text:
Talk:Law & Order: Criminal Intent

Needs much work
The article has more sentences that need work than almost any other article I've seen. Many clauses are misplaced, or commas missing, in such a way that the intended meaning is significantly changed.Daqu (talk) 05:34, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Jeff Goldblum
Logan back to Staten Island?

"Jeff Goldblum is set to replace Chris Noth next season on "Law & Order: Criminal Intent."

Like Noth, Goldblum will be seen in half of the series' episodes; discussions are ongoing with Vincent D'Onofrio to continue headlining the other half."

Added to article? —DeviantSolution (talk • contribs) 15:15, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Serena southerlyn as ADA confirmation?
Someone put her in the diagram, yet this is not confirmed through any citation or reference in her character bio. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.31.232.196 (talk) 05:01, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Goren's Junior Status
For the record, I posted this message to a user's talk page, since they keep asking for "proof" that Goren is the junior detective (he's never been otherwise; people just assume):

Goren has always been the junior partner since episode one. A recent episode (I believe it was season six's Brother's Keeper) confirmed this is still the case when the murder suspect taunts Goren at a critical moment in Goren's personal life, calling him a loser and saying Goren is just upset because others are better than him and he will never even make "senior partner." That is the evidence: actual dialogue in an episode. Now, if you have dialogue from season seven which contradicts this, please present it. Otherwise, you are just being inaccurate.

Unless someone can provide evidence otherwise, Goren should be left at junior partner. Doing otherwise is just being inaccurate at best and engaging in original research at worst. Redfarmer (talk) 14:55, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, he is junior partner. I can't cite episode and verse, but I've watched the show since its inception and that's a fact that has once in a while been mentioned on the show.Daqu (talk) 05:49, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Patricia Kent

 * I added Patricia Kent to the main characters chart. Even though she was only in 2 episodes i believe that she is stil a main character for being in the credits sequence.
 * But... she wasn't in the credits sequence. JuJube (talk) 22:25, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Link to Kent in opening credits.. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgOlQcGCZH4&eurl=http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=LAw+%26+Order+Ci+Season+6&n=21&ei=utf-8&js=1&fr=slv

 * Weird. How did I miss this?  I remember expecting her to show up in the credits but she never did. x_x JuJube (talk) 23:05, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Those are fan made. Not official credits. Redfarmer (talk) 23:46, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Zack Nichols not Zach Nichols
According to the Criminal Intent website, ci.usanetwork.com, Jeff Goldblum's character is named Zack. The main article has his name spelled with an H at the end. Jcsavestheday (talk) 16:43, 25 October 2008 (UTC)jcsavestheday

Request for comment on articles for individual television episodes and characters
A request for comments has been started that could affect the inclusion or exclusion of episode and character, as well as other fiction articles. Please visit the discussion at Wikipedia_talk:Notability_(fiction). Ikip (talk) 11:05, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Better to refer to a specific time or date than use the word "currently"
One passage in the article reads as follows:

"Hollywood Reporter reported that the USA Network is currently finalizing a deal for the ninth season of Law & Order: Criminal Intent.[5] Later, it was reported that D'Onofrio, Erbe and Bogosian would be leaving the series.[6]"

Using the word "currently" to describe a time frame in a Wikipedia article is a very bad idea, since people are likely to read the article a good while afterwards without knowing what "currently" means -- as is the case here. Whoever used the word "currently" didn't even bother to mention when currently was. (I recognize that researching the reference(s) might determine when "currently" was, but that is entirely beside the point.)

In fact, having one sentence use "currently" to describe its time frame, and the next sentence start with "Later", is downright ludicrous.

ALSO: That part of the article describes deliberations over the fate of the program, but never completes the chronology (at least not up to the present: Jan. 3, 2010). We only find out later in the article -- by reading the table of various phases in the show's history -- that the show in fact *is* at this point scheduled to begin its next season of new episodes in March of this year. This is disjointed writing.Daqu (talk) 06:04, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Related Shows Section in Infobox
I've started a thread about the related shows section of the infobox on this page and what defines a related show here. All are invited to participate in the discussion. Redfarmer (talk) 12:05, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

Incomprehensible sentence
In a discussion of the season scheduled to begin March 30, 2010, one sentence reads:

"The series was renewed for a ninth season to be aired in March 2010 when D'Onofrio and Erbe will cast at the end of the two-hour season premiere."

Can someone explain what the phrase "will cast" means here? Better yet, can someone who knows what meaning is intended please rewrite the sentence so that it is comprehensible? Thanks.Daqu (talk) 07:47, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Theme
Hi

In the article it states "For its move to the USA Network, the "heavier" sounding version of the Law & Order: CI theme ..."

I am not sure how the "heavier" got in there - or if it should stay. If anything it's more like it went from a fairly god modern style to a 90's sound lol :¬)

Chaosdruid (talk) 14:03, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'd dispute the neutrality of that sentence without a citation. I'll go ahead and add a citation-needed tag. Traveliter (talk) 10:53, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Incomprehensible paragraph in History section
Someone posted the following:

"On July 4, 2010; The Edmonton Journal describes the history of Law & Order: CI from its style and cast members along with comparing the NBC years to the show's current state on the USA Network. Saying things like, "Ratings for both programs eroded over time, though (Law & Order). NBC shuffled Law & Order: CI off to its USA Network two years ago, where it had to compete for attention with the likes of lightweight clinkers such as Monk, Burn Notice and Royal Pains. It was decided that D'Onofrio and Erbe weren't hip enough for the U.S. cable network's audience, which likes its crime shows light as a feather and slightly on the goofy side." and "Goldblum has a unique way about him, and this is a very different show with him playing detective. Whether it's better is up to you [the viewer] to decide." "

at the very bottom of the History section. I've tried to figure out why this was placed here, and to be honest I don't think this paragraph belongs in the article at all. I'd like to flag this for deletion, please. Traveliter (talk) 10:56, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Law & Order: Criminal Intent


text:
1981 French presidential election

Presidential elections were held in France on 26 April 1981, with a second round on 10 May. François Mitterrand defeated incumbent president, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing to become the first Socialist president of the Fifth Republic. It is the first presidential election in French history that an incumbent president actively seeking reelection was denied a second term.

In the first round of voting on 26 April 1981, a political spectrum of ten candidates stood for election, and the leading two candidates – Mitterrand and Giscard d'Estaing – advanced to a second round. Mitterrand and his Socialist Party received 51.76% of the vote, while Giscard and his Union for French Democracy trailed with about 48.24%, a margin of 1,065,956 votes.

The Socialist Party's electoral program was called 110 Propositions for France. Mitterrand served as President of France for the full seven-year term (1981–1988) and won re-election in 1988.

Electoral system
If Giscard's internal political handicaps had effectively "crippled" him in the initial race, the external factors that decided the 1981 election were a deadly blow. Neatly summarized in an article by Hugh Dauncey: "It was Giscard's double misfortune that his presidency should be blighted both by unprecedented economic difficulties, and by a political system which was stubbornly unreceptive to the ouverture and centralist compromise that he required for his reforms to fully succeed". The electoral and party system (political system) in France had, indeed, undergone many critical changes during the previous years. In particular the introduction of the two-round, majority vote requirement played a large role in the election of 1981. The new electoral system divided the various right and left factions within themselves during the first round, but led to right and left polarization during the second round. That forced the right and the left to strategize for both the first and second parts of the election.

In the first round, candidates must present themselves as the better candidate while being careful not to remove all credibility of his/her fellow right or left candidates, as their opponents may have to run again in the next round against the opposing right or left candidate. (It is much the same in US primary elections.)

In the second round, however, total unity must be achieved. That leads to the movement of both groups toward the center, with coalitions between center groups and extremists within the right and left.

Division tactics
The new electoral "rules of the game", was one of the most notable factors that decided the 1981 election. The division within the right between the two main factions, Giscard's Union pour la démocratie française (UDF) and Chirac's neo-Gaullist Rassemblement pour la République (RPR), proved to be the final blow to Giscard (Painton, par. 12). When Chirac lost the "primary," he refused to advise his supporters to back Giscard in the runoff though he stated that he would vote for Giscard. In effect, Chirac refused to endorse Giscard as the sole candidate of the centre-right.

