text:
Talk:Right to life

A more general introduction?
Could this article have a more general introduction to Right to Life before jumping into the different contexts? Alternatively could it disambiguate to different pages? 131.111.5.170 (talk) 19:10, 19 May 2019 (UTC)

Should this page be merged with the Consistent Life Ethic article?
 * Oppose. Right to life is a legal concept, and Consistent Life Ethic concerns a movement concerning the interpretation of this right.
 * Oppose. If anything, the Consistent Life Ethic should be merged with this article. The right to life is specifically enumerated in several legal documents. Consistent Life Ethic is a movement to ensure that this right is upheld. Ryan Brady 16:57, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The Right To Life movement in the US has largely focused on fetuses. The Consistent Life Ethic goes to the root of the matter, and advocates repect for all human life.Pustelnik (talk) 19:49, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While initially, I considered considering the notion, the lede does a wonderful job of doing precisely what was requested. This is an encyclopedia, not a debate site, so the basic facts are given, links given to side topics and arguments of noteworthy documentation. I'll happily discuss my own views in a debate forum, but this isn't such a place, so basic facts, further information on the entire topic are appropriate. IHO, this is entirely proper, basic information, as the subject ranges from capital punishment to abortion, which is a hot button topic and prone to causing edit wars and stupidity.Wzrd1 (talk)

Peter Singer
I think that Singer's theories deserve a mention on this page, however, as it is now, it might be unbalanced. We might also want to add some religious views, i.e. from Islam, Christianity (Protestant/Catholic), et cetera. And not confine ourselves only to law.

 * In his writings, Singer establishes the need for morality, asserts what he thinks that morality should be, and then justifies his arguments based on the morality he established. His arguments are logical extensions of his own moral code, but he admits that his code is subjective.  One can only agree with his conclusions if they also believe his premise for those conclusions.  In the case that you cite, Singer first writes that his moral loyalty is given to consciousness and not to our species.  Based on that morality, a fetus is less conscious than a living animal.  Thus, any argument for not killing a fetus would necessarily be an argument for not killing an animal with a consciousness greater than that stage of the fetus.  Rabbi Jeremy Rosen references Singer's non-distinction between cruelty to animals and cruelty to humans in support of his assertion that "we need the discipline of Torah and written constitution to check and balance." In building logical arguments on subjective moral principles, I would argue that Singer is already an example of a religious view.  -- Zephram Stark  20:14, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * An encyclopedia article should not be a forum for debate. Instead of saying that some people disagree with Singer, we should state exactly what the foundations of Singer's assertions are, as I have touched on above.  Instead of holding Singer up as an authoritative figure, we should let the logic (or illogic) of his message speak for itself.  Then we don't have to say that certain people agree or disagree with it.  I would be happy to propose a change that would concisely define Singer's view if everyone agrees to the principle of that change.  Please say Agree or Disagree with your comments below, so that we can reach a consensus about it.  (Please note that this is not a vote.)  --Zephram Stark 17:42, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The section under 'Opposing Viewpoints' comes across to a researcher (me) as non-objective and mostly irrelevant. The first paragraph has promise, the following two paragraphs are very amateur and do not clearly illustrate any clear point - save to somehow trying to link "Pro-choicers" (not the most literary term) with 'Zoophiles' via the use of poor and insinuative grammar. I request the two sides of this subject agree on some improvements in this area, its the most negative opinion i've had of any controversial subject on wikipedia to date.  Clearly the 'debate' is at the very heart of this article, so care should be taken to make sure that both sides of the debate viewpoint are clear, articulate and well sourced.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.75.44.123 (talk) 21:16, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

Juridical views
Maybe the laws of other countries regarding abortion should be featured here, not just of the United States? For example, " we create governments to secure those rights that will always be part of our nature. " Mstislava 14:29, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The section skips 1973. ✇✆✃✄Ⓠ‽ (talk) 21:49, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Political movements
It is my opinion that right to life issues fall in the same category as abolition or civil rights. The lines cross political parties, consistently energize voters and have a significant impact on the political landscape. The catalysts are more that just abortion, but include capital punishment, stem cell research, war and even things like gun control. On the abortion issue, since Roe v. Wade there has been significant political organization on both sides as they try to push their position forward. The current article does not discuss this as thoroughly as it could. Rearden9 13:50, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Insufficient Information
This article is pretty paltry right now. The intro says that 'right to life' involves several issues. As far as I can see, the article focuses almost entirely on abortion. Furthermore, it is profoundly US-centric. I've helped this a little bit by adding mention of the UN UDHR. Let's please make this article about an inalienable human right (throughout the world), not about abortion in the US. Ryan Brady 16:54, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Good to know that unpopular information will be censored and deleted on a whim. Good ol' wiki. You can't deny the abortion aspects of the Right to Life movement mention in this article. MisplacedFate1313 (talk) 21:12, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree with Ryan Brady. I'm French and here there is absolutely no debate on abortion. Well, there is no debate about death penalty either, but if you were to speak about the right to life, it would certainly refer to the abolition of death penalty, not to abortion. In fact the French language article on right to life reflect this, and presents other ideas (euthanasia or right to death, right to life as a right to have all necessary needs fulfilled, etc.). Aesma (talk) 18:26, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Live in Relationships
The Indian Supreme Court recently equated live-in relationships as an aspect of Right to Life:

http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/23/live-in-relationship-pre-marital-sex-no-offence-sc.htm

It this worthy to be included in this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.197.126.115 (talk) 03:47, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

"Abortion debate rhetoric" section needs to be made neutral
Right to life in the Constitution is not rhetoric for pro-life. It is an undisputed source for pro-life and using "rhetoric" is inappropriate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dunnbrian9 (talk • contribs) 03:16, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * COncur, and here we are six years later and it's still strongly anti-right to life. CsikosLo (talk) 17:38, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

The whole article reads as it is taking the feeling of leftists into account and that makes it deviate from truth, the article doesn't need to be neutral the article needs to speak truth, life begins at the conception this is the moment when a new DNA is created the ovum doesn't share the same DNA as the mother anymore and becomes his own indivitual.
 * Good! Then, that life can step outside at day one and become a citizen. Now, excuse me while I go mix a vial of random chemicals that can turn into DNA, then eagerly expect to see a living person pooped out of the vial.Wzrd1 (talk) 02:19, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

"Some biologists however, have determined..."
How is this relevant? "Some biologists" have determined that life began on Earth 3.5 billion years ago. "Some biologists" have determined the citric acid cycle is a key component of the metabolic pathway by which all aerobic organisms generate energy. "Some biologists" should not be quoted out of context.--137.224.240.42 (talk) 12:36, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

Unnecessary sentence.
"Various individuals who identify with pro-life views may disagree on which areas this principle applies, including such issues previously listed." This is unnecessary. It also true of "various individuals who identify with" any of the other previously listed issues as well. Why single out pro-life as the only group that disagrees on the application of the Right?

Relevance of specific abortion laws
I feel specific laws about abortion should not be mentioned in this article. I'm hesitant to simply remove entire sections of the page without first explaining my reasoning, but I don't think a 2017 law in Illinois expanding healthcare coverage is particularly relevant to the abstract concept of "Right to life". Wikipedia's essay on content removal uses the example of a paragraph about England in a page on English literature. I feel there's a similarly tangential relationship here. Saklad5 (talk) 20:56, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

Opening Fallacy
"In human history, there has not been a general acceptance of the concept of a right to life that is innate to all human beings rather than granted as a privilege by those holding social and political power."

