text:
Talk:2005 Atlantic hurricane season

Another Error
I haven't read through all that much, but in talks with a professor at Dalhousie University, it seems we are both under the impression that the number of Major Storms this year was 8. Now, I have done some research, and have found in the NHC's archives that they clearly state that Hurricane Beta is the 8th MAJOR STORM of the season.

The link can be found at

http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al262005.discus.014.shtml?

and I would appreciate for someone to fix it.Sod Aries 21:07, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've counted the storms and there seems to be only seven. See List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. --tomf688 (talk - email) 14:31, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * We had this discussion last season too. Major hurricanes: Dennis, Emily, Katrina, Maria, Rita, Wilma, Beta = 7. NSLE 15:21, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Probably just an error made by the NHC.HurricaneCraze32 21:14, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Beta's TCR: "A peak intensity of 100 kt was reached around 0600 UTC 30 October, which resulted in the seventh, and last, major hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic season." -- RattleMan 21:34, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That makes sense. Of the other storms, the closest any of them was to major status was Irene, and that was a mid-range Category 2. CrazyC83 23:32, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

 * "Among these Category 5 storms were Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma, the former the costliest and the latter the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record." Could someone fix this sentence?65.9.15.183 (talk) 19:55, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * What's wrong with it? -- RattleMan 22:06, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

 * "Among these Category 5 storm were Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma, Katrina the costliest, and Wilma, was the most intense." Synthetical connections  ( talk ) 03:07, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Repeatedly shattering?
I don't think it makes sense to say `repeatedly shattering previous records' as it does in the opening sentence. Surely you only shatter a single record once and you shatter numerous records, but you can't repeatedly shatter records in a single season? The only way I can see it making sense is if the record was broken by the Atlantic basin during the season, then it was broken again by another basin during the same season, and then broken again by the Atlantic basin.

 * I have to disagree. To me the statement 'Repeatedly shattering' conveys the idea that a single record was broken multiple times. For instance, according to Wikipedia, the previous record for number of tropical storms was the 1933 hurricane season with 21 storms. The 2005 season broke this record with the formation of alpha and then broke the record again with the formation of beta, hence the record was broken repeatedly Tmckeage (talk) 17:31, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * If this is not the case I would recommend changing the sentence to read `shattering numerous records' to indicate several records were broken as indicated in the #Records_and_notable_events section.

Furthermore, the use of `previous' is superfluous as you can't shatter anything other than a previous record. It doesn't make sense to shatter future records. schroding79 (talk) 01:27, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Minor, but I agree, should be changed to "Repeatedly shattering multiple records" Tmckeage (talk) 17:38, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Indeed not, one among many English prose boners - these hurricane articles may be rich in facts, but they are terribly written (really, average high-school level prose) and over-linked. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antimatter33 (talk • contribs) 08:22, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.teorema.com.mx/articulos.php?id_sec=44&id_art=184
 * In 2005 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:55:15, 404 Not Found
 * In 2005 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-12 00:28:45, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 00:29, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2004/dec2004/}}
 * In 2005 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-05-25 07:55:17, 404 Not Found
 * In 2005 Atlantic hurricane season on 2011-06-12 00:29:45, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 00:30, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

Done Bevo74 (talk) 07:23, 12 June 2011 (UTC)

1950 loses majors record in reanalysis
With the recent 1950 reanalysis lowering the number of majors from eight to six, does 2005 gain a new record for number of majors? -- 140.202.10.134 (talk) 20:36, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It would appear so! ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 22:15, 3 September 2014 (UTC)

Along with 1961 LlayReactorUltra (talk) 07:33, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Along with 1961 LlayReactorUltra (talk) 07:34, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Along with 1961 LlayReactorUltra (talk) 07:35, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

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Every hurricane
Why was this season so destructive? Renacares (talk) 09:20, 11 July 2018 (UTC)

Vince
Vince is the first V named storm. It formed in cold waters near Africa. Acyclonxe (talk) 02:54, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

Global Warming
There should probably be a reference to global warming regarding the 2005 hurricane season. 2600:1702:2340:9470:608D:7F16:6C6:C602 (talk) 23:31, 21 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Why? There is no evidence that global warming contributed to the season's activity BananaIAm (talk) 23:41, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

Statistic Table: Damage Sort Problems
There are issues when sorting the Season Statistics table by the Damage column:
 * Numbers in Millions and Billions are intermixed (e.g.: TS Delta and Cat1 Cindy are ranked higher than Cat5 Katrina).
 * "Minimal" is intermixed with "None" and "Unknown" (not even alphabetical ordering).

I'm not sure how you'd fix it — whether with a change to the sorting engine or addition of a hidden sort key — but fixing this problem is essential to the utility of the sorting feature … and will have to be done site-wide.

-- ໃː^Þ) 47.13.201.60 (talk) 04:45, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

Urgent FA review needed
In my opinion, the article no longer meets FA criteria. We need a review urgently, considering more than 13 years have elapsed since the FA upgrade. --'' Java Hurricane  12:46, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:36, 20 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Hurricane Vince on 2005-10-09, 1200.jpg

Merge Tropical Storm Zeta?

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section. A summary of the conclusions reached follows.
 * The result of this discussion was not merged. Tito xd (?!?) 23:13, 20 March 2020 (UTC)

A few users have suggested merging the article for Tropical Storm Zeta, and this possible merger is affecting the featured article status for this article. Zeta is notable and unusual in existing from December into January, but that fact is already covered in the 2005 AHS article, as well as List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes. It's also the latest forming Atlantic storm. On the other hand, merging the article might create undue weight toward the storm, given how long the 2005 season article already is. So I just wanted to open the discussion, in tandem with the other discussion above. I personally oppose such a merger, for the record. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 21:04, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose for its notability as a cross-year tropical cyclone. 🌧❄ϟ TropicalAnalystwx13 (talk · contributions) 21:13, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
 * So are all tropical cyclones that happen to cross the year notable for that fact as it happens quite a lot outside of the Atlantic.Jason Rees (talk) 23:04, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Strongly Oppose for the notability of the storm due to being the latest-forming cross-year cyclone, as well as the cyclone to have the name furthest down the list that's been used to date in the Atlantic.
 * ~ AC5230 (talk) 21:28, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
 * It isnt the latest forming tropical cyclone in any basin as that honour goes to Tropical Cyclone Raquel which was named at 18z on June 30, which is the 2015-16 year local time and the 2014-15 season per UTC. I also feel that the fact that it is "the cyclone to have the name furthest down the list that's been used to date in the Atlantic" is trivial.Jason Rees (talk) 23:04, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

If you really want to merge Zeta, then try using good article reassessment to see if it's got enough info. Chicdat (talk) 10:48, 14 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Again, I don't see the point. YE Pacific Hurricane 21:54, 13 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge - There is very little reason to keep in the article and I feel that it is bloated and thus do not see how merging it would give the section undue weight or make this article a lot longer then it should be especially when it should be the size of an average Pacific Typhoon Season that covers all the systems. I also do not believe that tropical cyclones are automatically notable just because they happen to cross the calendar years and that the page size does not worry me and should not be used as a reason to give non-notable systems articles or justify why a section should be smaller then it should be in this article.Jason Rees (talk) 23:04, 13 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

"2005 atlantic hurricane seasno" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect 2005 atlantic hurricane seasno. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 2 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC  678  01:21, 2 May 2020 (UTC)

condense
The article is extremely long. Anyone, feel free to help condense. --WesternAtlanticCentral (talk) 15:15, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The article is about 70 kb worth of prose. That's an appropriate length for the busiest Atlantic hurricane season on record. Are there any parts that you feel go into too much detail? ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 15:52, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Oil refiners. --WesternAtlanticCentral (talk) 16:32, 4 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Given that Katrina was the costliest hurricane on record, I thought it was important to discuss some of the different aspects of its damage. Katrina has three paragraphs, which is a fair amount for such a significant hurricane. Are there any other parts that are excessively long? ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 14:42, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

Info Box Error: With Eta-2020, the tie with 2005 is broken
Eta-2020 (just to future-proof the name) exceeds Zeta-2005, making 2020 the storm season with the most storms. Eta was a major hurricane (Cat 4) when it hit Nicaragua, for the major hurricane count. It's still going and projected to hit the US, so things may change further.

In any case, the Info Box needs correcting, and I don't know how. I suggest it be changed to, "Exceeded by 2020" or nothing since I presume every season doesn't have a list of seasons that exceed it.

I will leave edits to those (1) more capable, (2) more knowledgeable about the standards of these articles, and (3) those with a stake in the 2005 article. Be bold (but not rash).

Thank you for your time! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Laguna CA (talk • contribs) 01:21, 5 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The 2005 season has not been superseeded by the 2020 season because there was a unnamed system in 2005, which is considered to be a named storm by NHC as it reached tropical/subtropical storm strength.Jason Rees (talk) 01:26, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

Various grammatical conflicts with 2020's status as the new record holder
I've just corrected the grammar in the opening lines of the article to better reflect this season's changed status as of this week; however it still feels "clunky" for want of a better word (I'm personally not a fan of having too many commas in one opening sentence, although others may not agree) - however, it's difficult to figure out how to re-word it without losing the gravity of the overall lead section. While 2020 is now the most active season on record, 2005's early activity and significantly higher number of urban landfalls by its major hurricanes while they still maintained major status does make it a stand-out season in its own right.

