text:
User talk:Sechzehn

Hi, feel free to write me. Please remember to leave your signature by simply typing at the end of your message, so that I would be able to reply you.

 Contact Me: Leave me a new message |  Send me an e-mail

Sincerely, ∞ S e c h z e h n 1 6 T a l k∞ 04:34, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Sanskrit
Hi Sechzehn,

As you apparently speak some Sanskrit, I would like to ask you if you know of any good online dictionary for that language or if you can recommend any software for looking up Sanskrit words. Thanks for the information Watasenia 06:35, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Language skills
After I got my language skills in English and Japanese, I updated my language skills. Sechzehn 06:13, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

OpenBase
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We appreciate your contributions to the OpenBase article, but we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material. Perhaps you would like to rewrite the article in your own words. For more information, take a look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Happy editing! Wakemp 03:27, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing out. Any possible violations have been fixed as per the rules of Wikipedia and posted a reply on your discussion page. --16(Sechzehn) 05:39, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to Esperanza!
Welcome, Sechzehn, to Esperanza, the Wikipedia member association! As you might know, all the Esperanzians share one important goal: the success of this encyclopedia. Within that, we then attempt to strengthen the community bonds, and be the "approachable" side of the project. All of our ideals are held in the Charter, the governing document of the association.

Now that you are a member, you might be interested in some of our programs. A quite important program is the StressUnit, which seeks to support editors who have encountered any stress from their Wikipedia events, and are seeking to leave the project. So far, Esperanza can be credited with the support and retention of several users. We have a calendar of special events, member birthdays, and other holidays that you can add to and follow.

In addition to these projects, several more missions of Esperanza are in development, and are currently being created at Esperanza/Possibles.

I encourage you to take an active voice in the running of Esperanza. We have a small government system, headed by our Administrator general, Celestianpower, and guided by the Advisory Committee, Titoxd, JoanneB, and Freakofnurture.

If you have any other questions, concerns, comments, or general ideas, Esperanzian or otherwise, know that you can always contact me by my talk page, Celestianpower by email or talk page, or the Esperanza talk page. Alternatively, you could communicate with fellow users on our IRC channel, #wikipedia-esperanza (which is also good for a fun chat or two :). If you're new to IRC, please see the IRC Tutorial, which was written by one of our members. I thank you for joining Esperanza, and look forward to working with you in making Wikipedia a better place to be!

Thanks! G . H e  21:25, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

A short Esperanzial update
As you may have gathered, discussions have been raging for about a week on the Esperanza talk page as to the future direction of Esperanza. Some of these are still ongoing and warrant more input (such as the idea to scrap the members list altogether). However, some decisions have been made and the charter has hence been amended. See what happened. Basically, the whole leadership has had a reshuffle, so please review the new, improved charter.

As a result, we are electing 4 people this month. They will replace JoanneB and Pschemp and form a new tranche A, serving until December. Elections will begin on 2006-07-02 and last until 2006-07-09. If you wish to run for a Council position, add your name to the list before 2006-07-02. For more details, see Esperanza/June 2006 elections.

Thanks and kind, Esperanzial regards, —Cel es tianpower háblame 16:00, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Sri Lankan Army
Dear my friend, This what i want to say. Before Accusing me for blanking the Human Rights Allegations section you have to go through the history page of Sri Lankan Army article. See, someone came from 64.231.40.234 IP did that blanking job. Its a Canadian IP. On that day I just did some corrections for two minor mistakes and one was done by 160.94.105.163. Believe me, I'm from Sri Lanka and I can even prove that if you want. My pal, I'm not blaming on you for this incidence. I know that you made a simple mistake. So I here by I'm asking from you to leave a message on talk page, about this incidence. Thank you, Lahiru_k 18:19, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject NCSLC
Hi Sechzehn, we wanted to invite you to join this project to help clean Sri Lanka ethnic conflict related articles on wikipedia. NCSLC: Neutral Coverage of the Sri Lankan Conflict. Pls let me know your inputs and how to take it forward from here. We eagerly looking fwd to having you there. Cheers, Elalan 02:24, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi Sechzen, thanks a lot for your inputs. Could you pls tell me how to include a picture in it, without changing the template? Thanks. Btw, you are most invited to the comm :-) Sudharsansn 17:45, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Great Sechzen, it looks good now. Could you pls tweak with the project banner and make it more presentable, by including links, etc..? Something like the code which you used in the members banner for automatic updation and related stuff?? Thanks a lot. Sudharsansn 18:16, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Great Sechzen, thanks for the work!! :-) Sudharsansn 10:27, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Civility
Hi Sechzen, there is a new kid, literally a kid, who is going beyond limits with scant respect for fellow editors and has gone overboard with his civility almost thrice inspite of friendly suggestions. Kindly intervene and warn him so as to avoid trivial conversations. He is dragging in things like how his parents brought him up, how we all should have been brought up, how he wants to honor the SL Army, how much of a pre-school kid 'I' am for all the good work I did on the VP page. I would pls ask you to interfere and issue him a strict civility warning and ask him to go through WP policies. The link is here and the user name is User:Iwazaki Thanks Sudharsansn 06:01, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Sechzen, Pls go through this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velupillai_Prabhakaran&diff=82998537&oldid=82954817

 * Here Iwazaki has framed up two entire sections of his own, literally without any citation at all. The citations he has pointed to refer to a newspaper article which he has read sometime ago and is not a piece of evidence which can be verified by everybody who would be reading that article. It is something like 'I-saw-that-in-news-once' kind of a link. A strong msg needs to be sent out to Iwazaki who is violating almost every single policy of Wikipedia, Civility, NPOV, Verifiability, etc...I kindly request you to step in and take some action to avoid blanking-out vandalism and reverting to uncited versions of the article which transitively refers to Vandalism. Pls go through my posts here to justify removal of the sections and how he has responded here

 * The user has also been issued a final warning for Civility but continues his spree of personal attacks and diplomatic vandalism. Check this Iwazaki Talk page

 * This seems to be going on for almost a month inspite of several friendly suggestions and also Admin warnings. Kindly help. Thanks Sudharsansn 13:49, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Iwazaki referred to WP:PAIN
Hi Seczhen, could you please express whatever you had mentioned in Iwazaki's talk page here: WP Personal attack notice board I would greatly appreciate it. Thanks Sudharsansn 19:58, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot Sechzen. Could you probably leave a msg there? Thanks again! Sudharsansn 21:02, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Completely agreed, I assume perfectly good faith with everyone but it is irritating to note that at times this lack of good faith is so detrimental to an article, which to me spoils the very essence of Wiki. Eitherway, point taken! Thanks Sudharsansn 12:56, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

VP Page
I need your help in explaining Verifiability to Iwazaki here because he is framing up two sections based on nil evidence. Pls check this diff. Thanks Sudharsansn 13:30, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for your message
Sorry I was not aware of the policy.Hence removed controversial content feeling it should be backed by citation.As I felt it did not have the citation .Very sorry about it

I felt the comment was harsh and needed a citation to be put there.I will not remove controversial content without citation.Anyway what I removed was

The entire Muslim and Sinhalese population of Jaffna was forced to leave within 48 hours in 1990 due to an ethnic clensing order by the LTTE. During this forced exodus, they were not allowed to take any of their belonging with them. LTTE had even removed the jewellery from the women that they were wearing at the time. Regards Harlowraman
 * Thanks for your message and I assume good faith as of WP:AGF and as a fellow Wikipedian, you'll get accustomed to the formalities and procedures here. Wishing you the best and looking forward for more contributions from you to Wikipedia. -- ∞ S e c h z e h n 1 6 T a l k∞ 23:07, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Your language skills
You have mentioned all your language skills in your user boxes, but it is very sad to note that you don't have a native level user box to show your native language!!! After a thorough investigation about your work on wikipedia, I came across this user box which I can highly recommend to you.

