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Muttaburrasaurus

Muttaburrasaurus was a genus of herbivorous iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur, which lived in what is now northeastern Australia sometime between 112 and 103 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period. It has been recovered in some analyses as a member of the iguanodontian clade Rhabdodontomorpha. After Kunbarrasaurus, it is Australia's most completely known dinosaur from skeletal remains. It was named after Muttaburra, the site in Queensland, Australia, where it was found.

The dinosaur was selected from twelve candidates to become the official fossil emblem of the State of Queensland.

Discovery
The species was initially described from a partial skeleton found by grazier Doug Langdon in 1963 at Rosebery Downs Station beside Thomson River near Muttaburra, in the Australian state of Queensland, which also provides the creature's generic name. The remains were collected by paleontologist Dr Alan Bartholomai and entomologist Edward Dahms. After a lengthy preparation of the fossils, it was named in 1981 by Bartholomai and Ralph Molnar, who honoured its discoverer with its specific name langdoni.

The holotype, specimen QM F6140, was found in the Mackunda Formation dating to the Albian-Cenomanian. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull and lower jaws. The underside of the skull and the back of the mandibula, numerous vertebrae, parts of the pelvis, and parts of the front and hind limbs have been preserved.

Some teeth have been discovered further north, near Hughenden, and south at Lightning Ridge, in northwestern New South Wales. At Lightning Ridge there have been found opalised teeth and a scapula that may be from a Muttaburrasaurus. A skull, known as the "Dunluce Skull", specimen QM F14921, was discovered by John Stewart-Moore and 14-year-old Robert Walker on Dunluce Station, between Hughenden and Richmond in 1987. It originates from somewhat older layers of the Allaru Mudstone and was considered by Molnar to be a separate, yet unnamed species, a Muttaburrasaurus sp. The same area produced two fragmentary skeletons in 1989. There have also been isolated teeth and bones found at Iona Station southeast of Hughenden.

Reconstructed skeleton casts of Muttaburrasaurus, sponsored by Kellogg Company, have been put on display at a number of museums, including the Queensland Museum, Flinders Discovery Centre and National Dinosaur Museum in Australia.

Description
Muttaburrasaurus was about 8 m and weighed around 2.8 MT. The femur of the holotype has a length of 1015 mm. Whether Muttaburrasaurus is capable of quadrupedal movement has been debated; it was originally thought to be an "iguanodontid"; thought recent studies indicate a rhabdodont position. Ornithopods this basal were incapable of quadrupedal movement. Originally reconstructing Muttaburrasaurus with a thumb spike, Molnar later doubted such a structure was present. The foot was long and broad, with four toes.

The skull of Muttaburrasaurus was rather flat, with a triangular cross-section when seen from above; the back of the head is broad but the snout pointed. The snout includes a strongly enlarged, hollow, upward-bulging nasal muzzle that might have been used to produce distinctive calls or for display purposes. However, as no fossilised nasal tissue has been found, this remains conjectural. This so-called bulla nasalis was shorter in the older Muttaburrasaurus sp., as is shown by the Dunluce Skull. The top section of the bulla of the holotype has not been preserved, but at least the second skull has a rounded profile.

Classification
Molnar originally assigned Muttaburrasaurus to the Iguanodontidae. Later authors suggested more basal euornithopod groups such as the Camptosauridae, Dryosauridae or Hypsilophodontidae. Studies by Andrew McDonald indicate a position in the Rhabdodontidae. A 2022 phylogenetic analysis recovered Muttaburrasaurus and Tenontosaurus as basal rhabdodontomorphs and found them to likely represent sister taxa to Rhabdodontidae.

The following cladogram was recovered by Dieudonné and colleagues in 2016:

However, in 2024, Fonseca and colleagues considered Muttaburrasaurus to be outside Rhabdodontomorpha, and instead classified it as a member of the Gondwanan clade Elasmaria, alongside Fostoria dhimbangunmal.

Palaeobiology
Muttaburrasaurus had very powerful jaws equipped with shearing teeth. Whereas in more derived ornithopod species the replacement teeth alternated with the previous tooth generation to form a tooth battery, in Muttaburrasaurus they grew directly under them and only a single erupted generation was present, thus precluding a chewing motion. An additional basal trait was the lack of a primary ridge on the teeth sides, which show eleven lower ridges. In 1981 Molnar speculated that these qualities indicated an omnivorous diet, implying that Muttaburrasaurus occasionally ate carrion. In 1995 he changed his opinion, suspecting that Muttaburrasaurus's dental system is evolutionarily convergent with the ceratopsian system of shearing teeth. They would have been an adaptation for eating tough vegetation such as cycads.

title: Muttaburrasaurus


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David Swann

David Richard Swann (born 19 June 1949) is a Canadian medical doctor and politician. He was the leader of the Alberta Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition in the Alberta Legislature from December 2008 until resigning as party leader in September 2011. He returned as interim leader of the Alberta Liberal Party on 1 February 2015, following the resignation of Raj Sherman and led the party through the 2015 provincial election.

Swann is, to date, the last Liberal elected to the Alberta Legislature.

Family and early life
Swann was born in Taber, Alberta, and was raised in a middle-class family on the edge of downtown Calgary. His father, Richard Swann, was head of oil and gas exploration for Canadian Fina for many years, before that company was sold to Petro-Canada. His mother Margaret was an active volunteer while raising him and his four siblings.

His summers as a child were spent in the countryside and mountains of Alberta. As he grew up, he worked on farms, at gas plants and hospitals to finance his education.

Swann attended Western Canada High School before entering the University of Alberta in Edmonton in 1967. While at the U of A, he was a member of the Golden Bears Basketball team that went to the national basketball finals in 1969. He is still a sports fan and considers himself an outdoorsman; Swann is a regular runner, biker, hiker and canoeist.

After graduating in Family Medicine in 1975, Swann worked in mission hospitals in South Africa for three years, where he met his future wife, Laureen Ross, also a doctor. There he discovered the deep connection between medicine and politics firsthand. He was deeply affected by the human rights abuses of apartheid, particularly the killing of Steve Biko, who lived near the mission where he worked.

Swann and his wife returned to Canada in 1979, were married and settled in Pincher Creek for seven years. This is where their three children were born, and where he participated in a private medical practice with four other physicians.

In 1984, he began specialty training in Public Health (Prevention) and, after graduating in 1989, co-ordinated a primary health care project for the University of Calgary in the Philippines. After returning to Canada, he joined the Alberta Association of Medical Health Officers, becoming their president in 2000 while serving as Medical Officer of Health for Palliser Health and Headwaters Health regions.

In 2002, the Alberta Society of Health Officers passed a resolution calling for real government action on climate change and reductions to air pollution. Swann supported this resolution, the government fired him from his position with Palliser Health within days. This led to widespread condemnation of the Alberta Environment Minister, Lorne Taylor, who had influenced Health Chairman Len Mitzel to terminate him.

Under intense public pressure, the Palliser Board was forced to offer Swann his job back. He declined, instead making humanitarian trips to Iraq, then returning to Alberta to run in the 2004 provincial election.

Political career
Swann entered electoral politics as a candidate for the Alberta Liberals. He was elected to the Alberta Legislature in the Alberta general election on 22 November 2004. Along with Harry B. Chase, and Dave Taylor, Swann was part of a re-emergence of provincial Liberals in Calgary which had been completely held by the Progressive Conservatives. During his first term Swann was environment critic and also served as deputy chair of the Standing Committee on Resources and Environment and as a member of the Private Bills Committee and the Standing Committee on Health. Swann was re-elected in the March 3, 2008 election.

Party leader Kevin Taft resigned following the election in which the party last almost half of its seats. Swann won the subsequent 2008 Alberta Liberal leadership election on 13 December 2008, defeating Dave Taylor and Mo Elsalhy. During his tenure as leader the party continued to suffer from resignations and internal divisions which contributed to it falling to third place in the polls behind the Wildrose Alliance. On 1 February 2011, he announced his resignation as leader with effect after the spring session of the Legislative Assembly. He resigned without having led the party through a general election; however, four years later, Swann was given the opportunity to lead the party through an election campaign when party leader Raj Sherman suddenly resigned weeks before the 2015 provincial election was called and Swann was appointed interim leader. In the course of the campaign, Swann's Liberals faced an unexpected surge by the Alberta New Democratic Party under its new leader, Rachel Notley, which threatened to cut into Liberal support, as well as a resurgent Wildrose Party which also resulted in pressure on Liberal supporters to strategically vote for the more moderate Progressive Conservatives in order to block the more right wing Wildrose Party from forming government.

The 2015 election resulted in the defeat of the Progressive Conservatives after 44 years in power and the election of the first NDP government in Alberta history. The Liberals under Swann received 4% of the popular vote, less than half their result in the 2012 election. Only Swann retained his seat becoming the sole Liberal MLA elected, down from 5 Liberal seats.

