text:
Talk:Postmodernity

Sociological content
Postmodernity has now got some sociology- related bits from postmodernism; but it still needs a lot of work. --FlammingoHey 13:15, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

And it needs a lot of encyclopedia, obviously. --FlammingoHey 14:09, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Postmodernity v Postmodernism
I am not too sure how these two Wikipedia articles are differentiated / supposed to be differentiated. I would have liked to contribute to the Postmodernism article but did not want to "dig a deeper hole". Can anyone help? Mike Milligan (talk) 13:40, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

It would be easier to respond to your query if you provided a more concrete explanation of what you want to contribute. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 15:22, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Seems to me this article is superfluous owing to the far superior one at postmodernism. --Fliptank po (talk) 08:33, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

Fixing This Article
This article is too long, unorganized and needs more references. —Preceding unsigned comment added by OregonD00d (talk • contribs) 09:03, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Hey, I don't understand anything! I came in here to get an idea of what "postmodern" meant, and this doesn't make any sense? What is postmodern? Can somebody give me an example?

 * I have inserted into the lead somewhat of a definition of postmoderism in the Jameson sense, hopefully that helps. KingHiggins (talk) 12:37, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

The section on religious objections
There are several problems with the text below:

One of America’s premier Christian leaders, Dr. James Dobson, sees postmodernism as a system of thought that negates moral certainty. As of 2/2008 his webpage states: "Here at Focus on the Family, we understand the noun 'postmodernism' to refer to a philosophy or mindset that rejects the value of rational thought, denies the existence of moral and spiritual absolutes, and affirms the right and power of the individual to invent his or her own 'reality.' This way of thinking is incompatible with the Christian perspective because it denies the existence of a truth that is valid for all people at all times. In other words, it rejects the claims of the Gospel on principle, without even granting it a hearing." In the introduction to his Treatise on Twelve Lights, Robert Struble, Jr. states: "The postmodernist worldview dismisses all forms of absolutism from eras past, especially Judeo-Christian faith and morals; yet the postmodernists idolize absolutely their new secular trinity of tolerance–diversity–choice. Since 1963 they have employed a gradualist and stealthy top-down revolution to make this inanimate deity the governing paradigm of America’s culture and future society. We see much the same ongoing pattern of power plays imposed upon once Christian cultures in Europe and elsewhere."

1. First of all, Dobson is most certain not a "premier" Christian leader (there have been Christian leaders in the United States since before the Revolutionary War, and there have continued to be many since then), so it's probably a safe bet for that description to be removed. 2. Struble is most likely not notable, and the quotation of him in this article doesn't really add much - in fact, it's debatable whether or not that it is postmodernity, rather than modernism, that he is against. 3. Dobson's quotation might be more germane, except for the fact that if we are to take his words at face value, it's postmodernism, rather than postmodernity, that he is talking about. Also, I have a tough time figuring out if he is really grasping what either of those two terms are (what he describes as postmodernity sounds like a strawman.)

I'm only fixing the first problem right now, but what do you all think about the other problems with this passage in the article? Could things be clarified and the content kept but reworded? --Benfergy (talk) 23:52, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
 * On second glance, the "postmodernism" and "postmodernity" confusion by the figures in this section only add to difficulty in grasping the article. Struble and Dobson's quotations are to be taken out, and I'll look further at McDowell's in the meantime as well.Benfergy (talk) 07:06, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Quotes
Why is James Dobson's illiterate and ignorant view of postmodernity notable? Also, what does Chuck Colson's quote have to do with the postmodern at all? This section should be deleted. --Fliptank po (talk) 15:43, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The first quotation is about postmodernism, not postmodernity, and thus is inappropriate for this page. The latter is just plain absurd. I'll delete both.--Benfergy (talk) 00:23, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Period
Pls someone pay attention to end of modernity in the late 20th - this is too extended in my opinion and sure it is not sourced. --Aleksd (talk) 07:44, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

History section incredibly off topic
Most of the "History" section concentrates on defining and comparing two time periods in the twentieth century, by describing different cultural changes and technological advances. I don't see how this relates specifically to postmodernity: previous eras also had cultural changes and technological advances; what is so special about "digitality", for instance, that it characterizes postmodernity? Frankly, it doesn't.

All the author has done is relate contemporaneous events--the time frame of postmodernity and increased marijuana use, for example--and left it at that. This is terrible. The author might as well have described late postmodernity as being defined by global warming! Just because something occurred during a period of time doesn't mean that it is a defining characteristic of the period.

I think most of this entire section should be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.206.17.97 (talk) 17:29, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

 * "Frankly, it doesn't" What is your source?  For Lyotard digitality is central to postmodernity, and he practically wrote the book on the topic. The problem with this section is, specific views are unattributed and unsourced.  This does not call for deleting the section, it calls for adding specific sources and attributing them appropriately.  But the section explicitly tells us whose views it is presenting - principally Lyotard, Baudrillard, Bauman and Giddens, and also Fukuyama.  And (apart from the notable and unfortunate absence of Harvey) this is in fact a pretty good list of the major theorists of postmodernity, very notable authors with the kind of significant views on the topic NPOV tells us we must include in the article, and they do make historical arguments and it makes perfect sense to have a section providing an account of where they locate the break between modernity and postmodernity and how they periodize postmodernity. yes, this section definitely belongs in the article.  I hope whoever wrote it will go over it and add the necessary sources and make clear where all these theorists have a common view, and where they disagree with one another, providing specific attribution of views as necessary. Slrubenstein   |  Talk 13:35, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Postmodern era redirects here
Is this a correct redirect? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:21, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Postmodernity


text:
Booty

Booty most commonly refers to:
 * Booty (loot), goods or treasure seized by force
 * "Booty", a term for the buttocks

Booty may also refer to:

Music

 * Booty music (also known as Miami bass or booty bass), a subgenre of hip hop
 * "Booty" (Jennifer Lopez song), 2014
 * Booty (Blac Youngsta song), 2017
 * Booty (C. Tangana and Becky G song), 2018
 * "Booty", a 1993 song by George Clinton from Paint the White House Black
 * "Booty", a 2000 song by Erykah Badu from Mama's Gun
 * "Booty", a 2007 song by Tito El Bambino from It's My Time (Tito El Bambino album)
 * Booty, a 2008 album by Die Türen
 * "Da Booty", a 1998 song by A Tribe Called Quest from The Love Movement
 * "Booty", a 2022 single by Latto and Saucy Santana that blew up online

People

 * Frederick Booty (1841–1924), philatelist
 * John Booty (b. 1965), American football player
 * John David Booty (b. 1985), American football player
 * Josh Booty (b. 1975), baseball and American football player
 * Justin Booty (b. 1976), soccer player
 * Kasma Booty (1932–2007), Malaysian actor
 * Martyn Booty (born 1971), footballer
 * Ray Booty (1932–2012), British cyclist
 * Booty Wood (1919–1987), stage name of American jazz trombonist Mitchell W. Wood

Other uses

 * Booty (video game), released in 1984
 * Booty v Barnaby, court case
 * Booty Edwards & Partners, Malaysian architecture company
 * Bootie, or bootee, a short soft sock or bootlike foot garment
 * Pirate's Booty, puffed rice snack

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Booty


text:
Category:0s deaths

In the decade from 1 CE to 9 CE -- as opposed to the first century.

title: Category:0s deaths


text:
Aleixo de Abreu

Aleixo de Abreu (Alcáçovas do Alentejo, Portugal, 1568–Lisbon, Portugal, 1630) was a Portuguese physician and tropical pathologist.

He graduated in Medicine from the University of Coimbra. Due to his notable work as a physician, he was sent to Angola, along with Afonso Furtado de Mendonça, to study the maladies, believed to be endogenous to that land, that seemed to be afflicting the Portuguese sailors.

Having spent 9 years in Angola, Aleixo de Abreu became a recognized expert in the field of African maladies. He wrote extensive studies on scurvy, known at the time in Portugal as "the Angola disease" (mal-de-angola), which were later included in his Treaty of the Seven Maladies (Tratado de las Siete Enfermedades), later published in 1623. He later on became the main chamber's physician in king Felipe IV's court.

title: Aleixo de Abreu


text: Category:1075 deaths

title: Category:1075 deaths


text: Category:1071 deaths

title: Category:1071 deaths


text: Category:1082 births

title: Category:1082 births


text: Category:1084 deaths

title: Category:1084 deaths


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Talk:Marginal rate of substitution

shouldn't credits be removed
shouldn't credits be removed?

relative price of goods
So how does MRS relate to relative price of goods ? are they the same ?
 * No, MRS is unrelated to prices. Instead, it's a matter of utility (as expressed by consumer preferences).  It's how much of one good you would be willing to give up for another good, if price weren't an issue.  So, if you had some X and some Y, and you could barter Y for X, then the MRS of X for Y would be how much Y you would be willing to give up for 1 unit of X.  --LostLeviathan 04:26, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Note that while the definition of MRS and relative price are completly different the two quantities will still be related in a competitive market.
 * I think the point should be added that at a budgetary optimum, the MRS = MRT = Px/Py; this is an important part of introductory economic lessons and may be confusing for some students, bringing them here. 68.99.143.81 (talk) 10:10, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

More MRS's
I was wondering if anyone new about a .mrs file, a encrypted compression file. Kind of like a .rar file.

math function display
why are all the math functions not showing up in a web browser? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.181.29.146 (talk) 05:32, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

QUESTION
If MRS rises of good x for good y, what effect does this have on real wage, employment and output? and can this explain business cycles?

Remarks on Mathematical Operations
This article completely ignore that the mathematical operations involved might be forbidden. An utility function, as well as a production function might be "non-smooth" (for example non-differentiable, even non-continuous). In this case, what does the formulas become? What would be the economic interpretation of such situations? For example,

U(x)=(u1 for x<=x1 and u2 for x>x1)

shows that at x1 we have a point of discontinuity

Also, for a production function of the type

F(x,y)=min{x/a,y/b}

we have non-differentiability points (for example the point (a,b))

So, in these situations, what becomes notions like MRS, TRS and elasticity of substitution?

