text:
Talk:Gas chromatography

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 January 2021 and 27 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Amassey1. Peer reviewers: Maskewmo, MaryGrace J. Larsen.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:04, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Most common detectors???
I disagree that TCD is the most common GC detector. FID (from my experience) seems to be the general standard for most basic analyses... any thoughts? Blckdmnd99 18:59, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * You are absolutely correct. No way is a TCD the most common detector, I would say without a doubt a FID is the most common, *maybe* followed by ECD.  This entire article is rather poorly put together, however somebody has been making some pretty decent contributions recently.  I was going to sit down and spend some time working on this, but I have been pretty busy at work, ironically enough, developing GC and GC/MS methods.  Babbles 01:35, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * In my experience the FID is most common followed CLOSELY by the TCD. In our lab, we use the TCD extensively to detect water, which of course an FID absolutely CANNOT do, and glycols. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.4.100.235 (talk) 23:40, 24 April 2007 (UTC).

 * I think it depends on what industry (or research area) to which you're accustomed. In my experience, TCDs are more common than FIDs--but I understand that my experience is just a narrow slice of the world of gas chromatography.  I think the problem is that GC is a huge field and it's tough to do it justice in one article.  I think we need more sub-articles that go into the details.
 * But anyway, I agree that the bit about TCDs being the most common should be re-written. If I find the time, I may change it to list both FIDs and TCDs being common, since they both have broad capabilities, with the rest of the detectors being for more specific analyses.  Pi3832 11:53, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Apparently, I found the time. Pi3832 13:18, 22 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Excellent, thanks! I too am plagued by too much GC / GC/MS time but really want to start getting more involved around here. It's amazing what can happen when everyone pulls their effors together! Blckdmnd99 15:53, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well done! The confusion in the beginning may have stemmed from the TCD being commercially available before the FID in the 1950's and thus having been the "first" detector. --Carboxen 05:25, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Column length
wat happens when the column length is increased -- (msg from December 2004) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.64.14 (talk) 03:10, 8 December 2004 (UTC)

 * Advantages to increasing column length include better separation of peaks that overlap slightly. Disadvantages are peak spreading and longer retention times. --206.194.127.112 (talk) 20:14, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

The article states that packed columns can be up to 10m long but I used a packed column that is 12m... 148.177.1.215 (talk) 15:43, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

need drawings
It would be excellent if someone came up with drawings for this article. After all, "a picture is worth a thousands of words." Allentchang 00:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Added the diagram. Would appreciate some feedback to improve it. -- Rune Welsh ταλκ 21:25, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

I'm an engineer for a manufacturer of GCs and detectors. I'll look through our expired patents and see if I can find anything useful to add on. Rune, your drawing hits pretty well on the concept anyway, that's how I illustrate it when I explain it to people :-) --Eigenvalue 05:08, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

misc additions
Added some more links to manufacturers and added hydrogen to the list of carrier gases. - Babbles 23:00, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm thinking this thing needs an overhaul, I don't think it does a decent job of addressing various things such as column phases, length, diameter, film thickness, injector port, retention time, solvents, Gaussian peaks, solvent/Grob effects and so forth. - Babbles 23:19, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * But I don't think this main article should be too technical. It should be aimed at people who don't atually run GCs, but are interested in them for some other reason.  (This is why I added the "GCs in Popular Culture" section.)

 * Sub-articles that address the kinds of technical details you mention would be A Good Thing, however. Pi3832 11:57, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

I think it would be great to see a little more discussion on temperature programs and software used in GC analysis. (Yes, I say this because I'm struggling with setting up a GC at work and can't seem to find much on information.) jz

What issues are you having? One possible online resource could be: http://www.chromatographyforum.com/ I do not post there and don't really keep up with it, but perhaps it could help you out some. Babbles 17:20, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

For the pop culture references, I'd like to add a reference, but I'm not sure how to merge it with the current text, which is less about the references to GC's and more criticism of its use in pop culture. Here's my reference: In the novel "Zodiac" by Neal Stephenson, the protagonist Sangamon Taylor relies on a GC to do his vigilante environmental detective work. --MM 22:03, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Another often remembered popular misconception of what GCs can do is Sean Connery's 15-minute complete GC analysis of a cancer drug in the movie "Medicine Man" (1992). Great jungle lab. I would beleive a Helium/TCD analysis of atmospheric gases on a Molsieve column, or a CFC analysis, in that time, not one of a pharmaceutical compound. --Carboxen 05:35, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

History section
The history section is in desperate need of an overhaul. Fuzzform 19:24, 06 Dec 2005 (UTC)

Chromatography Article
The Chromatography article has all of two sentences about GC. And they aren't even entirely correct. Anyone want to volunteer to go edit/expand that? Pi3832 15:38, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

fg/s
I have seen the sensitivity of chromatographs expressed in fg/s. Can someone explain what this measure is please. Lumos3 22:29, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Femtograms per second. See the metric system article. Pi3832 16:19, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

Methods
I've added a section on Methods, in which to discuss some general information on method developement. If it gets too detailed we may want to make a separate article(s), but I think this is a good place too start. Please, please, please feel free to compose stuff for this section--the subsections, especially.--Pi3832 14:33, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

recent revision of article
Heya all, I have reordered the article a bit a few days ago, to make it be more organized. Various great sections had sprouted recently and it became a collection of subsections without much order (I am not innocent), that I thought distracted from the big picture. Let me know if there are any such changes you disapprove of. Also, volunteers are sought for the sections Data Reduction and analysis (software, integrators, retention indices, databases, mass fragmentograms, etc) and Column selection (phases, dimensions) - I wouldnt mind collaborating. Carboxen 00:57, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Too much detail, not enough info in intro for laymen
Hi -- this article bears the marks of TMCGS (Too Many Chemistry Grad Students). It's highly technical and detailed in its topic coverage, but the introduction doesn't even explain in a simple way *what GC is used for*. Perhaps this could be worked on? -- YACGS (yet another chemistry grad student) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.240.10.170 (talk) 03:32, 16 April 2007 (UTC).

HPGC
Sometimes "HPGC" is used. Should it be mentioned in the article, or redirected? — DIV (128.250.204.118 06:53, 11 July 2007 (UTC)) And "HPGLC". — DIV (128.250.204.118 06:55, 11 July 2007 (UTC))

Deleted section on propane and propane accessories
We really don't need a section that does nothing more than list the makers of gas-liquid chromatography equipment and gas-liquid chromatography accessories. It is not encyclopedic, and it is a magnet for spam. --Jaysweet 21:33, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I see people re-spamming the hell out of this article without justifying on the talk page why those external links are encyclopedic. They are not.  I am blanking it again until someone please justifies themselves on the talk page.  --Jaysweet 14:30, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Whoopsies, it appears I've been a little heavy-handed... Most of those links were internal wiki-links and therefore do not qualify as spam.  I restored the sections and the internal links.  The external links have been removed, though, and I will continue to aggressively remove them.  Repeated adding of spam could result in warnings and blocks.  --Jaysweet 14:59, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Separation of components of air
I want the picture present in 9th cbse NCERT book. Can you please help me?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.62.100.167 (talk) 04:52, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

GCs in popular culture
This section sounds very opinionated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 35.9.128.119 (talk) 21:36, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

"In the U.S. TV show CSI, for example, GCs are used to rapidly identify unknown samples. "This is gasoline bought at a Chevron station in the past two weeks," the analyst will say fifteen minutes after receiving the sample." Is this SO unreasonable? Some GC programs are fast, and given gasoline is volatile, no reason why this should not be. GCs tend to be repeatable; no need to do more than one trace (when it goes to court you might want to, but that can be done later, once the detectives have gone). The "heat out" should be done afterthe previous sample, not just before this one. Are you sure hey are not using GC-MS? They are common on TV (not sure about CSI). Is it possible the analyst has been told in advance to expect a gasoline sample, and has loaded the program already. Once that is done, put the sample in the vial, push the button, and wait for the answer.

