text:
Talk:Spooling

jobs
"In computer science, spooling refers to putting jobs in a buffer..." This use of the word jobs is common computer slang, but perhaps not right for a WP article, esp in the opening sentence. What it means here is "intermediate workflow files", but that is kind of awkward... 69.87.193.176 13:19, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Difference between spooling and queuing?
What's the semantic difference between these two? Is there one, or are they interchangeable? Mratzloff 18:54, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a perceptive question and the answer is a matter of application and degree.

 * Queueing can be buffered in memory and hypothetically could be buffered to a storage device.

 * Spooling is indeed a type of queueing, but (a) relates to printing and (b) uses disc as the queueing medium.

 * If print lines are buffered in memory, they are queued but not spooled.

 * --UnicornTapestry (talk) 02:21, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Spooling and FIFOs
It seems like spooling is a lot like stuffing data into a FIFO where each side can can read/write whenever ready. Of course, if the FIFO gets full, data on the write side must wait or be lost. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * Spooling is FIFO. Different spooling programs treated full buffers in different ways. IBM's Power program simply stopped and waited for the operator to make a decision. DataCorp's The Spooler and SDI's Grasp began printing immediately, so if their buffers filled, they simply slowed to printer speed.

 * --UnicornTapestry (talk) 02:24, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Tape? Reely?
The article claims tape was used as a 'spooling' mechanism. While it's true that DOS, OS/MxT, and other operating system variants could output print lines to 'spools' of tape (which we called reels), this was never considered 'spooling' in the sense of the article.

--UnicornTapestry (talk) 02:30, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

I agree with that. Having been "in the trade" for over forty years I can assure that we NEVER referred to tapes as anything but reels. I guess that someone is trying to support the argument that SPOOL is a bacronym - which it ain't!

Terry — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.134.45.127 (talk) 08:44, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

Mechanism and Origin
Part of the section on the Origin of the Term is incorrect and part has gone missing, apparently years ago.

I rewrote that section and added another section on the spooling mechanism.

--UnicornTapestry (talk) 06:33, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

I actually worked on an IBM 360 in 1967. At that time, the IBM computer had 512k bytes of core memory and processed jobs. Some of these jobs would require large volumes of output to a printer. Since some jobs would be printer bound and thus waste an extremely valuable asset (IBM 360 was not cheap), the system could be bootstrapped into a different configuration. In this setup, a partition in memory was established, (I think 8k bytes), which automatically printed print files from whatever tape was loaded onto a reserved tape drive (usually the last in a bank of tape drives and only available to the print partition). This set up, known as SPOOL (Simulatenous Peripheral Operation Off Line) was seen as a major advance at the time. There was no queuing. The order of tapes loaded was the order of the print. Very simple and very ingenious at the time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.176.228.91 (talk) 00:59, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

 * First, IBM had SPOOL software well before the S/360, e.g., "SPOOL System", 7070-IO-076 (see )
 * Second, the MVT option of OS/360 had queuing. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 19:47, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

(queue/fifo) buffering vs. spooling: how wrong definitions manifest in contradiction.
In the first paragraph I read: In print spooling, documents are loaded into a buffer (usually an area on a disk), and then ... The 2nd tells the opposite: This temporary working area could be a file or storage device, but probably not a buffer. Usual uses of the term spooling apply to situations where there is little or no direct communication between the program writing the data and the program reading it. Spooling is often used when a device writes data faster than a target device can read it, allowing the slower device to work at its own pace without requiring processing to wait for it to catch up. Data is only modified through addition or deletion at the ends of the area, i.e., there is no random access or editing. In the 3rd, it calls it a buffer again: The most common spooling application is print spooling: documents formatted for printing are stored onto a buffer (usually an area on a disk) Finally, I come to clarify this in the discussion page and see the numerous question if the spooler is a buffer after all responed by assurances that it is not a buffer. Am I crazy or this article is total absurd indeed? Everything gets fixed if we correct only the 2nd paragraph. It is really wrong because it denies the spooler being a buffer and, at the same time describes it as " a device writes data faster than a target device can read it, allowing the slower device to work at its own pace without requiring processing to wait for it to catch up. ", which is definitely a purpose of a buffer. By definition, a fast storage device used to mediate the producer-consumer is a buffer. Furthermore, if the " Data is only modified through addition or deletion at the ends of the area, i.e., there is no random access or editing " we have a queue buffering, aka FIFO. --Javalenok (talk) 22:06, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The original SPOOL software was mostly card-to-tape, tape-to-card and tape-to-printer; such operations as card-to-card, while supported, were less useful. Support for disk came fairly quickly, and Direct Coupled System required an IBM 1301 disk drive between an IBM 7040 and an IBM 7090, or between a 7044 and a 7094.

 * I've never seen the word spool used to refer to digital tape; it's always been cartridge, reel, tape or volume. I have, however, seen the term spooler used for hardware on a tape drive.

 * All of the spooling software that I've seen dealt with complete files; it didn't share files with another program as buffers. All of the spooling software that I've seen using disk as an intermediary has had priority queueing. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 20:09, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Minor note: Neither Shadow nor Shadow II were spooling systems. It was a TP Monitor, a CICS competitor. Fido was the spooling system from the same fertile mind - Simon Wheaton Smith, if I remember rightly, and they were built when he was at Thomas Cook's the travel agents. Personal knowledge - I worked on Shadow in London from 1976 on. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.188.231.59 (talk) 22:46, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Computer science is not Information science
A recent edit by User:Free 3rhym changed Computer science to Information science; the two are not equivalent and Computer science is the relevant term when discussing features of computer software. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 14:25, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

"city prepares payroll checks" - huh?
I don't get why a city prepares payroll cheques. I'm thinking city - large conurbation. What other cities are there? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.148.196.229 (talk) 20:35, 5 June 2011 (UTC)

Term
I distinctly remember being told that SPOOL stands for Simulated Peripheral Operations On Line. The peripheral operations are simulated.Lestrade (talk) 03:26, 12 May 2012 (UTC)Lestrade

 * Someone may have told you that, but it has been Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On Line since the 1950's, in such IBM software as SPOOL System, 7070-IO-076. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 23:14, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Makes no sense. What two operations are simultaneous? However, it makes sense to say that peripheral operations are simulated as though they were online. The person who told me was a lecturer for a company that sold EDOS.Lestrade (talk) 00:22, 23 May 2012 (UTC)Lestrade

 * Yes, it does make sense, especially if you were there, using the hardware and software. Simultaneous refers to the running of more than one batch job at a time. If you wanted to, say, run PAYROLL and GLEDGER without a spooling subsystem, you had to have a printer (peripheral) available for each. After HASP was introduced, the jobs could run at the same time, "printing" to a spool file, even if you only had one physical printer. You could then print the spooled output when convenient. The person who's telling you this installed and operated IBM operating systems ranging from MVT to MVS/ESA, and remembers the annoyance of life without Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line. — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 05:00, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Very clearly explained.Lestrade (talk) 10:26, 23 May 2012 (UTC)Lestrade

 * Thanks! Glad I could help--even if I am admitting how ancient I am. — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 17:09, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Actually, MVT had SPOOL support without ASP or HASP. ASP and HASP automated some of the operation of the computer, avoided some of the overhead of allocating DASD datasets for SPOOL and automatically blocked records even when the user didn't provide an explicit block size. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 16:34, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Are you sure that it is not Simultaneous Peripheral Operation Off-Line?Lestrade (talk) 18:31, 23 May 2012 (UTC)Lestrade

 * Yes. — UncleBubba ( T @ C ) 20:22, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The SPOOL software for the 7070, 7080, 7090 and related computers allowed for simultaneous card-to-tape, card-to-card, card-to-printer, tape to card and tape to printer operations on the same computer. You were still limited to one batch job at a time in parallel with the SPOOL activity. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 16:34, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

 * "The Guide To OS/2 Warp Device Drivers"  has "3. The spooler (Simultaneous Print Operation On Line) ..." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chuzzwassa (talk • contribs) 02:01, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Neither the first nor the last time that the cobbler's children went barefoot. IBM manuals are frequently written by people who don't know the history, may not even know the product, and use guesses or urban legnds rather than consulting corporate archives. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 17:00, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

Level of detail for references?
I recently reinstated a deleted paragraph relating to SPOOL software doing card-to-tape, tape-to-card, tape-to-printer and tape-to-tape operations. I added a citation of one SPOOL program supporting these operations; I considered adding some IOCS manuals to the references but suspected that it might be TMI. Would those references be appropriate? Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 22:05, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Banner pages
Historically, banner pages have contained a wide variety of data and have varied both between systems and between installations of the same system. There is no datum that all banner pages included. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 22:55, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Rewrite and criticism
I revised the article heavily a couple days ago. I got feedback on the revisions on my user talk page today, which I reproduce here along with my response:

 * There are several problems with your rewrite of Spooling. My first thought was to revert the edit, but it might be better if you could fix it up. The problems that I noticed were

 * Spooling does not mediate between the computer and the peripherals. SPOOL is an application that runs on the computer, in parallel with other work.
 * Media copies on a 1401 were not spooling, they were an alternative to spooling.
 * Spooling is not just buffering of job output, it is buffering of job input, typically card-to-tape or card-to-disk copying in parallel with execution of earlier jobs.
 * The term "Simultaneous Peripheral Output On Line" in the IBM program "SPOOL System, 7070-IO-076" goes back to the 1950's. Given that the common term at the time was reel rather than spool, a backronym seems unlikely.
 * Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 16:07, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your feedback. Responding in order:
 * The first sentence of the article does not need to be specific about exactly where the spooler process runs, and I think "mediating between a computer and a slow peripheral" is an accurate description of what spooling does, even if the mediation happens to be done by the computer itself.
 * I don't have personal experience with, or references for, 1401-era computing; what I wrote is my best guess at a sensible interpretation of the corresponding paragraphs of the old article, which were not terribly clear. I would welcome targeted improvements to that section by people who remember those days and/or can provide references.  Having said that, it seems to me you are insisting on a very narrow interpretation of the meaning of the phrase---too narrow for a general audience.
 * Yes, spooling can be applied to either input or output; however, I think it's important to put the discussion of print spooling (the most common modern application) first, and that is a form of output. Some forms of input spooling appear in the "other applications" section; if you'd like to flesh them out and/or add more that would be fine by me.
 * In the absence of hard evidence, I think the discussion of the origin of the term is sufficiently hedged both ways as is.

