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The Clutha

The Clutha were a traditional Scottish band hailing from Glasgow, that released a small number of albums in the 1970s. The line-up on the Clutha's first album, Scotia (1971), was John Eaglesham (vocal, concertina), Erlend Voy (fiddle, concertina, vocals), Calum Allan (fiddle), Ronnie Alexander (vocals, guitar) and Gordeanna McCulloch (vocals). The same band members are credited on their 1974 album, Scots Ballads Songs & Dance Tunes. By the time of their 1977 release, The Bonnie Mill Dams, Jimmy Anderson had joined the group on chamber pipes and bagpipes, and Eaglesham had left the group.

History
In 1957, Norman Buchan was a teacher at Rutherglen Academy. He formed a Ballads Club. Among the pupils who joined up were Gordeanna McCulloch. She fell in love with singing, and travelled to London to attend one of Ewan MacColl's weekend seminars at his home in Beckenham, Kent. She sang briefly with the Clydesiders a group formed at school, and in 1964 joined The Clutha. The name is the Latin word for the Clyde. The band played traditional Scottish tunes and sang songs in Scots.

The Small Pipes
When The Clutha added Jimmy Anderson on the lowland pipes on "Bonnie Mill Dams" (1977) they were pioneers, in that the instrument had rarely been heard for 100 years, and not previously recorded. They won the Peter Cooke Cup for Scots ceilidh bands in 1971, 1972 and 1973. Although they did not record again until 2001, they have continued to host ceilidh dances. In 2001, The Clutha released an album entitled On the Braes, with Ronnie Alexander (vocals, guitar), Erlend Voy (fiddle, concertina, vocals), Callum Allan (fiddle), Gordeanna McCulloch (vocals) and Tom Johnstone (pipes).

McCulloch solo
In 1965, McCulloch appeared on a compilation album on Topic Records. In 1978 she released her own solo album, Sheath and Knife, on which she unearthed obscure Scottish songs. Since then she has appeared on six compilation albums and recorded another solo album. To cover McCulloch's absence during a Brittany tour by the band, they temporarily recruited Heather Heywood to stand in as a vocals singer.

McCulloch died in 2019.

Norman Buchan MP
Buchan became a Labour Member of Parliament and was the organiser of the Edinburgh Folk Festival for several years.

Discography
The Clutha
 * Scotia! (1971, Argo ZFB18 stereo)
 * The Streets of Glasgow (1973, Topic 12TS226 stereo compilation album with other Glaswegian traditional musicians)
 * Scots Ballads Songs & Dance Tunes (1974, Topic 12TS242 stereo)
 * The Bonnie Mill Dams (1977, 12TS330 stereo)
 * On The Braes (2001)
 * Live from Harvard (2019 release of a 2018 performance)

Gordeanna McCulloch
 * New Voices From Scotland (1965, 12T133)
 * Sheath and Knife (1978, Topic 12TS370, accompanied by the Clutha)
 * In Freenship's Name (1999)

For more on the discography, see.

title: The Clutha


text:
Mart Poom

Mart Poom (born 3 February 1972) is an Estonian football coach and former professional player regarded as one of the greatest Estonian footballers of all time. He is currently the goalkeeping coach of the Estonia national team.

Poom played as a goalkeeper for Lõvid, Sport Tallinn, KuPS, Flora, Wil, Portsmouth, Derby County, Sunderland, Arsenal, and Watford. Poom made his international debut on 3 June 1992 in the Estonia national team's first official match since restoration of independence, a 1–1 draw against Slovenia in a friendly. He made a total of 120 appearances for Estonia and was the team's captain. Poom won the Estonian Footballer of the Year award six times, in 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000 and 2003, the second highest number of times won, behind only Ragnar Klavan. In November 2003, Poom was named Estonia's Golden Player. He ended his career on 10 June 2009, after a 0–0 draw against Portugal.

Early life
Poom was born in Tallinn and grew up in Mustamäe. He graduated from the Tallinn Secondary School No. 49 with a gold medal and enrolled at the Tallinn University of Technology, but didn't finish his studies, focusing on football.

Early career
Poom started playing football with Tallinna Lõvid (Lions of Tallinn), before moving to Soviet Second League club Sport Tallinn in 1989.

KuPS
In 1992, Poom joined Finnish Veikkausliiga club KuPS. He played only 9 games in Finland, before returning to Estonia.

Flora
Back in Estonia, Poom and signed for Meistriliiga club Flora, the successor of the Lõvid team.

Wil
On 1 August 1993, Poom left Flora and joined Nationalliga B side Wil for a reported transfer fee of £128,000.

Portsmouth
On 4 August 1994, Poom moved to England and signed for First Division side Portsmouth for a reported transfer fee of £170,000. He made four league appearances for Portsmouth.

Flora (loan)
In 1995, Poom joined his former club Flora on loan, where he broke the club record by keeping a clean sheet for 756 minutes.

Derby County
On 26 March 1997, Poom joined Derby County for a reported transfer fee of £595,000, following a strong performance for Estonia (a 0–0 draw against Scotland, in a rearranged match played in Monaco). He made his Premier League debut on 5 April 1997, against Manchester United in Derby's 3–2 away win at Old Trafford, becoming the first player from Estonia to play in the PL. Poom soon became a fan favourite, with supporters often confusing unfamiliar commentators with a low chant of 'Pooooom' before games, which sounded like booing. Poom was named Derby County's Player of the Year in the 1999–2000 season and in 2022, the best footballer of the 2000s decade by Derby County

Sunderland
On 18 November 2002, following Derby County's relegation to the First Division in the 2001–02 season, Poom joined Sunderland on loan. The move was made permanent on 10 January 2003, for a fee of £3.19 million. On 20 September 2003, he headed a 90th-minute equaliser for Sunderland against Derby County at Pride Park. This was described as "the best goal ever scored by a goalkeeper in the 90th minute on his first match against his former club" by the commentator. The goal was cheered by both sets of fans. Poom's career in Sunderland was beset by several injuries, and he was forced to spend much of the 2004–05 season on the sidelines, making 11 league appearances as Sunderland won the 2004–05 Football League Championship.

Arsenal
On 31 August 2005, Poom was signed by Arsenal on loan as temporary cover for Jens Lehmann and Manuel Almunia. The move was made permanent on 23 January 2006. He was Arsenal's third-choice keeper, and did not play a single match in the 2005–06 season. However, he became the first Estonian to receive a Champions League runners-up medal after Arsenal lost to Barcelona in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. Poom did not play nor did he make the substitutes' bench for the final, but was in Arsenal's 25-man European squad, each of whom won a silver medal.

He made his debut for Arsenal on 8 November 2006 in a League Cup match against Everton, replacing the injured Manuel Almunia at half-time. Arsenal won the match 1–0 from an Emmanuel Adebayor goal. His first and only appearance for Arsenal in the Premier League, came on the last day of the 2006–07 season, against his former club, Portsmouth, in a 0–0 draw.

Watford
On 26 May 2007, Poom signed for Watford, who had recently been relegated from the Premier League, for an undisclosed fee. He started the new season as Watford's first choice, but went on to lose his place to Richard Lee.

Poom returned to the side for the start of the 2008–09 season, but sustained a dislocated shoulder in a game against Reading on 20 September 2008 that ruled him out for the majority of the season. Although he returned to training before the end of the season, he was not considered for the first-team squad and he was released from his contract, which was due to end in June, on 30 April 2009.

International career
Poom made his international debut for the Estonia national team on 3 June 1992, in a historic 1–1 friendly draw against Slovenia. The match was Estonia's first official match since restoration of independence and Slovenia's first match ever. In November 2003, the Estonian Football Association named Poom Estonia's greatest player of the last 50 years. Poom ended his international career with a testimonial match on 10 June 2009, after a 0–0 friendly draw against Portugal in Tallinn. He made 120 appearances, keeping a clean sheet in 31 matches.

Personal life
Poom and his wife, Lissel, have three sons: Markus, Andreas and Patrick. Markus is also a footballer, while Andreas is a music artist.

Honours
Sunderland
 * Football League Championship: 2004–05

Arsenal
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 2006–07
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005–06

Individual
 * Estonian Footballer of the Year: 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003
 * Derby County F.C. Player of the Year: 1999–2000
 * UEFA Jubilee Awards – Greatest Estonian Footballer of the last 50 Years (Golden Player): 2003
 * EST Order of the White Star - 4th Class BAR.png Order of the White Star, 4th Class

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mart Poom


text:
Clutha (dance)

Clutha is a Scottish country dance, in which the eight dancers are arranged in a square set as for the Eightsome Reel. It is a 48 bar reel. An Clutha (more often spelt An Cluadha) is the Gaelic name for The Clyde. It is one of the modern Scottish country dances and was first published by the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society in 1983.

title: Clutha (dance)


text: Category:Archaeology stubs

title: Category:Archaeology stubs


text:
Joseph S. Fowler

Joseph Smith Fowler (August 31, 1820 – April 1, 1902) was an American attorney and politician. As a resident of Tennessee, he was notable for his support of the Union during the American Civil War. Fowler served as state comptroller during the military governorship of Andrew Johnson. After the war, Fowler served as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1866 to 1871.

Early life
Fowler was born in Steubenville, Ohio on August 31, 1820, a son of James and Sarah (Atkinson) Fowler, natives of Maryland and Virginia respectively. He graduated from Steubenville's Grove Academy attended Franklin College in New Athens, Ohio, from which he graduated in 1843. He taught school in Shelby County, Kentucky in 1844 and was a professor of mathematics at Franklin College in Davidson County, Tennessee from 1845 to 1849. He studied law in Bowling Green, Kentucky, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Tennessee until 1861. From 1856 to 1861 he served as president of Howard Female College in Gallatin, Tennessee.

