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Oliver Mtukudzi

Oliver "Tuku" Mtukudzi (22 September 1952 – 23 January 2019) was a Zimbabwean musician, businessman, philanthropist, human rights activist and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for Southern Africa Region.

Career
Mtukudzi grew up in Highfield, a poor neighborhood in Salisbury (modern-day Harare) in Southern Rhodesia. He began performing in 1977 when he joined the Wagon Wheels, a band that also featured Thomas Mapfumo and fellow guitarist James Chimombe. They were given the rare opportunity by Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo, an African nationalist and music promotor, who provided money and resources to the group. He allowed them to perform at Club Mutanga (Pungwe) which, at the time, was the only night club available for blacks under Rhodesia's policy of segregation. Their single Dzandimomotera went gold and Tuku's first album followed, which was also a major success. Mtukudzi was also a contributor to Mahube, Southern Africa's "supergroup".

With his husky voice, Mtukudzi became the most recognised voice to emerge from Zimbabwe and onto the international scene and he earned a devoted following across Africa and beyond. A member of Zimbabwe's KoreKore group, with Nzou Samanyanga as his totem, he sang in the nation's dominant Shona language along with Ndebele and English. He also incorporated elements of different musical traditions, giving his music a distinctive style, known to fans as Tuku Music.

Mtukudzi had a number of tours around the world. He was on several tours in the UK, US and Canada to perform for large audiences. In 2017 Mtukudzi entertained guests at the wedding of Zimbabwean businessman Wicknell Chivayo.

Social commentary
Prior to the independence of Zimbabwe, Mtukudzi's music depicted the struggles under Rhodesian white minority rule. In subsequent years following Zimbabwean independence, his music has advocated for tolerance and peace and has frequently portrayed the struggles of women and children.

Personal life and death
Mtukudzi was the father of five children and had three grandchildren. His son Sam Mtukudzi, a successful musician in his own right, died in a car accident in March 2010. In 2013, Mtukudzi released an album titled "Sarawoga", in tribute to his son. His daughter Selmor is also a musician and works with UNICEF.

On 23 January 2019, Mtukudzi died at the age of 66 at Avenues Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe after a long battle with diabetes mellitus.

Discography

 * 1978 Ndipeiwo Zano (re-released 2000)
 * 1979 Chokwadi Chichabuda
 * 1979 Muroi Ndiani?
 * 1980 Africa (re-released 2000)
 * 1981 Shanje
 * 1981 Pfambi
 * 1982 Maungira
 * 1982 Please Ndapota
 * 1983 Nzara
 * 1983 Oliver's Greatest Hits
 * 1984 Hwema Handirase
 * 1985 Mhaka
 * 1986 Gona
 * 1986 Zvauya Sei?
 * 1987 Wawona
 * 1988 Nyanga Nyanga
 * 1988 Strange, Isn't It?
 * 1988 Sugar Pie
 * 1989 Grandpa Story
 * 1990 Chikonzi
 * 1990 Pss Pss Hallo!
 * 1990 Shoko
 * 1991 Mutorwa
 * 1992 Rombe
 * 1992 Rumbidzai Jehova
 * 1992 Neria soundtrack
 * 1993 Son of Africa
 * 1994 Ziwere MuKobenhavn
 * 1995 Was My Child
 * 1996 Svovi yangu
 * 1995 The Other Side: Live in Switzerland
 * 1995 Ivai Navo
 * 1997 Ndega Zvangu (re-released 2001)
 * 1997 Chinhambwe
 * 1998 Dzangu Dziye
 * 1999 Tuku Music
 * 2000 Paivepo
 * 2001 Neria
 * 2001 Bvuma ("Tolerance")
 * 2002 Shanda soundtrack
 * 2002 Vhunze Moto
 * 2003 Shanda  (Alula Records)
 * 2003 Tsivo ("Revenge")
 * 2004 Greatest Hits Tuku Years
 * 2004 Mtukudzi Collection 1991–1997
 * 2004 Mtukudzi Collection 1984–1991
 * 2005 Nhava
 * 2006 Wonai
 * 2007 Tsimba Itsoka
 * 2008 Dairai (Believe)
 * 2010 Rudaviro
 * 2010 Kutsi Kwemoyo (compilation)
 * 2011 Rudaviro
 * 2011 Abi'angu ("Duets of My Time")
 * 2012 Sarawoga — Sarawoga laments the losses that the legend has had to endure in his life, not least the loss of life. Thus he has been left 'alone' in a sense, hence the title Sarawoga (left alone).
 * 2014 Mukombe Wemvura
 * 2016 God Bless You – The Gospel Collection
 * 2016 Eheka! Nhai Yahwe
 * 2018 hany'a ("Concern")

Contributing artist

 * 1) 1996 The Rough Guide to the Music of Zimbabwe (World Music Network)
 * 2) 1999 Unwired: Acoustic Music from Around the World (World Music Network)
 * 3) 2000 Unwired: Africa (World Music Network)

Filmography

 * Jit (dir. Michael Raeburn, 1990)
 * Neria (dir. Goodwin Mawuru, written by Tsitsi Dangarembga, 1993). Mtukudzi starred in the movie and made the soundtrack.
 * Shanda (dir. John and Louise Riber, 2002, rev. 2004)
 * Sarawoga, 2009, was written by Elias C. Machemedze, directed by Watson Chidzomba and produced by Oliver Mtukudzi, who also did the soundtrack for the film.
 * 2012 Nzou NeMhuru Mudanga DVD, the live recording of a show, a theatrical performance which Tuku had with his son just weeks before his death.
 * A new Neria 21 film was premiered by Rawsoot Studios in 2021 and later public release in March 2024 on YouTube. The new release was dedicated to the late musician Oliver Mtukudzi.

Awards

 * An honorary degree from the University of Zimbabwe in December 2003
 * M-Net Best Soundtrack Award in 1992, for Neria
 * Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters (DHL) from The Institute of Philanthropy in July 2014
 * Best Southern African Male Artist and the Lifetime Achievement Award KORA Music Awards 2003

title: Oliver Mtukudzi


text:
Category:Zimbabwean musicians

Musicians from the country of Zimbabwe.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Zimbabwean musicians


text:
Talk:Montecito, California

Comment
Michael Jackson does not live in Montecito. He lives in Santa Ynez, which is 30 miles north of Montecito on the other side of Santa Barbara county.

 * Yup, I think if he lived here I'd know it. Thanks for pointing it out.  I  took his name out. Antandrus 06:12, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

- Incorperated City? --- No, Montecito is not an incorperated city, but it is an unincorperated area near SB.

Tipper but not Al?
The list of notable residents includes Tipper Gore, but the news article cited says Al Gore. Geoffrey.landis (talk) 02:20, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

 * They separated in 2010; Tipper lives here (I think) (e.g. ) while Al lives elsewhere, probably Tennessee. Antandrus (talk) 02:41, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

The current incarnation of this article reads like a promotional pamphlet from a Montecito PR board. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.181.135.135 (talk) 18:25, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

 * What part in particular do you object to? Antandrus (talk) 19:03, 22 December 2012 (UTC)

Addition to the list
I'm out of practice in editing. Could someone read this article about the birthday party coming on May 6? https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/meghan-markle-planning-low-key-birthday-party-archie-socal-harry-attends-coronation "While Prince Harry and the rest of the world watch the pomp and circumstance of King Charles III at his coronation at Westminster Abbey, Meghan Markle will be at home with their two young children giving Prince Archie a "low-key" birthday party on May 6, according to a report. [Report?]  "It's going to be a low-key  party at home," a source told People magazine this week.  Harry and Meghan settled in Montecito, California, after they stepped down as senior royals in 2020.  [Repeat: AFTER THEY STEPPED DOWN AS ROYALS IN 2020.  That would be THREE years ago.]  The source continued, "They have friends around them [Tom Cruise?] and Meghan's mom...." -- Charles Edwin Shipp   ...  Charles Edwin Shipp
 * If no one in UK or in Montecito wants to add them, I'm using old editing style now and can easily add them within the next few days. -- C.E.Shipp --  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:8001:B040:94:902A:3A6:59B9:CA66 (talk) 02:11, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Coronation day is tomorrow and Megyn Markle is still in Montecito. -- C.E.Shipp -- Charles Edwin Shipp

Apology for my oversight. Harry & Meghan were already in. Charles Edwin Shipp

title: Talk:Montecito, California


text: User talk:68.234.22.142

title: User talk:68.234.22.142


text:
Tuku

Tuku may refer to:

People

 * Oliver Mtukudzi (1952–2019), Zimbabwean musician
 * Shamsul Hoque Tuku (born 1948), Bangladeshi politician
 * Tuku Morgan (born 1957), New Zealand politician

Places

 * Tuku, Yunlin, a township in Taiwan
 * Tuku Nature Reserve, New Zealand
 * Tuco (mountain), in Peru
 * Tuku Wachanan

Other uses

 * Tuku dialect of the Sakata language
 * Turku, a city in Finland, written as 土庫 for Chinese Mandarin in Taiwan

title: Tuku


text:
Moshe Rosen

Moshe Rosen may refer to:

 * Moses Rosen (1912–1994), Chief Rabbi of Romanian Jewry
 * Moishe Rosen (1932–2010), founder of the organization Jews for Jesus
 * Moshe Rosen (Nezer HaKodesh), (1870 – 12 October 1957), author of Nezer HaKodesh

title: Moshe Rosen


text:
Newell Sanders

Newell Sanders (July 12, 1850 – January 26, 1939) was a Chattanooga businessman who served for a relatively brief time as a United States Senator from Tennessee.

Life and career
Sanders was born in Owen County, Indiana, the son of Miriam (Coffey) and John Sanders. He attended Indiana University Bloomington, where he was graduated in 1873 and operated a bookstore until 1877. During that year, he moved to Chattanooga and became involved in the manufacturing of farm implements. He served on the board of education 1881 –  1882 and as an alderman 1882  –  1886. He also served on the board of directors of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway.

