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Talk:Madrid Conference of 1991

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I have added internal links and some formating to this page. I have also tried to make names, etc consistent with information on other pages. However, it currently has considerable background information, ranging seventy years before the Madrid Conference and which may not be NPOV, and not much about the workings of the Conference itself.

This would be improved by having further details therefore, specifically where and when the Conference was held, what its objectives were and who the participants were. Mtiedemann

Most of these irrelevant "facts" are untrue, even preposterous, or impossible if one puts in correct dates. (since when is a 504-54 (or something like that) - "under two thirds". "Renouncing terrorism would entail changing the charter" - implies the charter says we are a bunch of terrorists I guess, yeah, right, that's in there)  If you know the correct dates, you would know the kooky account of Abdullah getting TransJordan is impossible. It would take too long now to fix this absurdly, pathetically POV article now, which hardly mentions its supposed subject. --John Z 09:04, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

This article needs a lot of editing or a complete rewriting. And it does not have the mention of "disputed" or "not ready" or sth like that, but it should have. Can you add this? Why couldn't "Arab-Israeli diplomacy" have its own article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.235.63.40 (talk • contribs) 15:58, 10 Jan 2007

I can see that some of the above criticisms have been taken on-board and the article now has dates and so on... maybe it is still a bit bias? Anyways, I have expanded the article by starting a section about the impact of the conference. Hope you all approve. --Sophielaursen 05:05, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

The "Impact of the Madrid Peace Conference" section lacks all coherency and looks like it has been written by a 5 year old. It needs to be completly re-written. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.216.22.157 (talk • contribs) 16:07, 24 Apr 2007

Odd that the negotiating parties are shown (by flag, in the template) to be Israel and the PLO, leaving out Jordan, Syria, etc. Israel, of course, refused to negotiate with the PLO, but did negotiate with parties that claimed more or less accurately that they would represent PLO views, which is not the same thing. I guess this is a (tendentious) artifact of the template, but there ought to be some way to correct this.

Also, I understand Israel agreed to the Madrid process conditional on revocation of UNGA resolution 3379 (Zionism=Racism), and if Madrid played a role in the passage of UNGAR 4686, it ought to be mentioned. I'll try to find time to research fixing these things, but would welcome anyone else pitching in. Andyvphil 01:39, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

This sentence is a problem for me: "... extended a letter of invitation ... to Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and the Palestinians." How do you send a letter of invitation to, for example, Syria? Do you put it in an envelope, write "Syria" on the front, and then drop it in the mailbox? Most certainly the letters of invitation were addressed to representatives of those countries, not to inanimate countries. You need to do more research and find out to whom the letters were addressed. --Mrs rockefeller (talk) 14:08, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

I agree, by the way, with User andyvphil, who states: "Israel, of course, refused to negotiate with the PLO, but did negotiate with parties that claimed more or less accurately that they would represent PLO views, which is not the same thing." And, knowing that this strategy has failed in the past, the Bush government is now doing exactly the same in refusing to talk with the Hamas government, but holding talks instead with people claiming to represent them. You are so right that this is not the same thing. --Mrs rockefeller (talk) 14:08, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Madrid Conference of 1991


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Aleksandr Mostovoi

Aleksandr Vladimirovich Mostovoi (Алекса́ндр Влади́мирович Мостово́й ; born 22 August 1968) is a Russian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

Known as O Zar de Balaídos ("The Tsar of Balaídos") from his lengthy spell at Celta de Vigo, he was often referred to as a 'genius playmaker' during his time there, in addition to a volatile temperament. He also played professionally in his own country, Portugal and France.

Mostovoi earned 50 caps for Russia in a 12-year international career, being chosen for two World Cups and as many European Championships. He previously represented the Soviet Union and the CIS.

Spartak and first abroad spell
Born in Lomonosov, Russia, Soviet Union, Mostovoi signed for national giants FC Spartak Moscow from second division club FC Presnya Moscow, quickly making an impression. In January 1992, he joined compatriots Vasili Kulkov and Sergei Yuran at S.L. Benfica; months before arriving, he was controversially awarded Portuguese citizenship through marriage, but never imposed himself in the first team.

Midway through 1993–94 Mostovoi joined Ligue 1 side Stade Malherbe Caen, then left after the sole season to fellow French side RC Strasbourg, rejoining coach Daniel Jeandupeux. With the latter, he first displayed glimpses of an emerging talent.

Celta
Mostovoi's big break came when he signed for Celta de Vigo in 1996, for 325 million pesetas (about €1.95 million). He made his debut for the Galicians in a 2–0 home defeat against Real Betis, and his creative play and key goals made him a cult figure at Balaídos as the club rose to near the top of La Liga standings year after year.

Affectionately nicknamed 'The Tsar of Balaídos' by the fans, Mostovoi formed an impressive midfield society with, amongst others, compatriot Valery Karpin, and helped Celta win the 2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup; the final was a 4–3 aggregate win over his hometown club FC Zenit Saint Petersburg. However, he could not help the freefall that hit the team in the 2003–04 season, relegating it to the second division after the player appeared in a career-worst (in his Celta career) 24 matches. His top-flight tally of 235 games for Celta was a club record until Hugo Mallo broke it in 2021.

Alavés
Having not played for over eight months, and at the age of 36, Mostovoi signed a contract with Dmitry Pietrman's Deportivo Alavés in early March 2005, initially until the end of the second level campaign. His first and only game came in a league game against Cádiz CF in which he came on as a substitute, in the 78th minute – he scored the Basques' only goal (and nearly added a second) in an eventual 1–3 defeat.

Having been with the club for only 30 days, Mostovoi told the club directors of his intention to retire claiming he was suffering from back problems.

International career
Mostovoi played for the Soviet national team, the CIS and Russia internationally. In another temper tantrum, he was sent home by team manager Georgi Yartsev during the latter's trip to UEFA Euro 2004, after questioning his methods. He played in the Euro 1996 and the 1994 FIFA World Cup and was also picked for the 2002 World Cup, but did not play in the latter tournament due to injury.

Mostovoi's exclusion from Euro 2004's national squad happened after the 0–1 group stage loss to Spain. Supposedly, the player talked with the media after the match and gave an interview saying that Yartsev was not a good coach and did not understand anything. This was later proven false, after Mostovoi gave another interview and explained he merely said that Yartsev overworked the players during practice, so they didn't have the necessary energy to play well in matches. All in all, group morale dropped after the incident, and Russia lost the second game to hosts Portugal.

In 2009, Mostovoi was part of the Russia squad that won the Legends Cup.

Retirement
After retiring as a player, in 2005 Mostovoi was persuaded by the current at that time Russian Tennis Federation's president Shamil Tarpishchev to play Beach soccer for the Russian national beach soccer team.

Mostovoi has repeatedly stated his desire and willingness to lead a football club as a manager. However, Mostovoi does not have the necessary UEFA coaching licences, which he does not want to obtain. Since 2011, he has expressed various versions of this decision: from doubts about obtaining new knowledge in coaching courses to corrupt schemes to obtain this licence by other specialists.

Personal life
Mostovoi graduated from college as an electrician, and later joined a sports academy in Moscow, which provided coaching to young players with a university education.

After losing the 2001 Copa del Rey Final, a group of Celta supporters raised four million pesetas to commission a statue of Mostovoi. The player approved and Maxín Picallo was chosen as the sculptor, but the project was never finished; he believed that his dip in form in 2003 affected enthusiasm in the endeavour.

He married Stéphanie in Strasbourg during his time playing in the city. His son of the same name, known by the hypocorism Sacha, trialled with S.L. Benfica B in 2016.

International

 * }

Club
Spartak Moscow
 * Soviet Top League: 1987, 1989

Benfica
 * Taça de Portugal: 1992–93

Strasbourg
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1995

Celta
 * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
 * Copa del Rey runner-up: 2000-01

Country
Soviet Union
 * UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1990

Russia
 * Legends Cup: 2009

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aleksandr Mostovoi


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Nishi-Umeda Station

Nishi-Umeda Station (西梅田駅) is the terminus railway station of the Osaka Metro Yotsubashi Line in Umeda, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan, close to Herbis OSAKA and Herbis ENT operated by Hanshin Electric Railway Co., Ltd. and the two Hilton Plazas.

Connecting lines from Nishi-Umeda

 * (Umeda Station, M16)
 * (Higashi-Umeda Station, T20)
 * (JR West)
 * Tokaido Main Line (JR Kyoto Line, JR Kobe Line, JR Takarazuka Line), Osaka Loop Line (Osaka Station)
 * JR Tōzai Line (Kitashinchi Station)
 * Hankyu Railway (Umeda Station)
 * Kobe Line
 * Takarazuka Line
 * Kyoto Line
 * Hanshin Electric Railway Main Line (Umeda Station)
 * Hanshin Electric Railway Main Line (Umeda Station)

When using regular tickets of Osaka Metro, Surutto Kansai cards, and IC cards (PiTaPa, ICOCA), it is limited to 30 minutes to change to the Midosuji Line and the Tanimachi Line.

Layout

 * There is an island platform with two tracks on the third basement. On the second basement, north ticket gate is used for exit, center ticket gate for entrance, and south ticket gate for both entrance and exit.

Surroundings

 * Diamor Osaka
 * Hanshin Department Store (operated by Hankyu Hanshin Department Stores, Inc.)
 * South Gate Building
 * Daimaru Umeda
 * Hotel Granvia Osaka
 * Pokémon Center Osaka
 * Osaka City Bus terminal
 * Expressway bus terminal
 * Osaka Marubiru
 * Osaka Garden City
 * Herbis OSAKA
 * the Ritz-Carlton Osaka
 * Herbis ENT
 * Osaka Shiki Theatre
 * Billboard Live Osaka
 * the Hilton Plaza East
 * Hilton Osaka
 * Junkudo Umeda
 * the Hilton Plaza West
 * the Mainichi Shimbun Building (the Mainichi Shimbun, Sports Nippon)
 * Osaka Ekimae Buildings
 * Osaka Central Post Office
 * Breezé Tower
 * Sankei Hall Breezé
 * Nippon Ham
 * Dojima Underground Shopping Center (Dotica)
 * Dojima Avanza
 * Junkudo Osaka

title: Nishi-Umeda Station


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One weekend a month, two weeks a year

"One weekend a month, two weeks a year" is a former recruiting slogan used by the U.S. Army National Guard. It indicated the amount of time an individual would need to spend actively in the Guard to be a Guardsman with benefits. Though never officially, it was also informally used by Air National Guard, U.S. Army Reserve, U.S. Naval Reserve, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, U.S. Air Force Reserve and U.S. Coast Guard Reserve personnel in describing their similar military time commitment.