I am not currently persuaded to make any changes based on this feedback. I added a sentence to the article lead-in about input spooling, but beyond that I do not think any changes are necessary. Further discussion should take place here.

Elwoz (talk) 18:49, 21 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The word online is part of the name, so it is relevant where the processing takes place.
 * If you had no experience or references on the 1401, why did you change the description? Clarifying text is reasonable; changing it based on uninformed guesses is not.
 * The lede is supposed to introduce the topic. The fact that print spooling is more common belongs in subsequent text, and is not a justification for an incorrect lede.

 * Should there be a reference to ? Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 15:49, 28 April 2016 (UTC)

Mention renamng of ASP?
In the list of spooling systems, should the entry for ASP mention that IBM ultimately renamed it to Asymmetrical multiProcessor? Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 18:18, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
 * That's in the ASP article. A reference would be nice.Peter Flass (talk) 20:43, 3 January 2019 (UTC)
 * There's already a link to ASP and a citation of, so the only thing missing is an explicit mention of the name change, which, as you noted, is present in the ASP article. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 19:28, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Origin of name
I reverted an editit by user:Evertype changing The term "spool" probably originates with the Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line to The term "spool" may originate with the Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line, and he reverted the reversion. The article has references to the use of the name "Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On Line" in the 1950's; there is no source for an earlier use of the term "SPOOL". Under those circumstances, the term "may" is a weasel word and "probably" is more appropriate. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 18:34, 21 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm not convinced. The article itself says The term "spool" may originate with the Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line[2] (SPOOL) software; this derivation is uncertain, however. Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line may be a backronym.[3] Another explanation is that it refers to "spools" or reels of magnetic tape."
 * What this means is that there is doubt. It may originate with the acronym. The acronym may be a backronym. Or the explanation is that it refers to spools of tape (which is why the acronym would be backronymed). These "mays" all indicate possibility not probability. Therefore "may" or "perhaps" is more appropriate than "probably". I stand by my reversion. -- Evertype·✆ 22:18, 27 September 2020 (UTC)

 * When there is documentation for the name as Simultaneous Peripheral Operations Online and not a shred of evidence for an earlier origin, then 'probable is appropriate. The speculation that it is a backfronym from spool of tape is implausible on the face of it; the common usage was reel of tape, not spool.

Citing your revised version of the article is begging the question. Prior to your change Spooling read The term "spool" probably originates with the Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line (SPOOL) software. Its derivation is uncertain. Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line may be a backronym. Another explanation is that it refers to "spools" or reels of magnetic tape. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 15:07, 29 September 2020 (UTC)

Mail
The article now reads:
 * this terminology [spool] is still found in the documentation for email and Usenet software, even though messages are often delivered immediately nowadays.

Are they? SMTP is still what's used for Internet mail, and it's explicitly a store-and-forward protocol: a mail server receives a message for one or more recipients, and then decides what to do with it, often forwarding it to one or more other mail servers. It may not wait until next night, but I bet most won't attempt to forward the mail until it has taken responsibility for the content. And in the time between taking and forwarding responsibility, the server may be restarted, which means the mail needs to be stored to disk. All that seems like spooling to me. JöG (talk) 09:31, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

"unit record equipment"
"Because the unit record equipment on IBM mainframes of the early 1960s was so slow, it was common to use a small offline machine such as a 1401 instead of spooling. "

I'm unsure what "unit record equipment" means here. Also, the overall meaning is unclear. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.216.239.222 (talk) 15:06, 6 July 2021 (UTC)

 * On IBM mainframes unit record equipment usually means card readers, card punches and printers, although some less common devices qualify. --Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 01:08, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

Short description
Edit Special:Permalink/1169612951 added the short description "Form of multitasking in computers", overriding Wikidata description "intermediate store of data". I believe that both the new and the default description are too vague, since what characterizes SPOOL is that it is both a limited form of multitasking and processing an intermediate store of data. How about "A limited form of multitasking in computers, for copying an intermediate store of data"?

Or replace the Short description and For templates with a single -- Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 10:35, 10 August 2023 (UTC) Revised -- 10:59, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Abe lincoln on app.jpg
 * Hey,
 * I edited the description because I do think that "computers doing multitasking" is more generally understandable than something like "intermediate store". To be honest, when I saw the latter one, I even had to think about what the description has to do with the article first.
 * That the description is not detailed enough, yeah it is a short description. The short descriptions are displayed in the Wikipedia mobile app, see the short description "16th President of the United Stated" in the picture under the Abraham Lincoln title. I don't know if it's a written rule, but the short description generator tool "soft" limits the short description to 40 chars, your suggestion would have 86 chars.
 * I do think the most important is that one can see in the short description what topic this article belongs to, in this case to computer software. So if you have a better description you are welcome, however, your suggestion does not seem like an improvement to me.
 * And a tip, avoid using obsolete words like "A" at the beginning, you could also just say "Limited form of ...". This does make the description shorter and more look like a short description instead of a full text representation.
 * Have a nice day, Killarnee (talk) 10:59, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Just saw you have extended your question above. Please add it as a new section next time so that the thread stays clear.
 * There is no alternative for . The template is to differentiate between articles with the same title and has nothing to do with the short description. From the documentation:
 * " is a commonly used hatnote template on Wikipedia, and should be placed at the top of an article (but following, if present), linking the reader to other articles with similar titles or concepts that they may have been seeking instead." Killarnee (talk) 11:07, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * The short description in wikidata is more relevant than the replacement. The most relevant trait of SPOOL is that it copies data. -- Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 00:10, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spooling


text:
.so

.so is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.

On 11 July 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the ccTLD.

On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC), which introduced new limitations on purchasing .so domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia. As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new .so domain names.

On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.

Overview
Due to the civil war in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to Monolith Innovation Group, a company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia.

The demise of Monolith (ml.org)
Monolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.

Second-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form example.ml.org at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like example.com, example.org or example.net

The domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a country code domain, Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.

According to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, "I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles." However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to "technical and organisational problems" which included major server failures. Its second-level domains remain registered to Aveek Datta, president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use. Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that "no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners."

However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured, so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.

Relaunch
On February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.

The new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.

Transfer
On July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC). On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry. Somaliland banned use of this TLD as a result of the 2018 transfer.

Name spaces
The .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space .so is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space .com.so, .me.so, .net.so and .org.so are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively. There also exists .edu.so for higher education institutions; .gov.so for government entities; .sch.so for schools; and .gm.so, .hs.so, .jl.so, .pl.so, and .sw.so for Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, Puntland, and South West states respectively.

Registrars
SONIC maintains a list of officially accredited local and international registrars.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: .so


text:
Talk:Bathtub hoax

Work needed
this article needs a great deal of work. no where does it explain that this was a hoax, and what the intent of the hoax was. Kingturtle 02:22, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'm surprised to see you say that the article doesn't say it's a hoax. The title and quote are quite clear, and it clearly states that the article was false. What kind of improvements would you suggest?

On the *why* of the hoax, there is some speculation that Mencken wanted to make a point about the unreliability of the newspapers, which were full of war propaganda at the time, possibly also because Mencken is claimed to have been sympathetic with Germany at the time (World War One). I do not know whether this theory has any merit and how widespread it is. Perhaps someone who knows more about Mencken than I can contribute. Martijn Faassen 00:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I would assume (which, of course, would seem to be original research, but whatever) that the point of the hoax is how easy it is to lie to people. He finds it hilarious, in the quote, that it stays in the public memory as truth, especially that it stays in those places of pretention. He is bringing people low, because they can be brought low. If they were as smart as they should be, they'd know that their facts about the bathtub were the deliberate lies of a journalist. Their fault. Of course, I could be wrong. (grr, it signed the top of the page instead of my comment. Stupid text box.129.237.90.54 23:15, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

BJAODN
This article is a candidate for BAJODN. We could transwiki it to Wikicomedy or retain it on Wikipedia's BJAODN. --SuperDude 02:43, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought that was for bad jokes and nonsense internal to wikipedia, not a description of hoaxes in the world. Martijn Faassen

It's definitely not a hoax about a hoax. This is a famous Mencken story. How many articles on this website are hoaxes? Is there a catalogue of articles people have tried to plant here? It worries me that anybody can write anything here. The quality of the articles here is really, really good so I suppose there are moderators who perform fact-checking. --Rosejpalmer 03:58, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

PS BJAODN is pretty good. Is there a Wikipedia forum? I don't feel comfortable discussing things on this page that just seems to get bigger and bigger. --Rosejpalmer 03:58, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Dates
The text says: "It was a completely fictional account of how bathtubs were introduced into the United States as recently as 1842, only having been introduced in England in 1828."

The dates (years) are wrong, or the writing is. When "only having been (something)" is said, one usually expects what follows to be in a later date than whatever precedes it. That was a terrible description ;) but to make it clear, here goes an example: "Bathtubs were introduced as recently as 1842, only having been introduced in England later than that".

