text:
Talk:Mandrake (plant)

Godot quote
Sorry I haven't typeset the Godot quote so well, I will come back and redo it when I get a better idea of the house style for this sort of thing. Notjim
 * ok i think it is better now Notjim 16:47, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Use of mandrake in Pan's Labyrinth
I added its appearance in the article and IPSOS deleted it. The description of it in the movie is relevant as to the mythology and supposed uses of the plant. It is also not found on any other page in the mandrake disambiguation. Is there a reason for it not to appear on this page? Lnkinprk777 04:08, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's trivia. In order for it not to be trivia, mandrake would have to be a main character or theme. This is not an "In popular culture" section, it's an "In literature" section. You will note that all the entries have to do with well established literature and authors. None of the authors represented are still living. Pop culture is simply not relevant to the article. IPSOS (talk) 14:11, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The mandrake is in fact a driving plot element in the movie, as its discovery and destruction are instantly followed by the death of the mother. I would also point out that many of the entries under the "In literature" section are mere passing references and not main characters or themes.  I've added an "In film" section to the article, which is certainly as valid as an "In literature" section.  The scope of knowledge in this article should not be limited in a misguided attempt to seem "high-brow."  Film is an established component of the Arts, a recognized driver of public discourse (see Birth of a Nation, Schindler's List, Seven Samurai, etc etc etc), and has a well-deserved place within Wikipedia.  Pan's Labyrinth is a critically-acclaimed and award-winning film and certainly merits its mention here.   Traoki 14:05, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Mandrake in popular culture
Why do you think that Mandrake in popular culture would need another chapter, why couldn't people just put their references to Harry Potter and such in this article? I find it foolish to have them separate since Mandrake isn't even that common in popular culture either. Even when it's mentioned in other articles in Wikipedia there's a link to this site, not the popular culture -one (in fact I myself found this by following a link from "Pan's Labyrinth", the movie).

Effects
For effect study http://www.erowid.org/plants/mandrake/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.254.34.101 (talk) 22:27, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Anybody want to write a section on the effects of this plant when consumed?

This is what messed up Syd Barrett(according to David Gilmour)

utter crap
Discussions on effects are totally bunk. What pseudoscientific BS.

Atropine, etc. block cholinergic transmission. Sedation due to lipophilic anticholinerics (scopolamine) are due to central inhibition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.1.89 (talk) 04:04, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Yes, enough mythology; what about the drugs?
I know they're in there. 24.158.40.160 (talk) 20:49, 3 January 2008 (UTC) I think a picture showing how the roots resemble a human would be very helpful Thydzik 12:26, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Jesus
I think the excerpt about Jesus and the mandrake root is irrelevant, especially since there is theological debate within that paragraph. If someone can describe the somatic effects of the Mandrake root and link to a relevant article, that would be better. 67.62.240.136 06:32, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Although I don't feel strongly enough to change it myself, the "unlikely event" statement seems rather editorial. Grepowell 07:56, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Castlevania
I'm going to ask first in this case, since it's easy to overdo the "popular culture" references, but I think this might be suitable. The Mandragora in the DS game(s) appears as a small plant that, upon approach, pops out of the ground with a shrill shriek which can do heavy damage, in reference to the legend of the plant screaming as it's uprooted. Should I add that, or would it just get wiped as "fancruft"? Errick 16:58, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

If anyone wants to add an in games section, Guild Wars also features mandragor, which appear as hideously deformed creatures which emerge from the ground and screech as they attack, and leave 'mandragor roots' as loot. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.36.122.137 (talk) 22:28, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Reference
Can somebody supply a reference for the Josephus quote? I can't find it. Thank you. Cut and Shoot 11:33, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

I am also looking for this reference. I've got one of his books right here and I want to know where it is. Anyone yet?? Rivka 21:43, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

-Okay so I looked it up myself, however I have no idea how to add a reference, so I will tell you where it is. It is in Josephus' writing called "The wars of the Jews", Book VII, Chapter VI, Section 3, REALLY from (178) to (185). Rivka 21:59, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Bible Interpretation needs references
The section about the Bible involves sweeping generalizations with no backup, when I have studied commentaries that specifically say other things and provide good reasoning. It needs citation for saying that most interpreters support that view.

Deep purple song
Would it be suitable to add a reference in the "In literature" section to the 1968 Deep Purple song ,Mandrake Root. Its lyrics are about sex and fertility etc. e.g. "feeding (the mandrake root) to my babe", "food of love".

Move non-botanical info to another page?
The Mandrake (plant) page is badly cluttered with references to popular culture, many (most? all?) of which are not actually references to the plant, but simply to the name "mandrake" or "mandragora". I notice someone proposed a "Mandrake in popular culture" page, but even on such a page, much of the material here would be irrelevant. As someone with horticultural and botanical interest in this plant, the mass of irrelevant material on this page is quite striking, and makes it difficult to see that, in fact, there is very little or no horticultural and botanical information on it.

We really need to create two new pages, "Mandrake (plant) in popular culture" and "Mandrake (the name) in popular culture". This raises another issue, to wit that the material on the Bible and Josephus isn't quite what one calls "popular culture". Maybe "Mandrake in literature and history" would do.

I should add that I grow two species of Mandragora, in case that adds some weight to my remarks.

PS: I've added two references to books, but I haven't correlated them with the existing text so there're just stuck on at the end of External References.

Floozybackloves (talk) 07:06, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

The problem, of course, is that plants of the genus Mandragora do have some mythology attached. However, I feel that the subheadings <> and <> are rather unencyclopedic. Shall I move those two headings (which themselves need a bit of pruning, really) to a <> section? I'll copy-paste the other literary references to the Talk page and delete the video-game stuff. Sepia officinalis (talk) 01:47, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

datura in Brewing?
67.170.151.136 (talk) 03:53, 22 November 2010 (UTC)Has anyone ever heard that the English used to add a small amount of datura to ale in the 16th and 17th cntury? The story goes that when the Jamestown colonists tried this, the whole town had a week-long psychotic episode because the new world species had higher concentrations of atropine.

Questionable photo
The photo depicting a mandrake root doesn't look like a mandrake at all, and it's the same image that appears on mandrakeseeds.com as a photograph of a mayapple root, where it is mentioned as a root commonly mistaken for mandrake. Can someone provide a graphic for this article that is indisputably a mandrake? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.147.135.83 (talk) 09:33, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 7 February 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: (NAC, if it matters) No such user (talk) 09:44, 25 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Mandrake (plant) merged to Mandragora officinarum
 * Mandrake moved to Mandrake (disambiguation)
 * Mandrake redirected to Mandragora officinarum

– Primary meaning's the plant. According to this, "Mandrake (plant)" has been viewed 16703 times in the last 30 days, while according to this, "Mandrake" has been viewed a mere 1378 times in the last 30 days. What of the other stuff on the dab page? The band has 195 views, the comic book character 4300, the play 1437, the album 669, Leon 276, TV series 763, Mandrake Press 154, Mandrake of Oxford 160 and Tom 396. That's a total of 8350 views for the non-plants: less than half as many hits as "Mandrake (plant)". --Relisted. Number   5  7  14:48, 18 February 2015 (UTC) Srnec (talk) 21:49, 7 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Mandrake (plant) → Mandrake
 * Mandrake → Mandrake (disambiguation)
 * Support plants being fundamental to existence. DeistCosmos (talk) 17:21, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm having a hard time taking a stance on the move because I feel there is a fundamental problem with the article scope (although I'm not sure that a roughly 2:1 edge in page views is enough to call this article the primary topic). This article purportedly covers the entire genus Mandragora, but most historical use of the term "mandrake" is entirely related to Mandragora officinarum, the only species which occurs in Europe, not the entire genus (although an unrelated North American plant, Podophyllum peltatum is also sometimes referred to as mandrake which might be a problem with the current title "mandrake (plant)"). Most of the content in this article is about mandrake in culture, and cultural references are heavily weighted down with legends about mandrake that are factually incorrect. When it comes to appearances of "mandrake" in contemporary pop culture that are entirely inspired by the legends (e.g. Harry Potter), I'm not really sure that there is much relevance to the real, non-legendary plant. I'd be inclined to split the genus Mandragora into a separate article, leave this article to cover mandrake in culture (with link to genus, species and the North American mandrake). Another option might be merging mandrake (plant) and Mandragora officinarum. Note that page vies in the last 30 days are 1090 for Mandragora (which is quite high for a redirect), and 1433 for Mandragora officinarum. Plantdrew (talk) 02:48, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Would you support moving the disambiguation page as per the proposal and redirecting mandrake to Mandragora officinarum? The problem I am trying to solve—and which I believe the page view stats show to be real—is that "mandrake" is not particularly ambiguous. It usually refers to a plant (mainly Mandragora officinarum) whose root has a long history in lore and legend. Srnec (talk) 16:07, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I can support that.Plantdrew (talk) 22:25, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose the proposed move, as per Plantdrew's comments. "Mandrake (plant)" would be best as a redirect to Mandragora officinarum with the content of the two merged. A hatnote could be used to say that the term "mandrake" is sometimes used for the genus. Peter coxhead (talk) 11:18, 10 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Plantdrew hasn't opposed the move. Srnec (talk) 16:07, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Plantdrew has proposed a more complex action instead of the simple move; that's what I support. Peter coxhead (talk) 18:20, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Conditional support I support the basic move proposed: moving the dab page to "mandrake (disambiguation)" and using the base title "mandrake" for the plant. The small amount of content in this article on the genus Mandragora should appear in an article titled "Mandragora". The bulk of the content in this article should be merged into Mandragora officinarum, with a redirect from "mandrake" to the species. Plantdrew (talk) 22:25, 18 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with this proposal. Peter coxhead (talk) 14:44, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Support per nom and also support a merge of at least the material Mandrake (plant) and Mandragora officinarum if not the titles per User:Peter coxhead's comments above (the material is about M. officinarum only). (Podophyllum peltatum is really not an issue; it's a mayapple, not a mandrake, to most everyone out there -- a hatnote will do.)  In short, "mandrake" either be an article about the plant or should redirect to an article about the plant.  —  AjaxSmack   15:01, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per nom Red Slash 22:26, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