Advocacy
Swann has advocated for many causes related to peace and development, human rights and social justice and has worked with organizations such as Physicians for Global Survival, Amnesty International, and Doctors Without Borders. Swann has been a vocal supporter of farm workers' rights and regularly campaigns for occupational health and safety laws for Alberta's agricultural sector. Swann is the current interim spokesperson for Extinction Rebellion Calgary.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David Swann


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Talk:Friedrich Schleiermacher

Correct pronunciation for Schleiermacher
Could someone familiar with the correct pronunciation for the name Schleiermacher please give me a phonetic spelling?--Riferimento 00:37, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Found pronunciation and added to article[]--Riferimento 17:49, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Error that needs to be fixed
There is a lone "" in the right-hand box. Not sure how to fix this 209.147.99.51 (talk) 17:56, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Fixed. The issue was at Template:Infobox Philosopher. — goethean ॐ 21:10, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Dubious Citation
I was trying to find this footnote: Michael A. G. Haykin, Liberal Protestantism, p. 3. I could not find it anywhere, so I contacted Dr. Haykin himself. He said it sounded like something he said during a lecture. He said it is true, but "Liberal Protestantism" is not a published work, and therefore not verifyable. So should the footnote go away? Not sure what edit to make. Can a more experienced editor help? Jsyersiii (talk) 19:38, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Friedrich Schleiermacher


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/USS Los Angeles (ZR-3) Airship flying over southern Manhattan

The USS Los Angeles (ZR-3) airship flying over southern Manhattan
This airship USS Los Angeles (ZR-3) was given to the United States by the German Government as war reparations from World War I. Detailed Manhattan background in this photo contributes nicely to this image.
 * Support for and nominated by - [[User:Bevo|Bevo]] 20:32, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. We need more good B&W FPs. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 21:25, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support -- Chris 73 Talk 23:46, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Awesome shot of Manhattan, if not the airship. Shame the Navy can't afford a high-res scanner. ed g2s  •  talk  02:42, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Amend to support second, even better that the other one. ed g2s  •  talk  04:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. --[[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 07:17, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 02:03, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Damn nice shot of the city. Andre ( talk )A| 22:17, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support --[[User:Kpalion|Kpalion (talk)]] 23:41, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support --Elijah 23:47, 2004 Dec 3 (UTC)
 * Support. I figured that a German Zeppelin should really be the featured picture in this subject area, but couldn't find a free picture that was better than this one (you would figure there was a good size scan of the Hindenburg disaster) and in any case it turns out the ZR-3 is a renamed German Zeppelin. -- Solipsist 22:49, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support BUT I support the picture of the USS Akron which I just posted even more. The Akron is a much more historically popular airship, and I like the face that you can see the entire island underneath of it. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞  00:16, 06 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * support the second pic[[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 00:42, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - Both pictures are great - Jpo 18:41, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Promoted second. +13/-0. with ten no preference and three preferring second. -- Solipsist 19:35, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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DMU

DMU may refer to:

Universities

 * Dalian Maritime University, a university located in Dalian, Liaoning, China
 * De Montfort University, located in the city of Leicester, England
 * Des Moines University, a medical school located in Des Moines, Iowa
 * Divine Mercy University, a university located in Arlington, Virginia

Transport

 * Diesel multiple unit, a diesel-powered, multiple-unit rail vehicle
 * Dimapur Airport, the IATA code for the airport in India

Organisations

 * Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Danish for National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark
 * Durham Miners' Association, a trade union representing miners in North East England

Other

 * Decision making unit, in business-to-business sales and marketing (B2B & B2C)
 * Digital mockup, a product visualization method and technology used by engineers
 * Dimethylurea, a chemical substance produced from Dimethylamine (DMA) and urea
 * Drag Make-Up Maneuver, a spacecraft orbital maneuver designed to counteract the effects of atmospheric drag

title: DMU


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User:Restiffbard~enwiki

Joined November 30, 2004

So far I've only edited a Wiktionary page for the word restiff

my homepage: Restiffbard

title: User:Restiffbard~enwiki


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Peter Serkin

Peter Adolf Serkin (July 24, 1947 – February 1, 2020) was an American classical pianist. He won the Grammy Award for Most Promising New Classical Recording Artist in 1966, and he performed globally, known for not only "technically pristine" playing but also a "commitment to contemporary music". He taught at the Curtis Institute of Music, the Juilliard School, Yale University, and Bard College.

Early life
Serkin was born on July 24, 1947, in Manhattan. He was the son of Irene Busch Serkin and pianist Rudolf Serkin, grandson of the influential violinist Adolf Busch, and great-nephew of conductor Fritz Busch. Peter was given the middle name Adolf in honor of his grandfather. He spent much of his childhood on his parents' farm in Guilford, Vermont.

In 1958, at age 11, Serkin began studying at the Curtis Institute of Music, where his teachers included the Polish pianist Mieczysław Horszowski, the American virtuoso Lee Luvisi, as well as his own father. He graduated in 1964 at age 16. He also studied with Ernst Oster, flutist Marcel Moyse, and Karl Ulrich Schnabel.

Career
Serkin's concert career began in 1958, when he first performed at the Marlboro Music Festival, a seminal agent and incubator of chamber music performance in the U.S., established in 1951 by his father Rudolf Serkin, Hermann and Adolf Busch, and Marcel, Blanche and Louis Moyse. Following that performance, Peter Serkin was invited to play with major orchestras such as the Cleveland Orchestra under George Szell and the Philadelphia Orchestra with Eugene Ormandy. In 1966, at age 19, Serkin was awarded the Grammy Award for Most Promising New Classical Recording Artist. Three of his recordings garnered Grammy nominations (one of them features six Mozart concertos; the two others feature the music of Olivier Messiaen) and his recordings won other awards. Serkin was the first pianist to receive the Premio Internazionale Musicale Chigiana award in 1983 and he received an honorary doctorate from the New England Conservatory of Music in 2001.

In 1968, shortly after marrying and becoming a father, Serkin decided to stop playing music altogether. In the winter of 1971, he, his wife, and baby daughter Karina moved to a small rural town in Mexico. About eight months later, on a Sunday morning, Serkin heard the music of Johann Sebastian Bach being broadcast over the radio from a neighbor's house. As he listened, he said, "It became clear to me that I should play." He returned to the U.S. and began his musical career anew.

Henceforth, Serkin performed around the world with leading orchestras and conductors including Claudio Abbado, Daniel Barenboim, Herbert Blomstedt, Pierre Boulez, Seiji Ozawa, Simon Rattle, James Levine, and Christoph Eschenbach. He made numerous recordings, primarily for RCA Victor. He recorded Bach's Goldberg Variations five times, the first made when he was 17, the fourth when he was 47, the fifth when he was 70. He recorded music by Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Brahms, and Dvořák as well as more recent composers such as Reger, Berg, Webern, Schoenberg, Hans Werner Henze, Takemitsu, Oliver Knussen, Peter Lieberson and Stefan Wolpe. A recording of Messiaen's Vingt Regards sur L'Enfant-Jésus at age 25 became iconic, with noted "deep understanding of the composer’s sound-world and its emotional extremes, coupled with considerable instrumental prowess". In 2009, he recorded chamber music by Charles Wuorinen with the Brentano String Quartet.

Serkin was a committed performer of new and recent music. He played works as world premieres or that were dedicated to him, by composers such as Elliott Carter, Alexander Goehr, Knussen, Lieberson and Takemitsu. The American composer Ned Rorem writes of Serkin, "His uniqueness lies, as I hear it, in a friendly rather than over-awed approach to the classics, which nonetheless plays with the care and brio that is in the family blood, and he's not afraid to be ugly. He approaches contemporary music with the same depth as he does the classics, and he is unique among the superstars in that he approaches it at all."

Among prominent virtuosi, Peter Serkin was one of the first to experiment with period fortepianos, and the first to record late Beethoven sonatas on pianos of both the modern as well as Beethoven's era.

Serkin collaborated with Yo-Yo Ma, Lorraine Hunt Lieberson, András Schiff, Alexander Schneider, Pamela Frank, Harold Wright, the Guarneri Quartet, the Budapest Quartet, and other prominent musicians and ensembles, such as principal wind players of major American orchestras. In addition, he was one of the founding members of TASHI. He taught at the Juilliard School, the Curtis Institute of Music and the Yale School of Music and was on faculty at the Bard College Conservatory of Music. Among those who studied piano with him is Simone Dinnerstein.

Personal life and death
Serkin was married to Wendy Spinner until their divorce in 1979; they had one daughter. He was then married to Regina Touhey, and had four children with her; they divorced in 2018. Serkin died from pancreatic cancer at his home in Red Hook, New York, on February 1, 2020.

title: Peter Serkin


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PLBY Group

PLBY Group, Inc. is an American global media and lifestyle company founded by Hugh Hefner as Playboy Enterprises, Inc. to oversee the Playboy magazine and related assets. Its headquarters are in Los Angeles, California.

