text:
Cubans

Cubans (Cubanos) are people from Cuba or people with Cuban citizenship. Cuba is a multi-ethnic nation, home to people of different ethnic, religious and national backgrounds.

Census
The population of Cuba was 11,167,325 inhabitants in 2012. The largest urban populations of Cubans in Cuba (2012) are to be found in Havana (2,106,146), Santiago de Cuba (506,037), Holguín (346,195), Camagüey (323,309), Santa Clara (240,543) and Guantánamo (228,436). According to Cuba's Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas ONE 2012 Census, the population was 11,167,325 including: 5,570,825 men and 5,596,500 women.

Source.

European or white
In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 64.1% of the inhabitants self-identified as white. Based on genetic testing (2014) in Cuba, the average percentages of European, African and Native American ancestry in those auto-reporting to be white were 86%, 6.7%, and 7.8%, respectively. The majority of the European ancestry comes from Spain.

Sub-Saharan African
The Afro-Cuban population was 9.3% in the 2012 Census of Cuba. Just about 1.3 million Cubans described themselves as black. Thus a significant proportion of those living on the island affirm some sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Based on genetic testing in 2014, the average African, European and Native American ancestry in those self-reporting to be "negro (Black)" was 65.5% "African", 29% "European" ancestry and 5.5% "Native American" or other ancestry.

Although Afro-Cubans can be found throughout Cuba, Eastern Cuba has a higher concentration of Blacks than other parts of the island. Havana has the largest population of blacks of any city in Cuba.

Multiracial
In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 26.6% (2.97 million) of the Cubans self-identified as mulatto or mestizo.

East Asian
Officially called amarilla (yellow in English) in the Cuban census, Cubans of East Asian origins made up 1.02% of the population in the 2002 Census of Cuba. They are primarily made up of ethnic Chinese who are descendants of indentured laborers who came in the 19th century to build railroads and work in mines. Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were once classified as "white".

Amerindian
The number of people identifying as Taíno has not been formally recorded. Most of them live on the eastern part of the island, notably in Granma, Guantánamo, and Las Tunas.

The intermixing between European settlers and the native Taíno was prevalent in the early colonial era. Their mixed-race descendants have been historically undercounted.

According to a 2018 genome-wide data study, the eastern region of the island had an average Native American ancestry contribution of 10%, as compared to an average of 5% in the rest of the island.

Additionally, many North American Indians living in Spanish missions in Georgia and Florida were evacuated to Spanish Cuba along with the fleeing Spanish settlers following the loss of Spanish Florida. As a result, descendants of the Calusa, Tequesta, Timucua and other now-extinct indigenous peoples of Florida have been assimilated into the mainstream Cuban population. They comprise part of Cuba's Amerindian genetic makeup.

Intermarriage between diverse groups is so frequent as to be the rule.

Population changes
Cuba's birth rate (9.88 births per thousand population in 2006) is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere. Its overall population increased from around 7 million in 1961 to 11 million today, but the rate of increase slowed over time and has recently turned to a decrease, with the Cuban government in 2006 reporting the first drop in the population since the Mariel boatlift. Immigration and emigration have had noticeable effects on the demographic profile of Cuba during the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1930, close to a million Spaniards migrated to the island.

Since 1959, over a million Cubans have left the island, primarily to Miami, Florida, where a vocal, well-educated and economically successful exile community exists.

Genetics
An autosomal study from 2014 found the genetic ancestry in Cuba to be 72% European, 20% African and 8% Amerindian. Of note, there is high variability between regions within Cuba, with individuals from Western provinces having higher European ancestry on average, and those in the Eastern region having more African and Native American genetic contribution. Cuban genealogy has become a rising interest for Cubans in the last 15 years.

A 1995 study done on the population of Pinar del Río, found that 50% of the Mt-DNA lineages (female lineages) could be traced back to Europeans, 46% to Africans and 3% to Americans. This figure is consistent with both the historical background of the region, and the current demographics of it. According to another study in 2008, regarding the geographical origin attributed to each mtDNA haplogroup, 55% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin (namely, Europe and the Middle East) and 45% of African origin Regarding Y-chromosome haplogroups (male lineages), 78.8% of the sequences found in Cubans are of West Eurasian origin, 19.7% of African origin and 1.5% of East Asian origin. Among the West Eurasian fraction, the vast majority of individuals belong to West European haplogroup R1b. The African lineages found in Cubans have a Western (haplogroups E1, E2, E1b1a ) and Northern (E1b1b-M81 ) African origin. The North African haplogroup E1b1b1b (E-M81), is found at a frequency of 6.1%.

According to Fregel et al. (2009), the fact that autochthonous male E-M81 and female U6 lineages from the Canaries have been detected in Cuba and Iberoamerica, demonstrates that Canary Islanders with indigenous Guanche ancestors actively participated in the American colonization.

Cubans abroad
The United States has the largest number of Cubans outside Cuba. As of 2019, the United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey showed a total population of 1,359,990 Cubans. As of 2015, 68% of Cuban-born residents of the United States have naturalized automatically losing their Cuban citizenship. Significant populations of Cubans exist in the cities of Hialeah and Miami in Florida (995,439 Cubans in this state in 2017) and in Texas (60,381), New Jersey (44,974), California (35,364), New York (26,875), and Illinois (22,541)

The second largest Cuban diaspora is in Spain. As of 2019, there were 151,423 Cubans in Spain. Smaller numbers of Cubans live in Uruguay, Italy*, Mexico*, and Canada.

After the founding of the republic in 1902, a considerable migration (over 1 million) arrived from the Iberian peninsula to the island, between them were more than a few former Spanish soldiers who participated in the wars, and yet it never created an obstacle for the respect and affection of Cubans, who have always been proud of their origins. In December 2008, Spain began accepting citizenship applications from the descendants of people who went into exile after its brutal 1936-39 Civil War, part of a 2007 law meant to address the painful legacy of the conflict. This new Historical Memory Law has granted to more than 140,000 Cubans of Spanish ancestry the Spanish citizenship, and there were 143,048 Cubans with Spanish citizenship in Cuba and 93,004 in Spain on January 1, 2019. Under the law, the descendants had until December 2011 to present themselves at the Spanish embassy in their home country and turn in documentation that proves their parents or grandparents fled Spain between 1936 and 1955. They did not need to relinquish their current citizenship.

History
The first people known to have inhabited Cuba was the Siboney, an Amerindian people. They were followed by another Amerindian people, the Taíno who were the main population both of Cuba and other islands in The Antilles when Christopher Columbus first sighted the island in 1492. He claimed the islands for Spain and Cuba became a Spanish colony. It was to remain so until 1902 apart from a brief occupation by Britain in 1762, before being returned in exchange for Florida. Towards the end of the 19th century, Spain had lost most of its American possessions and a series of rebellions had shaken Cuba. This, combined with calls for annexation of Cuba in the United States, led to the Spanish–American War, and in 1902 Cuba gained formal independence.

During the first decades of the 20th century, USA interests were dominant and in Cuba, leading to large influence over the island. This ended in 1959 when de facto leader Fulgencio Batista was ousted by revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. Quickly deteriorating relations with the US led to Cuba's alliance with the Soviet Union and Castro's transformation of Cuba into a declared socialist republic. Cuban soldiers were sent overseas to fight in the Angolan Civil War and Ogaden War in the 1970s-1980s. Castro remained in power until 2008, first as Prime Minister then from 1976 as President of Cuba. Fidel was succeeded by his brother Raúl Castro.Miguel Díaz-Canel succeeds the brothers Fidel and Raúl Castro, making him the first non-Castro leader of Cuba since the revolution in 2018.Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel y Bermúdez (Spanish: [mi.ˈɣel ˈdi.as kaˈnel]; born 20 April 1960) is a politician and engineer who is the third first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba.

Culture and traditions

The culture of Cuba reflects the island's influences from various cultures, primarily European (Spanish),Taino and African.

One of the most distinctive parts of Cuban culture is Cuban music and dancing, being well-known far outside the country. Well known Hispanic music styles such as mambo, salsa, rumba, cha-cha-chá, bolero, and son originated in Cuba. The origins of much of Cuban music can be found in the mix of Spanish and West African music, while American musical elements such as trombones and big band were also significant elements in the formation of Cuban music. Cuban literature includes some of the most well-known names of the islands, such as writer and independence hero José Martí in the late 19th century. More contemporary Cuban authors include Daína Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Antonio Orlando Rodríguez, Zoé Valdés and Leonardo Padura Fuentes.

