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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Infestdead

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was   stale AFD, opening a new discussion. (non-admin closure) RadioFan (talk) 16:03, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

Infestdead
Two sentence description of band, lifted directly from other websites (possible copyright violation) and a list of albums/songs. I don't know enough about death metal to know whether this page is a candidate for speedy deletion. But google search produced not much info other than album and song titles. Gsd97jks 19:11, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 20:21, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep and cleanup. Amazon sell all their CDs, so they must be somewhat notable. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:31, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This band was created by Dan Swanö who seems to be notable within the death metal genre. I have created Infestdead/Temp to produce an article on this topic without possibly preserving a copyvio in the history. Please look at the temp article and see whether you think it is appropriate to keep it so that an admin can delete the current article. I vote to Delete the existing article and replace it with the temp articleCapitalistroadster 03:51, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:05, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Temp article seems fine, and I'll take your word on Swano (far too late here to be researching death metal). Keep unless proven otherwise. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 07:12, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. ComCat.

 * Delete Lacks coverage in 3rd party reliable sources. If Swano's involvement can be substantiated with references, I'd consider changing my !vote though there has been no improvement since this AFD was started nearly 7 years ago.RadioFan (talk) 15:44, 30 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Public holidays in France

[Untitled]
nice so yaaaa Somebody who knows the legal matters better than me should look into this. As far as I know, the only really government-imposed holiday is May 1st; the rest, for private employers, is collective convention, as far as I know. Am I wrong? David.Monniaux 19:11, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Whit Monday
...it is unknown whether it will still be current in 2006

And the result was..? -- Picapica 21:17, 17 August 2006 (UTC) that's what nreally all about —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.231.111.41 (talk) 20:08, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Epiphany
In France, Epiphany is mostly called 'Epiphanie' rather than 'Fête des rois'. Lpn- 08:33, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

But what if the holiday falls on a Sunday?
Is the following Monday then not worked? Paul Beardsell (talk) 10:39, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Nothing happens. Holidays are not 'carried forward' as in the UK for example. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.192.178.121 (talk) 22:32, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Only Alsace and Moselle - Why ?
Why are Good Friday/Vendredi Saint and St. Stephen's Day/Saint Etienne only celebrated in Alsace region and Moselle department ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.5.184.243 (talk) 16:36, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Answer : because they are celebrated in Germany — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.119.85.99 (talk) 16:58, 5 April 2012 (UTC)

When we say they are only observed in Alsace and Moselle, does this mean (a) that they are public holidays only in these areas or (b) that they are public holidays throughout France but that they are only celebrated in these areas? 86.164.162.164 (talk) 06:52, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
 * they are puplic holiday only in Alsace and Moselle (and it has to do with Alsace and Moselle having been part of Germany (Elsaß-Lothringen)in the past)178.210.114.106 (talk) 16:17, 16 August 2012 (UTC)

Whit Monday
Whit Monday is 50 days after Easter, ot 49. Easter is always on Sunday. 49 is divisible by 7, so that 49 days after Easter is Sunday, not Monday — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.175.136.99 (talk) 23:29, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Public Holiday Comparison
"There are 11 official public holidays in France.[1] The Alsace region and the Moselle department observe 2 additional days.[2] which means that the average number of observed public holidays is 8.6 and ranges from 7 to 10,[3] one of the lowest in the world.[4]"

This is extremely contradictory and makes absolutely no sense. Where are these numbers coming from? Source 3 (just the French version of this page : says there are 11 public holidays (not 7 to 10). And source 4 (which doesn't exist anymore other than cached versions) also says France has 11 public holidays and puts it in 8th place with the lowest place being 12th because there's lots of overlap (62 countries in the study).  So saying it is one of the lowest in the world is true, but even that seems like an odd way to characterize this data because there are 30 other countries (again, out of 62) with the same or fewer public holidays.  In comparison, there are 15 countries with 14 or more public holidays (1st-4th places).  I'm going to modify this so it makes sense.

[4] http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:nPDlzf-e3CgJ:www.mercer.fr/press-releases/holiday-entitlements-around-the-world+&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=fr

193.52.102.12 (talk) 11:28, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Public holidays in France


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew O'Neill DMP

Andrew O'Neill DMP

 * Delete. Not an article. Evercat 19:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 20:23, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete, maybe even speedy. Katefan0 20:29, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: A few weeks back, we had someone who had copied and pasted from a textbook on the Irish Civil War. This looks like more of that.  Therefore, it would probably be, like that, copyvio from a non-web source.  Regardless of that, there is no article to be written about "Andrew O'Neill DMP" (Dublin Metropolitan Police, I'm guessing), so just delete. Geogre 22:14, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Yes, this looks like the same stuff. I wonder if this guy is OCR-ing books or something? I'll check out the IPs other articles too. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:20, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - apart from being a possible copyvio, it appears to refer to Constable O'Neill refusing to arrest Eamon de Valera and others for gun running in 1914. The brief research that I have done on Google and elsewhere does not suggest that Andrew O'Neill is particularly notable. As well, if you can completely follow this article, you're doing better than I. Capitalistroadster 03:06, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've been considering writing an article on this basic subject for a little while, but not under this title and nothing like this. Andrew O'Neill DMP is certainly not noteworthy enough for an article, in fact, I'm pretty sure anyone mentioned here who is notable enough already has one. -R. fiend 05:13, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete More like a newspaper article --Computerjoe 19:41, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Redmond Home Rule

John Redmond Home Rule

 * Delete. Not an article. Evercat 19:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Let that be a lesson: don't edit Wikipedia when high. Delete. Dbiv 20:13, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 20:22, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, maybe even speedy. What's with the bad fanfic? Katefan0 20:30, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as a test (the media.ogg stuff up there gives us an excuse): More copying and pasting from some unknown source on the Irish Civil War. Geogre 22:16, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. No, it isn't really a speedy, but go on. I won't tell if you won't. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 23:21, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. John Redmond is notable. He was the leader of the Home Rule Party between 1900 and 1918 and was a crucial player in both Irish politics and UK politics for much of that time. However, as you can see we have a good article on John Redmond and is doubtful that many people would search for John Redmond Home Rule so a redirect wouldn't be much use. Capitalistroadster 03:13, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Personally I find it very interesting, but not encyclopedic. Delete, but not speedy. I might want to copy it and look it over. -R. fiend 19:47, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like a screenplay written under the influence of mescal. Delete.  Edeans 06:23, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As written, it really is Type II Patent nonsense. I was almost also going to suggest merging, but I doubt anyone could find anything to merge. (Could it be bad translation, from Gaelic perhaps?) - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ] ]] 19:05, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)


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Julia Davis

Julia Charlotte L. Davis (born 25 August 1966) is an English actress, comedian, director and writer. She is known for writing and starring in the BBC Three comedy Nighty Night (2004–2005) and the comedies Hunderby (2012–2015) and Camping (2016), which she also directed. Davis has been noted by critics for creating boundary-pushing black comedy that centres female anti-hero characters.

A nine-time BAFTA TV Award nominee, she won Best Comedy Writing for Hunderby in 2013 and the 2018 British Academy Television Award for Best Scripted Comedy for Sally4Ever. She has also received two RTS Awards and three British Comedy Awards. In addition to acting in her own works, she has appeared in a variety of other British television comedies, most notably portraying Dawn Sutcliffe in Gavin & Stacey (2007–2009, 2019). Her film roles include Love Actually (2003), Cemetery Junction (2010), Four Lions (2010) and the critically acclaimed Phantom Thread (2017).

Early life
Davis was born on 25 August 1966 in Lambeth, London, to a secretary mother and a civil servant father, and grew up in Guildford, Surrey, before moving at the age of 14 to Bath in Somerset. She was raised in the Church of England. After studying for a degree in English and Drama at the College of Ripon and York St John, she returned to Bath working "dead-end jobs", starting a comedy double-act The Sisters of Percy with her friend Jane Roth at a local theatre group. It grew into an improv troupe with Welsh radio DJ Rob Brydon and Ruth Jones.

1998–2006: Career beginnings, Human Remains and Nighty Night
Davis secured her first comedy commission, Five Squeezy Pieces, from BBC Radio 4 in 1998. The series was an all-female sketch comedy show, with Meera Syal, Arabella Weir, Maria McErlane and Claire Calman.

During their radio sketch series, Five Squeezy Pieces, Arabella Weir introduced Davis to Arthur Mathews and Graham Linehan who cast her as a regular cast member in the television sketch show Big Train (1998). Her career gained a further boost in 1998 after she sent a tape of various characters to Steve Coogan, who invited her to write for and participate in his shows during his 1998 national tour. Chris Morris, director of the Big Train pilot, cast her for his 1997–1999 radio series Blue Jam, its successor March–April 2000 TV show Jam, and Brass Eye. Davis went on to appear in many comedy television shows including I'm Alan Partridge, I Am Not an Animal, Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible, Ideal and Nathan Barley.

In November 2000, Human Remains, a dark comedy television series, co-written by and co-starring Rob Brydon and Davis, debuted on BBC Two. In the six-part series, Brydon and Davis played six different couples talking to camera about their unusual relationships. The last episode of The Office features Davis, who is heard on the phone as the voice of a woman from a dating agency in conversation with David Brent. Davis also appeared in 2003 film Love Actually.

In 2004 and 2005, Davis wrote and starred in two series of the BBC Three dark comedy Nighty Night. The show is centred on her character of peroxide "blonde" sociopathic beauty therapist Jill Tyrell.

2007–2010: Gavin & Stacey and Lizzie & Sarah
From 2007 to 2009, she played Dawn Sutcliffe in Gavin & Stacey, a role which she reprised in 2019 for a Christmas special. In 2008, she appeared on Little Britain Abroad as a sexy Russian mail-order bride called Ivanka.