There was also the tactical ingenuity on the part of the Left that brought about Mitterrand's victory. As author Penniman points out, in a shrewd move, the left gained "strength through disunity". The right's disunity between the UDF and RPR factions brought about the downfall of their major candidate. The split between the left's Socialist and Communist Parties, however, allowed the electorate to be more comfortable voting for the Socialists while it gained Communist votes, which were roughly 20% of the electorate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1981 French presidential election


text:
User talk:Kamiamwango

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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title: User talk:Kamiamwango


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Helensville

Helensville (Te Awaroa) is a town in the North Island of New Zealand. It is sited 40 km northwest of Auckland, close to the southern extremity of the Kaipara Harbour. State Highway 16 passes through the town, connecting it to Waimauku 16 km to the south, and Kaukapakapa about 12 km to the north-east. Parakai is 2 km to the north-west. The Kaipara River runs through the town and into the Kaipara Harbour to the north.

Tāmaki Māori settled the southern Kaipara Harbour in the 13th or 14th centuries, drawn by the marine and forest resources. The upper reaches of the Kaipara River was the location of Te Tōangaroa, a portage where waka could be hauled between the Kaipara Harbour and the Waitematā Harbour. By the 15th century, the area had become home to some of the earliest pā sites in the Auckland Region. By the early 18th century, Ngāti Whātua, who had traditional ties to the area, had re-established themselves along the Kaipara River.

Helensville was established as a kauri logging settlement in 1862, developing into a regional centre for the south Kaipara by the 1870s. Helensville became a major centre for the dairy industry between 1911 and the 1980s.

Etymology
The name Helensville comes from early settler John McLeod, and is a version of Helen's Villa, his house, that he named after his wife Helen Alexander. The first known references in print to Helensville date to 1863. The Māori language name, Te Awaroa, means "The Wide River", and is the name of a tributary stream that meets the Kaipara River at Helensville.

Geography

Helensville is located on the eastern banks of the Kaipara River, to the south of the Kaipara Harbour. The town is located between two tributaries of the river: the Awaroa Stream to the north, and the Mangakura Stream in the south. The town is located on a spur in the hills slightly higher than the surrounding area, of which the highest point is a 182 metre hill located to the south called Paehoka, at the junction between Kiwitahi Road and Old North Road.

The area has traditionally been a wetland and flood plain for the Kaipara River, until the late 19th century when the Kaipara River catchment was developed into farmland. Historically, the hills to the east of Helensville were a kauri-dominated forest.

Māori history
The Auckland Region has been settled by Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries. Māori legends describe supernatural beings, the Tūrehu, as being the inhabitants of the area prior to Māori settlement. The Kaipara Harbour is associated with the Tūrehu Tumutumuwhenua and his wife Kui, of whom Ngāti Whātua (the modern-day iwi of the harbour) consider to be ancestors.

One of the earliest known iwi to settled in the area are Te Tini o Maruiwi, who descend from Maruiwi, captain of the Kahutara, one of the first migratory waka, and migrated north into the Kaipara Harbour. Ngāti Whātua traditions tell of the Māhuhu-ki-te-rangi migratory waka arriving at the Kaipara Harbour. Some of the crew members, including Rongomai, Mawete and Po, settled at Tāporapora, with the descendants of Toi, who already lived in the area. Tāporapora was a fertile sandy land that gradually eroded west of the Okahukura Peninsula, of which Manukapua Island is a remnant.

People were drawn to the southern Kaipara Harbour due to its rich resources from the harbour and surrounding kauri-dominated forests. Based on archaeological findings, many of the earliest people to come to the area caught moa. The southern Kaipara was an important transportation node due to Te Tōangaroa, a portage where waka could be hauled between the Kaipara Harbour and the Waitematā Harbour, via the Kaipara River and Kumeū River. Major settlements in the area were typically upland of the Kaipara River, due to the swampy ground immediately beside the river, and the Ohirangi wetlands (Te Tareminga were used to trap moa in ancient times).

Known traditional names for the area include Tungoutungou, which describes the meandering Kaipara River near Helensville, and further upstream near the Helensville Bridge was known as Te Pu a Tangihua.

Over time, many Tāmaki Māori developed the tribal identity Ngā Oho. Around the 15th century, a group known as Ngāti Awa who descended from the Mātaatua waka settled Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, led by Tītahi. The iwi were prominent constructors of terraced pā. Over 18 pā sites can be found in the Helensville area, which likely represent some of the earliest fortified pā in Auckland. Ōtakanini pā, located near Parkhurst northwest of Helensville, has been dated to at least 1400AD.

By the mid-17th century, Ngāti Awa and Ngā Oho struggled to control territory. A descendant of Tītahi, Hauparoa, asked his relative Maki, a renowned warrior who lived at the Kāwhia Harbour, to help Ngāti Awa secure the region. Maki conquered and unified many of the Tāmaki Māori tribes, including Ngā Oho of the south Kaipara and West Auckland. After an incident where Maki unsuccessfully asked a slave steal kūmara from Hauparoa's storage pits, Maki attacked Ngāti Awa. Over time, Maki's descendants became known as Te Kawerau ā Maki; a name that references the kūmara incident. Maki chose the southern Kaipara as his base of operations, and his children migrated to different areas of the northern and western Auckland Region.

Return of Ngāti Whātua and the Musket Wars
In the 17th and early 18th centuries, Ngāti Whātua tribes began returning to the southern Kaipara Harbour area from Northland, primarily on the waka Te Potae o Wahieroa and Te Wharau. Initially relations between the iwi were friendly, and many important marriages were made. Hostilities broke out and Ngāti Whātua asked for assistance from Kāwharu, a famed Tainui warrior from Kawhia. Kāwharu's repeated attacks of the Waitākere Ranges settlements became known as Te Raupatu Tīhore, or the stripping conquest. Lasting peace between Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua was forged by Maki's grandson Te Au o Te Whenua, who fixed the rohe (border) between Muriwai Beach and Rangitōpuni (Riverhead). Ngāti Whātua divided the land among different hapū, including Te Taoū, who were a major power in the Kaipara River catchment.

Around the year 1740, war broke out between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua, the confederation of Tāmaki Māori tribes centred to the southeast, on the Tāmaki isthmus. Kiwi Tāmaki, paramount chief of Waiohua, led a surprise attack in the south Kaipara during an uhunga (funeral rite commemoration), in response for past grievances and to assist a Ngāti Whātua faction who were opposed to Te Taoū. Kiwi Tāmaki's party pursued the survivors south to the pā at Te Mākiri (Te Awaroa / Helensville), confronting Tuperiri and Waha-akiaki, two prominent members of Te Taoū who managed to survive. By 1741, Ngāti Whātua had successfully fought against Kiwi Tāmaki, and members of Te Taoū established themselves on the Auckland isthmus.

An early skirmish between Te Taoū and Ngāpuhi during the Musket Wars occurred at Paehoka, south of Helensville, likely in the late 18th century. Conflict continued through the early 19th century, and in 1818 English missionary Samuel Marsden witnessed Ngāti Whātua of the Kaipara River being attacked from the north. Following the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui at Kaiwaka, Ngāti Whātua fled the area, except for a small contingent who remained for ahi kā (visible land occupation). Ngāti Whātua began returning to the Kaipara River from 1828, and were fully re-established by 1835.

Early colonial era

After the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, Ngāti Whātua operated coastal trading vessels, supplying goods to early European settlers at Auckland. Large areas of the southern Kaipara harbour were purchased by the Crown between 1853 and 1865, in part due to Ngāti Whātua's hope that this would lead to Europeans settlements developing and stimulate the economy of the area.

In 1862, Nova Scotian settler John McLeod established a kauri timber mill on the eastern banks of the Kaipara River, at the modern-day site of Helensville. McLeod named his house "Helen's Villa", after his wife, which became the name for the township that developed around the timber mill. McLeod milled the kauri on the lands adjacent to his timber mill, and after a few years, Ngāti Whātua established a kāinga on the opposite banks.

The town grew based on the kauri timber industry and kauri gum collection. In 1865, the road from Riverhead to Helensville was improved, and pastoral farms were developed in the 1870s. By 1870, Helensville had become the main trading centre and transportation junction for the Kaipara Harbour settlements to the north. From 1875 to 1881, a short-lived section of railway operated between Kumeū, south of Helensville, and the village of Riverhead, on the upper shores of the Waitematā Harbour. This led to increased economic activity in Helensville, which developed into a township and became an economic hub. In 1881, the North Auckland Line was extended to Helensville, leading to the opening of the Helensville railway station.