In my view rewriting the lead section to reflect 2020's new records shouldn't detract from the tone of the current article, which makes it clear that 2005 was particularly devastating in terms of its human impact simply because - thankfully unlike 2020 - more storms made landfall while they were still major hurricanes, while so far in 2020, several of our hurricanes have attained peak intensity further from land and levelled off before threatening peoples' lives. The number of fatalities for instance is thankfully lower so far in 2020 by a factor of ten. For that reason, I certainly wouldn't advocate removing the gravitas of this article by simply stating that it is "the second most active season in history" and not maintaining the current tone which articulates how devastating the 2005 was in its own right.

Any ideas about how we might do this? Does it even need to be done, or am I allowing my personal linguistic preferences to make the run-on sentences seem clunkier than they are to other readers?

78.16.162.16 (talk) 13:53, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

2005 Atlantic hurricane season first sentence
On the first sentence, I modified and changed the text link for the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. I added "was at the time" between "The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season" and "the most active Atlantic hurricane season". I also replaced "for fifteen years" with "until its record was surpassed".  Seventyfiveyears (talk) 23:46, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Why refer to it in the past tense instead of just referring to the article in the preset? I.e.:
 * "The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season is the second most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history, surpassed only by the 2020 Atlantic hurricane season. At the time, the season shattered numerous records ..."

 * Bulhis899 (talk) 02:35, 20 November 2020 (UTC)
 * This does mean that 2005 is the second most active hurricane season. However, the revision two pages before mine shows the similar version, see ( for mobile devices).  Seventyfiveyears (talk) 02:58, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

Storm names
Alpha (Alfa) and Delta were used in 1972 for two subtropical storms, and Alfa was used the following year again. Would it be okay to add a section that Alpha and Delta were used in previous naming lists? CycloneEditor (talk) 05:27, 21 July 2021 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Tropical Storm Zeta (2005) into 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Fails on the grounds of notability due to lack of impact. I agree with what said back in 2020 regarding the cross-year thing being non-notable as well since it happens all the time elsewhere. Noah, AATalk 14:57, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Strong Oppose per WP:NEVENT. As stated before in 2020, the storm is notable for the fact of its meteorological history, in that Atlantic cross-year events or January storms (especially as long lived as Zeta) are exceptionally rare and have only happened once or twice (the last time being in the 1950s!). The argument of “happens all the time elsewhere” does not hold as the Atlantic basin is much different then the WPac. This is like saying we should merge Hurricane Pali (2016) or Hurricane Alex (2016) because it was out to sea where the fact is that that was an unprecedented storm for the Atlantic/EPac in the fact that January hurricanes have happened only once or twice in each basin versus the WPac or SHem where things are far different from either basin. MarioProtIV (talk/contribs) 15:25, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Those two storms you brought up as examples actually had land impact and killed people which makes them notable for a different reason. The notability of this storm is being vastly overstated and the article is bloated to boot (brought up in the prior merge discussion). We have had storms form in June and July in SWIO (probably other basins too) and they aren't getting articles just for that. Crossing an arbitrary time point defined by man doesn't make something notable. Noah, AATalk 15:35, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * These storms are storms so leave them alone 23.126.178.159 (talk) 01:30, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose - so the 2005 AHS article currently has over 11,000 words of prose. That's very much on the long side, and reflective of it being such a hyperactive season. I think that merging Zeta (that is, actually merging any relevant content that's not in the season article) wouldn't be appropriate, since there is enough unique content. The quotes from the NHC show that the storm was unusual. Even the operational downgrade to tropical depression is worth mentioning, and I don't think it qualifies as trivia. I am usually in favor of merging articles if it makes the season article better, but I don't think that's the case in this instance. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 02:20, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose This article was nominated for merge in 2020, and that failed after thorough discussion. Also, while I get the New Year argument as being created artificially, it is still very rare for a cyclone to exist in this type of year. Also, it would be way too much content to merge especially considering the fact that 2005 was one of the most active hurricane seasons on record, and one of the most destructive. 108.58.37.250 (talk) 22:46, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

20 year anniversary approaching in one year - anyone up for collaboration?
This season is going to be 20 years old next year. I think it would be impressive if we could get the season to featured topic status, which would require six more FA's. Anticipating that some things might change, there should probably be a few more to guarantee it would stay a featured topic, since the Subtropical storm and Irene barely have enough content to even sustain an article, in my opinion. Therefore, I suggest getting Dennis, Emily, Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma, and Beta to featured status.

There is a proposal for how to get Dennis back to featured article status by merging the various sub-articles. See here.

Also, Beta's article was good enough that nominated it for FAC back in 2009, so I imagine that article is probably reasonably close to featured status. In addition, and I (along with other editors) have worked on Wilma's article over the years, and that one seems reasonably close to being featured.

Therefore, the biggest priorities seem to be (in order):
 * 1) Katrina
 * 2) Stan
 * 3) Rita
 * 4) Emily
 * 5) Wilma
 * 6) Dennis
 * 7) Cindy
 * 8) Beta

Is anyone interested in working on a potential featured topic for 2005 AHS for its 20 year anniversary? ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 23:40, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * A little update (in case anyone is reading this). I merged the tornado outbreak for Cindy, which is a step toward getting that article to featured article status. I figured it was a good idea getting another FA as a buffer. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:17, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

Proposed Maria merger
Please see Maria's talk page. The rationale is that Maria's met history can be covered between the section in the season article, as well as background to the Hatlestad Slide, which I also proposed moving to 2005 Norway floods. ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:38, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:2005 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Harvest Moon 64

Harvest Moon 64, released in Japan as Bokujō Monogatari 2 (牧場物語2), is a 1999 farm simulation video game developed by Victor Interactive Software for the Nintendo 64 console. It was published by Victor Interactive in Japan and by Natsume Inc. in North America. It is the third game in the Story of Seasons series (following Harvest Moon GB).

The game was re-released on the Wii U in 2017, marking its first release in PAL territories. It was re-released again for the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack in 2023.

Gameplay
The objective of Harvest Moon 64 is to restore and maintain an abandoned farm left to the player by their grandfather. Along with restoring the farm, there are a number of other side quests that the player may choose to partake in, including training and racing a horse, selling crops, participating in a variety of town festivals, falling in love and getting married, collecting recipes, and collecting photographs from various achievements and events.

The player starts out with the bare minimum features for the farm, including an empty chicken coop and barn, but animals and house extensions can be purchased and tools can be upgraded over the course of the game. The local town, where most of the villagers spend their day, contains a church, a bar, a bakery, a town square, a flower shop, a library, a tool shop, among other things.

Unlike the original Harvest Moon for the SNES, there is a limited amount of time to work in any given day as well as a limited amount of stamina for work. Many game features, such as character locations and which shops are open, vary depending on the current time and day of the week. There are four seasons per year, each with its own weather patterns, crops to grow, and wild herbs available. Some days are reserved for festivals, where every shop is closed and special events take place. This offers a break from daily chores and a chance to interact with the townsfolk in unique ways, such as dancing or swimming.

Planting, growing, and harvesting crops is one of the main focuses of the Story of Seasons series. The crops available to plant include turnips, potatoes, corn, and strawberries, and they can be purchased in the village during their respective season. To plant crops, the player must till the soil, plant the seeds, then water the plots. Several crops will yield multiple vegetables throughout the season if continually watered. When the season ends and a new begins, all crops from the previous season will wither and must be cut down. Alternatively, a greenhouse can be built so that any plant can grow anytime during the year.

Along with crops planted on the farm, there are also wild growing plants and herbs that the player may pick as he goes through his daily chores. The wild growing plants also change from season to season and reappear each day. Though all wild plants are edible, some can cause sickness while others prevent it.

The player starts with five basic tools to help restore the farm: a hammer, an axe, a sickle, a hoe, and a watering can. After a certain amount of usage, a tool will automatically upgrade (signified when the tool becomes silver and then later gold), allowing the player to do more work faster using less energy. Tools for livestock such as a cow milker and an animal brush can be purchased in the village.

Taking care of animals is an essential part of maintaining the farm. Livestock, such as cows, sheep, and chickens, may be purchased at a nearby ranch. These animals require food and care, and if left unfed or left outside in the rain, it will become sick and eventually die unless the player gives it medicine. If the animals are treated well, the products they give will increase in quality.

The player can own a dog and a horse. The dog originally belonged to the player character's grandfather and is a throwback to the original Harvest Moon. A horse can be obtained by visiting the nearby ranch, and can be ridden or used as a portable shipping crate. Both the dog and the horse can compete in yearly races, where their performance is largely determined by their relationship with the player.

One of the other major features of Harvest Moon 64 is the ability to marry and have a child. There are five eligible girls in Harvest Moon 64, represented by hearts that appear in their dialogue boxes, representative of her affection toward the player, ranging from white (indifferent) to pink (in love). Each of these girls has a non-player character suitor that will eventually marry her if the player chooses to marry another girl or chooses not to pursue anyone.

The game features a series of collectable items. When the player reaches a certain milestone or achieves one of several goals, they will receive a photograph in the mail to remember the event. Earned photographs are available for viewing at any time by checking the photo album on the bedside table and are a way to track a player's success in the game.

Release
Harvest Moon 64 was released in Japan on February 5, 1999, and in North America by Natsume Inc. on December 22, 1999.

