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Ill Met by Moonlight (film)

Ill Met by Moonlight (1957), released in the USA as Night Ambush (which is eleven minutes shorter than the British release), is a film by the British writer-director-producer team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, and the last movie they made together through their production company "The Archers". The film, which stars Dirk Bogarde and features Marius Goring, David Oxley, and Cyril Cusack, is based on the 1950 book Ill Met by Moonlight: The Abduction of General Kreipe by W. Stanley Moss, which is an account of events during the author's service on Crete during World War II as an agent of the Special Operations Executive (SOE). The title is a quotation from Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, and the book features the young agents' capture and evacuation of the German general Heinrich Kreipe.

Plot
During World War II, the Greek island of Crete is occupied by the Nazis. British officers Major Patrick Leigh Fermor DSO and Captain Bill Stanley Moss MC of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) land on the island and meet with other British agents and members of the Cretan resistance. In April 1944, they kidnap General Kreipe, the German commander of the island's occupying forces and, in disguise, drive his car through a number of German checkpoints until they abandon it and set off on foot with the General.

Travelling mainly by night across mountainous territory, the group has to evade surveillance by German search parties looking for the General, but is given assistance by townspeople and other resistance partisans. Along the way, Kreipe seems to be resigned to having to cooperate, but he leaves personal tokens at several stops as clues for searchers to follow. He also feigns an injury to his shoulder to slow down the group's progress. After a final push to reach a secluded cove on the far side of the island where they are to be picked up by the Royal Navy, the group finds the area occupied by German troops.

Kreipe offers Niko, a young boy travelling with the group, a gold coin, telling him that if he goes down to the beach, he will get a pair of German jackboots. The British officers ask the child to deliver a message to local partisans. Niko seems to fall for the ruse. The group watches the shore from above and sees him go into the German camp. Kreipe, exulting, tells the British they are foolish for trusting Cretan “barbarians.” He tells them he bribed the boy. But instead of heading up the hills to engage with the British and retrieve the General, the Germans march off. Fermor tells Kreipe that they are heading into a partisan ambush.

The British and Cretans, along with Kreipe arrive at the beach and are joined by the partisans. The general removes the sling. On board the British ship that is to transport them to Cairo, the Middle East headquarters of British forces, Fermor and Moss return the gold coin he gave Niko, who is going to safety with them. They also return the items that the General planted during their trek, comparing them to the "breadcrumbs" left by Hansel in the story of Hansel and Gretel and the Cretan Resistance, once disdained by the General, to the "birds" who take the breadcrumbs in the story. Kreipe compliments them on the professionalism of their mission. On deck, Niko sings “Filedem” while proudly polishing his new German jackboots.

Cast

 * Dirk Bogarde as Major Patrick "Paddy" Leigh Fermor aka "Philedem"
 * Marius Goring as Major General Heinrich Kreipe
 * David Oxley as Captain W. Stanley "Billy" Moss, M.C.
 * Dimitri Andreas as Niko Soldan Emeris
 * Cyril Cusack as Captain Sandy Rendel
 * Laurence Payne as Manoli
 * Wolfe Morris as George
 * Michael Gough as Andoni Zoidakis
 * John Cairney as Elias
 * Rowland Bartrop as Micky Akoumianakis
 * Brian Worth as Stratis Saviolkis
 * Paul Stassino as Yanni Katsias
 * Adeeb Assaly as Zahari

Cast notes:
 * Marius Goring had appeared in three other Powell and Pressburger films: The Spy in Black (1939), A Matter of Life and Death (1946) and The Red Shoes (1948). Goring replaced Curt Jürgens, who was the original choice to play the part of General Kreipe.
 * Christopher Lee and David McCallum have small parts: Lee as a German officer in the dentist scene, and McCallum, in his film debut, as a sailor on the ship that picks up the group. Lee's part was edited out of the 1959 American re-release of the film. A "John Houseman" in the cast does not appear to be the well-known actor and director John Houseman.

Production
Emeric Pressburger had read and bought the rights to W. Stanley Moss's book in 1950, but production would not begin for another six years. Following the success of The Battle of the River Plate (1956, American title: Pursuit of the Graf Spee), The Archers agreed to a one-film contract with the Rank Organisation, but disagreements between Powell and Pressburger over that contract and aspects of the film production contributed to the final breakup of The Archers as a production company.

In Million Dollar Movie (1992), the second volume of Michael Powell's memoirs, he describes Ill Met by Moonlight as one of The Archers' "greatest failures," despite the film's financial success. Part of his unhappiness is attributed to Pressburger's screenplay, but he also describes conflicts with Rank's studio bosses over casting, film format, and locations. Dirk Bogarde was eventually cast as Fermor, despite Powell's misgivings, and the filming was done in VistaVision but in black-and-white. Cyprus was experiencing armed insurgency at the time, so filming took place at Pinewood Studios in England, with location shooting in the Alpes-Maritimes in France and Italy, and on the Côte d'Azur in France. Both Patrick Leigh Fermor and Xan Fielding were present on the location shots in Alpes-Maritime as advisors. The movie's score by Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis, who had been raised on the island of Crete, was his first for motion pictures. Watching the movie again years later, Powell complained that he "was surprised by how bad the film was," happy or at least content with the setting and music but especially disappointed in the performances of the lead actors and his own direction, which "concentrated so much on creating a Greek atmosphere that [Powell] had no time, or invention for anything else."

Although Powell was especially unhappy with Bogarde's performance, Patrick Leigh Fermor expressed great satisfaction with Bogarde's representation of him.

Box office
The film was the seventh most popular movie at the British box office in 1957.

According to Kinematograph Weekly the film was "in the money" at the British box office in 1957.

In popular culture
The story was affectionately parodied by Spike Milligan in the 1957 Goon Show episode, "Ill Met by Goonlight".

title: Ill Met by Moonlight (film)


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Ralph Alpher

Ralph Asher Alpher (February 3, 1921 – August 12, 2007) was an American cosmologist, who carried out pioneering work in the early 1950s on the Big Bang model, including Big Bang nucleosynthesis and predictions of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

Childhood and education
Alpher was the son of a Jewish immigrant, Samuel Alpher ( Alfirevich), from Vitebsk, Russian Empire. His mother, Rose Maleson, died of stomach cancer in 1938, and his father later remarried. Alpher graduated at age 15 from Theodore Roosevelt High School in Washington, D.C., and held the ranks of Major and Commander of his school's Cadet program. He worked in the high school theater as stage manager for two years, supplementing his family's Depression-era income. He also learned Gregg shorthand, and in 1937 began working for the director of the American Geophysical Union as a stenographer.

In 1940, he was hired by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Foundation, where he worked with Dr. Scott Forbush under contract for the U.S. Navy to develop ship degaussing techniques during World War II. He contributed to the development of the Mark 32 and Mark 45 detonators, torpedoes, Naval gun control, Magnetic Airborne Detection (of submarines), and other top-secret ordnance work (including the Manhattan Project), and he was recognized at the end of the War with the Naval Ordnance Development Award (December 10, 1945 — with Symbol), and another Naval Ordnance Development award in 1946. Alpher's war time work been somewhat obscured by security classification.

From 1944 through 1955, he was employed at the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). During the daytime he was involved in the development of ballistic missiles, guidance systems, supersonics, and related subjects. In 1948, he earned his Ph.D. in physics with a theory of nucleosynthesis called neutron capture, and from 1948 onward collaborated with Dr. Robert C. Herman, also at APL, on predictions of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

He earned his bachelor's degree and advanced graduate degrees in physics from George Washington University, all the while working as a physicist on contract to the Navy, and eventually for the Johns Hopkins University APL. He met Russian-Ukrainian physicist George Gamow at the University, who subsequently took him on as his doctoral student. Gamow was a prominent Soviet defector and one of the luminaries on the GWU faculty. Alpher provided much needed mathematical ability to support Gamow's theorizing.

Alpher wrote his doctoral thesis on "The Origin of the Elements", and soon after obtaining his doctorate, made the first prediction of the existence of "fossil" radiation from a hypothetical singularity—the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. This was observationally confirmed by Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Wilson at Bell Labs using a horn radio telescope.

While attending GWU, Alpher met Louise Ellen Simons, who was majoring in psychology at night school and working as a day secretary with the State Department. Nearly two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Alpher and Louise were married. At this time he had already done classified work for the U.S. Navy through the Carnegie Institution for nearly one and a half years. During a hiatus in his scientific work in early 1944, he did apply to the Navy for a commission, for which he was eligible. By this time he had done so much classified and secret work that he was no longer subject to the draft (along with about 7,000 others), and was prohibited from enlistment. That summer, he signed on to APL at Johns Hopkins University to work on another classified project — a new magnetic-influence torpedo exploder. This was badly needed since the Mark 14 torpedo, which had a poorly tested exploder that had its magnetic component turned off by order of the Chief of Naval Operations in late 1943, was badly in need of replacement (V.S. Alpher, The Submarine Review, October 2009).

Big Bang nucleosynthesis theory
Alpher's dissertation in 1948 dealt with a subject that came to be known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Nucleosynthesis is the explanation of how more complex elements are created out of simple elements in the moments following the Big Bang. Right after the Big Bang, when the temperature was extremely high, if any nuclear particles, such as neutrons and protons, became bound together (being held together by the attractive nuclear force) they would be immediately broken apart by the high energy photons (quanta of light) present in high density. In other words, at this extremely high temperature, the photons' kinetic energy would overwhelm the binding energy of the strong nuclear force. For example, if a proton and a neutron became bound together (forming deuterium), it would be immediately broken apart by a high energy photon. However, as time progressed, the universe expanded and cooled and the average energy of the photons decreased. At some point, roughly one second after the Big Bang, the attractive force of nuclear attraction would begin to win out over the lower energy photons and neutrons and protons would begin to form stable deuterium nuclei. As the universe continued to expand and cool, additional nuclear particles would bind with these light nuclei, building up heavier elements such as helium, etc.

Alpher argued that the Big Bang would create hydrogen, helium and heavier elements in the correct proportions to explain their abundance in the early universe. Alpher and Gamow's theory originally proposed that all atomic nuclei are produced by the successive capture of neutrons, one mass unit at a time. However, later studies challenged the universality of the successive capture theory, since no element was found to have a stable isotope with an atomic mass of five or eight, hindering the production of elements beyond helium. It was eventually recognized that most of the heavy elements observed in the present universe are the result of stellar nucleosynthesis in stars, a theory largely developed by Hans Bethe, William Fowler and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. Bethe had been a last minute addition to Alpher's dissertation examining committee.