The company is focused on four primary business lines: Sexual Wellness, Style & Apparel, Gaming and Lifestyle, and Beauty & Grooming. Today, PLBY Group, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the development and distribution of content, products and high-profile events that embody both "eroticism and fine art", and apparel retailing. It is in the top twenty most licensed brands globally.

History
Sales of Playboy magazine peaked in 1972 at over 7 million copies. By 2015, the circulation had fallen to 800,000. The company completed its shift to consumer products in 2020 with the shuttering of the magazine division, and is now known to generate more than $3 billion in consumer spending annually across 180 countries.

Playboy Enterprises, Inc. made its initial public offering on November 3, 1971, at $23.50.

Playboy ran forty Playboy Club properties from 1960 to 1986 and operated casinos in England from the mid-1960s to 1981, when they lost their operating license. Playboy also operated a casino in Nassau, Bahamas, from 1978 to 1982. From 1981 to 1984, the company was a partner in the Playboy Hotel and Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Playboy Enterprises was denied a permanent New Jersey gaming license and was forced to sell out to its partner, which changed the name of the hotel/casino to the Atlantis Hotel and Casino. The company returned to the nightlife business with the Playboy Club at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas, which opened in 2006 and closed in 2012. Other Playboy Clubs opened in Cancun, Macau, and London in 2010 and 2011. Meanwhile, the company said it would open at least three Playboy stores in each of the next three years.

In 1959, the company formed Alta Loma Entertainment (formerly Playboy Productions from 1959 to 1988, and Alta Loma Productions from 1988 to 1999), to produce movies and television shows. The first project was Playboy's Penthouse, a television show on WBKB-TV, which was followed by Playboy After Dark, a television series that ran for two seasons, and the format was revived as After Hours in 1989.

In 1982, Playboy Enterprises founded Playboy Home Video (later Playboy Home Entertainment). At first, the Playboy Premiere titles were distributed by MGM/UA Home Video, with others going to CBS/Fox Video, but the label changed hands to other distributors since 1985.

The Age reported in October 2008 that, for the first-time ever, Hugh Hefner was selling tickets to his celebrity-filled parties to offset his cash-flow problems due to setbacks Playboy Enterprises had suffered, including decreasing Playboy circulation, decreasing stock value, and ventures that have yet to turn a profit. Christie Hefner released a memo to employees about her efforts to streamline the company's operations, including eliminating its DVD division and laying off staff.

In March 2011, founder Hugh Hefner succeeded in a bid to take Playboy Enterprises private after 40 years as a publicly traded company. He partnered with private equity firm Rizvi Traverse.

Playboy Enterprises closed its former headquarters in the top office floors of 680 N. Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, Illinois, in April 2012. In January 2013, the company said it employed 165.

In 2018, less than a year after Hugh Hefner's death, his estate sold its remaining Playboy shares of 33%, worth $35 million, to Icon Acquisition Holdings LP. The money was split between Hefner's widow and his four children.

In March 2020, CEO Ben Kohn announced that the Spring issue of the magazine would be the last to be printed, and the publication would be online-only going forward.

In October 2020, Playboy Enterprises announced a reverse merger with Mountain Crest Acquisition Corp, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC). On February 11, 2021, PLBY Group, Inc. completed its merger and began trading on the Nasdaq stock market under the PLBY ticker. PLBY Group, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Playboy Enterprises, is headed by Ben Kohn, chief executive officer, president and director.

Segments
The company has three reportable segments: Licensing, which includes licensing of Playboy brands to third parties; Direct-to-Consumer, including sales of third-party products through its owned-and-operated e-commerce platforms; and Digital Subscriptions and Content, including the sale of subscriptions to Playboy programming and trademark licensing for online gaming products.

As of the 2020 re-organization the business had four main market categories:
 * Sexual Wellness, comprising own-branded lingerie and sexual amenities including CBD products. This segment contributed over 40% to revenue in 2020.
 * Style & Apparel, comprising licensed fashion sales globally, especially in China, where it is the leading men's fashion brand with over 3500 stores. This segment contributed around 52% of revenue in 2020.
 * Gaming and Lifestyle, comprising its chain of licensed Playboy Clubs and digital gaming ventures in partnership with Scientific Games and Microgaming. This segment contributed 3% to 2020 revenue.
 * Beauty & Grooming, comprising skincare, beauty and grooming products. This segment contributed around 2% to revenue in 2020.

The company's Playboy Foundation provides grants to non-profit groups involved in fighting censorship and researching human sexuality.

The company licenses the Playboy name, the Rabbit Head design and other images, trademarks, and artwork to "appear on a wide range of consumer products including apparel, accessories, footwear, lingerie, jewelry, fragrances and home fashions." Its licensed products generate "more than $3 billion in global sales in more than 180 countries." The company's trademarks and copyrights are critical to the success and potential growth of its business as "Playboy is one of the most recognized, celebrated and popular consumer brands in the world." In 2019, Playboy ranked number 21 among the Top 150 Global Licensors by License Global magazine. As of 2013, the licensing accounts for about 65% of revenue.

PB Lifestyle Ltd. is promoted by Mumbai-based entrepreneurs. Following their interests in media and entertainment, PB Lifestyle Ltd. has signed the master and exclusive franchise/licensee agreement with Playboy Enterprises USA (for ten years) for the use of the Playboy brand in India for various businesses. PB Lifestyle representatives have also stated that the company will adapt the Playboy brand to suit India's decency standards and will not allow content/material that is deemed "lascivious or appealing to prurient interests".

Playboy first entered the Chinese market in a 1988 licensing deal with Hong Kong-based Chaifa Group. By the early 1990s, Licenses were divided into subcategories of products and sold to mainland manufacturers. The company claimed roughly 650 stores by 2003. This had grown to 3100 by 2015. The company has attempted to open a club in Shanghai, once in 2004, and again in 2017. In May 2015, Playboy signed a 10-year licensing agreement with Handong United to manufacture and distribute fashion apparel.

Subsidiaries
In December 2019, Playboy Enterprises acquired the online retailer Yandy for an undisclosed sum. In February 2021, PLBY announced the acquisition of the sexual wellness retailer Lovers for $25m in cash. In October 2021 PLBY Group acquired Dream, a social content platform that provides creators with tools to interact directly with their fans. This acquisition was used to support the launch of Playboys creator community Centerfold.com that went live on December 20, 2021.

title: PLBY Group


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Jim Beglin

James Martin Beglin (born 29 July 1963) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a defender, and a current co-commentator for RTÉ, CBS Sports, TNT Sports, and Premier League Productions.

Shamrock Rovers
Beglin played schoolboy football in his native city with Bolton and Waterford Bohs before joining Shamrock Rovers in 1980. He went on to spend three years at Milltown, making four appearances in Europe and scoring one goal.

In 1982 Beglin was part of the League of Ireland XI that toured New Zealand where they played the New Zealand men's national football team.

Liverpool
Beglin was the last signing made by Liverpool manager Bob Paisley when he joined from Shamrock Rovers for GB£20,000 in May 1983. He was gradually brought into the first team over the next 18 months by Joe Fagan, before being given regular games in the left back slot by new player-manager Kenny Dalglish as a replacement for Alan Kennedy in the 1985–86 season. He made his debut in the left sided midfield position on 10 November 1984 in the 1–1 league draw with Southampton at Anfield. He scored his first goal for the club 5 months later on 10 April 1985 in the 4–0 European Cup Semi-final first leg victory over Greek side Panathinaikos at Anfield. Beglin's 85th-minute strike put the tie out of reach for the Greek club. Liverpool won the second leg 1–0 to set up a showdown in the final with Italian giants Juventus at the Heysel Stadium in Belgium however a retaining wall collapsed during a riot at the "neutral" end, and 39 Juventus supporters died, in what came to be known as the Heysel Stadium Disaster. Liverpool also lost the final.

Liverpool won the League championship and FA Cup, pipping Merseyside rivals Everton to both, with Beglin picking up medals for each. He also began playing for the Republic of Ireland, picking up the first of 15 caps.

Seven months after lifting the league and cup double, his leg was badly broken following a mistimed tackle from Everton's Gary Stevens in the League Cup fifth round game in January 1987. Former manager Bob Paisley said that it was one of the worst leg breaks he had ever seen, joking that he would break his own leg to prove a point to the FA. Furthermore, Liverpool defender Alan Hansen stated that the tackle was "a mile high and an hour late". Recovering from the break, Beglin sustained a knee cartilage injury playing for Liverpool's reserves in October 1988 which effectively finished his time at Anfield.

Leeds United
In June 1989, he joined Leeds United, where he helped the club to become Second Division champions and spent periods on loan with both Plymouth Argyle and Blackburn Rovers before a recurrence of his knee injury forced him into an early retirement in 1991, when still only 27.

