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Red-billed teal

The red-billed teal or red-billed duck (Anas erythrorhyncha) is a dabbling duck which is an abundant resident breeder in southern and eastern Africa typically south of 10° S. This duck is not migratory, but will fly great distances to find suitable waters. It is highly gregarious outside the breeding season and forms large flocks.

Taxonomy
The red-billed teal was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other ducks, geese and swans in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas erythrorhyncha. Gmelin based his description on the "Crimson-billed duck" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham specied the type locality as the Cape of Good Hope. The genus name Anas is the Latin word for a duck. The specific epithet erythrorhyncha combines the Ancient Greek eruthros meaning "red" with rhunkhos meaning "bill". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
The red-billed teal is 43 – long and has a blackish cap and nape, contrasting pale face, and bright red bill. The body plumage is a dull dark brown scalloped with white. Flight reveals that the secondary flight feathers are buff with a black stripe across them. The sexes are similar, but juveniles are duller than adults.

This is a quiet species, but the displaying male has a whzzt call, whereas the female has a soft mallard-like quack.

The red-billed teal is a bird of freshwater habitats in fairly open country and is an omnivore. It feeds by dabbling for plant food, or foraging on land mainly in the evening or at night. It nests on the ground in dense vegetation near water.

This is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

title: Red-billed teal


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Prajna Bhatta

Prajna Bhatta was a historian who wrote Rajvalipataka. It gives a historical account of Kashmir from the time of Zayn al-Abidin to the time of its incorporation in the dominions of the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1586.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Prajna Bhatta


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Talk:John Tate (mathematician)

Untitled
By the way, the Japanese interwiki here looks to be to another John Tate.

Charles Matthews 16:12, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Removing that, see John Tate (boxer). Charles Matthews 16:17, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Kozel-Tate Derivation
This topic has been a requested topic for over 2 years and it is not even mentioned in an article about one of the mathematicians behind it. Should it be? Will the article ever be created? Who Knows... - Tompsci 23:56, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

personal life?
is tate married? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.182.61.207 (talk) 18:01, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Some personal information has been added, but I think the source isn't really reliable enough. He may no longer be married. Charles Matthews (talk) 10:24, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Texas?
Why the move to Texas after so long at Harvard? Tibetologist (talk) 10:41, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * That would be speculation about the topic of the article, rather than improvement of the article. He turned 65 that year, and anyone can guess that this might be the occasion to move. Charles Matthews (talk) 13:37, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Tate pairing
I think the article should mention what is known as "Tate pairing", which I think is first described in ''J. Tate, "WC-pairings over p-adic fields", Sem. Bourbaki, no.156, 1957, p.13'', and later in "Applications of Galois Cohomology in Algebraic Structures" (1959). Tate pairings have important applications in identity-based encryption (cryptography). Does somebody know more about this? Nageh (talk) 08:56, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There is an article on the Weil pairing. Some care is needed: for crypto, it seems, "Tate pairing" can mean the abelian variety version of the Weil pairing (e.g. ); and while this is not completely different from the pairing on Galois cohomology, it is not quite the same either. Charles Matthews (talk) 20:09, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * According to this, it seems as though the "Tate pairing" that has applications to crypto is actually due to Frey and Rück (and it is not the Weil pairing). It is a pairing in finite characteristic inspired by a pairing due to Tate over p-adic fields. RobHar (talk) 00:38, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Students
The page lists five doctoral students. But the Mathematics Genealogy Project lists forty. I think we should list all forty, or none at all. Which is more appropriate? Hanche (talk) 13:36, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * It's fairly common on wikipedia to list only the students that are somehow deemed notable enough. RobHar (talk) 14:12, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Okay. But still, the choice seems a bit random. Three of the five do not have their own wikipedia pages yet. And the one student at the genealogy with the most descendants, Benedict Gross (64 descendants – surely, that is in itself notable?) does have a wikipedia page. I am not sufficiently familiar with Tate and his mathematics to decide which of his students is notable enough to get listed, so I'll keep out of it. But it does seem that the list could use some editing. Hanche (talk) 15:13, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah, most of the time the choice of who is listed seems strange and should be improved, I merely meant to convey that rather than listing all or none, what is typical is listing some. I don't actually know if there is a related guideline. You could ask around at related wikiprojects (and I certainly think Gross should be added). Best, RobHar (talk) 15:50, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Report of death
The edits regarding his death are apparently based on a twitter report that may be credible. It's been reported here (in French), sourced to Claudine Monteil, the daughter of Tate's friend, Jean-Pierre Serre. Corroboration seems necessary. —[ Alan M 1 (talk) ]— 12:03, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I have just fully protected the article because autoconfirmed editors are now adding Tate's death. So far, the only source is the French one above. As Alan says, that article is derivative of the tweet. It does not appear to have been independently verified by the publication and is therefore insufficient. If someone finds a good source, they should bring it up here, but we simply cannot add the material without at least one solid source.--Bbb23 (talk) 13:13, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I see the edit tab has changed to "View source", but why is there no lock icon on it? —[ Alan M 1 (talk) ]— 16:37, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * sorry - I was away. Looks like it's there now. — Ched (talk) 21:31, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Is this link not corroboration enough? calc_rulz
 * What do you think? Until we have CoD and circumstances, I anticipate continued edit-warring, so I wouldn't recommend un-protecting, but should "we" at least enter the date in the lead sentence and infobox? —[ Alan M 1 (talk) ]— 23:20, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Alan, I have added the DOD to the article per the source kindly provided by . I made a few other changes based on WP:BLP. I don't feel comfortable retaining full protection, so I changed it to semi, and we'll see how that works.--Bbb23 (talk) 00:57, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

I would argue that there is no actual doubt about his death. The tweet was sourced to a very close friend (whose friendship is well documented: https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2017-54-04/S0273-0979-2017-01576-5/S0273-0979-2017-01576-5.pdf). It has been announced by IHES (also on Twitter)> Personally, I received the information directly from a family member, and it has been announced by email to the Harvard community, as well as in a public space in the community where he was living. It's true that there has been no published obituary yet, but there is no one contesting the very sad fact of his passing. HudPix (talk) 00:26, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

Memorial article about John Tate in LaRecherche
https://www.larecherche.fr/n%C3%A9crologie-math%C3%A9matiques/disparition-du-math%C3%A9maticien-john-tate-amateur-de-courbes-elliptiques HudPix (talk) 12:38, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

(Apologies. I see this article was already cited above. Can confirm from contact with family and official email from Harvard Math Department as well.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by HudPix (talk • contribs) 12:39, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Incorrect residence
John and Carol moved from Cambridge some time ago to another town in Massachusetts. I don't think it's necessary to specify where, but would recommend removing the reference to Cambridge, since it is incorrect. It would also be appropriate to modify the tense.

HudPix (talk) 13:06, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 17 October 2019
John Tate passed away yesterday morning, 16 October 2019. Ulmaceae Ulmacea (talk) 14:07, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for your loss. We are aware of the Twitter activity and the article in Le Recherche (see above), but for their protection, Wikipedia has very strict rules regarding reliable sources for biographical articles. Because the article was sourced only to the unverifiable tweets, it is not a suitable source. Once notice is published in a reliable source, we can make the change to the article. Thanks for understanding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AlanM1 (talk • contribs) 14:18, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 17 October 2019
John Tate passed away on October 17, 2019. Oliverknill (talk) 20:55, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Please see above. —[ Alan M 1 (talk) ]— 21:32, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

It was October 16, but I understand updates are waiting for a confirmed published source. HudPix (talk) 23:32, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Protected Edit Request: Article Link: Remembering Eminent UT Austin Mathematician John Tate
Suggest adding this to external links:

https://news.utexas.edu/2019/10/18/remembering-eminent-ut-austin-mathematician-john-tate/

HudPix (talk) 01:39, 19 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I added a sentence about Tate's death in the body of the article, citing the previous Harvard source and the UT source you found above. I thought that was better than putting it in as an EL. Thanks.--Bbb23 (talk) 13:24, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

IAS Affiliation
Two suggestions:

IAScomms1930 (talk) 14:01, 8 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Under "Biography" it should be listed that he was a Member in the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced study for the 1959–60 academic year; and
 * Institute for Advanced Study should be listed under "Institutions" in the infobox.
 * ❌ no sources and we are not here to promote the Institute for Advanced Studies for you. Theroadislong (talk) 21:07, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Tate (mathematician)


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Talk:Crime and Punishment

Raskolnikov's motives
I would like to adress what the novel is about. It is said that : "Crime and Punishment follows the mental anguish and moral dilemmas of Rodion Raskolnikov, an impoverished ex-student in Saint Petersburg who plans to kill an unscrupulous pawnbroker for her money". He actually despise pawnbrokers and wants to rid society of one of them by killing Alyona Ivanovna, not for her money (in that perspective, his moral anguish and dilemma make no sense) but to prove to himself that some men are above the law, follow their own personal law and imposes it on society. These men are Ubermensch, super men, the futur of humanity according to R. I remember he steals somethings from the pawbroker, but hides it under a rock and never goes back there. It's clearly not about the money. In fact, the action of the whole novel resides in the mind of the protagonist more than their actions in reality. Crime and Punishment is not about the murder of a pawnbroker, it's more about the rebellion of a student against God himself, and the world order according to Dostoievsky. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.212.116.98 (talk) 13:20, 13 February 2022 (UTC)
 * I think your main point is correct. I've rewritten part of the lead to try to reflect that. Harold the Sheep (talk) 05:21, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Plot
From WP:NOVELPLOT: "Plot summaries should be concise and an integral part of the article. 400 to 700 words are usually sufficient for a full-length work, although very complex and lengthy novels may need a bit more." 3000 words clearly vastly exceeds "a bit more". There is no reason to have a plot section more than four times longer than the guidelines suggest.

