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Benzylpiperazine

Benzylpiperazine (BZP) is a substance often used as a recreational drug and is known to have euphoriant and stimulant properties. Several studies conducted between 2000 and 2011 found that the effects of BZP are similar to amphetamine, although BZP's dosage is roughly 10 times higher by weight.

Adverse effects have been reported following its use including acute psychosis, renal toxicity and seizures. Deaths from piperazine derivatives are extremely rare, but there has been at least one death apparently due to BZP alone. Its sale is banned in several countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Romania and other parts of Europe.

Development history
BZP was first synthesized by Burroughs Wellcome & Company in 1944. It is often claimed that it was originally synthesized as a potential antihelminthic (anti-parasitic) agent for use in farm animals, but its synthesis is thought to predate their interest in piperazines as antihelminthics. Even so, the majority of the early work with the piperazines were investigations into their potential use as antihelminthics, with the earliest clinical trials in the literature relating to piperazine being articles in the British Medical Journal in the 1950s. It was discovered that BZP had side effects and was largely abandoned as a worm treatment. It next appears in the literature in the 1970s when it was investigated as a potential antidepressant medication, but rejected when research reported that BZP had amphetamine-like effects and was liable to abuse. The study suggested that BZP "should be placed under statutory control similar to those regulating the use of amphetamine".

Recreational history
In 1996, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration noted that it was being recreationally used in California. It also reported that BZP was being used as an adulterant in illicit drugs. In around 2000, its use increased worldwide, which was soon followed by legislative control in Europe and the United States. In New Zealand, it was initially legal, but was restricted in 2005 and later reclassified as Class C due to new evidence in 2008. It was widely used before its reclassification, and an estimated 5 million pills were sold in New Zealand in 2007. BZP, which is often mixed with TFMPP, has been claimed to be a safer alternative to other illicit street drugs. It is also used as an adulterant of or substitute for MDMA, which has similar effects, and is sometimes marketed as "ecstasy", a colloquial term for MDMA.

BZP has also been used and prohibited in horse racing and athletics.

Production and distribution

BZP is a piperazine derivative which comes as either the hydrochloride salt or a free base. The hydrochloride salt is a white solid while the base form is a slightly yellowish-green liquid. BZP base is corrosive and causes burns.

BZP is often marketed ostensibly as a "dietary supplement" to avoid meeting stricter laws that apply to medicines and drugs, despite the fact that BZP has no dietary value. As of late 2005, the Misuse of Drugs Act ensured it can no longer be classified or marketed as a dietary supplement in New Zealand. Some retailers claim that BZP is a "natural" product, describing it as a "pepper extract" or "herbal high," when in fact the drug is entirely synthetic, and has not been found to occur naturally.

Pharmacodynamics
BZP has been shown to have a mixed mechanism of action, acting on the serotonergic and dopaminergic receptor systems in a similar fashion to MDMA. BZP has amphetamine-like actions on the serotonin reuptake transporter, which increase serotonin concentrations in the extracellular fluids surrounding the cell and thereby increasing activation of the surrounding serotonin receptors. BZP has a lower potency effect on the noradrenaline reuptake transporter and the dopamine reuptake transporter. BZP has a high affinity action at the alpha2-adrenoreceptor, it is an antagonist at the receptor, like yohimbine, which inhibits negative feedback, causing an increase in released noradrenaline. Another study lists 1-Benzylpiperazine (BZP)'s Release DAT, NET, and SERT EC50s (i.e. a measure of potency for the release of neurotransmitters via BZP's affinity for the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters respectively--whereby those transporter are induced to shuttle neurotransmitters out of neurons and deposit them in the synaptic gap) as 175, 62, and 6050; for comparison, the values listed for d-amphetamine (25, 7, and 1765) and d-methamphetamine (25, 12, and 736) show a similar DAT:NET affinity ratio as well as minor SERT activity which suggests BZP possesses similar activity to the two aforementioned drugs (when dosed ~7x higher due to lower potency) rather than serotonergic substituted amphetamines like MDMA.

BZP also acts as a non-selective serotonin receptor agonist on a wide variety of serotonin receptors. Binding to 5-HT2A receptors may explain its mild hallucinogenic effects at high doses, while partial agonist or antagonist effects at the 5-HT2B receptors may explain some of BZPs peripheral side effects, as this receptor is expressed very densely in the gut, and binding to 5-HT3 receptors may explain the common side effect of headaches, as this receptor is known to be involved in the development of migraine headaches.

Effects

The effects of BZP are largely similar to amphetamines, with one study finding that former amphetamine addicts were unable to distinguish between dextroamphetamine and BZP administered intravenously. A 2005 study has shown that mixtures of BZP with other piperazine drugs such as TFMPP share certain pharmacodynamic traits with MDMA.

Subjective effects
Upon ingestion of between 50 mg and 200 mg of BZP, the user may experience any or all of the following:

Initial Effects:

 * Feelings of euphoria, wonder, amazement, well-being, energy and elation
 * Rapid mood elevation
 * Enhanced sociability
 * Enhanced appreciation of music
 * Increased desire to move, also slight increase in stereotypy
 * Skin tingling
 * Decreased appetite
 * Repetitive thought patterns
 * Actual and perceived changes in body temperature
 * Mild jaw clenching/bruxism
 * Increased heart rate
 * Dilation of pupils (see photo)
 * Nausea
 * Flushing
 * Mild xerostomia (dry mouth)
 * Slight urinary incontinence, often described as "leaking" a small amount of urine after urinating (not due to loss of bladder control)

Later Effects:

 * Mild headache
 * Nausea
 * Hangover-like symptoms (common with high doses)
 * Fatigue
 * Indigestion (similar to acid indigestion/heartburn)
 * Increased hunger (and sometimes thirst)
 * Insomnia
 * Confusion
 * Depression (particularly with frequent/heavy use)

Tolerance
Research into BZP's tolerance is sparse. Anecdotal evidence from online sources claim tolerance to the central action of BZP will develop quickly. Due to tiredness associated with the body's recovery from stimulants, such as BZP, it is uncommon for users to be able to sustain a week-long intake.

Toxic effects
As with most sympathomimetic stimulants, significant side effects are associated with BZP use. It reportedly produces insomnia and a mild to severe hangover after the drug effect wears off. The majority of the toxic effects information came from a 2005 study that recorded all presentations associated with party pill use at the Emergency Department of Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand. Fourteen toxic seizures were recorded in two patients with life-threatening toxicity with status epilepticus and severe respiratory and metabolic acidosis. The results of this study and others like it showed that BZP can cause unpredictable and serious toxicity in some individuals, but the data and dosage collection were reliant on self reporting by drug users, which may result in under-reporting (or over-reporting), and there were complicating factors like the frequent presence of alcohol and other drugs.

The major side effects include dilated pupils, blurred vision, dryness of the mouth, extreme alertness, pruritus, confusion, agitation, tremor, extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, akathisia), headache, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, vomiting, chest pain, hallucinations, paresthesia, tachycardia, hypertension, palpitations, collapse, hyperventilation, sweating, hyperthermia and problems with urine retention. The more severe toxic effects include psychosis or adverse psychiatric events, renal toxicity, respiratory failure, hyperthermia, serotonin syndrome, rhabdomyolysis and seizure. Blood benzylpiperazine concentrations have been measured either to confirm clinical intoxication or as part of a medicolegal death investigation.

Risk of fatality
Ingestion of piperazine derivatives alone rarely causes death. A retrospective study carried out at an Auckland emergency department found that BZP presentations only made a minor contribution to their overdose database, with most cases not producing any significant toxicity. One death has been attributed to ingestion of BZP alone; in this case its blood concentration was measured to be 8 mg/L.

Combined with alcohol or other illicit drugs, such as TFMPP and MDMA, multiple deaths have been reported. A combination of BZP and MDMA ingested by a 23-year-old DJ nearly resulted in death. He was put into an induced coma, and later recovered. In another case in Zürich in 2001, a 23-year-old who had taken BZP and MDMA died from a massive cerebral edema 57 hours after hospital admission.

Addictive effects
BZP has not been found to be physically addictive in humans. Most users of BZP say they could stop, but do not want to. Studies undertaken on animals have indicated that BZP can substitute for methamphetamine in addicted rats, although it is one-tenth as potent and produces correspondingly weaker addictive effects.

Legal status

BZP is banned in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Poland, Sweden and the United States. BZP is not controlled under any UN convention, so the compounds themselves are legal throughout most of the world, although in most countries their use is restricted to pharmaceutical manufacturing and recreational use is unknown.

Australia
BZP is banned in all Australian states. Victoria, the last state in which it was legal, changed its classification on 1 September 2006, when BZP and piperazine analogs become illegal in the federal schedules, which are enacted by all Australian states and territories.

Canada
In Canada, Benzylpiperazine and salts of benzylpiperazine are classified as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

European Union
Benzylpiperazine was the subject of a European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) risk assessment to determine to determine how to control it throughout the European Union. The risk assessment came about as the result of a joint Europol – EMCDDA report which concluded that BZP needs to be looked at in more detail. The report was published in June 2007, and concluded that the use of BZP can lead to medical problems even if the long effects are still unknown. Taking this concession as a basis, the European Commission asked the Council to place BZP under control of the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances. On 4 March 2008, the EU requested countries to place BZP under control within a year.

