text:
Criticism of the Federal Reserve

The Federal Reserve System, commonly known as "the Fed," has faced various criticisms since its establishment in 1913. Critics have questioned its effectiveness in managing inflation, regulating the banking system, and stabilizing the economy. Notable critics include Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman and his fellow monetarist Anna Schwartz, who argued that the Fed's policies exacerbated the Great Depression. More recently, former Congressman Ron Paul has advocated for the abolition of the Fed and a return to a gold standard.

Critics have also raised concerns about the Fed's role in fractional reserve banking, its contribution to economic cycles, and its transparency. The Fed has been accused of causing economic downturns, including the 2007-2008 financial crisis, and of being influenced by private interests. Despite these criticisms, the Federal Reserve remains a central institution in the United States' financial system, with ongoing debates about its role, policies, and the need for reform.

Creation
An early version of the Federal Reserve Act was drafted in 1910 on Jekyll Island, Georgia, by Republican Senator Nelson Aldrich, chairman of the National Monetary Commission, and several Wall Street bankers. The final version, with provisions intended to improve public oversight and weaken the influence of the New York banking establishment, was drafted by Democratic Congressman Carter Glass of Virginia. The structure of the Fed was a compromise between the desire of the bankers for a central bank under their control and the desire of President Woodrow Wilson to create a decentralized structure under public control. The Federal Reserve Act was approved by Congress and signed by President Wilson in December 1913.

Inflation policy
In The Case Against the Fed, Murray Rothbard argued in 1994 that, although a supposed core function of the Federal Reserve is to maintain a low level of inflation, its policies (like those of other central banks) have actually aggravated inflation. This occurs when the Fed creates too much fiat money backed by nothing. He called the Fed policy of money creation "legalized counterfeiting" and favored a return to the gold standard. He wrote: [I]t is undeniable that, ever since the Fed was visited upon us in 1914, our inflations have been more intense, and our depressions far deeper, than ever before. There is only one way to eliminate chronic inflation, as well as the booms and busts brought by that system of inflationary credit: and that is to eliminate the counterfeiting that constitutes and creates that inflation. And the only way to do that is to abolish legalized counterfeiting: that is, to abolish the Federal Reserve System, and return to the gold standard, to a monetary system where a market-produced metal, such as gold, serves as the standard money, and not paper tickets printed by the Federal Reserve.

Effectiveness and policies
The Federal Reserve has been criticized as not meeting its goals of greater stability and low inflation. This has led to a number of proposed changes including advocacy of different policy rules or dramatic restructuring of the system itself.

Milton Friedman concluded that while governments do have a role in the monetary system he was critical of the Federal Reserve due to its poor performance and felt it should be abolished. Friedman believed that the Federal Reserve System should ultimately be replaced with a computer program. He favored a system that would automatically buy and sell securities in response to changes in the money supply. This proposal has become known as Friedman's k-percent rule.

Others have proposed NGDP targeting as an alternative rule to guide and improve central bank policy. Prominent supporters include Scott Sumner, David Beckworth, and Tyler Cowen.

Congress
Several members of Congress have criticized the Fed. Senator Robert Owen, whose name was on the Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act, believed that the Fed was not performing as promised. He said: The Federal Reserve Board was created to control, regulate and stabilize credit in the interest of all people. . . . The Federal Reserve Board is the most gigantic financial power in all the world. Instead of using this great power as the Federal Reserve Act intended that it should, the board. . . delegated this power to the banks.

Representative Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency from 1920 to 1931, accused the Federal Reserve of deliberately causing the Great Depression. In several speeches made shortly after he lost the chairmanship of the committee, McFadden claimed that the Federal Reserve was run by Wall Street banks and their affiliated European banking houses. In one 1932 House speech (that has been criticized as bluster ), he stated: "Mr. Chairman, we have in this country one of the most corrupt Institutions the world has ever known. I refer to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve banks; . . . This evil institution has impoverished and ruined the people of the United States . . . through the corrupt practices of the moneyed vultures who control it."

Many members of Congress who have been involved in the House and Senate Banking and Currency Committees have been open critics of the Federal Reserve, including Chairmen Wright Patman, Henry Reuss, and Henry B. Gonzalez. Representative Ron Paul, Chairman of the Monetary Policy Subcommittee in 2011, is known as a staunch opponent of the Federal Reserve System. He routinely introduced bills to abolish the Federal Reserve System, three of which gained approval in the House but lost in the Senate.

Congressman Paul also introduced H.R. 459: Federal Reserve Transparency Act of 2011, This act required an audit of the Federal Reserve Board and the twelve regional banks, with particular attention to the valuation of its securities. His son, Senator Rand Paul, has introduced similar legislation in subsequent sessions of Congress.

Great Depression (1929)
CPI 1914-2022.webp}} {{legend|#EE220C |Deflation}}

]]

Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz stated that the Fed pursued an erroneously restrictive monetary policy, exacerbating the Great Depression. After the stock market crash in 1929, the Fed continued its contraction (decrease) of the money supply and refused to save banks that were struggling with bank runs. This mistake, critics charge, allowed what might have been a relatively mild recession to explode into catastrophe. Friedman and Schwartz believed that the depression was "a tragic testimonial to the importance of monetary forces." Before the establishment of the Federal Reserve, the banking system had dealt with periodic crises (such as in the Panic of 1907) by suspending the convertibility of deposits into currency. In 1907, the system nearly collapsed and there was an extraordinary intervention by an ad-hoc coalition assembled by J. P. Morgan. In the years 1910–1913, the bankers demanded a central bank to address this structural weakness. Friedman suggested that a similar intervention should have been followed during the banking panic at the end of 1930. This might have stopped the vicious circle of forced liquidation of assets at depressed prices, just as suspension of convertibility in 1893 and 1907 had quickly ended the liquidity crises at the time.

Essentially, in the monetarist view, the Great Depression was caused by the fall of the money supply. Friedman and Schwartz note that "[f]rom the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough in March 1933, the stock of money fell by over a third." The result was what Friedman calls "The Great Contraction"—a period of falling income, prices, and employment caused by the choking effects of a restricted money supply. The mechanism suggested by Friedman and Schwartz was that people wanted to hold more money than the Federal Reserve was supplying. People thus hoarded money by consuming less. This, in turn, caused a contraction in employment and production, since prices were not flexible enough to immediately fall. Friedman and Schwartz argued the Federal Reserve allowed the money supply to plummet because of ineptitude and poor leadership.

Many have since agreed with this theory, including Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal Reserve from 2006 until 2014, who, in a speech honoring Friedman and Schwartz, said: "Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve. I would like to say to Milton and Anna: Regarding the Great Depression, you're right. We did it. We're very sorry. But thanks to you, we won't do it again."

Friedman has said that ideally he would prefer to "abolish the Federal Reserve and replace it with a computer." He preferred a system that would increase the money supply at some fixed rate, and he thought that "leaving monetary and banking arrangements to the market would have produced a more satisfactory outcome than was actually achieved through government involvement".

In contrast to Friedman's argument that the Fed did too little to ease after the crisis, Murray Rothbard argued that the crisis was caused by the Fed being too loose in the 1920s in the book America's Great Depression.

Global financial crisis (2007–08)
[[File:FFR treasuries.webp|thumb|350px|right|

Recessions ]] Some economists, such as John B. Taylor, have asserted that the Fed was responsible, at least partially, for the United States housing bubble which occurred prior to the 2007 recession. They claim that the Fed kept interest rates too low following the 2001 recession. The housing bubble then led to the credit crunch. Then-Chairman Alan Greenspan disputes this interpretation. He points out that the Fed's control over the long-term interest rates (to which critics refer) is only indirect. The Fed did raise the short-term interest rate over which it has control (i.e., the federal funds rate), but the long-term interest rate (which usually follows the former) did not increase.

The Federal Reserve's role as a supervisor and regulator has been criticized as being ineffective. Former U.S. Senator Chris Dodd, then-chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, remarked about the Fed's role in the 2007-2008 economic crisis, "We saw over the last number of years when they took on consumer protection responsibilities and the regulation of bank holding companies, it was an abysmal failure."

Fractional reserve banking
The Federal Reserve does not actually control the money supply directly and has delegated this authority to banks. If a bank has a reserve requirement of 10% and they have 10 million dollars in bank deposits, they can create 100 million dollars to loan out to borrowers, or make other investments if it is an investment bank. It is essentially going on margin 10:1 without having to pay interest on the margin, because it is in effect money that they created themselves. According to this critique, this is the primary cause of credit cycles or business cycles, because money supply creation is not under any single entity's control and is decentralized among many banks that are trying to maximize profits individually. The Federal Reserve indirectly controls this process by manipulating the Federal Funds Rate that sets the tone for interest rates on new debt throughout the economy, and intentionally puts the economy into a recession (hard landing) or slow the economy without a recession (soft landing) to tame inflation.