Also, reverting my initial change without even bothering to leave an edit summary was extremely rude. Northwild (talk) 07:22, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Given the nature of many of your own edit summaries (eg "removed uninformative flab" and "removed inane shit") it seems remarkably precious of you to cry "No edit summary! How rude!" when you've just gutted someone else's carefully written work. In any case, there was a clear edit summary in the next reversion. Per WP:BRD, the polite thing for you to do would be to leave the original version and discuss the issue (hopefully not too obnoxiously and confrontationally) with the person who has reverted you. MOS/Novels is a guideline, not a rule. The very first thing it says is: "It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense and occasional exceptions may apply." I would argue that Dostoevsky's longer novels (Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, Demons, A Raw Youth, and The Brothers Karamazov) are exactly such exceptions in the case of plot summary length. In relation to the average novel, they are not a bit more complex, they are vastly more complex in a number of different ways. There are legitimate grounds in this case for invoking the policy of WP:IAR: If a rule prevents you from improving Wikipedia, ignore it. In my opinion, your revision of the plot summary was not an improvement for a number of reasons, so I reverted it. That doesn't mean it can't be discussed. Harold the Sheep (talk) 07:19, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Linking short notes to their full reference
I noticed that the short notes of this page lack the link to their full reference, which, in my opinion, would be most appropriate. Please let me know if there are resistances to such a change. I already did the transformation to Frank (1994), as an example. Cheers. Carlotm (talk) 01:32, 18 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Crime and Punishment


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Category:Impact events

Impact events include asteroidal, cometary, or meteorite collisions with the Earth or other astronomical bodies.

title: Category:Impact events


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User:David Rajzman

/Tiankeng

/Contributions

title: User:David Rajzman


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Yellow-billed teal

The yellow-billed teal (Anas flavirostris) is a South American species of duck. Like other teals, it belongs to the diverse genus Anas; more precisely it is one of the "true" teals of subgenus Nettion. It occurs in Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil. It has also established itself in South Georgia, where it was first recorded breeding in 1971, and has been recorded as far east as Tristan da Cunha. It inhabits freshwater wetlands, preferring palustrine habitat to rivers. Considering its wide range and local abundance, it is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

Description
The namesake bill is bright yellow with a black tip and a black band along the ridge of the culmen. The species is somewhat similar to the larger yellow-billed pintail, but has a darker head, shorter neck and plain grayish sides.

Taxonomy
Mitochondrial DNA sequence data is most similar to that of the very different-looking green-winged teal. Apart from the mystifying relationship with the red-and-green-headed teals, it altogether most resembles the Indian Ocean radiation of teals. However, the yellow-billed teal's unicolored underside and namesake bill are unique, as is to be expected from a species that evolved half a world apart from Bernier's or the grey teal.

This species is also unique among its relatives in some aspects of its post-copulation behavior: After dismounting, the drakes stretch themselves up high and swim around and alongside the females.

Traditionally, there are 2 subspecies:
 * Sharp-winged teal, Anas flavirostris oxyptera (Meyen, 1834) – highlands of central Peru to northern Chile and Argentina.
 * Chilean teal, Anas flavirostris flavirostris (Vieillot, 1816) – southern South America as far north as southern Brazil and northern Argentina. Also in the Falkland Islands.

Previously, this species and the Andean teal formed the superspecies speckled teal, but increasingly taxonomists consider the two species distinct.

title: Yellow-billed teal


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Repolarization

In neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting membrane potential. The efflux of potassium (K+) ions results in the falling phase of an action potential. The ions pass through the selectivity filter of the K+ channel pore.

Repolarization typically results from the movement of positively charged K+ ions out of the cell. The repolarization phase of an action potential initially results in hyperpolarization, attainment of a membrane potential, termed the afterhyperpolarization, that is more negative than the resting potential. Repolarization usually takes several milliseconds.

Repolarization is a stage of an action potential in which the cell experiences a decrease of voltage due to the efflux of potassium (K+) ions along its electrochemical gradient. This phase occurs after the cell reaches its highest voltage from depolarization. After repolarization, the cell hyperpolarizes as it reaches resting membrane potential (−70 mV in neuron). Sodium (Na+) and potassium ions inside and outside the cell are moved by a sodium potassium pump, ensuring that electrochemical equilibrium remains unreached to allow the cell to maintain a state of resting membrane potential. In the graph of an action potential, the hyper-polarization section looks like a downward dip that goes lower than the line of resting membrane potential. In this afterhyperpolarization (the downward dip), the cell sits at more negative potential than rest (about −80 mV) due to the slow inactivation of voltage gated K+ delayed rectifier channels, which are the primary K+ channels associated with repolarization. At these low voltages, all of the voltage gated K+ channels close, and the cell returns to resting potential within a few milliseconds. A cell which is experiencing repolarization is said to be in its absolute refractory period. Other voltage gated K+ channels which contribute to repolarization include A-type channels and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Protein transport molecules are responsible for Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell to restore the original resting ion concentrations.

Deviations from normal repolarization
Blockages in repolarization can arise due to modifications of the voltage-gated K+ channels. This is demonstrated with selectively blocking voltage gated K+ channels with the antagonist tetraethylammonium (TEA). By blocking the channel, repolarization is effectively stopped. Dendrotoxins are another example of a selective pharmacological blocker for voltage gated K+ channels. The lack of repolarization means that neuron stays at a high voltage, which slows sodium channel deactivation to a point where there is not enough inwards Na+ current to depolarize and sustain firing.

Voltage gated K+ mechanisms
The structure of the voltage gated K+ channel is that of six transmembrane helices along the lipid bilayer. The selectivity of this channel to voltage is mediated by four of these transmembrane domains (S1–S4) – the voltage sensing domain. The other two domains (S5, S6) form the pore by which ions traverse. Activation and deactivation of the voltage gated K+ channel is triggered by conformational changes in the voltage sensing domain. Specifically, the S4 domain moves such that it activates and deactivates the pore. During activation, there is outward S4 motion, causing tighter VSD-pore linkage. Deactivation is characterized by inward S4 motion.

The switch from depolarization into repolarization is dependent on the kinetic mechanisms of both voltage gated K+ and Na+ channels. Although both voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels activate at roughly the same voltage (−50 mV), Na+ channels have faster kinetics and activate/deinactivate much more quickly. Repolarization occurs as the influx of Na+ decreases (channels deinactivate) and the efflux of K+ ions increases as its channels open. The decreased conductance of sodium ions and increased conductance of potassium ions cause the cell's membrane potential to very quickly return to, and past the resting membrane potential, which causes the hyperpolarization due to the potassium channels closing slowly, allowing more potassium to flow through after the resting membrane potential has been reached.

Type of K+ channels in repolarization
Following the action potential, characteristically generated by the influx of Na+ through voltage gated Na+ channels, there is a period of repolarization in which the Na+ channels are inactivated while K+ channels are activated. Further study of K+ channels shows that there are four types which influence the repolarization of the cell membrane to re-establish the resting potential. The four types are Kv1, Kv2, Kv3 and Kv4. The Kv1 channel primarily influences the repolarization of the axon. The Kv2 channel is characteristically activated slower. The Kv4 channels are characteristically activated rapidly. When Kv2 and Kv4 channels are blocked, the action potential predictably widens. The Kv3 channels open at a more positive membrane potential and deactivate 10 times faster than the other Kv channels. These properties allow for the high-frequency firing that mammalian neurons require. Areas with dense Kv3 channels include the neocortex, basal ganglia, brain stem and hippocampus as these regions create microsecond action potentials that requires quick repolarization.

Utilizing voltage-clamp data from experiments based on rodent neurons, the Kv4 channels are associated with the primary repolarization conductance following the depolarization period of a neuron. When the Kv4 channel is blocked, the action potential becomes broader, resulting in an extended repolarization period, delaying the neuron from being able to fire again. The rate of repolarization closely regulates the amount of Ca2+ ions entering the cell. When large quantities of Ca2+ ions enter the cell due to extended repolarization periods, the neuron may die, leading to the development of stroke or seizures.

The Kv1 channels are found to contribute to repolarization of pyramidal neurons, likely associated with an upregulation of the Kv4 channels. The Kv2 channels were not found to contribute to repolarization rate as blocking these channels did not result in changes in neuron repolarization rates.

Repolarization of atria cells
Another type of K+ channel that helps to mediate repolarization in the human atria is the SK channel, which are K+ channels which are activated by increases in Ca2+ concentration. "SK channel" stands for a small conductance calcium activated potassium channel, and the channels are found in the heart. SK channels specifically act in the right atrium of the heart, and have not been found to be functionally important in the ventricles of the human heart. The channels are active during repolarization as well as during the atrial diastole phase when the current undergoes hyperpolarization. Specifically, these channels are activated when Ca2+ binds to calmodulin (CaM) because the N-lobe of CaM interacts with the channel's S4/S5 linker to induce conformational change. When these K+ channels are activated, the K+ ions rush out of the cell during the peak of its action potential causing the cell to repolarize as the influx of Ca2+ ions are exceeded by K+ ions leaving the cell continuously.

