text:
User talk:Tukan~enwiki

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the Wikipedia Boot Camp, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! --[[User:Kpalion|Kpalion (talk)]] 01:13, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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- Thanks for uploading Image:Epr spectrum.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Until a more informative tag is provided, it will be listed as no source. Could you add a better tag to let us know its copyright status? If you made the image yourself, an easy way to deal with this is add gfdl if you're willing to release it under the GFDL. Alternatively, you could release all rights to it by adding NoRightsReserved. This would allow anyone to do whatever they wish with your image, without exceptions. However, if it isn't your own image, you need to specify what free license it was distributed under. You can find a list of the tags here. If it was not distributed under a free license, but you claim fair use, add {{fairuse}}. If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images by posting to my talk page. If you do this, I can tag them for you. Thanks so much, Superm401 | Talk 05:09, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Halibutt's RfA
I would like to express my thanks to all the people who took part in my (failed) RfA voting. I was both surprised and delighted about the amount of support votes and all the kind words! I was also surprised by the amount of people who stated clearly that they do care, be it by voting in for or against my candidacy. That's what Wiki community is about and I'm really pleased to see that it works. As my RfA voting failed with 71% support, I don't plan to reapply for adminship any more. However, I hope I might still be of some help to the community. Cheers! Halibutt 05:10, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Image:Laminar cabinet.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Laminar cabinet.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —Nv8200p talk 13:40, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

File:EPR linewidths.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:EPR linewidths.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. B (talk) 18:36, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tukan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tukan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:26, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tukan~enwiki


text: Category:1540s books

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1540s books


text:
Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski

Prince Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski a.k.a. "Mirobulius Tassalinus" (4 March 1642 – 17 January 1702) was a Polish noble, politician, patron of the arts and writer.

Biography
Lubomirski was the son of Marshal and Hetman Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Konstancja Ligęza. He was married to Zofia Opalińska, the daughter of Court Marshal Łukasz Opaliński, in 1669 and to Elżbieta Doenhoff in 1676.

He was Podstoli of the Crown from 1669, Court Marshal of the Crown from 1673, Grand Marshal of the Crown from 1676 and starost of Spisz.

Lubomirski fought in wars against Sweden and Hungary. He participated with his father in the siege of Toruń in 1658. He refused to join the rokosz of his father and try to mediate between the rokoszans and the king.

He was a proponent of the vivente rege elections and supporter of the politics of queen Ludwika Maria.

He performed numerous diplomatic missions to France, Italy and Spain. He was against the abdication of king Jan II Kazimierz in 1668. From 1667 he was frequently deputy for the Sejm.

Owing to his experience and authority, the Sejm session in 1670 was not broken like the two sessions before, which were aborted by a veto.

During the interregnum in 1673–1674 he supported the candidature of his friend, Jan Sobieski for the Polish throne.

In contrast to his father, he was free of private ambitions and always acted according to the interests of the Republic.

He was variously talented. He became famous outside of Poland as the author of literary and scientific works. He wrote poems, plays and philosophical, religious and historical tracts. He was the founder and benefactor of schools and churches. As Sejm Marshal he led the Election Sejm from 2 May to 19 June 1669 and the ordinary Sejm from 9 September to 31 October 1670 in Warsaw.

Children

 * Elżbieta Lubomirska married Hetman Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski.
 * Teodor Lubomirski became starost, voivode and Sejm Marshal.
 * Franciszek Lubomirski became General of the Crown Army.
 * Józef Lubomirski became voivode.

Works

 * Poezje postu Świętego (including Sonnet on the Great Suffering of Jesus Christ)
 * Tobiasz wyzwolony, Ecclesiastes
 * Ermida (sielanka)
 * Rozmowy Artaksesa i Ewandra (1683)
 * De vanitate consiliorum (1700)
 * De remediis animi humani (1701)
 * Genii veredici

title: Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski


text:
Aklan River

The Aklan River is the longest river in the province of Aklan, Philippines, and third-longest river on Panay island (after the Panay River in Capiz and Jalaur River in Iloilo). Its drainage basin is the third largest in Panay. The river source is located in the Central Panay Mountain Range on Mount Baloy in the western portion of Capiz in the vicinity of Tapaz. It flows northwards to the mountainous western portion of Jamindan, then northeastward to the town of Libacao in Aklan province. The river traverses the municipalities of Madalag, Malinao, Banga, Lezo, Numancia, and Kalibo before emptying to its mouth into Sibuyan Sea. The name of the river is where the term Aklan came from, and is derived from the word akae, which means to boil or to froth. Because of the swiftness of the river current, the water of the Aklan river seems to boil or froth. Akean therefore means "where there is boiling or frothing".

The two major tributaries of the river are the Timbaban River (Madalag River) and Dumarayray River. A portion of the river's basin is protected in the Aklan River Watershed Forest Reserve. This 23185 ha reserve in the municipalities of Madalag and Libacao was formed in 1990 through Proclamation No. 600, for purposes to protect, maintain, or improve the water yield and provide restraining mechanism for inappropriate forest exploitation and disruptive land-use.

Tributaries
List of Aklan River tributaries in upstream order:
 * Malinao River
 * Timbaban River
 * Kinalanga River
 * Dumalaylay River
 * Dit-ana River

title: Aklan River


text: Category:1550s books

title: Category:1550s books


text: Category:1590s books

title: Category:1590s books


text:
Inkarri

The Inkarri (or Inkari and sometimes Inkaríy) myth is one of the most famous legends of the Inca. When the Spanish conquistadores executed the last ruler of the Inca people, Atahualpa, he vowed (according to the legend) that he would come back one day to avenge his death. According to the legend, the Spaniards buried his body parts in several places around the kingdom: His head is said to rest under the Presidential Palace in Lima, while his arms are said to be under the Waqaypata (Square of tears) in Cusco and his legs in Ayacucho. Buried under the earth he will grow until the day that he will rise, take back his kingdom and restore harmony in the relationship between Pachamama (the earth) and her children.

Since it has been passed on orally for many generations, several different versions of the Inkarri myth exist. The name Inkarri probably evolved from the Spanish Inca-rey (Inca-king).

The mythical lost city of Paititi is said to have been founded by Inkarri.

In popular culture
The legend of Inkarri is the background story and the title of a novel by Ryan Miller.

A comprehensive analysis in French has been published on the web as "Incarri, la prophétie du retour de l'Inca".

The legend of Inkarri is addressed as a character in the James Rollins novel Excavation.

title: Inkarri


text:
Valaam

Valaam (Валаам or Валаамский архипелаг, also known by the Finnish name Valamo) is an archipelago in the northern portion of Lake Ladoga, lying within the Republic of Karelia, Russian Federation. The total area of its more than 50 islands is 36 km2. The largest island is also called Valaam. Other named islands are: Skitsky (second by size), Lembos, Sviatoy, Bayonny, Moskovsky, Predtechensky, Nikonovsky, Divny, Emelyanov, Oboronny, Goly, Savvaty's, Zosima's, Skalisty, Lukovy, Ovsiany, Rzhanoi, Nikolsky.

It is best known as the site of the 14th century Valaam Monastery on Valaam Island and for its natural environment. In the 12th century, the islands were a part of the Novgorod Republic. In the 17th century, they were captured by Sweden during the Time of Troubles, but Russia reconquered them less than a century later. When the Grand Duchy of Finland was set up in the early 19th century as an autonomous part of the Russian Empire, Alexander I of Russia made Valaam a part of Finland. In 1917, Valaam became a part of newly independent Finland, but it was annexed by the USSR after the Winter War and Continuation War.

The climate and natural history of the island are unique because of its position in Lake Ladoga. Spring begins at the end of March and a typical summer on Valaam consists of 30–35 sunny days, which is more than on the mainland. The average temperature in July is 17 °C. The winter and snow arrive in early December. In the middle of February the ice road to the nearest city of Sortavala (42 km) is traversable. The average temperature of February is -8 °C.

More than 480 species of plants grow on the island, many of which have been cultivated by monks. The island is covered by coniferous woods, about 65% of which are pine. Ten species of mammals and more than 120 avian species call the archipelago home.

The island was visited repeatedly by emperors Alexander I, Alexander II, and other members of the imperial family. Other famous visitors include Tchaikovsky and Mendeleyev.

The island is permanently inhabited by monks and families. In 1999, there were about 600 residents on the main island; including army service personnel, restoration workers, guides and monks. There is a kindergarten, an arts and sports venue, a school, a small museum and a medical centre. The community on Valaam at the moment has no official administrative status.

During the summer, the main island can be reached by tour boats which leave St. Petersburg at night and arrive at the island the following morning.

The president of the Russian Federation has a dacha on one of the islands of Valaam, but its precise location is not publicly known.

title: Valaam


text:
User talk:SWAdair/Archive5

'''This page is an archive. Please do not edit this page. If you would like to comment on something you see on this page, please comment on my current Talk page. Thank you.'''

