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CILQ-FM

CILQ-FM (107.1 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, known as Q107. The station broadcasts a mainstream rock format and is owned by Corus Entertainment. CILQ's studios are in the Corus Quay building on Dockside Drive at Toronto's Harbourfront neighbourhood.

CILQ-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 40,000 watts. The transmitter is atop the CN Tower, with backup facilities at First Canadian Place. CILQ is also available through streaming audio, and is simulcast on Bell Satellite TV channel 954, and Shaw Direct channel 864.

History
CILQ signed on the air at 9 a.m. on May 22, 1977. The first song played on the station was "Hard Rock Town" by Murray McLauchlan, although the station officially signed on with Deodato's "Also Sprach Zarathustra".

CILQ debuted playing album rock, part of the numerous "Superstars" formatted stations developed by programme consultant Lee Abrams, heard in many large U.S. radio markets. The playlist consisted of about 1,000 songs, in a revolving card category system based on media sales data. Platinum albums were category B1 or B2. Older titles were D1 or D2. Canadian content was another category. Most of the music library was locked and not accessible to anyone except the program director, the music director and their assistants. Disc jockeys would pull only approved albums from a shelf in the control room. This contrasted with free form, progressive rock stations of that era, where the DJs chose their own music. The original lineup of announcers was John Rode in mornings, Murray Smith in late mornings, Program Director Dave Charles in early afternoons, John Donabie in afternoon drive time, Mary-Ann Carpentier in evenings and Scott Marwood at nights. At 2 a.m., Marwood featured "Odds & Ends," a full album played in its entirety from his personal collection.

CILQ's original owner was CFGM Broadcasting, a division of J. Allan Slaight's Slaight Communications. The station was acquired by Western International Communications in 1985 when Slaight bought Standard Broadcasting, and became part of Corus Entertainment in 2000 when WIC's assets were divided between Corus and Canwest Global.

In the 1990s, CILQ was a mainstream rock station. It switched to a classic rock format on September 1, 2000. On April 7, 2014, the station returned to a mainstream rock sound and adopted a new slogan: "Toronto's Rock Station".

Programming
Notable personalities associated with the station have included: Byrd (now with WDRV in Chicago), John Donabie, the duo of Jesse Dylan and Gene Valaitis, Scruff Connors, Kristy Knight, Joey Vendetta, Brother Jake Edwards, Jane Hawtin, Earl McCrae, John Derringer, Bill Carroll, Maureen Holloway, Andy Frost, Bob "Iceman" Segarini, Lee "Beef" Eckley, Rory O'Shea, Jonny "Gonzo" Mark, Joanne Wilder, Howard "The Hungryman" Cogan, Steve Anthony, Dusty Shannon, Alice Cooper, legendary Canadian rocker Kim Mitchell, with Al Joynes and Jennifer Valentyne.

Psychedelic Psunday was a program that aired every Sunday from 9am to 9pm on CILQ-FM from 1985 to 2018. The program consisted entirely of music from the psychedelic era, spanning from 1965 to 1975.

In September 1997, CILQ, along with CHOM-FM in Montreal, became the first Canadian radio stations to air The Howard Stern Show, syndicated from New York City. Stern was heard on Q107 for four years, ending his run in November 2001.

On August 10, 2005, the station sparked controversy when it aired a recording of a Rolling Stones concert from 2002. The Stones were appearing in concert in Toronto the same evening, and many listeners had interpreted advance promotion for the broadcast as implying that CILQ would in fact be airing live from that evening's concert. Although he denied that the station intended to give that impression, station manager JJ Johnston apologized to listeners two days later.

In early 2009, the station introduced Nights with Alice Cooper, airing from 9p.m. to 2a.m. Sunday. Jeff Woods hosts a show called Records and Rockstars to give listeners the background stories to some of their favourite music.

In 2022, CILQ suspended and then "parted ways" with long-time morning host John Derringer over allegations that he had bullied other members of staff for years.

title: CILQ-FM


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Cosumnes River

The Cosumnes River is a river in northern California in the United States. It rises on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and flows approximately 52.5 mi into the Central Valley, emptying into the Mokelumne River in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.

The Cosumnes is one of very few rivers in the western Sierra without major dams. The Nature Conservancy's Cosumnes River Preserve is located just upstream from the Delta. Towns and cities along the Cosumnes River include Plymouth, Rancho Murieta, Sloughhouse, Wilton, Elk Grove, and Galt.

The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has issued an advisory regarding fish caught from the body of water.

Name
The Cosumnes River is thought to have been named as the Mokelumne and Tuolumne rivers were, using the "-umne" suffix meaning "people of". The prefix is derived from the Miwok word "kosum" meaning "salmon". Chinook Salmon runs are rarely, if ever, seen above Rancho Murieta as a result of diversions in the area.

Many locals pronounce the river's name, inserting an "n" where there is none in the first syllable. Given the etymological similarity between "Cosumnes," on the one hand, and "Tuolumne" and "Mokelumne" on the other (see next paragraph), a case can be made that the most accurate historical pronunciation is "kasumme," since the "n" is essentially silent in the pronunciation of both "Tuolumne" and Mokelumne," and there is no "s" or "z" sound at the end of those names. An older pronunciation common among Central Valley locals is ), which includes the epenthetic [n] in the first syllable, omits the initial [n] of the final syllable (as in "Mokelumne" and "Tuolumne"), has the expected value for the letter in an open syllable (created by the omission of the last [n]), and uses a final [s] rather than a [z].

Cosumnes River College, a two-year community college located in the southern part of Sacramento, California is named after the river being located only a few miles off campus. CRC's mascot is the Hawk due to the number of hawks that inhabit the river area.

Geography
Flowing from the western slope of the central Sierra Nevada mountains, the Cosumnes starts as North, Middle and South forks cutting canyons through the El Dorado and Amador County Gold Country before converging just east of Highway 49. The North Fork, about 49.3 mi long, begins at the Singleton Springs in El Dorado County, at the head of Leek Spring Valley, 7400 ft above sea level. It flows west, past the unincorporated community of Meiss, receiving Van Horn Creek and Butte Creek from the right. At Somerset, it is joined by its largest tributary, Camp Creek, from the right. Below Camp Creek it flows through the granite narrows of the Cosumnes River Gorge, a popular rock-climbing area. The river then turns abruptly south and passes Nashville before joining the Middle Fork near Enterprise.

The Middle Fork, 44.2 mi long, also starts in El Dorado County, just two ridges south of the headwaters of the North Fork. It flows westward for its entire course, roughly parallel to the North Fork. The upper half of the river flows down a steep canyon, past Croft, receiving Dogtown Creek from the right at Omo Ranch. Below Omo Ranch it flows through a gentler valley, past Outingdale, then enters another short canyon where it receives the South Fork Cosumnes River from the left. The smaller South Fork, about 20 mi long, flows generally west then northwest along the El Dorado/Amador County line, to join the Middle Fork. Shortly below this confluence the combined rivers join with the North Fork to form the Cosumnes River.

The Cosumnes River proper continues west, receiving Big Indian Creek from the south and passing under SR 49 (Golden Chain Highway). It winds through the scenic Sierra foothills through a series of short canyons separated by small ranching valleys. It receives Big Canyon Creek from the right, then Little Indian Creek from the left, before flowing through its last gorge and emerging at the former mining site of Michigan Bar. The entire stretch of the Cosumnes River between the confluence of the forks and a point one mile (1.6 km) above Michigan Bar define the El Dorado/Amador County line; below this point, the river flows into southern Sacramento County.

The Cosumnes flows west through Rancho Murieta, an affluent outer suburb of the Sacramento metropolitan area. Two small diversion dams cross the river near Van Vleck Park just upstream from the town. Below Rancho Murieta the Cosumnes flows through an agricultural valley, turning southwest near Sloughhouse. A few miles downstream the Folsom South Canal crosses under the Cosumnes River via an inverted siphon. The Cosumnes continues southwest, passing Sheldon and Wilton, receives Deer Creek from the right, then is crossed by Highway 99 near Elk Grove. Below Highway 99 it enters the nearly 50000 acre Cosumnes River Preserve, which include some of the largest remaining wetlands and riparian areas in the Central Valley. It enters the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta near Mokelumne City, turning west once more to join the Mokelumne on the border of Sacramento County and San Joaquin County.

River modifications
As one of the last rivers flowing from the west slope of the Sierra without a major dam, the Cosumnes is a vital example of a healthy watershed. However, its salmon and steelhead populations have been harmed by invasive fish species and pollution from illegal mining activity, as well as the two irrigation diversion structures near Rancho Murieta. There are plans to re-introduce salmon spawning into the river.

Some water is diverted from two tributaries of the North Fork – Camp Creek and Sly Park Creek – for irrigation in the Camino area. Sly Park Dam, which creates 41000 acre feet Jenkinson Lake, is the largest water storage facility in the Cosumnes River watershed. The dam and reservoir are part of the extensive Central Valley Project. However, the project has negligible effects on river flows, and does not block historic salmon spawning runs.

Dams have been proposed to be built on the main stem to control flows, but these plans have largely stalled because of the river's unique free-flowing status and its importance as a wildlife habitat. Sacramento County officials continue to lobby for the construction of a flood-control dry dam above Rancho Murieta at Michigan Bar. Such proposals are still the subject of ongoing debate.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cosumnes River


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Category:Deus Ex

Articles related to the video game series Deus Ex.

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title: Category:Deus Ex


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Montclair Connection

The Montclair Connection is a short section of double-track railroad on the NJ Transit Rail Operations system in New Jersey, United States, connecting the former end of the Montclair Branch at Bay Street station to the old Boonton Line southeast of Walnut Street station.

