text:
Analytic hierarchy process

In the theory of decision making, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), also analytical hierarchy process, is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on mathematics and psychology. It was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s; Saaty partnered with Ernest Forman to develop Expert Choice software in 1983, and AHP has been extensively studied and refined since then. It represents an accurate approach to quantifying the weights of decision criteria. Individual experts’ experiences are utilized to estimate the relative magnitudes of factors through pair-wise comparisons. Each of the respondents compares the relative importance of each pair of items using a specially designed questionnaire. The relative importance of the criteria can be determined with the help of the AHP by comparing the criteria and, if applicable, the sub-criteria in pairs by experts or decision-makers. On this basis, the best alternative can be found.

Uses and applications
AHP is targeted at group decision making, and is used for decision situations, in fields such as government, business, industry, healthcare and education.

Rather than prescribing a "correct" decision, the AHP helps decision makers find the decision that best suits their goal and their understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive and rational framework for structuring a decision problem, for representing and quantifying its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals, and for evaluating alternative solutions.

Users of the AHP first decompose their decision problem into a hierarchy of more easily comprehended sub-problems, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate to any aspect of the decision problem—tangible or intangible, carefully measured or roughly estimated, well or poorly understood—anything at all that applies to the decision at hand.

Once the hierarchy is built, the decision makers evaluate its various elements by comparing them to each other two at a time, with respect to their impact on an element above them in the hierarchy. In making the comparisons, the decision makers can use concrete data about the elements, and they can also use their judgments about the elements' relative meaning and importance. Human judgments, and not just the underlying information, can be used in performing the evaluations.

The AHP converts these evaluations to numerical values that can be processed and compared over the entire range of the problem. A numerical weight or priority is derived for each element of the hierarchy, allowing diverse and often incommensurable elements to be compared to one another in a rational and consistent way. This capability distinguishes the AHP from other decision making techniques.

In the final step of the process, numerical priorities are calculated for each of the decision alternatives. These numbers represent the alternatives' relative ability to achieve the decision goal, so they allow a straightforward consideration of the various courses of action.

While it can be used by individuals working on straightforward decisions, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is most useful where teams of people are working on complex problems, especially those with high stakes, involving human perceptions and judgments, whose resolutions have long-term repercussions.

Decision situations to which the AHP can be applied include:
 * Choice – The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives, usually where there are multiple decision criteria involved.
 * Ranking – Putting a set of alternatives in order from most to least desirable.
 * Prioritization – Determining the relative merit of members of a set of alternatives, as opposed to selecting a single one or merely ranking them
 * Resource allocation – Apportioning resources among a set of alternatives
 * Benchmarking – Comparing the processes in one's own organization with those of other best-of-breed organizations
 * Quality management – Dealing with the multidimensional aspects of quality and quality improvement
 * Conflict resolution – Settling disputes between parties with apparently incompatible goals or positions

The applications of AHP include planning, resource allocation, priority setting, and selection among alternatives. Other areas have included forecasting, total quality management, business process reengineering, quality function deployment, and the balanced scorecard. Other uses of AHP are discussed in the literature:

 * Deciding how best to reduce the impact of global climate change (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei)
 * Quantifying the overall quality of software systems (Microsoft Corporation)
 * Selecting university faculty (Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania)
 * Deciding where to locate offshore manufacturing plants (University of Cambridge)
 * Assessing risk in operating cross-country petroleum pipelines (American Society of Civil Engineers)
 * Deciding how best to manage U.S. watersheds (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
 * More Effectively Define and Evaluate SAP Implementation Approaches (SAP Experts)
 * Integrated evaluation of a community's sustanaibility in terms of environment, economy, society, institution, and culture.
 * Accelerated Bridge Construction Decision Making Tool to assist in determining the viability of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) over traditional construction methods and in selecting appropriate construction and contracting strategies on a case-by-case basis.

AHP is sometimes used in designing highly specific procedures for particular situations, such as the rating of buildings by historical significance. It was recently applied to a project that uses video footage to assess the condition of highways in Virginia. Highway engineers first used it to determine the optimum scope of the project, and then to justify its budget to lawmakers.

The weights of the AHP judgement matrix may be corrected with the ones calculated through the Entropy Method. This variant of the AHP method is called AHP-EM.

Education and scholarly research
Though using the analytic hierarchy process requires no specialized academic training, it is considered an important subject in many institutions of higher learning, including schools of engineering and graduate schools of business. It is a particularly important subject in the quality field, and is taught in many specialized courses including Six Sigma, Lean Six Sigma, and QFD.

The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP) holds biennial meetings of academics and practitioners interested in the field. A wide range of topics is covered. Those in 2005 ranged from "Establishing Payment Standards for Surgical Specialists", to "Strategic Technology Roadmapping", to "Infrastructure Reconstruction in Devastated Countries". At the 2007 meeting in Valparaíso, Chile, 90 papers were presented from 19 countries, including the US, Germany, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, and Nepal. A similar number of papers were presented at the 2009 symposium in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, when 28 countries were represented. Subjects of the papers included Economic Stabilization in Latvia, Portfolio Selection in the Banking Sector, Wildfire Management to Help Mitigate Global Warming, and Rural Microprojects in Nepal.

Use
As can be seen in the material that follows, using the AHP involves the mathematical synthesis of numerous judgments about the decision problem at hand. It is not uncommon for these judgments to number in the dozens or even the hundreds. While the math can be done by hand or with a calculator, it is far more common to use one of several computerized methods for entering and synthesizing the judgments. The simplest of these involve standard spreadsheet software, while the most complex use custom software, often augmented by special devices for acquiring the judgments of decision makers gathered in a meeting room.

The procedure for using the AHP can be summarized as:

 * 1) Model the problem as a hierarchy containing the decision goal, the alternatives for reaching it, and the criteria for evaluating the alternatives.
 * 2) Establish priorities among the elements of the hierarchy by making a series of judgments based on pairwise comparisons of the elements. For example, when comparing potential purchases of commercial real estate, the investors might say they prefer location over price and price over timing.
 * 3) Synthesize these judgments to yield a set of overall priorities for the hierarchy. This would combine the investors' judgments about location, price and timing for properties A, B, C, and D into overall priorities for each property.
 * 4) Check the consistency of the judgments.
 * 5) Come to a final decision based on the results of this process.

These steps are more fully described below.

Model the problem as a hierarchy
The first step in the analytic hierarchy process is to model the problem as a hierarchy. In doing this, participants explore the aspects of the problem at levels from general to detailed, then express it in the multileveled way that the AHP requires. As they work to build the hierarchy, they increase their understanding of the problem, of its context, and of each other's thoughts and feelings about both.

Hierarchies defined
A hierarchy is a stratified system of ranking and organizing people, things, ideas, etc., where each element of the system, except for the top one, is subordinate to one or more other elements. Though the concept of hierarchy is easily grasped intuitively, it can also be described mathematically. Diagrams of hierarchies are often shaped roughly like pyramids, but other than having a single element at the top, there is nothing necessarily pyramid-shaped about a hierarchy.

Human organizations are often structured as hierarchies, where the hierarchical system is used for assigning responsibilities, exercising leadership, and facilitating communication. Familiar hierarchies of "things" include a desktop computer's tower unit at the "top", with its subordinate monitor, keyboard, and mouse "below."

In the world of ideas, we use hierarchies to help us acquire detailed knowledge of complex reality: we structure the reality into its constituent parts, and these in turn into their own constituent parts, proceeding down the hierarchy as many levels as we care to. At each step, we focus on understanding a single component of the whole, temporarily disregarding the other components at this and all other levels. As we go through this process, we increase our global understanding of whatever complex reality we are studying.

Think of the hierarchy that medical students use while learning anatomy—they separately consider the musculoskeletal system (including parts and subparts like the hand and its constituent muscles and bones), the circulatory system (and its many levels and branches), the nervous system (and its numerous components and subsystems), etc., until they've covered all the systems and the important subdivisions of each. Advanced students continue the subdivision all the way to the level of the cell or molecule. In the end, the students understand the "big picture" and a considerable number of its details. Not only that, but they understand the relation of the individual parts to the whole. By working hierarchically, they've gained a comprehensive understanding of anatomy.

Similarly, when we approach a complex decision problem, we can use a hierarchy to integrate large amounts of information into our understanding of the situation. As we build this information structure, we form a better and better picture of the problem as a whole.

Hierarchies in the AHP
An AHP hierarchy is a structured means of modeling the decision at hand. It consists of an overall goal, a group of options or alternatives for reaching the goal, and a group of factors or criteria that relate the alternatives to the goal. The criteria can be further broken down into subcriteria, sub-subcriteria, and so on, in as many levels as the problem requires. A criterion may not apply uniformly, but may have graded differences like a little sweetness is enjoyable but too much sweetness can be harmful. In that case, the criterion is divided into subcriteria indicating different intensities of the criterion, like: little, medium, high and these intensities are prioritized through comparisons under the parent criterion, sweetness. Published descriptions of AHP applications often include diagrams and descriptions of their hierarchies; some simple ones are shown throughout this article. More complex AHP hierarchies have been collected and reprinted in at least one book. More complex hierarchies can be found on a special talk page for this article.

The design of any AHP hierarchy will depend not only on the nature of the problem at hand, but also on the knowledge, judgments, values, opinions, needs, wants, etc. of the participants in the decision-making process. Constructing a hierarchy typically involves significant discussion, research, and discovery by those involved. Even after its initial construction, it can be changed to accommodate newly-thought-of criteria or criteria not originally considered to be important; alternatives can also be added, deleted, or changed.

