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German Evangelical Church

The German Evangelical Church (Deutsche Evangelische Kirche) was a successor to the German Protestant Church Confederation from 1933 until 1945. It is also known in English as the Protestant Reich Church (Evangelische Reichskirche) and colloquially as the Reich Church (Reichskirche).

The German Christians, an antisemitic and racist pressure group and Kirchenpartei, gained enough power on boards of the member churches to be able to install Ludwig Müller to the office of Reichsbischof in the 1933 church elections. The German Protestant Church Confederation was subsequently renamed the German Evangelical Church. In 1934, the German Evangelical Church suffered controversies and internal struggles which left member churches either detached or reorganised into German Christians-led dioceses of what was to become a single, unified Reich Church compatible with Nazi ideology for all of Nazi Germany.

In 1935, in wake of controversies and church struggles, the Ministry for Church Affairs removed Ludwig Müller and installed a committee headed by Wilhelm Zoellner to lead the confederation. As a result, the German Evangelical Church regained partial support as some of the member churches that left rejoined. In 1936, the Zoellner committee denounced German Christians and increasingly leaned towards the Confessing Church and its positions. In 1937, the Nazis removed the Zoellner committee and reinstalled German Christians into the leading position. In 1937–1945, the German Evangelical Church was controlled by German Christians and the Ministry. It was no longer considered a subject to the Kirchenkampf (struggle of the churches) to Adolf Hitler. It officially disbanded in 1945 after the war ended. It was succeeded by the Protestant Church in Germany in 1948.

Overview
In 1933, the German Christians took leadership in some member churches of the German Protestant Church Confederation. A new designation was voted on and adopted, with the organisation now being called the German Evangelical Church. In its early stages, it remained a loose confederation of churches just like its predecessor. It included a vast majority of Protestants in what was now Nazi Germany, excluding those affiliated with the free churches like the Evangelical Lutheran Free Church. In a 1933 voting to the Reichssynode, the German Christians were able to elect Ludwig Müller, a pro-Nazi pastor, to the office of Reichsbischof ("Reich Bishop"). On 20 December 1933, Müller merged the church's Protestant youth organisations into the Hitler Jugend without consulting their leadership or any member churches. Many in the German Evangelical Church resisted this idea and a discussion began.

Müller tried to silence it by introducing discipline and using powers of the elected office. His attempts failed, prompting Adolf Hitler to meet with Protestant leaders on 25 January 1934. Although the meeting ended with Protestant churches declaring their loyalty to the state, removing Müller was not a subject to discussion for Hitler. After that, member churches began to either reorganise or detach from the German Evangelical Church. Initially, there was little resistance to the attempt to introduce elements of Nazi ideology into church doctrine. Most of the resistance came from confessing communities (bekennende Gemeinden) within "intact churches" and "destroyed churches" (see below) and the Pfarrernotbund (Emergency Covenant of Pastors) led by pastor Martin Niemöller.

In consequence of the 1934 meeting, many member churches distanced themselves from the increasingly Nazi-controlled Reich Church due to controversies pertaining to its constitution, the nazification of its theology, leadership, incorporation of its youth organisations into the Hitler Jugend, etc. Such churches became neutral or followed the Protestant opposition to Nazism that established an alternative umbrella organisation of their own that became known as the Confessing Church. The Reich Church ultimately ended up being a confederation of those German Protestant churches that espoused a single doctrine named Positive Christianity, which was compatible with Nazism. Although it aimed to eventually become a unified Protestant state church for all of Nazi Germany, this attempt utterly failed as the German Evangelical Church became fractured into various groups that bore an unclear legal status in relation to each other:

 * churches with a German Christians-dominated governing board reorganising them into dioceses of the Reich Church led by German Christians ("dioceses of the German Evangelical Church" [Bistümer der Deutschen Evangelischen Kirche] in official usage, or "destroyed churches" [zerstörte Kirchen] in the parlance of the Confessing Church)
 * churches with a governing board without a German Christian majority merging them as members of the Reich Church, but rejected Müller as its leader (the Churches of Bavaria, of Hanover, of Westphalia, and of Württemberg) ("intact churches" [intakte Kirchen] in Confessing Church parlance)
 * the Confessing Church that saw itself as the true Protestant church for all of Germany, provided resistance to the German Christians-led German Evangelical Church and to its so-called dioceses ("destroyed churches"), and acted on principles of the "1934 church emergency law of Dahlem" that deemed the constitution of the German Evangelical Church "shattered" (the "Confessing Church", Bekennende Kirche)

Müller's influence declined after more constant clashes in the German Evangelical Church, triggering the foundation of the Ministry for Church Affairs led by Hans Kerrl on 16 July 1935. A decree issued by Kerrl in September 1935, appointed a committee led by Wilhelm Zoellner (Church of Westphalia) to head the Reich Church instead of Müller. It was received positively by intact churches and even confessing parts of the German Evangelical Church. In 1936, the committee denounced the teachings of the German Christians-controlled Church of Thuringia, and the regime feared that the Confessing Church would gain more support due to this. In February 1937, the committee was removed by the Nazis and leading figures of the Protestant resistance like Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Martin Niemöller and others were arrested. In 1939, Müller tried to regain his position in the German Evangelical Church but failed to do so. After 1937, the German Evangelical Church was not considered an issue in the Kirchenkampf by the Nazis as it became heavily controlled by the Ministry until 1945.

In August 1945, the German Evangelical Church was officially dissolved by the council of the newly founded Protestant umbrella organisation called the Protestant Church in Germany.

Beginnings, German Christians and Nazi influence (1933–1934)
Under the Weimar Republic, the system of state churches disappeared with the German monarchies. At this point, the unification of the Protestant churches into a single organisation seemed like a possibility, albeit a remote one. Since unification, clergy and ecclesiastical administrators had discussed a merger, but one had never materialised due to strong regional self-confidence and traditions as well as the denominational fragmentation of Lutheran, Calvinist and United churches. In 1920, Swiss Protestant churches came together in the Schweizerischer Evangelischer Kirchenbund (SEK). Following their example, the then 28 territorially defined German Protestant churches founded the Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchenbund (DEK) in 1922. This was not a merger into a single church but a loose federation of independent ones.

The founding of the German Evangelical Church was the result of work by the Kirchenpartei of the German Christians who had gained a large majority at the 1933 church elections. In September 1934, the merger finally failed when the synods of two of the 28 churches, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the river Rhine, the portion of Bavaria which forms today's Free State (without the Palatinate left of the Rhine), and the Evangelical State Church in Württemberg, refused to dissolve their church bodies as independent entities, and the Berlin-based Landgericht I court restored the largest church body, the by then already merged Evangelical Church of the Old-Prussian Union by its resolution in November the same year, thus resuming independence. Consequently, the German Evangelical Church, created as a merger, then continued to exist as a mere umbrella.

Controversies, internal struggles and conflict with the Confessing Church (1934–1937)
Some Protestant functionaries and laymen opposed the unification. Many more agreed but wanted it under Protestant principles, not imposed by Nazi partisans. The Protestant opposition had organised first among pastors by way of the Emergency Covenant of Pastors and then—including laymen—developed into grassroots meetings establishing independent synods by January 1934. At the first Reich's Synod of Confession (erste Reichsbekenntnissynode) held in Wuppertal-Barmen between 29 and 31 May 1934, it called itself the Confessing Church.

On 16 July 1935, Hanns Kerrl was appointed Reichsminister for Church Affairs, a newly created department. He started negotiations to find a compromise and dropped the extreme German Christians, trying to win moderate Confessing Christians and respected neutrals. On 24 September 1935, a new law empowered Kerrl to legislate by way of ordinances within the German Evangelical Church, circumventing any synodal autonomy.

Kerrl managed to gain the very respected Wilhelm Zoellner (a Lutheran, until 1931 General Superintendent of the old-Prussian ecclesiastical province of Westphalia) to form the Reich's Ecclesiastical Committee (Reichskirchenausschuss, RKA) on 3 October 1935, combining the neutral and moderate groups to reconcile the disputing church parties. The official German Evangelical Church became subordinate to the new bureaucracy, and Müller lost power but still retained the now meaningless titles of German Reich's Bishop and old-Prussian State Bishop.

In November, Kerrl decreed the parallel institutions of the Confessing Church were to be dissolved, a move which was protested and ignored by Confessing Church leaders. On 19 December, Kerrl issued a decree which forbade all kinds of Confessing Church activities, namely appointments of pastors, education, examinations, ordinations, ecclesiastical visitations, announcements and declarations from the pulpit, separate financial structures and convening Synods of Confession; further the decree established provincial ecclesiastical committees. Thus, the brethren councils had to go into hiding, and Kerrl successfully wedged the Confessing Church.

The Gestapo increased its suppression, undermining the readiness for compromises among the Confessing Church. Zoellner concluded that this made his reconciliatory work impossible and criticised the Gestapo activities. He resigned on 2 February 1937, paralysing the Ecclesiastical Committee which lost all recognition among the opposition. Kerrl now subjected Müller's chancery of the German Evangelical Church directly to his ministry and the national, provincial and state ecclesiastical committees were soon after dissolved.

German Christian takeover until dissolution (1937–1945)
Although the church was initially supported by the regime, the Nazis eventually lost interest in the experiment after it failed to supplant or absorb traditional Protestant churches. After 1937, relations between the Reich Church and the Nazi government began to sour.

On 19 November 1938, as reported on in the Ludington Daily News, YHWH was ordered to be erased from Protestant churches within the Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union by Friedrich Werner, the president of its executive board (Evangelical Supreme Church Council; EOK). His order said the name of the 'God of Israel' (which contemporarily has Judaic connotations) must be obliterated wherever it was displayed in Protestant churches.

On 1 September 1939, Kerrl decreed the separation of the ecclesiastical and the administrative governance within the official Evangelical Church. The German Christian Friedrich Werner, president of EOK, won over August Marahrens, State Bishop of the "intact" Church of Hanover, and the theologians Walther Schultz, a German Christian, and Friedrich Hymmen, vice president of the Old-Prussian Evangelical Supreme Church Council, to form an Ecclesiastical Council of Confidence (Geistlicher Vertrauensrat). This council exercised ecclesiastical leadership for the church from early 1940 and afterwards.

