text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dalek Lieutenant

from VfD:

Reason I recommended this article for VfD: I'd say this is obscure, esoteric fancruft, but since I have no reference to what it's really about (is it a game or something?) and the article is poorly written it just seems like patent nonsense.—ExplorerCDT 22:00, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete —ExplorerCDT 22:00, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think thatm it's a very minor character in a game or movie. Jeltz 22:24, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * I now think that it's a tv series. Jeltz 22:30, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Keep. Yes, all these pages need to link to Dr. Who so what they talk about is more clear.  Trust me, Dr. Who is a very real TV series and extremely popular in England.  In fact, they are right now as I type filming new episodes of this series.  Samboy 22:32, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) Merge in to Dalek Ranks Samboy 23:55, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think that this one if any should be deleted. From the article I get the impression that this dalek never has done anything that makes it stand out in the series. MAybe it's just a bad article but that's the impression I get. Jeltz 22:39, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect all into the main article on Daleks. -Sean Curtin 00:17, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Delete all the elves, wizards and Harry Potter characters first and then list this. The standard has been set by the former and I don't see why we should exclude the latter. Dr Zen 01:11, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I would be first in line to do so for any of the above that are not notable outside of their fictional universe, but your reverse slippery slope arguement is really an arguement for deleting those articles as opposed to keeping this one. Indrian 06:34, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * So get cracking, man. Nominate an elf and I guarantee I'll vote it gone.Dr Zen 07:00, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Trim and merge and redirect to dalek. Don't wait for elves and wizards to be deleted. I'm sick of everyone pointing fingers and refusing to act until actions are taken on other matters. It's a vicious circle that leads nowhere. Similar actions can and should be taken with Tolkien, Potter, Pokemon, etc., but these listings are independent of one another. Dr. Who fans say trim the bloated Harry Potter articles, then trim this. Potter fans say the opposite. No one does anything. Enough. -R. fiend 01:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: If someone is interested in "keeping," then they can do the merging. Honestly, I don't mean that to be evil, but the merge queue is miles long on VfD.  At any rate, it's too granular and obscure a topic to need a separate article. It's also somewhat self-evident, once you know what a Dalek is.  Geogre 01:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not obscure, note that people in Britain do use the English Wikipedia, not just Americans, but it is self-evident. 132.205.15.43 03:36, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If the article merely said, "A Dalek Lieutenant is a Dalek who has the rank of lieutenant," then it would be self-evident. As it is, it contains a lot of facts that I hadn't known about, and I think it would be of interest to anyone looking for information on the topic. Factitious 17:29, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete,as Geogre says, if someone wants to merge let them do it before this article's five days of fame are over. --fvw *  01:52, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * If the information is deleted without merging, we'll be losing valuable content that should be present in our encyclopedia. This is not a reason to delete. Factitious 17:29, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * You know I was raised on Doctor Who, I love the daleks and I think that's fine, but this is stuff that would only be valuable to somebody who already knew much more about daleks than is healthy. As with most fancruft it's a minor plot detail, even the original writers have probably forgotten it and the only people who care are the most obsessive fans who have their own resources. The should be discouraged from bloating encyclopedias with their rubbish (and yes, I already voted). --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 07:46, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into Dalek types or soemthing. 132.205.15.43 03:36, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 04:21, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Too esoteric a piece of fancruft. Indrian 06:34, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Carnildo 06:35, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge or ex-ter-min-ate. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 14:34, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable part of a popular and long-running TV series.  Nomination was apparently made by someone who had no idea what the article was about. Factitious 17:29, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * My recommendation is Merge to Dalek, but I see no justification or authority for Geogre's "move it or lose it" ultimatum. If it is a choice between Keep and Merge within a 'court-ordered' time limit or face deletion, then I vote Keep. -- Antaeus Feldspar 20:54, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. --JuntungWu 00:49, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete This obscure information belongs in Dalek, if anywhere. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * redirect I have merged all such articles into Dalek Ranks The Steve  07:38, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * The article Dalek Ranks needs a rename to Dalek ranks 132.205.45.148 15:33, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe a merge and redirect would do the trick. I am no fan of fancruft, but if this somehow gets kept, I am going to write an article on Redshirts. Oh good grief! Never mind *rolls eyes*.--Lucky13pjn 05:05, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Daleks very are important, this particular information is not. With Dalek Ranks there is no longer a need for this individual article, if there ever was.  Gamaliel 07:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text: User talk:82.164.81.204

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:82.164.81.204


text:
Nissan Xterra

The Nissan Xterra is a truck-based compact SUV manufactured and marketed by Nissan from 1999–2015 across two generations; the first (1999–2004) sharing a platform and many of its major exterior parts from the front doors forward with the Nissan (D22) Frontier pickup – and the second (2005–2015) sharing the Nissan F-Alpha platform with the Frontier and Pathfinder.

Sporting a name licensed from the XTERRA off-road triathlon race series, the vehicle was positioned by Nissan as functional and reliable outdoor gear, epitomized by its marketing tagline “Everything You Need, Nothing You Don’t.”

It was developed in La Jolla, California, by Nissan Design International (NDI)'s (now Nissan Design America) then Director of Design Tom Semple, and became the first Nissan vehicle completely conceived, developed and manufactured in the United States. According to Jerry Hirshberg, president of Nissan Design International (NDI), "the impetus for Xterra designers was to create an affordable, rugged, quality piece of equipment". He later described it as "a garage tool that says, 'treat me rough' – it's designed to look better dirty than clean."

While the two Xterra generations differed significantly, both prioritized ruggedness, practicality, and affordability over luxury. Traditional body-on-frame construction and underbody skid plates reflected both its truck heritage and off-road capability. Throughout its lifetime the Xterra used a two-box design with a prominent two-tiered roof enabling second row stadium seating, C-pillar-mounted rear door handles, asymmetrical rear window, and a distinctive tailgate bump-out for an inside mounted first aid kit. For hauling exterior loads a roof rack with a removable forward gear basket was standard equipment.

Road & Track described the Xterra as "an honest SUV that doesn't try to be a luxury car alternative, nor tries to hide its truck underpinnings". Jalopnik called it a "knockoff of the Land Rover Discovery". The Washington Post described it as "rugged without bravado".

First generation manufacture took place at Nissan's Decherd, Tennessee Plant (engines) and Smyrna Assembly plant (final assembly). Second generation Xterras were manufactured at the company's Canton, Mississippi plant (final assembly). Variants were also manufactured in Brazil and China.

First generation (WD22; 1999)
The Xterra was developed in 1999 at (then) Nissan Design International in California. Designed to be "about what people do with the vehicle, as much as what the vehicle can do,” it was introduced in North America in the 2000 model year in two trim levels, XE and SE.

The base XE featured a 143 hp KA24DE I4, rear-wheel 2WD, 5-speed manual transmission, and steel wheels, and a roof rack (rated for a load up to 125lbs). Options included a 170 horsepower 3.3 L VG33E SOHC V6 engine, 4-speed automatic transmission, and part-time 4WD. The SE featured standard equipment that was optional on an XE, including 4WD, side step-rails, and moonroof. All models featured removable, tab-secured rear seat cushions to accommodate a fold-flat rear seat back. Canadian models from 1999 to 2004 were limited to the VG33E V6 engine with part-time 4WD.

2002 update
All updates for the 2002 Xterra were executed at the Nissan Technical Center-North America in Farmington Hills, Michigan. It was again available both in rear-wheel 2WD and part-time 4WD models.

The facelifted model debuted at the 2001 Chicago Auto Show with an optional supercharged V6 engine option, revised front-end styling with rounded headlights and raised hood (48mm), revised instrument panel with three round gauges in grey trim (XE) or blue (SE), revised HVAC controls, console with side map pocket, 25 percent larger glove box, map lamp with integrated compass (SE), pull-out rear cup holders, four interior power points, revised new seat fabrics, standard variable intermittent front windshield wipers and rear wiper, optional 300-watt audio system, foot-operated pedal parking brake replacing the dash-mounted pull-and-twist parking brake — and an increase of 10 horsepower for the V6 engine.

The 3.3L VG33E V6 was upgraded to 180 hp at 4,800 rpm and 202 lb⋅ft (274 N⋅m) at 2,800 rpm on the XE and SE models. A 210 hp Eaton M62 supercharged VG33ER option (carried over from the 2001 Nissan Frontier) was made available only on the SE S/C version. It produced 246 lbft of torque for the automatic, and 231 lbft of torque with 5-speed manual.

For 2003 the front seats received additional adjustability with added lumbar support and in SE models the available 6-disc, 4-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system was replaced by a 6-speaker 300W Rockford Fosgate AM/FM/CD audio system with an 8-inch subwoofer that took up a small portion of the rear storage area. The last of the 2004 model year Xterras were manufactured in January 2005.

Second generation (N50; 2005)
The second generation Xterra debuted at the New York International Auto Show in 2004 and entered showrooms in early 2005 for the 2005 model year. Sharing Nissan's F-Alpha platform with the Titan and Armada, it was larger in all dimensions than its predecessor. The standard engine was upgraded to Nissan's 4.0 L VQ40DE variable valve timing DOHC V6, producing 261 hp and 281 lbft of torque.

Early US models include X, S, and PRO-4X, with a choice of 6-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmissions, a choice of part-time 4-wheel drive or 2-wheel drive. The M226 rear axle with a Dana 44 differential was standard on all manual transmission equipped models as well as all PRO-4X and off-road models. The PRO-4X and off-road also came standard with an electronic rear locking differential and either hill descent/start control or clutch interlock bypass switch on automatic and manual examples respectively.

2009 update
The Xterra received a facelift for 2009 (July 2008 production) with more options and colors, optional leather seats on SE models, new grille and front bumper, silver painted rear bumper and roof rack, and roof mounted lights on off-road models. The last year of the Nissan Xterra in Mexico was 2008. In 2012, production was moved from Smyrna, Tennessee, to Nissan's facility in Canton, Mississippi.

Other changes include:
 * New HVAC controls and standard audio system.
 * Available Bluetooth Hands-free Phone System, steering wheel audio controls and sunglass holder (overhead console) on all grade levels, except X model.
 * Removed plastic engine cover.

Other updates

 * Changed name of off-road model to PRO-4X. (2011)
 * Offered optional updated NissanConnect with 4.3 or 5.8 inch screen and smartphone integration for iPhone and Android, allowing the user to connect with Pandora, iHeartRadio, Facebook and more. Capabilities include SiriusXM (subscription required, sold separately), streaming audio via Bluetooth, Hands-free Text Messaging Assistant and audio voice recognition. (2013)
 * New 16-inch aluminum-alloy wheel designs for the S and PRO-4X. (2014)
 * Heated front seats available on PRO-4X. (2014)
 * Available rear backup camera. (2014)

Discontinuation
The Xterra was discontinued in the U.S. after the 2015 model year. Poor fuel economy, declining sales, and mandated upgrades to safety and emissions were cited as reasons.