When Democratic U.S. Senator Robert Love Taylor died in office, Tennessee Governor Ben W. Hooper, a Republican, appointed Sanders to the vacancy. Sanders was sworn in in April 1911 and served until February 1913 when the Tennessee General Assembly elected educator William R. Webb, a Democrat, to succeed him, the process called for in the United States Constitution until the Seventeenth Amendment was ratified later in the decade. During his somewhat abbreviated service, Sanders nonetheless served as chair of the Senate Committee on National Banks. Sanders was the last Republican to serve as U.S. Senator from Tennessee until the election of Howard H. Baker, Jr. over five decades later. He was, furthermore, the last Republican U.S. Senator from a former Confederate state prior to the election of John Tower of Texas in 1961 (a gap of 48 years).

After his service in the Senate, Sanders returned to his manufacturing interests until his retirement in 1927. In 1922 he ran for popular election to the United States Senate, and received 32 percent of the vote against Democratic incumbent Kenneth McKellar. Sanders died at his home in Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, and was buried in Chattanooga's Forest Hills Cemetery.

title: Newell Sanders


text:
Talk:Seal (emblem)

Seal History
Someone with a more solid historical grounding in contract law than I have should probably add a section on how seals acted as a substitute for consideration. It is my understanding that a seal on a document would previously substitute for consideration, and thus create an enforceable promise without there having to be any bargain for that promise. I have also been told that consideration is, itself, a replacement for the seal.

If anyone knows more about the history, please add it. I discovered that this article even existed here in a search for a clear answer. Thanks. Ari 06:14, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The NSA seal page includes the following text:

"This image shows a seal. The use of such symbols is restricted in many countries. These restrictions are independent of the copyright status of the depiction shown here."

I came to this page expecting to find information on such restrictions, but didn't find anything

--Tom W.M. 07:33, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Request For Administrator Decision on Reinsertion of My External Link
In my former "Seals (device)" link Not All Online Authority Seals are Credible that used to be in the "Metaphorical Use" section where the "Good Housekeeping Seal" is noted (maybe that was the wrong sub-section?), my now deleted link has a link within to Ben Edleman's "Certifications and Site Trustworthiness" which says: "Some sites that are widely regarded as extremely trustworthy present such seals. But those same seals feature prominently on sites that seek to scam users -- whether through spyware infections, spam, or other unsavory practices." Ben's "Adverse Selection in Online "Trust" Certificates" has many valid points." I guess I was hoping that my utilization of Ben's reliable source, "significant reputation" ( http://www.benedelman.org/media/ ) by linking to him would be enough "authority" to have my post allowed. I feel this online consumer protection information adds substantive value to Wikipedia and it can not be found anywhere else on the page.

But, if I can't put a link to my blog post there, can I at least put an external link to Ben Edelman's Harvard document? Thank you. Brokerblogger 21:37, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Quoting notable sources on your site doesn't automatically make your site notable or an authority. Given Edleman's credentials, I doubt anyone would object to a direct link to his site. OhNo itsJamie Talk 21:52, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Deleting the following
"The Koreans invented both paper and the printing press centuries before they were invented again in Europe."

because, according to corresponding wikipedia entries, the Koreans didn't invent paper and print press. 68.145.105.91 07:47, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

'Bearing arms'?
I deleated this phrase from the 'signet ring' section because it didn't seem to make any sense:

However, there has been a trend to assume arms in the British isles given the recent surge of popularity in genealogy, and so many wearers are actually not entitled to bear arms legally.

If anyone understands it and wants to rephrase it that would be good.

Tkos 23:21, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Phonetics
Could somebody please add how the word "signet" is pronounced? It would be most helpful. 14:08, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

bulla and lead
Bulla has no connection to the Latin for lead, which is plumbum, of course. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Karel D'huyvetters (talk • contribs) 13:18, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Faux Wax
In recent years there has been a welcome addition of faux wax this was created by wax-works for high speed production of wax seals used as embellishments. The original faux wax was created using a blend of Scottish wax and silicon bases. This new wax is now made by extrusion and can be heated using a low temperature glue gun.

Recent move
Since someone recently decided to move this article without any discussion, I think we should discuss the most appropriate name for the article. The editor who moved it most likely did so because s/he felt that seal more often refers to the (usually) wax impression than the metal device that makes the impression. I would suggest that if Seal (device) insufficiently covers the topic, then so does Seal (impression), if not more so. If I had to come up with a better suggestion, I would say Seal (heraldry) indicates the context of the word without tying itself up in this sort of chicken-or-egg question. But I am open to other suggestions. Any thoughts, anyone? Wilhelm_meis (talk) 03:50, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Seal (heraldry) does not strike me as a good choice, because most seal impressions in modern times are made by government officials or ordinary private persons from eastern Asia (the latter group uses chops). I don't think members of either of these groups would think there is any connection between the impressions they make and heraldry. --Jc3s5h (talk) 04:02, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The seal is viewed by many heraldic authorities as the original heraldic device, and the medieval coat of arms its direct descendant. Whether those who use them nowadays realize it or not is irrelevant to the fact that modern seals used by government authorities are classically heraldic in both their form and function (and usually in their appearance as well).  The Asian seals used today also tie directly to the Asian forms of heraldry used in feudal times (see Category:Japanese heraldry for some of these forms).  The connection to heraldry is so strong, I doubt anyone could successfully argue that seals are unheraldic.  Be that as it may, I am honestly open to any better suggestions. Wilhelm_meis (talk) 04:21, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Mr. meis's argument should not apply to the title of an article. After a reader locates an article by reading the title, we can then educate the reader about the heraldic origin of seals, but if the reader never finds the article, he/she will not be educated. --Jc3s5h (talk) 17:38, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

 * And we have yet to see any other suggestions. WP:IDONTLIKEIT is not a sufficient argument.  If seals are essentially heraldic in their nature, origin, and use, it doesn't matter if *someone* doesn't know it.  Someone who knows absolutely nothing about heraldry may have just as much difficulty finding Lion (heraldry), Eagle (heraldry), Crown (heraldry), Star (heraldry), and Escutcheon (heraldry), but that doesn't mean these should all be renamed. Wilhelm_meis (talk) 23:05, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

 * The heraldic lion, eagle, etc., appear as they do because of their heraldic origin. Seals are made in the manner they are largely because making a die or rubber stamp is perceived as being a bit difficult and thus documents containing the impressions from dies or rubber stamps are perceived as being a bit more reliable than other documents. So modern seals are associated in the mind of modern readers more with document security than heraldry. --Jc3s5h (talk) 02:40, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

It occurred to me that "Seal (heraldry)" has enough going for it to at least be a redirect to this article, so I have created the redirect. --Jc3s5h (talk) 02:46, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Should we consider Seal (documents) or Seal (authentication) something like that? I would avoid Seal (security) because it sounds more like the plastic or metal seals stamped with a serial number that are used on government and other locks for tampering evidence. Wilhelm_meis (talk) 03:21, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Better yet, how about Seal (sigil)? Wilhelm_meis (talk) 03:56, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Seal (emblem)? —Tamfang (talk) 04:47, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Seal (symbol)? Wilhelm_meis (talk) 11:09, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Seal (device) would be my favorite, except that we'd have to disambiguate device. —Tamfang (talk) 01:01, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I can't see Seal (heraldry) working. I think (emblem) might be the best, but not perfect. (authentication) is a close second in my mind. I didn't really mind (device) or (impression) since I think that there's not going to be a perfect solution here. I think the best option might simply to be to go with one regardlesss of imperfection, and then work hard for a few mintues to make sure hatnotes, redirects etc. are set up correctly. You're more than welcome to buzz me if you need an admin, although obviously CSD exist for this purpose. - Jarry1250 [ humorous – discuss ] 11:55, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't Seal (sigillography) be better than Seal (heraldry)? — Kpalion(talk) 15:21, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * "Sigillography" is such an obscure word that it is not listed in the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.). I think that makes it unacceptable as part of an article title. The article Sigillography is of necessity given that title; I sure hope there are suitable redirects and wikilinks from related articles. --Jc3s5h (talk) 16:23, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, "sigillography" is a bit off-center for an article title. At this point, I'm leaning toward Seal (emblem) or Seal (authentication). It seems to me that emblem is more an indication of form and authentication more an indication of function.  I think Seal (emblem) is elegant in its simplicity and disambiguity.  I think (emblem) works pretty well as a disambiguator in this instance.  What do you guys think? Wilhelm_meis (talk) 02:00, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I like emblem better than authentication because the types of seals put on electric meters and water meters to prevent tampering could fall under the latter. --Jc3s5h (talk) 03:30, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * These seals differ from this one only by function, but not by idea. And not especially by function, too: it also server to preserve the authenticity ("prevent tampering", as you say). Timurite (talk) 04:17, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Note to ALL I added the preview on the seal category: Category:Seals, noting that the "Seal" is the 'picture'. The seal DEVICE is not needed today, since a "Seal"-picture, can be made on a PC, the Computer.  ....So it is NOT surprising to me that somebody "changed the name". The first seals were "Impression seals", (in pottery, clay, etc, (Mesopotamian balls?) the most common then became the "Cylinder seal", unless they were first. They might have been first, since the story presented, depended on the size of the seal, and its intricateness. I don't care what name is appropriate, but seal (device) is GONE, and wax is only a late development in Human History. The first were clay, and pots. (Or Stone seals, engraved, inscriptions; It now dawns on me that all the cartouches of the Pharaohs are actually a form of the Seal (impression), or Seal (emblem).) I personally am "Charmed" by the Luwian hieroglyphs "King seals. Those are the ones I would personally like to see an article on.   (From 111-114-(July26-2009)Degree, (northwest SonoranDesert ArizonaUSA)... --Mmcannis (talk) 05:33, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry Mmcannis, but you are mistaken about the device not being needed today due to PCs. Just one example: Florida land surveyors are required to use "an impression-type metal seal" for paper and Mylar documents. Surveyors are allowed to use a registered electronic seal when documents are transmitted electronically.http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0472/SEC025.HTM&Title=->2004->Ch0472->Section%20025#0472.025