On 22 December 1941, the German Evangelical Church issued a request for the relevant authorities "to take suitable measures so that baptized non-Aryans remain separate from the ecclesiastical life of the German congregations", a call for strict segregation between "non-Aryan" Protestants, and German Protestant congregations and facilities. Many German Christian-dominated congregations followed suit. The Confessing Church's executive together with the conference of the state brethren councils (representing the Confessing Church adherents within the destroyed churches) issued a declaration of protest.

After World War II, Theophil Wurm, Landesbischof of Württemberg, invited representatives of the surviving German regional Protestant church bodies to Treysa for 31 August 1945. As to co-operation between the Protestant churches in Germany, strong resentments prevailed, especially among the Lutheran church bodies of Bavaria right of the river Rhine, the Hamburgian State, Hanover, Mecklenburg, Saxony, and Thuringia, against any unification after the experiences during Nazi rule. It was decided to replace the former German Federation of Protestant Churches with the new umbrella Protestant Church in Germany, provisionally led by the Council of the Protestant Church in Germany, a naming borrowed from the Reich's brethren council organisation.

Reichsbischöfe

 * Friedrich von Bodelschwingh (1933)
 * Ludwig Müller (1933–1945)

title: German Evangelical Church


text:
Raminho

Raminho is a parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 565, in an area of 11.07 km². It consists of the localities Cabo do Raminho and Raminho.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Raminho


text:
User:DonQuixote

Tæ W. Son, M.S. 손 태원 (Sohn Téwon)

Studied physics at the University of Texas at Dallas. Studied Relativity under Wolfgang Rindler.

Studied Wu Tai Chi Chuan under Johnny Qwong Ming Lee.

Proponent of the philosophy of "Critical Thinking and Peer Review".

Has a personal library of 1000+ books ranging from Literature to Computer Science.

The Philosophy of Physics (a work in progress using HTML5)

=Quotes=
 * "Be open-minded but not gullible. Be skeptical but not closed-minded."
 * "Knowing things doesn't make you smart, it just makes you a nerd. Being capable of honestly saying 'I don't know everything and I can be wrong' is what makes you smart."
 * "There's no such thing as 'losing an argument'; there's only 'learning something new'."
 * "'The ends never justify the means' is only half a saying. You learn the rest in Mathematics and Physics, that each step in itself must be justified."
 * "If you need to threaten, harm or kill people to get your way, maybe your way isn't that great."
 * "A 'good idea' doesn't need to be forced on people or shielded from outside influences."
 * "As far as I can tell, there are only two absolute truths: 'I think therefore I am' and Mathematics. The first is because of personal experience and the second is because mathematics transcends the physical world of the senses into the abstract world of the mind.  Of course this does mean that everything around me may just be a figment of my imagination."
 * "Claiming the existence of, say, the Christian God is like claiming that there's alien life in the system of Betelgeuse. Similarly, claiming that a god-like being cannot exist is like claiming that no alien life can exist in the universe.  I'll believe you when you prove it."
 * "Atheists are like people who don't believe in aliens because Star Trek is absurd, while at the same time forgetting that 'alien' also means 'foreigner'."
 * "The wardrobe from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the phone booth from Superman and the police box from Doctor Who all serve the same function. They're mundane, every-day objects that transport the audience into the world of the fantastic."
 * "Travelling back in time and trying to kill your grandfather is like trying to add one and one to get four (or trying to fly by flapping your arms)--enticing on paper but if you try to implement it you'll eventually run into the brick wall of mathematics."
 * "The core of Relativity is purely mathematical and therefore cannot be disproven. However, the application of Relativity is still debatable--especially if you introduce things like matter and energy, which no one fully understands."
 * "Most proponents of telepathy think that coaxing a person to receive or broadcast telepathic thoughts is like trying to get an unplugged radio to receive or broadcast radio signals. This has a possibility of being true.  However, given the statistics of random association (i.e. random uneducated guessing), it is more probable that it's like trying to get a book to receive or broadcast."
 * "If you strip away all the mysticism from Tai-Chi (and Kung Fu), what you'll find is applied physics as it pertains to human motion. A physicist has a hard time not imagining free body diagrams."
 * "The problem with chemists trying to achieve cold fusion in test tubes is exactly like the alchemists' attempts to transmute base metals into gold--nuclear fusion is not a chemical process."

title: User:DonQuixote


text: Category:1263 births

title: Category:1263 births


text: Category:1263 deaths

title: Category:1263 deaths


text: Category:1261 deaths

title: Category:1261 deaths


text:
John Wyer

John Wyer (11 December 1909 – 8 April 1989), was an English automobile racing engineer and team manager. He is mainly associated with cars running in the light blue and orange livery of his longtime sponsor Gulf Oil.

Early life
Wyer was born in Kidderminster, England in 1909.

Aston Martin
As team manager and team owner, Wyer won the 24 Hours of Le Mans several times. His first victory came in the 1959 edition, in his tenth anniversary as Aston Martin team manager, along with Roy Salvadori and Carroll Shelby, win with the DBR1. The team made their base for Le Mans at the Hotel De France from 1953 - 1975. The race cars would be tended within the courtyard and garage adjacent to the hotel before being driven to and from the circuit on the road for practice, qualifying and the race.

The team also won the 1000 km Nürburgring over three consecutive years.

Ford Advanced Vehicles
In 1963 he left Aston Martin for Ford Advanced Vehicles (FAV) In 1964. After dismal results with the GT40s in their first two years, mainly dealing with reliability due to mechanical failure, the Ford GT40 programme was handed over to Holman Moody and Carroll Shelby to compete against Ferrari, with the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans victory being the most famous, as well as 1967.

J. W. Automotive Engineering Ltd
Ford closed FAV after the 1966 season, and John Wyer and John Willment formed J.W. Automotive Engineering Ltd (JWA) to take over the Slough factory and continued to build production GT40s on Ford's behalf. As Wyer was the well known team manager and present at race tracks, it was assumed that JW stands for John Wyer even though it is for John Willment, as stated by Willment's brother-in-law Hans Herrmann.

With backing from Gulf Oil and their team manager J-O Bockman, Wyer created the Ford-powered Mirage M-1, a prototype that won the 1967 1000 km Spa. Due to a rule change that came in effect for 1968, the fast big engine prototypes were limited to 3,000 cc like in Formula 1. As only few of them were available, sportscars with up to 5,000 cc were allowed also if at least 50 of them were built. This applied to the two-year-old Ford GT40s, which were modified by Wyer. As a surprise, Wyer won the World Sportscar Championship for Ford in 1968 even though the 2,200 cc Porsche 907 were considered favourites at the beginning of the season. The superior power of the 302 cubic inch (4,942 cc) V8 in the GT40s allowed them to win on fast tracks, and especially at Le Mans two years in a row from 1968 (Pedro Rodríguez and Lucien Bianchi) and 1969 (Jacky Ickx and Jackie Oliver), even though they were outclassed at twistier tracks.

It became apparent the GT40 would become obsolete after 1968 as the minimum numbers of sportscars was lowered to 25, a loop hole of which Porsche took advantage by building over two dozen 5,000 cc prototypes that were homologated as sports cars in 1969. The Porsche 917 were fast but in 1969 still unreliable and with bad handling. After the 1969 season, Wyer switched also to the 917 (and 908 for slow tracks), and the JWA team became the factory's main partner. They were a major factor in developing the wedge-shaped Kurzheck tail of the 1970 917K which made the car much more stable than the original 1969 long version.

Battling with the works Ferrari 512s, and the other Porsche teams, the JWA Gulf-Porsche 917s, raced by Jo Siffert, Brian Redman, Leo Kinnunen, Pedro Rodríguez, Richard Attwood, Herbert Mueller and Derek Bell, earned seven out of Porsche's nine victories in the 10 races of the 1970 season, and five out of Porsche's eight victories in the 11 races of the 1971 season. During this period, the team's best result at Le Mans was second place in 1971. In fiction, a Gulf-Porsche 917K won in the cult Steve McQueen movie Le Mans, making the Gulf colours even more famous.

The rule that permitted 5-litre sports cars like the 917s had been limited to 1971, and the new weight limit for 3,000 cc prototypes was too high for the Porsche 908, removing the 908's advantage that balanced the lack of power of the air cooled 2-valve engine with low weight and good handling. As a result, Porsche left European style sportscar racing to privateers, and focussed on developing turboengines for the 917/10 Can-Am entry, as well as an already 9 year old car: the 911.

Wyer adopted the new 3.0-litre regulations and started building Gulf-Mirage prototypes again, using a Formula One Cosworth DFV engine. The successful F1-engine was considered unsuited for endurance racing as vibrations took their toll after several hours, so necessitating modifications. After three years of attempts, Jacky Ickx and Derek Bell achieved what would be Wyer's last win at Le Mans in 1975.

Retirement and death
The following year, John Wyer retired from automotive competition and sold his team to Harley Cluxton's Grand Touring Cars operation. He died in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States in 1989.

title: John Wyer


text: File:MilleniumStamp.png

title: File:MilleniumStamp.png


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Talk:Matriarch

list of women; famous
The list of women shown in a former version are no matriarchs at all. First: they belong to patriarchal societies. And second: matriarchs become not 'famous' to outsiders. 'To be famous' is not characteristic for matriarchal societies.-- sybilla 19:54, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

consensus?
"A matriarch can never rule or govern over the members of the community because matriarchies always decide by consensus." On what evidence is this piece of information based ? -- Dr.S

Move to Wiktionary
I agree it should be moved to the Wiktionary. However, could it be redirected as to not disturb the flow or ease of access? Eluchil 06:08, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

consensus?
"A matriarch can never rule or govern over the members of the community because matriarchies always decide by consensus." You're kidding, right? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.26.235.204 (talk • contribs) 01:14, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

And how about...
"The title can be inherited, mostly by the youngest daughter"

What society is that from? Certanly not the modern family context. Ocicat 20:30, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

A matriarch is usually well respected. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.114.206.97 (talk • contribs) 20:46, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

list of "biblical matriarchs"
In the See also section, Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah were listed. I took them out. Their articles are not primarily about them as exemplars of matriarch or their relationship to matriarchy. As such, they simply stand for the common reference of "Biblical matriarchs". If there were an article about the Biblical matriarchs, that might be a reasonable link; but just to start linking to every woman who might at some point be described as a matriarch is too much. --lquilter 23:47, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

Merge with Matriarchy
This article reads like a dictionary definition. The terms and concepts are already described in the Matriarchy article, so I have proposed an article merger. --Mezaco (talk) 20:23, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Support Walter Siegmund (talk) 04:18, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

animals, elephants
It seems that in discussion of elephants, most people forget that this is a species which also includes adult males. Those are fefinitely not living in matriarchy what so ever, and although this has been described by (female) authors, its wrong to describe the social system among elephants as matriarchy. Elephants, as a species, including all adult individuals of the gene-pool, are NOT living in matriarchy. Dan Koehl (talk) 22:15, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this article is about to be merged soon anyway, but just to clarify, the article doesn't actually say that elephants as a species are dominated by matriarchs.So maybe the wording could be changed slightly, but I still think that the role and importance of matriachs within elephant families deserves merit.

