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1946 World Series

The 1946 World Series was played in October 1946 between the St. Louis Cardinals (representing the National League) and the Boston Red Sox (representing the American League). This was the Red Sox's first appearance in a World Series since their championship of.

In the eighth inning of Game 7, with the score 3–3, the Cardinals' Enos Slaughter opened the inning with a single but two batters failed to advance him. With two outs, Harry Walker walloped a hit over Johnny Pesky's head into left-center field. As Leon Culberson chased it down, Slaughter started his "mad dash". Pesky caught Culberson's throw, turned and—perhaps surprised to see Slaughter headed for the plate—supposedly hesitated just a split second before throwing home. Roy Partee had to take a few steps up the third base line to catch Pesky's toss, but Slaughter was safe without a play at the plate and Walker was credited with an RBI double. The Cardinals won the game and the Series in seven games, giving them their sixth championship.

Boston superstar Ted Williams played in the Series injured and was largely ineffective but refused to use his injury as an excuse. He hit only .200 in 25 at-bats with just one RBI in his only World Series appearance in his career.

As the first World Series to be played after wartime travel restrictions had been lifted, it returned from the 3-4 format to the 2–3–2 format for home teams, which has been used since. It also saw the return of many prominent players from military service.

Game 1

The Red Sox struck first in Game 1 when Pinky Higgins followed a hit-by-pitch and walk in the second with an RBI single off Howie Pollet. The Cardinals tied the game in the sixth when Red Schoendienst singled, moved to second on a ground out, and scored on Stan Musial's double off Tex Hughson. They took the lead in the eighth when Whitey Kurowski singled with two outs and scored on Joe Garagiola's double. Pollet was a strike away from closing the game when Tom McBride tied the game with an RBI single with two on. Rudy York hit a home run into the left field bleachers in the tenth to put the Red Sox up 3–2. Earl Johnson pitched two shutout innings to close to give Boston a 1–0 series lead.

Game 2

The Cardinals struck first in Game 2 when Del Rice hit a leadoff double in the third off Mickey Harris and scored on Harry Brecheen's single. They added to their lead in the fifth with two unearned runs on Terry Moore's RBI single with two on followed by Stan Musial's groundout. Brecheen pitched a complete-game shutout as the Cardinals tied the series heading to Boston.

Game 3

In Game 3, Rudy York's three-run home run in the first off Murry Dickson gave the Red Sox an early 3–0 lead. They added another run in the eighth off Ted Wilks when Red Schoendienst misplayed Hal Wagner's ground ball with two on. Dave Ferriss pitched a complete-game shutout to give the Red Sox a 2–1 series lead.

Game 4

This is the only game in World Series history that three players on the same team (St. Louis) had four or more hits (Enos Slaughter, Whitey Kurowski and Joe Garagiola had four each). Red Sox outfielder Wally Moses got four hits as well and second baseman Bobby Doerr hit a two-run home run and would hit .409 in the Series.

Enos Slaughter's lead-off home run in the second off Tex Hughson put the Cardinals up 1–0. Whitey Kurowski doubled and scored on Harry Walker's single. Walker moved to third on an error before scoring on Marty Marion's groundout. Next inning, Stan Musial's two-run double extended the Cardinals' lead to 5–0. Jim Bagby relieved Hughson and allowed a two-out RBI single to Garagiola. The Red Sox got on the board in the fourth when Ted Williams singled off Red Munger and scored on Rudy York's double, but the Cardinals got that run back in the fifth on back-to-back doubles by Enos Slaughter and Kurowski. Garagiolas's RBI double in the seventh off Bill Zuber made it 8–1 Cardinals. Bobby Doerr hit a two-run home run in the eighth, but the Cardinals put the game out of reach in the ninth. Three straight singles to lead off made it 9–3 Cardinals. Mike Ryba relieved Mace Brown and allowed a two-run double to Marty Marion, then an error on Red Schoendienst's ground ball scored the last run of the game. Munger pitched a complete game to tie the series for St. Louis.

Game 5

Ted Williams hit a RBI single, his only RBI of the whole Series, in the first off Howie Pollet. After the Cardinals tied the game in the second on Harry Walker's RBI double after an error off Joe Dobson, Don Gutteridge's RBI single off Al Brazle in the bottom of the inning put the Red Sox back up 2–1. Leon Culberson's home run in the sixth made it 3–1 Red Sox. Next inning, after a double, strikeout and intentional walk, Pinky Higgins's RBI double made it 4–1 Red Sox. After another intentional walk loaded the bases, shortstop Marty Marion's errant throw to second on Roy Partee's ground ball allowed two more runs to score. Dobson allowed a two-run single in the ninth to Harry Walker before retiring Marion to end the game and put the Red Sox one win away from the championship.

Game 6

St. Louis staved off elimination at home, chasing Boston starter Mickey Harris with a three-run third. With two on and one out, Terry Moore's sacrifice fly scored the game's first run. After a single, back-to-back RBI singles by Whitey Kurowski and Enos Slaughter made it 3–0 Cardinals. The Red Sox scored their only run of the game in the seventh when Rudy York hit a leadoff triple and scored on Bobby Doerr's sacrifice fly. Marty Marion added an RBI double in the eighth off Earl Johnson to back Harry Brecheen's second win of the Series.

Game 7

The Red Sox struck first in Game 7 on Dom DiMaggio's sacrifice fly after two leadoff singles off Murry Dickson. The Cardinals tied the game in the second when Whitey Kurowski hit a leadoff double, moved to third on a groundout and scored on Harry Walker's sacrifice fly off Dave Ferriss. In the fifth, Walker hit a leadoff single and scored on a double by Dickson, who scored on Red Schoendienst's single. The Cardinals led 3–1 in the eighth inning when Dom DiMaggio tied the game with a two-run double but had to be removed from the game after severely pulling a hamstring and Leon Culberson took his position in the center field.

In the bottom of the frame, Enos Slaughter scored from first base on a play called the Mad Dash. From the dugout, Dom DiMaggio tried in vain to get the reserve Culberson to shade Walker properly. As the runner started, Walker lined the ball to left-center field. Culberson was out of position and slow to field the ball. As he threw a relay to shortstop Johnny Pesky, Slaughter rounded third base, ignored third base coach Mike González's stop sign, and continued for home plate.

What exactly happened when Pesky turned around is still a matter of contention. Some claim that Pesky, assuming that Slaughter would not be running home, checked Walker at first base instead of immediately firing home. Some contend that Pesky was shocked to see Slaughter on his way to score and "held the ball," a mental lapse. But Pesky's reaction after taking the throw is immaterial. The run was lost by a chain of unfortunate events: Dom DiMaggio pulling up injured; the Red Sox lacking a better defensive replacement than Leon Culberson; Culberson being out of position on Walker's hit; Culberson's slow pickup of the ball, complicated by a rough outfield surface, and Culberson's weak throw; and Slaughter's speed and aggressive base-running. Slaughter scored just as Red Sox catcher Roy Partee caught Pesky's relay up the line from home plate.

The run put the Cardinals ahead 4–3 and proved to be the winning run. Harry "The Cat" Brecheen had come out of the bullpen during Boston's rally in the eighth when the Red Sox had two men on base, and he gave up the double by DiMaggio that tied the game. Brecheen allowed two singles to start the ninth inning, but then retired the Red Sox without giving up a run, to record his third victory of the Series.

Composite box score
1946 World Series (4–3): St. Louis Cardinals (N.L.) over Boston Red Sox (A.L.)

Batting
Note: GP=Games Played; AB=At Bats; R=Runs; H=Hits; 2B=Doubles; 3B=Triples; HR=Home Runs; RBI=Runs Batted In; BB=Walks; AVG=Batting Average; OBP=On Base Percentage; SLG=Slugging Percentage

Pitching
Note: G=Games Played; GS=Games Started; IP=Innings Pitched; H=Hits; BB=Walks; R=Runs; ER=Earned Runs; SO=Strikeouts; W=Wins; L=Losses; SV=Saves; ERA=Earned Run Average

Batting
Note: GP=Games Played; AB=At Bats; R=Runs; H=Hits; 2B=Doubles; 3B=Triples; HR=Home Runs; RBI=Runs Batted In; BB=Walks; AVG=Batting Average; OBP=On Base Percentage; SLG=Slugging Percentage

Pitching
Note: G=Games Played; GS=Games Started; IP=Innings Pitched; H=Hits; BB=Walks; R=Runs; ER=Earned Runs; SO=Strikeouts; W=Wins; L=Losses; SV=Saves; ERA=Earned Run Average

Highlights

 * This was the first World Series appearance for the Red Sox since, and it would be their last appearance until , when they would again lose to the Cardinals in seven games. However, the Red Sox would win the next two World Series matchups with the Cardinals, sweeping them in to break an 86-year championship drought, and then defeating them in six games in  (Boston's third in ten years).
 * The World Series loss snapped the Red Sox's record of winning their first five postseason series, a feat that would not be matched until the Florida Marlins did it 57 years later in the 2003 National League Championship Series.
 * Joe Cronin became the fourth manager to take two teams to the World Series (Pat Moran, Bill McKechnie, and Joe McCarthy were the first three) but was the first who did not win with either of them.
 * This was the final World Series in which only four umpires were used.
 * Several sources erroneously reported that Harry Walker hit a single allowing Enos Slaughter to score. It was officially scored a double.
 * This was the first World Series in which the final out in Game 7 came with the tying run on third base.

title: 1946 World Series


text:
David Zvi Hoffmann

David Zvi Hoffmann (November 24, 1843, Verbó, Austrian Empire – November 20, 1921, Berlin) (דוד צבי הופמן), was an Orthodox Rabbi and Torah Scholar. He headed the Yeshiva in Berlin, and published a research on the Pentateuch and Mishna, both in reaction to erstwhile Biblical criticism. He is referred to as רד"צ הופמן - Radatz Hoffmann - in later Rabbinic writing.

