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Edge (magazine)

Edge is a multi-format video game magazine published by Future plc. It is a UK-based magazine and publishes 13 issues annually. The magazine was launched by Steve Jarratt. It has also released foreign editions in Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain.

History
The magazine was launched in October 1993 by Steve Jarratt, a long-time video games journalist who has launched several other magazines for Future.

The artwork for the cover of the magazine's 100th issue was specially provided by Shigeru Miyamoto. The 200th issue was released in March 2009 with 200 different covers, each commemorating a single game; 199 variants were in general circulation, and one was exclusive to subscribers. Only 200 magazines were printed with each cover, sufficient to more than satisfy Edge's circulation of 28,898.

In October 2003, the then-editor of Edge, João Diniz-Sanches, left the magazine along with deputy editor David McCarthy and other staff writers. After the walkout, the editorship of Edge passed back to Tony Mott, who had been editor prior to Diniz-Sanches. The only team member to remain was Margaret Robertson, who in 2006 replaced Mott as editor. In May 2007, Robertson stepped down as editor and was replaced by Tony Mott, taking over as editor for the third time. Alex Wiltshire was the magazine's editor from May 2012 to March 2013, followed by Nathan Brown. Jen Simpkins took over the editor's role from Nathan Brown in April 2020.

Between 1995 and 2002, some of the content from the UK edition of Edge was published in the United States as Next Generation. In 2007, Future's US subsidiary, Future US began re-publishing selected recent Edge features on the Next Generation website; the Edge website and blog were subsequently incorporated into the NextGen site. In July 2008, the whole site was rebranded under the Edge title, as that was the senior of the two brands. In May 2014 it was reported that Future intended to close the websites of Edge, Computer and Video Games and their other videogame publications; in December 2014, it was confirmed that the C&VG website would close and its content would instead be published at GamesRadar, and in January 2015, it was announced that the same would happen to the Edge website. Between 2015 and 2018, Edge articles were occasionally republished on Kotaku UK.

Edge has been redesigned three times since the magazine launched. The first redesign occurred in 1999; the second in 2004; and the third in 2011. The first redesign altered the magazine's dimensions to be wider than the original shape. The latest design changes the magazine's physical dimensions for the second time, and introduces a higher quality of paper stock than was previously used.

Features
Each issue includes a "Making-of" article on a particular game, usually including an interview with one of the original developers. Issue 143 introduced the "Time Extend" series of retrospective articles. Like the "making-of" series, each focuses on a single game and, with the benefit of hindsight, gives an in-depth examination of its most interesting or innovative attributes.

"Codeshop" examines more technical subjects such as 3D modelling programs or physics middleware, while "Studio Profile" and "University Profile" are single-page summaries ("like Top Trumps, but for game dev") of particular developers or publishers, and game-related courses at higher education institutions.

Although an overall list of contributors is printed in each issue's indicia, the magazine typically has not used bylines to credit individual writers to specific reviews and articles, instead only referring to the anonymous Edge as a whole. Since 2014, some contributed features are credited with a byline. The magazine's regular columnists have been consistently credited throughout the magazine's run. The current columnists are James Leach, Clint Hocking and Tadhg Kelly. In addition, several columnists appear toward the beginning of the magazine to talk about the game industry as a whole, rather than focusing on specific game design topics. They are Trigger Happy author Steven Poole, Leigh Alexander, and Brian Howe, whose parody article section "You're Playing It Wrong" began with the new redesign.

Previous columnists have included Paul Rose ("Mr Biffo", the founder of Digitiser), Toshihiro Nagoshi of Sega's Amusement Vision, author Tim Guest (whose column on MMOs preceded the publication of his book Second Lives), N'Gai Croal, and game developer Jeff Minter. In addition, numerous columns were published anonymously under the pseudonym "RedEye", and several Japanese writers contributed to a regular feature called "Something About Japan".

James Hutchinson's comic strip Crashlander was featured in Edge between issues 143 and 193.

Scoring
Edge scores games on a ten-point scale, from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 10, with five as ostensibly the average rating. For much of the magazine's run, the magazine's review policy stated that the scores broadly correspond to one of the following "sentiments":

 * 1) disastrous
 * 2) appalling
 * 3) severely flawed
 * 4) disappointing
 * 5) average
 * 6) competent
 * 7) distinguished
 * 8) excellent
 * 9) astounding
 * 10) revolutionary

However, with issue 143 the scoring system was changed to a simple list of "10 = ten, 9 = nine..." and so on, a tongue-in-cheek reference to people who read too much into review scores. It was almost three years before Edge gave a game a rating of ten out of ten, and to date the score has been given to twenty-four games:

In contrast, only two titles have received a one-out-of-ten rating, Kabuki Warriors and FlatOut 3: Chaos & Destruction.

Retrospective awards
In a December 2002 retro gaming special, Edge retrospectively awarded ten-out-of-ten ratings to two titles released before the magazine's launch:

 * Elite (originally released in 1984)
 * Exile (originally released in 1988)

Edge also awarded a 10/10 score in one of the regular retrospective reviews in the magazine's normal run:

 * Super Mario Bros. (originally released in 1985)

In Edge's 10th anniversary issue in 2003, GoldenEye 007 (1997) was included as one of the magazine's top ten shooters, along with a note that it was perhaps "the only other game" that should have received a ten out of ten rating. The game had originally been awarded a nine out of ten, with the magazine later stating that "a ten was considered, but eventually rejected".

Resident Evil 4, which came second in Edge Presents The 100 Best Videogames, originally obtained a nine, but according to the 100 Best Videogames issue, it came "as near as dammit to the sixth (at the time) Edge ten".

The 20th anniversary issue (E258) published in August 2013 carried a feature called "The Ten Amendments", in which the following seven games' scores were retrospectively adjusted to ten-out-of-ten. A rationale was provided for each.

 * GoldenEye 007 (Nintendo 64)
 * Advance Wars (Game Boy Advance)
 * Resident Evil 4 (GameCube, PlayStation 2, Wii, Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360)
 * Drop7 (iOS, Android)
 * Red Dead Redemption (Xbox 360, PlayStation 3)
 * Super Street Fighter IV (Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Arcade)
 * Dark Souls (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows)

Special issues
A number of Edge special editions were published in the UK. These included:

 * "1996 essential hardware guide" (1996)
 * Special edition issue focussing on PS1, Saturn, Ultra 64, PC CD-ROM, 3DO, M2, Atari Jaguar, Amiga, Virtual Boy, Mega Drive, Super Nintendo. This was the first special edition produced, the front and spine displaying Premiere Issue.

 * "Essential hardware guide 2000" (2000)
 * Special edition featuring the top ten formats ever, Sir Clive revisits the ZX Spectrum and sections on Xbox, PSOne, PS2, Dreamcast, Gamecube, GScube, Game Boy Color, PC, Game Boy Advance, Wonderswan Color, Ericsson R380s, Palm IIIc and GP32.

 * "The 100 most significant reviews from the first 100 issues" (2001)
 * A collection of reprints of notable reviews from the magazine's history, along with retrospective commentary on each game. In addition to reviews of popular titles (including the three "ten out of ten" scores that had been awarded during that period), it also included Edge ' s comments on notable hyped disappointments such as Rise of the Robots and Daikatana. The issue also included an index of the content of those 100 issues of the magazine.

 * "Retro : The guide to classic videogame playing and collecting" (2002)
 * This retrogaming-themed special issue applied the format of the standard edition of Edge to classic video games. This was the most fully formed of the Edge specials, being an edition that only featured new material.

 * "Retro : 'The making of...' special" (2002)
 * The second edition in the Retro series was a collection of "Making of" features, most of which had run previously in the main magazine. These features usually contained interviews with the makers of classic video games talking about the process involved in their title's creation.

 * "Edge presents Equip : PlayStation 2 edition"
 * "Edge presents Equip : GameCube edition"
 * "Edge presents Equip : PC edition"
 * "Edge presents Equip : Xbox edition"
 * Each Equip issue discussed the state of a particular games platform, looking back on significant releases with the benefit of hindsight and outlining future developments. For example, the GameCube issue featured lengthy retrospectives on The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and Animal Crossing, plus a feature on upcoming titles that would use the GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable.

 * Specials issue ten : "Retro : The Collector's Series": This final edition in the Retro series reprinted all of the "Collector's Series" of articles from the main magazine. Each feature focused on a specific video game console of yesteryear and examined its history and the collectors market surrounding its rare or collectable games. Unusually for Edge, the majority of these articles were written by one video games journalist: Simon Parkin, a long-time freelance contributor to the magazine.
 * "Edge presents FILE Volume 1 - Issues 1-12 : The birth of a new generation" (2006)
 * "Edge presents FILE Volume 2 - Issues 13-24 : The new generation shows its strength" (2007)
 * "Edge presents FILE Volume 3 - Issues 25-36 : Videogame culture enters a new era" (2007)
 * Three "File" editions reprinted selected content originally published between 1993 and 1996 in Edge issues 1–36. Each volume of "File" covered 12 issues.

 * "Edge presents... The Art Of Videogames" (2007)
 * This went on sale 26 April 2007 showcasing the visual aspect of gaming.

