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Rayonnoceras

Rayonnoceras is a genus of extinct cephalopods that lived around 325 million years ago during the Carboniferous. Although they resemble earlier actinocerids they are now thought to belong to the Pseudorthocerida

Rayonnoceras is characterized by large straight shells with a large subcentral siphuncle composed of subglobular segments, as for the family. The endosiphuncular canal system is well developed and most chambers are filled with organic deposits. Some shells have transverse striae, others are smooth. As with earlier actinocerids, Rayonnoceras has a canal system within the siphuncle that includes a narrow opening, the parispatium, between the internal deposits and inner wall of the connecting ring. It differs from the earlier actinocerids in having a bullet-like apex with a cicatrix and a long first chamber, characteristic of pseuorthocerids, rather than a blunt apex and short first chamber characteristic of true actinocerids. Orientation during life was horizontal. Cameral deposits, more concentrated in the apical part of the shell, are thought to have acted as ballast that compensated for the weight of the animal in the forward part. In life Rayonnoceras was probably a bottom dweller that spent most of its time stationary, waiting in ambush for prey.

Rayonnoceras was among the last of the actinocerid-mimics, which finally died out in the Carboniferous.

In 2003 a specimen of Rayonnoceras solidiforme eight feet long (2.4m) was found in Arkansas. It is believed to be the largest of its kind ever found and is housed at the University of Arkansas Museum.

title: Rayonnoceras


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Ornithogalum

Ornithogalum is a genus of perennial plants mostly native to southern Europe and southern Africa belonging to the family Asparagaceae. Some species are native to other areas such as the Caucasus. Some species are classified as noxious invasive weeds in some portions of North America. Growing from a bulb, species have linear basal leaves and a slender stalk, up to 30 cm tall, bearing clusters of typically white star-shaped flowers, often striped with green. The common name of the genus, star-of-Bethlehem, is based on its star-shaped flowers, after the Star of Bethlehem that appears in the biblical account of the birth of Jesus. The number of species has varied considerably, depending on authority, from 50 to 300.

Description
Ornithogalum species are perennial bulbous geophytes with basal leaves. Sensu lato, the genus has the characteristics of the tribe Ornithogaleae as a whole, since the tribe is monotypic in that sense. Sensu stricto, the genus is characterised by long linear to oblong-lanceolate (lance-shaped) leaves, sometimes with a white longitudinal band on the adaxial (upper) side, an inflorescence that is corymbose or pseudocorymbose, tepals that are white with a longitudinal green band only visible on the abaxial (lower) side, a capsule that is obovate or oblong, and truncate with six noticeable ribs in section and seeds that are globose with a prominently reticulate (net-like pattern) testa. The bulbs are ovoid with free or concrescent scales.

The longitudinal band on the leaves is thought to be caused by an interruption of palisade tissue in the central portion of the leaf. This is an apomorphy that was not present in the early lineage of this clade, but is also seen in some Albuca species.

Taxonomy
Ornithogalum was originally described by Linnaeus in 1753, with 12 species, which he placed in the Hexandria Monogynia (six stamens, one carpel). When Michel Adanson formed the family Liliaceae in 1763, he placed Ornithogalum there, where it largely remained till this very large family was dismembered towards the end of the 20th century. Specifically, he included the genus with the onions (now Allioideae).

By the 1870s, as Baker describes in his revision of the family, the taxonomy of Liliaceae had become vast and complicated. Baker placed Ornithogalum in the tribe Scilleae, one of eight tribes into which he divided the Liliaceae. He then further subdivided the genus into seven subgenera. Of those, the first, Heliocharmos, corresponds to the modern Ornithogalum sensu stricto, with 23 species.

Later, in the United Kingdom, Bentham and Hooker published their volume on the Liliaceae in Latin in 1883. They divided the family into 20 tribes and placed Ornithogalum in the tribe Scilleae with 19 other genera, and indicated 70 species existed. In the German literature the taxonomic system of Engler completed its classification of the Liliaceae in 1888. He divided the family into 12 subfamilies and subordinate tribes. Ornithogalum was then placed in the subfamily Lilioideae and tribe Scilleae together with 21 other genera. The 70 species of Ornithogalum were then further divided into six sections, with section Heliocharmos corresponding to Baker's subgenus.

Ornithogalum is one of four genera in the tribe Ornithogaleae, the largest tribe within the subfamily Scilloideae of the Asparagaceae. Historically, it was treated as part of the subfamily Ornithogaloideae of Hyacinthaceae, now obsolete terms. The preferred treatment is to consider the Hyacinthaceae as subfamily Scilloideae of the Asparagaceae. The original subfamilies within Hyacinthaceae became tribes of subfamily Scilloideae. Thus subfamily Ornithogaloideae became tribe Ornithogaleae.

The precise taxonomy of the Ornithogaloideae/Ornithogaleae has been problematic since at least the time of Linnaeus. The Ornithogaloideae were one of four major clades within the Hyacinthaceae. Phylogenetic analysis subsumed all of that subfamily into the genus Ornithogalum with about 300 species. This sensu lato reduction of Speta's 14 genera into one was not widely accepted, though they were polyphyletic, and had a number of problems. (This also had the effect of eliminating Galtonia as a genus, under which a number of Ornithogalum species are still sold.)

Further analysis with wider sampling (70 compared to 40 taxa) and a third plastid region (matK) revealed the presence of three clades (A, B and C) within Ornithogaleae/Ornithogalum. Consequently, a new classification was proposed with three tribes and four genera, Ornithogalum corresponding to clade C, placed in tribe Ornithogaleae, but further subdivided into subgenera and sections, with 160 species. Galtonia was retained as a taxon, but at the subgenus level. An alternative approach was suggested by combining plastid gene sequences with nuclear DNA sequences, morphology, and biogeography. This supported Manning's clade C within which Ornithogalum was contained, but the very large subgenus Ornithogalum was noted to still be heterogeneous, which they had managed by treating it as seven sections. This study suggested reversing the sensu lato (lumping) approach of Manning et al., reverting to separate genera (splitting), thus resurrecting Galtonia.

The sensu stricto classification of reduces the number of species to 50 as originally proposed by Speta. Thus, any consideration of the genus needs to be examined as to whether it refers to sensu stricto, the 50 species considered by and, or sensu lato, the much larger genus envisaged by.

Subdivision
This very large genus has long been divided into many subgenera. The Flora Europaea (1980) lists 15 subgenera, many of which had at various times been separate distinct genera. Having originally subsumed all of the Ornithogaleae genera into the single genus Ornithogalum, later subdivided this now very large genus into four subgenera after resurrecting three of the original subsumed genera (Albuca, Pseudogaltonia, Dipcadi). As proposed by them the genus has the following structure:
 * subgenus Avonsera (Speta) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (monotypic: Ornithogalum convallarioides)
 * subgenus Galtonia (Decne.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (7 species)
 * subgenus Aspasia (Salisb.) Oberm. (30 species)
 * subgenus Ornithogalum (7 sections, 120 species)

Species
Of the roughly 180 species, the best known are O. umbellatum, O. saundersiae, O. arabicum, and O. thyrsoides.
 * Ornithogalum arabicum (Star-of-Bethlehem)
 * Ornithogalum dubium (Sun star, yellow chincherinchee)
 * Ornithogalum maculatum (Snake flower)
 * Ornithogalum narbonense (Pyramidal star-of-Bethlehem)
 * Ornithogalum nutans (Drooping star-of-Bethlehem)
 * Ornithogalum pyrenaicum (Bath asparagus/Prussian asparagus/spiked star-of-Bethlehem)
 * Ornithogalum saundersiae (Giant chincherinchee)
 * Ornithogalum thyrsoides (Chincherinchee)
 * Ornithogalum umbellatum (Garden star-of-Bethlehem) Type species
 * Ornithogalum xanthochlorum (Namaqua chink/slangkop)

Species formerly placed in Galtonia include:
 * Ornithogalum candicans (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (Summer hyacinth, Cape hyacinth)
 * Ornithogalum princeps (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Ornithogalum regalis (Hilliard & B.L.Burtt) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
 * Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker
 * Ornithogalum viridiflorum (I.Verd.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt

Etymology
The Latin genus name ornithogalum derives from Greek ὀρνιθόγαλον ornithogalon referring to ornithogalum umbellatum, itself deriving from ὄρνις ornis "bird" ( GEN ὄρνιθος ornithos) and γάλα gala "milk". The name is thought to be related to the white colour of the flowers; in some species, they resemble bird droppings. The possible (non-attested) alternative form in ancient Greek ὀρνιθογάλη ornithogalē seems to be the source of classical Latin ornithogale as used by Pliny the Elder.

Distribution and habitat
When the genus is broadly circumscribed, as for example by Plants of the World Online, species are widely distributed over several continents including Africa (other than the tropics), Madagascar, Europe, and temperate Asia (as far as Afghanistan).

Uses
Ornithogalum species may be sold as cut flowers, particularly O. arabicum, O. dubium, O. saundersiae, and O.thyrsoides. They are also sold as ornamental garden flowers.

Toxicity and use in alternative medicine
Some of the plants in the genus are poisonous, and have been known to kill grazing animals. Others are edible and used as vegetables. The bulbs contain alkaloids and cardenolides, which are toxic.

Ornithogalum has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".

Databases

 * Distribution maps
 * Distribution maps
 * Distribution maps
 * Distribution maps

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ornithogalum


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Jinjitsu

Jinjitsu (人日, "Human Day") is one of the five seasonal festivals (五節句 gosekku) that were integrated into the Japanese Imperial calendar over 1,000 years ago. Sekku is the term given meaning special day of observance. The festival is now celebrated on the seventh day of the first month and is considered a part of the New Year observances that are celebrated during this time.