Ventricular repolarization
In the human ventricles, repolarization can be seen on an ECG (electrocardiogram) via the J-wave (Osborn), ST segment, T wave and U wave. Due to the complexity of the heart, specifically how it contains three layers of cells (endocardium, myocardium and epicardium), there are many physiological changes effecting repolarization that will also affect these waves. Apart from changes in the structure of the heart that effect repolarization, there are many pharmaceuticals that have the same effect.

On top of that, repolarization is also altered based on the location and duration of the initial action potential. In action potentials stimulated on the epicardium, it was found that the duration of the action potential needed to be 40–60 msec to give a normal, upright T-wave, whereas a duration of 20–40 msec would give an isoelectric wave and anything under 20 msec would result in a negative T-wave.

Early repolarization is a phenomenon that can be seen in ECG recordings of ventricular cells where there is an elevated ST segment, also known as a J wave. The J wave is prominent when there is a larger outward current in the epicardium compared to the endocardium. It has been historically considered to be a normal variant in cardiac rhythm but recent studies show that it is related to an increased risk of cardiac arrest. Early repolarization occurs mainly in males and is associated with a larger potassium current caused by the hormone testosterone. Additionally, although the risk is unknown, African American individuals seem more likely to have the early repolarization more often.

Early repolarization syndrome
As mentioned in the previous section, early repolarization is known as appearing as elevated wave segments on ECGs. Recent studies have shown a connection between early repolarization and sudden cardiac death, which is identified as early repolarization syndrome. The condition is shown in both ventricular fibrillation without other structural heart defects as well as an early depolarization pattern, which can be seen on ECG.

The primary root of early repolarization syndrome stems from malfunctions of electrical conductance in ion channels, which may be due to genetic factors. Malfunctions of the syndrome include fluctuating sodium, potassium, and calcium currents. Changes in these currents may result in overlap of myocardial regions undergoing different phases of the action potential simultaneously, leading to risk of ventricular fibrillation and arrhythmias.

Upon being diagnosed, most individuals do not need immediate intervention, as early repolarization on an ECG does not indicate any life-threatening medical emergency. Three to thirteen percent of healthy individuals have been observed to have early repolarization on an ECG. However, patients who display early repolarization after surviving an event of early repolarization syndrome (a sudden-cardiac death experience), an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is strongly recommended. In addition, a patient may be more prone to atrial fibrillation if the individual has early repolarization syndrome and is under sixty years of age.

Impaired cardiac repolarization with obstructive sleep apnea
Patients who suffer from obstructive sleep apnea can experience impaired cardiac repolarization, increasing the morbidity and mortality of the condition greatly. Especially at higher altitudes, patients are much more susceptible to repolarization disturbances. This can be somewhat mitigated through the use of medications such as acetazolamide, but the drugs do not provide sufficient protection. Acetazolamide and similar drugs are known to be able to improve the oxygenation and sleep apnea for patients in higher altitudes, but the benefits of the drug have been observed only when traveling at altitudes temporarily, not for people who remain at a higher altitude for a longer time.

title: Repolarization


text:
CryEngine

CryEngine (stylized as CRYENGINE) is a game engine designed by the German game developer Crytek. It has been used in all of their titles with the initial version being used in Far Cry, and continues to be updated to support new consoles and hardware for their games. It has also been used for many third-party games under Crytek's licensing scheme, including Sniper: Ghost Warrior 2 and SNOW. Warhorse Studios uses a modified version of the engine for their medieval RPG Kingdom Come: Deliverance. Ubisoft maintains an in-house, heavily modified version of CryEngine from the original Far Cry called the Dunia Engine, which is used in their later iterations of the Far Cry series.

According to various anonymous reports in April 2015, CryEngine was licensed to Amazon for $50–70 million. Consequently, in February 2016, Amazon released its own reworked and extended version of CryEngine under the name of Amazon Lumberyard.

Features
• Simultaneous WYSIWYG on all platforms in sandbox editor

• "Hot-update" for all platforms in sandbox editor

• Material editor

• Flow graph

• Track View Editor

• Procedural placement tools and cover generation

• Integrated vegetation and terrain cover generation system

• Real time soft particle system and integrated FX editor

• Road and river tools

• Vehicle creator

• Fully flexible time of day system

• Streaming

• Performance Analysis Tools

• Visual Budget System

• Multi-core support

• Sandbox development layers

• Offline rendering

• Resource compiler

• Natural lighting and dynamic soft shadows with penumbra

• Irradiance Volume

• Deferred lighting

• Real time dynamic global illumination

• Eye adaptation and high-dynamic-range (HDR) lighting

• Screen space ambient occlusion

• Color grading

• "Uber Shader" technology

• Blend Layer

• Normal maps and parallax occlusion maps

• Motion blur and depth of field with sprite-based bokeh

• High quality 3D water

• Dynamic volumetric light beams and light shaft effects

• Volumetric, layer and view distance fogging

• Screen Space Directional Occlusion (SSDO)

• Tessellation (computer graphics) and Displacement Mapping

• Screen-space reflections

• Particles motion blur and shadows

• Character animation system

• Character individualisation system

• Parametric skeletal animation

• Procedural motion warping and IK solutions

• Facial animation editor

• Subsurface scattering

• AI editing system

• Dynamic pathfinding

• Layer Navigation Mesh

• Automated navigation mesh generation

• Tactical Point System

• Integrated multi-threaded physics engine

• Deformables and soft body physics

• Interactive and destructible environment

• Rope physics

• In-game sound mixing and profiling

• Data-driven sound system

• Dynamic sounds and interactive music

• Environmental audio

• Key frame-accurate sounds in animations

• Sound moods

• Water volume caustics

• UV mapping editor

• PBR (Physically Based Rendering)

CryEngine 1
CryEngine 1 was first made and used for the first-person shooter video game Far Cry. It was originally developed by Crytek as a technology demo for Nvidia and, when the company saw its potential, it was turned into a game. When video cards with support for 3.0 pixel and vertex shaders were released, Crytek released version 1.2 of the engine which used some of the capabilities for better graphics. Later the company developed CryEngine version 1.3, which added support for HDR lighting. The engine has been licensed to NCsoft for their MMORPG, Aion: The Tower of Eternity. On March 30, 2006, Ubisoft acquired all intellectual property rights to the Far Cry franchise and a perpetual license to use the Far Cry edition of CryEngine, known as the Dunia Engine.

CryEngine 2
CryEngine 2 is used in Crytek's game Crysis, and an updated version in Crysis Warhead, a side story of Crysis. It was first licensed out to French company IMAGTP who specializes in architectural and urban-planning communication. The purpose of licensing the engine was to create a program to allow clients to see exactly what a building or other structure would look like before any actual construction was started. As of March 7, 2011, Simpson Studios has licensed CryEngine 2 out to use on a Massively Multiplayer Virtual World (MMVW) that takes place on a terraformed Mars. On May 11, 2007, Crytek announced that they would be using the engine to create a game based on their new “intellectual property”. It is also confirmed that it would not be a part of Crysis and in fact may not even be a first-person shooter. On September 17, 2007, Ringling College of Art & Design became the first higher education institution in the world to license CryEngine 2 for educational purposes.

CryEngine 3 (3.0-3.5)
Crytek introduced CryEngine 3 at the 2009 Game Developers Conference, held from March 25 to March 27 and demonstrated it on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles. The new engine was being developed for use on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U. As for the PC platform, the engine is said to support development in DirectX 9, 10, and 11. As of June 1, 2009, it was announced that Crysis 2 would be developed by Crytek on their brand-new engine. CryEngine 3 was released on October 14, 2009. On March 1, 2010, a new tech demo of the engine was released for the i3D 2010 symposium, which demonstrates 'Cascaded Light Propagation Volumes for Real Time Indirect Illumination'. On June 11, 2011, the Australian Defence Force revealed that Navy personnel would train on a virtual landing helicopter dock ship made using the CryEngine 3 software. As of July 1, 2011, the Mod SDK version of CryEngine 3 specifically to create custom maps, mods and content for Crysis 2 is available on Crytek's website. Crytek also released a free-to-use version of the CryEngine for non-commercial game development. It was released as of August 17, 2011 under the name CRYENGINE® Free SDK.

Crytek announced on September 9, 2011, that they would be using CryEngine 3 to bring the original Crysis to consoles. It was released for Xbox Live and PlayStation Network on October 4, 2011.

CryEngine (3.6–4)
On August 21, 2013, Crytek rebranded CryEngine (starting from version 3.6.0) to simply "CryEngine", and announced that their next CryEngine would not be advertised with a version number. The reason for this decision was the claim that this new engine bears almost no similarity to previous CryEngine versions. However, the development kits available to licensees still use version numbers. The new CryEngine version adds support for Linux and consoles such as the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Wii U. Subsequent appearances at events have also featured the use of CryEngine on virtual reality systems, at GDC 2015 Crytek brought a demonstration 'Back To Dinosaur Island' to the event to showcase such.

CryEngine V
On March 22, 2016, Crytek announced a new version of CryEngine, called CryEngine V. Additionally, a new licensing model was introduced with a "pay what you want" model for usage and access to the source code.

On September 21, 2017, CryEngine 5.4 was released, adding the Vulkan API renderer as a beta, substance integration, and other features including new C# templates, asset system updates, and new anti-aliasing techniques.

On March 20, 2018, Crytek changed the licensing from "pay what you want" to a 5% revenue-sharing model.

In 2022 5.7 version was released with few new features as the features claimed to be in 5.7 were scrapped and moved to new CryEngine 6. 5.7 included Scaleform 4 support. The developers have stated that this will be the last version of CryEngine 5 and confirmed they are working on new iteration of CryEngine. The previous versions (before 5.7) were deprecated and can't be downloaded.

