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Acid-fastness

Acid-fastness is a physical property of certain bacterial and eukaryotic cells, as well as some sub-cellular structures, specifically their resistance to decolorization by acids during laboratory staining procedures. Once stained as part of a sample, these organisms can resist the acid and/or ethanol-based decolorization procedures common in many staining protocols, hence the name acid-fast.

The mechanisms of acid-fastness vary by species although the most well-known example is in the genus Mycobacterium, which includes the species responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy. The acid-fastness of Mycobacteria is due to the high mycolic acid content of their cell walls, which is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. Some bacteria may also be partially acid-fast, such as Nocardia.

Acid-fast organisms are difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques, though they can be stained using concentrated dyes, particularly when the staining process is combined with heat. Some, such as Mycobacteria, can be stained with the Gram stain, but they do not take the crystal violet well and thus appear light purple, which can still potentially result in an incorrect gram negative identification.

The most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria is the Ziehl–Neelsen stain, in which the acid-fast species are stained bright red and stand out clearly against a blue background. Another method is the Kinyoun method, in which the bacteria are stained bright red and stand out clearly against a green background. Acid-fast Mycobacteria can also be visualized by fluorescence microscopy using specific fluorescent dyes (auramine-rhodamine stain, for example).

Some acid-fast staining techniques

 * Ziehl–Neelsen stain (classic and modified bleach types)
 * Kinyoun stain
 * For color blind people (or in backgrounds where detecting red bacteria is difficult), Victoria blue can be substituted for carbol fuchsin and picric acid can be used as the counter stain instead of methylene blue, and the rest of the Kinyoun technique can be used.
 * Various bacterial spore staining techniques using Kenyon e.g.
 * Moeller's method
 * Dorner's method (acid alcohol decolorizer) without the Schaeffer–Fulton modification (decolorize by water)
 * Detergent method, using Tergitol 7, nonionic polyglycol ether surfactants type NP-7
 * Fite stain
 * Fite-Faraco stain
 * Wade Fite stain
 * Ellis and Zabrowarny stain (no phenol/carbolic acid)
 * Auramine-rhodamine stain
 * Auramine phenol stain

Notable acid-fast structures
Very few structures are acid-fast; this makes staining for acid-fastness particularly useful in diagnosis. The following are notable examples of structures which are acid-fast or modified acid-fast:
 * All mycobacteria – M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, M. smegmatis and atypical Mycobacterium
 * Actinomycetes (especially some aerobic ones) with mycolic acid in their cell wall (note Streptomyces do NOT have); not to be confused with Actinomyces, which is a non-acid-fast genus of actinomycete
 * Nocardia (weakly acid-fast; resists decolorization with weaker acid concentrations)
 * Rhodococcus
 * Gordonia (an actinomycete)
 * Tsukamurella
 * Dietzia
 * Head of sperm
 * Bacterial spores, see Endospore
 * Legionella micdadei
 * Certain cellular inclusions e.g.
 * Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in
 * Neurons in layer 5 of cerebral cortex neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease).
 * Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in
 * Lead poisoning
 * Bismuth poisoning.
 * Oocysts of some coccidian parasites in faecal matter, such as:
 * Cryptosporidium parvum,
 * Isospora belli
 * Cyclospora cayetanensis.
 * A few other parasites:
 * Sarcocystis
 * Taenia saginata eggs stain well but Taenia solium eggs don't (can be used to distinguish)
 * Hydatid cysts, especially their "hooklets" stain irregularly with ZN stain but emanate bright red fluorescence under green light, and can aid detection in moderately heavy backgrounds or with scarce hooklets.
 * Fungal yeast forms are inconsistently stained with Acid-fast stain which is considered a narrow spectrum stain for fungi. In a study on acid-fastness of fungi, 60% of blastomyces and 47% of histoplasma showed positive cytoplasmic staining of the yeast-like cells, and Cryptococcus or candida did not stain, and very rare staining was seen in Coccidioides endospores.

Online protocol examples

 * Ziehl–Neelsen protocol (PDF format).
 * Alternate Ellis & Zabrowarny method for staining AFB.

title: Acid-fastness


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Pan-Celticism

Pan-Celticism (Pan-Cheilteachas, Scottish Gaelic: Pan-Cheilteachas, Breton: Pan-Keltaidd, Welsh: Pan-Geltaidd, Cornish: Pan-Keltaidh, Manx: Pan-Cheltaghys), also known as Celticism or Celtic nationalism is a political, social and cultural movement advocating solidarity and cooperation between Celtic nations (both the Brythonic and Gaelic branches) and the modern Celts in Northwestern Europe. Some pan-Celtic organisations advocate the Celtic nations seceding from the United Kingdom and France and forming their own separate federal state together, while others simply advocate very close cooperation between independent sovereign Celtic nations, in the form of Breton, Cornish, Irish, Manx, Scottish, and Welsh nationalism.

As with other pan-nationalist movements such as pan-Americanism, pan-Arabism, pan-Germanism, pan-Hispanism, pan-Iranism, pan-Latinism, pan-Slavism, pan-Turanianism, and others, the pan-Celtic movement grew out of Romantic nationalism and specific to itself, the Celtic Revival. The pan-Celtic movement was most prominent during the 19th and 20th centuries (roughly 1838 until 1939). Some early pan-Celtic contacts took place through the Gorsedd and the Eisteddfod, while the annual Celtic Congress was initiated in 1900. Since that time the Celtic League has become the prominent face of political pan-Celticism. Initiatives largely focused on cultural Celtic cooperation, rather than explicitly politics, such as music, arts and literature festivals, are usually referred to instead as inter-Celtic.

Terminology
There is some controversy surrounding the term Celts. One such example was the Celtic League's Galician crisis. This was a debate over whether the Spanish region of Galicia should be admitted. The application was rejected on the basis of a lack of a presence of a Celtic language.

Some Austrians claim that they have a Celtic heritage that became Romanized under Roman rule and later Germanized after Germanic invasions. Austria is the location of the first characteristically Celtic culture to exist. After the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, in October 1940 a writer from the Irish Press interviewed Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger who spoke of Celtic heritage of Austrians, saying "I believe there is a deeper connection between us Austrians and the Celts. Names of places in the Austrian Alps are said to be of Celtic origin." Contemporary Austrians express pride in having Celtic heritage and Austria possesses one of the largest collections of Celtic artefacts in Europe.

Organisations such as the Celtic Congress and the Celtic League use the definition that a 'Celtic nation' is a nation with recent history of a traditional Celtic language.