The connection opened on Monday, September 30, 2002, at a cost of $63 million. At the same time, Bay Street Station was rebuilt and Montclair State University station was built. The Montclair and Boonton lines were combined into the Montclair-Boonton Line, and passenger service was ended on the former Boonton Line east of the connection; the line was single-tracked and used by Norfolk Southern Railway for freight for a time; it is currently out of service. Disuse has caused sections of the line to become derelict, in particular east of the Passaic River where DB and WR drawbridges have been condemned. As part of the project, three Boonton Line stations were closed on September 20, 2002; Benson Street, Rowe Street, and Arlington.

The Montclair Connection was built to give passengers on the Boonton Line direct access to New York Penn Station; prior to the change, Boonton Line trains could only go to Hoboken Terminal. The idea for the connection was first proposed in 1929 when the Regional Plan Association proposed linking the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad's Montclair Branch with the Erie Railroad's Greenwood Lake Branch, but the plan was abandoned due to the economic difficulties associated with the Great Depression.

The merger between the Erie and Lackawanna Railroads in 1960 sped up the reconfiguration that was completed in March 1963, when the former Erie Main Line was connected to the Lackawanna’s Boonton Line south of Paterson station to form today’s Main Line. Meanwhile, the Boonton Line west of Mountain View station was linked to the Erie’s Greenwood Lake Branch to form the current Boonton Line.

The reconfiguration again spurred the Montclair Connection idea, and in preparation, service was cut back from Lackawanna Terminal to Bay Street by Conrail in 1981. But the proposal was introduced until the late 1980s, when New Jersey Transit proposed for a one-track connection that would have accommodated only diesel trains. Later, the plans were revised to include a two-track connection and five miles of overhead catenary wires, allowing for electric train service and increased travel destinations. After negotiations with the Township of Montclair, an agreement was reached in 1998, and construction began in 1999.

title: Montclair Connection


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Pentti Kouri

Pentti Juha Kalervo Kouri (12 February 1949 – 22 January 2009) was a Finnish economist and venture capitalist. He was born in Kemijärvi.

Education and career
Kouri was the first Finn to get a scholarship to the United World College of the Atlantic. After graduating from there, he got his master's degree in economics from the University of Helsinki in 1970. In that same year, when he was 21 years old, he was hired by the International Monetary Fund. It was at IMF's research organization where Kouri first met Michael G. Porter, an Australian economist, with whom he later developed the Kouri-Porter model.

Kouri received his PhD in Economics from MIT in 1974. He has served as a professor of economics at Stanford, Yale, Helsinki, and New York City universities.

Later he became known as a venture capitalist. For instance, he managed George Soros's investments to Finland. Today, he is remembered for his participation in the controversial "Kouri-deals" in the late 1980s. In the "Kouri-deals", a group of investors including Kouri collaborated to buy a majority of the two largest banks of Finland, mostly with borrowed money, causing a political outcry.

Personal life
Kouri was married to Elly O. Kouri and divorced in 1995. Pentti Kouri died in January 2009 in Los Angeles. Until his death, he sat on the Board of Trustees of Dia Art Foundation.

In May 2001, the Kouri Capital group led by Kouri and George Soros was declared bankrupt.

Companies related to Kouri

 * Nokia: Kouri was a shareholder and member of the board of directors.
 * Invisible hand.
 * Espial
 * Amiga, Inc.: Kouri was the chairman of the board.
 * Simply TV Inc.: Kouri was a shareholder and chairman of the board.
 * hakia, Inc.: Kouri was a shareholder and member of the board of directors.
 * Askar Capital: Kouri was a member of the advisory board.
 * Ztango: Kouri was a co-founder and an investor. The company was acquired by WiderThan in 2004.

title: Pentti Kouri


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List of Upper Canada College alumni

The following is a list of prominent Upper Canada College (UCC) alumni. UCC's alumni are usually known simply as Old Boys (as is common with most all-male private schools). They include:

Academia

 * Arthur, James Greig (1962) – world's leading mathematician in representation theory and creator of the General Trace Formula
 * Assikinack, Francis (1848) –  Ojibwe historian and treaty negotiator
 * Bethune, Charles James Stewart (1856) – headmaster of Trinity College School; co-founder of Entomological Society of Canada
 * Biggar, James H. (1926) –  founder of Visites Interprovinviales, later the Society for Educational Visits and Exchanges in Canada
 * Clarkson, Stephen (1954) –  foreign policy and Canadian history expert and Governor General's Award winner
 * Cooper, John Julius, 2nd Viscount Norwich (1942) –  British historian, travel writer, and television personality
 * Crooks, Adam – first chancellor of the University of Toronto and Attorney General of Canada
 * Cruikshank, Ernest Alexander (1872) – Canadian historian and founder of the Ontario Historical Society
 * Denison, George Taylor III (1856) –  founder of Canada First and the Canadian National Association
 * Eayrs, James (1938) –  political scientist; Governor General's Award winner
 * Eksteins, Modris (1961) –  historian of Germany
 * Endicott, Timothy (1979) – first Dean of Law, University of Oxford
 * Ewart, John S. –  lawyer, Canadian historian, and advocate of Canadian independence
 * Fleming, James Henry (1892) – ornithologist
 * Grant, George P. (1936) –  philosopher and author
 * Grier, Terry (c. 1954) – president of Ryerson University and New Democratic Party member of parliament
 * Jennings, William Tyndale – civil engineer, city engineer for Toronto, and president of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (later the Engineering Institute of Canada)
 * Keefer, Thomas (1838) – aquatics civil engineer, president of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and founder of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering
 * Kilbourn, William (1944) –  author, historian, and executive of the Canada Council and Canadian commission for UNESCO
 * Loudin, James (1858) –  first physics professor at the University of Toronto and president of the Royal Society of Canada
 * MacInnis, Dr. Joseph (1956) –  explorer, leader of the dive to film the RMS Titanic in IMAX, and the first person to dive under the North Pole
 * Macklem, Michael –  founder of Oberon Press
 * McNaught, Kenneth (c. 1936) –  historian and author
 * Parmenter, Ross (1929) – music editor at the New York Times and expert on indigenous Mexican culture
 * Patterson, John Andrew – president of the Astronomical and Physical Society of Toronto and prominent lawyer
 * Ryerson, Stanley Bréhaut (c. 1929) – historian and communist activist
 * Singer, Peter (1978) – director of Joint Centre for Bioethics at the University of Toronto and programme director at the Canadian Program on Genomics
 * Stupart, Sir Robert Fredrick (1872) – pioneer of public weather forecasts; director of the National Meteorological Society
 * Tyrell, Joseph (1878) –  discoverer of dinosaur bones in Alberta and in whose honour the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology is named
 * Wright, Sir Charles Seymour (1904) – team physicist on Robert Scott's Antarctic expedition and developer of the "trench wireless" during the First World War

Literature and journalism

 * Bacque, James – author
 * Black, Conrad, Baron Black of Crossharbour (did not graduate) –  author, newspaper baron
 * Bruce, Addington (c. 1892) – journalist and American historian
 * Chewitt, William Cameron (c. 1846) – Canadian publisher; one of the first two members of the University of Toronto to graduate in medicine
 * Colapinto, John (c. 1977) – award-winning journalist, novelist and staff writer for The New Yorker
 * Davies, Robertson (1932) –  author, playwright, and journalist
 * Fraser, Graham (c. 1964) – Canadian journalist and languages commissioner of Canada
 * Fraser, John (1963) –  Editor of Saturday Night Magazine; master of Massey College
 * Gilmour, David (1968) – journalist, novelist, winner of the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction
 * Glazebrook, G.P. de T. (George Parkin de Twenebroker) –  Canadian historian
 * Graham, Patrick (1984) journalist and screenwriter
 * Heintzman, Andrew (1986) – founder and editor of Shift magazine
 * Leacock, Stephen (1882) –  writer and economist
 * MacLean, Rory (1954) –  writer and broadcaster
 * Newman, Peter C. (1947) –  Peabody Award-winning journalist; former editor of Macleans and the Toronto Star
 * Robertson, John Ross (1850) – journalist and founder of Toronto Evening Telegram, in whose honour John Ross Robertson Public School is named
 * Scadding, Henry (1833) – educator, rector, and writer
 * Stackhouse, John (1981) – author; editor of The Globe and Mail
 * Symons, Thomas (1942) –  founding president of Trent University and Canadian studies author

Music and radio

 * Cuddy, Jim (1974) – founder and member of Blue Rodeo
 * Dako, Del (1972) – jazz musician
 * Gibson, Dan (1940) –  creator of Solitudes
 * Gooderham, Albert Edward (1879) – founder of the Canadian Academy of Music (later the Royal Conservatory of Music) and president of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra
 * Hewitt, Bill (1949) – broadcasting mogul and Hockey Night in Canada announcer
 * Hewitt, Foster (1921) –  broadcaster and Hockey Hall of Fame inductee
 * MacDermot, Galt (1942) – Grammy Award-winning musician and co-author of the Broadway musical Hair
 * McFee, Allan (1931) – CBC radio broadcaster and announcer for the Royal Canadian Air Farce
 * McNaught, John (c. 1920) – Canadian radio broadcaster and writer

