text:
Talk:DRE voting machine

Comment by intial creator
I'm pretty terrified of the idea of unverifiable, unauditable elections so someone more pro-DRE's should go through and NPOV things. I tried my best to present the good side of DRE's Zenyu 16:51, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Security
Any discussion of DRE security is incomplete without mentioning the Princeton virus that demonstrated changing vote counts on the version of Diebold DREs used in some 2000-2002 US elections.

Limiting compromise to source code gives the misleading impression that keeping the source code secure (and not public) will keep the DRE secure. The condition ""If the security of the DRE source code software is compromised"" could be more completely rephrased as: ""If the DRE is compromised (such as through hacks inserted in the source code, replacement of any software component, loading a computer virus, remote access via infra-red, bluetouth, wifi, modem, etc. or direct access to the hardware)"". -- Dan Oetting 70.59.60.176 16:10, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Point of clarification
I'm from Sydney, Australia. Australia DOES NOT use any DRE or other voting machines - in fact no where in the whole of Australia that I'm aware of. It could be there electronic tallying occurs to count the ballot papers, however manual recount is possible and occurs in some cases. The voting system is administered by a Federal body, the Australian Electoral Commission at http://www.aec.gov.au/, who ensure the process is accurate, fair and non-partisan. While there are occasional allegations of vote fraud, the system enjoys the respect of a large majority of Australians.

 * I believe you are mistaken. DRE's are used in Canberra and according to the FAQ at the ACT Electoral Commission, the software is audited and open to the public for examination, but is not required to keep a paper trail, much less a voter verified paper trail. The security is much better than in the US because the software is public, was audited for functionality, and there are mechanisms in place to make sure the software on the machine matches the software that has been audited. However the lack of a audit trail means someone could introduce an exploitable bug that could go undetected, and look innocent once detected. This is especially true because the Linux OS it runs on top of is complex and hence is likely to have some undetected bugs. --Zenyu 14:35, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)

Proposed merge 2006
Voting machine is really talking about DRE voting machines and not other types like lever machines or such. Since the Voting machine page is largely sub-standard, if there are any iotas of goodness, they should be merged here, no? -- Joebeone (Talk) 23:04, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Voting machine is no longer talking about DRE voting machines exclusively. 68.50.103.212 20:43, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Updates

 * Vendor's claims of security: updated for accuracy and obvious NPOV
 * The DRE voting machines typically take the form of a box or enclosure (rather like an ATM) or a laptop computer.
 * This is inaccurate and has been removed. If accurate it would still be incorrectly labled under Benefits of computerized voting machines

 * Indian voting machines use a two-piece system with a balloting unit presenting the voter with a button (momentary switch) for each choice connected by a cable to an electronic ballot box.
 * Incorrectly labled under Benefits of computerized voting machines moved to Types of DRE voting machines

 * DRE voting systems are often favored because they can incorporate assistive technologies for handicapped people, allowing them to vote without involving another person in the process. They can also offer immediate feedback on the validity of a particular ballot so that the voter can have an opportunity to correct problems if they are noticed.  This is particularly important, with a good user interface the problem of spoiled ballots could be greatly reduced by using computerized voting machines. If the votes are not counted however, there is little point in determining the intent of the voter.
 * Rewritten for clarity and accuracy.

 * Some precincts require that the entire ballot be presented to the voter simultaneously. This requirement was intended to reduce undervotes, when a voter votes in some races but misses others. DRE systems in these polling places need particularly large screens to accommodate all choices and it was discovered in the 2004 U.S. elections that this increased undervotes because the voter was required to push a small VOTE button on the screen before the votes would be counted, and many voters missed this and their vote was not counted.
 * This requires a source. Also, this would not be considered an undervote. An undervote would require a partial vote. If this information is accurate, none of the voters affected would have registered as voted at all. Lastly, why would thi be listed as a Benefits?

 * I could source this (people pushing a "vote" button too early or not at all) if we wanted to include it. The prose in italics would definitely need cleaning up (but it's probably best left off the page).

 * I believe the statement that "An undervote would require a partial vote." is incorrect. Undervotes are per each race/contest. They can be easily defined as "An undervote is where a voter votes for fewer than the minimum number of allowed choices for a given race or contest on a ballot." Many political and social scientists who study undervoting and overvoting use undervoting in top-ticket races as a proxy for a particular voting technology's rate of error. I think what you're referring to is a blank ballot being cast or the ballot not being cast at all because the voter forgot to push a "vote" button (as is characteristic to the Sequoia AVC Advantage machine and the Danaher ELECTronic 1242 machines).  I suppose there could be a benefit argued for for full-face ballot systems although pagination means that it would be very easy to scale up in terms of ballot content.

 * I'm not arguing that any of this should go back, just being precise. -- Joebeone (Talk) 22:01, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It is because of the benefits of DRE's and the HAVA that most DRE's have been installed, not because they make rigging elections easier. Some elections officials have even gone back to paper and pencil when informed of the problems with un-auditable DRE's.
 * Obviously this would need a source. The POV in this section is just not appropriate. ("not because they make rigging elections easier", come one). DRE's and HAVA section will be added.

Yikes. It looks like I wrote over some of your edits when I was trying to add tags. Hopefully, I put things back where they should have been. Sorry about that. Is it just me or does there seem to be something wrong with the MediaWiki software today? -- Joebeone (Talk) 22:28, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Finally, I think I've got everything back between the accidental over-writes that happened... Here's a summary of what's changed today.  One problem I seem to have been having was that Wikipedia was serving up older versions of the page as the current version.  Anyway, let's work from this if there are no issues.  I know Rspeer valued some of the external links that were removed, we might consider adding them back. -- Joebeone (Talk) 22:46, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

VVPAT
I moved some information to the Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail page and added a "See" link to the main article. I also expanded it. I also added some more audit related information. I left he Dr. Mercuri info because it was directly related, but the crytography (Chaum, VoteHere...) were moved. I think they server a greater purpose. I really think the Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail is in need of an update. There has been a lot of new information relating to that topic recently. Electiontechnology 21:28, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

History
The article gives no indication of when DRE voting machines were first developed, where and when they were first deployed, etc. - Jmabel | Talk 19:52, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

NIST recommendations to eliminate DRE
I heard a news story yesterday to the effect that the N.I.S.T. had determined direct recording machines should be de-certified altogether, and that the voter verified paper trail (a roll of paper showing the votes) should also be eliminated in favor of a paper ballot (presumably printed by the machine and checked by the voter) due to numerous strange vote total events in recent elections. Does anyone have the official report for incorporation here? Edison 19:33, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * We're all awaiting the TGDC Plenary Meeting, December 4-5, 2006. Check out the prerelease materials. --Electiontechnology 19:42, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Taintain's and Electiontechnology's edits
--Electiontechnology 16:41, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Auditing and IV is a fundamental challenge to all voting machines.
 * VVPAT is only possibly part of the process. Make it a subsection if you want, but there is much more to auditing and verification than the VVPAT.

 * if You mean "recording votes" by "IV" it's no problem to an optical scan voting system. the cross is 100% where the voter makes it. why do You mention "auditing", that was not part of my edit. please stop reverting unless You give some reason for Your claims.
 * the article isn't clear about that now either, maybe You have a better idea to rework it.
 * lab attacks: i think there is enough emphasis on the lab environment, all these attacks could easily be done by an inside attacker. the SDU-attack could be done by anybody within 25m of the election office.
 * --Taintain 17:52, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

--Electiontechnology 00:03, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I mentioned "auditing" because it's a section about auditing. Maybe this is another one of your problems interpreting english...
 * If you don't feel that is clear, you are more than willing to edit for clarity, but reverting to inaccurate information is unacceptable.
 * Regardless if you think the attacks "could easily be done," they have not and implying otherwise is inaccurate.
 * "all voting machines" cannot incorporate assistive technologies.
 * You miss the point about disabled voters. It is not a matter of trust but anonymity.
 * DRE feedback is not similar to the feedback of optical scan voting systems. Just because they both provide feedback does not make them in anyway similar. It is inaccurate to say "similar to optical scan voting systems."

 * please try to avoid the personal offense. i'm still missing any reason for You claiming that all voting machines have a challenge with their recorded votes. anyway i included i source for my claim, do You want me to roll out the concept of software independence in more detail or is the link enough ?
 * i wrote nowhere they could be easily done, i wrote they've been done in a lab environment any why. anyway i included a real life attack and wrote more details to the others. if i find the time i could make a section for each attack.
 * --Taintain 13:52, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

--Electiontechnology 16:44, 14 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you take offense to. I apologize if you think anything I said was intended as such. And to try to explain to you again, you seem to be missing the larger issue. This was not about software independence. It is about the entire process of a vote, from the voter through tabulation and including auditing. That is a fundamental challenge to all voting machines. I understand you take issue with one portion of that (the recording} and I even highlighted that in the following section. If you would like to put in a section on Software Independence, be my guest, but stop reverting accurate information for inaccurate information.
 * Maybe you have a short memory? You said "all these attacks could easily be done by an inside attacker" in you last bullet. All I'm saying is that it needs to be clear. Putting laboratory experiments under "Attacks on DREs" is misleading.