Finland
Scheduled in "government decree on narcotic substances, preparations and plants" and is hence illegal.

New Zealand
Based on the recommendation of the EACD, the New Zealand government passed legislation which placed BZP, along with other piperazine derivatives (TFMPP, mCPP, pFPP, MeOPP, and MBZP), into Class C of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. A ban was intended to come into effect in New Zealand on 18 December 2007, but the law change did not go through until the following year, and the sale of BZP and the other listed piperazines became illegal in New Zealand as of 1 April 2008. An amnesty for possession and usage of these drugs was in effect until October 2008, at which point they became completely illegal.

United Kingdom
Piperazine and salts of piperazine are classified as Prescription Only Medicines in the UK. Any products containing salts of piperazine would be licensable under the Medicines Act and consequently anyone manufacturing and supplying it legally must hold the relevant licenses to do so. BZP is not a salt of piperazine, but mislabelling of BZP products as containing "piperazine blend" resulted in some prosecutions of suppliers in the UK by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, although none were successful. In May 2009, the Home Office announced plans to ban BZP, and launched a consultation on the proposal. In October 2009, it was announced that from 23 December 2009, BZP and related piperazines would be Class C drugs under the Misuse of Drugs Act.

United States
The drug was federally classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States in 2002, following a report by the DEA which incorrectly stated that BZP was 10 to 20 times more potent than amphetamine, when in fact BZP is ten times less potent than dexamphetamine. It is also illegal at the state level in Florida, Oklahoma, Vermont, and Virginia.

Chemical derivatives

 * Pharmaceuticals
 * Befuraline – Antidepressant
 * Bifeprunox – Antipsychotic
 * Buclizine – Antihistamine
 * Chlorbenzoxamine – Gastrointestinal agent
 * Fipexide – Nootropic
 * Imatinib – Anticancer agent
 * Meclozine – Antihistamine
 * Piberaline – Antidepressant
 * Piribedil – Antiparkinsonian agent
 * Trimetazidine – Antianginal
 * Vesnarinone – Cardiotonic
 * Designer drugs
 * 3-Methylbenzylpiperazine
 * 4-Methyl-1-benzylpiperazine (MBZP)
 * 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-1-benzylpiperazine (2C-B-BZP)
 * 1,4-Dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP)
 * 3,4-Methylenedioxy-1-benzylpiperazine (MDBZP)

Diphenylmethylpiperazines are also similar to benzylpiperazines.

title: Benzylpiperazine


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BZP

BZP may refer to:

 * Benzylpiperazine, a recreational drug
 * The IATA airport code for the city of Breezy Point, Minnesota
 * Bright zinc plating, a form of galvanization

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BZP


text:
Vincent Lindon

Vincent Lindon (born 15 July 1959) is a French actor and filmmaker. For his role in the film The Measure of a Man (2015), Lindon won Best Actor at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival, Best Actor at the 41st César Awards and the IFFI Best Actor Award (Male) at the 46th International Film Festival of India.

Lindon was selected as the president of the jury for the main competition section of the 2022 Cannes Film Festival.

Early life and education
Vincent Lindon is the son of Laurent Lindon, who was director of the company Audioline. He is the grandson of Raymond Lindon, who served as the magistrate and mayor of Étretat between 1929 and 1959, as well as the nephew of Jérôme Lindon, director of Les Éditions de Minuit. He is also the great-grandson of Fernande Citroën, the older sister of André Citroën and wife of Alfred Lindon (born Abner Lindenbaum), a Jewish jeweler and modern art collector originally from Kraków, Poland. Through his mother, Alix Dufaure, a journalist for Marie Claire, Lindon is a descendant of French Prime minister Jules Dufaure and Marshal Rémy Joseph Isidore Exelmans.

Lindon completed studies at the Lycée Victor-Duruy, where he obtained a baccalauréat scientifique. He then enrolled in an école supérieure de commerce, but lost interest in his studies after 22 days. In 1979, his mother secured an internship for him as a costume design assistant on the set of Alain Resnais' film My American Uncle (1980), on which he worked with actor Gérard Depardieu. He then spent six months in New York working as an assistant in charge of radio promotion with his uncle, Eric Dufaure, founder of the label Cachalot Records (Ian North, Die Hausfrauen, Medium Medium, Malaria, Stars of the Streets, Comateens, Made in France, Personal Effects). When he returned to Paris, his father-in-law Pierre Bénichou secured a position for him managing the microphones for the tour of comedian Coluche in 1981. He was also a courier for the newspaper Le Matin de Paris before entering the Cours Florent drama school.

Personal life
In the 1980s, Lindon was in a relationship with Claude Chirac, daughter of President Jacques Chirac, for nearly ten years. Lindon later had a highly-publicised relationship with Caroline, Princess of Monaco. Lindon has a son, Marcel, born in 1996. He married actress Sandrine Kiberlain in 1998, with whom he has a daughter, Suzanne, born in 2000. The couple met in 1993 on the set of the film L'Irrésolu (1994). They separated in 2003.

title: Vincent Lindon


text: Category:Television technology

title: Category:Television technology


text:
IRC script

IRC scripts are a way of shortening commands and responding automatically to certain events while connected to an IRC network. There are many different scripting languages for different types of IRC clients: ircII, BitchX, HexChat, mIRC, Visual IRC, Bersirc, and others have their own scripting languages, many of which share common features and syntax and therefore are easily portable from one IRC client to another.

Aliases
Most IRC scripts contain one or more aliases. Aliases are used to bind some command to a set of commands, or give it parameters, to save time when typing such commands over and over. For example, a simple alias might allow the user to type "/j channel" instead of "/join #channel", saving exactly 5 keystrokes (counting Shift). Aliases can add new commands, replace commands built into the IRC client, or provide abbreviations for long commands or sequences of commands. Aliases can usually be used as functions to produce a value that is used elsewhere in the script. In some cases, an alias hypo can be associated with a keyboard shortcut.

Event-based scripting
Events, also known as remotes, allow a script to respond automatically when a particular type of message is received from the IRC server, or when a certain action is performed by the user, such as pressing a key or closing a window. Advanced event scripting usually requires knowledge of the IRC protocol, though basic events can usually be written without it.

Popups in scripts
Scripts for graphical IRC clients may contain pop-ups, which extend or replace the menus built into the client. Many scripts contain nothing but long lists of pop-ups that send humorous or cute canned messages to the channel; many of those messages take the form of a "slap", ridiculing a victim chosen by the user.

Security concerns
Since IRC scripts are used to interface with a public network, they are a favourable target for attack. Event handling code must be careful when dealing with input received from other IRC users; a poorly written IRC script may leave the user vulnerable, allowing attackers to possibly read the user's passwords or private conversations, execute arbitrary commands in the user's IRC client, or access files on the user's hard disk.

IRC Scripts downloaded from public web sites or received from other IRC users may contain backdoors or similar malicious commands. Some users prefer to write their own IRC scripts to avoid the potential problems caused by a malicious or buggy script.

Similarities to other programming/scripting languages
IRC Scripts have many of the same concepts of other scripting or programming languages, such as variables, event-based execution, modification of core components and functions. IRC Scripts look similar to modular software configuration files, such as those used for some IRC daemons such as UnrealIRCd.

title: IRC script


text:
John W. North

John Wesley North (January 4, 1815 – February 22, 1890) was an American abolitionist, lawyer, and politician. A founder of the Republican Party of Minnesota, North also served in Minnesota's constitutional convention. As a legislator in the Minnesota Territorial Legislature, North was influential in founding the University of Minnesota. He was appointed as Nevada's first surveyor general and as an associate justice on Nevada's territorial Supreme Court.

He was the founder of the cities of Northfield, Minnesota and Riverside, California.

Early life and career
North was born near Sand Lake, New York on January 4, 1815. North's family was associated with the Methodist Church, as the Second Great Awakening swept New England and New York State in the early 19th-century. North's father travelled as a preacher.

Through a professional connection with the Reverend Arnold Scholefield, North met Gerrit Smith. Smith, a wealthy leader of the abolitionist movement, was an important influence in North's embrace of anti-slavery.

In 1838, North enrolled at Wesleyan University. After achieving local recognition in an impromptu debate with the pro-slavery minister Francis Hodgson, North was invited by the Connecticut Anti-Slavery Society to work as a lecturer. As he gained attention, North's lay license to practice ministry on behalf of the Methodist Episcopal Church was challenged by Augustus William Smith. Though North survived the challenge, he resigned his license.

North founded Wesleyan's Anti-Slavery Society and, after graduation, continued to lecture for two years across Connecticut.

North also practiced law, forming connections with the anti-slavery lawyers and educators Joshua Leavitt, Beriah Green, and William Burleigh, among others. North's relationship with John Greenleaf Whittier from this era would remain a profound influence on his later life.

Marriage and family
North's first wife was Emma Bacon, whom he married in 1845. She died of tuberculosis in 1847.

In 1848, North married Ann Hendrix Loomis.