 * "Edge presents... The 100 Best Videogames" (2007)
 * On sale from 3 July 2007. The list was compiled through a combination of suggestions from Edge readers, Edge staff and additional "industry experts". Each game in the list had a retrospective article, a full-page illustration, and a sidebar listing readers' comments. In addition, the volume contained reprints of the magazine's previous "Top 100" lists from 2000 (issue 80) and 2003 (issue 128). The top 10 of Edge Presents The 100 Best Videogames were:
 * The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
 * Resident Evil 4
 * Super Mario 64
 * Half-Life 2
 * Super Mario World
 * The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past
 * Halo: Combat Evolved
 * Final Fantasy XII
 * Tetris
 * Super Metroid

 * An Edge Special Edition - "the 100 greatest videogames" (2015)
 * The issue has a similar format to the previous volume in that each game in the list has a retrospective article accompanied by a full-page illustration (often a piece of concept art from the game). The list was composed solely by Edge staff; there are no sidebars with readers' comments. The "Top 100" lists contained in the 2007 volume were not reprinted.
 * The criteria Edge used when compiling the list were simple: games from any platform were eligible, series featuring straight-up sequels could only include a single entry, and the games in the list "had to stand up today rather than making the cut for reasons of nostalgia or historic significance."
 * The top 10 of the 100 greatest videogames were:
 * Dark Souls
 * Grand Theft Auto V
 * The Last of Us
 * Bloodborne
 * Half-Life 2
 * Tetris
 * Super Mario Galaxy 2
 * The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
 * Resident Evil 4
 * Minecraft

 * An Edge Special Edition - "the 100 greatest videogames" (2017)
 * The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
 * Dark Souls (video game)
 * Grand Theft Auto V
 * The Last of Us
 * Bloodborne
 * Half-Life 2
 * Tetris
 * Super Mario Galaxy 2
 * The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
 * Resident Evil 4

An Edge Special Edition - "the 30th anniversary special edition" - 100 greatest games of Edge's lifetime (2023)

 * 1) The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
 * 2) Dark Souls (video game)
 * 3) Super Mario 64
 * 4) The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
 * 5) Resident Evil 4
 * 6) Halo: Combat Evolved
 * 7) Half-Life 2
 * 8) Portal (video game)
 * 9) Elden Ring
 * 10) Doom (1993 video game)

Australia
An Australian edition was briefly published in early 2004, for less than six months. The Australian edition consisted mostly of content from the UK edition, along with news on the local games industry.

Brazil
The Brazilian edition was launched in Brazil in May 2009. It includes articles translated from the UK magazine alongside original local content. The magazine was cancelled in November 2010, with 18 issues.

France
A translated selection of articles are published with the French magazine Joypad (magazine). In 2017, La Financière de Loisirs licensed the title for France, starting with a 200 pages special issue about popular games that changed the gaming industry, as well AAA as indies.

Germany
In November 2005, a German translation was launched by the publishing house Computec Media AG. The German edition was thinner than the English original, the covers were slightly changed and the ratings raised. In January 2007 it was changed to a bi-monthly schedule and in July 2007 it was finally shut down.

Italian
In October 2004, an Italian localised edition was launched under the name Videogiochi and published by Future Italy. In December 2006, Future Italy was sold to Sprea Editori which renamed it Game Pro in May 2007. Last issue: September 2009.

Spanish
A localised edition of Edge was launched in Spain on 15 April 2006 by publisher Globus, which shares some staff from the On/Off editorial, a Globus magazine about DVD video and consumer technology, not in any way related to video games. It lacks some articles contained in the UK edition, such as the Virtua Fighter 5 story which was omitted from the corresponding Spanish edition.

At the end of May 2009, a post in the official Edge Spanish forums made by the main administrator, stated that Globus was about to close its video game division, which meant the closure of the Spanish edition of Edge and NGamer.

In October 2017, a new official Edge Spanish edition is released. A new number comes every two months.

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Paloalto (band)

Paloalto is a rock band formed in Los Angeles, California. The band is not named after the city Palo Alto, but rather the lead singer and frontman James Grundler's preschool. Their debut album was released on Rick Rubin's American Recordings label and was produced by Rubin. Their second album, Heroes and Villains, reached #14 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart in 2003, on the strength of the song "Breathe In", which had been featured on The O.C. The song "Try" was the theme song on the 2003 Warner Brothers show "Tarzan".

After the band dissolved, Grundler formed a new band called Golden State. As of 2021, Grundler is still actively releasing new material under Golden State.

Paloalto has occasionally played a few reunion shows in the 2010s. On August 15, 2014, the band performed a reunion show at The Viper Room in West Hollywood, California. To commemorate the event, Grundler released the single “Don’t Give Up Before You Start”, the first release under the Paloalto name in over ten years. In 2018, the band performed live again supporting Walking Papers.

Members

 * James Grundler – vocals, guitar (previously lead singer of The Din Pedals)
 * Marc Boggio – guitar
 * Tommy Black – bass
 * Steve Clark – drums

Previous members

 * Jason Johnson – guitar
 * Alex Parnell – bass
 * Andy Blunda – lead guitars, keyboards
 * Florian Reinert – drums
 * Jason Goodhue – bass

Albums

 * Paloalto (CD) – American Recordings – 2000
 * Heroes and Villains (CD) – American Recordings – 2003

Singles

 * "Sonny" (CD) – American Recordings – 2000
 * "Fade Out/In" (CD) – American Recordings – 2002
 * "Breathe In" (CD) – American Recordings – 2003
 * "Don’t Give Up Before You Start" (Digital) – State Champ Records – August 11, 2014
 * "Misery" (Digital) – State Champ Records – December 8, 2014

In popular culture

 * Paloalto's single "Breathe In" was used in the movie Hellboy.
 * "Breathe In" was also used in the TV show Life As We Know It - Episode 3 - "The Best Laid Plans".
 * The songs "Last Way Out of Here" and "The World Outside" was used in the movie The Perfect Score.
 * The song "Fade Out/In" was used in the soundtrack for movie Daredevil but wasn't included in the film.
 * The song "Going Going Gone" was used in the movie Shallow Hal.
 * The song "Throwing Stones" was used in the TV show John Doe - Episode 19 - "Shock to the System".

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Chinese alligator

The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis; ), also known as the Yangtze alligator, China alligator, or historically the muddy dragon, is a crocodilian endemic to China. It and the American alligator (A. mississippiensis) are the only living species in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae. Dark gray or black in color with a fully armored body, the Chinese alligator grows to 5 – in length and weighs 80 – as an adult. It brumates in burrows in winter and is nocturnal in summer. Mating occurs in early summer, with females most commonly producing 20–30 eggs, which are smaller than those of any other crocodilian. The species is an opportunistic feeder, primarily eating fish and invertebrates. A vocal species, adults bellow during the mating season and young vocalize to communicate with their parents and other juveniles. Captive specimens have reached age 70, and wild specimens can live past 50.

Living in bodies of fresh water, the Chinese alligator's range is restricted to six regions in the province of Anhui, as well as possibly the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Originally living as far away from its current range as Japan, the species previously had a wide range and population, but beginning in 6000 BC, multiple threats, such as habitat destruction, caused the species' population and range to decline. The population in the wild was about 1,000 in the 1970s, decreased to below 130 in 2001, and grew after 2003, with its population being about 300 as of 2017. Listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, multiple conservation actions have been taking place for this species.

The Chinese alligator has been a part of Chinese literature since the third century. In the late 13th century, Marco Polo became the first person outside of China to write about it. In some writings, the Chinese alligator has been associated with the Chinese dragon. Many pieces of evidence suggest that the Chinese alligator was an inspiration for the Chinese dragon.

History and taxonomy
The oldest definitive record of the Chinese alligator is from the late Pliocene of Japan, around 3 million years old. Pleistocene fossils show that its range was once much more extensive, extending northwards to Shandong and southwards to the Taiwan Strait.

Chinese alligators were mentioned in Chinese literature very early; for example, in the Classic of Poetry, whose poems were composed between the 11th and 7th centuries BCE. Marco Polo was the first person outside of China to write about the alligator, when he came to China and saw it in the late 1200s. He said that the alligator lived in "caverns" in the day and hunted at night, and that humans targeted its meat and skin, with its gall bladder having multiple medical purposes. He stated that it was found in lakes, rivers, and springs in the province "Karazan". In 1656, Martino Martini, a priest, wrote that the Chinese alligator lived in the river Yangtze and was "much feared by the local residents". Unlike Polo, Martini wrote his description using information from Chinese literature. Chinese alligators were later thought to give Buddhist priests merit if the priests were to buy alligators held in captivity and release them. In 1869, Robert Swinhoe saw a Chinese alligator in an exhibit in Shanghai and wrote the following year:

"In February, 1869, some Chinese were exhibiting in the native city of Shanghai what they called a dragon, which they declared had been dug out of a hole in the province of Shense. It was a young crocodile about four feet long, which they kept in tepid water. They made so much money by showing it that they refused to sell it. I can not, of course, guess its species; but I nevertheless think the fact worth recording, as evidence that a species of this group does occur in China."

Classification
The Chinese alligator was scientifically described by French naturalist Albert-Auguste Fauvel in 1879 as Alligator sinensis; though Fauvel only noticed mentions of them in Chinese literature since about 222–227 CE. The genus Alligator had previously contained only the American alligator since its creation in 1807. Fauvel wrote a detailed description of the species in a book titled Alligators in China: Their History, Description & Identification, including information about its historical account. In 1947, it was suggested to group the Chinese alligator in a separate genus from its American relative, due to the Chinese alligator's bony plate on its upper eyelid. This bony plate is present in caimans, but is rarely present in the American alligator. At the time, the plate was thought to not appear in the American alligator at all. This produced the belief that the Chinese alligator's relationship with other crocodilians was between caimans and American alligators. Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala described the genus Caigator the same year, which only contained the Chinese alligator, making its scientific name Caigator sinensis. However, paleontology has shown that the Chinese alligator has evolved from other now-extinct members of the genus Alligator. This and the fact that the American alligator does infrequently have a bony plate on its eyelid have caused Caigator sinensis to now be classified as a synonym of Alligator sinensis. There is still not a consensus among biologists that the American and Chinese alligators belong to the same genus, despite multiple studies comparing the biochemistry, histology, and various other aspects of the two crocodilians.

The evolutionary relationships of alligators can be shown in the cladogram below:

Etymology
The genus, Alligator, is based on the Spanish word el lagarto. The specific name, sinensis, is from the Latin plural possessive sinaensis, meaning "belonging to China".

