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Talk:Stratego

Pronounciation
How is stratego pronounced? -Rcsheets
 * I use stratego with a hard g --Will2k 17:19, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

It is pronounced: Strah Teh Go

According to this 1970s commercial, it's pronounced "Strah-Tee-Go". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6tsYmadTAU Jmgariepy (talk) 05:37, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

Tournaments
I removed the info about the 2007 Antwerp Open. The reason being, that there are over 25 different Stratego tournaments played throughout the World. I think this is the wrong place to list EVERY single tournament with details. A link to this information would be much better than a comprehensive list of every tournament. I agree that the "Major" tournaments should get a mention. But with so many tournaments taking place each year, it is not practical to list each and every tournament and who won what. TheDungeonMaster 13:53, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Incorrect Rules?
The article currently states:

"The exception is the Scout, which may move any number of steps vertically or horizontally in a straight line (such as the rook in chess), however it may only engage an enemy adjacent to it."

However the official rulebook that came with my copy of Travel Stratego (European Release) states:

"A scout can attack from any distance provided the squares between itself and the attacking piece are vacant."

Are the rules in the article flat out wrong? Or does the European Travel Version have a variation on the standard rules? If the latter, it should still probably be mentioned. --Frank duff 07:19, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * both right, they just said it differently. In your rules they assume you will move and attack on the same turn. So yes you can attack from any distance, but you do this by first moving there and THEN attacking from an adjacent space. --  N i g h t F a l c o n 9 0 9  0 9 '  T a l k  17:21, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Infobox
The infox could use some more useful information. While the age for a game is a nice thing to know, it would also be nice to know what learned skills are needed to play the game (reading, counting, etc.). Also, the "skills required" field confuses me. Skills would come off to me as things like reading, writing, or arithmetic. Perhaps a field that reads "type of game: strategy" would be more appropriate. Sjrsimac 08:05, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

variants
The Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, and The Chronicles of Narnia variants should be mentioned in the variants section. I think Internet variants should have a subheading. Bibliomaniac15 01:46, 14 February 2006 (UTC)
 * What about the 4-player version of Stratego (Stratego4)? Dylansmrjones 12:44, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

No number denomination in European playing pieces
It should be of note that the actual playing pieces in European (most notably, Dutch) do not have numbers accompanying the soldier's portrait on the cylyndrical castle-shaped playing piece. The space is left blank for the majority of ranks save from the top officers in which a star is indicated accompanying the majors, two stars for the colonels, 3 stars for the general and an X for the Marshal. -Mr.Bob

Encyclopedic tone
This is a good article. I'd like to see the introduction contain a bit more context and history, and perhaps significance of the game, and less detailed description. I'd like to see the history section come before the detailed gameplay section too, as long as the introduction retains a general description. —Michael Z. 2006-08-07 20:00 Z
 * I understand the need for an encyclopedic article, but I think the background of a board game can be put behind it's current rules of play. Although I do agree that the introduction (Lead_section) should cover less detail concerning game play. Sjrsimac 08:05, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Variants
Most of the information in the variants section is a copyvio of. I'm removing it. Kafziel 15:40, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

That page has game options available at Metaforge within a game. For a description of different game modes, such as Barrage, Peloton, Rock-Paper-Scissors, and Ultimate Lightning, see. Javabarbarian 15:36, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Versions
I've always loved this game. I recently went to buy it so that I could always have it to enjoy, but I was a bit confused at current versions. The new version is different than the traditional version (in ranking order as well as the game pieces... I hate the stickers!). When I originally purchased this version I was so put off that I returned it and sought out the Nostalgia version instead. I'm much happier. But there is also Ultimate Stratego (which appears to be more or less a different game), several commercially themed variants, and a Library Series edition.

I created a new section to list currently available editions/versions of the game and their differences. I also would like to see a historic list of previously released editions and their features, changes, and peculiarities. This stuff is important to collectors, and is also interesting. More importantly, it will help prospective consumers decide on which version to buy. Thelastemperor 16:41, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

"This new version has been resented by veteran fans who liked the classic American version."
 * This line represents "weasel wordedness". Unless there is a source to link this to it sounds a lot like subjective viewpoint and should not be included here. So I have removed it. Please replace it if a source can be found where it is backed up.--Alecr 16:12, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Does anybody else play with 3 people? We play so that two people play, and the third is a judge. When two pieces engage, the pieces go to the judge, and only he/she gets to see both ranks. You never see your opponents pieces, except for the flag.

Rules, Links, Etc.
Let's also try and either include or link to rules and alternate playing rules. Personally, I've sometimes played that when a unit hits a bomb the bomb is removed from the board (it exploded, afterall). However this does affect game balance, making 8's less important. The reason I sometimes use this rule is to simply avoid the case of a player surrounding their flag with bombs and the other player losing all their 8's--it's then impossible for the player with no 8's to win. Some would argue this is a strategic component of the game, that you must hold some 8's in reserve. However, 8's are still important with this modified rule... but it reserves the option to "sacrifice" pieces to work through "bomb walls" as an alternate method. I don't play with this rule that often, but it creates an interesting debate that players would appreciate. Some other player-used rules I've heard of: As you see, many of these player-created rule mods revolve around giving special abillities to more of the pieces (creating additional tactical posabillities) and tweaking game balance, or to creating new interesting levels of uncertainty. It would be interesting to compile a list of such common rule mods along with brief discussions of the impact they have on the gameplay.
 * Spies kill ANY piece when they attack first, but is killed by any other piece when attacked
 * A designated number (I remember it being either 5's or 7's) can move through water squares (each lake counts as one "square") but can only remain "at sea" for 1 turn (or other designated time).
 * Moveable Bombs. Bombs can move, but are removed from play once they "attack" along with the piece they attack (both pieces "blow up"), and are still "disarmed" by 8's as normal.
 * Moveable flags. Flags can move, but not attack.
 * Some designated number, typically an 8, can "transport" bombs by dragging them across the board to reposition them.
 * 9's can attack in the same turn as moving a long line of squares.
 * when two pieces of equal rank battle, the outcome is decided by a dice roll or other random device.
 * Some designated unit has abillity to move diagnol.

 * that sounds like something that should be added to the article under the heading of "unofficial options of play". Of course, if you do then you're saying wikipedia can also be a forum, not just an an encyclopedia. I think it's both, and if this site ventures to be the sum of human knowledge, then unofficial options of play should be included in the article as long as they're clearly separated from official options of play - Sjrsimac 00:17, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I added most of the special rules listed above to the article. I did not add the following ones:
 * A piece of a designated value can transport bombs by dragging them across the board to reposition them.
 * 9's can attack in the same turn as moving a long line of squares.
 * I felt that these two rules were not explained thoroughly enough to merit a place in the article. Sjrsimac 08:26, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

--2602:301:77EC:CBA0:A4D4:DD7C:C4B6:75F0 (talk) 03:46, 24 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I undid the Marek Gehmann Rules which were submitted 13/08/07. This page should not be used to promote your own (alternate) rules. Maybe provide a link to a webpage with these rules. TheDungeonMaster 14:14, 14 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) I note that this doesn't mention the rule listed in my (30yo) version, which is that the winning piece moves to the location of the losing piece -- that is, if your 3 attacks my 2, then my 2 moves into your '3's former location. Note that I've never, ever used this rule. I suspect many others don't, either.
 * 2) An alternate rule I've always played by is that the defending piece reveals what it is, then the attacker either hands it over (having lost it), or simply takes the piece that lost, without revealing the attacker's identity. This does require honesty but if someone cheats, it'll be realized pretty quick. The main strategic aspect of this is, "do I want to move away from the attacker, or do I want to challenge them, since I don't know what they are?". The counter element, of course, is the option for a feint... boldly bring a mid-level piece in and bluff that it's a high level piece. This rule also discourages the "fast move 9" usage, though the rule remains for sometime usage.
 * 2) An alternate rule I've always played by is that the defending piece reveals what it is, then the attacker either hands it over (having lost it), or simply takes the piece that lost, without revealing the attacker's identity. This does require honesty but if someone cheats, it'll be realized pretty quick. The main strategic aspect of this is, "do I want to move away from the attacker, or do I want to challenge them, since I don't know what they are?". The counter element, of course, is the option for a feint... boldly bring a mid-level piece in and bluff that it's a high level piece. This rule also discourages the "fast move 9" usage, though the rule remains for sometime usage.

Jungle (Dou Shou Qi) and Stratego history
The section on Stratego history is unsourced. I am editing the article on the game of Jungle, called Dou Shou Qi (the Game of Fighting Animals) in Chinese. It's obvious that the games are related. However, this is an encyclopedia. We need secondary sources to prove the relationship. I also note that, as mentioned above, the history of the Stratego needs development. Are there any sources of historical information on the origins and development of Stratego? I doubt that the two games evolved in a kind of convergent evolution. Part of the problem seems to be that they are both seen as sort of trivial (unlike Chess or Go for example). This is especially true of Jungle, which is usually considered a children's game (sad, because it does involve some interesting and unique strategy). If anyone has any historical source material, please share it. - Parsa 22:39, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Please see : Stratego...is more directly descended from an old board game called the jungle game. This is from The Playboy winner's guide to board games by Jon Freeman Andreas Kaufmann 19:41, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Link dispute
In an effort to solve this dispute, please read Wiki guide lines for what to do when you disagree with another user, and restrict your discussion to this comment board. Rational behind current link wording: Metaforge is a business and Wikipedia is not an advertising fourm. The link should be removed, or clarified in its required registration to play. Gravon is free site, and the qualifer "German" may discourage and mislead people into thinking an English translation does not exist.

