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Mean Machine (film)

Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick and starring former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film The Longest Yard, featuring association football rather than American football.

Plot
Danny "The Mean Machine" Meehan (Vinnie Jones) is a retired footballer and former captain of England, who was banned from football for life for fixing an unspecified match they played against Germany. In the present day, after a long drinking session, he drives recklessly to a local bar, where he is pursued by police. Inside the bar, when asked to take a breathalyser test, he attacks two police officers and is arrested; he is later convicted and sentenced to three years in Longmarsh prison.

Once inside, his status as a celebrity immediately puts him at odds with the guards, who brutally beat him soon after arrival. The prison governor, then pulls strings to ensure Meehan serves his sentence in Longmarsh, as the head coach of the prison wardens' football team. However, Meehan declines, and instead trains a team of other convicts, to play against the wardens.

Meehan is met with an unwelcome reception from his cellmates, Raj, Jerome and Trojan. Outside, Meehan meets and befriends an elderly convict, Doc, who teaches him how to survive in prison. While cleaning the yards with Doc, Meehan is introduced to Sykes, a gangster and one of the most respected inmates in the prison. Sykes also shows aggression towards Meehan, revealing he lost a large amount of money betting on the England game he had fixed. Later in the prison cafeteria, Meehan makes another ally, meeting the prison's fast-talking contraband dealer "Massive".

Meehan and Massive begin the recruitment process for his team, but struggle, as many of the inmates are reluctant to join due to both Sykes' influence over the prison and their hatred for Meehan as a cheat. As Meehan tries and fails to form a team, Massive is playing football in a prison hallway, when a racist guard approaches him and assaults him as the other inmates watch in horror. Meehan lunges at the guard and protects Massive from further beating, earning the respect of many of the other inmates. His team includes a violent maximum-security inmate named "The Monk". Meanwhile, the warden gets himself into trouble with "Barry the Bookie," an unlicensed bookmaker who was recommended to him by Sykes. After being threatened on the phone by Barry, the warden decides to try to make back the money he owes by betting on the prison guards' team.

A psychotic inmate named Nitro accuses him of being a snitch, Meehan gets ambushed in the showers threatened, but refuses to tell, earning the trust of both Sykes' men and Sykes himself. To win lost money back, Sykes bribes Meehan all is forgiven if his team wins. Angry that his plan to have Meehan killed failed, Nitro, a bomb expert, offers to have Meehan killed in exchange for a transfer to a lower security prison which one of the guards, Ratchett, agrees to. Nitro crafts a bomb in his cell and places it in Meehan locker. Meehan and the rest of the team are going over tactics in one of the cells, when Doc arrives at the cell and is killed by the bomb. Nitro is subsequently sent to another facility, but not to the minimum-security prison he was promised, but to a mental health facility.

The match commences shortly after Doc's death. At half time, the inmates' team is winning 1–0, and the morale is high until the governor attempts to blackmail Meehan, accusing him of being an accessory to Doc's murder and threatening to sentence him to 20 years unless he throws the match. At first he puts his own interests before that of the team's, deliberately playing poorly and faking injury to be taken off the pitch. As the final moments of the game tick down, he redeems himself, bravely using a square-ball to fellow inmate 'Billy the Limpet' to win the game for the cons. Afterward, the Captain of the Guards, Burton, refuses to co-operate with the governor's attempts to get revenge on Meehan, instead congratulating him on the win. The governor's vehicle explodes, and Sykes informs him that he, and Barry the Bookie, will retaliate if he tries anything. A victorious Meehan and Massive walk triumphantly across the pitch.

Cast
The film included actors who had formerly played professional football, including three players who were teammates with the film's star, Vinnie Jones, at different times in their careers. Charlie Hartfield (prisoners' team in the film) played with Jones for Sheffield United, while Paul Fishenden and Brian Gayle (guards' team in the film) played with Jones for Wimbledon. Nevin Saroya (prisoners' team) was once a Brentford youth team player and Perry Digweed (guard's team), played as a goalkeeper primarily for Brighton & Hove Albion, although in the film, he is a defender. Ryan Giggs, then playing for Manchester United and the Wales national football team, appears briefly (at minute 77:00) as a warden.

Production
Producer Matthew Vaughn, while looking for a film vehicle to highlight ex-soccer star Vinnie Jones, came across director Robert Aldrich's 1974 American football comedy The Longest Yard. Jones, who was known for rough play and off-field rowdiness, seemed a natural for the lead role.

Mean Machine was filmed from April to June 2001. Most of the prison scenes were filmed at HM Prison Oxford, and the match was filmed at The Warren, the former home ground of Yeading. The Warren is located in Hayes.

Release and reception
Mean Machine was released in United Kingdom cinemas on 28 December 2001 and according to the box office database website Box Office Mojo, grossed $2,288,365 during its opening weekend with a total domestic gross of $6,288,153 (as of 27 January 2002). The film was released in the United States on 22 February 2002 with total a gross of $92,770. Total foreign gross (excluding the United States) was $929,283 (as of 23 February 2003).

Metacritic gave the film a score of 45%, indicating "mixed or average reviews". A major criticism of the film was that it was unintentionally funny and led to "prison cliches".

Jamie Russell of the BBC wrote, "[I]t keeps its tongue welded firmly in its cheek. The scriptwriters have enough sense to replay every funny moment from the original, while also adding a couple of innovations of their own. The final soccer game is definitely the high point of the proceedings, if only because it lets the star do what he does best - play some very dirty football."

While A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote, "Reviewing  The Longest Yard  in The New York Times 28 years ago, Nora Sayre objected to its clumsiness and violence, but admitted to being entertained by the football sequences. Watching this remake, I had the opposite response: the story was moderately engaging and moved swiftly, but the long soccer match at the end bored me silly. Perhaps this is just American chauvinism, or perhaps that kind of football is inherently less cinematic than ours. It's certainly no less brutal."

title: Mean Machine (film)


text:
Talk:Jess Thomas

Untitled
A December 2004 deletion discussion is available at Votes for deletion/Jess Thomas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jess Thomas


text:
Lisinopril

Lisinopril is a medication belonging to the drug class of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), heart failure, and heart attacks. For high blood pressure it is usually a first-line treatment. It is also used to prevent kidney problems in people with diabetes mellitus. Lisinopril is taken orally (swallowed by mouth). Full effect may take up to four weeks to occur.

Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, hyperkalemia (high blood potassium), and angioedema. Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby. Lisinopril works by inhibiting the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system.

Lisinopril was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1987. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the fourth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 88million prescriptions. In July 2016, an oral solution formulation of lisinopril was approved for use in the United States.

Medical uses
Lisinopril is typically used for the treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy and after acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). Lisinopril is part of the ACE inhibitors drug class. Lisinopril is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, adjunctive therapy for heart failure, and acute myocardial infarction.

Contraindications
Lisinopril is contraindicated in people who have a history of angioedema (hereditary or idiopathic) or who have diabetes and are taking aliskiren.

Adverse effects
Common side effects include headache, dizziness, feeling tired, cough, nausea, and rash. Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, hyperkalemia, and angioedema. Use is not recommended during the entire duration of pregnancy as it may harm the baby.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Animal and human data have revealed evidence of harm to the embryo and teratogenicity associated with ACE inhibitors.

Dental care
ACE-inhibitors like lisinopril are considered to be generally safe for people undergoing routine dental care, though the use of lisinopril prior to dental surgery is more controversial, with some dentists recommending discontinuation the morning of the procedure. People may present to dental care suspicious of an infected tooth, but the swelling around the mouth may be due to lisinopril-induced angioedema, prompting emergency and medical referral.

Pharmacology
Lisinopril is the lysine-analog of enalapril. Unlike other ACE inhibitors, it is not a prodrug, is not metabolized by the liver, and is excreted unchanged in the urine.

Mechanism of action
Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor, meaning it blocks the actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS), preventing angiotensin I from being converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent direct vasoconstrictor and a stimulator of aldosterone release. Reduction in the amount of angiotensin II results in relaxation of the arterioles. Reduction in the amount of angiotensin II also reduces the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, which allows the kidney to excrete sodium along with water into the urine, and increases retention of potassium ions. Specifically, this process occurs in the peritubular capillaries of the kidneys in response to a change in Starling forces. The inhibition of the RAAS system causes an overall decrease in blood pressure.

Absorption
Following oral administration of lisinopril, peak serum concentrations of lisinopril occur within about seven hours, although there was a trend to a small delay in time taken to reach peak serum concentrations in acute myocardial infarction patients. The peak effect of lisinopril is about 6 hours after administration for most people. Declining serum concentrations exhibit a prolonged terminal phase, which does not contribute to drug accumulation. This terminal phase probably represents saturable binding to ACE and is not proportional to dose. Lisinopril does not undergo metabolism and absorbed drug is excreted unchanged entirely in the urine. Based on urinary recovery, the mean extent of absorption of lisinopril is approximately 25% (reduced to 16% in people with New York Heart Association Functional Classification (NYHA) Class II–IV heart failure), with large interpatient variability (6 to 60%) at all doses tested (5 to 80 mg). Lisinopril absorption is not affected by the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract.

Studies in rats indicate that lisinopril crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly. Multiple doses of lisinopril in rats result in little or no accumulation in brain tissue.

Distribution
Lisinopril does not bind to proteins in the blood. It does not distribute as well in people with NYHA Class II–IV heart failure.