Thank you for your support
Thank you for supporting my candidacy for administrator. Kelly Martin 14:43, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Vermont Community Botanical Garden
Hi there - thanks for your nice note. No complaints at all about nominating that article for deletion. I was a bit unsure about the whole thing, with some hope that if I listed it, someone might find the reference, nail down its current status, and rewrite it as a proper article. But as you point out, vague predictions about the future are hardly encyclopedia material! Cheers and all the best! (edit by 66.30.207.207 talk)

Thank you
Hi SWAdair, this is Linuxbeak. This is a bit overdue, but I wanted to thank you for your support vote on my RFA. Thanks to everyone who supported me, I am now an admin, and I have been using my powers to further Wikipedia. Thank you! Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 23:43, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Burido
I believe I was hasty in pronouncing it a hoax. Better I should have said absolutely unverifiable by Google. None of the title terms, and none of the major terms in the articles received a single Google hit, leading me to think someone was making something up. If I am wrong, I stand corrected. Denni☯ 00:59, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC)

My RFA: Thanks
Hi SWAdair! Thanks for supporting my RFA! Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:29, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

U.S. Southern wikipedians' notice board
I have now reopened the notice board, if you are interested in contributing new topics, or in nominating articles for the Collaboration of the Week, which also received a revamp. Please post on the project's talk page if you show interest. Mike H 02:49, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Digg
Hello there. I'm having some problems relating to the digg page which I understand you protected as a redirect to excavation. Excavation is currently receiving a fair degree of vandalism mostly relating to adding digg.com related material or just boobie references. I am not aware of all the issues reagrding the digg vfd but would grateful if you would consider changing the digg redirect page as it has just shifted the problem elsewhere. Best wishes adamsan 19:23, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for doing that. I will suggest to the Digg-ers that they organise a vote for undeletion or something now they've improved the text of their article. adamsan 2 July 2005 13:14 (UTC)

VFD stuff
Gah! I keep not getting around to this. Okay, I've moved the VFD info page over the thoroughly outdated mess that was Votes for deletion/Precedents. Could you please take a look at it and copyedit it as necessary? Yours, Radiant_ >|< July 4, 2005 12:21 (UTC)

Request
How are you my friend? I wanted to know if you could download or upload two images for me. I always mess up with this and I figured I'll ask you. The images are located here: Frances M. Vega and Lt. Col. Carlos Betances Ramirez. I like to have them added to the articles which I've written, Frances M. Vega and Carlos Betances Ramirez. Thank you buddy Tony the Marine 01:22, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Thank You
Hi SWAdair, Thank you for your support and help.

Hi
Hi, SWAdair; I haven't come across you in a while, but I know I've had to cut back my activity on Wikipedia and it looks like you have too. I just wanted to say thanks: observing your interactions with "problem" users during my early days on Wikipedia has shaped my style today. In particular, although I can't remember the details, I was acting quite appropriate with a problematic user, but perhaps not as helpful as I could be—but you helped figure out what the user wanted and explained things better than I was. I have tried to take that patience, understanding, and welcoming, and incorporate it into my own dealings. Anyway, just wanted you to know that at least for me, you were a positive influence. — Knowledge Seeker দ 04:38, August 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for your kind words. I've learned from the example of others so many times, it is nice to know someone could take something positive from my style. Yes, I've had to drastically cut back on WP time. I got busted at work a while back. Written counselling statement, the whole nine yards. I won't be here much until I get cable modem at home. Then I'll be skipping sleep to patrol Recent Changes and New Pages. :-) Again, thank you. Take care. SWAdair | Talk 20:18, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Hey, stranger!
Man, I missed you! Glad you're back and I truly appreciate the support. Having the history eraser button so close at hand is a great feeling! I need to start writing more so I don't spend all my time fighting vandals. Don't be a stranger and don't stay away so long next time. Hell, don't have a next time. Just stick around!! - Lucky 6.9 20:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I'm still in the middle of the "next time." I don't have cable modem at home yet, so I'm still only logging in occasionally. I just can't stay away, even though it costs like crazy to log on at Kinkos (where I am right now). I'm paying twenty cents a minute ($12/hr) just so I can do some wiki-maintenance. That's right folks, here at Wikipedia the editors aren't paid; they pay to edit. :-) I'll only be able to edit occasionally until I'm hooked up and can mainline my Wiki-fix at high speed. In the meantime, I'm glad you're watching the gates. SWAdair | Talk 18:28, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Welcome back. I wonder just how much work time goes into editing Wikipedia from all of us. I was startled by my boss asking me a couple of months ago "I presume that you're gadfium". It wasn't hard for him to piece together - he looked at the major contributor to the article on our software, then looked at my user page. I was a little concerned after that he might look at my user contributions and see how many were made during office hours (although the bulk of my time spent here is from home, and I have to do something at work while waiting for the compiler or test case to run, right?). Anyway, I retire in two days time, so it will no longer be an issue for me.-gadfium 20:16, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Happy retirement! Of course, it sounds like you have plenty planned to keep you busy. You retired from the job, but not from life. Oh, how I envy you. When you become a full-time student, just remember -- leave a question at the reference desk and we'll do your homework for you. ;-) SWAdair | Talk 18:37, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Just when I thought it couldn't get any weirder around here, along you come paying for the privilege of Wiki-working! That, my friend, is dedication. Come to think of it, I hang around this insanity more than any other place on the Internet, so I'm just as guilty...though I'm paying less for my DSL than you're paying at Kinko's, heh, heh. Hang in there! - Lucky 6.9 19:24, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

He's back!
You're back, you're back! And not only for one day either. You've been busy for a while, now. I take a little wikivacation and look what happens. :-) Hmm... do you think it would be appropriate to move you from inactive (#38) to active? SWAdair | Talk 18:53, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I had lots of important things I had to avoid doing :-). I've moved myself to a more appropriate section of the list. Welcome back from wikivacation. --fvw *  22:07, September 4, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia Page Hit Counter
Probably a bad time to ask since I don't know if you'll get this anytime soon - being on vacation and all, but I noticed on a talk page for Electronic voice phenomena you mentioned something about page counters saying the page had like 190,000 hits or something... how do find the number of hits a page has, or is that an admin thing? Just wondering. Cyberia23 17:22, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, thanks for letting me know. Cyberia23 19:25, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Felix Navidad

''' O.K. SWAdair, so you don't believe in Santa, but I still want to wish you and your loved ones all the happiness in the world and the best new year ever. Your friend, Tony the Marine 04:12, 18 December 2005 (UTC)'''

Happy New Year
Aravind Parvatikar

Felicia culotta
Hi SW

I'm having a look at some of the edits of User:Tropicaldawn, who is being a bit disgruntled because of deletions of articles they created. I notice that you deleted this article. Can I suggest that you may have been a little overzealous in this deletion? While it's not a very good article, and rather short, it has the potential to become more. It contains a claim to notability, and there is certainly more that could be said about the person. The article is realy borderline on the 'advertising' criterion. I'm going to restore the article. DJ Clayworth 14:43, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

Happy Birthday!
Happy Birthday (I know you'll be reading this eventually) !! —   nath a(?) nrdotcom (T • C • W) 02:11, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I know it was your birthday on the 30th. Just wanted you to know that I never forget a good friend, Happy Birthday. Tony the Marine 15:17, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

You know...
...for an inactive user, you sure are reverting a good bit of vandalism, tonight. Thanks. Luna Santin 09:10, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Deleted pages
Hi, I saw your question about a deleted article on some page on my watchlist. I'm just reminding you that as a non-admin you can no longer see how many deleted edits a certain article has. In the history of that article, it appears that you in fact did delete it once upon a time :) The log says: * 08:22, 26 March 2005 SWAdair deleted "Felicia Culotta" (content was: 'Felicia Culotta has cowritten a book with Britney Spears==Books==*--[[User:JoanneB|Joanne]B 12:02, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, that explains it. It was several months before I relinquished adminship. Thanks for clearing up my confusion on that point. SWAdair 03:05, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Blavatsky
Do not Blank pages for no reason. If you want to contest information, then discuss it
 * I didn't blank the page; I reverted your edit. Judging by the article's edit history, an admin had already reverted the same information I did. You may want to discuss the contested content on the article's talk page before adding it. SWAdair 08:15, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

71.201.153.93
Yes; happily. I'll be around for maybe another hour tonight, and I'll keep an eye on it. Cheers! Antandrus (talk) 04:45, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

You're Welcome
Just remember that you will always have a friend in me. Tony the Marine 06:01, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

vandal block
gladly - but has beaten me to it dab (ᛏ) 08:59, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to MC Hammer
Your recent edit to MC Hammer (diff) was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // Tawkerbot2 04:11, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * LOL! Gotta hand it to you -- that's one fast bot. I'll leave a note on the talk page to see if we can get that edit excluded (it's legit). SWAdair 04:12, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Good Faith
Sorry, I had to leave the room and my granddaughter must have blanked your page mistakenly.