He was an expert in Midrash halakha and the foremost halakhic authority in Germany in his generation.

He is well known for his strident literary opposition to the Graf-Wellhausen theories of Biblical origin, while he quotes prominent Wissenschaft figures in his researches on Mishnah and Talmud.

His commentary on the Pentateuch is still often referred to.

Education and career
Born in Verbó in 1843, he attended various Yeshivas in his native town before he entered the college at Pressburg, from which he graduated in 1865. He then studied philosophy, history, and Oriental languages at Vienna and Berlin, taking his doctor's degree in 1871 from the University of Tübingen. His rabbinical training was under Moshe Schick and Azriel Hildesheimer.

Shortly after obtaining his degree, he became employed as a teacher in Samson Raphael Hirsch's Realschule school in Frankfurt am Main, and in 1873 moved to Berlin to join the faculty of the Rabbinical Seminary of Berlin where he eventually became rector (Rosh Yeshiva) in 1899 after the death of Azriel Hildesheimer.

A selective Wissenschaft practitioner
David Hoffmann is in some ways the prototype of the contemporary Orthodox Jewish scholar, facing the ubiquitous tension between faithfulness to tradition and the demands of critical inquiry. Though born in Hungary, he adapted the German-Jewish approach of openness towards general culture, world and society.

He employed the critical scientific method to the Talmud and wrote about the history of the development of the form of the Oral law (as opposed to the development of the Law itself, the latter being an enterprise antithetical to traditional Jewish beliefs; see below). Despite this, he was an original member of the more traditionally oriented Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah (council of great Torah sages), and was also known to be "of great moral conduct and piety".

Hoffman was the leading authority on traditional halakha (Jewish law) in Germany in his lifetime, as well as an expert in the area of midrash halakha (legalistic Biblical exegesis). He was also known for his efforts to disprove the Documentary Hypothesis, as expressed by the Graf-Wellhausen theory, with his arguments presented in the work Die wichtigsten Instanzen gegen die Graf-Wellhausensche Hypothese (1903/1916).

A. Altmann, however, sees Hoffmann's writings on these matters (though evidencing great expertise) as pure apologetics, the cause of which may be seen as laid out in his introduction to Leviticus, where Hoffmann makes the following remarks:

Yet, despite the piety of the above sentiments, and his repeated proclamations regarding the divinity of the Oral Law, Hoffmann was still very much the Wissenschaft scholar. He cites in his work scholars such as Z. Frankel, A. Geiger, S.J. Rapoport, and H. Graetz, he studies the influences of Ancient Near Eastern culture on the evolution of the Talmud, and he identifies problems in the transmitted text. For example, Hoffmann in The First Mishna (discussed below) sees the present Mishna Avot as having been redacted from three different sources, a Mishna of Rabbi Akiva, a Mishna of Rabbi Meir, and a Mishna of Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi, the originals of which cannot be completely reconstructed due to their thoroughgoing fusion and subsequent manipulation.

The extent to which Hoffmann resided in the Wissenschaft movement can also be seen from the criticism he received from such opponents of the movement as Samson Raphael Hirsch. Hildesheimer notes regarding Hirsch's opinion of his Rabbinical Seminary (where Hoffmann worked after leaving Hirsch's institution) that "a question certainly exists as to whether Rabbi Hirsch considers the seminary to be an Orthodox institution." Hirsch's opposition extended to Hoffmann's own work, judging Hoffmann's book Mar Samuel to contain heresies.

Hoffmann's resolution of this tension between faithfulness to tradition and textual criticism is found by in the following passage from the introduction to The First Mishna:

Writings
Hoffman produced the Die Erste Mishna (The First Mishna), mentioned above, a historical and linguistic analysis of the Mishnah. Die Erste Mishna posits an early, uniform, undisputed, and therefore authoritative collection of the Oral Law, attempting to understand the historical development of the Mishnah from within itself and from rabbinic and non-rabbinic sources related to it. In this and the below work, Hoffmann draws on his expertise in midrash halakha and Semitic languages. For further context, see Oral Torah.

His commentary on the Pentateuch that included a translation of the text into German, is still widely cited. In it, he addresses erstwhile biblical criticism, particularly questions of God’s names and of the Torah’s antiquity. The work began as a series of lectures which he gave in the Rabbinical Seminary. Originally, commentaries on Genesis, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy were published, starting in 1904; his commentary on Exodus was published by Mossad Harav Kook only in 2010. The commentaries on Leviticus and Deuteronomy were written by Radatz himself, while the commentaries on Genesis and Exodus were written by his students, based on manuscripts of his lectures.

Hoffmann's Melamed Le-ho'il, are responsa on then contemporary issues, as based on historical evidence of tradition. He also published a translation of two of the orders of the Mishna into German.

Most of his writings were in German and remain so to this day. The First Mishna was translated into English, and a selection of his comments on the Passover Haggada have been published in Hebrew as well. His Pentateuch commentary was later translated into Hebrew; though today some volumes are out of print. Sefer Shemos has been recently reprinted; other volumes are available online.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: David Zvi Hoffmann


text: Category:Sufjan Stevens albums

title: Category:Sufjan Stevens albums


text:
Russ

Russ is a masculine given name, often a short form of Russell, and also a surname.

Given name or nickname

 * Russ Abbot (born 1947), British musician, comedian and actor
 * Russ Adams (born 1980), American retired baseball player
 * Russ Barenberg (born 1950), American bluegrass musician
 * Russ Conway (1925–2000), stage name of Trevor Stanford, English popular music pianist
 * Russ Feingold, American politician
 * Russ Freeman (pianist) (1926–2002), American bebop jazz pianist and composer
 * Russ Freeman (guitarist) (born 1960), American jazz fusion guitarist, composer and bandleader
 * Russ Granik, longtime Deputy Commissioner of the National Basketball Association
 * Russ Grimm (born 1959), American retired football player
 * Russ Hodge (born 1939), American decathlete, world record holder (1966–1967)
 * Russ Howard (born 1956), Canadian curler
 * Russ Huxtable, American politician from Delaware
 * Russ Kingston, American actor, editor and filmmaker
 * Russ Kun (born 1975), President of Nauru (2022–)
 * Russ Letlow (1913–1987), American football player
 * Russ Malkin (born 1960), British film producer and creative director
 * Russ Method (1897–1971), American football player
 * Russ Meyer (1922–2004), American film director, producer and screenwriter
 * Russ Meyer (baseball) (1923–1998), American baseball pitcher
 * Russ Peterson (gridiron football) (1905–1971), American football player
 * Russ Peterson (coach), American college basketball, football and baseball coach
 * Russ W. Peterson (1916–2011), American politician
 * Russ Ptacek (born 1963), American journalist
 * Russ Roberts (born 1954), American economist
 * Russ Smith (guard) (1893–1958), American football player
 * Russ Smith (running back) (1944–2001), American football player
 * Russ Smith (basketball) (born 1991), American basketball player
 * Russ Smith (publisher) (born 1955), American newspaper publisher and columnist
 * Russ Snyder (born 1934), American retired baseball player
 * Russ Tamblyn (born 1934), American actor
 * Russ Thomas (1924–1991), American football player
 * Russ (rapper) (born 1992), American rapper
 * Russ Washington (1946–2021), American football player
 * Russ Westbrook (born 1988), American basketball player
 * Russ Witherby (born 1962), American coach and former ice dancer
 * Russ Yeast (born 1999), American football player

Surname

 * Hannah Russ, zooarchaeologist
 * Joanna Russ (1937–2011), American feminist science fiction author
 * John Russ (disambiguation), several people
 * Karl Russ (1833–1899), German aviculturist and writer
 * Marco Russ (born 1985), German footballer
 * Martin Faxon Russ (1931–2010), American author and professor
 * Robert Russ (painter) (1847–1922), Austrian painter
 * Robert D. Russ (1933–1997), United States Air Force general
 * Robert Edwin Russ (1830–1902), planter and founder of Ruston, Louisiana
 * Semp Russ (1878–1978), American college football quarterback and tennis player in the 1904 Olympics
 * Tim Russ (born 1956), American actor
 * William Russ (born 1950), American actor

Fictional characters

 * Russ Owen, on the British soap opera ''Hollyoaks

title: Russ


text:
Canadarago Lake

Canadarago Lake is a 1917 acre lake located in Otsego County, New York and is the source of Oaks Creek. The Village of Richfield Springs is located at the lake's northern end. It is the second largest lake in Otsego County, lying to the west of and parallel to the larger Otsego Lake. The lake's name is also spelled "Candajarago Lake" or "Caniadaraga Lake".