It is also known as Nanakusa-no-sekku, the "Feast of Seven Herbs", from the custom of eating seven-herb kayu (七草粥 nanakusa-gayu) to ensure good health and to ward off away evil spirits in the coming new year. The name "Day of Mankind" generates from the stipulation of no harm coming to humans on this day and the name "Festival of The Seven Herbs" comes from a tradition of store owners gathering and providing the seven lucky herbs to the emperor as nanakusagayu. The typical herbs used for the creation of nanakusagayu are nazuna, seri, gogyo, hotokenza, suzushiro, and hakobe. However, in some regions other variations are used.

The tradition of eating nanakusagayu on the seventh day spread during the Heian period and by the Edo period those below the shōgun would consume it the morning of this day prior to coming together to address the shōgun. Another piece of reasoning behind the Japanese people eating nanakusagayu on the seventh day, Jinjitsu, is because it is also used as a day of rest. The soup mixture is easy on the stomach and is consumed to rest the digestive system that may have been weakened by the food that is consumed during the first days of the New Year.

The name and tradition are derived from an ancient Chinese custom called Renri which means the day humans were born, whereby each of the opening days of the first lunar month were assigned to a particular creature or animal, which it was forbidden to kill or lay harm to on that day: thus the first seven days of the month were Chicken Day, Dog Day, Boar Day, Sheep Day, Cow Day, Horse Day, and Human Day. On these days, no harm was caused to these animals and on the seventh day there were no punishments handed out to criminals. It is also a legend that the goddess Nüwa created the world and created animals on different days and humans were on the 7th day.

The celebration of the feast in Japan was moved from the 7th day of the first lunar month to the 7th day of January during the Meiji period, when Japan adopted the solar calendar during its time of reform from isolationism to a more modern, global form of government. Also included in some the celebrations are the singing of folk songs or nanakusabayashi which are performed in some areas throughout Japan. Tradition runs strong throughout Japan and this is one of many that have stuck around over the centuries.

title: Jinjitsu


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Bicyclic molecule

A bicyclic molecule is a molecule that features two joined rings. Bicyclic structures occur widely, for example in many biologically important molecules like α-thujene and camphor. A bicyclic compound can be carbocyclic (all of the ring atoms are carbons), or heterocyclic (the rings' atoms consist of at least two elements), like DABCO. Moreover, the two rings can both be aliphatic (e.g. decalin and norbornane), or can be aromatic (e.g. naphthalene), or a combination of aliphatic and aromatic (e.g. tetralin).

Three modes of ring junction are possible for a bicyclic compound:
 * In spiro compounds, the two rings share only one single atom, the spiro atom, which is usually a quaternary carbon. An example of a spirocyclic compound is the photochromic switch spiropyran.
 * In fused/condensed bicyclic compounds, two rings share two adjacent atoms. In other words, the rings share one covalent bond, i.e. the bridgehead atoms are directly connected (e.g. α-thujene and decalin).
 * In bridged bicyclic compounds, the two rings share three or more atoms, separating the two bridgehead atoms by a bridge containing at least one atom. For example, norbornane, also known as bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, can be viewed as a pair of cyclopentane rings each sharing three of their five carbon atoms. Camphor is a more elaborate example.

Nomenclature
Bicyclic molecules are described by IUPAC nomenclature. The root of the compound name depends on the total number of atoms in all rings together, possibly followed by a suffix denoting the functional group with the highest priority. Numbering of the carbon chain always begins at one bridgehead atom (where the rings meet) and follows the carbon chain along the longest path, to the next bridgehead atom. Then numbering is continued along the second longest path and so on. Fused and bridged bicyclic compounds get the prefix bicyclo, whereas spirocyclic compounds get the prefix spiro. In between the prefix and the suffix, a pair of brackets with numerals denotes the number of carbon atoms between each of the bridgehead atoms. These numbers are arranged in descending order and are separated by periods. For example, the carbon frame of norbornane contains a total of 7 atoms, hence the root name heptane. This molecule has two paths of 2 carbon atoms and a third path of 1 carbon atom between the two bridgehead carbons, so the brackets are filled in descending order: [2.2.1]. Addition of the prefix bicyclo gives the total name bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.

The carbon frame of camphor also counts 7 atoms, but is substituted with a carbonyl in this case, hence the suffix heptanone. We start with numbering the carbon frame at the bridgehead atom with the highest priority (methyl goes before proton), hence the bridgehead carbon in front gets number 1, the carbonyl gets number 2 and numbering continues along the carbon chain following the longest path, until the doubly substituted top carbon (number 7). Equal to norbornane, this molecule also has two paths of 2 carbon atoms and one path of 1 carbon atom between the two bridgehead carbons, so the numbers within the brackets stay [2.2.1]. Combining the brackets and suffix (now filling in the position of the carbonyl as well) gives us [2.2.1]heptan-2-one. Besides bicyclo, the prefix should also specify the positions of all methyl substituents so the complete, official name becomes 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one.

When naming simple fused bicyclic compounds, the same method as for bridged bicyclic compounds is applied, except the third path between the two bridgehead atoms now consists of zero atoms. Therefore, fused bicyclic compounds have a "0" included in the brackets. For example, decalin is named bicyclo[4.4.0]decane. The numbers are sometimes omitted in unambiguous cases. For example, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane is typically called simply bicyclobutane.

The heterocyclic molecule DABCO has a total of 8 atoms in its bridged structure, hence the root name octane. Here the two bridgehead atoms are nitrogen instead of carbon atoms. Therefore, the official name gets the additional prefix 1,4-diaza and the total name becomes 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

title: Bicyclic molecule


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File:Tierra poster.jpg

Poster for the film 'Tierra'

Fair use in Earth (1996 film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Tierra poster.jpg


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Category:Romanticism

This category covers the cultural movement known as Romanticism, which in broader terms ran from approximately 1770 to 1850. It should not be confused with other uses of the term, for example from music, where the "Romantic" period overlaps, but does not coincide with, the general use of the term.

title: Category:Romanticism


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Foulkes

Foulkes, Ffoulkes or ffoulkes may refer to:

 * Angela Foulkes (born 1948), English-born New Zealand trade unionist
 * Annie Foulkes (1877–1962), Welsh writer and teacher of French
 * Charles ffoulkes (1868–1947), British historian
 * Edmund Ffoulkes (1819–1894), British clergyman
 * Bill Foulkes (1932–2013), English footballer
 * Billy Foulkes (1926–1979), Welsh footballer
 * Brian Foulkes (b. 1957), South African cricketer
 * Carly Foulkes (b. 1988), Canadian model
 * Charles Foulkes (disambiguation), several people with the name
 * Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes (1858–1950), British art historian
 * George Ernest Foulkes (1878–1960), American politician
 * George Foulkes, Baron Foulkes of Cumnock (born 1942), Scottish politician
 * Helena Foulkes (b. 1963), American executive
 * John Foulkes (1861–1935), Australian politician
 * Nick Foulkes (born c. 1963), British journalist
 * Robert Foulkes (1634–1679), Church of England clergyman and murderer
 * S. H. Foulkes (1898–1976), German-British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst

title: Foulkes


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Tung Wan Beach

Tung Wan Beach may refer to the following beaches in Hong Kong:

 * Cheung Chau Tung Wan Beach, a gazetted beach in Cheung Chau
 * Ma Wan Tung Wan Beach, a gazetted beach in Ma Wan

title: Tung Wan Beach


text:
Saltwater intrusion

Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to groundwater quality degradation, including drinking water sources, and other consequences. Saltwater intrusion can naturally occur in coastal aquifers, owing to the hydraulic connection between groundwater and seawater. Because saline water has a higher mineral content than freshwater, it is denser and has a higher water pressure. As a result, saltwater can push inland beneath the freshwater. In other topologies, submarine groundwater discharge can push fresh water into saltwater.

Certain human activities, especially groundwater pumping from coastal freshwater wells, have increased saltwater intrusion in many coastal areas. Water extraction drops the level of fresh groundwater, reducing its water pressure and allowing saltwater to flow further inland. Other contributors to saltwater intrusion include navigation channels or agricultural and drainage channels, which provide conduits for saltwater to move inland. Sea level rise caused by climate change also contributes to saltwater intrusion. Saltwater intrusion can also be worsened by extreme events like hurricane storm surges.

Hydrology
At the coastal margin, fresh groundwater flowing from inland areas meets with saline groundwater from the ocean. The fresh groundwater flows from inland areas towards the coast where elevation and groundwater levels are lower. Because saltwater has a higher content of dissolved salts and minerals, it is denser than freshwater, causing it to have a higher hydraulic head than freshwater. Hydraulic head refers to the liquid pressure exerted by a water column: a water column with higher hydraulic head will move into a water column with lower hydraulic head, if the columns are connected.

The higher pressure and density of saltwater causes it to move into coastal aquifers in a wedge shape under the freshwater. The saltwater and freshwater meet in a transition zone where mixing occurs through dispersion and diffusion. Ordinarily the inland extent of the saltwater wedge is limited because fresh groundwater levels, or the height of the freshwater column, increases as land elevation gets higher.

Groundwater extraction
Groundwater extraction is the primary cause of saltwater intrusion. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water in many coastal areas of the United States, and extraction has increased over time. Under baseline conditions, the inland extent of saltwater is limited by higher pressure exerted by the freshwater column, owing to its higher elevation. Groundwater extraction can lower the level of the freshwater table, reducing the pressure exerted by the freshwater column and allowing the denser saltwater to move inland laterally. In Cape May, New Jersey, since the 1940s water withdrawals have lowered groundwater levels by up to 30 meters, reducing the water table to below sea level and causing widespread intrusion and contamination of water supply wells.