Gidday
It's been nice seeing your name pop up on my watchlist recently, after way too long an absence. Now that you've been back a month, perhaps it's time to remove the inactive notice you have on your user and talk pages.-gadfium 09:45, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I hope you've been doing well. I missed you (and everyone else here). It is good to be back. I made one edit to one article and soon another followed, then another. Before I knew it I had decided it didn't matter how busy RL was; I was going to make time for Wikipedia. You're right about removing the inactive notice. I've been thinking about that, myself, but putting it off because of the time tradeoff. I would prefer a more aesthetically pleasing page than what I had before. Putting one together means taking time away from reverting vandalism. You're right, though. It's time. I guess I'll just shamelessly steal ideas from some of the user pages I've seen lately. SWAdair 03:03, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for the compliment! I'm sure so much could be written about this game (notably its inclusion of blackface), but it's ridiculously obscure and was never released outside of Japan. As a result, I'm afraid it can't get much better than it is. :-P --Tristam 03:12, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

tlr
oi dud. that is about as constructive as your gonna see on wikipdedia so go to hell. lemon rejects are a serious band thats just starting dude.
 * As for Lemon Rejects -- Please seeWP:CSD. Bands that have become notable are considered proper subjects for an article. Bands that are just starting out are not. Your other edits (such as this one) to six other articles were blatant vandalism. We are working to compile a compendium of knowledge. Please consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. SWAdair 06:31, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Gonzo
I have seen him on the news before in the past and I know of that his business is located on Gratiot avenue in Macomb County in Roseville and I think his talent makes him a unique citizen of Roseville Michigan www.geocities.com/berniethomas68 06:52, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah, I assume his business is named "Gonzo Air Brushing" but that his name is something else. For the moment I'll retitle "Notable Citizens" to "Notable Businesses" so that it doesn't appear that someone's name is Gonzo Air Brushing. SWAdair 06:54, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

I lived in Macomb County in Warren Michigan from 1968 to about 2001 www.geocities.com/berniethomas68 06:57, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not questioning the notability of the person. I'll trust you on that. I'm just pointing out that the header said "Notable Citizens" -- indicating that a person's name should follow. Instead, the name of a business was listed. I changed the header to reflect this. SWAdair 06:59, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

RE copyright violation
Hi. I cut and pasted that article because i liked the flow of the biography and thought i could simply rewrite the biography given that i at least an idea about the flow of my own article.

should be fine now

thanks
 * Ah, I see. When you want to do something like that, it might be best to copy/paste into a word processor to work with it first. Another option is to use the Show preview button (just to the right of Save page) -- that will let you see what the page would look like if you saved it right now. You can continue to work on the page, and get it just the way you want it to look, by using the preview. Once you have it ready, then click Save page and it will be saved and your changes will be visible. I hate to have to bring this up, but the article you created doesn't seem to be about a notable person and will likely be deleted. Wikipedia articles about people are supposed to be about people who are already noteworthy. Someone who is "relatively unknown" is non-notable. Please see WP:N and the links I left on your talk page for more information. SWAdair 07:46, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Re: 3RR grey area
Thanks for your reply. I hope you don't mind me responding here.

The specific case that led me to ask was one where someone who was edit-warring (and subsequently blocked) tried to make a point by listing my 3 reversions of their editing, along with two unrelated reversions of disruptive (albeit not clear-cut vandals) IPs (from the opposite POV as his, no less) in an attempt to get me blocked for 3RR (I got off on a technicality). With the amount of disruptive, although non-vandal IPs out there, especially on high-traffic articles, it seems that this type of usage could be taken advantage in similar circumstances, unless there is a facet of policy with which I'm not familiar that prevents this. Let me know what you think,  Tewfik Talk 03:53, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * If you try to be a one-person army then the 3RR can be taken advantage of to back you into a corner. You're right about that. The key is that there are literally thousands of others editing Wikipedia at any time, and there are hundreds of admins to call upon. All you have to do is give a shout and enough others will put their eyes on the article that you won't have to worry. Just make sure you're in the right, because the third-party people you call in are going to be scrutinizing your edits as well. And give it some time. The response won't be immediate, but it is okay if disruptive edits remain visible for a little while. What matters is the long-term results, so be patient (i.e. edit a different article) while waiting for backup. The good thing about high traffic articles is that they are high traffic. Wikipedia works based on the unwritten assumption that there are more people making good-faith edits than the opposite. Disruptive edits seem annoying if you're the only one fighting them, but that's the beauty of the system -- you don't have to be the only one fighting them. There are several places to call attention to others about disruptive editors. If the article you're watching isn't high traffic, then call in others. If it is, don't worry. There are others watching along with you. SWAdair 04:19, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I appreciate your taking the time to respond. Your words of encouragement have reached their mark

,  Tewfik Talk 04:26, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Reggae-Grind
i was inquiring as to why my Reggae-Grind page has been looked at to be deleted. the genre is not a joke or anything, it's a serious genre by serious musicians who are creating new styles of music.

talk:Reggae-Grind
 * It all boils down to notability. A small "movement" by several not-yet-notable bands doesn't meet Wikipedia's criteria for notability, and therefore isn't noteworthy enough for an encyclopedia article. Such an article would effectively fill the role of advertising. Once Reggae-Grind becomes a significant scene, or a well-known band self identifies as belonging to the genre, then an article would be appropriate. Pleae see Notability (music) for a more detailed explanation. SWAdair 07:59, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Hector Andres Negronif
What can I expect from one of my all-time best friends here but, a nice message, Thanks. I'm going to sleep now but, tomorrow I'm going to tell you in detail something cool. One of my biographies got introduced to the United States House of Representatives as part of a Bill. How about that? I'll tell you more tomorrow. Tony the Marine 08:23, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Bill in U.S. House of Representatives contains one of my articles
The following Bill H.R. 3440 Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa Post Office Building Designation Act introduced to the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Luis Fortuño, contains the mini-biography of Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa which I wrote. What a pleasant surprise (smile). Tony the Marine 15:28, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * So, are you going to be more active in Wiki again? Tony the Marine 02:41, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That is great! It is also an indication of the high quality of work you do here. Congratulations. Yes, I expect to be a regular here again. The next two weeks I'll be away on vacation, but after that I'll be back. Mostly I expect to do RC and NewPage patrol, helping to format and wikify the new additions, and reverting/tagging vandalism as I come across it. Minor, wikignome type things that I can do in my spare moments. I'll see you around. SWAdair 04:18, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Hey There
Awesome userpage!! I hardly edit and create articles anymore (due to NPOV violations, edit wars, copyright issues, and lack of time) which is why I've made it a point to work as much as I have on my Wikidiaries, and also to put try to get them seen in Stub Makers. (So others may use them as a resource, etc). (I considered putting them on WikiProject Red Link Recovery as well). Please tell me how you came across them, what caught your eye, and what you thought of them. Thank you. Dessydes 03:36, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your compliment of my userpage. I have to admit, though, that I just stole concepts from other user pages and pieced together what I wanted. If you "edit this page" on my userpage, you'll see a comment at the top that credits the others. As for your Wikidiaries -- I like the idea. It allows you to neatly organize information you want accessible without cluttering your watchlist or user page. I actually came across them while patrolling Anon RC, when an anon made an edit to the subpage (which I see you've had deleted) that I mentioned on your talk page. That, and your own contributions showed all of your subpages. That's how I usually run across most things -- not by the normal "link" route, but by lists of contributions. You see more of the larger picture that way. Happy editing! SWAdair 04:12, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not a crystal ball
Hello. I was wondering if there was any particular reason you copy/pasted that section from WWIN to create a new page. There was no edit summary and I don't see discussion of it on your talk page or the policy talk page. Would it be okay if I tagged that page for deletion? Thank you. SWAdair 06:09, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Request #403 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Wantedpages&limit=500&offset=0

it seems as if it has already been deleted though... thanks Shane
 * I see. There were 148 redlinks pointing to that page. That's why. I created a redirect at that page name to the policy page. It could very well get deleted as a cross-space redirect out of article space, but I think with that many pages pointing to it, it would be useful. We'll see. At least I understand why, now. Thank you. SWAdair 04:18, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to the Birthday Committee!
Thanks for joining! We're glad to have you on board! Thisthema n  05:24, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Requesting your opinion
I wrote the article Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa Post Office Building Designation Act, the first bill in history that contains an article from Wikipedia. It appeared on DYK and right away somebody "tags" it for deletion. I inviteyou to express yourself here:Articles for deletion/Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa Post Office Building Designation Act. Thank you Tony the Marine 16:33, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for bringing that to my attention. I voiced a strong keep for the reason "Factual, sourced, well researched record of a legislative act that is of historical interest aside from WP connection. Also the first legislative act to cite Wikipedia." There was already an overwhelming consensus to keep, but I chimed in anyway. I'm on RL vacation right now and only checking in every few days or so. If you hadn't brought that to my attention I would have been unlikely to have known about the article or the AfD. Thanks for the heads-up. SWAdair 23:26, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Thank you (sorry this is late)
Just a big thank you for the birthday wishes and sorry its late but I have been away. LONDON UK    • 17:52, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to Esperanza!
Welcome, SWAdair, to Esperanza! As you might know, all the Esperanzians share one important goal: the success of this encyclopedia. Within that, we then attempt to strengthen the community bonds, and be the "approachable" side of the project. All of our ideals are held in the Charter, the governing document of the association.

Now that you are a member you should read the guide to what to do now or you may be interested in some of our programs. A quite important program is Stressbusters, which seeks to support editors who have encountered any stress from their Wikipedia events, and are seeking to leave the project. So far, Esperanza can be credited with the support and retention of several users. We will send you newsletters to keep you up to date. Also, we have a calendar of special events, member birthdays, and other holidays that you can add to and follow.

In addition to these projects, several more missions of Esperanza are in development, and are currently being created at Esperanza/Proposals.

If you have any other questions, concerns, comments, or general ideas, Esperanzian or otherwise, know that you can always contact Natalya by email or talk page. Consider introducing yourself at the Esperanza talk page! Alternatively, you could communicate with fellow users via our IRC channel, #wikipedia-esperanza (which is also good for a fun chat or two :). If you're new to IRC, you may find help at an IRC Tutorial. I thank you for joining Esperanza, and look forward to working with you in making Wikipedia a better place to work!

 digital_m e (Talk•Contribs)  20:26, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to Esperanza!
Welcome, SWAdair, to Esperanza! As you might know, all the Esperanzians share one important goal: the success of this encyclopedia. Within that, we then attempt to strengthen the community bonds, and be the "approachable" side of the project. All of our ideals are held in the Charter, the governing document of the association.