Career in Minnesota
North struggled as a lawyer. Seeking new financial opportunities, John and Ann North travelled to Minnesota Territory in 1849, settling in St. Anthony, near the growing cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. North settled in St. Anthony at the request of Franklin Steele, agreeing to serve as his legal counsel.

The political leadership of the Territory, men like Henry Hastings Sibley and Henry Mower Rice, were associated with the national Democratic Party, a consequence of the connection between the fur trade and the regional Democrats. Territorial governor Alexander Ramsey, appointed by Whig President Zachary Taylor, led local political opposition to the influence of the Democrats and the fur trade.

Through a letter-writing campaign that targeted abolitionist reform newspapers and made use of the Norths' political connections, the Norths encouraged several thousand Eastern settlers to move to St. Anthony. John and Ann North's aggressive and selective promotion doubled the population of St. Anthony, pushing the political character of the community towards temperance and abolitionism and reducing the power of the Democratic Party.

Founding Northfield, Minnesota
In January 1855, North travelled south from St. Anthony to visit the Cannon River Valley. On that trip, he purchased interests in the town of Faribault and met with nearby settlers along the Cannon River, organizing a plan for the construction of a saw mill, a grist mill, and a bridge at a convenient site.

A year later, the construction projects neared completion, a townsite was platted, and John and Ann moved their family to the town. A meeting of settlers named the town Northfield.

Political career
North's successful campaign to populate St. Anthony with anti-slavery reformers led to his election to the Minnesota Territorial Legislature in 1851.

On March 29, 1855, several hundred men met in the St. Anthony Congregational church to organize Minnesota's Republican Party. North called the meeting to order. John and Ann North prepared the party's resolutions, which John presented at the March party meeting. North's resolutions included the abolition of slavery in new states, the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act, and the prohibition of alcohol, among other resolutions. In 1860, North was a delegate to the Chicago Republican Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency of the United States, and he was a member of the committee that went to Springfield to notify Lincoln of his nomination.

Career in Nevada
In 1861 President Lincoln appointed North the official surveyor of the new Territory of Nevada, and North moved to Virginia City, Nevada. The territorial surveyor was a sensitive position in a mining region such as Nevada's Comstock Lode, where the boundaries of mining claims were the constant subject of lawsuits. Lincoln may have counted on North to keep Nevada Territory loyal to the Union, and to bring Nevada in as a Republican state, as he had Minnesota. North surveyed, invested in silver mining properties, began building an ore-treatment mill he named the Minnesota Mill, and practiced law.

In early 1863, when Justice Gordon Mott's resignation from the Supreme Court of Nevada Territory was a certainty, Judge Horatio M. Jones recommended North for the vacancy. On August 20, 1863, Lincoln granted North a temporary appointment to Nevada's highest court, the predecessor of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. Initially, North won praise both for his decisions and for removing the backlog of cases on his docket. He was also elected president of the 1863 constitutional convention (in Carson City) assigned to draft a proposed state constitution for Nevada. In both positions he clashed with William M. Stewart, a prominent lawyer with political ambitions and large mining companies as clients. North's rulings supported the "many-ledge" interpretation of mining law on the Comstock Lode, which favored the smaller mining companies over the larger companies that were Stewart's clients.

Stewart accused North of accepting bribes from litigants. North denied the charge, and Stewart was forced to publicly recant, but Stewart continued to attack North's honesty, and orchestrated a campaign against North in the Nevada newspapers allied with Stewart. Other newspapers supported North.

North resigned because of ill health after less than a year on the bench, but sued Stewart for slander. North agreed to submit his suit to arbitration, and after hearing both sides, the court declared that Stewart had indeed slandered North, and that there was no evidence that North had engaged in corruption. Nevertheless, North left the Territory for California, and Stewart remained and became the U.S. Senator from the new state of Nevada.

Career in Tennessee
During Reconstruction in 1866, North left Nevada for Knoxville, Tennessee. North invested in a foundry, but his goal was to organize a mixed-race colony. These intentions, as well as North's interference in an attempted lynching, led to boycotts of his business interests, and North left Knoxville.

Founding Riverside, California
In 1870, North founded the southern California town of Riverside along with associates—some from Minnesota—who joined him there.

In 1879, he and his family moved north to San Francisco and joined a law firm. That year, North was nominated, but did not win, the Republican nomination to the California Supreme Court. In 1880, he became the general agent for the Washington Irrigated Colony, near Fresno, California. He opened a law office in Fresno, built a house and started a farm in nearby small community of Oleander. His wife did not join him in this move.

Death
John North died in Fresno on February 22, 1890, and was buried in Riverside's Evergreen Cemetery.

John W. North High School and the John W. North Water Treatment Plant are located in Riverside and named after him.

title: John W. North


text:
CSS Sea Bird

CSS Sea Bird was a sidewheel steamer in the Confederate States Navy.

Sea Bird was built at Keyport, New Jersey in 1854, was purchased by North Carolina at Norfolk, Virginia in 1861 and fitted for service with the Confederate States Navy. She was assigned to duty along the Virginia and North Carolina coasts with Lieutenant Patrick McCarrick, CSN, in command. Sea Bird served as the flagship of Confederate Flag Officer William F. Lynch's "Mosquito Fleet" during the hard-fought battles in defense of Roanoke Island on February 7–8, 1862, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina, on February 10 when she was rammed and sunk by USS Commodore Perry. Her casualties were two killed, four wounded, and the rest captured.

title: CSS Sea Bird


text:
Tom Jackson (actor)

Thomas Dale Jackson, (born 27 October 1948) is a Canadian actor and singer. He created and starred in an annual series of Christmas concerts called the Huron Carole for 18 years. He was the Chancellor of Trent University from 2009 until 2013. He played Billy Twofeathers on Shining Time Station and Peter Kenidi on North of 60.

Life and career
Tom Jackson was born on the One Arrow Reserve, Saskatchewan, near Batoche, the son of Rose, a Cree, and Marshall, an Englishman. He moved with his family to Namao, Alberta at age seven, and then to Winnipeg, Manitoba when he was fourteen. A year later, he dropped out of high school and lived on the streets for several years.

As an actor, he has appeared in television shows such as North of 60 and Shining Time Station where his character Billy Twofeathers debuted in its Halloween episode "Scare Dares". Jackson also made a guest appearance on Star Trek: The Next Generation in the season seven episode "Journey's End". His films include Loyalties and The Diviners.

He also starred in Grizzly Falls in 1999 and appeared in the 2007 horror thriller Skinwalkers. In 2014, he appeared in The Dependables, as Sergeant Robinson. In 2019, he played White Bull, a Ute drug lord, alongside Liam Neeson in the film Cold Pursuit. He appeared the 2023 series Sullivan's Crossing.

He has also released several albums of country and folk music.

Personal life
Tom now resides in Calgary with his wife Alison (née Jones) and four children.

Philanthropy
A well-known philanthropist, Jackson created an annual series of Christmas concerts called the Huron Carole. Featuring Jackson and numerous other Canadian singers and performers, the Huron Carole troupe travels across the country each year, raising money for the Canadian Association of Food Banks. An album of Christmas songs recorded to tie-in with the tour is an annual best seller in Canada. After 17 years, Jackson retired the Huron Carole and in its place launched Singing for Supper, a cross-Canada tour that plays smaller community venues raising money and gifts of food, during the 2005 Christmas season.

After North of 60 cast member Mervin Good Eagle died by suicide in October 1996, Tom started the Dreamcatcher Tour.

In the spring of 1997 Jackson's home town was bracing for "the flood of the century" that had already put towns south of the US/Canada border under water. Jackson was instrumental in organizing flood relief concerts across the nation (Calgary, Winnipeg).

Honours and decorations
Jackson has been honoured several times for his life's work. Most notably, in 2000, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and is a former member of the Order of Canada Advisory Council. He has been nominated for Juno Awards and Gemini Awards. He has also received honours from several Canadian universities, including honorary degrees from the University of Calgary, Trent University and the University of Lethbridge. He also received the Humanitarian Award at the 2007 Juno Awards due to his charitable efforts. In May 2014, Jackson received a Governor General's Performing Arts Award (GGPAA) for his lifetime contributions to Canadian broadcasting. At the Gala honouring GGPAA recipients on 10 May, Jackson took to the National Arts Centre stage to perform one of his songs.

On 14 April 2009, Jackson was announced as the tenth chancellor for Trent University. Jackson held this position until 2013.

title: Tom Jackson (actor)


text:
Hammerstein

Hammerstein is a municipality on the river Rhine in the district of Neuwied in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany.

title: Hammerstein


text:
Talk:Synthetic geometry

Untitled
Article makes the statement that discovery of non-Euclidean geometry can be considered a success or failure. Would someone more knowledgable on this subject than me clarify this? If it's an opinion, it should be removed or arguments for both sides developed. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.221.98.167 (talk • contribs) 04:19, 9 December 2004 (UTC)

Definition is content-free
The first sentence claims a distinction between systems using "theorems and synthetic observations to draw conclusions" and those using "algebra to perform geometric computations and solve problems." The terms "synthetic" and "geometric" occur in both the definiens and the definiendum with no evident stopping condition for the implied recursion and therefore contribute nothing. What remains is one positive characteristic, "using theorems", and three negative: algebraic, computational, and problem oriented. Euclid and Descartes both prove theorems, so that's not a helpful distinction. Euclid is surely "problem oriented" (his was the only geometry available for engineering problems before Descartes), so that doesn't help either. "Algebraic" doesn't seem to help---Boolean algebra proves its theorems algebraically, does that make it synthetic or analytic? "Computational" doesn't help either, theorem-proving is heavily computational. The definition conveys nothing.