CryEngine 6
Crytek has confirmed that they are working on a new CryEngine version. It is not known what features it will include right now. The developers have stated that it will improve the global illumination system and will probably include ray tracing as well as stable DirectX 12 support. A beta program for the engine will also be available.

Development
The CryEngine software development kit (SDK), originally called Sandbox Editor, is the current version of the level editor used to create levels for CryEngine by Crytek. Tools are also provided within the software to facilitate scripting, animation, and object creation. It has been included with various Crytek games (including, but not limited to, Crysis and Far Cry), and is used extensively for modding purposes. The editing style is that of the sandbox concept, with the emphasis on large terrains and a free style of mission programming. The editor can also construct indoor settings.

As opposed to editors like UnrealEd, which use a "subtractive" editing style that takes away areas from a filled world space, the Sandbox has an "additive" style (like Quake II). Objects are added to an overall empty space. The Sandbox's concentration on potentially huge (in theory, hundreds of square kilometers) terrain, means that it uses an algorithmic form of painting textures and objects onto the landscape. This uses various parameters to define the distribution of textures or types of vegetation. This is intended to save time and make the editing of such large terrains feasible while maintaining the overall "real world" sandbox free roaming style. This is different from some editing styles that often use "fake backdrops" to give the illusion of large terrains.

In a fashion somewhat comparable to the 3D Renderer Blender, which can be used for game design, the Sandbox editor has the ability, with a single key press, for the editor to jump straight into the current design (WYSIWYP, "What You See Is What You Play" Feature). This is facilitated without loading the game as the game engine is already running within the editor. The "player" view is shown within the 3D portion of the Editor. The Editor also supports all the CryEngine features such as vehicles and physics, scripting, advanced lighting (including real time, moving shadows), Polybump technology, shaders, 3D audio, character inverse kinematics and animation blending, dynamic music, Real Time Soft Particle System and Integrated FX Editor, Deferred Lighting, Normal Maps & Parallax Occlusion Maps, and Advanced Modular AI System.

title: CryEngine


text:
Talk:Hillclimbing

Brevity
Apologies for the brevity of the non-UK sections, but I simply don't have the required knowledge. I hope to put a bit more in, but a decent explanation will have to await the arrival of an editor who knows what they're talking about there! Loganberry 16:18, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * As has in fact now happened with the New Zealand section - thank you! More of the same would be extremely welcome. Loganberry 23:02, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I've seen Barbon quoted as both 880 and 890 yards, but Autosport (19 May 2005 edition) says 890, so I'm going to go with that subject to any further information. Loganberry 13:22, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

The term "British Isles" is not an appropriate term to use as hillclimbing in the Isle of Man and Ireland is quite unlike British hillclimbing. Hills are typically as long as European hills and frequently very fast. Even "UK" is not really accurate. I think the main difference arises out of the historical ban on road racing on GB - leading to the use of short and narrow private laneways and such.78.18.143.40 (talk) 22:47, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

Snowmobile hillclimbing
I don't see any mention of snowmobile hillclimbing in this article. I'm still learning Wikipedia nomenclature so maybe someone can help me to add this info. The most well known snowmobile hillclimb event is the world championships held each year at Jackson Hole, Wyoming. There is some good information on the event at the sponsoring organization's site here, and an article in Popular Mechanics here   —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alwaystheretrading (talk • contribs) 17:19, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Nomenclature
I think I've got this right now...

Both European and British championships are officially "[Whatever] Hill Climb Championship"; however "Hillclimb" is more commonly written as a single word, and so this article is at "Hillclimbing" rather than "Hill climbing". Loganberry 22:27, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Not to mention the fact that it's Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb but Prescott Speed Hillclimb! Loganberry (Talk) 23:01, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Article Split
The two varities of hillclimb are entirely different sports, and should probably have seperate pages. Not only would this help clear up some ambiguity, it would also promote clean-up and expansion of both varities, particularly that of the American Hillclimb. I think it would be appropriate for someone to put a dedicated effort into splitting this article into two, no? 24.175.54.43 22:36, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Entirely different" is rather strong; they're no different from, say, a single-stage rally and the Paris-Dakar, both of which are covered on the rallying page. Having said that, I'd don't think I'd have much objection to more detailed articles being split out for those sections which could justify them: right now that would be, perhaps, Hillclimbing in the British Isles and Hillclimbing in the United States. Loganberry (Talk) 22:57, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Entirely different" I'd say what's described under "Sweden" is better known as "scrambling", not "hillclimbing". It's a distinct variation, hence the different name. It also uses no road at all, so it's not a mere stylistic difference, which single-stage or point-to-point rallys might be.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  03:19, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism
|Knox Mountain Hill Climb

With regards to the Canada section in the article.

142.68.47.84 (talk) 10:09, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hillclimbing


text:
König Jérôme

König Jérôme oder Immer Lustick is a comic operetta in five acts by Karl Michael Ziehrer with the text by Adolf Schirmer (1810–1886). Its first performance was at the Ringtheater in Vienna on 28 November 1878 with Ziehrer himself directing the theatre orchestra. The operetta was only of mediocre popularity and its fate was sealed when the Ringtheatre inferno happened in 1881 which destroyed large parts of the orchestral score. Of the entire score, the only pieces which survived were the Overture, the piano excerpts as well as the aria "Verliebt" (In Love).

König Lustig (or "Lustik"/"Lustick"/"Lustigk") was the popular nickname for Jérôme Bonaparte (1784–1860) when he was King of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813.

title: König Jérôme


text:
John Skinner (poet)

John Skinner (31 October 1721 – 16 June 1807) was a Scottish Episcopalian minister, historian, poet and songwriter.

Born in Balfour, Aberdeenshire, he was a son of a schoolmaster at Birse, and was educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen.

Brought up as a Presbyterian, he became an Episcopalian and ministered to a congregation at Longside, near Peterhead, for 65 years. After the failure of the Jacobite Rising, his congregation was subject to persecution and in May 1746 the Episcopalian chapel at Tiffery was burned by Government soldiers with the active participation of the local landowner, Lady Kinmundy.

Skinner wrote The Ecclesiastical History of Scotland from the Episcopal point of view, and several songs of which The Reel of Tullochgorum and The Ewie wi' the Crookit Horn are the best known, and he also rendered some of the Psalms into Latin. He kept up a rhyming correspondence with Robert Burns.

He died at the home of his son, John Skinner, Bishop Coadjutor of Aberdeen on 16 June 1807.

In 2005, a collection of Skinner's poems edited by David M. Bertie was published by the Buchan Field Club.

title: John Skinner (poet)


text: Category:Mardi Gras

authors: Лобачев Владимир

title: Category:Mardi Gras


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cricket/to do

 * Article assessment
 * Check Category:Unassessed cricket articles for class and Category:Unknown-importance cricket articles for importance: see Assessment Department for details

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 * Update fair and unfair play, fast bowling, first-class cricket, googly, innings, leg break, limited overs cricket, not out, Pakistan Cricket Board, spin bowling, underarm bowling, wicket, and other fundamental articles classified by the WikiProject as high-importance so that they meet WP:Verifiability policy standards

 * Cleanup
 * There is a toolserver based WikiProject Cricket cleanup list that automatically updates weekly to show all articles covered by this project which are marked with cleanup tags. (also available in one big list and in CSV format)

 * Infoboxes
 * Add infoboxes to the player articles found at WikiProject Cricket/requested infoboxes

 * Cricket people
 * Create articles about 19th century players who are listed in WikiProject Cricket/19th century players
 * Create biographies about Bangladeshi players from the task force redlink list
 * Check the listing of key bios at WikiProject Cricket/Key biographies and improve these to at least B-class.
 * Create batting/bowling graphs for cricketers who have excelled in international cricket.
 * Create articles for redlinks present here and here

 * Cricket teams & countries
 * Domestic cricket coverage is needed for Bangladesh, Canada, Kenya, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe;
 * Create articles from redlinks and improve existing articles in List of current first-class cricket teams; National cricket teams; Under-19 national cricket teams
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 * Expand Women's cricket, Women's Test cricket and articles about women's cricket generally especially biographies and tours

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text:
Joseph Skipsey

 Joseph Skipsey  (17 March 1832 – 3 September 1903) was a Northumbrian poet during the Victorian period and one of a number of literary coal miners to be known as 'The Pitman Poet'. Among his best known works is the ballad "The Hartley Calamity", which imagined the last hours of several of those trapped underground during the Hartley Colliery Disaster of January 1862. This devastating mining accident killed a total of 204 men and boys and remains England's most catastrophic pit disaster.

Birth and early life
Skipsey was born in Percy Village (generally known after the name of the colliery Percy Main), in the Parish of Tynemouth on 17 March 1832. He was the eighth and final child of Cuthbert, an overman at Percy Main Colliery, and Isabella Skipsey.

Skipsey's life was touched by tragedy at an early age when his father, Cuthbert, was shot dead on 8 July 1832. In the wake of a long and bitter miners' strike, tensions in the Great Northern Coalfield were running high and on the Sunday evening, an affray occurred between a group of miners and armed special constables. Cuthbert Skipsey, a man of influence within the community, stepped forward in an attempt to defuse the situation. One of the special constables, George Weddell, pushed him away and shot him with his pistol, Cuthbert died immediately. Weddell was arrested, tried, found guilty of manslaughter, and sentenced to six months hard labour.

