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Wikipedia:WikiProject Pornography

Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better organize information in articles related to pornography. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list there.

Scope
This project covers various topics related to the subject of pornography, such as:
 * Pornographic film actors, actresses and models, as well as related infobox templates. The project aims to implement high standards for sourcing information on pornographic actors and define the proper scope for encyclopedic biographies of performers.
 * Other pornography-related biographies, such as notable pornographic film directors and photographers.
 * Other pornography-related topics, such as pornography genres.
 * The larger topic of pornography itself, and social and cultural issues surrounding it.

Parentage and related projects
The parents of this WikiProject are WikiProject Sexology and sexuality, WikiProject Film, and WikiProject Biography. Gay and lesbian pornography falls under the coverage of this project, a topic which overlaps with WikiProject LGBT studies. Portal:Erotica and pornography is associated with this project.

Participants

 * Admin Members

Reasons you may be on this list:
 * Members

If you're back just move yourself to the active list.
 * You have not made regular contributions to articles in this wikiproject.
 * You have not been active on Wikipedia for a period of time.

Articles

 * Missing (or red-linked) articles from AVN Hall of Fame or XRCO Hall of Fame - almost all will be notable for our purposes.
 * Missing (red-linked) articles of movies listed at WikiProject Pornography/List of pornographic film series. However, not all of them may be notable enough to create an article according to WP:MOVIE.

Also, any articles that are pornography stubs or Pornographic actor stubs need your help as well!

A more detailed list of what needs to be done to the above articles can be located at the Cleanup listing.

Assessment
see WikiProject Pornography/Assessment

Deletion
see WikiProject Pornography/Deletion

Images
Images available from Lukeisback.com can be used in a pornographic performer's article. Here are some tools to help out:

 * Google image search
 * Click "image" search.
 * Use the parameters: NAME_OF_ACTOR site:www.lukeisback.com
 * Once you have located an appropriate picture, note the following:
 * URL of the page that links the image in question.
 * Date the image was taken. If the date isn't written on the page itself, Luke Ford typically formats his pages in this format:
 * http://www.lukeisback.com/archives/updates/060612.htm (2006, June, 12th)
 * Once you've saved the picture, you may have to crop it or enhance the image. Do note that enhancing the image is creating a derivative work, and therefore is still owned by Ford despite any edits done to the image(s) in question. However, it is legal because the image is licensed under the cc-by-2.5 license.
 * Once you're done, upload all images to the Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons Attribution license, version 2.5. When uploading, please select a human-readable file name for the image. (For instance, an image on Alicia Alighatti should be called Alicia Alighatti.jpg not DSC 1028.jpg.) Also remember to place the image in the applicable categories, such as Category:Porn stars and Category:Luke Ford photos.
 * If you encounter any issues, please feel free to leave a message on this project's talk page.

New articles
see Bot search results

Playboy-related
Right now, there are a slew of micro-stubs that do not meet the notability requirements laid down in Notability for biographies. Therefore, all users are encouraged to improve stubs on Playboy models (including the "Cyber Models"). As of right now, all Playboy Cyber Girls are nearly non-notable for inclusion in Wikipedia - the most obvious of these are the "Models of the Week". Obviously, use common sense in determining which articles should be tagged for proposed deletion; for instance, the "Cyber Girls of the Year" might not qualify for a PROD. However, there may be an issue with the Playboy "Cyber Girls of the Month".

Miscellaneous

 * Golden Age of Porn from 1974 to 1984 (DVD dealers say "to 1989", real "love stories" with a script, filmed on expensive celluloid - not on cheap video), "In the old stuff, the models look like regular people. Now it's all clones" - (link down, archived fragment).

Important performers: Seka, Annie Sprinkle, Marilyn Chambers, Candida Royalle, Chris Cassidy (porn actor), Richard Pacheco, Jamie Gillis, Marlene Willoughby, Juliet Anderson, Viper (actress) (this is the first of several pornographic actresses using the name Viper), R. Bolla, Bobby Astyr, Samantha Fox (pornographic actress), Veronica Hart, Joey Silvera, Teresa Orlowski, Henri Pachard (director), Lasse Braun (director), Brigitte Maier, Alex de Renzy (director), Sascha Alexander (director), John Leslie, Eric Edwards (pornographic actor), Uschi Digard, Kascha Papillon, Andrea True, Arcadia Lake (pornographic actress), Bambi Woods, Billy Dee, Candy Samples, Carol Connors (pornographic actress), Carter Stevens, Casey Donovan (actor), Erica Boyer, Dorothy LeMay, Desiree West, Darby Lloyd Rains, Colleen Brennan, Kevin James (pornographic actor), Kandi Barbour, Johnny Keyes, Leslie Bovee, Linda Wong (pornographic actress), Long Jeanne Silver, Loni Sanders, Louise Frevert, Lysa Thatcher, Mai Lin, Michael Morrison (pornography), Mike Horner (pornographic actor), Randy West (pornographic actor), Rebecca Brooke, Rene Bond, Sharon Kane, Vanessa del Rio, Tom Byron, Robin Byrd, Christy Canyon, Misty Dawn, Kitten Natividad, Sharon Mitchell, Nina Hartley, Amber Lynn, Georgina Spelvin, Rhonda Jo Petty, Serena (pornographic actress), Gloria Leonard, Kelly Nichols, and Jessie St. James.

Photographs: Free use vs. Fair Use
It is Wikipedia policy to prefer free use, copyleft photographs over fair use due to the fact that copylefted photos can be used on other Wikipedia projects. As a result, the following section illustrates how to procure photographs that can be used in Wikipedia's articles.

Free / Copyleft (Creative Commons)
The following sources have permitted usage of their photos on Wikipedia, under a copyleft license:

 * Luke Ford photos
 * Photos on Lukeisback.com that are licensed under the Creative Commons 2.5 Attribution license.
 * Photos previously on Lukeford.com, up until August 8, 2001, are also licensed under CC 2.5 Attribution.
 * See here for background on how Luke Ford gave his consent.
 * Be sure to confirm the image source, as Ford sometimes posts images from other sources on his own website (e.g. images taken by Holly Randall). Either Ford will state in his commentary accompanying the image where the image came from, or the image itself will have a copyright statement. Obviously, the non-Luke Ford images are not licensed under the Creative Commons.
 * Note that as of mid-May 2007, the new pictures that have been posted to lukeisback.com have had a "© LUKEISBACK.COM"" tag placed on them. Ford has reiterated his commitment to allowing his photos to be used under a Creative Commons license on Wikipedia.
 * Dirty Bob photos
 * Photos on www.reviewerhell.com are available, under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license.
 * See here for background on how Dirty Bob gave his consent.
 * Note that only the photos explicitly marked as being taken by Dirty Bob are usable; the other images on the website are owned by other people.
 * J. Bruce Howie photos
 * Photos on http://jbrucehowie.com are available, under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license.
 * See here for background on how J. Bruce Howie gave his consent.

 * PD-author Tag used for an author to release their work into the public domain, disclaiming any copyright.
 * Cc-by-sa-4.0 - Creative Commons

Please upload any images that are Creative Commons on the Wikimedia Commons. By doing so you allow these images to be used on other language editions of Wikipedia.

Acceptable sources of fair use photos
The following may be used in a manner consistent with the non-free content guidelines on Wikipedia.

 * Fair Use - see Image description page for rationale for fair use. Publicity photos are often useful for this, but be careful - non-free (fair use) images are allowed only if a free image could not reasonably be created. If the person is dead, is a recluse, or currently looks significantly different than during their career, then the image may not be replaceable. But for most active stars, a non-free image would be deemed "replaceable" and would be deleted. See Publicity photos for a historical discussion of what publicity photos are, and their use on Wikipedia.
 * Covers (such as magazine and video box covers) - can be used only if giving critical commentary to the movie itself, and not the performer.

For additional tags not listed here, refer to Image copyright tags.

Requesting permission

 * Requesting free content is a detailed essay on how to ask article subjects and photographers to release their images under an acceptable license.

Not acceptable

 * Flickr user Kamui Sendoh has placed a lot of performer images under a Creative Commons Attribution license, however evidence has been presented that his ownership of at least some of them is questionable. In general, Flickr images from http://flickr.com/photos/kamui99/ are not considered acceptable.

Real names of performers
If the birth name of a performer is being added to an article, note that (per WP:BLP) we must ensure it is sourced from reliable sources, and it is equally clear what should happen if the source is not reliable:

 * We must get the article right. Be very firm about the use of high-quality sources. All quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged must be explicitly attributed to a reliable, published source, which is usually done with an inline citation. Contentious material about living persons (or, in some cases, recently deceased) that is unsourced or poorly sourced – whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable – should be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion.  Users who persistently or egregiously violate this policy may be blocked from editing. (emphasis original)

This creates a problem with respect to the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) as it is not considered reliable for biographical information. From the reliable source examples page:
 * "Trivia on sites such as IMDb... should not be used as sources. These media do not have adequate levels of editorial oversight or author credibility and lack assured persistence."

The problem with the "biography" page on IMDb is that anyone can add information to it. As a consequence, it is entirely possible for someone to "vandalize" the IMDB page by adding a random name to the biography page, then turn around and use IMDb as a source for adding the name to Wikipedia.

Even when reliably sourced, editorial judgment must be exercised before deciding to add a pornographic performer's birth name to an article which also uses their stage name. Please review WP:BLPNAME as it relates to names that have been intentionally concealed because of a subject's occupation: "... it is often preferable to omit it, especially when doing so does not result in a significant loss of context."

A 2019 article on Jezebel discusses this policy in particular and Wikipedia's use of real names of pornography-related performers in general.

Filmographies
While it can be useful to have some indication what films a performer or filmmaker has worked on, Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information. Any filmographies should be partial, not a complete listing of each and every film that person appeared in. Filmographies are to be limited to six films at most; any additional listings above that number must meet at least one of the following criteria:
 * Performer or filmmaker's first movie.
 * Movies that have garnered awards (for the entire movie or the performer's work in the movie).
 * Movies the performer has been in that have received mainstream news attention - e.g., films such as Deep Throat and Behind the Green Door.
 * Movies that themselves have individual entries on Wikipedia.
 * Performer or filmmaker's last movie (of their career, not their latest film).

