text:
Talk:George Ariyoshi

Photo and name table replaced with a framed image
I have converted the table with the photo and various names: kanji, romaji, etc. Not only was the table incomplete (romaji section left blank), it was unnecessarily complex because there are only two significant names: the kanji name he received from his parents, and his official name spelled in the latin alphabet that would be used on official documents such as his passport and virtually everywhere else. I am assuming that he is almost always referred to simply by his latin alphabet name, so adding any more names (kana, romaji..) would be confusing without any explanation of relevance. — Tokek 02:05, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Chan Han Xiang's edit
I changed Chan Han Xiang's edits because: --Jiang 11:38, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * the subject is American, not Korean, and pink is not a neutral color
 * capitalizing "link" and "born" defies the Manual of Style
 * the photo is right aligned and therefore leaves uneven whitespace
 * the photo is too small to be thumbed
 * The Manual of Style specifies spelling out the full name first

I changed his edit because:
 * The information below the picture is covered
 * There is no proper introduction Japanese name which should be there, to notify unaware people that there are three styles of names below --Chan Han Xiang (signed by Jiang)

Please sign your posts with ~. You have not addressed my 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th bullet points so dont revert unless the issue is settled. I think the terms for specific scripts should be self explanatory but the abcense of the label "Japanese name" is no grounds for mass reverting what I have covered in my 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th bullet points. --Jiang 12:06, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

To your points of reply: {User:Chan Han Xiang)

1. This is just a table. So what if it is pink ? Many people use the name tables introduction in Pink. It is not necessarily Korean. What do you mean about that? This table has no proof that it is Korean.

2. You need not necessarily follow Manual of Style, so long it is presentable.

4. It was originally thumbed.

5. I got this style from the articles Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il. There is nothing wrong about that. --User:Chan Han Xiang

 * 1) Pink is non-neutral. Why are we using it. Is there a reason? The only precendent is on Korean articles. Otherwise, the table it out of bounds of the Manual of Style.
 * 2) There are certain things, such as capitalization, that we do not defy. You may not be required to follow the MoS strictly in your edits, but if someone changes things to adhere to the MoS, you do not revert that. That's just bad etiquette and three reverts can get you blocked.
 * 3) Just because its originally something doesnt mean the original format is correct. If the picture is not large then it shouldnt be thumbed. It just deceives people who want to click on it to see a larger pic
 * 4) Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il is besides the point. Some smartass reverted my changes there. that doesnt mean you should revert me when Im following the naming conventions and you;re not. --Jiang 12:19, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

No response and continued reverts? I'll just repeat my points if it's not clear enough: Questions? If you want to dispute this, explain why. Dont just revert. --Jiang 06:50, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * capitalizing "link" and "born" defies the Manual of Style
 * the photo is too small to be thumbed
 * The Manual of Style specifies spelling out the full and complete name of the person first; "non-full name", formally "full name" is NOT what we do.

 * Style based on Junichiro Koizumi and Japan-related articles. (User:Chan Han Xiang, signed for by Jiang)

 * No it's not. Nowhere in the Japanese-related articles Manual of Style days it say to make a name table (and even then, the topic is American, not Japanese). Nowhere else on wikipedia does it say to capitalize "born", thumb small photos, or not spell out the persons full name first. Please sign your posts. Unless you are willing to discuss my objections, you should stop reverting or be banned. --Jiang 20:25, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Kanji name
According to my knowledge of Japanese, 有吉 良一 is "Ryochi Ariyoshi", but in Kanji, the surname comes first. And Mr Ariyoshi's surname is Ariyoshi, so the Kanji name should be the reverse. Thanks. Mr Tan 04:25, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ariyoshi in the Sky with Diamonds
I have restored the following paragraph to the article, "After his term as governor, in 1987, Ariyoshi and his wife were stopped by U.S. Customs at the Honolulu International Airport because they failed to declare several thousand dollars worth of jewelry after returning from a trip to Japan. The Ariyoshis paid several thousand dollars in fines; almost five times as much as they would have paid if they had declared the items."

The information, which was originally incorporated into this article in August 2006 Revision as of 03:31, 11 August 2006 (edit) (undo)Kaneshirojj (Talk | contribs) was then edited more than once to improve its accuracy. The incident at the airport was documented in both Honolulu newspapers.