What does seem to be true is that synthetic geometry customarily refers to the geometry of Euclid and its refinements by Hilbert and others, based on the axiomatic definition of such geometric primitives as points, lines, polygons, and circles in terms of their relationships. Hilbert's student Otto Blumenthal quoted his advisor as having said in conversation "Man muß jederzeit an Stelle von 'Punkte, Geraden, Ebenen' 'Tische, Stühle, Bierseidel' sagen können"---one must always be able to say instead of 'point, line, plane' 'table, chair, beer mug'. Taken literally this might seem vacuous in light of the successful translation of Euclid into other languages, but one takes Hilbert's point to be that the content of an axiomatization of geometry must not depend in any way on our preconceived notions of those terms.

The traditional antithesis to synthetic geometry is Descartes's analytic geometry, which expresses all geometric entities relative to a coordinate frame consisting of d orthogonal axes intersecting in a common origin so as to define a d-dimensional space of points each a d-tuple of real numbers. The primitive geometric entities of analytic geometry are the points themselves together with the solution spaces of equations between polynomials associating one variable with each axis, some but not all of which have their counterparts in the constructions of Euclid. A key difference from Hilbert's beer mugs is that Cartesian geometry does not start from a semantic vacuum but takes several notions as given a priori including the real numbers, the operations +, −, ×, and ÷, the association of variables with axes, and the solution space concept.

If there are no objections I will revise the article accordingly. --Vaughan Pratt 02:27, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

I came looking for a definition/understanding of what synthetic geometry is and didn't find it. As far as I'm concerned, feel free to rewrite.--Eujin16 (talk) 04:43, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

Axiomatic geometry
Is this the same thing as synthetic geometry? Many sources, such as the geometry article, define synthetic geometry as the use of certain drawing instruments to do geometry, with the present discussion referred to as axiomatic geometry. Is a title change needed, or do Hilbert and others indeed refer to their discipline as "synthetic"? -- Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 17:04, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm aware, axiomatic geometry means the same as synthetic geometry. The geometry article no longer says otherwise :-)  What other sources have you seen? Jowa fan (talk) 10:03, 9 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Same here. I am familiar with the philosophical idea of logical synthesis via axioms - of which I assume synthetic geometry is (or should be) a sub-discipline. A while ago I read Hilbert & Cohn-Vossen's "Geometry and the imagination", Greenberg's book (title forgotten) and Coxeter's "Projective geometry", and their axiomatic approach was consistent with the logical one, but I cannot remember to what extent they might have used the term "synthetic geometry" rather than "axiomatic geometry". -- Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 18:45, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Epistemology
Yeah, thats what I thought when I read that opening paragraph If I can calculate something, and then measure it in "real" life that’s one thing If I use a set of rules A is B B is not C etc and then predict something that seems unreleated out of the morass that seems reality that is called either logic or philosophy and seems a bit more magical. But why does that seem more magical? I would suggest it is the same "THING" where you either use a standard library function or roll your own, viz a sense of discovery i.e. you have learned WHAT it means and not just "this is how it is done"

I think this is called meta-thinking

The question remains; I have given you the facts but do you know what the facts ARE do you know what the facts MEAN can you EXPAND the facts?

It all suggest a form of compression as in LZW no PSI but it might feel the same!

(Another thought; any compression relies on an agreed encoding scheme; so it might appear as a consequence of our evolution as a group predator, e.g. we are all singing from the same hymn book)

Stalinvlad May 2010 80.7.79.102 (talk) 23:48, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Staudt
The following part of History was challenged.
 * Karl von Staudt showed that synthetic geometry can be used to express the axioms of the field of rational numbers on a line. His profound study was continued by Mario Pieri and David Hilbert, among others. The results have set a new foundation to mathematics.

Consideration of the links given, particularly the last one to Foundations, will show that the statement is reasonable. It may be expanded by giving the results of David Hilbert in his book Foundations of Geometry which addresses algebraic properties deduced from geometric.Rgdboer (talk) 20:55, 3 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The link "foundation to mathematics", which redirects to foundations of mathematics, simply explains that projective geometry can be used to describe the axioms for a field. It does not say anything about this being considered as a foundation of mathematics.  More information is needed here! Jowa fan (talk) 00:43, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Yes, checking shows this aspect of Hilbert's work is not yet told in his article. Staudt's algebra of points had a significant impact; more references will be added. As for the reference to special relativity, that has been mentioned as affine geometry where there is a History section detailing references previously in this article. The development there seems more appropriate than under Synthetic geometry.Rgdboer (talk) 02:59, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Logical synthesis
There is a subtle difference between synthetic geometry and axiomatic geometry in my opinion. First of all synthetic is the older and predominant term (2,160 vs. 808 hits on Google scholar). The use of axiomatic seems to be endemic amongst the math education and physics communities. One usually refers to the synthetic treatment of a subject, essentially meaning a coordinate-free approach to the topic. When a geometry is examined in this way, it may be called a synthetic geometry. To make the arguments of a synthetic geometry rigorous you essentially have no choice but to use the axiomatic method. However, if rigor is not a concern or the foundations of the topic are not important, then the axiomatics can be pushed into the background and you would still have a synthetic treatment. For instance, Pascal's theorem on conics can be easily proved by introducing coordinates or can be proved synthetically by using perspectivities. Axiomatics has almost no role in deciding how one wants to prove this result, unless you want to develop the result from first principles.

Given this viewpoint, I am having a hard time trying to decide how much axiomatics to include in the article. Those who view synthetic and axiomatic geometry as synonyms (the current viewpoint of the article) would want more axiomatics than I would. I would prefer to devote more (some?) space to an example of using synthetic methods to prove something and contrasting that to a coordinate treatment. Regardless of this issue, the current section titled Logical synthesis is a poorly written fragment of what it should be if you really wanted to talk about axiomatics and I am not inclined to do the rewrite to bring it up to standard. Any thoughts on this? Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 22:19, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I asked this question a while ago - see above. What we personally believe must take second place to the more reliable references. I have yet to revisit even those I mentioned above. Until someone does, we may note that Axiomatic geometry redirects here, so unless and until someone can divide the material into distinct standalone topics, we are left with this one article to explain both terms. Or, perhaps we can best understand axiomatics as the abstract mode of synthesis and merely include it here as a subtopic. Either way, axiomatic logic (aka logical synthesis?) is a distinct discipline and there should be no need to explain it in depth here, merely to summarise the relevant aspects and explain their application to geometry. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 09:13, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Agreed. I am currently working on Foundations of geometry as the axiomatic approach to geometry. When I am finished, I'll redirect Axiomatic geometry to that page. You might want to note how little overlap there is between what is currently on that page and this one (but to be honest, the major overlap areas have yet to be written on that page). The properties of axiom systems—consistency, independence, completeness, categoricalness—while important in comparing various axiom systems, does not have a role once a system has been chosen and the geometry is developed synthetically. That material belongs, and will eventually make it to, the foundations article. This article should be concerned with what one does after an axiom system has been selected. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 17:01, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

