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Solemn vow

A solemn vow is a certain vow ("a deliberate and free promise made to God about a possible and better good") taken by an at least 18 year old person individual after completion of the novitiate in a Catholic religious institute. It is solemn insofar as the Church recognizes it as such.

Distinction from simple vows
Any vow in Catholic religious life other than a solemn vow is a simple vow. Even a vow accepted by a legitimate superior in the name of the Church (the definition of a "public vow") is a simple vow if the Church has not granted it recognition as a solemn vow. In canon law a vow is public (concerning the Church itself directly) only if a legitimate superior accepts it in the name of the Church; all other vows, no matter how much publicity is given to them, are classified as private vows (concerning directly only those who make them). The vow taken at profession as a member of any religious institute is a public vow, but in recent centuries can be either solemn or simple.

There is disagreement among theologians as to whether the distinction between solemn and simple vows derives simply from a decision of the Church to treat them differently or whether, in line with the opinion of Thomas Aquinas, a solemn vow is, antecedently to any decision by the Church, a more strict, perfect and complete consecration to God.

Aquinas held that the only vows that could be considered solemn were those made by receiving the holy orders as a member of the Catholic Hierarchy, or by the religious profession of the rule as a member of a Catholic religious order.

As a unique exception to this traditional dichotomy, the Benedictine abbots could be consecrated bishops by an analogue apostolic authority (like another bishop, an archbishop, or the pope). This practice was contemplated by the canonical law since the Middle Age, as it is testified by the later life of Peter Cellensis. Since the 18th century, consecrators and episcopal lineage were extended to the Benedictine monks-bishops.

Aquinas, in support of his view, cited the fact that these two vows alone were considered to make the celebration of marriage invalid. He argued that a man who promised, either to a human being or to God (thus making a vow), to marry a certain woman was bound by that promise or vow, but if he broke it and married a different woman, the subsequent marriage was nonetheless considered valid. Similarly, if he made a vow to enter a particular religious institute or become a priest, but instead entered a different institute or decided to marry, the religious profession or the marriage, despite being a violation of his vow, was still considered valid. Once he had received holy orders or made a religious profession, however, any marriage he contracted was considered null and void.

Solemn vows were originally considered indissoluble. Not even the Pope could dispense from them. If for a just cause a religious was expelled, the vow of celibacy remained unchanged and so rendered invalid any attempt at marriage, the vow of obedience obliged in relation, generally, to the bishop rather than to the religious superior, and the vow of poverty was modified to meet the new situation but the expelled religious "could not, for example, will any goods to another; and goods which came to him reverted at his death to his institute or to the Holy See".

Vows in religious institutes
In medieval times religious vows taken by members of religious institutes approved by the Holy See were regarded both as solemn and public. This was declared by Pope Boniface VIII (1235 – 1303).

The situation changed in the 16th century. In 1521, two years after the Fifth Lateran Council had forbidden the establishment of new religious institutes, Pope Leo X appointed a rule with simple vows for those tertiaries attached to existing institutes who undertook to live in a community. In 1566 and 1568, Pope Pius V rejected this class of institute, but they continued to exist and even increased in number. After at first being merely tolerated, they afterwards obtained approval. Only on almost the last day of the 19th century were they officially reckoned as religious, when Pope Leo XIII recognized as religious all men and women who took simple vows in such congregations.

A special case applied to the Jesuits. In the 16th century, Ignatius of Loyola obtained authorization for the members of the Society of Jesus to be divided into the professed with solemn vows and the coadjutors with dispensable simple vows. Nevertheless, before Pope Leo XIII's reforms in the 19th century, these simple vows constituted them religious in the true and proper sense of the word, with the consequent privileges and exemption of regulars, including the vows being a diriment impediment to matrimony, etc. In theory, the recognition as religious for simple vows had universal validity, but in practice, the Roman Curia considered it an exclusive privilege to the Society of Jesus.

Codes of Canon Law on religious institutes
On the basis of the distinction between solemn and simple vows, the 1917 Code of Canon Law made several other distinctions in relation to religious institutes, which it defined as legitimately established associations in accordance with which the members make public vows, either perpetual vows or temporary ones that are to be renewed periodically. It reserved the name "religious order" for institutes in which the vows were solemn, and used the term "religious congregation" for those with simple vows. The members of a religious order for men were called "regulars", those belonging to a religious congregation were simply "religious", a term that applied also to regulars. For women, those with simple vows were simply "sisters", with the term "nun" reserved in canon law for those who belonged to an institute of solemn vows, even if in some localities they were allowed to take simple vows instead.

However, the 1917 Code abolished the distinction according to which solemn vows, unlike simple vows, were indissoluble. It recognized no totally indispensable religious vows and thereby abrogated for the Latin Church the special consecration that distinguished "orders" from "congregations", while keeping some juridical distinctions.

A juridical distinction that the 1917 Code maintained was its declaring invalid any marriage attempted by solemnly professed religious or by those with simple vows to which the Holy See had attached the effect of invalidating marriage, while stating that no simple vow rendered a marriage invalid, except in the cases in which the Holy See directed otherwise. Thus solemnly professed religious were barred absolutely from marriage, and any marriage they attempted was invalid. Those who made simple vows were obliged not to marry, but if they did break their vow, the marriage was considered valid but illicit.

Another difference was that a professed religious of solemn vows lost the right to own property and the capacity to acquire temporal goods for himself or herself, but a professed religious of simple vows, while being prohibited by the vow of poverty from using and administering property, kept ownership and the right to acquire more, unless the constitutions of the religious institute explicitly stated the contrary.

These were two of the nine juridical consequences (apart from spiritual effects) of the difference between solemn and simple vows.

After publication of the 1917 Code, many institutes with simple vows appealed to the Holy See for permission to make solemn vows. The Apostolic Constitution Sponsa Christi of 21 November 1950 made access to that permission easier for nuns (in the strict sense), though not for religious institutes dedicated to apostolic activity. Many of these institutes of women then petitioned for the solemn vow of poverty alone. Towards the end of the Second Vatican Council, superiors general of clerical institutes and abbots president of monastic congregations were authorized to permit, for a just cause, their subjects of simple vows who made a reasonable request to renounce their property except for what would be required for their sustenance if they were to depart.

The 1983 Code of Canon Law maintains the distinction between solemn and simple vows, but no longer makes any distinction between their juridical effects. For instance, while under the 1917 Code solemn vows rendered a subsequent marriage invalid, but simple vows only made the marriage illicit, the current Code of Canon Law states that "those bound by a public perpetual vow of chastity in a religious institute invalidly attempt marriage".

Renunciation of the right to own property is now a matter for the constitutions of the religious institute in question and is associated not with the solemnity of the vows but with their perpetuity. The 1983 Code states: "A person who must renounce fully his or her goods due to the nature of the institute is to make that renunciation before perpetual profession in a form valid, as far as possible, even in civil law; it is to take effect from the day of profession. A perpetually professed religious who wishes to renounce his or her goods either partially or totally according to the norm of proper law and with the permission of the supreme moderator is to do the same.

A professed religious who has renounced his or her goods fully due to the nature of the institute loses the capacity of acquiring and possessing and therefore invalidly places acts contrary to the vow of poverty. Moreover, whatever accrues to the professed after renunciation belongs to the institute according to the norm of proper law."

title: Solemn vow


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Fractional quantum Hall effect

The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a physical phenomenon in which the Hall conductance of 2-dimensional (2D) electrons shows precisely quantized plateaus at fractional values of $$e^2/h$$, where e is the electron charge and h is the Planck constant. It is a property of a collective state in which electrons bind magnetic flux lines to make new quasiparticles, and excitations have a fractional elementary charge and possibly also fractional statistics. The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Robert Laughlin, Horst Störmer, and Daniel Tsui "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". The microscopic origin of the FQHE is a major research topic in condensed matter physics.

Descriptions
The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a collective behavior in a 2D system of electrons. In particular magnetic fields, the electron gas condenses into a remarkable liquid state, which is very delicate, requiring high quality material with a low carrier concentration, and extremely low temperatures. As in the integer quantum Hall effect, the Hall resistance undergoes certain quantum Hall transitions to form a series of plateaus. Each particular value of the magnetic field corresponds to a filling factor (the ratio of electrons to magnetic flux quanta)

 * $$\nu = p/q,\ $$

where p and q are integers with no common factors. Here q turns out to be an odd number with the exception of two filling factors 5/2 and 7/2. The principal series of such fractions are

 * $${1\over 3}, {2\over 5}, {3\over 7}, \mbox{etc.,} $$

and

 * $${2\over3}, {3\over 5}, {4\over 7}, \mbox{etc.} $$

Fractionally charged quasiparticles are neither bosons nor fermions and exhibit anyonic statistics. The fractional quantum Hall effect continues to be influential in theories about topological order. Certain fractional quantum Hall phases appear to have the right properties for building a topological quantum computer.

History and developments
The FQHE was experimentally discovered in 1982 by Daniel Tsui and Horst Störmer, in experiments performed on heterostructures made out of gallium arsenide developed by Arthur Gossard.

There were several major steps in the theory of the FQHE.