Awards and recognition

 * 2000 Motor Trend's Sport Utility of the Year
 * 2000 North American Truck of the Year
 * 2000 New England Motor Press Association's Winter Vehicle Award of New England for Best in Class – Mini Sport Utility
 * 2001 Named Top Car by AAA New Car and Truck Buying Guide
 * 2005 Named on the Automobile Magazine's 50 Great New Cars list
 * 2006 Nominated as North American Truck of the Year
 * 2006 Motor Trend's Sport Utility of the Year
 * 2006 Motor Trend's Truck Trend's Best Little-Guy SUV Award
 * 2006 Car and Driver Rock-Hopper SUV Winner.
 * 2006 4×4 of the Year award from Petersen's 4-Wheel and Off-Road magazine.
 * 2006 Edmunds.com Editor's Most Wanted Vehicle
 * 2009 4Wheeler Magazine's SUV of the Year
 * 2010 U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's highest Side-impact Safety Rating (five stars)

In 2001, the advertising firm of TBWA\Chiat\Day won the Grand Effie, a global marketing award, for its introductory advertising campaign for the original Xterra — postitioning the Xterra as reliable and functional outdoor gear, captured in the marketing tagline “Everything You Need, Nothing You Don’t.”

Production outside North America

All Nissan-produced Xterras manufactured outside the U.S. were built in São José dos Pinhais, Brazil until 2007. (Nissan ceased Brazilian production entirely in 2007.) It is built under license by Pars Khodro in Iran as the Nissan Roniz, and in China by Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile as the Nissan Paladin from 2003 to 2013. The Paladin uses the same chassis and running gear as the first generation Nissan Xterra, and the 2.4L KA24DE engine mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The front end is from the local Pickup. (The second generation Xterra model is only available in North America.) Other difference between the American Xterra and its Chinese counterparts is the parking brake actuator, a pedal with a pull-handle release in America, and a lever in China.

Dongfeng Oting
Dongfeng Motors produced a Chinese version of the first generation Xterra called the Oting from 2007 to 2015. It was available with the 2.4-liter 4G64 and 4G69 or a 2.5-liter turbo-diesel engine paired with a 5-speed manual gearbox.

In comparison to pricing, the Chinese market Nissan Paladin was priced at 159,800 to 244,800 RMB (25,264 to US$38,702) while the Oting was priced at 119,800 to 154,800 RMB (18,940 to US$24,473). Trim levels for the Paladin were called the 2WD S, 2WD C, 2WD L, 2WD E, 4WD S, 4WD C, 4WD L and 4WD E. Trim levels for the Oting were called the China III MT L, China III MT E, China III AT L, China IV MT L, China IV MT E, Diesel 2WD and the Diesel 4WD.

Successor
Following the Xterra's discontinuation from the U.S. market in 2015, Nissan began testing the D23 Navara-based SUV. The SUV, later named Terra, made its debut in Asia in March 2018, and the updated version was released in the Middle East in November 2020 under the X-Terra name.

Sales
(Source: US sales figures 2005-17 only; Canada 2012-2016 only. )

title: Nissan Xterra


text:
Minge

Minge may refer to:

Places

 * Mingə, Azerbaijan
 * Mingė, Lithuania

Slang uses

 * Vulva (in Commonwealth English)
 * Female pubic hair
 * Midge, an insect (in U.S. English)

Other uses

 * Minge (surname), people so named
 * Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang, a minor political party in China

title: Minge


text:
Cream gene

The cream gene is responsible for a number of horse coat colors. Horses that have the cream gene in addition to a base coat color that is chestnut will become palomino if they are heterozygous, having one copy of the cream gene, or cremello, if they are homozygous. Similarly, horses with a bay base coat and the cream gene will be buckskin or perlino. A black base coat with the cream gene becomes the not-always-recognized smoky black or a smoky cream. Cream horses, even those with blue eyes, are not white horses. Dilution coloring is also not related to any of the white spotting patterns.

The cream gene (CCr) is an incomplete dominant allele with a distinct dosage effect. The DNA sequence responsible for the cream colors is the cream allele, which is at a specific locus on the solute carrier family 45 member 2 (SLC45A2) gene (previously known as MATP and OCA4, among others). Its general effect is to lighten the coat, skin and eye colors. When one copy of the allele is present, it dilutes "red" pigment to yellow or gold, with a stronger effect on the mane and tail, but does not dilute black color to any significant degree. When two copies of the allele are present, both red and black pigments are affected; red hairs still become cream, and black hairs become reddish. A single copy of the allele has minimal impact on eye color, but when two copies are present, a horse will be blue-eyed in addition to a light coat color.

The cream gene is one of several hypomelanism or dilution genes identified in horses. Therefore, it is not always possible to tell by color alone whether the CCr allele is present without a DNA test. Other dilution genes that may mimic some of the effects of the cream gene in either single or double copies include the pearl gene, silver dapple gene, and the champagne gene. Horses with the dun gene also may mimic a single copy of the cream gene. To complicate matters further, it is possible for a horse to carry more than one type of dilution gene, sometimes giving rise to coloring that researchers call a pseudo double dilute.

The discovery of the cream gene had a significant effect on breeding, allowing homozygous blue-eyed creams to be recognized by many breed registries that had previously registered palominos but banned cremellos, under the mistaken notion that homozygous cream was a form of albinism.

Colors produced
Cream coat colors are described by their relationship to the three "base" coat colors: chestnut, bay, and black. All horses obtain two copies of the SLC45A2 gene; one from the sire, and one from the dam. A horse may have the cream allele or the non-cream allele on each gene. Those with two non-cream alleles will not exhibit true cream traits. Horses with one cream allele and one non-cream allele, popularly called "single dilutes," exhibit specific traits: all red pigment in the coat is gold, while the black pigment is either unaffected or only subtly affected. These horses are usually palomino, buckskin, or smoky black. These horses often have light brown eyes. Horses with two copies of the cream allele also exhibit specific traits: cream-colored coats, pale blue eyes, and rosy-pink skin. These horses are usually called cremello, perlino, or smoky cream.

Heterozygous creams ("single dilutes")
Horses that are heterozygous creams, that is, have only one copy of the cream gene, have a lightened hair coat. The precise cream dilute coat color produced depends on the underlying base coat color. Unless also affected by other, unrelated genes, they maintain dark skin and brown eyes, though some heterozygous dilutes may be born with pink skin that darkens with age. Some have slightly lighter, amber eyes. However, the heterozygous cream dilute (CR) must not be confused with a horse carrying champagne dilution. Champagne (CH) dilutes are born with pumpkin-pink skin and blue eyes, which darken within days to amber, green or light brown, and their skin acquires a darker mottled complexion around the eyes, muzzle, and genitalia as the animal matures. It is also possible for a heterozygous cream horse to carry more than one of the other dilution alleles. (see "Cream mimics" below) In such cases, they may exhibit some characteristics more typical of a homozygous dilute.

Palomino is the best known cream-based coat color, and is produced by the action of one cream allele on a chestnut coat. It is characterized by a cream or white mane and tail and yellow or gold coat. The classic golden shade akin to that of a newly minted gold coin is common, but there are other variations: the darkest shades are called sooty palominos, unusual but most often seen in Morgans, can include a mane and tail with darker hairs and heavy dappling in the coat. The palest varieties can be nearly white, retaining darker skin and eyes, are sometimes mistakenly confused with cremello, and are called isabellas in some places.

Buckskin is also a well-known color, produced by the action of one cream gene on a bay coat. All red hairs in the base coat are diluted to gold. The black areas, such as the mane, tail and legs, are generally unaffected. The cream gene acting on a "blood bay" coat, the reddest shade, are pale gold with black points. They are sometimes called buttermilk buckskins. The cream gene acting on the darkest bays (sometimes mistaken for seal browns) may dilute to a sooty buckskin. True seal brown buckskins can be very difficult to identify owing to their almost all-black coats. It is only the reddish markings around the eyes, muzzle, elbow and groin, which are turned gold, that may give them away.

Smoky black, a horse with a black base coat and one copy of the cream allele, is less well-known than the two golden shades. Since a single copy of the cream gene primarily affects red pigment, with only a subtle effect on black, smoky blacks can be quite difficult to identify. Smoky blacks may have reddish guard hairs inside their ears, and experienced horse persons may detect something "off" about the coat of a smoky black, though the slightly burnished look is often chalked up to sun bleaching, which can also be seen in true blacks. The palest can be mistaken for bays or liver chestnuts, especially if exposed to the elements. Smoky black coats tend to react strongly to sun and sweat, and many smoky blacks turn a chocolate color with particularly reddish manes and tails. Bleaching due to the elements means that the legs retain their color better, and can take on an appearance of having dark points like a bay horse. Smoky blacks, however, will lack rich red tones in the coat, instead favoring chocolate and orange tones. Because smoky blacks are often not recognized as such, breeders sometimes think that the cream gene "skipped" generations.

While there are "color breed" registries for palomino and buckskin horses, which generally record horses based on apparent phenotype and do not require a DNA color test, it is impossible for these colors to breed "true" due to the action of a single copy of the cream allele. Crossing two heterozygous dilutes will statistically result in offspring which are 25% the base color, 25% homozygous dilute, and 50% heterozygous dilute.

When a horse is homozygous, meaning it has two copies of the cream allele, the strongest color dilution occurs.

 * Cremellos are homozygous cream chestnuts, and have a cream colored body with a cream or white mane and tail.
 * Perlinos are homozygous cream bays, which also have a cream-colored body but a mane and tail that may be somewhat more reddish in color than a cremello.
 * Smoky creams are homozygous cream blacks, and very difficult to visually distinguish from cremellos or perlinos.

All three shades can be difficult to distinguish from one another, and are often only firmly identified after a DNA test. While both red and black pigments are turned cream, the black pigment retains a little more color and tends to have a reddish or rusty tint. Thus all-red coats are turned all-ivory, all-black coats are turned all-rusty cream, and bay coats have ivory bodies with slightly darker points. Horses with two copies of the cream allele can be collectively called double-dilutes, homozygous creams, or blue-eyed creams, and they share a number of characteristics. The eyes are pale blue, paler than the unpigmented blue eyes associated with white color or white markings, and the skin is rosy-pink. The true, unpigmented pink skin associated with white markings is clearly visible against the rosy-pink skin of a double-dilute, especially when their coat is wetted down. The palest shades of double-dilute coats are just off-white, while the darkest are distinctly rust-tinged. Their coats may be described as nearly white or ivory in addition to cream.