Natsume initially stated bringing it to Wii U Virtual Console was not possible due to technical issues, despite the Wii proving the task to be possible through homebrew emulation. However, in celebration of the series' twentieth anniversary, the game saw release on the Wii U Virtual Console on February 23, 2017. This also marked the game's debut in the PAL regions (the original had been cancelled due to time constraints), as well as the game's first official re-release (as well as the first time digital) in nearly two decades.

The game was re-released on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack service on December 7, 2023.

Reception
The game received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Nintendo Power gave it a favorable review, nearly two months before it was released Stateside. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 31 out of 40.

Many reviews claimed that although the game had a repetitive soundtrack and often glitchy visual displays, the game's captivating and unique gameplay made up for it.

Aaron Boulding, who rated the game for IGN, said "(he) was able to forgive a lot of shortcomings like poor audio and visual elements because (he) found (himself) playing it for hours at a time." Joe Fielder, who rated it for GameSpot, claimed that "although not for everyone, Harvest Moon 64 is a strangely compelling, original little game that makes hours melt away incomprehensibly." Slo' Mo of GamePro said that the game "isn't a game for swashbucklers or diehard cityslickers [sic], but, for pure RPG fans, it's a horse of a different color."

Mars Publishing's Parent's Guide to Nintendo Games gave the game the only Parent's Guide Choice Award for a Nintendo 64 game because it met the requirements of a game that "displays imagination, creativity, ingenuity of the first order, while offering a playing atmosphere that is educational and enriching."

Nintendo Power ranked Harvest Moon 64 as the 278th greatest Nintendo game of all time.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harvest Moon 64


text: User talk:66.27.172.95

title: User talk:66.27.172.95


text: Category:370 BC deaths

title: Category:370 BC deaths


text: Category:Peace

title: Category:Peace


text:
HMC

HMC may stand for:

Education

 * Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California, US
 * Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, UK organisation of independent fee-charging schools
 * Harvard Model Congress, congressional simulation conference
 * Harris Manchester College, Oxford, a constituent college of the University of Oxford

Companies

 * Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar
 * Harvard Management Company, manages Harvard University endowment
 * Heerema Marine Contractors, The Netherlands
 * Holyoke Machine Company, defunct, United States
 * Honda Motor Company, of Japan, NYSE symbol
 * Hornady Manufacturing Company (cartridge headstamp)
 * Hyundai Motor Company, of Republic Of Korea

Transport

 * Hamamatsuchō Station, JR East station code
 * Hampton Court railway station, the terminus of the Hampton Court Branch Line in Surrey, SW of London

Other

 * Chief Hospital corpsman, a United States Navy rate
 * Half Mini Card, a physical specification of the PCI Express Mini Card
 * Hardware Management Console, a computer technology provided by IBM
 * His/Her Majesty's Cutter, UK Customs ship prefix since 2005
 * Herzliya Medical Center, Herzliya, Israel
 * Holocaust Memorial Center
 * Holyoke Medical Center
 * Hybrid Memory Cube, a computer memory (RAM) technology
 * Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, or Historical Manuscripts Commission
 * Hamiltonian Monte Carlo

title: HMC


text: Category:Universities in Romania

title: Category:Universities in Romania


text:
Air Panama

Air Panama is a regional airline based at Albrook "Marcos A. Gelabert" International Airport in Panama, and is currently the second-largest air carrier in the country, surpassed only by Copa Airlines. The carrier offers both scheduled and charter passenger flights to more than 31 destinations from its hub at Albrook International Airport.

Inauguration

The airline was founded in 1980 as PARSA, though certain services were operated as Turismo Aéreo. At the time of its startup, Panama had been ruled by a military dictatorship government since 1968, but together with Aeroperlas, the company became one of the biggest and most prominent airlines in the country. On 20 December 1989, in the wake of the United States invasion of Panama, two Britten-Norman Islander aircraft owned by PARSA were damaged beyond repair in fighting action. Despite this, the airline expanded rapidly to other destinations around Panama and Costa Rica during the 1990s, and began to acquire newer aircraft.

On New Year's Eve 1997, PARSA suffered its first fatal accident when a Britten-Norman Islander crashed into the jungle 6.5 kilometres short of Rio Sidra Airport, Darien, killing all on board.

In January 1999, the airline moved its headquarters to the new Albrook - Marcos A. Gelabert International Airport, when the old airport located at Paitilla was shut down after 70 years of operation. In 2005, the Air Panama trademark rights were acquired. The name had been unused since the demise of Air Panamá Internacional in January 1990, and PARSA formally adopted the new name that year.

Expansion years

After the purchase of the trademark rights in 2005, Chairman George Novey unveiled on a Fokker F-27 aircraft PARSA's new identity Air Panama. Shortly afterward, the airline introduced new scheduled services to other regional destinations around Panama and began to acquire turboprop aircraft such as the Saab 340 and the Bombardier Dash 8-300 series, replacing the aging British Aerospace Jetstream 31 and Fokker F27 Friendship fleet.

In 2009, Air Panama reached a historic milestone when it transported its one millionth passenger. That same year, the airline entered the jet age when it acquired two Fokker 70s. In 2011, Air Panama bought two used Fokker 50s previously owned by Scandinavian Airlines System and transported around 172,154 people. In January 2012, Air Panama announced a codeshare agreement with Copa Airlines, Panama's flag carrier and largest airline, linking all tourist destinations within Panama with several in Latin America. The agreement became effective five months later when the company started charter regional flights to Isla Colon from Tocumen International Airport. As of 2016, this codeshare is no longer active.

On 29 February 2012, domestic competitor Aeroperlas Regional ceased operations due to financial troubles, leaving Air Panama as the sole regional carrier in the country. The same month, the airline expressed an interest in initiating a non-stop international route from Panama to the Cayman Islands, using jet-powered aircraft. In anticipation for these flights, Air Panama ordered two Fokker 100 aircraft, receiving the first one in June and the second two months later. As of February 2015, the planned service to Cayman Islands is on standstill. Almost six months after Aeroperlas' bankruptcy, Air Panama assumed all of its domestic routes.

In November 2012, Air Panama launched an updated version of its website (www.airpanama.com), with a new operational system that allowed travelers to purchase tickets in real time, and to see flight schedules and status. It was the first time the airline extensively overhauled its website since its official rebranding in 2006.

In 2013, Air Panama sold the two Fokker 70s in favour of more spacious Fokker 100s. Between August and November of the same year, the airline acquired two Boeing 737-300s as part of a strategic expansion plan into the international market, which started with the launch of scheduled commercial services to Medellín, Colombia, in June 2014.

In 2015, the airline added three more Fokker 100 aircraft. In July 2015 the airline began daily non-stop flights from Panama to San José, Costa Rica. Services to Costa Rica from David, Chiriqui are still maintained. On December 1, of the same year, Air Panama started services to Armenia, its second destination in Colombia.

Current fleet
The Air Panama fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of November 2020):

Former fleet
Air Panama previously operated the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents
During its history, Air Panama (PARSA) had the following incidents and accidents:

title: Air Panama


text:
Ian Grushka

Ian Ryan Grushka (born September 4, 1977) is an American musician and songwriter. He is a founding member and the bassist of Florida rock band New Found Glory. He was also the bassist in the band's now defunct side-project, the International Superheroes of Hardcore, where he performed under the pseudonym of "Sgt. Soy".

Biography
Ian Grushka was born in Smithtown, New York. As a child he played saxophone but gave it up after a year. Along with his parents and two brothers, he moved to Coral Springs, Florida, when he was 9 years old. He graduated from Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in 1995, where he learned to play guitar and bass.

Musical career
In 1997 Grushka played bass in the band "Inner City Kids" and later "Flip 60" with Jordan Pundik (vocals). After disbanding "Flip 60", they recruited Stephen Klein (guitar), whom Pundik met at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School and had previously played with him in the band "Fallview". The threesome began to jam together. Practicing in Grushka's garage, they later invited Joe "Taco Joe" Marino to play drums. Shortly thereafter, Chad Gilbert (lead guitar), former vocalist of Shai Hulud, joined to complete the quintet. The band would become New Found Glory.

In addition to his work with New Found Glory, Grushka has worked with a number of artists. He plays bass on the track "Cobwebs" on DBY's 2004 album Make It Bleed. He also plays bass on the track "Boy Without Batteries" on Man Overboard 2013 album, Heart Attack. Grushka plays bass on the tracks "Cry Me a River", "Stay with Me Tonight", and "Johnny" on the 2013 release Andy Jackson And The Mary Tyler Mormons by Andy Jackson And The Mary Tyler Mormons.

Grushka has also lent his vocals to several albums. He provides backup vocals on the tracks "Drinking Song" and "Thank You" from the 1998 Anchorman album, Still Need You More Than Air. He also sings backup on "Miserable" and "Up 'Til Now" on the 2007 release Nervous Breakthrough by the band Lefty.

In 2004, Grushka and Gilbert started the record label Broken Sounds, which signed Breakdance Vietnam, Eagleslayer, Suffocate Faster, and Slowdance.

Acting career
Along with the rest of New Found Glory, Grushka appears in the 2004 movie Tales from the Crapper. He also makes a cameo appearance in the Good Charlotte video for "Festival Song" and the Less Than Jake video for "My Money Is On The Longshot".