Republican and Tea Party criticism
During several recent elections, the Tea Party movement has made the Federal Reserve a major point of attack, which has been picked up by Republican candidates across the country. Former Congressman Ron Paul (R) of Texas and his son Senator Rand Paul (R) of Kentucky have long attacked the Fed, arguing that it is hurting the economy by devaluing the dollar. They argue that its monetary policies cause booms and busts when the Fed creates too much or too little fiat money. Ron Paul's book End the Fed repeatedly points out that the Fed engages in money creation "out of thin air." He argued that interest rates should be set by market forces, not by the Federal Reserve. Paul argues that the booms, bubbles and busts of the business cycle are caused by the Federal Reserve's actions.

In the book Paul argues that "the government and its banking cartel have together stolen $0.95 of every dollar as they have pursued a relentlessly inflationary policy." David Andolfatto of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis said the statement was "just plain false" and "stupid" while noting that legitimate arguments can be made against the Federal Reserve. University of Oregon economist Mark Thoma described it as an "absurd" statement which data does not support.

Surveys of economists show overwhelming opposition to abolishing the Federal Reserve or undermining its independence. According to Princeton University economist Alan S. Blinder, "mountains of empirical evidence support the proposition that greater central bank independence produces not only less inflation but superior macroeconomic performance, e.g., lower and less volatile inflation with no more volatility in output."

Ron Paul's criticism has stemmed from the influence of the Austrian School of Economics. More specifically, economist Murray Rothbard was a vital figure in developing his views. Rothbard attempted to intertwine both political and economic arguments together in order to make a case to abolish the Federal Reserve. When first laying out his critiques, he writes "The Federal Reserve System is accountable to no one; it has no budget; it is subject to no audit; and no Congressional committee knows of...its operations." This argument from Rothbard is outdated, however, as the Federal Reserve presently does report its balance sheet weekly as well as get audited by outside third parties.

Rothbard also heavily critiques the Federal Reserve being independent from politics despite the Federal Reserve being given both private and public qualities. The acknowledgment of the Federal Reserve being a part of government that exists outside of politics inevitably becomes a "self-perpetuating oligarchy, accountable to no one." This ignores the fact that the Federal Reserve Board of Governors is a federal agency, appointed by the president and Senate.

Money supply should be controlled by Congress
In the 1930s, American Catholic priest Charles Coughlin called on Congress to take back control of the money supply, as it is given authority under Article I, Section 8, in the Enumerated Powers, to coin money and regulate the value thereof.

"'There is written in the Constitution of the United States that Congress has the right to coin, issue, and regulate the value of money.'"

Private ownership or control
According to the Congressional Research Service: "Because the regional Federal Reserve Banks are privately owned, and most of their directors are chosen by their stockholders, it is common to hear assertions that control of the Fed is in the hands of an elite. In particular, it has been rumored that control is in the hands of a very few people holding "class A stock" in the Fed.

As explained, there is no stock in the system, only in each regional Bank. More important, individuals do not own stock in Federal Reserve Banks. The stock is held only by banks who are members of the system. Each bank holds stock proportionate to its capital. Ownership and membership are synonymous. Moreover, there is no such thing as "class A" stock. All stock is the same.

This stock, furthermore, does not carry with it the normal rights and privileges of ownership. Most significantly, member banks, in voting for the directors of the Federal Reserve Banks of which they are a member, do not get voting rights in proportion to the stock they hold. Instead, each member bank regardless of size gets one vote. Concentration of ownership of Federal Reserve Bank stock, therefore, is irrelevant to the issue of control of the system (italics in original)."

According to the web site for the Federal Reserve System, the individual Federal Reserve Banks "are the operating arms of the central banking system, and they combine both public and private elements in their makeup and organization." Each of the 12 Banks has a nine-member board of directors: three elected by the commercial banks in the Bank's region, and six chosen – three each by the member banks and the Board of Governors – "to represent the public with due consideration to the interests of agriculture, commerce, industry, services, labor and consumers." These regional banks are in turn controlled by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, whose seven members are nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate.

Member banks ("about 38 percent of the nation's more than 8,000 banks") are required to own capital stock in their regional banks. Until 2016, the regional banks paid a set 6% dividend on the member banks' paid-in capital stock (not the regional banks' profits) each year, returning the rest to the US Treasury Department. As of February 24, 2016, member banks with more than $10 billion in assets receive an annual dividend on their paid-in capital stock (Reserve Bank stock) of the lesser of 6% percent and the highest yield of the 10-year Treasury note auctioned at the last auction held prior to the payment of the dividend. Member banks with $10 billion or less in assets continue to be paid a set 6% annual dividend. This change was implemented during the Obama administration in order "to implement the provisions of section 32203 of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act)". The Fed has noted that this has created "some confusion about 'ownership'":

"[Although] the Reserve Banks issue shares of stock to member banks...owning Reserve Bank stock is quite different from owning stock in a private company. The Reserve Banks are not operated for profit, and ownership of a certain amount of stock is, by law, a condition of membership in the System. The stock may not be sold, traded, or pledged as security for a loan…."

In his textbook, Monetary Policy and the Financial System, Paul M. Horvitz, the former Director of Research for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, stated,

"...the member banks can exert some rights of ownership by electing some members of the Board of Directors of the Federal Reserve Bank [applicable to those member banks]. For all practical purposes, however, member bank ownership of the Federal Reserve System is merely a fiction. The Federal Reserve Banks are not operated for the purpose of earning profits for their stockholders. The Federal Reserve System does earn a profit in the normal course of its operations, but these profits, above the 6% statutory dividend, do not belong to the member banks. All net earnings after expenses and dividends are paid to the Treasury."

In the American Political Science Review, Michael D. Reagan wrote,

"...the "ownership" of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share, beyond the statutory dividend, in Reserve Bank "profits." ...Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance, despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates."

Transparency issues
One critique is that the Federal Open Market Committee, which is part of the Federal Reserve System, lacks transparency and is not sufficiently audited. A report by Bloomberg News asserts that the majority of Americans believes that the System should be held more accountable or that it should be abolished. Another critique is the contention that the public should have a right to know what goes on in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings.

title: Criticism of the Federal Reserve


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Canadian dollar Wikipedia article "Canadian dollar".

Canadian dollar Wikipedia article "Canadian dollar". was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Besides having an awkward title, this looks like something for the reference desk, as it provides no information about the Canadian dollar but only questions, the only one of which I can answer is yes, you can indeed pop the middle out of a twonie. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 23:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Appears to have been created by mistake. DCEdwards1966 23:50, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, the wikipedia article on the canadian dollar is not notable. ☺ --fvw *  23:56, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Correspondence

I can see why this article needs help. For any mathematicians who may happen upon the request that improvements be made, my suggestion would be that it is so abstract as it stands that only someone who already understand a "correspondence" could guess what the discussion is trying to get at.

Does, for example, a "correspondence" between two sets amount to a list of the set members held in common between the two sets? Or is something entirely different intended? How do you know when you have correctly stated a "correspondence" between some set, A, and some other set, B??? P0M 23:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, the problem is that the term is used to mean different (but related) things in different contexts. Probably this page should become a disambiguation page, or at least something closer to one.

nbifdhjf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.28.255.71 (talk) 22:11, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Correspondence


text: User talk:209.6.252.148

title: User talk:209.6.252.148


text:
15th Daytime Emmy Awards

The 15th Daytime Emmy Awards were held on Wednesday, June 29, 1988, to commemorate excellence in daytime programming from March 6, 1987-March 5, 1988 and aired on CBS. The ceremony was held at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. Airing from 3-5 p.m., it preempted Guiding Light.

Winners in each category are in bold.