In 1879, St Matthew's Anglican Church was established in Helensville. This was the first church in the wider southern Kaipara area, serving the surrounding rural communities such as Kumeū and Waimauku. In 1882, the first bridge across the Kaipara River was constructed at Te Horo Point, with the intention of this opening up farmland to the west.

Between 1865 and 1900, the Native Land Court individuated collectively-owned Ngāti Whātua lands, a gradual process which led to land alienation. By 1900, almost the entire southern Kaipara area had been alienated from Ngāti Whātua, and only 10% of their traditional rohe had been retained.

Dairy industry and tourism
The Kauri logging and gum industries went into decline by 1900, disappearing by 1920. The Helensville Show, an annual agricultural show, was established in 1900, becoming a major part of life at Helensville, and drawing people from the surrounding areas to the town. In 1911, the Kaipara Dairy Company was established in Helensville, becoming the town's largest employer, and the town flourished due to the dairy industry and sheep farms. Additionally, tourists were drawn to Helensville in the early 20th century, due to the Parakai thermal springs.

In 1927, St Matthew's Anglican Church was rebuilt after a new larger church was required. During the 1930s, an exotic pine forest called the Woodhill Forest was established on the Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, becoming an important industry for the area. During World War II, the 15th Battalion of the Home Guard was based at Helensville.

The dairy factory closed in the late 1980s, due to a decline in farming profitability in the area. The sand extraction industry became a major employer in the town, after Mt Rex and Winstone established processing facilities near the town in the 1990s.

In 2009, the Helensville railway station was closed for passenger services.

Demographics
Helensville covers 4.05 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Helensville had a smaller boundary, covering 3.37 km2. Using that boundary, Helensville had a population of 2,787 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 144 people (5.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 255 people (10.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 993 households, comprising 1,413 males and 1,377 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female. The median age was 36.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 642 people (23.0%) aged under 15 years, 507 (18.2%) aged 15 to 29, 1,221 (43.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 417 (15.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.6% European/Pākehā, 20.3% Māori, 7.6% Pacific peoples, 4.2% Asian, and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 17.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, 30.2% were Christian, 2.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 330 (15.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 435 (20.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $31,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 339 people (15.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,065 (49.7%) people were employed full-time, 327 (15.2%) were part-time, and 87 (4.1%) were unemployed.

Rural surrounds
Helensville Rural statistical area surrounds the settlement and covers 56.41 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Helensville Rural had a larger boundary, covering 56.92 km2. Using that boundary, Helensville Rural had a population of 1,524 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 189 people (14.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 315 people (26.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 498 households, comprising 771 males and 753 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 42.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 306 people (20.1%) aged under 15 years, 264 (17.3%) aged 15 to 29, 771 (50.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 183 (12.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 93.7% European/Pākehā, 11.6% Māori, 3.0% Pacific peoples, 2.8% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.6% had no religion, 28.3% were Christian, 0.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 2.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 225 (18.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 195 (16.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $40,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 300 people (24.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 672 (55.2%) people were employed full-time, 180 (14.8%) were part-time, and 42 (3.4%) were unemployed.

Local
From 1876 until 1947, Helensville was administered by the Waitemata County, a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland. In 1883, the Helensville Town Board was formed to administer the area, within the Waitemata County. In 1947, Helensville split from the country to form an independent borough. In 1989, the borough merged with Rodney County, forming the Rodney District Council. Rodney District Council was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.

Within the Auckland Council, Helensville is a part of the Rodney local government area governed by the Rodney Local Board. It is a part of the Rodney ward, which elects one councillor to the Auckland Council.

Chairmen of the Helensville Town Board
Below is a list of the 18 people who served as the chairman of the Helensville Town Board, the longest of whom was Charles S. West, who served from 1922 to 1924, and again from 1929 to 1938. The final chairman, Reg Screaton, became the first Mayors of the Helensville Borough in 1947.

 * 1883–1886 Isaac McLeod
 * 1886–1888 Henry Ballans
 * 1888–1890 Daniel Stewart
 * 1890–1893 James McLeod
 * 1893–1894 Daniel Stewart
 * 1894–1898 Charles H. Spinley
 * 1898–1899 J. J. Reynolds
 * 1899–1902 Charles H. Spinley
 * 1902–1904 Alfred Becroft
 * 1904–1908 R. M. Cameron
 * 1908–1910 James McLeod
 * 1910–1912 James Stewart
 * 1912–1914 James McLeod
 * 1914–1916 E. T. Field
 * 1916–1918 J. T. Lambert
 * 1918–1922 James Stewart
 * 1922–1924 Charles S. West
 * 1924–1929 James Mackie
 * 1929–1938 Charles S. West
 * 1938–1941 A. H. Brackebnsh
 * 1941–1941 Dr F. Matheson
 * 1941–1944 J. A. Stanaway
 * 1944–1945 K. A. Snedden
 * 1945–1947 Reg Screaton

Mayors of the Helensville Borough Council
During the 42-year existence of Helensville Borough Council, it had eight mayors:

National
From 1978 until 2020, Helensville was in the Helensville general electorate. In 2020, this electorate was replaced by the Kaipara ki Mahurangi electorate. Helensville is within the Te Tai Tokerau Māori electorate.

Economy
Formerly a forestry or dairy centre, Helensville is increasingly becoming a dormitory suburb of Auckland with an increasing number of lifestyle blocks in the area. There is some economic benefit from the wine producing region around Kumeū, 20 km to the south. The principal tourist attraction is the hot springs at nearby Parakai.

Helensville has its own locally produced monthly newspaper, the Helensville News.

The township is in the North West Country Inc business improvement district zone which represents businesses from Kaukapakapa to Riverhead.

Education
Kaipara College is a secondary (years 9–13) school with a roll of as of. The school began as Helensville District High School in 1924, and changed its name to Kaipara College in 1959.

Helensville Primary School is a full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of as of. It was founded in 1877.

Tau Te Arohanoa Akoranga is a satellite campus of the state-integrated Kingsway School, offering a Christian-based education.

All these schools are coeducational.

Transport
Helensville railway station is on the North Auckland Line but the station has been closed since 2009.

With the cessation of the passenger train service the only public transport between Helensville and central Auckland is by buses to and from Westgate in West Auckland then transfer to another bus route 110 to central Auckland. At rush hours an express bus operates to Downtown.

Notable people

 * Jim Sheddan (1918–2010), Royal New Zealand Air Force Second World War flying ace

title: Helensville


text:
American Car and Foundry Company

ACF Industries, originally the American Car and Foundry Company (abbreviated as ACF), is an American manufacturer of railroad rolling stock. One of its subsidiaries was once (1925–54) a manufacturer of motor coaches and trolley coaches under the brand names of (first) ACF and (later) ACF-Brill. Today, the company is known as ACF Industries LLC and is based in St. Charles, Missouri. It is owned by investor Carl Icahn.

History
The American Car and Foundry Company was originally formed and incorporated in New Jersey in 1899 as a result of the merger of thirteen smaller railroad car manufacturers. The company was made up of:

Later in 1899, ACF acquired the Bloomsburg Car Manufacturing Company of Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. Orders for new freight cars were made very quickly, with several hundred cars ordered in the first year alone. Two years later, ACF acquired the Jackson and Sharp Company (founded 1863 in Wilmington, Delaware) and the Common Sense Bolster Company (of Chicago, Illinois). The unified company made a large investment in the former Jackson & Woodin plant in Pennsylvania, spending about $3 million. It was at this plant that ACF built the first all-steel passenger car in the world in 1904. The car was built for the Interborough Rapid Transit system of New York City, the first of 300 such cars ordered by that system.

In 1903, the company was operating overseas in Trafford Park, Manchester, England, and it was featured on a Triumphal Arch built for the Royal Visit of Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1903. The factory buildings were later used by Ford cars, which began manufacturing at Trafford Park in 1911.

1904 and 1905 saw ACF build several motor cars and trailers for the London Underground. In those two years, ACF also acquired the Southern Car and Foundry (founded 1899 in Memphis, Tennessee), Indianapolis Car and Foundry, and Indianapolis Car Company.

In 1916, William H. Woodin, formerly president of Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing Company, was promoted to become president of ACF. Woodin would later become Secretary of the Treasury under U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt.

