text:
Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center

The Walter E. Fernald State School, later the Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center, was the Western hemisphere's oldest publicly funded institution serving people with developmental disabilities. Under its third superintendent, Walter Fernald, it became a model for state institutions for the developmentally disabled. It later was the scene of medical experiments in the 20th century. Investigations into this research led to new regulations regarding human research in children.

The school occupies a 186 acre property off Trapelo Road in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Early history
The Fernald Center, originally called the Experimental School for Teaching and Training Idiotic Children, was founded in Boston by reformer Samuel Gridley Howe in 1848 with a $2,500 appropriation from the Massachusetts State Legislature. The school gradually moved to a new permanent location in Waltham between 1888 and 1891. It eventually encompassed 72 buildings across 196 acre. At its peak, the school confined some 2,500 people, most of them "feeble-minded" boys.

Under its third superintendent, Walter E. Fernald (1859–1924), the school was viewed as a model educational facility in the field of mental retardation and doctors and politicians from across the country and the world would travel to Waltham to study the methods employed at the center. Fernald was instrumental in the establishment of the first independent farm colony for the disabled (The Templeton Colony) and early concepts of special education. However, though he never supported forced sterilization, Fernald was an important figure in the eugenics movement, advocating for the segregation of mentally disabled children from society and coining the term “Defective Delinquent” to describe criminally-inclined mentally disabled children. It wasn’t until the end of his life that he had a reversal of many of these ideas, fighting against the segregation of most mentally disabled children, rejecting IQ tests, and supporting community education and out-patient clinics. However, by this time, many of his ideas about forced segregation and mass institutionalization had already entered the American mainstream. The school was renamed in his honor in 1925, following his death the previous year.

The institution did serve a large population of children with cognitive disabilities (referred to as "mentally retarded children"), but The Boston Globe estimates that upwards of half of the inmates tested with IQs in the normal range. In the 20th century, living conditions were spartan or worse; approximately 36 children slept in each dormitory room. There were also reports of physical and sexual abuse.

Nuclear medicine research in children
The Fernald School was the site of the 1946–53 joint experiments by Harvard University and MIT that exposed young male children to tracer doses of radioactive isotopes. Documents obtained in 1994 by the United States Department of Energy revealed the following details:
 * The experiment was conducted in part by a research fellow sponsored by the Quaker Oats Company. Part of the study involved adding radioactive iron and calcium into oatmeal and milk, then feeding the mixture to Fernald students.
 * MIT Professor of Nutrition Robert S. Harris led the experiment, which studied the absorption of calcium and iron.
 * The boys were encouraged to join a "Science Club", which offered larger portions of food, parties, and trips to Boston Red Sox baseball games.
 * The 57 club members ate iron-enriched cereals and calcium-enriched milk for breakfast. In order to track absorption, several radioactive calcium tracers were given orally or intravenously.
 * Radiation levels in stool and blood samples would serve as dependent variables.
 * In another study, 17 subjects received iron supplement shots containing radioisotopes of iron.
 * Neither the children nor their parents ever gave adequate informed consent for participation in a scientific study.

The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, reporting to the United States Department of Energy in 1994, reported on these experiments: "In 1946, one study exposed seventeen subjects to radioactive iron. The second study, which involved a series of seventeen related subexperiments, exposed fifty-seven subjects to radioactive calcium between 1950 and 1953. It is clear that the doses involved were low and that it is extremely unlikely that any of the children who were used as subjects were harmed as a consequence. These studies remain morally troubling, however, for several reasons. First, although parents or guardians were asked for their permission to have their children involved in the research, the available evidence suggests that the information provided was, at best, incomplete. Second, there is the question of the fairness of selecting institutionalized children at all, children whose life circumstances were by any standard already heavily burdened."

It has been claimed that the highest dose of radiation that any subject was exposed to was 330 millirem, the equivalent of less than one year's background radiation in Denver. A 1995 class-action suit resulted in a 1998 District court decision awarding the victims a $1.85 million settlement from MIT and Quaker.

The school also participated in studies of thyroid function in patients with Down Syndrome and their parents. This study showed that their iodine metabolism was similar to normal controls.

Reform lawsuit
This situation changed in the 1970s, when a class action suit, Ricci v. Okin, was filed to upgrade conditions at Fernald and several other state institutions for persons with intellectual disability in Massachusetts. U.S. District Court Judge Joseph Louis Tauro, who assumed oversight of the case in 1972, formally disengaged from the case in 1993, declaring that improvements in the care and conditions at the facilities had made them "second to none anywhere in the world". A result for Fernald residents of the class action suit which took effect in 1993 was the provision of "a guaranteed level of care, regardless of cost, to compensate for decades of neglect and abuse".

Twenty-first century
The buildings and grounds survived into the 2000s as a center for mentally disabled adults, operated by the Massachusetts Department of Mental Retardation. In 2001, 320 adults resided at Fernald, with ages ranging from 27 to 96 years and an average age of 47 years. According to a December 13, 2004 article in the Boston Globe, Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney announced in 2003 that the facility would be closed and the land sold by 2007. In 2003, a coalition of family advocates and state employee unions began a campaign to save Fernald and asked Judge Tauro to resume his oversight of the "Ricci v. Okin" class action lawsuit that had led to improvements at Fernald and the other state facilities beginning in the 1970s.

In an August 14, 2007 ruling, Judge Tauro ordered the Department of Mental Retardation to consider the individual wishes of all 185 institution residents before closing the facility. However, in September 2007, the new administration of Governor Deval Patrick appealed Tauro's ruling to the First Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Boston. In a statement, the Patrick administration contended that Fernald had become too expensive to continue to operate and that equal or better care could be provided in private, community-based settings for the remaining Fernald residents. The administration's cost claims have been disputed by the Fernald League for the Retarded, Inc., the Massachusetts Coalition of Families and Advocates for the Retarded, Inc. (COFAR) and other family-based organizations, which have continued to advocate for the preservation of Fernald as a site for ICF/MR-level care for its current residents. Those advocacy organizations proposed a "postage-stamp" plan under which Fernald would be scaled back in size and the remaining portion of the campus sold for development. The Patrick administration, however, declined to negotiate with those Fernald advocates, and pressed ahead with its appeal and closure plans.

A significant portion of the Waltham campus, encompassing its facilities established through Fernald's tenure, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Fernald was the subject of a 2005 documentary film "Front Wards, Back Wards" directed by W.C. Rogers, which has been shown on some PBS television stations.

, Fernald remained open with 13 residents living on grounds, the oldest of whom was 84 years old and a resident since the age of 19. It was reported to cost approximately US$1000000 per client per year, or about four times the United States national average for a state-supported institution.

The Fernald Center's last resident was discharged on Thursday, November 13, 2014, after a protracted legal and political battle which cost the Commonwealth of Massachusetts over $40 million in additional costs over the projected closure date of 2010. Remaining residents were integrated into community services or other state-operated programs. In 2014 the land was purchased by the city of Waltham in two parcels, 139 acres for $2.7 million paid out of Community Preservation Act funds, and 40 acres for $800,000 of city funds. The CPA section may only be used for open space, recreation, or historic preservation. The 40 acre portion has no restrictions for future use. There was a period of discussion about building a new high school for Waltham on a section of the site, but eventually the proposal was discarded due to difficult topography, potential soil contamination, and a denial of approval from the Massachusetts Historical Commission related to the demolition of certain buildings on the site.

Current status
In May 2017 and 2018, the Waltham Lions Club held a fundraising carnival on the grounds with rides, games, prizes, a petting zoo and food.

In November/December 2020 and 2021, the site became the home of the Greater Boston Lights Show, a fundraiser for the Waltham Lions Club chapter. The decision to host a holiday lights display at this location angered disability rights advocates.

In December 2021, the Waltham Recreation Department held an online meeting to collect public input for potential recreational development on the Fernald property. While many suggestions were made around walking paths, gardens, and other passive recreation facilities, the majority of the meeting focused on the need to honor and respect the history of Fernald and the treatment of the residents.

In 2022, an "amusement park" was approved by the City Council for the Fernald, complete with an electric train, mini golf, open green space, tennis and pickleball courts, a massive athletic complex, eight parking lots, an amphitheater, and a universal playground for children with disabilities. At a Waltham City Council meeting in December 2023, members approved a $9.5 million loan authorization for the project. As of early 2024 construction on the project has begun with no completion date announced. Many residents have opposed the plan for its lack of transparency and for its perceived offensiveness to the disabled community.

In January 2024, Oliver Egger, a journalist and great-great-grandson of Walter Fernald, wrote an investigative piece in The Boston Globe describing how, despite knowledge by the City of Waltham and the state, thousands of confidential patient records were left on the campus after its closure. This was in violation of HIPAA. Soon after the article's publication, the state removed the documents from the campus and admitted wrong-doing. The Civil Rights Division of the Department of Health and Human Services has formally launched an investigation. In April 2024, The Globe reported that in addition the Massachusetts State Police left decades’ worth of confidential case files at the school for years, removing them in 2017.

title: Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center


text:
Louis Schneider (actor)

Louis Schneider (born Ludwig Wilhelm Schneider: 29 April 1805 – 16 December 1878) was a German actor and author.

Biography
Schneider was born in Berlin, the son of George Abraham Schneider (1770–1839). At an early age he was engaged at the Royal Theatre, Berlin, where he soon rose to play leading comedy parts. His reputation as a comedian grew with his success in such roles as Zierl in the Einfahrt vom Lande, Peter in the Kapellmeister von Venedig, Schikaneder in his own revision of Mozart's Der Schauspieldirektor and Basilio in Le Nozze di Figaro, and he became the favourite of Berlin.

In 1845 he was appointed head of the Royal opera in Berlin. The same year he adapted Mozart's singspiel Der Schauspieldirektor, replacing Gottlieb Stephanie's libretto with his own which included the characters of Mozart, Emmanuel Schikaneder, Mozart's sister-in-law Aloysia Lange among others. Schneider's version was first performed in Berlin on 25 April 1845. Ludwig's bold patriotic couplets and impromptus during the revolutionary year 1848 necessitated his retirement, and thereafter he translated and adapted for the stage Mozart's Cosi fan tutte; published, under the pseudonym “L. W. Both,” Das Buhnenrepertoire des Auslandes; and founded, as a result of his experiences as a soldier in the Danish war of 1849, the periodical Der Soldatenfreund.