 * to make it short: so what is the fundamental challenge of an optical scan system with the recording ? what's the use of pointing out the similarities with other systems, the differences matter.
 * i said that on the talk page, in the article i wrote "all have been done in laboratory", what You removed was "to avoid breaking any laws", why is that misleading ?
 * --Taintain 21:12, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * p.s.: please edit a bit more careful, You had one = too much and one section double

--Electiontechnology 22:25, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * You in no way explained your edits. See my previous points and if you want to revert have a good reason.

 * the is no fundamental challenge for an optical scan voting system in recording votes because it's just a paper ballot. so saying all voting machines have a challenge with recording is wrong. that's a good reason for reverting.

--Taintain 23:34, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * why did You delete the VVPAT-sentence ?

--Electiontechnology 23:53, 15 February 2007 (UTC) ==Caltech Study=] this is what the caltech study says:
 * "recorded as cast" You have no idea what the optical scan machine recorded. I didn't say it was a challenge to record it. You misunderstand again. The very next sentence explains the difference with a voting system without a tangible ballot.
 * I'm sorry you are having trouble keeping up with our conversation. I already explained that. The VVPAT is one example of a system that "can include the ability for voters to verify how their votes were cast." The VVPAT is still there, but saying "can include the ability for voters to verify how their votes were cast, known as a voter verified paper audit trail (VVPAT)" is incorrect.

 * Yet this report also suggests a cautionary tale about placing too much faith in buying new machines alone. The greatest residual vote rate gains were not made in the states where voting machines were upgraded in a piecemeal fashion. Rather, voting machine upgrades were the most effective when the entire state was involved. The best example was Georgia, which switched over entirely to one type of voting machine (Diebold Accuvote-TS’s) and engaged in an unprecedented voter education effort. It is likely that the combined effects of these two actions, not either one alone, that led to Georgia’s stunning improvements over time.

http://www.vote.caltech.edu/media/documents/vtp_wp21v2.3.pdf RESIDUAL VOTE IN THE 2004 ELECTION, p.15

and this was in the article:
 * A comparative analysis by the CalTech/MIT Voting Technology Project suggests that a switch to a DRE-based system results in a significant drop in the number of spoiled ballots. Most notable is the state of Georgia, which went from second-worst to second-best in the country in terms of its "residual voting" rate after changing its voting system statewide.

i removed it because i couldn't see any reasonable way to make that part useful for this article.

Undid merge 2007
i undid the merge of Electiontechnology into Electronic voting because: --Taintain 10:31, 10 November 2007 (UTC)
 * DRE's are a relevant subject on their own (the aticle exist since 2004, about 20 articles link to it, "DRE voting" gives 53.000 results in google, ...)
 * if there is DRE-specific content in Electronic voting then move it here, not the other way around
 * there are own articles for Optical scan voting systems and VVPAT (which some people call a "feature" of DREs, so why not for DRE ?
 * the merge wasn't discussed
 * all the content about DREs got totally lost in Electronic voting
 * a lot of voting computer criticism is DRE-specific, see florida
 * If you feel the merge should have been discussed, don't you think that unmerge should have been discussed, further Wikipedia policy specifically states ""you cannot do that without discussion" is not a good argument." The initial merge took place because the article had become largely duplicative. I do not disagree that DRE's are a relevant subject, only that it is difficult if not impossible to separate "DREs" from "electronic voting" without having to nearly identical articles (or one being a subset of the other). Largely the articles that link to DREs are because I linked them and have no problem correcting those links. I do not believe the components were lost and if you had take the time to read the article you would have seen that. --Electiontechnology 17:35, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * i see no reason to let you change the facts without discussion and then engaging in endless discussions if it should be reverted. yes, the pages will be redundant in parts but that's not unusual and far better then one huge article.

--Taintain 20:10, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge Proposal: Electronic Voting
It has been proposed that this article "DRE voting machine" be merged into Electronic voting. The primary two reasons Wikipedia policy recommends for merging pages are 1:"There are two or more pages on exactly the same subject and having the same scope." and 2: "There are two or more pages on exactly the same subject and having the same scope." Every thought, point, comment and image that exists in the DRE article exists in the Electronic voting article (#1 check). In addition to Electronic voting, the articles for Voting machine and Vote counting system cover the same scope. (#2 check) Please discuss and we will try to form consensus. Thank you. --Electiontechnology 17:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

If you disagree with the merger, please suggest some alternative so we don't have a completely duplicate article.
 * i disagree because too much stuff is DRE-specific and Electronic voting is anyway getting too big (53kb), see Article size. specifically DREs which store votes just in computer memory are a big topic at the moment and it's quite useful to have all the information in one page and not scattered all over another. some sections in Electronic voting might be shortened and moved to DRE.
 * --Taintain 20:10, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * proposal: distribute chapter "Documented problems" to the appropriate articles (DRE, optic scan voting system]]) with "see further" in Electronic voting.--Taintain (talk) 19:37, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree as well. Electronic voting covers the entire field, while DRE voting machines deals with one kind of implementation. ·:· Will Beback  ·:· 20:55, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Will Beback and think that DREs are obviously distinct from the larger class of electronic voting technologies... I wouldn't mind distributing the documented problems to appropriate articles. -- Joebeone (Talk) 17:08, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree with User Beback as well for the same reasonsJS747 (talk) 20:52, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Just removed the merge proposal since nobody agreed with it in 4 months.--Taintain (talk) 08:04, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Article asserts facts not in evidence
DRE locations frequently submit results later than optical scan locations. Please provide a citation for this statement based on evidence, rather than an uncorroborated assertion coming from the elections industry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bev Harris (talk • contribs) 07:15, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Not a very good page...
Hi all, as a researcher in this area, it strikes me that this page is incomplete, often incoherent and biased specifically towards a gracious view of DRE systems, which have been largely discredited. I'm not sure I can spend the time fixing it, but I can offer some thoughts if someone is interested in working on it. --Joebeone (Talk) 14:50, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Hey Joe, I definitely agree. This page is almost entirely duplicative of the electronic voting page. I supported a merge for this quite some time ago. Most of the information here is severely outdated and fairly slanted. The electronic voting page, while far from perfect, is a much more complete article. There really aren't enough editors on this topic to maintain this page. You can see from the history there haven't been substantial edits to this page in some time. -- Electiontechnology (talk) 15:24, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * At a glance I agree with ElectionTechnology, this article is mostly a duplicate of electronic voting. Perhaps a merger proposal should be floated again to see if views on the matter have changed? Bonewah (talk) 21:37, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it's a little chicken and egg. We need the merger because no one has the time to commit to breaking apart the electronic voting article and improving this page, but no one really has the time to shepherd the merger either. -- Electiontechnology (talk) 00:51, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

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Unquoted section
The "Problems with DRE voting machines" has an uncited and improperly quoted quote from Sam Browne. Moreover, I can't actually find any relevant Google search results except for this article when searching online as well.

The section should be edited or removed, I will do it myself eventually if no one jumps on this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2610:148:1F00:4000:7888:519E:75FE:9F36 (talk) 01:54, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:DRE voting machine


text:
Category:American football punters

This category is for punters. There is a separate category for placekickers, Category:American football placekickers. Some players may be listed in both categories.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:American football punters


text:
Talk:Henry Clay

this is just a comment
Henry Clay was Speaker of the House, as discussed in the text. The side panel shows him as a Senator, which is not correct. I tried editing the side panel, but those lines are links. 2600:1700:4000:C950:FD80:AFFD:1A0F:9158 (talk) 16:43, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Henry Clay had a long and varied political career. He was indeed Speaker of the House from March 4, 1811 – January 19, 1814, March 4, 1815 – October 28, 1820, and from March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1825, but you are mistaken that he was not also a US Senator. He did serve as a US Senator, his terms being December 29, 1806 – March 3, 1807, January 4, 1810 – March 3, 1811, November 10, 1831 – March 31, 1842, and March 4, 1849 – June 29, 1852. The article itself is very instructive and chock-full of references on these matters. Shearonink (talk) 21:00, 25 August 2022 (UTC)

Speaker of the House in the Infobox...
Henry Clay was Speaker of the house a total of 6 different times: To have his last Speakership (1823-1825) as the title of that subsection and then to list out only 3 of his Speakership terms doesn't seem to be completely correct. , what do you think? Shearonink (talk) 15:42, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * 12th Congress - 1811-1813
 * 13th Congress - 1813-1814
 * 14th Congress - 1815-1817
 * 15th Congress - 1817-1819
 * 16th Congress - 1819-1820
 * 18th Congress - 1823-1825

I maybe should have phrased that as "he served [or was elected] a total of 6 times to the Speakership in 6 separate Congresses". Shearonink (talk) 15:45, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