 * Although there are some groupings of male bachelor herds, their organization is loose and most male elephants spent their time alone and not in a family environment (correct me if I'm wrong). The point is, most mammal species that live in herds or family groupings are dominated by males (including chimpanzees, gorillas, lions, etc). Elephant families, on the other hand, are matriarchal societies led by females and no elephant family would be led by an adult male (they in fact kick out the males at adolescence). So you can change the wording if you like, but I still think the leadership role of females within elephant families deserve mention. (Oh, and I'm a guy not a female author by the way) --Mezaco (talk) 22:32, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

I do understand from where you got your thoughts, but still the term has been misinterpreted over the years, and lack scientific proof. To "think" things does not really give a scientific platform for social terms, and regarding mammals, the terms should be ethological, since terms for human societies does only confuse people.

Most people reading the article now, will probably believe: 1) elephants have a "leader". 2) This leader is always a female.

And thats nothing but a lie. If its your opinion that teenagers surfing the wikipedia absolutely must believe this, then I will rest my case, and for the ethologist students that I held speaches for, and read such things on the wikipedia, I can only explain that wikipedia unfortunately expose a lot of false information, since the members in some circumstances use sources in a non critical way, probably out of subjective, emotional reasons.

Elephants social system can not be cmpared to humans, and to use the term Matriarch is falsely but popular used, which however does not mean that ELEPHANTS live in Matriarchy. Contrary as to what is described, the elephants social system goes beyond the obvious visual appearence one can study through a pari of binoculars inside a landrover on a savanna. They communicate over large distances and exacltly WHAT they communicate is not fully researched. When adult bulls meet one or several females, or what can be described as a group, during one hour, a day, or even weeks, they do absolutely not live in a Matriarchy.

To try to educate people on wikipedia, saying that that elephants (normally refered to as members of the family Elephantidae, which actually extends to include mammoths, and no living person as far as I know have an idea how they lived, by the way) which is written on the first line on the article Matriarchy, or that African Bush Elephant (written further down) which scientifically includes ALL members, males and females of Loxodonta africana) should live in Matriarchy is pure nonsens.

A term, intended for human societies, and obviously under great discussions rgearding its existence, should probably not be used for other mammal species at all, unless they show large similarities to humans. Female elephants groups are not "lead" at all, and elephants "groupings" are extremely difficuult to interprete, and still today, there are many questions, especially as to asian elephants and forest elephants, but one things is for sure, but it must be obvious that if adult males, does not accept being "led" by halfsize females, elephants are under no circumstances living in Matriarchy.

The fact that adult female elephants can dominate juvenile, or semiadult males, is no proof what so ever, that elephants are living in Matriarchy.

-The term is misused, by mislead persons, who has an agenda, they think its "nice" that elephants live in Matriarchy. But thats only in their dreams, it doesnt reflect the reality. The latest 20 years has seen a lot of "new-age" influence, and people nowdays interprete a lot of things, according to their political and religious views.

Among those beliefs is that elephants are very friendly, caring for their dead ancestor bones, and are lead by females.

For some people this sounds wonderful, and if you tell them that elephants are extremely aggressive, mostly doesnt care for any bones at all, and subordinate to the bossiest, strongest individual they interact with, it may be a male or a female, they simply dont want to belive you, since its destroying their constructed world of "truths".

When an adult male meet adult and subadult females, the females often line up, and urinate all at once, lowering their heads, keeping their ears close to the heads, and making noises, where all those signs are a clear message; we subordinate, PLEASE dont attack us. (Which the bulls sometimes does anyway...)

If two bulls starts to fight, no female "leader" will even try to split them up, or interfer, they want even go close. Does this sounds like Matriarchy to you?

If this is Matriarchy, then I guess the whole article Matriarchy must be rewritten...

When I was a child, I sometimes passed a girl boarding school. In that school older females were "leaders" and they would "lead" juvenile, semiadult, and adult females. ONLY. Does this make Stockolm citizens live in Matriarchy? Should we we add Swedes to the list of people living in Matriarchy?

Dan Koehl (talk) 00:51, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Dan, can you provide a single reliable source that supports your ideas? I've looked and I can't find any.  I did find Raman Sukumar describing the Asian Elephant as matriarchal, so perhaps that should be added as well.  Surely you can find at least one reliable source on elephants that supports your position? Viriditas (talk) 09:00, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Viriditas, lets just see this as an intelligence test.

lets presume asian elephants includes all adult male individuals as well, lets not forget them. If none of those adult males never in their eintire adult life subordinate under females, where is then the matriarchal structure? If females only "lead" other females and juvenile males, how ever can this be described as matriarchal society?

You dont need any sources for this, its simple, its a matter of intelligence.

But if you want, I can write Sukumar, and ask him to explain that 5 tons elephant bulls does not live in a matriarchal society, and that they dont subordinate under females half their size...

I already explained how this term was misused in books, and noone didnt bother to put this on rails. Still, theres no meaning of lying for wikipedia visitors, whatever you find in books.

Dan Koehl (talk) 10:33, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * How do you define matriarchy? Viriditas (talk) 11:28, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and removed the entire list from matriarchy pending further sources.  I've contacted the original editor  here. Viriditas (talk)
 * Still unreferenced in this context, so I'm adding a soft redirect to Wiktionary. Viriditas (talk) 14:27, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matriarch


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Bottlenose Dolphin

Bottlenose Dolphin
Quite straight forward, but its got the knowing smile you would look for in a dolphin. Ultimately from stock.xchng.hu and recently added to the. - Solipsist 19:55, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * support. - Solipsist 19:55, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I noticed that it has been tagged as GFDL by the uploader, is the uploader claiming to be the author, because the only license I can find relating to this image is the stock.xchang license which is far from free?  ed g2s  •  talk  20:45, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You appear to have misread the terms page you quoted, and the specific page for this image. Pcb21|Pete 21:10, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed with Pcb21. The entire site is free content.  If you look at the specific page for this image, it says "There are no usage restrictions for this photo."  Oh, and support. --[[User:Brian0918|brian0918 talk]] 21:50, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sadly I feel this is not the case. "There are no usage restrictions..." referes to specific restrictions that can be placed on the photo by the uploader, that fact that they have not placed extra restrictions on the photo does not place them in the public domain, they'd have to explicitly state that there are no restrictions on the photo. When they upload to the site they do so under the stock.xchng terms of conditions which license the images under the stock.xchng license . This is not a free license. Some user pages have comments like "you can use my image for any use without permission" or "all my images are licensed under cc-by-2.0". This user's page does not, so the only license that applices is the stock.xchng license.  ed g2s  •  talk  21:57, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure if this a valid objection for the featured pictures page but the image reinforces an inaccurate stereotype of what a bottlenose dolphin is like - particularly what wild BDs are like. Pcb21| Pete 21:10, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree...I'm sure there is picture of a dolpphin in a more natural pose. [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 00:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Inappropriate licence — to quote: "you are not allowed to build a gallery using the photos you downloaded from here", so we couldn't actually put it on Featured Pictures visible. James F. (talk) 23:14, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC) Ah, I see now that this is fixed. Support. James F. (talk) 19:29, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I uploaded this picture. I got the personal permission from the creator to upload this picture for any use. I only set the link to stock.xchng for information about the author. If i have choose the wrong license type, please apologize. I think we can stop this senselessly discussion please. Mb2000| 23:45, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah great. In future if you get permission from the author please state so explicitly. As far as I knew, the only confirmed license was the stock.xchng one, hence the concern. ed g2s  •  talk  00:29, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. ed g2s  •  talk  00:29, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Great shot. But again, I don't see a featured image in a dolphin swimming around a Seaworld swimming pool. The same picture taken in its natural habitat will immediately get my vote. Janderk 09:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And you would tell the difference how...? I can buy this argument zoo lion looking a little bored, or even not having snow behind the Arctic Wolf below, but in this case what would change? The colour of the water - there are plenty of locations where dolphins live with water this bright. Is the dolphin bored - how would you tell. -- Solipsist 09:20, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It is indeed the water, which got swimming pool blue all over it. Another give away is the fact that there is no horizon. Oh, I just noticed that the image caption states that it was actually taken in Sea World. Images where you really can't tell do get my vote. For example, you will see that I voted for the coyote above. Personally I have no clue if that picture was taken in a zoo or the wild. Janderk 18:07, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 22:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Looks good little but the full image looks pretty ordinary. Espcially the eye region. --Fir0002 04:29, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - I agree with Fir about the eye-region being a disappointment. But its still a really good picture.--ZayZayEM 00:38, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I don't find anything special about it. Enochlau 03:39, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I was going to archive this when I realised the vote count was +6/-3. Any more votes? ed g2s  •  talk  04:00, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose, more than just the head should be included to be a featured picture of this animal. - Bevo 23:10, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose- clarifying my opinion from above BrokenSegue 23:28, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not promoted, +6 / -5 - Solipsist 18:16, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
John Jenkins (Welsh politician)

John Paul Jenkins (born 1981) is a local politician in Wales, in the United Kingdom. He is a county councillor for the Elli ward of Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, and a town councillor for the same ward on Llanelli Town Council. He stood for election as a candidate of the Conservative Party for both authorities.

Background
Jenkins was educated at Graig Comprehensive School, Llanelli, before studying social policy at the University of Wales, Swansea.

Political career
Jenkins was elected at the local elections on 10 June 2004. As of 2006, he was the youngest elected representative in Carmarthenshire.

Before becoming a councillor, Jenkins was chosen by the Conservative Party in 2002 to be its candidate for the Llanelli constituency at the 2003 election to the National Assembly for Wales. However, in March 2003, just two months before polling day, Jenkins was reported to have made homophobic remarks on an internet forum. The story was first reported in the Western Mail and subsequently on the BBC Wales news.