Please be civil Anonymous user and use this page in the future to clarify actions rather then attempting to cause a revision war. Jellyfish84 07:11, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Rationale behind current link wording: Metaforge software is shareware. Shareware means that players are free to try the software at no cost, under time and/or feature limits. Then, beyond that point, if they wish to continue, some form of payment is required. 'The General' and 'Napoleonix' are also shareware, but you are not clamoring for them to be removed as "businesses"? Look at the Risk page, you will find external links that take you to Hasbro's website where the game is for sale. I'm sure there are many external links like this in the Wiki. So the 'business' argument is just not valid.

Furthermore, Metaforge (the website) has much information about the game, rankings, message boards, links to other sites, etc which are all provided at no cost, registration not required. Tournaments are held in which non-registered players are allowed to participate. So it is untrue and unfair to add that "registration is required".

Compromise Proposal: I will be satisfied if you agree to the Metaforge link remaining as posted, either that it is shareware, or simply as "play others online". Changing the Gravon link to remove the German indicator is fine. But indicating it as "free" is unacceptable as advertising, biasing players to go there. Perhaps we agree to change both links to just say "community to play others online" or something like that. No mention of cost or language for either link. That is a reasonable compromise.

Javabarbarian 16:02, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Agreed that Metaforge should be listed as a stratego resource, acceptable under the definition of shareware. Current link arangment proposal: All links to playing sites have been shifted to the bottom of the list in favor of strictly information sites such as Ed's stratego site. Shareware and freeware site have then been arranged alphabetically to counteract placement bias. Agreed noting Gravon as "Free" creates bias, however it is freeware, and has now been noted as such in the same manner as other sites being labed Shareware.

Jellyfish84 19:45, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

Actually, Links should be listed on a first come first serve. Ed's being #1, Metaforge (May 2005) being # 2. Jellyfish & 204.88.158.162 are the same user. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.115.64.11 (talk)

 * You should reread WP:EL. There is absolutely nothing in policy that says links are listed on a first come-first served basis. There is no strict policy on order, and many article provide links in alphabetical order of site name to avoid these types of problems. Natalie 23:48, 11 March 2007 (UTC)

removal of links
I have removed several links from this page that violate WP:EL. Since this is clearly a contentious issue, the specific reason for each removal follows: As far as the other links go, I don't know if they are appropriate, but the issue is not as clear. Natalie 00:29, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "International Stratego ranking/rating list - the world ranking list of the ISF" : information is available on ISF site, no reason for double linking
 * "Stratego: Legends Rulebook" direct link to site that requires external application, in an article that is not about said external application
 * "Gravon Gamers paradise link- Play online against others; freeware" site is not in English
 * "Metaforge WebStratego - Play online against others; shareware" site primarily exists to sell a product
 * "Napoleonix - Another Shareware version of Stratego for Windows Mobile, Palm OS, Symbian UIQ" also not in English

Natalie, if you are going to rule that Metaforge's primary goal is to sell a product, then you must also remove The General - that is not even a community with information resources as Metaforge is, it is simply a software program for sale. Also, I don't think it's fair to be able to link to one product because it is $0 forever and not link to another one just because its price is $0 for a limited time/with a limited feature set. The Probe link should therefore go as well. If we're going to be pure and fair, let's just list Ed's and ISF. That's it. Also, there are a lot of other pages such as the "Risk" page, that have links to sites that have a product for sale on the page being targeted, so if that is forbidden, there is a lot of cleanup to do, not just on the stratego page. :(

Javabarbarian 14:29, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Firstly, I'm not making some kind of final judgment - by all means remove other links you think are inappropriate. I just took out ones that were obviously in violation of the policy. I didn't want to spend hours coming through a site to determine if it was primarily commercial or whatever. Secondly, whatever is on other pages doesn't make policy. Other game pages probably need to be cleaned up to, I just happened to come across this one. By all means, clear out links on the Risk page - Wikiproject Spam would probably thank you for it. Natalie 15:18, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Ok. Jellyfish & I were following the rules of solving a dispute and I think nearly had a resolution before you stepped in and rendered what we probably both think is too strict of a judgement. So can we feel free to continue our resolution policy and put links back if we are in agreement? Thanks. Javabarbarian 15:40, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I wasn't intending to disrupt your dispute resolution but I don't see that I did. Firstly, I think policy trumps the agreement of two editors. Secondly, I haven't been following your dispute but it seems to be about the wording of a description of a specific link. Is that link acceptable within the external links policy? If it is, then I fail to see how your dispute resolution is affected by removing other non-compliant links. If it isn't acceptable, than it shouldn't be linked anyway, so the wording doesn't matter. But I may have assessed the situation incorrectly, please correct me if this is the case. Natalie 17:19, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Ok, I give up then. I have purified the main page of any links or mention of stratego software programs or sites. And if that's policy, so be it then, that's the way it should stay. Javabarbarian 01:29, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

I today re-added the link to the International Ultimate Lightning Association website. This website is the single most informative site dedicated to Ultimate Lightning Stratego on the web. Wiki does not currently have a page for Ultimate Lightning Stratego and therefore this is the only link any player may find towards information about this version of Stratego. TheDungeonMaster 12:30, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Computer Versions
Wow, I spent all this time writing a standalone version of Stratego and variants that has the best AI out there, give it away for free and pay for its Website myself, and now I'm told mentioning it in the article violates some kind of Wikipedia blood oath? Whose interests are served by this decision? At this point in time, "Stratego" is a term that represents a superset of rules, platforms, implementations, etc., all of which have potential value and interest. The only ban in the article should be against use of Wikepedia for explicit commercial purposes, not references to free resources readers may wish to learn about. Please put me back. Imer Satz 00:09, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You may want to read Wikipedia's policy on conflict of interest and Wikipedia's policy on external links. Natalie 00:16, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Thanks, but there was no link in the section in question, and its author was not at issue when it was deleted. The question is whether an entry that explains how a particular computer program variant differs from the traditional board game is useful and acceptable information.

The entry didn't promote the program any more than any other description of an entity promotes that entity, which is to say, it depends on the interest of the reader. My comment above is certainly personal, so ban that if you wish. But the entry itself simply said, "Here is how a particular variant differs from standard Stratego." It is a reference to an actual and unique instance within the larger universe of Stratego, and absent of any commercial content.

You may, if you wish, limit the main article to the history, rules and practices of Stratego, and exclude all of its implementations, in which case you will have described an abstract concept with no acknowledgement that it also takes on concrete form (many of them, in fact, none more valid than the other). That would be like describing mechanical flight without remarking that Boeing and others build actual airplanes, to ensure no one is enticed by Wikipedia to rush out and buy their own 747. Imer Satz 04:25, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You'll have to excuse my directing to the external links policy - I thought you were referring to an external link. I should have directed you toward the policy on attribution, one of the core policies of Wikipedia. Also, your statement "Wow, I spent all this time writing a standalone version of Stratego and variants that has the best AI out there, give it away for free and pay for its Website myself, and now I'm told mentioning it in the article violates some kind of Wikipedia blood oath?" is an obvious statement of conflict of interest. You wrote the program, and you want it mentioned in the article. I'm not sure who deleted or when or why (you'll want to check the history for that information), but the simple fact of the matter is that you have a direct conflict of interest.

 * As far as whether or not your program should be mentioned in the article, that all depends on whether or not it meets the attribution policy. If there is a source independent of the subject - in this case the program - than by all means, please reintroduce information on this variation. But if the only source is the software developer and his or her website, than the information really doesn't belong. Wikipedia exists to report on things that are already notable, not to promote things to the point of being notable. Natalie 05:03, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

The essence of the policy on attribution is that new content should not be created within Wikipedia. In other words, I can't publish an article that espouses a new theory on gravity, if the theory has no citations other than my own. However, I found nothing to define the term "notable" as a feature of this policy. Perhaps you can cite your source, so I can be aware how high Wikipedia sets the bar. In my case, there are certainly references to my Website other than the Website itself. There are also the thousands of individuals who have visited it.