It was dropped during the Iraq War after it became clear that National Guardsmen and Reservists were now serving considerably more time in service, especially on active military duty on extended overseas deployments in the Southwest Asia combat zone.

Usage of the slogan
The slogan "one weekend a month, two weeks a year" has been most commonly seen by Americans in recruiting ads for the National Guard, especially in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Although the slogan is only sometimes used directly in advertising, it was used to describe the duties of at least some military posts.

The slogan has also been used to contrast the commitment that a National Guard member would give during those times when his country was not at war.

Other Reserve and National Guard forces have used this slogan as something against which they can contrast their own dedication, showing that, as members of combat aviation units or special forces, they are not mere "weekend warriors".

Understanding among the enlisted
Understanding the meaning of the slogan to those enlisted in the National Guard requires understanding the historical context in which it was given. During World War II, the National Guard was called up to defend their country, and this was repeated in the Korean War even when American soil was not directly threatened. At this time, joining a reserve component could clearly be seen as a route to service overseas. However, at the time of the Vietnam War, President Johnson made it clear that the National Guard's role was to defend the country and not to be involved in overseas adventures. At the time, this meant that those who joined the force could be fairly sure of not seeing action in the war, and became a pejorative term.

As a result, the term "weekend warriors" was coined by members of the United States Armed Forces and the general public, as the National Guard service was seen as cushy and easy compared to those in active duty. This perception was reinforced by the abysmal performances from the National Guard in notable events such as the 1967 Detroit riot and the 1970 Kent State shootings, where the guardsmen were criticized for inadequate riot training and lack of combat experience that resulted in casualties/damages far exceeding their intended goals.

These forces are expected to act as a second line of defense, primarily motivated by the fact that they are defending their own homes and families.

The commitment to Iraq and more recently, subsequent engagements, conflicts, and operations (primarily, and more specifically; those related to the Global War on Terrorism) has meant that many members of the National Guard feel the terms in which they understood their recruitment have been breached. The slogan has now become known in a changed form, "One weekend a month, my ass", as a comment on the perceived mistreatment of the National Guard and the Reserve.

Real service requirements contrasted to expectations
During some periods of the 2003 war in Iraq, the National Guard (Army National Guard and Air National Guard) represented 41% of all U.S. military personnel deployed. The majority are supposed to serve for six months or a year. However, some specialists in the reserve forces have been required to serve for up to two years.

In the meantime, the role of the National Guard which, in the Vietnam War, largely revolved around home defense and policing, has changed so that in Iraq "about 20 percent of the U.S. military deaths in that conflict" have been carried by Reserve and Guard units.

It has been claimed in the U.S. media that the change in expectations on the National Guard is a deliberate change in policy by military planners in response to the Vietnam War. The need to use the National Guard is designed to reduce the possibility of "half-hearted" wars in future. Actual legal changes were made by the US Congress and in the 1980s which moved final decision for their use as military forces from their commanders in chief, the state governors, to the federal government. These new laws were successfully defended against challenges from state governors in the U.S. Supreme Court.

Army's future annual drill plans
In July 2012, the Chief of Staff of the Army, General Ray Odierno, indicated that he intended to change the Army National Guard's annual peacetime active duty commitment from two weeks per year to up to seven weeks per year, in addition to the weekend a month, which would not change. The changes come as the Army plans to reduce the number of full-time soldiers, and going forward relies increasingly on the Army National Guard. "How do we sustain the readiness and experience that we've gained in the National Guard and Reserve component?" Odierno asked. "That's what we've been working on."

Other usages
"One weekend a month, two weeks a year" was also formerly used as a descriptor in television advertisements for the Australian Army Reserve.

title: One weekend a month, two weeks a year


text:
User talk:Filin~enwiki

Ilyin Valery Ilyin Valery is man

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Filin~enwiki


text:
Rush to Judgment

Rush to Judgment: A Critique of the Warren Commission's Inquiry into the Murders of President John F. Kennedy, Officer J.D. Tippit and Lee Harvey Oswald is a 1966 book by American lawyer Mark Lane. It is about the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy and takes issue with the investigatory methods and conclusions of the Warren Commission. The book's introduction is by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of History at the University of Oxford. Although it was preceded by a few self-published or small press books, Rush to Judgment was the first mass market hardcover book to confront the findings of the Warren Commission.

The title of the book was taken from Lord Chancellor Thomas Erskine's defense of James Hadfield, who had attempted to assassinate King George III in 1800. According to Alex Raskin of the Los Angeles Times, "Rush to Judgment opened the floodgate for Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories".

Rush to Judgment
Rush to Judgment became a number one best seller and spent 29 weeks on the New York Times best-seller list. Lane questions, among other things, the Warren Commission conclusion that three shots were fired from the Texas School Book Depository and focuses on the witnesses who had recounted seeing or hearing shots coming from the grassy knoll in Dealey Plaza. Lane questions whether Oswald was guilty of the murder of policeman J.D. Tippit shortly after the Kennedy murder. Lane also states that none of the Warren Commission firearm experts were able to duplicate Oswald's shooting feat.

According to former KGB officer Vasili Mitrokhin in his 1999 book The Sword and the Shield, the KGB helped finance Lane's research on Rush to Judgment without the author's knowledge. The KGB allegedly used journalist Genrikh Borovik as a contact and provided Lane with $2,000 for research and travel in 1964. Mark Lane called the allegation "an outright lie" and wrote, "Neither the KGB nor any person or organization associated with it ever made any contribution to my work."

Documentary
In 1967, a documentary film based on Lane's book was directed by Emile de Antonio and hosted by Lane. Some of the assassination witnesses who present their observations on-camera include Abraham Zapruder, James Tague, Charles Brehm, Mary Moorman, Jean Hill, Lee Bowers, Sam Holland, James Simmons, Richard Dodd, Jessie Price, Orville Nix, Patrick Dean, Napoleon Daniels, Nancy Hamilton, Joseph Johnson, Roy Jones, Acquilla Clemons, and Cecil McWatters.

title: Rush to Judgment


text:
Essex Regiment

The Essex Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 to 1958. The regiment served in many conflicts such as the Second Boer War and both World War I and World War II, serving with distinction in all three. It was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot and the 56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot.

In 1958, the Essex Regiment was amalgamated with the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment to form the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot). However, the existence was short-lived and, in 1964, was amalgamated again with the 1st East Anglian Regiment (Royal Norfolk and Suffolk), the 2nd East Anglian Regiment (Duchess of Gloucester's Own Royal Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire) and the Royal Leicestershire Regiment to form the Royal Anglian Regiment. The lineage of the Essex Regiment is continued by 'C' Company of the 1st Battalion of the Royal Anglian Regiment.

Origins
The Essex Regiment was formed in 1881 by the union of the 44th (East Essex) and 56th (West Essex) Regiments of Foot, which became the 1st and 2nd battalions respectively of the new regiment. This merger was part of the Childers Reforms of the British Army, which also saw the East Essex Militia and West Essex Militia joining the Essex Regiment as its 3rd and 4th battalions.

A large number of small Rifle Volunteer Corps had been formed in the county as a result of an invasion scare in 1859. In 1880, they were consolidated into four battalions, and in 1883 they were designated as the 1st–4th Volunteer Battalions of the Essex Regiment. Under the mobilisation scheme proposed by the Stanhope Memorandum of 1888, they constituted the Essex Volunteer Infantry Brigade, which was to gather at Warley in case of invasion.

Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902)
The 1st and 2nd battalions both served in South Africa during the Second Boer War. Notably, the regiment participated in the Relief of Kimberley and the Battle of Paardeberg. The four Volunteer Battalions contributed two Special Service Companies to assist the 1st Battalion and were also awarded the battle honour South Africa 1900–02.

After the war ended in June 1902, the 1st battalion was transferred to Bangalore, as part of the Madras command. 966 officers and men left Natal for India in the SS Ionian that August. The 570 men of the 2nd battalion returned home on the SS Pinemore in October 1902.

The 3rd (Militia) battalion, formed from the Essex Rifles in 1881, was a reserve battalion. It was embodied in December 1899, disembodied in October the following year, and later re-embodied for service in South Africa during the Second Boer War. 17 officers and 532 men returned aboard SS Cestrian, arriving in Southampton on 5 October 1902.

The Haldane Reforms
As a result of the Haldane Reforms, the regiment's militia component, which was renamed the Special Reserve, was reduced to one battalion on 1 April 1908. In addition, the four volunteer battalions transferred to the Territorial Force and were redesignated as battalions of the Essex Regiment: The Essex Brigade joined the East Anglian Division of the TF.
 * 1st Volunteer Battalion became the 4th Battalion at Ongar Road in Brentwood (headquarters since demolished)
 * 2nd Volunteer Battalion became the 5th Battalion at Stanwell Street in Colchester (headquarters since demolished)
 * 3rd Volunteer Battalion became the 6th Battalion at Portway in West Ham (headquarters since demolished)
 * 4th Volunteer Battalion became the 7th Battalion at Cooks Terrace in Silvertown (headquarters since demolished)

In 1910, the Essex and Suffolk Cyclist Battalion, which had been raised in 1908, divided to become the 6th (Cyclist) Battalion, Suffolk Regiment and the 8th (Cyclist) Battalion, Essex Regiment.

First World War (1914–1918)
During the First World War, the Essex Regiment provided 30 infantry battalions to the British Army. The 3rd (Special Reserve) (formerly Militia) battalion was mobilised to supply drafts to the two Regular battalions. On the outbreak of war, the Territorial battalions (4th-7th, and 8th (Cyclist) battalions), all formed second line (2/4-2/8th) and eventually third line (3/4th-3/8th) battalions. Three service battalions (9th, 10th and 11th) and one reserve battalion (12th), were formed from volunteers in 1914 as part of Kitchener's Army. A further service battalion, the 13th (Service) Battalion (West Ham), was raised by the Mayor and Borough of West Ham. Reserve battalions were created as the war progressed, including the 14th (from the depot companies of the 13th), the 15th, 16th and 17th (from provisional battalions), the 18th (Home Service) and 1st and 2nd Garrison Battalions.

