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Philosophical realism

Philosophical realism – usually not treated as a position of its own but as a stance towards other subject matters – is the view that a certain kind of thing (ranging widely from abstract objects like numbers to moral statements to the physical world itself) has mind-independent existence, i.e. that it exists even in the absence of any mind perceiving it or that its existence is not just a mere appearance in the eye of the beholder. This includes a number of positions within epistemology and metaphysics which express that a given thing instead exists independently of knowledge, thought, or understanding. This can apply to items such as the physical world, the past and future, other minds, and the self, though may also apply less directly to things such as universals, mathematical truths, moral truths, and thought itself. However, realism may also include various positions which instead reject metaphysical treatments of reality entirely.

Realism can also be a view about the properties of reality in general, holding that reality exists independent of the mind, as opposed to non-realist views (like some forms of skepticism and solipsism) which question the certainty of anything beyond one's own mind. Philosophers who profess realism often claim that truth consists in a correspondence between cognitive representations and reality.

Realists tend to believe that whatever we believe now is only an approximation of reality but that the accuracy and fullness of understanding can be improved. In some contexts, realism is contrasted with idealism. Today it is more often contrasted with anti-realism, for example in the philosophy of science.

The oldest use of the term "realism" appeared in medieval scholastic interpretations and adaptations of ancient Greek philosophy.

Etymology
The term comes from Late Latin realis "real" and was first used in the abstract metaphysical sense by Immanuel Kant in 1781 (CPR A 369).

Metaphysical realism
Metaphysical realism maintains that "whatever exists does so, and has the properties and relations it does, independently of deriving its existence or nature from being thought of or experienced." In other words, an objective reality exists (not merely one or more subjective realities).

Naive or direct realism
Naive realism, also known as direct realism, is a philosophy of mind rooted in a common sense theory of perception that claims that the senses provide us with direct awareness of the external world. In contrast, some forms of idealism assert that no world exists apart from mind-dependent ideas and some forms of skepticism say we cannot trust our senses. The naive realist view is that objects have properties, such as texture, smell, taste and colour, that are usually perceived absolutely correctly. We perceive them as they really are.

Immanent realism
Immanent realism is the ontological understanding which holds that universals are immanently real within particulars themselves, not in a separate realm, and not mere names. Most often associated with Aristotle and the Aristotelian tradition.

Scientific realism
Scientific realism is, at the most general level, the view that the world described by science is the real world, as it is, independent of what we might take it to be. Within philosophy of science, it is often framed as an answer to the question "how is the success of science to be explained?" The debate over what the success of science involves centers primarily on the status of unobservable entities apparently talked about by scientific theories. Generally, those who are scientific realists assert that one can make reliable claims about unobservables (viz., that they have the same ontological status) as observables. Analytic philosophers generally have a commitment to scientific realism, in the sense of regarding the scientific method as a reliable guide to the nature of reality. The main alternative to scientific realism is instrumentalism.

Scientific realism in physics
Realism in physics (especially quantum mechanics) is the claim that the world is in some sense mind-independent: that even if the results of a possible measurement do not pre-exist the act of measurement, that does not require that they are the creation of the observer (contrary to the "consciousness causes collapse" interpretation of quantum mechanics). That interpretation of quantum mechanics, on the other hand, states that the wave function is already the full description of reality. The different possible realities described by the wave function are equally true. The observer collapses the wave function into their own reality. One's reality can be mind-dependent under this interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Moral realism
Moral realism is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the world.

Aesthetic realism
Aesthetic realism (not to be confused with Aesthetic Realism, the philosophy developed by Eli Siegel, or "realism" in the arts) is the view that there are mind-independent aesthetic facts.

Ancient Greek philosophy
In ancient Greek philosophy, realist doctrines about universals were proposed by Plato and Aristotle.

Platonic realism is a radical form of realism regarding the existence of abstract objects, including universals, which are often translated from Plato's works as "Forms". Since Plato frames Forms as ideas that are literally real (existing even outside of human minds), this stance is also called Platonic idealism. This should not be confused with "idealistic" in the ordinary sense of "optimistic" or with other types of philosophical idealism, as presented by philosophers such as George Berkeley. As Platonic abstractions are not spatial, temporal, or subjectively mental, they are arguably not compatible with the emphasis of Berkeley's idealism grounded in mental existence. Plato's Forms include numbers and geometrical figures, making his theory also include mathematical realism; they also include the Form of the Good, making it additionally include ethical realism.

In Aristotle's more modest view, the existence of universals (like "blueness") is dependent on the particulars that exemplify them (like a particular "blue bird", "blue piece of paper", "blue robe", etc.), and those particulars exist independent of any minds: classic metaphysical realism.

Medieval philosophy
Medieval realism developed out of debates over the problem of universals. Universals are terms or properties that can be applied to many things, such as "red", "beauty", "five", or "dog". Realism (also known as exaggerated realism) in this context, contrasted with conceptualism and nominalism, holds that such universals really exist, independently and somehow prior to the world. Moderate realism holds that they exist, but only insofar as they are instantiated in specific things; they do not exist separately from the specific thing. Conceptualism holds that they exist, but only in the mind, while nominalism holds that universals do not "exist" at all but are no more than words (flatus vocis) that describe specific objects.

Proponents of moderate realism included Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, and Duns Scotus (cf. Scotist realism).

Early modern philosophy
In early modern philosophy, Scottish Common Sense Realism was a school of philosophy that sought to defend naive realism against philosophical paradox and scepticism, arguing that matters of common sense are within the reach of common understanding and that common-sense beliefs even govern the lives and thoughts of those who hold non-commonsensical beliefs. It originated in the ideas of the most prominent members of the Scottish School of Common Sense, Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson and Dugald Stewart, during the 18th century Scottish Enlightenment and flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Scotland and America.

The roots of Scottish Common Sense Realism can be found in responses to such philosophers as John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. The approach was a response to the "ideal system" that began with Descartes' concept of the limitations of sense experience and led Locke and Hume to a skepticism that called religion and the evidence of the senses equally into question. The common sense realists found skepticism to be absurd and so contrary to common experience that it had to be rejected. They taught that ordinary experiences provide intuitively certain assurance of the existence of the self, of real objects that could be seen and felt and of certain "first principles" upon which sound morality and religious beliefs could be established. Its basic principle was enunciated by its founder and greatest figure, Thomas Reid:

 * If there are certain principles, as I think there are, which the constitution of our nature leads us to believe, and which we are under a necessity to take for granted in the common concerns of life, without being able to give a reason for them—these are what we call the principles of common sense; and what is manifestly contrary to them, is what we call absurd.

Late modern philosophy
In late modern philosophy, a notable school of thought advocating metaphysical realism was Austrian realism. Its members included Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Vittorio Benussi, Ernst Mally, and early Edmund Husserl. These thinkers stressed the objectivity of truth and its independence of the nature of those who judge it. (See also Graz School.)

Dialectical materialism, a philosophy of nature based on the writings of late modern philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is interpreted to be a form of ontological realism.

According to Michael Resnik, Gottlob Frege's work after 1891 can be interpreted as a contribution to realism.

Contemporary philosophy
In contemporary analytic philosophy, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, Karl Popper, and Gustav Bergmann espoused metaphysical realism. Hilary Putnam initially espoused metaphysical realism, but he later embraced a form of anti-realism that he termed "internal realism." Conceptualist realism (a view put forward by David Wiggins) is a form of realism, according to which our conceptual framework maps reality.