Totally different issue: The GC is mentioned in a Simpson's episode. Bart's classmate Martin tells the clas about his hero, the guy who invented the GC. Later in the episode, a GC is used to analyse a "flaming moe".  F2Andy (talk) 15:02, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

As a side note regarding the same passage, episodes of CSI only rarely have solid markers of the flow of time in them. "Fifteen minutes" appears, thus, to be a complete guess. The show also has a few meta-jokes about how tests that take hours to days only occupy about thirty seconds of screen time, but that's neither here nor there. Point is, complaining about too-fast analysis on a show that's not meant to be a 24-style minute-by-minute account is mildly ridiculous. Since I'm an anonymous I'm not going to take it out myself, but unless there's a strong counter-reason (or even a citation) I'd think someone should, no? 69.29.95.100 (talk) 14:32, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I am currently working on this article and as no one has given an argument as to why this section should stay, nor added any citations to the existing section, I will be removing it from the article. It gives the reader no benefit to understanding gas chromatography itself and the information does not come from reliable sources and does seem to be biased. Amassey1 (talk) 12:34, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

Sources?
I think the information here is quite reliable but no source material is stated. Could the author/authors maybe look them up and write them? Would mean a lot since I need to qoute this for an important project. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.183.74.61 (talk) 12:53, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

i find thhis data to be wrong :/  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.197.214.196 (talk) 13:46, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Page moved. Ucucha 02:19, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Gas-liquid chromatography → Gas chromatography — This article is about gas chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography is a particular kind of gas chromatography where the stationary phase is a liquid on a solid support. (as opposed to gas-solid chromatography or bonded stationary phases - see also ). The current conetents of the gas-liquid chromatography should be moved over redirect to gas chromatography. Kkmurray (talk) 17:44, 7 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Technique of FGC
--222.67.205.143 (talk) 05:24, 31 March 2010 (UTC) --222.67.205.143 (talk) 05:59, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?as_q=flash+gas+chromatography&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_sdt=1.&as_sdtp=on&as_sdts=5&hl=en
 * Flash pyrolysis - http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?as_q=flash+pyrolysis+gas+chromatography&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_sdt=1.&as_sdtp=on&as_sdts=5&hl=en
 * Flash heater - http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+%22flash+heater%22+chromatography&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0
 * Flash exchange - http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=en&q=allintitle%3A+flash+exchange+chromatography&btnG=Search&as_sdt=2000&as_ylo=&as_vis=0

Main section
As I understand it, fractional distillation can be configured in a plant as a continuous process, whereas, at least as I have always seen it implemented, gas chromatography, because of its analytic task, is alwasy a batch process. This is an important distinction, as well, which I feel should be mentioned. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.46.82.18 (talk) 14:48, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It sure is a pretty fine line between an analytical technique and a separation process. Industrial "chromatography" often does involve continuous process however. "All you have to do" is keep track of each bit of injected material and watch the eluent at known times (or distances) from the injection. I haven't seen promotional material for large-scale Simulated moving bed gas chromatography equipment, but there are primary-literature studies of the idea. DMacks (talk) 15:11, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

ERROR CORRECTION AND UPDATE
I have changed this sentence ... FROM

"The atomic emission spectra is diffracted by a diffraction gradient and detected by a series of photomultiplier tubes." TO ...

"The atomic emission spectra is diffracted by a diffraction grating and detected by a series of photomultiplier tubes or photo diodes." To correct an error and to include a more recent technology. SUPERHETRODYNE (talk) 20:16, 6 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Materialscientist (talk) 22:36, 6 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Detectors section
I suggest adding the olfactometric detector to this section, and adding an article on gas chromatography-olfactory (GC-O).

Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) is a technique that integrates the separation of volatile compounds using a gas chromatograph with the detection of odour using an olfactometer (human assessor). While GC separates and quantifies volatile compounds from an extract, human olfaction detects the odour activity of each eluting compound. In this olfactometric detection, a human assessor may qualitatively determine whether a compound has odour activity or describe the odour perceived, or quantitatively evaluate the intensity of the odour or the duration of the odour activity. The olfactometric detection of compounds allows the assessment of the relationship between a quantified substance and the human perception of its odour, without instrumental detection limits present in other kinds of detectors.

The apparatus consists of a gas chromatograph equipped with an odour port (ODP), in place of or in addition to conventional detectors, from with human assessors sniff the eluates. The odour port is characterised by its nose-cone design connected to the GC instrument by a transfer line. The odour port is commonly glass or polytetrafluoroethylene. It is generally placed 30 – 60 cm away from the instrument, extending from the side such that it is not affected by the hot GC oven. The deactivated silica transfer line is generally heated to prevent the condensation of less-volatile compounds. It is flexible so that the assessor can adjust it according to their comfortable sitting position. As traditional warm and dry carrier gases may dehydrate the mucous membrane of the nose, volatiles are delivered via auxiliary gas or humidified carrier gas, with relative humidity (RH) of 50 – 75%, to ease the dehydration.

The olfactometric detector may be coupled with, or connected in parallel to, a flame ionization detector (FID) or mass spectrometer (MS). Moreover, multiple odour ports may be set-up. In these cases, the eluate is generally split evenly between the detectors to allow it to reach the detectors simultaneously.

title: Talk:Gas chromatography


text:
Talk:Lutefisk

Popularity in Norway
Let us cut to the chase here: Less than 3% of Norwegian prefers either cod or lutefisk for their Christmas dinner. About 50% will eat pork, and 40% lamb.

Somewhere between 10-20% percent of Norwegian will eat lutefisk at least once a year. --Sparviere (talk) 19:30, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

I moved this section out of the article and into the discussion for two reasons: 1) These are not verified/attested statements, and 2) it is poorly written.

"Lutefisk has its fair share of devotees: in 2001, Norwegians consumed 2,055 tonnes of lutefisk in their homes and approximately 560 tonnes in restaurants. (To put this quantity in perspective, 2,400 tonnes would fill approximately 80 full size semi trucks or a medium length goods train). Annual sales of lutefisk in North America exceed those in Norway."

If someone can substantiate these claims, I will be happy to move it back. --Sparviere (talk) 19:42, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Process
The article about Lutefisk claims: "Lutefisk (prounounced loo-te-fisk) is a well-known food of Norway and Sweden (prounounced loo-ta-fisk)which consists of white fish (normally Cod) soaked in lye as a preservative, then dried until it hardens. It is edible after multiple rinsings of water to remove the otherwise poisonous lye, and has a jelly-like consistency after washing."

This is not correct. The fish is dried first, Stockfish, and then soaked in lye or another base (like birch ash) mixed with water (the preservative is actually the drying). After this it is rinsed in water. And another thing; it tastes delicious :) Kaiolav72

 * I think Kaiolav72 is right. I will try to find a reference and correct the article when I have time. Jonathunder 21:32, 2005 Jan 4 (UTC)

He's right about the sequence, not the taste. Drying, then lyeing. Then water to remove the lye. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.212.161.16 (talk) 01:38, 30 January 2005 (UTC)

Picture
This article has gotten much better. Many people have added good stuff. Two more things I think we should have: a picture, if anyone has a good free image, and a bit about how Lutefisk is cooked. Jonathunder 22:16, 2005 Mar 20 (UTC)

 * I'm going to make it soonish, and will upload a picture afterwards :) And about the taste, which I'm right about, it's rather "grownup". Therefore it surprises me that it's eaten in the US - as my general impression is that preferring white marshmallows over blue and pink ones is regarded pretty "grownup". Kaiolav72 12:22, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a nice picture on [Aftenposten|http://cache.aftenposten.no/multimedia/archive/00339/_1234509_jpg_339475g.jpg], but not for use in WP, I'm afraid. I'll try to snap a picture for this article tonight (and give you a first-hand account of the taste if you need another). Wish me luck. Enno 13:35, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Took the picture and uplaoded it. But maybe you have a nicer one, or an alternative presentation with different side-dishes. -- Enno 22:16, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Enno, thanks for the picture! Just had my first lutefisk meal this season (late, yes, but that's how it went this year), but there was too much hunger and akvavit involved to get a decent picture out of it.  Agree; more pictures should be included.  I also vote for the inclusion of some info on salting.  Quite crucial business....  --62.101.198.35 12:11, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree, nice job with the picture :) Haven't made the dish yet, so no alternative picture from me - but I may upload when it's done if you wish, to have something to choose from. No alternative sidedish I'm afraid; mashed green peas and bacon. The article on Stockfish this side links to has gotten a lot better, by the way. 62.101.198.35: do you mean salting when preparing? It's one opinion that the water should be "sea-salt" if prepared that way. If made in a oven, one could just add salt and no water, and cover&cook, to get a firmer lutefisk. Kaiolav72 17:22, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In the Upper Midwest, where I live, there are many communities where the majority of the population are descendants of immigrants from a particular Nordic country. For example, my grandfather went to a Minnesota public school where nearly every child spoke Norwegian on the playground. This influences our tastes and probably also our pronunciation of Lutefisk. I would gently suggest, too, that your "general impression" of American tastes may be a stereotype. Like most stereotypes, it should not be overgeneralized even if it has some element of truth.