Groundwater extraction can also lead to well contamination by causing upwelling, or upcoming, of saltwater from the depths of the aquifer. Under baseline conditions, a saltwater wedge extends inland, underneath the freshwater because of its higher density. Water supply wells located over or near the saltwater wedge can draw the saltwater upward, creating a saltwater cone that might reach and contaminate the well. Some aquifers are predisposed towards this type of intrusion, such as the Lower Floridan aquifer: though a relatively impermeable rock or clay layer separates fresh groundwater from saltwater, isolated cracks breach the confining layer, promoting upward movement of saltwater. Pumping of groundwater strengthens this effect by lowering the water table, reducing the downward push of freshwater.

Canals and drainage networks
The construction of canals and drainage networks can lead to saltwater intrusion. Canals provide conduits for saltwater to be carried inland, as does the deepening of existing channels for navigation purposes. In Sabine Lake Estuary in the Gulf of Mexico, large-scale waterways have allowed saltwater to move into the lake, and upstream into the rivers feeding the lake. Additionally, channel dredging in the surrounding wetlands to facilitate oil and gas drilling has caused land subsidence, further promoting inland saltwater movement.

Drainage networks constructed to drain flat coastal areas can lead to intrusion by lowering the freshwater table, reducing the water pressure exerted by the freshwater column. Saltwater intrusion in southeast Florida has occurred largely as a result of drainage canals built between 1903 into the 1980s to drain the Everglades for agricultural and urban development. The main cause of intrusion was the lowering of the water table, though the canals also conveyed seawater inland until the construction of water control gates.

Solutions

The seawater intrusion (SWI) into rivers can lead to many negative consequences, especially on agricultural activities and live ecosystems in upstream areas of rivers. There are many solutions developed to prevent or reduce the negative effects of Seawater intrusion. One of the sustainable solutions for rivers is using air bubble curtains that can completely solve SWI issues in rivers.

Effect on water supply
Many coastal communities around the United States are experiencing saltwater contamination of water supply wells, and this problem has been seen for decades. Many Mediterranean coastal aquifers suffer for seawater intrusion effects. The consequences of saltwater intrusion for supply wells vary widely, depending on extent of the intrusion, the intended use of the water, and whether the salinity exceeds standards for the intended use. In some areas such as Washington State, intrusion only reaches portions of the aquifer, affecting only certain water supply wells. Other aquifers have faced more widespread salinity contamination, significantly affecting groundwater supplies for the region. For instance, in Cape May, New Jersey, where groundwater extraction has lowered water tables by up to 30 meters, saltwater intrusion has caused closure of over 120 water supply wells since the 1940s.

Ghyben–Herzberg relation
The first physical formulations of saltwater intrusion were made by Willem Badon-Ghijben in 1888 and 1889 as well as Alexander Herzberg in 1901, thus called the Ghyben–Herzberg relation. They derived analytical solutions to approximate the intrusion behavior, which are based on a number of assumptions that do not hold in all field cases.

In the equation, "$ z = \frac{ \rho_f} {(\rho_s-\rho_f)} h$" the thickness of the freshwater zone above sea level is represented as $$h$$ and that below sea level is represented as $$z$$. The two thicknesses $$h$$ and $$z$$, are related by $$\rho_f$$ and $$\rho_s$$ where $$\rho_f$$ is the density of freshwater and $$\rho_s $$ is the density of saltwater. Freshwater has a density of about 1.000 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) at 20 °C, whereas that of seawater is about 1.025 g/cm3. The equation can be simplified to "$z\ = 40 h$."

The Ghyben–Herzberg ratio states that, for every meter of fresh water in an unconfined aquifer above sea level, there will be forty meters of fresh water in the aquifer below sea level.

In the 20th century the vastly increased computing power available allowed the use of numerical methods (usually finite differences or finite elements) that need fewer assumptions and can be applied more generally.

Modeling
Modeling of saltwater intrusion is considered difficult. Some typical difficulties that arise are:

 * The possible presence of fissures and cracks and fractures in the aquifer, whose precise positions and extents are unknown but which have great influence on the development of the saltwater intrusion
 * The possible presence of small scale heterogeneities in the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, which are too small to be taken into account by the model but which may also have great influence on the development of the saltwater intrusion
 * The change of hydraulic properties by the saltwater intrusion. A mixture of saltwater and freshwater is often undersaturated with respect to calcium, triggering dissolution of calcium in the mixing zone and changing hydraulic properties.
 * The process known as cation exchange, which slows the advance of a saltwater intrusion and also slows the retreat of a saltwater intrusion.
 * The fact that saltwater intrusions are often not in equilibrium makes it harder to model. Aquifer dynamics tend to be slow and it takes the intrusion cone a long time to adapt to changes in pumping schemes, rainfall, etc. So the situation in the field can be significantly different from what would be expected based on the sea level, pumping scheme etc.
 * For long-term models, the future climate change forms a large unknown but good results are possible . Model results often depend strongly on sea level and recharge rate. Both are expected to change in the future.

Mitigation and management

Saltwater is also an issue where a lock separates saltwater from freshwater (for example the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks in Washington). In this case a collection basin was built from which the saltwater can be pumped back to the sea. Some of the intruding saltwater is also pumped to the fish ladder to make it more attractive to migrating fish.

As groundwater salinization becomes a relevant problem, more complex initiatives should be applied from local technical and engineering solutions to rules or regulatory instruments for whole aquifers or regions.

Areas of occurrence

 * Benin
 * Cyprus
 * Bou Regreg (Morocco)
 * Pakistan
 * Suriname
 * Tunisia
 * United States
 * ACF River Basin (Florida/Georgia)
 * Environment of Florida
 * Essex County, Massachusetts
 * Hiram M. Chittenden Locks (Washington)
 * Hutchinson Island (Georgia)
 * Lake Lanier (Georgia)
 * Lake Pontchartrain (Louisiana)
 * Miami River (Florida)
 * Mississippi River Delta
 * Oxnard Plain (California)
 * San Leandro (California)
 * Sonoma Creek (California)
 * Western Shore of Lake Superior (Minnesota)
 * Mekong Delta
 * Italy

title: Saltwater intrusion


text: Category:German Democratic Republic

title: Category:German Democratic Republic


text:
Graph rewriting

In computer science, graph transformation, or graph rewriting, concerns the technique of creating a new graph out of an original graph algorithmically. It has numerous applications, ranging from software engineering (software construction and also software verification) to layout algorithms and picture generation.

Graph transformations can be used as a computation abstraction. The basic idea is that if the state of a computation can be represented as a graph, further steps in that computation can then be represented as transformation rules on that graph. Such rules consist of an original graph, which is to be matched to a subgraph in the complete state, and a replacing graph, which will replace the matched subgraph.

Formally, a graph rewriting system usually consists of a set of graph rewrite rules of the form $$L \rightarrow R$$, with $$L$$ being called pattern graph (or left-hand side) and $$R$$ being called replacement graph (or right-hand side of the rule). A graph rewrite rule is applied to the host graph by searching for an occurrence of the pattern graph (pattern matching, thus solving the subgraph isomorphism problem) and by replacing the found occurrence by an instance of the replacement graph. Rewrite rules can be further regulated in the case of labeled graphs, such as in string-regulated graph grammars.

Sometimes graph grammar is used as a synonym for graph rewriting system, especially in the context of formal languages; the different wording is used to emphasize the goal of constructions, like the enumeration of all graphs from some starting graph, i.e. the generation of a graph language – instead of simply transforming a given state (host graph) into a new state.

Algebraic approach
The algebraic approach to graph rewriting is based upon category theory. The algebraic approach is further divided into sub-approaches, the most common of which are the double-pushout (DPO) approach and the single-pushout (SPO) approach. Other sub-approaches include the sesqui-pushout and the pullback approach.

From the perspective of the DPO approach a graph rewriting rule is a pair of morphisms in the category of graphs and graph homomorphisms between them: $$r = (L \leftarrow K \rightarrow R)$$, also written $$L \supseteq K \subseteq R$$, where $$K \rightarrow L$$ is injective. The graph K is called invariant or sometimes the gluing graph. A rewriting step or application of a rule r to a host graph G is defined by two pushout diagrams both originating in the same morphism $$k\colon K\rightarrow D$$, where D is a context graph (this is where the name double-pushout comes from). Another graph morphism $$m\colon L\rightarrow G$$ models an occurrence of L in G and is called a match. Practical understanding of this is that $$L$$ is a subgraph that is matched from $$G$$ (see subgraph isomorphism problem), and after a match is found, $$L$$ is replaced with $$R$$ in host graph $$G$$ where $$K$$ serves as an interface, containing the nodes and edges which are preserved when applying the rule. The graph $$K$$ is needed to attach the pattern being matched to its context: if it is empty, the match can only designate a whole connected component of the graph $$G$$.

In contrast a graph rewriting rule of the SPO approach is a single morphism in the category of labeled multigraphs and partial mappings that preserve the multigraph structure: $$r\colon L\rightarrow R$$. Thus a rewriting step is defined by a single pushout diagram. Practical understanding of this is similar to the DPO approach. The difference is, that there is no interface between the host graph G and the graph G' being the result of the rewriting step.

From the practical perspective, the key distinction between DPO and SPO is how they deal with the deletion of nodes with adjacent edges, in particular, how they avoid that such deletions may leave behind "dangling edges". The DPO approach only deletes a node when the rule specifies the deletion of all adjacent edges as well (this dangling condition can be checked for a given match), whereas the SPO approach simply disposes the adjacent edges, without requiring an explicit specification.

There is also another algebraic-like approach to graph rewriting, based mainly on Boolean algebra and an algebra of matrices, called matrix graph grammars.

Determinate graph rewriting
Yet another approach to graph rewriting, known as determinate graph rewriting, came out of logic and database theory. In this approach, graphs are treated as database instances, and rewriting operations as a mechanism for defining queries and views; therefore, all rewriting is required to yield unique results (up to isomorphism), and this is achieved by applying any rewriting rule concurrently throughout the graph, wherever it applies, in such a way that the result is indeed uniquely defined.