The lake has two islands. One island is known as Deowongo Island. The island's name is said to mean, "Place of Hearing", coming from the Oneida Iroquois nation’s language, and was given to the island because of the echo that was noticeable from that body of land. The island was protected in October 2012 and is currently open for public access. The other island is Loon Island which is a sunken island that disappeared in the early 19th century.

Geography
Canadarago Lake is just over 4 mi long with a surface area of 1917 acre. Its average depth is 24.75 ft, with a maximum depth of 44 ft. The northern end of the lake is in the Town of Richfield, and the southern end is in the Town of Otsego and bordered by the Town of Exeter on the west. The lake runs from the Village of Richfield Springs at the north end to the community of Schuyler Lake at the south end. The lake has historically also been known as Schuyler Lake, and the community mentioned earlier still bears this name.

Islands
There is a small island near the eastern shore called Deowongo Island. There is a sunken island on Canadarago Lake called Loon Island. This island was less than an acre and stood toward the north end of the lake toward the northwest side, near the Baker’s Beach area.

Adjacent mountains
One mountain near the lake is Nine Hill, which is located on the northwest side of the lake. King Hill is located on the east side of the lake. South of King Hill is Panther Mountain.

History
In 1778, there was an event known as the Andrustown Massacre during the American Revolutionary War near Canadarago Lake. There is a marker south of Hendersonville on the road to the lake known as the “Leatherstocking Trail”, which is a reminder of this massacre.

Until the early part of the 19th century, there was a second island on the lake called Loon Island. Smaller than the island that remains on Canadarago today, Loon Island was only half an acre in size. Its southern shore was marshy, but the northern end of the island (toward Richfield Springs) had trees and vegetation. In 1816..."the year without a summer", there was an early spring thaw and the streams that feed Canadarago were running high. Their water flow covered the lake ice. A north wind blew the ice pack into the southern portion of the lake. Not long after that, there was a hard freeze and the winds shifted from out of the south. The ice pack, larger than before, was sent back in the opposite direction. The saw effect took off the surface soil of the island and took down the trees and vegetation. It has been under water ever since.

In 1872, a small steamboat was launched on the lake as a pleasure craft.

The remaining island on Canadarago was called Deowongo Island (De-O-Won-Go) by the Oneida Indians who lived in the area. The name is said to mean, "Place of Hearing", and was given to the island because of the echo that was noticeable from that body of land. The island was purchased from the State of New York by Daniel Wormer in 1850. Then in 2012 the island was donated by the Schoenlein family to the Otsego Land Trust making it accessible by the public.

In 1902, the Southern New York Railroad, an electric railroad, was opened south of Herkimer and Mohawk to Jordanville, Richfield Springs, Canadarago Lake, Cooperstown and Oneonta. There were two stops along the lake including Canadarago Park and The Lake House. Canadarago Park was located on the east shore about a mile south of The Lake House.

June 2006 saw massive flooding of its banks after record rainfall. Legislation to create a Canadarago Lake District was approved by the New York State Legislature in 2007 but was subsequently vetoed by Governor Eliot Spitzer.

Geology
It is geologically related to the Finger Lakes, as they were both carved by glaciers, but is not counted among them. One difference is that Canadarago Lake is situated at a higher elevation (1266 ft) than the Finger Lakes (approximately 400 ft). Another difference is the Finger Lakes are part of the Lake Ontario watershed, and Otsego is part of the Susquehanna River watershed.

Canadarago Lake is a dimictic lake surviving a previous glacial period. The lake is also eutrophic.

Watershed
Ocquionis Creek and Mink Creek feed into the lake from the north, and Hyder Creek feeds into the lake from the west as well as Herkimer Creek, which enters the lake close to where Oaks Creek drains the lake. Oaks Creek drains to the south through a bog, and then flows southward for roughly 9 mi before flowing into the Susquehanna River.

The Canadarago Lake watershed covers approximately 67 mi2. It includes parts of the towns of Otsego, Springfield, Richfield, Exeter in Otsego County and towns of Columbia and Warren in Herkimer County. It is the headwaters of the 27510 mi2 drainage basin of the Susquehanna River which runs from Otsego Lake in Cooperstown to Havre de Grace where it flows into the Chesapeake Bay of the Atlantic Ocean.

Invasive species
Zebra mussels were first introduced into the Great Lakes in the mid- to late-1980s from ballast discharged from freighters originating in the Black and Caspian Sea region of eastern Europe and western Asia. They first became established in Canadarago Lake since around 2000. They can outcompete and kill native unionid clams. They also disrupt the food web, destroy shoreline infrastructure and swimming areas. In Canadarago Lake, they are of particular concern due to the relatively large areas of suitable habitat, which increase their impact the lake.

Pollution
Incompletely treated sewage from Richfield Springs was historically dumped into Oquionis Creek and then flowed into the lake which caused algae blooms. Then in 1973, tertiary treatment was started which involved phosphorus removal by alum precipitation. Improvements were seen within a few years.

Fishing
One of the lake’s biggest attractions is fishing. There are many species of fish in the lake including alewife, chain pickerel, common carp, cutlip minnow, golden shiner, satinfin shiner, bridle shiner, common shiner, blackchin shiner, spottail shiner, bluntnose minnow, eastern blacknose dace, longnose dace, rudd, creek chub, fallfish, pearl dace, white sucker, creek chubsucker, shorthead redhorse, yellow bullhead, brown bullhead, banded killifish, rock bass, redbreast sunfish, pumpkinseed, bluegill, black crappie and tessellated darter, with tiger muskie, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, black bass, yellow perch, walleye, and brown trout being the most popular to fish. In recent years yellow perch and other fishing in this lake have deteriorated due to over introduction of small bait fish by NYSDEC. The lake is accessed by a State-owned hard-surface boat launch on the west side off State Route 28. The lake’s Walleye population is being supplemented with approximately 40,000 Walleyes four to five inches in length (NYS Department of Environmental Conservation). They are being supplemented annually through 2016, where they will be re-evaluated and most likely stocked once every two to three years. During the summer, there are multiple bass tournaments to show off who can catch the most impressive sized bass. Ice fishing is also permitted during the winter months.

There are different regulations for fishing on the lake including a catch limit and season. Black Bass season goes from December 1 to the third Saturday in June and there is a limit of 5 fish per day. The walleye season goes from the first Saturday in May to March 15. In 2017, the walleye harvest limit was raised from the statewide regulation to 18 in minimum size and 3 per day, as opposed to a 15 in minimum size and 5 per day in most other New York lakes. The special regulation will be kept for walleye until number of age 3 is improved. As for Yellow Perch, the season is open all year and a limit of 25 per day, as opposed to a limit of 50 on most other New York lakes. In recent years yellow perch and other fishing in this lake have deteriorated due to over introduction of small bait fish by NYSDEC.

Public swimming areas
Baker's Beach is a public picnic area that is open 11am to 7pm from July 4 through August 30, with swimming permitted when a lifeguard is on duty. It is located on the northwest side of the lake, accessed by State Route 28.

title: Canadarago Lake


text:
Talk:Wyrd

Convulted
I think this article could use some work. It's a bit convoluted and not very clear, and missing some wider context to make it more than a dictionary entry.--Khendon 19:01, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I agree. And the Terry Pratchett thing is not a play on words. He spelt it properly where Shakespeare spelt it "weird". And Should Macbeth not be mentioned, BTW?

I have made a major overhaul of the page. I have included much more information and explanations, which are based on both my own intuitive understanding of such topics, as well as the view of modern day Heathens. I have rephrased some information, added more sections, and included a few appropriate, non-fictional links. Feel free to wikify as desired. I wrote this article as one who believes in these concepts, as I do; you may want to incorporate a more NPOV than I would provide, but don't water down the information.

Yogensha 00:21, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

what the vhelllll

 * I've made a couple of minor changes. I fixed a typo, re-arranged a sentence so that it made more sense (it didn't read right as it stood) and put in a wiki link for Heathen on the grounds that I'd not heard of Heathens as a modern revival movement until this entry.

 * Also, it's interesting that the way in which Wyrd describes our constraint by past action but also our freedom to influence our future within the context of this constraint resembles some of the ideas inherent in the concept of karma. I've flagged this up in the article.  Kantiandream 14:27, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Weird
I think we should move the article to weird.

Why? I put 'weird' into the search box and it redirects here anyway. Kantiandream 08:55, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

I think that there may be more suspicious candidates. Suspicious words:

Why? Ancient Vocal sound asking another for information on the wyrd. Communicated via the word. Seeking reason of the Word.

Word Spoken word. Communicating the information of the world. Remembering memories of complex neurological patterns, and Passing them through space via communication bio equipment to others. Sharing The Wyrd. or the world. consensus like.

Wierd meaning strange. (suspicious to string) in Danish wierd translates to underlig. Underlig literally means wierd. but also Below Like. The danish word "Rigtig" means Rig like. deriving from the RigVedas The proto-germanic Wotan, or in Asetru danish folklore "odin". Odin hang from the life tree and visited mimirs well. to where he sacrificed his one eye. The well of knowlegde which he used to see the future. Predicting the wyrd.

World (from scandinavian Verden meaning world. (also danish Væren (being), at vær: "to be") The World in which we live in. The intertwining Network of the Wyrd.