He also wrote Geschichte der Oper und des Opernhauses in Berlin (1845–1852). Soon after his retirement he was appointed reader to Frederick William IV of Prussia, and subsequently he received the title of Geheimen Hofrat. He continued to enjoy the favour of the court, and, as correspondent of the Staatsanzeiger, was attached to the headquarters staff of the Prussian army during the campaign of 1866; and, by special invitation, accompanied the emperor William during the war of 1870. Schneider also wrote a novel, Das böse Glück, and several volumes of reminiscences: König Wilhelm (1869), Kaiser Wilhelm, 1867–1871 (1875). He died at Potsdam.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Louis Schneider (actor)


text:
Krishna Hutheesing

Krishna Nehru Hutheesing (2 November 1907 – 9 November 1967) was an Indian writer, the youngest sister of Jawaharlal Nehru and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and part of the Nehru-Gandhi family.

Biography
Hutheesing was born Krishna Nehru, in Mirganj, Allahabad to Motilal Nehru, an Indian independence activist and leader of the Indian National Congress, and Swarup Rani. She was married to Gunottam (Raja) Hutheesing, who belonged to an Ahmedabad Jain family that built the Hutheesing Jain Temple. During the later 1950s, he became critic of Nehru and in 1959, supported former Governor General C. Rajagopalachari, to form a conservative market liberal political party known as the Swatantra Party. Hutheesing and her husband fought for India's independence and spent a great deal of time in jail. Raja's terms in jail came while they were raising their two young sons, Harsha Hutheesing and Ajit Hutheesing.

In 1950, the Hutheesings toured the United States on a lecture tour. In late May 1958 Krishna spent three days in Israel. Her host was Yigal Alon, who a year earlier founded 'The Israel-India Friendship League' as a tool to circumvent the then Indian government policy to avoid direct diplomatic relations between the two states.

Hutheesing documented her life as well as the lives of her brother, Jawaharlal and her niece, Indira Gandhi, in a series of books that intertwine history with personal anecdotes including We Nehrus, With No Regrets- An Autobiography, and Dear to Behold: An Intimate Portrait of Indira Gandhi.

Hutheesing's husband, Raja, also wrote books: The Great Peace: An Asian's Candid Report on Red China (1953), Window on China (1953), and Tibet fights for freedom : the story of the March 1959 uprising (1960).

Hutheesing was associated with the 'Voice of America' and gave several talks. She died in London in 1967.

title: Krishna Hutheesing


text:
Pierre-Jules Hetzel

Pierre-Jules Hetzel (15 January 1814 – 17 March 1886) was a French editor and publisher celebrated for his extraordinarily lavishly illustrated editions of Jules Verne's novels, highly prized by collectors.

Biography
Born in Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Hetzel studied law in Strasbourg, and founded a publishing company in 1837. He was the publisher of Honoré de Balzac, whose Comédie humaine began to be appear in 1841, and of Victor Hugo and Émile Zola. In 1843, he founded the Nouveau magazine des enfants ("New Children's Magazine"). Hetzel was a well-known republican, and in 1848 he became chief of cabinet for Alphonse de Lamartine (then minister of Foreign Affairs), and afterward for the minister of the Navy. He went into self-imposed exile in Belgium after the coup d'état which ushered in the Second Empire, and there he continued his political and editorial activities by clandestinely publishing Hugo's Les Châtiments, a harsh pamphlet against the Second Empire.

When the political regime was changed in France, he returned home and published Proudhon and Baudelaire. An important edition of the tales by Charles Perrault, illustrated by Gustave Doré, dates from this period. He founded the Bibliothèque illustrée des Familles ("The Family Illustrated Library"), which was renamed to Le Magasin d'éducation et de récréation ("Education and Entertainment Magazine") in 1864. His goal was to have scientists, authors and illustrators collaborating to create educational works for the whole family.

Hetzel's celebrity comes mostly for his editions of the Voyages extraordinaires ("Extraordinary Journeys") by Jules Verne. The stories were originally published in biweekly chapters as a series in his Magasin. Once all chapters of a story were printed there, the story would appear in book form. Typically this happened towards the end of the year so the books could be purchased as Christmas presents for older children. Originally, there were three editions: one economical, without illustrations; another one in small format, with a few illustrations; and a third one in a bigger in-octavo format and richly illustrated. It is the last edition that became very popular among book collectors.

Hetzel discovered Jules Verne, but scholars still debate to what extent Hetzel "made" Verne, or if it was Verne who "made" Hetzel's publishing career. Each benefited from the other, and their relationship went beyond that of author and publisher.

Hetzel rejected Verne's 1863 manuscript for Paris in the Twentieth Century because he thought it presented a vision of the future that was far too negative and unbelievable for contemporary audiences, though to many modern scholars the story was remarkably accurate in its predictions. Verne locked the manuscript away and no longer wrote futuristic, dystopian stories. Paris in the Twentieth Century was first published in France in 1994.

Hetzel was an atheist. Writing under the pseudonym '''P.-J. Stahl''', he authored many stories for children and young people. He died in Monte Carlo in 1886. After Hetzel's death, the publishing business was directed by his son until purchased by Hachette in 1914.

title: Pierre-Jules Hetzel


text:
User:Joyous!/Talk archive 1

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I find useful

 * Fix-A-Disambiguation Link
 * Policy Library
 * Pages needing attention
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text
 * Votes for Deletion
 * Copyright Problems
 * Offline_reports

Feel free to ask me anything the links and talk pages don't answer. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, likes this: ~.

Cheers, Sam [Spade] 03:37, 3 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Question on Anthroposophy edit
Hi, Joy. Your disambiguation edit on the word "spirit" in the Anthroposophy article points up a problem: while the article's text says the Anthroposophists believe in three parts to the human being: body, soul, and spirit, the links to those three parts are now to "body," "soul," and "soul," with only two distinct items there. I think the problem is that the Anthroposophists (I'm not one, myself) are pointing to something beyond soul when they say "spirit." The Wikipedia spirit article, being only a disambiguation page that leads off with "soul," isn't much help in this, though the fifth entry there, pointing to akasha, may be more in line with what the Anthroposophists are after. The real solution is for someone to tackle researching and filling out the notion of "spirit beyond soul" in the spirit entry. You game? --Gary D 21:22, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * P.S.: I saw your question on Talk:Gnosticism, and I think, yes, it's that same "sprit beyond soul" that is being referenced there with pneuma (a fine concept to include in an augmented spirit article, by the way), rather than "Holy Spirit. --Gary D 21:32, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the note. I think you're right--I fouled up the disambig edit on Anthroposophy. "Yes, there are 3 parts, it's just that 2 of them are exactly alike!"  With what is available right now, I also agree that Akasha fits better than soul.  I've just done some casual looking around for info on "pneuma," but I can't find much more than a recurring idea of "life force."  Being distinctly un-spiritual myself, I'm not sure how to expand that into an article, rather than a stubby definition.  Joyous 22:00, Jun 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * That's cool; we have at least identified the problem. I have a few ideas on the spirit thing, myself (obviously), and I might take a whack at it if I can work up the motivation (see lazy). --Gary D 22:08, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I think I'll go back and fix edits to Anthroposophy and Gnosticism to point to Akasha, which may not be the best choice, but it's better than where they direct now. Joyous 22:12, Jun 10, 2004 (UTC)

Snellen
No prob! I was gonna feature powdery mildew on DYK? as well but ran out of space. :) Great job on both! jengod 23:51, Jun 24, 2004 (UTC)

Osmania University
The page never came up for a vote, VfD was archived, and no further action was ever taken. Go ahead and re-list it if you'd like - maybe people will pay attention to it now. There's nothing on there worth keeping. --Abqwildcat 23:47, 30 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Tea infuser
It's a similar process, and a french press can be seen as "infusing", but you seem to be right, its not technically a tea infuser. I subtracted the mention of the press from tea, and thank you for your kind attentions. Sam [Spade] 20:00, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the kind words. And: "Up the Down Staircase"
Thanks for the kind words on Snellen chart.

I see on your user page that you are thinking about researching Up the Down Staircase, presumably in reference to the book by Bel Kaufman. Apparently there is no article on either of them yet. I hope you'll do this. I loved that book, and I thought the movie that was made of it was equally good. Dpbsmith 21:24, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

VfD procedure
Indeed, the removal of the VfD notice from Tredici is "fishy" but I'm not going to revert it, on the principle that a) it is unlikely to affect the outcome, and b) don't feed the trolls. You should decide for yourself if you wish to revert it.

Deletion procedure is: deletions are discussed on the VfD page. When the discussion period is over, the discussion is moved to Votes for deletion/Old. Sysops review what's on the page. Just as any user can edit a page, any sysop can review the page and decide whether a "rough consensus" exists for deletion. During this period of time the VfD notice is supposed to remain on the page and in principle voting can still take place, but rarely does.

When a sysop has decided what to do, the following things are supposed to take place in fairly quick succession. EITHER a) the article is deleted and the deletion debate is archived, OR b) the article is kept, the VfD notice is removed, and the deletion debate is copied to the article's Talk page. These are supposed to be done by the sysop, and of course sysops are not anons.

I'm not going to delete the article myself, because you called my attention to it and I probably wouldn't have looked at it otherwise, and you've complimented my work and we both like Up the Down Staircase—so I'm concerned about personal bias in judging consensus. Sooner or later you'll either see the article get deleted, or you'll see the deletion debate added to its talk page. [[User:dpbsmith|dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:19, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Tredici got deleted, as you may have noticed.