The functions usually used to describe the production processes are inherited from econometrics, not from accurate modelling of the production process; the economic definition suggests that the production function is the result of an optimisation process... so, an intrinsic non-smooth character.

Cristiann 23:17, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Not only might the utility function not be smooth, it might not correspond to a measure at all. A pervasive problem with economics articles on Wikipedia is that the are written by editors who are only familiar with works in the Bentham-Jevons-Marshall tradition.  But see “The Austrian Theory of the Marginal Use and of Ordinal Marginal Utility” by J. Huston McCulloch in Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie 37 (1973) for a mathematically formal treatment of MRS where utility cannot be fit to any measure. —SlamDiego 06:23, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Well behaved consumer preferences by definition must adhere to three conditions: monotonicity, convexity, and continuity. There are exception cases, which might reasonably be documented here, but those are finite and individually explainable. Generally, for the purposes of most decisions faced by average consumers, the conditions hold. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.99.143.81 (talk) 10:20, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Implicit differentiation assumes that y can be expressed as a function of x. If the marginal rate of substitution was derived using the implicit function theorem rather than using the total derivative, it would be clearer about when the implicit function theorem can bee applied. Woood (talk) 01:40, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

Wrong equation?
Shouldn't MRSxy=MUy/MUx? instead of the inverse which is in the article? 128.86.148.253 (talk) 15:04, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Usage is inconsistent. E.g. http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jpeck/Econ501aL3.pdf agrees with you. I personally find it natural to retain the argument order from the utility function (since MRS depends on the same arguments). But what is definitely wrong is to call MUx/MUy the marginal rate of substitution of x for y, as the article currently does.  It is obviously the marginal rate of substitution of y for x.  That is, it is the amount of y you would be willing to trade for one more unit of x. That is why it is declining in x. But many people have been careless about this usage. Cerberus (talk) 19:47, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marginal rate of substitution


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Arthur Maurice Hocart

Arthur Maurice Hocart (26 April 1883, in Etterbeek, Belgium – 9 March 1939, in Cairo, Egypt) was an anthropologist best known for his eccentric and often far-seeing works on Polynesia, Melanesia, and Sri Lanka.

Early life
Hocart's family had resided for several hundred years in Guernsey (one of the Channel Islands between France and England) but are traceable to Domrémy-la-Pucelle, birthplace of Joan of Arc. Both his father, James and grandfather, also James, were Protestant missionaries in Switzerland, France and Belgium. Although Arthur was born in Etterbeek, near Brussels, he maintained his British nationality, as did the rest of his family. This juxtaposition between the English and Francophone worlds captures not only Hocart's education, but his status as an outsider to British academia. His work often seemed to predict developments in French anthropology, such as structuralism.

From England to the South Seas
After attending school at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, Hocart matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford in 1902. He graduated with honors in "Greats", a degree combining Latin, Greek, ancient history, and philosophy. After his graduation in 1906 he spent two years studying psychology and phenomenology at the University of Berlin. With this broad and idiosyncratic training in hand, he was picked by W.H.R. Rivers to accompany him on the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Solomon Islands in 1908. Their ethnographic work on 'Eddystone Island' (today known by its local name of Simbo) and in nearby Roviana, stands as one of the first modern anthropological field projects, and was the inspiration behind sections of Pat Barker's novel The Ghost Road. Some of the data from the expedition appeared in Rivers' History of Melanesian Society in 1914, but most of their work did not make it into print until 1922, when Hocart began to publish a series of articles describing the core material. Immediately after his fieldwork in the Solomon Islands, Hocart travelled further east to Fiji, where he became the headmaster of Lau Provincial School, on the island of Lakeba in the Lau archipelago. At the same time, he maintained a research affiliation with Oxford and traveled widely through western Polynesia, conducting research in Fiji, Rotuma, Wallis Island, Samoa, and Tonga. The result was roughly six years of ethnographic fieldwork that formed the basis for Hocart's reputation today as one of the most important early ethnographers of Oceania.

A Military man in Ceylon
In 1914 Hocart returned to Oxford to pursue postgraduate studies in anthropology, a position that also included some teaching. However, World War I interrupted his progress and he spent the next four years in France, in army intelligence. In 1919 he mustered out of the army having reached the rank of captain. Hocart then began what was to be a long exile from British academia to a series of posts in the British Empire. After a year-long study of Sanskrit, Tamil, Pāli, and Sinhalese he moved to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to become the Archaeological Commissioner of Ceylon, where he oversaw the excavation and preservation of monumental architecture and other archaeological sites. With experience of the ancient Mediterranean, Polynesia and Melanesia, and South Asia now under his belt Hocart began publishing widely comparative studies on many topics, including that of Kingship. In 1925 Hocart suffered a bout of severe dysentery and returned to England to recover. By the late 1920s his poor health and politics within the colonial bureaucracy made Ceylon seem a poorer and poorer choice for him. He once again attempted (and failed) to obtain a position at Cambridge before finally retiring to England in 1929 on a pension.

London to Cairo
Beginning in 1931 Hocart served for three years as an Honorary Lecturer in Ethnology at University College London which allowed him to give classes occasionally. He applied to Cambridge once more – this time for the chair in social anthropology – but was again unsuccessful. In 1934 he moved to Cairo where he served as the Professor of Sociology, the only academic position he held in his life. Poor health dogged him and he died in 1939 after contracting an infection in the course of research in Egypt.

A career admired
Hocart's professional career took place at a time when British anthropologists were moving from an emphasis on diffusion and historical reconstruction to a more 'scientific' form of functionalism. Hocart's broad training and willingness to explore a wide variety of approaches produced work that was often poorly received by colleagues who repudiated past work in order to legitimize anthropology as a hard science. Interest in his work was revived in the 1960s when authors such as Lord Raglan, Rodney Needham, and Louis Dumont returned to Hocart's work as a source of theoretical inspiration. Today he is remembered for his ethnography of the Pacific and as an author whose work presaged the advent of structuralism.

Works

 * The cult of the dead in Eddystone of the Solomons. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 52; 71–117, 259–305. (1922)
 * "The Origin of Monotheism" Folklore, Vol. 33, No. 3 (30 September 1922), pp. 282–293
 * Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon (1924–36) editor with S. Paranavitana
 * Kingship (1927)
 * The Progress of Man: A Short Survey of His Evolution, His Customs, and His Works (1933)
 * Kings and Councillors: An Essay in the Comparative Anatomy of Human Society (1936)
 * Caste (1950)
 * The Northern states of Fiji (1952)
 * Social Origins (1954)
 * Le Mythe Sorcier et autres essais (1962)
 * The Life-giving Myth and Other Essays (1973)
 * Imagination and Proof: Selected Essays of A. M. Hocart (1987) editor Rodney Needham

title: Arthur Maurice Hocart


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Hermann Josef Abs

Hermann Josef Abs (15 October 1901, Bonn – 5 February 1994, Bad Soden) was a leading Nazi banker and advisor to Chancellor Adenauer. He was a member of the board of directors of Deutsche Bank from 1938 to 1945, as well as of 44 other companies, including IG Farben. As the most powerful commercial banker of the Third Reich, he was, according to economic journalist Adam LeBor, "the lynchpin of the continent wide plunder". The Allies arrested him in January 1946; however, British intervention got him freed after three months, and German courts later dropped all charges.

He was chairman of Deutsche Bank, and contributed to the reconstruction of the German economy. He chaired the German credit facility that distributed the counterpart funds created by the Marshall plan. Working closely with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, he was a leader in rebuilding heavy industry, and helped draft the investment policy for basic industries in 1952. He played a major diplomatic role in resolving the prewar German debts at the London War Debt Agreement of 1953. In 1953 he negotiated the restitution to Israel and individual Jews for the Holocaust.

Controversies about Joest WWII role
In 1974, the artist Hans Haacke revealed the supposed role of Abs with the Nazi regime in a project for the exhibition Manet-PROJEKT '74' which detailed, in ten panels, the ownership history of Édouard Manet's Bunch of Asparagus (1880). The Wallraf-Richartz Museum rejected the Haacke display.

In 1995, studies of the Deusche Bank archives by Harold James show that, while the DB helped the Nazi in different variating degrees, direct and indirectly, there has various links between Abs and anti-Nazi resistance during the war, while Abs decided not direct participate in resistance organized acts, he went to various secret meetings and such links were described as something that made James "astounded".

After the war, he participated in the restitution to Israel and individual Jews for the Holocaust.

Other sources

 * Hermann J. Abs, in Encyclopædia Britannica online
 * Obituary: Hermann Abs

title: Hermann Josef Abs


text:
Wikipedia:Statistics Department

 * This project page concerns statistics about Wikipedia. For the WikiProject on the mathematical science of statistics, see WikiProject Statistics

This project, the Statistics Department, provides a space for contributors interested in statistics to discuss what to measure, when, and how.

If you would like to help, please add your name below and introduce yourself on the talk page. The to-do list below is just a start...

Scope
This WikiProject aims primarily to design, implement, and discuss the collection of statistics about Wikipedia content, metacontent, contributors, and visitors. We seek to better understand how people use Wikipedia and its community, and what is most useful to them. We also seek to explore new ways of streamlining the generation of timely statistics.

Participants
Please add your name here by adding
 * +sj +
 * Tobacman
 * Wile E. Heresiarch
 * Joo +
 * --Alterego
 * odoketa
 * AttishOculus
 * hzenilc
 * --Shirahadasha
 * -- Laleena
 * Nakon
 * amanaki
 * -- slakr \ talk /
 * goodguy007
 *  κaτaʟ aveno TC
 * Aetheling
 * Andrew327
 * Lloyd
 * Iazyges  Consermonor
 * Derpy (Metalhead102) (talk)
 * Annette Maon (talk)

Opus meum 15:16, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

Pages

 * AdminStats
 * User:Dragons_flight/Log_analysis
 * Statistics
 * Special:Statistics
 * Database reports/Page count by namespace
 * Database reports/Pages with the most revisions

Contribution

 * Who contributes to Wikipedia, when during the day/week, and how often?
 * What causes sudden spikes in readers, contributors, vandals?
 * Are there patterns in the contributions? E.g. age, gender, race and nationality versus categories?
 * What motivated the top contributors? E.g. repute, reciprocity, altruism, relationships, roles? Free content, neutrality, software design, democracy, community, others?
 * How are the quality, validity and reliability of content maintained? By whom, and to what extent?
 * How does server load contribute to activity of users? in the hours/days after a slowdown?
 * Where (on Earth!) are the contributors? Are contributors to en.Wikipedia in English speaking countries, Spanish/Portuguese lang. contributors in Iberia or Latin America or elsewhere, German lang. contributors in German, Austria, Switz. or elsewhere, etc.