Speculative realism is a movement in contemporary Continental-inspired philosophy that defines itself loosely in its stance of metaphysical realism against the dominant forms of post-Kantian philosophy.

title: Philosophical realism


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Aida Yasuaki

Aida Yasuaki (会田 安明) also known as Aida Ammei, was a Japanese mathematician in the Edo period.

He made significant contributions to the fields of number theory and geometry, and furthered methods for simplifying continued fractions.

Aida created an original symbol for "equal". This was the first appearance of the notation for equal in East Asia.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Aida Yasuaki, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 50 works in 50+ publications in 1 language and 50+ library holdings.

 * 1784 — Shoyaku konʼitsujutsu (諸約混一術) OCLC 22057343766
 * 1785 — Kaisei sanpō (改精算法) OCLC 22049703851, Counter-arguments with seiyo sampō
 * 1787 — Kaisei sanpō kaiseiron (改精算法改正論) OCLC 22056510030, Counter-arguments with seiyo sampō, new edition
 * 1788 — Kaiwaku sanpō (解惑筭法) OCLC 22056510044
 * 1797 — Sanpō kakujo (筭法廓如) OCLC 22057185824
 * 1801 — Sanpō hi hatsuran (筭法非撥亂) OCLC 22057185770
 * 1811 — Sanpō tensei-ho shinan (算法天生法指南)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aida Yasuaki


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Melling, New Zealand

Melling is a suburb of Lower Hutt, to the north of Wellington in the North Island of New Zealand. It is on the west bank of the Hutt River, on State Highway 2, the Wellington-Hutt main road, and directly across the river from the centre of Lower Hutt. It is also the name of the three-lane bridge connecting the Hutt City central business district with State Highway 2, a route subject to extensive congestion at peak times. From the Melling Bridge it is possible to drive straight ahead into the hill suburbs of Harbour View and Tirohanga.

Improved interchanges are planned for the Melling and Kennedy-Good bridges.

History
Melling was named after William Melling, a former Lancashire mentor of Richard Seddon in the foundry where he worked prior to leaving for New Zealand. Seddon and Melling remained in touch, with gifts of New Zealand lamb being sent to Melling at his home in St Helens at Christmas time. The name came about after then-Premier Seddon revisited England and his friend Melling in 1897. Melling had never visited New Zealand, and the local settlers intended to change the name to one of greater significance.

The original Melling railway station opened on 26 May 1908, while the Melling bridge opened in 1909.

Melling Line
The Melling Railway Station is the terminus of the Melling Line which provides a suburban commuter service to Wellington. This line was originally part of the Hutt Valley Line through to Upper Hutt and the Wairarapa, but became a separate (electrified) branch line on 1 March 1954, when the section north of Melling to Haywards (now Manor Park) was closed and replaced by a new double-tracked line on the eastern side of the Hutt River (the old Melling-Haywards section could not be double-tracked).

Demographics
Melling is included in the Alicetown-Melling statistical area.

title: Melling, New Zealand


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Aarón Galindo

Aarón Galindo Rubio (born 8 May 1982) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a centre-back.

Biography
Born in Mexico City, Mexico, Galindo began practicing with Cruz Azul at the young age of six, climbing up the youth ranks. Finally Galindo made his debut with the first team in the 2002 spring season, and was a solid starter by the 2003 Clausura season. Galindo was a member of the senior national team, and has played for numerous Mexico youth teams; a starter for the U-23 team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

Two games into the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup, Galindo along with teammate (of both club and country) Salvador Carmona were separated from the rest of the national team staying in Göttingen, Germany. Initially disciplinary problems was the explanation given by the Mexico federation for the separation, the federation later confirmed both players tested positive for performance enhancement drugs. Both men received a one-year ban from competition, which barred Galindo from playing in the 2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura seasons, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Hércules CF
Galindo signed in the summer of 2006 with Hércules CF of the Spanish second division. Despite being considered a major signing by the club he played very few games and was on the bench for most of the season.

Grasshopper Club Zürich
Galindo signed a contract with Swiss team Grasshopper Club Zürich in February 2007. Galindo capped his first goal with Grasshopper Club Zürich and in the Swiss Super League on 17 February 2007 against FC Thun. He scored the first goal in the match for Grasshoppers in the 49th minute. The goal came after teammate Diego León's pass to Sreto Ristić, who in turn gave a through pass to Galindo. Taking advantage of the opportunity, Galindo's shot ended up in Thun's nets. His first goal contributed to Grasshoppers' 2–0 win over Thun.

Eintracht Frankfurt
On 28 July 2007, it was announced that Galindo had signed a two-year contract at the German club Eintracht Frankfurt.

Guadalajara
On 8 January 2009, Galindo left Frankfurt to return to his native Mexico to play for Club Deportivo Guadalajara to sign a four-year contract. On 28 February 2009, Galindo scored his first goal with Chivas de Guadalajara in a 5–0 win over C.F. Pachuca in the Jalisco Stadium.

Santos Laguna
On 7 June 2011, Galindo signed with Santos Laguna.

Toluca
After seeing less action on the pitch with Santos Laguna he was loaned to Toluca on 8 July 2013, where he competes for the starting line up with Paulo Da Silva, Edgar Dueñas and Francisco Gamboa.

Toledo
On 1 September 2017, Galindo returned to Spain after agreeing to a contract with CD Toledo.

Honours
Santos Laguna
 * Mexican Primera División: Clausura 2012

Mexico U23
 * CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Championship: 2004

title: Aarón Galindo


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Colors of the Wind

"Colors of the Wind" is a song written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz for Walt Disney Pictures' 33rd animated feature film, Pocahontas (1995). The film's theme song, "Colors of the Wind" was originally recorded by American singer and actress Judy Kuhn in her role as the singing voice of Pocahontas. A pop ballad, the song's lyrics are about animism and respecting nature, finding its roots in indigenous Native American culture, perspectives which have later been adopted in both transcendentalist literature and New Age spirituality.

"Colors of the Wind" received a mostly positive reception from critics, with several citing it as one of the best songs from a Disney film. The song would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. American actress and singer Vanessa Williams's version of the song, which plays during the end credits, was released as the lead single on May 23, 1995, by Walt Disney Records from the film's soundtrack, and became a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was also included on her third album, The Sweetest Days. "Colors of the Wind" would also be covered by other artists, including Ashanti and Brian Wilson, and was featured on an episode of Lip Sync Battle.

Background
Following the death of Howard Ashman, the Walt Disney Company wanted to find another musician to collaborate with Alan Menken on his scores for animated films. Stephen Schwartz, the composer behind the Broadway theater hits Godspell (1971), Pippin (1972), and The Magic Show (1974), received a call from the company asking if he would like to collaborate with Menken. Schwartz had never considered working in the film industry, but agreed to do so nonetheless. Schwartz did not feel he was well-suited to the job.

Schwartz wanted to write a song for the film wherein Pocahontas confronts the Eurocentrism of John Smith. "Colors of the Wind" was the first song written for Pocahontas. According to Schwartz, the song "influence[d] the development of the rest of the film." Schwartz said that "a story-board outline was in place before we wrote [the track]. This is often the process in animation, at least as I've experienced it, where everybody works from an outline and each succeeding piece of material, whether it is a song or drawings, influences the next." The track was inspired by Native American poetry, music and folklore, as well as a now-debunked letter that Schwartz believed was sent to the United States Congress by Chief Seattle regarding humanity's relationship with nature but was in fact a fabrication. Part of the letter reads: "The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also received his last sigh. The wind also gives our children the spirit of life. So if we sell our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow flowers." This portion of the letter inspired the song's title, which Schwartz liked because he saw it as paradoxical and thought-provoking.