Tsui, Störmer, and Robert B. Laughlin were awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.
 * Laughlin states and fractionally-charged quasiparticles: this theory, proposed by Robert B. Laughlin, is based on accurate trial wave functions for the ground state at fraction $$1/q$$ as well as its quasiparticle and quasihole excitations. The excitations have fractional charge of magnitude $$e^*={e\over q}$$.
 * Fractional exchange statistics of quasiparticles: Bertrand Halperin conjectured, and Daniel Arovas, John Robert Schrieffer, and Frank Wilczek demonstrated, that the fractionally charged quasiparticle excitations of the Laughlin states are anyons with fractional statistical angle $$\theta = {\pi \over q}$$; the wave function acquires phase factor of $$ e^{i \theta}$$ (together with an Aharonov-Bohm phase factor) when identical quasiparticles are exchanged in a counterclockwise sense. A recent experiment seems to give a clear demonstration of this effect.
 * Hierarchy states: this theory was proposed by Duncan Haldane, and further clarified by Bertrand Halperin, to explain the observed filling fractions not occurring at the Laughlin states' $$\nu = 1/q$$. Starting with the Laughlin states, new states at different fillings can be formed by condensing quasiparticles into their own Laughlin states. The new states and their fillings are constrained by the fractional statistics of the quasiparticles, producing e.g. $$\nu = 2/5$$ and $$2/7$$ states from the Laughlin $$\nu = 1/3$$ state. Similarly constructing another set of new states by condensing quasiparticles of the first set of new states, and so on, produces a hierarchy of states covering all the odd-denominator filling fractions. This idea has been validated quantitatively, and brings out the observed fractions in a natural order. Laughlin's original plasma model was extended to the hierarchy states by Allan H. MacDonald and others. Using methods introduced by Greg Moore and Nicholas Read, based on conformal field theory explicit wave functions can be constructed for all hierarchy states.
 * Composite fermions: this theory was proposed by Jainendra K. Jain, and further extended by Halperin, Patrick A. Lee and Read. The basic idea of this theory is that as a result of the repulsive interactions, two (or, in general, an even number of) vortices are captured by each electron, forming integer-charged quasiparticles called composite fermions. The fractional states of the electrons are understood as the integer QHE of composite fermions. For example, this makes electrons at filling factors 1/3, 2/5, 3/7, etc. behave in the same way as at filling factor 1, 2, 3, etc. Composite fermions have been observed, and the theory has been verified by experiment and computer calculations. Composite fermions are valid even beyond the fractional quantum Hall effect; for example, the filling factor 1/2 corresponds to zero magnetic field for composite fermions, resulting in their Fermi sea.

Evidence for fractionally-charged quasiparticles
Experiments have reported results that specifically support the understanding that there are fractionally-charged quasiparticles in an electron gas under FQHE conditions.

In 1995, the fractional charge of Laughlin quasiparticles was measured directly in a quantum antidot electrometer at Stony Brook University, New York. In 1997, two groups of physicists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and at the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique laboratory near Paris, detected such quasiparticles carrying an electric current, through measuring quantum shot noise Both of these experiments have been confirmed with certainty.

A more recent experiment, measures the quasiparticle charge.

Impact
The FQH effect shows the limits of Landau's symmetry breaking theory. Previously it was held that the symmetry breaking theory could explain all the important concepts and properties of forms of matter. According to this view, the only thing to be done was to apply the symmetry breaking theory to all different kinds of phases and phase transitions. From this perspective, the importance of the FQHE discovered by Tsui, Stormer, and Gossard is notable for contesting old perspectives.

The existence of FQH liquids suggests that there is much more to discover beyond the present symmetry breaking paradigm in condensed matter physics. Different FQH states all have the same symmetry and cannot be described by symmetry breaking theory. The associated fractional charge, fractional statistics, non-Abelian statistics, chiral edge states, etc. demonstrate the power and the fascination of emergence in many-body systems. Thus FQH states represent new states of matter that contain a completely new kind of order—topological order. For example, properties once deemed isotropic for all materials may be anisotropic in 2D planes. The new type of orders represented by FQH states greatly enrich our understanding of quantum phases and quantum phase transitions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fractional quantum Hall effect


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Langley (unit)

The langley (Ly) is a unit of heat transmission, especially used to express the rate of solar radiation (or insolation) received by the earth. The unit was proposed by Franz Linke in 1942 and named after Samuel Langley (1834–1906) in 1947.

Definition
One langley is
 * 1 thermochemical calorie per square centimetre,
 * 41 840 J/m2 (joules per square metre)

title: Langley (unit)


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File:Leo Sayer - Silverbird.jpg

Album cover for Silverbird by Leo Sayer

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Leo Sayer - Silverbird.jpg


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MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive

The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive is a website maintained by John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson and hosted by the University of St Andrews in Scotland. It contains detailed biographies on many historical and contemporary mathematicians, as well as information on famous curves and various topics in the history of mathematics.

The History of Mathematics archive was an outgrowth of Mathematical MacTutor system, a HyperCard database by the same authors, which won them the European Academic Software award in 1994. In the same year, they founded their web site. It has since expanded to include biographies of more than 3200 mathematicians and scientists.

In 2015, O'Connor and Robertson won the Hirst Prize of the London Mathematical Society for their work. The citation for the Hirst Prize calls the archive "the most widely used and influential web-based resource in history of mathematics".

title: MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive


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User:Dan Koehl/viking

There seems to be different opinions about the term viking and what a viking is, or were.

I have so far found numerous articles where the word viking was part of the text, although there is no proof that vikings had anything to do with the topic. Since viking is a complicated topic, and under intensive discussions now and then, it brings even more confusion to use the term, where there is absolutely no need, and where the term is not stated in any written sources describing the topic.

Study the article about (one of the "famous vikings" listed in article about vikings, king Harald I of Norway. Text:At last Harald was forced to make an expedition to the west to clear the islands and Scottish mainland of Vikings. Numbers of them fled to Iceland, which grew into an independent commonwealth, while the Scottish isles fell under Norwegian rule.

 * Can Harald I of Norway be described as a famous viking?
 * Would the vikings describe Haraldas a viking?
 * Would any No wiking, fighting against vikings like to be labelled a viking?

Note: numbers of them fled to Iceland. And then they started to write stories and sagas, making themself and their ancestor vikings famous and honorable.

But: from the normal scandinavian society, consisting of NOT-Vikings, they were expelled. The most glorified place in the sagas, Jomsborg, was probably only a place for (criminal?) refugees.

But they revenged. Today theres people like dab, who states (without source) that "all medevial north" are vikings, an opinion obviosly based upon icelandic stories and sagas from the expelled criminals who went to Iceland. (Here is an interesting link, comparing Jomsvikingasaga with the story of Arthur). Those stories are not approved history documents.

Phantasy terms?
Its easy to create a pseudo world of vikings, with:
 * viking women and
 * viking men
 * belonging to the "germanic tribe: viking"
 * going to wiking wars
 * eating wiking food,
 * praying to viking gods
 * sailing with viking ships,
 * from Viking harbor towns
 * working at viking trading posts
 * and going home to their viking houses
 * in the viking village
 * or viking settlements,
 * in the viking country
 * or viking territory,
 * ruled by the viking king,
 * or in the viking colony,
 * where they lived viking lifes,
 * and then died viking deaths
 * and was part of viking burials.

All those terms without a single written historical proof, As far as I can see totally taken out from peoples imaginations. A very effective, but false way to "proof" all those people and cathegories were vikings. The article also stated that all scandinavians are descendants to vikings. (No source, of course !).

I asked for sources for all different statements. 2 users dab and Wiglaf discussed, but gave no sources for their arguments.

And gave them the 3 sources abt vikings I know. (1) (It is not written in those sources that all scandinavian are descendants to vikings)

I deleted the word viking in numerous articles, since it was put there by "accident" without any indication that its really relevant, and where no viking, or vikings were mentioned in the written sources about the topic. And started to discuss on Talk:Viking and Talk:Viking Age with the two guys in order not to change without consulting. Vikingsssssss!!!!!!!!!!!!

List of deletions of word viking

 * Ahmad ibn Rustah (The article is about a funeral in Birka, which was no "viking-town".)
 * Berserker, described Oden as viking god, but he is older than that changed > pagan.
 * Ingegerd Olofsdotter (swedish princess, one of northern europes first saints (1001), described as daughter to a swedish viking-king)
 * Leidang (The ledung fleet was used with vikings, according to written records.)
 * After I removed viking, "someone" changed to viking age, aperiod between 790-1066. The ledung was known before, and at least until +1300 so this is as irrelevent. Ledung was the scandinavian defence system, has no direct connection to "vikings" or any "viking-ages". (edit war 2 december)
 * Longship. Text was: boats used by the Scandinavian vikings and Saxons changed into: boats used by the Scandinavians and Saxons.

Efforts to structure articles
After this i moved this text :

''They called themselves Norðmenn (Northmen), which was rendered as Normanni in Latin, Norsemen in English, and Norman in French. Modern Scandinavians still refer to themselves as the people of the North, nordbor or nordmenn.''

From viking to scandinavia, since no source was given for this statement. (That scandinavians are nordmen, or nordbor, there is no doubt) The only sources about wikings state they were called vikings (logical?) no source came up abt viking calling themself northmen. Of course, any person like a carpenter has a country, they can be northman and swedish, but this is not the same as swedish and northmen are carpenters.

Edit war
User dab now moved this back to viking without discussion and started edit war abt technology section in viking, (which I had moved to scandinavia) and dab moved this now to viking age, although the text describes naval tecnology in general, dated long before 793. (and yes, scadinavians does have written recorded tecnology)

And treatened me to revert my efforts to change, which he before had suggested:

Threats
''If you continue to just remove stuff, I will just revert you. dab 10:16, 2 Dec'' ([source])

Now the viking age has technology but not its inventors the scandinavians. Why is it more correct to keep a section about tecnology at viking age instead of at scandinavia if the tecnic has no particulair timestamp?

Apart from that, why not discuss this instead of starting an edit war?