Providing links to the appropriate IMDB, IAFD, AFDB, EGAFD, and/or BGAFD filmographies (in the infobox or under the "External links" section) should allow readers access to complete filmographies of performers and filmmakers without unnecessary cluttering of Wikipedia articles.

Finding sources
The best online sources of reliable information on pornography are Google Books, Google News, and Google Scholar.

 Google UK sources:
 * Here is a list of books under the subject of pornography:
 * Here are book titles containing the word "porn":

Individual words and phrases can also be searched on Google books. Even if you think a particular topic is very obscure, WikiProject Pornography advises you to look it up on google books. You will probably be surprised at what obscure porn-related topics these resources cover - even Bukkake.

If you find a source on Google Scholar that you are unable to access without paying, contact User:Willy turner who will access it for you.

Academic journals

 * The peer-reviewed journal Porn Studies, founded in 2014, is a generally reliable source, and an influential one according to its SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), available at its SJR page.

Researchers/Academics/Citable Sources
List of people (academics, researchers, and/or clinicians) who study pornography, have published about it, and/or have been interviewed regarding their views and knowledge of the subject.
 * Constance Penley, Ph.D. - currently a professor with U.C. Santa Barbara, also an author, editor, and documentary producer.
 * Erick Janssen, Ph.D. - associate scientist at the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction at Indiana University.
 * Christopher Mott, Ph.D. - UCLA Distinguished Lecturer
 * Chauntelle Tibbals, Ph.D., University of Texas - Austin, Sociology (2010) - currently with the USC Dept. of Sociology, spent the past several years researching the adult industry, working to complicate popular understandings of pornography, its enterprise, and its socio-cultural significance.
 * Kassia Wosick, Ph.D. - New Mexico State University Dept. of Sociology professor and researcher
 * Vern Bullough, Professor, Dean, SUNY Buffalo

Industry/trade sources
The following sources can be helpful for finding information about erotic performers, though few are considered reliable sources:

 * AVN.com – generally reliable for adult industry news and movie reviews, though it does not indicate when an article is a press release in their articles; it is however indicated in the article's internal search engine results. In addition, their performer profiles are often copied from other sites and cannot be treated as reliable.
 * XBiz.com – adult industry news
 * XStarNews.com – French trade journal.
 * German-Adult-News.com – German news site.
 * AV-open.jp – source for JAV (Japanese Adult Video) industry and Major Awards.

Self-published sources
Self-published sources, such as a performer's official website, can be reliable in some circumstances. Self-published sources should never be used as third-party sources about living persons.

 * WeKinglyPigs.com – Searchable database of all Playboy Playmates with physical stats, photographer credit, birthplace/date, etc. Maintained by Peggy Wilkins, UNIX system administrator at the University of Chicago Library.

Generally unreliable sources

 * Adult Film Database – The site contains no editor/publisher information or other indications of reliability. Can be listed in the external links section using the the afdb name template.
 * AdultDVDEmpire.com – A vendor site with performer biographies, not generally reliable.
 * AdultDVDTalk.com – Described as a "community of porn fans, pornstars and industry insiders", the site appears to be essentially a group blog and features numerous perfomer interviews. The "About" page gives no indication of editorial oversight.
 * AdultFYI.com – Self-published site by Gene Ross, former managing editor of AVN. Contains news, gossip, and movie reviews. Not generally reliable for the purposes of BLPs.
 * AINews.com – Runs mostly company press releases and can not be considered independent to establish notability. Its reliability is limited.
 * British Girl Adult Film Database – The site's "About" page lists two people named "Alec and John" as authors. Essentially a self-published blog.
 * Eros-NY.com – Promotional site for escorts; sometimes has articles about/interviews with call girls who perform in porn. Not generally reliable.
 * Eurobabe Index – Database listing website appearances (and sometimes filmographies) of European adult models. The site lists the names of several staff, but gives no indication of editorial oversight. Should be treated as essentially a group blog.
 * European Girl Adult Film Database – The site's "About" page contains no editor/publisher information or other indications of reliability.
 * Excaliburfilms.com – Many performer and director biographies; appearance lists focuses on products the site sells. As a vendor site, its biographies are not generally reliable, and they are often taken from other sites, such as Wikipedia.
 * Fleshbot.com – Blog site that often features press releases, satire, and opinions, not generally reliable.
 * Gamelink.com – A vendor site with performer biographies, not generally reliable.
 * Internet Adult Film Database (IAFD) – Attempts to be the adult film equivalent of IMDb . Maintained by anonymous volunteer editors, it accepts user-generated "corrections" making it the equivalent of a group blog or other user-generated source that should  be used for biographical information. Can be listed in the external links section using the iafd name template.
 * Internet Movie Database (IMDb) – Performer profiles can be edited by users, so it is considered a user-generated source and should  be used for biographical information. Can be listed in the external links section using the imdb name template.
 * LukeIsBack.com – last site of Luke Ford, porn's gossip columnist. The "stars" section sometimes lists quite a lot of information about a performer, and the photos are GFDL under User:Tabercil/Luke Ford permission; however the photos are not linked to the stars article, and often require image search, as described above under . Ford no longer operates the website. It is now operated by Cindi Loftus. As a self-published site, it cannot be used as a reliable source. (Per Jimbo Wales, "... no way in hell is that site a WP:RS.") However, the site sometimes provides links to some reliable sources. As of 2015, the site is listed on WP's spam blacklist and cannot be linked.
 * PornValleyNews.com – Contains news and biographies. A self-published blog, not generally reliable.
 * RogReviews.com – Contains performer interviews by adult film critic Roger T. Pipe. As a self-published source, the site's reliability is questionable, and it should  not be used for biographical information about living people.

Other resources

 * User:AnonEMouse/MouSearch – A Google Co-op specialized search engine, that searches sites that tend to provide information on pornographic performers, rather than endless advertisements and image galleries. A work in progress by a WikiProject Pornography member. However, not all the sites searched for are reliable.

Templates
Do not use template substitution on any of these templates.

Article pages

 * Infobox adult biography replaced per Infobox person
 * Sister project links
 * External links and references
 * Commons category
 * External links and references
 * Commons category

 * official - official website
 * IMDb name - IMDb, mainstream work
 * IMDb title
 * IAFD name - IAFD, number of appearances, studios, etc. - searchable
 * IAFD movie
 * IAFD distributor
 * IAFD studio
 * afdb name - AFDB, film/video appearances
 * Afdb movie
 * Bgafd name - British Girl Adult Film Database, primarily for UK performers
 * Egafd name - European (including Eastern Euro.) performers
 * Egafd male name
 * Egafd movie
 * YouTube - the subject's own channel, not fan pages
 * Twitter
 * Instagram
 * Facebook
 * Appearances
 * Penthouse Pets templates
 * Awards
 * AVN Award - Female Performer of the Year - since 1993
 * XRCO Award - Female Performer of the Year - since 1984, not complete, some years missing
 * Template:Adult entertainment awards - for the articles about the awards and ceremonies
 * Other
 * Template:Pornography - This is essentially the "Master template" for all WikiProject:Pornography articles.
 * Template:Pornography legality
 * Template:American pornographic film studios
 * Template:MindGeek - Manwin/MindGeek owned websites, studios, productions(film/videos)
 * Template:Girlfriends Films - GFF productions, predominantly girl/girl or lesbian themed

Article talk pages

 * Use the WikiProject Pornography banner (shown below) on an article talk page to mark it as belonging to this project and evaluate its quality and importance:

See WikiProject Pornography/Assessment for full instructions on how to use these.

 * For sex workers related articles needing an image or photograph, use sex workers in the talk page (shown below), which adds the article to Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of sex workers. If possible, please add a request to an existing sub-category.

Lists
When adding an article, please add the entry to one or more of the following lists -- as appropriate!

For biographys
 * List of Nikkatsu Roman Porno films
 * List of Penthouse Pets
 * List of people in Playboy 1953–59
 * List of people in Playboy 1960–69
 * List of people in Playboy 1970–79
 * List of people in Playboy 1980–89
 * List of people in Playboy 1990–99
 * List of people in Playboy 2000–09
 * List of people in Playboy 2010–19
 * List of male performers in gay porn films
 * List of mainstream actors who have appeared in pornographic films
 * List of pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films
 * List of British pornographic actors
 * List of pornographic performers by decade
 * List of members of the AVN Hall of Fame
 * List of pornographic film directors

For companies
 * List of pornography companies
 * List of pornographic film studios

Main

 * Category:Pornography

Films

 * Category:Pornographic films

People
Note: For people, categories should be inserted into the article in the following format, with XXXX being the 4-digit year, and substituting the person's name for "Lastname, Firstname".

 * Set a default sort order for categories:

 * For birth:
 * For alive:
 * For death:

 * All of the above can be replaced by a single instance of the Lifetime tag, which combines DEFAULTSORT, xxxx births, and either yyyy deaths or Living people (if left null), like this:

For occupation

 * Category:Adult models
 * Category:Penthouse Pets
 * Category:Playboy Playmates (See specific subcategories for decades and ethnicity)
 * Category:Page 3 girls
 * Category:Pornographic film directors
 * Category:Porn stars

For ethnicity

 * Category:African-American pornographic film actors

For nationality

 * Category:American pornographic film actors
 * Category:Australian pornographic film actors
 * Category:Brazilian pornographic film actors
 * Category:British pornographic film actors
 * Category:Canadian pornographic film actors
 * Category:Czech pornographic film actors
 * Category:Danish pornographic film actors
 * Category:Dutch pornographic film actors
 * Category:English pornographic film actors
 * Category:Finnish pornographic film actors
 * Category:French pornographic film actors
 * Category:German pornographic film actors
 * Category:Hungarian pornographic film actors
 * Category:Japanese pornographic film actors
 * Category:Norwegian pornographic film actors
 * Category:Russian pornographic film actors
 * Category:Slovak pornographic film actors

For sexual orientation

 * Category:LGBT people
 * Category:LGBT actors

For dating (birth and death)

 * Category:20th-century births
 * Category:20th-century deaths
 * Category:21st-century deaths

Other

 * Category:Alt porn
 * Category:Pornographic film awards

Pornographic film awards

 * User:Epbr123/Adult award winners and nominees – a page containing the winners and nominees of some notable adult industry awards.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Pornography


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User:Kurgan~enwiki

Hi, my name is Damon. I was born in 1989, and I attend Palos Verdes Peninsula High School.