Schwartz also drew inspiration for "Colors of the Wind" from the music of Oscar Hammerstein II and Sheldon Harnick, as it deals with issues of prejudice. Menken said that while "Colors of the Wind" was "born out of the modality of Native American music...it quickly moved to its own place, which is hard to define." Menken has noted that the song lacks humor, which he and Schwartz attempted to inject into Pocahontas and failed. Initially, the final lines of the song were "For your life's an empty hull/till you get it through your skull/you can paint with all the colors of the wind." Menken disapproved of these lyrics and asked Schwartz to rewrite them; Schwartz changed the lines to "You can own the Earth, and still/all you'll own is earth until/you can paint with all the colors of the wind." Schwartz preferred the altered lyrics. Schwartz said that this incident taught him the lesson: "If your collaborator is unhappy, it's probably because [the song] needs to be better," adding that he may not have won an Academy Award if he did not change the lyrics. Menken views "Colors of the Wind" as one of the most important songs he has written. Schwartz believed that the Walt Disney Company would reject "Colors of the Wind" for being philosophical and different from previous Disney songs. Judy Kuhn sang the song to help "pitch" Schwartz's score to Disney, and the studio embraced the track. Schwartz and Menken became friends, and later wrote music for the Disney films The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) and Enchanted (2007) together.

Composition and lyrics
"Colors of the Wind" is a pop ballad written by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz and performed by Judy Kuhn. It has a length of three minutes and thirty-four seconds. According to the Orlando Sentinel, the song does not resemble Native American music. Nonetheless, adding a twist of creative license, the sentiment of First Nation Peoples' relationship to the land and its animals, as well as the contrast between colonialist and indigenous mindsets, are strikingly well portrayed, considering the lyricist's non-indigenous background. The song is about animism and having respect for nature. It features lyrics about "painting with all the colors of the wind" and listening to "the voices of the mountains sing."

Madhurya Gajula of The Odyssey Online opined that the song's lyrics about nature's interconnectivity bears similarity to transcendentalism, specifically the philosophy of Henry David Thoreau; similarly, Justyna Fruzińska wrote in Emerson Goes to the Movies: Individualism in Walt Disney Company's Post-1989 Animated Films that the lyrics of "Colors of the Wind" are reminiscent of the writings of transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson and New Age spirituality. The staff of Billboard likened the lyrics of "Colors of the Wind" to a public service announcement about embracing diversity. Sonically, Rita Kempley of The Washington Post found "Colors of the Wind" akin to music from Busby Berkeley films and The Little Mermaid (1989).

The song also features a mention of a "blue corn moon"; there is no such thing according to Charisse, although in general the blue-green distinction is ambiguous in many languages. Responding to a fan inquiry, Schwartz admitted that he coined the phrase after reading a Native American love poem which read: "I will come to you in the moon of green corn"; Native Americans referred to months as "moons" and named them after events that happened seasonally, such as the sprouting of green corn. This system was subsequently appropriated by colonists, and a modified version appears in the Farmers' Almanac. Schwartz disliked the phrase "green corn moon" due to the sound of the word "green" and because he felt it might evoke the urban legend that the Moon is made of green cheese. Instead, Schwartz used the phrase "blue corn moon" as it reminded him of both blue moons and blue corn tortillas. Schwartz thought that the phrase might evoke the Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands rather than the Algonquian people depicted in Pocahontas, but was satisfied with it anyway.

International versions
The 10th anniversary edition DVD release of the movie features a multi-language clip reel presenting the song "Colors of the Wind" in 11 of the 28 versions originally released for the movie, with an introduction by director Mike Gabriel.

Reception
Dominick Suzanne-Mayer of Consequence of Sound praised the track for featuring "surprisingly cutting" lyrics, "pointed commentary on racism, and a dynamic, soulful performance from Judy Kuhn all in one place." Time Raisa Bruner deemed "Colors of the Wind" one of the "powerful, uplifting theme songs" from the Disney Renaissance and a "classic". Jordan Appugliesi of Mic ranked it the sixth best song from a Disney soundtrack, saying that it is "a poignant, memorable ballad" in the vein of "Reflection" from Mulan (1998). Rita Kempler of The Washington Post felt that the "stirring anthem" is the song from Pocahontas which "comes closest to a show-stopper." The staff of Billboard called the song "artistic" and "wistful" and ranked it the ninth best song of the Disney Renaissance. Writing for The Austin Chronicle, Hollis Chacona opined "Unlike so many film composers of late, Menken knows when to keep quiet and when to let loose his powerful score. That power soars through its centerpiece (and no doubt Oscar-bound) song, 'Colors of the Wind,' performed by Judy Kuhn."

Dorkys Ramos of Time Out said that the song and "When You Wish Upon a Star" from Pinocchio (1940) are "at the top of our list when it comes to songs we don't tire of hearing again and again." Spin Andrew Unterberger criticized the track's "patronizing" portrayal of Native American beliefs, but said that "man...Judy Kuhn's voice soars, with those little trills and sweeping highs. It makes it much easier to get behind what's ultimately an agreeable message of environmental awareness and acceptance." Aylin Zafar of BuzzFeed ranked "Colors of the Wind" the ninth best Disney song, commending it for "encourag[ing] people to appreciate the world around them and to seek to understand others before judging them." Screen Rant's Turner Minton viewed "Colors of the Wind" as the tenth best Disney song and "an anthem about the harmonious nature of the shared world which embraces all races of people."

Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times viewed "Colors of the Wind" and "When She Loved Me" from Toy Story 2 (1999) as the only Disney songs released since Howard Ashman's death which "approached the standards" of the music from Beauty and the Beast (1991) and Aladdin (1992). The staff of People said that the track is "performed effectively within the body of the film by Kuhn". CollegeHumor's Willie Muse wrote that "even though Pocahontas as a whole is completely forgettable, I guarantee everyone reading this knows every single lyric of ["Colors of the Wind"]. Beautiful to listen to and epic in its scope, 'Colors of the Wind' transcends the movie that birthed it to earn its place as an undeniable classic." Janet Maslin of The New York Times deemed the song "heartfelt" but less catchy than previous Disney songs. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly stated that Pocahontas' "Alan Menken-Stephen Schwartz songs have all the flavor of uncooked dough". Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the song for its "political correctness" and for "sermoniz[ing] about ecology by using pedestrian conceits". The track won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media.

Background and composition
Vanessa Williams was chosen to perform "Colors of the Wind" due to the success of her Grammy Award-nominated single "Save the Best for Last". Williams' cover is a pop song which omits the opening lyrics of the original version of the track. The cover features Bill Miller playing the Native American flute. Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote "The practice of having what amounts to a radio-friendly pop version of a given Disney song for a new Disney movie is of course an old tradition going back at least to" Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson's cover of the title track of Beauty and the Beast (1991); Mendelson noted that this practice was continued with Williams' version of "Colors of the Wind" and Demi Lovato's rendition of "Let It Go" from Frozen (2013). According to Mendelson, Williams' cover "was considered an 'all is forgiven' note" following the removal of her Miss America title. The cover was a commercial success, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also included on Williams' re-released third album, The Sweetest Days.

Williams performed a Spanish version of the song which was included as the single's b-side. The Spanish version of the song featured in the film was sung by Mexican singer and actress Susana Zabaleta.

