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Granulite

Granulites are a class of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the granulite facies that have experienced high-temperature and moderate-pressure metamorphism. They are medium to coarse–grained and mainly composed of feldspars sometimes associated with quartz and anhydrous ferromagnesian minerals, with granoblastic texture and gneissose to massive structure. They are of particular interest to geologists because many granulites represent samples of the deep continental crust. Some granulites experienced decompression from deep in the Earth to shallower crustal levels at high temperature; others cooled while remaining at depth in the Earth.

The minerals present in a granulite will vary depending on the parent rock of the granulite and the temperature and pressure conditions experienced during metamorphism. A common type of granulite found in high-grade metamorphic rocks of the continents contains pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar and accessory garnet, oxides and possibly amphiboles. Both clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene may be present, and in fact, the coexistence of clino- and orthopyroxene in a metabasite (metamorphed basalt) defines the granulite facies.

A granulite may be visually quite distinct with abundant small pink or red pyralspite garnets in a 'granular' holocrystalline matrix. Concentrations of garnets, micas, or amphiboles may form along a linear pattern resembling gneiss or migmatite banding.

Formation
Granulites form at crustal depths, typically during regional metamorphism at high thermal gradients of greater than 30 °C/km. In continental crustal rocks, biotite may break down at high temperatures to form orthopyroxene + potassium feldspar + water, producing a granulite. Other possible minerals formed at dehydration melting conditions include sapphirine, spinel, sillimanite, and osumilite. Some assemblages such as sapphirine + quartz indicate very high temperatures of greater than 900 °C. Some granulites may represent the residues of partial melting at extraction of felsic melts in variable amounts, and in extreme cases represent rocks that all constituent minerals are anhydrous and thus look as if they did not melt at ultrahigh temperature conditions. Therefore, very high temperatures of 900 to 1150 °C are even necessary to produce the granulite-facies mineral assemblages. Such high temperatures at crustal depths only can be delivered by upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle in continental rifting settings, which can cause the regional metamorphism at the high thermal gradients of greater than 30 °C/km.

Granulite facies
The granulite facies is determined by the lower temperature boundary of 700 ± 50 °C and the pressure range of 2–15 kb. The most common mineral assemblage of granulite facies consists of antiperthitic plagioclase, alkali feldspar containing up to 50% albite and Al2O3-rich pyroxenes.

Transition between amphibolite and granulite facies is defined by these reaction isograds:

 * amphibole → pyroxene + H2O

 * biotite → K-feldspar + garnet + orthopyroxene + H2O.

Hornblende granulite subfacies is a transitional coexistence region of anhydrous and hydrated ferromagnesian minerals, so the above-mentioned isograds mark the boundary with pyroxene granulite subfacies – facies with completely anhydrous mineral assemblages.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica definition
Granulite (Latin granulum, "a little grain") is a name used by petrographers to designate two distinct classes of rocks. According to the terminology of the French school it signifies a granite in which both kinds of mica (muscovite and biotite) occur, and corresponds to the German Granit, or to the English muscovite biotite granite. This application has not been accepted generally. [This granitic meaning of granulite is now obsolete.] To the German petrologists granulite means a more or less banded fine-grained metamorphic rock, consisting mainly of quartz and feldspar in very small irregular crystals and usually also containing a fair number of minute, rounded, pale-red garnets. Among English and American geologists the term is generally employed in this sense.

The granulites are very closely allied to the gneisses, as they consist of nearly the same minerals, but they are finer-grained, have usually less perfect foliation, are more frequently garnetiferous, and have some special features of microscopic structure. In the rocks of this group the minerals, as seen in a microscopic slide, occur as small rounded grains forming a closely fitted mosaic. The individual crystals never have perfect form, and indeed traces of it are rare. In some granulites they interlock, with irregular borders; in others they have been drawn out and flattened into tapering lenticles by crushing. In most cases they are somewhat rounded with smaller grains between the larger. This is especially true of the quartz and feldspar which are the predominant minerals; mica always appears as flat scales (irregular or rounded but not hexagonal). Both muscovite and biotite may be present and vary considerably in abundance; very commonly they have their flat sides parallel and give the rock a rudimentary schistosity, and they may be aggregated into bands in which case the granulites are indistinguishable from certain varieties of gneiss. The garnets are very generally larger than the above-mentioned ingredients, and easily visible with the eye as pink spots on the broken surfaces of the rock. They usually are filled with enclosed grains of the other minerals.