Jenkins withdrew his candidacy although he claimed that his remarks had been taken out of context and that, "a lot of selective editing was carried out somewhere between my actual comments being made and the reporting of my remarks in the Western Mail and subsequently the BBC."

Later in 2003, Jenkins started his campaign for election to Carmarthenshire County Council. Running with the slogan "Standing up for Llanelli" Jenkins won election to Carmarthenshire County Council and Llanelli Town Council in 2004.

As of 2006, he serves on Carmarthenshire County Council's Planning Committee and Social Justice Scrutiny Committee, the latter being the committee that scrutinises the council's equal opportunity policies. He is also a Carmarthenshire Local Education Authority appointed governor of Bryngwyn Comprehensive School in Dafen, Llanelli. He also serves on Llanelli Town Council's Selwyn Samuel Management Committee and is a Minor Authority appointed governor of Old Road County Primary School in Llanelli.

Second resignation
On 15 February 2006, Jenkins was selected by the Conservative Party to contest the Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire constituency, in the 2007 Welsh Assembly election. However, the following day, Jenkins resigned as a Conservative candidate for the second time, on orders of Conservative leader David Cameron, because of his 2003 homophobic comments.

Jenkins subsequently announced that following his resignation as a candidate he was also quitting the Conservative Party because of what he saw as the Conservative Party's unfair treatment towards him.

At the 2008 county council election Jenkins was re-elected by the Elli ward, but standing as an Independent.

In August 2012 Jenkins got into trouble again for his comments on social media when he suggested on Twitter to an unemployed woman that she get work as an escort, then describing a well-known footballer as a "pervert". A complaint was made to the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales.

title: John Jenkins (Welsh politician)


text: User:Rfl/Goodolddays

title: User:Rfl/Goodolddays


text:
Sablons

Sablon (in French) is a fine sand used as an abrasive and may refer to the following:

Surname

 * Edmond Tarbé des Sablons, (1838-1900), French journalist and man of letters
 * Germaine Sablon (1899–1985), French singer and film actress, sister of Jean Sablon
 * Jean Sablon (1906–1994), popular French singer and actor
 * Michelle Catherine Josephine Guespereau Tarbé des Sablons (1777–1855), French author and composer, also known as Mme. Tarbé des Sablons

Toponyms

 * Sablon (Brussels), an area in the historic center of Brussels, Belgium
 * Sablon, a neighborhood of Metz
 * Les Sablons (Paris Métro), a station of the Paris Metro located in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
 * Blanc-Sablon, Quebec, municipality on North-Shore in Quebec, Canada

title: Sablons


text:
Pontiac Grand Am

The Pontiac Grand Am is a car model that was produced by Pontiac in various years between 1973 and 2005. Produced as a RWD mid-size car on the LeMans GM A platform in its first two generations, the Grand Am name was reused for a FWD compact (later mid-size) car for its last three generations.

The platform began development intended to be the next generation GTO, but the muscle car era was drawing to a close. Pontiac decided to make this model America's answer to European luxury sports sedans. The Grand Am (GA) name was derived from two other Pontiacs; "Grand" signifying Grand Prix luxury, and "Am" for Trans Am performance.

These first generation GAs had some innovative features, including a deformable urethane nose (an evolution of the Endura bumper pioneered on the 1968 GTO), and was one of only three GM cars (Olds Cutlass Salon, Chevy Monte Carlo S) to debut radial-ply tires (RTS - Radial Tuned Suspension) as standard equipment. The intermediate sized Grand Am was canceled in 1980 when it was replaced by the Pontiac 6000.

A compact-sized Grand Am, based on the GM N-platform, was released in 1985, replacing the Pontiac Phoenix. It became Pontiac's best selling car and was later replaced by the Pontiac G6, so named as it was intended to be the 6th generation of the Grand Am.

All 1973–1975 Grand Ams were built in Pontiac, Michigan at Pontiac's main assembly plant. The 1978-1980 Grand Ams were built in Pontiac, Michigan at Pontiac's main assembly plant and in Atlanta, Georgia at GMAD Lakewood. All Grand Ams between 1985 and 2005 were built in Lansing, Michigan at the Lansing Car Assembly.

First generation (1973–1975)
The history of Grand Am begins with Pontiac executives noting incursion into the US market by Mercedes, BMW, Toyota and Nissan. Notably, the American sports car was usually without luxury features, and the luxury car without sport features. Foreign makes mixed these features, that introduced the market to luxury performance coupes and sedans that had balanced handling along with powerful engines. Pontiac hybridized the Grand Prix with the Trans Am to create the Grand Am, a naming tactic shared with the luxury Pontiac Grand Ville. Built on the A-body platform shared with the Pontiac LeMans, the intended GTO body was re-badged and fitted with the top-level Grand Prix interior, and using the larger engine from the Grand Prix, Bonneville and Grand Ville.

The original Grand Am was introduced in the fall of 1972 as a 1973 model. It was based on the GM A platform (A-body) along with other cars such as the Chevrolet Chevelle Laguna, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, and the Buick Century Gran Sport. The GM A-body platform had major design revisions in 1973 that included the elimination of pillarless hardtops due to proposed Federal rollover standards, but with frameless windows similar to that of a hardtop. No convertibles were produced due to the rollover standards (that were not enacted). In addition to Federal emissions regulations, new safety standards required a 5 mi/h impact-resistant front bumper and a 2.5 mi/h impact-resistant rear bumper, which increased to 5 mi/h for 1974.

The 1973 oil crisis caused a dichotomy of buyers: total luxury or total economy. Since Grand Am was an "in-between", its sales declined and the model was discontinued in 1975.

1973
The Grand Am, coined by Pontiac with a name derived from two other cars in its lineup ("Grand" signifying "Grand Prix luxury" and "Am" for "Trans Am performance") was designed as America's answer to European luxury/sport sedans and available as a four-door Colonnade sedan or a two-door Colonnade coupe. A total of 43,136 Grand Ams were built during the first year of production.

The Grand Am could be had with a standard 2-bbl 400 cuin V8 engine with single exhaust producing 170 hp, an optional 4-bbl version of this engine with single exhaust producing 200 hp that was only available with a 4-speed manual transmission, an optional 4-bbl version of this engine with dual exhaust producing 230 hp, or an optional 4-bbl 455 cuin with dual exhaust 250 hp. The engine displacement, expressed in liters, was displayed on the bootlid in an effort to accentuate the car's supposedly European character.

All engines were available with a Turbo-hydramatic 400 automatic transmission as standard equipment. A 4-speed manual transmission was available with the 400/4-bbl engine in 1973 and 1974, but this was not popular.

The 1973 Pontiac Grand Am style had a unique flexible urethane front fascia center nose (known as the 'Endura' nose) that was squeezable and could return to its original shape following a minor collision along with the new energy-absorbing bumpers,  a total of six grille openings with vertical bars, round front turn signals with a cross-hair design, horizontal rear taillights, and chrome rear bumper. Additionally, Grand Ams featured a Radial Tuned Suspension (RTS) as standard equipment that included radial-ply tires, Pliacell shock absorbers, and front and rear sway bars. The springs were advertised as being computer selected. The Grand Am was one of only three GM cars to have standard radial tires and appropriate suspension tuning in 1973, with the others being the Oldsmobile Cutlass Salon and Chevrolet Monte Carlo S.

The Grand Am included Strato bucket seats upholstered in Naugahyde vinyl or corduroy cloth featuring manual recliners and adjustable lumbar supports - both features common on European-style sports/luxury sedans, but unusual for American cars of that time. Also included were an instrument panel from the Pontiac Grand Prix featuring a Rally gauge cluster with fuel, oil, water and volt gauges (a tachometer or fuel economy gauge was optional, and on cars so equipped, the clock was moved to a space on the lower instrument panel under the radio), three-spoke padded steering wheel with brushed-stainless spokes, and Genuine Crossfire African Mahogany trim on the dash facing, radio and clock surrounds, as well as the center console between the front seats. Grand Ams also were among the first U.S.-built cars with a turn-signal mounted headlight dimmer switch that had been common on imported cars for decades. Other standard equipment included concealed windshield wipers, a 1.12 in front stabilizer bar, and an in-the-windshield radio antenna. Upscale options included air conditioning, tinted glass, power windows-locks-seat, rear defogger, various sound systems, and tilt-steering-wheel. AM/FM stereo with a tape player was optional. The listed retail price for the 2-door coupe was US$4,264 ($0 in dollars ), listing it above the Firebird Trans Am.

Pontiac also produced a single 1973 Grand Am station wagon as a feasibility study. This was a LeMans wagon converted to a Grand Am. A functional ram-air induction system was developed for the Pontiac A-bodies utilizing twin NACA openings in the hood, but the option was dropped due to the inability to pass federally mandated drive-by noise standards. A few functional Ram Air systems were sold over the counter. The twin-scoop NACA hood was an option for any Pontiac A-body for all three years, but was non-functional.

In a Popular Mechanics Owners survey, 67% rated the build quality as good to excellent and 79% liked the handling. However, 22.1% disliked the fuel economy.

1974
Described as "The mid-sized Pontiac with Foreign Intrigue ... American Ingenuity" on the front cover of the four-page 1974 Grand Am brochure that featured a green four-door sedan, only minor styling changes highlighted this year's model including a redesigned nose and grille with 12 openings with horizontal bars. The 1974 Grand Am's rear-end styling was redesigned for the new 5 mph crash standards and had vertical rear taillights with relocated license plate and fuel filler above the bumper. Engine and transmission offerings were the same as 1973, but four-speed manual transmissions were no longer offered in California, where only the Turbo Hydra-matic automatic was available. Inside, the genuine African crossfire mahogany trim on the instrument panel was replaced by a simulated material due to delamination problems on the 1973 models but the real wood was continued on the center console, optional console clock, and radio bezel.

Engine choices were 400 cuin 2-barrel single exhaust producing 190 hp, 400 cubic inch 4-barrel single exhaust producing 200 hp, 400 cubic inch 4-barrel dual exhaust producing 225 hp, and 455 cubic inch 4-barrel dual exhaust producing 250 hp.

Sales were down more than 50 percent due to the 1973 oil crisis, and while the recession continued, prices increased for all 1974 model cars. Only 17,083 Grand Ams were built.

1975
The 1975 Grand Am looked the same as the 1974 model, but had vertical front grille bars, a body-colored rear bumper, and a catalytic converter single-exhaust, which mandated the use of unleaded fuel, along with GM's High Energy Ignition and other items promoted as part of Pontiac's maximum mileage system. In addition to the standard roofline with louvered rear side windows, Grand Am coupes with the optional vinyl roof could be ordered with a full triangular rear side window or a vertical opera window similar to that found on the Grand Prix.