Battle of the Somme
The 1st Battalion took part in the first day of the Battle of the Somme on 1 July 1916. The battalion, which comprised W, X, Y, and Z companies, took up position in the British trenches at 3:30 am. At 8:40 am, the battalion received orders to advance and clear the German first-line trenches. It was delayed by heavy enemy fire and congestion in the communication trenches. The Newfoundland Regiment advancing to the left of the Essex battalion was almost entirely wiped out as it advanced towards the German lines. At 10:50 am, the Essex companies were in position and received orders to go "over the top". The companies came under heavy artillery and machine gun fire almost as soon as they appeared over the parapet, causing heavy losses. The attack became bogged down in no man's land. The battalion received orders from 88th Brigade headquarters to recommence the attack at 12:30 pm, but at 12:20 pm the battalion commander advised brigade HQ that "owing to casualties and disorganisation", it was impossible to renew the attack. The survivors of the battalion received orders to hold their position along the line of 'Mary Redan' – 'New Trench' – 'Regent Street'.

Thiepval Memorial
The names of 959 members of the Essex Regiment are recorded on the Thiepval Memorial, commemorating the officers and men of the regiment who died on the Somme and have no known grave.

Gallipoli
After serving in home defence, the Essex Brigade (containing the 1/4th, 1/5th, 1/6th and 1/7th battalions and now numbered the 161st (Essex) Brigade in 54th (East Anglian) Division) landed at Suvla Bay in August 1915 in an attempt to restart the stalled Gallipoli Campaign. The four Essex battalions saw some hard fighting, but lost even more men to sickness. They were withdrawn to Egypt in December before the Gallipoli Peninsula was finally abandoned.

Senussi Campaign
As soon as it arrived in Egypt, the brigade became involved in the Senussi Campaign, marching out to replace the New Zealand Rifle Brigade guarding the coast railway from Alexandria to Da'aba. The Essex battalions were relieved from this duty on 4 March 1916 by the 2nd County of London Yeomanry and moved into the No 1 (Southern) Section of the Suez Canal Defences. In August, part of the brigade was moved northwards to counter a Turkish thrust at the canal, and was present at the Battle of Romani, though only 161st Brigade Machine Gun Company was engaged.

Sinai and Palestine
In early 1917, 161st Brigade crossed the Sinai Desert to take part in the Palestine Campaign. It was engaged at all three Battles of Gaza. At the First Battle (26 March 1917), the main attack was made by 53rd (Welsh) Division with 161st Brigade in support. Towards the end of the day the 161st Brigade was ordered to take Green Hill: despite heavy fighting the attack was a complete success and the brigade held the whole position by nightfall. However, confusion set in, and 53rd Division withdrew during the night. The men of 161st Brigade were enraged by the order to withdraw. The following day patrols showed that the Turks had not reoccupied the position; 1/7th Battalion was sent up to support the patrols, but a violent Turkish counter-attack finished the battle. Casualties were heavy, including many men missing after the fighting withdrawal.

The brigade was not heavily engaged during the Second Battle of Gaza (17–19 April 1917:) 1/7th Bn was detached and assigned to the Imperial Camel Corps (ICC), which was protecting the left flank of 54th Division, while the rest of the brigade was in divisional reserve and most of its casualties were due to shellfire.

During the summer months, 161st Brigade held the line without suffering serious casualties, and by the end of October was fully up to strength for the forthcoming Third Battle of Gaza (1–3 November 1917). On the morning of 2 November, the 54th Division put in a holding attack at the El Arish Redoubt. The fighting was confused, but the division took all its objectives. However, the 1/7th Bn found that the fourth objective, 'John Trench', was a mere scrape in the ground and could not be held. The brigade commander considered that this battalion had the hardest time of all that day. At 04.00 on 3 November, 1/7th made a renewed attempt to take their objective, but were again held up by Turkish machine-gun fire, with heavy casualties. During the rapid pursuit after the fall of Gaza, 1/4th and 1/6th Essex assisted the Anzac Mounted Division, while 1/5th and 1/7th were left marching in the rear.

As well as battle casualties, the whole brigade suffered considerably from influenza during November–December 1917 and throughout 1918. The weakened brigade was mainly engaged in line-holding until September 1918. 54th Division was held in readiness to move to reinforce the Western Front, but in the end was not sent.

The 54th Division returned to the offensive for the Battle of Megiddo (19–25 September 1918), which finally broke the Turkish resistance. To support the breakthrough, 161st Brigade was to secure the Ez Zakur line and then form a defensive flank. The brigade formed up before dawn on 19 September; covered by an overhead barrage from the machine gun companies, it took its objectives successfully. The main assault completely broke through the Turkish lines and opened the way for the cavalry to pursue the defeated enemy. 161st Brigade was left behind for a week on battlefield clearance before joining the pursuit. By the time the Armistice with Turkey was signed on 30 October 1918, 54th Division had reached Beirut.

Home Defence
The four Second Line TF battalions (2/4th–2/7th) constituted the 206th (2/1st Essex) Brigade in 69th (2nd East Anglian) Division, which remained on Home Defence throughout the war. The Third Line battalions (3/4th–3/7th) were formed as reserve battalions to provide drafts to the TF units overseas. By September 1916, they had been merged into 4th Reserve Battalion.

Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
The 1st Battalion was stationed in Kinsale in County Cork during the Irish War of Independence.

Major Percival

From 1920, Major Arthur Ernest Percival (later a Lieutenant-General) served first as a company commander, then as the battalion's intelligence officer. During the First World War, Percival became renowned for his "power of command and knowledge of tactics".

As such, he and his fellow Essex regimental colleagues were trained in counter-insurgency tactics. Combining both intelligence and rapid response teams in mobile squads, Percival and his Essex veterans staged numerous operations to demoralise and defeat the IRA. Consequently, he and his fellow Essex men were regarded by Irish loyalists as an efficient force. This opinion of their effectiveness appears to have been seconded by the Republicans, who came to regard Percival and the Essex men as one of its primary foes. As the IRA guerrilla war intensified and IRA assassinations were met with reprisals, a large bounty was placed on Percival's and the Essex men's death. The IRA eventually increased its bounty on Percival to £1,000, a significant sum of money for the period. Although other Essex officers were assassinated by the IRA, all attempts to assassinate Percival failed. In July 1920, the Essex Regiment captured Tom Hales, commander of the IRA's 3rd Cork Brigade, and Patrick Harte, quartermaster of the West Cork Brigade. Both men were severely beaten during interrogation - Harte suffered brain damage and died insane at Broadmoor Hospital in 1925.

Crossbarry
In March 1921, at Crossbarry, County Cork, the Essex Regiment encircled the IRA's "West Cork Flying Column" with 1,200 troops and soon managed to expose a company-sized element of the IRA. The IRA flying column, under the command of Tom Barry, numbered 104 'volunteers'. However, rather than attempting to immediately destroy this IRA element, which had been met in contact, Percival, the RIC and the Essex Regiment were ordered to link with the larger regular forces in an attempt to encircle the IRA force.

However, the delay in tempo needed to carry out this move and a lack of communications between the RIC mobile teams and the Regulars, resulted in the pressure being taken off Barry's IRA men. This allowed the IRA force to attack and overwhelm a number of isolated army positions, which appeared to create an opening out of the encirclement. Foreseeing a break-out, Percival ordered his Essex and RIC mobile teams to regroup and lay an ambush outside the opening.

Simultaneously, the larger regular force misunderstood Percival's objective and thought it saw an opportunity to destroy the entire IRA force in Cork. Consequently, it abandoned most of its encircling positions and regrouped the regulars for a single large attack on the ambush site. Meanwhile, believing his column had little chance of escaping, Barry ordered his IRA men to break out in small groups as best they could through the encirclement. Thus, in a stroke of luck, most of Barry's IRA column simply passed through the abandoned encircling army posts. A small IRA detachment did attempt to break out through the British ambush site.

However, as the RIC and Essex group were about to spring their ambush, an Irish regular force racing to the ambush site ran into the IRA detachment and was quickly engaged. In the resulting firefight, the IRA detachment disrupted the British column and then melted away. In Barry's book, Guerrilla Days in Ireland, written in 1949, he gives a first-hand account on the Essex's collision with his flying column.

Turkey (1922)
At the conclusion of the First World War, Britain maintained a garrison at Constantinople to ensure the free passage of the sea lanes between the Aegean and Black Seas.

The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and its transformation into the Turkish Republic coincided with the rise of Greek nationalism, resulting in the Greco-Turkish War. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George increased the size of the British garrison - which included the 2nd Battalion of the Essex Regiment. The garrison was withdrawn in 1923.

Saar Plebiscite (1935)
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, the Saarland province, on the border of France and Germany, was put under French control. In 1935, by the terms of the treaty, the people of the Saarland were to determine whether to remain as part of France, or to become German. The British government sent the 13th Brigade, which comprised 1st Battalion, the Essex Regiment, 1st Battalion, the East Lancashire Regiment, and the 16th/5th Lancers, as a supervisory force to the Saarland. The result of the plebiscite was 90.3% voting to join Germany (then under Nazi government).

Palestine (1936–1939)
From Germany, the 1st Battalion moved to Catterick in 1935 and thence to Palestine in 1936 where it took part in putting down an Arab revolt.

India (1922–1935)
The 2nd Battalion spent the 13-year period from 1922 to 1935 as part of the British garrison in India. During this lengthy time, the 2nd Battalion was stationed at Ambala (1922–1927), Landi Kotal (1927–1929), Nowshera (1929–1931), Nasirabad (1931–1933) and Bombay (1933–1935). The 2nd Battalion spent an additional year overseas in Sudan (1935–1936), before returning to Britain and the regimental depot at Warley near Brentwood in Essex.

Between the Wars
In 1920, when the Territorial Force was reformed (and was renamed the Territorial Army), the Essex Regiment again had five territorial battalions. However, this was short-lived, as the 8th (Cyclist) Battalion was soon disbanded.

On 15 December 1935, the 7th Battalion was converted into the 59th (Essex Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, which was retitled as an AA (Anti-Aircraft) Regiment on 1 January 1939 and as a HAA (Heavy Anti-Aircraft) Regiment on 1 June 1940.

On 1 November 1938, the 6th Battalion duplicated, forming the 1/6th and 2/6th battalions, both of which were equipped with searchlights. On 1 August 1940, both battalions were transferred to the Royal Artillery, becoming the 64th and 65th (Essex Regiment) Searchlight Regiments, Royal Artillery.

Regular Army
Of the Regular Army units, the 1st Battalion served in many different British and Indian Infantry Brigades in Sudan, Egypt, Libya, Syria and Burma. The battalion served in the 23rd Infantry Brigade, 6th Division, for a few months at the beginning of the war. Rejoining in October 1941, it remained with the brigade until mid-1945, when it joined the 29th Infantry Brigade, part of the 36th British Infantry Division. It served in Tobruk, then in the campaign in Syria, before moving to India with 23rd Infantry Brigade, part of 70th Infantry Division, previously the 6th Infantry Division, which became the core of Brigadier Orde Wingate's Special Force.