The feldspar of the granulites is mostly orthoclase or cryptoperthite; microcline, oligoclase and albite are also common. Basic feldspars occur only rarely. Among accessory minerals, in addition to apatite, zircon, and iron oxides, the following may be mentioned: hornblende (not common), riebeckite (rare), epidote and zoisite, calcite, sphene, andalusite, sillimanite, kyanite, hercynite (a green spinel), rutile, orthite and tourmaline. Though occasionally we may find larger grains of feldspar, quartz or epidote, it is more characteristic of these rocks that all the minerals are in small, nearly uniform, imperfectly shaped individuals.

On account of the minuteness with which it has been described and the important controversies on points of theoretical geology which have arisen regarding it, the granulite district of Saxony (in the area of Rosswein and Penig) in Germany may be considered the typical region for rocks of this group. It should be remembered that though granulites are probably the commonest rocks of this country, they are mingled with granites, gneisses, gabbros, amphibolites, mica schists and many other petrographical types. All of these rocks show more-or-less metamorphism either of a thermal character or due to pressure and crushing. The granites pass into gneiss and granulite; the gabbros into flaser gabbro and amphibolite; the slates often contain andalusite or chiastolite, and show transitions to mica schists. At one time these rocks were regarded as Archean gneisses of a special type. Johannes Georg Lehmann propounded the hypothesis that their present state was due principally to crushing acting on them in a solid condition, grinding them down and breaking up their minerals, while the pressure to which they were subjected welded them together into coherent rock. It is now believed, however, that they are comparatively recent and include sedimentary rocks, partly of Palaeozoic age, and intrusive masses which may be nearly massive or may have gneissose, flaser or granulitic structures. These have been developed largely by the injection of semi-consolidated highly viscous intrusions, and the varieties of texture are original or were produced very shortly after the crystallization of the rocks. Meanwhile, however, Lehmanns advocacy of post-consolidation crushing as a factor in the development of granulites has been so successful that the terms granulitization and granulitic structures are widely employed to indicate the results of dynamometamorphism acting on rocks at a period long after their solidification.

The Saxon granulites are apparently for the most part igneous and correspond in composition to granites and porphyries. There are, however, many granulites which undoubtedly were originally sediments (arkoses, grits and sandstones). A large part of the highlands of Scotland consists of paragranulites of this kind, which have received the group name of Moine gneisses.

Along with the typical acid granulites above described, in Saxony, India, Scotland and other countries there occur dark-colored basic granulites (trap granulites). These are fine-grained rocks, not usually banded, nearly black in color with small red spots of garnet. Their essential minerals are pyroxene, plagioclase and garnet: chemically they resemble the gabbros. Green augite and hypersthene form a considerable part of these rocks, they may contain also biotite, hornblende and quartz. Around the garnets there is often a radial grouping of small grains of pyroxene and hornblende in a clear matrix of feldspar: these centric structures are frequent in granulites. The rocks of this group accompany gabbro and serpentine, but the exact conditions under which they are formed and the significance of their structures is not very clearly understood.

title: Granulite


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Ruthie Henshall

Valentine Ruth Henshall (born 7 March 1967), known professionally as Ruthie Henshall, is an English actress, singer and dancer, known for her work in musical theatre. She began her professional stage career in 1986, before making her West End debut in Cats in 1987. A five-time Olivier Award nominee, she won the 1995 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her role as Amalia Balash in the London revival of She Loves Me (1994).

Henshall's other Olivier nominated roles are Polly Baker in the original London production of Crazy for You (1993–1994), Roxie Hart in the revival of Chicago (1997–1998) and the title roles in the original productions of Peggy Sue Got Married (2001) and Marguerite (2008). She made her Broadway debut in 1999 as Velma Kelly in Chicago and returned to the Broadway production to play Roxie Hart in 2010. She also starred as Mrs Wilkinson for two years in the West End production of Billy Elliot the Musical (2014–2016). She returned to television acting in 2021 by appearing as Miranda Evans in the BBC soap opera Doctors.