Inside, the Strato bucket seats received revised vertical trim patterns, the adjustable lumbar support controls were dropped, and only the passenger seat had a recliner, a "safety practice" which would continue at GM for a decade. New this year as a no-cost option was a 60/40 bench seat with a center armrest.

Engines were also detuned to meet the 1975 emission regulations with the compression ratio dropping to a new low of 7.6 to 1 on some engines. Standard was the 170 hp 400 cuin V8 with two-barrel carburetor, optional were a 185 hp 400, or a 200 hp 455 cuin - both with four-barrel carburetors. Turbo Hydra-matic was standard equipment and the only transmission offered this year. Performance from 0-60 was 7.7 seconds.

A total of 10,679 Grand Ams were built in 1975 and the series was dropped after this year due to declining sales and rising gas prices as a result of the 1973 oil crisis. Another factor leading to the Grand Am's cancellation were plans for all 1976 Pontiac A-body cars receiving the newly approved rectangular headlights, which would necessitate a complete redesign of the Grand Am's Endura nose and Pontiac officials decided that the expense of such a redesign could not be justified based on low production numbers. The basic GM A-body design remained until 1977.

Engines

 * 1973–1975 400 cuin V8 with 2-barrel carburetor (standard engine, others were optional)
 * 1973–1975 400 cuin V8 with 4-barrel carburetor
 * 1973–1974 400 cuin V8 with 4-barrel carburetor, 4-speed (not available in California)
 * 1973–1975 455 cuin V8 with 4-barrel carburetor

Notes:
 * A SD-455 equipped engineering prototype Grand Am was built and tested, but was later dismantled and destroyed.
 * 1973 engines may have point or unitized ignition.
 * 1974 engines may have point or unitized ignition or starting around May 1, 1974, HEI ignition.
 * 1975 engines have HEI ignition.
 * 1975 was the first year for the catalytic converter.

1978
For 1978 the Grand Am nameplate returned on a downsized model using the Grand Prix's G platform. It was offered in both two- and four-door models featuring a vertical bar grille and other trimmings to differentiate it from the LeMans, upon which it was based. Like the 1973–1975 models, this generation of Grand Ams also featured standard radial tires plus an upgraded Radial Tuned Suspension with front and rear sway bars. Interiors were similar to the Grand LeMans with either a standard notchback bench seat, optional 60/40 bench or Strato bucket seats with console and recliner on passenger side, an optional tachometer, and a choice of either cloth or "Morrokide" vinyl upholstery.

Standard equipment included power steering, power front disc brakes, Turbo Hydra-matic transmission, full instrumentation and Pontiac's 301 cuin V8 engine with two-barrel carburetor producing 140 hp. Optional was a 4-bbl 155 hp version, along with numerous extra cost items such as snowflake wheels, whitewall or white-lettered tires, power windows and seats, tilt steering wheel, sunroof, and cruise control.

In California, where more stringent emission regulations made Pontiac V8 engines unavailable since 1977, Chevrolet V8 engines were substituted including a standard 135 hp 305 cuin V8 with two-barrel carburetor or optional four-barrel version with 145 hp.

1979
Very few changes were made for 1979 other than the normal trim revisions and the demotion of the standard powertrain to a Buick 231 cuin V6 and floor-mounted three-speed manual transmission as standard equipment. The 301 V8, rated at 135 hp with a two-barrel carburetor or 150 hp with four-barrel, and Turbo Hydra-matic transmission were now optional. In terms of appearance, the only difference was that the park/signal and marker lenses were changed to amber ones.

New for 1979 was a four-speed manual available with the 150-horsepower 301 four-barrel in 49 states. In California, only an automatic transmission was available and engine offerings included the standard Buick 231 cuin V6 engine with two-barrel carburetor and 115 hp or optional Chevrolet 305 V8 rated at 160 hp with four-barrel carb.

The wood-grained instrument panel was replaced by brushed aluminum trim, while the gauge faces changed from silver with black letters and numbers to black with white letters and numbers. The same seating choices in either cloth or Morrokide trims were offered including the standard notchback bench seat, or optional 60/40 bench or Strato bucket seats with console. An AM/FM CB radio combo was available and a heated rear window was optional.

In 1979, the Grand Am was featured in the NASCAR Grand National circuit.

1980
1980 was the final year for the second-generation Grand Am. The four-door sedan was dropped, leaving only the two-door coupe, which received minor appearance changes including the grille. Strato bucket seats in cloth or Morrokide upholstery were standard equipment along with a center console with floor shifter for the Turbo Hydra-matic transmission.

The V6 engine, two-barrel V8s and manual transmissions were dropped leaving the four-barrel Pontiac 301 V8 with 170 hp the only engine offered in 49 states or, in California, the 160 hp Chevrolet 305 V8. Slow sales of the Grand Am led to its discontinuation after the 1980 model year.

In the first year of the NASCAR Busch Series (1982) the championship was won by Jack Ingram in a 1980 Grand Am.

Third generation (1985–1991)
For the 1985 model year, Pontiac reused the Grand Am name for a new compact car to replace the aging and unpopular Phoenix (based on GM's X Body) using the new-for-1985 N Body. The Grand Am shared the same front-wheel drive platform as the Buick Somerset (renamed Skylark in 1987) and the Oldsmobile Calais (renamed Cutlass Calais in 1988). Initially, the Grand Am was available in base or LE trim in coupes only. The 2.5 L Tech IV was standard, while a 3.0 L Buick V6 was optional. A 5-speed manual was standard, and a 3-speed automatic was optional, the latter required if the V6 engine was ordered. In 1986, a sedan and sportier SE trim were added. The SE trim had the V6 engine standard, lower body cladding, composite headlamps, a slightly revised interior with the different cloth used on all seats and door panel inserts, analog instrumentation (base and LE models had digital), and included 14-inch aluminum wheels.

1987 models brought more power to the base engine, and a new Turbocharged four-cylinder engine taken from the Sunbird GT. The 2.0 L turbo engine became the base engine for the SE model for 1987. Cars with the turbo engine received a turbo boost gauge in the place of the voltmeter. A test by Popular Mechanics for quarter-mile acceleration with the Turbo engine resulted with the 5-speed manual taking 15.73 seconds and 16.02 seconds with the automatic transmission. They noted large amounts of torque steer from a dead stop. This was also the last year that the Buick sourced 3.0 L engine would be available in the Grand Am, as it was discontinued in mid-1987. New for styling were composite front headlights, but only on the LE models.

For 1988, front seat belts were moved from the b-pillars to the doors, to meet the passive restraint mandate for 1989. The Quad-4 LD2 engine became available for Grand Am's in 1988, replacing the previous model year's 3.0 L V6 on the options list. It is worth noting that 'Sport buckets' borrowed from the Trans Am GTA, were added to the options list this year for SE's. Other options included a Driver Information Center, an electric trunk release, and a moon roof. The base model was dropped after this model year.

A totally new front and rear fascia along with an interior redesign for 1989. The 2.5 L gained balance shafts and an increase of power. The 2.3 L 'LD2' Quad 4 replaced the 2.0 L Turbo engine as standard equipment in the SE midway through the year. This was the final year that the 'Sport Bucket' seats were available to SEs.

The 2.3 L LG0 Quad 4 was announced as being available late in the model year on Grand Am SE's with only 200 were built. All 1989 LG0 Quad 4 Grand Am's were red on grey coupes, with standard appointments including (but not limited to) 16-inch machined-face wheels. The 16-inch wheels were only optional to SE's. This would be the first year that the Grand A-inch could be ordered with either 16-inch wheels or a factory-installed CD player.

NHSTA safety ratings for frontal crashes are as follows: Driver: 3-stars; Passenger: 4-stars.

Changes were minor for 1990 and 1991;

For 1990, a new High-Output version of the Quad 4 (mated to only a 5-speed manual) became the standard engine for the SE. Opting for the automatic transmission changed the engine to the less powerful LD2 Quad 4. The 16-inch wheels moved from the option list to standard equipment for the SE's this year. The LE gained a 'Sport Performance Package' (RPO: W32) late in the 1990 model year run. The W32 option included SE ground effects (minus wheel well flares), the same standard (as well as optional) "SE" drive train, 14-inch aluminum wheels, a larger front larger sway bar, and a rear swaybar that were only otherwise available on the SE model. 1991 was the final model year of this body style and it was essentially a carry-over year. The only changes were the addition of an Anti-lock Brakes System (ABS) as standard equipment for all Grand Am SE's (not available to LE's), and all 1991 model year cars fitted with a 5-speed transmission received a redesigned "short throw" shifter.

For 1992 the Grand Am entered its fourth generation.

Available engines: Available transmissions:
 * 1985–1991: 2.5 L Tech IV TBI I4 engine: 90 hp 1985–86, 98 hp MPG EPA City/Hwy/Overall 21/29/23(w/3-speed auto) 1987–88, 110 hp MPG EPA City/Hwy/Overall 21/28/23 1989–91.
 * 1985–mid-1987: 3.0 L Buick LN7 V6 engine with MPFI: 125 hp, 150 lb·ft of torque
 * mid-1987-1989: 2.0 L MPFI turbocharged I4 engine: 165 hp, 175 lb·ft of torque, Maximum Boost 10 PSI,MPG: EPA City/Hwy 18/27
 * 1988–1991: 2.3 L LD2 Quad 4 MPFI I4 engine: 160 hp, 155 lb·ft of torque
 * 1989–1991: 2.3 L LG0 Quad 4 HO MPFI I4 engine: 180 hp, 160 lb·ft of torque
 * 1985–1991: Isuzu sourced 5-speed manual with overdrive (2.5-liter only)
 * 1988–1991: Muncie sourced, Getrag designed 5-speed manual with overdrive (Quad 4 only)
 * 1985–1991: 3T40 3-speed automatic (not available on HO Quad 4)

Fourth generation (1992–1998)
For 1992 the Grand Am's N-body platform was widened to match the Corsica's; the suspension and braking systems are about eighty percent in common. On the SE, an anti-lock braking system (ABS VI) was available. It also received new bodywork and a revised interior. A V6 option returned in the form of the 160 hp 3.3 L 3300 V6, mated to a three-speed transmission. The 2.3 L I4 came as either a SOHC or DOHC. A high output version of the DOHC was offered as well. A new GT trim was offered that featured new wheels, smoother, yet larger cladding, and more standard equipment.