The Spanish language is spoken by virtually all Cubans on the island itself. Cuban Spanish is characterized by the reduction of several consonants, a feature that it shares with other dialects of Caribbean Spanish as well as the Canary Islands. Many Cuban-Americans, while remaining fluent in Spanish, use American English as one of their daily languages.

Religion
Cuba's prevailing religion is Roman Catholicism, although in some instances it is profoundly modified and influenced through syncretism. A common syncretic religion is Santería, which combined the Yoruba religion of the African slaves with some Catholicism; it shows similarities to Brazilian Umbanda and has been receiving a degree of official support.

The Roman Catholic Church estimates that 60 percent of the population is Catholic, with 10 percent attending mass regularly, while independent sources estimate that as few 1.5 percent of Catholics do so.

Membership in Protestant churches is estimated to be 5 percent and includes Baptists, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists, Presbyterians, Episcopal Church of Cuba|Episcopalians, Methodists, Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), and Lutherans. Other groups include the Greek Orthodox Church, the Russian Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Jews, Baháʼís, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Cuba is home to a variety of syncretic religions of largely African cultural origin. According to a US State Department report, some sources estimate that as much as 80 percent of the population consults with practitioners of religions with West African roots, such as Santeria or Yoruba. Santería developed out of the traditions of the Yoruba, one of the African peoples who were imported to Cuba during the 16th through 19th centuries to work on the sugar plantations. Santería blends elements of Christianity and West African beliefs and as such made it possible for the slaves to retain their traditional beliefs while appearing to practice Catholicism. La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre (Our Lady Of Charity) is the Catholic patroness of Cuba, and is greatly revered by the Cuban people and seen as a symbol of Cuba. In Santería, she has been syncretized with the goddess Ochún. The important religious festival "La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre" is celebrated by Cubans annually on 8 September. Other religions practised are Palo Monte, and Abakuá, which have large parts of their liturgy in African languages.

Symbols
The flag of Cuba is red, white, and blue; and was first adopted by Narciso López on a suggestion by the poet Miguel Teurbe Tolón. The design incorporates three blue stripes, representing the three provinces of the time (Oriente, Centro, and Occidente), and two white stripes symbolizing the purity of the patriotic cause. The red triangle stands for the blood shed to free the nation. The white star in the triangle stands for independence.

title: Cubans


text:
Template talk:Blocked proxy

Information
I, for one, do not know what a "proxy" is. I'm sure lots of people have no idea what an "IP address" is. Some links would be useful here. Brianjd 06:41, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)

 * I was just thinking that, too. Maybe Wiki links to define some of the various terms, plus external links detailing some possible ways to fix an open proxy?  Granted, the external links would be very difficult, as we don't know the specifics of why this user is on an open proxy and thus wouldn't know exactly how to fix it if it were a trojan... CaptainSpam 01:08, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Are you able to edit Wikipedia over an anonymous/open proxy if you are logged into your wikipedia account? Or does having a blocked IP address mean that you cannot use an account either? --ColdFeet 02:26, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

 * At the moment it means you can't use an account either. Solving this is Mediawiki bug 550 - David Gerard 15:04, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

copy-edit
I came across this template while following up on some minor vandalism. I'm reluctant to edit such a frequently-used template, but the last sentence is a run-on and confusing. I'd suggest: "If you did not know that you were editing from such a proxy, then you or your internet service provider may have a poorly configured system, or a trojan, that causes your system to act as an anonymizing proxy. This is a security hole; please try to fix it or report it to your ISP." Chick Bowen 05:57, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Should this template be substed?
The original instructions at WP:OP explicitly said that this template should be substed onto user talk pages. Since then, the instructions have been removed from that page entirely. WP:BP and Category:Wikipedia:Blocked open proxies seem to imply that it should not be substed. I've been consistently substing it based on the WP:OP instructions, but it appears that other admins have not been doing so, and in fact have assumed that it will never be substed. Personally I have no strong preference either way, but the usage should probably be consistent. So, which way should it be? —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 16:53, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, this template was designed to be used in the block reason (its contents show as the block reason when someone tries to edit from the blocked proxy), the same way as username block. I don't even know why it's used on user/user talk pages. --cesarb 22:59, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow, does that really work? I always assumed block messages were like edit summaries, in that template syntax doesn't work.  The templates don't seem to be displayed in the block log, but are they really shown to the blocked user?  In any case, I suppose the template still has to be included on an actual user (talk) page for the categorization to work, right?  —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 23:46, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, the template is meant to be used on the user or talk page. I see no reason not to substitute it, as there's no reason to update it thereafter. If there's a need to recategorise the pages, for example, it can easily be done with a bot using very simple regex. // Pathoschild (admin / talk) 23:54, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * (edit conflict) This is how it used to look, before people started getting the idea to put it on user pages. Notice how it was much better back then — a lot more information to the blocked user (and there's no way that would fit in the block reason field, which is why a template is needed). The text which appears when blocked looked like this. If you want to see it in action, just go to one of the many open web proxies I blocked, like for instance  (you have to try a few times; that proxy has a lot of different IP addresses, and some of them have different block reasons). --cesarb 00:10, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * A quick look at the contributions of the original creator of this template shows    that it was meant to be used as a block reason from the beginning. --cesarb 00:21, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It doesn't matter whether the template is used on the user or talk page, as blocked users will realise their block through MediaWiki:Blockedtext and not through their talk pages. The current version links users to the WikiProject on open proxies, where they are greeted with bolded text suggesting they read Help:Blocked. This page provides vastly more information than could be fit into the template. // Pathoschild (admin / talk) 03:10, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Redesign of this template?
If I could, I would edit this template in order do divide Category:Wikipedia:Blocked open proxies into subcategoies. I am sure there is a technical possibility to do so, but I'm not the person to do it. There are too many pages in the category, and browsing them 200 at a time isn't a very pleasant task. RaSten 12:03, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This category isn't really intended to be browsed; it catalogues blocked open proxies so that they can be rechecked at a later time by a bot or human. Subcategories wouldn't hurt, though. Which would you propose? Offhand, possible subcategories I can think of are zombie proxies and HTTP proxies. // [ admin ] Pathoschild (talk/map) 13:54, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * My idea was more like one category per first byte in the IP, och first digit of first byte. I want to be able to check out whether a spamming IP is found to be an open proxy. RaSten 18:43, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Side-effects of the template
Isn't this a bad idea if the use of this template just makes Wikipedia a resource for finding open proxies? Angela. 15:39, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The original use of this template is as the block reason (and it's still used a lot that way); when used that way, it doesn't appear at Special:Whatlinkshere. --cesarb 20:03, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, but it also makes it a piece of cake to mass-block them on other projects. — May. 10, '06 [09:07] <[ freakofnurxture]|[ talk]>

Interlanguage Link
Please add a link to de:Vorlage:Offener Proxy. Thanks. -- kh80 18:54, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Please add a link to ru:Шаблон:Indefblocked-openproxy. MaxiMaxiMax 07:19, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Please add fi:Malline:Avoinproxy thank you. --Agony-fi 10:30, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Please add pt:Predefinição:Proxy bloqueado ja:Template:Blocked proxy ko:틀:프록시 차단 Mosca2 00:21, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Requested Edit
Could an admin please change the ".png" in the image to ".svg" as there is now an almost identical SVG version available on commons under the same name except with ".svg" instead of ".png" (feel free to check the new one first). Thanks - Рэд  хот  19:11, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. —[ admin ] Pathoschild 23:51, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Armed Blowfish's Sandbox
Usage:

Category:User block templates

Editprotected request
editprotected

If I am going to be autoblocked frequently, I would like a kinder, prettier blocking message. Please replace this template with the material in my Sandbox above. Thanks, Armed Blowfish (mail) 20:19, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Please gain consensus first. Cheers. --MZMcBride 04:44, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Open proxies not "prohibited", policy downgraded
editprotected

"No open proxies" has been downgraded from a valid policy to a proposal and is currently under discussion. This template should not refer to it as a policy or claim that "editing from these proxies is prohibited"! —Babelfisch 03:22, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Discussion is still on going, and No open proxies is still policy. - auburn pilot   talk  16:37, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Prohibited
Since WP:PROXY and Proxy currently say "While this may affect legitimate users, they are not the intended targets and may freely use proxies until those are blocked" (these policies are now relatively stable), the word "prohibited" should be changed into "disabled".  Melsaran  (talk) 19:00, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * "Disabled" makes it seem as though there's some type of software mechanism that recognizes open proxies and disables them. As the template currently states, editing from open proxies is strictly prohibited. The two pages linked are really talking about reading from open proxies. When this template is used, it's telling a user that they've been blocked because they edited from an open proxy, which is prohibited. Cheers. --MZMcBride 00:30, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I think 'restricted' would be a better choice of wording, since editing via open proxies is not strictly prohibited, it's just unlikely. -- zzuuzz (talk) 01:46, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