Civil War
Fowler was an ardent Unionist and at the start of the American Civil War he moved his family to Springfield, Illinois. He returned to Tennessee when a pro-Union government was established. From 1862 to 1865, Fowler served as Tennessee's state comptroller, holding office during the military governorship of Andrew Johnson.

United States Senator
In 1866, Tennessee became the first former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union; the Tennessee General Assembly elected Fowler to the Senate, where his service began on July 24, 1866. Fowler became a part of the majority Republican caucus. In the 40th Congress he served as chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills.

Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson
During President Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial, Fowler broke party ranks, along with nine other Republican senators, and voted for acquittal. Including Fowler, seven Republican senators were disturbed by how the proceedings had been manipulated in order to give a one-sided presentation of the evidence. The other Republican senators expressing these concerns were William Pitt Fessenden James W. Grimes, John B. Henderson, Lyman Trumbull, Peter G. Van Winkle, and Edmund G. Ross of Kansas, who provided the decisive vote. Together, with three other Republican Senators (James Dixon, James Rood Doolittle, Daniel Sheldon Norton) they all defied their party and public opinion and voted against convicting Johnson. After the trial, Congressman Benjamin Butler conducted hearings on the widespread reports that Republican senators had been bribed to vote for Johnson's acquittal. In Butler's hearings, and in subsequent inquiries, there was increasing evidence that some acquittal votes were acquired by promises of patronage jobs and cash.

Later life
Fowler was not a candidate for reelection, and left the Senate at the end of his term in 1871. He returned to Tennessee, and practiced law in Nashville. In 1872, he was active in the Liberal Republican Party, and was a delegate to its national convention. In 1875, Fowler was selected by the committee planning the public memorial in Nashville that commemorated Andrew Johnson's death to deliver the funeral oration. In 1878, Fowler moved to Washington, D.C., where he practiced law until shortly before his death. Fowler also authored articles for The Magazine of American History and other publications.

Death and burial
Fowler died in Washington on April 1, 1902. He was buried at Lexington Cemetery in Lexington, Kentucky.

Family
On November 12, 1846, Fowler married Maria Louisa Embry (1827-1866). They were the parents of two children, Louisa Fowler (1849-1889) and James Bowling Fowler (1859-1887).

Legacy
A collection of Fowler's papers is maintained by the Tennessee State Library and Archives.

title: Joseph S. Fowler


text:
User talk:FlarahSynn

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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title: User talk:FlarahSynn


text:
Charles Daubeny

Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny (11 February 1795 – 12 December 1867) was an English chemist, botanist and geologist.

Education
Daubeny was born at Stratton near Cirencester in Gloucestershire, the son of the Rev. James Daubeny. He went to Winchester College in 1808, and in 1810 was elected to a demyship at Magdalen College, Oxford, under Dr. John Kidd. From 1815 to 1818 he studied medicine in London and Edinburgh, in the latter also studying geology under Prof Robert Jameson. He took his M.D. degree at Oxford, and was a fellow of the College of Physicians.

Fieldwork
In 1819, in the course of a tour through France, he made the volcanic district of Auvergne a special study, and his Letters on the Volcanos of Auvergne were published in The Edinburgh Journal. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1822.

By subsequent journeys in Hungary, Transylvania, Italy, Sicily, France and Germany he extended his knowledge of volcanic phenomena; and in 1826 the results of his observations were given in a work entitled A Description of Active and Extinct Volcanos. In common with Gay-Lussac and Davy, he held subterraneous thermal disturbances to be probably due to the contact of water with metals of the alkalis and alkaline earths.

Oxford
In November 1822, Daubeny succeeded Kidd as professor of chemistry at Oxford, and retained this post until 1855. In 1834, he was appointed to the chair of botany to which was subsequently attached that of rural economy. At the Oxford botanical garden he conducted numerous experiments upon the effect of changes in soil, light and the composition of the atmosphere upon vegetation. In 1830 he published in the Philosophical Transactions a paper on the iodine and bromine of mineral waters. In 1831 Daubeny represented the universities of England at the first meeting of the British Association, which at his request held their next session at Oxford. In 1836 he communicated to the Association a report on the subject of mineral and thermal waters. The Reverend W. Tuckwell drew this pen portrait of Daubeny in 1900:

"He [Daubeny] was genial and chatty in society; in College Hall, or at evening parties, which he much frequented, we met the little, droll, spectacled, old-fashioned figure, in gilt-buttoned blue tail coat, velvet waistcoat, satin scarf, kid gloves too long in the fingers, a foot of bright bandanna handkerchief invariably hanging out behind. Or we encountered him on Sunday afternoons, in doctor’s hood and surplice, tripping up the steps which led to the street, shuffling into Chapel, always late, cross old Mundy, the College porter, dispossessing some unfortunate stranger to make way for him in the stalls."

Daubeny was a diligent yet not very successful lecturer. Between 1822 and 1854 a total of 618 people attended his chemistry lectures. A third of these were clergymen, while academics numbered 69 and members of the medical profession, 31. According to Tuckwell: ‘His chemistry lectures were a failure; he lacked physical force, sprightliness of manner, oral readiness …’  The students sat passively, writing down what Daubeny read out and only watching the experiments. Worse still, says Tuckwell, his scientific demonstrations ‘invariably went wrong’. Vernon Harcourt later recalled how, when one experiment failed to yield the result expected, he turned to his assistant, John Harris, and remarked: ‘John, when we tried this experiment before the lecture the results were so-and-so’. Harris assented, and Daubeny then turned to the audience: ‘You see, gentleman’. H.M. Vernon recounts another incident:

Another story is told of an occasion when the Professor, holding up a vessel, thrilled his hearers by asserting that it contained a liquefied gas, and that, if he were to drop it, the gas would vaporize, and they would all be immediately suffocated. The next instant the vessel slipped and crashed to the ground, but – nothing happened. ‘John, why aren’t we all suffocated?’ demanded Daubeny, and John had to confess that before the lecture he had substituted distilled water for the dangerous gas.

The numbers attending Daubeny’s lectures gradually declined. For the period 1822 to 1830 an average of 28 undergraduates were present for his chemistry lectures, with a peak of 44 in 1828. But thereafter a decline set it: for the years 1830 to 1838 the average was 14, and in 1838 fell to just 10, prompting him to cancel his lectures for the next year – understandably, as he personally paid the costs of the experiments.

In 1837 he visited the United States and acquired there the materials for papers on the thermal springs and the geology of North America, read in 1838 before the Ashmolean Society and the British Association (and published in 1839). In 1856 he became president of the latter body at its meeting at Cheltenham. The herbarium at Oxford is named after him, as is the plant genus Daubenya.

In 1860, Daubeny read a paper entitled Remarks on the Final Causes of the Sexuality of Plants at the Natural History Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Oxford. The paper references the work of Charles Darwin. Daubeny has been described as an earlier supporter of natural selection.

Works

 * A Description of active and extinct volcanos (1826)
 * Introduction to the Atomic Theory (1831); 2nd edition, 1850
 * On the Action of Light upon Plants, and of Plants upon the Atmosphere (1836)
 * Sketch of the Geology of North America (1839)
 * Lectures on Agriculture (1841)
 * Journal of a tour through the United States, and in Canada, made during the years 1837–38 (1843)
 * Lectures on Roman Husbandry (1857); in Climate: an inquiry into the causes of its differences and into its influence on Vegetable Life (1863)
 * Remarks on the Final Causes of the Sexuality of Plants: With Particular Reference to Mr. Darwin's Work on the Origin of Species (1860)
 * Essay on the Trees and Shrubs of the Ancients, and Catalogue of the Trees and Shrubs indigenous to Greece and Italy (1865)
 * Miscellanies: being a collection of memoirs and essays on scientific and literary subjects published at various times (1867)

title: Charles Daubeny


text: Category:Presidents of Romania

title: Category:Presidents of Romania


text:
Silly Wizard

Silly Wizard was a Scottish folk band that began forming in Edinburgh in 1970. The founder members were two like-minded university students—Gordon Jones (guitar, bodhran, vocals, bouzouki, mandola), and Bob Thomas (guitar, mandolin, mandola, banjo, concertina). In January 1972, Jones and Thomas formed a trio with their flatmate Bill Watkins (guitar, vocals, fiddle) and performed (occasionally unpaid) under various band names in Edinburgh folk clubs. In the spring of 1972, Watkins returned to Birmingham and, in June 1972, Chris Pritchard (vocals) came in as his replacement. In July 1972, this newly formed trio were offered their first paid booking at the Burns Monument Hotel, Brig O' Doon, Scotland, and needed a band name in a hurry. The name "Silly Wizard" was chosen and the continuing stream of bookings ensured that the name became permanent. In September 1972, the trio recruited Johnny Cunningham (1957–2003) (fiddle, viola, mandola, vocals) and Silly Wizard started to take off.

Formation
Thomas credited the name of the band to a flatmate who was writing a book of children's stories, and the group first performed as "Silly Wizard" in summer 1972. Chris Pritchard (vocals) replaced Bill Watkins (vocals, guitar) in 1972. From September 1972 until March 1974, the band organized the Saturday night bookings, and regularly performed at, the Triangle Folk Club in Edinburgh. In February 1973, vocalist Pritchard left the band and was replaced by Madelaine Taylor (guitar, bodhran, vocals). In October 1973, the band was signed to the Transatlantic Records XTRA label. An album was recorded but before it could be released, Madelaine Taylor left the band in December 1973. The master tapes were subsequently lost and the album has never been released.