Visual media

 * Band, Charles Shaw (c. 1903) –  philanthropist, art collector, and twice President of the Art Gallery of Ontario
 * Bassett, Douglas (1958) –  member of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame, president of the CTV Television Network, and founder of CFTO-TV
 * Brooks, Daniel (1976) – playwright and winner of the first Siminovitch Prize in Theatre
 * Burke, Edmund W. (1891) – architect of Prince Edward Viaduct and the Simpson's (now Hudson's Bay Company) flagship store in Toronto
 * Campbell, Nicholas (1970) – filmmaker and actor, Canadian film and television
 * Clark, Tom (1971) – television journalist, anchorman, and CTV Washington Bureau chief
 * Daly, Thomas C. (1936) –  National Film Board of Canada leader and Oscar-winning film producer.
 * Darling, Frank (1859) –  architect of the Centre Block on Parliament Hill, Convocation Hall, and Trinity College, and winner of the Royal Gold Medal
 * Davies, Geraint Wyn (1975) – actor
 * Deeks, Jim (1967) – television journalist and political advisor
 * Dick, Leonard (1982) – Emmy Award, Golden Globe, and Writers Guild Award-winning producer and writer of Lost, House, and many sitcoms
 * Douglas, Melvyn (1913) – Academy Award-winning actor
 * Dunn, Barrie (1971) - Co-creator, writer, producer Trailer Park Boys (Left school in April, 1970)
 * Eckler, Greg (1987) Canadian Screen Award-winning writer, The Rick Mercer Report
 * Felix, Enrique Alvarez (1954) – Mexican actor
 * Flaherty, Robert (1903) – pioneer of documentary films, including Nanook of the North
 * Fraser, Brendan (1987) – Academy Award-winning actor (left school in final year)
 * Gelber, Arthur (1934) –  founder of the Ontario Arts Council and chairman of National Arts Centre
 * Grier, Sir Edmund Wyly (1877) – Portraitist and president of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
 * Kane, Paul (1830) – painter of the Canadian north and other pioneer landscapes
 * Koffman, Jeffrey (1977) – Emmy Award-winning journalist; ABC news anchor and bureau chief
 * Law, Charles Anthony (1935) –  official war artist
 * Lewis, Avi (c. 1986) – journalist and television host
 * MacMillan, Michael –  Academy Award winner;  CEO of Alliance Atlantis
 * Massey, Raymond Hart (1910) – actor and Hollywood Walk of Fame inductee
 * Massey, Walter (c. 1945) – actor, voice of Principal Heney on Arthur
 * Mettler, Peter – Genie, National Film Board of Canada, and other awards-winning writer and director
 * Moore, James Mavor (1929) –  founding head of the Guild of Canadian Playwrights and founder of St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts
 * Snow, Michael (1948) –  multimedia modern artist
 * Sultanov, Sanzhar (2007) –  film producer and director
 * Taché, Eugène-Étienne  (1849) –  architect of the Assemblée nationale du Québec building, designer of Québec's Coat of Arms, and author of the province's motto Je me souviens
 * Wachter, Charles (1993) – Emmy Award-winning executive producer of Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution
 * Watier, Martin (1992) – actor and specialist in dubbing

Business

 * Alexander, Richard Henry –  founder and President of the Vancouver Board of Trade, founder of the Vancouver Club, and Commodore of the Royal Vancouver Yacht Club
 * Beatty, David Ross (1959) – international business expert, diplomat, and chairman of the Board of Governors of Upper Canada College
 * Beatty, William Henry – Director of Gooderham & Worts, vice-president Canada's first trust company, and President of the Bank of Toronto
 * Caldwell, Theo (1991) – President of Caldwell Asset Management, journalist, and radio commentator
 * Cameron, Alexander – businessman and founder of Essex, Ontario
 * Cheesbrough, Gordon – chairman and chief executive officer of Altamira and chairman of the Board of Governors of Upper Canada College
 * Eaton, Fred (1982) – catamaran designer and winner of the International Catamaran Challenge Trophy
 * Eaton, Sir John Craig (c. 1894) – chairman and chief executive officer of the T. Eaton Company
 * Eaton, John Craig – chairman and chief executive officer of the T. Eaton Company and Chancellor of Ryerson University
 * Eaton, Timothy (c. 1852) – founder of the now-defunct Eaton's department store
 * Jarvis, Aemilius - financier and yachtsman, builder of King Edward Hotel and first winner of Canada's Cup yacht race
 * Ho, Lawrence – chairman and chief executive officer of Melco International
 * Hutcheson, Blake (1980) – President and CEO of Oxford Properties
 * Pellatt, Sir Henry – Major General, financier, and builder of Casa Loma
 * Prichard, Robert – chief executive officer of Torstar and president of the University of Toronto
 * Rogers, Ted (c. 1951) – Canada's ninth wealthiest man, chairman of Rogers Communications, full owner of the Toronto Blue Jays, and eponym of the Rogers Centre
 * Tapscott, Alex (2004) – Business author, investor, and blockchain and cryptocurrency expert
 * Szaky, Tom (2001) – co-founder of TerraCycle
 * Thomson, David, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet (c. 1975) – Canada's wealthiest man, sixth wealthiest in the world, and Chairman of Thomson Corporation
 * Thomson, Kenneth, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet (c. 1941) –  formerly Canada's wealthiest man; Chairman of Thomson Corporation
 * Weston, Galen (c. 1958) – Canada's second wealthiest man and Chairman of the George Weston Limited
 * Weston, Galen Jr. (1993) –  executive chairman of Loblaw Companies
 * Weston, George –  founder of George Weston Limited

Educators

 * Connell, George (1947) –  President of the University of Toronto and the University of Western Ontario; director of Allelix Biopharmaceuticals
 * Dale, Williams (c. 1866) – educationalist; mayor of St. Mary's, Ontario
 * Eaton, Fred (1957) –  High Commissioner to the United Kingdom; Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick
 * Merritt, Thomas Rodman (c. 1842) – Member of Parliament; founder and president of Ridley College
 * Prichard, Robert (1967) –  President of the University of Toronto and president of Star Media Group
 * Ridpath, John (c. 1954) – Objectivist philosopher and retired York University associate Professor of Economics and Intellectual History

Humanitarians

 * Barrett, Anthony (1964) – founder of Pollution Probe; Chief Financial Officer of the World Wildlife Fund of Canada
 * Barton, Eric (1957) –  founder of a leprosy treatment centre in India; principal of UCC
 * Douglas, Ian –  founding president of the Canadian Epilepsy Association; chairman of the National Board of Governors of the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires

Legal

 * Armour, John Douglas (c. 1848) –  chief justice of Ontario; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
 * Biggar, Oliver Mowat (1894) – Canada's first chief electoral officer; chief Canadian legal advisor to the Treaty of Versailles
 * Boyd, Sir John Alexander (c. 1855) –  Chancellor of the Court of Chancery; president of the High Court of Ontario
 * Burns, Robert Easton –  Puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, Chancellor of the University of Toronto, and Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada
 * Cameron, John Hillyard (1833) –  Member of Parliament, co-founder of the Canada Life Assurance Company, and solicitor general of Upper Canada
 * Cartwright, John Robert (1912) –  Chief Justice of Canada
 * Cross, Charles Wilson –  first Attorney-General of Alberta; member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and of the Canadian House of Commons
 * Ewart, J. S. (c. 1867) –  advocate of Canadian independence
 * Harlan, John Marshall II (1911) –  Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
 * Hughes, Samuel, a judge of the Supreme Court of Ontario and Chairman of the Hughes Inquiry
 * Jaffer, Jameel (1990) –  human rights and civil liberties attorney, Deputy Legal Director of the American Civil Liberties Union, and Director of the ACLU's Center for Democracy
 * Macleod, James Farquharson (1848) – Colonel, pioneer of Alberta and third Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
 * McMurtry, Roy (c. 1950) – Chief Justice of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
 * Robinson, Christopher (c. 1846) – Attorney General of Canada
 * Wallbridge, Lewis (c. 1834) –  Chief Justice of Manitoba, speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, and director of the Bank of Upper Canada

Medicine

 * Bethune, Norman Sr. (c. 1840) –  Canadian doctor; father of Norman Bethune
 * Burgess, Thomas Joseph Workman (1866)  –  leader in psychiatry in Canada; President of the Société Médico-Psychologique de Québec and American Medico-Psychological Association (later the American Psychiatric Association)
 * Mack, Theophilus –  leader in obstetrics and gynaecology; founder of St. Catharines General Hospital
 * McCulloch, Ernest –  Lasker Award winner accredited with the discovery of the stem cell; Canadian Medical Hall of Fame inductee
 * Qaadri, Shafiq (1982) – University of Toronto graduate, medical journalist, and Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament

Military service

 * Boulton, Charles Arkoll (c. 1859) – leader of the militant opposition against the rebellion led by Louis Riel; later a Canadian Senator
 * Cockburn, Hampden Zane Churchill (1881) –  recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Crerar, Henry Duncan Graham HDG (1904) –  General, Chief of the General Staff, and Commander of the First Canadian Army
 * Denison, George Taylor II –  Colonel, supporter of the early Canadian militia, and commander during the Fenian Raids
 * Denison, George Taylor III  –  lawyer, commander of the Governor General's Body Guard, founder of the Canada First movement and the British Empire League, and military historian
 * Dunkelman, Ben (1930) – Israeli war hero
 * Dunn, Alexander Roberts (1844) –  first recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Geary, George Reginald (c. 1891) –  Lt. Colonel, cabinet minister, commander of the Royal Grenadier Regiment, and mayor of Toronto
 * Gressett, Sir Arthur Edward Lieutenant-General in the British Army
 * Gordon, James Neil, Brigadier General, as a Major he commanded a company of The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada on D-Day landing at Juno Beach, later becoming Commanding Officer of The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment for the remainder of the war, and post war Commanding Officer and then Honorary Colonel of The Queen's Own Rifles.
 * Little, Charles Herbert (1926) –  Director of naval intelligence during the Second World War
 * Pettler, Levi –  Major General, acclaimed war hero, and commander of the Royal Engineers
 * Williams, David Russell (1982) – former Canadian Forces Air Command colonel, commander of CFB Trenton, and convicted murderer