 * I'm looking foreward to seeing the picture. Jonathunder 15:52, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I would like to appologize. It was mostly ment as a joke, even though I'm somewhat tired of the "uneatable", "jelly", "poisonous" and "Weapon of Mass Destruction"-jokes going around.  I'm looking forward to taking the picture, as it implies getting to eat it afterwards :)  No harm ment. Kaiolav72 17:47, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No offense taken. The jokes about Lutefisk do get old, I agree, but they are part of popular culture and should be mentioned. Vær så god! Jonathunder 17:52, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

My opinion on the taste

For those who need yet another opinion, I remember when I was a young boy and ate it, and though "what does this taste like? it doesn't taste bad, nor good, it is white like egg white, and has almost the same consistence too, and taste about the same." --Fred-Chess July 5, 2005 22:51 (UTC)
 * I propse we make a category called appaling christmas food where we put junk like this :-) --Fred-Chess July 5, 2005 22:52 (UTC)

I noted that there's no WP article about Rakefisk, which should be mentioned somewhere in case an unsuspecting tourist might have it offered to him while in Norway. I'm just not qualified enough to make one :-) Enno 13:28, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have taken your challenge and created a article about Rakfisk please read and comment it!--Njård 03:34, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Removed lungfisk from article

 * Lungfisk is a modification of the lutefisk recipe. Instead of being made from whitefish, it is made from lungfish.

I removed this from the text. A user's one and only contribution. Unable to verify anywhere. Hoax. Algae 06:40, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The change made by Sykil ("the real swede") from "Lutefisk (pronounced loo-te-fisk in Norway and the United States, and loot-fisk in Sweden)" to "Lutefisk (pronounced loo-te-fisk in Norway and the United States, and lutfisk in Sweden)" seems wrong to me. "Lutfisk" is the spelling, not how to pronounce it, it would be like changin "loo-te-fisk" into "Lutefisk" for Norwegian pronounciation. Which is wrong, of course, since Scandinavian "u" is closer to the english "oo" sound. But not beeing a real sweede I'm not 100% sure. Opinions?

Kaiolav72 01:05, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You're completely right. up+land 07:37, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Changed back the sweedish pronounciation to "loot-fisk" Kaiolav72 18:28, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Would you hate me if I added the following tag to the article? - Haukur 09:08, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

cleanup-ipa

 * Absolutely not. We're all aware it's pseudo-phonetic as of now. The problem as I see it with IPA here is that most people (me included) don't know how to write or read it. But one can of course learn. Kaiolav72 16:19, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I know. That's why I'm hesitant. The pronunciation information which is there now - while it looks unprofessional and isn't quite accurate - might be helpful to more people than the IPA which will replace it. Audio files would be good. - Haukur 17:05, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

I'm working on IPA cleaning... It seems that "loot-fisk" should be. That is, with a long, tense oo as in English boo, and a lax i as in English fish. I'm not native but Swedish language at least says that those sounds exist in Swedish. --Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 22:40, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems right. On the basis that I'm norwegian and therefore has some knowledge of sweedish. The norwegian pron. should be with a shorter, but similar "u", and an "e" like in English ten (10). I'm only guessing this, but I would think that American pron would be somewhere inbetween (with a "oo"-sound + the "e"). Could you try to give an example on the Norw. with this info? Kaiolav72 21:19, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe . That ɛ is the e in ten. It isn't a schwa ə, is it?--Pablo D. Flores (Talk) 02:03, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've said it 30 times here now, and you may be right. If spoken "correctly" it will be with a clear "e"-sound, but in real-life I guess it's said with a indistinct vowel-sound just to close the gap between the "t" and the "f" (if I understand it correctly, a schwa is this). It's of course dependent on dialect, I say it "lutfesk" myself :) The "i" sound in "fisk" I'm unshure of too, I think it's "front"-i, not "near-front"-ɪ. As you understand, I'm not into phonetics, maybe someone here could help you better Kaiolav72 03:29, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Cooking
I added a cooking section, based on the Icelandic cookbook Matreiðslubók Nönnu, by Nanna Rögnvaldsdóttir, ISBN 9979103981. I double checked it (partly) at. I don't want to turn Wikipedia into a cooking manual so I didn't give the ratio fish/salt but I can add it if people want. Stefán Ingi 00:51, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Someone actually eats this in Iceland?? Have you ever had some? :) - Haukur 09:10, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep. My wife has partly Norwegan roots, so her mother has sometimes made it. At one time she arranged a dinner party where I had it. It was very good in my opinion. A friend of ours also came to the party. He was very sceptical, to say the least. I think he was almost convinced he was going to get killed. I find that it can be great fun to describe to people how to prepare this and also the Icelandic specialities of kæstur hákarl (shark) and kæst skata (skate). In the Icelandic dishes you have to get the poison out of the material but with the lutefisk, there is of course the added bonus that you start with dried fish, an edible and very stable material, and pour poison over it! which you then have to get out again. We have given out small pieces of the shark to Brits in parties, to very mixed reviews. Stefán Ingi 09:45, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Norwegian roots, I see. But do you agree that this is not, in fact, an Icelandic dish and that giving an Icelandic name for it in the article is a bit misleading?
 * As you already know my favorite food is the Faroese "skerpikjöt". Just leave the mutton hanging for whatever microbes happen along. I'm fine with "kæstur hákarl" and I like "kæst skata" but the Faroese have some way of treating whale meat so that it tastes incredibly vile. Neither my brother nor I could eat more than one bite and both of us are fans of shark and skerpikjöt. I'll have to try lutefisk. - Haukur 15:03, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmm, it's certainly quite uncommon in Iceland so we probably shouldn't give the Icelandic name. As for the Faroese whale meat, I can only guess. In Iceland it used to be quite common to let it lay in milk overnight before cooking to get rid of the bad odor (þrái), apparently though that's not such a good idea, the odor is only from the outermost layer so it's easier to just cut that off just before frying it. Maybe the Faroese who cooked for you haven't heard of this. Stefán Ingi 15:55, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It was cured in some way, I don't know how. It was quite hard. - Haukur 16:00, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

An IP editor added the following: "You can also cook lutefisk by wrapping it in chesecloth and suspending it by means of chopsticks over a pan of salted, boiling water for 11 minutes. Lutefisk can also be microwaved, though finding the propper cooking time is difficult." I am moving it here because this seems unlikely to me, but if anyone has a source or knows for certain it is correct, add it back. Jonathunder 17:52, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, it seems funny. It is generally hard to put a time on cooking, and even more so with lutefisk, so 11 minutes seems too exact. I'm sure it could be microwaved, but so could pizza and steak - without us telling people they should. It is quite possible it can be damped, but then salted first. Chopsticks and damped in cloth over salted water seems like a bit of nonsense to me. Kaiolav72 21:36, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way, the added: "When cooking and eating lutefisk, be careful to clean the lutefisk off of pans, plates, and utensils right away. Lutefisk left over night becomes nearly impossible to remove." strikes me as unnecessary in a encyclopedia. True - it sticks to plates and so on when dried, but so does all fish. It's very glueish. In fact it has been used as glue. Or am I just being grumpy? Kaiolav72 21:52, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Mabey not really sure. Is lutefysk ever made from northern pike? It sounds like a good way to prepare pike and would be well accompanied by pasta. Anyone from North Dakota? what do you think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.165.113.196 (talk) 15:38, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Misconception of Norwegians and lutefisk
This section is very exaggerated, in my opinion. I'm young and urban (from Oslo) and absolutely love it, and most of the people I know like it or tolerate it. The dish is a lot more popular than it was a couple of decades ago, as younger people has become more aware of traditional Norwegian food. The only fact the contributor has to support his opinion, is a poll (no documentation) stating that 2 per cent of Norwegians eat lutefisk Christmas Eve. I found another survey (done by Resarch International for the Norwegian state's office for meat) stating that 20 per cent eats lutefisk before Christmas, and I'm absolutely sure the percentage will be much higher when you count Norwegians eating lutefisk in the period December 20—31. In Eastern Norway (where most people live) it is very usual to have rib roast for Christmas Eve, pinnekjøtt on Christmas Day and lutefisk for Boxing Day. Devanatha 16:59, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, False consensus effect, eh? Just because lutefisk is popular among your group of friends, I don't think it has had a great ressurection among young Norwegians. It's still very much a niche-thing among Norwegians, a lot like får-i-kål and pinnekjøtt, some groups of friends gather round for annual parties to eat it, while the rest of the population hardly ever touches it.Salmon 10:53, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Lutefisk is NOT a nichething among Norwegians anymore. It is very trendy and in. You dont have to live long in Norway to find that out.--Stiangutten (talk) 11:27, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Excuse me? Lutefisk is aten by LOTS of people. Your comments on fårikål just shows you have little knowledge about Norwegian eating habits. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.165.63.236 (talk) 00:43, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I couldn't agree less. Your statement may be right for a very narrow age-group, but most people I know of a certain age enjoys both pinnekjøtt, får-i-kål and lutefisk.  I can't see why the stores are packed with those items at the seasons if you were right.  --Kaiolav72 16:27, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. I suggest remove.  The survey you found (which probably was the origin of the numbers) is obviously biased, and has no
 * information on the background of the survey (i.e. number or selection of respondents etc.) The mere fact that it is produced by
 * an agency representing meat (as opposed to fish), is also highly problematic.
 * In any case I will immediately remove the sentence below the paragraph because it is a purely speculative statement; especially
 * when based on biased data.
 * --129.240.250.8 21:52, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
 * --129.240.250.8 21:52, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

