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A Number

A Number is a 2002 play by British playwright Caryl Churchill. The story, set in the near future, is structured around the conflict between a father (Salter) and his sons (Bernard 1, Bernard 2, and Michael Black) – two of whom are clones of the first one. The play addresses the subject of human cloning and identity, especially nature versus nurture. Many critics over the years have lauded A Number, arguing Churchill created a work of significant intellectual depth with effective economy of style.

Contextual information
A Number was first produced in 2002 at the Royal Court Theatre, London.

The play was written during a time of public debate over the ethics of cloning. The cloning of Dolly the sheep, the creation of human embryos at Advanced Cell Technology, and the cloning of a kitten gave rise to controversy concerning possible human cloning.

Plot synopsis
Scene 1: Bernard 2 ("B2" in the script) has discovered that he is one of a number of clones. Salter explains that he agreed to a cloning experiment to try again at parenting his first son, who had died, but, unbeknownst to Salter, the doctors unethically made several more clones. Salter decides that they should sue the doctors, which soothes the shaken Bernard 2.

Scene 2: An angry Bernard 1 ("B1") visits Salter for the first time since his childhood. We learn that Salter sent him to a clinical home after the suicide of his mother had left them both in a constant state of fear and pain. B1 has learned about the clones, and is furious at his father for doing it, as well as for his neglectful and traumatic upbringing. Salter admits that the clones were meant to give him another chance at raising a child without repeating his many parental mistakes. B1 grows increasingly agitated and threatens to murder B2.

Scene 3: B2 speaks to Salter after having met B1 in the park. He has learned the truth about the situation, and now hates Salter for what he has done. B2 decides to leave the country for a while, both to get away from Salter and because he fears that B1 might try to kill him. Salter tries to convince him not to go, or at least to come back soon, but B2 refuses.

Scene 4: B1 tells Salter that when B2 left the country, B1 followed him and killed him. Salter, stricken with grief, demands to know the details, but B1 says little.

Scene 5: Salter is meeting with one of the other clones of his son, Michael Black. We learn that Bernard 1 has killed himself, and Salter is now planning to meet with the other clones. Michael, who never knew Salter, is a happily married maths teacher with three children. He is completely undisturbed that he is a clone, and tells Salter that he does not care. Salter finds this very unsettling. He demands to know more about him, something personal and unique, but Michael can only answer superficially and Salter is left unsatisfied.

Characters

 * Salter: a man in his early sixties. He was married and had one son, named Bernard. His wife committed suicide by throwing herself under a train when their son was only two. Salter attempted to raise their son alone, but was neglectful due to his drinking and the son's issues, and eventually sent his son away. He then had his son cloned, creating Bernard 2, in an attempt to try raising him again and being a better father. He has attempted to hide the truth of what he's done from his sons, and the story is driven by the facts coming to light.
 * Bernard (B2): Salter's son, thirty-five, cloned from Bernard 1 to replace him. He is very mild-mannered and emotional.
 * Bernard (B1): Salter's son, forty. First and original son of Salter. He was a difficult and disturbed child who was neglected by Salter and then sent away when he was 4. He grew to have an explosive temper and to hate Salter for what he did.
 * Michael Black: Salter's son, thirty-five. An unauthorized clone of Salter’s first son. He is married with three children, the oldest aged twelve, and is a mathematics teacher.

Staging
Churchill gives no stage directions and no indication of a setting for the play. In the 2002 production, the stage was described by one critic as a “bare blank design” with “no relation to domestic realism.” The costumes of the play were as simple as the stage design. Salter always wore a rumpled looking suit, sometimes expensive looking, but sometimes not. The various Bernards usually wore jeans and a T-shirt, but sometimes a sweatshirt.

Original production
The play debuted at the Royal Court Theatre in London on 23 September 2002. The production was directed by Stephen Daldry and designed by Ian MacNeil and featured the following cast:
 * Salter – Michael Gambon
 * Bernard 1, Bernard 2, and Michael Black – Daniel Craig

Lighting was designed by Rick Fisher and Ian Dickinson was the sound designer. The play won the 2002 Evening Standard Award for Best Play.

Revivals
The play was revived at the Sheffield Crucible studio in October 2006 starring real-life father and son Timothy West and Samuel West. This production later played at the Chocolate Factory in 2010 and at the Fugard Theatre, Cape Town in 2011.

The play was revived at The Nuffield Theatre (Southampton) in February 2014 with John and Lex Shrapnel to huge critical acclaim. It transferred to the Young Vic Theatre in June 2015. Zinnie Harris directed the play at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh in April 2017.

The play was revived again at the Bridge Theatre, in February 2020, with Roger Allam and Colin Morgan, directed by Polly Findlay.

The play received a London revival in January 2022 at The Old Vic, with Lennie James and Paapa Essiedu, directed by Lyndsey Turner. The production received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Revival in the same year.

US premiere
In 2004, the play made its American debut at the New York Theatre Workshop in a production starring Sam Shepard (later played by Arliss Howard) and Dallas Roberts.

LA/OC, California premiere
In February/March 2009, the play made its Los Angeles/Orange County debut at the Rude Guerrilla Theater Company in a production directed by Scott Barber, starring Vince Campbell and Mark Coyan.

Reception
Ben Brantley of The New York Times described A Number as "stunning" and "a gripping dramatic consideration of what happens to autonomous identity in a world where people can be cloned". James M. Brandon had mixed sentiments in Theatre Journal, arguing that while it "is a wellwritten play—evocative, disturbing, and with more than one surprise—it remains a troubled one that seems, in production, unfinished. " The critic disputed comparisons of the broken dialogue to that of David Mamet and said that "the language here is not nearly as compelling on the stage". However, Brandon praised the final scene as "brilliant" and said that one of its characters "serves as a welcome reminder that it is possible to have an ostensibly normal life", ultimately describing A Number as "one of the more intellectually vital scripts to emerge in the new century" despite shortcomings.

In a 2006 review of a later Churchill work, The Independent 's Paul Taylor described the play as one of the best dramas of the new millennium, and as "superbly compressed and economic". After watching a performance featuring John and Lex Shrapnel, Lyn Gardner of The Guardian dubbed the play "[p]unchy, compact and endlessly inquisitive," arguing that it "is no simple warning against the perils of science messing with nature, but a complex and humane study of parental guilt, regret and responsibility and what it really means to be a father or son." Conversely, Jane Shillings of The Telegraph argued, "The highly wrought writing veers at times towards the mannered, leaving a faint sense that the style of Churchill’s play exceeds its substance, and the issue of cloning has lost its urgency". Don Aucoin of The Boston Globe praised the way the playwright "devotes no time to preamble or writerly throat-clearing, but plunges us straightaway into the play’s central dilemma". In the Chicago Tribune, Chris Jones described A Number as "masterfully written".

After seeing a 2020 Bridge Theatre performance, Nick Curtis of Evening Standard argued, "If the background logistics are sketchy – who made the human copies, and why? – the relationships between Salter and his offspring, and their differing reactions to finding that they are not unique, are right on the money. [...] It’s almost exactly an hour long and the ending is abrupt, but Churchill packs more ideas and feeling into that time than most dramatists manage at twice the length." Clive Davis of The Times, however, panned the play as "both too short and too long" after seeing the same performance. Matt Wolf lauded A Number as a "beautiful play", and wrote that it "works not least as a thriller or bit of forensic detection, as Churchill plants clues prompting a reevaluation of the narrative at every turn." Arjun Neil Alim of The Independent stated that "Churchill, a political playwright par excellence, tactfully references current events. [...] Are 'Who are you?' and 'What are you made from?' the same question? Churchill’s answer comes in the form of a character who defines himself by his deeds and his loved ones, rather than the circumstances of his birth." Andrzej Lukowski of Time Out called the play a "masterpiece".

Steve Dinneen argued in City A.M. that the work "is remarkable in the way it so gracefully touches upon the great philosophical questions without ever feeling didactic. A Number is no cold thought experiment, but a quiet rumination on human nature". Dineen wrote that Salter's interludes "say as much as an hour’s worth of dialogue". Franco Milazzo of Londonist summarised the play as asking "what makes you you?" Arifa Akbar of The Guardian said that "Churchill’s linguistic tics – of interruptions and half-finished sentences – create a hyperreal effect and enable Salter’s obfuscation". Richard Pahl of Northwest Herald billed A Number as an "engaging meditation on human cloning, personal identity and the conflicting claims of nature and nurture". Pahl wrote that the work "offers intellectual and emotional depth, and illustrates the ways people rationalize bad behavior and unthinkingly objectify others, including their own flesh and blood. It asks important questions."