Outstanding Daytime Drama Series

 * All My Children
 * As the World Turns
 * General Hospital
 * Santa Barbara
 * The Young and the Restless

Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series

 * Larry Bryggman (John Dixon, As the World Turns)
 * David Canary (Adam Chandler & Stuart Chandler, All My Children)
 * Robert Gentry (Ross Chandler, All My Children)
 * A Martinez (Cruz Castillo, Santa Barbara)
 * Stephen Nichols (Steve Johnson, Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series

 * Helen Gallagher (Maeve Ryan, Ryan's Hope)
 * Elizabeth Hubbard (Lucinda Walsh, As the World Turns)
 * Susan Lucci (Erica Kane, All My Children)
 * Erika Slezak (Victoria Lord, One Life to Live)
 * Marcy Walker (Eden Capwell, Santa Barbara)

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Daytime Drama Series

 * Bernard Barrow (Johnny Ryan, Ryan's Hope)
 * Nicolas Coster (Lionel Lockridge, Santa Barbara)
 * Justin Deas (Keith Timmons, Santa Barbara)
 * Mark LaMura (Mark Dalton, All My Children)
 * David Lewis (Edward Quartermaine, General Hospital)

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Daytime Drama Series

 * Lisa Brown (Iva Snyder, As the World Turns)
 * Eileen Fulton (Lisa McColl, As the World Turns)
 * Maeve Kinkead (Vanessa Chamberlain, Guiding Light)
 * Robin Mattson (Gina Blake, Santa Barbara)
 * Arleen Sorkin (Calliope Jones, Days of Our Lives)
 * Ellen Wheeler (Cindy Parker, All My Children)

Outstanding Young Man in a Daytime Drama Series

 * Scott DeFreitas (Andy Dixon, As the World Turns)
 * Andrew Kavovit (Paul Ryan, As the World Turns)
 * Ross Kettle (Jeffrey Conrad, Santa Barbara)
 * Robert Duncan McNeill (Charlie Brent, All My Children)
 * Billy Warlock (Frankie Brady, Days of Our Lives)

Outstanding Ingenue in a Daytime Drama Series

 * Tichina Arnold (Zena Brown, Ryan's Hope)
 * Andrea Evans (Tina Lord, One Life to Live)
 * Lauren Holly (Julie Chandler, All My Children)
 * Julianne Moore (Frannie Hughes and Sabrina Hughes, As the World Turns)
 * Robin Wright (Kelly Capwell, Santa Barbara)

Outstanding Daytime Drama Series Writing

 * The Judge
 * Superior Court
 * Santa Barbara
 * All My Children: Agnes Nixon, Lorraine Broderick, Clarice Blackburn; Susan Kirshenbaum; Kathleen Klein; Karen Lewis; Victor Miller; Megan McTavish; Elizabeth Page; Peggy Sloane; Gillian Spencer; Elizabeth Wallace; Wisner Washam; Mary K. Wells; Jack Wood

Outstanding Daytime Drama Series Directing

 * As the World Turns: Paul Lammers; Jill Mitwell; Bob Schwarz; Maria Wagner; Joel Aronowitz; Michael Kerner
 * The Young and the Restless: Rudy Vejar; Frank Pacelli; Heather H. Hill; Randy Robbins; Betty Rothenberg
 * Days of our Lives: Joseph Behar; Susan Orlikoff Simon; Herb Stein; Stephen Wyman; Becky Greenlaw; Gay Linvill; Sheryl Harmon
 * One Life to Live: Larry Auerbach; Peter Miner; Gary Bowen; David Pressman; Susan Pomerantz; Lisa S. Hesser; Andrea Giles Rich
 * Superior Court: Joseph Behar; Henry Behar; Aviva Jacobs; Christine R. Magarian

Outstanding Game Show

 * The Price Is Right - A Mark Goodson Production for CBS
 * The $25,000 Pyramid - A Bob-Sande Stewart Production for CBS (Syn. by 20th Century Fox)
 * Wheel of Fortune - A Merv Griffin Production for NBC (Syn. by KingWorld)
 * Win, Lose or Draw - A Kline & Friends Production for NBC (Syn. by Buena Vista)

Outstanding Game Show Host/Hostess

 * Bob Barker (The Price Is Right)
 * Dick Clark (The $25,000 Pyramid)
 * Vicki Lawrence (Win, Lose or Draw)
 * Alex Trebek (Jeopardy!/Classic Concentration)

Outstanding Animated Program

 * Margaret Loesch, Lee Gunther, Jim Henson, Bob Richardson, John Ahern and Robert Shellhorn (Muppet Babies)
 * Joe Ruby, Ken Spears, Janice Karman, Ross Bagdasarian Jr. and Charles A. Nichols (Alvin and the Chipmunks)
 * Paul Bogrow, Buzz Potamkin and Gordon Kent (CBS Storybreak)
 * Fred Wolf, Alan Zaslove, Patsy Cameron, Tedd Anasti and Jymn Magon (DuckTales)
 * William Hanna, Joseph Barbera, Freddy Monnickendam, Walt Kubiak, Don Jurwich, Ray Patterson, Don Lusk, Paul Sommer, John Kimball, Jay Sarbry, Bob Goe, Glenn Leopold, Alan Burnett, Kevin Hopps, Bill Matheny, Sean Catherine Derek, Ernie Contreras and Reed Robbins (The Smurfs)

title: 15th Daytime Emmy Awards


text:
Category:Turkish mathematicians

This list includes mathematicians from Turkey, as well as mathematicians elsewhere who are of Turkish or Turkic origins.

title: Category:Turkish mathematicians


text: User talk:67.83.162.47

title: User talk:67.83.162.47


text:
Saturnalia tupiniquim

Saturnalia is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur known from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. It contains one species, Saturnalia tupiniquim. It is one of the earliest known dinosaurs.

Discovery and naming
Fossils of Saturnalia were first collected by the Museum of Science and Technology of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul in the austral summer of 1998. Some of the specimens were collected during Carnival. The specimens were found at a site called Wald Sanga or Sanga do Mato, one of several sites called "sangas" in the vicinity of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, where red, fossil-bearing mudstone is exposed.

In 1999, Max Cardoso Langer, Fernando Abdala, Martha Richter, and Michael J. Benton described the new genus and species Saturnalia tupiniquim based on the three skeletons. The genus name is derived from the Roman festival of Saturnalia, in reference to the specimens' discovery during the festival of Carnival, and the species name, tupiniquim, is a word of Guarani origin colloquially used in Portuguese to refer to things of Brazilian origin.

Fossil record
Saturnalia tupiniquim is known from three well-preserved partial skeletons. The holotype, MCP 3844-PV is a partial skeleton including most of the presacral vertebrae and sacrum, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the right humerus and part of the right ulna, the left femur, and most of the right hind limb. The paratypes are MCP 3845-PV, a partial skeleton including a partial skull, trunk vertebrae, pectoral girdle, right side of the pelvic girdle, right humerus, and most of the right hind limb, and MCP 3846-PV, a partial skeleton including trunk vertebrae, a tibia, and part of the foot.

These fossils come from the Alemoa Member of the Santa Maria Formation, and are included in the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone. A maximum age for the Saturnalia type locality, determined by uranium–lead dating, is 233.23 ± 0.61 million years old. Because this age is derived from detrital zircons, it is a maximum age and the true age might be slightly less, making the rocks approximately equivalent in age to the base of the Ischigualasto Formation, which has been found to be approximately 231.5 million years old. Saturnalia is among the oldest known dinosaurs.

Description
Saturnalia was a small, bipedal animal that probably reached a length of 1.5 m and weighed between 4 and 11 kg. The skull of Saturnalia was only about 10 cm long, giving it a proportionally small head as in other sauropodomorphs. The neck of Saturnalia was moderately long, about 56–60% the length of the trunk, and was composed of nine or ten vertebrae.

Paleobiology
Like many other early dinosaurs, but unlike later sauropodomorphs, Saturnalia was most likely carnivorous or omnivorous, with a diet that included insects or small vertebrates. Its small head and long neck may have allowed it to move its head rapidly enough to catch small, elusive prey.

Classification
The primitive nature of Saturnalia, combined with its mixture of sauropodomorph and theropod characteristics, has made it difficult to classify. Paleontologist Max Cardoso Langer and colleagues, in their 1999 description of the genus, assigned it to the Sauropodomorpha. However, in a 2003 paper, Langer noted that features of its skull and hand were more similar to the theropods, and that Saturnalia could at best be considered a member of the sauropodomorph "stem-lineage", rather than a true member of that group.

José Bonaparte and colleagues, in a 2007 study, found Saturnalia to be very similar to the primitive saurischian Guaibasaurus. Bonaparte placed the two in the same family, Guaibasauridae. Like Langer, Bonaparte found that these forms may have been primitive sauropodomorphs, or an assemblage of forms close to the common ancestor of the sauropodomorphs and theropods. Overall, Bonaparte found that both Saturnalia and Guaibasaurus were more theropod-like than prosauropod-like. However, all more recent cladistic analyses found it to be a very basal sauropodomorph,  possibly guaibasaurid, as the family was found to nest in a basal position within Sauropodomorpha. The subfamily Saturnaliinae was established in 2010 by Martin Ezcurra to include Saturnalia and its close relative Chromogisaurus.

Paleoecology
Saturnalia may have been prey to the contemporary herrerasaurid Staurikosaurus.

title: Saturnalia tupiniquim


text: User talk:66.255.9.181

title: User talk:66.255.9.181


text:
Nano Reid

Nano Reid (1 March 1900 – 17 November 1981) was an Irish painter who specialised in landscape, figure painting and portraits.