For any post-move discussion, please go to Talk:Mandragora officinarum. No such user (talk) 10:36, 25 March 2015 (UTC)

Wait, what??
No such user, what happened? Why is the article on the plant not at Mandrake, like most of us actually agreed it should be? Red Slash 22:32, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

 * My reading was that the participants preferred the article to be at the scientific name, with Mandrake redirecting there; it was Plantdrew's proposal, to which Peter and AjaxSmack agreed, and the proposer did not object. While, personally, I slightly prefer the original proposal as well, the consensus got the other way round. As far as I know, plant naming conventions permit both. No such user (talk) 06:30, 27 March 2015 (UTC)

 * I have posted a move request at Talk:Mandragora officinarum re this discussion. —  AjaxSmack   00:18, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mandrake (plant)


text:
Template:MBTI study

The closer the number is to 1.0 or −1.0, the higher the degree of correlation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:MBTI study


text:
Johannes Sleidanus

Johannes Sleidanus or Sleidan (1506 – 31 October 1556) was a Luxembourgeois historian and annalist of the Reformation.

Life
He was born at Schleiden in the Duchy of Luxembourg, then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He studied humanities at Leuven University and Cologne University, and law and jurisprudence at Paris and Orléans.

While among the Renaissance humanists of Leuven, he had adopted Protestant opinions, and entering the service of Cardinal du Bellay, was employed in the futile negotiations of the French court to make an alliance with the German Protestants against the Emperor Charles V. In 1542 he settled in Strasbourg.

Sleidanus had been accustomed to copy all papers bearing upon the Reformation to which he had access, and Martin Bucer, who had seen his collection, proposed to Philip of Hesse to appoint him historian of the Reformation, giving him a salary and access to all necessary documents. After some delay the heads of the league of Schmalkalden agreed to the proposal, and Sleidanus began his great work, finishing the first volume in 1545.

In that year he was recalled to diplomacy, and went to England in a French embassy to Henry VIII. While there he collected materials for his history. On his return he represented Strasbourg at the diets of Frankfurt and Worms, and went on to Marburg to explore the archives of Philip of Hesse.

The war of the league of Schmalkalden interfered with this work, and also prevented the payment of Sleidanus, who in his difficulties applied to England for aid, and at Cranmer's intercession received a yearly pension from Edward VI, which, however, was never paid out.

In 1551 Sleidanus went to the Council of Trent as representative from Strasbourg, charged also with full powers to act for the imperial cities of Esslingen, Ravensburg, Reutlingen, Biberach and Lindau. Soon afterwards he became a civil servant of the city of Strasbourg, and finished his great task in 1554, though lack of money and other misfortunes compelled him to delay printing. Sleidanus died in poverty at Strasbourg in October 1556.

The book appeared in the preceding year, Commentariorum de statu religionis et reipublicae, Carolo V. Caesare, libri XXVI.; it was translated into English by John Daus in 1560 and by G. Bohun in 1689. It was drafted with some care for impartiality, but this approach pleased no one, not even Melanchthon. It remains a valuable contemporary history of the times of the Reformation, and contains a large collection of documents.

Posthumous
A street in the Neustadt district of Strasbourg is named after him (Rue Sleidan).

title: Johannes Sleidanus


text:
James Pope

James Pope may refer to:
 * James Colledge Pope (1826–1885), land proprietor and politician on Prince Edward Island, Canada
 * James Pope (educationalist) (1837–1913), New Zealand teacher, school inspector, educationalist, amateur astronomer and writer
 * James W. Pope (1856–1937), politician from Massachusetts
 * James P. Pope (1884–1966), politician from Idaho
 * James Pope (baseball), American baseball player
 * J. Rogers Pope (born 1941), school superintendent and politician from Louisiana

title: James Pope


text:
Correspondence theorem

In group theory, the correspondence theorem       (also the lattice theorem, and variously and ambiguously the third and fourth isomorphism theorem ) states that if $$N$$ is a normal subgroup of a group $$G$$, then there exists a bijection from the set of all subgroups $$A$$ of $$G$$ containing $$N$$, onto the set of all subgroups of the quotient group $$G/N$$. Loosely speaking, the structure of the subgroups of $$G/N$$ is exactly the same as the structure of the subgroups of $$G$$ containing $$N$$, with $$N$$ collapsed to the identity element.

Specifically, if
 * G is a group,
 * $$N \triangleleft G$$, a normal subgroup of G,
 * $$\mathcal{G} = \{ A \mid N \subseteq A < G \}$$, the set of all subgroups A of G that contain N, and
 * $$\mathcal{N} = \{ S \mid S < G/N \}$$, the set of all subgroups of G/N,

then there is a bijective map $$\phi: \mathcal{G} \to \mathcal{N}$$ such that
 * $$\phi(A) = A/N$$ for all $$A \in \mathcal{G}.$$

One further has that if A and B are in $$\mathcal{G}$$ then
 * $$A \subseteq B$$ if and only if $$A/N \subseteq B/N$$;
 * if $$A \subseteq B$$ then $$|B:A| = |B/N:A/N|$$, where $$|B:A|$$ is the index of A in B (the number of cosets bA of A in B);
 * $$\langle A,B \rangle / N = \left\langle A/N, B/N \right\rangle,$$ where $$\langle A, B \rangle$$ is the subgroup of $$G$$ generated by $$A\cup B;$$
 * $$(A \cap B)/N = A/N \cap B/N$$, and
 * $$A$$ is a normal subgroup of $$G$$ if and only if $$A/N$$ is a normal subgroup of $$G/N$$.

This list is far from exhaustive. In fact, most properties of subgroups are preserved in their images under the bijection onto subgroups of a quotient group.

More generally, there is a monotone Galois connection $$(f^*, f_*)$$ between the lattice of subgroups of $$G$$ (not necessarily containing $$N$$) and the lattice of subgroups of $$G/N$$: the lower adjoint of a subgroup $$H$$ of $$G$$ is given by $$f^*(H) = HN/N$$ and the upper adjoint of a subgroup $$K/N$$ of $$G/N$$ is a given by $$f_*(K/N) = K$$. The associated closure operator on subgroups of $$G$$ is $$\bar H = HN$$; the associated kernel operator on subgroups of $$G/N$$ is the identity. A proof of the correspondence theorem can be found here.

Similar results hold for rings, modules, vector spaces, and algebras. More generally an analogous result that concerns congruence relations instead of normal subgroups holds for any algebraic structure.

title: Correspondence theorem


text:
User talk:Igorpak

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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PS: Take a look at Boris Delaunay; maybe you can add something to it. Michael Hardy 22:29, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Photos, P:RUS
Maybe you can release your own photo (and photos of some other modern mathematicians) with a GFDL or other free copyright?

BTW you might be interested in participating in P:RUS/NEW Alex Bakharev 23:06, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Igor Pak article at AfD
An article that you have been involved in editing, Igor Pak, has been listed at Articles for deletion/Igor Pak. Please look there to see why this is, if you are interested in whether it should be deleted. Thank you. --Eastmain 20:54, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Coupon collector's problem
I've just done the sorts of minor style edits that I do by reflex; next I'll look at actual content. In expressions like this:

 * i-1

there are three things that conflict with style conventions at Manual of Style (mathematics). All three are intended to make non-TeX mathematical notation similar to TeX in style conventions.