Jones, Thomas, and Cunningham began touring as a trio in January 1974, and went on the first of many French tours in April 1974.

The band added Neil Adam (bass, harmonium) in September 1974 and Andy M. Stewart (vocals, tin whistle, tenor banjo) in December 1974. In March 1975, Silly Wizard began work on their next album. The band was then joined by Freeland Barbour (accordion, bouzouki) and Alastair "Ali" Donaldson (1955-2013) (bass, flute), who replaced Neil Adam in July 1975 when the latter decided to return to university. Their eponymous LP Silly Wizard was released on the XTRA label and the band began touring throughout the UK and Europe.

Departure of Barbour; addition of Phil Cunningham
In late 1976, Freeland Barbour left the band and was replaced by Johnny Cunningham's younger brother, Phil Cunningham (accordion, tin whistle, harmonium, synthesizer, octave mandolin, vocals), then sixteen years old. At the same time Alastair "Ali" Donaldson left and was replaced by Martin Hadden (bass, guitar, piano). This six-member lineup then recorded the band's second LP, Caledonia's Hardy Sons (Highway/Shanachie, 1978). Founding member Bob Thomas left just as the group began work on their third LP, So Many Partings (Highway/Shanachie, 1979).

Departure of Johnny Cunningham
Johnny Cunningham departed the band for the U.S. in 1980 and was replaced for six months by Dougie MacLean.

Dissolution and aftermath
They continued recording until the late 1980s, when the band decided to dissolve after performing for seventeen years and releasing nine albums. The band played its final performance in Voorheesville, New York in April 1988. Johnny Cunningham died on 15 December 2003 in New York.

Andy M. Stewart died in hospital in Melrose, Roxburghshire, Scotland on 27 December 2015 as a result of medical difficulties that arose after failed spinal surgery in 2012.

Musical style
Silly Wizard played a variety of Scottish folk music, both instrumental and vocal, from fast jigs and reels to slow airs. While the majority of the items they played were traditional songs or tunes, the band did write many compositions of their own. Phil Cunningham generally wrote instrumental music centered on the accordion, and Stewart wrote several songs in a style often distinctly traditional. Once Stewart's singing and the driving, impassioned instrumentals of the Cunningham brothers had established themselves at its centre, the group's overall sound changed little.

Honours

 * In Scots Trad Music Awards, 2003 Silly Wizard were nominated for the best folk band award.
 * Members of Silly Wizard played at Celtic Connections in February 2007.
 * In December 2012, Silly Wizard was inducted into the Scottish Traditional Music Hall of Fame.

Discography

 * 1976 Silly Wizard
 * 1978 Caledonia's Hardy Sons
 * 1979 So Many Partings
 * 1980 "Take the High Road" (single)
 * 1981 Wild and Beautiful
 * 1983 Kiss the Tears Away
 * 1985 Live in America
 * 1985 Golden Golden
 * 1985 The Best of Silly Wizard
 * 1986 A Glint of Silver
 * 1988 Live Wizardry - Best of Silly Wizard in Concert
 * 2012 Live Again (Recorded 1983)
 * 2016 The Early Years (studio album)

title: Silly Wizard


text:
User talk:Theyeti

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 18:30, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Theyeti


text:
CIÉ 201 Class

The Córas Iompair Éireann 201 Class was a class of 34 diesel electric locomotives manufactured by Metropolitan-Vickers at their Dukinfield Works in Manchester. They were a smaller, lighter and less powerful version of the 001 Class and were originally intended for branch line passenger and freight (mixed traffic) duties. They were introduced in 1956 and, although their duties changed over the years, were in regular service on the Irish railway network until the mid-1980s. Six were sold to Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) in 1986.

Service history
Unfortunately, these locomotives suffered from two distinct problems:
 * During the late 1950s and early 1960s, following the publication of the Andrews Report (mimicking the widescale the Beeching Axe in Britain), CIÉ undertook large-scale closures of branch lines, leaving the engines without a purpose.
 * The locomotives were of insufficient power for their duties and their Crossley engines suffered reliability problems. The existing Metro-Vick traction motors and generators were recognised as robust and retained in the rebuild.

Replacement engines: Because of the problems with the Crossley engines attempts were made to fit the locomotives with more suitable equipment. Between 1965 and 1980, Maybach MD650 engines of 980 hp were fitted in Nos. 233 and 234. From 1969, however, a permanent solution was found by fitting the entire class with General Motors engines, a similar process that was previously undergone by the 001 Class).  New Duties: From 1969 the class were given new duties, being partnered with former 2600 class diesel multiple units converted to four-car push-pull carriage rakes to operate the suburban services around Dublin. In 1984 the Dublin suburban lines over which they worked were electrified and new electric multiple units known as the 8100s operated the newly named Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) system.

The first member of the class to be withdrawn was No. B201, being bomb damaged in 1973. The remaining members of the class, except for the six sold to NIR, were withdrawn over the two years following the opening of the DART system having completed 30 years service for their operators.

Numbering
When built, these locomotives were numbered C201-C234, and as locomotives were re-engined, they were renumbered B201-B234 to reflect their increased power. However, the prefix letter was later dropped.

Livery
Over the years the class has carried six different liveries. When introduced they were painted an all-over silver livery which unfortunately dirtied quickly and was not a good advert for dieselisation. This was followed by all-over CIÉ green livery with a thin lighter green band on the lower panels, giving a uniform appearance to the train sets. In the next change black became the base colour with just a white relief around the top panel, which opened to a squared-off 'V' between the cab windows. Some locomotives received large yellow panel to the cab fronts to aid visibility. With the adaptation by CIÉ of its "Black and Tan" scheme in the mid-1960s, the locomotives received this livery with a white line at roof level to match the coaches. The last CIÉ livery was of Golden Brown with a very broad black band covering the upper panels at the level of, and as wide as, the cab windows. Those locomotives sold to NIR carried their blue livery.

NIR use
After withdrawal from CIÉ, six locomotives were sold to Northern Ireland Railways, which designated them 104 Class. They entered traffic for NIR in 1986–1987, except 105. Originally, CIÉ 224 was intended to become 105, but it was subsequently rejected by NIR and replaced by 218, which only entered traffic in 1991. 224 was left stored with NIR until it was scrapped in January 1996.

Of those that entered service, some had very short lives working for their new owners. They were stored as soon as any problems arose (e.g. a seized engine or traction motor), and the whole class was formally withdrawn in 1993 (107/109) or 1995 (the others). The locomotives involved, their new numbers and their withdrawal are set out below:

Accidents and incidents

 * On 21 October 1974, locomotive B202 was hauling an empty passenger train when it ran away driverless from Connolly station and collided with a passenger train at Gormanston, County Meath, A third passenger train, hauled by locomotive B219 was struck by the wrecked trains. Two people were killed and 29 were injured.

Preservation

 * Two 201 Class locomotives, numbers 226 and 231, have been preserved by the Irish Traction Group 226 was the first mainline diesel to be preserved in Ireland. C231 is currently based at the Downpatrick and County Down Railway, painted in CIÉ Green livery, whilst 226 is undergoing restoration at Carrick-on-Suir. Irish Traction Group
 * A third example, NIR 106/CIÉ 227 was preserved privately and displayed at Cahirciveen, County Kerry The Irish Crossleys and carries the number C202, which was supposedly the number of the locomotive hauling the last train from Cahirciveen in 1960 but it was in fact both 227 and 201 which worked the last up and down trains. Irish Rail recovered the engine for reuse in its 141/181 class locomotives. This locomotive and its three remaining siblings were stored in an unprotected site on NIR. Metal theft at this stage rendered it and its sisters a write-off as far as ever running again was concerned. Whilst scrapping of its sisters was taking place this locomotive was further stripped of almost all internal equipment (compressor, exhauster, air tanks, cooler fan, etc) before being moved to Cahirsiveen in 1997. The locomotive was cosmetically restored and repainted in silver and renumbered C202. The almost empty engine room was floored with plywood. While in Cahirsiveen the body suffered extensive corrosion from 7 years of open air display near the sea and its windows were smashed again. An arson attack on the locomotive as well as its "eye sore" appearance on the landscape meant that scrapping was becoming very likely. In around 2004, the locomotive was saved from scrapping by a member of the now defunct "A15r [sic] Group and moved from Caherciveen to a site used by a heritage railway at Bilberry, Waterford with the intention of being restored as part of a scheme to reopen the New Ross railway. However, during her time in Bilberry the locomotive was further vandalised. The plywood floor was ripped up and any remaining traction motor cable was cut out by metal thieves. The locomotive also suffered further deterioration due to being stored in the open with rainwater entering through broken windows and rotten roof panels. In 2010, the locomotive was relocated to a more secure site near Kilmacow village, and traveled the 10 km journey to this premises in Kilmacow by road on a low loader. In 2023, 227 was bought by the West Clare Railway and moved to Moyasta.

Models

 * The C Class is available as a brass and white metal 00 gauge kit from No Nonsense Kits, now acquired by Phoenix Paints.
 * A resin version is available from Silver Fox Models.
 * A Rapid Prototyped N Scale body is available from Valve Design.

title: CIÉ 201 Class


text:
Omega Phi Chi

Omega Phi Chi Multicultural Sorority, Inc. (ΩΦΧ) is an American multicultural sorority that was established on November 9, 1988 at Rutgers University–New Brunswick.

