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Lida

Lida (Ліда, ; Лида, ; Lyda; Ļida; Lida, ; לידע) is a city in Grodno Region, western Belarus, located 168 km west of Minsk. It serves as the administrative center of Lida District. As of 2024, it has a population of 103,916.

Etymology
The name Lida arises from its Lithuanian name Lyda, which derives from lydimas, meaning "slash-and-burn" agricultural method or a plot of land prepared in this way. Names in other languages are spelled as Lida and לידע.

Early history, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
There are passing mentions of Lida in chronicles from 1180. Until the early 14th century, the settlement at Lida was a wooden fortress in Lithuania proper. In 1323, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas built a brick fortress there. The generally considered founding year of Lida is 1380. The fortress withstood Crusader attacks from Prussia in 1392 and 1394 but was burned to the ground in 1710. Following the death of Gediminas, when Lithuania was divided into principalities, Lida became the capital of one of them, the seat of Algirdas.

Lida was in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the Union of Krewo (1385), when the Polish–Lithuanian Union was established, and the subsequent Christianization of Lithuania, the Catholic parish was established in the former Lithuanian pagan lands, and a church, whose ruins still exist, was built by King Władysław II Jagiełło, who visited Lida two times, in 1415 and 1422. In the 15th century, the town became a centre of production by craftsmen and trade. Lida was connected with Vilnius, Navahrudak and Minsk. The town had a market square and four streets: Wileńska, Zamkowa, Kamieńska and Krivaya. In 1506, a Sejm was held in Lida, convened by King Aleksander Jagiellon and the Polish-Lithuanian army gathered here before the Battle of Kletsk, in which it defeated the invading Tatars. In 1588, Lida became the seat of Lida District in Vilnius Voivodeship. Polish King Sigismund III Vasa granted Lida Magdeburg town rights in 1590, which were later confirmed in Warsaw by Kings Władysław IV Vasa in 1640 and Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki in 1670 and by the Polish Sejm in 1776. They let Lida hold two annual fairs of little import to the local economy. It was a royal city. The population was between 2000 and 5000 people.

The second half of the 17th century was a difficult time for Lida. During the Russo-Polish War the city was destroyed by the Cossacks in 1655 and the Russians in 1659. As a result of the war in 1656 famine occurred and in 1657 an epidemic. To revive Lida, King Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki exempted the city from taxes with a privilege of 1676. In 1679 it suffered a fire. In 1702, Lida was plundered by the Swedes.

In 1759, a high school was founded in Lida. By 1786, only 514 inhabitants were left in Lida, in 1792, 1243 people lived here. After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire as a powiat centre of the Slonim Governorate (1795).

Imperial Russia

Lida was then part of the Lithuania Governorate in 1797 and then Grodno Governorate in 1801.

The town was mostly destroyed during the Napoleonic Wars in 1812. In 1817, the population was 1366 people. In 1831, during the November Uprising, a battle was fought nearby between the Polish insurgents commanded by Dezydery Chłapowski and the Russians. After the uprising, as part of anti-Polish repressions the Piarist church was taken away from Catholics by the Russian administration and transformed into an Orthodox church. It was restored to Catholics after Poland regained independence. In 1842, Lida became the centre of Vilna Governorate. In 1863 and 1873, two beer factories were built in Lida. In 1884, the railway from Vilnius to Lunenets was finished. In 1907, the railway from Molodechno to Mosty was opened. In 1897, the town had 8626 people.

After a two-year school opened, so did a parish school with a department for girls and a Jewish school. In 1899, a hospital opened which consisted of 25 beds. In 1901, a cast-iron plant began to operate. In 1903, a sawmill started operating.

At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, two brick plants were built. In 1904, there were 1000 houses, of which 275 were brick, 14 small enterprises, four hospitals with beds for 115 patients and six elementary schools for 700 pupils. In 1904, the Russian Social Democratic Party was formed near Minsk. During the revolutions of 1905 to 1907, workers' uprisings took place, complete with political slogans. In 1914, there were almost 40 factories.

Interwar Poland
During World War I Lida was occupied by German troops. In 1919, the Red Army established Bolshevik power.

Polish troops, under General Józef Adam Lasocki, reached the outskirts of Lida in early March 1919. On April 15, they resumed their advance, and on April 17 they captured Lida, a screening operation to the taking of Vilnius. On 17 July 1920, the Red Army returned, but it was forced to retreat in August after their defeat at Warsaw.

On 30 September 1920, Polish and Russian troops fought in and around Lida during the Battle of the Niemen River, as the Soviet 21st Rifle Division tried to assault Polish positions but was repulsed by the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division. The Poles took about 10,000 prisoners from the Soviet 3rd Army.

By the Soviet-Lithuanian Treaty of 1920, Lida was ceded by the Soviets to Lithuania, but the treaty was not recognized by Poland. In accordance with 1921 Riga Peace Treaty, the town was awarded to Poland and was a powiat centre in the Nowogródek Voivodeship.

In 1927 were 24 factories in Lida, whose production grew rapidly in 1928. A new rubber goods factory started, employing almost 800 people. Lida was also an important garrison of the Polish Army, with one infantry division and the 5th Corps of the Polish Air Force stationed there. In the 1930s, Lida was extensively expanded, dozens of new streets were built.

World War II and recent history
In 1939, after the Soviet invasion of Poland, Lida became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. In January 1940, Lida became the centre of Lida Raion, in Baranavichy Region. From June 1941 to July 1944, it was occupied by German troops, who killed almost 25,149 people. On September 18, 1943, the Jewish Community of Lida was rounded up and taken to Majdanek, where they were murdered. Only about 200 Lida Jews survived the Holocaust. From mid-1944 Lida was occupied by the Soviets again. After the war, in 1945, in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement it was taken from Poland and annexed by the Soviet Union. Administratively, Lida became part of Grodno Region.

From the Cold War to 1993, Lida was home to the 1st Guards Bomber Aviation Division of the Soviet Air Force.

In the 2010s, Ivan Kulesh murdered a number of women in the city. He was later executed.

Jewish Community
Jews first settled in Lida in the middle of the 16th century, and permission to construct a synagogue was granted by King Stefan Batory in 1579. The temple was decimated and rebuilt with the permission of King Wladyslaw Vasa in 1630, among the city's notable rabbis at the time were Rabbi David ben Aryeh Leib and his son Pethahiah ben David. By 1817, the Jewish Community numbered 567, nearly three-quarters of the total population of the city. Lida had a particularly-sightly brick synagogue.

During the First World War, the German army captured Lida on 26 September 1915, and both Jews and Gentiles were forced into labour. Soon after the German Occupation ceased in winter 1918, Bolsheviks entered the city and created a strong sense of the Revolution. On 17 April 1919, Polish soldiers entered Lida and committed a pogrom, killing 39 Jews. Lida was captured by the Red Army on 17 July 1920 but was retaken by Polish troops on 29 September 1920. After the Peace of Riga, it was passed to Poland and became powiat (county) centre in Nowogródek Voivodeship.

