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BR Standard Class 7

The BR Standard Class 7, otherwise known as the Britannia Class, is a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive designed under Robert Riddles for use by British Railways for mixed-traffic duties. 55 were constructed between 1951 and 1954. The design employed results from the 1948 locomotive exchanges undertaken in advance of further locomotive classes being constructed. Three batches were constructed at Crewe Works, before the publication of the 1955 Modernisation Plan.

The Britannia Class design was based on best practice from the pre-nationalisation railway companies in terms of operating efficiency and lower maintenance costs; various weight-saving measures also increased the route availability of a Pacific-type locomotive on the British Railways network. The Britannias received a positive reception from their crews, with those regularly operating the locomotives giving them favourable reports as regards performance. However, operation in some areas of the British Railway network returned negative feedback, primarily due to indifferent operation of the locomotive, with its effects on adhering to timetables. They were capable of reaching speeds of up to 90 mph (145 km/h).

The Britannias took their names from great Britons, former Star class locomotives, and Scottish firths. The class remained in service until the last was withdrawn in 1968. Two survived into preservation, the first-of-class, number 70000 Britannia, and 70013 Oliver Cromwell. Number 70000 has hauled mainline excursions and 70013, after a period of display following limited steaming, returned to mainline steam in 2008 for the first time since leaving British Railways ownership. 70000 was returned to the main line in 2011.

Background
Locomotive exchanges were commissioned by the fledgling British Railways (BR) during 1948, to compare pre-nationalisation locomotive design across the Big Four railway companies. The research gained from operating the best designs of the GWR, LMS, LNER and Southern railways on different areas of the British Railways network paved the way for several new classes of standardised locomotives intended to replace some of the ageing designs inherited.

The new classes were designed by E. S. Cox, under Robert Riddles who had previously designed the WD Austerity 2-8-0 and WD Austerity 2-10-0 locomotives for wartime use. The first design requested by the Railway Executive was for a new express passenger "Pacific" locomotive, designed specifically to reduce maintenance and using the latest available innovations in steam technology from home and abroad. Various labour-saving devices were utilised to produce a simple, standard and effective design, able to produce equivalent power to some of the "Pacifics" that were still available as legacies of the Big Four.

Design features
The design of the "Britannias" was based on best practice from the pre-nationalisation railway companies. For example, they utilised a variation of both boiler and trailing truck of the Merchant Navy class, while weight was kept within the margins laid down by the Light Pacifics, all of which were designed by Oliver Bulleid. The firebox was also similar in having a rocking grate, which allowed the fire to be rebuilt without stopping the locomotive, removing both ash and clinker on the move; but unlike the SR Pacifics, the inner firebox was constructed of copper instead of steel and lacked thermic syphons.

The "Britannias" had 6 ft driving wheels, a compromise for their mixed-traffic role to allow sustained fast running with passenger trains, yet small enough to give sufficient tractive effort for freight haulage.

The largest, only outside, cylinders capable of giving maximum tractive effort whilst staying within the British loading gauge were used for ease of maintenance compared with "inside" cylinders located between the frames of a three- or four-cylindered locomotive. Boiler 'plumbing' was also generally exposed to give ease of access. For ease of maintenance, outside Walschaerts valve gear was used.

A self-cleaning smokebox enabled ash to be ejected through the chimney, reducing the workload of the engine cleaner at the end of a working day. The single chimney was unusual for a "Pacific" type of locomotive, but was chosen because the exhaust dimensions including the blastpipe were designed using work done at the Rugby test plant and by S.O. Ell at Swindon Works, who claimed that "better results could be obtained from a well-designed single chimney than some of the previous double chimney arrangements".

The design also featured raised running plates above the wheels, which allowed easy access to the inside of the frames for purposes of lubrication.

The "Britannias'" footplate was designed around the requirements of the operating crews, with a mock-up being constructed at Crewe to test ergonomics and usability.

Two injectors were fitted, one on each side of the boiler, securely fixed to the firebox foundation ring to eliminate problems previously experienced with fractured pipework on frame-mounted injectors. The injector on the left of the firebox was a GWR-type live steam injector, that on the right was an 11 mm Davies and Metcalfe exhaust steam injector. These injectors fed the boiler through clack valves of SR design. Unlike the smaller BR Standard locos the exhaust steam manifold within the smokebox saddle (along with the BR Standard Class 6 engines) was an intricate steel casting.

Construction history
Designed at British Railways' Derby Works, the new class was constructed at British Railways' Crewe Works between 1951 and 1954. The initial order was for 25 locomotives, but such was the demand for the Britannias on the Eastern Region that more were rushed through construction before the teething problems had been ironed out on the prototypes. In total, 55 members of the class were constructed over three batches at Crewe Works, where each was given improvements to improve reliability and efficiency, and to overcome flaws with the original design.
 * First batch: 70000–70024, constructed between January and October 1951
 * Second batch: 70025–70044, constructed between September 1952 and October 1953
 * Third batch: 70045–70054, constructed in 1954.

Variations and modifications
Problems with the class were experienced immediately, with the first 25 locomotives being withdrawn in October 1951 after several complaints were received from crews regarding the driving wheels shifting on their axles. They were subsequently modified, and released back into revenue-earning service. Initially the return cranks on the main driving wheels were of LNER block type, as seen on Arthur Peppercorn's A1s and A2s, but this was changed to the simpler LMS four-stud fitting. This was the result of a problem of overheating bearings within the cranks, and difficulty in removing the LNER-type casings. 70035–70039 were built with roller bearings on the leading and trailing coupled axles only and plain bearings on the remaining axles, whilst 70040–70049 were built with plain bearings throughout. However throughout their service the roller bearings used in remaining cases showed no advantage in reliability or cost.

An unusual fault with the first engines of the class was fore-and-aft vibration, strong enough to prompt passengers to complain and to cause fire-irons stowed in a longitudinal compartment on top of the tender to work their way forward into the cab. The passengers' complaints were dealt with by reducing the tension in the drawbar spring.

Locomotive tenders were also changed as new, improved designs became available. Some examples of the second batch (70025–70029) were equipped with the BR1A tender, which had a higher water capacity of 5,000 gallons. Members of the third batch (70045–70054) were equipped with another tender design, the BR1D, which had 9 tons of coal and 4,750 gallons of water, due to the fact that they were intended for use on longer runs in the north of the railway network. This tender design also featured a steam-powered coal pusher, which eliminated the need for crew members to mount the tender to pull forward coal when the locomotive was at a stop.

Nos.70043 and 70044 were delivered with Westinghouse airbrakes fitted alongside the smokebox and with no smoke deflectors. The two locomotives, which looked radically different from the rest of the class, were allocated to Manchester (Longsight) and ran a series of brake trials on the London Midland main line during the mid-1950s. Subsequently, both had the equipment removed and deflectors fitted.

No. 70045 was fitted with LMS-style oval buffers in the course of repairs after collision damage.

On 21 January 1960, the Settle rail crash, which cost the lives of five passengers, was caused when the piston rod, cross-head and connecting rod of No. 70052 came loose and damaged the opposite line as a freight train was approaching. The locomotive of the freight train was derailed towards 70052's train and tore out the sides of three passenger coaches. Part of the slide assembly was redesigned, and was fitted as the locomotives were routinely "shopped".