Early life and education
Nano Reid was born Anne Margaret Reid on 1 March 1900, in Drogheda, County Louth. She was the eldest of four children of Thomas Reid, publican, and Anne Reid (née Downey). The family home was above their pub in Drogheda, with the family also owning a number of properties in the town and in Dublin. Reid attended school at the Siena Convent, where her talent for painting developed. Upon leaving school she initially enrolled to train as a nurse at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, but left after two months. Her parents were persuaded by their parish priest, Dr Segrave, to allow Nano Reid to attend the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin. Whilst there she became an acquaintance of Harry Clarke. Nano Reid taught in at her old school and a boys' school in Drogheda in 1923. She exhibited for the first time at the Royal Hibernian Academy (RHA) in 1925 with three illustrations of poems. Nano Reid exhibited with the RHA periodically until 1968, though never became an academic member.

In 1927, as was common with other Irish painters of the time, Nano Reid went to Paris. Whilst there, she attended to the Académie de la Grande Chaumière for a few months, but the experience doesn't appear to have had an influence on her painting style. She then went to London to attend the Chelsea Polytechnic from 1929 to 1930, which she did not enjoy and after that remained in Ireland.

Artistic career
After returning to Ireland, Nano Reid began to exhibit landscape painting at the RHA. Like other painters of the period, such as Paul Henry, she travelled to the west of Ireland for painting inspiration with her early work showing the landscapes, local people and fisherman of the area. In 1934, she held a solo show at the Society of Dublin Painters at St Stephen's Green. Her second solo show was in 1936 at the Daniel Egan Gallery in Dublin, the show consisted of 53 watercolours and 23 oil paintings. At the request of the Mayor of Drogheda, the collection was rehung in the town.

Nano Reid's sister had taken over the family pub, to which she was a regular visitor while living primarily in Dublin. In Dublin she shared a house with her friend Patricia Hutchins. After WWII, Nano Reid moved to Fitzwilliam Square, sharing with others, including Pearse Hutchinson.

In 1950, Nano Reid and Norah McGuinness were selected to represent Ireland at the Venice Biennale of Art. This was the first time Irish artists participated in this international exhibition, which has been supported by the government of Ireland since then through a range of departments and agencies responsible for foreign affairs, arts and culture.

The Arts Council of Northern Ireland's Chichester Street Gallery, Belfast was the venue for a collection of forty solo works in the summer of 1964. She had previously shown in Belfast as a guest of the Ulster Society of Women Artists and with the Irish Exhibition of Living Art.

Work in collections

 * Crawford Art Gallery, Cork
 * Highlanes Gallery, Drogheda
 * Hugh Lane Gallery, Dublin
 * Trinity College Dublin
 * The Arts Council of Ireland including
 * Cave of the Firbola
 * Wreckage No.1
 * Santa Barbara Museum California
 * Irish Institute, New York
 * University of Limerick, IACI O'Malley Collection (1) Donkeys on the Aran Shore, (2) Valley Desmond, Gaugan Barra

Quotes

 * A born artist and a born stylist...This young artist from Drogheda has to be saluted as a genius.
 * Thomas MacGreevy, The Irish Times, 27 November 1942, p. 3 link
 * One can say, without pretension, that she has her place in European painting.
 * Patrick Swift, Envoy, March 1950 (read article). Reid painted Swift's portrait that year.
 * For my money the best Irish painter, mo cheol thú, a Nano.
 * Pearse Hutchinson, The Irish Imagination 1959–1971 (1971)

References and further reading

 * Karen Reihill "Gerard Dillon, Art and Friendships" pdf http://www.adams.ie/cat-pdf/20713.pdf
 * "Irish Art from Nathaniel Hone to Nano Reid: The Drogheda Municipal Art Collection in Context". Dr Denise Ferran. Highlanes Gallery (Drogheda). 2006
 * Declan Mallon (1994), Nano Reid. Drogheda, Co. Louth: Sunnyside Publications.
 * Patrick Swift, Envoy, A Review of Literature and Art, March 1950 read article
 * Karen Reihill "Gerard Dillon,Art and Friendships" published by Adams Auctioneers ( www.adams.ie ) Summer Loan Exhibition 2013 http://www.adams.ie/cat-pdf/20713.pdf
 * Declan Mallon (1994), Nano Reid. Drogheda, Co. Louth: Sunnyside Publications.
 * Patrick Swift, Envoy, A Review of Literature and Art, March 1950 read article
 * Karen Reihill "Gerard Dillon,Art and Friendships" published by Adams Auctioneers ( www.adams.ie ) Summer Loan Exhibition 2013 http://www.adams.ie/cat-pdf/20713.pdf

title: Nano Reid


text:
Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)

Thomas Mark Barrett (born December 8, 1953) is an American diplomat and politician who has served as the United States ambassador to Luxembourg since 2022. He previously served as the 44th mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin from 2004 until 2021.

A member of the Democratic Party, he was previously elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly (1984–1989), Wisconsin Senate (1989–1993) and U.S. House of Representatives (1993–2003). On April 6, 2004, Milwaukee elected Tom Barrett as its 40th mayor. He won reelection as mayor in 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020. After having unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for governor of Wisconsin in 2002, Barrett was the party's nominee for governor in both 2010 and 2012, losing both elections to Scott Walker. When he left office as mayor, Barrett was the longest-serving current mayor of one of the 50 largest cities in the United States.

Early life, education and early career
Barrett is the oldest son of Gertrude Virginia (of German and English descent) and Thomas J. Barrett (of Irish descent). His father was a World War II veteran who was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1944 for 30 missions over Germany as a navigator. His mother was a war widow when she met his father at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They married and moved to Milwaukee, where Barrett was born. He grew up on the city's west side.

Barrett graduated from Marquette University High School; he went on to earn his Bachelor of Arts in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Wisconsin Law School in 1980. He helped put himself through college and law school by working on the Harley-Davidson assembly line. After law school, Barrett served as a law clerk for Judge Robert W. Warren on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin from 1980 to 1982. He later entered into private practice and served as a bank examiner for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

State Assembly and Senate
Barrett made his first run for office at the age of 28 for the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1982, but was unsuccessful. He ran again in 1984, this time successfully; he served two terms before making a successful run for the Wisconsin Senate in a December 1989 special election. He continued to serve in the Wisconsin Senate until moving to higher office in 1993.

U.S. House of Representatives
In 1992, after U.S. Representative Jim Moody announced his intention to run for the United States Senate, Barrett successfully ran to succeed him. Barrett was reelected four more times to represent Wisconsin's 5th congressional district, which at the time included the northern half of the City of Milwaukee and some adjoining suburban municipalities. While in Congress, Barrett served on the Committee on Energy and Commerce, as well as the Government Reform Committee, Financial Services Committee, Ways and Means Committee and the House Administration Committee.

As a U.S. Representative, Barrett worked with his colleagues to secure aid for flood remediation projects in his district. He also worked to modernize the Community Reinvestment Act and frequently voiced his support of Milwaukee's Midwest Express Airlines. Barrett sponsored 37 bills and co-sponsored 1345 bills between January 5, 1993, and October 10, 2002. He was a delegate to the 2000 Democratic National Convention from Wisconsin.

Elections
In 2004, Barrett ran successfully for mayor of Milwaukee, defeating incumbent Acting Mayor Marvin Pratt, who took office following the resignation of John Norquist. Barrett was reelected in 2008 with 79% of the vote, the largest percentage a mayoral candidate had received in 40 years. In 2012 he was subsequently reelected against challenger Edward McDonald with over 70% of the vote. In 2016, Barrett was reelected with 70% of the vote over conservative 8th district alderman Robert Donovan. In 2020, Barrett was reelected to a fifth term with over 62% of the vote against Lena Taylor.

Development
During Barrett's tenure, the city has seen billions of dollars worth of new downtown developments. Barrett made great use of subsidies and tax incremental financing for developments. Barrett focused heavily on downtown development. In the later period of his mayoralty, the city saw its largest construction boom since the 1960s. The city's downtown experienced a major construction boom that included several new skyscrapers, such as the Northwestern Mutual Tower and Commons.

In 2018, Barrett announced a plan to construct 10,000 units of affordable housing in the city. The plan included an expansion of the use of tax-incremental financing districts.

Barrett made an effort to revive struggling areas of the city by encouraging businesses to relocate to areas near lower-income neighborhoods.

Economic matters
On February 25, 2009, Barrett gave his State of the City Address. Where he praised the city's past achievements and outlined his plan to increase green jobs, economic development and workforce training in the coming year. Barrett called on the citizens of Milwaukee to remain optimistic during the international economic downturn; "I am fully confident that Milwaukee will withstand the current economic downturn," Barrett said. "We will make smart investments, continue to build strong partnerships, provide training to our workforce and improve our public schools. We will emerge as a stronger and more competitive city." Barrett met with Vice President of the United States Joe Biden and testified before the United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment when he traveled to Washington, D.C., on March 18, 2009. Barrett attended a White House Recovery and Reinvestment Act Implementation Conference hosted by Biden. The conference addressed questions from state, county, and local government officials on how to effectively oversee the spending of Recovery Act funds.