Elimination
Lisinopril leaves the body completely unchanged in the urine. The half-life of lisinopril is 12 hours, and is increased in people with kidney problems. While the plasma half-life of lisinopril has been estimated between 12 and 13 hours, the elimination half-life is much longer, at around 30 hours. The full duration of action is between 24 and 30 hours.

Lisinopril is the only water-soluble member of the ACE inhibitor class, and thus has no metabolism by the liver.

Chemistry
Pure lisinopril powder is white to off white in color. Lisinopril is soluble in water (approximately 13 mg/L at room temperature), less soluble in methanol, and virtually insoluble in ethanol.

History
Captopril, the first ACE inhibitor, is a functional and structural analog of a peptide derived from the venom of the jararaca, a Brazilian pit viper (Bothrops jararaca). Enalapril is a derivative, designed by scientists at Merck to overcome the rash and bad taste caused by captopril. Enalapril is actually a prodrug; the active metabolite is enalaprilat.

The di-acid metabolite of enalapril, enalaprilat, and its lysine analogue lisinopril are potent inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE); they do not contain sulphydryl groups. Both drugs can be assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography and by radioimmunoassay and plasma ACE inhibition remains stable under normal storage conditions. It is therefore possible to study their pharmacokinetics as well as their pharmacodynamic effects in humans. Enalaprilat and lisinopril as well as ACE activity have been measured in blood taken during the course of two studies of the effects of these drugs on blood pressure and autonomic responsiveness.

Lisinopril is a synthetic peptide derivative of captopril. Scientists at Merck created lisinopril by systematically altering each structural unit of enalaprilat, substituting various amino acids. Adding lysine at one end of the drug turned out to have strong activity and had adequate bioavailability when given orally; analogs of that compound resulted in lisinopril, which takes its name from the discovery with lysine. Merck conducted clinical trials, and the drug was approved for hypertension in 1987 and congestive heart failure in 1993.

The discovery posed a problem, since sales of enalapril were strong for Merck, and the company did not want to diminish those sales. Merck ended up entering into an agreement with Zeneca under which Zeneca received the right to co-market lisinopril, and Merck received the exclusive rights to an earlier stage aldose reductase inhibitor drug candidate, a potential treatment for diabetes. Zeneca's marketing and brand name, "Zestril", turned out to be stronger than Merck's effort. The drug became a blockbuster for AstraZeneca (formed in 1998), with annual sales in 1999 of $1.2B.

The US patents expired in 2002. Since then, lisinopril has been available under many brand names worldwide; it is also available in combination drugs with diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (as lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide), and with calcium channel blocker amlodipine (as lisinopril/amlodipine).

title: Lisinopril


text:
Sophus Schandorph

Sophus Christian Frederik Schandorph (or Skamdrup), known simply as Sophus Schandorph, (8 May 1836 – 1 January 1901), Danish poet and novelist, was born at Ringsted in Zealand. He was one of the men of "the Modern Break-through."

Biography
Schandorph was born on 8 May 1836 in Ringsted, the son of Johan Frederik Schandorph (1790–1855) and Andrea Kirstine Møller (1804–73). In 1855 he entered the University of Copenhagen. In 1862 he published his first volume of poetry, written in the romantic style and giving little indication of the ultimate direction that his talent was to take. Other books followed, but his gifts first found full expression in a volume of rustic tales entitled Fra Provinsen (1876), in which he described provincial character and life with much frankness of detail and a great deal of wit.

In 1878 his novel, Uden Midtpunkt ("Without a Centre"), recast later in dramatic form, attracted great attention by its exposure of contemporary failings. Among the more famous of his later novels are: But his most characteristic work is to be found in his various volumes of short sketches. He published his own Recollections (Oplevelser) in 1889. He died after a long illness at Frederiksberg on New Year's Day 1901.
 * Thomas Friis' Historie (2 vols, 1881)
 * Det gamle Apothek ("The Old Apothecary"[?]) (1855)
 * Poet og Junker (1892)
 * Helga (1900)

Today Schandorph is little read and not regarded a very outstanding man of the ”break-through” but he is however an important key figure as an inspiration of Henrik Pontoppidan and later regionalist and social writers.

title: Sophus Schandorph


text: Category:1990s books

title: Category:1990s books


text:
Military decorations of the Cold War

Between 1947 and 1991, during the years of the Cold War, a large number of military awards and decorations were created by various nations to recognize the undeclared hostilities of the era. Military medals of the Vietnam War and the Korean War are the best known due to the extreme level of the conflicts.

The following is a list of military decorations of the Cold War based on the various time periods and specific nations involved.

Canada

 * Korea Medal.svg Korea Medal
 * CAN Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea.svg Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea
 * Special Service Medal Ribbon.png Special Service Medal

United States

 * Federal Service Medals
 * Armed Forces Expedtionary Medal ribbon.svg Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal
 * Korea Defense Service ribbon.svg Korea Defense Service Medal
 * Korean_Service_Medal_-_Ribbon.svg Korean Service Medal
 * Medal for Humane Action ribbon.svg Medal for Humane Action
 * National Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg National Defense Service Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal ribbon.svg Vietnam Service Medal

 * Unofficial
 * Cold War Victory Medal ribbon.svg Cold War Victory Medal The Cold War Victory Medal is both an official medal of the U.S. National Guard and an unofficial military medal of the United States. It is awarded by the U.S. states of Louisiana and Texas, and in ribbon form only by the State of Alaska.

Republic of China

 * Awards and decorations of China

North Vietnam

 * Vietnam Hochiminh Order ribbon.png Ho Chi Minh Order
 * Defeat American Aggression Badge
 * Vietnam Liberation Order

North Korea

 * Awards and decorations of North Korea

Republic of Korea (South Korea)

 * [[Image:Presidential Unit Citation (Korea).svg|80px]] South Korean Presidential Unit Citation
 * [[Image:Republic of Korea War Service Medal ribbon.svg|80px]] Korean War Service Medal

 * Order of National Security Merit
 * Tong-il Security Medal Ribbon.svg Tong-il Medal
 * Gugseon Security Medal Ribbon.png Gugseon Medal
 * Cheon-Su Security Medal Ribbon.png Cheon-Su Medal
 * Sam IL Security Medal Ribbon.png Sam-il Medal
 * Gwangbog Security Medal Ribbon.png Gwangbog Medal

 * Order of Military Merit
 * Taeguk Cordon Medal.png Taeguk Cordon Medal
 * Eulji Cordon Medal.png Eulji Cordon Medal
 * Chungmu Cordon Medal.png Chungmu Cordon Medal
 * Hwarang Cordon Medal.png Hwarang Cordon Medal
 * Inheon Cordon Medal.png Inheon Cordon Medal

East Germany
Orders, decorations, and medals of East Germany

West Germany

 * Order of Merit
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 9 Sond des Grosskreuzes.svg Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes (Grand Cross special class)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 8 Grosskreuz bes Ausf.svg Großkreuz (Grand Cross 1st class, special design)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz.svg Großkreuz (Grand Cross 1st class)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband (Grand Cross with Star and Sash)
 * International equivalent: Großkreuz 2. Klasse (Grand Cross of Merit, Second class) or Großkomturkreuz (Grand Commander's Cross)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 5 GrVK Stern.svg Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern (Knight Commander's Cross or Grand Cross with Star)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 4 GrVK.svg Großes Verdienstkreuz (Halskreuz) (Commander's Cross or Grand Cross (Neck cross))
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 3 BVK 1Kl.svg Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse (Officer's Cross)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 2 BVK.svg Verdienstkreuz am Bande (Cross) International equivalent: Ritterkreuz (Knight's Cross)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 1 BVM.svg Verdienstmedaille (Medal)

The President of the Federal Republic holds the Sonderstufe des Großkreuzes ex officio. It is awarded to him in a ceremony by the President of the Bundestag attended by the Chancellor, the President of the Bundesrat and the Supreme Court President. Other than the President of the Federal Republic, only a foreign head of state can be awarded with the highest class. There is also the provision of awarding the Großkreuz in a special rare design, in which the central medallion with the black eagle is surrounded by a stylized laurel wreath in relief. which has so far only been used twice: for Konrad Adenauer and for Helmut Kohl.

Soviet Union

 * Orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union

Inter-American Defense Board

 * Inter-american defense board medal ribbon.svg Inter-American Defense Board Medal

International Commission of Control and Supervision

 * ICSC Ribbon.png International Commission for Supervision and Control Medal; Indo-China, (1954–1974)
 * International Commission of Control and Supervision Vietnam medal ribbon.png International Commission of Control and Supervision Service Medal, Vietnam (1973)

United Nations

 * United Nations Service Medal Korea ribbon.svg United Nations Service Medal
 * United Nations Medal ribbon.svg United Nations Medal

title: Military decorations of the Cold War


text: Category:1980s books

title: Category:1980s books


text:
The Sea Within

The Sea Within are an international rock supergroup founded in 2017, formed by Swedish guitarist and singer-songwriter Roine Stolt, bassist Jonas Reingold and guitarist Daniel Gildenlöw, German drummer Marco Minnemann, and American keyboardist Tom Brislin. Their self-titled debut album was released on 22 June 2018.

The beginning
The band's formation was first announced in December 2017. Stolt recalled that the German-based independent record label Inside Out Music first suggested the idea of establishing a new band with strong songwriters. By the time of their announcement, their debut album was nearing completion. The group had gathered in north London to record at Livingston Studios which marked the first time the five had been in the same room together. Stolt realised such a risk would affect the music, but the experience turned into a successful and productive one after almost two hours of music was developed collectively and recorded. Stolt said their direction includes elements of progressive and art rock combined with pop and cinematic music.