I attended the 2006 Rebild festival in Denmark, and I noticed the way people treated the lutefisk at the banquet. Americans and younger Danes avoided it completely if they knew what it was, while older Danes treated it the same as they treated the pickled herring and buff. The middle age group was split almost evenly. So attitudes toward lutefisk vary greatly depending on age, region, and how the person is raised. I don't think there's any universal "attitude" towards lutefisk, other than that it's normally eaten with beer and/or liquor. ;) Phædrus 16:59, 14 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The beer and/or liqour is not a must either, at least no one of my relatives seem to make that connection. We always use julmust. /Cygnus78 (talk) 22:10, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Categories
I notice that Category:Edible fish has been avoided. ;-) Gene Nygaard 15:45, 18 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe I'll add it back. I rather like lutefisk, and I'm not even Norwegian (maybe that's the reason I don't hate it). The main complaint about it seems to be not so much the taste (fish is fish, ya know) but the rather gelatinous character of it. I don't mind that. My only complaint about it would be that it seems rather salty. However, I also like sushi and raw oysters, so lutefisk rather tame. :) Wahkeenah 12:37, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Lye!
Chinese prexerved duck eggs (the yummy and yucky kind that have translucent purple eggwhite, and smell of sulfur dioxide) are made with lye. Shouldn't there be links to all foods preserved with lye? There may be three such foods... I added something to the lye entry for this, but probably there should be more here as well. 69.248.252.209 02:22, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Jokes
The "best way to prepare lutefisk" is a nearly direct ripoff of Bill Engvall's Dorkfish comedy routine, from his CD of the same name. A dorkfish is not meant to be a lutefisk, but is its own thing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moY9aNiYBHI —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.43.141.48 (talk) 16:52, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

"Vad är lutfisk?" "Det är en fisk det har gått lite snett för." =P — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.39.14.81 (talk) 08:48, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I clicked on that 'Dorkfish' link. YouTube removed it for use violations.  Anyway, I would like to see more in lutefisk jokes Elwin Blaine Coldiron (talk) 02:08, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

I think "lutefisk humor" is a largely American invention. It's a completely unfamiliar concept to me as a Norwegian. No combination of lutefisk with "jokes", "humor", etc returns any hits in Norwegian on google and the Norwegian article on wiki makes no mention of it. "Ole and Lena" jokes are also a unique American invention with no counterpart in Scandinavia 84.208.103.235 (talk) 17:42, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Norwegian angle
This article seem to focus a bit too much on lutfisk in Norway when as far as I know this dish is as common in Sweden. (if not more common, I don't have any numbers but I have certainly been served it more often in Sweden than in Norway). /Cygnus78 (talk) 22:07, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

linking guideline
A link is to be used upon the first mention of a word and not second, third, etc. mentions. ask123 (talk) 16:10, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

linking guideline guideling
A linking guideline is to be given the first time there's a problem with linking, not the second, third, etc. time. EEng 03:14, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

some changes
re: "It is made from stockfish (air-dried whitefish) or dried/salted whitefish (klippfisk) and soda lye (lut). Its name literally means "lye fish", because it is made using caustic lye soda derived from potash minerals."

i believe potash strictly refers to potassium salts whereas soda strictly refers to sodium compounds. although most wouldn't know the difference, they should not be used interchangeably. c'mon, this is an encyclopedia or something, right? in addition, i think that you translated lut too specifically... i believe lut just means lye (alkali metal hydroxide salts.. but rarely referring to anything other than NaOH or KOH). FTFY. i also made a couple of grammar edits just for the lols. i don't really know [or care] if i'm properly following guidelines. "and remember to sign your posts by typing four tildes (173.15.83.69 (talk) 12:02, 25 February 2010 (UTC))." ok, i can do that. 173.15.83.69 (talk) 12:02, 25 February 2010 (UTC)flex [all day]

 * Thank you for your suggestion. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to make those changes. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold in updating pages. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. You don't even need to log in (although there are many reasons why you might want to). Jonathunder (talk) 23:32, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Origin
Does no one have any better information than what's here? I've heard the theory about preserving fish for the winter, but since the dish often starts with dried fish anyway, the logic of it is suspect. The way the last paragraph is written seems quite implausible as well: "the use of lye to soften a hard, indigestible base is actually a fairly common practice with many kinds of food" -- this seems irrelevant since the fish (when cooked, as it is anyway even when made into lutefisk) is neither hard nor indigestible. Keno (talk) 21:31, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Popular culture
Lutefisk was a major plot point in episodes of both King of the Hill and The Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries. --The_Iconoclast (talk) 05:00, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

Olaus Magnus Norwegian literature
Since when does Olaus Magnus constitute Norwegian literature? He was a Swedish former bishop writing in Italian exile. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.14.239.90 (talk) 14:40, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Eating and innovation
What is the innovation here: akvavit and beer, or the use of lutefisk at festive and ceremonial occasions? "Today, akvavit and beer often accompany the meal due to its use at festive and ceremonial occasions. This is a recent innovation, however; due to its preservative qualities, lutefisk has traditionally been a common "everyday" meal in wintertime."--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 01:14, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

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Origin of lutefisk
Hi, the oldest recipe for lutefisk is actually given in a German cookbook of 1553 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Welserin). Going full OR, SYNTH and other Wiki-sins, I'd wager that the recipe has roots in continental revival of dead cod from stockfish to an edible meal; perhaps if it was corrupted in some manner or degree. That lutefisk has survived in Scandinavia is par for the course of that particular area, which preserved the medieval 8-string violin and folk dresses based on 1700 French fashion long after the rest of Europe had abandoned and forgotten them. Now, such speculations are neither here nor there; but the cookbook reference is a solid fact. Any ideas of how to incorporate it? T 88.91.200.88 (talk) 13:19, 4 June 2019 (UTC)

Origins
Hi, the sentence "Preserved fish provided protein during the long winter months ..." is somewhat misleading, considering that winter _is_ the season for e.g. the Lofot fisheries for cod, one of the major suppliers of dried and/or salted cod. While ensuring a stable supply of food throughout the year is of course essential, I think it would work better if the reference to one specific season were omitted. FWIW, the critical period of the year for most Norse wasn't winter, but spring and early summer, when most of the food and fodder had already been consumed, and harvest season was still many months away; this was called "vårknipa", lit. "the spring pinch". That's when you need your stockfish, salted herring, and fenalår. T 46.212.185.190 (talk) 03:32, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Why is there not an actual picture of the living fish????
Wtf? 2600:1700:80E0:32F0:484E:25BC:66E3:60BB (talk) 03:00, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lutefisk


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To Do List
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 * Cognitive Science related articles need to be improved.
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title: User:Vonaurum


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grupo Probeta

Grupo Probeta
Non notable company that was founded in October 2004. -- Graham ☺ | Talk 03:13, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Page has been blanked, send to speedy? hfool 03:42, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. (Page was blanked but then reverted).   — Asbestos | Talk 10:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gtabary 17:35, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete I'd have taken it slightly more seriously if not for the elementary grammar mistakes. Careless, not notable. Wyss 20:58, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, and sloppy besides. Katefan0 21:49, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Del.Mikkalai 08:33, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Artists in business? LOL. JFW | T@lk  11:22, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Frank Keating

Untitled
Everyking.... I have submitted a revised entry for Frank Keating. Please consider it. I think I have been fair about the Dreyfus information.