Ambassadors, high commissioners, and diplomats

 * Campbell, Arthur Grant
 * Eaton, Fredrik Stefan  –  Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
 * George, James  (1936)  –  Canadian ambassador to Iran, high commissioner to India, and world renowned activist
 * Graham, John (1952) –  diplomat to Cuba, Central Intelligence Agency spy, and first Head of the Organization of American States
 * Smith, Arnold Cantwell (1932)  –  Canadian ambassador to Moscow and Cambodia, and secretary-general of the Commonwealth Secretariat
 * Wilson, Michael (1955)  –  minister of finance, chairman and chief executive officer of UBS AG, chancellor of the University of Trinity College, and Canadian ambassador to the United States
 * Wrong, Hume (1909) –  Canadian ambassador to Washington and part author of the North Atlantic Treaty

Parliamentarians

 * Bosley, John William (1964) –  Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
 * Boulton, D'Arcy (c. 1843) –  Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; Grandmaster of the Grand Black Chapter of British America
 * Bristol, Edmund James  –  Member of the Canadian House of Commons and minister without portfolio in the federal Cabinet
 * Cameron, John Hillyard (c. 1835) – Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada and solicitor general for Upper Canada
 * Cartwright, Matt – Member of the United States House of Representatives
 * Cassidy, Michael (1954) – Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, member of the Canadian parliament and leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party
 * Cockburn, James (1833) –  Father of Confederation and the first Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada
 * Crooks, Adam (1846) –  Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and first Ontario minister of education
 * Harrison, Alexander Robert (c. 1851) –  Conservative member of the first Canadian parliament
 * Heap, Dan (1943) – New Democratic Party member of parliament
 * Ignatieff, Michael (1965) –  former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, noted historian and journalist
 * Kelly, Norm (c. 1959) – Member of Parliament, Toronto city councillor, Deputy Mayor of Toronto
 * Lubbock, Eric, 4th Baron Avebury (c. 1946) – Member of the House of Lords and member of the Liberal Democrats foreign affairs team
 * Macaughton, Alan (1921) –  former Speaker of Parliament and Canadian senator
 * McDonald, Donald (1830) –  Member of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada, Liberal Senator, and vice-president of the Royal Canadian Bank
 * Merritt, Thomas Rodman (c. 1842) – Member of the House of Commons of Canada and vice-president of the Imperial Bank of Canada
 * Saxton, Andrew (1982) – Conservative member of parliament, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Finance and businessman
 * Sheard, Charles – Chief Medical Officer of Toronto, Chairman of the Ontario Board of Health, and Member of Parliament
 * Small, James Edward – Member of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada and Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and Solicitor General of Canada West
 * Wrzesnewskyj, Borys (c. 1978) – Member of the Canadian Parliament; owner of Future Bakery restaurants

Premiers and mayors

 * Allan, George William (1835) –  Mayor of Toronto and Canadian senator
 * Beaven, Robert (1844) – Premier of British Columbia
 * Blake, Edward (1850) –  Premier of Ontario, federal Cabinet minister, member of the Canadian parliament, member of the British parliament
 * Bowlby, Ward Hamilton  –  Reeve of Berlin, Ontario (now known as Kitchener), barrister, director of the Economical Fire Insurance Company
 * Chisholm, George King –  first Mayor of Oakville and Sergeant-at-Arms for the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada
 * Drew, George (1913) –  Premier of Ontario and Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
 * Hoyles, Newman Wright –  third Premier of Newfoundland Colony and member of the colonial legislative assembly
 * Lamport, Allan (1923) –  Mayor of Toronto
 * Tonks, Alan (1959) – Member of Parliament and Mayor of Toronto

Ministers and advisors

 * Agnew, John Hume (c. 1881) – Manitoba Cabinet minister
 * Beatty, Perrin (1968) –  Cabinet minister, president of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and Chancellor of the University of Ontario Institute of Technology
 * Cameron, Matthew Crooks (1838) –  Cabinet member of premier John Sandfield Macdonald and provincial secretary and registrar of Ontario
 * Daly, Thomas Mayne  –  Minister of the Interior, Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, and Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada
 * Godfrey, John (1961) –  Canadian minister of state for infrastructure and communities, and editor of the Financial Post
 * Gordon, Walter L. (1922) –  Canadian minister of finance and chancellor of York University
 * Graham, Bill (1957) –  former Liberal Party Member of Parliament and Foreign Affairs Minister
 * Hughes, Sir Samuel (c. 1871) –  Canadian minister of militia during the First World War
 * Ibbs, Sir Robin (1942) –  Chairman of Lloyd's Bank and senior advisor to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
 * Marling, Alexander –  Deputy Minister of Education for Ontario
 * O'Reilly, John (1953) –  Chief Meteorologist of Ontario
 * Rossi, Rocco (1981) – national director of the Liberal Party of Canada, advisor to Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff, businessman

Viceroys

 * Aikins, James Albert Manning (1871) – founder of the Canadian Bar Association, member of the Canadian parliament, and Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba
 * Aird, John Black (1941) –  founder of Aird & Berlis LLP and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
 * Hendrie, Sir John Strathearn (1874) –  Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
 * Jackman, Henry (1950) –  Chief executive officer of the National Trust and Empire Life Insurance, and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
 * Robinson, John Beverley (1836) –  President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, mayor of Toronto, and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
 * Tupper, William Johnston (c. 1880) – Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba

Religion

 * Hutchison, Andrew (1956) – Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada
 * McLeod, Bruce (1946) – Moderator of the United Church of Canada and president of the Canadian Council of Churches

Sports

 * Ballard, Harold (c. 1921) – owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, and Maple Leaf Gardens, and Hockey Hall of Fame inductee
 * Barry, Michael  (1993) –  professional cyclist and member of Lance Armstrong's Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
 * Beare, John (1992) – 2008 Olympic bronze medallist in the Men's Four
 * Cohon, Mark – director of corporate and game development for Major League Baseball International, National Basketball Association vice-president of business development, and chair of the Ontario Science Centre
 * Conacher, Brian (1961) – member of the 1967 Stanley Cup Toronto Maple Leafs and the 1964 Olympic Canadian hockey team
 * Elder, James (1953) –  1956 and 1968 Olympics equestrian gold medallist
 * Elkinson, Kilian (2008) – member of the Toronto FC
 * Faust, Andre (c. 1987) – member of the Philadelphia Flyers
 * Greening, Colin (2005) – member of the Toronto Maple Leafs
 * Irwin, Brayden (c. 2004) –  former member of the Toronto Maple Leafs
 * Kerr, John (1970) – 1984 Olympics sailing bronze medallist
 * Mara, George (1941) –  Captain of the 1948 Olympic gold medal-winning Canadian hockey team, director of Maple Leaf Gardens, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame inductee

 * O'Connor, Matt (2010) – member of the Ottawa Senators
 * Edward Ogden (1876) – first-class cricketer
 * Smythe, Con (1909) – owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs; founder of Maple Leaf Gardens; coach of the 1928 Winter Olympics gold medal-winning team; namesake of the NHL's Conn Smythe Trophy
 * Spencer, Vic – founding director of the BC Lions, Canadian Football League Hall of Fame inductee, and Canadian Football League fullback, and founding partner and director of Delta Hotels
 * Williams, Barney (1996) – 2004 Olympic games men's coxless four silver medallist
 * Wright, Tom E.S. (1971) – Director of Operations for UFC Canada, former Commissioner of the Canadian Football League and former president of Adidas Canada

title: List of Upper Canada College alumni


text:
File:Roger Miret and the Disasters Self-Titled.jpg

Summary
Cover of the Roger Miret and the Disasters album Roger Miret and the Disasters.


text:
Assonet

Assonet may refer to:

 * Assonet, Massachusetts
 * Assonet River
 * Assonet Bay

title: Assonet


text:
2004 United States presidential election in Illinois

The 2004 United States presidential election in Illinois took place on November 2, 2004, and was part of the 2004 United States presidential election. Voters chose 21 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.

Illinois was won by Democratic nominee John Kerry by a 10.3% margin of victory. Prior to the election, all 12 news organizations considered this a state Kerry would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. A reliable blue state that no Republican has won since Bush's father George H. W. Bush in 1988, Illinois voted for Democratic Senator John Kerry in 2004 with almost 55% of the vote.

Kerry's victory in Illinois was primarily due to carrying seventy percent of the vote in the Chicago area's Cook County, where about 43% of Illinois' population resides. Amongst the remaining 57% of the population, President George W. Bush won 54.6% (1,749,203 votes) to 45.3% (1,452,265 votes). President Bush was victorious in Chicago's collar counties, although the results in those counties were narrower than his victories downstate. As of the 2020 presidential election, this was the last presidential election in which a Democrat failed to carry any of Chicago's collar counties. This also remains the only election in which the Republican nominee has won the national popular vote without carrying Illinois. It also marks the only occurrence in which Illinois has voted for the losing candidate in two consecutive presidential elections (after it had voted against Bush in 2000).

Primaries
The primaries and general elections coincided with those for Senate and Congress, as well as those for state offices.

Turnout
For the state-run primaries (Democratic and Republican), turnout was 25.23%, with 1,801,090 votes cast. For the general election, turnout was 70.33%, with 5,274,322 votes cast.