Equipment

 * Fender P-Bass with Seymour Duncan 1/4 lb. Bassline Pickups
 * Mesa Boogie 8x10 Cabinet
 * Ampeg SVT Classic Heads
 * Sans Amp DI
 * Ernie Ball Strings
 * Intune Guitar Picks
 * Dimarzio Cliplock Straps

Discography
with New Found Glory

 * 1997: It's All About the Girls (EP)
 * 1999: Nothing Gold Can Stay
 * 2000: From the Screen to Your Stereo (EP)
 * 2000: New Found Glory
 * 2002: Sticks and Stones
 * 2004: Catalyst
 * 2006: Coming Home
 * 2007: From the Screen to Your Stereo Part II
 * 2008: Hits
 * 2008: Tip of the Iceberg (EP)
 * 2009: Not Without a Fight
 * 2011: Radiosurgery
 * 2012: A Very New Found Glory Christmas
 * 2013: Mania (EP)
 * 2013: Kill It Live
 * 2014: Resurrection
 * 2017: Makes Me Sick
 * 2020: Forever + Ever X Infinity

with International Superheroes of Hardcore

 * 2006: International Superheroes of Hardcore
 * 2008: Takin' it Ova!
 * 2008: HPxHC (EP)

Record labels

 * with New Found Glory
 * Fiddler Records (1997)
 * Eulogy Records (1999)
 * Drive-Thru Records/Geffen Records (2000 – 2007)
 * Bridge 9 Records (2008 – 2009)
 * Epitaph Records (2009 – 2014)
 * Hopeless Records (2014 – present)

title: Ian Grushka


text:
List of Russian-language television channels

This is a list of television channels broadcasting regularly programmes in Russian language.


text:
Talk:Clearstream

Untitled
This page need correction, but I'm not a Wikipedia expert and I don't really the limit of POV. If someone more experimented can take a look.

Balanced article?
This article is extremely biased and should be deleted and a new page started. There a number of topics related to Clearstream beyond a completely skewed list of every rumor associated with Cleartsream for the past 30 years. The current article should essentially be the "controversies" section of a new article, a brief description of the more substantative allegations should be sufficient. I note I did not see any convictions or finding by a court of law or other arbiter referenced in any of the allegations.38.108.103.194 (talk) 16:33, 21 November 2008 (UTC)JB38.108.103.194 (talk) 16:33, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

this article now seems a personal litany against Clearstream, based on the findings of some investigative journalists, and ATTAC. The descriptions of the workings of a clearing bank show how little the writer of about 40 amendments to this article understands about finance. The author of the amendments has also added the 'Clearstream equals corruption' theme to many articles (see his/her contributions). Wikipedia is not a forum to publish original research, or to copy allegations of just one publication. There are already enough other forums on the internet for conspiracy theories. Alast0r 21:04, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If you want to improve it, do so. However, Clearstream is a clearing company, and there aren't much in the world. Furthermore, sources are there to show you that the "findings of some investigative journalists, and ATTAC" have been supported by Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) and that various juridical investigations, some of whom continue to this day, have been started. André Lussi, CEO of Clearstream, was fired after the publication of the book. Wikipedia is not a forum for original research, but this is no original research. It is not either a forum to copy allegations of "just one publication": if you look carefully at the well-referenced list, you will see, as already stated, that apart of reporter Denis Robert who wrote his book with Ernest Backes, former #3 of Clearstream, ATTAC, three MEPs and a pool of "anti-corruption" judges, among whom Eva Joly and Renaud van Ruymbeke have supported these allegations... and, oh, I forgot, conservative newspaper Le Figaro, which started its first article about it a few days before the publication of Robert's book. Conspiracy theory??? What is this silly word? Has somebody talken about a covert plan by a little group to take control over the planet? There is no conspiracy, simply a clearing house which had unpublished bank accounts (which it has recognized), and this is illegal and was used by various banks & firms, some of whom unfamous for other stories. My "lack of understanding about finance" is worth your lack of understanding of money laundering and tax evasion. Tazmaniacs 18:12, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * As you say yourself: various judicial investigations have been started. Where are the convictions? Basing an entire article on allegations and accusations (yes, even from as much as 3 MEP's), just doesn't add up to a balanced article. Furthermore, if certain dodgy banks (BCCI for instance) only had accounts at Cedel/Clearstream and not at Euroclear or other clearing systems, then this says something about Clearstream. If they had accounts everywhere, then this should either be mentioned everywhere or nowhere. The same goes for your adding of links to Clearstream in the article for Argentine Debt Restructuring etc. If clearing and settlement was specific to Clearstream, there might be a case for adding these links. If Argentine debt was cleared through many clearing systems, then the only reason I see for you singling out Clearstream is malicious. Alast0r 21:45, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the NPOV tag. Please refer to NPOV dispute: "Then, under this new section, clearly and exactly explain which part of the article does not seem to have a NPOV and why. Make some suggestions as to how one can improve the article. Be active and bold in improving the article." In other words, could you specify exactly which part of the article is POV and suggest eventual modifications? The article cites all its sources, and putting a POV tag & then trying to erase these sources is no way to proceed on Wikipedia. The article explains exactly where each information comes from, who says it, in which cases, what are the juridical proceedings. It is a bit more than "allegation" taken out of thin air as you would have it, & they are backed by sources. Concerning your point about the link in the Argentine debt, I'll be pleased to justify it on the Argentine debt talk page. Tazmaniacs 18:51, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I put the NPOV tag back. I'm glad you mentioned the Citing sources link. Considering the links to blogs that you've added, you clearly fail to understand that adding non verifiable sources is not necessarily NPOV. Please read Verifiability and indeed Libel. Alast0r 21:46, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Since Denis Robert is the investigative report who started all of this, I doubt that refering to his blog, when it is said, goes against Wikipedia. Tazmaniacs 02:01, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * PS:Again, could you please point out exactly which part you consider POV? If not, I don't see how I may help you? Tazmaniacs 02:03, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Denis Robert's blog is used only two times in the article as a source, and it is explicited as such. Since he played a major role in this affair, it is totally legitimate to use his source. You have accused me in the past of having "malicious" purposes - as if I had any interest in this affair!!!! -- while your accusations are all without any grounding nor sourcing! You put NPOV tag without expliciting which part is concerned, as if the whole article was bullshit, to speak clearly. I don't know who you are, neither do I want to no: this is Wikipedia, and is irrelevant. Now, this affair is of course well known, as indicated above, and as sourced in the article. The current developments concerning the second affair have even forced the media to speak about Denis Robert & the first affair!!! Since I am so "malicious", I will take the pleasure to indicate you this lovely link from this lovely TV, which, as you well know since you seem to know the context, has as main objective "to sell disponible brain time", as did Patrick Le Lay, its CEO, declared: . Maybe that source is biased too? Tazmaniacs 15:40, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

This article is not a personnal attack against Clearstream. It is a (badly written) summary of many accusations held against Clearstream in the French media. I am afraid they will have a hard time getting out of this controversy, and documenting this episode befits the purpose of an Encyclopedia. However it is clearly out of proportion to the factual information about the firm, mostly due to the French bias of the main contributor to the article. I would not support removing all - but maybe move most of the content to a new Clearstream Affair article. (Because this affair is a separate entity to the firm - largely external to its own doings.) François 12:26, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I totally support the creation of a Second Clearstream Affair article. I agree that the article is not very clear, this is because it has accumulated lot of information and the thing is quite complex. I think that we may be able to do better if we start the Second Clearstream Affair on the model of the fr:Affaire Clearstream 1 (I purposely directs to the "First Affair", because I don't agree with the way fr:Affaire Clearstream 2 is written; if this English article is a bit too obscure, the French Second Affair is also obscure, with its "heavy" chronology - chronology is important but can't replace an article). I'd like to point out that the vast majority of this article was written before the January events and that each statement is sourced (which is not the case in all Wikipedia articles).  Tazmaniacs 13:19, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Balanced or not, and frankly NPOV or not, the article is very much needed here on eng:Wikipedia, I think. The Clearstream scandal is in the process, this week, not only of bringing down the current French government, but perhaps even ruining its Presidency and its 5th Republic. Understanding all of this from a distance, as any English-speaker has to, is very difficult: particularly the complex bank-clearing background of it -- eng:Wikipedia is performing an invaluable service in hosting it. I encourage AlastOr and other critics here not to let this article founder on the nitpicking of Wikipedia bureaucracy & policy & detail.

Even if it is an imperfect article, that is... I'm going through some English grammar edits of it now. And although it offers good cites already, no such "controversy" piece ever can offer enough: I hope others will add more, as I and I'm sure other readers would like to read them all.

As for shifting the emphasis from "picking on Clearstream" to "neutral reporting" well, yes, I'd like less opinion in this too, but not at the cost of the current article detail: dumbing-down this thing to "facts only" will be pretty difficult for anyone to achieve, as this is a fast-changing news story and all facts in it are hotly-contested by someone involved or in the press. I'm for removing any NPOV tag but definitely leaving it Disputed.

Rather than someone else here imposing her/his own "neutrality" version on the article, then, I'd simply like to see more cites. Let the readers judge. The initial version author has tried his best to be objective -- not too well, but it's still a good report -- yes the world needs bank clearing, but Clearstream is a monopoly or at least part of an oligopoly which has gone too far, maybe, financially and politically -- more cites and info will let the rest of us make our own minds up, rather than simply accept some other author's "neutrality" version.