Now that you are a member you should read the guide to what to do now or you may be interested in some of our programs. A quite important program is Stressbusters, which seeks to support editors who have encountered any stress from their Wikipedia events, and are seeking to leave the project. So far, Esperanza can be credited with the support and retention of several users. We will send you newsletters to keep you up to date. Also, we have a calendar of special events, member birthdays, and other holidays that you can add to and follow.

In addition to these projects, several more missions of Esperanza are in development, and are currently being created at Esperanza/Proposals.

If you have any other questions, concerns, comments, or general ideas, Esperanzian or otherwise, know that you can always contact Natalya by email or talk page. Consider introducing yourself at the Esperanza talk page! Alternatively, you could communicate with fellow users via our IRC channel, #wikipedia-esperanza (which is also good for a fun chat or two :). If you're new to IRC, you may find help at an IRC Tutorial. I thank you for joining Esperanza, and look forward to working with you in making Wikipedia a better place to work!

Ungovernable ForceThe Wiki Kitchen! 20:27, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Lol, looks like I was a minute too late! Well, it doesn't hurt to be welcomed twice now does it? Ungovernable ForceThe Wiki Kitchen! 20:28, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Ethnopharmacy
I reviewed the changes by the anon, I've re-added some EL removed by him, the rest seemed ok.--Steven Fruitsmaak (Reply) 01:35, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Requesting your opinion
I would like to reguest your opinion in the following issue :Talk:Puerto Rican women in the military

Thank you, Tony the Marine 21:27, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

What is Going On
I keep getting new messages when I have only edited Wikipedia once about Mitch Hedberg, and now I am getting messages for all this stuff that I didn't do. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.163.100.137 (talk • contribs)
 * Because of the way AOL works, you get assigned a different IP address each time you log in. When you logged onto AOL, you happened to be assigned an IP address that someone had earlier used to edit Wikipedia. The messages you're seeing were left for those other people. You can avoid the confusion by creating an account, which will let you choose a username that only you can use, so you don't get messages left for others who have used whatever random IP you're assigned when you connect to AOL. There are several benefits of creating an account. It is free and no personal information is required. Happy editing! SWAdair 03:40, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Thank You
Thanks for the advice on separate user accounts for our employees, until today this has been banned by company policy, however, your suggestion makes sense and would hopefully prevent a recurrence of the last two weeks problems. Our administration policies have now been relaxed in regards to Wikipedia Accounts. A note on our Talk page has been added acknowledging your suggestion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.49.235.50 (talk • contribs)
 * You're welcome. I'm glad I could help. SWAdair 05:29, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

thank
Thanks for reverting the vandalism on my userpage. --Donar Reiskoffer 10:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. My pleasure. SWAdair 10:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

RMS Titanic
I noticed you fixed one of the typos; I asked the editor to slow down and check his work a bit more carefully. -- Jim Douglas (talk) (contribs)  01:55, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I'm going through and correcting the more glaring typos. I hope they do slow down, so I can keep up. :-) SWAdair 01:57, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

As long as you're following him around with a mop, I listed the ones that jumped out at me on his talk page, with diffs: User talk:76.185.201.244. Unfortunately, I don't know the subject well enough to be able to tell if the changes are factually correct. -- Jim Douglas (talk) <sub style="color:gray;">(contribs)  02:00, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * They haven't edited since your last note to them, so that gave me time to catch up. I think I got them all. I would feel better with citations for some of the new material, but at least what we have now is grammatically correct. Now, back to checking Anon RC. SWAdair 02:13, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Blind Eagles chain
Hi, could you get an admin to delete the 4 articles? I've got to go offline now. Thanks for your help. -  SpLoT  / (talk) 10:56, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I have to go offline now, myself. If they are still here when I get back tonight I'll list them for Afd. That will give them plenty of time to meet WP:V if there is any chance of doing so. If you return before I do, please feel free to take care of it. Thank you for your help. SWAdair 10:59, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thankfully, it's all been settled. Shnusdutoit has been indef blocked and the 4 articles have been deleted by Alex Bakharev. Cheers, and hope to see you around. -  SpLoT  / (talk) 14:57, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:SWAdair/Archive5


text:
Strelna

Strelna (Стре́льна) is a municipal settlement in Petrodvortsovy District of the federal city of Saint Petersburg, Russia, about halfway between Saint Petersburg proper and Petergof, and overlooking the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Population:

History
Strelna was first mentioned in Cadastral surveying of Vodskaya pyatina in 1500, as the village of Strelna on Retse Strelne on the Sea in the churchyard Kipen Koporsky County. After Treaty of Stolbovo these lands were part of Sweden, and in 1630 in Strelna appears as a baronial estate of Swedish politician Johan Skytte.

Palace of Peter the Great
In 1718, a temporary wooden palace was constructed in Strelna. It had been used by the Russian royalty as a sort of hunting lodge, and has been preserved to this day. A cornerstone was laid in June 1720, but next year it became apparent that the place was ill-adapted for installation of fountains, thus Peter decided to concentrate his attention on the nearby Peterhof. Disappointed, Michetti left Russia, and all works in Strelna were suspended.

On ascending the throne in 1741, Peter's daughter Elizabeth intended to complete her father's project. Her favourite architect Bartolomeo Rastrelli was asked to expand and aggrandize Michetti's design. But Rastrelli's attention was soon diverted to other palaces, in Peterhof and Tsarskoye Selo, so the Strelna palace stood unfinished until the end of the century.

Family home of the Konstantinovichi branch of the Romanovs
In 1797, Strelna was granted to Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich (second son of Paul I) and his wife Grand Duchess Anna Feodorovna (aunt of Queen Victoria). Despite a great fire in 1803, the Konstantin Palace was completed by 1807. After Konstantin's death, the palace passed to his nephew, and the Konstantinovichi branch of the Romanov dynasty retained its ownership until the Revolution.

Vicissitudes in the 20th and 21st century

After 1917 the palace fell into decay: it was handed over to a child labour commune, then to a secondary school. For a period during World War II, the Germans occupied Strelna and had a naval base there. Some Decima Flottiglia MAS men and attack boats were brought from Italy and based at Strelna along with German Army boats. Strelna Raid: Soviet commando frogmen attacked that base and destroyed 2 German army boats on 5 October 1943.

After the ravages of German occupation, only the palace walls were left standing; all interior decoration was gone. No effective restoration had been undertaken until 2001 when Vladimir Putin ordered the palace to be converted into a presidential residence for Saint Petersburg.

In preparation for the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding Saint Petersburg, the Russian government decided to restore the palace and its grounds as a state conference center and presidential residence. The general contractor of the reconstruction was the consortium "16th Trust and Partners". Setl Group construction company, headed by Maxim Shubarev, also participated in the renovation works.

The renovated Konstantin Palace hosted more than 50 heads of state during the Saint Petersburg tercentenary celebrations in 2003. Three years later, in July 2006 (July 15–17), it hosted the 32nd G8 summit. During these summits, the world leaders were accommodated in 18 luxurious cottages by the sea-side. Each of the cottages is named after a historic Russian town. The early 19th-century stables were reconstructed into a four-star hotel for other visitors. The 2013 G20 summit was held at the palace 5–6 September 2013. The palace also held the qualifying draw for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which took place in Russia. The palace hosted in 2021 the royal wedding between Grand Duke George Romanov and Victoria Bettarini, this been the first royal wedding to be held in the country in over a hundred years.

Other landmarks
Several other Romanov residences may be seen in the vicinity of the Konstantin Palace. The Baroque Znamenka, designed by Rastrelli, used to be a home to the Nikolaevichi branch of the Romanovs. The neoclassical Mikhailovka palace once belonged to the Mikhailovichi branch of the family.

Other landmarks in Strelna include a dacha of Mathilde Kschessinska and the ruined Maritime Monastery of St. Sergius, with numerous churches by Luigi Rusca. The monastery is noted as a burial place of the Zubov brothers and other Russian nobles. The imperial foreign minister Alexander Gorchakov was interred here in 1883.

The Konstantin Palace, the Trinity Monastery, Mikhailovka, and Znamenka are parts of the World Heritage Site Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.

title: Strelna


text: Category:1610s books

title: Category:1610s books


text:
Haughmond Abbey

Haughmond Abbey is a ruined, medieval, Augustinian monastery a few miles from Shrewsbury, England. It was probably founded in the early 12th century and was closely associated with the FitzAlan family, who became Earls of Arundel, and some of their wealthier vassals and allies. It was a substantial, successful and wealthy house for most of its four centuries, although evidence of abuses appeared before its dissolution in 1539. The buildings fell into disrepair and the church was largely destroyed, although the remains of some of the domestic buildings remain impressive. The site is now in the care of English Heritage and is open to the public throughout the year and free entry.

Origins

The cartulary of the abbey begins with a statement of its foundation story, as understood at the time it was written down, probably in the Late Middle Ages

R. W. Eyton, the assiduous Victorian historian of Shropshire, critically considered the cartulary evidence in his 1856 study of the Haughmond's origins, pointing out that it was impossible for all the facts asserted to be true, as William FitzAlan is known to have been still a youth in 1138, when he became involved in the Anarchy of Stephen's reign. Moreover, of the two bulls concerning the abbey issued by Alexander III in 1172, one does not mention the foundation at all, while the other does attribute it to William FitzAlan but does not give a date. Around the time of the dissolution, the traveller and antiquary Leland repeated the cartulary's story of the foundation, with the slight variation of placing the date in 1101. A 13th century chronicle, written locally, gives the date as 1110. Eyton seized upon the earliest charter in the cartulary as giving a fairly secure date. In it, William FitzAlan grants to the community a fishery at Preston Boats, a member of the manor of Upton Magna, about 3 km south of the abbey on the River Severn – the first clear indication that the community existed. FitzAlan's grant names the leader of the community as Prior Fulk. Augustinian communities were generally counted as priories, although large, entirely independent houses were called abbeys. The grant also mentions that the monastery was dedicated to Saint John the Evangelist and this was to persist throughout its history: a statue of St John with his emblem can be found carved into the arches of the chapter house and his image also appeared on the abbey's great seal. The witnesses were William FitzAlan's wife, Christiana, and his brother, Walter. The grant seems to date from the years around 1135, when Henry I died and a power contest broke out between Stephen and Empress Matilda.