The off-white coat, pale blue eyes, and rosy pink skin distinguish the coats of double-dilutes from those of true white horses. True white horses have unpigmented skin and hair due to the incomplete migration of melanocytes from the neural crest during development.

No health defects are associated with the cream gene. This is also true of the normal variations in skin, hair and eye color encoded on the human SLC45A2 gene. True white coat coloring can be produced by at least half a dozen known genes, and some are associated with health defects. Some genes which encode a white or near-white coat when heterozygous, popularly called "dominant white," may be lethal in homozygote embryos. Another specific mutation on the endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) gene is associated with the frame overo pattern produces Lethal white syndrome if homozygous, but carriers can be identified with a DNA test.

Prevalence

The cream gene is found in many breeds. It is common in American breeds including the American Quarter Horse, Morgan, American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking Horse, and Missouri Fox Trotter. It is also seen in the Miniature horse, Akhal-Teke, Icelandic horse, Connemara pony, and Welsh pony. It is even found in certain lines of Thoroughbreds, warmbloods, and the Lusitano. The Andalusian horse has conflicting standards, with the cream gene being recognized by some registries, but not explicitly mentioned by others. The cream gene is completely absent from the Arabian horse gene pool, and is also not found in breeds with stringent color requirements, such as the Friesian horse.

Cream mimics

Other coat colors may mimic the appearance of a cream coat color. The presence or absence of the cream gene can always be verified by the use of a DNA test. Also, as explained in "Mixed dilutes" below, horses may simultaneously carry more than one dilution gene. Dilution genes which, by themselves, may be confused with cream dilutions include the following:

 * Bay dun vs. buckskin: the action of the dun gene on bay produces a buckskin-like coat. Additional confusion occurs because in some countries, it is still customary to refer to buckskins as "dun", particularly in the British pony breeds. Bay duns tend to have a flatter coat color, more tan or peanut butter-colored than bronze, and also exhibit primitive markings.
 * Amber champagne vs. buckskin: the action of the Champagne gene on bay can also produce a buckskin-like coat. Champagnes can be identified by their freckled skin, hazel eyes, and chocolate (rather than black) points.
 * Flaxen chestnut vs. palomino: Horses having light chestnut coats with flaxen manes and tails, such as those found in the Haflinger breed, can be confused with palominos. However, unlike chestnuts, palomino is inherently a heterozygous condition and thus cannot be true-breeding. Furthermore, even the lightest chestnut will retain "red" character in the hair, rather than gold.
 * Gold champagne vs. palomino: the action of the Champagne gene on chestnut was for many years called pumpkin-skinned palomino. However, lighter, freckled skin and hazel eyes identify a gold champagne, which can otherwise look much like a palomino.
 * Pearl vs. palomino: the action of the pearl gene only occurs when the pearl allele is homozygous.  In such cases, the red hairs are lightened to an apricot color.
 * Pseudo-double-dilute vs. cremello: A horse that has one cream allele and one pearl allele may resemble a homozygous cream, including pinkish skin and blue eyes. A combination of one cream and one Champagne allele may also produce a similar phenotype, though may be distinguishable by lighter yellowish or blue eyes and pale, faintly freckled skin.
 * White vs. double dilute: White horses with blue or dark eyes and pink skin are born white and remain so throughout life. Cremello and isabelline horses that bleach out in the sun may approach a near-white shade, but have some skin pigment, exhibited by a slightly more peach skin tone and blue-eyed creams have a less vivid shade of blue when compared to that of an unpigmented blue-eye.
 * Gray vs. double dilute: Gray horses are born a normal color and grow progressively lighter in their coat, while double-dilute creams do not. Grays that are not affected by a dilution gene do not have blue eyes or pink skin unless they are due to white markings. There are, however, records of palominos, buckskins, smoky blacks, and double-dilute creams that also carry the gray gene.

Mixed dilutes
If a horse carries more than one type of dilution gene, additional cream mimics and other unique colors may occur. The combined effects of champagne and a single cream gene can be hard to distinguish from a double-dilute cream. Freckled skin and greenish eyes, or pedigree knowledge can yield clues, though the mystery can also be solved with a DNA test.

The pearl gene or "barlink factor" is a recessive gene that affects only red pigment. When a single copy each of pearl and cream are present, the effect is quite similar to cremello. Dilutes combining the pearl gene with one copy of the cream gene are known as "pseudo-double dilutes" and produce a cream dilute phenotype that includes pale skin and blue/green eyes. DNA tests and patience are effective in determining which is the case.

Some of the terms used to describe these combinations include:
 * Dunalino, yellow dun or palomino dun: a chestnut-based coat with one cream allele and at least one dun allele. The points are reddish, but the body coat is a paler, flatter shade of gold and primitive markings are visible.
 * Dunskin, buckskin dun, or buttermilk dun: a bay-based coat with one cream allele and at least one dun allele. These are quite difficult to tell apart from ordinary duns. They are a slightly paler shade, and retain their dark points and primitive markings.
 * Cream dun, cremello dun or linebacked cremello: a blue-eyed cream horse also carrying the dun gene. The primitive markings associated with the dun color are usually quite visible, especially on horses with a bay or black base coat.
 * Smoky grulla, silver grulla or smoky black dun: a black-based coat with one cream allele and at least one dun allele. The effect is of an extra-pale grulla.
 * Double-cream champagne: any blue-eyed cream horse that also carries the champagne gene. The champagne traits are, in the few known individuals, not visible. The skin is quite pink.
 * Amber cream or buckskin champagne: a bay-based coat with one cream allele and at least one champagne allele. The skin and eyes have champagne traits such as skin mottling, while the coat is a pale buff color. The points are a soft, pale grayish-chocolate.
 * Classic cream or smoky black champagne: a black-based coat with one cream allele and at least one champagne allele. is also an acceptable term. Like an amber cream, they retain champagne traits in the skin and eyes, and range from pale buff to pale chocolatey-gray. Even though the coat is black-based, the mane and tail tend to be darker.
 * Gold cream: chestnut-based coat with one cream allele and at least one champagne allele. Formerly referred to as "ivory champagne." The champagne traits remain in the skin and eyes, and the coat is an all-over ivory color.
 * Sable cream or brown buckskin champagne: brown-based coat with one cream allele and at least one champagne allele. The coat color falls between amber and classic cream.
 * Silver buckskin: bay-based coat with one cream allele and at least one silver dapple allele. The effect varies, as silver dapple does not act on red coats, but the buckskin's golden tone is somewhat lost.
 * Silver smoky black: black-based coat with one cream allele and at least one silver allele. The effect varies from chestnut-like to silver black-like. Lighter eyes can help with identification.

Inheritance and expression
The cream locus is on exon 2 of the SLC45A2 gene; a single nucleotide polymorphism results in an aspartic acid-to-asparagine substitution (N153D). The DNA test offered by various laboratories detects this mutation. The SLC45A2 gene encodes a protein illustrated to have roles in melanogenesis in humans, mice, and medaka. Mice affected by a condition homologous to cream exhibit irregularly shaped melanosomes, which are the organelles within melanocytes that directly produce pigment.

Genes in horses such as Frame and Sabino1 produce white spotting by interrupting or limiting the migration of melanocytes from the neural crest, while the cream mutation affects the nature of the pigments produced by melanocytes. Therefore the skin, eyes, and hair of horses with the cream mutation do not lack melanocytes, melanosomes, or melanins, but rather exhibit hypomelanism.

Prior to the mapping of the cream gene, this locus was titled C for "color". There are two alleles in the series: the recessive, wildtype allele C and the incomplete dominant CCr. The CCr allele represents the N153D SLC45A2 mutation.
 * C/C recessive homozygotes are not affected by cream and have no true cream traits.
 * C/CCr heterozygotes have one cream allele, and one wildtype non-cream allele. Only red pigment in the hair is diluted, as seen in buckskins and palominos.
 * CCr/CCr homozygotes (homozygous creams) have no wildtype non-cream alleles. The red and black pigment in the hair are diluted to cream, the eyes are light blue and the skin is rosy pink.

Cream was first formally studied by Adalsteinsson in 1974, who reported that the inheritance of palomino and buckskin coat colors in Icelandic horses followed a "semi-dominant" or incomplete dominant model. Adalsteinsson also noted that in heterozygotes, only the red pigment (pheomelanin) was diluted.

The discovery that the palomino coat color was inextricably linked to the cream coat color was very significant. At one time, double dilutes, particularly cremellos, were barred from registration by many breed organizations. Cremello was thought by some to be a lethal white or albino coloring and a potential genetic defect. There also were known health implications of albinism in humans, and cultural prejudices; while a heroic figure such as Roy Rogers rode a golden palomino, the "Albino" in Mary O'Hara's Thunderhead portrayed a horse with a freakish defect. These coat colors carried vastly different cultural significance. Because the experience of breeders of palomino and buckskin horses indicated that blue-eyed cream offspring of these animals were not genetically defective, some of the research that took place nearly thirty years after Adalsteinsson's studies that identified the nature of cream dilution was directly supported by breed registries that had historically barred blue eyed creams.

Cryptic creams

The cream gene's preferential effect on red pigment has not yet been explained. The champagne dilution affects both black and red pigments equally, the silver dapple gene affects only black pigment, and pearl exhibits a recessive mode of inheritance and only affects red pigment. Unlike the cream gene, pearl does not seem to affect the mane and tail to a greater extent than the body coat, a feature of cream that is most vividly illustrated in the palomino coat color. This characteristic of the cream gene is also unexplained. The disparity in effects on red and black pigments is easy to identify in buckskins, with their black points, but it is also visible in CCr/CCr homozygotes: perlinos (homozygous cream on a bay coat) often retain points that are a darker shade of cream.

This unusual feature enables what are called cryptic creams. A certain percentage of dark bay, seal brown, and black horses exhibit such subtle dilution of their coats as to be misregistered. In the study that mapped the cream gene, three horses registered as seal brown, dark bay or bay were actually smoky black and buckskin. This is one way by which the cream gene is transmitted through generations without being identified. Horses born palomino, buckskin, and smoky black, but also carry the gray gene, have a hair coat that turns white as they age and are usually registered as "gray" rather than as their birth color. This is particularly a common occurrence in the Connemara breed. Horses sold after turning fully gray may surprise breeders by producing golden or cream offspring.

This effect - stronger expression on red pigment - is also seen in coat pattern genes in horses. In general, white markings are more pervasive in chestnuts than in non-chestnuts, to the extent that homozygous non-chestnuts (which carry the "Extension" (E) gene and may also carry the Agouti gene) were more modestly marked than non-chestnuts heterozygous for the E allele. This effect has also been identified and studied in the Leopard complex patterns.