Well of Urd is not the same as Mimir's Well
[The Well of Urd is the holy well supposed to harbor the head of Mímir the giant] and [Odin dropped his eye into the well to gain the "Gift of Knowledge." Odin completed two other tasks to gain the "Gift of Poetry" and the "Mysteries of Nature."] are incorrect. These refer to the Well of Mimir, which is a different well located in a different world. I don't know of a source that claims they're the same. Snorri Sturlson clearly distinguishes them in the "Prose Edda" (Gylfaginning XV):

Three roots of the tree uphold it and stand exceeding broad: one is among the Æsir; another among the Rime-Giants, in that place where aforetime was the Yawning Void; the third stands over Niflheim, and under that root is Hvergelmir, and Nídhöggr gnaws the root from below. But under that root which turns toward the Rime-Giants is Mímir's Well, wherein wisdom and understanding are stored; and he is called Mímir, who keeps the well. He is full of ancient lore, since he drinks of the well from the Gjallar-Horn. Thither came Allfather and craved one drink of the well; but he got it not until he had laid his eye in pledge.

The third root of the Ash stands in heaven; and under that root is the well which is very holy, that is called the Well of Urdr; there the gods hold their tribunal.

See http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/pre/pre04.htm

Mark350125 06:35, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Clarification request
"Indeed, for a true comprehension it is key for the Wyrd to be embraced as a conceptual mystery, wherein the tides and tidings of time and timelessness flow and weave always, entwining the reticulum of the fabric of being and non-being.[1]" That is quite poetic, but does it have any meaning? For a reference it would be nice to explain what "reticulum of the fabric of being and non-being" means- if anything. 63.241.31.130 (talk) 21:52, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Do I really have to spoon feed EVERYONE, use a very good dictionary and meditate and pray on it!
 * Sadhana: Clarity follows upon the coat tails of dilligence
 * B9 hummingbird hovering (talk • contribs) 12:09, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * If I go to an encyclopedia looking for information I shouldn't be required to 'pray on it', or even find a 'very good dictionary': the info should be there, clearly explained. I agree that a true understanding of a complex subject can only come with study, but Wikipedia isn't a holy book.  I don't expect Wikipedia to tell me everything about a concept, but I want it to give me an overview; a starting point.  And what it does tell me I want it to tell me clearly, even if I don't meditate.  - 78.86.81.52 (talk) 17:28, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

How about a new section for "Wyrd in popular media"?
I know of at least one book series (Deverry Cycle/Katherine Kerr)that is wholly based on just this very concept of wyrd, and also mentions it quite a few times in that name. 79.181.108.148 (talk) 00:45, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Similar / related article on the German Wikipedia
More recently I wrote an article based on some German authors (Golther / Simek) over on the German Wikipedia. Especially Golther goes into detail about Germanic Mythology and draws more strict lines between Wurd (Wyrd/Urd) and other Norns, especially those at the "Well of Urd" as described in the Icelandic tradition. In this regard he also remarks that "Wurd" is the only one of the three Norns at the well who exists outside the Icelandic texts (something confirmed by Jakob Grimm) and that she thus may be regarded as all-Germanic, whereas Skuld and Verdandi are essentially concepts of Antiquity (Parcae) introduced by the writer(s) in Iceland. Golther also equates Wurd with more than just Fate, but also Fortunes, Destiny, and Death (Beowulf 477).

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurd —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynnis (talk • contribs) 23:00, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

Ynnis (20.07.2009, 01.10 a.m.)

Reworked Article
In the spirit of 'being bold', I've taken my abject lack of knowledge of Norse mythology and had a bash at tidying this up a bit. In my defence, it's because I lack any real knowledge of the subject that I found the article so difficult to grasp: as it stood, and without intending any offence, it seemed more aimed at showcasing someone's understanding of the material than at explaining it to those of us not so educated. As a result, if you now find that any of the statements made are no longer accurate then please feel free to revert them or edit them yourself. The only thing I'd ask is that you please bear in mind that the purpose here is to explain the concept to someone who doesn't already understand it. Thus, the language used needs to be as clear as possible. I'm not advocating 'dumbing-down': just accessibility.

(I should also point out, for honesty's sake, that I adhere to a concept called 'Wyrd' myself, which I consider akin to 'Tao'; but I recognise that it's easy for reconstructionists and borrowers-of-other-people's-culture to misunderstand the true, historical concepts that they adopt. In that spirit, I've tried not to let my personal conception of Wyrd interfere with my edits, since I realise this article deals with the Old Norse concept.  If you think that this has compromised any of my edits then again, by all means amend them - but please still bear the above request in mind.)

So I have:

- Generally reworded the 'Concept' section. In my view it was compromised by overly poetic language at the expense of clarity.

- Taken out the reference to proto-Germanic 'Naudiz'. This is because this article (Wyrd) does not fully explain the application of the term 'Naudiz' to the concept being described. Also, the 'Naudiz' article itself is a stub and it's not immediately clear from that article what relevance it has to this one. The association with 'constraint' is apparent, but I felt it would be far simpler just to say 'constraint' and trust that readers understood what that meant.

- Exchanged some frankly rather fanciful words for more down-to-earth alternatives. For example, I've replaced 'congruent to' with 'the same as'. Although I know it's not strictly a synonym, in context it provides the same information in more familiar, clearer language.

- Reworded the section about the Norns, and excised some references. This was the section that seemed most intended to demonstrate someone's familiarity with Old Norse than to educate my uncultured self in how the Norns relate to Wyrd.

- Shrivenzale (talk) 14:55, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree with Shrivenzale. (S)he has made a pretty good start at translating the article into plain English, but the section entitled "Concept" is still, to the average reader, complete gobbledegook. Pretentious, meaningless phrases such as "entwining the reticulum of the fabric of being and non-being" simply don't have a place in a lay person's encyclopaedia. Could someone who both (1) understands the subject and (2) isn't simply trying to show off their flowery prose please try and make this article accessible? ~dom Kaos~ (talk) 02:57, 15 December 2009 (UTC)

Translation links need checking
For any who know the languages in the translation links, please confirm that they correspond to Wyrd and not Urðr. I removed the ones for Urðarbrunnr, but I'm not going to remove the translation links for the others if I can't say with certainty that they are not about Wyrd or both Wyrd and Urðr. LokiClock (talk) 18:28, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Checked:

Merge with Urðr
has requested that this article be merged with Urðr. Discussion is taking place at Talk:Urðr. bloodofox: (talk) 20:09, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Merge with German: Wurd
It should be merge with German / Deutsch Wurd, since this article here is primarily about the personification of fate and not about the mythological figure of Norse Mythology Urðr:

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurd —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ynnis (talk • contribs) 20:57, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

you don't mean "merge", you mean "adjust the interwiki link". I have done that. --dab (𒁳) 13:29, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

Urth?
Why does Urth redirect here when it doesn't mention the term anywhere? --Brian Fenton (talk) 16:51, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

wærdo??
A according to page 230 of "A handy Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" (link = http://books.google.com/books?id=H99ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA230) the term "wærdo" means something uncommon, a wonder, or monster. Page 251 of the same lexicon has "Wyrd" with "1. Weird" but that says the goddess fate, etc. Is there confirmation that our modern English usage for "weird" (meaning "odd") derives from this "wyrd" and not rather than from "wærdo"??Charlie (talk) 04:14, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes. If you read the article, you'll see that we can trace the history of weird back, with the first occurrence of the meaning of "odd" being as late as 1815. Unless you can provide some evidence of connection between the Old English wærdo and the modern English weird, I don't see why we'd hypothesize a connection. It's not like the period between 1050 and 1815 are poorly documented linguistically.--Prosfilaes (talk) 04:41, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

"Beyond" vs. "Out of" law
Hi,

I see that the article (writer(s)) choose to interpret "out, from, beyond" as "beyond", i.e making "that which is (according to Urd)" something beyond the law. This is an unreferenced interpretation; as unreferenced interpretations go, wouldn't it make 60 000 times more sense to interpret the necessity of fate as originating "from law" (or even "out of law") parallell to a concept like "karma" (understood as a metaphysical version of the law of cause and effect) (not that I'm a Buddhist) (nor that I am, like, against, like, Buddhism)?

UNODIR, I'll change it soon.

T

85.166.162.202 (talk) 03:32, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

 * See, this is not Buddhism--that's a religion a continent away from this one. And the appropriate response to unreferenced statements that may be OR is not to add unreferenced statements that are clearly uninformed OR.--Prosfilaes (talk) 20:43, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Macbeth
I would like to petition for either the removal of the Macbeth reference, or to edit it with a sub-category. I ask for this because the "weird" Shakespeare uses is not a derivation of "Wyrd" but a pronunciation of the word "weyward" (modern: wayward). This word comes from the middle english word "awayward" meaning "turned away from" and was used in the text to describe that the three "sisters" were apostates of the church. While they do appear to have prescient visions of Macbeth's future, it is unlikely that Shakespeare would have used that aspect of their character to describe them, given that the play was written or edited to attract the attentions of King James. Erasychthon (talk) 08:34, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Better to add the alternative derivation, with good sources. I'd drop the questionable OR about what Shakespeare or King James might have thought. Johnbod (talk) 11:51, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * This derivation is not at all widely accepted. However, if you can add it in context and with reliable sources, feel free. :bloodofox: (talk) 00:49, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wyrd


text:
Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science

Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science is a book written by L. Ron Hubbard. Originally published in May 1950 as an article in Astounding Science Fiction, and immediately preceding the publication of his book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, it was expanded and republished as a 48-page book in 1955 by Hubbard Association of Scientologists International Ltd. In 2007, it was republished by Bridge Publications as a 213-page book — part of the re-release of the "basic books" of Scientology. The book is considered part of Scientology's canon.

In Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science, Hubbard describes how he defined the reactive mind and developed the procedures to get rid of it. The book includes Hubbard's account of the reasoning behind his development of Dianetics.

title: Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science


text:
Cazenovia Lake

Cazenovia Lake is located in Madison County, New York. It is located 20 mi southeast of the city of Syracuse. The village of Cazenovia is located southeast of the lake.

History
The lake resides in a valley created by sub-glacial runoff during the recession of North American continental glaciers at the end of the last glacial period.

Prior to European settlement of the area, Cazenovia Lake was known to the Oneida as Owagehaga or Owahgenah, and to the Onondaga as Hohwahgeneh, all of which mean "lake of the yellow perch". It was also previously known as "Canaseraga Lake".

Description
Cazenovia Lake is roughly 3.9 mi long and 1/2 mi wide. It is 45 ft at its deepest point. The lake's elevation is at 1191 ft above sea level. It is drained from its southeast corner by a canal to Chittenango Creek, which then flows north over Chittenango Falls and eventually into Oneida Lake's south shore in Bridgeport.

The lake contains largemouth and smallmouth bass, rock bass, chain pickerel, pumpkinseed, black crappie, bluegill, walleye, yellow perch, white sucker, and brown bullhead. The north end of the lake is swampy, making navigation with a motorboat difficult. The lake has been impacted by several invasive species, including Eurasian milfoil and zebra mussels.

Boating access for trailered boats is allowed by permit at Lakeside Park in the village of Cazenovia. An unofficial launch for canoes and kayaks is available at the undeveloped Helen L. McNitt State Park on the northeastern shore of the lake. Plans to improve the launch were announced in 2015.

title: Cazenovia Lake


text:
Royal Citadel, Plymouth

The Royal Citadel in Plymouth, Devon, England, was built in the late 1660s to the design of Sir Bernard de Gomme. It is at the eastern end of Plymouth Hoe overlooking Plymouth Sound, and encompasses the site of the earlier fort that had been built in the time of Sir Francis Drake. The citadel site is a Scheduled Monument and many of the buildings within are Grade II Listed.

Drake's Fort
In 1590, Sir Francis Drake was appointed to improve the defences of Plymouth. After setting up some temporary artillery batteries, Drake petitioned the Privy Council for the funds to build a fort on Plymouth Hoe that could dominate the Cattewater, the approach to Sutton Harbour, which at that time was the main port at Plymouth. By May 1592, Elizabeth I had decided that the fort could be funded by a tax on every hogshead of pilchards which was exported from Plymouth. Construction of the fort dragged on until 1596 and was only finished after the government had drafted in a further 500 labourers. The northern landward side of the fort was protected by two bastions and it enclosed the previously established batteries overlooking the Cattewater, and also the Fisher's Nose Blockhouse, located on its south east corner, which dates from about 1540. A further blockhouse called Queen Elizabeth's Tower was built a short distance to the west of Fisher's Nose.

Design and construction of the Citadel
During the Dutch Wars of 1664-67 King Charles II decided that it was necessary to realise the importance of Plymouth as a channel port. The original plan was to build a regular self-contained fort with five bastions, to the west of Drake's Fort, but this was revised to take in the earlier fort, resulting in the Citadel's irregular outline. Possibly due to Plymouth's support for the Parliamentarians in the Civil War its guns could also fire on the town. De Gomme faced some criticism over his unorthodox design: for instance when Samuel Pepys visited in 1683 he wrote that "De Gomme hath built very sillily".

Work began in March 1665, but it was not until 18 July 1666 that the foundation stone was laid by John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath. This stone, inscribed 'Jo Earle of Bathe 1666', is still in the wall facing the Hoe. Elements from the earlier Tudor fort were incorporated into the new work. The Citadel is built of local limestone, while the English Baroque gateway, designed by Sir Thomas Fitz, is of Portland stone. The gateway was originally approached by a drawbridge over a dry moat, but these were removed with all the other outworks in the 1880s. On the opposite bank to Fisher's Nose is the Queen Anne's Battery, dating from 1667.

Later use
The Royal Citadel was the most important English defence for over 100 years, with 70 ft high walls, and was regularly strengthened over the years, particularly during the 1750s when it was equipped with 113 guns. In 1860, the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom recommended the construction of a new ring of forts to defend Plymouth from a greater distance, the "Palmerston Forts"; however, the Citadel was still judged to be '...a valuable support to the works on the right of the "North-Eastern Defences".' During the later Victorian period the Citadel was being used by the Royal Garrison Artillery for instruction.

During the Second World War, the Citadel was used as the headquarters of the Coast Artillery Training Centre, Plymouth. After the war, the Coast Artillery School moved there from Great Orme, and the two institutions merged with the one remaining regular coast artillery regiment (47th Coast Regiment), which relocated to Plymouth from Dover to provide a depot establishment for the new Training Centre; training of recruits and others continued until the Coast Artillery was disbanded in 1956.

The Royal Citadel is still occupied by the military, being the base of 29 Commando Regiment of the Royal Artillery. This specialist British Army unit provides artillery support to 3 Commando Brigade of the Royal Marines. Guided tours are sometimes available.

Immediately to the east of the Citadel, and contemporary with it, a Royal Navy Victualling Yard was established to serve the fleet in Plymouth Sound and Sutton Pool. This closed with the establishment of the Royal William Victualling Yard in the 1830s, since when the area has been used as an extension to the military base (and accommodates vehicles too large to pass through the seventeenth-century gateway).

Based units
The following notable units are based at Royal Citadel.

British Army
Royal Artillery

 * 3 Commando Brigade
 * 29th Commando Regiment

Future
A Better Defence Estate, published in November 2016, indicates that the Ministry of Defence will dispose of the Royal Citadel by 2024. This was later extended to 2035.

Garrison church
The Royal Chapel of St Katherine-upon-the-Hoe was originally licensed for services in 1371. During the period 1666–1671, the original church was demolished and the present nave, chancel and sanctuary were rebuilt on the same site. The galleries and transepts were added in 1845 and give a cross-like structure to the building. King George V re-granted the title Royal Chapel in 1927 during a visit to the Royal Citadel.

Royal Citadel in the media
The 2011 BBC television series The Choir: Military Wives featured the Royal Citadel along with RMB Chivenor in Devon. The programme documented choirmaster Gareth Malone forming a choir of wives and partners of Royal Citadel personnel deployed on active service in the Afghanistan War. In forming a choir, Malone aimed to raise the women's morale and raise their profile in the public perception. The song "Wherever You Are" was recorded by the Military Wives Choir and was the Christmas number one in 2011, with proceeds going to the Royal British Legion and SSAFA Forces Help.

Visitor access
Access to the Royal Citadel is by guided tour only.

title: Royal Citadel, Plymouth


text:
Clavinova

The Clavinova is a long-running line of digital pianos created by the Yamaha Corporation. The name is a portmanteau of the two words Clavier meaning 'keyboard instrument” and nova meaning “new”.

It is similar in function to an acoustic piano but also includes many features common to various electronic keyboards, such as the ability to save/load songs and to play demo songs, including original Yamaha compositions, and the ability to play in a variety of voices. More recent models can be connected to a computer via USB or wireless network for music production or interactive piano lesson programs.

In 2023, the Clavinova celebrated the 40th anniversary of its debut in 1983.

Technical information
All current (and many past) Clavinovas (CLP and CVP-Series) feature Yamaha's “Graded Hammer” technology, a mechanical system of small metal hammers, weighted to be similar to those of an acoustic piano. These then activate a digital pressure sensor that then translates into sound. The graded action is intended to reproduce more accurately the varying weights of the hammers of an acoustic piano where the hammers vary in weight from the bass section to the treble. Higher-end models, such as the CVP-600 Series from 2012, incorporate real wooden keys and linear grading for added realism. The built-in synthesizer produces the sound. Early Clavinova models used FM synthesis. Later models use sample-based synthesis to produce the sound. Information comes in a MIDI or similar format either directly from the piano keyboard or a stored source (from within the piano or via a computer or external sequencer). The synthesizer can imitate a large array of acoustic instruments, electronic instruments and other sound effects. Recent models of CVP Clavinova have hundreds of such voices. These usually include many types of pianos and organs, string, percussion, brass and woodwind instruments, as well as modern and vintage synthesizer sounds, sampled effects etc. The more recent CVP models also feature many accompaniment styles, ranging from traditional dance and classical orchestration to more modern club, pop, rock, big band and jazz styles.

As of July 2020, the current line of Clavinova CLP models is the CLP-700 series, and the current Clavinova CVP models are the CVP-800 series. In August 2017, Yamaha introduced a new line of tablet computer-enabled Clavinovas, the CSP series, which is designed for use with Yamaha's SmartPianist app to access and control features of the instrument.