History
Omega Phi Chi was established on November 9, 1988, at Rutgers University–New Brunswick by eight women of Asian, African American, and Latina descent. The sorority's founders felt the need to establish a multicultural organization that spoke to their needs across diverse backgrounds, distinct cultural roots, and the empowerment of the female culture. They came together to found a multicultural sorority; a different type of organization that would not be categorized by ethnicity, creed, or culture.

The founding mothers of Omega Phi Chi Multicultural Sorority Inc. are:

The purpose of Omega Phi Chi is to create a unity among all women and promote ethnic diversity by integrating women of all boundaries and cultures. The main objectives of this organization are academic excellence and involvement in community affairs. In addition, Omega Phi Chi members pride themselves in promoting professionalism.
 * Magdaly Casillas - Puerto Rican
 * Cindy Cumba - Puerto Rican & Mexican
 * Annette Cuevas - Puerto Rican
 * Tracie Davis - African America
 * Dawn Gonzalez - Puerto Rican
 * Stacy Richardson - African American
 * Bernadette Santana - Filipina & Dominican
 * Socorro Valle - Puerto Rican

Since its inception, the sorority has grown to include over 95 different nationalities and has started 24 chapters in New Jersey, New York, Florida, Arizona, Texas, Indiana, and California. Its headquarters is located in Wayne, New Jersey.

Symbols
The core value of Omega Phi Chi is "Academic Excellence and Involvement in Community Affairs". The sorority's mottos are "Destroying All Boundaries. Uniting All Races. Omega Phi Chi. We Dare to Be Different" and "Preserving the Past, Cultivating the Present, Building the Future, Omega Phi Chi, We Dare To Be Different"

The sorority's colors are perfect pink and onyx black. Its mascot is the black panther, and stone is the black onyx. Its flower is the pink lady's slipper, also known as Moccasin.

Chapters
Following is a list of Omega Phi Chi chapters. Active chapters are indicated in bold. Inactive chapters are indicated in italics.

title: Omega Phi Chi


text:
Living in a Fantasy

Living in a Fantasy is the eighth album by the English singer-songwriter Leo Sayer. It was released on 22 August 1980.

Although the album was not a huge commercial success, the single that it spawned, a cover version of Bobby Vee's "More Than I Can Say", spent five weeks at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in December 1980 and January 1981. Sayer's version of the song was certified a gold record by the RIAA. It also spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart. In the UK, the song peaked at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, while it spent two weeks atop the Kent Music Report in Australia. Sayer has stated that while looking for an "oldie" to record for Living in a Fantasy, he saw a TV commercial for a greatest hits compilation album by Vee, and chose the song on the spot: "We went into a record store that afternoon, bought the record and had the song recorded that night."

Track listing
All tracks written by Leo Sayer and Alan Tarney, except where noted.

Side one

 * 1) "Time Ran Out on You" (Tarney) – 3:50
 * 2) "Where Did We Go Wrong" – 3:55
 * 3) "You Win, I Lose" – 3:43
 * 4) "More Than I Can Say" (Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis) – 3:41
 * 5) "Millionaire" – 4:22

Side two

 * 1) "Once in a While" (Tarney) – 3:30
 * 2) "Living in a Fantasy" – 4:25
 * 3) "She's Not Coming Back" – 3:50
 * 4) "Let Me Know" (Tarney) – 3:55
 * 5) "Only Foolin'" – 3:40

Personnel

 * Leo Sayer – guitar, harmonica, vocals
 * Nick Glennie-Smith – keyboard
 * Trevor Spencer – drums
 * Alan Tarney – bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, vocals

Production

 * Record producer: Alan Tarney
 * Mixing: Ashley Howe, Assistant: David Kemp
 * Mastering: John Dent
 * Art direction: Peter Wagg

title: Living in a Fantasy


text:
Gary Breen

Gary Patrick Breen (born 12 December 1973) is a former footballer who made more than 500 appearances in the Football League and Premier League. A centre back, Breen played for numerous clubs over a 20-year career, including more than 100 appearances each for Coventry City and Sunderland. Born in England, he won 63 caps for the Republic of Ireland. He played in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, scoring in Ireland's 3–0 victory over Saudi Arabia.

Club career
Breen was born in Hendon, London, and began his professional career as a youth player at Charlton Athletic, but never made a first-team appearance for the club. Instead, he moved to Maidstone United where he played his first league game at age 17. After one full season with the club he joined Gillingham where he eventually became a first-team regular, prompting a £70,000 bid from Peterborough United.

He only had one full season at Peterborough United, but did well enough to draw attention from First Division Birmingham City, who paid £250,000 for him in February 1996. Less than 12 months after arriving at Birmingham, he was on the move again, to Premier League Coventry City in a £2.5 million deal. He played for five full seasons at Highfield Road, four in the top flight.

Following the 2002 World Cup, Breen was signed on a free transfer by West Ham United by manager Glenn Roeder, but left the club after relegation from the top flight and only 18 appearances in all competitions. He was signed on a free transfer by his old Ireland manager Mick McCarthy for Sunderland.

Breen was subsequently signed by Wolverhampton Wanderers in a two-year deal, reuniting him again with McCarthy. He played almost all the club's games as they reached the play-offs in his first season at Molineux, scoring once, against Luton Town.

He was made Wolves' club captain for the 2007–08 season, but ended up missing several months through injury. He was involved in an after-match confrontation with his manager in March 2008.

In December 2008, he joined Barnet as a player-coach. In July 2009 Breen signed a new contract to become player/assistant manager at the club.

On the Goals on Sunday programme on 6 September 2009, Breen revealed that he had agreed to move to Inter Milan after the 2002 World Cup, but failed a medical. Breen had also been linked with a move to Barcelona. Breen left Barnet in June 2010.

Breen was appointed first-team coach of Peterborough United in June 2013.

International career
Breen's form at Birmingham won him a call-up to the Republic of Ireland national team. On 29 May 1996, he made his debut when he replaced Alan Kernaghan in the 88th minute of the 1–0 friendly defeat against Portugal at Lansdowne Road. Three days later, Breen made his first start in the 2–2 friendly draw with Croatia, he played 74 minutes before being replaced by Tony Cascarino. He scored his first goal for his country two days later, he opened the scoring in the 3–1 defeat to the Netherlands at De Kuip in Rotterdam.

Breen's form at Coventry cemented his place in his national side and he played at the 2002 FIFA World Cup as Ireland made the second round under Mick McCarthy. He scored in Ireland's 3–0 group win against Saudi Arabia.

Honours
Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 2004–05 Football League Championship

title: Gary Breen


text:
Talk:Alien and Sedition Acts

A biased reading?
Is this article about the Alien and Sedition Acts or against Jefferson? Or both?

The conclusion of the article is entirely devoted to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. It strongly intimates and almost explicitly asserts that Jefferson and Madison much more effectively threatened the American Constitution than the Al. & Sed. Acts. This may be true or may be false, but it seems to me irrelevant -- unless the aim is to present the Acts in a positive light against their critics. I have a sense that the most famous quote from the Sed. Act (the Sed. Act made a crime to "print, utter, or publish [...] any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the Government) has been omitted for the same reason.

A neutral account should surely mention the KY and VA Resolutions between the "effects" of the Acts, but it should explain what they were and how they were related to the Acts without trying to establish whether they were "actually" worse than the Acts themselves. A text along the following lines (Wikipedia's article "Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions" as on Nov. 13 2014) would do (I quote):

"The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (or Resolves) were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively."

On the contrary, by producing only the quotes from Chernow and Wills, the article tends to present the KY and VA Resolutions in a way that is far too simple and partial: the article should at least hint at the complexity of the debate on this topic. Be this as it may, the question is whether a *verdict* on the KY and VA Resolutions should really be so central to our understanding of the Al. & Sed. Acts.

The final suggestion that the Civil War was the fruit of a seed planted by Jefferson is, to say the least, disputable and must be taken with extreme caution. This is a huge and very complex topic in its own right.

The site ourdocuments.gov provides a beautifully clear and unbiased introduction to the Al. & Sed. Acts, which might serve as a model for the Wiki article (http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=16).

(AE)

Was AEA used on citizens, or was only EO 9066 used on citizens?
Our article (correctly) says "During World War II, it (the AEA) was used by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt to issue presidential proclamations used to detain, deport and confiscate the property of Japanese, German, Italian, and other Axis nation citizens residing in the United States". The source says "the Alien Enemies Act was utilized by government officials to incarcerate Japanese Americans." The source makes no mention of 9066. It is possible that the AEA was incorrectly applied to citizens. Does anyone know if the source is in error, or if the AEA was misapplied to citizens, on top of EO 9066 being applied to citizens?

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deported people of Japanese decent.
I am wondering about this statement.

(This was separate from the Japanese internment camps used to remove people of Japanese descent from the West Coast.) After the war they were deported to their home countries

As I understand it, after a visit to Manzanar, CA. in Late 1943 many of internees were allowed out of the camps if they did not return to CA,  OR or WA. states. Many chose to stay in the camps as conditions improved and they wanted to return to their home towns. I have never run across the idea that After the war Japanese were deported to their home countries. I wish there was more on that and how many were deported. There was deportation of Japanese government officials and others, and families during the war, a ship was set up to ferry Japanese to japan safely through the contested sea ways. 2600:1700:E140:CCB0:B0DA:6030:9E56:4590 (talk) 12:30, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

The Sedition Act and the Jailing of Benjamin Franklin Bache - Benjamin Franklin's Grandson
In the Introduction, I tweaked... The Sedition Act resulted in the prosecution and conviction of many Jeffersonian newspaper owners who disagreed with the Federalist dominated Congress and Pres. John Adams including Benjamin Franklin Bache - Benjamin Franklin's grandson. 2603:3020:B0A:F400:9594:67F:5A1C:D58D (talk) 15:06, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alien and Sedition Acts


text:
The Gap Cycle

The Gap Cycle is a series of science fiction novels by Stephen R. Donaldson, more usually known for his works of epic fantasy. The series was originally published between 1991 and 1996 by Bantam Books and was reprinted by Gollancz in 2008 in the UK. Here, Donaldson gave a loose retelling of Wagner's Ring cycle.