Promoting Readership/Consumption

 * Who reads Wikipedia articles, when?
 * What linkpaths do they follow through the site?
 * What are common first pages visited?
 * What are common pages visited from the Main Page?
 * How have changes to Recent Changes page and Main historically affected user clickthroughs from those pages?
 * How often do anonymous visitors/readers (or visitors from Google/Yahoo) visit pages like RC, Random, the Community Portal?
 * What are the readers' ratings of the quality or usefulness of each page?

Curtailing Mischief

 * How can we quantify vandalism? Trolling?
 * How many admins are online at a given time?
 * How does the # online relate to the amount of vandalism that takes place?
 * Are vandals deterred by quick response times?
 * How effective are bans and blocks? How often do vandals come back right away as anons or with another ip?
 * What is the average block length? How does the block length change from editors to IPs?
 * What is the median time-to-correction for acts of vandalism? (Recent study: Vandalism Survival.)

Processes

 * How do different people add content? <-- what does this mean (other than Edit This Page)? Elaboration needed.
 * Slow vs. fast contributors; people who write offline vs. online
 * How many use offline editors, and upload in blocks?
 * How many people migrate content from other free repositories to WM sites?
 * photos, text (to commons, source)

Methodology
This section should cover how the research data will be collected and analysed, and not Wikipedia context or processes (moved to above section).

Data Collection

 * Webalizer statistics
 * Add optional fields in every member's profile form for age, gender, race, nationality (perhaps with a privacy option - so system can collect data, but not visible to general public)
 * Polls for all in Community Portal
 * Surveys/Interviews of top contributors
 * Constructs needed for different motivational factor
 * Toolserver

Data Analysis

 * Define & select uniform data structures and software (SPSS, SAS)
 * Define variables
 * Outcome measures
 * Correlational designs
 * t-tests
 * ANOVA/MANOVA (for correlational data)
 * Post-hoc statistics (LSDs, Fischers)
 * Factor analysis
 * Non-parametric measures (Chi-Square)

Caveats?

 * Privacy
 * Possible solution: Constrain to publicly available data; and, if private data must ever be used, absolutely no personally-identifiable info.
 * Consent to participate in certain surveys
 * Possible solution: Avoid experimental setups, and avoid self-response surveys, as self-response is frequently difficult to gauge at times, as well. However, properly structured, anonymous polls that have pretty much no chance of "psychological trauma" or whatnot are probably safe :P
 * Feedback effects of certain metrics (edit #) via social loops (people editing for the sake of edit count)
 * Possible solution/offset: Effect interactions betw. edit count/other factors; analysis of random sample of RfA fails vs. successes and method of analyzing primary rationale of voters?

title: Wikipedia:Statistics Department


text:
Downtown Loop (Kansas City)

The Downtown Loop (nicknamed the Alphabet Loop) is a complex layout of highways in Downtown Kansas City, Missouri involving 24 exits, four Interstate Highways, four U.S. Highways, and numerous city streets. Each exit is numbered 2 and suffixed with every letter of the alphabet except I and O (to avoid confusion with the numbers 1 and 0). The entire circumference of the loop is just over 4 miles.

Overview
The system is nicknamed the Alphabet Loop due to all exits having letter suffixes. Alphabetically, the letter suffixes begin with A in the northwest corner of the loop and proceed forward in a clockwise direction around the loop. Eastbound on the north side of the loop (EB I-70/NB I-35) are A through G; then H through M southbound on the east side (EB I-70/SB US 71); then N through U westbound on the south side (WB I-670); and finally V through Z northbound on the west side (NB I-35 alone).

Interstate 70 enters the southeast corner of the loop and moves north forming the east and north sides of the loop and exiting in the northwest corner. Exits on I-70 range from 2A to 2M.

Interstate 35 enters the loop at its northeast corner, joining I-70 on the north side and forming the west side of the loop before exiting in the southwest corner. Exits on I-35 range from 2F to 2A while it overlaps I-70, and 2Y to 2U after I-70 exits the loop.

Interstate 29 does not enter the loop. It begins at the northeast corner and continues north, concurrent with I-35. These two leave the loop via the Christopher S. Bond Bridge and split several miles north.

Interstate 670 forms the south side of the loop. I-670 splits from I-70 in Kansas City, Kansas, crosses over I-70 and enters the loop in the southwest corner, rejoining I-70 and ending in Kansas City, Missouri in the southeast corner of the loop. I-670 is also signed as Alternate I-70.

U.S. Route 71 is a highway that enters the loop in the southeast corner and leaves the loop with I-29 and I-35 in the northeast corner.

U.S. Route 24 is a major city street which enters the loop in the northeast corner and follows I-35 and I-70 along the north side of the loop. Former US 24 now US-Bus 24 is also known as Independence Ave/Blvd and provides a street-level connection to Independence, Missouri.

U.S. Route 40 overlaps I-70 throughout the northern and eastern sections of the loop.

U.S. Route 169 enters the loop in the northwest corner from the Buck O'Neil Bridge, and joins I-70, continuing westward.

Route 9 also provides access to the loop, ending at I-70 after crossing the Heart of America Bridge from North Kansas City.

History
The west side of the loop was built over a scenic road called Kersey Coates Drive. It had many affluent homes, and stairs lead down from Case Park immediately to the east. When the loop was completed, the multi-lane Interstate cut further into the bluff and these homes were razed. The stairway from Case Park was cut off halfway and remains between exits 2W and 2X.

A March 2010 preliminary study of the Kansas City I-70 corridor made several innovative suggestions to relieve congestion in the downtown area. One proposal was to make the loop unidirectional, where the loop would essentially become a large roundabout. In 2022, plans were approved to construct a $160 million cap over a stretch of I-670, on the loop's southern half. The cap is planned to be topped with a public park called South Loop Link.

Exit list
The following is the list of exits inside the loop in order as encountered if entering the loop from eastbound I-70.

title: Downtown Loop (Kansas City)


text:
David Manker Abshire

David Manker Abshire (April 11, 1926 – October 31, 2014) served as a Special Counselor to President Ronald Reagan and was the United States Permanent Representative to NATO from 1983 to 1987. Abshire presided over the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress.

In July 2002, he was elected President of the Richard Lounsbery Foundation of New York. He was a member of the exclusive Alfalfa Club.

Abshire was a Republican and the author of seven books, the most recent being A Call to Greatness: Challenging Our Next President, which was published in 2008. Abshire was married and had five children.

He was a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and sat on the advisory board of America Abroad Media.

Early life
Abshire was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on April 11, 1926.

Education and early career
He graduated from The Bright School in 1938, and Baylor School in Chattanooga in 1944.

Abshire graduated from the US Military Academy at West Point in 1951. Then he received his doctorate in History from Georgetown University in 1959, where for many years he was an adjunct professor at its Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. He is a member of the Project on National Security Reform. Till 1977 he worked as administrator in the Advisory Board at St. Albans School and in the Board of Advisors at Naval War College.

Military
Abshire fought in the Korean War 1951–1955, where he served as platoon leader, division intelligence officer and company commander. He received various distinctions: the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster with V for Valor, Combat Infantry Badge and Commendation Ribbon with medal pendant.

Political life
In 1962, Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke founded the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). In 1988, as President of CSIS, he merged the Hawaii-based Pacific Forum into his organization to give it more input from the Asia-Pacific region. Dr. Abshire served as Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations from 1970 to 1973 and later as Chairman of the U.S. Board of International Broadcasting (1975–77). He was a member of the Murphy Commission (1974–75), the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1981–1982), and the President's Task Force on U.S. Government International Broadcasting (1991).

During the transition of government in 1980, Abshire was asked by President-elect Reagan to head the National Security Group, which included the State and Defense Departments, the U.S. Information Agency, and the Central Intelligence Agency. He served for nine years on the board of Procter & Gamble.

Personal
Abshire was married to Carolyn Lamar Sample. He had four daughters and one son: Anna Lamar Bowman, Mary Lee Jensvold, Phyllis d'Hoop, Caroline Hall and Lupton Abshire.

Ambassador to NATO
In 1983–1987 Abshire was Ambassador to NATO where, in reaction to the threat posed by Soviet SS-20 missiles, he was appointed to oversee the deployment of Pershing and Cruise missiles. For his service, he was given the Distinguished Public Service Medal.

Special Counselor to President Reagan
Abshire was recalled as the Iran-Contra Affair unfolded to serve as Special Counselor to President Reagan with Cabinet rank. His charge was to assure a full investigation of the sale of arms to Iran so as to restore the confidence of the nation in the Reagan presidency.

Honors

 * Doctor of Humane Letters from Virginia Theological Seminary in 1992.
 * Doctor of Civil Law, honoris causa, from the University of the South in 1994.
 * John Carroll Award for outstanding service by a Georgetown University alumnus.
 * Distinguished Graduate Award of the United States Military Academy.
 * 1994 U.S. Military Academy's Castle Award
 * Gold Medal of the Sons of the American Revolution
 * Baylor Distinguished Alumni Award
 * Order of the Crown (Belgium)
 * Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
 * Medal of the President of the Italian Republic, Senate, Parliament, and Government.
 * Grand Official of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.
 * Order of Diplomatic Service Merit Heung-In Medal (Korea)
 * Insignia of the Commander, First Class, Order of the Lion of Finland
 * Order of the Liberator (Argentina) in 1999.
 * Order of the Sacred Treasure Gold and Silver Star (Japan) in 2001.
 * Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service.
 * Presidential Citizens Medal – Awarded in 1989 by President Ronald Reagan.
 * Doctor of Civil Law, honoris causa, from the University Georgetown in 2006.