By the way, may I express a hope prune belly syndrome is no more than a encyclopedia article to you (i.e. that you don't personally know any parents of a child afflicted with such a terrible disease?) [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 14:18, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Animal names in Papiamento
I THINK the consensus was to delete this, but I'm not positive. I listed it because this is the English Wikipedia and we don't need articles on other languages' words. RickK 04:11, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)

Slaughter house
FYI, I just added a VfD to that page because I've never heard of it and the rules sound dubious to me. However, since you added a reference to it with the note that it's also called "wall ball", I thought that you might perhaps indeed have heard of it? If you can confirm that this is a commonly known game, not just one local group's, you might want to add your vote to Votes for deletion/Slaughter house. Thanks. Elf | Talk 20:15, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * LOL on your response! Maybe not funny at the time, though. Elf | Talk 20:31, 11 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the heads up on the Playground game article. I'm thinking that the Wall Ball content should be moved there, with redirects from the various names, but I'm waiting to see what others think. :) func(talk) 20:19, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Iverbana
Hi, it would be great if you could assist Iverbana in creating encyclopaedic articles. I believe putting them on VfD alone is not enough—we don't want to punish people's enthusiasm, do we? Also, both of you seem to be working in similar jobs. All the best,  00:04, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

Castletownshend pic
Looks basically fine to me. I removed the extra blank lines under it so the text starts at the top of the page, but I'm fairly picky--most people probably wouldn't have noticed it. Niteowlneils 03:17, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * PS Makes a nice addition to the article. Niteowlneils 03:25, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Go raibh míle maith agat - thanks a million! We'll have to see if we can expand the article too :-) There are well over 300 articles on towns in Ireland, most require expansion.

As regards technical issues, "frame" is indeed better than "thumb" for this image, as it doesn't need a thumbnail (it's already small), just a frame. But the parameter "200px" isn't needed with a "frame". zoney ♣ talk 11:18, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Skerries harbour photo is also nice! In this case, as a thumbnail is being used, I added 250px to show a bigger thumbnail. It's not always best to size up as big as that, but in this case, there's plenty of space on the page :-).
 * Just out of interest, have you contributed any other Irish photos? (I wouldn't want to miss them :-) zoney ♣ talk 23:10, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the feedback!
Thank you for your kind words, feedback (especially positive) is always great to get! Intrigue 17:05, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"Mana"
Duly noted. I put "sic" next to the title. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 22:16, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Wow!
I love browsing through your reports. Thanks for generating them, even though working on them causes me to spend even more time here when I should be grading papers or cooking dinner or cleaning house. Joyous 01:32, Oct 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * You're very welcome - I'm just glad to be contributing in some small way to improving the overall quality of the wikipedia, evne if it is at second-hand. Please do let me know if there are any specific grammar mistakes that really annoy you and I'll produce a report listing the articles containing them for you. - TB 07:48, 2004 Oct 13 (UTC)

Subway station
Oh! Thank you, I'm blushing now. I am a bit of a Metrophile, and I'm now addicted to working on the MTR. If you re-read the page in a minute or two, I'm going to upload a photo of City Hall station! PZFUN 01:05, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

redlink fixing
Hello there, I have had to revert some of your recent edits. "1 E-14 m²", for instance, isn't a mis-punctuated link to "1 E14 m²", it's a completely different thing. The "-" isn't a hyphen, it's a minus sign. -- DrBob 00:58, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * No problem, I appreciate all the good work you're doing fixing all the other bad links. Thanks. -- DrBob 01:03, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

You're Welcome
Glad I could help :-) Taco Deposit | Talk-o Deposit 12:17, Oct 21, 2004 (UTC)

Red-link recovery
Howdy and many thanks for your work on that list of mis-punctuated links. The list's pretty much completed now - I'll be generating a new version of it in due course, taking all the lessons learned from the last one into account. In the meantime, if you enjoyed working through the list (or at least found it a worthwhile distraction), you may want to have a look at the similar list of plural discrepancies which highlights red-links that might be red because they (or the article they are aiming for) are improperly pluralised. Again, thanks for your efforts - award yourself a wikimedal for janitorial services if you haven't already got one! - TB 11:26, 2004 Nov 8 (UTC)

Adminship
I've nominated you for adminship. If interested, please accept at Requests for adminship/Joy Stovall. Taco Deposit | Talk-o Deposit 21:53, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

Joy
I feel so stupid for having missed such an obvious and beautiful woman's name. Thank you. :) func(talk) 15:24, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

U.S. embargo against Cuba
You voted for U.S. embargo against Cuba, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Congratulations, Joy!
Congratulations! It's my pleasure to let you know that, consensus being reached, you are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Cheers! -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 22:25, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

You're welcome, and congratulations! Andre ( talk )A| 23:44, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

Congrats, Joy! (and please stop adding your POV to Buck Owens, it isn't always spelled "Puyallup"... er, nevermind. ;-) ). func (talk) 00:06, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * this guy always cracks me up!dab

Way to go, O Joyous One! It was my sincere pleasure to vote for you and I meant every word. You da bestest. XOXO, Lucky 6.9 00:15, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Let me add my voice to the chorus: I've been impressed with your fine work here and I'm happy to see you are now an admin. :-) Antandrus 01:27, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

You're welcome, and congratulations. I know you'll make a great admin. Jayjg 03:10, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Glad to hear it (it's not like you needed my vote, anyway ;) dab 08:00, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia's elite janatorial service ;-) I can understand your obsession;  I'm not into fixing typos, but there's a lot of satisfaction in making and fixing links.  Even the best-written article isn't useful if it's not found by those who would read it. Isomorphic 14:24, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations from me, too. Happy to vote for you (not that there was any doubt you'd get the nod). -- DrBob 22:08, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

COTW
Wonder if you'd consider voting for Indian reservation as Collaboration of the week? Without two more votes it will be eliminated only days away from winningAndyL 23:48, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Thank you, Joy . ..
. . . for your kind words about my additions to the I Love Lucy entry. As a newcomer to Wikipedia, I enjoy getting feedback, especially when it's as positive as yours! SFTVLGUY2 12:35, Nov 17, 2004 (UTC)

Made in Heaven
Hi. You added to Made in Heaven but you did not list your reasons on the talk page. Please do so or I will remove the tag as leaving it is misleading if no objections are listed on the discussion page. Thanks. RedWolf 22:07, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)

Mopery
See my answer at WP:RD -- [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:15, Nov 27, 2004 (UTC)

Partition of India
You voted for Partition of India, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article.

Re: the unfortunately named article
Hi, Joy. :) I just asked about it on Wikipedia IRC, and many people suggested that it should either be deleted or merged, and I agree. This should definitely go to VFD. P.S. I just saw your pic... you are a very attractive woman, if I may say so, (cute cat, too). :) func (talk) 02:18, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"Candy" is a great one, thank you! :) Do any of my Tote the Ranks ranks strike your fancy? :) func (talk) 03:11, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Lieutenant Administrator
Joyous of the Wikipedians, I hearby promote you to the rank of Lieutenant Administrator, with all the privileges and responsibilities it entails. :)

This is your ASCII insignia: (*~)

In fact, by special decree, it has been decided that you shall share this rank with a certain 11-year-old black Burmese cat. Please note that no command authority shall be entrusted to the Miniature Schnauzer, as cats are far more trust-worthy than dogs. ;-)

func (talk) 04:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Copyvio rewritten Paul Grueninger
This is a reminder that one week ago you added Paul Grueninger to Copyright problems. I have rewritten it as a stub at Paul Grueninger/Temp --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 06:51, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

What?
Um, VfD abuse? Please, enlighten me what I did wrong.hfool 00:10, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd also like to hear this. These seem like valid VfD listings to me. Am I missing something here? - RedWordSmith 00:20, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

RFC pages on VfD
Should RFC pages be placed on VfD to be deleted? I'm considering removing Requests for comment/Slrubenstein, Requests for comment/Jwrosenzweig and Requests for comment/John Kenney from WP:VFD. Each of them was listed by CheeseDreams. Your comments on whether I should do this would be appreciated. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:51, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Joyous!/Talk archive 1


text:
Apostasioideae

Apostasioideae is one of the five subfamilies recognised within the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Only two genera, Neuwiedia and Apostasia, and 15 species, are recognised within the Apostasioideae in contrast to the other orchid subfamilies which are highly species rich.

The Apostasioideae are generally considered a basal lineage within the orchids based on molecular data and flower structure. All other orchid subfamilies with the exception of the Cypripedioideae are monandrous (possessing a single stamen), however Apostasioid orchids have 3 stamens.

As with all basal or 'primitive' groups, extant species within Apostasioideae do not represent direct ancestors of the other subfamilies, they simply share the same common ancestor. However, by having followed a separate evolutionary pathway from the other orchids extant Apostasioid orchids may allow biologists to make inferences about features present in that common ancestor.

title: Apostasioideae


text:
Candesartan

Candesartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker used mainly for the treatment of high blood pressure and congestive heart failure. Candesartan has a very low maintenance dose. Like olmesartan, the metabolism of the drug is unusual as it is a cascading prodrug. Candesartan has good bioavailibility and is the most potent by weight of the AT-1 receptor antagonists.

It was patented in 1990 and approved for medical use in 1997.

Hypertension
As with other angiotensin II receptor antagonists, candesartan is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. Candesartan has an additive antihypertensive effect when combined with a diuretic, such as chlorthalidone. It is available in a fixed-combination formulation with a low dose of the thiazide diuretic hydrochlorothiazide. Candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination preparations are marketed under various trade names including Atacand Plus, Hytacand, Blopress Plus, Advantec and Ratacand Plus.

Heart failure
In heart failure patients, angiotensin receptor blockers such as candesartan and valsartan may be a suitable option for those who do not tolerate angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor medicines. Randomised control trials have shown candesartan reduces heart failure hospitalisations and cardiovascular deaths for patients who have heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 40%).

Prehypertension
In a four-year randomized controlled trial, candesartan was compared to placebo to see whether it could prevent or postpone the development of full-blown hypertension in people with so-called prehypertension. During the first two years of the trial, half of participants were given candesartan while the other half received placebo; candesartan reduced the risk of developing hypertension by nearly two-thirds during this period. In the last two years of the study, all participants were switched to placebo. By the end of the study, candesartan had significantly reduced the risk of hypertension, by more than 15%. Serious adverse effects were more common among participants receiving placebo than in those given candesartan.