I used to have a picture of myself here, but my mother said I had to take it down. I'm also a moron, and you can't trust any of the information in the articles I have altered.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Kurgan~enwiki


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William Plumer

William Plumer (June 25, 1759 – December 22, 1850) was an American lawyer, Baptist lay preacher, and politician from Epping, New Hampshire. He is most notable for his service as a Federalist in the United States Senate (1802–1807), and the seventh governor of New Hampshire as a Democratic-Republican (1812–1813, 1816–1819).

Early life
Plumer was born in Newburyport, Province of Massachusetts Bay on June 25, 1759, the son of farmer and merchant Samuel Plumer and Mary (Dole) Plumer. His family moved to Epping, New Hampshire, in 1768, and he was raised at his father's farm on Epping's Red Oak Hill. Plumer attended the Red Oak Hill School until he was 17.

Frequent ill health left him unsuited for military service during the American Revolution or life as a farmer, and after a religious conversion experience in his late teens, Plumer was trained as a Baptist exhorter (a lay preacher). For several years he traveled throughout the state to deliver sermons to Baptist churches and revival meetings. He briefly considered a career as a doctor, and began to study medicine. Later deciding on a legal career, he studied law with attorneys Joshua Atherton of Amherst and John Prentice of Londonderry. While studying under Atherton, his fellow law clerks included William Coleman, who remained a lifelong friend. Plumer attained admission to the bar in 1787, and began to practice in Epping.

Early career
In addition to practicing law, Plumer was active in local politics and government. He held several town offices, including selectman. Plumer served in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1785 to 1786, in 1788, from 1790 to 1791, and from 1797 to 1800. In 1791 and 1797 he served as Speaker of the House. Plumer was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1791-1792.

US Senate
Plumer was elected to the US Senate as a Federalist and filled the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Sheafe. Plumer served from June 17, 1802, to March 3, 1807, and was not a candidate for re-election.

In 1803, Plumer was one of several New England Federalists to propose secession from the United States because of the lack of power by Federalists, the rising influence of Jeffersonian Democrats, and the diminished influence of the North since the Louisiana Purchase. Recalling his involvement in the secession scheme in 1827, Plumer said, "This was, I think, the greatest political error of my life: & would, had it been reduced to practise [sic], instead of releiving [sic], destroyed New England.... Fortunately for my own reputation the erroneous opinion I formed produced no bitter fruits to myself or my country."

New Hampshire Senate
Plumer served in the New Hampshire Senate in 1810 and 1811, and was chosen in both years to serve as the Senate's president.

Governor
By now a Democratic-Republican, in 1812, Plumer was the party's successful nominee for Governor of New Hampshire, and he served until 1813. He returned to office in 1816, and served until 1819.

Presidential elector, 1820
In the 1820 presidential election, Plumer was one of New Hampshire's electoral college members. He cast the only dissenting vote in the Electoral College against incumbent President James Monroe, voting instead for John Quincy Adams. Some accounts say that it was to ensure that George Washington remained the only US president to be unanimously chosen by the Electoral College, but others assert that he was instead calling attention to his friend Adams as a potential future presidential candidate or was protesting against the "wasteful extravagance" of the Monroe administration. Plumer also eschewed voting for Daniel D. Tompkins for Vice President as "grossly intemperate" and having "not that weight of character which his office requires" and "because he grossly neglected his duty" in his "only" official role as president of the Senate by being "absent nearly three-fourths of the time." Plumer instead voted for Richard Rush.

Other activities
Plumer was a founder and the first president of the New Hampshire Historical Society. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815.

Death and burial
Plumer died in Epping on December 22, 1850, and was buried at the Plumer Family Cemetery in Epping.

Family
In 1788, Plumer married Sarah "Sally" Fowler of Newmarket, New Hampshire. They were the parents of six children—William, Sally, Samuel, George Washington, John Jay, and Quintus. William Plumer Jr. was an author and attorney who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1819 to 1825.

title: William Plumer


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Norman Whitfield

Norman Jesse Whitfield (May 12, 1940 – September 16, 2008) was an American songwriter and producer, who worked with Berry Gordy's Motown labels during the 1960s. He has been credited as one of the creators of the Motown Sound and of the late-1960s subgenre of psychedelic soul.

During his 25-year career, Whitfield co-wrote and produced many enduring hits for Motown artists, including "Ain't Too Proud to Beg", "(I Know) I'm Losing You", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "Cloud Nine", "I Can't Get Next to You", "War", "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)", "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)", "Smiling Faces Sometimes", and "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone". Whitfield worked extensively with the Temptations as a producer and songwriter, producing eight of their albums between 1969 and 1973. He then started his own label, Whitfield Records, in 1975, which yielded the Rose Royce hit "Car Wash". Alongside his Motown lyrical collaborator Barrett Strong, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2004. He wrote or co-wrote 61 hits on the UK charts and 92 on the US charts. In 2024, Whitfield was posthumously selected for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the musical excellence category. Whitfield was also inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2021.

Early life and education
Whitfield was born and raised in Harlem, New York, and spent much of his teen years in local pool halls. In his late teens, he and his family moved to Detroit, Michigan, so that his father could join his sister and work in her husband's chain of drug stores, Barthwell Drugs. He attended Northwestern High School.

Career
At 19, Whitfield began frequenting Motown's Hitsville USA offices for a chance to work for the growing label. Founder Berry Gordy Jr. recognized Whitfield's persistence and hired him for the quality control department, which determined which songs would or would not be released. Whitfield joined Motown's in-house songwriting staff, co-writing the Marvin Gaye hit "Pride & Joy", the Marvelettes's "Too Many Fish in the Sea" and the Velvelettes's "Needle in a Haystack". He took over Smokey Robinson's role as the main producer for the Temptations in 1966, after his "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" performed better than Robinson's "Get Ready" on the pop charts.

The Temptations
From 1966 to 1974, Whitfield produced virtually all of the Temptations' music, experimenting with sound effects and other production techniques. He found a songwriting collaborator in lyricist Barrett Strong, the performer on Motown's first hit record, "Money (That's What I Want)", and wrote material for the Temptations and other Motown artists such as Marvin Gaye and Gladys Knight & the Pips, both of whom recorded Whitfield-produced hit versions of the Whitfield/Strong composition "I Heard It Through the Grapevine". The Gladys Knight & the Pips' version was the best-selling Motown single so far, but it was surpassed a year later by Gaye's version. In 1969, Whitfield won three BMI Awards for the songs "I Heard It Through the Grapevine," "I Wish It Would Rain," and "You're My Everything."

"Psychedelic soul"
After Temptations lead singer David Ruffin was replaced by Dennis Edwards in 1968, Whitfield moved the group into a harder, darker sound that featured a blend of psychedelic rock and funk heavily inspired by the work of Sly & the Family Stone and Funkadelic. He added contemporary song topics, moving from love songs to the social issues of the time, such as war, poverty and politics. The first Temptations single to feature this new psychedelic soul style was "Cloud Nine" in late 1968, which earned Motown its first Grammy Award for Best Rhythm & Blues Performance by a Duo or Group, Vocal or Instrumental).

The psychedelic soul records Whitfield produced for the Temptations and other artists such as Edwin Starr and the Undisputed Truth experimented with and updated the Motown sound for the late-1960s. Longer songs, distorted guitars, multitracked drums, and inventive vocal arrangements became trademarks of Whitfield's productions, and later of records produced by Motown staffers he coached, including Frank Wilson. But friction and antagonism grew between Whitfield and the Temptations; the group hated how Whitfield put more emphasis on the instrumentation instead of their vocals, and that he was writing fewer romantic ballads for them.

Whitfield often recorded notably different versions of songs with different artists in search of a hit, and did so successfully in the cases of Edwin Starr, with "War" (1970; originally recorded by the Temptations), and the Undisputed Truth, with "Smiling Faces Sometimes" (1971; also originally by the Temptations). "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" (1972) was done first by the Undisputed Truth, before Whitfield rerecorded the song with the Temptations for a longer, more definitive (and massively successful) version. The Temptations' version earned a second Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for Whitfield and the Temptations, and Whitfield and Strong shared the songwriters' award for Best Rhythm and Blues Song. The single's instrumental B-side earned Whitfield and arranger Paul Riser a Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance,

One of Whitfield's last major hits at Motown was Yvonne Fair's "It Should Have Been Me" (1975), a song he had written in 1963 and recorded originally with Kim Weston.

Whitfield Records and later years
In 1975, Whitfield left Motown, following its move from Detroit, to form his own label, Whitfield Records. His first act was the Undisputed Truth, whom he had convinced to leave Motown, followed by Rose Royce, Willie Hutch, Yvonne Fair, Nytro, Mammatapee and Junior Walker. The Undisputed Truth scored their second biggest hit in 1976 with the disco song "You + Me = Love", their first single on Whitfield Records. Norman Whitfield had an international smash hit in 1976 with Rose Royce's "Car Wash", issued on MCA Records. Rose Royce (whose members were originally Edwin Starr's backing band while at Motown) went on to record three more popular albums, and had two huge UK hits with "Wishing on a Star" (1977) and "Love Don't Live Here Anymore" (1978), but could never top the success of "Car Wash", which served as the theme song to the 1976 motion picture Car Wash. The Car Wash soundtrack won Whitfield a Grammy Award for Best Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special. He also composed the theme song for the 1977 motion picture Which Way Is Up?, performed by Stargard. He produced soul group Masterpiece in 1980.

In the early 1980s, Whitfield began working as a producer for Motown again, helming the Temptations' 1983 hit single "Sail Away" and the soundtrack to The Last Dragon.

On January 18, 2005, Whitfield pleaded guilty for failing to report royalty income he earned from 1995 to 1999 to the Internal Revenue Service. Facing charges of tax evasion on more than $2 million worth of income, he was sentenced to six months of house confinement and a $25,000 fine. He was not imprisoned because of health problems such as diabetes.

During his last months alive, Whitfield was bed-ridden at Los Angeles's Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he underwent treatment for diabetes and other ailments. Whitfield fell into a coma, briefly improved, but eventually succumbed to diabetic complications. Whitfield died on September 16, 2008. He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).