Early and personal life
Henshall was born on 7 March 1967 in Orpington, London. Her father, David, was a journalist, later the editor of the East Anglian Daily Times, a Suffolk morning newspaper. Henshall dated Prince Edward for a number of years, before becoming engaged to actor John Gordon Sinclair. After she took the role of Velma Kelly in Chicago on Broadway, the relationship ended. She met actor and singer Tim Howar, her male co-star lead in the West End production of Peggy Sue Got Married. The couple married in 2004 and have two daughters, Lily and Dolly. The couple separated in August 2009 and later divorced in January 2010.

Career
Prior to making her stage debut at the age of 19, Henshall trained at Laine Theatre Arts in Epsom, Surrey. Her debut performance was in the Cascade Revue at the West Cliff Theatre in Clacton-on-Sea. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, she took part in a touring production of A Chorus Line as Maggie. Her West End debut came shortly thereafter when she was cast in Cats, making appearances as Jemima, Demeter, Griddlebone and Grizabella.

In 1988, at the age of 21, Henshall was cast in Miss Saigon as one of the bargirls, showing at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She then went on to originate the role of Aphra in Children of Eden at the Prince Edward Theatre. The summer of 1989 saw her at the Chichester Festival Theatre performing in plays by Shakespeare, Molière as well as a role in the musical Valentine's Day, based on You Can Never Tell by George Bernard Shaw.

In 1992, at the age of 25, Henshall was cast as Fantine in Les Misérables. Her first starring role came in the 1993 trans-Atlantic transfer of the Broadway production Crazy for You which opened at the Prince Edward Theatre. Her performance earned her the first of five Olivier Award nominations. In 1995, Henshall starred in She Loves Me, winning the Olivier as Best Actress in a Musical. That same year, she performed a concert of Gershwin songs at London's Royal Festival Hall. Later, in October, she recreated her role of Fantine for the 10th Anniversary Concert performance of Les Misérables at the Royal Albert Hall. In 1996, she took on the role of Nancy in producer Cameron Mackintosh's hit revival of Oliver! at the London Palladium. In 1997, Henshall originated the role of Roxie Hart in the West End transfer of the Broadway revival of Chicago. For this role, she received her third Olivier nomination for Best Actress in a Musical, which went to her co-star Ute Lemper.

Henshall was cast in the title role of the stage musical adaptation of the Francis Ford Coppola film Peggy Sue Got Married, which opened in London in August 2001 to mixed reviews. Although it closed after a run of just eight weeks, she was once again nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for her performance.

Henshall has also appeared at the Chichester Festival Theatre, has toured Britain in the revue The Magnificent Musicals, and has performed in Hey, Mr. Producer!, a celebration of the works of Cameron Mackintosh. Her solo recordings include The Ruthie Henshall Album, Pilgrim, and Love Is Here to Stay, a collection of Gershwin tunes. She succeeded the role of Marian Halcombe from Maria Friedman in Andrew Lloyd Webber's The Woman in White, from July 2005 until February 2006. She was also cast in the title role in Marguerite, a new musical from the pens of Michel Legrand, Herbert Kretzmer, Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg. The show opened on 7 May 2008 at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London, but closed early on 13 September 2008.

Henshall's Broadway credits include Stephen Sondheim's Putting It Together, Chicago (as both Velma and Roxie), and off-Broadway The Vagina Monologues. In 2000 she guest-starred in an episode of Law & Order titled "Panic"; she played an author named P.K. Todd. Her first feature film, a musical version of A Christmas Carol with Kelsey Grammer, aired on NBC in the United States in November 2004 and was released as a commercial attraction to theatres in the UK and Europe. In January 2006 she appeared in the four-part BBC Television series The Sound of Musicals.

In 2008, Henshall replaced Natalia Bestemianova as a judge on the ITV1 show Dancing on Ice alongside Robin Cousins, Karen Barber, Nicky Slater and Jason Gardiner. Her appointment to The Ice Panel caused some controversy as she was the only judge with no experience in ice skating. She returned for a second series in 2009. Following the conclusion of the 2009 series, Henshall said on Angela and Friends the Sky1 TV programme that she was glad that she was away from Dancing on Ice. Her replacement for the 2010 series was Emma Bunton.