'''WHAT DO YOU THINK??? ;-)'''   ♪ ♫ Ľ ą Ħ ĩ Ř ǔ _ Қ ♫ ♪   (Ŧ) 07:52, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your thorough investigations and pointing out your opinion about language skills. But I am sorry to say that your language skill is assesment about me is not right and I am deleting the userbox you added in the talk page because it adds my talk page to wrong category. - ∞ S e c h z e h n 1 6 T a l k∞ 23:57, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm currently having a very busy schedule with my studies until 4th December. I will definetely give you a full scale comment on this matter after that.So long Happy Editing!!   ♪ ♫ Ľ ą Ħ ĩ Ř ǔ _ Қ ♫ ♪   (Ŧ) 08:22, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanx bro ♪ ♫ Ľ ą Ħ ĩ Ř ǔ _ Қ ♫ ♪   (Ŧ) 08:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

SL Navy and Airforce
Sechzehn, on this point I think the stuff related the Sri Lankan airforce and navy should belong in their respective pages. You can perhaps add a link to mention see also under the human rights abuses section. In all fairness though, the human rights abuses shouldn't dominate the articles on the navy and airforce. In fact both of these pages require a lot more content and once thats there, there shoulb be room to insert the human rights abuses section. Elalan 04:10, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Sri Lankan Army
Yep. ♪ ♫ Ľ ą Ħ ĩ Ř ǔ _ Қ ♫ ♪   (Ŧ) 07:55, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Eelam Image
Where did you find this? Link please? You can refer this to WP:VAND or the Admin incidents noitce board. And yes, pls give me some time to reply to your mail, I am still typing :-) User:Sudharsansn (talk· contribs) 18:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem, we can just create an image called as 'Against Sinhala goons vandalism in Wikipedia', not a problem at all!! After all, we can exercise our democracy too User:Sudharsansn (talk· contribs) 18:41, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually this image is copyright violation. Its Donkey from the movie Shrek superimposed on part of the LTTE logo.  The copyright permission  on this is invalid.  Elalan
 * The image is a copyright violation, plus the statement on the user box opposes certain wikipedian, which is against the rule of the project. The user pages are not mean to be a soapbox or insult/attack/oppose anyone particularly fellow wikipedians.  Elalan 20:13, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Comments on Vaharai bombing required
Hi Sechzehn,

When you have a minute can you look at the Vaharai bombing page. Thanks. Elalan 20:08, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Userbox removed
I managed to get the userbox removed from Lahiru's user page. The image still left to be removed. Elalan 04:01, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Sinhala Vandalism
Pls read through this link to understand how my user page and the NCSLC being vandalized by Sinhala, pro-govt vandals!! Request you to voice your support and report everything that happens!! User:Sudharsansn (talk • contribs) 11:52, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Ghastly userbox
Note that a new userbox has been created by Lahiru and is being used by so many others. This is the one: Rather than saying that they want to support the Army, they would simply want to kiill all Tamils?

Isn't it that clear that Wiki is just not the place for any of them? User:Sudharsansn (talk • contribs) 13:16, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

You may want to look at this
Thanks Elalan 03:05, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

TfD initiation by sockpuppets
Please check this

Project page vandalism
Check this Sudharsansn (talk • contribs) 11:18, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Periyar Vandalism
People have vandalised the page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_Ramasami.I have reverted it with no changes .How do you use the revert command?

This page is clearly getting vandalised.

1:Only 1 name needs to be used either Periyar or EVR not 2 creates confusion to readers particularly foriegners.Periyar is how he is known.He is refered as Periyar in Tamil Nadu Government.[1] University is called Periyar Universityn named after him[2]

2: Periyar being likened to Hitler is potentially libellous as Hitler was responsible for millions of deaths whereas Periyar was not guilty of even one.Further no evidence or citation is given this comment.Periyar turned the offer to become the head of the Madras Presidency in 1939 after the Congress quit but he turned it down now to compare Hitler is wrong.

3:Brahmins:comments like The population of Brahmins in Tamil Nadu, which was about 10% in the 1920s, is today less than 3% as a result of persecution by EVR and his followers are strange as not even a Single Brahmin has been killed in the entire Dravidan movement. Further Rajaji,Jayalaitha and Janaki who were Chief Minsiters were Brahmins and ruled Tamil Nadu longer than any other single community and these statements are not backed by citations or evidence which are required.Jayalalitha is the head of a Dravidan Party

4: And the wording should be encyclopedic none emotional and contraversial lines like Within a span of 20 years, the Brahmins of Tamil Nadu, who had been living there for more than 2000 years, were turned into alien immigrants by the DK's propaganda. The speeches called for the elimination of Brahmins from Tamil Nadu, and the enslavement of Brahmin women. The speeches harkened back to an ancient Tamil glory, similar to Hitler's revival of ancient Germanic culture are not abcked by citations or Evidence

5:Further someone blanked His Childhood and Education 6:I have Reverted the Mass deletion done by 192.223.243.6 without changes

Please help.Thanks Harlowraman.

Read WP:BIAS
That's all I have to say. -- snowolf D4 ( talk /  @  ) 02:20, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Commercial use of Image:John Doerr.jpg
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Category:WikiProject NCSLC Articles
I notice that this category is unpopulated (empty). In other words, no Wikipedia pages belong to (are members of) it. If it remains unpopulated for four days, it may be deleted, without discussion, in accordance with Criteria for speedy deletion. I'm notifying you, the creator of the category, in case you wish to (re-)populate it by adding to articles/categories that belong in it.

I have also blanked the category page. This will not, in itself, cause the category to be deleted. It serves to document (in the page history) that the category was empty at the time of blanking and also to alert other watchers that the category is in jeopardy. You are welcome to revert the blanking if you wish. However, doing so will not prevent deletion if the category remains empty.

If you created the category in error, or it is no longer needed, you can speed up the deletion process by tagging it with db-author.

--Stepheng3 (talk) 20:16, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Sechzehn


text:
Irish church

Irish church may refer to:

 * Roman Catholic Church in Ireland
 * Church of Ireland
 * Presbyterian Church in Ireland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Irish church


text: Category:Airlines of Asia

title: Category:Airlines of Asia


text:
Chartered accountant

Chartered accountants were the first accountants to form a professional accounting body, initially established in Scotland in 1854. The Edinburgh Society of Accountants (1854), the Glasgow Institute of Accountants and Actuaries (1854) and the Aberdeen Society of Accountants (1867) were each granted a royal charter almost from their inception. The title is an internationally recognised professional designation; the certified public accountant designation is generally equivalent to it. Women were able to become chartered accountants only following the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 after which, in 1920, Mary Harris Smith was recognised by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and became the first woman chartered accountant in the world.

Chartered accountants work in all fields of business and finance, including auditing, taxation, financial and general management. Some are engaged in public practice work, others work in the private sector and some are employed by government bodies.

Chartered accountants' institutes require members to undertake a minimum level of continuing professional development to stay professionally competitive. They facilitate special interest groups (for instance, entertainment and media, or insolvency and restructuring) which lead in their fields. They provide support to members by offering advisory services, technical helplines and technical libraries. They also offer opportunities for professional networking, career and business development.

Chartered Accountants Worldwide comprises 15 institutes with over 1.8 million Chartered Accountants and students in 190 countries.

Australia
Chartered accountants of Australia belong to the Chartered Accountants Australia & New Zealand (CA ANZ, formerly the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia) and use the designatory letters CA. Some senior members (at least 15 years' membership) of the institute may be elected fellows and use the letters FCA. Of equal legal status and recognition in Australia as qualified professional accountants are Institute of Public Accountants (IPA) and CPA Australia. On 28 June 2016, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and CA ANZ announced a strategic alliance to provide an opportunity for dual membership of both bodies, which will add value for the members locally and globally. ACCA members resident in Australia and New Zealand will be invited to apply for CA membership and CA ANZ members will be invited to apply for ACCA membership, subject to meeting the eligibility criteria of the other body.

Bangladesh
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) is the national professional accounting body of Bangladesh. Established in 1973, it is the sole organization with the right to award the Chartered Accountant designation in Bangladesh. Senior members (at least five years' membership) of the institute are called "fellow members" and use the letters FCA.

Bangladesh has more than 1,900 registered Chartered Accountants and more than 32,000 articled students.

Bermuda
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bermuda works with the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants and American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and is the sole organisation in Bermuda with the right to award the Chartered Accountant designation.

Canada
In Canada, chartered accountants belong to the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) by way of membership in at least one provincial or territorial institute (or "order" in Quebec). In order to become a member, a candidate requires an undergraduate degree plus experience and, depending on the province, additional education. Candidates in all provinces are required to pass the three-day Uniform Evaluation (UFE) now Common Final Examination (CFE).

Since 2012, the CICA has been in a process of unification with the other two accounting bodies in Canada. Canadian CA's, along with Certified General Accountants (CGAs) and Certified Management Accountants (CMAs), have now adopted the designation Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA), making the term "chartered accountant" obsolete.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, Chartered Accountants are generally members of Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Czech Republic and use the designatory letters CAE (Chartered Accountant expert). Chartered Accountants may also be members of the Chamber of Auditors of the Czech Republic (KACR), with whom the ICAEW launched its ACA qualification in 2015.

European Union
Under the Mutual Recognition Directive, European Economic Area (EEA) and Swiss nationals holding a professional qualification can become members of the equivalent bodies in another member state. They must, however, pass an aptitude test in understanding local conditions (which for accountants will include local tax and company law variations).

The local title is, however, not available for use if the professional does not choose to join the local professional body. For example, a holder of the French expert-comptable qualification could practise as an accountant in England without taking a local test but could only describe themself as "expert-comptable (France)" not "Chartered Accountant". Within the EEA, only the UK and Ireland have bodies that issue the Chartered Accountant title.

India
In India, Chartered Accountants are regulated by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) which was established by the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949. Associate members of the ICAI are entitled to add the prefix CA to their names. Members who are in full-time practice, and have completed five years of practice, can use Fellow Chartered Accountant(FCA). As of 1 April 2021, the Institute had 327,081 members.