Selected singles production/songwriting credits

 * 1963: "Pride & Joy" – Marvin Gaye (US #10, US R&B #2)
 * 1964: "Too Many Fish in the Sea" – The Marvelettes (US #25, US R&B #5)
 * 1964: "Needle in a Haystack" – The Velvelettes (US #45)
 * 1964: "He Was Really Sayin' Somethin'" – The Velvelettes (US #64, US R&B #21)
 * 1964: "Girl (Why You Wanna Make Me Blue)" – The Temptations (US #26, US R&B #11)
 * 1966: "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" – The Temptations (US #13, US R&B #1, UK #21)
 * 1966: "Beauty Is Only Skin Deep" – The Temptations (US #3, US R&B #1, UK #18)
 * 1966: "(I Know) I'm Losing You" – The Temptations (US #8, US R&B #1, UK #19)
 * 1967: "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" – Gladys Knight & the Pips (US #2, US R&B #1), also recorded by Marvin Gaye (US #1, US R&B #1, UK #1)
 * 1967: "You're My Everything" – The Temptations (US #6, US R&B #3, UK #26)
 * 1967: "I Wish It Would Rain" – The Temptations (US #4, US R&B #1), also recorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips (US #41, US R&B #15)
 * 1968: "I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)" – The Temptations (US #13, US R&B #1)
 * 1968: "The End of Our Road" – Gladys Knight & the Pips (US #15, US R&B #5), also recorded by Marvin Gaye (US #40, US R&B #7)
 * 1968: "Cloud Nine" – The Temptations (US #6, UK #15)
 * 1968: "The Nitty Gritty" – Gladys Knight & the Pips (US #19, US R&B #2)
 * 1969: "Friendship Train" – Gladys Knight & the Pips (US #17, US R&B #2)
 * 1969: "Runaway Child, Running Wild" – The Temptations (US #6, US R&B #1)
 * 1969: "Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" – Marvin Gaye (US #4, US R&B #1, UK #5), originally recorded by the Temptations
 * 1969: "I Can't Get Next to You" – The Temptations (US #1, US R&B #1, UK #13)
 * 1969: "Don't Let the Joneses Get You Down" – The Temptations (US #20, US R&B #2)
 * 1970: "You Need Love Like I Do (Don't You)" – Gladys Knight & the Pips (US #35, US R&B #3), also recorded by the Temptations
 * 1970: "Psychedelic Shack" – The Temptations (US #7, US R&B #2, UK #33)
 * 1970: "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)" – The Temptations (US #3, US R&B #2, UK #7)
 * 1970: "War" – Edwin Starr (US #1, US R&B #3, UK #3), originally recorded by the Temptations
 * 1971: "Smiling Faces Sometimes" – The Undisputed Truth (US #3, US R&B #2), originally recorded by the Temptations
 * 1971: "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" – The Temptations (US #1, US R&B #1, UK #8)
 * 1972: "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" – The Temptations (US #1, US R&B #1, UK #8), originally recorded by the Undisputed Truth (US #63, US R&B #24)
 * 1973: "Masterpiece" – The Temptations (US #7, US R&B #1)
 * 1973: "Law of the Land" – The Temptations (UK #41), also recorded by the Undisputed Truth (US R&B #40)
 * 1973: "Let Your Hair Down" – The Temptations (US #27, US R&B #1)
 * 1974: "Help Yourself" – The Undisputed Truth (US #63, US R&B #19)
 * 1975: "It Should Have Been Me" – Yvonne Fair (US #85, UK #5), also recorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips (US #40, US R&B #9)
 * 1976: "Car Wash" – Rose Royce (US #1, UK #9)
 * 1976: "You + Me = Love" – The Undisputed Truth (US #48, US R&B #37, UK #43)
 * 1976: "I'm Going Down" – Rose Royce (US #70, US R&B #10)
 * 1976: "I Wanna Get Next to You" – Rose Royce (US #10)
 * 1977: "Ooh Boy" – Rose Royce (US #72, US R&B #3, UK #46)
 * 1977: "Wishing on a Star" – Rose Royce (UK #3)
 * 1978: "Love Don't Live Here Anymore" – Rose Royce (US #32, UK #2)

title: Norman Whitfield


text:
Talk:Chapters and verses of the Bible

Chapter and Verse Divisions Generally
While chapter and verse divisions are today primarily used for sacred texts, I believe this system of subdividing a text arose in a secular context in the Greco-Roman world. Since handwritten texts didn't have a uniform pagination from one copy to another, the chapter/verse system was developed to enable readers to find particular quotes in a book. Thus, authors such as Plato and Aristotle have had their works divided into chapter and verse, and it was only centuries later in the medieval world that similar divisions were imposed upon the Bible. I think this subject should be briefly mentioned in this article, and I also think there should be a separate article discussing the use of these divisions in secular texts in the Greco-Roman world. GnatFriend (talk) 18:11, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

Dead Sea Scrolls
The Dead Sea Scrolls are not punctuated and thus can't indicate verses. The section at the end about verses in Samuel is therefore suspect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nelamm (talk • contribs) 18:22, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Since that point is in a section titled "Protestant Bible statistics," it seems clear that the statistics arise from imposing the modern verse numbers on the Dead Sea Scrolls. After all, none of the original texts had verse numbers; any statistic about verse numbering is, to a certain extent, anachronistic. That doesn't make it suspect, just not original. Chap0120 (talk) 15:56, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

Pitfalls
I have attempted to make the Pitfalls section sound less like a street preacher on his soapbox and more like a neutral description of the issue. It's not enough, but if you saw the previous version, then I hope you'll agree that it's a start. If someone would like to take on the next stage of this editing job, I'd appreciate it. (Being bold, as the author notes below, is a Wikipedia value, but being biased or preachy is not. Please use calm facts, and cite your sources, instead of dumping your polemical rantings here.)

"Chapters came about after the Bible had been divided into verses. Chapters were added by Cardinal Hugo de Sancto Caro between 1244 and 1248 A.D. He did this when he was preparing a concordance of the Bible."

"The modern chapter divisions came about through Stephen Langton, a professor at the University of Paris and afterwards an Archbishop of Canterbury. He put the modern divisions into place around 1227 A.D. Since the Wycliffe English Bible of 1382 this pattern has been followed."

These two paragraphs seems a bit incoherent.
 * If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone — including you — can edit any article by clicking the edit this page tab at the top of the page. You don't even need to log in, although there are several reasons why you might want to.  Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes.  If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. — Matt 20:10, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Verification of verses, etc.
I removed the following line from the first paragraph, on the basis that it should be assumed that we've checked our facts: "A computerized check plus manual verifying have shown these values to be correct." It seems weird to have that in there, but if there's a good reason I won't object to it being put back in. Seqsea (talk) 05:43, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

a) There are a number of sources that claim that there are 31 173 verses in the Protestant Bible. I _think_ that either the talk page, or the main article should explain the discrepency.   [Half the reason I am on this page, is to find out how people get 31 173 verses.]

b) Versification Schemes are the bane of Computer Bible Study Programmers.  There are number of different v11n schemes.  AFAIK, none of them have 31 173 verses. It might be useful to list the different v11n schemes, and how they differ.  Or point to an external site that has that information. joanthon

Worldwide view
The article repeatedly cites English scholars and translators. Do other translations of the Bible use chapters and verses at all? Do they use completely different systems of versification? Or did everybody adopt the English system? Fishal 14:52, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Point taken, but please note that this is the English Wikipedia. In my understanding, "worldwide view" means that the article should not be limited to just one country (e.g. the UK or Australia) while ignoring other countries. On an article concerning literature in the English Wikipedia, giving precedence to English-language views is entirely appropriate. Thus, I'm removing the warning notice.

 * However, I do agree with you that we should add perspectives from other languages, all the same, as soon as we can get them. So far, there are Suomi and Hebrew versions of this article. I can read a little bit of Biblical Hebrew, but not modern Hebrew, so unfortunately I can't benefit from their featured article to make improvements here. ~ Chitu 12:40, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you wnat the discussion of Chapters and Verese to be limited to the protestant Bible, or include the Bible as used/defined by the different branches of Christianity? How fast will the article be vandalized/edited/deleted, if books like 3 Corinthians, or 2 Clement are included/discussed in the main text?

1 Enoch is more likely to make the article volatile. Clinkophonist 21:48, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

1 Thes. 5:17 changed to 1 Thes. 5:16
According to the Textus Receptus and the 21st edition of Nestle's Greek text, verse 16 is shorter.

Number of Books for the Orthodox
According to the Wikipedia article on the Old Testament, the Orthodox have more books of the Bible than the Catholics. According to the list on the right, the Eastern Orthodox have 4 more books than the Roman Catholics. The Russian Orthodox have one more book than the Eastern Orthodox because of 2 (or 4) Esdras, and the Oriental Orthodox have 2 more than the Russian Orthodox because of Jubilees and Enoch. All of these mean that the Eastern Orthodox have 77 books, the Russian Orthodox 78, and the Oriental Orthodox 80. (The figures for all of the Orthodox may be one less than real, though, because that list on the aforementioned article says that the Letter of Jeremiah is considered as part of Baruch in Roman Catholic Tradition. Does this mean that it is an extra book in the Orthodox traditions?)

I'm removing the statement that the Eastern Orthodox have 73 books in their canon for now. I'll add the above figures or their corrections in a few days or as soon as I find out where the Letter of Jeremiah is placed in the Eastern Orthodox, Russian Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox canons. Hairouna 03:50, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the article Books of the Bible [as it currently stands), most Orthodox have 5 more books than Roman Catholics, so I'll put 78 into this article. - Fayenatic london (talk) 18:19, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

There may need to be some more clarification for "most orthodox Christians". "Orthodox" carries more than one meaning (as the link "orthodox" leads to proves) and the wording as is can make it difficult to determine which "orthodox" is meant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.79.30.55 (talk) 02:23, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

There is an illogical comment in the segment above, but it may not be the fault of the author, as he is quoting another Wikipedia article. He contrasts the Eastern Orthodox Church with the Russian Orthodox Church. The Russian Orthodox Church is part of the Eastern Orthodox Church, not separate from it. There are only three eastern churches, namely the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Church of the East. Any other names indicate only a subdivision of one of these three denominations. GnatFriend (talk) 18:17, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

Comprehension
Two problems with this section. One, the example of "There is no God" isn't as relevant as it could be (also, I'm not aware that it's "oft-quoted"). It would be better to give an example of a verse that, without context, is easily misinterpreted, or just not to bother with an example. Two, the last sentence:

"However, when the Bible was written, it was meant to be deeply pondered, sequentially studied, and fully considered."