 * Hm, my understanding of the English language is different; your example looks really odd to me. I'm curious to see more about this. Perhaps though we should rewrite this text entirely, as evidently it can give rise to confusion. Martijn Faassen 23:06, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Afd
This article survived an Afd, the discussion can be found at Articles for deletion/Bathtub hoax. Friday (talk) 21:17, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Source
I don't know how to properly cite a source here, but this link here: http://www.cjr.org/issues/2007/2/Love.asp mentions this hoax about 2/3 the way through (ctrl-F bathtub). The CJR is a pretty reliable source, so...have at ye.129.237.90.54 00:17, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Fillmore Days
What does the 'Fillmore Days' part have to do with the rest of the article?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.178.74.86 (talk) 00:54, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Made it clear, at least I hope so. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 01:56, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bathtub hoax


text:
Thomas Ford

Thomas or Tom Ford may refer to:

 * Thomas Ford (martyr) (died 1582), English martyr
 * Thomas Ford (composer) (c. 1580–1648), English composer, lutenist, and viol player
 * Thomas Ford (minister) (1598–1674), English nonconformist minister
 * Thomas Ford (politician) (1800–1850), governor of Illinois
 * Thomas Ford (rower), British rower
 * Thomas H. Ford (1814–1868), American politician in Ohio
 * Tom Ford (baseball) (1866–1917), baseball pitcher
 * Thomas F. Ford (1873–1958), California politician
 * Thomas Ford (architect) (1891–1971), British architect
 * Thomas Gardner Ford (1918–1995), Member of the Michigan House of Representatives
 * Tom Ford (born 1961), American designer
 * Thomas Mikal Ford (1964–2016), American actor
 * Tom Ford (presenter) (born 1977), British television presenter
 * Tom Ford (snooker player) (born 1983), English snooker player
 * Tom Ford (squash player) (born 1993), British squash player
 * "Tom Ford" (song), a 2013 song by Jay-Z

title: Thomas Ford


text:
Bill Holland

Willard Saulsbury Holland (December 18, 1907 – May 20, 1984) was an American racing driver from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He won the Indianapolis 500 in 1949 and finished second in 1947, 1948, and 1950. He was runner-up in the 1947 American Automobile Association (AAA) National Championship.

Background
Holland was born on December 18, 1907, the son of fireman and former professional baseball player Willard Holland. He was excellent at skating and tried out for the 1932 Olympics.

Early career
Holland began achieving notable results in big cars during 1937. He recorded his first win on July 30, 1938, at Mineola, New York. He won three times in 1939 and nine times in 1940. Holland finished second to Joie Chitwood in the 1940 AAA Eastern Big Car championship and he won the championship in 1941. No racing happened in the United States between 1942 and 1945 due to World War II.

In 1946, Holland won 15 Eastern and 1 Midwestern "big car" (now sprint car) races to finish fourth in the AAA national championship. On July 20, 1946, Holland won the first race at Selinsgrove Speedway in an American Automobile Association-sanctioned event.

Championship car career
Holland nearly won the 1947 Indianapolis 500 as a rookie, but slowed and allowed teammate Mauri Rose to pass him seven laps from the end, mistakenly believing that Rose was a lap down.

In 1949 Holland led late in the race when Rose (still teammate to Holland on Lou Moore's Blue Crown Spark Plug team) began to slowly close on Holland. Moore saw what was happening out on the track and hung out a pit board ordering both drivers to hold their respective positions to the finish. Rose picked up the pace, closing on Holland. But with eight laps to go, Rose suffered a magneto failure and Holland cruised to the victory. When Rose returned to the pits, Moore fired Rose on the spot. 1950 saw him a lap down on lap 138 in second place to Johnnie Parsons when rain fell and ended the race.

On November 14, 1951, Holland was suspended from AAA Indy Car racing for one year after competing in a three-lap Lion's Charity race at Opa-locka, Florida which was a NASCAR event. The American Automobile Association, at the time the sanctioning body for Indy car races, had a strict rule forbidding its drivers from participating in any races other than their own and would blacklist violators. He returned to Indy car racing in 1953.

Holland raced until 1965. He is believed to have achieved more than 40 sprint car feature wins and 150 podiums.

World Drivers' Championship career
The AAA/USAC-sanctioned Indianapolis 500 was included in the FIA World Drivers' Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indianapolis during those years were credited with World Drivers' Championship participation, and were eligible to score WDC points alongside those which they may have scored towards the AAA/USAC National Championship.

Holland participated in two World Drivers' Championship races at Indianapolis. He finished in the top three once, and scored six World Drivers' Championship points.

Life after racing and death
Holland and his wife Myra ran skating rinks in Bridgeport, Connecticut. They lived briefly in Colorado Springs, Colorado before moving to Tucson, Arizona in the early 1970s.

Holland was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in November 1983 and died from complications of the disease on May 20, 1984. He had remained active throughout his life and would regularly ride a bicycle for 50 miles per day until a year before his death.

Awards and honors
Holland has been inducted into the following halls of fame:
 * Auto Racing Hall of Fame (1992)
 * National Sprint Car Hall of Fame (2005)

In addition, the inaugural USAC Silver Crown Series race held at Selinsgrove Speedway was named the Bill Holland Classic. The race was 74 laps long as it was the 74th year after Holland's victory opened the track.

AAA Championship Car results

 * 1946 table only includes results of the six races run to "championship car" specifications. Points total includes the 71 races run to "big car" specifications. Holland did not compete in any championship car events, however, he competed in no less than 41 "big car" events, winning 17. These efforts enabled Holland to finish the anomalous 1946 season ranked fourth in points.

Indianapolis 500 results

 * Although Holland started the 1947 race from the middle of the third row, he posted the fastest qualifying time.

FIA World Drivers' Championship results
(key)

title: Bill Holland


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Art Cross

Art Cross (January 24, 1918 – April 15, 2005) was an American racecar driver. He was the first recipient of the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year Award in 1952.

Racing career
Cross began racing midget cars in 1938. He served as a tank commander during the Second World War, and received a Purple Heart for his wounds during the Battle of the Bulge. He returned to midget cars after the war, and raced in one of Pappy Hough's "Little Iron Pigs."

Cross won the first Indy 500 Rookie of the Year award after a fifth-place finish in the 1952 Indianapolis 500. Cross used his share of $27,000 from the race to purchase a farm near LaPorte, Indiana.

He finished second in the 1953 Indianapolis 500 behind Bill Vukovich. Despite it being one of the hottest Indy 500s on record, Vukovich and Cross completed the entire race without relief. Driver Carl Scarborough died from the heat. Cross' car was the "Springfield Welding Special", which was owned by Bessie Lee Paoli, who was the only female owner at the time.

After retiring from racing, he turned his attention to running the farm in LaPorte, Indiana. He later became involved in a heavy equipment business and in construction. He was inducted in the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 1992.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Art Cross


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Talk:Muroidea

Comments
Big edit here. I'll do my best to do this all correctly. Everything historically relating to the article for the family Muridae was actually referring to the superfamily Muroidea. Many authors have treated them as synonyms in the past mostly as a convenience. It was incredibly difficult to determine how they are related based strictly on physical characteristics, but most proponents of putting all muroids in a single family agreed that the diversity warranted treating them as several families. They just couldn't determine how to split those families. The most current literature based on genetic work (i.e. Adkins and Steppan in a 2004 Systematic Biology article) splits the Muroidea into several families. So whatever used to be relating to the article Muridae is now under Muroidea, and Muridae is restricted to the subfamilies Murinae, Deomyinae, Lophiomyinae, and Gerbillinae. Aranae 3 December 2004.

 * There are more dan 1500 spp. and probably many more, I believe, however, that's not the most important thing.
 * I think it might be a good idea to make a taxonomic list (such as at nl:Muridae (taxonomie)) (I'll soon make it nl:Muroidea (taxonomie). You may copy and paste it from there, although a few changes are already necessary. I've also made a few pages about sigmodontines (from nl:Sigmodontinae to the tribes and genera). The pages about muroids are very good, I think. Ucucha 19:17, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Taxonomy
Please. check Wilson and Reeder, 1993, Mammals species of the world (Smithsonian, also in web), for the present taxonomy of Rodentia. (From User:84.230.204.158 on 4 May 2005) - comment moved from article page.

 * Musser and Carleton (1993; muroid chapter in Wilson and Reeder) use a much older taxonomy that incorporates almost none of the extensive molecular work that was conducted in late 1990s and early 2000s. Steppan et al. (2004) propose a taxonomy based on a host of genes and consistent among many studies.  There is little doubt that the new Mammal Species of the World which is in press now bears much closer resemblance to Steppand et al. (2004) than to Musser and Carleton (1993).  --Aranae 21:20, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

It ain't clear from this article what distinguishes Muroidea from other rodents. I find this deficiency quite often in biotaxonomy articles, so there is a job for someone who knows about these things. --212.56.114.4 22:52, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see [ITIS taxonomy] to correct this page. --83.199.108.96 14:03, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * ITIS is woefully outdated. It's based on Musser and Carleton (1993).  Musser and Carleton (2006) incorporate much up to date information including molecular results.  --Aranae 21:39, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Superfamilies
"Superfamily" goes straight to Taxonomic Ranks. Perhaps a way to ease into creating that article would be to just list species that contain what are termed as "superfamilies." Maybe direct it to a page that lists some of these others?

title: Talk:Muroidea


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Muridae

The Muridae, or murids, are either the largest or second-largest family of rodents and of mammals, containing approximately 870 species, including many species of mice, rats, and gerbils found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.

The name Muridae comes from the Latin mus (genitive muris), meaning "mouse", since all true mice belong to the family, with the more typical mice belonging to the genus Mus.

Distribution and habitat
Murids are found nearly everywhere in the world, though many subfamilies have narrower ranges. Murids are not found in Antarctica or many oceanic islands. Although none of them are native to the Americas, a few species, notably the house mouse and black rat, have been introduced worldwide. Murids occupy a broad range of ecosystems from tropical forests to tundras. Fossorial, arboreal, and semiaquatic murid species occur, though most are terrestrial animals. The extensive list of niches filled by murids helps to explain their relative abundance.

Diet and dentition
A broad range of feeding habits is found in murids, ranging from herbivorous and omnivorous species to specialists that consume strictly earthworms, certain species of fungi, or aquatic insects. Most genera consume plant matter and small invertebrates, often storing seeds and other plant matter for winter consumption. Murids have sciurognathous jaws (an ancestral character in rodents) and a diastema is present. Murids lack canines and premolars. Generally, three molars (though sometimes only one or two) are found, and the nature of the molars varies by genus and feeding habit.

Reproduction
Some murids are highly social, while others are solitary. Females commonly produce several litters annually. In warm regions, breeding may occur year-round. Though the lifespans of most genera are generally less than two years, murids have high reproductive potential and their populations tend to increase rapidly and then drastically decline when food resources have been exhausted. This is often seen in a three- to four-year cycle.