 * As an additional example, look at any state's requirements for obtaining a driver's license or ID card. You will most likely find that one of the documents accepted for proof of age and lawful presence in the United States is a government-issued birth certificate with a raised seal. --Jc3s5h (talk) 12:33, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Obviously correct. I was just explaining what I helped cause to happen by adding the info to the Seal Category. Its (the seal) origins may have been for authentication, or ownership, but as Cylinder seals, or for example Minoan Seals, they immediately became used sociologically, and iconographically. ...They became a means for personal, and societal expression. (And thank goodness). The [seal (devices)] could still be a good article; In fact the original un-Renamed article has all the type references.  But they are all "Modern", post 1000 BC; and like I suggest, even the cartouche of the pharaoh is a form of "seal (impression/emblem/authentication)".  The issue is obviously very complex since the "seal" can now be made graphically in mind space on a computer. As for "heraldy" and "wax" they are all post-origins of the seal, and probably could/should have separate developed articles. (This "Integration/Differentiation", and MERGE stuff can get out of hand.) The complexity of the "Seal" shows the huge topic this really is. (I recenty 'Had' to get a new drivers license,) (and don't forget the hologram, or microchip-type seals....  (comments from HotArizonaUSA)..Mmcannis (talk) 15:03, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was page moved. —harej (talk) (cool!) 00:34, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Seal (impression) → Seal (emblem) — This page was moved without discussion, and subsequent discussion points toward a consensus to move to Seal (emblem). - Wilhelm_meis (talk) 05:44, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support as nom. As I said above, I think (emblem) pretty well covers the topic without becoming too obscure to be a fitting article name disambiguator.  I also think it's a better fit than (device) or (impression). Wilhelm_meis (talk) 05:49, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. The word "emblem" alludes to both the die and the impression. This is an improvement over "impression" which ignores the die. "Seal (impression)" should become a redirect to "Seal (emblem)". --Jc3s5h (talk) 14:25, 23 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. The present title makes me think of a comedian doing an impression of a marine mammal. The proposed title is clearer and, apparently, more correct as well. Jafeluv (talk) 11:07, 24 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. The proposed title is better than the current one for reasons given by Jc3s5h. — Kpalion(talk) 10:15, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose. After looking into the dictionary.com, I see that a general word would be "symbol", not "emblem". Therefore I suggest the move to seal (symbol). Timurite (talk) 04:06, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * My reason for the move was because the old title, Seal (device), was not specific enough: Seal (mechanical) is a devise (and a poor title, BTW, too).  I fail to see why "emblem" covers the die while "impression" not. As for the move without discussion, last time I edited, this was a wiki, isn't it? If you are not happy, just put forth your opinion, no need to point fingers, as if I did something outrageous. Timurite (talk) 03:59, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Dictionary.com can be useful as a quick reference, but it is not the most reliable source and certainly has little bearing on this discussion. As to 'putting forth our opinions', that is precisely what has been done.  You don't have to get defensive just because some other editors thought the move was hasty.  We could have requested that it be moved back, but we didn't.  I don't disagree that it should have been moved, just where it got moved to.  Do you have a specific reason for objecting to Seal (emblem)?  I don't see how Seal (symbol) works any better than Seal (emblem).  An emblem (coming from Middle English, from Latin emblēma, inlaid or mosaic work) is a design that is representative of someone or something, whereas a symbol (coming from Middle English, from Latin symbolum, from Greek sýmbolon, sign) is a sign (which may be visual, written, or immaterial) representing something else.  A symbol need not be an emblem, just anything - anything - that represents something else.  I think symbol is too broad a disambiguator. Wilhelm_meis (talk) 08:16, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Comment. I've removed the parallel move requests below. If you have an opinion on what the article's title should be, this section is the place to discuss it. Jafeluv (talk) 11:02, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Multiple-choice survey
I suggest to repeat a survey, with multiple-choice, rather than binary, poll:

 * 1) - emblem (title: seal (emblem))
 * 2) - symbol (title: seal (symbol))
 * 3) - authentication (title:seal (authentication))
 * My choices: #3 authentication - first choice, #2 (symbol) - second choice. Timurite (talk) 23:28, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

Discussion 2
Recapitulating my position from talk above and from disrespectful deletion of my other comments under formal pretext: I don't think that "emblem" is universal enough to correctly cover the subject. After looking into the dictionary.com, I see that a general word would be "symbol", not "emblem". Therefore I suggest the move to seal (symbol). Still better title is Seal (authentification). All seals discussed in this article have the same purpose: authentification of the authorship/ownership/correctness/vlidity. Unlike other suggestions, this one does not give an impression of restriction to result (impression) or tool (die): it addresses the most distinctive trait:the ultimate purpose. Timurite (talk) 23:28, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for removing your comments. I didn't mean any disrespect by it, I was just trying to keep the discussion in one place. I really should have moved your comments to the discussion section instead of removing them, though. Jafeluv (talk) 23:43, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

"Criollo" signet point of order
From the "Signet rings" section: "In Latin America, it is also traditional for the descendants of the old criollo aristocratic families to wear signet rings in the Spanish tradition. [Italics mine]" There needs to be a credible citation for this claim, as I can certainly attest that this is not a common usage and has not been since my grandfather's time (he was born in 1847).75.21.111.206 (talk) 08:31, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Deleted it as challenged and uncited content. me_and 13:46, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

Seal (authentication and device)
I am kind-of surprised that the first introduction section DOES NOT explain, that we are talking about:

1.--The Seal (device), and

2.--The Seal (authentication); the resultant Picture, the "Seal" is the sanctioned Authentication

The Seal-(device) is simply the means that was used to make the Authentication. And, however, not all seals were just for authentication. The first cylinder seals were probably also an art form... (there are even wonderful examples of picasso-esque styles, throughout all timeperiods, even back into the 3rd and 4th millennium BC).

So, why not choose a name that attempts to explain the dual usage?..... Seal (authentication and device)

The Seal (emblem) NAME, shows the King-ly, or state-sponsorship Usage, starting probably in the 3rd millennium BC., post cylinder seals, and impression seals; (even the Ancient Egypt cartouche should be discussed as the usage, of the Seal (emblem)).) --Mmcannis (talk) 16:24, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't really understand the previous post, nor what specifically what the complain is with the current lead. In any case, I oppose changing the name because authentication is not the right word. Authentication refers to the act that someone performed in which the person decided that a document was authentic and created permanent visual evidence of the authentication, such as signing the document and/or creating a seal impression on the document. Jc3s5h (talk) 16:58, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

(RESTATEMENT)--The Seal (device), which at one time was an article, redirects here, to Seal (emblem).... and it is partially why all the cartouches of the pharaohs, (or other users of a cartouche), are also historically, a "seal (emblem)", and an 'authentication', (at least of timeperiod, if not official usage). The items in this aricle, are mostly "authentications"-(i.e. Ownerships---(please understand, that a Letter, with a wax seal is Ownership, (the Egyptians did it with clay seals back into the 3rd mill BC-or 2nd-(King Tutankhamun's tomb DOOR-1 Room))), through long timeperiods, for many levels in society; that is why the first INTRODUCTION, section should explain the A. Emblem (the symbol, of the owner, (and HIS/HER authorship)), and B. the authentication-USAGE for the EMBLEM... postage stamps for some countries state "Postage and Revenue", as (being) for the same use as "authorization", (of a TAX,....for: govt, state, town, agency, etc.), or just stamp postage (I do realize the complexity of the subject of "Seal (emblem), it started possibly, with the clay tokens of Mesopotamia, or the Mohenjo-Daro script-pieces. (I just searched the Seal (emblem) article; cylinder seals are referenced, but the origin of the first stamp seals are not.)Mmcannis (talk) 03:30, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I just looked at Emblem and Category:Symbols. So, I think the name is better than what I thought. But the whole article is about devices. I assume there could be a good list put in some place... (Minoan seal-stones would be someplace in the list-?) (the alternative article name could be: Seal (emblem & device), and I see that Seal (insignia) is what can be produced by these "seal (emblem)" devicesMmcannis (talk) 04:13, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I think some of your terminology is inappropriate for this article. A seal impression may indicate purely authentication, as in those states that allow a notary to sign and seal a document without adding any notarial certificate. It may inicate agreement with the terms of a document, as in the private seal impression of a person on a land deed. A seal impression may indicate, loosely, "ownership" of the ideas expressed in a document, but does not necessarily indicate ownership of the physical document. For example, Mmcannis could probably go into an antique shop and become the physical owner of a sealed document that he/she has no relationship to at all, except for physical ownership. Jc3s5h (talk) 13:49, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * This is just quibbling. The lead clearly is inadequate & poorly-written, though the rest of the article seems a reasonable start. Johnbod (talk) 16:52, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Security
I am interested to know about security and legal considerations for seals, i.e. how difficult they are to "forge", extent of verification procedures actually used, laws regarding use of someone else's seal, joint use of a seal, verification in court, etc. In particular, I'm interested in a comparison with signatures (pros/cons). Ken6en (talk) 02:28, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Most Western tradition seals made in wax?
I have requested a quotation] because while Jenkinson might say that impressions in wax are the most common, I doubt the context of that statement indicates the claim applies to modern Western seals. Also, there are a wide variety of emblems impressed on media in the modern world that might or might not be considered seals. I suspect that the most common Western seals are made with ink on paper, and the next most common are embossed on paper. Of course, the sheer volume of modern commerce probably causes whatever is considered a seal in the modern Western context to vastly outnumber all pre-modern seal impressions. Jc3s5h (talk) 21:28, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Fair point. Jenkinson (and all the other literature I'm aware of) is basically talking about "historic" seals, i.e. up to about the mid C19, which I have to admit is also my mindset. I've reworded slightly and added a sentence at the end of the paragraph which I hope deals with the issue. GrindtXX (talk) 20:11, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks, the revisions look good to me. Jc3s5h (talk) 20:18, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