Term graph rewriting
Another approach to graph rewriting is term graph rewriting, which involves the processing or transformation of term graphs (also known as abstract semantic graphs) by a set of syntactic rewrite rules.

Term graphs are a prominent topic in programming language research since term graph rewriting rules are capable of formally expressing a compiler's operational semantics. Term graphs are also used as abstract machines capable of modelling chemical and biological computations as well as graphical calculi such as concurrency models. Term graphs can perform automated verification and logical programming since they are well-suited to representing quantified statements in first order logic. Symbolic programming software is another application for term graphs, which are capable of representing and performing computation with abstract algebraic structures such as groups, fields and rings.

The TERMGRAPH conference focuses entirely on research into term graph rewriting and its applications.

Classes of graph grammar and graph rewriting system
Graph rewriting systems naturally group into classes according to the kind of representation of graphs that are used and how the rewrites are expressed. The term graph grammar, otherwise equivalent to graph rewriting system or graph replacement system, is most often used in classifications. Some common types are:
 * Attributed graph grammars, typically formalised using either the single-pushout approach or the double-pushout approach to characterising replacements, mentioned in the above section on the algebraic approach to graph rewriting.
 * Hypergraph grammars, including as more restrictive subclasses port graph grammars, linear graph grammars and interaction nets.

Implementations and applications
Graphs are an expressive, visual and mathematically precise formalism for modelling of objects (entities) linked by relations; objects are represented by nodes and relations between them by edges. Nodes and edges are commonly typed and attributed. Computations are described in this model by changes in the relations between the entities or by attribute changes of the graph elements. They are encoded in graph rewrite/graph transformation rules and executed by graph rewrite systems/graph transformation tools.

 * Tools that are application domain neutral:
 * AGG, the attributed graph grammar system (Java).
 * GP 2 is a visual rule-based graph programming language designed to facilitate formal reasoning over graph programs.
 * GMTE, the Graph Matching and Transformation Engine for graph matching and transformation. It is an implementation of an extension of Messmer’s algorithm using C++.
 * GrGen.NET, the graph rewrite generator, a graph transformation tool emitting C#-code or .NET-assemblies.
 * GROOVE, a Java-based tool set for editing graphs and graph transformation rules, exploring the state spaces of graph grammars, and model checking those state spaces; can also be used as a graph transformation engine.
 * Verigraph, a software specification and verification system based on graph rewriting (Haskell).
 * Tools that solve software engineering tasks (mainly MDA) with graph rewriting:
 * eMoflon, an EMF-compliant model-transformation tool with support for Story-Driven Modeling and Triple Graph Grammars.
 * EMorF a graph rewriting system based on EMF, supporting in-place and model-to-model transformation.
 * Fujaba uses Story driven modelling, a graph rewrite language based on PROGRES.
 * Graph databases often support dynamic rewriting of graphs.
 * GReAT.
 * Gremlin, a graph-based programming language (see Graph Rewriting).
 * Henshin, a graph rewriting system based on EMF, supporting in-place and model-to-model transformation, critical pair analysis, and model checking.
 * PROGRES, an integrated environment and very high level language for PROgrammed Graph REwriting Systems.
 * VIATRA.
 * Mechanical engineering tools
 * GraphSynth is an interpreter and UI environment for creating unrestricted graph grammars as well as testing and searching the resultant language variant. It saves graphs and graph grammar rules as XML files and is written in C#.
 * Soley Studio, is an integrated development environment for graph transformation systems. Its main application focus is data analytics in the field of engineering.
 * Biology applications
 * Functional-structural plant modeling with a graph grammar based language
 * Multicellular development modeling with string-regulated graph grammars
 * Kappa is a rule-based language for modeling systems of interacting agents, primarily motivated by molecular systems biology.
 * Artificial Intelligence/Natural Language Processing
 * OpenCog provides a basic pattern matcher (on hypergraphs) which is used to implement various AI algorithms.
 * RelEx is an English-language parser that employs graph re-writing to convert a link parse into a dependency parse.
 * Computer programming language
 * The Clean programming language is implemented using graph rewriting.

title: Graph rewriting


text:
List of animals awarded human credentials

This list of animals awarded human credentials includes nonhuman animals who have been submitted as applicants to suspected diploma mills, and have been awarded a diploma. On occasion, they have been admitted and granted a degree, as reported in reliable sources. Animals are often used as a device to clearly demonstrate the lax standards or fraudulent activities of the awarding institutions. In at least one case, a cat's degree helped lead to a successful fraud prosecution against the institution that had issued it.

On occasion, accredited institutions award mock degrees to animals for humorous purposes, e.g. UNSW awarded a "dogtorate" (not doctorate) to a dog; such cases are not included below.

Colby Nolan (MBA)
Colby Nolan was a house cat who was awarded an MBA in 2004 by Trinity Southern University, a Dallas-based diploma mill, sparking a fraud lawsuit by the Pennsylvania attorney general's office.

Colby Nolan lived with a deputy attorney general. In looking to expose Trinity Southern University for fraud, undercover agents had the then-six-year-old feline obtain a bachelor's degree in business administration for $299. On the animal's application, the agents claimed that the cat had previously taken courses at a community college, worked at a fast-food restaurant, babysat, and maintained a newspaper route. In response, the institution informed Colby that, due to the job experience listed on his application, he was eligible for an executive MBA which he could obtain for an additional $100. The transcript submitted by the agents claimed that Colby had a GPA of 3.5.

Upon learning that the cat received the degree, Pennsylvania attorney general Jerry Pappert filed a lawsuit against Trinity Southern University. In the lawsuit, Pappert directed the diploma mill, which had used email spam to sell degrees, to provide restitution to anyone who had ordered a degree from them.

In December 2004, the Texas attorney general obtained a temporary restraining order under the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act against Trinity Southern and its owners, Craig B. and Alton S. Poe. The court also ordered the school's assets frozen. In March 2005, the Poes were assessed penalties of over $100,000 by the court and were ordered not to market or promote fraudulent, substandard degree programs or to represent their university as being accredited or affiliated with legitimate universities. It was reported that the Poes were also associated with Wesleyan International University and Prixo Southern University. Trinity Southern University's website has been offline since 2005.

Henrietta (Hettie, certified member of the American Association of Nutritional Consultants)
In 2007, the cat Henrietta, despite having been dead for around a year, was successfully registered as a certified member of the American Association of Nutritional Consultants by her owner Ben Goldacre, doctor and author of the Bad Science column in the Guardian newspaper and subsequent book. Goldacre registered Henrietta with AANC to showcase the complete lack of any verification for membership, beyond payment of $60, after TV nutritionist Gillian McKeith promoted her AANC membership among other unverified qualifications.

George (registration for practice as a hypnotherapist)
In 2009, George, a cat owned by Chris Jackson (presenter of the BBC show Inside Out North East & Cumbria), was registered as a hypnotherapist after his owner created a fake certificate from a non-existing institution and used it to register with three professional organizations: the British Board of Neuro Linguistic Programming, the United Fellowship of Hypnotherapists, and the Professional Hypnotherapy Practitioner Association.

Kitty O'Malley (high school diploma)
In 1973, the Lakeland, Florida newspaper The Ledger obtained a high school diploma from "Washington High Academy" for Kitty O'Malley, a cat also known as Spanky. While the diploma was deemed insufficient to gain Kitty admission to local colleges, the state attorney general's office planned to investigate the institution.

Oliver Greenhalgh (fellowship of estate valuation professional society)
On December 10, 1967, The Times reported that Oliver Greenhalgh had been accepted as a fellow of the English Association of Estate Agents and Valuers, after a payment of eleven guineas (his two references were not verified). Oliver was a cat belonging to Michael Greenhalgh, a cameraman with Television Wales and the West, who was pursuing an investigation of bogus professional associations.

Oreo Collins (high school diploma)
Oreo C. Collins (born around 2007) is a tuxedo cat who gained notoriety when she received a diploma from Jefferson High School Online in 2009, although her age was misrepresented in order to qualify. The sting was an investigative operation by the Better Business Bureau of Central Georgia headed by Kelvin Collins, Oreo's owner.

Zoe D. Katze (psychotherapist and hypnotherapy certifications)
Zoe D. Katze ("Zoe the Cat" in German) was a house cat owned by psychologist Steve K. D. Eichel. Around 2001, Eichel obtained a psychotherapy certification for his cat from the American Psychotherapy Association and several hypnotherapy credentials from other organizations. The certification of Zoe has been cited in several books and articles on credentialing scams, and has appeared in psychology and forensic curricula. Eichel also served as the consultant to the BBC investigation that led to the certification of George the cat by several UK hypnosis associations.

Chester Ludlow (MBA)
In 2009, Chester Ludlow, a pug from Vermont, was awarded an MBA by Rochville University. His owner submitted an application and US$499 and received a "diploma, two sets of transcripts, a certificate of distinction in finance, and a certificate of membership in the student council".

Lulu (college diploma)
In 2010, Mark Howard, a member of the legal team for the claimants (BSkyB) in BSkyB Ltd & Anor v HP Enterprise Services UK Ltd & Anor [2010] obtained a degree for his dog Lulu from Concordia College in the US Virgin Islands. Lulu "graduated" with higher marks than the defendant's key witness, who, the judge found, had lied that he had attended classes for his Concordia MBA. In the legal community, the story of the witness' MBA is described as "infamous", and a supervisory management cautionary tale.