Description
One of the smallest species of crocodilians, the Chinese alligator attains a length of 5 – and weight of 80 – as an adult. Females are roughly three-quarters the length of males. It is less than half the size of the American alligator, which typically grows to a length of 11.2 ft for males and 8.2 ft for females. Reports are known of alligators in China reaching 3 m in past centuries, but these are no longer thought to be accurate. The largest reported female measured 2.07 m and weighed 50 kg, while the largest reported male measured 2.46 m and weighed 84 kg.

The Chinese alligator is almost completely black or dark gray in color as an adult. It has a short and broad snout, which points slightly upwards and narrows at the end. Its head is robust, more so than that of the American alligator, with a bony septum dividing its nostrils. It has 72–76 teeth, of which 13–14 are maxillary, five premaxillary, and 18–19 mandibular. Four specimens measuring 1.4 to(-) in length and weighing 12 - 15 kg had a bite force of 894 - 1357 N. Unlike the American alligator, the Chinese alligator is fully armored, including its belly. It contains up to 17 rows of scales across its body, which are soft on its belly and side and rougher on its back. Its upper eyelids have bony plates on them, a feature usually not present in the American alligator. Its tail is wider than that of the American alligator. It does not have webbed feet, in contrast to the American alligator, which has extensive webbing on its toes.

Ecology
The Chinese alligator brumates in burrows during winter. After this period of dormancy, it frequently spends time in the sun before summer begins. It is nocturnal throughout summer, feeding at night and sheltering in the daytime, to avoid both humans and the summer heat. This behavior gives it the ability to live in areas where humans are common. A docile species, it generally does not intentionally hurt humans.

Burrowing
This alligator brumates from late October to mid-April, emerging in early May. It constructs its burrows next to ponds and other small bodies of water, using its head and front legs to dig into the ground. They can be large and complex, containing multiple rooms, water pools, and entrances. Most of them are 10 – long, with each room having enough space for alligators to turn around after entering. Outside of winter, the burrows serve as retreat sites for the alligators and in summer are where they take shelter in the daytime. The temperature inside them is never colder than 10 C. The burrows can be problematic for farmers, as they cause destruction of farm dykes.

Life cycle
The breeding season of the Chinese alligator is early summer, with the rate of mating being highest in mid-June. The alligator breeds earlier in the year if temperatures are higher. During the time of mating, males commonly search around ponds to find a mate and both male and female specimens are often aggressive to each other. The species exhibits polygamy, with single males mating with multiple females and/or a single female mating with several males. A study of 50 clutches showed multiple paternity in 60% of them, with up to three males contributing. Nests are typically built about 2–3 weeks after mating, from July to late August. Constructed by the females, they are composed of rotting plants, such as leaves, and are 40 – high. Females prefer to assemble them in areas that have a thick canopy and are far from human disturbance. Because islands frequently satisfy both of these conditions, they are often used as nesting sites. Nests are always near water sources. Individuals often return to the same nesting site yearly, although intraspecific competition and environmental changes can force them to change nesting sites.

Generally laid at night, mating typically produces 20–30 eggs, although according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), clutch size ranges between 10 and 40 eggs. After the eggs are laid, the females sometimes leave the nest, but other times stay to protect the eggs. The eggs are about 6 cm in length, 3.5 cm in diameter, and 45 g in weight, making them smaller than the eggs of any other crocodilian. They are typically incubated for about 70 days. On average, the temperature of incubation is 25 –, including the day and night. This temperature controls whether a young alligator will be male or female (temperature-dependent sex determination), a feature present in many other reptiles. A higher incubation temperature also increases the hatching rate. Young hatch in September, assisted by their mothers.

Newborn alligators, like their eggs, are the smallest of any crocodilian, with a length of 20-22 cm and weight of 25-30 g. Unlike adults, they have light speckles on their bodies and heads. Mothers help them leave the nest and bring them to the water after hatching. They grow very little in their first year, due to being able to feed for only about 2 months after hatching before the winter. A 2002 study showed that the Chinese alligator is two-thirds the length of the American alligator and one-half its weight at birth, but is one-half its length and one-tenth its weight after one year. Young depend on their mothers to protect them during their first winter, as their small size makes them an easy prey target.

The alligator grows quickly in its first few years, with its growth rate slowing at age five. According to the National Zoological Park, females reach maturity roughly four to five years after birth, although other sources estimate that they mature at age six to seven. It can live to over 50 years, and has been known to reach age 70 in captivity. It cannot breed past its 50s.

Feeding
The Chinese alligator is an opportunistic feeder, meaning that it can prey on a variety of different animals depending on what is available. It is a carnivore, mostly eating fish and invertebrates, such as crustaceans, insects, mussels, clams, and snails. When possible, it eats rodents, other small mammals, and aquatic birds as well. It has dull teeth, which allow it to eat prey with shells more easily. There is some speculation that they may prey on turtles as well. A study of the alligator in 1985 showed that snails were the most common animal in its diet at 63%, with 65% of that being river snails and 35% spiral-shelled snails. According to the survey, its diet also contained 16% rabbits, 8.3% mollusks, and 4.1% shrimp, with the remaining 6.8% being frogs, fish, and insects.

Vocalization
The Chinese alligator is a vocal species, making many different sounds in multiple situations. When communicating with nearby alligators, it produces sounds such as head slapping, hissing, and whining, which have a low sound pressure level (SPL). To communicate long-distance, it produces bellows, which have a high SPL. All of these sounds have a low frequency of less than 500 hertz, due to the alligator's densely vegetated habitat, which allow the sounds to spread across a greater area.

Both sexes participate in bellowing choruses during the mating season as adults. Lasting an average of 10 minutes, the alligators remain still for the entirety of the chorus, with both sexes responding equally in rough unison. The main purpose of these bellows is to call out to alligator specimens to collect at a specific pond, where individuals choose mates and engage in copulation. Alligators may also bellow to publicize their size, a behavior which occurs in multiple other vertebrates. The size of a specimen is a significant factor for mating; females only mate with males larger than themselves. Bellowing is most common at 6:00–7:00 am and 11:00–12:00 am CST. Although these bellows occur most frequently during the mating season, adults also bellow throughout the rest of the year.

Young Chinese alligators often communicate with each other and their parents using vocal signals to "maintain group cohesion". Young also make sounds when in danger, which alert adults to help and caution nearby young of the threat. Embryos produce distinctive sounds inside their eggs, which alert the adult female that the nest is ready to be opened. These vocalizations are high-pitched, while their danger calls are louder.

Distribution and population
The range of the Chinese alligator is extremely restricted; as of 2015, the only places it is confirmed to live in the wild are Xuancheng, Nanling County, Jing County, Wuhu, Langxi County, and Guangde County – six counties and cities in the province of Anhui, occupying a total area of about 5 km2. It has been reported to rarely occur in the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, but it is unknown whether it still lives there. It is the only species in the family Alligatoridae that lives on a continent other than North or South America.

Habitat
The habitat of the Chinese alligator is bodies of fresh water, particularly wetlands and ponds, in areas transitioning between subtropical and temperate climates. It lives at the base of mountains, in areas where grass and shrubs are common. Habitat loss has also forced it to live at higher elevations than it prefers, where the weather is colder and the soil is unfit for burrow digging. Crocodilian conservationist John Thorbjarnarson observed a female who had to build her nest of pine needles rather than the usual plants; the eggs died due to the pine needles not being able to warm them properly.

Population and range trend
The oldest record of the Chinese alligator is a skeleton fragment found in western Japan. The fossil is estimated to be from the late Pliocene period, 3 million years ago (Mya). The skeleton showed that the species was larger at the time than it is currently, with a total length of at least 2 m. Alligators are believed to have moved into various parts of Japan either before 25 Mya or after 10 Mya and were extirpated from there during the Plio-Pleistocene period, due to Japan's increased isolation from the continent and harsh climate conditions.

The population of the Chinese alligator began to decline in 5000 BC, when human civilization started to grow in China, after having been very abundant in the lower Yangtze area. This area was one of the first places in the world to farm rice, causing much of the alligator's habitat to be destroyed in favor of rice farms. In the 1700s, much of the Chinese alligator's habitat was replaced with farming fields after a large number of people had moved into the area. By the 20th century, its range was reduced to a few small areas around the Yangtze. In the 1950s, the alligator was in three distinct areas: the southern area of the Yangtze (Chang Jiang) from Pengze to the western shore of Lake Tai (Tai Hu), the mountainous regions of southern Anhui, and the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang, primarily in lakes, streams, and marshes. By the 1970s, it was restricted to small parts of southern Anhui and Zhejiang, at which time the population was about 1,000.

In 1998, the population of the Chinese alligator was the lowest it had ever been; the largest area it lived in was a small pond along the Yangtze surrounded by farmland, which held 11 alligators. In 1999, the Wildlife Conservation Society estimated that 130–150 individuals were left in the wild. According to The New York Times, the population was less than 130 in 2001; at this time, alligators sometimes wandered around to look for a suitable habitat, but were unsuccessful due to their habitat having been turned into rice fields. In 2003, the population began to gradually increase after having been roughly stable between 1998 and 2003. A survey of the population by the Anhui National Nature Reserve for Chinese Alligator (ANNRCA) in 2005 deduced that between 92 and 114 adults and 66 young remained in the wild. The survey reasoned that the species' population was growing in four sites, but stable in the rest of the alligator's range. A 2012 journal article estimated the population at the time to be 120–150. A 2015 survey observed 64 individuals, of which 32 were adults, estimating that the total number of adults was 68–86 and the total population 136–173. Wang Renping, the head of the ANNRCA, stated in 2017 that about 300 specimens existed in the wild, some of which had been born captive and reintroduced to the wild. As of 2018 the population is not considered to be further declining. Due to the low wild population of the Chinese alligator, high inbreeding is a major concern threatening their chances for long-term survival.