Graded hammer
The various graded or progressively weighted keys are:

 * Graded Hammer Standard (GHS), formerly Hammer Effect (HE) or Action Effect (AE)
 * Graded Hammer (GH or sometimes GHE), somewhat heavier than GHS. GH is also closer to the weight of real piano keys.
 * Graded Hammer 3 (GH3), like GH, but GH3 incorporate a third sensor, thus making the key respond more like "grand piano" behaviour. GH3 allows the player to trigger the sound when depressed a second time, even when the note is still decaying, and the player has not completely released the key after the first push of the key. This makes some techniques such as a soft legato "trill" easier to execute.
 * Graded Hammer 3X (GH3X) keyboard features an "escapement" mechanism that reproduces a slight clicking sensation near the bottom of the key travel. It has been designed in such a way that the click is discernible only on the lightest keystrokes, similar to the keyboard of a grand piano.
 * Natural Wood (NW) is graded like the GH3 but also uses spruce wood to make the feeling even closer to that of the acoustic grand piano.
 * Natural Wood X (NWX) provides the keys of the NW keyboard, yet also has escapement, giving an even more accurate feel.
 * GrandTouch Keyboard has a longer key length. The longer distance between the edge of the key and its pivot point means that it requires less strength to push down.
 * 88-key Linear Graded Hammers provide 88 levels of gradation (each key has its own weight). With NWX, it has the most accurate feel of any of the Clavinovas, although also found on some NW keyboards.

Keyboard "feel" feature matrix for current models
From Yamaha Clavinova microsite. From Yamaha Product Spec page.

Tone feature matrix for three past generations and current models
From Yamaha Clavinova microsite. From Clavinova Spec page.

History
Clavinovas and their immediate predecessors have been in production since 1983.

YP (CVP Predecessor)

 * 1983: YP-10, YP-20, YP-30, YP-40 – provided the "Stereo Symphonic effect" showing depth feeling to perform in concert halls and live houses, first pianos on the series.

CV (CLP Predecessor)

 * 1984: CV-100, CV-300

CVP and CGP models

 * 1985: CVP-3, CVP-5, CVP-7 – First CVP series Clavinova
 * 1987: CVP-6, CVP-8, CVP-10, CVP-100MA, CVP-100PE
 * 1988: CVP-20
 * 1989: CVP-30, CVP-50, CVP-70
 * 1991: CVP-25*, CVP-35, CVP-45, CVP-55, CVP-65, CVP-75
 * 1993: CVP-83, CVP-85, CVP-87, CVP-89
 * 1995: CVP-49, CVP-59, CVP-69, CVP-79 – added LCD on all models except CVP-49, and introduced LCD buttons.
 * 1997: CVP-92, CVP-94, CVP-96, CVP-98, CVP-555 – First modern design button LCD, Organ Combo (predecessor to Organ Flutes! voices). Based on the PSR-8000 and PSR-740.
 * 1998: CVP-600
 * 1999: CVP-103, CVP-105, CVP-107, CVP-109. Based on PSR-740 and PSR-9000.
 * 2000: CVP-700
 * 2001: CVP-201, CVP-203, CVP-205, CVP-207, CVP-209 – Introduced most of the current technologies, added first color display, and with the latest button setup. Based on PSR-9000, 9000 Pro and PSR-2100.
 * 2002: CVP-900
 * 2003: CVP-202, CVP-204, CVP-206, CVP-208, CVP-210. Based on PSR-2100.
 * 2004: CVP-301, CVP-303, CVP-305, CVP-309, CVP-307, CVP-309, CVP-309GP – All models have current button display, first GH3 and NW keyboards. Added Mega Voices and based on Tyros/PSR-3000.
 * 2007: CGP-1000
 * 2007: CVP-401, CVP-403, CVP-405, CVP-407, CVP-409, CVP-409GP – Added Super Articulation, based on Tyros 2/PSR-S900.
 * 2009: CVP-501, CVP-503, CVP-505, CVP-509 – Introduced several new keyboard technologies, added S. Articulation 2. Added free play styles. Based on Tyros 3/PSR-S910.
 * 2012: CVP-601, CVP-605, CVP-609, CVP-609GP – All models have S. Articulation and GH3, added touch screen and RGE sound engine. Based on Tyros 4/PSR-S950.
 * 2015: CVP-701, CVP-705, CVP-709, CVP-709GP – All models have color displays and synthetic ivory keycaps. Added VRM sound engine and escapement. Based on Tyros 5/PSR-S970.
 * 2019: CVP-805, CVP-809, CVP-809GP. Based on Genos/PSR-SX900, with green lamp inside style control, registrations, and one touch settings buttons.
 * 2023: CVP-905, CVP-909, CVP-909GP. Based on Genos/PSR-SX900, with blue lamp inside style control, registrations, and one touch settings buttons.

CLP models
History reference.

 * 1985: CLP-20, CLP-30
 * 1986: CLP-40, CLP-45, CLP-50, CLP-55, CLP-200, CLP-300
 * 1987: CLP-100, CLP-100MA, CLP-100PE, CLP-500
 * 1988: CLP-250, CLP-350, CLP-550, CLP-650Clavinova_clp650_right.jpg
 * 1989: CLP-570, CLP-650W, CLP-670
 * 1990: CLP-260, CLP-360, CLP-560, CLP-760
 * 1992: CLP-121, CLP-122, CLP-123, CLP-124
 * 1994: CLP-152S, CLP-153S, CLP-153SG, CLP-154S, CLP-155, CLP-157
 * 1996: CLP-311, CLP-411, CLP-511, CLP-611, CLP-811, CLP-911
 * 1997: CLP-555
 * 1998: CLP-810, CLP-820, CLP-840, CLP-860, CLP-880
 * 2000: CLP-920, CLP-930, CLP-950, CLP-955, CLP-970, CLP-970A
 * 2001: CLP-910, CLP-990
 * 2002: CLP-110, CLP-120, CLP-130, CLP-150, CLP-170
 * 2003: CLP-115
 * 2005: CLP-F01
 * 2005: CLP-220, CLP-230, CLP-240, CLP-270, CLP-280, CLP-265GP, CLP-295GP
 * 2008: CLP-320, CLP-330, CLP-340, CLP-370, CLP-380, CLP-S306, CLP-S308
 * 2011: CLP-430, CLP-440, CLP-465GP, CLP-470, CLP-480, CLP-S406, CLP-S408 - Implemented RGE Sound Engine
 * 2014: CLP-525, CLP-535, CLP-545, CLP-565GP, CLP-575, CLP-585 - Revised LCD, added VRM
 * 2017: CLP-625, CLP-635, CLP-645, CLP-665GP, CLP-675, CLP-685
 * 2018: CLP-695GP
 * 2020: CLP-735, CLP-745, CLP-765GP, CLP-775, CLP-785, CLP-795GP
 * 2021: CLP-725

CSP models

 * 2017: CSP-150, CSP-170
 * 2023: CSP-255, CSP-275, CSP-295, CSP-295GP

title: Clavinova


text:
Internet Server Application Programming Interface

The Internet Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) is an n-tier API of Internet Information Services (IIS), Microsoft's collection of Windows-based web server services. The most prominent application of IIS and ISAPI is Microsoft's web server.

The ISAPI has also been implemented by Apache's mod_isapi module so that server-side web applications written for Microsoft's IIS can be used with Apache. Other third-party web servers like Zeus Web Server offer ISAPI interfaces, too.

Microsoft's web server application software is called Internet Information Services, which is made up of a number of "sub-applications" and is very configurable. ASP.NET is one such slice of IIS, allowing a programmer to write web applications in their choice of programming language (VB.NET, C#, F#) that's supported by the Microsoft .NET CLR. ISAPI is a much lower-level programming system, giving much better performance, at the expense of simplicity.

ISAPI applications
ISAPI consists of two components: Extensions and Filters. These are the only two types of applications that can be developed using ISAPI. Both Filters and Extensions must be compiled into DLL files which are then registered with IIS to be run on the web server.

ISAPI applications can be written using any language which allows the export of standard C functions, for instance C, C++, Delphi. There are a couple of libraries available which help to ease the development of ISAPI applications, and in Delphi Pascal the Intraweb components for web-application development. MFC includes classes for developing ISAPI applications. Additionally, there is the ATL Server technology which includes a C++ library dedicated to developing ISAPI applications.

Extensions
ISAPI Extensions are true applications that run on IIS. They have access to all of the functionality provided by IIS. ISAPI extensions are implemented as DLLs that are loaded into a process that is controlled by IIS. Clients can access ISAPI extensions in the same way they access a static HTML page. Certain file extensions or a complete folder or site can be mapped to be handled by an ISAPI extension.

Filters
ISAPI filters are used to modify or enhance the functionality provided by IIS. They always run on an IIS server and filter every request until they find one they need to process. Filters can be programmed to examine and modify both incoming and outgoing streams of data. Internally programmed and externally configured priorities determine in which order filters are called.

Filters are implemented as DLLs and can be registered on an IIS server on a site level or a global level (i.e., they apply to all sites on an IIS server). Filters are initialised when the worker process is started and listens to all requests to the site on which it is installed.

Common tasks performed by ISAPI filters include:
 * Changing request data (URLs or headers) sent by the client
 * Controlling which physical file gets mapped to the URL
 * Controlling the user name and password used with anonymous or basic authentication
 * Modifying or analyzing a request after authentication is complete
 * Modifying a response going back to the client
 * Running custom processing on "access denied" responses
 * Running processing when a request is complete
 * Run processing when a connection with the client is closed
 * Performing special logging or traffic analysis.
 * Performing custom authentication.
 * Handling encryption and compression.