The brigade's role changed to Long Range Penetration in September 1943; the 1st Battalion formed 44 and 56 Columns of the Chindits and operated in the Japanese rear during the battles of Imphal and Kohima, two battles that turned the tide of the war against Japan in the Far East. The 2nd Battalion, Essex Regiment, was originally part of the 25th Infantry Brigade (containing the 1/7th Battalion, Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) and 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers) attached to the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and served with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France in 1940. The battalion was evacuated from Dunkirk after the short but fierce Battle of Dunkirk, part of the larger Battle of France.

After Dunkirk the battalion remained with the 25th Brigade until February 1944 when it became part of the 56th Independent Infantry Brigade, alongside the 2nd Battalion, South Wales Borderers and 2nd Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment, where it was to remain for the rest of the war. The battalion received large drafts of men to bring it up to strength and began training intensively for the Allied invasion of France. The battalion and brigade landed on Gold Beach on D-Day, 6 June 1944, from roughly 1:00 pm and immediately set off inland.

They fought through the Battle for Caen serving again with the 50th Division and briefly with 59th Division. The 56th Infantry Brigade were eventually assigned to the 49th (West Riding) Division, after the 70th Brigade of that division was disbanded due to an Army-wide shortage of trained infantrymen. The battalion and brigade would remain with the 49th Division for the rest of the war, serving mainly with the First Canadian Army. In 1945 they fought in the Second Battle of Arnhem. By the end of the war the 2nd Battalion had suffered over 804 men killed, wounded or missing, with 183 of them paying the ultimate price.

Territorial Army
At the onset of war, the two remaining Territorial Army (TA) battalions once again raised duplicate units; all four (1/4th, 1/5th, 2/4th and 2/5th) began the war in the 161st Infantry Brigade, but the 2/4th Battalion, a 2nd Line duplicate of the 1/4th Battalion, was immediately detached to help form the duplicate 163rd Infantry Brigade. Both brigades were initially part of the 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division, but in January 1941, 161st Brigade was sent by sea to Sierra Leone in West Africa. In June 1941, it was sent the 'long' way around Africa by sea to join Middle East Command, where it was transferred to the British Indian Army and became 161st Indian Infantry Brigade. The 1/4th Battalion served with the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of 4th Indian Infantry Division, throughout the war; the 1/5th and 2/5th battalions, which merged to form the 5th Battalion and, served with the 18th Indian Infantry Brigade, part of the 8th Indian Infantry Division.

Both battalions saw service in Palestine, North Africa and Italy; and the 1/4th Battalion served with the 4th Indian Division in action at the Second Battle of El Alamein and in the Italian Campaign before being sent to Greece to help calm the Greek Civil War. The 5th Battalion was transferred, in August 1944, to the 13th Infantry Brigade, part of the British 5th Infantry Division and was sent to participate in the final stages of the North West Europe Campaign with the British Second Army and invaded Germany itself.

The 2/4th Battalion remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war, with the 206th Brigade and later the 140th Brigade and 7th Brigade, supplying drafts and replacements to other units of the regiment serving abroad as well as other infantry regiments.

The 64th (Essex Regiment) Searchlight Regiment and 65th (Essex Regiment) Searchlight Regiment were both transferred to the Royal Artillery in August 1940, being renamed 64th (Essex Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery and 65th (Essex Regiment) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, respectively. However, they still maintained their own Essex Regiment capbadges and buttons. On the outbreak of war, both were originally assigned to the 41st (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, part of the 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division until November 1940 when the 64th was transferred to the 40th Anti-Aircraft Brigade and the 65th remained with the 41st AA Brigade.

Both regiments remained mainly in East Anglia and eastern England, defending from aerial attacks during the Battle of Britain and during The Blitz. Towards the end of the war in late 1944 and early 1945, both regiments were selected to be converted to infantry. The 64th Searchlight Regiment was subsequently redesignated 639th (Essex Regiment) Infantry Regiment, Royal Artillery and joined the 305th Infantry Brigade. The 65th Searchlight Regiment became 607th (Essex Regiment) Infantry Regiment, Royal Artillery. Both were converted to infantry due mainly to a severe shortage of manpower in the 21st Army Group fighting in North-western Europe, particularly in the infantry.

After defending Essex during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, 59th (The Essex Regiment) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment (previously the 7th Battalion, Essex Regiment) landed in North Africa with the British First Army in November 1942, and later saw service with the British Eighth Army in the Italian Campaign.

Hostilities-only
The 7th (Home Defence) Battalion, Essex Regiment was raised specifically for home defence duties in the United Kingdom. The battalion was created on 2 November 1939 from 8 Group National Defence Companies. The battalion consisted mainly of older and less fit men but who had had previous military experience and younger soldiers around the ages of 18 and 19, and thus not old enough to be conscripted, who later went on to help form the 70th (Young Soldiers) Battalion. On 24 December 1941, the battalion was reorganised and redesignated as the 30th Battalion and remained in the United Kingdom until it was disbanded on 31 March 1943.

The 8th Battalion, Essex Regiment was raised at Warley, Essex on 4 July 1940, assigned to 210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) until late February 1941 when it was transferred to the 226th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). On 1 December 1941, the battalion was transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps and converted to armour, becoming the 153rd (Essex) Regiment Royal Armoured Corps. While the men donned the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, they continued to wear their Essex Regiment cap badge as did all infantry units converted in this manner.

During the conversion, surplus personnel were formed into 'R' Company, Essex Regiment, which soon afterwards was designated as V Corps HQ Defence Company. On formation, 153 RAC joined 34th Army Tank Brigade, with which it fought in Normandy, alongside 107 RAC and 147 RAC. However, 153 RAC was disbanded on 28 August 1944, due to a severe shortage of manpower, to be used as replacements for other British tank units in the 21st Army Group.

The 9th Battalion was also raised at Warley on 4 July 1940, the same day the 8th Battalion was raised, and joined the 210th Brigade alongside the 8th Battalion, before both being transferred to 225th Brigade. Now assigned to the 219th Independent Infantry Brigade, the battalion was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted into the 11th Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery on 1 December 1942, as were the rest of the battalions in the brigade. The regiment served in the Battle of Normandy as part of the 9th Army Group Royal Artillery. The regiment was disbanded after the war in January 1946.

The 50th (Holding) Battalion, Essex Regiment was formed at Colchester on 28 May 1940. On 9 October, it was reorganised as the 10th Battalion and served in the home defence role, assigned to 223rd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). On 8 December 1942, the brigade was converted into the 3rd Parachute Brigade and the battalion became the 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, part of the Army's airborne forces. Originally assigned to the 1st Airborne Division, the 3rd Para Brigade was transferred, in May 1943, to help create the 6th Airborne Division.

With most of the 6th Airborne Division, the battalion was involved in the British airborne landings in the early hours of 6 June 1944 (D-Day), code-named Operation Tonga, where the battalion had the task of destroying the Merville Gun Battery. After D-Day, they fought in the Battle of Normandy as normal infantrymen until the middle of August (see 6th Airborne Division advance to the River Seine). They later played a small part in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944 and a large part in Operation Varsity in March 1945, the largest airborne operation of the war, involving over 16,000 paratroopers, where the 6th Airborne Division fought alongside the US 17th Airborne Division and both divisions suffered relatively heavy casualties in only a short amount of time. The 9th Battalion, Parachute Regiment ended the war in May 1945 near the Baltic Sea and was later sent with the rest of the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine.

The 70th (Young Soldiers) Battalion was formed in the United Kingdom on 16 September 1940 from the younger personnel of the 7th (Home Defence) Battalion and from young volunteers – although a person could officially join the British Army at age 18, he couldn't be posted for service overseas until he was at least 19. After serving in a home defence role, the unit was disbanded on 31 March 1943, as were all such units of other regiments, due to the British government lowering the age of conscription from 20 to 18. A 19th Battalion was also formed; it carried out line of communication duties in the Middle East and Eritrea.

Post-1945
The 2nd Battalion was disbanded in 1948. In 1951–53, the regiment was stationed in Luneburg, Germany, as part of the BAOR (British Army of the Rhine). In mid 1953, the regiment sailed on the Troopship "Asturias" to Korea, where it served for a year. The following year, the battalion joined the Hong Kong Garrison. The 1st Battalion merged with the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment in 1958 to form the 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot).

In 1964, the regiments of the East Anglian Brigade formed the new Royal Anglian Regiment. The Essex heritage continued in the regiment's 3rd Battalion (also known as 'The Pompadours'). In 1992, the 3rd Battalion was disbanded and the old Essex connection ceased. However, infantry recruits from Essex who wish to serve with others from their county are assigned to companies in the 1st Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment. C (Essex) Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment continues the Essex link.

In 1947, the 59th HAA Regiment was reformed at Walthamstow as the 459th (The Essex Regiment) (Mixed) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, ('Mixed' denoting that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were integrated into the regiment). There were widespread mergers within the TA's AA regiments after Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in 1955: 459 (M) HAA Regiment absorbed 482 (M) HAA Regiment (the former 82 HAA Regiment, to which 59th had provided a battery on formation) and 599 and 600 HAA Regiments, which had been created from the 1/6th and 2/6th Btns, The Essex Regiment. A further merger in 1961, with 512 (Finsbury Rifles) and 517 (Essex) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiments into 300 LAA Regiment, saw the Essex lineage discontinued, the combined regiment later being designated 300 (Tower Hamlets) Light Air Defence Regiment.

Territorial Army (later Army Reserve)
The "Essex" tradition also continued in the Territorial Army, renamed the Army Reserve in 2013. The Essex infantry reservists are now represented by 3 (Essex and Hertford) Company, 3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment.

Regimental museum
The Essex Regiment Museum is based at Oaklands Park in Chelmsford.