Reasons for population decline
Considered to be one of the most endangered crocodilians in the world, the Chinese alligator's biggest threats in the late 20th century were human killing and habitat loss. A majority of the species' wetland habitats were destroyed to construct rice paddies and dams. During the 1970s and 1980s, humans sometimes killed the alligators, because they believed they were pests, out of fear, or for their meat. Their meat was thought to have the ability to cure colds and prevent cancer and their organs were sold for medicinal purposes. In several restaurants and food centers in China's more prosperous areas, young alligators were allowed to roam free with their mouths taped shut, and were subsequently killed for human consumption, served as a dish of rice, vegetables, and chopped up alligator flesh. In the late 20th century, people living in the range of the Chinese alligator ate its meat due to believing that it was dragon meat.

The Yangtze was flooded in the winter of 1957, which is believed to have caused many Chinese alligators to drown. Rats, which this species eat, have been poisoned by farmers, so were also a cause for the diminishing of the species. The organochlorine compound sodium pentachlorophenate was used to kill snails in agricultural fields starting in 1958, which incidentally poisoned the alligators as well. Other factors that led to the endangerment of the alligator include natural disasters and geographic separation.

Status and conservation
In its native country, the Chinese alligator has been listed as a Class I endangered species since 1972, which gives it the highest possible degree of legal protection and makes killing or capturing the species in the wild forbidden. It is listed as a CITES Appendix I species and an endangered species by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Following six assessments as endangered from 1982 to 1994, it is classified as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List as of 2017. In 1982, the Anhui National Nature Reserve for Chinese Alligator (ANNRCA) was created, a reserve spanning across the entire range of the Chinese alligator, now covering an area of 18,565 ha.

In captivity
As of 2016, at least 20,000 Chinese alligators are living in captivity due to captive-breeding programs, the first initiated in the 1970s. Captive-born Chinese alligators have been reintroduced into their native range, boosting the wild population. Six specimens were released from captivity in 2007, followed by six more in June 2015. As of June 2016, the largest group of Chinese alligators to have been released in the wild was when 18 specimens were reintroduced to Langxi County, part of the species' native habitat, on May 22, 2016. These releases have proven successful, with individuals adapting well to a life in the wild and breeding. A year after the 2007 release, 16 young alligators were found living in the wild. 60 alligator eggs were observed in 2016, distributed in three nests at a wetland park. Although a typhoon in September the same year flooded and eliminated two of the nests, three hatchlings were found in the same area several days after.

China
The two largest breeding centers for the Chinese alligator are in, or near, the areas where Chinese alligators are still found in the wild. The Anhui Research Center for Chinese Alligator Reproduction (ARCCAR) is the largest of them, housing roughly 15,000 Chinese alligators as of 2016. The center is 5 km from the city of Xuancheng, where it makes use of a series of ponds in a small valley. Founded in 1979, the ARCCAR was stocked with 212 alligators collected from the wild over the first decade after its establishment, and received alligator eggs collected by the area's residents and the ARCCAR's own staff from the nests of wild alligators as well. In 1988, the first eggs by human-bred alligators were laid. The reserve decided to reintroduce some of its alligators in the wild in 2001, which was carried out in 2003 when three alligators were released. The alligator breeding was so successful that the ARCCAR began to use the alligators for local meat consumption and live animals for the European pet market, with the profits from these activities continuing to fund the breeding centers.

The other major breeding center for the species is the Changxing Chinese Alligator Nature Reserve (CCANR) or Changxing Nature Reserve and Breeding Center for Chinese Alligators (CNRBRCCA), in Changxing County, Zhejiang, about 92 km east of the ARCCAR. Originally known as the Yinjiabian Alligator Conservation Area (尹家边扬子鳄保护区), the breeding center was established in 1982. Unlike the ARCCAR, where alligator eggs are collected by the center's staff for incubation in controlled condition, the CCANR allows eggs to hatch naturally. According to a 2013 official report, the CCANR housed almost 4,000 alligators, including 2,089 young (1–3 years old), 1,598 juveniles (4–12 years old), and 248 adults (13+ years old). By 2016, 5,500 specimens were housed at the center.

In 2003, the ARCCAR received a donation of $1.2 million from the State Forestry and Grassland Administration of China (SFGA) and $740,000 from the government of Anhui. This allowed the organization to create two new breeding areas to hold the alligators, 1.6 ha each, as well as heighten the existing fence. The same year, the CCANR received a donation of $600,000 from the SFGA and $800,000 from the government of Changxing, enabling it to reinstate wetlands for the alligators and enhance its facilities. Both the ARCCAR and the CCANR position themselves as tourist attractions, where paying visitors can view alligators and learn about them.

Multiple other breeding facilities that house the Chinese alligator exist in various provinces of China, as well as private breeding farms and museums.

Foreign countries
The Chinese alligator is also kept and bred at many zoos and aquariums in North America and Europe. Some individuals bred there have been returned to China for reintroduction to the wild. The first time the alligators were ever transported internationally is believed to have been when several were taken from China to the United States in the 1950s. In November 2017, four Chinese alligators were transported from their natural habitat in China to Shizuoka, Japan.

Among the North American zoos and aquariums keeping this species are the Bronx Zoo, Cincinnati Zoo, Great Plains Zoo, Sedgwick County Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, San Diego Zoo, Santa Barbara Zoo, Smithsonian National Zoological Park, and St. Louis Zoo. In Europe, about 25 zoos and aquariums keep the species, such as the Barcelona Zoo (Spain), Parque de las Ciencias (Granada) (Spain), Bioparco di Roma (Italy), Crocodile Zoo (Denmark), Moscow Zoo (Russia), Pairi Daiza (Belgium), Paradise Wildlife Park (England), Parken Zoo (Sweden), Prague Zoo (Czech Republic), Tallinn Zoo (Estonia) and Tierpark Berlin (Germany).

Chinese dragon association
Some writers have suggested that the Chinese alligator was the inspiration for the Chinese dragon. This theory was widespread in the early 1900s, and the idea was later revisited by John Thorbjarnarson and Xiaoming Wang. According to The New York Times, the association with the "beneficent" mythological creature is an advantage for the species.

Unlike dragons in myths of the Western Hemisphere, the Chinese dragon is portrayed as a symbol of "royal power and good fortune", frequently helping and saving people. It is able to swim in water or air. The relatively harmless nature of the Chinese alligator is believed to have been an influence for the helpful nature of the dragon. The fact that the alligator ends its brumation when the rainy season begins and returns to its burrows when the rainwater in rivers recedes, as well as the fact that it lives in bodies of water, may be the reason for the dragon's portrayal as a water-related mythological creature. Alligator drums may have been used to simulate the species' vocalizations during the mating season, which humans associated with the dragon's "power of summoning rainclouds".

Book sources

title: Chinese alligator


text:
Talk:Baja California Sur

Untitled
I'm working on translating the Spanish article (Baja California Sur) and I'm confused by a few things:

"Reproduction of the gray whale"? What? (Breeding grounds, no? A.K.A.47 20:53, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC))
 * "Al norte se ubican las lagunas costeras de San Ignacio y Ojo de Liebre, las cuales son sitios de reproducción de la ballena gris y se encuentran protegidas por el gobierno federal." (italics mine)

 * Yes. Breeding grounds it is. Literally "Place of reproduction of the gray whale". Bogdan | Talk 07:37, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I just left this part out. If you know how to translate that phrase, please do.
 * "una reserva mundial de la biósfera"

 * it's Biosphere Reserve. Bogdan | Talk 07:37, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Anyway, I've only done the first two paragraphs so far, so please continue translating this article.

-MatrixFrog 22:03, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'm willing to give my help (reasonable Spanish + connection to area). A.K.A.47 20:53, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

History
I've added the history section after translating it from a Mexican government website (so it is public domain). Somebody may want to add this text to the Spanish version. Some pre-columbian history would be welcome as well. Rune Welsh 20:47, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Leaving aside the question of whether Mexican govt. sites are public domain are not (they generally aren't, not in the way US govt sites are), could you share the URL where you got the history from? More than anything, I'm concerned about the dates they give for statehood (it's contradicted by what's on Baja California, for instance). –Hajor 21:20, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, with the date for statehood. I was still thinking about both states when I made the translation. I changed it accordingly.
 * The link where I found the information can be found here. Also, having a bit more time I found this Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México which seems fairly complete and has a great deal of info, which also seems more authoritative since it was actually published in print at some point. Other wikipedia articles would probably benefit from this source too. Rune Welsh 02:23, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Translation of the article from the Spanish wiki is mostly done after I translated the last bit of history today. -Rune Welsh 18:20, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC) For some reason Todos santos has been left out and its a community far bigger than pescadero —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.176.133.254 (talk) 17:15, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

Giant Coreopsis?
In the photo labeled 'Giant Coreopsis' I see Barrel Cactus, Saguaro, and Creosote Bush. I don't see Coreopsis. I nominate for correction/removal.LorenzoB (talk) 17:00, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Wildlife
Upper elevations with more vegetation can have wild rams

Surely it would be wild sheep, not wild rams. Or do only the males take to the hills? Skinsmoke (talk) 11:47, 7 September 2014 (UTC)

AREA
I noted a discrepancy between lede and table (73,745 v. 73,909 km²) in surface area. An internet search yielded a range of possible values, from 71,576 (on geography.com; a site which one should have confidence in) to "over 45,000 square miles" (trails.com, which is so far off the track that they must have grabbed a value for the whole peninsula or something). The official website www.gob.mx lists 73,909 km², which agrees with the value in the wikipedia page's table. I am taking the liberty of changing the lede value to this number; if you have strong reason to dispute my change, please discuss it here first. TIA --Spray787 (talk) 21:18, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110616064539/http://www.aida-americas.org/en/cabo_pulmo to http://www.aida-americas.org/en/cabo_pulmo
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Infobox flag RFC
Should this article have a flag inside the infobox? There is a discussion about it at WikiProject Mexico, where you can join and discuss it. (CC) Tb hotch ™ 20:26, 17 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baja California Sur


text:
Whanganui Collegiate School

Whanganui Collegiate School (formerly Wanganui Collegiate School; see here) is a state-integrated, coeducational, day and boarding, secondary school in Whanganui, Manawatū-Whanganui region, New Zealand. The school is affiliated to the Anglican church.