To better understand AHP hierarchies, consider a decision problem with a goal to be reached, three alternative ways of reaching the goal, and four criteria against which the alternatives need to be measured.

Such a hierarchy can be visualized as a diagram like the one immediately below, with the goal at the top, the three alternatives at the bottom, and the four criteria in between. There are useful terms for describing the parts of such diagrams: Each box is called a node. A node that is connected to one or more nodes in a level below it is called a parent node. The nodes to which it is so connected are called its children.

Applying these definitions to the diagram below, the goal is the parent of the four criteria, and the four criteria are children of the goal. Each criterion is a parent of the three Alternatives. Note that there are only three Alternatives, but in the diagram, each of them is repeated under each of its parents.

To reduce the size of the drawing required, it is common to represent AHP hierarchies as shown in the diagram below, with only one node for each alternative, and with multiple lines connecting the alternatives and the criteria that apply to them. To avoid clutter, these lines are sometimes omitted or reduced in number. Regardless of any such simplifications in the diagram, in the actual hierarchy each criterion is individually connected to the alternatives. The lines may be thought of as being directed downward from the parent in one level to its children in the level below.

Evaluate the hierarchy
Once the hierarchy has been constructed, the participants analyze it through a series of pairwise comparisons that derive numerical scales of measurement for the nodes. The criteria are pairwise compared against the goal for importance. The alternatives are pairwise compared against each of the criteria for preference. The comparisons are processed mathematically, and priorities are derived for each node.

Consider the "Choose a Leader" example above. An important task of the decision makers is to determine the weight to be given each criterion in making the choice of a leader. Another important task is to determine the weight to be given to each candidate with regard to each of the criteria. The AHP not only lets them do that, but it lets them put a meaningful and objective numerical value on each of the four criteria.

Unlike most surveys which adopt the five point Likert scale, AHP's questionnaire is 9 to 1 to 9.

Establish priorities
This section explains priorities, shows how they are established, and provides a simple example.

Priorities defined and explained
Priorities are numbers associated with the nodes of an AHP hierarchy. They represent the relative weights of the nodes in any group.

Like probabilities, priorities are absolute numbers between zero and one, without units or dimensions. A node with priority .200 has twice the weight in reaching the goal as one with priority .100, ten times the weight of one with priority .020, and so forth. Depending on the problem at hand, "weight" can refer to importance, or preference, or likelihood, or whatever factor is being considered by the decision makers.

Priorities are distributed over a hierarchy according to its architecture, and their values depend on the information entered by users of the process. Priorities of the Goal, the Criteria, and the Alternatives are intimately related, but need to be considered separately.

By definition, the priority of the Goal is 1.000. The priorities of the alternatives always add up to 1.000. Things can become complicated with multiple levels of Criteria, but if there is only one level, their priorities also add to 1.000. All this is illustrated by the priorities in the example below.

Observe that the priorities on each level of the example—the goal, the criteria, and the alternatives—all add up to 1.000.

The priorities shown are those that exist before any information has been entered about weights of the criteria or alternatives, so the priorities within each level are all equal. They are called the hierarchy's default priorities. If a fifth Criterion were added to this hierarchy, the default priority for each Criterion would be .200. If there were only two Alternatives, each would have a default priority of .500.

Two additional concepts apply when a hierarchy has more than one level of criteria: local priorities and global priorities. Consider the hierarchy shown below, which has several Subcriteria under each Criterion.

The local priorities, shown in gray, represent the relative weights of the nodes within a group of siblings with respect to their parent. The local priorities of each group of Criteria and their sibling Subcriteria add up to 1.000. The global priorities, shown in black, are obtained by multiplying the local priorities of the siblings by their parent's global priority. The global priorities for all the subcriteria in the level add up to 1.000.

The rule is this: Within a hierarchy, the global priorities of child nodes always add up to the global priority of their parent. Within a group of children, the local priorities add up to 1.000.

So far, we have looked only at default priorities. As the Analytical Hierarchy Process moves forward, the priorities will change from their default values as the decision makers input information about the importance of the various nodes. They do this by making a series of pairwise comparisons.

Practical examples
Experienced practitioners know that the best way to understand the AHP is to work through cases and examples. Two detailed case studies, specifically designed as in-depth teaching examples, are provided as appendices to this article:

 * Simple step-by-step example with four Criteria and three Alternatives: Choosing a leader for an organization.
 * More complex step-by-step example with ten Criteria/Subcriteria and six Alternatives: Buying a family car and Machinery Selection Example.

Some of the books on AHP contain practical examples of its use, though they are not typically intended to be step-by-step learning aids. One of them contains a handful of expanded examples, plus about 400 AHP hierarchies briefly described and illustrated with figures. Many examples are discussed, mostly for professional audiences, in papers published by the International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process.

Criticisms
The AHP is included in most operations research and management science textbooks, and is taught in numerous universities; it is used extensively in organizations that have carefully investigated its theoretical underpinnings. The method does have its critics. In the early 1990s a series of debates between critics and proponents of AHP was published in Management Science   and The Journal of the Operational Research Society,   two prestigious journals where Saaty and his colleagues had considerable influence. These debates seem to have been settled in favor of AHP:
 * An in-depth paper was published in Operations Research in 2001.
 * A 2008 Management Science paper reviewing 15 years of progress in all areas of Multicriteria Decision Making
 * in 2008, the major society for operations research, the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences formally recognized AHP's broad impact on its fields.

A 1997 paper examined possible flaws in the verbal (vs. numerical) scale often used in AHP pairwise comparisons. Another from the same year claimed that innocuous changes to the AHP model can introduce order where no order exists. A 2006 paper found that the addition of criteria for which all alternatives perform equally can alter the priorities of alternatives.

In 2021, the first comprehensive evaluation of the AHP was published in a book authored by two academics from Technical University of Valencia and Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, and published by Springer Nature. Based on an empirical investigation and objective testimonies by 101 researchers, the study found at least 30 flaws in the AHP and found it unsuitable for complex problems, and in certain situations even for small problems.

Rank reversal
Decision making involves ranking alternatives in terms of criteria or attributes of those alternatives. It is an axiom of some decision theories that when new alternatives are added to a decision problem, the ranking of the old alternatives must not change — that "rank reversal" must not occur.

There are two schools of thought about rank reversal. One maintains that new alternatives that introduce no additional attributes should not cause rank reversal under any circumstances. The other maintains that there are some situations in which rank reversal can reasonably be expected. The original formulation of AHP allowed rank reversals. In 1993, Forman introduced a second AHP synthesis mode, called the ideal synthesis mode, to address choice situations in which the addition or removal of an 'irrelevant' alternative should not and will not cause a change in the ranks of existing alternatives. The current version of the AHP can accommodate both these schools—its ideal mode preserves rank, while its distributive mode allows the ranks to change. Either mode is selected according to the problem at hand.

Rank reversal and AHP are extensively discussed in a 2001 paper in Operations Research, as well as a chapter entitled Rank Preservation and Reversal, in the current basic book on AHP. The latter presents published examples of rank reversal due to adding copies and near copies of an alternative, due to intransitivity of decision rules, due to adding phantom and decoy alternatives, and due to the switching phenomenon in utility functions. It also discusses the Distributive and Ideal Modes of AHP.

A new form of rank reversal of AHP was found in 2014 in which AHP produces rank order reversal when eliminating irrelevant data, this is data that do not differentiate alternatives.

There are different types of rank reversals. Also, other methods besides the AHP may exhibit such rank reversals. More discussion on rank reversals with the AHP and other MCDM methods is provided in the rank reversals in decision-making page.

Non-monotonicity of some weight extraction methods
Within a comparison matrix one may replace a judgement with a less favorable judgment and then check to see if the indication of the new priority becomes less favorable than the original priority. In the context of tournament matrices, it has been proven by Oskar Perron that the principal right eigenvector method is not monotonic. This behaviour can also be demonstrated for reciprocal n x n matrices, where n > 3. Alternative approaches are discussed elsewhere.

title: Analytic hierarchy process


text:
Talk:Coventry City F.C.

Kit
I've just added the standard football club infobox to this article, but have been unable to find out what colour CCFC's away socks are. Consequently I've left them as white in the kit diagram. Could someone who knows please update the page so the socks are the correct colour, or if by chance white is the correct colour, leave a reply here to that effect? Thanks, --Lancevortex 15:39, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Should there be a correction regarding "Only Brown shirt in the history of the league?" As Tottenham now sport an atrocious brown kit on occasion. 8 Mar, 07

Golden Period
If I remember correctly, Jimmy Hill was the manager during the golden period and also installed seating in the mid 60s which was ripped out by Leeds United fans during one game? I'm not certain of the dates, but I remember it as having happened.

Vandalism
Ah, so there IS someone out there who thinks that Chuck Norris jokes are funny. Maybe it's always 2004 in his thick skull. --Adrianics 11:10, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

FA Cup Glory
I removed the following long nested parenthetical aside which made the sentence about missing UEFA a pain to read:
 * (they had played in the European Fairs Cup (later UEFA Cup), notably beating Bayern Munich (a team that included a young Franz Beckenbauer) at home 2-1, but losing on aggregate)

And it didn't really belong there anyway. --Bdoserror 07:42, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree it made it a pain to read, but this an important piece of information as it involves Coventry's only European campaign. I will therefore add it back in elsewhere in the article.  --Aleaf.biz 10:18, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds good, that's what I was hoping for. Cheers. --Bdoserror 07:25, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Runs in the top flight
I removed the comment

'''Between 1967 and 2001, a period of 34 years, they were continuously members of England's top division although they never finished higher than sixth. At the time of their eventual relegation, only Arsenal, Liverpool and Everton could claim to have amassed a longer tenure in top-flight English football than Coventry.'''

as 7 clubs have better records than that. They are: Arsenal 82*, Sunderland 59, Everton 54*, Liverpool 46*, Aston Villa 46, Blackburn 46, Sheff Utd 37, Coventry 34, Newcastle 34, Man United 33*

.* means their current run is the longest

--Aleaf.biz 15:01, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Liverpool have also now won both the FA Cup and FA Youth Cup in the same year- 2006!