At the Grammy Awards in 1996, the song received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

Critical reception
Raisa Bruner of Time said that Williams' rendition was "performed flawlessly", adding that "The powerful Pocahontas song finds the crystal-clear voice of Vanessa Williams painting a vision of 17th-century Native American life—and the importance of the environment—that still resonates with audiences today." Bruner said that the cover stood alongside Elton John's version of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from The Lion King (1994) as one of "the best radio-ready versions of Disney's finest melodies". MTV's Jessica Norton felt that the cover is "even more magical" than the original and "fitting...for free-spirited 'Nessa to cover." The staff of People opined that the song is "not well served by the former Miss America’s pop diva turn. Indeed, her overblown interpretation seems directly at odds with the song’s message. Stay tuned to Kuhn."

Credits and personnel

 * Vanessa Williams: lead vocals
 * Alan Menken: composer
 * Stephen Schwartz: lyricist
 * Robbie Buchanan: arranger, keyboards
 * Keith Thomas: producer, arranger, additional keyboards, synthesizers, drum programming, bass synth
 * Mark Hammond: drum programming
 * Jerry McPherson: guitars
 * Bill Miller: flute
 * Ronn Huff: orchestra arrangements
 * The Nashville String Machine: orchestra

Other covers
The album Disneymania (2002) includes Ashanti's version of "Colors of the Wind". Actress Christy Carlson Romano covered the song for her debut EP Greatest Disney TV & Film Hits (2004). Actress and singer Vanessa Hudgens covered the song for Disneymania 5 (2007). Brian Wilson released a funk-influenced version of "Colors of the Wind" on his album In the Key of Disney (2011). American singer Tori Kelly's rendition of the song was included on the album We Love Disney (2015). Kelly decided to cover the song because she was obsessed with Pocahontas as a child. She also sang it for The Disney Family Singalong in 2020 due to the COVID awareness. The Chipettes covered the song for the 1995 album When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk. Australian soprano Mirusia Louwerse covered "Colors of the Wind" for This Time Tomorrow (2016), her fourth solo album. The singer's arrangement has been described as featuring "a simple and unobtrusive accompaniment on acoustic guitar." Postmodern Jukebox, a musical collective that creates vintage-style covers of popular songs, released a cover of the song in the style of 1970s soul music. It was covered by Tori Kelly in The Disney Family Singalong.

Usage in media
Actress Melissa McCarthy lip synced the song during an episode of Lip Sync Battle. Before lip syncing the track, McCarthy donned protective goggles. Then a high-powered wind machine blew water, stuffed animals, confetti, streamers and fake leaves at her as the song played. The performance received a standing ovation, and Jimmy Fallon deemed her the winner of the battle.

The song's opening and closing bars are used for the jingle of Steve Wright's Sunday Love Songs on BBC Radio 2.

title: Colors of the Wind


text:
User talk:Cha~enwiki

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Cha~enwiki


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Yoshisuke Aikawa

Yoshisuke Aikawa (or Gisuke Ayukawa) (鮎川 義介) was a Japanese entrepreneur, businessman, and politician, noteworthy as the founder and first president of the Nissan zaibatsu (1931–1945), one of Japan's most powerful business conglomerates around the time of the Second World War.

Biography
Aikawa was born in what is now part of Yamaguchi city, Yamaguchi prefecture. His mother was the niece of Meiji period genrō Inoue Kaoru. He graduated from the engineering department of Tokyo Imperial University in 1903 and went to work for Shibaura Seisakusho, the forerunner of Toshiba.

Although his pay was very low, Aikawa managed to save enough to make a trip to the United States, where he studied malleable cast iron technology. After his return to Japan, with the backing of Inoue Kaoru and other ex-Chōshū politicians in the Diet of Japan, he established the Tobata Foundry in Kitakyūshū in 1909. The company is now known as Hitachi Kinzoku (Hitachi Metals Company Ltd).

In 1928, Aikawa became president of the Kuhara Mining Company (present day Nippon Mining & Metals Company) taking over from his brother-in-law Fusanosuke Kuhara and created a holding company called Nihon Sangyo, or Nissan for short. Kuhara went on to a career in politics, forging ties with future Prime Minister Giichi Tanaka and other political and military leaders, which Aikawa would later use to his advantage.

In the stock market boom following the 1931 Manchurian Incident, Aikawa used the opportunity to buy majority shareholdings in 132 subsidiary companies of Nissan to create a new zaibatsu, the Nissan Group (日産コンツェルン). The companies included Nissan Motors, Isuzu, NEC Corporation, Nippon Mining Holdings Company, Nissan Chemicals, Hitachi, Nichiyu Corporation, Nichirei Corporation, Nissan Marine Insurance, Nissan Mutual Life Insurance and others. The group included some of the most technologically advanced companies in Japan at the time.

In 1937, at the invitation of his relative Nobusuke Kishi, he moved to Manchukuo and agreed with the Japanese Kwantung Army's vision of a syndicalist economy and centralized industrial development plan for Manchukuo. He also moved the headquarters of Nissan to Manchukuo, where it became the core of the Manchurian Industrial Development Company, a new Manchukuo zaibatsu.

In his position as president and chairman, Aikawa guided all industrial efforts in Manchukuo, implementing two five-year plans during the 1930s that followed the economic and industrial vision of army ideologist, Naoki Hoshino. However, Aikawa differed from Hoshino's original conception in that he favored a more monopolistic approach. He argued that the economic state of Manchukuo was still too primitive to permit free market capitalism. Aikawa also received bank loans from American steel industrialists to support the Manchukuo economy, which created considerable controversy in the United States with its policy of Non-recognition.

However, while his economic views were in line with Imperial Japanese Army policy, his political views were not. Aikawa was a strong opponent of the Tripartite Pact, and predicted that the forces of the United Kingdom and France would eventually prevail over Nazi Germany should a general war break out. He supported the Fugu Plan, a project to settle Jewish refugees in Manchukuo. In 1942, at the instigation of the Kwantung Army, Aikawa resigned as chairman of the Manchurian Industrial Development Company and moved back to Japan.

After the surrender of Japan, Aikawa was arrested by the American occupation authorities and incarcerated in Sugamo Prison for 20 months as a Class A war crimes suspect. He was freed before his case came to trial, however, during this time, the Nissan zaibatsu was dissolved.

After his release, Aikawa played a key role in post-war economic reconstruction of Japan, and purchased a commercial bank to organize loans to small companies. He served as president of Teikoku Oil Company and of the Japan Petroleum Exploration Company, and in 1953, was elected to a seat in the House of Councilors of the Diet of Japan. With the help of Nobusuke Kishi, then prime minister, he achieved his goal in implementing economic-control law and policies as leader of the Chuseiren, a pressure group that became the main federation of small and medium-sized companies in the 1960s.

Aikawa died of acute gall bladder inflammation in 1967. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery outside Tokyo.

title: Yoshisuke Aikawa


text:
Emil.RuleZ!

Emil.RuleZ! is a Hungarian pop and alternative jazz band. Much of their music includes a light-hearted comedic component.

The group's 2001 debut album Zazie az ágyban received a gold certification from the Association of Hungarian Record Companies in 2004. The group is probably best known among English and German speakers for their 2002 single "Hello.tourist!"

Members

 * Gyula "Jules" Verasztó: percussion
 * András "Winkler" Hajós: lead vocals, keyboards, guitar
 * György "Eldée" Hegyi: bass guitar, guitar, vocals

Albums and singles

 * Zazie az ágyban (album, 2001)
 * Hello.tourist! (single, 2002)
 * Hisztis (album, 2003)
 * zanga!zanga (album, 2005)
 * Ebola Cola (Just Online, 2008)
 * Gyere át! (album, 2012)

Film soundtracks

 * Boldog Születésnapot! soundtrack (song "Zsebeibe zsé"; 2003)
 * Magyar vándor soundtrack (song "Karaván"; 2004)

title: Emil.RuleZ!


text: User talk:143.111.89.24

title: User talk:143.111.89.24


text: User talk:66.142.140.127

title: User talk:66.142.140.127


text:
Stephen Ailes

Stephen Ailes (May 25, 1912 – June 30, 2001) was a prominent member of the District of Columbia Bar and a partner in the firm of Steptoe & Johnson. He served as the United States Under Secretary of the Army from February 9, 1961, to January 28, 1964, and as United States Secretary of the Army from January 28, 1964, to July 1, 1965. He received his undergraduate education at Princeton University, and attended the law school of West Virginia University, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi fraternity.