Insultments
Now I was told by dab to shut up:'''Excuse me, but if you are not prepare to listen, maybe you would better shut up, too. dab 10:31, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)''' ([2)

and accused of being a troll: ''I hope this will stop Dan from trolling this page now. A short summary needs to be re-introduced in the "The Viking Age" section. dab 10:23, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)''(3)

"Ordered" not to edit
''Could you just leave the article alone now, please? dab 11:52, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC) ([sorce]) jhphu

I stopped trying to clean up
So I finished trying to follow his suggestion of using the article Northmen (where Tolkien caracter are described) and his invitation of ''You can of course try to disambiguate "vikings" from "Old Norse culture", and see how far you get. Make sure you always check English usage, though, as direct translation may be misleading/dab 21:12, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC) and ended asking him for sources to the culture was dominated by piracy during that time (plundering was Scandinavia's primary export product, so to speak)./dab'' and other statements completely from the air, not backed up by one source.

Since I will never be a part of edit war. This is, as admin, below my belt.

More discussions
Which leaves only the discussions pages left, since I am not aloud by dab to change the articles without his permission othervise he makes edit war?

oh my! Dan the Viking is harrying the shores of English Wikipedia again? So far I see no evidence of looting or pillaging on the histories of Viking or Viking Age, but I am bracing myself :) dab (ᛏ) 07:22, 17 May 2005 (UTC) []

Projects
Also started WikiProject Scandinavia, WikiProject Sweden and WikiProject Vikings 3 of december, in order to tempt more interested users to contribute so this project gets a better structure. hi

List of places where I have not deleted, but asked for source

 * Aalborg. Article states A. was settled originally by the Vikings, that V. had a trading post, and that there was V. settlements.
 * Burning-glass naming a Viking harbor town of Fröjel, Gotland. No source for why term viking is used.
 * Blood. Text:Germanic tribes (such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings) . (No source for this invention of a tribe called vikings
 * Canada. Text:  Vikings briefly settled at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. More permanent European visits came in the 16th and 17th century, as the French settled there. French are appearently French here, vikings are what?
 * Christopher Columbus. Article states: it is widely acknowledged today that Vikings from Northern Europe had visited North America. (No source to as if those people really were vikings)
 * Christmas tree. Text: In Scandinavia the Viking kings sacrificed nine males of each species at the sacred groves. This can only be taken from Adam of Bremens stories. Adam of Bremen DOES NOT say those people were vikings, he describes vikings very exact, and only as pirats in south sweden. he does not use the term viking when he speaks about the sacrifies at Uppsala. (deleted, see below)
 * viking. A lot of info that doesnt refer to vikings at all. Until now no sources named. (In fact, after 1 days debate, not 1 single source)
 * Chapter about their Hygiene. Discussion about Varangian, who by no written records are identical with the word viking. Mixed up information.
 * Picture of a reconstructed longship named in the article viking ship. No source what makes this longship viking.
 * Viking Age.
 * Map showing green parts, text under saying: Map of Viking voyages and territories. (No source. No year mentioning when the welldocumented swedish kingdom was lost to those vikings, or reunited with sweden again. For some reason north sweden was not viking territory? Dagö, Ösel, Friesland, and Julin/Wollin mentioned in sagas in connection with vikings are not green)
 * Text:  Scandinavian warriors and traders, called Vikings, traded, etc No source given when ever in the words history a trademan was named viking. Or a source saying vikings were trademen. It is simply here invented that vikings could be trademen, which brings the consequence that the scandinavian traders in russia can be called vikings. But the there is no source named proofing that this is the case. (edit war 2 december)
 * Text: Vikings continued south on rivers to the Black Sea and then on to Constantinople. No source named for people using the name or term viking, travelling to black sea and constantinopel)
 * Viking longship. No explanation is made what that is, or the difference from a longship. No source mention a found vikinga longship. It seems the article speaks about longship, and for some reason refers to abstract, unfound marine vehicles for viking longships, inventing them, althogh nothing is proofed about their existence.
 * Rus' (people) Text: the name Rusiyyah for a group of people who are usually interpreted as Vikings. (Interpreted by who, when, where? No source mentioned, why those people should be interpreted as vikings. There is no source what so ever saying that rus was vikings)
 * Rurik. Text: Rurik...was a Varangian (Viking) (No source mentioned for this statement. meanwhile in the article further down remark is made about other opinions, mentioning those have no sources FUN.)
 * Varangian. 1 st line states:The Varangians or Variags were Vikings who travelled eastwards from Sweden. (No source named)
 * Viking ring castles. (describing what in swedish is called Trelleborgar. (not viking ring slott). No source given what is "viking" about them.)

Later deletion
 * Christmas tree. 18 dec, still no arguments for the "viking kings" making blood sacrifice, removed viking, and changed into "according to Adam of Bremen pagan prists sacrified nine animals"

Wikings or not vikings?

 * prooved vikings
 * Palnatoke. described with the term viking in Icelandic sagas. According to them, he had 24 longships. No statement of "viking ship" production.
 * Torkel den höge, named jomsviking. Executed by Thorkel Leira.
 * Bue den digre, named jomsviking.
 * Harald, son of Bue, named jomsviking.
 * Hovard, named jomsviking.
 * Vagn Åkesson, named jomsviking. Supposed to have been leader over abt 30 vikings.
 * Eventual vikings
 * 1014 - Battle of Clontarf: Brian Boru defeats Viking invaders, but is killed in battle.
 * Sigvald, son of Strutharald. named as leader at Jomsborg.
 * Not vikings at all
 * farmers, fishers, hunters, warriors, lawmen, thingsmen, husabymen, members in the ledung, viking-guards, priests, women, children, slaves, being just simple scandinavians, peaceful or making wars with other villages, countries. (The majority of scandinavian people 793-1066)
 * Erik jarl, son of Håkon. Had a seabattle with 150 longships against the Jomsvikings
 * Thorkel Leira, executor of 18 Jomsvikings, sentenced to death.

title: User:Dan Koehl/viking


text:
South Central Florida Express

The South Central Florida Express, Inc. (originally known as the South Central Florida Railroad ) is a common carrier shortline railroad in southern Florida run by U.S. Sugar Corporation. Its trains operate from Sebring to Fort Pierce via Clewiston around the southern perimeter of Lake Okeechobee, and serves customers at 26 locations. With 171 mi of track, the SCXF is the largest private agricultural railroad in the U.S.

The railroad began operation in 1994 on tracks previously owned and operated by CSX Transportation; in 1998, operation expanded on to tracks leased from the Florida East Coast Railway (FEC). In addition to the SCXF, U.S. Sugar has its own private tracks known as the U.S. Sugar Railroad, which consists of multiple branch lines connected to SCXF tracks. In 2021, the SCXF began operating the Sugar Express, a heritage tourist passenger train featuring a steam locomotive pulling historic passenger cars.

Operation
The South Central Florida Express (SCXF) is at its busiest during the main sugar harvest, which usually runs from October to March each year. U.S. Sugar is the only sugar company in the continental U.S. that transports sugarcane by rail.

In addition to the SCXF, U.S. Sugar has its own private tracks known as the U.S. Sugar Railroad, which is made up of several branch lines running from SCXF tracks to sugar fields near Clewiston and Bryant. Unlike the SCXF, the USSC is not a common carrier and is not subject to Federal Railroad Administration regulations.

Sugarcane harvested from fields along the line on the west and south sides of Lake Okeechobee is taken by rail in specially designed rail cars to U.S. Sugar's refinery in Clewiston for processing. The SCXF refers to these trains as "cane trains", which then take empty cars back out to the fields.

On the east side of the lake, sugarcane is collected the same way and loaded cars are brought to Bryant Yard near Pahokee, where cars are combined on to longer trains before being sent to Clewiston. This movement of trains from Bryant to Clewiston is referred to as the Bryant Turn. Since the junction switch at the entrance to Bryant Yard is oriented north on the main line, Bryant Turn trains are backed out of the yard on to the main line before heading south and west to Clewiston. During harvest season, Bryant Turn trains can run as often as every four hours.

Refined by-products such as sugar crystals and molasses are shipped from the refinery by rail to interchanges on each end of the line, where they are sent throughout the United States. Chemicals for refining sugar are also brought in to the refinery from the interchanges. SCXF's western terminus interchanges with CSX on their Auburndale Subdivision in Sebring, and the eastern terminus in Fort Pierce interchanges with the Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) in Fort Pierce. The SCXF also has haulage rights with the FEC to Jacksonville to further interchange with CSX and Norfolk Southern.

Fleet
The South Central Florida Express operates eight EMD GP11 locomotives (road numbers 302-305, 308, 310, 312), six EMD GP38 locomotives (404-405, 407-410), six EMD GP40 locomotives (501-506), and two EMD SD40 series locomotives (6323 and 6324). U.S. Sugar also operates one SW1500 and one MP15AC switcher engine. To haul raw sugarcane, SCXF and USSC operate about 800 specifically designed rail cars. Nearly all locomotives on both SCXF and USSC tracks carry the USSC reporting mark.

Route
The South Central Florida Express operates on 171 mi of track, making it the largest private agricultural railroad in the U.S. The SCXF owns the tracks between Sebring and Pahokee, and leases the tracks between Pahokee and Fort Pierce from the FEC. The main line is divided into east and west sides, and the Miami Canal on the south side of Lake Okeechobee in Lake Harbor is where the two sides officially connect. The milepost numbers on each side are independent from one another and remain as they did under predecessor companies.