In 2009 Davis appeared, in the guise of Steve Coogan's personal assistant Debbie Bidwoden, in the TV film Steve Coogan – The Inside Story.

In 2010, she co-wrote and co-starred in Lizzie and Sarah with Jessica Hynes. The pilot aired on 20 March 2010 on BBC Two. It was made by Baby Cow Productions, and was considered even darker than Davis's previous work; when the BBC did not commission a series, despite a Facebook campaign.

2011–2014: Black Mirror, Psychobitches and Hunderby
Davis has also starred in productions such as the BBC's For the Love of God, The Alan Clark Diaries, Fear of Fanny, in which she played the original celebrity chef Fanny Cradock, and Persuasion, an adaptation of the Jane Austen novel. In December 2011, Davis appeared in "Fifteen Million Merits", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror, as Judge Charity on the fictional talent show Hot Shot.

On 22 December 2011, she appeared as Anne Yeaman in the Christmas special and finale of the BBC Three comedy How Not to Live Your Life. Davis appeared in the pilot episode of Bad Sugar, shown on Channel 4 on 26 August 2012. A full series was set to air in 2013, but was cancelled due to availability of the cast and writers. In 2013 Davis played various characters in BBC sketch show It's Kevin and in Psychobitches on Sky Arts. She appeared in an episode of Inside No. 9 as a stage manager. Davis created, wrote and starred in Hunderby, which aired for two series on Sky Atlantic in 2012 and 2015. For Hunderby, Davis won the BAFTA TV Craft Award for Writing – Comedy. At the 2013 BAFTA TV Awards, Hunderby was nominated for Best Scripted Comedy and Davis was nominated for Best Female Performance in a Comedy Programme. At the 2012 British Comedy Awards, Hunderby won the awards for Best New Comedy and Best Sitcom.

In 2014, she cowrote and starred in a pilot for Channel 4 called Morning Has Broken, about a struggling daytime TV host. A full series of Morning Has Broken was commissioned but ultimately did not happen. She starred as an eccentric mother in the comedy short film The Bird.

2015–present: Camping, Sally4Ever and podcast
In 2015, Davis and Marc Wootton created and starred in BBC Radio 4 comedy series Couples, about couples in therapy. It was reported in 2015 that Davis had been commissioned for a new series, Robin's Test, which was later renamed Camping.

In 2016 Davis wrote, directed and starred as shallow nymphomaniac "Fay" in Camping on Sky Atlantic. This was her directorial debut. At the 2017 BAFTA TV Awards, Camping was nominated for Best Scripted Comedy. In 2017, Davis was featured in the Paul Thomas Anderson film Phantom Thread as Lady Baltimore.

In 2018 Davis wrote, directed and starred in the comedy television series Sally4Ever on Sky Atlantic and HBO. Davis plays the character of Emma, who is having a lesbian affair with a woman called Sally, who is having a midlife crisis. At the 2019 BAFTA awards it won the award for Best Scripted Comedy and Davis was nominated for Best Female Performance in a Comedy Programme. She also appeared in the film Fighting with My Family.

Davis launched the podcast comedy Dear Joan And Jericha with comedian Vicki Pepperdine in 2018. The series has 28 episodes as of May 2024. Davis and Pepperdine published a book on the back of the podcast, Why He Turns Away: Dos and Don'ts From Dating to Death.

Davis played socialite Maureen, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava, in BBC One historical drama A Very British Scandal, which premiered on BBC One on Boxing Day 2021.

In 2022, Davis appeared in two episodes of The Outlaws, as Rita.

Influences
Davis cites Julie Walters as giving her the confidence to pursue a career in comedy.

Discussing her influences for the character of Jill in Nighty Night, Davis told Guardian that "Most of Jill is an amalgam of women I've seen or worked with in the West Country."

Personal life
Since 2000, Davis has been in a relationship with comedian Julian Barratt of The Mighty Boosh. The couple are parents to twin sons.

title: Julia Davis


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Crystallization

Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, cooling rate, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation.

Crystallization occurs in two major steps. The first is nucleation, the appearance of a crystalline phase from either a supercooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is known as crystal growth, which is the increase in the size of particles and leads to a crystal state. An important feature of this step is that loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open inconsistencies such as pores, cracks, etc.

The majority of minerals and organic molecules crystallize easily, and the resulting crystals are generally of good quality, i.e. without visible defects. However, larger biochemical particles, like proteins, are often difficult to crystallize. The ease with which molecules will crystallize strongly depends on the intensity of either atomic forces (in the case of mineral substances), intermolecular forces (organic and biochemical substances) or intramolecular forces (biochemical substances).

Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.

Process

The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth which are driven by thermodynamic properties as well as chemical properties.

Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules or atoms dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on the microscopic scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that become stable under the current operating conditions. These stable clusters constitute the nuclei. Therefore, the clusters need to reach a critical size in order to become stable nuclei. Such critical size is dictated by many different factors (temperature, supersaturation, etc.). It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms or molecules arrange in a defined and periodic manner that defines the crystal structure – note that "crystal structure" is a special term that refers to the relative arrangement of the atoms or molecules, not the macroscopic properties of the crystal (size and shape), although those are a result of the internal crystal structure.

The crystal growth is the subsequent size increase of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Crystal growth is a dynamic process occurring in equilibrium where solute molecules or atoms precipitate out of solution, and dissolve back into solution. Supersaturation is one of the driving forces of crystallization, as the solubility of a species is an equilibrium process quantified by Ksp. Depending upon the conditions, either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the other, dictating crystal size.

Many compounds have the ability to crystallize with some having different crystal structures, a phenomenon called polymorphism. Certain polymorphs may be metastable, meaning that although it is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, it is kinetically stable and requires some input of energy to initiate a transformation to the equilibrium phase. Each polymorph is in fact a different thermodynamic solid state and crystal polymorphs of the same compound exhibit different physical properties, such as dissolution rate, shape (angles between facets and facet growth rates), melting point, etc. For this reason, polymorphism is of major importance in industrial manufacture of crystalline products. Additionally, crystal phases can sometimes be interconverted by varying factors such as temperature, such as in the transformation of anatase to rutile phases of titanium dioxide.

In nature

There are many examples of natural process that involve crystallization.

Geological time scale process examples include:
 * Natural (mineral) crystal formation (see also gemstone);
 * Stalactite/stalagmite, rings formation;

Human time scale process examples include:
 * Snow flakes formation;
 * Honey crystallization (nearly all types of honey crystallize).

Methods
Crystal formation can be divided into two types, where the first type of crystals are composed of a cation and anion, also known as a salt, such as sodium acetate. The second type of crystals are composed of uncharged species, for example menthol.

Crystal formation can be achieved by various methods, such as: cooling, evaporation, addition of a second solvent to reduce the solubility of the solute (technique known as antisolvent or drown-out), solvent layering, sublimation, changing the cation or anion, as well as other methods.

The formation of a supersaturated solution does not guarantee crystal formation, and often a seed crystal or scratching the glass is required to form nucleation sites.

A typical laboratory technique for crystal formation is to dissolve the solid in a solution in which it is partially soluble, usually at high temperatures to obtain supersaturation. The hot mixture is then filtered to remove any insoluble impurities. The filtrate is allowed to slowly cool. Crystals that form are then filtered and washed with a solvent in which they are not soluble, but is miscible with the mother liquor. The process is then repeated to increase the purity in a technique known as recrystallization.

For biological molecules in which the solvent channels continue to be present to retain the three dimensional structure intact, microbatch crystallization under oil and vapor diffusion methods have been the common methods.

Typical equipment
Equipment for the main industrial processes for crystallization.

 * 1) Tank crystallizers. Tank crystallization is an old method still used in some specialized cases. Saturated solutions, in tank crystallization, are allowed to cool in open tanks. After a period of time the mother liquor is drained and the crystals removed. Nucleation and size of crystals are difficult to control. Typically, labor costs are very high.
 * 2) Mixed-Suspension, Mixed-Product-Removal (MSMPR): MSMPR is used for much larger scale inorganic crystallization. MSMPR can crystalize solutions in a continuous manner.

Thermodynamic view

The crystallization process appears to violate the second principle of thermodynamics. Whereas most processes that yield more orderly results are achieved by applying heat, crystals usually form at lower temperatures – especially by supercooling. However, due to the release of the heat of fusion during crystallization, the entropy of the universe increases, thus this principle remains unaltered.

The molecules within a pure, perfect crystal, when heated by an external source, will become liquid. This occurs at a sharply defined temperature (different for each type of crystal). As it liquifies, the complicated architecture of the crystal collapses. Melting occurs because the entropy (S) gain in the system by spatial randomization of the molecules has overcome the enthalpy (H) loss due to breaking the crystal packing forces:
 * $$T(S_\text{liquid} - S_\text{solid}) > H_\text{liquid} - H_\text{solid},$$
 * $$G_\text{liquid} < G_\text{solid}.$$

Regarding crystals, there are no exceptions to this rule. Similarly, when the molten crystal is cooled, the molecules will return to their crystalline form once the temperature falls beyond the turning point. This is because the thermal randomization of the surroundings compensates for the loss of entropy that results from the reordering of molecules within the system. Such liquids that crystallize on cooling are the exception rather than the rule.

The nature of a crystallization process is governed by both thermodynamic and kinetic factors, which can make it highly variable and difficult to control. Factors such as impurity level, mixing regime, vessel design, and cooling profile can have a major impact on the size, number, and shape of crystals produced.

Dynamics
As mentioned above, a crystal is formed following a well-defined pattern, or structure, dictated by forces acting at the molecular level. As a consequence, during its formation process the crystal is in an environment where the solute concentration reaches a certain critical value, before changing status. Solid formation, impossible below the solubility threshold at the given temperature and pressure conditions, may then take place at a concentration higher than the theoretical solubility level. The difference between the actual value of the solute concentration at the crystallization limit and the theoretical (static) solubility threshold is called supersaturation and is a fundamental factor in crystallization.