Early life and education
Ailes was born in Romney, West Virginia, on May 25, 1912. He attended the Scarborough School in New York with his brother, and later attended Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia and graduated in 1929. He graduated from Princeton University in 1933 and received his law degree from West Virginia University in 1936. He was admitted to the West Virginia bar in 1936.

Legal career
He was appointed assistant professor of law at West Virginia University, 1937–1940. He was prevented from military service due to color blindness; but later he was hired at the Office of Price Administration in 1942 until 1946. He served as counsel to the American Economic Mission to Greece in 1947, and then returned to private practice at Steptoe & Johnson in 1948; beforce entering government services.

Government career
Ailes served as Under Secretary of the Army, February 9, 1961, until January 28, 1964, and he was then promoted to Secretary of the Army until July 1, 1965. He is often credited as the driving force for the creation of the United States Army Drill Sergeant program. He conducted a far-reaching survey over time that included a wide variety of experienced personnel across all the services and the results contained five principal findings, with appropriate recommendations and suggestions for eliminating the problems encountered. The Training and Doctrine Command's annual Drill Sergeant of the Year award is named after Ailes.

Ailes came under heavy criticism by both Democrats and Republicans in early 1965 when he sought funding from a U.S. Senate appropriations subcommittee for what was quickly derided as the "Instant Veteran Program". As critics summarized the Ailes proposal, up to "8,000 young men incapable of meeting the minimum physical and mental requirements for military service" would be still be inducted into the U.S. and "could serve one day and then be discharged as a veteran, eligible for veterans' benefits available to service men who had completed long periods in uniform." Ailes testified that the plan (which the subcommittee declined to endorse) would cost $31,300,000 in its first year in 1965 dollars, the equivalent of $235 million fifty years later.

From 1965 to 1970, Ailes was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D.C.

Personal life
Ailes married Helen 'Nellie' Wales on June 24, 1939. and had four children. He died on June 30, 2001, from a stroke at his home in Bethesda, Maryland. He is buried in his home town of Romney at Indian Mound Cemetery.

title: Stephen Ailes


text:
William Ainsworth

William Ainsworth may refer to:

 * William Harrison Ainsworth (1805–1882), English historical novelist
 * William Francis Ainsworth (1807–1896), English surgeon, traveller, geographer and geologist
 * William Ainsworth (politician) (1875–1945), Australian politician

title: William Ainsworth


text:
User talk:Shanyboo

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:54, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Shanyboo


text: User talk:12.72.85.66

title: User talk:12.72.85.66


text: User talk:67.40.119.104

title: User talk:67.40.119.104


text:
Yasushi Akashi

Yasushi Akashi (明石 康 Akashi Yasushi, born January 19, 1931) is a Japanese senior diplomat and United Nations administrator.

Overview
Akashi graduated with Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Tokyo in 1954, studied as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Virginia, and later at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. As a politically appointed International Civil Servant at the Headquarters of the United Nations Secretariat in New York City, he held positions as Under-Secretary-General of Public Information, Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament Affairs and Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator.

Among many other additional assignments, he was the Secretary-General's Personal Representative for the war in the former Yugoslavia. He also supervised the Cambodian peace negotiations and subsequent elections in 1993. Despite his successes there, he was strongly criticized for his subsequent role in the Balkans, particularly for failing to enforce the safety of civilians in a number of safe zones, such as Goražde, and his inability to prevent the massacre in Srebrenica.

Akashi was expected to visit Sri Lanka in the last week of September 2006 to help facilitate negotiations between the Tamil Tigers and the Sri Lankan government. In the past, Akashi has met with JVP official Somawansa Amarasinghe.

He ran for Governor of Tokyo in the election of 1999 with the support of the Liberal Democratic Party and New Komeito coalition, but came in fourth place.

Honors

 * Honorary citizen of Sochi, Russia (1989).
 * Eminent member of the Sergio Vieira de Mello Foundation.
 * Sri Lanka Rathna award, Sri Lanka - August 19, 2019.

title: Yasushi Akashi


text:
STN

STN may refer to:

Broadcasting

 * Score Television Network, a Canadian specialty channel
 * Shalimar Television Network, a Pakistani television network
 * Student Television Network, in the US

Organizations

 * Stantec, a Canadian architectural and engineering consulting firm
 * STN International, an information service
 * Szczecin Scientific Society (Szczecińskie Towarzystwo Naukowe), a Polish learned society

Science and technology

 * State transition network, a diagram
 * Subthalamic nucleus, a subcortical structure in the brain
 * Super-twisted nematic display, a type of liquid crystal display

Transport

 * London Stansted Airport (IATA airport code), England
 * Stanley station (North Dakota) (Station code), an Amtrak station, US
 * Stonehaven railway station (Station code), Scotland

Other uses

 * Owa language (ISO 639-3 code)
 * São Tomé and Príncipe dobra (Currency code), a currency
 * Schaghticoke Tribal Nation, North America

title: STN


text:
OSL

OSL may refer to:

Science and Technology

 * Open Shading Language, a shading language
 * Open Software License, an open-source software license
 * Optically stimulated luminescence, a method of measuring doses from ionizing radiation, which is often used in mineral dating

Groups, organizations, companies

 * Sosoliso Airlines, ICAO airline designator
 * Ontario Soccer League, a semi-pro soccer league in Ontario, Canada
 * Orchestra of St. Luke's, chamber orchestra in Manhattan, New York City
 * Order of Saint Luke, a Methodist religious order
 * Oregon Short Line Railroad, a former railroad in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Montana and Oregon
 * Oud-Strijders Legioen, a Dutch right-wing organization (1952–2010)

Events

 * Ongamenet Starleague, a tournament for professional StarCraft players in South Korea
 * Outside Lands, a music and arts festival that takes place annually in San Francsico's Golden Gate Park

Other uses

 * Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, IATA airport code
 * Osl, a Hungarian gens originating in the 12th century

title: OSL


text:
Boston College Media Research and Action Project

The Movement / Media Research and Action Project (MRAP), founded in 1986 and operating out of Boston College, provides training and technical assistance to community and grassroots organizations. In collaboration with community and grassroots organizations, they address the problems of negative interaction between community and mass media and the lack of resources community organizations and groups experience when they attempt to change negative stereotypical images of their communities portrayed in the mass media.

William Gamson, former president of the American Sociological Association and professor of sociology at Boston College, and graduate student colleagues at Boston College founded MRAP in 1986. MRAP develops networks of community non-profit, labor, and advocacy organizations with whom MRAP conducts collaborative action research on media related topics. MRAP began funded projects of direct action with community organizations in 1997 after several months of collaborative planning with the Massachusetts Law Reform Institute's Empowerment and Change Project (MLRI).

MRAP's primary focus of its work is with non-profit organizations in New England. However, MRAP also collaborates with two national organizations offering technical assistance, training, and support for the development of public policy to community organizations and groups around the country. These organizations, the Preamble Center and Grassroots Policy Project of New York City and Washington D.C. share MRAP's vision of providing strategic development training to community organizations. MRAP's vision includes the development of a national media resource network (the Community Media and Internet Resource Network) which includes internet and organizational links to other media research centers on the country.