A little preachy and unnecessary. FAL 17:57, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * And long overdue, this POV-pushing lecture is now gone. - Jason A. Quest (talk) 13:53, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The "last sentence" quoted above was removed some time ago. The remainder was long overdue for sourcing, but what POV did you consider it was pushing? - Fayenatic (talk) 18:31, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Semi Protection
I think that this article should have semi protection as it is often subject to vandalism, by non-registered users. Bballoakie 23:15, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Agree Disagree
 * Bballoakie 23:16, 2 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Fayenatic london (talk) 20:26, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree 41.242.55.137 (talk) 22:04, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Referencing
I thought this article was very useful, important, and of a pretty good level. I was just wondering if we could get some more references to many of the things in here. It would give it more foundation :-) JeopardyTempest 08:07, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Question about different numberings
As the introduction to this article correctly states, there are scattered places where the verse numbering in Christian Bibles differs from Hebrew editions.

An example is Jeremiah chapters 30-31, where the verse בעת ההיא ("At that time") is counted as the first verse in chapter 31 for Christian editions, while numbered as the last verse in chapter 30 in most Hebrew editions.

My question: Does anyone know of a complete, accurate list of these sorts of differences between the editions? I ask because we require such a list for technical reasons in our current attempt to set up an edition of the Bible at Hebrew Wikisource.

My thanks to anyone who can provide a reference! Dovi 07:16, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

The Jewish Study Bible, published by Oxford, has a chart in the back. Two pages of small print, but it's really half that, because the rest of the chapter is affected as well, of course. It's mostly Psalms, due to every superscription being counted as a verse or part of a verse by Jews, but not by Christians, and I think a few dozen others. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nelamm (talk • contribs) 09:13, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

 * The versification data in the documentation for STEP and OSIS specifications is probably the most comprehensive authoritative reference you'll find. jonathon 05:24, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks, but I have no idea what there are. Could you explain and add links? Dovi 08:26, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * STEP documentation can be found at http://www.crosswire.org/bsisg/download.htm. jonathon 18:45, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * OSIS documentation can be found at http://www.bibletechnologies.net/utilities/fmtdocview.cfm?id=28871A67-D5F5-4381-B22EC4947601628B

jonathon 18:45, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

I found some info on OSIS, which is relevant to add to this discussion page anyway:

Open Scripture Information Standard (OSIS) is an XML schema for marking up scripture and related text.

CCEL/OSIS Reference Systems gives examples of other variations between numbering systems in Christian bibles. Psalm 9:22-39 in the Vulgate is Ps 10:1-18 in modern English bibles.

The OSIS Manual includes:

Every osisText also needs to specify what reference or versification scheme any osisRefs within it refer to. This may or may not be the same work. Depending on how finely you distinguish things, there are several major versification traditions, and countless finegrained variations. For the present, we identify and reserve names for these major traditional reference systems:
 * NRSVA New Revised Standard Version with Apocrypha
 * NA27 Nestle-Aland, 27th Edition of the Greek New Testament
 * KJV King James Version or Authorized Version (AV)
 * LXX Septuagint
 * MT Masoretic Text. Hebrew tradition varies in several respects, the best known being that it numbers what is given as a title for Psalms in most English translations as verse 1, and the beginning of the psalm in such a translation as verse 2.
 * SamPent the Samaritan Pentateuch used a quite different numbering system.
 * Synodal Russian
 * Vugl Vulgate
 * Loeb This system is used for most classical literature, though many major works have other systems as well.

So... the plot thickens! I have not yet located a list of the major differences, which I think would be of encyclopedic value. - Fayenatic (talk) 09:53, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That list was/is part of The e-Sword Utility Program FAQ. There are copyright, author's rights, and similar intellectual property rights issues that would have to be dealt with, prior to putting it up on Wikipedia. jonathon 18:45, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Jewish Tanakh
The opening statement is in error. ("Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures, The New Translation" published in 1985 by the Jewish Publication Society of America contains all 39 books of the Protestant 'Old Testament,' but organized differently)RodMorgan (talk) 16:26, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think anybody is claiming that the content of the Tanakh and that of the Protestant Old Testament is different. However, those two works use different versification schemes. Part of that difference is whether or not a book is counted as chapter in another book, or as a book in its own right.  Trei Asar is one book, using the traditional Jewish versification scheme, but 12 books using the KJV versification scheme. Such differences is why it is correct to say that 24 books for Jews.  jonathon (talk) 21:49, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Rabbi Isaac Nathan
Does anyone know whether the "Rabbi Isaac Nathan" referred to, but not linked, in the text, is the Rabbi Isaac Nathan ben Kalonymus, on whom we do have an article? (obviously, if it is the same person, it would be good to have the link). seglea (talk) 16:00, 5 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes - http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=232&letter=I and http://www.jstor.org/pss/3259119 both refer to his work on the first Hebrew Bible concordance. Well done. - Fayenatic (talk) 18:19, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Statistics
The Statistics section was deleted by user:Jnothman on 1 December 2009, with the following edit summary: Having discussed the variability in chapter and verse divisions, let alone canon, in different bible versions, statistics are not appropriate.

I beg to differ with his conclusion, and believe that many readers will find some of these facts and the cited sources useful. - Fayenatic (talk) 22:51, 31 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The statistical data is meaningless, because it omits up to 30 books, 600 chapters, and 10 000 verses, depending upon which Canon one uses, and which v11n scheme for that Canon is being used.jonathon (talk) 13:40, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Maybe "arbitrary", but not "meaningless", as it states which canon and translation is used. As for v11n, please could you add an explanation of it to this article or to versification? - Fayenatic (talk) 22:31, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

 * v11n is a numeronym. DFH (talk) 15:41, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

 * "arbitrary" is probably not the right word either. It's just one "particular" v11n; there being no agreed "universal" v11n. DFH (talk) 15:44, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Length of Chapters
As far as I can see, most chapters are far less than "a page or two." Unless somebody can come up with statistics, I think this part of the sentence should be removed. 72.95.171.24 (talk) 22:13, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
 * There are 1189 chapters in a Protestant bible. Looking at various popular editions on Amazon, these are usually printed on 1150-1300 pages. The average chapter is therefore just over one per page. I'll change it to "a page or so". - Fayenatic (talk) 19:12, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Merged sections
On 5 June 2009, an editor (who has since been blocked) moved a section into this article from Bible translations. It is probably right to have only one article on the subject, but the material now needs to be rewritten and merged into the article, rather than going over similar ground again. - Fayenatic (talk) 19:04, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Table of biblical books is 1.) in need of cleanup and 2.) doesn't really belong here.
The table of the biblical books at the beginning of the article is in need of cleanup. In some places it leaves empty lines to align corresponding books, in some it doesn't. The ">" marks in the otherwise empty second columns (in the Maccabees part of the table) make no sense - the Roman Catholic Maccabees books are NOT combinations of several books from the Orthodox list. Or what else are those marks supposed to mean?

More importantly, the table doesn't even really belong here. This is supposed to be an article about chapters and verses in the bible, not about the differences and similarities of the biblical canon in several denominations. Therefore I'd suggest removing it and all info on the canon question from this article, except as far as it is really needed for the subject. What do you think? -- 77.187.146.6 (talk) 18:22, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks – other editors agreed with you and this was done. – Fayenatic (talk) 09:20, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Statistics
Someone needs to compile the statistics of the Catholic Bible as well, as it's used by the vast majority of Christians around the world. As the King James is used for Protestantism, the statistics should be taken from the equivalent Catholic version, the Douay-Rheims Challoner revision. Also, statistics should be compiled for the Eastern Orthodox Bible (that is, the Septuagint combined with the Ecclesiastical Text, which is much like the TR, a Byzantine type-text) with 3,4 Maccabees, Esdras A, etc., although I don't know which version should be used (the Orthodox Study Bible has notoriously bad versification, and the EOB is turning out poorly, and only the NT is done). Maybe the use of the New English Translation of the Septuagint combined with the KJV NT? If no one takes this up, I'll eventually get it done, but I could use some help.JohnChrysostom (talk) 01:36, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Worldwide view revisited
The question was "The article repeatedly cites English scholars and translators. Do other translations of the Bible use chapters and verses at all? Do they use completely different systems of versification? Or did everybody adopt the English system? Fishal 14:52, 26 April 2006 (UTC)".

The answer is: The verse numbering system is worldwide and independent of denominations. Even the Jews (who invented the texts, after all) use the Christian scheme for identifying Bible verses in the Tanakh. Smaller deviations do occur, though, such as the Chronicles example.

Only the habit of excluding the psalm headlines from the numbered verses seems not to be a worldwide tradition. I have seen it in an English, Spanish, and Swahili Bible, but not in German, French, and Russian ones. I see no pattern in that distribution of languages. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lantani (talk • contribs) 13:53, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

Eras
Under the verses heading in the History section, one era is indicated with "A.D." While this article has a generally Christian tone to it, the paragraph that date is in deals with Hebrew texts and Jewish traditions, it seems odd to use "A.D." (a Christian era divisor) instead of "C.E." (a slightly-less Christo-centric divisor). Is there any objection to changing "A.D. 915" to "915 C.E."? Chap0120 (talk) 15:48, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

(Oops---I originally put this at the top of the page; edited to move it to the bottom.) Chap0120 (talk) 16:00, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

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Some things to be corrected in this article (as of 11 Feb 2023)
1. Less than optimal division of the material. The “History” section gives a good overview of the topic, the “Jewish tradition” section has nothing to say about the current division into chapters and verses, and the “Christian versions” section partly duplicates the “History” section. Proposal: reorganize all of this material into 3 sections: “Early subdivisions of the Hebrew text”, “Early subdivisions of the Greek text”, and “The current subdivision into chapters and verses”.