Environment

Mayor Barrett has enacted his vision for a greener Milwaukee through the formation of Milwaukee's Green Team the establishment of Milwaukee's Office of Sustainability. The Office of Sustainability promotes cost-effective environmental sustainability practices that meet Milwaukee's urgent environmental, economic and social needs while enhancing long-term economic growth. He is also one of the region's greatest champions for the Great Lakes and previously served as Co-Chair of the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Cities Initiative, an binational organization of mayors and other local officials that works actively to advance the protection and restoration of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.

Response to the COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, Barrett took a number of actions. On March 23, 2020, citing concerns of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, Mayor Barrett sent a letter to Governor Tony Evers, State Senate Majority Leader Scott L. Fitzgerald and Speaker of the State House Robin Vos, requesting that the April 7 elections (including the mayoral election, as well as Wisconsin's presidential primaries and others races) be conducted using mail-in ballots only. Barrett lent his backing to a proposal authored by the Department of City Development under which business improvement districts would be allowed to spend money on assisting companies and property owners hurt by the pandemic without needing Common Council approval. Barrett lobbied the United States Army Corps of Engineers to establish a care facility at the Wisconsin State Fair Park.

Other matters
In April 2009, Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle and Mayor Tom Barrett, joined by Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin Elizabeth Burmaster, announced a broad effort improve the Milwaukee Public Schools (MPS). The announcement followed the completion of a comprehensive independent review of the finances and non-instructional operations of MPS commissioned by the governor and mayor in October 2008.

In 2013, he was one of nine mayors who established July 15 as Social Media Giving Day, encouraging citizens to support charities via social media.

Barrett was an advocate for the construction of The Hop streetcar system.

Mayor Barrett was involved in Milwaukee's successful bid to host the 2020 Democratic National Convention. Before he left the mayor's office, Barrett started the city's bid for the 2024 Republican National Convention. Milwaukee's bid was successful.

U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg
On August 25, 2021, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Barrett to serve as the United States Ambassador to Luxembourg. Hearings on his nomination were held before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on November 2, 2021. The committee favorably reported the nomination on December 15, 2021. The United States Senate confirmed him on December 16, 2021, by voice vote. He was sworn in by Judge Lynn Adelman in Milwaukee on December 23, 2021, and arrived in Luxembourg on January 28, 2022. On February 10, 2022, he presented his credentials to the Grand Duke of Luxembourg at the Grand Ducal Palace in Luxembourg City.

2002
Barrett decided to run for governor in 2002 when he decided to leave Washington D.C. after nearly a decade of service in the U.S. House of Representatives. He did so as a means spend more time in Milwaukee and Wisconsin with his family. Additionally, Wisconsin had lost a seat after the 2000 Census, and the new map resulted in Barrett's district being merged with the 4th district on the other side of Milwaukee, represented by fellow Democrat Jerry Kleczka. While the merged district retained Kleczka's district number, it was geographically and demographically more Barrett's district. However, Barrett announced his candidacy for governor in 2001, effectively handing the merged 4th to Kleczka.

In a heated Democratic primary, Barrett came in a close second to then-Attorney General Jim Doyle, who went on to win the general election.

2010
In August 2009, Doyle announced his decision to not seek reelection to a third term in 2010, leading many to believe Barrett would run for governor. On August 25, a group named "Wisconsin for Tom Barrett" formed, encouraging Barrett to run. On October 26, a website, TomForGovernor.com, was launched after Barbara Lawton, the Lieutenant Governor, backed out. A story in The Politico reported that President Barack Obama's political director Patrick Gaspard met with Barrett on November 4, 2009, amid speculation that the White House wanted him to run for Governor of Wisconsin.

Barrett ended months of speculation by officially announcing on November 15, 2009, that he would enter the race for governor. Barrett's campaign raised more than $750,000 in its first seven weeks. In an e-mail thanking supporters, Barrett said his campaign had more than $1.5 million in the bank, a significant start given that he did not declare candidacy for the Democratic primary until November 15, 2009. Barrett ultimately lost the election to Scott Walker.

2012 recall election

After the contentious collective bargaining dispute, Walker's disapproval ratings varied between 50 and 51%, while his approval ratings varied between 47 and 49% in 2011. In a survey of 768 Wisconsin voters conducted between February 24–27, 2011, during the 2011 Wisconsin budget protests, a poll by Public Policy Polling found that 52% of respondents said they would vote for Barrett if the election had been held then, while 45% said they would vote for Walker. Wisconsin law made Walker eligible for recall beginning January 3, 2012, and the Wisconsin Democratic Party had called it a "priority" to remove him from office, although the signatures on the petitions were not verified.

Barrett ended months of speculation by officially announcing on March 30, 2012, that he would enter the race for governor. The American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees and the Wisconsin Education Association Council, which already supported another Democrat who had announced, had met with Barrett in late December 2011 and tried unsuccessfully to keep him from entering the race. On May 8, Barrett won the Democratic primary for the recall election.

A Marquette Law School Poll released on May 30 (mirroring other polling outlets) had Barrett trailing Walker 52% to 45% among likely voters. The results represent a six-point increase for Walker over Barrett since Marquette's earlier poll in late April. The poll's margin of error for likely voters was plus or minus 4.1 percentage points. Odysseas, a contributor to the progressive blog Daily Kos, had questioned if the Marquette University Law school poll oversampled "right wingers." For example, a poll by Public Policy Polling conducted May 11–13 gave Republicans a 7% edge over Democrats in terms of likely voters, unlikely given Wisconsin voter registration patterns. However, in retrospect the Marquette poll accurately reflected the Wisconsin electorate's vote. However, the same poll showed President Obama holding a lead over Mitt Romney 51–43. On May 21, the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel endorsed Scott Walker over Barrett arguing "[there is] no reason to remove Walker from office." The Journal-Sentinel had previously endorsed Walker over Barrett in 2010. Walker defeated Barrett in the June 5 recall election by garnering 53.2%-46.3%, a similar margin to the 2010 election. Walker thus became the first governor in US history to survive a recall election.

Personal life
Barrett and his wife still live in Milwaukee's Washington Heights neighborhood, blocks away from his childhood home, where they raised their four, now adult, children Tommy, Annie, Erin and Kate, who all attended Milwaukee German Immersion School.

2009 Wisconsin State Fair attack
Barrett was the subject of national news headlines when he was attacked outside the Wisconsin State Fair on August 15, 2009, by a man wielding a pipe. Barrett and some family members were leaving the fair when he responded to a woman's cries for help. They encountered a man and a woman in a heated confrontation. While the mayor called the police, the man, 20-year-old Anthony J. Peters, attacked him with a pipe. Barrett was hospitalized after the incident and again later for reconstructive surgery for his hand. Governor Jim Doyle visited Barrett in the hospital the next morning and said he "found him to be in good spirits and looking good considering what happened... The mayor's heroic actions clearly saved a woman and others from harm", Doyle said in a statement. Peters was arrested the next day. Both President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden telephoned Barrett in the hospital to inquire as to his condition; Obama told Barrett that he went above the call of duty and said he was proud of Barrett's actions. Barrett's injuries included broken teeth, a permanently damaged hand, as well as blows to the head where he was struck with the pipe. Peters pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 12 years in prison and a further 10 years of supervision.

title: Tom Barrett (Wisconsin politician)


text:
Category talk:Babylon 5 episodes

Untitled
The redirect seems appropriate for a category in this case since the episode list provides an exhaustive list of items that belong in this category. I would even contend that having this page plus the episode list constitutes duplication and is therefore against wikipedia policy. :) 64.26.167.34 23:42, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The two are complementary; this argument has been hashed out elsewhere. Each has facilities not available to the other. --Phil | Talk 17:18, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Babylon 5 episodes


text: Category:Croatian mathematicians

title: Category:Croatian mathematicians


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Partial list of Palestinian terrorist acts

Partial list of Palestinian terrorist acts (and 2000-2004 lists) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was to keep.

As per Votes for deletion/List_of_Palestinian_children_killed_by_Israelis_in_2004 (note: User:Tarek appears to have nominated this).