New icon
Feel free to use it if you like it: notwist (talk) 20:39, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Hungarian iw
editprotected Please add iw: hu:Sablon:Blokkolt proxy. Bináris (talk) 13:02, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ Soxπed93 (blag) 13:35, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

mbox and wp:doc
Resolved.

editprotected

Could someone update this template to use tmbox as it look disjointed when placed along ambox. This happens when trying to edit a page in wikidashboard. Also implement WP:DOC. — Dispenser 07:13, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I made it use the mbox parameter to sense the namespace work accordingly. What do you mean implement WP:DOC?  MBisanz  talk 03:38, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

 * MBisanz asked me to come help here. MBisanz had already changed to use the mbox and also added the /doc subpage (the WP:DOC stuff). I fixed some remaining bugs. I checked the "What links here" and this message box seems to go on "User talk:" pages. But I guess it sometimes can be put on "User:" pages too thus I find it correct that it is a mbox so it can adapt its styles to the two kinds of pages.
 * Dispenser: Next time you do an editprotected request you really should supply the full source code for what you want to add/change. And you should have created the /doc subpage in advance. If you don't know how to code it up then you should instead suggest the change on the talk page but not do a editprotected request. Most admins are not advanced template coders and should not have to code templates for you.
 * --David Göthberg (talk) 22:29, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

indef=yes
I have added a paramater for indef=yes to add to the category Category:Indefinitely blocked IP addresses. It seems to work fine, but I would appreciate someone double checking my work. – xeno  ( talk ) 15:44, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Samspade.org down, param not working
The  parameter creates a link to http://samspade.org/ which is currently down. -- œ ™ 20:05, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Editprotected request involving this template
This message is to inform people monitoring this talk page that there is an "editprotected" request involving this and several other templates at Template talk:! cymru.lass (hit me up)⁄(background check) 20:28, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Editprotected request
Now have vector version: File:Banned proxys.svg.--Ch.Andrew (talk) 07:45, 11 February 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 16:06, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

Suggest more user friendly text
Hi folks, I just recieved word from an editor who was blocked and seems to have no intention to run any open proxy that she found the message confusing. I concur. If you don't know much about networking and/or malicious software, it is a rather cryptic message. I'm suggesting the following change. Please feel free to ammend and comment.

 * The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be an open proxy. To prevent abuse, these proxies may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. It is possible that this was not your intention, but that malicious software (like a virus) on your computer has configured it as an open proxy, or has changed settings to use an open proxy. It is also possible that your internet provider has misconfigured its settings. In the first case, make sure you have up-to-date anti-virus software running. If it is your ISP, you can try bypassing it by logging into Wikimedia's secure gateway at https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/. For more information about open proxies and what you can do, please see Open proxies and the WikiProject on open proxies. If you need any help, you can always call in an administrator for assitance by placing an admin! template on your talkpage.

Not bad. The end part is confusing though, and very rare, let me suggest some different text to follow after "...use an open proxy"
 * It is also possible that you or your internet service provider has a misconfigured router (a device between your computer and the rest of the internet) which is being abused as an open proxy. It's also possible that someone else on your ISP had such a problem, but you now have their old IP address. Please request an unblock using the unblock template or administrator attention  using admin! indicating you are caught by an open proxy block.  An administrator will investigate and try to determine why you are blocked, and what actions are necessary to get you editing again.  For more information, see the Wikiproject on Open Proxies.

It seems perhaps a bit verbose, but this is maybe a bit more specific? Secure server is unlikely to help, unless it's the exceedingly rare case that the browser as been configured to use an http proxy, but not also an https proxy by a virus. Sailsbystars (talk) 13:00, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I've combined the two, and reworded a bit to get the following:
 * The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be an open proxy. To prevent abuse, these proxies may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. It is possible that this was not your intention, but that malicious software (like a virus) on your computer has configured it as an open proxy, or has changed settings to use an open proxy. It is also possible that you or your internet service provider has a misconfigured equipment which is being abused as an open proxy. It's also possible that someone else on your ISP had such a problem, but you now have their old IP address. Please request an unblock using the unblock template or administrator attention using admin! indicating you are caught by an open proxy block. An administrator will investigate and try to determine why you are blocked, and what actions are necessary to get you editing again. For more information, see the Wikiproject on Open Proxies.
 * I've replaced the bit about routers and what they are with 'equipment' as I don't think many users care what equipment exactly was misconfigured. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 13:26, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * looks good. I had a thought that the last sentence should be re-worked as follows: For more information, see the  Wikipedia policy on open proxies, the Wikiproject on Open Proxies, or the  Wikipedia article on how they work. Otherwise, looks pretty good.  I would wait for a comment from  who is one of, if not the most active proxy-fighting admin before changing.  Sailsbystars (talk)
 * I'll give him a ping. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 13:52, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Anything to make things better is fine with me. Maybe a sandbox? Someone from WT:UTM or Template talk:Anonblock? I will make one observation about how this message talks about malicious software. I've only seen a handful of IPs where I've told them to run some AV. There's not been many where I've told them to check their firewall, and only a few where their network admin would be interested to hear about it. The biggest single cause, from the user's perspective, is just a rotating IP, where you get assigned the same IP some zombie once used. The next biggest cause is probably using a shared proxy IP. If you're behind a blocked SingNet proxy, for example, you might find the secure server helpful, I think. You might find some talk about that at WP:TOR talk archives, or somewhere. Anyway, I'm back to my wikibreak. Anything is probably better than mentioning zombies. Be bold! -- zzuuzz (talk) 00:16, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Taking in account that dynamic IP's are the most common cause, I propose the following:

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be an open proxy. To prevent abuse, these proxies may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. If you believe you are not running an open proxy, the most likely cause is that another customer from your ISP who was previously assigned this IP adress was running an open proxy. If this is the case please request an unblock using the unblock template or administrator attention using admin! indicating you are caught by an open proxy block. Other possibilities are that malicious software (like a virus) on your computer has configured it as an open proxy, or has changed settings to use an open proxy, or your internet service provider has misconfigured equipment. For more information, see the Wikiproject on Open Proxies.

Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 18:21, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Sounds decent, after zzuuzz's comments above, I would re-word the second to last sentence and replace as follows:
 * More rarely, your network equipment or that of your service provider may be misconfigured. In some cases, this can be remedied by logging into the secure server. In the rarest cases, some malicious software (such as a virus) can also cause your computer to act as an open proxy.  For more information......
 * I think you can go ahead and make the change if you're so inclined, or I will when slightly less sleep deprived. :) Sailsbystars (talk) 03:18, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I updated the template to be something like the above, yet slightly different. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 18:24, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Looks good, but the last two "for more information...." sentences are redundant. I would eliminate the first one.  I would do this myself, but the template is fully protected (which I just noticed now when I went to edit it....).  Sailsbystars (talk) 18:48, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Oops. I was thinking of discussing the 'final' version first, but decided just to go ahead (there is such a thing as over-discussion). Should be good now. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 19:07, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from Pilif12p, 26 June 2011
Please remove/replace (Multi-RBL lookup •, broken link, goes to some church website.

Pilif12p 18:09, 26 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out! I'll see if I can find a replacement.... Sailsbystars (talk) 14:26, 27 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Removed in the meantime. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 16:47, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Spelling error
In the template:

...If you believe you are not running an open proxy, the most likely cause is that another customer from your ISP who was previously assigned this IP adress was running an open proxy.