The interwar period was a short period of economic growth for the Jewish community. All aspects flourished, and there were 12 fully functioning synagogues. In 1931, the Jewish population grew to 6,335, and at the dawn of the Holocaust, refugees increased the number to nearly 8,500. In the fall of 1939, the Red Army moved in and annexed Lida to the Baranavichy Region of Byelorussian SSR, part of the Soviet Union on 19 September 1939. Once again, the Jews were oppressed, and all cultural aspects of the community were diminished. The Soviets imprisoned surrounding Jews in Lida.

On 27 June 1941, the Germans severely damaged the city, and by December, a ghetto was created on the suburbs of Lida in which several families ended up crowding into a single home. On 7 May 1942, the ghetto was sealed, and the next day, nearly 6,000 were taken to a military firing range, where they were shot and piled in ready-made grave pits. About 1,500 educated Jews remained in the ghetto, and the population was added to by incoming refugees.

A few groups secretly escaped the city and hid in the forests until the city was liberated on 9 July 1944, but the rest of the community was murdered on 18 September 1943. It was passed to the new Grodno Region in 1944.

Monuments and attractions

 * Lida Castle was built by the order of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas for protection against assaults by the Teutonic Knights. The stone foundations were laid in 1323. Parts of the trapezium-shaped fortress were added on up through the 15th century. In the mid-17th century, an army of 30,000 was sent by Prince Nikita Khovansky of Moscow to destroy it, and in the Great Northern War (1700–1721), Swedes came and blew up the castle's towers, permanently diminishing its military purpose. It has since been restored, and tourists come to view its crimson walls.
 * The Roman Catholic Church of the Exaltation of the Cross, a fine example of local late Baroque architecture.
 * The Piarist Church of St. Joseph in Lida was built in 1794 to 1825. Built in the Late Classicism Style, the round stone church has an attractive dome and front. In 1842, it was destroyed by a fire but was soon rebuilt. It is now an Eastern Orthodox Church.
 * Wooden Church of the Immaculate Conception of Mary
 * The Catholic Church in Lida was given a new sanctuary in April 2007. The refreshingly-white interior complements the tan exterior.
 * In spring 2001, the Jews of Belarus worked closely with the residents of Lida to erect a memorial commemorating the thousands of Lida Jews murdered in the Holocaust. In autumn 2003 was an unveiling ceremony, involving 400 people. Now, visitors and residents alike can take a visit to this memorial, which properly honors all innocent victims of World War II.

Geography

 * Altitude: 158 m
 * Flat

Demographics

 * Population: 102,700 (January 2020); 103,915 (January 2023)
 * Ethnicity: Belarusians – 49,43%, Poles – 34,84%, Russians – 10,93% (according to 2019 Belarusian data)
 * Religion: Eastern Orthodox 40%, Roman Catholic 50%, Other 10%

Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for the city's climate is Dfb (Warm Summer Continental Climate).
 * Winter temperatures: around 1 °C
 * Spring temperatures: around 10 °C
 * Summer temperatures: around 17 °C
 * Autumn temperatures: around 7 °C
 * Stormy weather

Sport
HK Lida of the Belarusian Extraleague is the local pro hockey team.

Notable people

 * David ben Aryeh Leib of Lida (ca. 1650–1696), Ashkenazi rabbi
 * David Blaustein (1866–1912), American educator, rabbi, and social worker
 * Yitzchak Yaacov Reines rabbi of Lida and founder of Mizrakhi Jewish religious Zionist movement
 * B. Gorin (1868–1925), American Yiddish playwright, translator, and journalist
 * Konstanty Gorski (1859–1924), Polish composer and violinist
 * Andrzej Januszajtis (born 1928), Polish physicist and Professor
 * Stefan E. Warschawski (1904–1989), mathematician
 * Pola Raksa (born 1941), Polish movie star
 * Aleksander Zyw (1905–1995), artist born here
 * Eduard Palčys (born 1990), blogger and political prisoner

International relations
Lida is twinned with:

 * 🇱🇻 Daugavpils, Latvia
 * 🇷🇺 Dimitrovgrad, Russia
 * 🇦🇿 Goychay, Azerbaijan
 * 🇷🇺 Kalachinsky District, Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Khoroshyovo-Mnyovniki (Moscow), Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Krymsky District, Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Lebedyansky District, Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Lyuberetsky District, Russia
 * 🇷🇺 Nemansky District, Russia
 * 🇲🇩 Rîșcani, Moldova
 * 🇦🇲 Shirak Province, Armenia

title: Lida


text:
User talk:Crazyeddie/Districting

First impressions
The termanology is a real turn-off, IMPO. We are not a country - we don't own land, we don't make rules that apply to living human beings physical existence - therefore, we don't need or have a government, democratic or otherwise. I think using the project/company metaphor is a much better idea. Now, as for the specifics of the ideas, rather than the terminology. The biggest idea in here is the concept of Moderators. Where did that come from? I didn't think we had any Moderators. Also, it is mentioned that pages in a "district" would be in some way controlled by the officials of the district - admitting the existance of formal control would be a big change, and seems rather unwiki-like, esspecially when clothed in the language of a physical government with temporal power. You're biting off a rather large bite here. I suggest you rephrase the language to use project rather than goverment metaphors and ask again. Good luck! JesseW 23:08, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I'm not much of a salesman. The Moderator bit was just a mixup in terminology. What I call Moderators are called Administrators or Sysops here in the Wikipedia. This is confusing to me, because I would use those terms to describe what Wikipedia calls developers.

 * "Formal control" is a bit strong of a word for what I had in mind. I would think "policing" or "monitoring" would be a better term. All contributors already do this, admins more than others. All I had in mind was dividing the Wikipedia up into smaller, easier to manage, sections, and then encourage contributors who are the most likely to understand the subject matter to monitor the pages for errors and vandalism. I probably could have put it better. At any rate, I think I'll remove that portion of the proposal, along with anything else not directly related to the central thesis. If these spinoff uses of the districting concept are as obvious as I think they are, then others will implement the idea without the need for my intervention. If the spinoffs aren't that obvious, then I can put the matter before the Legislature - if and when it comes about. Either way, no need to add more points of debate to what is already going to be a controversial proposal.

 * I've been trying to find some quote - something to the effect that in certain circumstances, community is indistinguishable from government. Regardless, I shouldn't assume everybody believes that. I'll rewrite the intro, using the idea that the Wikipedia is a benevolent dictatorship like a normal open source programming project. From there, I'll work to this idea.

 * I'll also limit the mandate of the Legislature to a narrow field, namely, to give community approval for potentially disruptive changes to the underlying software of the Wikipedia. For example, VfD reform, spellchecking, and things like this proposal. If the idea works for that, then that mandate might be expanded, with the blessing of the Community, the Legislature, and Jimbo.