This includes the following articles:
 * Partial list of Palestinian terrorist acts
 * Terrorism_against_Israel_in_2000
 * Terrorism_against_Israel_in_2001
 * Terrorism_against_Israel_in_2002
 * Terrorism_against_Israel_in_2003
 * Terrorism_against_Israel_in_2004

 * Transwiki at least the year pages (perhaps move this page to serve some other role): doing less than this is unfair. Cool Hand Luke  05:35, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, transwiki, or merge with the pages covered by Votes for deletion/List of Palestinian children killed by Israelis in 2004—do the same to both sets, but merge them at minimum into one list. Cool Hand Luke  10:45, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Clarification: if they are not transwikied or deleted, then merge. Cool Hand Luke  21:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge them and you end up with a morbid scoreboard like Violence_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict_2004, which nobody will ever be happy with. – [[User:Smyth|Smyth\talk ]] 13:42, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely unencyclopedic.  A list of facts without any perspective is worse than useless in an encyclopedia.  An article on Palestinian terrorism in general MAY be appropriate, and certainly specific terrorist groups and truly noteworthy attacks should have articles, but even such articles should not just be a mindless recitation of events. Indrian 18:12, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oops! Forgot to sign earlier, most embarassing. Indrian 18:12, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with Indrian.--Zappaz 04:26, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The only good thing you can say for "List of Palestinian children killed by Israelis in 2004" is that it's a fact that children were killed, that they were Palestinian and that the Israelis did it. We all know one person's terrorist is another's freedom fighter, so even the title of this cannot stand. Even if it isn't deleted, it should, I think, be moved to an NPOV title.Dr Zen 07:37, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Hypocrite:   ←Humus sapiens←Talk 11:17, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Transwiki. No need to actually merge them with the "opposing" lists first, as the events they deal with are not the same. – [[User:Smyth|Smyth\talk ]] 12:29, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As with the Palestinian children killed by Israelis, this doesn't belong in an encyclopedia. Carrp 17:57, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This is a list of verifiable facts. "Person's terrorist is another's freedom fighter" argument is of "orangs vs. oranges" kind. Terror is a tool, freedom is a goal. Mikkalai 22:54, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This page survived serveral VfD because it is important source of information, and can give a sense of how the intensity of the conflict vary over time. Data is pretty accurate, as each addition require reliable citation. MathKnight 23:31, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not claiming that the data is inaccurate. About 1 in 3 of the events are cited, which is pretty good as WP articles go. I'm only saying that a list of events, labeled with the perjorative word "terrorism", in which each entry does not correspond and never will correspond to an article in its own right, is not something that belongs in an encyclopedia. In general, I think that lists of factual information which are not being used for article classification should be moved to Wikisource. Do you also think that Votes_for_deletion/List_of_Palestinian_children_killed_by_Israelis_in_2004 should be kept in WP? It is an important source of information, and can give a sense of how the intensity of the conflict vary over time. The data is pretty accurate.... Both lists have to go. – [[User:Smyth|Smyth\talk ]] 13:14, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A good article which completes the other articles. --ThomasK 10:36, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. A good, solid piece of information. Certainly encyclopedic. Dan100 22:48, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. BUT I think using the term "terrorism" as a blanket of all Palestinian acts of violence in the article is POV. I would suggest changing "terrorist acts" to "acts of violence". -- Ld 23:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Partial" is irrelevant. You cannot have a partial listing of terrorist acts committed by Palestinian terrorists. I can think of quite a few more terrorist acts than this, such as the events that led to the Entebbe Operation, those that provoked the intervention in Lebanon, and the events of the First Intifada. The content could be kept for a complete article, but this trash can't be kept. Evolver of Borg 10:43, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete If Palestenian Listing is Deleted too I think these both should be voted as one If 'Palestinian children killed by Israelis' is deleted it should be deleted too. If that is kept this should kept too.
 * Zain 10:34, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep or wikisource, certainly do not delete. (User:195.7.55.146)
 * Keep. These are historic incidents.  This is not analogous to the Palestinian children killed by Israelis in 2004 as the individual names there are not academic or encyclopedic, events in a conflict are. Jewbacca 11:48, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * The primary purpose of a Wikipedia article is to present a well-digested and neutral discussion of a topic. An example is Violence against Israelis, which should not be deleted. This is not an endorsement of that particular page as it stands right now; it should most probably be heavily revised, NPOV'd and/or merged with other pages. But whoever started it at least knows what an encyclopedia is for. List pages are useful for the purposes of categorising such primary articles. But when pages are nothing but raw lists of events, people or things, only a tiny fraction of which will ever have articles on their own, we are out of Wikipedia's scope.  This series is such a list. It contains raw data, with the noteworthy, history-making events barely differentiated from the hundreds of minor events which surround them, and not set in any longer-term historical context. "Monday - 2 people died", "Tuesday - 4 people died", "Wednesday - 3 people died", on and on for 5 years. I respect the dedication of the people who compiled this list, even if I don't trust their motives, but although it may be useful for researchers who need the raw data, it does not make an encyclopedia article.  Move the series to Wikisource. It can probably survive there, because the only issue to be discussed is accuracy. – [[User:Smyth|Smyth\talk ]] 01:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but make it encyclopedic. For those who vote delete, why not take on List of terrorist incidents first?  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 11:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * List of terrorist incidents at least limits itself to historically significant events. You will notice that a fair chunk of the articles on that list are major enough to have their own articles. That, primarily, is what distinguishes it from this list: some level of selectivity and an attempt to set the events in a historical context. – [[User:Smyth|Smyth\talk ]] 12:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not a good example. It seems mostly to be a list of acts done by the less well-equipped side in asymmetric wars. Not much state terrorism gets a look-in. I'd be interested to know how Humus proposes to make this "encyclopaedic".Dr Zen 01:22, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not a great page, I know. The problem is that people persist in using the word "terrorism" as if it had some neutral meaning. It doesn't. It used to mean, roughly, "acts done by the less well-equipped side in asymmetric wars". Now it just means "them". I wish everyone would just realise that and accept that you can't use the word to refer to anyone on Wikipedia, unless you're quoting someone else's opinion, but there are enough people that think they can come up with a nonsubjective definition that I know it's hopeless. – [[User:Smyth|Smyth\talk ]] 15:20, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this article. I advocate deletion of all similar articles from either side of the IPC.  — mark ✎ 15:36, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 01:27, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.I feel no need to re-iterate previous argumentsmoseythedino 07:36, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: This is the very first (and up to now the only) edit of this user. See contribs.  — mark ✎ 01:01, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete  --fvw *  06:21, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)

Note from the archiver: Discounting anons, I see 10 deletes, 2 transwikis, and 7 keeps. No consensus, so keep. Mackensen (talk) 17:16, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Atenism

Atenism, also known as the Aten religion, the Amarna religion, and the Amarna heresy, was a religion in ancient Egypt. It was founded by Akhenaten, a pharaoh who ruled the New Kingdom under the Eighteenth Dynasty. The religion is described as monotheistic or monolatristic, although some Egyptologists argue that it was actually henotheistic. Atenism was centred on the cult of Aten, a god depicted as the disc of the Sun. Aten was originally an aspect of Ra, Egypt's traditional solar deity, though he was later asserted by Akhenaten as being the superior of all deities. In the 14th century BC, Atenism was Egypt's state religion for around 20 years, and Akhenaten met the worship of other gods with persecution; he closed many traditional temples, instead commissioning the construction of Atenist temples, and also suppressed religious traditionalists. However, subsequent pharaohs toppled the movement in the aftermath of Akhenaten's death, thereby restoring Egyptian civilization's traditional polytheistic religion. Large-scale efforts were then undertaken to remove from Egypt and Egyptian records any presence or mention of Akhenaten, Atenist temples, and assertions of a uniquely supreme god.

History of Aten before Akhenaten
The word Aten (jtn), meaning "circle", "disc", and later "sun disc", is first found in the 24th century BC Abusir Papyri, discovered in the mortuary temple of the Fifth Dynasty pharaoh Neferirkare Kakai. Aten, the god of Atenism, first appears as a god in texts dating to the Twelfth Dynasty, in the Story of Sinuhe. During the Middle Kingdom, Aten "as the sun disk...was merely one aspect of the sun god Re." It was a relatively obscure sun god; without the Atenist period, it would barely have figured in Egyptian history. Although there are indications that it was becoming slightly more important during the eighteenth dynasty, notably Amenhotep III's naming of his royal barge as Spirit of the Aten, it was Amenhotep IV who introduced the Atenist revolution in a series of steps culminating in the official installment of the Aten as Egypt's sole god. Although each line of kings prior to the reign of Akhenaten had previously adopted one deity as the royal patron and supreme state god, there had never been an attempt to exclude other deities, and the multitude of gods had always been tolerated and worshipped. During the reign of Thutmose IV, it was identified as a distinct solar god, and his son Amenhotep III established and promoted a separate cult for the Aten. However, there is no evidence that Amenhotep III neglected the other gods or attempted to promote the Aten as an exclusive deity.