West side
The 82 mi of main-line track on the west side of Lake Okeechobee begins in Sebring at a connection with CSX's Auburndale Subdivision just south of Sebring's Amtrak station. A short distance south from Sebring is Desoto City Yard, a small three-track switching yard. CSX has trackage rights into Desoto City Yard where interchange between the two companies takes place.

From Desoto City, the line continues south running mostly parallel to US 27 through Lake Placid and Palmdale. Just south of Palmdale, at a point historically known as Harrisburg, the line turns southeast towards Moore Haven. The line crosses the Caloosahatchee Canal on a small swing bridge in Moore Haven.

The line continues southeast from Moore Haven winding through sugar fields before reaching Clewiston. Clewiston is the location of U.S. Sugar's refinery which is co-located with SCXF's Clewiston Yard. The yard and refinery are located off the main line on a wye known as Sugar Junction. SCXF's maintenance facility is also located in Clewiston along W.C. Owen Avenue.

South of Clewiston, the line winds south and east through more sugar fields before coming to a point known as Keela. At Keela, the line splits with a 16 mi branch line heading south and east to Okeelanta while the main line heads east from Keela to Lake Harbor, where it crosses the Miami Canal and connects with the east side.

West side history
The northernmost 42 mi of the west side between Sebring and Harrisburg was built in 1916 by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad as part of an effort to extend their Haines City Branch south to Immokalee. Harrisburg was named after the Harris track-laying machine used to construct the line. Trackage south of Harrisburg to Immokalee, which went as far south as Everglades City at one time, was abandoned in 1989.

The Atlantic Coast Line built tracks from Harrisburg to Moore Haven in 1918. In 1921, the Moore Haven & Clewiston Railway was built, which extended the Coast Line's tracks to Clewiston. The Coast Line leased the Moore Haven & Clewiston Railway in 1925, and extended it to Lake Harbor in 1929. Even in its early days, the line mostly served U.S. Sugar (and its predecessor, the Southern Sugar Company prior to 1931), who built and operated their own small branch near Clewiston and Lake Okeechobee that connected to the Coast Line (the USSC tracks). By 1944, the Atlantic Coast Line completely bought out the Moore Haven & Clewiston Railway.

Through mergers, the Atlantic Coast Line network would become part of CSX by 1986. CSX operated the line as their Sebring Subdivision along the main line to the sugar fields and Okeelanta Subdivision on the branch line to Okeelanta.

The west side was bought from CSX on June 2, 1990, by the Brandywine Valley Railroad, a Lukens Steel Company subsidiary, and sold to U.S. Sugar on September 17, 1994. U.S. Sugar then spun off the railroad into a separate company with its own board of directors to operate independently from the 119 mi of branch lines U.S. Sugar already owned (USSC trackage).

East side
The 71 mi of main-line track on the east side of Lake Okeechobee continues the line from Lake Harbor east to South Bay and then north to Belle Glade, Pahokee, and Canal Point.

Located just off the main line on a spur between Pahokee and Canal Point is Bryant Yard. Bryant Yard is used to sort cars and consolidate trains from a number of nearby fields before being sent to Clewiston. Bryant Yard was co-located with the now defunct Bryant Sugar Mill, which closed in 2017.

The line crosses the St. Lucie Canal on a small lift bridge in Port Mayaca. The line then continues to follow the lake a short distance before turning northwest to a point known as Marcy. The line crosses CSX's Auburndale Subdivision at Marcy before continuing northeast directly to Fort Pierce, where it connects to the FEC.

East side history
When the FEC ran the east side, it referred to the line as their K Branch. It was the southernmost segment of the FEC's Kissimmee Valley Line to Lake Okeechobee, which originally branched off the FEC main line near New Smyrna Beach and ran south through the Kissimmee Valley. It reached Belle Glade by 1923, and was extended to the Miami Canal in Lake Harbor in 1929 to connect with the Atlantic Coast Line. Most of the Kissimmee Valley Line north of Marcy was abandoned in 1947, and the remaining track was connected to the FEC main line by way of a new track from Fort Pierce known as the Glades Cutoff. The SCXF began leasing the east side line from the FEC on March 2, 1998, and now fully operates the line from milepost K 15 (Cana) south, and has trackage rights into FEC's Fort Pierce Yard where the interchange takes place.

Sugar Express
In late 2016, U.S. Sugar reacquired USSC No. 148, a 4-6-2 steam locomotive that they previously owned from 1952 to the 1970s. U.S. Sugar originally bought it from the FEC, which ran the locomotive on its Key West Extension. After being reacquired from the Denver and Rio Grande Historical Foundation in Monte Vista, Colorado and a three-year restoration work performed by the FMW Solutions, the No. 148 locomotive now runs on recycled vegetable oil and began its first revenue service, pulling the last cane train of the 2019–2020 harvest season on May 28, 2020.

The South Central Florida Express now runs the No. 148 locomotive as part of USSC's heritage tourist passenger train named the Sugar Express. During the summer months of 2021, U.S. Sugar acquired an ex-Wabash turntable from St. Louis, Missouri, which will eventually be used to turn the No. 148 locomotive around at Clewiston. In need of rolling stocks for the Sugar Express, U.S. Sugar initially leased the Georgia 300 observation car. They also acquired an ex-Pennsylvania Railroad lounge car renamed from William Penn to Palmdale, along with an ex-Santa Fe and Amtrak baggage car converted into an open-air car and named the Miami Locks. Additionally, USSC acquired three ex-Great Northern Railway passenger cars and an ex-Pennsylvania Railroad observation car from the United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey and the Galveston Railroad Museum, respectively. All of the rolling stock will be repainted in an Illinois Central City of Miami homage livery. U.S. Sugar also purchased a second 4-6-2 steam locomotive, Atlantic Coast Line 1504 from the North Florida Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society in Jacksonville, Florida, which will become part of the Sugar Express after it is restored to operating condition.

On December 12, 2021, the Sugar Express ran its first public excursion, featuring the No. 148 locomotive pulling the Lake Placid Limited train from Clewiston to Lake Placid and back. On January 29-30, 2022, U.S. Sugar and Trains Magazine hosted a private photo charter of the No. 148 locomotive pulling passenger and freight consists. On April 23-25, the No. 148 locomotive participated in taking the American Association of Private Railroad Car Owners' (AAPRCO) special Sugarland Limited train on a multi-day tour around the Lake Okeechobee counties. Sugar Express continues to operate a full season of events, including special holiday train events for Lake Placid, Sebring, and Clewiston, Florida, as well as short trips and all-day excursions in and around the Lake Okeechobee region.

title: South Central Florida Express


text:
Nerine sarniensis

Nerine sarniensis, commonly known as Guernsey lily or Raquel  is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is the type species of the Nerine genus. It is widely cultivated in the temperate world and is particularly associated with the island of Guernsey, as reflected in both its Latin and common names (sarniensis means "from Guernsey"), though it does not originate there, nor is it a true lily (it is more closely related to Amaryllis and Sternbergia). It is native to the Northern and Western Cape Provinces of South Africa, though it is now naturalized in France, Madeira and the Azores.

Nerine sarniensis is a bulbous perennial growing to 45 cm tall by 8 cm wide, with strap-shaped leaves and umbels of scarlet, lily-like flowers with conspicuous stamens tipped with purple anthers, in late summer and early autumn.

In cultivation N. sarniensis requires winter protection in colder areas. Nerine lily is known among florists as one of the longest lasting cut flowers.

title: Nerine sarniensis


text:
Silverbird (album)

Silverbird is the debut solo studio album by English singer-songwriter Leo Sayer. It was originally released in November 1973 by Chrysalis (UK), and Warner Bros. (US). It was co-produced by former British pop teen idol Adam Faith and David Courtney.

Sayer began his career as a recording artist under the management guidance of Adam Faith and David Courtney who signed Sayer to the Chrysalis label in the UK and Warner Bros. Records in the USA. His debut single "Why Is Everybody Going Home" failed to chart, but he shot to national prominence in the UK with his second single, the plaintive music hall-styled song "The Show Must Go On", which Sayer memorably performed on British television wearing a pierrot costume and make-up. The single went quickly to No. 2 on the UK chart, as did this debut album, which Courtney and Sayer wrote all eleven tracks;

Recording
The recording of Silverbird was a difficult and somewhat experimental process, Adam Faith and David Courtney were having loads of ideas but had no real experience in record production. The writers were inspired however and the album started to come together at Virgin Records' Manor Studios in Shipton-on-Cherwell in Oxfordshire. Further recording took place at the Who's lead singer Roger Daltrey's Barn Studio, Burwash, East Sussex, Nova Studios and Olympic Studios, and later at the Beatles' Apple studios. At Daltrey's the recording took further shape with the team creating, amongst others, the unique "The Show Must Go On".

Track listing
All lyrics by Leo Sayer, music by David Courtney.