Thank you

There are SERIOUS NPOV issues throughout this article and it needs a thorough revision. The tone is hagiographic and there are many unsourced and unsupported categorical statements (one example: More executions causing a lower crime rate). PBD 12.5.63.107 21:01, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I couldn't agree more. I marked with with a NPOV tag.Mustang6172 04:28, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * What is the point of vandalizing a wiki page ?jamonbo

More than 17 years-board unanimously commuted sentence yet former governor Frank Keating overturned that decision

 * How 3 Joints and an Ounce of Coke Got an Oklahoma Grandfather Life Without Parole.91.39.75.244 (talk) 08:04, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

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text:
Growth curve

Growth curve can refer to:
 * Growth curve (statistics), an empirical model of the evolution of a quantity over time.
 * Growth curve (biology), a statistical growth curve used to model a biological quantity.
 * Curve of growth (astronomy), the relation between the equivalent width and the optical depth.

title: Growth curve


text:
Civic Conservative Party (Slovakia)

The Civic Conservative Party (Občianska konzervatívna strana, OKS) is a centre-right liberal conservative political party in Slovakia. It has one seat in the National Council, following the 2023 election. It has also representation at regional and local level.

The OKS was founded in November 2001 as a parliamentary schism from the Democratic Party. The party has relied on electoral alliances with other centre-right parties, including the Sloboda a Solidarita (SaS), Most–Híd and Conservative Democrats of Slovakia (KDS). The party won its best result, of 2.1%, in alliance with the KDS at the 2009 European election. The party won seats in the National Council for the first time in 2010, on the Most–Híd list. In 2016 the party won one seat in the National Council on the Sloboda a Solidarita list and in 2020 election the party won two seats also on the Sloboda a Solidarita list.

The OKS was a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe until 2022.

History
The Civic Conservative Party was formed by Democratic Party (DS) members of the National Council on 10 November 2001. The DS initially offered the OKS and the Liberal-Democratic Union to run in the 2002 election, on a united list, but then withdrew and endorsed the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union. The OKS attempted to negotiate a joint list with the Christian Democratic Movement and Party of the Hungarian Coalition, but this failed to materialise. Undeterred, the OKS ran alone under the banner 'Call for Slovakia' (Výzva pre Slovensko) and gained 9,422 votes, or 0.32% of the national total.

In the December 2002 local elections, two mayors were elected for OKS. In addition, OKS took 20 deputy seats, or 0.1% of the seats nationwide. In July 2003, it was one of four parties across Europe endorsing the soft eurosceptic Prague Appeal, along with the British Conservative Party, Law and Justice of Poland, and the Czech Civic Democrats.

The OKS supported František Mikloško of the Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) in the 2004 presidential election. Mikloško was one of the few candidates not being former members of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and ended up fifth with 6.51% share of the total vote. In the European election two months later, the party fielded Peter Osuský as its sole candidate. He received 7,016 votes: 1% share of the vote.

In the 2005 regional elections, the party gained three seats: František Šebej and Peter Tatár in Bratislava Region and Katarína Adamicová in Žilina Region. This represented 0.72% share nationwide.

OKS offered to run on the common candidate list with the Christian Democratic Movement in the 2006 parliamentary election. This offer was turned down by the KDH, the Civic Conservatives had to raise 500,000 korún as a fee for the party to participate. In March 2006, OKS member Ondrej Dostál applied to the Constitutional Court, considering the possible unconstitutionality of the election participation fee, saying the fee affects his right to run for office. In the election, former Chairman of the Czechoslovak Constitutional Court Ernest Valko and former Minister of Health Rudolf Zajac appeared on the OKS list. The party obtained 6,262 votes which represented 0.27% share of the total vote.

In the 2009 regional elections, the OKS won four seats, up one from 2005: three in Bratislava Region and one in Žilina Region.

Parliamentary party
In the 2010 election, fourteen OKS members stood on the Most–Híd party list. Strongly defining themselves as against the left-wing nationalist coalition, four MPs were elected from the list, along with ten Most–Híd members. This gave the OKS its first parliamentary representation since 2002. Most–Híd entered a centre-right coalition government, which the Civic Conservatives supported, but the OKS did not join the government themselves, and remained separate from Most–Híd.

In August, the party objected to coalition plans for tax reform, calling instead for closing tax loopholes and funding lower taxes by cutting government spending. In October 2010, Peter Zajac called for Dobroslav Trnka to step down as General Prosecutor, after Trnka criticised Interior Minister Daniel Lipšic and other officials, saying that Trnka did not respect the law or the human rights of ethnic Hungarians. The party supported changes to the controversial State Language Act, but the OKS's Ondrej Dostál said the changes did not go far enough in allowing use of minority languages.

In March 2011, the party opposed the government's plans to increase taxes on the self-employed, and instead proposed funding cuts in payroll tax by cutting government spending. The four OKS MPs have proposed a law restricting the government's power to build highways on privately owned land, which had earlier been ruled unconstitutional.

In October 2011, the party opposed the government's commitment to the European Financial Stability Facility. In response, František Šebej left the OKS on 11 October and joined Most–Híd. After the subsequent fall of the government, the OKS attempted to renew their alliance with Most–Híd at the 2012 election, but were rejected. Instead, several OKS candidates were running on the Ordinary People list. However, they had left the list before the elections, in protest to the request of the leader of Ordinary People Igor Matovič, that all candidates from the list undertake polygraph test.

Ideology
The party advocates respect for people regardless of their religion, race and nationality. Their aim is to pursue conservative values stemming from the inner need of individuals to live in a world whose highest value is personal freedom tempered by personal responsibility and an awareness of personal obligations towards society.

The OKS characterizes itself as a party of reforms. According to its platform, it rejects:

 * all kinds of social engineering
 * totalitarianism and autocracy
 * historical, as well as current value relativism.

It respects the historical memory as a part of the national cultural identity and thus rejects lining up behind autocracy, communism and fascism.

The stated aim of the OKS is to pursue the system of European conservative values such as consistency, veracity, fairness, honesty, respectability, solidarity, and observance of written and non-written treaties and agreements.

Elected representatives
The OKS had three members of regional parliaments in 2009–2013:

 * Katarína Adamicová (Žilina)

 * René Bílik (Bratislava)

 * Ondrej Dostál (Bratislava)

A fourth member of a regional parliament, František Šebej (Bratislava), left the party in 2011.

In 2010–2012 OKS had four members of the National Council, embedded within the Most–Híd party list of candidates:

 * Ondrej Dostál

 * Peter Osuský

 * František Šebej

 * Peter Zajac

In 2012–2016 OKS did not have any Member of Parliament.

After 2016 parliamentary elections OKS had one Member of the National Council. Ondrej Dostál, party leader, was elected on the party list of Sloboda a Solidarita (SaS).

Since the 2020 parliamentary elections OKS has two Members of the National Council. Ondrej Dostál, party leader, and Radovan Kazda were elected on the party list of Sloboda a Solidarita (SaS).