Democratic
The 2004 Illinois Democratic presidential primary was held on March 16 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Democratic Party's statewide nomination contests ahead of the 2004 presidential election.

By the time of the Illinois primary, Kerry was seen as having all but formally secured the nomination.

Republican
The 2004 Illinois Republican presidential primary was held on March 16, 2004 in the U.S. state of Illinois as one of the Republican Party's state primaries ahead of the 2004 presidential election.

Incumbent president George W. Bush won the primary. Bush was running for reelection without a major opponents, and with no opponents on the ballot in Illinois.

Illinois assigned 60 directly-elected delegates (the state had another 13 delegates that were not directly elected by voters). The Illinois primary was a so-called "Loophole" primary. This meant that the statewide presidential preference vote was a "beauty contest", from which no delegates would be assigned. Instead, the delegates were assigned by separate direct-votes on delegate candidates (whose proclaimed presidential preferences were listed beside their names on the ballot). These delegates were noted voted on at-large by a state vote, but rather by congressional district votes. The number of delegates each congressional district would be able to elect had been decided based upon the strength of that district's vote for the Republican nominee (Bush) in the previous 2000 election. This meant that four delegates each were elected from Illinois's 6th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 18th, and 19th congressional districts, three delegates each were elected from Illinois's 12th and 17th congressional districts, and two delegates each were elected from Illinois's 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, and 9th congressional districts

Ten of the remaining delegates not directly elected by congressional district were selected at the Illinois Republican Party Convention, and were unpledged delegates. The other three would be unplugged ex-officio delegates, roles filled by the states National Committeeman, the National Committeewoman, and the chairman of the Illinois's Republican Party.

Predictions
There were 12 news organizations who made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day.

Polling
Kerry won every single pre-election poll. Out of the 12 polls taken, Kerry won 9 of them with 52% or higher. The final 3 polls averaged Kerry leading 54% to Bush with 41%.

Fundraising
Bush raised $6,892,187. Kerry raised $7,100,400.

Advertising and visits
Neither campaign advertised or visited this state during the fall election season because it was expected not to be competitive and Kerry had a solid lead in the state.

Analysis
Illinois has voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election from 1992 on, each time by a double-digit margin. Prior to 1992, Illinois was considered a swing state with perhaps a slight Republican lean; until 2000, no Republican had won the White House without carrying Illinois, and it voted Republican in every election from 1952 to 1988 except 1960 and 1964, even voting against Jimmy Carter in his winning 1976 campaign. The blue trend in the "Land of Lincoln" in presidential elections can be largely attributed to the dramatic expansion of the Democratic margin in Cook County, which contains the city of Chicago and its inner suburbs and makes up about 41.2% of the state's population. While Democrats routinely won Cook County following the New Deal realignment except in some Republican landslide years (1952, 1956, 1972), until 1996, they did not themselves crack 60% in the county except in their own landslides of 1936 and 1964. In 1992, however, Clinton got 58.2% of the vote in Cook County, approaching 60% and a higher vote share than any nominee had received in the county since 1964, despite the election having three major participants. In 1996, Clinton got 66.8% of the vote, blowing past Franklin Roosevelt's and Lyndon Johnson's vote shares in 1936 and 1964, respectively, and Gore only improved on this in 2000. In 2004, John Kerry became the first nominee of any party to crack 70% in Cook County since Warren G. Harding in 1920, and the Democrat has never been below 70% in the county since.

In addition, the historically Republican "collar counties" outside Chicago began trending less strongly Republican in the Clinton years, and this continued into the Bush years. In 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat to crack 40% in the largest collar county, DuPage County, since 1964, and Gore slightly improved on Clinton's vote share in 2000, holding Bush to a 13.3% margin in a county Ford had carried by 40.5% in 1976 and George H. W. Bush, by 39.4% in 1988. In 2004, John Kerry improved on Gore's vote share in DuPage County by 2.9%, holding Bush to a single-digit margin of 9.6%--the smallest Republican margin of victory in the county since 1892 (apart from the 1912 election, when the Republican Party was divided and DuPage County voted for Theodore Roosevelt).

Outside the Chicago area, Kerry performed well in the traditionally Democratic region of Metro East, as well as in Champaign County, a moderately populated historically Republican county that has voted Democratic in every election from 1992 on. Bush had done well in most of rural Illinois in 2000, and deepened his support there in 2004. However, given the developments in massively-populated Cook and DuPage Counties, this was not enough to materially influence the result.

As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which DeKalb County, DuPage County, Kane County, Lake County, Will County, and Winnebago County voted for a Republican presidential candidate.

Results by county
[[File:Illinois County Flips 2004.svg|thumb|County Flips:

Democratic {{legend|#92c5de|Hold}}

Republican {{legend|#f48882|Hold}} {{legend|#ca0120|Gain from Democratic}} ]]

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Franklin (Largest city: West Frankfort)
 * Gallatin (Largest city: Shawneetown)
 * Henry (Largest city: Kewanee)
 * LaSalle (Largest city: Ottawa)
 * Macon (Largest city: Decatur)
 * Macoupin (Largest city: Carlinville)
 * Montgomery (Largest city: Litchfield)
 * Perry (Largest city: Du Quoin)
 * Pulaski (Largest city: Mounds)

By congressional district
Kerry won 10 of the 19 congressional districts, including one that elected a Republican.

Electors
Technically the voters of Illinois cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Illinois is allocated 21 electors because it has 19 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 21 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 21 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.

The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 13, 2004, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.

The following were the members of the Electoral College from Illinois. All were pledged to and voted for Kerry and Edwards:
 * 1) Constance A. Howard
 * 2) Carrie Austin
 * 3) Shirley R. Madigan
 * 4) Tony Munoz
 * 5) James DeLeo
 * 6) Joan Brennan
 * 7) Vera Davis
 * 8) Linda Pasternak
 * 9) William Marovitz
 * 10) Dan Pierce
 * 11) Debbie Halvorson
 * 12) Molly McKenzie
 * 13) Beth Ann May
 * 14) Mary Lou Kearns
 * 15) Lynn Foster
 * 16) John Nelson
 * 17) Mary Boland
 * 18) Shirley McCombs
 * 19) Jerry Sinclair
 * 20) Barbara Flynn Currie
 * 21) John Daley


text:
BESS (experiment)

BESS is a particle physics experiment carried by a balloon. BESS stands for Balloon-borne Experiment with Superconducting Spectrometer.

title: BESS (experiment)


text:
User talk:Yoimjamie

Hello Yoimjamie, I saw your posting for the cue ball,it was really cool.You did a good details on it with the info. I would like to copy and paste it on my web. I just started my website and would like to really put some useful information on it. If you like you can check it out at just go to www.martzcues.webs.com. Well, I am new to this Wiki also I hope I am posting this to your talk page? Thank you.

Martz09 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Martz09 (talk • contribs) 16:07, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 19:16, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Help pages
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title: User talk:Yoimjamie


text:
Roger Miret and the Disasters (album)

Roger Miret and the Disasters is the debut studio album by Roger Miret and the Disasters. It was released on September 10, 2002.

"New York Belongs to Me" is a cover of Cock Sparrer's "England Belongs to Me", with a few word changes. The cover originally appeared on Worldwide Tribute to the Real Oi, Vol. 2

Track listing
All songs by Roger Miret and the Disasters unless otherwise noted.
 * 1) "Run, Johnny, Run" – 2:26
 * 2) "Kiss, Kiss. Kill, Kill" – 1:44
 * 3) "Give 'Em the Boot" – 2:08
 * 4) "Radio, Radio" – 2:14
 * 5) "It's Alright" – 2:12
 * 6) "Boys Will Be Boys" – 1:54
 * 7) *Contains an interpolation of "Ole, Ole, Ole (We Are the Champions)" (Dee/Verlooven)
 * 8) "Screw You" – 2:30
 * 9) "Smash It Up" – 2:45
 * 10) "Punch the Clock" – 2:26
 * 11) "Gal Friend" – 2:00
 * 12) "Just Us" – 2:05
 * 13) "Breakaway" – 2:07
 * 14) "Look At Me" – 1:53
 * 15) "New York Belongs to Me" (Steve Bruce, Steve Burgess, Colin McFaull, Mick Beaufoy) – 2:53

Credits

 * Roger Miret – vocals, guitar
 * Rhys Kill – guitar
 * Johnny Rioux – bass, vocals
 * Johnny Kray – drums
 * Kirsten de Boer – piano on "Kiss Kiss Kill Kill", guest vocals on "Give 'Em the Boot" "Radio, Radio"
 * Al Barr – guest vocals on "Screw You"
 * Ken Casey – guest vocals on Give 'Em the Boot
 * Stephanie Doughtery – guest vocals on "Radio, Radio" and "Boys Will Be Boys"

title: Roger Miret and the Disasters (album)


text:
User talk:Andrej86

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 19:17, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Andrej86


text: Talk:Roger Miret and the Disasters (album)


text: Category:Finnish economists

title: Category:Finnish economists


text:
Paul Gorguloff

Paul Gorguloff, originally Pavel Timofeyevich Gorgulov (Павел Тимофеевич Горгулов; June 29, 1895 – September 14, 1932), was a Russian émigré and assassin who shot and fatally wounded the French President Paul Doumer at a book fair at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild in Paris on May 6, 1932.

Early life
Gorguloff was born in Labinskaya in the Kuban region of Russia. He studied medicine before he served in the First World War in which he was badly wounded in the head. During the Russian Revolution of 1917, he served with the White Russian Army against the Bolsheviks, before emigrating to Prague in Czechoslovakia, where he completed his studies. He was later expelled from Czechoslovakia for practising abortion, which was then illegal.