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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938

The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (abbreviated as FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C) is a set of laws passed by the United States Congress in 1938 giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. The FDA's principal representative with members of congress during its drafting was Charles W. Crawford. A principal author of this law was Royal S. Copeland, a three-term U.S. senator from New York. In 1968, the Electronic Product Radiation Control provisions were added to the FD&C. Also in that year the FDA formed the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) to incorporate into FD&C regulations the recommendations from a National Academy of Sciences investigation of effectiveness of previously marketed drugs. The act has been amended many times, most recently to add requirements about bioterrorism preparations.

The introduction of this act was influenced by the death of more than 100 patients due to elixir sulfanilamide, a sulfanilamide medication where the toxic solvent diethylene glycol was used to dissolve the drug and make a liquid form. It replaced the earlier Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.

Contents
The FDC Act has ten chapters:
 * I. Short Title
 * II. Definitions
 * 201(f) is the definition for a food, which explicitly includes chewing gum
 * 201(g) is the definition for a drug
 * 201(h) is the definition for a medical device
 * 201(s) is the definition of a food additive
 * 201(ff) is the definition of a dietary supplement
 * III. Prohibited Acts and Penalties
 * This section contains both civil law and criminal law clauses. Most violations under the act are civil, though repeated, intentional, and fraudulent violations are covered as criminal law. All violations of the FD&C Act require interstate commerce because of the commerce clause, but this is often interpreted broadly and few products other than raw produce are considered outside of the scope of the act.
 * Notably, the FD&C Act uses strict liability due to the Dotterweich and Park Supreme Court cases. It is one of a very small number of criminal statutes that does.
 * IV. Food
 * There is a distinction in food adulteration between those that are added and those that are naturally present. Substances that are added are held to a stricter "may render (it) injurious to health" standard, whereas substances that are naturally present need only be at a level that "does not ordinarily render it injurious to health"
 * V. Drugs and Devices
 * 505 is the description of the drug approval process
 * 510(k) is the section that allows for clearance of class II medical devices
 * 515 is the description of the (class III) device approval process
 * VI. Cosmetics
 * VII. General Authority
 * 704 allows inspections of regulated entities. Inspection results are reported on Form 483.
 * VIII. Imports and Exports
 * IX. Tobacco Products
 * X. Miscellaneous

Food coloring
The FD&C Act is perhaps best known by the consumer because of its use in the naming of food coloring additives, such as "FD&C Yellow No. 6". The Act made the certification of some food color additives mandatory. The FDA lists nine FD&C (Food, Drugs & Cosmetics) certified color additives for use in foods in the United States, and numerous D&C (Drugs & Cosmetics) colorings allowed only in drugs for external application or cosmetics. Color additives derived from natural sources, such as vegetables, minerals or animals, and artificial counterparts of natural derivatives, are exempt from certification. Both artificial and naturally derived color additives are subject to rigorous standards of safety before their approval for use in foods.

Food additives
The FFDCA requires producers of food additives to demonstrate to a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from the intended use of an additive. If the FDA finds an additive to be safe the agency issues a regulation specifying the conditions under which the additive may be safely used.

Definition of food additive
A shortened definition of "food additive" is defined by the FDA as "any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristic of any food (including any substance intended for use in producing, manufacturing, packing, processing, preparing, treating, packaging, transporting, or holding food; and including any source of radiation intended for any such use); if such substance is not GRAS or sanctioned prior to 1958 or otherwise excluded from the definition of food additives." The full definition can be found in Section 201(s) of the FD&C Act, which provides for any additional exclusions.

Homeopathic medications
Homeopathic preparations are regulated and protected under Sections 201(g) and 201(j), provided that such medications are formulated from substances listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, which the Act recognizes as an official drug compendium.

However, under separate authority of FTC Act, the Federal Trade Commission declared in November 2016 that homeopathic products cannot include claims of effectiveness without "competent and reliable scientific evidence". If no such evidence exists, they must state this fact clearly on their labeling.

Bottled water
Bottled water is regulated by the FDA as a food. The Agency has published identity standards for types of water (mineral water, spring water), and regulations covering water processing and bottling, water quality and product labeling.

Cosmetics
This Act defines cosmetics as "articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body ... for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance." Under the Act, the FDA does not approve cosmetic products, but the Act prohibits the marketing of adulterated or misbranded cosmetics. However, the FDA does not have the authority to order recalls of cosmetics. If a company is selling a product that is adulterated or misbranded, the FDA can ask the company to recall their product or sue them. The FDA can and does inspect cosmetics manufacturing facilities to ensure that cosmetics are not adulterated.

Medical devices
On May 28, 1976, the FD&C Act was amended to include regulation for medical devices. The amendment required that all medical devices be classified into one of three classes:
 * Class I: Devices that do not require premarket approval or clearance but must follow general controls. Dental floss is a class I device.
 * Class II: Devices that are cleared using the 510(k) process. Diagnostic tests, cardiac catheters, hearing aids, and dental amalgams are examples of class II devices.
 * Class III: Devices that are approved by the premarket approval (PMA) process, analogous to a New Drug Application. These tend to be devices that are permanently implanted into a human body or may be necessary to sustain life. An artificial heart meets both criteria. The most commonly recognized class III device is an automated external defibrillator. Devices that do not meet either criterion are generally cleared as class II devices.

For devices that were marketed prior to the amendment (preamendment devices) and were classified as Class III, the amendment obligated the FDA to review the device to either reclassify it as a Class II device subject to premarket notification, or to require the device manufacturer to undergo the premarket authorization process and prove the safety and efficacy of the device in order to continue marketing it. Notable examples of such preamendment devices are those used for electroconvulsive therapy, which the FDA started reviewing in 2011.

Premarket notification (510(k), PMN)
Section 510(k) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires those device manufacturers who must register to notify FDA, at least 90 days in advance, of their intent to market a medical device.

This is known as premarket notification, PMN, or 510(k). It allows FDA to determine whether the device is equivalent to a device already placed into one of the three classification categories. Thus, "new" devices (not in commercial distribution prior to May 28, 1976) that have not been classified can be properly identified.

Any device that reaches market via a 510(k) notification must be "substantially equivalent" to a device on the market prior to May 28, 1976 (a "predicate device"). If a device being submitted is significantly different, relative to a pre-1976 device, in terms of design, material, chemical composition, energy source, manufacturing process, or intended use, the device nominally must go through a premarket approval, or PMA.

A device that reaches market via the 510(k) process is not considered to be "approved" by the FDA. Nevertheless, it can be marketed and sold in the United States. They are generally referred to as "cleared" or "510(k) cleared" devices.

A 2011 study by Diana Zuckerman and Paul Brown of the National Research Center for Women and Families, and Steven Nissen of the Cleveland Clinic, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, showed that most medical devices recalled in the last five years for "serious health problems or death" had been previously cleared by the FDA using the less stringent, and cheaper, 510(k) process. In a few cases the devices had been deemed so low-risk that they did not need FDA regulation. Of the 113 devices recalled, 35 were for cardiovascular issues. This may lead to a reevaluation of FDA procedures and better oversight.

Premarket approval (PMA)
Premarket approval (PMA) is the most stringent type of device marketing application required by FDA. Unlike the 510(k) pathway, the maker of the medical device must submit an application to the FDA and must receive approval prior to marketing the device.

The PMA application contains information about how the medical device was designed and how it is manufactured, as well as preclinical and clinical studies of the device, demonstrating that it is safe and effective for its intended use. Because the PMA requires a clinical trial it is significantly more expensive than a 510(k).