(1) Digits and punctuation should not be italicized; variables should. Thus f(x) is right; f(x) is not.

(2) A full-fledged minus sign is longer than a stubby little hyphen.

(3) Spaces should preceed and follow the minus sign. I used the "non-breakable space character" so that no line-breaks could interrupt the expression i − 1 as the user alters the window size on the browser.

Here's what it looks like after those edits:

 * i − 1

In TeX, I changed

 * $$a+\ldots+z\,$$

to

 * $$a+\cdots+z\,$$

I don't think this one is a universally agreed on. In fact there is disagreement about whether to use inline (as opposed to "displayed") TeX. On many browsers it looks much bigger than the surrounding texts or fails to get aligned well with the surrounding text.

"content"
The first thing that comes to mind besides the main ideas of the article is whether you've linked to everything that should get linked to, and there I don't immediately see any obvious definciencies. The next question related to that is whether this article is linked to from the various other articles that should link to it. You can never be sure of this, but you could start by considering which section of the list of probability topics should link to this page, and then go down that list to see which other articles listed there should link to this one. Michael Hardy (talk) 21:38, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

So you see, I'm taking these in this order: those edits that can be done in a few seconds (now done); those that take a several minutes (not all done); those that take leisurely pondering.... So I'll be back. Michael Hardy (talk) 21:40, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Notice that if you click on "what links here" you'll find all articles, project pages, and talk pages that link to the article. Here's the whole list:

 * User talk:Igorpak (links)
 * Wikipedia:Missing science topics/Maths6 (links)
 * User talk:Michael Hardy (links)

This qualifies the article as what is called an "orphan". Putting the "probability theory" category tag on the article (or any of dozens of various other math category tags) will automatically cause the article to get listed at list of mathematics articles within a couple of days or so. And also at WikiProject Mathematics/Current activity in the "new articles" list, so then those who regularly look at that list may be moved to do some of these edits (either on the article itself or on the various others that should link to it). Michael Hardy (talk) 22:14, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

...OK, you'll notice that among those pages now linking to this article is a redirect page, Coupon Collector's Problem. That is an incorrect capitalization (by Wikipedia's conventions), and there may also be commonplace misspellings, misnomers, and alternative names for the same thing, and if you can think of any of those it is a good idea to create a redirect page for each of them. That way anyone linking to any of those alternative names in another article or entering it into the "search" box will find the existing article. Otherwise, they may concluded none exists and create the srticle under an alternative name, and then you and whoever works on that other article will be unaware of each other's existence, initially. When the existence of both articles gets noticed, then a decision would need to get made about which, if either, title the two should get merged into. Also, one sometimes finds that as soon as you create such a redirect page and then click on "what links here", a hundred other articles already link to that alternative title. Michael Hardy (talk) 22:39, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Algebraic combinatorics
Algebraic combinatorics is a new article. Maybe you can help civilize it? Michael Hardy (talk) 03:47, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Cardinality-based notation for sets
I've just gotten around to taking your advice (15 February on my talk page) and created an article on set notation. I'd be curious what you think of it. Regards—PaulTanenbaum (talk) 16:14, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Jim Whittaker?
Jim Whittaker is a mountain climber. Is he related to the James V. Whittaker who worked on the mountain climbing problem? Michael Hardy (talk) 04:46, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

....Oh, I see: he's James W. Whittaker. Michael Hardy (talk) 04:47, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Levy and Gromov
Privet Igor, As per your edit at isoperimetric inequality, I think it's a little odd to describe Levy's inequality in detail and not mention Gromov's paper which seems to be the main source for this area. Katzmik (talk) 09:05, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, sure. I think it was never published, but eventually incorporated into one of his book.  Of course, both Gromov and Levy's work is much more general than this simple spherical inequality, but if you do have a reference it might be a good idea to add it.  The reason I added this inequality is because it seemed nice simple and elegant, way more relevant to average Wikipedia reader than advanced generalizations.  Igorpak (talk) 09:34, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * At any rate it's an IHES preprint. Katzmik (talk) 10:13, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Did You Know problem
Hello! there still are some issues that may need to be clarified. Please review the comment(s) underneath and respond there as soon as possible. Art LaPella (talk) 21:48, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * As my link and it's sublink Did you know/Prosesizebytes explain, you can see what our script counts and what it doesn't by going to the Discrete Mathematics (journal) article, and entering this into your browser's URL field: javascript:importScript('User:Dr pda/prosesizebytes.js'); getDocumentSize;

 * It only counts your introduction and your Discrete Mathematics (journal) section. The material our software doesn't count is interesting/useful, but in my experience you won't have much luck arguing for such an exception. Anyway, I won't be the one to make such a decision; I do routine proofreading. The surest way to overcome this objection is to add at least 349 bytes of prose (not list entries or references etc.) to your article. Art LaPella (talk) 22:02, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

 * It's long enough. Thank you. Once again, others do approvals. Art LaPella (talk) 03:35, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Looking for Wikipedia Ambassadors
Hi! I'm leaving you this message because you are listed as a Wikipedian associated with Harvard. The Wikipedia Ambassador Program is currently looking for Campus Ambassadors to help with Wikipedia assignments at schools in Boston and Cambridge (including Harvard), which will be participating in the Public Policy Initiative for the Spring 2011 semester. The role of Campus Ambassadors will be to provide face-to-face training and support for students on Wikipedia-related skills (how to edit articles, how to add references, etc.). This includes doing in-class presentations, running workshops and labs, possibly holding office hours, and in general providing in-person mentorship for students.

Prior Wikipedia skills are not required for the role, as training will be provided for all Campus Ambassadors (although, of course, being an experienced editor is a plus).

If you live near Boston and you are interested in being a Wikipedia Campus Ambassador, or know someone else from the area who might be, please email me or leave a message on my talk page.

If you're an experienced and active Wikipedian, you might be interested alternatively in becoming an Online Ambassador. The role of Online Ambassadors is to serve as mentors for students; it doesn't require any in-person outreach. Take a look at the Online Ambassador guidelines; the "mentorship process" describes roughly what will be expected of mentors in the coming term. If that's something you want to do, please apply!

You can find instructions for applying at WP:ONLINE. The main things we're looking for in Online Ambassadors are friendliness, regular activity (since mentorship is a commitment that spans several months), and the ability to give detailed, substantive feedback on articles (both short new articles, and longer, more mature ones).

--Sage Ross - Online Facilitator, Wikimedia Foundation (talk) 21:36, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

"Euclidean algorithm"
Hi - thank you for your edits :) . The story of the Euclidean algorithm is a bit more complicated; I've just made a quick edit to the "computations in number theory" section - tell me what you think. Garald (talk) 09:44, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Computations section
Hi - It seems we have to add references to "Recent approaches and subfields" on short notice (we are being rated whether or not we feel ready - I swear I didn't ask for this!). Can you take care of the "computations in number theory" subsection? Make further changes if you believe they are necessary. Garald (talk) 10:00, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

Baxter permutation
Thanks for creating Baxter permutation. That's been on my to-do list for a while, but now I can cross it off. —David Eppstein (talk) 05:33, 28 November 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Coupon collector's problem (generating function approach) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Coupon collector's problem (generating function approach) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Coupon collector's problem (generating function approach) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 01:59, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Program for Research In Mathematics, Engineering and Science (PRIMES)
As a frequent contributor to Wikipedia in the area of mathematics, I kindly request you to examine, and perhaps, to contribute to the discussion regarding the notability of the article on Program for Research In Mathematics, Engineering and Science (PRIMES). It has been marked for deletion, and your opinion is welcomed. Dodecahedronic (talk) 13:13, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Artem Chernikov for deletion
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Comfort food

Comfort food is food that provides a nostalgic or sentimental value to someone and may be characterized by its high caloric nature associated with childhood or home cooking. The nostalgia may be specific to an individual or it may apply to a specific culture.

Definition and history
The term comfort food can be traced back at least to 1615, where in the beginning of the second part of one of the most famous works of the Spanish literature Don Quixote, at the beginning of chapter one, Quixote's niece and her nurse (governess, housekeeper?, "ama") are told to pamper him, "to give him things to eat which are comforting and appropriate for the heart and the brain... ." Others trace it back to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's poached egg or famous chicken soup." According to research by April White at JSTOR, it might have been Liza Minnelli who used the term for the first time in its modern meaning in an interview, admitting to craving a hamburger.

When the term first appeared, newspapers used it in quotation marks. In the 1970s, the most popular comfort food in the United States were various potato dishes and chicken soup, but even at the time, the definition varied from person to person. During the next decades, the nature of comfort food changed in the USA, shifting from savory dishes to sweet ones, while comfort food themed cookbooks started to spread and restaurants started to offer items labelled as such, when originally the term was used for food items consumed "home alone". Worldwide diet trends, emerging in the 1990s, like the low fat or the low-carb diet were unable to end the cravings for comfort food. According to White, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world in 2020 further strengthened people's need for comfort food that evokes nostalgia and the feeling of belonging.