Analogous conditions in other animals
The SLC45A2 gene is best known in humans as being the location of a mutation that results in human type IV oculocutaneous albinism (OCA4). Type IV oculocutaneous albinism, like other types of human albinism, results in hypopigmentation of the skin and eyes, with increased rates of skin cancer and reduced visual acuity. None of these effects are associated with the equine cream gene. Other human SLC45A2 polymorphisms result in normal pigment variations, specifically fair skin, light eyes, and light hair in Caucasian populations.

A presumed knockout mutation in the same gene causes the phenotype of white tigers, which retain black striping though they lack the typical orange background pigmentation. A polymorphism on the mouse SLC45A2 gene is known to be the cause of the underwhite coat color phenotype. The phenotype was first identified in the 1960s, and since then has been mapped successfully. Affected individuals have a reduction in eye and coat pigmentation, and irregularly shaped melanosomes.

title: Cream gene


text:
Toyota Tundra

The Toyota Tundra is a full-size pickup truck manufactured in the United States by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since May 1999. The Tundra was the second full-size pickup to be built by a Japanese manufacturer (the first was the Toyota T100), but the Tundra was the first full-size pickup from a Japanese manufacturer to be built in North America. The Tundra was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award and was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year in 2000 and 2008. Initially built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton, Indiana, production was consolidated in 2008 to Toyota's San Antonio, Texas, factory.

First generation (XK30/XK40; 1999)

The first generation Tundra had many similarities with the older Toyota T100 and the compact Toyota Tacoma. These included the shared use of a 3.4L V6 engine which was the top-of-the-line engine in both the Tacoma and T100. The V6 engine would serve as the base engine for the Tundra, while a second engine was added, a 4.7L V8, the first V8 for a Toyota pickup. Model code XK30 denotes rear-wheel drive models, while XK40 is for four-wheel drives.

Publicly introduced in May 1999 as a 2000 model, the Tundra prototypes and "show trucks" were initially known as the T150. However, Ford and automotive journalists criticized the name as being too similar to the market-leader Ford F-150, and following a lawsuit by Ford, the production truck was renamed the Tundra.

The Tundra was slightly larger than the T100. With a production capacity of 120,000, sales were double the rate of the T100. At its introduction, the Tundra had the highest initial vehicle sales for Toyota in its history. It was selected as Motor Trend's Truck of the Year award for 2000 and Best Full-Size Truck from Consumer Reports. It was assembled in a new Toyota plant in Princeton, Indiana.

Engine choices available in the Tundra were a 24-valve 3.4L V6 engine 5VZ-FE that produced 190 hp and 220 lb·ft of torque and an LEV certified 32-valve 4.7L "i-Force" V8 engine 2UZ-FE that produced 245 hp and 315 lbft of torque. The 3.4L V6 was only available until 2004 and the V8 was upgraded for the 2005–2006 model years alongside a new V6 shared with the Toyota FJ Cruiser.

A Toyota Racing Development (TRD) supercharger was already available for the 3.4L V6 (2000–2003 models) that bumped power to the 260 hp range and 260 lbft of torque. TRD introduced a second supercharger option for the V8 (2000–2003 models) engine late into its second year of production that increased power to the mid 300 hp range and torque to the 400 lbft range. The supercharged V8 was dropped when Toyota released the updated VVT-i-equipped 4.7L engine in 2005.

The grille was updated in 2002 (for the 2003 model year), along with a new Stepside bed available on Access Cab models. The Tundra Double Cab, also added to the lineup in late 2003 for the 2004 model year, was a crew cab with four rear-opening doors, with many interior and exterior details brought over from the Toyota Sequoia. Its bed was nearly 5 in longer than the competing Nissan Titan or Ford F-150. It is also 13 in longer, 3 in taller, and 4 in wider than the Regular and Access Cab versions, with a 12 in longer wheelbase. The Double Cab was only available with the V8 engine, and carried chassis codes UCK31/41, depending on whether it was equipped with four-wheel drive.

The new V6 engine was introduced in 2005, an aluminum-block 4.0L 1GR-FE rated at 236 hp and 266 lb·ft of torque. Also in 2005, the existing 4.7L V8 was updated with Toyota's VVT-i variable valve timing technology and was rated at 282 hp and 325 lb·ft of torque while the 2006 versions were rerated at 271 hp and 313 lb·ft of torque. The engine however was the exact same for both these years and the rerating was only due to a change in industry standards for how data was determined. Therefore the down-rated changes for 2006 were not actually mechanical in nature.

For the new V6 model, the previous 5-speed manual mated to the 3.4L engine gave way to an optional 6-speed manual for the new 4.0L, and similarly a new 5-speed automatic replaced the older 4-speed. There were never any factory manual options available for the V8. Lastly, for the V8-equipped Tundra, the towing capacity was 6900 lb on the Double Cab and 7100 lb on the Access Cab and Regular Cab models. While suitable for many, the first generation Tundra was reported at the time to not have enough power to compete with heavier-duty offerings of the Big Three (General Motors, Chrysler, and Ford).

In 2003, the T3 Special Edition was sold in conjunction with the release of the Terminator 3 movie. It included a TRD performance package, "T3" badging, blacked-out grille and trim pieces, special 17-inch wheels, and T3 limited interior trim. 650 were sold in the US as 4×2 and 200 were sold in Canada as 4×4.

In 2006, the Darrell Waltrip Edition was marketed to honor the NASCAR driver and his participation in the NASCAR Truck Series. Only 2,000 V8-powered Double Cab models were produced. The package included special badging and unique 18-inch wheels.

The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rated the Tundra "Good" overall in their frontal offset crash test. It was the first full-size pickup awarded a "Good" score; its competitors from Ford and Dodge were rated "Poor," and in the case of GM's entry, "Marginal."

2007–2013
A larger Tundra was introduced at the February 2006 Chicago Auto Show. It used styling cues from the Toyota Tacoma along with some cues from the Toyota FTX concept truck (also designed by Craig Kember in 2003). The truck featured towing capacity of over 10,000 lb, and a payload capacity of over 2000 lb, a new 5.7L 3UR-FE V8 engine mated to a new 6-speed automatic transmission. The second generation Tundra had three engine options. The new 5.7L V8 that produces 381 hp and 401 lb·ft of torque, and the carry over 4.7L 2UZ-FE V8 rated at 276 hp and 313 lb·ft of torque, as well as the previous 4.0L 1GR-FE V6 rated at 236 hp and 266 lb·ft of torque.

When the new Tundra was first launched in January 2007, it was available in 31 configurations, which consisted of three bed lengths, three cab configurations, three wheelbases, and two transmissions. The new extended cab now had conventional rear doors instead of the previous generation's rear-hinged doors; it also took the name "Double Cab," which was applied to the first-generation crew cab. The second-generation crew cab was renamed as "CrewMax." The Double Cab and Regular Cab were available with a 6.5 ft regular bed or an 8 ft long bed, while the CrewMax was only available with a 5.5 ft short bed. The Tundra also featured a new 6-speed automatic transmission which could lock the torque converter in fifth and sixth gears with a manual shift mode (which was standard with the 5.7L), giving it a 0 - 60 mph time of 6.3 seconds and a quarter-mile time of 14.7 seconds.

Toyota made the new Tundra useful for many construction workers by including extra large door handles, deck rail system, integrated tow hitch, and head restraints that can fit a worker with a hard hat. The Tundra also includes the following as standard: an electronic automatic limited-slip differential (Auto LSD), Vehicle Stability Control, traction control, electronic brakeforce distribution, brake assist, anti-lock brakes, and tailgate assist. However, its starting price was higher than the Chevrolet Silverado Work Truck and Ford F-150 XL.

Some other changes Toyota included in the new Tundra are optional tow mirrors, a 26.4 usgal fuel tank, available 22 in alloy wheels, backup camera, Bluetooth, large center console (enough to fit a 15 in laptop), extra-large disc brakes and calipers, and the aforementioned 6-speed sequential automatic transmission.

All 5.7L Tundras came equipped with a tow package which included engine oil and transmission coolers, an integrated trailer hitch, 4.30:1 axle ratio, and large braking hardware for increased fade resistance. Equipped with the 5.7L V8, the Tundra had a maximum tow rating of 9000 - 10400 lbs depending on body configuration. Toyota began rating the Tundra under the SAE J2807 protocol beginning in 2010.

Model year changes

 * The 2008 model added 13 variations, bringing the total number of variations to 44. The 2008 models featured additional standard features at a lower price, and also included a new "Tundra Grade" trim which is slotted below the SR5 trim and geared toward tradespeople and the price-conscious consumer.
 * Toyota made E85 fuel capability standard for 2009 Tundras equipped with the 5.7L V8 in select regions. Toyota also updated the TRD Sport package and added a TRD Rock Warrior package. Prices increased 0.4% over the previous 2008 model year.

 * The 2010 model year Tundra received visual updates to the grille and tail lamps. A premium Platinum trim level was added. A new 4.6 L V8 paired with a 6-speed automatic replaced the previous 4.7 L 2UZ-FE V8 engine. For added safety, driver and front passenger knee airbags became standard and NHTSA frontal crash test scores improved to five stars. The 2010 Tundra began arriving at dealers in late April 2009.

Ivan Ironman Stewart Signature Series Tundra
In June 2008, Toyota introduced the Ivan "Ironman" Stewart Signature Series Tundra. Three different packages are offered, one of which includes the TRD Supercharger.

As of 2008, Stewart has won the Baja 500 seventeen times driving Toyota vehicles.

Rock Warrior Package

For the 2009 model year, Toyota introduced a new off-road themed option package called the TRD Rock Warrior. This option package was only available on the 4x4 Tundras with either the Double Cab or the CrewMax cab. Included are 17-inch TRD forged aluminum wheels, LT285/70R-17 BF Goodrich All-Terrain T/A tires, Bilstein shocks, color-matched front bumper and grille, matte-black rear bumper, and fog lights. The interior included black cloth bucket seats, sport shift knob, and pedal covers. Double cab models received a sliding rear window. The TRD Rock Warrior package was only available in Black or Super White. For the 2011 model year, the Rock Warrior package continued with some minor changes. Manual sliding rear window with privacy glass (Double Cab), and TRD Rock Warrior graphics. (Available only in: Black, Radiant Red, Magnetic Gray Metallic, or Super White.)

Platinum Package
For the 2010 model year, a new luxury option group called the Platinum package was made available exclusively on CrewMax Tundras. The package included a chrome front bumper, unique 20-inch aluminum wheels, Platinum badges, and a power moon roof. Interior upgrades included a DVD navigation system and backup monitor, JBL sound system with satellite radio and a Bluetooth system, wood grain trim, glass break sensor, and door sill protectors. This option group included heated and ventilated bucket seats with perforated leather trim, power controls, and embroidered headrests.

