. Please edit the article as you see fit, and we can discuss your changes on the talk page. BTW I moved your comments from the main article onto the talk page. Cheers! Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 13:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Yes, welcome: Pointing out differences between European and American practice and theory would be very valuable. Remember, though, that this is supposed to be an encyclopedia article and not a discussion forum, so try to keep the tone neutral (e.g., don't include your opinion that the American method is "bullshit", even though it may be - you can put that, if you wish, on the Talk page!) - DavidWBrooks 14:16, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jamescolton


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Laki language

Laki (له‌کی, ) is a vernacular that consists of two dialects; Pish-e Kuh Laki and Posht-e Kuh Laki. Laki is considered a Kurdish dialect, by most linguists and is spoken chiefly in the area between Khorramabad and Kermanshah in Iran by about 680,000 native speakers.

Geography
Laki is spoken in Iran and in Turkey. In Iran, the isogloss of Laki spans from Khorramabad to east of Kermanshah, from Holeylan to Harsin. It's the main language in Selseleh, Delfan, Kuhdasht and Khawa counties in Lorestan Province, including Oshtorinan District of Borujerd County, and also around Malayer and Nahavand in Hamadan Province. In Kermanshah Province, it is the main language in Harsin County, Kangavar County, Sahneh County, and in the southern halves of Kermanshah County and Eslamabad-e Gharb County. There are also Laki enclaves in Khorasan, Kerman and around 100,000 speakers in 70 villages around Kelardasht in Mazandaran. In Gilan province, Laki is spoken by around 1,500 people.

In Turkey, the language is spoken by the Şêxbizin tribe, scattered around the country.

Classification
The classification of Laki as a sub-dialect of Southern Kurdish or as a fourth dialect of Kurdish is unsettled, but the differences between Laki and the other Southern Kurdish dialects are minimal. However, linguist Fattah argues that Laki cannot be considered a dialect of Southern Kurdish since Laki is ergative and is thus a fourth Kurdish language.

Other linguists argue that Laki is closely related to Kurdish but refrain from deciding its place among the Northwestern Iranian languages.

Laki has also been classified as a Luri dialect, but speakers of Luri claim that Laki is "difficult or impossible to understand". Linguist Shahsavari points that Laki is sometimes seen as 'a transitional dialect between Kurdish and Luri'.

Oral literature
Two significant groups of Laki oral literature are religious oral literature and astronomical literature. The first group includes Shia oral hymns and Yarsan songs, while the second gives an expansive and colorful account of Laki narratives of astronomical events and their consequences, the power of the sun, moon, the week and tales on the stars. A third and less significant group of Laki oral literature are verses on nature and the daily life. In the folklore of rural areas, fal gərtən or 'tell fortunes' are very important.

Written literature
The use of Laki in literary writing is a more recent phenomenon and has therefore not been considerably developed. Historically, the use was impeded by the status of Gorani as koiné among Kurds which meant that speakers of Laki wrote their poetry in Gorani. Nonetheless, some early Laki works include the quatrain al-shi'r bi-l-fahlawīya (year 716 in hijri) which was preserved in a 14th-century manuscript, and Jang-i Hamawan which was a freely adapted Laki version of the Shahnameh by Ferdowsi. Mele Perîşan (1356–1431) also wrote his diwan in Gorani influenced by Laki.

The most well-known manzuma in Laki is Darcenge written by Sayid Nushad Abu al-Wafa'i, a fellow of Sultan Sahak and contemporary of Nader Shah. The Darcenge contained questions concerning the events taking place in the world with sophisticated answers. This period also saw many Laki versions of the Kalâm-e Saranjâm.

In addition, there are many manuscripts titled Kule bad meaning 'the continuous wind' scattered around the region. These manuscripts appeared numerously in the late 16th century and early 17th century and were used to express benediction on nature and to request a wind which was appropriate for agricultural reasons. Important names from the 18th to the 20th century include Najaf Kalhuri (1739–1799), Tirkamir (d. 1815), Yaqub Maydashti, Mila Manuchichr Kuliwand and Mila Haqq Ali Siyahpush.

Laki phonology
The phonology of Laki is identical to that of other Southern Kurdish dialects, which diverges from Kurmanji and Sorani by also having the, and.

title: Laki language