Wikiproject Coventry
It might be worthwhile starting a project to improve the pages on Coventry. You can express an interest at: WikiProject_Council/Proposals. Snowman (talk) 13:02, 13 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Project now started. Snowman (talk) 20:35, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

New wikiproject
WikiProject Coventry is available. Users can plan wikipedia articles on Coventry City F.C., or any pages relating to Coventry Snowman (talk) 20:20, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comments
This is in reponse to a request at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Football/Assessment to upgrade the rating of this page:

The page could probably be moved up to B class purely on the volume of information there, but that wouldn't disguise the fact that this article needs a lot of work to get close to being a Good Article. Main areas of weakness as far as I'm concerned are:
 * Lack of references - there's only a handful
 * History section is too long and very recentist. Any excess detail could be broken out into a new article History of Coventry City F.C.
 * Contains weasel words: "many felt he should have been scouting", "and many still believe unfairly" etc. State who and cite.
 * There are some NPOV issues and peacock terms, "their impressive 34-year tenure" for example
 * Needs more flowing, joined-up prose that is more than just a timeline of events. Every paragraph in the The Ranson/SISU Era section currently starts with "On such and such a date" for example.
 * Major headings are given to relatively trivial aspects of the subject, e.g. Sky Blue Sam
 * Notable recent players seem to have been chosen arbitrarily. What makes these players notable?
 * It should be possible to add more images to the article.

I hope this is useful. It's also worthwhile looking at existing featured articles such as Arsenal F.C. or Ipswich Town F.C. to get some ideas on how to improve the article. Cheers. --Jameboy (talk) 20:12, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

image size
One of the images is too big and not in line with wiki style. To progress beyond a class B this image size needs to be a standard size. The image puts too much prominence on one player, but a photo of the team would be good. The same image can be seen on the linked page in the infobox, which tend to have larger images. The image also interferes with the lists to its left. I think that it would be best to remove the photo in question; see WP:IUP. Snowman (talk) 19:52, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

john tudor
Someone might wish to add John Tudor info to this page. --  Chzz  ►  20:25, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Kit colours?
AIUI the Bantams (as was) played in various kits such as blue and white and red and green before Jimmy Hill introduced sky blue in the 60s. What with that, the historically significant Talbot shirt of 1981 and various horrors like the brown one, Coventry have had one of the more interesting kit histories, which deserves a section to itself. And of course any "nickname" use of Sky Blues should be removed from history before the Hill era.FlagSteward (talk) 11:39, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Cashless System
Not sure were to put this info as Cov City are the first UK club to install a totally cashless system http://www.ccfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10269~1270286,00.html  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.150.28.132 (talk) 21:10, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Aidy Boothroyd
He has been fired (http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/c/coventry_city/9423992.stm)Bihco (talk) 10:12, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please stop it. LacsiraxAriscal (talk) 20:17, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

Stuff I removed from the lead
"Since August 2011, Coventry City fans have been protesting for SISU to be removed, however SISU have deployed Response Officers to stop Protests and remove banners from Coventry Fans. These protests have been seen on The Football Review Show, Midlands today and also featured on Mercia Radio. A video of the protest was also featured on The Coventry Evening Telegraph Website.

On the 10th of September a sixteen year old boy was assaulted by a Steward and Response Officers during Coventry City's game with Derby County on Saturday. It is understood that the boy was sat in his regular seat with those who unfurled a SISU Out banner at the rear of the Coventry Telegraph Stand during the game and was assaulted as he attempted to leave the stadium after others including his father were ejected. The club later issued a statement regarding the incident. "

This, to me, doesn't belong in the lead. However, given the "History in brief" section, I don't think these "events" belong there either. So I'm leaving it here for experts in CCFC to decide on the best course of action. The Rambling Man (talk) 17:02, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

History in Brief
Taken from the history in brief section:

1970 – Coventry qualified for the European Fairs Cup (now the UEFA Europa League) but lost 7–3 on aggregate in the second round to Bayern Munich, despite winning the second leg 2–1 at Highfield Road. In that year, Highfield Road became the first all-seater, floodlit stadium in the country

1981 – The club reaches the League Cup semi-final but are denied their first Wembley appearance by West Ham United. Highfield Road becomes the country's first all-seater stadium.

so which year did Highfield Road become the first all-seater stadium? Stillmans39 (talk) 17:25, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

Current shirt badge
Can some one upload the retro-look badge that's currently being used on the shirts. See.

Edd of Mercia (talk) 11:10, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

Squad table format
A discussion is being held here on the possibility of rolling out a new squad template. The new template, named football squad player2, differs from the standard squad layout in several ways:
 * It features a sort function
 * Comes in a single column format that can be understood by screen readers.
 * Single column format ensures that low resolution browsers, including mobile devices, do not get part or all of the second column cut off.
 * Single column format ensures less clutter, particularly at lower resolutions, for wide sections such as the Arsenal loan section.
 * It gives nationality its own column; at present flags are featured in a blank, untitled column
 * It complies with Wikipedia's guidance on flag usage.
 * It leaves enough space to add images of current players, an example of which can be seen at Watford F.C.

It is proposed that the new template be added to some of Wikipedia's most high-profile club articles, which might include. To give your thoughts, please read and contribute to the discussion at WikiProject Football.

Regards, Edinburgh   Wanderer  19:39, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Sky Blue trust removal
I have semi-protected the article for a bit to stop a sock-puppeting editor from removing this referenced section in toto. Please discuss whether this section is appropriate for inclusion here. Thanks. The Rambling Man (talk) 14:58, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 7 August 2013
I am a Sky Blues fan, A new player has joined.

Skyblueshaun (talk) 16:14, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Shaun, please give details so that an Admin can make the change for you while the page is locked down. JMHamo (talk) 16:32, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * This is what I assume Shaun is referring to. Luke no 94  (tell Luke off here) 16:36, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: JMHamo is right - I have no idea what edits should be made to the page at this point. Please say exactly what you want changed, or better still, copy the article into a sandbox (e.g. Talk:Coventry City F.C./sandbox) and make the edits there. When you've put together a more specific request, please reactivate the edit protected template. Thanks — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 16:42, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Since the above was rejected, I'm going to make the request: Please add Mathieu Manset to the first team squad, as per . Luke no 94 (tell Luke off here) 16:52, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done. I think I've done it, but your request was still pretty unspecific, so it's hard to know if I did what you intended or not. Please file another request if it needs to be changed. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 17:07, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me Senor Strad. The Rambling Man (talk) 17:15, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't think that needed to be any more specific, to be honest; I deliberately used the name of the section heading required, after all. Luke no 94  (tell Luke off here) 17:24, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Ideally I'd like the exact place and the exact wikitext that you would like added. With just knowing the section heading there is still a world of uncertainty (although it looks like my guess was pretty much on target). — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 20:41, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 9 August 2013
Can you please edit that Mathieu Manset is no. 10 for the club please. Thanks Skyblueshaun (talk) 11:53, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Skyblueshaun (talk) 11:53, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Do you have a source for that? Really we need a source before we can add the info. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 14:41, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * BBC? The Rambling Man (talk) 14:44, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * CCFC Skyblueshaun (talk) 14:48, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done. The BBC source didn't seem to say anything about him being number 10, but the CCFC source was very clear on the point. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 09:22, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 9 August 2013
Coventry City have signed Scottish international Andy Webster. He is a defender. [http://www.ccfc.co.uk/news/article/webster-signs-981249.aspx? CCFC]. Thanks

Skyblueshaun (talk) 16:45, 9 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. What is the exact wikitext you would like to be added to the article, and where do you want it to be placed? — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 09:23, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * p.s. I've added him to the first team squad list, as that seemed like the thing you probably wanted. If you need anything else done to the article, reactivate the edit protected template and please be specific. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 09:34, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 March 2015
Manager-Matthew List Assistant manager - George Ireland

Ccfcanonymous (talk) 17:50, 3 March 2015 (UTC) - Please provide a reliable source for the change. Luke no 94 (tell Luke off here) 19:27, 3 March 2015 (UTC)

History behind club crest
I've been thinking about expanding the main Coventry City F.C. page to include a small section on the history behind the club crest and where the different parts come from. Anyone think it's not relevant or should be included? Craig (talk) 20:33, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

History in brief
The "history in brief" section of this page appears to be of mixed quality, recent-ist and of limited value. Would a proper prose history section, as is typical of football club pages (e.g. Liverpool F.C.), not be more suitable?