Side one

 * 1) "Innocent Bystander" – 3:02
 * 2) "Goodnight Old Friend" – 2:50
 * 3) "Drop Back" – 3:29
 * 4) "Silverbird" – 1:12
 * 5) "The Show Must Go On" – 3:32
 * 6) "The Dancer" – 4:30

Side two

 * 1) "Tomorrow" – 4:12
 * 2) "Don't Say It's Over" – 3:15
 * 3) "Slow Motion" – 1:44
 * 4) "Oh Wot a Life" – 2:53
 * 5) "Why Is Everybody Going Home" – 4:14

Personnel

 * Leo Sayer – guitar, harmonica, vocals
 * Russ Ballard – guitar, keyboards
 * Max Chetwyn – guitar on "Drop Back"
 * David Courtney – piano
 * Michael Giles – drums
 * Robert Henrit – drums
 * Henry Spinetti – drums
 * Dave Wintour – bass guitar
 * Del Newman – string arrangements
 * Technical
 * Graham Hughes – sleeve concept, photography

Production

 * Record producer: David Courtney, Adam Faith
 * Engineers: John Mills (Apple Studios). Richard Dodd, Keith Harwood, Tom Newman

title: Silverbird (album)


text:
Talk:Silverbird (album)

Inconsistent release dates
There are inconsistencies in the release dates. The main text, banner box chronology and also the date in the release section of the main Leo Sayer page give a release date of "1973". The banner box release date gives a release date of "January 1974". I don't know which is correct. If anyone knows, could they correct this? Wantnot (talk) 11:58, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Silverbird (album)
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Silverbird (album)'s orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "500 Number One Hits": From Russ Ballard:  From Leo Sayer: Rice, Jo. The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits, first ed., Guinness Superlatives Ltd, Middlesex, UK, p.181. ISBN 0-85112-250-7

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 15:36, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Silverbird (album). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150310161951/http://www.leosayer.com/biography/leos-story-so-far to http://www.leosayer.com/biography/leos-story-so-far

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 15:20, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

Songwriting Credits
The current version of the article says "All songs written by Leo Sayer, except where noted", with only two songs co-credited. The liner notes for the 2009 re-issue say "All songs written by Leo Sayer and David Courtney". Is this a change in how the songs are being credited? Szarka (talk) 18:29, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silverbird (album)


text:
Talk:Scoliosis

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bteshome.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:47, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Problems with After-Surgery Care section
This section does not belong here. It is general advice about after-surgery care for any surgery, rather that being anything specific to Scoliosis surgery. It is also has a different (lower) level of assumed knowledge from the rest of the article: although there undoubtedly are readers who do not know what a catheter is (for example), such readers would never get to this point in such a fairly "advanced" article.

One solution to the issues I raise would be to transfer the contents of this section to a new article (if one does not already exist), and just to make a brief reference here to that article. I am not sufficiently experienced to attempt this myself, and in any case there may be other possible solutions.

MalcolmStory21 (talk) 22:29, 4 April 2015 (UTC)

Prevention (including)
Swimming and dipping in swimming pool (hydrodynamical and hydrostatical water properties are significant). Neurons regenerate more at water because of its hydrostatical and hydrodynamical properties. Organization of Neurons: neuronal pools. Shoe_insert. Posture Corrector. RippleSax (talk) 18:29, 28 November 2015 (UTC)

History section?
The current history section reads so, so poorly; mostly because it has no paragraph breaks. I would do it myself but I wouldn't be certain where it is appropriate to break the text into paragraphs. Nerarth (talk) 00:41, 25 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree the current monster one para History section is difficult to read. Two years ago the article had what I considered a pretty reasonable "History of surgical techniques" sub-section. But this has been removed. I think that, at least, this might warrant reinsertion as part of a rewrite. In fact two years ago there was a much fuller section on Surgery in general - which I think should be at least partly recovered. Rwendland (talk) 10:53, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

Exercises
Evidence appears to be weak per among other sources. Have trimmed the primary sources and adjusted to reflect this.

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 08:22, 10 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Have trimmed all the primary sources again.
 * This is undue weight " (a radiation free imaging technique) to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation which may increase the risk of cancer"
 * Appears to be a method of trying to get people to refuse pain xrays and demand MRIs. We would need a high quality review or position statement not a small chart review.
 * Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 06:04, 11 May 2019 (UTC)

Conflicting Statements
Initial paragraph of introduction states that "Typically, no pain is present", whilst the first item of Signs & Symptoms is pain.

BroomWhisk (talk) 16:13, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

 * This is because Wikipedia editors almost invariably falsify with their paraphrases. The source for "Typically, no pain is present" is actually quite interested in the pain which it demonstrates is more often present than not in adults. Untitled50reg (talk) 16:31, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Well since nobody had sorted this and I was waiting for coffee, I have changed the "Typically..." Untitled50reg (talk) 10:09, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

Edits
This paper does not mention the treatment in question

"schroth method. "

This paper has an impact factor of 0.24 ie really low

Emergent research instead supports the use of the Schroth method in the treatment of scoliosis.

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 01:53, 16 March 2020 (UTC)

 * This review is better and says insufficient evidence https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708126/ Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 01:57, 16 March 2020 (UTC)

Scoliosis
English 103.148.23.253 (talk) 15:47, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technical and Scientific Communication
— Assignment last updated by Sthomason27 (talk) 03:40, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

other vertebrates
would the fact that scoliosis is known to occur in other vertebrates be notable? I was reading up on Temnospondyli and they were the first known fossilized case of a vertebra with scoliosis. was unsure which page this fact would belong on - possibly both? Read about it here: A hemivertebra in a temnospondyl amphibian: the oldest record of scoliosis (tandfonline.com) Feralcateater000 (talk) 03:58, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

Gender Ratio in Scoliosis
The introduction states that females are affected in a 4:1 ratio relative to males, but none of the sources (or their archives) mention a ratio. I have found a few references that have quoted a ≈10:1 ratio, as well as references mentioning that among diagnosed cases girls are more likely to see their cases progress.

https://www.aaos.org/aaosnow/2012/apr/research/research1/ Jevandezande (talk) 14:05, 21 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scoliosis


text:
Cray T3D

The T3D (Torus, 3-Dimensional) was Cray Research's first attempt at a massively parallel supercomputer architecture. Launched in 1993, it also marked Cray's first use of another company's microprocessor. The T3D consisted of between 32 and 2048 Processing Elements (PEs), each comprising a 150 MHz DEC Alpha 21064 (EV4) microprocessor and either 16 or 64 MB of DRAM. PEs were grouped in pairs, or nodes, which incorporated a 6-way processor interconnect switch. These switches had a peak bandwidth of 300 MB/second in each direction and were connected to form a three-dimensional torus network topology.

The T3D was designed to be hosted by a Cray Y-MP Model E, M90 or C90-series "front-end" system and rely on it and its UNICOS operating system for all I/O and most system services. The T3D PEs ran a simple microkernel called UNICOS MAX.

Several different configurations of T3D were available. The SC (Single Cabinet) models shared a cabinet with a host Y-MP system and were available with either 128 or 256 PEs. The MC (Multi-Cabinet) models were housed in one or more liquid-cooled cabinet(s) separately from the host, while the MCA models were smaller (32 to 128 PEs) air-cooled multi-cabinet configurations. There was also a liquid-cooled MCN model which had an alternative interconnect wire mat allowing non-power-of-2 numbers of PEs.

The Cray T3D MC cabinet had an Apple Macintosh PowerBook laptop built into its front. Its only purpose was to display animated Cray Research and T3D logos on its color LCD screen.

The first T3D delivered was a prototype installed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center in early September 1993. The supercomputer was formally introduced on 27 September 1993.

The T3D was superseded in 1995 by the faster and more sophisticated Cray T3E.

title: Cray T3D


text: Category:Leo Sayer albums

title: Category:Leo Sayer albums


text:
.gq

.gq is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Equatorial Guinea. Freenom relaunched the TLD on October 1, 2014, and domains became available for free on January 1, 2015. Following Freenom's lawsuit with Meta and its settlement in 2024, it is unclear who will take up registration of the domain, as the company announced it would be exiting the domain business.

The .gq registry allows the creation of emoji domain names.

History
The .gq domain was launched in July 1997 by GETESA, the nation's prominent internet service provider.

In October 2014, domain company Freenom partnered with GETESA to try a business model which involved giving away .gq domain names for free. Before the public launch, there was a sunrise period to allow trademark holders to register their names. Public domain registration commenced on January 1, 2015.

Abuse
Due to the lack of cost required to obtain a .gq domain, the TLD has been prone to usage for spam, phishing and other malicious purposes. A study conducted by internet security company Symantec found that 92% of the top 50 .gq websites were being used for "shady" purposes. Out of all of the websites on a .gq domain that were surveyed by Symantec, a whole 98.94% were being used for malicious purposes.

title: .gq


text:
They Came from Somewhere Else

They Came From Somewhere Else is a British sitcom produced by TVS and broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom in 1984. It pastiches numerous horror films including Dawn of the Dead, Don't Look Now and Carrie.

The single series comprised six thirty-minute episodes starring Robin Driscoll, Rebecca Stevens, Pete McCarthy, and Tony Haase. The writing is credited to "Cliffhanger" and the series was developed from a 1982 theatrical production by Cliffhanger Theatre Company founded by Driscoll, Stevens and McCarthy and Martin McNicholas. The story is set in the fictional British new town of Middleford where Wendy, Colin and Martin are leading very dull, formulaic lives. The arrival of an American suffering from amnesia coincides with a series of increasingly bizarre events including a rain of liver, people getting sucked into drains, migraines so severe that they cause heads to explode, and zombies taking over the supermarket. The American observes that the town mysteriously contains no children.

Martin believes a strange, radioactive briefcase is behind the town's problems. The American has the key to the briefcase and he, Colin and Wendy open it and learn the truth of the situation: Middleford is a 21st-century rehabilitation prison located on a satellite orbiting Earth. The town's residents are all inmates who have had their memories and true personalities erased. Colin was the prison's designer but later rebelled against the evil nature of system and was sentenced there himself. The American is a pulp fiction writer who had been tasked with writing new personalities for the inmates until his wife, Wendy, was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment and he has now come to break her out. Unfortunately, his arrival has triggered a B-movie style doomsday scenario based on his book, The Night it Rained Liver, and the only way he can stop it and save Wendy from a grisly death is to sacrifice his own life. The series ends with Wendy making her escape, Colin being recaptured and forced to watch as his prison starts receiving child prisoners, and Martin promising retribution after regaining his own identity as a political activist.