International career
After caps with the Under-21 side, Beglin playing for the senior Republic of Ireland in 1984, earning 15 caps.

Media career
Beglin is a co-commentator for BT Sport, Premier League Productions, and CBS Sports, and was a co-commentator on ITV and a sports journalist on Granada Television. He commentated for RTÉ in the 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cups. In the past for RTÉ he has worked on coverage of Premier League, UEFA Champions League matches and Republic of Ireland internationals. Beglin has also been employed by Liverpool as a voice–over artist for the club's official DVD and video releases. He has also been the co-commentator in the Pro Evolution Soccer video game series since Pro Evolution Soccer 2011, alongside Jon Champion and later Peter Drury. On 4 May 2021, during a live broadcast of a UEFA Champions League semi-final, Beglin attributed Paris Saint-Germain's Argentine midfielder Ángel Di María's red card to his "Latino temperament", for which he later apologized.

Honours
Liverpool
 * Football League First Division: 1985–86
 * FA Cup: 1985–86
 * FA Charity Shield: 1986

Leeds United
 * Football League Second Division: 1989–90

title: Jim Beglin


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David Gale

David Gale (December 13, 1921 – March 7, 2008) was an American mathematician and economist. He was a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, affiliated with the departments of mathematics, economics, and industrial engineering and operations research. He has contributed to the fields of mathematical economics, game theory, and convex analysis.

Gale earned his B.A. from Swarthmore College, obtained an M.A. from the University of Michigan in 1947, and earned his Ph.D. in Mathematics at Princeton University in 1949. He taught at Brown University from 1950 to 1965 and then joined the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley.

Gale lived in Berkeley, California, and Paris, France with his partner Sandra Gilbert, feminist literary scholar and poet. He has three daughters and two grandsons.

Contribution
Gale's contributions to mathematical economics include an early proof of the existence of competitive equilibrium, his solution of the n-dimensional Ramsey problem, in the theory of optimal economic growth.

Gale and F. M. Stewart initiated the study of infinite games with perfect information. This work led to fundamental contributions to mathematical logic.

Gale is the inventor of the game of Bridg-It (also known as "Game of Gale") and Chomp.

Gale played a fundamental role in the development of the theory of linear programming and linear inequalities. His classic 1960 book The Theory of Linear Economic Models continues to be a standard reference for this area.

The Gale transform is an involution on sets of points in projective space. The concept is important in optimization, coding theory, and algebraic geometry.

Gale's 1962 paper with Lloyd Shapley on the stable marriage problem provides the first formal statement and proof of a problem that has far-reaching implications in many matching markets. The resulting Gale–Shapley algorithm is currently being applied in New York and Boston public school systems in assigning students to schools. In 2012 The Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Shapley for this work.

Gale wrote a Mathematical Entertainments column for The Mathematical Intelligencer from 1991 through 1997. The book Tracking the Automatic Ant collects these columns.

In 2004 Gale developed MathSite, a pedagogic website that uses interactive exhibits to illustrate important mathematical ideas. MathSite won the 2007 Pirelli Internetional Award for Science Communication in Mathematics.

Awards and honors

 * Procter Fellow, Princeton University, 1948
 * Fulbright Research Fellowship, 1953–54
 * Guggenheim Fellow, 1962–63, 1981
 * Fellow, Econometric Society, 1965
 * Miller Professor, 1971–72
 * Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences, 1975–76
 * Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1978
 * Lester Ford Prize, 1979–80
 * John von Neumann Theory Prize, 1980
 * Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1983
 * 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
 * Pirelli Internetional Award Science Communication of Mathematics, 2007
 * Golden Goose Award, 2013

Selected publications

 * Infinite games with perfect information (with F.M. Stewart). Annals of Mathematics 28 (1953), pp. 245–266.
 * The law of supply and demand. Mathematica Scandinavica 3 (1955), pp. 33–44.
 * Neighboring vertices on a convex polyhedron, in “Linear Inequalities and Related Systems” (H.W. Kuhn and A.W. Tucker, eds.), Annals of Mathematical Studies 38, 255–263, Princeton Univ. Press, 1956.
 * The theory of linear economic models. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.
 * College admissions and the stability of marriage (with L.S. Shapley). American Mathematical Monthly 69 (1962), pp. 9–15.
 * A note on global instability of competitive equilibrium. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly 10 (1963), pp. 81–87.
 * The Jacobian matrix and global univalence of mappings (with H. Nikaido). Mathematische Annalen 2 (1965), pp. 81–93.
 * On optimal development in a multi-sector economy. The Review of Economic Studies 34 (1967), pp. 1–18.
 * Pure exchange equilibrium of dynamic economic models. Journal of Economic Theory 6 (1973), pp. 12–26.
 * A curious nim-type game. American Mathematical Monthly 81(1974), pp. 876–879.
 * The game of Hex and the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. American Mathematical Monthly 86(1979), pp. 818–827.
 * The strategy structure of two-sided matching markets (with G. Demange). Econometrica 53, no. 4 (1985), pp. 873–888.
 * Tracking the automatic ant. And other mathematical explorations. A collection of Mathematical Entertainments columns from The Mathematical Intelligencer. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998, pp. xii + 241.

title: David Gale


text:
Charles Court

Sir Charles Walter Michael Court (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was an Australian politician who was the 21st premier of Western Australia from 1974 to 1982. He was a member of the Western Australian Liberal Party from 1972 to 1982.

Early life
Court was born on 29 September 1911 in Crawley, Sussex, England. He was the eldest of two sons of Rose Rebecca Rice and Walter James Court, a plumber. The name Charles came from his mother's brother, Walter from his father, and Michael because he was born on Michaelmas Day. The Court family left Crawley on 18 March 1912, bound for Western Australia. As the Port of Southampton was stifled by a coal strike, they travelled via Antwerp in Belgium, boarding the German ship Cassel. They arrived in Fremantle, Western Australia, on 1 May 1912. The family planned to return to Crawley within five years, but that never eventuated, first because Walter Court struggled to secure a job in Perth, then due to illness, then due to World War I.

The Court family spent their first eight years in Western Australia living in Leederville, just north of Perth. Walter Court eventually obtained a job digging sewerage and drainage trenches, where he formed a good enough impression that he was referred to a plumber who offered him a job. Walter later got injured, and then in January 1916, enlisted in the army. At the time, Rose was pregnant with their second son. Walter trained at Blackboy Hill Camp and left for France in March 1916. Six weeks later, Sydney Hugo Court was born. Charles shouldered heavy responsibility while his father was away. One time, when Walter's pay stopped coming through, Charles was sent down to the Perth Trades Hall to give a note to the union secretary.

Court's first three years of school were at the local infants' school. He then attended Leederville Primary School. Walter arrived home in May 1919. By then a lance corporal, Walter first served with the 177th Tunnelling Company and later with the Australian Electrical and Mechanical Miners and Builders Unit. Walter again found difficulty in securing a job. He found irregular work for plumbers HRance and Son. As the economy improved, the work became more regular. Walter was a strong unionist and supported the Labor Party. He admired Labor premier Philip Collier and took Charles to union rallies. In 1921, the Court family purchased and moved into a house in West Subiaco (now Shenton Park), using a war service home loan. In West Subiaco, Charles attended Rosalie Primary School, and from 1924 to 1926, he attended Perth Boys School.

Meanwhile, in 1919, Court started learning to play the cornet and he soon joined a succession of local bands. Beginning at age 12, Court played in music competitions. He later joined the RSL band, which consisted of ex-servicemen. It was renamed the RSL memorial band so that Court could join, and he became the band's solo cornet. He also joined the Young Australia League band and the Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, the latter of which got Court his first job. When he was 15, the secretary of the Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra asked the patron, Sir William Campion, who was also the governor of Western Australia, to put in a good word, which resulted in Court gaining a job as an office boy for law firm Robinson Cox & Wheatley.

Career
While working at the law firm, Court decided he wanted to become a lawyer, but found that he could not afford the five years as an articled clerk. He was instead articled to one of the law firm's auditors, JF Burkett and Co, later Burkett and McLaren. Court soon became a junior audit clerk, and then began studying an accountancy correspondence course at a technical school. During the Great Depression, Burkett and McLaren saw many bankruptcies, particularly from farmers and storekeepers. This influenced Court's political beliefs, pushing him to the conservative side of politics. Court turned 21 in 1932, so the first election he voted in was the state election in April 1933. The 1933 Western Australian secession referendum was held at the same time as the state election. Court voted in favour of secession. Although he would later become opposed to secession, Court throughout his life strongly opposed centralism.