This is incorrect, it's spelled address, not adress. Please fix this. Bryce 53  |  talk  14:17, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Fixed; thanks for pointing it out. — Pathoschild 15:20, 03 July 2011 (UTC)

link to WP:ACC
I don't see any links to WP:ACC but I'm not too familiar with block templates. Maybe someone could add one. Or suggest some wording/point to an example from another template and I'll add it myself. --Jeremyb (talk) 04:46, 16 November 2013 (UTC)

New version
I've drafted a new version of the template in my userspace which is a little clearer to read and to get information from. Would others please have a look and let me know what you think? If no one comments in a few days I'll copy over the version in my sandbox. Callanecc (talk • contribs • logs) 13:28, 5 October 2014 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 15 November 2016
Could someone please wrap the admin instructions at the bottom of the page in to hide them for non-admins. P p p er y 21:18, 15 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Not wrapped; just added the class — Andy W. ( talk ) 21:28, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 21 March 2019
Can you please change  to  ? There is no need for there to be an image, and this would make it match other block templates like Webhostblock and Colocationwebhost. Thanks, --DannyS712 (talk) 04:43, 21 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The image must be clickable to view the license. — JJMC89  (T·C) 04:50, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 1 December 2020
Please add "such as a VPN" after "open or anonymizing proxy". Most non-tech-savvy users do not know what this is or what a VPN is, and essentially all VPNs are open proxies. Aasim (talk) 08:31, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * From a very fast search, it looks like a VPN differs from a proxy in that VPN traffic is encrypted. I guess that isn't a very substantial difference, but it would be nice to keep the template technically accurate. Calling in, who's probably better educated than me on the difference, if any? Enterprisey (talk!) 08:55, 1 December 2020 (UTC)
 * So from a networking perspective, most VPN's can be considered "proxies" - however most VPN's are not "open proxies" (most of them are closed proxies which require the user of such to have an affiliation with the VPN provider). — xaosflux  Talk 18:23, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
 * However, most VPNs are anonymising proxies, at least the ones we're interested in. This is part of the language used in both the template and local policy. I think this request is sensible, since this template does get used for VPNs, and it does cause some confusion - I'll have a go at tweaking the wording. -- zzuuzz (talk) 22:45, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Here. -- zzuuzz (talk) 22:48, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Fix a mistake
There is a mistake in a sentence below that I cannot fix. The one in bold should have all letters at the beginning capitalized.

Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system.

Can someone please change it to:

Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private, you can use the Unblock Ticket Request System.

Thanks! -- MDK  -  Fan  15:13, 2 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Hello, I know it has been over 2 years since I sent this edit request, but can a template editor or admin look at what I said and fix that error? It's ok if not. I also added a punctuation mark to the improved sentence. Thanks! -- MDK  -  Fan  00:43, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. -- zzuuzz (talk) 21:33, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

Appeal venue
This template and Blocked p2p proxy currently suggest using unblock on your own talk page. However, an administrator has referred me to WP:IPECPROXY after doing so. unblock also suggests using Unblock-auto for autoblocks, which this seems to fall under. Is the specified appeal vanue correct in this template and Blocked p2p proxy? Randi Moth (talk) 11:10, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 28 June 2023
Change link for IP grabber from external service to Wikipedia's built-in one – see changes in Template:Blocked proxy/sandbox.

Reason: to use Wikipedia's built-in IP grabber instead of a third-party one, for the reasons of convenience (the user doesn't have to go to an external site), the external site could possibly go down at times, and also Wikipedia's one contains a useful relevant FAQ about privacy and disclosure of IP addresses. This would also bring the template in line with Template:Webhostblock and Template:Colocationwebhost, both of which already use links to WP's IP grabber. — AP 499D25  (talk)  09:21, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Izno (talk) 08:12, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:Blocked proxy


text:
User talk:Cerceole

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 06:41, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

I don't believe I'm able to change the spam filter, I'm a little unsure how even if I was, but I believe I did read discussion that it's not possible to block certain subdomains (eg of no-ip.info) or whitelist subdomains. Thanks Dysprosia 06:21, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cerceole


text:
Omnism

Omnism is the belief in all religion. Those who hold this belief are called omnists. In recent years, the term has been resurfacing due to the interest of modern-day self-described omnists who have rediscovered and begun to redefine the term. Omnism is similar to syncretism, the belief in a fusion of faiths in harmony. However, it can also be seen as a way to accept the existence of various religions without believing in all that they profess to teach. Many omnists say that all religions contain truths, but that no one religion offers all that is truth.

Contemporary usage
Contemporary usage has modified "belief in all religions" to refer more to an acceptance of the legitimacy of all religions. The Oxford English Dictionary elaborates that an omnist believes "in a single transcendent purpose or cause uniting all things or people". Omnists interpret this to mean that all religions contain varying elements of a common truth, that omnists are open to potential truths from all religions. The Oxford dictionary defines an omnist as "a person who believes in all faiths or creeds; a person who believes in a single transcendent purpose or cause uniting all things or people, or the members of a particular group of people". Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, considered the first Deist, argued that all religions were true. In the poem All Religions are One, William Blake professed that every religion originated from God's revelation. Henry Stubbe and other Socinians synthesized a form of Muhammadan Christianity. Unitarian Universalism, which grew out of the Protestant Reformation, practices Omnist beliefs. Other notable interfaith organizations include the Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples and The Parliament of the World's Religions was the first organization with the goal to unite all religions.

Notable omnists

 * Philip James Bailey, who first coined the term.
 * Ellen Burstyn, who affiliates herself with all religions, having stated that she is "a spirited opening to the truth that lives in all of these religions".
 * John Coltrane, after a self-described religious experience that helped him kick his heroin and alcohol addictions, he became more deeply spiritual, later saying "I believe in all religions."
 * Kyrie Irving, who stated that he is an omnist in response to condemnation of his promotion of the documentary Hebrews to Negroes: Wake Up Black America.
 * Chris Martin, who referred to himself as an "all-theist", a term of his own coining referring to omnism.
 * Shaquille O'Neal, who identifies himself as every religion since he doesn't want to exclude or alienate others of different faiths. He has stated that "You’re going to believe what you believe. The Muslim religion and all these religions have been around for thousands and thousands of years. So who am I to say, “Hey, don’t do this, don’t do that.” You believe what they believe, respect what they respect, and respect that person as a man or woman, and you’ll make it far in life. The fact is I’m Muslim, I’m Jewish, I’m Buddhist, I’m everybody ‘cause I’m a people person.
 * Ramakrishna, the Hindu mystic, believed in all religions being true.

title: Omnism


text:
Jams (clothing line)

Jams is a line of clothing produced by Jams World.

History
Company founder Dave Rochlen was a beach lifeguard and surfer, originally in Santa Monica, California, then in Hawaii. After reading a Life magazine article showing Russians looking comfortable attending the beach in bathrobes, Rochlen bought some brightly colored floral fabric and asked his wife Keanuenue to make a short, baggy pair of pajamas with a sewn-up fly and cut-off at the knee. They produced the first pair of Jams on December 25, 1964.

Rochlen quit his job as a systems analyst and started his new company Surf Line Hawaii, Ltd. to make and sell his new product; its name, Jams, was a shortening of pajamas. Rochlen explained the name as "I thought of it. It's part of the word 'pajamas,' of course, and it was what I wanted – short, quick, jargon, hip, young, one-syllable."

Soon after his first commercial pairs of Jams were worn at Mākaha, Hawaii, Life magazine ran a two-page spread on Rochlen and a group of his surfing friends in the June 1965 issue. After the article, the Jams line was sold in Bloomingdales, Macy's, and Lord & Taylor. By 1991, Surf Line Hawaii's annual sales totaled about US$7 million. Its garments were all cut, sewn and manufactured in a Honolulu factory.

The Jams look was baggy and bohemian, with wild prints and clashing pinks and greens. It was a clear departure from the more subtle color combinations and detailing of existing boardshorts.

title: Jams (clothing line)


text:
Savage, Maryland

Savage is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located in Howard County, Maryland, United States, approximately 18 mi south of Baltimore and 21 mi north of Washington, D.C. It is situated close to the city of Laurel and to the planned community of Columbia. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 7,542. The former mill town is a registered historic place, and has several original buildings preserved within and around the Savage Mill Historic District.

17th century
The lands of present-day Savage were first settled in approximately 1650. Colonel Henry Ridgley surveyed the land around Savage Mill and nearby Annapolis Junction, Maryland in 1685, naming the tract "Ridgely's Forrest". Joseph White was the grandson of Peregrine White, the first child born of the Mayflower expedition.

18th century
In 1734, he opened a gristmill on land patented as "Whites Fortune" and "Mill Land". The parcels were consolidated to become "Whites Contrivance".

A rich vein of American industrial history lies in Savage. When the textile industry was in its heyday, Savage was an important manufacturing center, its mills harnessing the water power on the falls of the Little and Middle Patuxent rivers.

The town was named for John Savage, a Philadelphia merchant with interest in a mill on the falls of the Little Patuxent. In 1822, he and his associates, the Williams brothers, chartered the Savage Manufacturing Company, purchasing 900 acre of the White property for $6,666.67. The company produced sails for the clipper ships that sailed out of Baltimore Harbor, in addition to a wide variety of other cotton products.