Gorguloff moved to Paris and then to Nice, where in 1931, he was once more found to be committing illegal medical acts and threatened with expulsion. He applied for a permit to live in Monaco, which was accepted, and he lived there until May 4, 1932.

Ideology
Gorguloff followed an esoteric set of beliefs revolving around an idealized version of the ancient Scythian culture of the steppes, agrarianism, and ultranationalism. Most knowledge of Gorguloff's ideology stems from his writings when he was in Paris. One of these writings, The National Peasant's, outlines his ideal system of government for Russia: a totalitarian rule under a hyper-militarized Green party. This state would be led by a "green dictator", similar to the Nazi concept of the Führerprinzip. Gorguloff was an emphatic supporter of fascism. His last book, which police found when arresting him, was entitled “Memoirs of Dr. Pavel Gorgulov, Supreme Chairman of the Political Party of Russian Fascists, Who Killed the President of the Republic”. Gorgulov was an outspoken Russian supremacist, and believed that all non-Russians and non-orthodox Christians, especially Jews, should not be citizens. To this end, Gorguloff was a firm believer in the Judeo-Bolshevik conspiracy theory. Despite his fervent anti-socialism, he despised both monarchism and Free-Market capitalism, which he viewed as anti-peasant. In much of his poetry, he reminisces about the "wild" and "barbarian" Russia, which he believes to be the successor of Scythian civilization. Gorguloff believed it was Russia's duty as the torch bearer of "primitive spirituality" to defeat western civilization, which he saw as decadent and modern, as opposed to Russia's traditional and agrarian nature.

Assassination of Paul Doumer
On May 6, 1932, a book fair was being held at the Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild in Paris, and the President of France, Paul Doumer, was present.

Gorguloff arrived at the hotel concealing a Browning FN Model 1910 gun. He then approached the President from behind, pulled out his gun and fired three shots. Two of them hit the President, one in the back of the head and the other in the right armpit. The President fell to the floor. He was rushed to the Beaujon Hospital in Paris but died the next day. One of the authors at the exhibition, Claude Farrère, managed to wrestle with Gorguloff until the police arrived. Gorguloff's motive for the murder was that he believed France had failed to support the White Movement in Russia against Bolshevism. Gorguloff was arrested and brought to trial at the Assize Court on July 25, 1932. He was noted for his unusual behavior on trial ranging from frequent interruptions of other people's testimonies to bizarre claims like that he had planned trips to the moon, and even that he was the kidnapper of the Lindbergh Baby. Nevertheless, two days later, after rejecting the idea that he was insane, the jury condemned Gorguloff to death. On 20 August, the Court of Cassation, France's final appeal court, rejected a defence of insanity. On September 14, 1932, Gorguloff was executed at La Santé Prison in Paris by guillotine. His last words were "Россия, моя страна!" ("Russia, my country!"). He was buried at Ivry Cemetery.

The gun used in the assassination is now in the Musée des Collections Historiques de la Préfecture de Police in Paris.

title: Paul Gorguloff


text:
Iman (Islam)

Iman (إِيمَان, lit. 'faith' or 'belief', also 'recognition') in Islamic theology denotes a believer's recognition of faith and deeds in the religious aspects of Islam. Its most simple definition is the belief in the six articles of faith, known as.

The term has been delineated in both the Quran and hadith. According to the Quran, must be accompanied by righteous deeds and the two together are necessary for entry into Paradise. In the hadith, in addition to  and  form the three dimensions of the Islamic religion.

There exists a debate both within and outside Islam on the link between faith and reason in religion, and the relative importance of either. Some scholars contend that faith and reason spring from the same source and must be harmonious.

Etymology
In Arabic, (ʾīmān)  means  or. It is the verbal noun of آمَنَ, to have faith or to give recognition.

Definition and meaning
In a hadith, the Islamic prophet Muhammad defined as "an acknowledgement in the heart, a voicing with the tongue, and an activity with the limbs." Faith is confidence in a real truth. When people have confidence, they submit themselves to that truth. It is not sufficient just to know the truth, but the recognition of the heart should be expressed by the tongue which is the manifestation of intelligence and at last to reflect this confidence in their activities.

Hamiduddin Farahi, while explaining the meaning of in his exegesis, wrote:

"The root of . It is used in various shades of meaning. One of its derivatives is, which is among the noble names of Allah because He gives peace to those who seek His refuge. This word is also an ancient religious term. Hence the certitude which exists with humility, trust and all the conditions and corollaries of adherence to a view is called imān and he who professes faith in Allah, in His signs and His directives and submits himself to Him and is pleased with all His decisions is a."

The definition of according to Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah is:

"Giving recognition with the heart, saying with the tongue, and doing with the limbs; it increases with obedience and decreases with sins."

 * Ibn 'Abd al-Barr said:"The people of jurisprudence and hadith are unanimous that is speech and action, and there is no action except with the intention."

 * Al-Shafi'i said in :"[A]nd the consensus was from the, and the . After them, we realized that is saying and doing, and intention is one of the three, those are not sufficient alone without the others."

 * Muhammad bin Ismail bin Muhammad bin Al-Fadl Al-Taymi Al-Asbhani said:"And in the language of the law is ratification with the heart, and action with the limbs."

 * Sufyan ibn 'Uyaynah said:"is saying and deed, it increases and decreases."

 * Al-Ash'ari said:"They are unanimously agreed that (recognition) increases with obedience and decreases with sins, and its deficiency does not mean that we doubt about what we are commanded to believe in, nor our ignorance of it, because that is or rejection from the religion, instead it is a decrease in the rank of knowledge or mind and an increase in our sayings, similar to that, the weight of our obedience and the obedience of the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) differs, even if we are all performing our duty."

The Six Articles of Faith
Faith includes six primary beliefs:

 * 1) Belief in the existence and oneness of God. The Islamic concept of Monotheism, Tawhid.
 * 2) Belief in the existence of angels such as Jibril, (Gabriel) Mikail, (Michael), Israfil, and more.
 * 3) Belief in the existence of the books of which God is the author: the Quran (revealed to Muhammad), the Injeel (revealed to Jesus), the Torah (revealed to prophets), Psalms (revealed to David), the Scrolls of Moses, and the Scrolls of Abraham.
 * 4) Belief in the existence of prophets: Muhammad being the last of them, Jesus the penultimate, and others sent before them like Moses, Abraham, David, Joseph, Jacob].
 * 5) Belief in the existence of the Day of Judgment: in that day, humanity will be divided into two groups: that of paradise and that of hell. These groups are composed of subgroups.
 * 6) Belief in the existence of God's predestination (, Divine Decree) due to God's omniscience, whether it involves good or bad.

Of these, the first four are mentioned and the fifth implied in 2:285 of the Quran. All six appear in the first hadith of the collection, where the angel Gabriel asks to be told of and Muhammad replies:

"That you affirm your faith in Allah, in His angels, in His Books, in His Apostles, in the Day of Judgment, and you affirm your faith in the Divine Decree about good and evil."

Another similar narration ascribed to Muhammad is:

"Ibn Abbas narrates that the Angel Jibril once asked the Prophet: 'Tell me what is Islam?' The Prophet replied: ' is to believe in Allah, the Day of Judgment, His (Allah's) Angels, Books and Prophets and to believe in life after death; and to believe in Paradise and the Fire, and the setting up of the (scales) to weigh the deeds; and to believe in the Divine Decree, the good and the bad of it (all). Jibril then asked him: 'If I do all this will I be with ?' The Prophet said: 'When you have done all of this, you will be having .'"

Delineation in the Qur'an and hadith
In the Qur'an, iman is one of the 10 qualities which cause one to be the recipient of God's mercy and reward. The Qur'an states that faith can grow with the remembrance of God. The Qur'an also states that nothing in this world should be dearer to a true believer than faith.

Muhammad is reported to have said that he gained sweetness of faith and was pleased to accept God as Lord, Islam as religion and Muhammad as a prophet. He also said that no one can be a true believer unless he loves Muhammad more than his children, parents and relatives. At another instance, he remarked that it is this love with Allah and Muhammad after which a person can be aware of the real taste of faith.

Amin Ahsan Islahi, a notable exegete of the Qur'an has clarified the nature of this love:

"[I]t does not merely imply the passionate love one naturally has for one's wife, children, and other relatives, but it also refers to the love based on intellect and principles for some viewpoints and stances. It is because of this love that a person, in every sphere of life, gives priority to this viewpoint and direction... So much so, if the demands of his wife, children and relatives clash with the demands of this viewpoint, he adheres to it and without any hesitation turns down the desires of his wife and children and the demands of his family and clan."

Islahi and Abul A'la Maududi both have inferred that the Quranic comparison of a good word and a bad word in chapter 14 is a comparison of faith and disbelief. Thus, the Quran is effectively comparing faith to a tree whose roots are deep in the soil and branches spread in the vastness of the sky.

is also the subject of a supplication uttered by Muhammad to God:

"O God! I have resigned myself to You and I have consigned my matter to you and have taken support from You fearing Your grandeur and moving towards You in anticipation. There is no refuge and shelter after running away from You, and if there is, it is with You. Lord! I have professed faith in your Book which You have revealed and have professed faith in the Prophet you have sent as a Messenger."

The Seventy-Seven Branches of Faith
"The Seventy-Seven Branches of Faith" is a collection compiled by the Shafi'i imam al-Bayhaqi in his work. In it, he explains the essential virtues that reflect true (faith and recognition) through related Quranic verses and prophetic sayings.