During World War I, ACF produced artillery gun mounts and ammunition, submarine chasers and other boats, railway cars, and other equipment to support the Allies. ACF ranked 36th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts.

Timeline

 * 1899: American Car and Foundry (ACF) is formed from the merger of 13 smaller companies
 * 1899: ACF acquires Bloomsburg Car Manufacturing Company
 * 1901: ACF acquires Jackson and Sharp Company and Common Sense Bolster Company
 * 1904: ACF builds the first all-steel passenger car in the world for the Interborough Rapid Transit
 * 1904: ACF acquires Southern Car and Foundry of Memphis, Tennessee
 * 1905: ACF acquires Indianapolis Car and Foundry and Indianapolis Car Company
 * 1922: ACF diversifies into the automotive industry with the acquisition of Carter Carburetor Corporation
 * March 31, 1924: ACF acquires Pacific Car and Foundry from William Pigott
 * October 31, 1925: ACF forms "American Car and Foundry Securities Corporation" (A wholly owned subsidiary holding company) for the purpose of acquiring Fageol Motors Company of Ohio and Hall-Scott Motor Car Company Fageol Motors Company of California was included but was not approved by the shareholders.
 * 1926: ACF acquires J. G. Brill Company
 * 1926: ACF acquires American Motor Body Corporation
 * 1927: ACF acquires Shippers Car Line
 * 1934: Paul Pigott reinstates a controlling interest of Pacific Car and Foundry
 * 1935: ACF builds lightweight Rebel streamline trains for the Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad
 * 1939: ACF's Berwick plant switches to construction of military tanks.
 * 1940: Brill is fully merged into ACF.
 * August 2, 1941: ACF's 1,000th military tank is completed for the United States military effort of World War II
 * 1954: The company officially changes its name to ACF Industries, Incorporated.
 * 1954: ACF purchases Engineering and Research Corporation.
 * 1954–1955: ACF delivers 35 "Astra Dome" dome cars to the Union Pacific Railroad.
 * January 1961: ACF delivers its last passenger car, (NYCT IRT R28. IRT car), Berwick plant closed, sold, to later re-open as Berwick Forge & Fabricating Corporation.
 * 1977: Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) came up with the idea of the first double-stack intermodal car in 1977. SP then designed the first car with ACF Industries that same year.
 * 1984: ACF is purchased by Carl Icahn.
 * 1997: ACF reaches a leasing agreement with GE Capital Railcar for 35,000 of its 46,000 railcars, mostly on 16-year leases with optional purchase agreements.
 * 2003: ACF Industries LLC became a successor to ACF Industries, Incorporated on May 1, 2003.

Products
In the past, ACF built passenger and freight cars, including covered hopper cars for hauling such cargo as corn and other grains. One of the largest customers was the Union Pacific Railroad, whose armour-yellow carbon-steel lightweight passenger rolling stock was mostly built by ACF. The famous dome-observation car "Native Son" was an ACF product.

Another important ACF railroad production were the passenger cars of the Missouri River "Eagle", a Missouri Pacific streamliner put in service in March 1940. This train, in its original shape, consisted of six cars including one baggage, one baggage-mail, two coaches one food and beverage car and finally the observation lounge-parlor car. All the passenger equipment was styled by industrial designer Raymond Loewy.

Today, the U.S. passenger car market is erratic in production and is mostly handled by specialty manufacturers and foreign corporations. Competitors Budd, Pullman-Standard, Rohr Industries, and the St. Louis Car Company have all either left the market or gone out of business. The manufacturing facility in Milton, Pennsylvania, is served by the Norfolk Southern Railway and is capable of manufacturing railcars and all related railcar components. The plant is capable of producing pressure vessels in sizes 18,000–61,000 gwc, including propane tanks, compressed gas storage, LPG storage, and all related components, including heads. The plant, covering 48 acres, provides 500,000 square feet of covered work area and seven miles of storage tracks. The Huntington, West Virginia, production site ceased production in late 2009. The site continues only as a repair facility.

title: American Car and Foundry Company


text:
User:Abyssinia H/copyright

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for your contribution of the entry. Unfortunately, a substantial portion of the content in the entry appears to have been copied from another website, a violation of copyright law that could expose Wikipedia to serious lawsuits. If you do, in fact, have permission to use the copyrighted material or have information regarding the fair use status of the text, please comment on Talk:. Otherwise, you can go ahead and write a new entry if you would like at /Temp (this can even be a stub entry) that can replace the original entry later. Thanks again for your contribution and just let me know if you have any questions (you can use my talk page for this purpose). - Zach Lipton (talk).

title: User:Abyssinia H/copyright


text:
Wikipedia talk:Graphic and potentially disturbing images

Discussion moved to the main project page until the voting begins.

Too long and premature
The project page is now 150 kb. I think that's too long for most people to wade through. Also, the fact that there are so many proposals at least suggests that more discussion is needed to work toward a consensus, and that doing so would have been better before opening a vote. Maurreen 05:41, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Second that. It looks like the problem has not been well-enough defined, nor the criteria for potential solutions. Hence the common position of "first, do no harm". Perhaps the entire set of proposals should be archived (not inc discussion further down page), and we clarify the issue first. eg Problem: even in context, some images are (to a significant proportion of readers) unpleasant or offensive, to a degree which distracts from the body of the article; or unsuitable for children. Possible criteria:
 * 1) No removal from Wikipedia of material that is appropriate to an encylopedia ("no censorship")
 * 2) No complex classification systems ("simplicity")
 * 3) No significant new demands on the servers / modification of MediaWiki ("cost")
 * 4) User control (site-wide + per-image) over what images the user sees ("user control")
 * 5) Prevention of children (and others?) from accessing unsuitable material ("children")

Criteria may well conflict of course (eg it's hard to reconcile 1 and 5), but clarity on different possible/desirable ones would help us get better (and hopefully fewer!) proposals and maybe reach a conclusion. Rd232 14:30, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see some consideration for users who may have practical reasons not to be viewing some of the images under discussion. (Like "I might lose my job and/or be unable to find a job in my field if I were caught looking at this".) We definitely need to have some more discussion of the issues involved. This is very disorganized and seems to have been a bit too haphazardly-developed for a major vote to be taking place. It might be more useful to wait and see if we can agree on some criteria before bring up enormous numbers of specific proposals. -Aranel (" Sarah ") 03:30, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Guidelines instead of policy
I think this issue should be handled case by case, but that it could be good to develop guidelines. Maurreen 05:47, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

"Encyclopedic"
Maybe it would help to discuss what we see as "encyclopedic" or not.

I think it could be defined as what could typically be expected to be seen in other encyclopedias, general or specialized, or textbooks on the same subject. Maurreen 16:10, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Bad vote
The vote page is flawed, too complicated, and being used for debate not decision. I will not vote and I will not feel bound by the result of such a mess. For what it is worth, my view is that images are not the same as text. However, I also think that the use of an image which is seen by some as offensive needs to be considered as potentially POV, in particular if its inclusion aims at pushing boundaries rather than steering Wikipedia's middle course. So its inclusion in an article can be edited to death, and then be subject to debate in the usual way, on an individual basis. I also want to be able to use Wikipedia at work and to be happy when my children use it, and I want others to feel the same way. --Henrygb 19:06, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Category:Possibly offensive images
I've nominated Category:Possibly offensive images for deletion. Any and all opinions about it are welcome. T IMBO  ( T A L K )  05:35, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

New proposal
I've proposed a system for descriptive tagging of image contents at Descriptive image tagging. --Carnildo 08:21, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Moved from Village pump (policy)
My activity was referred to in the above post on "Talk page spamming". Some people have objected "in the strongest terms" to my "utterly loutish, disgusting behavior" in trying to notify people of the fact that an issue that they had previously voted upon as an overwhelming majority was summarily ignored and circumvented by the relatively unnoticed actions of a very few others. I am posting a brief summary of some of the facts here for the perusal of a much broader audience. (This posting is a slight revision of a message that I posted to some user's talk pages, because they had expressed a strong majority opinion that was simply dismissed, ignored and almost immediately bypassed by the subsequent actions of others.) I made an attempt to contact many of the people who previously helped vote to delete a generally objectionable photograph by a vote of 88 to 21, and who might have been unaware that immediately after that image was voted to be deleted someone posted another which was very similar in content:Image:Autofellatio 2.jpg My objections to this, and the previous image that was voted to be deleted might be based upon reasons far different from any that they had, but I do object to it, and consider the posting of such images to be acts of asinine stupidity, which burdens the project and its major educational aims in ways that they should not be burdened, and can be extremely detrimental to the acceptance and growth of WIkipedia's use and influence. Those who I believe to be in the extreme minority of Wikipedians who would like to include these images, many who had been channeled to the voting page from the talk page of the article on Autofellatio with which it is associated had dominated the earliest voting. It was 23 Keeps to 12 Deletes as of the time that I composed the original message, but after I began to notify previous voters, things had shifted to 27 Keeps to 43 Deletes by my most recent count.