Psychological studies
Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream or french fries, may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation. These feelings can also be induced by psychoactive ingredients found in other foods, such as coffee and chocolate. When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods, and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or affect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak, casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.

Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States. The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of self-medication.

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women. The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress. For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour" beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.

By region
A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world.

Afghanistan
Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:

 * Aushak – stuffed dumplings and sauce
 * Bolani – filled flatbread
 * Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked eggplant with yogurt sauce
 * Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised pumpkin with yogurt sauce
 * Chainaki – lamb stew, traditionally served in a bowl lined with naan, and cooked in a clay vessel known as a chainak
 * Chalaw or Challow – steamed rice with spices
 * Kabuli palaw or Qabuli Pulao – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb
 * Karahai – meat cooked in a traditional karahi pot
 * Kebab – grilled skewered meat
 * Korma Gosht or Qorma-e-Gosht – braised meat
 * Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling
 * Naan – flatbread
 * Sabzi Palu – spinach (sabzi) with spices
 * Sher Berinj – rice pudding

Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include:

 * Braised lamb shanks
 * Bread and butter pudding
 * Butterscotch apple dumplings
 * Casserole (beef or chicken)
 * Chicken soup
 * Fish and Chips
 * Golden syrup pikelets
 * Honey and oat slices
 * Hot chips
 * Lamingtons
 * Mashed potatoes
 * Meat pie
 * Pea and ham soup
 * Pie floater
 * Porridge, topped with brown sugar or honey, yogurt, nuts, and fruit
 * Potato wedges
 * Pumpkin soup
 * Rice custard
 * Roast meat (beef, chicken, or pork with crackling)
 * Roast potatoes
 * Sausage and mash
 * Sausage roll
 * Shepherd's pie
 * Spaghetti
 * Steak and kidney pie
 * Sticky date pudding
 * Vegemite or Marmite on toast

Brazil

 * Brigadeiro, a dessert common in children birthday parties
 * Flan

Canada

 * Butter tart / Tarte au sucre – small sweet tart-shaped pastries
 * Cake
 * Cheesecake
 * Chili and beans
 * Chocolate bars
 * Cookies
 * Fish and chips
 * Fried chicken
 * Fried rice
 * Ginger beef
 * Grilled cheese sandwich
 * Hamburger
 * Ice cream
 * Lasagna
 * Macaroni and cheese
 * Nanaimo bar
 * Pancakes with maple syrup
 * Pea soup
 * Pierogies
 * Pizza
 * Potatoes such as French fries, Hash browns, Mashed potatoes, Potato chips, and Potato salad
 * Poutine
 * Roast meat (beef, chicken, Turkey or pork with crackling)
 * Roast potatoes
 * Rhubarb pie
 * Sausage and mash
 * Sausage roll
 * Scrambled eggs on toast
 * Shepherd's pie
 * Spaghetti
 * Steak and kidney pie
 * Tourtière – meat pie with pork and lard

Egypt

 * Basbousa – sweet unleavened cake
 * Falafel – fried bean ball
 * Fatteh – meat soup on cooked rice with crisp flatbread with garlic sauce
 * Ful medames – bean stew
 * Hawawshi – pita bread stuffed with flavored meat
 * Kushari – casserole of rice, macaroni, and vegetables
 * Macarona béchamel – baked pasta dish with ground meat and béchamel sauce
 * Sahlab – winter beverage from Orchis flour
 * Mulukhiyah – soup or stew made with jute mallow leaves
 * Om Ali – Pastry mixed with milk, nuts and sometimes coconut flakes topped with cream or butter and baked

France

 * Crème caramel – custard dessert
 * French onion soup – onion soup with cheese and bread
 * Gratin dauphinois – potato slices baked with cream
 * Pâté – cold meat paste
 * Pot-au-feu – beef stew

Germany
German comfort foods may include the following foods:

 * Arme Ritter
 * Auszogne
 * Bouletten, Frikadellen, Fleischpflanzerl etc.
 * Bratkartoffeln
 * Currywurst
 * Flädlesuppe
 * Fleischsalat
 * Frankfurter
 * Franzbrötchen
 * Gaisburger Marsch
 * Hamburger Aalsuppe
 * Hamburger Labskaus
 * Kartoffelpuffer
 * Käsespätzle
 * Klöße
 * Kohlrouladen
 * Leberkäse
 * Laugenbrezn, Laugengebäck
 * Maultaschen
 * Mett
 * Münchner Weißwürscht
 * Nürnberger Lebkuchen
 * Nürnberger Rostbratwurst
 * Obazda
 * Pichlstoana
 * Regensburger
 * Rote Grütze
 * Rindsrouladen
 * Sauerbraten
 * Saumagen
 * Schwäbische Spätzle
 * Schlachtplatte
 * Schnitzel
 * Schweinshaxn
 * Spanferkel
 * Steckerlfisch
 * Schweinsbraten

Greece

 * Pastitsio
 * Moussaka
 * Gemista
 * Gyros
 * Keftedakia – meatballs
 * Koulourakia
 * Dolmadakia
 * Souvlaki

Hong Kong

 * Baked pork chop rice– a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine
 * Cart noodle – an à la carte noodle dish traditionally sold using carts
 * Cha Chaan Teng – a Hong Kong style place to eat comfort food
 * Dim Sum – small bite-sized portions of food served in small steamer baskets during yum cha
 * Egg Tart
 * Hotpot
 * Macaroni in broth – a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine
 * Pineapple Bun – a type of pastry that resembles a pineapple
 * Put chai ko – a palm-sized pudding cake snack
 * Siu Mei (including char siu) – meats roasted on spits over an open fire or in a large rotisserie oven

Hungary

 * Aranygaluska – dough balls rolled in a mixture of sugar and crushed nuts
 * Goulash soup
 * Chicken soup
 * Lángos – yeast dough deep fried in oil with various toppings
 * Madártej – meringue floating on crème anglaise
 * Chicken paprikash
 * Paprikás krumpli – potato stew with paprika
 * Pörkölt – meat stew with paprika
 * Puliszka – polenta with toppings
 * Rántott hús – a type of Snitzel; but also fried chicken is called the same way
 * Tejbegríz – Semolina pudding
 * Tojásos nokedli – small, plump soft noodles with eggs

India

 * Biryani – Mutton, chicken, beef or lamb
 * Chaat
 * Curd rice – Rice mixed with yogurt
 * Curry
 * Cutlet
 * Dal chawal – particularly in North India
 * Fish fry
 * Kachori
 * Kadhi chawal - curd curry with rice
 * Rolls
 * Maachh-bhaat
 * Momo
 * Sambar
 * Samosa
 * Puri – Fried flatbread
 * Masala Dosa – rice crepes, with or without a filling of potatoes and onion
 * Khichdi – Made with Rice and Legumes (lentils, mung beans)
 * Pav bhaji – Curry served with buttered buns.
 * Radhaballavi – Deep-fried flatbread with a filling
 * Rajma chawal – rice with beans
 * Rasam and Curd rice – particularly in South India
 * Vada Pav

Indonesia
Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and either soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in carbs or fat, such as congee, fried rice, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contain fair amounts of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence. Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during flu. The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock.

Some Indonesian comfort foods are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences.
 * Bakmi or mie ayam – noodles (mi) with pork (bak) or chicken (ayam)

Indonesian comfort foods include:
 * Bakso – meatball soup
 * Bubur ayam – chicken congee
 * Gado-gado – salad containing vegetables, tempeh and egg in peanut sauce
 * Indomie Mi goreng – fried noodle

For some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, comfort food may include a favourite brand or type of Indonesian instant noodles, such as Indomie Mi goreng mentioned already.
 * Nasi goreng – fried rice
 * Nasi tim – steamed chicken rice
 * Sayur sop or sup ayam – Indonesian chicken and vegetables soup
 * Sate – skewered barbecue with peanut sauce
 * Soto ayam – spicy chicken soup

Ireland

 * Bangers and mash
 * Coddle
 * Colcannon
 * Fish and chips
 * Full Irish breakfast
 * Irish stew
 * Shepherd's pie
 * Soda bread
 * Spice bag
 * 3-in-1 (egg-fried rice, chips, and curry sauce)

Italy

 * Bruschetta
 * Cacciucco – fish stew
 * Crostini – small toasted bread slices with toppings
 * Gnocchi – small soft dough dumplings
 * Lasagne – flat noodles (pasta) layered with meat, cheese and tomato sauce
 * Pasta all'amatriciana – pasta with guanciale, tomato sauce and pecorino cheese
 * Pasta alla carbonara – pasta with egg, guanciale, and pecorino cheese
 * Nutella – sweet spread of cocoa and hazelnuts
 * Panna cotta – sweetened cream thickened with gelatin
 * Pizza – baked flatbread with toppings
 * Porchetta – boneless pork roast
 * Risotto

Japan
In Japan, there is an expression called "Taste of Mom(おふくろの味)".

