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Muqattaʿat

The mysterious letters (muqaṭṭaʿāt, حُرُوف مُقَطَّعَات ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt, "disjoined letters" or "disconnected letters" ) are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters that appear at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 chapters (surahs) of the Quran just after the Bismillāh Islamic phrase. The letters are also known as fawātiḥ (فَوَاتِح) or "openers" as they form the opening verse of their respective surahs.

Four (or five) chapters are named for their muqaṭṭaʿāt: Ṭā-Hā, Yā-Sīn, Ṣād, Qāf, and sometimes Nūn.

The original significance of the letters is unknown. Tafsir (exegesis) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either names or qualities of God or for the names or content of the respective surahs. The general belief of most Muslims is that their meaning is known only to Allah.

Inventory
Muqatta'at occur in Quranic chapters 2–3, 7, 10–15, 19–20, 26–32, 36, 38, 40–46, 50 and 68. Furthermore, the codex of Ubayy ibn Ka'b additionally had Surah 39 begin with Ḥā Mīm, in line with the pattern seen in the next seven surahs. Multiple letters are written together like a word, but each letter is pronounced separately.

Structural analysis
There are 14 distinct combinations; the most frequent are ʾAlif Lām Mīm and Ḥāʾ Mīm, occurring six times each. Of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, exactly one half appear as muqatta'at, either singly or in combinations of two, three, four or five letters. The fourteen letters are: ʾalif أ, hā هـ, ḥā ح, ṭā ط, yā ي, kāf ك, lām ل, mīm م, nūn ن, sīn س, ʿain ع, ṣād ص, qāf ق, rā ر. The six final letters of the Abjadi order (thakhadh ḍaẓagh) are unused. The letters represented correspond to those letters written without Arabic diacritics plus yāʿ ي. It is possible that the restricted set of letters was supposed to invoke an archaic variant of the Arabic alphabet modeled on the Aramaic alphabet.

Certain co-occurrence restrictions are observable in these letters; for instance, ʾAlif is invariably followed by Lām. The substantial majority of the combinations begin either ʾAlif Lām or Ḥāʾ Mīm.

In all but 3 of the 29 cases, these letters are almost immediately followed by mention of the Qur'anic revelation itself (the exceptions are surat al-ʻAnkabūt, ar-Rūm and al-Qalam); and some argue that even these three cases should be included, since mention of the revelation is made later on in the surah. More specifically, one may note that in 8 cases the following verse begins "These are the signs...", and in another 5 it begins "The Revelation..."; another 3 begin "By the Qur'an...", and another 2 "By the Book..." Additionally, all but 3 of these suras are Meccan surat (the exceptions are surat al-Baqarah, Āl ʾImrān and ar-Raʻd.)

Lām and Mīm are conjoined and both are written with prolongation mark. One letter is written in two styles. Letter 20:01 is used only in the beginning and middle of a word and that in 19:01 is not used as such. Alif Lām Mīm (الم) is also the first verse of Surah Al-Baqara, Surah Al-Imran, Surah Al-Ankabut, Surah Ar-Rum, Surah Luqman, and Surah As-Sajda.

Acrophony
Abd Allah ibn Abbas and Abdullah ibn Masud, as cited by Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati in his Bahr al-Muhit, are said to have favored the view that these letters stand for words or phrases related to God and His Attributes.

Sura content
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a classical commentator of the Qur'an, has noted some twenty opinions regarding these letters and mentions multiple opinions that these letters present the names of the Surahs as appointed by God. In addition, he mentions that Arabs would name things after such letters (for example, 'eye' as 'ع', clouds as 'غ', and whale as 'ن'). Amin Ahsan Islahi supported al-Razi's opinion, arguing that since these letters are names for Surahs, they are proper nouns. Hamiduddin Farahi similarly attaches symbolic meanings to the letters, e.g. Nun (ن) symbolizing "fish" identifying the sura dedicated to Jonah, or Ta (ط) representing "serpent" introducing suras that mention the story of Prophet Moses and serpents.

Ahsan ur Rehman (2013) claims that there are phonological, syntactic and semantic links between the prefixed letters and the text of the chapters.

Scribal intrusion or corruption
Theodor Nöldeke (1860) advanced the theory that the letters were marks of possession, belonging to the owners of Qur'anic copies used in the first collection by Zayd ibn Thābit during the reign of the Caliph 'Uthmān. According to Nöldeke, the letters ultimately entered the final version of the Qur'an due to carelessness. It was also possible that the letters were monograms of the owners. Nöldeke later revised this theory, responding to Otto Loth's (1881) suggestion that the letters had a distinct connection with the mystic figures and symbols of the Jewish Kabbalah. Nöldeke in turn concluded that the letters were a mystical reference to the archetypal text in heaven that was the basis for the revelation of the Qur'an. However, persuaded by Nöldeke's original theory, Hartwig Hirschfeld (1902) offered a list of likely names corresponding to the letters. Keith Massey (1996), noting the apparent set ranking of the letters and mathematical improbability that they were either random or referred to words or phrases, argued for some form of the Nöldeke-Hirschfeld theory that the "Mystery Letters" were the initials or monograms of the scribes who originally transcribed the sūras. Though, Massey explains that "the letters, which appear alone (qaf, nun), may not have the same purpose as the collection themselves", he furthermore admits that the "Mystery Letters" in Surah 42 violate his proposed ranking-theory, thus offering 2 possible scenarios for his theory.

The Hebrew Theory assumes that the letters represent an import from Biblical Hebrew. Specifically, the combination Alif-Lam would correspond to Hebrew El "god". Abbreviations from Aramaic or Greek have also been suggested.

Bellamy (1973) proposed that the letters are the remnants of abbreviations for the Bismillah. Bellamy's suggestion was criticized as improbable by Alford T. Welch (1978).

Christoph Luxenberg in The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran (2000) proposed that substantial portions of the text of the Qur'an were directly taken from Syriac liturgy. His explanation of the disjoined letters is that they are remnants of indications for the liturgical recitation for the Syriac hymns that ended up being copied into the Arabic text.

Numerology
There have been attempts to give numerological interpretations. Loth (1888) suggested a connection to Gematria. Rashad Khalifa (1974) claimed to have discovered a mathematical code in the Qur'an based on these initials and the number 19, namely the Quran code or known as Code 19. According to his claims, these initials occur throughout their respective chapters in multiples of nineteen. The number 19 is directly mentioned in the 30th verse of Surah Al-Muddaththir to refer to the 19 keeper angels of Hell.

The Báb used the muqaṭṭaʿāt in his Qayyúmu'l-Asmáʼ. He writes in an early commentary and in his Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih (Seven Proofs) about a hadith from Muhammad al-Baqir, the fifth Shiʻi Imam, where it is stated that the first seven surat's muqaṭṭaʿāt have a numerical value of 1267, from which the year 1844 (the year of the Báb's declaration) can be derived.