Topic 9 in this discussion suggests the effect of your initiative with respect to the Stratego article has not simply been to remove links to commercial sites, but all references to computer implementations as well. That is not a decision you should support. It would be the logical equivalent of asserting a spreadsheet must be a sheet of paper spread on the desk, because that's what spreadsheets originally looked like, Excel and other computer programs be damned. It's conceivable more games of Stratego and its variants are played on computer today than on game boards. So, if you are going to insist on parameterizing this article, I suggest you get a better grasp of the topic first, so others may better understand the scope of your intrusions. Imer Satz 17:33, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There was a recent reorganization of policies, I should have directed you to the general policy on notability and the specific policy on websites. My apologies. However, the notability policies can be summed up as requiring that the subject of any article has been the subject of multiple, non-trivial works whose source is independent of the subject. As far as my actions on this page goes, I only removed external links that violated the external links rules. Someone else may have removed information on computer variants of the game, which you can find out from the history. Finally, it may very well be conceivable that more people play Stratego online than IRL, but without a source that's still original research. I would suggest that you get a better grasp of Wikipedia policy before characterizing anyone's edits as "intrusions". Natalie 20:53, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

The policy on notability refers to main articles, not subheadings within them, and in fact recommends articles on non-notable topics be merged into articles on more general topics, which is to say, the content can survive in another form. So I fail to see the relevance of this policy either, since we're discussing the deletion of a subheading, not the article itself. Anyway, you weren't the culprit, if culprit (s)he indeed was, merely the person who daunted the culprit into overreaction, insofar as the intention of the deletions you did make were apparently not well understood. Come to think of it, what exactly were your intentions: to remove links to commercial sites? all sites? all references to computer versions? all references to non-notable subject matter? Also, what is your objection to subjective assertions made on this discussion page that don't also appear in the main article? I thought that was OK. Imer Satz 00:23, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I take issue with your characterizing me as having "daunted the culprit into overreaction". My actions were to bring the external links section into line with policy, no more and no less. Take up your complaint with the person who made the change you disagree with. Natalie 00:28, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Random Chance "Minimal"?
Is there *any* random chance involved in a game of Stratego? TheUncleBob (talk) 20:58, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * No. That is why I changed "Random chance: low" to "Random chance: none" almost a year ago. Unhelpfully, somebody came along and turned that into "Random chance: minimal", I have undone that edit. Stefán (talk) 21:09, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay... I thought I was going crazy. The *only* chance I could think of would be the random decision as to which player goes first - but even Chess has that, but it's article includes "None". (although looking now at the Chess talk page, it looks like this discussion came up there as well). TheUncleBob (talk) 01:56, 16 December 2007 (UTC)
 * That the initial setup may be different each game and hidden could be considered by some to be a random element. I think that it is a "hidden information" game rather than random. — Val42 (talk) 02:05, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Sales Rank?
I'd be interested to know how popular the game has been in the US and how it fares against games such as Monopoly, Sorry, Battleship, etc. Anyone know? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.80.11.237 (talk) 19:18, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * That kind of marketing information is not part of an encyclopedic article. The encyclopedia is not an almanac (source of current or dated information).Sbalfour (talk) 02:35, 8 January 2017 (UTC)

World Champions vs Computers Champions
There are world champions and computer champions. How do the computer champions compare to the world champions? Have there been games between the computer champions and the world champions? Mschribr (talk) 00:15, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Answer: There is no comparison. Current computer champions will typically lose to a mid-level human player.Javabarbarian (talk) 16:33, 7 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Not that I doubt you, has there been a human champion versus computer champion tournament? If not, then why not? If yes then it should be added to the article. --Mschribr (talk) 03:07, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

pieces and linking to US army ranks
Why are the piece descriptions linked to US army ranks?

That seems to present a rather US-biased worldview (per Systemic_bias where it is not really needed). Either it should be linked to all ranks of all countries where editions of Stratego are being played (Or if you want to keep it to the English speaking world to the ranks of all armies of countries with English as official language - inlcuding Malta, India, Ireland etc etc) or to none. My preferences would be the latter.

Another problem is that there is no reference supporting the specific linkages. While this maybe obvious for most ranks but translating 'miner' to plain specialist is not doing the rank its due as the miner is obviously specialist in the anti-bomb squad of combat engineering; similarly the scout is not a mere 'private' but (due to its long distance scoutting capacity) is at least reconnaissance specialist. With that argument, the current linking appears to be problematic in relation to WP:OR Arnoutf (talk) 16:29, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's "systematic bias", someone turned up a few months ago and added a table in good faith, to make the page look better. I've been a tad busy and didn't think to do anything about it, though I wasn't too keen. I was going to have a look at it sooner or later, but feel free to be bold and make it better! - and if you think taking it out is the best way to make it better, then do that --  WORM MЯOW 18:41, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Looks like I did it after all...--  WORM MЯOW 10:50, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Why?!
Why isn't there any info on the new Stratego(fire and ice with dragons etc.)?!?! It's been around for like a few yeaaaaaaaaaaaarrsssssss........................................... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.224.160.184 (talk) 23:10, 23 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I believe that's a USA only release - I could be wrong, but I only heard of it when a friend brought back a copy from Seattle. It might warrant a comment in the Releases section - feel free to be bold and add it! --  WORM MЯOW 07:51, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

text added by User:Fredhorn
I am Fred Horn from Holland. Since more than twenty years I have done research on the history of the game Stratego. In recent years I have given two lectures about its history during the BoardGameStudies-Colloquia. What is written down here is not the true history. I do not want to say this is complete nonsense but it comes far in that direction. Stratego has nothing to do with the 'JungleGame' but is a derivate of the game 'L'Attague' invented by Hermance Edan of France and copyrighted in 1908. After that the English firm Gibson published it around 1920 without any remarks to Hermance and without holding a copyright as 'Attack'. Then in some way this game did come to Holland during WW II (see for further details my lectures). In 1942 the name STRATEGO was registered in Holland as a trade-mark, and one mr.Mogendorff hold the license for the game which looks much the same as 'Attack' but he said he did invent a new game on the 10x10-board (Attack is on a 9x11-board). There is a lot of doubt about his claim of inventing the game! In any way in the last year of the War (1944) he sold the game to Smeets & Schipper who published the game in a cardboard version. In 1949 mr.Mogendorff got back his rights and in 1956 he signed a contract with Hausemann & Hötte(JUMBO) and the rest is " well known history". If anyone wants more information or a copy of my publications about the research mail to Fred Horn Doornstraat 16 2584AM Den Haag Holland.
 * THe similarity between Luzhanqi and Stratego is striking from which the Jungle game comes. There has clearly been either a direct copy or common evolution. If this is a new plagerised copy it would be useful if you could produce a source.Tetron76 (talk) 14:35, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Modern Electronic Version
The current article says "Modern Stratego variations... In this way the players never know for certain the rank of the piece that wins the attack, only whether the attack wins, fails, or ties"... this statement does not specify, do players know for certain the rank of the piece that loses the attack? and both players would know the rank in a tie. 71.190.76.5 (talk) 15:49, 21 May 2012 (UTC)

Sci-fi / futuristic version?
I was unaware when I recently picked up a copy of Stratego for the first time I wasn't getting the traditional version of the game. Mine appears to be published by Spinmaster, mentions the "some assembly required" (putting stickers on the shield-like pieces), involves each player using 30 pieces on a 10 x 8 board, and uses the "higher is better" ranking system. It's also rather sci-fi, with some of the ranks using power armor and others equipped with assault rifles or pistols and "carapace" style armor. Most notably, the ranks are slightly different - the Spy is moved to a non-ranked piece like the Bomb or Flag (it loses to everything except the rank 10 Marshal, and even then only wins against the Marshal when attacking it, not defending against it), and a new Rank 1 piece is included, the "Spotter". The Spotter can move and then use its special attack on the square in front of it (only, no other orthogonal direction). The Spotter's special attack calls down an orbital strike, requiring the player to know what he's targeting - you guess a rank, and the other player must tell you what rank the targeted piece is. If it is a Spy, Bomb, or Flag, they don't have to tell you which it is, only telling you that it is unranked (and thus can never be destroyed by an orbital strike). If you correctly guessed the piece's rank, the piece is destroyed as though it had lost a battle, but the Spotter doesn't move into the square. If you guess wrong, nothing else happens - the Spotter's special attack doesn't take him into battle with the defender.

It was only when I visited this site I discovered there was another way to play, with more pieces and no Spotter. The Spotter quickly became my family's favorite piece for its ability to defeat any piece without dying on a mistake (although it IS close enough to whatever it targeted that the opponent can spend a turn to kill it with any piece, at least it still costs them a turn), even if it takes some foreknowledge. I don't see this variant mentioned in the article, and thought I should bring it to the attention of bolder editors than myself. Gatherer818 (talk) 10:41, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

How are the pieces moved?
This article completely fails to explain how the pieces are moved. Like the king in chess, perhaps? —ZeroOne ( talk / @ ) 00:33, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Good point, added the moves to article (based on classic set). Most pieces move 1 square but not diagonally, so more like a rook than a king in chess (but only 1 square) Arnoutf (talk) 07:59, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

Strategy section lacks scholarship
The strategy section is neither authoritative nor scholarly (i.e. ref'ed to a reliable source). It appears to be original research by a player. I know that published sources are very few; maybe we just have to wait. In other words, I doubt this section will ever be supportable. I suggest we excise it. This is an encyclopedia, not an instruction manual.Sbalfour (talk) 02:04, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Tournaments section hodge-podge
What about tournaments between 2000-2006? or 2011-2016? If we added all country/regional (like Cambodian and Dutch, etc) tournaments, the list would grow out of bounds; it's already rather large. I suggest we boil down the list to serial tournaments (like the World Stratego Championship) and list years they were played, and the winner, maybe in a table, so we have a small number of tables, one for each serial tournament. I suggest we omit regional and country tournaments.Sbalfour (talk) 19:01, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Strategy section from article - unsourced
I've moved this section here out of concern for scholarship. It must not be replaced until it has been reliably and authoritatively sourced WP:RELIABLESOURCE. Even if that were possible, I have concerns about the propriety of the content - the encyclopedia is not an instruction manual WP:GAMEGUIDE.Sbalfour (talk) 18:54, 8 January 2017 (UTC) {{hide|Strategy| {{unreferenced|section|date=January 2017}} {{original research|section|date=January 2017}} In contrast to chess, Stratego is a game with incomplete information. In this respect it resembles somewhat such chess variants as Kriegspiel or Dark chess. Collecting the information, planning, and strategic thinking play an important role in Stratego. Psychological aspects are very important too. While the player with the red pieces always moves first, unlike chess, there is negligible advantage to moving first; this is partly due to the large number of moves in a game.