Entry to the profession can be made by taking the CA Foundation Course after completion of schooling (12th grade). Alternatively, graduates may train as an articled assistant for three years in a chartered firm before final exam or after completion of Intermediate of Cost Accountant or Company Secretary. A comprehensive 100 hours of information technology training and an orientation programme for soft skills development have to be completed before being articled. However the CA certification is limited to the geographical boundary of India and is not valid in countries that follow different standards of accounting practice. After clearing of CA final examination, one may apply for membership to ICAI.

Indonesia
The Institute of Indonesia Chartered Accountants, formerly Indonesian Institute of Accountants or Ikatan Akuntan Indonesia is the national organisation of professional accountants in Indonesia. IAI is a founding member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the ASEAN Federation of Accountants (AFA). In 2016 IAI became an Associate Member of Chartered Accountants Worldwide.

Ireland
In Ireland, Chartered Accountants are generally members of Chartered Accountants Ireland and use the designatory letters ACA or FCA. Chartered accountants may also be members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales or the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland.

Nepal
In Nepal, the profession of Chartered Accountancy is regulated by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN) which was established by parliament under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1997.

After completion of three levels of examination (CAP I, CAP II, and CAP III) with three years of articleship training under a qualified CA, one can get the membership of ICAN and with the Certificate of Practice (COP), one can practise as a professional accountant.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Chartered Accountants belong to the Chartered Accountants Australia & New Zealand (CA ANZ, formerly New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants) and use the designatory letters CA. Some senior members may be elected fellows and use the letters FCA.

There is also a mid-tier qualification called Associate Chartered Accountant with the designatory letters ACA. Associate chartered accountants are not eligible to hold a certificate of public practice and therefore cannot offer services to the public.

Pakistan
The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan (ICAP) is the professional body of Chartered Accountants in Pakistan, established on 1 July 1961 under the Chartered Accountants Ordinance, 1961. ICAP is the sole body and authority in Pakistan which has a mandate to regulate the accounting and auditing profession in the country. It adopts and develops the national auditing standards and develops accounting standards for the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP). It represents accountants employed in public practice, business and industry, and the public sector. The institute is a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which is the global organization for the accountancy profession.

ICAP has more than 7,000 active members and more than 25,000 students. Other national accountancy bodies include Institute of cost and management accountants of Pakistan (ICMAP), PIPFA, etc. ICAP and ICMAP are full members of International federation of accountants and PIPFA is an associate member. Besides these national accountancy bodies, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) & Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) UK Bodies also has a strong presence in Pakistan.

Singapore
The Chartered Accountant of Singapore (CA (Singapore)) title is protected under the Singapore Accountancy Commission (SAC) Act. The pathway to obtain the designation is owned by the SAC, a statutory body of the government. The Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants (ISCA) is a designated entity in the SAC Act and confers the CA (Singapore) designation on behalf of SAC. The Singapore Chartered Accountant Qualification programme has three components: academic base, professional programme and 3 years of practical experience. ISCA and the SAC have worked to raise the profile and promote the Singapore CA Qualification for international recognition.

Applicants who are eligible for the Singapore Chartered Accountant Qualification foundation programme should have either accredited degrees, other degrees, undergraduates and local polytechnic diplomas. Those with who are eligible for direct entry into the professional programme should have local accountancy degrees from Nanyang Technological University, National University of Singapore, Singapore Management University, Singapore University of Social Sciences, and Singapore Institute of Technology.

In 2013, holders of Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and CPA Australia have until 31 December 2016 and existing students have until 31 December 2018 to complete the ICPAS PAC and qualify for the "Chartered Accountant of Singapore" professional designation through the previous transitional arrangements.

South Africa
In South Africa, SAICA, the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants, regulates the Chartered Accountant (South Africa) designation, CA (SA).

To qualify as a CA (SA), one requires a specialised bachelor's degree in accounting, followed by a Certificate in the Theory of Accounting (CTA); depending on the university, this is offered as a postgraduate honours degree or as a postgraduate diploma. This formal education is followed by two external competency exams set by SAICA.

A separate registration is needed for Chartered Accountants wishing to act as auditors in public practice as a registered auditor (RA). The RA designation is conferred by IRBA (Independent Regulatory Board For Auditors, previously known as Public Accountants and Auditors Board [PAAB]) under the Auditing Profession Act (AP Act).

Candidates must complete three years of practical experience, working for a registered training office – the Training In Public Practice (TIPP) programme. Articled clerks who switch employers during this period are required to extend their training by six months. The Training Outside Public Practice (TOPP) programme has a financial management focus; TOPP trainees can thus become Chartered Accountants with a more limited knowledge and experience of auditing than those who undergo the TIPP programme, but with a more extensive financial management and business experience.

Chartered accountants who are not registered auditors may not act as or hold out to be auditors in public practice. However, the AP Act does not prohibit non-RAs from using the description 'internal auditor' or 'accountant', or from auditing a not-for-profit club, institution or association if they receive no fee for such audit.

In South Africa the Companies Act was replaced, with effect in July 2010, to allow companies without a public interest to choose between an audit or an independent review. A review is not an attest function and can be performed by accountants who are members of bodies that are registered in terms of the Close Corporations Act of 1984, which include SAIBA, CIMA, SAICA, SAIPA and ACCA.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, the title of Chartered Accountant (CA Sri Lanka) can be used by only members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka. These could be Associate Members (ACA) and Fellows (FCA). Chartered accountants holding practising certificates may also become Registered Auditors, who are able to perform statutory financial audits in accordance with the Companies Act, No. 07 of 2007. Chartered Accountants can also register as company secretaries.

United Kingdom
The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales is an awarding body, conferring the postnominals ACA and FCA. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland confers the postnominals CA.

List of institutes of chartered accountants

 * Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (global)
 * Bahamas Institute of Chartered Accountants
 * Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada as a result of merger of Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA), Society of Management Accountants of Canada (CMA Canada) and Certified General Accountants of Canada (CGA-Canada) in 2014
 * Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand as a result of merger of New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants (NZICA) and the Institute of Chartered Accountants Australia (ICAA) in 2013
 * Chartered Accountants Ireland (also covers Northern Ireland)
 * Chartered Management Accountant (CIMA)
 * Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA)
 * European Institute of Chartered Accountants
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Barbados
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Belize
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bermuda
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Eastern Caribbean
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ghana
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Guyana
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Indonesia
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Jamaica
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants in Malawi
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Namibia
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sierra Leone
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Trinidad and Tobago
 * Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe
 * Institute of Indonesia Chartered Accountants
 * Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants
 * Royal Netherlands Institute of Chartered Accountants
 * South African Institute of Chartered Accountants

title: Chartered accountant


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Bismarck State College

Bismarck State College (BSC) is a public college in Bismarck, North Dakota. It is the third largest college in the North Dakota University System with 3,781 students as of September 2016. Established in 1939, it is a comprehensive community college that offers the first two years of education toward a bachelor's degree in most fields as well as 20+ bachelor's degree and several undergraduate programs in conjunction with other university system institutions. Approximately 35 technical programs are offered and more than 150 courses are offered online. Unique to the institution are degrees in energy, including power and process plant technology, nuclear power technology, electric power technology, and renewable energy.

Student life
Student activities are managed by the staff of the Student and Residence Life Office, located in the Student Union building on campus. Students can register for meal plans, request housing, visit the bookstore, sign up for intramurals or student government, and learn about the activities provided for them on and off campus. Dances, hypnotists, comedians, artists, barbecues, and tie-dye are popular events.

Notable alumni

 * David Andahl, businessman and politician
 * Alvin Jaeger, 14th Secretary of State of North Dakota
 * Brock Lesnar, former WWE Champion and former UFC Heavyweight Champion
 * Bob Stenehjem, Republican member and Majority Leader of the North Dakota Senate
 * Masai Ujiri, general manager of the NBA's Toronto Raptors
 * Larry Watson, author of novels, poetry, and short stories

Notable faculty

 * Ed Kringstad - wrestling coach, North Dakota State Senator

title: Bismarck State College


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Whiggism

Whiggism or Whiggery is a political philosophy that grew out of the Parliamentarian faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651). The Whigs advocated the supremacy of Parliament (as opposed to that of the king), and opposed granting freedom of religion, civil rights, or voting rights to anyone who worshipped outside of the Established Churches of the realm. The Whigs ultimately conceded strictly limited religious toleration for Protestant dissenters, while continuing the religious persecution of Catholics and staunchly opposing a "Papist" (Roman Catholic) on the English throne, especially James II or his descendants. It is associated with early conservative liberalism.

After the Titus Oates plot of the 1670s and the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, Whiggism dominated English and British politics until about 1760, after which the Whigs splintered into different political factions. In the same year, King George III was crowned and allowed the Tories back into the Government. Even so, some modern historians now call the period between 1714 and 1783 the, "age of the Whig oligarchy."