--james_mc (talk) 21:19, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Game of Shame
The Wikiticle Jimmy_Hill or Phil Mead were chairman during the Sunderland sinker, a claim that is disputed by a couple of online articles. Examples: . Who's right?  Fossa ?!  11:30, 26 December 2018 (UTC)

Article improvement/rewrite
Hi all

I am hoping to start some work on this article, with a view to maybe taking it to GA/FA status in the future. For starters, by writing up a proper history section rather than the rather unusual bullet points that are there at the moment. Liverpool F.C. (a featured article) seems to be a good guide as to how a club article should be structured so could base it off that. If anyone has suggestions or thoughts, please let me know. THanks — Amakuru (talk) 21:23, 15 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Courtsy pinging significant contributors:      — Amakuru (talk) 21:33, 15 May 2019 (UTC)
 * An initial thought would be to create a separate article on the rent-strike, ground sharing, and subsequent ongoing litigation and just make brief reference to this in this article or you may find that that could take a significant portion of the article. Keith D (talk) 21:45, 15 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Right, thanks that's a good idea. That way we can preserve the material that's already been written here on those subjects, but not have them dominate the overall page. There's always an issue with recentism in articles, especially events that have happened since Wikipedia was founded, simply because people update things as they hear about them. Even the Liverpool featured article manages to cover almost 100 years of history in the first three paragraphs, with the last 30 years covering the remaining six paragraphs. There's good documentation in books to be able to cover the earlier years of CCFC so will be aiming to do that. Thanks — Amakuru (talk) 22:35, 15 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Could also be used in the Ricoh Arena article. Keith D (talk) 23:26, 15 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yep. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 08:02, 16 May 2019 (UTC)
 * OK, it's taken me almost four years to get to this point, but I've now dropped in a new prose-form History section as mentioned above. This contains most of the detail that was already in the "History in brief" so haven't lost too much. As noted above, some recent history has been curtailed rhough. Regarding the rent strike issues that is covered in the same amount of detail at History of Coventry City F.C. so probably doesn't need its own dedicated article yet, unless a lot more is to be written on the subject. Any feedback of edits welcome, and I'll be copyediting it and improving other sections too in the coming months hopefully, with a view to a GA/FA run. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 09:34, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Incorrect Badge
Hello all

I have been told (correctly) the main article badge is wrong. It is missing windows on the castle, and the phoenix's eye is missing. This can be annoying when journalists use the image directly from here, and I would hate for it to become the new norm over time. Could someone with more knowledge of image licencing than me please update. Thanks all. Coventryy (talk) 19:56, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are correct, and I have no idea why we are using an incorrect badge. User:RonBot seems to be the person who uploaded the image back in 2018, previously User:Wutzwz in 2017 and User:Malpass93 in 2011. They will have to tell us whether this was for copyright reasons, but frankly my opinion is that the most important thing should be using the correct image. Officially Mr X (talk) 14:22, 1 November 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ Nehme1499 (talk) 19:29, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for looking into this mate, but you've used a 'retro' badge. A small way to tell the difference is the green area behind the ball, and the light shade of blue. May I recommend this one? https://i2-prod.coventrytelegraph.net/incoming/article8068484.ece/ALTERNATES/s1200c/0_citybadge.jpg Coventryy (talk) 19:38, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately I don't know how to convert jpg to svg. You will need to find someone who does. P.S. remember the "1499" in my username next time you ping me :) Nehme1499 (talk) 19:54, 11 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok nevermind, I've uploaded a new file. This should be ok. Nehme1499 (talk) 20:03, 11 November 2020 (UTC)

Seasons section
As all of the 'Seasons' section on this page is already included on a separate page: List of Coventry City F.C. seasons, would it not make sense to remove the list on here and link to the separate page to avoid duplication. Furthermore, it seems quite arbitrary to show the seasons from 1958–59 onwards. Would anyone have any objections to removal? Michaeldble (talk) 12:44, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Coventry City F.C.


text:
5α-Reductase

5α-Reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism. They participate in three metabolic pathways: bile acid biosynthesis, androgen and estrogen metabolism. There are three isozymes of 5α-reductase encoded by the genes SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3.

5α-Reductases catalyze the following generalized chemical reaction:

 * a 3-oxo-5α-steroid + acceptor a 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid + reduced acceptor

Where a 3-oxo-5α-steroid and acceptor are substrates, and a corresponding 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid and the reduced acceptor are products. An instance of this generalized reaction that 5α-reductase type 2 catalyzes is:

 * dihydrotestosterone + NADP+ $$\rightleftharpoons$$ testosterone + NADPH + H+

where dihydrotestosterone is the 3-oxo-5α-steroid, NADP+ is the acceptor and testosterone is the 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid and NADPH the reduced acceptor.

Production and activity
The enzyme is produced in many tissues in both males and females, in the reproductive tract, testes and ovaries, skin, seminal vesicles, prostate, epididymis and many organs, including the nervous system. There are three isoenzymes of 5α-reductase: steroid 5α-reductase 1, 2, and 3 (SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and SRD5A3).

5α-Reductases act on 3-oxo (3-keto), Δ4,5 C19/C21 steroids as its substrates; "3-keto" refers to the double bond of the third carbon to oxygen. Carbons 4 and 5 also have a double bond, represented by 'Δ4,5'. The reaction involves a stereospecific and permanent break of the Δ4,5 with the help of NADPH as a cofactor. A hydride anion (H−) is also placed on the α face at the fifth carbon, and a proton on the β face at carbon 4.

Distribution with age
5α-R1 is expressed in fetal scalp and nongenital skin of the back, anywhere from 5 to 50 times less than in the adult. 5α-R2 is expressed in fetal prostates similar to adults. 5α-R1 is expressed mainly in the epithelium and 5α-R2 the stroma of the fetal prostate. Scientists looked for 5α-R2 expression in fetal liver, adrenal, testis, ovary, brain, scalp, chest, and genital skin, using immunoblotting, and were only able to find it in genital skin.

After birth, the 5α-R1 is expressed in more locations, including the liver, skin, scalp and prostate. 5α-R2 is expressed in prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, liver, and to a lesser extent the scalp and skin. Hepatic expression of both 5α-R1 and 2 is immediate, but disappears in the skin and scalp at month 18. Then, at puberty, only 5α-R2 is reexpressed in the skin and scalp.

5α-R1 and 5α-R2 appear to be expressed in the prostate in male fetuses and throughout postnatal life. 5α-R1 and 5α-R2 are also expressed, although to different degrees in liver, genital and nongenital skin, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicle, testis, ovary, uterus, kidney, exocrine pancreas, and the brain.

In adulthood, 5α-R1-3 is ubiquitously expressed.

Substrates
Specific substrates include testosterone, progesterone, androstenedione, epitestosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, and deoxycorticosterone. Outside of dihydrotestosterone, much of the physiological role of 5α-reduced steroids is unknown. Beyond reducing testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, 5alpha-reductase enzyme isoforms I and II reduce progesterone to dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and deoxycorticosterone to dihydrodeoxycorticosterone (DHDOC). In vitro and animal models suggest subsequent 3alpha-reduction of DHT, DHP and DHDOC lead to steroid metabolites with effects on cerebral function achieved by enhancing GABA ergic inhibition. These neuroactive steroid derivatives enhance GABA via allosteric modulation at GABA(A) receptors and have anticonvulsant, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, and also alter sexual and alcohol related behavior. 5α-dihydrocortisol is present in the aqueous humor of the eye, is synthesized in the lens, and might help make the aqueous humor itself. Allopregnanolone and THDOC are neurosteroids, with the latter having effects on the susceptibility of animals to seizures. In socially isolated mice, 5α-R1 is specifically down-regulated in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons that converge on the amygdala from cortical and hippocampal regions. This down-regulation may account for the appearance of behavioral disorders such as anxiety, aggression, and cognitive dysfunction. 5α-dihydroaldosterone is a potent antinatriuretic agent, although different from aldosterone. Its formation in the kidney is enhanced by restriction of dietary salt, suggesting it may help retain sodium as follows:

 * 5α-Reductase Mechanism.png

5α-DHP is a major hormone in circulation of normal cycling and pregnant women.

Testosterone
5α-Reductase is most known for converting testosterone, the male sex hormone, into the more potent dihydrotestosterone:

The major difference is the Δ4,5 double-bond on the A (leftmost) ring. The other differences between the diagrams are unrelated to structure.

List of conversions
The following reactions are known to be catalyzed by 5α-reductase:
 * Cholestenone → 5α-Cholestanone
 * Progesterone → 5α-Dihydroprogesterone
 * 3α-Dihydroprogesterone → Allopregnanolone
 * 3β-Dihydroprogesterone → Isopregnanolone
 * Deoxycorticosterone → 5α-Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone
 * Corticosterone → 5α-Dihydrocorticosterone
 * Aldosterone → 5α-Dihydroaldosterone
 * Androstenedione → 5α-Androstanedione
 * Testosterone → 5α-Dihydrotestosterone
 * Nandrolone → 5α-Dihydronandrolone

Structure

5α-Reductase is a membrane bound enzyme that catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of double bonds in steroid substrates to increase potency. The crystal structure of a homolog of 5α-reductase isoenzymes 1 and 2 has been found in Proteobacteria (proteobacteria 5α-reductase). This exists as a monomer with a seven alpha-helix transmembrane structure housing a hydrophobic pocket that holds cofactor NADPH and monoolein which occupies the steroid substrate binding pocket. In insect cells monoolein is not found, but is subbed out for other androgens and inhibitors. The integral seven transmembrane topology is likely conserved across species, with the N terminus in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and the C terminus facing the cytosol. High conformational dynamics of the cytosolic region likely regulate NADPH/NADP+ exchange. Sequence conservation across known crystal structures has corroborated high conservation in enzyme structure.

Inhibition
The mechanism of 5α reductase inhibition is complex, but involves the binding of NADPH to the enzyme followed by the substrate. 5α-Reductase inhibitor drugs are used in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia), and hormone replacement therapy for transgender women.