--Kessler 16:59, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

I am going through the article now doing a basic copyedit, slowly -- and section-by-section, in case I hit something controversial and others want to comment/discuss here.

One problem I'm having is repetition in the original text, which is tough to correct on a mere copyedit. Would the original writer pls. tighten this up, for repetition: I think a rewrite in strict chronological order might help -- begin with a "summary", but then do a "history" -- otherwise things get mentioned twice or in some cases 3 times. If you are French and uncomfortable with the English pls don't worry we can clean that up with simple copyediting. But the chronology is something you would know better than the rest of us do.

--Kessler 22:27, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

OK I've finished my copyedit, plus a little re-translation and NPOV work, hopefully without re-writing or distorting meanings. Original author and French experts on all these complex politics etc. please have a look and make corrections as needed, as my own intention really was simply to copyedit. I personally doubt this controversial topic ever can be rendered really "neutral", but I suggest real opinion and bias be confined to the notes -- this already has been done in several places -- rather than put into the text itself. We need to explain the controversies, but we need to get the facts out there too. And there is too much repetition, still (see above), so I hope folks will cut a lot of that back. Lemme know if it needs another copyedit: happy to re-do. This is important stuff, and very difficult to understand: and France is rising or falling on this, at the moment...

--Kessler 00:42, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Transactions
I find it interesting, Alastor, that you modified Lucy Komisar's claim that ""Clearstream handles more than 100 million transactions and claims to have securities on deposit valued at $10 trillion" (it was sourced, but because of deprecation of cite news, I can't find just now which text from Komisar it refered to) and replaced it by: "It handled 50.0 million transactions and was custodian of securities worth € 7,593 trillion." While I have no particular reason to disbelieve you, a source indicating where this number comes from would be, as always, interesting. Thanks, Tazmaniacs 15:40, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * sorry, I just quoted Deutsche Boerse's latest annual report. But I assume Lucy Kosimar, an 'investigative journalist' knows better than audited reports (feel free to implicate the auditors too in any 'wrongdoing' - this seems to be your strategy about anyone who disagree). All 'facts' that you provide on Clearstream eventually come from three sources: Backes, Robert and Kosimar (even your links to the Assemblee Nationale refer back to these). In your edits, Clearstream as an organisation is apparently criminal and the world needs to know. If anyone disagrees (such as the courts) then you suggest they are part of the conspiracy. Pity. What is much more interesting about this very French affaire, is how one part of the political spectrum cynically exploits the French inbred fear of scary, global financial markets, to try to destroy another part. But little word of that. Dommage. I would suggest starting a new page about the Clearstream affair, and describe step by step which accusations were made, and how it was perceived be the public, the courts, politicians, etc. Alast0r 20:44, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Information Provided
This article seems to me to be biased indeed : no general history of the company and its managers, no summary of financial numbers, just sections entitled "Accusations", "Clearing" (which contains more accusations), and "Controversy". However, the information that is provided is quite interesting. Perhaps the author, whose English shows unmistakable signs of his/her being a francophone, would be so good as to contribute his/her knowledge to the French version of this article, which seems to have considerably less content. Skaltavista 23:32, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

IMHO, this need to be scaled back, and POV reduced, when people have time to cull through it. --Epeefleche 13:47, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

What's the topic and/or point of this article?
What's the point of this article? There is no real information about the company, nor the company’s history, nor its founder, no facts regarding its various operations, no reliable figures, nothing!

Instead the article spotlights two supposed affairs of which the company was cleared in both cases. In the first case the supposed affair turned out to be libellous nonsense, but libellous nonetheless. And in the second case, no less libellous, it has been established that the whole case was a French, false flag, political operation. In both cases, as much as the primary bibliographic reference for this article, Denis Robert played a central yet no less dubious role.

Perhaps this article ought to be incorporated in the Denis Robert entry, under libellous affairs involving Denis Robert. Or how about an entry under conspiracy theories involving Clearstream?

This article doesn’t merit being here in its present form unless it is meant to be one more example of how unreliable and nonsensical Wikipedia can be. It certainly doesn't give any idea of what kind of company Clearstream is; but then, luckily, there is link to the company's website for those interested in Clearstream.

(divinus divinum divinat 12:33, 19 March 2007 (UTC))

 * I for one would have no problem with you or anyone else shortening the mention of these litigations, or moving them out of the article, but do think that the article should remain, as Clearstream is a company worth noting. --Epeefleche 17:58, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

bibliography : ISBN number duplication?
UPDATE:

What happened to the section on US$1.5 trillion in false assets?

avaiki (talk) 16:53, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

kia orana, greetings all,

just discovered what appears to be an English language version by Denis Roberts on Clearstream. However the ISBN number is the same as the German language version. Searches under that number only return German language versions of the book, so it seems the number has been mistakenly copied ?

ISBN 3-85842-546-X

Alternatively, there is no English language version of the book, and the line should probably be removed or changed to refer to the French original.

jason brown

avaiki 08:40, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Is this figure correct? "custodian of securities worth €7,593 trillion." Is there even this much money in the world? -gs —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.72.45.188 (talk) 00:09, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

"The greatest financial scandal in Luxembourg is a flop"
. . ..

Could someone please explain why the above section head, in quotes, appears completely without source?

There is no such quote that appears anywhere online, apart from here.

A link to a France2 article goes nowhere.

Curious.

avaiki (talk) 21:50, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

. . ..

Further to the above, seeing no response to the point I raised, I propose to delete this section if no one comes forward to claim it and verify it.

avaiki (talk) 02:06, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

. . ..

As per above, I have removed the quote "The greatest financial scandal in Luxembourg is a flop" because there the quote is not linked to anywhere else, and indeed, a google search does not show anything online.

avaiki (talk) 07:22, 24 October 2009 (UTC) . . ..

undo deletions by media relations head at clearstream
. ..

As previously raised, the section dealing with US$1.5 trillion in "false assets" remains missing. A review of the history shows that a number of changes and deletions were made by an editor with the user name Brunorossignol.

These changes are listed below.

Brunorossignol is no longer a Wikipedia editor. A simple Google search for other identities under the same user name includes this LinkedIn profile: http://lu.linkedin.com/pub/bruno-rossignol/10/739/804

The profile, for Bruno Rossignol, states he is:

"Poste actuel •Head of Media Relations at Clearstream "Postes précédents •Head of communication at Exane "•Head of corporate communication at Euronext "•reporter at AFP "voir moins... "Formation•Amherst College "•Institut d'Etudes politiques de Paris "Relations 59 relations Secteur Services financiers"

This appears to show a clear conflict of interest between information deleted here on Wikipedia and his role as PR for Clearstream. I would value guidance from more experienced editors about whether these changes and deletions should be put onto an Undo list. If, as previously, there is no response to my inquiry here on the Clearstream Talk Page, I will proceed with the undo myself.

LIST OF CHANGES BY Brunorossignol

 * 1) (cur | prev) 14:47, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (55,850 bytes) (undo)
 * 2) (cur | prev) 14:43, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (55,583 bytes) (→The Second Clearstream Affair) (undo)
 * 3) (cur | prev) 14:30, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (78,878 bytes) (→Nadhmi Auchi, largest private share-holder of BNP Paribas bank) (undo)
 * 4) (cur | prev) 14:28, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (78,932 bytes) (→Refusal of the European Commission to open an investigation: 20 Minutes ' revelations) (undo) (Tag: references removed)
 * 5) (cur | prev) 14:26, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (79,159 bytes) (→Judicial investigations & libel lawsuits) (undo)
 * 6) (cur | prev) 14:21, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (81,786 bytes) (→Secret accounts and the workings of 21st century economics) (undo)
 * 7) (cur | prev) 14:15, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (85,933 bytes) (→"The greatest financial scandal in Luxembourg") (undo)
 * 8) (cur | prev) 14:14, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (85,923 bytes) (→"The greatest financial scandal in Luxembourg") (undo)
 * 9) (cur | prev) 14:08, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (85,987 bytes) (→Daewoo shutdown inquiries) (undo)
 * 10) (cur | prev) 14:07, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (85,958 bytes) (→Clearstream's dominant position) (undo)
 * 11) (cur | prev) 14:05, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (85,826 bytes) (→Accusations) (undo)
 * 12) (cur | prev) 13:59, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (85,250 bytes) (→"$1.5 trillion math errors") (undo)
 * 13) (cur | prev) 13:55, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (85,745 bytes) (→Eurodollars) (undo)
 * 14) (cur | prev) 13:52, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (86,660 bytes) (→Clearing) (undo) (Tag: references removed)
 * 15) (cur | prev) 13:36, 12 May 2009 Brunorossignol (talk | contribs) (86,990 bytes) (→Accusations) (undo) (Tag: references removed)

Avaiki (talk) 01:44, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This is hilarious. Regardless of whether the two people are in fact the same person, nobody should be allowed to remove sourced notable information from any article. If necessary, if there is excessive focus on certain aspects of an issue/company/person, then a sub article can be made, to ensure the main page doesn't get too big and remains a useful summary page. But although it is good to consult other WP editors about proposed changes, it is also valid to use your common sense and be bold! I vote you go forth and re-add the useful information.  Chendy (talk) 17:28, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks Chendy! As a new user/editor I am stepping very carefully, lest I blunder into areas about which "I know nothing" ... as has been my practice in years past, to my cost! I hear you on the sub articles and keeping articles to a "useful summary". This will become increasingly important as we digest the Cour de Cassation decision last week ending 10 years of defamation claims by Clearstream against Denis Robert, whose allegations are among those deleted. Thanks again for your time, be bold reminder - and vote! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Avaiki (talk • contribs) 02:40, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

 * + 1 for re-add relevant info. Chendy (talk) 09:45, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Propose move Clearstream Affair
I propose that the long section on the Clearstream Affair, which dominates this article, should be moved to a separate article (with a summary in this one). It takes up too much of this article. Ben Finn (talk) 12:47, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified one external link on Clearstream. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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ClearStream HD TV Antennas

 * www.antennasdirect.com/store/clearstream-tv-antennas.html
 * www.antennasdirect.com/clearstream-tv-wireless-tuner.html
 * "All ClearStream HD TV Antennas are designed and optimized for new digital television frequencies."
 * "Turn your TV antenna into a wireless antenna and record your network shows! Connect ClearStream TV to your home WiFi network to watch live, local broadcast TV with your favorite streaming media player and/or iOS and Android smartphones or tablets, anywhere in your home. Pause and rewind live TV for up to 1 hour, ..."