Henshall performed two evening concerts with Kim Criswell entitled From Broadway to Hollywood at London's Cadogan Hall in the summer of 2009.

She returned to the role of Roxie in Chicago at the Cambridge Theatre, London, on 14 December 2009 and completed her run on 24 April 2010. This was the second time Henshall played the role in London, having created it in 1997. She stated in an interview that she felt more comfortable in the part the second time around, being in her forties. She has stated that, "Anyone who plays the role of Roxie should be in their forties, as they have lived and learned". She has also recently played Roxie in the Broadway company of Chicago.

In March 2011, Henshall took the role of Elvira in the classic play Blithe Spirit in the West End, after playing the role in several regional theatre engagements.

In 2011 she also appeared as a theatre actor in an episode of the HBO comedy Curb Your Enthusiasm that aired 14 August, as well as a lawyer in The Case, a 5-part legal drama that aired from 31 October to 4 November on BBC One.

In February 2012 it was announced that Henshall will headline a concert of Side by Side by Sondheim in Australia. Henshall took a purely acting role as billionaire Stephanie Gaunt in the CBBC series Wizards vs Aliens in 2012. Henshall and Daniel Bowling (director of musicals) have written a book, So You Want to Be in Musicals?, published in 2012. In 2014, it was announced that she would play Mrs Wilkinson in Billy Elliot the Musical from 12 May. After two years in the production, she became the final actress to take on the role before the show's closure.

In 2020, it was confirmed that Henshall would be participating in the twentieth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here. She was eliminated on 29 November, finishing in 11th place. In March 2021, she began appearing in the BBC soap opera Doctors as Miranda Evans.

In 2022, Henshall starred in the revival of Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's musical Passion at the Hope Mill Theatre in Manchester, playing Fosca.

Stage credits

 * A Chorus Line (UK tour, 1987) as Maggie
 * Cats (London cast, 1987–1989) as Jemima, Demeter, Jellyorum, Griddlebone, Grizabella
 * Bernadette (Concept album, 1989) Performer
 * Miss Saigon (Original London cast, 1989–1990) as Bar Girl, Ellen
 * Children of Eden (Original London cast, 1991) as Aphra
 * Henry VIII (Chichester Festival Theater, 1991) as Lady in Waiting
 * The Sisterhood (Chichester cast, 1991) as Martine
 * Valentine's Day (Chichester cast, 1991) as Mabel
 * Follow the Star (Chichester Festival Theatre, 1991–1992) as Mary
 * Les Misérables (London cast, 1992) as Fantine
 * Godspell (Studio cast, 1993) Performer
 * Crazy for You (Original London cast, 1993–1994) as Polly Baker
 * She Loves Me (London revival cast, 1994) as Amalia Balash
 * Annie (Studio cast, 1995) Performer
 * Miss Saigon (Studio cast, 1995) as Ellen
 * Les Misérables (London concert cast, 1995) as Fantine
 * Crazy for You (Toronto cast) as Polly Baker
 * Oliver! (London cast, 1996) as Nancy
 * Divorce Me, Darling! (Chichester Festival cast, 1997) as Polly Brockhurst
 * Chicago (London and Broadway revival cast, 1997–1998, 1999, 2010) as Roxie Hart
 * Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 (New York concert cast, 1999) Roles originated by Gertrude Niesen
 * Chicago (Broadway cast, 1999) as Velma Kelly
 * Putting It Together (Broadway revival, 1999) as The Younger Woman
 * The Vagina Monologues (Original Off-Broadway production, 2000)
 * Miss Saigon (Broadway cast), (Broadway cast replacement, 31 December 2000 – 28 January 2001) as Ellen
 * Peggy Sue Got Married (Original London Production, 2001) as Peggy Sue
 * The Vagina Monologues (London cast, 2001–2002)
 * The Boy from Oz (New York workshop, 2002) as Liza Minnelli
 * Chicago (London cast, 2003) Velma Kelly
 * Fosse (UK Tour, 2003)
 * The Woman in White (Original London production, 2004–2005) as Marian
 * The Other Woman (Ensemble Studio Theatre, New York, 2006) as Emma
 * Stairway to Paradise (New York City Center, 2007)
 * Marguerite (Original London production, 2008) as Marguerite
 * Chicago (Cambridge Theatre, 2009) as Roxie Hart
 * Blithe Spirit (Apollo Theatre, 2011) as Elvira
 * Side by Side by Sondheim (Theatre Royal, Sydney, 2012) Headliner
 * Guys and Dolls (Concert version, Cadogan Hall, 2012) as Adelaide
 * Billy Elliot (West End cast, Victoria Palace Theatre, 2014–2016) as Mrs.Wilkinson
 * Chicago (West End revival, Phoenix Theatre, 2018) as Mama Morton
 * Children Of Eden (30th anniversary concert, Cadogan Hall, 2021) as The Snake
 * Passion (Hope Mill Theatre, revival, 2022) as Fosca
 * 42nd Street (West End revival, 2023–2024) as Dorothy Brock