Interpretation
Dinneen argued that the play is about "our desire to be unique, for our lives to have meaning, for our imperfect minds and bodies to somehow achieve perfect ends." Pahl wrote that questions asked by the play are, "If we had a do-over, could we atone for our mistakes? What is the value of a human life? What is the source of our individuality?"

Adaptations
A Number was adapted by Caryl Churchill for television, in a co-production between the BBC and HBO Films. Starring Rhys Ifans and Tom Wilkinson, it was broadcast on BBC Two on 10 September 2008.

title: A Number


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User talk:Shadow Trey

South Park.

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title: User talk:Shadow Trey


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Ontario Highway 416

King's Highway 416, commonly referred to as Highway 416 and as the Veterans Memorial Highway, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connects Highway 417 (Trans-Canada Highway) in Ottawa with Highway 401 between Brockville and Cornwall. The 76.4 km freeway acts as an important trade corridor from Interstate 81 between New York and Eastern Ontario via Highway 401, as well as the fastest link between Ottawa and Toronto. Highway 416 passes through a largely rural area, except near its northern terminus where it enters the suburbs of Ottawa. The freeway also serves several communities along its length, notably Spencerville and Kemptville.

Highway 416 had two distinct construction phases. Highway 416 "North" was the 21 km segment starting from an interchange at Highway 417 and bypassing the original route of Highway 16 into Ottawa (now Prince of Wales Drive) along a new right-of-way. Highway 416 "South" was the twinning of 57 km of Highway 16 New (a two-lane expressway constructed throughout the 1970s and finished in 1983 that bypassed the original Highway 16), plus a new Y interchange connecting to Highway 401 towards Kingston and Toronto. Sections of both opened throughout the late 1990s. Highway 416 was commemorated as the Veterans Memorial Highway on the 54th anniversary of D-Day in 1998. The final link was officially opened by a World War I veteran and local officials on September 23, 1999.

Route description
Highway 416 begins at an interchange with Highway 401, branching to the north near the community of Johnstown in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville. This interchange only provides access to and from the west of Highway 401, but immediately north of it, a second interchange with the remaining section of Highway 16 provides access from Johnstown and to a parclo interchange with both directions of Highway 401, as well as to the Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge crossing to Ogdensburg, New York. Proceeding north, the two carriageways of the freeway are separated by a 68 m forested median. The route is surrounded by thick forests for the next 10 km. As it passes beneath Leeds and Grenville County Road 44, the original routing of Highway 16 (the Prescott Highway) south of Spencerville, it exits the forest and enters farm fields. The route travels to the east of the community, access to which is provided by an interchange at County Road 21, and crosses a swamp and the South Nation River.

Highway 416 crosses under the Prescott Highway a second time; to the north, the two remain roughly parallel but separated as they pass through a mix of farmland and forest. South of the community of Kemptville, the Prescott Highway crosses the route a third time, with an interchange connecting the two highways. The freeway curves to the northeast, bypassing Kemptville and featuring an interchange with County Road 43 (formerly Highway 43). It crosses the line of the old Bytown and Prescott Railway, then curves to the northwest, providing an interchange with River Road. At the southeast corner of the River Road interchange is the Veterans Commemorative Park, dedicated in 2000 by the Royal Canadian Legion.

It crosses the Rideau River and enters the City of Ottawa. Aside from the first couple of kilometres north of the Rideau River, the majority of the freeway cuts through swaths of farmland which fill the Ottawa Valley. The median also becomes narrower. The freeway encounters an interchange with Dilworth Road and thereafter with Roger Stevens Drive, the latter providing access to North Gower.

Continuing north of Manotick through fields, Highway 416 is crossed by the Prescott Highway for the fourth and final time as that road turns northeast and travels into downtown Ottawa as Prince of Wales Drive. Shortly thereafter is an interchange with Brophy Drive / Bankfield Road; the latter provides access to the Prescott Highway / Prince of Wales Drive. Approaching urban Ottawa, the route passes alongside a large quarry, then jogs to the west along an S-curve, crossing the Jock River in the process. After this, an interchange with Fallowfield Road provides access to the suburb of Barrhaven which occupies portions of the land immediately east of the freeway. The route jogs back to the east along a second S-curve and passes through an aesthetically designed bridge while traveling alongside the Stony Swamp.

The final section of Highway 416 travels parallel to Cedarview Road, which was relocated for the freeway. The Stony Swamp lies west of the route while farmland lies to the east. At the northern end of the swamp is an interchange with West Hunt Club Road. The freeway continues through a section of greenspace before descending gently into a trench. It passes beneath Bruin Road and the Ottawa Central Railway while traveling alongside Lynwood Village in Bells Corners. The highway is crossed by Baseline Road and Richmond Road; the former provides an onramp to southbound Highway 416. The freeway ends at a directional T interchange with Highway 417 (the latter also known as The Queensway in Ottawa and also part of the Trans-Canada Highway) (Exit 131), just south of the Lakeview and Bayshore communities on the Ottawa River; downtown Ottawa is to the east and Kanata is to the west.

Design features
The Stony Swamp overpass at the southern entrance to Ottawa is a pre-tensioned concrete arch; the design, which allows the structure to cross the entire right of way with a single span, won the 1996 Award of Excellence from the Portland Cement Association. The bridge acts as a gateway to the National Capital Region and is the longest rigid frame bridge in Ontario with a 59 m span. In the same vicinity, the freeway sinks below ground level in a trench; groundwater-retaining walls were installed to prevent the lowering of the water table in adjacent wetlands, therefore mitigating damage to them.

At the Jock River, southwest of Barrhaven, deposits of sensitive leda clay presented a challenge in designing the crossing for the freeway as well as the Canadian National Railway overpass to the north. It was feared that the weight of these structures could destabilize the clay deposits beneath and lead to landslides. In place of the standard heavier aggregate, lighter blast furnace slag, at half the weight, was substituted.

Sloped rock cuts line the side of the freeway in numerous locations. With the intent of reducing the severity of collisions against those cuts, the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO) tested out numerous alternatives to strike a cost-to-benefit balance. The standard slope used by the MTO is vertical, offset from the edge of the pavement by 10 m. The study concluded that although an initially higher investment would be required, the 2:1 sloped cut with grass overlaid produced the best results.

Since July 12, 2024, the speed limit is 110 kph on most of its length, with the exception of 5 km on the North end of the highway and near the Highway 401 interchange, where the speed limit is 100 kph.

Highway 16 New
In 1966, the Department of Highways (DHO), predecessor to today's MTO, published the Eastern Ontario Highway Planning Study, identifying the need for a controlled-access highway between Ottawa and Highway 401. Highway 16, which passes over the geologically subdued St. Lawrence Lowlands, was selected over Highway 15, which crosses the undulating Canadian Shield to the west, as the ideal route for the new link. Highway 16 was one of the first roads taken over by the expanding Department of Public Highways in 1918. The important corridor between the Trans-provincial Highway (Highway 2) and Ottawa was known as the Prescott Highway. In 1925, the road was given a numerical designation to supplement the name. This highway served the low traffic volumes of the day, but as the number of vehicles increased over the first half of the 20th century, issues arose with the numerous private driveways along the route. To overcome this issue of abutting properties long-established on the old Highway 16 corridor, the DHO began purchasing a new right-of-way between Highway 401 and Century Road by late 1967 for a two-lane bypass of the original alignment, avoiding all the built-up areas that the original Highway 16 encountered. This route was designed to easily accommodate the eventual upgrade to a freeway when traffic volumes necessitated.

Construction of the super two, dubbed Highway 16 New, took place between 1969 and 1983. The Spencerville Bypass opened by 1971, connecting with the old highway in the south near Crowder Road and in the north near Ventnor Road. By the end of 1973, the new highway was completed from immediately north of Highway 401 through Leeds and Grenville United Counties and into Ottawa–Carleton. This included a bypass around Kemptville and a new structure over the Rideau River. The new highway ended at Dilworth Road (Regional Road 13).

For nearly a decade, no new construction took place. Then, during the summer of 1982, the MTO awarded a contract to construct the route north from Dilworth Road towards Manotick, bypassing North Gower and extending the route as far north as Roger Stevens Drive (Regional Road 6), including a structure over Stevens Creek. Following completion of this first contract, a second contract was awarded for the remaining distance north to Century Road (Regional Road 8). The project was completed in 1983, merging into the original route of Highway 16 northeast of the present Prince of Wales Drive overpass.

With the completion of Highway 16 New, the MTO needed only to construct interchanges and the southbound lanes in order to create a full freeway corridor. The upgrade to Highway 416 took place between 1989 and 1999 and was carried out through two separate projects: Highway 416 North was a 21 km freeway on a new alignment through Ottawa and an interchange at Highway 417, and Highway 416 South was the twinning of 57 km of Highway 16 New and an interchange at Highway 401.