 * Curry Rice/Kare Raisu – Stewed vegetables - most commonly potato, onion, and carrot - in a mild curry sauce, sometimes with meat
 * Chazuke/ochazuke – rice with green tea
 * Miso soup – soybean-flavored clear soup
 * Mochi – rice cake
 * Onigiri – rice ball
 * Ramen – soup with thin noodles

 * Takoyaki – octopus balls
 * Tempura – battered, deep-fried pieces of meat or vegetables
 * Udon – soup with thick noodles

 * Tamago kake gohan - cooked rice topped with raw egg

Philippines

 * Adobo – A salt and vinegar marinated meat stew, with a large amount of local and regional variations.
 * Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – A thick, savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when sick.
 * Batchoy – A noodle soup with a variety of meats.
 * Filipino spaghetti - Sweet and savory spaghetti
 * Ginataan – A coconut cream-based dessert soup with candied banana, sticky rice balls, sagó (tapioca balls), taro, and langkâ (jackfruit).
 * Bulalo – A beef bone marrow soup.
 * Champorado – Chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory (as with tuyô)
 * Dinuguan - A pork blood and offal stew.
 * Halo-halo – A cold, crushed ice dessert dish of mixed sweets in fruits, with milk and topped with ice cream and leche flan.
 * Kare-kare – A stew of ox tripe and oxtail in a peanut sauce. It is regarded as a local variant of Indian curry.
 * Lumpia – Fried or fresh spring rolls with vegetable or meat filling.
 * Lomi – A hot noodle soup with distinctly thick egg noodles.
 * Pancit – A class of noodles, almost always fried or stir-fried, and often served during birthday celebrations.
 * puto – Steamed rice cakes
 * Sinampalukan - Sour, tamarind-based chicken soup
 * Sinigang – A classification of sour soups with different configurations of meats, vegetables, and souring agents.
 * Sopas - A creamy soup (usually made with chicken) with elbow macaroni.
 * Suman – Another type of glutinous rice cake
 * Tsokolate – Hot chocolate drink made with cacao, served with or without milk.

Poland
Some Polish comfort food include:

 * Soups and stews
 * Bigos – "hunters' stew"
 * Barszcz z uszkami – a variant of borscht, a clear beetroot soup with forest mushrooms dumplings
 * Gulasz – goulash / meat and vegetable stew
 * Kapuśniak – sour cabbage soup (sauerkraut soup)
 * Rosół – chicken soup with fine noodles
 * Zupa grzybowa – wild mushroom soup
 * Zupa ogórkowa – sour cucumber soup
 * Zupa pomidorowa – clear tomato soup with rice or noodles
 * Zupa szczawiowa – sorrel soup served with boiled egg
 * Żurek – sour rye soup
 * Budyń waniliowy z malinami – vanilla pudding with raspberries
 * Kotlet schabowy – pork schnitzel
 * Golonka – stewed or roasted ham hock
 * Kopytka – small potato dumpling
 * Łazanki – large flat noodles with fried sauerkraut
 * Makaron ze śmietaną i truskawkami – pasta with cream and strawberries
 * Naleśniki z twarogiem – pancakes with milk curd
 * Pierogi – filled dumplings
 * Placki ziemniaczane – potato pancakes
 * Sernik – baked cheesecake
 * Śledź w oleju – pickled herring
 * Zasmażana kapusta - braised sauerkraut
 * Zapiekanka – toasted open-face sandwich

Puerto Rico
Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:

 * Arroz con gandules – rice with pigeon peas
 * Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken
 * Bistec encebollado – steak and onions
 * Carne Guisada – stewed beef
 * Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
 * Churrasco – grilled flank or skirt steak
 * Cuchifritos and Fritanga – assortments of fried appetizers (alcapurrias, bacalaitos, pastelitos/pastelillos, piononos, sorullos/sorullitos)
 * Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin
 * Lechón asado – roast pork
 * Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
 * Mofongo and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains
 * Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken
 * Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamales
 * Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese
 * Pinchos – Puerto Rican skewers
 * Tostones – fried plantain slices

Romania
Romanian comfort foods may include:

 * Brânzoaică – soft cake filled with sweet cheese
 * Chocolate salami – dessert made from cocoa, broken biscuits and butter
 * Ciorbă de perișoare – sour soup with meatballs
 * Cozonac – sweet yeast dough
 * Greta Garbo cake – sheets of dough, filled with fruit jam and glazed with chocolate
 * Mititei – grilled ground meat rolls
 * Papanași – traditional fried or boiled pastry
 * Roasted eggplant salad – chopped roasted eggplants
 * Salată de boeuf – chopped beef and root vegetables
 * Sarmale – stuffed cabbage leaves
 * Stuffed peppers – hollowed peppers filled with meat and rice

Russia

Russian comfort foods may include:

 * Bliny – pancakes or crepes
 * Borscht
 * Dressed herring – layered herring salad
 * Golubtsy – cabbage rolls
 * Kasha – buckwheat porridge
 * Kotlety – meatballs
 * Kholodets – savory gelatin
 * Kulebyaka - a fish pie
 * Kvass – fermented drink made with bread
 * Napoleon – layered cake with layers of pastry and cream
 * Okroshka – cold vegetable soup
 * Oladyi – small thick pancakes or fritters
 * Olivier salad – mayo, sausage and vegetable salad
 * Pelmeni – meat-filled dumpling
 * Pirozhki – buns with various fillings
 * Rassolnik – soup with pickles
 * Shashlik – skewered and grilled cubes of meat
 * Shchi – predominantly cabbage soup
 * Solyanka – spicy and sour soup
 * Syrniki – cottage cheese pancakes
 * Ukha – fish-based clear soup
 * Vareniki – filled dumplings (see pierogi for Poland)
 * Vinegret – a salad made of diced vegetables, normally sour
 * Zakuski – an array of dishes to supplement main courses

South Korea

 * Tteokbokki – rice cakes in spicy chili stew
 * Kimbap – cooked rice rolled in seaweed and stuffed with vegetables or meat
 * Samgyeopsal – roasted pork belly
 * Mandu – dumplings with various fillings
 * Soups and stews
 * Kimchi jjigae – spicy stew made with kimchi
 * Haejang-guk – vegetables and meat in beef broth
 * Sundubu-jjigae – soft tofu stew
 * Seolleongtang – ox bone soup
 * Budae-jjigae – "army stew" with noodles, Spam, vegetables and other ingredients
 * Kalguksu – soup with handmade noodles

Spain

 * Castañas asadas – roasted chestnuts
 * Chocolate con churros – hot chocolate drink with fried dough
 * Cordero asado – grilled lamb
 * Fried seafood, such as boquerones fritos (fried anchovies) and calamares fritos (fried squid)
 * Gazpacho – cold vegetable soup
 * Jamón serrano – Serrano ham
 * Paella – rice with saffron, cooked in a shallow pan
 * Sausage, such as chorizo, morcilla, and salchichón
 * Sobao – sweet bread
 * Stew, such as cocido madrileño (Madrid stew)
 * Tarta de Santiago – almond cake or tart
 * Torreznos – bacon
 * Tortilla española or tortilla de patata – potato omelet

Catalonia

Comfort foods in Catalonia include:
 * Pa amb tomàquet (bread smeared with tomato and olive oil, and sometimes garlic)
 * Allioli (Aioli) (sauce which is an emulsion of garlic and olive oil. The name literally means "garlic and oil" in Catalan)
 * Catalan-style cod (with raisins and pine nuts)
 * Escalivada (various grilled vegetables)
 * Escudella i carn d'olla (a broth, it may be served as soup with pasta and minced meats and vegetables, or as the soup first and then the rest)
 * Canelons (Cannelloni with a bechamel sauce)
 * Fricandó
 * Esqueixada (salted cod salad with tomato and onion)
 * Mongetes amb botifarra (beans and pork sausage)
 * Suquet (a seafood casserole)
 * Savoury coca
 * Mar i muntanya ("Sea and Mountain") dishes, which combine meat and seafood
 * Embotits, a generic name for different kinds of cured pork meat, including fuet (a characteristic type of dried sausage), salchichón or llonganissa (salami) and different kinds of cold cut botifarra.
 * Calçot (specially cultivated onion, grilled and served as a "Calçotada")
 * Caragols a la llauna (cooked snails)
 * Sonsos and many other Mediterranean fresh fish
 * Crema catalana (custard made from egg yolks, milk, sugar, lemon zest and cinnamon)
 * Panellets (bite-sized cakes in different shapes, mostly round, made mainly of marzipan)