The series has not been repeated since its original broadcast, nor released to home video or streaming services, possibly due to copyright issues arising from TVS's loss of its ITV franchise and subsequent sale.

title: They Came from Somewhere Else


text:
Tobias Dantzig

Tobias Dantzig (February 19, 1884 – August 9, 1956) was a Russian-American mathematician, the father of George Dantzig, and the author of Number: The Language of Science (A critical survey written for the cultured non-mathematician) (1930) and Aspects of Science (New York, Macmillan, 1937).

Biography
Born in Shavli (then Imperial Russia, now Lithuania) into the family of Shmuel Dantzig (?-1940) and Guta Dimant (1863–1917), he grew up in Łódź and studied mathematics with Henri Poincaré in Paris. His brother Jacob (1891-1942) was murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust; he also had a brother Naftali (who lived in Moscow) and sister Emma.

Tobias married a fellow Sorbonne University student, Anja Ourisson, and the couple emigrated to the United States in 1910. He worked for a time as a lumberjack, road worker, and house painter in Oregon, until returning to academia at the encouragement of Reed College mathematician Frank Griffin. Dantzig received his Ph.D. in mathematics from Indiana University in 1917, while working as a professor there. He later taught at Johns Hopkins, Columbia University, and the University of Maryland.

Dantzig died in Los Angeles in 1956. He was the father of George Dantzig, a key figure in the development of linear programming.

Partial list of publications

 * Number: The Language of Science (1930);
 * Aspects of Science (1937)
 * Henri Poincaré, Critic of Crisis: Reflections on His Universe of Discourse (1954)
 * The Bequest of the Greeks (1955);

title: Tobias Dantzig


text:
.gr

.gr is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Greece. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and domain names in Greek characters may also be registered.

Second level domains
There are five official second level domains:

 * com.gr: for those engaging in commercial activities.
 * edu.gr: for educational institutions.
 * net.gr: Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and network providers.
 * org.gr: non-profit organizations.
 * gov.gr: exclusively for governmental organizations.

There are some other unofficial second level domains that belong to registrars offering third level domain name registrations.

 * mil.gr: Exclusively for military purposes.
 * mod.gr: Ministry of Defence
 * sch.gr: local education authorities, schools, primary and secondary education, community education.
 * co.gr: for commercial use (generally not as widely used as .com.gr).

Alternative top domain
Greece applied for the internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) .ελ (.ΕΛ in capital letters) for domain names composed of letters of the Greek alphabet. This was turned down by ICANN in April 2011 because it was too visually similar to .EA in Latin letters should ICANN ever implement such a TLD (EA is an exceptionally reserved ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code element for Ceuta & Melilla).

In 2014, ICANN decided to allow Greece to have the domain .ελ. The right to this top-level domain was handed over to Greece in October 2015, and it became operational on the Internet on 10 July 2018.

For the first three months, domains already held under .gr as they already were in Latin or Greek letters or transcribed into Greek characters could be obtained for .ελ only by the holder of that .gr domain. Those restrictions ceased to exist in October 2018.

title: .gr


text:
FIFA U-17 World Cup

The FIFA U-17 World Cup, founded as the FIFA U-16 World Championship, later changed to U-17 in 1991 and to its current name in 2007, is the annual world championship of association football for male players under the age of 17 organized by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). The current champion is Germany, which won its first title at the 2023 tournament.

History
The FIFA U-17 World Cup is a competition that was inspired by the Lion City Cup that was created by the Football Association of Singapore in 1977. The Lion City Cup was the first under-16 football tournament in the world. Following FIFA's then secretary-general Sepp Blatter's recommendation after he was in Singapore for the 1982 Lion City Cup, FIFA created the FIFA U-16 World Championship.

The first edition was staged in 1985 in China, and tournaments have been played every two years since then. It began as a competition for players under the age of 16 with the age limit raised to 17 from the 1991 edition onward. The 2017 tournament which was hosted by India became the most attended in the history of the tournament, with the total attendance of the FIFA U-17 World Cup reaching 1,347,133.

Nigeria is the most successful nation in the tournament's history, with five titles and three runners up. Brazil is the second-most successful with four titles and two runners-up. Ghana and Mexico have won the tournament twice.

A corresponding tournament for female players, the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, began in 2008, with North Korea winning the inaugural tournament.

Structure
Each tournament consists of a group phase, in which four teams play against one another and standings in the group table decide which teams advance, followed by a knockout phase of successive matches where the winning team advances through the competition and the losing team is eliminated. This continues until two teams remain to contest the final, which decides the tournament winner. The losing semi-finalists also contest a match to decide third place.

From 1985 to 2005 there were 16 teams in the competition, divided into four groups of four teams each in the group phase. Each team played the others in its group and the group winner and runner up qualified for the knockout phase. From 2007 the tournament was expanded to 24 teams, divided into six groups of four teams each. The top 2 places in each group plus the four best third-placed teams advanced to the knockout phase.

Competition matches are played in two 45-minute halves (i.e., 90 minutes in total). In the knockout phase, until the 2011 tournament, if tied at the end of 90 minutes an additional 30 minutes of extra time were played, followed by a penalty shoot-out if still tied. Starting with the 2011 tournament, the extra time period was eliminated to avoid player burnout, and all knockout games progress straight to penalties if tied at the end of 90 minutes.

From 2025 the tournament will take place annually and will have 48 participating teams divided into 4 'mini-tournaments' of 12 teams. Each mini-tournament is divided into 3 groups of 4, with the winners and best runner up qualifying to a four-team knockout stage. The winners of each of these mini-tournaments would qualify to a 'final four' tournament with 2 semi-finals, a third place match and a final to decide the FIFA U17 World Champions. Qatar was announced as host on 14 March 2024.

Qualification
The host nation of each tournament qualifies automatically. The remaining teams qualify through competitions organised by the six regional confederations. For the first edition of the tournament in 1985, all of the teams from Europe plus Bolivia appeared by invitation of FIFA.

Teams reaching the top four

 * 1includes results representing West Germany

Performances by continental zones

Africa is the most successful continental zone with seven tournament wins (five for Nigeria, two for Ghana) and six times as runner-up. Notably the 1993 final was contested by two African teams, when the final has been contested by two teams from the same confederation. in 2015, a pair of African teams repeated the 1993 final with Mali replacing Ghana (disqualified for age violation), when Nigeria and Mali made it to the last two standing and Nigeria got their sixth win.

South America has three tournament wins and has been runner-up three times: Argentina has finished in third place on three occasions; Chile has done so on one occasion; and Colombia has finished in fourth place twice, but neither of the latter two have ever appeared in the final.

Europe has five tournaments wins (one each for France, USSR, Switzerland, England and Germany) and has been runner-up seven times. Spain has been runner up on four occasions. Additionally Portugal and Netherlands have won third-place medals in 1989 and 2005 respectively.

The CONCACAF zone has two tournament wins (for Mexico in 2005 and 2011). This confederation has reached the final four times (with Mexico).

Asia has one tournament win (for Saudi Arabia in 1989), the only time that a team from this confederation has reached the final and the only time an Asian team won a FIFA tournament in the male category. (Australia was runner-up in 1999 but at that time was in the Oceania Football Confederation).

Oceania has no tournament wins and on one occasion was runner up (for Australia in 1999). Australia has since moved to the Asian confederation.

This tournament is peculiar in that the majority of titles have gone to teams from outside the strongest regional confederations (CONMEBOL and UEFA). Of the fifteen editions held so far, nine (60 percent of the total) have been won by teams from North and Central America, Africa and Asia.

Awards
The following awards are now presented:
 * The Golden Ball is awarded to the most valuable player of the tournament;
 * The Golden Boot is awarded to the top goalscorer of the tournament;
 * The Golden Glove is awarded to the most valuable goalkeeper of the tournament;
 * The FIFA Fair Play Trophy is presented to the team with the best disciplinary record in the tournament.

title: FIFA U-17 World Cup


text:
File:Leo Sayer - Just a Boy.jpg

Album cover for Just a Boy by Leo Sayer

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Leo Sayer - Just a Boy.jpg


text:
Talk:Captain Harlock

Harlock vs. Herlock
Could someone familair with the series make some comment o nthe variant spellings (Harlock vs Herlock)? Is it a matter of where it was translated, or what? -FZ 16:46, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Both are correct, and English translation companies have chose one or the other. I updated the article to include what I know of it, hopefully if someone else knows more than me they can add it. DenisMoskowitz 20:43, 2004 Dec 3 (UTC)
 * Dennis is right, though I've changed 'transliteration' to 'translation' and added the direct romanization of the name to end of the article. As well, I am not 100% sure the English-language distributors deserve the blame. Japanese themselves tend to be quite playful with Roman script, though most know very well the difference between 'a' and 'e'. I'm not very familiar with this series or the company that produces it, but it is possible that the 'native' pronunciation of Harlock's name (as conceived by his writers) lies somewhere between the two letters, thus making it seem more exotic. There is no way, for example, to transliterate the English short-i sound (such as 'bit', 'hid' or 'rim') in any of the Japanese spelling systems, so a writer wanting to 'use' that sound in his characters' names might be tempted to go nuts and use Roman vowels any which way. At present, English speakers use umlauts in much the same way, without knowing their real effect on pronunciation.Stutterbug 01:26, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Stutterbug (though it's Denis with one n). I've corrected your romanization - it uses the long/repeated "a".  A long "a" is often used for any "er", "ar", or "or" sound, such as "setaa" for sweater, "seeraa" for "sailor" in sailor fuku, or "reidaa" for Radar. DenisMoskowitz 19:49, 2005 Feb 7 (UTC)
 * The official site shows "CAPTAIN HERLOCK" as the name of the new DVD/TV series. If I remember correctly, the 'har'/'her' part of the name was once explained in association with "hard" and "heart". Not perfectly sure since it was many many years ago. --LittleTree 21:42, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Origin of "Harlock"
Anime Interviews: The First Five Years of Animerica Anime & Manga Monthly (1992-1997) contains an interview with Leiji Matsumoto done in 1996. Here's what he said about the origin of Harlock/Herlock's name.