The information was deleted from this article by Revision as of 01:33, 24 May 2007 (edit) (undo)Justmegaga (Talk | contribs) m (deleted insignificant information)

The information is obviously not "insignificant" as described by the person who deleted it. If the former governor of Texas, or Massachusetts, or Florida had been apprehended by U.S. Customs officials while transporting undocumented wealth from a foreign country, no one would try to claim that it was "insignificant". There is actually more to the story than is mentioned here, but this is an accurate summary of what has been published.

Please note that the person who deleted this information has made no other Wikipedia edits, before or since. Bagman808 22:39, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The newspaper article (Honolulu Advertiser) states that the value of the jewelry was greater than $30,000.00 and that the former governor was "visibly upset". It also says that the Ariyoshi's were "detained" by U.S. Customs officials and that there was a "dispute".  Quiet and Effective 01:02, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The initial newspaper report was the front page headline "Ariyoshi, Wife Detained in Dispute with Customs" (Honolulu Advertiser 05-28-87). This Wikipedia article currently states "Ariyoshi has also served as president of the Hawaii Bar Association and served on the board of directors for First Hawaiian Bank..."  However, this Wikipedia article does not document that after being stopped by U.S. Customs officials at the airport when entering the country with the jewelry, former Gov. Ariyoshi resigned from FHB to spare them "any embarrassment"  (Honolulu Advertiser 06-19-87).  Another article (Honolulu Advertiser 11-28-87) reveals that former Gov. Ariyoshi paid a fine of $11,389.00.  (there are additional articles in the Honolulu Star Bulletin)  Quiet and Effective 23:29, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Here is a list of some newspaper articles on the Ariyoshi U.S. Customs case:

Myth Hawaii 00:25, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Ariyoshi, Wife Detained in Dispute with Customs, HA 05/28/87
 * Waihee to Stay Out of Ariyoshi Customs Case, SB 05/29/87
 * Honest Mistake, Ariyoshi Says of Undeclared Gifts and Purchases, HA 06/30/87
 * Editorial, Former Govs Run-In with Customs Service Should Serve as Warning to Others, SB 06/02/87
 * G. Ariyoshi Resigns From First Hawaiian Board to Spare It Any "Embarrassment", HA 06/19/87
 * George Ariyoshi's Customs Case Still Being Investigated By Customs Agents, SB 08/14/87
 * Ariyoshi Pays $11,389 Fine For Failing to Declare Presents, HA 11/28/87

Relationship with Ralph Kiyosaki, Robert Kiyosaki's father
Robert Kiyosaki has consistently in his "Rich Dad, Poor Dad" talked about running against a Democrat candidate as a Republican, and this Democrat candidate is George Ariyoshi. They are both Japanese. Robert Kiyosaki has made it very public that George advised him that as a result of running against him, he would "never be able to find a job in Government in Hawaii". This is incredibly scandalous and places a question mark over George Ariyoshi's integrity, to which Kiyosaki has done in a very public forum. George Ariyoshi's son-in-law (Hoyt Zia) has also wrote about it here: http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/core/pagetools.php?pageid=6464&url=%2FHawaii-Business%2FApril-2006%2FRich-Son-Poor-Son%2F&mode=print 129.180.157.162 (talk) 03:27, 5 July 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:George Ariyoshi


text:
Second Melbourne ministry

The second Lord Melbourne ministry was formed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by the Viscount Melbourne in 1835.

History
Lord Melbourne's second government came to power after Sir Robert Peel's minority government resigned in 1835. Lord Palmerston returned as Foreign Secretary while Lord John Russell held his first major office as Home Secretary.

In 1837 Queen Victoria succeeded to the throne, and as was usual for a queen regnant, the Royal Household was appointed by the Prime Minister. The young Queen was so attached to her Whig ladies of the bedchamber that after Melbourne's resignation in 1839, she refused to let Sir Robert Peel replace them with Conservative ladies. This was known as the Bedchamber Crisis, and led to Peel's refusal to form a government. Melbourne therefore resumed, and continued in office until the Conservatives finally won a House of Commons majority in the General Election of 1841. He was succeeded by Sir Robert Peel's second government.

1841 votes of no confidence
The 1841 votes of no confidence against the government of Viscount Melbourne were votes of no confidence in the government of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne which occurred on 7 June 1841. Melbourne lost the vote by only one vote and dissolved Parliament leading to an election in July 1841. Melbourne lost a second vote of confidence shortly after the election in August, leading to his resignation.