 * Once I get a polished final draft, how would you recommend I go about getting approval/consensus for the idea? crazyeddie 22:22, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No worries on the terminology mixup. "Administrators" is not a great word for the job, anyway (some prefer "custodian" or "janitor").

 * Regarding the revised idea, I agree that you should keep it as stremelined as possible, and that if the expansions make sense to the community, they'll happen. In fact, I think you should divide it into two ideas:
 * dividing article pages into "districts" (or, in my terms: "interest areas") and providing a place for people to publically announce they are focusing on those pages.
 * vesting elective power in those groups (the "place for people to...") in order to elect a body with the combination powers of the Arbitration Comittiee, VfD and RfA.

 * I think the first proposal won't meet with too much objections, although I may be wrong, but I think the second, especially if combined with the first, will generate a lot of objection.

 * As for where to go to get consensus, look a the proposal for Preliminary Deletion, look at the Survey's pages, start a discussion on the village pump, of course. Things like that.  JesseW 03:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

That's more or less my plan. This isn't the first mad idea I've tried to get implemented, so I'm going to try to slowly build support for the idea. My plan to implement it: Firstly, I'm going to try to recruit a few supporters. This will hopefully help build consensus later when I go "public". Also, that will help get the kinks in both the idea and the presentation worked out. (Hopefully you're supporter number 1. I'm going to try for 10.)

Then I'll put the entire plan, both parts 1 and 2, on the proposal, policy, and technical forums, in order. That might be a bit much, but this is a pretty radical idea and needs as much debugging as possible. Doing it that way will make part #1 more controversial, but it will help lay the groundwork for building a consensus for #2. (Actually, I think Birds-of-a-feather idea isn't controversial enough - it would be hard to get a developer's attention long enough to get the work done! I think the Representative districts will end up a bit large for my liking, if so, I think I'll try to get smaller BOAF groups formed, after I get done with the Legislature idea.)

Assuming I haven't found one already by that point, my next job would be to find someone able and willing to implement part #1. That part's non-controversial enough not to need further consensus gathering, at least IMO. Getting the actual work out of the way will clear a major hurdle for getting consensus. After districting is set up and debugged, I would then try to get consensus for part #2, starting from the Village Pump and probably winding up in that survey area. It would be nice to get Jimbo's rubber stamp also.

I think I'll keep the proposed Legislature focused on approving possibly messy software changes. IMO, that's the area where the need for representative government is the greatest. If it's a success there, then I think it will naturally take over other roles. I'll also try to keep the proposed plan as streamlined as possible. Unfortunately, I think my revised intro will be considerably longer. crazyeddie 07:18, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Incidently, any idea what the "population" of en.wikipedia is? Assume a "person" as being roughly defined as "non-bot, non-banned login with activity in the last 30 days". I was also wonder how many of those have over 100 edits. crazyeddie 07:25, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Crazyeddie/Districting


text:
Sixtoo

Sixtoo was the main project of Canadian underground hip hop DJ, producer and rapper Vaughn Robert Squire between 1996 and 2007. He has since retired the Sixtoo name, and is pursuing other directions in electronic music, with a large genre shift from experimental hip hop to deeper club sounds of various tempos. He has also released music as Speakerbruiser Rob, and Prison Garde.

History
Sixtoo rose to prominence in the mid-1990s underground hip hop scene, initially as half of Halifax, Nova Scotia hip hop duo Sebutones, along with Buck 65. During that time, he worked with Sage Francis, Moka Only, Mr. Dibbs and other members of Anticon.

In 2000, Sixtoo moved to Montreal where he signed on with UK-based record label Vertical Form. Soon after came the release of Antagonist Survival Kit, a synth-based sample album that showcased both sides of his skills: on the mic and on the sampler.

In 2003, Sixtoo signed to Ninja Tune. His debut album on the label, Chewing on Glass & Other Miracle Cures, has won acclaim in the international electronic beats community in 2004.

Since silencing the Sixtoo project, he has had a string of visible live P.A. projects including Megasoid along with Hadji Bakara, a former member of Wolf Parade. He has also collaborated with Ango (born Andrew Gordon Macpherson) and Lunice (born Lunice Pierre Fermin) on the electronic music project Nouveau Palais. The trio released Avant Gang in 2012.

Sixtoo entirely produced Isaiah Toothtaker's Sea Punk Funk in 2012.

Albums

 * Superstar Props (1994)
 * Four Elements (1995)
 * Return of the Seeker (1996)
 * Progress (1997)
 * The Psyche Intangible (1998)
 * The Psyche Continuum (1999)
 * Songs I Hate (and Other People Moments) (2000)
 * Duration (2001)
 * Antagonist Survival Kit (2001)
 * Antagonist Survival Kit Instrumentals (2001)
 * Almost a Dot on the Map: The Psyche Years 1996-2002 (2004)
 * Chewing on Glass & Other Miracle Cures (2004)
 * Jackals and Vipers in Envy of Man (2007)
 * Système Hermès Volume One (2011) (as Prison Garde)
 * Occultsystem (2014) (as Prison Garde)

Mixtapes

 * Boogie Screw (2012) (as Prison Garde)

EPs

 * Termination Dubs (2000)
 * Body Ache Summer (2004)
 * Boxcutter Emporium (2004)
 * It's the Mindfuck Yo! Sit Your Ass Down (2006)
 * Forts (2014) (as Prison Garde)
 * October (2015) (as Prison Garde)

Singles

 * "A Work in Progress" (2001)
 * "The Secrets That Houses Keep" (2001)
 * "Outremont Mainline Runs Across the Sunset" (2001)
 * "Krunk's Not Dead" (2005) (as Six Vicious)
 * "Two Strikes" (2005)
 * "Next" (2006)
 * "Fight" (2006)

Collaborations

 * Albums
 * Sebutones - 50/50 Where It Counts (1998)
 * Villain Accelerate - Maid of Gold (2003)

 * Mixtapes
 * Megasoid - Tank Thong Re-Mixtape (2008)
 * Megasoid - Remix Runners Re-Mixtape (2009)

 * EPs
 * Sebutones - Psoriasis (1996)
 * Sixtoo / Moka Only - Crystal Senate (1997)
 * Garde & Eames - Bricks (2011)
 * Nouveau Palais - Avant Gang (2012)

 * Singles
 * Hip Club Groove - "Cool Beans" (1993)
 * Sebutones - "Sebutone Def" (1997)
 * Sixtoo & Matth - "He Did Glass Music" (2003)
 * Sixtoo vs. Simahlak - "All Star Battle" (2003)
 * DJ Signify and Six Vicious - "No One Leaves" (2005)
 * Sixtoo & Norsola - "Homages" (2005)