Prevention of atrial fibrillation
In 2005, meta-analysis results showed that angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors considerably reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with coexisting heart failure and systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Specifically, an analysis of the CHARM study showed benefits for Candesartan in reducing new occurrences of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular function. While these studies have demonstrated a potential additional benefit for candesartan when used in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction, additional studies are required to further elucidate the role of candesartan in the prevention of atrial fibrillation in other population groups.

Diabetic retinopathy
Use of antihypertensive drugs has been demonstrated to slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy; the role of candesartan specifically in reducing progression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is still up for debate. Results from a 2008 study on patients with type 1 diabetes showed there was no benefit in using candesartan to reduce progression of diabetic retinopathy when compared to placebo. Candesartan has been demonstrated to reverse the severity (cause regression) of mild to moderate diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. The patient populations investigated in these studies were limited to mostly Caucasians and those younger than 75 years of age, so generalization of these findings to other population groups should be done with caution.

Migraine prophylaxis
Candesartan may be helpful in migraine prevention as it has better tolerability and less side effects compared to other first line medications. It has been recommended by multiple guidelines for migraine prophylaxis in adults with different levels of recommendations,    however further studies on larger populations are needed.

Adverse effects
As with other drugs that inhibit the renin–angiotensin system, if candesartan is taken by pregnant women during the second or third trimester, it can cause injury and in some cases, death of the developing fetus. Symptomatic hypotension may occur in people who take candesartan and are volume-depleted or salt-depleted, as can also occur when diuretics are coadministered. Reduction in renal glomerular filtration rate may occur; people with renal artery stenosis may be at higher risk. Hyperkalemia may occur; people who are also taking spironolactone or eplerenone may be at higher risk.

Anemia may occur, due to inhibition of the renin–angiotensin system.

As with other angiotensin receptor blockers, candesartan can rarely cause severe liver injury.

Chemistry and pharmacokinetics
Candesartan is marketed as the cyclohexyl 1-hydroxyethyl carbonate (cilexetil) ester, known as candesartan cilexetil. Candesartan cilexetil is metabolised completely by esterases in the intestinal wall during absorption to the active candesartan moiety. In the first step of the cascading pro-drug mechanism, the carbonate group is hydrolyzed, releasing carbon dioxide. The metabolite at this step is cyclohexanol which, being relatively non-toxic, is advantageous to the design of the drug. The other aspect of the cascading prodrug is the O-CH-CH3 molecule which becomes converted into acetic acid, which is another product from the cascading side reaction. Similar to the insight from cyclohexanol, the metabolite of acetic acid relatively is non-toxic and thus less of a hazard if produced as the drug takes pharmacologic action.

The use of a prodrug form increases the bioavailability of candesartan. Despite this, absolute bioavailability is relatively poor at 15% (candesartan cilexetil tablets) to 40% (candesartan cilexetil solution). Its IC50 is 15 μg/kg. Candesartan is not administered in its active form because the administration of the pro-drug would require greater doses and has an unfavorable adverse event profile.

Research
There is ongoing research into several potential benefits of candesartan beyond established indications. Candesartan is being investigated for its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. In an early Alzheimer's disease mouse model, candesartan significantly reduced amyloid burden and inflammation and it is being examined as a potential treatment for early Alzheimer's. Rat models indicate that candesartan may have neuroprotective benefits that mitigate certain central mechanisms of ageing and senescence. Additionally, candesartan has shown potential therapeutic applications as an anti-anxiety agent. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study, candesartan induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy, and improved both LV function and exercise tolerance with no side effects in patients with non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The unique anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of Candesartan are shown to offer superior renoprotection of chronic renal inflammation, and in ultrahigh doses and in a multidrug context, could be investigated as potentially inducing remission of chronic kidney disease.

History
The compound known as TCV-116 (candesartan) was studied by Japanese scientists using standard laboratory rats. Animal studies were published showing the effectiveness of the compound in 1992–1993, with a pilot study on humans published in the summer of 1993.

Names
The prodrug candesartan cilexetil is marketed by AstraZeneca and Takeda Pharmaceuticals, commonly under the trade names Blopress, Atacand, Amias, and Ratacand. It is available in generic form.

title: Candesartan


text:
Abraham Mapu

Abraham Mapu (1808 in Vilijampolė, Kaunas – 1867 in Königsberg, Prussia) was a Lithuanian novelist. He wrote in Hebrew as part of the Haskalah (enlightenment) movement. His novels, with their lively plots encompassing heroism, adventure and romantic love in Biblical settings, contributed to the rise of the Zionist movement.

Biography
Born into a Jewish family, as a child Mapu studied in a cheder where his father served as a teacher. He married in 1825.

For many years he was an impoverished, itinerant schoolmaster. Mapu gained financial security when he was appointed teacher in a government school for Jewish children. He worked as a teacher in various towns and cities, joined the Haskalah movement, and studied German, French and Russian. He also studied Latin from a translation of the Bible to that language, given to him by his local rabbi.

He returned in 1848 to Kaunas and self-published his first historical novel, Ahavat Zion. This is considered one of the first Hebrew novels. He began work on it in 1830 but completed it only in 1853. Unable to fully subsist on his book sales, he relied on the support of his brother, Matisyahu. In 1867 he moved to Königsberg due to illness, published his last book, Amon Pedagogue (Amon means something like Mentor), and died there.

Evaluation
Mapu is considered to be the first Hebrew novelist. Influenced by French Romanticism, he wrote intricately plotted stories about life in ancient Israel, which he contrasted favourably with 19th-century Jewish life. His style is fresh and poetic, almost Biblical in its simple grandeur.

Legacy
The romantic-nationalistic ideas in his novels later inspired David Ben-Gurion and others active in the leadership of the modern Zionist movement that led to the establishment of the state of Israel. The American Hebrew poet, Gabriel Preil, references Mapu in one of his works and focuses on the two writers' native Lithuania.

Novels

 * Ahavat Zion (1853) (Amnon, Prince and Peasant as translated by F. Jaffe in 1887)
 * Ayit Tzavua (1858) (Hypocrite Eagle)
 * Ashmat Shomron (1865) (Guilt of Samaria)

Commemorations
Streets bearing his name are found in the Kaunas Old Town and in the Israeli cities of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, and Kiriat Ata. A well-known Israeli novel called "The Children from Mapu Street" ("הילדים מרחוב מאפו") also celebrates his name. In Kaunas A. Mapu Street a joyful statue of A. Mapu with a book in his hand was established by the sculptor Martynas Gaubas in 2019.

title: Abraham Mapu


text:
Doug Yule

Douglas Alan Yule (born February 25, 1947) is an American musician and singer, most notable for being a member of the Velvet Underground from 1968 to 1973, serving as the bassist, guitarist, keyboardist and occasional lead vocalist.

Early life
Doug Yule was born in Mineola, Long Island, New York, and grew up in Great Neck with five sisters and a younger brother. As a child he took piano and baritone horn lessons. He later said in an interview that he would have preferred violin lessons, but the violin had to be rented and the baritone horn was available free of charge.

In high school he played the tuba, as well as the guitar and the banjo, and sang in the church choir.

In 1965–66 he attended Boston University, where he studied acting. In Boston he met Walter Powers and Willie Alexander of the Grass Menagerie. In 1966–67, he played with the Grass Menagerie and other bands in New York, California, and Boston.

1968–1970
Yule first met the Velvet Underground at his River Street apartment in Boston, which he rented from their road manager, Hans Onsager, and where the band would sometimes stay when they played in the city. Yule's improving guitar technique caught the ear of Sterling Morrison.

When John Cale left the Velvet Underground at the behest of Lou Reed in 1968, Yule joined the band (then consisting of Reed, Morrison and Maureen "Moe" Tucker) as Cale's replacement. Yule made his first studio appearance on their third album, The Velvet Underground (1969), playing bass and organ. As well as singing lead vocals on the ballad "Candy Says", which opens the album, he harmonizes with Reed on "Jesus" and co-sings the chorus of the album's penultimate track, "The Murder Mystery", with Maureen Tucker.

His contribution to the LP was considerable, and his vocals would later come in handy on the road. When Reed's voice became strained from touring, Yule would sing lead on several songs. While Cale had been a more experimental bass player, Yule was considered more technically proficient on the instrument and his distinct melodic style suited Reed's desire to move the band into a more mainstream direction.

Yule's role became even more prominent on the band's fourth album, Loaded (1970), singing lead vocals on "Who Loves the Sun", "New Age", "Lonesome Cowboy Bill", and "Oh! Sweet Nuthin', and playing six instruments, including keyboard and drums.

Yule's brother Billy also joined in on the sessions as a drummer when regular drummer Maureen Tucker was pregnant and therefore absent for most of the recording. His lead vocals can also be heard on the song "Ride Into the Sun", which was featured on the Fully Loaded CD reissue of Loaded  that was released in 1997.

1970–73 (Loaded tour and final Velvet Underground shows)
Lou Reed left the Velvet Underground during their summer residency at the New York club Max's Kansas City in August 1970. With band manager Steve Sesnick looking to fill pending bookings, and with the upcoming release of Loaded in November of that year, Yule, Tucker and Morrison decided to continue performing as the Velvet Underground to promote the album. Yule took over lead vocals and switched his main instrument from bass to guitar, and Walter Powers was recruited as the Velvets' new bass guitarist. Following the release of Loaded in Europe in the spring of 1971, Morrison left the group in August to resume his academic studies in Texas, and was replaced by Willie Alexander on keyboards. Alexander, Powers and Tucker left the Velvets in late 1972 after being forced out by manager Steve Sesnick prior to a handful of European shows to promote Loaded in Europe. With no original band members left, and with a group of quickly assembled musicians, Yule played the final shows as the Velvet Underground in 1972. With Ian Paice of Deep Purple and some session musicians, Yule recorded the album Squeeze in late 1972. It was released in February 1973, and is in essence a Doug Yule solo album, though presented as a Velvet Underground album due to band manager Steve Sesnick's contractual agreement with Polydor, and due to the success of Live at Max's Kansas City, which had received positive reviews the previous year. After two final shows in early 1973 (billed by the promoter as "The Velvet Underground", against Yule's wishes), the band was officially retired.