For 2010–2012, the Platinum was offered as a luxury package. For 2013, the Platinum package was made into a trim level.

2007–2009 model years

 * 4.0 L V6 GR engine 236 hp and 266 lbft (California Air Resources Board (CARB) LEV II certified)
 * 4.7 L V8 UZ engine 276 hp and 313 lbft (CARB ULEV II certified)
 * 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp and 401 lbft (CARB ULEV II certified)

2010–2013 model years

 * 4.0 L V6 GR engine 236 hp and 266 lbft (CARB LEV II certified) (2010)
 * 4.0 L V6 GR engine 270 hp and 278 lbft (CARB LEV II certified) (2011-2013)
 * 4.6 L V8 UR engine 310 hp and 327 lbft (CARB ULEV II certified)
 * 5.7 L V8 UR engine 381 hp and 401 lbft (CARB ULEV II certified)

2014–2021

On February 7, 2013, the refreshed 2014 Tundra was introduced at the Chicago Auto Show. The redesign featured a larger grille, more enhanced fenders front and rear, a redesigned tailgate and tail lights, as well as a completely redesigned interior. The only sheet-metal carried over from the previous model was the cab and the doors. The hood line was raised and the tailgate includes a spoiler. The interior featured a standard 3.5-inch information screen, Bluetooth connectivity, and back up camera. The interior included new seats, new gauges, new controls, updated ergonomics, and a redesigned dashboard with improved materials and metal-look surfaces. Toyota kept the same engines used since the MY 2010 update: a 4.0L V6, a 4.6L V8, and a 5.7L V8. However, the 4.0L V6 saw a 34 hp increase in power, and was rated at 270 hp and 278 lbft of torque.

Toyota retuned the suspension with new damping rates to improve the ride quality over the previous models. The steering rack was re-valved to improve the steering feel. The Tundra lineup included a new premium luxury model called the 1794. The 2014 Tundra was available in five trim levels, the SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum, and 1794. For the 2014 model year, Toyota discontinued the regular cab Tundra with the 6.5 ft box, but other configurations remained the same.

Model year changes

 * The 2015 model year saw the introduction of a sixth trim level, the Tundra TRD Pro, as part of the new TRD Pro family. A rear under seat storage tray was added to SR5 and Limited Double Cab models, and a 3.5" TFT multi-information display was made standard. The 4.0L V6 was also discontinued.
 * The 2016 model has an updated front chrome grille on SR5 and 1794 Edition (on 1794 Edition the front bumper center also switched from Silver to Magnetic Gray). A 38-gallon fuel tank option (standard is 26.4 gallons) on 5.7L V8 SR5 models was included with the SR5 Upgrade Package, while it was standard on Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition, and TRD Pro. 4×2 models were now available with E85 capability. An integrated trailer brake controller was added and was standard on (and exclusive to) all 5.7L V8 models. Blind Spot Monitor and Rear Cross Traffic Alert availability was also expanded as standard equipment on Platinum and 1794 Edition, while also being available on the SR5 (Safety and Convenience Package, which also included front/rear sonar) and Limited (Limited Premium Package). The entertainment system received the updated Entune 2.5 system. The TRD Off-Road Package was also now available on the 1794 Edition. There were also some color changes: Blazing Blue Pearl (8T0) replaced Blue Ribbon Metallic (8T5), Sunset Bronze Metallic (4U3) and Inferno (4X0) were now available on SR5 and Limited (with TRD Off-Road Package (OF)), and the SR was now only available in Super White, Black, and Radiant Red.
 * For 2018, the regular cab model with 8 ft bed was also discontinued, leaving the Double Cab as the entry-level model. The gauge cluster and radio got an update. LED headlights became an option. And Toyota safety sense became standard.
 * For 2020, the 4.6L V8 engine was dropped, and the 5.7L V8 became standard across the range.
 * For 2021, a pair of new special edition models, the Trail and Nightshade, were introduced that focused on changes to the truck's styling rather than improvements to features.

1794 Edition

For the 2014 model year, Toyota introduced the 1794 Edition Tundra, designed as a top-tier luxury model to compete with the Chevrolet Silverado High Country, GMC Sierra Denali, Ford F-150 King Ranch, and Ram Laramie Longhorn. The Toyota Tundra plant sits on land that Toyota purchased from the oldest working cattle ranch in Texas. The 1794 refers to the year that this ranch was established by Spanish colonist Juan Ignacio de Casanova. The 1794 Edition is a Western-themed package which includes Lexus-grade saddle brown leather interior, heated/ventilated/powered front seats, wood-trimmed steering wheel and dash, power sunroof, blind-spot monitoring, an Entune Premium JBL sound system with a navigation system, unique 20" Alloy wheels and 1794 Badging. The seats on the 1794 are finished in leather and a suede-like material and features contrasting stitching. The dash and door panels also have leather-trimmed surfaces along with wood accents.

TRD Pro

For the 2015 model year, Toyota introduced the TRD Pro option package to compete with the likes of the Ford SVT Raptor and Ram 1500 Rebel. This is marketed as an off-road package that is one step above the standard TRD option package. The TRD Pro includes large 2.5-inch diameter Bilstein remote reservoir shocks at four wheels that allow for a greater extension of the shocks compared to other Tundra shocks. These shocks allow for an additional 1.75 in of travel in the front and 1.83 in in the rear and employ a three-stage damping that gets progressively firmer as the suspension compresses. These shocks allow the Tundra TRD Pro to have a front ride height that is 2 in higher than other Tundras. The front coil springs have a decrease spring rated for more suspension compliance. The TRD Pro also include a 0.25 in thick aluminum front skid plate and a TRD cat-back dual exhaust system.

The TRD Pro has a unique body-colored grille with a blacked-out center section and the word "TOYOTA" on it instead of the Toyota Emblem. TRD PRO logo is stamped into the sides of the pickup bed, while TRD logos are on the shift knob, center console, and floor mats. The interior features unique TRD Pro upholstery and door trim with contrasting red stitching and an Etune premium audio system with navigation. The tires are P275/65-18 Michelin LTX A/T2 tires on black finished alloy wheels that have unique TRD center caps. The TRD Pro is available in three colours: Inferno, Attitude Black Metallic and Super White. The TRD Pro is available as an option only on the Tundra SR5 4×4 in either the Double Cab with the 6.5 ft bed or the CrewMax with the 5.5 ft bed.

For the 2016 model year, the Tundra TRD Pro added Black leather with red contrast stitching and TRD Pro logo. The 38.0-gallon large fuel tank and integrated Trailer Brake Controller was made standard equipment. The color palette was changed to Quicksand (4V6), Magnetic Gray (1G3), and Super White (040). While Super White carried over from 2015, Magnetic Gray (1G3) and Quicksand (4V6) were new. Quicksand was first featured on the FJ-S Cruiser Concept that Toyota and TRD USA used as a testbed for the early TRD Pro Series concept. Quicksand pays tribute to the iconic Land Cruiser and FJ Cruiser from which the TRD Pro Series inherited its rugged DNA.

2014–2015 model years

 * 4.0L V6 GR engine 276 hp and 283 lbft (CARB LEV II certified) 2014 only
 * 4.6L V8 UR engine 310 hp and 327 lbft (CARB ULEV II certified)
 * 5.7L V8 UR engine 381 hp and 401 lbft (CARB ULEV II certified)

Assembly
The second-generation Tundra was initially assembled at two different United States locations—the original Princeton, Indiana, plant supplemented by a newly built San Antonio, Texas, plant. Combined, the two plants gave Toyota a maximum capacity to produce 300,000 Tundra units annually or 100,000 units from the Indiana plant and another 200,000 units from the Texas plant. When designing the Texas plant, Toyota arranged for 21 key Tundra suppliers to set up factories on the same site to avoid logistical issues. However, those suppliers were more vulnerable to a market downturn. Toyota also included a $9 million health care facility to serve workers and their dependents.

The Tundra had 75% North American parts content.

In the second quarter of 2008, Toyota moved all Tundra production to the Texas plant. All Tundra engines and transmissions were built in the United States. As sales fell in 2008, production of the Tundra at San Antonio stopped for three months.

Safety
The Tundra came equipped with dual front airbags, front row side torso airbags, and rollover sensing side curtain airbags for both the front and rear rows. Vehicle Stability Control, traction control, anti-lock brakes, brake assist, and electronic brakeforce distribution are also standard. For the 2010 model year, a driver and front passenger knee airbag becomes standard.

Toyota's Tundra was the first full-size pickup to have earned the IIHS's Top Safety Pick accolade, followed by the redesigned 2009 Ford F-150. In tests conducted by the IIHS, the Tundra received an overall "Good" score in the frontal offset crash test, the highest possible rating in the side impact crash test, and the maximum score for rear crash protection.

The primary difference between IIHS and NHTSA frontal crash testing is the IIHS conducts an offset test where a smaller portion of the vehicle's structure absorbs the energy of the crash. This type of crash test is more demanding on the vehicle's structure, while the full-frontal crash test is more demanding on the vehicle's restraint systems. Both IIHS and NHTSA frontal-impact tests can only be compared among vehicles of similar weights.

Because the Tundra's Vehicle Stability Control system is disabled when the vehicle's 4×4 system is engaged Consumer Reports has questioned the Tundra's Top Safety Pick award. Toyota's response is the Tundra does not feature a center differential which would become a weak point in the drivetrain. However the stability control system remains operational at times when the truck is in 4×2 mode though many drivers will select the 4×4 mode in slippery conditions. As of the 2010 model year, this was corrected. Electronic stability control functions in 4×4 High and is disengaged in 4×4 Low. This is verified by the updated owner's manual, visor instructions, and road tests in snow and ice in 4×4 High. When understeer or oversteer occurs in 4×4 High, a beeping noise is emitted, and the dash indicator lights up yellow indicating that VSC is activated, braking individual wheels to match driver input at the steering wheel.

TRD supercharger
Toyota began selling a bolt-on TRD supercharger kit for the 5.7L V8 Tundra during June 2008. Power output is increased to 504 hp and 550 lb·ft of torque. When the installation is carried out by a Toyota dealership the existing warranty remains intact. This kit features Eaton's TVS Roots-type supercharger which utilizes twin four-lobe rotors, a design shared with the newly introduced Toyota TRD Aurion, Chevrolet Corvette ZR1 and Cadillac CTS-V. TRD discontinued the TRD Supercharger in mid 2015, meaning that the 2015 model year is the last year that has an official TRD ECU reflash available.