Premise
It is an epic work set in a future where humans have pushed far out into space in the name of commerce. The series follows two concurrent story arcs. The first concerns an ensign in the United Mining Companies Police (UMCP), Morn Hyland, who is attempting to stay alive after being captured by a marauder named Angus Thermopyle. The second follows the fate of three people who are affected by the Byzantine political maneuvering of the head of the UMCP, Warden Dios, as he attempts to thwart the machinations of his boss, the CEO of United Mining Companies (UMC) itself, Holt Fasner.

Books in series

 * 1) The Gap into Conflict: The Real Story, Bantam/Spectra, 1990
 * 2) The Gap into Vision: Forbidden Knowledge, Bantam/Spectra, 1991
 * 3) The Gap into Power: A Dark and Hungry God Arises, Bantam/Spectra, 1992
 * 4) The Gap into Madness: Chaos and Order, Bantam/Spectra, 1994
 * 5) The Gap into Ruin: This Day All Gods Die, Bantam/Spectra, 1996

The Victor Gollancz Ltd (UK) reprints combine the first two books into a single volume. This was, according to Donaldson's official website, at his request.

Origins
According to the author's afterword in The Gap Into Conflict: The Real Story (1990), the series was originally envisioned as a novella in which characters representing villain, victim, and rescuer would switch places during the course of the narrative. When Donaldson found the result unsatisfying, the book was shelved until he thought of now retelling of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen in the same universe and casting the characters from the first novel in roles based on those from Wagner's opera.

title: The Gap Cycle


text:
Talk:Living in a Fantasy

Fair use rationale for Image:Leo Sayer - Living in a Fantasy.jpg
Image:Leo Sayer - Living in a Fantasy.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:21, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Living in a Fantasy


text:
Talvin Singh

Talvin Singh OBE (born 1970) is an English musician, producer, and composer. A tabla player, he is known for creating an innovative fusion of Indian classical music with drum and bass. Singh is generally considered involved with an electronica subgenre called Asian Underground, and more recently as Indian and/or Asian electronica.

After collaborating with Siouxsie and the Banshees and Björk in the early 1990s, Singh released his debut album Ok (1998), which received the Mercury Music Prize in 1999.

Singh has since collaborated with a variety of acts including Madonna and Massive Attack.

Early life and career
Singh grew up in Leytonstone and began playing the tablas as a child. At the age of 16, Singh went to India for two years where he studied tabla under Sangeet Acharya Ustad Lachman Singh Seen of Punjab Gharana. He then returned to the UK after just one year. In spite of this classical training, Singh's tabla playing was not accepted by British promoters of classical Indian music, as he incorporated too strongly his western influences. By the late 1980s, Singh had decided to turn towards the fusion of sounds. In 1991, he came to prominence by both playing tabla and singing on the "Kiss Them for Me" single by Siouxsie and the Banshees : the single peaked in the Billboard Hot 100 at number 23. Singh then became the sixth member of the Banshees and took part with them as second headliners of the inaugural Lollapalooza tour. Two years later in 1993, he was recruited by Björk to be her percussionist and director on her 1993 album, Debut.

In late 1995, Singh founded the Anokha club night with promoter Sweety Kapoor at East London's Blue Note, where drum'n'bass DJs and South Asian punk bands went head to head with the amped-up sounds of his tabla and percussion. Producer and DJ State of Bengal (Sam Zaman) soon became the core of Anokha alongside Singh & Kapoor, and his sets alongside Singhs help to inspire a whole generation.

Singh and Zaman would make fresh tracks, cutting them on Vinyl press hours before the Monday Anokha sessions where they would be showcased.

Guest spots by LTJ Bukem and others made Anokha a Monday-night hotspot in London, and Singh signed to Island for an Anokha compilation including several of his own productions. He worked as a remixer, for Blondie on their "Maria" single".

In 1998, Singh released his solo debut album, Ok. The record was critically acclaimed and received the prestigious Mercury Music Prize in 1999. That same year, he also collaborated with David Sylvian. In 2000, he worked with Madonna for her album, Music.

Style and influences
Singh is an accomplished tabla player, electronic musician, music theorist, record producer and DJ. As a solo artist, he is perhaps best known as the father of modern Asian electronica music, though he is also a highly celebrated tabla player, record producer and visual practitioner.

Drawing inspiration from the classical Indian arts, Singh first came to prominence as a tabla percussionist in the 1980s London music scene. Whilst still in his mid-teens, Singh travelled to India to earn pupillage from Sangeet Acharya Ustad Lachman Singh Seen, master tabla maestro of the Punjab school. This period made an indelible mark on the young artist and he has since continued to practice and perform the art form internationally. Singh's collaborations with Indian classical musicians include Ustad Sultan Khan, Rakesh Churasia, Ustad Imrat Khan and Ustad Amjad Ali Khan amongst scores of others.

Singh also became involved in experimental music collaborations beginning in the late 1980s, working with Sun Ra and Courtney, which helped to popularise the burgeoning Asian underground sub-culture movement.

Singh is notable for re-introducing the concepts of Indian classical music to western pop, dance and jazz genres in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Singh's solo album credits include critical and commercial successes Ok (1998)—which won the UK's two most prestigious music prizes, 'The South Bank Prize' and the Mercury Prize in 1999. Ok, his groundbreaking 1998 debut release, was recorded in Mumbai, Madras, Okinawa, New York and London, featuring contributions from Bill Laswell, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Ustad Sultan Khan and the Madras Philharmonic Orchestra amongst others.

Singh has pursued several artistic ventures parallel to and in conjunction with his music career, including creating the seminal London club ANOKHA, performing at the Tate Gallery in London, creating a sound installation at the Frith Street Gallery in London and composing music for various experimental dance, theatre and film projects. In 1990 Singh conceived the Tablatronic, a hybrid electronic/analog tabla (drum) which uses a rare internal microphone system. However, in a 2017 interview, he said he "did not do fusion music" and disliked the way Indian musicians felt they had to do fusion music.

Awards
Singh's debut album Ok (1998) received the Mercury Music Prize in 1999.

In 2010, Talvin Singh won an award at the UK Asian Music Awards (UK AMAs) for his "Commitment to Scene". He was awarded an OBE in the 2014 Birthday Honours.

Albums

 * Drum + Space (as Calcutta Cyber Cafe) (1996)
 * OK (1998)
 * Ha (2001)
 * Sweet Box (2008)

Compilations

 * Anokha - Soundz of the Asian Underground (1997) Island
 * Back to Mine, Volume 8 (2001) DMC

Collaborations and original contributions

 * Siouxsie and the Banshees, "Kiss Them for Me" and "Silver Waterfalls" on Superstition (1991)
 * Keith LeBlanc, Time Traveller (1992)
 * Dub Syndicate, Live at the Town and Country Club
 * Björk, Debut (1993)
 * Abracatabla (1994) Sampling CD (time and Space)
 * The Future Sound of London, "Life Form Ends" on Lifeforms (1994)
 * Little Axe – The Wolf That House Built (1994)
 * Bim Sherman – Miracle (1996)
 * Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan – Star rise (1997) Real World.
 * Duran Duran, "Out of My Mind", Medazzaland and The Saint (1997)
 * David Sylvian – Dead Bees on a Cake (1999)
 * Madonna, "Cyber-Raga", Music (2000).
 * Master Musicians of Jajouka (2000)
 * Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased) – Original soundtrack (2000) Island.
 * Remixsingh Ok (2001) Island / Japan Import.
 * Voxygen, a commission by English National Opera.
 * Talvin Singh & Rakesh Chaurasia – Vira (2002) Sona Rupa UK.
 * Tabla Beat Science – Tala Matrix (2002) Palm Pictures.
 * Richard Ashcroft – Human Conditions (2002)
 * Msoke – Murder Time (2003) Buback
 * Talvin Singh & Sangat – Songs for the Inner World (2004) Live French Import.
 * Talvin Singh feat. Amar-Jaan
 * Smadj – Selin (2009)
 * Talvin Singh & Niladri Kumar – Together (2011)
 * "D.U.S.T." – Talvin Singh feat. Frame/Frame (2014)

Remixes

 * Blondie – "Maria"
 * Madonna – "Nothing Really Matters"
 * Najma Akhtar – "Ghoom Charakhana"
 * Björk – "Possibly Maybe"
 * Ryuichi Sakamoto – "Grief"
 * John Martyn – "Sunshines Better"
 * Sarah McLachlan – "Answer"
 * Natacha Atlas – "Duden"
 * Asa-Chang & Junray – "12 Bushi"
 * Alisha's Attic – "Air We Breathe"
 * Najma Atish – "Ghoom Charakhana (Talvin Singh mix)"
 * Bill Laswell and William S. Burroughs – "The Western Lands"
 * Otm Shank – "Maharaja" (Talvin Singh Remix) (2021)

title: Talvin Singh


text:
Talk:Political Research Associates

Request for Comment: Validity of sources
This is a dispute about the validity of information sourced to Discover The Networks.