Even after 1760, the Whigs still included about half of the noble families in England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, as well as most merchants, dissenters, and the middle classes. The opposing Tory position was held by the other great families, the non-juring and high church factions within the Church of England, many Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, most of the landed gentry and the traditional officer class of the British armed forces. Whigs especially opposed regime change efforts by adherents of Jacobitism, a movement of legitimist monarchists which promised freedom of religion and civil rights to all outside the Established Churches, devolution in the United Kingdom, linguistic rights for minority languages, and many other political reforms, and which shared a substantial overlap with and heavily influenced early Toryism. While in power, Whig politicians frequently referred to all their political opponents and critics as "Jacobites" or "dupes of Jacobites".

The term "Old Whigs" was also used in Great Britain for those Whigs who opposed Robert Walpole as part of the Country Party. Whiggism originally referred to the Whigs of the British Isles, but the name of "Old Whigs" was largely adopted by the American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies. Before and during the American Revolution, American Whiggism transitioned from monarchism into republicanism and Federalism, while also co-opting many traditionally Jacobite and early Tory positions. A similar but far more discreet co-opting was also taking place among many self-described Whigs, such as Edmund Burke, Henry Grattan, William Wilberforce, Daniel O'Connell, and William Pitt the Younger, in the British Isles. Even though they were often influenced in this regard by the writings of early Tories and other intellectual critics of the Whig party like Jonathan Swift and David Hume, these reformist Whigs refused to use the word "Tory" as anything other than a term of abuse against those with more traditionalist Whig ideology, which ultimately changed the word's meaning completely. Whig history, which was largely developed by Thomas Babington Macaulay to justify the party's political ideology and past practices, remained the official history of the British Empire until serious challenges were raised to its claims by John Lingard, William Cobbett, Hilaire Belloc, G.K. Chesterton, Roger Scruton, Saunders Lewis, and John Lorne Campbell.

Origins of the term
Quickly following the adoption of "Whig" as the name of a political faction, the word "Whiggism" arose from the appendage of the suffix "", creating a term for the Whigs' political ideology. It was already in use by the 1680s. In 1682, Edmund Hickeringill published his History of Whiggism. In 1702, writing satirically in the guise of a Tory, Daniel Defoe asserted: "We can never enjoy a settled uninterrupted Union and Tranquility in this Nation, till the Spirit of Whiggisme, Faction, and Schism is melted down like the Old-Money". The name probably originates from a shortening of Whiggamore referring to the Whiggamore Raid.

The word "Whiggery", deriving from "Whig" and the suffix "", has a similar meaning and has been used since the late 1600s.

Origins
The true origins of what became known as Whiggism lie in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the power struggle between the Parliament of England and King Charles I, which eventually turned into the English Civil Wars, but only after the example of the successful use of violent opposition to the king set by the Bishops' Wars, which were fought between the same king in his capacity as king of Scotland on the one side and the Parliament of Scotland and the Church of Scotland on the other. However, the immediate origins of the Whigs and Whiggism were in the Exclusion Bill crisis of 1678 to 1681, in which a "country party" battled a "court party" in an unsuccessful attempt to exclude James, Duke of York, from succeeding his brother Charles II as king of England, Scotland and Ireland. This crisis was prompted by Charles's lack of a legitimate heir, by the discovery in 1673 that James was a Roman Catholic, and by the so-called "Popish Plot" of 1678.

While a major principle of Whiggism was opposition to popery, that was always much more than a mere religious preference in favour of Protestantism, although most Whigs did have such a preference. Sir Henry Capel outlined the principal motivation of the cry of "no popery" when he said in the House of Commons on 27 April 1679:

"From Popery came the notion of a standing army and arbitrary Power... Formerly the Crown of Spain, and now France, supports this root of Popery amongst us; but lay Popery flat, and there's an end of arbitrary Government and power. It is a mere chimera, or notion, without Popery."

Although they were unsuccessful in preventing the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, the Whigs in alliance with William of Orange brought him down in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. By that event, a new supremacy of parliament was established, which itself was one of the principles of Whiggism, much as it had been the chief principle of the Roundheads in an earlier generation.

The great Whiggish achievement was the Bill of Rights of 1689. It made Parliament, not the Crown, supreme. It established free elections to the Commons (although they were mostly controlled by the local landlord), free speech in parliamentary debates, and claimed to give all the king's English subjects freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.

Variations
Lee Ward (2008) argues that the philosophical origins of Whiggism came in James Tyrrell's Patriarcha Non Monarcha (1681), John Locke's Two Treatises of Government (1689) and Algernon Sidney's Discourses Concerning Government (1698). All three were united in opposing Sir Robert Filmer's defence of divine right and absolute monarchy. Tyrrell propounded a moderate Whiggism which interpreted England's balanced and mixed constitution "as the product of a contextualized social compact blending elements of custom, history, and prescription with inherent natural law obligations". Sidney, on the other hand, emphasised the main themes of republicanism and based Whig ideology in the sovereignty of the people by proposing a constitutional reordering that would both elevate the authority of Parliament and democratise its forms. Sidney also emphasised classical republican notions of virtue. Ward says that Locke's liberal Whiggism rested on a radically individualist theory of natural rights and limited government. Tyrrell's moderate position came to dominate Whiggism and British constitutionalism as a whole from 1688 to the 1770s. The more radical ideas of Sidney and Locke, argues Ward, became marginalised in Britain, but emerged as a dominant strand in American republicanism. The issues raised by the Americans, starting with the Stamp Act crisis of 1765, ripped Whiggism apart in a battle of parliamentary sovereignty (Tyrrell) versus popular sovereignty (Sidney and Locke).

Across the British Empire
Whiggism took different forms in England and Scotland, even though from 1707 the two nations shared a single parliament. While English Whiggism had at its heart the power of parliament, creating for that purpose a constitutional monarchy and a permanently Protestant succession to the throne, Scottish Whigs gave a higher priority to using power for religious purposes, including maintaining the authority of the Church of Scotland, justifying the Protestant Reformation and emulating the Covenanters.

There were also Whigs in the North American colonies and while Whiggism there had much in common with that in Great Britain, it too had its own priorities. In the unfolding of the American Revolution such Whiggism became known as republicanism.

In India, Prashad (1966) argues that the profound influence of the ideas of Edmund Burke introduced Whiggism into the mainstream of Indian political thought. The Indians adopted the basic assumptions of Whiggism, especially the natural leadership of an elite, the political incapacity of the masses, the great partnership of the civil society and the best methods of achieving social progress, analysing the nature of society and the nation and depicting the character of the ideal state.

title: Whiggism


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Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton

Ralph Francis Alnwick Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton, (15 April 1910 – 17 October 1999) was a New Zealand peer who served as the last Governor of Northern Ireland. He was created a Life Peer as Baron Grey of Naunton on 17 September 1968.

Early life and education
Ralph Grey was born in Wellington, New Zealand, on 15 April 1910 the only son of Francis Arthur Grey and Mary Wilks Spencer.

He attended both Scots College and Wellington College before going up to University College, Auckland where he graduating as LLB. He then pursued postgraduate studies at Pembroke College, Cambridge and thereafter was called to the Bar.

Early career
Grey began his legal career as a clerk before practising as a barrister. He was appointed a Solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand in 1932.

He joined the Colonial Administrative Service in 1936, as a probationer.

Nigeria
The following year he was an administrative service cadet at Lagos in Nigeria.

After World War II, he was promoted Assistant Financial Secretary in 1949. Two years later, he was an Administrative Officer First Class, quickly moving up to Deputy Secretary.

He was Secretary to the Governor-General and General Council of Ministers in 1954, and Chief Secretary of the Federation the following year. Two years later he was raised up as Deputy Governor-General until just before independence in 1959.

West Indies
Grey was transferred to British Guiana as Governor and Commander-in-Chief for five years. As befitted a Governor he was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG) in 1964. when he was moved to the Bahamas in the identical post for two years. Then he transferred to the Turks and Caicos Islands until 1968.

Northern Ireland
That year Grey became Governor of Northern Ireland during the period of civil rights marches and increasing levels of street violence. The IRA announced a 'bombing campaign' against British rule which reached new intensity in 1971–72. In the depths of an economic recession, local government was suspended; Northern Ireland was subjected to Direct Rule from Westminster, and Lord Grey of Naunton was recalled. During the same period he was President of the Scout Council of Northern Ireland. From 1970 Grey was appointed Chairman of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries of Northern Ireland, supporting industry as an Honorary Member of the Chambers of Commerce and Honorary President of the Lisburn Chamber of Commerce. From 1970 he was also an Honorary Bencher of the Inns of Court for Northern Ireland.

Lord Grey of Naunton was the last Governor of Northern Ireland until 1973, having been appointed on 11 November 1968. He took office on 3 December 1968. When the post was abolished in 1973, he was promoted Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO). At the same time, he was Knight Commander of Ards, then Bailiff of Egle from 1975, until appointment as Lord Prior of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (1988–91).

Memberships
Grey was a Council member of Cheltenham Ladies College, where his daughter, Amanda, was educated.