Though I fully support the photographs of human genitalia as appropriate and encyclopedic in their individual articles, the posting of photos of sexual or quasi-sexual activities, thus far seems to have been responsibly rejected, in deference to such general social customs as are nearly ubiquitous. It might also be necessary to begin making an effort to establish an explicit Wikipedia policy against explicit photographic depictions of humans engaged in such activities. To my limited knowledge such images have not been accepted as appropriate anywhere else within this project, and frankly I can strongly agree with many others that they should not be. Vitally important information that might be unwelcome by some is one thing that should never be deleted, but un-needed images that can eventually prevent or impede many thousands or millions of people from gaining access to the great mass of truly important information that Wikipedia provides is quite another matter. Some people are crying "foul" that I have brought this issue greater attention, others have expressed gratitude that they were not left in the dark. There are vitally important distinctions to be made between what is vitally important, what is trivial, and what is overwhelmingly detrimental in the aims of human education. Whatever anyone's reasons, or final decisions upon the matter, I am appealing for more input on the voting that is occurring at Wikipedia:Images_and_media_for_deletion, and further debate on developing explicit policy about such explicit photographs. ~ Achilles † 17:31, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We already have a policy on such images: WP:NOT --Carnildo 19:23, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Written by the same clique that insists that we should include porn.203.103.60.119 03:27, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for directing me to that admirable page, which also included the statements:

 * "Wikipedia is not an experiment in anarchy" & "Wikipedia is free and open, but restricts both freedom and openness where they interfere with the purpose of creating an encyclopedia. Accordingly, Wikipedia is not a forum for unregulated free speech. The fact that Wikipedia is an open, self-governing project does not mean that any part of its purpose is to explore the viability of anarchistic communities. Our purpose is to build an encyclopedia, not to test the limits of anarchism." & "While obviously inappropriate content (such as inappropriate links to shock sites) is usually removed immediately, some articles may include objectionable text, images, or links, provided they do not violate any of our existing policies..."

 * It also contains others of note, and it seems that there is definitely a need for development of a clearer policy on some matters. ~ Achilles † 19:37, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think the best attempt at such a solution exists at End-user image suppression. Demi T/C 22:15, 2005 Apr 7 (UTC)

 * I wish more people understood the philosophy of "freedom is not license". --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 22:29, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I find myself agreeing with BOTH sides of this debate which makes me think that there is a creative solution that could satisfy everyone. What I'm thinking is for us to create an adult wiki site, perhaps "Wikisex", that would have explicit articles, pictures and whatnot all devoted to sex. Any questionable postings on Wikipedia could be moved to Wikisex. Wikipedia could be a trusted site by the parental control software, and Wikisex would be blocked. Everyone can be happy. -- Samuel Wantman 03:54, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

See also: Sexual harassment. Hyacinth 04:12, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I like Samuel Wantman's idea. Maurreen 06:14, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Coming into this as a person with little interest in writing sex articles, but someone who is strongly worried by censorship, I'd ask the proposers of wikisex to please classify the following subjects breast cancer, nipple, penis, contraception, abortion, homosexuality, sex, fetish, masturbation, fellatio, autofellatio, explaining what hard and fast rule will divide topics between wikipedia and wikisex. Consider that parental control software does censor access to breast cancer information.

Merely the fact that such censorship is included in parental control software along with the knowledge that such software censors access to certain reasonably mainstream political sites and to sites of organisations opposed to parental control software means that it would be totally inappropriate for wikipedia to cooperate in any way with the makers of such software since, in that case we would be endorsing unacceptable censorship. Mozzerati 07:36, 2005 Apr 8 (UTC)

Have you people read the voluminous discussions on Wikipedia and censorship over the years, and seen the regular failure of proposals to classify/censor/separate out content that some people find objectionable but is otherwise relevant encyclopedic material? Nor are you the first to raise the point that filters may block Wikipedia. There was no support for having Wikipedia inclusion policies decided by filter writers then. Given the enormous growth in Wikipedia's popularity since, changing our content to keep them happy makes even less sense - a filter that blocks Wikipedia in its entirety is likely to hurt the company selling the filter a heck of a lot more than it hurts Wikipedia. --Robert Merkel 08:21, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes I've read many of the discussion. What I'm looking to come up with is something that finds a common ground between not cooperating with censorship, while at the same time removing things that many would find objectionable in an encyclopedia.  I think about my upbringing which was very progressive and uncensored, yet I never saw an image like that until I was in my late teens.  I can understand why a parent might want to keep their 7 year olds from coming accross such images.  I don't have children, but I look after a 5 year old every week.  I'm not about to show her my porn collection!  I'll respect her parents wishes about such things until she's much older.

 * It bothers me very much that the subjects mentioned are censored by parential control software, and I in no way want to hobble Wikipedia the same way. I do not think we should remove any of those topics from wikipedia.  What I am proposing is to draw a clear line, which is perhaps as stated above, no " posting of photos of sexual or quasi-sexual activities".  Instead, they would be posted at Wikisex and there could be links to those images from Wikipedia.  I'd like Wikisex to have much more than images, I'd say "anything goes" as long as it applies to sex.

 * If we make a clear line, then perhaps we can influence the software makers to adopt the same line as an less extreme option to offer parents. Wikipedia is big enough to influence where this line is.  Wikipedia could be a site that parents could trust for information without the 'shocking' photos (and we'd create a great non-commercial sex site).  Can't this be win-win? -- Samuel Wantman 08:27, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the test should be whether the images provide usefull information relevent to an encyclopedia. Also if an image could just as well be replaced by one which has less capacity for offence (without removing usefull information) then it should be.  I don't think we need have any stricter policy than that.  I would note that most pornography would fail this test anyway as would most disturbing pictures.  Barnaby dawson 08:59, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

If there were a Wikisex created as Samuel suggests, does anyone else worry that it might become a bit icky? Informative content on sexual issues is one thing, and quite reasonable even with nudity, shocking photos and all. However, I would greatly worry that Wikisex would degenerate into a free porno warehouse for adolescent teenagers. And given all the money that gets spent on pornography anyway, WikiMedia probably doesn't need to be donating resources to such an project. To say nothing of the public relations and legal problems that a "wikiporno" could create. Dragons flight 22:27, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

Typical
I'll bet the reason why this was rejected was because of wanting a clear conscience. Now, it's true, the human body is beautiful. But some of the images, although drawn, are of a pornographic nature. They didn't want pornography, so they renamed it, made it ok to look at sexually explicit images. This is why so many people voted for History of Erotic Images to be a featured article. No one wants to feel guilty. This just says porn is ok. --Yancyfry 05:08, 7 April 2007 (UTC)


text:
Eddie Timanus

Eddie Timanus (born August 9, 1968) is a USA Today sportswriter and game show contestant who grew up in Reston, Virginia, then graduated from Wake Forest University. Timanus has been blind since he was a toddler due to retinoblastoma. He is best known for his five-game winning streak on the game show Jeopardy! and for being the first blind contestant to appear on the show.

Early life
Timanus was born on August 9, 1968, in St. Joseph, Missouri. At age three, Timanus had an operation to remove tumors from his eyes, leading to his blindness. Following his Jeopardy! success, Timanus related a story from his childhood that his mother told him: "I came home and said, 'Turn on the lights.' And she said, 'They're on and you won't see them.' And I said, 'Well, OK' and went on."