Maxwell Sniffingwell (theriogenology/animal reproduction degree)
In 2009, Dr. Ben Mays, a veterinarian in Clinton, Arkansas, obtained a degree in "theriogenology/animal reproduction" from Belford University on behalf of an English bulldog named Maxwell Sniffingwell. The application included his work as a reproductive specialist, noting his "natural ability in theriogenology" and "experimental work with felines" and his understanding of the merits of specialization despite a desire to do them all. He obtained a diploma, transcript and letter of recommendation upon receipt of a payment of $549 to the university, but declined an offer to be made an honors graduate for an additional $75.

Molly (high school diploma)
In February 2012, in a story on local diploma mills by Houston television station KHOU, the reporters got a high school diploma and official transcript from Lincoln Academy for their photographer's basset hound Molly for $300 after filling out a "laughable", "easy take-home test". According to a homeschooling advocate, Lincoln Academy and other schools were improperly taking advantage of a Texas law that prohibits discrimination by public colleges and universities against homeschooled students.

Ollie (associate editorship of medical journals)
In 2017, Mike Daube, a public health expert in Western Australia, reinvented his dog Ollie as Dr. Olivia Doll. He made up credentials including "past associate of the Shenton Park Institute for Canine Refuge Studies" (where she was a rescue dog) and submitted her application for posts on the editorial boards of some predatory medical journals. Several accepted her application, and the Global Journal of Addiction and Rehabilitation Medicine named her associate editor.

Pete (MBA)
The American University of London offered Pete, a four-year-old male short-haired Lurcher in Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, London, an MBA for £4,500 without requiring any course work. The BBC current affairs program Newsnight reported in 2013 that the dog, named "Peter Smith" on the faked CV for a management consultant, was offered an MBA by the university's Accreditation of Previous Experiential Learning board based on his "made-up work experience and a fictitious undergraduate degree" just four days after applying for the course.

Sonny (medical degree)
The May 30, 2007 episode of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation comedy show The Chaser's War on Everything documented host Chas Licciardello applying online and obtaining a medical degree for his dog Sonny from the diploma mill Ashwood University. Sonny's "work experience" included "significant proctology experience sniffing other dogs' bums". Ashwood University has since been listed as a Non Accredited Degree Supplier in the states of Michigan, Oregon, and Texas.

Wally (associate's degrees)
In 2004, the Albany, New York television station WRGB ran a report in which reporter Peter Brancato applied to and received an associate degree from Almeda University on behalf of his dog, Wally. On the application, Brancato listed, "Plays with the kids every day ... teaches them to interact better with each other ... Teaches them responsibilities like feeding the dog." Almeda University granted Wally a "life experience" associate degree in "Childhood Development". After the report aired, Almeda University protested that Brancato perjured himself by creating a false identity using a fabricated name and date of birth. In a public statement, an Almeda University representative wrote, "He completed an application that included a background of the following: Eight-years tutoring pre-K children, curriculum design and development, teaching coping skills, and volunteer coaching". In March 2008, Wally was featured in a Lake Geneva, Wisconsin mayoral campaign political cartoon, with a dialogue bubble reading, "I graduated with Bill Chesen", referring to candidate Chesen's Almeda University bachelor's degree.

Algernon (goldfish)
In 2021, environmentalist George Monbiot registered his childhood goldfish as a registered waste disposer in the UK.


text:
Riverside Stadium

The Riverside Stadium is a football stadium in Middlesbrough, England, which has been the home of Middlesbrough Football Club since its opening in 1995. It has an all-seated capacity of 34,742, although provisional planning permission is in place to expand to 42,000 if required.

Middlesbrough Women became affiliated with the Middlesbrough men's team in May 2023 and now play selected matches at the Riverside Stadium.

History
The stadium was built to replace Ayresome Park following the publication of the Taylor Report, which required all top division football stadiums to be all-seater. After the report was delivered in January 1990, Middlesbrough needed an all-seater stadium by August 1994 but were unable to expand Ayresome Park outwards owing to its location in a residential area, and expanding the stadium upwards would have limited the club to a capacity of around 20,000 seats – the club wanted a considerably larger capacity. The decision was taken by club officials to build a new stadium; Teesside Development Corporation offered them the Middlehaven site by the River Tees for development.

The new 30,000 seater stadium was constructed by Taylor Woodrow Construction for £16 million, taking approximately nine months to complete after work began in the autumn of 1994. The name of the stadium was chosen by the club's fans, following a vote during the final game at Ayresome Park. The other choices available were Middlehaven Stadium, Erimus Stadium and Teesside Stadium. When it opened, the name was amended to Cellnet Riverside Stadium (and then BT Cellnet Riverside Stadium) as part of a £3 million sponsorship deal with Cellnet, but this deal ended after the 2001–02 season.

The first game was played against Chelsea in front of a 28,286 crowd (the highest home attendance in fourteen years) on 26 August 1995. Middlesbrough won the game 2–0, with Craig Hignett taking the honour of scoring the first ever goal at the stadium, Jan Åge Fjørtoft scoring the second. Their first season at their new stadium was also their first back in the Premier League following promotion after two seasons away.

In their second season at the Riverside Stadium, Middlesbrough were runners-up in both of the domestic cups, but a points deduction in the league meant that they were relegated from the Premier League.

In 1998 – when Middlesbrough were promoted back to the Premier League at the first attempt – the capacity was increased by 5,000 by filling in the north and south-west corners at a cost of £5 million. This expansion gave the stadium a 35,100 capacity. Modernisation of the stadium since then has led to the seating being reorganised on several occasions with the stadium having a capacity of 34,000 at the start of the 2017-18 season. The club have planning permission to extend the stadium by another 7,000 if demand made it necessary, which would bring its capacity up to approximately 42,000.

In 2005, the old Ayresome Park gates, which had been famously locked when the club went into liquidation in 1986, were erected outside the Riverside Stadium as a reminder of the past. Another addition has been statues of former players George Hardwick, Wilf Mannion and George Camsell. The area in front of the Ayresome Park gates is the location of the "Borobrick Road", where fans could pay to have a message inscribed on a brick (often in memory of a deceased family member) to be added to the road. For Armistice Day 2008, a set of bricks commemorating eight Middlesbrough players who died in the two world wars was unveiled.

In July 2008, planning permission was granted by Middlesbrough Council to construct a wind turbine at the site of the stadium, standing 125 metres high and capable of generating three megawatts of electricity. The turbine is used to power the stadium, with the excess being sold to the National Grid.

On 24 April 2012, it was announced that the stadium would host the only public warm up match for the Great Britain Olympic football team before the London 2012 Olympic Games against Brazil. Football stars including Ryan Giggs, Craig Bellamy, Thiago Silva, Neymar, Lucas Moura and Hulk all featured in the match in which Brazil outclassed Great Britain, winning 2–0.

On 15 March 2013, it was announced that Conference National side Gateshead would stage a "home" game at the Riverside Stadium, after continual drainage problems at Gateshead International Stadium forced them to play their last twelve league games of the season at five different venues.

Following the club's promotion to the Premier League at the end of the 2015–16 season, the ground underwent a £5 million package of renovations designed to bring it up to the standards required of Premier League stadiums. Renovations included the installation of a large press box at the back of the East Stand, the construction of two permanent television studios at the back of the south-east corner, with associated access and TV compound on the stadium's exterior, an internal reorganisation of the West Stand reception, tunnel and changing room area, new floodlights and refurbished concourse areas including the addition of new kiosks and card and contactless payment methods.

Stadium details
The stadium is fully enclosed with every seat offering an uninterrupted view of the pitch. The four main stands are commonly known as the North, East, West and South stands. The corners are referred to as the North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West corners. Concourses run around the entirety of the ground with kiosks serving food and drink.

The North Stand backs on to the River Tees and at the back of the stand is some of the vocal support is housed, and thus is also known as the New Holgate End in reference the Holgate End at Ayresome Park, where the similar vocal supporters were located.

The West Stand runs along the length of the pitch and is the stadium's largest stand. The stand contains a number of executive boxes along its length as well as restaurants etc. The stand houses the changing rooms, and the players' tunnel emerges from the middle of the stand. White seating in the top tier spells out the club's nickname "BORO".

The East Stand greets the players as they walk out the tunnel. The main television gantry was relocated to the top of the stand from the West Stand in 2016. White seating in the top tier of the stand spells out "MFC". The roof houses five flagpoles with various flags flying, usually representing the league and cup competitions the club are participating in, as well as a flag of the team crest. A new press box was installed at the back of this stand in preparation for the club's promotion back to the Premier League. The East Stand houses a family zone (North-East end) and also visiting supporters (South-East Corner). Prior the 2016–17 season, two permanent television studios were installed at the back of the South-East Corner, on either side of the existing giant TV screen. One effect of this was a slight reduction in overall capacity.

The South Stand previously housed visiting supporters (now relocated to the South-East corner), but since the 2013–14 season has housed home supporters. The stand houses the vocal Boro "ultras" group "Red Faction", who are known to organise tifos.

Records and statistics

 * Record Attendance (all teams): 35,000 England v Slovakia, 11 June 2003, (Euro 2004 qualifier)
 * Record Attendance (Middlesbrough): 34,836 v Norwich City, 28 December 2004 (FA Premier League)

Notes:
 * The above does not include attendances for cup competitions or play off matches.
 * The above does not include attendances for cup competitions or play off matches.

Association football
Like its predecessor Ayresome Park, the Riverside Stadium has played host to international football. During the construction of the new Wembley Stadium, the England team toured the country, playing at varying grounds. The Riverside was chosen to host the Euro 2004 qualifying match against Slovakia on 11 June 2003. England won the match 2–1 with a brace from Michael Owen after Vladimír Janočko had put Slovakia ahead. The match is also notable for pitting Middlesbrough's England defender Gareth Southgate against their own Slovakian striker at the time, Szilárd Németh. In April 2021, it was announced that the Riverside Stadium would host two England friendly matches, against Austria and Romania, in preparation for the Euro 2020 Championship.