19th century
The cotton milling industry started in Maryland in the 18th century and flourished in the 19th century. Cotton was shipped cheaply from Southern ports and hauled overland by mule and oxen teams to the mills before rail transportation served Savage. In 1835 the Washington branch of the B&O Railroad was completed, and Savage Station was established on the line about a mile southeast of the present mill. A spur of the B&O was laid to the Savage factory in 1887, and it was at this time that the famous Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge was moved to its present site from another location. Originally built in 1852, it was one of about 100 on the B&O line. Beloved by railroad buffs, the iron truss bridge is the only one of its type in the world, and, along with the Savage Mill, is on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Savage post office opened on January 13, 1836, on "Yankee Hill" at the corner of Washington and Foundry streets with Amos Adams Williams as postmaster. It would later become a branch of the Patuxent Bank of Laurel.

Parts of the Savage Mill are said to date from about 1820, and historians have recorded that the mill once had an iron foundry that made many kinds of machinery, specializing in textile manufacturing. The operation of the mill was greatly expanded in 1880 with the installation of steam power. Army uniforms, field tents, and vehicle covers were made.

20th century
A renovation program began in 1984 that established Savage Mill as a major permanent marketplace. The Savage Mill Manor House is down the street from the mill and has also been completely renovated. It is now used to host weddings, parties, and special events.

Carroll Baldwin Hall once housed the Savage branch of the Howard County Library. It was built in the early 1920s as a memorial to Carroll Baldwin, former president of the manufacturing company. The Baldwins managed the company from 1859 to 1911.

In 1880, the population reached 2,617 residents, and increased to 2,930 in 1890.

In 1929, Dr. Wolman issued a recommendation that did not pass, to dam and flood the Patuxent River Valley around Savage for a dedicated water source.

Savage remained a mostly segregated town for most of its early history until the Civil rights movement of the 1950s. Factory work at the mill was almost exclusively for white workers with exceptions of black apprentices at the forges in the antebellum era. The community slowly integrated in the latter half of the 20th century.

The Savage Volunteer Fire Company was founded in 1937 with a station at Savage-Guilford Road. The station relocated to Lincoln Street in 1957, and Corridor Road in 2013.

In June 1972, Hurricane Agnes flooded the local rivers, raising the Patuxent River 25.4 feet, and washing out the road bridge. A replacement opened on September 10, 1975.

In 1976, county executive Edward L. Cochran convened a waste task force that reviewed submissions for a 538-acre landfill at route One and 32 owned by Realty Trust and Chase Manhattan Mortgage, with commercial dumping sites at the Savage quarry. Alpha Ridge Landfill was selected instead, but a new quarry would eventually take its place.

A new $7 million elementary school was built in Savage in 1988, named Bollman Bridge Elementary.

Geography
Savage is located in southeastern Howard County, bordered by Columbia to the north and North Laurel to the southwest. U.S. Route 1 (Washington Boulevard) forms the southeast edge of the CDP. The historic Savage mill village is located in the southern part of the CDP, while a major freeway interchange between Interstate 95 and Maryland Route 32 sits on the northern edge of the CDP.

The Middle Patuxent and Little Patuxent rivers join to the west of the mill village. The Middle Patuxent (above the confluence) and the Little Patuxent (below the confluence) form the southwest edge of the CDP. The river drops about 70 ft in 0.6 mi to form the falls that powered the early mills. The Little Patuxent continues southeast to join the Patuxent River at Crofton.

title: Savage, Maryland


text:
Chung-Yao Chao

Chung-Yao Chao (27 June 1902 – 28 May 1998) was a Chinese theoretical physicist. He studied the scattering of gamma rays in lead by pair production in 1930, without knowing that positrons were involved in the anomalously high scattering cross-section. When the positron was discovered by Carl David Anderson in 1932, confirming the existence of Paul Dirac's "antimatter", it became clear that positrons could explain Chung-Yao Chao's earlier experiments, with the gamma rays being emitted from electron-positron annihilation.

He entered Nanjing Higher Normal School (later renamed National Southeastern University, National Central University and Nanjing University), in 1920 and earned a BS in physics in 1925. Then he earned a PhD degree in physics under supervision of Nobel Prize laureate Robert Andrews Millikan at California Institute of Technology in 1930. Later he went back to China and joined the physics faculty of Tsinghua University in Beijing.

Nobel Prize controversy
The 1936 Nobel Prize for Physics went to Carl D. Anderson for the discovery of the positron. While a graduate student at Caltech in 1930, Chao was the first to experimentally identify positrons through electron–positron annihilation, but did not realize what they were. Anderson, Chao's classmate at Caltech, used the same radioactive source, Thallium-208, as Chao. (Historically, was known as "thorium C double prime" or "ThC", see decay chains.) Fifty years later, Anderson admitted that Chao had inspired his discovery: Chao's research formed the foundation from which much of Anderson's own work developed. Chao died in 1998, without sharing in a Nobel Prize acknowledgment.

title: Chung-Yao Chao


text:
Ceratopsia

Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ( or ; Greek: "horned faces") is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic. The earliest known ceratopsian, Yinlong downsi, lived between 161.2 and 155.7 million years ago. The last ceratopsian species, Triceratops prorsus, became extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event,.

Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public. It is traditional for ceratopsian genus names to end in "-ceratops", although this is not always the case. One of the first named genera was Ceratops itself, which lent its name to the group, although it is considered a nomen dubium today as its fossil remains have no distinguishing characteristics that are not also found in other ceratopsians.

Description

Early members of the ceratopsian group, such as Psittacosaurus, were small bipedal animals. Later members, including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops, became very large quadrupeds and developed elaborate facial horns and frills extending over the neck. While these frills might have served to protect the vulnerable neck from predators, they may also have been used for display, thermoregulation, the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above. Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 m and 23 kg to over 9 m and 9,100 kg.

Ceratopsians are easily recognized by features of the skull. On the tip of a ceratopsian upper jaw is the rostral bone, an edentulous (toothless) ossification, unique to ceratopsians. Othniel Charles Marsh recognized and named this bone, which acts as a mirror image of the predentary bone on the lower jaw. This ossification evolved to morphologically aid the chewing of plant matter. Along with the predentary bone, which forms the tip of the lower jaw in all ornithischians, the rostral forms a superficially parrot-like beak. Also, the jugal bones below the eye are prominent, flaring out sideways to make the skull appear somewhat triangular when viewed from above. This triangular appearance is accentuated in later ceratopsians by the rearwards extension of the parietal and squamosal bones of the skull roof, to form the neck frill.

The neck frills of ceratopsids are surrounded by the epoccipital bones. The name is a misnomer, as they are not associated with the occipital bone. Epoccipitals begin as separate bones that fuse during the animal's growth to either the squamosal or parietal bones that make up the base of the frill. These bones were ornamental instead of functional, and may have helped differentiate species. Epoccipitals probably were present in all known ceratopsids. They appear to have been broadly different between short-frilled ceratopsids (centrosaurines) and long-frilled ceratopsids (chasmosaurines), being elliptical with constricted bases in the former group, and triangular with wide bases in the latter group. Within these broad definitions, different species would have somewhat different shapes and numbers. In centrosaurines especially, like Centrosaurus, Pachyrhinosaurus, and Styracosaurus, these bones become long and spike- or hook-like. A well-known example is the coarse sawtooth fringe of broad triangular epoccipitals on the frill of Triceratops. When regarding the ossification's morphogenetic traits, it can be described as dermal. The term epoccipital was coined by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1889.

History of study
The first ceratopsian remains known to science were discovered during the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories led by the American geologist F.V. Hayden. Teeth discovered during an 1855 expedition to Montana were first assigned to hadrosaurids and included within the genus Trachodon. It was not until the early 20th century that some of these were recognized as ceratopsian teeth. During another of Hayden's expeditions in 1872, Fielding Bradford Meek found several giant bones protruding from a hillside in southwestern Wyoming. He alerted paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who led a dig to recover the partial skeleton. Cope recognized the remains as a dinosaur, but noted that even though the fossil lacked a skull, it was different from any type of dinosaur then known. He named the new species Agathaumas sylvestris, meaning "marvellous forest-dweller". Soon after, Cope named two more dinosaurs that would eventually come to be recognized as ceratopsids: Polyonax and Monoclonius. Monoclonius was notable for the number of disassociated remains found, including the first evidence of ceratopsid horns and frills. Several Monoclonius fossils were found by Cope, assisted by Charles Hazelius Sternberg, in summer 1876 near the Judith River in Chouteau County, Montana. Since the ceratopsians had not been recognised yet as a distinctive group, Cope was uncertain about much of the fossil material, not recognizing the nasal horn core, nor the brow horns, as part of a fossil horn. The frill bone was interpreted as a part of the breastbone.