Common ISAPI applications
This is a list of common ISAPI applications implemented as ISAPI extensions:
 * Active Server Pages (ASP), installed as standard
 * ActiveVFP, Active Visual FoxPro installed on IIS
 * ASP.NET, installed as standard on IIS 6.0 onwards
 * ColdFusion, later versions of ColdFusion are installable on IIS
 * Perl ISAPI (aka Perliis), available for free to install
 * PHP, available for free to install, not maintained anymore.

ISAPI development
ISAPI applications can be developed using any development tool that can generate a Windows DLL. Wizards for generating ISAPI framework applications have been available in Microsoft development tools since Visual C++ 4.0.


text:
Talk:Beth midrash

Comments
I have made some corrections, but this article clearly needs a refreshed focus: this article could potentially give a reader information about the architecture and use of study halls

1)the words structure, insitution, serves are used improperly 2)is a "characteristic" BM supposed to be a typical one? Most BMs have far more books than that 3)the comment about the probable location of study in the time of the Mishna is conjecture 4)this is a dictionary entry? the part about yeshiva is unnecessary. The reference to BMs changing roles is an anachronism, at least in the US. That is more reflective of the situation in pre-WW2 Europe. 5)should Jewish laws about the study hall be included?

Econapl 19:13, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

no consensus. -Andrew c [talk] 15:53, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
Should it not be writen "Bait Midrash" or like the ashkenazi pronounciation "Bais Misdrash" Actictecture is nonexistent, as many have been set up basments, and in shuls they have no real design. Bais Midrash have as many book as they can afford, from a few chumashim two tweny sets of shash. THe laws are not inportant, as many are obvious.

Bait, Beit, Beis, Beth -- Discuss. -- Avi 19:08, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Beit midrash, clearly. Having no prejudice against the Ashkenazi pronounciation, this spelling is the most commonly used, as a Google search reveals. The current spelling is archaic and hardly used today in non-historical contexts.--DLand TALK 19:30, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Beit midrash common Hebrew pronounciation spoken my most Hebrew speakers, not a dialect. Beis is only spoken by ashkenazi (of which I am) and frankly, a minority in the world of Hebrew speakers. --Shuki 20:46, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Beis Medrash is more commonly used when speaking, seeWP:NC(CN)--Shuli 18:20, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This discussion seems kind of irrelevant, seeing as the two of us are the only ones discussing, but regardless - you have no source that "Beis medrash" is more commonly used colloquially. It seems clear to me that the opposite is true: "beit midrash" is more commonly used when speaking (specifically by most Modern Orthodox and Religious Zionist Jews) and I have Google on my side. (And just to point out that I have no conflict of interest as I suspect you do, I personally say "Beis medrash") --DLand TALK 19:48, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Beis/Beit midrash is fine with me. Both are better than the current version. I personally prefer 'beis', but I have to agree with DLand. Most of the world, unfortunately, does not use Ashkenazi Hebrew. In any case it is 'ei', not 'ai'. --Bear and Dragon 13:56, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose There is really nothing wrong with the present title. These debates about the 'correct name' are quite sterile. Let's leave things as they are. (Personally I say beismedresh—so what?) And, what most Hebrew speakers say is totally irrelevant, since this is the English Wikipedia, not the Hebrew WP! --Redaktor 22:58, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * What is wrong with the current title is that it is archaic and unused. "Beit midrash" is what most English speakers say/write. Personally, I say "beis medresh" as well - that doesn't change my opinion of what is appropriate for Wikipedia.--DLand TALK 02:23, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * How can you you possibly know what most English speakers say/write. I would actually dispute that statement, when you consider that chareidi publications (which cannot be counted by Google) do not write Beit midrash, and indeed many of the uses of Beit Midrash on the web are institutions far removed from those described in this article. --Redaktor 13:00, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That's possible theoretically, but you can't show that definitively. When the sources that exist are incomplete, you have to go by what does exist, not by speculation. Either way, I think we can agree that the current title is not the best one.--DLand TALK 21:18, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Keep it at Beth. Most common latinization IMO. -- Y not? 18:27, 11 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Beis/Beth midrash
L'fi WP:COMMONNAME the page should be Beis Medrash, There were at least 200,000 more google hits for Beis Medrash than for the closest runner up. --Shuliavrumi (talk) 15:54, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

Virtual beth midrash
, your edits are not in accord with Wikipedia's encyclopedic style; please read WP:MOS. I reverted your last edits because matzav.com is not a reliable source; it copies from other websites. If you feel this is a legitimate topic, please use reliable sources from newspapers, books, and magazines. Thank you, Yoninah (talk) 13:19, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Sorry about that, i didn't know how to talk here. I have read your reference, please note the following within your selection.

"Whether a specific news story is reliable for a fact or statement should be examined on a case-by-case basis." Do you contest the fact that the creators said so?

Also: "Editorial commentary, analysis and opinion pieces, whether written by the editors of the publication (editorials) or outside authors (op-eds) are reliable primary sources for statements attributed to that editor or author, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact."

Please revert your edit yourself.

Thank

p.s. i hope you aren't insulted.

 * Should we go for a conflict resolution?TheZoomTorah (talk) 14:27, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I see your point on the link, see what i wrote you on amakuru. In regards to the edit please see [Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#News_organizations]]

"Editorial commentary, analysis and opinion pieces, whether written by the editors of the publication (editorials) or outside authors (op-eds) are reliable primary sources for statements attributed to that editor or author, but are rarely reliable for statements of fact." As such matzav.com is a source for what the creators of that app said. Please revert your edit or go to conflict resolution. And please No 'you', blaming is not the way of a jew nor of a wikipedian!TheZoomTorah (talk) 15:34, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Since i see you didn't reply, should i assume you agree? TheZoomTorah (talk) 20:25, 16 September 2020 (UTC)
 * What kind of comment is that? We are all volunteers at Wikipedia, and I don't work here day and night. In fact, I'm running around shopping for Rosh Hashanah, if you must know.
 * Regarding your new section, if you think that "virtual beis midrash" is a thing, then you must source it adequately. The website that you have chosen to verify your claims is basically reprinting a publicity piece for the app. This is not considered a reliable source. It also doesn't make sense that However they generally they don't provide for the Chavrusa style learning that is typical of a bais medrash study hall. I'm sure that videoconferencing can handle the chavrusa aspect as well. I suggest that you look up "virtual beis midrash" on Google, Google Books, and any other newspaper or magazine sources and then write this section based on what you read. Yoninah (talk) 20:38, 16 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beth midrash


text:
Return to Peyton Place

Return to Peyton Place is a 1959 novel by Grace Metalious, a sequel to her best-selling 1956 novel Peyton Place.

Plot summary
After the phenomenal success of her first novel, Metalious hastily penned a sequel centering on the life and loves of bestselling author Allison MacKenzie, who follows in the footsteps of her mother by having an affair with a married man, her publisher Lewis Jackman. The similarity of their situations bond Allison and her mother.

When she returns to her hometown following the publication of her first novel, Samuel's Castle, she is forced to face the wrath of most of its residents, who are incensed by their barely disguised counterparts and the revelation of town secrets in the book. Despite that, certain members of the community stood by the MacKenzies, most notably, Seth Buswell, the newspaper editor; and his oldest friend, Dr. Matthew Swain. In fact, whenever anyone came into Dr. Swain's office and complained about Allison's book, he would roar them down and after a harsh tongue-lashing from him about some of the things that person had done, he or she would never complain about Allison's novel after that.

However, Roberta Carter, a member of the school board (working in concert with the town attorney's wife Marion Partridge), makes it her mission to ban the book from the high school library.

She punishes Allison by firing her stepfather, Michael Rossi (a decision which she eventually reverses, to the anger of Marion); while at the same time trying to dissolve her son Ted's marriage to his snobbish bride, a Boston blue-blood named Jennifer Burbank.

Another union in trouble is that of Allison's mother Constance, who is shocked by her daughter's exposé, but nonetheless stands by her, and stepfather Michael Rossi, the school principal and one of the novel's defenders.

Betty Anderson returns from New York, after giving birth to Roddy, the child she had by Rodney Harrington and, along with her cohort and Roddy's babysitter, Agnes Carlisle, moves to Peyton Place, so she can allow Leslie, Roddy's grandfather to know him.

Selena Cross, who had been acquitted of murder in the previous novel, was trying to make a life for herself and her brother, Joey. She is manager of the Thrifty Corner Apparel Shoppe, and is a success. In this book, Selena and Allison had rebonded as friends, and Allison's New York roommate, Stephanie Wallace, was also part of their circle.

Reception
Return to Peyton Place received harsh reviews; Edmund Fuller in the New York Times wrote, "This sequel to 'Peyton Place' has no interest as a novel... [I]t is foolish writing, cynical publishing and bad reading." Time magazine said, "[T]he sequel bears all the marks of a book whacked together on a long weekend... Return has little more scene-setting than a limerick, and the characterization is negligible."