Western Region based examples had hand/foot holds cut into the smoke deflectors replacing the original handrails after a major derailment, to improve forward visibility. Some of these deflectors subsequently migrated to other members of the class.

Naming
From 1948 until the mid-1950s, the responsibility for recommending names for locomotives on British Railways rested with a Locomotive Naming Committee of three senior railway officers, E. S. Cox, George Dow with Derek Barrie as chairman.

The Committee set itself several rules and over the years developed many practices. The names had to be euphonious (they had to have a pleasant sound). Also, their meaning had to be readily apparent to anyone interested, whether railwayman or member of the public. There had to be good publicity value in the names as well as providing good morale for the staff, and the collection of names for a class had to provide some form of class identity. Another rule was not to use names of people who were still alive at the time, and some on the committee had a strong dislike of names or associations with the military (largely because they were fed-up with the recently ended war). There was a preference for names of heroes and other well-known people. However, slavishly following a single theme to an absurd extent was discouraged.

The name that was to be bestowed on the first class member caused great debate on the committee and the wider executive of British Railways. However noted enthusiast Bishop Eric Treacy suggested the name "Britannia". This set the general theme of the naming process, which featured great Britons, although several deviations from the theme were allowed. These exceptions were allocated to those that operated on the Western Region, which were given names of former Star Class locomotives, and those of the Scottish Region, which were granted the names of the various Scottish firths. The locomotive naming ceremonies were carried out at various railway stations around the British Railways network. No. 70047 was never named.

Operational details
The class was well liked by crews in most regions of British Railways, with especially glowing reports from those operating them from Stratford depot on the Eastern Region, where its lower weight and high power transformed motive power over the restricted East Anglian lines. However, negative feedback was received from various operating departments, most notably on the Western Region. The criticism was primarily out of partisan preference for GWR-designed locomotive stock among Western Region staff; in particular, the class was 'left-hand drive' in contrast to 'right-hand drive' GWR locomotive and signalling practice, a factor in the Milton rail crash of 1955.

For this reason, the Western Region locomotive depots at Old Oak Common TMD and Plymouth Laira declared that the class was surplus to requirements. However Cardiff Canton depot displayed its liking for the class (despite being part of the former GWR empire) and managed to obtain good results on South Wales passenger traffic.

The London Midland Region also had favourable reports, but a marked consistency in losing time on the longer runs between Holyhead and Euston was recorded, although all complaints were down to the individual techniques of the operating crews. This was compounded by the irregular allocation of the class to depots all over the network, meaning that few crews ever had a great deal of experience in driving them. The Southern Region also had an allocation of seven in May 1953, when all Merchant Navy Class locomotives were temporarily withdrawn for inspection after 35020 "Bibby Line" sheared a crank axle on the central driving wheel.

Repairs to the class were undertaken at Crewe, Swindon and Doncaster Works until the financial constraints of the British Railways Modernisation Plan in terms of expenditure on steam began to preclude the regular overhaul of locomotives. During the mid-1960s overhauls were carried out exclusively at Crewe Works. The first locomotive to be withdrawn from service was number 70007 "Coeur-de-Lion" in 1965, and the entire class was gradually transferred to Carlisle Kingmoor and Glasgow Polmadie depots as steam was displaced by the dieselisation of British Railways. Some members of this class were a common sight in the Cumbrian main line, pulling both passenger trains and parcel trains in Grange-over-Sands, Barrow-in-Furness, Preston, and other locations in the area. A succession of bulk withdrawals began in 1967, and the last, of number 70013 "Oliver Cromwell", took place in 1968, at the very end of steam operation in Britain. Subsequently, that locomotive was selected to represent the class in the National Collection. Only 70000 "Britannia", which was privately preserved, saw main line service during the preservation era – until 2008, when 70013 "Oliver Cromwell"'s restoration was completed, and she worked part of the "15 Guinea Special" – a special train run to commemorate the final BR steam working in 1968. 70013 is now to be found operating main line railtours over the Network Rail system.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 20 November 1955, locomotive No. 70026 Polar Star was hauling an excursion train that was derailed at Milton, Oxfordshire due to excessive speed through a crossover. Eleven people were killed and 157 were injured.
 * On 21 January 1960, locomotive No. 70052 Firth of Tay was hauling an express passenger train that was derailed at Settle, Yorkshire due to a defect on the locomotive. Five people were killed and nine were injured.
 * On 5 June 1965, locomotive 70051 Firth of Forth was hauling a passenger train when a blowback of the fire occurred near Winsford. Driver Wally Oakes managed to safely bring the train to a stand, but both he and fireman Gwilym Roberts were severely injured. Oakes died a week later. He was awarded the George Cross and the Carnegie Hero Trust bronze medal for his actions. Class 86 locomotive 86 260 was later named Wallace Oakes G.C. in his honour.
 * On 30 July 1966, locomotive No. 70017 Arrow was hauling a set of empty coaches from Carlisle Citadel when it was derailed at Carlisle St Nicholas after a rear-end collision with a goods train on the Carlisle Joint Goods Line. The locomotive would later be withdrawn from service owing to the damage received in the accident and derailment.
 * On 27 May 2012, locomotive No. 70013 Oliver Cromwell was involved in a blowback incident at Wood Green tunnel near New Southgate station in North London on a Railway Touring Company railtour called 'The Peak Forester'. Two of the three crew on board the locomotive had to attend hospital as a result. A Rail Accident Investigation Branch investigation was conducted after the accident.
 * On 22 August 2023, locomotive No. 70000 Britannia while hauling a Steam Dreams circular tour around the Surrey Hills suffered a catastrophic failure of its right side crosshead just after passing through Chilworth. Following an inspection by the engines support crew it was discovered that the crosshead had snapped in two and the piston had disconnected then damaged the front cylinder cover. Under cover of darkness with a blockade in place the right side connecting rod had to be removed and then 70000 was towed behind a diesel and its train back to London Victoria via Guildford.

Livery and numbering
The first member of the class was given a livery of plain black without lining; this was changed to the new standard British Railways Dark Locomotive Green that was applied to express passenger locomotives after nationalisation, despite the locomotive being classed as mixed traffic. This was lined in orange and black, and the class was given the power classification 7MT. The "Britannias" were numbered under the new British Railways standard numbering system in the 70xxx series. The locomotives were numbered between 70000 and 70054, and featured brass nameplates with an initial black background, followed by red, located on the smoke deflectors. Towards the end of steam plain green livery was substituted, with the touching-up of existing paintwork being preferred to full aesthetic overhaul.

Preservation
Two Britannias have survived, the prototype engine number 70000 Britannia, and 70013 Oliver Cromwell. Both engines have also operated at certain points in preservation as well as both running on the mainline in preservation.