Mystical
Sufism has a tradition of attributing mystical significance to the letters. The details differ between schools of Sufism; Sufi tradition generally regards the letters as an extension to the ninety-nine names of God, with some authors offering specific "hidden" meanings for the individual letters.

In 1857–58, Baháʼu'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí Faith, wrote his Commentary on the Isolated Letters (Tafsír-i-Hurúfát-i-Muqattaih, also known as Lawh-i-Áyiy-i-Núr, Tablet of the Light Verse). In it, he describes how God created the letters. A black teardrop fell down from the Primordial Pen on the "Perspicuous, Snow-white Tablet", by which the Point was created. The Point then turned into an Alif (vertical stroke), which was again transformed, after which the Muqatta'at appeared. These letters were then differentiated, separated and then again gathered and linked together, appearing as the "names and attributes" of creation. Baháʼu'lláh gives various interpretations of the letters "alif, lam, mim", mostly relating to Allah, trusteeship (wilayah) and the prophethood (nubuwwah) of Muhammad. He emphasizes the central role of the alif in all the worlds of God.

By removing the duplicate letters (leaving only one of each of the 14 initials) and rearranging them, one can create the sentence "نص حكيم قاطع له سر " which could translate to: "A wise and conclusive text has a secret".

One Western mystical interpretation of the muqattaʿat is given by Rudolf von Sebottendorf in his work Die Praxis der alten türkischen Freimauerei; von Sebottendorf interprets them as mantra-like formulas (Formel) to be meditated upon (in association with certain gestures) during a set of elaborate meditation exercises. He claims that these exercises are the basis of Freemasonry and alchemy, and that they are practiced by a secret society of Sufis; Muhammad is said to have learned these exercises from a hermit named "Ben Khasi", taught them to the innermost circle of his successors, and incorporated them into the text of the Qur'an in order to preserve them unchanged in perpetuity. Commentators, however, note that the practices recommended by von Sebottendorf "bear little resemblance to either Sufism or Masonry".

Chants
Devin J. Stewart argues the letters are integral to the text and establish a rhyme and a rhythm, similarly to rhyming chants such as, intended to introduce spells, charms or something connected to the supernatural.

title: Muqattaʿat


text:
User talk:Mrcreelman

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Talk:Pykrete

Test ship composition
The test ship made in the canadian rockies was just regular ice, not pykrete. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.255.141.66 (talk) 21:59, 1 December 2004

Pykrete can be made using any fiberous material. You are not limmeted to sawdust or woodpulp. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.240.199.97 (talk) 19:38, 17 April 2005

 * If by "any", you mean any non-hydrophobic fiber, then ok. I guess that hydrophobic fibers would, in general, adversely affect most 'strength' properties. (All natural (biological or mineral) fibers, afaik, are hydrophilic.) 98.21.213.85 (talk) 06:10, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

"quite a while"
how long is "quite a while" ?--GregLoutsenko 18:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cold compress of pykrete
The article suggests, "You could use it to make cold compresses that mold to your body and last quite a while." Maybe I'm wrong, but wouldn't the low thermal conductivity of pykrete (i.e. why it melts so slowly) prevent the "cold compress" from doing its intended job? To be effective, a cold compress should be thermally conductive, draw heat from your body, and melt itself rather efficiently, shouldn't it? --Ds13 July 3, 2005 05:03 (UTC)
 * Actually, no. If you wanted a compress to absorb as much heat as possible as quickly as possible, you would apply ice directly to your skin. That would be uncomfortable, of course, so people insulate the ice (making it melt more slowly) with a thick cloth. What you want is for the compress to absorb some heat for a long time, which Pykrete might do just fine in a thinner cloth. --Tysto 07:19, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

mix ratio
14% by volume or weight? volume would be mostly ice, weight would be predominantly sawdust.

 * I used a 50/50 mix of water and shredded wood mulch by volume and had excellent results. Since wood is lighter than water (it floats) the weight is predominantly water.  I am currently soaking the wood at room temperature until it is water-logged to see what effect it may have when frozen.

Do you have any idea as to the weight of the mixture itself? (say per square inch?)

 * Sorry, I don't have any way of weighing the mixture. According to the web, one cubic inch of water weighs 0.036126842 pounds so the mixture would weigh half that plus the weight of the wood which is significantly less than the weight of water alone.

Freezing/melting temperature?
When the pykrete melt and freeze? Because if the ship was made then this might effect the areas it can travel to.

 * It was going to have cooling pipes running throughout the ice, making it, in theory, last indefinetly.--Lewk_of_Serthic 16:07, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't a lot of pipes be needed? If Pykrete conducts heat badly, the cold of the pipes would not reach afar. --Error 17:17, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes it would need many cooling pipes, but such a large floating platform would allow for a very large cooling plant, at least according to the theory. The ineviatable melting could simply be repared with water taken from the sea, again, in theory.--Lewk_of_Serthic 22:06, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * The term "cooling pipes" is probably misleading anyway. It would make sense to mold sections of the ship with channels, in which case, you could have as many as you want. As for its operating area, it's unlikely that anyone intended the Habbukkuk to venture into tropical waters. In the North Atlantic, it would last indefinitely. --Tysto 07:19, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope -- part of the problem was the vast amount of steel that would be needed for the refrigeration plant and its piping... apparently on the order of what would be required for an equivalent conventional carrier! Pete G. 128.32.198.8 00:00, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * According to The History Channel, the cooling pipes were made of cardboard. Josh-Levin@ieee.org 14:58, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The problem with ice (and pykrete) is that it creeps under pressure. So if you just form channels they will close up over time. That's why you need steel pipes for refrigeration. -- Derek Ross | Talk 00:15, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm wondering if the stuff could be used as a coolant for inside of a cooler since it lasts longer then ice --Atomic1fire 20:11, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Does anyone know how long it takes for pykrete to freeze? ––User:Muchachos

Durability of ice
I was curious about this sentence in the article:
 * Of course ice always slowly deforms under pressure anyway, and this isn't really affected by the presence of the pulp.

Does this mean under pressure, such as when a bullet slams into it, ice is not readily pushed out of the way of the bullet, like say flesh might be? If so, is the presence of the wood pulp just to keep the ice from shattering, such as rebar in concrete, instead of the wood actually adding bullet-stopping capability on its own? --Fxer 09:36, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The presence of the wood pulp has two effects. 1) It slows down melting 2) it stops propagation of cracks and thus drastically improves the toughness of Pykrete over that of pure ice. The deformation statement refers to the behaviour of ice when subjected to prolonged, steady pressure. It has no relevance when discussing the impact of a bullet. -- Derek Ross | Talk 16:16, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Is this a myth?
Is this a myth?

http://www.GoodeveCa.net/CFGoodeve/pykrete.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.250.212.144 (talk) 22:34, 24 October 2006

No, it isn't. Its quite well documented. A small incomplete article is here (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Habakkuk), but the History channel has also done at least one documentary on it and it has been released from the official secrets act. Also, as such, the reference to the 'original myth, should technically be removed from the Mythbuster's section.