Battle honours
The regiment earned the following Battle Honours:
 * From 44th Regiment of Foot: Egypt, Badajoz, Salamanca, Peninsula, Bladensburg, Waterloo, Ava, Alma, Inkerman, Sevastopol, Taku Forts
 * From 56th Regiment of Foot: Moro, Gibraltar 1779–83, Sevastopol
 * Havannah, Nile 1884–85, Relief of Kimberley, Paardeberg, South Africa 1899–1902
 * Great War (31 battalions): Le Cateau, Retreat from Mons, Marne 1914, Aisne 1914, Messines 1914, Armentières 1914, Ypres 1915, '17, St. Julien, Frezenberg, Bellewaarde, Loos, Somme 1916 '18, Albert 1916 '18, Bazentin, Delville Wood, Pozières, Flers-Courcelette, Morval, Thiepval, Le Transloy, Ancre Heights, Ancre 1916 '18, Bapaume 1917 '18, Arras 1917 '18, Scarpe 1917 '18, Arleux, Pilckem, Langemarck 1917, Menin Road, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Cambrai 1917 '18, St. Quentin, Avre, Villers Bretonneux, Lys, Hazebrouck, Béthune, Amiens, Drocourt-Quéant, Hindenburg Line, Havrincourt, Épéhy, St Quentin Canal, Selle, Sambre, France and Flanders 1914–18, Helles, Landing at Helles, Krithia, Suvla, Landing at Suvla, Scimitar Hill, Gallipoli 1915–16, Rumani, Egypt 1915–17, Gaza, Jaffa, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1917–18
 * Second World War: St. Omer-La Bassée, Tilly sur Seulles, Le Havre, Antwerp-Turnhout Canal, Scheldt, Zetten, Arnhem 1945, North-West Europe 1940 '44-45, Abyssinia 1940, Falluja, Baghdad 1941, Iraq 1941, Palmyra, Syria 1941, Tobruk 1941, Belhamed, Mersa Matruh, Defence of Alamein Line, Deir el Shein, Ruweisat, Ruweisat Ridge, El Alamein, Matmata Hills, Akarit, Enfidaville, Djebel Garci, Tunis, Ragoubet Souissi, North Africa 1941–43, Trigno, Sangro, Villa Grande, Cassino I, Castle Hill, Hangman's Hill, Italy 1943-44, Athens, 1944–45, Kohima, Chindits 1944, Burma 1943–45

Recipients of the Victoria Cross
The following members of the Essex Regiment have been awarded the Victoria Cross according to The Essex Regiment Museum:
 * McDougall, John - ribbon and bar held at Essex Regiment Museum
 * McWheeney, William - medal held at Essex Regiment Museum
 * Newman, Augustus Charles - Ashcroft Collection
 * Parsons, Francis Newton - medal held at Essex Regiment Museum
 * Rogers, Robert Montresor - not publicly held
 * Wearne, Frank Bernard - Ashcroft Collection

Regimental Colonels
Colonels of the regiment were:
 * 1881–1883 (1st Battalion): Gen. Sir Thomas Reed, GCB (ex 44th Foot)
 * 1881–1889 (2nd Battalion): Gen. Henry William Breton (ex 56th Foot)
 * 1883–1896: Gen. Sir Charles William Dunbar Staveley
 * 1896–1897: Gen. Sir Archibald Alison Bt, GCB
 * 1897–1904: Lt-Gen. Hon. John Jocelyn Bourke, CB
 * 1904–1929: Maj-Gen. Francis Ventris, CB
 * 1929–1935: Maj-Gen. John Cartwright Harding-Newman, CB, CMG
 * 1935–1946: Lt-Gen. Sir Geoffrey Weston Howard, KCB, CMG, DSO
 * 1946–1950: Brig. Graham Horace Wilmer, DSO, MC
 * 1950–1958: Brig. Charles Morgan Paton, CVO, CBE
 * 1956: Regiment amalgamated with The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment to form 3rd East Anglian Regiment (16th/44th Foot)

Essex Regiment Chapel
The Essex Regiment Chapel is located in Eagle Way, Warley (51.5991°N, 0.2977°W). The chapel was built in 1857 and is a Grade II listed building. It was originally constructed for the British East India Company, but with the establishment of the Essex Regiment Depot at Warley, the chapel became the regiment's "home" church. The chapel's interior contains displays of regimental history, memorials, heraldry, and old regimental colours. The chapel is open by appointment, and on regimental heritage days.

The chapel is near the Warley (Brentwood) Army Reserve drill hall, which is the headquarters of 124 Petroleum Squadron, part of the Royal Logistic Corps' 151 (London) Transport Regiment.

The site of the old regimental depot and barracks at Warley is now the headquarters of the Ford Motor Company in the UK. Most of the barracks have been demolished and only the chapel, the officer's mess (now the Marillac Nursing Home) and one of the regimental gyms (Keys Hall), remain.

Uniform
The Essex Regiment had inherited a unique facing colour from the 56th Foot: a shade of purple originally described as "deep crimson" and later "Pompadour". From 1881 the standard white facings of English non-royal regiments were in use but the historic purple was readopted in 1902. In other respects the regiment followed the normal progression from red coats, to scarlet tunics, to khaki service dress and battledress, of the British line infantry.

title: Essex Regiment


text:
Kleene fixed-point theorem

In the mathematical areas of order and lattice theory, the Kleene fixed-point theorem, named after American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene, states the following:

 * Kleene Fixed-Point Theorem. Suppose $$(L, \sqsubseteq)$$ is a directed-complete partial order (dcpo) with a least element, and let $$f: L \to L$$ be a Scott-continuous (and therefore monotone) function. Then $$f$$ has a least fixed point, which is the supremum of the ascending Kleene chain of $$f.$$

The ascending Kleene chain of f is the chain

 * $$\bot \sqsubseteq  f(\bot) \sqsubseteq f(f(\bot)) \sqsubseteq \cdots \sqsubseteq f^n(\bot) \sqsubseteq \cdots$$

obtained by iterating f on the least element ⊥ of L. Expressed in a formula, the theorem states that

 * $$\textrm{lfp}(f) = \sup \left(\left\{f^n(\bot) \mid n\in\mathbb{N}\right\}\right)$$

where $$\textrm{lfp}$$ denotes the least fixed point.

Although Tarski's fixed point theorem does not consider how fixed points can be computed by iterating f from some seed (also, it pertains to monotone functions on complete lattices), this result is often attributed to Alfred Tarski who proves it for additive functions. Moreover, Kleene Fixed-Point Theorem can be extended to monotone functions using transfinite iterations.

== Proof ==

We first have to show that the ascending Kleene chain of $$f$$ exists in $$L$$. To show that, we prove the following:

 * Lemma. If $$L$$ is a dcpo with a least element, and $$f: L \to L$$ is Scott-continuous, then $$f^n(\bot) \sqsubseteq f^{n+1}(\bot), n \in \mathbb{N}_0$$

 * Proof. We use induction:
 * Assume n = 0. Then $$f^0(\bot) = \bot \sqsubseteq f^1(\bot),$$ since $$\bot$$ is the least element.
 * Assume n > 0. Then we have to show that $$f^n(\bot) \sqsubseteq f^{n+1}(\bot)$$. By rearranging we get $$f(f^{n-1}(\bot)) \sqsubseteq f(f^n(\bot))$$. By inductive assumption, we know that $$f^{n-1}(\bot) \sqsubseteq f^n(\bot)$$ holds, and because f is monotone (property of Scott-continuous functions), the result holds as well.

As a corollary of the Lemma we have the following directed ω-chain:

 * $$\mathbb{M} = \{ \bot, f(\bot), f(f(\bot)), \ldots\}.$$

From the definition of a dcpo it follows that $$\mathbb{M}$$ has a supremum, call it $$m.$$ What remains now is to show that $$m$$ is the least fixed-point.

First, we show that $$m$$ is a fixed point, i.e. that $$f(m) = m$$. Because $$f$$ is Scott-continuous, $$f(\sup(\mathbb{M})) = \sup(f(\mathbb{M}))$$, that is $$f(m) = \sup(f(\mathbb{M}))$$. Also, since $$\mathbb{M} = f(\mathbb{M})\cup\{\bot\}$$ and because $$\bot$$ has no influence in determining the supremum we have: $$\sup(f(\mathbb{M})) = \sup(\mathbb{M})$$. It follows that $$f(m) = m$$, making $$m$$ a fixed-point of $$f$$.

The proof that $$m$$ is in fact the least fixed point can be done by showing that any element in $$\mathbb{M}$$ is smaller than any fixed-point of $$f$$ (because by property of supremum, if all elements of a set $$D \subseteq L$$ are smaller than an element of $$L$$ then also $$\sup(D)$$ is smaller than that same element of $$L$$). This is done by induction: Assume $$k$$ is some fixed-point of $$f$$. We now prove by induction over $$i$$ that $$\forall i \in \mathbb{N}: f^i(\bot) \sqsubseteq k$$. The base of the induction $$(i = 0)$$ obviously holds: $$f^0(\bot) = \bot \sqsubseteq k,$$ since $$\bot$$ is the least element of $$L$$. As the induction hypothesis, we may assume that $$f^i(\bot) \sqsubseteq k$$. We now do the induction step: From the induction hypothesis and the monotonicity of $$f$$ (again, implied by the Scott-continuity of $$f$$), we may conclude the following: $$f^i(\bot) \sqsubseteq k ~\implies~ f^{i+1}(\bot) \sqsubseteq f(k).$$ Now, by the assumption that $$k$$ is a fixed-point of $$f,$$ we know that $$f(k) = k,$$ and from that we get $$f^{i+1}(\bot) \sqsubseteq k.$$

title: Kleene fixed-point theorem


text:
Death's Head

Death's Head is a fictional comic book character, created by writer Simon Furman and Geoff Senior. Originally published by Marvel UK, he later appeared in comics produced by their parent company. Death's Head is a robotic bounty hunter (though he prefers the term "freelance peace-keeping agent") and superhero. He has a characteristic habit of adding "yes?" to the end of his sentences.

Death's Head first appeared as a supporting character in The Transformers #113 in 1987, before crossing over to other titles, including his own series. In 1992 the character was substantially revised and revived as Death's Head II. The name was revived in 2005 for Death's Head 3.0, written by Furman; while he planned to tie the series into the extant character only hints made it into print. In 2009 the original version was revisited by Kieron Gillen, and has since appeared in numerous Marvel titles.

Creation
Death's Head was originally created as a "throwaway character" for use in the UK Transformers comic; a bounty hunter influenced by Sergio Leone spaghetti westerns to be featured in a single story arc partly to introduce the strip's transition to the future and then, according to writer Simon Furman, "be discarded down the line (probably at the end of the first story arc)". Furman said he chose the name Death's Head for the character while being unaware of the "Nazi-connotations of the name", referring to the Waffen-SS Totenkopf Division, whose name translates to "death's head". The character's first appearance was to be drawn by Geoff Senior; the artist's initial design greatly impressed Furman, who went back and reworked the character's dialogue and role in the scripts. However, as Transformers was a licensed book any characters created for the title became the property of the franchise's owner, Hasbro. To avoid this happening, Furman and Bryan Hitch - then a young artist pitching to Marvel UK - hastily produced an untitled one-page strip featuring the character, often referred to as "High Noon Tex", to ensure the publisher retained the copyright; the strip was subsequently published in a number of Marvel UK titles in 1988, some time after the character had appeared in Transformers.