Nucleation
Nucleation is the initiation of a phase change in a small region, such as the formation of a solid crystal from a liquid solution. It is a consequence of rapid local fluctuations on a molecular scale in a homogeneous phase that is in a state of metastable equilibrium. Total nucleation is the sum effect of two categories of nucleation – primary and secondary.

Primary nucleation
Primary nucleation is the initial formation of a crystal where there are no other crystals present or where, if there are crystals present in the system, they do not have any influence on the process. This can occur in two conditions. The first is homogeneous nucleation, which is nucleation that is not influenced in any way by solids. These solids include the walls of the crystallizer vessel and particles of any foreign substance. The second category, then, is heterogeneous nucleation. This occurs when solid particles of foreign substances cause an increase in the rate of nucleation that would otherwise not be seen without the existence of these foreign particles. Homogeneous nucleation rarely occurs in practice due to the high energy necessary to begin nucleation without a solid surface to catalyze the nucleation.

Primary nucleation (both homogeneous and heterogeneous) has been modeled as follows:

 * $$B = \dfrac{dN}{dt} = k_n(c - c^*)^n,$$

where
 * B is the number of nuclei formed per unit volume per unit time,
 * N is the number of nuclei per unit volume,
 * kn is a rate constant,
 * c is the instantaneous solute concentration,
 * c* is the solute concentration at saturation,
 * (c − c*) is also known as supersaturation,
 * n is an empirical exponent that can be as large as 10, but generally ranges between 3 and 4.

Secondary nucleation
Secondary nucleation is the formation of nuclei attributable to the influence of the existing microscopic crystals in the magma. More simply put, secondary nucleation is when crystal growth is initiated with contact of other existing crystals or "seeds". The first type of known secondary crystallization is attributable to fluid shear, the other due to collisions between already existing crystals with either a solid surface of the crystallizer or with other crystals themselves. Fluid-shear nucleation occurs when liquid travels across a crystal at a high speed, sweeping away nuclei that would otherwise be incorporated into a crystal, causing the swept-away nuclei to become new crystals. Contact nucleation has been found to be the most effective and common method for nucleation. The benefits include the following:
 * Low kinetic order and rate-proportional to supersaturation, allowing easy control without unstable operation.
 * Occurs at low supersaturation, where growth rate is optimal for good quality.
 * Low necessary energy at which crystals strike avoids the breaking of existing crystals into new crystals.
 * The quantitative fundamentals have already been isolated and are being incorporated into practice.

The following model, although somewhat simplified, is often used to model secondary nucleation:
 * $$B = \dfrac{dN}{dt} = k_1 M_T^j(c - c^*)^b,$$

where
 * k1 is a rate constant,
 * MT is the suspension density,
 * j is an empirical exponent that can range up to 1.5, but is generally 1,
 * b is an empirical exponent that can range up to 5, but is generally 2.

Growth
Once the first small crystal, the nucleus, forms it acts as a convergence point (if unstable due to supersaturation) for molecules of solute touching – or adjacent to – the crystal so that it increases its own dimension in successive layers. The pattern of growth resembles the rings of an onion, as shown in the picture, where each colour indicates the same mass of solute; this mass creates increasingly thin layers due to the increasing surface area of the growing crystal. The supersaturated solute mass the original nucleus may capture in a time unit is called the growth rate expressed in kg/(m2*h), and is a constant specific to the process. Growth rate is influenced by several physical factors, such as surface tension of solution, pressure, temperature, relative crystal velocity in the solution, Reynolds number, and so forth.

The main values to control are therefore:
 * Supersaturation value, as an index of the quantity of solute available for the growth of the crystal;
 * Total crystal surface in unit fluid mass, as an index of the capability of the solute to fix onto the crystal;
 * Retention time, as an index of the probability of a molecule of solute to come into contact with an existing crystal;
 * Flow pattern, again as an index of the probability of a molecule of solute to come into contact with an existing crystal (higher in laminar flow, lower in turbulent flow, but the reverse applies to the probability of contact).

The first value is a consequence of the physical characteristics of the solution, while the others define a difference between a well- and poorly designed crystallizer.

Size distribution
The appearance and size range of a crystalline product is extremely important in crystallization. If further processing of the crystals is desired, large crystals with uniform size are important for washing, filtering, transportation, and storage, because large crystals are easier to filter out of a solution than small crystals. Also, larger crystals have a smaller surface area to volume ratio, leading to a higher purity. This higher purity is due to less retention of mother liquor which contains impurities, and a smaller loss of yield when the crystals are washed to remove the mother liquor. In special cases, for example during drug manufacturing in the pharmaceutical industry, small crystal sizes are often desired to improve drug dissolution rate and bio-availability. The theoretical crystal size distribution can be estimated as a function of operating conditions with a fairly complicated mathematical process called population balance theory (using population balance equations).

Main crystallization processes

Some of the important factors influencing solubility are: So one may identify two main families of crystallization processes:
 * Concentration
 * Temperature
 * Solvent mixture composition
 * Polarity
 * Ionic strength
 * Cooling crystallization
 * Evaporative crystallization

This division is not really clear-cut, since hybrid systems exist, where cooling is performed through evaporation, thus obtaining at the same time a concentration of the solution.

A crystallization process often referred to in chemical engineering is the fractional crystallization. This is not a different process, rather a special application of one (or both) of the above.

Application
Most chemical compounds, dissolved in most solvents, show the so-called direct solubility that is, the solubility threshold increases with temperature.

So, whenever the conditions are favorable, crystal formation results from simply cooling the solution. Here cooling is a relative term: austenite crystals in a steel form well above 1000 °C. An example of this crystallization process is the production of Glauber's salt, a crystalline form of sodium sulfate. In the diagram, where equilibrium temperature is on the x-axis and equilibrium concentration (as mass percent of solute in saturated solution) in y-axis, it is clear that sulfate solubility quickly decreases below 32.5 °C. Assuming a saturated solution at 30 °C, by cooling it to 0 °C (note that this is possible thanks to the freezing-point depression), the precipitation of a mass of sulfate occurs corresponding to the change in solubility from 29% (equilibrium value at 30 °C) to approximately 4.5% (at 0 °C) – actually a larger crystal mass is precipitated, since sulfate entrains hydration water, and this has the side effect of increasing the final concentration.

There are limitations in the use of cooling crystallization:
 * Many solutes precipitate in hydrate form at low temperatures: in the previous example this is acceptable, and even useful, but it may be detrimental when, for example, the mass of water of hydration to reach a stable hydrate crystallization form is more than the available water: a single block of hydrate solute will be formed – this occurs in the case of calcium chloride);
 * Maximum supersaturation will take place in the coldest points. These may be the heat exchanger tubes which are sensitive to scaling, and heat exchange may be greatly reduced or discontinued;
 * A decrease in temperature usually implies an increase of the viscosity of a solution. Too high a viscosity may give hydraulic problems, and the laminar flow thus created may affect the crystallization dynamics.
 * It is not applicable to compounds having reverse solubility, a term to indicate that solubility increases with temperature decrease (an example occurs with sodium sulfate where solubility is reversed above 32.5 °C).

Cooling crystallizers
The simplest cooling crystallizers are tanks provided with a mixer for internal circulation, where temperature decrease is obtained by heat exchange with an intermediate fluid circulating in a jacket. These simple machines are used in batch processes, as in processing of pharmaceuticals and are prone to scaling. Batch processes normally provide a relatively variable quality of the product along with the batch.

The Swenson-Walker crystallizer is a model, specifically conceived by Swenson Co. around 1920, having a semicylindric horizontal hollow trough in which a hollow screw conveyor or some hollow discs, in which a refrigerating fluid is circulated, plunge during rotation on a longitudinal axis. The refrigerating fluid is sometimes also circulated in a jacket around the trough. Crystals precipitate on the cold surfaces of the screw/discs, from which they are removed by scrapers and settle on the bottom of the trough. The screw, if provided, pushes the slurry towards a discharge port.

A common practice is to cool the solutions by flash evaporation: when a liquid at a given T0 temperature is transferred in a chamber at a pressure P1 such that the liquid saturation temperature T1 at P1 is lower than T0, the liquid will release heat according to the temperature difference and a quantity of solvent, whose total latent heat of vaporization equals the difference in enthalpy. In simple words, the liquid is cooled by evaporating a part of it.

In the sugar industry, vertical cooling crystallizers are used to exhaust the molasses in the last crystallization stage downstream of vacuum pans, prior to centrifugation. The massecuite enters the crystallizers at the top, and cooling water is pumped through pipes in counterflow.

Evaporative crystallization
Another option is to obtain, at an approximately constant temperature, the precipitation of the crystals by increasing the solute concentration above the solubility threshold. To obtain this, the solute/solvent mass ratio is increased using the technique of evaporation. This process is insensitive to change in temperature (as long as hydration state remains unchanged).

All considerations on control of crystallization parameters are the same as for the cooling models.

Evaporative crystallizers
Most industrial crystallizers are of the evaporative type, such as the very large sodium chloride and sucrose units, whose production accounts for more than 50% of the total world production of crystals. The most common type is the forced circulation (FC) model (see evaporator). A pumping device (a pump or an axial flow mixer) keeps the crystal slurry in homogeneous suspension throughout the tank, including the exchange surfaces; by controlling pump flow, control of the contact time of the crystal mass with the supersaturated solution is achieved, together with reasonable velocities at the exchange surfaces. The Oslo, mentioned above, is a refining of the evaporative forced circulation crystallizer, now equipped with a large crystals settling zone to increase the retention time (usually low in the FC) and to roughly separate heavy slurry zones from clear liquid. Evaporative crystallizers tend to yield larger average crystal size and narrows the crystal size distribution curve.