This article uses American English
I have concluded this article uses American English, based on the addition of the word "watercolor" in this edit from 2005. Jc3s5h (talk) 12:26, 1 July 2014 (UTC)

German article
I recently found on academia this extremely interesting article. Unfortunately it is written in German. I frankly didn't understand everything but it seemed to me that it should be metioned here. Someone with good German knowledge should exploit the article: https://www.academia.edu/8334985/Das_alteste_Papstsiegel_Ursprung_und_Aussage_eines_Bildmotivs — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.56.77.51 (talk) 08:09, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

Meter seal link
Please add link to electric/gas/water meter seals article. Jidanni (talk) 15:27, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Meter seal is a redirect to Security seal, which is already listed under "See also". I (for one) would have no objection to that link being replaced by a brief mention integrated into the body of the article, if you want to be bold. GrindtXX (talk) 17:40, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Proposed merge
Cocket is merely a dicdef for a particular kind of seal. BD2412 T 21:15, 21 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Support per norm. 2001:8003:9008:1301:4DDA:7F55:44D5:1957 (talk) 14:33, 11 July 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 14:41, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:22, 22 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1988, MiNr Zusammendruck 3156-3159.jpg

Name (yet again)
The current title, Seal (emblem), conjures up an image of some graphics, not of a physical imprint or tool. An unsuspecting reader would look here for a Presidential Seal of Turkey, not a signet ring. I have read the discussions above, but 10+ years seems to be a sufficient time for consensus to change, so let's try again. Few proposals along the lines previously suggested: Seal (mark) (similar to Seal (authentication), as the purpose of seal is to add a mark), Seal (tool and imprint), Seal (die and mark). Викидим (talk) 19:02, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I thoroughly agree this needs revisiting: "emblem" is a really bad disambiguator. Part of the problem is that we're really trying to encompass three different concepts: (a) the physical implement (tool, matrix); (b) the impression; and (c) the graphic design (emblem), which – as in your Presidential Seal of Turkey example – may not even exist in a "physical" manifestation. Having said that, I'm not terribly happy with your "tool and imprint" suggestion, or any similar "X and Y", because they look a bit clunky, and will just attract further attempts to streamline them. Personally, I quite like Seal (authentication), because, broadly speaking, authentication is the primary purpose of any seal (whether matrix, impression or emblem). I also wonder – slightly counter-intuitively – about reverting to Seal (device), because the word "device" is itself ambiguous: in colloquial English it means a tool or implement, but in heraldry (and therefore sigillography) it means a symbol or emblem. GrindtXX (talk) 20:46, 29 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I like your "device" idea: Oxford dictionary lists also "a ... method, or trick with a particular aim", so it covers the authentication part, too (in a very broad and thus cheeky way, definitely, but then nobody says we can have WP:NOFUN here). Викидим (talk) 15:21, 30 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Two weeks without opposing opinions, initiating a move below using yours (and mine) arguments. --Викидим (talk) 23:46, 13 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No luck this time, too. So good luck to the next guy who will try in 2034. Викидим (talk) 07:07, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 13 January 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 05:57, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Seal (emblem) → Seal (device) – The current title, Seal (emblem), conjures up an image of some graphics, not of a physical imprint or tool (which are the most important meanings here). An unsuspecting reader would look here for a Presidential Seal of Turkey, not a signet ring. We are really trying to encompass three different closely related concepts: (a) the physical implement (tool, matrix, die); (b) the impression; and (c) the graphic design (emblem), which may not even exist in a "physical" manifestation. Reverting name to Seal (device) will work, because the word "device" is itself ambiguous: in colloquial English it means a tool or implement, but in heraldry (and therefore sigillography) it means a symbol or emblem. One more meaning, "a method, or trick with a particular aim" covers the purpose of the seal: authentication. The last informal proposal to move (Talk:Seal (emblem)) was unopposed, but due to previous discussions (Talk:Seal (emblem), Talk:Seal (emblem)) I am initiating a potentially contested move. Викидим (talk) 23:46, 13 January 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. BilledMammal (talk) 05:37, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. The way it is currently titled, I was expecting the article to be about furry sea mammals used in coats of arms or logos.  Device is a clear improvement. Walrasiad (talk) 02:44, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose "seal (device)" should redirect to Seal (mechanical); it is the most common seal device that most people will ever encounter, since it is everywhere, in every car, in all plumbing, etc. -- 65.92.247.66 (talk) 10:56, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Almost certainly not. People commonly come across lots of legal documents (contracts, deeds, identifications, affidavits, etc.) which have to be sealed. Besides, there's already a lot of pages on Wikipedia which link to "Seal (device)" - that is, to this meaning. Those links would all be misdirected. Walrasiad (talk) 12:40, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * We better create a separate article for "Seal (device)". There are also a lot of pages on Wikipedia which link to "Seal (emblem)". 2001:8003:9100:2C01:6DD5:204E:A88A:90D8 (talk) 06:20, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Dear colleague, we are discussing a particular move proposal here, and I would love to understand your arguments better. In particular, (1) Do you have a better new name for the stamp/imprint/authentication/emblem combination? (2) Do you think that the current "(emblem)" disambiguation is adequate? Викидим (talk) 08:22, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * "device" is a very bad name, so this article cannot move there. device clearly shows that this is not a disambiguator that is specific to the use found in this article. Thus the disambiguator is ambiguous, and should not be used per our own article naming standards WP:AT / WP:PRECISE, since it is not precise enough to identify the topic of the article. This is a device used for provenance, identification and authentication, and is impressed. So something along those lines might be better. -- 65.92.247.66 (talk) 06:42, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The funny thing is etymologically, the verb "to seal" for mechanically sealing something is actually derived from this seal device for impressing. How about "Seal (stamping device)"?  "Seal (stamp)" has unfortunate postal connotations. Perhaps go for another verb,  like "Seal (mark)" or "Seal (sign)"?  Meh. Don't really like them either.   Walrasiad (talk) 22:58, 18 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Let's face it: there is no perfect choice offered (and none will be forthcoming) due to the nature of the problem (three things in one article). IMHO, this is not a good reason to choose even worse solutions, like (1) keeping the current utterly confusing name that pretty much ignores the article content (mostly about material aspects of the topic), or (2) splitting the article into three, which will simplify the naming (except for the "seal that is used to make an imprint", but even this will get easier), but will force a lot of unnecessary duplication. I was not as much requesting a particular new name as asking to replace the particularly bad old name with something that is better (which is pretty much any option suggested on this page throughout the years). Arguments of the type "renaming into X is bad, because ..." are currently used to essentially keep the current title, when, notably, nobody is trying to argue for it. That's why I repeat my suggestion to evaluate a hypothetical X not on its standalone merits, but in comparison with "Seal (emblem)". Let's not consider this a quest for a perfect name, but just as an attempt to improve the text . It would be therefore great if arguments against the move would include a brief statement on the current title being better than the proposed one(s), or at least similar in the level of confusion generated. Викидим (talk) 23:29, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support - To counter the point raised by the IP user, I note that 403 articles and 7 templates point to as a redirect to this article, while only 136 articles and no templates link to Seal (mechanical). This clearly shows that "device" is understood to mean the subject of this article and not a mechanical seal. The word "emblem" is also generally understood to mean a wide variety of pictographic representations that may or may not exist in a physical form, such as the emblems of the Order of the Arrow or Chevrolet. — Jkudlick ⚓ (talk) 16:53, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Makes far more sense.★Trekker (talk) 23:07, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose As per the IP user (65.92.247.66). 2001:8003:9100:2C01:6DD5:204E:A88A:90D8 (talk) 06:16, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Given Seal (mechanical) is also a device. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:44, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The title "Seal (device)" is ambiguous. Emblem just sounds better in this context anyway. Jessintime (talk) 15:35, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

"璽" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%BD&redirect=no 璽] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Rusalkii (talk) 20:46, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seal (emblem)


text:
North Cape (New Zealand)

North Cape / Otou (Otou) is the northernmost point of New Zealand's main islands. At the northeastern tip of the Aupōuri Peninsula, the cape lies 30 km east and 3 km north of Cape Reinga. The name North Cape is sometimes used to refer just to the cape that is known in Māori as Otou and which overlooks Murimotu Island, and sometimes just to the eastern point of Murimotu Island. It is also used to refer to the whole larger headland stretching about five kilometres from Murimotu Island westwards to Kerr Point and including the Surville Cliffs. Statistics New Zealand uses a statistical area called North Cape for population data, extending south down the Aupōuri Peninsula to the Houhora Heads.

North Cape, one of the four New Zealand Cardinal Capes, was named by James Cook, Commander of Endeavour in its 1769–1770 voyage. At the time the other Cardinal Capes were named Cape East, West Cape and Cape South.

North Cape was once an island formed by a marine volcano. Sand deposited by ocean currents eventually formed a tombolo known as Waikuku Flat, which joined the island to the rest of the Aupōuri Peninsula. The headland and flat combined now form the North Cape Peninsula.

A large part of North Cape is enclosed in the North Cape Scientific Reserve. The reserve’s purpose is to protect the unique flora and fauna of the area, some of it endemic to a small area on Surville Cliffs. An electrified fence was erected in 2000 to create a mainland island by excluding the possums, feral pigs and semi-wild horses of the area. The reserve is closed to the public and managed by the Department of Conservation (DoC).

Much of Waikuku Flat is in another DoC reserve, the Mokaikai Scenic Reserve, which stretches south to Parengarenga Harbour. This reserve is open to the public but land access is via an area in Māori tribal ownership and a permit is required from the controlling Māori body to cross the land. Another strip of Māori land lies between the Mokaikai reserve and the North Cape reserve. This strip includes the southern part of North Cape and the northern edge of Waikuku Flat. It stretches from Kerr Point and the north end of Tom Bowling Bay on the north coast across to Tokatoka Point on the west coast.