In 1888 and 1889, Othniel Charles Marsh described the first well preserved horned dinosaurs, Ceratops and Triceratops. In 1890 Marsh classified them together in the family Ceratopsidae and the order Ceratopsia. This prompted Cope to reexamine his own specimens and to realize that Triceratops, Monoclonius, and Agathaumas all represented a single group of similar dinosaurs, which he named Agathaumidae in 1891. Cope redescribed Monoclonius as a horned dinosaur, with a large nasal horn and two smaller horns over the eyes, and a large frill.

Classification
Ceratopsia was coined by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890 to include dinosaurs possessing certain characteristic features, including horns, a rostral bone, teeth with two roots, fused neck vertebrae, and a forward-oriented pubis. Marsh considered the group distinct enough to warrant its own suborder within Ornithischia. The name is derived from the Greek κέρας/kéras meaning 'horn' and ὄψῐς/ópsis meaning 'appearance, view' and by extension 'face'. As early as the 1960s, it was noted that the name Ceratopsia is actually incorrect linguistically and that it should be Ceratopia. However, this spelling, while technically correct, has been used only rarely in the scientific literature, and the vast majority of paleontologists continue to use Ceratopsia. As the ICZN does not govern taxa above the level of superfamily, this is unlikely to change.

Following Marsh, Ceratopsia has usually been classified as a suborder within the order Ornithischia. While ranked taxonomy has largely fallen out of favor among dinosaur paleontologists, some researchers have continued to employ such a classification, though sources have differed on what its rank should be. Most who still employ the use of ranks have retained its traditional ranking of suborder, though some have reduced to the level of infraorder.

Phylogeny
In clade-based phylogenetic taxonomy, Ceratopsia is often defined to include all marginocephalians more closely related to Triceratops than to Pachycephalosaurus. Under this definition, the most basal known ceratopsians are Yinlong, from the Late Jurassic Period, along with Chaoyangsaurus and the family Psittacosauridae, from the Early Cretaceous Period, all of which were discovered in northern China or Mongolia. The rostral bone and flared jugals are already present in all of these forms, indicating that even earlier ceratopsians remain to be discovered.

The clade Neoceratopsia includes all ceratopsians more derived than psittacosaurids. Another subset of neoceratopsians is called Coronosauria, which either includes all ceratopsians more derived than Auroraceratops, or more derived than Leptoceratopsidae. Coronosaurs show the first development of the neck frill and the fusion of the first several neck vertebrae to support the increasingly heavy head. Within Coronosauria, three groups are generally recognized, although the membership of these groups varies somewhat from study to study and some coronosaurs may not fit in any of them. One group can be called Protoceratopsidae and includes Protoceratops and its closest relatives, all Asian. Another group, Leptoceratopsidae, includes mostly North American animals that are more closely related to Leptoceratops. The third group, Ceratopsoidea, includes the family Ceratopsidae and closely related animals like Zuniceratops. Ceratopsidae itself includes Triceratops and all the large North American ceratopsians and is further divided into the subfamilies Centrosaurinae and Chasmosaurinae.

All previously published neoceratopsian phylogenetic analyses were incorporated into the analysis of Eric M. Morschhauser and colleagues in 2019, along with all previously published diagnostic species excluding the incomplete juvenile Archaeoceratops yujingziensis and the problematic genera Bainoceratops, Lamaceratops, Platyceratops and Gobiceratops that are very closely related to and potentially synonymous with Bagaceratops. While there were many unresolved areas of the strict consensus, including all of Leptoceratopsidae, a single most parsimonious tree was found that was most consistent with the relative ages of the taxa included, which is shown below.

Paleobiology
Unlike almost all other dinosaur groups, skulls are the most commonly preserved elements of ceratopsian skeletons and many species are known only from skulls. There is a great deal of variation between and even within ceratopsian species. Complete growth series from embryo to adult are known for Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops, allowing the study of ontogenetic variation in these species.

Most restorations of ceratopsians show them with erect hindlimbs but semi-sprawling forelimbs, which suggest that they were not fast movers. But Paul and Christiansen (2000) argued that at least the later ceratopsians had upright forelimbs and the larger species may have been as fast as rhinos, which can run at up to 56 km or 35 miles per hour.

A nocturnal lifestyle has been suggested for the primitive ceratopsian Protoceratops. However, comparisons between the scleral rings of Protoceratops and Psittacosaurus and modern birds and reptiles indicate that they may have been cathemeral, active throughout the day at short intervals.

Paleobiogeography
Ceratopsia appears to have originated in Asia, as all of the earliest members are found there. Fragmentary remains, including teeth, which appear to be neoceratopsian, are found in North America from the Albian stage (112 to 100 million years ago), indicating that the group had dispersed across what is now the Bering Strait by the middle of the Cretaceous Period. Almost all leptoceratopsids are North American, aside from Udanoceratops, which may represent a separate dispersal event, back into Asia. Ceratopsids and their immediate ancestors, such as Zuniceratops, were unknown outside of western North America, and were presumed endemic to that continent. The traditional view that ceratopsoids originated in North America was called into question by the 2009 discovery of better specimens of the dubious Asian form Turanoceratops, which may it as a ceratopsid. It is unknown whether this would indicates ceratopsids actually originated in Asia, or if the Turanoceratops immigrated from North America.

Possible ceratopsians from the Southern Hemisphere include the Australian Serendipaceratops, known from an ulna, and Notoceratops from Argentina is known from a single toothless jaw (which has been lost). Craspedodon from the Late Cretaceous (Santonian) of Belgium may also be a ceratopsian, specifically a neoceratopsian closer to ceratopsoidea than protoceratopsidae. Possible leptoceratopsid remains have also been described from the early Campanian of Sweden.

Ecological role
Psittacosaurus and Protoceratops are the most common dinosaurs in the different Mongolian sediments where they are found. Triceratops fossils are far and away the most common dinosaur remains found in the latest Cretaceous rocks in the western United States, making up as much as 5/6ths of the large dinosaur fauna in some areas. These facts indicate that some ceratopsians were the dominant herbivores in their environments.

Some species of ceratopsians, especially Centrosaurus and its relatives, appear to have been gregarious, living in herds. This is suggested by bonebed finds with the remains of many individuals of different ages. Like modern migratory herds, they would have had a significant effect on their environment, as well as serving as a major food source for predators.

title: Ceratopsia


text:
Inspector

Inspector, also police inspector or inspector of police, is a police rank. The rank or position varies in seniority depending on the organization that uses it.

Australia
In Australian police forces, the rank of inspector is generally the next senior rank from senior sergeant and is less senior than a superintendent (in the cases of the Queensland Police and Western Australia Police) in the other Australian police forces. Members holding the rank usually wear an epaulette featuring three silver pips, the same rank badge as a captain in the army. In addition to the general rank of inspector, some police forces use other ranks such as detective inspector and district inspector.

Austria
In Austria a similar scheme was used as in Germany. At some point the police inspector was completely removed from the list of service ranks. The current police service has an inspectors service track with Inspektor being the entry level – it is followed by Revierinspektor (precinct inspector), Gruppeninspektor (group inspector), Bezirksinspektor (district inspector), Abteilungsinspektor (section inspector), Kontrollinspektor (control inspector) and Chefinspektor (chief inspector).

Canada
In most Canadian police services the rank of inspector is the first officer/commissioned officer rank, above that of staff sergeant. It is usually immediately below the rank of superintendent. Depending on the police force, an inspector may be considered senior management. The rank insignia of an inspector in Canada is usually a crown on the epaulettes, the insignia of a major in the army. In some police services such as the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary or the Vancouver Police Department, the rank insignia are three pips, similar to the insignia of an army captain, while in others including the Toronto Police Service and Peel Regional Police, the insignia consists of two maple leaves, similar to an army lieutenant's insignia.

Provincial police services and the majority of municipal police services, such as the Toronto Police Service have a staff inspector rank, which ranks above inspector and below superintendent.

France
In the French National Police, inspecteur is a former rank of members of the Command and Management Corps. There were several grades of inspecteur, with senior detectives holding the various grades of commissaire. See French National Police for current ranks. In the French customs, inspecteur is the first rank of members of the Command and Management Corps.

Germany
Currently, in Germany, Inspektor is a civil service rank. It is the lowest and therefore the entry rank of the gehobener Dienst (upper service) requiring a degree from a three-year administrative college. The rank is not used in the German police services; there the equivalent of inspector is Kommissar. In earlier times the upper service track was called Inspektorenlaufbahn (inspectors service track) ranging from Inspektor, Oberinspektor (senior inspector), Amtmann, Amtsrat to Oberamtsrat (senior supervisor).