Atenist Egypt
Amenhotep IV initially introduced Atenism in the fifth year of his reign (1348/1346 BC), raising Aten to the status of supreme god, initially permitting continued worship of the traditional gods. Later, during the reign of Akhenaten, he forbade the worship of other gods, a radical departure from the centuries of Egyptian religious practice. To emphasise the change, Aten's name was written in the cartouche form normally reserved for Pharaohs, an innovation of Atenism. The religious reformation appears to coincide with the proclamation of a Sed festival, a sort of royal jubilee intended to reinforce the Pharaoh's divine powers of kingship. Traditionally held in the thirtieth year of the Pharaoh's reign, it possibly was a festival in honour of Amenhotep III. Some Egyptologists think that he had a coregency with Amenhotep IV of 2–12 years. The fifth year is believed to mark the beginning of Amenhotep IV's construction of a new capital, Akhetaten (Horizon of the Aten), at the site known today as Amarna. Evidence appears on three of the boundary stelae used to mark the boundaries of this new capital. Then, Amenhotep IV officially changed his name to Akhenaten (Spirit of the Aten) as evidence of his new worship. The date given for the event has been estimated to fall around January 2 of that year. In the seventh year of his reign (1346/1344 BC), the capital was moved from Thebes to Akhetaten, but construction of the city seems to have continued for two more years. In shifting his court from the traditional ceremonial centres, he was signalling a dramatic transformation in the focus of religious and political power.

The move separated the Pharaoh and his court from the influence of the priesthood and from the traditional centres of worship, but his decree had deeper religious significance too. Taken in conjunction with his name change, it is possible that the move to Amarna was also meant as a signal of Akhenaten's symbolic death and rebirth. It may also have coincided with the death of his father and the end of the coregency. In addition to constructing a new capital in honor of Aten, Akhenaten also oversaw the construction of some of the most massive temple complexes in ancient Egypt, including one at Karnak and one at Thebes, close to the old temple of Amun. In the ninth year of his reign (1344/1342 BC), Akhenaten declared a more radical version of his new religion, declaring Aten not merely the supreme god of the Egyptian pantheon but the only God of Egypt, with himself as the sole intermediary between the Aten and the Egyptian people. Key features of Atenism included a ban on idols and other images of the Aten, with the exception of a rayed solar disc in which the rays (commonly depicted ending in hands) appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten. Aten was addressed by Akhenaten in prayers, such as the Great Hymn to the Aten: "O sole God beside whom there is none". Aten's name is also written differently after the ninth year of the Pharaoh's rule to emphasise the radicalism of the new regime. Aten, instead of being written with the symbol of a rayed solar disc, now became spelled phonetically.

The details of Atenist theology are still unclear. The exclusion of all but one god and the prohibition of idols was a radical departure from Egyptian tradition, but some scholars see Akhenaten as a practitioner of monolatry or henotheism rather than monotheism, as he did not actively deny the existence of other gods. He simply refrained from worshipping any but Aten. These reforms were later reversed by his successor Pharaoh Tutankhamen.

Some historians argue that only Akhenaten and Nefertiti could worship Aten directly.

Contrast with traditional Egyptian religion
Akhenaten carried out a radical program of religious reform. For about twenty years, he largely supplanted the age-old beliefs and practices of the Egyptian state religion, and deposed its religious hierarchy, headed by the powerful priesthood of Amun at Thebes. For fifteen centuries, the Egyptians had worshiped an extended family of gods and goddesses, each of which had its own elaborate system of priests, temples, shrines and rituals. A key feature of the cults was the veneration of images and statues of the gods, which were worshipped in the dark confines of the temples.

The pinnacle of the religious hierarchy was the Pharaoh, both king and living god. The administration of the Egyptian kingdom was thus inextricably bound up with and largely controlled by the power and influence of the priests and scribes. Akhenaten's reforms cut away both the philosophical and economic bases of priestly power, abolishing the cults of all other deities and, with them, the large and lucrative industry of sacrifices and tributes that the priests controlled.

At the same time, he strengthened the role of the Pharaoh. Dominic Montserrat, analyzing the various versions of the hymns to the Aten, argues that all versions of the hymns focus on the king; he suggests that the real innovation is to redefine the relationship of god and king in a way that benefited Akhenaten, quoting a statement of Egyptologist John Baines: "Amarna religion was a religion of god and king, or even of king first and then god".

Initially, Akhenaten presented Aten to the Egyptian people as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of Amun, resulting in Amun becoming merged with the sun god Ra), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar religious context. 'Aten' is the name given to the solar disc, and the god's full title on boundary steles of the new capital was "Ra-Horus, who rejoices in the horizon in his name of the light which is in the sun disc".

However, in the ninth year of his reign, Akhenaten declared a more radical version of his new religion by declaring Aten not merely the supreme god but the only god, and Akhenaten as the son of Aten was the only intermediary between the Aten and his people. He ordered the defacing of Amun's temples throughout Egypt. Key features of Atenism included a ban on idols and other images of the Aten, with the exception of a rayed solar disc in which the rays, commonly depicted as ending in hands, appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten. Later still, even this was done away with.

Amarna art
Styles of art that flourished during the brief period are markedly different from other Egyptian art. They bear a variety of affectations, from elongated heads to protruding stomachs, exaggerated ugliness, and the beauty of Nefertiti. Significantly, for the only time in the history of Egyptian royal art, Akhenaten's family was depicted in a decidedly naturalistic manner. It is clearly shown displaying affection.

Images of Akhenaten and Nefertiti usually depict the Aten prominently above that pair, with the hands of the Aten closest to each offering Ankhs. Unusually for New Kingdom art, the Pharaoh and his wife are depicted as approximately equal in size, with Nefertiti's image used to decorate the lesser Aten temple at Amarna. That may suggest that she also had a prominent official role in Aten worship.

Artistic representations of Akhenaten usually give him an unusual appearance, with slender limbs, a protruding belly and wide hips. Other leading figures of the Amarna period, both royal and otherwise, are also shown with some of these features, suggesting a possible religious connotation, especially as some sources suggest that private representations of Akhenaten, as opposed to official art, show him as quite normal. It is also suggested by Brier that the family suffered from Marfan's syndrome, which is known to cause elongated features, which may explain Akhenaten's appearance.

Decline

The collapse of Atenism began during Akhenaten's late reign when a major plague spread across the ancient Near East. This pandemic appears to have claimed the lives of numerous royal family members and high-ranking officials, possibly contributing to the decline of Akhenaten's government. The events of this period are not well known due to the paucity and fragmentary nature of surviving sources. According to the most likely scenario, the widespread deaths due to the plague caused Akhenaten to appoint two co-regents in quick succession: Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten. The origin of both is not attested, though it has been speculated that Smenkhkare was a younger brother of Akhenaten, whereas Neferneferuaten was in fact, Queen Nefertiti. Smenkhkare died after a short reign, eventually leaving Neferneferuaten as the acting regent of Egypt.

Though Akhenaten's last years saw possibly the most aggressive repression of Amun and, less likely, other gods, his death quickly resulted in the resurgence of the old cults. Neferneferuaten appears to have attempted to reach some accommodation with the Amun priesthood, while still preserving a less exclusive form of Atenism. After a few years, however, Neferneferuaten disappeared, and her successor Tutankhaten (with Akhenaten's old vizier, Ay, as regent) changed his name to Tutankhamun in the third year of his reign (c. 1330 BC), restored power to the Amun priesthood, and moved the capital away from Akhetaten, perhaps to Memphis, or, less likely, Thebes.

The following two decades saw Atenism's terminal decline. Most of the temples that Akhenaten had built from talatat blocks, including the temple at Thebes, were disassembled, reused as a source of building materials and decorations for other temples, and inscriptions to Aten were defaced. Though Akhetaten was not fully abandoned, and the local Aten temple continued to function, most residents left over time. After Ay's short rule as pharaoh in his own right following Tutankhamun's death, his general, Horemheb, a non-royal, came to power. He ordered a purge of the Amarna Period rulers, removing Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Neferneferuaten, Tutankhamun, and Ay from the official lists of Pharaohs, and destroying their monuments, including most remaining Aten temples. Nevertheless, the Aten temple in Akhetaten was still in use during Horemheb's first years, suggesting that the purge was not universal, perhaps leaving some small pockets of Atenism in Egypt.

Though this marked the de facto end of Atenism, the revolutionary cult left some lasting impact on ancient Egyptian religion. For example, some changes in funerary rites during the Amarna Period remained in place under Horemheb and his successors.

Link to Abrahamic monotheism
Because of the monolatristic or monotheistic character of Atenism, a link to Judaism (or other monotheistic religions) has been suggested by various writers. For example, psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud assumed Akhenaten to be the pioneer of monotheistic religion and Moses as Akhenaten's follower in his book Moses and Monotheism.

The modern Druze regard their religion as being descended from and influenced by older monotheistic and mystic movements, including Atenism. In particular, they attribute the Tawhid's first public declaration to Akhenaten.