Wow, this is a statement of colossal ignorance. The Bible forms the moral foundation for Western Civilization. The right to life is clearly inferred from Genesis: The story of Cain and Abel, the passage Genesis 9:6, The Commandment "Thou shalt not murder," etc. The right to life is also grounded in the opening principles of the Declaration which state that we are "...endowed by the Creator with inalienable rights...life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness..." If human beings did not have an innate right to life (based on our being created in the image of God, which the Framers understood), there would be no reason to punish Cain. There would be no reason to prohibit murder. Perhaps this sentence may be permissible if one is an atheist, but Judeo-Christian religions teach, and Western Civilization has long morally affirmed, a right to life existing independently of those who happen to hold social or political power. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tpkatsa (talk • contribs) 02:30, 18 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The whole paragraph was added by an IP who had, in 2015, drawn multiple warnings about unsourced content and original research in articles. I have removed the paragraph; the first paragraph is a good enough lede for now. Elizium23 (talk) 03:32, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

No mention of suicide, right to death, Jainist santhara... Not relevant?
Not much to add to the subject/headline. Surprised there is no mention at all of any of these things, even in "See also". I just came across the Jainist practise of santhara (I'm nearing the end of my first fast...), which is the practise by which the elderly fast to ritualistically purify the soul and facilitate death. Understandably controversial, but one spokesperson said: "Our constitution says that every person living in India has a right to live. If I have a right to live then I have a corresponding right not to live - that is, to die... The goal is to live a dignified life. It is my right, it is my body. It is not the property of the state." (Justice Pana Chand Jain) Incidentally, (attempted) suicide, and abetting suicide (or the attempt), is a crime in India, so "the right not to live" isn't recognised in law. (Maybe santhara is not sufficiently notable, as the estimate is only 200 santhara deaths per year in India.) Jainist info is from https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/jainism/customs/fasting_1.shtml Saegeas (talk) 03:10, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

animal rights
The edit today that includes Peter Singer's view that animals have a right to life is given far too much prominence. The edit acknowledges that it's a minority view. perhaps it deserves a small section, but there is no reason for it to be in the lead. commie (talk) 21:28, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * A 2020 survey of 1812 published English-language philosophers found that 48% said it was permissible to eat animals in ordinary circumstances, while 45% said it was not.
 * https://dailynous.com/2021/11/01/what-philosophers-believe-results-from-the-2020-philpapers-survey/
 * When I said "minority view" I meant among the general public, but I'd argue it definitely warrants mention here.
 * Peter isn't the only one to argue this, but the article as it is only mentions him. I will somewhat rewrite this. Koopinator (talk) 06:29, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Koopinator I still think it's given undue weight in the lead: three of the ten lines. commie (talk) 11:39, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Right to life


text:
Talk:The Gherkin

Requested move 30 April 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 15:44, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

30 St Mary Axe → The Gherkin – Common name, per Ngrams. I don't believe WP:THE applies here as it is always known as "The Gherkin" and never as simply "Gherkin". Tim O'Doherty (talk) 20:55, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Most google hits for "30 St Mary Axe" note that it is also or more commonly known as The Gherkin (and the main ones that don't are address listings). Thryduulf (talk) 09:55, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Estar8806 (talk) 14:05, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

700 sq ft?
In the Technical Details section, the floor area is listed in sq meters with a decimal point and then later in sq ft. It's that period meant to remark 1000s meaning the sq footage is closer to 700,000 sq ft? T. Woody Sobey (talk) 06:50, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Gherkin


text:
Talk:Flag of Manitoba

Incorrect Illustration
The flag of Manitoba illustrated in this article is incorrect. Please refer to Travel Manitoba (an official provincial government site) for the correct version:

http://www.travelmanitoba.com/default.asp?page=134&node=589&menu=436

Note specifically the shape and design of the shield and how it differs.

P.V.

"Hypothetical" Flag?
What in hell is a "hypothetical" flag? --Walby2 04:23, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

The Manitoba Flag was around since 1905 AD
Manitoba Coat-of-Arms Granted 1905 AD

http://homeschooling.about.com/library/blcambcoat.htm

The Coat-of-Arms of the Province of Manitoba was granted in 1905 AD. The Red Ensign of Manitoba has been in existance since 1905 AD.

Please correct your page accordingly AndyL.

ArmChairVexillologistDonArmchairVexillologistDon 03:51, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The coat of arms was granted in 1905, the flag, however, was not adopted until 1966. AndyL

Change it?
Hasn't there been any discussion on changing the flag, seeing as how it's only one of two Canadian provinical flags still based on the Union Flag? — Nightst a  llion  (?) 10:11, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * As I recall there have been occasional design contests, but no serious moves to replace the flag. -- AlexWCovington  (talk) 20:01, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Too bad; the flag proposal linked to in the article (http://www.mts.net/~hajones/portfol/flag.htm) is really good. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 13:24, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

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Union Jack?
The text currently reads "the British explorer who raised the first Union Jack over what is now Manitoba back in 1612". Hunh? I don't think there was such as thing as a Union Jack in 1612, inasmuch as the Union flags arose from the union of England and Scotland in 1707. If there was some sort of unofficial or private union flag a century earlier, that should be explained. --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 14:38, 12 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing that out. The text from the journal said "… how the British flag had flown over Manitoba since it was first erected in the north by British explorer Thomas Button in 1612."  I wanted to avoid close paraphrasing, but ended up referring to the wrong flag.  I've now changed it to pipelink to the more accurate Flag of Great Britain. —Bloom6132 (talk) 14:48, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Manitoba


text:
Yonam Institute of Technology

Yonam Institute of Technology, also Yonam Engineering College, is a private technical college located in Jinju, South Gyeongsang province, South Korea. It offers courses in computer electronics, hardware design, industrial information design, and related fields.

Sister colleges
Within South Korea, the Yonam Institute maintains sisterhood relationships with Cheonan Yonam College, which was also established by the Yonam Educational Foundation. Internationally, it has relations with seven schools in seven countries: Canberra Institute of Technology in Australia, Changchun Institute of Technology in China, the Fachhochschule Augsburg in Germany, Nippon Bunri University in Japan, Northumbria University in the United Kingdom, St. John's and St. Mary's Institute of Technology in Taiwan, and Laguardia Community College in the United States.

title: Yonam Institute of Technology


text:
Lummi stick

Lummi sticks, named after the Lummi Native American peoples, are hardwood cylindrical sticks, usually roughly 7 inches long and 0.75 inches in diameter, used as percussive musical instruments. They are generally struck against one another, and used frequently in musical education to teach rhythm.

Another variety, called simply a rhythm stick, is 12 inches long and painted blue. These are generally either cylindrical or fluted, and come in sets containing an equal number of both.

The sticks are used in elementary school education in the US and Canada.

A similar stick game is the Ti Rakau of the Māori people, played with meter-long sticks.

title: Lummi stick


text:
Yong-in Songdam College

Yong-In Arts & Science University is a private technical college in Yongin City, Gyeonggi province, South Korea. It employs about 100 instructors. Most courses of study are related to computers or digital technology.

History
The college was founded in 1995. Its president was Choi Yeong-cheol (최영철), who continues to serve in that capacity.

On July 1, 2021, the name was changed to the current "Yong-In Arts & Science University".

Sister schools
Yong-In Arts & Science University maintains international sisterhood relations with three American institutions (Madonna University, the Community Colleges for International Development, Kapiolani Community College), three Russian institutions (the State University of Management, Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Moscow State University of Industrial and Applied Arts), and one Canadian institution (St. Clair College).

title: Yong-in Songdam College


text:
Yong In University

Yong In University is a private university located in Samga-dong, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Founded as a judo school, it expanded to the present-day comprehensive private university offering both undergraduate and graduate courses.

History
Yong In University is a private university located in Samga-dong, Choin-gu, Yongin-shi, Kyonggi Province, Korea. The school opened as Korea Judo School in 1953 under the founding slogan of "Be the one who contributes to society through moral cultivation." It was commissioned as a four-year undergraduate school in 1971 and changed its name to Korea Physical Science College to the current name, Yong In University in 1993. Started as a physical education college, it is a private university with total 35 departments for both day and night sessions in the 6 colleges: Martial Art, Physical Science, Culture & Art, Business Administration, Environmental Science and Health & Welfare. Also, the university has established 7 special graduate schools in Education, Physical Science, Art, Business, Rehabilitation & Health Science, Taekwondo, Cultural Asset and one general graduate school with 8 subordinate organizations including the Central Library and 18 affiliate organizations to develop competitive global talents.