 * The current version is best. We wouldn't for example, write out 'each' of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt's terms (i.e 1933-1937, 1937-1941, 1941-1945 & 1945) in the infobox. No would we do so with Presidents pro-tempore of the Senate. GoodDay (talk) 15:50, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I get your point about FDR and also about consecutive terms - that makes sense. Elections where the person keeps their previous office aren't counted as separate numbered terms. However, it seems like WP is leaving out some important facts of Clay's public service (See https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/11051 and https://history.house.gov/People/Office/Speakers_Numerical_Order/). He didn't *just* serve as the Speaker once as the sub-section's title seems to imply. And actually saying he was the "7th" isn't correct. He was the 8th Speaker (1811-1814), 10th Speaker (1815-1820), and 13th (1823-1825) - per List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives. Shearonink (talk) 16:14, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The current form is correct & Speakers of the US House are counted only once, whether they've served consecutive tenures or not. Reliable sources (for example) describe Paul Ryan as the 54th (not 62nd) Speaker. The list article you mentioned, isn't numbering the speakers. It's only pointing out the Congresses. GoodDay (talk) 17:19, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes I know about the different Congresses but that wasn't my point, I was (mistakenly? oh the horror!) counting each instance as being a separate Speakership, each time someone different was Speaker being a different designation. Really? Saying someone is the [whatever numbered designation] regarding the number of people who have served as Speaker. That doesn't make sense to me...Muhlenberg, for instance, was the 1st Speaker and the 3rd Speaker...they were 2 different elections and he held the position at 2 different times. But he is only counted as the first Speaker? US Presidents aren't counted once when they serve non-consecutive terms...Grover Cleveland, served two non-consecutive terms so he's the 22nd as well as the 24th President. Odd. If this confusion over how the Speakership is counted is something that occurs occasionally with people trying to change the numbering, then perhaps going forward a Note here at the Clay article explaining the vagaries of how the Speakership is numbered would be helpful. Cheers, Shearonink (talk) 05:44, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

Enslavement
Some sources have taken to a novel overuse of the verb "enslave", and if quoted directly or carelessly paraphrased, could cause misleading statements to be made. This article contained a statement that Clay enslaved 120 people, which is dubious. The cited source makes reference to purchase of such men and women, which by definition means they were enslaved by someone else. Enslavement and the buying of slaves are certainly both reprehensible, but they are distinct. 2600:1700:6795:3010:A426:CD86:98DB:4972 (talk) 19:35, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Clay


text:
Pluton (missile)

The Pluton missile was a French nuclear-armed tactical ballistic missile (short-range ballistic missile, SRBM) system launched from a transporter erector launcher (TEL) platform mounted on an AMX-30 tank chassis. It was designed to provide the tactical part of French nuclear deterrence during the Cold War.

Development
The Pluton came in replacement of the U.S.-built Honest John missile. It had an operating range between 17 and 120 km, with a CEP of 150 m. This short range only allowed strikes on targets in West Germany or within France itself, which led to the development of the longer ranged Hadès missile.

The system was relatively light-weight, which allowed its deployment in difficult conditions. A CT-20 drone was available to provide last-minute information about the target before launch, making the Pluton system battle-capable.

A project for an updated version, called Super-Pluton, was dropped in favour of the Hadès project, and the aging Pluton was gradually discarded until completely retired in 1993.

Units
The regiments and groups which used the equipment included:

 * 1st Army Corps
 * 3rd Artillery Regiment (1970–1990)
 * 4th Artillery Regiment (1976–1980)
 * 15th Artillery Regiment (1974–1990)
 * 2nd Army Corps
 * 32nd Artillery Regiment (1977–1993)
 * 74th Artillery Regiment (1975–1993)
 * 3rd Army Corps
 * 3rd Artillery Regiment (1990–1993)
 * 4th Artillery Regiment (1980–1993)
 * Nuclear support regiments included:
 * 21st Maintenance Battalion
 * 22nd Maintenance Battalion

Operators

 * French Army
 * French Army

title: Pluton (missile)


text:
White flight (disambiguation)

White flight is the social phenomenon of white people migrating away from racially mixed regions.

White flight may also refer to:

 * White Flight (band), musical artist and the name of his 2007 album
 * "White Flight", a nickname for Gene Kranz, NASA flight director

title: White flight (disambiguation)


text:
Alpinia purpurata

Alpinia purpurata, commonly referred to as red ginger, ostrich plume and pink cone ginger, is a ginger native to Maluku and the southwest Pacific islands. In typical ginger fashion, A. purpurata is a rhizomatous plant, spreading underground in a horizontal growth habit, sending feeder roots downwards into the substrate and sprouting leafy vertical stems from nodes located along the rhizome. As its common name implies, red ginger blooms with showy inflorescences on long, bright magenta- to red-hued bracts; while they appear to be a blossom, bracts are in fact modified leaves that contain the plant's actual flowers. Bracts are a common feature of many botanical genera (such as Euphorbia sp. or the Araceae family), having evolved to protect and resemble the flowers and appeal to pollinators. The actual flower "parts" (pollen, pistil, stamen, etc.) are located inside, often accessed by crawling insects like ants or beetles.

Red ginger has several cultivars, such as A. purpurata 'Jungle King' and 'Jungle Queen'. The plant grows in many regions outside of its native southwest Pacific islands, including the countries and territories of Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hawaii, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Suriname (where its Dutch name is bokkepoot, or "billy-goat's foot") and Trinidad and Tobago, in addition to several Central American nations, including Belize and Panama. It is also found in Samoa, where it is the national flower, locally called teuila.

Red ginger can also be grown successfully in the United States, in places such as South Florida and coastal Southern California, as these regions' winter low temperatures do not typically reach freezing, usually dropping no lower than 45°-50 °F (about 7°-10 °C) at the coldest points of the year. Additionally, the plant may require extra overhead sun protection, as well as irrigation, in drier, hotter or sunnier climes outside its native range; as with many ginger species, red ginger prefers partial shade, indirect light and consistently moist—but not saturated—soil conditions, with preferably high levels of ambient humidity. If care is provided that the leaves do not sunburn, the red ginger can tolerate a few hours of full sun, earlier in the day. Extra light may help to stimulate more vivid foliage and vibrant blooms. In addition to planting in outdoor landscapes, red ginger may also be grown as an indoor houseplant (if provided with adequate light exposure). It can be successfully conditioned to grow in LECA or PON (in full, passive or semi-hydroponic setups). Its cut flowers and leaves are often used in floral arrangements and tropical bouquets.

In Hawaii, the flowers of red ginger are grown commercially for sale, and have been associated with the Hamakua area for a long time. Once a very common flower regionally, the gardening community there has experienced a slight decline in recent years, though is starting to make a comeback. Red ginger blooms are also, sometimes, called "graveyard flowers" as they are customarily placed at loved ones' headstones, lasting for quite a while thanks to their vigor & long shelf-life as a cut flower.

title: Alpinia purpurata


text:
User talk:64.88.11.89

October 2017
Hello, I'm Gilliam. I noticed that you made an edit concerning content related to a living (or recently deceased) person   on Matt Stinchcomb, but you didn't support your changes with a citation to a reliable source, so I removed it. Wikipedia has a very strict policy concerning how we write about living people, so please help us keep such articles accurate and clear. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you! – Gilliam (talk) 11:57, 19 October 2017 (UTC)
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February 2021
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions—specifically this edit to Ethan Allen—because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Help desk. Thanks. Serols (talk) 18:06, 1 February 2021 (UTC)

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title: User talk:64.88.11.89


text:
Talk:Earl of Wessex

Present holder of Earl of Wessex follow Prince Edward becoming Duke of Edinburgh
The present holder of the title remains Prince Edward who is now the Duke of Edinburgh. His son, James, who has since birth been known as Viscount Severn will know be known as James, Earl of Wessex. In both cases, Viscount Severn and Earl of Wessex are courtesy titles for James. His father, Prince Edward remains the holder of the title. 2.96.46.87 (talk) 15:20, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

Subsidiary Titles
Only Viscount Severn is a subsidiary Earldom of Wessex. The Earldom of Forfar is of the same rank so cannot be subsidiary, by definition. 2.96.46.87 (talk) 22:59, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Apologies for reverting your edits earlier, you're correct Earl of Forfar is not subsidiary. Although, titles of the same rank can still be subsidiary titles. An example is the dukedom of Wellington where dukedoms and a princely title are subsidiary titles of Duke of Wellington. DDMS123 (talk) 23:31, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I just realised that these two earldoms are similar to the dukedoms of Cornwall and Rothesay where Cornwall is used in England and Rothesay is used in Scotland. In this situation, Wessex is used in England and Forfar is used in Scotland. DDMS123 (talk) 23:37, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I reverted the edits back to your version. DDMS123 (talk) 23:40, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl of Wessex


text:
Robin Askwith

Robin Mark Askwith (born 12 October 1950) is an English actor and singer who has appeared in a number of film, television and stage productions.

Making his film debut as Keating in the film if.... (1968), a role he would reprise in Britannia Hospital (1982), Askwith went on to appear in many films including Otley (1969), Alfred the Great (1969), Nicholas and Alexandra (1971) and The Canterbury Tales (1972), the horror films Tower of Evil (1972), The Flesh and Blood Show (1972) and Horror Hospital (1973) and the comedy films Bless This House (1972), Carry On Girls (1973) and No Sex Please, We're British (1973). However it was his role as Timothy Lea in the Confessions film series that would make him a household name.

He has appeared on television as Fred Pickering in Beryl's Lot (1973–1975), Dave Deacon in Bottle Boys (1984–1985) and Ritchie de Vries in Coronation Street (2013–2014).