Lou Reed session work (1974–1976)
In 1974 Reed contacted Yule to contribute a melodic bass track on his solo album Sally Can't Dance (1974), on the song "Billy", which closes the album, and Yule joined Reed's band for the subsequent US and European tour as his guitar player. Following the tour the band dissolved, but Yule was called back by Reed in 1975 to record several guitar and bass tracks for his upcoming album Coney Island Baby, the 30th anniversary re-issue of which includes the bonus tracks that feature Yule on bass and guitar.

1976–1978 (Elliot Murphy, American Flyer and hiatus from music)
In early 1976 Yule played guitar on Night Lights (1976) by Elliott Murphy, and joined the band American Flyer later that year as their drummer and background singer.

American Flyer was an active country rock band from 1976 to 1978, and the band also featured the guitarist Steve Katz of Blood, Sweat & Tears. After securing a major-label contract with United Artists, and managing to interest George Martin enough to bring him on board as their producer, American Flyer's debut album American Flyer debuted at #87 on the Billboard Top 200, and they even scored a minor hit with their single "Let Me Down Easy" which debuted at #80 in 1976.

Despite the promise showed on their first album, their follow-up album Spirit of a Woman failed to chart as high, and did not carry the momentum the label expected, and the band decided to fold. After American Flyer disbanded, Yule retired from doing music full-time, and became a cabinetmaker and a luthier of violins.

1990–present
When the Velvet Underground reformed in early 1993, Sterling Morrison had campaigned for Yule's involvement, but Lou Reed and John Cale ultimately overruled him, thus leaving Yule off the band's six-week reunion tour of Europe, and the subsequent live album Live MCMXCIII. Following the continual interest in the Velvet Underground, and partly due to the publicity of the band's released box set Peel Slowly and See in 1995, Yule, who had by then moved to the San Francisco Bay Area, returned to public life, again giving interviews to journalists and various fanzines about his time in the Velvet Underground. He also wrote an obituary for Sterling Morrison, who had died in 1995.

Yule was not included along with the original line-up for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Velvet Underground were inducted in 1996. However, Yule remains a member of the Velvet business partnership, and continued to give the occasional interview about his time in the group. After having taken up the violin, Yule began to record music again in 1997.

A song called "Beginning To Get It" appeared on the benefit compilation A Place to Call Home in 1998. He played some concerts in 2000, while the live album Live in Seattle was released in Japan in 2002. He featured on Tucker's live album Moe Rocks Terrastock.

On August 31, 2006, Yule performed for the first time in public in New York City in over 30 years with Mark Gardener of Ride at Pianos. On December 8, 2009, he appeared with Reed and Tucker at the New York Public Library, to commemorate the publishing of The Velvet Underground – New York Art, a collection of rare photographs of the band's first performance in New York City to Andy Warhol's cover designs. They conducted a Q&A with a sold-out live audience, and David Fricke acted as moderator to the event.

With the Velvet Underground

 * The Velvet Underground (1969)
 * Loaded (1970)
 * Live at Max's Kansas City (1972)
 * Squeeze (1973)
 * 1969: The Velvet Underground Live (1974)
 * VU (outtakes compilation, 1985 [1968–1969])
 * Another View (outtakes compilation, 1986 [1967–1969])
 * Chronicles (compilation, 1991)
 * Peel Slowly and See (box set, 1995 [1965–1970])
 * Final V.U. 1971-1973 (live box set, 2001 [1971–1973])
 * Bootleg Series Volume 1: The Quine Tapes (live, 2001 [1969])
 * The Very Best of the Velvet Underground (best of, 2003 [1966–1970])
 * The Complete Matrix Tapes (live, 2015 [1969])

With Lou Reed

 * Sally Can't Dance (1974)
 * Coney Island Baby: 30th Anniversary Edition (1975, 2005)
 * Between Thought and Expression: The Lou Reed Anthology (1992)

With American Flyer

 * American Flyer (1976)
 * Spirit of a Woman (1977)

Solo

 * Live in Seattle (2002)

With RedDog

 * Hard Times (2009)
 * Nine-Tail Cat (2011)

Other

 * Elliott Murphy: Night Lights (1976)
 * Maureen Tucker: Moe Rocks Terrastock (2002)
 * The Loves: ...Love You (2010)

title: Doug Yule


text:
Pivka

Pivka (, St. Peter, San Pietro del Carso) is a small town in Slovenia in the Pivka Basin in the Karst region. It is the seat of the Municipality of Pivka. It belongs to the traditional region of Inner Carniola.

Name
Pivka was first mentioned in 1300 as villa Sancti Petri super Piucha ('St. Peter above the Pivka River'), and in 1498 as Sannt Peter. The name of the settlement was changed from Šent Peter na Krasu (literally, 'Saint Peter in the Karst') to Pivka in 1952. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms. Before it replaced the original name of the settlement, the name Pivka originally referred to the Pivka River. This name was first attested in 1300 as Piuca or Piucha (and as Peucha in 1335). The name is derived from the Slovene common noun pivka 'karst sinkhole'.

History
Although the Pivka region has been a strategically important location since ancient times, it became even more important with the construction of the railway from Vienna to Trieste (the Austrian Southern Railway) in 1857 and the railway from Št. Peter na Krasu to Rijeka twenty years later. In 1930, while it was under the Italian control, the strategic hills over the town were heavily fortified and included in the Alpine Wall system of defenses, which stretched from the Bay of Genoa to the Kvarner Gulf. Št. Peter na Krasu and the nearby barracks in Hrastje (now part of the town of Pivka) were one of the strongest points in the eastern section of the Alpine Wall.

Churches
The parish church in the town of Pivka is dedicated to Saint Peter and belongs to the Koper Diocese. A second church in the Radohova Vas neighborhood of the town belongs to the same parish and is dedicated to Saint Lawrence.

Museum
The Pivka Military History Park is a museum with heavy weapons, military vehicles, training and fighter aircraft, a helicopter and a Yugoslav Una-class commando submarine.

title: Pivka


text:
Beja District

The Beja District is located in southern Portugal. The district capital is the city of Beja. It is the largest district of the country by area, comprising around 11% of Portuguese territory. It borders Spain.

Municipalities
The district is composed of 14 municipalities: All 14 municipalities are divided into 75 freguesias or parishes.
 * Aljustrel
 * Almodôvar
 * Alvito
 * Barrancos
 * Beja
 * Castro Verde
 * Cuba
 * Ferreira do Alentejo
 * Mértola
 * Moura
 * Odemira
 * Ourique
 * Serpa
 * Vidigueira

Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022
!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 | 1987 !colspan=2 | 1991 !colspan=2 | 1995 !colspan=2 | 1999 !colspan=2 | 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 !colspan=2 | 2015 !colspan=2 | 2019 !colspan=2 | 2022 ! Total seats || colspan=2| 6 || colspan=10|5 || colspan=4|4 ||colspan=16|3 ! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" align="center"
 * align="left"| PS || 32.0 || 2 || 22.0 || 1 || 21.1 || 1 || 28.0 || 2 || 20.1 || 1 || 20.3 || 1 || 28.4 || 1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|45.8 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|46.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|43.5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|51.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|34.9 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|29.8 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|37.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|40.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|43.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2
 * align="left"| PSD || 8.2 || || align=center colspan=4 rowspan=2|In AD || 11.8 ||  || 13.7 || 1 || 24.5 || 1 || 29.3 || 1 || 15.7 || 1 || 14.5 ||  || 21.2 ||  || 12.3 ||  || 14.6 ||   || 23.7 || 1 || align=center colspan=2 rowspan=2|In PàF || 13.3 ||  || 15.9
 * align="left"| CDS-PP || 4.2 || || 4.1 ||  || 2.2 ||  || 2.0 ||  || 2.3 ||  || 3.6 ||  || 3.9 ||  || 3.7 ||  || 2.9 ||  || 5.7 ||   || 7.3 ||  || 2.3 ||  || 0.8 ||
 * align="left"| PCP/APU/CDU || style="background:red"|44.0 || style="background:red"|4 || style="background:red"|50.7 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|47.1 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|49.4 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|44.9 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|38.7 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|30.4 || style="background:red"|2 || 29.2 || 1 || 28.3 || 1 || 24.2 || 1 || 24.1 || 1 || 29.1 || 1 || 25.4 || 1 || 25.0 || 1 || 22.8 || 1 || 18.4 || 1
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || 19.0 || 1 || 22.4 || 1 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 20.1 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PCP/APU/CDU || style="background:red"|44.0 || style="background:red"|4 || style="background:red"|50.7 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|47.1 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|49.4 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|44.9 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|38.7 || style="background:red"|3 || style="background:red"|30.4 || style="background:red"|2 || 29.2 || 1 || 28.3 || 1 || 24.2 || 1 || 24.1 || 1 || 29.1 || 1 || 25.4 || 1 || 25.0 || 1 || 22.8 || 1 || 18.4 || 1
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || 19.0 || 1 || 22.4 || 1 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 20.1 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || 19.0 || 1 || 22.4 || 1 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 20.1 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 20.1 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * }

title: Beja District


text:
Felodipine

Felodipine is a medication of the calcium channel blocker type that is used to treat high blood pressure.

It was patented in 1978, and approved for medical use in 1988.

Medical uses
Felodipine is used to treat high blood pressure and stable angina.

It should not be used for people who are pregnant, have acute heart failure, are having a heart attack, have an obstructed heart valve, or have obstructions that block bloodflow out of the heart.

For people with liver failure the dose needs to be lowered, because felodipine is cleared by the liver.

Adverse effects
The only very common side effect, occurring in more than 1/10 people, is pain and swelling in the arms and legs.

Common side effects, occurring in between 1% and 10% of people, include flushing, headache, heart palpitations, dizziness and fatigue.