Guest appearances

 * The Goods - "Saga" from Dream Sequence (1999)
 * Sole - "Nothing Fell Apart" from Bottle of Humans (2000)
 * Shape Shifters - "Man 2 Ape 2 Fish" from Know Future (2000)
 * Alias - "Awaken" from "Final Act" (2001)
 * Aquasky - "The Shamen" from The Shamen (2001)
 * Stigg of the Dump - "Garbage Rain", "Pointing Fingers", and "Short Strings" from Still Alive at the Veglia Lounge (2002)
 * Hip Club Groove - "Cool Beans", "Big Bad Stylee '91", and "Fluctuating Mental States" from Unreleased & Rare (2010)

Productions

 * Hip Club Groove - "Pornostar" from Land of the Lost (1996)
 * Sole - "Nothing Fell Apart" from Bottle of Humans (2000)
 * Kunga 219 - "Fine Spirits" and "Lonesome Cowboy: Part 2 ('98 Revisited)" from Tharpa's Transcripts... A Time and a Place (2000)
 * Anticon - "Pitty Party People" from We Ain't Fessin' (Double Quotes) (2002)
 * Sage Francis - "Crack Pipes", "Different", "Buckets of Silence", "Black Sweatshirt", and "Cup of Tea" from Personal Journals (2002)
 * Knowself & Moves - "Reality of Birth" and "Meaning?" from Pseudo Freedom in the Age of Manipulation (2004)
 * Recyclone - "The Dead World" from Corroding the Dead World (2005)
 * Sage Francis - "Crumble" and "Ground Control" from A Healthy Distrust (2005)
 * Moka Only - "More Soup" from The Desired Effect (2005)
 * Sage Francis - "Broccilude" from Human the Death Dance (2007)
 * Isaiah Toothtaker - "Biters Eat a Dick", "Cypher & Sphere", "Free Gear", and "Ready to Die" from Murs 3:16 Presents (2008)
 * Isaiah Toothtaker - "Hard as Hell", "Werewolfing", and "Bass Face" from Yiggy (2010)
 * Isaiah Toothtaker - Sea Punk Funk (2012)

Remixes

 * DJ Vadim - "Edie Brickell (Sixtoo Remix)" (2003)
 * Smyglssana - "Foaming Prairie (Sixtoo Remix)" from We Can Fix It Remixes (2003)
 * Lali Puna - "Small Things (Sixtoo Remix)" from I Thought I Was Over That (2005)
 * Amon Tobin - "Kitchen Sink (Sixtoo Remix)" from Kitchen Sink Remixes (2007)
 * Ghislain Poirier - "No More Blood (Megasoid Remix)" from No Ground Under (2007)
 * Thunderheist - "Jerk It (Megasoid Remix)" (2008)
 * Hovatron - "Gypsy Trader (Prison Garde Remix)" (2011)
 * Monolithium - "Simon & G-Funk (Prison Garde Remix)" (2011)
 * Gunplay & Isaiah Toothtaker - "Frownin (Sixtoo Remix)" (2013)

Compilation appearances

 * "Simulated Snow" "Holy Shit!" on Music for the Advancement of Hip Hop (1999)
 * "Grimey Inks the Moment" on Giga Single (2001)

title: Sixtoo


text:
Wattie Buchan

Walter David "Wattie" Buchan (born 24 July 1957) is a Scottish punk rock musician, best known as the lead vocalist for the Exploited.

Early life
Buchan was born in Edinburgh on 24 July 1957. He served in the British Army as a soldier prior to joining the Exploited. He became interested in punk rock in the 1970s after hearing music by bands such as Sex Pistols.

Career
The Exploited are a Scottish punk rock band from the second wave of UK punk, formed in 1978. Originally playing styles such as street punk and oi!, the band played styles such as crossover thrash later on. Formed in Edinburgh by Wattie's younger brother Terry, they signed to Secret Records in March 1981 and released their debut EP Army Life. The album Punks Not Dead followed in the same year. Despite many lineup changes, the band continued into the 2000s, and has developed a worldwide following.

Personal life
Buchan is married to Gena Buchan.

Health
In February 2014, Buchan suffered a heart attack on stage in Lisbon, Portugal. The Exploited had been touring with Hatebreed and Napalm Death. He was admitted to S. José Hospital in Lisbon after the show and later moved to S. Marta Hospital to recover and undergo heart surgery. The Exploited cancelled the remaining of the Tour Of Chaos 2014 due to Buchan's condition. On 29 June 2014, the Exploited's Facebook page provided an update on Buchan's condition, saying that after a successful heart operation, the band was practising new material.

In an interview with Rock Hard Magazine in May 2016, he said that he had suffered from depression, which was affecting his ability to write new lyrics.

Views and beliefs
Buchan openly hates politics. He also hates religion. When asked about religion, Buchan said, "I fuckin' hate religion. For me everyone's free to believe in something. Just because you believe in some of it, doesn't mean that you…but I can't understand people that care about religion more than anything else. I am like 'What? What the fuck?!?' I just hate religion." Buchan is an anarchist. Buchan has condemned several politicians, including George W. Bush, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair. Buchan said about Thatcher: "She was a bit of a cunt, but at least she was honest". The Exploited's song "Maggie" is about Thatcher. In the song "Maggie" lyrics, Buchan calls Thatcher a "cunt". Buchan has said that Blair "is a total fucking, lying fanny wank." Buchan has criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq war that began in 2003. Buchan said: "It's unbelievable, these people have got so much power, and they start all these wars. Everybody sees that, but nobody does anything to stop that."

Buchan is pro-Palestine and has condemned Israel's treatment of the Palestinians. In an interview with I Probably Hate Your Band, Buchan expressed his pro-Palestinian views, saying: "even with Israel and Palestine, the Palestinian people are like prisoners and the world does nothing about it because America's behind them, backing them because they want bases for their airplanes in that area." One of the songs The Exploited has worked on during the 2010s is a song called "My TV", which Buchan says "is about watching the news with Israel bombing Palestine and politicians being greedy cunts." Buchan has also criticized the foreign policy of both the United States and Britain. Buchan said: "A lot of the problems have been made between Britain and America. Like Iraq, fucking Libya ... it's all to do with oil. All to do with fucking oil. Now Gadhafi's away, fucking Saddam Hussein's away, and it's just like the people that live there just live a life of misery … even with Israel and Palestine, the Palestinian people are like prisoners and the world does nothing about it because America's behind them, backing them because they want bases for their airplanes in that area. And I find that really sad, that all the problems with terrorism, I think, because if someone killed my family then I'd want revenge. You've got hundreds and thousands of these civilians getting killed, thousands and thousands of people getting killed and it's like, if someone killed my family, I'd want revenge. And a lot of it's just to do with oil. And then ISIS, America gave them their fucking weapons in the first place. America and Britain gave them all weapons because it suits them, and when it doesn't suit them they're fucking terrorists. It's fucking shit, man."