Change of plans
The original plans for Highway 416, conceived during the late 1960s, had it enter Ottawa along the Merivale Corridor to merge with the Queensway approximately 5 km east of the present interchange. However, when it came time to construct this section, public attitudes had shifted and environmental concerns had come to the forefront of everyday life; new roads were now subject to intense public scrutiny. Suburbs grew along Merivale Road, prompting the Region of Ottawa–Carleton to request the MTO decommission the right-of-way along the road in 1977, which it did. The passing of the Environmental Assessment Act in 1975, however, meant that new projects were subject to a lengthy investigation of social and environmental concerns.

In 1981, the MTO began an environmental assessment into a new alignment for the northern connection with the Queensway. It was approved in mid-1987, with Cedarview Drive chosen as the ideal alignment for the new freeway. The MTO set out to design a four-lane route to connect the Queensway with Highway 16 New, including a three-level free-flow interchange. A contract for construction of this interchange was awarded in late 1989 and construction began in 1990. During the 1991 construction season, contracts were awarded to construct several overpasses along the new route. This contract was completed in 1993, after which budgetary restraints prevented the awarding of further contracts. As a result, aside from the interchange at Highway 417 and some overpasses, construction activity on Highway 416 came to a standstill for two years.

It was during this period that the MTO undertook an engineering review of the entire route in search of cost inefficiencies. Highways 416 and 407 were constructed during a recession in the mid-1990s. Highway 407 became a tolled highway and for a time it was mentioned in legislative debates that Highway 416 would also be tolled, but ultimately this never happened. Instead, a hiatus in construction allowed engineers to evaluate inefficiencies in bridge and cross-section designs, as well as sensitive clay soils near Ottawa. This initiative led to a cost savings of over $7 million and several of the unique design features located along the length of the freeway.

Twinning and completion
Work resumed on Highway 416 North following the review. It was opened from Century Road to Hunt Club Road on July 16, 1996, and completed on July 31, 1997, with the opening of the interchange with Highway 417. The cost of this section was $196 million. On December 8, 1995, in North Gower, the provincial and federal governments announced a financing deal to ensure Highway 416 South was completed by 2000. This section of the route was constructed through a process known as twinning in which a second carriageway is built parallel to an existing road. In addition, existing intersections were rebuilt as grade-separated interchanges. With the right-of-way along Highway 16 New already purchased, construction was able to proceed without disruption to local properties or traffic.

The 57 km project was constructed through five contracts. The first was awarded to Tarmac Canada on June 10, 1996, calling for twinning of 7.6 km from Century Road south to Roger Stevens Drive. Another contract was awarded one month later to Bot Construction, on August 19. This contract involved the section from Roger Stevens Drive south to what was then Highway 43, a distance of 13 km. On June 12, 1997, the first section opened, connecting with the Ottawa Bypass at Century Road. On July 10, the third contract was awarded to Armbro Construction to construct the 10 km section from Highway 43 south to Grenville County Road 20 (Oxford Station Road). Another contract followed on October 21 for the 12 km south to Grenville County Road 20 (Shanly Road) which was awarded to Bot Construction. The fifth and final contract was awarded to Armbro Construction on April 8, 1998, calling for the construction of the southern 9 km and the two flyover ramps at Highway 401. Instead of using Highway16's existing Parclo interchange with Highway401 where some ramps had at-grade intersections, this was bypassed by a separate right-of-way so that Highway416 would meet Highway 401 at a new freeway-to-freeway interchange serving traffic to/from Kingston. Shortly before Highway416 reaches its southern terminus, an Y interchange was constructed for Highway16 to branch off where it continues as a short stub through Johnstown.

The section between Roger Stevens Drive and what had now become Leeds and Grenville County Road 43, including a second crossing of the Rideau River, opened to traffic on June 26, 1998. This was followed two months later by the section between Highway 43 and Oxford Station Road, which opened on August 24.

On the fifty-fourth anniversary of D-Day, June 6, 1998, then Transportation Minister Tony Clement unveiled two signs in Ottawa and formally declared the entire length of Highway 416 as the Veterans Memorial Highway, despite earlier reluctance from previous minister Al Palladini. Six additional signs were also installed along the length of the route. At the time, the Veterans Memorial Parkway in London already existed. Since then, two additional veterans highways have been named: on October 20, 2002, the Veterans Highway was designated in Halton Region along Regional Road 25; on September 23, 2010, the Niagara Veterans Memorial Highway was designated in Niagara Falls along Regional Road 420. A ceremony was held in Johnstown on September 23, 1999 to open the final section of Highway 416 that would complete the link from Highway 401 to Highway 417. Premier Mike Harris, Transportation Minister David Turnbull and World War I Veteran James W. Fraser officially opened the highway.

On December 14, 2009, there was a 60–70 vehicle pileup due to fog and icy conditions, forcing the closure of the highway in both directions.

Future
The Ontario government is fighting gridlock in south Ottawa by investing $5 million in a new interchange at Highway 416 and Barnsdale Road. The interchange will save commuters time in the rapidly growing community of Barrhaven and connect more people to housing and jobs across the region.

title: Ontario Highway 416


text:
User talk:Ryan Anderson

Go ahead.

Collaboration of the week
Military history of the Soviet Union is this week's Collaboration of the Week. Please contribute to it to help make it a feature article

Soviet Military in foreign conflicts
This list comes from the list of valid grounds for military retirement pensions and severances, and as such it does not give any additional details, only country/years. In fact, it contains some other entries, such as "India" (which most probably accounts for Soviet military advisors during indo-pakistani or indo-china conflicts), but since there was absolutely no info on what it was, I skipped them. Unfortunately, I am of no big help in this area. Mikkalai 00:35, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Twilight Zone
I partly agree with the opinion you expressed on Talk:The Twilight Zone, but I figured you might be pleased to take a look at Time Enough at Last. Over the past couple days, I've tried to turn the trivia and copy-and-paste reviews into a decent article, not necessarily for FA status, just to the point of being "a worthy article". As someone who left Wikipedia because of politics, edit wars, etc, I can sympathize, but hopefully you won't abandon the project altogether. Moulder 22:47, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

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Military history of the Soviet Union FAR
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Ryan Anderson


text:
Talk:Dream Cycle

Requested move
H.P. Lovecraft's Dream Cycle → Dream Cycle – In the interest of making titles as short as possible (and to remove superfluous information), "Dream Cycle" would seem the logical name for this article. ,-~ R 'lyeh R isin g  ~-, 22:32, 26 April 2006 (UTC) "Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional explanation, then sign your opinion with  ~"

 * Comment. The term "sleep-dream cycle" (sometimes "dream cycle") is used by psychologists, e.g. Muzio, J N., and Dement, WC, "Ontogenetic Development of the Human Sleep-Dream Cycle," 1966. Science, 152, 604—609, and will likely have its own Wikipedia page at some point. We may want to think about it now to avoid problems down the road. Ahasuerus 22:42, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I suppose if such an article were created it would probably go by the title "Sleep-dream Cycle"; in which case, a hatnote could simply be placed at the top of this article ("Dream Cycle"?) that reads something like: This article is about H. P. Lovecraft's story cycle. For the term in psychology, see Sleep-dream Cycle. The alternatives might be to make "Dream Cycle" into a dab pg (which I think adds an unnecessary layer of disambiguation), have "Dream Cycle" be the main article for "Sleep-dream Cycle" (prefaced with a hatnote back to here), or have "Dream Cycle" redirect to "Sleep-dream Cycle" (and be prefaced with a hatnote worded similar to Redirect).  (BTW: In any event, I'm a proponent of "first-come first-served"; thus, since this article was created first, I would like to think it has dibs on the title.) ,-~  R 'lyeh R isin g  ~-, 01:22, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Odds and ends
Is there a specific order in which the Dream Cycle works should be read? If so, it should probably be listed on the page.
 * If I remember correctly, there are some contradictions between some of the stories. --Tydaj 01:24, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

A progressive band Payne's Gray has recorded a concept album called Kadath Decoded that dwells on these themes.

Weasel words
While I do not dispute the accuracy of this article, I am uncomfortable by its use of so-called weasel words. What it really needs are some verifiable sources.