Olivier nominations
Henshall has been nominated five times for the UK's most prestigious theatre award, the Laurence Olivier Award, winning once.
 * 1993 Best Actress in a Musical for Crazy for You – nominated
 * 1995 Best Actress in a Musical for She Loves Me – won
 * 1998 Best Actress in a Musical for Chicago – nominated
 * 2002 Best Actress in a Musical for Peggy Sue Got Married – nominated
 * 2009 Best Actress in a Musical for Marguerite – nominated

Solo albums

 * I've Loved these Days
 * The Ruthie Henshall Album
 * Pilgrim
 * Ruthie Henshall Sings Gershwin

Guest vocals and compilations

 * I Love Musicals
 * Sondheim – The Stephen Sondheim Album
 * Showstoppers: Dudu Fisher
 * Brent Barrett: The Kander and Ebb Album

Cast recordings

 * 1991: Children of Eden (Original London cast)
 * 1993: Crazy for You (Original London cast)
 * 1994: She Loves Me (1994 London revival cast)
 * 1995: Miss Saigon (1995 studio cast)
 * 1995: Les Misérables 10th Anniversary Concert
 * 1997: Godspell (1993 London studio cast)
 * 1998: She Loves Me (1994 London cast)
 * 1998: Divorce Me, Darling! (1997 Chichester cast)
 * 1998: Annie (London studio cast)
 * 1998: Chicago – The Musical (1998 London cast)
 * 1998: Hey, Mr. Producer!
 * 1999: Miss Saigon (1995 studio cast – highlights)
 * 2001: Ziegfeld Follies of 1936
 * 2004: A Christmas Carol (Original soundtrack from the Hallmark TV production)
 * 2008: Marguerite (Original London cast recording)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ruthie Henshall


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Saintfield

Saintfield is a village and civil parish in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is about halfway between Belfast and Downpatrick on the A7 road. It had a population of 3,588 in the 2021 Census, made up mostly of commuters working in both south and central Belfast, which is about 18 km away. The population of the surrounding countryside is mostly involved in farming.

Running east to west across the A7 is the B6 road, and to the west of this crossroads is Main Street, which takes one towards Lisburn and Ballynahinch, and to the east is Station Road which takes one towards Killyleagh.

History
The area that is now Saintfield was historically called Tawnaghnym (recorded in 1605) or Taunaghnieve (recorded in 1663), which is believed to come from the Irish Tamhnach Naomh or Tamhnaigh Naomh, meaning "field of saints". The English translation, Saintfield, did not come into use until the 18th century.

In the 16th century, the Saintfield area was part of South Clannaboy owned by Sir Con McNeil Oge O'Neil. His lands were confiscated after a false accusation of disloyalty in 1602 and were granted to Sir James Hamilton in 1605 who 'planted' English and Scottish settlers in the area. Saintfield was originally an early 17th-century settlement, with the first church being built about 1633. In 1709 Hamilton sold the estate to Major General Nicholas Price of Hollymount, County Down, who laid the foundations of the town and renamed it Saintfield in 1712.