As well as regional commitments to Lloyds Bank, he served on its board in Bristol during 1970s. Lord Grey served as Chairman of the Central Council of the Royal Overseas League (1976–81). He was Chancellor of the New University of Ulster from 1980, and then from 1984 to 1993, he was Chancellor of the University of Ulster.

In retirement, Grey was invited to be admitted to Gray's Inn. He was Grand President of the Royal Overseas League in 1993, Chairman of its General Council, but had been president since 1981.

Honours and awards
Grey was appointed an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1951.

In 1955, he was appointed a Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (CMG) and, in 1959, a Knight Commander (KCMG).

He was first appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1956.

Grey received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland (the NUI) in 1985 and Honorary doctorates of Literature and Science by the University of Ulster.

Personal life
In 1944 he married Esme Mae, daughter of Albert Victor Kerry Burcher, of Remuera, Auckland (and widow of Pilot Officer Kenneth Kirkaldie, REFVR). Lady Grey of Naunton, died on 22 March 1996. The couple had three children:

The Grey family lived in Gloucestershire among the rolling Cotswold hills at Overbrook in the village of Naunton, which provided the territorial designation of his peerage title.
 * The Hon. Jolyon Kenneth Alnwick Grey (b.1946)
 * The Hon. Jeremy Francis Alnwick Grey (b.1948)
 * The Hon. Amanda Mary Alnwick Grey (b.1950).

Death
Baron Grey died on 17 October 1999 in Naunton.

title: Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton


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Eckington, Derbyshire

Eckington is a village and civil parish in North East Derbyshire, England. It is 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Chesterfield and 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Sheffield city centre, on the border with South Yorkshire. It lies on the B6052 and B6056 roads close to the A6135 for Sheffield and Junction 30 of the M1. It had a 2001 population of 11,152, increasing to 11,855 (including the parish of Bramley, Renishaw, Marsh Lane and Troway) at the 2011 Census.

History
Ten Roman coins discovered in December 2008, near Eckington Cemetery may be evidence of a Roman settlement or road in the area. The oldest of the silver and copper coins is from the reign of the emperor Domitian (AD 81 to 96) while the others are from the reigns of Trajan (AD 98 to 117) and Hadrian (AD 117 to 138).

Eckington is recorded in the Domesday Book in 1086 as Echintune, a manor given to Ralph Fitzhubert. Some parts of the parish church of St Peter and St Paul date to 1100.

George Sitwell, son of George and Mary was baptised in 1601 in Eckington. George's father died whilst he was a child but as an adult he acquired the freehold of land in Eckington and exploited it by mining iron ore. In 1625, he built Renishaw Hall which is now owned by Sir Reresby Sitwell's daughter, Alexandra and her family.

Sitwell exploited the minerals beneath his estate, chiefly iron and built a blast furnace at Plumbley a mile north west of Eckington in the 1630s with his mother's second husband, Henry Wigfall. In 1652 Sitwell built a furnace at Foxbrooke, close to Renishaw, which became the core of the largest ironworks in Derbyshire. Sitwell made saws at Pleasley and in 1656, installed a rolling and slitting mill at Renishaw to supply the rod iron used by numerous local nailmakers.

During the Industrial Revolution coal and iron ore were mined and local streams, such as the Moss Brook, were harnessed to provide power for factories. The Sitwells built a large foundry and ironworks. Scythes, sickles and nails were made in the town for local use and for export. The Moss Brook was dammed to provide water power at eight sites including ChapelWheel, Carlton Wheel and Fields Wheel, to grind the blades. The remains of an old forge and drift mines exist in the valley. Eckington had a coal mine in the eastern part of the village, one of the very few in the country which is still operated.

Governance
Eckington falls under the jurisdiction of Derbyshire County Council, North East Derbyshire District Council and Eckington Parish Council.

Geography
Eckington covers an area of 2,089 acres. The geology is the coal measures containing coal and ironstone. The Chesterfield Canal and Midland Railway passed through the parish. The Moss Brook is a tributary of the River Rother.

Schools
The oldest school in Eckington is Camms CE Primary School. In 1702, Thomas Camm endowed a schoolhouse and a schoolmaster to teach 24 poor children in the parish. In 1832, Robert Harrison moved the school to a new building which cost £600, and it was moved again to its current location on Castle Hill in 1975.

Eckington School is a large comprehensive school, attracting pupils from the surrounding areas of Killamarsh, Renishaw, Beighton, Ridgeway and Mosborough. Despite being closer to several Sheffield residential areas the admissions policy favours pupils from Derbyshire feeder schools. Eckington Grammar School in Halfway became Derbyshire's first comprehensive school in 1957, changing its name to the Westfield School, and since 1967 has been controlled by the city of Sheffield. Eckington is also home to Eckington Junior School and Birk Hill Infants.

Amenities
Eckington has a swimming pool near the library, built in the 1970s as part of a town centre improvement. The town has a bus station (halt).

Eckington Woods to the north of the village forms part of the Moss Valley conservation area. They are also known as the Bluebell Wood because of the quantity of bluebells in the springtime.

Transport
Eckington is served by bus services to Sheffield, Chesterfield, Mansfield, Clowne and other surround settlements.

Cricket
Eckington Cricket Club is an English amateur cricket club with a history of cricket in the village dating back to 1885 on paddocks by the Renishaw Hall. The club ground is located on Staveley Lane and they field 3 Senior XI teams in the Derbyshire County Cricket League, two Senior XI teams in the Mansfield & District Cricket League, an indoor Woman's hardball team in the South Yorkshire Women & Girls Cricket League and they run a Junior training section that play competitive cricket in the Ben Jessop Sheffield and District Junior League.

People
Notable people from Eckington include:
 * Ann Alexander, financier, was born here in the 1770s.
 * Walter Bussey, footballer
 * Herbert Henry Elvin, trade union leader
 * Joseph Gales, Sr., politician and journalist
 * Joseph Gales, Jr., journalist and Mayor of Washington, D.C.
 * Joan Hinde, trumpeter
 * George Sitwell, ironmaster was born here in 1601
 * Paul West, writer
 * Zoë Baker, swimmer

title: Eckington, Derbyshire


text: User talk:192.146.101.26

title: User talk:192.146.101.26


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User talk:Sureshnepal

Name Suresh Nepal a guy from nepal studying MBBS in IOM, Kathmandu.

title: User talk:Sureshnepal


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Andrea DeShong

Andrea DeShong (born March 16, 1962) is a former United States female boxer who is best remembered for defeating Christy Martin in Martin's fourth professional bout.

Professional career
DeShong made her professional debut on March 11, 1989, when she beat Angel Horton by a first round knockout in Wheeling, West Virginia. After one more win, she faced the experienced Jamie Whitcomb, and also won this bout by a first-round knockout.

First fights with Martin
After winning two more fights, one by a second-round knockout, she and Martin met on November 4, at Bristol, Tennessee. DeShong inflicted Martin's first career defeat, winning by a five-round decision. Right after defeating Martin, she had a second victory against Whitcomb, who lasted five full rounds this time, before losing a unanimous decision to DeShong.

On April 21, 1990, she and Martin fought for the second time, and Martin avenged her defeat, while at the same time handing DeShong her own first loss as a professional, by a five-round decision, also at Bristol.

Rematch
It remains difficult for women boxers to find matches, and it was more difficult prior to the mid-'90s. DeShong ended up having a six-year layoff after the rematch with Martin. When she returned to boxing, she was somewhat known to fans, as Martin had become the WBC women's World Welterweight Champion, and DeShong remained the only boxer to defeat her as a professional. It helped DeShong regain prominence that Martin had become a symbol of women's boxing, having appeared in the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine and becoming a popular fighter by appearing on Showtime Network boxing undercards as well as pay-per-view boxing shows.

Return
DeShong returned April 27, 1996, losing a four-round decision to Christine Butts. After two knockout wins against Jackie Rogers and one more win, she faced veteran Kathy Collins, losing by a six-round unanimous decision at New York, New York.

After another win, she faced Isra Girgrah, on November 10, at Washington, D.C. The two fought to a six-round draw (tie).

After two more wins, she received her first world title try, on March 2, 1997, being knocked out by Jane Couch in seven rounds at New Orleans, Louisiana, for the WIBF's World Jr. Welterweight title.

Despite that setback, her next fight was a major event. As part of the undercard of the rematch between Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson ("The Bite Fight"), which also featured former world champions Julio César Chávez and Miguel Ángel González, she and Martin met for a third time. The fight was preceded by much fan hype, and both boxers were involved in "trash talking" on the days leading to the match. Martin defeated DeShong by a seventh-round knockout on June 28.

DeShong lost to Lucia Rijker in her next fight, September 13, by a knockout in round three.

Despite losing three fights in a row, she found herself challenging Kathy Collins for the world title in her next fight. DeShong failed for the second time to win the world title, also losing for the fourth time in a row, when Collins handed her a ten-round unanimous decision loss on January 10, 1998, for the IWBF World Jr. Welterweight title.

After two more losses in a row, to Sumya Anani and Mitzi Jeter, she retired from boxing.