Leaders

 * Peter Tatár (2001–2006)
 * Collective leadership (2006–2007)
 * Peter Zajac (2007–2012)
 * Ondrej Dostál (2012–present)

title: Civic Conservative Party (Slovakia)


text:
User talk:Squash/Archive 2

  Welcome

You have arrived at the talk page of Squash. Archive: Archive 1 02/06/04-08/12/04

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
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To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  13:55, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

PD-USGov
Hi, I just wanted to let you know that images from the U.S. government like those from the White House or NASA are in the public domain. See Image:Kufuor and Bush.jpg for example. You can use Template:PD-USGov for these images. --Minesweeper 15:02, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks I didn't realize that Squash, I'll correct it :)--[[User:Marie Rowley|Marie | Talk]] 04:38, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dreams come true
Seeing your remark about having dreams of admin bars on your RfA, an admin has graciously agreed to give you a glimpse of admin life and has given me the task of posting it. I hope this makes you as happy as a kitten with a laser pointer strapped to its head. ;D Reene✎ 12:09, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Pssst. Yes there is. One would think an aspiring sysop would have a better grasp on the mechanics of Wikipedia, but that is just me, of course, and I'm sure this opinion is shared by few others. Of course I still hope the admin bar has made you happy as the aforementioned kitten! Reene✎ 12:36, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Right, even still many people still prefer the edit this page button. It is larger in size and therefore the most logical tab to press on. [[User:Squash|Squash (Talk)]] 12:38, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Adminship
Hi Squash. Thank you for your speedy reply. Since I have no memory of ever seeing you do something bad, and since you have put a good argument, I shall change my vote to support. Good luck :) - Mark 01:33, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your comments
I have replied on my Talk page. --Slowking Man 03:40, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

Note: All information on this user page is correct at time of writing. Stephen (Squash) cannot be responsible for anything off or related to this userpage.

title: User talk:Squash/Archive 2


text:
Head Games (album)

Head Games is the third studio album by the British-American rock band Foreigner, released on 11 September 1979 by Atlantic Records. Recorded at Atlantic Studios in New York, with additional recording and whole mixing taking place at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, it was the only Foreigner album co-produced by Roy Thomas Baker, best known for working on Queen's classic albums. It marked the first appearance of new bass guitarist Rick Wills (formerly of Jokers Wild, Roxy Music and Small Faces) who replaced Ed Gagliardi (who was fired from the band), and was the last album with founding members Ian McDonald and Al Greenwood, who would leave the band after the recording. Head Games is also the last Foreigner album to feature a lead vocal by guitarist Mick Jones ("The Modern Day").

Cover art
The model in the photograph on the front cover is American actress and film producer Lisanne Falk. The cover art was criticized by feminists for showing a teenage girl looking afraid in a boys' restroom, possibly relieving herself by placing her bottom over the bowl of the urinal. According to Foreigner lead singer Lou Gramm, the cover was intended to be cute, like a cartoon. Gramm said "The girl is being naughty, erasing graffiti [in the restroom]. She's looking at whoever buys the album, she's been caught." According to Miami Herald critic Bill Ashton, the cover art is a play on the album title Head Games. Atlantic Records publicity director Stuart Ginsburg pointed out that "head is a naval term for bathroom" and Foreigner's media coordinator Susan Steinberg stated that "the girl on the cover is shocked by the graffiti. It's not like somebody is attacking her. I swear to you, it's not premeditated."

Release
In August 1979, the release of the album was preceded by its first single, the hard rock song "Dirty White Boy", which peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The album itself continued Foreigner's popularity, climbing to number 5 on the Billboard 200 chart and receiving a Platinum certification four months after it hit the stores. By now, Head Games has gained a 5× Platinum status for selling at least 5 million copies in the United States. The next singles were the title track and "Women", which reached number 14 and 41, respectively.

Critical reception
The New York Times wrote that "the group settles comfortably into the hard-driving, macho-posturing idiom so common to many other teen heavy metal bands." The Democrat and Chronicle determined that Head Games "is strongest when it rocks hard and nasty." The Richmond Times-Dispatch concluded that the album "serves mainly to remind us that commercially hot rock bands are loathe to change what got them hot in the first place." The San Bernardino County Sun opined that "Foreigner has maintained a quality control, and Head Games is the band's third impressive album in a row."

Ultimate Classic Rock critic Eduardo Rivadavia rated three of the songs from Head Games – "Dirty White Boy", "Rev on the Red Line" and "I'll Get Even with You" – among Foreigner's 10 most underrated songs. Rivadavia praises Jones' "sizzling" guitar solo on "Rev on the Red Line", calling it one of the band's best b-sides. Classic Rock critic Malcolm Dome rated two songs from Head Games as being among Foreigner's 10 most underrated – "Rev on the Red Line" at #10 and "Dirty White Boy" at #3. Dome particularly praised the "sublime melody", Lou Gramm's vocal performance and the way all the musicians "show their skills, without ever showing off" on "Rev on the Red Line". One the other hand, PopMatters critic Evan Sawdey called "Rev on the Red Line" "paint-by-numbers rock". Billboard reviewer Gary Graff rated "Seventeen" to be Foreigner's ninth greatest song, calling it a "hidden gem".

Personnel
Foreigner
 * Lou Gramm – lead vocals, percussion
 * Mick Jones – lead guitar, backing vocals, acoustic piano; lead vocals (on "The Modern Day")
 * Ian McDonald – keyboards, guitars, backing vocals
 * Al Greenwood – keyboards
 * Rick Wills – bass, backing vocals
 * Dennis Elliott – drums

Production

 * Mick Jones – producer
 * Ian McDonald – producer
 * Roy Thomas Baker – producer
 * Geoff Workman – engineer
 * John Weaver – assistant engineer
 * George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound (New York, NY)
 * Ted Jensen – 1995 digital remastering at Sterling Sound (New York)
 * Dan Hersch – 2002 digital remastering
 * Shawn R. Britton – 2013 MFSL mastering at Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab (Sebastopol, California)
 * Sandi Young – art direction
 * Chris Callis – front cover photo
 * David Alexander – back cover photo
 * William Coupon – booklet photos

title: Head Games (album)


text:
Talk:Presidential Unit Citation

Untitled
Husnock: Not sure why you claim that my edit was not true. Viz. Presidential Unit Citation (Army). Specifically, Section 4.c., which states: "The emblem is worn by all members of a cited organization and is considered an individual decoration for persons in connection with the cited acts and may be worn whether or not they continue as members of the organization. Other personnel may wear this decoration while serving with an organization to indicate the unit has been awarded the Presidential Unit Citation." Also see Air Force Personnel Center. Since it's a DoD medal, I have no reason to doubt that the same applies to Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps personnel also. --Eric 03:19, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The original line reverted was: "Only those who participated may wear the decoration after reassignment from the unit". As a military records historian, I have never seen a temporary bestowal of the Presidential Unit Citation which was revoked when someone left a unit.  In every case, should someone join a unit that has been credited with an act befitting the award, then the service member will recieve the Presidential Unit Citation provided they were a member of the unit during the time frame of the citation.  There might be unofficial situtions where units give the award to people who were not members when the heroic act occured, but never have I seen anything official about this.  Also, not a DOD award at all.  It is issued under the authoirty of the individual service departments which is the primary reason the Navy and MC versions and Army/Air Force are different in apperance.  You might be on the right track.  Just maybe reword it. -Husnock 7Dec04

 * The wording was somewhat misleading. I was aiming for economy of words and ended up distorting my intended meaning. My understanding was that you were entitled to wear the PUC as a permanent part of your uniform if you were permanently assigned to and present for duty with the unit when the cited acts occurred. If you were not, you had to take it off upon reassignment from the unit. That, at least, is what the regs say. In light of that, would this:

 * Only those assigned to the unit for the action cited may wear the decoration as a permanent part of their uniform.

 * be acceptable?--Eric 16:45, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As a member of unit that recently received the Navy PUC and of a unit that has previously earned Navy PUCs, I can attest that personell who were in the unit but who did not participate in the citable action do not get the privilege to wear the PUC ribbon. Additionally, personell who were not present for previous PUCs do not get the privilege to wear them.  Only if you were present for the citable action do you get to wear the PUC and it is permanent (entered into your service record).  While the Army may let the entire unit wear any PUC awarded, the Navy does not.--Burzum 04:26, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

You got it. I put it in. It is a very interesting point. I wonder if Army and Navy units in the present day (2004), who were commissioned units way back in World War II (1944), allow thier members to wear the Presidential Unit Citation for actions performed over 60 years ago. if you read the regulation as you most correctly did, it would seem to indicate that this is the case. But, in my line of work, I've never seen any indication of this. Interesting.