Basic strategies
Overall strategy in Stratego involves:
 * placing one's pieces initially so as to protect the Flag, while possibly misleading the opponent as to where it is
 * making strong pieces available for attack
 * identifying patterns in the enemy's movement during game play that give clues as to the distribution of his or her forces

Placing the Spy too far forward, for example, makes it more likely to be captured early on, but placing it too far back may make it inaccessible when the enemy Marshal is identified. Likewise, Miners are weak, but their ability to defuse Bombs may be needed early (although some players prefer to leave Bombs in place as long as possible, particularly if they hamper an opponent's movements). The placement of "reserve troops" in the rearmost row and deployment of Scouts, which can move in an unimpeded straight line, is also a strategic point.

During game play, players must identify Bombs without sacrificing too many troops, determine the probable location of the enemy Flag, and form an attack plan that takes into account the likely ranks of the troops and exact location of the Bombs that usually surround the Flag.

Elements
Flag and bomb placement

Since one of the win criteria is to capture the Flag, its placement is vital. It is commonly placed on the back row surrounded by two or three Bombs for protection. Some players will use this generalisation to their advantage and place the Flag somewhere unprotected, for example the Shoreline Bluff (also called "the Lakeside Bluff"), i.e. placing the Flag directly adjacent to one of the lakes where the opponent may not think to look for it. Placement of remaining bombs serves several purposes: decoys that look like they're concealing the flag; bombs in unexpected places like in the front row, to surprise the opponent; and locating bombs in places (i.e. in the back two rows) that won't impede gameplay by the player. Inexperienced players may accidentally alert an opponent to the location of their Flag by calling too much attention to it when they initially position their pieces on the board. This is often done by simply placing their Flag down first and then constructing their defenses around it. One counter measure for this is to place all the pieces on the board randomly and then rearrange them into the desired setup. This tactic became obsolete when some newer versions came supplied with a cardboard privacy screen.

Bluffing

Some common bluffs are:
 * A player could threaten a known high-ranking piece (such as the Colonel) with an unrevealed low-ranking piece (perhaps a Sergeant) to convince the opponent to retreat.
 * A player might charge with a Miner toward a known higher-ranked piece, with the view to attack a bomb.
 * A cluster of Bombs set by itself may deceive one's opponent into thinking that the Flag is there when, in fact, it is several spaces away.
 * If a Marshal wins a battle (and is thus revealed), and the opponent immediately moves a piece near his or her back row, the player with the just-revealed Marshal may assume that this piece is the Spy when, in fact, the Spy may be several spaces away (and already close to the Marshal.) This is a common tactic as it may cause the Marshal to move next to the Spy, allowing the Spy to attack first.

Effective scouting

Scouts are very useful towards the end of the game, once the board is more clear. They can be used to identify bombs on the back row, reveal bluffs, or even capture the flag. Scouts are most effective when they are moved one space at a time until necessary, as the moment they move multiple spaces, they are identified as a scout. Since they can move along a whole line, they are also effective for catching a spy daring to move into hostile territory, even when across the gameboard. The scout can also be cleverly used to covertly attack the spy once its location has become somewhat obvious.

Spy strategies

In most games, it is advisable to have the Spy shadow a General or a Colonel. These pieces are normally vulnerable to attack by the opposing Marshal. Keeping a General or Colonel in the same vicinity as the spy allows an effective retreat to where the opponent's Marshal can be ambushed by the Spy.

Spy bluffs are also effective. For example, using a Sergeant to shadow a Colonel might confuse an opponent, who might be reluctant to have their Marshal attack the Colonel.

Miner strategies

Sophisticated players might identify opposing Bombs, but leave them in place, interfering with the enemy's movement. To do this, it is vital to memorize the location of all the opponent's Bombs as they are identified. By keeping the Miners unmoved in their territory during the early game, a player can create the Bomb bluff, in which the opposing player may mistake those unmoved Miners for Bombs.

Protecting pieces

One of the most important concepts of Stratego is the incomplete knowledge and misdirection, so the manual recommends taking a piece with one that is not much stronger than it, for example take a Captain with a Major. In the same manner, one strategy is to protect with an "evens and odds" system, where a piece is protected by one two levels stronger than it, an odd piece protecting another odd piece, for example protecting the Captain with a Colonel.

Enforcing an advantage

If a player has gained an advantage over the opponent, the advantage can be protected by attacking pieces of equal rank and canceling them out, such as attacking a Major with another Major. This would be a significant loss for an opponent lacking a Colonel, General, or Marshal, and leave your highest ranking piece all the more powerful.

Attacking unknown pieces

A risky strategy, which might be necessary when losing, is to attack unknown, unmoved pieces with a strong piece. This strategy relies on odds, for example if a player attacks an unknown, unmoved piece with a General, it would lose to the Marshal, a Bomb, or the other General. The odds are 7 in 40 of losing the General, but the odds can be improved by not attacking pieces likely to be Bombs, or by keeping track of the pieces already identified.

}}

History section unsourced
While the History section has citations for descriptions of the named games, and a downloadable link to a patent for one of them, the relevant citations for the section would be to sources that say any of these games are related to or predecessors of Stratego. The section in that sense is unsourced. We may say that it is patently obvious, but that's not scholarship. My sources say that the Chinese games are modern (first half 20th century), antedate L'Attaque and are likely derived from it, not the other way around. Because I don't yet have the sources in hand to personally inspect them, I can't fix the article at once. Sbalfour (talk) 14:54, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

I also find remarkable the similarity in configuration of L'Attaque to Chinese Chess: they both feature 9x10 boards composed of two 4x9 initially populated sections divided by a river (Chinese Chess) or lakes (L'Attaque) which restrict the mobility of the pieces. 9 columns is a peculiar number: chess boards have 8 columns, and 10 is a common number for a lot of things. So why 9 columns in L'Attaque? The Flag in actual battle of ancient armies, was borne by the king or a regent commander (general acting on behalf of the king) on the field - usually in a protected place in the rear. The fall of the flag necessarily meant defeat, because the king was highly protected. In Chinese Chess, the General, i.e. Strategos was a mobile piece, but confined to a tight area called the Palace, one move in each direction... he couldn't simply flee to get out of trouble.

The parallels just seem too obvious, yet I've not seen Chinese Chess mentioned as a possible progenitor or model for L'Attaque.Sbalfour (talk) 21:22, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

Awards, citations?
I can find no information on any awards, citations or popularity. The game is not among the current top 100 best selling board games on Amazon. I found it listed on one website as #15 among the 50 best board games of all time topped by such enduring favorites as go, chess, checkers, backgammon, mahjong, Scrabble, Monopoly, Risk and Clue (and two card games, poker and bridge), but there's nothing suitable to put in the article there. By some measure of longevity + popularity, I suspect it'd make somebody's list worth mentioning.Sbalfour (talk) 20:09, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

The literature of Stratego
There are no published books or periodicals devoted to Stratego that I can locate. There's not even so much as a book chapter on the game. There are only 9 research papers published, all since 2003: (1, 2, 3,, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), all on AI programming of Stratego, not on the game or strategy for play. As with chess, the AI heuristic search algorithms in Stratego give no clue as to a high level description of a proper strategy for play. The ICGA Journal has published short reports on the 3 Computer Stratego World Championships held to date. There is one limited publication pamphlet of some note, which I have put under the Further reading section. Then there is an online privately hosted tutorial/e-book "Stratego Tips" (formerly a printed pamphlet), which is a dubious source though I've not personally reviewed it. The instructions for play are available at the Hasbro site: Stratego Instructions.

The following are the recognized authorities on historic games; I've not checked all of the indicated works, but if there's published info to be had, it will in those: If there's anything else, please add a citation below.Sbalfour (talk) 16:48, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
 * S. Culin (1895)
 * R.C. Bell (1913, 1952)
 * D. Parlett (1999)
 * J.L. Cazaux (3/2000, 11/2000) French
 * T. Depaulis (?) French

No publication on strategy?
My statement that the strategy for stratego has never been published was deleted as 'unverifiable'. Well, one can't prove a negative. But I did extensive searches online, the Stanford and University of California library systems, the Library of Congress, the interlibrary loan system, Barnes & Noble, Amazon, ebay and other marketing forums. Nothing was found. ANY publication would negate the statement, but not just any document or webpage qualifies as 'published'. Published would as a minimum mean any of the following:

 * it has an ISBN book number
 * it has a library of congress card catalog number
 * it has a registered copyright
 * physical copies printed by a commercial publishing house, exist
 * it is orderable through Amazon.com
 * rights to the publication are owned by a company, not an individual (i.e. a website blogger, etc)

I think my statement stands, so I have reverted the deletion. No such publication can be found. Sbalfour (talk) 17:44, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

 * My statement has again been reversed, citing DeBoer's dissertation as the publication. I must once more, revert the change.  A computer algorithm for playing Stratego isn't necessarily what humans do; the most important parts of Stratego strategy are bluffing, blitzing, and employing knowledge of your opponent's habits, none of which a computer program does.  It is similar to comparing a computer program for playing chess with what humans do.  But computers do not play chess like humans, and computer program methods cannot be used by humans to effectively play chess.   So it is with Stratego.  An additional consideration, unlike chess programs which demonstratably play a reasonable strategy, Stratego programs are no better than rank beginniers at Stratego,so their concept of "strategy" cannot be validated.  A good stratego player would NOT do what a stratego program does, and no one has published an exposition of what a good stratego player should do. Sbalfour (talk) 21:56, 14 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with the removal for two reasons. (1) The reason given by Sbalfour. This could raise some discussion as some of the work Chess computers in relation to Artificial Intelligence considerably influenced the research into human decision making (e.g. the illustrious Herbert Simon studied all 3 using comparable approaches). However, we would need sources that explicitly make the connection between and computer strategy. (2) The thesis of De Boer, while impressive for a Master thesis, is just that: A Master thesis. Per WP:Scholarship a master thesis can only be used as a reliable source if they have had considerable scholarly influence. There seems no indication that has been the case here (or we would have other sources), so the source should be considered unreliable. Arnoutf (talk) 08:16, 15 October 2017 (UTC)

21st Century
"No exposition of the strategy of Stratego, either set up or game play, has been published."