 * That makes sense, feel free to remove or condense my recent additions once you have changed that redirect. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 19:48, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Tables, chairs and beer mugs
Although this famous "quote" of Hilbert can be found all over the web and has several citations in reliable sources, it nearly rises to the level of urban myth. The statement seems to come from Blumenthal, Hilbert's former student and biographer, but there are some discrepancies in his account which have led some to think that Blumenthal may have made this up himself, because it does reflect Hilbert's thinking so well. For a discussion of this, with references see this Math Stackexhange question. Due to the ambiguity, I had inserted the phrase "It is claimed that ..." before the Hilbert statement. This was reverted by with the reason that the statement was cited and not claimed. Curiously, in a previous edit he had changed "one" -> "logicians", giving a rendering that I have not seen anywhere else, including the cited work of Greenberg. This is a pretty minor point and not worth belaboring, but I did want to set the record straight. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 00:17, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * On the minor edit from "one" to "logicians", another editor had tagged the section with a reminder that Wkipedia articles are not written in a personal way using pronouns such as "you", "one", "we", etc. Since this was not a direct quotation from source, it could - and should - be edited to conform to Wikipedia's house rules. It might be argued that I should have changed it to "geometers" rather than "logicians" but that is a different issue.
 * I think that the IP was more concerned with the tone of the passage (as seen from the various attempts to get an appropriate tag) than the specific use of pronouns (the tag finally picked didn't make any sense, there was only one use of "you" in the passage). In any event "one" is not considered a personal pronoun and can be used freely in keeping with an encylcopedic tone. I think that replacing it by anything more specific would be considered WP:SYNTH. (Maybe I am just being a little sensitive on the issue. A while back I made a similar innocent edit that recently got picked up and published. I got reamed by some colleagues for that incident.)Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 17:06, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * If "one" is acceptable than I have no strong opinions either way. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 11:54, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok. I'll change that back. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:07, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * However the anecdote itself is from a reliable source. It is so widely repeated that not to include it would be remiss. Wikipedia's policy of verification is driven by what reliable sources say and not by the truth of what they say. If there is adequate sourcing for the doubt about whether Hilbert actually said it or what he might really have meant by it, then that might be worth explaining somewhere. However mere suspicions expressed by one or two writers are not enough on their own.
 * I hope this addresses the issues raised. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 09:00, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I did not advocate not reporting the anecdote, I was just trying to make the statement a more accurate reflection of the literature. The rub here is that the anecdote is repeated so often in tertiary sources (and that includes Greenberg), but only rarely in secondary sources. (A secondary source would be one that cites Blumenthal, while Blumenthal's article itself would be considered a primary source in this instance.) One of these is the article by Grattan-Guiness, a well known and highly respected math historian. As secondary sources, and not tertiary sources, are supposed to be the basis for reliability (WP:PSTS), more weight (and not less as you suggest) should be given to them, and that is the reason for my edit. I was aware of this issue before I found the Stackexchange question on-line, so I would say that this concern is a bit more widespread than one or two writers. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 14:59, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you for explaining about the sources. My less detailed knowledge was the reason I wrote "If there is adequate sourcing..." without trying to prejudge the issue. I am still unclear about that. The suggestion that Hilbert has been misunderstood begs the question as to what he really meant and I think we would need a sensible source for that. Otherwise, we can only state a weaker caveat along the lines of, "It has been claimed that Hilbert is misunderstood", and I am not convinced that is a significant enough claim to be worth including. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 11:54, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I wouldn't go down that path. I have no idea of what Grattan-Guiness meant by that misunderstood remark. The bigger picture is that there is only one source (Blumenthal) for the famous remark and no written confirmation. This has been picked up, embellished and repeated so often that it is treated like gospel, but in reality its reliability is very weak. To say that "It is said that Hilbert said ..." rather than "Hilbert said ..." is a more accurate statement of what is in the secondary sources. I don't think that this article is the place to go into the details, but I haven't found the "quote" mentioned in the articles about Hilbert or his axiom system. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:07, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
 * As I recall, the interpretation as relating to axiomatic treatment is the one which the quotation is most often attached to. Having to peddle an urban myth without adequate evidence as to the truth of the matter is always galling. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 09:34, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Synthetic vs axiomatic geometry
I am wondering again is Synthetic and Axiomatic geometry really the same thing? or should we split them up into two seperate articles.

First of all the link axiomatic geometry in the lead Synthetic geometry (sometimes referred to as axiomatic or even pure geometry) links not to synthetic geometry but to the article Foundations of geometry.

I modified the lead a bit to include a bit from what is in the section Logical synthesis and that was promptly removed.

Maybe it is better to split it in two articles:
 * Axiomatic geometry that is working with axioms (and thus in principle with primitive notions, logical deductions formula, and that ilk)
 * Synthetic geometry that is working with straightedge, compass and maybe even marked straightedges.

Euclid can easely be seen as an Synthetic geometer, for him circles do intersect eachother something that can bee seen in the construction but could not be locically proven.WillemienH (talk) 21:07, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I reverted your change because it missed the mark. The essence of synthetic geometry is that it is coordinate free and not that it is axiomatic. If you don't use coordinates you must base your reasoning on some ground and that is, most frequently, the axiomatic method. However, this does not mean that they are the same thing (to be precise, I am referring to being coordinate-free vs. using the axiomatic method). Peano arithmetic is also axiomatically presented, but no one refers to it as "synthetic arithmetic". Axiomatic geometry is a modern phrase used to describe synthetic geometry, probably cooked up by some educator who didn't think that the term "synthetic" was a good choice, and wanted a more meaningful expression. The link in the lead is actually correct in the following sense - the link is on axiomatic and should point to an article that talks about the axiomatic method as applied in geometry ... this article is the Foundations of geometry article. It is unfortunate that "axiomatic geometry" can be interpreted either generically, as "geometry studied axiomatically", or as a proper name, an alternative to synthetic geometry. Perhaps we should make axiomatic geometry a disambiguation page! In any event, something should be done about fixing this up. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 05:10, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

I think your remark about "synthetic arithmetic" misses the point there is no established study of "coordinate based arithmetic" comparable with the difference between coordinate geometry and synthetic geometry, but I think we could discuss that for a long time. In Descartes time I guess there was no such thing as axiomatic geometry, there was only Euclidean geometry with compass and straightedge constructions, Decartes added axial coordinates to it. I do think there is a difference between compass and straightedge constructions and axiomatic / logical formal proofs and would like to have seperate articles for them. (but then are there no other "coordinate free geometries "?) I guess we could discuss that for a long time. I am wondering about what is written at Coordinate-free, first of all i think it should be renamed to Coordinate-free geometry and are vectors really coordinate free? (given that it is based on unit vectors and so ) I changed axiomatic geometry to a disambiguation page. WillemienH (talk) 11:20, 3 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Projective geometry is a topic which is sometimes treated axiomatically (e.g. Hilbert), sometimes via constructional methods (e.g. Edwards), sometimes via its own (coordinate-free) algebra, and sometimes by imposing coordinates. I think it might be a useful test case to see whether our definitions; a) make sense and b) can be found in the literature. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 12:10, 3 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Projective geometry is a fine example of a subject that can be studied synthetically (in a coordinate free manner) or analytically (using coordinates) and several texts use precisely those terms in describing aspects of their treatments. (For instance, Beutelspacher & Rosenbaum, Projective Geometry - Chapter 1 is called Synthetic Geometry and Chapter 2 is called Analytic Geometry and in Bumcrot, Modern Projective Geometry we find the statement "In the previous section we generalized the synthetic version of $P_{2}(R)$. Now we shall generalize the analytic (coordinatized) version." (pg. 30)). The important thing to note here is that we are not talking about different types of geometry but rather about different ways of studying a geometry. The term "coordinate-free geometry" does not make any sense to me. You can study any geometry in a coordinate-free manner ... this says nothing about the type of geometry you are examining. "Synthetic geometry" is the historical term used to describe the study of geometry in a coordinate -free manner (see Klein's definition quoted in the article). Initially this only applied to Euclidean geometry to contrast it from the treatment following Descartes (i.e., using coordinates), but when other types of geometry began to emerge the term was broadened to include any type of geometry studied without the use of coordinates.

 * The point I was trying to make earlier was that "synthetic" and "axiomatic" (in its generic sense) are not synonyms. If they were, then talking about "synthetic arithmetic" would make sense, but, as has been pointed out, such terminology is not used because there is no coordinatized version of arithmetic. This just underscores what I was saying, "synthetic" corresponds to not using coordinates while "axiomatic" does not have that connotation. Unfortunately, some authors have confounded the two terms and use "axiomatic geometry" (as a proper name) as a synonym of "synthetic geometry". We are not in the position of correcting the mistakes of others on Wikipedia pages, so we need to report what is in the literature and that is why the term "axiomatic" is given in the lead (as it should be). Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 20:18, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

Unreferenced Section Computational synthetic geometry
I added a unreferenced section section tag to the section computational synthetic geometry. What is meant by "a computational synthetic geometry has been founded"? Was it lying dormant in the closet? To the best of my knowledge there are different ways to make synthetic geometry amenable to computer treatment. This here shows me already 3 different ways.

 * a synthetic approach
 * Hilbert's axioms: points, lines, planes + geometric axioms
 * Tarski's axioms: points + geometric axioms
 * Euclid's axioms

http://geocoq.github.io/GeoCoq/

Are they related to matroids? Maybe, maybe not. This book below defines, which is rather a study in a link between synthetic and analytic:

"Computational synthetic geometry deals with methods for realizing abstract geometric objects in concrete vector spaces. This research monograph considers a large class of problems from convexity and discrete geometry including constructing convex polytopes from simplicial complexes, vector geometries from incidence structures and hyperplane arrangements from oriented matroids. It turns out that algorithms for these constructions exist if and only if arbitrary polynomial equations are decidable with respect to the underlying field."

 * Computational Synthetic Geometry, © 1989
 * Autoren: Bokowski, Jürgen, Sturmfels, Bernd
 * https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783540504788

Jan Burse (talk) 02:12, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Synthetic geometry


text:
Luis Gabriel Rey

Luis Gabriel Rey Villamizar (February 20, 1980) is a Colombian former professional footballer who last played for Liga MX club Monarcas Morelia on loan from Club América.

A classical left-footed striker, Rey arrived to Mexico in 2001 and has scored over 150 goals in Liga MX. He holds Mexican citizenship. Nicknamed in Mexico as El Canguro (Spanish for kangaroo) due to his goal celebrations, he was part of the Colombia national team and played the Copa América 2007.

Early career
Rey debuted in 2000 with Atlético Bucaramanga, where he remained for one year, moved to Mexico and was transferred to Segundo Division clubs such as Lobos BUAP, Zitacuaro, and Acapulco; eventually he switched to Atlante FC.

Atlante
While at the club, he reaped great success as goalscorer, winning the league's Gold Boot, achieved in the 2003 Apertura, becoming the first Colombian to win that distinction in Mexico soccer. In his first stint with Atlante, Rey scored 43 goals in 76 appearances.