2. Statistics about chapters in the Bible. The number of chapters in a Bible will depend on the number of books in that Bible, and that depends on the canon used by that Bible. But the subsection in this article is only about the KJV, an English translation using the Protestant canon. Why that one and no others? Inevitably there are calls for similar statistics about the Catholic Bible, the Eastern Orthodox Bible, etc. And why not the Septuagint and the Masoretic text (since modern editions of these versions have the chapter divisions retrojected into them)? I see 2 solutions to the narrow focus of the current statistics on chapters. (1) Include the statistics for all the main canons, within a huge table with multiple columns, one for each canon. Does anybody seriously want to undertake such a task? (2) If no one is interested, then simply delete the current statistics about chapters in the KJV as POV.

3. Statistics about verses in the Bible. Most of this material has a broader focus than the statistics about chapters, since various canons are discussed. But the first and second entries need to be corrected to indicate they are about Protestant Bibles. And the link for the last entry about the verse most read at funerals is dead. (Seriously.) MDJH (talk) 23:58, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

"reason for edit"
In my 22 June 2023 minor edit, I entered "typo" for an explanation, but the history says "top." 伟思礼 (talk) 15:34, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chapters and verses of the Bible


text: User talk:81.157.97.31

title: User talk:81.157.97.31


text:
Talk:Workers' Party of Korea

The WPK's critics are given undue weight in the infobox
Seth's, Myers', and Suh's analyses and critiques were made in 2019, 2011, and 1988, respectively. Kim Jong Un changed the WPK's ideological direction in 2021. Irregardless, it seems odd to give those two particular critiques (that the WPK has "little in common with communism" and is "far-right") prominence in the infobox as no other article of a major political party does this. Myers also argues that the WPK has no ideology at all and is just a medium through which the Kim family expresses its cult of personality. Other scholars like American historian Derek R. Ford meanwhile argue that there is a continuity between WPK's ideology and Marxism-Leninism, so why is his opinion not messily cited? Myers' opinion, particularly his book The Cleanest Race, is widely cited or mentioned by academics and non-academic authors alike in news and magazine articles, but his opinion is by no means widely accepted by his peers. Yue 🌙 04:01, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Absolutely agree. Have removed these from infobox. Zilch-nada (talk) 17:36, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I support the removal.--Jack Upland (talk) 03:58, 22 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Not sure I agree. A view shared by three separate scholars absolutely is prominent enough to at least warrant a mention in a footnote. You ask "why is [Ford's] opinion ["that there is a continuity between WPK's ideology and Marxism-Leninism"] not messily cited" but, as shown by the fact that the infobox denotes the WPK's ideology as "far-left" and lists "communism" as one of its ideologies, this opinion is not only cited but is also given full prominence. Loytra (talk) 05:54, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * There is no common view shared by all three authors. Seth argues the party is primarily nationalist, Myers argues that the party has no ideology at all and borrowed its rhetoric from Japanese fascism, and Suh argues that the WPK had moved away from communism. To reiterate, these analyses and arguments were made in 2019, 2011, and 1988 respectively, before Kim Jong Un made it clear in 2021 that the WPK would recommit itself to communism. The previous notes attempt to combine three very different sets of analyses into one view, which is not what any of the three authors hold or held.
 * It is true that the far-left label was readded without the single citation that it had beforehand; I would not oppose its temporary removal until reliable sources are added for it. The communist label, however, is not unsourced or unmentioned in the article. This frequent desire to readd an asterisk to the infobox reflects a lack of knowledge of current WPK policies and relies on the misconstruing of analyses based on outdated information. Yue 🌙 06:52, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Workers' Party of Korea


text:
Jean-Yves Verd'hurt

Jean-Yves Verd'hurt (born c. 1940) is a retired French property agent and amateur Egyptologist.

In September 2004, he claimed, along with his colleague Gilles Dormion, to have discovered a corridor inside the Great Pyramid of Giza which he believes could lead directly to the burial chamber of Pharaoh Khufu.

title: Jean-Yves Verd'hurt


text:
TUI Group

TUI AG, trading as TUI Group is a German leisure, travel and tourism company; it is the largest such company in the world. TUI is an acronym for Touristik Union International ("Tourism Union International"). TUI AG was known as Preussag AG until 1997 when the company changed its activities from mining to tourism. It is headquartered in Hanover, Germany.

It fully or partially owns several travel agencies, hotel chains, cruise lines and retail shops as well as five European airlines. These activities involve the operation of 353 hotels with 275,144 beds and it allows its brand to be used for another 65 hotels operated by third parties. These hotels accommodate 21 million guests a year. It also operates 16 cruise ships under the TUI Cruises, Hapag-Lloyd Cruises and Marella Cruises brands, as well as a fleet of 134 aircraft.

It is trading as TUI AG on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and Hanover Stock Exchange.

History
The origins of the company lie in the industrial and transportation company Preussag AG, which was originally formed as a German mining company. It was incorporated on 9 October 1923, as Preußische Bergwerks- und Hütten-Aktiengesellschaft (Prussian Mine and Foundry Company). In 1927 it was merged with the Ruhr coal company, Hibernia AG, and electricity utility to become the Vereinigte Elektrizitäts und Bergwerks AG (VEBA AG) (United Electrical and Mining Company).

After the sale of Salzgitter AG and purchase of Hapag-Lloyd AG (the navigation and logistics company) in 1997, Preussag AG became a global enterprise in the service and leisure industry. At that time, Hapag-Lloyd held a 30% interest in the tourism conglomerate TUI (founded 1968), increased to 100% by 1999. In addition the company acquired 25% of Thomas Cook shares in 1997, which it doubled the following year. On 2 February 1999, the Carlson Leisure Group merged with Thomas Cook into a holding company owned by the German bank Westdeutsche Landesbank, Carlson Inc and Preussag. However, in mid-2000 Preussag acquired Thomas Cook's rival Thomson Travel and was forced to sell its majority 50.1% stake in Thomas Cook by regulatory authorities. In 2002, Preussag renamed itself TUI AG.

TUI announced a merger of its travel division with the British tour operator First Choice in March 2007, which was approved by the European Commission on 4 June 2007, on the condition that the merged company sell Budget Travel in Ireland. TUI held a 55% stake in the new company, TUI Travel PLC, which began operations in September 2007.

In April 2008, Alexey Mordashov, who purchased his first shares in TUI Travel in autumn 2007, purchased additional TUI Travel shares under S-Group in order to expand TUI Travel into Eastern Europe and Russia.

Its logistics activities, concentrated in the shipping sector, were kept separate and bundled within Hapag-Lloyd AG. A majority stake in Hapag-Lloyd was sold to the Albert Ballin consortium of investors in March 2009 and a further stake was sold to Ballin in February 2012, as TUI worked to exit from the shipping business and to optimize its tourism business with expansion in Russia, China and India under Michael Frenzel. Prior to August 2010, John Fredriksen held the largest Norwegian privately held stake in TUI Travel and had a significant influence upon TUI Travel's direction and strategy. As Alexey Mordashov through his S-Group Travel Holding increased his stake in TUI Travel to a stake larger than Fredriksen's stake, the shipping business had to be sold.

In June 2014 the company announced it would fully merge with TUI Travel to create a united group with a value of $US9.7 billion. The merger was completed on 17 December 2014 and the combined business began trading on the Frankfurt and London stock exchanges. Prior to this merger, Alexey Mordashov, the largest private shareholder in TUI Travel, held a blocking stake in TUI Travel through his S-Group. After the merger, Alexey Mordashov's stake was reduced to less than a blocking stake of 25%.

On 12 December 2016, Alexey Mordashov increased his stake in TUI Group from 18% to more than 20%. In October 2018, his 24.9% stake was the largest privately held stake in TUI Group. In June 2019 Mordashov transferred 65% of his stake to the KN-Holding, owned by his sons Kirill Mordashov and Nikita Mordashov. TUI says in a statement that they ”welcome the second generation of the family amongst its shareholders”.

Berge & Meer and Boomerang Reisen as well as Atraveo were sold to the holding company GENUI in 2019.

At the end of 2019, the holiday home provider Wolters Reisen GmbH and the round trip specialist Wolters Rundreisen GmbH, of which TUI Group owned 100% of the shares via an investment company, were sold to the Frankfurt-based company e-domizil.

In August 2020, the company reported a net loss of €2.3 billion (from October 2019 to June 2020) as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Out of the sum, €1.5 billion loss related to the period from April to June 2020, while the revenue for the same period was €75 million, 98% less than the same period in 2019. TUI's chief executive officer, Fritz Joussen announced that the firm was considering selling the Marella cruise line.

In March 2022, the company's largest single shareholder, Alexey Mordashov, a Russian oligarch and confidante of Vladimir Putin, was placed under sanctions due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In March 2023 it was announced that TUI would seek to raise $1.8 billion by selling shares at a discount to existing investors, excluding Mordashov as a result of sanctions under German securities law.

Governance
The following people have served in key roles:

Stock exchange and shareholders
The company's shares are listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, the London Stock Exchange, as well as the Hanover Stock Exchange.

In spring 2007, the Norwegian shipowner and financial investor John Fredriksen acquired a 15.01% stake in TUI. At TUI's AGM in May 2008, Fredriksen demanded a split-up of the group and the dismissal of TUI CEO Michael Frenzel. At the AGM on 13 May 2009, Fredriksen demanded that Supervisory Board Chairman Jürgen Krumnow be voted out of office so that he could then join the Supervisory Board himself. However, these attempts were unsuccessful. On 28 February 2014, Monteray Enterprises Ltd (John Fredriksen) notified TUI that its share of voting rights in TUI had fallen below the 3% thresholds on 24 February 2014.

Russian oligarch Alexey Mordashov joined TUI at the beginning of 2008. By July 2008, he had increased his stake to 15.03% and in March 2012 to 25.29%, and later to 34%. He was thus the largest single shareholder. Alexey Mordashov has been on the EU sanctions list since 28 February 2022 and, according to a corresponding voting rights notification, transferred control of most of his indirectly held shares to the Virgin Islands-based company Ondero Limited, controlled by Marina Mordashova, on that date. Due to an investigation by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection regarding the transfer of the shares to Ondero Limited, the transfer is suspended. The shareholding in TUI AG therefore continues to be held (indirectly) by Alexey Mordashov. Due to the capital increase in spring 2023, in which Alexey Mordashov was not allowed to participate due to his sanction, his shareholding has meanwhile decreased significantly. According to the voting rights notifications of the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority of 16 May 2023, 10.87% shares in TUI AG have been indirectly attributable to Alexey Mordashov since 19 April 2023, while Marina Mordashowa holds 0% in TUI AG.