Bad edit
Moved from a bad edit to the main article: FWIW: This reference documents some of the "citation wanted" tags in the pykrete article.

I don't seem to have the book any more, but this is how it appears in the British Library site:

LAMPE, David. Pyke, the Unknown Genius. [With plates, including portraits.] 1959 010601.a.14.

Hope that helps someone! Sorry, I don't know offhand how to edit this to taste. Possibly someone at your end can use the information at leisure.

Cheers,

Jon --Ry Jones 18:29, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

diff — LOL T/C 06:37, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Melting Point
The article says that the sawdust raises the melting point but not by how much. Does anyone know what the melting point of Pykrete is?

 * I doubt that adding sawdust changes the melting point. The sawdust acts as an insulator, which slows the rate of melting.
 * Mixtures always have higher melting points than the pure solvent. I know pykrete isn't technically a solution but this still applies.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.219.76.65 (talk) 01:32, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Actually, lower: Freezing point depression --Jaded-view (talk) 04:56, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Sounds like we should scatter newspapers on the glaciers. Solves the retreat of glaciers *and* the financial problems that newspaper companies are having! Mcswell (talk) 19:01, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Other Materials
Would the type of material used affect the durability of the pykrete? For example, by using a material like pieces of Kevlar instead of sawdust increase the pykrete’s strength?

 * Larger fibers of the material = stronger solution
 * The water overlaps the fibers causing a bond. So if the individual fibers are bigger the Pykrite will have a bigger tensile strength and will be able to support more weight.
 * Sailingsumo (talk) 06:12, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

 * It would make for an interesting experiment if one had a cheap supply of shredded Kevlar. Otherwise it would substantially increase the expense and if Kevlar is less of an insulator than sawdust, most likely increase the melting rate making it less effective overall.

 * Cutting Kevlar into small bits might reduce its impact-dissipating qualities anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.192.242.70 (talk) 01:51, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Kevlar has extremely low thermal conductivity at 0.278 BTU-in/hr-ft²-°F whereas a strong plastic like UHMW is about 2.92 and glass is about 5.55 by comparison. Furthermore, Kevlar is stronger at lower temperatures.  The properties of a kevlar-ice matrix could still be reasonable, however the diameters, lengths and ice:fibers ratio would need significant experimentation to determine optimum parameters.  The main issue is that Kevlar would be far more expensive than sawdust and would require much more petrochemical source materials and energy to produce than sustainably-sourced sawdust.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.250.214.91 (talk) 02:55, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Is the basic product cheaper than concrete?
There is no discussion of the costs of the basic pykrete in comparison to concrete, nor that of a pykrete craft that would be maintained for a longer time. -- Cimon avaro; on a pogostick. 11:09, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't imagine how concrete would ever be cheaper in terms of either material or transportation costs. When I bought the bag of shredded wood mulch to test pykrete's resistance to bullet impacts, it was somewhere around a dollar per cubic foot from the local garden supply.  If I had wanted sawdust by the bag it would have been about 50 cents per cubic foot.  If I had bought enough to fill my pickup it would have cost much less per cubic foot.  The maintenance and operating costs are design dependent.  Personally, if I were to make a craft out of Pykrete, I would design it to be unmanned and disposable.  :-)

Is pykrete stronger than wood?
Without a grain it might strangely be true.

 * It depends upon how one defines "stronger." A .223 or .30 calibre bullet will easily rip through a plank of wood but not Pykrete.  So in that sense, it is stronger than wood.  It would be interesting to measure the relative crush, shear and tensile strengths of the two materials but, alas, I have neither the equipment nor time to do so.  It would also make for an interesting experiment to try other binders in place of ice.  A bag of sand will stop a bullet far more effectively than wood, bricks or concrete blocks.  One wonders how effective a mixture of sawdust and wood glue would be?  Or sand and ice?  Or sand and glue? Or...?

 * Sand and ice wouldnt have the strength of Pykrete because while using sawdust it absorbs the water and becomes an emulsification, whereas the sand would merely be ice and sand, with all the physicall weaknesses of ice and without the insulatory properties of wood. On conclusion it is stronger than wood as in harder. However Pykrete is more brittle than wood. Oh, and it melts. In the end it depends what you want it for. Something that can withstand his pressures, Pykrete's your composite substance. If you want to build a house, then maybe wood.

Missing images
This cleanup just wiped out two of the four pictures. Does anybody know where they came from to re-list them as fair use? I'm linking to the diff so we won't forget the descriptions. — RevRagnarok  Talk Contrib 12:31, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

I hate to say this...
... but has anybody here read WP:NOR?

Or to put it another way, just because the block shown allowed bullets to penetrate doesn't mean the historical formulation might not have actually created ricochets. 204.186.14.45 23:02, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, but i don't see where that assertion is being made. ·:·Will Beback  ·:· 23:16, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Montbatten shot the block with a pistol, not a rifle. It may have also been from an angle. User:Muchachos

A mixture of sawdust and ice...
Since sawdust is lighter than water it would float on the water prior to freezing - hence the pykerete would have to actually be a block of ice with a layer of sawdust frozen on one side of it, right?