Searching YouTube returns at least tips and tactics and how to play ... but I'm not sure what is actually covered under "exposition" ... JB. --92.193.141.234 (talk) 11:12, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stratego


text:
Greek National Road 38

National Road 38 (Εθνική Οδός 38, abbreviated as EO38) is a single carriageway road in western and central Greece. It connects Thermo with Lamia, via Agrinio and Karpenisi. It passes through the regional units Aetolia-Acarnania, Evrytania and Phthiotis. One section coincides with the European route E952. The E962 goes between Agrinio and Lamia.

Route
The western end of the National Road is in the small town Thermo, in Aetolia-Acarnania. It first runs west along the northern shore of Lake Trichonida. It turns north at Agrinio, and continues through the sparsely populated mountains of northeastern Aetolia-Acarnania. The highway crosses the Kremasta reservoir by the Episkopi bridge. It continues east through the mountainous Agrafa area, part of the Pindus mountains. It passes through Karpenisi, the capital town of Evrytania. East of Karpenisi, it passes through a tunnel under the Tymfristos mountain and enters the Spercheios valley. It follows the river Spercheios downstream, through Makrakomi and Leianokladi, and ends in Lamia. The National Road 38 passes through the following places:

 * Thermo
 * Paravola
 * Agrinio
 * Agios Vlasios
 * Episkopi
 * Fragkista
 * Kalesmeno
 * Karpenisi
 * Tymfristos
 * Agios Georgios Tymfristou
 * Makrakomi
 * Leianokladi
 * Lamia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Greek National Road 38


text:
Cypress Falls High School

Cypress Falls High School is a secondary school in an unincorporated area of Harris County, Texas, United States. The current principal is Ms. Becky Denton. Cypress Falls is part of the Cypress Fairbanks Independent School District, which started during the late 19th century with a school named "The Cypress School". Originally, there were only 12 schools and it is now one of the largest districts in Houston, Texas.

The school's mascot is the golden eagle and their colors are green and gold.

Cypress Falls offers several different extracurricular resources to enhance the student and parent experience. The principal maintains a blog on the high school's website to help keep the parents connected and people informed in general.

Opening of school and National Blue Ribbon
The school opened in 1992, becoming the fourth addition to the Cypress Fairbanks ISD high schools. George Hopper opened the school as the first principal on August 24, 1992. Cypress Falls was named a National Blue Ribbon School in 1999-2000.

Rezoning
Cypress Woods High School relieved Cypress Falls when it opened in fall 2006.

In 2016, as part of high school rezoning, a portion of Cypress Falls's attendance zone was reassigned to Cypress Ranch High School and another portion was reassigned to Langham Creek High School.

2016 Flood Damage and Hurricane Harvey
This school and Cy-Fair High School were the two high schools in the district that had the most damage, and more importantly, out of all of the schools in the entire district, Cypress Falls faced the most damage during the April 2016 North American storm complex on April 18, 2016.

Three feet of water was standing in the school auditorium, which resulted to damage and removal of the floor. Two wooden gym floors had to be replaced as well. They also had to cut out some of the drywall and disinfect it.

In August of 2017, the first day of school was postponed for students at Cypress Falls due to Hurricane Harvey. The school opened on September 11, 2017.

Academics
For the 2018-2019 school year, the school received a B grade from the Texas Education Agency, with an overall score of 87 out of 100. The school received a B grade in each of the three performances domains, with a score of 89 for Student Achievement, 87 for School Progress, and 81 for Closing the Gaps. The school received three of the seven possible distinction designations for Academic Achievement in Mathematics, Academic Achievement in Social Studies, and Top 25%: Comparative Academic Growth.

Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 2,866 students enrolled for 2022-2023 was:
 * African American: 20.5%
 * Hispanic: 55.8%
 * White: 12.6%
 * Native American: 0.5%
 * Asian: 7.3%
 * Pacific Islander: 0.0%
 * Two or More Races: 3.3%

64.0% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch. For 2022-23, Cypress Falls was a Title I school.

Feeder patterns
Schools that feed into Cypress Falls include:
 * Elementary schools: Fiest, Horne, Owens, Birkes (partial), Hairgrove (partial), Lee (partial), Tipps (partial), Lamkin (partial)
 * Middle schools: Labay, Truitt (partial), Spillane (partial)

Extracurricular activities
During the school year of 2010-2011, Cypress Falls was the only school in its district to have all levels of its music department (band, orchestra, and choir) receive sweepstakes at their UIL Contest.

The Cypress Falls High School varsity men's choir performed at the Texas Music Educators Association (TMEA) 2012 Clinic and Convention on Feb. 10 at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center in San Antonio. Selected from hundreds of submissions from across the state, the choir performed a concert before thousands of Texas music educators and students. Additionally, the Cypress Falls High School Varsity Women's choir performed at the Texas Music Educators Association (TMEA) 2015 Clinic and Convention at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center in San Antonio in February 2015. Selected from hundreds of submissions from across the state, the choir performed a concert before thousands of Texas music educators and students. In addition to performing at TMEA, the Varsity Women's choir also performed at the National American Choral Directors Association (ACDA) 2015 Convention in Salt Lake City in February 2015, as they were selected from thousands of submissions from across the nation. This is the first choir chosen from the Cypress Fairbanks ISD to perform at the national level.

The Cypress Falls Golden Eagle Marching band 2015-2016 is the only Cypress-Fairbanks school to compete and place in finals in the Bands Of America Super Regional in Atlanta Georgia. They currently hold 22 consecutive UIL Sweepstakes and are active participants in the Texas UIL Marching Contest.

Notable alumni

 * Natasha Barrett, former news reporter and weekend evening news anchor for KTRK-TV
 * Jaime Bubela, retired MLB outfielder
 * Biren Ealy, former NFL wide receiver
 * Clint Everts, former MLB pitcher, Sugar Land Skeeters
 * Chris Francies, AFL wide receiver, Utah Blaze
 * Chris Gbandi, soccer player, Miami FC
 * Devin Gibson, collegiate basketball point guard, UTSA
 * Kovid Gupta, screenwriter and author
 * Scott Kazmir, MLB pitcher, Atlanta Braves
 * Andrew Livingston, Olympic swimmer
 * Gabe Muoneke, retired basketball player
 * Ricky Price, former NFL safety

title: Cypress Falls High School


text:
Transit (A. J. Croce album)

Transit is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter A. J. Croce, released in 2000 (see 2000 in music).

Track listing

 * 1) "Maybe" (Croce, Michael James) – 3:58
 * 2) "It's Only Me [Oh Ya-Ya]" (Croce) – 2:59
 * 3) "Turn Out the Light" (Croce, James) – 3:22
 * 4) "Summer Can't Come Too Soon" (Croce, Dave Howard) – 3:35
 * 5) "The Bargain" (Croce) – 3:22
 * 6) "Find Out Now" (Croce) – 4:35
 * 7) "Everyman" (Croce, Howard) – 3:08
 * 8) "What I Wouldn't Do" (Croce, James, David Zemen) – 3:04
 * 9) "Change" (Croce) – 2:26
 * 10) "Five" (Croce) – 2:58
 * 11) "She Was Always Right" (Croce) – 3:13
 * 12) "Don't Leave Me Now" (Croce, Marlo Croce) – 3:43

Singles
One single was released on 45 and cd single:

Maybe b/w Summer Can't Come Too Soon

Personnel

 * A. J. Croce – piano, vocals

Production

 * Producers: Michael James, David Zeman
 * Executive producers: Matt Marshall, Dan Selene
 * Engineers: Michael James, Cesar Ramirez, Fredrik Sarhagen
 * Assistant engineer: Jesse Gorman
 * Mixing: Michael James, Urban Olsson
 * Mastering: David Donnelly
 * Art direction: Robert Fisher
 * Design: Robert Fisher
 * Photography: Alison Dyer

title: Transit (A. J. Croce album)


text:
Weber test

The Weber test is a screening test for hearing performed with a tuning fork. It can detect unilateral (one-sided) conductive hearing loss (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (inner ear hearing loss). The test is named after Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795–1878). Conductive hearing ability is mediated by the middle ear composed of the ossicles: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes. Sensorineural hearing ability is mediated by the inner ear composed of the cochlea with its internal basilar membrane and attached cochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). The outer ear consisting of the pinna, ear canal, and ear drum or tympanic membrane transmits sounds to the middle ear but does not contribute to the conduction or sensorineural hearing ability save for hearing transmissions limited by cerumen impaction (wax collection in the ear canal).