However, it is not certain that William FitzAlan founded or was the first to endow the community. Leland repeats the persistent story that "there was an hermitage and a chapell before the erectynge of the abbey". This suggests some value in considering the founding of the FitzAlan fortunes by William FitzAlan's father, Alan fitz Flaad. He appeared in Henry I's company at least as early as September 1101, when he witnessed important grants to Norwich Cathedral. Thereafter, he is heard of with the king at Canterbury in 1103, in the New Forest in 1104, He seems to have taken an interest in donations of his own to religious houses, as at some point he gave a manor to Norwich Cathedral, a gift the king promised "to confirm when Alan comes to my court" – evidently a regular occurrence. Only later does he appear as a witness to an order given to Richard de Belmeis I, the Bishop of London and the king's viceroy in Shropshire, to deal with a disputed prebend at Morville, presumably a complication of the abolition of the collegiate church there in favour of Shrewsbury Abbey. Alan appears in this context among a group of Shropshire magnates, including Corbets and a Peverel, probably during Henry I's 1114 military expedition into Wales. It seems to have been around this time that he acquired the abbey site, along with other large estates in Shropshire and Sussex. The estates had been granted by William the Conqueror to Rainald de Bailleul, the Sheriff of Shropshire, in consideration of his shrievalty, and were given to Alan after the death of Rainald's son, Hugh. One of the most important was Upton Magna, in which Haughmond Abbey was located. Eyton places the handover earlier, around the time of a royal expedition to Shropshire in 1109. It is possible that Alan was the founder of the original priory, or even that it began before his time, as a small eremitic community, towards the end of the 11th century. Another possibility is that the community was established or nurtured by Alan's widow, variously named as Adelina, Avelina or Evelyn, who seems to have survived him by many years.

Despite his reservations about the self-contradictory sources, Eyton concluded that the foundation date lay between 1130 and 1138 and that the founder of the abbey "in all respects was the first William Fitz-Alan". However, William FitzAlan's grant of the Preston Boats fish weir, around 1135, was clearly not a foundation grant: there was already a small but growing community when it was made. The Victoria County History account tends to give more weight than Eyton to the possibility of an earlier origin. Augustinian communities often began as small gatherings around a noted hermit before growing into established monasteries, or even small religious orders: the Abbey of Arrouaise in northern France, which had a Shropshire community at nearby Lilleshall Abbey, is an example. At Haughmond, the remains of a very modest early church were discovered beneath the floor of the later, more ambitious building, during the 1907 excavations: this may date back to the time of Prior Fulk or earlier. Despite these reservations and qualifications, the most recent account of William Fitz-Alan, in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, simply treats him as the founder of the abbey, and it was certainly he who placed it on a secure basis, even if he was not the originator.

Early growth and confirmations
William FitzAlan took the side of the Empress and was exiled from the region from 1138 until at least 1153. However, endowments continued in FitzAlan's absence. The Empress gave Haughmond land and a mill in Walcot, Shropshire. The land grant at least is generally thought to date from Matilda's time at Oxford in the summer of 1141, when she temporarily had the upper hand in the civil war. The abbey took the precaution of getting Stephen's approval for these valuable gifts – assuming that Stephen's grant of the same property actually was later, which is not absolutely certain. When Henry, Duke of Normandy, the future Henry II, appeared in England in 1153, he was induced to issue a charter at Leicester, confirming his mother's grants. This strategy of obtaining triple grants during the Anarchy was followed also by Lilleshall Abbey.

An early benefactor of Haughmond was Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester, who donated the right to fish in the Dee and take 6000 salt fish free of tolls. Ranulf brought a number of Welsh magnates into the civil war, initially on the Angevin side. This brought gifts of some Welsh churches to the abbey, including that at Trefeglwys, in Arwystli, and at that at Nefyn, which was donated by Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd. In 1155, the year after Henry II took the throne, his supporter, William FitzAlan, finally regained his Shropshire estates. William then donated the church at Wroxeter to Haughmond. This was a portionary church – staffed by a number of canons, dividing the income, but not forming a structured college. FitzAlan stipulated that the abbot must maintain five secular clergy at Wroxeter and send five canons to participate in the celebration of the feasts of St Andrew, St George, and St Denis. He also declared he would increase the number of canons at Wroxeter, thus benefiting Wroxeter and Haughmond simultaneously. He declared this was "so that they might have a full convent", implying that he intended the church to evolve into a college, probably as a family chantry. If that was his intention, it never materialised. Notably, the donation refers to Abbas de Haghmon, the Abbot of Haughmond, indicating that the house had grown in size and status.

As the wealth of the abbey increased, the rebuilding of the church and abbey was begun. Over the next twenty years it was constructed in a late Romanesque style, funded mainly by the FitzAlans and their vassals, especially the Lestrange family. However, there were royal donations, including assarts around the abbey site, which were granted by an early charter of Henry II. These signalled that the abbey was closely associated politically with the Angevin dynasty. This was reinforced by the appointment of Alured, the king's former tutor, as abbot, probably in the 1160s. It was Alured who in 1172 obtained two bulls from Pope Alexander III, confirming the early grants, giving the abbey extra-parochial status, including the right to bury whoever willed it, and conferring on the canons the right to elect their own abbot. The king added still more charters when he was at Shrewsbury later in his reign, probably in 1176, updating the list of endowments conferred upon the abbey by that time.

Endowments and benefactors
The following is a list of notable properties donated to Haughmond Abbey in its first century, based on the account of the abbey in the Victoria County History.

Churches formed a significant part of the abbey's wealth. Through appropriation, the abbey corporately took on the role of rector in the parish and thus received the tithes. It retained advowson of the church and any chapels, allowing it to appoint the vicars and curates; this would generate a substantial entry fine on each appointment. Churches provided a steady stream of income, with little cost and effort. Haughmond appropriated the churches listed above in the 12th century: Stoke, Shawbury (including its dependent chapels), Cheswardine, Ruyton XI Towns, Nefyn and Treseglwys. In addition it later appropriated the following churches:

The distribution maps available above show that the abbey's assets were heavily concentrated, tending to form natural groups, in Shropshire. This was a major advantage that Haughmond had over nearby Lilleshall, which always suffered from the running costs associated with a widely dispersed property portfolio. The acquisition policy of the abbey tended to strengthen this advantage, deliberately buying or requesting grants of adjoining estates to increase local concentrations of land. Beyond Leebotwood, for example, the abbey built up a large composite of holdings. A grant by Henry II of meadow on the Long Mynd marked the beginning of the venture. More benefactors contributed, especially the powerful Robert Corbet of Caus Castle, and a substantial monastic estate took shape, known as the "domain of Boveria”, from the Latin bos/bovis, an ox, and meaning roughly "cattle shed". This land along the Wales–England border, was mostly waste when the canons arrived but quickly became excellent pasture, as the new name suggests. It fell in the Diocese of Hereford and it was Bishop Robert Foliot who gave the canons permission to turn their oratory at Stitt, in Ratlinghope manor, into church for the region. After it acquired Aston Abbots, in the early 13th century, the community built up another large group of holdings east of Oswestry at Hisland, Twyford and West Felton, and Great Ness. Wherever estates adjoined uncultivated areas, the community took to vigorous assarting. This had been specifically allowed by Henry II in some of his grants. To make administration easier, the estates were divided into 12 local bailiwicks. These were generally under lay management, but obedientiaries, canons with specific responsibilities for rent and tithe collection, were deputed by the abbots to keep in touch.

In addition to land and churches, the abbey increasingly exploited mills, which increased in number over the centuries. As Dissolution approached in 1538, profits from the abbey's 21 grain and 5 fulling mills amounted to about 8% of its total income.

The concentration of property reflected the circumstances of the abbey's foundation by a powerful territorial dynasty that maintained its interest in the Marches for at least two centuries. As William FitzAlan was always recognised as founder, a Henry II's charter of about 1176 gave his successors custody of the abbey whenever the position of abbot was vacant. The first William FitzAlan was buried in Shrewsbury Abbey, but subsequent heads of the family were buried at Haughmond for over 150 years. Even after the FitzAlans acquired the prestigious earldom of Arundel in 1243, they continued to regard the abbey as theirs and to call the canons canonici mei. When Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel was executed at Hereford in 1326, his body was buried there, despite his wish to be buried at Haughmond. Abbot Nicholas of Longnor protested and was able to have the body transferred to Haughmond.

Elias or Helias de Say was an important early benefactor, giving lands around Hodnet. His daughter, Isabella, was William FitzAlan's second wife. The male line of the Clun de Says ended with Elias and Isabella passed the estates to the family of her second husband, Geoffrey de Vere, son of Aubrey de Vere I, Earl of Oxford. However, there was another branch of the family at Stokesay, to which they gave their name. The tombstone of a later family member, Olimpia de Say, is now displayed in the chapter house, having been discovered in the Cloister.