In 1975, at Drury Lane's New London Theatre, he was voted "Most Promising Newcomer – Male" at the Evening Standard British Film Awards. Askwith's most recent television roles include Emmerdale, Benidorm and a main role in The Madame Blanc Mysteries.

Early life
Askwith was born in Southport, Lancashire, England, the eldest child of Nelson and Hazel Askwith (née Cookson). His father was an accountant but served in the Royal Navy during the Second World War and his mother in the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRENs). As a young child, he swam in a pool contaminated with insects; later that day Askwith's mother found him fully submerged underwater in the bath. Taken to hospital in an ambulance, Askwith was found to have contracted polio and had to spend nine months in an isolation ward at Southport Infirmary and had to learn how to walk again. Shortly after this, the family moved from Southport to Eastcote, London where Askwith was educated at Orley Farm in nearby Harrow. Particularly sporty at school, Askwith represented the school at football, rugby and cricket and after joining the Ruislip and Northwood Swimming Club, he represented the South Counties at backstroke.

Askwith began an interest in acting because his neighbour was the floor manager at Pinewood Studios where he and his neighbour's son would watch movies being filmed, including The Servant (1963) and Cleopatra (1963). The next-door neighbour of a friend was Carry On actor Kenneth Connor, and so Askwith began attending a local amateur dramatics group. He also did a stint of modelling for catalogues and appeared in several commercials for baked beans and Fairy Liquid. After finishing at Orley Farm at the age of twelve, Askwith attended Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood. He found the school unduly strict and became a rebellious student to the extent that Askwith and two friends stole several rifles from the school armoury and held up Pinner post office stealing hundreds of pounds' worth of stamps with the intention of returning them the following week. Askwith also persuaded a crane operator, who was carrying out work at the school, to lift the headmaster's car onto the school roof.

As a result of playing King Edward IV during a school production of Richard III, Askwith was approached by film director Lindsay Anderson, who had been in the audience, and encouraged to audition for a role in his upcoming film if..... Following a successful audition he played the role of Keating in the film.

Career
Following the success of if..., Askwith made his television debut as a yob in the BBC series Scene. He would also attend the Corona Theatre School in between acting jobs. Askwith had roles in the historical epic film Alfred the Great (1969), the thriller Otley (1969), and, playing the title role, in the film version of Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates (1969). In 1970, Askwith had his first major role in the comedy film Cool It Carol! (1970).

Askwith then appeared on television in series' such as Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) and Father, Dear Father and a recurring role as Eddie in Please Sir! and its spin-off The Fenn Street Gang, before having his first regular role as Harvey Micklethwaite in the sitcom On The House in 1971. In 1970, Askwith starred in Scramble (1970), the first of four films he would make for the Children's Film Foundation, the others being All Coppers Are... (1971), Hide and Seek (1972) and The Hostages (1975). Askwith also had a role in the epic film Nicholas and Alexandra (1971). He would then have roles in television series' including Dixon of Dock Green, Public Eye, The Main Chance and Bless This House, and in a deleted scene from the film Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972). Askwith also starred in a string of horror films: Tower of Evil (1972), The Flesh and Blood Show (1973) and Horror Hospital (1973).

After appearing in Pasolini's The Canterbury Tales (1972) and the comedy film Four Dimensions of Greta (1972), Askwith played Mike Abbot in film version of television sitcom Bless This House (1972). During filming, Askwith became good friends with co-star Sid James. Other members of the cast included comedy stalwarts Peter Butterworth, Terry Scott, June Whitfield and Wendy Richard. Impressed by his performance, the producers offered Askwith a role in Carry On Girls (1973) which also starred Sid James.

Shortly after starring in Antony Balch's Horror Hospital (1973), Askwith was offered the starring role in Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974), directed by Val Guest. The part had been turned down by Richard Beckinsale, Richard O'Sullivan, Nicky Henson and Dennis Waterman. The success of the film led to three sequels, Confessions of a Pop Performer (1975), Confessions of a Driving Instructor (1976) and Confessions from a Holiday Camp (1977).

Although the Confessions series came to an end with Confessions from a Holiday Camp, a fifth and a sixth film, Confessions of a Plumber's Mate and Confessions of a Private Soldier had been planned. Askwith even expressed a desire to direct Private Soldier, but neither film materialised. Plans to shoot a further made-for-video Confessions film in the 1980s also came to nothing, although by this time he was appearing in the poorly received ITV sitcom Bottle Boys (1984–1985).

He has also had roles in the soap operas EastEnders, Doctors, Hollyoaks and Coronation Street where he played a holiday tour guide named Aidan. The episodes of the soap that featured Askwith were filmed in Malta, close to the island of Gozo where he lived for many years. Askwith returned to Coronation Street on 11 December 2013 as musician Ritchie de Vries.

Askwith published his autobiography, titled The Confessions of Robin Askwith in 1999. In 2000, Askwith had a role in the horror film The Asylum..

Askwith made a cameo appearance in the film Run For Your Wife, released in the UK on 14 February 2013. Askwith also appeared in an episode of Emmerdale in 2015. His role as con-man Marcus Hornby in the TV comedy drama Benidorm was broadcast in January 2016, and his episode of Casualty aired later that year.

In 2021, he joined the cast of Channel 5's drama series The Madame Blanc Mysteries appearing alongside Sue Holderness, Sally Lindsay and Steve Edge as a series regular. The first series received a positive reception which led to a Christmas special broadcast in 2022 succeeded by a second series to be broadcast in 2023. In December 2022, Askwith appeared in the fourth and final episode of the quartet, Strike: Troubled Blood, on BBC1. His character, Steve Douthwaite, plays one of the suspected killers in the J. K. Rowling-inspired mystery crime drama.

In 2023, it was announced that he would appear in the eighth series of Inside No. 9, and his name was used in the promotion for episode 5, Hold on Tight!. However the episode was fake and never produced, instead the hoax quiz show 3 by 3 was episode 5 of the series.

In 2024 Askwith appeared in the ninth series of Inside No. 9, trying to get Shearsmith and Pemberton to create a real-life version of Hold on Tight!.

Stage work
Askwith's extensive work on stage, includes numerous farces such as Run For Your Wife, Casanova's Last Stand, One for the Road plus the stage Confessions sequel The Further Confessions of a Window Cleaner and Terry Johnson's Dead Funny. From 11 December 2012 – 27 January 2013, he appeared at the Mill at Sonning, Reading, Berkshire in Ray Cooney's farce Caught in the Net.

In pantomimes, Askwith has appeared with the Chuckle Brothers in Dick Whittington, with Frank Bruno and Sooty in a Wolverhampton production of Goldilocks and the 3 Bears and in various productions of Aladdin as Abanazar.

More unusual stage roles include the title role in a production of Brecht's The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, and the Child Catcher in a 2006 touring production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.

Personal life
Askwith had relationships with the actresses Cheryl Hall and later Linda Hayden during the 1970s. Askwith married actress Leonie Mellinger in 1988 but they later divorced. From 1996 to 2002, he was married to Mary Smith, an aromatherapist.

Askwith lives on Gozo, a Mediterranean island near Malta, having moved there in 1991, where his hobbies include swimming, underwater diving and yachting, however he regularly returns to the UK for tours, events and filming.

Askwith is a great-nephew of the comic Robb Wilton.

He is also a supporter of Queens Park Rangers F.C.

Television commercials

 * Baked Beans – brand unknown (year unknown)
 * Summer County – margarine (1967) – directed by Ridley Scott
 * Smith's Crisps – crisps (1967) with Simon Dee
 * Pepsi Cola – drink (1971)
 * Thomson Sky Tours – airways (1971) – directed by Tony Scott
 * Dulux Magicote – paint (1971)
 * TUF Boots – footwear – (1971) – directed by Terence Donovan
 * KitKat – chocolate biscuits (1973)
 * Guinness – alcohol (1973)
 * Car Care – part work magazine (1985)

Documentaries

 * Traincare '90 – Narrator (1990)
 * King Rocker (2020)
 * Keeping the British End Up! (2023)

Stage appearances
(incomplete)