List of ministers
Members of the Cabinet are indicated by bold face.

 * Notes

title: Second Melbourne ministry


text:
Talk:Ally McCoist

Golden Boot
The reference to European Golden boot does not agree with the wikipedia page of golden boot winners. Should this be removed. 89.240.69.42 (talk) 13:44, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Done, though some follow-up is needed to confirm the actual winners. - Dudesleeper   Talk  19:14, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

2008 Scottish Cup Final
Should we list the cup in McCoist's honours section (after it's created, that is), since he was in charge of the team during its successful run in the competition? - Dudesleeper / Talk  00:28, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I dont think it should be included regardless of who was said to be in charge of the team. Walter Smith will be thought of as having won Rangers the trophy and after all it was under his mangerial reign --Johnelwaq (talk) 04:21, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Needs expansion
I have edited the page so it looks like the bare bones of a good article on McCoist, however input is needed in all areas, mainly on his club career and also his SCotland career. Johnelwaq (talk) 04:21, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Statistics
After some helpful IP input, the infobox stats were incorrect. I thought I'd corrected them, but now, compared with the career statistics section, the league appearances are off by six and the goals by three. Assistance would be appreciated. -  Dudesleeper  talk  13:27, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Fixed, I believe, after copying and pasting the date from an old version. -  Dudesleeper  talk  13:31, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Assault Conviction
Please can editors stop censoring out this assault conviction? Given the sources there is absolutely no justification for doing so. His drink-driving conviction in August 1996 (15 month ban, £2500 fine) and speeding conviction in October 1996  (five month ban, £360 fine), when added to the article, should not be 'whitewashed' in this manner either. 90.200.240.178 (talk) 19:13, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * am i surprised more negative material. Monkeymanman (talk) 19:16, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ally McCoist


text: User talk:203.126.136.220

title: User talk:203.126.136.220


text:
User:GK/Contributions

<User:GK/Other subpages

title: User:GK/Contributions


text:
User:Theokratie

Hiya. I am theokratie alias Juha.

Studying comparative religion and cultural anthropology in Helsinki. Wiki-wandering since autumn 2004. Feel free to love me.

I am a bit substubbish. But momma told me I'll grow if I eat all my porridge.

title: User:Theokratie


text:
User:Lectrice007

I live in Oslo, Norway.

title: User:Lectrice007


text: User talk:203.193.134.194

title: User talk:203.193.134.194


text:
Talk:Burning glass

Untitled
Is there any written sources or archelogogy excavations showing vikings had anything with this place to do, and that there was a viking harbor town? Is the word viking mentioned, or is this just a free speculation? Dan Koehl 11:50, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

science experiment
I really need help. At school were doing experments on myths we could try out. my group are doing an experiment to see if a magnifying glass can actually burn stuff. we tried four materials: wood bark, paper, plastic wrapper anf leaves. they work but i don't know why that happens, can somebody explain?

Pece Kocovski 02:25, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

I've tried this experiment before and it works you just need to get the right angle of the sun!!

Contradiction
This page appears to contradict itself, however I do not know the subject well enough to edit it properly.

Are you talking about the bit about archimedes? i've cleared that up. 121.6.110.166 04:26, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Footage and Greek Navy
Actually there exists video footage from the greek navy + Ioannis Saka experiments about it, maybe someone can dig it up and ask for links to it?

Telescopes
If a person had access to one large parabolic mirror, I bet they had at least one smaller mirror. The geometry of a telescope allows to create a pencil of concentrated light that astronomers have used to light fires and break their equipment unintentionally. Ever been told that you need special filters to look at the sun? The density of the output power is related to the ratio of the larger to smaller focal lengths and the larger both mirrors are, the more light will be collected and transfered. It would be quite easy to design a method to allow safe and accurate targeting. Even better, since the light is concentrated into a beam, the energy drops off more linearly as the light passes through the air as opposed to the inverse square drop with the radial pattern from a single mirror system (even in a vacuum!). 129.107.28.119 (talk) 19:20, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