Nicholas Price remained owner of the village until his death in 1734 and encouraged linen manufacturers and tradesmen to settle, established a barracks, repaired the parish church and established markets and fairs. The village had a number of corn, flour and flax mills, the remains of which are visible today, and has retained a tradition of textile manufacture through Saintfield Yarns. Development was continued by the Price family and in 1750 the family, headed by Francis Price, grandson of Nicholas, moved to a newly built Saintfield House, just north of the village.

Multiple churches were built in the late 1700s. The Price family rebuilt the Church of Ireland parish church in 1776, including an older church in the construction. The First Presbyterian Church was built one year later despite Presbyterian worship existing since the early 1600s. Society of United Irishmen members killed at the Battle of Saintfield in June 1798 are buried here. A Roman Catholic church was built in 1787 as the Chapel of the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

A new Roman Catholic Church (Mary Mother of the Church) was built to a Romanesque design and opened in December 1965 off the A7 road. It can seat up to 600 people and was the highpoint of the pastorate of Fr. Hugh O'Neill PP.

A Second Presbyterian Church was built in 1796 on the Ballynahinch Road. The architectural and historic significance of the town centre is reflected in its designation as a Conservation Area in 1997.

1798 in Saintfield
In 1792 the Presbyterian minister Thomas Ledlie Birch convened a Saintfield branch of the Society of United Irishmen, founded the year before by liberal Protestant in Belfast, and moved their first resolutions. These called for "a more equal representation of the people" in the Parliament in Dublin and the recognition of "our brethren Roman Catholics as men deprived of their just rights". Faced with growing repression, the United Irishmen launched a rebellion in 1798, which began with a largely Catholic uprising in Leinster but quickly spread to the Presbyterian Ulster.

On 9 June 1798, a British force was ambushed in a wood near Saintfield. About 100 men were killed altogether, and the United Irishmen emerged victorious. The headstones of men who were killed in this battle can be seen near the river at the bottom of the First Presbyterian Church graveyard. Following a patriotic sermon delivered by Birch, the insurgents marched south to the main rebel encampment at Ballynahinch, where on 13 June they were routed by government forces. In the aftermath of the battle, Saintfield was sacked and only a few pre-1798 buildings remain.

The village was subsequently rebuilt. In 1802 the Price family residence in Main Street was converted to an inn. In 1803 the Market House was built. The White Horse Inn was also built and almshouses in 1813. However, the village declined from the mid-19th century, with population reducing from 923 in 1851 to 533 just before the First World War.

Places of interest
From Lewis Topographical Dictionary (1837): The proprietor and lord of the manor, N. Price, Esq., improved the town in 1802, when he erected a large market-house and hotel, since which time Saintfield has been rapidly improving, and is now one of the most flourishing towns in the county.
 * Rowallane Garden is situated immediately south of the village on the A7 road and is a National Trust property.
 * Many of the buildings on the main street have old stables and courtyards behind them.
 * The Market House (now an Orange Hall) and the Hotel (now a private house) can be seen on Main Street.

Demography
Saintfield is classified as an intermediate settlement by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 2,250 and 4,500 people). On Census day 2011 there were 3,381 people living in Saintfield. Of these:
 * 19.48% were aged under 16 years and 21.83% were aged 60 and over,
 * 48.4% of the population were male and 51.6% were female,
 * 26.32% were from a Catholic background and 65.48% were from a Protestant background,

 * In 1837 the population of Saintfield area was 7,154 of whom 1,053 lived in the town.
 * In 1851 the population of Saintfield rose to 1,104.

People

 * Thomas Beattie MP, Member of the Canadian House of Commons, born in Saintfield.
 * Lynda Bryans, Television Presenter, from Saintfield.
 * Matilda Carse (1835–1917), businesswoman, social reformer.
 * Lord Faulkner, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, died in a hunting accident at the Ballyagherty/Station Road junction just outside Saintfield.
 * Francis Hutcheson, philosopher & teacher born at Drumalig.
 * William David Kenny, born in 1899 in Saintfield, was awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry in India in 1918.
 * Bishop Daniel Mageean, Bishop of Down & Connor, born at Darragh Cross.
 * George Morrison, Unionist politician and Mayor of Lisburn, raised in Saintfield.
 * Rev. Coslett Herbert Waddell, Vicar of Saintfield, botanist.