Also, in the intro the phrase "master of the macabre" looks awkward. Is this an offical quote (in which case a citation is needed) or was it an editor's attempt to put a positive spin on Lovecraft (in which case it might potentially violate neutral point of view and no original research)? ,-~ R 'lyeh R isin g  ~-, 23:25, 26 April 2006 (UTC)  sorry to sound preachy
 * The expression "master of the macabre" is used on the dustjackets of his recent collections, on the Random House website and by various reviewers. I am not sure who used it to describe Lovecraft first, though. Ahasuerus 00:08, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the references. I added the Tales of the Cthulhu Mythos cover blurb as a verifiable source (it's right there on the back cover of my copy). ,-~ R 'lyeh R isin g  ~-, 01:02, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Postscript and update. It is likely that August Derleth was one of the first to describe Lovecraft using this appellation. Case in point, his essay about Lovecraft: "A Master of the Macabre", published in August 1937. _,-~ R 'lyeh R isin g  ~-,_  04:00, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I noticed that an anonymous user removed the weasel template after making a minor change. However, this still does not change the fact that the article fails to supply secondary sources to support many of the assertions it makes. ,-~ R 'lyeh R isin g  ~-, 02:11, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

The White Ship
Since the Dream Cycle includes those stories of Lovecrafts that take place in the land of dreams, wouldn't The White Ship fall into here as well? Or is there someplace where the stories are divided cannonically that I could check? And what about The Quest of Iranon? 209.180.143.97 22:16, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * And Memory?--Sorensen ru (talk) 15:48, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Discrepancy in list of works?
I've stumbled across a discrepancy between this page and Dreams of Terror and Death: The Dream Cycle of H. P. Lovecraft. That anthology is supposed to be the entire Dream Cycle collected, but contains many stories not included on this page, and omits a few as well.

I'm something of a Lovecraft newbie myself (I'm becoming interested in Lovecraft as a fan of Howard), so maybe the level of correctness between these two sources is clearer to others, who might edit this page or add a note or something. --Daeval (talk) 21:17, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Charles Dexter Ward
The case of Charles Dexter Ward has nothing to do with the Dream Cycle... Why is it included? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.219.31.63 (talk) 21:11, 23 September 2013 (UTC)
 * If I had to take a stab in the dark guess, I say it was included because of Randolph Carter. The Dream Cycle and the Randolph Carter Cycle are certainly intertwined, but I agree that The Case of Charles Dexter Ward shouldn't be anymore included in the Dream Cycle than any other general Mythos story. 107.19.104.178 (talk) 15:57, 2 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The correct answer (as opposed to indulgence in speculation) is that the list of stories was haphazardly added to the article as a list of the contents of Dreams of Terror and Death, not as a list of Dream Cycle stories. Despite its title, Dreams of Terror and Death does not anthologize only Dream Cycle stories. There simply aren't enough Dream Cycle stories to fill a book this size (Dreams of Terror and Death is one of the oversized paperback Del Ray anthologies, about eight by nine inches by an inch and a half thick if memory serves), and about half of the stories included are not part of the Dream Cycle.  That said, I don't see the need to include a listing of the book's contents since much of it is irrelevant to this article, and because the list has been added in such a way as to mislead readers into thinking that it is a list of Dream Cycle stories when it is not. 12.233.147.42 (talk) 22:30, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

November 2020
There is a discussion over at Talk:Cthulhu Mythos which relates to this article. You are invited to go to Talk:Cthulhu Mythos and comment. Best Regards, CapnZapp (talk) 11:29, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dream Cycle


text:
Tangled Up in Blue

"Tangled Up in Blue" is a song by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, which was released as the opening track of his 15th studio album Blood on the Tracks (1975). The song was written by Dylan and produced by David Zimmerman, Dylan's brother. Released as a single, it reached No. 31 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song concerns relationships and contains different narrative perspectives. Dylan has altered the lyrics in subsequent performances, changing the point of view and details in the song.

The track was initially recorded in September 1974, but later re-recorded on 30 December of that year at Sound 80 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The latter version was released on Blood on the Tracks on 20 January 1975. The song received widespread acclaim from music critics, with particular praise for the lyrics. Rolling Stone ranked it No. 68 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. A number of alternate versions have been released, including multiple studio out-takes on The Bootleg Series Vol. 14: More Blood, More Tracks (2014). Dylan has performed the song live over 1,600 times.

Background and recording
The song was written in the summer of 1974, after Dylan's comeback tour with The Band that year and his separation from Sara Dylan, whom he had married in 1965. Dylan had moved to a farm in Minnesota with his brother, David Zimmerman, and there started to write the songs that were recorded for his album Blood on the Tracks. In the spring of 1974, Dylan had taken art classes at Carnegie Hall and was influenced by his tutor Norman Raeben, and in particular Raeben's view of time, when writing the lyrics. In a 1978 interview Dylan explained this style of songwriting: "What's different about it is that there's a code in the lyrics, and there's also no sense of time. There's no respect for it. You've got yesterday, today, and tomorrow all in the same room, and there's very little you can't imagine not happening". Richard F. Thomas, Professor of the Classics at Harvard University, has written that Dylan has been "characteristically vague" on the use of any specific painting techniques emulated while he was writing the words for the songs on Blood On The Tracks. According to novelist Ron Rosenbaum, Dylan told him that he'd written "Tangled Up in Blue" after spending a weekend listening to Joni Mitchell's 1971 album Blue.

Dylan first recorded "Tangled Up in Blue" in New York City on 16 September 1974 during the initial Blood on the Tracks sessions at A&R Studios. Eight takes were recorded in New York from 16 to 19 September, mostly featuring Tony Brown on bass alongside Dylan on guitar and harmonica, and containing some minor variations in lyrics, as well as differences in vocal delivery, and tempo. Two of the versions later released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 14: More Blood, More Tracks (Deluxe edition) also include Paul Griffin on organ. That December, working from a suggestion from his brother that the album should have a more commercial sound, Dylan re-recorded half the songs on Blood on the Tracks, including "Tangled Up in Blue" on 30 December at Sound 80 in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

David Zimmerman was the producer for the Minneapolis Blood on the Tracks recordings, but was not credited on the album. The re-recorded versions were radical departures from the original recordings, and each new recording included changes to the lyrics from the earlier versions. This recording featured a full band: Kevin Odegard (guitar), Chris Weber (guitar) Gregg Inhofer (keyboards), Billy Peterson (bass), and Bill Berg (drums), with Dylan singing, and on guitar and harmonica. These musicians were based locally and had arrived at Zimmerman's invitation, and Dylan had not met them before they started working together on 27 December.

The Minneapolis version was included as the opening track on Blood on the Tracks, released on 20 January 1975, and in February as a single backed with "If You See Her, Say Hello". The single reached number 31 on the Hot 100 chart. Outtakes of "Tangled Up in Blue" from the New York sessions were released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 and in 2018 on the single-CD and 2-LP versions of The Bootleg Series Vol. 14: More Blood, More Tracks, while the complete New York sessions were released on the deluxe edition of the latter album. The deluxe version of The Bootleg Series Vol. 14 also included a remix of the December 1974 master issued on Blood on the Tracks.

Composition and lyrical interpretation
With "Tangled Up in Blue", Dylan used shifting perspectives of time, influenced by his recent studies under Raeben. Michael Gray describes the structure of "Tangled Up in Blue's" lyrics as the story of a love affair and career and how the "past upon present, public upon privacy, distance upon friendship, [and] disintegration upon love" transform and are complicated over time. Timothy Hampton, Professor of Comparative Literature and French at the University of California, Berkeley, has described the structure of the lyrics as a set of sonnets, with seven stanzas each of 14 lines, each with a volta after line eight.

Dylan continually re-worked the lyrics and arrangement even after the album was released. During his 1978 World Tour, the line starting "She opened up a book of poems" became "She opened up the Bible and started quotin' it to me", becoming one of the first public indicators of Dylan's conversion to Christianity. The version released on Real Live, as performed throughout his 1984 Europe tour, differs radically in structure and lyrics from earlier versions, with a more cynical view of romance. Dylan said in 1985 that he was more satisfied with the implementation of multiple viewpoints in the song than he had been with the original. Dylan has often stated that the song took "ten years to live and two years to write".

In a 1985 interview with Bill Flanagan, Dylan said that although many people thought that the album Blood on the Tracks was autobiographical, "It didn't pertain to me. It was just a concept of putting in images that defy time – yesterday, today and tomorrow. I wanted to make them all connect in some kind of a strange way." In his 2004 memoir Chronicles: Volume One, Dylan claimed that Blood on the Tracks was "an entire album based on Chekhov short stories. Critics thought it was autobiographical – that was fine."