Inhibition of the enzyme can be classified into two categories: steroidal, which are irreversible, and nonsteroidal. There are more steroidal inhibitors, with examples including finasteride (MK-906), dutasteride (GG745), 4-MA, turosteride, MK-386, MK-434, and MK-963. Researchers have pursued synthesis of nonsteroidals to inhibit 5α-reductase due to the undesired side effects of steroidals. The most potent and selective inhibitors of 5α-R1 are found in this class, and include benzoquinolones, nonsteroidal aryl acids, butanoic acid derivatives, and more recognizably, polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially linolenic acid), zinc, and green tea. Riboflavin was also identified as a 5α-reductase inhibitor.

Additionally, it has been claimed that alfatradiol works through this mechanism of activity (5α-reductase), as well as the Ganoderic acids in lingzhi mushroom, and the Saw Palmetto.

Inhibition of 5α-reductase results in decreased conversion of testosterone to DHT, leading to increased testosterone and estradiol. Other enzymes compensate to a degree for the absent conversion, specifically with local expression at the skin of reductive 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, oxidative 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes.

Gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, impaired cognitive function, fatigue, hypoglycemia, impaired liver function, constipation, and depression, are only a few of the possible side-effects of 5α-reductase inhibition. Long term side effects, that continued even after discontinuation of the drug have been reported.

Finasteride
Finasteride inhibits two 5α-reductase isoenzymes (II and III), while dutasteride inhibits all three. Finasteride potently inhibits 5α-R2 at a mean inhibitory concentration IC50 of 69 nM, but is less effective with 5α-R1 till an IC50 of 360 nM. Finasteride decreases mean serum level of DHT by 71% after 6 months, and was shown in vitro to inhibit 5α-R3 at a similar potency to 5α-R2 in transfected cell lines.

Dutasteride
Dutasteride inhibits 5α-reductase isoenzymes type 1 and 2 better than finasteride, leading to a more complete reduction in DHT at 24 weeks (94.7% versus 70.8%). It also reduces intraprostatic DHT 97% in men with prostate cancer at 5 mg/day over three months. A second study with 3.5 mg/day for 4 months decreased intraprostatic DHT even further by 99%. The suppression of DHT in vivo, and the report that dutasteride inhibits 5α-R3 in vitro suggest that dutasteride may be a triple 5α reductase inhibitor.

5α-Reductase 1
5α-Reductase type 1 inactivated male mice have reduced bone mass and forelimb muscle grip strength, which has been proposed to be due to lack of 5α-reductase type 1 expression in bone and muscle. In 5 alpha reductase type 2 deficient males, the type 1 isoenzyme is thought to be responsible for their virilization at puberty.

5α-Reductase 2
Impaired 5α-reductase 2 activity can result from mutations in the underlying SRD5A2 gene. The condition, known as 5α-reductase 2 deficiency, has a range of presentations as atypical appearances of the external genitalia in males. This is because 5α-reductase 2 catalyzes the transformation of testosterone to the potent androgen dihydrotestosterone, which is required for the proper masculinization of male genitalia.

5α-Reductase 3
When small interfering RNA is used to knock down the expression of 5α-R3 isozyme in cell lines, there is decreased cell growth, viability, and a decrease in DHT/T ratios. It has also shown the ability to reduce testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone in androgen stimulated prostate cell lines by adenovirus vectors.

Congenital deficiency of 5α-R3 at the gene SRD53A has been linked to a rare, autosomal recessive condition in which patients are born with severe intellectual dysfunction and cerebellar and ocular defects. The presumed deficiency is reduction of the terminal bond of polyprenol to dolichol, an important step in N-glycosylation of proteins, which in turn is important for proper folding of asparagine residues on nascent protein in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Affective disorders
Isolation rearing has been shown to lower protein expression of 5α-reductase isoenzymes 1 and 2 in cortical and subcortical brain regions of rat models. However, the amount of 5α-reduced metabolite remained unaffected. This means isolation rearing likely leads to changes in the expression and activity of 5α-reductase in the brain, leading to dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission, resulting in early chronic stress Treatment with finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, has been shown to mimic the effects of SSRI's causing sexual dysfunction. Research has shown that 5α-reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme in neurosteroid synthesis, specifically in the conversion of progesterone to allopregnanolone, low levels of allopregnanolone has been tied to depression, anxiety and schizophrenia. Sleep deprivation can enhance 5α-reductase expression and activity in the prefrontal cortex, leading to mania-related symptoms in rats. It is also contested whether the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors is associated with suicidal ideation and depression in patient populations who use them for benign prostatic hyperplasia. These symptoms have been found during active use of inhibitors and in immediate followup. However, it is unknown if these symptoms arise naturally from benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction
An alternative mechanism of cortisol regulation is regulated via 5α-reductase which catalyzes an A-ring reduction of cortisol, metabolizing the compound. Type 1 and 2 of 5α-reductase are the principal enzymes involved in cortisol clearance through the liver. Excess cortisol has been tied to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),  but in-vitro studies have found that an over expression of 5α-reductase type 2 can suppress lipogenesis. The key role of 5α-reductase in cortisol breakdown and fat buildup has elucidated some of the side effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors. In randomized studies on human volunteers it was found that 5α-reductase inhibition through the use of dutasteride and finasteride can lead to hepatic lipid accumulation in men. In critical illness, overstimulation of cortisol as part of a stress response can lead to decreased clearance of cortisol through the liver via 5α-reductase and kidneys via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, longterm elevation of cortisol can lead to Cushing's syndrome.

Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-oxo-5α-steroid:acceptor Δ4-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include:
 * 5α-Reductase
 * 3-Oxosteroid Δ4-dehydrogenase
 * 3-Oxo-5α-steroid Δ4-dehydrogenase
 * Steroid Δ4-5α-reductase
 * Δ4-3-Keto steroid 5α-reductase
 * Δ4-3-Oxo steroid reductase
 * Δ4-3-Ketosteroid-5α-oxidoreductase
 * Δ4-3-Oxosteroid-5α-reductase
 * 3-Keto-Δ4-steroid-5α-reductase
 * Testosterone 5α-reductase
 * 4-Ene-3-ketosteroid-5α-oxidoreductase
 * Δ4-5α-Dehydrogenase
 * 3-Oxo-5α-steroid:(acceptor) Δ4-oxidoreductase

title: 5α-Reductase


text:
Talk:Greatest Hits (The Cars album)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section
Please do not change the article again without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit. --Fantailfan 14:10, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Lead vocal credit in track listing section
You have again changed the article without discussing it on the album discussion page. The standard format should be used unless there is a compelling reason to change it. Since nothing has been added to the discussion page to justify the deviation, I am reverting this edit again and requesting semi-protection. --Fantailfan 20:14, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Heartbeat City
I'm listening to the album now, but the track "Hearbeat City" isn't included. I have the 1985 vinyl record (elektra), so maybe it's a different version. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.120.103.127 (talk) 05:12, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

It (and "Shake It Up") was added for the CD version. Thank you for noticing the discrepancy. --Fantailfan (talk) 17:45, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

"Shake It Up" was not added for the CD version. It is on the 1985 vinyl. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.114.127.101 (talk) 17:50, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Title improvement
Perhaps the title should be:
 * The Cars Greatest Hits

and not:
 * Greatest Hits (The Cars album)

Look at the "liner notes" here: https://archive.org/details/cd_the-cars-greatest-hits_the-cars. Look at the text that would show up on the spine of the CD jewel case here: https://archive.org/download/cd_the-cars-greatest-hits_the-cars/cd_the-cars-greatest-hits_the-cars_jp2.zip/cd_the-cars-greatest-hits_the-cars_jp2%2Fcd_the-cars-greatest-hits_the-cars_0001.jp2&ext=jpg. The text is "THE CARS/THE CARS GREATEST HITS". --User123o987name (talk) 03:25, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greatest Hits (The Cars album)


text:
Thumb Wars

Thumb Wars: The Phantom Cuticle is a 1999 short film directed by Steve Oedekerk. Using dressed up and coifed thumbs as puppets, Oedekerk created a parody of Star Wars, with characters like Loke Groundrunner, Princess Bunhead, Oobeedoob Benubi, Hand Duet, Crunchaka, Beeboobeep, Prissypeo, Black Helmet Man and Gabba the Butt. It is the first film in the Thumbs! series. Thumb Wars debuted on American television May 18, 1999, on UPN. It had its cable premiere on Cartoon Network on October 2, 2008 (and again on October 2, 2009) to promote the 2008 Clone Wars series that premiered the next day. The TV version provided a trimmed down version of the film. It was also re-released in 2002 alongside Thumbtanic as the Thumb Wars/Thumbtanic Thumb Double Feature on VHS and DVD. In 2005, the filmettes were again released together as a UMD Video on the PlayStation Portable system.

The film is produced by O Entertainment and was released on May 18, 1999.

The films stars voice actors Steve Oedekerk, Ross Shafer, Mark DeCarlo, Rob Paulsen, Paul Greenberg, Andrea Fears, and Megan Cavanagh. Steve Oedekerk, Mark DeCarlo, Rob Paulsen, and Megan Cavanagh also worked on the film Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, as well as the TV show that ran from 2002-2006 also done with O Entertainment.

Storyline
The 29-minute film opens with a parody of Star Wars' "A long time ago..." phrase: "If there were thumbs in space and they got mad at each other there would be... THUMB WARS."