Court passed his final exams for the Institute of Chartered Accountants in March 1933 and the Chartered Institute of Secretaries the following year. He then became a senior clerk, earning three pounds per week. He felt he was underpaid by a pound though, so after negotiations failed, he quit, believing he could earn as much playing the trumpet and start his own accountancy firm meanwhile. Jack Burkett, the son of one of the founders of Burkett and McLaren, joined Court's firm, and so it became Burkett and Court: Public Accountants. They established an office on St Georges Terrace, and borrowed furniture from Court's parents' home, unable to afford furniture themselves. One of Walter Court's acquaintances, a furniture businessowner, Harry Hearn, heard of the situation, and loaned them proper furniture interest free, confident that the son of Walter Court would be able to pay his debts. Over time, Burkett and Court became profitable and hired new staff, and after two years, was able to pay back Hearn. It was around this time that Court developed a negative opinion of trade unions, which he believed to be intolerant of his clients such as bank managers and creditors.

Court met his future wife Rita Steffanoni as he was asked by a family friend to play music at her 21st birthday party. They then met at several other events before they became partners. They became engaged in January 1935 and bought a house in Nedlands. Somewhat unusually, the title for the house was in her name rather than Court's, as he felt his financial situation was precarious. They married on 3 June 1936 at St Alban's Anglican Church in Highgate. Their first son, Victor Charles, was born on 13 February 1938, followed by Barrymore (Barry) Michael on 23 March 1941, Kenneth Walter on 11 December 1943, Richard Fairfax on 27 September 1947, and Geoffrey William on 30 May 1949.

Jack Burkett left the firm in 1937, leading to it becoming CW Court, Chartered Accountant. The business continued to expand and moved to a larger office, although Court himself still partially relied on playing music for his income. Later that year, Court was approached by two other accountants to join them in partnership. He agreed, and so Hendry Rae & Court was formed, operating out of Newspaper House on St Georges Terrace. Court joined the Australian Army in 1940 and returned to accounting in January 1946. Later that year, Rae retired, and Hendry retired several years after that. In 1944, Court was made a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants; from 1946 to 1952, he was the institute's state registrar; from 1952 to 1955, he was on the state council; became a life member in 1982; and was voted chartered accountant of the year in 1984. In addition to his work with the firm, Court became a director for several companies. This was reduced when he became a member of parliament in 1953. He continued working at Hendry Rae & Court until he became a minister in 1959, and completely left the firm in 1970. Court was also elected by ratepayers to be the auditor for the Municipality of Claremont and was the chairman of the WA Prices Advisory Committee from 1948 to 1952. He was chosen for that role as he had performed well for the Master Bakers' Association before the war. The committee had the role of advising the government on the deregulation of price controls following the war.

In the Australian Army
Court volunteered to join the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in January 1940, but was rejected due to manpower restrictions as he was an accountant. He then got written consent from Hendry, Rae, and some clients, and enlisted in the Australian Military Force (AMF). He was allowed to join the AMF as its members did not serve outside Australia, but its members were allowed to join the AIF after three months. Not wanting to end up in an army band, Court asked to join an AMF corps without one, which meant he enrolled in the Army Service Corps as a private on 5 September 1940. In his first few months in the army, Court was occasionally released to work at Hendry Rae & Court as part of the manpower restrictions. Court was quickly promoted, having been a lance corporal, corporal, sergeant, and lieutenant "on probation" by 5 November. He was promoted to a permanent lieutenant in July 1941. Court's commanding officer, Major Ennis, soon told him to form and lead a band, but not wanting to be involved with a band, Court struck a deal that he would form a really good band before being allowed to leave it to concentrate on being a soldier. Court recruited experienced musicians who were about to join the army and people who he had played with in previous bands.

By January 1942, Court had successfully applied to transfer to the AIF and became a lieutenant in the 1st Armoured Division in Victoria. Court was soon promoted to captain. His commanding officer, Horace Robertson, asked that Court form a band, but Court managed to reach another deal where he would form the best band in the Australian Army before returning to being a soldier. Court went to a staff course at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, and the division was transferred to Mingenew, Western Australia. After the division's band won a competition against other service bands in Geraldton, Court returned to being a soldier. He was promoted to temporary major in August 1943 when he was made deputy assistant quartermaster-general, and later became a permanent major. He then moved to the Northern Territory in October 1943, with efforts to prepare for a possible Japanese invasion in the wake of the bombing of Darwin. In the Northern Territory, Court was injured twice during training. With no combat on the horizon, it was difficult to keep troops motivated. There were more air raids on Darwin in November 1943.

Court was asked to assess whether the region could cope with large numbers of US and Australian troops if General Douglas MacArthur chose to launch an invasion from Darwin to win back the Philippines. Court determined that it could, and the report was presented to an audience including General Thomas Blamey. Court's commanding officer, Arthur Allen, praised the report but Blamey said launching from the Northern Territory would be the worst option as it would be slow and cost many lives and much money. A report about Court's service in the Northern Territory said that "throughout his service with Northern Territory Force, Major Court has displayed devotion to duty of the highest order" and that Court "has been outstanding in every respect". In November 1944, Court was sent to the staff college in Cabarlah, Queensland, for more training.

On 3 April 1945, Court was sent to Bougainville Island in the territory of New Guinea, where Australian troops had taken over from American troops. By then, he was a lieutenant colonel and assistant quartermaster-general with the II Corps. Court got off to a rocky start as his commanding officer, Stanley Savige, initially did not like him. Savige did not trust Horace Robertson, so when Robertson told Savige that Court was "a first-class and outstanding officer", Savige believed the opposite. Savige told Court that unless he changed his mind in four weeks, Court would be transferred. General Allen wrote to Savige that Court would do well, which helped to peruade Savige to let Court stay. At the end of the four weeks, Savige told Court he could stay. Court's role in Bougainville was to manage the supply of ammunition, communication devices and medical supplies to troops in the jungle of Bougainville and nearby islands. Court went on some of the supply drops himself so that he "let the RAAF (Royal Australian Air Force) and Army crews know I was interested in their work and conscious of the danger and responsibility that was theirs when undertaking these missions". Court would also carry messages from Savige to commanders on the battlefront. Court was also tasked with leading a team to sever Japanese communications between the north and south of the island, but that mission was called off when intelligence officers determined the mission could not go ahead.

Court was a member of the Australian Surrender Commission when the Japanese formally surrendered at Bougainville on 8 September 1945. After the other staff officers left, Court became the senior Australian officer in charge. Court chose 70 soldiers and intelligence personnel to disarm the 23,500 Japanese soldiers and sailors. Masatane Kanda and Court were concerned that "fanatics" might try to shoot at the Australians, but no such thing happened. After that was complete, Court left for Torokina, where there were 30,000 Australian soldiers waiting to go home. Due to his service, Court was awarded an Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1945. Court later said the OBE meant more to him than any other honour he had received as it had proved he had succeeded as a soldier. Court arrived back in Perth in December 1945 and was demobilised on 3 January, becoming a reserve officer.

Early political career
Court accepted an invitation from Harry Hearn to join the Liberal Party and form the Perth City Branch in 1946. Court helped the party during the 1947 state election campaign by convincing people to stand as candidates for the Liberal Party and helping them campaign. There was also some push for Court to be a candidate himself, but that did not eventuate. His reputation within the party grew throughout the campaign though. The campaign resulted in the defeat of Frank Wise's Labor government and the election of Ross McLarty's Liberal–CDL government. The Liberal Party was for the first time the senior party in the Coalition and it soon changed its name to the Liberal and Country League (LCL) to encourage CDL members to defect to the Liberals. The LCL–CDL Coalition won the following state election in 1950. In the electoral district of Nedlands, Court's future seat, long time Liberal MLA Norbert Keenan was not re-endorsed, so he ran as an independent candidate. Keenan was not re-elected, but his preferences resulted in the election of another independent, David Grayden.

Grayden soon introduced a private member's bill called "The Protection of Trade Act 1951", which was supported by Labor and the CDL but not the Liberals, and worried businessmen. The Liberals decided they needed a candidate in Nedlands with a business background. The Liberal candidate in 1950, Cyril Bird, declined to stand again in the 1953 state election, and another potential candidate, Cyril Dudley, Keenan's campaign director, chose not to as well. Court was asked to stand as a candidate by a deputation of a dozen businessmen, including Lance Brisbane, Harry Hearn, and Fred Johnston, but declined. Three months later, another deputation asked him to stand. Court told them that there were other, more suitable candidates, but they told him he was the most popular in Shenton Park, the most Labor-leaning part of the electorate of Nedlands. Court was reluctant to agree, as his business career would be put on hold, but he eventually agreed, promising to leave politics after two terms, or six years, in parliament.

In a preselection meeting in August 1952, the party endorsed three candidates: Grayden, Court, and Peter Aldred. Grayden refused the nomination and Court threatened to step down, but was convinced not to. Court would later say the campaign was a "nightmare", as people were confused why the Liberal Party endorsed two candidates. Premier McLarty tried to convince Court to transfer to the electoral district of Leederville, where he grew up. McLarty was in talks with Grayden to convince him to drop the protectionist bill if the Liberal Party were to support Grayden, which was undermining Court's campaign. During the campaign, Court received support from Stanley Savige. Grayden's election materials said that he would make service to his electorate "his full-time duty", implying that Court would remain involved with his business. Court ended up winning by 837 out of 8777 votes on a two-party-preferred basis. He was the only new Liberal member elected, and the Liberal Party ended up losing the overall election, being defeated by the Labor Party. Bert Hawke was soon sworn in as Premier and Court found himself in the opposition.