Characteristics
The murids are small mammals, typically around 10 cm long excluding the tail, but ranging from 4.5 to 8 cm in the African pygmy mouse to 50 cm in the northern Luzon giant cloud rat. They typically have slender bodies with scaled tails longer than the body, and pointed snouts with prominent whiskers, but with wide variation in these broad traits. Some murids have elongated legs and feet to allow them to move with a hopping motion, while others have broad feet and prehensile tails to improve their climbing ability, and yet others have neither adaptation. They are most commonly some shade of brown in color, although many have black, grey, or white markings.

Murids generally have excellent senses of hearing and smell. They live in a wide range of habitats from forest to grassland, and mountain ranges. A number of species, especially the gerbils, are adapted to desert conditions and can survive for a long time with minimal water. They consume a wide range of foods depending on the species, with the aid of powerful jaw muscles and gnawing incisors that grow throughout life. The dental formula of murids is.

Murids breed frequently, often producing large litters several times per year. They typically give birth between twenty and forty days after mating, although this varies greatly between species. The young are typically born blind, hairless, and helpless, although exceptions occur, such as in spiny mice.

Evolution
As with many other small mammals, the evolution of the murids is not well known, as few fossils survive. They probably evolved from hamster-like animals in tropical Asia some time in the early Miocene, and have only subsequently produced species capable of surviving in cooler climates. They have become especially common worldwide during the current geological epoch, as a result of hitching a ride commensally with human migrations.

Classification
The murids are classified in five subfamilies, around 150 genera, and about 834 species.

Subfamilies

 * Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
 * Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
 * Leimacomyinae (Togo mouse)
 * Lophiomyinae (maned rat or crested rat)
 * Murinae (Old World rats and mice, including vlei rats)

In literature
Murids feature in literature, including folk tales and fairy stories. In the Pied Piper of Hamelin, retold in many versions since the 14th century, including one by the Brothers Grimm, a rat-catcher lures the town's rats into the river, but the mayor refuses to pay him. In revenge, the rat-catcher lures away all the children of the town, never to return. Mice feature in some of Beatrix Potter's small books, including The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1904), The Tale of Mrs Tittlemouse (1910), The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse (1918), and The Tailor of Gloucester (1903), which last was described by J. R. R. Tolkien as perhaps the nearest to his idea of a fairy story, the rest being "beast-fables". Among Aesop's Fables are The Cat and the Mice and The Frog and the Mouse. In James Herbert's first novel, The Rats, (1974), a vagrant is attacked and eaten alive by a pack of giant rats; further attacks follow.

title: Muridae


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Il Cannone Guarnerius

Il Cannone Guarnerius of 1743 is a violin created by the Italian luthier Giuseppe Bartolomeo Guarneri of Cremona (1698–1744).

Il Cannone is also known by the variants Il Cannone del Gesù, and the Cannon, often appended with Guarneri del Gesù, the Guarneri trademark. The violin received its name from a former owner, the Italian violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840), because of its power and resonance. So associated is Paganini with Il Cannone that it is common for the violin to be referenced as Il Cannone, ex Paganini.

Paganini lost a valuable Antonio Amati violin as a result of his penchant for voracious gambling. He was given a neglected Guarneri violin, a gift from an amateur violinist and businessman. Paganini played on this instrument for the rest of his life, fondly calling it “my cannon violin,” referring to the explosive sound that he was able to make it produce. He bequeathed it to the city of Genoa, Italy upon his death, and it is now considered a national treasure.

When in need of repair, Il Cannone would be sent to the Paris workshop of Jean Baptiste Vuillaume (1798–1875), the greatest luthier of his day. Not only did Vuillaume repair the Guarnerius, but he also made an exact replica. The copy was so exact, that not even Paganini could distinguish one from the other. It was not until Paganini noticed subtle differences in tone that he could identify the original. Paganini presented the copy to his only student, Camillo Sivori, who would later bequeath the instrument to the Municipality of Genoa, where it now is exhibited with the original Il Cannone.

Il Cannone is exhibited alongside other Paganini memorabilia within the Paganini room of the Palazzo Doria-Tursi, the Genoa town hall. The original violin is maintained in playable condition, and is taken out and played monthly by its curator. The Cannone was played each year by the winner of the Premio Paganini contest for young violinists, which sees the Italian city attracting the cream of the crop of young violin performers (since 2002 the contest has been held every two years). On occasion, Il Cannone is loaned to musicians for performance. In 1996, violinist Eduard Schmieder was invited and gave a recital on Il Cannone in Genoa at the Palazzo Ducale for the audience of 2000 (with pianist Valentina Lisitsa); on this rare occasion, a posthumous International Peace Prize ceremony was given by the Italian government to Yitzhak Rabin. Violinist Shlomo Mintz performed a special Il Cannone concert on Paganini's violin with the Limburg Symphony Orchestra of the Netherlands, in 1997. In 1999, Eugene Fodor played Il Cannone at a special concert in San Francisco, California, USA. It was the farthest the violin had ever been from Italy. Conditions of its travel included a multi-million US dollar insurance policy and an armed escort of Italian police officers. The violin has been played several times by jazz violinist Regina Carter, who recorded an entire album with it, Paganini: After a Dream. In February 2006, Il Cannone was taken to London's Royal Academy of Music, where it was displayed and played at a festival devoted to Paganini.

The violin was the subject of the 2017 documentary Strad Style, in which director Stefan Avalos follows manic-depressive violin maker Daniel Houck in his dilapidated rural Ohio farm as he makes an Il Cannone replica for Razvan Stoica.

In 2019, the violin journeyed to Columbus, Ohio, for a one-week display at the Columbus Museum of Art under the auspices of the Columbus-Genoa sister cities relationship. Columbus Symphony concertmaster Joanna Frankel performed a single concert on the instrument.

Italian violinist Francesca Dego recorded an album of Paganini-themed music with Cannone in 2019.

title: Il Cannone Guarnerius


text:
Talk:Pipe (Unix)

Duplication
There is much duplication / name confusion on the subject of pipeline: Jorge Stolfi 02:32, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * pipes and filters
 * pipeline (Unix)
 * pipe (Unix)
 * pipe (computing)
 * pipeline (computing)
 * ...more...

title: Talk:Pipe (Unix)


text: User talk:68.71.174.45

title: User talk:68.71.174.45


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Ashtanga

Astanga or Ashtanga (aṣṭāṅga) is a Sanskrit compound translating to "having eight limbs or components". It may refer to:
 * Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga), the eight limbs of yoga as defined by Patanjali in his Yoga Sutras
 * Raja yoga, Vivekananda's popularisation of Ashtanga Yoga
 * Ashtanga vinyasa yoga, a style of asana-based modern yoga founded and popularized by K. Pattabhi Jois
 * Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, divided into eight limbs

title: Ashtanga


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Diterpene

Diterpenes are a class of terpenes composed of four isoprene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32. They are biosynthesized by plants, animals and fungi via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate being a primary intermediate. Diterpenes form the basis for biologically important compounds such as retinol, retinal, and phytol. They are known to be antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory.

Structures

As with most terpenes a huge number of potential structures exists, which may be broadly divided according to the number of rings present.

Biosynthesis
Diterpenes are derived from the addition of one IPP unit to FPP to form geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). From GGPP, structural diversity is achieved mainly by two classes of enzymes; the diterpene synthases and cytochromes P450. Several diterpenes are produced by plants and cyanobacteria. GGPP is also the precursor for the synthesis of the phytane by the action of the enzyme geranylgeranyl reductase. This compound is used for the biosynthesis of tocopherols and the phytyl functional group is used in the formation of chlorophyll a, ubiquinones, plastoquinone and phylloquinone.

Diterpenoids
Diterpenes are formally defined as being hydrocarbons and thus contain no heteroatoms. Functionalized structures should instead be called diterpenoids, although in scientific literature the two terms are often used interchangeably. Although a wide range of terpene structures exist, few of them are biologically significant; by contrast, diterpenoids possess a rich pharmacology and include important compounds such as retinol, phytol or taxadiene.

Taxanes
Taxanes are class of diterpenoids featuring a taxadiene core. They are produced by plants of the genus Taxus (yew trees) and are widely used as chemotherapy agents.

Other

 * Dodonaea petiolaris yields the diterpene ent-3β-acetoxy-15,16-epoxylabda-8(17),13(16),14-trien-18-oic acid (C22H28O6) or its enantiomer.
 * Salvia divinorum yields Salvinorin A, a psychotropic drug

title: Diterpene


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Swat District

Swat District (, سوات ولسوالۍ, ), also known as the Swat Valley, is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Known for its stunning natural beauty, the district is a popular tourist destination. With a population of 2,309,570 per the 2017 national census, Swat is the 15th-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Swat District is centred on the Valley of Swat, usually referred to simply as Swat, which is a natural geographic region surrounding the Swat River. The valley was a major centre of early Buddhism of the ancient civilisation of Gandhara, mainly Gandharan Buddhism, with pockets of Buddhism persisting in the valley until the 17th century, after which the area became largely Muslim. Swat was the centre of Hindu Shahis and the Sultanate of Swat. In the early 19th century, Swat emerged as an independent state under Saidu Baba. State of Swat became a Princely state under British suzerainty as part of the British Raj in 1918.

In 1947, following the Partition of British India and subsequent independence of Pakistan, Swat acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan continuing as a self-governing princely state until it was officially annexed and merged into West Pakistan and later became a part of North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in 1969. The region was seized by the Tehrik-i-Taliban in late-2007 until Pakistani control was re-established in mid-2009.

The average elevation of Swat is 980 m, resulting in a considerably cooler and wetter climate compared to the rest of Pakistan. With lush forests, verdant alpine meadows, and snow-capped mountains, Swat is one of the country's most popular tourist destinations.

Etymology
The name "Swat" is derived from the Swat River. The Swat River referred to as the Suvāstu in the Rig Veda, with a literal meaning "of fair dwellings". Some have suggested the Sanskrit name may mean "clear blue water." Another theory derives the word Swat from the Sanskrit word shveta (lit. 'white'), also used to describe the clear water of the Swat River. To the ancient Greeks, the river was known as the Soastus.  The Chinese pilgrim Faxian referred to Swat as the Su-ho-to. Some legend says that it is derived from the name of Swati tribe who once ruled this region.