I suggest that a (link to) a scientific explanation of the burning glass is needed, for instance, is the burning achieved through concentrating UV light etc.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.89.165.44 (talk) 19:09, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Olympic torch and Vestal temple.
I remember that the flame of the temple of the Vestal virgins, as the Olympics torch, had to be lit only by the pure light of the sun. Because the fire had to be pure, not contaminated by a trigger. They used parabolic mirrors. This pure or "sacred" fire was used also to cauterize precisely the wounds in the hospital near the temple of the Vestal virgins. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.223.58.221 (talk) 18:08, 19 June 2011 (UTC) Sorry I see that it is into the article, so I only specified the religious motivation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.223.58.221 (talk) 18:38, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

Strange addition is vandalism?
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_glass&diff=prev&oldid=698560093 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_glass&diff=698560374&oldid=698560093

These edits seem totally made up... Can I just remove/revert them? — Preceding unsigned comment added by ZeniffMartineau (talk • contribs) 08:20, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Burning glass


text:
Les Patineurs (waltz)

Les Patineurs ("The Ice Skaters", in German "Der Schlittschuhläufer-Walzer"), Op. 183, is a waltz by Émile Waldteufel.

It was composed in 1882, inspired by the cercle des patineurs (rink of skaters) at the Bois de Boulogne in Paris. The introduction to the waltz can be likened to the poise of a skater, and the rapid runs invoke scenes of a wintry atmosphere. Bells were added for good measure to complete the winter scenery.

It was published by Hopwood & Crew and was dedicated to Ernest Coquelin, the younger brother of two celebrated actor brothers of the Comédie-Française.

Structure

 * Introduction

 * Waltz 1

 * Waltz 2

 * Waltz 3

 * Waltz 4

 * Coda

Use in other media
"Les Patineurs" has featured in dozens of films, from the earliest talkies to the present, including The Hollywood Revue of 1929, My Favorite Wife, Chariots of Fire, A Simple Wish, My Beautiful Laundrette, and Wife vs. Secretary. It was also played at Rose's "coming-out" ball in London in the last episode of season 4 of the TV show Downton Abbey, as well as in the episode "Secret Shopper" of the kids' TV show Fanboy & Chum Chum. It was used in the original version of the children's television series Pingu in the third episode, "The New Arrival". It is also on the compilation Andy Williams Christmas Show DVD in a scene from his 1967 Christmas show on television. A music-box version is used in the Japanese film Himizu, the piece is hummed by Rabbit (voiced by Junius Matthews) while he is skating in Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too. In the 2019 Elton John biopic Rocketman, a young Reggie plays along on the piano as the waltz plays on the wireless, sparking the recognition of his musical talent.

The music is played in every level of the NES game Antarctic Adventure.

A small part of it is played in the TV series Daredevil and its spin-off The Punisher.

"The Skaters' Waltz" is also a music record in Nintendogs + Cats.

This piece was remixed in Nintendo's 2005 video game Dance Dance Revolution Mario Mix, as a song called "Rendezvous on Ice" that plays when Mario is skating away from an avalanche down a mountain.

This piece was shortened in Sega's 2009 Wii video game Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games.

"The Skaters' Waltz" is used in the 1985 BBC children's television show Galloping Galaxies!.

"The Skaters' Waltz" is used, briefly, towards the end of Paul Hindemith's 1925 parody Ouvertüre zum "Fliegenden Holländer", wie sie eine schlechte Kurkapelle morgens um 7 am Brunnen vom Blatt spielt, a very dissonant spoof of Wagner's overture to Der fliegende Holländer. Waldteufel's music suddenly appears, perfectly consonant, as the players "forget" what they were playing and then they "remember" what they were supposed to be playing and return to the dissonant spoof on Wagner.

title: Les Patineurs (waltz)


text:
Talk:Kim Hyo-jin

Untitled
Chan Han Xiang, '''naming conventions (Korean) specifies the template so there's no reason to remove it. I repeat again - "born" should not be capitalized. It's not at the beginning of a sentence and nor is it a proper noun.''' Please leave something in the edit summary or discuss here before reverting. --Jiang 12:09, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Where is the Born? I do not understand what you say. I'm going for dinner now, and you better reconsider what you say. Chan Han Xiang.