The Weber test has had its value as a screening test questioned in the literature.

Weber test performance
The Weber and the Rinne test are typically performed together when the results of each combined to determine the location and nature of any hearing losses detected. In the Weber test a vibrating tuning fork (Typically 256 Hz or 512 Hz used for Weber vibration test; 512 Hz used for Rinne hearing test) is placed in the middle of the forehead, above the upper lip under the nose over the teeth, or on top of the head equidistant from the patient's ears on top of thin skin in contact with the bone. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder. A normal Weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard equally in both sides. In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder, the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear. Also in the affected patient, if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better, there is sensorineural hearing loss on the other (defective) ear. However, this assumes that it is known which ear is defective and which is normal (e.g. by the patient telling the clinician that they cannot hear as well in one ear as in the other), when the testing is being done to characterize the type, conductive or sensorineural, of hearing loss that is occurring. In the case where the patient is unaware or has acclimated to their hearing loss, the clinician has to use the Rinne test in conjunction with the Weber to characterize and localize any deficits. That is, an abnormal Weber test is only able to tell the clinician that there is a conductive loss in the ear which hears better or that there is a sensorineural loss in the ear which does not hear as well.

For the Rinne test, a vibrating tuning fork (typically 512 Hz) is placed initially on the mastoid process behind each ear until sound is no longer heard. Then, without re-striking the fork, the fork is then quickly placed just outside the ear with the patient asked to report when the sound caused by the vibration is no longer heard. A normal or positive Rinne test is when sound is still heard when the tuning fork is moved to air near the ear (air conduction or AC), indicating that AC is equal or greater than (bone conduction or BC). Therefore, AC > BC; which is how it is reported clinically for a normal or positive Rinne result. In conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is better than air or BC > AC, a negative Rinne, if the patient reports that they do not hear the fork once it is moved. The Rinne test is not ideal for distinguishing sensorineural hearing loss, as both sensorineural hearing loss and normal hearing report a positive Rinne test (though the sensorineural patient will have a decreased duration of hearing sound once the fork is moved to air).

In a normal patient, the Weber tuning fork sound is heard equally loudly in both ears, with no one ear hearing the sound louder than the other (lateralization). Similarly, a patient with symmetrical hearing loss will hear the Weber tuning fork sound equally well, with diagnostic utility only in asymmetric (one-sided) hearing losses. In a patient with hearing loss, the Weber tuning fork sound is heard louder in one ear (lateralization) than the other. This clinical finding should be confirmed by repeating the procedure and having the patient occlude one ear with a finger; the sound should be heard best in the occluded ear.

The results of both tests are noted and compared accordingly below to localize and characterize the nature of any detected hearing losses. Note: the Weber and Rinne are screening tests that are not replacements for formal audiometry hearing tests. Reported test accuracy measurements are very variable for clinical screening, surgical candidacy assessments, and estimation of hearing loss severity.

Detection of air conductive hearing loss
A patient with a unilateral conductive hearing loss would hear the tuning fork loudest in the affected ear. This is because the ear with the conductive hearing loss is only receiving input from the bone conduction and no air conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in that ear. This finding is due to the conduction problem of the middle ear (incus, malleus, stapes, and external auditory meatus) which masks the ambient noise of the room, while the well-functioning inner ear (cochlea with its basilar membrane) picks the sound up via the bones of the skull, causing it to be perceived as a louder sound in the affected ear. Another theory, however, is based on the occlusion effect described by Tonndorf et al, in 1966. Lower frequency sounds (as made by the 256 Hz fork) that are transferred through the bone to the ear canal escape from the canal. If an occlusion is present, the sound cannot escape and appears louder on the ear with the conductive hearing loss.

Conductive hearing loss can be mimicked by plugging one ear with a finger and performing the Rinne and Weber tests, which will help clarify the above. Humming a constant note and then plugging one ear is a good way to mimic the findings of the Weber test in conductive hearing loss. The simulation of the Weber test is the basis for the Bing test.

Detection of sensorineural hearing loss
If air conduction is intact on both sides (therefore no CHL), the patient will report a quieter sound in the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss. This is because the ear with the sensorineuronal hearing loss is not converting input from either the air or bone conduction, and the sound is perceived as louder in the normal ear.

Considerations and limitations
This Weber test is most useful in individuals with hearing that is different between the two ears. It cannot confirm normal hearing because it does not measure sound sensitivity in a quantitative manner. Hearing defects affecting both ears equally, as in presbycusis will produce an apparently normal test result.

Weber test considerations The Weber test reflects conduction loss in the ipsilateral ear because, in the event of impaired conduction, ipsilateral sensorineural hearing is perceived as louder; this is the same reason humming becomes more salient when covering the ears. If the Weber-lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test (AC>BC), that generally means the absence of conduction loss in that ear, and the reason sound had been perceived as louder on that side is because a sensorineural loss is present contralaterally; an ipsilateral negative Rinne test (BC>AC), on the other hand, would confirm ipsilateral conductive hearing loss (although contralateral sensorineural hearing loss may still be present. If the Weber-lateralized ear has a positive Rinne test and the contralateral ear has a negative Rinne test, then both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss are present in the contralateral ear. This is because sensorineural deficits always take auditory precedence over conductive ones, so even though conductive hearing loss is present in the contralateral ear, it is the sensorineural deficit that is responsible for the ipsilateral perceived elevation of volume. This also means that a Weber-lateralized ear with bilateral negative-Rinne corresponds to only sensorineural hearing on the ipsilateral side not being affected.

Rinne test considerations Although there is no replacement for formal audiometry, a quick screening test can be made by complementing the Weber test with the Rinne test.

The Rinne test is used in cases of unilateral hearing loss and establishes which ear has the greater bone conduction. Combined with the patient's perceived hearing loss, it can be determined if the cause is sensorineural or conductive. For example, if the Rinne test shows that air conduction (AC) is greater than bone conduction (BC) in both ears and the Weber test lateralizes to a particular ear, then there is sensorineural hearing loss in the opposite (weaker) ear. Conductive hearing loss is confirmed in the weaker ear if bone conduction is greater than air conduction and the Weber test lateralizes to that side. Combined hearing loss is likely if the Weber test lateralizes to the stronger ear and bone conduction is greater than air conduction in the weaker ear.

title: Weber test


text:
Game Over (video game)

Game Over is an action video game developed by Dinamic Software and published by Imagine Software in 1987. It was released for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, MSX, Thomson TO7, and ZX Spectrum. The game includes some adventure game elements. A prompted unrated sequel, Game Over II, was released in 1987.

Plot
Arkos, a former loyal lieutenant of the beautiful but evil galactic empress Queen Gremla, became a rebel dedicated to end her cruel tyranny. The first part of the game takes place on the prison planet Hypsis, from which Arkos must try to escape. In the second part, Arkos arrives in the jungle swamp planet Sckunn to infiltrate the queen's palace, defeat her Giant Guardian robot, and assassinate her.

Reception
Controversy arose around the presence of a visible nipple on the advertising and inlay artwork, which had originally appeared on the cover of Heavy Metal (May 1984 - Vol. 8, No. 2) called Cover Ere Comprimee and is attributed to Luis Royo. Oliver Frey, the art editor for Crash magazine, painted over the original bare-breasted image with a thin grey corset so that it could be printed, but retailers demanded that logos be placed over the nipple. Game Over won the awards for best advert and best inlay of the year, according to the readers of Crash.

The game itself was mostly well received. Computer & Video Games awarded it 8/10 for the ZX Spectrum and 7/10 for the Amstrad CPC versions. The MSX version was rated an overall 8/10 by MSX Extra, and the Commodore 64 version was given a score of 68% by Zzap!64. Your Sinclair rated the ZX Spectrum version 9/10, but the 1990 re-release edition from Alternative Software, which featured a sanitised version of the original cover described as "tragically modified", was given only 52% for its high difficulty level.

Legacy
Game Over was followed by Game Over II (also known as Phantis in its native Spain), which was developed and published by Dinamic Software in 1987.

title: Game Over (video game)


text:
Manco Inca Yupanqui

Manqu Inka Yupanki (Quechua) (around 1515 –1544) (Manco Inca Yupanqui in Spanish) was the founder and monarch (Sapa Inca) of the independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, although he was originally a puppet Inca Emperor installed by the Spaniards. He was also known as "Manco II" and "Manco Cápac II". He was one of the sons of Huayna Capac and a younger brother of Huascar.

Origin and enthronement
Manco Inca, one of the more than 50 sons of Huayna Capac, was born in Cusco. When Atahualpa's troops took the city under the command of General Quizquiz, they killed the descendants of Huayna Capac, the Huascar supporters, and anyone who could try to take the place of the Inca. Because of this, Manco Inca was forced to flee, avoiding any contact with the atahualpists.

On 14 November 1533, he met the conquistador Francisco Pizarro and his contingent, both Inca and Spanish. This and other events such as the massacre of Atahualpa led Manco Inca to believe that the Spaniards were "saviors" sent by the gods.