Feuds and criticism towards other musicians
Buchan is known for criticizing other musicians and starting feuds with other musicians. The Exploited's Punks Not Dead album's title is a reaction to anarcho punk contemporaries Crass' song "Punk is Dead". Buchan has been open about disliking Crass, saying: "People listen to bands and believe what they sing about. Crass was just words." He stated "they were full of shit. They said they believed in this and that, but bought record companies under other people's names so it couldn't be traced back to them. It was all about money with them." Other than Crass, Buchan has criticized multiple other bands and musicians including Henry Rollins, Jello Biafra, Green Day, Bad Religion, Linkin Park, The Offspring, and Descendents. Buchan has also criticized the emo genre, saying "Emo's shit! They can stick it up their ass!" Buchan accused the punk rock band the Buzzcocks of selling out. Buchan said about the Buzzcocks: "They used to be good but they really sold out. A lot of the bands here used to be good until they turned to more pop rock. Like when I was a punk (when I was young), I used to see the Buzzcocks live. It was great." When the Exploited were at Amnesia Rockfest, Buchan, during an interview, criticized the other bands at the music festival, saying: "Well, here at Rockfest, you got a lot of bands that define themselves as punk bands but they're shit. They are so pop-oriented that they don't even stand for any values; they do not deserve the status of being defined as punk bands."

Buchan has been known for openly disliking former Dead Kennedys member Jello Biafra. The Exploited's song "I Hate You" is about Jello Biafra. On the album Live at the White House, he introduces the song with an insult to Biafra and claims that he slept with his wife. On the same album, he dedicates the song "Wankers" to the artist Pushead, who claimed that he was neither paid nor credited for his work with the band, and the song "Daily News" to Maximumrocknroll. When asked in a documentary why he disliked Biafra, Buchan said that he could not remember. In May 2016, Buchan also criticised Slayer for refusing to allow the Exploited to appear on stage with them after the Exploited had allowed Slayer to cover [collaborating with Ice-T] three of their songs for the Judgment Night soundtrack for only a small payment. Buchan was asked which bands he liked after he criticised several other acts appearing at Amnesia Rockfest. Buchan responded by mentioning Charged GBH, Carcass, No Fun at All, Skinny Puppy, and Ministry. He also said of Slayer: "Slayer's okay. I mean, only some of their stuff is okay. I'll restrain myself from saying anything more about them." Buchan said about Real McKenzies: "I don't feel any special political bond with them – my brother, the drummer of the band, is a lot more conscious of Scottish politics. However, I've played with them a few times; they're total alcoholics. Good people: their gigs are always excitin'."

Feud with Conflict
After the appearance by the Exploited on Top of the Pops to perform "Dead Cities" in 1981, the hardcore punk band Conflict criticized the decision to appear on the programme with the song "Exploitation". This began a long-standing feud between the Exploited and Conflict, which divided the punk community and caused occasional clashes between the bands' fans (known as The Barmy Army for the Exploited and the Conflict Crew).

Feud with Green Day
At an awards ceremony for a music magazine, Buchan was presenting an award that was won by Green Day, a band that Buchan hates. Buchan had to present the award to Green Day. Buchan alleged that during the after-party Green Day member Billie Joe Armstrong confronted him and said "when you die, I'm going to be standing over your grave, laughing at ya." Buchan said he then responded to Armstrong, saying to Armstrong: "I've got something you'll never have, mate. You could have a big record company and loads of money but I've got something you'll never have, and that's respect from the punks. You can not buy that, you have to earn it." The two then had to be separated by onlookers.

Studio albums

 * Punks Not Dead (1981)
 * Troops of Tomorrow (1982)
 * Let's Start a War... (Said Maggie One Day) (1983)
 * Horror Epics (1985)
 * Death Before Dishonour (1987)
 * The Massacre (1990)
 * Beat the Bastards (1996)
 * Fuck the System (2002)

Live albums

 * On Stage (1981)
 * Live at the Whitehouse (1986)
 * Live in Japan (1991)

Compilation albums

 * Totally Exploited (1984)
 * Singles Collection (1991)
 * Twenty Five Years of Anarchy and Chaos (2004)
 * Complete Punk Singles Collection (2005)

Split albums

 * Don't Let 'Em Grind You Down (with Anti-Pasti) (1981)

EPs

 * "Army Life" (1980)
 * "Barmy Army" (1980)
 * "Dead Cities" (1981)
 * "Rival Leaders" (1983)
 * "Jesus Is Dead" (1986)
 * "War Now" (1988)

Singles

 * "Army Life" (1980)
 * "Exploited Barmy Army" (1980)
 * "Dogs of War" (1981)
 * "Dead Cities" (1981)
 * "Attack/Alternative" (1982)
 * "Computers Don't Blunder" (1982)

Videography

 * Alive at Leeds (1983)
 * Sexual Favours (1987)
 * Live in Japan (1993)
 * Rock and Roll Outlaws (1995)
 * Beat 'Em All (2004)

Music videos

 * "Troops of Tomorrow" (1982)
 * "U.S.A." (1982)
 * "Sexual Favours" (1987)
 * "Beat the Bastards" (1996)
 * "Never Sell Out" (2003)
 * "Chaos is My Life" (2003)
 * "You're a Fucking Bastard" (2003)

title: Wattie Buchan


text:
Talk:Rechargeable battery

Freezing
You guys need to add a section discussing the merits of freezing or refrigerating rechargeable batteries to rejuvenate them (restore their ability to hold a charge). Trust me this is not a myth. I have quite a few batteries in the freezer right now.--God Ω War 01:46, 3 August 2006.--Patl (talk) 13:15, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

Recharging while power is on
I've heard that leaving a small device (such as a cell phone or PDA) on while recharging can shorten the life of a battery. Is there any merit to this? D4S 06:00, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It probably depends on the device. If the voltage and current delivered to the battery aren't affected (because there's ample power from the wall socket) then certainly not.  If there's less juice delivered to the battery, it might make a difference, or it might just charge more slowly.  The best thing to do is to read the owner's manual, but there may be a more general answer we could give. -- Beland (talk) 18:20, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Using the cell phone while recharging doesn't effect the life of the battery, but it delivers less juice to the battery causing the charge to be longer so people take the phone off before  the phone is properly charged causing the belief of the short battery life crises.

Can rechargeables damage devices?
I have a high-power red laser pointer (containing a standard silicon laser) that runs for about 2 hours on two single-use CR123A 3V 1000mAh cells (total voltage around 6 volts). I wish to use rechargeable batteries of the same voltage/power but have been told by the seller that rechargeables could damage the laserpointer. Is it really possible for rechargeables which provide exactly the same voltage and power (3v, 1000mAh per cell) to cause damage?