Number 70000 was originally selected to represent the class in the embryonic form of the future National Railway Museum, but was ultimately rejected due to the locomotive's poor mechanical condition. As a result, 70013 was eventually selected to represent the class for the benefit of future generations. However, 70000 had been purchased privately from British Railways by the Britannia Locomotive Group, which ensured that the doyen of the class was to survive into the preservation era. Subsequently, utilised on mainline railtours, the locomotive was out of use in the late 1990s, requiring work to bring it back to steam; it was eventually sold to Pete Waterman and stored at Crewe. After a spell in storage on the Bressingham Steam Museum in Diss, Norfolk, 70013 was moved to the Great Central Railway (preserved), following an ownership dispute between Bressingham and the National Railway Museum. The locomotive returned to steam in May 2008 on the Great Central Railway after the readers of Steam Railway magazine contributed towards its overhaul. In July 2008 it appeared in WCRC's Open Weekend at Steamtown, Carnforth. August saw the locomotive return to the main line. Its first turn was the 1T57 'Fifteen Guinea Special' re-run from Manchester to Carlisle, 40 years after it performed the same duty in 1968. As a result, both preserved members of the class have operated on the mainline in preservation.

After its sale to the Royal Scot Locomotive and General Trust, 70000 was overhauled at Crewe and returned to the main line in 2011 (its 60th anniversary), initially in unlined black without name plates as originally outshopped in 1951 (the plates were first fitted for the Festival of Britain later that year).

title: BR Standard Class 7


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File:VCGajeGhale.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Gaje Ghale, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo from The Times.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:VCGajeGhale.jpg


text: User talk:81.152.246.31

title: User talk:81.152.246.31


text: User talk:84.135.235.252

title: User talk:84.135.235.252


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Gaje Ghale

Gaje Ghale (गजे घले) VC (1 August 1918 – 28 March 2000) was a Nepalese Gurkha recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Biography

Ghale was born in the Gorkha district of Nepal. He joined the British Indian Army in 1934. Ghale was 22 years old, and a Havildar in the 2nd Battalion of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles in the Indian Army during World War II when the following deed took place, for which he was awarded the VC. His medal citation reads: "The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of the VICTORIA CROSS to:-

No. 6816 Havildar Gaje Ghale, 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force), Indian Army. In order to stop an advance into the Chin Hills [then in Burma, now in Myanmar] of greatly superior Japanese forces it was essential to capture Basha East hill which was the key to the enemy position.

Two assaults had failed but a third assault was ordered to be carried out by two platoons of Havildar Gaje Ghale's company and two companies of another battalion.

Havildar Gaje Ghale was in command of one platoon: he had never been under fire before and the platoon consisted of young soldiers.

The approach for this platoon to their objective was along a narrow knife-edge with precipitous sides and bare of jungle whereas the enemy positions were well concealed. In places, the approach was no more than five yards wide and was covered by a dozen machine guns besides being subjected to artillery and mortar fire from the reverse slope of the hill.

While preparing for the attack the platoon came under heavy mortar fire but Havildar Gaje Ghale rallied them and led them forward.

Approaching to close range of the well-entrenched enemy, the platoon came under withering fire and this N.C.O. was wounded in the arm, chest and leg by an enemy hand grenade.

Without pausing to attend to his serious wounds and with no heed to the intensive fire from all sides, Havildar Gaje Ghale closed his men and led them to close grips with the enemy when a bitter hand to hand struggle ensued.

Havildar Gaje Ghale dominated the fight by his outstanding example of dauntless courage and superb leadership. Hurling hand grenades, covered in blood from his own neglected wounds, he led assault after assault by shouting the Gurkha's battle-cry.

Spurred on by the irresistible will of their leader to win, the platoon stormed and carried the hill by a magnificent all out effort and inflicted very heavy casualties on the Japanese.

Havildar Gaje Ghale then held and consolidated this hard won position under heavy fire and it was not until the consolidation was well in hand that he went, refusing help, to the Regimental Aid Post, when ordered to do so by an officer.

The courage, determination and leadership of this N.C.O. under the most trying conditions were beyond all praise."

Ghale was subsequently commissioned as a jemadar (war-substantive subedar) and continued to serve in the Indian Army post-1947. He was promoted substantive subedar on 20 February 1948, retiring as an Hon. Captain.

title: Gaje Ghale


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Ion Mihalache

Ion Mihalache (March 3, 1882 – February 5, 1963) was a Romanian agrarian politician, the founder and leader of the Peasants' Party (PȚ) and a main figure of its successor, the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ).

Early life
A schoolteacher born into a peasant family of Topoloveni, Muscel County, he served as a lieutenant in the Romanian Army during World War I. Mihalache, who soon became popular among Orthodox priests and village teachers, served as president of the local teachers' association.

He founded the PȚ in the Romanian Old Kingdom in 1918; under his leadership, it emerged from northern Muntenia and became a grouping with national appeal. The PȚ had much success in the elections of November 1919, forming a coalition government with the Transylvanian Romanian National Party (PNR), under Alexandru Vaida-Voevod. As a politician, Mihalache made himself known for supporting a political option that mixed traditionalist reserve towards industrialization and calls for preserving the rural base of Romanian economy through voluntary cooperative farming (allowing for a peasant-based industry) with a vision of left-wing Corporatism. In 1929, he wrote: "'Many have thought that [economic success] was only possible for the large-scale agricultural entrepreneur. And this is why they have supported that only on the basis of large-scale property can there be carried out a wise and lucrative agriculture, and that dividing the land leads to a decrease in production. Perhaps it would be this way, if the small-scale agricultural entrepreneur will not 'organize' himself and will not enlighten himself. But the cure was found: the association of peasants into agricultural cooperatives, which bring: money, as well as utensils, as well as regulated sales, as well as industrialization.'"

He notably took the initiative in calling for peaceful marches of peasants and members of the rural intelligentsia, and would almost always dress in accordance with the peasant tradition of his native Muscel County.

1919-1920
Mihalache became Vaida-Voevod's Minister of Agriculture on December 16, 1919, in a cabinet replacing that of General Artur Văitoianu. Despite having led a populist movement, the People's Party, Averescu continuously opposed Mihalache's push for widespread land reform.

The new minister found himself at odds with the political establishment over the issue of land redistribution: promised by Ion I. C. Brătianu's National Liberal (PNL) government during World War I, and partly carried out in December 1918, the move viewed as incomplete - expropriations had not led to a redefinition of peasant property, and land had remained with provisional cooperatives instead of being allocated to members. Mihalache supported the fragmentation of all land property in a country of medium to small sized landowners. The Peasants' Party calculated leaving no landowner with more than on one square kilometre, which also included expropriating land for common pasture. At the same time, Vaida-Voevod's government created a conflict over its projects for constitutional reform, clashing with the PNL over the highly centralized government and support for the 1866 Constitution of Romania advocated by the latter. Mihalache is also known to have traveled incognito to various locations, as a means to observe first-hand abuse by government officials.

After a deadlock over these issues in Parliament, Averescu's group and the National Liberals began negotiation a new parliamentary majority; advised by Nicolae Iorga, who was president of the Chamber, Mihalache handed in his resignation (March 12, 1920), with the expectation that the land reform project was to be endorsed by parliamentary initiative. It was advanced later in the same day by the PȚ's Grigore Iunian. King Ferdinand I intervened in favor of the National Liberals, installing Averescu, who had reached an agreement with Brătianu, as Prime Minister.