 * Apparently not. Saturated wood is barely lighter than water, so keeping it mixed may not be that hard. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 23:55, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I would think that once waterlogged the mixture would be agitated in some way until a slush consistancy kept the fibers in place. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.235.213.213 (talk) 23:09, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Durability
The article stated: "Pykrete has a crush resistance of greater than 21 megapascals (3,000 psi) so a 25 mm (1 in) column could support the weight of a typical car." - This sentence made no sense. If the 25mm/1 inch dimension referred to the cross section, as one can infer that it did, then the units should have been square mm or inches. However, the sentence was still misleading because it assumed some unspecified short column length without stating so. As the column gets longer, at some point the increasing slenderness ratio (Kl/r) would dictate a buckling failure long before the crush resistance could be reached.Rodney420 (talk) 19:33, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Major Reversion...
I haven't visited the Pykrete page for a while, but I just did, and found that a lot of dubious facts seem to have crept in (and some cautionary statements removed)! This apparently was the result of a major edit by one 'Rich257' on 18 Oct 2006. Consequently I've just reverted the article back to its state before that point. A few new reasonable-looking facts have been added since then, which should be merged in, but I think it's more important that the errors be erased [as much as one can talk about "errors" with Pykrete -- nothing is certain in that area!] If anyone (such as Rich257!) has reason to think the removed stuff should in fact be included, *please* use this talk page to explain why! Thanks -- Pete G. (talk) 02:07, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * OK -- let me expand a bit... I actually came in to fix up a URL that has changed, and found that it had been completely removed, as had other cites -- no reason given.  Then I started noticing that researched facts, like who actually invented Pykrete, had been changed to what is known to be untrue.  Like this:
 * [Original -- from Perutz' own writings] "The properties of such a composite were apparently first noted by a couple of researchers at Polytechnic University of New York, and were investigated more thoroughly by Max Perutz."
 * [Changed version -- untrue] "invented by Max Perutz"
 * There were other discrepancies, but maybe that indicates why I was worried.
 * -- Pete G. (talk) 03:31, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * A wholesale reversion to a two-year-old version may not be the most helpful fix. It lloks like your dispute is with a few small matters - whether the Mountbaten incident is verifiable or not, and the original inventor. OTOH, it looks like you deleted quite a bit of sourced material. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 05:52, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Major reservation. I have long had reservations about the pykrete article, it seems to be the sort of topic that attracts the wrong sort of attention - something that has put me off from trying to edit it. However, the reversion of nearly two years of edits does seem inappropriate to me. Meanwhile, I have been quietly expanding the biography of Geoffrey Pyke (fortunately nobody seems to have noticed). I might modestly claim that there is some well phrased and well cited text on pykrete there that other editors may find useful here. Gaius Cornelius (talk) 08:26, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Great article on Pyke, actually! (My only quibbles are peripheral -- like please don't equate "Boffin" to "Mad Scientist"! (:-/)  All the "Back Room Boys" were often referred to as Boffins...)  Meantime, I am in the process of merging in the valid info that was added to the Pykrete article after the version I reverted to.  Give me a few hours, but I hope the result will be satisfactory.  Pete G. (talk) 21:30, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've now merged in all the important stuff (I think) that got deleted by my reversion. Checking of the result appreciated... Pete G. (talk) 23:38, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

no factual evidence of new york poly
hi there, there is no factual baisis for the nyp prior claim —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.44.114.50 (talk) 13:31, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, let's see... Does the attribution by the major researcher (Perutz -- see the refs in the article) count as 'factual'...? Pete G. (talk) 01:33, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Mythbusters Super-Pykrete
Anybody know if mythbusters Super Pykrete (made with newspaper instead of woodpulp/sawdust for its longer fibers) deserves some honorable mention and/or if they really invented it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.226.245.40 (talk) 21:00, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Ahh... so that's why I've been getting an excess of hits on my Pykrete pages again... (:-)) (I don't have cable, so I never get to see these things, darn it!)

 * Anyway, they certainly didn't invent it (!) as that's the way I did it when I experimented a few years ago, and what I advocate on my web page. Did they actually show newspaper was stronger than sawdust?  I've suspected it would be (longer fibres) but had no proof. Pete G. (talk) 01:48, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The drop test from the Mythbusters web page fairly dramatically shows the strength differences, and is easily viewed from the reference link provided. - TexasAndroid (talk) 22:17, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Mythbusters
I think a section with the latest Mythbusters experiment using Pykrete to build a boat would be a good addition to the page. Sailingsumo (talk) 01:37, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

 * After watching that episode, I think the pictured block in the article is an incorrect mixture. It's described as "50% water, 50% wood pulp by volume", whereas on Mythbusters they use 14% wood pulp, 86% water by weight. It looked significantly different and (based on the picture) held up better against having a bullet fired at it. Basically, I think the picture is probably inaccurate, and most likely disqualified as original research. 71.42.29.11 (talk) 07:16, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

 * According to Max Perutz, who did the original research on it, anywhere between 7 and 14% is suitable, so the Mythbusters would (as usual) be right. I don't think a 50% ratio would be anywhere close to optimal. Pete G. (talk) 02:11, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Mythbusters criticism and original research
The contents of the section critical of the mythbusters' conclusions sounds reasonable to me, in general. But unless it can be given good sourcing to who, external to Wikipedia, has made the criticism, it really looks to me as if it is the section's author who is making this criticism. And this would then most definitely be Original Research, and thus be improper to have here on the page. - TexasAndroid (talk) 22:16, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

.45 caliber link
I just edited the article to change the link to ".45 caliber" in the Mythbusters section. The old link went to the article for .45 ACP, which is a handgun round. I did a little digging with the show paused, and the rifle they used is a lever-action Winchester Model 1866 chambered for the .45-70 cartridge. The narrator on the show describes the bullet as a ".45 caliber slug," and a lever-action rifle chambered in .45 ACP would be very unlikely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.48.48.242 (talk) 02:16, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Pykrete usefull in altering hurricanes ?

I wonder iff a floating flat pykrete area can prevent hurricanes there where some plans using icebergs to cool down ocean surfages, and isolating the warm ocean from the atmosphere above But the transport of these giant icebergs would be the main obstacle in testing this idea.

but what if we use thin slates of pykrete just to isolate the oceans "hotspots" pykrete would be more easy in transport because you can make it rather light and flat you do not need an giant iceberg but just the large surfage area of a flat slate of pykrete. and you can easely move the plate of pykrete with the movement of the warm ocean.

it will not be cheap or easy but compaired to a whole areas flooded and collapsed like Louisiana it would be peanuts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.144.150.237 (talk) 19:44, 14 August 2009 (UTC)

Misuse of the term 'alloy'?
According to Wikipedia's own definition of the term 'alloy', the word is used to describe a solution and/or other mixture of different metals or metals and other elements. As far as I can tell, Pykrete is, per the definition, not an alloy, as its only listed ingredients are ice and wood pulp, neither of which are metals. The reference to the alloy status of Pykrete is only supported by one footnote document, which also does not seem to be accurate regarding its own terminology. 62.99.149.110 (talk) 22:10, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Well it is sourced, but I'd use 'composite' myself. Andy Dingley (talk) 22:38, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Upon consumption and review of the footnote document in question, which contains an entire paragraph dedicated to the background of steel, It appears that the author of the document has incorrectly defined the word 'alloy' as 'a combination of two or more elements' . This definition holds true only in the context of combinations involving metals (even then there are exceptions regarding microstructure, such as in the case of ceramics), and is still false concerning Pykrete, as both ice and wood pulp are not elements in the chemical sense. The error regarding terminology appears to be a result of the misreading of another definition, found further down in the document on p. 10 as a part of the background information to a laboratory experiment procedure (the results of which are compiled in the document), that does mention that a component of the alloy must be a metal. Does this call the validity of the document as a reference or its correctness/accuracy into question? 62.99.149.110 (talk) 23:43, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The document in question also denotes pykrete as analogous to an alloy, so the 'supporting' documentation doesn't even support its own (erroneous) definition of alloys. And given the targeted audience, I believe that this supporting documentation is an example of lie-to-children (though, at that level, they should get the difference).  Support AD, change to composite material would probably be most accurate and consistent with other wiki definitions of the two.