Their self-titled debut album, featuring guest performances from keyboardist Jordan Rudess, singers Jon Anderson and Casey McPherson, and saxophonist Rob Townsend was released on 22 June 2018. The release was followed by their debut live gig at the Night of the Prog XIII festival in Lorelei, Germany, on 14 July 2018 as well as two gigs on the 2019 Cruise To The Edge.

The absence of Daniel Gildenlöw
In the live concerts he will then be replaced by Casey McPherson, who from bassist, will move to the role of lead guitarist, being replaced momentarily by Pete Trewavas, of Marillion, for only two concerts, and definitively by Jonas Reingold.

Current members

 * Roine Stolt – guitar, vocals, keyboards
 * Jonas Reingold – bass
 * Marco Minnemann – drums, percussion, vocals, guitar
 * Tom Brislin – keyboards, vocals
 * Daniel Gildenlöw – vocals, guitar

Guest members

 * Casey McPherson – vocals, guitar
 * Jordan Rudess - keyboards, piano

title: The Sea Within


text: File:Mar adentro poster.jpg

title: File:Mar adentro poster.jpg


text: Category:1970s books

title: Category:1970s books


text: Category:1960s books

title: Category:1960s books


text:
JKU

JKU may refer to:
 * JKU FC, a Zanzibari football club
 * Jeep Wrangler, 2007–2017 models
 * Johannes Kepler University Linz, in Austria
 * Labir language, spoken in Nigeria

title: JKU


text:
Amur grayling

The Amur grayling (Thymallus grubii) is a freshwater species of fish of the family Salmonidae, found in the Amur drainage in Russia and China and also the Onon and Kherlen drainages in Mongolia. It is sometimes difficult to differentiate the species with the Lower Amur grayling (Thymallus tugarinae). It is an edible fish in Russian far east and Heilongjiang Province of China.

Description
The body of Amur grayling is usually dark, with its back being slightly purple. There are some small dark spots on the sides of the body. The edge of the dorsal fin is purplish red mixed with some spots. It can reach a maximum length of 31.3 cm.

Life cycle
In winter, adult Amur grayling are found in deep parts of mountain streams. While in summer, they are usually found in clear streams flowing slowly with thick aquatic weeds. Most Amur grayling is feed on benthic organisms and insects. They form schools while breeding in clear, fast-flowing streams.

title: Amur grayling


text: Category:1950s books

title: Category:1950s books


text:
The Sea Inside

The Sea Inside (Mar adentro) is a 2004 Spanish psychological drama film co-written and directed by Alejandro Amenábar, who also co-produced, scored and edited. It is based on the real-life story of Ramón Sampedro (played by Javier Bardem), who was left quadriplegic after a diving accident, and his 28-year campaign in support of euthanasia and the right to end his life. The film won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

Plot
This is the life story of Spaniard Ramón Sampedro, who fought a 28-year campaign to win the right to end his own life with assisted suicide. The film explores Ramón's relationships with two women: Julia, a lawyer suffering from Cadasil syndrome who supports his cause, and Rosa, a local woman who wants to convince him that his life is worth living. Through the gift of his love, these two women are inspired to accomplish things they never previously thought possible.

Ramón, now 54 years old, has been fighting for 26 years for his right to die following a diving incident which left him paralysed from the neck down. He is unable to end his life by himself and does not wish to implicate his family or friends, as by Spanish law, they would be charged with murder or assisting a suicide. Following the death of his mother, he is cared for by his sister-in-law, Manuela. Ramón's elder brother José does not believe he should have the right to die; both Manuela and her son, Javier, believe in his case.

Ramón's friend Gené, who works for an organization fighting for the right to die, puts him in contact with Julia, a lawyer. As she seeks to learn more about him and his situation in order to fight for his cause, he recounts his past and his reasons for wanting to die: He says that there is no dignity in living paralysed. After seeing his story online, Rosa visits Ramón to convince him to live. He demands that she respect his wishes and she leaves, upset. Later, whilst DJing her part-time radio show, she apologises on air in the hopes that he is listening. She continues to visit, bringing her children, and the two strike up a friendship. Despite romantic interest in both women, Ramón maintains that he is spoken for by death.

Julia reads Ramón's memoir describing his life and experiences as a quadriplegic and urges him to publish it. He imagines flying from his bed to visit her on the beach. Later, she is hospitalised with a stroke and admitted to rehab to relearn how to walk. The two write letters to each other, sending updates of their lives. Ramón loses a court case for his right to die. Rosa, in tears, appears at his house and Ramón admits that he has planned a way to commit suicide without the direct and obvious involvement of anyone else.

Meanwhile, Padre Francisco, a quadriplegic Catholic priest, comes to convince Ramón to want to live. Ramón refuses to be carried downstairs and so the two men converse through the help of a church boy, who runs up and down to share their arguments. Angry and upset, Manuela asks him to leave. Julia visits to assist Ramón in writing his memoir whilst his family and friends discuss his right to die. Divided, they fight. But Ramón is unwavering in his wish. Again, he imagines that he is able-bodied, kissing Julia. Later, she admits that her condition will only become more severe and that she is planning to kill herself. But first, she would like to help Ramón.

Ramón and Javier work together to design and build a wheelchair for him in which he can appear in court to fight for his own right to die. His appeal is ultimately rejected, but Ramón eventually fulfils his wish nonetheless. Each of his friends and family complete a small action in his death; not enough to convict any of them of his murder or assisting his suicide. He records himself on a video camera, narrating his own death, before ingesting a cyanide-laced drink that kills him.

Sampedro family

 * Javier Bardem as Ramón Sampedro
 * Celso Bugallo as José Sampedro, Ramón's elder brother
 * Mabel Rivera as Manuela, José's wife and Ramón's caregiver
 * Tamar Novas as Javier Sampedro, Ramón's nephew
 * Joan Dalmau as Joaquín Sampedro, Ramón and José's father

Ramon's friends

 * Belén Rueda as Julia
 * Alberto Jiménez as Germán, Julia's husband
 * Lola Dueñas as Rosa
 * Nicolás Fernández Luna as Cristian, Rosa's elder son
 * Raúl Lavisier as Samuel, her younger son
 * Clara Segura as Gené
 * Francesc Garrido as Marc, Gené's husband

Others

 * Josep Maria Pou as Padre Francisco, a quadriplegic Catholic priest
 * Alberto Amarilla as Hermano Andrés
 * Andrea Occhipinti as Santiago
 * Federico Pérez Rey as Conductor (Driver)
 * Xosé Manuel Olveira as Juez 1 (Judge 1)
 * César Cambeiro as Juez 2
 * Xosé Manuel Esperanto as Periodista 1 (Reporter 1)
 * Yolanda Muiños as Periodista 2
 * Adolfo Obregón as Ejecutivo (Executive)
 * José Luis Rodríguez as Presentador (TV host)
 * Julio Jordán as Encuadernador (Bookbinder)
 * Juan Manuel Vidal as Amigo Ramón (Ramón's friend)
 * Marta Larralde as Muchacha en la playa (Girl on beach)
 * Jacob Ahlgren as himself (Baller)

Critical response
The film received positive reviews from critics. It currently holds an 84% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 134 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. Its consensus summary states: "Held aloft by a transfixing performance from Javier Bardem as a terminally ill man who chooses to die, The Sea Inside transcends its melodramatic story with tenderness and grace." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

title: The Sea Inside


text: Category:1940s books

title: Category:1940s books


text: Category:1930s books

title: Category:1930s books


text: Category:1920s books

title: Category:1920s books


text:
East Siberian grayling

The East Siberian grayling (Thymallus pallasii) is a grayling in the salmon family Salmonidae. Males can reach a size of 44 cm.

Distribution
East Siberian grayling was first described to be found at the Kolyma River basin by Peter Simon Pallas. Its distribution range is still insufficiently understood, and is believed to include most of the rivers flowing to the Arctic coast eastward from the Khatanga River, across the East Siberian Plain, and further east to easternmost Siberia, including the rivers in the Chukotka Peninsula as well as rivers of the Sea of Okhotsk basin, such as the Ola River in the Magadan Oblast and the Kukhtuy in Khabarovsk Krai.

Description
Thymallus can be distinguished by their elongated, often cylindrical body, greatly enlarged dorsal fin, small mouth and striking dorsal coloration. Adult dorsum color ranges from dark purple to blue/black, and claret red spots are sometimes observed above ventral fins and on the caudal peduncle. Adults can have dark lateral spotting, and the lower caudal lobe is often longer than the upper lobe East-Siberian grayling were first described by Valenciennes (1828) and were described as having a less acute pectoral fin, radiating streaks on the operculum, longer dorsal fin rays, and narrower maxillae than other Thymallus sp.. Additionally, Thymallus sp. can be distinguished by the extension of the upper jaw beyond the anterior of the eye but not to the midpoint of the eye. Thymallus sp. including T. pallasii often have plastic phenotypes distinguished by differences in relative length, rows of spots on dorsal fins and caudal peduncle color.

Reproduction and development
Thymallus spawn polygamously in the spring in rivers and lakes, with males guarding independent territories. Eggs are laid in shallow areas of clear, fast-moving streams with rocky or sandy bottoms, and incubate for between 13 and 18 days before hatching. Adults do not perform any parental care. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at around 2 – 6 years old, and maximum sizes recorded are 515 mm and 488 mm, for females and males, respectively. Grayling live up to 22 years, and are known to have complex local migrations corresponding with the seasons.