A major factor in this move was pressure from the landowners to remove a threat to the system (notably, Constantin Garoflid filed a complaint with the king, while Mihalache caused scandal when he publicly assured peasants that the monarch's opposition was ultimately irrelevant. At the same time, the PȚ's politics had given way to fears that it was a Romanian equivalent of Aleksandar Stamboliyski's Agrarian Union of Bulgaria, or even a parallel to Bolshevism. To the latter accusation, Mihalache once replied indicating, as other leaders of his party had done, his belief that the peasant's needs identified with the national interest: "'Thus — after so many years of 'harmony', we arrive today as the 'agitators of social order' and clearly state: Enough with the lie about social harmony. There is a conflict between social classes. We do not deny it, but rather bring it to light. We wish to take part in the fight in the name of an underprivileged working class, the peasantry. We wish to rally it in a class party. We shall not ask anybody for power, we shall fight to have the fair number of representatives of the peasant class in Parliament. May each class fight for this [that is, for their respective seats] and parliament will give itself the government it sees fit. As for 'social harmony' — as this has been up to now — we demand a particular balance between producing classes and wish for the abolition of parasite classes such as that of untrained politicians. [...]'Bolshevism', cry the parasite politicians, accustomed to govern together with the highest power and their cries also alert the gentle folk, whose political judgment is chained in 'harmony'-related prejudice. — 'Truth is not anarchy' — we reply.'"

The land reform that was ultimately carried out did however reflect the influence of some ideas supported by Mihalache, and was itself favorable to small holdings.

PȚ-PNR union
Mihalache became vice-president of the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ) in 1926, when the PNR and PȚ groups decided to unite in order to combat the effective monopoly the PNL had ensured after the voting of the 1923 Constitution. The new political group moderated many of its demands, and was not as adverse to industrialization as it had previously been. However, in 1928, Mihalache's voiced the party's call for a march on Bucharest, meant to topple Vintilă Brătianu's PNL cabinet: in May, large crowds gathered in Alba Iulia — despite the initial success in rallying all forces opposed to the National Liberals, the PNȚ did not capitalize on the gains, and continued instead to block activity in parliament.

He served as Minister of Agriculture in the Iuliu Maniu's government of 1928–1930 (being seconded by Armand Călinescu), then, between 1930 and 1933, he was the Minister of Internal Affairs (he also held the office of Foreign Minister between late 1930 and early 1931). In this latter capacity, Mihalache outlawed the fascist Iron Guard in January 1931 (under the premiership of Gheorghe Mironescu), following a period of violence and agitation by the movement. The measure was to prove inefficient in time, as the new cabinet allowed Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Guard, to run in the 1931 elections on a new platform (the Corneliu Codreanu Grouping).

During the period, he also became a noted opponent of Carol II: as heir apparent, the latter had been denied the right of ascension after the war, and returned to the throne with Maniu's backing in 1930. The relations between the PNȚ and the monarch soured, however, especially after Vaida-Voevod's second cabinet fell in 1932, due to disagreement over several policies — as Minister of the Interior, Mihalache was directly involved in the dispute, as the scandal erupted when Gavrilă Marinescu, the prefect of police in Bucharest, refused to hand in his resignation, and instead called for the king's verdict. In 1935, Mihalache briefly took charge of the party upon Maniu's resignation, and steered it to the Left, charging Mihai Ralea and the PNȚ's Study Circle (Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, Mihail Ghelmegeanu, Ernest Ene, and Petre Andrei) with drafting a new party program that adapted Poporanist ideals.

After 1938, when, faced with the rise of the Iron Guard, Carol imposed his authoritarian regime, the PNȚ party refused collaboration and merger into the National Renaissance Front. According to the leading party member Ioan Hudiță, Mihalache, together with Virgil Madgearu and Mihai Popovici, continued to display support for the king and even considered joining the Front.

World War II and after
During World War II, he opposed the National Legionary State created by the Iron Guard, and complained to the Guard's rival partner, Conducător Ion Antonescu, that Horia Sima and his grouping had assumed control of his cooperative organization in Muscel County. Antonescu refused to mediate; Sima replied to Mihalache that the measure had been partly taken as compensation for the Legionaries' "suffering at the hands of Mihalache [in 1930-1931]", but offered to allow some of the Muscel cooperative's former administrators structure to regain their positions. Attacks and threats towards Mihalache in the Guard's press became widespread, and Mille Lefter singled him out as a former persecutor of the movement in a conference aired on Romanian Radio.

Following Antonescu's defeat of the Guard during the Legionary Rebellion of 1941, Mihalache forwarded a congratulatory message to the former. In time, he also objected to Antonescu's Nazi Germany-allied dictatorship (although pressured by the latter to join a War Cabinet). He did, however, support the recovery of Bessarabia from the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa, and offered his services as a volunteer in the Romanian Army (June 1941) — he served for only a few days, and was discharged on orders from Antonescu himself.

He eventually joined a semi-clandestine opposition, and then supported the PNȚ's entry into the underground liberation movement, as well as King Michael's pro-Allied August 1944 coup.

The appearance of the Iron Curtain and Joseph Stalin's plans for Romania singled out the PNȚ, the main supporter of cooperation with the Western Allies, as an adversary of growing Soviet influence over the country (see Soviet occupation of Romania). Consequently, he and Maniu were branded "fascists" by the Romanian Communist Party press, and Mihalache was especially attacked for his supposedly good relations with Antonescu; the 1941 episode was used against him during the rigged 1946 elections, when Communists prevented him from running for office based on a law forbidding candidatures of former Eastern Front volunteers. It is possible, however, that just before the elections, the PNȚ had attempted to resist and profit from a foreseen insurrection against the Petru Groza government, by forming Cercul Militar Professional (the "Professional Military Circle") — grouping generals and other officers, it was led by Mihalache himself.

The Communist regime which was installed in late 1947 outlawed the PNȚ altogether, alleging that Mihalache and Maniu had been trying to flee the country from the airfield in Tămădău, and had planned to give Romania a capitalist government-in-exile. Their capture on July 14, 1947 (see Tămădău Affair) and trial by a kangaroo court led to sentencing on November 11 to life imprisonment with requirements of penal labour. Mihalache, after having been detained in a prison in Galați, was transferred to Sighet Prison on 15 August 1951. In 1955 he was moved to Râmnicu Sărat Prison, where he died in custody on February 5, 1963, the cause of death being attributed in the official report to cerebral edema.

title: Ion Mihalache


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User talk:Binabik80

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Wolf530 18:03, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
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Roman Empire and Roman Emperor
Hi Binabik80, I responded to your proposal on splitting up Roman Emperor on Talk:Roman Empire. Cheers! --Hippalus 09:39, Mar 12, 2005 (UTC)

Books
Hullo there. I saw some of your reading selection..and even that you're choosy about what you read. Was wondering if you'd read anything by Sean Russell, specifically his World Without End and its sequel, Sea Without a Shore ? I think it portrays the age of colonisation well. -Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  05:04, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Roman Gaul image
That information about copyright does greatly help. Thanks. → Jarlaxle Artemis   05:20, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Fantasy
On Talk:Fantasy a while ago you made some comments regarding whether contemporaries of "Classical" and "Mediaeval" fantasy made the same distinction between reality and fiction as modern readers. I agree with your opinion on this, but I'm looking for some references that could support it better and elaborate on it. If you know of any other sources on this topic, I'd appreciate it. (My primary interest in this is not for wikipedia, but if I find anything interesting I'll surely add it) — Hoho (Talk) 13:26, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

re: google.com
It seems like it turned into a redirect already. I didn't know there was a page on google already.