1993 brought further refinement to the Quad 4. This resulted in a loss of 5 hp to all engines. In 1994, the V6 and standard 3-speed powertrain were effectively replaced by GM's new 3.1 L 3100 series V6 engine and new 4-speed automatic transmission. A driver's side airbag also became standard for 1994, but the door-mounted automatic seatbelts remained. In 1995, the Quad 4 engines received balance shafts and direct driven power steering off the intake camshaft. The 4-speed automatic that was mated to the 3.1 L in 1994 became optional as a step-up from the 3-speed for 1995 on the new Quad 4 engine.

In Japan, this generation was officially imported by Yanase and Suzuki with left-hand drive. The main imports were the SE and V6 models. The V6 model, however, was only offered for the 1996 model year there. All models had a three-speed (later 4-speed) automatic transmission.

1996–1998
For 1996, the Grand Am received a mid-generation facelift. Outside, an updated front fascia, rear fascia, and side skirts gave the Grand Am a smoother, more rounded look. The interior was redesigned and featured dual airbags, easier to use audio system and HVAC controls, and softer plastics. The Quad 4 was replaced by a new 'Twin Cam' 2.4 L DOHC (Dual Over Head Cam) four-cylinder engine. Still based on the Quad 4, this was a re-engineered version of the previous year's 2.3 L with SFI fuel injection. The new engine made 155 lb·ft of torque at lower rpm than the older 2.3 L. The 3.1 L V6 remained optional. The 3-speed automatic was dropped for 1996, and the 4-speed automatic featured standard traction control. Daytime running lamps with automatic lighting control were newly standard on all Grand Ams. 1997 models featured standard air conditioning. The Grand Am was redesigned for 1999.

Available engines:
 * 1992–1994: 2.3 L SOHC L40 I4. 120 hp (115 in 1993 and 1994), 140 lb·ft of torque
 * 1992–1994: 2.3 L DOHC Quad 4 I4: 160 hp (155 in 1993 and 1994), 155 lb·ft of torque
 * 1992–1994: 2.3 L DOHC Quad 4 HO I4: 180 hp (175 in 1993 and 1994), 160 lb·ft of torque
 * 1992–1993: 3.3 L 3300 MPFI V6: 150 hp, 185 lb·ft of torque
 * 1994–1998: 3.1 L 3100 SFI V6: 155 hp, 185 lb·ft of torque
 * 1995: 2.3 L DOHC Quad 4 I4: 150 hp, 155 lb·ft of torque
 * 1996–1998: 2.4 L DOHC Twin Cam I4: 150 hp, 155 lb·ft of torque

Available transmissions:
 * 1992–1994: Muncie-sourced, Getrag-designed 5-speed manual with overdrive ('Quad 4 HO' only)
 * 1992–1998: Isuzu-sourced 5-speed manual with overdrive (1992-1994 'Quad OHC' only; 1995-1998 'Quad4' & 'Twin Cam' only)
 * 1992–1995: 3T40 3-speed automatic
 * 1994–1998: 4T60-E 4-speed automatic with overdrive (available with 3100 SFI V6 beginning in 1994)

Fifth generation (1999–2005)
Available in late spring 1998, the basic design of the fifth-generation Grand Am was shared with the Oldsmobile Alero (also new for 1999) and Chevrolet Malibu (introduced in 1996). The length was shortened slightly, but the wheelbase grew by more than three inches (76 mm). The suspension was now fully independent, with a revised MacPherson-Strut design upfront. The rear suspension is a more refined Multi-link design. The new Grand Am was offered in five trim levels: SE, SE1, SE2, GT, and GT1. The 2.4 L Twin Cam engine was carried over, with 150 hp and 155 lb·ft of torque. GM's 3400 V6, previously exclusive to their minivans, became available as an option on the SE and SE1 and was standard on all other trim levels. For 1999, all the Grand Ams featured a 4-speed automatic transmission. The GT and GT1 also included 4-wheel disc brakes, and all Grand Ams until 2003 included standard ABS and Traction Control (made optional on SE from 2003). The GTs also had a Ram Air induction system, providing an extra five horsepower and 5 lb/ft of torque over the 3.4 L V6 when installed in any of the SE-level trims.

The 2000 models added a Getrag 5-speed manual transmission as standard equipment with the four-cylinder. On GT models, the badge on the front fenders now read "RamAir V6", instead of "V6H.O." on 1999 GT's. ASC Creative Services designed the Grand Am SC/T for the SEMA show circuit, which was the concept design for the Ram Air hood and body package. The SC/T later became an appearance package, beginning in 2003. A road test by Car and Driver showed a 0-60 mph time of 7.7 seconds in a GT sedan with an automatic.

For 2001, the SE2 trim level was dropped, a new family of Delco stereos and new wheel designs was introduced. The radio size in 2001 also changed from a 1.5 DIN size to a full 2 DIN size. Halfway through 2002, the Twin Cam 2.4 L engine was replaced by a new 2.2 L Ecotec four-cylinder, which had improvements over the engine it replaced, but produced less output; 140 hp and 150 lb·ft of torque. Changes for 2002 also included a stationary cup holder in the center console as opposed to a removable one.

The body cladding on SE models was removed in 2003, a change which affected other models throughout Pontiac. Also in 2003, anti-lock brakes and traction control were made optional on the SE. In 2004, an MP3 player was added to the uplevel CD player. In 2005, Pontiac began phasing out the Grand Am lineup for the new G6 replacement. SE sedans were retained for fleet sale and GT coupes were the last Grand Am model available for public sale.

Available engines:
 * 1999–2002: 2.4 L DOHC Twin Cam L4 (LD9 model) engine: 150 hp, 155 lb·ft of torque
 * 2002–2005: 2.2 L DOHC Ecotec L4 engine: 140 hp, 150 lb·ft of torque
 * 1999–2005: 3.4 L 3400 OHV V6: 170 hp,(175 for GT) 200 lb·ft of torque (205 for GT)

Available transmissions:
 * 1999–2005: 4-speed automatic with overdrive (4T40-E for four-cylinder engines, 4T45-E for V6 engines)
 * 2000–2005: Getrag 5-speed manual with overdrive (four-cylinder engines only)

Safety
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gives the 1999-2005 Grand Am a "Poor" rating in its frontal crash test for marginal structural integrity, a possible head injury, a potential right leg injury, and poor dummy control.

2003 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Crash Test Ratings (coupe):
 * Frontal Driver:
 * Frontal Passenger:
 * Side Driver:
 * Side Rear Passenger:
 * Rollover:

2003 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Crash Test Ratings (sedan):
 * Frontal Driver:
 * Frontal Passenger:
 * Side Driver:
 * Side Rear Passenger:
 * Rollover:

title: Pontiac Grand Am


text: User talk:68.49.48.97

title: User talk:68.49.48.97


text:
Millennium stamp

A Millennium stamp is a postage stamp issued by a postal administration commemorating a millennium associated with that country's history but several countries issued stamps for the beginning of the 3rd millennium in same cases depicting some of their country's achievements over the preceding years.

Canada
Canada Post released 68 specially designed stamps as a series of 17 Millennium souvenir sheets, each depicting four different stamps, starting 17 December 1999 through to 17 March 2000. It is not clear, at the present date, whether these issues were justified by any rational policy – or, perhaps, may have been primarily to raise cash from collectors – seventeen four-stamp sets in about thirteen weeks.

Fiji
Fiji released a series of eight stamps depicting some of the flora and fauna of the island nation, being concepts by four artists, Joe Nasau, Jane Borg, Muni Deo Raj and fourteen-year-old Myron Williams.

1999
In 1999 Royal Mail issued a series of stamps that were classified into 12 groups (known as "tales") including Entertainment, Science & Technology and Sport, with one group released in each month during the year. The set issued in September 1999 called The Farmers' Tale contained a 19p stamp that doubled as Royal Mail's contribution to that year's Europa postage stamp issue, which was on the theme of Parks and Reserves.

One of the most notable postage stamps in the collection was one commemorating the life of Queen frontman (and avid stamp collector) Freddie Mercury. It caused controversy for the appearance of Roger Taylor in the background at the drums, as it was an understood rule at the time that the only living people allowed to appear on British stamps could be members of the British Royal Family. However, Sir Francis Chichester had appeared on a Royal Mail postage stamp, while still alive, in 1967.

Other stamps featured: English football hero Bobby Moore; a picture of the structure of DNA; and a fossil of Archaeopteryx, the first known bird.

The pack called "Entertainers' Tale" was – 19p : Freddie Mercury (photo, Mercury's Magic/P Blake); 26p : Bobby Moore (artwork, World Cup/M White); 44p : Dalek (photo, Doctor Who/Lord Snowdon) and 64p : Charlie Chaplin (artwork, Chaplin's Genius/Ralph Steadman).

2000
These stamps commemorated a selection of projects throughout the UK which had received funding from the Millennium Commission. The stamps were released in 12 monthly sub-collections with 4 stamps apiece, making a total of 48 stamps. So, in 1999 and 2000, some 96 millennium stamps.

The stamps featured such projects as the Eden Project, the Tate Modern art gallery, the National Space Centre and the Scottish Seabird Centre.

Dublin millennium
The millennium of Dublin, Ireland, was celebrated in 1988 when An Post issued a 28-pence stamp available both as individual stamps and in a stamp booklet. The Dublin Millennium booklet was the first to contain commemorative stamps; until then all Irish stamp booklets had only contained definitive stamps.

Year 2000
During 1999 and 2000 a series of 24 stamps was issued depicting a selection of Irish and world-famous people, such as, Grace Kelly, Nelson Mandela, Thomas Edison and Ludwig van Beethoven and some significant events in Irish history like, Flight of the Earls, Land League and Irish Independence.

Hong Kong SAR
Hong Kong SAR issued gold millennium stamps.

Laos
Laos issued a miniature sheet of four stamps, showing a Laotian landscape, and, on the selvage, fireworks bursting high in the sky.