The film then cuts to rolling text flying into the distance, as in Star Wars: "It is a time of great unrest in the Universe. Using the nail side of the power of the Thumb, the Evil Thumbpire has taken a stronghold in the Sacul region of the Egroeg sector. The Thumbellion Resistance Fighters have retreated to a hidden base. The Thumbpire is constructing a big dangerous weapon thing with enough fire power to blow stuff up. If the Thumbellion can destroy the big dangerous weapon thing, they will live and the good side of the thumb will reign. If they don't there can be no sequels. No sequels means no merchandising, no fan clubs, no freaky guys at conventions that have way too much free time and no clear desire to date girls. Victory is imperative!"

Opening scenes depict Black Helmet Man capturing Princess Bunhead and killing Thumbellion soldiers. On the surface of the planet below, Loke Groundrunner whines to his aunt and uncle about wanting to be of use to someone. His uncle consoles him. "Well you're plenty useful here Loke. The harvest is soon and you'll be getting help! I bought a couple of digits today from the freaky little hooded creatures. The big one is sort of effeminate and annoying, and I think the little one has an amputee inside!" Loke runs off in a huff and meets up with the man with the silliest name in the galaxy: Oobedoob Scoobi-Doobi Benubi. At Oobedoob's place, they view a hologram of Princess Bunhead. She informs them that Black Helmet Man is building a "big, dangerous weapon thing" and that she needs their help. Loke and Oobedoob look up her holographic dress. After they viewed the message, they came back to Loke's house to find that his uncle Soondead and aunt Gonnabiteit have been 'clipped' by Black Helmet Man's troops. Loke determines to go and fight this evil menace.

At the Cantina, Loke and Oobedoob meet up with Crunchy and Hand Duet. Hand tells them, "A one armed man killed my wife Sabrina, a working girl. Now I'm a fugitive and in clear and present danger. I should be presumed innocent but they're playing patriot games with me. Raiders. Regarding Henry. Blade Runner. Air Force One..."

Loke and Oobedoob pay Hand and Crunchy in "girly giggles" at Hand's request, to save his skin from Gabba the Butt. The group boards Hand's ship Hand's Hand and set off to save Princess Bunhead and the galaxy. They are caught in a tractor beam outside of the Thumb Star which can spin planets. Once on the space station, Oobedoob and Black Helmet Man engage in a final duel, which Oobedoob is tricked into losing. Princess Bunhead appears and says, "I escaped somehow. Let's go." The team, minus Oobedoob, flee. However, Oobedoob's voice can be heard in Loke's head saying that he is still there "in spirit." Loke mentions that he considers this to be "kinda creepy".

The group hides in an asteroid where Loke meets Master Puppet. Master Puppet agrees to train Loke in the ways of The Thumb. After a training session, which Loke ends up failing miserably, Master Puppet (deeply humored by Loke's bumbling) dubs him a Thumb Master.

The group travels to the Thumbellion base to regroup for the final attack on the Thumb Star. They learn that there is a button on the station designed to blow the entire thing up, much to the confusion of Princess Bunhead. The Thumbellion fleet launches an attack on the station. This sets the stage for the final confrontation between Loke Groundrunner and Black Helmet Man atop Loke's Finger-wing fighter. It is then that Black Helmet Man reveals: "Loke, I am your... mother!" and throws his cape back to reveal a pink dress. Hand's Hand appears and knocks Black Helmet Man off into space. As he floats into space, Black Helmet Man calls out to Loke by yelling, "Just wait till your father gets home!"

When Loke proudly proclaims that he will use the Power of the Thumb to hit the destruct button, Oobedoob's voice is heard saying to use the ship's targeting system, as "that's what it's there for." Loke fires a missile which hits the button and the giant thumb is destroyed.

The last scene shows the cast at a Chili Cookoff, along with Master Puppet (visibly controlled by a puppeteer) and the ghost of Oobedoob. The film ends with a voiceover from Oobedoob: "The Thumb will be with you...always."

Production
The production for Thumb Wars started in 1997 with Steve Oedekerk, Paul Marshal, Tom Koranda, Mark DeCarlo and Jim Jackman. In 1998, the production for Thumb Wars developed more seriously into filming. The production started filming in Los Angeles, California in the California suburbs.

Running gags
Throughout the movie different characters will ask Loke to touch tongues. First to do so is Oobedoob, requiring the act to "seal the training's beginning" and "make it all official", followed by Master Puppet asking for the same in order to train Loke in the ways of the Thumb.

As a running gag between all of the Thumbs! featurettes, a one-eyed thumb appears in each one; in Thumb Wars, the one-eyed thumb is the bartender at the cantina.

Releases
Thumb Wars was first released on VHS, and then again with additional features, including character bios, commentary, and a 'Gabba the Butt' interview, on DVD.

It is also available as part of the Thumb Wars/Thumbtanic Double Feature on DVD and UMD for the PlayStation Portable, released by O Entertainment and Image Entertainment. This disc features the two Thumbation filmettes Thumbtanic and Thumb Wars in that order. It also includes wraparound footage of The Thumbersons. Despite including the cast interviews from Thumbtanic and the Gabba the Butt interview and Character Bios from Thumb Wars, the film lacks the commentary available on the single-film releases.

title: Thumb Wars


text: User talk:62.123.178.66

title: User talk:62.123.178.66


text:
Richard Gale (British Army officer)

General Sir Richard Nelson "Windy" Gale, (25 June 1896 – 29 July 1982) was a senior officer in the British Army who served in both world wars. In the First World War he was awarded the Military Cross in 1918 whilst serving as a junior officer in the Machine Gun Corps. During the Second World War he served with 1st Parachute Brigade and then the 6th Airborne Division during the D-Day landings and Operation Tonga in 1944. After the end of the conflict, Gale remained in the army and eventually, in 1958, succeeded Field Marshal The Viscount Montgomery as Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe.

Early life
Gale was born on 25 June 1896 in London, England, to Wilfred Gale, a merchant from Hull, and his wife Helen Webber Ann, daughter of Joseph Nelson, of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. The early years of his life were spent in Australia and New Zealand due to his father's gaining employment in insurance, but the Gale family returned to England in 1906. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood, a foundation school in the City of London, gaining an average academic record but becoming a prolific reader. After this, he attended further education at Aldenham School in Hertfordshire. For a time, he was a boarder at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon.

When Gale left Aldenham he wanted to become a British Army officer in the Royal Artillery, but did not possess the academic qualifications or physical grades required for entry into the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Instead Gale followed in his father's footsteps and gained employment as an insurance agent, but he rapidly grew to dislike the job; determined to enter the British Army, he attended regular physical training classes and studied hard to improve his academic grades.

First World War
When the First World War broke out in August 1914, Gale, only recently turned 18, was still below the medical standards required for a recruit and failed to join a Territorial Force unit in London. He finally gained entry to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in the summer of 1915 and was commissioned into the Worcestershire Regiment, "the regiment of my choice", as a second lieutenant on 22 December. When Gale joined the regiment, he put his name forward for a course on training with machine guns and was accepted, being transferred to the Machine Gun Training Centre at Grantham, Lincolnshire.

"However, when I arrived I found I had been sent not on a course but to a corps. I asked to be returned to my unit, but was very properly told to shut up and get on with it. In this way began my secondment to the famous Machine Gun Corps with which I served until its final disbandment in 1922."

Appointed to the MGC on 13 March 1916, in short order he was posted to the Western Front.

Gale was posted, in the summer of 1916, to the 164th Machine Gun Company, which was in support of the 164th (North Lancashire) Brigade of the 55th (West Lancashire) Division, a first-line formation of the Territorial Force (TF). With his company, he fought in the Battle of the Somme and, towards the end of the year, served in the Ypres Salient. He was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant on 1 November 1916, and to the substantive rank on 1 July 1917. He was next involved in the Capture of Wytschaete in June 1917 but was not involved in the Passchendaele offensive, as he was suffering from both mental and physical exhaustion, and was sent to England on leave, and diagnosed with pyorrhoea. He returned to service in January 1918, although now serving with the 126th Machine Gun Company of the 126th (East Lancashire) Brigade, part of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. Among the fellow officers in his new company was Major Edwin Flavell, who was to serve in Gales' later career. On 23 February the company merged into the 42nd Battalion, MGC. It was during his service as a subaltern in France that he won the Military Cross (MC). During the German spring offensive launched by the German Army in mid-March 1918, Gale was awarded his MC for 'conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty'. The citation for the MC reads:

"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in covering the retirement of the infantry with his section of machine guns, holding up the attack and causing the enemy heavy casualties. Later, when a shell landed in the centre of the gun limbers, he went out under heavy fire and unhitched the killed and wounded horses, so enabling the transport to move away to cover."

Soon promoted to captain, Gale continued to serve on the Western Front, taking part in the Hundred Days Offensive, until the end of the war on 11 November 1918.

Between the wars
When the war ended in November 1918, Gale volunteered to go to India in 1919, serving with the 12th Battalion, MGC where Captain John Harding was a fellow subaltern who, like Gale, was to attain the highest ranks in the army. However, in 1922 the MGC was disbanded and Gale reverted to serving with the Worcestershire Regiment, and served with the 3rd Battalion, Worcesters before that, too, was disbanded, with Gale transferring to the Machine Gun School in India. In 1928 he joined the 1st Battalion, Worcesters. During his time in India he gained entry to the Staff College at Quetta, attending from 1930 to 1931, and after two years in the institution he graduated as a staff officer. Promotion prospects during the interwar years were limited, and although he received above average grades in his annual reports, he remained a subaltern for fifteen years, until he was promoted to the rank of captain in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) on 26 February 1930.