 * ANIMERICA: Speaking of Germany, Captain Harlock seems like a Germanic character himself...

 * MATSUMOTO: Actually, he isn't German. I used to pace my walks saying "hārokku" when I was in junior high. I'd be walking home from school marching to the chant "hārokku, hārokku." It wasn't a person's name. So, "Harlock" does both and doesn't have a meaning -- it was a marching call. I eventually started using it to draw a buccaneer story... I drew the character who was to become Harlock for the very first time when I was in my first year of junior high. Back then, his name wasn't Harlock; he called himself "Captain Kingston." He was an English pirate. Strangely enough, he receives secret orders from the Queen of Spain to search for Napoleon's treasure. And he roams the Pacific and not the Atlantic. But he already wears a skull mark on his chest. This was the first pirate story I came up with. His name was Captain Kingston, so however you think about it, he has to be English. It's funny he receives orders from the Queen of Spain in search of Napoleon's treasure in the Pacific. So this pirate did wear a skull mark, but his face was still Errol Flynn's.

 * ANIMERICA: An English Errol Flynn.

 * MATSUMOTO: Yes, an Errol Flynn-like pirate. Back then, there were many English buccaneer stories around.

 * ANIMERICA: I see, so "hārokku" was, at first, more like "here we go, hup, two, three, four"...?

 * MATSUMOTO: Yes, I was pacing my walks chanting "hārokku, hārokku." I didn't have in mind what language that was from or anything like that.

Use this as you see fit.

(Nothing on if he's got a first name or not, for what it's worth.) -- Monzo

er ...
IMDB says Captain Harlock was a 1978 show.
 * Previous was by User:67.40.252.243
 * Thanks, Mr. anonymous. The Japanese wikipedia seems to agree with the IMDB, so I'll change it. DenisMoskowitz 15:35, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

Arcadia of My Youth as a separate article?
It was suggested that it be discussed here. I am for keeping Arcadia of my Youth as it's own article as that movie is a milestone and a major hub of the Harlock universe and L. Matumoto's career. I will actually be providing a summary of the movie soon as I get the notes together.Mr. ATOZ 20:04, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As long as the article can stand on its own, I'm fine with it being separate. --nihon 01:45, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * AOMY should be a seperate article - Harlock has many different incarnations, each of which you could write volumes about.--Rhandhali 04:12, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

I have removed the merge templates from these articles. As soon as you get the summary, Mr. ATOZ, please go over to the Arcadia of My Youth and expand it. Thanks! --nihon 19:42, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Captain Harlock's full name
Having been asked to provide a citation for my prior edits of Captain Harlock's real name, here are a few sources that indicate outright, or point to, his name as being Captain Phantom F. (which I labelled as 'Frederick' due to his German heritage) Harlock.

http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Temple/9639/myfaq.htm http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/rei/MANGA/Harlock.html http://dougram.battletechnology.org/Harlock/Characters.htm http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0084881/

I shall contact a Captain Harlock group I am apart from to get a reference for him being the 99th Harlock to bear the name.

 * I remember hearing, in one of the Harlock shows I have, his full name (Phantom F. Harlock). I have several of them, though, so I'm not sure which it is. It may be Arcadia of My Youth as he's listed that way in the liner notes . --nihon 17:44, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * None of these links prove Space Pirate Captain Harlock's name is Phantom F. Harlock. Yes, two 20th century ancestors of his were named that.  But watch Gun Frontier and see another "ancestor", who is named W. Franklin Harlock Jr.  I've never seen or heard a first name given to the Space Pirate.Evan1975 08:28, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ. The AnimEigo link absolutely proves it in the first sentence on the page: The voice of Phantom F. Harlock... --日本穣 17:26, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Nope. It does not say that at all.  All it says is the same actor played Phantom II and Captain Harlock.  Learn to read English.Evan1975 06:13, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In addition, the Japanese page for the Arcadia movie indicates that is his name as well. --日本穣 17:31, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * No, neither does this page. All it says is the same actor played Phantom II and Captain Harlock.  Learn to read Japanese.Evan1975 06:13, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This page also indicated that all of the Captain Harlocks have the same name. --日本穣 17:35, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Where, exactly? I find only one mention of "Phantom" and it says that both Phantoms I & 2 appear in the War Manga Series. Evan1975 06:13, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Final evidence that Captain Harlock has no first name I posted to [The Yahoo Leiji Matsumoto Group] about this and got what I expected: confirmation that Captain Harlock has no first name. See messages [2371] and [2372]. I've alerted the Yahoo Matsumoto group to Nihonjoe (& co.?)'s bizarre agenda, so hopefully others besides me will be there to fix his vandalism. Evan1975 18:17, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What "bizarre agenda"? I've heard him called that in multiple Harlock shows, both here in the States, and when I watched them on TV in Japan when I lived there. I don't have any agenda other than to make sure he's called by his full name. There are multiple people here who seem to think that the correct name is "Phantom F. Harlock" (especially since it's highly unlikely he's named "Captain" as a given name), and you're the only one constantly reverting our edits just because you "know" that's not his name. I did find one English-language site that indicated that was likely his name (see question E).--日本穣 22:49, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That site is not much of a source: "E) Does Harlock have a first name? Here's more guesswork: Since his ancestors' names were Phantom F. Harlock and Phantom F. Harlock II, we assume that his full name is...Phantom F. Harlock!!" DenisMoskowitz 20:31, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That's why I wrote that the site indicate that "was likely his name". --日本穣 21:08, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * That appears to be a members-only group - I'm unable to view these messages, even after digging up my old yahoo ID. DenisMoskowitz 18:55, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Could both of you please calm down? There's no need to accuse anyone of a "bizarre agenda" or anything of the sort - we're all trying to make this article better. That said, most of the references I've seen so far can be read to indicate that the Harlocks of the past had the name Phantom, and don't convincingly indicate that "Captain Harlock" has that name. Nihonjoe, do you have a verifiable, unambiguous source for this? If we can't verify it either way, the best thing may be to make no claim about his full name in the article.DenisMoskowitz 20:50, 2 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm doing my best to remain calm, though it's difficult when accused of having a "bizarre agenda" and being told to "learn to read" when all I'm doing is trying to make the article more accurate. I'm still waiting for a reply from another inquiry I've made about this. --日本穣 21:08, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

A suggestion: Perhaps we ought to add a section devoted to his name into the article? Present there the speculation and issues regarding it? Either that or we could contact Leiji Matsumoto himself. ;) - Anonymous User from Before.

 * I remember reading an article from Animag (1989) in which Matsumoto was interviewed. He was asked if that Harlock had a first name. Matsumoto's response (I'll try to find the issue to get the exact words) was vague in that he said he experimented with different names but "Harlock is Harlock". Mr. ATOZ 19:22, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

I understand that this discussion is a bit old, but I wanted to offer two pieces of evidence that suggest Captain Harlock's full name is indeed Phantom F. Harlock XCIX. The first is a link to "Absolute Anime" and the second is a screen capture that I took from the end credits of the english language version of the original Harlock television series. --Darkwren 13:47, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * That screen capture comes from the Village Video fan-edit of the Harmony Gold Captain Harlock series, and the fan-editors went to the trouble of generating their own opening and ending credits, so the name as shown on screen is simply their take on the good Captain's name and (as far as is known) has no official bearing.86.135.113.163 10:42, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

None of the films or series episodes ever give Harlock a first name (and yes, by that statement I do mean that I have seen all of them.) The My Youth in Arcadia Roman Album and the Cosmic Corsair Roman Album (covering the 1978 series) also list him as simply "Captain Harlock," as do Matsumoto's original Harlock manga. The only places I've ever seen claims of his first name being Phantom F. are fanzines and websites, none official or giving references.

 * This is a really lame argument. Harlock is Harlock, and I'm sure that true fans are content leaving it at that. I do have to mention however, after recently watching my tapes of Space Pirate, I was surprised to find that the English credits do in fact dub him "Captain Phantom F. Harlock XCIX." My tapes are the original broadcast releases, prior to Village Video's remastering. Regardless, the post above mine is correct, the character has never been called by that name in the actual body of the shows/films/mangas. Zargabaath 16:34, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Neo fascists
I like some verification of this fact. "In recent years, Captain Harlock has begun to be promoted by neo-fascist paramilitary groups[2] who seek to exploit its' background story for recruitment of young members and co-opt it as popular art vindicating their violent, nationalist objectives."