Modern conception of the Celtic peoples

Before the Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity, people lived in Iron Age Britain and Ireland, speaking languages from which the modern Gaelic languages (including Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx) and Brythonic languages (including Welsh, Breton and Cornish) descend. These people, along with others in Continental Europe who once spoke now extinct languages from the same Indo-European branch (such as the Gauls, Celtiberians and Galatians), have been retroactively referred to in a collective sense as the Celts, particularly in a wide spread manner since the turn of the 18th century. Variations of the term "Celt", such as Keltoi had been used in antiquity by the Greeks and the Romans to refer to some groups of these people, such as Herodotus' use of it in regards to the Gauls.

The modern usage of "Celt" in reference to these cultures grew up gradually. A pioneer in the field was George Buchanan, a 16th-century Scottish scholar, Renaissance humanist and tutor to king James IV of Scotland. From a Scottish Gaelic-speaking family, Buchanan in his Rerum Scoticarum Historia (1582), went over the writings of Tacitus who had discussed the similarity between the language of the Gauls and the ancient Britons. Buchanan concluded, if the Gauls were Celtae, as they were described as in Roman sources, then the Britons were Celtae too. He began to see a pattern in place names and concluded that the Britons and Irish Gaels once spoke one Celtic language which later diverged. It wouldn't be until over a century later when these ideas were widely popularised; first by the Breton scholar Paul-Yves Pezron in his Antiquité de la Nation et de la langue celtes autrement appelez Gaulois (1703) and then by the Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd in his Archaeologia Britannica: An Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of the Original Inhabitants of Great Britain (1707).

By the time the modern concept of the Celts as a people had emerged, their fortunes had declined substantially, taken over by Germanic people. Firstly, the Celtic Britons of sub-Roman Britain were swamped by a tide of Anglo-Saxon settlement from the fifth century on and lost most of their territory to them. They were subsequently referred to as the Welsh people and the Cornish people. A group of these fled Britain altogether and settled in Continental Europe in Armorica, becoming the Breton people. The Gaels for a while actually expanded, pushing out of Ireland to conquer Pictland in Britain, establishing Alba by the ninth century. From the 11th century onward, the arrival of the Normans, caused problems not only for the English but also for the Celts. The Normans invaded the Welsh kingdoms (establishing the Principality of Wales), the Irish kingdoms (establishing the Lordship of Ireland) and took control of the Scottish monarchy through intermarrying. This advance was often done in conjunction with the Catholic Church's Gregorian Reform, which was centralising the religion in Europe.

The dawning of early modern Europe affected the Celtic peoples in ways which saw what small amount of independence they had left firmly subordinated to the emerging British Empire and in the case of the Duchy of Brittany, the Kingdom of France. Although both the Kings of England (the Tudors) and the Kings of Scotland (the Stewarts) of the day claimed Celtic ancestry and used this in Arthurian cultural motifs to lay the basis for a British monarchy ("British" being suggested by Elizabethan John Dee), both dynasties promoted a centralising policy of Anglicisation. The Gaels of Ireland lost their last kingdoms to the Kingdom of Ireland after the Flight of the Earls in 1607, while the Statutes of Iona attempted to de-Gaelicise the Highland Scots in 1609. The effects of these initiates were mixed, but took from the Gaels their natural leadership element, which had patronised their culture.

Under Anglocentric British rule, the Celtic-speaking peoples were reduced to a marginalised, largely poor people, small farmers and fishermen, clinging to the coast of the North Atlantic. Following the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, greater multitudes were Anglicised and fled into a diaspora around the British Empire as an industrial proletariat. Further de-Gaelicisation took place for the Irish during the Great Hunger and the Highland Scots during the Highland Clearances. Similarly for the Bretons, after the French Revolution, the Jacobins demanded greater centralisation, against regional identities and for Francization, enacted by the French Directory in 1794. However, Napoleon Bonaparte was greatly attracted to the romantic image of the Celt, which was partly based on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's glorification of the noble savage and the popularity of James Macpherson's Ossianic tales throughout Europe. Bonaparte's nephew, Napoleon III, would later have the Vercingétorix monument erected to honour the Celtic Gaulish leader. Indeed, in France the phrase "nos ancêtres les Gaulois" (our ancestors the Gauls) was invoked by Romantic nationalists, typically in a republican fashion, to refer to the majority of the people, contrary to the aristocracy (claimed to be of Frankish-Germanic descent).

Dawning of Pan-Celticism as a political idea
Following the dying down of Jacobitism as a political threat in Britain and Ireland, with the firm establishment of Hanoverian Britain under the liberal, rationalist philosophy of the Enlightenment, a backlash of Romanticism in the late 18th century occurred and "the Celt" was rehabilitated in literature, in a movement which is sometimes known as "Celtomania." The most prominent native representatives of the initial stages of this Celtic Revival were James Macpherson, author of the Poems of Ossian (1761) and Iolo Morganwg, founder of the Gorsedd. The imagery of the "Celtic World" also inspired English and Lowland Scots poets such as Blake, Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley and Scott. In particular the Druids inspired fascination for outsiders, as English and French antiquarians, such as William Stukeley, John Aubrey, Théophile Corret de la Tour d'Auvergne and Jacques Cambry, began to associate ancient megaliths and dolmens with the Druids.

In the 1820s, early pan-Celtic contacts began to develop, firstly between the Welsh and the Bretons, as Thomas Price and Jean-François Le Gonidec worked together to translate the New Testament into Breton. The two men were champions of their respective languages and both highly influential in their own countries. It was in this spirit that a Pan-Celtic Congress took place at the Cymreigyddion y Fenni's annual Eisteddfod in Abergavenny in 1838, where Bretons attended. Among these participants was Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué, author of the Macpherson-Morganwg influenced Barzaz Breiz, who imported the Gorsedd idea into Brittany. Indeed, the Breton nationalists would be the most enthusiastic pan-Celticists, acting as a lynch-pin between the different parts; "trapped" within another state (France), this allowed them to draw strength from kindred peoples across the Channel and they also shared a strong attachment to the Catholic faith with the Irish.

Across Europe, modern Celtic Studies were developing as an academic discipline. The Germans led the way in the field with Indo-European linguist Franz Bopp in 1838, followed up by Johann Kaspar Zeuss' Grammatica Celtica (1853). Indeed, as German power was growing in rivalry with France and England, the Celtic Question was of interest to them and they were able to perceive the shift towards Celtic-based nationalisms. Heinrich Zimmer, the Professor of Celtic at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin (predecessor of Kuno Meyer), spoke in 1899 of the powerful agitation in the "Celtic fringe of the United Kingdom's rich overcoat" and predicted that pan-Celticism would become a political force as important to the future of European politics as the much more established movements of pan-Germanism and pan-Slavism. Other academic treatments included Ernest Renan's La Poésie des races celtiques (1854) and Matthew Arnold's The Study of Celtic Literature (1867). The attention given by Arnold was a double-edged sword; he lauded Celtic poetic and musical achievements, but effeminised them and suggested they needed the cement of a sober, orderly Anglo-Saxon rule.