Since Alpher's dissertation was perceived to be ground-breaking, over 300 people attended the dissertation defense, including the press, and articles about his predictions and a Herblock cartoon appeared in major newspapers. This was quite unusual for a doctoral dissertation.

Later the same year, collaborating with Robert Herman, Alpher predicted the temperature of the residual radiation known as cosmic microwave background radiation resulting from the hypothesized Big Bang. However, Alpher's predictions concerning the cosmic background radiation were more or less forgotten until they were rediscovered by Robert Dicke and Yakov Zel'dovich in the early 1960s. The existence of the cosmic background radiation and its temperature were measured experimentally in 1964 by two physicists working for Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work in 1978.

Elements of Alpher's independent dissertation were first published on April 1, 1948 in the Physical Review with three authors: Alpher, Hans Bethe and Gamow. Although his name appears on the paper, Bethe had no direct part in the development of the theory, although he later worked on related topics; Gamow added his name to make the author list Alpher, Bethe, Gamow, a pun on alpha, beta, gamma (α, β, γ), the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. Gamow joked that "There was, however, a rumor that later, when the alpha, beta, gamma theory went temporarily on the rocks, Bethe seriously considered changing his name to Zacharias". When referring to Robert Herman he wrote: "R. C. Herman, who stubbornly refuses to change his name to Delter." Alpher worried that the humor engendered by Gamow may have obscured his own critical role in developing the theory. With the award of the 2005 National Medal of Science, Alpher's original work on nucleosynthesis and the cosmic microwave background radiation prediction was recognised.

Alpher and Robert Herman were awarded the Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1993. They were also awarded the Magellanic Premium of the American Philosophical Society in 1975, the Georges Vanderlinden Physics prize of the Belgian Academy of Sciences, as well as significant awards of the New York Academy of Sciences and the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia. Two Nobel Prizes in physics have been awarded for empirical work related to the cosmic background radiation — in 1978 to Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson and in 2006 to John Mather and George Smoot. Alpher and Herman (the latter, posthumously) published their own account of their work in cosmology in 2001, Genesis of the Big Bang (Oxford University Press). Published as a trade book, it received little promotion or sales in the first edition.

He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986. In 2005 Alpher was awarded the National Medal of Science. The citation for the award reads "For his unprecedented work in the areas of nucleosynthesis, for the prediction that universe expansion leaves behind background radiation, and for providing the model for the Big Bang theory." The medal was presented to his son, Dr. Victor S. Alpher, on July 27, 2007 by President George W. Bush, as his father could not travel to receive the award.

Later career
In 1955, Alpher moved to a position with the General Electric Company's Research and Development Center. His primary role in his early years there was working on problems of vehicle re-entry from space.

In 1955, both Alpher and Herman applied for positions at Iowa, where van Allen was now department chair, however, the salaries in academia were simply too low by comparison with industrial pay. Alpher also continued to collaborate with Robert Herman, who had moved to the General Motors Research Laboratory, on problems in cosmology. The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation was finally confirmed in 1964, although in retrospect many other astronomers and radio astronomers probably observed it without recognizing the cosmological significance.

From 1987 to 2004, he served as distinguished research professor of physics and astronomy at Union College in Schenectady, New York, during which time he was able to return to research and teaching. During all this time he continued to publish major peer-reviewed scientific papers and was active in community service for Public Broadcasting. Alpher was also (1987–2004) director of the Dudley Observatory.

In 1986, he was recognized with the Distinguished Alumnus Achievement Award of the George Washington University. All of his degrees were achieved by studying at night, whilst working for the Navy and Johns Hopkins APL during the daytime. In 2004 he joined the emeritus faculty at Union and was emeritus director of Dudley. He also received honorary Doctor of Science degrees from Union College and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. From 2005 until his death, he remained emeritus director of the Dudley Observatory and emeritus distinguished professor of physics and astronomy at Union College.

Approach to science
Alpher told Joseph D'Agnese in his interview for Discover Magazine, "There are two reasons you do science. One is the altruistic feeling that maybe you can contribute to mankind's store of knowledge about the world. The other and more personal thing is you want the approbation of your peers. Pure and simple."

Personal life and views
Despite raising a Jewish family, Alpher considered himself to be agnostic and humanist.

Family
He and his wife, Louise, had two children and two grandchildren.

Death
Alpher died following an extended illness on August 12, 2007. He had been in failing health since falling and breaking his hip in February 2007.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ralph Alpher


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Marginal stability

In the theory of dynamical systems and control theory, a linear time-invariant system is marginally stable if it is neither asymptotically stable nor unstable. Roughly speaking, a system is stable if it always returns to and stays near a particular state (called the steady state), and is unstable if it goes farther and farther away from any state, without being bounded. A marginal system, sometimes referred to as having neutral stability, is between these two types: when displaced, it does not return to near a common steady state, nor does it go away from where it started without limit.

Marginal stability, like instability, is a feature that control theory seeks to avoid; we wish that, when perturbed by some external force, a system will return to a desired state. This necessitates the use of appropriately designed control algorithms.

In econometrics, the presence of a unit root in observed time series, rendering them marginally stable, can lead to invalid regression results regarding effects of the independent variables upon a dependent variable, unless appropriate techniques are used to convert the system to a stable system.

Continuous time
A homogeneous continuous linear time-invariant system is marginally stable if and only if the real part of every pole (eigenvalue) in the system's transfer-function is non-positive, one or more poles have zero real part, and all poles with zero real part are simple roots (i.e. the poles on the imaginary axis are all distinct from one another). In contrast, if all the poles have strictly negative real parts, the system is instead asymptotically stable. If the system is neither stable nor marginally stable, it is unstable.

If the system is in state space representation, marginal stability can be analyzed by deriving the Jordan normal form: if and only if the Jordan blocks corresponding to poles with zero real part are scalar is the system marginally stable.

Discrete time
A homogeneous discrete time linear time-invariant system is marginally stable if and only if the greatest magnitude of any of the poles (eigenvalues) of the transfer function is 1, and the poles with magnitude equal to 1 are all distinct. That is, the transfer function's spectral radius is 1. If the spectral radius is less than 1, the system is instead asymptotically stable.

A simple example involves a single first-order linear difference equation: Suppose a state variable x evolves according to

 * $$x_t=ax_{t-1}$$

with parameter a > 0. If the system is perturbed to the value $$x_0,$$ its subsequent sequence of values is $$ax_0, \, a^2x_0, \, a^3x_0, \, \dots .$$ If a < 1, these numbers get closer and closer to 0 regardless of the starting value $$x_0,$$ while if a > 1 the numbers get larger and larger without bound. But if a = 1, the numbers do neither of these: instead, all future values of x equal the value $$x_0.$$ Thus the case a = 1 exhibits marginal stability.

System response
A marginally stable system is one that, if given an impulse of finite magnitude as input, will not "blow up" and give an unbounded output, but neither will the output return to zero. A bounded offset or oscillations in the output will persist indefinitely, and so there will in general be no final steady-state output. If a continuous system is given an input at a frequency equal to the frequency of a pole with zero real part, the system's output will increase indefinitely (this is known as pure resonance ). This explains why for a system to be BIBO stable, the real parts of the poles have to be strictly negative (and not just non-positive).

A continuous system having imaginary poles, i.e. having zero real part in the pole(s), will produce sustained oscillations in the output. For example, an undamped second-order system such as the suspension system in an automobile (a mass–spring–damper system), from which the damper has been removed and spring is ideal, i.e. no friction is there, will in theory oscillate forever once disturbed. Another example is a frictionless pendulum. A system with a pole at the origin is also marginally stable but in this case there will be no oscillation in the response as the imaginary part is also zero (jw = 0 means w = 0 rad/sec). An example of such a system is a mass on a surface with friction. When a sidewards impulse is applied, the mass will move and never returns to zero. The mass will come to rest due to friction however, and the sidewards movement will remain bounded.

Since the locations of the marginal poles must be exactly on the imaginary axis or unit circle (for continuous time and discrete time systems respectively) for a system to be marginally stable, this situation is unlikely to occur in practice unless marginal stability is an inherent theoretical feature of the system.

Stochastic dynamics
Marginal stability is also an important concept in the context of stochastic dynamics. For example, some processes may follow a random walk, given in discrete time as

 * $$x_t=x_{t-1}+e_t,$$

where $$e_t$$ is an i.i.d. error term. This equation has a unit root (a value of 1 for the eigenvalue of its characteristic equation), and hence exhibits marginal stability, so special time series techniques must be used in empirically modeling a system containing such an equation.

Marginally stable Markov processes are those that possess null recurrent classes.

title: Marginal stability


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Montville

Montville may refer to:

Australia

 * Montville, Queensland

France

 * Montville, Seine-Maritime

United States

 * Montville, Connecticut
 * Montville, Maine
 * Montville, New Jersey
 * Montville Township, Geauga County, Ohio
 * Montville, Ohio
 * Montville Township, Medina County, Ohio

People

 * Leigh Montville (born 1943), American sports reporter and author

title: Montville


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Cape Breton fiddling

Cape Breton fiddling is a regional violin style which falls within the Celtic music idiom. The more predominant style in Cape Breton Island's fiddle music was brought to North America by Scottish immigrants during the Highland Clearances. These Scottish immigrants were primarily from Gaelic-speaking regions in the Scottish Highlands and the Outer Hebrides. Although fiddling has changed considerably since this time in Scotland, it is widely held that the tradition of Scottish fiddle music has been better preserved in Cape Breton. While there is a similar tradition from the Irish-style fiddling, that style is largely overlooked as a result of the strong Scottish presence in the area.

In the span of the 1920s to the 70s, Cape Breton's fiddling style faced decline.

Dance styles associated with the music are Cape Breton step dancing, Cape Breton square dancing (Iona style and Inverness style), and highland dancing.

In 2005, as a tribute to the area's traditional music, the construction of a tourism center and the world's largest fiddle and bow was completed on the waterfront in Sydney, Nova Scotia.