Behavior, diet and predation
Adults are visual predators and stay in depths of 110 – 152 cm. Grayling feed primarily on aquatic and terrestrial insects, aquatic insect larvae, fish, small mammals, and crustacean zooplankton, and often require clear streams to feed. East-Siberian grayling predators include humans, as well as pike (Esox sp.).

Economic importance and conservation status
While Thymallus do not have significant commercial economic importance, they are culturally relevant and are harvested massively by anglers. Additionally, grayling require rocky or sandy bottom streams and well oxygenated water- giving them important potential as an indicator species. Thymallus pallasii are considered a species of least concern, and recent genetic work indicates T. pallasii may be part of a larger group, T. arcticus sl., composed of T. mertensii, pallasii and signifer.

title: East Siberian grayling


text: Category:1910s books

title: Category:1910s books


text:
Kaiju Big Battel

Kaiju Big Battel is a performance by the New York City based performance entertainment troupe created by Rand Borden. The performances are parodies of both professional wrestling and the tokusatsu kaiju eiga films of Japan. These Battels are presented in the style of professional wrestling events, with the costumed performers playing the roles of giant, city-crushing monsters similar to Godzilla and Gamera. The odd spelling of battel originates in a mistake Borden made on a T-shirt design, which became an inside joke. The performances include many in-jokes aimed towards fans of professional wrestling (especially Mexican wrestling), superhero comic books and Japanese popular culture. Many of the names of the characters are in mock Spanish or mock Japanese, and Engrish is used liberally for comedic effect.

History of Studio Kaiju
Kaiju Big Battel began as a video project by Rand Borden when he was a student at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. The first character created was Midori no Kaiju (Japanese for "Big Green Monster"), which Borden assembled from upholstery foam coated with latex.

While the video project never came to fruition, another student suggested that more characters be created to fight Midori no Kaiju at live competitions, or, Big Battels. The first Battel occurred on Halloween night in 1996 at the Revolving Museum in Boston and featured Midori No Kaiju, as well as Atomic Cannon, Powa Ranjuru, Force Trooper Robo, Taro "The Mouth" Fuji's commentary, and Anthony Salbino's construction. The first full-scale Kaiju Big Battel event was held in March 1997 in Boston, Massachusetts at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts. The earliest performances in other cities included matches with other troupes of costumed wrestlers at venues such as Fort Thunder in Providence, Rhode Island. Borden has created more than 120 monster costumes, which he keeps in storage.

Borden formed Studio Kaiju hiring his brother, David, as manager in 2000. Kaiju Big Battel: Terebi Sento was the studio's first DVD release, showcasing four matches from 2001 and several bonus features. Kaiju Big Battel: A Practical Guide to Giant City-Crushing Monsters, a comedic history of the first 8 years of Kaiju Big Battel, was published in 2004 by Hyperion Press.

Studio Kaiju was dissolved in 2011 and Rand Borden returned to producing Kaiju on his own. Kaiju Big Battel performed at TwitchCon 2017 in Long Beach, California at an event that was simultaneously broadcast on Twitch, and on May 4, 2019 Kaiju Big Battel held their first European event at Alexandra Palace in London, England.

Notable characters

 * Dusto Bunny is a monstrous anthropomorphic dust bunny. His height is "one billion dust mites", and he weighs "64 tons (mostly fluff)".
 * French Toast is a giant waffle with a French accent. His nickname is "The Awful Waffle".
 * Kung-Fu Chicken Noodle is a martial artist wielding a cleaver and wearing a can of soup over his torso. He weighs "120 fluid tons".
 * Dr. Cube is the main villain of Kaiju Big Battel. He is a disfigured plastic surgeon who wears a white box over his face to hide his scars. He uses genetic modification and mind-control to command an army of kaiju to destroy mankind and control the earth. His character was created after Rand Borden found a surgical gown and a box.
 * American Beetle is an American-born hero "so proud of his Mexican heritage that he only speaks Spanish"
 * Referee "You Call that a Knife" Dundee keeps order in the big ring.

Kickstarter projects
Studio Kaiju has run two Kickstarter campaigns. The first, 20 Years of Kaiju Big Battel Posters, was launched in June 2016 and was to be a hardcover art book featuring posters from Kaiju shows. The campaign failed to meet its stated goal of $20,000. A second Kickstarter for Kaiju Big Battel figurines was launched in August 2018 and successfully raised $21,396.

Kaiju Big Battel: Fighto Fantasy
On October 31, 2018 a Kaiju Big Battel video game was released on PC and mobile platforms. The game was developed by Super Walrus Games and is a satire of Final Fantasy style RPGs from the '90s.

Political themes
Story lines for events are inspired by the American political atmosphere at the time. During the time when Obamacare was being legislated, the character of American Beetle switched from a Republican to a Democrat because he needed insurance for surgery. Quotes from former American President Donald Trump were sometimes used in speeches made by the main villain, Dr. Cube.

title: Kaiju Big Battel


text:
George Scharf

Sir George Scharf KCB (16 December 1820 – 19 April 1895) was a British art critic, illustrator, and director of the National Portrait Gallery.

Early years
Scharf was born at 3 St Martin's Lane, London, the son of George Johann Scharf, a Bavarian miniature painter, and older brother to Henry Scharf, actor and illustrator. He was educated at University College School, and after studying under his father and obtaining medals from the Society of Arts, entered the schools of the Royal Academy in 1838.

Travels
In 1840 Charles Fellows engaged Scharf to join him on his second journey to Asia Minor and on the way spent some time in Italy. Three years later he again visited Asia Minor in the capacity of draughtsman. He made drawings of views and antiquities from Lycia, Caria, and Lydia, which are now in British Museum. A selection of these illustrations with text by Fellows was published in 1847.

Career
After his return to England, Scharf exhibited his paintings of the tombs in Myra and Xanthos at the Royal Academy in 1845 and 1846. He also illustrated books relating to art and antiquity, of which the best known are Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome (1847); Milman's Horace, (1849); Kugler's Handbook of Italian Painting (1851); and Dr Smith's classical dictionaries. In addition, he produced thirty-seven illustrations for the 1845 illuminated Book of Common Prayer designed by Owen Jones.

He also engaged largely in lecturing and teaching, and took part in the formation of the Greek, Roman and Pompeian courts at the Crystal Palace. He acted as art secretary to the great Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition of 1857, and in that year was appointed secretary and director to the newly founded National Portrait Gallery. The remainder of his life was given to the care of that institution.

Scharf acquired an unrivalled knowledge of all matters relating to historic portraiture, and was the author of many learned essays on the subject. In 1885, in recognition of his services to the Portrait Gallery, he was made CB, and on his resignation, early in 1895, KCB and a trustee of the Gallery. He died at his home 8 Ashley Place, London in April 1895 after a long illness.

Paintings and illustrations

 * National Portrait Gallery, Images by George Scharf
 * Illustrated letter from George Scharf to Mrs. Stovin, 31 December 1854

Images of George Scharf

 * Photograph by Nadar (Gaspard Félix Tournachon)1867
 * Self portrait, 1872

title: George Scharf


text:
Talk:Batasuna

Query
Is "coofitial" a word? Should that be "co-official"?

Euskadiko Ezkerra
Was there an organization in the 1980s called (something like) "Euskadi co Eskerra"? I recall hearing that quite a few ETA cadres participated in it. Asked by elpincha 21:39, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Euskadiko Ezkerra.--Error 02:15, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * So: shouldn't this organization be added as an ancestor of sorts of Batasuna? elpincha 17:27, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No they are separate and even kind of opposite: EE ended fusing itself (not without great division) with the PSOE, a Spanish nationalist party. --Sugaar 20:02, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

PSOE attitude, Plan Ibarretxe
Is the PSOE actually involved in tracking down alleged Batasuna "fronts" as the article states? Prosecutors act by mandate of law, and the PP acts on its political principles.

Also, some comment on the Plan Ibarretxe may be in place. elpincha 12:57, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Restore Category:Political parties in Spain
I've restored the category Political parties in Spain, recently deleted. Though Batasuna is not currently legal in Spain, it's been a legal party for years. Removing Batasuna from this category implies losing information, like removing the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification, the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right or any other of the other parties that have been part of Spanish history until ilegalised or disbanded. --Erri4a - Say what? 20:59, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe you should add the Category of political parties in France. They are legal there. --Sugaar 20:03, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

a joke?
what's this?

"names of Autodeterminaziorako Bilgunea (AuB, Meeting Place for Self-determination) and a plethora of local lists. Put your milk in my cocoa puffs, milky milky cocoa puffs. Most of these lists were considered a disguise for Batasuna by the Spanish Supreme Court. This "

US list
The U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations does not include explicitly Batasuna. I guess it is considered a part of ETA. --Error 02:37, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. I think they cautionarily avoid the issue before there is any judicial sentence, what is highly unlikely to happen. Batasuna is legal everywhere but in Spain. --Sugaar 20:05, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

A few questions
I need some info on Batasuna that's not in the article.

 * Has Batasuna ever supported ETA financially?
 * Does it have any policies on anything other than Basque separatism (ie. would it be able to govern a country)?
 * Did Batasuna take a case before the ECHR and if yes did the court uphold the ban?