Colleges

 * College of Martial Arts
 * Dept. of Judo
 * Dept. of Judo Instructor Education
 * Dept. of Combative Martial Arts Training
 * Dept. of Oriental Martial Arts
 * Dept. of Taekwondo
 * Dept. of Security Service
 * Dept. of Military Science
 * College of Sports Sciences
 * Dept. of Sport & Leisure Studies
 * Dept. of Physical Education
 * Dept. of Golf
 * Dept. of Special Physical Education
 * College of Arts and Culture
 * Dept. of Dance
 * Dept. of Media Design
 * Dept. of Fine Arts
 * Dept. of Theatre
 * Dept. of Korean Traditional Music
 * Dept. of Film
 * Dept. of Cultural Property
 * Dept. of Cultural Content
 * Dept. of Applied Music
 * College of Business and Public Administration
 * Dept. of Business Administration
 * Dept. of Culture & Tourism
 * Dept. of Management Information Systems
 * Dept. of Police Administration
 * Dept. of Chinese Studies
 * Dept. of English
 * Dept. of Beauty business
 * College of Environmental Sciences
 * Dept. of Occupational and Environmental Health
 * Dept. of Environmental Science
 * Dept. of Computer Science
 * Dept. of Logistics Statistics & Information Systems
 * Dept. of Life Science
 * College of Public Health and Welfare
 * Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition
 * Dept. of Physical Therapy
 * Dept. of Social Welfare

Graduate school
• Graduate School

• Graduate School of Sports Wellness Industry

• Graduate School of Business Administration

• Graduate School of Education

• Graduate School of Arts and Culture

• Graduate School of Rehabilitation and Welfare

• Graduate School of Taekwondo studies

• Graduate School of Reunification

International Exchange Programs
Foreign Language Education Program  Yong In University has audio video labs and is operating training programs to provide counselling, guidance and person-to-person tutoring by professors.

Study Abroad System The university runs language programs and holds foreign language contests (English, Chinese, Japanese) every semester hosted by the International Education Institute, providing study abroad opportunities in each semester to awarded students.

Exchange Student Program Exchange students can choose among English, Japanese and Chinese-speaking countries. They are selected based on their language proficiency and are given chances to study abroad either in March/April for the first semester and September/October in the second semester.

 International Exchange Partners

 * China
 * Central University of Finance and Economics
 * Harbin Normal University
 * Shandong University
 * Ji Lin University
 * Capital Institute of Physical Education
 * Qiqihar University
 * Zhejiang University
 * Hunan Normal University
 * Zhejiang Gongshang University
 * Yanbian University
 * Shenyang Sport University
 * The Hang Zhou Jiang Nan College
 * Suqian Zeda Vocational & Technical College
 * Taiwan
 * National Taiwan Sport University
 * Chinese Culture University
 * Japan
 * Nihon University
 * Sendai University
 * International Budo University
 * Nagoya University of Arts
 * Yamaguchi University of Human Welfare and Culture
 * Australia
 * Victoria University
 * Swinburne University of Technology
 * Holmsglen Institute of TAFE
 * Malaysia
 * HELP University

 * USA
 * University of California, Berkeley
 * University of Utah
 * Mississippi State University
 * Centenary College
 * Lewis & Clark College
 * Smithsonian Institution
 * California State University, Bakersfield
 * Professional Golfers Career College
 * Germany
 * Cologne University
 * Russia
 * Lesgaft Institute of Sports
 * Canada
 * The University of British Columbia
 * Seneca College
 * The University of Winnipeg
 * The United Kingdom
 * University of Portsmouth
 * Kent Institute of Art and Design
 * Spain
 * Universidad Politecnica De Madrid
 * Poland
 * Joef Pitsudski University of Physical Education
 * Philippines
 * Bulacan State University

Grade/graduation
 Early graduation

This is a system to confer an undergraduate degree to outstanding students who have acquired credits required for graduation within six to seven semesters.

Credit Exchange with Open Cyber University (OCU)

The student can acquire maximum six credits per semester online.

Credit Exchange Program

Yong In University has an agreement with 26 other universities in Kyonggi-Incheon area to exchange students and to acknowledge credits earned at the partner school.

Professional Teacher Education Program

Students who enroll in the college of education or departments in which teaching course is established/approved can acquire a certificate for secondary school teacher (Level 2).

Campus life
Research activities

Dissertation presentations and academic events on majors are held by college and department, academic society, circle. Dissertations are published on and off campus journals and relevant lectures are held as well.

University Magazine Publication

The School Paper Editing Committee publishes school paper Danho every year. Information on social issues, dissertation, essay and literature are included. Outstanding works are awarded the Baekho Literature Award every year.

University Festival

This is a festival of academic lectures, presentations, exhibition of illustrated poems, singing contest, broadcast festival, concerts by circles and scheduled events. School faculty, alumni and campus neighbors participate.

University Sports Festival

This is a festival in which colleges and departments compete against one another in sport.

Auxiliary organizations
University Library

With Academic Information Support Section and Academic Information Reading Section, Yong In University Central Library comprises 2 five-story buildings (total 7,606 m2).

University Museum

The museum, located within Yong In University campus, accommodates exhibit hall, storages, data rooms, preservation rooms and research rooms of 795 m2. Exhibitions and academic conferences are held in the museum, which is registered as the career certifying institution and the professional institution for the exploration of culture assets and the survey on landmarks.

Office of Athletics

The Directorate was established to provide support to sports talents and the training team.

University Newspaper and Broadcasting Center

The university newspaper is a media body of the university.

The Education Broadcast System was opened on October 23, 1986.

Center for Industry and Academic Cooperation

The committee provides administrative support and assistance in human resource development, R&D, technology transfer through research commissioned and coordination with industrial bodies.

Sports & Wellness Research Center

 Office of Information Management

This provides information dissemination system via high speed wireless network, all-in-one information system, lecture support system, portal system, etc.

Notable alumni

 * Jang Ki-yong
 * Baek Jin-hee
 * Choi Ji-ho
 * Gary (Leessang)
 * Hwang In-young
 * Hyun Young
 * Kim Dong-hyun, professional Mixed Martial Artist
 * Kim Jae-bum
 * Kim Sa-rang
 * Kyu Ha Kim
 * Sung Hoon
 * Won Bin
 * Yang Dong-geun
 * Yoon Se-ah
 * Yong Chin Pak
 * Lee Jung-hyun (Actor)
 * Kim Go-eun (Laysha)

title: Yong In University


text:
Yosu National University

Yosu National University was a government-run university in Yeosu City, on the coast of South Jeolla province, South Korea. It is now the Yosu campus of Chonnam National University, after merging with it in March 2006. Although it has a strong traditional focus on fisheries study, the university now offers programs in a wide range of fields, such as Chinese studies and business administration. The 2002 undergraduate enrollment was reported at 6,461, with 453 graduate students. 166 full-time instructors were employed.

History
Yosu was the first school of fisheries science to be opened in Korea. It was founded in 1917 as "Yosu Public Miniature Fisheries School" (여수공립간이수산학교). University presidents during this period were all Japanese. After national liberation in 1946, the school moved to its current location, and management was taken over by the South Korean government. It was made a technical school in 1963, and a technical college in 1975. In 1987, it became a full college with seven departments but remained specifically a Fisheries College. The school became a university (Yosu National Fisheries University) in 1993 and changed its name to simply Yosu National University in 1998. The school began granting doctoral degrees in 1997.

In March 2006, Yosu National University merged with Chonnam National University.

title: Yosu National University


text: User talk:81.156.181.122

title: User talk:81.156.181.122


text:
Talk:Yong-in Songdam College

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Talk:Yong In University

All external links are broken
Sorry my Korean is not good enough to fix them BAknightUS (talk) 20:03, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yong In University


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Talk:Yonam Institute of Technology

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Talk:Sergey Mikhalkov

POV?
"the Soviet Union's *dictator* Joseph Stalin,"

Do you know anyone who wouldn't agree that Joseph Stalin was a dictator? If he wasn't a dictator, then no one ever was.