Playing style
Cape Breton- Scottish playing is highly accented, characterized by driven up-bowing. The tunes of other music origins (Irish, Canadian, French-Canadian, etc.) sound quite different when performed by Cape Breton- Scottosh players. The strong downbeat pulse is driven by the fiddler's heel into the floor. The pattern tends to be heel-and-toe on reels, the heel on strathspeys.

Cape Breton fiddle music is strongly influenced by the intonations of the Scots-Gaelic language, especially Puirt a Beul (mouth music) and strathspeys. The ornaments are adapted from those used on the Great Highland bagpipe. The ornamentation (cuts aka. trebles, drones and doubling) brings out the strong feeling of Cape Breton fiddle.

A century ago the violin and pump organ were the common instruments; the latter has been supplanted by piano to provide a rhythmic accompaniment.

Repertoire
The types of tunes commonly associated with Cape Breton - Scottish fiddling are jigs, reels, marches, strathspeys, clogs (hornpipes), and slow airs. Many of the tunes associated with this style fiddle music are also commonly performed on other instruments, especially bagpipes, piano and guitar. It is not unheard of for the music to be performed on harmonica, tin whistle, mandolin or banjo.

Modern Cape Breton players draw on a large body of music, from the Scottish and Irish traditions, and from modern compositions. Several older books of tune collections have been particularly popular sources:

 * Fraser, Simon (1874), Simon Fraser Collection
 * MacDonald, Keith Norman (1887), The Skye Collection
 * MacQuarrie, Gordan F. (1940), The Cape Breton Collection
 * O'Neill, Francis (1903), O'Neill's Music Of Ireland
 * Robertson, James Stewart (1884), The Athole Collection
 * Skinner, James Scott, The Scottish Violinist
 * Skinner, James Scott, The Harp and Claymore

A number of recent publications also document a substantial amount of the modern Cape Breton - Scottish repertoire:

 * Beaton, Kinnon (2000), The Beaton Collection (compositions of Kinnon, Donald Angus, and Andrea Beaton)
 * Cameron, John Donald (2000), The Heather Hill Collection (compositions of Dan R. MacDonald)
 * Cameron, John Donald (1994), The Trip To Windsor Collection (compositions of Dan R. MacDonald, volume 2)
 * Cranford, Paul (2007), The Cape Breton Fiddlers Collection
 * Cranford, Paul (1997), Winston Fitzgerald: A Collection of Fiddle Tunes
 * Dunlay, Kate, and David Greenberg (1996), The Dungreen Collection - Traditional Celtic Violin Music of Cape Breton
 * Holland, Jerry (1988, several revised editions), Jerry Holland's Collection of Fiddle Tunes
 * Holland, Jerry (2000), Jerry Holland: The Second Collection
 * MacEachern, Dan Hugh (1975), MacEachern's Collection
 * Ruckert, George (2009), John Campbell: A Cape Breton Legacy
 * Stubbert, Brenda (1994), Brenda Stubbert's Collection of Fiddle Tunes
 * Stubbert, Brenda (2007), Brenda Stubbert: The Second Collection

title: Cape Breton fiddling


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Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein

Aloys II (Aloys Maria Josef Johann Baptista Joachim Philipp Nerius; 25/26 May 1796 – 12 November 1858) was the sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein from 20 April 1836 until his death in 1858.

He was a son of Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein, and Landgravine Josepha of Fürstenberg-Weitra, and a nephew of Prince Aloys I. Aloys II married Countess Franziska Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau and had two sons and three daughters with her, with their two sons later ruling Liechtenstein as Johann II and Franz I. Aloys contributed actively to Liechtenstein's economic and political development.

Early life
Prince Aloys was born in Vienna to Prince Johann I Joseph of Liechtenstein and Landgravine Josepha of Fürstenberg-Weitra. His father was at the time of his birth a colonel in the Austrian army, and since became a field marshal before becoming the ruling prince of Liechtenstein in 1805. Aloys at the same time became the heir apparent.

Marriage and issue
Aloys married Countess Franziska Kinsky of Wchinitz and Tettau (Vienna, 8 August 1813 – Vienna, 5 February 1881) on 8 August 1831 in Vienna. They had 11 children; nine daughters and two sons:
 * Princess Marie Franziska de Paula Theresia Josepha (Vienna, 20 September 1834 – Vienna, 1 December 1909), married in Vienna on 29 October 1860 Count Ferdinand of Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (Vienna, 27 June 1825 – Schloss Fridau, 12 December 1896), and had issue
 * Princess Carolina Maria Josepha Walpurgis Nestoria (Vienna, 27 February 1836 – Vienna, 28 March 1885), married in Vienna on 3 June 1855 Alexander Fürst von Schönburg-Hartenstein (Vienna, 5 March 1826 – Vienna, 1 October 1896), and had issue
 * Princess Sophie Marie Gabriele Pia (Vienna, 11 July 1837 – Schloss Fischhorn, 25 September 1899), married in Vienna on 4 May 1863 as his second wife Charles, Prince of Löwenstein (Haid, 21 May 1834 – Köln, 8 November 1921), 1,067th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria, and had issue
 * Princess Aloysia Maria Gabriela Hyppolita (Eisgrub, 13 August 1838 – Vienna, 17 April 1920), married in Vienna on 22 May 1864 Heinrich Graf von Fünfkirchen (Schloss Fünfkirchen, 25 January 1830 – Vienna, 2 January 1885), without issue
 * Princess Ida Maria Lamberta Theresia Franziska de Paula (Eisgrub, 17 September 1839 – Libejic, 4 August 1921), married in Vienna on 4 June 1857 Adolf Joseph 8th Fürst zu Schwarzenberg (Vienna, 18 March 1832 – Libejic, 5 October 1914), 1,092nd Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria, and had issue
 * Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1840–1929)
 * Princess Franziska Xaveria Maria David (Vienna, 30 December 1841 – Vienna, 13 May 1858)
 * Princess Henriette Maria Norberta (Schloss Liechtenstein bei Mödling, 6 June 1843 – Frauenthal Castle, 24 December 1931), married in Vienna on 26 April 1865 her first cousin Prince Alfred of Liechtenstein (1842–1907), and had issue, which eventually inherited the Principality by male line
 * Princess Anna Maria Franziska de Paula Leandra (Vienna, 26 February 1846 – Prague, 22 April 1924), married in Vienna on 22 May 1864 Georg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz (Vienna, 14 March 1835 – Prague, 22 December 1908), 1,145th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria, and had issue
 * Princess Therese Maria Josepha Martha (Schloss Liechtenstein, 28 July 1850 – Munich, 13 March 1938), married in Vienna on 12 April 1882 Prince Arnulf of Bavaria (Munich, 6 July 1852 – Venice, 12 November 1907), 1,035th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria, and had issue, now extinct
 * Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (1853–1938)

title: Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein


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Royce da 5′9″

Ryan Daniel Montgomery (born July 5, 1977), known professionally as Royce da 5'9" (or simply Royce 5'9"), is an American rapper. Best known for his association with fellow Detroit rapper Eminem, they became acquainted in 1997 and formed the hip hop duo, Bad Meets Evil the following year. Their 2011 single, "Lighters" (featuring Bruno Mars) peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and preceded the release of their debut extended play (EP), Hell: The Sequel (2011). The song and its parent EP, which debuted atop the Billboard 200, have yielded Montgomery's furthest commercial success.

Montgomery first embarked on a solo career with his debut studio album, Rock City in 2002; originally slated for release the year prior, disputes with Columbia Records led it to an independent release. He released eight follow-up studio albums to critical acclaim; his latest, The Allegory (2020), earned Montgomery his first Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Album in 2021. He also formed the hip hop supergroup Slaughterhouse with Joe Budden, Joell Ortiz and Kxng Crooked in 2008. Active for a decade, the group released two studio albums—Slaughterhouse (2008) and Welcome to: Our House (2012)—to commercial success. In 2014, he formed the hip hop duo PRhyme in 2014, with producer DJ Premier; they have released two albums.

Early life
In an interview with DJ Vlad, Royce stated that his first stage name was "R-Dog", which was short-lived. He moved to Oak Park, Michigan when he was ten years old, later acquiring the nickname "Royce" in high school after wearing a chain with an R pendant resembling the Rolls-Royce symbol. Royce's name comes from his height, 5 ft, but the numbers five and nine have been in his life numerous times as he "found his calling" as a rapper in 1995 and in his song "Tabernacle" he discusses his grandmother dying on the fifth floor of a hospital and his first son being born on the ninth. He started rapping at age 18, influenced mainly by Ras Kass, Redman, Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B.I.G., Esham, Heltah Skeltah, LL Cool J, Nas, Jay-Z, Detroit's Most Wanted, and N.W.A.

1997–2001: Early years and Rock City
Through his manager Kino Childrey, Royce was introduced to fellow Detroit rapper Eminem on December 29, 1997. The two formed a duo, Bad Meets Evil, and released several tracks together. On August 20, 1998, they appeared on The Stretch Armstrong and Bobbito Show for the first time. Royce appeared on Eminem's debut studio album The Slim Shady LP (1999), in which he was featured on a song called "Bad Meets Evil". They later collaborated on the track "Renegade", from which Royce's vocals would later be replaced with Jay-Z's on the latter's The Blueprint. Through Eminem, Royce was introduced to both Dr. Dre and execs at Game Recordings, but they parted ways after Royce refused Dre's request that he cut ties with Childrey.

Royce signed his first recording contract in 1998, a $1-million deal with Tommy Boy Records. He had rejected an offer beforehand from Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment of $250,000 and unlimited beats, a move that he called his "biggest regret" in a 2016 interview with Complex. After Tommy Boy Records shut down, he signed a deal with Columbia and Game Recordings where he started recording an album called Rock City, referring to Detroit's former status as home to Motown Records. When the project was heavily bootlegged, Royce was dropped from Columbia in early 2002; he later signed to Koch, where he re-recorded some of the album, eventually releasing it on November 29 as Rock City (Version 2.0). Despite poor album sales, the DJ Premier-produced single "Boom" gained Royce some underground recognition and eventually resulted in the two working together more closely.