Religion
Despite being a relatively small town, Saintfield is served by five well-attended churches: the local Church of Ireland, two Presbyterian churches, Saintfield Baptist Church and Mary, Mother of the Church Roman Catholic Church.

Education
Saintfield contains two primary schools 'Saintfield Academy Primary' and 'St. Marys' and one secondary school 'Saintfield High School', with a large number of its under-18 population travelling to schools in Downpatrick, Ballynahinch or Belfast.

Primary

 * Academy Primary School
 * St. Caolan's Primary School, Darragh Cross
 * Millennium Integrated Primary School
 * St. Mary's Primary School

Secondary

 * Saintfield High School

Sport

 * Saintfield AYC Football Club
 * Saintfield Cricket Club
 * Saintfield Mens Hockey Club
 * Saintfield Ladies Hockey Club
 * Saintfield United Football Club
 * 2nd Saintfield Badminton Club
 * St. Mochais GAC

Groups

 * 1st Saintfield Scouts is based in Saintfield Parish hall with a great attendance. They celebrate their 100th anniversary in 2011 just 4 years after the Scouts was founded.
 * Rowallane Community Hub (RCH), 35 Main Street, Saintfield.
 * Cumann Gaelach - Crois Darach agus Tamhnaigh Naomh

Transport
Saintfield railway station opened on 10 September 1858 and finally closed on 16 January 1950. The current main mode of transport is from the end of the main street on the A21/A7 which is a Translink service, Ulsterbus operates frequently to and from Belfast/Downpatrick.

title: Saintfield


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Nokia 5210

The Nokia 5210 is a mobile phone manufactured by Nokia. Announced on 19 November 2001, it was released in early 2002. The 5210 is designed for use in tough conditions and is dust, shock and water resistant. Many of the features are similar to the Nokia 3330, which include WAP over CSD. It features rubber Xpress-On covers, and a built-in thermometer. The thermometer displays the internal temperature of the phone's battery. This feature is also present on other phones that have "netmonitor" enabled.

Like most Nokia's phones, users can customize the case easily from its original colors: blue or orange mixed with silver and black. The 5210 is notably also the only Nokia phone with an orange backlight, unlike the green or blue ones on other Nokia models with a monochrome display.

The device runs on Series 20 and its calling features include Last Number Redial, Speed Dial, Conference Call, and Call Waiting. The basic calling features such as Hold, Un-hold, End all calls, Mute and Transfer are available as well. Productivity tools and utilities are available such as Calculator, Countdown Timer, Stopwatch, Thermometer, and Calendar. It shares the same pre-loaded games as the Nokia 3330, which include Snake II, Space Impact, Bantumi, Pairs II and Bumper.

Moreover, the phone has a built-in infrared interface which allows data transfers to any device that is equipped with an infrared interface. Nokia supplies free software to allow the phone book to be edited and text messages to be typed, sent and read from the PC.

The phone supports 17 languages for the menu interface and 11 languages for the T9 dictionary.

Bugs
Some versions of the Nokia 5210 firmware, particularly the Arabic models, contains a bug with the Arabic language text, that occurs when user tries to type SMS, the space between words in Arabic becomes a small rectangular symbol instead of a space.

Successor
The 5210 was superseded by the Nokia 5100.

title: Nokia 5210


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Vassian Patrikeyev

Vassian Patrikeyev, also known as Vassian Kosoy (Вассиан Патрикеев, Вассиан Косой in Russian; real name – knyaz Василий Иванович Патрикеев, or Vasili Ivanovich Patrikeyev) (c. 1470 – between 1531 and 1545) was a bishop of Rostov and confidant of Ivan III of Moscow. Vassian was an ecclesiastic and political figure and writer and an early member of the House of Golitsyn that traced its male-line descent to Duke Patrikas of Korela and to Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania.

Political action
He was known to have been one of the leaders of the boyar party, which supported tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich (grandson of Ivan III) in a struggle against Sophia Paleologue's son Vasili for succession to the throne.