P.S.- I recommend you create a User Page. it makes your edits look more legitimate and people will pay more attention to you. Nothing insulting, rest assured, thats just the way Wikipedia seems to be. Have a great day! -Husnock 8 Dec 04

 * Are modern Navy ships considered to be the same as their WWII counterparts? I don't think so. As to the Army, I believe all the old units were retired under the Pentomic system during the Eisenhower reorganization in the '50's. I don't believe they re-introduce any of the old units until the '80's. Not sure if the units that existed after the Battlegroup concept was abandoned were considered to still be in existence as of the '80's.--Eric 02:26, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Citations in the article
I noticed an anon user posted a large amount of citation text in the article. Actual PUC citations, I feel, should not be in the article but rather in articles about the particular units that then reference the Presidential Unit Citation main article. The citation in here now should be moved out. If someone beats me to it, great, as I am very busy with other articles right now. -Husnock 20:37, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Someone needs to add in Merrill's Marauders as recipients of the citation. --Hooperbloob 21:47, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move at the present.   A rbitrarily 0   ( talk ) 22:56, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Presidential Unit Citation → — Relisted.   A rbitrarily 0   ( talk ) 12:43, 30 May 2010 (UTC) Relisted. Vegaswikian (talk) 18:57, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

This a general article & not one on a specific presidential unit citation. Thus, recommend conforming to wikipedia MOS on naming conventions. Thanks! FieldMarine (talk) 16:03, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * If all the citations' titles are _____ Presidential Unit Ciatition, which I assume they are, why not keep the current title. Oppose  Purplebackpack89  (Notes Taken)  (Locker) 23:23, 10 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Comment: The category is Category:Presidential unit citations (lower case). FieldMarine (talk) 15:44, 11 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

"References needed" for a disambiguation page?
At this point, this is pretty much a disambiguation page. Does it still need a "reference needed" header? The Crab Who Played With The Sea (talk) 16:03, 8 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Presidential Unit Citation


text: Talk:Head Games (album)

title: Talk:Head Games (album)


text:
User talk:Altane~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 03:19, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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Image Tagging Image:Strain.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Strain.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Greba 00:42, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Lower street.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Lower street.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Secretlondon 18:15, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:5slot.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:5slot.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Stan 06:57, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Smalldar.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Smalldar.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 23:38, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Altane! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 07:34, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Emily Picha -

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Altane. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Altane~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 21:53, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Altane~enwiki


text: User talk:203.102.173.191

title: User talk:203.102.173.191


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/God Save the Queen (parody)

God Save the Queen (parody)
Is this really necessary? -- Graham ☺ | Talk 03:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Mediocre verse by a nobody. Even if it were bya somebody it should be in wikisource, not here --AlainV 03:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - stupid, non-encyclopedic. Cdc 04:15, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's the most offensive they got? Hmmmmm... B-. I'd like to see a bit more effort next time. Was a little lazy; lacked creativity. Gonna have to go with delete. -R. fiend 06:59, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Offensive and pointless. Down the toiletatory with it. Anthony Appleyard 09:33, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Don't seem to be much else to do than delete; that said, I find the original a bit more offensive at times. Shimgray 13:35, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wonder why it not speedy delete. utcursch 13:47, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems to be a speedy candidate to me as a user test. It seems to be a c&p from somewhere ("You clicked on this" and "If you read the edited version").  I'll wait, though, to see if anyone has dissent before acting upon it.  It's just potty mouth.   It can't hold a candle to some of the really good insults of the past.  Geogre 14:21, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oops, I seem to have speedy deleted it by mistake. Does anyone want me to put it back?  (Incidentally, I clicked on it expecting to see the Sex Pistols' version.) Deb 18:53, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Whoopsie-daisey! A "mistake" eh? heh heh heh. No, I don't think anyone will be clamouring to have that back anytime soon. We could probably use a few more "mistakes" at times too. -R. fiend 20:25, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Royally delete-worthy. Take care not to undelete it accidentally, Deb. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 20:29, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Helen Johns

Helen Johns (born April 24, 1953) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. She was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003 and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Mike Harris and Ernie Eves.

Background
Johns was born in Toronto, Ontario. She attended York University, the University of Windsor and Simon Fraser University where she majored in business and commerce. She worked as a controller of small and medium-sized businesses for fifteen years before entering public life, and was also the Director and Treasurer of the Huron United Way.

Politics
Johns was elected to the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1995, defeating Liberal John Jewitt and incumbent New Democrat Paul Klopp in the riding of Huron. For the next four years, she served as a backbench government member.

Prior to the 1999 election, the number of seats was reduced from 130 to 103. Johns and fellow MPP Barb Fisher (riding of Bruce) competed for the Tory nomination in the redistributed riding of Huron—Bruce. Johns won the nomination battle. In the ensuing election campaign, she narrowly defeated Liberal candidate Ross Lamont. On June 17, 1999, she was named Citizenship, Culture and Recreation. Following a cabinet shuffle on February 8, 2001, she was named Associate Minister of Health and Long-Term Care, under Tony Clement.

When Ernie Eves replaced Harris as Premier on April 15, 2002, he named Johns as his Minister of Agriculture and Food. and also served as interim Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing in early 2003.

In the 2003 provincial election she was defeated by Liberal Carol Mitchell by about 3,000 votes.

title: Helen Johns


text:
Niki (airline)

Niki (also styled as NIKI or flyNiki, legally NIKI Luftfahrt GmbH) was an Austrian low-cost airline headquartered in Office Park I at Vienna Airport in Schwechat. It operated scheduled and charter services to European and North African leisure destinations from Vienna, Salzburg, Graz and Innsbruck and also started services from several German airports in March 2017. Niki had a variety of owners, including two stints of ownership under Niki Lauda (1949–2019). In January 2018, the airline was acquired by Lauda, an airline that also had ties to Niki Lauda.

Early years

In 2003, Niki Lauda, ex-Grand Prix driver and founder of Lauda Air, acquired the former Aero Lloyd Austria operation. The airline started operations on 28 November 2003.

Although Niki was often described as "low-cost", it provided full services, such as free refreshments, newspapers, and baggage. It offered a sandwich or a cold snack, soft drinks, juice, tea, and coffee on all short-haul flights as well as on charter routes to Greece, Tunisia, and Turkey. On mid-haul charter flights to the Canary Islands and Egypt, all passengers were offered a warm snack. Also, gourmet menus from Demel could be ordered before the flight. There was also a buy on board service.

Development as an Air Berlin subsidiary

On 9 January 2004, Niki announced cooperation with Air Berlin. In late 2011, Niki merged completely with Air Berlin, sharing operations, booking systems, and aircraft. On 20 March 2012, Niki became an "affiliate member" of Oneworld as a subsidiary company of Air Berlin. Starting in late 2012, Niki successively repainted their aircraft in the Air Berlin paint scheme, using the Niki logo only at the nose. The new paint scheme was applied during regular C checks.

In October 2014, Niki announced the cancellation of their flights from Vienna to Copenhagen, Moscow, and Frankfurt due to decreasing demand. In exchange, new leisure routes will be started by summer 2015. Also in spring 2015, Niki started to replace its fleet of Embraer 190s with Airbus A319-100s from its parent, Air Berlin, with the used Embraers being transferred to Helvetic Airways.

Sale to Etihad Airways
On 5 December 2016, parent company Air Berlin announced plans to sell its entire 49 percent stake in Niki to its own minority owner Etihad Airways. Etihad Airways itself would merge Niki into a new joint-venture to be created with the German leisure carrier TUIfly. At the same time, Niki and Air Berlin would exchange several aircraft to harmonize each fleet. It had also been announced that Niki would take over several routes to southern European, north African, and Turkish leisure destinations from Air Berlin as part of the new joint-venture. However, the sale never happened.

Also in December 2016, Niki announced the termination of its only medium-haul route, from Vienna to Abu Dhabi, Etihad's home base, by March 2017. Niki later also announced it plans to terminate all of its 12 routes from Vienna to non-leisure destinations such as Milan or Zürich by 30 January 2017. In January 2017, it was also announced that Niki will cease all operations to and from Linz Airport at short notice due to the restructuring measures. The announcement was made after the 2017 schedule had already been made available for booking. For the 2017 season, Niki reduced the number of flights from Austria to 56 flights a week to 20 destinations, compared to 34 destinations in 2016.

Shortly after, it was announced that Niki would take over several Air Berlin leisure routes to and from Germany. It also has been announced that Niki's fleet will be switched over to Airbus A321s only while the smaller A319s and A320s are handed over to Air Berlin. It has also been announced that TUI fly Deutschland will additionally start to operate 15 Boeing 737s currently wet-leased to Air Berlin for Niki.

Failed takeover by Lufthansa and IAG
On 17 August 2017, Niki's parent Air Berlin announced it was filing for bankruptcy but that all operations would continue until further notice. On 9 October 2017, Air Berlin told its staff that it would cease all remaining operations under its own brand name, but that Niki flights would continue after this date.

On 12 October 2017, it was announced that German Lufthansa would purchase some of the assets from Air Berlin which included Niki and operations would continue and jobs were to be saved. On 24 October 2017, it was announced that Niki was to be absorbed into Lufthansa's low-cost subsidiary Eurowings Europe. It was announced that Lufthansa plans to cease the Niki brand by the end of 2017 altogether.