Timanus' father, Chuck, was a play-by-play announcer. Eddie began attending sporting events with his father at the age of six, and he started keeping statistics at the age of eleven. Timanus graduated from Wake Forest University in 1990 with a degree in economics. In 1991, The Washington Post reported that Eddie worked alongside Chuck as a statkeeper for American University's basketball games, using pegboards and abaci, compiling statistical information for WINX-AM radio. His mother, Terri Timanus, was also a Jeopardy! contestant, appearing in 1991 and losing her only game.

Jeopardy!
Timanus was a contestant on Jeopardy!; his games aired in October 1999. He was the first blind contestant to compete on the show. There were a few changes made to accommodate Timanus: the first was that he received a card with the category names printed in Braille before each round, and a Braille keyboard to type out his name on the podium's computer and his response and wager for Final Jeopardy!. There were also no video-based clues during his appearances. Also, beginning with his appearances, contestants started out the show already at their podiums, instead of the old practice of walking up to them as they were being introduced. (The practice became permanent starting in September 2000.) Timanus refused further accommodations.

Timanus won five consecutive games and then, in accordance with the rules in effect at that time, retired undefeated. His winnings totaled US$69,700 plus two new cars (Chevrolet Camaros in his case), and he was invited back for the 2000 Tournament of Champions in Atlanta, Georgia, where he reached the semifinals and won $5,000 there. The story became a minor media sensation, with Jeopardy! Nielsen ratings rising 15 percent for Timanus's fourth and fifth games. Host Alex Trebek received one of six Access Awards from the American Foundation for the Blind in 2001 for his role in accommodating Timanus.

Timanus was a contestant on the Jeopardy! Million Dollar Masters Tournament in New York City which aired in May 2002, but did not advance beyond the first round and took home $10,000.

Timanus also appeared in the Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions on March 16, 2005, in a first-round game. He finished in second place, taking home $5,000. In addition to the Braille cards and computer keyboard provided on his earlier appearances, an audible tone that was in sync with the game board's lights was added in order to give him an indication of when he could begin buzzing in to respond.

Timanus participated in the March 3, 2014 episode of the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament. While he had the most money going into Final Jeopardy! round in which every contestant answered incorrectly, he lost by a margin of $200 finishing in second place behind Rachael Schwartz. As with his Ultimate Tournament of Champions appearance, he was given Braille cards, a computer keyboard, and an audible buzz-in indicator.

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
In 2000 he acted as a lifeline on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. On November 26, 2004, Timanus appeared again on Millionaire, this time as a contestant, and won $50,000 in prize money. When he used the phone-a-friend lifeline, host Meredith Vieira would read the question and the four choices to the friend that he chose to call and would also remind him how much time was remaining on the 30 seconds used for that lifeline.

Sportswriting
Timanus is a staff sportswriter for USA Today. His articles appear frequently in the publication. In addition to general reporting, he is responsible for compiling the weekly USA Today Coaches' Poll. He also writes the preview section for college football games.

Personal life
He met his wife through a Yahoo! Groups discussion group on game shows; the couple now has a son.

title: Eddie Timanus


text: Category:Spice Girls albums

title: Category:Spice Girls albums


text:
Spice (album)

Spice is the debut studio album by English girl group the Spice Girls, released in Japan on 19 September 1996 and in the United Kingdom on 4 November 1996 by Virgin Records. The album was recorded between 1995 and 1996 at Olympic Studios in Barnes, London, and Strongroom Studios in Shoreditch, London, by producers Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and the production duo Absolute. Spice is a pop album that incorporates styles such as dance, R&B and hip hop. It is considered to be the record that brought teen pop back, opening the doors for a wave of teen pop artists. Conceptually, the album centered on the idea of Girl Power, and the hype surrounding the group was compared to Beatlemania.

A worldwide commercial success, Spice topped the charts in more than 17 countries across the world, and was certified Multi-Platinum in 27 countries, Platinum in 14 countries and Gold in three countries, including 10-times Platinum in the United Kingdom and Canada, eight-times Platinum in Europe, and seven-times Platinum in the United States. It became the world's top-selling album of 1997, selling 19 million copies in over a year. The album has sold a total of 23 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling album in music history by a girl group and one of the best-selling albums of all time.

Four singles were released from the album. The lead single, "Wannabe", reached number one in 37 countries, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time as of 2010 by selling over six million copies worldwide. The next two singles, "Say You'll Be There" and "2 Become 1", reached number one in 53 countries. "Who Do You Think You Are" was released as the official Comic Relief single in the UK as a double A-side with "Mama" and both songs reached the top 20 in charts across Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In the band's native UK, all four singles went to number one on the UK Singles Chart and, on the Billboard Hot 100, the album spawned three top-five singles.

Background
In February 1994, Chris and Bob Herbert, who together with financer Chic Murphy traded under the business name of Heart Management, placed an advert in The Stage magazine, which asked the question: "Are you street smart, extrovert, ambitious, and able to sing and dance?". The management received hundreds of replies, but eventually reduced their search down to a final group of five girls: Victoria Beckham, Mel B, Melanie C, Geri Halliwell and Michelle Stephenson. The new band was originally called Touch and moved to a house in Maidenhead. Emma Bunton was the last to join after Stephenson dropped out when her mother became ill.

The group felt insecure about the lack of contract and were frustrated by the direction in which Heart Management was steering them. In October 1994, armed with a catalog of demos and dance routines, the group began touring management agencies. They started to meet with producers, musicians and other business executives, among which were composer Tim Hawes, and writers Richard Stannard and Matthew Rowe. Hawes worked with the group and watched the evolution in their singing and writing abilities. Together they composed a song called "Sugar and Spice", which served as the inspiration behind the change of the group's name to "Spice". Eventually the name was changed again to "Spice Girls" due to an American rapper using the name "Spice" at the time. On 3 March 1995, because of the group's frustration at their management's unwillingness to listen to their visions and ideas, they parted from Heart Management. The group stole the master recordings of their discography from the management offices in order to ensure they kept full control of their own work.

Recording and production
The group were supposed to meet with producer Eliot Kennedy the week after they left their former managers, but the meeting was arranged by the Herberts weeks before their departure. But without access to Herbert's address book, they knew nothing of Kennedy's whereabouts other than he lived in Sheffield. Mel B and Halliwell drove to Sheffield the day after the departure from Heart Management and looked for the first phone book they came across; Eliot was the third Kennedy that they called. That evening they went to his house and persuaded him to work with them. The rest of the girls travelled to Sheffield the next day. Kennedy commented about the session: "None of them played instruments, so I was left to do the music and get that vibe together. What I said to them was, 'Look, I've got a chorus—check this out'. Then they were throwing lines at us. 10 minutes later the song was written. Then you go through and refine it. Then later, as you were recording it you might change a few thing here and there. But pretty much it was a real quick process." Four tracks were composed in that session: "Love Thing", "Say You'll Be There", "Step to Me" (which was released later) and "Strong Enough". In the following months the group continued to meet with producers, wrote new songs, prepared demos and searched for a new manager. They met again with the writers Stannard and Rowe. They had previously worked with the girls in January 1995 before their departure from Heart Management; that was the group's first professional songwriting session, held at the Strongroom in Curtain Road, east London.

In the first session with Stannard and Rowe, they wrote "Feed Your Love", a slow, soulful song which was eventually recorded and mastered for the album, but not released because it was considered too rude and racy for their target audience. Having completed that session, the girls wanted to write something more uptempo, so they started to write the song that would be the lead of the album, "Wannabe", which was recorded in under an hour—mainly because they had already written parts of the songs beforehand. The next song they recorded was a slow ballad and the third track on and single from the album, "2 Become 1". The song was inspired by the special relationship which had developed between Halliwell and Rowe during the session. "Mama" was written by the Spice Girls with songwriting partners Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard. In an interview about the writing process between the group and the duo, Rowe credits Mel B as the one who came up with the song's concept. During the writing process, each member wrote a small verse in a different corner of the recording studio, while the chorus was finished around the piano with a guitar. Then, the producers added a gospel choir filled with the group's harmonies at the end of the song. They also produced the album's last track "If U Can't Dance". In May 1995, the group was introduced to Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins, the songwriters and production duo known as Absolute. Watkins commented about their first meeting, "They played us a few tracks, which we didn't particularly like. So we thought, this is OK. We can work with this." A songwriting session was booked within the next few days at Absolute's studio located on Tagg's Island near Chertsey, but the musical association between them did not seem to go well at the beginning. Wilson remembered, "When they started to sing it was never quite right: from our point of view. It was very poptastic." Watkins recalled, "After two sessions we phoned our managers and said 'This just ain't happening'." It was at this point that Watkins and Wilson heard "Wannabe" for the first time. When speaking about the song, Wilson said, "We listened to it and we didn't get it at all. It was so different to what we were doing. We thought is this going to work?".