Please Explain Weight
I was looking at the comparison of ice and Pykrete and was surprised to see that Pykrete is heaver than ice. The question arises; how did it get heaver when sawdust replaced 14 % of the water?

Looking further I came up with a cubic meter of water weighing 1000Kg, A cubic meter of ice at 919Kg (chart in article says 910) and cubic meter of Pykrete at 980Kg. It left me wondering how adding sawdust to ice could result in an increase in density. Maybe this number is wrong or maybe the sawdust caused the water to expand less as it crystallized?

My understanding from the article was that the ratio of water to sawdust was measured by weight. I'm just trying to figure out how you replace water with an equal weight of sawdust and come out heaver.Corumplex (talk) 23:45, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pykrete


text:
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Re: SNES-CD
Hi Mattl, thanks for the message. I see that the resources you cite are only forums, which of course we can't use as reliable sources. Also, the only source I've seen mentioning the Nintendo Disc format mentions it as something Nintendo proposed while working with Sony, not Philips. --Jtalledo (talk) 10:31, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

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PROD The Voltarol Years
Hi,

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Margot Comstock moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Margot Comstock, is not suitable as written to remain published. It is unreferenced. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Mooonswimmer 16:40, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you Mattl (talk) 16:43, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

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Glenn Schwartz

Glenn W. Schwartz (March 20, 1940 – November 2, 2018) was an American guitarist who first came to the attention of rock music audiences as the original guitar player of the James Gang, based in Cleveland, Ohio.

Career
Schwartz left the James Gang in late December 1967 when he moved to California. He later joined the Los Angeles-based blues band Pacific Gas & Electric and, in 1970, scored a national top 20 hit with the song "Are You Ready?".

Tired of the rock and roll lifestyle, he left PG&E to join a pioneering Gospel rock group All Saved Freak Band, which was the musical evangelistic arm of an Ohio religious group-turned-cult, the Church of the Risen Christ, headed by Larry Hill. Schwartz's life in this cult with Rev. Larry Hill is explored in the book, Fortney Road: Life, Death, and Deception in a Christian Cult by Jeff C. Stevenson (2015). All told, Schwartz recorded four albums with the Freak Band before leaving it in 1980.

Through the 1990s and 2000s, Schwartz played weekly blues gigs every Thursday at Major Hoopples just outside Cleveland's The Flats neighborhood, often with his brother Gene playing bass. Changes at venues and increasing health issues kept him from playing live for a few years after 2010, but Schwartz returned to the stage for a 75th birthday show and an impromptu jam at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival with Joe Walsh and The Arcs, featuring Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys. As of 2016, Schwartz had brought his celebrated guitar playing – and preacher-style stage presence – back to Cleveland bars regularly and has gone back into a Nashville studio with Auerbach.

Christian conversion
While in Los Angeles on tour with the James Gang in 1967, Schwartz strolled onto the infamous Sunset Strip and stopped next to a small group of people listening to street preacher Arthur Blessitt, according to Stevenson's book. Some time later he professed conversion to Christianity, saying "I was finally blessed by mercy for I heard the Gospel of Christ."

Following his conversion, his zealous, new-found faith was not accepted well by the band, his family or his friends. As per Stevenson, Schwartz said: "I had some Christian friends who had some round stickers that read 'Real Peace Is in Jesus' and we stuck those all over our clothes ... We put some on Janis Joplin but she didn't like it and took them off. I remember she got pretty upset. At the time, the bikers [Hell's Angels] really liked my music and style of guitar playing because it was so out of control like they were. They didn't mind I talked about Jesus because they liked the music. But Janis was pretty rude and nasty to them and I know they didn't like Janis or her music".

Death
Schwartz died on November 2, 2018, at the age of 78.

title: Glenn Schwartz


text:
VA87

VA-87 has the following meanings:
 * Attack Squadron 87 (U.S. Navy)
 * State Route 87 (Virginia)

title: VA87


text:
Columbia Masterworks Records

Columbia Masterworks was a record label started in 1924 by Columbia Records. In 1980, it was separated from the Columbia label and renamed CBS Masterworks. In 1990, it was revived as Sony Classical after its sale to the Sony Corporation.

History
When Columbia Records undertook the project of releasing great classical music for domestic sale in America, the label was still a year away from an "electrical" recording process. In November 1924, the first eight releases had been recorded acoustically. These first eight sets included five symphonic recordings—Beethoven's Seventh and Eighth Symphonies, Dvorak's "From the New World", Mozart's E-Flat Major (No. 39), and Tchaikovsky's "Pathetique". Three recordings by quartets were also part of that initial offering. More releases followed in March 1925, and a staggering 18 sets were added that fall. The prices of these sets varied with the number of included discs, from $4.50 to $10.50.

Under the leadership of Columbia's president Goddard Lieberson, who later added the rest of the Columbia label to his portfolio, a great many notable classical artists made contributions to the Columbia Masterworks library, such as the conductors Leonard Bernstein, Eugene Ormandy and George Szell; pianists Walter Gieseking, Oscar Levant and Glenn Gould; and the organist E. Power Biggs. Composers Aaron Copland and Igor Stravinsky also appeared conducting their own works.

Broadway albums
In addition to classical music, Columbia also issued cast recordings, soundtrack albums, and spoken-word recordings under the Masterworks name. One of the first spoken word albums of historical significance was the Masterworks release of ten scenes from the Mercury Theatre's Broadway production of Caesar (Columbia Masterworks Set No. 325), recorded in March 1938 and released in 1939. Sales were such that Columbia engaged Welles and the Mercury Theatre to produce four Shakespeare plays (Twelfth Night, The Merchant of Venice, Julius Caesar and Macbeth) for the phonograph in 1939 and 1940. The sets were opulently bound and included a hardcover book.

The first wildly successful spoken word album was a 1948 Masterworks entry, the first I Can Hear It Now album (Columbia M-800 and ML-4095), edited by Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly and supervised by former CBS staffer J.G. Gude. The album would lead to three sequels, the Hear It Now program on the CBS Radio Network in 1950 and the CBS-TV successor, See It Now, in 1951. Columbia Masterworks was also the first recording company to release an album of a nearly complete stage production—the record-breaking 1943 Broadway revival of Shakespeare's Othello, starring Paul Robeson, José Ferrer and Uta Hagen. This was released in 1945 as a 17-record 78-RPM album in two binders (M-MM-554), and afterwards as a three-LP set (SL-153). Many years later, in 1962, Columbia Masterworks would release a four-LP album of the complete Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, starring its original Broadway cast: Uta Hagen, Arthur Hill, George Grizzard and Melinda Dillon. And in 1964, Columbia Masterworks would release a complete album of the 1964 Broadway revival of Richard Burton's Hamlet, starring Richard Burton and directed by John Gielgud—the longest-running Hamlet in Broadway history to date.