Hmm, I think he used the title "Generalissimus", or "The peoples commisar for defence", but he was a dictator, no question about it

The constitution he wrote for the USSR in 1936 refers to the state as a "dictatorship" in the beginning of the document. Helpful? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.54.90 (talk) 10:46, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

His birthdate
Does anyone know which calendar March 13, 1913 as his birthday applies, Julian or Gregorian? This is important as Russia still used Julian calendar when he was born.--Jusjih 17:03, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Translation into English?
Does anybody know are there any translation of Michalkov`s poetry into English (or German)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.201.75.7 (talk) 15:32, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Neutral
Although Mikhalkov wrote several sets of lyrics for the anthem for different regimes, please note that expressions such as “pliable old hack” are non-encyclopaedic and should not be in the article. 12.201.7.201 (talk) 16:29, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sergey Mikhalkov


text: Talk:Yosu National University

title: Talk:Yosu National University


text:
List of Providence County, Rhode Island schools

Providence County, Rhode Island schools

High schools
(9th-12th grade unless otherwise noted)


text:
List of Rhode Island schools

Rhode Island schools

Note: The schools of Providence County, Rhode Island, USA also have a separate table: Providence County, Rhode Island schools

High schools
See also Category:High schools in Rhode Island

title: List of Rhode Island schools


text: User talk:66.65.193.253

title: User talk:66.65.193.253


text:
List of countesses of Flanders by marriage

This is a list of countesses of Flanders by marriage.


text:
River Heights (electoral district)

River Heights is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 1957, and formally came into existence in the 1958 provincial election. The riding is located in the south-central region of the City of Winnipeg.

River Heights is bordered to the east by Fort Rouge (formerly Lord Roberts), to the southeast by Fort Garry, to the south by Fort Whyte, to the north by Wolseley (across the Assiniboine River), and to the west by Tuxedo.

From 1958 to 1986, River Heights was represented by members of the Progressive Conservative Party. Since that time, however, it has generally been represented by leaders of the provincial Liberal Party. Sharon Carstairs represented the riding from 1986 until her appointment to the Senate of Canada in 1994, and Jon Gerrard represented the riding from 1999 until 2023 when he lost the seat to NDP candidate Mike Moroz. Moroz is the first New Democrat ever to represent the constituency.

The Liberal Party has many prominent backers in this riding, including members of the Asper family (see Izzy Asper).

Statistical overview
The riding's population in 1996 was 19,950. The riding's character is middle- and upper-middle class. In 1999, the average family income was $77,701, and the unemployment rate was 5.90%. River Heights includes many of Winnipeg's oldest and stateliest homes: the average value of dwelling house in the riding in 1999 was $117,937.

River Heights has a significant Jewish population, at 9% of the total. The highest percentage of people in Manitoba at the riding level have university degrees, at 38.5%. Voter turnout also tends to be extremely high in this riding; in its first four decades, turnout usually exceeded 80% of the eligible population.

The service sector accounts for 15% of industry in River Heights, with educational services following at 14%.

title: River Heights (electoral district)


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Ghost station

A ghost station is a disused train station through which revenue-service passenger trains (especially rapid transit trains) pass but at which they do not stop. The term is also sometimes used for any unused underground station or any unused station, whether or not trains pass through them. In Germany, a station that has been built in the course of constructing something else as a so-called "Bauvorleistung" (roughly: construction pre-effort) is referred to as a "ghost station", despite the different purpose and origin of the terms. Some English-language publications also refer to "pre-built" stations or parts thereof that have yet to see service as "ghost stations".

Etymology
The term "ghost station" is a calque of the German word Geisterbahnhof (plural Geisterbahnhöfe). The German term was coined to describe certain stations on Berlin's U-Bahn and S-Bahn metro networks that were closed during the period of Berlin's division during the Cold War because they were an integral part of a transit line mostly located on the other side of the Berlin Wall.

Background
In August 1961 the East German government built the Berlin Wall, ending freedom of movement between East and West Berlin. As a result, the Berlin public transit network, which had formerly spanned both halves of the city, was also divided into two. Some U- and S-Bahn lines fell entirely into one half of the city or the other; other lines were divided between the two jurisdictions, with trains running only to the border and then turning back. However, there were three lines—the U-Bahn lines now designated U6 and U8, and the Nord–Süd Tunnel on the S-Bahn—that ran for the most part through West Berlin but passed for a short distance through the borough of Mitte (the historic city centre), which was East Berlin territory. These lines continued to be open to West Berliners; however, trains did not stop at most of the stations located within East Berlin, though for technical reasons they did have to slow down significantly while passing through. (Trains did stop at Friedrichstraße, on which more below.) The name Geisterbahnhof was soon aptly applied to these dimly lit, heavily guarded stations by travellers from West Berlin, who watched them pass by through the carriage windows. However, the term was never official; West Berlin U-Bahn maps of the period simply labelled these stations "Bahnhöfe, auf denen die Züge nicht halten" ("stations at which the trains do not stop"). East Berlin maps neither depicted the West Berlin lines nor the ghost stations. U-Bahn maps in the Friedrichstraße transfer station were unique: They depicted all the Western lines, but not the Geisterbahnhöfe, and showed the city divided into "Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR" ("Berlin, capital of the German Democratic Republic") and "Westberlin", the official terminology used by East Germany.

The lines were a vital part of the West Berlin transit network, but because part of the route of some of the lines lay in East Berlin territory, it was difficult for Western support staff to perform maintenance work on the tracks and tunnels. If a train on a West Berlin line broke down in East Berlin territory, then passengers had to wait for Eastern border police to appear and escort them out. The East German government occasionally hinted that it might someday block access to the tunnels at the border and run its own service on the East Berlin sections of these lines. However, this awkward status quo persisted for the entire 28-year period of the division of Berlin.

At the closed stations, barbed wire fences were installed to prevent any would-be escapees from East Berlin from accessing the track bed, and the electrically live third rail served as an additional and potentially lethal deterrent. An alarm was triggered if anyone breached one of the barriers. As for the entrances, the signage was removed, walkways were walled up and stairways were sealed with concrete slabs. Police stations were built into the windowed platform service booths, from which the whole platform area could be monitored.

A wide white line on the wall marked the exact location of the border. Later, gates were installed at some stations that could be rolled into place at night while the guards were off-duty. Guard posts at other stations were staffed continuously, creating additional employment positions with the transport police. In the platform area, the guards always worked in pairs, and care was taken in their assignment to assure that there would be no personal ties between them. In addition, superior officers could conduct surprise inspections at any time, thus, maintaining maximum security. Other stations were secured by the East German border guards.

Particular stations
Friedrichstraße station, though served by Western lines and located in East Berlin territory, was not a Geisterbahnhof. Instead, it served as a transfer point between U6 and several S-Bahn lines. Western passengers could walk from one platform to another without ever leaving the station or having to show papers, much like air travellers changing planes at an international airport. Westerners with appropriate visas could also enter East Berlin there (they could even get a visa in the station). There was an Intershop in the station that could be accessed without having to pass a border or customs checkpoint of either East or West Germany and it was thus a popular place for westerners to buy cheap alcohol in D-Mark, but the West Berlin customs considered goods bought there contraband and did spot checks on what they considered customs evasion.

The Bornholmer Straße S-Bahn station was the only ghost station not located in a tunnel. It was situated close to the wall near the Bornholmer Straße border crossing. West Berlin trains passed through it without stopping. East Berlin S-Bahn trains passed the same station but on different tracks. The tracks used by Western and Eastern trains were sealed off from each other by a tall fence.

Another oddity was Wollankstraße station. Like Bornholmer Straße, it was an S-Bahn stop served by West Berlin trains, but located on East Berlin territory just behind the border. However, Wollankstraße was in use and accessible for West Berliners, as one of its exits opened on a West Berlin street. This exit was exactly on the border line, a warning sign next to it informing passengers about the situation. Its other exits to East Berlin streets were blocked.

Reopening
The first people to enter the ghost stations after the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 found that they lived up to their informal name, with ads and signage on the walls unchanged since 1961. None of them have been preserved.

The first ghost station to reopen to passenger traffic was Jannowitzbrücke (U8) on 11 November 1989, two days after the fall of the Wall. It was equipped with a checkpoint within the station akin to Friedrichstraße, where East German customs and border control were provisionally installed to facilitate passengers heading to or coming from East Berlin. Hand-drawn destination signs were hung up covering the old ones from pre-1961; these signs were both crumbling from age and obviously missing the termini of post-1961 line extensions. On 22 December 1989, Rosenthaler Platz (U8) was reopened with a similar provisional checkpoint.