St jimmy 08:41, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

What happened to "Herri"?
Just wondering why the common name for the article is Batasuna and not Herri Batasuna, as this was the party's name. I came up with some explanation along the lines of: "Herri Batasuna" is an outlawed political party, whereas Batasuna is a movement (I was asked on the Danish wiki), but if someone has a better reason, I'd love to hear it. --Jakob mark 09:14, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It was part of their internal political process: they debated along two proposals: Batasuna (Union) and Aralar (the name of a mountain). The first one won and the second broke apart forming a new party.
 * Herri Batasuna was not a party but a coalition, yet it had its own direct membership. As several parties vanished into HB, it became more and more a party and, with the self-dissolution of HASI, it was clear that it was THE party. Only EAE-ANV remains as separate party (but within Batasuna), for historical reasons mostly. --Sugaar 20:09, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

--

Well, I think it was in 1997: the spanish injustice jailed Herri Batasuna leaders, and a the new leaders (Otegi, Permach...) formed Euskal Herritarrok, in order to be able to present to 1998 Basque Parliament elections (results: 14 seats, the thir party in Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa). After all this, the party made an internal process, called "Batasuna Prozesua", to re-unite left-nationalist people, and Batasuna is the final result of that process.

Clarity needed
On the 26th the Spanish parliament voted for an indefinite ban, 295 to 10. 26th of what? --Descendall 17:09, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Biased Article
This article is completely biased towards Batasuna. The general tone is of a Party Political Broadcast for Batasuna. However certainly biased statements include - 1. Both crimes had been ignored by spanish justice and the most important political parties, PSOE and PP. 2. The vote in the referendum was to keep Spain in NATO, but the majority of voters in the Basque Autonomous Community stood strongly against it. Herri Batasuna was not the only party asking for a no vote. In this no figures mentioned and no other parties listed, therefore raising Herri Batasunas profile

 * um, tell us more about the tone; where and how. And please add the other parties supporting a no vote. --Carwil 18:11, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Not just in the BAC but also in Navarre (and Canary Islands) NATO was rejected in 1986.
 * I'm not sure right now what attitude adopted PNV in the end, possibly they also asked for the "no". Other parties rejectibg NATO were: EA, EE and minor parties such as LKI, EMK, and Spanish Communists parties. CNT asked for abstention (like always) - I recall because Loquillo had to quit that union in order to make anti-NATO campaign. --Sugaar 03:12, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Can someone write a section for Batasuna's main aims and objectives
Mark us street Nov24th 2006.

D.I.Y.:

Batasuna largely supports the Alternativa Democrática (Spanish Wikipedia). Here there's a source with translation that claims autorship by ETA, with English translation (and histrionic colors).

Anoeta Proposal (Batasuna's current platform), as per peace organization Elkarri (PDF version). In Spanish. --Sugaar 20:18, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

A better source for ETA's proposal: Democratic Alternative (in English). --Sugaar 03:06, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Cut material
I am cutting these two separate pieces which seem inessential; I'm bringing them here for any additional comments someone may have

''In 1986, the administration of Felipe González organised a referendum to keep Spain inside NATO. The Electoral law was to count only votes in Spanish, while votes in other languages would count as null and void. Herri Batasuna resented that rule, which it considered a ploy to prevent Basque nationalists from influencing the election, and called on its supporters to vote No in Spanish. When the Spanish administration changed the rules so as to count votes in the other languages of Spain as well, Herri Batasuna called for supporters to vote in Basque. The vote in the referendum was to keep Spain in NATO, but the majority of voters in the Basque Autonomous Community stood strongly against it. Herri Batasuna was not the only party asking for a no vote''.

Am I the only one who doesn't get the point of this?

On 14 November 2004, during a mass meeting in San Sebastian the party leader Arnaldo Otegi asked for an end to the armed conflict in the region, which has been continuing for decades.

Similar calls to end the violence has been made repeatedly from all sides and this statement, without nuance and further explanation of the circumstances, doesn't really meant anything in the article.

Mountolive | Talk 05:07, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

You
I think that you can use:

that is a free version because it's own reproduction of the real flag! Because you use an copyright flag.--KrlsCat 01:48, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Elections 2000?
The official Spanish government results (well, the provincial results pages, anyhow) show Euskal Herritarok contesting the 2000 Spanish elections, but receiving 0 votes. Wtf happened there? According to this article the party was not illegal that year. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lewis Trondheim (talk • contribs) 15:41, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

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False Link?
Under the Rulings of the European Court of Human Rights section there is a citation numbered 22. It's a citation for the following quote: "contradicted the concept of a 'democratic society' and presented a major danger to Spain's democracy"

What's odd is that its linked to Nasdaq while the contents of the link is dead. Perhaps the following link can be used. Can anyone confirm? PointOfViewGun (talk) 21:19, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batasuna


text:
File:Blood logo.jpg

Description
Logo/Box art for the game Blood.

title: File:Blood logo.jpg


text:
Ramipril

Ramipril, sold under the brand name Altace among others, is an ACE inhibitor type medication used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. It can also be used as a preventative medication in patients over 55 years old to reduce the risk of having a heart attack, stroke or cardiovascular death in patients shown to be at high risk, such as some diabetics and patients with vascular disease. It is a reasonable initial treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and cough. Serious side effects may include liver problems, angioedema, kidney problems, and high blood potassium. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended. It is an ACE inhibitor and works by decreasing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity.

Ramipril was patented in 1981 and approved for medical use in 1989. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 201st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.

Activation and binding
Ramipril is a pro-drug. The molecule must be hydrolyzed by the esterase at the OCH2CH3 and form a carboxylate. This carboxylate then interacts with the positive Zn+2 to inhibit the ACE enzyme. The COOH helps orient it with the enzyme. Ramipril is similar in structure to another ACE Inhibitor, trandolapril, but it has a second cyclopentane ring instead of a cyclohexane ring.

Medical uses
Medical uses include:
 * High blood pressure (Hypertension)
 * Congestive heart failure
 * Following heart attack in people with evidence of heart failure
 * People over 55 years at high risk: prevention of heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular death, or in need of revascularization procedures
 * Prevent the onset and/or delay the progression of diabetic kidney disease, with or without proteinuria. Randomized trial evidence suggests that a maximum tolerable dose prevents cardiovascular events and death in patients with diabetic kidney disease.

Contraindications
Contraindications to its use include volume-depleted patients, a history of angioedema while on an ACE inhibitor, pregnancy and hypotension.

People should not take ramipril (or any ACE inhibitors) if they have hyperkalemia. It is also recommended to avoid using salt-substitutes as this can further increase potassium levels in the blood.

Ramipril can be considered in patients with bilateral or unilateral significant renal artery stenosis (RAS). An early rise in serum creatinine above baseline is expected after initiation of therapy with Ramipril, however, monitoring serum biochemistry and renal function after initiation is crucial. Treatment with Ramipril in some patients with significant narrowing in both kidneys can increase serum creatinine concentration (measured in the blood test), which returns to baseline upon therapy cessation.

Adverse effects

 * Shakiness
 * Dry cough
 * Dizziness and lightheadedness due to low blood pressure
 * Fatigue, especially in the early stages
 * Mouth dryness in the early stages
 * Nausea
 * Fainting
 * Signs of infection (e.g., fever, chills, persistent sore throat)
 * Chest pain
 * Neutropenia (low white blood cells)
 * Impotence (erectile dysfunction)
 * Hyperkalemia

Serious allergic reactions to this drug are unlikely, but immediate medical attention must be sought if they occur. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction include, but are not limited to a rash or swelling of the face, mouth, tongue, or throat. In extreme cases, ramipril may lead to potentially fatal liver problems.

Mechanism of action

ACE inhibitors inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), thereby lowering the production of angiotensin II and decreasing the breakdown of bradykinin. The decrease in angiotensin II results in relaxation of arteriole smooth muscle leading to a decrease in total peripheral resistance, reducing blood pressure as the blood is pumped through widened vessels. Its effect on bradykinin is responsible for the dry cough side effect.

Ramipril, a prodrug or precursor drug, is converted to the active metabolite ramiprilat by carboxylesterase 1. Ramiprilat is mostly excreted by the kidneys. Its half-life is variable (3–16 hours), and is prolonged by heart and liver failure, as well as kidney failure. Peak effect occurs between 3 and 6 hours after dosing, with approximately 50% of this effect retained after 24 hours.

US patent
The compound was protected by a patent which was assigned to the German pharmaceutical company Hoechst AG (since merged into Aventis) on 29 October 1991. The patent was scheduled to expire on 29 October 2008. On 11 September 2007, in an appeal by the Indian company Lupin Ltd., the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit reversed a district court trial verdict and found that Aventis's patent on ramipril was invalid for "obviousness", opening this drug to generic manufacturers.

Brand names
Ramipril is marketed as Prilace by Arrow Pharmaceuticals in Australia, Ramipro by Westfield Pharma in the Philippines, Triatec by Sanofi-Aventis in Italy and United States and Altace by King Pharmaceuticals in the United States, Novapril by Pharmanova in Ghana, Ramitens by PharmaSwiss, Ampril by Krka in Slovenia, Corpril by Cemelog-BRS in Hungary, Piramil and Prilinda by Hemofarm in Serbia, by Lek in Poland and by Novartis and Opsonin Pharma Limited as Ramace in Bangladesh, and in Canada as Altace (Sanofi-Aventis) and Ramipril (Pharmascience).

Ramipril is marketed in India under the brand names Cardace, Zigpril, Ramistar, Odipril and Zorem. Ramipril is marketed in Myanmar under brand name Endpril.