A concept arose among some European philologists, particularly articulated by Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, whereby the "care of the national language is a sacred trust", or put more simply, "no language, no nation." This dictum was also adopted by nationalists in Celtic nations, particularly Thomas Davis of the Young Ireland movement, who, contrary to the earlier Catholic-based "civic rights" activism of a Daniel O'Connell, asserted an Irish nationalism where the Irish language would become hegemonic once again. As he claimed a "people without a language of its own is only half a nation." In a less explicitly political context, language revivalist groups emerged such as the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language, which would later become the Gaelic League. In a Pan-Celtic context, Charles de Gaulle (uncle of the more famous General Charles de Gaulle), who involved himself in Breton autonomism and advocated for a Celtic Union in 1864, argued that "so long as a conquered people speaks another language than their conquers, the best part of them remains free." De Gaulle corresponded with people in Brittany, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, arguing that each needed to cooperate in a spirit of Celtic unity and above all defend their native languages or otherwise their position as Celtic nations would be extinct. A Pan-Celtic review was founded by de Gaulle's comrade Henri Gaidoz in 1873, known as Revue Celtique.

In 1867 de Gaulle organised the first ever Pan-Celtic gathering in Saint-Brieuc, Brittany. No Irish attended and the guests were mainly Welsh and Breton.

T. E. Ellis, the leader of Cymru Fydd was a proponent of Pan-Celticism, stating "We must work for bringing together Celtic reformers and Celtic peoples. The interests of Irishmen, Welshmen and [Scottish] Crofters are almost identical. Their past history is very similar, their present oppressors are the same and their immediate wants are the same.

Pan-Celtic Congress and the Celtic Association era
The first major Pan-Celtic Congress was organised by Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe and Bernard FitzPatrick, 2nd Baron Castletown, under the auspices of their Celtic Association and was held in August 1901 in Dublin. This had followed on from an earlier sentiment of pan-Celtic feeling at the National Eisteddfod of Wales, held in Liverpool in 1900. Another influence was Fournier's attendance at Feis Ceoil in the late 1890s, which drew musicians from the different Celtic nations. The two leaders formed somewhat of an idiosyncratic pair; Fournier, of French parentage embraced an ardent Hibernophilia and learned the Irish language, while FitzPatrick descended from ancient Irish royalty (the Mac Giolla Phádraig of Osraige), but was serving in the British Army and had earlier been a Conservative MP (indeed, the original Pan-Celtic Congress was delayed for a year because of the Second Boer War). The main intellectual organ of the Celtic Association was Celtia: A Pan-Celtic Monthly Magazine, edited by Fournier, which ran from January 1901 until 1904 and was briefly revived in 1907 before finally ending for good in May 1908. Its inception was welcomed by Breton François Jaffrennou. An unrelated publication "The Celtic Review" was founded in 1904 and ran until 1908.

Historian Justin Dolan Stover of Idaho State University describes the movement as having "uneven successes".

In total, the Celtic Association was able to organise three Pan-Celtic Congresses: Dublin (1901), Caernarfon (1904) and Edinburgh (1907). Each of these opened with an elaborate neo-druidic ceremony, with the laying of the Lia Cineil ("Race Stone"), which drew inspiration from the Lia Fáil and Stone of Scone. The stone was five foot high and consisted of five granite blocks, each with a letter of the respective Celtic nation etched into it in their own language (i.e. - "E" for Ireland, "A" for Scotland, "C" for Wales). At the laying of the stone, the Archdruid of the Eisteddfod, Hwfa Môn would say three times in Gaelic, while holding a partly unsheathed sword, "Is there peace?" to which the people responded "Peace." The symbolism inherent in this was meant to represent a counterpoise to the British Empire's assimilating Anglo-Saxonism as articulated by the likes of Rudyard Kipling. For the pan-Celts, they imagined a restored "Celtic race", but where each Celtic people would have its own national space without assimilating all into a uniformity. The Lia Cineil was also intended as a phallic symbol, referencing the ancient megaliths historically associated with the Celts and overturning the "feminisation of the Celts by their Saxon neighbours."

The response of the most advanced and militant nationalism of a "Celtic" people; Irish nationalism; was mixed. The pan-Celts were lampooned by D. P. Moran in The Leader, under the title of "Pan-Celtic Farce." The folk costumes and druidic aesthetics were especially mocked, meanwhile Moran, who associated Irish nationality with Catholicism, was suspicious of the Protestantism of both Fournier and FitzPatrick. The participation of the latter as a "Tommy Atkins" against the Boers (whom Irish nationalists supported with the Irish Transvaal Brigade) was also highlighted as unsound. Moran concluded that pan-Celticism was "parasitic" from Irish nationalism, created by a "foreigner" (Fournier) and sought to misdirect Irish energies. Others were less polemical; opinion in the Gaelic League was divided and though they elected not to send an official representative, some members did attend Congress meetings (including Douglas Hyde, Patrick Pearse and Michael Davitt). More enthusiastic was Lady Gregory, who imagined an Ireland-led "Pan-Celtic Empire", while William Butler Yeats also attended the Dublin meeting. Prominent Gaelic League activists such as Pearse, Edward Martyn, John St. Clair Boyd, Thomas William Rolleston, Thomas O'Neill Russell, Maxwell Henry Close and William Gibson all made financial contributions to the Pan-Celtic Congress. Ruaraidh Erskine was an attendant. Erskine himself was an advocate of a "Gaelic confederation" between Ireland and Scotland.

David Lloyd George, who would later to go on to be the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, delivered a speech at the 1904 Celtic Congress.

Breton Regionalist Union founder Régis de l'Estourbeillon attended the 1907 congress, headed the Breton faction of the procession and placed the Breton stone on the Lia Cineill. Henry Jenner, Arthur William Moore and John Crichton-Stuart, fourth Marquess of Bute likewise attended the 1907 congress.

Erskine made an effort to set up a "union of Welsh, Scots and Irish with a view to action on behalf of Celtic communism". He wrote to Thomas Gwynn Jones asking for suggestions on Welshmen to invite to London for a meeting on setting such a thing up. It is unknown if such a meeting ever took place.