Automatic Class III designation (de novo classification)
The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 created section 513(f)(2) of the FD&C Act, which obligated the FDA to establish a risk-based regulatory system for medical devices. As a result, the FDA established a de novo pathway for devices that would automatically be classified as Class III because there was no already-existing device that could be used a predicate for a 510k submission, but for which general controls or general and special controls could provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness.

Related legislation
The Wheeler-Lea Act, passed in 1938, granted the Federal Trade Commission the authority to oversee advertising of all products regulated by FDA, other than prescription drugs.

Significant amendments and related laws
Descriptions of these can be found at the FDA's web site.

Amendments:
 * Durham-Humphrey Amendment, Public Law (PL) 82–215 (October 26, 1951) created prescription-only status for some drugs
 * Drug Efficacy Amendment ("Kefauver Harris Amendment") PL 87–781 (October 10, 1962)
 * Vitamin-Mineral Amendment ("Proxmire Amendment") (April 22, 1976) prohibited the FDA from establishing standards to limit the potency of vitamins and minerals in food supplements or regulating them as drugs based solely on their potency.
 * Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965
 * Medical Device Amendments of 1976 PL 94–295 (May 28, 1976)
 * Infant Formula Act of 1980, PL 96–359 (October 26, 1980)
 * Orphan Drug Act, PL 97–414 (January 4, 1983)
 * Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, PL 98–417 (aka Hatch-Waxman) (September 24, 1984)
 * Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987, PL 100–293 (August 18, 1988)
 * Generic Animal Drug and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1988, PL 100–670 (November 16, 1988)
 * Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, PL 101–535 (November 8, 1990)
 * Safe Medical Device Amendments of 1990, PL 101–629 (November 28, 1990)
 * Medical Device Amendments of 1992, PL 102–300 (June 16, 1992)
 * Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) of 1992, PL 102–571 (October 29, 1992)
 * Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) of 1994, PL 103–396 (October 22, 1994)
 * Dietary Supplement Health And Education Act of 1994, PL 103–417 (October 25, 1994)
 * Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, PL 104–170 (August 3, 1996)
 * Animal Drug Availability Act of 1996, PL 104–250 (October 9, 1996)
 * Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act, PL 107–109 (January 4, 2002)
 * Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act (MDUFMA) of 2002, PL 107–250 (October 26, 2002)
 * Animal Drug User Fee Act of 2003, PL 108–130 (February 20, 2003)
 * Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, PL 108–155 (December 3, 2003)
 * Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act of 2004 PL 108–282 (August 2, 2004)
 * Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004, PL 108–282 (August 2, 2004)
 * FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (January 4, 2011)
 * Generic Drug User Fee Amendment of 2012
 * 21st Century Cures Act, PL 114–255 (December 13, 2016)
 * FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017, PL 115–52 (August 18, 2017)

Other laws:
 * Biologics Control Act of 1902 (repealed; for historical reference)
 * Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 (repealed; for historical reference)
 * Federal Meat Inspection Act (March 4, 1907)
 * Federal Trade Commission Act (September 26, 1914)
 * Filled Milk Act (March 4, 1923)
 * Import Milk Act (February 15, 1927)
 * Public Health Service Act (July 1, 1944)
 * Trademark Act of 1946 (July 5, 1946)
 * Reorganization Plan 1 of 1953 (March 12, 1953)
 * Poultry Products Inspection Act (August 28, 1957)
 * Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (November 3, 1966)
 * The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (January 1, 1970)
 * Controlled Substances Act (October 27, 1970)
 * Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (October 27, 1970)
 * Egg Products Inspection Act (December 29, 1970)
 * Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act (January 13, 1971)
 * Federal Advisory Committee Act (October 6, 1972)
 * Government in the Sunshine Act (September 13, 1976)
 * Government Patent Policy Act of 1980 (December 12, 1980)
 * Federal Anti-Tampering Act (October 13, 1983)
 * Sanitary Food Transportation Act (November 3, 1990)
 * Food and Drug Administration Revitalization Act (November 28, 1990)
 * Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) (October 27, 1992)
 * Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (November 21, 1997)
 * Bioterrorism Act of 2002 (June 12, 2002)
 * Project BioShield Act of 2004 (July 21, 2004)
 * Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 (September 27, 2007)
 * Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013 (H.R. 307; 113th Congress) (March 13, 2013)

Comparison to state laws
Some US states have adopted the FD&C Act as an equivalent state law and will by default adopt any changes to the Federal law as changes to the state law as well.
 * California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005


text:
John Fellows Akers

John Fellows Akers (December 28, 1934 – August 22, 2014) was an American businessman. He was president (1983–1989), chief executive officer (1985–1993) and chairman (1986–1993) of IBM.

Education
Akers attended Yale, and while there joined Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter).

IBM
Akers joined IBM in 1960 after serving in the Navy as a jet pilot.

Akers said in 2010 “We were very square. We wore the blue suits, white shirts with button-down collars, striped ties, fedoras and wingtip shoes. The customers felt they could count on us.”

Akers became CEO in 1985. He benefitted from the support of one of his predecessors, Frank Cary. In 1989, a young Sam Palmisano was appointed as Aker's assistant; decades later Palmisano would serve as chairman and CEO. Akers was chief executive during IBM's decline in the mid-1980s and early 1990s. Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs described Akers as "smart, eloquent, fantastic salesperson, but he didn’t know anything about product.”

Akers was credited with simplifying the company's bureaucracy to focus more on profits. On January 29, 1988, in a sweeping restructuring intended to reverse three years of disappointing performance, Akers created five new, highly autonomous organizations responsible for all of the company's innovation, design, and manufacturing. The moves were intended to greatly decentralize the company, which had been seen as bloated and unable to keep up with the competition and give significantly more responsibility to a younger generation of managers, while significantly reducing the role of the company's Armonk, N.Y., headquarters in the day-to-day operations. Under the plan, thousands of employees had to switch jobs or find themselves working for new managers. Akers' vision was to autonomize each division into "Baby Blues" with the aim of spinning them off from "Big Blue".

Akers also presided over a major downsizing of IBM's workforce, cutting down from 407,000 to 360,000 by the end of 1991. The company had previously had a lifetime employment policy but successive voluntary buyouts and the first-ever layoff in March 1993, caused a morale crisis. Akers also closed ten plants and trimmed manufacturing capacity by forty percent.

Retirement
On Tuesday, January 26, 1993, Akers was forced to announce his resignation, after several months of IBM insisting that it had full confidence in his leadership. The company had posted a $5 billion annual loss. The dividend was also slashed from $1.21 to 54 cents, after the company had failed to make enough profit to cover its dividend payments for eight business quarters. IBM president Jack Kuehler was shifted to the post of vice-chairman, while finance director Frank Metz was also ousted. Paul Rizzo, a rival with Akers for the CEO position back in 1985 who had retired in 1987 was restored to the post of vice-chairman and appointed finance director. Akers remained as chief executive for three months while a committee of directors chose a successor, long speculated to be an outsider. Akers retired as chairman and CEO of IBM on April 1, 1993. He was succeeded in both positions by Gerstner, the first CEO in IBM's history to attain the position from outside the company.

The management coup was mounted by longtime IBM director Jim Burke, who organized secret meetings between Rizzo and outsider Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. to examine the company's problems. It was also speculated that several entities were dissatisfied with losing their power on the board of directors and the declining stock price, including the banks which were once IBM's largest shareholders, as well as Aker's predecessors as CEO, John Opel and Frank Cary. The company's difficulties weren't caused by Akers alone, as some suggested that he was merely doing what he had been "programmed" to do by an outdated "IBM system", while a complacent board of directors was also blamed.