Guest appearances
Death's Head debuted in Transformers #113, dated 13 May 1987 and written by Furman and drawn by Senior. The character played a major part in a storyline than ran through to #120. Due to the weekly frequency of Transformers, the character was rapidly drawn by several different artists including Will Simpson (who got to portray the mechanoid making an instant impression by destroying the Autobot Bumblebee), Jeff Anderson and Dan Reed. Death's Head swiftly proved popular with readers and returned for two further stories, printed in Transformers #133-134 (with the former featuring a cover rendered by Dave Gibbons) and #146-151. The latter, dated 6 February 1988, saw the character propelled through a 'time portal'.

He emerged in the pages of Doctor Who Magazine #135, in April 1988, meeting the Seventh Doctor. Death's Head had been created to interact with the building-sized Transformers; the device of the Doctor using "one of the Master's Tissue Compression Eliminators" allowed the character to be reduced to the same rough height as a human, allowing better interaction with other Marvel characters. This set Death's Head up for his next appearance, in Dragon's Claws #5 (Nov. 1988).

Death's Head
Dragon's Claws was the first of a planned series of American-format British titles which editor Ian Rimmer hoped to launch. Death's Head was chosen to be the subject of the second series, which launched the month after his appearance in Dragon's Claws. Hitch was assigned to draw the series, and the character's near-destruction battling the Claws allowed the artist to redesign Death's Head. The first seven issues took place in 8162 - the same year as the setting for Dragon's Claws, who guest-starred in Death's Head #2 - and introduced a colourful supporting cast of misfits.

The first issue prompted a letter from Stan Lee, praising the character and creative team; however, not all reception was positive - reviewing Death's Head #1 for Amazing Heroes, Virginia Williams-Pennick was critical of the issue, negatively comparing the storytelling and dark humour to that of Judge Dredd and ABC Warriors and calling the result "bland". From the eighth issue time travel was introduced into the mix, heading to a rematch with the Doctor and a transfer to the present day. This was written by Steve Parkhouse, the first time the character had appeared in a story not penned by Furman.

Subsequent issues saw Death's Head cross paths with the Fantastic Four and the Iron Man of 2020. Hitch meanwhile had struggled to keep to the monthly schedule, leading to a variety of artists working on the series. However, sales were poor; Dragon's Claws had been cancelled after 10 issues in April 1989, and Death's Head would stop when it reached the same number. Furman would later claim that the poor sales were caused British retailers - not used to the US-size dimensions of the book compared to the magazine size of most other British titles - struggling to merchandise it properly.

Instead, in 1990 Death's Head would switch to the anthology Strip, Marvel UK's attempt at a more mature anthology title to match Deadline and Crisis. The story, "The Body in Question", was serialised in Strip #13-20 and told Death's Head's origin while tying up other loose ends from the ongoing series, and featured fully-painted art by Senior. Following the story's completion in the magazine it was collected into an album format, while several issues of the series were collected in a trade paperback called The Life and Times of Death's Head.

American appearances
By this point Death's Head had already been formally introduced to American readers, having paid back the favour for Death's Head #9 by appearing in Fantastic Four #338 (dated March 1990). By this point Furman had also started work for Marvel UK's parent company, initially on Transformers before moving to other titles. These included a fill-in issue of Sensational She-Hulk (#24, dated February 1991), which would see the bounty hunter team up with the Jade Giantess to fight a number of bottom-feeding villains, and an eight-page strip in Marvel Comics Presents #76 (dated May 1991). An appearance in the latter anthology had been mooted since 1989, but failed to happen.

Back in the UK offices, Rimmer still had faith in the character and planned a four-issue Death's Head limited series, to be written by Dan Abnett. However, in April 1991 he was replaced as Marvel UK editor-in-chief by Paul Neary, who was not a fan of the character. Plans to feature the character on trial, facing the death penalty and flashing back to how he'd got there, were scrapped.

Death's Head II
Neary had ambitious plans to radically expand Marvel UK into the lucrative American market. His model involved commissioning British-made American-format comics, which would then be split up and serialised in multiple-feature British magazines while also being exported to the USA as standard comic books, thereby allowing Marvel UK to meet the preferred format for both markets. He felt that the character had "seen his best days" and that the design was outdated; however, it would take time for Neary to commission other works and he instead planned to radically overhaul the mini-series. Based on Neary's sketches, Liam Sharp produced a Predator-influenced design that was selected. The character was named Death's Head II to emphasise the shift from the earlier version; Furman and Senior were removed from the series. Sharp would instead draw it while Dan Abnett devised a storyline where the new body was originally that of a cyborg called Minion which tracked down others and assimilated their minds. Minion was able to destroy Death's Head but his personality was able to wrest control of the powerful body - and as a side effect leaving the character with a more typical heroic personality.

Death's Head II
initially it appeared Neary had picked the perfect time to launch his initiative. The ongoing success of the likes of Alan Moore, Neil Gaiman, Grant Morrison, Alan Davis and Jamie Delano had left the American market highly interested in fresh British creators, while Marvel's Spider-Man #1, X-Force #1 and X-Men #1 had helped to trigger a speculator boom whereby customers would buy multiple copies of new titles, expecting them to become valuable collectors' items at a time when early issues of older comics were fetching huge amounts in high-profile auctions at the likes of Sotheby's. In this climate, Death's Head II #1 (dated March 1992) sold 196,000 copies on export alone; while those for the second dropped to 132,000 this was an expected fall and still impressive numbers. Neary thus commissioned an ongoing Death's Head II series alongside a raft of new titles, including Digitek, Warheads, Motormouth and Killpower and Hell's Angel. Neary sought to model the new books on Marvel's success in the Silver Age of Comic Books; not only were the new titles all linked by the common thread of the shadowy Mys-Tech organisation, but the characters also frequently crossed over into each other's books. They also often featured guest appearances from popular American superheroes; the initial limited series featured the Fantastic Four, as well as a gritty alternate universe version of The Avengers, while the new ongoing launched with an arc featuring the X-Men Blue Team soon after they had starring in the eight-million selling X-Men #1. However, these appearances were rarely reciprocated, and Death's Head II's only foray into American-produced titles at the time was a brief, terminal cameo in an issue of Excalibur. The ongoing Death's Head II initially matched the sales figures of the limited series, and some issues sold their entire first print run. Marvel UK scrambled to produce further material featuring the character. The limited series Battletide pitted Death's Head II in combat with the likes of Killpower, the renamed Dark Angel, Motormouth, Wolverine and Psylocke; sales of around 200,000 an issue ensured a sequel, the imaginatively named Battletide II, would follow in 1993; Death's Head II & the Origin of Die-Cut was a two-issue series introducing Marvel UK's latest character, a bald armoured psycho with a 'pscythe' in place of his left arm; and The Incomplete Death's Head was a 12-issue 'maxi-series' reprinting most of the original Death's Head's post-Transformers, pre-Minion adventures. Neary had to be talked into the latter by editor John Freeman, and featured framing sequences of Death's Head II relating the events to his side-kick Tuck. However, Overkill - the magazine reprinting the material for the British market - struggled to make much of a domestic impact.

Meanwhile Minion's creator, the amoral genius Doctor Evelyn Necker, created two similar cyborg killers, smartly named as Death Wreck and Death Metal, that would have their own adventures and battle Death's Head II in a mini-series called Death³. Marvel UK even showed up at the Lord Mayor's Show in 1993, with staff members dressed as popular superheroes and Death's Head II. However, the oversaturated comics market would collapse dramatically in the summer of 1993. Numerous titles were abruptly cancelled or drastically reorganised. Paul Neary told Comic World that this was a "trimming of fat" to allow Marvel UK to focus its marketing efforts on "our strongest characters" and claimed the canceled projects would see the light of day in 1994. Two titles that did still run were spinoffs of Death's Head II in November, with house ads brashly comparing them to other popular comics as part of a marketing strategy to portray the new Marvel UK as a lean, hungry company that could hold its own against the larger (and implicitly duller) competition. However, the attempt to re-center the line on Death's Head II was unsuccessful; the series was cancelled after #16, which only sold 7,400 copies (at the time even lower-ranking Marvel US titles were selling around 30,000 copies per issue). The continuing crash saw new series Death's Head II Gold cancelled after #1, the completed Loose Cannons (featuring the character prominently) axed before going to print while a partly-finished Death's Head II/Punisher crossover was abandoned

In 1994 Marvel UK stopped publishing in the US market. David Leach, then a Marvel UK editor, was greenlit to write a new reboot on Death's Head II in the mid-90s, which featured only that character and no other ties to the previous series. Leach's title for the series was Death's Head Quorum, and Simon Coleby was slated to be the artist. It was part of a wider reboot of Marvel UK, involving four titles. Leach got the job after telling Paul Neary that the character was boring and joking "we should completely overhaul him, reduce his power, lose the time travel aspect and set it in present-day England", only to find Neary liked the idea. The series would have a powerful entity called the Time Keeper, meant to be watching timelines but had started creating hunting tournaments out of boredom, viciously beating DHII, depowering him, and stranding him in 1990s Earth: the remaining personalities in Death's Head II's databanks form a quorum and force Death's Head to follow their orders or they'll shut down his body. Death's Head would join a secret community underneath London, preyed upon by the hunts organised by the Time Keeper, and finally get revenge on the Time Keeper but decide to stay in London; the first issue would also end with Death's Head's "mask" being broken and showing his "true human face" (Leach apparently believed Death's Head II's face was a mask). However, the comic was wound up before more than #1 could be written, and the details are only known because of a November 2010 interview with Leach. Instead, the company was taken over by Panini Comics, and Neary was sacked.

Creator Furman disliked the revamped character; feeling he "lost his most important aspect; the dark-edged gallows humour. So in and of itself I think it's a very tight, proficient and action-packed comic that really tapped into that early 90s anti-hero vibe. But to me it was never Death's Head. It was another character." In October 1993 he wrote What If (Vol. 2) #54, a tale showing Death's Head surviving Minion's attack and later killing the cyborg, something Furman has said was "deeply satisfying and cathartic".