 * Play By Play – Kings Head Theatre, London (1975)
 * The Further Confessions of a Window Cleaner – UK Tour (1977)
 * The Further Confessions of a Window Cleaner – Rhodesia (1978)
 * I Love My Wife – Prince of Wales Theatre, London (1978)
 * Who Goes Bare? – UK Tour (1979)
 * The Further Confessions of a Window Cleaner – New Zealand Tour (1980)
 * The Further Confessions of a Window Cleaner – UK Tour (1980)
 * Confessions From A Health Farm – New Zealand Tour (1981)
 * Casanova's Last Stand – UK Tour (1982)
 * The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui – Cambridge Theatre Company (1982)
 * Aladdin – Theatre Royal, Lincoln (1983)
 * Run For Your Wife – Criterion Theatre, London (1984)
 * Run For Your Wife – Criterion Theatre, London (1985)
 * Doctor in the House – UK Tour (1985)
 * Run For Your Wife – New Zealand Tour (1986)
 * Funny Peculiar – Australia Tour (1986)
 * Jack and the Beanstalk – Wimbledon Theatre, London (1986)
 * Run For Your Wife – New Zealand Tour (1987)
 * Run For Your Wife – Criterion Theatre, London (1987)
 * Aladdin – De Montfort Hall, Leicester (1987)
 * Les Enfants Terribles – Avignon Drama Festival (1988)
 * One for the Road – Mercury Theatre, Colchester (1988)
 * Dick Whittington – Richmond Theatre (1988)
 * Run For Your Wife – Jersey (1989)
 * One for the Road – UK Tour (1990)
 * One for the Road – Australia Tour (1991)
 * One for the Road – New Zealand Tour (1992)
 * Cash on Delivery – Theatre Royal, Windsor (1993)
 * Dick Whittington – Theatre Royal, Bath (1993)
 * Run For Your Wife – UK Tour (1994)
 * Cinderella – Wimbledon Theatre, London (1994)
 * Doctor in the House – UK Tour (1995)
 * Dick Whittington – New Theatre, Cardiff (1995)
 * Aladdin – Lyceum Theatre, Crewe (1996)
 * Dick Whittington – Lyceum Theatre, Sheffield (1997)
 * Dick Whittington – Darlington Civic Theatre (1998)
 * Aladdin – Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford (1999)
 * Jack and the Beanstalk – Theatre Royal, Nottingham (2000)
 * Goldilocks and the Three Bears – Grand Theatre, Wolverhampton (2001)
 * Aladdin – Theatre Royal, Newcastle upon Tyne (2002)
 * Bedside Manners – Pier Theatre, Bournemouth (2003)
 * Aladdin – Milton Keynes Theatre, Milton Keynes (2003)
 * Aladdin – New Wimbledon Theatre, London (2004)
 * Canterbury Tales – The Castle, Nottingham (2005)
 * Chitty Chitty Bang Bang – Sunderland Empire Theatre (2005)
 * Dead Funny – UK Tour (2007)
 * Aladdin – Cliffs Pavilion, Southend-on-Sea (2008)
 * Aladdin – Theatre Royal, Lincoln (2010)
 * Funny Money – The Mill at Sonning, Reading (2011)
 * Caught in the Net – The Mill at Sonning, Reading (2012)
 * Jack and the Beanstalk – Cliffs Pavilion, Southend-on-Sea (2017)
 * Aladdin – Darlington Hippodrome (2018)
 * Aladdin – Hull New Theatre (2019)

Recordings

 * 1975: Appears on the Confessions of a Pop Performer – Original Soundtrack Album
 * 1977: Single Confessions/This Space Is Reserved for You (credited as Robin Aswith)
 * 1994: Audiobook cassette, HarperCollins Audio – Ian Botham: My Autobiography – Don't Tell Kath read by Robin Askwith

title: Robin Askwith


text:
User talk:أحمد

Dimyat?
Hi, I noticed that you are the one who moved Dumyat to Dimyat. I changed Egypt template accordingly. But i wonder what your source was since the official site of the governorate is Domyat with an o.--Wedian 22:10, 18 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I have known it to be so for as long as I can remember; but as I looked it up again, I found it to be as I had known (with kasra on the dal) in AlWatwat and in AlMonged.
 * I'm aware that the current public pronunciation is domiat, and this is worth mentioning in the article itself. But officially it is in kasra, regardless of what the website. You're from Mansoura, how did you read it in school books? --Alif 18:40, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I wasn't that good in geography at school :). I agree with you that the correct pronounciation is dimyat. However, we are not in the issue of translating the city's name. This spelling "domyat" has already been well established e.g. in mailing addresses. For example, try to search google for "dimyat", you will find that the only result referring to Dimyat city in Egypt is the wikipedia. Then, try to search google for "domyat" you will find many results referring to the city. It is more likely that anyone searching the wikipedia will try the most common spelling " domyat". I had the same problem with Mansoura: should we use the spelling "Al Mansurah" - which is used here in Wikipedia - or the more common "Mansoura"?  In my opinion, we should use the more common name and mention the correct pronounciation in the article. --Wedian 22:35, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, that's why we have redirection pages. This way those who search for the common pronunciation will still find the article, albeit through a transparent redirection to the properly named one. I agree however that this is a complex issue, and becomes even more so when it involves transliteration. --Alif 21:53, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi Gharbeia. What's the Arabic word? Neither Commune nor Communion quite make sense in English in this context. Incidentally, who's AbdElAziz Pasha Fahmi? It would be nice to have a stub... - Mustafaa 16:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I think Academy, even if it's not literal, sounds better here (like the French Académie de la langue français); on this page it's translated that way too... As for فاديجا, it's written Fadicca in English, and it's another name for Nobiin/Mahas, as far as I can tell from Google; I just added it. - Mustafaa 19:13, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Berber / Amazigh
Hi Alef01, as per the Naming conventions, the practice is to use the most common names for subjects. Berber is far more common than Amazigh (for an easy way to see this, refer to here), so I'm going to re-reverse the redirects for both Berber and Berber languages. Hope you don't mind!

Also, if you make substantial changes like this, please consider discussing the issue on the Talk page first. In this case, the Talk:Berber page indicates that this issue has been raised earlier (though I must admit that the discussion there is rather messy). Incidentally, note that the page history becomes worthless if you just copy and past the contents from one article to the other; the best way to do such a thing without losing the page's history is by requesting assistance from an administrator. — mark ✎ 00:41, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Forgot to add that I do know that Berber is considered a derogatory term by some peoples; the point is that this is not relevant for the naming of an encyclopedic article, as per the naming conventions. The most common way to handle issues of terminology considered by some derogatory/pejorative is to include a statement to that effect in the article. Kind regards,  — mark ✎ 01:01, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Hi! Thankd for the great articles on Egyptian saints. They are very interesting. Two things though. You wrote St Moses the Black and we already have an article Moses the Black. You should probably combine them. Also, our naming convention usually removes the word Saint and other titles, so it would be Demiana and Moses the Black. If it is a problem with disambiguation, you would write Demiana (saint). Keep up the excellent work. Danny 12:46, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Could you perhaps combine the two articles? That way we wont have two articles about the same person. Danny 12:55, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Arabic logo
There is no vector format version of the globe because it is a 3-D rendered object. There are large-resolution versions at meta:logo. The version of the Arabic Wikipedia logo currently on ar.wikipedia.org does not appear to be the same as the version I created at meta:Wikipedia in other languages, but the text of the name Wikipedia appears to be the same. The font is called "KufiStandardGK". It comes standard with Mac OS X 10.3. I don't know any other way to get it. Let me know if there is any other information I can give you. Nohat 19:18, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Star names
Hi Gharbeia,

Thanks for your contributions to the Arabic sources for the English star names. I appreciate it! I don't know of any English-language reference that gives the original Arabic, so I've been trying to create my own, and unfortunately my Arabic is pathetic. (A few sources have transliterations, but they're ambiguous and full of mistakes.)

Is there an Arabic Wikipedia article that already has all of this info?

Now if we can just get someone who knows Persian for Tarazed and Giauzar ...

Thanks again, kwami 06:23, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello again,

 * I've normalized our transcription systems; one concern I had is the legibility of diacritic dots to older people with poor eyesight, especially since the dots tend to drift around the page on some browsers ( instead of  for , for example).

 * More importantly, I reverted a couple of your edits. For example, as far as I know, derivations of Betelgeuse (earlier Bedelgeuse) from "house" or "armpit" of Gawza are folk etymologies based on a mistaken transliteration of ي as B, and the Arabic was يد الجوزا. Likewise the 1st, 2nd, 3rd leap of the gazelle in Ursa major. A corrupted form of leap is found as an alternate name for several of the stars involved, whereas vertebra is only found for one. (The " : :  : " pattern of the stars could be reminiscent of either.) If you have any information to the contrary, please let me know! You said that you disagreed with several of the etymologies, but I can't tell if you have access to historical documents, or to sources with a better understanding of Arab almanacs than mine, or are going on your knowledge of the language alone. Since people following standard English references such as Allan might have the same POV me, it would be great if you could document any contrary evidence in the talk page.

 * If you decide to revisit the article, I've added some more partial etymologies: transliterations (perhaps mistaken) or even just alleged translations without the Arabic.