In February 2024, the company decided to leave the London Stock Exchange retaining its listings on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the Hanover Stock Exchange.

TUI Hotels & Resorts
In the 2022 financial year, the Hotels & Resorts segment comprised a total of 353 hotels with 275,144 beds. With 322 properties, the majority are four- or five-star hotels. 53% were operated under management contracts, 38% were owned by the respective hotel company, 8% were leased and 1% of the facilities were operated under franchise agreements. In addition, 65 hotels were operated by third-party hoteliers under TUI's international concept brands as at 30 September 2022, bringing the total number including third-party hotels to 418.

Cruises
TUI's cruise segment operates a total of 16 cruise ships under three brands:
 * TUI Cruises is a joint venture with Royal Caribbean Cruises. The fleet currently comprises seven ships named Mein Schiff 1 to 7.

 * Hapag-Lloyd Cruises is responsible for luxury and expedition cruises in German-speaking countries. The brand was transferred to TUI Cruises in 2020. With the MS Europa and the MS Europa 2, the group offers luxury cruises; the two ships were the only cruise ships worldwide to be awarded the 5-star-plus category by the Berlitz Cruise Guide. HEANSEATIC class expedition ships include the HANSEATIC nature, the HANSEATIC inspiration and the HANSEATIC spirit.

 * Marella Cruises offers cruises with four ships, primarily in the UK market.

TUI Multinational Airlines
TUI owns several airlines operating under the brands TUI fly and TUI Airlines. They are managed by TUI Airline Management.

, TUI Group operates the following aircraft:

Corporate affairs
The key indicators of the TUI Group are (as at the financial year ending 30 September):

Controversies
On 16 April 2009, TUI Travel and S-Group Travel Holding of the Russian shareholder Mordashov declared the formation of a joint venture in Russia with investments of 30 million euros to develop tourism activities in Russia and Ukraine. The intention was to take over the tour operators VKO Group and Mostravel in Russia and Voyage Kiev in Ukraine, which had over 160 travel agencies and over half a million customers. In March 2022, TUI AG terminated the brand use agreement with TUI Russia; TUI Russia is no longer a TUI Group company. The last shares in TUI Russia were sold in 2021.

A 2018 study in the UK found that Tui had the largest gender pay gap reported to date by a major UK company, with its male employees paid more than twice what female employees are paid.

In August 2018, some air passengers questioned the distribution of gendered stickers to children on a flight: "future pilot" for boys, "future cabin crew" for girls.

TUI has become the main airline carrying out charter deportation flights for the UK Home Office. It is estimated that in November and December 2020 TUI carried out the deportation of more than 150 people in 13 flights to 23 destinations for the Home Office.

On 20 May 2022, the German TV Programme ZDF-Magazin Royale dedicated an episode to the history of TUI. It reported that Preussag was active in World War II producing bombs for the Nazi Party. Later Preussag also provided chemicals to Saddam Hussein's in Iraq, so facilitating the development of chemical weapons. The company were also supportive of the regime of Muammar Gaddafi in Libya and helped to build a factory for the production of chemical bombs. The management responded to a request for information, by saying that they were not aware of the company's history.

In May 2022, it was reported that the Russian oligarch Alexei Mordashov had made a transfer of a holding of 29.9% of the company: TUI failed to follow the rules and verify the new owner of the shares. In addition, the transfer was a violation of the sanctions against Russia by the European Union, which sanctioned Mordashov personally.

title: TUI Group


text:
Rhizocephala

Rhizocephala are derived barnacles that are parasitic castrators. Their hosts are mostly decapod crustaceans, but include Peracarida, mantis shrimps and thoracican barnacles. Their habitats range from the deep ocean to freshwater. Together with their sister groups Thoracica and Acrothoracica, they make up the subclass Cirripedia. Their body plan is uniquely reduced in an extreme adaptation to their parasitic lifestyle, and makes their relationship to other barnacles unrecognisable in the adult form. The name Rhizocephala derives from the Ancient Greek roots (, "root") and  (, "head"), describing the adult female, which mostly consists of a network of thread-like extensions penetrating the body of the host.

Description and lifecycle
As adults they lack appendages, segmentation, and all internal organs except gonads, a few muscles, and the remains of the nervous system. Females also have a cuticle, which is never shed. Other than the minute larval stages, there is nothing identifying them as crustaceans or even arthropods in general. The only distinguishable portion of a rhizocephalan body is the externa; the reproductive portion of adult females.

Nauplii released from adult females swim in water for several days without taking food (the larva has no mouth and no intestine) and transform into cypris larvae (cyprids) after several moults. Like the nauplii, the cyprids are lecithotrophic (non-feeding). The female cypris in Kentrogonida settles on a host and metamorphoses into a specialized juvenile form called a kentrogon, which has no visible segmentation and has no appendages except the antennules that are used to attach itself to the host, and whose only purpose is to inject a cell mass named the vermigon into the host's hemolymph through a retractive hollow stylet on its head. The kentrogon stage seems to have been lost in all of the Akentrogonida, where the cypris injects the vermigon through one of its antennules. The vermigon grows into root-like threads through the host's tissue, centering on the digestive system and especially the hepatopancreas, and absorb nutrients from the hemolymph. This network of threads is called the interna. The female then grows a sac-like externa, which consists of a mantle, a mantle cavity, an ovary and a pair of passageways known as cell receptacles, extruding from the abdomen of the host.

In the order Kentrogonida, the virgin externa contains no openings at first. But it soon molts to a second stage that contains an orifice known as the mantle departure, and which leads into the two receptacle passageways — once assumed to be the testes in hermaphroditic parasites before the realization that they were actually two separate sexes — and starts releasing pheromones to attract male cyprids. From inside the body of the male cypris that succeeds in entering the departure, a unique and very short lived male stage called the trichogen emerges through the antennule opening. It is the homologue of the female kentrogon, but is reduced to an amoeboid unsegmented cuticle-covered mass of cells consisting of three to four cell-types: the dorsolateral, the ventral epidermis, the inclusion cells, and the postganglion. The externa have room for two males, one for each of the receptacles, which increase the heterozygosity of the offspring. Once inside, the trichogen will shed its cuticle before reaching the end of the passageway.

In the order Akentrogonida, which form a monophyletic group nested within the paraphyletic Kentrogonida, the male does not develop into a trichogon, and the cypris injects its cell mass through its antennule and directly into the body of the immature externa. The offspring also hatch directly into fully developed cyprids instead of nauplius larvae (except for a few species of kentrogonid rhizocephalans, which hatch into cyprids like the akentrogonids, the kentrogonids have kept their nauplius stage). In species like Clistosaccus paguri, the male injects its cluster of cells which migrates through the connective tissue of the mantle and into the receptacle. But in forms like Sylon hippolytes the receptacle is absent, and the males cells implant in the ovary instead. While only a single male can settle in each receptacle, which is the rule in Kentrogonida, the number of implanted males in Akentrogonida can range from just one to more than ten.

The small cluster of cells injected by the male cypris will, once it reaches its destination inside the female, differentiate into a loosely connected mass of sperm-producing germ cells. Being nothing more than sperm-forming cells, these adult male rhizocephalans represent the simplest form of male in the entire animal kingdom. Mature female externa releases eggs into its mantle cavity where eggs are fertilised by sperm from the hyper-parasitic male(s). Due to the larval sexual dimorphism in the Kentrogonida, the females produce two different egg sizes; small female eggs and larger male eggs. It appears the sex determination in Akentrogonida is environmental.

In Peltogasterella gracilis, the externa produces several batches of larvae before it drops off the host, taking the male(s) inside with it. After the original externa disappear, the host moults and the interna grows buds that each develops into a new virgin externa. The females commonly has two cypris cell receptacles. With more than one externa, and new ones replacing the old ones, each female Peltogasterella can receive sperm from numerous males during its lifetime.

The externa is where the host's egg sac would be, and the host's behaviour is chemically altered: it is castrated and does not moult until aged externa(e) drop(s) off. The host treats the externa as if it were its own egg sac. This behaviour even extends to male hosts, which would never have carried eggs, but care for the externa in the same way as females.

Classification
Following an updated classification of barnacles by Chan et al. (2021), the subgroups Akentrogonida and Kentrogonida were not retained, leaving 13 families as children of the infraclass Rhizocephala.

 * Family Chthamalophilidae Bocquet-Védrine, 1961
 * Family Clistosaccidae Boschma, 1928
 * Family Duplorbidae Høeg & Rybakov, 1992
 * Family Mycetomorphidae Høeg & Rybakov, 1992
 * Family Parthenopeidae Rybakov & Høeg, 2013
 * Family Peltogasterellidae Høeg & Glenner, 2019
 * Family Peltogastridae Lilljeborg, 1861
 * Family Pirusaccidae Høeg & Glenner, 2019
 * Family Polyascidae Høeg & Glenner, 2019
 * Family Polysaccidae Lützen & Takahashi, 1996
 * Family Sacculinidae Lilljeborg, 1861
 * Family Thompsoniidae Høeg & Rybakov, 1992
 * Family Triangulidae Høeg & Glenner, 2019

Phylogeny
The following cladogram summarizes the internal relationships of Rhizocephala as of 2020, as well as the number of species in each family.

title: Rhizocephala


text:
That Was Then... This Is Now

That Was Then... This Is Now is a 1985 American drama film based on the novel of the same name by S. E. Hinton. The film was directed by Christopher Cain, distributed by Paramount Pictures, and stars Emilio Estevez (who also wrote the screenplay) and Craig Sheffer.

Synopsis
Troubled teen Mark Jennings has always looked up to his older friend, Bryon Douglas, who Mark sees as the older brother he never had. But when Bryon starts dating Cathy Carlson and begins to act more responsible, Mark feels left out. Without Bryon's stabilizing influence, Mark begins acting out and gets into dealing drugs. After the friends' mentor Charlie Woods suddenly dies and Cathy's brother goes missing, Bryon suspects Mark is involved.