This is based on the following Hadith ascribed to Muhammad:

"Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Prophet said: ' has more than 70 branches. The most excellent among these branches is the saying (there is no God but Allah), and the smallest branch is to remove an obstacle from the wayside. And (modesty) is an important branch of .'"

These 77 branches described by Bayhaqi are:

Thirty actions connected with the heart:
 * 1) Belief in Allah (Testimony of Acknowledgment:  (there is no true god but Allah)
 * 2) Acknowledging that first, nothing but Allah existed; then, Allah created everything which subsequently came into existence
 * 3) Acknowledging the existence of angels.
 * 4) Acknowledging that all the sacred books  sent down to the various Prophets are true. However, all books other than the Quran are no longer valid.
 * 5) Acknowledging that all prophets are true. However, Muslims are commanded to follow only the Islamic prophet, Muhammad
 * 6) Believing that Allah already knows everything and that whatever he permits or wills will happen.
 * 7) Believing that the Doomsday will happen.
 * 8) Acknowledging the existence of  (Paradise).
 * 9) Acknowledging the existence of Hell
 * 10) Having a love for Allah.
 * 11) Acknowledging Muhammad's love for Allah
 * 12) To love or hate someone only for the sake of Allah.
 * 13) Performing all good deeds with sincerity (purpose of ; only to please Allah).
 * 14) To repent and show remorse when a sin is committed.
 * 15) To fear Allah.
 * 16) Hoping for God's mercy.
 * 17) Being humble.
 * 18) Expressing gratitude  for favour or favour.
 * 19) Fulfilling promises.
 * 20) Having patience.
 * 21) Feeling inferior to others.
 * 22) Be kind to God's creations.
 * 23) To be satisfied with whatever prescribed orders come from Allah
 * 24) Trusting in Allah.
 * 25) Not to boast or brag about any quality one possesses
 * 26) Not to hate or hate anyone.
 * 27) Not to be jealous of anyone.
 * 28) Not to get angry.
 * 29) Not to wish anyone harm.
 * 30) To have no love for the world.

The seven works attached to the tongue:
 * 1) Reciting the  with the tongue.
 * 2) Reciting the Quran.
 * 3) Gaining knowledge.
 * 4) Giving knowledge
 * 5) Making.
 * 6)  of Allah.
 * 7) Abstaining from the following: lying, backbiting (blasphemy in one's absence), obscenity, cursing, and singing (obscene) songs that are against Shariah.

Forty works are attached to the whole body:
 * 1) Performing ablution, bathing and keeping clothes clean.
 * 2) To be steadfast in prayer.
 * 3) Paying  and.
 * 4) Fasting.
 * 5) Performing.
 * 6) To perform.
 * 7) Moving away or emigrating from a place harmful to religion
 * 8) To fulfil the promise made to Allah.
 * 9) Fulfilling vows that are not sins.
 * 10) Paying expiation for unfulfilled vows.
 * 11) To cover the body.
 * 12) Sacrificing for Allah
 * 13) The shrouding and burial of the deceased.
 * 14) Paying off one's debts
 * 15) Abstaining from prohibited things while doing financial transactions.
 * 16) Not to hide the truth while testifying.
 * 17) Marry when  wants to marry.
 * 18) Allowing those under oneself to fulfil their rights
 * 19) Providing comfort to parents.
 * 20) Bringing up children in the right way.
 * 21) Not cutting ties with friends or relatives.
 * 22) Obeying one's boss
 * 23) To be fair and righteous
 * 24) Not to initiate any path contrary to the generality of Muslims.
 * 25) To obey the ruler, if what they command is not contrary to the Shariah.
 * 26) Making peace between two warring factions or individuals.
 * 27) Helping the great cause.
 * 28) Enjoining good and forbidding wrong.
 * 29) If it is the government, then it should provide punishment according to Shariah.
 * 30) Struggling against the enemies of religion (if possible with the hand, if not with the tongue (by the pen), if not with the heart).
 * 31) Filling the deposit.
 * 32) Giving loans to those in need
 * 33) Seeing to the needs of one's neighbours.
 * 34) Ensuring halal and purity of income earning.
 * 35) Expenditure according to Shariah.
 * 36) Replying to whoever greets oneself
 * 37)  when someone says  after sneezing.
 * 38) Not harming anyone unfairly.
 * 39) Abstaining from sports and pastimes that are against Shariah.
 * 40) Removal of gravel, stones, thorns, sticks etc. from the road.

Faith and deeds
In Islam, there must exist harmony and concord between faith and deeds. Farāhī has explained this aspect in his in the following manner:

"Righteous deeds are mentioned in the Qurān right after faith in the capacity of an explanation[...] In the case of faith, the need for its explanation is obvious: the place of faith is the heart and the intellect. In matters of intellect and heart, not only can a person deceive others but also at times he can remain in deception. He considers himself to be a (believer) whereas actually, he is not. For this reason, two testimonies needed to be required for it: a person's words and a person's deeds. Since words can be untrue, hence a person who only professes faith through words is not regarded as a and it was deemed essential that a person's deeds also testify to his faith."

Faith and reason in Islam
The relationship between reason and faith in Islam is a complex debate spanning centuries. Ismail Raji al-Faruqi states on this subject:

"As for the non-Muslims, they may contest the principles of Islam. They must know, however, that Islam does not present its principles dogmatically, for those who believe or wish to believe, exclusively. It does so rationally, and critically. It comes to us armed with logical and coherent arguments, and expects our acquiescence on rational, and hence necessary, grounds. It is not legitimate for us to disagree on the relativist basis of personal taste, or that of subjective experience."

title: Iman (Islam)


text:
User talk:Mkeller

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Kdau 19:21, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Mkeller


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Jan Kesner Gallery

The Jan Kesner Gallery is a fine art photography gallery in Los Angeles, California. It was the first woman-owned photography gallery in Los Angeles when it was established in 1987. The gallery is known primarily for its focus on contemporary and master works with conceptual or minimal themes, and for its support of regional and international photography.

History
The Jan Kesner Gallery was only the second artistic forum to focus on fine art photography in Los Angeles when it was founded by Jan Kesner in 1987 (preceded by the G. Ray Hawkins Gallery, which opened in 1975).

The Gallery made headlines in 1989 with its controversial Selected Sin group exhibition featuring works by Ruth Bernhard, Imogen Cunningham, Robert Mapplethorpe, Jan Saudek, Andres Serrano, and Edward Weston. The exhibition was a powerful response to government censorship of photography deemed inappropriate, political, or risqué.

In 1990, the Gallery exhibited Vintage Photographs from the 1950s featuring the work of Bruce Bellas, better known as Bruce of Los Angeles. Bellas' photography primarily consisted of the nude male physique, making the Gallery one of the first in the nation to accept the art form in its own right.

Artists
The Gallery has exhibited many notable photographers, including Ansel Adams, Diane Arbus, Imogen Cunningham, Larry Fink, and Lewis Hine. The Gallery also represents a number of prominent artists, among them are John Humble, Richard Misrach, Arne Svenson, Rubén Ortiz Torres, Frank van der Salm, Dan Winters, and Max Yavno.

title: Jan Kesner Gallery


text:
Talk:Osmotic pressure

Which value of R?
This article says R = 8.314 but in all the osmotic pressure calculations I have done at uni we have used 0.08206 L atm mol K. Does anyone object to changing this? --Mdhowe 04:34, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. I think we should stick to SI units. Maybe 8.314472 L·kPa·K-1·mol-1. --kupirijo (talk) 22:22, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

I have no objection, that is the most commonly used value of R for osmotic pressure and it also uses the simplest dimensions. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.105.29.230 (talk) 06:50, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Turgor vs. osmotic pressure
I know this phenomenon as Osmotic pressure. I thought everybody did?
 * I had learned this phenomenon as "osmotic pressure". A quick google test gives ~100,000 results for "turgor" and ~175,000 for "osmotic pressure".  I had imagined "turgor" would get more hits because it is one word, but it seems "osmotic pressure" is the correct term.  In lieu of this information, I suggest this page be moved to "osmotic pressure" with appropriate redirects. -- Bubbachuck 04:07, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Turgid and flacid plant parts

I am going to add a short description of turgid and flacid plant parts with a link to the article stoma. It seems like a good idea to me. Thoughts? 160.94.120.197 17:11, 19 October 2005 (UTC)lotusduck

What about turgour and erectile body parts. Does this not deseve a mention?--Light current 00:44, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Osmotic pressure
I understand osmotic pressure as follows:

Solution in semipermeable membrane (permeable only to solvent) exposed to pure solvent. The osmotic pressure is the physical pressure applied to the solution required to prevent movement of pure solvent into the solution.

Another, less accurate, way to define it is the pressure a solution exerts through a semipermeable membrane to draw more solvent into itself.

I have never heard of "turgor pressure" and many erectile tissues in animals rely on blood flow rather than osmosis.

The definition of osmotic pressure given above ("...the physical pressure applied to the solution required to prevent movement of pure solvent into the solution") is a much better definition that the one actually given in the article ("...the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane due to a differential in the concentrations of solute"). In fact, the hydrostatic pressure is not "produced" by a solution, but rather must be applied by some outside entity, such as the rigid walls of a container resisting volume changes, or the force of gravity acting on a column of solution. I'll make the change unless anyone has any objections.Thewookie55 19:14, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Turgor-Osmotic Pressure
Tugor and osmotic pressure are different things. Osmotic pressure is the pressure applied from the outside of the cell that pushes the water in. We could say it is the tendancy to take water. (http://edtech.clas.pdx.edu/osmosis_tutorial/osmotic_pressure3.html) and (http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=NUR4004) Turgor pressure is from inside of the cell done by the water inside. (http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Reference/dictionary/Botanical/T/Turgor.html) Klesk tur·gor (tûr'gər, -gôr') n.
 * Turgor and Osmotic pressure should definitely be separated. Not only they are somewhat different things, but "turgor" also has some different meanings. American Heritage Dictionary:
 * 1) The state of being turgid.
 * 2) Biology. The normal fullness or tension produced by the fluid content of blood vessels, capillaries, and plant or animal cells.
 * (source: ) --Maxxicum 19:35, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Separation of Topics
I have separated out the osmosis and turgor pressure information as osmotic pressure is the cause of turgor pressure, but they are not the same thing. Please feel free to add to either article. pschemp | talk 03:22, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Psi not pi...
I think the symbol's wrong here: π = iMRT.