Death
Abshire died on October 31, 2014, of pulmonary fibrosis in Alexandria, Virginia. He is survived by his wife of 56 years, the former Carolyn Sample, his son, Lupton, his daughters Anna Bowman, Mary Lee Jensvold, Phyliis d'Hoop and Carolyn Hall. He has 11 grandchildren.

Books

 * National Security: Political, Military, and Economic Strategies in the Decade Ahead, 1963..
 * The South Rejects a Prophet: The Life of Senator D. M. Key, 1824–1900, Praeger, 1967..
 * International Broadcasting: A New Dimension of Western Diplomacy, 1976. ISBN 0803906579..
 * Foreign Policy Makers: President vs. Congress, 1979. ISBN 080391332X..
 * Preventing World War III: A Realistic Grand Strategy, 1988. ISBN 0060159863.
 * Putting America's House in Order: The Nation as a Family (with Brock Brower), 1996. ISBN 0275954315..
 * Saving the Reagan Presidency: Trust Is the Coin of the Realm (with Richard E. Neustadt), 2005. ISBN 1585444669..
 * A Call to Greatness: Challenging Our Next President, 2008. ISBN 9780742562455..

title: David Manker Abshire


text:
Harvard–Yale Regatta

The Harvard–Yale Regatta or Yale-Harvard Boat Race (often abbreviated The Race) is an annual rowing race between the men's heavyweight rowing crews of Harvard University and Yale University. First contested in 1852, it has been held annually since 1859 with exceptions during major wars fought by the United States and the COVID-19 pandemic. The Race is America's oldest collegiate athletic competition, pre-dating The Game by 23 years. It is sometimes referred to as the "Yale-Harvard" regatta, though most official regatta programs brand it "Harvard-Yale".

Originally rowed on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, it has since moved to the Thames River, near New London, Connecticut. Although other locations for the race have included the Connecticut River at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Lake Quinsigamond at Worcester, Massachusetts, the Thames has hosted The Race on all but five occasions since 1878 and both teams have erected permanent training camps on the Thames at Gales Ferry for Yale and at Red Top for Harvard.

The race has been exclusively between Yale and Harvard except for 1897, when the race was held as part of a three-boat race with Cornell on the Hudson River at Poughkeepsie, New York, where, although it lost to Cornell, Yale was deemed the winner of the Harvard-Yale race. Due to the COVID-19, there was no Yale-Harvard Regatta in 2020, the first cancellation since 1945.

History
On May 24, 1843, with the arrival of the shell Whitehall in New Haven, Yale University founded the first collegiate crew in the United States. A year later, Harvard founded their boat club. These boat clubs served primarily a social purpose, until Yale's 1852 issuance of a challenge to Harvard "to test the superiority of the oarsmen of the two colleges". Dr. James M. Whiton (Yale 1853) and Joseph Mansfield Brown (Harvard 1853) were the prime movers in bringing about the race. The idea of a race was suggested by James N. Elkins, the superintendent of the Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad, during a train journey with Dr. Whiton. The first Harvard–Yale Boat Race—and the first American intercollegiate sporting event—took place on August 3, 1852. In this two-mile (3.2 km) contest, Harvard's Oneida prevailed over Yale's Shawmut by about two lengths, with Yale's Undine finishing third. The first place prize was a pair of black walnut, silver-inscribed trophy oars. The trophy oars were awarded to Harvard by General Franklin Pierce who in 1853 became the 14th President of the United States of America. Today, the 1852 trophy oars are the oldest intercollegiate athletic prize in North America.

The race distance was increased to 3 mi for the second rendition in 1855 and to the current 4 mi in 1876. The Oxford–Cambridge Boat Race is the only longer side-by-side rowing event in the world, though slower stream makes the Yale–Harvard Race one to three minutes longer.

Originally the race was just between the varsity crews but there are now three events: the 2-mile (3.2-km) freshman race, the 3-mile (4.8-km) junior varsity race, and the 4-mile (6.4-km) varsity race. The varsity crews compete for the Sexton Cup, the junior varsity for the F. Valentine Chappell Trophy, and the freshman for the New London Cup. The Hoyt C. Pease and Robert Chappell Jr. Trophies are awarded to the team that wins the majority of the three races.

Typically the day before the freshman, junior varsity and varsity races, there is a two-mile (3.2 km) race between the spares for both crews. These "combination" boats are made up of second freshman boat and third varsity boat rowers (i.e. the "combi" or "combo" race). The winner of this race gets the James P. Snider Cup, as well as the right to paint its school's colors on the "rock" at Bartlett's Cove for the next day's races. Currently Harvard leads the varsity series at 95–55, the second varsity (JV) at 75–38, and the freshman series at 72–39–1. Yale holds the upstream course record with its time of 18:35.8 in 2015. The Crimson set the downstream—and Thames River course—mark of 18:22.4 in 1980.

Trophies
The Sexton Cup is presented to the winner of the varsity heavyweight race. The trophy is actually a combination of two former rowing trophies: The bottom is the original base of the Sexton Cup, with year-by-year results of race winners, while the upper portion retains the Yale and Harvard seals from the trophy which was awarded to the winner of the (now discontinued) graduate eights race.

The F. Valentine Chappell Trophy is presented to the winner of the second varsity heavyweight race. Previously used for a discontinued event in this regatta, it was redesignated in 1983 to be awarded to the victor in the junior varsity contest.

The New London Cup is presented to the winner of the freshman race. The city of New London donated this silver award in celebration of its bicentennial and it is inscribed with the Seal of the City of New London and engraved with a ship bearing "Mare Liberium" (Freedom of the Seas). As of 2014, both schools began boating a 3V lineup for this race, rather than an all-freshmen lineup.

The Hoyt C. Pease and Robert Chappell Jr. Trophy is presented to the crews who win two or more of the varsity, junior varsity, and freshmen races. This sterling silver bowl was donated by George Pew, Yale Class of 1958, in honor of Pease and Chappell with the inscription: "Named in honor of their great contribution over four decades to the spirit and success of The Boat Race."

The James Snider Cup is awarded to the winning crew of the Combination race of the Harvard–Yale Regatta, which is held annually in New London, Connecticut. The Combination crews are typically composed of rowers from the third varsity and second freshman boats of their respective programs. Traditionally the two crews race a 2-mile (3.2-km) course the day before the Regatta, with the winning crew earning both possession of the Cup and the right to paint the large rock surface south of Bartlett's Cove—typically the most popular viewing spot for the Regatta's main events the next day—with their school's colors.

The James P. Snider Cup was dedicated in honor of James P. "Jamie Sniderman" Snider by the Yale Heavyweight Crew Class of 2005 following the Harvard–Yale Regatta held on June 11, 2005. The cup was donated in honor of Jamie's years of dedicated service to both the Yale Heavyweight Crew and the Yale Crew program as a whole. In 1995 and 1996 Jamie served as an assistant coach of the Yale Women's Crew, leading the 1995 Third Varsity to a 10–4 record. After becoming an assistant with the Men's Heavyweight squad, Jamie led the 1997 Third Varsity Crew to an undefeated season, an Eastern Sprints Gold Medal, and a victory in the Combination Race of the Harvard–Yale Regatta. Jamie's 1999 Combination crew earned the right to paint the rock as well. Currently, Jamie serves as the assistant coach of the Women's Program. In 2006 he led his Third Varsity Four to a third-place finish at the Eastern Sprints, and in 2007, 2008, 2009 he coached the Varsity Four to gold medals at Eastern Sprints and a sixth, sixth and third-place finish at NCAAs.

In addition to coaching Yale crews during the season, Jamie has served as caretaker of Gales Ferry, the home and training site for the Yale Men's Heavyweight Crew during preparation for the Harvard–Yale Regatta since 1878. He has also served as Director of the Yale University Community Rowing Program since its inception in the summer of 1999. Originally established as a small pilot program, the program has since grown to include over 100 youth participants annually, providing rowing opportunities for organizations such as the National Youth Sports Program, American School for the Deaf, and the Connecticut Special Olympics.

<!--  While the race may be notable, this section is far too "purple" ==2007 Race==

The 2007 Race was the closest in recent history and certainly one of the most dramatic of the series. The Yale varsity crew of 2007 had one of the most impressive seasons of any recent Yale varsity 8. The crew had an undefeated dual season, facing many of the same rivals that the Harvard crew faced, and defeating them by similar margins. Both the Yale and Harvard crews entered the Eastern Sprints regatta undefeated. The Eastern Sprints grand final saw the fastest race in history, with both the Harvard and Yale crews breaking the course record and finishing first and second respectively.

The 2007 Harvard Yale race took place in overcast conditions, with light current and smooth water. The start of the race saw Harvard open a margin of about five seats on the Yale crew, which they gradually extended until the margin reached about one seat of open water. The Yale crew did not allow this margin to grow however, and held off many Harvard attacks, while rowing with the Harvard crew out of sight.