Edmunds tested a TRD supercharged Tundra which completed the 1/4 mile in 13.3 sec at 103.8 mi/h. Edmunds previously tested a naturally-aspirated 5.7L V8 Tundra which posted a 14.8 sec at 93.7 mi/h time. Motor Trend's test of the supercharged Tundra resulted in a 1/4 mile of 13.0 sec at 106.3 mi/h. This Tundra needed 4.4 seconds to run from 0-60 mph.

Awards

 * CanadianDriver selected the 2008 Tundra as "Truck King" as the best 1/2-ton pickup with an engine displacing greater than 5.0 Ls, and again as best 1/2-ton with an engine displacing less than 5.0 Ls.
 * Trailer Boats awards the Tundra with its 2007 Tow Vehicle of the Year award after completing nearly two weeks of testing.
 * Truckin' Magazine awards the Tundra Crew Max with its 2008 Truck of the Year award.
 * Motor Trend selected the Tundra its 2008 Truck of the Year. Other competitors tested were the Chevrolet Silverado HD, GMC Sierra HD, and Ford F-250, F-350 and F-450. While the Chevrolet Silverado, Motor Trend's 2007 TOTY was not in the competition, it was defeated by the Tundra in an earlier three round comparison as noted below. However, Motor Trend ranked the Silverado and Sierra ahead in a later comparison test.
 * iSeeCars named the Tundra as the pickup truck most original owners keep for 15 Years or more in a 2019 study.

Media comparison testing
Introduction Round 1: Head-to-Head Round 2: Down and Dirty Final Round - Up, Over, and Out:
 * May 2009: A Motor Trend comparison test with the Ford F150 Supercrew resulted in a defeat.
 * April 2009: An Edmunds.com test of 4x4 trucks resulted in a second-place finish for the Tundra.
 * November 2008: A test conducted by Pickuptrucks.com rated the Tundra third, Motor Trend was asked to join the test and rated the Tundra fifth.
 * 2007: Motor Trend and Truck Trend magazines rate the Tundra ahead of its GM competitor in a three-round battle. Parts of this comparison took place before the Tundra was officially on sale to the public. All sections were published in both magazines.

 * 2007: Peterson's 4-wheel & Off Road magazine gave the Tundra a second-place finish in their 2008 4x4 of the Year competition. First place went to the Toyota Land Cruiser.
 * August 2007: Consumer Reports rates the Tundra as the second best full-size pickup behind the Chevrolet Avalanche.
 * April 2007: Car and Driver placed the Tundra third in a five-truck roundup.
 * March 2007: Popular Mechanics ranks the Tundra second in a full-size pickup comparison.
 * January 2007: Edmunds.com placed the Tundra first in their 1/2-ton comparison test.

Third generation (XK70; 2021)
The first official photo of the third-generation Tundra was revealed on June 18, 2021. The pickup truck was officially unveiled during Motor Bella on September 21, 2021. It is built on the body-on-frame GA-F platform. On December 3, 2021, production of the vehicle began in San Antonio, Texas.

The third-generation Tundra is offered with two powertrain options: a 3.4-liter V35A-FTS twin-turbocharged V6 engine producing 348 – and 549 – of torque, or a hybridized version of the V35A-FTS unit with an electric motor housed within the transmission (marketed as "i-Force Max"), producing a total of 437 hp and 790 Nm of torque. Both powertrain options are mated with a Aisin-sourced 10-speed automatic transmission. For the first time, no V8 engine option was offered. It also had an updated fully-boxed frame and rear coil or air spring suspension. The maximum towing capacity and the maximum payload are increased to 12,000 lb and 1940 lb respectively.

The third-generation Tundra is available in seven trim levels, six of which are carried over from the previous generation: SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition, and TRD Pro, as well as a newly-added luxury-oriented Capstone trim. SR, SR5, Limited, Platinum, 1794 Edition trims are powered by the regular V35A-FTS engine, while the hybridized unit is available on the Limited and higher trims, and standard on TRD Pro and Capstone trims. Four-wheel drive system is also standard on TRD Pro and Capstone trims.

The Tundra is available in two cab styles, both offering four front-hinged doors: Double Cab (SR, SR5, and Limited only) with either a 6.5 or pickup box, and CrewMax (all trims) with either a 5.5 or pickup box (the latter being newly-introduced for the Tundra). A 2-door regular cab model is not offered. A TRD Off-Road Package can be added onto all Tundra trims except SR, Platinum, TRD Pro, and Capstone.

For the 2023 model year, the SX package became available on the SR5 model with a 6.5 foot bed on the Double Cab and 5.5 foot foot bed on the CrewMax.

Australia
The Tundra with the hybrid powertrain will be available for sale in Australia in 2025. It will be built in the U.S. in a left-hand drive form and then remanufactured to right-hand drive by the Walkinshaw Automotive Group in Clayton South, Victoria. An initial batch of 300 right-hand drive vehicles meant for a 12-month real-world test was made available for lease in Australia for selected customers in November 2023. The lessees of these vehicles will provide feedback to Toyota Australia as required by the testing program. Pending the test results and other factors, Toyota Australia will decide whether to remanufacture and sell the Tundra in Australia beginning in 2025.

New Caledonia (France)
The Tundra is currently on sale, as of May 2024, in this sui generis French Overseas Collectivity. It is the only place in the entire French Republic where the Tundra can be purchased officially.

Safety
The 2022 Tundra was tested by the IIHS and earned a Top Safety Pick+ award:

Recalls and reliability

During late 2009, Toyota issued a recall on 2000-2003 model year Tundras regarding rust problems of a rear crossmember. This recall involved 110,000 vehicles and followed a similar action for the Tacoma. Tundra owners began complaining of rust issues. In some cases, trucks were inspected by dealers and found to be unsafe to drive. The dealers refused to let the owners take their vehicles without signing an affidavit that they had been informed that Toyota had declared their vehicles unsafe to drive. Complaints were subsequently brought to WCVB-TV Channel 5 investigative reporter Susan Wornick and the story ran repeatedly in spring and fall 2009 prompting the NHTSA to begin an investigation. NHTSA was particularly concerned that owners reported the potential for the spare tire to drop from the vehicle without warning due to corrosion and they opened an investigation on October 6, 2009. Toyota recalled 2000-2001 Tundras, soon expanding it through 2003. If no rust is detected an anti-corrosion compound will be applied, if rust is detected the crossmember will be replaced. While Toyota originally limited the recall to 20 cold-weather states, problems were already evident elsewhere. In March 2010, the recall was expanded throughout the country. Toyota has been replacing frames on affected vehicles rather than paying the 1.5 times Kelley Blue Book value they offered Tacoma owners in a similar campaign for frame rust in Tacomas. Toyota began replacing frames later in the Tacoma campaign.

, Toyota Motor recalled 533,000 trucks and SUVs because of possible steering and suspension problems caused by faulty ball joints. The recall marked a sudden shift in policy for the Japanese automaker after repeatedly denying consumer complaints about ball joint problems and failures in the Tundra and Sequoia. The Toyota recall includes 2004–2007 model year Sequoia full-size sport utility vehicles and 2004–2006 Tundra pickups sold in the U.S. A ball joint in the front suspension may wear out causing the vehicles to be difficult or sometimes impossible to steer. Toyota reported that the defect may be the cause of 11 accidents resulting in six injuries. This could cause the wheel to break off of the lower control arm, cause further damage, and greatly inhibit the ability to control the direction of the truck.

In May 2007, a Toyota spokesperson stated 20 camshaft failures occurred in Toyota's all-new 5.7 L 3UR-FE V8 engine. Toyota said the failures were the result of a flaw in the camshaft casting process, and the supplier of the camshafts has since fixed the error. In the event of a camshaft failure, Toyota will either replace the engine and extend the warranty or repurchase the truck from the owner. Toyota originally intended to begin selling the 5.7L-equipped Tundra during the northern hemisphere summer of 2007 but decided to rush the engine into production in order to match the November 2006 launch date. This decision was the result of product planners and dealers desire for the larger V8's availability at the initial sale.

On December 13, 2007, Toyota Motor Corp recalled 15,600 4×4 2007 model-year Tundras in the United States because a rear propeller shaft joint may fail. According to Toyota, "There is a possibility that a joint in the rear propeller shaft may have been improperly heat-treated, resulting in insufficient hardness ... This may cause a section of the rear propeller shaft to separate at the joint." There has been one reported case of abnormal noises in the affected vehicles. No accidents have been connected to the recall. Tundra owners will be notified beginning in late-December 2007 and are requested to contact their local Toyota dealer for inspection. If the hardness is not correct the dealer will then replace the rear propeller shaft.

The 2007–2010 Tundra was recalled as part of the 2009–10 Toyota vehicle recalls for its accelerator pedal.

Consumer Reports rated the 2013 Toyota Tundra 2WD pickup as having the highest predicted reliability among all full-size pickup trucks. The Toyota Tundra 4WD was rated in second, just below the 2WD model. The Toyota Tundra also was the only full-size pickup to make Consumer Reports most reliable new car and most reliable used cars lists. The Toyota Tundra is recommended by Consumer Reports and is the only full-size truck to have an above-average reliability rating.

The 2022–2023 Tundra was recalled for possible debris left from machining of the engine. This could cause failure of the crank shaft main bearings, leading to reduced power or a stalled condition.

Sales
After being on the market for more than a decade, the Tundra had about 17% of the full-size half-ton market.

In 2000, Toyota sold 107,798 Tundras, compared to the Toyota T100 pickup that sold roughly around 50,000 units. By 2005, Toyota managed to sell 126,529 units.

With the added capacity of the San Antonio plant, Toyota planned to sell around 200,000 Tundras for 2007. Toyota missed its sales target for 2007, selling just under 200,000 vehicles. In comparison, for 2007, GMC Sierra sales were over 12,000 more than Tundra, Chevrolet Silverado was more than 422,000 over Tundra, and the Ford F-150 was once again the sales leader with 756,980 units that same year.

Around 70–80% of the Tundra sales were the 5.7 L versions, and 46% were the CrewMax. The standard cab versions were selling at a slower rate than expected.

International markets
, the Tundra was sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Bolivia, Chile, and the French territory of New Caledonia in LHD configuration only.

The Tundra also has a grey import presence in several countries that include Japan, China, Australia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Switzerland, the Middle East, and Sweden.

Three hundred Tundra trucks are being leased in Australia, starting in November 2023, as part of Toyota Australia's testing program whereby feedback is sought from the lessees. These trucks are assembled in the U.S. and remanufactured to RHD by the Walkinshaw Group. Toyota Australia and Toyota Motor Company will decide in 2024 whether the Tundra will be sold in Australia.