Columbia Masterworks' most successful Broadway album was the original cast recording of My Fair Lady (OL-5090, 1956), starring Rex Harrison, Julie Andrews, Stanley Holloway and Robert Coote. This first album was issued only in mono, but the first stereo recording of My Fair Lady—featuring the same four stars, this time with the London cast—followed in 1959. And in 1964, Columbia Masterworks issued the film soundtrack album of the show, starring Rex Harrison and Audrey Hepburn's "singing voice", Marni Nixon. The most successful film soundtrack release on Columbia Masterworks was the film version of West Side Story, released as OS-2070 in 1961 and being certified triple-platinum as of 2017. Next on the list is The Graduate, released in 1968 as OS-3180, featuring the music of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, then the best-selling pop music act on the roster of the parent Columbia label. Partly as a result of the immense popularity of this release, Columbia Masterworks also released a spoken-word recording of excerpts from the soundtrack of the Dustin Hoffman film Little Big Man.

Columbia Masterworks was also responsible for the original cast albums of Kiss Me, Kate (1948) and South Pacific (1949), as well as for the original stage album of West Side Story (1957), and the original cast recordings of Gypsy (1959), The Sound of Music (again 1959), Flower Drum Song (1958), and Camelot (1960). In 1946, Columbia Masterworks released the first album of Show Boat featuring the cast of an actual production of the show, not just one or two singers from it as had been done before. This 1946 revival of Show Boat, which starred Jan Clayton, Charles Fredericks, Carol Bruce, Ralph Dumke, and Kenneth Spencer, was the longest-running revival of a show up to that time. They also released a long series of studio cast albums of Broadway shows, such as The Student Prince, The Desert Song, Girl Crazy, Oh, Kay!, and again, Show Boat.

Electronic music
Another genre that Columbia Masterworks released some seminal albums in was electronic music. Early 1964 saw the release of Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, a compilation of avant-garde electronic compositions created at the famed studio by Bulent Arel, Milton Babbitt, Vladimir Ussachevsky, and others. In 1968, Wendy Carlos's landmark electronic-music album Switched-On Bach, containing transcriptions of a number of Bach's most famous compositions for the Moog synthesizer, was issued on Columbia Masterworks, which continued to release Carlos's output until the mid-1980s. Terry Riley's A Rainbow in Curved Air was released in the summer of 1969. Morton Subotnick's Sidewinder followed in 1971. The label also released several other classical-meets-synthesiser albums in the wake of the Switched-On Bach success.

1980 and later
Columbia Masterworks was renamed CBS Masterworks in 1980 and separated from the Columbia label. In 1990, it was renamed Sony Classical because of the sale of CBS Records to the Sony Corporation.

The Masterworks name lives on in the label's Broadway album label, Masterworks Broadway as well as the name of the label's parent Sony Masterworks.

title: Columbia Masterworks Records


text:
Emrys ap Iwan

Emrys ap Iwan (born Robert Ambrose Jones; 24 March 1848 – 6 January 1906) was a Welsh literary critic and writer on politics and religion. He is often seen as one of the most important forerunners of modern Welsh nationalism.

Born in Abergele, Denbighshire, Emrys was the son of a gardener who was employed on a nearby estate. After working in a shop in Liverpool for a time he trained at Bala Theological College. In 1874, he went to Lausanne, Switzerland, to teach English in a private school and to study languages, developing a love of the French language and literature which had a great influence on his later writings. He later went to Germany to teach English in Bonn and Gießen.

On Emrys's return to Wales, the Calvinistic Methodist church refused to ordain him a minister because of his opposition to the policy of building English-language chapels in mainly Welsh-speaking areas of Wales. He was eventually ordained a minister in 1884 and then served as a pastor to several churches in Denbighshire, including Rhewl and Ruthin, for the rest of his life. Emrys ap Iwan was a fervent advocate of the Welsh language and of Welsh nationalism and believed in self-government for Wales within a federal system of government. He was a prolific writer of newspaper articles in Welsh, three volumes of which were later published, as were two volumes of his sermons. He was a significant influence on the development of 20th-century Welsh political nationalism; a new generation became aware of his life and work through T. Gwynn Jones's biography, first published in 1912.

A secondary school in Abergele is named Ysgol Emrys ap Iwan in his honour.

title: Emrys ap Iwan


text:
Ramanujan tau function

The Ramanujan tau function, studied by, is the function $$\tau : \mathbb{N} \rarr\mathbb{Z}$$ defined by the following identity:
 * $$\sum_{n\geq 1}\tau(n)q^n=q\prod_{n\geq 1}\left(1-q^n\right)^{24} = q\phi(q)^{24} = \eta(z)^{24}=\Delta(z),$$

where $|τ(n)|$ with $n < 16,000$, $$\phi$$ is the Euler function, $n$ is the Dedekind eta function, and the function $q = exp(2πiz)$ is a holomorphic cusp form of weight 12 and level 1, known as the discriminant modular form (some authors, notably Apostol, write $$\Delta/(2\pi)^{12}$$ instead of $$\Delta$$). It appears in connection to an "error term" involved in counting the number of ways of expressing an integer as a sum of 24 squares. A formula due to Ian G. Macdonald was given in.

Values
The first few values of the tau function are given in the following table :

Calculating this function on an odd square number (i.e. a centered octagonal number) yields an odd number, whereas for any other number the function yields an even number.

Ramanujan's conjectures
observed, but did not prove, the following three properties of $Im z > 0$:

 * $Δ(z)$ if $τ(n)$ (meaning that $τ(n)$ is a multiplicative function)
 * $τ(mn) = τ(m)τ(n)$ for $η$ prime and $gcd(m,n) = 1$.
 * $τ(n)$ for all primes $n$.

The first two properties were proved by and the third one, called the Ramanujan conjecture, was proved by Deligne in 1974 as a consequence of his proof of the Weil conjectures (specifically, he deduced it by applying them to a Kuga-Sato variety).