On 12 April 1990, the third station to reopen was Bernauer Straße (U8). As its northern exit was directly on the border, it could be opened with direct access to West Berlin without the need of a checkpoint. Its southern exit towards East Berlin was not reopened until 1 July 1990.

Discussions on reopening all the U6 and U8 stations including the S-Bahn station Oranienburger Straße, Unter den Linden and Nordbahnhof had begun on 13 April 1990 without border controls. These took two months to clean up, removing all the dirt and refurbishing the interiors; all stations had been reopened on 1 July 1990 at 11 a.m., as East Berlin and East Germany had adopted the West German currency (DM), leaving the border checkpoints abandoned.

On 2 July 1990, Oranienburger Straße was the first ghost station on the Nord-Süd-S-Bahn to reopen. On 1 September 1990, Unter den Linden and Nordbahnhof were opened following reconstruction works. On 12 December 1990, Bornholmer Straße was reopened for West Berlin trains; a second platform for East Berlin trains allowing interchange followed on 5 August 1991. The very last ghost station to reopen was Potsdamer Platz, which opened on 3 March 1992, following an extensive restoration of the entire North–South tunnel.

In the following years, the city and German government put a great deal of effort into restoring and reunifying the S-Bahn and U-Bahn networks in Berlin. The U-Bahn system reached its pre-war status in 1995 with the reopening of Warschauer Straße on U1. The S-Bahn system reached a preliminary completion in 2002 (with the reopening of the ring), even though there are still disused sections of lines closed in the aftermath of the wall. Decisions on reopening of some of these sections are still to be made. There was a political promise made in the course of reunification that all S-Bahn lines and services shut down due to partition were to be restored - with federal funds if need be - but as of 2021 this is still not the case and some former services are seen to be as of lower importance than proposed entirely new construction.

List of all Berlin ghost stations
This list only includes those stations in East Berlin territory that western trains passed through without stopping. There were other stations on both sides of the wall that were closed during the division because those sections of track were not in use.

Temporary checkpoints were set up for stations with access to East Berlin that were reopened before 1 July 1990. Checkpoints were no longer necessary for those reopened after that date when border checks were eliminated with the currency union between East and West Germany.

New ghost stations after reunification
In contrast with the above-listed stations, multiple stations in the Berlin area that were of high importance during the Cold War rapidly lost importance and passengers after reunification, some to the point of becoming ghost stations. The most notable examples are:

 * Genshagener Heide : station on the Berlin Outer Ring located due south of Berlin, quite far from any populated place, lost its importance with the resumption of direct routes from the Potsdam area to East Berlin and due to the reduction of the workforce in the Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde factory located nearby. Trains running between Potsdam and the Berlin Schönefeld Flughafen station stopped at the station until December 2012. Since then all passenger trains pass through without stopping and it was officially reclassified to a Betriebsbahnhof (service station). A train stop named Ludwigsfelde-Struveshof was built 2 km to the west (closer to populated areas) and brought into service with the closure of the Genshagener Heide station.
 * Potsdam Pirschheide: an interchange station also located on the Berlin Outer Ring on the outskirts of Potsdam, named Potsdam Hauptbahnhof (Potsdam Main station) between 1961 and 1993, was the most important station of Potsdam when the traffic flow to West Berlin (Berlin–Magdeburg railway) was severely restricted. After resumption of service between Potsdam and Berlin-Wannsee station, the Pirschheide station lost its importance, became unstaffed in 1994. Tracks on the upper deck were demolished in 1999 (leaving only a pair of through tracks not adjacent to any platform), and on the lower deck only a single platform was left in service for use by the local trains from Potsdam to Michendorf. Although its present-day importance is negligible and its decaying appearance is not unlike "real" ghost stations from the Cold War era, it still has regular passenger trains stopping at it.
 * Due to the delays in opening Berlin Brandenburg Airport the train station serving it (which was ready for use on the originally planned opening date in 2012) was served by empty trains to prevent mold.
 * Französische Straße (Berlin U-Bahn) mentioned above shut down permanently in December 2020 when the new interchange station with the extended U5 opened as the two are too close to each other. It is thus the only Berlin U-Bahn station to be a ghost station twice over and for entirely different reasons.

Argentina
The Buenos Aires Underground has four ghost stations. The two stations on Line A were originally two single-platform stations closed in 1953 since their close proximity meant trains had to stop in quick succession and frequencies were reduced. Their opposing platforms, located just metres away from each of the ghost stations, still remain open as Pasco and Alberti stations. The stations are preserved to maintain their original appearance and can still be seen when travelling on the line, even being used as a display for a time.

On Line E, the two stations were closed in 1966 when the line was re-routed closer to the centre of Buenos Aires in order to improve passenger numbers. They have both been used as maintenance areas for Line E and Line C, while one of the stations served as a set for the 1996 Argentine film Moebius. The stations were under consideration to be re-purposed as part of the new Line F, however it was later decided to build new tunnels instead.

There are also two stations (Apeadero Boedo and Apeadero Carranza) on Line E and Line D which were designed to be used as temporary stations while their respective lines were being extended. Though the platforms remain, they cannot be considered true ghost stations since they were never intended to be a permanent part of the network and designed to be re-purposed as electrical substations once the permanent stations were built.

 * Underground Line A
 * Pasco Sur
 * Alberti Norte
 * Underground Line E
 * San José vieja
 * Constitución

Australia

 * General Motors on the Gippsland railway line. (Not an underground station, nor part of an underground network).
 * Nyanda on the Gold Coast railway line. (Not an underground station, nor part of an underground network).
 * Woollahra on the Eastern Suburbs railway line. (Not an underground station, partially constructed but never opened).

Austria

 * Vienna Underground Railway (U-Bahn): Station Lerchenfelder Straße of line U2 closed in 2003 and the old Westbahnhof station. The U2 station An den alten Schanzen is planned to be in use in 2024, but not yet opened.
 * Vienna Rapid Transit (S-Bahn): several stations have been closed: Radetzkyplatz, Brigittenau Vorortebahnhof, Baumgarten in 1939, the old Praterstern station, Strandbäder in 2000, Kahlenbergerdorf in 2004, Breitenleer Straße in 2010

Belgium

 * Charleroi Premetro is notable for several stations and lines built but never opened

Brazil

 * Paraíso (São Paulo Metro), platforms of the Moema branch, never opened
 * Pedro II (São Paulo Metro), underground docks that would serve the Southeast-Southwest line, but which would not have been put into service
 * Pirelli Station (CPTM São Paulo) in Santo André
 * Paranapiacaba Station (CPTM São Paulo) in Paranapiacaba in Santo André
 * Diretor Pestana station, in Porto Alegre. An old station formerly used in a passenger train line from Porto Alegre to Santa Maria, and currently only cargo trains pass through it in service, while metropolitan trains operated by the Trensurb line only pass there while maneuvering. Aeroporto station of the Trensurb, serving Porto Alegre airport, was built right beside the Diretor Pestana station.

Bulgaria

 * St. Naum Station (Станция Свети Наум) and NDK Station (Станция НДК) of the Sofia Metro. Both stations were built in the 1980s, together with the National Palace of Culture and the redevelopment of the surrounding area. Currently these stations are fully completed and had become operational on 31 August 2012. St. Naum Station is operating under the name of European Union Metro Station.
 * Moderno Predgradie Station (Станция Модерно предградие). The station should be in operation with lines 2 & 4 by 2035.

Canada

 * Lower Bay in Toronto. Below the main platform for Bay station is an abandoned level which was used for only six months in 1966 when the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) experimentally interlined portions of both the Yonge–University and Bloor–Danforth lines. This abandoned platform is sometimes referred to as "Lower Bay" by the general public or "Bay Lower" by the TTC.
 * Municipal Building in Calgary. A downtown subway was originally planned under 8th Avenue for the Calgary C-Train. In preparation, a short section of tunnel and underground LRT station were built under the Calgary Municipal Building when it was constructed in 1985. Subway plans were halted because the initial surface line on 7th Avenue turned out to have much more passenger capacity than expected. The underground station and downtown subway may be completed in the foreseeable future as future C-Train lines which are under construction and proposed will exceed the capacity of the 7th Avenue surface line.
 * Edmonton LRT. An underground LRT station was built between Stadium and Churchill stations as a proposed future light rail station. There is concrete poured to form two elevator shafts and part of the platform. There are concrete walls that block stairs that go to the Edmonton Remand Centre and to the Edmonton Law Courts.