Cassius
I request you revert your edit on this page, as I did discuss this with an administrator; Mark. If you look in the edit history, you would also see the assistance he gave me, which I believe shows acceptance for the work I did. To revert it all is rather deconstructive, needless, and not particularly welcomed. Especially after I changed every page that linked to the relevant Cassius to Gaius Cassius Longinus, so the redirect is totally unnecessary. --Daniel Lawrence 22:44, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

upsilon transcribed as f or v
I'm pretty sure this article should be at Euagoras; I'm not aware of any other instances of upsilon being transliterated as v. Are there any objections? Binabik80 16:49, 1 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Certainly there are many instances of upsilon being transcribed as v or f, although I think that's normally when transcribing Modern Greek rather than Classical Greek. Strictly speaking, it's transcription rather than transliteration, because the choice of which letter in the Latin alphabet is used, depends on the pronunciation. Michael Hardy 02:10, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * PS: I'd bet large sums of money -- maybe even 50 cents, that nearly all cases in which the letter f appears in transcriptions from Modern Greek are occurences of upsilon. The other Greek letter that gets pronounced that way is φ, and that's transcribed as ph. Michael Hardy 02:12, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The convention in English -- which after all, Binabik80, you defended so well in Mark Antony -- is that Ευ- is transliterated as Ev- before a vowel: Evander, not Euander. (And indeed, evangelist, not euangelist.) Opoudjis 15:30, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Dera
I appreciate your comments about T.E. Lawrence and his rape at Dera. I personally feel we must trust Lawrence on this, and that it did happen. Not to mention it would be dishonest at best... Trish Lewis 20:48, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

User talk:209.167.159.66
I'm sorry, since the only things I ever changed were probably grammar mistakes and mispelled words. If you could provide me on what I have changed, it would be appreciated.

I see, thanks for telling me that. I believe someone else is using my computer/ip address to edit the article (I live in a boarding school), as I have no interest for footbal. But thanks for informing me about it.

BVM
Some titles include the definite article, some don't. For example The Guardian, The Irish Times, the Irish Independent, etc. It depends on the formal name and whether in its registered form it includes or excludes the definite article. Blessed Virgin Mary does not use the definite article has part of the title. However The Blessed Virgin uses the definite article because in Catholicism in mediæval times some individuals who were honoured for their virginity were referred to as a blessed virgin. They were distinguished from the BVM by the non use of the definite article and lowercasing of the title. In contrast the BVM was described using the definite article as part of the title and by uppercasing. Though the use of the blessed virgins reference has long since died out for the other, it has stuck with the BVM. WP has a policy of not including definite articles unless they are part of the title. In those cases the The with the capital is used, usually bolded, in the first refererence, but then used grammatically, not in forms of theoretical title, in the rest of the text. (Monarchs for example, are often described as The King in the opening paragraph, but as ' . . . the King . . . ' elsewhere in the text.)

The reason I didn't leave an edit summary simply because I couldn't. WP is screwing around tonight. On one article I had to hit save 19 times before it saved. Instead save kept merely showing previews. In that case it took 6 saves and everytime 1 failed it blanked the edit line summary. The one that I had forgotten to re-enter the edit line yet again in the version that was saved. Having spent most of my time on WP today re-re-re-re-saving things I didn't dare do a new minor edit to add in an edit summary as that would have involved spending another five-ten minutes trying to get the save to work again. I will return the article to the generally agreed form for such articles. FearÉIREANN 22:34, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Veronese Riddle
Hi Binabik, and thanks for your interest. I read the point you raised about the Indovinello. You can find my answer on the discussion page. Bye. --Wikipedius 23:03, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Actually you are wrong turning His government to his government. When reference is being made to a government of a monarch who is a nominal chief executive in a parliamentary system, it is standard English to capitalise His and Her and seen as constitutionally illiterate to lowercase it. Slán FearÉIREANN \(caint)  02:11, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Infobox President
Hi. There has been a mess on that template. As a hot fix I've created template:Infobox President old. Please use that on all articles that you see broken. Many articles have already been converted to a new parameter set, so they now need the new version of Netoholic in order not to break. Adrian Buehlmann 02:17, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Hi. Please address further concerns regarding template:Infobox President to User:Netoholic. template:Infobox President old is now orphaned (not used) and I put it up for a speedy delete. Adrian Buehlmann 10:03, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Waldorf and Nancy
Hi, and Happy New Year. I'm not going to revert your edit, but I do think that a married couple who were both born the same day is a very curious phenomenon. And when they are both noteworthy persons, this makes it even more curious. But I suppose it all depends on one's innate sense of curiousity. Well, I thought it was so curious that I posed a question the Miscellaneous Reference Desk earlier this year seeking information about any other such cases. From memory, I think we discovered 4. Highly unusual, hence highly curious. JackofOz 07:06, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Roman Senate
I have responded to an edit of yours for the Roman Senate nearly a year ago. I would like to say I love your overrated men of history, and five favorites. I feel bad for ol' Jefferson on your list, though I agree. I still kinda like the guy though. My fav is Caesar too, and I agree about Cicero and ESPECIALLY Jackson. I hate that guy. I really really agree with you on Cato. Ok, Im just going off, but I have a great suggestion of novels for you: the First Man in Rome series by Colleen McCullough. And as for Meier's bio of Caesar. Its decent, but I think his sometime psycho-analysing is kind of fruitless. I mean, how can we know any of that? Anyway, drop me a line if you like. bb.f.d.caesar@gmail.com

Military History Task Force
Hello, I see that you've made some edits on Italian history, and was wondering if you'd be able to join a new Military History WikiProject Task Force opening up on Italian military history. It will just be a small division of the main project, but it will be devoted to helping the fairly sad Italian history articles on Wikipedia right now, (for instance, all articles on their WWII tanks are stubs), as well as Roman articles, and we need a few editors before we can actually create the project. Thank you for any support.-KingPenguin 11:19, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Well, you can join at WikiProject Military history/Italian military history task force, though unfortunately for some Rome articles are now out, but I hope you're still interested. You would be the fifth member.-KingPenguin 23:53, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Change to Common.css
Per recent discussions, the way in which Persondata is viewed by Wikipedia editors has changed. In order to continue viewing Persondata in Wikipedia articles, please edit your user CSS file to display table.persondata rather than table.metadata. More specific instructions can be found on the Persondata page. -- ShakingSpirit talk  on behalf of Kaldari 00:44, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Jekyll
Diff Strictly speaking it did both, as he wore wigs when playing both Jackman and Hyde, but you're right about it not matching what the source says. Brad 09:42, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Invitation
Hello there

I see you are interested in the Life On Mars Television Series, as I am.

At the moment I have A Life On Mars Wikiproject currently up for approval by the Wikiproject Approval Council. As you are interested in Life On Mars I was wondering if you would be interested in adding your name and joining. If you are interested you can find it on WikiProject Council/Proposals its right at the very bottom you cant miss it as its titled ‘Wikipedia: Wikiproject Life on Mars (Television Series)’. And after your name is added to Wikiproject propsals please add it to the main page Wikiproject Life On Mars

If you are interested by all means feel free to join

Regards

Police,Mad,Jack —Preceding comment was added at 17:19, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

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Category:774 BC deaths
I notice that this category is unpopulated (empty). In other words, no Wikipedia pages belong to (are members of) it. If it remains unpopulated for four days, it may be deleted, without discussion, in accordance with Criteria for speedy deletion. I'm notifying you, the creator of the category, in case you wish to (re-)populate it by adding to articles/categories that belong in it.