Metalious herself held the work in poor esteem, believing herself pressured by Hollywood producer Jerry Wald to write the sequel. In a press conference she held in New York in December 1959, she said "This isn't a novel; it's a Hollywood treatment... It was never intended to be anything else. It was a foul, rotten trick. They made a hell of a lot on Peyton Place, and they wanted to ride the gravy train."

Sales of the sequel did not approach those of the original book: While Peyton Place remained on the New York Times best seller list for 76 weeks, Return to Peyton Place spent just three (non-consecutive) weeks on the list, peaking at #13. According to Metalious biographer Emily Toth, the paperback edition sold four million copies, which was half of what the first novel sold.

Adaptations
A 1961 film adaptation was directed by José Ferrer.

A daytime drama entitled Return to Peyton Place aired on NBC from April 3, 1972, to January 4, 1974, but the soap opera was a continuation of the primetime television series Peyton Place rather than an adaptation of the book.

title: Return to Peyton Place


text:
Talk:Chandrika Kumaratunga

Untitled
This is a highly politically motivated article, probably written by a member/supporter of the United National Party (Opposition as at date) and creates a highly misleading idea about the subject of the article

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Presidential standard and NFCC#8
has removed Kumaratunga's presidential standard from the page on the basis that its use here fails NFCC#8. Ive said in my revert summary that i dont believe it does, but more accurately, i dont believe it should apply here. If not the page of the president who the flag identifies, where else is this flag supposed to go? Surely its use here is appropriate seeing as the flag was her effective coat of arms during her presidency?

From my understanding, there is no universal interpretation of these points, and those that are assigned for review by humans is done precisely so that they can be decided on a case by case basis. - ක - (talk) 11:51, 9 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The aticle subject is more than adequately identified by the multiple free images used in the article.The fact that a copyrighted image exists does not mean that it is suitable for use in Wikipedia articles. The Big Bad Wolfowitz (aka Hullaballoo). Treated like dirt by many administrators since 2006.   (talk) 14:47, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:51, 1 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga President Standard.jpg

title: Talk:Chandrika Kumaratunga


text:
Talk:Earthquake Management

Much of this material is in other articles already.

The first paragraph contains some new information that could be added to Earthquake prediction.

The second paragraph's content should be checked against Earthquake construction.

The third paragraph could be merged into Earthquake preparedness.

I don't know whether this article should be kept as a redirect or what.

The term is not in common use, and this article should be removed. --Zeizmic 14:21, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

-now changed --Zeizmic 02:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earthquake Management


text:
User:Zaheen

I am an admin at Bengali wikipedia. My user page there.

I like linguistics, and have started or significantly contributed to these articles:

 * Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
 * Bengali language (the section on Writing System)
 * Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
 * R. H. Robins
 * Symbol support vote.svg Syntactic Structures

 * Non-linguistic article(s)
 * Big Five (technology companies) (now merged into Big Tech)
 * Latent period (epidemiology)
 * Infectious period
 * Hyperendemic
 * Sporadic disease
 * Adversarial journalism
 * Alexis Lebrun
 * Cosmic ray astronomy
 * Outline of infectious disease concepts
 * Improved leads of : Spacecraft design, Space manufacturing, Gravitational-wave astronomy, Gamma-ray astronomy, Neutrino astronomy, Commerce, Data and information visualization
 * Improved : Tree view

title: User:Zaheen


text:
14th Lok Sabha

The 14th Lok Sabha (17 May 2004 – 18 May 2009) was convened after the 2004 Indian general election held in four phases during 20 April – 10 May 2004, which led to the formation of first Manmohan Singh ministry (2004–2009). Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 62 more seats than previous 13th Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house in the Parliament of India. 8 sitting members from Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament, were elected to 14th Lok Sabha after the 2004 Indian general election. The next 15th Lok Sabha was convened after 2009 Indian general election.

Bills
During the tenure of the 14th Lok Sabha, 60% of bills were referred to Parliamentary committees for examination.

Members

 * Speaker: Somnath Chatterjee, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Bolpur, West Bengal
 * Deputy Speaker: Charanjit Singh Atwal, Shiromani Akali Dal, Phillaur, Punjab
 * Leader of the House: Pranab Mukherjee, Indian National Congress, Jangipur, West Bengal (PM Manmohan Singh was from Upper house)
 * Leader of the Opposition: Lal Krishna Advani, Bharatiya Janata Party, Gandhinagar, Gujarat
 * Secretary General: P.D.T. Acharya

Expulsion of members for contempt of the House
On 12 December 2005, the Star TV news channel telecast the sting operation Operation Duryodhana, in which 11 Members of Parliament, 10 from Lok Sabha and 1 from Rajya Sabha, were apparently caught on video receiving cash inducements in return for raising questions in the Parliament. Following swift inquiries by the Ethics Committee of Rajya Sabha and a Special Committee of the Lok Sabha the members were found guilty and the motion for their expulsion was adopted in respective Houses.

On 23 December 2005, the following 10 members were ousted from the 14th Lok Sabha as per the adoption of the motion calling for their expulsion:

 * 1) Narendra Kushwaha (BSP) – Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh
 * 2) Annasaheb M. K. Patil (BJP) – Erandol, Maharashtra
 * 3) Y. G. Mahajan (BJP) – Jalgaon, Maharashtra
 * 4) Manoj Kumar (RJD) – Palamau, Jharkhand
 * 5) Suresh Chandel (BJP) – Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh
 * 6) Raja Ram Pal (BSP) – Bilhaur, Uttar Pradesh
 * 7) Lal Chandra Kol (BSP) – Robertsganj, Uttar Pradesh
 * 8) Pradeep Gandhi (BJP) – Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh
 * 9) Chandra Pratap Singh (BJP) – Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh
 * 10) Ramsevak Singh (Congress) – Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh

List of members by political party
After a long time since the 8th Lok Sabha, a couple had been elected - Pappu Yadav (RJD MP from Madhepura) & his wife Ranjeet Ranjan (LJSP MP from Saharsa)

Cabinet Ministers
!style="width:17em"| Remarks

title: 14th Lok Sabha


text:
Talk:List of automotive fuel retailers

Untitled
I think there should be two lists, one for oil companies and one for lists of automotive fuel brands. I see it is just a redirect. How should a link appear to List of automotive fuel brands be made?

Ambiguous/wrong links
I find that under    * ENI - Italian petrol company (which directs to Escuela Nacional de Inteligencia)
 * IP - which isn't listed as a fuel brand.
 * This isn't cool. Josh Parris 05:52, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Holiday Stationstores
This is a popular gas station here in Alaska. According to their website, they cover the Pacific Northwest and the northern Midwest. I don't know if they produce their own gas, so I didn't want to add them to this article yet. Info on their petroleum, which doesn't mention that it's bought from another company:. Should it be added? cluth 20:52, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Suggested merge
Well known gasoline & petrol station brands from the Filling station article should be merged into this article and the other section eliminated. There is no reason to try and maintain this data in two places. Vegaswikian 00:02, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Gulf Oil should be listed under Chevron
Gulf Oil and Chevron "merged" in 1984, and thus the Gulf Oil brand could be listed under and among the Chevron brands.

Imperial Oil
Imperial Oil (Esso) is owned by Exxon Mobil. It operates under that name in Canada and uses the brand Esso, which is Exxon's international brand. It should be listed under Exxon Mobil because that is the parent company.

If it were to be left alone, then separate Shell Canada from Royal Dutch Shell as it has the same relationship Imperial Oil has to Exxon Mobil. Gunis del 03:46, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

More brands
How about Purple Martin, Blarney Castle, and Lassus? The first two had outlets in Michigan, and the third in Indiana. Zephyrad (talk) 01:37, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

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Talk:Carpio, North Dakota

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Emma Zimmer

Emma Anna Maria Zimmer (née Mezel; 14 August 1888 – 20 September 1948) was a female overseer at the Lichtenburg concentration camp, the Ravensbrück concentration camp and the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination/concentration camp for several years during the Second World War.

Mezel was born in Haßmersheim in Baden-Württemberg and was the eldest child of Oscar Mezel (a pharmacist) and his wife Maria née Lang. In 1938, she became a guard at the Lichtenburg early concentration camp, where she became assistant camp leader under Johanna Langefeld. In 1939, she was assigned to the Ravensbrück concentration camp, where she served as assistant chief leader, and in October 1942, she became assistant camp leader at Auschwitz II (Birkenau) as an SS-Stellvertretende Oberaufseherin.

On 1 June 1943, one month before her 55th birthday, she was granted permission to stay on staff as a female overseer at Ravensbrück, despite her age. She was one of the first chief woman officers at Ravensbrück from 1939 to 1941, and took an active part in the selection of internees to be gassed during 1941 at the Bernburg Euthanasia Centre near Berlin. Zimmer served as a guard at Ravensbrück, and was known in the camp for being brutal and sadistic in her guard duties. At Auschwitz, she was particularly feared: "Our supervisor was an old and mean SS-woman called Emma Zimmer. She was vicious and dangerous and frightening us constantly with threats, proclaiming in a sadistic voice, "I will report you and then you will go away, you know where? Just one way-up the chimney." We hated her and were scared of her."

She was awarded the War Merit Cross Second Class without swords. Zimmer stood trial at the seventh Ravensbrück Trial and was sentenced to death for her war crimes. She was hanged by Albert Pierrepoint on the gallows at Hamelin Prison on 20 September 1948; she was 60 years old.

title: Emma Zimmer