Morelia
In 2005, Rey signed with Monarcas Morelia where he managed to score 26 goals in 88 appearances from 2005 to 2007.

Pachuca
For the Apertura 2007, Rey was purchased by recently crowned champions Pachuca, along with Rafael Márquez Lugo, in a trade for Luis Angel Landin. Rey scored a three goals against Tigres UANL. Rey returned to Atlante to play the Apertura 2008, after scoring five goals in 34 matches.

Return to Morelia
During the 2009 Draft it was announced that Rey would return to Monarcas Morelia. While in preseason with the club in Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Rey picked up an injury that would prevent him from playing the first match of the season. He would not reappeared until matchday six, against Atlas and score his first goal against UANL. In November 2009 Rey would score what he considers "the best goal of his career" against Club Deportivo Guadalajara at the Estadio Morelos. After a cross from teammate Jaime Duran, Rey attempted a successful bicycle-kick which beat goalkeeper Luis Ernesto Michel.

Jaguares de Chiapas
For the Apertura 2011, Rey was transferred to Jaguares de Chiapas, club in which he scored his 100th goal in the Mexican top-flight in the first match of the tournament against Monterrey. Appearing in over 70 matches and scoring 33 goals, Rey is one of the top goal-scorers in the club's history.

América
On June 5, 2013, Rey was signed by recently crowned league champions América. He scored his first goal for América on September 2 in the 4–1 win over UNAM. On 2015, Rey moved to Puebla FC.

Puebla
Puebla signed Rey in a season-long loan deal from Club América. Rey played a total of 38 games between Liga MX and the Copa MX, having scored a total of 11 goals in both competitions. At the end of the Apertura 2015 he returned with Club América.

Back on loan to Monarcas Morelia
On 9 December 2015, Monarcas Morelia announced that they had reached an agreement with Club América for the loan of Luis Gabriel Rey.

Club

 * Pachuca
 * North American SuperLiga: 2007
 * CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2008

 * Atlante
 * CONCACAF Champions League: 2008–09

 * Morelia
 * North American SuperLiga: 2010

 * América
 * Liga MX: Apertura 2014

 * Puebla
 * Copa MX: Clausura 2015
 * Supercopa MX: 2015

Individual

 * Mexican Primera División top scorer: Apertura 2003

title: Luis Gabriel Rey


text:
Sonic Rush

Sonic Rush (ソニック・ラッシュ) is a 2005 platform game developed by Sonic Team and Dimps for the Nintendo DS as part of Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog series. It was released on November 15, 2005, in North America, November 18 in the PAL region, and November 23 in Japan, and was the final game in the mainline Sonic series to be produced by Yuji Naka before his departure from Sega. It is a 2D platform game, similar to earlier games in the series like Sonic Advance, as well as later ones like Sonic Mania. Levels in the game are side-scrolling and displayed using both of the DS's screens. However, boss battles, the main characters, and a special stage are rendered in 3D, creating a 2.5D effect. The game's storyline follows the intertwining adventures of the series' main character, Sonic the Hedgehog and a new character, Blaze the Cat. They respectively battle Doctor Eggman and his doppelgänger Eggman Nega at certain points.

The game was announced under the working title Sonic DS at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) 2004, and under Sonic Rush at E3 2005. The game's 2.5D format was based on Sonic Team's idea to combine elements from 2D and 3D games in the series. Upon release, Sonic Rush was well received by critics, with praise stemming from the game's visuals, music, and similarity to older games in the series and criticism stemming from its overall quickness. A sequel, Sonic Rush Adventure, was released in 2007.

Gameplay
Sonic Rush is a 2D platform game, similar to earlier games in the series like Sonic Advance as well as later ones like Sonic Mania. The player controls either Sonic the Hedgehog or Blaze the Cat, who differ in terms of special abilities. In the tradition of past Sonic games, gameplay consists of moving quickly through levels, collecting rings and defeating enemies. The player collects rings as a form of health; when they are hit by an enemy or harmful obstacle, their rings bounce in all directions and can be recollected. The player begins the game with three lives, one of which is lost when the character is hit without any rings in their possession, crushed, drowns, falls into a bottomless pit, or reaches the act's 10-minute limit; losing all lives results in a game over. Both of the DS's screens are used to display the play area, with the player's character moving between them as necessary. Levels in the game are divided into "zones", each consisting of two acts of normal gameplay then a 3D boss battle. The course of the game differs depending on whether Sonic or Blaze is chosen; the seven zones are the same, but are accessed in different orders. During boss battles, Blaze fights Doctor Eggman and Sonic fights an Eggman doppelgänger called Eggman Nega. As the characters' stories progress, they meet each other several times and unite in the final zone that comes after the seventh. The game features special stages the player can access via certain handles in order to obtain the Chaos Emeralds. These Special Stages resemble those of Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and use the DS's stylus controls.

New features include a grading system that grades the player based on the time it takes for them to complete the level; they can return to levels later to try for a higher grade. There is a point system based on the one in Sonic Advance 2 but displaying points in multiple categories. Sonic Rush introduces a "Tension Gauge" on the left side of the screen which is filled by doing tricks and defeating enemies. The energy it generates allows the player to use boosts of speed while moving; defeating enemies, moving through the level more quickly, which results in more points and a higher grade, and when playing as Sonic, accessing the special stage. Although the game is primarily two-dimensional, there are three-dimensional elements which create a 2.5D effect.

The game has a two-player mode in which Sonic and Blaze race to the end of a chosen level from the game. There is also a feature in which players who own the game can send a demo of the game to other Nintendo DS users.

Plot
Blaze the Cat is somehow pulled from her native dimension into Sonic's world. Her world had seven Sol Emeralds—similar to the Chaos Emeralds—but they were stolen by Doctor Eggman. She then makes it her goal to retrieve them. While searching, she meets Cream the Rabbit and is surprised by her politeness. Meanwhile, Sonic is searching for the Chaos Emeralds, which have been stolen by Doctor Eggman Nega, Eggman's alternate counterpart from Blaze's dimension.

Sonic briefly encounters Blaze during his search, but she departs before he can question her. His friend Tails learns that the two dimensions are merging somehow, and both will collapse if the process is not stopped. Suspicious of Blaze, Sonic and Tails begin searching for her. Upon finding Blaze and Cream, Sonic questions Blaze about her nature, but she refuses to give any information and leaves with Cream. Sonic follows her to Eggman Nega's base, where it is revealed that Eggman and Eggman Nega are working together to collect both the Chaos Emeralds and the Sol Emeralds. Blaze declares that she is the only one who can save their worlds, without anyone's help. Sonic and Blaze fight each other, until Sonic wins the fight and Blaze realizes the error of her ways.

After Eggman kidnaps Cream, Blaze goes after him while Sonic takes on Nega. Sonic collects the last of the seven Chaos Emeralds and catches up with Blaze, who fails to prevent Eggman and Eggman Nega from draining the Sol Emeralds's power for their Egg Salamander mech. As the world begins to destabilize, Sonic and his friends help Blaze realize the meaning of friendship. This restores the Sol Emeralds, and Sonic and Blaze use both sets of Emeralds to transform into Super Sonic and Burning Blaze. The two destroy the Egg Salamander, restoring the dimensions to normal, and Blaze returns to her world, now better understanding her powers. Cream is saddened by Blaze's departure, but Sonic assures her that Blaze promised to return someday.

Development
Sonic Rush was developed by Sonic Team and Dimps, and published by Sega. Yuji Naka, Sega's executive managing director, announced the game at Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) 2004, along with Project Rub. A demo of the newly titled Sonic Rush was featured at E3 2005, and won video game publication IGN's "Biggest Surprise" award. Blaze the Cat, a new character, was revealed at Tokyo Game Show (TGS) 2005. The game's 2.5D format was based on Sonic Team's idea to combine elements from 2D and 3D games in the series. Director Akinori Nishiyama stated in a September 2005 interview with GameSpot that Sonic Team "wanted to keep the elements from 2D, yet still explore some of the new elements from 3D." At TGS 2005, he stated that while working on Sonic Advance 3, he realized that the series was becoming more complicated, opting for a "fast, dynamic action" approach to the next title in the series.

The music was primarily composed by Hideki Naganuma of Jet Set Radio fame. Additional music was composed by the game's sound director Teruhiko Nakagawa, along with Masayoshi Ishi and Hiroyuki Hamada of T's Music. Composing the music was a challenge for Naganuma, who had to work under the limitations of the Nintendo DS' sound chip.

Sonic Rush introduced Blaze, who has become a recurring character in the series. Blaze appeared for the second time in Sonic the Hedgehog in 2006, and then in Sonic Rush Adventure, the sequel to Sonic Rush, and numerous other games.