With about 500 meters remaining in the race the Yale crew began to close the margin, so that with 300 meters left in the race, the gap between the crews was less than a length. Overstroking the Harvard crew, Yale began to regain seat by seat, making Harvard pay the price for expending more energy earlier in the race to get its open-water advantage. Unable to deal with the pressure that Yale was applying the Harvard boat's technique broke down, and as Yale was speeding up, Harvard was slowing down. It was not until the final five strokes of the race that Yale overtook Harvard. The Harvard 5-man lost consciousness after the race succumbing to the weight of his efforts to hold off the Yale charge and suffered a case of "exhaustion", a reflection of the enormous pressure that Yale applied to Harvard in the closing mile of the race. Accounts vary as to when he stopped rowing, but photographic evidence has him rowing up until Yale had pulled even in the race with several strokes remaining, with Yale having already closed over a boat-length of margin, at which point the Harvard rower simply lay down in the boat. The comeback marked only the second time in recent memory a crew had come back from an open-water deficit to win the race, the other being 1980 when Harvard performed the feat. The conclusion to the Varsity race mirrored the way the JV race had unfolded. While the Harvard JV had erased an early deficit of one-half length to Yale and begun to pull away from Yale two miles into their 3-mile contest, Yale responded by raising their stroke rating to 39 and coming back through Harvard despite trailing by two-thirds length with only three minutes remaining in the race. Upon losing their lead, a rower in the middle of the Harvard boat simply stopped rowing, unable to go on, in what was after the race determined to be another case of "exhaustion". This accounts for the slightly misleading 18-second margin of victory. -->

Varsity race

 * Number of wins: Harvard, 95; Yale, 59
 * Most consecutive victories: Harvard, 18 (1963–1980)
 * Course downstream record: Harvard, 1980 – 18 min 22.4 sec; average speed 13.1 mph
 * Course upstream record: Yale, 2022 – 18 min 17.5 sec; average speed 12.9 mph
 * Narrowest winning margin: 0.2 sec (Yale, 1914)
 * Largest winning margin: 1 min 43 sec (Harvard, 1879)

a. Yale ran into Harvard, which was leading at the turning stake.

b. Yale collided with Harvard.

c. Yale stroke broke oar and dove overboard. Yale still won the race.

d. Triangular races included Cornell. Cornell won.

e. Yale stroke ejected from shell near three-mile mark.

f. Shortest race in series history.

g. Yale's seven seat lost oar and dove overboard at two-mile mark.

h. The Harvard boat swamped in rough conditions, and the race was abandoned with Yale ahead. The race was declared to have no official result in January 2017, following an appeal.

Junior Varsity race

 * Number of wins: Harvard, 77; Yale, 40
 * Most consecutive victories: Harvard, 9 (1967-1975)
 * Narrowest winning margin: 0.2 sec (Yale, 1952)
 * Largest winning margin: 1 min 20.5 sec (Yale, 1981)

Freshman/Third Varsity race

 * Number of wins: Harvard, 75; Yale, 40 (1 dead heat)
 * Most consecutive victories: Harvard, 11 (1965-1976)
 * Narrowest winning margin: 0.4 sec (Yale, 1935)
 * Largest winning margin: 46 sec (Harvard, 1940)

a. Final time an entry was composed entirely of freshmen.

b. Yale's 3V8 competed in this event.

4V | Combination Race
Begun in 1920, the combination boat is crewed by rowers from the third varsity and second freshman boats, the strongest substitutes available to the junior varsity and freshman boats.

 * Number of wins: Harvard, 18; Yale, 5

a. This was the inaugural contest for the James P. Snider Cup.

title: Harvard–Yale Regatta


text:
Akka Mahadevi

Akka Mahadevi (Kannada: ಅಕ್ಕ ಮಹಾದೇವಿ, c. 1130–1160) was an early poet of Kannada literature and a prominent member of the Lingayat Shaiva sect in the 12th century. Her 430 vachana s (a form of spontaneous mystical poems), and the two short writings called Mantrogopya and the Yogangatrividh are considered her known contributions to Kannada literature. The term Akka ("elder sister" or "mother") was an honorific given to her by saints such as Basavanna, Siddharama, and Allamaprabhu as an indication of her high place in the spiritual discussions held at the "Anubhava Mantapa". She is regarded to be a major female figure in Kannada literature and in the history of Karnataka. She considered the god Shiva ('Chenna Mallikarjuna') as her husband (traditionally understood as the 'madhura bhava' or 'madhurya' form of devotion).

Biography
Akka Mahadevi was born in Udutadi, near Shivamogga in the Indian state of the Karnataka around 1130. Some scholars suggest that she was born to a couple named Nirmalshetti and Sumati, who were both devotees of ParamaShiva. Western sources claim that little is known about her life, though it has been the subject of Indian hagiographic, folk and mythological claims, based on oral tradition and her own lyrics. One of her lyrics, for instance, appears to record her experiences of leaving her place of her birth and family in order to pursue Shiva.

Tharu and Lalita also document a claim that a local Jain king named Kaushika sought to marry her, but that she rejected him, choosing instead to fulfil the claims of devotion to the deity Para Shiva. However, the medieval sources that form the basis of this account are ambiguous and inconclusive. They include a reference to one of her poems, or vachanas, in which she lays down three conditions for marrying the king, including control over the choice to spend her time in devotion or in conversation with other scholars and religious figures, rather than with the king. The medieval scholar and poet Harihara suggests in his biography of her that the marriage was purely nominal, while other accounts from Camasara suggest that the conditions were not accepted and the marriage did not occur.

Harihara's account goes on to say that when King Kaushika violated the conditions she had laid down, Akka Mahadevi left the palace, renouncing all her possessions including clothes, to travel to Srisailam, home of the god Parama Shiva. Alternative accounts suggest that Akka Mahadevi's act of renunciation was a response to the king's threats after she refused his proposal. It is likely that she visited the town of Kalyana en route, where she met two other poets and prominent figures of the Lingayat movement, Allama and Basava. She is believed to have travelled, towards the end of her life, to the Srisailam mountains, where she lived as an ascetic and eventually died. A vachana attributed to Akka Mahadevi suggests that towards the end of her life King Kaushika visited her there, and sought her forgiveness.

History
She is considered by modern scholars to be a prominent figure in the field of female emancipation. A household name in Karnataka, she wrote that she was a woman only in name and that her mind, body, and soul belonged to Shiva. During a time of strife and political uncertainty in the 12th century, she chose spiritual enlightenment and stood by her choice. She took part in convocations of the learned such as the Anubhavamantapa in Kalyana (now Basava Kalyana) to debate philosophy and enlightenment (or Moksha, termed by her as "arivu"). In search for her soul mate Lord Shiva, she made animals, flowers and birds her friends and companions, rejecting family life and worldly attachment.

Akka's pursuit of enlightenment is recorded in poems of simple language but intellectual rigour. Her poetry explores the rejection of mortal love in favour of the love of God. Her vachanas also talk about the methods that the path of enlightenment demand of the seeker, such as killing the 'I', conquering desires and the senses and so on.

Kausika belonged to the Jain community, that was wealthy and resented by the rest of the population. She rejected her life of luxury to live as a wandering poet-saint, travelling throughout the region and singing praises to her Lord Shiva. She went in search of fellow seekers or sharanas because the company of the saintly or sajjana sanga is believed to hasten learning. She found the company of such sharanas in Basavakalyana, Bidar district and composed many vachanas in praise of them. Her non-conformist ways caused consternation in the conservative society of the time: even her guru Allama Prabhu faced difficulties in including her in the gatherings at Anubhavamantapa.

An ascetic, Mahadevi is said to have refused to wear any clothing. Legend has it that due to her true love and devotion with God her whole body was protected by hair.

All the sharnas of Anubhavamantapa, especially Basavanna, Chenna Basavanna, Kinnari Bommayya, Siddharama, Allamaprabhu and Dasimayya greet her with a word "Akka". In fact it is here onwards that she becomes Akka, an elderly sister. Allama shows her the further way of attaining the transcendent bliss of union with Lord Chenna Mallikarjuna. Akka leaves Kalyana with this following vachana:

In the first phase of her life she renounced worldly objects and attractions; in the second, she discarded all object-based rules and regulations. In the third phase she began her journey towards Srishila, location of the temple to Chenna Mallikarjuna and a holy place for devotees of Shiva since before the 12th century. Akka's spiritual journey ended at Kadali, the thick forest area of Shrisaila (Srisailam) where she is supposed to have experienced union (aikya) with Chennamallikarjuna.

One of her famous vachana translates as:

Her poetry exhibits her love for Chenna Mallikarjuna, and harmony with nature and simple living.

She sang:

Works
Akka Mahadevi's works, like many other Bhakti movement poets, can be traced through the use of her ankita, or the signature name by which she addressed the figure of her devotion. In Akka Mahadevi's case, she uses the name Chennamallikarjuna to refer to the god Shiva. The name Chennamallikarjuna can be variously translated, but the most well-known translation is by the scholar and linguist A.K. Ramanujan, who interprets it as 'Lord, white as jasmine'. A more literal translationn would be 'Mallika's beautiful Arjuna', according to Tharu and Lalita.

Based on the use of her ankita, about 350 lyric poems or vachanas are attributed to Akka Mahadevi. Her works frequently use the metaphor of an illicit, or adulterous love to describe her devotion to Chennamallikarjuna (Shiva). The lyrics show Akka Mahadevi actively seeking a relationship with Chennamallikarjuna (Shiva), and touches on themes of abandonment, carnal love and separation.

The direct and frank lyrics that Akka Mahadevi wrote have been described as embodying a "radical illegitimacy" that re-examines the role of women as actors with volition and will, behaving in opposition to established social institutions and mores. At times she uses strong sexual imagery to represent the union between the devotee and the object of devotion. Her works challenge common understandings of sexual identity; for instance, in one vachana she suggests that creation, or the power of the god Shiva, is masculine, while all of creation, including men, represent the feminine: "I saw the haughty master, Mallikarjuna/for whom men, all men, are but women, wives". In some vachanas, she describes herself as both feminine and masculine.

Akka Mahadevi's works, like those of many other female Bhakti poets, touch on themes of alienation: both from the material world, and from social expectations and mores concerning women. Seeing relationships with mortal men as unsatisfactory, Akka Mahadevi describes them as thorns hiding under smooth leaves, untrustworthy. About her mortal husband she says "Take these husbands who die, decay - and feed them to your kitchen fires!". In another verse, she expresses the tension of being a wife and a devotee as

Translations and legacy
A. K. Ramanujan first popularised the vachanas by translating them into a collection called Speaking of Siva. Postcolonial scholar Tejaswini Niranjana criticised these translations as rendering the vachanas into modern universalist poetry ready-to-consume by the West in Siting Translation (1992). Kannada translator Vanamala Vishwanatha is currently working on a new English translation, which may be published as part of the Murty Classical Library.

Akka Mahadevi continues to occupy a significant place in culture and memory, with roads and universities named after her. In 2010, a bas relief dating to the 13th century was discovered near Hospet in Karnataka, and is believed to be a depiction of Akka Mahadevi.

title: Akka Mahadevi


text:
File:Jody Watley - You Wanna Dance with Me.jpg

Album cover for You Wanna Dance with Me? by Jody Watley

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text: Category:1088 deaths

title: Category:1088 deaths


text: Category:1090 deaths

title: Category:1090 deaths


text: Category:1086 deaths

title: Category:1086 deaths


text:
You Wanna Dance with Me?