DTB crystallizer

Whichever the form of the crystallizer, to achieve an effective process control it is important to control the retention time and the crystal mass, to obtain the optimum conditions in terms of crystal specific surface and the fastest possible growth. This is achieved by a separation – to put it simply – of the crystals from the liquid mass, in order to manage the two flows in a different way. The practical way is to perform a gravity settling to be able to extract (and possibly recycle separately) the (almost) clear liquid, while managing the mass flow around the crystallizer to obtain a precise slurry density elsewhere. A typical example is the DTB (Draft Tube and Baffle) crystallizer, an idea of Richard Chisum Bennett (a Swenson engineer and later President of Swenson) at the end of the 1950s. The DTB crystallizer (see images) has an internal circulator, typically an axial flow mixer – yellow – pushing upwards in a draft tube while outside the crystallizer there is a settling area in an annulus; in it the exhaust solution moves upwards at a very low velocity, so that large crystals settle – and return to the main circulation – while only the fines, below a given grain size are extracted and eventually destroyed by increasing or decreasing temperature, thus creating additional supersaturation. A quasi-perfect control of all parameters is achieved as DTF crystallizers offer superior control over crystal size and characteristics. This crystallizer, and the derivative models (Krystal, CSC, etc.) could be the ultimate solution if not for a major limitation in the evaporative capacity, due to the limited diameter of the vapor head and the relatively low external circulation not allowing large amounts of energy to be supplied to the system.

title: Crystallization


text:
West Coast Customs

West Coast Customs (abbreviated by the company as WCC) is an automobile repair shop focusing on the customization of vehicles. It was started by co-founders Ryan Friedlinghaus and Quinton Dodson circa 1994. According to Friedlinghaus, he began the business with a $5,000 loan from his grandfather, but other sources claim that he raised the seed money for the business while working at his father's liquor store. Owing to the patronage of celebrities such as Shaquille O'Neal and Sean Combs, along with appearances in the reality television programs Pimp My Ride and Street Customs, the company has gained a high degree of notoriety and has become a multimillion-dollar business.

Besides celebrities, West Coast Customs has also created vehicles for global brands such as Virgin, Nintendo, and Microsoft. It is frequently characterized as one of the best custom car shops in the United States. However, the company has also at times been accused of missing deadlines, using aggressive sales tactics, and producing low quality and potentially unsafe customized vehicles. Some observers and past employees have also criticized the company's employment practices.

It has had some success franchising outside of the United States; it has opened franchises in Dubai, and Shanghai (as ). Other franchises, however, such as the one in Berlin, closed shortly after opening due to becoming insolvent. With a long history of different locations within the U.S. state of California, its current flagship and largest facility of 60000 sqft is headquartered in Burbank, California.

Early years; Pimp My Ride (1990–2007)
According to two contradictory statements in the Los Angeles Times, West Coast Customs was founded in either 1994 or 1998 by auto enthusiast Ryan Friedlinghaus. In a 2008 article, USA Today put the foundation year as 1997. The legal entity, West Coast Customs International, LLC, was incorporated in California on October 20, 2000. A young Friedlinghaus had gotten his custom vehicles featured on the covers of auto magazines by age 14, but he became frustrated with the tedium of dealing with multiple specialty shops, which led to longer times to build the vehicles. According to Entrepreneur, this frustration, coupled with his love for custom cars, was what led to his opening of his own shop.

The company moved many times in its early years, but it was at its Inglewood location that WCC began to gain a reputation for quality, which caused celebrities to have their cars modified there. According to Friedlinghaus, one of his first customers was Shaquille O'Neal, who wanted a customized Chevrolet Suburban, and this relationship helped him get contacts with other celebrities who were looking for custom automobiles. Owing to this, Music Television (MTV) offered Friedlinghaus the opportunity to have a reality television show filmed at his business with co-founder Quinton "Q" Dodson as the star and rapper Xzibit as the host; his acceptance of this deal led to the 2004 TV show Pimp My Ride.

Pimp My Ride was extremely successful, spawning international spin-offs, and its success increased the profile of West Coast Customs substantially. The show's format was that the Film producer at MTV would find typical Americans with junk cars, they would be given a short interview with Xzibit, Friedlinghaus and the WCC crew to determine their interests and hobbies, and then WCC staff would take their junk car and transform it into a custom car embodying the interests and personality of its owner. In 2004, CBS News reported that the show consistently ranked first place in the 12 to 34-year-old demographic for its 9:30 pm time slot.

According to a former employee of the company at the time Pimp My Ride was filmed, most of the work on the vehicles was done behind the scenes. Cars and expectations for the final product would arrive on Monday, and employees had until the following Friday to complete a project, sometimes necessitating twelve hour work days. According to this employee, much of the off-screen labor was done by illegal immigrants from Mexico, around eleven in total. As the employees were of WCC and not MTV, MTV was apparently unconcerned about possible ramifications of this for them.

Owing to the popularity of Pimp My Ride, West Coast Customs was prominently featured in the 2005 street racing video game L.A. Rush as the car upgrade mechanism. According to the Chicago Tribune, Midway, the developer of the game, paid "handsomely" to be able to use the brand.

In June 2005, Friedlinghaus took over the role of host from Dodson for the fourth season.

As early as 2005, during airing of the second season of Pimp My Ride, rumors circulated that the location of the show would change and Friedlinghaus would part with MTV to host a show on a different network. These rumors were confirmed with simultaneous announcements by MTV and Friedlinghaus in 2007, after the fourth and final season with WCC as the shop.

In a 2007 interview in the Los Angeles Times that Friedlinghaus gave after the Pimp My Ride relocation from West Coast Customs to Galpin Auto Sports, Friedlinghaus credited Pimp My Ride with helping him build his brand, but said that he felt that his focus on building cars for the television show damaged his relationships with his other customers.

Street Customs and (Inside) West Coast Customs (2007–2018)
Nevertheless, after leaving Pimp My Ride, Friedlinghaus would almost immediately begin a new television program that aired simultaneously on Discovery Channel and The Learning Channel, Street Customs, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television. Instead of building the cars for the people chosen by MTV, the new show followed ongoing customizations being done for consenting customers of West Coast Customs. Friedlinghaus described the difference between the two shows thus: "I want to build cars on TV, not for TV." While the breakup was described as amicable, others at WCC were not so subdued: Sean Mahaney, a then-employee of WCC, reportedly said "Most of the MTV people are not real car guys... They pay us to build the cars, so we do what they want even if it sucks."

Street Customs would change names twice and networks four times, but its format remained constant. While cars would still be built for individuals, more and more episodes were devoted to brands as the show ran on. Because MTV was no longer footing the bill, all episodes of the new series were about cars built for people who could afford the high cost of customization. Some notable vehicles built for celebrities in Street Customs include one for Carroll Shelby, a Cadillac for Shaquille O'Neal (according to Friedlinghaus, O'Neal had already had 30 cars built for him by WCC by July 2007 ), a modified Range Rover for an unnamed member of the royal family of Dubai, and a Cadillac CTS-V for Justin Bieber. Brands built for included Chronic Tacos and Vans.

According to Friedlinghaus in an interview with The Press-Enterprise, the 2008 global financial crisis affected his business heavily: he had to lay off half of the company's employees, orders decreased, and customers opted to have used cars repaired instead of buying brand new cars to be customized.

In 2010, West Coast Customs designed three identical customized 1955 Ford F-100 pick up trucks that were prominently featured in the film The Expendables. One of these cars was for Sylvester Stallone, who sold it at auction in 2011 for $132,000. In 2015, WCC created a car by combining the body of a Ford Maverick and the internals of a Ford Ranger for another film, Mad Max: Fury Road.

After the 2009 season, the show was renamed Inside West Coast Customs. Along with this change, it was also moved to Discovery HD Theater, which later became a different specifically automotive related cable channel, Velocity.

In 2012, Jalopnik reported that the rapper will.i.am and Friedlinghaus organized a publicity stunt wherein will.i.am pretended that his car, a DeLorean modified by West Coast Customs at a cost of $700,000, was stolen. Friedlinghaus then pretended to find the supposedly stolen car. No police report was filed, nor were the police even called; Jalopnik describes the event as a "viral marketing stunt gone badly".

In June 2013, Fox Sports Network took over the production of the show, dropping the word "Inside" from the show's name, and continued to produce new seasons of the show until 2016. In March 2017, the television show moved back to Velocity with a new season; Velocity then renewed the show in January 2018.

On August 29, 2018, it was announced Six Flags Magic Mountain was in the process of constructing a roller coaster named West Coast Racers, which was designed in part by West Coast Customs.

Location changes
The company has moved several times in its history, across 3 different counties in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, each time to larger spaces. According to Friedlinghaus, the first shop was in Laguna Niguel, California, after which it moved to Compton, California, in 1998. In 2000, it moved again to a location on Olive Street in Inglewood, California. After the first season of Pimp My Ride, the company moved yet another time to a larger location in El Segundo, California, near Los Angeles International Airport that had a room specifically for the filming. After Pimp My Ride left the company, it moved to a location in Corona, California, in preparation for the Street Customs television show.

During filming of Season 5 Episode 12 "WCC's New Zip Part 1" of West Coast Customs, Friedlinghaus began moving the shop to its current location, a 60000 sqft auto shop on West Empire Avenue in Burbank, Los Angeles County, California. The grand opening of the new facility occurred in December 2014.

Mistreatment of employees
As early as 2008, USA Today noted that Friedlinghaus's auto shop routinely had 60-hour work weeks and employees had "insane deadlines" working for Friedlinghaus, a "self-described micromanager". One former employee, Mauricio Hernández, who would go on to co-found the Mexican franchise of WCC, claimed in an interview with NPR that during the period of his employment at the California branch (2004–2009), he worked ten to twelve hours per day, six days per week as an undocumented worker, without Social Security or any other benefits, and that by so doing he "missed...the childhood of [his] kids."