Cast

 * Craig Sheffer as Bryon Douglas
 * Emilio Estevez as Mark Jennings
 * Jill Schoelen as Angela Shepard
 * Larry B. Scott as Terry Jones
 * Kim Delaney as Cathy Carlson
 * Barbara Babcock as Mrs. Douglas
 * Frank Howard as M&M Carlson
 * Morgan Freeman as Charlie Woods
 * Francis X. McCarthy as Mr. Carlson
 * Diane Dorsey as Mrs. Carlson
 * Ramon Estevez AKA Ramon Sheen as Mike Chambers
 * Dan Lyon as "Car" Guy
 * Sharon Thomas as Doctor

Production
In 1982, Emilo Estevez starred in the film version of S.E. Hinton's Tex. During filming, Estevez read That Was Then, This Is Now, also by Hinton, and enjoyed the book so much he drafted several screenplays before purchasing the rights. Estevez described the book as "a very intense, dark piece. It's kind of like the old Pat O'Brien-Jimmy Cagney movies where O'Brien becomes the priest and Cagney becomes the gangster". Estevez did a rewrite of the film during the making of The Breakfast Club, staying up all night to write after the typical 12 hour filming day. After speaking with Hinton, who recommended he also play one of the characters, Estevez attempted to sell the screenplay, but studios were reluctant.

Estevez' father Martin Sheen bought the rights to That Was Then, This Is Now in 1982. "I knew it would be hot", said Estevez of the novel, who said in 1983 he wanted to star along with Tom Cruise. Estevez found two Midwest producers interested in making the film and they succeeded in raising the finance. One of them, Gary Lindberg, ran a production company that mostly made TV commercials, based in Minnesota. The film was shot in the summer of 1984 in St. Paul, Minnesota, without a distributor. It was later advertised as "the first Minnesota movie".

Sheen recommended his son play Bryon Douglas, but Estevez, wary of being typecast, chose to play what he saw as the "sympathetic bad guy". Estevez said: "There's probably a lot of him in me, the alter ego screaming to get out every once in a while. Fortunately, I was able to vent it in a film and not in real life".

Estevez said that they have been able to learn from the other Hinton adaptations: "We made it very contemporary, hired a brilliant cinematographer. The cast is primarily unknowns so it has a real feel – you're not watching movie stars. The emotional content is so rich, so full, it's absolutely draining. It's a terrific movie".

Reception
The film opened November 8, 1985 and finished sixth place for the weekend with a gross of $2,502,780, behind other openers such as Target and Translyvania 6-5000. It was a minor success at the box office, grossing $8.6 million.

On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 0% rating based on 5 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 45% based on reviews from 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Home Media
That Was Then... This Is Now was released on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1986.

title: That Was Then... This Is Now


text:
Benjamin W. Edwards

Benjamin W. Edwards (c. 1780–1837) was an American colonist in early Texas, and the leader of the Fredonian Rebellion. In the 1837 Mississippi gubernatorial election, he ran as a candidate for governor of Mississippi, but died during the campaign. He was the brother of Haden Edwards. They both were the leaders of the Fredonian Rebellion in 1827.

title: Benjamin W. Edwards


text:
International School Bangkok

The International School Bangkok (ISB; โรงเรียนสถานศึกษานานาชาติ, ) is a private PK-12 American-style school in the Pak Kret District of Nonthaburi Province, Thailand in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. It is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) in the United States. ISB was the first school in Thailand to offer the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program (DP).

Foundation
ISB first opened as the International Children's Center on the grounds of the U.S. Embassy Bangkok in 1951. It was the first international school to open in Thailand and serviced U.S. Embassy families and other expatriates in Bangkok at the time. Its initial enrollment was 50 children of United Nations and U.S. diplomats. First located on Rajadamri Road, it was known as the International Children's Center (ICC). ISB then expanded to provide both primary and secondary education for English-speaking children in Bangkok. In 1960, ISB moved from the U.S. Embassy-owned grounds to Sukhumvit Soi 15. A few years later, ISB opened a second campus on Viphavadi Rangsit road, but it closed in the mid-1970s with the American drawdown from Vietnam. Finally in 1992, ISB was relocated from Soi 15 to the present US$25-million campus in the Pak Kret District, Nonthaburi Province, within Nichada Thani as "campus town"; on a land that it owns and maintains itself, and that consists of a separate elementary, middle, and high schools interwoven into one Thai-style complex. ISB has students from over 50 countries enrolled.

Parents oversee the operation of ISB, which is a non-profit and non-sectarian school. Parents are members of the school association and elect the governing board of ISB.

Notable alumni

 * William E. Heinecke (1967) - Chairman and CEO of Minor Food Group companies
 * Pamela J. H. Slutz (1967) - Retired U.S. Foreign Service Officer; Ambassador to Mongolia (2003-6) and Burundi (2009–12)
 * Ho Kwon Ping (1969) - Founder, Banyan Tree Hotels & Resorts and #19 on Forbes' Singapore's 40 Richest
 * Charles Leavitt (1970) - Screenwriter for The Mighty, K-Pax, and Blood Diamond
 * Michael Young (1970) - TV Personality & Host of "Kids Are People Too" (1978) Executive Producer "Shop Like a Star" (2008)
 * Susan Schwab (1972) - Current Chief United States Trade Representative, and former president and CEO of the University of Maryland
 * Richard Powers (1975) Accomplished writer - Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, 2006
 * Madolyn Smith (1975) Actress - Urban Cowboy, All of Me, Sadat
 * Timothy F. Geithner (1979) - US Secretary of the Treasury in President Barack Obama's administration, ninth president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
 * Thant Myint-U (1983) - Myanmar presidential adviser, prize-winning historian and author, conservationist, former United Nations official, grandson of U Thant, former Secretary General of the United Nations
 * Rob McKenna (1984) - Former Attorney General for the State of Washington
 * Tammy Duckworth (1985) - Senator of Illinois (D)- Elected November 8, 2016. Democratic United States House Representative in Illinois's 8th congressional district - elected November 6, 2012.
 * Mary-Louise Parker - Nancy Botwin in hit TV series "Weeds". Sarah Ross in the movie "Red"
 * Tom Cochran - Obama administration official
 * Charm Onwarin Osathanond (2005) - Miss Thailand Universe 2006
 * Sarunrat "Lydia" Visutthithada (2005) - Famous Thai Pop Star
 * Maria Ehren (2010) Miss Thailand Universe 2017
 * Amalie Iuel (2013) Olympic Track & Field Athlete - Member of Norwegian National Team in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, competed in 400m hurdles event, attended the University of Southern California

title: International School Bangkok


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Entergy Corporation

Entergy Corporation was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Entergy Corporation
An energy company -- could be less known than Enron. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 20:13, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

Keep -- yes, this article was created as a stub and has sat there untouched for awhile now. But its an interesting corporation (with recent developments worth mentioning -- i.e. it sold its derivatives trading business to Merrill Lynch on November 1, 2004). I'll work on it over the next couple of days and try to make something trans-stubbly out of it. --Christofurio 20:18, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Cheers to Christofurio, and obvious keep for a Fortune 500 company with a "fleet" of nuclear power plants. The owner of a nuclear plant is notable. :p Samaritan 21:23, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep'. However, needs expansion.  Notable on Google.  --Randy 23:10, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 23:49, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - yes, they're not as notable as Enron, but they're notable noetheless. -Sean Curtin 00:49, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Financially bigger than many countries. Work needed, I notice that cleanup was tried for a few minutes only. From the above it looks well under control now, and would be a keeper anyway. Andrewa 00:53, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 01:45, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: DCEdwards1966 04:38, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Is the listing a joke? — David Remahl 10:25, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Laminal consonant

A laminal consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue in contact with upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, to possibly, as far back as the prepalatal arch, although in the last contact may involve parts behind the blade as well. It is distinct from an apical consonant, produced by creating an obstruction with the tongue apex (tongue tip) only. Sometimes laminal is used exclusively for an articulation that involves only the blade of the tongue with the tip being lowered and apicolaminal for an articulation that involves both the blade of the tongue and the raised tongue tip. The distinction applies only to coronal consonants, which use the front of the tongue.

Compared to apical
Some languages contrast laminal and apical sounds:
 * The contrast is common in Australian Aboriginal languages, which usually have no fricatives.
 * Some languages in South Asia contrast apical and laminal stops. In Hindustani, the apical stops are normally called "retroflex" but are really alveolar or postalveolar. Malayalam has a three-way distinction between laminal dental, apical alveolar and true subapical retroflex in nasal and voiceless oral stops.
 * Basque and Mirandese differentiate between laminal and apical sibilants in the alveolar region; Mandarin Chinese, Serbo-Croatian, and Polish make such a distinction with postalveolar consonants.
 * Some native languages of California have the distinction in both stops and fricatives.
 * Dahalo makes the distinction only in its stops.

Because laminal consonants use the flat of the tongue, they cover a broader area of contact than apical consonants. Laminal consonants in some languages have been recorded with a broad occlusion (closure) that covers all the front of the mouth from the hard palate to the teeth, which makes it difficult to compare the two. Alveolar laminals and apicals are two different articulations.

A very common laminal articulation is sometimes called denti-alveolar. It spans the alveolar ridge to the teeth but is a little farther forward than other alveolar laminal consonants, which cover more of the alveolar ridge and might be considered postalveolar. This occurs in French.

Compared to alveolar
Part of the confusion in naming laminal consonants is quite literally a matter of point of view. When one looks at a person pronouncing a laminal alveolar or denti-alveolar, the tip of the tongue can be seen touching the back of the teeth or even protruding between the teeth, which gives them the common name of dental.

Acoustically, however, the important element is the place of the rearmost occlusion, which is the point that the resonant chamber in the mouth terminates. That determines the size, shape and acoustics of the oral cavity, which produces the harmonics of the vowels. Thus, French coronals are alveolar and differ from English alveolars primarily in being laminal rather than apical (in French, the tongue is flatter).

There are true laminal dentals in some languages with no alveolar contact, such as in Hindustani, which are different from French consonants. Nevertheless, the breadth of contact has some importance; it influences the shape of the tongue farther back and so the shape of the resonant cavity. Also, if the release of a denti-alveolar consonant is not abrupt, the tongue may peel off from the roof of the mouth from back to front and so shift from an alveolar to a dental pronunciation.

In the IPA, the diacritic for laminal consonants is.

title: Laminal consonant