About
Whanganui Collegiate School was founded as Wanganui Collegiate School in 1854 thanks to a land grant in 1852 by the Governor of New Zealand, Sir George Grey, to the Bishop of New Zealand, George Augustus Selwyn, for the purpose of establishing a school.

Sir George Grey, during his times as governor in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand is also affiliated with the establishment of other educational institutions such as Auckland Grammar School in Auckland, New Zealand, Grey College in Bloemfontein, South Africa, and Grey High School in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

The school moved to its current site in 1911. It was originally a boys-only school but in 1991 began admitting girls at senior levels and went fully co-educational in 1999. The school celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2004.

St George’s School moved to the Collegiate campus in 2010. The combined schools provide primary education for day students on the St George’s campus, and secondary education for day and boarding students on the Collegiate campus.

Collegiate is an International Member of The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) which represents heads of the leading independent schools in Ireland, the United Kingdom and international schools mainly from the Commonwealth. Whanganui Collegiate is one of only three member schools in New Zealand.

Since 2019, Collegiate has been one of three Round Square schools in New Zealand along with King's College and Christ's College.

Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh, spent two terms in 1982 at the school as a junior master during his gap year.

In November 2012, it was announced that the school would integrate into the state system effective January 2013, after requiring a $3.8 million bailout from the government to stay afloat.

In January 2019, the Whanganui Collegiate School Board of Trustees and Whanganui College Board of Trustees unanimously voted to add an 'h' to the spelling of 'Wanganui', following other local organisations and secondary schools after the Whanganui District was similarly renamed in November 2015.

In mid-2023, it was announced that Whanganui Collegiate School would replace NCEA Level 1 with Cambridge IGCSE from 2024.

School life
As a boarding school, the house system plays a significant role in student life. Each house (of which there are 6 in total; four for boys and two for girls) accommodates approximately 80 students, and each has its own Housemaster, Assistant Housemaster and Matron. The school houses are named Harvey which is named after Reverend B. W. (Bache Wright) Harvey, Hadfield which is named after Octavius Hadfield, Grey which is named after George Grey, Selwyn which is named after George Selwyn, Godwin and Bishops.

The school grounds also host numerous sporting facilities, including the Izard Gymnasium, High Performance Cricket Centre, a water surface hockey turf, a full-sized Cross Country Course and many team sports fields. The nearby Whanganui River is used by students for rowing training and competitions; rowing being one of the sports in which Collegiate has traditionally excelled, having won the Maadi Cup 17 times, a national record. The Collegiate women's squad had a particularly strong year in 2006 when it won the most prestigious women's race in the lower north Island, the Levin Jubilee Trophy, for the first time. Unfortunately, such success could not be replicated on the national stage, with the u18 girls eight only managing bronze in the penultimate race of the 2007 Maadi Cup. The school also hosts the nationally popular Whanganui Cricket Festival each year which sees over 1000 cricketers display their skills throughout the month of January.

Since 1925, the school's 'First XV' rugby team has played Christ's College, Wellington College and Nelson College in an annual quadrangular rugby tournament, this Tournament is played at a different school every year playing at Collegiate once every four years. In recent times, this tournament has been dominated by Wellington College. Whanganui Collegiate last won in 1991.

Since 1994, The New Zealand Opera School has been hosted at Collegiate by Donald Trott.

Notable alumni

 * Brigadier Leslie Andrew, WW1 Victoria Cross & DSO recipient
 * Chris Amon, Formula One racing driver, 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans champion
 * Harriet Austin, rower
 * Earl Bamber, professional racing driver, 2015 24 Hours of Le Mans and 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans champion
 * Andrew Bayly, National Party MP
 * Cameron Brewer, Auckland Councillor
 * Tom Bruce, New Zealand international cricketer
 * Robin Cooke, Baron Cooke of Thorndon, Law Lord
 * Mark Cooper, President of New Zealand Court of Appeal
 * Professor Michael Corballis, professor of psychology
 * Wyatt Creech, Deputy Prime Minister
 * Simon Dickie, Olympic gold medalist in rowing
 * Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh
 * Sir Harold Gillies, father of plastic surgery
 * Leon Götz, National Party MP
 * Sir Richard Harrison, National Party MP and Speaker of the House
 * Volker Heine, physicist
 * Joline Henry, Silver Fern netballer
 * Nichkhun Horvejkul, Thai-American singer and actor based in South Korea, member of South Korean boy band 2PM
 * Jimmy Hunter, member of The Original All Blacks
 * Sir Roy Jack, National Party MP, Speaker of the House and Cabinet Minister
 * Shehan Karunatilaka, Booker Prize winner
 * David Kirk, All Black World Cup winning captain and former Chief Executive of Fairfax Media
 * Patrick Marshall, geologist
 * Hamish McDouall, Mayor of Whanganui
 * Sir John McGrath, Solicitor-General and Supreme Court Justice
 * Ian McKelvie, National Party MP
 * Air Vice Marshal Cuthbert MacLean, RAF Officer
 * Lloyd Morrison, businessman
 * John Pattison (RNZAF officer), a Battle of Britain fighter pilot
 * Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt, former Governor-General of New Zealand, Olympic medallist
 * Sir Hugh Rennie KC, lawyer and businessman
 * Earle Riddiford, lawyer and mountaineer
 * John Scott, former Director-General of the Fiji Red Cross
 * Rebecca Scown, Olympic gold medalist in rowing
 * Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna, Fijian statesman
 * Sir Brian Talboys, Deputy Prime Minister 1975–1981
 * John Tanner, murderer
 * Sir Ron Trotter, businessman
 * Jeremy Wells, television and radio personality
 * Professor David Williams, Treaty of Waitangi and legal scholar

Headmasters

 * Charles Henry Sinderby Nicholls (1854–1865)
 * Henry H Godwin (1865–1877)
 * George Richard Saunders (1878–1882)
 * Bache Wright Harvey (1882–1887)
 * Walter Empson (1888–1909)
 * Julian Llewellyn Dove (1909–1914)
 * Hugh Latter (1914–1916)
 * Patrick Marshall (1917–1922)
 * Robert Guy Wilson (1922)
 * Charles Frederick Pierce (1922–1931)
 * John Allen (1932–1935)
 * Frank Gilligan (1936–1954)
 * Rab Bruce Lockhart (1954–1960)
 * Thomas Wells (1960–1980)
 * Ian McKinnon (1980–1988)
 * Trevor Stanton McKinlay (1988–1995)
 * Johnathan Rae Hensman (1995–2003)
 * Craig Considine (2003–2008)
 * Tim Wilbur (2008–2013)
 * Chris Moller (2013–2017)
 * Ross Brown (2017–2017) (acting)
 * Wayne Brown (2018–present)

title: Whanganui Collegiate School


text:
Karlskirche

The Rektoratskirche St. Karl Borromäus, commonly called the, is a Baroque church located on the south side of Karlsplatz in Vienna, Austria. Widely considered the most outstanding baroque church in Vienna, as well as one of the city's greatest buildings, the church is dedicated to Saint Charles Borromeo, one of the great counter-reformers of the sixteenth century.

Located just outside of Innere Stadt in Wieden, approximately 200 metres outside the Ringstraße, the church contains a dome in the form of an elongated ellipsoid.

History
In 1713, one year after the last great plague epidemic, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, pledged to build a church for his namesake patron saint, Charles Borromeo, who was revered as a healer for plague sufferers. An architectural competition was announced, in which Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach prevailed over, among others, Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena and Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt. Construction began in 1716 under the supervision of Anton Erhard Martinelli. After J.B. Fischer's death in 1723, his son, Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach, completed the construction in 1737 using partially altered plans. The church originally possessed a direct line of sight to the Hofburg and was also, until 1918, the imperial patron parish church.

As a creator of historic architecture, the elder Fischer von Erlach united the most diverse of elements. The façade in the centre, which leads to the porch, corresponds to a Greek temple portico. The neighboring two columns, crafted by Lorenzo Mattielli, found a model in Trajan's Column in Rome. Next to those, two tower pavilions extend out and show the influence of the Roman baroque (Bernini and Borromini). Above the entrance, a dome rises up above a high drum, which the younger J.E. Fischer shortened and partly altered.

Next to the Church was the Spitaler Gottesacker. The composer Antonio Vivaldi died in Vienna and was buried there on July 28, 1741, but his tomb has been lost over time. The church hosts regular Vivaldi concerts in his honour.

Hedwig Kiesler (age 19), later American movie actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr, married Friedrich Mandl (age 32), businessman and Austrofascist, in the tiny chapel of this elaborate church on 10 August 1933. With over 200 prominent guests attending, Kiesler wore "a black-and-white print dress" and carried "a bouquet of white orchids."

Since Karlsplatz was restored as an ensemble in the late 1980s, the church has garnered fame because of its dome and its two flanking columns of bas-reliefs, as well as its role as an architectural counterweight to the buildings of the Musikverein and of the Vienna University of Technology. The church is cared for by a religious order, the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star, and has long been the parish church as well as the seat of the Catholic student ministry of the Vienna University of Technology.

Iconography
The iconographical program of the church originated from the imperial official Carl Gustav Heraeus and connects Saint Charles Borromeo with his imperial benefactor. The relief on the pediment above the entrance with the cardinal virtues and the figure of the patron on its apex point to the motivation of the donation. This sculpture group continues onto the attic story as well. The attic is also one of the elements which the younger Fischer introduced. The columns display scenes from the life of Charles Borromeo in a spiral relief and are intended to recall the two columns, Boaz and Jachim, that stood in front of the Temple at Jerusalem. They also recall the Pillars of Hercules and act as symbols of imperial power. The entrance is flanked by angels from the Old and New Testaments.

This program continues in the interior as well, above all in the dome fresco by Johann Michael Rottmayr of Salzburg and Gaetano Fanti, which displays an intercession of Charles Borromeo, supported by the Virgin Mary. Surrounding this scene are the cardinal virtues. The frescos in a number of side chapels are attributed to Daniel Gran.