In February 1932, Gale was seconded for service as a General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) in India. He was appointed a brigade major on 1 January 1934. Gale left India in January 1936 and returned to England to serve with the DCLI, receiving a brevet promotion to major on 1 July. In February 1937 he was transferred to the War Office as a GSO2, with responsibilities for the creation of training pamphlets and publications. He transferred to the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers on 13 October. In December 1938 he was promoted to major and moved to the Staff Duties (Planning) section of the General Staff at the War Office.

1939−1942

By December 1940 Gale, who had not seen service with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France and Belgium, had been promoted to the acting rank of lieutenant-colonel and, wishing for a field command, was given command of the 2/5th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment, a second-line Territorial Army (TA) unit that was part of Brigadier Gerard Bucknall's 138th Infantry Brigade, itself part of the 46th Infantry Division, then commanded by Major-General Charles Hudson, which had fought with the BEF. The battalion, along with the rest of the division, was serving in Scotland, reforming after having sustained very severe casualties in France, before moving to East Anglia in January 1941. Then, in the summer of 1941, the 1st Parachute Brigade was formed as part of the expansion of the British Army's newly created airborne forces, and Gale was offered command of the brigade by General Sir Alan Brooke, the Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces (and soon to be Chief of the Imperial General Staff/CIGS), who was impressed with the high morale and standards in Gale's battalion; he accepted the command. In late October the 1st Airlanding Brigade, under Brigadier George Hopkinson, along with the 1st Parachute Brigade, under Gale, were assigned to the newly created 1st Airborne Division, whose first General Officer Commanding (GOC) was Major-General Frederick "Boy" Browning.

February 1942 saw Operation Biting, perhaps better known as the Bruneval Raid, take place, in which Major John Frost's 'C' Company of the 2nd Parachute Battalion, of Gales' 1st Para Brigade, was selected to participate. The raid, "a model of a combined operation on a minor scale", in Gale's own words was very successful, with the objective – to seize equipment from a German radar station in France – being achieved, although there were casualties. Frost would later command the battalion, most notably in the Battle of Arnhem as part of Operation Market Garden in September 1944.

The next few months were spent organizing the brigade, choosing officers and devising new training schemes. He later described the methods he used in his brigade:

The parachute soldier has characteristics that mark him out among men. First, he is a volunteer and, second, he has to overcome something every time he jumps. Few men will willingly hurl themselves out of an aeroplane, and when doing so they inevitably have to fight fear. Perhaps some may get callous to this, but I think that for the majority it always holds true. When a parachute soldier lands he knows that his future chances of survival rest on his personal skill. His weapon and the comparatively small amount of ammunition he can carry are all he has. He is, for some time at least, away from artillery or tank support; he may be dropped wide and find himself alone and he may be injured; but it is his battle and he knows it. When he jumps the parachute soldier gains something that he never loses.

This splendid material deserved the best officers. In forming my brigade I was fortunate in having the privilege of selecting all company commanders, the commanding officers selecting the remainder. There was no shortage of volunteers. I took as my yardstick their potential as leaders. Though leadership springs from a number of qualities, sometimes not discernible until the supreme test, there is one quality I felt to be essential; this was initiative.

Of all the characteristics the airborne soldier would expect and look for in his officers initiative is probably the most important. I tried this test by putting it in the form of a question of what an individual would do in certain circumstances, and this I tried out later when training my division. Suppose a subaltern had just landed and hears the approach of what he thinks is an enemy tank, what would he do? The answer so often was that he would get on the blower and tell his company commander; to the question what would he have done had he been a company commander in similar circumstances came a similar answer. This tendency to hang decisions on the next superior should have no place in the mental attitude of an airborne officer, for in nine cases out of ten he might never make the contact; but, even if he did, it was action that was wanted and this was where initiative came in.

Then in April 1942 Gale, by now a war-substantive lieutenant-colonel, was ordered to hand over his brigade to Edwin Flavell, formerly his company commander in France over twenty years before, and, much to his displeasure, posted back to the War Office as Deputy Director of Staff Duties (DDSD), and subsequently promoted to Director of Air. Gale's remit as Director of Air was to attempt to formulate a clear policy about the use of airborne forces between the army and the Royal Air Force (RAF), as well as to solve the aircraft shortages that stymied many attempts to conduct further airborne operations. There was a great deal of rivalry between the two services, with the RAF sure that large-scale bombing would win the conflict, and therefore unwilling to transfer any aircraft to the army for use by airborne forces.

1943−1944

In May 1943, Gale was promoted to the acting rank of major-general and became GOC of the newly formed 6th Airborne Division. Gale had just under a year to organize and train the division before it was due to participate in Operation Tonga, codename for the British airborne landings in Normandy, in June 1944. The division was initially understrength due to trained British airborne troops being transferred to North Africa and Sicily to replace the very heavy losses suffered by the 1st Airborne Division (now commanded by Hopkinson who had succeeded Browning) during its operations, but it was soon expanded with the arrival of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion, joining the 3rd Parachute Brigade, under Brigadier James Hill, as well as the formation of the 5th Parachute Brigade, under Brigadier Nigel Poett, and the 6th Airlanding Brigade, under Brigadier Hugh Kindersley. No British airborne division had ever been deployed into battle entirely through aerial means, and devising plans and formulating tactics for the operation placed a great deal of pressure on Gale.

However, Gale's thoroughness paid off when the division successfully landed in Normandy in June 1944. For his part in planning and taking part in Operation Tonga, Gale was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 29 August 1944; in May, he had been promoted to colonel (war-substantive), and also to the temporary rank of major-general. The plan for the Allied invasion of Normandy was for five Allied divisions (two US, two British and one Canadian) to land on designated beaches between Varreville in the west, on the Cotentin Peninsula, and Ouistreham, by the mouth of the river Orne, in the east. Airborne troops were to secure each flank of the beachhead, with the US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions landing on the western flank, and the British 6th Airborne Division, under Gale, on the eastern flank. The 6th Airborne Division was to capture a number of bridges over the river Orne and the Caen Canal and hold the nearby surrounding areas, to destroy the bridges over the river Dives, and, finally, to destroy the Merville Gun Battery by the coast.

Shortly after midnight on 6 June 1944, known otherwise as D-Day, men of Major John Howard's 'D' Company of the 2nd Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (2 OBLI), a glider infantry unit forming part of the 6th Airlanding Brigade, landed in glider and captured the Caen canal and Orne river bridges (now known as Pegasus Bridge and Horsa Bridge) via coup de main. It was achieved with light casualties. The two parachute brigades, the 3rd and 5th, landed soon after and landed, for the most part, where intended, although numbers of paratroopers dropped in the flooded countryside. The Merville Gun Battery also fell, although with heavy losses to Lieutenant-Colonel Jock Pearson's 8th Parachute Battalion. At dawn, Gale himself landed in Normandy by a glider piloted by Billy Griffith. By midday on D-Day elements of Brigadier Lord Lovat's 1st Special Service Brigade had landed at Sword Beach, with the British 3rd Infantry Division following, and began to relieve the airborne troops at the bridges. The arrival of the rest of the 6th Airlanding Brigade in the evening, in Operation Mallard, completed the 6th Airborne Division's concentration in Normandy.

The next week saw the 6th Airborne Division, serving as part of Lieutenant-General John Crocker's I Corps, engaged in almost constant fighting, notably at Bréville, in an attempt to prevent the Germans from driving the Allies back into the sea. After mid-June, when German counterattacks ceased, the division, reinforced by the 1st and 4th Special Service Brigades, spent the next two months in a static defence role, holding a nine thousand yard front southwards from the sea.

In mid-August, with the situation in Normandy turning against the Germans and forcing them to withdraw to Falaise, the division was ordered to go over to the offensive and pursued to the Germans to the Seine, advancing some 45 miles in nine days, capturing 400 square miles of enemy territory and capturing over 1,000 of the enemy. All this was achieved despite the belief of Crocker, the corps commander, and Gale himself, that the division was poorly equipped for a rapid pursuit.

1944−1945
On 5 September the division was taken out of the front lines, after almost exactly three months since landing in Normandy, and returned to the United Kingdom for rest and recuperation, after sustaining almost 4,500 casualties. Soon after returning to England the 6th Airborne Division's sister formation, the 1st Airborne Division, then under Major-General Roy Urquhart, took part in the hugely ambitious Operation Market Garden, which Gale believed was doomed to failure from the start.

In December Gale handed over command of the division to Major-General Eric Bols, formerly an infantry brigade commander, who was soon to lead the division in a ground role in the Battle of the Bulge. Gale was then appointed to the headquarters of the First Allied Airborne Army (FAAAA), becoming deputy to the American commander, Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton. Planning then began for Operation Varsity, the airborne landings in support of Operation Plunder, the Allied crossing of the river Rhine. The operation was carried out in late March 1945 by the US XVIII Airborne Corps, under Major General Matthew Ridgway, with the British 6th and US 17th Airborne Divisions participating. Despite the operation's success, with Gale calling it "the most successful of all airborne operations", both divisions suffered very heavy casualties and the need for the entire operation was questionable, both at the time and later.

In the last months of the war in Europe, Gale was given command of I Airborne Corps. He was promoted to the permanent rank of major-general on 7 January 1945, with the acting rank of lieutenant-general from 24 May. In July, after Victory in Europe Day (VE-Day), Gale, with the corps HQ, was sent to India, where the Japanese were still fighting. In India Gale took elements of his old 6th Airborne Division, still led by Bols, under command, along with the 44th Indian Airborne Division, and planning began for airborne operations in the Far East, in particular the recapturing of Bangkok, although the surrender of Japan cancelled these plans and, after almost six years, the war finally came to an end.