This article needs a longer title to disambiguate from other general uses of the word Clearstream. Should there be a disambig page? How to appropriately acknowledge in WP the existence of ClearStream HD TV Antennas?-73.61.15.248 (talk) 15:32, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clearstream


text:
Talk:Comet Encke

Cultural aspects
Hi, thanks for creating the page.. I thinks the comet's influences are relevent. This page is an entry on a particular comet, but wikipedia IS NOT an astronomical encyclopedia so any important cultural aspects should be fine unless of course they go into great detail - then another article or stub is needed. As for the link - if the info in the article is relevent then a link on that topic should be fine. I feel that comets, evolution and extinction-level events (although very tv-friendly) are serious, currently debated topics within science and astronomy (spaceguard etc). I think it is unrealistic to expect an article on a comet to be purely composed of cosmological or astrophysical information. I deliberatly kept it short so it wouldn't dominate the article. HOWEVER perhaps I should section it off into "Comet Encke in History" or something similar - check out Moon Solar Eclipse thunder lightning (which has a section on "Lightning in contemporary culture") for starters. I think a disambugation (spelt right?) page is unneccessary... max rspct

 * Ok, here is what I think in more detail. First, the question of this topic being worth WP was not meant as saying it is not. My problem is that I only see this link to a talk and I have no idea how notable this theory is. And notable to me means that is noted by other peers in the field and discussed. In case that it is too new for this to happen, we should wait with bringing it into WP (original research). If the theory is out there for decades and not discussed at all, it seems also not "good enough" for WP. Hope this clears things up a bit.

Secondly, if it is to be added to WP, I propose an extra article about the relationship of comets and the end of the Bronze Age. And then we can ref to Comet Encke were appropriate. And maybe add a "See also" section here. I feel the main purpose of this article is the astronomical facts about Encke.

Ok I insist it is worthy - I know it looks lovely and minimalist with just the cometary info .. but i feel it is important for anyone looking up this page on comet Encke should be given the chance to see information which I assure u is both revelant and seriously connected with the comet by academics. It HAS been debated for years (i'm suprised you don't think it appropriate) and there has been plenty of serious debate and peer noting/discussion .... comet master Fred Whipple had no doubts about the connections between cometary debris and destructive events. In fact he considered the Tunguska event to be linked to Encke although I have not put this in here. : "The composition of the Tunguska body remains a matter of controversy. In 1930, the British astronomer F.J.W. Whipple suggested that the Tunguska body was a small comet. A cometary meteorite, being composed primarily of ices and dust, could have been completely vaporized by the impact with the Earth's atmosphere, leaving no obvious traces. The comet hypothesis was further supported by the glowing skies (or "skyglows") observed across Europe for several evenings after the impact, apparently caused by dust that had been dispersed across the upper atmosphere. In addition, chemical analyses of the area have shown it to be rich in cometary material. In 1978, Slovak astronomer Lubor Kresak suggested that the body was a piece of the short-period Comet Encke, which is responsible for the Beta Taurid meteor shower; the Tunguska event coincided with a peak in that shower. It is now known such bodies regularly explode tens to hundreds of kilometres before hitting the ground, as military satellites have been observing such explosions for decades."................ As for Bronze age collapse i should have linked to something a bit better ... How about this one- Natural Catastrophes During Bronze Age Civilisations: Archaeological, geological, astronomical and cultural perspectives Here is an overview []and an in-depth paste up of the conference - and an bit from Dr Bill Napier's abstract - (does that one convince u??) ; space.com article on craters in Iraq -[] - it is from around the same time as the National Geographic one that i am still trying to find in my local library and the BBC news article that has been taken down. And here is an article from Dr Benny Peiser although it doesn't directly mention comet Encke

Also for the swastika bit ... please check out that swastika page (and also look at our WHAT LINKS HERE PAGE and also see how many other people are contributed on these associated themes .. lightning, solar eclipse etc) Comet Encke has been consistently cited as having a very large influence on the development of the swastika. Check out this on-line study Wilson's 1894 work on it - (u have to download Dejavu plug-in)   I will email Benny Peiser and possibly visit local observatory ..after festivities ....MERRY XMAS from max rspct   p.s just in case your worrying (my user contributions look a bit dark) am not a nazi or conspiracy theory disseminator. addendum- consider the beau Pleiades (star cluster) article and how it has developed and please note the included folklore sections - surely there is a place for wider academic and cultural information. max rspct 29th Dec 2004

Update
This page needs to be updated, as the next appearance listed for this comet has come and gone. TransNique 09:06, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. --Chesnok 05:05, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

This page needs to be updated, as the next appearance listed for this comet has come and gone. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.164.220.168 (talk) 08:52, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. — Chesnok (talk • contribs) 17:35, 16 August 2010 (UTC)

This page needs to be updated, as the next appearance listed for this comet has come and gone. 82.132.229.124 (talk) 00:07, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

Both
Caroline Herschel and Pierre Mechain are both said to have discovered Comet Encke. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.158.10 (talk) 14:48, 12 February 2008 (UTC) In the article on Caroline, it now says that she re-discovered the comet in 1795. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.105.36.65 (talk) 15:12, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

1944
The guinness book of astronomy facts and feats claims that return of 1944 was missed. Is this actualy the case?Geni 17:55, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Found a couple of heavyweight scientific publications that support no 1944 observations:

 * http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1974AJ.....79..413M&db_key=AST&page_ind=3&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES
 * http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1988AJ.....95..911S&db_key=AST&page_ind=1&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES

©Geni (talk) 10:35, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

Discussion
there is a paragraph like this in the text: "The tail of Comet Encke was temporarily torn off on November 1st, 2007 by magnetic field disturbances caused by a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) - a blast of solar particles from the sun. The tail will grow back due to the continuous shedding of dust and gas by the comet.[1]"

in the description the event is on Nov.1, 2007, while the reference is linked to a APJ news in October, 2007. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Isotisp (talk • contribs) 06:31, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

Length of Orbit
How long is the distance comet Encke travels in three years? How many kilometers does Encke travel in its orbit around the sun? 209.40.210.222 (talk) 04:46, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * 10.923 au, or about 1.634 billion km Saros136 (talk) 05:50, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I used the osculating elements for today and a program I wrote using a formula (infinite series) in Astronomical Algorithms, by Jean Meeus. Using the numbers from the article, I get the same thing. Saros136 (talk) 05:54, 26 February 2009 (UTC)
 * By the way, its average speed is 15.7 km/s Saros136 (talk) 06:07, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

How about a diagram?
The info on the orbit of this comet is in the info box, but it would be helpful if there was a diagram of the inner solar system, showing the orbit of the comet against the background of the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Mars and Earth. Does the comet move in much the same plane as these planets. Myles325a (talk) 03:29, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Bright Comet
In this article, it says that "During the November 2013 perihelion passage the comet is expected to brighten to apparent magnitude 7". However, the Starry Night program says that 2P/Encke is already brighter than magnitude 6. I think this should be clarified. Carbon6 talk 04:55, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Seiichi Yoshida says It is only magnitude 7 as of Nov 8. Besides, Starry Night is a generic astronomy program making a crude guess. -- Kheider (talk) 08:54, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

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External links modified (January 2018)
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Possibly useful papers

 * 1975 NASA study of a flyby mission

 * Comet Notes", Mercury 1, No. 1, 18-19. Roemer, E doesn't appear to be online but probably contains the first report of images of the comet closer to aphelion than the 1913 effort

 * A note on the cometary nucleus covers Roemer's attempts aphelion 3 September 1972

 * RADAR observations

©Geni (talk) 19:31, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The End of an Era in Cometary Astronomy: The Deceleration of Comet Encke if it ever makes it through peer review.©Geni (talk) 06:50, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Removed external link

 * Importance in history of luminiferous aether, search for Encke's comet

Old textbook talking about the comet in the context of luminiferous aether.©Geni (talk) 16:56, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

1828
This says the comet appeared in 1828 Broichmore (talk) 15:50, 2 September 2021 (UTC)

 * The MPC and JPL[1828] (SAO/1829) have perihelion on 1829-01-10 so it would have been visible about 120 degrees from the Sun around 1828-Nov-07. -- Kheider (talk) 22:21, 2 September 2021 (UTC)

Commentary from 1826 of interest?
Several journals and almanacs syndicated a column discussing this comet - and predicting the date it would hit the Earth.