The title is used on many professional areas that require an inspection service, like Brandinspektor (fire inspector in the fire department), Steuerinspektor (tax inspector in the financial department) and Bauinspektor (building inspector in building control) that are in a supervision position of their department. In many administrations, a corresponding position exists like Regierungsinspektor (government inspector on the federal level), Stadtinspektor/Stadtverwaltungsinspektor (city administration inspector), Kreisinspektor/Kreisverwaltungsinspektor (county administration inspector) that serve in supervision of the department.

In some regions Inspektor is a colloquial name for any police officer, just like in Austria.

Hong Kong
In the Hong Kong Police Force, inspector (including probationary inspector, senior inspector) is a rank senior to station sergeant but junior to chief inspector, leading a sub-unit between 30 and 80 people in day-to-day policing. The rank badge for probationary inspector is one silver pip on his or her epaulette; two silver pips for inspector of police; and two silver pips and one bar for senior inspector of police. The epaulettes rank badge for chief inspector is three silver pips. The epaulettes of all inspectors do not show their unique identification number. Plainclothes detective inspectors have the prefix "detective" identifying them as having been trained in criminal investigation and being part of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) or Organised Crime Triad Bureau (OCTB).

Several of the HKP's past and current commissioner of chiefs joined the force as a probationary inspector.

The Customs and Excise Department also has an inspector rank but with bronze stars and bars rank badges instead.

In addition, there are health inspectors from the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department who carry out investigations and prosecutions on sanitary nuisances and food business irregularities under relevant ordinances. They are characterised by golden stars and yellow rank badges.

India
An inspector of police in India is typically the officer in charge of a police station, and may be designated station house officer (SHO). In rural areas of some states, an inspector of police may be in charge of a police circle, which comprises two or more police stations. In this capacity, they are known as circle inspectors (CI). Inspectors oversee investigations and co-ordinate law enforcement operations in their respective jurisdictions, and may also head special units. Their insignia is three stars with a ribbon that is half red and half blue. The rank is above sub-inspector and below additional superintendent of police and deputy superintendent of police. Inspectors, along with sub-inspectors and assistant sub-inspectors, comprise around 13% of the total police personnel in India.

Indonesia
In the Indonesian National Police, there are four levels of inspector, which are Inspektur Polisi Satu (first police inspector), Inspektur Polisi Dua (senior police inspector), Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (first police inspector adjutant), and Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (second police inspector adjutant). Those ranks are below the rank of Ajun Komisaris Polisi (police commissioner adjutant) and above the rank of Brigadir Polisi Kepala (chief police brigadier).

Ireland
In An Garda Síochána in the Republic of Ireland, inspectors (cigire) are senior to sergeants and junior to superintendents. Inspectors may be either detectives or in uniform. There is no rank of chief inspector in the Garda.

Italy
In the Polizia di Stato, the position of Ispettore (inspector) replaced the rank of Maresciallo (marshal) after the 1981 reorganization and demilitarization of the corps; an Ispettore is thus a sergeant of several sorts, above the rank of Sovrintendente (superintendent, which is somewhat equal to a senior corporal) and under the rank of Commissario (commissioner). There are three four inspector ranks in the Polizia di Stato: Vice Ispettore (assistant inspector), Ispettore (inspector), Ispettore Capo (chief inspector) and Ispettore Superiore (special inspector, or superior inspector), roughly equivalent to the ranks ranging from junior sergeant to second lieutenant. A fifth position, called Ispettore Superiore S.U.P.S., where the acronym stands for Sostituto Ufficiale di Pubblica Sicurezza (special inspector – substitute public safety commissioned officer), is used to designate those inspectors which can act as substitutes for commissioners in the chain of command under certain situations, or in police detachments that are too small to require the presence of a commissioner; when this happens, the officer is named Ispettore Superiore – Sostituto Commissario (special inspector – substitute commissioner). Inspectors can serve either in uniformed patrol duties, plainclothed patrol duties, or as detectives. The inspector ranks are the highest that an Italian police officer can reach without having a university degree.

Malaysia
In the Royal Malaysia Police, the rank of inspector is one level above sub-inspector and one level below assistant superintendent. There are two stages: probation inspector (probation lasts within three years) and inspector. Inspectors are recruited differently from normal police constables, requiring at least a degree, and their training is longer.

Montenegro
In the Police of Montenegro, the title of police inspector (policijski inspektor) is reserved for college or police academy educated staff, with six ranks based on seniority (junior police inspector, police inspector, police inspector I class, independent police inspector, senior police inspector, senior police inspector I class and chief police inspector). Although supervisory staff in uniformed police units also hold various police inspector ranks, in common parlance, the title of inspector is usually used referring to police officers working in plainclothes in criminal investigation units, equivalent to detective in some countries.

There are also numerous civilian inspector titles, fitting various inspection and supervision roles within governmental structure of Montenegro (health inspector, tax inspector, tourism inspector, etc.)

Nepal
In the Nepal Police, the rank of inspector is generally the next senior rank from senior sub-inspector (SSI) and is less senior than a deputy superintendent of police (DSP). Members holding the rank usually wear an epaulette featuring one pair of crossed kukri, the same rank badge as an inspector in the Armed Police Force.

Papua New Guinea
In the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, the rank of inspector is one level above chief sergeant and below senior inspector. Officer cadets normally graduate and automatically become an inspector.

Philippines
In the Philippines, inspector is a rank in the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Bureau of Fire Protection. It is above senior officer 4 (executive master sergeant) and below senior inspector (captain). It is regarded as an equivalent of a lieutenant in the army. It was formerly also used by the Philippine National Police.

Poland
In Poland, inspector (inspektor) is a high rank (above podinspektor and młodszy inspektor, but below nadinspektor), comparable to colonel of the armed forces.

Romania
In the Romanian Police, inspector is a rank senior to subinspector and junior to inspector principal and corresponds to the former rank of police lieutenant (see Romanian Police § Ranks).

Singapore
In the Singapore Police Force, there are several ranks that have the title of inspector in it.

In the junior police officer category, there is the rank of station inspector, senior station inspector and senior station inspector (2). The title of inspector is in the senior police officer category. For National Servicemen, outstanding policemen may be appointed as a National Service probationary inspector.

In the National Police Cadet Corps, the rank of probationary inspector is given to officer cadet trainees who have successfully completed their Officers' Basic Training Course or Honorary Officers' Basic Training Course. Probationary inspectors who pass their probationary period will then attain the rank of inspector. The rank insignia of probationary inspector and inspector is two pips, with the letters NPCC below it, so as to differentiate NPCC inspectors from Singapore Police Force personnel.

Spain
In Spain, the rank of inspector exists in the National Police Force of Spain (Cuerpo Nacional de Policía), the Catalan Police Force, and several municipal police forces.

Sri Lanka
In the Sri Lanka Police, inspector of police (IP) is senior to sub-inspector and junior to chief inspector. In many towns, inspectors would be the officer in charge (OIC) at most police stations. The rank insignia for a police inspector is two stars. All those officers are deemed to be gazzated officers and staff grade officers of public service.

In addition to the police, the term inspector is used in other government departments for posts such as chief inspector of excise, inspector of excise, chief inspector of customs, inspector of customs, co-operative inspector, fisheries inspector, public health inspector.

United Kingdom
Within the British police, inspector is the second supervisory rank. It is senior to that of sergeant, and junior to that of chief inspector. The rank is mostly operational, meaning that inspectors are directly concerned with day-to-day policing. Uniformed inspectors are often responsible for supervising a duty shift made up of constables and sergeants, or act in specialist roles such as supervising road traffic policing.

The rank of inspector has existed since the foundation of the Metropolitan Police, formed in 1829, when it was used to designate the rank immediately below that of superintendent, and many Commonwealth police forces also use the term.

Plainclothes detective inspectors are equal in rank to their uniformed counterparts, the prefix "detective" identifying them as having been trained in criminal investigation and being part of or attached to their force's Criminal Investigation Department (CID).

The epaulettes of uniformed inspectors, unlike those of constables and sergeants, do not show a divisional or personal identification number. Instead they feature Order of the Bath stars, informally known as "pips", being the same insignia as those of a lieutenant in the British Army.

newly promoted inspectors receive a salary of £53,000 (£55,000 London) rising to £57,000 (£59,000 London).

In the Metropolitan Police, the rank was formerly officially known as station inspector to distinguish it from the more senior rank of sub-divisional inspector (abolished in 1949). A station inspector wore a single star on his epaulettes until 1936, when this changed to a star over two bars to accommodate the new rank of junior station inspector (wearing a star over one bar).