Geography
Swat's total area is 5337 km2. In terms of administrative divisions, Swat is surrounded by Chitral, Upper Dir and Lower Dir to the west, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, and Kohistan, Buner and Shangla to the east and southeast, respectively. The former tehsil of Buner was granted the status of a separate district in 1991.

The Swat Valley is enclosed by mountains that forms a natural geographic boundary for it. The Swat River whose headwaters arise in the 18,000 to(-) Hindu Kush mountain range runs through the length of the region. The main area consists of many sub valleys such as Kalam, Bahrain, Matiltan, Utror, and Gabral.

Valley
The Valley of Swat is delineated by natural geographic boundaries, and is centered on the Swat River. The valley is enclosed on all sides by mountains, and is intersected by glens and ravines. Above mountains ridges to the west is the valley of the Panjkora River, to the north the Gilgit Valley, and Indus River gorges to the east. To the south, across a series of low mountains, lies the wide Peshawar valley.

The northernmost area of Swat district are the high valleys and alpine meadows of Swat Kohistan (Swat Mountains), a region where numerous glaciers feed the Usho, and Gabral rivers (also known as the Utrar River), which form a confluence at Kalam, and thereafter forms the Swat river - which forms the spine of the Swat Valley and district. Swat then is characterized by thick forests along the narrow gorges of the Kalam Valley until the city of Madyan. From there, the river courses gently for 160 km through the wider Yousufzai Plains of the lower Swat Valley until Chakdara.

Climate
Climate in Swat is a function of altitude, with mountains in the Kohistan region snow-clad year round. The upper areas of the region are relatively colder and often get snowfall in the winter. Drier, warmer temperatures in the lower portions in the Yousafzai Plains where summer temperatures can reach 105 F, although the lower plains experience occasional snow. Both regions are subject to two monsoon seasons - one in winter and the other in summer. Swat's lower reaches have vegetation characterized by dry bush and deciduous trees, while the upper areas mostly have thick pine forests.

Airport
The Saidu Sharif Airport at Kanju is a stone throw from Mingora, adding much to the tourism in the past. The runway is situated between Swat River and the Sham Baba mountainous range, with lush green gardens and large trees being added as "charm" to the climate in the area. More than 20 km² has been covered strategically, as was proposed during the last Wali's rule and constructed later-on by the Pakistani government. The Kanju village has seen an influx of academics in the region and is considered a hub for the Matta and Kabal Tehsils of Swat Valley.

Ancient
The Gandhara grave culture that emerged c. 1400 BCE and lasted until 800 BCE, and named for their distinct funerary practices, was found along the Middle Swat River course.

Greek
In 327 BCE, Alexander the Great fought his way to Odigram and Barikot and stormed their battlements; in Greek accounts, these towns are identified as Ora and Bazira. After the Alexandrian invasion of Swat, and adjacent regions of Buner, control of the wider Gandhara region was handed to Seleucus I Nicator.

Gandhara civilisation
In 305 BCE, the Mauryan Emperor conquered the wider region from the Greeks, and probably established control of Swat, until their control of the region ceased around 187 BCE. It was during the rule of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka that Buddhism was introduced into Swat, and some of the earliest stupas built in the region.

Following collapse of Mauryan rule, Swat came under control of the Greco-Bactrians, and briefly the Scythians of the Central Asian Steppe.

The region of Gandhara (based in the Peshawar valley and the adjacent hilly regions of Swat, Buner, Dir, and Bajaur), broke away from Greco-Bactrian rule to establish their own independence as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Following the death of the most famous Indo-Greek king, Menander I around 140 BCE, the region was overrun by the Indo-Scythians, and then the Persian Parthian Empire around 50 CE. The arrival of the Parthians began the long tradition of Greco-Buddhist art, which was a syncretic form of art combining Buddhist imagery with heavy Hellenistic-Greek influences. This art form is credited with having the first representations of the Buddha in human form, rather than symbolically.

The Parthians were ousted from Swat by the Kushans, based in the Peshawar valley. Kushan rule began what is considered by many to be the golden age of Gandhara. Under the greatest Kushan king, Kanishka, Swat became an important region for the production of Buddhist art, and numerous Buddhists shrines were built in the area. As a patron of Mahayana Buddhism, new Buddhists stupas were built and old ones were enlarged. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien, who visited the valley around 403 CE, mentions 500 monasteries.

Alchon Huns
Swat and the wider region of Gandhara were overrun by the Alchon Huns around about 465 CE. Under the rule of Mihirakula, Buddhism was suppressed as he himself became virulently anti-Buddhist after a perceived slight against him by a Buddhist monk. Under his rule, Buddhist monks were reportedly killed, and Buddhist shrines attacked. He himself appears to have been inclined towards the Shaivism sect of Hinduism.

In around 520 CE, the Chinese monk Song Yun visited the area, and recorded that area had been in ruin and ruled by a leader that did not practice the laws of the Buddha. The Tang-era Chinese monk Xuanzang recorded the decline of Buddhism in the region, and ascendance of Hinduism in the region. According to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned.

Hindu Shahis
Following the collapse of Buddhism in Swat following the Alchon Hun invasion, Swat was ruled by the Hindu Shahi dynasty beginning in the 8th century, who made their capital at Udigram in lower Swat. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of Oddiyana, present-day Swat.

The Shahis built an extensive array of temples and other architectural buildings, of which ruins remain today. Under their rule, Hinduism ascended, and Sanskrit is believed to have been the lingua franca of the locals during this time. By the time of the Muslim conquests (c. 1000 CE), the population in the region was predominantly Hindu, though Buddhism persisting in the valley until the 10th century, after which the area became largely Muslim. Hindu Shahi rulers built fortresses to guard and tax the commerce through this area, and ruins dating back to their rule can be seen on the hills at the southern entrance of Swat, at the Malakand Pass.

Muslim rule
Around 1001 CE, the last Hindu Shahi king, Jayapala was decisively defeated at the Battle of Peshawar (1001) by Mahmud of Ghazni, thereby ending 2 centuries of Hindu rule over Gandhara.

Sultanate of Swat
Sultanate of Swat was a major Gibari Swati state that existed in the Swat valley between 12th and 16th centuries, before being defeated by Yousafzai migrants from west. Sultan Pakhal Gibari was the first ruler of this kingdom. Sultan Awes Jahangiri was the last ruler until 1519 who was married to Shahida Bibi (making her Malika e Swat - the Queen of Swat), a sister of Yousafzai chief Malak Ahmed Khan.

Princely State of Swat
The princely state of Swat was a kingdom established in 1849 by the Muslim saint Akhund Abdul Gaffur, more commonly known as Saidu Baba, that was ruled by chiefs known as Akhunds. It was then recognized as a princely state in alliance with the British Indian Empire between 1926 and 1947, after which the Akhwand acceded to the newly independent state of Pakistan. Swat continued to exist as an autonomous region until it was dissolved in 1969, and incorporated into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (formerly called NWFP).

Tehrik-i-Taliban destruction of Buddhist relics
The region was seized by the Tehrik-i-Taliban in late-2007, and its highly-popular tourist industry was subsequently decimated until Pakistani control was re-established in mid-2009 after a month-long campaign. During their occupation, the group attacked Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai in 2012, who at the time was a young school-girl who wrote a blog for BBC Urdu detailing life under Tehreek-i-Taliban rule, and their curb on girls' education.

Kushan-era Buddhist stupas and statues in the Swat Valley were demolished by the Tehreek-i-Taliban, and the Jehanabad Buddha's face was blown up using dynamite, but was repaired by a group of Italian restorers in a nine-year-long process. Looters subsequently destroyed many of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts, and deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction. Gandhara artifacts remaining from the demolitions were thereafter plundered by thieves and smugglers.

Economy
Approximately 38% of economy of Swat depends on tourism and 31% depends on agriculture.

Agriculture
Gwalerai, a village located near Mingora, is one of those few villages which produces 18 varieties of apples due to its agriculturally favourable temperate climate in summer. The apple produced here is consumed in Pakistan as well as exported to other countries. It is known as ‘the apple of Swat’. Swat is also famous for peach production mostly grown in the valley bottom plains and accounts for about 80% of the peach production of the country - thus oft marketed in the national markets with a branded as "Swat Peaches". The supply starts in April and continues till September because of a diverse range of varieties grown. Salampur village, located near Saidu Sharif, is a principle region in Pakistan for the manufacture of sheets and shawls.

Demographics

At the time of the 2017 census the district had 270,974 households and a population of 2,308,624, of which 1,171,947 were males and 1,136,545 females. Swat had a sex ratio of and a literacy rate of 50.27% - 65.25% for males and 35.10% for females. 695,821 (30.14%) lived in urban areas. 31.45% of the population were under 10 years of age. 1,811 (0.08%) people in the district were from religious minorities.

Swat is mostly inhabited by Pashtuns who make up 90.78% of the population. The dominant tribe is the Yusufzai tribe with minor settlements of Shinwari, Tarkani, Ghoryakhel and Sulaimankhel tribes. The language spoken in the valley is Pashto (mainly the Yousafzai dialect). Other languages, mainly the Kohistani languages of Torwali and Kalami, are spoken by 7.35% of the population, and form the majority in the Swat Kohistan region of Upper Swat.

Education
According to the Alif Ailaan Pakistan Education Rankings for 2017, Swat with a score of 53.1, is ranked 86 out of 155 districts in terms of education. Furthermore, the Swat schools infrastructure scores 90.26 which ranks it on number 31 out of 155.

Schools
A Christian-run missionary school was established in 1950s, the first ever private sector educational institution in Swat Valley.

A number of other private sector schools are in run since long, Tipu Model School and College, Kabal Swat (TMS established by Safdar Ali Aziz) and Swat Public School (SPS) are oldest among such schools.

Safdar Ali Aziz is also founder of Private Schools Management Association (PSMA) and got good reputation in imparting quality education in the region.