 * Take care, kwami 09:47, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bektashi
Thank you for adding the Arabic. You may be interested in List of Islamic terms in Arabic. freestylefrappe 15:56, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Copt
Hi! Since you were involved in editing that page, I wanted to call your attention to the article to see if you wanted to give any input on the current discussion. Thanks — [ zɪʔɾɪdəʰ ]   ·   t  19:36, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Zerida, Ezzayek!
 * Coincedently, I just took a look at Copt today and I'm very content with its content :). It's developed to being a well balanced and informative article. I need to do the same to the Arabic version. Take a look at it. لماذا لا تحررين في الإصدارة العربية، بالمناسبة؟

--Alif 20:13, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Wikimania 2007
Hi Alef01,

Wikimania 2007, which is being held in Taipei, Taiwan on August 3-5, is offering opportunities for travel scholarships to Wikimania for active users of Wikimedia projects from the continent of Africa. Although the original scholarship deadline has passed, please, if you are interested, you may still apply at Scholarships. Sincerely yours, Cary Bass15:12, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Thank you, Cary, for the invitation, and sorry for the belated reply. --Alif 21:49, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Wikimedia Egypt
Wikimedia Egypt

...would you like to share?--TheEgyptian 19:34, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

شكر متأخر على الدعوة أيها المصري. رغم أني لم أشارك في الاجتماع فقد تابع أخباره. --Alif 21:49, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

⳿ⲪⲂⲓⲕⲓⲡⲏ ̇ ⲋⲏ
Thank you for your contributions. If you are interested in the Coptic Wikisource (⳿ⲪⲂⲓⲕⲓⲡⲏ ̇ ⲋⲏ) Proposal, please don't hesitate to help out. Regards, ~ Troy (talk) 23:29, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Call for Wikipedians in Residence in Africa
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If you are not interested in applying, I would be very grateful if you could spread this call far and wide among your networks to ensure that both projects get excellent candidates. Here is the link for the information page: http://www.wikiafrica.net/two-wikipedians-in-residence-for-africa/

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Disambiguation link notification for March 11
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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مرحبا أحمد
هل تعطيني وسام من فضلك محمد9088 (talk) 20:32, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

May 2019
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November 2019
Please do not add or change content, as you did at EgyptAir, without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. Jetstreamer $Talk$ 22:24, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Ontology for Media Resources

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Nomination of List of commercial secure mobile companies for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of commercial secure mobile companies is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of commercial secure mobile companies until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.    Kadzi    (talk) 16:18, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Draft:Resilient Anonymous Communication for Everyone concern
Hi there, I'm MDanielsBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Resilient Anonymous Communication for Everyone, a page you created, has not been edited in 5 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

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Your draft article, Draft:Resilient Anonymous Communication for Everyone

Hello, أحمد. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Resilient Anonymous Communication for Everyone".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! — Nnadigoodluck 🇳🇬 00:31, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Wikipedia and copyright
Hello أحمد! Your additions to Murder of Giulio Regeni have been removed in whole or in part, as they appear to have added copyrighted content without evidence that the source material is in the public domain or has been released by its owner or legal agent under a suitably-free and compatible copyright license. (To request such a release, see Requesting copyright permission.) While we appreciate your contributions to Wikipedia, there are certain things you must keep in mind about using information from sources to avoid copyright and plagiarism issues.

 * You can only copy/translate a small amount of a source, and you must mark what you take as a direct quotation with double quotation marks (") and cite the source using an inline citation. You can read about this at Non-free content in the sections on "text". See also Help:Referencing for beginners, for how to cite sources here.
 * Aside from limited quotation, you must put all information in your own words and structure, in proper paraphrase. Following the source's words too closely can create copyright problems, so it is not permitted here; see Close paraphrasing. Even when using your own words, you are still, however, asked to cite your sources to verify the information and to demonstrate that the content is not original research.
 * We have strict guidelines on the usage of copyrighted images. Fair use images must meet all ten of the non-free content criteria in order to be used in articles, or they will be deleted. To be used on Wikipedia, all other images must be made available under a free and open copyright license that allows commercial and derivative reuse.
 * If you own the copyright to the source you want to copy or are a legally designated agent, you may be able to license that text so that we can publish it here. Understand, though, that unlike many other sites, where a person can license their content for use there and retain non-free ownership, that is not possible at Wikipedia. Rather, the release of content must be irrevocable, to the world, into either the public domain (PD) or under a suitably-free and compatible copyright license. Such a release must be done in a verifiable manner, so that the authority of the person purporting to release the copyright is evidenced. See Donating copyrighted materials.
 * Also note that Wikipedia articles may not be copied or translated without attribution. If you want to copy or translate from another Wikipedia project or article, you must follow the copyright attribution steps described at Copying within Wikipedia. See also Help:Translation.

It's very important that contributors understand and follow these practices, as policy requires that people who persistently do not must be blocked from editing. If you have any questions about this, you are welcome to leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. DanCherek (talk) 13:32, 8 January 2022 (UTC)

wikilinks
Please do not insert overlinked wls, these would be deleted. For instance, in the Successor part there are now three overlinked wls after your revert. --Egeymi (talk) 14:32, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Egeymi, while there may have been links to the pages on Faisal and Saud in other parts of the article, the section "Successor" had none before I inserted those. Hence I reverted you edit which cited "overlinking". In my case as a reader, I reached page and directly jumped to Ibn_Saud, then had to scroll for long to find links to the mentioned subjects. The unit for counting overlinking be not the page, but rather the section. So let's keep one link to each relevant subject in tat section.

title: User talk:أحمد


text:
HMS Sparrowhawk

Six ships and a naval air station of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Sparrowhawk after the bird of prey, the Eurasian sparrowhawk:

 * HMS Sparrowhawk (1807) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1807 and sold in 1841.
 * HMS Sparrowhawk (1856) was a wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856 and sold in 1872; later a merchant barque, then coal lighter, name unchanged.
 * HMS Sparrowhawk (1877) was a survey schooner purchased in 1877. She was originally named Falcon, was HMS Lark on being purchased, but was renamed HMS Sparrowhawk three months later. She was sold in 1889.
 * HMS Sparrowhawk (1895) was a Quail-class destroyer launched in 1895 and wrecked in 1904.
 * HMS Sparrowhawk (1912) was an Acasta-class destroyer launched in 1912. She was sunk at the Battle of Jutland on 1 June 1916 after colliding with HMS Broke (1914).
 * HMS Sparrowhawk (1918) was an S-class destroyer launched in 1918 and scrapped in 1931.
 * HMS Sparrowhawk was the name given to Royal Naval Air Station Hatston, a naval air station of the Fleet Air Arm during World War II.

title: HMS Sparrowhawk


text:
Geoffrey Winthrop Young

Geoffrey Winthrop Young (25 October 1876 – 8 September 1958) was a British climber, poet and educator, and author of several notable books on mountaineering.

Young was born in Kensington, the middle son of Sir George Young, 3rd Baronet, a noted classicist and charity commissioner, of Formosa Place at Cookham in Berkshire, where he grew up. His mother, formerly Alice Eacy Kennedy, was the daughter of Dr Evory Kennedy of Belgard Co. Dublin and had previously lived in India as Lady Lawrence, wife of Sir Alexander Lawrence, Bt, nephew to the Viceroy, Lord Lawrence. Widowed when Sir Alexander died in a bridge collapse, Alice returned to England, marrying Sir George in 1871. Winthrop's brother Edward Hilton Young became the 1st Baron Kennet. His son Jocelin Winthrop Young was a Royal Navy officer and educator who founded the Round Square association of schools and was private tutor to Constantine II of Greece.

Mountaineering
Educated at Marlborough, Young began rock climbing shortly before his first term at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied Classics and won the Chancellor's Medal for English Verse two years running. While there, Young wrote a humorous college climbing guide called The Roof-Climber's Guide to Trinity, in part a parody of early alpine guidebooks, in part a useful reference work for those, like him, who were keen to clamber up Cambridge's highest spires.

During the Edwardian Period, and up until the outbreak of hostilities heralding World War I, Young made several new and difficult ascents in the Alps, including noted routes on the Zermatt Breithorn on Monte Rosa (the "Younggrat"), the west ridge of the Gspaltenhorn, on the west face of the Weisshorn, and a dangerous and rarely repeated route on the south face of the Täschhorn. His finest rock climb was the Mer de Glace face of the Aiguille du Grépon. In 1911, with H. O. Jones, he ascended the Brouillard ridge of Mont Blanc and made the first complete traverse of the west ridge of the Grandes Jorasses, and the first descent of the ridge to the Col des Hirondelles. His favoured, but not only, guide was Josef Knubel of St Niklaus.

Winthrop Young also put up new routes on the crags of Northumberland the Lake District and Wales. He was elected president of the Climbers' Club in 1913, and he organised the Pen-y-Pass gatherings that propelled the advancement of rock climbing and included such technical luminaries as J. M. Archer Thompson, George Leigh Mallory, Siegfried Herford, John Percy Farrar and Oscar Eckenstein. These parties, beginning in earnest about 1907, and sometimes reaching sixty men, women and children, flooded the hotel and overflowed into Eckenstein's miner's cabin and various tents. They came to an end in 1914.

World War I and injury
During the war, Young was at first a correspondent for the liberal Daily News, but later, as a conscientious objector, was active in the FAU, the Friends' Ambulance Unit. Sent to Italy he drove ambulances sometimes in the thick of battle, and as such he received several decorations. On 31 August 1917 on the Isonzo Front during the fight for Monte San Gabriele, an explosion caused injuries requiring the amputation of one of his legs. After the amputation, Young walked sixteen miles in two days to avoid being captured by the Austrians. He continued alpine climbing for a number of years – using a specially designed artificial leg that accepted a number of attachments for snow and rock work – and climbed the Matterhorn in 1928.

At the conclusion of the war in 1918 he married Eleanor Winthrop Young (née Slingsby), who helped him return to climbing after his amputation and often accompanied him on expeditions. The biography written by Alan Hankinson mentions Winthrop Young's bisexuality.

Outdoor educator and administrator
In 1920 Young published the 300-page manual of mountaineering instruction entitled Mountain Craft, to which Eckenstein and J. Norman Collie also contributed. The editor of the Alpine Club, John Percy Farrar, wrote to Young on the book's publication, saying: 'The book is magnificent ... It will be standard for so long as mankind is interested in mountaineering. The profound amount of work put into it staggers me.'