The first line: "Kim Hyo-Jin (Born February 10, 1984) is a Korean actress" Do NOT capitalize and do not revert. Do not revert without discussing. --Jiang 12:21, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've bolded my points above because you keep reverting. Add to the above that "links" should not be capitalized. If you disagree, please explain why here. Don't just revert.--Jiang 06:54, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Jiang, I wrote on your talk page. I used this format, as all people from the List of Koreans do not use your template style, not even one, thus no one agree to your idea. I used this format which originated from here:

Example:

or

Also, I do not want you to revert anymore. Stick to the style above. All Koreans used this stytle instead. I demand your reply as soon as possible. I have discussed your reasons, I will revert to its common style. Whether you care to know it or not, I don't care. Thanks. User:Chan Han Xiang

 * I posted on your talk page this following twice and you still dont get it: the reason almost every article is using the pink template is because the gray template is a newer proposal and no one has bothered to go and implement it yet. However, it has been implemented as policy and cannot simply ignored and reverted unless there is consensus to de-implement it. You make some interesting points and I hope you would bring them up at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (Korean) so we can act on them. That is how we change policy--through discussion and consensus. --Jiang 17:54, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)  I'm changing them one by one because that's the new style. If you don't like, then go to the relevant page to explain why. And note again that "links" of "External links" should not be capitalized. --Jiang 07:40, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

--82.41.128.167 22:19, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:193.171.155.10


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User talk:SomBhat

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
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 * How to write a great article
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If you're wondering who removed the links from the Tintin characters page, it was me. I'm sure that enough is known about some of these characters to write a significant article, but there isn't much point in creating an article if you cannot say more than a sentence about that character. Please see Wikipedia's fiction policy for additional help.

Also, if you have a comment about an article, (as you did on ZEPO), please post it on the article's discussion page, instead of creating a page for your comment. Thanks. Gazpacho 12:11, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Please take a look at Minor characters in Tintin I think you should stop creating a page for every character. Instead add your information on the page I mentioned. Glaurung 13:38, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: User talk:SomBhat


text:
Polarizability

Polarizability usually refers to the tendency of matter, when subjected to an electric field, to acquire an electric dipole moment in proportion to that applied field. It is a property of particles with an electric charge. When subject to an electric field, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged atomic nuclei are subject to opposite forces and undergo charge separation. Polarizability is responsible for a material's dielectric constant and, at high (optical) frequencies, its refractive index.

The polarizability of an atom or molecule is defined as the ratio of its induced dipole moment to the local electric field; in a crystalline solid, one considers the dipole moment per unit cell. Note that the local electric field seen by a molecule is generally different from the macroscopic electric field that would be measured externally. This discrepancy is taken into account by the Clausius–Mossotti relation (below) which connects the bulk behaviour (polarization density due to an external electric field according to the electric susceptibility $$\chi = \varepsilon_{\mathrm r}-1$$) with the molecular polarizability $$\alpha$$ due to the local field.

Magnetic polarizability likewise refers to the tendency for a magnetic dipole moment to appear in proportion to an external magnetic field. Electric and magnetic polarizabilities determine the dynamical response of a bound system (such as a molecule or crystal) to external fields, and provide insight into a molecule's internal structure. "Polarizability" should not be confused with the intrinsic magnetic or electric dipole moment of an atom, molecule, or bulk substance; these do not depend on the presence of an external field.

Definition
Electric polarizability is the relative tendency of a charge distribution, like the electron cloud of an atom or molecule, to be distorted from its normal shape by an external electric field.

The polarizability $$\alpha$$ in isotropic media is defined as the ratio of the induced dipole moment $$\mathbf{p}$$ of an atom to the electric field $$\mathbf{E}$$ that produces this dipole moment.

 * $$\alpha = \frac{|\mathbf{p}|}{|\mathbf{E}|}$$

Polarizability has the SI units of C·m2·V−1 = A2·s4·kg−1 while its cgs unit is cm3. Usually it is expressed in cgs units as a so-called polarizability volume, sometimes expressed in Å3 = 10−24 cm3. One can convert from SI units ($$\alpha$$) to cgs units ($$\alpha'$$) as follows:

 * $$\alpha' (\mathrm{cm}^3) = \frac{10^{6}}{ 4 \pi \varepsilon_0 }\alpha (\mathrm{C{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}V^{-1}}) = \frac{10^{6}}{ 4 \pi \varepsilon_0 }\alpha (\mathrm{F{\cdot}m^2}) $$ ≃ 8.988×1015 × $$\alpha  (\mathrm{F{\cdot}m^2}) $$

where $$\varepsilon_0 $$, the vacuum permittivity, is ~8.854 × 10−12 (F/m). If the polarizability volume in cgs units is denoted $$\alpha'$$ the relation can be expressed generally (in SI) as $$\alpha = 4\pi\varepsilon_0 \alpha' $$.