In an interview with Entertainment Scoop, when asked "What does it take to be an employee at West Coast Customs?" Friedlinghaus replied, "Not saying, 'when do I go home?' The guys who want to stay and work and get things done...it's hard to find people that are good...[people who will do] whatever we ask them to do."

On April 23, 2014, after an investigation by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL), the company was found to have violated the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The government found that the company was not paying employees overtime or minimum wage nor keeping proper records. During the investigation, the government found that all employees were paid a weekly salary, regardless of how many hours they worked. Because employees were frequently coerced to work overtime, this resulted in a wage of $6/hour for some employees. Furthermore, until 2011, the company attempted to skirt minimum wage and overtime laws by classifying their on-site exclusive long-term employees as independent contractors, which is illegal in the United States.

When presented with the opportunity to go to court or pay the fine assessed by USDOL, Friedlinghaus chose to pay the fine, which amounted to $157,592 in back wages for the wronged employees and $16,830 in civil penalties. In an interview with The Press-Enterprise after the fine was paid, Daniel Pasquil, the director for the wages and hour division of the West Covina office of the USDOL, noted that "the most important thing is that the company did correct the violations" and stressed that the company is now in full compliance.

Jake Glazier's Buick Century
In 2015, The Huffington Post interviewed three people who were participants on Pimp My Ride, one of whom had a vehicle that was "pimped" during the time that the location of the show was West Coast Customs, Jake Glazier (featured in Season 4 Episode 7, "Jake's Buick Century").

During the episode, the team at West Coast Customs were told that Glazier had recently graduated from a degree program in audio engineering, so they installed an MTX Jackhammer high fidelity sound system (with accompanying decibel meter and warning light, in the words of Xzibit, to stave off deafness) and a record player inside the dashboard. Other customizations were a flat black paint job (with a red metal flake paint job on the roof with scallops on the sides and hood to match), four-inch whitewall tires, removal of the muffler and installation of exhaust pipes, and black and white vinyl interior.

Besides problems caused by the long period of time that the vehicle was in the shop, for around one half of a year, Glazier claimed that the quality of the vehicle he received was also severely compromised. According to Glazier, when the muffler was removed, three "fake" exhaust pipes were substituted instead: these were used to make the engine sound much more powerful to viewers of the television show, but they made the car needlessly loud. He also claimed that very little or no mechanical work was done to the car, to the extent that he had trouble driving it home from the show's set. Due to all of the mechanical trouble, one month after acquiring the car from West Coast Customs, he sold it to MTX Audio for $18,000. According to Glazier, MTX did not buy the car to drive it, but merely to prevent it from falling into the hands of their competitors. Glazier further claimed that when it was time to receive the car, Dana "Big Dane" Florence intimidated him to act more enthusiastic for the cameras, saying "Listen, we put a lot of work into this. We expect you to be a little more fucking enthusiastic." Larry Hochberg, an executive producer for MTV at the time, disputed Glazier's statements, saying that in reality great lengths were taken to provide the participants in the show with automobiles in good driving condition, and that MTV even paid for some further repairs and tows after the cameras were rolling.

Despite the problems he faced with the vehicle, and with the caveat that he appear on a show with the same format as Pimp My Ride where MTV paid for all work done until the car was delivered (and for some afterwards, depending on who one believes), Glazier said he would happily participate in the program again if given the chance.

Trisha Paytas' Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen
There have been several high-profile incidents of quality issues outside of the context of the MTV program. In 2015, Trisha Paytas, a singer-songwriter and internet personality, had her three-week-old 2014 Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen customized by WCC. Among other customizations, she requested that the car be painted pink, that Swarovski crystals be integrated into the headrests and steering wheel, and that the floormats be changed out with customized ones. According to Paytas, after bringing in her vehicle, she was promised that it would be ready by November 17, but the company missed both that deadline and a further one on December 9. After the second deadline was missed, she uploaded a vlog to YouTube about her experience, and thereafter claimed that WCC threatened her with a lawsuit if she refused to remove it. December 17 became the deadline that the company would ultimately keep, but when Paytas came to pick up the vehicle, she found that none of the electronic components worked, including those that are required for safety in the United States, such as turn signals, headlights, and windshield wipers. Furthermore, the dashboard instruments did not function. To her complaints about these issues, Paytas claims that the company told her to drive the car home and then to the Mercedes-Benz dealership from which she bought it to ask them for an in-warranty repair. Paytas uploaded yet another vlog five days after this incident, after which point WCC uploaded its own video in the form of a scrolling text public relations statement. In the statement, besides denying that they had "talked down" to Paytas, WCC denied that its customization was the reason for the issues with her vehicle, claimed that the vehicle was late because she had changed what she had ordered "several times", denied that they had ignored Paytas as Paytas claimed, and invited Paytas to contact them with any further requests or complaints for an "immediate resolution," noting that they had already committed to fix the problem (which, though they wrote it was "unrelated to their services", they would do it anyway "as part of providing excellent customer service"). The company also noted its track record, but did not provide any concrete details. As of December 23, 2016, the statement-as-YouTube video, which has had its comments disabled, had 261 "likes" and 1,652 "dislikes", or a ratio of 6.32 dislikes for every 1 like.

After receiving the repaired vehicle, Paytas wrote on Instagram that although "it was a bit of a struggle getting [it] [...] I do love my [car] so very very much."

Firefall bus for Red 5 Studios
In 2010, Chinese online game operator The9 Limited announced Firefall, an MMO first-person shooter to be developed by Red 5 Studios as their first game. The game would enter closed beta in 2011, and open beta in 2013. Mark Kern, a video game designer, was appointed by The9 as CEO of the new Red 5 Studios. As CEO, one of Kern's major tasks was promoting the game, and he chose to do this in part with a custom designed tour bus worth US$3 million made to look like one of the vehicles in the videogame and to be converted into a game room on wheels. The customization of the bus was featured on Inside West Coast Customs in Season 3 Episode 4. While in the episode itself it is made to appear that the bus was on-time, arriving at the Los Angeles 2012 Anime Expo which took place between June 29 and July 2, in reality it arrived much later than anticipated, according to both then-CEO Mark Kern and a report by Tech in Asia. Kern also accused WCC of not delivering what he wanted and of going over budget, while Tech in Asia noted that the bus was delivered missing some of its key features, and that it missed all of the key video game conferences for the year 2011 (such as the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012, which was held between June 5 and 7). According to their report, it now "sits in a warehouse somewhere, collecting dust." A Twitter parody of the bus describes itself as a "gross demonstration of capitalistic overindulgence."

Franchises
West Coast Customs has attempted to franchise its brand to other parts of the world with limited success.

Closed franchises

 * On September 14, 2008, a franchise was opened in a converted factory building along Revaler Straße in Friedrichshain, Berlin, but it closed and declared insolvency less than one year later on August 14, 2009.   Before its closure, professional boxer Wladimir Klitschko and musician "Evil" Jared Hasselhoff were customers. In 2011, following the closure of the business, the building was repainted.
 * Mauricio Hernández, a former employee at the California location hired just before the debut on Pimp My Ride, co-founded a Mexican franchise with Friedlinghaus' blessing in 2009. A television show with a similar format to the American version called Tunéame la nave was first broadcast on August 14, 2009, by Azteca shortly after the opening of the new business. According to Hernández, who became the host of the show, the franchise was opened with a "high" fee paid to Friedlinghaus to use the brand. The show continued for six seasons on Azteca, but it is unclear if there will be a 2017 season and where it will air. This is because on May 24, 2016, during airing of season six, Hernández announced that he was abandoning the "West Coast Customs" brand and company in favor of his own brand, PacifiCoast Customs. In an interview with TuningMex, Hernández stated that the new company had hired 20 employees, had an initial investment of MXN 2.5 million (US$), and would be based in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, describing the name change as similar to cutting "an umbilical cord." In a separate interview, Hernández stated that when people in Mexico think of West Coast Customs, they think of him and not Ryan Friedlinghaus, thus hinting that he does not believe that the change in name will hurt business. Hernández stated that the new company is projected to work on only twenty cars in its first year, thus guaranteeing quality and that employees will not be overworked.

Never opened franchises

 * A Japanese franchise is mentioned on the official WCC website, and a website announcing that it was "coming soon!" became available in 2009, and was online until March 13, 2012, but by April 13, 2012, the server hosting the site began returning a 403 error, and after November 7, 2012, the server hosting the website of the Japanese franchise went offline. In a 2013 video released by HP interviewing Friedlinghaus, the Japanese franchise's logo was displayed as, despite the fact that no such company existed at the time. An address was never provided, no Japanese media wrote about the opening of the franchise, and no further information about it has been forthcoming from WCC, so it can be assumed that the Japanese franchise never opened.
 * In 2010, Dana Florence traveled to St. Petersburg, for a question-and-answer session at the "Active Open Air Show Cars [sic]", according to The Village. A Russian franchise under the name Вест Коуст Customs is likewise mentioned by the company, but as of January 2017, as in the case of the Japanese franchise, there is no sign of its opening.
 * A Malaysian franchise is also mentioned in the 2013 HP video as Pantai Barat Customs. The owner of the franchise claimed that he would bring "official WCC merchandise to Malaysian shores" in 2013, but has made no further posts as of December 2016.