Aubrey Coverley, the Labor member for Kimberley, died in March 1953, necessitating a by-election for the seat of Kimberley. Court was the only opposition member who campaigned in the by-election as the seat was previously uncontested by any other party and it was believed to be a safe seat for Labor. John Rhatigan of the Labor Party ended up winning and Court gained experience in a part of the state he had not been to previously. The north of Western Australia was isolated and undeveloped and Court saw that it needed to be developed. It soon became apparent that Court would one day become a government minister and eventually the deputy leader of the LCL, although Court still believed he would exit parliament after six years. Opposition Leader McLarty and Deputy Opposition Leader David Brand would ask for Court's opinions, and soon, he was put on the frontbench. The Labor Party attacked Court for his business background, saying that he had no understanding of working class people. Court's friend, Alf Curlewis, said that "they don't realise it but they're making you famous. The worst thing that could happen, if they only knew it, was to ignore you." Some Liberal colleagues felt indignation over the attention Court had.

Having developed a reputation for campaigning for Liberal candidates, Court was asked to campaign for Fred Chaney in the 1955 federal election against Tom Burke, who had held the seat of Perth for 14 years. The campaign was successful, Chaney defeating Burke to win the seat of Perth. In the 1956 state election, the only candidate to oppose Court was Grayden. Court easily won re-election, receiving 73 percent of the vote, but the LCL overall went backwards, losing four seats. McLarty resigned as LCL leader in 1957, suffering from ill health, allowing for Brand to be elected leader and Court to be elected deputy leader in March that year. It was the elevation of Brand to party leader that convinced Court to stay in politics for longer than six years. Court believed McLarty was a poor leader, but with Brand instead, Court could move forward with his push to develop the northern parts of the state.

Interested in developing the northern areas of Western Australia, Court set up and was chair of the North West and Kimberleys Committee, which developed LCL policy to take to the 1959 state election. Court presented the policy to the Liberal Party's State Council for adoption. However, the federal members did not approve of the policy as it was seen as undermining the Menzies federal government and that they believed the state would request hundreds of millions of dollars to pay for the towns, railways, and ports that were needed. They told Court that there would not be any federal funding for the proposed developments in the north. The State Council ended up endorsing the policy, but there was controversy when the minute taker wrote that the policy had not been endorsed. Court disputed the minutes at the next council meeting, and so the policy was adopted.

Court was re-elected unopposed in Nedlands, so he could focus on campaigning in the rest of the state, especially in the north. Overall, the LCL gained six seats from the Labor Party, enough for the LCL, alongside the Country Party, to win a one seat majority.

Brand government
The Brand–Watts ministry was sworn in on 2 April 1959. Court was appointed as the minister for industrial development, minister for railways, and minister for the North-West. The Country Party had asked that one of its members be the minister for railways, but after the election, the party said that it had no one that could fulfil the role. The railway system was run down at the time and there would inevitably be closures of some lines, so Court believed that no Country MP wanted to do this. Brand made Court the minister for railways, saying that the Country Party would want the portfolio "in a few weeks". That never happened, so Court continued as the minister for railways for eight years.

The Department of Industrial Development had received little attention from the previous minister, Frank Wise. There were only fourteen staff members, only four of them were permanent, and there was no CEO.

From 16 March 1965, Court took over as the minister for transport from James Craig. He also had Ray O'Connor appointed as an honorary minister assisting the minister for railways and transport. Following the passage of the Constitution Acts Amendment Act 1965 in August that year, the ministry was expanded by two, allowing O'Connor to take over from Court as the minister for transport. From 16 February 1967, O'Connor also took over as the minister for railways.

David Brand lost the 1971 state election, and so Court was removed from the ministry.

Railways
In 1957, the Hawke government established a royal commission into the WAGR. Court was highly critical of the royal commission, and had it finished soon after he became the minister for railways. In July 1959, Court appointed former Tasmanian Government Railways general manager Cyril Wayne as the new commissioner of the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR). Court and Wayne held regular meetings on Saturday mornings. Court found that the WAGR system was run down and poorly maintained. He had running sheds in country towns replaced or upgraded and old and low-capacity wagons scrapped. He also outsourced work being done at the Midland Railway Workshops and reduced the number of employees at the workshop by about 25 percent. Poorly patronised passenger trains were replaced with buses, and some routes were completely withdrawn. By the 1962 financial year, the WAGR made a profit for the first time since 1946.

In 1960, the state government reached an agreement with BHP that the government would build a standard gauge railway between Koolyanobbing and Kwinana by the end of 1968 so that BHP could build a blast furnace, steel plant and additional wharfs at Kwinana and an iron ore mine at Koolyanobbing. Wayne wanted the existing narrow gauge railways upgraded instead, but Court chose to build a whole new standard gauge railway between Kalgoorlie and Fremantle and Kwinana, which would link to the existing standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway at Kalgoorlie and provide a rail link to the eastern states via a single gauge for the first time. Court had to negotiate with the federal government for funding the gauge standardisation project, which was too expensive for the state to handle. Court and Brand travelled to Canberra to talk to Menzies government ministers, securing a funding agreement in 1961. The project was officially announced in August 1961. It was to and cover a distance of 800 km and cost $82million, of which $53.6million was funded by the state. Court negotiated with the commonwealth government in 1963 for several variations to the agreement, including the route through the Avon Valley, through the Perth metropolitan area, and near Koolyanobbing. The standard gauge railway was completed in August 1968, a year after Court ceased being the railways minister.

In opposition
David Brand resigned as leader of the Liberal Party in May 1972. Court was elected unopposed as party leader and thus leader of the opposition; Des O'Neil was elected deputy leader. There was an attempt by some MPs to put up a token candidate so that Court did not take his leadership for granted, but this fell through. The day after the leadership ballot, Court was knighted "in recognition of service to the government of WA".

Throughout his time as opposition leader, Court attempted to pass a motion of no confidence in the Tonkin government and have the governor install Court as premier instead, or alternatively force an early election. He attempted this in mid-September 1972, following the government's decision to provide a guarantee for a private loan for the construction of a new trades hall building. The government survived with the casting vote of the speaker. Following Labor's poor result in the 1973 Balcatta by-election, Court attempted to convince the Legislative Council to block a supply bill, saying that Labor had lost its mandate. After the supply bill was delayed by several weeks, the Legislative Council ultimately decided to guarantee supply.

The 1974 state election occurred on 30 March 1974.

Court government
The Court–McPharlin ministry was sworn in by Governor Hughie Edwards on 8 April 1974. Court was sworn in as premier, treasurer, and minister coordinating economic and regional development.

In May 1975, the National Country Party left the Coalition due to a policy dispute between McPharlin and Court. The National Country Party re-joined the Coalition later that month after McPharlin was replaced as leader by Dick Old. The ministry was reconstituted as the Court ministry, which resulted in deputy Liberal leader Des O'Neil gaining the position of Deputy Premier instead of the National Party leader.

From 18 June 1975 to 22 December 1975, Court was also the minister for federal affairs, a new position. He was succeeded by Ian Medcalf.

Tresillian controversy
In 1974, under the Tonkin government, the Tresillian, a former maternity hospital in Court's seat of Nedlands, was converted to a home for mentally ill children without consultation with the residents or Nedlands council. Protests and objections soon began to occur, with the council saying the area was unsuitable for the centre. Groups in support of the Tresillian centre appeared as well. Court believed that Nedlands was unsuitable for the Tresillian centre, and had the Health Department sell the land to the City of Nedlands in anticipation of moving the centre to Forrestfield, a location that was criticised by parents for being too far away from the city. The Trades and Labour Council blocked the move, and so Court issued an ultimatum that any staff who prevented children moving to the site at Forrestfield would be sacked and the children returned to their homes. Five Liberal MPs and a Nation Country MP criticised the decision, and Ray Young resigned as cabinet secretary on 20 July 1976. That day, Court changed his mind, allowing patients at Tresillian to stay until December 1977.

Arts and culture
The Court government purchased His Majesty's Theatre from the private landowner, Norman Rydge. The first attempt to purchase the theatre in 1976 fell through when the government could not agree on a price with Rydge. The minister for cultural affairs, Graham MacKinnon, then announced plans for the government to build its own theatre complex, costing up to A$14 million and including three individual theatres. After Court's insistence, the sale was back on three days later. From 1977 to 1980, the theatre was restored.

As part of celebrations of the 150th anniversary of Western Australia, the new building for the Art Gallery of Western Australia was opened by Charles Court in 1979.