Some fans and critics have observed that, after she gave up boxing for the first time, she should not have returned. When she did return, in 1996, she was 34 years old, an age when most boxers and athletes in general are considered to be "past their prime".

Andrea DeShong had 13 wins, 9 losses and 1 draw in 24 bouts, with 8 knockout wins.

title: Andrea DeShong


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University of Mary

The University of Mary (UMary or simply Mary) is a private, Benedictine university near Bismarck, North Dakota that has 3,852 students. It was established in 1959 as Mary College.

The university is the largest degree-granting institution in western North Dakota. It has study-abroad campuses in Rome and Arequipa, Peru, and also operates academic programs at satellite locations in North Dakota (Fargo, downtown Bismarck, Williston, Watford City, Grand Forks), Minnesota, Montana, Kansas, and Arizona. It is endorsed by The Newman Guide to Choosing a Catholic College, and is recognized as a college of distinction, with notable programs in Education, Business, Engineering, and Nursing. The National Council of State Boards of Nursing exam results (i.e. NCLEX) ranked the University of Mary’s nursing program as #1 regionally and #1 of 2,061 nursing programs nationwide in 2019, and again in 2021 as #1 of 2,145 nursing programs nationwide.

History
The University of Mary has its origins in a boarding school founded in Bismarck, Dakota Territory, in 1878 by Benedictine sisters. In 1885, the sisters founded St. Alexius Hospital, adding a College of Nursing in 1915. In 1944, the sisters formed the Convent of the Annunciation, independent of the motherhouse in St. Joseph, Minnesota. The convent was renamed Annunciation Priory in 1947.

First buildings
In the early 1950s, the sisters requested that celebrated Bauhaus architect Marcel Breuer design a new priory building. At the time, Breuer was finishing the new abbey and several university buildings at Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville in Minnesota. In 1955, Breuer accepted the commission only after visiting the site, meeting with the sisters, and being "overwhelmed by the power and presence of the landscape setting and the mission." Breuer's designs used native granite prairie stone, complex concrete shapes, and a juxtaposition of light and shadow. The first buildings were a convent, dining hall, and classrooms. The school was officially founded as a women's college in 1959 as Mary College. Our Lady of the Annunciation Chapel was consecrated in 1963 in the second phase of construction. As the school grew, it endeavored to preserve the spirit of Breuer's modernist prairie architecture while implementing new programs and new buildings by lesser-known architects.

Coeducation and university status
Mary College rapidly expanded and became fully co-educational in the 1960s. It achieved university status — becoming the University of Mary — in 1986. The University of Mary is the only private, Catholic university in North Dakota. It has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1969. Since its incorporation in 1959, the university's enrollment has grown from 69 to more than 3,800. Its undergraduate programs have grown from nursing and education to 65+ degrees, ranging from accounting to Catholic studies.

In 1986, the university began offering master's degrees in nursing, management, and education. It has added master's programs in business administration, counseling, occupational therapy, physical therapy, public administration, project management, clinical exercise physiology, kinesiology, speech-language pathology, music, Catholic studies, and bioethics. Doctorates are currently offered in education, nursing, business, physical therapy, and occupational therapy.

2000 and later
In 2001, the University of Mary unveiled its vision as "America's Leadership University." In 2005, the master's degree in physical therapy was replaced by a Doctor of Physical Therapy — the university's first doctorate. The first 26 candidates in this program received their entry-level clinical doctorate in 2006. Since then, doctorates have been added in Education, Nursing, and Occupational Therapy. The University of Mary has expanded options in order to make education accessible to working adults and to support lifelong learning in the region and beyond. University of Mary Online offers accelerated undergraduate and graduate programs for the adult learner. Today, the University of Mary has 14 satellite campuses in the Upper Midwest and beyond, including the Butler Center in downtown Bismarck, Fargo Center in Fargo, North Dakota, and Billings Center in Billings, Montana. Since 2005, the University of Mary has offered bachelor's and master's programs online.

In 2006, UMary initiated the Gary Tharaldson School of Business. Named for Gary Tharaldson, a North Dakota hospitality entrepreneur and industry innovator, the new school was designed to bridge the gap between the academic and business world. The 29000 sqft flagship facility that houses the Gary Tharaldson School opened in September 2008.

In December 2008, the university announced that a 33-year-old Catholic priest, Father James Patrick Shea, had been named as its new president. At the time and for nearly a decade afterwards, he was the youngest college or university president in the United States.

From the fall of 2009 to the Spring of 2010, the University of Mary searched for a facility as the base for its Rome, Italy program. It found one a ten-minute bus ride from the city center, on the Via del Casaletto. The first students to study in this Rome program traveled from the United States in the Fall of 2010. The Catholic Studies Program, an initiative of Shea, was also launched in the fall of 2010. On October 19, 2010, the program was named in honor of Bishop Paul Albert Zipfel, sixth bishop of the Diocese of Bismarck, North Dakota. The Catholic Studies Program is an interdisciplinary program designed to explore the Catholic Church's contributions to and influence on human thought and culture, past and present. The program invites students of any faith who wish to deepen their knowledge of Catholicism's rich history and living tradition.

In 2019, the University of Mary started a Satellite program, where an ASU student can take University of Mary Classes at the Old Main in Tempe, Arizona. The classes taken would also count as humanities credits for ASU classes. This program was the result of collaboration between Dr Crow and Monsignor Shea.

The University of Mary has 1,130 employees, with a full-time teaching faculty of more than 300. Annual revenues in 2021 were $81.9 million.

Campus

The University of Mary is a rural campus located about 4 mi south of Bismarck and was built on a high prairie bluff overlooking the "Capital City." The campus includes 24 buildings and is accessible via the Green 3 Route of Bis-Man Transit. Several of the original buildings on campus were designed by architect Marcel Breuer.

The Harold Schafer Leadership Center is home to a leadership program that the university offers. The upper floor usually holds conferences and meetings while the lower floor is home to IT training centers.

The Benedictine Center for Servant Leadership is one of the oldest buildings on campus, since it previously served as the library and a priory for the Sisters. It primarily houses the university's administrative offices, including the Offices of the President, Academic Affairs, Undergraduate Admissions, UMary Online, Public Affairs, Financial Aid, the Registrar, Student Accounts, Student Success Center, Student Development, Career and Testing Services, M-Card Office, and the Business Office. It is also home to the Liffrig School of Education and Behavioral Sciences, three residence halls (below), and the Hauer Family Theater.

St. Joseph's Hall for Men is a men's faith-based residence hall. Boniface Hall is a women's residence hall. St. Scholastica's Hall for Women is a women's faith-based residence hall. Roers Hall is a freshman women's residence housing the Saint Scholastica community on its third floor.

Welder Library was built in 1990 and is named for the university's president emerita, Sister Thomas Welder. The library houses 61,000 print volumes, more than 340,000 eBooks, 3,600 multimedia items, and databases providing access to over 60,000 journals. The library building is also home to the humanities division of the School of Arts and Sciences.

Greg Butler Hall is a women's residence hall located just southeast of the Welder Library. Hillside Hall is a women's residence hall located just northeast of the Welder Library. An outdoor track and baseball field are located east of both halls.

The McDowell Activity Center (MAC) is the center of the athletics department and includes offices and lockers on the lower level and a weight room. The main use for this center is for the men's and women's basketball teams and the women's volleyball team. The McDowell Activity Center is located just north of Hillside Hall. The Tschider Center for Health Sciences occupies one wing of this building, and provides both office and classroom space for the human performance programs.

The Lumen Vitae University Center (LVUC) serves as a community gathering space for students and faculty. The campus restaurant, the Crow's Nest, offers 24/7 dining. The Bookstore and Marauders Mart are located near the Crow's Nest.

The Harold J. Miller Center is one of the oldest buildings on campus and houses science, math, occupational therapy, and a computer lab. This building is connected to the east side of University Hall. Arno Gustin Hall includes the main auditorium for the campus The Clairmont Center houses the music department as well as some classrooms and Heskett Hall, which is a small performing stage and home to a few lecture classes. The Casey Center for Nursing Education houses the nursing and physical therapy departments. In addition, the information desk is located here as well as a lounge just east of the information area. Tennis courts are accessible just outside the north end of this part of the building. In addition, there are practice fields for football, softball, soccer, track & field, and baseball on campus.

On April 25, 2019, construction began on the new school of engineering which will be housed in the renovated University Hall.

Deichert and Boyle Halls are student apartments located at the far north end of campus. Just beyond Deichert Hall, on the northernmost side of campus, lie "The Cloisters." The Cloisters is available to only upper and graduate level students. The Cloisters consists of three buildings, two suite-styled apartments and a student commons/campus pub. The two apartments are named after the Benedictine heritage sites Subiaco (women's) and Monte Cassino (men's). The student commons/campus pub is named "Chesterton's," in honor of the famous Christian essayist of the 20th century, G.K. Chesterton.