Chile

 * Libertad station, located between Cumming and Quinta Normal in Line 5 of the Santiago Metro, is a ghost station that was never opened because of insufficient passenger demand for the station due to the low density of people traveling around and through it.
 * Echeverría is a ghost station located in Line 4A, also closed because of the low density of people traveling around and through it.
 * The original project of the line 3 side of Puente Cal y Canto metro station is also a ghost station. The entire line 3 was canceled because of the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake.

China

 * The western part of Line 1 of the Beijing Subway (Fushouling and 53# station) has not yet been opened to the public. Fushouling station is under renovation and will open to the public in 2023.

 * Liaoning Road station on Line 3 of the Changchun Rail Transit was permanently closed in 2017 and will no longer reopened, making it the first light rail station to be permanently close in China.

 * Xinhualu station was the former terminus of Line 1 of the Tianjin Metro. After Line 1 was shut down for renovation on 2001, the station was permanently closed. It was the first subway station in Chinese history to be permanently closed. The surface entrance has been demolished, and it can only be accessed via the track. Line 1 also has 2 stations unopened to the public due to low ridership, which are Lishuanglubei and Shangguozhuang.

 * On Line 7 of the Shenzhen Metro, there are two stations that have not been opened to the public. They are Wenti Park station and Fulin station. Fulin station was initially opposed by most of the surrounding residents during construction, so it was reserved for the development of the Lok Ma Chau Loop area. Currently, all trains on Line 7 can only pass through Fulin station without stopping. Although Wenti Park station has been fully built, it is currently only open to internal subway employees commuting to the Shenyun depot and has not yet been opened to the public. The opening date is yet to be determined.

 * Due to housing demolition issues, Shahe station (Guangzhou Metro) on Line 6 of the Guangzhou Metro cannot have a station lobby and equipment floor, so only the platform level was built. Therefore, it is unable to handle passenger boarding and alighting services, and all trains pass through the station without stopping. In response to changes in land planning, the station is currently being constructed as an interchange station on Line 11 and is expected to be opened simultaneously with that line.

Denmark

 * Ellebjerg station is a former surface station on Køgebugtbanen (line A), which is a part of the S-train network in Copenhagen. The station was closed in 2007 when the Ny Ellebjerg station ("New Ellebjerg station") was built when Ringbanen (line F) was extended, with connections between these two lines.

Finland

 * The Kamppi metro station has an unused north–south station, below and at right angles to the east–west one currently in use. Excavated at the same time as the east–west station, it was never outfitted, because the corresponding north–south metro line was never built.
 * The Hakaniemi metro station has another similar ghost station, built for the U-line which was eventually not constructed, and its excavation remains incomplete. They have no trains and are not accessible.
 * The University of Helsinki metro station is a former ghost station, since it was excavated in the late 1970s, but opened to the public in 1995.
 * Under Munkkivuori Shopping Centre in Helsinki is an unfinished space for Helsinki Metro station. The space was reserved during expansion work of the shopping centre in early 60s but never used.

France

 * Arsenal (Paris Métro)
 * Champ de Mars (Paris Métro)
 * Croix-Rouge (Paris Métro)
 * Haxo (Paris Métro) (never opened)
 * Porte Molitor (Paris Métro) (never opened)
 * Saint-Martin (Paris Métro)

Germany
Apart from Berlin (which also has provisions for future extensions that serve no current purpose):

 * Duisburg Light Railway (Stadtbahn): station Angerbogen, built, but never opened
 * Düsseldorf Rapid Transit (S-Bahn): station Kalkum closed since 1990 and Station Abflug E at Düsseldorf Airport since 1998
 * Hamburg Underground Railway (U-Bahn): station Beimoor, built, but never opened; station Hellkamp on line U2 and station Hauptbahnhof Nord
 * Hanover Light Railway (Stadtbahn): part of station Hauptbahnhof, built, but never opened
 * Cologne Light Railway (Stadtbahn): station Fixheider Weg closed in 2003, Deutz/Messe Kölnarena, built, but never opened
 * Ludwigshafen Tramway: tramway underground stations Danziger Platz and Rathaus (partially)
 * Munich Rapid Transit (S-Bahn): München Olympiastadion station closed in 1988
 * Nuremberg Ring Railway: stations Langwasser and Zollhaus closed in 1992; the former station "Märzfeld" served the Nazi party rallying grounds and later deportations to the Nazi death camps. It can be visited in guided tours.
 * Nuremberg U-Bahn: minor provisions made for a future infill station between Flughafen station and Ziegelstein station; there is an emergency exit near the proposed site of this tentative "Marienberg station"

On some German high speed lines there are provisions made at overtaking stations (which serve an important function for operating trains, but do not appear obvious to most passengers as having any purpose) to allow for (conversion to) passenger service more easily in the future. In some cases this is as little as leaving more space between tracks to allow for the future construction of platforms, while in others there are significant parts of a passenger station constructed before the decision to not serve it after all is made. An example that has attracted particular public debate regarding the feasibility and desirability of passenger service is Ilmenau-Wolfsberg service station in a forest near Ilmenau along the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway.

Hong Kong

 * Rumsey station in the MTR. This platform was originally reserved for the East Kowloon line proposal in the 1970s, in order to minimise the effects on the Island line. However, these platforms are now abandoned and brick walls have been placed at the two ends of the 60 m long platforms to block them off. The station is now called Sheung Wan and formerly served as the terminus of the Island line before the opening of West Island line. Since the platforms were built as the upper platforms, passengers going to and from exit E must pass through the abandoned platforms. In preparation for the opening of the West Island line extension the station was renovated, and the track area along the platforms was walled off.
 * A ghost station, Kwu Tung exists on the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line of the East Rail line. Currently, the station only has an underground station box structure and a ventilation shaft. Construction of the station resumes in 2023 and will start operations in 2027.

Indonesia
Indonesia has some ghost stations like Gunung Putri railway station and Pondok Rajeg railway station.

Ireland
Kishoge railway station in West Dublin on the Southwestern Commuter Line, between Adamstown and Clondalkin/Fonthill. It was intended to service new suburbs, but the post-2008 Irish economic downturn meant that the suburbs were never built and the train passes through empty fields at that point on the line. It is expected to open in 2024.

Brennanstown station exists on the Green Line of the Luas tram system in Dublin, between Ballyogan Wood and Carrickmines. It was intended to service new suburbs, but, similarly to Kishoge, the post-2008 Irish economic downturn meant that the suburbs were never built and the tram passes through empty fields at that point on the line. The station is labelled "Future Stop" on the route map.

Israel
Rosh HaAyin South railway station became a ghost station on Israel Railways network in 2003, when the line it served as a terminus was extended towards Kfar Saba–Nordau railway station, and a new station, serving Rosh HaAyin was built a couple of kilometers to the north.

Italy
Italy does not have a long list of ghost stations. Amongst the few examples is Quintiliani, on Line B of the Rome Metro. It was built in 1990 as part of the extension towards the northeast of Line B, but was kept unused because it was meant to serve a planned business district called Sistema Direzionale Orientale (Eastern Directional District) that was never realized.

In the early 2000s the project of the S.D.O. was cancelled and the station, which was in the middle of nowhere, was taken in charge by the Municipality of Rome and renewed to make it compliant with the new security rules issued in the meantime; a new bus line was established to link the station to the nearby Sandro Pertini general hospital. On 23 June 2003 it was officially opened to passenger traffic, ending a 13-year long period of ghost station status.