Felodipine can exacerbate gingivitis.

Interactions
Felodipine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4, so substances that inhibit or activate CYP3A4 can strongly effect how much felodipine is present.

CYP3A4 inhibitors, which increase the amount of felodipine available per dose, include cimetidine, erythromycin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, HIV protease inhibitors, and grapefruit juice.

CYP3A4 activators, which decrease the amount of felodipine available per dose, include phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampicin, barbiturates, efavirenz, nevirapine, and Saint John's wort.

Mechanism of action
Felodipine is a calcium channel blocker. Felodipine has additionally been found to act as an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor, or as an antimineralocorticoid.

Different calcium channels are present in vascular tissue and cardiac tissue; an in vitro study on human vascular and cardiac tissues comparing how selective various calcium channel blockers are for vascular compared to cardiac tissue found the following vascular/cardiac tissue ratios: mibefradil 41, felodipine 12; nifedipine 7, amlodipine 5, and verapamil 0.2.

Chemistry
Felodipine is a member of the 1,4-dihydropyridine class of calcium channel blockers. It is a racemic mixture, and is insoluble in water but is soluble in dichloromethane and ethanol.

History
The Swedish company Hässle, a division of Astra AB, discovered felodipine; it filed a patent application in 1979 claiming felodipine as an antihypertensive drug. Astra partnered this drug and others with Merck & Co. in the US under a 1982 agreement between the companies. The drug was approved by the FDA in 1991 after a three-and-a-half-year review; the drug entered a very crowded market to included the other calcium channel blockers nifedipine, verapamil, nicardipine, and isradipine. The FDA gave the drug a 1C rating, meaning that it found little difference between felodipine and the drugs already approved for the same use.

In 1994 Astra AB and Merck changed their partnership to a joint venture called Astra Merck, and in 1998 Astra (by that time, AstraZeneca) bought out Merck's rights in the joint venture.

The first generics became available in Sweden in 2003 and in the US in 2004.

In April 2016, AstraZeneca announced that they were selling the right to market felodipine in China to China Medical System Holdings for $310 million; AZ would continue to manufacture the drug.

Society and culture
As of 2016, felodipine was marketed under many brand names worldwide: Auronal, Cardioplen, Catrazil, Dewei, Dilahex, Enfelo, Erding, Fedil, Fedisyn, Feldil, Felicipin, Felo, Felocard, Felocor, Feloday, Felodil, Felodin, Felodip, Felodipin, Felodipina, Felodipine, Felodipino, Felodistad, Felogard, Felohexal, Felop, Felopine, Felostad, Feloten, Felotens, Felpin, Flodicar, Flodil, Keliping, Keydipin, Lodistad, Modip, Munobal, Nirmadil, Parmid, Penedil, Perfudal, Phelop, Phenodical, Plendil, Plentopine, Polo, Presid, Preslow, Prevex, Renedil, Sistar, Splendil, Stapin, Topidil, Vascalpha, Versant, and XiaoDing.

The combination of felodipine and candesartan was marketed as Atacand.

The combination of felodipine and ramipril was marketed as Delmuno, Tazko, Triacor, Triapin, Triasyn, Tri-Plen, Unimax, and Unitens.

The combination of felodipine and enalapril was marketed as Lexxel.

The combination of felodipine and metoprolol was marketed as Logimat, Logimax, and Mobloc.

title: Felodipine


text:
User:ArmchairVexillologistDon

ArmchairVexillologistDon

The Red Ensign, is my favourite flag.

title: User:ArmchairVexillologistDon


text:
User:Jarashi

I'm a Catalan Wikipedian from Barcelona (Catalonia).

I will be mostly contributing with Catalan-related content.

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Jarashi


text:
Nayantara Sahgal

Nayantara Sahgal (born 10 May 1927) is an Indian writer who writes in English. She is a member of the Nehru–Gandhi family, the second of the three daughters born to Jawaharlal Nehru's sister, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit.

She was awarded the 1986 Sahitya Akademi Award for her English novel Rich Like Us (1985).

Early life
Sahgal's father Ranjit Sitaram Pandit was a barrister from Kathiawad. Pandit was also a classical scholar who had translated Kalhana's epic history Rajatarangini into English from Sanskrit. He was arrested for his support of Indian independence and died in Lucknow prison jail in 1944, leaving behind his wife (Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit) and their three daughters Chandralekha Mehta, Nayantara Sehgal and Rita Dar.

Sahgal's mother, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, was the daughter of Motilal Nehru and sister of India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Vijaya Lakshmi had been active in the Indian freedom struggle, had been to jail for this cause and in 1946, was part of the first team representing newly formed India that went to the then newly formed United Nations, along with M.C.Chagla. After India achieved independence, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit served as a member of India's Constituent Assembly, the governor of several Indian states, and as India's ambassador to the Soviet Union, the United States, Mexico, the Court of St. James, Ireland, and the United Nations.

Sahgal attended a number of schools as a girl, given the turmoil in the Nehru family during the last years (1935–47) of the Indian freedom struggle. Ultimately, she graduated from Woodstock School in the Himalayan hill station of Mussoorie in 1943 and later in the United States from Wellesley College (BA, 1947), which she attended along with her sister Chandralekha, who graduated 2 years earlier in 1945. She has made her home for decades in Dehradun, a town close to Mussoorie where she had attended boarding school (at Woodstock).

Marriage and career
Sahgal has been married twice, first to Gautam Sehgal and later to Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai, a Punjabi Christian who was an Indian Civil Service officer. Though part of the Nehru family, Sahgal developed a reputation for maintaining her independent critical sense. Her independent tone, and her mother's, led to both falling out with her cousin Indira Gandhi during the most autocratic phases of the latter's time in office in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Gandhi cancelled Sahgal's scheduled appointment as India's Ambassador to Italy within days of her return to power. Not one to be intimidated, Sahgal in 1982 wrote Indira Gandhi: Her Road to Power , a scathing, insightful account of Gandhi's rise to power.

Gita Sahgal, the writer and journalist on issues of feminism, fundamentalism, and racism, director of prize-winning documentary films, and human rights activist, is her daughter.

On 6 October 2015, Sahgal returned her Sahitya Akademi Award to protest what she called "increasing intolerance and supporting right to dissent in the country", following the murders of rationalists Govind Pansare, Narendra Dabholkar and M. M. Kalburgi, and the Dadri mob lynching incident; for this she was praised in 2017 by Karima Bennoune, United Nations monitor for cultural rights. In September 2018 she was elected as a Vice President of PEN International.

title: Nayantara Sahgal


text:
1995–96 FA Premier League

The 1995–96 FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the fourth season of the competition, since its formation in 1992. Due to the decision to reduce the number of clubs in the FA Premier League from 22 to 20, only two clubs, Middlesbrough and Bolton Wanderers, were promoted instead of the usual three.

Manchester United won the Premier League and qualified for the UEFA Champions League, while Arsenal, Aston Villa, and Newcastle United qualified for the UEFA Cup. Liverpool also qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup as runners-up of the FA Cup which was won by Manchester United.

Summary
Liverpool and Aston Villa emerged as possible title contenders early in the season, while Middlesbrough's early promise saw them occupy fourth place in late October. However, an injury crisis saw their league form slump, leading them up to a 12th-place finish. Most of the campaign was a two-horse race between Manchester United and Newcastle United. The two sides played on 27 December, with Newcastle 10 points ahead in the league. A 2–0 home win for Manchester United cut the gap to seven points, and two days later they beat Queens Park Rangers 2–1 to reduce the gap to just four points. Nevertheless, a 4–1 defeat at Tottenham on New Year's Day and a 0–0 draw with Aston Villa allowed Newcastle to establish a 12-point lead in January.

Manchester United and Newcastle met again in early March, by which time the gap had been cut to four points. A second half goal by Eric Cantona gave Manchester United a 1–0 away win and cut the gap to a single point. With one game left of the season, Manchester United led the Premier League by two points, having taken lead of the league halfway through March and stayed on top ever since. In case of the two clubs being tied for first place, the Premier League made preliminary preparations for a championship play-off match at Wembley. For Newcastle to win their first title since 1927, they had to win against Tottenham and hope that their north-eastern rivals Middlesbrough defeated Alex Ferguson’s men. But the Premier League title went to Old Trafford as Manchester United won 3–0 and Newcastle could only manage a 1–1 draw with Tottenham.

Despite the arrival of Dennis Bergkamp, Arsenal never looked like serious title challengers. Their best chance of success coming in the League Cup, where they reached the semi-finals, was lost on away goals to Aston Villa. However, the North London side still qualified for the UEFA Cup by finishing fifth.

Aston Villa won the Coca-Cola sponsored League Cup competition this season, beating Leeds United 3–0 at Wembley.

Title holders, Blackburn, recorded the lowest ever finish by a Premier League title-holder by finishing 7th. This record was matched by Manchester United in 2013–14 and broken by Chelsea in 2015–16 and again by Leicester City in 2016–17. However, Rovers striker Alan Shearer was still the league’s top scorer with 31 goals.

Six days after clinching their third league title in four seasons, Manchester United became the first team to complete a second league championship and FA Cup double when a Cantona goal gave them a 1–0 win over Liverpool in the FA Cup final.

Fourth place Aston Villa lifted the League Cup for a joint record fifth time, securing a UEFA Cup place for the third time in four seasons.

The Premier League relegation places went to Bolton Wanderers, Queens Park Rangers, and Manchester City. Bolton had spent most of their first Premier League season bottom of the table, and an improvement in form was not enough to save the Burnden Park side from an immediate return to Division One. They went down on the season’s penultimate weekend, on the same day that QPR’s 3-0 win over London rivals West Ham came too late to save the top flight place they had held since 1983. Manchester City failed to beat Liverpool on the final day of the season, consigning them to the final relegation place on goal difference behind Southampton and Coventry City.

English performance in European competition
Blackburn Rovers, the 1994–95 Premier League champions, finished bottom of their group in the UEFA Champions League. Manchester United were knocked out of the UEFA Cup in the first round, with Liverpool and Leeds United both being knocked out at the second round. Everton were beaten in the second round of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. The only English team still in European competition after Christmas were Nottingham Forest, who reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup.