The next session was the definite one; either they would continue to work with the group or break up their relationship. Wilson recalled, "Every previous time we'd met up with the girls we had prepared a backing track. This time we had nothing." Watkins also said, "They said they wanted to do something up and a bit of fun, so we just off the top of our heads started to come up with a full-on disco backing track, which became 'Who Do You Think You Are'." Wilson said of the song, "The thing is when they wrote it, they were also writing the dance routine, constructing the music video, all at the same time as writing the song. And that's when the penny dropped." The girls went on to write "Something Kinda Funny", "Last Time Lover", "Naked", "Bumper to Bumper", "Take Me Home", "One of These Girls", and "Baby Come Round" with Watkins and Wilson, none of them singles, but all of them tracks which lent a touch of classy R&B feel to the Spice album and singles. Absolute also produced all of these songs as well as the three tracks penned with Eliot Kennedy: "Say You'll Be There" "Love Thing" and later "Step to me" giving the duo a guiding hand in six of the ten tracks that eventually ended up on Spice. The tracks that Absolute produced were recorded for the most part at Olympic Studios in Barnes. At this time in 1995, Auto-Tune had not yet come to market and most of the vocals were recorded with few adjustments made afterwards. Absolute told Simon Fuller about the group they had worked with and asked whether he would consider managing them. Fuller received a demo of "Something Kinda Funny", one of the songs the group wrote with Absolute. He showed interest in the group, began a relationship and decided to sign them at 19 Management in March 1995. In September 1995 the group signed a deal with Virgin Records, and continued to write and record tracks for their debut album while touring the west coast of the United States, where they signed a publishing deal with Windswept Pacific in November.

The Spice Girls were fully involved in the writing of all the songs. Halliwell in particular was clearly a fund of ideas for songs, arriving at sessions with her book of jottings, notes and miscellaneous scribblings which often produced the starting point of a lyric or a song title or just an agenda for the day's work. Watkins commented, "Geri [Halliwell] would come up with the concept for a song. Typically, she'd sing one line and the girls would pick up on it or we'd pick up on it and construct around it and then [Melanie C] and Emma [Bunton] would be very active. They'd really like to sit and sing melodies and go off and come up with little sections." They "conceptualised" and sang bits of melody and wrote the lyrics. But in musical terms it was not a partnership of equals. Rowe commented: "We had to kind of steer it. It was very different for different tracks really. Some of them were when we were all jamming in the room. We'd just put up some drum sounds and start making things up. On other tracks me and Richard [Stannard] would prepare something beforehand and play it to them. We'd have some lyrics and make them write the second verse." The Spice Girls introduced two key innovations that have had a lasting impact on the way which modern pop acts go about their creative business. Firstly they introduced the idea of songwriting identity. This was a familiar concept in rock bands like Queen or the Sex Pistols, but not in the world of "manufactured pop", where the credits of songwriting would be divided out strictly in accordance with whoever had written the song. The Spice Girls recognised their solidarity as a group, which depended on maintaining parity in all departments, including the songwriting credits and the resulting royalties. They share the songwriting royalties on all the songs irrespective of what any member of the group had or had not contributed to any particular song. The second thing the Spice Girls established from the outset was a straight 50–50 split between them and their various songwriting collaborators. Here they anticipated one of the key developments in the pop industry since the 1990s, namely the increasing importance of publishing royalties as opposed to royalties payments made for the performance of the song on the record.

In an interview with Apple Music for the Spice25 release, Melanie C divulged, "We had [a] risqué song called 'C U Next Tuesday', which was vetoed for the 25th anniversary edition, but I do have plans for it. It sounds like a Lily Allen song; it's absolutely brilliant."

Lyrical content
"Wannabe", the most emblematic song of the Girl Power philosophy, was chosen as the first track and lead single of the album. It highlights the slogans the group tend to cite like the union and solidarity between friends and the power exercised by women over men. The second single "Say You'll Be There" described the things the group had been through together and how they had always been there for each other. It received mixed reviews; some critics praised it as a catchy song, while others dubbed it as merely a bid for credibility, while others described the lyrics as "confusing". The third single "2 Become 1" focused upon the bonding of lovers, and how the bond can become so strong that they practically become one entity, through the act of sex; in addition, the lyrics address the importance of contraception.

"Love Thing" is the fourth track; it focuses on relationships and how after many disappointments the girls do not want to know anything about love. The song symbolizes the Girl Power philosophy by showing the support between each other and finding the strength to continue. The fifth track, "Last Time Lover", was originally called "First Time Lover" and was about the loss of virginity, but was discarded and changed to a song full of provocations, where sex is the main issue. The sixth track, "Mama", was dedicated to the group's mothers, and deals with the difficulties in the relationships between mothers and teenagers that appear during adolescence. Reviewers described the ballad as "glossy" and "corny".

The seventh track, "Who Do You Think You Are", is about the presumptuous superstar life and how someone can get trapped in the world of fame. The inspiration for this song came from some of the people the group met in the music industry. It was well received by critics, who thought that the song was one of the group's "strongest and underrated songs" and that it "still feels relevant today". "Something Kinda Funny", the eighth track of the album, is about the "fun" the group experienced together, and how it was fate that they came to know each other. The ninth track, "Naked" deals with vulnerability and the step from girls to women and how this process made the group stronger, something they were experiencing at that moment. It received mixed reviews from critics; some described it as "soulful and funky as anything by TLC or Brand New Heavies", while others considered the song as a "bit of a let down". The last track of the album, "If U Can't Dance", deals with preconceived ideas about people and how sometimes they are totally different from what they appear.

Style and themes
Spice is a pop album with a diverse inclusion of musical styles such as dance, R&B, hip hop, soul, rap and funk, which lead some reviewers to call it a pop collection. The lead single, "Wannabe" is an uptempo pop song with elements of white hip–hop, rap and dance music. Two of the three ballads of the album, "2 Become 1" and "Mama", were co–written and produced by Stannard and Rowe, and both feature the use of keyboards, guitars, string arrangements and backing vocals.

Production duo Absolute incorporated a mix of dance-pop, funk and R&B on "Say You'll Be There", which includes a harmonica solo played by Judd Lander, who also played the harmonica on Culture Club's "Karma Chameleon". The other songs produced by Absolute feature different music genres: "Naked" and "Something Kinda Funny" include pop elements with influences of soul music and funk, respectively. "Who Do You Think You Are" is influenced by early-1990s Europop, and incorporates a disco-style beat that resembles the music of the late 1970s. "If U Can't Dance", another heavily dance–oriented song, features a rap section performed by Halliwell in Spanish and contains a sample of Digital Underground's song "The Humpty Dance".

The main concept of the album centred on the idea of Girl Power, embodying a feminist image, as both Madonna and Bananarama had employed before. Every track of the album deals with different aspects of this notion: the lead single "Wannabe" makes demands of sincerity and is a feminist message of choosing friends over relationships; "Say You'll Be There" motivates girls to stand up for themselves as individuals, while the focus of "Love Thing" is the symbolic expression of unity as a group; "Something Kinda Funny" deals with the identification of goals in life and "Last Time Lover" encourages the use of sexual charm as a weapon to be deployed along with any other skills that would help to get a result.

Singles
Released as the group's debut single in July 1996, "Wannabe" topped the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks and received a Platinum certification by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In January 1997 it was released in the United States, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks. It was the group's only number-one single in that country. By the end of 1996, "Wannabe" had topped the charts in 22 nations, and by March 1997 this number had climbed to 31. Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, who called it "a melodious but disposable tune that typifies this debut's tart bubblegum and packaged sexiness" and found the track as "more a compendium of music styles than an actual song", it became the best-selling single by a female group, selling over six million copies worldwide.

"Say You'll Be There" was released as the album's second single on 14 October 1996. It became the group's second number-one single in the United Kingdom, and was certified Platinum by the BPI. It was a commercial success across Europe, reaching the top 10 in most of the charts that it entered. As a result of its popularity, the song was released in 1997 in Australia, receiving a Gold certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), and in North America, entering the top five in Canada and peaking at number three in the United States.