Athletics
The University of Mary is a member of the NCAA Division II and the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference. The University of Mary athletics teams are known as the "Marauders," and the team colors are blue and orange. The Marauders field teams in 18 varsity sports, including golf, football, basketball, swimming, soccer, indoor track and field, outdoor track and field, cross country, volleyball, baseball, softball, wrestling, and tennis. In 2018–19, the Marauders also launched an American Collegiate Hockey Association hockey team, finishing its inaugural season 39-6-2.

Notable alumni

 * Kevin Cramer
 * Pat Heinert
 * Todd Hendricks
 * Jerry Klein
 * Erin Oban
 * Tim Miles
 * Tomi Kay Phillips, academic administrator
 * Blair Thoreson
 * Mary Wakefield
 * Marquice Williams
 * Michael Wobbema
 * Dawson Holle – Currently attending, current North Dakota legislator and youngest North Dakota legislator in history.

title: University of Mary


text:
Eckington, Worcestershire

Eckington is a small village near to the southern border of the English county of Worcestershire, according to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,202.

The River Avon passes the village to the North and West and these areas are prone to flooding. It is situated at the north-west side of Bredon Hill, an outcrop of the Cotswolds. The nearest towns to Eckington and also situated along the River Avon are Pershore which is 4 mi north and Evesham 10 mi north east. The historic town of Tewkesbury is situated 8 mi south west on the River Severn which river also runs through the nearest city of Worcester (13 mi from Eckington).

Eckington is renowned for Eckington Bridge, which is the subject of a poem by Arthur Quiller-Couch, its village cross and its Norman-period church. It has a school, the Eckington Church of England First School, a recreation centre and scout hut with surrounding recreation grounds, home to the village's football and cricket teams, and a village hall. In 2023, Community Fields were opened, with paths for walking, grassed and wild flower areas, and plans for a memorial garden near to the cemetery.

Eckington has a village shop and 2 hairdressers. It currently has two pubs The Bell and The Anchor, both offering food and guest accommodation; a third pub, The Crown, closed in the early 1990s.

Eckington railway station was located on the Bristol to Birmingham Line main railway line. It closed in January 1965.

One of the Pilgrim Fathers, George Soule, is believed to have come from the village.

History
The Grade II listed village cross now stands in a grass triangle at the junction of Church Street and Drakes Bridge Road 52°4'18.83"N+2°6'56.28"W. It was moved to there when restored in 1897, and given a Maltese Cross. The base and shaft are medieval with Victorian inscriptions on North & South faces of the shaft, the former barely visible. The Inscription reads:

DOMINE•SALVAM•FAC•REGINAM•MDCCCXCVII (God Save the Queen 1897).

title: Eckington, Worcestershire


text:
Eihwaz

Eiwaz or Eihaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the rune, coming from a word for "yew". Two variants of the word are reconstructed for Proto-Germanic, *īhaz (*ē2haz, from Proto-Indo-European '), continued in Old English as ēoh (also īh), and *īwaz (*ē2waz, from Proto-Indo-European '), continued in Old English as īw (whence English yew). The latter is possibly an early loan from the Celtic, compare Gaulish ivos, Breton ivin, Welsh ywen, Old Irish ēo. The common spelling of the rune's name, "Eihwaz", combines the two variants; strictly based on the Old English evidence, a spelling "Eihaz" would be more proper.

Following the convention of Wolfgang Krause, the rune's standard transliteration today is ï, though this designation is somewhat arbitrary as the rune's purpose and origin is still not well understood. Elmer Antonsen and Leo Connolly theorized that the rune originally stood for a Proto-Germanic vowel lost by the time of the earliest known runic inscriptions, though they put forth different vowels (Antonsen put forth while Connolly put forth ). Ottar Grønvik proposed. Tineke Looijenga postulates the rune was originally a bindrune of ᛁ and ᛃ, having the sound value of or. Bengt Odenstedt suggests it may have been adapted from the classical Latin alphabet's Z, or Y.

The rune survives in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc as Ēoh or Īh "yew" (note that ᛖ eoh "horse" has a short diphthong). In futhorc inscriptions Ēoh appears as both a vowel around, and as a consonant around and. As a vowel, Ēoh shows up in jïslheard (ᛡᛇᛋᛚᚻᛠᚱᛞ) on the Dover Stone. As a consonant, Ēoh shows up in almeïttig (ᚪᛚᛗᛖᛇᛏᛏᛁᚷ) on the Ruthwell Cross.

The Anglo-Saxon rune poem reads:

 * Eoh bẏþ utan unsmeþe treoƿ,
 * heard hrusan fæst, hẏrde fẏres,
 * ƿẏrtrumun underƿreþẏd, ƿẏn on eþle.

 * The yew is a tree with rough bark,
 * hard and fast in the earth, supported by its roots,
 * a guardian of flame and a joy on native land.

title: Eihwaz


text:
Talk:Black Narcissus

Untitled
I moved the content from Black Narcissus (1947 movie) here. There is no page for the plant of the same name, so there's no need to disambiguate (yet). Jihg 11:45, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * If there was, the "1947" would still have been unnecessary. -- Beardo 00:01, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Historical context
I removed this:
 * Black Narcissus was released only a few months before India achieved independence in August 1947. Film critic David Kehr has pointed out that the final images of the film, as the nuns abandon the Himalayas and process down the mountain, could have been interpreted by British viewers in 1947 as "a last farewell to their fading empire"; he points out that it is not an image of defeat "but of a respectful, rational retreat from something that England never owned and never understood". (ref David Kehr, 'Black Narcissus', The Criterion Collection official website.)

The first problem I have here is that, apart from his involvement in a review of this film for the Criterion Collection, I've no idea who this fellow is. Apart from that, his statement that the film was released very close to Independence day is correct, and his opinion arguable. This brings me to the point: if this is to be restored, the term "points out", which occurs twice in the removed section, should be softened to "he suggests that..." or something similar. It is a fact that the film was made and released close to Independence. It is an opinion that the film is an allegory for the end of empire. It is an opinion that it could have been interpreted as "a respectful, rational retreat from something that England never owned and never understood". --Tony Sidaway 21:32, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * At the end of the article, it says "Dave Kehr’s film criticism has appeared in many anthologies and publications including The New York Times, Premiere, and Entertainment Weekly. He is also a contributing editor at Film Comment." I personally found the connection to the end of empire illuminating, but I agree that "points out" should be softened to "suggests". Cop 663 (talk) 22:20, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Whilst I'd personally like to see more evidence on this fellow's credentials, I think we're otherwise in agreement. --Tony Sidaway 23:09, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * He's a film critic with a lengthy career; see here. Film Comment is a major academic journal. The Criterion website usually has essays by major scholars, so the fact that they chose this guy suggests that he has some notability. Cop 663 (talk) 23:29, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's set my misgivings aside. With changes as stipulated above, I think the section is okay. --Tony Sidaway 23:37, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Although you should remember that it was based on a book written in 1939. Although looking at it with the benefit of hindsight it can be said to reference Indian independence I don't think that the author of the book or the film-makers had that at the forefront of their minds. Rumer Godden was well aware of the burgeoning independence movement and generally supported it. Powell and Pressburger would have been even more aware of it. But the story is more just about people that don't fit in and could be applied to many situations -- SteveCrook (talk) 01:00, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Kehr isn't making any claims of intentionality, he's just saying it could have been seen that way by audiences in 1947 given the events of that year. Cop 663 (talk) 01:10, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * It is very ironic that a film about people that don't fit in does such a horrendously bad job at presenting Indian people and culture. It is as if the filmmakers themselves did not fit in. I doubt that was the intent of the filmmakers, but it does illustrate how people with the best of intentions can misunderstand and misinterpret other cultures. --☑ Sam uelWantman 06:49, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

DVD & Blu-Ray
What's a good way to present all the information about the many various DVD & Blu-Ray (and video) releases? There's a lot of information to be included for each one. For instance: Country=UK; Release Date=26 Sep 2005; Publisher=Network; Storage format=DVD; Video format=PAL; Restrictions=Region 2; and then listing all the extras. I know of 8 different releases on DVD & Blu-Ray. They all have different values for all of those things mentioned. I thought about putting them into a table, but that doesn't leave much room for all the extras. Are there any examples of how it might be done? -- SteveCrook (talk) 10:30, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Anglican nuns?
The article states that these are "Anglican nuns". I don't recall that ever being made explicit in the film, and I wasn't even aware that there were such things. I should have thought it more probable that they were Roman Catholics. JH (talk page) 17:00, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Just because you've never heard of something, doesn't mean it doesn't exist... Check out p.66  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cop 663 (talk • contribs) 17:15, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