To support himself and his family he worked for the Rockefeller Foundation, and spent much time in Germany, and – having met Kurt Hahn before the War – helped Hahn immigrate to England in 1934. Much of what may be called an outdoor adventure education springs from this connection. The now famous Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme and the International Award scheme comes from this co-operation between Hahn and Young. The Outward Bound movement, after World War II, owes a considerable debt to their friendship.

During World War II, Young was president of the Alpine Club and it was through his efforts that the British Mountaineering Council, the umbrella organisation for climbers in Great Britain, was created in 1945.

Books by G. W. Young

 * The Roof-Climber's Guide to Trinity (1899)
 * Wall and Roof Climbing (1905)
 * Freedom. Poems (1914)
 * From the Trenches: Louvain to the Aisne, the First Record of an Eye-Witness (1914)
 * Mountain Craft (1920)
 * On High Hills: Memories of the Alps (1927)
 * Collected Poems (1936)
 * Mountains with a Difference (1951)
 * The Grace of Forgetting (1953)
 * Snowdon Biography with Sutton & Noyce (1957)

title: Geoffrey Winthrop Young


text:
Talk:Easy rider (slang)

World War II
The term most certainly did not originate during World War II. It may have come into the vocabulary of a new group of people at that time, but at least for a number of African Americans of the U.S. South, the expression was already old. If it can only be doccumented back to the 1920s, that may be because we don't have earlier recordings of African American blues. It at least goes back to Bunk Johnson's generation (whenever that was). -- Infrogmation 17:01, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * In philology, as well as in sociology, to arrive at a clear definiton one has to suspend ethnocentric-type thinking, no particular group of people can claim ownership of a word, term, or expression because they first put it to music, or gave it its most popular meaning - since by definition slang has a static meaning to begin with. (If that were the case the majority of rap artists today would be suing each other).
 * To try & determine the origin of a slang expression, it is easy but logically incorrect to assume the period when it enters into mainstream culture or the venue by which it is introduced that the people who introduced it must be the originator of the expression & the time it is introduced as its only inception; when actually it existed long before but with a slightly different meaning.
 * Using this same but faulty logic you can reverse the argument & said that it did originate during WWII because the slang term at that time acquired a meaning that has remined more or less the same ever since, or that since the expression acquired its most users or entered into the majority of mainstream culture at that time that they "own" the expression more than the people who used it during the emerging blues scence of the 1920s, thus, slang expressions are "time-shared" having a unique meaning to a particular group of people for a limited amount of time - in short, same expression, different meaning, no one "owner". Academically then, "easy rider" originated when the words "easy" & "rider" were first formed to convey a meaning - probably the day after the saddle or first bicycle or automobile was invented. Hscully3 280605

Veers off
Beginning with the railroad "references" in the third paragraph this article veers off topic badly. The article needs a serious re-writing. Teneriff 03:43, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Led Zeppelin Lyrics
Isn't it a violation of copyright to post song lyrics on Wikipedia?

 * If the lyrics are under copyright it is; if not it is not. -- Infrogmation 00:59, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Do the Led Zeppelin lyrics differ from other versions? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.75.234.239 (talk) 03:18, 30 January 2007 (UTC).

 * An earlier reference in rock and roll was made by Iron Butterfly [] Zrylam 07:24, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Easy rider (slang)


text:
Zirconium tungstate

Zirconium tungstate (ZrWO4) is the zirconium salt of tungstic acid and has unusual properties. The phase formed at ambient pressure by reaction of ZrO2 and WO3 is a metastable cubic phase, which has negative thermal expansion characteristics, namely it shrinks over a wide range of temperatures when heated. In contrast to most other ceramics exhibiting negative CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion), the CTE of ZrW2O8 is isotropic and has a large negative magnitude (average CTE of -7.2x10−6K−1) over a wide range of temperature (-273 °C to 777 °C). A number of other phases are formed at high pressures.

Cubic phase
Cubic zirconium tungstate (alpha-ZrW2O8), one of the several known phases of zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) is perhaps one of the most studied materials to exhibit negative thermal expansion. It has been shown to contract continuously over a previously unprecedented temperature range of 0.3 to 1050 K (at higher temperatures the material decomposes). Since the structure is cubic, as described below, the thermal contraction is isotropic - equal in all directions. There is much ongoing research attempting to elucidate why the material exhibits such dramatic negative thermal expansion.

This phase is thermodynamically unstable at room temperature with respect to the binary oxides ZrO2 and WO3, but may be synthesised by heating stoichiometric quantities of these oxides together and then quenching the material by rapidly cooling it from approximately 900 °C to room temperature.

The structure of cubic zirconium tungstate consists of corner-sharing ZrO6 octahedral and WO4 tetrahedral structural units. Its unusual expansion properties are thought to be due to vibrational modes known as Rigid Unit Modes (RUMs), which involve the coupled rotation of the polyhedral units that make up the structure, and lead to contraction.

Detailed crystal structure

The arrangement of the groups in the structure of cubic ZrW2O8 is analogous to the simple NaCl structure, with ZrO6 octahedra at the Na sites, and W2O8 groups at the Cl sites. The unit cell consists of 44 atoms aligned in a primitive cubic Bravais lattice, with unit cell length 9.15462 Angstroms.

The ZrO6 octahedra are only slightly distorted from a regular conformation, and all oxygen sites in a given octahedron are related by symmetry. The W2O8 unit is made up of two crystallographically distinct WO4 tetrahedra, which are not formally bonded to each other. These two types of tetrahedra differ with respect to the W-O bond lengths and angles. The WO4 tetrahedra are distorted from a regular shape since one oxygen is unconstrained (an atom that is bonded only to the central tungsten (W) atom), and the three other oxygens are each bonded to a zirconium atom (i.e. the corner-sharing of polyhedra).

The structure has P213 space group symmetry at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, a centre of inversion is introduced by the disordering of the orientation of tungstate groups, and the space group above the phase transition temperature (~180C) is Pa$$\bar3$$.

Octahedra and tetrahedra are linked together by sharing an oxygen atom. In the image, note the corner-touching between octahedra and tetrahedra; these are the location of the shared oxygen. The vertices of the tetrahedra and octahedra represent the oxygen, which are spread about the central zirconium and tungsten. Geometrically, the two shapes can "pivot" around these corner-sharing oxygens, without a distortion of the polyhedra themselves. This pivoting is what is thought to lead to the negative thermal expansion, as in certain low frequency normal modes this leads to the contracting 'RUMs' mentioned above.

High pressure forms
At high pressure, zirconium tungstate undergoes a series of phase transitions, first to an amorphous phase, and then to a U3O8-type phase, in which the zirconium and tungsten atoms are disordered.

Zirconium tungstate-copper system
Through hot-isostatically pressing (HIP) a ZrW2O8-Cu composite (system) can be realized. Work done by C. Verdon and D.C. Dunand in 1997 used similarly sized zirconium tungstate and copper powder in a low carbon steel can coated with Cu, and they were HIPed under 103MPa pressure for 3 hours at 600 °C. A control experiment was also conducted, with only a heat treatment (i.e., no pressing) for the same powder mixture also under 600 °C for 3 hours in a quartz tube gettered with titanium.

The results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the graph in Verdon & Dunand's paper shows expected products. (a) is from the as received zirconium tungstate powder, (b) is the result from the control experiment, and (c) is the ceramic product from the HIP process. Apparently there are new phases formed according to Spectrum (c) with no ZrW2O8 left. While for the control experiment only partial amount of ZrW2O8 was decomposed.

While complex oxides containing Cu, Zr, and W were believed to be created, selected area diffraction (SAD) of the ceramic product has proven the existence of Cu2O as precipitates after reaction. A model consisted of two concurrent processes were surmised (as presented): (b) the decomposition of the ceramic and loss of oxygen under low oxygen partial pressure at high temperature leads to Cu2O formation; (c) copper diffuses into the ceramic and forms new oxides that absorb some oxygen upon cooling.

Since only very few oxides, those of noble metals which are very expensive, are less stable than Cu2O and Cu2O was believed to be more stable than ZrW2O8, kinetic control of the reaction must be taken into account. For example, reducing reaction time and temperature helps alleviate the residual stress caused by different phases of the ceramic during reaction, which could lead to a delamination of the ceramic particles from the matrix and an increase in the CTE.

title: Zirconium tungstate


text:
Joe Royle

Joseph Royle (born 8 April 1949) is an English football manager and former footballer. In his playing career as a striker, he debuted for Everton at the age of 16 and went on to play for Manchester City, Bristol City, Norwich City, and the England national team. Later, he managed Oldham Athletic, Everton, Manchester City, and Ipswich Town. He is currently a director at Oldham Athletic.

Club career
Royle was born in the Norris Green area of Liverpool on 8 April 1949. He attended Ranworth Square Primary School in Norris Green and Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool's Allerton suburb, where he was an all-round sportsman. Unusually for a grammar schoolboy, he played for the Liverpool schoolboys team, which was usually drawn from secondary modern schools.