Critical reception
Billboard regarded "Tangled Up in Blue" as Dylan's most powerful and most commercial single in a long time, saying that Dylan's voice and the "strong acoustic background" instrumentals were reminiscent of Dylan's early songs. Cash Box said that it is a "great tune...with lyrics pouring forth in profusion and with Bob's voice in excellent shape." Jon Landau in Rolling Stone praised Dylan's lyrics and delivery of the song, but was unimpressed by the accompanying musicians and the production of the album, while Jonathan Cott, in the same issue of the magazine, called the track "brilliant and haunted." Cott likened the effect of the album's lyrics to those of the Italian 13th century poem referred to in the song, quoting from the song:

"And every one of them words rang true And glowed like burnin’ coal Pourin’ off of every page Like it was written in my soul From me to you Tangled up in blue"

Some commentators have taken the reference in "Tangled Up in Blue" to the "Italian poet/From the thirteenth century" as a reference to Dante. Matthew Collins of Harvard, noting that Dylan may not have been precise with dates, argues that there are similarities between elements of the lyrics of "Tangled up in Blue" and the fifth canto of Dante's 14th Century Inferno, but finds it unlikely that Dylan will ever confirm who the reference in the song is to. Hampton, however, believes that the reference is more likely to Petrarch. Both Collins and Hampton note that in a 1978 interview, in reference to "Tangled Up in Blue", Dylan was asked who the poet was and replied "Plutarch. Is that his name?"

Don Stanley in The Vancouver Sun said that the song "succeeds on the strength of its metaphors." An opposing view was expressed by Al Rudis, in The Pittsburgh Press, who was unimpressed by the song's lyrics, calling the track "a long lurching song [but with] no build-up of cumulative power" and stating that it contains "seemingly meaningless images." Neil McCormick remarked in 2003 that the song is "A truly extraordinary epic of the personal, an unreliable narrative carved out of shifting memories like a five-and-a-half-minute musical Proust." The Daily Telegraph has described the song as "The most dazzling lyric ever written, an abstract narrative of relationships told in an amorphous blend of first and third person, rolling past, present and future together, spilling out in tripping cadences and audacious internal rhymes, ripe with sharply turned images and observations and filled with a painfully desperate longing."

Jim Beviglia ranks "Tangled Up in Blue" 14th in his 2013 assessment of the 100 best Dylan songs, saying that "this masterful song doesn't skimp on the pain." In a 2020 article for The Guardian, Alexis Petridis ranked it the twelfth-greatest of Dylan's songs. The track was ranked 3rd on Rolling Stone 2016 ranking of the 100 greatest Dylan songs, with the staff describing it as "where emotional truths meet the everlasting comfort of the American folk song." Rolling Stone ranked it No. 68 on their 2011 list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and re-ranked it at No. 67 in 2021. A 2021 Guardian article included it on a list of "80 Bob Dylan songs everyone should know".

Live performances
Dylan has performed the song live 1,685 times up to August 2018. The first was on 13 November 1975 at Veterans Memorial Coliseum, New Haven. The most recent live performance as of October 2020 was on 28 August 2018 at Horncastle Arena, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Dylan played the song solo on acoustic guitar during the first leg of the Rolling Thunder Revue tour in 1975, a performance of which is featured in Dylan's 1978 film Renaldo and Clara and which later became the song's official music video. On the second leg of the Rolling Thunder Revue, in 1976, the song was performed with a full band in what Clinton Heylin has called a "gear-crunching heavy-metal" arrangement. The 1978 World Tour performances were slower, with a big band. After 1978, the next live performances were in 1984, again solo on acoustic guitar but this time with radically reworked lyrics. Versions performed after 1984 have been closer to the original.

Credits and personnel
Credits for the Blood on the Tracks and single release, adapted from the Bob Dylan All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track book.

Musicians
 * Bob Dylan –lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar, harmonica
 * Kevin Odegard –acoustic lead guitar
 * Chris Weber –acoustic lead guitar
 * Gregg Inhofer –keyboards
 * Billy Peterson –bass guitar
 * Bill Berg –drums

Technical
 * David Zimmerman –producer (uncredited)
 * Paul Martinson –engineering

Covers and references
The song has been covered by various artists, including Barb Jungr, Jerry Garcia, Half Japanese, Robyn Hitchcock, the Indigo Girls, Kim Larsen, T-Bone Burnett, Great White, Joan Baez, Ani Difranco, KT Tunstall, The Whitlams, and The String Cheese Incident. Mary Lee's Corvette covered the entire Blood on The Tracks album in 2002, including "Tangled Up in Blue". According to Hootie & the Blowfish vocalist Darius Rucker, their song "Only Wanna Be with You" was written as a tribute to Dylan; it includes the lines "Put on a little Dylan sitting on a fence," "Ain't Bobby so cool?", and "I'm tangled up in blue."

The song is a playable track on Rock Band 2, as the most difficult song in the vocal section, and the final song for the player to complete in the "Impossible Vocal Challenge". "Tangled Up in Blue" is also published as one of two poems by Dylan in The Seagull Book of Poems. Dylan reworked the lyrics again for an artwork, consisting of handwritten lyrics and a sketch of an abandoned car, displayed at the Halcyon Gallery's Mondo Scripto exhibition in 2018.

title: Tangled Up in Blue


text:
Meriam people

Melanesian Meriam people are an Indigenous Australian group of Torres Strait Islander people who are united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and live as skilled hunter–fisher–gatherers in family groups or clans on a number of inner eastern Torres Strait Islands including Mer or Murray Island, Ugar or Stephen Island and Erub or Darnley Island. The Meriam people are perhaps best known for their involvement in the High Court of Australia's Mabo decision which fundamentally changed land law in Australia - recognising native title.

Although gardening takes priority, each Meriam family has sea rights, and on the reefs in front of their houses, which are mainly built above the beach, they maintain stone fish-weirs and crayfish holes.

Demographics
Melanesian Meriam people primarily reside in a small island of volcanic origin situated at the eastern end of Torres Strait, known as Mer (Murray) Island. The Murray group also comprises two other islands, Erub (Darnely) and Ugar (Stephens) Islands in which traditional laws of boundary and ownership organise them. The three islands are considered as the Meriam cluster. While these Islands predominantly contain Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders who associate as Meriam people, each Island differs in their population and demographics. Mer homes eight tribes of the Meriam people, which have been around for thousands of years these include:

 * Komet
 * Zagareb
 * Meauram
 * Magaram
 * Geuram
 * Peibre
 * Meriam-samsep
 * Piadram
 * Dauer Meriam

Table 1. Data collected from ABS (2016)

Mer and Erub Island both have a large population hence ABS data regarding demographics is available on the two islands, Ugar Island only comprises a small population of 85 people. Hence not much ABS data is available. All that is known as of the 2016 ABS census is that there are 60.7% males and 39.3% females with the median age of 19 comprising the Ugar Island.

Culture
Meriam people have a distinct culture from other Torres Strait Islander groups. Indigenous cultural groups rituals and practices are characterised by their beliefs in the Dreamtime and mythologies. Meriam people differ from other Indigenous groups as many of their rituals are surrounded by their engagement in agriculture and farming. Hence Meriam people place great focus on enhancing individual garden productivity. Therefore, common with all Indigenous groups, the younger generation learn from their elders, hence Meriam fathers pass down their techniques of gardening cultivation to their sons which would be carried on throughout future generations. During certain ceremonies such as deaths, marriages and adoption ceremonies excess produce would be made available for exchange to sustain those engaged in the cultural rituals.

Totems
Totems are important in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture, as they are commonly adopted as a family or clan emblem used to maintain and continue connections with Indigenous land, the Dreamtime and their ancestors. These totems play great significance from the moment an Indigenous child is born, as at the time of birth a child is given a totem in order to connect them to their physical and kin relatedness. Each Indigenous clan has different totems which are unique to them in their own ways.

A shared totem among all eight Meriam tribes is a shark. This totem arises from a story in which a father and son got lost while hunting and waited for sharks to rescue them. Therefore, sharks are seen as a totem animal who would protect the Meriam people and not attack them. It is forbidden for men (who usually would hunt prior to European colonisation) to hunt sharks as they are seen as animals who would not harm the Meriam people.

While individual clan's totems arise from stories, over time these stories have been lost as elders have been unable to communicate them to younger generations due to past policies that separated Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. However, the following totems are known for the following tribes of the Mer people:

 * Komet, totems include sardine and mangrove
 * Zagareb, totems include seagull and Torres Strait pigeon
 * Meauram, totems include turtle
 * Magaram, totems include whale and snake
 * Geuram, totems include whale, snake and dove
 * Peibrem totems include mantaray
 * Meriam-samsep, totems include tiger shark, Torres Strait pigeon and driftwood totems
 * Piadram, totems include tiger shark, Torres Strait pigeon, driftwood and whale
 * Dauer Meriam totem includes Tagai constellation

Mythology/ Cosmogony
The stories told by elders to the younger generations allow for the transgenerational learning of the Meriam culture. Some of the stories explain why certain rituals or practices are important in Indigenous clans.