Later life

On 4 December 1946, Gale was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general. In January 1946, shortly after I Airborne Corps was disbanded, Gale became GOC of the 1st Infantry Division, succeeding Major-General Charles Loewen, then stationed in Egypt before, in March, being sent to Palestine, where there were tensions between the Jews and the Arabs, and commanded the division throughout the Palestine Emergency. Gales' division, serving under British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan, commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Evelyn Barker (later replaced by Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon MacMillan), was responsible for northern Palestine, with his old 6th Airborne Division, now commanded by Major-General James Cassels, responsible for southern Palestine. Gale relinquished command of the division to Major-General Horatius Murray in December 1947 and, in January 1948, he was appointed GOC British Troops in Egypt, succeeding Lieutenant-General Sir Charles Allfrey. Then in 1949, after handing over the command to Lieutenant-General George Erskine, he was transferred and became Director-General of Military Training. Gale was promoted to general on 6 June 1952, eight years after he landed in Normandy, and appointed Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C), Northern Army Group, Allied Land Forces Europe and British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), succeeding General Sir John Harding, on 24 September; he held the post until retiring in 1957, in turn handing over BAOR to General Sir Dudley Ward.

Gale initially retired in 1957, but in September 1958 he was recalled to serve with NATO and replaced Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery as Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Europe; he retired permanently in September 1960 after two years in the post and was replaced by General Sir Hugh Stockwell. During the post-war years, Gale also held a number of ceremonial and non-military posts; he was aide-de-camp (general) to the Queen Elizabeth II between 1954 and 1957, Colonel of the Worcestershire Regiment between 1950 and 1961, and Colonel-Commandant of the Parachute Regiment between 1956 and 1967.

Gale died at his home in Kingston upon Thames on 29 July 1982, just four days after his 86th birthday. His widow, Daphne (whom he married in 1924), subsequently lived in a grace and favour apartment in Hampton Court Palace until she died during a major fire at the palace in March 1986.

Military thinking
Gale's approach to military affairs emerged from both his personal history and personality. Gale, a 'tall, bluff, ruddy' individual, with a reputation as 'a bit of a buccaneer' but allegedly possessing a 'hectoring manner and a loud voice', was one of a number of First World War veterans to challenge the military status quo that had led to the terrible losses on the Western Front. Events such as the losses in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 heavily influenced Gale's thinking, and he emerged from the war with a suspicion of predominantly firepower-led operations. Looking back, Gale was to remember the 'wonderful panorama' of the infantry successfully advancing using modern infiltration tactics on a clear day in the spring of 1918, contributing to his embracing the interwar manoeuvrist theorists during his time at the Staff College, Quetta in the early 1930s. Gale saw a narrative in the sequence of developments from the creation of the new infantry tactics of 1918, through to the tanks and airborne forces of the 1940s, that demonstrated the 'fundamental necessity of mobility on the battlefield', and the importance of surprise at all levels of warfare.

During the Second World War, Gale applied these principles to the development of airborne forces. An advocate of shock manoeuvre with elite forces, Gale stressed extensive training, the use of the latest battlefield technologies and strong personal leadership. For Gale, the quality of one's military forces were as important as their number, and he drew additional lessons on the disproportionate effect that surprise manoeuvre had on a "demoralised or unprepared enemy", as opposed to a 'well-trained opposition', from the operations of his own 6th Airborne Division in Normandy. Later in life, Gale examined the issues of war in the nuclear age. Still an advocate of manoeuvre and high-quality forces, Gale was to stress the importance of achieving mobility and flexibility in the face of the Soviet threat, foreshadowing in many ways the evolution of the AirLand battle doctrine of the 1980s.

Honours and awards

 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – 1954 (KCB – 1953; CB – 2 August 1945)
 * Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire – 1950 (OBE: 11 July 1940 )
 * Distinguished Service Order 31 August 1944
 * Military Cross – 1918
 * Mention in Despatches – 22 March 1945, 7 January 1949
 * Commander of the Legion of Merit (USA) – 16 January 1948 (Officer – 20 June 1944)
 * Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur (France) – 28 December 1956
 * Croix de Guerre with Palm (France) – 28 December 1956
 * Grand Officier de la Couronne (Belgium)

Publications

 * With the 6th Airborne Div in Normandy (Sampson Low, Marston & Co, London, 1948)
 * Infantry in Modern Battle: Its Organization and Training (Canadian Army Journal 8, no. 1, 1955: 52–61)
 * Generalship and the art of Command in this Nuclear Age (RUSI Journal 101, no. 603, 1956: 376–384)
 * Call to arms. An autobiography (Hutchinson, London, 1968)
 * Great battles of biblical history (Hutchinson, London, 1968)
 * The Worcestershire Regiment, the 29th and 36th Regiments of foot (Leo Cooper, London, 1970)
 * Kings at arms: The Use and Abuse of power in the Great Kingdoms of the East (Hutchinson, London, 1971)

title: Richard Gale (British Army officer)


text: Category:Banking

title: Category:Banking


text:
User talk:Siddhartha04

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 15:43, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Wikipedia Penn Shield.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Wikipedia Penn Shield.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. CLW 14:57, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siddhartha04


text:
Brunn

Brunn or Brünn is a common German place-name or place-name element which originally references a well, fountain, or source of a stream. It may refer to:

Places

 * Bad Fischau-Brunn, Lower Austria
 * Brünn, the German form of the Moravian city Brno
 * Brunn, a village in the Swedish urban area of Hedesunda
 * Brunn, German name for the village Bezrzecze, Police County, in north-western Poland
 * Brunn am Gebirge, a town in Lower Austria, south of Vienna
 * Brunn an der Wild, a town Lower Austria
 * Brunn im Felde, part of the municipality Gedersdorf in Lower Austria
 * Brunn, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a municipality in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
 * Brunn (Sachsen), a municipality in Germany
 * Brunn, Sweden, in Värmdö Municipality, Stockholm County
 * Brünn, Thuringia, a municipality in Thuringia, Germany
 * Brunn, Nuremberg, an exclave of Nuremberg, Germany
 * Brunn, Upper Palatinate, a town in Bavaria, Germany
 * Johnsdorf-Brunn, a municipality in Styria, Austria
 * Pölfing-Brunn, a municipality in Styria, Austria
 * Sätra brunn, a locality situated in Västmanland County, Sweden
 * Weißbrunn, German name for the Hungarian urban area Veszprém, north of Lake Balaton

Other

 * Brunn (surname)
 * Brunn & Company, American coachbuilder founded by Hermann A. Brunn (1874-1941) in Buffalo, New York

 See also Brunning

title: Brunn


text:
Category:EC 1.3.99

Oxidoreductases Acting on the CH-CH group of donors With other acceptors

title: Category:EC 1.3.99


text:
User talk:MichaelManaloLazo

Michael Manalo Lazo Born on Dec 6, 1965 at 9:56 PM inside Manila Doctors Hospital(667 United Nations Ave.),Manila,Philippines. Immigrated to Canada on June 2, 1976. My web site is at http://www.michaelmlazo.coms.ph It's 10:47 AM on Sun Dec 5, 2004 in Mississauga(Greater Toronto Area),Ontario,Canada. Thanks.

Spam
Please do not add commercial links — or links to your own private websites — to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. See the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Image Tagging Image:MichaelManaloLazo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:MichaelManaloLazo.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 09:57, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:MichaelManaloLazo


text:
Digby

Digby may refer to:

Australia

 * Digby, Victoria, a town

Canada

 * Digby (electoral district), a former federal electoral district in Nova Scotia (1867–1914)
 * Digby (provincial electoral district), a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia (1867–1993)
 * Digby County, Nova Scotia, a county in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia
 * Digby, Nova Scotia, a town
 * Digby, Nova Scotia (municipal district), the eastern half of Digby County

England

 * Digby, Devon, a village in Exeter
 * Digby and Sowton railway station, Exeter
 * Digby, Lincolnshire, a village and civil parish in North Kesteven

United States

 * Digby, Ohio, an unincorporated community

People and fictional characters

 * Digby (name), a list of people and fictional characters with either the given name or surname
 * Baron Digby, a title in the Peerage of Ireland
 * Digby (blogger), pen name of Heather Digby Parton, writer of the liberal blog Hullabaloo

Military

 * HMCS Digby, a Royal Canadian Navy Second World War minesweeper
 * RAF Digby, Lincolnshire, England, a former Royal Air Force station
 * Douglas B-18 Bolo, a bomber used by the Royal Canadian Air Force as the Douglas Digby

Arts and entertainment

 * Digby (band), an American power pop band
 * Digby (play), a 1985 play by Joseph Dougherty

title: Digby


text:
Sadi Moma

Sadi Moma ("A Girl Plants" ) is a Bulgarian folk song. The song, like many Bulgarian and other traditional Eastern European folk songs, is in an uneven meter: 7/8, counted as slow-quick-quick (SQQ).

There is a Bulgarian folk dance traditionally associated with the song Sadi Moma and often called by the same name. It is danced in one or more open circles of dancers, whose arms are joined in W-position.

Its melody was borrowed by Richard Stallman for the tune of the Free Software Song.

Translation in English:
 * A girl planted a vine, a white wine grape vine.
 * For one day she planted, for two she regretted
 * the white wine grape vine.
 * The vine grew up, the white wine grape vine.
 * It filled nine barrels with wine,
 * The tenth with clear, strong rakija.
 * A young soldier learned to drink.
 * He drank for two days, he drank for three days, for a week.
 * He drank up his black horse from under him.

title: Sadi Moma