2002–2003: Feud with D12
In 2002, Royce had a falling out with D12 including mutual friend and group member Proof, which sparked a public rivalry that resulted in Royce releasing a total of three diss tracks. The first, "Shit on You", was recorded over the instrumental of D12's track of the same name and mainly attacked group member Bizarre. Following Royce's second track, "Malcolm X", D12 responded with "Smack Down", over the instrumental of 50 Cent's "Back Down". Proof himself released the tracks "Many Men", over the instrumental of 50 Cent's "Many Men (Wish Death)"; and "Beef Is Ova", with rap group The Purple Gang. Royce responded with his third track, "Death Day", recorded over 50 Cent's "In Da Club".

Proof confronted Royce outside a Detroit nightclub in 2003, which led to a fight between both rappers' entourages. Proof and Royce were arrested and jailed overnight in adjacent cells, where they talked out their differences and ended the feud. Their rivalry officially ended in 2008 when he was featured on D12's mixtapes Return of the Dozen and The Devil's Night Mixtape.

2004–2005: Death Is Certain and Independent's Day
Royce signed with Game Recordings, for whom he had recorded several tracks for the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto III, released in 2001. The in-game radio station, Game Radio FM, prominently featured Royce's "I'm the King" and The Alchemist-produced solo track, which (along with the publicized beef) helped elevate Royce's name beyond his association with Eminem. In 2001, Royce was featured on pop singer Willa Ford's song "I Wanna Be Bad". In 2004, he released his second and most critically successful album to date, Death Is Certain, charting with another Premier-produced single, "Hip Hop".

After the relative success of his second effort, Royce put out a third solo project, Independent's Day, in 2005. This was met with less acclaim than either of his previous releases. During this time, the rivalry between Royce and former friend Proof reached a boiling point in the streets of Detroit, on an occasion where the two rappers drew guns; they were subsequently arrested and left to work out their differences while spending the night in neighboring cells in jail. The time spent in jail led to the artists ending their feud and subsequently embarking on two overseas tours together. Though Royce had planned other projects involving Nottz and his former crew, D-Elite, these were cut short after a sentencing to one year in jail for a DUI.

2007–2008: release from jail and The Bar Exam
After his release in 2007, Royce with DJ Premier and Statik Selektah released the mixtape The Bar Exam. He also announced an album with Premier; in an interview with Elemental Magazine, Royce stated that, contrary to rumors, Premier would not be producing the entirety of his upcoming album, but will be overseeing the project as executive producer, handpicking all of the beats. Following The Bar Exam, Royce wrote the single for Diddy's album Press Play, "Tell Me". Following this, the producer expressed interest in signing the lyricist to Bad Boy. Nas has also stated that he would like to sign Royce to his Def Jam imprint, The Jones Experience. Neither of these deals, however, materialized.

In early 2008, Royce confirmed that he had officially resolved misunderstandings between himself and Eminem. He released The Bar Exam 2 with DJ Green Lantern later in the year, as well as a retail version of the mixtape The Album; the projects featured production from Green Lantern, 9th Wonder, DJ Premier and July 6, among others. Later worked on his Premier-assisted retail release, Street Hop, the lead single of which was "Shake This", also produced by DJ Premier. The video to the song circulated the internet, and the project was released October 20, 2009.

2011–2012: Slaughterhouse and Bad Meets Evil reunion
Joe Budden collaborated with Crooked I, Joell Ortiz, Royce da 5'9" and Nino Bless on a track titled "Slaughterhouse" on his digital release, Halfway House. Based on the reception of the track, they decided to form a supergroup, minus Nino Bless, and named it after the first song they made together. They released numerous songs throughout early 2009, building a buzz for their self-titled album, which was released through E1 on August 11, 2009. The album features production from DJ Khalil, Mr. Porter and The Alchemist, plus guest appearances from Pharoahe Monch, K. Young and The New Royales. The group signed with Shady Records on January 12, 2011. On August 28, 2012, Slaughterhouse released their second studio album, Welcome to: Our House. As of November 23, 2012, it has sold 146,000 copies in the United States. In June 2013, the group began recording their second album with Shady Records. Super producer Just Blaze has been tapped to be Executive Producer of the project. The album was set to be released in 2016 but has since been delayed.

After Royce reconciled with Eminem, the duo started working again on new music and released the album Hell: The Sequel on June 14, 2011, with Eminem's label Shady Records. Two singles from the EP were released: "Fast Lane" and "Lighters" featuring Bruno Mars. This is considered Royce's biggest breakthrough into mainstream hip-hop as both singles received regular radio play. The album would be certified Gold by the RIAA. Bad Meets Evil would reunite again for the albums "Shady XV" and "Southpaw", the soundtrack to the film of the same name.

On August 9, 2011, Royce released his fifth album, Success Is Certain. The album title plays on the title of his second release, Death Is Certain.

2014–2016: PRhyme and Layers
In 2014, Royce and DJ Premier announced that they would release a collaborative album as the duo PRhyme. In September 2014, Royce da 5'9" and DJ Premier spoke about the album, saying: "I want people to appreciate the fact that we didn't compromise in lieu of the environment. In order to try to change the way that people digest music, we had to take a leap of faith," says Royce. DJ Premier adds, "The bar has to be high. For this album to be another body of work and another chapter for both of our lives." Enlisting the music composing skills of Adrian Younge, DJ Premier went out of his comfort zone and sampled only Younge's music for the album's production. On November 24, 2015, PRhyme released the single "Highs & Lows" ft MF DOOM and Phonte of Little Brother to promote their upcoming PRhyme Deluxe Edition release. On December 11, the deluxe edition was released which included the original PRhyme Album with four bonus songs featuring The Roots, Black Thought, Joey Bada$$ and Logic featured on an extended version of the song "Mode".

In May 2017, Royce confirmed on his Instagram account that he and DJ Premier are working on the sequel to their debut album, PRhyme 2. He released a set of videos with one in particular featuring DJ Premier scratching on the turntables and making an instrumental. PRhyme 2 was released on March 16, 2018.

Months after the release of the deluxe version of PRhyme, Royce announced his sixth studio album Layers, which was released on April 15, 2016. He released the single "Tabernacle" to positive reception from fans and critics, and then released "Dead President Heads". On March 29, the free pre-album Trust The Shooter EP on the mixtape website Datpiff was released to positive critical consensus.

In July 2015, Royce collaborated with Lazarus and was featured on the single Underdog which was released under Russell Simmons' All Def Digital channel. The music video of the single was released in February 2016.

2016–2018: Book of Ryan
On March 31, 2016, Royce announced that a new album titled Book of Ryan was near completion. The album was originally planned to be his second album of 2016, but after multiple delays, the album was officially released on May 4, 2018. That same year, Royce confirmed via social media that his supergroup, Slaughterhouse, had disbanded following the departure of Joe Budden. Later that year, he was featured on the Eminem single "Not Alike" from his 2018 album Kamikaze.

2020–2021: The Allegory
On February 21, 2020, Royce da 5'9" released his eighth studio album, The Allegory, which included features from T.I, Westside Gunn, Conway the Machine, Ashley Sorrell, and KXNG Crooked (formerly Crooked I). This album contained four singles; the first, "Black Savage", was released on November 15, 2019. This generated a buzz around Royce's production and was featured on Jay-Z's "Inspire Change" campaign. Later, on January 17, 2020, Royce released the second single from the album "Overcomer" featuring Westside Gunn. On 31 January 2020, Royce released the third single "I Don't Age", which he said was "the first song he made using a self-produced beat". The album peaked at No. 58 on the Billboard 200.

In February 2021, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album, losing to Nas' King's Disease.

2022-present: Other releases
In 2022, Royce released a greatest hits album titled The Heaven Experience, Vol. 1.

Personal life
In high school, Montgomery was generally a good student, though he said in a 2014 interview that he "did have a bit of attention issues". Royce has two sons, James and Trenton, and three daughters. He is a recovering alcoholic, being sober since September 11, 2012. One of the main reasons for his choice of sobriety was his son saying, "I love my dad. I think he's Superman, but I don't really know him". Montgomery married his high school sweetheart, who also attended Oak Park High School, and they had begun dating in 1995.

Montgomery has a younger brother, Marcus, who goes by the name of Kid Vishis. Vishis released his debut album, Timing Is Everything, on July 22, 2014.

Discography
Studio albums
 * Rock City (2002)
 * Death Is Certain (2004)
 * Independent's Day (2005)
 * Street Hop (2009)
 * Success Is Certain (2011)
 * Layers (2016)
 * Book of Ryan (2018)
 * The Allegory (2020)

Collaborative albums
 * Slaughterhouse (with Slaughterhouse) (2009)
 * Hell: The Sequel (with Eminem as Bad Meets Evil) (2011)
 * Welcome to: Our House (with Slaughterhouse) (2012)
 * Shady XV (with Shady Records) (2014)
 * PRhyme (with DJ Premier as PRhyme) (2014)
 * PRhyme 2 (with DJ Premier as PRhyme) (2018)

Awards and nominations
!Ref.
 * align=center|2011
 * Recovery
 * Grammy Award for Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * align=center|2012
 * Hell: The Sequel
 * Detroit Music Award for Outstanding National Major Record Label Recording
 * Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2017
 * rowspan="2"| "Tabernacle"
 * Detroit Music Award for Outstanding National Single
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * rowspan="3"| Detroit Music Award for Outstanding Video (Major Budget)
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2020
 * "Black Savage"
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * "Cocaine"
 * Nominated
 * 2021
 * The Allegory
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"|
 * "Cocaine"
 * Nominated
 * 2021
 * The Allegory
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Album
 * Nominated
 * Grammy Award for Best Rap Album
 * Nominated

title: Royce da 5′9″


text:
User:Forderud

Fredrik Orderud, MSc in computer science and PhD in medical imaging.
 * Personal homepage

Writing resources:
 * m:Help:Formula - LaTeX math reference.
 * LaTeX - LaTeX tutorial.

Computer programming

 * Thread safety
 * Exception safety
 * Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII)
 * Component Object Model
 * OLE Automation
 * Active Template Library
 * Readers–writer lock

Estimation theory

 * Written sections regarding stability, controllability and observability, transfer function and canonical realizations in state space (controls).
 * Written sections regarding system description, error metric, Kalman filter equations for both the regular and extended Kalman filter, as well as derivation in Kalman filter.
 * Section regarding properties of Gauss-Markov process.
 * Articles on proper and strictly proper transfer functions.
 * Section regarding state space stability in Lyapunov stability.
 * Created article/stub on discretization.
 * Rewritten model and estimation formulas for linear prediction.
 * Created minimum mean-square error (MMSE) stub.
 * Created the Recursive Bayesian estimation article

Computer vision

 * Image moments
 * Section on Methods for determining optical flow in optical flow.
 * Written article on phase correlation in computer vision.
 * Created stub article on the condensation algorithm for realtime visual tracking.