Administrative divisions
Swat is subdivided into 9 administrative divisions Tehsils:

 * 1) Behrain
 * 2) Barikot
 * 3) Babuzai
 * 4) Charbagh
 * 5) Kabal
 * 6) Khwaza Khela
 * 7) Matta
 * 8) Matta Sebujni
 * 9) Matta Shamizai
 * 10) Kalam
 * 11) Mingora

Each tehsil comprises certain numbers of union councils. Swat has 65 union councils: 56 rural and 9 urban.

According to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act, 2013, a new local governments system was introduced, in which Swat is included. This system has 67 wards, in which the total amount of village councils are around 170, while neighbourhood councils number around 44.

Politics
The region elects three male members of the National Assembly of Pakistan (MNAs), one female MNA, seven male members of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (MPAs) and two female MPAs. In the 2002 National and Provincial elections, the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA), an alliance of religious political parties, won all the seats.

Notable people

 * Sultan Pakhal Gibari Swati (Sultan of Swat)
 * Mubarika Yusufzai
 * Wāli of Swat
 * Zebunisa Jilani
 * Mahmood Khan
 * Malala Yousafzai
 * Ziauddin Yousafzai
 * Muhib Ullah Khan
 * Anwar Ali
 * Nazia Iqbal
 * Ghazala Javed
 * Afzal Khan Lala
 * Haider Ali Khan
 * Malak Jamroz Khan
 * Jamila Ahmad
 * Rahim Khan
 * Nasirul Mulk
 * Badar Munir
 * Murad Saeed
 * Shaheen Sardar Ali
 * Rahim Shah
 * Sherin Zada

title: Swat District


text:
User:Selethil

I felt I should write something here. In case anyone wants to know, I tend to limit myself to correcting errors I spot.

title: User:Selethil


text:
.kz

.kz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kazakhstan.

Registrations can be made directly at the second level or at the third level beneath categories which have specific restrictions, and are generally limited to Kazakhstan-related entities.

Second-level domains

 * .com.kz – Commercial organizations; registered trademark protection.
 * .edu.kz – Licensed educational organizations.
 * .gov.kz – Governmental organizations.
 * .mil.kz – Ministry of Defense.
 * .net.kz – Licensed networks of data communications.
 * .org.kz – Nonprofit organizations.

Enforcement of Internet resources on hardware and software complexes
In March 2018, new Rules went into effect and since at least 2021, these rules are being enforced. Especially Rule 16 subsection 6 is being enforced:

 * 16. Use of a domain name in the space of the Kazakhstan segment of the Internet is suspended when:
 *  6) placement of Internet resources on hardware and software complexes outside territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
 *  6) placement of Internet resources on hardware and software complexes outside territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

 * Footnote. Point 16 in the editorial office order of the Minister of Digital Development, Innovations and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 28.09.2020 No. 354/HҚ (put into effect upon expiry of ten calendar days after the day of its first official publication).

Example: DNS for domain www.EXAMPLE.kz cannot point to a web page being hosted in a member country of the EU. In such a case, the registry for EXAMPLE.kz will be suspended a short period and then deleted.

Google
In June 2011, Google redirected all traffic from google.kz to google.com in response to a demand issued by the Kazakh Ministry of Communications and Information that requires all .kz domain names to operate on physical servers within the borders of Kazakhstan. Senior Vice President Bill Coughran said "creating borders on the web raises important questions for us not only about network efficiency but also about user privacy and free expression." By hosting google.kz only on servers inside Kazakhstan, "we would be helping to create a fractured Internet."

During the first half of 2017, google.kz has returned to be generally available.

.қаз
A second country code top-level domain, .қаз ("qaz") for Kazakhstan is now active. It is used with web addresses using Cyrillic letters. It was launched in March 2012, when the first site, a test site (тест.қаз, "test.qaz"), was activated.

title: .kz


text:
Genoa, Nevada

Genoa is an unincorporated town in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. Founded in 1851, it was the first settlement in what became the Nevada Territory. It is situated within Carson River Valley and is approximately 42 mi south of Reno. The population was 939 at the 2010 census. It is home to the oldest bar in the state of Nevada which opened in 1853.

History
Genoa was first settled by Mormon pioneers in what was then the Mexican territory of Alta California. The settlement originated as a trading post called Mormon Station, which served as a respite for travelers on the Carson Route of the California Trail. In June 1850, following the Mexican Cession, H.S. Beatie and fellow Mormons built a roofless log enclosure and corral as a trading post near a small stream. Migrants could obtain clothing, tobacco, meat, canned goods, coffee, beans, sugar, flour and bacon. The post was abandoned later that year. In 1851, John Reese arrived in the area with horses, cattle and a dozen wagons loaded with supplies to establish a permanent trading post. By 1852, migrant traffic through the area was heavy and the settlement expanded. A post office opened, a blacksmith shop was built, and sawmills were built. In 1856, Orson Hyde changed the name of the community to Genoa, after the Italian city. The original Mormon settlers withdrew in 1857 when they were recalled by Brigham Young due to the Utah War. Genoa served as the first capital of the Nevada Territory in 1861, until it was moved that year to Carson City. Nevada's first newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise, was founded in Genoa in 1858, but moved to Virginia City in 1860. It was the site of the first ranch in Nevada.

Much of Genoa, including the original fort, station, and hotel, was destroyed in a fire in 1910, but a replica of the fort was built in 1947. Every year since 1919, Genoa has held a festival called the Candy Dance, where candy, food, and crafts are sold to support its town government. The Candy Dance is usually held during the final weekend of September. Many pioneers rest in the Genoa graveyard, including Snowshoe Thompson, his wife and his son.

A mile south of Genoa is David Walley's Resort, a famous natural hot springs and spa. It was first built in 1862 and known as Walley's Hot Springs. On October 1, 1934, Baby Face Nelson and members of his gang arrived at Walley's Hot Springs, hiding out for a month before returning to Chicago, where Nelson was shot by FBI agents.

Scenes from the 1973 movie Charley Varrick were filmed in Genoa, and the village was the set for the 1990 movie Misery, starring Kathy Bates, when the village doubled in size with buildings added and then removed after the filming. Food writer M. F. K. Fisher wrote a series of cookbook reviews for The New Yorker from her sister's home in Genoa during the 1960s.

Genoa Historic District
The Genoa Historic District, seven miles north of Minden, Nevada, is a portion of the community of Genoa which, as a 129.5 acre historic district was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Historically known as Mormon Station, the historic area includes Late Victorian architecture; it includes a courthouse and city hall among 29 contributing buildings.

Geography
Genoa is located on the western edge of the Carson Valley, 7 mi northwest of Minden, the Douglas County seat. Nevada State Route 206 enters Genoa from the south as Foothill Road, then turns east in the center of town onto Genoa Lane. According to the United States Census Bureau, the census-designated place of Genoa has a total area of 23.8 km2, all land.

Climate
The area has a Köppen Climate Classification of Csb, which is a dry-summer subtropical climate often referred to as "Mediterranean".

title: Genoa, Nevada


text:
Talk:Hurstbridge line

Early text
The map of the railway line needs revision. It has no compass direction, there is a break in the rail line, and Eltham and Greensborough stations are transposed. --B.d.mills 02:39, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hurstbridge - premium?
Does anyone know if Hurstbridge station is a "premium" station? Last time I was there, there was someone working there with the little office open selling tickets/etc..., but it doesn't appear as a premium station on Wikipedia or various other places. Is it just part-time staffed, or is it a 'premium' station? Somebody in the WWW 04:03, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * No it's not, at least according to all the maps I've seen. Eltham is the last premium station on the Hurstline. Maybe its status changed recently, maybe it's a 'host station', (the official Metlink maps aren't always right), but I doubt it would be staffed full time, considering it's literally out in the countryside. The Connex website seems to say there is a convenience store or something like that at the station though. If that's the case, they could be selling tickets there independently of Connex, like milkbars and newsagents do almost everywhere. T.PK 07:48, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Not a convenience store, there was someone there in Connex uniform working at the station last time I was there. According to there is a BoM at Hurstbridge for selling tickets, as well as the usual Metcard machines/validators. There used some "part time" staffed stations with similiar facilities to premium stations, most of those have become host stations now, perhaps Hurstbridge is still a part-time staffed station? Somebody in the WWW 07:55, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Well I guess it must be an unofficial, part-time-premium station then? I've never actually been out that way myself, so I can only go by the maps... T.PK 06:45, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

History
The history section is missing some works near Watsonia station that occurred in the 1970's or 1980's when the Greensborough bypass was built. Has Watsonia station been lowered, or has it always sat in a deep cutting? The road overpass was also not there; the Greensborough-Watsonia section now includes a road tunnel for the Bypass that wasn't always there. It may be helpful to provide some history of these changes. --B.d.mills 03:12, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Glen Waverley railway line which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 02:03, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hurstbridge line


text:
Shlomo Mintz

Shlomo Mintz (שלמה מינץ) (born 30 October 1957) is a Russian-born Israeli violin virtuoso, violinist and conductor. He regularly appears with orchestras and conductors on the international scene and is heard in recitals and chamber music concerts around the world.

Biography
Shlomo Mintz was born in Moscow. In 1959, when he was two, his family immigrated to Israel, where he studied with Ilona Feher, a student of Jenő Hubay. Feher introduced Shlomo Mintz to Isaac Stern, who became his mentor. He was also a student of Dorothy DeLay in New York. Mintz got married and had two sons, Eliav and Alexander.

Music career
His first performance on stage was at the age of six, and at age eleven he played as soloist with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Soon afterward, he was called on a week's notice by Zubin Mehta to play Paganini's Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 6, with the orchestra when Itzhak Perlman fell ill. He made his Carnegie Hall debut at the age of sixteen with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra (conducted by William Steinberg).

Under the auspices of Isaac Stern and the American-Israel Cultural Foundation he started studying at the Juilliard School of Music in New York and soon afterward at the age of 18, he made an extensive tour through Europe. He also signed, still in his early twenties, a long-term recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon and was invited by Berlin, Vienna, Concertgebouw, Chicago, Los Angeles, Cleveland, Philadelphia and New York Philharmonic Orchestras frequently.