Sorry if this is not the right place to ask such a question, but I knew the clever people at Wikipedia might have the answer :)

Thanks in advance for any help. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.110.75.70 (talk) 14:20, 18 March 2007 (UTC).
 * Even though rechargeables often produce slightly different output (as noted in the article) and don't last as long, I doubt it would be damaging. The manufacturer should know best. -- Beland (talk) 18:20, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Yeah, depends. You can use fewer parts if you use specific battery characterisitics, cheaper product but sloppy design. Example is cheap White LED flashlights: 3.7 V lithium battery, 3.2 V LED forward voltage, 10 Ohm battery internal resistance, therefore ~50 mA current and bright but within many LED current limits. If you use 3 Nickel Cadmium cells which have lower internal resistance (~1 Ohm each) you fry the LED with 150 mA. A light with 3 AG10 alkaline button cells (1.55 V each; about 5 ohms total) for 4.5V and a 25 Ohm series resistor (in the flashlight) would still work with 2 lead acid cells (4.4 volts and 2 ohms total). Laser diodes will emit at low currents but only emit coherent light (lase) at high currents, near the point where they fry. (Many non-laser LEDs emit coherent light at high currents.) Rapidly pulsing the current with high peak current but low average current ("strobing") also increasing efficiency and visibility. The circuitry for peak current limit and pulse generation should be fairly battery independent.Shjacks45 (talk) 02:45, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Connecting the battery for recharging
A section should be made how the batteries can be connected for recharging. This can eg be done using WiTricity or a regular solid wire connection KVDP (talk) 14:29, 26 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Yet another believer that Tesla was God. Will the miracles never cease? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shjacks45 (talk • contribs) 02:51, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Charge cycle
I suggest include in the article what is a charge cycle. --Nudecline (talk) 11:46, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

There were other batteries
Another wiki had Lithium-Cobalt(III)Oxide and there was an industrial battery promoted by a Vancouver company using Lithium-ManganeseDisulfide. The NiH2 battery should have a redirect to fuel cell technology as that's what it is. The Nickel Metal Hydride and Platinum in the Nickel Hydrogen batteries both act as fuel cells, the Raney Nickel ("Metal Hydride") catalyst (like Palladium metal) stores Hydrogen in its molecular lattice. In both cases Nickelic(III)Hydroxide serves as the oxidizer. There should be a note about battery chemistry: acid aqueous, alkaline aqueous, and non-aqueous. There is a -0.8 volt shift between hydrogen in acidic (where H has zero volt potential) media to hydrogen in Alkaline media, also affecting other metals such as zinc and aluminum. The charging efficiency of aqueous batteries is affected when hydrogen potential is lower than the metal, even considering the lower hydrogen ion concentration in alkaline solution. Shjacks45 (talk) 03:14, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

There is nothing in Wikipedia regarding Ultrafire/Truefire/othersfire (brandnamefire) batteries. There is, AFAIK, limited usage and market for these types although many internet sites, mainly Asian, are selling them, information regarding them is very limited. This needs adding either by brandname or original name, of which I can't find. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thatwey (talk • contribs) 07:28, 27 October 2011 (UTC)

maximum safe discharge current
I'm missing in the table maximum safe discharge current (internal impedance) and maximum safe charging current.

Preventing crystal growth and loss of charge capacity?
As I learn more about how rechargeable batteries work, it appears the main cause of loss of capacity is due to crystal formation while the cell is discharged. This is mentioned in the lead acid battery article and probably should by included here.

Once crystallized, the chemicals are so stable that they don't react (or react extremely slowly) when the battery is charged again, and is why lead acid batteries must be rapidly recharged after discharge or their charge capacity can become permanently damaged, and is why nickel cadmium batteries can develop the so-called memory effect.

One of the reasons lithium ion cells are so robust is due to the fact that stable crystals apparently don't form so easily in them when discharged, though it does still happen if the cells are subjected to many discharge/charge cycles.

It looks like paste-electrolyte rechargeable cells are more prone to crystal formation, as are gel-cell and absorbed glass mat lead acid cells, due to the lack of mechanical motion around the plates.

Are there any mechanical means of preventing crystal growth in wet cells? They normally charge through atomic diffusion only, and electrolyte motion in the liquid is kept to a minimum. What happens if the electrolyte is actively agitated within each cell? Would that impede crystal growth by preventing settling?

Can chemicals be added to the electrolyte of a cell which atomically "get in the way", to poison crystal growth, without affecting the charge-holding capacity?

I seem to be wandering deep into battery electrochemistry research.. :)

DMahalko (talk) 22:20, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * We look forward to the results of your research. I've read that large lead-acid battery banks are sometimes charged to the point of gassing to agitate the electrolyte, but this is more to equalize electrolyte concentration from top to bottom in the cells than to affect crystal growth sizes. --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:20, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

 * After some more exploring it appears the situation is reversed for nickel cadmium vs lead acid, but the problem of lost cell capacity is still crystal formation.

 * The memory effect is apparently due to crystals forming while a NiCd cell is kept continuously charged, and discharging to depletion can help to more fully re-dissolve crystals in NiCd cells, and reduce the memory effect.

 * In both cases as crystals form, the crystals apparently can grow large enough to mechanically short out the cell either by pressing on the conductive plates or growing and bridging the plate gap themselves. (It's not clear to me yet, if either or both are possible in lead acid and nickel cadmium.) DMahalko (talk) 05:34, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

 * As most people know, the memory effect was a myth dreampt up by salesmen trying to hawk (the then new) nickel-metal-hydride technology at a time when the capacity was approximately the same as nickel-cadmium, but the price was five times higher (i.e. why would anyone in their right mind specify them?). The myth was subverted from certain specialised nickel-cadmium batteries of sintered construction and made for spacecraft use which do exhibit this effect, but only when discharged to exactly the same point on each cycle.  For all battery types likely to be encountered by the average consumer, no 'memory effect' has been shown to exist.  All nickel based batteries suffer from a problem that some take to be symptoms of memory effect, but the cause is quite different and easily repairable. 86.157.171.34 (talk) 12:24, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree with the User:DMahalko that this article should say some words about rechargeable batteries "wearing out" and what those causes are. The memory effect article says that the true memory effect is not relevant to normal wearout. What is actually going on in typical batteries? What is the name of this "problem ... that ... is quite different and easily repairable"? --DavidCary (talk) 22:46, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Efficiency
There was a lot of poorly (ie none at all) referenced data for the "efficiency" of the various battery chemistries, there are several ways to report the efficiency noted in the following documents: http://my.ece.ucsb.edu/York/Bobsclass/194/LecNotes/Lect%20-%20Batteries.pdf http://www.evs24.org/wevajournal/php/download.php?f=vol4/WEVA4-4002.pdf

If a comparison between the batteries is to be made they will need citations with the same form of measurement. When discussing energy storage the Energy Efficiency is clearly the most representative measure, rather than the (larger) Coulomb or Voltage Efficiencies.