Túpac Huallpa was a puppet ruler crowned by Francisco Pizarro. After his death, Manco Inca joined Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in Cajamarca. When Pizarro's forces arrived in Cusco, he had the caciques acknowledge Manco as their Inca. Manco Inca then joined Almagro and Hernando de Soto in pursuit of Quizquiz.

When Pizarro left Cuzco with Almagro and Manco Inca, for Jauja in pursuit of Quizquiz, Francisco left his younger brothers Gonzalo Pizarro and Juan Pizarro as regidores, and a ninety-man garrison in the city.

The Pizarro brothers so mistreated Manco Inca that he ultimately tried to escape in 1535. He failed, was captured and imprisoned. Hernando Pizarro released him to recover a golden statue of his father Huayna Capac. Only accompanied by two Spaniards, he easily escaped a second time. Manco then gathered an army of 200,000 Inca warriors and laid siege to Cusco in early 1536, taking advantage of Diego de Almagro's absence.

After ten months (see the siege of Cuzco), Manco retreated to the nearby fortress of Ollantaytambo in 1537. Here Manco successfully defended attacks by the Spaniards in the January 1537 battle of Ollantaytambo.

Manco coordinated his siege of Cusco with one on Lima, led by one of his captains, Quiso Yupanqui. The Incas were able to defeat four relief expeditions sent by Francisco Pizarro from Lima. This resulted in the death of nearly 500 Spanish soldiers. Some Spaniards were captured and sent to Ollantaytambo.

Alonso de Alvarado was sent by Pizarro to Cusco, but upon his arrival at Abancay, he and his army were captured by Rodrigo Orgóñez in the Battle of Abancay. This was the beginning of the first civil war between the conquistadors.

Abandoning Ollantaytambo (and effectively giving up the highlands of the empire), Manco Inca retreated to Vitcos and finally to the remote jungles of Vilcabamba, where he founded the Neo-Inca State which lasted until the death of Túpac Amaru in 1572. From there, he continued his attacks against the Wankas (one of the most important allies of the Spaniards), having some success after fierce battles, and to the highlands of present-day Bolivia, where after many battles his army was defeated.

The Spaniards crowned his younger half brother Paullu Inca as puppet Sapa Inca after his retreat for his valuable help in that last campaign. The Spanish succeeded in capturing Manco's sister-wife, Cura Ocllo, and had her brutally murdered in 1539.

Death
After many guerrilla battles in the mountainous regions of Vilcabamba, Manco was murdered in 1544 in the Inca center of Vitcos by supporters of Diego de Almagro who had previously assassinated Francisco Pizarro and who were in hiding under Manco's protection. They in turn were all killed by Manco's soldiers.

Manco was succeeded by his son Sayri Tupaq. Manco Inca had several sons, including Sayri Tupaq, Titu Cusi, and Túpac Amaru.

title: Manco Inca Yupanqui


text:
Rinne test

The Rinne test is used primarily to evaluate loss of hearing in one ear. It compares perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmitted by bone conduction through the mastoid. Thus, one can quickly screen for the presence of conductive hearing loss.

A Rinne test should always be accompanied by a Weber test to also detect sensorineural hearing loss and thus confirm the nature of hearing loss.

The Rinne test was named after German otologist Heinrich Adolf Rinne (1819–1868); the Weber test was named after Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795–1878).

Procedure
The Rinne test is performed by placing a 512 Hz vibrating tuning fork against the patient's mastoid bone and asking the patient to tell you when the sound is no longer heard. Once the patient signals they can't hear it, the still vibrating tuning fork is then placed 1–2 cm from the auditory canal. The patient is then asked again to indicate when they are no longer able to hear the tuning fork.

Normal hearing

 * Air conduction should be greater than bone conduction, so the patient should be able to hear the tuning fork next to the pinna (outer ear) after they can no longer hear it when held against the mastoid. This normal result is paradoxically called a positive Rinne test (as a positive medical test usually indicates an abnormality).

Abnormal hearing

 * If the patient is not able to hear the tuning fork after it is moved from the mastoid to the pinna, it means that their bone conduction is greater than their air conduction. This indicates there is something inhibiting the passage of sound waves from the ear canal, through the middle ear apparatus and into the cochlea (i.e., there is a conductive hearing loss).
 * In sensorineural hearing loss the ability to sense the tuning fork by both bone and air conduction is equally diminished, implying they will hear the tuning fork by air conduction after they can no longer hear it through bone conduction. This pattern is the same to what is found in people with normal hearing, but patients with sensorineural hearing loss will indicate that the sound has stopped much earlier. This can be revealed by the person administering the test (with normal hearing) placing the fork close to their own ear after the patient indicates that the sound has subsided, noting that the sound from the fork is still noticeable to a normal ear.
 * In case of a severe sensorineural hearing loss caused due to a dead labyrinth, a false negative Rinne test may occur. It is caused by the fact that even though one ear is unable to respond to the test, the other ear can still be stimulated by the bone conduction test (via conducting sound through skull bones to the opposite ear), causing the patient to respond to the tuning fork on mastoid but not when it's placed near the affected ear's air canal.

Air vs. bone conductive hearing loss
Air conduction uses the apparatus of the middle ear (pinna, eardrum and ossicles) to amplify and direct the sound to the cochlea, whereas bone conduction bypasses some or all of these and allows the sound to be transmitted directly to the inner ear albeit at a reduced volume, or via the bones of the skull to the opposite ear.

Note that the words positive and negative are used in a somewhat confusing fashion here, as compared to their typical use in medical tests. Positive or negative in this case means that a certain parameter that was evaluated was present or not. In this case, that parameter is whether air conduction is better than bone conduction. Thus, a "positive" result indicates the healthy state, in contrast to many other medical tests. Therefore, some prefer to avoid using the terms "positive" or "negative", and simply state if the test was normal or abnormal. For example: "Rinne's test was abnormal in the right ear, with bone conduction greater than air conduction".

Limitations
This test and its complement, the Weber test, are quick screening tests and are not a replacement for formal audiometry. Recently, its value as a screening test has been questioned.

The Rinne test is not reliable in distinguishing sensorineural and conductive loss cases of severe unilateral or total sensorineural loss. In such cases, bone conduction to the contralateral normal ear will be better than air conduction, resulting in a false negative. In such a case, the Weber test will, however, show signs of lateralization, implying some kind of pathology. Formal audiometry testing would be required if any abnormal result is presented.

Internal links

 * Weber test

title: Rinne test


text:
The Christian Harmony

The Christian Harmony is a shape note hymn and tune book compiled by William Walker. The book was released in 1866 (1867 according to some sources). It is part of the larger tradition of shape note singing.

Origin
William Walker was born in 1809 in South Carolina, and grew up near Spartanburg. He became a Baptist song leader and shape note "singing master." Walker and Benjamin Franklin White, publisher of The Sacred Harp, married sisters. In 1835, Walker published a tunebook entitled The Southern Harmony in four-shape (fasola) notation. He incorporated over half of the contents of this Southern Harmony into his Christian Harmony in 1866. For The Christian Harmony, Walker changed from the four-shape system to a seven-shape (doremi) system. Retaining the original four shapes of the Southern Harmony, he devised three other shapes of his own. In defending his change from the four-shape system which he had previously championed, Walker explained that parents wouldn't name seven children with only four names. A second edition was released in 1873. William Walker died on September 24, 1875.

Later editions
Before the publication of a combined new edition of The Christian Harmony in 2010, two editions were in use - the "Carolina book" or "Walker book," and the "Alabama book" or "Deason book."

Carolina book
The books used in western North Carolina and adjacent areas were 1979, 1994, and 2002 reprints of Walker's 1873 edition of the Christian Harmony. None of the old songs were changed in the new reprint; four songs and some commentary were added.

Alabama book
The "Alabama" edition was a revision carried out under the leadership of O. A. Parris and John H. Deason and published in 1958. This edition utilized Jesse B. Aikin's seven-shape system; this change was made because Aikin's system was the most common among gospel singers in the South. In addition to changing to the Aikin notation, the 1958 revision deleted some songs and added new ones: "We have removed from the old book 179 songs. These will found to be the songs very rarely if ever used. We have changed numbers on but 34 songs and in all cases this was not easily avoidable. On 37 of these songs we have given them more room in order that they may be more easily read. We have included 102 songs both old and new that we feel will help very much to make a better and more useful book. (Preface to 1958 edition)" It was used mainly in Alabama and Mississippi. Revisions of the "Alabama" book were released in 1994, with a few song changes and corrections, and again in 2002.

Combined 2010 edition
The 2010 edition contains 672 songs. The book is newly typeset and uses the Aikin seven-shape system.

Pages 1–381 largely reproduce the contents and pagination of the 1958 Alabama book. Pages 397–541t contain songs present in the Carolina book but omitted by the 1958 revisers, in order (approximately 200 songs). (Pages 388, 393b, and 545b also contain music from the Carolina book, out of order.) Pages 382, 384–385, 543–545t, 546–548, and 549b (the final song in the book) contain new music not included in the Carolina book or in the 1958 Alabama book. The remaining twelve and a half pages consist of songs from the 1958 Alabama book that have been moved for a more spacious layout.