Cleanup
The article has been cleansed. There are still some issues with they way it is written, but that's a task for another day... or preferably another editor. I'll be tagging the article in the meantime.--Nohansen 04:57, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've added bullets to the "Adaptations" and "Other appearances" sections so they don't read like a jumble of unrelated paragraphs. I also added Michael McConnohie (who portrayed Harlock in Queen of a Thousand Years) to the vocal portrayals in the main infobox. I thought he was included there at one time, and I see no discussion as to if/why he was removed. I know there have been squabbles over the fact that QOATY features a plot that is unrelated to Matsumoto's original story; but nevertheless, the character is the same.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zargabaath (talk • contribs) 16:50, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

New article
I reworked this article to focus on the character of Harlock (which was this article intended purpose in the first place). The info on the original manga and TV series can now be found at Space Pirate Captain Harlock.--Nohansen (talk) 03:36, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Pop culture references
Since cleaning up the article, I've been trying to keep the pop culture references to a minimum. So, unless the factoid is sourced and not trivial, I think it's best to avoid adding them. In the meantime, feel free to list them here until sources are found and an actual paragraph can be written.--Nohansen (talk) 16:48, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Studio Nue's take on the Arcadia makes a brief cameo at the end of the original The Super Dimension Century Orguss television series during middle of the show's climatic battle sequence (episode 34); and also in a couple of shots during the battle in episode 27 of The Super Dimension Fortress Macross. The cameos were an homage to Matsumoto, who was then in the heyday of his "movie" period (the 1980s).
 * In Kia Asamiya's Space Battleship Nadesico manga, there is a comic one of the main characters reads called Space Vagrant, in which a character called Captain Government features (who pilots the Death Skull mech). The Captain and his ship (The Space Vagrant) resemble Harlock and the Arcadia closely, which is most likely intended as a homage by Asamiya.
 * In the episode "Space Booty" in the cartoon series Megas XLR, Captain Harlock was parodied as a villain named Captain Warlock who bore a great resemblance to Harlock himself. The legendary establishing shot of Harlock's ship, the Arcadia, is directly ripped in every detail in the Megas episode. Although the Harlock rip-off and the parody of the Arcadia are named differently, and the Harlock parody is considerably different in personality to the real Harlock.
 * In a storyline in Marvel Comics Star Wars series, the character Lando Calrissian adopted the alias of "Captain Drebble" for a mission, with his disguised appearance strongly resembling that of Harlock, prompting many surprised letters from anime-loving readers.
 * In the anime Lost Universe, Kain Blueriver makes several references to Captain Harlock.
 * In the parody anime Excel Saga, some members of the Puuchuu race parody Harlock and Yuuki in the later episodes.
 * In the anime Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann, the opening sequence of the first episode pays homage to the intro sequence of Arcadia of My Youth.
 * In the early days of horrorpunk band the Misfits frontman Glenn Danzig often wore a costumized shirt with Captain Harlock's version of the Jolly Roger logo.

Gun Frontier
Is this actually supposed to be the American West? I know it's implied one character is actually Japanese, but the narration seems to imply that the story takes place in a fantasy version of the American West called "Gun Frontier," which was also the name of a planet in other Harlock series. Atypicaloracle (talk)

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Have a question.... How does the span of 1977 to 2014 add up to 60 years? It says in the right column his first appearance was in 1977. Sixty have not passed. That is only 41.

Exact quote below.

Captain Harlock: Dimensional Voyage On August 2014, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of his debut, Matsumoto launched the manga Captain Harlock: Dimensional Voyage, illustrated by Kōichi Shimahoshi, in the pages of Akita Shoten's Champion Red magazine.[8] Dimensional Voyage is a retelling of the original 1978 Space Pirate Captain Harlock manga. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SisterWine (talk • contribs) 00:34, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Captain Harlock


text:
Just a Boy

Just a Boy is the second album by English singer-songwriter, Leo Sayer, and was released in 1974. It features his interpretations of two songs ("One Man Band" and "Giving It All Away") written by Sayer and David Courtney for The Who's lead vocalist Roger Daltrey's debut album, Daltrey. Sayer's singles "One Man Band" and "Long Tall Glasses" both hit the charts in the U.K. and around the world. Leo Sayer was now popular in Europe and made many promotional appearances there. He headlined in Paris at The Theatre D’ Champs Elysees, the theatre known as the home of his then-hero, mime artist Marcel Marceau.

Album cover artwork
The cover is a painting by Humphrey Butler-Bowden. It is a tribute to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's artwork for his famous novella The Little Prince. The album's back cover pointedly depicted a group of new Sayers giving Pierrot the elbow.

Recording
Adam Faith, David Courtney and Sayer had already started work on the album, cutting "One Man Band" while Sayer was on an American tour. More recording took place in London. This time the recording went smoothly and the right results were quickly accomplished. Some of the songs, like "Long Tall Glasses", were written in the studio. Roger Daltrey had first recorded Sayer's songs, "One Man Band" and "Giving It All Away" on his 1973 debut solo album, Daltrey.

A cover of the song "I Can Dance (Long Tall Glasses)" by the Canadian band Shooter hit the Canadian charts the same week as the Sayer original. The Sayer version reached No. 18, where the Shooter version reached No. 22, both on 3 May chart.

Track listing
All lyrics by Leo Sayer and music by David Courtney.

Side one

 * 1) "Telepath" – 3:12
 * 2) "Train" – 4:25
 * 3) "The Bells of St Mary's" – 3:36
 * 4) "One Man Band" – 3:35
 * 5) "In My Life" – 3:23

Side two

 * 1) "When I Came Home This Morning" – 5:17
 * 2) "Long Tall Glasses (I Can Dance)" – 3:19
 * 3) "Another Time" – 3:26
 * 4) "Solo" – 3:59
 * 5) "Giving it All Away" – 3:52

Personnel

 * Leo Sayer – vocals
 * David Courtney – acoustic piano (1, 8, 10)
 * Cliff Hall – acoustic piano (2, 3, 7, 9)
 * David Rose – acoustic piano (4, 5, 6)
 * John Mealing – organ (5)
 * Paul Keogh – guitars (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9)
 * James Litherland – guitars (4, 5, 6)
 * Keith Nelson – banjo (7)
 * Dave Markee – bass (2, 3, 7, 8, 9)
 * Bill Smith – bass (4, 5, 6)
 * Theo Thunder – drums (2-7, 9)
 * Michael Giles – drums (8)
 * Andrew Powell – string, woodwind and brass arrangements
 * Jeanie Greene – backing vocals
 * Barry St. John – backing vocals (5)
 * Liza Strike – backing vocals (5)
 * Lucas Piccoli – inspiration

Production

 * David Courtney – producer
 * Adam Faith – producer
 * Louis Austin – engineer
 * Martin Birch – engineer
 * George Sloan – tape operator
 * Paul "Chas" Watkins – tape operator
 * Terry O'Neill – photography, back cover conception
 * Humphrey Butler-Bowdon – cover painting

Production

 * Producers: David Courtney, Adam Faith

title: Just a Boy


text:
Gummite

Gummite is a yellow amorphous mixture of uranium minerals, oxides, silicates, and hydrates of uranium, derived from the alteration of uraninite. It is named for its gum-like luster.

The material has been known by various other names, mostly due to differences in sample origins, including: eliasite from Elias – the name of a mine at Jáchymov, coracite – a variety from Lake Superior, pittinite, pechuran, urangummit, and uranogummite.

title: Gummite


text:
Reconquista (disambiguation)

The Reconquista was the gradual military retaking ("reconquering") of the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors.

Reconquest or Reconquista may also refer to:

 * Pueblo Revolt Reconquest, the restoration of colonial government in Spanish New Mexico following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680
 * Reconquista de Buenos Aires, the restoration of Spanish control of Buenos Aires in 1806; see
 * Reconquista (Spanish America), the restoration of Spanish colonial possessions in the New World, typically control of colonial governments loyal to Ferdinand VII of Spain following the Peninsular War in Europe
 * Reconquest (Chile), the restoration of Spanish colonial possession of Chile during the War of Independence
 * Reconquista (Colombia), the restoration of Spanish colonial possession following a rebellion in what is now Colombia; see Spanish reconquest of New Granada
 * Santo Domingo / Dominican Republic:
 * Reconquista (Santo Domingo), the restoration of Spanish colonial possession of Santo Domingo following a period of French occupation
 * Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic, the retaking of the former colony by Spain 17 years after it gained independence
 * Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico
 * Reconquista, the restoration of Portuguese colonial possession (or joint Portuguese and Spanish rule) following periods of Dutch occupation
 * Reconquest of Angola
 * Recapture of Bahia
 * Recapture of Recife
 * Reconquista (Mexico), an irredentist movement advocating restoration of Mexican sovereignty over territories taken by the United States
 * Operación Reconquista de España, the 1944 invasion of the Aran Valley by the Spanish Maquis

Places

 * Reconquista, Santa Fe, a city in Argentina
 * Reconquista Airport
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Reconquista
 * Reconquista River, a river in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Other uses

 * "Reconquista", a 2011 song by Hangry & Angry
 * La Reconquista de Buenos Aires, a 1909 Argentine painting commemorating a historical event

title: Reconquista (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Just a Boy

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.gs

.gs is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

.gs is a member of the Council of Country Code Administrators (CoCCA), a group of country-code domains making use of common registry and/or dispute resolution services.

.gs is a common domain for URL shortening services or general URL shortening. Examples of use include:

 * brook.gs (Brookings Institution)
 * redwn.gs (Detroit Red Wings)
 * lakin.gs (Los Angeles Kings)
 * goza.gs (Gonzaga Bulldogs)
 * gado.gs (Georgia Bulldogs)
 * hvd.gs (The Harvard Gazette)
 * brd.gs (Bord Gáis Energy)
 * eurowin.gs (Eurowings)
 * coralsprin.gs (Coral Springs, Florida)
 * win.gs (Red Bull GmbH)
 * win.gs (Red Bull GmbH)

title: .gs