Like many children of that era, Skipsey started work in the local pit at the age of seven as a trapper. In order to break the boredom of the long hours in darkness, Skipsey taught himself to read and write by copying the text from discarded newspapers, adverts, playbills and other printed materials in chalk onto the wooden door he worked at. As his abilities grew Skipsey began, like many other working-class writers, to read canonical writers and was deeply influenced by Shakespeare, Robert Burns, John Milton and Goethe, with Milton's Paradise Lost having a profound influence over him. In an interview he gave to The Pall Mall Gazette in 1889, Skipsey told the newspaper that his first attempts at creating verse came when the older boys in the pit would sing incomplete versions of popular songs. Feeling frustration at these half-remembered songs, Skipsey would fill them out with his own words to match the rhythms and the rhymes he picked up. From here he began to write his own verses and poems before finally committing them to paper and, ultimately, to print.

Marriage and family
In 1852 he walked to London in his search for work and found employment there on the railways. It was here that he met his bride-to-be, his landlady Sarah Ann Fendley. They returned North and he found a job at Choppington, and then Pembroke Colliery, near Sunderland.

Skipsey married Sarah, from Watlington, Norfolk, in December 1868. They had five sons (including Joseph b. 1869 and Cuthbert b. 1872) and three daughters (including Elizabeth Ann b. 1860 and who was living at Harraton at the time of her father’s death). The three named children were the only ones to outlive their father.

Later life
His first volume of his own works was published in Durham in 1858, a copy of which came to the attention of James Thomas Clephan, at that time editor of the Gateshead Observer, a relatively new newspaper and the first in Gateshead. When told by Skipsey of his dire situation, Clephan obtained a job for him at Hawks, Crawshay and Sons ironworks in Gateshead.

Following the death of one of his children, Skipsey moved to Newcastle in 1863 and became an assistant Librarian at the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne for a short time. The job did not seem to suit him and, as the pay was poor, he returned to working in the pits, eventually settling at Backworth, where he remained until 1882.

On the death of three of his children within the space of a month, he wrote in the family bible: "On October 16th my son Cuthbert died in his fourteenth year, on the 24th of the same month so did my little Emma 1 year and 9 months old and the 30th our dear Harriet in her seventh year leaving us with our Elizabeth Ann Pringle only. The children died from scarletina.  Let me say that three more lovely and affectionate children were never born in this world.  Their loss has bowed their parents head down to dust of our reflections and their deaths have enlikened the belief that the dear jewels were wrongly treated.  Joseph Skipsey.  March 8th 1869.  Also William - he was killed by a waggon on the Tyne Main Way near Gateshead on 7 September 1860."

Following the publication of his A Book of Miscellaneous Lyrics (1878), Skipsey's work came (via the efforts of a local literary figure ) to the appreciative attention of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and, in 1880, he travelled to London to meet Rossetti. During this visit, Skipsey was introduced to many of the leading cultural figures of the nineteenth-century, including most notably Edward Burne-Jones. Following this trip to London, and through the efforts of Burne-Jones, Skipsey was awarded a small annual pension from the Royal Bounty Fund for his services to literature by William Gladstone.

By 1882 he was 50 years old and starting to feel his age, and so when a position of caretaker became vacant at a new Board School at Mill Lane, Newcastle, he applied for, and won the post. This school was successful and grew in size, until the workload became too much for him and his wife. In September 1888, he moved to the position of porter at the newly extended Armstrong College, but even this was hardly the job for a man of letters.

When, in 1889, the post of custodian of Shakespeare's Birthplace at Stratford-upon-Avon became vacant, Skipsey was one of 132 applicants. Supported by some of the most important cultural figures of the late-nineteenth century, including Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Oscar Wilde, William Rossetti, William Morris, Edward Dowden, Edmund Gosse, and many others, Skipsey's application proved irresistible and he and his wife were appointed joint custodians. After less than two years he became disenchanted with the post which (he confided in a letter not to be opened until after his death) involved dealing with relics which had "no definite history" and having to "perpetuate error and fraud" on the visitors and general public. Skipsey's experience inspired Henry James' story "The Birthplace".

He and his wife returned to Tyneside, where they lived off his pension, residing, in turns, at the homes of their surviving children.

Death
Sarah Skipsey died on 9 August 1902, at the age of 73.

Joseph Skipsey died in the house of his son Cuthbert at 5 Kells Gardens, Low Fell, Gateshead, on 3 September 1903, aged 71. He was interred in Gateshead Cemetery. Two of his five sons and the eldest of three daughters survived him.

Collections

 * Lyrics (1858)
 * Lyrics (1859)
 * Poems, Songs, and Ballads (1862)
 * The Collier Lad and other songs and ballads (1864)
 * Poems (1871)
 * A Book of Miscellaneous Lyrics (1878)
 * A Book of Lyrics (1881)
 * Carols from the Coalfields (1886)
 * Carols, Songs, and Ballads (1888)
 * Songs and Lyrics (1892)
 * Selected Poems [of] Joseph Skipsey
 * Joseph Skipsey: Selected Poems, R.K.R. Thornton; Chris Harrison; William Daniel McCumiskey (eds), Newcastle: The Rectory Press, 2014.

Poems
Poems written by Skipsey:
 * "Get Up!"
 * The Hartley Calamity (1862) recounts the tragedy of the 204 men and boys (most of the male population of the village) who suffocated in the colliery after a six-day struggle to dig them out
 * Willy to Jinny
 * Kit never went down
 * The Collier Lad
 * Mother wept
 * Mary of Crofton
 * Jemmy stops lang at the fair – appears on page 12 of J. W. Swanston’s Tyneside Songster

Skipsey also edited the following volumes of poetry for the "Canterbury Poets" series published by Walter Scott Publishing Co., for each of which he provided a biographical preface:
 * The Poems, with Specimens of the Prose Writings, William Blake (1884)
 * The Lyrics and minor poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1884)
 * The Poems of S.T. Coleridge (1884)
 * The Poetical Works of Edgar Allan Poe (1884)
 * The Poetical Works of Robert Burns, Poems (1885)
 * The Poetical Works of Robert Burns, Songs (1885)

title: Joseph Skipsey


text:
Yellow-billed pintail

The yellow-billed pintail (Anas georgica) is a South American dabbling duck of the genus Anas with three described subspecies.

Taxonomy
The yellow-billed pintail was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the ducks, geese, and swans in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas georgica. Gmelin based his description on the "Georgia duck" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his A General Synopsis of Birds. The naturalist Joseph Banks had provided Latham with a water-colour drawing of the duck by Georg Forster who had accompanied James Cook on his second voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The watercolour was painted in 1775 in South Georgia. This picture is now the holotype for the species and is held by the Natural History Museum in London. The genus name Anas is the Latin word for a duck.

Three subspecies are recognised:

 * † A. g. niceforoi Wetmore & Borrero, 1946 – east-central Colombia (extinct)
 * A. g. spinicauda Vieillot, 1816 – south Colombia to south Argentina, south Chile, and the Falkland Islands
 * A. g. georgica Gmelin, JF, 1789 – South Georgia

Description
The yellow-billed pintail has a brown head and neck. The bill is yellow with a black tip and a black stripe down the middle. The tail is brownish and pointed. The upper wing is grayish-brown, and the secondaries are blackish-green. The rest of the body is buffish brown with varying-sized black spots. The species is sometimes confused with yellow-billed teal (Anas flavirostris) but can be differentiated by the yellow stripes on its bill, its larger size, and its tendency not to form large groups. The nominate subspecies is smaller and darker than Anas g. spinicauda. The yellow-billed pintail forms a superspecies with the northern pintail (Anas acuta).

Distribution and habitat
The range includes much of South America, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia. The nominate and smallest subspecies, the South Georgia pintail A. g. georgica, is thought to number between 1000 and 1500 pairs and is found only in South Georgia. The Chilean, or brown, pintail A. g. spinicauda is widespread on the South American mainland from extreme southern Colombia southwards, as well as in the Falkland Islands, and numbers well over 110,000. Niceforo's pintail A. g. niceforoi, formerly found in central Colombia, is believed to be extinct, having been last recorded in 1952 (and described only in 1946). Their habitat ranges from high-elevation lakes and marshes to low-elevation lakes and rivers and coasts in open country.

Breeding
The nest is placed on the ground in vegetation close to water. It is lined with grass and down. The clutch is 4 to 10 eggs which hatch after incubation for around 26 days. The chicks have dark brown down above and yellow down below.

Physiology
In high-altitude populations of yellow-billed pintail, hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than in lower-altitude populations, which can be attributable to substitutions in their beta-globin gene. These substitutions are shared by speckled teal because of introgressive hybridization between the two species. Gene flow between populations also suggests that yellow-billed pintails that are heterozygous for the βA hemoglobin subunit may be able to acclimate to high altitudes more efficiently than those that are homozygous for the βA hemoglobin subunit.

title: Yellow-billed pintail


text:
Danube school

The Danube School or Donau School (German: Donauschule or Donaustil) was a circle of painters of the first third of the 16th century in Bavaria and Austria (mainly along the Danube valley). Many were also innovative printmakers, usually in etching. They were among the first painters to regularly use pure landscape painting, and their figures, influenced by Matthias Grünewald, are often highly expressive, if not expressionist. They show little Italian influence and represent a decisive break with the high finish of Northern Renaissance painting, using a more painterly style that was in many ways ahead of its time.