The Efficiency column has been removed until a suitable set of references can be obtained for the data. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 57.70.32.210 (talk) 03:56, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Alkaline
The rechargeable alkaline battery doesn't belong in the table. It's simply an alkaline battery sold at inflated prices with some bull story. The few user reviews i've read were negative. Not even sure if they are still being sold, the precharged low self-discharge NiMH has probably removed the last niche market they had. And since those have become the standard NiMH battery sold in the shops, maybe that discharge figure of 30% for NiMH should be changed, or they should be listed separately? Ssscienccce (talk) 01:54, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

'Current Flow'...
All instances of 'current flow' are confusing and fundamentally wrong. Current doesn't flow, current *is* a flow of charge:

 * Since a current is a flow of charge, the common expression "flow of current" should be avoided, since literally it means "flow of flow of charge.
 * - Modern College Physics: Sears, Wehr, & Zemanski

See also: [http://amasci.com/miscon/eleca.html#current ELECTRIC CURRENT IS A FLOW OF ENERGY? Wrong.] — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.73.226.224 (talk) 15:01, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

Lithium–titanate
I was told by Leclanché SA (Switzerland) that they sell their "TiBox" for 10.000,- CHF/US$ for private customers. Power content of the "TiBox" is around 3200 Wh --> 0.32 Wh/US$ 213.180.184.217 (talk) 16:51, 26 November 2014 (UTC)
 * But an 8-pack of rechargeable AA cells at Wal Mart is .68 watthours/$US. What's a "TiBox" ? --Wtshymanski (talk) 17:54, 26 November 2014 (UTC)

Bad chart
the chart/photo captioned "Graph of mass and volume energy densities of several secondary cells" list aluminium cans as a type of battery. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.169.187.131 (talk) 09:04, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

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Company claims
"company claimed"

We should be very careful with these, are many companies are quick to make bold claims to inflate their value, and then fail to deliver.

Heck, there are companies claiming free energy out there... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Musaran (talk • contribs) 12:07, 7 July 2016 (UTC)

Mistakes at File:Secondary cell energy density
There are several mistakes: That is why I decided to remove it--Divega (talk) 09:55, 15 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Why LiFe are separate, although they are just have different type of cathode?
 * LiPol are not real LiPol, it is just a hybrid, if not only polymer separator?
 * Why certain types of LiIon are separated and all other are together? There are a lot of different chemistry combinations.

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Lifespan and cycle stability
Can we mention (and make a seperate page) for the Ferrocene-viologen flow battery designed by Harvard University ? Appearantly, it lasts up to a decade and it's water-based, so at its end-of-life, the recycling would be very easy with this battery-type. references: http://www.wired.co.uk/article/flow-battery-energy-grids-harvard-university https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2017/02/long-lasting-flow-battery-could-run-for-more-than-decade-with-minimum-upkeep KVDP (talk) 14:27, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

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Newspaper clippings
Wikipedia is not a collection of randomly associated facts. A list of randomly selected headlines is not suitable content for an encyclopedia article. Electric cars have their own articles and detailed discussion of that application belongs in those articles, not in this overview. We should explain what "charging time" means, not just recite random news bites. We should explain what the objectives of research in rechargeable batteries is, not just note down Professor Wesley Crusher's latest 3-d nanotechnology research paper. --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:52, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

Image needs a correction
Under ”Charging and discharging” the image “Secondary Cell Diagram.svg” contains in the right part the words Charge, Negative and Anode. One of the words is wrong. When charging a secondary cell the negative electrode is the cathode. To call the negative electrode an anode (only) is a misuse by some lithium-ion cell researchers and manufacturers. Professor George Zheng Chen at University of Nottingham has suggested using the word negatrode for the negative electrode to avoid confusion. Or maybe negode could be a suitable word, just two syllables like anode. The words anode and cathode were introduced by Michael Faraday in 1834 and in his paper these two words are clearly related to the current direction, not the electrode polarity. Adding some arrows to the image, indicating the current direction and the ion movement direction, would be helpful in understanding the electrochemical process during charging (or discharging). --Stenallan (talk) 22:58, 10 February 2018 (UTC)

Citing "batteryuniversity.com"?
I've resolved my own issue. To summarise (my deleted, original comment and the results of my findings), I tried to update a section with references to Battery University, but it turns out the site is on the spam blacklist because of unreliable/anecdotal information being passed as fact (source). Hopefully this will save any future editors running into this issue some time. --Achiox (talk) 19:05, 3 November 2018 (UTC)

Damage during storage in fully discharged state
This section is mixing up battery chemistries. It talks about sulphation in lead-acid batteries left in a discharged state, and then goes on to state that batteries should be kept at a charge of 30-70%.

In reality, lead-acid batteries suffer from sulphation when left at any state of charge other than 100%. The 30-70% state of charge is a figure given for lithium-ion batteries, and then solely from a long discredited source. In general, nickel-cadmium, nickel-iron, nickel-metal-hydride can be kept in any state of charge from 0 to 100% without damage. These chemistries can be stored indefinitely at zero charge. However, the lithum-ion chemistry should never be allowed to discharge below 3.0 volts per cell (2.4 volts for some older Sony chemistries) as irreversible damage will occur. They can be stored at any voltage above the minimum given, but attention should be given to the cells self discharging below that voltage especially if there is a monitoring circuit providing a current draw. 86.146.209.211 (talk) 13:01, 30 January 2019 (UTC)

"Accu"
ACCU and Accu (battery) both redirect here. The former page describes it as "a battery that can be restored to full charge by the application of electrical energy", and I notice a lot of eBay listings for batteries have the word "accu" in the title. I assume it's short for "accumulator", but is it slang, and where does it come from? China? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 14:32, 15 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Five minutes on the Web suggests this might be another gift that Wikipedia has given the language - I found a site where some translators are arguing about this and citing Wikipedia as their example of usage. It's not English as I understand it - there seem to be German batteries with a trademark of "Akku". Here's where someone from East Cheem pipes up and disparages my parochialism by saying he just bought a new accu for his lorry on the way to a football match.--Wtshymanski (talk) 00:11, 16 September 2019 (UTC)
 * "Akku" translates from German to English as either 'battery' or 'accumulator' (dictionaries variously giving either or both). German sourced rechargeable batteries have, in the past, been sold under the pseudo translated term of 'accu' which could be regarded as an abbreviation for 'accumulator'. 'Accumulator' is an archaic [British] English term for a lead-acid rechargeable battery with particular referral to the single cell lead acid battery used to power the filaments in very old valve (vacuum tube) radios. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.157.153.165 (talk) 12:41, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

"Date of discharge" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Date of discharge. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 23 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Talk 05:50, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rechargeable battery


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User:Xuenay

A (very) part-time Wikipedian hailing from Helsinki, Finland.