Japan
There are two "ghost stations" in the Seikan tunnel (Tappi-Kaitei Station & Yoshioka-Kaitei Station) which lost all remaining passenger service in the course of the construction of the Hokkaido Shinkansen.
 * Hakubutsukan Dōbutsuen station on the Keisei Main Line (closed in 2004)
 * Kaede station on the JR Hokkaido Sekishō Line (closed in 2004)
 * Manseibashi station on the Tokyo Metro Ginza Line (closed in 1931)

Malaysia

 * Rantau Panjang railway station is a partially disused railway station owned by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) which is a part of the Rantau Panjang extension of KTM Intercity's East Coast Line in Rantau Panjang, Kelantan. After DMU drivers from Thailand refused to stop their railcars between Rantau Panjang and Tumpat, it is reused by Eastern and Oriental Express trains as a railway station for emergency purposes.
 * Sri Rampai station on the PUTRA LRT/Kelana Jaya line in Kuala Lumpur. Partially completed during construction between 1994 and 1999 but remaining inactive and mothballed for a decade after the opening of the line, as ridership via the station was initially projected to be too low. Completed and opened in December 2010 following new property developments around the station.

New Zealand

 * Helensville railway station on Auckland's Northern Line closed in 2009
 * Kumeu railway station on Auckland's Northern Line, a temporary stop in 2008 and 2009
 * Waimauku railway station on Auckland's Northern Line closed in 2009
 * Waitakere railway station with electrification terminating at Swanson, this station has closed (2014)

North Korea

 * Pyongyang Metro – Kwangmyŏng station (광명) has been closed since 1995 when the mausoleum of Kim Il-Sung was opened atop that station.

Norway

 * Valkyrie plass on the Oslo Metro
 * Volvat on the Oslo Metro
 * Elisenberg in the Oslo Tunnel

All three are real ghost stations, underground stations with trains passing through.

Moscow Metro

 * Pervomayskaya (depot) and Kaluzhskaya (depot): Temporary stations built in the respective metro depots. After the lines they were serving were extended and proper stations built, these were closed.

Saint Petersburg Metro

 * Dachnoye, a bay platform opened in 1966, closed in 1977, a part of the platform was rebuilt as a police building.

Nizhny Novgorod Metro

 * Yarmarka, located between the Moskovskaya and Strelka stations. Its construction was started in 1993, but was discontinued in 1996. At first, in this station there was a headshunt for trains. After the opening of the Strelka station you can see the branch and expansion of the tunnel for the station. Presumably this station will be completed after 2020.

Singapore

 * Bukit Brown is an unopened station along the Circle line. It is currently only a shell station with a ventilation shaft. It is located on top of Bukit Brown Chinese Cemetery and Jalan Mashor, an almost totally abandoned road. The SMRT are currently reviewing the possibilities to open the station, however, and it should be open in the future. Hume station is also a ventilation shaft, and will be opened as a station in 2025.
 * Currently, Mount Pleasant and Marina South are also ghost stations, to be opened in tandem with housing estates in the area. A shell station called Tagore also exists between Springleaf and Lentor station, and will open with surrounding developments.
 * Several stations on the Punggol LRT, including the entire West Loop, did not open with the rest of the line in 2005. Nearly all of these stations have since opened for service alongside developments in their respective areas. As of 2017, only one station, Teck Lee, remains closed, as it is currently surrounded by jungle, and will open with surrounding developments.
 * Ten Mile Junction station on the Bukit Panjang LRT opened in November 1999, and was permanently closed on 13 January 2019, to facilitate upgrading works for the line. The station was previously closed from late 2010 to early 2012 for refurbishment works.

South Korea

 * A second platform for Seoul Subway Line 2 at Sinseol-dong station

Spain

 * Disused Barcelona Metro stations
 * Chamberí on Line 1 of Madrid Metro - one of the first stations to open, it was closed after train and platform lengths increased to such a degree that the distance from it to the neighboring stations was deemed too short. It is now a museum.
 * El Tejar, San Martín de la Vega, Parque de Ocio, Dos Castillas, Vaquerizas, Cercedilla Pueblo, Las Heras, Camorritos, Siete Picos and Collado Albo in Cercanías Madrid
 * Mercat Central on Line 10 of Metrovalencia was the only completed station on the section planned, but later abandoned, from Alacant to Tavernes Blanques.

Sweden

 * Korpmossevägen on the Stockholm Metro (abandoned when the line was converted from tram to metro operation; it's not underground)
 * Kymlinge on the Stockholm Metro (never finished; partly underground)
 * Rannebergen in Gothenburg (prepared underground station not used by trains)
 * Traneberg on the Stockholm Metro (abandoned when the line was converted from tram to metro operation, demolished in the early 2000s. Not underground)

Ukraine

 * Vulytsia Hertsena, Lvivska Brama and Telychka in the Kyiv Metro
 * Vovnopriadylna in the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram

United Kingdom

 * List of former and unopened London Underground stations
 * Merkland Street on the Glasgow Subway.
 * King's Cross Thameslink

United States

 * Euclid–East 120th on the RTA Rapid Transit in Cleveland
 * Nine stations on the New York City Subway, as well as two stations on the PATH system
 * Woodhaven Junction on the Atlantic Branch of the LIRR
 * Franklin Square on the PATCO Speedline and Spring Garden on the Broad-Ridge Spur in Philadelphia
 * Six stations on the Chicago "L"
 * Three stations on the VTA light rail system in San Jose, as well as Eureka Valley in San Francisco
 * The unused east–west platform at Government Center Station on the Metrorail in Miami
 * Harvard-Holyoke near Boston
 * The former platforms of the Gateway station in Pittsburgh
 * The former platforms of the Little Tokyo/Arts District station in Los Angeles
 * 29th & Welton in Denver
 * Subway Terminal Building in Los Angeles contains an abandoned station in the basement with its terminus at Belmont Tunnel/Toluca Substation and Yard. The tunnel was bisected by new construction in the early 21st century.

title: Ghost station


text:
River Heights

River Heights may refer to:

 * River Heights, Utah, a city in Cache County, Utah
 * River Heights (electoral district), a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba
 * River Heights, Winnipeg, a neighborhood of Winnipeg, Manitoba in roughly the same area as the riding above
 * River Heights, Saskatoon, an area of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
 * River Heights, Nancy Drew's fictional home town in Midwestern United States.
 * River Heights (Nancy Drew), a spinoff series from the original Nancy Drew series

title: River Heights


text:
User:Drummond

About DAD
I'm a graduate student at The California Institute of Technology studying biochemistry and molecular evolution; I'm in the Computation and Neural Systems program.

As a scientist with a brain and a heart, I'm fascinated by the relationship between is and ought, that is, between what is verifiable and reliable, on the one hand, and what is desirable or what we feel others should know to bring about a better future, on the other. My personal philosophy:

 * Argue for what is right from what is true, or reconsider what is right.

That's why I'm on Wikipedia. My loyalty is first to the facts.

ought from is
i just read, and now think you would enjoy the moral sense by harvard prof. james Q. wilson. his thesis is that the motive forces of "ought" derive in verifiable ways from our biology, but that they manifest in different forms of "ought" depending on circumstances.

OK, why i came here in the first place: what software did you use to produce the file you uploaded "Corr-example.png" i like the use of small multiples (in the tuftian sense). Openlander 19:25, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I'm also curious about the figure, "corr-example.png". By MATLAB, there is a function called "plotmatrix" doing similar thing but not exactly the same. Yours is better than the plotmatrix because your figure provided more information than what plotmatrix can do.

title: User:Drummond


text:
User:Baron Von Stinkovic

Baron Von Stinkovic is a student in the African woods. He likes chocolate covered locusts and fat people.

title: User:Baron Von Stinkovic


text:
Machine Gun Etiquette

Machine Gun Etiquette is the third studio album by English punk rock band the Damned, released on 2 November 1979 by Chiswick Records. The album peaked at No. 31 on the UK Charts

The album was the group's first since reforming with a new lineup of previous members Dave Vanian on vocals, Captain Sensible on lead guitar, Rat Scabies on drums, plus newcomer Algy Ward of Australian punk band The Saints on bass guitar on his only album with the band.

Background
On Machine Gun Etiquette, the band brought more variety to their usual punk rock to add wide-ranging influences from hard rock and heavy metal to psychedelic rock, a tinge of progressive rock and even classic 1960s rhythm and blues and the record has been described by journalists and fans alike as The Beach Boys meets Motörhead with T. Rex and Judas Priest influences thrown in for good measure. The album also features more fast-paced punk tracks, and has been cited as a 'proto-hardcore' record crucial for the later rise of hardcore punk into the 1980s.

The voice at the album's start is actor Jack Howarth, taken from his 1971 album 'Ow Do, a recording of Lancastrian monologues.