According to Alfred Stange, Albrecht Altdorfer and Wolf Huber were two of the central most figures within the Danube School. Altdofer was the artist that created most of the artworks associated with the Danube School. The term "Danube School" was most likely not what these groups of artist called themselves but a name that derived hundreds of years after a man by the name of Theodore von Frimmel was observing a painting in 1892 in the Danube region around Regensburg, Germany. When artist Lucas Cranach's art work was recognized to have stylistic elements of the "Danube" the name "The Danube School" began to take a deeper meaning. "The river valleys of Austria and western Bavaria have often been praised as the land of the 'Beautiful Danube' and not in just song but in the pictorial arts as well. (Snyder, James)"

Characteristics
Rugged mountain terrain, towering fir trees and dramatic lighting effects of sunset and dawn are the main characteristics of the Danube School. Other elements that distinguish Danube School artworks is the prominence of nature and how it is represented through these pieces of art as well as the human figure in these natural elements and human events that happen within nature.

Notable artists
Of all the artists within the Danube School, Albrecht Altdorfer is one that has mastered the landscapes of the Danube. His painting, Danube Landscape has been dated between 1520 and 1525 which is a result from Altdorfer's mature years capturing the Danube landscapes.

Other members included:

 * Wolf Huber
 * Jörg Breu the Elder
 * Rueland Frueauf the Younger
 * Augustin Hirschvogel (draughtsman, printmaker)

Lucas Cranach the Elder had a major influence on the Danube School and is occasionally considered a member of the group.

title: Danube school


text:
Walter Chalmers Smith

Walter Chalmers Smith (5 December 1824 – 19 September 1908), was a hymnist, author, poet and minister of the Free Church of Scotland, chiefly remembered for his hymn "Immortal, Invisible, God Only Wise". In 1893 he served as Moderator of the General Assembly for the Free Church of Scotland. He attained considerable reputation as a poet. Some of these works were written under the names of Orwell or Hermann Kunst.

Early life and education
He was born in Aberdeen on 5 December 1824, the son of Walter Smith, a cabinet-maker living at 16 Blackfriars Street, by his wife Barbara Milne He was educated at the grammar school, Aberdeen, and at Marischal College, which he entered at the age of thirteen, graduating M.A. in 1841. His original intention was to adopt law as his profession, but under the influence of Dr. Chalmers he entered the New College, Edinburgh, to study for the ministry of the Free Church of Scotland.

Church ministries
In 1850 he was ordained pastor of the Free (Scottish) Church in Chadwell Street, Pentonville, London. The small congregation did not become larger under his ministry. In 1853 he resigned and was appointed to Milnathort, in the parish of Orwell, Kinross-shire; and in 1857 he removed to Roxburgh Free Church, Edinburgh. In 1862 he was chosen to succeed the Free Church leader, Dr. Robert Buchanan, in the Free Tron Church, Glasgow. In 1876 he transferred to the Free High Kirk in Edinburgh (part of the New College building).

Once settled in Edinburgh he lived at 20 Royal Circus in the New Town.

Smith was a thoughtful preacher, catholic in his sympathies, and of rather advanced opinions for the Free Church of his time, though in the end his influence was felt in broadening its outlook. Two ‘Discourses’ that he published in 1866, advocating more liberal views in regard to Sunday observance than those then prevailing in Scotland, came under the ban of his Presbytery, and he was ‘affectionately admonished’ by the General Assembly in June 1867. In 1876 he was translated to the Free High Church, Edinburgh. During the prosecution of Professor Robertson Smith his strong sympathy with the professor gave some offence to the orthodox church leaders; but in 1893 he had so won the confidence of the church that he was chosen moderator of the general assembly.

Legacy
He received the degrees of D.D. from the University of Glasgow (1869), and LL.D. from the universities of Aberdeen (1876) and Edinburgh (1893). He was mentioned in Lord Adam Gifford's will.

He was Moderator of the General Assembly, the highest position in the Free Church, 1893/94 and retired in 1894 on completion of this role. He was succeeded by George C. M. Douglas.

He died at Kinbuck near Dunblane on 19 or 20 September 1908. He is buried in the grave of his father-in-law, Rev James Monteith, in Warriston Cemetery in north Edinburgh. The grave lies just south of the central vaults.

Family
In 1853 he was married to Agnes Monteith (1830–1886) daughter of James Monteith.

Artistic recognition
He was painted by Sir George Reid RSA.

Published works
Smith wrote novels, religious works and poems including

 * The Bishop's Walk (1860)
 * Hymns of Christ and the Christian Life (1867)
 * Olrig Grange (1872)
 * Borland Hall (1874)
 * Hilda Among the Broken Gods (1878)
 * Raban, or Life Splinters (1880)
 * North Country Folk (1883)
 * Kildrostan (1884)
 * Thoughts and Fancies for Sunday Evenings (1887)
 * A Heretic and Other Poems (1890)

He attained considerable reputation as a poet. Some of these works were written under the names of Orwell or Hermann Kunst.

Hymns

 * Earth was waiting, spent and restless
 * Immortal, invisible, God only wise This remains a popular hymn still in use in the 21st century.

title: Walter Chalmers Smith


text:
Die Landstreicher

Die Landstreicher ("The Tramps") is a German-language operetta in one prologue and two acts by Carl Michael Ziehrer (libretto by Leopold Krenn and Karl Lindau). It was first performed on 26 July 1899, at the summer theatre "Venedig in Wien", with Ludmilla Gaston as von Rodenstein, Franz Glawatsch, Rudolf del Zopp, Siegmund Steiner, Poldi Augustin, Anton Matschegg, Vali Paak, and Max Schönau.

The premiere was just three weeks after the death of Johann Strauss II. Despite the Viennese mourning for their beloved composer, the operetta was especially noted for its 'Viennese' spirit and more so with Ziehrer himself conducting, the review from the press was favorable with Ziehrer heralded as a new composer to usher in a new age.

Adaptations
The libretto for Die Landstreicher was the basis for Ludwig Engländer's Broadway musical The Strollers which was staged at the Knickerbocker Theatre in 1901.

A film was made in 1937 directed by Karel Lamač with a script by Géza von Cziffra. It starred Paul Hörbiger, Rudolf Carl, Lucie Englisch, Erika Drusovich and Rudolf Platte. Further film versions were made for the Austrian boadcaster ORF in 1960 and again in 1968 in a co-production of ORF and the German broadcaster ZDF.

title: Die Landstreicher


text: File:Fablebox.jpg

title: File:Fablebox.jpg


text:
Seoul Subway Line 2

Seoul Subway Line 2 (서울 지하철 2호선), also known as the Circle Line, is a circular line of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. The line running clockwise is called the "inner circle line" and the counter-clockwise line is called the "outer circle line". This is Seoul's most heavily used line, and consists of the main loop (48.8 km), the Seongsu Branch (5.4 km) and the Sinjeong Branch (6.0 km) for a total line length of 60.2 km. The Line 2 loop is the third longest subway loop in the world after Moscow Metro Bolshaya Koltsevaya line and Beijing Subway Line 10. In 2019, Line 2 had an annual ridership of 812 million passengers or 2.2 million passengers per day.

Headways on the line vary from 2 minutes 18 seconds on peak periods and 5–6 minutes off-peak periods. The line connects the city centre to Gangnam, Teheran Valley and the COEX/KWTC complex.

History
In 1972, then-Mayor of Seoul 구자춘 (1932–1996) changed the existing plans for the Seoul Subway to better enable connectivity around the growing Seoul City and allow for development to take place across the Seoul Capital Area. Line 2 was built in 1978–84 together with the Seongsu Branch (the second Sinjeong Branch was built 1989–95). Dangsan bridge was closed for reconstruction in 1996 and reopened November 22, 1999. The old steel girder bridge was replaced by a 1.3 km long concrete bridge between Dangsan on the southern side of the river and Hapjeong on the northern bank.

Yongdu station on the Seongsu Branch (between Sindap and Sinseol stations) is the first station in the Seoul Subway system with operating platform screen doors. As of 2008 platform screen doors are operating at all stations along Line 2. New rolling stock has also progressively came on line, replacing older vehicles.

 * October 31, 1980: Sinseol-dong – Sports Complex (via Seongsu) section opened
 * December 23, 1982: Sports Complex – Seoul Nat'l Univ. of Education section opened
 * September 16, 1983: Euljiro 1-ga – Seongsu section opened; Sinseol-dong – Seongsu section separated as Seongsu Branch
 * December 17, 1983: Seoul Nat'l Univ. of Education – Seoul Nat'l University section opened
 * May 22, 1984: Seoul Nat'l University – Euljiro 1-ga (via Sindorim) section opened; the Circle Line (the longest in the world at 54.2 km until it was surpassed in 2013) is completed.
 * May 22, 1992: Sindorim – Yangcheon-gu Office section opened as Sinjeong Branch
 * February 29, 1996: Sinjeongnegeori Station opened as extension of Sinjeong Branch
 * March 20, 1996: Kkachisan Station opened as extension of Sinjeong Branch
 * October 20, 2005: Yongdu Station opened on the Seongsu Branch
 * September 2010: Siemens Mobility ATP/ATO GoA 2 signalling system implemented on newer trains to increase frequencies and route capacity.

Facilities
In December 2010 the line is recorded as having the highest WiFi data consumption in the Seoul Metropolitan area. It averaged 2.56 times more than the other 14 subway lines fitted with WiFi service zones.

In 2011, retailer Homeplus opened the world's first virtual supermarket at Seolleung station, where smartphone users can photograph the bar code of life-size pictures, on the walls and platform screen doors, of 500 items of food, toiletries, electronics etc., for delivery within the same day.

Stations
All stations on all branches are in Seoul.

Extension
There is a possible extension currently in the conception stage to extend the Sinjeong Branch to 3.7 km to Gayang Station on Line 9. The path would include a new station named Gangseo-gu Office in between Kkachisan and Gayang.