Police Act
In an attempt to stop protests and strikes, the Court government amended Section 54B of the Police Act in November 1976 so that a permit from the police commissioner was required for a gathering of more than three people in a public place. The amendment said that "reasonable grounds" were required for refusal but that there was no right to an appeal. Section 54B was amended in September 1979 after a spate of arrests due to it. It was changed so that any assembly was lawful until it was prohibited, and public meetings and places were more clearly defined. The Labor Party criticised the bill, saying the amendments did not go far enough and Labor Leader Ron Davies unsuccessfully sought to delete Section 54B entirely. It was eventually deleted in 1984 after Labor gained power.

Oil and natural gas
One of Court's focuses was the creation of a major source of energy for Western Australia. He believed that cheap energy was needed to overcome Australia's high labour costs so that processing, particularly the refining of steel, would be economical. In 1964, WAPET discovered a small amount of oil had at Barrow Island and a small amount of natural gas near Dongara. When the minister for energy, Crawford Nalder, failed in negotiating with WAPET on behalf of the State Electricity Commission, Court took over and came to an agreement with WAPET. Alcoa Australia also reached an agreement with WAPET to supply gas to alumina refineries in Kwinana Beach and Pinjarra, and Midland Brick reached an agreement as well, and so the Parmelia Pipeline between Dongara and Pinjarra via Perth opened in 1971.

In May 1963, Woodside (Lakes Entrance) Oil (now known as Woodside Energy) was granted an exploration lease covering over 160000 km2 of the North West Shelf off the Pilbara coast. Woodside was joined by Shell and Burmah Oil in 1964, and by California Asiatic Oil (now Chevron) and British Petroleum in 1966, forming the joint venture partners of the North West Shelf Venture. Court maintained a close relationship with the joint venture partners. The first well drilled in 1967 was dry, and by the start of 1971, little oil or gas had been discovered. Court pushed for greater exploration though, and by the end of 1971, large gas reserves were discovered at North Rankin, 130 km north of the Pilbara coast and 3500 m under the seabed. By that point, Labor had won the 1971 state election, and the party soon won the 1972 federal election as well. The Whitlam government's minister for minerals and energy, Rex Connor, was opposed to foreign investment in resource extraction, and wanted the distribution of natural gas to be nationalised. In light of this, the North West Shelf Venture was mothballed in 1973. However, after the Liberals won the 1974 state election and amid rising gas prices, the project was reopened in 1974.

Court met with Whitlam and Connor several times in an attempt to convince them to hand back control of the offshore reserves to the state, but they did not budge from their position. Connor threatened to withhold from renewing the North West Shelf exploration permits, but state attorney-general Ian Medcalf and minister for industrial development Andrew Mensaros concluded that the state could legally renew the permits anyway. The joint venture participants were not convinced, so Court travelled to London and California to meet with the heads of the companies involved. He managed to convince them to sign the permits, and by the end of the year, the Whitlam government was dismissed and the Liberal Party had won the resulting election. Court managed to get the federal government to agree for most royalties to go to the state in exchange for the state funding and constructing the Dampier to Bunbury Gas Pipeline.

BHP bought out Burmah Oil's share in 1976 when Burmah Oil ran into financial difficulties, and in 1979, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsui & Co. joined the project. In November 1979, cabinet approved the terms of an agreement to allow the North West Shelf Venture to go ahead, and in September 1980, Woodside announced the joint venture partners had agreed and that the project would go ahead. The State Energy Commission came to an agreement to receive 20 years of gas under a take-or-pay contract. This contract was controversial, with many people sceptical that the State Energy Commission required that much gas. The first domestic gas was delivered in August 1984. The joint venture partners had trouble coming to an agreement with the Japanese power companies they intended to export liquified natural gas (LNG) to. Court attempted to hurry along an agreement, including travelling to Japan in December 1981, but it was not until May 1985, several years after Court resigned, that the eight Japanese companies signed contracts for the supply of LNG.

Views on Aboriginal people and the Noonkanbah dispute
Court believed that Aboriginal Australians should assimilate into the dominant Australian culture, similar to the assimilation of migrants from European countries into Australian culture. He believed that education should be compulsory for Aboriginal children, and he regretted it when the Brand government's plans to implement compulsory education did not succeed. Court believed that access to alcohol by Aboriginal people should be restricted by providing vouchers to Aboriginal people to by food, clothing and shelter. He attempted to persuade Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser of this idea, but the idea was rejected as the United Nations would not have approved. In the 1960s, Court believed mining companies should train Aboriginal people to replace the lost jobs in the pastoral industry. This never occurred though, due to what Court said were "stupid bureaucrats" who stopped him.

The Noonkanbah dispute was one of the most controversial aspects of Court's premiership and became a cause célèbre for Aboriginal land rights. Court was strongly opposed to Aboriginal land rights, as he believed the same laws should apply to all Australians, that land rights would in effect create "separate countries", and that Aboriginal people would be manipulated for political reasons. In 1976, the commonwealth government's Aboriginal Land Fund Commission bought Noonkanbah Station, a property of slightly less than 400000 ha, for the Yungngora Aboriginal community, granting a pastoral lease to the Noonkanbah Pastoral Company. Over the following years, hundreds of resource tenements were pegged, including by American company Amax Petroleum, who was exploring for oil. Concerns for sacred sites at Noonkanbah soon became apparent, with several sites damaged during exploration by Amax. The Aboriginal Legal Service told Amax in April 1979 that the Yungngora community opposed all exploration and mining on Noonkanbah, and in May 1979, the Yungngora community presented a petition to Opposition Leader Ron Davies calling for miners to be kept out.

After Amax stated its intention to begin drilling near Pea Hill, a sacred site, the Aboriginal Legal Service accused Amax of being in breach of the Aboriginal Heritage Act. The Act made it an offence to "knowingly alter or damage an Aboriginal site or object on or under an Aboriginal site". The Crown Solicitor agreed with the Aboriginal Legal Service, however Court disagreed, saying that "we will have all sorts of 'sacred sites' coming up every time we want to move in these areas". He also believed that it was urgent to get onshore drilling started. A meeting at Noonkanbah station between the Mines Department, the Aboriginal Affairs Department, the Western Australian Museum and the newly-formed Kimberley Land Council came to an agreement that the site was sacred and that no drilling should occur until the Museum completed an investigation.

In mid-1979, Peter Bindon, an anthropologist and archaeologist working for the museum conducted an investigation of the Pea Hill site. He concluded that the "whole area within which any drill hole could be located by the company falls under the influence of the special sites shown to me by the Aborigines of the clan descent group for that area." The phrase "area of influence" was controversial, and Court used this to argue that this line of reasoning could prevent resource exploration anywhere in Western Australia. Court declared that "no responsible government could accept" this. He also questioned the Noonkanbah community's ties to the land. The minister for cultural affairs, Peter Jones, instructed the museum's trustees to allow drilling on Noonkanbah station anyway. In June 1979, upon arriving at Noonkanbah station, Amax and the Mines Department found that the Yungngora community had locked the gates and there were 40 people blocking access as well. Days later, the Aboriginal Legal Service obtained an interim injunction from the Supreme Court of Western Australia barring drilling from going ahead. Amax successfully fought to have the injunction lifted, but by then, the wet season had arrived an drilling was not possible until 1980.

In July 1980, surveyors for Amax tried to enter Noonkanbah station, but were stopped by residents. The government took control of the road entering the station and 4 ha of land under its control to allow Amax to enter. After union bans prevented a water drilling rig from being transported to the site, the Mines Department transported its own water drilling rig to the site instead. To transport a petroleum drilling rig from Perth to Noonkanbah, a 2240 km journey, the government provided a police escort to prevent protests from blocking the drilling rig. The convoy left Perth on 7 August. Eight union officials who were protesting were arrested along the way. North of Port Hedland, approximately 160 Aboriginal people blockaded a bridge. Near Noonkanbah, the Yungngora people had parked vehicles across the road and chained them together. The convoy arrived at the site on 13 August. The media universally condemned the situation.

The exploration ended with no oil being found. Court for the rest of his life maintained that he would not have done anything different regarding the Noonkanbah dispute. Despite Court's claim that the Yungngora people did not have genuine ties to the area, in April 2007, the Yungngora people were granted native title over 1811 km2 of land, including Noonkanbah station.

Fremantle line closure
During his time as the minister for railways in the 1960s, Court was supportive of Perth's suburban passenger railways over road transport, despite advice coming in that the suburban railways should be closed to passenger transport. In the 1977 state election, Court promised to upgrade the suburban railways. In January 1979 though, Court announced plans to close the Fremantle railway line and replace it with buses. Freight was to be diverted via the Kwinana to Woodbridge railway. The decision to close the Fremantle line was highly controversial. It was claimed the decision was made without consultation with Liberal MPs. Tom Dadour, the Liberal member for Subiaco, was outspoken against the decision. A petition with c. 100,000 signatures was presented to parliament urging the government to reconsider. Court defended the decision by saying the buses would be more frequent, more flexible, more comfortable, and cheaper to run.