The FitzAlans also motivated their vassals and allies to follow their example in making grants. This was especially so of the Lestranges, and most especially of the Knockin branch of the family. Their interest and protection continued down the centuries, with repeated grants of land and loans. In 1342 Roger Lestrange, Baron Strange of Knockin, granted the church at Hanmer to fund a perpetual chantry at the abbey, although it was not until about 1426 that practical and legal difficulties were overcome to establish the chantry.

Ranton Priory and other dependencies
Ranton Priory in Staffordshire, founded in the mid-12th century by Robert Fitz-Noel and dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was the only monastery institutionally dependent on Haughmond for a time. Its foundation charter states that it is sub regula & obedientia Hamanensis Ecclesiae – under the rule of the church of Haughmond – and the confirmation by Archbishop Baldwin of Forde (1184–90) reaffirmed that it followed the rule of Haughmond. It is possible that there was friction, as a charter from Archbishop Hubert Walter (1193-1205) seems very assertive in insisting that Ranton owes "obedience and subjection" to Haughmond. Relations seem to have been regulated by undated but probably later document, described as amicabilis compositio – a friendly agreement – between the two houses. This stated that the abbot was to visit Ranton at least annually. It gave the canons of Ranton full voting rights in elections for the abbot, although in elections for their own prior, they were to choose a canon from Ranton and another from Haughmond, with the abbot having the final say. They were free to regulate the membership of the priory, so long as all canons pledged obedience to the abbot.

At some point, probably in the late 12th century, for reasons unknown, the dependence of the priory on Haughmond was challenged by Great Bricett Priory in Suffolk, which sued for recognition as the mother house. Bricett also demanded that Haughmond give up its control of Wombridge Priory, which was still less explicable, as it had no control at all over Wombridge. Haughmond eventually got Bricett to drop its suit for a single payment of 40 shillings. However, the underlying tension resurfaced between Ranton, a fairly large house to be considered merely a cell, and Haughmond. After an appeal to the papacy, an enquiry set up by Bishop Roger Weseham gave Ranton full independence, although it was required to pay an annual pension of 100 shillings to Haughmond.

Although not dependent on Haughmond, there were other institutions under its spiritual influence. The canons of Owston Abbey in Leicestershire were ordered by its founder, Robert Grimbald, to live "according to the order of the church of Haughmond". As Haughmond seems to have been an entirely normal Augustinian house, this must mean following its example in rigorously pursuing the Augustinian rule.

It seems also that Haughmond was intended to provide a chantry service at St John's Hospital in Oswestry, which was founded by Reiner, Bishop of St Asaph (1186-1224). In return it was to receive the manor of Wilcot. It is unclear whether this arrangement was ever implemented before Reiner also gave control over the hospital to the Knights Hospitaller. This led a series of legal proceedings involving Haughmond and the Hospitallers. Ultimately Haughmond agreed to hold the hospital of the Hospitallers for a payment of 20 shillings annually to their Preceptory at Halston.

The monastic life
The Augustinian rule allowed for many different styles of religious life. Haughmond was certainly a community of Canons Regular but only a little is known about the precise interpretation of the rule that prevailed or how well it was followed. Generally, a financially solvent house was likely to have a better religious life, and Haughmond was generally well run. After the mid-14th century there were never more than 13 canons, although the size of the buildings suggests numbers were considerably greater in earlier centuries.

The chronicler Gervase of Canterbury noted that the Augustinians of Haughmond were Canonici Albi, that is, white canons. The so-called white habit was probably simply of undyed wool and may reinforce suggestions that Haughmond was an independent eremitic community before it was absorbed, with all such groups, into the Augustinian order. A local chronicle notes that Haughmond adopted the typical Augustinian black habit in 1234.

Augustinians were expected to observe strict protocols in contacts with outsiders, to travel only with their abbot's permission and never to sleep alone. One of the problems at Lilleshall was that canons were often forced to undertake expeditions to the outlying estates, outside direct supervision of the abbot. This was much less prevalent at Haughmond, with its more concentrated estates, although it seems there was sometimes a need for canons to stay at Nefyn, where there was a canons' house in the early 14th century. There were also facilities, including chapels, for canons and abbots to stay on some of the granges, including Leebotwood and Beobridge. As the canons were all ordained priests, they could also officiate at chapels in the extra-parochial areas to the west, although secular clergy were appointed as soon as these communities became viable. Eyton traced in detail how the chapel at Knockin evolved, under the abbey's control, into a parish church with a vicar. In the early years there were lay brothers to help in the work of the abbey, but they are never mentioned after 1190. There were, however, numerous paid officials and servants on the premises.

Arrangements for food and clothing altered over the years. Initially, canons were granted an annual allowance for clothing. In 1315, the Bishop of Lichfield, Walter Langton, prohibited this practice, so Abbot Richard de Brock earmarked the revenues of Cheswardine church and of Nagington and Hisland to be given to a chamberlain, who was to arrange supplies of clothing.

The diet at Haughmond seems to have been relatively varied and less austere than in most monastic institutions. In 1280 147 sheep and a calf were supplied to the abbey. Tithes of sea fish were exacted at Nefyn and the abbey had fisheries on the Dee and Severn, but it seems unlikely that fish were supplied fresh from the further fisheries. Ranulf of Chester's grant allowed the canons to purchase annually 6000 salted herrings. These were bought at Chester on special terms. In the 12th century the abbey was granted half a swarm of bees in the woods at Hardwick: it may be that mead was made, although honey had a symbolic connection with the austere life because of its association with John the Baptist, to whom the abbey was dedicated.

Diet seems to have been improved in the early 14th century by the same process of earmarking revenues to it. In 1332 Abbot Nicholas of Longnor, as part of a more general package of reforms, issued an ordinance on the abbey's culinary arrangements. This allocated the proceeds from the churches at Hunstanton and Ruyton XI Towns, together with those of the Dee and Severn fisheries, to the purchase of meat and fish. Longnor arranged for a new set of kitchens to be constructed:

Fuel, flour, peas, cheese, butter, and pottage were still to be provided from the general accounts. Longnor also ordained a piggery:

Two loads of flour were requisitioned annually for pastry. It is unclear to what extent the large quantities of meat actually formed part of the monastic diet, as there was also an infirmary on the premises and this must have absorbed some of the food supplies. The kitchener was ordered to render account to the abbot four times a year. A cellarer was responsible for the supply of both beer and bread, including that required at the abbey's granges. the abbot ate from the same kitchens as the canons and could feed guests free of charge when on the premises, but he, the steward and the chaplain were to feed themselves when away from the abbey. Abbot Longnor established a substantial garden at the abbey and in later centuries a dovecote was installed there, providing another convenient source of meat.

In the absence of much documentary evidence, the abbey's art may shed some light on the values held dear by the community. In the 14th century a number of figures were carved on the previously plain shafts of the arches at the processional entrance to the church and at the entrance to the chapter house. St Peter and St Paul flank the church entrance used by the canons to enter the church for the Canonical Hours. These were the saints most closely associated with the Papacy, from which both the order and the abbey took their authority. For the chapter house, Augustine of Hippo, eponym of the order, and St John the Evangelist, patron saint of the abbey, were obvious choices. The remaining saints were all illustrative of martyrdom, austerity or spiritual struggle. Thomas Becket, murdered on the orders of Henry II, one of Haughmond's major benefactors, was a martyr whose cult at Canterbury was the focus for medieval England's most important pilgrimage. Catherine of Alexandria, seen as a virgin martyr, is portrayed with her wheel of martyrdom, taking revenge on the Emperor Maxentius. John the Baptist, closely associated with asceticism and speaking truth to power, and a Biblical type for Becket, clutches the lamb and flag symbol of the Agnus Dei. He is accompanied by Margaret of Antioch, who is spearing a dragon, a female counterpart to St Michael. St Winifred, a third virgin martyr, whose relics were kept at nearby Shrewsbury Abbey, is shown with her persecutor Caradog sinking into the ground. Facing her, St Michael the Archangel, armed with spear and shield, treads down and impales a dragon, representing Satan.

Intellectual life
The abbey must have built up a collection of books large enough to need separate accommodation, as Abbot Richard Pontesbury complained in 1518 that the bybliotheca was in need of repair. A small number of the books have survived: a Bible; a volume of glossed Gospels; a work by Petrus Comestor, a French theologian; one by Hugh of Fouilloy, another French cleric; and a volume containing both the Sententiae of Isidore of Seville and De sapientia by Alcuin.

John Audelay was a noted 15th-century writer who resided at Haughmond. Audelay, a blind and deaf poet, was not an Augustinian canon but the first secular priest to serve in the Lestrange chantry. His accession date, 1426, is noted in a colophon of a manuscript of his work and he signs off several poems with a self-description: "My name is Jon the blynd Awdlay." It is known that Audelay had some involvement in disturbances at the church of St Dunstan-in-the-East in London at Easter 1417, in which his employer, Richard le Strange, 7th Baron Strange (1381–1449), and his entourage assaulted Sir John Trussell, on the second occasion killing a by-stander. Formerly regarded as little more than samples of the contemporary Shropshire Middle English dialect, Audelay's poems give considerable insight into the spiritual concerns of the age. Most reflect on the value of points of Christian doctrine or liturgy. His defence of the mass, for example, is clearly shaped by his own daily concerns as a chaplain. Pursuing his exposition, he brings in an example from the life of Augustine of Canterbury. The themes, which are strongly anti-Lollard, and the strategies of argument and exposition, are reminiscent of the work of his older contemporary, John Mirk, a canon of nearby Lilleshall. Like Mirk, Audelay seems very aware of the distinction between internal criticism, however trenchant, and heretical dissent. He drew a clear distinction between the work of conscientious priests and the conduct of worldly clerics. His strong emphasis on respect for the divine service may reflect his own sense of responsibility for the events of 1417. Occasionally he comments on topical concerns, as in a poem on Henry V's wooing of Catherine of Valois or another on the succession of Henry VI.