John de Courcy Mac Donnell founded a Celtic Union in Belgium in 1908, which organised the fourth Pan-Celtic congress as part of the 1910 Brussels International Exposition. Exhibitions of hurling were held there and at nearby at Fontenoy, commemorating the Irish Brigade at the 1745 battle. The Celtic Union held further events up to the fifth Pan-Celtic congress 1913 in Ghent/Brussels/Namur.

In Paris, 1912 the "La Ligue Celtique Francaise" was launched and had a magazine called "La Poetique" which published news and literature from all around the Celtic world.

Pan-Celticism after the Easter Rising
Celtic nationalisms were boosted immensely by the Irish Easter Rising of 1916, where a group of revolutionaries belonging to the Irish Republican Brotherhood struck militantly against the British Empire during the First World War to assert an Irish Republic. Part of their political vision, building on earlier Irish-Ireland policies was a re-Gaelicisation of Ireland: that is to say a de-colonisation of Anglo cultural, linguistic and economic hegemony and a re-assertion of the native Celtic culture. After the initial rising, their politics coalesced in Ireland around Sinn Féin. In other Celtic nations, groups were founded holding similar views and voiced solidarity with Ireland during the Irish War of Independence: this included the Breton-journal Breiz Atao, the Scots National League of Ruaraidh Erskine and various figures in Wales who would later go on to found Plaid Cymru. The presence of James Connolly and the October Revolution in Russia taking place at the same time, also led some to imagine a Celtic socialism or communism; an idea associated with Erskine, as well as the revolutionary John Maclean and William Gillies. Erskine claimed the "collectivist ethos in the Celtic past", had been, "undermined by Anglo-Saxon values of greed and selfishness."

The hope of some Celtic nationalists that a semi-independent Ireland could act as a springboard for Irish Republican Army-esque equivalents for their own nations and the "liberation" of the rest of the Celtosphere would prove a disappointment. A militant Scottish volunteer force founded by Gillies, Fianna na hAlba; which like the Óglaigh na hÉireann advocated republicanism and Gaelic nationalism; was discouraged by Michael Collins who advised Gillies that the British state was stronger in Scotland than Ireland and that public opinion was more against them. Once the Irish Free State was established, the ruling parties; Fine Gael or Fianna Fáil; were content to engage in inter-governmental diplomacy with the British state in an effort to have returned the counties in Northern Ireland, rather than supporting Celtic nationalist militants within Britain. The Irish state, particularly under Éamon de Valera did make some effort on the cultural and linguistic front in regards to Pan-Celticism. For instance in the summer of 1947, the Irish Taoiseach de Valera visited the Isle of Man and met with Manxman, Ned Maddrell. While there he had the Irish Folklore Commission make recordings of the last, old, native Manx Gaelic-speakers, including Maddrell.

Post-war initiatives and the Celtic League
A group called "Aontacht na gCeilteach" (Celtic Unity) was set up to promote the pan-Celtic vision in November 1942. It was headed by Éamonn Mac Murchadha. MI5 believed it to be a secret front for the Irish fascist party Ailtiri na hAiseirghe and was to serve as "a rallying point for Irish, Scottish, Welsh and Breton nationalists". The group had the same postal address as the party. At its foundation the group stated that "the present system is utterly repugnant to the celtic conception of life" and called for a new order based upon a "distinctive celtic philosophy". Ailtiri na hAiseirghe itself had a pan-Celtic vision and had established contacts with pro-Welsh independence political party Plaid Cymru and Scottish independence activist Wendy Wood. One day the party covered South Dublin city with posters saying "Rhyddid i Gymru" (Freedom for Wales)  Rhisiart Tal-e-bot, former President of the European Free Alliance Youth is a member.

The rejuvenation of Irish republicanism during the post-war period and into The Troubles had some inspiration not only for other Celtic nationalists, but militant nationalists from other "small nations", such as the Basques with the ETA. Indeed, this was particularly pertinent to the secessionist nationalisms of Spain, as the era of Francoist Spain was coming to a close. As well as this, there was renewed interest in all things Celtic in the 1960s and 1970s. In a less militant fashion, elements within Galician nationalism and Asturian nationalism began to court Pan-Celticism, attending the Festival Interceltique de Lorient and the Pan Celtic Festival at Killarney, as well as joining the International Section of the Celtic League. Although this region had once been under Iberian Celts, had a strong resonance in Gaelic mythology (i.e. - Breogán) and even during the Early Middle Ages had a small enclave of Celtic Briton emigrants at Britonia (similar to the case with Brittany), no Celtic language had been spoken there since the eighth century and today they speak Romance languages. During the so-called "Galician crisis" of 1986, the Galicians were admitted to the Celtic League as a Celtic nation (Paul Mosson had argued for their inclusion in Carn since 1980). This was subsequently overturned the following year, as the Celtic League reaffirmed the Celtic languages as the integral and defining factor in what is a Celtic nation.

21st century
Following the Brexit referendum there were calls for Pan-Celtic Unity. In November 2016, the First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon stated the idea of a "Celtic Corridor" of the island of Ireland and Scotland appealed to her.

In January 2019 the leader of the Welsh nationalist Plaid Cymru party, Adam Price spoke in favour of cooperation among the Celtic nations of Britain and Ireland following Brexit. Among his proposals were a Celtic Development Bank for joint infrastructure and investment projects in energy, transport and communications in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the Isle of Man, and the foundation of a Celtic union, the structure of which is already existent in the Good Friday Agreement according to Price. Speaking to RTÉ, the Irish national broadcaster he proposed Wales and Ireland working together to promote the indigenous languages of each nation.

Blogger Owen Donavan published, on his blog State of Wales, his views on a Celtic confederation, "a voluntary union of sovereign nation-states – between Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Isle of Man would presumably be a candidate for inclusion too. Cornwall and Brittany could be added as future members if they can attain a measure of self-government." He also considered a Celtic Council, a similar co-operation that was proposed by Adam Price. Journalist Jamie Dalgety has also proposed the concept of a Celtic Union involving Scotland and Ireland but suggests that lack of support for Welsh independence may mean that a Gaelic Celtic Union involving may be more appropriate. Bangor University lecturer and journalist, Ifan Morgan Jones has suggested that "a short-term fix for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland might be a greater degree of cooperation with each other, as a union within a union." he also suggested that "If they could find a way of working together in their mutual interest, that’s a fair degree of combined influence, particular if the next General Election produces a hung parliament."