NASCAR
In 2004, the Tundra joined the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series and got its first win at Michigan International Speedway on July 31 that year. In 2006, the Tundra got Toyota's first manufacturer championship winning 12 of the 25 races. The model also got the driver and owner championship with Todd Bodine and Germain Racing. The truck won every year from 2006 to 2018.

Pulling the Space Shuttle Endeavour
On Friday, October 12, 2012, an unmodified, Toyota Tundra Crew Max pulled the Space Shuttle Endeavour, on top of a special lightweight dolly, across the Manchester Boulevard bridge over Interstate 405. The shuttle's 12 mi journey to the California Science Center was primarily performed by four self-propelled robotic transporters. However, due to weight restrictions on the bridge, the shuttle was moved to a lighter non-powered dolly and towed the short distance by the Tundra. Once it had completely crossed the bridge, the shuttle was returned to the robotic transporters to continue its course. Toyota also used this opportunity to film a commercial that aired during the 2013 Super Bowl.

Million-mile Tundra
In 2016, Victor Sheppard of Houma, Louisiana, clocked in over 1000000 miles on his 2007 Tundra. In the eight years of owning the truck, he logged in an average of 125000 miles a year and had it serviced at his local dealership a total of 117 times. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. gave Sheppard a 2016 model year Tundra in exchange for his old truck; the company disassembled the old truck to study its durability and reliability. Nearly every component of the truck was still fully functioning, and only the bed was showing signs of stress and use because it had been used to transport heavy equipment. This truck and everything learned from it aided in the development of the third generation Tundra.

title: Toyota Tundra


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Dalek Prime

from VfD:

Reason why I recommended this article for VfD: Poorly written fancruft, probably vanity for someone's un-notable online fantasy story. —ExplorerCDT 22:03, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete —ExplorerCDT 22:03, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep I've cleaned up the vanity part of this article; Dr. Who trivia does belong here IMHO. Samboy 22:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC) Merge in to Dalek Ranks Samboy 23:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. More notable than the minor elves that we have articles on. Dr Zen 01:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, merge into Dalek or create a single page for all these dalek-related issues if you must. ("They're not breasts, they're dalek bumps". Ooh, that quote fits here as well as the porn star VfD a few entries up.) --fvw *  01:56, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Delete: Merge all into a Dalek page. Round 'em up and put 'em where they can be found, where they can mingle and prosper. Geogre 01:58, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should have a category for Doctor Who topics. That would have the same effect, and it would also preserve the idea of having one topic per article page.  Turning Dalek into a list of Dalek-related articles is a bad idea. Factitious 17:25, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 04:22, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Esoteric fancruft. Indrian 06:36, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or light merge if someone does it soon. Daleks as a whole are notable, "Sanchez, the dalek" is not. -R. fiend 06:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Exterminate. Susvolans (pigs can fly) 14:42, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This was nominated for being poorly written and probable vanity.  The article is no longer poorly written or vanity, though it could still use some cleanup and expansion. Factitious 17:25, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to Dalek now that the vanity content has been eliminated. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:03, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. One article on Dalek is enough.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:13, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Dalek Ranks. Merge already done.  The Steve  07:48, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * The article Dalek Ranks needs a rename to Dalek ranks 132.205.45.148 15:33, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect since it is already properly merged with the Dalek ranks article. Had it not been I would have voted keep since the article is better than useless. 129.177.61.123 13:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. P Ingerson 15:44, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Delete as I can't imagine the redirect serving any useful purpose. Anyone looking for Dalek info will go to Dalek.
 * Redirect. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:56, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion


text: User talk:69.134.27.148

title: User talk:69.134.27.148


text:
Pouched rat

Pouched rats are a group of African rodents in the subfamily Cricetomyinae. They are members of the family Nesomyidae, which contains other African muroids such as climbing mice, Malagasy mice, and the white-tailed rat. All nesomyids are in the superfamily Muroidea, a large and complex clade containing $1/4$ of all mammal species. Sometimes the pouched rats are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the superfamily Muroidea.

Pouched rats are found throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa with the exception of southern Africa. They are characterized by having large cheek pouches and a distinctive molar morphology. The molars are very similar to the type seen in the subfamily Murinae, but pouched rats probably evolved this similarity through convergent evolution.

There are three very different genera of pouched rats. The giant pouched rat is notable for being the largest of the muroids. A giant pouched rat was also implicated as a carrier in a small outbreak of monkeypox in the US. The three genera of Cricetomyinaeds contain eight species.

Classification
Subfamily Cricetomyinae - pouched rats
 * Genus Beamys
 * Lesser hamster-rat, Beamys hindei
 * Greater hamster-rat, Beamys major
 * Genus Cricetomys - giant pouched rats
 * Southern giant pouched rat, Cricetomys ansorgei
 * Gambian pouched rat, Cricetomys gambianus
 * Emin's pouched rat, Cricetomys emini
 * Kivu giant pouched rat, Cricetomys kivuensis
 * Genus Saccostomus - pouched mice
 * South African pouched mouse, Saccostomus campestris
 * Mearns's pouched mouse, ''Saccostomus mearnsi

title: Pouched rat


text:
Newburgh–Beacon Bridge

The Newburgh–Beacon Bridge is a continuous truss toll bridge that spans the Hudson River in New York State. The bridge carries Interstate 84 (I-84) and New York State Route 52 (NY 52) between Newburgh and Beacon and consists of two separate spans. The original northern span, which now carries westbound traffic, was opened on November 2, 1963, as a two-lane (one in each direction) bridge. A second span, completed in 1980, now carries all eastbound traffic. The span provides connections to the New York State Thruway (I-87) and U.S. Route 9W (US 9W) in Newburgh and US 9 in Fishkill. The bridges includes a 2204 ft cantilever span, with a main span of 1000 ft and side spans of 602 ft. The total length of all spans and approaches is 7855 ft for the north span and 7789 ft for the south span. The bridges, owned by the New York State Bridge Authority, carry six lanes of traffic and approximately 65,000 vehicles per day. The bridge is officially known as the Hamilton Fish Newburgh–Beacon Bridge.

History
Although original plans called for a four-lane bridge, funding difficulties resulted in the reduction in lanes. This span was designed by Modjeski & Masters and constructed by Frederick Snare Corporation, Drave, and Bethlehem Steel. The now westbound bridge opened on November 2nd, 1963, carrying one lane of traffic in each direction.

In August 1970, the toll was abolished for westbound drivers, and at the same time, eastbound drivers saw their tolls doubled.

The bridge originally carried NY 52 traffic, which was light, but the construction of Interstate 84 pushed the bridge over capacity, and planning for additional capacity began in 1972. After considering double-decking (which the original bridge was not designed for) the decision was taken by NYSBA to add a second parallel span south of the original. On November 1, 1980, this second, parallel span, also designed by Modjeski & Masters but constructed by the American Bridge Company, was opened to traffic. This eastbound span was built with three 12 ft travel lanes, and a 10 ft right shoulder. Because of this, unlike the westbound span, there is no need to reduce the travel lanes to two during off-peak times. It is also made of weathering steel (believed to be COR-TEN or similar, although sources are not clear), the surface of which intentionally corrodes, forming a brown colored protective layer that does not require paint.

The bicycle path on the eastbound span was opened in 1981, making it the second interstate funded bike path in the United States.

The original span was closed for a major renovation from December 1980 to June 1984, in order widen the deck to accommodate three 12 ft travel lanes, increase its strengthening, install Variable lane signs, and repaint it a shade of brown to match the color of the eastbound span. After work was completed, the original span was converted to serve westbound traffic, and the 1980 span was converted to serve eastbound traffic, though it still had no permanent shoulders. to allow the right lane to be designated as a breakdown lane at night and off-peak travel times. When the right lane is being used as a shoulder, a red X appears on the signs above it, while a green arrow illuminates when the lane is used for travel during peak times.

In 1997, the bridges were rededicated in honor of Hamilton Fish III, a 12-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and his son and namesake Hamilton Fish IV, a 13-term member of the House.

In 2006, the west approach was repaved and a new truck inspection area was built to allow the State Police to conduct inspections in a safe area that would not interfere with regular traffic flow.

The toll plaza was reconfigured in August 2010.

In October 2013, a $94.7 million dollar project to replace the eastbound spans deck was commenced. It was completed in October 2015.

In 2019, a $13,900,750 project was completed that rebuilt the overpass caring traffic over US 9W in Newburgh, in order to provide better clearance for truck traffic below on Route 9W and to meet current interstate highway standards.

At midnight on July 7, 2021, the bridge was converted to all-electronic tolling on the eastbound span, involved in this was the removal of a large segment of roadway.

In late 2020, a $95 million dollar project to replace the westbound spans deck was commmenced. It was considered mostly complete by October 1, 2022, nine months ahead of schedule.

On November 27, 2022, the walkway had its curfew removed, allowing pedestrians to walk across it 24/7.

Tolls
Eastbound passenger vehicles are currently (as of May 1, 2023) charged a cash toll of $2.15 to cross the span, or $1.65 for E-ZPass. The toll plaza is located on the eastern (Beacon) shore. Originally, tolls were collected in both directions. The tolls of eleven other New York–New Jersey and Hudson River crossings along a 130 mi stretch, from the Outerbridge Crossing in the south to the Rip Van Winkle Bridge in the north, were also changed to eastbound-only at that time.

In 2019, the bridge authority announced that tolls on its five Hudson River crossings would increase each year beginning in 2020 and ending in 2023. As of May 1, 2021, the current toll for passenger cars traveling eastbound on the Mid-Hudson Bridge was $1.75 in cash, $1.45 for E-ZPass users. In May 2022, tolls will rise to $1.55 for E-ZPass users and $2 for cash payers. In 2023, the E-ZPass toll will increase to $1.65, and the cash toll will rise to $2.15.

title: Newburgh–Beacon Bridge


text:
Tolosa, Spain

Tolosa (Spanish and Basque: ) is a town and municipality in the Basque province of Gipuzkoa, in northern Spain. It is located in the valley of the river Oria, next by Uzturre, a local mountain topped by a white cross.

Its economy relies primarily on the industrial sector, specifically papermaking.

Neighbourhoods
Iurre, Berazubi, Bidebieta, San Esteban, Izaskun, San Blas, Amarotz, Usabal, Santa Lutzia, Montezkue, Belate, Belabieta, Alde Zaharra (Parte Vieja), Auzo Txikia, Alliri, Arramele, Iparragirre, Urkizu, Aldaba, Larramendi, Aldaba Txiki and Bedaio.