Computer graphics

 * Shadow volume restructuring, and technical content
 * Described the three main algorithms used for stencil shadow volume
 * Algorithm to compute silhouette edges of 3D objects
 * Collision detection section on mathematical foundation
 * Stencil buffer stub
 * Catmull-Clark subdivision surface
 * Doo–Sabin subdivision surface
 * B-spline blending matrices

Signal processing

 * Total rewrite of Pulse-doppler radar to present the underlying principles, formulas, as well as clearifying that it is NOT based on the doppler effect.
 * Wrote autocorrelation technique article, which is used to estimate the dominating frequency in a signal.

Numerical computing

 * Matrix inversion, analytic formulas for 2x2, 3x3 and blockwise inversion
 * Written article about Conversion between Quaternions and Euler angles
 * Added Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms section about functionality
 * Created Power method stub
 * Standard and augmented forms in linear programming
 * Simplex algorithm (in progress)
 * Wrote the Matrix calculus article.
 * Rejection sampling

Computer software

 * Features of the Remote Desktop Protocol.
 * Discussed file locking in UNIX and Windows.
 * Created a circular dependency article, which adresses how C++ implements circular dependencies.
 * Created the Microsoft Dynamic Link Library (DLL) article, with programming examples.
 * Provided sections on linear algebra, and random number generation in the Boost library.

no:Bruker:Orderud

title: User:Forderud


text:
Moranville

Moranville may refer to:

 * Moranville Township, Minnesota, United States
 * Moranville, Meuse, a commune in the Meuse département, France

title: Moranville


text:
Moravian Falls

Moravian Falls is a waterfall in Wilkes County, North Carolina.

Geology
The waterfall is located on Moravian Creek, where it flows over a large bedrock to a lower plunge pool.

Natural history
The falls is privately owned by a campground who has built a reproduction of an old mill next to the falls.

Visiting the falls
From US Highway 421, exit onto NC Highway 18 and NC Highway 16. Follow NC 18/16 south to the town of Moravian Falls, bearing right to stay on NC 18. After 0.4 miles, turn left onto Falls Rd. and go 0.5 miles to a view of the falls on the left.

The falls is located on the grounds of the Moravian Falls Campground, whose owners have allowed the public to access the falls (so long as they ask permission at the inside the camp store before walking to the falls, which are viewable from the road (please do not slow down or block traffic to view them).

Visitors are required to obey all rules at the campground concerning the Falls, and are not allowed to swim near or above the falls.

Nearby falls

 * Boone Falls
 * Crystal Falls
 * Wingler Creek Falls
 * Gilbreath Falls
 * Carter Falls
 * North Deep Creek Falls

title: Moravian Falls


text:
Talk:Television receive-only

Stanford
What's with the random Stanford plug? Lostchicken 19:33, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Receiving TVRO programming
To receive TVRO programming, you will need:

 * A satellite dish (Either C-Band or Ku-Band)
 * A TVRO receiver or PC card
 * An LNB
 * An antenna motor (If you wish to receive channels from more than one satellite) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.227.148.54 (talk) 17:33, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Solid aluminum dishes
Solid spun aluminum was another big dish material. Much lighter than steel and one piece so the shape could be more accurate than multi piece dishes. Having a solid metal reflector makes a spun aluminum dish ideal for 4DTV, or for having the paint removed and the surface polished to make a solar concentrator. Bizzybody (talk) 06:37, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

Multichannel video programming distributor
I decided this other article needed more detail about each type of service. But I'm not sure the big ugly dish qualifies as one of those. Still, the history of satellite TV wouldn't look right if it didn't have big ugly dishes included. I feel like any solution that just covered actual MVPDs would look like the official Communist version of the history of China.

At the same time, any information I did add could be incorporated into this article, though it wouldn't be an easy fit.— Vchimpanzee  ·  talk  ·  contributions  · 19:01, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Another user has done some copy-editing and rearranging which prevents me from conveniently moving what I did to here. In effect, this person has declared big dishes to be an acceptable topic in the MVPD article. Once it's done, it'll all be there.— Vchimpanzee  ·  talk  ·  contributions  · 20:37, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I figured out how to do it. It's done. I feel better now. If someone comes along and says a TYRO is an MVPD even when you pay for the dish but the programming is free (other than descrambler fees), we can reverse it.— Vchimpanzee  ·  talk  ·  contributions  · 14:57, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Television receive-only


text:
James Almond

James Almond (September 1874 – 1923) was an English footballer who played as a left-half. He played one match in the Football League for Burnley before transferring to Swindon Town in 1897.

Almond started his career with Nelson in the Lancashire League, before joining Football League First Division side Burnley in November 1896. He made one appearance for the club, deputising for the absent William Longair in the 1–1 draw with Sheffield United at Turf Moor on 16 January 1897. After failing to break into the first team, Almond joined Southern League club Swindon Town later the same month. He made his debut for Swindon in the 1–1 draw with Gravesend United on 30 January, and went on to play seven more matches during the remainder of the season. Almond established himself as Swindon's first-choice left-half in the 1897–98 campaign, missing only one Southern League match. He scored his first goal for the club in the 3–0 win over Tottenham Hotspur on 5 February 1898, and netted his second of the season in the 1–2 home defeat to Chatham on 26 March. He left Swindon in the summer of 1898 and subsequently retired from football.

title: James Almond


text:
User:Pcp~enwiki/cologneblue.css

 * 1) article { padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }

title: User:Pcp~enwiki/cologneblue.css


text:
Wikipedia talk:Use of the word terrorism (policy development)

Policies of other publications
Maurreen offered to get policies of other publications on the subject. It'd be interesting to list them here, but I guess most publications' style books are copyrighted. In case you find some which is not, please provide some example.--Erri4a 19:35, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm on a discussion board for copy editors, and have just sent out a request for this info. I think listing any such info would fall under fair use. Maurreen 06:46, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
File talk:S-IC engines and Von Braun.jpg

Location?
Says the description: "This Saturn V vehicle is an actual test vehicle which has been displayed at the U.S. Space Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama." Isn't it still there, currently on display? I've seen it, from as close as Von Braun is standing, although that was maybe fifteen years ago. The whole rocket was there, displayed without the inter-stage connecting rings. Those had been used to make small buildings in the display yard. --Elijah 19:35, 13 December 2004 (UTC)
 * It's still exactly where the picture was taken, but will not be much longer, as a permenant shelter is about to be build for it... --simonbp 14:06, 20 March 2006 (UTC)


text:
Insular script

Insular script is a medieval script system originating from Ireland that spread to England and continental Europe under the influence of Irish Christianity. Irish missionaries took the script to continental Europe, where they founded monasteries such as Bobbio. The scripts were also used in monasteries like Fulda, which were influenced by English missionaries. They are associated with Insular art, of which most surviving examples are illuminated manuscripts. It greatly influenced modern Gaelic type and handwriting.

The term "Insular script" is used to refer to a diverse family of scripts used for different functions. At the top of the hierarchy was the Insular half-uncial (or "Insular majuscule"), used for important documents and sacred text. The full uncial, in a version called "English uncial", was used in some English centres. Then "in descending order of formality and increased speed of writing" came "set minuscule", "cursive minuscule" and "current minuscule". These were used for non-scriptural texts, letters, accounting records, notes, and all the other types of written documents.

Origin
The scripts developed in Ireland in the 7th century and were used as late as the 19th century, though its most flourishing period fell between 600 and 850. They were closely related to the uncial and half-uncial scripts, their immediate influences; the highest grade of Insular script is the majuscule Insular half-uncial, which is closely derived from Continental half-uncial script.

Appearance

Works written in Insular scripts commonly use large initial letters surrounded by red ink dots (although this is also true of other scripts written in Ireland and England). Letters following a large initial at the start of a paragraph or section often gradually diminish in size as they are written across a line or a page, until the normal size is reached, which is called a "diminuendo" effect, and is a distinctive Insular innovation, which later influenced Continental illumination style. Letters with ascenders (b, d, h, l, etc.) are written with triangular or wedge-shaped tops. The bows of letters such as b, d, p, and q are very wide. The script uses many ligatures and has many unique scribal abbreviations, along with many borrowings from Tironian notes.

Insular script was spread to England by the Hiberno-Scottish mission; previously, uncial script had been brought to England by Augustine of Canterbury. The influences of both scripts produced the Insular script system. Within this system, the palaeographer Julian Brown identified five grades, with decreasing formality: Brown has also postulated two phases of development for this script, Phase II being mainly influenced by Roman uncial examples, developed at Wearmouth-Jarrow and typified by the Lindisfarne Gospels.
 * Insular half-uncial, or "Irish majuscule": the most formal; became reserved for rubrics (highlighted directions) and other displays after the 9th century.
 * Insular hybrid minuscule: the most formal of the minuscules, came to be used for formal church books when use of the "Irish majuscule" diminished.
 * Insular set minuscule
 * Insular cursive minuscule
 * Insular current minuscule: the least formal; current here means ‘running’ (rapid).

Usage
Insular script was used not only for Latin religious books, but also for every other kind of book, including vernacular works. Examples include the Book of Kells, the Cathach of St. Columba, the Ambrosiana Orosius, the Durham Gospel Fragment, the Book of Durrow, the Durham Gospels, the Echternach Gospels, the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Lichfield Gospels, the St. Gall Gospel Book, and the Book of Armagh.

Insular script was influential in the development of Carolingian minuscule in the scriptoria of the Carolingian empire.

In Ireland, Insular script was superseded in c. 850 by Late Insular script; in England, it was followed by a form of Caroline minuscule.

The Tironian et, $⟨⁊⟩$ – equivalent of ampersand $⟨&⟩$ –  was in widespread use in the script (meaning agus 'and' in Irish, and ond 'and' in Old English) and is occasionally continued in modern Gaelic typefaces derived from Insular script.

Unicode
Unicode treats representation of letters of the Latin alphabet written in insular script as a typeface choice that needs no separate coding. Only a few Insular letters have specific code-points because they are used by phonetic specialists. To render the full alphabet correctly, a suitable display font should be chosen. To display the specialist characters, there are several fonts that may be used; three free ones that support these characters are Junicode, Montagel, and Quivira. Gentium and Charis SIL support the alphabetic letters (U+A77x and U+A78x).