In ecclesiastic matters, the boyar party was generally closer to heretical and freedom-loving circles.

Vassian wrote the "Epistle on the Ugra" (Poslanie na Ugru), which contains political propaganda about the so-called "Stand on the Ugra". It argued that Batu Khan had plundered and enslaved the land, usurping the title of tsar without being "of a tsarian family", alleging that his descendant Ahmed Khan bin Küchük was a mere "brigand and savage and fighter-of-God", while insisting Ivan III was the only real, legitimate, Orthodox tsar. Vassian wrote that the Tatar campaign (nakhozhdenie) had made the Muscovites afraid, but the Church released Ivan from any oath made to Ahmed Khan, as it was made under duress, and so he no longer owed his Golden Horde overlord any loyalty. The problem with this logic is that Rus' writers had traditionally translated both the Mongol title khan and the Greek Byzantine title basileus ("king, emperor") as tsar (originally from caesar), but Vassian was arguing only Christian Orthodox monarchs such as the Byzantine basileus and the Muscovite knyaz ("prince") should be called tsars. Therefore, Vassian resolved that he needed to elevate the prince of Moscow to the status of tsar, while claiming the Chingisid khans must have been imposters, stealing the tsar title they never deserved, even though Vassian thereby rejected the Pauline doctrine invoked in the Life of Alexander Nevsky and the vita of Michael of Chernigov. It is the first written political attempt to deny the legitimacy of the Golden Horde's supremacy over the Rus' principalities since the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' in 1237–1242, and also the first Muscovite attempt to portray the 1480 Stand on the Ugra as having major ideological significance. Literary successors of Vassian's epistle would greatly exaggerate the standoff, wherein 'the events of 1480 assume the status of pivotal moments in the history of man.'

In 1499, Ivan III found out about the conspiracy against Vasili and ordered arrests (the tsar first favored Dmitry Ivanovich). Vassian Patrikeyev was forced to take monastic vows and sent to Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.

Ecclesiastic career
At the monastery, Patrikeyev became a student of Nil Sorsky and absorbed his philosophy. It appears that in 1503 Patrikeyev and Sorsky came to Moscow to attend a church council (sobor). During this ecclesiastic meeting, the two demanded leniency for the heretics and opposed Joseph Volotsky's views on this issue, subsequently inflaming a dispute between the two parties in the form of personal letters.

During the reign of Vasili III, Patrikeyev reached an important status. Due to his rising influence, many heretics escaped severe punishment. At some point, the tsar even forbade Volotsky to defame Patrikeyev. It appears that Varlaam, who had been close to Nil Sorsky and his followers, was elected Metropolitan bishop with some assistance from Vassian Patrikeyev.

In about 1517, Patrikeyev began his work on revision of the so-called Кормчая книга (Kormchaya kniga, or Book of guidelines; see Canon law), a code of ecclesiastic decrees and laws by the Byzantine emperors. In 1518, Maximus the Greek came from Mount Athos to take part in his work, gathering oppositionary people around him, including Vassian Patrikeyev.

In 1523, a Josephinian hegumen from Volokolamsk named Daniel was elected metropolitan. Soon after this, the church commenced prosecution of the opposition.

A few years later, Patrikeyev's influence began to weaken due to, among other things, his open disapproval of Vasili's divorce. In 1531, Vassian was summoned to appear before the church council as a defendant. Metropolitan Daniel accused Patrikeyev of unauthorized revision of the Kormchaya kniga; insertion of Hellenistic ideas; arbitrary removal of passages which had asserted the right of the monasteries to own patrimonies; revilement of miracle workers, e.g. Saint Makarius Kalyazinsky and Metropolitan Jonah; "heretic lines" in his translation of Simeon Metaphrastes' Life of St. Mary. The church council found Patrikeyev guilty and sent him to a hostile Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, where he would die a decade later.

Patrikeyev's date of death is uncertain. He died no later than 1545 and a violent death, if one is to believe Ivan the Terrible's closest associate Andrei Kurbsky.

title: Vassian Patrikeyev


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Talk:Platemail

"platemail" is a misnomer. An oxymoron. Why? see chainmail. dab 15:26, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Platemail