You Wanna Dance with Me? is a remix album by American pop singer Jody Watley, released in October 1989. The album contains remixed versions of Watley's songs.

Personnel

 * Jody Watley – vocals

Production

 * Producers: André Cymone, Bernard Edwards, Victor Flores, François Kevorkian, Patrick Leonard, Jeff Lorber, David Z.
 * Remastering: Michael Hutchinson, François Kevorkian, Eric "Vietnam" Sadler, Paul Shabazz, Hank Shocklee, Louis Silas Jr.
 * Art direction: Lynn Robb
 * Design: Lynn Robb
 * Photography: Steven Meisel

title: You Wanna Dance with Me?


text: Category:1093 deaths

title: Category:1093 deaths


text: Category:1099 births

title: Category:1099 births


text: Category:1096 deaths

title: Category:1096 deaths


text:
Talk:Inorganic nomenclature

I noticed an error- a claim that the Stock system (with Roman numerals) can be used for nonmetal compounds. This is in direct contradiction of the IUPAC system (the Wikipedia standard, see the Manual of Style]; Rule 2.252 states, "The Stock notation can be applied to both cations and anions, but preferably should not be applied to compounds between nonmetals." I have deleted this, and replaced it with a link to systematic name, this covers such names in detail.  When I get time I will add that material over here too.  For more detail see http://www2.potsdam.edu/walkerma/inorg_naming.pdf Walkerma 20:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The key phrase is: preferably should not be applied... I agree, however, the Stock System can be used for non-metal compounds to demonstrate the consistency of the system. The problem is that the Stock system is basically used for empirical formulas, which are the rule for ionic compounds, but not for molecular compounds. So, the usage was not in error, just needed qualification due to the molecular formula ambiguity (NO2 vs N2O4). That said, I won't put it back into the article (now). -Vsmith 02:31, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I take the point that IUPAC does not expressly forbid such usage- maybe if we end up with a really detailed article on this we can mention it. My concern was that the approved format was not listed, and readers might think that the Stock system is the usual system for nonmetal compounds. Also- these rules were written in 1960, when perhaps some people were using this system.  However if it was used it has now become obsolete (at least in the UK and the US, which I am familiar with)- so I think the "preferably should not" has become a de facto "should not" over the years.  I am getting a 1999 book from IUPAC on inorganic nomenclature by interlibrary loan, so that should clarify it.

By the way- would you like to join us on WikiProject_Chemicals? Walkerma 14:41, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Table
The lists of ions and names should be made into a table. When I tried this the subscripts were chopped off. Brianjd | Why restrict HTML? | 05:20, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inorganic nomenclature


text:
Deglazing

Deglazing refers to the removal of a shiny or smooth surface.

 * Deglazing (cooking), using a liquid to remove cooked-on residue from a pan
 * Deglazing (engine mechanics), abrading the polished surface of a cylinder
 * Removal of the ceramic glaze from pottery

title: Deglazing


text: User talk:204.169.40.254

title: User talk:204.169.40.254


text:
File:Jody Watley - Affairs of the Heart.jpg

Album cover for Affairs of the Heart by Jody Watley

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
Ugal

The ugal is an instrument in the Indonesian gamelan orchestra. It is a bronze metallophone played one handed with a small hammer, often in a dance-like manner. There are usually ten keys, giving a maximum range spanning about two octaves. Like the gangsa and gendér, they are suspended over tuned bamboo resonators.

The ugal features mainly in gamelan gong kebyar, where it carries the central melody (pokok) of the piece. Sometimes it may give its melodic duty to the jublag, where it then takes over as the leader of a kotekan.

There is often only one ugal in the kebyar ensemble, and it is usually deeper toned. It is played by one of the leaders of the ensemble. A second, higher toned ugal is sometimes used. The ugal is taller than the other gangsa, and the player sits on a short stool, so as to allow the player to cue the ensemble visually with ease.

The instrument also has 10 keys, with a range of two octaves, and is played with a hard wooden mallet, slightly larger than the other gangsa panguls and usually with additional ornamentations so the leader's sometimes theatrical cues actively catch the light. Its notes are an octave lower than those of the gangsa pemadé. The ugals play a combination of gangsa parts and cues, melodic solos, and the underlying melody with flourishes. The first, front ugal cues and plays elements of the polos interlocking gangsa part (the part that plays more often on the beat), and if there is a second ugal, it plays elements of the sangsih part (gangsa notes more often off the beat).

title: Ugal


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The McGarrigle Hour

The McGarrigle Hour is the eighth studio album by Kate & Anna McGarrigle, released on October 13, 1998.

The album was recorded at a family gathering, including Kate's former husband Loudon Wainwright III, their son and daughter Rufus Wainwright and Martha Wainwright, Anna's husband Dane Lanken, their son and daughter Sylvan Lanken and Lily Lanken, and Kate and Anna's sister Jane McGarrigle.

Several of the McGarrigle sisters' friends and collaborators, including Emmylou Harris, Linda Ronstadt, Chaim Tannenbaum, Joel Zifkin and Philippe Tatartcheff, also appear on the album.

The combo perform a mix of traditional folk tunes, pop standards and original material by the participants.

Two of the songs, "Gentle Annie" and "Skip Rope Song", were recorded separately with Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris in Tucson, Arizona. The sisters had been invited down to Arizona in order to participate on Harris and Ronstadt's 1999 album 'Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions'. Kate & Anna accepted the offer to feature on the album, but asked Harris and Ronstadt feature on their next album in exchange. Harris later also recorded several songs for the album during the normal recording sessions in Montreal.

A DVD of a live show featured most of The McGarrigle Hour was released a year after the album. Some of the songs were accompanied by video interviews of Kate & Anna McGarrigle discussing the songs. The DVD also contained two 'Music Videos' of the songs recorded in Tucson - neither Harris nor Ronstadt was present at the live show - and a handful of songs from a 1980 concert at Teatro Expo in Montreal.

The album won the Juno Award for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year - Group at the Juno Awards of 1999.

Track listing

 * 1) "School Days" (Loudon Wainwright III) – 2:52
 * 2) "Skip Rope Song" (Jesse Winchester) – 2:34
 * 3) "Gentle Annie" (Stephen Foster) – 2:59
 * 4) "Alice Blue Gown" (Joseph McCarthy, Harry Tierney) – 2:39
 * 5) "Porte en arrière" (D. L. Menard) – 3:05
 * 6) "What'll I Do?" (Irving Berlin) – 3:37
 * 7) "Dig My Grave" (Traditional) – 2:38
 * 8) "Cool River" (Anna McGarrigle, Audrey Bean) – 3:32
 * 9) "Heartburn" (Rufus Wainwright) – 2:28
 * 10) "NaCl (Sodium Chloride)" (Kate McGarrigle) – 2:30
 * 11) "Bon Voyage" (Jacques Laure, Danny Small) – 3:25
 * 12) "Allez-vous en" (Cole Porter) – 3:43
 * 13) "Green, Green Rocky Road" (Traditional) – 3:54
 * 14) "Young Love" (Ric Cartey, Carole Joyner) – 3:23
 * 15) "Year of the Dragon" (Martha Wainwright) – 5:20
 * 16) "Forever and the Same" (Anna McGarrigle, Philippe Tatartcheff) – 3:29
 * 17) "Talk to Me of Mendocino" (Kate McGarrigle) – 2:58
 * 18) "Baltimore Fire" (Traditional) – 3:15
 * 19) "Johnny's Gone to Hilo" (Traditional) – 3:09
 * 20) "Time On My Hands" (Chaim Tannenbaum) – 4:15
 * 21) "Goodnight Sweetheart" (Jimmy Campbell, Reginald Connelly, Ray Noble) – 2:09

Musicians

 * Kate McGarrigle – vocals, harmony vocals, chorus, banjo, piano, guitar, accordion
 * Anna McGarrigle – vocals, harmony vocals, chorus, guitar, accordion, piano, bass
 * Jane McGarrigle – vocals, harmony vocals, chorus, piano
 * Loudon Wainwright III – vocals, guitar
 * Martha Wainwright – vocals, harmony vocals, guitar
 * Rufus Wainwright – vocals, harmony vocals, piano
 * Dane Lanken - vocals, harmony vocals
 * Sylvan Lanken – harmony vocals
 * Lily Lanken – vocals, harmony vocals
 * Chaim Tannenbaum – vocals, mandolin, background vocals, whistling
 * Michel Pépin – guitar, bass, mandolin, drums
 * Joel Zifkin – violin, fiddle, back up vocals
 * Tom Mennier – piano
 * John McColgan – drums, percussion
 * Linda Ronstadt – vocals (3)
 * Emmylou Harris – vocals (2, 5, 13)
 * Philippe Tatartcheff – recitation

Production team

 * Joe Boyd – producer
 * John Wood – recording and mixing
 * Don Murnaghan – assistant engineer, additional photography
 * Michel Pépin – mixing of "School Days" and "Green, Green Rocky Road"
 * Randy Saharouni – cover concept, photography and design
 * Melissa Caro – additional photography
 * Sylvan Lanken – additional photography
 * Anna McGarrigle – additional photography

title: The McGarrigle Hour


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Siddiq Abubakar III

Sir Siddiq Abubakar III, GCON, KBE (15 March 1903 – 1 November 1988) was a Nigerian Muslim leader (Sarkin Musulmi). He was the 17th Sultan of Sokoto between 17 June 1938 and 1 November 1988, making him the longest-reigning Sultan.

Life and career
Siddiq Abubakar III was born in Dange on 15 March 1903. Dan Mu’azu, a son of Usman Shehu, was a grandson of Mu'azu and, through him, a direct descendant of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817). Abubakar was the fourth-generation heir to a two-century-old throne founded by the Shehu, the leader of the Maliki school of Islam and the Qadiri branch of Sunni.