Rolling stock
Five generations of Seoul Metro 2000 series trains have been used on Seoul Subway Line 2. As of July 2024, only third, fourth and fifth batch 2000 series trains are in operation (manufactured by Hyundai Rotem and Dawonsys respectively), since all first (MELCO thyristor chopper control) and second batch (GEC Traction/Alstom thyristor chopper control) trains have been retired between 2008 and 2023. All trains are stored and maintained at Sindap Depot on the Seongsu Branch and Sinjeong Depot on the Sinjeong Branch.

title: Seoul Subway Line 2


text:
William Sotheby

William Sotheby FRS (9 November 1757 – 30 December 1833) was an English poet and translator. He was born into a wealthy London family, the son of Col. William and Elizabeth (née Sloan) Sotheby, and was educated at Harrow School and the Military Academy, Angers, France before joining the army at 17, where he served for six years until his marriage in 1780, when he devoted himself to literature.

Sotheby then became a prominent figure in London literary society. His wealth enabled him to play the part of patron to many struggling authors, and his friends included Walter Scott, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Robert Southey, Arthur Hallam, and Thomas Moore.

He published a few dramas and books of poems that had limited success; his reputation rests upon his translations of the Oberon of Christoph Martin Wieland, the Georgics of Virgil, and the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer. The last two were begun when he was over 70, but he lived to complete them. His Georgics in particular advanced his reputation and was praised in the Edinburgh Review as, if not "the most perfect translation of a classic poet now extant in our language, it is assuredly capable of being advanced to that high distinction." His 1801 play Julian and Agnes was acted at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane with John Philip Kemble and Sarah Siddons in the lead roles.

He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in November 1794.

Sotheby died in London in 1833 and was buried in Hackney churchyard. Joanna Baillie, a close friend of Sotheby's for "nearly thirty years" mourned his death: "A more generous, high-minded, amiable man never lived, and this, taken together with his great talents & acquirements, makes a Character which cannot be replaced."

Family
In 1780 he married Mary née Isted and they had seven children, among them:
 * Lt-Col. William Sotheby (c. 1785–1815)
 * Rear-Adm. Charles Sotheby (c. 1785–1854)
 * George Sotheby EICo (1787–1817) died at Nagpur in the Maharatta war
 * Hans Sotheby EICo (c. 1780–1827)
 * Col. Frederick Sotheby CB (c. 1780–1870)

title: William Sotheby


text:
Caroline Anne Southey

Caroline Anne Southey (née Bowles; 6 December 1786 – 20 July 1854) was an English poet and painter. She became the second wife of the poet Robert Southey, a prominent writer at the time.

Background
Born Caroline Anne Bowles on 6 December 1786 at Buckland Manor, near Lymington, she was the only child of Captain Charles Bowles (1737–1801), retired from the East India Company, and Anne Burrard (1753–1817), of a prominent local family. Her melancholic father moved the family to the much smaller Buckland Cottage when she was a child, but she spent her summers by the sea at Calshot Castle, home of a military uncle, Sir Harry Burrard.

Her private education was mainly at the hands of the writer and artist William Gilpin (1724–1804), vicar of nearby Boldre, known for his introduction of the idea of the post-Enlightenment picturesque. She showed early artistic talent. Some of her surviving paintings are owned by Keswick School and held by the Wordsworth Trust.

Penury and poetry
Mismanagement by a guardian left Bowles in financial straits after her mother's death in 1817. These were alleviated partly by an annuity of £150 from an adopted son of her father, Colonel Bruce. The problem spurred her to seek publication for a "metrical verse tale" she had written. She wrote for advice first to the poet laureate, Robert Southey, her future husband, but his publisher, John Murray was discouraging, then to the poet and editor James Montgomery. The work was published by Longman in 1820 as Ellen Fitzarthur: a Poem in Five Cantos and reached a second edition in 1822. Much of her work was published initially in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, after she had struck up a lively correspondence with William Blackwood.

Bowles's first meeting with Southey in 1820 led to a proposal that they jointly write an epic poem about Robin Hood, although this only yielded Robin Hood: A Fragment after Southey's death. From the outset she could not work in the curious metre Southey chose: "I have been at work trying that metre of [Southey's poem] 'Thalaba', a fine work I make of it! It is to me just like attempting to drive a tilbury in a tram-road," she wrote to him.

Most of the fragment eventually published in 1847 was the work of Caroline Southey, including some fine sonnets on their marriage, which took place only on 4 June 1839, after the death of his first wife. There was a second edition of her mixed volume of verse and prose, Solitary Hours (1826), in that year. The marriage caused dismay among Southey's grown-up children, except for his eldest daughter Edith.

Within three months of the marriage, Southey began to succumb to senile dementia. He died in March 1843. The wrangles spilled over into gossip, and lost Caroline Southey the support of Wordsworth, for example. Caroline Southey had to leave Southey's home, Greta Hall, immediately after his death, and move back to Buckland Cottage, where she ceased to write. Her marriage had lost her the Bruce annuity, but she was awarded a civil list pension of £200 in 1852. She died at home on 20 July 1854.

Satire and protest
Writing about Ellen Fitzarthur, Southey said, "You have the eye, the ear, and the heart of a poetess..." (Dowden, p. 10). Alfred H. Miles in the first decade of the last century noted that her work was neglected: it "had a greater charm for her own generation than it can ever have again. There is a natural simplicity about it which gives it a certain affinity with the so-called 'Lake school', and which was much newer in her day than it is in ours. And yet... her work still emits a sweet mild fragrance, and recalls a tender, sympathetic personality."

Her published output of five books of verse, two books of prose tales and one miscellany of mixed prose and verse has been described by the present-day scholar Anne Zanzucchi as the work of "an experimental and dexterous writer whose publications represent a range of forms: prose fiction (Chapters on Churchyards), verse satire (The Cat's Tail), dramatic monologue (Tales of the Factories), and blank verse autobiography (The Birth-day)." The last was the work in which she broke her anonymity in 1836.

Virginia H. Blain in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography notes that her "Tales of the Factories were among the earliest of that kind of protest poetry, preceding both Caroline Norton's and Elizabeth Barrett's works in the genre."

The romance of Southey and Bowles was the subject of a BBC drama, The Fly and the Eagle.

Caroline Southey's poem To Death was composed as a song by Grace Williams in 1953.

Works
The river poem
 * Ellen Fitzarthur : A Metrical Tale, in Five Cantos, London 1820 (Google Books)
 * The Widow's Tale: and Other Poems, London 1822 (Internet Archive)
 * Solitary Hours, Edinburgh & London 1826 (Internet Archive)
 * Chapters on Churchyards, London 1829 (Vol. I and Vol II in the Internet Archive)
 * The Cat's Tail: Being the History of Childe Merlin. A Tale, illustrated by George Cruikshank, Edinburgh & London 1831 (Internet Archive)
 * Tales of the Factories, Edinburgh & London 1833 (Google Books)
 * The Birth-day; a Poem, in Three Parts: to Which are Added, Occasional Verses, Edinburgh & London 1836 (Internet Archive)
 * The Early Called, Philadelphia 1836 (Internet Archive, see p. 5–82)
 * Autumn Flowers and Other Poems, Boston 1844 (Internet Archive)
 * Robin Hood : A Fragment. By the Late Robert Southey and Caroline Southey. With Other Fragments and Poems by R. S. & C. S., Edinburgh & London 1847 (Internet Archive)
 * The Young Gray Head, New York 1868 (HathiTrust)

Letters

 * Correspondence with Caroline Bowles, to which are added Correspondence with Shelley, and Southey's Dreams. Edited, with an Introduction, by Edward Dowden, Dublin & London 1881 (Internet Archive)

Selected works

 * Gems Selected from the Poems of Caroline Bowles, Boston 1836 (Internet Archive)
 *  The Select Literary Works, Prose and Verse by Caroline Southey, 1851 (One Volume in Two Parts; Part I and Part II in the Internet Archive)
 * The Poetical Works of Caroline Bowles Southey, Edinburgh & London 1867 (Internet Archive)

title: Caroline Anne Southey


text:
Ministry of Education (China)

The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is a constituent department of the State Council, responsible for basic education, vocational education, higher education, and other educational affairs throughout the country. The Ministry of Education acts as the predominant funder of national universities and colleges in China. The ministry also accredits tertiary institutions, degree curriculum, and school teachers of the country.

The Ministry of Education currently has 19 internal departments and bureaus. , there were 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education.

History
The Ministry of Education was founded in October 1949. The work of the ministry was overseen by the Culture and Education Commission that was created at the same time. On October 19, writer and poet Guo Moruo was made the director of the commission, and linguist Ma Xulun was made the first education minister of the People's Republic of China.

In February 1958, the Ministry of Higher Education was merged into the Ministry of Education. In July 1964, the Ministry of Higher Education was restored. In July 1966, the Ministry of Higher Education was once again merged into the Ministry of Education.

In June 1970, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the Science and Education Group of the State Council.

The Ministry of Education was restored after the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution in 1975 by the 4th National People's Congress. Until the Ministry's 1975 restoration, the State Council's Science and Education Group was the most important government body in the education bureaucracy.

On June 18, 1985, the Eleventh Standing Committee of the 6th National People's Congress decided to abolish the Ministry of Education and establish the National Education Commission of the People's Republic of China.

In 1998, the Decision on Institutional Reform of the State Council was adopted at the First Session of the 9th National People's Congress, and the National Education Commission was renamed the Ministry of Education.