In the 15th century the abbey contributed to the upkeep of an Augustinian house of study at Oxford, which later became St Mary's College. The Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate seems to have organised the collection of funds for the project, as it bound itself to repay 40 pounds sterling to Haughmond in the event of failure. However, Haughmond, like other Augustinian houses in the region, was not noted for its scholarship. The only Haughmond canon to achieve academic eminence was John Ludlow, who was a scholar at St Mary's, and headed it as prior studentium in 1453 and 1453: he became abbot of Haughmond in 1464. The abbey was supposed to maintain at least one canon at university but was fined 20 shillings in 1511 by the general chapter of the Augustinians for failing to do so.

Difficulties and abuses
The abbey was subject to canonical visitation by the local ordinary, the Bishop of Lichfield. These were particularly zealous in the early 14th century, and criticised administrative and moral failings. For example, the obedientiaries who collected rents and tithes were instructed not to travel alone, and canons residing away from the abbey were ordered to be recalled. In 1354, the canons were criticised for their love of hunting. For most of the abbey's history, however, the criticisms were few and infrequent, and it is likely that monastic discipline was generally reasonably good. More serious criticisms came late in the history of the abbey, during the time of two abbots: Richard Pontesbury and Christopher Hunt.

Pontesbury was abbot from 1488 to about 1521. His failings seem to have been mainly in management both of resources and people, revealed in visitations in 1518 and 1521. Because revenues were being misapplied, the buildings were in need of repair, particularly the infirmary, dormitory, chapter house, and library. Pontesbury seems to have complained about this to the bishop as if he himself were not responsible. Liturgical life was suffering because of lack of instruction for the novices. Worse still, canons were visiting Shrewsbury, a woman of ill-repute was frequenting the abbey, and there were boys in the dormitory.

Pontesbury was replaced, but in 1522, his successor, Christopher Hunt, was accused of fornication, as well as incompetence and negligence. He admitted the fornication but claimed he had already performed penance. Nevertheless, he was sent to Lilleshall Abbey to be disciplined, and it was said he was much improved on his return. However, Hunt managed to get the abbey into debt by £100, a considerable feat considering its excellent revenues and low running costs. Between 1527 and 1529, he disappeared from the scene and was replaced by Thomas Corveser, who had been his chaplain and one of his sternest critics. Corveser seems to have restored the abbey's finances and reputation. He remained abbot until the dissolution.

Dissolution and after
Initially intended to assess the value of church properties, the Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535 reckoned the net annual value of Haughmond at £259 13s. 7¼d. The annual income at dissolution was actually reckoned at more than £350, as the new estimate included the abbey site and the granges of Homebarn and Sundorne, missed in earlier calculations. There was a £200 threshold set by the Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535, which left Haughmond and Lilleshall in being. However, the precedent and the storm of criticism unleashed by the dissolution of the majority of religious houses intimidated many of the more successful institutions into surrender. Haughmond took this step in 1539, the year before the Second Act of Dissolution. The commission to dissolve the abbey was issued from Woodstock Palace on 23 August 1539 and signed by Thomas Cromwell. A deed of surrender was drawn up on 19 September. The abbot, Thomas Corveser, the prior, John Colfox, and nine canons signed it by 16 October, acknowledging Henry VIII as supreme over the Church of England on earth. Each of them received a generous pension: the abbot £40 a year, the prior £8, and the canons either £5 6s. 8d. or £6 each. Two canons did not sign, William Rolfe who received a pension of £7, and Richard Doone, who received only 40 shillings.

In 1540 the abbey site was sold to Sir Edward Littleton, a religious conservative, of Pillaton Hall, Staffordshire. Only two years later, Littleton sold it to Sir Rowland Hill, a Protestant who became Lord Mayor of London in 1547, and soon after sold Haughmond to the Barker family. During this period the Abbot's Hall and adjoining rooms were converted into a private residence, although the church and dormitory were already being plundered for building stone. Some of the other buildings around the little cloister continued as private accommodation, with the Little Cloister becoming a formal garden, up until the English Civil War. There was a fire during the Civil War and it left the hands of the wealthy, being turned over for use as a farm. A small cottage still stood in the area of the former abbots kitchen when the ruins were placed in the guardianship of the Office of Works in 1933.

The site was excavated in 1907 under the supervision of William Henry St John Hope and Harold Brakspear, who published their findings in The Archaeological Journal. More excavations took place between 1975 and 1979, directed by Jeffrey West for the Department of the Environment, in the north part of the cloister, the south transept and the south part of the choir of the abbey church, with the dual purpose of recovering the plan of the cloister walk and re-examining the early church identified by the 1907 excavation. Further work was undertaken by English Heritage in 2002 and is the most comprehensive analysis and survey of the earthworks to be undertaken to date.

Today English Heritage looks after the site. The site did have a small museum and shop, but this closed in 2017. The site is now free to enter and open all year round.

In 2023 the former ticket office and museum were refurbished by English Heritage and have now reopened to provide a small exhibition space and information point selling guidebooks. The site is now staffed by English Heritage volunteers.

Burials at the abbey

 * John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel
 * Maud de Verdon, (died 27 November 1283), his wife
 * John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel
 * Isabella Mortimer, Countess of Arundel
 * Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel
 * Alice of Saluzzo, Countess of Arundel
 * Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel
 * Alice de Warenne, Countess of Arundel

The ruins today
The Haughmond Abbey buildings, like those at Lillsehall, show signs of Cistercian architectural influence. The standing remains are of white sandstone rubble construction with ashlar dressings. At the highest points, floors and lower walls were made by shaping the red sandstone that underlies the site. Most of the buildings were grouped around two cloisters. They include: the foundations and west cloister doorway of the late 12th- and early 14th-century church; the late 12th-century chapter house (which is still roofed); the west wall of the warming house and dorter; the walls of the frater and its undercroft; and the early 13th century infirmary, flanked by the abbot's lodging to the east. Apart from a few walls, little else has survived from the western side of the site and, at the northern edge, the abbey church has completely disappeared – although the cruciform ground plan is still clearly visible.

The abbey site would have been enclosed by a perimeter ditch but this is no longer apparent. The precinct is still partly enclosed by a wall of undressed stone, around the south and west sides. The entrance to the abbey was about 130 metres north of the church, where the gatehouse has been traced. There would have been other buildings serving the community and its guests between the gatehouse and the church but these too remain only in bare outline. The remains of the artificial landscape created in the Middle Ages are discernible further to the north. A reservoir and three possible fish ponds can be identified, along with various other medieval features.

The public entrance to the abbey site is now on the south side, where the extant ruins are at their most impressive. Visitors are confronted by the elaborately decorated, five-sided bay window of the abbot's private quarters. This is of very late date – probably the second half of the 15th century. The accommodation for the abbots became steadily more luxurious and more private throughout the history of the abbey. Beyond the window are remains of the 12th-century abbot's rooms, which were on a far more modest scale. The large and impressive abbot's hall, with its great west window of six lights, was built in the 14th century, partly over some of the 12th-century abbot's buildings. Below the window doorways led to the service buildings: remains and traces of these mainly 12th-century structures are still visible beyond the western end of the hall. This southern end of the site was considerably modified but preserved after the dissolution, when it was used as a family residence.

From the western side of the ruins, the abbot's hall window remains the dominant structure, but walls of the kitchen and dining areas and of the main cloister are easily made out beyond it. It is possible to walk through the entrance to the undercroft of the frater or refectory, below the great west refectory window, which would once have been an impressive structure when it was inserted in the 13th century. The refectory and its undercroft separated the little cloister to the south from the larger northern cloister. The undercroft was the main storage area for provisions, which were brought in through its western entrance from the abbey grounds. A sluice supplied by a stream is on the northern side of the undercroft. The undercroft linked via service steps to the frater above, and by a door to the kitchens, which lay along the western side of the little cloister. The large fireplaces in the west wall of the kitchen range are still very prominent. The frater, being on the upper floor, has gone, but the main cloister wall closest its entrance has two large, arched niches that contained the lavers for the canons' ceremonial ablution before meals. It is not clear how water was supplied to the lavers and all trace of the wash basins has disappeared.

The main cloister was a large, almost square, open area, not arcaded like the little cloister, but open to the sky. It gave access to the main theatres of communal life: the refectory, the chapter house, the canons' dorter and the church itself.

The chapter house is of exceptional quality and in a good state of preservation. It is fronted by three heavily decorated round arches of the late 13th century, the larger centre arch a doorway and the flanking arches originally windows. The shafts between were built with carved capitals, but a series of sculptures of saints was added to them in the 14th century. The chapter house was substantially remodelled in the 16th century, perhaps subsequent to the complaints about its condition under Abbot Pontesbury. There is no trace of the original seating, which would have allowed the canons to sit around the walls of the building. The chapter house was demolished after the dissolution, apart from the western arches and south side, with another building taking its place. This was fitted with an impressive moulded, wooden ceiling, probably moved from another part of the abbey. This remains in place. The parlour would have been next to the chapter house but nothing remains of it.