Tonga
Tonga – which was 'first to the millennium', issued a miniature sheet. The stamps (2) are circular.

title: Millennium stamp


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Alberuni

Other evidence
See also User_talk:Ta_bu_shi_da_yu for more personal attacks by this person. Noel (talk) 20:03, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:HYP

Untitled
I hope that "hypochonaria" (indeed, looks like a $20 word) will eventually be wiped out (with wikipedia's help; in fact this was my sole goal in writing this entry). Then I guess this item will become obsolete and may be removed from the list. Mikkalai 20:04, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm totally mystified by the that definition of Hyp listed on this page. Is the idea that "hyp" is used to mean "hypochonaria", which itself is meaningless?  I think this line is more confusing than anything else, and I'd like to delete it.  I'll be bold now and do it, but I wanted to put a note in Talk: to explain myself. Remes 22:49, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I should include the entry I just deleted:
 * Internet proliferates the definition "Hyp: an abbreviation of hypochonAria", which is an OCR error from scanning the Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913). It should be read "hypochondria". Modern Webster's dictionary says that "Hyp" or "hyps" is an archaic usage in this sense.
 * Remes 22:52, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm having trouble understanding what you posted, but let me just say that the entry made perfect sense to me. A lookup of "hyp" on dictionary.com (http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=hyp) corroborates the claim that "hyp" appears in the dictionary with the misspelling "hypochonaria" as the definition. I'm reinstating the definition Mikkalai created. –MementoVivere 21:02, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry I was unclear. My concern was this:  the dictionary.com entry manifestly makes no sense.  I don't understand the purpose of including a discussion of it under the this disambiguation page.  If we want to say, for instance, "Hyp is an archaic abbreviation of hypochondria", that's fine with me.  But to put in the discussion of a mistaken word I think just confuses people. Remes 02:05, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that I think about it, the use of "hyp" as an archaic abbreviation for "hypochondria" doesn't even seem worth mentioning, not to mention the discussion of the misspelling. In fact, Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary notes that it is a colloquial expression, usually used in the plural "hyps", quoting Jonathan Swift, "Heaven send thou hast not got the hyps," from Cassinus and Peter (1731). I'm going to remove this definition. –MementoVivere 20:40, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think it would simply be prudent to list hyp as a colloquial way of saying hypochondria, which is exactly what the OED does. Any further discussion is meaningless. Unless, of course you feel confident in challenging their authority on etymology.

title: Talk:HYP


text: Category:1890s books

title: Category:1890s books


text:
Rajbiraj

Rajbiraj (राजविराज) is a mid-sized municipality located in the south-eastern part of Madhesh Province of Nepal. The city is also called the "Pink City of Nepal" because the township was designed in 1938 based on influence from the "Indian Pink City" Jaipur - thus making it the first township in Nepal to receive urban planning. Rajbiraj is the district headquarters of Saptari which is transferred from old district headquarter Hanumannagar in 1944 and is the eighth largest city in the province. It was declared a municipality in 1959. According to the 2011 census, the city had a population of 37,738 but the latest population is estimated to be 69,803 making it the 33rd largest municipality in Nepal. The city area is spread over 55.64 km2 and comprises 16 wards.

The city is named after the ancient temple of Rajdevi, rebuilt by the Sena kings in the early 14th century. Rajbiraj has prominently served as a politically active town in the modern history of Nepal and has been the hometown to a number of icons of the nation. Rajbiraj comes under the Saptari 2(B) assembly constituency which elects a member to the Provincial Assembly of Madhesh Province once every five years and it is a part of the Saptari 2 constituency which elects its MP once in five years.

Roadways are the major mode of transportation to the town but it also has air connectivity. The major trade routes to the town are offered by the Nepalese metropolis of Biratnagar situated 78 km east to the city as well as the Indo-Nepal border of Kunauli situated 10 km south to the city.

Ancient Era
The city is part of the Mithila region which was an ancient kingdom which rose to prominence under King Janaka (c. 8th-7th centuries BCE). The city is historical twin city of Janakpur also known to be a seat of Kushadhwaja the brother of King Janka whose two daughters Mandavi and Shrutakirti were married to Bharata and Shatrughna respectively. Kushadhwaja later ruled the area through his ministers and moved to Sankasya. During the Medieval Period around 520 CE, King Salahesh reigned over Mithila region and made his capital near Lahan, 35 km west to Rajbiraj. The most powerful and prominent kingdom, Karnat dynasty comes into power and ruled Mithila (also known as Tirhut) from 11th century to early 14th century. The fifth King of karnat dynasty, Shaktisingh Dev (r. 1285 to 1295 CE) was travelled through this region after transferring his supremacy to his younger son Harisimhadeva and built the famous and ancient Chinnamasta Bhagawati Mandir as well as his fort nearby the temple, which is known as Gadhi Gaachhi locally. After the fall of Karnat dynasty, the Sena dynasty which was entered in Mithila, through Rupnagar from Bengal around early 13th century started ruling this region from 15th century to 18th century. The Rajdevi Temple was rebuilt by Sena king in early 14th century and also known to be family temple of Kushadhwaja. Within the periphery of Rajbiraj there were small shrines dedicated to Mandavi, Urmila and Shrutakirti but have lost with time.

Modern Era
After the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816 the region become part of Kingdom of Nepal. Rajbiraj is one of the few cities given the status of municipality when Nepal's monarchy was restored in the 1950s. The first city of Nepal to be urban planned is rajbiraj. The Nepal government plans to develop it as a model city. Chief Engineer and Architect Dilli Jang Thapa designed Rajbiraj based on Indian city Jaipur. The city is now recognized as an educational capital of Eastern Nepal with various schools and colleges opening.

Toponymy
The city of Rajbiraj is named after Rajdevi Temple. The Meaning of Raj comes from the name of the Rajdevi temple which means "state" and biraj means "to reside" or "to live".

Demography
According to the National Population Census of 2011, Rajbiraj's population was 37,738, of which male and female are 19,684 and 18,054 respectively. The effective literacy rate was 79.71%, with male literacy at 88.40% and female literacy at 70.24%. The data on religion in 2011 showed Hinduism as the majority religion. Most people follow Hinduism as a religion. The Hindu population accounts for 87%, Muslim 10.89%, Jains 1.26% and Sikhs 0.64%. The city has also community of Muslims along with Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. Rajbiraj is situated within one of the most ethnically diverse regions of Nepal, and the rural hinterland is home to a diverse cross section of Terai communities consisting of Kayastha, Deo, Yadav, Mandal, Muslim, Brahmin, Rajput, Marwari, Tharu, Badhai, Lohar, Sonar, Teli, Bania, Damai, Newar and Bahun.

Road
Rajbiraj is one of the cities in Nepal that is connected by the East West Highway about 10 km to the north and 17 km to the east also known as Hulaki Rajmarg. It is well connected to other Nepalese cities by National Highway and Sub Highway. Buses are an important mode of intercity passenger travel. Besides that, electric rickshaws and microvans are another important means of traveling in local areas.

Air
Rajbiraj has one of the oldest airfields of Nepal, named as the Rajbiraj Airport (IATA: RJB, ICAO: VNRB) which was inaugurated by the then transportation minister Ganesh Man Singh in 1959. After witnessing almost three decades of halt, the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal carried out a series of vigorous renovation (worth Rs. 303 million) of the airport in the 1990s but the flights again had to be stopped in 2007. Shree Airlines 50-seater CRJ-200 was tested on 23 May 2018 with Captain DR Niroula of Shree's safety department along with other instructor pilots — Captain Prajwol Adhikari, Rajesh Shrestha. The halted flights of the airport were subsequently resumed from first 24 June 2018. As of February 2020, Buddha air aims to run daily flights in between Rajbiraj and Kathmandu.

Intracity
The best way of getting around the city is by using cycle rickshaws and electric rickshaws. There are also auto rickshaw running short distances but they don't operate in the main market area.

Climate
Rajbiraj Municipal has particularly a tropical climate. The three main seasons, summer, monsoon and winter respectively. Being located in the Plain (Terai) lands of Nepal, the climate and weather of Rajbiraj is usually hot. The summer season runs from Early April to August and touches temperature ranging from 23 °C (73 °F) to 44 °C (111 °F). Monsoons arrive in the month of July heralded by dust and thunderstorms. The winter season prevails from the month of October till the month of March. Humidity, which prevails during monsoons, diminishes at the arrival of winters. The city observes pleasant sunny days and enjoyable cool nights with the temperature ranging from 6 °C (41 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F).

Rajbiraj winter season is the most appealing time to pay here a visit. Tourists arrive in large numbers, anytime between mid-September to late March or early April. Overall the January is the coldest month and June is the most hottest month in the year.

Tourism
Rajbiraj is famous for agricultural products, spices and handicrafts. Mithila Paintings and Maithili culture is the main part of tourism to be explored. There are many religious Hindu temples to visit. Some of them are more than 2000 years old. The Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve famous for its wildlife is just 40-minute drive from the city. The Koshi Barrage is also the attraction which is only 25 km far from the city. The nearest inner-madhesh part includes Dharan (75 km) and Gaighat (60 km) far.

Attire
The females are usually seen in the salwaar kameez and women are seen in the sarees. Males usually wear western garments like pants, shirts and T-shirts, rather than the traditional dhoti and kurtas, although males often wear traditional dress during Puja and festivals. Females are also gradually taking up more and more Western wear, with variety of jeans in the streets. There are fewer girls seen wearing T-skirts and Miniskirts predominating in the private schools, colleges and campuses. Younger females also seen wearing Lehenga in special occasion like wedding ceremony and festivals.

Religious Sites
Rajdevi Temple is a historic pre 14th century Hindu temple located on the east of the city and is one of the most prominent landmarks of the city. It is dedicated to the deity Rajdevi. The temple is a significant symbol for Hindus and the present structure was built between 1990. There are other Hindu temples in the city like Bhagwati Temple, Bageshwari Temple, Shree Radha Krishna Temple, Baishnavi Kali Mandir, Thangachi Mandir, Chitragupta Mandir where devotees come to offer prayer every day.

There is a Noori Jaama Masjid in the eastern central part of the town where Muslims congregate to perform Salat al-Jumu'ah.

Architecture
The city was planned after the then headquarter of Saptari district Hanumannagar, which was heavily affected by the Saptakoshi river floods. In 1938–39, Baber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, then head of the eastern command and his representative then Governor (Badahakim) Prakasha Shamser JB Rana justifies and approved Rajbiraj as the headquarter of Saptari district. Rajbiraj city was systematically designed based on the Indian city Jaipur by then chief architect and engineer Dilli Jung Thapa in 60 Bigha of land. There was dense jungle where fox roared before the proper inhabited took place. In 1941, the city gained the status of the headquarter of Saptari district and fully operational for inhabitant. Initially, the city was planned in 60 bigha of land but later 10 bigha of land was added to northern side for government office (Kachahari line) and 8 bigha of land in southern side was added to the city for the officials resident area (Swarna tol) making it in total 78 bigha of land. A small alley behind each of the four houses, Chauk square at the junction of main road and auxiliary road, grocery stores, vegetable market lines and government office buildings have been arranged in proper manner making it first planned city of Nepal.