Notable buildings

 * Provincial archive of Gipuzkoa, built in 1904 by the architect Cortázar, was one of the first to be built in concrete in the province. From the sixteenth century, Tolosa was home to the provincial archives, formerly located in the parish.
 * Town Hall, built between 1657 and 1672, Baroque style, with a ground floor portico and wrought iron balconies. Work of the master stonecutter Juan de Arburola.
 * Zerkausi Market
 * Old Town Hall, a rectangular elongated building that follows the line of the old wall so its façade is perpendicular to the streets of the old town, blocking its southern view. In Neoclassical style, it was completely remodeled in the 1980s as a cultural center. Between 1844 and 1854 it was the seat of the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa.
 * Convent of Saint Francis, located at the exit of the Camino Real a Castilla. With a basilica floor plan, it was constructed circa 1676 by Nicolás de Zumeta and Agustín de Lizarraga. The retablo of its main altar and the chapel of the Antia are notable.
 * Convent of Saint Clara. Baroque monastery (18th century) of the Poor Clares with a Churrigueresque-Rococo gilded main altarpiece.
 * Church of Saint Mary, with 1630 m2 of surface at present. The original church was affected by a fire in 1503, but until 1548 works could not be started for lack of money. A building was then erected with three high naves topped by false ribbed vaults supported by six columns, in the local variant of Gothic style called Basque Gothic. In 1761 Martín de Carrera endowed it with the current Baroque façade with a central bell-gable and two towers joined by a balustrade, and a few years later the atrium was added. In the nineteenth century Silvestre Pérez made some Neoclassical alterations. It has a central altarpiece, and in one of the side chapels is preserved the Romanesque-Gothic doorway of the hermitage of San Esteban, which was destroyed by a flood.
 * Church of Corpus Christi.
 * Palace of Aranburu (17th century), prototype of the Basque Baroque. It is a free-standing building with an irregular floor planned with hipped roof. An austere façade of cushioned ashlars follows the principles of symmetry and centrality characteristic of classicism. A decoration on the main door links with that of the central balcony. The coat of arms of the jurisconsult Miguel de Aramburu, author in 1697 of the Compilation of the Fueros of Gipuzkoa, is present.
 * Palace of Atodo (16th century), at 35 Calle Mayor in the Renaissance style with ample proportions and façade of ashlars protected by double aileron of carved canes. It features wrought-iron balconies on the main floor and twenty symmetrical openings with lowered arches on the top floor. An artistic coat of arms with rampant lion is shown by a pair of infants in graceful foreshortening. It is the birthplace of Fermín de Atodo, palatine count, captain of the Tercios tolosanos in 1558 and ambassador of Philip II in Rome.
 * Palace of Justice (1853), occupies one side of the public square's portico. It is a neoclassical group with unified composition, emphasizing the palace through a greater wealth of materials and two floors instead of three with adjoining houses. The portico is transformed here into an arcade. There is a façade of limestone ashlars on the ground floor and recesses and imposts. It is the work of local architects Unanue and Escoriaza. In the court's prison, the bard José María Iparraguirre composed the zortziko Nere amak baleki ('If my mother knew'). In 2009 it was the headquarters of the Tolosa International Puppet Center TOPIC.
 * Palace of Idiakez, built in 1605, rises above the wall in the area of the old Puerta de Navarra. The current building is estimated to date from the eighteenth century after a fire destroyed the previous tower. Its main façade is of hammered ashlar, enclosing the Old Square, while the rear one is of sawtooth brick over the river. In 1794 it was occupied by the fabulist Félix María de Samaniego when he was mayor of Tolosa. The building is today the headquarters of the Casino of Tolosa.
 * Door of Castille
 * Tolosa Bullring opened on 24 June 1903 (Ricardo Torres Reina ("Bombita") was scheduled to do so, but due to injury he was replaced by Francisco Bonar Casado ("Bonarillo") and Guerrerito). It has a ring of 37.5 m with a 1.8 m corridor and 5300 seats. The stands and boxes are above the ring, which gives it a special proportionality. Basque rural sport competitions (korrikalaris, aizkolaris, stone lifting, etc.) are held here. The city carnivals hold a running of the heifers every afternoon from the day of Fat Thursday and the bull of the brandy on the morning of Tuesday of Carnival.
 * Andia Tower located at number 17 on Calle Mayor. Only vestiges of the shield and two gargoyles remain, in addition to the foundations of this medieval building where the enlightened Domenjón González de Andia lived, considered "King of Gipuzkoa" (Gipuzkoako Erregia).

Nature
One of Europe's tallest Douglas fir trees can be found in the fir plantation in Tolosa.

History
A 9000-year-old human settlement was discovered in the neighbourhood of San Esteban. From the tools and remains of flint carvings found, it would be a group whose economy was based on hunting and fruit gathering.

From the Bronze Age, about 4000 years old, are the dolmens of Belabieta and Añi, burial constructions that bear witness to the first religious manifestations.

In the Iron Age, about 2300 years ago, the first settlements appear. They settled on medium-high mountains, such as Intxur in Aldaba, and protected themselves by surrounding themselves with walls. In addition to their knowledge of iron, they were farmers and ranchers.

The whole of antiquity, including Romanization and until at least 1025, when Gipuzkoa entered history, is an obscure period about which little is known.

The territory of Gipuzkoa was incorporated to Castile in 1200. In 1256, King Alfonso X the Wise of Castile granted the charter to Tolosa, naming it after Toulouse, France. In this charter, the inhabitants of Tolosa were granted privileges that were not granted to the inhabitants of nearby villages, nor to those of other provinces. It also provided for the fortification of Tolosa, Ordizia and Segura, border points with Navarre. The original city was built on an island separated by an arm of the Oria that passed through the current Calle de la Rondilla (previously named after Pablo Gorosábel) and is completely walled, with six gates equipped with defense towers (gates of Castile, Arramele, Navarre, Casa de las Damas, Matadero and Our Lady of Help).

In 1282 it suffered a fire that destroyed it. Sancho IV of Castile granted new privileges to encourage its reconstruction and the arrival of new inhabitants, including freeing those who were to settle there of all tribute to the Crown (Vitoria-Gasteiz, 20 April 1290), privileges later confirmed by Ferdinand IV of Castile and Alfonso XI of Castile.

However, maintaining these privileges was problematic at times, as when in 1463 the tax collector Jacob Gaón demanded payment of the tax called pedido from the Tolosans. They replied that they were exempt from payment because of the provisions approved by the king. Gaón threatened them, and several of them killed him, beheaded him, and put his head on a pillory as punishment for having put Tolosa at the top of his list of collections. King Henry IV of Castile went to Tolosa to avenge his death, but the perpetrators fled the village. The king ordered the house where the crime was committed to be demolished. He did not execute the perpetrators, since before catching them he received a petition from the Junta of Gipuzkoa requesting pardon for the Tolosans, and presented their arguments, and Henry IV acknowledged that they were exempt from payment.

The prevailing insecurity since the 14th century means that over two centuries, several towns and villages joined and separated from the council of Tolosa, including Abaltzisketa, Aduna, Albiztur, Alegia, Alkiza, Altzo, Amasa, Amezketa, Andoain, Anoeta, Asteasu, Baliarrain, Belauntza, Berastegi, Berrobi, Zizurkil, Elduain, Ezama, Gaztelu, Hernialde, Ibarra, Ikaztegieta, Irura, Laskoain, Leaburu, Lizartza, Orendain, Orexa and Igorre. Tolosa is committed to the defense of the towns, which remain under the jurisdiction of the mayor, and are usually ascribed the privileges and charters of Tolosa. During the fourteenth century there were various disagreements with these cities and a conflict with San Sebastián over the cases of Andoain, Aduna and Alkiza, which was settled in 1479 with the transfer of these three towns to the jurisdiction of San Sebastian.

In 1469 it underwent another important fire, and another major one in 1503 that affected even the parish church, despite being isolated. In both cases it was granted new privileges to aid in its reconstruction, and the Catholic Monarchs issued an order for the mayor of the province to reside in Tolosa when not visiting other towns.

After the uprising of the Count of Salvatierra in 1520, during the Revolt of the Comuneros, Tolosa was on the communal side, and the royalist army defeated the resistance of Tolosa and other Basque communal towns after the defeat of the army of the Count of Salvatierra, Pedro López de Ayala, in the battle of Miñano Mayor on 19 April 1521.

On 9 August 1794, during the War of the Pyrenees, French troops occupied Tolosa. During the Peninsular War it was occupied again. While it was dominated by the Napoleonic army it suffered attacks from area guerrillas.

From 1844 to 1854 under the government of the Progressives, Tolosa was the capital of Gipuzkoa for two years, later returning to San Sebastián, which had been declared the capital city in the decrees of 1822 and 1833, with the consequent transfer of the regional council and all management to the new capital of the province.

Tolosa was one of the most important cities of the territory controlled by the Carlists in the civil war of 1872–1876, and was one of the headquarters of the newspaper El Cuartel Real.

Spanish Civil War
On 11 August 1936 Tolosa was captured by rebel Nationalist troops under Major Latorre.

Later
On 29 March 1939, there was a fatal accident to the overnight Sud Express train between Paris and Lisbon.

Notable people

 * José Antonio Zorreguieta, direct ancestor (born 13 February 1777) of Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
 * Xabi Alonso, footballer
 * Mikel Alonso, footballer
 * Periko Alonso, footballer
 * Ainhoa Arteta, soprano
 * Javier Bello-Portu, composer
 * Edurne Pasaban, mountaineer
 * Juan de Tolosa, founder of Zacatecas, Mexico
 * Juan Manuel Lillo, football coach
 * Lara Arruabarrena, tennis player
 * Isidro Larrañaga, accordeonist

title: Tolosa, Spain


text: User:Cheese dreams

title: User:Cheese dreams


text:
User talk:Cheese dreams

 * This user may be a sock puppet of User:CheeseDreams.

Image:Moderndocumenthypothesis.JPG
Since you created Image:Moderndocumenthypothesis.JPG, do you have an original in BMP, GIF, or PNG format, without the JPEG compression? If so, you should convert it to PNG format and upload it instead of the JPEG, to avoid bad-looking compression artifacts. The resulting file will be smaller to boot. See How to keep image file sizes as small as possible. DopefishJustin (・∀・) 22:44, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Hi Cheese dreams, this is just a note to let you know that I've just used paint to change the image you uploaded, due to an editorial remark in the text of Documentary hypothesis pointing out that it is slightly wrong (missing an arrow). Unfortunately it has come out slightly blurred (and slightly blue), so could you do the change (add an arrow from JE to P) yourself on the original and upload it instead? --francis 20:13, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

File:Moderndocumenthypothesis.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Moderndocumenthypothesis.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 21:52, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cheese dreams


text:
User talk:Dannison

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 22:06, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Dannison