Open franchises
Despite these setbacks, some franchisees have created successful businesses.
 * In 2007, Friedlinghaus announced a Dubai franchise to be owned by Al Ghussein Global Investments, which continues to operate as of December 2016. The Dubai franchise was opened with a fee of AED 18 million (US$4.9 million) paid to West Coast Customs to use its trademark.
 * On January 14, 2016, Friedlinghaus announced a further Shanghai franchise via a Facebook post. When the franchise opened on August 18, 2016, the event was met with substantial positive coverage by Chinese media, with articles appearing in the Qilu Evening News, auto magazine Autohome, and the website of Chinese television station Phoenix InfoNews Channel. The franchise is located at No. 218 Huajiang Road in Shanghai's Jiading District.

title: West Coast Customs


text:
United World College of the Adriatic

The United World College of the Adriatic (also known as UWC Adriatic, UWCAd, or in Italian, Collegio del Mondo Unito dell'Adriatico) is an international school in Italy, and a member of the United World Colleges, a global educational movement that brings together students from all over the world with the aim to foster peace and international understanding. The college is attended by around 180 students aged between 16 and 19, from around 80 countries, who live at the college for two years and study for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.

The college is located in the village of Duino, near the city of Trieste, in Italy's north-eastern region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and is located less than 5 km from the Slovenian border. It was founded in 1982, with the support of the Italian government and regional authorities, who are still major financial supporters of the college.

Founding
The United World Colleges were established by German educator Kurt Hahn, and the college is heavily influenced by his pedagogical philosophy. Following the founding the United World College of the Atlantic in 1962, further colleges were opened in Singapore (the United World College of South East Asia) and Canada (the Lester B Pearson United World College of the Pacific).

Lord Mountbatten, then the president of the United World Colleges, collaborated with Prince Raimond of Torre e Tasso, to found the United World College of the Adriatic in Duino, the first in the movement based in a non-English speaking country. With the support of local politician, former Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs and member of Parliament, a law was passed in 1976 which ensured that the regional government of Friuli-Venezia Giulia would provide funding and support for the new institution. The college continues to benefit from support from both the government of the Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.

The college welcomed its first students in 1982. In 1984, Prince Charles, having taken on the role as president of the International Council of the United World Colleges, inaugurated the third academic year in his first visit to the college.

Students and staff
The school hosts around 180 students across its two year program, from over 80 countries. In the academic year 2011–12, the student body consisted of 184 students, of which approximately 15% were Italian, 15% came from elsewhere in Western Europe, 20% from Eastern Europe, 15% from the Americas, 15% from Africa and the Middle East and 20% from Asia and Oceania. The majority of students attending the college benefit from financial support, with 17% receiving full scholarships and about three quarters of the student body on partial scholarships.

Most students attending the college are selected by UWC national selection committees in their home countries on the basis of academic achievement, leadership potential, extracurricular activities involvement and personal qualities, and are awarded scholarships based on need. The Italian national committee is responsible for the selection of Italian pupils to UWC Adriatic and for all of the United World Colleges, and acts under the patronage of the President of the Italian Republic.

Teachers are also hired internationally. In addition to being responsible for classroom teaching they act as personal tutors for groups of students and contribute to the running of activities and services.

The founding headmaster of the college was David B. Sutcliffe, an influential part of the United World Colleges movement, who had been the headmaster at the first UWC, Atlantic College. Since August 2022, the Rettore (headmaster) has been Khalid El-Metaal, who was previously the deputy head at the Toronto French School in Canada, and served as Deputy Headteacher at the Modern English School of Cairo. Since 2016, the president of the college has been Ambassador Cristina Ravaglia.

College and facilities
The college is integrated into the village of Duino, located on the Adriatic coast between Trieste and Monfalcone, with school buildings and facilities interspersed with residential and commercial properties. Students live in residences that are spread over the village, with the smallest housing 6 students, and the largest just over 50. The largest residence is part of the complex of the Duino castle, which towers over the town.

Academics and Extracurriculars
The core academic curriculum at the college is the International Baccalaureate diploma, a two year, pre-university programme. Courses at the college are taught in English, but students are not selected on the basis of their ability to speak English. In addition, all students are required to take Italian classes, in order to participate and contribute to their local community. The college offers a range of subjects, including some that were first developed at the school. "World Arts and Cultures," which was developed at the college as a school based syllabus, is now taught by IB schools in several countries. The college has a particular focus on musical education, collaborating with the Scuola Trio di Trieste, which offers professional musical education, and, together with Luther College, hosts the International Music Festival of the Adriatic.

The college offers various physical activities that take advantage of the school's location, directly on the coast of the Adriatic Sea and close to the Alps, including activities such a cross-country and downhill skiing, hiking, kayaking, caving, and sailing. The creative activities program offers a wide variety of choices, ranging from drama to art, pottery, choir, and photography.

In addition to the academic requirements of the IB, the college places importance on the IB's Creativity Action Service (CAS) requirement, which means that each student is required to commit to one creative activity, one physical activity and one social service.

Other
Students at the college are eligible, after graduation, to participate in the Shelby Davis Scholarship program, which funds undergraduate study, based on need, for UWC students at over 90 universities in the United States, including most Ivy League universities.

Beginning in 2023, Princess Ariane of the Netherlands will study at the school. Her father, King Willem-Alexander, and older sister, Princess Alexia, both studied at the United World College of the Atlantic.

Notable alumni

 * Darren Huston (born 1966), Canadian businessman, CEO of the Priceline Group and booking.com.
 * Marina Catena (born 1968), Italian UN official.
 * Chrystia Freeland (born 1968), Former Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Member of the Canadian Parliament and former Thomson Reuters managing director. First female Canadian Minister of Finance and deputy Prime Minister of Canada.
 * Karen Mok (born 1970), Hong Kong singer.
 * Ghil'ad Zuckermann (born 1971), Israeli linguist and academic.
 * Jason Y. Ng (born 1972), Hong Kong-Canadian author and activist.
 * Barbara Graziosi, Princeton professor of Classics.
 * Guglielmo Verdirame (born 1974), Italian Lawyer and Professor of International Law at King's College London
 * Joseph Pearson (writer) (born 1975), Canadian/Italian author.
 * Corinne Ellemeet (born 1976), Dutch politician, member of the House of Representatives.
 * Tara Sharma (born 1977), British-Indian actress.
 * Juan Pablo Di Pace (born 1979), Argentinian actor.
 * Lina Attalah (born 1983), Egyptian media figure and journalist.
 * Massimo Dobrovic (born 1984), Istrian-Italian actor.
 * Sophie Hawley-Weld (born 1992), German singer, part of Sofi Tukker.
 * Princess Ariane (born 2007), third daughter of the Dutch King Willem-Alexander.

title: United World College of the Adriatic


text:
Category:EC 1.16.3

Oxidoreductases oxidizing metal ions with oxygen as acceptor

title: Category:EC 1.16.3


text:
Talk:Spadina Expressway

Image
This image is stolen from www.Thekingshighway.ca (as many have been in the past). This image is copyritten, and is not credited to the rightful owner (Mr. Cameron Bevers). He would probably allow use if properly credited, and if he were notified. I am removing image again. --24.103.242.178 19:14, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Notice to all Wikipedians: The images and text located at www.thekingshighway.ca is protected by copyright. You may not reproduce my work without my written permission!

I had to pay the Government of Ontario a $20.00 service fee to obtain a copy of this photo. I also had to obtain special written permission from the Archives of Ontario in order for me to legally display this photo on my website. This particular image is still protected by copyright, and must not be used on a website or published without the explicit written permission of the Archives of Ontario. I credit all of my sources. Why do you Wikipedians have so much trouble in quoting yours? Cbevers 02:35, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The source (Government of Ontario) is credited at Image:Spadina.jpg.

 * Removing the image from this page doesn't undo the copyright violation if any, since the image is still displayed at this page — Image:Spadina.jpg.

 * If you feel that you own the copyright to Image:Spadina.jpg and that has been violated, please list Image:Spadina.jpg (and not this page) at Request for immediate removal of copyright violation.

 * Thanks. -- Paddu 20:17, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

POV

 * I have deleted " helping to contribute to Toronto's reputation as a beautiful and livable city, despite these neighbourhoods becoming choked with traffic because of the lack of through expressways." This sentence is filled with bias. "Choked with traffic" does not strike me as the right tonw for wiki and Toronto has little reputation for being beautiful. Palmerston 04:59, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * While on New Changes Patrol, I saw a questionable edit to this article. Upon further review, I noticed an ongoing trend toward similar uncited, non-NPOV edits (critical of the detractors of the expressway) and reverts on this article, as well as Gardiner Expressway, from anon IPs. I have reverted the edits again, making the third RV. If the changes are replaced again, then I will take this up the ladder.
 * I'd like the anon editor who is making these edits to respond with sources for these edits so that some common ground about wording and tone can be found.
 * Some of the language of concern...
 * "...not by the majority of Toronto residents, but rather a small group of anti-car organizers..."
 * "Unfortunately, these types of fear driven comments have proven the opposite..."
 * "There were political motivations behind the decision: the Municipal government wanted to demonstrate its commitment to a "no expressway expansion" mandate."
 * "''However, no new investment has been made into mass transit..."
 * If the editor can substantiate these statements, then there's no reason not to include them (save for the second statement, which is blatantly non-NPOV). But just saying "Please review http://www.toronto.ca/ for all sources." (per the RV edit summary) is insufficient. Detailed cites are required, especially for politically charged material, as per WP:CITE. Caknuck 16:17, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Weasel words
I have added the weasel tag to the "Outcomes" section, as it contains the following statements which are unsourced or weasel words: There is no source for this statement... which businesses stated this? This is a weasel.
 * many businesses disliked the new urban-reform measures which were seen as anti-development policies.

Where is the evidence that anti-car policies caused the economic slowdown? Where is the evidence that freeways were the reason for the growth of Peel and York regions? There are many confounding factors in the economic growth and decline of different areas and I don't think you can attribute it to just freeways.
 * Because of its percieved anti-car policies, Toronto was no longer as attractive to development as it formerly was and businesses migrated towards Peel Region and York Region where taxes were lower and where there were less growth restrictions and superior freeway networks.