 * Statements by editors previously involved in dispute

 * User:Hipocrite has taken it upon himself to comb through the encyclopedia and delete any references sourced to DTN. Hipocrite claims that DTN is in violation of the guideline WP:RS.  The only evidence presented by Hipocrite is here where he states "I looked at the website, and determined it was not a reliable source."  I posit that until we have reached a consensus about the reliability of said source, Hipocrite should cease his deletion of sourced material from this and many other articles.  Cheers. L0b0t 15:45, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I suggest that editors job is to evaluate the reliability of sources, and the barrier to entry for sources about living people a reasonably high one - a high one that is not lept by sites that gather their information from anonymous tips presented via web interface. I also suggest that no good-faith edit is ever vandalism, but labeling such is not a good faith edit. I further suggest that stalking good contributors like myself from article to article using edit summaries of "rvv" to revert all of their changes is a violation of WP:STALK. Hipocrite - « Talk » 15:49, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The information at DTN that I saw was well-sourced, with easily corroborated facts as far as I know. To prove the site is unreliable would require a minimum of one example where it presented any information that was known to be erroneous, false, or unreliable.  Not just because you don't like the information.  Do you have even one example? ፈቃደ (ውይይት) 16:34, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

 * For the record, much of the information on DTN about PRA and Chip Berlet (me) is false, defamatory, and churlish. I have responded to specific falsehoods here. Attempts to get DTN to remove the false claims have been met with silence. See also "The Art of the Slur: From Joe McCarthy to David Horowitz, by Aaron Barlow, The Public Eye Magazine - Fall 2006: "...it was Horowitz who actually codified lying, making it into a tactic rather than just a careless mistake."--Cberlet 18:14, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * As to the accusation of violating WP:STALK, I had noted the following at : Hipocrite said "I'm reviewing your edit history also. So are scores of other people. If, while doing such, we find errors in articles you have contibuted to, we're gonna fix them." Sauce for the goose... (I don't see it on the current page, but it should be in the History. I gotta run.) Andyvphil 00:34, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * In a recent AfD for Common Dreams Newscenter several (?) conservative editors claimed that DTN wasn't a RS, and IIRC, argued against linking to it as well. - FaAfA 23:06, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * At I see Hipcrite and MortonDevonshire rejecting your claim that the article on Common Dreams at DTN counted towards CD's notability. They were wrong. Is there anything at  you wish to identify as being in error? Andyvphil 03:35, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Recent edits are not appropriate
The recent edits add material that has been cherry-picked to imply a criticism of PRA that is not accurate. Most of the quote deals with two other organizations. This is biased POV and should be removed.--Cberlet (talk) 21:48, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It seems the professors are making an important and highly appropriate criticism that while they may use PRA (mentioned specifically) and other named groups' information for "general information" purposes, as sociologists they consider them prejudiced and have to warn readers that even using only general info, errors may creep in. (Unfortunately, they don't make the statement as clearly and succinctly as they could.)

 * Throughout the book they use 5 references from PRA - and three from Chip himself. It seems like an important criticism from people who have studied the same groups as PRA has but more objectively. I don't have a problem with quoting more of what they say until the point becomes clear. Any more neutral editors have anything to say?? Carol Moore 22:56, 12 May 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

POV Misrepresentation
User:Carolmooredc is a well known conspiracy theorist with a grudge. Outside of Wikipedia I am a colleague of Dobratz and Shanks-Meile, and the quoted material is taken out of context. I asked months ago that this be reviewed, and nothing has been done. Please discuss this here.--Cberlet (talk) 01:50, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * 1) Please remove the personal attack per No personal attacks.
 * 2) Obviously it's a WP:conflict of interest for you to remove material from the article that summarizes a criticism of your employer, and especially to use personal attacks in doing so.
 * 3) Who did you ask to review this entry, where?
 * 4) You certainly can comment on or offer a counter summary to correct any inaccuracies. I've tweaked the summary below and would put it in chronologically as the first criticism.
 * Professors of sociology Betty A. Dobratz, PhD (Iowa State University) and Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile, PhD (University of Nebraska-Lincoln), in their introduction to The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride”, admit that they "at times used the observation of organizations directly opposed to the movement," naming Political Research Associates as one of those organizations. They consider these groups to be "watchdog" organizations that "are setting particular agendas."  They note that "what the ‘watchdog’ groups focus on is at least partially influenced by the fact that these organizations depend on public financial support, and the public is likely to contribute to groups that they perceive are struggling against some major threat to America." REF: Betty A. Dobratz, Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile, The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride!", The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, 1-3. (See Books.Google.com or Amazon.com versions.) Carol Moore 00:04, 17 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}
 * The material does not appear to directly discuss PRA, but rather makes more general points about "watchdog groups". Please restrict the article to material that is directly about PRA, not about "watchdog groups" in general. Jayjg (talk) 01:09, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Hello, Jayjg. Fancy meeting you here :-) Here is the actual paragraph that I am summarizing. It clearly is referring directly to PRA as well as other groups.

 * Since little social scientific writing on the current movement exists, we at times used the observation of organizations directly opposed to the movement. The most prominent ones that publish their own materials are the Anti-Defamation league of B’Nai B’rith (AD), the Center ofr Democratic Renewal (CDR), Coalition for Human Dignity (CHD), Political Research Associates (PRA), and the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) with its Klanwatch Project. In a sense, we consider these groups to be ‘watchdog’ organizations that engage in claims making, ‘promoting the ‘assertions of grievances and claims with respect to some putative conditions’.  Claims makers no only draw our attention to certain conditions (Spector and Kitsuse 1975:75) but also “inevitably choose to focus on particular aspects of the condition” (Best 1989:xx). In giving attention to certain causes, they are setting particular agendas.  What the ‘watchdog’ groups focus on is at least partially influenced by the fac that these organizations depend on public financial support, and the public is likely to contribute to groups that they perceive are struggling against some major threat to America. Carol Moore 01:38, 17 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

< And if that whole paragraph was used, the comments would not be framed in such a biased perjorative way as the text crafted by Carolmooredc. Note that this text is part of the book where the authors discuss their POV and possible issues of bias--a practice common in social science. It is the twisting of the words and context that I object to, especially since they both have a favorable view of the work of PRA and my work outside of Wiki as Chip Berlet.--Cberlet (talk) 12:33, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Exactly, they are talking about the biases of some of the sources they use --as they put it -- "at times". So obviously they found the material of some use. I think my summary fairly reflects what they say.
 * As for whether they favor some other PRA writing or project or the organization itself, you could always provide a quote from one of their published works to counter their criticism in this context.
 * Wikipedia has rules. We can't just take your word for it they "favor" PRA in such a way that what they wrote earlier is irrelevant and should not be included herein. Just like we cannot find it acceptable for an employee of an organization to insult people who criticize their employer to try to get them to drop a WP:RS criticism.  Carol Moore 18:23, 17 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

 * This is what you posted on the entry page, Carolmooredc:
 * Professors of sociology Betty A. Dobratz, PhD (Iowa State University) and Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile, PhD (University of Nebraska-Lincoln), authors of The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride” wrote about Political Research Associates and several other “watchdog” groups: “What the ‘watchdog’ groups focus on is at least partially influenced by the fact that these organizations depend on public financial support, and the public is likely to contribute to groups that they perceive are struggling against some major threat to America. We relied on SPLC and ADL reports for general information, but we have noticed differences between ways events have been reported and what we saw at rallies.”
 * It is neither a fair nor accurate summary of the full paragraph, and an unrelated sentence about ADL and SPLC is spliced in to imply wrongdoing on the part of PRA. A biased and cooked summary.--Cberlet (talk) 04:54, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I have a new version in italics bold above. Cooperative editing means looking at people's attempts to deal with concerns. Plus, again, if you have some quote from the authors about how wonderful and reliable PRA is, that also could be included as a caveat. Carol Moore 00:51, 19 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

 * It's a copyright violation. --Cberlet (talk) 02:40, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

 * First I goofed about what my alternative summary and quotes was. It wasn't the full paragraph which is what is in italics; it is section in bold above. Second none of the versions are over 500 words and are not copyright violations. Since no other people are commenting, I'll ask for another opinion and hopefully an unbiased editor will appear to comment :-) Carol Moore 23:33, 19 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

 * Actually, the idea that fair use is 500 words is a common myth. It is not true.--Cberlet (talk) 00:53, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this more than complies with [| wiki standards on quotations]. Using 59 odd quoted words from a source integrated into a three sentence summary is common wiki usage. Of course, if i only include a summary you'll say it's POV misinterpretation. Classic double bind.  Lucking Wikipedia has lots of resources for  dispute resolution. Carol Moore 14:35, 20 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

Third opinion
Allow me to ask what seems like the obvious question - what is the use of this particular quote? what are you trying to use it to say? The full quote itself does not strike me as particularly critical of Dobratz and Shanks (it seems like a fairly standard academic explanation for their choice of data); in fact the full quote doesn't strike me as particularly informative, in that all it really says is that they chose quotes from opposition groups on the grounds that they were more like watchdog groups. if someone can explain how this is being used, that would go a long way towards figuring out how to phrase it. -- Ludwigs 2 22:46, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This quote was in the criticisms section. It is a more subtle criticism than the National Review calling PRA researchers "conspiracy mongers" or David Horowitz Freedom Center accusing "PRA mainstay Chip Berlet of engaging in "smear" tactics." But a subtle criticism from a reliable source may be more educational about the working of advocacy groups from an encyclopedic viewpoint than an insult from an opponent.
 * Also I remain troubled by the fact that the PRA employee/ wiki editor Chip Berlet is smearing me above (on what grounds I know not) for daring to include this criticism. Also, despite my requests, he has not backed up his claim that the authors actually regard his group highly, which I certainly would be willing to add as a sentence after their comments quoted from the book. Carol Moore 14:53, 21 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

 * Ok, but it does pose a bit of a problem, sourcing-wise. the quote is from the authors themselves, and any academic would see this as a normal declaration in a research article.  i.e., academics would read this as D&S stating their reasons for making a particular choice in data collection, and D&S would write it explicitly so that other academics could make a proper analysis of their results.  no academic would consider this to be an example of bias (bias would be if D&S tried to hide the fact that they used a potentially problematic source - the disclosure is considered good research practice).  this makes our usage of it here a form of original research - what we really want is secondary academic sources that criticize D&S's usage of these 'watchdogs'; we can't make that critique from examining their primary research.