Research
The 2001 Heart Outcomes and Prevention Evaluation trial seemed to show ramipril possessed cardioprotective qualities which extended beyond its qualities as an antihypertensive. However, the trial and the interpretation of its results have been criticised.

The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) trial showed a 27% reduction in mortality for patients receiving ramipril for chronic heart failure following a myocardial infarction.

Ramipril was found to have similar results as telmisartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker.

title: Ramipril


text:
Leopold Schefer

Leopold Schefer (30 July 1784 in Muskau – 13 February 1862 in Muskau), German poet, novelist, and composer, was born in a small town in Upper Lusatia (then under Saxon rule), the only child of a poor country doctor.

Biography
Leopold Schefer was educated, privately, by his parents, later on by the principal of the Muskau primary school, Andreas Tamm, afterwards in a small private school of the former hofmeister of the local Earl of Callenberg, Johann Justus Röhde. From 1799 up to 1805 he attended the secondary school (“Gymnasium”) at Bautzen. During this time he started writing diaries, poems, and compositions, the last under the influence of his teacher Johann Samuel Petri. After that he returned to Muskau, helping his widowed mother, while writing and composing.

During Napoleon's failed campaign in Russia in 1812, Schefer was appointed manager of the big estates of his newly-won friend, Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau, doing well under hard circumstances until 1816. The prince, recognizing the literary abilities of his friend, encouraged his early poetical efforts. Having visited England together with Pückler for studying landscape gardens (and being deeply impressed by Eliza O'Neill on the stage), Schefer studied composition under Antonio Salieri in Vienna from 1816–17, and travelled to Italy, Greece, Egypt, Palestine, and Turkey. Schefer returned in 1819 to Muskau, where he remained for all his life, married, fathering one son and four daughters, due to his literary success in easy - after the lost German revolution 1848/49 in poor - circumstances, following his literary pursuits until his death in 1862.

Works

Schefer wrote a large number of novels, short novels, and narratives which appeared mostly in literary almanacs. Some of his novels have been published in English, as e.g. Künstlerehe (1828, with deep insights into married life).

Schefer was well known for his novels and their observative power, but even more for a single volume of poems, Laienbrevier (1834–1835). These, owing to their warmth of feeling, keen psychology, and descriptions of the beauties of nature, at once established his fame as a poet. This vein he followed in later years with the poems Vigilien (1843), Der Weltpriester (1846), and Hausreden (1869). Encouraged by his friend, the poet Max Waldau (1822–1855), he published Hafis in Hellas (Hamburg, 1853) and Koran der Liebe (Hamburg, 1855) containing with their glowing descriptions of the East love poetry of a realistic and high order. But, due to his pantheistic beliefs, his poetry and novels were barred from the curricula of the Prussian elementary and secondary schools, which resulted in his being forgotten after 1910.

On the occasion of Schefer's 222nd birthday on July 30, 2006, a whole day was devoted to several of Bad Muskau's events as part of the Lusatian Music Summer, above all to his compositional oeuvre.

Selected publications

 * A selection of Schefer's works, Ausgewählte Werke, in 12 vols, was published in 1845 (2nd ed., 1857).
 * Leopold Schefer, Ausgewählte Lieder und Gesänge zum Pianoforte, ed. & introd. by Ernst-Jürgen Dreyer, Munich: G. Henle (2004)

There are no studies about Schefer in English, but consult Bettina Clausen and Lars Clausen, 1985.

Publications during his lifetime

 * Gedichte, 1811 („Poems“, ed. by the Earl von Pückler-Muskau)
 * Leopold Schefer's Gesänge zu dem Pianoforte, 1813 („Leopold Schefer's Songs“, ed. by the Earl von Pückler-Muskau)
 * Palmerio, 1823 (novel, situated in contemporary Greece)
 * Die Deportirten, 1824 („The Deportees“, novel on self-government at Botany Bay)
 * Novellen, 5 vols., 1825 (short novels)
 * Die Osternacht, 1826 („Easter Night“, novel on a flood disaster in Rhineland-Palatinate)
 * Der Waldbrand, 1827 („The Bushfire“, novel, situated in Canada)
 * Künstlerehe, 1828
 * tr. The Artist's Married Life; being that of Albert Dürer, New York 1867, London 1895.
 * Kleine lyrische Werke, 1828 (poems)
 * Neue Novellen, 4 vols., 1831 (short novels)
 * Lavabecher, Novellen, 2 vols., 1833 (short novels)
 * Die Gräfin Ulfeld oder die vierundzwanzig Königskinder, 2 vols., 1834 („Dame Ulfeld, or, the 24 Royal Children“, novel on a life sentence on a Danish rebel's widow)
 * Laienbrevier, 1834 (1st half of the year)/ 1835 (2nd half of the year). (pantheistic poems, until 1900 21 eds.)
 * tr. The Layman's Breviary, or meditations for every day in the year, Boston (Mass.): C. T. Brooks 1867
 * Kleine Romane, 6 vols., 1836 (short novels)
 * Das große deutsche Musikfest, 1837 („The Great German Music Festival“, novel)
 * Doppelsonate A-Dur zu 4 Händen, 1838 (composition)
 * Doppelkanon zu 4 Chören, 1838 (composition)
 * Der Gekreuzigte oder Nichts Altes unter der Sonne, 1839 („The Crucified, or, Nothing Old Under the Sun“, novel on a genocide in the Ottoman Empire [subject taken up and transferred to the 20th century by Franz Werfel, The Forty Days of Musa Dagh])
 * Mahomet’s Türkische Himmelsbriefe, 1840 („Muhammad’s Turk Letters from Heaven“, poems)
 * Viel Sinne, viel Köpfe, 1840 („Many Meanings, Many Minds“, narrative)
 * Göttliche Komödie in Rom, 1841 („Divinia Comedia in Rome“, novel on the trial and execution of Giordano Bruno)
 * Sechs Volkslieder zum Pianoforte, 1841 (compositions)
 * Graf Promnitz. Der letzte des Hauses, 1842 („Earl Promnitz, the Last of the House“, novel)
 * Vigilien, Gedichte, 1843 (poems)
 * Ausgewählte Werke, 12 vols., 1845/46 ( „Selected Works“)
 * Weltpriester, Gedichte, 1846 („The Worldly Priest“, poems)
 * Génévion von Toulouse, 1846 („Génévion of Toulouse“, novel)
 * Gedichte (2nd ed.), 1846 („Poems“)
 * Achtzehn Töchter. Eine Frauen-Novelle, 1847 („18 Daughters. A novel for Women“, short novel)
 * Die Sibylle von Mantua, 1852 („The Sibyl of Mantua“, narrative)
 * Hafis in Hellas, (anonymously: "Von einem Hadschi"), 1853 (Hafis in Greece. By a Hadschi, love poems)
 * Koran der Liebe nebst kleiner Sunna, (anonymously) 1855 („Koran of Love, with a small Sunna“, love poems)
 * Hausreden, 1855 („Domestic Speeches“, poems)
 * Der Hirtenknabe Nikolas, oder der Kinderkreuzzug im Jahre 1212; 1857 („The Shepard Boy Nikolas, or, the Children’s Cruisade, 1212“, novel)
 * Homer’s Apotheose, 1858 („Homer’s Apotheosis“, hexametric epos on the real Homer)

Posthumous

 * Für Haus und Herz. Letzte Klänge,1867 ("For Home and Heart", ed. Rudolf Gottschall, poems)
 * Buch des Lebens und der Liebe, 1877 ("The Book on Life and Love". ed. & worked over by Alfred Moschkau)
 * Ausgewählte Lieder und Gesänge zum Pianoforte, with e preface ed. by Ernst-Jürgen Dreyer, München: G. Henle 2004 (songs for the pianoforte)
 * Tagebuch einer großen Liebe. 22 Lieder von Leopold Schefer, CD, ed. by Freundeskreis Lausitzer Musiksommer. KONSONANZ Musikagentur, Bautzen 2006. Labelcode LC 01135 ("Diary of a Great Love. 22 Lieder of Leopold Schefer", compositions and poems)

title: Leopold Schefer


text:
Johannes Kepler University Linz

The Johannes Kepler University Linz (German: Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, short: JKU) is a public university in Austria. It is located in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. It offers bachelor's, master's, diploma and doctoral degrees in business, engineering, law, science, social sciences and medicine.

Today, about 24,000 students study at the park campus in the northeast of Linz, with one out of nine students being from abroad. The university was the first in Austria to introduce an electronic student ID in 1998.

The university is the home of the Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (RICAM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

In 2012, the Times Higher Education ranked the JKU at # 41 and in 2015 at # 87 in its list of the top 100 universities under 50 years old. According to the 2012 ranking, the JKU was the fifth best young university in German-speaking Europe. The university attained high scores for quotations, third-party funding, and internationalization efforts.

History
The JKU was established as the "College of Social Sciences, Economics and Business" (Hochschule für Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften) in 1966. The Faculty of Sciences and Engineering was established three years later and in 1975, the college was awarded university status and the Faculty of Law was integrated on campus. The university was named in honor of astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) who wrote his magnum opus harmonices mundi ("The Harmony of the world") in Linz during the early 17th century and taught mathematics at a school for the landed gentry (Adelichen Landt-Schuelen) near Linz. At present, the campus added the "JKU Science Park", additional buildings for science and engineering institutes. In 2019 many new buildings are being built.

Campus
JKU's campus is located in the northeast of Linz, in the Auhof area of the St. Magdalena district. The university buildings are placed in a 90-acre (364,000 m²) park centered around a pond.