Switzerland
Traditional Swiss cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and extensive use of dairy products like cheese, cream and butter. Fruits (often apple compote) are also used in many (main) dishes, notably Älplermagronen and Maluns.
 * Älplermagronen
 * Capuns
 * Cholera
 * Fondue
 * Maluns
 * Pizzoccheri
 * Raclette
 * Rösti (with various accompaniments)
 * Wähe (with various ingredients)

Taiwan

 * Beef noodle soup
 * Dan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth
 * Minced pork rice
 * Oyster omelette
 * Red bean soup
 * Small sausage in large sausage – grilled sausage in a rice casing
 * Tangyuan – filled rice dumplings in sweet syrup

Turkey

Some Turkish comfort foods are:

 * Mantı – spicy meat dumpling
 * Kuru fasulye – bean and tomato stew
 * Pilav – rice dish
 * Mercimek Çorbası – a soup based on lentils
 * Börek – baked filled pastries, a wide variety of regional variations of börek exists
 * Menemen - commonly eaten for breakfast
 * Yaprak Sarma - stuffed grape leaves
 * Gözleme - a stuffed flatbread, commonly stuffed with spinach, minced meat and potato mash
 * Lahmacun
 * Pide
 * Tarhana soup

Ukraine
Ukrainian comfort foods include, but aren't limitied to:

 * Borscht — beetroots soup, also there are few variants:
 * Green borscht
 * White borscht
 * Cabbage borscht
 * Deruny — potato pancakes with sour cream
 * Holubtsi — small, medium or large rolls with prepared rice
 * Cabbage roll
 * Grape leaves roll
 * Kasha — kind of porridge
 * Kolach — sweet, round shaped pastry
 * Mlynci — pancakes.
 * Nalysnyky — pancakes with fillings
 * Pampushky — small savory or sweet yeast-raised bun
 * Pyrizhky — baked or fried small donuts with different (mostly fruits or meat) fillings. (Not to be confused with Polish PiErogi or Russian PirogI)
 * Syrnyky — fried quark pancakes, garnished with sour cream
 * Varennia — jam
 * Varenyky — Filled dumplings cooked at boiling water
 * Vinegret — Beans and potato salad colored with beetroots

United Kingdom

United Kingdom comfort foods include:

 * Bacon butty (bacon sandwich)
 * Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes
 * Biscuit
 * Cauliflower cheese
 * Chicken tikka masala
 * Cornish pasty
 * Cottage pie (Shepherd's pie)
 * Custard
 * Curry – India-inspired stew over rice
 * Egg and chips
 * Egg and soldiers – toast sliced into approximately six to eight pieces lengthwise, to dip into soft-boiled egg yolk
 * Fish and chips
 * Fish finger sandwich
 * Fruit crumble – stewed fruit with crumbly topping
 * Full English breakfast
 * Lancashire hotpot
 * Pies
 * Cheese pie, with potatoes or other savory ingredients
 * Fish pie
 * Pork pie
 * Steak and kidney pie
 * Potatoes
 * Jacket potato
 * Mashed potatoes
 * Puddings
 * Bread and butter pudding
 * Jam roly-poly – suet pudding rolled in a spiral with jam
 * Rice pudding
 * Spotted dick – steamed pudding with dried fruit
 * Sticky toffee pudding
 * Treacle pudding
 * Roasted meat, such as Beef or chicken
 * Scotch egg – hard-boiled egg baked in sausage
 * Soups and stews
 * Beef stew with dumplings
 * Cock-a-leekie soup
 * Scouse – meat stew
 * Potato, leek, and Stilton soup
 * Stottie cake – heavy, round bread
 * Toad in the hole – sausages baked in Yorkshire pudding
 * Toast
 * Baked beans on toast
 * Welsh Rarebit – hot cheese sauce on toast
 * Toastie – grilled sandwich
 * Tea
 * Yorkshire pudding

United States
American comfort foods may include the following foods:

 * Apple pie
 * Beef stew
 * Biscuits and gravy
 * Breakfast cereal
 * Burritos
 * Cake
 * Casseroles
 * Chicken and dumplings
 * Chicken fried steak
 * Chicken soup
 * Chili
 * Chili mac
 * Chocolate
 * Chocolate chip cookies
 * Chowders: Clam chowder, Shrimp chowder, Corn chowder, etc.
 * Cornbread
 * Corned beef and cabbage
 * Cupcakes
 * Fluffernutter
 * French fries
 * Fried chicken
 * Green bean casserole
 * Green chile stew
 * Grilled cheese sandwich and tomato soup
 * Grits
 * Hotdish
 * Ice cream
 * Lasagna
 * Macaroni and cheese
 * Mashed potatoes
 * Meatloaf
 * Peanut butter
 * Peanut butter and jelly sandwich
 * Pepperoni rolls
 * Pizza
 * Popcorn
 * Potato chips
 * Pot roast
 * Red beans and rice
 * Tamale pie
 * Tapioca pudding
 * Tuna casserole

title: Comfort food


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Warrego Highway

The Warrego Highway is located in southern Queensland, Australia. It connects coastal centres to the south western areas of the state, and is approximately 715 km in length. It takes its name from the Warrego River, which is the endpoint of the highway. The entire highway is part of the National Highway system linking Darwin and Brisbane: formerly National Highway 54, Queensland began to convert to the alphanumeric system much of Australia had adopted in the early-2000s and this road is now designated as National Highway A2.

State-controlled road
Warrego Highway is a state-controlled road, divided into seven sections for administrative and funding purposes. Six of the seven sections (numbers 18A to 18F) are part of the National Highway, while section 18G is a regional road. The sections are:
 * 18A – Ipswich to Toowoomba
 * 18B – Toowoomba to Dalby
 * 18C – Dalby to Miles
 * 18D – Miles to Roma
 * 18E – Roma to Mitchell
 * 18F – Mitchell to Morven
 * 18G – Morven to Charleville

State-controlled roads that intersect with the highway are listed in the main article.

Route description
The highway commences at the end of the M2 Ipswich Motorway, near Ipswich and runs to Helidon Spa, at the foot of the Great Dividing Range. From there it follows the Toowoomba Bypass to Charlton, west of Toowoomba. The Warrego then crosses the Darling Downs, bypassing the town of Oakey and then passing through the towns of Dalby, Chinchilla and Miles, in the Western Downs. The highway continues through the towns of Roma and Mitchell in the Maranoa Region of South West Queensland. After Morven, the A2 Route continues north–west along the Landsborough Highway, with the western turnoff continuing the Warrego Highway down to its terminus at Charleville.

The section of highway between Ipswich and Charlton is mostly motorway grade; a four lane divided highway with motorway-style on-ramps and off-ramps. At a point between Charlton and Oakey the highway merges from 4 to 2 lanes (however, throughout 2017–2019, the highway was planned to be duplicated up until Oakey) Then, the highway mostly continues in a straight line with minimal turns. At Dalby, the highway briefly returns to 4 lanes (where a longer stretch of the highway was planned to be duplicated in 2017). The Warrego then continues as a rural 2 lane highway, until Charleville.

Terrain
The Warrego Highway's lowest point along its length is 3.69 m just east of where it crosses the Bremer River near Ipswich, and its highest elevation is at the top of the Great Dividing Range on the Toowoomba Bypass.

Speed zones

 * Ipswich Motorway – Blacksoil 100 km/h
 * Blacksoil – Toowoomba Bypass merge 100 km/h, with a drop to 80 km/h and/or 60 km/h through some towns
 * Great Dividing Range (Toowoomba Bypass to Charlton) 80 km/h to 100 km/h
 * Charlton – Kingsthorpe 90 km/h
 * Kingsthorpe – Dalby 100 km/h except through Jondaryan, which is 80 km/h.
 * Dalby – 60 km/h
 * Dalby – Chinchilla 100 km/h except running through towns, which speeds can drop to 60 km/h
 * Chinchilla – Charleville 110 km/h except running through towns, which speeds can drop to 60 km/h

Towns along the route

From east to west, the highway passes through or close to the cities and major towns of:
 * Ipswich (Bypassed)
 * Gatton (Bypassed)
 * Toowoomba (Bypassed)
 * Oakey (Bypassed)
 * Dalby
 * Chinchilla
 * Miles
 * Roma
 * Mitchell
 * Morven
 * Charleville

History
In January 2011, the former highway was extensively damaged where it crossed the Toowoomba Range. This included land slips, shoulder and embankment erosion, the erosion of drains and damaged rock fall netting. The road wasn't fully repaired with all four lanes open until September 2011.