If there are no objections I will change the section in a couple of weeks. Dave 14:07, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:BadTrip.jpg
Image:BadTrip.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:41, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Merging in Allen Road
Before I get going, put the potential future title aside, as that would take some pondering. Does it not make sense to merge the bit of useful content from Allen Road into this in order to avoid duplication and to make this more comprehensive? Allen Road is the Spadina Expressway after all. -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  00:15, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with this. Haljackey (talk) 04:51, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I've instead merged into Allen Road, but now an appropriate title for the combined article can be decided. -  Floydian  τ ¢  20:35, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spadina Expressway


text:
St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad

The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad, known as St-Laurent et Atlantique Quebec in Canada, is a short-line railway operating between Portland, Maine, on the Atlantic Ocean, and Montreal, Quebec, on the St. Lawrence River. It crosses the Canada–US border at Norton, Vermont, and Stanhope, Quebec, and is owned by short-line operator Genesee & Wyoming.

The line was built by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad in the U.S. and the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway in Canada, meeting at Island Pond, Vermont, south of the international border. Major communities served include Portland and Lewiston in Maine; Berlin, New Hampshire; Island Pond, Vermont; and Sherbrooke and Montreal in Quebec.

History
The line was proposed as a connection between Portland and Sherbrooke, Quebec, in 1844 by Portland entrepreneur John A. Poor. Portland was desperate to connect its ice-free port with Montreal, and Maine was at risk of being eclipsed by a similar proposal running from nearby Boston, Massachusetts. Writer, critic, and Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad investor, John Neal wrote of the necessity "to drive Boston out of the business and secure [a] monopoly." Montreal saw an advantage in linking with the smaller port at Portland, and Poor's idea became a reality.

Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad
The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad was chartered in Maine on February 10, 1845; New Hampshire on July 30, 1847; and Vermont on October 27, 1848, to build a continuous line from Portland northwest into northeastern Vermont. William Pitt Preble was the railroad's first president. The line was originally built to the Portland gauge of. Construction started in Portland on July 4, 1846. The first section, from Portland to Yarmouth, opened July 20, 1848. Further extensions up the Royal River to Danville (now Auburn) opened in October 1848 and to Mechanic Falls in February 1849. Construction then proceeded up the Little Androscoggin River to Oxford in September 1849 and Paris in March 1850. Construction was then completed down the Alder River to the Androscoggin River at Bethel in March 1851. Simultaneous construction of Portland gauge connecting railways occurred from Danville and Mechanic Falls. Sections into and within New Hampshire opened to Gorham on July 23, 1851, and Northumberland July 12, 1852, and the full distance to Island Pond, Vermont, on January 29, 1853.

Construction began with three locomotives built in Britain, but John Poor had organized the Portland Company with locomotive erecting shops adjacent to the railroad yard and wharves at Portland. Approximately half of the early Portland Company production was 25 Portland-gauge locomotives built for the Atlantic & St. Lawrence. These 4-4-0 locomotives weighing 20 to 25 tons were augmented by locomotives built elsewhere when the road was completed to Montreal.

The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway was chartered to build the part of the line in Quebec, and on August 4, 1851, agreed to meet the Atlantic and St. Lawrence at Island Pond. Regular operations began April 4, 1853 between Montreal (Saint-Lambert) and Portland.

Grand Trunk Railway
Four months later, on August 5, 1853, the Grand Trunk Railway leased the two companies, giving the Toronto-Montreal line an extension east to Portland. A branch was also built from Richmond, Quebec, northeast to Point Levi, across the St. Lawrence River from Quebec City. Grand Trunk enlarged their waterfront facilities at Portland by purchasing land from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The increased traffic from Portland and Point Levi to Montreal placed significant demands on the small train ferry service across the St. Lawrence at Montreal, and this was replaced by the Victoria Bridge by 1860.

The locomotives burned wood exclusively until the cost of seasoned firewood increased during the winter of 1871–72 to make other fuels competitive. Peat from Quebec was used briefly before coal became the standard. Coal was used exclusively between Portland and Gorham by 1879, but use of wood continued for a few more years north of Gorham.

Interchange with standard gauge railroads became a problem during the 1860s. Grand Trunk equipped approximately 1,000 freight cars with experimental "sliding-wheels" in 1863 at company shops in Sarnia, Ontario, and Pointe-Saint-Charles in Montreal. Gauge could be adjusted by removing and inserting axle pins on special tapered-gauge track segments at interchange points. Safety problems were reported despite high maintenance costs. All lines west of Montreal were converted to standard gauge on October 3 and 4, 1873. Grand Trunk purchased 200 standard gauge locomotives (including 62 from Portland Company) and converted 135 old locomotives. Ten thousand standard gauge bogies were purchased for conversion of freight cars. The railway from Portland to Montreal was standard-gauged in September 1874.

During the week preceding the change, each section foreman made sure all ties on his section were properly adzed and clear of gravel. Spikes were laid out beside each tie, and some sidings were re-gauged before the main line. Two eight-man squads were assigned to each five-mile section. They slept by the track with their tools on the night of September 25, 1874. Work began at Portland when the last Portland gauge train from Island Pond arrived at 2:00 am September 26, and the main line was ready for standard gauge trains by 9:00 am the same day. The change resulted in nearly complete replacement of locomotives on the New England line, since most of the Portland gauge locomotives were sold or scrapped. Five new "Burnside" 2-6-0 locomotives from Rhode Island Locomotive Works had arrived in Portland from Boston to resume service.

The GTR line to Portland was built during the boom period for New England textile mills, and various mill towns in northern New England soon saw an influx of French Canadian workers who quickly found work in the region.

Grain elevators were constructed at Portland to facilitate storage and loading of Canadian wheat for export. The first elevator was built on Galt Wharf in 1863. The elevator with capacity for 150,000 bushels burned in 1873, and was replaced with a larger elevator in 1875. Portland Elevator Company built an elevator with capacity of one million bushels in 1897, and New England Elevator Company built the largest elevator on the Atlantic coast at the time, with capacity of 1.5 million bushels, in 1901.

By 1881, all wooden bridges had been replaced by iron and stone structures, and steel rail had replaced early iron rail. Fourteen steamship lines were serving the Grand Trunk wharves at Portland by 1896 with connections to Bristol, London, Liverpool, Glasgow, and Antwerp. Fifty steamships visited Portland that winter, and as many as seven could load simultaneously from the Grand Trunk wharves. More powerful 2-6-0 mogul locomotives increased freight train length from 16 to 30 cars.

Passenger train service included the Seaside and White Mountains Special (later called the International Limited) from Chicago to Portland, equipped with plush silk and mahogany-finished Pullman, dining, sleeping, parlor, and observation cars including a library and a barber shop. By 1946 this required a change of train in Montreal, taking #16 from Montreal to Portland (and #17 the reverse trip). As late as summer, 1963, the Canadian National/Grand Trunk operated this route as a weekends only train, equipped with coffee shop car in addition to coach, for the route from Montreal to Portland.

Canadian National Railways Berlin subdivision
The GTR's bankruptcy in the early 1920s saw it nationalized by the Canadian federal government, which merged it into the nascent Canadian National Railways (CNR). Unfortunately for Portland, the CNR also included various other rail lines to ice-free Canadian ports in the Maritimes, notably Halifax, Nova Scotia, and their now ex-GTR mainline to Montreal soon became a secondary mainline under CNR as traffic dropped significantly. Within a decade, annual export tonnage leaving Portland declined to 21,000 tons, from an average of 600,000 tons during the early 1920s.

Canadian National class S 2-8-2s pulled through freight trains between Portland and Island Pond, while class O USRA 0-6-0s worked those yards and class N-4 2-8-0s pulled local wayfreights within the United States. Passenger trains were usually pulled by locomotives working out of Montreal. Canadian National class E-7 2-6-0 #713 worked the Lewiston branch, and was preserved at the Canadian Railway Museum when 16 class GR-17 EMD GP9 diesel locomotives replaced steam power in 1957. Five of the GP9s were equipped with steam generators for passenger service, while the other eleven had dynamic brakes for freight service.

Paper mills remained a major source of traffic. Annual car loadings in 1973 were 12,758 for Berlin, 5,794 for Groveton, and 1,161 for Mechanic Falls; but the Boston and Maine Railroad carried some of the traffic for the New Hampshire mills. Dressed meat from Chicago to Maine continued to use the shorter Canadian routing as long as railway reefers remained competitive with highway trucking.

From 1934 to 1939 the twice-weekly Maine Coast Special from Montreal left the Grand Trunk at Yarmouth Junction to follow the Maine Central Railroad to Portland's Union Station and then the Boston and Maine Railroad to the beach communities of Old Orchard Beach and Kennebunkport during July and August. The CNR class U-1 4-8-2 locomotives pulling as many as 17 car trains around Dominion Day would be serviced at Rigby Yard in South Portland before making the return trip. Daily except Sunday passenger trains 16 and 17 continued to carry a railway post office between Portland and Island Pond through the 1950s. These trains remained popular with summer vacationers from Montreal, and summer weekend service continued until 1967 after daily train service ended in 1960. Passengers were transported by bus from Portland station to Old Orchard Beach. Portland station was razed in 1966.

Despite the decline in traffic being handled over the line, its strategic connection to the Atlantic Ocean for Montreal saw other use arise during World War II. Bauxite from British Guiana was shipped via rail from Portland to avoid shipping losses to U-boats during the Battle of the St. Lawrence. The Portland–Montreal Pipe Line was built to carry oil from terminals in South Portland to refineries in Montreal; the pipeline followed the GTR route along certain parts and is still in use today. Wharves at Portland were used by the United States Navy as Casco Bay became destroyer base Sail during the Battle of the Atlantic. Grand Trunk Piers housed a Navy supply pier and training schools for combat information center (CIC), night visual lookouts, surface and aircraft recognition, search and fire control radar operators, gunnery spotting, anti-aircraft machine guns, and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) attack.