Infrastructure
The campus is accessible by the Linz tram lines 1 and 2 and the express bus line 77. On weekdays, trams travel every 5 minutes and a trip to the city center (Hauptplatz) takes approximately 16 minutes.

The JKU is also located close to Austria's autobahn network at theDornach exit on the A7 Mühlkreisautobahn (ca. 1 km or 0.6 miles). In anticipation of extending the campus, an additional autobahn exit, Auhof, is currently in the construction stages and is expected to better facilitate traffic, allowing a more direct route to the university.

A bicycle path in the north-east corner of the town located along the north side of the Danube river provides direct access to the university and helps to reduce traffic in the area.

Housing
Many larger dormitories are within walking distance of the university, such as the Julius Raab Heim, the WIST Haus, the Kepler Heim, the ESH and the KHG Heim. Several other dormitories are located in different parts of Linz, providing housing for more than 3,100 students in all of Linz.

Some of the dormitories become hotels during the summer holidays, most notably the Julius Raab Heim under the name Hotel Sommerhaus.

Management
The vice-chancellor and the Academic Senate are responsible for the university's management. There are several pro-vice-chancellors who are each assigned to specific task areas and who assist the vice-chancellor. The university board is an independent body that advises and counsels the vice-chancellor and the Academic Senate on management issues. Deans and faculty committees are responsible for management on a faculty level. Vice-chancellor and deans are elected for a 4-year period whereas faculty committees are elected for a 2-year period.

Faculties and Degree Programs
The Johannes Kepler University has four faculties with a total of 127 institutes.

Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics and Business (SoWi)
The Faculty of Social Sciences, Economics and Business is the oldest and largest faculty in terms of students and graduates. The faculty consists of 32 institutes and offers academic degrees e.g. in Economics and Business Administration, Business Informatics, Business and Education, Social Economics, Sociology and Statistics.

The faculty's abbreviation SoWi is derived from the German name of the faculty, Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät.

Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences (TN)
The Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences was established in 1969 and initially offered degrees e.g. in Technical Mathematics, Computer Science and Technical Physics. Over time, degrees in Technical Chemistry, Mechatronics and Information Electronics were introduced.

Several master's degrees to specialize in the area of computer science, mathematics and physics, such as pervasive computing, industrial mathematics or biophysics are available. Doctorate degrees are offered in the areas of natural science and technical science.

The TN faculty consists of 51 distinctive institutes and the German name is Technisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, hence the abbreviation TN or TNF.

Faculty of Law (RE)
The Faculty of Law was officially established in 1975. Before that time period, law degrees were offered by the SoWi faculty, which was then theFaculty of Social Sciences, Economics, Business and Law. In addition to Diploma and doctorate degrees in law, the RE faculty offers a Bachelor's degree in Business Law in cooperation with the SoWi faculty. Law degrees are also offered via multimedia distance learning.

The abbreviation RE is derived from the first two letters of the faculty's name German name, Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät. At present, the RE faculty consists of 20 institutes.

Faculty of Medicine (MED)
The Faculty of Medicine was founded in 2014. A new MED-Campus is being built.

Interdisciplinary programs
The Leading Innovative Organizations program is a one-year master's program offered jointly by the institute for organization, the institute for leadershing and change management and the institute of innovative management. It aims to offer its students the skills required to establish, lead, and manage a successful, innovative, and sustainable organization.

The master's degree program in web sciences is divided into branches of study: social web, web art & design, web business & economy, web engineering as well as web and the law. It offers those with academic background in various fields a research-led expansion and in-depth look at fields relevant to the web such as technology, business, law, society, art and culture.

Distance learning
The JKU maintains several distance learning centers in Austria that offer degrees and courses at the German FernUniversität Hagen, the British Open University and JKU's own distance law degree program.

Notable alumni

 * Bernd Bergmair, majority owner of Mindgeek

Dormitories

 * Julius Raab Heim
 * WIST Haus
 * Kepler Heim
 * Evangelisches Studentenheim Linz (esh)
 * Katholische Hochschulgemeinde Linz (KHG)
 * Hotel Sommerhaus (Julius Raab Heim)

Related

 * Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics (in English)
 * Study in Austria: A Guide

title: Johannes Kepler University Linz


text:
Beatlemania (musical)

Beatlemania was a Broadway musical revue focused on the music of the Beatles as it related to the events and changing attitudes of the tumultuous 1960s. A "rockumentary," advertised as "Not the Beatles, but an incredible simulation," it ran from May 1977 to October 1979 for a total of 1,006 performances.

Synopsis
Beatlemania took the form of a roughly chronological history of the Beatles via their music. A total of 29 songs were performed during the show. Other than some unscripted onstage banter, there was very little dialogue during the production, which consisted mostly of exact re-enactments of the Beatles' music. The ground-breaking multimedia production was notable for its extensive use of backdrops, projected images on multiple screens, film, newspaper headlines, and video footage to evoke the 1960s and iconic Beatle moments.

Productions
Originally conceived and produced by Steve Leber and David Krebs, Beatlemania debuted in Boston at the Colonial Theatre in April 1977. It premiered on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on May 31, 1977 (after previewing since May 26 — although no critics were invited), with cast members Joe Pecorino (rhythm guitar, John), Mitch Weissman (bass guitar, Paul), Les Fradkin (lead guitar, George), and Justin McNeill (drums, Ringo) along with an alternating cast: Randy Clark "John", Reed Kailing "Paul", P.M. Howard "George", and Bobby Taylor "Ringo."

Quickly achieving sellout status without ever having an official "opening night", Beatlemania saw great success and coverage in Time, People, Us, Newsweek, and Rolling Stone. For the first six months, every ticket for the show was sold out.

The production was nominated for the 1978 Tony Award for Best Lighting Design by designer Jules Fisher. Sound design by Abe Jacob.

The Broadway show ran until October 17, 1979, for a total of 1006 performances; grossing more than $40 million. During its New York run, the show moved to the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre and finally the Palace Theatre.

As the show expanded, over 50 cast members formed 10 "bunks" (or casts of a single set of four). As the New York show continued its run, shows were opened in Los Angeles, Chicago, Cincinnati, and London. At its peak, Beatlemania had limited-engagements in many more cities in the U.S. and abroad.

After closing on Broadway, the Beatlemania Bus and Truck Tour began, running until 1983 and touring across the United States and worldwide. Short-term tours of Australia, Europe, Asia, and Africa were produced after 1982.

A 1986 decision in a lawsuit by the Beatles production company Apple Corps officially ended the show for a period of time, but subsequent revival tours were still produced under such titles as Beatlemania: Yesterday and Today and Beatlemania Now.

Beatlemania: The Album
In 1978, Beatlemania released a self-titled original cast album of the show which included contributions from the first and second cast of performers from the show (as well as five additional off-stage musicians — keyboards; violin; cello; sax/flute/recorder; trumpet/piccolo trumpet and oboe). Released on Arista Records in 1978, the album received warm audience reaction, even placing on the Billboard 200 for several weeks, before falling into obscurity.

Tracks from the album included most but not all of the original show's song list, and several of the tracks were either re-recorded entirely or partially re-recorded in the studio. Original cast members that appear on the album include Mitch Weissman, Joe Pecorino, Les Fradkin, Justin McNeill, Randy Clark, Reed Kailing, P. M. Howard, and Bobby Taylor.

Beatlemania: The Movie
After three years of production USA Video Productions took an interest in making a film version of the Beatlemania stage show. After a brief contract negotiation, Beatlemania: The Movie began production in late 1980 (shortly before the murder of John Lennon). Directed by Joseph Manduke, the film's cast featured Mitch Weissman (bass guitar; "Paul"), David Leon (rhythm guitar; "John"), Tom Teeley (lead guitar; "George"), and Ralph Castelli (drums; "Ringo").

Beatlemania: The Movie was released in the summer of 1981 and received negative reviews. Janet Maslin of The New York Times, "Beatlemania was a horror on the stage, and it's even more of a horror at close range, where the seams really show. This isn't a loving impersonation, or even an honest one. It's cheap, disingenuous and loathsome." Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader wrote, "My idea of hell is being forced at gunpoint to resee this ... atrocity, ... based on a terrible stage musical." Other observers criticized the film for being too artsy and not worthy of being associated with the stageshow; plans for a follow-up film were immediately cancelled.

Apple Corps lawsuit
In 1979, Apple Corps sued show creator Steve Leber and Beatlemania ' s producers, alleging that Apple Corps owned various publicity rights and trademarks, and Leber and others "appropriated to themselves" the value of those trademarks and the Beatles' goodwill and fame without paying for it. In 1986, Los Angeles Superior Court judge Paul Breckenridge found in favor of Apple Corps, and ordered Leber and Beatlemania Inc. to pay Apple $5.6 million, plus 7% interest from September 1979. He also found that Apple was entitled to a court order barring the further unconsented use or exploitation of the Beatles, and that Beatlemania's actions "amounted to virtually a complete appropriation of the Beatles' persona" without their consent. The judge also found that Ely Landau and the This Is The Week That Was Beatlemania Company, which produced the Beatlemania film, were liable $2 million and 7% interest, also payable to Apple Corps.