Surville Cliffs

Hikurua / de Surville Cliffs is the northernmost point of the mainland of New Zealand, located at the tip of North Cape. In the past the cliffs have sometimes been referred to as Kerr Point but true Kerr Point lies a short distance away at the western end of North Cape. The first European discovery of the cliffs was made by Jean-François-Marie de Surville in December 1769, when he sailed his ship St Jean Baptiste to New Zealand to find a safe anchorage to care for sick crew. He found them only a few days before they were seen by James Cook.

The cliffs expose 1.2 square kilometres of serpentinised peridotite mafic rocks. They form a unique environment that supports a number of threatened and endangered plants endemic to the area, including:
 * Pittosporum ellipticum subsp. serpentinum
 * Hebe brevifolia
 * Hebe ligustrifolia
 * Helichrysum aggregatum
 * Leucopogon xerampelinus
 * Pimelea tomentosa (sand daphne)
 * Phyllocladus trichomanoides (tanekaha)
 * Pseudopanax lessonii (coastal fivefinger)
 * Uncinia perplexa (Surville Cliffs bastard grass)

title: North Cape (New Zealand)


text:
Hokkaido University of Education

Hokkaido University of Education (HUE) (北海道教育大学) is a national public university administered by the government of Japan. It has five campuses in Hokkaido, Japan.

The main campus is on the outskirts of Sapporo, the capital of Hokkaido. Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo (HUES) is the largest with a little over 1000 students. Other campuses are in Asahikawa, Kushiro, Hakodate, and Iwamizawa.

HUE is primarily dedicated to training teachers, and each of the campuses have associated public schools where students may practice teaching.

title: Hokkaido University of Education


text:
Chris Cutler

Chris Cutler (born 4 January 1947) is an English percussionist, composer, lyricist and music theorist. Best known for his work with English avant-rock group Henry Cow, Cutler was also a member and drummer of other bands, including Art Bears, News from Babel, Pere Ubu and (briefly) Gong/Mothergong. He has collaborated with many musicians and groups, including Fred Frith, Lindsay Cooper, Zeena Parkins, Peter Blegvad, Telectu and The Residents, and has appeared on over 100 recordings. Cutler's career spans over four decades and he still performs actively throughout the world.

Cutler created and runs the British independent record label Recommended Records and is the editor of its sound-magazine, RēR Quarterly. He has given a number of public lectures on music, published numerous articles and papers, and written a book on the political theory of contemporary music, File Under Popular (1984). Cutler also assembled and released The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009), a collection of over 10 hours of previously unreleased recordings by the band.

Biography
Chris Cutler was born in January 1947 in Washington, D.C. to a British intelligence officer and his Austrian wife. In 1948 the family moved to England, where Cutler was brought up. He never studied music but tried his hand at banjo, guitar, trumpet and flute while at school. He finally settled for drums "because I wanted to be in a band and drummers were scarcest." Cutler formed his first band in 1963, playing Shadows and Ventures instrumental covers, then played in several R&B and soul bands. In 1966 he joined a band called Louise, with Tony Durant (later of Fuchsia), which performed on the London psychedelic club circuit for three years before breaking up. Looking for work, Cutler placed a series of advertisements in Melody Maker over a period of nine months in 1970. This put him in touch with a number of musicians which led to Cutler and keyboardist Dave Stewart of Egg forming The Ottawa Music Company, a 26 piece rock composer's orchestra, in 1971. Soon afterwards, Henry Cow, looking to replace the drummer who had just left them, responded to one of Cutler's adverts and invited him to a rehearsal.

Henry Cow
Henry Cow had been formed in 1968 by Cambridge University students Fred Frith (guitar) and Tim Hodgkinson (woodwind and keyboards). By 1971 the band had gone through a number of personnel changes and it was only when Cutler joined them in September 1971 that the group stabilised. Frith, Hodgkinson and Cutler became Henry Cow's permanent core until the band split up in 1978.

Henry Cow's prominence in progressive rock circles launched the careers of many of its members, including Cutler's. Their music was uncompromising and this eventually put them at odds with the mainstream music business, forcing the band to do everything themselves: from recording, manufacturing and releasing their own albums, to organising their own tours and being their own management and agency. All this proved invaluable experience for Cutler that would assist him greatly in his future endeavours. The group spent most of its last three years touring Europe and many of Cutler's future collaborations resulted from contact made with musicians on these tours. In Henry Cow's last few months they initiated Rock in Opposition (RIO), a collective of like-minded bands they had encountered through Europe that were united in their opposition to the music industry.

Recommended Records
After Henry Cow disbanded in 1978, Cutler created Recommended Records in London, an independent label and distribution network for RIO artists. The record label quickly filled the gap left by commercial labels and soon began to also release non-RIO bands and musicians. Recommended Records's aim was to produce records of high technical and musical quality, placing the musicians' interests first and profits second. This strategy, however, led to the label experiencing financial difficulties from time to time, but it stuck to its principles and has survived for over 25 years. There are a number of musicians whose work would never have seen the light of day had it not been for Cutler's label.

Cutler also founded November Books in 1982, the publishing wing of Recommended Records.

Other bands and projects
Cutler's first post-Henry Cow project was Art Bears (1978–1981), a group formed by Cutler, and fellow Henry Cow members, Fred Frith (guitar and keyboards) and Dagmar Krause (vocals), six months before Henry Cow split up. Art Bears were a song-oriented group that recorded three studio albums. Cutler's main contributions were the songs' texts and (with Frith) the album productions. Art Bears (in the wake of Henry Cow) were well received by critics which further boosted Cutler's reputation in "progressive" circles.

In 1982, Cutler co-founded the Anglo-German group Cassiber (1982–1992) with German musicians Heiner Goebbels, Alfred Harth and Christoph Anders. Over the next ten years Cassiber produced five albums and toured Europe, Asia, South and North America. Their music was very experimental and often involved spontaneously improvising pre-existing structured and arranged material.

In 1983, Cutler formed News from Babel (1983–1986), another song-orientated group with core members Cutler, Lindsay Cooper (from Henry Cow), Zeena Parkins (a United States harpist) and Dagmar Krause. With guest musicians (including Robert Wyatt and Sally Potter) they made two critically acclaimed studio albums, but did not perform live.

Cutler was a member of the United States experimental rock band Pere Ubu between 1987 and 1989. He had first encountered them in Washington DC in 1978 while exploring the possibility of Henry Cow touring America (which never materialised as Henry Cow disbanded soon after). Cutler kept in touch with Pere Ubu until they split in the early 1980s and their singer, David Thomas began a solo career. Cutler and Lindsay Cooper joined Thomas in 1982 to form David Thomas and the Pedestrians, and for the next three years they toured Europe and North America and made two albums. Over the next few years, some of the ex-Pere Ubu members began joining Thomas's Pedestrians. Cooper left in 1985 and by 1987 the group (now called David Thomas and the Wooden Birds) was effectively Pere Ubu again. As Pere Ubu, the band (with Cutler) made two albums. Cutler left in 1989, but was credited as a co-writer on the band's 1991 album World in Collision for several songs written during his tenure.

In 1991, Cutler and German composer Lutz Glandien recorded the critically acclaimed song project Domestic Stories. Cutler wrote the song texts and played drums, while Glandien composed and performed the music with samplers and computers. The supporting musicians were Dagmar Krause (vocals), Fred Frith (bass and guitar) and Alfred Harth (saxophone and clarinet). Cutler collaborated with Glandien again in 1994 to record Scenes from no Marriage and to participate in p53, a commission for the 25th Frankfurt Jazz Festival with Zygmunt Krauze, Marie Goyette, Otomo Yoshihide.

The (ec) Nudes were a band Cutler, Wädi Gysi (guitar) and Amy Denio (vocals, bass, saxophone, accordion) formed in 1993. The trio recorded Vanishing Point, a CD of songs with texts by Cutler and music by Gysi and Denio, and toured all over Europe and visited Brasil. Bob Drake later joined the group on bass and as a quartet they toured all over Europe, Canada and Brazil, but did not record. Cutler left the group in 1994.

Cutler and Yugoslav keyboardist and composer Stevan Tickmayer formed The Science Group in 1997 to record A Mere Coincidence (1999), an album of songs on science topics, including quantum mechanics. Cutler wrote the texts, Tickmayer composed the music, and the rest of the group comprised Bob Drake (bass guitar, vocals) and Claudio Puntin (bass clarinet), with guests Amy Denio (vocals) and Fred Frith (guitar). In 2003 Cutler and Tickmayer reconstituted The Science Group as a quartet with Bob Drake (bass guitar) and Mike Johnson (guitars), and released an instrumental album, Spoors. In 1998, he joined John Wolf Brennan's sextet "HeXtet" to record a series of poetry settings, from Edgar Allan Poe to contemporary Irish poets like Theo Dorgan and Paula Meehan, together with legendary singer Julie Tippetts, saxophonist Evan Parker, trombonist Paul Rutherford and clarinetist Peter Whyman.

Other collaborations

The ex-Henry Cow members have always maintained close contact with each other and Cutler still collaborates with many of them. Cutler and Fred Frith have been touring Europe, Asia and the Americas since 1978 and have given over 100 duo performances. Four albums from some of these concerts have been released. In December 2006, Cutler, Frith and Tim Hodgkinson performed together at The Stone in New York City, only their second concert performance since Henry Cow's demise in 1978. Cutler, John Greaves and Geoff Leigh formed The Artaud Beats with Yumi Hara. Cutler and Hara also work together in Half the Sky, a band formed in 2015 to play the music of former Henry Cow member Lindsay Cooper, principally pieces she wrote for News from Babel and Henry Cow. The band have performed in Japan, France, the UK and Germany. On 4 November 2006 Cutler, Jon Rose (violin) and Zeena Parkins (harp) performed with the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra conducted by Ilan Volkov, at the Glasgow City Halls in Glasgow, Scotland. The concert was recorded and later broadcast by BBC Radio 3 on 24 March 2007.