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Antony/Antonius
I don't understand the consensus here: why on Earth would you use a weird anglicization instead of his actual name? I'm surprised to hear that scholars do the same thing. Then again, I suppose I say "Virgil" and "Cease-r" and such, so perhaps I'm in truth just as degenerate as everyone else. I might also just be twitching because, living in Japan at present, I hear my language being butchered on a daily basis and so am increasingly contemptuous of anyone who does the same thing in English. (I'm not talking about katakana English in Japanese, because that's within the pale of acceptability I suppose, but in English class it makes me kind of want to cry.) I'd put this on the talk page, but I suppose it's already been discussed enough there. --GenkiNeko (talk) 11:23, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Talk:Derogatory_use_of_%22Byzantine%22
Perhaps you'd like to comment there? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 16:16, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Captain's Log, Incidental
Stagyar Zil Doggo's Log - 3/27/2010.937759937749094093850974259540702897430785

The article on K-PAX, the film, is on my watchlist, and I saw your recent edit - a good catch - which lead me to your user page. Did you like the summary I wrote? I think it's fair to say that I'm ninety-five percent responsible for the extant summary as of this moment.

That's not really the point. I noticed the inclusion of The Hitchhiker's Guide on your List of Favorite Books, and it speaks highly of you. My username comes from the Guide you know, if, like me, you take the series as a whole. But I was struck by a glaring contradiction - you also have Star Trek: Deep Space Nine on your List of Favorite TV Programs... How can this be? I mean - you've got TNG on there; the original Star Wars under Favorite Movies... some seriously classy things - and then you go and dilute it with DS9(?). That's a really wild thing, man. I mean, it's a list of television programs. You had kind of a lot of options. Are you sure I can't talk you into the X-Files? Or the Venture Bros? Voyager, even. You write like a Brit, what about Blackadder? Or Monty Python?

I just can't grasp it. Stagyar Zil Doggo (talk) 19:46, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

I can get copies from Ancestry.com to verify the records on George Raft. He is listed in the New York City Birth Index under that date. I can submit them to Wikipedia. Also, the 1900 and 1910 Censuses too. They are legitimate records.Stutzey (talk) 10:57, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Hello
Hi Binabik,

Just pinging your talk page to say I love your username. :) Best wishes and happy editing, Firsfron of Ronchester  15:59, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

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Magic
Hi there. I noticed you moved Magic (The Cars song) to Magic (Cars song). Are you planning to do this to all The Cars' songs? If you are, I'd strongly recommend you discuss this on Talk:The Cars first. And if you're not, you should probably revert your move so that the article titles aren't inconsistent. Thanks, 28bytes (talk) 03:05, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

A Song of Ice and Fire: Complete Character Guide to George R.R. Martin's Novel (Wiki content for your Kindle) [Kindle Edition]
hi, Is there any way to get this ebook from you. I've Seen it on Amazon, but unfortunately its not available anymore. Would Be great, if you could contact me on zipperheadtrack(at)gmail.com. Thx Regards Markus — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.135.15.233 (talk) 18:14, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Input request
Hello Binabik80,

I noticed your comment in this discussion on gender and football article names and am requesting your input for a proposal at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/National teams. Thank you in advance for any feedback. Dkreisst (talk) 21:07, 9 May 2013 (UTC)

Cary Grant
A few years ago you participated in a discussion at Talk:Cary Grant about his citizenship. A recent RFC has begun on Cary Grants citizenship reference in the lead paragraph. Please feel free to add a comment at Talk:Cary Grant.-- JOJ Hutton  22:41, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

thnak you
for the worlds longest expalination of an edit at Klaus Voormann. It also made perfect sense. Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 19:37, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

GTA V: Thanks
Just wanted to thank you for your edits to Grand Theft Auto V and your usage of edit comments. Wikipedia needs more people doing things like that. --nenntmich ruhigip (Diskussion) 14:06, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:236 BC births

A tag has been placed on Category:236 BC births requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:157 BC births

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:236 BC births

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Evzones
Thanks for your edit on Evzones. For "a dog, was the name of an animal that barks" -> "a dog is an animal that barks", a useful link with more explanation is WP:REFERS in the edit summary. --Macrakis (talk) 18:26, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Roman Emperor (Principate) for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:120 BC births

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:1458 BC deaths

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Miami Vice
Heya, so I noticed the tense changes you implemented on the MV article.... and I guess it makes sense. Personally - I think the path of lower resistance would have been to change all the present tenses that you found to past - because it consequently made the rest of the article read funny as it too was then inconsistent. Maybe give a heads up in the talk next time about such a concern before doing part of it.... if not actually completing it all. I spent a considerable amount of time on it to go through the rest and try to square it. There were hundreds. I no doubt missed some, and probably even screwed up others... but now I have a headache and my eyes are falling out of my head. So - either other folks will have to re-check that work and the rest of the article, or I will revisit it again later once I can see straight again. :) Picard's Facepalm (talk) 04:46, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:15 BC deaths

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:547 BC deaths

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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:350 BC deaths

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title: User talk:Binabik80


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User talk:Vanished user 91cjsdfijwert8uj0oijff

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User talk:Comidadehospital

Welcome
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Good article on Visaginas. Can you tell was which national minorities make up the population of the town? that would be interesting to know. Thanks. Kevintoronto 18:13, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Vis10.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Vis10.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me. Thank you. Admrboltz (T | C) 17:11, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Image:Helsinki climate.jpg
Hi and thanks for this informative graph Image:Helsinki climate.jpg, but there's a few things that bother me with it

a. wikipedias no own reasearch policy WP:OR, is this graph based on your own personal measurments or?... i really hope this passes. b. It being only in Celsius but probably a big part of teh readers being used to Fahrenheit, i would change it to contain Both C abnd F myself, but as the picture is compressed in jpeg it would add some compression artefacts, so if you have the original data (excel or some such i presume?) could you make a new graph, also when saving graph data gif or png compression is recommendable.

Gillis 10:48, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Actually the picture is editable in the way that two temperature scales are introduced in the graph, i did this with some graphics manipulation software, i also used png-compression on the image so now its called Image:Helsinki climate.png. Png is superior for this kind of data since it both makes the picture smaller and adds less artifacts over jpg.

And also, I think it would be a good thing if you could mention your source for the data (and what year the data is collected) for instance on the Image talk:Helsinki climate.png-page of the picture, just so that it does not get deleted under wikipedias WP:OR policy wrongfully, thanks!

Gillis 17:46, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Cachtice 2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cachtice 2.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Postcrossing
Hi there

I invite you to put this userbox on your userpage !

Just click edit this page to see the code for it ! Happy Postcrossing! Swollib 11:13, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Cachtice 1.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Cachtice 1.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

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File:Helsinki climate.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Helsinki climate.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 14:52, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Comidadehospital


text:
User talk:Capcol

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Wolf530 18:03, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Capcol


text:
Talk:Hard drug

Untitled
The definition of a hard drug, is one that is hard to give up, and generally reserved for highly addictive drugs.