He has collaborated with Isaac Stern, Mstislav Rostropovich, Pinchas Zukerman, Itzhak Perlman, Zubin Mehta, Claudio Abbado, Carlo Maria Giulini, Antal Dorati, Erich Leinsdorf, Eugene Ormandy, Riccardo Muti, Yuri Temirkanov, Ida Haendel and Ivry Gitlis.

Conductor and artistic director
At the age of eighteen, Mintz launched a parallel career as a conductor, and has since led acclaimed orchestras worldwide including the Royal Philharmonic (United Kingdom), the NHK Symphony (Japan) and the Israel Philharmonic. He was music advisor of the Israel Chamber Orchestra from 1989 to 1993, and in March 1994 was appointed artistic advisor and principal guest conductor of the Maastricht Symphony in the Netherlands, which he led for some weeks during four seasons, sometimes as both conductor and violin soloist. In 2008, he became principal guest conductor of the Zagreb Philharmonic. From 2002 to 2012, he was artistic director of the Sion-Valais International Music Festival. Mintz was also the artistic director of Arena di Verona winter season and performed Mendelssohn Elijah Oratorio, as a highlight of his season.

His guest conducting appearances included orchestras like Concertgebouw Orchestra, La Scala, London Symphony Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Rotterdam Philharmonic, Stuttgart Radio Orchestra, La Fenice, Detroit Symphony and Teatro Colón.

Teaching career
Mintz gives master classes worldwide, including Crans-Montana Classics, Switzerland, since summer 2012, where he is the artistic director. He was one of the founders of the Keshet Eilon International Violin Mastercourse in Israel, an advanced-level summer program for young talented violinists from all around the world in Kibbutz Eilon, Israel, and served as a patron there for eighteen years (1992-2010).

Personal life
Mintz is married to Corina, who grew up in Italy and Germany, and worked as an interpreter specializing in art. They have two sons, Eliav and Alexander. Shlomo owned a villa in Italy and a castle in Germany but he primarily raised his family in an unpretentious, contemporary ranch in Sands Point, New York. With over 150 concerts a year, Mintz regrets not having enough time to spend with this children due to his hectic performance schedule and wished he could have spent more time “shooting nintendo with Eliav”. His children are also musically inclined, and Eliav picked up piano and viola at a young age. Although Shlomo was not around often, his wife says “it’s very special when daddy’s home”.

Additional activities
Mintz was a co-founder of the "Violins of Hope" project together with violinmaker Amnon Weinstein. Forty-five violins once owned by players who lost their lives in ghettos and concentration camps during World War II were restored by Weinstein and have been displayed internationally. The Violins of Hope were presented in a special event in Jerusalem for the sixtieth-anniversary celebration of the State of Israel.

Mintz has served as a jury member of international competitions, including the Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow (1993) and the Queen Elisabeth International Music Competition in Brussels (1993 and 2001). He was also invited to be jury president of the International Henryk Wieniawski Competition (October 2001) for the Violin in Poznań, Poland. From 2002 to 2011, he was jury president of the Sion Valais-International Violin Competition in Switzerland. He is a mentor and jury president of the International Violin Competition in Buenos Aires, president of the Ilona Fehér Budapest Violin Competition, the Munetsugu Angel Violin Competition Japan and HKIVS Shlomo Mintz Beijing International Violin Competition.

Awards and recognition

 * Premio Accademia Musicale Chigiana, Siena
 * Diapason d’Or
 * Grand Prix du Disque (twice)
 * Gramophone Award
 * Edison Award (twice)
 * Cremona Music Award

In May 2006, Mintz received an honorary doctorate from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Be’er Sheva, Israel for his international artistic contributions.

Discography
Mintz maintains an active recording schedule as both soloist and conductor for Deutsche Grammophon, Erato, RCA Victor, Avie Records and Challenge Records.

Recordings:
 * J.S. Bach: Bach Sonatas & Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001 – 1006, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Bartok: 2 Portraits, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Bartók: Violin Concerto No. 1, RN
 * Beethoven: Violin Concerto and the two Romances, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Brahms: Complete Violin & Viola Sonatas, Avie Records and Magnatune
 * Brahms: Violin Concerto, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Bruch: Violin Concerto in G minor, Deutsche Grammophon (first recording, together with Mendelssohn: Violin Concerto in E minor)
 * Debussy: Violin Sonata in G minor, Ravel: Violin Sonata, Franck: Violin Sonata in A, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Dvořák: Violin Concerto, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Fauré: The two Violin Sonatas, Op. 13 in A & Op. 108 in E minor, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Israel Philharmonic: 60th Anniversary Gala Concert, RCA Victor
 * Kreisler: Selected violin works, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Lalo: Symphonie Espagnole, Vieuxtemps: Concerto No. 5 and Saint-Saëns: ‘Introduction et Rondo Capriccioso’, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Mendelssohn: Violin Concerto in E minor, Deutsche Grammophon (first recording, together with Bruch: Violin Concerto in G minor)
 * Mendelssohn: The two Violin Sonatas, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Mozart: Sinfonia Concertante in E-flat for Violin and Viola, K. 364, RCA Victor
 * Mozart: The five Violin Concertos, Sinfonia Concertante in E-flat and Concertone, Avie Records (also on Magnatune)
 * Paganini: The 24 Caprices for violin solo, Op. 1, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Prokofiev: The Violin Concertos, in D major and G minor, Opp. 19 & 63, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Prokofiev: The two Violin Sonatas, in F minor and D major, Opp. 80 & 94a, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Shostakovich: Violin Sonata Op.134 & Viola Sonata Op. 147, Erato
 * Sibelius: Violin Concerto in D minor, Deutsche Grammophon
 * Stravinsky ‘Histoire du Soldat’, Valois
 * Vivaldi: ‘The Four Seasons’ (Il Cimento dell' Armonia e Invenzione: Violin Concertos 1–4), Deutsche Grammophon
 * Vivaldi: Complete Violin Concertos (in 10 vols.), MusicMasters Classics.*

title: Shlomo Mintz


text:
Jonathan Glancey

Jonathan Glancey, is an architectural critic and writer who was the architecture and design editor at The Guardian, a position he held from 1997 to February 2012. He previously held the same post at The Independent. He also has been involved with the architecture magazines Building Design, Architectural Review, The Architect and Blueprint. He is an honorary fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects, RIBA.

Following in the footsteps of Ian Nairn he made a series of four films, Outrage Revisited (2010) on the banality of Britain's postwar buildings.

He is a fan of Le Corbusier. Currently he reports on architecture and design for the website BBC Culture, and he has written articles about Andrea Palladio who was a Renaissance man into architecture and established what is known to be 'Palladianism'.

Education
Glancey attended St Benedict's School in Ealing, London and studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Magdalen College, Oxford.

Books by Glancey

 * New British architecture (London: Thames and Hudson, 1989) ISBN 0-500-34107-9
 * Pillar Boxes (London: Chatto & Windus, 1989) ISBN 0-7011-3447-X
 * 20th Century Architecture: The Structures That Shaped the Century (London: Carlton, 1998) ISBN 1-85868-519-2
 * The Story of Architecture (London; New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2000) ISBN 0-7513-4881-3
 * London: Bread and Circuses (London: Verso Books, 2001) ISBN 1-85984-645-9
 * The Train: A Photographic History (London: Carlton, 2004)  ISBN 978-1-84732-465-8
 * John Betjeman on Trains (London: Methuen, 2006) ISBN 978-0-413-77612-9
 * Spitfire: The Biography, 2006
 * John Betjeman on Churches (London: Methuen, 2007) ISBN 978-0-413-77651-8
 * Tornado: 21st Century Steam (London: Books on Track, 2010) ISBN 978-0-9566770-0-6
 * Nagaland: A journey to India's forgotten frontier, April 2011
 * Giants of Steam (London: Atlantic Books, 2012) ISBN 978-184354-769-3
 * Harrier: The Biography (London: Atlantic Books, 2013) ISBN 978-1-84354-891-1
 * Concorde: The Rise and Fall of the Supersonic Airliner (London: Atlantic Books, October 2015) ISBN 978-1-78239-107-4
 * What's So Great About the Eiffel Tower? (London: Laurence King Publishing, February 2017) ISBN 978-1-78067-919-8
 * Wings Over Water: The Story of the World's Greatest Air Race and the Birth of the Spitfire (London: Atlantic Books, 2020) ISBN 978-1-78649-419-1
 * The Journey Matters (London: Atlantic Books, 2019) ISBN 978-1-78649-416-0

title: Jonathan Glancey


text: User talk:68.208.65.34

title: User talk:68.208.65.34


text:
1951 New Zealand general election

The 1951 New Zealand general election was a nationwide vote to determine the shape of the New Zealand Parliament's 30th term. The First National Government was re-elected, with the National Party increasing its parliamentary majority over the opposition Labour Party. This was the last time until the that a party was elected to majority government of New Zealand by receiving a majority of the vote.

Background
The National Party had formed its first administration after the 1949 elections, in which it had ended four terms of government by the Labour Party. The National government, with Sidney Holland as Prime Minister, had undertaken a number of economic and constitutional reforms, although it had not seriously modified the new social welfare system which Labour had introduced. Labour's leader, Peter Fraser, had died in December 1950 after a long period of poor health, and had been replaced in January 1951 by Walter Nash. Nash had been Minister of Finance for the duration of the first Labour government.

The most significant issue in the 1951 elections was the growing industrial unrest of the time, particularly the ongoing dockworkers dispute. Holland condemned the strikers, calling the situation "industrial anarchy". The Labour Party, under Nash, attempted to take a moderate position in the dispute, but ended up displeasing both sides. Holland, seeking a mandate to respond strongly to the strike, called a snap election. Another issue was high inflation, which frustrated voters and without the distraction of the strike, might have threatened Holland's government at the scheduled election for 1952.

MPs retiring in 1951
Two MPs retired at the election, one each from Labour and National.