In February 2022, the Riverside Stadium hosted two games of the Arnold Clark Cup, an invitational women's association football tournament featuring England, Canada, Germany and Spain.

Rugby League
The Riverside Stadium was one of the venues for the 2021 Men's Rugby League World Cup, hosting the penultimate Group D match between Tonga and the Cook Islands. Tonga won 92–10 and thus qualified for the quarter-finals as group winners, whilst the Cook Islands were eliminated from the competition.

Concerts
On 1 June 2019, Take That performed at the Riverside Stadium in front of 32,000 fans, as part of their 30th Anniversary Tour. They were supported by Rick Astley, the first time a concert had been held at the stadium.

On 1 June 2022, The Killers, supported by the Manic Street Preachers, played at the stadium in front of 33,000 fans as part of the UK leg of their Imploding the Mirage Tour.

On 5 June 2023, the Arctic Monkeys, supported by The Hives and The Mysterines, played at the stadium in front of 32,000 fans.

title: Riverside Stadium


text:
Talk:Lieutenant Kijé

pronouncing "Kije"
I have seen and heard it variously described by musicians as being pronounced "kee-gee", "keezh-ay" and "keezh". Given that the first live performance of the work (assumedly sometime after the recording for the film score) was in Prokofiev's adoptive Paris, it is often seen with a French spelling of "Kijé", the accent aigu over the "e" seemingly giving it a "kee-zhay" pronunciation. And yet this article does not include the accent at all which I suspect lends to the original Russian pronunciation of "keezh" (with the "zh" sounding like the "s" in pleasure).

The name is a fiction, so perhaps it's up to interpretation - but assumedly the original novella author, Yury Tynianov wrote ”Podporuchik Kizhe” with something in mind. Prokofiev's music in the end is far more famous and perhaps his interpretation will be the one that lives on. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.95.243.10 (talk) 15:26, 7 December 2004 (UTC)
 * Answer: the right pronunciation is definitely "kee-ZHAY", with "zh" sounding like "s" in pleasure, and with accent on "zhay". The original Russian title is "Podporuchik Kizhe", "podporuchik" being a rank in Russian imperial army roughly equivalent to "lieutenant".  The Tzar mishears the phrase "podporuchiki zhe..." (meaning "and the lieutenants...") as "podporuchik Kizhe..." (i.e. "the lieutenant Kizhe"), whence the fictional person is born. 131.111.8.103 19:00, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Is anyone going to mention that Sting's Cold War song Russians has a major melody from this Piece? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.154.103.113 (talk) 14:34, 14 April 2005 (UTC)
 * I was about to post a question here as to whether anyone could confirm for me that the sample came From Kije. I remember it well, but was not 100% sure which Prokofiev piece it was. Now that you've confirmed it I will add a note on that to the article. -R. fiend 16:28, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

greg lake
it is also very similar to the melody in Greg Lake's christmas song. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.35.244.3 (talk) 16:05, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

aigu
This article really should be moved to "Lieutenant Kijé," with a redirect here at "Lieutenant Kije". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.225.255.143 (talk) 11:29, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Troika use at Christmas
I remember hearing somewhere that this theme was a folk song or Christmas carol before Prokofiev used it. Can anyone confirm or disconfirm that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.254.45.26 (talk) 15:36, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

In the film the Troika music occurs when the fictitious Lt. is recalled from exile, the guards are sat drinking vodka and singing a folk song roughly translated as, "A woman's Heart is like a wayside inn, men coming in and going out all the time". Prokofiev's tune takes the melody from that as they climb into the troika and ride away, drunk. Incidentally the troika in the film is a three horse cart, not a sleigh. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.166.31.77 (talk) 20:57, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Recordings
I was curious what the intention was for the list of two orchestras who have recorded the suite? Are they supposed to be the most famous and/or most critically acclaimed? I ask because as I type this I'm listening to a recording by an orchestra (Czecho-Slovak State Philharmonic) not mentioned in the list. Jlaramee 19:04, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Parallels
The TV comedy series "McKeever and the Colonel," set in a military academy, had an episode whose idea almost had to be inspired by the Kije story. The Colonel sees a cadet playing football and asks who it was, and the cadets tell him that it was Miller. More and more feats are attributed to the fictional Miller, until the cadets realize they have to get rid of him and so have him spectacularly fail an exam (one of the cadets holds both exam papers, striving to put the correct answers on his own and deliberately incorrect answers on Miller's), and then resign from the school because he felt that he had disgraced it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.177.251.228 (talk) 16:09, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Article's lead
As this article's title says (Lieutenant Kijé (Prokofiev)), it is about Prokofiev's suite, not about the novel on which it is based. The article's lead should say that; see WP:MOS. I suggest:

 * Lieutenant Kijé is a suite by Sergei Prokofiev from his music to the 1933 film of the same name which was based on the novella by the Soviet author ...

The section "Suite from Lieutenant Kijé" could still remain, despite some ensuing duplication. Michael Bednarek (talk) 03:01, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Now obsolete after the article has been moved to Lieutenant Kijé. Michael Bednarek (talk) 09:26, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lieutenant Kijé


text:
User talk:Dave Hudson

Dave Hudson
I'm originally from Middlesbrough, North East England, but am currently studying at Aston University in Birmingham, Central England.

I'm 19, live in Balsall Heath in Birmingham and study GIS and Environmental Science and Technology.

title: User talk:Dave Hudson


text:
User talk:Silveralex~enwiki

MI5
I don't understand why you think my edits are POV. Could you elaborate?

Lapsed Pacifist 20:16, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

I could but that would be wasting my time with someone that has been blocked/banned multiple times for POV edits and revert wars. If you want to discuss particular points use the pages discussion page. Silveralex 14:35, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Irish History
You seem like you have a lot a knowledge with respect Irish history so maybe you would like to comment on the historic basis of this term here Mediation Cabal/Cases/2006-12-02 IRA 'Volunteer' usage

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Silveralex. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Silveralex~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:59, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:52, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Silveralex~enwiki


text:
Fred Norris

Eric Fred Norris (born Fred Leo Nukis; July 9, 1955) is an American radio personality and the longest-tenured staff member of The Howard Stern Show, aside from Stern himself. He first met Howard Stern while working at WCCC-FM, a radio station in Hartford, Connecticut.

Early life
Fred Norris is the son of Valija Kronberg and Henry Nukis who were Latvian immigrants. Fred was raised in Manchester, Connecticut. By the time Fred, the second of two sons, was born, his parents' marriage was already troubled. His biological father left home when Fred was five, but those first few years were turbulent. "There was always tension and rage," Norris remembers. "My father had an alcohol problem. When Dad came home, you hid in the closet because there was always something going on you'd rather not be a part of." Fred spent most of his early childhood alone. When his older brother, Robert, wasn't using Fred as a human punching bag, the brother wanted nothing to do with him. So Fred would escape by reading books, taking long bicycle rides, or watching many afternoon TV reruns (whence came his encyclopedic knowledge of classic fifties TV). "I'd like to state for the record that every person on this show of Howard's, even Robin, at least had a father figure to guide them," he says. "Me, I was on my own."

Despite the lack of guidance, Norris managed to navigate his adolescence without major incident. When Norris was 13, his mother married his stepfather, Lewis Norris, a cabinet maker, whom Norris credits with finally making his mother happy and, unlike his own father, his stepfather generally treated Norris with respect. Around this time, he began playing guitar.

Career
A college student at the time, Norris first met Howard Stern while working the overnight shifts at WCCC, an AM and FM radio station in Hartford, Connecticut in the spring of 1979. He continued at WCCC after Stern's departure; though left the station in early 1981 to take a job at WAQY-FM in Springfield, Massachusetts.

When Stern became a ratings hit at WWDC in Washington, D.C. that year, he was able to use his success as leverage to persuade the station to hire Norris, who started as the producer on Stern's show in October 1981. He later moved with Stern to New York to work at WNBC in September 1982, and has been with the show ever since.

Acting
Norris has also appeared in several small television and movie roles. He played a younger version of himself in Private Parts in 1997. He played a parking enforcement officer in Cruel Intentions in 1999 and a head shop owner named Leon on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in 2013.

Personal life
In 1994, Norris married Allison Furman, a woman he originally met on the "Dial-A-Date" segment of Stern's radio show broadcast on April 10, 1987. The couple have one daughter together, Tess, born in November 2002.

In 1993, Norris legally changed his name from Fred Leo Nukis to Eric Fred Norris. On the May 23, 1996 episode of The Howard Stern Show, Stern and the cast had an extended discussion with Norris about this. Norris did not reveal the motivation for the change. Although he did not like the name Fred, he kept it because "Fred Norris" was the name the public knew him by.

On the November 13, 2006 broadcast, Stern wondered if anyone ever called Norris by his legally changed name, Eric. Norris responded by stating that no one referred to him as Eric. He went into detail that that was not the reason he changed his name in the first place. Stern revealed he was bewildered why Norris went to the lengths to legally change his name if nobody called him Eric. Norris said that the decision was based on the fact that he had a hostile relationship with his father.

title: Fred Norris


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Talk:Computer music programming languages

http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/techniques/latest/book-html/node12.html

a short summary of a few languages. the info should be added to this article. dis/advantages OSes and such... - Omegatron 15:33, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)


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Category talk:Military writers/to do

The writers shown below in red do not have a Wikipedia article about them yet: delete from this list as these get created and added to this category. Anton Bayo - B.H. Liddell Hart - Michael Johns - Antoine Henri Jomini - John Keegan - Robert Leonhard - Edward Luttwack - Mao Zedong - Niccolo Machiavelli - Alfred Thayer Mahan - Carlos Marighela - Tyrone G. Martin - Robin Moore - Emil Schalk - Richard Simpkin - Hew Strachan - Thucydides - Julius von Verdy du Vernois - Move "Derek Wood" to be under W, not D Xenophon - Flavius Arrianus Xenophon - Yamamoto Tsunetomo -
 * B
 * C
 * D Hans Delbrück -
 * E
 * F
 * G
 * H
 * J
 * K
 * S
 * T
 * V
 * W
 * X
 * Y

title: Category talk:Military writers/to do


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1695 Walbeck

1695 Walbeck, provisional designation, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1941, by Finnish astronomer Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after Henrik Walbeck.