The polarizability of individual particles is related to the average electric susceptibility of the medium by the Clausius–Mossotti relation:
 * $$R={\displaystyle \left({\frac {4\pi}{3}}\right)N_\text{A}\alpha_{c}=\left({\frac {M}{p}}\right)\left({\frac {\varepsilon_\mathrm{r}-1}{\varepsilon_\mathrm{r}+2}}\right)}$$

where R is the molar refractivity, $$N_\text{A}$$is the Avogadro constant, $$\alpha_c$$ is the electronic polarizability, p is the density of molecules, M  is the molar mass, and $$\varepsilon_{\mathrm r} = \epsilon/\epsilon_0$$ is the material's relative permittivity or dielectric constant (or in optics, the square of the refractive index).

Polarizability for anisotropic or non-spherical media cannot in general be represented as a scalar quantity. Defining $$\alpha$$ as a scalar implies both that applied electric fields can only induce polarization components parallel to the field and that the $$x, y$$ and $$z$$ directions respond in the same way to the applied electric field. For example, an electric field in the $$x$$-direction can only produce an $$x$$ component in $$\mathbf{p}$$ and if that same electric field were applied in the $$y$$-direction the induced polarization would be the same in magnitude but appear in the $$y$$ component of $$\mathbf{p}$$. Many crystalline materials have directions that are easier to polarize than others and some even become polarized in directions perpendicular to the applied electric field, and the same thing happens with non-spherical bodies. Some molecules and materials with this sort of anisotropy are optically active, or exhibit linear birefringence of light.

Tensor
To describe anisotropic media a polarizability rank two tensor or $$3 \times 3$$ matrix $$\alpha$$ is defined,

 * $$ \mathbb{\alpha} =

\begin{bmatrix} \alpha_{xx} & \alpha_{xy} & \alpha_{xz} \\ \alpha_{yx} & \alpha_{yy} & \alpha_{yz} \\ \alpha_{zx} & \alpha_{zy} & \alpha_{zz} \\ \end{bmatrix} $$

so that:

\mathbf{p} = \mathbb{\alpha} \mathbf{E} $$

The elements describing the response parallel to the applied electric field are those along the diagonal. A large value of $$\alpha_{yx}$$ here means that an electric-field applied in the $$x$$-direction would strongly polarize the material in the $$y$$-direction. Explicit expressions for $$\alpha$$ have been given for homogeneous anisotropic ellipsoidal bodies.

Application in crystallography
The matrix above can be used with the molar refractivity equation and other data to produce density data for crystallography. Each polarizability measurement along with the refractive index associated with its direction will yield a direction specific density that can be used to develop an accurate three dimensional assessment of molecular stacking in the crystal. This relationship was first observed by Linus Pauling.

Polarizability and molecular property are related to refractive index and bulk property. In crystalline structures, the interactions between molecules are considered by comparing a local field to the macroscopic field. Analyzing a cubic crystal lattice, we can imagine an isotropic spherical region to represent the entire sample. Giving the region the radius $$a$$, the field would be given by the volume of the sphere times the dipole moment per unit volume $$\mathbf{P}.$$

 * $$\mathbf{p}$$ = $$\frac{4 \pi a^3}{3} $$ $$\mathbf{P}.$$

We can call our local field $$\mathbf{F}$$, our macroscopic field $$\mathbf{E}$$, and the field due to matter within the sphere, $$\mathbf E_{\mathrm{in}} = \tfrac{-\mathbf{P}}{3 \varepsilon_0}$$ We can then define the local field as the macroscopic field without the contribution of the internal field:

 * $$\mathbf{F}=\mathbf{E}-\mathbf{E}_{\mathrm{in}}=\mathbf{E}+\frac{\mathbf{P}}{3 \varepsilon_0}$$

The polarization is proportional to the macroscopic field by $$\mathbf{P}=\varepsilon_0(\varepsilon_r-1)\mathbf{E}=\chi_{\text{e}}\varepsilon_0\mathbf{E}$$ where $$\varepsilon_0$$ is the electric permittivity constant and $$\chi_{\text{e}}$$ is the electric susceptibility. Using this proportionality, we find the local field as $$\mathbf{F}=\tfrac{1}{3}(\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}+2)\mathbf{E}$$ which can be used in the definition of polarization

 * $$\mathbf{P}=\frac{N\alpha}{V}\mathbf{F}=\frac{N\alpha}{3V}(\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}+2)\mathbf{E}$$

and simplified with $$\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}=1+\tfrac{N\alpha}{\varepsilon_0V}$$ to get $$\mathbf{P}=\varepsilon_0(\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}-1)\mathbf{E}$$. These two terms can both be set equal to the other, eliminating the $$\mathbf{E}$$ term giving us
 * $$\frac{\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}-1}{\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}+2}=\frac{N\alpha}{3\varepsilon_0V}$$.