Death's Head 3.0
In 2005 Marvel ran a poll on their website asking visitors to choose the subject of the relaunched Amazing Fantasy. The choices were between Woodgod, Wundarr the Aquarian, the Texas Twister and Death's Head. The latter went on to claim 49% of the vote, winning easily. Furman stated that he contacted Marvel as soon as he became aware of the poll. Editor Mark Paniccia had already intended to contact Furman to ask him some questions about the character, and their conversation also led to Furman writing the story. While the Minion project is mentioned as the reason for Death's Head being given his name, no other ties to the previous Death's Heads were included. He had originally intended to imply Death's Head 3.0 was the original, in an early form, but Marvel refused.

Revival
For the next few years Death's Head made only fleeting appearances. In 2006, Liam Sharp and Bryan Hitch pitched a Death's Head revival mini-series, originally for Marvel's Ultimate line, which was not greenlit. The details of the pitch are unknown, though the design for "Ultimate Death's Head" (based mainly on DHII) is available online. Sharp's comments on the latter were that the revival was "on the surface a real gung-ho macho nationalistic piece of work—but anybody who knows me would know it wouldn't have stayed that way for long...". In 2008, Abnett and Lanning used Doctor Necker as a member of Project Pegasus while writing the ongoing Nova; Necker was working on a project to develop a cyborg called "Minion". The pair note "This is us just having fun—the Death's Head thread has recently been worked back into the Marvel Universe via Planet Hulk, and we thought we would tie a few loose ends together." Paul Cornell featured Death's Head in a cameo appearance in the final issue of Captain Britain and MI13; he mentioned in an interview that he wrote the splash page due to #15 being the final issue and had no plans before to use Death's Head "because the character isn't actually British".

Instead the original Death's Head returned to the main Marvel Universe in the 2009 mini-series S.W.O.R.D., written by Kieron Gillen. He noted "if you can't bring back a time-traveling dimension-skipper, who can you bring back?" Despite not being required to do so legally, he asked Furman before using the character. Subsequently the character also appeared in the Panini Comics title Marvel Heroes #33-34 (March 2011), and battles The Hulk in "The Brute and the Bounty Hunter," written by Furman with art by Simon Williams. In an interview, Furman observed that the character was still popular because "he'll never change or compromise or grow or repent or agonise like most comic book characters. He's this unchanging, uncompromising rock that other characters bounce off. But you still kind of love him. Weird."

Gillen used the character again in his run on Iron Man, while Andy Lanning used both Death's Head and Death's Head II in Revolutionary War. After a cameo appearance in Infinity Wars: Sleepwalker (October 2018), Death's Head starred in his own four-part miniseries by Tini Howard and Kei Zama beginning July 2019.

Death's Head
Death's Head's mechanoid body had originally been constructed to host the life energy of the techno-mage Lupex, a psychotic who hunted beings for sport and stole their bodies upon killing them. However a woman named Pyra, who wished to steal Lupex's secrets, ultimately decided to use the mechanoid body against him. She gave it a cold, calculating business-like mind but before it could be used against Lupex the body was stolen by an unknown party, enlarged to the size of the Cybertronians, and catapulted through time. Death's Head was used as a pawn by Pyra, while Lupex had begun to hunt Death's Head with the intention of gaining his body. Driven to his mental limits and nearly killed, Death's Head was eventually able to defeat Lupex and, refusing to be anything like his "father", killed him while declaring he "kill[s] only for profit or survival!".

In 2007, Death's Head attempted to claim the bounty Autobot leader Rodimus Prime had placed on missing Decepticon leader Galvatron. After interrogating his lieutenants Cyclonus and Scourge discovered that Galvatron had used a device to travel back to 1987. He used similar technology to follow his quarry to Earth, destroying the Autobot Bumblebee on his arrival, and later battling the Decepticon Soundwave. Having followed, Rodimus attempts to cancel the contract as he plans to do the job himself; as it is both are outmatched and Death's Head loses an arm to the crazed Galvatron. The Decepticons subsequently hired him to kill Rodimus, a job he was happy to take. However the Autobot was eventually able to buy out the contract, and assigned him to destroy Cyclonus and Scourge instead. Tracking the pair led him to the planet Junk, where they all fell under the mental control of Unicron. Death's Head tried to resist the control but was manipulated into killing Shockwave, only to eventually help Rodimus Prime seal Unicron within the Matrix. Finally, prevented from escaping the scene by the explosions wracking the area Death's Head forced himself, Cyclonus, and Scourge through Unicron's time portal, vowing to kill them "another time".

However, he instead collided with the TARDIS in the timestream. After a confrontation with its pilot, the Time Lord known as the Doctor, he found himself shrank and then tricked into travelling to 8162. Arriving in the 'Pool, he ended up battling Greater Britain government agents Dragon's Claws, sustaining heavy damage before having a building fall on him.

Death's Head was recovered by the Chain Gang and rebuilt (with a redesigned body) by one of their members, Spratt. In exchange for this rescue, he confronted Dragon's Claws again on the Chain Gang's behalf, defeating and capturing Scavenger. When the Claws came to recover their missing member, Death's Head defeated Dragon but opted not to kill him, instead walking away and stating that his chronometer was "a minute slow" and his contract had therefore expired. The Chain Gang were arrested and Spratt, who had escaped arrest, opted to join Death's Head.

Death's Head and Spratt then relocated to the Los Angeles Resettlement, where Death's Head once again went into business as a Freelance Peacekeeping Agent. Death's Head was later hired by Dogbolter to capture the Doctor and his TARDIS, which led him to being stuck in the present day, where he confronted the Fantastic Four and was then sent by Reed Richards to the year 2020 - where he met the Iron Man of that era.

Death's Head II
Eventually Death's Head was beheaded and his personality "assimilated" into the mind of the cyborg Minion. Minion was a cyborg created by Doctor Evelyn Necker, a long-term pet project created after years of research which included the Xandarian Worldmind being temporarily uploaded into the Minion program's gestalt matrix. By the year 2020, she was an employee of A.I.M. and the final Minion (as well as its prototype, Death Wreck) was designed to protect the organisation from a psychically predicted threat; it killed and assimilated the minds of multiple targets as preparation.

Death's Head's personality overwhelmed Minion's programming before it could take out its final target - Reed Richards of the Fantastic Four - and they became the gestalt lifeform that called itself Death's Head II. Death's Head II soon met up with Tuck, an artificial human from the pseudo-medieval planet of Lionheart, where humans had outlawed advanced technology and waged war against androids and cyborgs. Neo-Nazi black mage Baron Strucker IV magically combined himself with the original Death's Head's corpse to become the supervillain Charnel, a recurring enemy for Death's Head II and the threat AIM had predicted.

Death's Head II later fought in the Battle of London Bridge, preventing Mys-Tech from sacrificing everyone in Britain to Mephisto. However, when Mys-Tech resurfaced years later he decided to use them to flush out Necker in a time before she meddled in his life, taking an offer from them to capture the hero Captain Britain. To undertake the mission he left Tuck behind in the future, and she hired the original Death's Head to track him. The two incarnations of Death's Head were able to battle Necker and Mys-Tech, though the original was captured. Death's Head II nevertheless helped battle Mys-Tech's second attempt to sacrifice the people of Britain. After the threat was ended, both Death's Heads and Tuck returned to the future.

Alternate versions

 * In the Days of Future Past timeline, Death's Head II was part of Britain's Resistance Coordination Executive. Along with many of the organisation's most powerful members he was destroyed by a Sentinel assault.
 * In an alternative timeline, Death's Head was able to escape Minion, and rebuilt his injured body into a larger, more heavily armed form. Meanwhile, the Minion cyborg went on to kill Reed Richards, only to be possessed by Strucker and become Charnel itself. Evelyn Necker had to hire Death's Head to stop this threat. Using a time machine, Death's Head went back in time to gather the surviving Fantastic Four and several other superheroes, offering them a shot at avenging Reed by ending Charnel — and then let them all get killed softening up Charnel for him. Using his firepower on Charnel and goading him at not using the full potential of his gestalt mind, he got the cyborg to access these scientific minds, knowing this allowed Reed Richards' mind (still fighting within Charnel) to take control of the cyborg's motor functions, allowing him to kill it.
 * Death's Head appears in X-Men '92 to collect a bounty on Lila Cheney and is teleported with the others to a distant planet inhabited by mutant Brood.

Film

 * In the film Planet Hulk, numerous Death's Heads appear on Sakaar as the Red King's personal military.

Video games

 * Death's Head makes a cameo appearance in Strider Hiryu's ending in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3. He is shown helping Strider and the X-Men in a battle against the Reavers.

Board games

 * Death's Head was added to the superhero-featuring board game HeroClix in 2013, after winning a fan poll in 2012.

Toys

 * Death's Head was released as an action figure as part of the Marvel Infinite Series in 2014.
 * Death's Head II made his Marvel Legends debut in the Guardians of the Galaxy Mantis Build a Figure wave released in 2017 to coincide with the release of the second Guardians film.

title: Death's Head


text: Template:Timeline of the Viking Age

title: Template:Timeline of the Viking Age


text:
Akubra

Akubra is an Australian hat manufacturer owned by Tattarang since November 2023. The company is associated with bush hats made of rabbit fur felt with wide brims that are worn in rural Australia. The term "Akubra" is sometimes used to refer to any hat of this kind, however the company manufactures a wide range of hat styles including fedora, homburg, bowler, pork pie, and trilby.

The name is claimed to derive from an Aboriginal (possibly Birpai) word for a head covering.

History
In 1874 Benjamin Dunkerley (1840 - 20 February 1918) who came from a family of cotton weavers and who had experience working as hatter in Stockport, England immigrated to Australia. Once established he sent for his wife Harriet and six children.

In 1876 Dunkerley and David Glenhill established the Kensington Hat Mills in Glenorchy, near Hobart in Tasmania. The business rapidly expanded and was soon employing 30 workers and producing 750 hats per week. However the business was declared bankrupt in 1879. Once the restrictions on his bankruptcy were lifted Dunkerley in 1885 re-established Kensington Hat Mills in partnership with H.J Hull. To improve production Dunkerley invented and registered in 1892 a fur-cutting machine that mechanised the difficult and tedious task of stripping the fur from the skin of rabbits. Realising its potential he travelled to Manchester in England and took out a patent, which after some delay he was granted in August 1893. During the wait he travelled to New York and filed for a US patent and also sent an application back to Victoria, Australia. He was successful, being granted in all three countries. Later in that year of 1893 in partnership with James Dugdale he took out another patent in England, for an invention that improved cones employed in making hat bodies.

Ending his partnership with Hull after a decade working together, Dunkerley relocated to Melbourne in 1895 and when a business slump hit the city he moved in 1900 to Sydney, setting up a hat making factory on Crown Street in Surry Hills.