Torres Strait Islanders in particular the Mer people are seafarers, sea country was used as a place for gardening, hunting, fishing, ceremonies, art, music, dance and storytelling. The story of Nageg (pronounced Nar-gegg) and Geigi (pronounced Gay-gee) explains the importance of sea country. It explains how Nageg and Geigi, a mother and son became known as triggerfish and trevally, through a creation story of the Tig Dowareb Clan of Murray Island. The story begins with Geigi, the son disguising himself as a kingfish among many sardines to fool an old man who would hunt for sardines. When the old man notices he is being fooled he takes Geigi disguised as the kingfish home one night for dinner and eats him, falling asleep soon after under a tree. Nageg, the mother cuts open the old man and takes Geigi out demanding him to live in the ocean to break the spears of those who try to spear him eventually becoming trevally. Whereas Geigi demands Nageg to live on the rock cave on the reef piercing anyone with her fin if they try to catch her, becoming triggerfish.

The Gelam story explains the creations of the three islands – Mer, Waier and Dauar of the Murray group, which resulted due to Gelam's mother's trickery and Gelam's lies. Gelam was a boy who lived in Moa Island in the Torres Strait, he was known for his skilful hunting. The story begins by Gelam purposely keeping the fat birds he would hunt for himself and giving his mother the lean birds. After his mother noticed this, she decided to scare him one day while he was hunting by dressing up as a dogai by covering herself in mud, this worked and successfully scared Gelam as he ran home frightened. However, Gelam realised his mother played a trick on him as he noticed the residue of mud under her eyes when he reached home, this caused Gelam to leave his home, he gathered fruits, seeds and soils and set off in the canoe he carved himself. Gelam reached the Great Barrier Reef, where it is said today if you fly to the Torres Strait over Central Islands some of the reefs look like Gelam's tears from when he was leaving his home crying. This journey eventually led to the creation of three islands – Mer, Waier and Dauar.

Religion
Christianity is the most common religion preached on the Murray, Ugar and Erub Islands, with Anglicanism and Pentecostalism being the most populated sectors. Christianity has influenced Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander spirituality, as a result of past policies such as segregation and assimilation policies which separated Indigenous people from their families restricting them from practicing their spiritual beliefs, and instead raising them with Christian values. As a result, many Indigenous Australians are Christian today. However Indigenous spirituality and Christian spirituality can peacefully coexist in Indigenous people's lives, particularly for the Meriam people.

As quoted by an elder of Murray Island, "culture is very important…culture is identity" and "religion is very important…God taught spirit and wisdom". Meriam people both express their cultural identity through their dreamtime stories and rituals, while still valuing their religion. Christianity was also easily accepted by the Meriam people because before religion the Mer people would follow the rule of Malo, which has principles and structure similar to Christianity.

Traditions
A significant tradition of the Meriam people that still remains significant today despite the influence of European colonisation is Meriam people's death rites. In the death rituals and customs of Meriam people of the Murray Island, bright meteors play an important role which relate to spiritual elements of death rites.

Maier, the name given to bright meteors is symbolic as it not only informs observers about the passing of a person in their community it also enables spirits of the dead to communicate with those alive. Maier therefore informs people about their life, social status and follows as a warning to follow traditional customs, while representing the dead or dying person's spirit. The brightness, colour and trajectory of the Maier further informs the observer about characteristics of the person and their life. The knowledge and meaning behind Maier's are passed down through oral tradition, such as storytelling and material culture as it is significant in serving as a means of culture

Mabo case
The Meriam people are most commonly known for their contribution to Native Title, which recognised their rights to their land and overturned the expanded doctrine of terra nullius as applicable to domestic law. The five Meriam people who contributed to this were Eddie Koiki Mabo, Reverend David Passi, Sam Passi, James Rice and Celuia Mapo Sale.

The Mabo case began on 20 May 1982 primarily led by Eddie Mabo and the four other mentioned Meriam people. On 3 June 1992 terra nullius was overturned and native title was recognised by the High Court, recognising the Meriam people were entitled to all rights and use of the Murray Islands.

The Murray Island returning to the traditional owners (Meriam people) is significant for Meriam people, as prior to European contact they had a strong sense of connection to their islands, seas and reefs surrounding them. Hence being stripped of this not only resulted in loss of traditions but also a loss of kinship ties.

Mabo and the four other Meriam people's contribution were significant to rekindling their connection to the land, and as a result Meriam people celebrate the High Court's ruling of the Native Title every June third, paying tribute to Mabo. The Mer people gather together performing dances, prayers and feast to acknowledge the achievements of the applicants.

Arts
Wasie Tardent and Clinton Naina are one of the few Meriam artists that narrate their storytelling traditions through artwork.

Politicians

 * The five Meriam people who contributed to the Mabo Case
 * Eddie Koiki Mabo, land rights campaigner
 * Reverend David Passi, Anglican priest, traditional landowner and land rights campaigner
 * Sam Passi, school teacher and linguist
 * James Rice
 * Celuia Mapo Sale

Professionals/ Academics

 * Dr Vanessa Lee – senior lecturer at the University of Sydney in behavioural and social sciences
 * Thelma Weston – named Female Elder of the Year for lifelong work as a nurse and health worker

title: Meriam people


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anarcho-capitalist critique of left-anarchism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ABCD 22:18, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Anarcho-capitalist critique of left-anarchism
The article has not been edited since january, and all the same issues remain. It's based entirely on original research, with such claims as the idea that anarchism isn't a political philosophy. From the very core, it is an article written to support a tiny ideological group's attempts to redefine a historical movement that rejects it, in a way that favours their inclusion.

As with before, this debate is covered on several pages already, and there is no need for a POV article that is so inactive as to have zero positive changes since our last VfD listing in December of 2004.

(はさばくのきつね)]] 05:35, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete There's no value in having this, seeing as how it's slanted.--Hoovernj 02:40, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete--Che y Marijuana 14:02, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 14:14, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete adding "X critique of Y" instead of enhancing the "X" or "Y" article leads to fragmentation and articles nobody cares about. --Pjacobi 14:26, 2005 Mar 24 (UTC)
 * Delete as per the above. The article may bring up some interesting points but the information would be better suited in the related pages and not as a standing page of its own. Arkyan 18:32, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Kev 00:59, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV fork. Megan1967 02:07, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV orig research. DaveTheRed 06:12, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This isn't Wikinfo. -Fennec [[User_Talk:Fennec|
 * Delete - max rspct 21:26, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Dsmdgold 00:57, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this and do not redirect to Anarcho-capitalism. It's apparently just an attempt to spread the word. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 01:02, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - no consensus

Anarcho-capitalist critique of left-anarchism The page is editorial in its very nature, has major NPOV issues, and hasn't been edited or had any response on its talkpage in a month. It covers a debate that is already covered extensively across several pages, Anarchism, Anarcho-Capitalism, etc...--Che y Marijuana 04:56, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * delete - I would vote merge with Anarcho-Capitalism, but there's nothing salvageable from it.--Che y Marijuana 05:07, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, no point having this duplicate information here like this. Shane King 05:22, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The other articles cover it well. — [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 08:39, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 *  Weak keep. I'm currently trying to figure out how significant this issue is. Articles about well-known debates are always encyclopedic, otherwise we would need to delete methodenstreit and economic calculation debate. We already have Anarchist objections to marxism, Anarchist objections to capitalism, so why not this one? The fact that the article summarizes a debate or critique does not mean it is biased, and frankly I don't see NPOV issues here. VfD submitter's own POV seems to be heavily towards left-anarchism and directly in opposition to anarcho-capitalism, and that might be a factor here. My suggestion is to send this to cleanup, for this would benefit from more encyclopedic writing style. It reads too much like a pamphlet right now. jni 08:44, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Keep growing support inspired me to rethink [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 23:16, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: The issue is not sufficiently significant on its own, were NPOV possible, to require a separate article, as opposed to a paragraph explanation in the Anarchism article. I'm sure it means a lot to the people who are Anarchists libertarian who dislike the Anarchists who are of the old Trotskyite stamp, but it's not worth article schism. Geogre 14:48, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hopelessly parochial anti-anarchist twaddle. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 16:56, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur with Che y Marijuana, very little salvagable content and even that exists in other articles already. millerc 17:24, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It even admits it's a critique, not a reference article. P Ingerson 00:20, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Could you please explain why critiques are not encyclopedic? I mean here well known debates, not POV criticism cast by one Wikipedian. jni 06:55, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:43, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Critiques are ok. It is not a significant issue but neither is the anarchist critique of marxism, which a legit page. I think Wiki has expanded to the point where such a page is justified. However, I would like to see the page revised to look a bit more professional.  -Rossamus 04:22, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If possible, Merge with anarcho-capitalism. It's a valid subject, but perhaps not worthy of an article. Either way, the substance should at least be merged, and perhaps kept as an article if it can't be properly merged. Also, Rossamus, where is that critique of Marxism? A search didn't reveal it. --Golbez 03:11, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep or a possible merge with the Anarchism article, but that article is already quite long. Definitely not a delete. 129.177.61.120 08:53, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for the reasons stated above. -FLafaire 16:24, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep -- No more inherently POV than, say, an article about the Lamarckist critique of Darwinian theory, which would presumably examine the debate over the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and which I would likewise vote to keep. The title implies a focus, but not a bias. All vision has focus. --Christofurio 20:24, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Pjacobi 10:19, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - this is clearly adding to the Wikipedia. It is not heavily POV and I found reading it very instructive. Anarcho-capitalism is in itself a long article. There is nothing wrong with coverage of debates and one or two of the earlier Delete votes make me question whether or not we're getting a bit of a war between different sorts of anarchists here... The Land 17:50, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 21:13, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Don Perata