See https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QEQEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q&f=false Edent (talk) 10:49, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Comet Encke


text:
David Shepard (film preservationist)

David Haspel Shepard (October 22, 1940 – January 31, 2017) was a film preservationist whose company, Film Preservation Associates, is responsible for many high-quality video versions of silent films. Some come from the Blackhawk Films library (owned by Shepard) and others from materials owned by private collectors and film archives around the world.

Biography
Shepard was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Marjorie (née Haspel) and Bertram Shepard. His father was an executive with the Grand Union grocery-store chain, and his mother a homemaker. When he was 11 years old his family moved to Tenafly, New Jersey.

As a teenager he filmed school football games for the coaches to study, and in the off-season began to make his own films with student actors. He graduated from Hamilton College, in Clinton, New York, in 1962, with a BA in philosophy, and completed a master's degree from the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania in 1963.

Shepard began restoring films when he joined the American Film Institute in 1968 as one of their first staff members. In 1987, he bought the Blackhawk Films library.

In December 2016, he suffered pneumonia and kidney disease and was hospitalized. Doctors discovered cancer in his chest and he died on January 31, 2017, in Medford, Oregon.

Most of the collections of David Shepard and Film Preservation Associates are held at the Academy Film Archive as part of the Lobster Film/Film Preservation Associates Collection.

Affiliates

 * Film Preservation Associates, Serge Bromberg (Lobster Films)
 * Film Preservation Associates, Benjamin Scott Baker (Assistant to Producer)

Partial list of restored films

 * 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916)
 * A Farewell to Arms (1932)
 * A Woman of Paris (1923)
 * Aelita (1924)
 * The Affairs of Anatol (1921)
 * America (1924)
 * Atlantis (1913)
 * Destiny (1921)
 * The Battle at Elderbush Gulch (1914)
 * The Birth of a Nation (1915)
 * The Black Pirate (1926)
 * The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
 * Carmen (1915)
 * The Cat and the Canary (1927)
 * The Cheat (1915)
 * City Lights (1931)
 * Cobra (1925)
 * Convict 13 (1920)
 * The Coward (1915)
 * Destiny (1921)
 * Don Q Son of Zorro (1925)
 * Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1920)
 * Dr. Mabuse: The Gambler (1922)
 * Earth (1930)
 * The Emperor Jones (1933)
 * Faces of Children (1925)
 * Faust (1926)
 * Foolish Wives (1922)
 * Flirting With Fate (1916)
 * The Gaucho (1927)
 * The General (1926)
 * Go West (1925)
 * The Gold Rush (1925)
 * The Great Train Robbery (1903)
 * His New Job (1915)
 * The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
 * The Indian Tomb (1921)
 * Intolerance (1916)
 * The Italian (1915)
 * J'accuse (1919)
 * Kean (1924)
 * The Kid (1921)
 * A King in New York (1957)
 * The Last Laugh (1924)
 * Leaves from Satan's Book (1921)
 * Long Pants (1927)
 * The Lost World (1925), restored version released April 6, 2001
 * The Love of Jeanne Ney (1927)
 * Male and Female (1919)
 * Man With a Movie Camera (1929)
 * The Mark of Zorro (1920)
 * The Marriage Circle (1924)
 * The Married Virgin (1918)
 * The Matrimaniac (1916)
 * Meet John Doe (1941)
 * Modern Times (1936)
 * The Mollycoddle (1920)
 * Monte Cristo (1922)
 * Moods of the Sea (1941)
 * Nanook of the North (1922)
 * The Navigator (1924)
 * The Non-Stop Kid (1918)
 * Nosferatu (1922), restored version released January 2, 2001
 * Oliver Twist (1922)
 * Orphans of the Storm (1921)
 * Our Daily Bread (1934)
 * Outside the Law (1920)
 * The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
 * The Pilgrim (1923)
 * Prison Train (1938)
 * Regeneration (1915)
 * Robin Hood (1922)
 * La Roue (1923)
 * Sally of the Sawdust (1925)
 * Salome (1923)
 * Seven Years Bad Luck (1921)
 * Shadows (1922)
 * The Sheik (1921)
 * Siegfried (1924)
 * Sherlock Jr. (1924)
 * The Sin of Nora Moran (1933)
 * The Son of the Sheik (1926)
 * Steamboat Bill, Jr. (1928)
 * Storm Over Asia (1928)
 * Strike (1925)
 * The Strong Man (1926)
 * Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927)
 * Tempest (1928)
 * The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1933)
 * The Thief of Bagdad (1924)
 * The Three Musketeers (1921)
 * Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914)
 * Tol'able David (1921)
 * Traffic in Souls (1913)
 * Tramp, Tramp, Tramp (1926)
 * True Heart Susie (1919)
 * Twenty Minutes of Love (1914)
 * Les Vampires (1915)
 * The Volga Boatman (1926)
 * Within Our Gates (1920)

title: David Shepard (film preservationist)


text:
George Ripley (transcendentalist)

George Ripley (October 3, 1802 – July 4, 1880) was an American social reformer, Unitarian minister, and journalist associated with Transcendentalism. He was the founder of the short-lived Utopian community Brook Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts.

Born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, Ripley was pushed to attend Harvard College by his father and completed his studies in 1823. He went on graduate from the Harvard Divinity School and the next year married Sophia Dana. Shortly after, he became ordained as the minister of the Purchase Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts, where he began to question traditional Unitarian beliefs. He became one of the founding members of the Transcendental Club and hosted its first official meeting in his home. Shortly after, he resigned from the church to put Transcendental beliefs in practice by founding an experimental commune called Brook Farm. The community later converted to a model based on the work of Charles Fourier, although the community was never financially stable in either format.

After Brook Farm's failure, Ripley was hired by Horace Greeley at the New York Tribune. He also published the New American Cyclopaedia, which made him financially successful. He built a national reputation as an arbiter of taste and literature before his death in 1880.

Early life and education
Ripley's ancestors had lived in Hingham, Massachusetts for 140 years before Jerome Ripley moved his family to Greenfield, a town in the western part of the state, in 1789. He was moderately successful as the owner of a general store and tavern and was a prominent member of the community. His son George Ripley was born in Greenfield on October 3, 1802, the ninth child in the family.

George Ripley's early life was heavily influenced by women. His nearest brother was thirteen years older than he was and he was raised primarily by his conservative mother, who was distantly related to Benjamin Franklin, and his sisters. He was sent to a private academy run by a Mr. Huntington in Hadley, Massachusetts to prepare for college. Before going to college, he spent three months in Lincoln with Ezra Ripley, a distant relative who also married the aunt of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Although Ripley wanted to attend the religiously conservative Yale University, his Unitarian father pushed him to attend Harvard College, then known as a hotbed of liberal Unitarianism. Ripley was a good and dedicated student, although he was not popular with students because of his trust of the establishment. Early in his time at Harvard, he had sided with the administration during a student-led protest against poor food, and his attempts at reconciling the two sides prompted ridicule from his peers. Ripley, seeking a socially useful role, found work as a teacher in Fitchburg during winter vacation of his senior year. He graduated in 1823.

During his time at the school, Ripley became disenchanted with his father and his home town, admitting "no particular attachment to Greenfield". He hoped to enroll at Andover but his father convinced him to stay in Cambridge to attend Harvard Divinity School. There, he was influenced by Levi Frisbie, Professor of Natural Religion, who was largely interested in moral philosophy, which he termed "the science of the principles and obligations of duty". Ripley was becoming very interested in more "liberal" religious views, what he wrote to his mother as "so simple, scriptural, and reasonable". He graduated in 1826. A year later, on August 22, 1827, he married Sophia Dana, a fact which he originally kept a secret from his parents. He asked his sister Marianne to inform them shortly after.

Early career
Ripley officially became a minister at Boston's Purchase Street Church on November 8, 1826, and became influential in the developing the Unitarian religion. These ten years of his tenure there were quiet and uneventful, until March 1836, when Ripley published a long article titled "Schleiermacher as a Theologian" in the Christian Examiner. In it, Ripley praised Schleiermacher's attempt to create a "religion of the heart" based on intuition and personal communion with God. Later that year, he published a review of British theologian James Martineau's The Rationale of Religious Enquiry in the same publication. In the review, Ripley charged Unitarian church elders with religious intolerance because they forced the literal acceptance of miracles as a requirement for membership in their church. Andrews Norton, a leading theologian of the day, responded publicly and insisted that disbelief in miracles ultimately denied the truth of Christianity. Norton, formerly Ripley's teacher at the Divinity School, had been labeled by many as the "hard-headed Unitarian Pope", and began his public battle with Ripley in the Boston Daily Advertiser on November 5, 1836, in an open letter charging Ripley with academic and professional incompetence. Ripley contended that to insist upon the reality of miracles was to demand material proof of spiritual matters, and that faith needed no such external confirmation; but Norton and the mainstream of Unitarianism found this tantamount to heresy. This dispute laid the groundwork for the separation of a more extreme Transcendentalism from its liberal Unitarian roots. The debate between Norton and Ripley, which earned allies on both sides, continued until 1840.