The high altarpiece portraying the ascension of the saint was conceptualized by the elder Fischer and executed by Ferdinand Maxmilian Brokoff. The altar paintings in the side chapels are by various artists, including Daniel Gran, Sebastiano Ricci, Martino Altomonte and Jakob van Schuppen. A wooden statue of St. Anthony by Josef Josephu is also on display.

As strong effect emanates from the directing of light and architectural grouping, in particular the arch openings of the main axis. The color scheme is characterized by marble with sparring and conscious use of gold leaf. The large round glass window high above the main altar with the Hebrew Tetragrammaton/Yahweh symbolizes God's omnipotence and simultaneously, through its warm yellow tone, God's love. Below is a representation of Apotheosis of Saint Charles Borromeo.

Next to the structures at Schönbrunn Palace, which maintain this form but are more fragmented, the church is Fischer's greatest work. It is also an expression of the Austrian joie de vivre stemming from the victorious end of the Turkish Wars.

Pulpit
The pulpit of the church was probably designed by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach, and his plans might have been executed by a French furniture maker, Claude Le Fort du Plessy in 1735 although there are no surviving documents attesting their authorship or the manufacturing of the church furniture. It is a wooden structure with rich floral, vegetal, rosette and rocaille ornaments, the finer carvings made of hard walnut, in a gold and brown colour scheme. The abat-voix forms a theatrical canopy with two putti holding a cross and a chalice with host; there is a flaming urn on the top. Around 1860 the abat-voix was enlarged. A wide rim was added distorting the original proportions, obscuring the elegant, swirling lines and creating a top-heavy effect. In 2006-2007 this rim was removed after a long debate and the pulpit was restored. The missing carvings of the canopy decorations were reconstructed and the original appearance of the structure was re-established.

title: Karlskirche


text:
Pan American Health Organization

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) in charge of international health cooperation in the Americas. It fosters technical cooperation among member countries to fight communicable and noncommunicable diseases, strengthen health systems, and respond to emergencies and disasters.

It has 35 Member States and four Associate Members in the region. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., PAHO is the regional office for the World Health Organization in the Americas, and the health organization of the Inter-American System. It is known in Latin America as the OPS (Organización Panamericana de la Salud) or OPAS  (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde).

Description
PAHO has scientific and technical expertise at its headquarters, in its 27 country offices, and its three Pan American centers, all working with the countries of the americas in dealing with priority health issues. The health authorities of PAHO's Member States set PAHO's technical and administrative policies through its governing bodies. The PAHO Member States include all 35 countries in the Americas; Puerto Rico is an associate member. France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are the participating states, and Portugal and Spain are the observer states.

The Organization's essential mission is to strengthen national and local health systems and improve the health of the peoples of the Americas, in collaboration with Ministries of Health, other government and international agencies, nongovernmental organizations, universities, social security agencies, community groups, and many others.

PAHO promotes universal health coverage and universal access to health and strengthening of health systems based on primary health care strategies. It assists countries in fighting infectious diseases such as malaria, cholera, dengue, HIV and tuberculosis as well as the region's growing epidemic of noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. PAHO engages in technical cooperation with ministries of health and facilitates coordination with other sectors to promote health in all policies. PAHO also promotes the use of research evidence to inform health care decisions and policymaking through the implementation of knowledge translation strategies such as the Evidence-Informed Policy Network (EVIPNet). Through the Elimination Initiative, it targets HIV/AIDS.

In its efforts to improve health, PAHO targets the most vulnerable groups including mothers and children, workers, the poor, the elderly, refugees, and displaced persons. It focuses on issues related to equity for those who lack access to health, and on a Pan-American approach, encouraging countries to work together on common issues and build lasting capacities.

Specific initiatives spearheaded by PAHO include the expanded program on immunization, which played a major role in the elimination of smallpox and polio from the Americas; the Tobacco-Free Americas initiative; the Regional Coalition for Water and Sanitation to Eliminate Cholera in Hispaniola; the Salt Smart Consortium; the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization; and a blood safety initiative that seeks to improve blood safety and efficiency by helping countries reach 100% blood supplies from unpaid voluntary donors.

A major priority for the Americas is cutting infant mortality, and PAHO is mobilizing new political, institutional, and financial resources to prevent an additional 25,000 infant deaths every year through the application of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness strategy, in which primary health care workers are taught a complete process to evaluate the health status of children brought to a health post or clinic. They learn to recognize signs of disease and evaluate and treat them. They learn to give parents information on how to prevent disease in the home. If they see danger signs indicating the infant could die, they are taught to treat the child immediately or take him or her to a hospital.

Improvement of drinking water supplies, adequate sanitation, and increased access to health care for the poor are still top priorities for PAHO, with a focus on equity. The Organization is intensifying its efforts to have countries know the true state of health of their populations and where the inequalities lie. Program efforts focus on correcting inequality, taking into account decentralization and change of state functions, on showing that health has a role to play in the success of other sectors, and on how attention to health affects positively other aspects of human development. Advocacy in this area is also directed to reducing gender inequity, which reflects in some health problems of women.

The Pan American approach is a part of PAHO history and the spirit of panamericanism continues to stimulate technical cooperation among countries in health. PAHO has helped countries work together toward common goals, and to initiate multi-country health ventures in Central America, the Caribbean, the Andean Region, and the Southern Cone. Experience has shown practical benefits such as the solidarity that helped Central America after hurricane Mitch, and there are numerous other examples. Health collaboration found expression at the highest political level when American heads of state in their Summit in Santiago accepted a health initiative called "Health Technology Linking the Americas".

The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean joined together over 20 years ago to buy vaccines through a revolving fund. These are among the Organization's most notable successes, starting with the eradication of smallpox from the Americas in 1973, a triumph followed five years later by global eradication of the dreaded disease.

A major effort committing the Americas to embark on polio eradication in 1985 succeeded in September 1994, when a distinguished International Commission declared the Americas officially polio-free. The last case of polio in the Americas was identified on August 23, 1991, in a young boy named Luis Fermín Tenorio Cortez, in Junín, Peru. Since then, despite intensive surveillance, no cases of polio have been detected anywhere in the Americas, and the World Health Organization is now working toward the goal of eradicating polio globally. PAHO assists the countries in mobilizing the necessary resources to provide immunization and treatment services for all vaccine-preventable diseases. PAHO is close to accomplishing the goal of eliminating measles from this hemisphere and is pressing on with the introduction of new vaccines that are currently available, such as Haemophilus influenzae B. to reduce meningitis and respiratory infections. PAHO works to reduce the toll of death and illness from diarrheal diseases, including cholera, through case management and oral rehydration therapy to prevent deaths from dehydration, and to provide adequate diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory infections, thus saving the lives of hundreds of thousands of children each year.

PAHO disseminates scientific and technical information through its publications program, its Internet site, and a network of academic libraries, documentation centers, and local health care libraries.

The Organization provides technical collaboration in a variety of specialized public health fields and organizes emergency preparedness and disaster relief coordination. It supports efforts to strengthen national health systems, develop national health research systems, control malaria, Chagas' disease, urban rabies, leprosy, and other diseases that affect the people of the Americas. PAHO collaborates with governments, other agencies, and private groups to address major nutritional problems including protein-energy malnutrition, and is now working to eliminate iodine and vitamin A deficiencies.

It engages in and facilitates health promotion to help countries deal with health problems typical of development and urbanization, especially non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, accidents, smoking, addiction to drugs and alcohol, and injuries among others. Beyond health promotion, PAHO also addresses health systems and quality of care issues in support of national efforts to respond to the NCD pandemic.

The Organization also executes projects for other United Nations agencies, for international organizations such as the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, for official development cooperation agencies of various governments, and for philanthropic foundations.

PAHO trains health workers at all levels, through fellowships, courses and seminars, and the strengthening of national training institutions. It leads to the use of advanced communications technologies for information, health promotion, and education, working with journalists in many countries.

The Organization recognizes the role of the private sector in the delivery of services and fosters dialogue and partnerships with the Ministries of Health. In addition to its core budget financed by quota contributions from its Member Governments, PAHO also seeks outside funding to help implement special programs and initiatives in response to vital health needs. Voluntary tax-deductible contributions for PAHO health and education projects in the Americas may be made to the PAHO Foundation.

Dr. Jarbas Barbosa of Brazil was elected as PAHO Director on September 28, 2022, and took office on January 31, 2023. PAHO's Deputy Director is Dr. Mary Lou Valdez, of the United States, and the Assistant Director is Marcos Espinal, from the Dominican Republic.

History
The organization was founded in December 1902. It was originally called the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau. It has been described as the world's first international public health organization.

In 1949, PAHO and WHO signed an agreement making PAHO the American Regional Office (AMRO) of WHO. Today the usual phrasing is "Regional Office for the Americas". The first hemisphere-wide effort to eradicate smallpox was made in 1950 by the PAHO. The campaign was successful in eliminating smallpox from all countries of the Americas except Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador.

Headquarters building

In March 1960, President Eisenhower signed into law a bill passed by the U.S. Congress authorizing the U.S. government to purchase and donate a lot for the PAHO headquarters in Washington, D.C. After a competitive bid, in October 1961, the PAHO declared Uruguayan architect Román Fresnedo Siri the winner of its competition. At the ceremony announcing him as a winner, the organization's Director Abraham Horwitz said "this beautiful building will become a monument to the ideal of better health for the peoples of the Americas." He described the winning design as one of "both grace and utility", and said, "it reflects the high ideals of the Pan-American spirit in an age when we must move ahead to build a better future for our peoples."

The building was designed in a modernist style. Constructed in 1965, the exterior features 29 round bronze seals of the founding nations of the Pan American Health Organization, designed by American sculptor Michael Lantz. In 1993 the seals were surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program and were described as needing conservation treatment.