Since most hallucinogens are not positive reinforcers, and do not really provide escape from sorrow, they aren't considered hard drugs.

Addictive drugs would include (from order of least addictive, to most addictive): PCP, caffeine, snorted cocaine, snorted methamphetamine (crank), heroin, alcohol, barbituates, quaaludes, valium, injected methamphetamine (crystal), smoked cocaine (crack), smoked methamphetamine (ice), nicotine

PCP (a dissociative hallucinogen) is at the low end of the list, and would be the only hallucinogen that could qualify with the possible exception of DXM. --Thoric 18:05, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Although this is the most common definition, the slang term for Viagra is coming into use among certain communities of teenagers (Hunter College High School, Stuyvesant, etc).

title: Talk:Hard drug


text:
Risa Wataya

Risa Wataya (綿矢 りさ) is a female Japanese novelist from Kyoto. Her short novel Keritai senaka won the Akutagawa Prize and has sold more than a million copies. Wataya has also won the Bungei Prize and the Kenzaburo Oe Prize. Her work has been translated into German, Italian, French, Thai, Korean, and English.

Biography
Wataya was born in Kyoto, Japan. Her mother was a university English teacher, and her father worked for a clothing company. At age 17, she told her parents that she was working on her university entrance exams, but she was actually writing her first novella, titled Insutōru (Install). Insutōru won the 38th Bungei Prize in 2001. It was later adapted into a 2004 film of the same name, starring Aya Ueto.

After graduating from Murasakino High School in Kyoto, Wataya attended Waseda University, where her thesis focused on the structure of Osamu Dazai's Hashire merosu (走れ、メロス Run, Melos!). In 2004, while a second-year student at Waseda, Wataya received the Akutagawa Prize for her short novel Keritai senaka ("The Back You Want to Kick"). Wataya shared the prize with Hitomi Kanehara, another young, female author. At the age of 19, Wataya became the youngest author and only the third student ever to win the Akutagawa Prize. An English version of Keritai senaka was published 12 years later under the title I Want to Kick You in the Back.

Wataya did not immediately write more novels after winning the Akutagawa Prize, but rather worked several jobs in Kyoto, including selling clothes in a department store and serving as a hotel waitress. She returned to writing with her 2007 book Yume wo ataeru (Give Me a Dream), and in 2010 her novel Katte ni furuetero (Tremble All You Want) became a best-seller in Japan. In 2017 a film adaptation of Katte ni furuetero, directed by Akiko Ohku, premiered at the Tokyo International Film Festival and won the festival's Audience Award.

Wataya moved back to Kyoto in 2011. In 2012 her novel Kawaisou da ne? ("Isn't it a pity?") won the Kenzaburo Oe Prize. Wataya announced her marriage in 2014. Her first child, a son, was born in late 2015.

She is a fan of AKB48.

Writing style
Wataya's early work focused on strong female protagonists in high school settings. While her writing addresses gender and youth sexuality, media coverage of Wataya's first two books tended to portray Wataya as more conservative than Hitomi Kanehara, her contemporary and co-winner of the 130th Akutagawa Prize.

She has said that Junot Díaz, Osamu Dazai, and Haruki Murakami are some of her favorite authors.

Recognition

 * 2001 38th Bungei Prize
 * 2004 130th Akutagawa Prize (2003下)
 * 2012 Kenzaburo Oe Prize

Film and other adaptations

 * 2004 Insutōru (Install)
 * 2017 Tremble All You Want
 * 2021 Unlock Your Heart

Books in Japanese

 * インストール (Install). Kawade Shobo Shinsha Publishing Co., 2001. ISBN 4-309-01437-2
 * 蹴りたい背中 (Keritai senaka, The Back I Want to Kick). Kawade Shobo Shinsha Publishing Co., 2003. ISBN 4-309-01570-0
 * 夢を与える (Yume wo ataeru, To Give a Dream). Kawade Shobo Shinsha Publishing Co., 2007.ISBN 978-4309018041
 * 勝手にふるえてろ (Katte ni furuetero, Tremble All You Want). Bungeishunju Ltd.,2010. ISBN 978-4-16-329640-1
 * かわいそうだね？ (Kawaisou da ne?, Isn't It a Pity?) Bungeishunju Ltd.,2010. ISBN 978-4-16-380950-2
 * ひらいて (Hiraite, Open) Shinchosha Publishing Co, Ltd.,2012. ISBN 978-4101266510

Selected work in English

 * "from Install", trans. Katherine Lundy, Words without Borders, 2012
 * I Want to Kick You in the Back, trans. Julianne Neville, One Peace Books, 2015, ISBN 9781935548881

title: Risa Wataya


text:
User talk:Kraften

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Wolf530 18:10, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
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Death with Interruptions (novel)
I saw your question about novel covers and copyrights on this articles talk page. You can upload a book cover image as its covered under fair use. Just go to the Upload page and select A cover or other page from a book, DVD, newspaper, magazine, or other such source, you will be taken to the upload page, browse for your downloaded image, you will need to fill in the Non-free use rationale in the summary section. The easiest thing to do is to look at another image that has been previously uploaded and you will get an idea of what needs to be included in the Non-free use rationale. Here is a book cover that I uploaded: File:The Concrete Blonde.jpg, make sure that you have a low resolution image. You then need to select the Book Cover license and then upload your file. Your cover image should be included in the infobox Book template which you should included in your article, you can find that template here: WikiProject Novels/InfoboxCode. Good Luck --Captain-tucker (talk) 16:45, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kraften


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Martin Winter (mayor)

Martin Winter was the first elected mayor of Doncaster, England. He was elected in 2002 as the Labour Party candidate and was re-elected in 2005. He completed his final term as an independent after leaving his party.

Early life
Martin Winter was a professional rugby league footballer and the son of a local newsagent proprietor and property developer. He went on to win election to Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council.

Career
Doncaster became one of the first authorities to adopt the new system for directly elected mayors. In this position, he appointed his own cabinet from among the Councillors.

Winter won re-election in 2005 on the day of the General Election against a split opposition.

After the deaths of seven children in Doncaster, Doncaster council voted that Winter should take responsibility for the failures of the children's service and resign. Winter declared that he would govern as an independent mayor, with the support of two of his cabinet members. The Labour Party gave him an ultimatum to back down. The situation then became further confused as he signalled his intention to remain in the Labour Party, but not in its council group. At the same time, the council was faced with two reports from government inspectors, accusing it of serious failures.

Resignation
On 29 May 2008, Winter and one other councillor were expelled from the Labour Party. Only the leader of the three-member Community Group and one Liberal Democrat, who was suspended from that party, joined his new cabinet. The members of Doncaster Council supported a motion of no confidence in Mayor Winter on 14 July 2008 by 42 votes to 8 with 7 abstentions. However, Mayor Winter refused to resign and pledged to see out his term of office.

Further calls for Winter's resignation followed in January 2009 after the Authority was deemed to be seriously failing in its delivery of social services following the deaths of seven children that were on the local "At Risk" register. The Social Services Department had been understaffed and overextended for some time, and several leading officers had resigned. Winter has again refused to resign following the loss of another "no-confidence" motion.

In March 2009, Mayor Winter announced he would not be standing for re-election in June 2009. In the June 2009 election, he was replaced by English Democrat Peter Davies. Since leaving politics he has been employed by a Stainforth-based property company.