The Fremantle line closed to passenger traffic on 2 September 1979; freight traffic continued until the southern route was possible for narrow gauge trains. Unions placed a ban on contractors dismantling the railway. The line was reopened after the 1983 state election on 29 July 1983 by the Burke government. Court said later that "I never regretted what we did, but I realise it brought a lot of pain with it from a political point of view because it's so easy to stir up the emotions. Most of the people that signed the petition had probably never been on the train".

1980 state election
Court had hoped that Des O'Neil would succeed him as premier, however after a period as acting premier, O'Neil decided against ever becoming premier. Court tried to convince him otherwise, but O'Neil retired at the February 1980 state election. Court announced the date of that election only a day before the rolls closed, stopping people from being able to enrol via post, which mainly impacted people living in rural areas, and in particular, Aboriginal voters. The election campaign ran for over six weeks. Court promoted the North West Shelf Project, the Wagerup and Worsley alumina projects, and the potential for mining uranium and diamonds. Opponents campaigned on environmental issues and industrial disputes.

The election resulted in the Liberal Party losing one seat to Labor: Ernie Bridge defeated Alan Ridge to win the electoral district of Kimberley. Three seats also changed hands from the National Country Party to the National Party.

The Liberal Party caucus selected Ray O'Connor as deputy leader, to the disappointment of Court, who thought O'Connor only won by "lobbying and ingratiating himself to members". Court believed O'Connor was not able to handle portfolios with large budgets, but thought he did "reasonably well with railways" and thought that his personality would help him deal with people. The vacancies in the ministry caused by the departures of Alan Ridge, Des O'Neil and Graham MacKinnon were filled by Gordon Masters, Bill Hassell and Bill Grayden. The ministry was expanded by two with the addition of two honorary ministers: Ian Laurance and Barry MacKinnon. Court's one major error when allocating portfolios was taking industrial development from Andrew Mensaros and giving it to National Country MP Peter Jones as Mensaros was retiring soon and Court wanted to ensure someone else understood the portfolio. Mensaros took this as a demotion and some Liberal MPs were concerned with giving such an important portfolio to a National Country member. Jones nonetheless performed well in the portfolio.

Retirement
Court wanted to retire from politics before turning 70, but he chose to delay his retirement to try and resolve the issues with commonwealth–state finances. By the end of 1981 though, having recently turned 70 years old, Court had decided to retire in January 1982. His wife had wanted him to retire, and by that point, there was a minority of Liberal MPs who wanted to replace Court as leader as they considered him too old. These MPs knew they would not be able to defeat Court in a leadership spill, so they aimed to cause instability in the party to change public opinion. Court announced his retirement on 18 December 1981. The Liberal Party elected Ray O'Connor to succeed him and Cyril Rushton as deputy. Court officially resigned as premier and as a member of parliament on 25 January 1982. He was succeeded as the member for Nedlands by his son Richard Court.

The Liberal Party lost the 1983 state election. Court believed he could have won it, and regretted retiring before it. Ian Thompson, a Liberal MP, criticised Court in 1991, saying that he did not allow "people to grow under his leadership" and that he created "a vacuum behind him". Court said that his failure to develop a successor was his worst political mistake, blaming it on the assumption that Des O'Neil would succeed him. He said the role of premier was "beyond O'Connor's ability and integrity".

After politics
In April 1982, Court opened an office in the Perpetual Trustees Building on St George's Terrace to provide advice to small and large businesses. Court said that he did not charge any fees, and he detested other former politicians who charged high fees for consulting. The Western Mail reported that Court's advice was in high demand. During O'Connor's time as premier, Court offered advice and tried to influence the government, particularly regarding Aboriginal land rights and unions.

Court had an interest in increasing trade with Taiwan alongside Ken Court, and in July 1984, he became an inaugural co-chairman of the Taiwan Trade Association (now known as the Australia–Taiwan Business Council). Court helped with the licencing of Westpac and ANZ banks in Taiwan.

Family

Court's wife Rita died on 18 October 1992. He remarried on 22 June 1997 to Judith Mildred Butt, a nurse. The wedding took place at St Stephen's Anglican Church in Serpentine.

Richard Court served as premier of Western Australia from February 1993 to February 2001. Victor Court attempted to enter politics by contesting the 1990 senate vacancy caused by the resignation of Fred Chaney, but was beat in Liberal preselection by Ian Campbell. Ken Court attempted to enter politics several times. He sought Liberal preselection for the Division of Curtin for the 1987 federal election, but was defeated by the incumbent MP Allan Rocher. He sought preselection for Curtin again for the 1996 federal election and won, but was defeated in the election by Rocher, who was now an independent. Barry Court was president of the Western Australian Liberal Party from March 2008 to August 2011. He is married to Margaret Court, former world number one tennis player.

Death
In April 2007, Court was hospitalised due to a stroke. He moved into a nursing home in Cottesloe and had another stroke later that year. Court died aged 96 on 22 December 2007 in the nursing home. He was survived by his wife Judy, five sons, 16 grandchildren and 19 great grandchildren. A private service was held and the state funeral was held on 4 January 2008 at Winthrop Hall at the University of Western Australia. Governor of Western Australia Ken Michael and Governor-General Michael Jeffery spoke at the funeral. Also in attendance were former prime ministers John Howard and Malcolm Fraser.

Honours

British honours and Australian honours and awards received by Charles Court:
 * 1945: Order of the British Empire, for distinguished service in the South West Pacific
 * 1972: Knight Bachelor, in recognition of service to the government of Western Australia
 * 1979: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * 1982: Knight of the Order of Australia, in recognition of service to politics and local government
 * 2001: Centenary Medal

A statue of Court outside St George's House on the corner of St Georges Terrace and Mount Street in the Perth central business district was unveiled by Governor Malcolm McCusker on 29 September 2011, 100 years since Court was born. The location is near Parliament House, Woodside Plaza, and the offices of other mining companies to symbolise Court's support of the mining industry. The statue was commissioned by Labor premier Alan Carpenter in 2008 after Court died; It cost $483,000 to build and was designed by artist Tony Jones.

In 2019, Serpentine–Jarrahdale Grammar School, a private school in Mundijong, was renamed to Court Grammar School in honour of the Court family. Charles Court's son Ken had been involved in the school since it opened in 2006 and was on the school's board at the time.

title: Charles Court


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Active ingredient

An active ingredient is any ingredient that provides biologically active or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure or any function of the body of humans or animals.

The similar terms active pharmaceutical ingredient (abbreviated as API) and bulk active are also used in medicine. The term active substance may be used for natural products.

Some medication products can contain more than one active ingredient. The traditional word for the active pharmaceutical agent is pharmacon or pharmakon (from φάρμακον, adapted from pharmacos) which originally denoted a magical substance or drug.

The terms active constituent or active principle are often chosen when referring to the active substance of interest in a plant (such as salicylic acid in willow bark or arecoline in areca nuts), since the word "ingredient" can be taken to connote a sense of human agency (that is, something that a person combines with other substances), whereas the natural products present in plants were not added by any human agency but rather occurred naturally ("a plant doesn't have ingredients").

In contrast with the active ingredients, the inactive ingredients are usually called excipients in pharmaceutical contexts. The main excipient that serves as a medium for conveying the active ingredient is usually called the vehicle. For example, petrolatum and mineral oil are common vehicles. The term 'inactive' should not, however, be misconstrued as meaning inert.

Pharmaceuticals
The dosage form for a pharmaceutical contains the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which is the drug substance itself, and excipients, which are the ingredients of the tablet, or the liquid in which the active agent is suspended, or other material that is pharmaceutically inert. Drugs are chosen primarily for their active ingredients. During formulation development, the excipients are chosen carefully so that the active ingredient can reach the target site in the body at the desired rate and extent.

Patients often have difficulty identifying the active ingredients in their medication, as well as being unaware of the notion of an active ingredient. When patients are on multiple medications, active ingredients can interfere with each other, often resulting in severe or life-threatening complications.

Many online services can help identify the active ingredient of most medications, such as the Medicines Database providing information on medications available in Australia.

Herbal medicine
In phytopharmaceutical or herbal medicine, the active ingredient may be either unknown or may require cofactors in order to achieve therapeutic goals. This leads to complications in labelling. One way manufacturers have attempted to indicate strength is to engage in standardization to a marker compound. Standardization has not been achieved yet, however, with different companies using different markers, or different levels of the same markers, or different methods of testing for marker compounds. For example, St John's wort is often standardized to the hypericin that is now known not to be the "active ingredient" for antidepressant use. Other companies standardize to hyperforin or both, ignoring some 24 known additional possible active constituents. Many herbalists believe that the active ingredient in a plant is the plant itself.

title: Active ingredient