Transcendental Club
Ripley met with Ralph Waldo Emerson, Frederic Henry Hedge, and George Putnam in Cambridge, Massachusetts on September 8, 1836, to discuss the formation of a new club. Ten days later, on September 18, 1836, Ripley hosted their first official meeting at his house. The group at this first meeting of what would become known as the "Transcendental Club" included Amos Bronson Alcott, Orestes Brownson, James Freeman Clarke, and Convers Francis as well as Hedge, Emerson, and Ripley. Future members would include Henry David Thoreau, William Henry Channing, Christopher Pearse Cranch, Sylvester Judd, and Jones Very. Female members included Sophia Ripley, Margaret Fuller, and Elizabeth Peabody. The group planned its meetings for times when Hedge was visiting from Bangor, Maine, leading to the early nickname "Hedge's Club". The name Transcendental Club was given to the group by the public and not by its participants. Hedge wrote: "There was no club in the strict sense... only occasional meetings of like-minded men and women", earning the nickname "the brotherhood of the 'Like-Minded'". Beginning in 1839, Ripley edited Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature: fourteen volumes of translations meant to demonstrate the breadth of Transcendental thoughts.

Separation from church
Amid the Panic of 1837, many began to criticize social institutions. That year, Ripley gave a sermon titled "The Temptations of the Times", suggesting that the major problem in the country was "the inordinate pursuit, the extravagant worship of wealth". Ripley had been asked by church proprietors to avoid controversial topics in his sermons. He said, "Unless a minister is expected to speak out on all subjects which are uppermost in his mind, with no fear of incurring the charge of heresy or compromising the interests of his congregation, he can never do justice to himself, to his people, or the truth which he is bound to declare". In May 1840, he offered his resignation from the Purchase Street Church but was convinced to stay. He soon decided he should leave the ministry altogether and, on October 3, 1840, he read a 7,300-word lecture, Letter Addressed to the Congregational Church in Purchase Street, expressing his dissatisfaction with Unitarianism.

Because of his experience with the Specimens translations, Ripley was chosen to be the managing editor of the Transcendental publication The Dial at its inception, working alongside its first editor Margaret Fuller. In addition to overseeing distribution, subscriptions, printing, and finances, Ripley also contributed essays and reviews. In October 1841, he resigned his post with The Dial as he prepared for an experiment in communal living. As he told Emerson, although he was happy seeing all the Transcendental thoughts in print, he could not be truly happy "without the attempt to realize them".

Brook Farm
In the late 1830s Ripley became increasingly engaged in "Associationism", an early Fourierist socialist movement. In October 1840 he announced to the Transcendental Club his plan to form an Associationist community based on Fourier's Utopian plans. His goals were lofty. As he wrote, "If wisely executed, it will be a light over this country and this age. If not the sunrise, it will be the morning star."

Ripley and his wife formed a joint stock company in 1841 along with 10 other initial investors. Shares of the company were sold for $500 apiece with a promise of five percent of the profits to each investor. The founding membership of the original community included Nathaniel Hawthorne. They chose the Ellis Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts as the site of their experiment, which they named Brook Farm. Its 170 acre were about 8 mi from Boston; a pamphlet described the land as a "place of great natural beauty, combining a convenient nearness to the city with a degree of retirement and freedom from unfavorable influences unusual even in the country". The land, however, turned out to be difficult to farm and the community struggled with financial difficulties as it built greenhouses and craft shops.

Brook Farm was initially based mostly on the ideals of Transcendentalism; its founders believed that by pooling labor they could sustain the community and still have time for literary and scientific pursuits. The experiment meant to serve as an example for the rest of the world, established on the principles of "industry without drudgery, and true equality without its vulgarity". Many in the community wrote of how much they enjoyed their experience. One participant, a man named John Codman, joined the community at the age of 27 in 1843. He wrote, "It was for the meanest a life above humdrum, and for the greatest something far, infinitely far beyond. They looked into the gates of life and saw beyond charming visions, and hopes springing up for all". In their free time, the members of Brook Farm enjoyed music, dancing, card games, drama, costume parties, sledding, and skating. Hawthorne, eventually elected treasurer of the community, did not enjoy his experience. He wrote to his wife-to-be Sophia Peabody, "labor is the curse of the world, and nobody can meddle with it without becoming proportionately brutified".

Many outside the community were also critical, especially in the press. The New York Observer, for example, suggested that, "The Associationists, under the pretense of a desire to promote order and morals, design to overthrow the marriage institution, and in the place of the divine law, to substitute the 'passions' as the proper regulator of the intercourse of the sexes", concluding that they were "secretly and industriously aiming to destroy the foundation of society".

In 1844, the community, perpetually struggling financially, drafted an entirely new constitution and committed to following more closely the Fourierist model. Not everyone at the community supported the transition, and many left. Many were disappointed that the new, more structured daily routine de-emphasized the carefree leisure time that had been a trademark. Ripley himself became a celebrity proponent of Fourierism and organized conventions throughout New England to discuss the community.

By May 1846, troubled by the financial difficulties at Brook Farm, Ripley had made an informal split from the community. By its closure a year later, Brook Farm had amassed a total debt of $17,445. Ripley was devastated at the failure of his experiment and told a friend, "I can now understand how a man would feel if he could attend his own funeral". His personal life was also taxed. His wife had converted to Catholicism in 1846, encouraged by Orestes Brownson, and had become doubtful of his Associationist politics; the Ripleys' relationship became strained by the 1850s.

Writing

After Brook Farm, George Ripley began to work as a freelance journalist. In 1849 he was employed by Horace Greeley at the New York Tribune, taking the role left vacant by Margaret Fuller. Greeley had been a proponent of Brook Farm's conversion to Fourierism. Ripley started his role with the Tribune at $12 a week and, at this wage, was not able to pay off the debt of Brook Farm until 1862. As a critic, he believed in high moral standards for literature but offered good-natured praise in the majority of his reviews. Greeley took advantage of Ripley's cheerful style of writing to boost circulation amid significant competition. Ripley wrote a "Gotham Gossip" column and many articles discussing local personalities and notable public events, including speeches by Henry Clay and Frederick Douglass. He stayed away from philosophy of theology, despite some efforts to persuade him to write on the subject. As he told a friend, he had "long since lost... immediate interest in that line of speculation".

Ripley then edited Harper's Magazine. Together with Bayard Taylor he compiled a Handbook of Literature and the Fine Arts (1852).

With Charles A. Dana, he edited the 16 volume The New American Cyclopaedia (1857–1863), reissued as The American Cyclopaedia (1873–1876). It sold in the millions and its immediate earnings amounted to over $100,000.

He also continued his critical work and in 1860 reviewed On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin. He was one of the few contemporary critics to be sympathetic to Darwin, although he was reluctant to show he was convinced of the theories.

Later years
In 1861 Sophia Ripley died. George Ripley remarried, to Louisa Sclossberger, in 1865, and was a part of the Gilded Age New York literary scene for the remainder of his life. Because of his convivial nature, he was careful to avoid the city's rampant literary feuds at the time. He became a public figure with a national reputation and, known as an arbiter of taste, he helped establish the National Institute of Literature, Art, and Science in 1869. In his later years, he began suffering frequent illnesses, including a bout with influenza in 1875 which prevented him from traveling to Germany. He also suffered from gout and rheumatism.

Ripley was found dead at his desk on July 4, 1880, slumped over his work. Pallbearers at his funeral included Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, George William Curtis, and Whitelaw Reid. At the time of his death, Ripley had become financially successful; the New American Cyclopaedia had earned him royalties of nearly $1.5 million. A biography entitled George Ripley (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1882) was written by Octavius Brooks Frothingham.

Critical assessment
Ripley built a wide reputation as a critic. Contemporary publications rated him as one of the most important critics of the day, including the Hartford Courant, the Springfield Republican, the New York Evening Gazette, and the Chicago Daily Tribune. Henry Theodore Tuckerman commended Ripley as "a scholar and an aesthetic as well as technical critic: [he] knows public taste and the laws of literature".

title: George Ripley (transcendentalist)


text:
User:TheDotGamer

Hello, and welcome to my user page. If you're curious about my user name, it is based off an alternate (and generic) name for the Dots and Boxes game. Anyway, I'm just a guy that's mostly interested in video games, computers, and movies to name a few things.

Wikipedia contributions
I've been a Wikipedian since November 23, 2004, although I did make use of the project before then. Currently I'm a member of WikiProject Computer and video games and sometimes, although rarely or to much of a degree of significance, make contributions to the gaming collaboration of the week.

I've started a total of 15 articles here on Wikipedia, almost all of which I started as stubs. They articles are Amazing Island, Anticipation (video game), Bomberman Generation, Bomberman Max 2, Cubivore, Harvest Moon 64, Harvest Moon: A Wonderful Life, Harvest Moon: Friends of Mineral Town, Link: The Faces of Evil, Loopz, Midway Arcade Treasures, Midway Arcade Treasures 2, Ogre Battle 64: Person of Lordly Caliber, Smoke (disambiguation), and Zelda's Adventure.

I've also created 11 categories. These categories are 1973 computer and video games, 1975 computer and video games, Bomberman, Capcom, CD-i games, Midway games, Mortal Kombat games, Resident Evil games, Street Fighter games, Titus Software games, and Virtual Boy games.

Other
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:TheDotGamer