"2 Become 1" was released as the group's third single on 16 December 1996. It was generally well-received by music critics and was a commercial success. It topped the UK Singles Chart for three weeks, becoming the group's third consecutive chart-topper, their second million-selling single, and their first Christmas number-one single in the United Kingdom. In July 1997, the song was released in the United States, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, and receiving a Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It performed similarly internationally, peaking inside the top 10 on the majority of the charts that it entered.

"Mama" and "Who Do You Think You Are" was released as a double A-side single in March 1997 as the group's fourth single. It became the group's fourth consecutive number-one single in the United Kingdom, making them the first act in UK chart history to have its first four singles reach number one. Additionally, it was certified Platinum by the BPI, and performed well internationally, reaching the top 10 in many European countries and New Zealand, and the top 20 in Australia, France, and Norway.

Critical reception
Spice received mixed reviews from pop music critics. In NME, Mark Sutherland praised the album as "a consummate state-of-the-art pop record, as good as the mainstream ever gets", with "some of if not the best pop music of the year." AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine deemed it "immaculately crafted pop" that is "infectious" and "irresistible", adding that "Spice doesn't need to be original to be entertaining" and that "none of the girls have great voices, but they do exude personality and charisma". Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly called the album "a devilishly good pop collection", and Lois Alter Mark from the same magazine described the Spice Girls as "Go-Go's with attitude", while also noting that "with their brash attitudes and rude behavior, the girls may not be ideal role models" for children.

LAUNCHcast's Dev Sherlock called Spice "pure upbeat ear candy" and said that it was "one of the most fun and exciting pop releases of the year", finding that the Spice Girls' Girl Power philosophy is "a well-balanced manifesto for young women everywhere that is neither twee nor riot grrrl-angry." In The Guardian, Caroline Sullivan wrote that despite the album's "unbelievably slick" and commercial sound, "all those Girl Power declarations aren't just empty slogans, one feels." Other critics were less receptive. Sara Scribner of the Los Angeles Times found the group's music and image "shamelessly one-dimensional", while Christina Kelly from Rolling Stone dismissed them as another "bubblegum-pop" group who "offer a watered-down mix of hip-hop and cheesy pop balladry", stating that "despite their pro-woman posing, the Girls don't get bogged down by anything deeper than mugging for promo shots and giving out tips on getting boys in bed."

Spice was nominated for the 1997 Mercury Prize. However, it lost to New Forms by Roni Size & Reprazent. Reflecting on the album in 2019, Pitchfork's Aimee Cliff opined that despite its somewhat "flimsy" feminism, "Spice remains an audacious achievement... it snuck five Girls who were not on the guest list inside the establishment, causing chaos for a brief, surreal moment."

Commercial performance
The commercial success of Spice was unprecedented and drew comparisons to Beatlemania (it was dubbed "Spicemania") due to the sheer volume of interest in the group. The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with first-sales of 114,000 copies, spending 15 non-consecutive weeks atop the chart. The album was certified 10-times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 1 August 1997, and as of November 2021, it had sold 3,022,090 copies in the United Kingdom. In Europe, the album became the biggest-selling album of 1997 and was certified eight-times Platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) for sales in excess of eight million copies. The album reached number one in France and was certified Diamond by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), triple Gold in Germany by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), and 10-times Platinum in Spain for one million copies sold. The album also made a huge impact in Asian countries, selling two million copies in Japan and Southeast Asia by 1997, peaking at number seven in Japan and certified four-times Platinum, with sales of 718,432 copies by March 1997.

In the United States, Spice debuted at number six on the Billboard 200, eventually reaching number one for five weeks and selling 1.46 million in its first 12 weeks of release. It became the biggest-selling album of 1997, with 5,302,000 million copies sold by the end of the year. On 19 May 1999, the album was certified seven-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and as of May 2017, it had sold 7.5 million copies in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In Canada, the album topped the Canadian Albums Chart. It was certified 10-times Platinum (Diamond) by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) for shipments of one million copies. The album sold 10 million copies worldwide in its first seven months. In total, Spice has sold 23 million copies worldwide, becoming the biggest-selling album by a girl group in music history and one of the most successful albums of all time.

Following the Spice World Tour announcement, Spice re-entered the UK Albums Chart at number 94 on 16 November 2018 and at number 84 on 16 June 2019.

Spice25
To mark the 25th anniversary of "Wannabe", an EP of the group's debut single was released in July 2021 that included previously unreleased demos.

On 1 September 2021, the Spice Girls announced the re-release of Spice to mark the album's 25th anniversary, titled Spice25. The deluxe double album was released on 29 October 2021 and contains remixes, demos and unreleased tracks. Also, the single version of 2 Become 1 was included as the third track on the album, instead of the original album version. The CDs come in an A5 hardback booklet, with a collection of iconic images and a set of six Spice Girls postcards, while the original album is also available on limited edition vinyl and cassette.

The Spice25 reissue saw the album re-enter the UK Albums Chart at number five with 7,798 copies sold, while reaching number three on the Official Vinyl Albums Chart and number four on the Official Physical Albums Chart.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Spice.

Musicians

 * Matt Rowe – keyboards, programming (tracks 1, 3, 6, 10)
 * Richard Stannard – keyboards, programming (tracks 1, 3, 6, 10); backing vocals (track 10)
 * Absolute – instruments (tracks 2, 4, 5, 7–9)
 * Judd Lander – harmonica (track 2)
 * Pete Davis – additional programming (track 3)
 * Paul Waller – additional programming (tracks 3, 4)
 * Statik – additional programming (tracks 3, 5)
 * Greg Lester – guitar (track 3), rhythm guitar (track 6)
 * Craig Armstrong – string arrangement (track 3)
 * Isobel Griffiths – orchestral contractor (track 3)
 * Perry Montague-Mason – orchestral leader (track 3)
 * Dave Way – additional programming (track 5)
 * Eric Gooden – additional background vocals (track 5)
 * Tony Ward – cello (track 6)
 * Jackie Drew – violin (track 6)
 * Mark Beswick – choir arrangement (track 6)
 * Mary Pearce – additional background vocals (track 7)

Technical

 * Richard Stannard – production (tracks 1, 3, 6, 10)
 * Matt Rowe – production (tracks 1, 3, 6, 10)
 * Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing (tracks 1, 2)
 * Adrian Bushby – recording engineering (tracks 1, 3, 6, 10)
 * Patrick McGovern – engineering assistance (tracks 1, 3, 6, 10)
 * Absolute – production (tracks 2, 4, 5, 7–9); mixing (tracks 6, 9)
 * Jeremy Wheatley – recording engineering (tracks 2, 4, 7, 8)
 * Adam Brown – engineering assistance (tracks 2, 4, 5, 7–9)
 * Andy Bradfield – additional production, mixing (tracks 3, 4)
 * Dave Way – mixing (tracks 5–8, 10)
 * Al Stone – recording engineering (tracks 5, 9); mixing (track 9)
 * Geoff Pesche – mastering at Townhouse, London

Artwork

 * Kunihiro Takuma – photography

title: Spice (album)


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France Cert.
The Certifications, peaks and sales shows that France has achieved Diamond yet it only has 3xplatinum. Correct me on this but doesn't 10xPlatinum make diamond?--DoctorStrange7 (talk) 19:21, 4 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't trust the info on the article, it was vandalized several times. The certification levels change in each country, 10xplatinum in the U.S. make diamond, in France you get diamond with 500,000 copies or 5xplatinum. This is the page with the certifications for each country, List of music recording sales certifications. Hope this helps you. Regards. Frcm1988 (talk) 19:31, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

Certification levels
We should not insert those music markets into the table of Certifications, the levels of which are unclrear for a 1996 release. In this recent edit, Coolcoolmen16 has added 2x Platinum for Hong Kong (30,000 units), and 2x Platinum for Portugal (40,000). Note that in this 2005 IFPI report (see page 23), the Platinum level of Hong Kong for international artists is 20,000 units, whereas the platinum level for Portugal is 40,000units. The certification levels of both those markets could have been higher in 1996 as most music associations began lowering their certification-levels in late 1990s and early 2000s. Therefore, since we don't know the exact levels for some markets, we should not introduce incorrect information as this is afterall encylopedia.--Harout72 (talk) 18:31, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

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