According to Michael Everson, in the 2006 Unicode proposal for these characters: "To write text in an ordinary Gaelic font, only ASCII letters should be used, the font making all the relevant substitutions; the insular letters [proposed here] are for use only by specialists who require them for particular purposes."

title: Insular script


text:
User:Hemanshu/A to Z of Wikipedia

 * A - Arafat
 * B - blog
 * C - Canada
 * D - download
 * E - encyclopedia (ofcourse!)
 * F - free
 * G - George Bush
 * H - Hitler
 * I - Israel
 * J - Japan
 * K - Ken Jennings
 * L - Linux
 * M - Mirror
 * N - nl
 * O - online
 * P - palm
 * Q - quotes
 * R - RSS
 * S - software
 * T - the free encyclopedia
 * U - Ukraine
 * V - Vietnam war
 * W - "Weird Al" Yankovic
 * X - XML
 * Y - Yasser Arafat
 * Z - Zionism

title: User:Hemanshu/A to Z of Wikipedia


text:
Daniels School of Business

The Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. School of Business (formerly known as Krannert School of Management) is the school of business at Purdue University, a public research university in West Lafayette, Indiana. It offers instruction at the undergraduate, master's, and doctoral levels.

History
The School of Industrial Management at Purdue University was created in 1958 from the merger of the Department of Economics (established in the School of Science, Education, and Humanities in 1953) and the Department of Industrial Management and Transportation (part of the Schools of Engineering since 1956). The Krannert Graduate School of Industrial Administration was founded in 1962 with a $2.7 million endowment from Herman Krannert and Ellnora Krannert. The AACSB accredited the new school in 1967. In the early years, students were required to pursue a second major, in a technical subject, in addition to their coursework in business and management. The curriculum expanded over the following decade and the word "Industrial" was dropped from the schools' names in the mid 1970s.

On February 3, 2023, Purdue’s business school was formally renamed the Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. School of Business, in honor of Mitch Daniels, the 12th president of Purdue University. Purdue's business school is accredited by the AACSB.

Academics
The school currently has 20+ clubs and organizations open to undergraduates, including the School of Management Council (SMC). There are ~25 professional, cultural and special interest clubs at the graduate level.

Undergraduate: Bruce White Undergraduate Institute
On February 13, 2023, the Dean and Barbara White Family Foundation committed $50 million to Purdue University to name the undergraduate institute in the Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr. School of Business. The School of Business offers eight undergraduate degree programs. In keeping with the global scope of the modern manager, all programs include instruction in the international aspects of business and economics. The "3+2" program is available to outstanding undergraduates in the School of Business. The program allows students to complete their B.S. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees in just five years.

Master's and executive: Krannert Graduate Institute
The Krannert Graduate Institute at the Daniels School of Business awards several master's degrees: MBA, EMBA, International Masters in Management, Master of Science in Human Resource Management, Master of Science in Industrial Administration, Master of Science in Finance, Master of Science in Global Entrepreneurship, Master of Science in Global Supply Chain Management and a Weekend MBA. These programs are housed in Rawls Hall. The school also offers a variety of joint programs with other colleges on campus including the combined Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) and Master of Science in Industrial Administration (MSIA), the combined Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering (BSIE) and Master of Business Administration (MBA), and the combined Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering (BSME) and Master of Business Administration (MBA)

In 2020, despite tight alumni classes and a well respected curriculum the School of Business was forced to pause its full time residential MBA program.

Doctoral
The School of Business's Doctoral Programs offer students the opportunity to work closely with first-rate faculty in the areas of Economics, Management (with concentrations in Accounting, Finance, Management Information Systems, Marketing, Operations Management, Quantitative Methods/Management Science, and Strategic Management), and Organizational Behavior & Human Resource Management (OBHR). The School of Business's doctoral programs were ranked #23 in the world for 2009 and #25 for 2013 by Financial Times.

Department of Economics
The Department of Economics at Purdue University is located at Daniels School of Business and offers undergraduate, master's, and PhD in economics. The department has followig centers - Purdue Center for Economic Education, Purdue University Research Center in Economics, Purdue Center for Behavioral Economics, Experiments and Public Policy and also Vernon Smith Experimental Economics Laboratory.

Facilities
The school's facilities are located on the southeastern part of Purdue's West Lafayette campus near the Purdue Memorial Union. The majority of undergraduate classes are conducted in the Krannert Building, which opened in 1964. Rawls Hall is the home of all the classes in the Masters program. Rawls Hall houses 13 electronically equipped classrooms, a professional career center, a multimedia-based auditorium, 25 breakout rooms, distance learning facilities, and sophisticated computer labs. The building is named for business master's alum, Jerry S. Rawls. Rawls, the president and chief executive officer of Finisar Corp., donated $10 million to the Krannert at the Frontier Campaign. The gift was the largest in the school's history and one of the largest at Purdue. In recognition of his generosity, the Purdue Board of Trustees voted in 2000 to name the new facility Jerry S. Rawls Hall. The Jerry Rawls Hall was dedicated on October 2, 2003. In September 2022, Purdue announced a new state-of-the-art building that will be built to hold the increase in students and faculty with an estimated completion of 2026.

Alumni

 * Sam Allen, retired chairman and chief executive officer for Deere & Company
 * Susan Bulkeley Butler, founder and CEO of the SBB Institute, and first female partner of Accenture
 * Drew Brees, retired NFL quarterback for the New Orleans Saints
 * Beth Brooke-Marciniak, global vice chair of public policy for Ernst & Young
 * Doug DeVos, president of Amway
 * Joe Forehand, former chairman and CEO of Accenture
 * Dave Fuente, chairman of SSA & Company
 * Greg Hayes, Chairman of Raytheon Technologies
 * Robbie Hummel, professional basketball player
 * Howard Lance, executive advisor at The Blackstone Group, former chairman, president, and CEO of Harris Corporation
 * Marshall Larsen, retired chairman, president, and CEO at Goodrich
 * Jim Lewis, Senior Vice President of Walt Disney World
 * Preston McAfee, chief economist at Microsoft
 * Jerry S. Rawls, co-founder and chairman of Finisar
 * Marshall Larsen, former CEO and Chairman of Goodrich Corporation

Academia

 * Hugo F. Sonnenschein (PhD 1964), 11th President of University of Chicago
 * Cynthia A. Montgomery, Professor at Harvard Business School
 * Das Narayandas, Professor at Harvard Business School
 * James Cash Jr., Professor at Harvard Business School
 * Michael Baye, Professor at Kelley School of Business
 * Jeffrey J. Reuer, Professor at University of Colorado-Boulder
 * Toby Moskowitz, Professor at the Yale School of Management
 * Arthur VanCleve Hill, Professor at University of Minnesota
 * Anya Samek, Associate Professor at University of California, San Diego
 * James McDonald, Professor at Brigham Young University
 * Sherwin Rosen, Former Distinguished Service Professor in Economics at University of Chicago
 * Arnold C. Cooper, management scholar

Armed Forces

 * Keith A. Taylor, United States Coast Guard Rear Admiral
 * Donald Rice, 17th United States Secretary of the Air Force
 * Nelson F. Gibbs, former Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
 * Terry M. Cross, United States Coast Guard Vice Admiral

Politics and government

 * Joe Barton, former Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * Matt Hostettler, Member of the Indiana House of Representatives
 * Curt Clawson, former Member of the U.S. House of Representatives

Films and others

 * Dulquer Salmaan, Indian film actor
 * Ted Allen, author

Faculty

 * David Malpass, 13th President of the World Bank Group
 * Jeffrey M. Lacker, Former President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
 * Vernon L. Smith, Nobel Prize in Economics (2002)

title: Daniels School of Business


text:
Kevin McCabe (economist)

Kevin McCabe is an American economist and economic theorist. He works in the fields of experimental economics, neuroeconomics and the study of human trust and decision making.

Biography
McCabe spent his early career at the University of Arizona where he began collaborating with Vernon Smith, co-winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics (with Daniel Kahneman). He received his BS in Economics in 1976 from Villanova University and PhD in 1985 from the University of Pennsylvania. He did post-doctoral studies at Washington University in St. Louis with Douglass North.

McCabe is currently professor of Economics, Law, and Neuroscience, and director of the Center for the Study of Neuroeconomics at George Mason University. He is a senior investigator at the Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, the Interdisciplinary Center for Economic Science, and the Mercatus Center.

Research
His research area is the application of experimental methods to economics including experimental economics, economics system design, neuroeconomics, and the use of virtual world technology for experimentation.

He is one of the co-authors of a series of early papers on the ‘trust game.’

Research Papers in Economics placed him in the top five percent of authors by the average rank score metric in May 2016.

He has commented on the possible link between the sex drive and risk taking.

He has described human values such as compassion and forgiveness the "currency of grace".

Journal articles

 * Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and economic behavior, 10(1), 122-142.

 * Hoffman, E., McCabe, K., & Smith, V. L. (1996). Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games. The American economic review, 86(3), 653-660.

 * An article by McCabe was published in the first issue of Journal of Experimental Political Science.

 * Can more be less? An experimental test of the resource curse, (2014) co-authored with Omar Al-Ubaydli and Peter Twieg, Journal of Experimental Political Science, Cambridge University Press

 * Haruvy, Ernan, Li, Sherry X., McCabe, Kevin, & Twieg, Peter (2017). Communication and visibility in public goods provision. Games and Economic Behavior, 105, 276-296.

title: Kevin McCabe (economist)


text:
The Lost Crown of Queen Anne

The Lost Crown of Queen Anne is a text-based adventure computer game written by Robert Wayne Atkinsfor the Commodore 64 and MS-DOS and is a part of the Classic Adventure Series. It was also included on Big Blue Disk #28 and Loadstar #57.

In the game, the player must find Queen Anne's crown. In the game's fictional plot, the crown went missing shortly after the Queen's death in 1714, and was last known to be in the possession of a Sheikh in the Arabian Desert.

Plot
The game begins in the Arabian Desert, where the player's camel has gone lame, and they are out of food and water. Throughout the game, the player must avoid starvation, dehydration, poison traps, and other dangers. The game ends when the player either finds the crown, or dies.