Don Richard Perata (born April 30, 1945) is a California lobbyist and former Democratic politician, who was President pro tempore of the California State Senate from 2004 to 2008. He came in second place in the November 2010 election for Mayor of Oakland.

Perata worked with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to gain passage of five infrastructure related bond measures in 2006. Prior to serving in the State Senate, Perata served in the California State Assembly, as a member of the Board of Supervisors of Alameda County, and as a high school teacher.

Background
Born in Alameda, California, Perata is the son of Italian immigrants. During his childhood, he helped his father, Dick, to deliver milk door-to-door for the Lakehurst Creamery in Alameda. Perata graduated from Saint Joseph High School and earned his degree from Saint Mary's College of California. He taught English, History, and Civics from 1966 to 1981 in Alameda County schools. Perata has a daughter and a son.

Alameda County politics
Perata began his political career when he ran for Mayor of Alameda in 1975 but was narrowly defeated. In 1986 he was elected to the Alameda County Board of Supervisors and was re-elected to a second term. As Supervisor, Perata worked to shut down problematic liquor stores, ban cigarette advertising, and lobbied the state legislature for an assault weapons ban and funding for the mentally ill.

Rise to the California State Senate
Having served eight years representing Oakland as an Alameda County Supervisor, Perata's first attempt at state politics came in the 1994 democratic primary for controller, aged 49. He was unsuccessful, capturing 27.27% of the vote. Afterwards, Perata served as a staff assistant for then Senate Pro Tem Bill Lockyer. In 1996, Perata was elected as a California State Assemblyman for the Oakland, Alameda, and Piedmont district.

In 1998, Perata ran for the State Senate for the 9th District which currently includes Alameda, Albany, Berkeley, Castro Valley, Dublin, El Sobrante, Emeryville, Livermore, Oakland, Piedmont, Richmond, and San Pablo.

Perata's run (and election) to the State Senate in 1998 was part of a series of five special elections that were held in the East Bay within less than 12 months, as Perata and other East Bay politicians vied for different political offices. For a detailed account of events, see Special election musical chairs.

Don Perata was selected by his peers in the California Democratic Party to lead the party in the California State Senate in 2004, becoming the California State Senate President Pro Tempore and leader of Senate. The position is the highest-ranking leader and most powerful member of the Senate. The state Democratic Party re-elected Perata as President pro Tem until his retirement from the State Senate in 2008.

California State Senate

Perata is a staunch advocate of gun control. In 1999, Perata successfully drove legislation that updated the California "assault weapons" ban by adding a ban of generically described semi-automatic firearms. He obtained a concealed weapons permit to legally carry a loaded handgun in public. He claimed this was necessary for self-defense due to threats on his life and the well-being of his family from some individual opponents of his pro-gun control legislative activity.

Perata has been an advocate for the rights of the elderly, the mentally ill, and the disabled. He supported legislation to create a discount drug program and legislation to require HMOs to pay for mental health treatment. He supported legislation that secured $27 million annually for ovarian and prostate cancer and legislation that increase access to breast cancer screening for low-income women. He has authored legislation requiring California utilities companies to contract for cleaner energy sources and supported tougher penalties on oil refinery emissions.

In early 2005, Perata introduced a bill to repair California's flagging infrastructure including highway improvements, housing reform and levee repairs. Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger began to speak out in favor of improving state infrastructure after Schawarzenegger's November 2005 special election ballot initiatives were defeated. While Schwarzenegger's plan included fixing transportation problems, his infrastructure plan was drastically more costly and advocated more prisons and did not address the housing problem.

In a rare occurrence for Sacramento politicians, in early 2006 Perata and Schwarzenegger began to work together to piece together a bipartisan infrastructure plan that both sides of the legislature could embrace. They were successful and five bond measures were approved by California voters on the November 2006 ballot. These measures are aimed at improving roads, mass transit, affordable housing, levee repair, and upgrading educational facilities.

In July 2007, during state budget negotiations, Perata ordered the Senate to remain in session for 19 hours in an attempt to reach an agreement on the budget. California requires two-thirds of both legislative houses and the governor's signature to pass a budget. Perata needed two Republican votes in the State Senate to pass the budget and the lock down aimed to get those two Republican votes. The California State Senate Republicans presented a revised budget that aimed to reduce state spending and included tax credits to some Fortune 500 corporations, cuts to transportation and welfare, and eliminating cost-of-living pay raises to the blind, elderly, and disabled.

The state budget had already gained the required two-thirds majority in the California Assembly and the support of Governor Schwarzenegger. Perata and the Senate Democrats rejected the Senate Republican budget proposal and the Republicans held out for weeks into August, preventing many state legislators from returning home for their summer recess, before the budget was passed. Perata retaliated against Republican Jeff Denham for voting against the budget by stripping Denham of committee assignments and contributing to a recall effort against Denham.

Perata's concluded about the Capitol: "There is no center. I'm not talking about political center. There is no action center, or moral center, or anything else left in Sacramento."

In an April interview, Perata reflected on the value of the legislation passed by the State Legislature under his leadership as President pro tempore of the California State Senate: "Almost everything I wanted to do in Sacramento that was beneficial to the state—whether it was on gun control or infant mortality—was twice as beneficial to my district. In many instances, my role was to get it done; I didn't have the need to take or get the credit, just results."

Post-Senate
Proposition 93, a term limit alteration ballot measure sponsored by Perata and Assembly Speaker Fabian Núñez, did not pass in February 2008. Perata termed out of the State Senate (and Núñez termed out of the State Assembly) in 2008. The proposition would have allowed Perata to serve one more term in the State Senate (and Núñez three more terms in the State Assembly). Perata was a target for criticism by the opposition to Proposition 93. One television ad included the following line: "Don Perata, whose home was raided by the FBI in the ongoing corruption probe."

Perata filed a "statement of intention" to run for the California Board of Equalization in 2010, but instead decided to run for Mayor of Oakland after incumbent Ron Dellums declined to run for re-election.

In the November 2010 election, Perata ran for Mayor in a field of nine candidates. The two other major contenders were City Council members Jean Quan and Rebecca Kaplan. He led in first-place balloting, but came in second place following winner Quan after taking into account ranked choice balloting (instant runoff).

Perata was also the co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the California Cancer Research Act, 2012's Proposition 29 a ballot measure that was defeated by California voters on June 5, 2012. If it would have passed, the measure was projected to generate over $500 million annually for cancer research by levying a new $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California. Revenues would have also been spent on smoking-cessation programs, and tobacco law-enforcement.

Political controversy
In early 2004, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Perata's friend and associate, Timothy G. Staples, had received $313,000 in business from political campaigns initiated or supported by Perata. At the same time, Staples had paid Perata $100,000 per year in consulting fees that supplement Perata's Senate salary, according to financial records and interviews with the senator. After this disclosure The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights sent a letter to the Senate stating that Perata's payments for consulting work looked "like a complex and illegal money-laundering mechanism."

That same week the Senate Ethics Committee began an investigation into the matter, but dropped it the following month concluding that the dealings did not violate the Senate's standards of conduct or conflict-of-interest rules. Later that same month the Chronicle reported on another dealing by the Senator. Since 1999, Perata's campaign fund and various other political committees had paid Exit Strategies more than $743,000, according to campaign finance documents. Exit Strategies, a political direct mail firm, was launched in 1999 by Perata's son, Nick, and based at his father's Alameda County home. By their own accounting, Exit Strategies paid the senator nearly $138,000 during the same period for rent and consulting fees. The Senate Ethics Committee again ruled that this was not an actionable violation, but it raised questions into the propriety of the relationship.