I tried to move some data to the info box but it doesn't show.
I deleted a separate paragraph listing the crew members and moved the above 3 to the info box. Will someone please let me know what I'm doing wrong? --Salimi (talk) 15:24, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
 * production design = Alfred Junge
 * costume design = Hein Heckroth
 * special effects  = W. Percy Day, Peter Ellenshaw
 * The Infobox film doesn't have any categories for designers. It only recognises predetermined job descriptions -- SteveCrook (talk) 23:50, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Got it. All your changes seem appropriate. Good teamwork. Salimi (talk) 11:38, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Critical response
"given that it is famous for the fact that no part of it was shot on location: it was shot entirely in English studios with a few outdoor scenes in some nearby gardens." So it was shot entirely in the studio, apart from the scenes which were shot on location :)  -- SteveCrook (talk) 05:30, 15 May 2012 (UTC)

Who is being quoted
There's a quotation starting "The suggestions continually hover on the brink of hyperbole. ...", but who is being quoted? -- SteveCrook (talk) 11:35, 10 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Marina Warner. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.3.3.89 (talk) 22:20, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070403044003/http://www.dvdbeaver.com:80/film/DVDReview2/blacknarcissus.htm to http://www.dvdbeaver.com/film/DVDReview2/blacknarcissus.htm

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:42, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Removed made-up detail
“...the nuns, each of whom had a love affair in her youth that ended tragically and made her choose a nun's life.” I removed this. We know the complete background of only Kerr's character, and fragments of a couple more. Goochelaar (talk) 13:12, 14 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Narcissus


text: Category:Internet personalities

title: Category:Internet personalities


text:
Official (ice hockey)

In ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility for enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game. There are two categories of officials, on-ice officials, who are the referees and linesmen that enforce the rules during gameplay, and off-ice officials, who have an administrative role rather than an enforcement role.

On-ice officials
As the name implies, on-ice officials do their job on the hockey rink. They are traditionally clad in a black hockey helmet, black trousers, and a black-and-white vertically striped shirt. They wear standard hockey skates and carry a finger whistle, which they use to stop play. They communicate with players, coaches, and off-ice officials, both verbally and via hand signals. Starting in 1955 with the introduction of the black-and-white jersey, NHL on-ice officials wore numbers on their back for identification. In 1977, NHL officials removed the number and had only their surnames on the back of their jerseys for identification, normally in a single row across the shoulders. (Some officials with long names would have their name in two rows, the most notable example being Andy Van Hellemond. ) However, in 1994, NHL officials returned to wearing solely numbers on their shirts, a procedure adopted by other sports leagues.

In the early days of hockey when the NHL was formed (1917), the referees would carry a bell, not a whistle, to stop the game in progress.

Later, NHL referees wore cream-colored sweaters over a shirt and tie, from the 1930s to the early 1950s. They then briefly wore orange sweaters with half-zip fronts (and without neckties), until the black-and-white-striped jersey was introduced in 1955.

Referees

A referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and can be identified by the orange armbands on his or her arms. Ice hockey is a fast-paced sport with high-velocity shots of a puck that is only a few inches in diameter; therefore referees aim to position themselves so they have specific unobstructed views of plays in order to make crucial judgment calls as accurately as possible.

Under most officiating systems, the referee is the only official with the authority to assess penalties for violations of the rules. When a penalty is being assessed the referee will stand at center ice and announce the penalty to the entire arena. However, the linesmen can report a variety of penalties, such as too many men on the ice and major penalties, to the referee, who may then assess the penalty. The referee also conducts the opening face-off in each period and face-offs that follow after a goal is scored, which are done at the center ice face-off dot. If a goal is challenged, the referee or referees are the ones who review the play.

Linesmen
Linesmen or linespersons are primarily responsible for watching for violations involving the centre line and the blue line. Such infractions include icing and offside, after which the linesmen conduct faceoffs. They are also expected to break up scuffles, fistfights and other altercations that occur during the game. In some leagues, the rules allow linesmen to call some penalties (such as Too many men on the ice), while others only allow them to report the infraction to the referee.

Assistant referees
In some leagues, the linesmen are given the title of the assistant referee. When given this title, they are given more responsibility to stop play and to call penalties that the referee may not see. The NCAA previously used this designation prior to altering its officiating systems in 2006.

On-ice officiating systems

 * The three-official system uses one referee and two linesmen. The NHL previously used this system until changing to the four-official system in the late 1990s. The highest level for this system is the ECHL, which does official development for the NHL.
 * The four-official system adds a second referee for a total of two referees and two linesmen. In this system, each referee works either the lead/front or the trail/back position. The lead position is normally in the corner of the end zone, while the trail position is in the neutral zone, diagonally opposite the lead referee. As the game transitions from one end of the ice to the other, the lead becomes the trail and vice versa. The four-official system is used in the NHL, AHL, and at other high levels, such as major junior, junior 'A', and top European leagues. In 2007-2008, college hockey used the system in some games on a trial basis. The IIHF first implemented this system for men’s games at the 2008 IIHF World Championship and for women’s games at the 2014–15 IIHF European Women's Champions Cup; the four-man officiating system has subsequently been the standard in IIHF competition. The NCAA voted in July 2012 to make the four-official system mandatory for men's games starting in the 2013-14 season.
 * In the two-official system, each official acts as both referee and linesman. Each official has the responsibility to call both penalties and line violations. In this system, neither official wears red or orange armbands or both will wear one armband each. This is used at lower levels of youth hockey and in most adult recreational leagues.
 * In the 2-1 system (the least common of the on-ice official systems), also called the modified three-man, there are two referees and one linesman. There are a variety of ways to divide the responsibilities between the referees and linesmen. Typically, the back referee is responsible for making the initial call at the blue line when the puck first enters the zone, and after that the linesman takes over.
 * The 1-1 system (sometimes called Texas two-man) uses one referee and one linesman. This is usually seen in adult recreational leagues (sometimes called "beer league" - C, D and I divisions) as a cost-saving measure; the pace of play at this level is typically slow enough for the two officials to cover events between them. This can also be an informal system used ad hoc when one of the officials does not show up for a game scheduled to use the three-official system, or when an official is hurt during a game. The referee in this system also has the duties of a linesman.
 * Beginner-level adult leagues sometimes will only use a single on-ice official who is responsible for calling line violations and penalties. The official will not usually wear orange or red armbands in this system.

Off-ice officials
Off-ice officials, formerly referred to as 'Minor Officials' with the exception of the video goal judge in professional leagues, do not have any direct impact on the outcome of the game. They serve primarily in administrative and advisory roles.

Goal judge
The goal judge determines whether a player has scored a goal by watching to see if the puck has crossed the goal line completely. They act only in an advisory role; the referee has the sole authority to award goals and thus can override the opinion of the goal judge.

One goal judge is positioned outside the rink directly behind each goal net. For arenas so equipped, the goal judge turns on a red light behind the goal to signal a score. The red goal light and the adjacent green light are connected to the arena game clock. When the clock operator stops the clock, or the time remaining expires, the red light is not able to be activated. In the NHL, the green light is activated only when the game clock reads 00.0 seconds: in lower levels, the green light may be linked to the scoreboard's siren or turn on whenever the time is stopped.

In games governed by the IIHF, goal judges wear the same black-and-white striped shirts as on-ice officials. This is not the case for goal judges in North America for games under different hockey codes: their goal judges are usually dressed in apparel bearing a league or hockey association logo, such as sport coats or athletic jackets.

In the mid-2000s, the National Hockey League relocated goal judges to higher locations (most commonly the press box, a catwalk or the lower section of the upper deck) with wireless signals. The idea was to allow teams to sell the prime seats, but also to give officials a better view of the action as to be able to reject goals if violations (illegally kicked in, a player in the crease, offside) took place. However, with the expansion of video replay and the addition of a second referee on the ice, the role of the goal judge became relegated to activating the goal lights. The league ceased using goal judges after the 2018–2019 season. The video goal judge now activates the goal lights from the video replay booth.

Goal judges were first used around 1877 in Montreal, and were initially called umpires.

Video goal judge
The video goal judge reviews replays of disputed goals. As the referee does not have access to television monitors, the video goal judge's decision on disputed goals is taken as final. In the NHL, goals may only be reviewed in the following situations: puck crossing the goal line completely and before time expired, puck in the net prior to goal frame being dislodged, puck being directed into the net by hand or foot, the puck deflected into the net off an official, and the puck deflected into the goal by a high stick (stick above the goal) by an attacking player. All NHL goals are subject to review, and although most arenas have a video goal judge, officials from the NHL Hockey Operations Department, located in the Situation Room (also known as the "War Room") at the NHL office in Toronto, will often make the final decision. Arena video goal judges are used in case the communication link with Toronto is not working, and also for other situations such as timing or proper statistic attribution.

Official scorer
The official scorer keeps the official record of the game. They are responsible for obtaining a list of eligible players from both teams prior to the start of the game. They award points for goals and assists, and their decision in this regard is final. The official scorer typically sits in an elevated position away from the edge of the rink.

Penalty timekeeper
The penalty timekeeper records the penalties imposed by the referee. He is responsible for ensuring that the correct penalty times are posted on the score clock and that players leave the penalty box at the appropriate times.

Game timekeeper
The game timekeeper is responsible for stopping and starting the game clock.

Statistician
The statistician records all required data concerning individual and team performances.

title: Official (ice hockey)