In 2003, China's Ministry of Education called for adding environmental education content throughout the public school curriculum from the first year of primary school through the second year of high school. Its guidelines on environmental education emphasized firsthand experience and recommended that a quarter of environmental education content should consist of "practice activities".

Development of the political counselor system
In 1952, the Ministry of Education sought to develop a system of political counselors as a pilot program in universities. Tsinghua University established a political counselor program in 1953, becoming the first university to do so. In this program, new graduates who were also Chinese Communist Party members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as Communist Youth League secretaries.

The program was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution but resumed in 1977. After its endorsement by Deng Xiaoping, the program expanded across higher educational institutions.

Beginning in the 1990s, the political counselor system was further institutionalized and expanded in higher educational institutions throughout China, with the Ministry issuing standardized rules such as term limits and age limits in 2000.

Organizational structure
According to the "Regulations on the Main Functional Configuration, Internal Organizations and Staffing of the Ministry of Education," the Ministry of Education has set up the following institutions:

Internal departments

 * General Department
 * Department of Policies and Regulations
 * Development Planning Department
 * Comprehensive Reform Department
 * Personnel Department
 * Finance Department
 * Teaching Materials Bureau (Office of the National Teaching Materials Committee)
 * Department of Basic Education
 * Off-campus Education and Training Supervision Department
 * Department of Vocational and Adult Education
 * higher education department
 * Education Supervision Bureau (Office of the State Council Education Supervision Commission)
 * Department of Ethnic Education
 * Department of Teacher Affairs
 * Department of Physical Education, Health and Arts Education
 * Ideological and Political Work Department
 * Social Sciences Division
 * Department of Science, Technology and Information Technology
 * Department of College and University Students
 * Department of Degree Management and Graduate Education (Office of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council)
 * Language and Words Application Management Department
 * Language and Words Information Management Department
 * Department of International Cooperation and Exchange (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Office)
 * Office of the Inspector
 * Party Committee of the Ministry of Education
 * Retired Cadres Bureau
 * Secretariat of the Chinese National Commission for UNESCO

Affiliate national bureau

 * National Language and Words Work Committee (Deputy Ministerial Level)

Affiliate public institutions

 * Ministry of Education Service Center
 * National Institute of Educational Administration
 * Chinese Academy of Educational Sciences (Office of the National Educational Science Planning Leading Group)
 * Research Center for Scientific Development of Higher Education Institutions of the Ministry of Education
 * Vocational Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
 * Chinese and Foreign Language Exchange and Cooperation Center of the Ministry of Education
 * Institute of Language and Character Applications (State Language Commission Putonghua and Character Application Testing Center)
 * National Open University (National University for the Elderly)
 * Educational Technology and Resource Development Center of the Ministry of Education (Central Audio-visual Education Center, Basic Education Resource Center of the Ministry of Education)
 * China Educational Television
 * Ministry of Education Education Management Information Center
 * Curriculum Materials Research Institute
 * Secretariat of China Scholarship Council
 * Ministry of Education Fund Supervision Affairs Center
 * National Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
 * China Education Press
 * Educational Examination Agency of the Ministry of Education (Teacher Qualification Examination Center of the Ministry of Education, International Educational Measurement Exchange and Cooperation Center)
 * Ministry of Education Study Abroad Service Center (China Study Abroad Service Center)
 * National Student Financial Aid Management Center
 * Ministry of Education Student Services and Quality Development Center
 * Degree and Graduate Education Development Center of the Ministry of Education
 * Education Quality Assessment Center of the Ministry of Education
 * Chinese and Foreign Cultural Exchange Center of the Ministry of Education
 * Ministry of Education Communication and Education Center

Affiliate higher education institutions
There are 75 colleges and universities affiliated with the Ministry of Education.
 * Peking University
 * Renmin University of China
 * Tsinghua University
 * Beijing Normal University
 * China Agricultural University
 * Nankai University
 * Tianjin University
 * Dalian University of Technology
 * Jilin University
 * Fudan University
 * Tongji University
 * Shanghai Jiao Tong University
 * Nanjing University
 * Southeast University
 * Zhejiang University
 * Xiamen University
 * Shandong University
 * Wuhan University
 * Huazhong University of Science and Technology
 * Central South University
 * Sun Yat-sen University
 * Chongqing University
 * Sichuan University
 * Xi'an Jiaotong University
 * Northwest A&F University
 * Lanzhou University
 * Northeastern University
 * East China Normal University
 * Ocean University of China
 * Hunan University
 * South China University of Technology
 * University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
 * University of Science and Technology Beijing
 * Beijing University of Chemical Technology
 * Beijing Language and Culture University
 * Beijing Foreign Language University
 * Beijing Jiaotong University
 * Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications
 * China University of Petroleum (Beijing)
 * Communication University of China
 * Beijing Forestry University
 * China University of Political Science and Law
 * Central University of Finance and Economics
 * Central Conservatory of Music
 * Central Academy of Drama
 * Central Academy of Fine Arts
 * Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
 * Foreign Economic and Trade University
 * North China Electric Power University
 * China University of Mining (Beijing)
 * China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
 * Northeast Normal University
 * Northeast Forestry University
 * East China University of Science and Technology
 * Donghua University
 * Shanghai International Studies University
 * Shanghai University of Finance and Economics
 * He Hai University
 * Nanjing Agricultural University
 * China Pharmaceutical University
 * Jiangnan University
 * China University of Mining
 * Hefei University of Technology
 * China University of Petroleum (East China)
 * Wuhan University of Technology
 * China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)
 * Huazhong Normal University
 * Huazhong Agricultural University
 * Zhongnan University of Economics and Law
 * Southwest University
 * Southwestern University of Finance and Economics
 * Southwest Jiaotong University
 * Shaanxi Normal University
 * Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology
 * Chang'an University

Affiliate enterprises
The Ministry has a role in the foreign aid process thorough scholarships it provides for study in China.
 * China Education Publishing and Media Group Co., Ltd.
 * People's Education Press Co., Ltd.
 * Higher Education Press Ltd.
 * Chinese Language Publishing House Co., Ltd.
 * Language and Culture Press
 * China Audio and Video Publishing House
 * Educational Science Press Co., Ltd.

title: Ministry of Education (China)


text:
William Robert Spencer

William Robert Spencer (9 January 1769 – 22/23 October 1834) was an English poet and wit from the Spencer family.

Early life
Spencer was born in Kensington Palace on 9 January 1769. He was the younger son of Lord Charles Spencer and his wife Mary Beauclerk. His eldest brother, Robert Spencer, married Henrietta Fawkener (daughter of Sir Everard Fawkener) and his other brother, John Spencer, married their cousin, Lady Elizabeth Spencer (daughter of George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough). His father was MP for Oxfordshire.

His paternal grandparents were Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough and the former Hon. Elizabeth Trevor (a daughter of Thomas Trevor, 2nd Baron Trevor). His maternal grandfather was Vere Beauclerk, 1st Baron Vere and his uncle was Aubrey Beauclerk, 5th Duke of St Albans.

Spencer was educated at Harrow School and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1786, though he left the university without receiving a degree.

Career
Spencer's wit made him a popular member of society. He belonged to the Whig set of Charles James Fox and Richard Brinsley Sheridan and was frequently a guest of the prince of Wales. He did not desire a public life, being content as a writer of "occasional" verse and vers de société. In 1796 he published an English version of Bürger's Leonore, and in 1802 he burlesqued German romance in his Urania, which was produced on the stage at Drury Lane. Among his best-known pieces, which were published in a collection of his poems in 1811, were his well-known ballad "Beth Gelert" and "Too Late I Stayed." His writings were greatly appreciated by his contemporaries, being warmly praised by such figures as Sir Walter Scott, John Wilson, and Lord Byron.

Spencer briefly sat in the House of Commons but gave up his seat in 1797 in order to become a commissioner of stamps so as to support his family. He held the post until 1826, surrendering it after moving to Paris the year before because of his financial difficulties. He spent his remaining years in Paris.

Personal life
In 1791 he married Countess Susan von Jenison-Walworth (1770–1834), widow of Count Franz von Spreti and daughter of Charlotte Smith and Count Jenison-Walworth, Chamberlain to the Elector Palatine. Her brother, Count Franz Raugraf von Jenison-Walworth, married Mary Beauclerk, a daughter of Topham Beauclerk (a great-grandson of King Charles II) and his aunt, Lady Diana Spencer), and served as Chamberlain to the King of Württemberg. Together, Susan and William had five sons and two daughters, including:

 * Louisa Georgina Spencer (b. 1792), who married Edward Joseph Canning, son of Thomas Canning.
 * Aubrey Spencer (1795–1872), who became first Bishop of Newfoundland in 1839, being afterwards translated to the See of Jamaica; he married Eilza Musson, daughter of John Musson, in 1822.
 * William Spencer (b. 1796), who married Frances Garland, daughter of John Garland, in 1820.
 * Harriet Caroline Octavia Spencer (1798–1831), who had an illegitimate child with George Spencer-Churchill, 6th Duke of Marlborough, but married her cousin, Count Karl Theodor von Westerholt (son of Count Alexander von Westerholt), in 1819.
 * George Spencer (1799–1866), who was consecrated the second Bishop of Madras in 1837; he married Harriet Theodora Hobhouse, daughter of Sir Benjamin Hobhouse, 1st Baronet.

Spencer died in Paris in October 1834. His remains were taken back to England and buried in Harrow Church.

Works

 * W. R. Spencer, Poems (London, 1835), containing a biographical memoir

title: William Robert Spencer