In April 2015 he published his biography "fall out – loved and trusted... hated & abused..." the memoirs of a mayor ISBN 9780993249013.

title: Martin Winter (mayor)


text:
Samuel Harvey

Samuel Harvey VC (17 September 1881 – 22 September 1960) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
He was 34 years old and a private in the 1st Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 29 September 1915 in the "Big Willie" Trench near the Hohenzollern Redoubt, France, during a heavy bombing (hand grenade) attack, more bombs were urgently required and private Harvey volunteered to fetch them. The communication trench was blocked with wounded and reinforcements and he went backwards and forwards across open ground under intense fire and succeeded in bringing up 30 boxes before he was wounded in the head. It was largely owing to his cool bravery in supplying the bombs that the enemy was eventually driven back.

Harvey received the French Legion of Honour (5th Class) and the Cross of St. George (Russia). He received little recognition in Britain after the war and towards the end of his life resided in the Salvation Army Citadel on Woodbridge Road in Ipswich. He also slept rough outside the Town Hall or in Wolves Wood, near Hadleigh, Suffolk.

Samuel Harvey was buried in Old Ipswich Cemetery on 26 September 1960 in Grave – X-21-3 (Section, Division, Grave no). In March 2014 he was honoured by the planting of a tree near his grave and another tree at Sprites Primary School in Ipswich.

title: Samuel Harvey


text:
Talk:Mary Moorman

Untitled
"(or a mechanically-suppress-fired bullet bow shockwave)"

Can someone translate this into English for wiki readers who are not familiar with ballistics jargon? Gamaliel 18:12, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Note that this is not the HSCA article and is not the place for discussion about their conclusions. This article is for information about Moorman. Gamaliel 02:35, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Some notes on the latest revert

 * 1) It is rude to accuse another editor of vandalism over a content dispute.
 * 2) Those links you are deleting are about Moorman and her photograph and are thus directly relevant.  There is no reason to delete them.
 * 3) This is not the HSCA article and is not the place for their conclusions.
 * 4) The idea that the HSCA "scientifically determined to better than a 95% probability" the exact spot of a second shooter based on acoustic evidence is utter nonsense.
 * Gamaliel 01:02, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

eBay live auction
eBay Live Auctions, discontinued in December 2008, were differentiated listings linked to physical or virtual auction houses, and moderated by a live auctioneer. These listings were not subject to a specific end time; Live Auctions concluded when there were no further bids. I report this because someone earlier removed the word "live" not understanding how the auction was any different from a standard eBay auction. — Walloon (talk) 02:09, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Photographic Details
This article is missing VERY important information relating to the Polaroids she shot that afternoon.

This article needs the following explained (as fully as possible):

What print type was used?

Where are the originals (negatives included) materials now?

If original material is not available, then what copies were made, and how (how many generations 'away' have been taken from the source, original photon stimulated and processed materials, if known)?

Where is the camera now? This is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT - AS THIS CAN BE TESTED TO PROVE THAT IT IS OR IS NOT THE ORIGINAL CAMERA - and if tested positive, then further tests can be made to establish its transmission qualities (properties). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.97.47.194 (talk) 01:28, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Mary moorman' s ankle injury
The WC and WCR could have easily depositioned Mary Moorman at home. Makes no sense, if a true sprained ankle. The best view and probable view is that Moorman was threatened not to testify to WC. Or was paid not to testify. Makes no sense. Total lack of common sense in a forensic murder case of such historic prop- ortions. Defies reality and credibility. Anyway, she did talk/depose factoids with the FBI that same day. Still, this lacuna is troubling and unacceptable in any historical review. Typical of the WC and the DC swamp and media mindset of that day. Facts did not always matter, because the storyline had been already set and such. Thus the truth suffers, even to today,2024. JS 2601:145:8003:2930:A109:8129:3BB3:8D75 (talk) 13:54, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

Still alive in 2020?
I found a page for someone claiming to be Mary Moorman, which was last updated in December 2020 - https://www.facebook.com/maryann.krahmer/.

Skycloud86 (talk) 18:44, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Moorman


text:
Talk:The Mighty Boosh

Mighty Boosh Vs Sugar Puffs
The latest Ad campaign by Sugar Puffs has been criticised by many Boosh fans, calling it a blatant rip off of the shows funny short songs, known as 'Crimping' I found this by accident when I stumbled on the Sugar Puffs advert on Youtube, but am not exactly great at major edits on these things. If someone would be so kind as to add this to the article, Im sure it would be a good thing to have in it. How dare Sugarpuffs steal the crimp... Their advert is still on T.V, I guess the Boosh didnt sue them in the end. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.73.216.125 (talk) 16:24, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Link to a citation for the argument: www.utalkmarketing.com/pages/Article.aspx?ArticleID=4781&Title=Honey_Monster_faces_wrath_of_Mighty_Boosh

The advert on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaB7Q-9uwp4&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwewCUlUU0o

Example of a crimp, from Season 2 Ep 4 Fountain of Youth: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fwewCUlUU0o Mackay64 (talk) 20:39, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Actually now it has been taken off TV —Preceding unsigned comment added by Whalley616 (talk • contribs) 10:14, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

What is a Boosh?
Anyone have any info on the derivation of their name or it's meaning? AP (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 01:13, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

In the behind the scenes feature on season 1 or 2 (I'm at work so I can't check). Someone said that Michael Fielding and his friends made fun of Noel's outrageous hair. Calling it a "Mighty Boosh(bush, get it?). Then they used the name for the show cause it's piss funny.210.215.75.4 (talk) 05:42, 23 June 2008 (UTC)Andrew.

I know this is very outdated but Andrew is wrong. It was Michael Fielding who had curly hair. He had a Spanish friend who used to call it a Mighty Boosh, and the name just stuck. So they ran with it...so sorta right story wise, just got the facts a bit wrong. :) --Bailo26 (talk) 02:56, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

What is the programme about?
Nowhere does it tell me about what this show is, other than it's a sitcom. What an unhelpful article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.155.24.246 (talk) 19:08, 16 August 2008 (UTC) I LOVE THE MIGHTY BOOSH BY DANNI-JO

It's a "Surreal comedy" you loaf. Thats the best way i could really put it. its almost like an anti-sitcom. No laugh track. non-linear stories. sketches. random bits. Hope this helped! -1348- (talk) 18:47, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

This article has told me nothing of the show - what it is about, the basic premise/set up, who the characters are, the ideas and themes present... etc. I see that someone above me shares thast view. Can someone please edit it for the benefit of those that do not/are unable to watch the show! It is failing as an article and is unhelpful in perhaps every sense. I have learnt nothing.
 * This article is about the comedy group. For the TV series they produced, see The Mighty Boosh (TV series). Also, please sign your posts with ~ . Thom (talk) 21:12, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Hey ill have a go at fixing this question and summarising the programme(s), feel free to help me out on this Cooltiger989 (talk) 19:56, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Link to book of boosh
Think about removing the last link to book of boosh, someone is link farming on that url now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.64.85.233 (talk) 11:48, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks, removed the link (and the one to vexedmag, as it no longer works, too). --Six words (talk) 21:08, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Good catch, well done Manning (talk) 22:38, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:The Mighty Boosh