Abubakar had an Islamic education. and served as a district scribe in Dange between 1929 and 1931. In February 1931 Abubakar succeeded his uncle, Hassan Ibn Muazu, as the local authority councillor (Head of Talata Mafara) of the Sokoto Native Authority. He rapidly distinguished himself through administrative competence, skilled management of appeals from traditional courts, and his effective supervision of district and village heads, and as a result served until 1938. As councillor he worked from Sokoto, taking part in the decision-making process of the Sokoto Native Authority and supervising the prisons and police departments. His profile rose in Sokoto as his position made him accessible to the people, but it also led to tensions with Sultan Hasan dan Mu’azu Ahmadu. When Abubakar contested the throne with other princes, such as Ahmadu Bello and Ahmadu Isa of Gobir, the favourable impressions that Sokoto residents had towards him contributed to making his ascension possible. The British were also interested in appointing a leader who had the trust of the people within the political structure of Indirect rule, so they suggested the name of Abubakar to the kingmakers. On 17 June 1938, he was crowned as the 17th Sultan (Sarkin Musulmi) of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Abubakar was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by BritishKing George VI during the Colonial Nigerian period in 1944, and after Nigeria attained independence in 1960, made a Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON) by the Federal Republic of Nigeria in 1964.

Sir Abubakar was appointed to the post of Minister Without Portfolio for the Northern Regional Government in 1951, providing moral support for the new administration of regional premier Sir Ahmadu Bello and assistance with mobilizing the Northern people for the independence movement. He then continued to play a significant role reducing tensions in the region after the coup and assassination of Premier Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto, on 15 January 1966.

On 18 July 1974, President Moktar Ould Daddah, who was on a state visit to Nigeria, paid a visit to Sultan Sir Abubakar, a fellow Islamic scholar, and friend in the company of General Yakubu Gowon.

In 1984, when another Sokoto son, Shehu Shagari, was removed from power, Abubakar preached peace within the emirate council and in its relationship with the new administration.

Legacy
Sultan Abubakar left behind 52 children, including Maccido dan Abubakar, who succeeded Sultan Ibrahim Dasuki in 1996 to become the 19th Sultan of Sokoto.

title: Siddiq Abubakar III


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Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī

Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī (أبو البركات هبة الله بن ملكا البغدادي; c. 1080 – 1164 or 1165 CE) was an Islamic philosopher, physician and physicist of Jewish descent from Baghdad, Iraq. Abu'l-Barakāt, an older contemporary of Maimonides, was originally known by his Hebrew birth name Baruch ben Malka and was given the name of Nathanel by his pupil Isaac ben Ezra before his conversion from Judaism to Islam later in his life.

His writings include the anti-Aristotelian philosophical work Kitāb al-Muʿtabar ("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); a philosophical commentary on the Kohelet; and the treatise "On the Reason Why the Stars Are Visible at Night and Hidden in Daytime". Abu'l-Barakāt was an Aristotelian philosopher who in many respects followed Ibn Sina, but also developed his own ideas. He proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of power with successive increments of velocity.

His thought influenced the Illuminationist school of classical Islamic philosophy, the medieval Jewish philosopher Ibn Kammuna, and the medieval Christian philosophers Jean Buridan and Albert of Saxony.

Life
Abu'l-Barakāt, famed as Awḥad al-Zamān (Unique One of his Time), was born in Balad, a town on the Tigris above Mosul in modern-day Iraq. As a renowned physician, he served at the courts of the caliphs of Baghdad and the Seljuk sultans.

He converted to Islam later in his life. Abu'l Barakat does not refer to his conversion in his writings, and the historical sources give contradictory episodes of his conversion. According to the various reports, he converted either out of "wounded pride", fear of the personal consequences of the death of Sultan Mahmud's wife while under his care as a physician or fear of execution when he was taken prisoner in a battle between the armies of the caliph and that of the sultan. Ayala Eliyahu argues that the conversion was "probably motivated by convenience reasons".

Isaac, the son of the Abraham Ibn Ezra and the son-in-law of Judah Halevi, was one of his pupils, to whom Abu'l-Barakāt, Jewish at the time, dictated a long philosophical commentary on Ecclesiastes, written in Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet. Isaac wrote a poem in his honour as introduction to this work.

Experimental method
Al-Baghdadi described an early scientific method emphasizing repeated experimentation, influenced by Ibn Sina, as follows:

""Because of the frequency of the experience, these judgements may be regarded as certain, even without our knowing the reason [for the phenomenon]. For there is certain knowledge that the effect in question is not due to chance. It must accordingly be supposed that it is due to nature or to some modality thereof. Thus the cause qua cause, though not its species or mode of operation, is known. For experimental science is also constituted by a knowledge of the cause and by an induction based on all the data of sensation; whereby a general science is reached. ... But in the cases in which an experiment has not been completed, because of its not having been repeated in such a way that the persons, the time and the circumstances varied in everything that did not cause the determining cause, whereas this cause [remained invariable], the experiment does not prove certain knowledge, but only probably opinion.""

Motion
Al-Baghdadi was a follower of the scientific and philosophical teachings of Ibn Sina. According to Alistair Cameron Crombie, al-Baghdadi

"proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of power with successive increments of velocity."

According to Shlomo Pines, al-Baghdadi's theory of motion was thus

the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion], [and is thus an] anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration].

Al-Baghdadi's theory of motion distinguished between velocity and acceleration and showed that force is proportional to acceleration rather than velocity. Abu'l-Barakat also developed Philoponus' theory of impetus, stating that the mover imparts a violent inclination (mayl qasri) on the moved and that this diminishes as the moving object distances itself from the mover.

Al-Baghdadi also suggested that motion is relative, writing that "there is motion only if the relative positions of the bodies in question change." He also stated that "each type of body has a characteristic velocity that reaches its maximum when its motion encounters no resistance."

Space and time
Al-Baghdadi criticized Aristotle's concept of time as "the measure of motion" and instead redefines the concept with his own definition of time as "the measure of being", thus distinguishing between space and time, and reclassifying time as a metaphysical concept rather than a physical one. The scholar Y. Tzvi Langermann writes:

"Dissatisfied with the regnant approach, which treated time as an accident of the cosmos, al-Baghdadi drew the conclusion that time is an entity whose conception (ma'qul al-zaman) is a priori and almost as general as that of being, encompassing the sensible and the non-sensible, that which moves and that which is at rest. Our idea of time results not from abstraction, stripping accidents from perceived objects, but from a mental representation based on an innate idea. Al-Baghdadi stops short of offering a precise definition of time, stating only that 'were it to be said that time is the measure of being (miqdar al-wujud), that would be better than saying [as Aristotle does] that it is the measure of motion'. His reclassification of time as a subject for metaphysics rather than for physics represents a major conceptual shift, not a mere formalistic correction. It also breaks the traditional linkage between time and space. Concerning space, al-Baghdadi held unconventional views as well, but he did not remove its investigation from the domain of physics."

In his view, there is just one time which is similar for all beings, including God. Abu'l-Barakāt also regarded space as three-dimensional and infinite.

Psychology
He upheld the unity of the soul, denying that there is a distinction between it and the intellect. For him, the soul's awareness of itself is the definitive proof that the soul is independent of the body and will not perish with it. On his contributions to Islamic psychology, Langermann writes:

"Al-Baghdadi's most significant departure in psychology concerns human self-awareness. Ibn Sina had raised the issue of our consciousness of our own psychic activities, but he had not fully pursued the implications for Aristotelian psychology of his approach. Al-Baghdadi took the matter much further, dispensing with the traditional psychological faculties and pressing his investigations in the direction of what we would call the unconscious."

Works
He wrote a critique of Aristotelian philosophy and Aristotelian physics entitled Kitab al-Mu'tabar (the title may be translated as "The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"). According to Abu'l-Barakāt, Kitāb al-Muʿtabar consists in the main of critical remarks jotted down by him over the years while reading philosophical text, and published at the insistence of his friends, in the form of a philosophical work. The work "presented a serious philosophical alternative to, and criticism of, Ibn Sina". He also developed concepts which resemble several modern theories in physics.

Abu'l-Barakāt also wrote a short treatise on the intellect, Kitāb Ṣaḥiḥ adillat al-naql fī māhiyyat al-ʻaql (صحيح أدلة النقل في ماهية العقل), which has been edited by Ahmad El-Tayeb.

All that we possess in the way of medical writing by Abu'l-Barakāt are a few prescriptions for remedies. These remain in manuscript and are as yet unstudied.

Legacy
Abu'l-Barakāt's thought had a deep influence on Islamic philosophy but none on Jewish thought. His works were not translated into Hebrew, and he is seldom cited in Jewish philosophy, probably because of his conversion to Islam.