Constructed of reinforced concrete over a steel frame with an exterior of glass and marble, the building is one of Washington's most recognized examples of midcentury modern architecture. The building is divided into two distinct volumes: a gracefully curved ten-story building that hosts the organization's main offices, and an adjoining four-story cylindrical annex that serves as the congress hall for formal assemblies of the PAHO member state delegates, as well as other meetings and events. It is surrounded by George Washington University to the north and east, the Columbia Plaza office/residential complex to the west, and the State Department to the south across the E street expressway underpass.

List of directors-general
Source: Official website

Public Health Heroes of the Americas
PAHO recognizes individuals as "Public Health Heroes" to honour noteworthy contributions to public health in the Americas. On the occasion of its 100th anniversary in 2002, PAHO named 12 individuals to the list. The award is considered PAHO's highest honour.

List of honourees, by year

 * 2018 - Dr. Tabaré Vázquez, Uruguay
 * 2018 - Dr. Merceline Dahl-Regis, Bahamas
 * 2015 - Dr. María Isabel Rodríguez, El Salvador
 * 2014 - Dr. Ciro de Quadros, Brazil
 * 2012 - Dr. David Tejada de Rivero, Peru
 * 2002 - Dr. José Jordán, Cuba
 * 2002 - Dr. Zilda Arns Neumann, Brazil
 * 2002 - Dr. Carlos Canseco González, Mexico
 * 2002 - Dr. Jacinto Convit, Venezuela
 * 2002 - Dr. Myrna Cunningham, Nicaragua
 * 2002 - Dr. José Roberto Ferreira, Brazil
 * 2002 - Hon. Marc Lalonde, Canada
 * 2002 - Dr. Donald A. Henderson, US
 * 2002 - Dr. Edgar Mohs, Costa Rica
 * 2002 - Dr. Elsa Moreno, Argentina
 * 2002 - Dr. Ruth Puffer, US
 * 2002 - Sir Kenneth Standard, Barbados

title: Pan American Health Organization


text:
SS Empire Rest

SS Empire Rest was a convoy rescue ship built for the Royal Navy during World War II, originally laid down as the Castle-class corvette Rayleigh Castle. Post-war she served as a transport ship until 1948, was sold in 1951, and scrapped in 1952.

Design and description
The Castle-class corvette was a stretched version of the preceding Flower class, enlarged to improve seakeeping and to accommodate modern weapons. The convoy rescue conversions had an overall length of 252 ft, a beam of 36 ft and a draught of 13 ft. They had a tonnage of. The ships were powered by a pair of triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines developed a total of 2880 ihp and gave a maximum speed of 16.5 kn. The convoy rescue ships were given an armament of a single 12-pounder (3 in) anti-aircraft (AA) guns and five 20 mm Oerlikon AA guns on single mounts.

Construction and career
The ship was ordered from Ferguson Brothers (Port Glasgow) Ltd. of Port Glasgow on 9 December 1942 as a Castle-class corvette. She was laid down in 1943 and launched on 19 June 1944 as Rayleigh Castle (K695), but further work was then cancelled, and she was completed as a convoy rescue ship on 26 October 1944. Under the ownership of the Ministry of War Transport, and managed by the Ellerman City Line, she sailed on eleven convoys between November 1944 and June 1945, but made no rescues. In November 1945 she sailed to Kiel to repatriate Royal Navy personnel, and was also employed as an transport ship in the Mediterranean in 1947, taking illegal Jewish immigrants from Haifa to internment camps on Cyprus in October that year.

In July 1948 she was laid up at Falmouth, Cornwall, and offered for sale in October 1949. She was eventually bought by Lloyds Albert Yard & Motor Boat Packet Services Ltd. in October 1951. She arrived at Thos. W. Ward of Briton Ferry, Wales, for scrapping on 6 June 1952.

Convoys
Empire Rest sailed on the following convoys:
 * OS-95 km/KMS-69G – River Clyde to Gibraltar (November 1944)
 * MKS-68G/SL-177MK – Gibraltar to Liverpool (November 1944)
 * OS-100 km – Liverpool to Gibraltar (December 1944)
 * MKS-72G – Gibraltar to Liverpool (December 1944)
 * OS-104 km – Liverpool to Gibraltar (January 1945)
 * MKS-76G – Gibraltar to Clyde (January 1945)
 * ON-283 – Southend to New York City (February 1945)
 * HX-341 – NYC to Liverpool (March 1945)
 * ON-294 – Southend to NYC (April 1945)
 * HX-352 – NYC to Liverpool (May 1945)
 * ON-304 – Southend to NYC (June 1945)

title: SS Empire Rest


text:
National Museum of Women in the Arts

The National Museum of Women in the Arts (NMWA), located in Washington, D.C., is "the first museum in the world solely dedicated" to championing women through the arts. NMWA was incorporated in 1981 by Wallace and Wilhelmina Holladay. Since opening in 1987, the museum has acquired a collection of more than 6,000 works by more than 1,000 artists, ranging from the 16th century to today. The collection includes works by Mary Cassatt, Alma Woodsey Thomas, Élisabeth Louise Vigée-LeBrun, and Amy Sherald. NMWA also holds the only painting by Frida Kahlo in Washington, D.C., Self-Portrait Dedicated to Leon Trotsky.

The museum occupies an old Masonic Temple, a building listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. In 2021 the museum temporarily closed to undergo a $66 million transformative renovation. The museum reopened to the public on October 21, 2023.

History
The museum was founded to reform traditional histories of art. It is dedicated to discovering and making known women artists who have been overlooked, erased, or unacknowledged, and assuring the place of women in contemporary art. The museum's founder, Wilhelmina Cole Holladay, and her husband Wallace F. Holladay began collecting art in the 1960s, just as scholars were beginning to discuss the under-representation of women in museum collections and major art exhibitions.

Impressed by a 17th-century Flemish still life painting by Clara Peeters that they saw in Europe, they sought out information on Peeters and found that the definitive art history texts referenced neither her nor any other woman artist. They became committed to collecting artwork by women and eventually to creating a museum and research center.

The NMWA was incorporated in December 1981 as a private, non-profit museum, and the Holladay donation became the core of the institution's permanent collection. After purchasing and extensively renovating a former Masonic Temple, NMWA opened in April 1987 with the inaugural exhibition American Women Artists, 1830–1930.

To underscore its commitment to increasing the attention given to women in all disciplines, NMWA commissioned Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Ellen Taaffe Zwilich to write Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra inspired by five paintings from the permanent collection, for an opening concert. As of 2022, Director Susan Fisher Sterling heads a staff of more than 50 people.

Building
In 1983, NMWA purchased a landmark 78810 sqft former Masonic temple in the Renaissance Revival style to house its works, under its first director Anne-Imelda Radice. After extensive renovations that included the addition of the two dramatic marble stairways linking the first floor and mezzanine, the museum opened to the public on April 7, 1987.

In November 1997, the Elisabeth A. Kasser Wing was opened, adding two new galleries, a larger museum shop, and a reception room. The entire facility is now 84,110 square feet (7,814 m2).

The museum closed in August 2021 for a major renovation. Key improvements include enlarged gallery space, a new destination for researchers and education programs, enhanced amenities and accessibility for visitors as well as infrastructure and storage upgrades to improve the long-term conservation and security of the museum's collection. Following the $66 million renovation, the museum reopened to the public on October 21, 2023.

Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
Wilhelmina Cole Holladay was the founder and chair of the Board of the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Since her discovery that women artists have historically been omitted from collegiate art history texts, Wilhelmina Cole Holladay made it her mission to bring to the forefront the accomplishments of women through collecting, exhibiting and researching women artists of all nationalities and time periods.

Holladay created individual committees of over 1,000 volunteers from 27 states and seven countries, to give educational opportunities to children through collaborations with schools and other community groups, as well as provided opportunities for adults to participate and encourage art in local communities across the globe.

Wilhelmina Cole Holladay's interest in art was sparked as a student at Elmira College in New York, where she studied art history, followed by graduate work at the University of Paris. She is listed in Who's Who of American Women, Who's Who in American Art, Who's Who in the World, and she held many honorary degrees and achievement awards for her work in the arts community. In 2006 she received the National Medal of Arts from the United States and the Légion d'honneur from the French government. In 2007 Holladay received the Gold Medal for the Arts from the National Arts Club in New York City. Holladay died on March 6, 2021, at her home in Washington, D.C. She was 98.

New York Avenue Sculpture Project
The museum sponsored a series of installations on New York Avenue in Washington, DC from 13th Street to 9th Street, in the heart of Mount Vernon Square. The point of the effort was to bring "character" to an area where "there is a lot of good stuff going on," due to revitalization programs in the neighborhood.

Niki de Saint Phalle's works, four in total, were the first in a series of installations. The installation of de Saint Phalle's iconic pop art works was meant as a contrast to the traditional sculpture that graces the streets and squares of Washington. All five major median strips were made into "sculpture islands," as described by National Museum of Women in the Art's director Susan Fisher Sterling. Another inspiration for the project came from the lack of innovative contemporary art in Washington, encouraging the evolution of the area.

The project was sponsored by Medda Gudelsky, the D.C. Downtown B.I.D., the Philip L. Graham Fund, the Homer and Martha Gudelsky Family Foundation, members of the museum, and the D.C. Department of Transportation. The works remained up for one year.

Collection
The collection currently contains more than 4,500 works in a variety of styles and media, spanning from the 16th century to present day. Among the earliest works is Lavinia Fontana’s Portrait of a Noblewoman, ca. 1580. There are also a number of special collections, including 18th-century botanical prints, works by British and Irish women silversmiths from the 17th–19th centuries, and more than 1,000 unique and limited edition artists’ books.