Certain elements of the game are randomized. Although text-based, the screen is split into a map, area description, and inventory of items. At the bottom of the screen are statistics such as hunger, thirst, number of treasures found, total moves, and score.

Legacy
The game was made available by the developer (together with the other games of his career) for download free of charge in 2003.

title: The Lost Crown of Queen Anne


text:
Morrisonville

Morrisonville may refer to:

 * United States
 * Morrisonville, Illinois, a village
 * Morrisonville, New York, a hamlet
 * Morrisonville, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Morrisonville, Louisiana, an abandoned community
 * Morrisonville, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

title: Morrisonville


text:
Antonio de Almeida

Antonio de Almeida is the name of:

 * Antonio de Almeida (conductor) (1928–1997), French conductor
 * António José de Almeida (1866–1929), sixth president of Portugal
 * Antonio de Almeida e Costa (1932–2010), Portuguese naval officer and politician
 * António de Almeida Santos (1926–2016), Portuguese politician

title: Antonio de Almeida


text:
Morrison Bluff

Morrison Bluff may refer to:

 * Morrison Bluff, Arkansas, a town in Logan County, Arkansas, United States
 * Morrison Bluff (Antarctica), a bluff in the Kohler Range, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

title: Morrison Bluff


text: User talk:68.237.236.115

title: User talk:68.237.236.115


text:
Pars Khodro

Pars Khodro is an Iranian automobile manufacturer. It was the first manufacturer of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) in Iran.

History
Formerly, Pars Khodro built American Motors' Rambler and General Motors (GM) products under licence. Its first cars, the Aria and the Shahin, were based on AMC's compact 1966 Rambler American and were launched in 1967. Production ended in 1974. It also built Jeep CJ, Jeep Wagoneer and Jeep Gladiator models under licence. The company was called Sherkat-Sahami Jeep at that time.

In June 1972, Sherkat-Sahami signed a deal with GM and formed General Motors Iran Ltd. GM Iran produced the Opel Commodore under licence from 1974 until 1976, with "Chevrolet Royale" badging. These models featured 2.5- and 2.8-litre engines. After having developed a reputation for reliability problems, the Royale was replaced on the Iranian production lines by the Buick Skylark ("Buick Iran"), Cadillac Seville ("Cadillac Iran") and Chevrolet Nova, along with a Chevrolet pick-up truck. The Jeep continued during this time. These were built until 1981, the Iranian Revolution forcing the cessation of their manufacture and links with GM.

Afterward, Pars Khodro switched to the manufacture of the Nissan Patrol and pickups under licence. The last Patrol was produced in 2002.

In 1995, Pars Khodro acquired an additional Renault 5 assembly line from SAIPA. SAIPA is a fellow Iranian manufacturer who had been making the car since 1976 as a replacement for the Iranian-built Citroën Dyane. The Sepand I and II were versions of the original Renault 5, succeeded by a widened version with Kia Pride underpinnings, called the Sepand PK.

In 2000, 51 per cent of Pars Khodro's shares were purchased by SAIPA, which in turn is 48 per cent owned by the Iranian Government.

Today's range
Pars Khodro has built Renault and Nissan models under licence. Nissan models include the Maxima, Roniz (Xterra), Teana, Patrol, and Safari.

From 2006, Pars Khodro began to manufacture the Dacia Logan, Dacia Sandero and Renault Mégane under license, with the Logan being built in a joint-venture with Renault until 2018 as the Renault Tondar 90.

At the moment, only the SAIPA Renault Pars Tondar (an updated local version of the Tondar 90 ), Pars Khodro H220, Pars Khodro H230, Pars Khodro H320, Pars Khodro Haise and Pars Khodro H330 are being sold. (Production stopped due to US sanctions on Iran)

Current Products

 * Saipa Quik R
 * Pars Khodro Cadilla

title: Pars Khodro


text:
J. Michael Fay

J. Michael Fay (born September 1956, Plainfield, New Jersey) is an American ecologist and conservationist notable for, among other things, the MegaTransect, in which he spent 455 days walking 2,000 miles (3,200 km) across Africa and the MegaFlyover in which he and pilot Peter Ragg spent months flying 70,000 miles in a small plane at low altitude, taking photographs every twenty seconds. Both projects were sponsored by the National Geographic Society, which produced articles and documentaries about the projects.

Biography
Fay graduated in 1978 from the University of Arizona, and then joined the Peace Corps working in Tunisia and the Central African Republic. In 1984 he joined the Missouri Botanical Garden. He completed his doctorate on the western lowland gorilla in 1997, while also surveying large forest blocks by aeroplane and working to create and manage the Dzanga-Sangha park and the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in the Central African Republic and Republic of the Congo. He has worked for the Wildlife Conservation Society since 1990, and was an Explorer in Residence at the National Geographic Society.

In 2006, Fay and National Geographic photographer Michael Nichols traveled to Zakouma National Park to document the danger poachers create for the world's largest remaining concentration of elephants. Their trip resulted in Ivory Wars, Last Stand in Zakouma. He has testified before the United States Congress on the need for preservation of wildlife and habitat.

As of 2022, he is working on conservation projects in Gabon with the Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux.

title: J. Michael Fay


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Attraction pathology

Attraction pathology
Attraction pathology was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

I ran across this article, and it had a lot of original research in it. I made a serious attempt to cleanup this article. I thought about it over the weekend, and decided the article itself really doesn't have anything left to it, now that all the opinion and original research has been removed. Furthermore, when I was doing the editing last week, I did a google search of the term "attraction pathology" http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&c2coff=1&q=%22attraction+pathology%22 and apart from self referential links from mirrors, there's really nothing there. So... I vote for deletion. --Frogcat 19:42, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

... oh, and there aren't any "real" pages that link to it --Frogcat 19:56, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: I looked at the original article. None of the concepts mentionned are new or original research, it's just the way the author grouped them all together and called them "attraction pathology" (which really shouldn't be done). There's no potential here. Delete. --jag123 21:26, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Was this listed on Clean Up? It seems like one of those ideas that attracts idle speculation and original research, yes.  (A German friend had a "thoroughbred fireplug" theory to explain short, bald men with gorgeous super-model women.  He had a lot of details for this theory.  Seems like "attraction pathology" is somewhere in that ballpark.)  If it's not in use in psychology, we must delete. Geogre 01:57, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: original research. At best, redirect to a relevant article.  -Sean Curtin 23:52, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are 3 headings followed by "No studies have been done on the effects of attraction pathology." In other words, it's saying nothing of use. What kind of idiot writes an article then denies the topic exists? Can this page. EventHorizon 03:58, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That wasn't part of the original article. 64.70.34.251 removed all non NPOV material and put "No studies..." instead of just removing the headers. --jag123 10:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I initially "boldly edited" the article to pull all the opinion, original research, soapboxing, etc. I wasn't logged in at the time.  After thinking about the edits for a few days, I thought that the whole article didn't belong...  --Frogcat 21:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, this classification is not notable. Wyss 12:46, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
António José de Almeida

António José de Almeida, GCTE, GCC, GCA, GCSE (27 July 1866 – 31 October 1929), was a Portuguese politician who served as the sixth president of Portugal from 1919 to 1923.

Early career
Born in Penacova to José António de Almeida and his wife Maria Rita das Neves, Almeida studied medicine at the University of Coimbra and became a medical doctor. During his term as Minister for the Interior, he was the founder of both the University of Lisbon and the University of Porto in 1911. He was one of the most eloquent republican tribunes, and, after the 5 October 1910 revolution, as interior minister he led the moderate wing of the Portuguese Republican Party, that opposed Afonso Costa. The moderates elected Manuel de Arriaga for first elected President, on 24 August 1911, defeating Afonso Costa's candidate, Bernardino Machado.

António José de Almeida founded his own party, the Evolutionist Party, that was in the opposition. On 12 June 1916 he became Minister for Finance and also Prime Minister of Portugal. Later, both the Evolutionist Party and the Republican Union, Manuel de Brito Camacho's party, joined to form the new Republican Liberal Party, in 1919, that went on to win the legislative elections.

Presidency
On 6 August 1919, António José de Almeida was elected the 6th President of the Republic, and was the only President of the First Republic, that completed the full four years mandate. He faced the greatest political instability of the regime and almost resigned. He was also remembered for his voyage to Brazil, in 1922, during the centennial of that country's independence from Portugal, where he was noted as a brilliant speaker.

Personal life
He married on 14 December 1910 to Maria Joana de Morais Perdigão Queiroga, daughter with her younger sisters Antónia and Catarina of Joaquim José Perdigão Queiroga (b. Évora) and first wife Maria Cândida de Morais and half-sister of Perdigão Queiroga. On 27 December 1911 they had an only daughter Maria Teresa Queiroga de Almeida, married to medical doctor Júlio Gomes da Cunha de Abreu.

Honours

 * PRT Three Orders BAR.svg Sash and Grand-Cross of the Three Orders, as President of the Republic and Grand-Master of the Portuguese Honorific Orders (1919–1923)
 * PRT Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand-Cross of the Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit, Portugal (July 10, 1919)
 * PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ, Portugal (October 16, 1919)
 * PRT Military Order of Aviz - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand-Cross of the Order of Aviz, Portugal (October 16, 1919)
 * PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand-Cross of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Portugal (October 16, 1919)

title: António José de Almeida


text:
1889 in rail transport

January events

 * January 16 – The Mito Line between Mito and Oyama, Japan, begins passenger train operations.
 * January 28 – The last passenger car of a Chicago and North Western Railroad train derails and overturns and is then dragged over tree stumps near Elmwood, Michigan; Michigan's Lieutenant Governor and an acquaintance are killed in the accident.

March events

 * March 25 – Inauguration of Lansdowne Bridge over Indus River completes the Indus Valley State Railway through route between Karachi and Lahore in British India.

May events

 * May 1 – Opening of Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge north of Sydney, Australia.

June events

 * June 1 – The first direct Orient Express is operated from Paris to Constantinople.
 * June 12 – The Armagh rail disaster occurs near Armagh, Ireland: runaway carriages collide with an oncoming train, killing 80, and spurring the Parliament of the United Kingdom to pass the Regulation of Railways Act 1889, mandating improved brake and signal systems.
 * June 30 – The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (the Big Four Railroad) is formed through the merger of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Company, the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chicago Railway Company and the Indianapolis and St. Louis Railway Company.