Festivals
Major religious celebrations include the major Hindu festivals Vijaya Dashami, Dipawali, Chhath, Holi, Sama Chakeva and Vishwakarma Puja. The Chhath and Holi is heavily celebrated with a carnival-like atmosphere. The locals people take pride in the way these festivals are celebrated.

Cuisines
The staple diet of the region is rice, roti, achar, chatni, dal, saag, paneer, maachh, mutton and curry. On the festive occasions, people prepare a number of fried items of vegetables, locally known as Tarua as well as other special items. The local Maithili cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat, fish and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. The popular dishes includes Kadhi bari, Palak paneer, Khichdi, Aloo mutter, Dum Aloo, Mutton/Chicken Biryani and the desserts Khaja, Jalebi, Malpua, Rabri, Kheer, Thekua, Laddu and Gulab Jamun.

The commons dishes of the city is influenced with Maithil cuisine, Nepalese cuisine and Indian cuisine. Bagiya, Murhee ke laai (Puffed rice sweet balls), litti are also popular among people. Street foods such as Samosa, Chaat, Panipuri, Chow mein, Momo, Omelette and Sekuwa are favourite among Rajbirajians.

Languages
The most commonly and widely speaking language of the city is Maithili. After Maithili, Nepali is also well understood and widely used for business and administrative purposes. Hindi is widely used by people from madhesh as a link language along with Marwari people and migrant workers from India. Historically, Rajbiraj was considered one of the great center of Mithila culture.

Media
Print media include the National daily Annapurna Post, Gorkhapatra, Kantipur Patrika and Nepal Samacharpatra. There are numerous local newspaper which covers the news of the city like Nai Ummid, Rajbiraj Dainik, Krishna Dainik, News Today Patrika and Green Madhesh Patrika. while English news daily like The Himalayan Times and The Kathmandu Post are also available.

Telecommunications services include Nepal Telecom, Ncell, Smart Cell and UTL Nepal. WorldLink, Broadlink and Subisu are providing broadband services in this region. To promote local culture, Rajbiraj has number of FM radio stations which are:

 * Bhorukuwa FM
 * Chhinnamasta/Apan FM
 * C FM
 * Radio Chandrama FM
 * Jai Madhesh FM
 * Appan FM

Educational institutions
Rajbiraj has a well-established education infrastructure. There are a number of colleges and schools meeting the requirements of not only the city but the region and country as well. It is home to several Educational institutions for pre-primary, Primary, Secondary, High-Secondary, senior-secondary, graduate and post-graduate studies. Rajbiraj is an educational hub of Eastern Region of Nepal.

Hospitals
Following health services are available at Rajbiraj.
 * Sagaramatha Zonal Hospital Gajendra Nr Singh Hospital
 * Unique College of Medical Science and Hospital
 * Sagarmatha Chaudhary Eye Hospital
 * Ram Raja Prasad Singh Academy of Health Sciences
 * Chhinnamasta Hospital
 * Anar Bhupendra Hospital

Sports
Kabaddi and Cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in the city. The city has 3 local stadiums. The sporting activities are mainly centered in the multipurpose stadium Raj Rangasala in the main city. The popular sports are cricket, football, volleyball, basketball, kabaddi, badminton etc. Freedom cricket club and Rajdevi cricket academy are the most active cricket club in the city. Mahendra Club is one of the most active organizations promoting football in the city and organizes a regional club-level football tournament: the Saptari Gold Cup.

Notable people

 * Mehboob Alam, Nepalese cricket player Cricket Association of Nepal, first bowler to take all ten wickets in an innings in an International Cricket Council tournament.
 * Dipendra Chaudhary, former Nepalese cricket player
 * Parmanand Jha, first Vice President of Nepal and ex Supreme Court Judge
 * CK Raut, president of newly formed Janamat Party
 * Gajendra Narayan Singh, Founder of Nepal Sadbhawana Party Nepal
 * Ram Raja Prasad Singh, Politician
 * Upendra Yadav, Founder of Federal Socialist Forum Nepal, Ex foreign minister of Nepal and Ex Health and Population minister

title: Rajbiraj


text:
Newbold-on-Avon

Newbold-on-Avon (usually shortened to just Newbold) is a suburb of Rugby in Warwickshire, England, located around 1½ miles north-west of the town centre, it is adjacent to the River Avon from which the suffix is derived. Newbold was historically a village in its own right, but was incorporated into Rugby in 1932. The name is derived from the Saxon Niowebold ('New house').

The ancient parish of Newbold-on-Avon contained the nearby settlements of Harborough Parva, Cosford, Long Lawford and Little Lawford. The latter three became separate civil parishes in the 19th century, while Harborough Parva was transferred to Harborough Magna parish in 1931. In 1931 the parish had a population of 696. On 1 April 1932 the parish was abolished and merged with Rugby and Harborough Magna.

The older part of the village of Newbold sits on a hill north of the River Avon on the B4112 road, and contains some old buildings, including some red brick 18th-century houses and some timber-framed buildings from the 17th century. The church of St Botolph in the old village dates from the 15th century, and is grade I listed and stands on the site of an earlier church. Newbold grew considerably during the 20th century, with a number of modern housing and industrial estates having been built to the east of the old village at the foot of the hill, around the Avon valley.

The Oxford Canal runs immediately to the north of Newbold, here it runs through the 250-metre-long Newbold Tunnel. This tunnel was built in 1829 as part of a scheme to straighten out the winding canal, and it replaced an older tunnel which dated from 1777 on the original route, which ran at a right-angle to the newer tunnel. The southern portal of the abandoned tunnel can be seen next to the churchyard, it is now bricked up but with two holes to allow for bats to enter. There is a canalside pub at Newbold, the Barley Mow (a second one The Boat having now closed). There is also another pub called the Newbold Crown closer to the centre of the village.

There are some former limestone quarries in the Newbold area. One of them has been converted into a nature reserve, known as Newbold Quarry Park. Another park named Newbold Centenary Park opened in 2016 off Parkfield Road: built on the site of former allotments, it was so named to mark the centenary of the First World War.

The main secondary school in Newbold is the Avon Valley School, which was formerly known as Newbold Grange High School until the early-1990s. Newbold is home to Newbold-on-Avon RFC.

title: Newbold-on-Avon


text:
Roquette

Roquette may refer to:

 * Rocket Lettuce, a green leafy plant commonly used in salads
 * Roquette Frères, producer of sugarless sweeteners
 * De la Roquette Islands, Nunavut, Canada
 * La Roquette, a commune in the Eure département, France
 * La Roquette-sur-Siagne, a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes département, France
 * La Roquette-sur-Var, a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes département, France
 * La Roquette Prisons, prisons in Paris
 * Marie-Christine Coisne-Roquette (born 1956), French businesswoman
 * Peter Roquette (1927–2023), mathematician
 * Suzanne Roquette (born 1942), German actress

title: Roquette


text:
Talk:Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

Open Major Division H&S/S&E is not in a College
Open Major Division in Yongin Campus is not in College.--Kuretsan (talk) 12:02, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:HUFS Logo - Large.gif
Image:HUFS Logo - Large.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:21, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Structure removed
I removed a list of some courses at the campuses because it was outdated and it made the article hard to read, not to mention longer than the rest of the article (from many years ago) and unsourced. I realize this could be controversial. User:Heyoostorm_talk! 00:26, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

Hello Heyoostorm,

I reverted your deletion because none of the information deleted was outdated as far as I know. If you could point out which part(s) of the contents are outdated to justify your deletion, I will not revert it next time. Information regarding school colleges and majors is present on other pages of Korean universities. Perhaps the formatting could be better, but the content itself is not out of the ordinary.

Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Daehaksaeng (talk • contribs) 09:03, 23 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you for responding, I will not remove the information again (I trust your statement of its accuracy), maybe better formatting is in order however.User:Heyoostorm_talk! 22:33, 27 December 2020 (UTC)


text: Category:1270 deaths

title: Category:1270 deaths


text: Category:1272 deaths

title: Category:1272 deaths


text:
Rosay

Rosay may refer to the following communes in France:

 * Rosay, Jura, in the Jura département
 * Rosay, Seine-Maritime, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Rosay, Yvelines, in the Yvelines département
 * Rosay-sur-Lieure, in the Eure département
 * Rosay, the nickname of Rose Dougall of the British band The Pipettes
 * Rosay, the nickname of Miami native rapper Rick Ross.

title: Rosay


text:
Robert Hess (cocktail enthusiast)

Robert B. Hess is a cocktail expert, a co-founder of the Museum of the American Cocktail, and a technology evangelist for Microsoft. Hess is the author of The Essential Bartender's Guide: How to Make Truly Great Cocktails published by Mud Puddle Books in 2008. He is also the host of "The Cocktail Spirit," an online video series published by the Small Screen Network. In late 2008, Hess, along with several other well-known cocktail personalities, founded The Chanticleer Society, a "Worldwide Organization of Cocktail Enthusiasts." Hess also writes a column entitled "Classic Cocktails" for the bi-monthly fine beverage publication, Mutineer Magazine.

Hess has been married to noted New York City bartender Audrey Saunders since 2011.

Job history
Hess has been an employee of Microsoft since 1988 and is the group manager of Windows Evangelism which is part of Microsoft's developer team. He also hosted the .NET Show which was put out by the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). He originally worked on the OS/2 project, a partnership between Microsoft and IBM, where he was the System Marketer which performed roughly the same duty as today's technology evangelists.

Museum of the American Cocktail
Hess is acknowledged to be an expert on cocktails. In 2005, he co-founded the Museum of the American Cocktail in Las Vegas.

title: Robert Hess (cocktail enthusiast)


text:
Rouvray

Rouvray may refer to the following communes in France:

 * Rouvray, Côte-d'Or, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Rouvray, Eure, in the Eure département
 * Rouvray, Yonne, in the Yonne département
 * Rouvray-Catillon, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Rouvray-Saint-Denis, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Rouvray-Sainte-Croix, in the Loiret département
 * Rouvray-Saint-Florentin, in the Eure-et-Loir département

title: Rouvray