Teams
Twenty teams competed in the league – the top eighteen teams from the previous season and the two teams promoted from the First Division. The promoted teams were Middlesbrough and Bolton Wanderers, returning to the top flight after two and fifteen years respectively. This was also Bolton Wanderers' first season in the Premier League. They replaced Crystal Palace, Norwich City, Leicester City and Ipswich Town, who were relegated to the First Division after their top flight spells of one, nine, one and three years respectively. This was the first season in which the league was contested by twenty teams as opposed to previous seasons which were contested by twenty-two teams.

Personnel and kits
(as of 5 May 1996)

Hat-tricks

 * Note: 4 Player scored 4 goals; (H) – Home; (A) – Away

title: 1995–96 FA Premier League


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vandalism in progress/CheeseDreams controversy

''Note: The page has been moved to Requests for investigation/Archives/2004/11 (CheeseDreams controversy) to fit a standardised archive index. // Pathoschild 07:33, 1 January 2006 (UTC)''

Vandalism in progress/CheeseDreams controversy
Vandalism in progress/CheeseDreams controversy was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

As pointed out by many people, this is not vandalism, but the page's existance is harrassment.

 * delete CheeseDreams 15:52, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep another pointless vfd by CheeseDreams... I fixed the link in heading, I hope that's what you had in mind. Grue 16:07, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Evidence like this should be archived indefinitely. jni 16:17, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. These repetitive listings are a form of vandalism in themselves.  Not to mention a huge administrative waste of time.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 16:23, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. "The lady doth protest too much, methinks." [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 21:16, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep These pages are never deleted, and no one else but CD is claiming they are harassment.--Josiah 23:32, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Abusing VfD to cover up various parties' abuse and misuse of ViP...  -Sean Curtin 23:52, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Pages about one user in particular such as this should always be deleted/blanked after resolution. EventHorizon 02:15, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Those who believe they have previously identified sockpuppets and/or conspirators of User:Mike Church and/or User:259 may want to consult my expression of amazement (which may also be seen via a reversion-proof link to my revision), for which the preceding context underlying it supports and clarifies. --Jerzy(t) 00:56, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * [Unsigned personal attack here, inserted per history by User:EventHorizon 17:09 - 17:13, 2004 Dec 14, removed. --Jerzy(t) 22:37, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)]
 * For the record, User:EventHorizon claimed just above that there is no reasonable basis for my solicitation, one step higher above, of attention to their identity. --Jerzy(t) 22:37, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Keep, public record. --fvw *  02:25, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Keep. CheeseDreams shouldn't have been listed on VIP, but the fact that he has been numerous times should be archived for future reference. This is a record of the people who reported it as well as Cheese's conduct. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:20, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Serves as a record of conduct by our peers and should not be destroyed.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, shouldn't be deleted. I have no idea who's right and who's wrong in this—I actually did to read through the thing, but without spending half-an-hour, checking the articles and their history, and taking notes, there's no way I could have an informed opinion. if CheeseDreams is, in fact, a target of bad behavior, I'm sorry (and sympathetic), but discussions like this should be kept for the record and shouldn't be listed on VfD. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:59, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. As User:GRider intimates, accountability and verifiability are necessary re both the obvious villain, and those who may have wronged CD and/or the community as a whole, by creating the nominated page. The rule of thumb that the remedy for bad info is more info, not less, is quite applicable here. --Jerzy(t) 01:09, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * "the page's existance is harrassment" [sprinkle sic to taste] -- I don't understand how this could be so. Keep -- Hoary 03:57, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as it serves a very useful purpose that, along with other articles of its type, are vital for keeping Wikipedia running smoothly. DreamGuy 21:55, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Faro District

Faro District (Distrito de Faro ) is the southernmost district of Portugal. The area is the same as that of the Algarve region. The administrative centre, or district capital, is the city of Faro. It borders Spain.

Municipalities
The district is composed of 16 municipalities:

All 16 municipalities are divided into 67 parishes or freguesias.
 * Albufeira
 * Alcoutim
 * Aljezur
 * Castro Marim
 * Faro
 * Lagoa
 * Lagos
 * Loulé
 * Monchique
 * Olhão
 * Portimão
 * São Brás de Alportel
 * Silves
 * Tavira
 * Vila do Bispo
 * Vila Real de Santo António

Cities

 * Albufeira
 * Faro
 * Lagoa
 * Lagos
 * Loulé
 * Olhão
 * Portimão
 * Quarteira (Loulé)
 * Silves
 * Tavira
 * Vila Real de Santo António

Villages

 * Alcantarilha (Silves)
 * Alcoutim
 * Algoz (Silves)
 * Almancil (Loulé)
 * Alvor (Portimão)
 * Armação de Pêra (Silves)
 * Aljezur
 * Bensafrim (Lagos)
 * Cabanas de Tavira (Tavira)
 * Carvoeiro (Lagoa)
 * Castro Marim
 * Estômbar (Lagoa)
 * Ferragudo (Lagoa)
 * Fuseta (Olhão)
 * Luz (Lagos)
 * Luz de Tavira (Tavira)
 * Mexilhoeira Grande (Olhão)
 * Moncarapacho (Olhão)
 * Monchique
 * Monte Gordo (Vila Real de Santo António)
 * Odeceixe (Aljezur)
 * Odiáxere (Lagos)
 * Parchal (Lagoa)
 * Pêra (Silves)
 * Porches (Lagoa)
 * Sagres (Vila do Bispo)
 * Salir (Loulé)
 * Santa Luzia (Tavira)
 * São Bartolomeu de Messines (Silves)
 * São Brás de Alportel
 * Vila do Bispo
 * Vila Nova de Cacela (Vila Real de Santo António)

Pre-Roman Times
In Pre-Roman Portugal, the area was inhabited by the Cynetes (or Conii), a people (formed by several tribes) of linguistic and ethnic affiliation, possibly Celtic or Iberian, whose territory included the modern area of the Beja District. This former territory of the Cysteines ran from the mouth of the Mira River all the way to the Guadiana River. It is possible that they were related to the Tartessos (people whose linguistic and ethnic affiliation is also not yet fully known or determined), but were not the same people.

Roman Times
Before the definitive integration of the canons into the Roman Empire, during the period from about 200 BC to 141 BC, they were under strong Roman influence, but enjoyed a high degree of autonomy. In part due to the favorable relationship with the Romans, the colonies had some conflicts with the Lusitanians, who under the leadership of Caucenus, the Lusitanian leader before Viriathus, had conquered their territory for some time, including the capital, Conistorgis (whose location is still not known, but is thought to be in modern-day Faro or Castro Marim) in 153 BC. Partly due to the conflict with the Portuguese (and partly due to the cultural influence of Mediterranean civilizations), unlike many pre-Roman peoples of Portugal, they were allies of the Romans for some time and not their opponents, differing from the attitude of most of the other peoples, such as the Lusitanians who were strong opponents of the Romans.

Nevertheless, a while later, in the context of the Lusitanian Wars, in the year of 141BC, the Conidia revolted against the Roman Empire, along with the Turduli of Beturia (also called betures), but were quickly defeated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus, a Roman proconsul, and was definitively integrated into the Roman Empire.

Barbarian Era
Despite being conquered by the so-called barbarian peoples (Vandals, Alans, Suebi, and later Visigoths) at the time of Barbarian migrations or invasions, Roman culture and Christianity remained there for a period of time. In the year 552, the current area of Algarve was regained by the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire (then governed by Emperor Justinian I), and a government was appointed that lasted until the year 571, when King Liuvigild conquered it for the Visigothic Kingdom.

Fauna
The Cape St. Vincent is situated in a route of migrating birds, allowing for the seasonal observation of the variety of bird life.

The subsoil of the district is inhabited by several endemic species unique to Faro, some still just being discovered. The most emblematic species of the underground fauna of the Algarve are the giant pseudo-scorpion of the Algarve caves (Titanobochica magna) and the largest terrestrial cave insect in Europe, Squamatinia algharbica.

Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022
!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 | 1987 !colspan=2 | 1991 !colspan=2 | 1995 !colspan=2 | 1999 !colspan=2 | 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 !colspan=2 | 2015 !colspan=2 | 2019 !colspan=2 | 2022 ! Total seats || colspan=12|9 || colspan=12|8 || colspan=8|9 ! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;"
 * style="text-align:left;"| PS || style="background:#f6f;"|44.6 || style="background:#f6f;"|6 || 34.0 || 3 ||34.7 || 4 || style="background:#f6f;"|43.2 || style="background:#f6f;"|5 || 22.3 || 2 || 24.9 || 3 || 31.2 || 3 || style="background:#f6f;"|49.6 || style="background:#f6f;"|5 || style="background:#f6f;"|48.4 || style="background:#f6f;"|5 || style="background:#f6f;"|40.5 || style="background:#f6f;"|4 || style="background:#f6f;"|49.3 || style="background:#f6f;"|6 || style="background:#f6f;"|31.9 || style="background:#f6f;"|3 || 23.0 || 2 || style="background:#f6f;"|32.8 || style="background:#f6f;"|4 || style="background:#f6f;"|36.8 || style="background:#f6f;"|5 || style="background:#f6f;"|39.9 || style="background:#f6f;"|5
 * style="text-align:left;"| PSD || 19.3 || 2 || style="text-align:center;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"|In AD || 23.1 || 2 || style="background:#f90;"|28.4 || style="background:#f90;"|3 || style="background:#f90;"|46.7 || style="background:#f90;"|5 || style="background:#f90;"|50.8 || style="background:#f90;"|5 || 29.2 || 3 || 29.5|| 3 || 37.7 || 4 || 24.6 || 2 || 26.2 || 3 || style="background:#f90;"|37.0 || style="background:#f90;"|4 || style="text-align:center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"|In PàF || 22.3 || 3 || 24.4 || 3
 * style="text-align:left;"| CDS-PP || 6.8 || || 7.4 ||  || 6.1 ||  || 3.1 ||  || 2.8 ||  || 8.3 ||  || 7.3 ||  || 8.3 ||  || 5.8 ||  || 10.7 || 1 || 12.7 || 1 || 3.8 ||  || 1.1 ||
 * style="text-align:left;"| PCP/APU/CDU || 14.5 || 1 || 20.3|| 2 || 16.7 || 1 || 18.6 || 2 || 15.4 || 2 || 10.9 || 1 || 7.2 || || 7.8 ||  || 8.3 ||  || 6.3 ||  || 6.9 ||  || 7.8 ||  || 8.6 || 1 || 8.7 || 1 || 7.1 ||  || 4.8 ||
 * style="text-align:left;"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#0ff;"|34.6 || style="background:#0ff;"|4 || style="background:#0ff;"|37.2 || style="background:#0ff;"|4 || colspan=26|
 * style="text-align:left;"| PRD || colspan=8| || 20.5 || 2 || 6.3 || || colspan=20|
 * style="text-align:left;"| BE || colspan=16| || 2.3 || || 2.8 ||  || 7.7 ||  || 15.3 || 1 || 8.2 || 1 || 14.1 || 1 || 12.3 || 1 || 5.8
 * style="text-align:left;"| PàF || colspan=26| || 31.5 || 3 || colspan=4|
 * style="text-align:left;"| AD || colspan=2| || style="background:#0ff;"|34.6 || style="background:#0ff;"|4 || style="background:#0ff;"|37.2 || style="background:#0ff;"|4 || colspan=26|
 * style="text-align:left;"| PRD || colspan=8| || 20.5 || 2 || 6.3 || || colspan=20|
 * style="text-align:left;"| BE || colspan=16| || 2.3 || || 2.8 ||  || 7.7 ||  || 15.3 || 1 || 8.2 || 1 || 14.1 || 1 || 12.3 || 1 || 5.8
 * style="text-align:left;"| PàF || colspan=26| || 31.5 || 3 || colspan=4|
 * style="text-align:left;"| BE || colspan=16| || 2.3 || || 2.8 ||  || 7.7 ||  || 15.3 || 1 || 8.2 || 1 || 14.1 || 1 || 12.3 || 1 || 5.8
 * style="text-align:left;"| PàF || colspan=26| || 31.5 || 3 || colspan=4|
 * style="text-align:left;"| PàF || colspan=26| || 31.5 || 3 || colspan=4|
 * style="text-align:left;"| PàF || colspan=26| || 31.5 || 3 || colspan=4|
 * }

title: Faro District


text:
Amar Nath Kak

Amar Nath Kak (1889–1963) was a prominent Kashmiri lawyer and author whose most important books are Hamara Vrittanta and the Gayatri, both written in Hindi. He was the older brother of Kashmiri archaeologist and politician Ram Chandra Kak.

Hamara Vrittanta contains information on the social and religious life of Kashmiri Pandits in the first half of the 20th century. It also presents the drama of the war between India and Pakistan.

title: Amar Nath Kak


text:
Scholia

Scholia (: scholium or scholion, from σχόλιον, "comment", "interpretation") are grammatical, critical, or explanatory comments – original or copied from prior commentaries – which are inserted in the margin of the manuscript of ancient authors, as glosses. One who writes scholia is a scholiast. The earliest attested use of the word dates to the 1st century BC.

History

Ancient scholia are important sources of information about many aspects of the ancient world, especially ancient literary history. The earliest scholia, usually anonymous, date to the 5th or 4th century BC (such as the scholia minora to the Iliad). The practice of compiling scholia continued to late Byzantine times, outstanding examples being Archbishop Eustathius' massive commentaries to Homer in the 12th century and the scholia recentiora of Thomas Magister, Demetrius Triclinius and Manuel Moschopoulos in the 14th.

Scholia were altered by successive copyists and owners of the manuscript, and in some cases, increased to such an extent that there was no longer room for them in the margin, and it became necessary to make them into a separate work. At first, they were taken from one commentary only, and subsequently from several. This is indicated by the repetition of the lemma ("headword"), or by the use of such phrases as "or thus", "alternatively", "according to some", to introduce different explanations, or by the explicit quotation of different sources.

Greek
The most important are those on the Homeric Iliad, especially those found in the 10th-century manuscripts discovered by Villoison in 1781 in the Biblioteca Marciana in Venice (see further Venetus A, Homeric scholarship), which are based on Aristarchus and his school. The scholia on Hesiod, Pindar, Sophocles, Aristophanes and Apollonius Rhodius are also extremely important.

Latin
In Latin, the most important are those of Servius on Virgil; of Acro and Porphyrio on Horace; and of Donatus on Terence. Also of interest are the scholia on Juvenal attached to the good manuscript P; while there are also scholia on Statius, especially associated with the name Lactantius Placidus.

List of ancient commentaries
Some ancient scholia are of sufficient quality and importance to be labelled "commentaries" instead. The existence of a commercial translation is often used to distinguish between "scholia" and "commentaries". The following is a chronological list of ancient commentaries written defined as those for which commercial translations have been made:

 * Asconius (c. 55 AD) on Cicero's Pro Scauro, In Pisonem, Pro Milone, Pro Cornelio and In Toga Candida
 * Servius (c. 400 AD) on Virgil's Aeneid
 * Macrobius (c. 400 AD) on Cicero's Dream of Scipio
 * Proclus (c. 440 AD) on Plato's Parmenides and Timaeus and Euclid's Elements
 * Boethius (c. 520 AD) on Cicero's Topics

Other uses

 * Benedict Spinoza provided his own scholia to many of the propositions in his Ethics, commentaries upon and expansions of the individual propositions, or sometimes short conclusions to sections of argumentation running over a number of propositions.
 * In modern mathematics texts, scholia are marginal notes which may amplify a line of reasoning or compare it with proofs given earlier. A famous example is Bayes' scholium, in which he presents a justification for assuming a continuous uniform distribution for the prior of the parameter of a Bernoulli process. Another famous example of a somewhat different use is to be found in Brook Taylor's Methodus Incrementorum, in which the propositions demonstrated are often followed by a scholium which further explains the significance of the proposition.
 * Scholia is an academic journal in the field of classical studies.
 * Search engine relying on wikidata, mainly for scientific publications: Scholia.
 * Nicolás Gómez Dávila was one of the most radical critics of modernity whose work consists almost entirely of aphorisms which he called "escolios" ("glosses") of an implicit text.
 * In each of Bill Blackbeard's Krazy Kat Sunday strip collections, the back of the book includes an Ignatz Mouse Debaffler Page: a page of notes that clarify references that have faded into obscurity or may otherwise require explanation. When a strip has a scholium about it, the lower outer corner of the page is marked with the likeness of Ignatz.

title: Scholia


text:
Évora District

Évora District (Distrito de Évora ) is located in Alentejo, in southern Portugal. The district capital is the city of Évora. It borders Spain.

Municipalities
The district is composed by 14 municipalities: All 14 municipalities is divided into 69 parishes or freguesias.
 * Alandroal
 * Arraiolos
 * Borba
 * Estremoz
 * Évora
 * Montemor-o-Novo
 * Mora
 * Mourão
 * Portel
 * Redondo
 * Reguengos de Monsaraz
 * Vendas Novas
 * Viana do Alentejo
 * Vila Viçosa

Summary of votes and seats won 1976–2022
!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S !colspan=2 | 1976 !colspan=2 | 1979 !colspan=2 | 1980 !colspan=2 | 1983 !colspan=2 | 1985 !colspan=2 | 1987 !colspan=2 | 1991 !colspan=2 | 1995 !colspan=2 | 1999 !colspan=2 | 2002 !colspan=2 | 2005 !colspan=2 | 2009 !colspan=2 | 2011 !colspan=2 | 2015 !colspan=2 | 2019 !colspan=2 | 2022 ! Total seats || colspan=2|6 || colspan=8|5 || colspan=8|4 || colspan=14|3 ! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
 * - class="unsortable"
 * - class="unsortable" align="center"
 * align="left"| PS || 30.3 || 2 || 16.9 || 1 ||18.7 || 1 || 23.9 || 1 || 14.3 || 1 || 15.4 || || 25.9 || 1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|42.6 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2  || style="background:#FF66FF;"|45.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|42.8 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|49.7 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|35.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|29.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|37.5 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|1 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|38.3 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|44.0 || style="background:#FF66FF;"|2
 * align="left"| PSD || 9.2 || || align=center colspan=4|In AD || 18.6 || 1 || 19.1 || 1 || 32.1 || 2 || style="background:#FF9900;"|35.0 || style="background:#FF9900;"|2 || 20.2 || 1 || 18.7|| 1 || 25.3 || 1 || 16.7 ||  || 19.0 || 1 || 27.6 || 1 || align=center colspan=2|In PàF || 17.5 ||  || 21.4 || 1
 * align="left"| PCP/APU/CDU || style="background:red;"|42.2 || style="background:red;"|4 || style="background:red;"|48.9|| style="background:red;"|3 || style="background:red;"|45.7 || style="background:red;"|3 || style="background:red;"|47.6 || style="background:red;"|3 || style="background:red;"|41.2 || style="background:red;"|2 || style="background:red;"|36.2 || style="background:red;"|2 || 27.1 || 1 || 26.9 || 1 || 24.6 || 1 || 21.8 || 1 || 20.9 || 1 || 22.3 || 1 || 22.0 || 1 || 21.9 || 1 || 18.9 || 1 || 14.6 ||
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || 26.9 || 1 || 29.2 || 1 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 15.8 || 1 || 7.7 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 23.9 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| AD || colspan=2| || 26.9 || 1 || 29.2 || 1 || colspan=26|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 15.8 || 1 || 7.7 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 23.9 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PRD || colspan=8| || 15.8 || 1 || 7.7 || || colspan=20|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 23.9 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * align="left"| PàF || colspan=26| || 23.9 || 1 || colspan=4|
 * }

title: Évora District


text:
User talk:Factchecker007

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
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 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 15:55, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Factchecker007