Other musicians and bands Cutler has performed and recorded with over the years include Tim Hodgkinson, Lindsay Cooper, Peter Blegvad, John Greaves, René Lussier, Jean Derome, Tom Cora, Aksak Maboul, The Residents, The Work, Duck and Cover, Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar, Kalahari Surfers, Hail, Biota and Brainville 3.

In 2009, Cutler toured North America with avant-garde Czech violinist Iva Bittová. In 2015 he collaborated with Alfred Harth founding a group Hope, a commission for the 46th Frankfurt Jazz Festival with Kazuhisa Uchihashi, Mitsuru Nasuno.

Solo performances
Since the late 1990s, Cutler began giving solo electrified percussion performances to audiences across the world. His first was in Tokyo in June 1998, which was recorded in a documentary film, At the Edge of Chaos (also known as 12 June 1998), by award-winning film director Shinji Aoyama. The first part of the film is equipment set-up and sound-checks, plus interviews with Cutler, while the second part is the improvised concert itself.

In 2001 Cutler released Solo: A Descent Into the Maelstrom, an album of solos on his electrified drum kit taken from live performances in Europe and the United States between August 2000 and May 2001. In 2005 he released Twice Around the World, an album of real-time recordings made from all over the world between 23.30 and midnight GMT. The material was taken from a daily half-hour radio programme Cutler ran for Resonance FM: Out of the Blue Radio between July 2001 and July 2002. A companion album, There and Back Again, comprising 44 environmental recordings, was released by Cutler in 2006.

Electrified drum kit
Chris Cutler never studied music and taught himself drumming on makeshift drum kits assembled with whatever was on hand. He slowly developed a technique using a "top-down" approach as opposed to the traditional "bottom-up" approach used by schooled drummers. Drummers are first taught basic patterns which are later combined into more complex patterns. Cutler learned the opposite way, hearing or imagining a sound and then disciplining his hands and feet to reproduce it. This "top-down" approach resulted in a unique style of drumming that pervades all of Cutler's performances and recordings.

By the time Cutler was drumming for Henry Cow in 1971, he had become a perfectly competent, albeit unconventional, drummer. The nature of Henry Cow was to experiment and explore and it was here that Cutler developed and refined his drumming techniques. It was also here that he started to electrify his drum kit. He began by attaching old telephone mouthpieces to drums and cymbals, and connecting them to an amplifier and a reverb unit. He later added a small mixer for four independent inputs. The effect was very basic: a few low-grade inputs with only equalisation and reverberation to manipulate.

By 1982, Cutler had added another small mixer, a pitch shifter and a delay unit. He had also begun using cheap guitar transducers and a table full of additional wired objects (pans, metal trays, small tambours and egg-slicers).

Cutler experimented briefly with drum pads triggered to play sampled or synthesized sounds, but quickly dismissed this option because he found them unresponsive and inflexible. They reduced a drum to nothing more than a switch: hit it and a pre-programmed sound is emitted, irrespective of how hard or in what manner the drum is struck. Cutler preferred real-time processing: amplifying and modifying actual sounds produced by the drum, making it a kind of an electroacoustic instrument, immediate and responsive, and retaining all the qualities of an acoustic drum kit.

Cutler went on to wire his entire drum kit, using a 16 channel mixer with multi-effect processors, a "Space pedal", a "Whammy pedal", a PDS 8000 and an old Boss pitch shifter/delay unit. In addition to transducers, he also attached miniature microphones to some of the drums and sticks. Cutler introduced feedback into the mix by placing a monitor speaker near the kit.

The electrified drum kit continues to evolve and to Cutler it is "satisfyingly unpredictable", responsive to all his old techniques while continuing to generate new ones. It has a unique "voice" that Cutler still has not plumbed the depths of. This is what prompted him to start giving solo performances because it tested his skill at playing an instrument he had to treat as an equal and evolve with.

Talks
In the early 1980s, Chris Cutler became active in the International Association for the Study of Popular Music (IASPM) and started giving talks and participating in symposia throughout the world. Some of the talks he has given are:
 * "Composing with Other People's Music – Creativity or Theft?", British Council, Belgrade.
 * "Electrification and Experimentation, the Development of New Musical Resources in the Popular Field", Union of Composers, Moscow.
 * "Improvisation: Motives and Methods", IASPM, University of Leeds.
 * "Rock in Opposition, a case study". Academy of Science, Berlin.
 * "Studio Composition and Visualisation" – a case study IASPM, University, Montreal
 * "Sonic and Structural Convergence at the fringes of Musical Genres". The Royal College of Art, London.
 * "On The Impact of Recording Technology on Popular music." Pomeriggi Musicali do Milano.
 * "Plunderphonics and Postmodernism", Dissonanten, Rotterdam.
 * "Sampling and Plunderphonics", Museum School, Boston.
 * "The Recording Studio as a Compositional Instrument", The Royal College of Art, London.

Essays
Cutler has written and published a number of essays on music, including:
 * "Necessity and Choice in Musical Forms: Concerning Musical and Technical Means and Political Needs" (1990) – an essay on the evolution of recorded music, published in The Cassette Mythos.
 * "Plunderphonia" (1994) – an essay on plunderphonics, published in Musicworks 60.
 * "Scale" (1997) – an essay on the scale of sounds in music, published in The Gramophone Special Edition "Perspectives on Contemporary Music".
 * "Thoughts on Music and the Avant Garde" (2005) – an essay commissioned for a book dedicated to Professor Gunther Mayer, published in Perfect Sound Forever.
 * "Locality" (2006) – published in Resonance Magazine.
 * "The Road to Plunderphonia" (2011) – published by Quaderns d'àudio/Ràdio Web MACBA.

Radio broadcasts
From 2012, Cutler has been producing a series of podcasts/lectures entitled "Probes" that examine the history of music from the invention of sound recording to the present day. The series was commissioned by the Museum of Modern Art, Barcelona, and published and broadcast by "Quaderns d'àudio"/Ràdio Web MACBA.

Podcast transcripts:

 * "Probes 1" (20 August 2012)
 * "Probes 1.2 Auxiliaries" (18 October 2012)
 * "Probes 2" (3 December 2012)
 * "Probes 2.2 Auxiliaries" (23 January 2013)
 * "Probes 3" (25 February 2013)
 * "Probes 3.2 Auxiliaries" (9 May 2013)
 * "Probes 4" (25 June 2013)
 * "Probes 4.2 Auxiliaries" (22 July 2013)
 * "Probes 5" (27 August 2013)
 * "Probes 5.2 Auxiliaries" (30 September 2013)
 * "Probes 6" (21 November 2013)
 * "Probes 6.2 Auxiliaries" (19 December 2013)
 * "Probes 7" (30 January 2014)
 * "Probes 7.2 Auxiliaries" (24 April 2014)
 * "Probes 8" (14 July 2014)
 * "Probes 8.2 Auxiliaries" (8 August 2014)
 * "Probes 9" (30 September 2014)
 * "Probes 9.2 Auxiliaries" (6 November 2014)
 * "Probes 10" (15 December 2014)
 * "Probes 10.2 Auxiliaries" (27 January 2015)
 * "Probes 11" (11 March 2015)
 * "Probes 12" (30 April 2015)
 * "Probes 12.2 Auxiliaries" (25 May 2015)
 * "Probes 13" (9 June 2015)
 * "Probes 13.2 Auxiliaries" (10 August 2015)
 * "Probes 14" (15 September 2015)
 * "Probes 15" (19 October 2015)
 * "Probes 15.2 Auxiliaries" (3 December 2015)
 * "Probes 16" (14 January 2016)
 * "Probes 16.2 Auxiliaries" (1 February 2016)
 * "Probes 17" (26 February 2016)
 * "Probes 17.2 Auxiliaries" (8 March 2016)
 * "Probes 18" (29 April 2016)
 * "Probes 18.2 Auxiliaries" (5 August 2016)
 * "Probes 19" (3 September 2016)
 * "Probes 19.2 Auxiliaries" (23 November 2016)
 * "Probes 20" (2 January 2017)
 * "Probes 20.2 Auxiliaries" (18 April 2017)
 * "Probes 21" (4 September 2017)
 * "Probes 21.2 Auxiliaries" (21 November 2017)
 * "Probes 22" (22 January 2018)
 * "Probes 22.2 Auxiliaries" (20 February 2018)
 * "Probes 23" (29 March 2018)
 * "Probes 23.2 Auxiliaries" (9 May 2018)
 * "Probes 24.2 Auxiliaries" (30 January 2019)
 * "Probes 25" (23 April 2019)
 * "Probes 26" (1 July 2019)
 * "Probes 26.2 Auxiliaries" (11 February 2020)
 * "Probes 27" (9 May 2020)
 * "Probes 27.2 Auxiliaries" (3 August 2020)
 * "Probes 28" (25 September 2020)
 * "Probes 28.2 Auxiliaries" (14 January 2021)
 * "Probes 29" (11 March 2021)
 * "Probes 29.2 Auxiliaries" (27 May 2021)
 * "Probes 30" (5 July 2021)
 * "Probes 30.2 Auxiliaries" (3 September 2021)
 * "Probes 31" (22 October 2021)
 * "Probes 31.2 Auxiliaries" (25 November 2021)
 * "Probes 32" (8 February 2022)
 * 32.2 Auxiliaries" (6 April 2022)
 * "Probes 33" (4 May 2022)
 * "Probes 33.2 Auxiliaries" (8 June 2022)
 * "Probes 34" (2 August 2022)
 * "Probes 34.2 Auxiliaries" (4 October 2022)
 * "Probes 35" (18 January 2023)
 * "Probes 35.2 Auxiliaries" (19 April 2023)
 * "Probes 36" (4 July 2023)
 * "Probes 36.2 Auxiliaries" (17 August 2023)
 * "Probes 37" (23 November 2023)

Books
Cutler has also published three books:
 * The Henry Cow Book (co-authored with Tim Hodgkinson) (1981) – a collection of documents and information about the band.
 * File Under Popular (1984) – a collection of theoretical and critical writings on music, also published in Polish, German and Japanese.
 * Not as We Choose (2020) – a further collection of theoretical and critical writings on music, illustrated by Peter Blegvad.