The church is the most completely ruined part of the site, with little in the way of upstanding walls. A single Norman architecture arched doorway, leading from the cloister into the nave of the church shows fine foliage moulding, with the sculptured figures of St Peter and Saint Paul either side of the opening. This is on the south side of the church's western end – an austere choice, apparently unaltered. Lilleshall and most similar abbeys had their processional door near close to the transept and dorter, and many had night stairs for the convenience of the monks or canons. At Haughmond the canons had to cross the cloisters, in all weathers, and all times of day and night. There are traces of an early 12th-century church, found during excavations, close to the south transept. However, the easily discerned cruciform plan of the late 12th-century building provides the main framework. The natural upward slope to the east was used to create a symbolism of spiritual ascent, with steps leading from the nave to the choir, and more from the choir to the sanctuary and high altar – a rise of about four metres. The church was about 60 metres (almost exactly 200 feet) in length – about the same as at Lilleshall, which it seems to have resembled closely – and originally aisleless. However, an aisle and porch were added on the northern side in the 13th century. A chapel was added to the northern side of the presbytery in the 15th: this may have been the chapel of St Anne, where the canons served the Le Strange chantry around 1480. Burials of lay benefactors took place in the church and elsewhere on the site: the graves of Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (died 1302) and his mother, Isabella Mortimer, Countess of Arundel (died c. 1292), both very important benefactors, are marked in the sanctuary area.

The remains of the canon's dorter or dormitory are slight. It was probably a two-storey building, with the bottom floor used for storage – like the frater – and for a warming house. At the northern end, the dorter is backed by Longnor's Garden, the area set out by the abbot for culinary and medicinal herbs, which contained a dovecote in the 15th century. The present guidebook suggests that the dorter was divided in the 15th century to provide quarters for the prior, the abbot's deputy. However, the text of the 1459 agreement between Abbot Richard Burnell and the canons, covering the responsibilities of the prior, suggests that the prior's quarters were under the dorter, with an entrance from the cloister, next to the parlour, and access to Longnor's garden at the rear. They had been refurbished at considerable cost and effort by a former prior, William of Shrewsbury, then still living, and were to pass to his successors only after his death. At the southern end of the dorter, a doorway led to the reredorter, the communal washing and latrine block. Although the facilities themselves have gone, there is a very clear length of stone drain, still supplied by a diverted stream.

title: Haughmond Abbey


text:
Talk:Anti-bias curriculum

Untitled
The content for this page started off as an off-site post as part of a course requirement in Early Childhood Education and Technology at Ryerson University (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). I was not required to upload the page onto Wikipedia, but I felt that it was my duty to inform a broader audience and set the stage for the anti-bias curriculum. It really is about time that individuals (especially those in the field of Education) apply an anti-bias stance!

Thank Yous

 * This entry wouldn't have been possible without the guidance and instruction of Dr.Jason Nolan.
 * Thank-you to Metin Bereketli for giving me permission to use the Diversity picture.
 * Many thanks to Rizwan Choudhary for constructive feedback and proof-reading this page.

-- Jan i 23:04, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Serious problems
This article has serious problems. Would the original authors please read NPOV carefully, and apply it to, e.g. the uncritical use of the word "oppression" and the weird list of "examples of oppression". Thanks! -- jet 57  (u∴t) 11:00, 24 April 2007 (UTC) 11:29, 19 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow! This is indeed a terrible, terrible article, almost unsalvageable. Anyone with the energy to do so should edit it mercilessly. Arbor 13:05, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

More thought should have gone into this before it was edited.... There are so many questions now that I would like this person to answer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bundyrumforever (talk • contribs) 22:37, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

Regarding the problems
The list of the "examples of oppression" has been dramatically changed since I wrote this article. I don't feel that things such as gun control and hollywood should be included in the list. Will try to modify the list. -- Jan i 19:27, 27 Nov 2005 (UTC)

Taking a knife to it...
OK I've taken a knife to it. I've tried to phrase it in NPOV terms, plus I've deleted the whole "how to" section, which seems to be mostly original research. If the original author wishes to add it back in, in a NPOV manner, with adequate citations, that is fine. Can't see the point in the long lists of articles at the bottom, but they don't do much harm. The original author would be better served by paring them down to articles that are directly relevent, rather than just listing any subject that seems to relate to progressive politics. --Michael Johnson 02:05, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Unanswered questions
-- Beland 21:54, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * In what ways are typical educational plans biased?
 * In what ways do these biases contribute to "oppression"?
 * In what ways do they interfere with learning?
 * There are no examples of ways in which any of the goals of the theory are realized in the classroom, just references to other publications. Wikipedia needs a short summary with examples, or else readers will not get any detail on the topic of the article.

I'll give one brief example in answer to each question, based on pre-school level:

 * In what ways are typical educational plans biased?

For example, the illustration in children's books might give the message that every child is caucasian, that only boys dress up as firemen, or that every family has a daddy and mummy.

 * In what ways do these biases contribute to "oppression"? In what ways do they interfere with learning?

Firstly, every child should be able to relate with what's being taught: so if the picture-books show only boys, not girls, or only white-skinned children having cool adventures and a happening social life, then that's not very inspiring for everyone. Secondly, you don't want the adult-supplied environment (nor the adults themselves) to reinforce poor stereotypes: for example if a boy says to a girl in the playground, "give me that truck, girls can't play with trucks" then it's unfortunate if that message is inadvertently coming from the adults too. Note that "anti-bias" is being taught first to the teachers.

99.232.245.164 (talk) 04:41, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

NPOV
I have had to somewhat ironically tag this article as non-neutral, because it only covers the proponents of the approach, but not its critics. Given how many opponents of so-called policital correctness would love to tackle a topic like this, this seems like a glaring omission. -- Beland 21:58, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion
It might be better to limit the scope of this topic: to say that it's about the Anti-bias curriculum in Canada or even in Ontario. That might resolve some of the problems people have with it:

 * You may think it controversial, but I don't think that it is controversial in Ontario. In Ontario, daycares are licensed by the province and Early Childhood Educators are trained and professionally certified: and for these reasons among others, people's opinion of the anti-bias curriculum might be fairly homogenous and not very controversial.
 * The original author said, in a comment, that "I don't feel that things such as gun control and hollywood should be included in the list". I (having been exposed to the same training as the author) agree with the author; but if someone else does think that "gun control" and "hollywood" should be included for some reason, I see that as further evidence for my suggestion that details vary from country to country.

In response to Michael Johnson's comment, this isn't necessarily just "progressive politics" or personal opinion: more, this is something which is part of the curriculum which is taught to Early Childhood Educators here in Ontario as part of their professional certification.

99.232.245.164 (talk) 04:20, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

biased / antibiased philosophers and scientists
Most philosophers and scientist have chosen one path, but most maintained some perspectives of the other system of beliefs.

antibiased:

 * Bernhard Riemann
 * Aristotel was generally antibiased for an ancient person but made many biased conclusions

biased: Gödels explanations like the infinite and absolute analysis - Kurt Gödel was a biased thinker by emotional choice, not because of his rational conclusions
 * Socrates [Socrates wrote nothing, we know all his ideas from Plato, especially Platos early works, because then Plato added his ideas]
 * Plato [pure idealistic absolutes]
 * Kurt Gödel [his incompleteness theorems were totally antibiased like all
 * Karl Marx had biased economic views, not pragmatic but philosophically predetermined
 * Adolf Hitler — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.131.105.179 (talk) 19:37, 14 June 2014 (UTC)
 * This appears to be original research, and only tenuously connected to the subject of the article, which is modern curricula used in formal education settings. If you have sources which clarify your point, and its connection to the subject, please provide them.Dialectric (talk) 00:44, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

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Improving the Anti-Bias Curriculum Wikipedia
Hi, I'm planning on adding sources, and editing this Wikipedia page with new information that reflects additional perspectives on the value of anti-bias curriculum. I hope to expand on the origin and examples of anti-bias curriculum. I’d also like to include sections on different types of anti-bias curriculum, such as critical race theory and social justice education. SarahD12345678910 (talk) 01:26, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anti-bias curriculum


text: Category:1630s books

title: Category:1630s books


text: Category:1640s books

title: Category:1640s books


text:
Mirza Ghulam Hafiz

Mirza Ghulam Hafiz (2 January 1920 – 20 December 2000) was a Bangladeshi statesman, politician, and philanthropist.

Early life and education
Hafiz was born to Mirza Azimuddin Sarkar on 2 January 1920 in Panchagarh District, East Bengal, British Raj. He obtained master's degree in economics in 1941 from University of Calcutta and a bachelor's of law degree in 1948 from the University of Dhaka.

Career
Hafiz was an active organizer of the Language Movement on two separate occasions—in 1952 and again in 1954—and was jailed both times. In 1954, he was elected to the provincial assembly in Bengal as a representative of the Panchagarh district as a candidate of the United Front. He provide legal support to the defence team in the Agartala Conspiracy Case.

Mirza Hafiz was one of the founding members of the 33 member Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid, which was established in March 1974 to protect the opposition politicians and members of civil society who were facing government persecution.

In 1979, Hafiz was elected to the new parliament of Bangladesh and was appointed the Minister of Land Management. From 1978 to 1982, he served as the Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad until the coup that assassinated the President, Ziaur Rahman. After the demolition of the autocratic government of Hossain Mohammad Ershad, he was reelected to the parliament in 1991. Under the BNP, he was appointed the Minister of Law and Justice. He retired from politics in 1995.

Death
Hafiz died on 20 December 2000.

title: Mirza Ghulam Hafiz


text: Category:1660s books

title: Category:1660s books