Congruences for the tau function
For $τ(p^{r + 1}) = τ(p)τ(p^{r}) − p^{11} τ(p^{r − 1})$ and $r > 0$, the Divisor function $|τ(p)| ≤ 2p^{11/2}$ is the sum of the $p$th powers of the divisors of $p$. The tau function satisfies several congruence relations; many of them can be expressed in terms of $k ∈ $\mathbb{Z}$$. Here are some:
 * 1) $$\tau(n)\equiv\sigma_{11}(n)\ \bmod\ 2^{11}\text{ for }n\equiv 1\ \bmod\ 8$$
 * 2) $$\tau(n)\equiv 1217 \sigma_{11}(n)\ \bmod\ 2^{13}\text{ for } n\equiv 3\ \bmod\ 8$$
 * 3) $$\tau(n)\equiv 1537 \sigma_{11}(n)\ \bmod\ 2^{12}\text{ for }n\equiv 5\ \bmod\ 8$$
 * 4) $$\tau(n)\equiv 705 \sigma_{11}(n)\ \bmod\ 2^{14}\text{ for }n\equiv 7\ \bmod\ 8$$
 * 5) $$\tau(n)\equiv n^{-610}\sigma_{1231}(n)\ \bmod\ 3^{6}\text{ for }n\equiv 1\ \bmod\ 3$$
 * 6) $$\tau(n)\equiv n^{-610}\sigma_{1231}(n)\ \bmod\ 3^{7}\text{ for }n\equiv 2\ \bmod\ 3$$
 * 7) $$\tau(n)\equiv n^{-30}\sigma_{71}(n)\ \bmod\ 5^{3}\text{ for }n\not\equiv 0\ \bmod\ 5$$
 * 8) $$\tau(n)\equiv n\sigma_{9}(n)\ \bmod\ 7\text{ for }n\equiv 0,1,2,4\ \bmod\ 7$$
 * 9) $$\tau(n)\equiv n\sigma_{9}(n)\ \bmod\ 7^2\text{ for }n\equiv 3,5,6\ \bmod\ 7$$
 * 10) $$\tau(n)\equiv\sigma_{11}(n)\ \bmod\ 691.$$

For $n ∈ $\mathbb{Z}$_{>0}$ prime, we have $$\tau(p)\equiv 0\ \bmod\ 23\text{ if }\left(\frac{p}{23}\right)=-1$$ $$\tau(p)\equiv \sigma_{11}(p)\ \bmod\ 23^2\text{ if } p\text{ is of the form } a^2+23b^2$$ $$\tau(p)\equiv -1\ \bmod\ 23\text{ otherwise}.$$

Explicit formula
In 1975 Douglas Niebur proved an explicit formula for the Ramanujan tau function:

 * $$\tau(n)=n^4\sigma(n)-24\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}i^2(35i^2-52in+18n^2)\sigma(i)\sigma(n-i).$$

where $σ_{k}(n)$ is the sum of the positive divisors of $k$.

Conjectures on τ(n)
Suppose that $n$ is a weight-$n$ integer newform and the Fourier coefficients $σ_{k}(n)$ are integers. Consider the problem:
 * Given that $f$ does not have complex multiplication, do almost all primes $k$ have the property that $p ≠ 23$?

Indeed, most primes should have this property, and hence they are called ordinary. Despite the big advances by Deligne and Serre on Galois representations, which determine $σ(n)$ for $f$ coprime to $p$, it is unclear how to compute $a(n)$. The only theorem in this regard is Elkies' famous result for modular elliptic curves, which guarantees that there are infinitely many primes $n$ such that $a(p) ≢ 0 (mod p)$, which thus are congruent to 0 modulo $a(n) (mod p)$. There are no known examples of non-CM $p$ with weight greater than 2 for which $a(p) (mod p)$ for infinitely many primes $p$ (although it should be true for almost all $f$). There are also no known examples with $a(p) = 0$ for infinitely many $p$. Some researchers had begun to doubt whether $p$ for infinitely many $p$. As evidence, many provided Ramanujan's $a(p) ≢ 0 (mod p)$ (case of weight 12). The only solutions up to 1010 to the equation $a(p) ≡ 0 (mod p)$ are 2, 3, 5, 7, 2411, and $p$.

conjectured that $a(p) ≡ 0 (mod p)$ for all $p$, an assertion sometimes known as Lehmer's conjecture. Lehmer verified the conjecture for $7,758,337,633$ up to $n$ (Apostol 1997, p. 22). The following table summarizes progress on finding successively larger values of $n$ for which this condition holds for all $τ(p)$.

Ramanujan's L-function
Ramanujan's L-function is defined by
 * $$L(s)=\sum_{n\ge 1}\frac{\tau (n)}{n^s}$$

if $$\Re s>6$$ and by analytic continuation otherwise. It satisfies the functional equation
 * $$\frac{L(s)\Gamma (s)}{(2\pi)^s}=\frac{L(12-s)\Gamma(12-s)}{(2\pi)^{12-s}},\quad s\notin\mathbb{Z}_0^-, \,12-s\notin\mathbb{Z}_0^{-}$$

and has the Euler product
 * $$L(s)=\prod_{p\,\text{prime}}\frac{1}{1-\tau (p)p^{-s}+p^{11-2s}},\quad \Re s>7.$$

Ramanujan conjectured that all nontrivial zeros of $$L$$ have real part equal to $$6$$.

title: Ramanujan tau function


text:
Kirkegaard Associates

Kirkegaard Associates is an American acoustics design firm founded by Lawrence Kirkegaard, based in Chicago, Illinois, with an office in Denver, Colorado. The company is headed by President/Owner Joseph W A Myers and employs 12 professionals in architecture, acoustics, music recording, mechanical and audio engineering, musical and theatrical performance. The company has been involved in the design of theatres, concert halls, opera houses, educational institutions, worship spaces, recording and broadcast studios, and other acoustically sensitive environments.

Selected projects

 * Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center, Troy, NY, USA
 * Tennessee Theatre, Knoxville, TN, USA
 * Bigelow Chapel at United Theological Seminary, New Brighton, MN, USA
 * San Francisco Conservatory of Music, San Francisco, CA, USA
 * Overture Center for the Arts, Madison, WI, USA
 * Church of the Epiphany, Miami, FL, USA
 * Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center at University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
 * Petronas Philharmonic Hall, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * Franklin & Marshall College Music Hall, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (completed 2000)
 * Tanglewood Music Center, Lenox, MA, USA (completed 1994)
 * Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall, San Francisco, CA USA (1986, completed 1992)
 * Pressure Point Recording Studios, Chicago, IL, USA
 * Royal Festival Hall at South Bank Centre, London, UK
 * Sydney Conservatorium of Music, Sydney, Australia
 * Shalin Liu Performance Center

In 2010 James R. Oestreich of The New York Times called Kirkegaard's 1994 Tanglewood Music Center "a major triumph" and called the acoustics of the recently opened Shalin Liu Performance Center "Superb". Describing the Overture Center in Madison, Wisconsin, Oestreich wrote that "the acoustics, designed by Kirkegaard Associates, sounded notably bright yet mellow, clean yet reverberant".

title: Kirkegaard Associates


text: Category:North Carolina culture

title: Category:North Carolina culture


text: User:Jewjg

title: User:Jewjg


text:
User talk:LordViD

Archive #1 | Archive #2

Translation Request

 * Hai ViD, Can you translate the article Ayyavazhi to Arabic. Please... - Vaikunda Raja 22:29, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

It's nice to be Number One!