A number of clubs were interested in signing Royle, including Manchester United, but it was his hometown club Everton that succeeded in recruiting him to their ranks. He went on to make 270 appearances for Everton, scoring 119 times. He made his debut at the age of 16 and held the record of being the youngest player to play for Everton until James Vaughan beat the record on 10 April 2005 by 11 days. For five seasons he was Everton's top scorer, notably scoring 23 goals in the Championship-winning side of 1969–70 and Manchester City manager Tony Book bought Royle for £170,000 in 1974 and he went on to claim further honours as he helped them to win the League Cup in 1976.

He left Maine Road in November 1977 to join Bristol City and had a further stint with Norwich City, including winning Norwich City player of the year in 1981, before being forced to retire from the game in 1982 (aged 33) due to a knee injury. In 2002, he was voted into the club's hall of fame by Norwich supporters. His time at Bristol City, however, had not been so fruitful. After a storming on-loan debut, scoring four, he only tallied another 14 goals in the remaining 100 games with the reds.

International career
Royle was awarded the first of his six England caps against Malta in 1971.

Oldham Athletic
In June 1982, Royle moved into management in the Second Division at Oldham Athletic. He spent more than 12 years in charge at Boundary Park, taking them into the First Division in 1991 (a year before it became the FA Premier League) as Second Division champions. Royle's teams won many friends with their cavalier style of play, which was particularly evident during the season that they played on artificial turf on their home ground. Oldham reached a cup final for the first time in 1990 when they reached the final of the League Cup, but they were beaten 1–0 by Nottingham Forest. They also reached the FA Cup semi-finals that season, and held Manchester United to a 3–3 draw in the first match at Maine Road before losing the replay 2–1.

When England national football team manager Bobby Robson announced in May 1990 that he would be quitting the job after the World Cup that summer, Royle's name was strongly linked with the role and the Football Association shortlisted him along with Graham Taylor and Howard Kendall. This was despite Royle having yet to manage in the First Division; whereas in contrast Kendall had won two league titles, an FA Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup with Everton, and Taylor had taken both Aston Villa and Watford to runners-up spot in the top flight and Watford to an FA Cup final. Incredibly, Royle was selected on the shortlist ahead of Terry Venables, the Tottenham Hotspur manager whose managerial CV included taking Barcelona to the Spanish league title and to a European Cup final, as well as guiding Queen's Park Rangers to an FA Cup final in 1982. Venables himself had expressed interest in the job – which would finally become his in January 1994. In the event, Graham Taylor was appointed as England's new manager.

In 1991, Oldham finished champions of the Second Division, and were promoted to the First Division where they had last played 68 years earlier.

Royle was able to attract established stars to Oldham, as well as developing talent which would go on to excel at a higher level. These included striker Graeme Sharp – one of the most accomplished goalscorers of the past decade – who was signed from Everton in 1991, midfielder Mike Milligan (who was sold to Everton for £1million in 1990 and signed back for £600,000 a year later), left back Earl Barrett (who was one of the most expensive defenders in England when he was sold to Aston Villa for £1.7million in early 1992) and right-back Denis Irwin, who was signed on a free transfer from Leeds United in 1986 and was sold to Manchester United for £625,000 in 1990, where he went on to win numerous domestic and European honours over the next 12 years.

The Latics finished 17th in 1991–92 season – their first top flight campaign for almost 70 years – and secured their place in the new Premier League. A key game which helped ensure survival was a 5–1 home win over eventually relegated Luton Town, in which Graeme Sharp scored four goals. They also hosted Manchester United on Boxing Day 1991, and went down 6–3 in one of the most thrilling league contests of the season.

They survived on goal difference on the last day of the 1992–93 with a remarkable 4–3 home win over Southampton, their survival also boosted by an earlier 1–0 away win over Aston Villa – a victory which handed the title to Oldham's local rivals Manchester United. This result sent Crystal Palace down instead.

However, 1993–94 brought another battle against relegation and this time the Latics were unable to win it. They were rarely outside the bottom three all season. Another away win over Southampton at the end of March 1994 lifted the Latics out of the relegation zone and a 4–1 home win over QPR in the next game put them three points clear of the drop zone with two games in hand. However, a late Manchester United equaliser put their FA Cup dream on ice in the Wembley semi-final and they were defeated 4–1 three days later in the Maine Road replay. The Premier League campaign had already brought two thrilling matches between Oldham and their bigger local rivals - a 5–2 win for United at Boundary Park just after Christmas, and at the beginning of April the return match at Old Trafford saw the hosts win a closely-fought game 3–2.

The Latics failed to win any of their final eight games and a 1–1 draw at Norwich City on the final day of the season was not enough to stave off relegation. Royle remained in charge of Oldham despite their relegation, and oversaw their first few months in Division One.

Everton
After 12 years of managing Oldham, Royle returned to Everton in November 1994 to succeed manager Mike Walker, who had been sacked after less than a year in charge following Everton's worst start to a league season, with no wins from their first 12 league games. He permanently signed Scottish striker Duncan Ferguson, who was at Everton on loan. Ferguson would go on to play a big part in Everton's success after Royle's arrival, and would remain loyal to the team after retiring as a player in 2006 (taking a position as a trainer at Everton and even having an interim spell as manager in the 2019–20 season when he took over as temporary manager for three games before the arrival of Carlo Ancelotti).

Everton's league form improved under Royle, and they achieved Premier League survival at the beginning of May, finally achieving a 15th-place finish. After defeating Tottenham Hotspur 4–1 in the FA Cup semi-final, they went on to beat Manchester United 1–0 in the final, which remains their most recent major trophy to date.

That summer, Royle signed Manchester United's top scorer Andrei Kanchelskis for a club record £5 million, and Everton progressed further in 1995–96 as they finished sixth in the league, although they only reached the second round of the European Cup Winners' Cup, their first European campaign for 11 years. He then signed winger Gary Speed from Leeds United for £3.5 million in the summer of 1996, and paid a club record £5.75 million for Middlesbrough forward Nick Barmby later in 1996, but Everton's form in 1996–97 was less convincing and on transfer deadline day in 1997 he was not permitted to sign Norwegians Tore André Flo and Claus Eftevaag by chairman Peter Johnson, which led to his resignation. Everton were just four points above the relegation zone when Royle resigned, their form having dipped since the sale of Andrei Kanchelskis to Fiorentina two months earlier.

Royle was named an Everton Giant in 2004 for his successes as both a player and a manager for the team.

Manchester City
After 11 months out of the game, he accepted the challenge to manage Manchester City in February 1998. When Royle arrived the club was battling against relegation from Division One. They won their final game of the season 5–2 away to Stoke City, but both teams were relegated due to the other three relegation-threatened teams all winning. Royle's services were retained and he delivered an instant promotion the following season, as City beat Gillingham on penalties in the 1999 Division Two play-off final after drawing 2–2 in open play. A year later, he delivered City a second successive promotion as they finished runners-up in Division One and clinched a place in the Premier League on the final day of the league season. However, City were relegated straight back to Division One and Royle was sacked in May 2001.

Ipswich Town
After more than a year out of the game, Royle returned to football in October 2002 to manage Ipswich Town, who had been relegated from the Premier League the previous season and had dismissed long-serving manager George Burley. From February to May 2003 the club was in administration, which led to the exit of several key players and a restriction of transfer and wage funds. Royle twice led Ipswich to the play-offs, in 2004 and 2005, but lost on both occasions to West Ham United in the semi-finals. Several players were subsequently sold off to Premier League sides, and Ipswich finished 15th in the 2005–06 season, their lowest finish since 1966, and Royle left the club by mutual consent.

Later career
In December 2006, Royle was appointed as a Patron of Trust Oldham, the official supporter's association of Oldham Athletic. In November 2007, Royle was under serious consideration for the Leicester City and Wigan Athletic managerial roles, but decided to pull out of the running for both.

During his break from management, Royle co-commentated alongside the likes of John Helm and Tony Jones on Five's UEFA Cup Football coverage.

On 15 March 2009, Royle was re-appointed to Oldham Athletic on a temporary basis, following the resignation of John Sheridan. In April, he was offered the job on a permanent basis, but turned it down on 28 April, and announced that he would be leaving the club after the final game. On 2 May, in his final game, and the club's final game of the season, Royle led Oldham to a 2–1 away victory at Walsall.

On 2 June 2014, Royle joined Norwich City as a footballing consultant to new manager Neil Adams. On 14 July of the same year, Royle was appointed to help oversee the youth development at Everton, alongside David Unsworth. On 12 May 2016, following the departure of Roberto Martinez, Royle assisted Unsworth in taking charge of Everton's final game of the season against Norwich.

In October 2018, Royle was appointed as a director at Wigan Athletic, following the club's takeover.

In July 2022, Royle has been appointed as the director of Oldham Athletic after its takeover from the previous owners.

Player
Everton
 * Football League First Division: 1969–70
 * FA Charity Shield: 1970
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1967–68

Manchester City
 * Football League Cup: 1975–76

Manager
Oldham Athletic
 * Football League Second Division: 1990–91
 * Football League Cup runner-up: 1989–90

Everton
 * FA Cup: 1994–95
 * FA Charity Shield: 1995

Manchester City
 * Football League First Division runner-up: 1999–2000
 * Football League Second Division play-offs: 1999

Individual
 * Premier League Manager of the Month: February 1994
 * Football League Championship Manager of the Month: November 2004

title: Joe Royle