CNR (CN after the 1960s) continued to operate the Portland-Sherbrooke line as its Berlin Subdivision, but traffic continued to decline. By the late 1980s, following deregulation of the U.S. railroad industry, it became a candidate for divestiture to a shortline operator.

St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad
In 1989, the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad was formed to take over operation of the Island Pond-Portland section, and several years later this was extended to the border at Norton. In 1998, following Canadian deregulation, the short-line operator formed a subsidiary St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad (Quebec) to operate the remaining line from the border at Norton through to Sainte-Rosalie, where it connects with the CNR main line to Montreal.

Reactivated passenger service
In April 2012, the Maine Department of Transportation put a project out to bid which would "purchase, design, and construct a portion of rail line for future passenger service to Lewiston and Auburn." The potential passenger route would operate on tracks operated by the St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad. prospective operators of a night train from Montréal to Boston are attempting to get access to the St. Lawrence and Atlantic right-of-way for a 2014-passenger launch.

Bridge collapse
A bridge over the Saint-François River near Brompton, Quebec, collapsed on January 13, 2018. There were no injuries. The preliminary opinion is that the collapse was due to an ice jam and rapid water level rise following an unseasonal day of rain.

Route

 * Milepost 0: Portland terminal facilities including wharves, grain elevators, Portland Company shops, and interchange with Portland Terminal Company until 1984. [[Image:Grand Trunk Railroad Station, Portland, ME.jpg|thumb|right|Grand Trunk Station at Portland, Maine built in 1903]]
 * Milepost 1.4: Portland Junction with Portland and Rochester Railroad from 1871 to 1947
 * Milepost 1.5: Back Cove Trestle abandoned following fire damage in 1984
 * Milepost 2.4: East Deering stockyard with resting pens for 2,500 head of export livestock and 15-stall roundhouse with steam locomotive servicing facilities (station closed 1939)
 * Milepost 4.4: Presumpscot River bridge
 * Milepost 5.5: Falmouth station razed about 1932
 * Milepost 8.9: Cumberland
 * Milepost 11.3: Yarmouth Station built in 1906; closed in 1968 [[Image:Yarmouth Crossing, Yarmouth, Maine.jpg|thumb|right|A stretch of the railroad passing through [[Yarmouth, Maine]], beside Yarmouth Station, looking north]]
 * Milepost 11.7: Royal River trestle
 * Milepost 12.2: Yarmouth Junction with Kennebec and Portland Railroad (later Maine Central Railroad "lower road") since 1849
 * Milepost 15.3: Dunn's
 * Milepost 18.4: Pownal 69-car passing siding (station closed 1953)
 * Milepost 22.7: New Gloucester station burned in 1940
 * Milepost 23.9: Royal River bridge
 * Milepost 24.3: Royal River bridge
 * Milepost 24.8: Royal River bridge
 * Milepost 26.8: Royal River bridge
 * Milepost 27.6: Danville Junction with Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad (later Maine Central Railroad "back road")
 * Milepost 29.7: Lewiston Junction with 5.4-mile branch to Lewiston, Maine since 1874 (Lewiston station closed 1971)
 * Milepost 32.1: Empire Road passed under Portland and Rumford Falls Railway from 1893 to 1952 (station closed 1941)
 * Milepost 36.2: Mechanic Falls junction with Buckfield Branch Railroad, later Portland and Rumford Falls Railway until 1952 (station razed 1968)
 * Milepost 36.3: Little Androscoggin River bridge
 * Milepost 40.9: Oxford station closed 1965
 * Milepost 46.7: Little Androscoggin River bridge
 * Milepost 47.3: South Paris junction with 1.4-mile branch to Norway, Maine since 1879 and 3-stall roundhouse until 1929 (Norway station closed in 1964 and was razed in 1968) Railroad Station, South Paris, ME.jpg
 * Milepost 55.6: Little Androscoggin River bridge
 * Milepost 55.7: Bates 65-car passing siding and roundhouse for 1.1 percent Bacon's Grade helper engine to Bryant Pond. Feldspar was mined, processed and loaded here for the manufacture of porcelain from 1925 to 1988. Station built in 1851, enlarged in 1879, and closed in 1967 was razed in 1968.
 * Milepost 58: Little Androscoggin River bridge
 * Milepost 58.9: Little Androscoggin River bridge
 * Milepost 61.8: Bryant Pond 2-stall roundhouse until 1923 (station built in 1851 closed in 1958)
 * Milepost 65.3: Locke Mills
 * Milepost 67: Alder River bridge
 * Milepost 68.2: Alder River bridge
 * Milepost 69.6: Alder River bridge
 * Milepost 70.1: Bethel station built in 1865 was enlarged in 1899 and closed and razed in 1968
 * Milepost 74: Allen's
 * Milepost 75: Pleasant River bridge
 * Milepost 80.1: Gilead, Maine junction with Wild River Railroad from 1891 to 1904
 * Milepost 80.5: Wild River bridge
 * Milepost 82.6: state line
 * Milepost 85.9: Shelburne, New Hampshire
 * Milepost 87.9: Rattle River bridge
 * Milepost 88: Rattle River bridge
 * Milepost 88.2: Rattle River bridge
 * Milepost 88.4: east end of Androscoggin River causeway
 * Milepost 89.2: west end of Androscoggin River causeway
 * Milepost 91: Peabody River trestle
 * Milepost 91.6: Gorham 12 stall roundhouse and coaling tower until 1956 with shops from 1869 to 1902 Station built in 1907 housed the Gorham Historical Society when railroad occupancy ended. [[Image:View from Mt. Madison House, Gorham, NH.jpg|thumb|right|Grand Trunk at Gorham about 1912]]
 * Milepost 92.8: Moose River bridge
 * Milepost 93.1: Moose Brook bridge
 * Milepost 93.3: Boston and Maine Railroad to Berlin, New Hampshire crosses overhead on high bridge
 * Milepost 96: Cascade [[Image:Cascade Mill, Gorham, NH.jpg|thumb|right|Cascade Mill about 1920]]
 * Milepost 97.9: Berlin junction with Berlin Mills Railway [[Image:GTRailroad.jpg|thumb|right|Berlin station built in 1917]]
 * Milepost 101: Dead River bridge
 * Milepost 103.3: Copperville station closed 1929
 * Milepost 103.7: Upper Ammonoosuc River bridge
 * Milepost 106.3: Upper Ammonoosuc River bridge
 * Milepost 108.7: Upper Ammonoosuc River bridge
 * Milepost 109.4: West Milan junction with Upper Ammonoosuc Railroad from 1893 to 1903 with 37-car siding for pulpwood loading (station closed 1957)
 * Milepost 110.2: Upper Ammonoosuc River bridge
 * Milepost 110.5: Upper Ammonoosuc River bridge
 * Milepost 111.6: Crystal
 * Milepost 111.7: Phillips Brook bridge
 * Milepost 114.3: Percy 76-car passing siding and 13-car team track
 * Milepost 116.4: Stark
 * Milepost 117.3: Upper Ammonoosuc River bridge
 * Milepost 121.8: Upper Ammonoosuc River bridge
 * Milepost 122.2: Groveton junction with the Boston and Maine Railroad Groveton branch and (from 1948 to 1976) the Maine Central Railroad Beecher Falls branch
 * Milepost 126.4: Mapleton
 * Milepost 129.5: Masons crossing the Maine Central Railroad Beecher Falls branch from 1887 until Maine Central negotiated trackage rights from Groveton to North Stratford in 1948
 * Milepost 134.6: North Stratford, New Hampshire junction with the North Stratford Railroad from 1887 to 1989
 * Milepost 134.7: Connecticut River bridge
 * Milepost 142.3: Wenlock, Vermont station closed 1925
 * Milepost 145.3: East Brighton
 * Milepost 149.5: Island Pond ice harvesting facilities for reefer icing and passenger car air-conditioning until 1959 and division point yard with 20-stall roundhouse and locomotive servicing facilities until 1966

title: St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad


text: Category:1106 births

title: Category:1106 births


text:
Sender Bielstein

The Sender Bielstein (Transmitter Bielstein) is an FM- and TV-broadcasting facility on the 393-metre-high Bielstein mountain in the Forest of Teutoburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Bielstein transmitter, which is the property of Westdeutscher Rundfunk and used for transmitting its programmes was established in 1951. It used until 1954 a 60-metre-tall mast. This mast was replaced in 1954 by a 102-metre-tall antenna tower. However this mast was not able to supply the whole area with FM and TV-programmes and so a taller antenna mast was soon planned. Finally in 1968 construction work started for a 298-metre-tall guyed steel tube mast. This mast, which was completed in 1970 enabled a satisfactory supply of FM- and TV-programmes in the area.

On January 15, 1985, at 6.26 MST as result of too much ice load and great wind-induced stress, one of the upper guys of the mast was torn off. As result the mast bent and cracked 160 metres above ground. Afterwards the rest of the mast collapsed as the falling upper parts destroyed the guys holding its lower parts. Already on the afternoon of that day as replacement for the first FM-transmitter which used the mast went on air again, by using a communication tower of Deutsche Telekom as the transmission site. Three days later, TV broadcasting was also restored. On Bielstein mountain, a temporary 85-metre-tall auxiliary transmission mast for transmitting the TV and FM-programmes was erected. Of course, reception of the signals radiated from this auxiliary mast was much worse than from the former 298 metre mast and so construction work for a new 302-metre-tall guyed lattice steel mast started, which was completed in August 1986.

In April 2006 the mast got a new antenna for DVB-T broadcasting, which reduced its height to 290 metres.

title: Sender Bielstein


text:
Talk:James Township, Michigan

Untitled
Does anyone have a list of private roads in James township??

title: Talk:James Township, Michigan