The famous theologian and philosopher Fakhr al-Din al-Razi was one of Abu'l-Barakāt's eminent disciples. The influence of Al-Baghdadi's views appears especially in Al-Razi's chief work Al-Mabāḥith al-Mashriqiyyah (Oriental Discourses). Abu'l-Barakāt influenced certain conceptions of Suhrawardi.

title: Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī


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title: User talk:207.28.99.145


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Gruber

Gruber is a German surname from Austria and Bavaria, referring to a person from a geological depression, mine, or pit. It may refer to:

Places

 * Gruber, Manitoba, former settlement in the Canadian province of Manitoba, Canada
 * Gruber Mountains, Antarctica
 * Camp Gruber, Oklahoma Army National Guard facility, named for Edmund L. Gruber

Surname

 * Andreas Gruber (director) (born 1954), Austrian film director and screenwriter
 * Andreas Gruber (footballer) (born 1996), Austrian footballer
 * Barbara Gruber (born 1977), German ski mountaineer
 * Christoph Gruber (born 1976), Austrian alpine skier
 * David Gruber, American Marine Biologist
 * Edmund L. Gruber (1879–1941) US Army general, composer of military music, and brother of William R. Gruber
 * Ferry Gruber (1926–2004), Austrian-German tenor in opera and operetta
 * Florian Gruber (born 1983), German racing driver
 * Frank Gruber (1904–1969), writer of Westerns and detective fiction
 * Franz Gruber (actor) (born 1930), actor, played in the Japanese Tokusatsu movie/TV productions
 * Franz Xaver Gruber (1787–1863), Austrian teacher, composer of "Silent Night"
 * Gabriel Gruber (1740–1805), Viennese Jesuit, architect and hydraulics expert
 * Gary Gruber (1940–2019), scientist, educator, author
 * Gerhard Gruber (born 1951), Austrian pianist
 * Hans Gruber (conductor) (1925–2001), Canadian conductor
 * Hans Gruber (footballer) (1905–1967), German footballer
 * Heinz Karl Gruber (born 1943), Austrian composer (a descendant of Franz Xavier)
 * Hendrik Gruber (born 1986), German pole vaulter
 * Howard Gruber (1922–2005), professor of psychology of creativity
 * Jeremy Gruber (born 1971), Jewish-American civil rights activist
 * Johann Gottfried Gruber (1774–1851), German literary historian and critic
 * John Gruber (born 1973), American software engineer, co-developer of Markdown, and blogger (Daring Fireball)
 * Jonathan Gruber (economist), American academic, educator; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act co-architect
 * Jonathan Gruber (filmmaker) (Follow Me: The Yoni Netanyahu Story)
 * J. Mackye Gruber, American screenwriter
 * Jordan Gruber (born 1983), American-Israeli soccer player
 * Juan García Gruber (1904–1997), Venezuelan economist, financier, writer, philosopher and diplomat
 * Juliette Gruber (born 1965), British actress
 * Karl Gruber (1909–1995), foreign minister of Austria from 1945 to 1953
 * Kelly Gruber (born 1962), U.S. Major League Baseball player
 * Kurt Gruber (1904—1943), Nazi politician
 * Kurt Gruber (aviator) (1896—1918), Austro-Hungarian flying ace
 * Lilli Gruber (born 1957), Italian television journalist and politician
 * Malvina Gruber (born 1900), Czech Jewish Comintern agent
 * Martin Gruber (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Michael Gruber (actor) (born 1964), American actor
 * Michael Gruber (author) (born 1940), American novelist
 * Mieczyslaw Gruber (1913–2006), Jewish resistance fighter
 * Patrick Gruber (born 1978), Italian luger
 * Paul Gruber (born 1965), professional football player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1988–1999)
 * Rony Gruber (born 1963), movie director and scriptwriter.
 * Ruth Gruber (1911–2016), Jewish-American journalist and author of "I visited the Soviet Arctic"
 * Samuel D. Gruber (born 1956) ,American architecture historian, specialist on Jewish sites
 * Samuel H. Gruber (1938–2019), shark biologist
 * Scarlet Gruber (born 1989), Venezuelan actress
 * Stefan Gruber (born 1975), performance artist, animator and educator
 * Theodor Gruber, Austrian chess player
 * Tom Gruber (born 1959), American computer scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur
 * William H. Gruber (born 1935), American organizational theorist
 * William R. Gruber (1890–1979), United States Army brigadier general
 * William C. Gruber, American physician-scientist, pediatrician, and business executive
 * William Gruber, organ maker and inventor of the View-Master stereoscopic system

Nickname
(See also the longer list at de:wiki)
 * Dave "Gruber" Allen (born 1958), American comedian and actor

Fictional characters

 * Hans Gruber (character), a fictional character and the main antagonist in the film Die Hard (1988)
 * Lieutenant Hubert Gruber, a fictional character from the British sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!
 * Lester Gruber, a fictional torpedoman's mate on the American television series McHale's Navy
 * Mr. Gruber, a recurring character in the Paddington Bear series
 * Gruber, Gaster's villainous sidekick in PaRappa the Rapper anime
 * Simon Gruber, a fictional character and the main antagonist in the film Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), portrayed by Jeremy Irons
 * Rolf Gruber, a fictional character in the film The Sound of Music (1965)
 * Hans Gruber, a character from the movie Re-Animator

Other uses

 * Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement (aka the Treaty of Gruber-De Gasperi), named after the Italian Alcide De Gasperi and Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs Karl Gruber

title: Gruber


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Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

Abu Ma‘shar al-Balkhi, Latinized as Albumasar (also Albusar, Albuxar; full name Abū Maʿshar Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Balkhī أبو معشر جعفر بن محمد بن عمر البلخي ; 10 August 787 – 9 March 886, AH 171–272), was an early Persian  Muslim astrologer, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad. While he was not a major innovator, his practical manuals for training astrologers profoundly influenced Muslim intellectual history and, through translations, that of western Europe and Byzantium.

Life
Abū Maʿshar was a native of Balkh in Khurasan, one of the main bases of support of the Abbasid revolt in the early 8th century. Its population, as was generally the case in the frontier areas of the Arab conquest of Persia, remained culturally dedicated to its Sassanian and Hellenistic heritage. He probably came to Baghdad in the early years of the caliphate of al-Maʾmūn (r. 813–833). According to al-Nadim's Al-Fihrist (10th century), he lived on the West Side of Baghdad, near Bab Khurasan, the northeast gate of the original city on the west Bank of the Tigris.

Abū Maʿshar was a member of the third generation (after the Arab Conquest) of the Pahlavi-oriented Khurasani intellectual elite, and he defended an approach of a “most astonishing and inconsistent” eclecticism. His reputation saved him from religious persecution, although there is a report of one incident where he was whipped for his practice of astrology under the caliphate of al-Musta'in (r. 862–866). He was a scholar of hadith, and according to biographical tradition, he only turned to astrology at the age of forty-seven (832/3). He became involved in a bitter dispute with al-Kindi (c. 796–873), the foremost Arab philosopher of his time, who was versed in Aristotelism and Neoplatonism. It was his confrontation with al-Kindi that convinced Abū Maʿshar of the need to study “mathematics” in order to understand philosophical arguments.

His foretelling of an event that subsequently occurred earned him a lashing ordered by the displeased Caliph al-Musta'in. "I hit the mark and I was severely punished."

Al-Nadim includes an extract from Abū Maʿshar's book on the variations of astronomical tables, which describes how the Persian kings gathered the best writing materials in the world to preserve their books on the sciences and deposited them in the Sarwayh fortress in the city of Jayy in Isfahan. The depository continued to exist at the time al-Nadim wrote in the 10th century.

Amir Khusrav mentions that Abū Maʿshar came to Benaras (Varanasi) and studied astronomy there for ten years.

Abū Maʿshar is said to have died at the age of 98 (but a centenarian according to the Islamic year count) in Wāsiṭ in eastern Iraq, during the last two nights of Ramadan of AH 272 (9 March 866). Abū Maʿshar was a Persian nationalist, studying Sassanid-era astrology in his "Kitab al-Qeranat" to predict the imminent collapse of Arab rule and the restoration of Iranian rule.

Works
His works on astronomy are not extant, but information can still be gleaned from summaries found in the works of later astronomers or from his astrology works.

 * Kitāb al‐madkhal al‐kabīr, an introduction to astrology which received many translations to Latin and Greek starting from the 11th-century. It had significant influence on Western philosophers, like Albert the Great.
 * Kitāb mukhtaṣar al‐madkhal, an abridged version of the above, later translated to Latin by Adelard of Bath.
 * Kitāb al‐milal wa‐ʾl‐duwal ("Book on religions and dynasties"), probably his most important work, commented on in the major works of Roger Bacon, Pierre d'Ailly, and Pico della Mirandola.
 * Fī dhikr ma tadullu ʿalayhi al‐ashkhāṣ al‐ʿulwiyya ("On the indications of the celestial objects"),
 * Kitāb al‐dalālāt ʿalā al‐ittiṣālāt wa‐qirānāt al‐kawākib ("Book of the indications of the planetary conjunctions"),
 * Kitāb al‐ulūf ("Book of thousands"), preserved only in summaries by Sijzī.
 * Kitāb taḥāwīl sinī al-ʿālam (Flowers of Abu Ma'shar), uses horoscopes to examine months and days of the year. It was a manual for astrologers. It was translated in the 12th century by John of Seville.
 * Kitāb taḥāwil sinī al‐mawālīd ("Book of the revolutions of the years of nativities"). translated into Greek in 1000, and from that translation into Latin in the 13th century.
 * Kitāb mawālīd al‐rijāl wa‐ʾl‐nisāʾ ("Book of nativities of men and women"), which was widely circulated in the Islamic world. ʻAbd al-Ḥasan Iṣfāhānī copied excerpts into the 14th century illustrated manuscript the Kitab al-Bulhan (ca.1390).

Latin and Greek translations

Albumasar's "Introduction" (Kitāb al‐mudkhal al‐kabīr, written c. 848) was first translated into Latin by John of Seville in 1133, as Introductorium in Astronomiam, and again, less literally and abridged, as De magnis coniunctionibus, by Herman of Carinthia in 1140. Lemay (1962) argued that the writings of Albumasar were very likely the single most important original source for the recovery of Aristotle for medieval European scholars prior to the middle of the 12th century.

Herman of Carinthia's translation, De magnis coniunctionibus, was first printed by Erhard Ratdolt of Augsburg in 1488/9. It was again printed in Venice, in 1506 and 1515.

Modern editions:
 * De magnis coniunctionibus, ed. K. Yamamoto, Ch. Burnett, Leiden, 2000, 2 vols. (Arabic & Latin text).
 * De revolutionibus nativitatum, ed. D. Pingree, Leipzig, 1968 (Greek text).
 * Liber florum ed. James Herschel Holden in Five Medieval Astrologers (Tempe, Az.: A.F.A., Inc., 2008): 13–66.
 * Introductorium maius, ed. R. Lemay, Napoli, 1995–1996, 9 vols. (Arabic text & two Latin translations).
 * Ysagoga minor, ed. Ch. Burnett, K. Yamamoto, M. Yano, Leiden-New York, 1994 (Arabic & Latin text).
 * The Great Introduction to Astrology, The Arabic Original and English Translation. Edited and translated by Keiji Yamamoto, Charles Burnett, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2019. ISBN 978-90-04-38123-0https://youtu.be/uX_jcHISOCE?si=1ZMKjTy2Yu5sZ5C5

title: Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi