text:
Talk:Lagos

Ikeja vs Lagos
In the article for Lagos State, Lagos City was differentiated from Ikeja (both were separate cities). Why is Ikeja listed as a local government in this article since this article is not for Lagos State. SuperSwift (talk) 12:33, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:38, 9 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Lagos Wooden Tower - Abebe Court Tower.jpg

Lagos Population
Our article List of cities in Africa by population has Lagos at #2, behind Kinshasa. List of urban areas in Africa by population shows Lagos as having the 2nd largest metro area, after Cairo. These articles have updated sources. I am creating this thread to ask if anyone disputes these numbers, and if so, what the source is for their claim. Secondarily, what source should we use to determine Lagos' official population in this article? ‡ Єl Cid of Valencia talk  13:18, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:54, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Victoria island skyline.jpg

Something lacking
"Benin war-camp called "Eko" under Oba, the ] at the time." --Manfariel (talk) 15:11, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Lagos sodlikala
one of biggest cities 41.116.118.194 (talk) 13:39, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Recruitment in Lagos
 * https://southentertainmentloaded.blogspot.com/2022/08/nnpc-recruitment-20222023-application.html
 * https://southentertainmentloaded.blogspot.com/2022/09/police-service-commission-adjusts-constables-recruitment-deadline.html
 * https://southentertainmentloaded.blogspot.com/2022/09/inec-adhoc-staff-recruitment-form.html Joshuaotuideh (talk) 09:28, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

NNPC Recruitment 2022/2023 Application Form Registration Portal
https://southentertainmentloaded.blogspot.com/2022/08/nnpc-recruitment-20222023-application.html Joshuaotuideh (talk) 09:29, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lagos


text:
M. Ward

Matthew Stephen Ward (born October 4, 1973), known professionally as M. Ward, is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist from Glendale, California. Ward's solo work is a mixture of folk and blues-inspired Americana analog recordings. He has released 10 studio albums since 1999, primarily through the independent label Merge Records. In addition to his solo work, he is a member of indie pop duo She & Him and folk-rock supergroup Monsters of Folk, and also participates in recording, producing, and playing with multiple other artists.

Early life
Ward was raised in Glendale, California, and moved to Portland, Oregon, after college. Growing up, Ward taught himself songs by the Beatles on his brother's guitar, and began recording demos on a four-track analog tape recorder when he was about fifteen. Ward continues to record only analog, and starts all of his songs as demos on the same recorder he has had since his teens.

Duets for Guitars #2 and End of Amnesia (1999–2001)
Ward's solo debut, Duet for Guitars #2, was released by Co-Dependent Records in 1999, then reissued by Howe Gelb's Ow Om record label in 2000. Described by Joshua Klein of Pitchfork as "ragged and lo-fi ... recorded on a shoestring and not necessarily worse for it", Duet for Guitars #2 soon went out of print for a second time, before being reissued by Merge in 2007.

Ward's second album, End of Amnesia, was put out by Future Farmer Records and Loose Music (Europe) in 2001. In a retrospective review, Ryan Kearney of Pitchfork compared the album to a contemporary band, Sparklehorse, saying that "both Linkous and Ward are country-and folk-influenced artists who scratch unavoidable, but nominally disruptive marks on the traditional blueprint". Sparklehorse had released It's a Wonderful Life to critical acclaim earlier in the year.

A collection of live recordings, Live Music & The Voice of Strangers, was a self-released disc that was sold at his shows in 2001.

Transfiguration of Vincent and Transistor Radio (2003–05)
Ward released his third album, Transfiguration of Vincent, on Merge Records in 2003 to critical success. Transfiguration of Vincent received a weighted average score of 82 out of 100 by review aggregator website Metacritic, based on 13 critical reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". The title alludes to the 1965 album The Transfiguration of Blind Joe Death by John Fahey, and refers to the life and death of Vincent O'Brien, a close friend to Ward. Fahey's pre-war style of folk music and production techniques, using basic equipment and simple arrangements, greatly influenced Ward's own sound and recording practices.

Transistor Radio, Ward's fourth album, was released on Merge in 2005, and he served as the opening act for The White Stripes that fall. The album consists of Ward's own compositions as well as three covers, The Beach Boys' "You Still Believe in Me", Carmen Lombardo's pop standard "Sweethearts on Parade", and Bach's "Well-Tempered Clavier". Transistor Radio received a score of 78 out of 100 on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Josh Terry of Consequence of Sound, writing of Transistor Radio in 2014, described the album as "one of the finer examples of ramshackle and intimate mid-aughts folk." A writer for Alternative Press, however, said that "Most of Ward's quiet, contemporary folk songs are mere sketches, mediocre if not unmemorable." Transistor Radio was reissued by Merge in December 2014 with four previously unreleased tracks.

Post-War and Hold Time (2006–09)
In August 2006, Ward released Post-War on Merge Records. Post-War was Ward's first album with a full backing band, with players including Howe Gelb, Jim James, and Neko Case. Post-War was described by Vanity Fair in its August 2006 issue as thematic on the question "How will America heal once this craziness in Iraq is over?" Ward said in that article that he looked to the post-war music of the late 1940s and 1950s. "I had the naive, simplistic idea that producers and writers and artists of the time helped in a minuscule way to change the mind-set of America." In addition to this inspired material, the album also contains a cover of Daniel Johnston's "To Go Home", which was subsequently re-released on the To Go Home EP in 2007. A critical success, Post-War received "universal acclaim" of 81 out of 100, aggregated by Metacritic and reached No. 146 on Billboard's Top 200. Ward spent most of 2007 touring with Norah Jones in support of the album, as well as occasionally playing in Norah's touring band, "The Handsome Band". Ward played on Jones's 2007 release Not Too Late.

Hold Time, the followup to Post-War, was released on Merge in February 2009. Hold Time includes guest performances by Jason Lytle of the band Grandaddy, Lucinda Williams, Tom Hagerman of DeVotchKa, and She & Him co-contributor Zooey Deschanel. The album includes a cover of the Buddy Holly song "Rave On!" Described by Autumn De Wilde Entertainment Weekly as "[feeling] timeless, a musical wanderer's dusty, train-hopping tour through folk, blues, and country," Hold Time received an aggregated 79 out of 100 on Metacritic, for "generally favorable reviews" and reached No. 31 on Billboard's Top 200.

A Wasteland Companion and More Rain (2012–present)
After several years of touring and releasing albums with pop project She & Him and folk supergroup Monsters of Folk, Ward released his seventh studio album, A Wasteland Companion, in 2012 on Merge and Bella Union. Reaching number 21 in the US charts, A Wasteland Companion received an aggregated score of 75 out of 100 on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Will Hermes of Rolling Stone gave the album 3.5 of 5 stars, reflective of the aggregated score, and commented that "[A Wasteland Companion] is his most vivid and varied yet, full of exquisite guitar work,...gem-like songcraft...and inspired covers." Matthew McFarland of Prefix offered the criticism, "What's missing, though, is the familiar sense of deft control over the album's arc, the lyrical intrigues, and the instrumental detail that make his other work so indispensable [sic] to the indie folk canon of last decade."

After another multi-year break from solo recording, M. Ward released his eighth album, More Rain, on March 4, 2016, via Merge and Bella Union. Ward began working on More Rain in 2012, initially experimenting with layering his own vocals to create a doo-wop record. After collaborating with other artists on the record such as R.E.M.'s Peter Buck, k.d. lang, Neko Case, and others, the sound of the album went in a different direction, described as a "true gotta-stay-indoors, rainy-season record that looks upwards through the weather while reflecting on his past."

On June 8, 2018, Ward self-released What a Wonderful Industry, his ninth studio album. Using a variety of anecdotes and metaphors, the album examines the complex challenges of working within the cutthroat music industry. As Ward stated in an interview with NPR, "You quickly learn there's a perfectly imperfect balance of cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals in the zoo....This record visits the most memorable characters. There's a lot of very inspirational people I've had the pleasure to work with but there are also a few I wish I'd never met."

Ward's tenth studio album, Migration Stories, was released on April 3, 2020, on Anti Records. Later that year, Ward released Think of Spring which features songs originally recorded by Billie Holiday. In June 2023, Anti Records released Ward's twelfth solo album Supernatural Thing.

She and Him
In 2006, Ward was working on the soundtrack for the film The Go-Getter, co-starring actress Zooey Deschanel, when Director Martin Hynes suggested Ward and Deschanel record a duet for the movie. Ward later referred to the collaboration as "a fruitful, creative experience." Deschanel soon sent Ward demos of songs she had written, and the two formed the pop duo She & Him to record together, with Deschanel writing the songs. The duo's first album Volume One — which Ward produced – was released on Merge Records on March 18, 2008. Volume One found critical and commercial success for Deschanel and Ward's pop music. The album reached No. 31 on Billboard's Top 200, and Metacritic has the critical album reviews aggregated to 76 out of 100, or "generally favorable reviews."

She & Him's second album, Volume Two, was released on Merge in 2010. Volume Two peaked at No. 6 on Billboard's Top 200, outperforming their first release. A Very She & Him Christmas was released October 25, 2011 on Merge Records, peaking at No. 12. After a break, She & Him released their third album of original songs, Volume 3 in 2013 followed by a collection of standards, Classics, in 2014. Both albums also charted and were released on Merge. In 2016 they released their second christmas album, Christmas Party.

Monsters of Folk
Monsters of Folk is a project formed by Ward, Jim James of My Morning Jacket, and Conor Oberst and Mike Mogis of Bright Eyes. The four had been touring and playing together at various points throughout the 2000s and regularly talked of making an album together. The result, the eponymous Monsters of Folk, was released in September 2009. Monsters of Folk received "generally favorable reviews" with an aggregate score of 80 out of 100 on Metacritic. Prefix 's Dave Clark said of the supergroup that "The players on Monsters of Folk complement each other extremely well. There is definitely something to be said for group chemistry. These songs don't always shine the way they could, but the album is a great effort." Monsters of Folk was a commercial success, peaking at No. 15 on Billboard's Top 200.

Other artists
He has performed on recordings by Brian Wilson, Kim Deal, Giant Sand, Cat Power, Neko Case, Beth Orton (with whom he co-wrote the title track to her album Comfort of Strangers), The Court & Spark, Bright Eyes (with whom he toured on the 2004 Vote for Change tour with R.E.M. and Bruce Springsteen), Jenny Lewis (whose debut solo album Rabbit Fur Coat he co-produced), and My Morning Jacket.

In 2005, Ward was – along with Aaron Burtch, Jason Lytle and Jim Fairchild from Grandaddy, Scout Niblett, Marie Frank or Jeremy Gara – involved in Howe Gelb's project called Arizona Amp and Alternator, which had officially no band members but a lot of guest musicians (M. Ward's voice can be recognized on the track "Aaaa(3)").

In 2006, he helped produce and contributed a song to the John Fahey tribute album I Am the Resurrection. He also appears on Norah Jones' album Not Too Late, performing backing vocals and guitar on "Sinkin' Soon", and toured as the opener and a member of her "Handsome Band" for the album in the spring of 2007. Also his cover of David Bowie's song "Let's Dance" is featured on the soundtrack of the 2007 New Zealand film Eagle vs Shark. Ward was previously a member of the band Rodriguez with Kyle Field of Little Wings and Mike Funk of Echodrone. Their album Swing Like a Metronome was released in 2000 and produced by Jason Lytle of Grandaddy.

Songs or compositions written by M. Ward have been recorded or performed by: Bright Eyes ("Seashell Tale"), Feist ("Post War"), Cat Power ("Sad Sad Song"), Carrie Rodriguez ("Eyes on the Prize"), Grandaddy ("Fishing Boat Song"), Lloyd Cole ("Chinese Translation"), Gillian Welch and Dave Rawlings ("One Life Away" "Fuel for Fire"), Norah Jones ("Lullaby + Exile"), and She and Him ("Magic Trick").

In 2013, Ward contributed guitar work to the Neko Case album The Worse Things Get, The Harder I Fight, The Harder I Fight, The More I Love You. Neko noted on her September 2, 2013, appearance on Comedy Bang! Bang! that Ward not only contributed but was "paid in full".

Solo albums

 * Duet for Guitars #2 (1999)
 * End of Amnesia (2001) (reissued 2013)
 * Transfiguration of Vincent (2003)
 * Transistor Radio (2005)
 * Post-War (2006) (#146 U.S.)
 * Hold Time (2009) (#31 U.S.)
 * A Wasteland Companion (2012) (#21 U.S., No. 106 U.K.)
 * More Rain (2016)
 * What a Wonderful Industry (2018)
 * Migration Stories (April 2020)
 * Think of Spring (December 2020)
 * Supernatural Thing (June 2023)

EPs

 * Scene from No. 12 (I Ain't Sleeping) (2000)
 * To Go Home (2007)

She and Him

 * Volume One (2008) (#71 U.S.)
 * Volume Two (2010) (#6 U.S.)
 * A Very She & Him Christmas (October 25, 2011)
 * Volume Three (May 7, 2013) (#15 U.S.)
 * Classics (December 2, 2014)
 * Christmas Party (October 28, 2016)
 * Melt Away: A Tribute to Brian Wilson (July 22, 2022)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: M. Ward


text:
Talk:Soko J-22 Orao

Cleanup
Needs further clean up. I started it, but the English is so bad I couldn't figure out what the poster was trying to say.

NATO Aggression
In the part of the article that talks about the Orao shooting down the Tomahawk cruise missile, it mentions NATO aggression. I do not believe that the NATO bombings were aggression, as the author of this article does, but rather a means to end the Serbian aggression towards her neighbors. I believe that we should remove this phrase (I have already seen the needs source post after the comment).

A agree with the agression statement.

13.11.06 What you agree or disagree with is your own affair, hence keep your comments to yourself unless they're related to technical and operational details of this aircraft.

Practice what you preach.

The first guy is funny. Of course it was aggression of the worst kind. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.103.35.211 (talk) 14:51, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I like unintentional irony as much as the next guy, but that is beyond asinine.--172.162.135.177 (talk) 09:21, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

First flight
The IAR-93 article says that both Romanian and Yugoslav prototypes flew at the same time, October 1974. Here it says that the Yugoslav prototype flew in November 1976. Which is correct? Drutt (talk) 20:21, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

New upgrade/modernization
As per: http://www.janes.com/article/75600/

Maybe someone more knowledgeable could enter this new information into the article.

Jurryaany (talk) 14:14, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

Additions silently reverted without reason given
Hi, added some citation needed tags and rewritten the lead today, absolutely all changes have been reverted without so much as a word given for why. Reverts ought to have an expressed reasoning for why they're done. Kyteto (talk) 22:01, 12 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I do notice that you appear to be adding text which you know to be unreferenced as you are tagging it with citation needed tags - please provide a source.Nigel Ish (talk) 15:50, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi Nigel. I didn't think I had actually added any text towhich I had affixed a citation needed tag to; I have altered many pre-existing sentences that I have tagged. Amongst other things, the version (by a very new editor) removed all the citation needed tags, but not the content I had placed them against. I've done my best so far to cite some of the old content that we're left to guess at what the source was, but I am still coming up short. There's a fair few sentences I'd like to delete, but I was going to give it some time to see if anybody (perhaps the original submitters?) will cite any of it if given the chance before proceeding to binning. Kyteto (talk) 17:46, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I believe that, as they are now edit-warring to keep uncited content in the article, their object wasn't to do with objecting to the uncited - that it has been altered at all maybe. Kyteto (talk) 15:51, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Accuse others of what you do? Nice tactic you got there. Karen Kho (talk) 18:53, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I am glad you've come to the talk page. Do you mind if I ask what was the rationale behind your two reverts with blank edit summaries? It is typical to have explanations expressed for executing such action. Kyteto (talk) 20:44, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I see that you are now reverting with the edit description "Reverting vandalism". Can you elaborate on what part of the edits were vandalism - not accepting your WP:POV-ish change of "targets" to "military targets" without evidence/cites, or the addition of citations to Chant, or the implementation of WP:AIRCRASH to determine if the mention of a lost aircraft was noteworthy? Kyteto (talk) 10:20, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Could I ask for you to please address the accusation of vandalism you made against me in this edit? You're clearly checking this talk page. Kyteto (talk) 17:20, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

Merger?
Is there any good reason why this and the IAR-93 have separate articles - they are the same aircraft, after all?Nigel Ish (talk) 19:42, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Personally, I wouldn't merge them. Only two types of this plane exist, one built in Yugoslavia and another in Romania. It is no longer being built, so there is no fear we will have more articles about different types of the same plane. Since each type was built in one of the countries and is representative of two separate aircraft industries and most of their service was inside those countries (and I do believe there are some differences in performance and construction, but I'm not sure) I propose not to merge them. Karen Kho (talk) 20:14, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's much reason to have them separate, other than the difficulty of choosing which name to give the article e.g. should it be Soko J-22 Orao/IAR-93 Vultur? The design is identical, and the merged content would still not result in a large article. Kyteto (talk) 20:34, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * There is a reason to have them separated as I have stated above. Karen Kho (talk) 21:18, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I heard your reason, I didn't think it was particularly decisive/strong. Take the Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight for example, it was also produced by Saab in Sweden (as the HKP 4) and by Kawasaki in Japan (as the KV-107II) - we addressed them all in one article. Thus, having a second production line/an alternative name for the exact same aircraft typically doesn't justify a split on its own. Kyteto (talk) 22:26, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, if you don't think it's decisive/strong enough that's your problem. Still a stronger argument than yours. Karen Kho (talk) 07:09, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

Application of WP:AIRCRASH
According to User:Karen Kho in this edit summary, the recent contentious edits have apparently been explained by them on the talkpage. If this is same talk page referenced, I cannot find any such explanation here from them; the history for this page shows it hasn't been edited prior to this edit since 15 July of this year. Am I looking in the wrong place?

Regardless, let's try to discuss this out. As noted correctly by User:Karen Kho in in this edit, "WP:AIRCRASH says incidents "are mostly non-prominent", that means there are exceptions" - Indeed, there are exceptions. If we read the whole paragraph of that policy, it does state objective criteria for making such exceptions for inclusion. Quoting from WP:AIRCRASH: "Accidents involving light aircraft and military aircraft are mostly non-prominent. They account for many more accidents and incidents than larger civil aircraft. Military aircraft accidents may be suitable for inclusion in the relevant List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft. For accidents involving light aircraft (maximum gross weight of 12,500 lb (5,670 kg) or less) or any military aircraft the standard for inclusion is: the accident involved the death of a person of sufficient individual notability to have their own biography page in Wikipedia (and the biography is not solely due to them being an accident victim), or The accident resulted in a significant change to the aircraft design or aviation operations, including changes to national or company procedures, regulations or issuance of an Airworthiness Directive (or the equivalent to an AD in the case of non-certified aircraft)." As these accidents did not A. involve the death of a person of sufficient individual notability to have their own biography page in Wikipedia, and/or B. resulted in a significant change to the aircraft design or aviation operations - surely, that should mean that, under the above policy, these losses are non-notable and should not be covered in the article Soko J-22 Orao. Am I applying these wrong/is there evidence that would affect either of these criteria to state? Kyteto (talk) 17:27, 20 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Keep looking, I explained it here and you forgot to mention that you could have created "list of accidents" section, but you did not. Because, why would you? Karen Kho (talk) 09:47, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Could you please directly link it e.g. like how I've linked this, because my conclusion so far is that I cannot find it. You've said twice you've explained it 'here' (as in this talk page?) but I can find a grand total of four edits by your account on this talk page's history page: The first, The second, The third, and The fourth. The second, third, and fourth submissions are all to do with a proposed merger (not relevant to aircrashs), and the first says "Accuse others of what you do? Nice tactic you got there" - not what most people would identify as an explanation. Are you sure you've made an explanation here? Kyteto (talk) 17:16, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

 * As I forgot to comment on this, as you seem to be asking for input on it, yes, I could have created a "list of accidents" section. I did not, as I don't have any entries that meet WP:AIRCRAFT's two measures for inclusion: A. involve the death of a person of sufficient individual notability to have their own biography page in Wikipedia, and/or B. resulted in a significant change to the aircraft design or aviation operations. Those two standards for inclusion apply to an accidents section just as much as anywhere else in an article. With nothing meeting the inclusion standards, I saw no point in creating an empty section - this is why I did not bother, as you put it. Kyteto (talk) 19:12, 23 October 2019 (UTC)

“Subsonic” vs. “Transonic”
Intro has the J-22 as a “subsonic” aircraft. Glancing at its specifications, I noted its top speed is Mach 0.96, and it is noted in the article that she is capable of achieving supersonic speeds. Would anyone have any issue if I altered it to read “transonic” vice “subsonic?” Mach 0.96 is well-within the upper range of transonic flight and barely breaking Mach 1 is, as well. Thoughts? For reference, without doing any research, another aircraft labeled as “transonic” is the F-86 Sabre and I believe the MiG-15. MWFwiki (talk) 12:10, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Not sure we should use the word transonic without a reliable source. MilborneOne (talk) 16:10, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, fair enough; I only have two aircraft encyclopedias. One described it as “subsonic” and the other didn’t mention its speed until later in the article where it was indeed described as “transonic.” Most of the Google/Google book searches do mention that initial tender sought a “transonic” airframe. You find anything? MWFwiki (talk) 05:32, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soko J-22 Orao


text:
Talk:Louder Than Bombs

Proposed move
I suggest that the page namespace should be "Louder Than Bombs". The quotation marks are typographically and semantically part of the album's title, and should be included. Any objections? Sindinero (talk) 13:47, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Armbrust The Homunculus 21:06, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

"Louder Than Bombs" → Louder Than Bombs – This isn't the only Smiths (nor Morrissey, for that matter) album with the title between inverted commas on the cover, it'll be a bit daft to move each article. Correct me if I'm wrong but unlike David Bowie's "Heroes", I don't think the marks signify anything here other than making the title stand out.  VEO one five 18:38, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

 * They may or may not signify, but the fact is that they're there, and I think this is important. It is generally quite rare for titles -- of albums, books, or other artworks -- to incorporate quotation marks, and looking at the cover art of albums by The Smiths in particular, it seems that only a minority do so. I'm not sure what, if anything, it signifies, but the fact remains that the quotation marks are on the album cover as part of the title. I don't think it's our place as WP editors to interpret the significance of the quotation marks, but their inclusion in the album title does represent an editorial and/or creative decision that went into the making, packaging, and marketing of the album. I suggest we leave it here and not redirect. Sindinero (talk) 13:54, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

 * If we're leaving this one at "Louder Than Bombs", shouldn't we also more Strangeways, Here We Come to "Strangeways, Here We Come", Rank (album) to "Rank" (album), Hatful of Hollow to "Hatful of Hollow", and Singles (The Smiths album) to "Singles" (The Smiths album)? To be clear, I'm just going by lettering on the album covers here. —Flax5 14:06, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support move. I agree that it seems like stylization for its own sake, and doesn't actually signify anything. I don't see any other only sources listing it with the quotation marks either. We could just add a parenthetical in the lead, e.g.: 'Louder Than Bombs (stylized as "Louder Than Bombs"), is a compilation album...' —Torchiest talkedits 14:12, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support - and please add any similar that need fixing. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:37, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Seems I'm alone on this one. I still think the typographic choices of the original albums should be respected in our titling practice, but I'm happy to cede the point if others feel otherwise, since I haven't been able to find any information about why these particular albums were given quotation marks. I do like Torchiest's suggestion of a parenthetical in the lead, though. Sindinero (talk) 01:47, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support precisely as Torchiest recommended. Especially given that we have no RS that says it does have some special significance.  Even if it did, we might not bow to it, per MOS:TM and WP:COMMONNAME vs. WP:OFFICIALNAME.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  10:29, 24 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per SMcCandlish's logic regarding MOS:TM and WP:COMMONNAME. — sparklism hey! 15:25, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Support, no one wil be doing air quotes when they name the album when talking about it. Torquemama007 (talk) 17:54, 25 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Louder Than Bombs


text:
Teewurst

Teewurst is a German sausage made from two parts raw pork (and sometimes beef) and one part bacon; they are minced, seasoned and packed in casings (mostly porous artificial casings) before being smoked over beech wood. The sausage then has to mature for seven to ten days in order to develop its typical taste. Teewurst contains 30 to 40 percent fat, which makes it particularly easy to spread.

Teewurst was invented in Pomerania, probably in the small Baltic town of Rügenwalde (now Darłowo, Poland), in the middle of the 19th century. The name, which means tea sausage, is said to derive from the habit of serving it in sandwiches at teatime.

Up to 1945, the sausage industry in Rügenwalde was well established, and Teewurst was its best-known product. In 1927, the term Rügenwalder Teewurst was declared a protected designation of origin. After World War II, sausage makers from Rügenwalde fled or were expelled to the Federal Republic of Germany, where they established new companies and resumed the production of Teewurst. They established an association of former Rügenwald sausage makers, which registered the trademark Rügenwalder Teewurst in 1957. Teewurst was also made in East Germany, but the brand Rügenwalder Teewurst was never used there. Today, only companies that once had their headquarters in Rügenwalde are allowed to use the term Rügenwalder Teewurst. All others use the terms Teewurst or Rügenwalde-style Teewurst.

title: Teewurst


text:
Ferguson-Brown Company

The Ferguson-Brown Company was a British agricultural machinery manufacturing company formed by Harry Ferguson in partnership with David Brown.

Ferguson-Brown produced the Model A Ferguson-Brown tractor incorporating a Ferguson-designed hydraulic three-point linkage hitch. Of the 1,356 produced 400 of the tractors were sold in Norway, which was the only export market. The early tractors were fitted with the Coventry Climax model E engine which was a descendant of the American Hercules engine as fitted to the prototype "Black tractor" later the engine manufacture was taken on by David Brown Ltd. who made a number of improvements such as a deeper sump, some of the earlier tractors suffered from oil starvation on hillside work. It has been narrowed down by surviving examples that the engine change from the Coventry Climax to the David Brown took place around tractors serial numbers 525 to 528. Harry Ferguson surmised that the tractor hitch was the key to having a better plough and designed a simpler tractor attachment for it.

Agreement with Ford
In 1938 Ferguson made a handshake agreement with Henry Ford to produce Ferguson System Ford-Ferguson tractors using Ferguson's own self-regulating three-point hitch system, beginning with the Ford-Ferguson 9N tractor. This tractor is recognizable by the blue Ford emblem on the front of the hood and the Ferguson System emblem on the grill. The three-point hitch soon became the favourite hitch attachment system among farmers in North America and around the world. This tractor model also included a rear Power Take Off (PTO) shaft that could be used to power three-point hitch mounted implements such as sickle-bar mowers. This PTO location set the standard for future tractor developments.

Agreement with Standard
In December 1945 Standard Motor Company Limited announced that an arrangement had been made to manufacture Ferguson's tractors. Standard's newly acquired factory at Banner Lane in Coventry would be used for the project. These tractors would be for the Eastern hemisphere, with Ferguson tractors built by Ford in America for the Western hemisphere. Production was expected to start in 1946. Following conversion of the former WW2 aircraft factory. Implements would be sourced and sold separately by Ferguson.

Split with Ford
In 1946 the Ford Motor Company parted from Ferguson, following several disagreements and a protracted lawsuit followed, involving Ford's continued use of Ferguson's patents. Ford altered the hydraulic design of its postwar tractors to avoid Ferguson's hydraulic system patent, but continued to produce machines equipped with the basic Ferguson hitch arrangement. The postwar Ford 8N, equipped with Ferguson's three-point hitch, became the top-selling tractor of all time in North America.

Ferguson TE20

After the split with Ford, Ferguson took the opportunity to have the Standard Motor Company of the UK produce a new design, the Model TE20. The model name came from Tractor, England 20 hp but is affectionately known as the Little Grey Fergie. There were several variants of the TE20; the first tractors were designated TE20 Using an imported Continental Z120 engine. In 1948 the TEA20 was introduced with a Standard brand petrol engine, following the introduction of the TED20 which ran on TVO (tractor vapourising oil, similar to paraffin). Later a diesel model was introduced, the TEF20. There were other variants with narrow tracks for working in vineyards and orchards, such as the TEB20 and TEC20.

Over 500,000 Little Grey Fergies were built between 1946 and 1956, and many survive today. So successful was the TE20 that Ford nicknamed it the "Grey Menace" as sales of the tractor spread across the world. Some were used on an expedition to the South Pole in 1958 by Sir Edmund Hillary, a testament to the durability of the machine. Ford ultimately settled the legal proceedings with a multimillion-dollar sum that allowed Ferguson to further expand his own manufacturing interests.

There is a monument in Wentworth on the junction of the Darling and Murray Rivers in commemorating the time in 1956 when both rivers flooded and a fleet of Little Grey Fergies was used to build defensive banks to save the town.

Ferguson Park
Ferguson built a plant in Detroit where the TO20, TO30, and F40 were assembled. He named it Ferguson Park, perhaps because the 8Ns were then being assembled at Highland Park. Massey Ferguson stopped production at this plant in 1984. Part of the plant is currently in use by an auto parts manufacturer.

Three-point linkage

The principal feature of the Ferguson System was the three-point linkage. This allowed trailed implements to be supported on a hydraulic system. Two drag links attached under the rear axle with a single compression link connected to the upper rear transmission case automatically regulating the hydraulic suspension's height. This allowed lighter implement to be used, with no attached wheels or separate manual controls. By assisting the tractor to maintain traction from a combined drag and rotary force to the axle, which kept the rear driving wheels on the ground, the front steering wheels had improved contact with the ground. Consequently, the "rearing and bucking" of overloaded tractors was reduced, making tractors much safer for the operator.

 * Ferguson design implements

Other innovations
Ferguson's designs, for tractors, were the first with single-wheel brakes that allowed the driver to turn sharply by braking the inside wheel. The TE20 was one of the first tractors to have a four-speed gearbox, with integrated differential, and a hydraulic system.

Merger with Massey-Harris
In 1953 Ferguson and Massey-Harris merged, and the combined company Massey-Harris-Ferguson (later shortened to Massey Ferguson) became the manufacturer of the tractors and other designs. By then, many manufacturers had developed their own three-point linkages, and the linkage had become standardised worldwide.

title: Ferguson-Brown Company


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User:Ta bu shi da yu/Focus article/focus

USA PATRIOT Act


text:
Victorian dress reform

[[File:Bicycle suit punch 1895.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|1895 Punch cartoon.

Gertrude: "My dear Jessie, what on earth is that Bicycle Suit for?" Jessie: "Why, to wear, of course." Gertrude: "But you haven't got a Bicycle!" Jessie: "No; but I've got a Sewing Machine!"]]

Victorian dress reform was an objective of the Victorian dress reform movement (also known as the rational dress movement) of the middle and late Victorian era, led by various reformers who proposed, designed, and wore clothing considered more practical and comfortable than the fashions of the time.

Dress reformists were largely middle-class women involved in the first wave of feminism in the Western World, from the 1850s through the 1890s. The movement emerged in the Progressive Era along with calls for temperance, women's education, suffrage and moral purity. Dress reform called for emancipation from the "dictates of fashion", expressed a desire to "cover the limbs as well as the torso adequately," and promoted "rational dress". The movement had its greatest success in the reform of women's undergarments, which could be modified without exposing the wearer to social ridicule. Dress reformers were also influential in persuading women to adopt simplified garments for athletic activities such as bicycling or swimming. The movement was much less concerned with men's clothing, although it initiated the widespread adoption of knitted wool union suits or long johns.

Some of the movement's proponents established dress reform parlors, or storefronts, where women could buy sewing patterns for the garments, or buy them directly.

Criticisms of tightlacing
Fashion in the 1850s through the 1880s accented large crinolines, cumbersome bustles, and padded busts with tiny waists laced into 'steam-moulded corsetry'. 'Tight-lacing' became part of the corset controversy: dress reformists claimed that the corset was prompted by vanity and foolishness, and harmful to health. The reported health risks included damaged and rearranged internal organs, compromised fertility; weakness and general depletion of health. Those who were pro-corset argued that it was required for stylish dress and had its own unique pleasures; dress historian David Kunzle theorized that some enthusiastic fans of tightlacing may have experienced sexual pleasure when tightlacing, or by rubbing against the front of the corset, which contributed to the moral outrage against the practice. Doctors such as Alice Bunker Stockham counseled patients against them, particularly during maternity; reformist and activist Catharine Beecher was one of the few to defy propriety norms and discuss the gynecological issues resulting from lifelong corset usage, in particular uterine prolapse. Feminist historian Leigh Summers theorized that some moral panic derived from the common but unspeakable idea that tightlacing could be used to induce an abortion.

American women active in the anti-slavery and temperance movements, having experience in public speaking and political agitation, demanded sensible clothing that would not restrict their movement. While supporters of fashionable dress contended that corsets maintained an upright, 'good figure', as a necessary physical structure for moral and well-ordered society, these dress reformists contested that women's fashions were not only physically detrimental, but "the results of male conspiracy to make women subservient by cultivating them in slave psychology." They believed a change in fashions could change the whole position of women, allowing for greater social mobility, independence from men and marriage, the ability to work for wages, as well as physical movement and comfort.

"Emancipation waists" and undergarment reform
Dress reformers promoted the emancipation waist, or liberty bodice, as a replacement for the corset. The emancipation bodice was a tight sleeveless vest, buttoning up the front, with rows of buttons along the bottom to which could be attached petticoats and a skirt. The entire torso would support the weight of the petticoats and skirt, not just the waist (since the undesirability of hanging the entire weight of full skirts and petticoats from a constricted waist—rather than hanging the garments from the shoulders—was another point often discussed by dress reformers). The bodices had to be fitted by a dressmaker; patterns could be ordered through the mail. Physician Alice Bunker Stockham railed against the corset and said of the pregnancy corset, "The Best pregnancy corset is no corset at all." The "emancipation union under flannel" was first sold in America in 1868. It combined a waist (shirt) and drawers (leggings) in the form we now know as the union suit. While first designed for women, the union suit was also adopted by men, and is still sold and worn today, by both men and women, as winter underclothing.

In 1878, a German professor named Gustav Jaeger published a book claiming that only clothing made of animal hair, such as wool, promoted health. A British accountant named Lewis Tomalin translated the book, then opened a shop selling Dr Jaeger's Sanitary Woollen System, including knitted wool union suits. These were soon called "Jaegers"; they were widely popular.

It is not clear how many women, in either the Americas or on the Continent, wore these so-called "reform" bodices. However, contemporary portrait photography, fashion literature, and surviving examples of the undergarments themselves, all suggest that the corset was almost universal as daily wear by women and young ladies (and numerous fashionable men) until the 1920s, when girdles began to take over.

The hygienic corset
The primary result of the dress reform movement seems to be the evolution, rather than elimination, of the corset. Because of the public health outcry surrounding corsets and tightlacing, many doctors took it upon themselves to become corsetieres. Many doctors helped to fit their patients with corsets to avoid the dangers of ill-fitting corsets, and some doctors even designed corsets themselves. Roxey Ann Caplin became a widely renowned corset maker, enlisting the help of her husband, a physician, to create corsets which she purported to be more respectful of human anatomy. Inès Gaches-Sarraute designed the straight-front corset in response to her patients' gynecological issues which were attributed to wearing corsets. The design was intended to reduce pressure on the abdomen and improve overall health. The new S-curve silhouette created by this design quickly caught on among fashion houses in the early 20th century.

Bloomer suit

The most famous product of the dress reform era is the bloomer suit. In 1851, a New England temperance activist named Elizabeth Smith Miller (Libby Miller) adopted what she considered a more rational costume: loose trousers gathered at the ankles, like the trousers worn by Middle Eastern and Central Asian women, topped by a short dress or skirt and vest (waistcoat). She displayed her new clothing to temperance activist and suffragist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who found it sensible and becoming, and adopted it immediately. In this garb, she visited yet another activist, Amelia Bloomer, the editor of the temperance magazine The Lily. Bloomer not only wore the costume, she promoted it enthusiastically in her magazine. More women wore the fashion and were promptly dubbed "Bloomers". A dress reform was supported by a campaign of the National Dress Reform Association, which was founded in 1856.

They put up a fight for a few years, but were subjected to ridicule in the press and harassment on the street. The more conservative of society protested that women had 'lost the mystery and attractiveness as they discarded their flowing robes."

Amelia Bloomer herself dropped the fashion in 1859, saying that a new invention, the crinoline, was a sufficient reform and that she could return to conventional dress. The bloomer costume died—temporarily. It was to return much later (in a different form), as a women's athletic costume in the 1890s and early 1900s.

Aesthetic Dress movement
In the 1870s, a largely English movement led by Mary Eliza Haweis sought dress reform to enhance and celebrate the natural shape of the body, preferring the looser lines of the medieval and renaissance eras. A historic nostalgia for more forgiving fashions, the aesthetic dress movement critiqued fashionable dress for its immovable shapes, and sought the 'fashioning and adorning of a robe' as tastefully complementary to the natural body.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and other artistic reformers objected to the elaborately trimmed confections of Victorian fashion with their unnatural silhouette based on a rigid corset and hoops as both ugly and dishonest. Some women associated with the movement adopted a revival style based on romanticised medieval influences such as puffed juliette sleeves and trailing skirts. These styles were made in the soft colors of vegetable dyes, ornamented with hand embroidery in the art needlework style, featured silks, oriental designs, muted colors, natural and frizzed hair, and lacked definitive waist emphasis.

The style spread as an "anti-fashion" called Artistic dress in the 1860s in literary and artistic circles, died back in the 1870s, and reemerged as Aesthetic dress in the 1880s, where two of the main proponents were the writer Oscar Wilde and his wife Constance, both of whom gave lectures on the subject. In 1881 The Rational Dress Society was founded in London. The Society advocated divided skirts as a more practical form of clothing, but its president and co-founder, Lady Florence Harberton, went further - when cycling, she wore full 'Rational' dress, which was a shorter skirt worn over voluminous trousers.

The rational dress movement by country
The dress reform movement spread from the United States and Great Britain to the Nordic countries in the 1880s and from Germany to Austria and the Netherlands. The issue was internationally addressed at the International Congress for Women's Work and Women's Endeavors in Berlin 1896, in which Germany, America, Belgium, Denmark, England, Finland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Hungary participated.

Denmark
In Denmark, the bloomer costume was adopted for girls' sports wear during ice skating already in the 1860s. While there were no separate dress reform societies founded in Denmark, the women's rights society Dansk Kvindesamfund actively addressed the issue under the influence of the Swedish Dress Reform Society in the 1880s; they published their own brochure, Om Sundheden og Kyindedraegten by J. Frisch, collaborated with Stockholm and Oslo with the design of reform costumes and the exposition of them, notably during the Nordic Exhibition of 1888.

Finland
While there were no separate dress reform societies founded in Finland, the women's rights society Suomen Naisyhdistys actively addressed the issue under the influence of the Swedish Dress Reform Society in the 1880s; they held lectures in many Finnish cities, managed to have the reform costume accepted as sports wear in the girls' schools of the capital by 1887, and was awarded the grand silver medal for their reform costume for school girls in the exhibition of the Russian Hygienic Society in Saint Petersburg in 1893.

France
There were no separate dress reform societies founded in France. While the issue was adopted and discussed by several of the existing French women's rights organisations, the issue was not given priority and it was not until the great enthusiasm for bicycling in France in the 1890s that women in general adopted the bloomer costume with trousers and no corsets as sports wear.

In the early 20th century, however, the French fashion industry was finally influenced by the reform dress movement, which abolished the corset by the 1910s.

Germany
Germany was a leading country of the dress reform in the 19th century, as it was an integrated part of the great health reform movement Lebensreform, which spoke for a health reform in clothing for both women and men supported by medical professionals and scientists such as Gustav Jaeger and Heinrich Lahmann, and freedom from the corset and trousers for women was advocated for already.

The women's movement, however, did not engage in the issue until after the International Women's Congress in Berlin in September 1896. Two weeks later the German dress reform association, Allgemeiner Verein zur Verbesserung der Frauenkleidung (General Association for the Improvement of Women's Clothing), was founded. Its first exhibition took place in April 1897 in Berlin. 35 manufacturers had submitted reform proposals. Since 1899 there was even a permanent exhibition in Berlin with examples of "improved women's clothing". Like their equivalents in Austria, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries, the German dress reform association focused on the reform of women's undergarments as the most realistic goal, mainly on corsets. The German movement managed to affect public opinion to such a degree that one of its leading figures, Minna Cauer, was able to report in 1907 that the German corset industry experienced hardships because of a drop in the use of corsets.

Japan
Utako Shimoda (1854-1936), a women's activist, educator and dress reformer, found traditional kimono to be too restrictive, preventing women and girls from moving and taking part in physical activities, harming their health. While Western dress was being adopted at the time, she also believed corsets to be restrictive and harmful to women's health. Utako Shimoda had worked as lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōken from 1871 to 1879. She adapted the clothing worn by ladies-in-waiting at the Japanese imperial court to make a uniform for her Jissen Women's University. During the Meiji period (1868–-1912) and Taishō period (1912–-1926), other women's schools also adopted the hakama. It became standard wear for high schools in Japan, though it was later mostly replaced with Western sailor-style uniforms.

Inokuchi Akuri also designed sports clothes for children.

At the imperial court, simplified keiko replaced more cumbersome garments.

The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, interest for the issue was aroused after the foundation of a dress reform society in neighboring Germany, and in 1899 the Dutch dress reform society Veereeniging voor Verbetering van Vrouwenkleeding (V.v.V.v.V.). The dress reform society held lectures, participated in exhibitions and worked with designed to produce a new fashion for women which could be not only attractive but also comfortable and healthy at the same time.

Norway
While there were no separate dress reform societies founded in Norway, the women's rights society Norsk Kvinnesaksforening actively addressed the issue under the influence of the Swedish Dress Reform Society from the 1880s; they collaborated with Stockholm and Copenhagen with the design of reform costumes and the exposition of them, notably during the Nordic Exhibition of 1888.

Norway is in fact described as one of the countries were the interest and success for the issue was greatest. The physician Lorentz Dietrichson, a prominent participant for the abolition of the corset in the corset controversy in both Sweden and Norway, held a lecture in Norway in favor of dress reform already in 1886, as a commentary of the Swedish dress reform movement in which he himself also participated; the Swedish dress reform society successfully exhibited their reform dress in Oslo, the Norsk Kvinnesaksforening became interested, and the movement thereby started in Norway the same year as in Sweden. Johanne Biörn held lectures in the Oslo schools, and the Norwegian designer Kristine Dahl experienced success not only in her home country of Norway but also in Sweden, becoming a central figure of the dress reform movement.

Sweden
Sweden was a leading nation of the dress reform movement, as the movement came first to Sweden of all the Nordic countries and spread from there to Denmark, Finland and Norway.

In 1885, professor Curt Wallis brought with him the English language dress reform book Dress and Health from abroad, which was translated to Swedish by Oscara von Sydow as Reformdrägten: En bok för qvinnor skrifven af qvinnor. After a speech by Anne Charlotte Leffler held at the women's club Nya Idun, the Friends of Handicraft gave Hanna Winge the assignment to design a reform costume, which was produced by Augusta Lundin and exhibited in public, which gave further publicity to the issue, and in 1886, the Swedish Dress Reform Society was founded.

After an initial attempt to launch a reform costume, the Swedish dress reform movement focused on a reform of women's underwear, particularly the corset. The Swedish reform dress movement corresponded with their equivalent in Great Britain as well as the American dress reform movement of Annie Jenness Miller.

The dress reform movement did achieve some success in Sweden; by the 1890s, corsets were no longer accepted for the pupils of the Swedish girls' schools, and the leading Swedish fashion designer Augusta Lundin reported that her clients no longer subjected themselves to tight lacing.

Eventual shifts in fashion
Although the Victorian dress reform movement itself failed to enact widespread change in women's fashion, social, political, and cultural shifts into the 1920s brought forth an organic relaxation of dress standards.

With new opportunities for women's college, the national suffrage amendment of 1920 and women's increased public career options during and after World War I, fashion and undergarment structures relaxed, along with the improved social standing of women. Embodying the New Woman idea, women donned masculine-inspired fashions including simple tailored skirt suits, ties, and starched blouses. By the 1920s, male-style garments for casual and sporting activities were less socially condemned. New fashions required lighter undergarments, shorter skirts, looser bodices, trousers, and praised slender 'boyish' figures. As Lady Duff Gordon remarked, in the 1920s "women took off their corsets, reduced their clothing to the minimum tolerated by conventions and wore clothes which wrapped round them rather than fitted."

Although forms of corsets, girdles and bras were worn well into the 1960s, as Riegel states, "Feminine emancipation had brought greater dress reform than the most visionary of the early feminists had advocated."

title: Victorian dress reform


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Philip Toynbee

Theodore Philip Toynbee (25 June 1916 – 15 June 1981) was a British writer and communist. He wrote experimental novels, and distinctive verse novels, one of which was an epic called Pantaloon, a work in several volumes, only some of which are published. He also wrote memoirs of the 1930s, and reviews and literary criticism, the latter mainly via his employment with The Observer newspaper.

Life
He was born in Oxford; his father was the historian Arnold J. Toynbee, and his mother was Rosalind Murray. He was educated at Rugby School, where he became rebellious, reacting against the public school system. Inspired by the example of Esmond Romilly, later a friend, he ran away, returned shortly and was expelled. He later wrote a memoir of Romilly, and Jasper Ridley (1913–1944), entitled Friends Apart. Through Romilly, Toynbee met Jessica Mitford, who became a close friend after Esmond died in WWII. He was also influenced by bookshop owner and would-be encourager of the young radical element, David Archer, whom he met through David Gascoyne.

At Christ Church, Oxford in the late 1930s he became the first communist president of the Oxford Union, at the height of communism's apparent success and social acceptability. He visited Spain at the end of 1936, at the start of the Spanish Civil War, in a student delegation. He was said to have been beaten up by Mosley's Blackshirts at a fascist meeting. In 1938–39 he edited the Birmingham Town Crier.

He married twice: in 1939, to Anne Powell, daughter of Lt-Col George Powell, and in 1950, Sally Smith. In the early 1940s Philip and Anne lived a bohemian life in London's Fitzrovia, and Philip was drinking heavily. At that time they knew Lucian Freud, Donald Maclean and Robert Kee, Henrietta Moraes and others from David Tennant's Gargoyle Club in Soho. Toynbee was later to be found, with Benedict Nicolson, in the Wednesday Club consisting of raffish male writers, artists and journalists. In 1945 they moved to the Isle of Wight, for a fresh start. They had two children, the second being Mary Louisa, better known as the journalist Polly Toynbee. Anne later married Richard Wollheim shortly after divorcing Philip in 1950. As a foreign correspondent with The Observer, Philip then traveled to Tel Aviv, where he met Sally, who was a secretary for the American Embassy there.

During the 1950s he continued to work for The Observer, and was one of the more prominent intellectual figures in British life (perhaps to be compared with Edmund Wilson in the United States, for example). In an article written for The Observer in 1961, he notoriously proclaimed the irrelevancy of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, just prior to its paperback publication in America and subsequent cultural phenomenon:

"There was a time when the Hobbit fantasies of Professor Tolkien were being taken very seriously indeed by a great many distinguished literary figures. Mr. Auden is even reported to have claimed that these books were as good as War and Peace; Edwin Muir and many others were almost equally enthusiastic. I had a sense that one side or the other must be mad, for it seemed to me that these books were dull, ill-written, whimsical and childish. And for me this had a reassuring outcome, for most of his more ardent supporters were soon beginning to sell out their shares in Professor Tolkien, and today those books have passed into a merciful oblivion."

In the early to mid-1970s, Toynbee underwent a personal crisis, slowly entering into a period of deep depression. He had become increasingly concerned about ecological matters and this, along with his own ideological temperament, led him to the controversial decision to set up a self-sufficient farming community. His family and friends thought this decision to be close to insane, considering as they did his privacy and routine-loving nature. The community quickly became a commune when Toynbee, Sally and their youngest daughter moved out, into a large cottage nearby. Nonetheless, Toynbee and Sally continued to have a great deal of contact with the communards, and along with both spouses' active alcoholism, it frequently caused considerable tension in their marriage.

Toynbee's depression was sometimes immobilising and prevented him from enjoying his day-to-day life and work, and the regularity of his book reviews was sometimes interrupted as he struggled with the depression and the treatment he insisted on receiving for it – against the advice of his GP and consultant – namely, ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy). He finally got the go-ahead for the treatment, which he received in Bristol in the summer of 1977.

The two books which followed the ECT consisted of the journal writings which Toynbee decided to edit and send off for publication. These largely revolved around his search for some kind of spiritual meaning. It could be said that this arose out of his wish to find some purpose for the deep misery of his worst depression. He was strongly urged to stop drinking alcohol and occasionally managed short periods of abstinence. Yet he never really wanted long-term abstinence enough to make any real success of this. He was as a whole capable of great self-discipline, but needed to want his objectives with intense singular-mindedness in order to achieve them.

The two journal books were entitled Part of a Journey (covering 1977 to 1979) and End of a Journey (1979 to 1981). They were generally well received. For many readers, his best writing style shone throughout those pages, with its ready humility and gentle self-mockery.

He died at his home in St Briavels, Gloucestershire, with most of his family (he had five children altogether) at his bedside.

Toynbee genealogy
The Toynbees have been prominent in British intellectual society for several generations (note that this diagram is not a comprehensive Toynbee family tree):

Works

 * The Savage Days (1937)
 * A School in Private (1941)
 * The Barricades (1943)
 * Tea with Mrs. Goodman (1947) (U.S. edition title: Prothalamium: A Cycle of the Holy Graal)
 * The Garden to the Sea (1953)
 * Friends Apart: A Memoir of Esmond Romilly & Jasper Ridley in the Thirties (1954) re-published in (1980)
 * The Fearful Choice: a debate on nuclear policy (1958)
 * Pantaloon or the Valediction (1961) verse novel
 * Underdogs: Anguish and Anxiety, Eighteen Men and Women Write Their Own Case-Histories (1962) editor
 * Comparing Notes: A Dialogue Across a Generation (1963) with Arnold J. Toynbee
 * Thanatos, a Modern Symposium at which Nine Characters Argue at Quarles (1963) with Maurice Richardson
 * Two Brothers: the fifth day of the Valediction of Pantaloon (1964) Pantaloon verse novel
 * A Learned City: the sixth day of the Valediction of Pantaloon (1966) Pantaloon verse novel
 * Views from a Lake: the seventh day of the Valediction of Pantaloon (1968) Pantaloon verse novel
 * Age of the Spirit: Religion as Experience (1973)
 * Distant Drum: Reflections on the Spanish Civil War (1976) editor
 * Part of a Journey: An Autobiographical Journal, 1977-79 (1981)
 * End of a Journey An Autobiographical Journal 1979-81 (1982)
 * Towards the Holy Spirit: A Tract for the Times (1982)

title: Philip Toynbee


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Fog eater

The term fog eater has multiple meanings in various contexts.
 * In railroad slang, a fog eater refers to an engineer.
 * In motorcycling, "fog eater" is a trade name for helmet visors which don't fog.
 * In meteorology, "A white bow in the clouds during foggy weather is so called. Such a bow was seen in England during January, 1888. A week preceding, the weather had been clear, sunshiny, and genial, then followed several days of thick fog, during which the white bow appeared. The bow was followed by several days of brilliant mild weather."

title: Fog eater


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The Christians (band)

The Christians are a musical ensemble from Liverpool, England. They had the highest selling debut album of any artist at Island Records and international chart hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Band biography
The name of the band refers to the surname of the three brothers that were originally in the line-up, and is also coincidentally guitarist Henry Priestman's middle name.

Garry Christian (born 27 February 1955, Liverpool) (lead vocals), Roger Christian (born 13 February 1950; died 1998 from brain tumour) (vocals, instrumentalist), Russell Christian (born 8 July 1956) (keyboards, saxophone, vocals), and Henry Priestman (born Henry Christian Priestman, 21 June 1955, in Hedon, brought up in Liverpool) (keyboards, guitars, vocals) formed the band in 1985. Paul Barlow (drums), Mike Bulger (guitar/vocals) and Tony Jones on bass were also early members. Because of a reluctance to tour, Roger left in 1987 to record a solo album.

In Rock: The Rough Guide, critic Charles Bottomley, described them as "The Temptations in ripped jeans, producing gritty-centred songs in a sugary vocal shell".

Chart history
Their first five singles all made the top 40 in Britain, and their debut album The Christians (1987) entered the UK Albums Chart at number 2. It eventually sold over a million copies. The highest-placed single from this album was "Ideal World", which reached number 14 in the UK Singles Chart.

In 1988, they released a cover of The Isley Brothers' "Harvest for the World", with all proceeds going to charity. The video for the track was an animation, created by four leading animation companies, including Aardman Animations. The video won several awards, and the single reached number 8 in the UK singles chart, their sixth consecutive British top 40 hit.

1989 saw another charity single success, this time as performers on a version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey", released in aid of those affected by the Hillsborough disaster. The single stayed at number one for several weeks (No. 5 in Germany).

Their second album, Colour, released in 1990, reached number one in the UK Albums Chart and the top 20 in several other countries; it yielded the international hit "Words", based on the Irish traditional "Women Of Ireland", which was No. 18 in the UK (including the Hillsborough charity single, their eighth consecutive UK top 40 hit) and Sweden, No. 5 in the Netherlands (for two weeks), and No. 1 in France (also for two weeks). The second single from the album, "I Found Out", reached No. 22 in France (No. 56 in the UK).

In 1992, the following LP, Happy in Hell, charted at number 18. Two songs from the album reached the UK top 40, "What's in a Word" (the first single), which also was a top 20 hit in France (with a total chart run of 19 weeks) and entered the top 40 in the Netherlands and the German top 75, reaching No. 60, and "The Bottle", a cover of the Gil Scott-Heron/Brian Jackson song.

The early 1990s saw the band continuing to tour. A greatest hits album, The Best of The Christians, was released in 1993, and peaked at number 22.

Break up and reformation
Garry Christian moved to Paris in 1995 to record a solo album Your Cool Mystery effectively breaking up the band, although no formal announcement was made, and the door was open to future reformation. In 1998 founding member Roger Christian died from a brain tumour. In 1997 The Christians began to perform together again in an "unplugged" acoustic format. They carried out a thirty-six date tour of the UK, with a similar tour undertaken in 2000, with guitarist and songwriter Paul Campbell, who accompanied them on all of their tours until 2003.

By 2001, The Christians began to write songs for Prodigal Sons, which was released in 2003. This was supported by a UK tour in October 2003, and further promotion in France, Spain and UK throughout 2004.

In 2005, Russell Christian decided he no longer wished to tour, and a decision was made to return to a full band format, rather than the four-man "unplugged" line-up that had been touring since 1999. This new "band" comprising Garry Christian (lead vocals), Joey Ankrah (singer, guitar), Neil Griffiths (singer and acoustic guitar), Cliff Watson (bass guitar), Lionel Duke (drums), Mike Triggs (keyboards) was unveiled on the 2009 tour. A download single (released on download on 5 March 2010) was a cover of Cat Stevens' "Where Do the Children Play?"

2012 was the 25th anniversary for the band, who celebrated with a re-release of The Christians and Colour. A new album called Speed of Life was released in September, with the title track the first single. In August they embarked on a tour of the UK and, on 16 December, they played at Liverpool's Royal Court Theatre. They were briefly joined on stage by former band member, Henry Priestman.

Between September 2013 and January 2014, the Christians toured with Go West and Hue & Cry on a 32 date tour of the UK. Their most recent single, "Inner City Blues", was released in September 2013.

In December 2021, the band released a version of their hit "Man Don't Cry", renaming it "Naz Don't Cry" in reference to the plight of Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, an Iranian-British dual citizen who was detained in Iran from 3 April 2016 to 16 March 2022 on charges of espionage for the British government. The video for the single features her daughter with Richard Ratcliffe, Gabriella.

title: The Christians (band)


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Category:Halifax, Nova Scotia

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Halifax, Nova Scotia


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Talk:Rank (album)

Songs omitted
Only six songs are listed, giving a total of 20. The article states the set list was 21 songs. -  NewTestLeper79  talk  21:04, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rank (album)


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/Final projects

Describe and link to your final projects here.


text:
Hidden curriculum

A hidden curriculum is a set of lessons "which are learned but not openly intended" to be taught in school such as the norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in both the classroom and social environment. In many cases, it occurs as a result of social interactions and expectations.

Any type of learning experience may include unintended lessons; however, the concept of a hidden curriculum often refers to knowledge gained specifically in primary and secondary school settings. In these scenarios, the school strives for equal intellectual development between its students (as a positive goal), and the hidden curriculum refers to the reinforcement of existing social inequalities through the education of students according to their class and social status. The distribution of knowledge among students is mirrored by the unequal distribution of cultural capital. The hidden curriculum can also be seen as a set of norms and behaviors that are not explicitly taught, and students with limited social awareness, such as students with Autism Spectrum Disorder, may not pick up on these norms without having them be explained directly. This set of norms and behaviors also regards the culture of an environment that is unique to that environment, for example the norms and expectations of an office space would vary from those of a classroom.

Breaktime is an important part of the hidden curriculum in schooling.

Educational history
Early workers in the field of education were influenced by the notion that the preservation of the social privileges, interests, and knowledge of one group within the population was worth the exploitation of less powerful groups. Over time, this theory has become less blatant, yet its underlying tones remain a contributing factor to the issue of the hidden curriculum. Since then, several educational theories have been developed to help give meaning and structure to the hidden curriculum and to illustrate the role that schools play in socialization.

Theoretical inquiries into the hidden curriculum, as cited by Henry Giroux and Anthony Penna, include for example a structural-functional view of education, a phenomenological view related to the "new" sociology of education, and a radical critical view corresponding to the neo-Marxist analysis of the theory and practice of education. The structural-functional view focuses on how norms and values are conveyed within schools and the acceptance of the idea that those norms and values are necessary for the functioning of society. The phenomenological view suggests that meaning is created through situational encounters and interactions, and it implies that knowledge is somewhat objective. The radical critical view recognizes the relationship between economic and cultural reproduction and stresses the relationships among the theory, ideology, and social practice of learning.

Although the first two theories have contributed to the analysis of the hidden curriculum, the radical critical view of schooling provides the most insight. Additionally, it acknowledges the perpetuated economic and social aspects of education that are illustrated by the hidden curriculum.

Aspects of learning
Various aspects of learning contribute to the success of the hidden curriculum, including practices, procedures, rules, relationships, and structures. These school-specific aspects of learning may include, but are not limited to, the social structures of the classroom, the teacher's exercise of authority, the teacher's use of language, rules governing the relationship between teachers and students, standard learning activities, textbooks, audio-visual aids, furnishings, architecture, disciplinary measures, timetables, tracking systems, and curricular priorities. Variations among these sources can create the disparities found when comparing the hidden curricula in various class and social statuses. "Every school is both an expression of a political situation and a teacher of politics."

While the actual material that students absorb through the hidden curriculum is of utmost importance, the personnel who convey it elicit special investigation. This particularly applies to the social and moral lessons conveyed by the hidden curriculum, for the moral characteristics and ideologies of teachers and other authority figures are translated into their lessons, albeit not necessarily on purpose.

These unintended learning experiences can also result from interactions between peers. Similar to interactions with authority figures, interactions amongst peers can promote moral and social ideals as well as fostering the exchange of information. Thus, these interactions are important sources of knowledge that contribute to the success of the hidden curriculum.

Heteronormativity
According to Merfat Ayesh Alsubaie, the hidden curriculum of heteronormativity is the erasure of LGBT identities in the curriculum through the privileging of heterosexual identities. In a quote from Gust Yep, heteronormativity is the "presumption and assumption that all human experience is unquestionably and automatically heterosexual". Laws such as "No Promo Homo" that prohibit the mention or teaching of LGBT identities are considered to reinforce the hidden curriculum of heteronormativity. According to Mary Preston, in addition to No Promo Homo laws, the lack of sexual education in schools removes LGBT identities from the explicit curriculum and contributes to the hidden curriculum of heteronormativity. Currently, over half of the states in the United States are not legally mandated to have any sexual education.

Depending on the cultural norm of the school, when students fall outside the heterosexual norm, other students and teachers have been shown to police them back in line with heteronormative expectations. C. J. Pascoe said policing takes place through the use of bullying behaviors such as the use of words such as "fag, queer, or dyke" which are used to shame students with identities outside the norm. Pascoe said the use of LGBT slurs forms a "Fag Discourse." The "Fag Discourse" in schools upholds heteronormativity as sacred, works to silence LGBT voices, and embeds these heteronormative ideals within the hidden curriculum.

Autism
The term "hidden curriculum" also refers to the set of social norms and skills that autistic people have to learn explicitly, but that neurotypical people learn automatically, such as theory of mind. Another aspect of the "hidden curriculum" often taught to autistic students is that of labeling their emotions in an effort to help students avoid alexithymia.

Function
Although the hidden curriculum conveys a great deal of knowledge to its students, the inequality promoted through its disparities among classes and social statuses often invokes a negative connotation. For example, Pierre Bourdieu asserts that education-related capital must be accessible to promote academic achievement. The effectiveness of schools becomes limited when these forms of capital are unequally distributed. Since the hidden curriculum is considered to be a form of education-related capital, it promotes this ineffectiveness of schools as a result of its unequal distribution. As a means of social control, the hidden curriculum promotes the acceptance of a social destiny without promoting rational and reflective consideration.

According to Elizabeth Vallance, the functions of hidden curriculum include "the inculcation of values, political socialization, training in obedience and docility, the perpetuation of traditional class structure-functions that may be characterized generally as social control." The hidden curriculum can also be associated with the reinforcement of social inequality, as evidenced by the development of different relationships to capital based on the types of work and work-related activities assigned to students varying by social class.

Although the hidden curriculum has negative connotations, it is not inherently negative, and the tacit factors that are involved can potentially exert a positive developmental force on students. Some educational approaches, such as democratic education, actively seek to minimize, make explicit, and/or reorient the hidden curriculum in such a way that it has a positive developmental impact on students. Similarly, in the fields of environmental education and education for sustainable development, there has been some advocacy for making school environments more natural and sustainable, such that the tacit developmental forces that these physical factors exert on students can become positive factors in their development as environmental citizens.

Higher education and tracking
While studies on the hidden curriculum mostly focus on fundamental primary and secondary education, higher education also feels the effects of this latent knowledge. For example, gender biases become present in specific fields of study; the quality of and experiences associated with prior education become more significant; and differences in class, gender, and race become more evident at higher levels of education.

Additionally, tracking is another aspect of the hidden curriculum that plays a major role in the development of students. This method of imposing educational and career paths upon students at young ages relies on a variety of factors such as class and status in order to reinforce socioeconomic differences. Children tend to be placed on tracks that guide them towards socioeconomic occupations similar to that of their parents, without real considerations for their personal strengths and weaknesses. As students advance through the educational system, they follow their tracks by completing these predetermined courses.

Literary references
John Dewey explored the hidden curriculum of education in his early 20th century works, especially in his classic, Democracy and Education. Dewey saw patterns evolving and trends developing in public schools which lent themselves to his pro-democratic perspectives. His work was quickly rebutted by educational theorist George Counts, whose 1929 book, Dare the School Build a New Social Order?, challenged the presumptive nature of Dewey's works. Counts claimed that Dewey hypothesized a singular path through which all young people travelled in order to become adults without considering the reactive, adaptive, and multifaceted nature of learning. Counts emphasizes that this nature of learning caused many educators to slant their perspectives, practices, and assessments of student performance in directions that affected their students drastically. Counts' examinations were expanded on by Charles A. Beard and, later, Myles Horton who created what became the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee.

The phrase "hidden curriculum" was coined by Philip W. Jackson (Life In Classrooms, 1968). He argued that we need to understand "education" as a socialization process. Shortly after Jackson's coinage of the term, MIT's Benson Snyder published The Hidden Curriculum, which addresses the question of why students—even, or especially, the most gifted—turn away from education. Snyder advocates the thesis that much of campus conflict and students' personal anxiety is caused by a mass of unstated academic and social norms, which thwart the students' abilities to develop independently and think creatively.

The hidden curriculum has been further explored by a number of educators. Starting with Pedagogy of the Oppressed, published in 1972, through the late 1990s, Brazilian educator Paulo Freire explored various effects of presumptive teaching on students, schools, and society as a whole. Freire's explorations were in sync with those of John Holt and Ivan Illich, each of whom were quickly identified as radical educators. Other theorists who have identified the nature of hidden curricula and hidden agendas include Neil Postman, Paul Goodman, Joel Spring, John Taylor Gatto, and others.

More recent definitions have been given by Roland Meighan ("A Sociology of Education," 1981) and Michael Haralambos ("Sociology: Themes and Perspectives," 1991). Meighan wrote, "The hidden curriculum is taught by the school, not by any teacher...something is coming across to the pupils which may never be spoken in the English lesson or prayed about in assembly. They are picking-up an approach to living and an attitude to learning." Haralambos wrote, "The hidden curriculum consists of those things pupils learn through the experience of attending school rather than the stated educational objectives of such institutions."

Further, educational critics Henry Giroux, bell hooks, and Jonathan Kozol have also examined the effects of the hidden curriculum.

Additionally, developmental psychologist Robert Kegan addressed the hidden curriculum of everyday life in his 1994 book In Over Our Heads, which focused on the relation between cognitive development and the "cognitive demands" of cultural expectations.

Professor of communication Joseph Turow, in his 2017 book The Aisles Have Eyes, used the concept to describe acculturation to massive personal data collection; he wrote, "The very activities that dismay privacy and anti-discrimination advocates are already beginning to become everyday habits in American lives, and part of Americans' cultural routines. Retailing is at the leading edge of a new hidden curriculum for American society—teaching people what they have to give up in order to get along in the twenty-first century."

title: Hidden curriculum


text:
Talk:Flux of Pink Indians

Untitled
I've had an email (via the Wikimedia board) about this text. It says (in part):
 * "I'm the original copyright holder of the text and have no problem with it being used and am happy to have it reinstated."

I've restored, and added this info to the listing on WP:CP -- sannse (talk) 13:13, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Redirect reverse
Have reversed redirect, the band are defiantely Flux Of Pink Indians, not Flux of Pink Indians quercus robur 01:55, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Shepherds Bush Empire Gig 24th Nov 2007?
Any comments to make about the Steve Ignorant inspired gig? Have Flux Of Pink Indians reformed? Personnel? Future planned gigs? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Durruti1936 (talk • contribs) 22:38, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Tone
The tone of this article is that of a music scene magazine or web site. An effort should be made to introduce a more formal prose appropriate for an encyclopedia.--Kudpung (talk) 16:09, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flux of Pink Indians


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James Shaffer

James Christian Shaffer (born June 16, 1970), also known by his stage name "Munky", is an American musician best known as a co-founder and guitarist of the nu metal band Korn. He was ranked at No. 26 of Guitar World's 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time.

Shaffer set up the side-project band Fear and the Nervous System in 2008 and is also the founder of Emotional Syphon Recordings, who have signed acts like Monster in the Machine and Droid.

Early life
Shaffer was born June 16, 1970, in Rosedale, California. He was adopted by his parents as an infant, along with two other siblings. Shaffer and the other members of Korn grew up in an agricultural town of Bakersfield, California, two hours north of Los Angeles. When trying to sneak out to a party, the tip of one of his fingers was severed by the chain on his three-wheeler, and, as part of his rehabilitation, Shaffer picked up a guitar. During high school, Shaffer met fellow guitarist Brian Welch and the two would often jam together.

Early musical career
Shaffer, along with fellow future Korn members, David Silveria and Reginald Arvizu formed a band called L.A.P.D. with singer Richard Morill. When the band moved from Bakersfield, California to Los Angeles, Silveria dropped out of high school and Shaffer stayed in Bakersfield. When Shaffer reunited with the band, they found a manager and released an EP entitled Love and Peace Dude in 1989 through Triple X Records. L.A.P.D. released their first full-length studio album on May 3, 1991, which consisted of eleven tracks. The album was entitled Who's Laughing Now. After releasing two albums, L.A.P.D. broke up. They were also briefly known as Creep, recording a demo with a singer named Corey until Shaffer, Arvizu, and Silveria enlisted Brian Welch and Jonathan Davis to form the band that went on to become Korn.

Korn (1993–present)
When thinking of a band name, someone suggested "corn", but the band rejected that name, so Shaffer had the idea to spell the name with both a "K" instead of a "C", and a backwards "R", so the band's name would appear as "KoЯn". The idea of using a backwards "R" came from the logo of toy retailer Toys R Us, for which many of the band members had previously worked.

On February 22, 2005, Brian "Head" Welch left the band. Shaffer accepted his friend's choice and the two remained on good terms. When drummer David Silveria left the band, Shaffer said in an interview that he had a strong friendship with him and was very sad to hear that he had to leave.

On an interview about Welch's departure, Shaffer said he felt pressure because they were always working together, writing songs, and creating albums. But when Welch left, he had to write all the guitar parts into one part, so Korn could play live, and he continued to play like that until Korn got a backing guitarist. Welch officially returned to the band on May 2, 2013, to work on the album The Paradigm Shift that was released in October 2013.

Fear and the Nervous System (2008–present)
On March 4, 2008, it was announced that Shaffer would be releasing a solo record on August 8, 2008, with his solo band Fear and The Nervous System which would feature Shaffer doing vocals and guitars, Brooks Wackerman of Bad Religion (who also performed on Korn's eighth album) on drums, Leopold Ross on guitars and programming, Bill Gould of Faith No More fame, and Zac Baird (Korn's keyboardist) on keyboards and programming. The record would be produced by Shaffer and Ross Robinson. Guitarist and friend Wes Borland originally recorded guitars for two songs on the album but they would not make the final cut. Borland also created cover art that would still be used on the album. The band's debut album was originally due out August 8, 2008, but was pushed back multiple times until its release in 2011.

On Modlife in October 2009 (Korn.com), Shaffer explained that he would not be doing vocals on the Fear and the Nervous System album because he is not "very good at singing." It was later announced that Steve Krolikowski of Repeater would be handling vocal duties.

Emotional Syphon Recordings (2006–present)
In 2006, Shaffer founded Emotional Syphon Records to give daring and diverse bands a chance to be heard. The first bands to be signed were Droid and Monster In The Machine, however Shaffer says he does not want to limit himself to only releasing metal acts but to create a multi-genre label.

Venera (2023–present)
In 2023, Shaffer announced the formation of Venera, an glitch music project with Chris Hunt; the self-titled debut album came out on Ipecac Recordings on October 13.

Personal life
On January 15, 2000, Shaffer married Stephanie Roush. Together, they had a daughter. In 2004, Shaffer and Roush got divorced. Shaffer then started to date actress and model Evis Xheneti in 2005. They were married on January 2, 2012, in Paris, France. They have three children together, born in 2012, 2015 and 2019.

Equipment
Shaffer predominantly uses Ibanez guitars, most often his signature model the Ibanez Apex 7-string model and Mesa Boogie Triple Rectifier & Diezel guitar amplifier. Like Welch, he uses many pedals and effects to shape the distinct Korn sound. Shaffer describes his live pedal board as a "spaceship" because of the large, diverse quantity of effects he uses.

Discography

 * With L.A.P.D.
 * 1989 – Love and Peace, Dude
 * 1991 – Who's Laughing Now
 * 1997 – L.A.P.D (Compilation)

 * With Korn
 * 1994 – Korn
 * 1996 – Life Is Peachy
 * 1998 – Follow the Leader
 * 1999 – Issues
 * 2002 – Untouchables
 * 2003 – Take a Look in the Mirror
 * 2005 – See You on the Other Side
 * 2007 – Untitled album
 * 2010 – Korn III: Remember Who You Are
 * 2011 – The Path of Totality
 * 2013 – The Paradigm Shift
 * 2016 - The Serenity of Suffering
 * 2019 - The Nothing
 * 2022 - Requiem
 * With Fear and the Nervous System
 * 2012 – Fear and the Nervous System
 * With $UICIDEBOY$ x Travis Barker
 * 2019 – Live Fast, Die Whenever
 * With Venera
 * 2023 – Venera

title: James Shaffer


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Town rape

Town rape
Questionable and offensive content. If the practice truly exists, then the tone of the article will need changing. Jschwa1 13:16, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Google shows up nothing for this subject. Muntfish 13:22, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * BJAODN, with just enough offensiveness that people think they have to take it seriously (even in the origional version). This close to being a speedy candidate for vandalism.  As is, delete.  --L33tminion | (talk) 13:24, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - I find the tone of this article so offensive that I feel it should be a speedy. When this topic is covered it should be in an article called Human rights offenses in Bangladesh or similar. CheekyMonkey 13:26, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I can't find any mention of it. I have heard of similar practices in some primitive cultures but this does not seem to be one. The year 1971 is important in Bangladesh history by the way, so the writer of this article must have done some research. If the article includes some references or authorities, then I'll change my vote to keep (or redirect) Sander123 13:39, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Delete ASAP. This sounds like horrible unsubstantiated nonsense to me, I'm afraid. Any doubts we might have as to whether the author is taking the p*** are confirmed by his subsequent vandalism of the 'votes for deletion' message. Brequinda 14:18, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 14:26, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy. This is obviously a bad taste joke post. Somebody has a bee in his bonnet about losing the Bangladesh war, I suspect. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 15:54, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:20, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Prefarably speedily. -R. fiend 18:35, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:68.110.197.230

title: User talk:68.110.197.230