Other business roles
Akers was on the board of directors of Lehman Brothers when it filed for bankruptcy.

Personal
Akers died of a stroke at age 79 in Boston, Massachusetts on August 22, 2014.

title: John Fellows Akers


text:
User talk:Arcenciel

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 02:01, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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Gradient descent
Thank you for your changes to gradient descent, they were helpful. I stil think though that the direction of the fastest inrease is the gradient, and not its negative. Do you agree? You can reply here to keep the conversation in one place. Oleg Alexandrov 19:39, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree that the gradient (and not its negative) gives the direction of fastest increase of the function in question. All I am pointing out is an issue of terminology: following the gradient is gradient ascent, not gradient descent. The two procedures are symmetric, but opposite to each other. Arcenciel 20:11, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Right. So I fixed the small bug with ascent/descent, and am very pleased with your other changes. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 20:25, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh! I just realised that there was bug in my edit that you fixed. Thanks, and sorry for the confusion. Arcenciel 20:27, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Socket J / Sokcet J
I appreciate your attempts to fix the Sokcet J typo, but copying-and-pasting pages to move them isn't a good idea, since it screws up the page histories. jgp TC 07:16, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

I realise that the page histories get screwed up this way. Do you have a suggestion for a better way of correcting such an error? Arcenciel 05:39, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Rita Mustaphi, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

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Speedy deletion of 21 Love Hotel
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DeGolyer and MacNaughton
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Waiting
Waiting for disagreement is good, but after 3 years, 1 month and 1 day I think you are save to go ahead ;-) --Xeeron (talk) 18:08, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Sahara India Pariwar
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Proposed deletion of Message-passing method

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Speedy deletion nomination of Sanford Bernstein

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title: User talk:Arcenciel


text:
Talk:2001 Gujarat earthquake

Untitled
There is some different information in the latter of the two external links including many pictures (copyright not sure) of the damage in the area. It also has link to many publications on this subject.

Death toll
20,000 or 30,000? it took place neer the col centre- Nath 22:26, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

According to Malcolm Skinner 'Access To Geography: Hazards' ISBN 0-340-84636-4, the death toll was 19,000 -not 30,000 217.44.43.169 17:07, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

There are some discrepancies between sources, but the major databases have all converged toward similar numbers. I'm putting this in table form for ease of perusal. Elriana (talk) 14:49, 16 July 2015 (UTC)

Effects
The text says the quake destryed 'a percent' of Bhuj. BBC World at the time of the quake cited Indian military sources saying 90% of buildings in Bhuj were flattened. Also, the phrase 'The quake destroyed 75% of Kutch' is meaningless as it doesn't follow whether the figure concerns infrastructure, buildings - or even wildlife, arable land etc. I think the text needs revision but I'm no expert on neither India nor earthquakes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rhthomsen (talk • contribs) 07:55, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

7.7 or 8.1?
Aceofhearts1968 (talk) 07:12, 11 January 2009 (UTC) Any reason why this happened on the republic day of India in BJP ruled Gujarat which was responsible for causing death and destruction of many people from Non-Hindu communities. Simbelton (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 11:24, 1 May 2009 (UTC).

 * Simbelton, your comment doesn't make any sense. The earthquake occurred in 2001, well before the 2002 riots. 72.83.174.83 (talk) 00:32, 26 January 2010 (UTC)Hokie Tech

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://gujarat-earthquake.gov.in
 * In 2001 Gujarat earthquake on 2011-05-25 07:09:44, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'
 * In 2001 Gujarat earthquake on 2011-06-10 07:19:54, Socket Error: 'getaddrinfo failed'

--JeffGBot (talk) 07:20, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I can't find a replacement so I've just removed the external link. Mikenorton (talk) 16:55, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

What is a "Collision Margin" ?
Somebody needs to research this term found in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.184.248.6 (talk) 11:02, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * When I get a moment I will rewrite that section - sorry for the delay, I started looking into it and ended up creating 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake instead, so I have plenty of sources to work with. Mikenorton (talk) 17:01, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I've added a tectonic setting section from the 1819 earthquake article with some minor tweaks and trimmed down the section in the lead. Comments? Mikenorton (talk) 08:43, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Reconstruction
Hey, I will be adding a section on the reconstruction that occurred after the earthquake. I plan to add sub sections of housing and city planning.DesertBoy97 (talk) 14:23, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:07, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Hinduja Hospital's Relief Camp at Bhuj after 2001 Gujarat Earthquake.jpg

title: Talk:2001 Gujarat earthquake


text:
George E. Akerson

George Edward Akerson (September 5, 1889 – December 21, 1937) was an American journalist and the first official White House Press Secretary.

Early life
Akerson was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He attended the University of Minnesota and Allegheny College, taking classes in Science, Literature and Art. In 1910 Akerson started at Harvard University, later receiving a BA in Political Science in 1912.

Akerson married Harriet Blake, a Wellesley College graduate, on June 28, 1915. They had three sons.

Early career
During his collegiate years, Akerson worked summers at the Minneapolis Tribune. After graduating from Harvard, Akerson worked there full-time as a reporter, with the 1912 Democratic National Convention as one of his first assignments. The Tribune made Akerson its Washington correspondent in 1921.

While in Washington in the 1920s, Akerson advised the Republican Party on how to compete with the rising Non-Partisan League and Progressive movements in the Upper Midwest. That work brought Akerson to the attention of Herbert Hoover, who was then the Secretary of Commerce. Hoover had Akerson named as the secretary of the commission that ran the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia, then hired Akerson as his private secretary.

White House Press Secretary
After Hoover's victory over Smith, Akerson served as White House Press Secretary, from 1929 to 1931, the first official holder of that title.

During Akerson's tenure, the White House experienced increasing difficulties in its relations with the press corps.

On January 2, 1931, Akerson resigned to take an executive position at the Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation. Hoover replaced him with Theodore Goldsmith Joslin.

Later career and death
Akerson worked at Paramount for two years, then became the executive secretary of the National Code Authority of the Paper Distributing Trade.

Still aged in his 40s, Akerson developed kidney disease and died in 1937.

title: George E. Akerson


text:
PVG

PVG may refer to:

 * Hampton Roads Executive Airport, FAA LID code PVG
 * Piano Vocals Music, a kind of book combining sheet music and a song book
 * Protection of Vulnerable Groups, see Independent Safeguarding Authority
 * Shanghai Pudong International Airport, IATA code PVG

title: PVG


text:
Pedro Ferriz Santacruz

Pedro Ferriz Santacruz, (March 17, 1921 – September 3, 2013) was a veteran radio and television presenter in Mexico.

His long career includes programs such as Noticiario Nescafe, Las trece del trece and La Pregunta de los 64,000 Pesos (The $64,000 Question). One of his best-known programs is Un mundo nos vigila (A world is watching us), a radio show about the search for intelligent extraterrestrial life, which started on station XEW and was later broadcast on the Imagen Radio network until his death.

Ferriz Santacruz was a candidate for the Party of the Cardenist Front of National Reconstruction (PC) as a senator in 1991 and in 1997, the party's last election, for Head of Government of Mexico City.

Pedro Ferriz Santacruz was the son of Pedro Ferriz Monroy, a railroader, and Josefina Santacruz, a school teacher, also was the father of radio and television news announcer Pedro Ferríz de Con and grandfather of announcer Pedro Ferriz Hijar.

title: Pedro Ferriz Santacruz


text:
User talk:Yipdw

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 02:02, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Yipdw


text: User talk:65.24.94.114

title: User talk:65.24.94.114