Anti-Celticism
A movement among some archeologists known as "Celtoscepticism" emerged from the late 1980s, through the 1990s. This school of thought, initiated by John Collis sought to undermine the basis of Celticism and cast doubts on the legitimacy of the very concept or any usage of the term "Celts". This strain of thought was particularly hostile to all but archaeological evidence. Partly a reaction to the rise in Celtic devolutionist tendencies, these scholars were opposed to describing the Iron Age people of Britain as Celtic Britons and even disliked the use of the phrase Celtic in describing the Celtic language family. Collis, an Englishman from the University of Cambridge, was hostile to the methodology of German professor Gustaf Kossinna and was hostile to Celts as an ethnic identity coalescing around a concept of hereditary ancestry, culture and language (claiming this was "racist"). Aside from this Collis was hostile to the use of Classical literature and Irish literature as a source for the Iron Age period, as exemplified by Celtic scholars such as Barry Cunliffe. Throughout the duration of the debate on the historicity of the ancient Celts, John T. Koch stated that it is "the scientific fact of a Celtic family of languages that has weathered unscathed the Celtosceptic controversy."

Collis was not the only figure in this field. The two other figures most prominent in the field were Malcolm Chapman with his The Celts: The Construction of a Myth (1992) and Simon James of the University of Leicester with his The Atlantic Celts: Ancient People or Modern Invention? (1999). In particular, James engaged in a particularly heated exchange with Vincent Megaw (and his wife Ruth) on the pages of Antiquity. The Megaws (along with others such as Peter Berresford Ellis) suspected a politically motivated agenda; driven by English nationalist resentment and anxiety at British Imperial decline; in the whole premise of Celtosceptic theorists (such as Chapman, Nick Merriman and J. D. Hill) and that the anti-Celtic position was a reaction to the formation of a Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly. For his part, James stepped forward to defend his fellow Celtosceptics, claiming that their rejection of the Celtic idea was politically motivated, but invoked "multiculturalism" and sought to deconstruct the past and imagine it as more "diverse", rather than a Celtic uniformity.

Attempts to identify a distinct Celtic Race were made by the "Harvard Archaeological Mission to Ireland" in the 1930s, led by Earnest Hooton, which drew the conclusions needed by its sponsor-government. The findings were vague and did not stand up to scrutiny, and were not pursued after 1945. The genetic studies by David Reich suggest that the Celtic areas had three major population changes, and that the last group in the Iron Age, who spoke Celtic languages, had arrived in about 1000 BCE, after the building of iconic supposedly-Celtic monuments like Stonehenge and Newgrange. Reich confirmed that the Indo-European root of the Celtic languages reflected a population shift, and was not just a linguistic adoption.

Manifestations
Pan-Celticism can operate on one or all of the following levels listed below:

Linguistics
Linguistic organisations promote linguistic ties, notably the Gorsedd in Wales, Cornwall and Brittany, and the Irish government-sponsored Columba Initiative between Ireland and Scotland. Often, there is a split here between the Irish, Scots and Manx, who use Q-Celtic Goidelic languages, and the Welsh, Cornish and Bretons, who speak P-Celtic Brythonic languages.

Music
Music is a notable aspect of Celtic cultural links. Inter-Celtic festivals have been gaining popularity, and some of the most notable include those at Lorient, Killarney, Kilkenny, Letterkenny and Celtic Connections in Glasgow.

Pan-Celtic Cuisine
Pan-Celtic cuisine, as defined by chef Colbhin MacEochaidh on the Pan Celtic Cuisine website refers to the culinary traditions shared among the Celtic nations, which include Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Brittany, Cornwall, and the Isle of Man. This culinary style is characterized by a rich tapestry of flavors, incorporating local ingredients, traditional cooking methods, and cultural influences unique to each region.

Emphasis on Local Ingredients
Pan-Celtic cuisine places a strong emphasis on locally sourced ingredients, reflecting the diverse landscapes of the Celtic nations. Staples such as oats, seafood, dairy, root vegetables, and game meats form the foundation of many dishes.

Traditional Cooking Methods
The cuisine incorporates traditional cooking methods, including Open fire, baking, boiling, and slow-cooking. Many dishes showcase the simplicity and robustness of Celtic culinary heritage.

Common Ingredients
Commonly used ingredients in Pan-Celtic cuisine include: Oats: Oat-based dishes, such as porridge and oatcakes, are prevalent in Celtic cooking. Seafood:Given the proximity to the sea, seafood plays a prominent role, with dishes featuring fish, shellfish, and seaweed. Dairy Milk and dairy products, especially cheeses, are integral to Celtic recipes. Root Vegetables Potatoes, turnips, and carrots are often but featured prominently.

Regional Variations
Irish Cuisine

Irish cuisine is known for hearty and comforting dishes, including Irish stew, colcannon, and soda bread.

Scottish Cuisine

Scottish cuisine features dishes like haggis, neeps and tatties, and Scotch broth.

Welsh Cuisine

Welsh cuisine includes specialties such as Welsh rarebit, cawl, and bara brith.

Breton Cuisine

Breton cuisine, influenced by its coastal location, emphasizes seafood, crepes, and galettes.

Modern Interpretations

In recent years, chefs and culinary enthusiasts have reimagined Pan-Celtic cuisine, blending traditional recipes with modern techniques and global influences. This has resulted in a dynamic culinary landscape that celebrates Celtic heritage while embracing innovation.

Promotion and Awareness
Efforts to promote Pan-Celtic cuisine include culinary events, festivals, and collaborations among chefs from different Celtic regions. Additionally, online platforms and publications contribute to the dissemination of recipes and the celebration of Celtic culinary diversity.

Wrestling
There are similarities across Celtic wrestling styles, with many commentators suggesting that this indicates they stem from a common style.

In the Middle Ages it is known that the "champions from the Emerald Isle (the Green Island or Ireland) met the Cornish regularly to wrestle". The Irish style is known as Collar-and-elbow wrestling and uses a "jacket" as does Cornish wrestling. This was still true in the 1800s when Irish champions regularly came to London to wrestle Cornish and Devonian champions.

Cornwall and Brittany have similar wrestling styles (Cornish wrestling and Gouren respectively). There have been matches between wrestlers in these styles over centuries. For example, in 1551 between Cornish soldiers, involved with Edward VI's investing Henri II with the Order of the Garter, and Breton "farmers". There is folklore that fishing disputes between Cornish and Breton fishermen were settled with wrestling matches.

More formally Inter-Celtic championships between Cornwall and Brittany started in 1928, but became less frequent since the 1980s.

The Celtic wrestling championship started in 1985 comprising Gouren and Scottish Backhold or Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling and sometimes other styles such as Cornish wrestling.