The election
The date for the main 1951 elections was 1 September, and for the first time, elections to the four Maori seats were held on the same day. The 1951 elections were also the first under the new regulations which required elections to be held on a Saturday. 1,205,762 people were registered to vote, and turnout was 89.1%. The number of seats being contested was 80, a number which had been fixed since 1902.

Party standings
The 1951 election saw the governing National Party re-elected with a twenty-seat margin, a substantial improvement on the twelve-seat margin it previously held. National won fifty seats compared with the Labour Party's thirty. The popular vote was closer, however, with National winning 54% to Labour's 46%. No seats were won by minor party candidates or by independents. No party then captured a majority of the vote until the 2020 election, when Labour won 50.01%.

Votes summary
Key

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | General electorates

| Hauraki | style="background-color:;" | | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:;" | Andy Sutherland | style="text-align:right;" | 4,468 | style="background-color:;" | | style="text-align:center;" | Brevat William Dynes

|colspan=8 style="background-color:#FFDEAD" | Māori electorates

 * }

Table footnotes:

title: 1951 New Zealand general election


text:
Air Paradise International

Air Paradise International was an airline based in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. It operated services to destinations in Australia, South Korea and Taiwan, from its main base at Ngurah Rai Airport, Denpasar. On 1 December 2005, the airline announced that it was ceasing operations due to a downturn in traffic, following terrorist bombings on the island in October 2005. In February 2007, the Indonesian Transportation Ministry delayed license revocation of 11 major airlines, including Air Paradise, to give restructuring opportunities to the operators. Air Paradise was considering re-launching services in March 2007. However, 3 years later, after ceasing operations in November 2005, the airline filed for bankruptcy, 5 months after another of its competitors (Adam Air) had filed for bankruptcy.

History
The airline was established in June 2002 and started operations on 16 February 2003 with services to Perth in Australia from Denpasar, Bali. On 27 December 2004, services began to Osaka, Japan. All services were suspended on 1 December 2005 following a downturn of traffic after the October 2005 terrorist attacks in Bali which resulted in over 20 fatalities and 100 injuries. In June 2006, the website was still available, announcing negotiations to recapitalize the airline. Air Paradise was using A300's, A310's and leased 737-800's on flights to Melbourne, Sydney and Perth mostly for tourists. A major competitor on the Denpasar route was Garuda Indonesia. In November 2008, Air Paradise filed for bankruptcy after failing to re-launch operations and it's the 2nd airline to file for bankruptcy in 5 months after Adam Air.

Services
Air Paradise operated services to the following international scheduled destinations in January 2005: Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Osaka, Perth, Seoul and Sydney.

Fleet
The Air Paradise operated the following aircraft during its operation:

title: Air Paradise International


text: User talk:68.78.35.203

title: User talk:68.78.35.203


text:
Jenna Haze

Jenna Haze (born 1982 ) is an American director, model, and former pornographic actress.

Haze has won numerous pornographic industry awards, including the 2003 AVN Award for Best New Starlet and the 2009 AVN Award for Female Performer of the Year, making her the second performer in history to ever win both awards in the course of her career, after Missy. In 2012, she was inducted into both the AVN and XRCO Halls of Fame.

Career
Haze entered the adult film industry on July 18, 2001. Between 2002 and 2005, she was a contract girl for the film company Jill Kelly Productions. During most of her time at the company, she performed exclusively with women, out of loyalty to her then boyfriend, an industry cameraman. She returned to working with men in the 2006 multi-award-winning release Jenna Haze Darkside, produced by Jules Jordan.

Her first scene was for The Oral Adventures of Craven Moorehead 8 with her agent Slim Shady (Dez) and his best friend, Moorehead. It was intended to only be an oral sex scene, but in the heat of the moment she had intercourse with both. The next day she shot a scene with Miles Long in Joey Silvera's Service Animals 4.

In February 2002, Haze appeared in a scene for Jill Kelly Productions (JKP), directed by Jill Kelly herself. Kelly was impressed by her performance and JKP offered Haze an exclusive performing contract. This was soon followed by offers from other companies, but in April 2002 Haze decided to sign with JKP, as they offered the extra flexibility she needed to make money and build her career. Soon after signing with JKP, she formed a serious relationship with an industry cameraman and began a three-year period of performing exclusively with women. At the 2003 AVN Awards ceremony, Haze was named Best New Starlet and her masturbation scene in Big Bottom Sadie was awarded Best Solo Sex Scene. In 2004, she appeared on the HBO show Pornucopia, a six-part documentary on the pornography industry in California.

Haze became a free agent in April 2005, after deciding not to renew her contract with JKP, partly because Jill Kelly had recently left the company. After leaving JKP and splitting with her boyfriend, Haze returned to working with male performers. The April 2006 release Jenna Haze Darkside featured her first boy-girl scenes in over three years. The film was produced and directed by her new boyfriend Jules Jordan. Later in the year, she began writing a sex advice column for the pornographic magazine, Fox.

In 2006 she also started performing in striptease shows, represented by the agency Lee Network. The first achievement in her feature dancing career was a nomination for Best Feature Entertainer at the 2007 Night Moves Awards. Her film work was also rewarded in 2007, with AVN Awards for Best Oral Sex Scene (Video) and Best Group Sex Scene (Video), as well as a nomination for Female Performer of the Year.

In April 2007, Jenna Haze Oil Orgy became the first adult movie to be released on three high definition formats, Blu-ray, HD DVD and DVD-WMV. Meanwhile, in the same month, her official website was launched by Premium Multimedia.

In January 2008, her scene with Manuel Ferrara in Evil Anal 2 won the AVN Award for Best Couples Sex Scene (Video). In August 2008, Haze achieved the first feature dancing award of her career winning Adult Movie Entertainer of the Year in the 11th annual Adult Nightclub and Exotic Dancer Awards. On January 10, 2009, Haze and Belladonna hosted the 2009 AVN Awards, and Haze won Female Performer of the Year.

In 2010, Complex ranked Haze sixteenth on their list of "The 50 Prettiest Porn Stars of All Time" and fifth on their list of "The 10 Hottest Orange County Women." Complex also ranked her twentieth on their list of "The Top 100 Hottest Porn Stars (Right Now)" in 2011. She was also placed on CNBC's yearly list of "The Dirty Dozen: Porn's Most Popular Stars" in 2011 and 2012.

On February 7, 2012, Haze announced her retirement from performing via a homemade YouTube video, followed by a press release. She revealed that she had not shot a scene since April 2011, but she would possibly continue to direct and produce.

Jennaration X Studios
In 2009, Haze launched her own production company, Jennaration X Studios, headed by Haze and distributed through Jules Jordan Video. Haze is directing and performing in her production films.

Jennaration X's debut film, Cum-Spoiled Sluts, (featuring scenes with Haze, Johnny Sins, Nikki Rhodes and James Deen) was released March 23, 2009, followed by Anal Academics which was released July 6, 2009.

Appearances
In the 2007 mainstream comedy film, Superbad, Haze made a short appearance in the role of Vagtastic Voyage Girl #2. Haze made a short appearance in the 2009 action/thriller film Crank: High Voltage as a porn star on strike.

Published in 2007, Haze was among the adult stars featured in the erotic photography book Naked Ambition: An R-Rated Look at an X-Rated Industry. The special edition of the book included a fine art photograph of Haze signed by the photographer Michael Grecco.

Shortly after announcing her retirement in 2012, Haze appeared in the March edition of the men's magazine FHM in a layout with former Gossip Girl star Taylor Momsen, and shortly thereafter had a cameo in Momsen's band The Pretty Reckless' music video for the song "My Medicine". She then appeared onstage with the band at their March 13 Los Angeles House Of Blues performance and gave Momsen an impromptu lap dance.

Awards
• 2003 AVN Award for Best New Starlet

• 2003 AVN Award for Best Solo Sex Scene – Big Bottom Sadie

• 2006 F.A.M.E. Award for Fan Favorite Best Butt

• 2007 AVN Award for Best Oral Sex Scene, Video – Jenna Haze Darkside

• 2007 AVN Award for Best Group Sex Scene, Video – Fashionistas Safado: The Challenge

• 2007 XRCO Award for Best On-Screen Chemistry – Fashionistas Safado: The Challenge

• 2007 F.A.M.E. Award for Favorite Oral Starlet

• 2007 FICEB Ninfa Award for Most Original Sex Scene – Fashionistas Safado

• 2008 AVN Award for Best Couple Sex Scene, Video – Evil Anal 2

• 2008 XRCO Award for Orgasmic Oralist

• 2008 F.A.M.E. Award for Favorite Anal Starlet

• 2009 AVN Award for Female Performer of the Year

• 2009 AVN Award for Best Tease Performance – Pretty As They Cum

• 2009 XBIZ Award for Female Performer of the Year

• 2009 XRCO Award for Female Performer of the Year

• 2009 F.A.M.E. Award for Dirtiest Girl In Porn

• 2009 F.A.M.E. Award for Favorite Oral Starlet

• 2009 NightMoves Award for Best Feature Dancer (Editor's Choice)

• 2009 Hot d'Or Award for Best American Female Performer

• 2010 XRCO Award for Orgasmic Analist

• 2010 F.A.M.E. Award for Dirtiest Girl In Porn

• 2010 F.A.M.E. Award for Favorite Anal Starlet

• 2011 AVN Award for Best All-Girl Couples Sex Scene – Meow!

• 2011 AVN Award for Fan Favorite Performer

• 2011 XRCO Award for Orgasmic Oralist

• 2011 NightMoves Award for Best Feature Dancer (Fan's Choice)

• 2012 AVN Hall of Fame inductee

• 2012 XRCO Hall of Fame inductee

• Jennaration X Studios:

• 2011 AVN Award for Best All-Sex Release – Just Jenna

• 2011 AVN Award for Best All-Girl Release – Meow!

• 2011 AVN Award for Best Young Release – Cum Spoiled Brats

Personal life
According to her social media pages, Haze returned to school and majored in psychology.

In 2012 and 2013, Haze was romantically involved with heavy metal singer Greg Puciato of the band the Dillinger Escape Plan.

title: Jenna Haze