Music
The musical numbers in the show (all written by Lennon–McCartney), based on the Broadway opening, were:

 * Act 1
 * "I Wanna Hold Your Hand"
 * "She Loves You"
 * "Help!"
 * "If I Fell"
 * "Can't Buy Me Love"
 * "Day Tripper"
 * "Yesterday"
 * "Eleanor Rigby"
 * "We Can Work It Out"
 * "Nowhere Man"
 * "A Day in the Life"
 * "Penny Lane"
 * "Strawberry Fields Forever"
 * "Magical Mystery Tour"
 * "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"

 * Act 2
 * "Lady Madonna"
 * "The Fool on the Hill"
 * "Got to Get You into My Life"
 * "Michelle"
 * "Get Back"
 * "Come Together"
 * "With a Little Help from My Friends"
 * "All You Need Is Love"
 * "Revolution"
 * "Helter Skelter"
 * "Hey Jude"
 * "I Am the Walrus"
 * "The Long and Winding Road"
 * "Let It Be"

Cast members
Because of the vocal strain (especially for "Paul") involved in doing 8 or more shows per week, each production utilized two casts or "Bunks," as they were dubbed by musical director Sandy Yaguda (after they had dubbed him "Camp Counselor"). The Original Broadway production featured Bunk 1: Mitch Weissman, Joe Pecorino, Les Fradkin and Justin McNeill. and Bunk 2: Randy Clark, Reed Kailing, P.M. Howard, and Bobby Taylor. Subsequent cast members were added as the show expanded with several touring casts. Casts and casting became independent after 1984 as revival and current casts tour under many different Beatle-related nomenclatures. (It is common practice for other Beatles tribute bands to promote themselves falsely as "Original Broadway Cast".)

John Lennon

 * Joe Pecorino
 * Randy Clark - also played "John" with "RAIN: a Tribute to The Beatles", "Imagine: a Tribute to John Lennon" (with members of the Elephant's Memory/Plastic Ono bands), and "Legends In Concert" in Las Vegas and on Broadway
 * Michael Palaikis (deceased)
 * David Leon — also played with Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles
 * Caspar McCloud (later swapped roles with Marshall Crenshaw)
 * Marshall Crenshaw — performed in Hollywood and San Francisco productions as well as the touring production
 * Mark Vaccacio (deceased)
 * Peter McGann
 * Bob Williford
 * Robert Wirth
 * Jim Riddle (deceased)
 * Steve Landes — currently a member of Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles
 * Joe Palermo - currently a member of Adamsapple A tribute to the Beatles

Paul McCartney

 * Mitch Weissman
 * Reed Kailing
 * Lenie Colacino
 * Alan LeBoeuf — also played with Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles, and currently playing with “Beatlemania Again!”.
 * Glen Burtnick
 * Tony Kishman
 * Joey Curatolo — currently a member of Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles
 * Jim Odom
 * Bobby Grant
 * Don Linares
 * Jim Cushing
 * John Redgate
 * Billy J. Ray

George Harrison

 * Les Fradkin
 * P. M. Howard
 * Tom Teeley — also played with Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles and with Marshall Crenshaw of Beatlemania
 * Rob Laufer
 * Bobby Diebold
 * Richie Gomez
 * Jimmy Pou — currently a member of Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles, formerly with “1964-The Tribute“.
 * Bob Miller - formerly with “1964-The Tribute”
 * Peter Santora
 * Chris Gavin
 * Joe Bithorn — currently a member of Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles
 * Richi Ray

Ringo Starr

 * Justin McNeill
 * Bobby Taylor - also played with "RAIN: A Tribute to The Beatles"
 * Bennett Gale
 * Louie Colucci
 * Ralph Castelli — currently a member of Rain: A Tribute to the Beatles
 * Jake Ehrenreich
 * Sy Goraieb
 * Bobby Forte
 * Al Sapienza
 * Rick Bloom-replaced Justin McNeil 9/1978
 * Phil LoMedico
 * Gemma Press
 * Cho Paquet
 * Neil Floyd (referred to as the unknown Bunk 1 Ringo) left im May 1977 to pursue a tour with Blue Sky Records recording Artist Rick Derringer.

title: Beatlemania (musical)


text:
Category:English novels

 * Novels written in the English language by English writers.

title: Category:English novels


text:
Scancode

A scancode (or scan code) is the data that most computer keyboards send to a computer to report which keys have been pressed. A number, or sequence of numbers, is assigned to each key on the keyboard.

Variants
Mapping key positions by row and column requires less complex computer hardware; therefore, in the past, using software or firmware to translate the scancodes to text characters was less expensive than wiring the keyboard by text character. This cost difference is not as profound as it used to be. However, many types of computers still use their traditional scancodes to maintain backward compatibility.

Some keyboard standards include a scancode for each key being pressed and a different one for each key being released. In addition, many keyboard standards (for example, IBM PC compatible standards) allow the keyboard itself to generate "typematic" repeating keys by having the keyboard itself generate the pressed-key scancode repeatedly while the key is held down, with the release scancode sent once when the key is released.

Scancode sets
On some operating systems one may discover a key's downpress scancode by holding the key down while the computer is booting. With luck, the scancode (or some part of it) will be specified in the resulting "stuck key" error message. [Note: On Windows 7 only one byte of the scancode appears.]

PC compatibles
Scancodes on IBM PC compatible computer keyboards are sets of 1 to 3 bytes which are sent by the keyboard. Most character keys have a single byte scancode; keys that perform special functions have 2-byte or 3-byte scancodes, usually beginning with the byte (in hexadecimal),  , or. In addition, a few keys send longer scancodes, effectively emulating a series of keys to make it easier for different types of software to process.

PC keyboards since the PS/2 keyboard support up to three scancode sets. The most commonly encountered are the "XT" ("set 1") scancodes, based on the 83-key keyboard used by the IBM PC XT and earlier. These mostly consist of a single byte; the low 7 bits identify the key, and the most significant bit is clear for a key press or set for a key release. Some additional keys have an  (or rarely,   or  ) prefix. These were initially assigned so that ignoring the  prefix (which is in the key-up range and thus would have no effect on an operating system that did not understand them) would produce reasonable results. For example the numeric keypad's Enter key produces a scancode of, which corresponds to the Return key's scancode of.

The IBM 3270 PC introduced its own set of scancodes ("set 3"), with a different key numbering and where a key release is indicated by an  prefix. For backward compatibility, the 3270 PC translated these to XT (set 1) scancodes using an add-on card and a BIOS extension. This set is used by Linux by default when it detects a PS/2 keyboard that can properly support scan code set 3.

The IBM PC AT introduced the "AT" ("set 2") scancodes. On the 84-key AT keyboard these were largely a subset of set 3, with some differences caused by the revised layout (for example, the position and scancodes of the function keys changed). Keys added since the PC AT often have different scancodes in set 2 and set 3, and in set 2 frequently have an  or   prefix. Again, key release is indicated by an  prefix.

For computers since the IBM PC AT, the keyboard controller on the motherboard translates AT (set 2) scancodes into XT (set 1) scancodes in so called translation mode. This translation can be disabled in pass-through-mode, allowing the raw scancodes to be seen. Therefore, whether a software developer will encounter AT scancodes or XT scancodes on a modern PC-compatible depends on how the keyboard is being accessed.

A compliant PS/2 keyboard can be told to send scancodes in set 1, 2 or 3.

USB
USB keyboards use a new set of scancodes, mostly specified in the USB standard. All computers that recognize USB keyboards recognize these new scancodes.

title: Scancode


text: User talk:64.231.142.193

title: User talk:64.231.142.193


text:
Albanian Football Federation

The Albanian Football Federation (Federata Shqiptare e Futbollit; FSHF) is the governing body of football in Albania. The federation is based in Tirana, Albania. It organises the national football leagues of the Albanian Superliga, the First Division, the Second Division, the Third Division, the Albanian Cup and Supercup. Albania women's national football team, Albanian women's football championship, and the Albanian Women's Cup are also overseen by the FSHF. The federation also coordinates the activities of the Albania national football team and the Albania national youth football teams such as Under-21, Under-20, Under-19, Under-18, Under-17, Under-16 and Under-15.

History
On June 6, 1930, the government of King Zog I issued a royal decree recognizing the establishment of the Albanian Sports Federation. The newly formed sports entity would join the world governing body, FIFA, during the June Congress of 1932, officially marking Albania’s participation in international football. A revised order was issued in March of 1934, to dissolve the Federation, transferring its authority to the heads of the national entity "Vllaznija Shqiptare" (est.1928), which oversaw various sports activities at the time. The federation was one of the founding members of UEFA in 1954.

On 14 March 2008, FSHF were suspended by FIFA for "heavy political interference." This meant that their national teams were banned from playing official matches, representatives banned from official events, and referees unable to officiate FIFA-sanctioned matches. The ban was subsequently lifted as the political interferences were clarified, and on 27 May 2008, Albania played a friendly against Poland.

The current president of FSHF, Armand Duka, has been at this position since 2002 and won the elections for a third term in 2010.

During the 2009 controversy between FSHF and the Albanian government as to the property of the Qemal Stafa Stadium. UEFA insisted in lobbying that the stadium be given to FSHF ownership so that investments on it can be made. In February 2011 it was decided that the new stadium, which will replace the current one and will cost 60M Euro, will be 75% of FSHF and 25% of the Albanian government.

Offices

 * Tirana (Headquarters)
 * Durrës (Regional Office, 2011 opened)
 * Shkodër (Regional Office, 2015 opened)

Current sponsorships
General Sponsor Technical Sponsor Premium Sponsor Official Sponsors
 * Vodafone Albania
 * Macron
 * SIGAL
 * Western Union
 * Karrota
 * Credins Bank
 * Uji Tepelene
 * ama Caffe
 * Infinity Destinations
 * Match Worn Shirt

title: Albanian Football Federation