Teams that have competed in the Celtic wrestling championship include:
 * Brittany
 * Canaries
 * Cornwall
 * England
 * Fryslan
 * Iceland
 * Ireland
 * Leon
 * Salzburg
 * Sardinia
 * Scotland
 * Sweden

Hurling and Shinty
Ireland and Scotland play each other at hurling/shinty internationals.

Handball
As with Hurling and Shinty, Irish handball and Welsh handball (Pêl-Law) share an ancient Celtic origin, but over the centuries they developed into two separate sports with different rules and international organisations.

Informal inter-Celtic matches were very likely a feature of industrial southern Wales in the nineteenth century, with Irish immigrant workers said to have enjoyed playing the Welsh game. However, attempts to play formal inter-Celtic matches would only begin after the formation of The Welsh Handball Association in 1987. The association was tasked with playing international matches against nations with similar sports such as Ireland, USA (American Handball) and England (Fives). To facilitate international competition, a new set of rules were devised, and even Wales' most famous Pêl-Law court (The Nelson Court) was given new markings, more in-keeping with the Irish game.

Meaningful Welsh-Irish matches finally became a reality in October 1994, with "The One Wall World Championships" held in Dublin and an inaugural "European One Wall Handball Tournament" held at three courts across southern Wales the following May. The 1990s were the high point for these inter-Celtic rivalries. The success of Wales' Lee Davies (World Champion in 1997) saw large crowds and high public interest. In recent years however, the decline of handball in Wales has resulted in little interest in inter-Celtic competition.

Rugby
A Pan-Celtic rugby tournament had been the subject of intermittent discussions throughout the early years of professionalism. The first material steps toward a Pan-Celtic league were taken in the 1999–2000 season, when the Scottish districts Edinburgh and Glasgow were invited to join the fully professional Welsh Premier Division, creating the Welsh–Scottish League. In 2001, the four provinces of the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) joined, with the new format being named the Celtic League.

Today, the tournament is known as the United Rugby Championship, and has since expanded into Italy and South Africa, with no plans for expansion into the other Celtic nations. However, inter-Celtic rivalries continue within the league, under the legal name of the body running the competition Celtic Rugby DAC.

In Women's rugby union, The IRFU, WRU and SRU established the Celtic Challenge competition in 2023. While the first tournament was contested by one team from each nation (Combined Provinces XV, Welsh Developmment XV and the Thistles), it is hoped that the tournament will expand to six competing teams (two from each union) in 2024, with further expansions planned over the next 3 to 5 years.

Political
Political groups such as the Celtic League, along with Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party have co-operated at some levels in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and Plaid Cymru has asked questions in Parliament about Cornwall and cooperates with Mebyon Kernow. The Regional Council of Brittany, the governing body of the Region of Brittany, has developed formal cultural links with the Welsh Senedd and there are fact-finding missions. Political pan-Celticism can be taken to include everything from a full federation of independent Celtic states, to occasional political visits. During the Troubles, the Provisional IRA adopted a policy of not mounting attacks in Scotland and Wales, as they viewed England alone as the colonial force occupying Ireland. This was also possibly influenced by the IRA chief of staff Seán Mac Stíofáin (John Stephenson), a London-born republican with pan-Celtic views.

In 2023 a 'Celtic Forum' took place in Brittany. Attendees included First Minister of Wales Mark Drakeford, Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Shona Robinson, Leader of the Cornwall Council, Linda Taylor, Republic of Ireland Ambassador to France, Niall Burgess and Loïg Chesnais-Girard, the President of the Regional Council of Brittany. Political representatives from Asturias and Galicia were also present. Drakeford described the forum as "an excellent opportunity to come together as Celtic nations and regions, to build on our cultural and historical links and seek out areas for future collaboration, such as marine energy."

Town twinnings
Town twinning is common between Wales – Brittany and Ireland – Brittany, covering hundreds of communities, with exchanges of local politicians, choirs, dancers and school groups.

Historical connections
The kingdom of Dál Riata was a Gaelic overkingdom on the western seaboard of Scotland with some territory on the northern coasts of Ireland. In the late sixth and early seventh century it encompassed roughly what is now Argyll and Bute and Lochaber in Scotland and also County Antrim in Northern Ireland.

As recently as the 13th century, "members of the Scottish elite were still proud to proclaim their Gaelic-Irish origins and identified Ireland as the homeland of the Scots." The 14th century Scottish King Robert the Bruce asserted a common identity for Ireland and Scotland. However, in later medieval times, Irish and Scottish interests diverged for a number of reasons, and the two peoples grew estranged. The conversion of the Scots to Protestantism was one factor. The stronger political position of Scotland in relation to England was another. The disparate economic fortunes of the two was a third reason; by the 1840s Scotland was one of the richest areas in the world and Ireland one of the poorest.

Over the centuries there was considerable migration between Ireland and Scotland, primarily as Scots Protestants took part in the plantation of Ulster in the 17th century and then later, as many Irish began to be evicted from their homes, some emigrating to Scottish cities in the 19th century to escape the "Irish famine". Recently the field of Irish-Scottish studies has developed considerably, with the Irish-Scottish Academic Initiative (ISAI) founded in 1995. To date, three international conferences have been held in Ireland and Scotland, in 1997, 2000 and 2002.

Organisations

 * The International Celtic Congress is a non-political cultural organisation that promotes the Celtic language in the six nations of Ireland, Scotland, Brittany, Wales, Isle of Man and Cornwall.
 * The Celtic League, is a Pan-Celtic political organization.

Celtic regions/countries
A number of Europeans from the central and western regions of the continent have some Celtic ancestry. As such it is generally claimed that the 'litmus test' of Celticism is a surviving Celtic language and it was on this criterion that the Celtic league rejected Galicia. The following regions have a surviving Celtic language and it on this criterion that they are considered, by The Pan Celtic Congress in 1904 and Celtic League, to be the Celtic nations.

 * Brittany
 * Cornwall
 * Ireland
 * Isle of Man
 * Scotland
 * Wales

Other regions with Celtic heritage are:
 * Austria – Within the famous Hallstatt cultural region – possible home of the Celts.
 * Czech Republic – Home of the Boii (Boiohaemum – Bohemia)
 * England
 * Cumbria
 * Devon
 * Faroe Islands
 * France – Known previously, in classical times, as Gallia/Gaul. Classical writings on Gaul and its native Celtic tribes are the most extensive literature we have from the time.
 * Northern Italy, known as Cisalpine Gaul, was inhabited by populations of Celtic lineage.
 * Portugal – Home to the Lusitani, Gallaecian, Turdetani and other Celtic tribes.
 * Spain – A large portion of the Iberian peninsula was inhabited by Celtic tribes. Spain and Portugal has been hypothesized as the place of origin of the Celts by Professor John Koch, of the University of Wales.
 * Asturias - the principality of Asturias was named after the Astur Celtic tribe.
 * Cantabria – The current autonomous community (former duchy) was named after the Cantabri tribe.
 * Galicia (with North Portugal ) – together as Gallaecia
 * Castile and León
 * Castile-La Mancha
 * Extremadura
 * Community of Madrid
 * Andalusia (Turdetani and other tribes)
 * Slovenia Historical part of Celtic Kingdom of Noricum

Areas with a Celtic language speaking population
There are notable Irish and Scottish Gaelic speaking enclaves in Atlantic Canada.