(I don't know how to change it, so I thought I'd just comment —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 90.240.242.118 (talk) 14:18, 3 March 2007 (UTC).
 * The symbol I see in most references is a π. What is your source on the other symbol? --Pekaje 22:26, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Uppercase pi does seem to be the standard symbol used in university-level textbooks, yes. Not to be confused with the lowercase pi used to denote the irrational constant. - Alltat (talk) 19:38, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

The correct symbol is π according to Physiology (Berne and Levy, 5th Ed) and Physiology (Costanzo, 3rd Ed). You might be thinking of Φ (Phi) which is the Osmotic co-efficient, and can be added to the equation in the form π = iMRTΦ. However, Osmotic pressure and Osmotic coefficient are not the same thing. Tim Set Match (talk) 15:25, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

I agree with the first post, it should be Psi, due to the fact Psi is a symbol, in this example symbolising the Osmotic potential. Pi is a constant which I believe isn't correct. e.g. ψ =iMRT. 12:47, 19 September 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.110.103.44 (talk)
 * Please take a look at any textbook for physical chemistry and/or biology that deals with the subject of osmosis. You'll find that Π (like pressure) is the overall agreed symbol for osmotic pressure. The number (not constant) π does not have anything to do with it. --Drahkrub (talk) 20:38, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

 * IUPAC is the authoritative body setting standards and recommendations in this field. The recommended symbol for osmotic pressure is uppercase pi, set in italics (Π).
 * By the way, there are also standard symbols for pressure (p), concentration (c), and so forth.
 * —DIV (120.17.69.167 (talk) 12:55, 2 April 2017 (UTC))

Osmotic Pressure & Medicine
Osmotic pressure seems to be important in medicine, there's a lot of talk about it in topics like traumatic brain injury.I'm not knowledgeable enough to write about it yet,but if I do the research would osmotic pressure as a medical topic be better as a separate article? Thanks216.40.21.8 13:05, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

'Want'
A solute doesn't 'want' to do anything. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.188.96.108 (talk) 14:34, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Energy?
How does one calculate the amount of energy needed to remove a given volume of solvent from a solution? Notice that the concentration of the solution changes as the volume does, and that pressure*volume[=]energy. Thoughts?RSido (talk) 01:49, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Derivation
Does somebody have a derivation of the Morse equation from first principles? 124.168.200.74 (talk) 14:10, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Its simply the ideal gas equation and it can be derived from its partition function as given by Sackur–Tetrode equation. The rigorous derivation of the osmotic equation is more complex due to the presence of the solvent. The derivation can be found in Hill's book on statistical mechanics. But the final result is the same. Bubblerock2 (talk) 15:53, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

Which PH level is the highest.
Blood, vinegar, Alkaline detergent or lemon juice.Bold text —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.4.135.218 (talk) 20:13, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Units
I came to this article to confirm that the units of osmotic pressure is Osm or mOsm. This was not included on this page, but Googling, I found many instances where it is used. Perhaps this would be of use to other readers. Wakablogger2 (talk) 21:22, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The unit for osmotic pressure is Pascal. Occasionally you'll see atm, torr, bar, psi, etc., but the "proper" unit is Pascal. - Alltat (talk) 19:38, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Value/units of R
On 04:10, 10 January 2013 user:174.57.197.136 changed the value of R from (8.3145 J K-1 mol-1) to (08205746 L atm K-1 mol-1). These are different forms of the same unit, and are both correct. However, in this context, I believe (it's been too long since second semester physics, sorry), that a pressure-based form (as opposed to the Joules form previously in the article) is appropriate, as the usual unit for osmotic pressure is, in fact pressure, and usually Pascals. But as the usual unit is Pascals, I'd think the kPa form (8.3145 L kPa K−1 mol−1) form of R would be preferred, not the atm form as it reads now. Note that the numerical value of the kPa form is the same as the Joules form.

I see this has been slightly discussed here before (not to mention the multiple decades since I've had to work one of these) so before changing it to (8.3145 L kPa K−1 mol−1), I thought I'd ask. Rwessel (talk) 07:30, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

 * T'was me who made that edit, and at the time I didn't realize L*kPa = J. I agree completely with you, anybody else have any input as to which constant would be more appropriate? Seems to me like the SI units would. Would you consider using the units J/(k*mol) incorrect in this situation though? 174.57.197.136 (talk) 19:12, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Partial pressure?
Dear Osmosis Experts: A friend who knows more physics than I do, but who is not a Wiki editor, pointed out what is to him a mis-wording in "This process will stop once the pressures of the water and sugar water on both sides of the membrane become equal." His suggested replacement: "The process stops when the partial pressure of water on the sugar-water side equals the pressure of the pure water on the other side." His point, I think, is that it is not equality of total pressure between the two liquids, but rather equality of water to water, disregarding the additional pressure due to the sugar. I am reluctant to edit the change myself, because I am not an osmoticist. Would one of you experts please make this change if you see it as valid? Two additional notes: (1) In the sentence before that one, how about replacing "the two solutions" with "the two liquids," (including the comma), as pure water is technically not a "solution", right? (2) My friend introduces the phrase "partial pressure"; Wikipedia has an article on it, but it seems to deal only with gases. Would a link to partial pressure be appropriate? Kotabatubara (talk) 19:01, 10 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I'm qualified to make this change, but I don't think the proposed revision is adequate either. If several-decades-old chem class memories are correct, there are two factors in play in this scenario (the "U" shaped tube) - osmotic pressure from the dilute solution side (pure water would just be *really* dilute) to the concentrated solution side, and *back* pressure from the rising water level on the concentrate side (notably the *partial pressure* of the water in the solution on that side).  It's when those are equal that osmosis stops.  And I don't think that either the original or the suggested replacement expressed that clearly.  Rwessel (talk) 06:16, 11 November 2015 (UTC)
 * The idea of partial pressure is wrong. It's an actual hydrostatic pressure, as measured by a manometer. Petergans (talk) 08:10, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

The Van't Hoff Equation Is Wrong
The final Van't Hoff Equation in this article is incorrect. Currently it reads:
 * $$\Pi=-(RT/V)\ln(x_v)$$.

however if this were the case, an infinitely dilute solution would have an infinite osmotic pressure which is nonsense. The correct form of the Van't Hoff Equation is:
 * $$\Pi=-(RT/V)\ln(1-x_v)$$.

I don't have the time right now to check the derivation and determine what part is wrong (I expect that it is just between the integral and the first simplified equation with the activity coefficient) so I will just put this here until I have time to come back and check. If someone can either verify that this is wrong, or else tell me why I am wrong about this that would be great. Otherwise I'll change it when I get a chance.
 * the second formula is definitelt wrong. I need time to clarify the situation. Petergans (talk) 08:19, 19 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Acoording to Atkins & de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 8th. edition, p.154 Π=[B]RT, [B] = molar concentration of solute. The derivation is on p.155. I will change the text accordingly. Petergans (talk) 07:15, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

The symbol for molar volume is Vm, rather than V. I replaced the symbol the V, used for volume earlier in the article, with Vm in the section about "Deriving the van't Hoff Equation".Christopher King (talk) 16:59, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Also, both "C" and "c" were used for molar concentration in the "Theory and measurement" section. The capital C should be used for number concentration, not molar concentration, so I changed to lower-case c. Christopher King (talk) 17:17, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

I added the last steps to the van't Hoff equation derivation, which resolves the issue raised above, I think. Christopher King (talk) 17:54, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

molarity, NOT molality
if R = 0.08206 L atm / mol K as it says, it could not possibly be molality, as that would not agree with the dimensions used here. also, according to Chemistry, The Central Science by Brown LeMay and Bursten, osmotic pressure = (n/V)RT= MRT I took the liberty of fixing it. please do not revert it without bringing evidence as to why you would do so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.105.29.230 (talk) 05:44, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Ideal and non-ideal solutions
The equation
 * $$\mu_v(x_v,p+\Pi)=\mu_v^0(p+\Pi)+RT\ln(\gamma_v x_v)$$

and following contain the activity coefficient γ. It would be preferable to state explicitly that the Van t'Hoff equation applies to any solution which is sufficiently dilute that it behaves as an ideal solution in the thermodynamic sense. Then, all reference to activity coefficients in the derivation the Van t'Hoff equation should be removed.

The discussion further down gives an equation for non-ideal solutions as
 * $$ \Pi = \Pi_0 + A c^2 $$

This does not involve activity coefficients, so, if the above suggestion is adopted, all mention of activity coefficients will be removed, making the presentation much clearer.

A further complication, which has been ignored, is that with ionic solutes, single-ion activity coefficients cannot be obtained by experiment. That issue is also resolved by the suggested change. Petergans (talk) 12:24, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

Osmoregulation in animal
Description 37.111.130.148 (talk) 19:41, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osmotic pressure


text: File:Roger Miret and the Disasters 1984.jpg