See my personal website for more information.

title: User:Xuenay


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User:Krubo

Wikipedia is a work in progress

title: User:Krubo


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Mouton

Mouton may refer to:

 * Mouton, Charente, a commune in France
 * Mouton, Louisiana, an unincorporated community in the United States
 * Mouton fur, a sheepskin that has been made to resemble beaver or seal
 * Mouton de Gruyter, a scholarly publishing house
 * Château Mouton Rothschild, a Bordeaux wine producer, formerly named simply Mouton
 * Mons Mouton, a plateau on the lunar south pole

People

 * Alexandre Mouton (1804–1885), United States Senator from, and Governor of, Louisiana
 * Alfred Mouton (1829–1864), Confederate general in the American Civil War
 * Charles Mouton (1617–before 1699), French baroque lutenist and composer
 * Eugène Mouton (1823–1902), French fiction writer, also known as Mérinos
 * François Henri Mouton (1804–1876), French and Sikh army officer
 * Gabriel Mouton (1618–1694), French scientist who suggested a system of measurement that was the inspiration for the metric system
 * Georges Mouton Comte de Lobau (1770–1838), French soldier and political figure, Marshal of France
 * Henri Mouton (1869–1935), French scientist known for the Cotton-Mouton effect
 * James Mouton (born 1968), American former Major League Baseball player
 * Jane Mouton (1930–1987), American specialist in the science and psychology of management
 * Jannie Mouton, South African billionaire
 * Jean Mouton (c. 1459–1522), French composer of the Renaissance era
 * Lyle Mouton (born 1969), American former Major League Baseball player
 * Melba Roy Mouton (1929–1990), American NASA scientist
 * Michèle Mouton (born 1951), French former rally driver
 * Jonas Mouton (born 1988), American former National Football League player

title: Mouton


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Clifford Robinson

Clifford Robinson is the name of:

 * Clifford Robinson (basketball, born 1966) (1966–2020), American basketball player in the NBA from 1989 to 2007
 * Cliff Robinson (basketball, born 1960), American basketball player in the NBA from 1979 to 1991
 * Clifford William Robinson (1866–1944), Canadian politician
 * Cliff Robinson (artist), British comic book artist
 * Cliff Robinson, former Chairman of West Sussex County Council, 1993-97

title: Clifford Robinson


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New Brunswick Community College

New Brunswick Community College (NBCC) is a community college located throughout various locations in New Brunswick, Canada including Moncton, Miramichi, Fredericton (its head office ), Saint John, St. Andrews, and Woodstock.

New Brunswick Community College provides over 90 programs, offered at six campuses, First Nations sites, and regional delivery sites throughout the province of New Brunswick.

On May 29, 2010, New Brunswick Community College embarked on a self-governance model with the proclamation of the New Brunswick Community Colleges Act. The move established NBCC as an autonomous Crown Corporation whereby the President and CEO of the college report to an elected Board of Governors.

Programs
New Brunswick Community College offers over 90 regular programs across 18 sectors. It provides other training in many apprenticeable trades, to corporate clients, and individuals through part-time courses.

New Brunswick Community College was one of the first colleges in North America to offer a program in video game design.

International Projects and Research Initiatives

 * Pan-Canadian Student Mobility Program (PSMP) (2004-2007), which provided numerous exchange opportunities between New Brunswick students and British Columbia students.
 * New Brunswick Community College was a founding member in the formation of the Atlantic Colleges Tourism Education Consortia (ACTEC), whose membership included post-secondary education institutional representatives from the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. ACTEC provided cross-institutional learning New Brunswick Community College for tourism students and professional development possibilities for faculty and staff in the industry.
 * NBCC is a founding member of the Cross-border Higher Education Program, which provides a supported transition for college students who wish to continue academic pathways in post-secondary studies in bachelor's or master's degree programs. Member partners also include St. Stephen's University in St. Stephen, New Brunswick; Washington County Community College in Calais, Maine; and University of Maine in Machias, Maine.
 * In 1999, New Brunswick Community College received the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Award of Excellence for its Canadian College Partnership Programs work in Jordan.
 * Again in 2002, New Brunswick Community College was recognized by the Canadian International Development Agency (Award of Excellence) for its international partnership with Universidad de Cienfuegos (UCF) in Cuba. Of critical importance for Universidad de Cienfuegos was the development and implementation of the Extension Services Centre.

title: New Brunswick Community College


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sixtoo

Sixtoo
Non-notable artist. Few results when doing the google test. Andries 23:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Apparently was blanked within fifteen minutes by same for actually being notable. Talk page preserved so that his eagerness may never escape him. Mackensen (talk) 01:03, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sixtoo


text: Talk:Exif

title: Talk:Exif


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User:JimTungLe

Great to be a members here, just conducting some research for a term paper.

title: User:JimTungLe


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Anders Gustaf Ekeberg

Anders Gustaf Ekeberg (16 January 1767 in Stockholm, Sweden – 11 February 1813 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish analytical chemist who discovered tantalum in 1802. He was notably deaf.

Education
Anders Gustav Ekeberg was a Swedish scientist, mathematician and expert in Greek literature. His father, Joseph Erik Ekeberg, was a shipbuilder. His uncle was Carl Gustaf Ekeberg.

Anders Gustav Ekeberg attended school at Kalmar, Söderåkra, Vestervik, and Karlskrona. He was a gifted student and enrolled at Uppsala University in 1784, graduating in 1788. His thesis addressed the extraction of oils from seeds. In 1789 and 1790, he traveled and studied in Germany, hearing Martin Heinrich Klaproth lecture in Berlin as well as Christian Ehrenfried Weigel in Greifswald.

Career
In 1794, Anders Gustav Ekeberg began teaching at Uppsala. He was a supporter of Antoine Lavoisier's proposals for systematizing chemical nomenclature. In 1795 he and Pehr von Afzelius published the first article to introduce the modern names for chemical elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen into the Swedish language, "On the Present State of Chemical Sciences".

He was made docent in chemistry in 1794 and experimentator (laborator) in 1799, working as a demonstrator in the laboratory of  Torbern Bergman. In 1798 he lectured on the theory of combustion. In 1799, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Ekeberg had poor health throughout his life. During his childhood a severe cold had impaired his hearing, which was further weakened over the years, so that it hindered his teaching activities. Subsequently, a gas explosion blinded him in one eye.

Ekeberg was portrayed by his friends and students as a kind and gentle man. He died, unmarried, at the age of 46.

Research
Ekeberg analyzed a number of the minerals found at Ytterby and Falun. In 1802 he analyzed specimens of tantalite from Kimito, Finland, and of yttrotantalite from Ytterby, Sweden. He is credited with finding the element tantalum in both.

Ekeberg named the new element after the mythical Ancient Greek demigod Tantalus. According to legend, he was condemned to eternal frustration when he had to stand in water up to his neck, but the water receded as he attempted to drink.

The Anders Gustaf Ekeberg Tantalum Prize
In 2018 the Tantalum-Niobium International Study Center established The Anders Gustaf Ekeberg Tantalum Prize ("Ekeberg Prize"), an annual award to recognize excellence in tantalum research. The Prize will increase awareness of the many unique properties of tantalum products and the applications in which they excel. The inaugural winner of the Ekeberg Prize was Yuri Freeman, for his book "Tantalum and Niobium-Based Capacitors" (Springer, 2018).

title: Anders Gustaf Ekeberg