Singing communities and traditions
In 1933, George Pullen Jackson reported on Christian Harmony singings in four states: South Carolina (in and around Spartanburg and in York, Union, and Greenville counties), North Carolina (Rutherford and Buncombe counties), southern Missouri (a tradition of singings stretching back to 1889), and Alabama (56 singings in 1932 in "nine mid-state counties"). The publisher, the E.W. Miller Company of Philadelphia, reported sales largely limited to the Spartanburg area at that time.

Online minutes record 43 singings from The Christian Harmony in 2010 (12 in North Carolina, nine in Alabama, six in Georgia, six in Virginia, five in South Carolina, three in Tennessee, one in Mississippi, and one in Texas) and 23 singings in 2011 (11 in North Carolina, three in South Carolina, three in Tennessee, three in Georgia, two in Alabama, and one in Arkansas). Camp DoReMi, a summer singing school in Little Switzerland, North Carolina, is held annually and uses both The Christian Harmony and the New Harp of Columbia.

The Newton County, Mississippi, Christian Harmony Convention was organized in 1875 and is believed to be the oldest continuing Christian Harmony convention. This singing has evolved or preserved some distinctive traditional features, such as a sustained ringing style of singing, and the use of "The Drone" as a closing song.

A singing tradition with deep roots continues in Haywood and Transylvania counties, North Carolina. Old Folks Day in Canton has featured singing from the Christian Harmony since the nineteenth century, at the Morning Star Methodist Church, and before that at the Locust Field Church (now the First Baptist Church). The twice-yearly Etowah singing, now held in Horseshoe, N.C., has been held since 1909.

On Sunday 27 October 2013 the first Christian Harmony All-Day Singing in Europe took place at St Mary's Church in Primrose Hill, hosted by the Sacred Harp Singers of London, who now regularly sing from the 2010 edition of Walker's Christian Harmony. In attendance were Sacred Harp singers from the UK & Ireland, Europe, and the US. The event is scheduled to take place that same Sunday in October 2014 at the same venue.

title: The Christian Harmony


text:
Alma Gluck

Alma Gluck (May 11, 1884 – October 27, 1938) was a Romanian-born American lyric soprano.

Biography
Gluck was born as Reba Feinsohn to a Jewish family in Iași, Romania, the daughter of Zara and Leon Feinsohn. Gluck moved to the United States at a young age in 1889. Although her initial success came at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, Gluck later performed widely in America and became an early recording artist. Although various sources claim that her recording of "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny" for the Victor Talking Machine Co. was the first celebrity recording by a classical musician to sell one million copies, Victor ledgers do not support the claim—nor did Gluck ever make such a claim herself. It was awarded a gold disc, only the seventh to be granted at that time. Gluck was a founder of the American Woman's Association.

Her daughter Marcia Davenport was the child of her first marriage (to Bernard Glick, an insurance man). Gluck later married violinist Efrem Zimbalist and had two children, the actor Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. (1918–2014) and Maria. Gluck evidently adopted her professional surname as a variation of her first husband's surname ("Glick").

Gluck retired to New Hartford, Connecticut, to raise her family in 1925. Although by background an assimilated and nonpracticing Jew who continued to consider herself ethnically Jewish, she found herself attracted, along with her husband Efrem, to Anglican Christianity, and they regularly attended the Episcopal Church in New Hartford. Efrem Jr. and Maria were both christened there, and the couple placed Efrem in an Episcopal boarding school in New Hampshire. Efrem Jr. later became active in evangelical circles and was one of the founders of Trinity Broadcasting Network. Gluck recorded several Christian hymns in duet with Louise Homer, among them "Rock of Ages", "Whispering Hope", "One Sweetly Solemn Thought", and "Jesus, Lover of My Soul".

After a long illness, she was taken to the Rockefeller Institute Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, but died from liver failure several days later, at 9:30 am on October 27, 1938, at the age of 54.

Legacy
Gluck is the grandmother to actress Stephanie Zimbalist, the daughter of her son the actor Efrem Zimbalist Jr.

title: Alma Gluck


text: Talk:Transit (A. J. Croce album)

title: Talk:Transit (A. J. Croce album)


text:
White tern

The white tern or common white tern (Gygis alba) is a small seabird found across the tropical oceans of the world. It is sometimes known as the fairy tern, although this name is potentially confusing as it is also the common name of Sternula nereis. Other names for the species include angel tern and white noddy in English, and manu-o-Kū in Hawaiian. The little white tern (Gygis microrhyncha), previously considered a subspecies of the white tern (Gygis alba microrhyncha), is now recognised as a separate species.

Taxonomy
The white tern was first formally described by the Swedish naturalist Anders Sparrman in 1786 under the binomial name Sterna alba. The genus Gygis was introduced by the German zoologist Johann Georg Wagler in 1832. The name Gygis is from the Ancient Greek guges for a mythical bird and the specific alba is Latin for "white".

Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the white tern is more closely related to the noddies than it is to the other terns. This implies that "white noddy" would be a more appropriate English name.

The white tern has the following recognized subspecies:

 * G. a. alba, (Sparrman, 1786): tropical islands of the south Atlantic including Fernando de Noronha, Trindade, Martin Vas Rocks, Ascension and St. Helena islands
 * G. a. candida, (Gmelin, 1789): Seychelles & Mascarene Islands to central Pacific including southern Maldives excluding range of G. a. leucopes and Gygis microrhyncha
 * G. a. leucopes, Holyoak & Thibault, 1976: Pitcairn Islands

Some authors have postulated that there may be three species of Gygis: Gygis alba, in the Atlantic Ocean, and Gygis candida and Gygis microrhyncha, both in the Pacific.

Description
The white tern has a wingspan of 76 - 87 cm. It has white plumage and a long black bill. Nesting on coral islands, usually on trees with small branches but also on rocky ledges and on man-made structures, the white tern feeds on small fish which it catches by plunge diving. Giant tortoises have been observed to hunt the bird on Fregate Island in the Seychelles.

Distribution and habitat
The white tern ranges widely across the Pacific Ocean from the coasts of Chile and Colombia to New Zealand and along the eastern and southern coasts of Asia from China to India, South Maldives, the islands of the Indian Ocean, and the coast of South Africa. Rarely it is also found in Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, and on some islands in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a pelagic and epipelagic bird, living along the coast and moving into wooded areas during the breeding season.

Behavior
This species is notable for laying its egg on bare thin branches in a small fork or depression without a nest. This behaviour is unusual for terns, which generally nest on the ground, and even the related tree-nesting black noddy constructs a nest. It is thought that the reason for the absence of nests is the reduction in nest parasites, which in some colonial seabirds can cause the abandonment of an entire colony. In spite of these benefits there are costs associated with tree nesting, as the eggs and chicks are vulnerable to becoming dislodged by heavy winds. For this reason the white tern is also quick to relay should it lose the egg. The newly hatched chicks have well developed feet with which to hang on to their precarious nesting site. It is a long-lived bird, having been recorded living for 42 years.

Relationship with humans
The white tern, manu-o-Kū, was named Honolulu, Hawaii's official bird on April 2, 2007.

New Zealand's Department of Conservation classifies the white tern as Nationally Critical, with populations having been largely decimated by the introduction of feral cats and rats on Raoul Island, the terns' only breeding site in the country. As of 2016, the white tern population in New Zealand was reported to be increasing following the eradication of introduced predators in 2002. Globally, the white tern has a large range that is home to several large colonies, and both recognised species are listed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List.

title: White tern


text: User talk:67.101.158.53

title: User talk:67.101.158.53


text:
Dick Lips

"Dick Lips" is a song by American rock band Blink-182, released on February 28, 1998, as the third single from the group's second studio album, Dude Ranch (1997). The song was released by Grilled Cheese, a subsidiary label of Cargo Music. It was the band's final single with Cargo; "Josie" was distributed jointly through MCA before they left the label by the end of the year.

Background
"Dick Lips" was written about an experience in Tom DeLonge's high school years, in which he got kicked out of Poway High School during his junior year (1991) after being caught inebriated at a school basketball game. He then attended Rancho Bernardo High School for the remainder of his high school years. "Being kicked out of school was bad, but it was also the best thing in my life. Because none of us would be here today," DeLonge said in 2001. "Blink-182 is one million percent around today because I got kicked out of school.” The title has no real significance; it was an insult bandied around the Big Fish Studios while recording, that the band wanted to record "for posterity."

The song largely "failed to register" on international charts, in part due to the continued success of lead single "Dammit".

Composition
The song is composed in the key of A major and is set in time signature of common time with a moderately fast tempo of 124 beats per minute. DeLonge's vocal range spans from E4 to E5.

Reception
Consequence of Sound, in a 2015 top 10 of the band's best songs, ranked it as number seven, commenting, "Without delving into unnecessary details, the lyrics hint at an abusive household and a prospect of romantic longing that serves no purpose beyond the promise of 'something new.' Blink often suffered from spelling out its themes, but 'Dick Lips' represents one of those rare times they simply let the song speak for itself."

Format and track listing

 * CD (1998)
 * 1) "Dick Lips" – 2:56
 * 2) "Apple Shampoo" – 2:52
 * 3) "Wrecked Him" – 2:50
 * 4) "Zulu" – 2:07

Personnel

 * Blink-182
 * Tom DeLonge – guitar, lead vocals
 * Mark Hoppus – bass, backing vocals
 * Scott Raynor – drums

 * Production
 * Mark Trombino – production, recording, mixing
 * Brian Gardner – mastering

title: Dick Lips