However, on 13 December 2017, Lufthansa pulled out of the agreement due to signs from the European Commission that the merger would not be approved. Niki declared bankruptcy and ceased all operations on 14 December 2017. The day after, former owner Niki Lauda expressed interest in repurchasing the airline named after him.

On 29 December 2017, it was announced that International Airlines Group (IAG), parent company of British Airways, Iberia, Aer Lingus and Vueling, would acquire for 36.5 million euros major parts of Niki including 15 Airbus A321 aircraft and traffic rights in Düsseldorf, Munich, Vienna, Zürich and Palma de Mallorca. IAG planned to establish a new Austrian subsidiary of Spanish low-cost carrier Vueling as a replacement for Niki. For this purpose, a new subsidiary of Vueling in Austria was to be founded and act independently. Of the approx. 1000 Niki employees, 740 were to be retained. On January 8, 2018, a Berlin administrative court ruled that only an Austrian court had the jurisdiction to handle the insolvency of Niki.

Subsequent takeovers
On 23 January 2018, the Austrian Press Agency announced that Niki Lauda's company Lauda had beaten IAG in the bid for Niki, and would take over the company. Less than two months later, Ryanair agreed to purchase a majority stake in Laudamotion, initially acquiring almost 25 percent for less than 50 million euros ($61.7 million) with the intent to purchase another 50 percent at a later date. The deal was subsequently approved by the European Union. Eleven planes from Niki were being operated by Laudamotion as of April 2018.

Destinations
Niki operated scheduled services to leisure destinations mainly in Spain, Portugal, and North Africa from its home base in Vienna as well as several more airports throughout Austria, Germany, and Switzerland.

Codeshare agreements
Niki maintained codeshares with the following airlines:

 * Alitalia
 * American Airlines
 * Etihad Airways
 * Iberia

Fleet

Prior to the shutdown in December 2017, the fleet of Niki consisted of the following aircraft:

title: Niki (airline)


text:
Talk:Olam

This company's main strenth is the using options to hedge against fractuation of commodity products. In countries where there is no forward exchange market, he hedge against the currency risks How would you handle categories where there are three definations? Like, say if you wanted something like Categories: Nigerian companies

title: Talk:Olam


text:
J. Martin Holman

James Martin Holman Jr. (born September 10, 1957, in Louisville, Kentucky) is a literary translator, professor, puppeteer, and puppet theater director. He did his graduate work in Japanese literature at the University of California, Berkeley.

Holman lived in Japan for more than 14 years as a missionary, graduate student, professor of Japanese literature, and resident director of two study centers: the Japan Center for Michigan Universities (JCMU) in Hikone and the Associated Kyoto Program Center (AKP) at Doshisha University in Kyoto. He was the first non-Japanese to train and perform in Japan as a traditional puppeteer in the style of puppetry commonly known as Bunraku or ningyō jōruri, making his stage debut in 1994 with the 170-year-old Tonda Traditional Bunraku Puppet Troupe in Shiga Prefecture. He is the founding director of the Bunraku Bay Puppet Troupe, based in Columbia, Missouri, which performs traditional Japanese puppet theater in the United States.

In 2017, the film "Kaiju Bunraku" debuted at the Sundance Film Festival, featuring the puppetry of Holman's Bunraku Bay Puppet Theater.

Holman has also published many translations of modern Japanese and Korean literature, including The Old Capital (1987), Palm-of-the-Hand Stories (1988), and The Dancing Girl of Izu (1998), by Nobel Prize-winning Japanese author Yasunari Kawabata; The Book of Masks (1989) and Shadows of Sound (1990), by Korean writer Hwang Sun-wŏn; and The House of Twilight by Korean author Yun Heung-gil. Holman has taught Japanese language, literature, and theater and Korean literature at colleges and universities in Japan, the United States, and Canada.

From 2005 until 2017, Holman taught Japanese language, Japanese and Korean Literature, and Japanese theater, as Teaching Professor and Coordinator of the Japanese Studies Program at the University of Missouri. In 2019 he moved to the city of Tokushima in Japan, where currently lives and where he founded the troupe, Tokubeiza, which performs traditional Japanese puppet theater.

Works translated

 * Hwang Sun-won. Shadows of Sound. Mercury House, 1989. ISBN 0-916515-65-6
 * Hwang Sun-won. Book of Masks.
 * Kawabata Yasunari. The Old Capital. North Point, 1987. ISBN 0-86547-278-5. Revised edition—Counterpoint, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59376-032-8.
 * Kawabata Yasunari. Palm-of-the-Hand Stories. North Point, 1988. ISBN 0-86547-325-0 Repr. by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-374-53049-1
 * Kawabata Yasunari. The Dancing Girl of Izu and Other Stories. Counterpoint, 1997. ISBN 1-887178-14-7
 * Yun Heung-gil. The House of Twilight.

title: J. Martin Holman


text:
Savalan

Savalan is a village and municipality in the Qabala Rayon of Azerbaijan with a population of 294. Since 2007 the Savalan Valley, between the Turyanchay and Garachay rivers has given its name to a major new Azerbaijani wine with a new grape processing plant on the Agdash-Qabala road at nearby Qaradeyin.

title: Savalan


text:
Grímsey

Grímsey is a small Icelandic island, 40 km off the north coast of the main island of Iceland, where it straddles the Arctic Circle. Grímsey is also known for the puffins and other sea birds which visit the island for breeding.

The island is administratively part of the municipality of Akureyri on the mainland; before 2009 it constituted the rural municipality of Grímseyjarhreppur. The island's only settlement is Sandvík. In 2021 Grímsey had 57 inhabitants. The island is accessible by regular ferry and air passenger service.

Geography
Grímsey is the northernmost inhabited Icelandic territory; the rapidly disappearing islet of Kolbeinsey lies some 60 km farther north, but has never been habitable. The closest land is the coastal island of Flatey, Skjálfandi, 39.4 km to the south.

There are steep cliffs all along the coastline except on the southwestern shore. Grímsey has an area of 5.3 km2, and a maximum elevation of 105 m.

Arctic Circle
The Arctic Circle runs through the island, which attracts many of the island's visitors, as it is the only accessible location in Iceland that far north. However, due to long-term oscillations in the Earth's axis, the Arctic Circle is shifting northward by about 14.5 m per year (varying substantially from year to year due to the complexity of the movement). As of 2020, the place where the line crosses the island is close to the northern tip and by the middle of the 21st century it will pass north of Grimsey altogether.

There are three permanent markers for historical positions of the Arctic Circle, placed in 1717, 1817, and 1917. In 2017, a movable monument – an eight-tonne stone sphere dubbed "Orbis et Globus" – was placed on the circle, and is periodically moved to the corrected location. The Arctic Circle has crossed Grímsey since 1750, but will move northward from the island around the year 2047.

Climate
Despite the northerly latitude, the climate is generally mild because of the North Atlantic Current, which brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico. The maximum daily mean temperature in any month falls short of 10 °C, so it is within a tundra (ET) climate. The record high temperature of Brú is 22.2 °C registered on July 25, 1955.

Biology
Though treeless, the island's vegetation cover is rich, consisting of marshland, grass, and moss, and the island is home to many birds, especially auks. Gulls and arctic terns also inhabit the island. The island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports large seabird breeding colonies of black-legged kittiwakes, Atlantic puffins, razorbills and common murres.

Economy and society
The origin of the name is uncertain. The island is not mentioned in the book of settlements. It may be named after a man named Grím otherwise unknown or devoted to Wotan -secondarily named Grím.

The principal industrial activity is commercial fishing. Agriculture and collecting seabird eggs are also common. Grímsey Airport has a 1,036m north–south runway on the west side of the island, with regular flights to Akureyri. A ferry connects the island three days a week with Dalvík on the mainland.

The single settlement on the southwest side of the island is officially known as Sandvík. It has a community center, a shop, a library, a public indoor swimming pool, and a school from kindergarten to grade 8. (Beyond this age, students travel to Akureyri for further education.) Grímsey has two small hotels, a camp ground, and a nine-hole disc golf course.

The island has acquired a reputation for being a bastion of chess-playing. On learning this in the 1870s, American scholar and keen chess player Willard Fiske took an interest in Grímsey, sending supplies, supporting the economy, and leaving money in his will, though he never visited the island.

The Protestant Church on Grímsey was destroyed by a fire in September 2021. It had been built from driftwood in 1867 and renovated in 1956. A choir and tower were added in 1932. The nave was roughly 7.7 metres in length and 4.75 metres broad.

title: Grímsey