We can replace the relative permittivity $$\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}$$ with refractive index $$n$$, since $$\varepsilon_{\mathrm r}=n^2$$ for a low-pressure gas. The number density can be related to the molecular weight $$M$$ and mass density $$\rho$$ through $$\tfrac{N}{V}=\tfrac{N_{\mathrm A}\rho}{M}$$, adjusting the final form of our equation to include molar refractivity:

 * $$R_{\mathrm M} = \frac{N_{\mathrm A}\alpha}{3\varepsilon_0} = \left(\frac{M}{\rho}\right) \frac{n^2-1}{n^2+2}$$

This equation allows us to relate bulk property (refractive index) to the molecular property (polarizability) as a function of frequency.

Tendencies
Generally, polarizability increases as the volume occupied by electrons increases. In atoms, this occurs because larger atoms have more loosely held electrons in contrast to smaller atoms with tightly bound electrons. On rows of the periodic table, polarizability therefore decreases from left to right. Polarizability increases down on columns of the periodic table. Likewise, larger molecules are generally more polarizable than smaller ones.

Water is a very polar molecule, but alkanes and other hydrophobic molecules are more polarizable. Water with its permanent dipole is less likely to change shape due to an external electric field. Alkanes are the most polarizable molecules. Although alkenes and arenes are expected to have larger polarizability than alkanes because of their higher reactivity compared to alkanes, alkanes are in fact more polarizable. This results because of alkene's and arene's more electronegative sp2 carbons to the alkane's less electronegative sp3 carbons.

Ground state electron configuration models are often inadequate in studying the polarizability of bonds because dramatic changes in molecular structure occur in a reaction.

Magnetic polarizability
Magnetic polarizability defined by spin interactions of nucleons is an important parameter of deuterons and hadrons. In particular, measurement of tensor polarizabilities of nucleons yields important information about spin-dependent nuclear forces.

The method of spin amplitudes uses quantum mechanics formalism to more easily describe spin dynamics. Vector and tensor polarization of particle/nuclei with spin $S ≥ 1$ are specified by the unit polarization vector $$\mathbf{p}$$ and the polarization tensor P`. Additional tensors composed of products of three or more spin matrices are needed only for the exhaustive description of polarization of particles/nuclei with spin $S ≥ 3/2$.

title: Polarizability


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Talk:HMS Intrepid (L11)

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BAP

BAP or bap may refer to:

Food

 * Bap (bread), a bread roll
 * Bap (rice dish), of Korea

People

 * Bap Kennedy (1962–2016), Northern Irish singer-songwriter
 * Bronze Age Pervert, Romanian-American far-right writer

Music

 * BAP (German band), a Colognian rock group (formed 1976)
 * BAP (Basque band), a hardcore punk group (1984–1996)
 * B.A.P (South Korean band) (2012–2019)
 * Build a Problem, 2021 indie album by Dodie

Political parties

 * Balochistan Awami Party, Pakistan
 * Bharat Adivasi Party, India
 * Bright Armenia, Armenia

Rail companies

 * Buenos Aires al Pacífico S.A., Argentina (1993–2000)
 * Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway (BA&P), Argentina (1886–1948)
 * Butte, Anaconda and Pacific Railway, Montana, US (founded 1891)

Other organizations

 * Basketball Association of the Philippines, defunct sports body (1938–2007)
 * Beta Alpha Psi, an international honor society
 * Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, form of American judicial body

Places

 * Bap, Rajasthan, a panchayat village in Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, India
 * Bap tehsil, its enclosing township

Science and technology

 * 6-Benzylaminopurine, a plant hormone
 * Backhaul Adaptation Protocol, a network protocol used in 5G
 * Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)
 * Biodiversity action plan
 * Blood agar plate
 * Broader autism phenotype

Other uses

 * BAP System, a point system for chess
 * Bali Action Plan
 * Black American princess
 * Browning Automatic Pistol, an alternative name for the Browning Hi-Power
 * BAP (Buque Armada Peruana), the prefix for ships of the Peruvian Navy

title: BAP


text:
Rote Flora

The Rote Flora is a former theatre in the Sternschanze district of Hamburg, Germany. It has been squatted since November 1989 as a self-managed social centre. The collective said in 2001 "We are the 'UFO in the neighbourhood.' The black hole in public space. The City won't get rid of us because we are a part of what life is."