Reception
Sonic Rush was released on November 15, 2005, in North America; November 18 in Europe; and November 23 in Japan. It was the ninth best-selling DS game of December 2006. It sold 360,000 copies in Europe from March 2006 to March 2007. The game received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

The game was released to "generally favorable" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Critics praised the game for its usage of elements from older Sonic games. GameSpot, IGN, and Nintendo Power compared the game to older games in the series, specifically those on the Sega Genesis. GameSpy staff writer Greg Sewart offered a similar opinion, also praising the game for its "gorgeous graphics". The visuals were well received, with some calling it "gorgeous" and "colourful". The game's overall quickness was not as well received. GameSpy's Greg Sewart, although giving a mostly positive review, complained that "it's so fast you almost can't tell what's going on most of the time." 1UP.com and GamePro thought similarly. The game's music was well-received, called "bright [and] buoyant" by 1UP.com and compared to that of Jet Set Radio by GameSpot. GameSpy called the music "all very fitting and very catchy", noting its use of sampling and unconventional structure.

In 2008, Sonic Rush was listed at #17 in IGN's list of the top 25 DS games. In 2009, it was listed as one of the "cheers" on IGN's "Cheers & Tears" list of action games for the DS.

title: Sonic Rush


text:
Talk:Prior restraint

NPOV
There might be some nPOV issues here - "uniquely despicable," etc. Regardless of merit, this sounds more like an opinion piece than an encylopedia piece and needs attention. Quercus 03:20, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I believe I wrote that, and I don't think it is POV. It is not meant to say "uniquely despicable" in my opinion but rather in the opinion expressed in Anglo-American case law, which treats prior restraint as the worst form of censorship. --csloat 01:25, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rewrite
I am doing a complete re-write an expansion of this page, off-line. i hope to have it online within 24 hours. When i am done, it will still need some non-US content, if any is available. 205.210.232.62 14:34, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * The above was me, i thought I was logged in. DES 14:36, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)\

I have just posted a complete re-write of this article, removing the attention tag. However, the article is now strongly us-centric, and additional contenton the UK or othet countries, if any, where the concept of prior restraint is important should be added. 205.210.232.62 22:22, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Arghh! again, the above was me. DES 22:24, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Globalise tag added
The above comments about the US-centric nature of this article were added in 2005, but are still valid, so I've added a Globalize/USA tag in the hope that someone will do something about it; I'm not really competent to edit the article satisfactorily myself. At the moment it rather reads as though the US restrictions on prior restraint are the norm in the countries following the Anglo-American legal tradition. This is quite wrong: for example, I'm British, and prior restraint is legal here to a degree far beyond that in the First Amendment-protected United States. Something similar is true in Canada, and I believe in several other countries. From my layman's perspective, the US is really the exception rather than the rule on this issue. Loganberry (Talk) 18:44, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:The Progressive H-bomb cover.jpg
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People and businesses
Why can't prior restraint apply to people or corporations restraint on speech? How is restraint of speech by entities other than government tolerated? Wouldn't this also be prior restraint and belong in this article?Scientus (talk) 20:01, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

United States v. The Progressive
This is a fascinating legal case, anyone want to collaborate on improving the page with me? Please leave a note on my user talk page, — Cirt (talk) 19:00, 16 February 2012 (UTC)
 * United States v. The Progressive

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title: Talk:Prior restraint


text: User:ClockworkSoul/sidebar

title: User:ClockworkSoul/sidebar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Detholz!

The Detholz!
Vanity/promotional page for a band that is at the moment, non-notable. A google search turns up self-referential links. I tried to find (and attempt to order) their alleged 12-track album, but it only exists as MP3's at this time. It may be close to release, but I was unable to find it. I'm willing to withdraw my nomination if this band can be proven "notable". --Viriditas 03:22, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * First, I'd like to assert that I am not associated with The Detholz! in any way other than that I've heard their music and think it should be known. Since the request for deletion, I've added some links to reviews of The Detholz! music that are not self-promotional. -[thriggle@lycos.com Thriggle] 144.89.238.196
 * Please create your account so your vote will count as a Keep (I have left a message on the user's page). --Viriditas 04:08, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

(Thanks) My vote is for Keep Thriggle 04:31, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: They're not signed and not distributed.  Nothing against them, but there are myriad hard working bands releasing their material on mp3 and pressing their own CD's.  All Music Guide is a more natural home for this information than a general knowledge encyclopedia.  Geogre 04:47, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, I'm rather generous with my keep votes for band articles, but... no evidence of performances, experience, local notability or significant recording activity (yet). Keep , the evidence has shown up but Delete, since the only keep votes seem to be coming from sockpuppets, which are annoying (I do disagree, however, that CD availability on amazon.com confers notability). Wyss 20:37, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Heh. Can you convince me?  Aside from three keeps belonging to three users who have never voted or edited any pages (other than this VfD and the page in question), and besides the possibility that two of these Keeps are merely sockpuppets, where is the evidence for notability?  I'm willing to be convinced. --Viriditas  | Talk 08:45, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Truth be told, you've convinced me... see above. Wyss 20:36, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Yet another band. P Ingerson 00:04, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a member of The Detholz! Noticed this as I self-searched.  While all of us are flattered by potential inclusion in the Wikipedia, we understand that this is not a band promotion site.  All the same, I feel it should be noted for the record that: a) The Detholz! recently sold out their 5th Annual Halloween cover show at the Empty Bottle in Chicago; b) The Detholz! contains regular members of Bobby Conn & The Glass Gypsies http://bobbyconn.com, a Thrill Jockey band that is listed on Wikipedia, and also has members that play with Mavis Staples, the Redmoon Theater Company, Baby Teeth and others, c) The Detholz! had a central role in a film about the Christian music industry this past summer entitled "Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?" which premiered to critical acclaim at the Chicago Underground Film Festival in August-- more info at http://rightrightright.com and an article about the film here (Detholz! are quoted): http://www.newcitychicago.com/chicago/3628.html Another article about the film: http://www.chicagoist.com/archives/2004/08/12/off_the_cuff.php ; c) we had write-ups this year in The Onion, Time Out New York (1/29/04 issue for a headline show at Knitting Factory NYC), Lansing City Pulse ( http://www.lansingcitypulse.com/040728/music/index.asp ), and previously in New City (Chicago), the Chicago Reader, the Paper (Western MI), the Illinois Entertainer, etc., etc.; d) our full-length is distributed through the Reckless Records website, and they've sold out of them (sorry!  more available soon!), e) if you check the past shows pages on our website, you'll see we've been touring the USA for quite awhile now and while we are certainly "yet another band," we've accomplished more than most, methinks.  More show info available on at our booking agency's website: http://www.satellitebooking.com , also a Chicago institution of note.  So...include, don't include, it's all the same to us clams.  We just want to have our bases covered in case the booking people, etc. we work with happen to see this.  (Hi Derek!) Detholz 00:18, Dec 2004
 * You wrote:...Bobby Conn & The Glass Gypsies http://bobbyconn.com, a Thrill Jockey band that is listed on Wikipedia... I'm sorry, but I am unable to find any reference to these terms on Wikipedia.  Did you spell them correctly? --Viriditas 08:53, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry-- I should have been more specific about the listing: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Conn . Also, found a few more articles:  here's an interview with our good friend Thax Douglas, Chicago's beloved rock 'n roll poet (Detholz! mentioned towards the bottom): http://www.gloriousnoise.com/arch/000837.php & and here's a review of a show with Electric 6 (Electric 6 Wikipedia listing: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_six ) The article is here [last paragraph; note the mention of the full-length-- it exists, I promise]: http://www.negativewaves.com/features/pastbeing/beingthere_electric6.htm  Hope this helps.  Detholz 12:33, 10 Dec 2004
 * Keep Vote for us! Detholz 15:47, 10 Dec 2004
 * Keep kerraudio 23:20 10 Dec 2004 I think they are interesting and what place for a weird local band or any band than a OpenSource/GNU/Techno Communist Site
 * New account created Dec 11. Aside from this vote and an experiment in the sandbox, user has no edits in contribution history. --Viriditas  | Talk 05:28, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Del.Mikkalai 08:38, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Amazon don't sell their CD(s) (if they have actually released any) so that makes them non-notable. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 12:58, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP155.91.19.73 02:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC) Man you guys are rough.  Amazon doesn't sell copies of the wikipedia and egghead stores never sold Linux, but both are "notable".   No one will come across this page randomly and hurt their wiki experience.   I guess there could be a category for unsigned bands and put this under there?
 * Comment, I don't think selling CDs on amazon.com establishes anything. The question is notability as a band, and I sense more hype than music (although I could be wrong). No reason they can't be listed in the future, though. Wyss 11:27, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Your fanaticism as encyclopedists is Foundation-esque. I understand the need to ferret out poseurs, but have either of you ever been involved in Chicago music, either as patrons or performers?  If so, this would be a non-issue since we've been active here since 1996 and are well-known.  Our history here is well documented.  After all of the hours we've poured into writing/rehearsing songs, and the hundreds of shows we've played together, I take issue with being classified as merely "hype."  Please delete this page.  I do not wish to have our group associated with this level of useless geekiness.  To the fan that posted this: thanks for trying. Detholz 15:09, 14 Dec 2004
 * When the band's own members start voting for their own inclusion as anons, it detracts from confidence in the neutrality of the article. I changed my vote from keep mostly because of that. Wyss 21:58, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep The Detholz have a page on the All Music Guide. If AMG thinks they are notable, they probably are. Isn't that a criteria for inclusion? Besides, the band was featured in "Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?", a documentary about contemporary Christian music, so the entry might be helpful to those who want to know more about Christian Rock. I think that Wikipedia's helpfulness to a wide group of people (including those from a less-than-mainstream subculture)is more important than its non-inclusion of bands whose notability can be questioned. Aadhikar 19:46, 15 April 2006 (UTC)


text:
Solar Winds

Solar Winds: The Escape and its sequel Solar Winds: Galaxy (also known as Solar Winds II: Universe) are top-down, space-themed role-playing action games developed by James Schmalz and published by Epic MegaGames in 1993.