United States
In the United States, the term inspector can have very different meanings depending on the law enforcement agency.

Municipal police
An inspector in a US municipal police department is more likely to be a senior executive officer, analogous to a Commonwealth police superintendent or chief superintendent. It may also be a title held by a supervisor of detectives.

In the New York City Police Department, a deputy inspector is one grade above captain, wearing the insignia of a military major, and an inspector is another grade higher, wearing the insignia of a military colonel. In the Philadelphia Police Department, a staff inspector is a grade above captain and an inspector is another grade higher, with the insignia of a lieutenant colonel. An inspector is also two grades above a captain in the Baltimore Police Department, Nassau County Police Department and Suffolk County Police Department.

Inspector is more rarely used as a rank that is one grade above captain, such as in the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia. This is equivalent to a major or commander in other departments. The Los Angeles Police Department formerly had a rank of inspector for this purpose. It was changed to commander in 1974.

In the police departments of Hayward, California, Oklahoma City and formerly in Berkeley, California, inspector was the rank held by a senior detective.

In the San Francisco Police Department, inspector is the normal title for a detective. Unlike detectives in most other departments, inspectors in San Francisco always have supervisory duties. This is one of the few modern remaining cases of inspector being used as a title for detectives. A few other police or sheriff's departments, such as the Portsmouth, Rhode Island police department, also use the title in that capacity.

Inspector is sometimes used as the title for internal affairs investigators within a police or sheriff's department, including in Florida's Alachua County Sheriff's Office.

State police
In the Wisconsin State Patrol, and others, inspectors are state troopers assigned to the motor carrier safety inspection unit where they enforce trucking laws and regulations. The Michigan State Police recognizes inspector as a formal rank. Unlike municipal or county police/sheriffs' inspectors, Michigan State Police inspectors are a grade below captain, instead of at least one grade above. New York State Police staff inspectors are senior commissioned officers holding the rank above major and below lieutenant colonel.

The North Carolina Department of Transportation's Division of Motor Vehicles License and Theft Bureau uses the title of inspector for its sworn state law enforcement agents/investigators. The inspectors of this agency investigate motor vehicle theft, title and odometer frauds, state issued identification and driver's license frauds, as well as regulate and inspect motor vehicle dealerships, repair shops, tow and storage facilities, and emissions and safety inspection centers. The NC DMV License and Theft Bureau is the state's oldest law enforcement agency and was formed in 1921 to combat vehicle theft with the rising sales of Ford's Model T. The agency has kept the title designation of inspector for traditional purposes.

The Oregon Liquor Control Commission uses the title of inspector for sworn law enforcement agents who investigate violations of the Liquor Control Act and other related crimes.

Federal agencies
In the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), an inspector is a special agent whose main duty is inspecting local field offices and resident agencies to make sure they are operating efficiently. Since FBI inspectors are not tied to any particular field office, they have, in the past, also been used as troubleshooting investigators on major cases. Joseph Sullivan was perhaps the best-known of the Bureau's major case inspectors and served as the model for Inspector Lew Erskine, the fictional character played by Efrem Zimbalist Jr. in the 1965–1974 ABC TV series The FBI. Samuel P. Cowley was an FBI inspector in the late 1920s and 1930s who assisted in bringing down notorious gangsters such as John Dillinger in the early 1930s, before his death in November 1934 in a gun battle with Baby Face Nelson.

The United States Marshals Service and the Drug Enforcement Administration employ similar positions, but they primarily serve as internal affairs investigators.

The United States Park Police changed the rank of inspector to the rank of major, which is between captain and deputy chief.

In the Postal Inspection Service, inspector is the name given to 1811 job series criminal investigators, better known as special agents in most other federal law enforcement agencies.

Prior to 2003, the US Customs Service (USCS) and the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) had uniformed law enforcement employees called customs inspectors and immigration inspectors. These employees inspected and processed people and merchandise entering the United States from foreign countries, at a land border, seaport or airport. They wore different types of uniforms and had different duties, but were paid essentially the same. After US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) was established with the merging of the above two agencies, the inspectors were retitled Customs and Border Protection Officers and merged their responsibilities.

Administrative law
In American administrative law, an inspector is an official charged with the duty to issue permits, such as a building inspector or sanitation inspector, and to enforce the relevant regulations and laws. These positions are commonly known as the fire inspector or building inspector. The duty it act is based on the adopted building or fire code in the municipality. A government agency may also have an inspector general responsible for preventing internal fraud, waste, abuse and other agency deficiencies.

title: Inspector


text:
23rd Street Grounds

23rd Street Grounds, also known as State Street Grounds and 23rd Street Park, and sometimes spelled out as Twenty-third Street Grounds, was a ballpark in Chicago, in what is now the Chinatown district. In this ballpark, the Chicago White Stockings played baseball from 1874 to 1877, the first two years in the National Association and the latter two in the National League.

The 1871 Great Chicago Fire had put the original White Stockings club out of business, and its best players scattered to other National Association clubs. For 1872, the Chicago Base Ball Association was formed, with the intention of eventually fielding a new Chicago ball club, which it finally did in 1874. Until then, they staged some games figuring to get good attendance and some revenue. In early May, the organization built a new grounds "on 23rd Street near State Street", with the inaugural game coming on May 29, Baltimore defeating Cleveland 5–2. The land was owned by Charles Follansbee.

23rd Street hosted a total of eight National Association games during 1872–1873, along with other contests. The Cleveland and Troy clubs played two and four home games there, respectively, in 1872, when they were struggling economically (both eventually went out of business). The Boston Red Stockings played one in August of 1873 when they were flourishing. Their opponent was the Philadelphia club, and the two clubs played there again a few days later, swapping "home" and "visitor" roles.

Location
The grounds occupied a city block well south and east of the 1871 fire's origin on DeKoven Street.

Several modern sources say it was bounded by 23rd Street, State Street, 22nd Street (now Cermak Road) and what is now Federal Street. This location is inconsistent with contemporary city directories and newspapers. The directories say:
 * 1872: 23rd southwest corner of Burnside [an extension of Dearborn Street]
 * 1873: not listed
 * 1874: west side of State Street between 23rd and 24th
 * 1875, 1876, 1877: west side of Dearborn Street between 23rd and 24th

Newspapers varied in naming the location as 23rd (usually spelled out as "Twenty-third") and State, 23rd "near" State or 23rd "west of" State. State was touted as the best thoroughfare to get to the park.

The Chicago Inter Ocean for April 20, 1872, p. 6, gave a few details about the ballpark, and specifically stated its location was to be "between Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Streets, on Burnside Street, extending [west] to the track of the Michigan Southern Railroad."

The Chicago Tribune for May 5, 1872, p. 2, reported in some detail on the ballpark's construction:
 * Bounded by 23rd north, Clark west, 24th south, Burnside east
 * Butterfield [which eventually became Federal] did not go through
 * Railroad tracks past the west line of fencing, close enough for fans sitting atop the cars to watch the game [tracks still exist; Clark does not go through]
 * 600 feet north to south, 400 feet east to west
 * Home plate about 125 feet from north line of fencing
 * 100 yards along [right field] foul line to west end of fencing
 * Batter facing southeasterly
 * Open seating 200 feet on north end, another 200 feet on east side
 * Covered grandstand in northwest corner
 * Chicago Baseball Association clubhouse in southwest corner

No contemporary illustration of the ballpark is known to survive.

Milestone games
The first game for the re-formed Chicago White Stockings came on May 13, 1874, with the locals defeating the Athletics (Philadelphia).

The first home game for the Chicago White Stockings in the newly formed National League came on May 10, 1876, with the locals defeating Cincinnati.

The final game played at this park was on Saturday, October 6, 1877. Chicago defeated Louisville 4–0 behind a shutout effort from hurler Laurie Reis. The final home run at the grounds was hit four days earlier by Lip Pike of Cincinnati.

Finale
The ballpark was on a portion of what was called the Uhlich Tract, which was a 60-acre plot bounded by 22nd Street (north), State Street (east), 25th Street (south) and Wentworth Avenue (west). The ballpark's lot was available in part because there were various legal disputes over the ownership of the larger property. The only permanent building was the Uhlich House hotel on the southwest corner of 22nd and state.[Chicago Tribune, April 26, 1874, p. 5]

By 1875, the disputes had been resolved and the owners announced plans to develop the mostly-vacant area into residential properties.[Chicago Tribune, December 12, 1875, p. 6] Once the ball club's lease ran out, they went shopping for a new location, and secured a lease on the lakefront site which had been their home grounds for the ill-fated 1871 season.

title: 23rd Street Grounds