The Patagonia region of Argentina has a sizeable Welsh speaking population. The Welsh settlement in Argentina started in 1865 and is known as Y Wladfa.

The Celtic diaspora
The Celtic diaspora in the Americas, as well as New Zealand and Australia, is significant and organised enough that there are numerous organisations, cultural festivals and university-level language classes available in major cities throughout these regions. In the United States, Celtic Family Magazine is a nationally distributed publication providing news, art, and history on Celtic people and their descendants.

The Irish Gaelic games of Gaelic football and hurling are played across the world and are organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association while the Scottish game shinty has seen recent growth in the United States.

Timeline of Pan-Celticism
J.T. Koch observes that modern Pan-Celticism arose in the contest of European romantic pan-nationalism, and like other pan-nationist movements, flourished mainly before the First World War. He sees twentieth century efforts in this regard as possibly arising out of a post-modern search for identity in the face of increased industrialization, urbanization and technology.

 * 1820: The Royal Celtic Society founded in Scotland
 * 1838: First Celtic Congress called Pan-Celtic Congress, Abergavenny
 * 1867: Second Celtic Congress, Saint-Brieuc
 * 1888: Pan-Celtic Society formed in Dublin
 * 1891:Pan-Celtic Society disbands
 * 1919–1922: Irish War of Independence, five-sixths of Ireland becomes independent, Northern Ireland gets devolved government
 * 1939–1945: Second World War and German occupation of Brittany
 * 1947: Celtic Union formed
 * 1950: Collapse of Celtic Union
 * 1950: Cornwall hosts its first Celtic congress
 * 1961: Modern Celtic League founded at Rhosllanerchrugog
 * 1971: Killarney Pan Celtic Festival begins
 * 1997: Columba Initiative begins
 * 1999: Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly open
 * 2000: The Cornish Constitutional Convention is formed
 * 2000–2001:The Cornish Constitutional Convention collect over 50,000 signatures endorsing the call for a Cornish Assembly.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pan-Celticism


text:
Chris Burns

Chris Burns may refer to:
 * Chris Burns (Canadian football) (born 1972), former Canadian football player
 * Chris Burns (footballer) (born 1967), former English footballer and manager
 * Chris Burns (politician) (born 1949), former Australian politician

title: Chris Burns


text: User talk:202.128.225.51

title: User talk:202.128.225.51


text: Template:Canada-bio-stub

title: Template:Canada-bio-stub


text:
Talk:Petersen graph

homomorphisms
I took out

 * "Although it appears to contain a subgraph homomorphic to K5, it doesn't; however, it does contain a subgraph homomorphic to K3,3."

which is wrong. The Petersen graph has both as minors.

"I'm not just talking to my hat here"; well, I am. Anyway, The Petersen Graph by D. A. Holton and J. Sheehan has a lot of info that should go here. dbenbenn | talk 05:30, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The redacted statement is backwards. Only a bipartite graph can be homomorphic to a bipartite graph, e.g. to $$K_{3,3}$$.  Any 5-colourable graph is homomorphic to $$K_5$$.  In any case, a graph 'G' having 'H' as a minor does not imply that 'G' is homomorphic to 'H', nor does the latter imply the former.  Basically with a homomorphism you can add edges freely, and with a minor you can remove edges freely.  Adking80 (talk) 14:06, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

change needed in comments about (3,5) cage
I tried to make the following change on August 9, but I wasn't able to save the change. Concerning (3,5) cage, the Wiki should say

 * has the least number of vertices of any cubic graph of girth 5; thus it is a $$(3,5)$$-cage graph (in fact, it is the only such); also it is the only $$(3,5)$$-Moore graph.

I will try to make the change later.

I noticed that the statment given was wrong, because I was looking at a picture of the dodecahedron, which is another connected cubic graph of girth 5.

 * Good catch!

 * I've taken out the statement that the Petersen graph is "the unique (3,5)-Moore graph". This comes from MathWorld, but according to their definition of Moore graph, a (3,5)-Moore graph is a degree-3 graph of girth 5 with the maximum number of nodes.  But the dodecahedron is degree 3, girth 5, and has 20 nodes.  I'm confused.  dbenbenn | talk 08:41, 8 October 2005 (UTC)
 * And now I put it back in. Apparently a $$(v,g)$$-Moore graph is a $$v$$-regular graph of girth $$g$$ that achieves the naive lower bound on the number of vertices.  (Pick a vertex.  It has $$v$$ neighbors; there are $$v(v-1)$$ vertices at distance two, $$v(v-1)^2$$ at distance 3, etc.)  dbenbenn | talk 15:00, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Three crossings

I removed this embedding of the Petersen graph from the article. Note that there are infinitely many embeddings of the graph. How is this one significant? There's a link at the bottom of the article to Commons:Category:Petersen graph, which I think is sufficient unless this embedding has some interesting property. Also, the caption displays a lack of understanding. dbenbenn | talk 20:39, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Of course this one is not significant itself. There are three images currently in the article. They all 'look alike' and I've put this version of Petersen graph, which does not look like the first, and best known embedding. What is wrong with the caption? The article also does not talk about graph isomorphism explicitly, so I believe this image can complement it. --xJaM 10:20, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The three images don't "look alike". The first is the standard embedding.  The second proves that the crossing number is 2, a fact mentioned in the text.  The third proves it's a unit-distance graph, another fact mentioned in the text.  It might be worth adding Image:Petersen graph 2.svg, which proves the graph is hypo-Hamiltonian ... dbenbenn | talk 20:45, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

"The second proves that the crossing number is 2." I don't think, that's true. It only shows, that the crossing number of the Petersen graph is at most 2. Since the Petersen graph is not planar, we also know its crossing number is at least 1. So why is it 2 and not 1? Did I miss an argument in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rkw95 (talk • contribs) 14:12, 21 April 2018 (UTC)
 * The quick argument is: because it's nonplanar it has at least one crossing. Now remove one of the crossing edges; the remaining graph is a subdivision of K3,3, still nonplanar, so there is at least one more crossing. —David Eppstein (talk) 17:40, 21 April 2018 (UTC)

Thank you very much, now I am convinced!