Discography
Here is a selection of albums Chris Cutler has performed on, showing the year they were first released:

Bands and projects

 * With Henry Cow
 * Legend (1973, LP, Virgin Records, UK)
 * Unrest (1974, LP, Virgin, UK)
 * Concerts (1976, 2xLP, Caroline Records, UK)
 * Western Culture (1979, LP, Broadcast, UK)
 * The Virgin Years – Souvenir Box (1991, 3xCD, East Side Digital Records, US)
 * Henry Cow Box (2006, 7xCD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Stockholm & Göteborg (2008, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * The 40th Anniversary Henry Cow Box Set (2009, 9xCD+DVD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * The Henry Cow Box Redux: The Complete Henry Cow (2019, 17xCD+DVD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Henry Cow/Slapp Happy
 * Desperate Straights (1975, LP, Virgin Records, UK)
 * In Praise of Learning (1975, LP, Virgin Records, UK)
 * With Art Bears
 * Hopes and Fears (1978, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Winter Songs (1979, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * The World as It Is Today (1981, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * The Art Box (2004, 6xCD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With The Residents
 * Eskimo (1979, LP, Ralph Records, USA)
 * Commercial Album (1980, LP, Ralph Records, USA)
 * With Aksak Maboul
 * Un Peu de l'Âme des Bandits (1980, LP, Crammed Discs, Belgium)
 * With Cassiber
 * Man or Monkey? (1982, 2xLP, Riskant, Germany)
 * Beauty and the Beast (1984, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Perfect Worlds (1986, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * A Face We All Know (1990, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Live in Tokyo (1998, 2xCD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With The Work
 * Live in Japan (1982, LP, Recommended Records, Japan)
 * With Fred Frith
 * Live in Prague and Washington, (1983, LP, Recommended Records, UK) – 1990 CD release retitled Live in Moscow, Prague & Washington
 * Live in Trondheim, Berlin & Limoges, Vol. 2 (1994, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * 2 Gentlemen in Verona (2000, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * The Stone: Issue Two (2007, CD, Tzadik Records, US)
 * With Lindsay Cooper, Bill Gilonis, Tim Hodgkinson and Robert Wyatt
 * The Last Nightingale (1984, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With News from Babel
 * Work Resumed on the Tower (1984, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Letters Home (1986, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With David Thomas and the Pedestrians
 * Winter Comes Home (1983, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Variations on a Theme (1983, LP, Rough Trade Records, UK)
 * More Places Forever (1985, LP, Rough Trade Records, UK)
 * With Duck and Cover
 * Re Records Quarterly Vol.1 No.2 (1985, LP, Recommended Records UK)
 * Les 4 Guitaristes de l'Apocalypso-Bar
 * Tournée Mondiale/Été '89 (1987, LP, Ambiances Magnétiques, Canada)
 * Fin de Siècle (1989, LP, Ambiances Magnétiques, Canada)
 * With Peter Blegvad
 * Downtime (1988, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Just Woke Up (1995, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Hangman's Hill (1998, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Pere Ubu
 * The Tenement Year (1988, LP, Fontana Records)
 * Cloudland (1989, LP, Fontana Records)
 * Worlds in Collision (1991, Fontanta; does not perform but credited as co-writer on three songs)
 * With Hail
 * Kirk (1992, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Lutz Glandien
 * Domestic Stories (1993, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Scenes From No Marriage (1994, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With The (ec) Nudes
 * Vanishing Point (1994, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With p53
 * p53 (1996, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Biota
 * Object Holder (1995, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Zeena Parkins
 * Shark! (1996, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With René Lussier and Jean Derome
 * Three Suite Piece (1996, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With John Wolf Brennan
 * HeXtet: Through the Ear of a Raindrop (1998, CD, Leo Records, UK)
 * With Thomas Dimuzio
 * Quake (1999, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With The Science Group
 * A Mere Coincidence (1999, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * Spoors (2003, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Roberto Musci, Jon Rose and Claudio Gabbiani
 * Steel Water Light (2001, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Vril
 * Effigies in Cork (2003, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * The Fatal Duckpond (2009, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With The Orckestra
 * "Unreleased Orckestra Extract" (3" CD single, 2006, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Brainville 3
 * Trial by Headline (2008, CD, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Thomas Dimuzio and Fred Frith
 * Golden State (2010, LP, Recommended Records, UK)
 * With Fred Frith and Tom Cora
 * Live in Tel Aviv and Aubervilliers (2021, CD, Fred Records, UK)
 * With Yumi Hara
 * Groove Study (2023, CD, UK)

Solo

 * Solo: A Descent Into the Maelstrom (2001, CD, Recommended Records)
 * Twice Around the World (2005, CD, Recommended Records)
 * There and Back Again (2006, CD, Recommended Records)
 * Compositions and Collaborations 1972-2022 (2023, box set, Recommended Records)

Films

 * At the Edge of Chaos (2001, DVD) – 65 minute documentary (also known as 12 June 1998) by Shinji Aoyama on a Chris Cutler solo percussion concert in Tokyo, June 1998.
 * Roulette TV Volume 8 (2003, DVD, Roulette) – live TV recording back-to-back with Shelley Hirsch, March 2001.

title: Chris Cutler


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Table of values of the cosh function

Table of values of the cosh function
Wikipedia is not a calculator.69.11.140.190 06:18, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Same --Carnildo 06:27, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete If this were an article about the cosh function, what its uses are, and such, with the table as a supplement, it'd be OK. As the article stands it's just replacing a table that's probably been reproduced 50,000 times elsewhere on the internet. [[User:Mo0|Mo0 [ talk ] ]] 06:42, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I think there is a place in an encyclopedia--even in the age of the electronic calculator and the personal computer--for properly produced, differenced tabulations of the values of reciprocals, powers, and common logarithmic, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions in the style that was in common use up until the 1970s.  But this is just a list of integer values with their hyperbolic cosines. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 13:02, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 14:35, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this has a place on Wikisource? --L33tminion | (talk) 20:02, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, do not transwiki. I'm just not seeing a use for this. Comment 1: Incidentally the entire text of Abramowitz and Stegun is somewhere on the 'net. Now that is something we ought to preserve for posterity. Comment 2: I'm not convinced that Wikipedia is not a calculator. After all, the point of a calculator is to avoid needing to store a table. Wile E. Heresiarch 20:48, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect [[User:Rhymeless|Rhymeless | (Methyl Remiss)]] 20:31, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Torque (game engine)

Torque Game Engine, or TGE, is an open-source cross-platform 3D computer game engine, developed by GarageGames and actively maintained under the current versions Torque 3D as well as Torque 2D. It was originally developed by Dynamix for the 2001 first-person shooter Tribes 2. In September 2012, GarageGames released Torque 3D as open-source software under the MIT License.

Torque 3D features a world editor suite including tools for sculpting terrain and painting forests, drawing rivers and roads, as well as material, particle and decal editing. It supports the open COLLADA file format as interface to 3D digital content creation software. PhysX provides support for cloth dynamics, rigid body dynamics, destructible objects and joints, as well as fluid buoyancy simulation. Other features include a deferred lighting model and modern shader features such as dynamic lighting, normal and parallax occlusion mapping, screen space ambient occlusion, depth of field, volumetric light beam effects, lens flare/corona effects, refraction, bloom, blurring and color correction, among others. Networking functionality for multiplayer support is included as well. Build support is provided for desktop Windows, Linux, macOS and Web platforms.

Inception
The Torque engine and its many derivative products were available for license from GarageGames, a company formed by many members of the Tribes 2 team at Dynamix. GarageGames was later acquired by InstantAction, but by November 2010, InstantAction began winding down its operations and looking for potential buyers for Torque. In January 2011, GarageGames was re-acquired by Graham Software Development, and their name was reverted back to the original.

GarageGames released Torque 3D as open-source software under the MIT License on September 20, 2012. Torque 2D followed on February 5, 2013. Torque 3D and most of their other products were to continue being developed and supported. The latest stable release of Torque 2D was marked May 2023 on GitHub, and the latest stable release of Torque 3D was marked February 2023, on GitHub.

Original Torque Game Engine
The original Torque Game Engine, which has been superseded by Torque 3D, provided networking code, scripting, in-engine world editing, and GUI creation. The source code could be compiled for Windows, macOS, Linux, Wii, Xbox 360, and iOS platforms. TGE shipped with starter kits for a first-person shooter and an off-road racing game. A real-time strategy starter kit was also available as a separate purchase. These starter packs could be modified to suit the needs of the developer, or the developer could start from scratch.

The engine supported loading of 3D models in the DTS and DIF file formats. DTS models were typically used for characters and vehicles though occasionally for buildings and interiors. They could be animated using either skeletal or morph target animation. It was also possible to blend multiple skeletal animations together by playing them simultaneously or automatically tweening the different positions of bones in the skeleton. DIF models have pre-calculated lighting and as such are ill-suited for animation. Instead, they were used for buildings and interiors. They automatically had bounding boxes that perfectly match the visible geometry. This was so that it was not made overly difficult for a player in a Torque Game Engine game to move or fire weapons around them.

The game featured a terrain engine that automatically created LODs of the ground so that it rendered the fewest polygons necessary at any given time. The terrain was automatically lit, and textures applied to the terrain could be blended together seamlessly. The game's rendering engine featured environment mapping, Gouraud shading, volumetric fog, and other effects such as decals that allowed for textures to be projected onto interiors in real time (for example, a player in a Torque Game Engine game might fire a weapon that left a bullet hole in the wall, and the bullet hole would be a decal). Torque supported networked games over LAN and the internet with a traditional client-server architecture. Server objects were "ghosted" on clients and updated periodically or upon events.