In popular culture

 * British writer Agatha Christie wrote the play Akhnaton in 1937. The story involves Pharaoh Akhenaten, his wife Nefertiti, and his successor Tutankhnaton (later to take the name, Tutankhamun). Christie was assisted in her research by Egyptologist Stephen Glanville.
 * American composer Philip Glass composed a grand opera about Akhenaten which sets texts from the Amarna letters and Hymn to the Aten.
 * Finnish author Mika Waltari used the idea of Aten and Atenism in his historical novel The Egyptian. The Egyptian (film) is a 1954 movie based on Waltari's novel depicting a fictionalized account of Atenism and Akhenaten.
 * In the video game The Secret World, the Aten is a malevolent supernatural force that wants to destroy Egypt, and Akhenaten is a victim of its mind control.
 * American author Ishmael Reed develops a blend of real and imagined history involving an ancient monotheistic "Atonist" order throughout his 1972 novel Mumbo Jumbo.
 * In the video game Assassin's Creed Origins; 'The Curse of the Pharaohs' features the realm of Aten, with a solar disc styled on the traditional depiction.

title: Atenism


text:
Music of Colorado

The American state of Colorado has many music scenes and venues, especially in the larger cities like Denver and Colorado Springs.

Colorado's orchestras include the Colorado Symphony Orchestra, Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Colorado Springs Philharmonic, among others.

Folk and traditional music in Colorado has been an integral part of the local popular culture in the last century. The Colorado Bluegrass Music Society exists to promote Coloradan bluegrass music, and publishes a magazine called Pow'r Pickin'.

Colorado bands and artists
Local bands and musicians as well as those often associated with Colorado include:
 * The Red Iron Push (Country/Rock)
 * 16 Horsepower (Alternative/Country/Rock)
 * 3OH!3 (Pop)
 * 50/50innertainment (Hip-Hop)
 * Air Dubai (Alternative Hip-Hop)
 * All (Punk)
 * Allegaeon (Extreme Metal)
 * Anti-Scrunti Faction (Punk)
 * The Apples in Stereo (Indie/Pop)
 * A Shoreline Dream (Rock)
 * The Astronauts (Surf)
 * Philip Bailey (R&B/Funk)
 * Ginger Baker (Jazz)
 * Big Gigantic (Instrumental Electronica)
 * Big Head Todd and the Monsters (Rock/Blues)
 * Bloodstrike (Metal)
 * Tommy Bolin (1960s-1970s)
 * Joe Bonner (Jazz)
 * Breathe Carolina (Electronic Rock)
 * Antonia Brico (Classical)
 * Mark Brooks
 * Calm (hip hop)
 * Cellador (Heavy Metal)
 * Cephalic Carnage (Extreme Metal)
 * Christie Front Drive (Post-hardcore, Indie, Emo)
 * Churchill (Acoustic/Bluegrass/Folk Rock)
 * The Czars (Rock/Alternative)
 * Demetrius Ross (Pop/Hip Hop/R&B)
 * Jack Stein (Country/Rock)
 * Judy Collins (Folk)
 * John Denver (Folk/Country) 4 #1 Billboard Hot 100 songs (d. 1997)
 * DeVotchKa (Indie/Alternative)
 * Dressy Bessy (Indie)
 * The Drood (Electronic Rock)
 * Drop Dead, Gorgeous (Rock)
 * Earth, Wind & Fire (R&B)
 * Elephant Revival (Folk)
 * Fear Before the March of Flames (Rock)
 * Firefall (Rock)
 * Five Iron Frenzy (Ska)
 * Flobots (Rap-Rock)
 * The Fluid (Rock)
 * Stelth Ulvang (Folk Rock)
 * Josephine Foster (Folk)
 * The Fray (Adult Contemporary/Soft Rock). #1 Billboard 200 album with The Fray in 2009. Isaac Slade graduated from the University of Colorado Denver.
 * Frogs Gone Fishin' (Funk)
 * The Gamits (Pop/Punk)
 * Miriam Gideon (composer)
 * Dave Grusin (composer). 10-time Grammy award winner.
 * Tom Hamilton, Aerosmith bassist (rock)
 * Havok (Metal)
 * Hit and Run (Bluegrass)
 * Idlewhile (Indie/Americana)
 * Illenium (Future Bass/Dubstep)
 * India.Arie (R&B/Soul). Had a #1 Billboard 200 album in 2006.
 * Javon Jackson (Jazz)
 * Jag Panzer (Heavy Metal)
 * Mike Johnson (guitarist)
 * Andy Kirk (Jazz)
 * Leftover Salmon (Jam)
 * Willie Lewis (Rockabilly)
 * The Lumineers (Folk/Alternative). Had a #1 Billboard 200 album, folk rock Cleopatra in 2016.
 * Meese (Alternative)
 * Ron Miles (Jazz)
 * Glenn Miller (Jazz) his "In the Mood" became the best-selling swing instrumental (d. 1944)
 * The Minders (Indie)
 * Mr. J. Medeiros (Hip-Hop)
 * Michael Martin Murphey (Pop/Country Western)
 * The Motet (American funk, soul and jazz)
 * Neighborhood Bully (Pop/Rock)
 * The Northern Way (Pop/Rock)
 * Neutral Milk Hotel (Indie/Folk/Lo-Fi) Relocated to Denver to record On Avery Island and In the Aeroplane Over the Sea.
 * OneRepublic (Pop/Rock/Alternative/Folk) Two #2 Hot 100 hits, including "Apologize".
 * Opera Colorado (Opera)
 * Paper Bird (Americana/Folk)
 * Matt Pike
 * Playalitical (Rap/Hip-Hop)
 * The Photo Atlas (Pop/Rock)
 * Roy Porter (Jazz drummer)
 * Pretty Lights (Electronic)
 * Primitive Man (Metal)
 * Stryker & MFT (Hip-Hop)
 * The Procussions (Hip-Hop)
 * Paul Quinichette (Jazz)
 * Nathaniel Rateliff
 * Dean Reed (Rock 'n' Roll)
 * Dianne Reeves (Jazz)
 * Rivulets (Indie/Singer-Songwriter)
 * Roper (Pop/Punk)
 * Rose Hill Drive (Rock)
 * The Samples (Jam/Rock)
 * SHEL (Folk/Pop)
 * Single File (Pop)
 * Slim Cessna's Auto Club (Alternative/Country/Rock)
 * Jill Sobule (Folk)
 * The String Cheese Incident (Jam)
 * Sugarloaf (Rock)
 * Sweet Lillies (Bluegrass)
 * Dallas Taylor (drummer)
 * Sally Taylor (musician)
 * Tennis (Alternative)
 * Thinking Plague (Avant/Progressive)
 * Tickle Me Pink (Pop)
 * Time (indie hip hop)
 * Vaux (Alternative, 1990s-2000s)
 * Laura Veirs (Folk)
 * Velvet Acid Christ (Electronic/Industrial, 1990s-2000s)
 * The VSS (Post-hardcore/Experimental Rock)
 * Mary Watkins (Folk and Jazz pianist)
 * Paul Whiteman (Jazz bandleader, composer, violinist)
 * Wendy Woo (Singer/Songwriter)
 * Wovenhand (Alternative/Country/Rock)
 * Yonder Mountain String Band (Bluegrass)
 * Zephyr (Rock)

List of notable Colorado music venues
 Fort Collins

 * Washington's, 132 Laporte Ave.
 * The Armory, 314 East Mountain Ave.
 * Aggie Theater

Boulder

 * Fox Theatre, 1135 13th St.
 * Macky Auditorium, CU-Boulder campus
 * Boulder Theater, 2032 14th St.
 * Chautauqua Auditorium

Broomfield

 * 1stBank Center

Colorado Springs

 * World Arena, 3185 Venetucci Blvd.
 * Pikes Peak Center for the Performing Arts, 190 S. Cascade Ave.
 * The Black Sheep, 2106 E Platte Ave
 * Sunshine Studios Live, 3970 Clearview Frontage Rd.

Denver

 * Fillmore Auditorium, 1510 Clarkson St.
 * Ogden Theatre, 935 E. Colfax Ave.
 * Ball Arena, 1000 Chopper Pl.
 * Bluebird Theater, 3317 E. Colfax Ave.
 * Paramount Theater, 1621 Glenarm Pl.
 * Gothic Theater, 3263 S Broadway
 * Cervantes, 2637 Welton St.
 * Summit Music Hall, 1902 Blake St.
 * Mission Ballroom

Greenwood Village

 * Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre

Longmont

 * Dickens Opera House

Loveland

 * Budweiser Events Center

Morrison

 * Red Rocks Amphitheatre has the Colorado Music Hall of Fame (which features the John Denver "Spirit" statue)

title: Music of Colorado