The Toowoomba Bypass was completed in September 2019 and bypasses the urban area of Toowoomba and provides a better crossing of the Great Dividing Range. Warrego Highway (A2) was rerouted via the bypass between Helidon Spa (in the east) and the interchange at Charlton (in the west). The bypass continues as the Gore Highway (A39) and is 41 km in length. The original section of Warrego Highway through Toowoomba was renamed Toowoomba Connection Road (A21).

Major works

 * 1957 – Helidon bypass. New road built to bypass Helidon including a steel and concrete bridge over Lockyer Creek opened by the end of June 1957.
 * 1959 – Ipswich bypass. New 8 mile long bypass including a steel and concrete bridge over the Bremer River built to bypass Ipswich City, shortening the highway by 2 miles. Also completed this year was the first bridge over Laidley Creek at Crowley Vale.
 * 1966 - Lockyer Creek bridge.  On a new alignment between Robinson's Bridge and Grantham, construction of a steel and concrete bridge 370 ft long over Lockyer Creek was completed and a 3.6 mile section of road bypassing a series of curves between Grantham and Gatton was opened to traffic.
 * 1968 - The final 16 mile section of highway between Morven and Charleville was sealed. Work was completed late in the year.
 * 1970 - Construction of a four-lane section, 1.7 miles in length, from Withcott to join with the four-lane section on the Toowoomba Range was completed.
 * 1971 – Marburg bypass. 1.9 miles (3.1 km) of new road built to bypass Marburg, including bridges over Queen Street and Black Snake Creek.
 * 1971 – Blanchview deviation. 5.15 miles (8.3 km) of new road that replaced the old twisting route built in the late 1920s. The deviation opened to traffic in December of that year.
 * 1973 - A new prestressed concrete girder bridge over Tenthill Creek was completed. It replaced the old truss structure known as Robinson's Bridge. The approaches to this new bridge were also completed.
 * 1974 – Minden Range deviation. 2.6 km of new road built to bypass a sub-standard section of road over the Minden Range.
 * 1976 – Hattonvale to Laidley Creek duplication. 8 km of road widened to four lanes at a cost of $870,000.
 * 1982 - Construction to four lanes on an improved alignment was completed for 2.8 km from the Brisbane Valley Highway junction to the Walloon turnoff.
 * 1986 - Mount Crosby Interchange
 * 1986 - Glenore Grove to Gatton duplication Stage 1. 5.6 km of road between Glenore Grove and the Queensland Agricultural College was duplicated, and the second bridge over Laidley Creek at Crowley Vale was constructed.
 * 1987 - Glenore Grove to Gatton duplication Stage 2. 3.9 km between the Queensland Agricultural College and the Gatton-Esk Road was completed.
 * 1989 – Gatton bypass. 20 km of new road built to bypass Gatton, Grantham and Helidon at a cost of $20 million opened in November 1989.
 * 1994 – Dinmore Duplication. 2.7 km of road duplicated to four lanes from the railway at Dinmore to the Bremer River bridge. A grade-separated interchange at River Road was also built.
 * 1996 - 2.8 km section between Greenwattle Street and Nugent Pinch Road in Toowoomba duplicated to relieve traffic congestion at a cost of $2.5 million.
 * 2002 – Yaralla Deviation. 18.5 km realignment built to bypass a notorious section prone to flooding west of Dalby.
 * 2017 – Toowoomba to Oakey Duplication Stage 1. Highway duplicated from Nugent Pinch Road to Charlton.
 * 2018 – Toowoomba to Oakey Duplication Stage 2. Highway duplicated from Charlton to Kingsthorpe including an interchange at Kingsthorpe–Haden Road
 * 2019 – Toowoomba Second Range Crossing – Helidon Spa to Charlton (Northern concurrency terminus with Gore Highway)

Dalby Eastern & Western Access
These projects began in 2017 to fully duplicate the highway to 4 lanes, between Cecil Plains Road and Black Street. 4 new traffic signals were added at Black Street, Jandowae Road, Orpen Street and a pedestrian signal near Owen Street. Both projects were completed in November 2018, at a combined cost of $115 million.

Roads of Strategic Importance
The Roads of Strategic Importance initiative, last updated in March 2022, includes the following project for the Warrego Highway.

Priority section projects
A project to upgrade priority sections of the Toowoomba to Ipswich corridor, including the Warrego Highway and surrounding state and council roads, at an estimated cost of $75 million, was in planning in May 2020.

Brimblecombe Road intersection
A project to upgrade the Brimblecombe Road intersection between Toowoomba and Dalby, at a cost of $2,75 million, was completed in December 2021.

Gatton heavy vehicle decoupling facility
A project to provide a heavy vehicle decoupling facility at Gatton was completed by November 2021.

Master plan Ipswich to Toowoomba
A master plan for the upgrade of the highway between Ipswich and Toowoomba has been developed at a cost of $6.78 million.

Haigslea–Amberley Road intersection
A project to plan the upgrade of the Haigslea-Amberley Road intersection, at a cost of $799,000, was in progress in May 2022.

Mount Crosby Road intersection
A project to plan the upgrade of the Mount Crosby Road intersection, at a cost of $5 million, was in progress in July 2021.

Darren Lockyer Way
On 28 September 2011 the Queensland Main Roads Minister, Craig Wallace, announced that an 85 km stretch of the Warrego Highway was to be renamed Darren Lockyer Way, in honour of the retired Brisbane Broncos, Queensland and Australian rugby league captain. The section of road renamed is from Riverview to the bottom of the Toowoomba Range at Withcott. Special signage including "Welcome to Darren Lockyer Way" has been erected.

title: Warrego Highway


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HMS Royal Sovereign (1786)

HMS Royal Sovereign was a 100-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, which served as the flagship of Admiral Collingwood at the Battle of Trafalgar. She was the third of seven Royal Navy ships to bear the name. She was launched at Plymouth Dockyard on 11 September 1786, at a cost of £67,458, and was the only ship built to her design. Because of the high number of Northumbrians on board the crew were known as the Tars of the Tyne.

Construction
Royal Sovereign was a 100-gun first rate ship of the line, designed by the John Williams (Surveyor of the Navy) in 1772.

Royal Sovereign was ordered on 3 February 1772 to be built at Plymouth Dockyard by the Master Shipwright Thomas Pollard. The long nature of her construction meant that the master shipwright changed twice, with Pownoll being replaced by John Henslow in February 1775, and Henslow in turn handing over to Thomas Pollard in November 1784. She was laid down on 7 January 1774 and launched on 11 September 1786 with the following dimensions: 183 ft along the gun deck, 150 ft at the keel, with a beam of 52 ft and a depth in the hold of 22 ft. She measured 2,175 $29/94$ tons burthen. The fitting out process for Royal Sovereign was completed in September 1787, but she was still only partly fitted for sea.

In service
Royal Sovereign was part of Admiral Howe's fleet at the Glorious First of June, where she suffered 14 killed and 41 wounded.

On 16 June 1795, as the flagship of Vice-Admiral William Cornwallis, she was involved in the celebrated episode known as 'Cornwallis' Retreat'. On 17 March 1796 the transport ship Bellisarius collided with her and sank. Belisarius, Barge, master, was carrying troops and their dependents to the West Indies. Barge and about 110 persons were saved.

A witness on HMS Mars (1794) wrote in a letter to The Observer newspaper that the accident was "occasioned by a dispute between the Master and the second Mate [of the Bellisarius] when wearing ship; by which, not paying proper attention, they fell athwart the Royal Sovereign, when the Sovereign's gib-boom and bowsprit took their main-mast, and struck her amid ship, by which she almost instantly sunk. To add to the distress of this dreadful scene, an unhappy woman, with her infant in her arms, who stood on the quarter-deck of the Bellisarius, attempted to save the life of her infant by throwing it on board the Royal Sovereign at the instant of the two ships meeting, but unfortunately it fell between the two ships sides, and was crushed to atoms before the eyes of its unhappy mother, who, in her distraction of mind, instantly precipitated herself into the sea, and shared the grave of her child."

Trafalgar
Under Admiral Collingwood she was the first ship of the fleet in action at Trafalgar on 21 October 1805, she led one column of warships; Nelson's HMS Victory led the other. Due to the re-coppering of her hull prior to her arrival off Cádiz, Royal Sovereign was a considerably better sailer in the light winds present that day than other vessels, and pulled well ahead of the rest of the fleet. As she cut the enemy line alone and engaged the Spanish three decker SPANISH SHIP Santa Ana, Nelson pointed to her and said, 'See how that noble fellow Collingwood carries his ship into action!' At approximately the same moment, Collingwood remarked to his captain, Edward Rotheram, 'What would Nelson give to be here?'