TorqueScript (also known as TS) is a coding language designed specifically for the Torque Game Engine, with a syntax similar to C++.

Torque 3D
Torque 3D, version 1.2, was released as open-source software under the MIT License on September 20, 2012, and is being actively maintained, the current version being 4.0.3. Originating as a successor to Torque Game Engine Advanced (TGEA), Torque 3D features PhysX support, modern shader features, an advanced deferred lighting model, as well as build support for Windows, macOS and Linux. DTS and DIF have been superseded by COLLADA, a more commonly supported interactive 3D model file format. The DIF format has been completely deprecated, while DTS is still used as an internal format.

Torque 2D
Torque 2D, originally Torque Game Builder, is a game engine designed for 2D games and based on the Torque Game Engine. It was first released in 2006, in a standard and a pro version, with the professional version including the source code. Torque 2D started as Torque Game Builder because the ultimate goal was to make it a game-making suite. It was used for instance to create the puzzle game And Yet It Moves (2009, Broken Rules, WiiWare) and dozens of other games. The latest "Torque game builder" release was 1.7.6 from December 2011. In 2012 a Torque 2D MIT edition was created as combination of the previous "Torque Game Builder" and iTorque 2d, an iOS fork. On February 5, 2013, Torque 2D MIT was released in version 2.0 as open source software. Torque 2D's development continues on GitHub with latest version being v.3.4 from May 2018.

Torque Game Engine Advanced
Torque Game Engine Advanced (formerly known as Torque Shader Engine) was an expanded version of Torque Game Engine made to support advanced technologies including shaders, per-pixel lighting, and massive terrains. This version of the engine has been ported to Microsoft's Xbox and Xbox 360 console systems. Several Xbox Live Arcade games have been released using the Torque engine, most notably Marble Blast Ultra. First release was January 23, 2007 with the 4.2 Beta, production release of TGEA 1.0 and end of Early Adopter Program was on February 15 of the same year.

Although TGEA supported the existing Torque Legacy Terrain, TGEA incorporated entirely new terrain rendering engine, the Atlas Terrain Engine, which is an improvement over the blended terrains of TGE. Atlas used GPU hardware to render a massive terrain block and its textures. This allowed Atlas to scale with faster systems of the future. A shaded water rendering system was implemented with full reflection, refraction, and Fresnel reflection. TGEA incorporated a lighting system based on Torque Lighting Kit, including a light manager tool, scene lighting, and dynamic shadows among others.

Torque Game Engine Advanced 1.0 supported Direct3D rendering via an API-independent graphics layer. Future versions were expected to support both Direct3D and OpenGL pipelines to allow TGEA to support macOS and Linux platforms as well as Windows. There had also been planned TGEA compatibility with Microsoft's game development suite for the Xbox 360, XNA Game Studio Express. TGEA contained several ready-to-apply shaders and common shader settings. Custom shaders based on High Level Shader Language could be compiled by the engine and applied as custom materials. This could be applied to both interior and exterior type 3D art assets. Fallback materials could be configured to allow support of pixel and vertex 1.x first-generation video cards.

The latest release of TGEA, 1.8.2, became available in November 2009.

Torque Lighting Kit
Torque Lighting Kit was an expansion pack to the Torque Game Engine developed by John Kabus and Synapse Gaming. It added a variety of enhanced lighting features to the Torque Game Engine. In the latest release, features such as dynamic lighting and shadowing were added. Torque Lighting Kit was later included as part of Torque Game Engine 1.5 and Torque Game Engine Advanced. In 2008, Kabus and Synapse Gaming stopped supporting Torque, began a partnership with Microsoft, and packaged their lighting technology and other new tech into the Sunburn XNA Game Engine.

Torque X
After the release of Torque Game Builder, GarageGames began to develop Torque X, a game engine based on Torque Game Builder using a component system that allows multiple game objects to have the same abilities, running on Microsoft's XNA Framework. Many of the 3D features were left incomplete and never finished. Specifically, 3D terrain using RAW height maps suffered from a lack of working examples, shadows were substandard (consisting only of a spherical shadow texture projected on the terrain), the ability to use skinned meshes for animated models was not working (non-skinned meshes worked), and the 3D rigid-body physics suffered from several issues.

Reception and usage
The Torque engine and its derivatives have been used in the development of a variety of games, especially among independent video game developers. Commercial titles developed using the Torque engine include BoneTown, Blockland, Marble Blast Gold, Minions of Mirth, TubeTwist, Ultimate Duck Hunting, Wildlife Tycoon: Venture Africa, ThinkTanks, The Destiny of Zorro, Penny Arcade Adventures and indie video games The Age of Decadence, BeamNG.drive, The Cat and the Coup, Dead State, Frozen Synapse, S.P.A.Z. and Villagers and Heroes. The open-source video game Uebergame also uses the engine.

title: Torque (game engine)


text:
User talk:Omerm~enwiki

Welcome and feedback on first edit
Hi, Omerm. Welcome to Wikipedia.

I hate to criticize your first edit, but I must. At Manual of Style, you added:
 * "In the American style, any punctuation is always inside the quotation marks. For example: Have you seen the movie 'National Treasure?' The question mark, '?,' is inside the quotation marks, albeit it is part of the main sentence."

Because Manual of Style doesn't endorse this practice for use within Wikipedia, I think the additional information is not helpful in the Manual of Style. It could be confusing in the context.

I've only been on Wikipedia a couple of months, but I'm happy to help you if I can. I hope you enjoy the Wikipedia. Maurreen 06:18, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Quotation marks, etc.
Hi Maurreen:

Thank you for your feedback. After I read your message, I went back to my books to find out the correct rules on quotation marks. I checked my sources and you are right! When I said that all punctuations are inside the quotation marks in the American style, I made a mistake. So thank you for letting me know and I am sorry.

I don't know who wrote all that information there on quotations marks; but, I need to tell you that the information on there is not clearly presented and does not cover all the subject - not even barely. I don't know about the British rules on quotations, but it is irrelevant to me since I haven't made any changes for that style. So here, I am only discussing the American style. But before I write about the rules on quotation marks, I would like to clarify few important issues.

I am new to Wikipedia and I don't know what kind of an educational background most users retain. I am a graduate from University of Southern California (USC). I also hold few certificates on advanced academic writing from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

First, I would like to comment on the information that is currently displayed for "Quotation marks." Unfortunately, the balance of information provided on different British and American styles is not equal. The British style is more explored than the American one. I don't know if Wikipedia is a British company and requires members to emphasize about them or that not many people knew about the American style and could not write about it. The point is, in any case, the rules for both styles have to be explained in equal amounts, clearly, and truthfully in order to correctly inform readers. If not, the styles have to be separated and discussed under different titles. For example, a sub title for the British style and another one for the American style.

Also, the current information fails to provide a clear answer to whether or not if any punctuation has to be inside or outside of quotation marks -please remember, I am only discussing the American style. The explanation of the rules is simply limited to double (") or single (') quotation marks. This limited discussion barely covers the subject area and it is not enough. More information on the American style has to be written.

For the purpose to correct and present a clear information, I would like to invite you, to discuss further with me, what you know about the rules of the American style on quotation marks, before we edit that page.

I will post another message here with the correct rules on quotations marks.

Quotation marks and wikiville
Hi, Omerm.

First off, Wikipedia has quite a variety of people. The educational backgrounds are spread out. I myself have some college but no degree. We have some people with doctorates and we have some schoolchildren.

Wikipedia is not a British company. It is intended to be international, but is based in the United States. In case you wonder, I am American.

I'd like to introduce you to a few Wikipedia customs and such. The style guide that you edited is titled Manual of Style. The fact that the title begins with the word "Wikipedia" indicates that it is not an encyclopedia article, but intended for use by contributors such as you and I.

Pages that have a title starting with the word "Wikipedia" are probably not the best place for new Wikipedians to start making substantive changes.

They are a good place for new Wikipedians to read, to learn more about how Wikipedia operates.

I'd like to suggest that you read Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style. That is the discussion page for the style guide. The custom for the style guide is that any substantive changes be discussed first.

But before getting involved in matters beyond editing the encyclopedia articles, it can be wise to lurk and read and have some discussions in the talk pages. For example, we have articles about style guides and American English and various punctuation marks that you might be interested in.

About the style guide itself, it isn't intended to be comprehensive. And style guide matters in general, and those in Wikipedia related to national differences, can sometimes be very contentious and call for delicate handling. And established users with a good reputation are usually given more credence by the community.

Given that context and the fact that the style guide does not call for anyone to follow the American style for quotation marks, my view is that no further explanation of that specific matter is needed on that specific page.

Hope this is helpful. Maurreen 01:54, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Contributing to Wikipedia
Maurreen:

As you know very well that everybody is a contributor at Wikipedia. The bottom line is that the information presented for the quoatation marks subject is not enough. If Wikipedia wants to do things right, they need an editor-in-chief to improve the articles the correct way. Otherwise, this place is a chaos. Why, because I am telling the truth and you are unfotunately ignoring it. We can go forever and change the article my way (the more complete way) or your way (incomplete way).

And for your information, I am not interested in punctuation rules because I know most of them. I know that the article needs to be changed.

Reply from an interested party
I noticed your dialogue here, and thought I'd butt in. As far as having an editor-in-chief, the concept doesn't fit well with our practices. Instead, we rely on consensus to come up with rules. Of course, we respect sources, especially on matters like style--if every style guide has it one way, we'll adopt that. But the imposition of one particular style, besides being anti-consensus, would be well-nigh impossible. Thousands of people edit every day, and only the barest minimum have ever seen the style guide. Again, consensus has worked better for us, so please respect our processes and take any problems you might have with the style guide to Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style. Best, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 14:38, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

- Thanks for dropping by here and adding your comments.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Omerm. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Omerm~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:12, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Omerm~enwiki