History of the building
The Flora theatre was constructed on Schulterblatt in 1835. It was used for concerts, operettas, revues, and boxing matches. It became a variety theatre until it shut down after World War II. It was used as a cinema and then became a bargain store called 1000 Töpfe.

In the late 1980s, local people were alarmed by the plans of Friedrich Kurz to gentrify the theatre by making it a venue for performances of The Phantom of the Opera, fearing it would attract tourists and change the area; they proposed to turn it into a community centre instead. The alternative plans were ignored by the city and the rear of the building was demolished in April 1988. Sabotage attacks began on the construction site and bowing to the local pressure, the community was given a temporary lease to use the building. When the lease expired on 1 November 1989, the occupiers stayed and the building was squatted. It was a week before the fall of the Berlin Wall and the new inhabitants said it was a "free space for realizing an autonomous life." It has remained squatted ever since.

Social centre
At the beginning the occupiers were very much focused on local struggles and as time went by, the Rote Flora has developed into a self-managed social centre connected to left-wing, anarchist activism, with links to similar projects in Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen. Its structures of internal organisation and self-governance can be compared to a form of radical sovereign self-rule. The building provides a music venue, an infoshop, a social movement archive, a bar, a cafe, rehearsal rooms and a bicycle repair workshop. The Government of Hamburg offered to give the project a contract in the early 1990s but the offer was refused. Later, it decided to sell the building to a developer called Klausmartin Kretschmer for 370,000 DM, with the proviso that it would remain a social centre. When a well-known neo-Nazi was given a social housing apartment in a block behind the project in the 1990s, Rote Flora organised demonstrations against his tenancy.

The collective said in 2001 "We are the 'UFO in the neighbourhood.' The black hole in public space. The City won't get rid of us because we are a part of what life is." Regarding the new owner, it said "We neither asked Kretschmer to buy the Flora almost nine years ago, nor are we in the slightest interested in his opinions about the political ideologies and the work of the Rote Flora". The contract Kretschmer had signed with the city expired in 2011, the Rote Flora started a campaign of resistance called "Flora remains incompatible" (German: 'Flora bleibt unverträglich') to campaign against possible eviction. The city offered him 1.1 million euros to buy back the building, but he requested 5 million euros. In December 2013, the city's decision to redevelop the Rote Flora site became the focus of large and sometimes violent demonstrations. Ultimately, in mid-January 2014, the borough of Altona announced a change in plans for the site that would ensure the building would not be demolished and could remain a cultural centre. Mayor Olaf Scholz agreed to pay Kretschmer 820,000 euros, whilst two security guards swore under oath that Kretschmer had wanted to pay them to burn the building down to get rid of it. Later in 2014, the Rota Flora celebrated 25 years of existence.

During the 2017 G20 Hamburg summit, the Rote Flora was a major hotspot and following riots in the Schanzeviertel rightwing commentators demanded that the Rote Flora be closed down. The Rote Flora distanced itself from the rioters, with a spokesperson saying that "that a form of militancy was brought onto the streets which was intoxicated with itself, and we find that both politically and in terms of content wrong" ("dass hier eine Form von Militanz auf die Straße getragen wurde, die sich selbst berauscht hat und das finden wir politisch und inhaltlich falsch"). A former police officer who studies left-wing politics wrote that activists spend a lot of time maintaining and organising the Rote Flora, time which then takes them away from other political projects.

As well as being a centre of left-wing activism, the Rote Flora has become a destination for alternative tourism, since the Schanzeviertel is gentrifying. Rules posted at the door of the centre in 2018 state: "We will not tolerate any kind of sexism, racism, anti-Semitism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, lookism or any kind of boundary-crossing behaviour here." The Rote Flora collective gave the building the address of Achidi-John Platz 1 to commemorate a man, Achidi John, who died in 2001 after being forced by police officers to swallow an emetic.

title: Rote Flora