Nearly 1,000 artists are represented, including Анна Абазиева, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Lynda Benglis, Rosa Bonheur, Chakaia Booker, Louise Bourgeois, Lola Alvarez Bravo, Rosalba Carriera, Mary Cassatt, Elizabeth Catlett, Judy Chicago, Camille Claudel, Louisa Courtauld, Petah Coyne, Louise Dahl-Wolfe, Elaine de Kooning, Lesley Dill, Helen Frankenthaler, Sonia Gechtoff, Marguerite Gérard, Nan Goldin, Nancy Graves, Grace Hartigan, Frida Kahlo, Angelica Kauffman, Käthe Kollwitz, Lee Krasner, Justine Kurland, Bettye Lane, Marie Laurencin, Hung Liu, Judith Leyster, Maria Martinez, Maria Sibylla Merian, Joan Mitchell, Gabriele Münter, Elizabeth Murray, Alice Neel, Louise Nevelson, Sarah Miriam Peale, Clara Peeters, Lilla Cabot Perry, Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, Mary Troby, Rachel Ruysch, Elisabetta Sirani, Joan Snyder, Lilly Martin Spencer, Alma Thomas, Suzanne Valadon, Amy Sherald, and Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun.

Betty Boyd Dettre Library and Research Center
The Betty Boyd Dettre Library and Research Center (LRC) provides researchers with information about women visual artists from all time periods and nationalities. It is open to scholars, students, researchers, curators, museum professionals, and the general public. The LRC collection includes 18,500 volumes of books and exhibition catalogues, 50 periodical titles, and research files on 18,000 individual women artists. These files include resumes, correspondence, reproductions, articles, and other ephemeral materials. The Arts and Entertainment Network Media Library holds approximately 500 videos, DVDs, audio tapes, and other audiovisual materials, including examples of video art, interviews with women artists, documentaries, and films directed by women.

Also available to researchers are The Nelleke Nix and Marianne Huber Collection: The Frida Kahlo Papers consists of more than 360 unpublished letters, postcards, notes, clippings, printed matter, and drawings relating to the artist's life and work. The LRC also holds artist Judy Chicago’s visual archives.

In spring 2007, the LRC launched "Clara: Database of Women Artists," a user-friendly searchable interface for biographic information on close to 18,000 historic and contemporary women artists from around the world. Since integrated within the NMWA web site, Clara has been decommissioned and is in the process of being moved.

Exhibitions
Beginning in 1987 with American Women Artists, 1830–1930, NMWA has presented more than 200 exhibitions, including:

The Women to Watch exhibition series is a collaboration between NMWA and its national and international committees. These exhibitions, which take place every few years, feature artists from the committees' regions and focus on a specific medium or theme chosen by NMWA’s curators.
 * Sonya Clark: Tatter, Bristle, and Mend (3/3/2021–6/27/2021)
 * Judy Chicago—The End: A Meditation on Death and Extinction (9/19/2019–1/20/2020)
 * Rodarte (11/10/2018–2/10/2019)
 * Women House (3/9/2018–5/28/2018)
 * Magnetic Fields: Expanding American Abstraction, 1960s to Today (10/13/2017–1/21/2018)
 * She Who Tells a Story: Women Photographers from Iran and the Arab World (4/8/2016–7/31/2016)
 * Picturing Mary: Woman, Mother, Idea (12/5/2014–4/12/2015)
 * Royalists to Romantics: Women Artists from the Louvre, Versailles, and Other French National Collections (2/24/2012–7/29/2012)
 * Women Who Rock: Vision, Passion, Power (9/7/2012–1/6/2013)
 * Loïs Mailou Jones: A Life in Vibrant Color (10/9/2010–1/9/2011)
 * WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution (9/21/2007–12/16/2007)
 * Dreaming Their Way: Australian Aboriginal Women (6/30/2006–9/24/2006)
 * An Imperial Collection: Women Artists from the State Hermitage Museum (2/14/ 2003 – 6/18/2003)
 * Places of Their Own: Emily Carr, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Frida Kahlo (2/8/2002–5/12/2002)
 * Julie Taymor: Playing With Fire (11/16/2000–2/4/2001)
 * The Magic of Remedios Varo (2/10/2000–5/29/2000)
 * Women to Watch (ongoing)

Public programs
The museum presents public programs including hands-on workshops, artist conversations, gallery talks, art history lectures, and tours. NMWA offers arts-integration teacher training through its Art, Books, and Creativity (ABC) curriculum.

The museum's Women, Arts, and Social Change (WASC) initiative aims to facilitate conversations about social and political issues affecting women. The initiative's Fresh Talk series invites the public to converse with women in the arts as well as other fields.

Outreach committees
The museum created its network of national and international committees in 1984. As of 2022, there are 28 outreach committees with over 3,000 members in the United States and around the world. The committees promote the museum’s mission, advocate for regional women artists, and serve as NMWA ambassadors. The committees also helps to present the museum's Women to Watch exhibition series which features emerging or underrepresented artists from the states and countries where committees exist.

Operations
The museum is located at 1250 New York Avenue and H Street N.W. The closest Washington Metro stations are Metro Center or McPherson Square stations. Prior to the 2021-2023 renovation project, the museum was open Monday–Saturday 10 a.m.–5 p.m. and Sundays noon–5 p.m. Admission was $16 for adults, $8 for students and visitors 65 and over, and free for members and visitors 18 and under. Admission was free to all on the first Sunday and second Wednesday of every month. The museum shop shares the same hours as the museum.

title: National Museum of Women in the Arts


text:
Talk:Reading for special needs

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Davidson College supported by WikiProject Psychology and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2013 Q1 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 15:22, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

[Untitled]
At least partial copyvio from

http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/elemsec/speced/planindep/17.html.

Charles Matthews 22:08, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, this is really bad. I'm not sure I should invest anymore time to cleanup if it's just a copyvio anyway. Everyking 01:03, 16 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I agree that "Reading in Special Needs" is a better title. Ehaebig (talk) 01:53, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Renaming Article
Is there a way to rename this article to "Reading in Special Needs" as this article is not specific to reading comprehension? Mematthews (talk) 22:08, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Expanding subsection
Hello, we are two undergraduate students from Davidson College enrolled in a Cognitive Psychology course. We plan on expanding the section on Dual-Route Hypothesis to Reading. Below we have added a reference list of the sources we will be using. Here is our outline for the section so far:

 * Editing the definition of the two routes/pathways to reading.
 * Lexical route
 * Brief discussion of sub-routes in lexical route: dorsal and ventral pathway processing (Gow, 2012)
 * Sublexical/Nonlexical route

 * Evidence for the existence of the two routes
 * Selective neurological damage affects a specific pathway (Coltheart, 1985).
 * Two types of dyslexia that each correspond to one of the routes (Coltheart et al., 1993).
 * Phonological Dyslexia – damage to sublexical route
 * Surface Dyslexia – damage to lexical route.
 * Differences in reading speeds depending on route relied on to read. (Baron & Strawson, 1976; Paap & Noel, 1991)
 * Multiple regression models, simulating dual-route processing theory, accurately predicted reading and spelling performance in adult patients with neurological damage (Rapcsak et al., 2007).

Edienicol (talk) 04:20, 18 February 2013 (UTC) and takejriwal

 * Hi Edienicol and Takejriwal! As far as I can see, three of your sources are WP:secondary sources (reviews):
 * RD, ADHD, and their comorbidity from a dual route perspective
 * When novel sentences spoken or heard for the first time in the history of the universe are not enough: toward a dual-process model of language
 * The cortical organization of lexical knowledge: a dual lexicon model of spoken language processing.
 * These are also all recent articles, which is really good!
 * The other articles all seem to be WP:primary sources, and one of them really old. I hope that you know that Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published secondary sources (for instance, journal reviews and professional or advanced academic textbooks) and, to a lesser extent, on tertiary sources (such as undergraduate textbooks). Primary sources should be avoided - but sometimes a part of them can be used (for instance, if the authors write a review-like text in the introduction).

 * One more thing I would like to ask you is to once more consider creating a new article called Dual-route hypothesis to reading. If you integrate the text that you plan to write into Reading for special needs it gets to big relative to the other parts of the article. In Starting an article you can read how to do this, or I can help you with it.
 * With friendly regards,  Lova Falk     talk   09:47, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Thank you Lova Falk for your suggestions. We will take them into consideration while updating our section.

Regards, Edie & Takejriwal (talk) 01:44, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reading for special needs


text:
Talk:Council circle

Untitled
I started this article because I want to use a talking circle in my church group and wanted a good description of the practise. I have written what I was taught about talking circles, though they appear to have a lot of variation.

This article could be part of a set of article discussing various ways of holding meetings/discussions. I could not find any pre-existing structure for this in Wikipedia.

AdamRetchless 22:08, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

i dont think this is an article, it is just a description. It needs to tell where the "talking circle" as a practice originated, what it is meant to accomplish, the usual situations of use, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.11.120.60 (talk) 16:08, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Rename to Council circle
There is no Council circle page, so this should be renamed, with talking circle as a generic term for this type of aboriginal forum.

Talking circle as a generic term for it (which is citable), and a modern (as opposed to current) version of it can be described with citations, such as dispute resolution at the Rainbow Gatherings.

Then components of it, such as the talking stick can be implemented into it.

--John Bessa (talk) 15:50, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

Last "clean" edit
 This is the last good information for this page.

Wikipedia has near-zero credibility among scholars and, increasingly, the public; the edit staff has shrunk to near-zero because of abuse. An attempt to explain this deprecating phenomena is "defective dominance" by unfortunate people with low-functioning minds who are, ironically, called "high-functioning." Two pages I attempted to bring up to scholastic standards (for the benefit of aboriginals) have been "rationally reduced" to the level of concern that troubles educators: this page, and Talking stick. In an attempt to address this problem I am creating a peer-reviewed wiki that will, in part, specialize in "last clean edits." I would insert the "bias template," but I don't have the time -- simply creating a whole new wiki that addresses mental illness issues in its edit staff is actually a much simpler, quicker solution. --John Bessa (talk) 14:59, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

it's even worse now, really sad.. John Bessa (talk) 17:03, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Council circle


text:
Ameria

Ameria may refer to:

 * Amelia, Umbria
 * Site of a temple near Cabira, Pontus
 * Ameriabank, an Armenian bank
 * Ameria invaria, a moth
 * Mahathala ameria, a butterfly

title: Ameria