Royal Sovereign and Santa Ana duelled for much of the battle, with Santa Ana taking fire from fresh British ships passing through the line, including HMS Mars (1794) and HMS Tonnant (1798), while nearby French and Spanish vessels fired on Royal Sovereign. Santa Ana suffered casualties numbering 238 dead and wounded after battling Royal Sovereign and HMS Belleisle (1795). Royal Sovereign lost her mizzen and mainmasts, her foremast was badly damaged and much of her rigging was shot away. At about 2.20 pm Santa Ana finally struck her colours to Royal Sovereign.

Shortly afterwards a boat came from Victory carrying Lieutenant Hill, who reported that Nelson had been wounded. Realising that he might have to take command of the rest of the fleet and with his ship according to his report being "perfectly unmanageable", by 3 pm he signalled for the frigate HMS Euryalus (1803) to take Royal Sovereign in tow. Euryalus towed her round to support the rest of the British ships with her port-side guns, and became engaged with combined fleet's van under Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley, as it came about to support the collapsing centre. Fire from the lead ships shot away the cable between Royal Sovereign and Euryalus, and the latter ship made off towards Victory. Royal Sovereign exchanged fire with the arriving ships, until Collingwood rallied several relatively undamaged British ships around Royal Sovereign, and Dumanoir gave up any attempt to recover some of the prizes, and made his escape at 4.30pm. At 4.40 pm one of Victory's boats, carrying Captain Henry Blackwood and Lieutenant Hill, came alongside and Blackwood reported Nelson's death to Collingwood. This left Collingwood in command of the fleet, and with a storm rising, and disregarding Nelson's final order to bring the fleet to anchor, Collingwood ordered Blackwood to hoist the signal to all ships to come to the wind on the starboard tack, and to take disabled and captured ships in tow. Royal Sovereign was by now almost or totally unmanageable and virtually uninhabitable. As she had most of her masts shot away she could not make signals. Having his ship too much disabled by enemy fire at just before of 6 pm Collingwood, had to transfer himself and his flag to the frigate Euryalus, while Euryalus sent a cable across and took Royal Sovereign in tow for second time. At the end of the action Collingwood signalled from the frigate to the rest of the fleet to prepare to anchor. HMS Neptune (1797) took over the tow on 22 October, and was replaced by HMS Mars (1794) on 23 October. Royal Sovereign had lost one lieutenant, her master, one lieutenant of marines, two midshipman, 29 seamen, and 13 marines killed, along with two lieutenants, one lieutenant of marines, one master's mate, four midshipman, her boatswain, 69 seamen, and 16 marines wounded.

After Trafalgar
Royal Sovereign returned to duty in the Mediterranean the next year and remained on the blockade of Toulon until November 1811, when she was ordered to return home to the Channel Fleet. In 1812 and 1813 she was under the command of Rear Admiral James Bissett serving under Admiral Keith.

She was credited with the capture on 5 August 1812 of the American ship Asia, of 251 tons, which had been sailing from St. Mary's to Plymouth with a cargo of timber. Royal Sovereign shared the proceeds of the capture with all the vessels in Keith's squadron, suggesting that what happened was that Asia sailed into Plymouth unaware that the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States had broken out and was seized as she arrived, the formal credit going to the flagship.

Fate
After her useful active life she was converted to harbour service as a receiving ship at Plymouth before being renamed HMS Captain on 17 August 1825. Hulked in June 1826, Captain was finally broken up at Plymouth, with work being completed on 28 August 1841. Four of her guns were saved and are incorporated in the Collingwood Monument in Tynemouth.

title: HMS Royal Sovereign (1786)


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William Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel

William Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel, 6th Baron Maltravers (23 November 1417 – 1487) was an English nobleman.

Born on 23 November 1417, William was the second son of John Fitzalan, 6th Earl of Arundel (1385–1421), and Eleanor Berkeley (d. 1455), daughter of John Berkeley of Beverston.

His elder brother John Fitzalan, 7th Earl of Arundel, died on 12 June 1435. The title passed to William's nephew Humphrey Fitzalan, 8th Earl of Arundel, who was only a six-year-old with no descendants. William thus became the heir presumptive and, when Humphrey died three years later on 24 April 1438, he succeeded to the title.

Marriage and issue
He married Joan Neville, eldest daughter of Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, and Alice Montagu, suo jure Countess of Salisbury. Alice was a daughter of Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, and Eleanor Holland. Eleanor was a daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, and Alice FitzAlan. Alice was a daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 4th Earl of Arundel, and Eleanor of Lancaster.

William and Joan had five children:
 * Thomas Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel (1450–1524).
 * William Fitzalan, who had issue.
 * George Fitzalan.
 * John Fitzalan.
 * Mary Fitzalan.

William was summoned to the Great Council of February 1458, (and indeed, he was instructed to stop foot-dragging and attend). He was one of the few nobles to fight first for the House of Lancaster, and then change to supporting the House of York. He fought at the Battle of Ludford Bridge in 1459 for Lancaster, and later fought in the Second Battle of St Albans (17 February 1461) as a supporter of the house of York. The Yorkists were commanded by his brother-in-law Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick.

Edward IV of England named him a Knight of the Garter in 1471, probably in honour of his support during the Wars of the Roses. He was Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1471 and from 1483 to 1487.

title: William Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel


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Red Knight (aerobatic team)

The Red Knight was a Canadian air force aerobatic display aircraft that operated from 1958 to 1969. The red-painted Silver Star performed loops, rolls, Cuban 8s, horizontal 360s, inverted flight, and high speed passes at airshows around North America, often appearing as an opening act for or in conjunction with the Golden Hawks display team and later the Golden Centennaires, Canada's contemporary aerobatic teams. The Silver Star was replaced by the Tutor in July 1968.

History
During its service with the Royal Canadian Air Force (1958–1968) and the Canadian Forces (1968–1969), the Red Knight was flown by seventeen different pilots from four different bases. Beginning in 1961 a second Red Knight aircraft with alternate pilot entered service, and the aircraft sometimes performed together or separately in different locations. An accident involving two Red Knights occurred on August 21, 1963 at the Gimli Air Force Day airshow. When the aircraft were performing a Cuban 8, alternate pilot Flight Lieutenant Wayne MacLellan recognized that he was too low to the ground and aborted the manoeuvre. Lead pilot Flight Lieutenant J.W. "Bud" Morin failed to recognize this and was killed when his plane contacted the ground. An air force investigation allowed the team to continue, but forbade any further coordinated acts. The Red Knight had five trouble-free years of flying after Morin's accident, but that was cut short when pilot Capt. John Reid crashed during a photo shoot on May 22, 1968. After conducting a low-altitude loop, Reid could not pull the aircraft up fast enough and crashed into the ground. Though he was thrown clear of the wreckage, Reid died in hospital. This tragedy was closely followed by another. On July 13, 1969, Red Knight Capt. Bryan Alston was killed when his Tutor suffered a power failure and crashed during the forced landing. These two crashes in short succession led the air force to seriously reconsider the program. Ultimately, because of budget considerations and personnel cuts, the Red Knight program was canceled in 1969.

After its disappearance as a formal demonstration aircraft, the Red Knight was resurrected as a private show in the United States. Between 1990 and 1993, Rick Brickert flew a restored Lockheed T-33 in airshows around the United States and as the pace plane for the Reno Air Races. After Rick's death in 1993 when he crashed the Pond Racer experimental aircraft, the T-33 sat unused until acquired by Red Knight Air Shows, LLC in 2003. This company currently operates the T-33 and coordinates appearances at airshows around the continent.

The Jet Aircraft Museum in London, Ontario has restored a Silver Star to flying condition and the aircraft has been painted in the Red Knight paint scheme.

title: Red Knight (aerobatic team)


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Monte Carlo Millions

The Monte Carlo Millions was the first ever poker tournament to be staged in the city-state of Monaco. The inaugural event was completed on 12 November 2004. Apparently birthed out of the preceding explosion of Texas Hold 'em popularity, it was conceived of and sponsored by Prima Poker. The field was limited to 80 players and the buy-in was US$14,000. The majority of the competitors were world famous professionals, with the remainder of the field online satellite winners and lesser known professionals.

The 2004 event was dominated nearly start to finish by the world's top tournament player, Phil Ivey. With three players remaining, however, he was outdrawn by Jani Sointula, who would go on to take the title and US$400,000 first prize.

In November 2005, the second MCM tourney featured a 120 player field and a $25,000 buyin. It featured the largest prize pool in European History up to that point, $3 million, with $1 million going to the winner. The tournament was notable for offering the last spot at the final table to the winner of a "second chance" tournament with a field consisting of the players eliminated from the main event. Ivey won the 2005 tournament over Paul Jackson. Ivey went on to win a second single table invitational tournament adjunct to the Monte Carlo Millions the next day.

The Monte Carlo Millions has been broadcast in the UK on Pokerzone. In the United States the event aired on Fox Sports Net. In Canada it was broadcast on CGTV (now GameTV).

title: Monte Carlo Millions