The main character of both games, bounty hunter Jake Stone, takes on a series of missions that has him shipping cargo and fending off attackers. The story is told through simple conversations and brief cutscenes. In some ways, the series is reminiscent of Star Control II, without the ship customization and fleet building aspects.

Gameplay

Gameplay is presented in a top-down view. The focus is always on Stone's ship. The keyboard or a joystick is used to navigate the ship and fire weapons (which consist of lasers and missiles). Mice are also supported. Many functions, such as scans, communication, and power distribution, are controlled by the control panel. The player can zoom out to see details, the amount of which depends on how much power is allocated to sensors.

Power is allocated to various ship's systems, such as shields, weapons, life support, engines, and is consumed by the hyperdrive, whose maximum speed is determined by engine power allocation. Hull integrity is shown through a square superimposed on top of the ship. Over time, the ship will repair itself, the speed of which depending on how much power has been dedicated to the life support systems. The waveforms of shields and weapons can be adjusted. The specific waveform selected for a laser blast or shield configuration dictates their effectiveness against each other. Lasers can be set to fire for either one, two, or three laser cannons firing simultaneously.

Communication is implemented in the form of the other party talking and the player selecting a response.

Items in the player's cargo hold can be transported to planets and other ships. In the first episode, many missions involve delivering cargo in return for useful items.

Development
Solar Winds was the first major title designed by James Schmalz. As a young developer, his simple motivation was to develop a game that is fun to make. He created Solar Winds based on inspiration from the game Star Control II, as well as his love of the science fiction series Star Trek: The Next Generation. Released by shareware publisher Epic MegaGames, Solar Winds became successful enough that Schmalz could afford to develop his next games for Epic: Epic Pinball, Extreme Pinball, and eventually, Unreal.

Plot
In The Escape, humans live in a planetary system millions of light years from Earth. Space travel is common, but hyperdrive research is restricted: any research pertaining to hyperdrive travel is destroyed by the oppressive solar government. However, one group has spent a decade in secret developing a hyperdrive ship and plans to use it to escape the force field encasing their planetary system. The government hires Stone to stop them.

It is eventually revealed that the solar government is conspiring with a race of superior aliens to stop the development of hyperdrive technology. These aliens keep species for study, and push these species toward war. Travel to other planetary systems is barred by invisible force fields around the systems. The aliens and their agents travel by means of fixed, self-made portals, opened with special keys. Ultimately, Stone is able to travel through one of the portals where he is greeted by an alien agitator, who seeks his assistance to bring to an end the cruel treatment of these species.

In Universe, Jake Stone continues his work with these agitators to disrupt the portals. Meanwhile, a human colony fleet from Earth is heading for the force field surrounding the Solar System (Earth's planetary system). Ultimately Stone is able to work for the enemy to get close enough to destroy the Controller that maintains the force fields and portals, thus freeing these worlds.

Reception
Computer Gaming Worlds Chuck Miller in 1993 approved of Solar Windss combination of action, strategy, and role-playing, and said that the game "is an exceptional product and worth the $30 registration fee". In 2013, Richard Cobbett of PC Gamer complained about the lack of content and also said it takes too long to get between destinations.

Soundtrack
The music for the game was composed by Dan Froelich using FM Synthesis.

title: Solar Winds


text:
Andrés Orozco

Andrés Felipe Orozco Vásquez (born 18 March 1979) is a Colombian football manager and former player who played as a central defender. He is currently manager of the youth teams of Envigado.

Career
Orozco began his professional career with Deportes Quindío in 1999, later that year he moved to Deportivo Independiente Medellín.

In 2001, he was part of the Colombia squad that won the Copa América.

Between 2003 and 2004 Orozco played for Racing Club in the Primera Division Argentina.

Orozco joined Dorados from Racing Club mid-2004, and made his debut for the club in the 2004 Apertura. He immediately made an impact, starting 14 of 17 possible games for the club.

Club
Independiente Medellín
 * Categoría Primera A: 2002 Finalización

Internacional
 * Copa Sudamericana: 2008

International
Colombia U20
 * Toulon Tournament: 1999, 2000

Colombia
 * Copa América: 2001

title: Andrés Orozco


text:
Valaciclovir

Valaciclovir, also spelled valacyclovir, is an antiviral medication used to treat outbreaks of herpes simplex or herpes zoster (shingles). It is also used to prevent cytomegalovirus following a kidney transplant in high risk cases. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include headache and vomiting. Severe side effects may include kidney problems. Use in pregnancy appears to be safe. It is a prodrug, which works after being converted to aciclovir in a person's body.

Valaciclovir was patented in 1987 and came into medical use in 1995. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 114th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions.

Medical uses

Valaciclovir is used for the treatment of HSV and VZV infections, including:
 * Oral and genital herpes simplex (treatment and prevention)
 * Reduction of HSV transmission from people with recurrent infection to uninfected individuals
 * Herpes zoster (shingles): the typical dosage for treatment of herpes is 1,000 mg orally three times a day for seven consecutive days.
 * Prevention of cytomegalovirus following organ transplantation
 * Prevention of herpesviruses in immunocompromised people (such as those undergoing cancer chemotherapy)
 * Chickenpox in children (ages 2–18)

It has shown promise as a treatment for infectious mononucleosis and is preventively administered in suspected cases of herpes B virus exposure.

Bell's palsy does not seem to benefit from using valaciclovir as its only treatment.

Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of people) associated with valaciclovir are the same as for aciclovir, its active metabolite. They include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and headache. Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of patients) include: agitation, vertigo, confusion, dizziness, edema, arthralgia, sore throat, constipation, abdominal pain, rash, weakness and/or renal impairment. Rare adverse effects (<0.1% of patients) include: coma, seizures, neutropenia, leukopenia, tremor, ataxia, encephalopathy, psychotic symptoms, crystalluria, anorexia, fatigue, hepatitis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and/or anaphylaxis.

Pharmacology
Valaciclovir is a prodrug, an esterified version of aciclovir that has greater oral bioavailability (about 55%) than aciclovir. It is converted by esterases to the active drug, aciclovir, and the amino acid valine via hepatic first-pass metabolism. Aciclovir is selectively converted into a monophosphate form by viral thymidine kinase, which is more effective (3000 times) in phosphorylation of aciclovir than cellular thymidine kinase. Subsequently, the monophosphate form is further phosphorylated into a disphosphate by cellular guanylate kinase and then into the active triphosphate form, aciclo-GTP, by cellular kinases.

Mechanism of action
Aciclo-GTP, the active triphosphate metabolite of aciclovir, is a very potent inhibitor of viral DNA replication. Aciclo-GTP competitively inhibits and inactivates the viral DNA polymerase. Its monophosphate form also incorporates into the viral DNA, resulting in chain termination. It has also been shown that the viral enzymes cannot remove aciclo-GMP from the chain, which results in inhibition of further activity of DNA polymerase. Aciclo-GTP is fairly rapidly metabolized within the cell, possibly by cellular phosphatases.

Aciclovir is active against most species in the herpesvirus family. In descending order of activity:
 * Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1)
 * Herpes simplex virus type II (HSV-2)
 * Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
 * Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
 * Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

The drug is predominantly active against HSV and, to a lesser extent, VZV. It is only of limited efficacy against EBV and CMV. However, valaciclovir has been shown to lower or eliminate the presence of the Epstein–Barr virus in subjects afflicted with acute mononucleosis, leading to a significant decrease in the severity of symptoms. Valaciclovir and acyclovir act by inhibiting viral DNA replication, but as of 2016 there was little evidence that they are effective against Epstein–Barr virus. Acyclovir therapy does prevent viral latency, but has not proven effective at eradicating latent viruses in nerve ganglia.

As of 2005, resistance to valaciclovir has not been significant. Mechanisms of resistance in HSV include deficient viral thymidine kinase and mutations to viral thymidine kinase and/or DNA polymerase that alter substrate sensitivity.

It also is used for herpes B virus postexposure prophylaxis.

Chemistry
Details of the synthesis of valaciclovir were first published by scientists from the Wellcome Foundation.
 * Valaciclovir sythesis.svg

Aciclovir was esterified with a carboxybenzyl protected valine, using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as the dehydrating agent. In the final step, the protecting group was removed by hydrogenation using a palladium on alumina catalyst.

History
Valaciclovir was patented in 1987 and came into medical use in 1995. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 114th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions.

Brand names
It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the brand names Valtrex and Zelitrex. Valaciclovir has been available as a generic drug in the U.S. since November 2009.

title: Valaciclovir


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/The Detholz!

First, I'd like to assert that I am not associated with The Detholz! in any way other than that I've heard their music and think it should be known. Since the request for deletion, I've added some links to reviews of The Detholz! music that are not self-promotional. Thriggle