I hope that you're enjoying your Wiki break and look forward to your return - Polaris999 09:17, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Favorite Songs
My survey has changed. I am now continuing my mission for the best songs, but now I am accepting all genres. I'm giving you a chance to revote for your top ten favorite songs of any genres (not just classic rock which is still the best). I've made a executive decision to keep the existing survey results and just add on to that with the new entries. My feeling for doing this is because classic rock is the most influential genre in music currently so it should be expressed more in the survey. Thank you for contributing in the past, and hopefully in the future. ROCK ON. RENTASTRAWBERRY  FOR LET?  röck  03:28, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"Wikipedia:TPA" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Wikipedia:TPA. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 January 8 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. – MJL  ‐Talk‐☖ 19:25, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:LordViD


text:
Old River

Old River may refer to:
 * Old River (Belize)
 * Old River (Tasmania), Australia
 * The Old River, in the Australian state of Victoria

In the United States:
 * Old River (Clay County, Arkansas) a lake in Clay County, Arkansas
 * Old River (Cross County, Arkansas) a lake in Cross County, Arkansas
 * Old River (California)
 * Old River (Florida)
 * Old River (New Hampshire)

 * Places
 * Old River, California
 * Old River-Winfree in Chambers and Liberty Counties, Texas

 * Other
 * Old River Control Structure, connecting the Red River to the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers

title: Old River


text:
Dick Van Patten

Richard Vincent Van Patten (December 9, 1928 – June 23, 2015) was an American actor, comedian, businessman, and animal welfare advocate, whose career spanned seven decades of television. He was best known for his role as patriarch Tom Bradford on the television series Eight Is Enough.

Van Patten began work as a child actor and was successful on the New York stage, appearing in more than a dozen plays as a teenager. He worked in radio, on Duffy's Tavern. He later starred in numerous television roles including the long-running CBS television series, "Mama" and Young Doctor Malone. Later, he would star or co-star in many feature films, including Charly, Mel Brooks's Robin Hood: Men in Tights and Spaceballs, and Soylent Green. Van Patten was the founder of Natural Balance Pet Foods and National Guide Dog Month.

Early life
Richard Vincent Van Patten was born on December 9, 1928, in the Kew Gardens section of the New York City borough of Queens, the elder child of Richard Byron Van Patten, an interior decorator, and Josephine Rose (née Acerno), who worked in advertising. His younger sister was actress Joyce Van Patten.

His mother was of Italian descent, while his father had Dutch and English ancestry. He began work as a model and actor as a child making his Broadway debut at the age of 7. He was successful on the New York City stage, appearing in a dozen theatrical plays before reaching his teen years. He later moved to Hollywood and began a lengthy career in film and television.

Actor
Van Patten's career in show business began as a child actor on Broadway in 1935 in Tapestry In Gray starring Melvyn Douglas. He was billed as Dickie Van Patten and went on to appear in 12 other Broadway plays as a teenager, including The Skin of Our Teeth. He moved to television with the role of Nels Hansen in the series Mama, starring Peggy Wood, about a Norwegian-American family living in San Francisco in the early 20th century. It ran from 1949 to 1957. In 1949, James Dean, then an unknown, replaced Patten on the show for a time when Patten was drafted into the Army. In 1975, he played "Friar Tuck" on When Things Were Rotten, a comic take on Robin Hood, created by Mel Brooks. The series ran for 13 episodes. He was best known as the Bradford family patriarch, Tom Bradford, on Eight Is Enough, which aired from 1977 to 1981, and which was based on a book of the same name by the American journalist Thomas Braden.

Van Patten appeared in episodes of Sanford and Son, Banacek, Arrested Development, The Brian Keith Show, Cannon, The Streets of San Francisco, Adam-12, Emergency!, Growing Pains, and Happy Days. He had numerous leading roles in motion pictures including Joe Kidd, The Snowball Express and The Santa Trap. He played a small role in the dystopian film Soylent Green (1973). Van Patten appeared in several films directed by Mel Brooks, including High Anxiety, Spaceballs, and Robin Hood: Men in Tights as well as cameos in the music videos for "Smells Like Nirvana" and "Bedrock Anthem" by "Weird Al" Yankovic, and on The Weird Al Show. He played "Jack Benson" in Opposite Day (2009). He also was a commentator for the World Series of Poker from 1993 to 1995.

The Hollywood Walk of Fame honored Van Patten on November 20, 1985, with a Star of Television marker at 1541 North Vine Street. On January 12, 2008, Van Patten received a star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars.

On November 1, 2009, Phoenix Books published Eighty Is Not Enough!, a book co-authored by Van Patten and Robert Baer, in which Van Patten shared his 80-year journey of insights and anecdotes through the entertainment industry. He discusses his journey from his humble beginning in Queens, New York; his rise as a childhood star on Broadway during the Great Depression; working as an actor on the radio; the advent of television and his role in the second-ever live situation comedy Mama; a rough period between acting gigs including spending time as a real estate agent in Queens, New York; a rise back to the top that led the TV icon to the lead role on the popular hit show Eight Is Enough; and subsequent roles in television and movies.

Other work
An animal enthusiast, Van Patten co-founded Dick Van Patten's Natural Balance Pet Foods in 1989. Van Patten's creation of his own brand of dog food was satirized in comedian John Hodgman's 2008 book More Information Than You Require, and was rebranded as Dick Van Patten's Hobo Chili for Dogs. Van Patten also appeared as a television spokesman for Fisher-Price toys in the late 1980s.

Family
Patriarch of a famous Hollywood family, Van Patten was the older brother of actress Joyce Van Patten, and the older half-brother of film director and Emmy award-winning television director/producer Tim Van Patten. He was married to Patricia Helon Poole (also known as Pat Poole and Pat Van Patten; born March 12, 1931) from 1954 until his death. Pat Poole was a professional dancer on Broadway and a June Taylor dancer on The Jackie Gleason Show. They lived in Sherman Oaks, California. They had three sons, all actors: Vincent, Nels, and Jimmy. Nels, who is married to actress Nancy Valen, is named for the character Van Patten played on the CBS's Mama. Van Patten was related to several other actors through marriages. His sister Joyce married actor Martin Balsam; their daughter is actress Talia Balsam. Talia's first husband was actor George Clooney, and she is now married to actor John Slattery. Van Patten's son Vince is married to actress Eileen Davidson.

Illness and death
In January 2006, Van Patten was taken to Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles following a diabetic stroke. Van Patten, who had Type 2 diabetes, made a full recovery. Van Patten died at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California on June 23, 2015, at age 86. Complications from diabetes were the listed cause.

Willie Aames, who played son Tommy Bradford on Eight Is Enough, called his television father "truly a gem [who] will be missed...As Dick always said 'Remember our times together, gang...Cause these ARE the good ole' days". Betty Buckley, Van Patten's co-star on the series, said "Every day on the set he was a happy, jovial person, always generous and ready to play, tease, and always keep us all laughing. He was the consummate professional, a wonderful actor, master of comedy, and a kind and generous human being."

He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles.

Honors
On November 20, 1985, Dick Van Patten was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2008, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.

title: Dick Van Patten