Classification and orbit
The asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.6 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,694 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 17° with respect to the ecliptic. Walbeck's observation arc begins the night after its official discovery observation.

Physical characteristics
In the SMASS taxonomy, the carbonaceous asteroid is characterized as a Cg-type, an intermediate between the C-type and G-type asteroids.

Lightcurves
In November 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Walbeck was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. It gave a rotation period of 5.1607 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=3). Two similar periods were obtained by David Romeuf and by a team of Hungarian astronomers (U=2/2).

Diameter and albedo
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Walbeck measures between 17.88 and 19.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.037 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.046 and a diameter of 19.60 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.5.

Naming
The minor planet was named in memory of Finnish scientist Henrik Johan Walbeck (1793–1822), astronomer and geodesist at the old Academia Aboensis who used the method of least squares to derive a good value for the Earth's flattening. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).

title: 1695 Walbeck


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Glen Goldsmith

Glen Goldsmith (born 17 August 1965) is a British singer and songwriter. His own hit songs have included "I Won't Cry", "Dreaming", "Save a Little Bit" and "What You See Is What You Get", which feature on his album What You See Is What You Get. Goldsmith also appeared in the line-up for the Band Aid II single, "Do They Know It's Christmas?", in 1989.

Career
Glen Goldsmith was born in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England in August 1963 or 1965. In September 1987, he signed a recording contract with RCA, and released his first single "I Won't Cry". It reached No. 34 in the UK Singles Chart and was also a dance hit single, staying in the dance chart for nineteen weeks and also gaining chart success in Europe. It climbed to No. 18 in Germany. Goldsmith then signed his first publishing deal with Rondor Music. His biggest-selling hit was "Dreaming" (1988), and he promoted it with appearances on several television shows including Top of the Pops and Pebble Mill At One. The record was also played regularly on the local radio station based in Reading, Radio 210. "Dreaming" reached No. 12 in the UK. His album, What You See Is What You Get, was released in July 1988, and peaked at No. 14 in the UK Albums Chart. His other RCA hit singles included "What You See Is What You Get" peaking at No. 33 in the national chart and "Save a Little Bit".

Goldsmith co-wrote and recorded "You Got Me Dancing" with the American producer Jaee Logan for his second album, Don't Turn This Groove Around, which was also released by RCA Records. The single was released in 1989 featuring M.C. Hammer. It was Hammer's first release in the UK. Hammer also appeared in Glen Goldsmith's music video for this song.

Goldsmith's career then moved more into songwriting and production where he published his own work. He worked alongside Ollie Jay and Philip Jacobs during the 1990s. Several songs were released, including "Put Love", "Learn to Live" and "Understanding", written by Goldsmith, Jacobs and Jacobs. Also, "Go with the Flow" which came out on Diverse Records, was written by Goldsmith and the Code.

Goldsmith scored his first top 30 hit as a co-songwriter/producer with Paul Johnson and Phil Edwards. "Call Me by My Name" was recorded by Mica Paris. Goldsmith then worked with Dannii Minogue, Ultimate Kaos, Rozalla, Kinane, with two underground No. 1 dance hits "Heaven" and "Business" and boy group MN8. His biggest hit to date was "Mysterious Girl", as recorded by Peter André On its third release after chart positions No. 53 and No. 2, the track eventually reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart, following André's appearance on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. However, "I Feel You" had given Goldsmith his first UK No. 1 credit as a songwriter when released by André in 1997. Goldsmith went on to have a third hit single as co-writer when "Natural" peaked at No. 6. Another André track, "Turn It Up", was also co-written by Goldsmith.

In 2000, Goldsmith built his own recording studio in Ladbroke Grove, London, and set up Blues & Rhythm, a production company and record label working with various artists such as Soul-unique and his brother lead vocalist KG/Mn8. In 2004, Goldsmith composed "Trippin'" for Milk & Sugar's album, Housemusic.de. In 2008, Goldsmith and Rollover wrote Niki Evans' debut single, "Love Me No More" which failed to reach the top 40 in the UK Singles Chart.

In January 2011, Goldsmith made an appearance on the BBC Television's musical quiz program, Never Mind the Buzzcocks.

Goldsmith set up his own independent record label, Soul on Soul Records, and between 2011 and 2013 released three singles; "Jammin' in the Place", also found on the compilation album, Soul Togetherness 2012 (Expansion Records), "So @ Ease" and "Sunshine". "Jammin' in the Place" made it to the No. 5 position on the Official UK Soul Chart and No.9 in the Sweet Rhythm Chart on Solar Radio. "So @ Ease" made the No. 1 spot on the Official UK Soul Chart. "Sunshine", which was released on 2 July 2013, reached the No. 1 spot on the Official UK Soul Chart on 17 August, Glen's birthday, and retained this position for 2 weeks.

In 2015, Goldsmith topped the Official UK Soul Chart once again with "Don't Delay" and to No. 3 in the Top 100 Songs of 2014. This song also appears on the compilation album Luxury Soul 2015 on Ralph Tee's Expansion Records.

title: Glen Goldsmith


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Talk:Pure Data

Naming
http://www.crca.ucsd.edu/~msp/techniques/latest/book-html/node14.html

He refers to it as Pd not pd. - Omegatron 15:40, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Additionally the full name of the programm is "Pure Data" with uppercase "D", though the abbreviation is "Pd" with lowercase "d", according to its inventor, Miller Puckette. So this page should redirect to Pure_Data, and not the other way around, as it is done currently. I don't know Wikipedia enough to know how this is made here, though... - Frank Barknecht 3/30/06: Done. -DG

I put back mention of "dataflow programming" on the article, because it seems important to give the reader a general sense of the structure and "feel" of the language. Qualified with the word "arguably", because it's agreed that Pd doesn't meet the strict definition of "dataflow", but it's close enough to be grouped in the family. - david golightly

Structures
A suggestion for the description of pointers and data structures: "Unlike other audio programming environments, Pure Data allows the creation of customizable lists of items, called scalars. These items each have assignable parameters (identified in Data Structures) that can be accessed individually using pointers and edited, displayed, or applied as values while the program runs.  At its most basic level, a data structure allows the storing, retrieving, and viewing of data which can automate any of Pure Data's other functions.  This could mean complex score languages, automatic settings changes, storing presets, or visually displaying data that would otherwise be invisible." "Data Structures," "pointers," and "scalars" could maybe link to more in-depth articles on those things. What does everyone think? -Chuckk

Learning Pd
Oh God... I'm trying to learn PureData. Utterly incomprehensible, and the Wikipedia entry doesn't help one iota. Oh this is terrible. Enough to drive a man to drink. --Zubedar 14:18, 20 July 2007 (UTC)
 * mailing list, wiki, support forums, sample patches, lots of sites with patches, events, conferences, what more do you want? However, I will embrace your plaint in the spirit of adding info to this page about training and tutorials... soon. --Yestheycan (talk) 09:48, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

It can be tough but once you get the first seed of how to use it (I don't know where I found it either but I was extremely frustrated at first too) But once it works... wow what a powerful system... 207.179.90.162 (talk) 20:11, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pure Data


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Siphon (mollusc)

A siphon is an anatomical structure which is part of the body of aquatic molluscs in three classes: Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda (members of these classes include saltwater and freshwater snails, clams, octopus, squid and relatives).

Siphons in molluscs are tube-like structures in which water (or, more rarely, air) flows. The water flow is used for one or more purposes such as locomotion, feeding, respiration, and reproduction. The siphon is part of the mantle of the mollusc, and the water flow is directed to (or from) the mantle cavity.

A single siphon occurs in some gastropods. In those bivalves which have siphons, the siphons are paired. In cephalopods, there is a single siphon or funnel which is known as a hyponome.

In gastropods
In some (but not all) sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs, the animal has an anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon, or inhalant siphon, through which water is drawn into the mantle cavity and over the gill for respiration.

This siphon is a soft fleshy tube-like structure equipped with chemoreceptors which "smell" or "taste" the water, in order to hunt for food. Marine gastropods that have a siphon are either predators or scavengers.

Although in gastropods the siphon functions perfectly well as a tube, it is not  in fact a hollow organ, it is simply a flap of the mantle that is rolled into the shape of a tube.

In many marine gastropods where the siphon is particularly long, the structure of the shell has been modified in order to house and protect the soft tissue of the siphon. This shell modification is known as the siphonal canal. For a gastropod whose shell has an exceptionally long siphonal canal, see Venus comb murex.

In the case of some other marine gastropod shells, such as the volute and the Nassarius pictured to the right, the shell has a simple "siphonal notch" at the anterior edge of the aperture instead of a long siphonal canal.

The Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex is a defensive reflex which is found in sea hares of the genus Aplysia; this reflex has been much studied in neuroscience.

Siphon as a snorkel
Freshwater apple snails in the genera Pomacea and Pila have an extensible siphon made from a flap of the left mantle cavity. They use this siphon in order to breathe air while they are submerged in water which has a low oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill.

Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed.

For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators.

The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round apertures; there is no special notch for the siphon.