 * Of course, neither the National Review nor the Horowitz Freedom Center can claim to be giving a neutral analysis either; those are both clearly partisan opinions and not scientific reviews. -- Ludwigs 2  18:07, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course you are exactly right. Jayjg (talk) 00:28, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Does Wikipedia policy discourage the use of sources that represent clearly partisan opinions? If so, this could have a bearing on the use of Chip Berlet and PRA as sources, which is remarkably widespread at Wikipedia, quite possibly out of proportion with their notability. --Niels Gade (talk) 00:56, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Your comment is irrelevant to this page, and to the discussion above. Please restrict your comments to discussions of the content of this article. Jayjg (talk) 01:00, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Ludwigs' comments go way beyond anything I want to argue. I guess I'll let National Review and Horowitz have at it. :-) And just find an administrator to remove Berlet's insults per wiki policies. Carol Moore 01:29, 22 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

 * Jayjg - I'm not certain Neils' comment is irrelevant to this page, and I think it deserves an answer regardless.

 * Niels - Wikipedia policy does not discourage sources that represent clearly partisan interests, so long as the particular biases of those sources are clearly presented (i.e., an anti- or pro- source is perfectly fine, so long as it is presented as an anti- or pro- source, and not as a neutral position).  the way I prefer to interpret these issues is to consider a partisan source as a primary source - someone doing primary research with the effort of establishing a point, rather than someone doing secondary research that uses or explains  other people's points.  primary sources are useful (see WP:PRIMARY) to establish facts or opinions from a given side in an argument, but can't be taken as neutral without the editor engaging in original research.  If Berlet and the PRA are actually primary sources (which I can't tell without looking at them more closely) then it is very possible that they are being used to excess.  the way to be sure is to consider whether editors have to use some kind of synthesis in order to make the points Berlat et al are making appear as general consensus or established fact.

 * let me take a moment and look at this page, to see if that error has been made here. -- Ludwigs 2  16:35, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

 * One of the benefits of editing on contentious pages (and why I keep it up on a couple pages I edit - or try to) is you learn so much more about wiki-editing so much faster. Sometimes it can be mind boggling, like your posts above. But once one studies the comments and then compares with various policies often one comes away much more enlightened on how to be a good editor and how to deal with some of the nonsense people come up with even on less contentious pages. Thanks! Carol Moore 22:15, 22 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

 * Also, re: whether "Berlet and the PRA are actually primary sources" this has been discussed at least once, probably more on

Reliable_sources/Noticeboard, including in archives. I am helping build this page to keep track of discussions of sources relevant to Israel-Palestine and all related issues, including groups like this that sometimes comment on the issue. WikiProject_Israel_Palestine_Collaboration/Links_to_Reliable_Sources_Discussions. It will be finished in about a week. Carol Moore 22:22, 22 July 2008 (UTC)Carolmooredc {talk}

 * cool, I'll look in on that. thanks.  :-)  -- Ludwigs 2  05:15, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

No reliable sources present in the article to establish notability
Article is self-promotion and the org is sketchy Bashfan34 (talk) 22:26, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Political Research Associates


text: User talk:65.117.144.200

title: User talk:65.117.144.200


text: Category:Romanian economists

title: Category:Romanian economists


text:
Talk:List of historical states of Italy

Maps
Some maps here would be great. I might try to source some, but other people may well beat me to it (please?) — OwenBlacker 18:38, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

How about this one? — Misterantithesis 21:31, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

 * What's the copyright status? john k 04:25, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Change to Italian penninsula?
Would it be better to have this topic be about the Italian Penninsula rather than Italy proper? That way We could include San Marino. Before Italian unification, it was really no different than any other nearby state, but it gets left off of this list. Also, Vatican City was part of Italy for a while, now it isn't, so it doesn't get included, but really should.

Yeah clearly that would be better. Surely the whole point of the article is that - look it hasn't always been italy! there were loads of independent states around. The current italian borders are less static than the penninsular itself, so the latter should be used as the catchment area.

 * San Marino was clearly a historical state of Italy prior to 1861. It's only after that that a distinction between the "Italian Peninsula" and "Italy" makes any sense. john k 19:38, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Also peninsular Italy would seem to exclude the islands. ‘Kingdom of the One Sicily’? —Ian Spackman 09:38, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

San Marino is still in Italy, but doesn't belong to the Italian Republic --Paolo da Reggio 15:42, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

1494
This map is anachronistic. Sardinia and Savoy were not joined until 1720. SamEV 04:20, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Indeed. Sardinia should be the same color as Sicily. john k 05:37, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

19th century map
It would be good to have a map of Italy that covers the alignment of states somewhere in the 1815-1859 period. john k (talk) 15:32, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

"article" scope
As the recent flurry of edits makes clear, this page (it doesn't really have the potential to be an "article", even a "list" one) doesn't really have any plausible definition of scope. It might be better to turn it into something tangibly encyclopedic that could also be based on secondary references, along the lines of territorial evolution of France. --dab (𒁳) 05:03, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

 * It has the same scope of List of historic states of Germany and many other lists of this type. It simply includes a list of Italian States.--Enok (talk) 12:08, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

change name?
Most common usage of "historic" means momentous in history rather than occurring in history which is "historical". Ought the title be changed to List of historical states of Italy over the redirect? Carlossuarez46 (talk) 23:23, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of historical states of Italy


text:
General Problem Solver

General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. In contrast to the former Logic Theorist project, the GPS works with means–ends analysis.

Overview
Any problem that can be expressed as a set of well-formed formulas (WFFs) or Horn clauses, and that constitute a directed graph with one or more sources (that is, hypotheses) and sinks (that is, desired conclusions), can be solved, in principle, by GPS Proofs in the predicate logic and Euclidean geometry problem spaces are prime examples of the domain of applicability of GPS. It was based on Simon and Newell's theoretical work on logic machines. GPS was the first computer program that separated its knowledge of problems (rules represented as input data) from its strategy of how to solve problems (a generic solver engine). GPS was implemented in the third-order programming language, IPL.

While GPS solved simple problems such as the Towers of Hanoi that could be sufficiently formalized, it could not solve any real-world problems because the search was easily lost in the combinatorial explosion. Put another way, the number of "walks" through the inferential digraph became computationally untenable. (In practice, even a straightforward state space search such as the Towers of Hanoi can become computationally infeasible, albeit judicious prunings of the state space can be achieved by such elementary AI techniques as A* and IDA*).

The user defined objects and operations that could be done on the objects, and GPS generated heuristics by means–ends analysis in order to solve problems. It focused on the available operations, finding what inputs were acceptable and what outputs were generated. It then created subgoals to get closer and closer to the goal.

The GPS paradigm eventually evolved into the Soar architecture for artificial intelligence.

title: General Problem Solver


text:
Cedric Price

Cedric Price FRIBA (11 September 1934 – 10 August 2003) was an English architect and influential teacher and writer on architecture.

Early life and education
The son of an architect (A.G. Price, who worked with Harry Weedon), Price was born in Stone, Staffordshire, and studied architecture at St John's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1955, and the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, where he encountered and was influenced by the modernist architect and urban planner Arthur Korn. From 1958 to 1964 he taught part-time at the Architectural Association School of Architecture and at the Council of Industrial Design. He later founded Polyark, an architectural schools network.

Career
After graduating, Price worked briefly for Erno Goldfinger, Denys Lasdun, the partnership of Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, and applied unsuccessfully for a post at London County Council, working briefly as a professional illustrator before starting his own practice in 1960. He worked with The Earl of Snowdon and Frank Newby on the design of the Snowdon Aviary at London Zoo (1961). He later also worked with Buckminster Fuller on the Claverton Dome.

One of his more notable projects was the East London Fun Palace (1961), developed in association with theatrical director Joan Littlewood and cybernetician Gordon Pask. Although it was never built, its flexible space influenced other architects, notably Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano whose Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris extended many of Price's ideas – some of which Price used on a more modest scale in the Inter-Action Centre at Kentish Town, London (1971).

Having conceived the idea of using architecture and education as a way to drive economic redevelopment – notably in the north Staffordshire Potteries area (the 'Think-Belt' project) – he continued to contribute to planning debates. Think-Belt (1963–66) envisaged the reuse of an abandoned railway line as a roving "higher education facility", re-establishing the Potteries as a centre of science and technology. Mobile classroom, laboratory and residential modules could be moved grouped and assembled as required.

In 1969, with planner Sir Peter Hall and the editor of New Society magazine Paul Barker, he published Non-plan, a work challenging planning orthodoxy.

In 1984 Price proposed the redevelopment of London's South Bank, and foresaw the London Eye by suggesting that a giant Ferris wheel should be constructed by the River Thames.

Personal life and death
Price was the partner of the actress Eleanor Bron. They had no children.

Price died in London, aged 68, in 2003.

Recognition
In 2002, Price was awarded the Austrian Frederick Kiesler Prize for Architecture and the Arts.

title: Cedric Price


text:
World Radio

World Radio is the ninth album by the English singer-songwriter, Leo Sayer, and was released in May 1982. It was (including the greatest hits compilation album, The Very Best of Leo Sayer) his tenth successive Top 50 chart entry in the UK Albums Chart, in a period of a little over eight years.

Side one

 * 1) "Heart (Stop Beating in Time)" (Barry & Robin Gibb) – 4:35
 * 2) "Paris Dies in the Morning" (Leo Sayer, Andrew McCrorie-Shand) – 3:53
 * 3) "Have You Ever Been in Love" (Andy Hill, Peter Sinfield, John Danter) – 3:45
 * 4) "Rumours" (Alan Mark, Ray Smith) – 3:55
 * 5) "Heroes" (Sayer, David Courtney) – 4:21

Side two

 * 1) "'Til You Let Your Heart Win" (Allee Willis, Lauren Wood) – 4:41
 * 2) "End of the Game" (Sayer, Courtney) – 3:28
 * 3) "Wondering Where the Lions Are" (Bruce Cockburn) – 3:28
 * 4) "We've Got Ourselves in Love" (Sayer, Courtney) – 3:54
 * 5) "World Radio" (Sayer, Courtney) – 5:26

Musicians

 * Leo Sayer – guitar, harmonica, vocals
 * Robin Beck – background vocals
 * Harry Bluestone – concertmaster
 * Michael Boddicker – synthesizer
 * Robbie Buchanan – piano
 * Bob Christianson – synthesizer
 * Sammy Figueroa – percussion
 * Steve George – background vocals
 * Lani Groves – background vocals
 * Ralph Hammer – guitar
 * David Hungate – bass guitar
 * Steve Khan – guitar
 * Abraham Laboriel – bass guitar
 * Will Lee – bass guitar
 * Marcy Levy – background vocals
 * Steve Lukather – guitar
 * Gene Orloff – concertmaster
 * Richard Page – background vocals
 * Dean Parks – guitar
 * Jeff Porcaro – drums
 * James Stroud – Linn programming, Fairlight, Synclavier, synth programming
 * David Sanborn - alto saxophone

Production

 * Record producer: Arif Mardin
 * Assistant engineers: Terry Christian, Lewis Hahn, Jay Messina, Michael O'Reilly, Gray Russell
 * Mixing: Jerry Lee Smith
 * Mastering: George Marino

title: World Radio


text: Template:Archaeology-stub

title: Template:Archaeology-stub


text: Talk:World Radio

title: Talk:World Radio


text:
Norma Waterson

Norma Christine Waterson (15 August 1939 – 30 January 2022) was an English singer and songwriter, best known as one of the original members of The Watersons, a celebrated English traditional folk group. Other members of the group included her brother Mike Waterson and sister Lal Waterson, a cousin John Harrison and, in later incarnations of the group, her husband Martin Carthy.

Waterson was known as the "matriarch of the royal family of British folk music".

Early life
Waterson was born in Hull, in the East Riding of Yorkshire Her parents died when she was young and she was raised, with her brother Mike and sister Lal, by their maternal grandmother, Eliza Ward, of Irish Gypsy descent. Waterson later recalled that her grandmother was "a lovely singer and knew a lot of parlour ballads and musical songs she had learned from her childhood, and we all used to sing them." Other members of the family, including her father and two uncles, were musical, playing the cornet, the banjo, the guitar and the organ.

The Watersons
The band began in the early 1960s with the members being Norma, brother Mike, and sister Elaine (known as Lal), with their cousin John Harrison. They started as a skiffle band but moved on to playing more traditional material. Their first recordings date from 1965; the Topic Records sampler New Voices and their first album, Frost and Fire. Frost and Fire was awarded the Melody Maker Album of the Year. The albums The Watersons and A Yorkshire Garland came out in 1966 but the group disbanded in 1968. Norma moved to the island of Montserrat, working as a DJ for Radio Antilles.

The group reformed in 1972, with John Harrison briefly replaced by Bernie Vickers, performing on the Alan Plater TV Play for Today, "The Land of Green Ginger", set and filmed in Hull, and appearing in a scene filmed in the Bluebell Folk Club. Vickers was replaced the same year by Waterson's husband, Martin Carthy. This line-up recorded For Pence and Spicy Ale (1975), Sound, Sound Your Instruments of Joy (1977), and Green Fields (1981).

In the mid-1980s, Mike Waterson's daughter Rachel Waterson replaced Lal, due to the latter's illness, remaining with the group on Lal's return. Regular performing included a session for the BBC Andy Kershaw show in 1986. In 1987, the group collaborated with Swan Arcade to form Blue Murder, who performed and recorded sporadically with various line-ups. Subsequent line-ups fluctuated, featuring Waterson's daughter Eliza Carthy, Anne Waterson, Jill Pidd and Maria Gilhooley at various times, but recording only occasionally.

Lal Waterson died in 1998 and, by the early 1990s, Carthy, Waterson and their daughter Eliza had formed the group Waterson:Carthy. They stopped singing live on a regular basis, but occasionally reconvened, as "The Waterson Family", for special events. These have included "A Mighty River of Song" at the Royal Albert Hall on 12 May 2007, the BBC Radio 2 Electric Proms concert, "Once in a Blue Moon: A Tribute to Lal Waterson", at Cecil Sharp House in London on 25 October 2007 and "A Tribute to Bert," a concert celebrating the life and work of Albert Lancaster Lloyd, at Cecil Sharp House on 15 November 2008. During the summer of 2009, "The Waterson Family" performed at a number of festivals and large concerts throughout England and Ireland.

Later career
Norma's solo debut album Norma Waterson was produced by John Chelew and released by Hannibal Records in 1996, and proved popular, receiving a nomination for the Mercury Music Prize. It included songs with her daughter Eliza, husband Martin Carthy and other members of The Watersons, as well as Danny Thompson (Pentangle), Richard Thompson (Fairport Convention) and Roger Swallow (the Albion Band). In 1999, the follow-up The Very Thought of You was released by Hannibal Records and once again featured Richard Thompson, Danny Thompson, Eliza Carthy and husband Martin Carthy.

In 2001 she released her first solo traditional folk album, Bright Shiny Morning, on Topic Records. She appeared on a variety of collective recordings, notably Peter Bellamy's The Transports. In 2008 Waterson made a guest appearance alongside brother Mike on Scottish musician James Yorkston's album When the Haar Rolls In, singing her sister Lal's song, "Midnight Feast".

In 2009 Topic Records released a 70-year anniversary boxed set Three Score and Ten. This included two Watersons albums and one Waterson:Carthy album; Frost and Fire, For Pence and Spicy Ale  and Waterson:Carthy. The tracks that Norma performs on are Hal-An-Tow (track 11 on the second CD), Three Score and Ten (track 17), We Poor Labouring Men with Waterson:Carthy (track 21 on the sixth CD) and, with Blue Murder, "No One Stands Alone" (track 22 of the seventh CD).

In 2010 Waterson released an album of collaborations with her daughter Eliza entitled Gift. BBC reviewer Laura Barton wrote: "The gift in question here, one gathers, is a handing of talent from generation to generation; Norma Waterson and Eliza Carthy are, after all, the sublimely gifted mother and daughter who make up part of British folk's great dynasty." Commenting on the final song, "Shallow Brown", the reviewer noted: "Backed variously by other family members, including Eliza's father Martin Carthy on guitar as well as her cousin Oliver Knight on electric guitar, vocals and cello, there is a real sense of congregation and rootedness about this song, and indeed this record as a whole. Long may the dynasty flourish."

In 2016 Waterson received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards alongside Joan Armatrading.

Waterson was known as the "matriarch of the royal family of British folk music". She continued to sing well in her 70s, and was described as "a hard-working, prolific artist who refused to stop recording or touring." Her final album, released in 2018, was Anchor, the second recorded with Eliza. It includes Waterson singing lead on a dramatic, jazz-edged treatment of the Tom Waits song "Strange Weather" and on a version of Nick Lowe's "The Beast in Me".

Personal life and death
Waterson married Martin Carthy in 1972. Their daughter Eliza was born in 1975.

She was awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the Queen's 2003 New Year Honours, for her services to folk music.

Waterson died on 30 January 2022, at the age of 82. She had been suffering from pneumonia.

With The Watersons

 * (all on Topic Records unless shown otherwise)

 * Frost and Fire (1965)
 * The Watersons (1966)
 * A Yorkshire Garland (1966)
 * For Pence and Spicy Ale (1975)
 * A True Hearted Girl (1977) (Lal & Norma Waterson with Maria Waterson)
 * Sound, Sound Your Instruments of Joy (1977)
 * Green Fields (1981)
 * Early Days (1994)
 * Mighty River of Song (2004)
 * A Yorkshire Christmas (Witchwood Collection, 2005)

With Waterson:Carthy

 * (all on Topic Records)

 * Waterson:Carthy (1994)
 * Common Tongue (1996)
 * Broken Ground (1999)
 * A Dark Light (2002)
 * Fishes And Fine Yellow Sand (2004)
 * Holy Heathens and the Old Green Man (2006)

Solo discography

 * Norma Waterson (Hannibal Records, 1996)
 * The Very Thought of You (Hannibal Records, 1999)
 * Bright Shiny Morning (Topic Records, 2001)
 * Gift (Topic Records, 2010) with Eliza Carthy
 * Anchor (Topic Records, 2018) with Eliza Carthy and the Gift Band

title: Norma Waterson


text: User talk:84.65.80.24

title: User talk:84.65.80.24