July events

 * July 1
 * The railway between Tokyo and Kobe, Japan (now known as the Tōkaidō Main Line) is completed.
 * A first section of Cumana Railway Line, Naples to Patamia Spa route officially completed, and regular operation service to start in Campania Region, Italy.
 * July 9 – The Housatonic Railroad leases the New Haven and Derby Railroad.
 * July 17 – The Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad, in Colorado, is sold from receivership to the Denver, Leadville and Gunnison Railway.

August events

 * August 3 – Opening of Hawarden Bridge, Wales.
 * August 20 – First section of Steyr Valley Railway in Upper Austria opened.

September events

 * September 18 – The Minneapolis and St. Cloud Railroad is reorganized as the Great Northern Railway.
 * September 30 – Official opening of Palmerston to Pine Creek railway, first section of North Australia Railway, from Darwin to Birdum, Northern Territory.

October events

 * October 15 – Amsterdam's Centraal Station, designed by P. J. H. Cuypers and Al Van Gendt, opens.

November events

 * November 7 – Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway consolidates several of its subsidiary railroads in California into the Southern California Railway.

December events

 * December 28 – The first interurban tram-train to emerge in the United States is the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio.

Unknown date events

 * Darjeeling Himalayan Railway takes delivery of first four Class B locomotives from Sharp, Stewart and Company of Glasgow: the design will remain in service into the 21st century.
 * Riga–Pskov railway line connected with the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway in Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire is opened for traffic.
 * First section of Luanda Railway opens in Portuguese Angola.
 * State Belt Railroad begins operations in San Francisco.

Unknown date births

 * Fred Gurley, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1944–1957 (d. 1976).

October deaths

 * October 15 – Sir Daniel Gooch, Chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway 1837–1864 (b. 1816).

November deaths

 * November 13 – Samuel Morton Peto, English railway contractor (b. 1809).
 * November 24 – George H. Pendleton, president of Kentucky Central Railroad 1869-1879, dies (b. 1825).

December deaths

 * December 13 – Franklin B. Gowen, president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad 1866–1883 (b. 1836).
 * December 20 – William Stroudley, locomotive and carriage superintendent for Highland Railway 1865–1870; locomotive superintendent at London, Brighton and South Coast Railway's Brighton Works 1870–1889, dies (b. 1833).

title: 1889 in rail transport


text:
Category:Fort Wayne, Indiana

Articles related to the city of Fort Wayne in the U.S. state of Indiana.

title: Category:Fort Wayne, Indiana


text:
User:Ethanz

Ethanz is Ethan Zuckerman. I'm a blogger, social entrepreneur and researcher on internet and media issues. I teach at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst where I have affiliations with the School for Public Policy, the Communication department and the College of Information and Computer Science. I'm co-founder of Global Voices Online. I blog at My Heart's in Accra.

title: User:Ethanz


text:
1922 in rail transport

May events

 * May 17 – The Arkansas Short Line Railroad, a predecessor of St. Louis Southwestern Railway, is incorporated.

July events

 * July 1 – The Great Railroad Strike of 1922 begins in the United States, coinciding with a reduction in railroad shop wages by seven cents per day mandated by the Railroad Labor Board. Continues until September 1.

August events

 * August 31 – H. L. Hamilton and Paul Turner form a company called Electro-Motive Engineering (later to become General Motors Electro-Motive Division) in Cleveland, Ohio.

October events

 * October – International Union of Railways (UIC) established in Paris to promote co-operation and standardisation.
 * October 22 – Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof (first stage) opened in Germany.

November events

 * The first Willamette locomotive is built for Coos Bay Lumber Company of Marshfield, Oregon.
 * July 26 – The Drammen Line in Norway takes electric traction into use between Oslo West Station and Brakerøya.

December events

 * December 9 – Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée resumes the Calais-Mediterranée Express, now known as Le Train Bleu because of its Wagons-Lits cars, between Calais Gare Maritime and Menton on the French Riviera.

Unknown date events

 * The New York Central acquires the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad (the Big Four Railroad).
 * Sir Henry Thornton succeeds David Blyth Hanna as president of Canadian National Railway.
 * George Hughes succeeds H. P. M. Beames as Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Western Railway.

February births

 * February 27 – Robert B. Claytor, president of Norfolk and Western Railway (died 1993)

March births

 * March 22 – Livio Dante Porta, Argentinian steam locomotive mechanical engineer (died 2003)

July births

 * July 20 – Alan Stephenson Boyd, first United States Secretary of Transportation 1966–1969, president of Illinois Central Railroad 1969-1972, president of Amtrak (died 2020)

title: 1922 in rail transport


text:
James V. Allred

James Burr V. Allred (March 29, 1899 – September 24, 1959) was the 33rd governor of Texas. He later served, twice, as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Education and career
Born on March 29, 1899, in Bowie, Texas, the son of Renne Allred Sr. and Mary Magdalene (Henson), Allred graduated from Bowie High School in 1917. He enrolled at Rice Institute (now Rice University) but withdrew for financial reasons. He then served with the United States Immigration Service. He served in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919. He received a Bachelor of Laws in 1921 from Cumberland School of Law (then part of Cumberland University, now part of Samford University). He was in private practice in Wichita Falls, Texas from 1921 to 1923 and from 1926 to 1931. He was district attorney in Wichita Falls from 1923 to 1926. He was Attorney General of Texas from 1931 to 1935. He was Governor of Texas from 1935 to 1939. He was an ardent Democrat and supporter of the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

First district court term
Allred received a recess appointment to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas on July 11, 1938, but he declined the appointment. He was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 5, 1939, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, to a new seat authorized by 52 Stat. 584. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 16, 1939, and received his commission on February 23, 1939. His service ended on May 15, 1942, due to his resignation.

Senate run and intervening service
Allred was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate from Texas in 1942. He then returned to private practice in Houston, Texas, from 1943 to 1949.

Second district court term
Allred was nominated by President Harry S. Truman on September 23, 1949, to the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas, to a new seat authorized by 63 Stat. 493. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 12, 1949, and received his commission on October 13, 1949. His service ended with his death on September 24, 1959, in Corpus Christi, Texas.

Honor
James V. Allred Unit, a Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) state prison for men in Wichita Falls, Texas, is named for Allred.

Personal life
U.S. Representative and 2024 Senate candidate Colin Allred claims to be related to James V. Allred.

title: James V. Allred


text:
1907 in rail transport

February events

 * February – Great Western Railway of England begins production of Star Class 4-6-0 locomotives at its Swindon Works, beginning a series of successful 4-cylinder designs.

March events

 * March 4 – The first section of the Market–Frankford Line opens in Philadelphia from 69th Street Terminal to a loop around City Hall at 15th Street.

April events

 * April 15 – William Nelson Page is named president of the newly formed Virginian Railway.

May events

 * May 18 – The Ravenswood branch of the old Northwestern Elevated system of the Chicago 'L' (today's Brown Line), opens for service between the Loop and Western and Leland Avenues in Lincoln Square.
 * May 22 – Philadelphia & Western Railroad makes its inaugural run.

June events

 * June 20 – Construction begins on what would become the Causeway Street Elevated streetcar line in Boston.
 * June 22 - Opening of the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway in London, a deep tube railway which now forms part of the London Underground's Northern line.
 * June 26 - The Pennsylvania Tunnel & Terminal Railroad is formed from the merger of the Pennsylvania, New Jersey & New York Railroad and the Pennsylvania, New York & Long Island Railroad; the new railroad company is chartered to build the New York Tunnel Extensions beneath the Hudson River that will connect the Pennsylvania Railroad to Pennsylvania Station in New York City.

July events

 * July 1 – All New York Central Railroad services into and out of Grand Central Terminal in New York City are electrically hauled.

August events

 * August 4 – Following a locomotive derailment, the railway bridge over the Loire at Les Ponts-de-Cé in France collapses. 27 are killed. The bridge reopens a year later.
 * August 29 – Due to faulty design, the cantilever bridge over the St Lawrence River at Quebec City collapses while being built. Between 70 and 84 workers are killed. It will take 10 years to rebuild and complete the project.

October events

 * October 1
 * Pacific Fruit Express (PFE) begins operation with a fleet of 6,600 refrigerator cars.
 * The Empire of Japan completes the nationalization of nationwide 17 private railroads.
 * October 15 – 18 die as a result of the Shrewsbury rail accident on the London & North Western Railway when a sleeping car train is derailed passing through Shrewsbury station, England, at excessive speed.
 * October 27 – Washington Union Station although still unfinished, opens.

November events

 * November 7 – Jesús García Corona is blown up driving a burning dynamite train away from a populated area of Nacozari, Sonora.

December events

 * December 8 – The Southern Pacific Bay Shore Cut-Off is opened for revenue service between San Francisco and San Bruno, California.
 * December 14 – The Ravenswood extension on what is now the Brown Line opens between Western Avenue and the current terminal at Kimball and Lawrence Avenues in Albany Park.

Unknown date events

 * Government of India purchases most major railway companies and leases them back to private operators.
 * Electrification of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad: The New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad electrifies its mainline between Stamford and Woodlawn using a high-voltage (11 kV) AC single-phase 25 Hz overhead line system with a triangular cross-section catenary.
 * The Deepwater Railway and the Tidewater Railway combine to form the Virginian Railway.
 * Stearns Manufacturing Company is reorganized as Heisler Locomotive Works.
 * The Apalachicola Northern Railroad runs its first train northward from Apalachicola, Florida.
 * Edward Harriman removes Stuyvesant Fish from the presidency of the Illinois Central.
 * Pennsylvania Railroad builds its third experimental electric locomotive, number 10003, the forerunner of the Pennsylvania Railroad class DD1 class of locomotives.
 * The Lackawanna Railroad opens its Beaux Arts station in Hoboken, NJ.

June births

 * June 2 - Eric Treacy, British Anglican bishop and railway photographer (died 1978).

November births

 * November 1 - Terence Cuneo, British railway artist (died 1996).

May deaths

 * May 19 - Benjamin Baker, British civil engineer, designer of the Forth Railway Bridge (born 1840).

October deaths

 * October 3 – Jacob Nash Victor, oversaw construction for the California Southern Railroad from San Diego through Cajon Pass to Barstow, California (b. 1835).

title: 1907 in rail transport