Paired siphons of bivalves
Those bivalves that have siphons, have two of them. Not all bivalves have siphons however: those that live on or above the substrate, as is the case in scallops, oysters, etc., do not need them. Only those bivalves that burrow in sediment, and live buried in the sediment, need to use these tube-like structures. The function of these siphons is to reach up to the surface of the sediment, so that the animal is able to respire, feed, and excrete, and also to reproduce.

The deeper a bivalve species lives in the sediment, the longer its siphons are. Bivalves which have extremely long siphons, like the geoducks pictured here, live very deeply buried, and are hard to dig up when clamming.

Many bivalves that have siphons can withdraw them completely into the shell when needed, but this is not true of all species. Bivalves that can withdraw the siphons into the shell have a "pallial sinus", a sort of pocket, into which the siphons can fit when they are withdrawn, so that the two shell valves can close properly. The existence of this pocket shows even in an empty shell, as a visible indentation in the pallial line, a line which runs along parallel to the ventral margin of the shell.

The bivalve's two siphons are situated at the posterior edge of the mantle cavity. There is an inhalant or incurrent siphon, and an exhalant or excurrent siphon. The water is circulated by the action of the gills. Usually water enters the mantle cavity through the inhalant siphon, moves over the gills, and leaves through the exhalant siphon. The water current is utilized for respiration, but also for filter feeding, excretion, and reproduction.

Feeding
Depending on the species and family concerned, some bivalves utilize their inhalant siphon like the hose of a vacuum cleaner, and actively suck up food particles from the marine substrate. Most other bivalves ingest microscopic phytoplankton as food from the general water supply, which enters via the inhalant siphon and reaches the mouth after passing over the gill.

Please also see pseudofeces.

Hyponome of cephalopods
The hyponome or siphon is the organ used by cephalopods to expel water, a function that produces a locomotive force. The hyponome developed from the foot of the molluscan ancestor.

Water enters the mantle cavity around the sides of the funnel, and subsequent contraction of the hyponome expands and then contracts, expelling a jet of water.

In most cephalopods, such as octopus, squid, and cuttlefish, the hyponome is a muscular tube. The hyponome of the nautilus differs however, in that it is a one-piece flap that is folded over. Whether ammonites possessed a hyponome and if so what form it may have taken, is as yet not known.

title: Siphon (mollusc)


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Category talk:Military writers

PockBot - Category articles summary as of 9:14:8, Thu Dec 7, 2006
List of all pages in category Military writers retrieved by PockBot. '''PockBot is currently Undergoing Trials. If you have any comments on its performance please leave them at Bots/Requests_for_approval/PockBot'''  PockBot 09:14, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Military writers


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Harry Webb

Harry Webb may refer to:

 * Harry S. Webb (1892–1959), American film director
 * Harry Webb (communist) (1889–1962), British communist activist
 * Harry Webb (politician) (1908–2000), Australian politician
 * Harri Webb (1920–1994), Anglo-Welsh poet
 * Cliff Richard (Harry Rodger Webb, born 1940), British pop singer

title: Harry Webb


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Gerald R. Murray

Gerald R. Murray (born January 18, 1956) is a retired airman of the United States Air Force who served as the 14th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force from 2002 to 2006.

Military career
Murray grew up in Boiling Springs, North Carolina, and entered the United States Air Force in October 1977. His background includes various duties in aircraft maintenance and as a Command Chief Master Sergeant at wing, numbered air force and major command levels. His assignments include bases in Florida, South Carolina, Washington and Georgia. Murray also served overseas in Turkey and Japan, and deployed in support of operations Desert Storm and Southern Watch. Before becoming Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, he served as Command Chief Master Sergeant, Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii.

Murray was appointed to the position of Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force on July 1, 2002. In this position, he represented the highest enlisted level of leadership, and as such, provides direction for the enlisted corps and represents their interests, as appropriate, to the American public, and to those in all levels of government. He serves as the personal adviser to the Chief of Staff and the Secretary of the Air Force on all issues regarding the welfare, readiness, morale, and proper utilization and progress of the enlisted force.

Murray retired on October 1, 2006, after 29 years of service.

Post military career
Murray served as Chairman of the Board of the Air & Space Forces Association.

Education

 * 1983 Tactical Air Command Noncommissioned Officer Leadership School, Shaw AFB, SC.
 * 1984 U.S. Air Forces in Europe Noncommissioned Officer Academy, Kapaun Air Station, West Germany
 * 1986 Associate in Applied Science degree in aircraft systems maintenance technology, Community College of the Air Force
 * 1987 Associate of Arts degree in liberal arts, Saint Leo College, Saint Leo, Fl.
 * 1993 Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy, Gunter AFB, Al.

Assignments

 * 1) October 1977 – December 1977, trainee, Basic Military Training, Lackland AFB, Texas
 * 2) December 1977 – February 1978, student, Aircraft Maintenance Technology Course, Sheppard AFB, Texas
 * 3) February 1978 – October 1981, aircraft crew chief, 13th Fighter Squadron, 56th Tactical Fighter Wing, MacDill AFB, Fla.
 * 4) October 1981 – April 1984, aircraft maintenance instructor, 363rd Tactical Fighter Wing, Shaw AFB, S.C.
 * 5) April 1984 – May 1986, senior F-16 Fighting Falcon crew chief, 39th Consolidated Maintenance Squadron, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey
 * 6) May 1986 – July 1992, aircraft production superintendent, 353rd Aircraft Maintenance Unit, 354th Fighter Wing, Myrtle Beach AFB, S.C. (August 1990 March 1991, production superintendent, 354th Wing [Provisional], King Fahd International Airport and King Khalid Military City, Saudi Arabia)
 * 7) July 1992 – December 1994, Superintendent, Maintenance Flight, 354th Fighter Squadron, McChord AFB, Wash.
 * 8) December 1994 – April 1996, Maintenance Superintendent, 70th Fighter Squadron, 347th Wing, Moody AFB, Ga. (December 1995 March 1996, Maintenance Superintendent, 70th Fighter Squadron, Al Jaber AB, Kuwait)
 * 9) April 1996 – August 1999, Command Chief Master Sergeant, 347th Wing, Moody AFB, Ga. (November 1997 March 1998, Command Chief Master Sergeant, 347th Wing (Provisional) Sheikh Isa AB, Bahrain)
 * 10) September 1999 – August 2001, Command Chief Master Sergeant, U.S. Forces Japan and 5th Air Force, Yokota AB, Japan
 * 11) August 2001 – June 2002, Command Chief Master Sergeant, Pacific Air Forces, Hickam AFB, Hawaii
 * 12) July 2002 – June 2006, Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.

Other Achievements

 * 1983 Honor graduate and Communicative Skills Award, Noncommissioned Officer Leadership School
 * 1985 Distinguished graduate, Noncommissioned Officer Academy
 * 1991 Air Force General Lew Allen Trophy, for outstanding performance in aircraft sortie generation.
 * 1993 Distinguished graduate, Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy

title: Gerald R. Murray


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Langham, Rutland

Langham is a village and civil parish in Rutland in the East Midlands of England. The village is about 2 mi north-west of Oakham, on the A606 main road linking Oakham and Melton Mowbray.

Etymology
The village's name means "homestead/village which is long or hemmed-in land which is long".

Amenities
It has two pubs, the Wheatsheaf and the Noel Arms, and a Church of England primary school. Langham Lodge is a Grade II listed house on the edge of the village.

The Church of England parish church of Saints Peter and Paul dates in part from the late 13th century and is a Grade I listed building. There is also a Baptist Chapel, built in 1854.

Notable people
Notable inhabitants include Simon Langham, a 14th-century monk who became Archbishop of Canterbury; Major General John Brocklehurst, 1st Baron Ranksborough CB CVO (13 May 1852 – 28 February 1921), a soldier, courtier and Liberal politician - there is a memorial to the latter in the village church; and Alicia Kearns, the current MP for Rutland and Melton.

Industry and trade
Ruddles Brewery was based in Langham from its foundation in 1858 until it was closed in 1999. The water from the local well was said to give the beer a unique character and quality, which enhanced the brewery's reputation. The site of the brewery has now been demolished and replaced by a housing development.

The village used to have a small shop for everyday items, however this shut after campaigned against by villagers. Joan's Free range eggs sold locally farmed eggs for many years until its closing in 2022, more than 5 years after Joan's death.

Langham Engineering is based on the outskirts of the village and a leading manufacturer of precision machined components and shafts. Langham Engineering is the only business to still run from Langham having been there since its founding in the late 1970's.

title: Langham, Rutland


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Model building

Model building is a hobby and career that involves the creation of physical models either from kits or from materials and components acquired by the builder. The kits contain several pieces that need to be assembled in order to make a final model. Most model-building categories have a range of common scales that make them manageable for the average person both to complete and display. A model is generally considered physical representations of an object and maintains accurate relationships between all of its aspects.

The model building kits can be classified according to skill levels that represent the degree of difficulty for the hobbyist. These include skill level 1 with snap-together pieces that do not require glue or paint; skill level 2, which requires glue and paint; and, skill level 3 kits that include smaller and more detailed parts. Advanced skill levels 4 and 5 kits ship with components that have extra-fine details. Particularly, level 5 requires expert-level skills.

Model building as career
Model building is not exclusively a hobbyist pursuit. The complexity of assembling representations of actual objects has become a career for several people, and is heavily applicable in film making. There are, for instance, those who build models/props to commemorate historic events, employed to construct models using past events as a basis to predict future events of high commercial interest.

The categories of modelling include

 * Scale model building
 * Live steam models
 * Model engineering
 * Matchstick models
 * Military models
 * Model aircraft
 * Model cars
 * Model construction vehicles
 * Building models
 * Architectural models
 * Model figures
 * Model military vehicles
 * Rail transport modelling
 * Model rockets
 * Ship models
 * Freelance model
 * Cardboard engineering
 * Firearm models (such as Airsoft guns)
 * Gundam models

title: Model building