Additional stories by The Chronicle during this time insinuated that Perata had carried a bill on behalf of Mercury Insurance, which may have allowed the company to circumvent Prop. 103. Mercury, in turn, donated $50,000 to a political committee run by Oakland developer Phil Tagami, who later hired Staples, who had previously paid Perata as a consultant.

In early November 2004, Perata became the official target of a probe by the Justice Department under Republican President, George W. Bush. The FBI, the US Attorney's Office, and a federal grand jury investigated whether Perata took bribes or kickbacks from friends and campaign donors in exchange for his help.

That same year, Perata was also criticized when he described as "crackers" - a disparaging slang term for poor Southern whites - some San Diego-area residents who stridently opposed a bill to give illegal immigrants the ability to obtain driver's licenses.

In May 2007, the East Bay Express, an alternative weekly in the Bay Area, published a two-part investigation of Perata. The articles suggested that between 1998 and 2007, Perata spent more than $1 million of campaign cash on parties and high-end lifestyle expenditures, amounting to more than one-quarter of the total he raised for his reelection campaigns in that time. The same free publication also alleged that Perata had manipulated liberal causes, such as antiwar sentiment, for his own political ends. and had used campaign donations to support his lavish lifestyle.

The FBI investigation lasted five years. No arrests or indictments occurred, and in early 2009, Justice Department officials closed the case and announced they would not be filing any charges.

title: Don Perata


text:
USS Lapon

USS Lapon has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 * USS Lapon (SS-260), a submarine in commission from 1943 to 1946 and in 1957
 * USS Lapon (SSN-661), a submarine in commission from 1967 to 1992

title: USS Lapon


text:
Haim Bar-Lev

Haim "Kidoni" Bar-Lev (חיים בר-לב; 16 November 1924 – 7 May 1994) was a military officer during Israel's pre-state and early statehood eras and later a government minister.

Biography
Born Haim Brotzlewsky in Vienna and raised in Zagreb, Bar-Lev made aliyah to Mandate Palestine in 1939. From 1942 through 1948, Bar-Lev served in various Jewish military units, such as the Palmach. He became both a pilot and a parachutist, which would later serve him in developing both of these military branches in the young Israel Defense Forces.

In 1946, Bar-Lev blew up the Allenby Bridge near Jericho to prevent Arab militiamen in Trans-Jordan from entering Jewish towns west of the Jordan River. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Bar-Lev was the commander of the Eighth Battalion (Mechanized) in the Negev Brigade, which fought in the southern part of the country and the Sinai.

During the 1956 Suez Crisis he commanded the 27th Armored Brigade, which captured the Gaza Strip before turning southwest and reaching the Suez Canal. By 1964 he became of Director of Operations within the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).

During the June 1967 Six-Day War he served as the Deputy Chief of Staff in the IDF. Israeli Chief of Staff General Chaim Bar-Lev initiated the construction of defensive structures along the Canal, despite advice from several seasoned commanders. However, Israeli commanders did not prioritize determining whether the 'Bar-Lev Line' served as merely a 'trip-wire', as later asserted, or constituted a comprehensive defensive barrier.

Between 1968 and 1971, Bar-Lev served as IDF's Chief of General Staff, which made him the highest-ranking military officer.

During the October 1973 Yom Kippur War, although retired from the IDF and serving as the Minister of Trade and Industry, he was recalled by Prime Minister Golda Meir back into military service to replace Shmuel "Gorodish" Gonen as chief of the Southern Command, which defended the Sinai Peninsula. Bar-Lev played a pivotal role in the war. Before his appointment the Southern front was in disarray to the point of near total collapse and Gonen was proving unable to effectively control the situation. Bar-Lev immediately took charge and worked towards stabilizing the front. His political and negotiating skills also proved instrumental in controlling his field generals who were feuding amongst themselves since each had their own notions, sometimes competing ones, regarding how the war in the South should be carried out. The effect that Bar-Lev's arrival had on the chaotic Southern command headquarters was described by Gonen's deputy, Uri Ben-Ari, in testimony to the Israeli military's historical department:

"Bar-Lev brought calmness on all of us. Finally there was a feeling that we had a real commander in charge. This feeling spread between us and later also in the battlefield radios like fire. Bar-Lev also managed to calm Gorodish down. Prior to his arrival, general staff meetings were one loud shout out of Gorodish's mouth. Bar Lev instituted orderly working routines. No one challenged his authority. The country owes much to him. 'Dvelah' went back to being a real war-room, a compartmentalized one. No one [who did not belong there] was allowed entry. Serenity descended on the war room. The general staff officers switched to carrying out their tasks in well organized shifts. Even Arik [Ariel Sharon]'s tone of voice changed when Bar Lev arrived."

Political career
Bar-Lev remained Minister of Trade and Industry until the Alignment government was defeated and replaced by the Likud under the leadership of Menachem Begin following the 1977 elections, in which Bar-Lev was elected to the Knesset for the first time. Between 1977 and 1984 he served as General Secretary of the Labor Party, the largest faction in the Alignment. When the Alignment joined the national unity governments that held office between 1984 and 1990, Bar-Lev served as Minister of Police and as a member of the "inner cabinet". He retired from the Knesset at the time of the 1992 elections, and was appointed ambassador to Russia, serving until 1994.

He died in Tel Aviv on 7 May 1994.

His son Omer Bar-Lev is an Israeli politician member of the Labor Party.

title: Haim Bar-Lev


text:
Astron

Astron may refer to:

 * Mitsubishi Astron engine
 * ASTRON, the Dutch foundation for astronomy research, operating the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and LOFAR
 * Astron (comics), a fictional character, a member of the Marvel Comics group The Eternals
 * Astron (spacecraft), Soviet ultraviolet space telescope
 * Astron (fusion reactor), a fusion power design from the 1960s
 * Astron (wristwatch), the world's first quartz wristwatch by Seiko
 * The fourth month in the Shire Calendar
 * Van Hool T917 Astron, a coach body
 * Astron (ship), a Russian cargo vessel wrecked off the coast of the Dominican Republic

title: Astron


text:
Margaret Marland

Margaret Marland (born February 15, 1934) is a former Canadian politician in Ontario. She was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1985 to 2003, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of Mike Harris.

Background
Marland worked as a bank accountant and dental assistant in private life. She began her political career as a school trustee, serving on the Peel Board of Education from 1974 to 1978. From 1978 to 1985, she served as Mississauga City Councillor for Ward 2. She was also a member of the board of governors for the Oakville-Trafalgar Hospital, and served as governor of Sheridan College.

Politics
Marland was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1985 provincial election, defeating her Liberal opponent by about 1,500 votes in the traditionally Conservative riding of Mississauga South. The Tories won a minority government in this election, but were defeated in the house shortly thereafter; Marland held a number of critic's positions in opposition. Marland supported Larry Grossman for the party leadership in late 1985 (Toronto Star, 6 November 1985).

In the provincial election of 1987, she defeated Liberal candidate Claudette MacKay-Lassonde by only 599 votes to retain her seat. The Tories were reduced to only 17 seats out of 130 in this election. In early 1990, Marland was named deputy house leader of her party.

Marland was re-elected by a significant majority in the election of 1990, in which the Tories increased their standing to 20 seats. She again held a number of critic's roles in opposition.

The Tories won a majority government in the provincial election of 1995, and Marland was re-elected by a landslide in Mississauga South. She was not immediately appointed to cabinet by Mike Harris, and was defeated by Al McLean in her bid to become Speaker of the legislature. She was subsequently named chair of the Progressive Conservative caucus in recognition of her parliamentary experience.

When McLean was forced to resign in disgrace in 1996, Marland was Harris's choice to be his replacement; the legislature, however, elected Chris Stockwell to the position. On October 10, 1997, Marland was named a Minister without Portfolio in Harris's government with responsibility for Children. She was easily re-elected in the 1999 provincial election, and was dropped from cabinet on February 7, 2001.

Although known as a strong regional representative, Marland was not a major player in the Harris government, and was not brought back into cabinet by Ernie Eves when he replaced Harris as leader in 2002.

Marland was favoured to be re-elected in the provincial election of 2003, but lost to Liberal Tim Peterson by only 234 votes in a Liberal sweep of the Mississauga area.

After politics
Since her defeat, she has kept largely a low profile, but made a statement critical of Tim Peterson's automatic installation as PC candidate after he crossed the floor, saying that it was "despicable the way this has been dealt with."

title: Margaret Marland


text: User talk:68.8.6.237

title: User talk:68.8.6.237