In 1901 Stephen Keir (14 October 1879 - 11 November 1957), who came from a family of Manchester hat makers immigrated to Australia and after working for another hat maker entered the employ of Dunkerley in 1904 where he became romantically involved with Benjamin's daughter Ada Dunkerley, who also worked in the factory. They married in 1905.

While information is missing on what Dunkerley was calling his business in Melbourne and Sydney, in 1911 Dunkerley Hat Mills Pty Ltd was registered with seven shareholders, 19 employees with Stephen Keir as managing director and Arthur P. Stewart as chairman.

All of the hats that were produced at the factory were sold by Stewart from his store in York Street in Sydney as well as distributing it to other retailers in the city.

On 7 August 1912 Stewart, who, as well as being a shareholder in the company and its chairman, was the distributor and sales agent for the company, registered the name Akubra as trademark 13462. Since then, it has been using Akubra as a brand name.

During World War I the company manufactured slouch hats for the Australian army. Slouch hats made of rabbit fur were found to be more hard wearing than the hats made from previous woollen felt. Since then it has continued supplying slouch hats to the Australian armed forces with an estimated over two million produced by 2016.

In 1919 the company moved from its existing cramped and poorly located factory to new bigger premises at Bourke Street, Sydney.

By the 1920s the company had hundreds of employees. When the Depression struck and the demand for hats collapsed Keir's proposal (democratically endorsed) of a 10 per cent wage cut for all employees avoided any reduction in numbers.

With the outbreak of World War II the business revived as most of the company's production was directed into making slouch hats for the military. Those employees who enlisted had their normal civilian wages preserved by the company to augment their military pay.

In the 1950s, the Akubra Company expanded its range when it won the licence to produce Stetson hats in Australia. In 1972, Mainline Corporation acquired Dunkerley Hat Mills maker of the Aussie Icon Akubra Hats and in 1974 the business was relocated from Sydney to larger premises in Kempsey.

When Stephen Keir retired in 1952 he was succeeded as Managing Director by his eldest son, Herbert. His second son, Stephen Keir II, served as General Manager and succeeded his brother as Managing Director in 1972. His son, Stephen Keir III, became Managing Director in 1980. Following the retirement of Stephen Keir III in 2007, his son Stephen Keir IV became Managing Director.

Akubra was acquired by private investment company Tattarang in November 2023.

Styles
Over 100 different styles, various colours and brim widths are produced in the Akubra hat range. The hats are popularly thought of as being worn by older people in rural Australia however in the 1920s Akubra was known more for making "fashion hats" such as Fedoras. The company sells hats in rural and urban areas. In 2014 it was reported that about 140,000 to 180,000 Akubras are sold every year, including "bucket loads" in Melbourne around Melbourne Cup time.

title: Akubra


text:
Aigars Kalvītis

Aigars Kalvītis (born 27 June 1966) is a Latvian businessman and a former politician who was the Prime Minister of Latvia from 2004 to 2007. Currently he is the president of Latvian Ice Hockey Federation and the Chairman of the Board of Latvian gas company Latvijas Gāze. He is the Chairman of the Council of Latvian telecommunications company Tet.

Education
In 1984 Kalvītis graduated from Riga Secondary School No. 41. In 1992 he graduated from the Latvian University of Agriculture with a bachelor's degree in economics and in 1995 he graduated with a magister degree in economics. In the same year he studied in the University of Wisconsin.

Political activities up to 2004
Kalvītis was one of the founders of People's Party of Latvia in 1997 and was first elected to Saeima, the Latvian parliament, in 1998. He served as the minister of agriculture from 1999 to 2000 and the minister of economics from 2000 to 2002. Kalvītis was reelected to Saeima and became the leader of the parliamentary faction of the People's Party in 2002.

Prime minister
On 2 December 2004, he became the Prime Minister of Latvia. He was the prime minister of Latvia until his resignation on 5 December 2007.

Kalvītis government
Kalvītis at first led a coalition government consisting of his own People's Party, the New Era Party, the Union of Greens and Farmers and the Latvia's First Party. In April 2006, the New Era Party left the government and Kalvītis led a minority coalition government consisting of the other three parties.

His governing coalition retained power in the 7 October 2006 parliamentary election, winning a slight majority of seats and becoming the first government since Latvian independence in 1991 to be re-elected. It consisted of the People's Party, Union of Greens and Farmers, the Latvia First/Latvian Way Party, and For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK. For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK was added after the 2006 elections, and strengthened the coalition's majority to 59 of the 100 seats. Meanwhile, the People's Party became the largest party in Parliament. Kalvītis became its chairman.

Retirement from politics
On 7 November 2007, Kalvītis announced that he would step down as prime minister on 5 December, after encountering widespread opposition to his dismissal of the head of the anti-corruption bureau, Aleksejs Loskutovs, in the previous month. He accordingly met with President Valdis Zatlers on 5 December and announced his resignation, along with that of his government. According to Kalvītis, speaking on television on the same day, this was necessary to "cool down hot heads". Kalvītis remained in office in a caretaker capacity until the appointment of his successor Ivars Godmanis. He decided to leave politics altogether on 1 April 2009, by putting down his member of Saeima mandate.

Business career
From 1992 to 1998, he was a manager and Chairman of the Board of various agriculture related businesses. And after his political career he has been Chairman of the Council of various well-known companies like Tet (2009), Latvijas Balzams (2009–2015), and Chairman of the Board of enterprises like Hockey Club Dinamo Riga (2010–2015), the operator of Latvian LNG infrastructure Conexus Baltic Grid (2017) and Latvijas Gāze (2015). He became the president of the Latvian Ice Hockey Federation in October 2016, to succeed Kirovs Lipmans.

Personal life
His wife is Kristīne Kalvīte. He has three sons Kārlis, Roberts and Rūdolfs.

title: Aigars Kalvītis


text:
William Mesny

General William Mesny (1842 – 11 December 1919) was an adventurer and writer born on the island of Jersey but spent most of his childhood in Alderney, the family home of the Mesnys. He was the eldest of three children of William Mesny and Mary Rachel Nicolle.

Biography
Mesny left home at the age of twelve to sail the oceans until finally, after visiting India and Australia, he settled in a turbulent China in 1860. He served with two of the provincial armies of the Qing dynasty imperial military as a mercenary or, in modern parlance, a foreign adviser.

He spent 59 years in China. He became a Major-General in the Imperial army in 1873 when he was only 30, suggesting that his services were greatly valued by the Chinese. He was also made a "Knight Ying of the Order of the Pa-tu-lu", the Chinese equivalent of the French Legion d'honneur. In 1890 he was awarded the decoration of the Pao Hsing (the Star of China).

He always retained British citizenship and was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Horticultural Society, and of the Imperial Institute. At one time he was the senior adviser to the Commander-in-Chief of the Chinese armed forces and was given the title of Brevet Lieutenant-General, Chinese Army.

He visited almost every part of China, including Sinkiang. He also visited Tonking (now northern Vietnam) and accompanied Captain William Gill on his expedition in 1877 from Chengdu to Burma via Litang, Batang, Dali, along the Tibetan borderlands to Bhamo. He was a plant collector and sent specimens back to the British Consul in Canton, Dr. Henry Fletcher Hance, a famous botanist. One species, Jasminum mesnyi, was named after him.

Works
He wrote an informative history of "Tungking" – now northern Vietnam, which also includes details of the Black Flag Army, a pro-Chinese militia then fighting the French occupation.

In his later life he periodically produced a sort of weekly newspaper or journal in Shanghai called Mesny's Chinese Miscellany. Publication of Mesny's Chinese Miscellany began in September 1895, and continued through 1896, was revived briefly in 1899 and again in 1905. It was composed of his reminiscences of his life and adventures, snippets of recent news, and thousands of brief articles and notes on a very wide variety of topics relating to China. Mesny also strongly promoted railways and other methods of "modernizing" China.

 * Mesny's Chinese Miscellany (1897)
 * Mesny's Chinese Miscellany (1905)

Memory
A set of six stamps was issued in Jersey in 1992, on the 150th anniversary of his birth, showing Mesny in various roles in China. They comprise two stamps of 16p denomination: one showing him in 'Shanghai 1860', and the other 'Running the Taiping blockade 1862'; two stamps of 22p: as 'General Mesny, River Gate 1874', and 'Mesny accompanies William Gill to Burma in 1877'; and two of 32p: 'Mesny advises Governor Chang 1882', and 'Mesny, Mandarin First Class 1886'.

title: William Mesny


text:
Gmina Poświętne, Podlaskie Voivodeship

Gmina Poświętne is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Poświętne, which lies approximately 32 km south-west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 114.33 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 3,761.

Villages
Gmina Poświętne contains the villages and settlements of Bielsk Podlaski, Brzozowo Stare, Brzozowo-Antonie, Brzozowo-Chabdy, Brzozowo-Chrzczonki, Brzozowo-Chrzczony, Brzozowo-Korabie, Brzozowo-Muzyły, Brzozowo-Panki, Brzozowo-Solniki, Chomizna, Dzierżki, Dzierżki-Ząbki, Gabrysin, Gołębie, Grochy, Józefin, Kamińskie Jaski, Kamińskie Ocioski, Kamińskie Pliszki, Kamińskie Wiktory, Kuran, Liza Nowa, Liza Stara, Łukawica, Marynki, Ostrów, Pietkowo, Pietkowo Drugie, Porośl-Głuchy, Porośl-Wojsławy, Stoczek, Turek, Wilkowo Nowe, Wilkowo Stare, Wołkuny, Zdrody Nowe and Zdrody Stare.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Poświętne is bordered by the gminy of Brańsk, Łapy, Nowe Piekuty, Sokoły, Suraż and Wyszki.

title: Gmina Poświętne, Podlaskie Voivodeship


text:
Gmina Suraż

Gmina Suraż is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Suraż, which lies approximately 23 km south-west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 76.6 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 2,038 (out of which the population of Suraż amounts to 982, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 1,056).

Villages
Apart from the town of Suraż, Gmina Suraż contains the villages and settlements of Doktorce, Końcowizna, Kowale, Lesznia, Ostasze, Ostrów, Rynki, Średzińskie, Zawyki, Zawyki-Ferma, Zimnochy-Susły and Zimnochy-Świechy.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Suraż is bordered by the gminas of Juchnowiec Kościelny, Łapy, Poświętne, Turośń Kościelna and Wyszki.

title: Gmina Suraż


text: User talk:208.39.151.150

title: User talk:208.39.151.150