The album features multiple guest musicians. Lemmy plays bass on the band's take on The Sweet's "Ballroom Blitz", which was not on the album at time of release but released as a single; the song was also added to the reissued version of the album. Joe Strummer and Paul Simonon also appear on the album. The album also features sometime Pink Floyd lyricist Anthony Moore on synthesiser. Philip Lloyd-Smee contributed to the sleeve and logo design work on Machine Gun Etiquette.

Critical reception
AllMusic's retrospective review reported that when it was released, Machine Gun Etiquette was "deservedly hailed as another classic from the band". The website praised the variety of styles explored and the group's typically strong wit.

Scott Rowley of Classic Rock magazine, reviewing the 25th Anniversary Edition of the album, defined it as "a riotous, ballsy rush of an album [...] the sound of a band coming into its own", adding that "while the Clash looked to America for inspiration, the Damned remained resolutely British", perhaps ironically given that the front cover depicted the band in a New York street scene at 704 7th Avenue, New York City.

Track listing

 * 2004 CD reissue bonus tracks
 * "Smash It Up (Part 1)" and "Smash It Up (Part 2)" are listed as one track on the CD, as "Smash It Up (Parts 1 and 2)" (track 11).

Personnel
Credits adapted from the 2004 CD reissue liner notes.

The Damned
 * Dave Vanian – lead vocals
 * Captain Sensible – guitars, backing vocals, keyboards, bass ("I Just Can't Be Happy Today", "Smash It Up (Parts 1 & 2)"), bass solo ("Anti-Pope") , mandolin ("Turkey Song") , lead vocals ("Turkey Song")
 * Rat Scabies – drums, backing vocals, lead vocals ("Burglar")
 * Algy Ward – bass, backing vocals, guitar ("Machine Gun Etiquette", "Liar")

Additional personnel
 * Joe Strummer – backing vocals ("Noise, Noise, Noise"), hand claps ("Machine Gun Etiquette")
 * Topper Headon – backing vocals ("Noise, Noise, Noise")
 * Henry Badowski – backing vocals ("Noise, Noise, Noise")
 * Paul Simonon – hand claps ("Machine Gun Etiquette")
 * Lemmy Kilmister – bass, backing vocals ("Ballroom Blitz")
 * Anthony More – synthesizer ("Rabid (Over You)")

Production and artwork
 * Roger Armstrong – producer
 * The Damned – producer
 * Ed Hollis – producer ("Love Song" (Ed Hollis version), "Noise, Noise, Noise" (Ed Hollis version), "Suicide")
 * Alvin Clarke – engineer (Sound Suite)
 * Mike Shipley – engineer (Wessex)
 * Gary Edwards – engineer (Wessex)
 * Jeremy Green – engineer (Wessex)
 * Rik Watton – engineer (Workhouse)
 * Damian Korner – engineer (Utopia)
 * G. H. Wallis – engineer (SGS)
 * Vic Keary – engineer (Chalk Farm)
 * Phil Smee – artwork
 * Alan Ballard – front cover photography
 * Mick Young – photography
 * Captain Sensible – inner sleeve drawing
 * Martin Baker – video director ("Plan 9, Channel 7")

title: Machine Gun Etiquette


text:
Podolian Voivodeship

The Podolian Voivodeship or Palatinate of Podolia was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland, from 1434 until 1793, except for the period of Ottoman occupation (1672–1699), when the region was organized as Podolia Eyalet. Together with the Bracław Voivodeship it formed the region of Podolia, which in the Kingdom of Poland was part of Lesser Poland Province. Its capital was in Kamieniec Podolski, where local sejmiks took place and where the seat of the starosta was as well.

The voivodeship was created 1434, out of former Duchy of Podolia, which had become part of the Kingdom of Poland in the second half of the 14th century. After the Second Partition of Poland, it was seized by the Russian Empire, which in 1793 created the Podolia Governorate. Today the region belongs to Ukraine.

Zygmunt Gloger in his monumental book Historical Geography of the Lands of Old Poland gives a detailed description of Podole Voivodeship:

In ancient times, Podole was a borderland of permanent Slavic settlements, behind which were steppes, inhabited by nomadic tribes. Proximity of these Barbaric tribes made it impossible for the Slavs to take full advantage of Podole, which is the most beautiful and the richest of all Slavic lands (...) For many years borders of Podole were not defined. The province was captured by the Tatars in the 13th century. They in return were chased away by the Lithuanians, who in the mid-14th century clashed here with Poland. Podole was in 1352 captured by Algirdas, and in 1396 King Wladyslaw Jagiello placed this land under Spytek of Melsztyn. Later on, Podole was ruled by Svitrigaila, and finally in 1434 the Sejm created Podole Voivodeship, naming Piotr Odrowaz the first voivode. Still, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania continued to claim this land, and the conflict was ended by the 1569 Union of Lublin (...) If it had not been for thousands of Polish szlachta families, who since the 14th century settled here, Podole would remain a deserted steppe (...)

Boundaries of the new voivodeship were as follows: in northwest it bordered Trembowla County of Ruthenian Voivodeship, in the north it bordered Volhynian Voivodeship, while in the east it touched Braclaw Voivodeship. Whole southern and southwestern border went along the Dniestr and the Stypa rivers (...) In its early years, Podole Voivodeship had a number of small counties, which were located around royal castles. In the 15th century, there were counties of Skala Podolska, Smotrycz, Bakota, Latyczow, Miedzyboz, Chmielnik, Zinkow, and Bar. Finally, in 1542 only three counties were established, at Czerwonogrod, Kamieniec and Latyczow (...)

In the 16th century, Podole Voivodeship had 37 towns, and according to the 1578 census, there were 650 villages. By 1583, the number of villages was reduced to only 434, due to constant Crimean Tatar raids. The voivodeship also had 35 castles and forts (...)

Podole Voivodeship had three senators: the Bishop, the Voivode and the Castellan of Kamieniec. Local starosta, who also used the title "General of Podolian Lands", governed two towns, those of Kamieniec and Latyczow. There also were starostas at Czerwonogrod, Bar, Chmielnik, Kopajgrod, Mukarow, Ploskirow and others. Sejmiks took place at Kamieniec, where six deputies to the Sejm were elected, as well as two deputies to the Lesser Poland Tribunal at Lublin (...) Podole Voivodeship had two border judges, who cooperated with officials of the Ottoman Porte, solving border conflicts.

Municipal government
Voivodeship Governor (voivode) seat:
 * Kamieniec Podolski

General council (sejmik generalny) for all Ruthenian lands
 * Sądowa Wisznia

Regional council (sejmik poselski i deputacki) seats:
 * Kamieniec Podolski

Administrative division

 * Kamieniec County (Powiat Kamieniecki), Kamieniec Podolski
 * Czerwonograd County (Powiat Czerwonogradzki), Czerwonogród
 * Latyczów County (Powiat Sanocki), Latyczów

Voivodes

 * Michał Buczacki (House of Buczacki)
 * Michał Mużyło Buczacki
 * Stanisław Odrowąż (since 1535)
 * Mikołaj Mielecki (since 1569)
 * Tomasz Zamoyski (since 1618)
 * Marcin Krasicki (1630–1632/1633)
 * Marcin Kazanowski (1632/1633–1636)
 * Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki (1636–1653)
 * Seweryn Rzewuski

Neighbouring Voivodeships and regions

 * Ruthenian Voivodeship
 * Volhynian Voivodeship
 * Kiev Voivodeship
 * Bracław Voivodeship
 * Moldavia

title: Podolian Voivodeship


text:
Talk:Machine Gun Etiquette

Fair use rationale for Image:Damned machine gun etiquette.jpg
Image:Damned machine gun etiquette.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:35, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Damned machine gun etiquette.jpg
Image:Damned machine gun etiquette.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 08:19, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

"Nibbled To Death By An Okapi"
This is the spoken bit at the end of side 2. It is the narrator - forgetting his name - from the radio play version of "The Hitchhikers Guide To The Galaxy", in which the narrator notes Arthur Dent's brother was "nibbled to death by an okapi" ! 75.104.174.177 (talk) 17:30, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Machine Gun Etiquette