Nonhamiltonian cubic graphs
The article says:

 * It is the smallest bridgeless cubic graph with no Hamiltonian cycle.

Is "bridgeless" necessary here? I thought that the Petersen graph was the smallest cubic nonhamiltonian graph. -- Dominus (talk) 18:13, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * There's an equally small nonhamiltonian cubic graph with one bridge, having five vertices on each side of the bridge. Also, having a bridge is an obvious obstacle to being hamiltonian so it's harder to find bridgeless nonhamiltonian graphs. —David Eppstein (talk) 18:30, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Generalized Petersen Graphs
I'm no graph theorist, but isn't the definition of the edges wrong? Should it be v_i v_{i+k} instead of v_i u_{i+k} ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.50.106.233 (talk) 08:17, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. Fixed. —David Eppstein (talk) 14:19, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

The number of spanning trees
Anonymous editors with three IP addresses have been attempting recently to change the article to say that the Petersen graph has 2400 spanning trees, rather than 2000 as our article (following its reference math.CO/9907050) formerly said. One of the anonymous edits claimed that the 2400 number comes from a calculation done by Jungnickel at Augsburg. In order to verify for myself the truth of this matter, I wrote the following code, which agrees with the earlier 2000 number. Unless someone convincingly explains why both my code and the reference are incorrect, I intend to continue reverting this change. —David Eppstein (talk)

The eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix are 3 (once), 1 (5 times), -2 (4 times). Therefore 10 times the number of spanning trees is 2554=20000. So 2000 is correct. McKay (talk) 03:20, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Hamiltonian
I think that part of the paragraph has been lifted from Mathworld. This should probably be investigated. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PetersenGraph.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.29.216 (talk) 15:59, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

This section is perhaps overly confusing, especially the explanation of why it is not Hamiltonian. Unfortunately I am no expert in this or I would update it myself, http://oneweb.utc.edu/~Christopher-Mawata/petersen2/petham.htm perhaps an argument in this style would be easier for a layman to follow. 81.108.18.30 (talk) 08:47, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

References Please
I'm interested in the following characterization:

 * has radius 2 and diameter 2. It is the largest cubic graph with diameter 2.

 * It's easy enough to prove, but I added a reference. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:14, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

What I am not understanding is why it is stated that the graph is 4-chromatic when we have a picture that clearly show a chromatic index of 3... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.202.65.168 (talk) 03:29, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
 * It's stated that it has chromatic index 4, but the chromatic index is not the same as the chromatic number (which in this case is 3). Chromatic index is edge-coloring number, chromatic number is vertex-coloring number. —David Eppstein (talk) 03:43, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Symmetry group
I think the symmetry group of this graph is the alternating group A5, not S5. Any symmetry can be described (using the standard picture) by describing Total: 60 choices, not 120. If so then the Wikipedia page for Algebraic graph theory needs changing too. Regards AlHutchins (talk) 12:30, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) where the top vertex is moved to (10 choices)
 * 2) where the vertex immediately below the top vertex goes to (3 choices)
 * 3) where either of the two other vertices connected to the top vertex goes (2 choices).

PS Please forget this. I have just realised there is another choice to be made. AlHutchins (talk) 13:55, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Purpose .. application
But what's it good for?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.61.222 (talk • contribs)
 * As the second sentence of the article says, "as a useful example and counterexample for many problems in graph theory". —David Eppstein (talk) 07:14, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Petersen graph


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ontaku

Ontaku
I believe this page was created in error. It is really about Otaku but it doesn't mention that term, the spelling Ontaku is either a mistake, a neologism or an unusual variant. Kappa 00:43, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Spelling error. Redirect to Otaku. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 01:25, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete; redirects may be cheap, but redirecting this doesn't strike me as very useful. - RedWordSmith 04:41, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * I can't imagine any true otaku making such an error in spelling, but then again redirects are cheap. No harm in using one.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 04:58, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, if it was supposed to be Otaku. Sure redirects are cheap, but we can't keep on turning all uncommnon spelling mistakes into redirects. utcursch 09:33, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete no need to redirect. Not a common spelling error. Mdchachi|Talk 21:21, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The disambig page doesn't appear to have been created for a spelling mistake, but as a website called Ontaku, a drink commonly called ontaku, an a camp in Bali known as ontaku. freshofftheufo  ΓΛĿЌ  06:35, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ontaku


text: User talk:129.44.183.96

title: User talk:129.44.183.96


text:
Baldwin the Eagle

Baldwin the Eagle, an anthropomorphized bald eagle, is the mascot of the Boston College Eagles.

The nickname "Eagles" goes back to 1920 when Rev. Edward McLaughlin, unhappy at seeing a newspaper cartoon which represented Boston College as a cat after a track victory, wrote to the college newspaper The Heights:

"It is important that we adopt a mascot to preside at our pow-wows and triumphant feats.... And why not the Eagle, symbolic of majesty, power, and freedom? Its natural habitat is the high places. Surely the Heights is made to order for such a selection. Proud would the B.C. man feel to see the B.C. Eagle snatching the trophy of victory from old opponents, their tattered banner clutched in his talons as he flies aloft."

Costumed mascot
By the time Margo (BC's live eagle mascot) died in 1966, eagles had become endangered species and the university then opted to go to a costumed mascot. In 2000, with the unveiling of the current athletics logos, the Boston College Eagle mascot received a visual makeover as well and has appeared that way since. Also, the mascot officially got the name "Baldwin"—a combination of the words "Bald" (as in bald eagle) and "win." There is also a 9.5 foot inflatable mascot named "Baldwin, Jr." which appears at games. Like many modern costumed mascots, Baldwin wears replica team uniforms at events.

Baldwin the Eagle is brought to life by an anonymous team of Boston College students that are chosen by audition. They are allowed to reveal their role upon graduation from Boston College.

Live birds-of-prey
The "Eagles" nickname stuck. Soon a pair of golden eagles from Texas and New Mexico were given to the college as gifts. However, one escaped and the other broke its beak trying. For the next four years, the official "mascot" was a stuffed golden eagle located in the athletic offices.

In 1961, another attempt was made at a live mascot when the college adopted a 10-month-old golden eagle named "Margo" (so named because the team colors are maroon and gold). Margo lived at the Franklin Park Zoo and was brought to all home games for several years until dying of a virus early in the 1966 season.

In 2013, new athletic director Brad Bates brought back the live eagle tradition, bringing in an eagle during half time of football games. After a fan contest to decide what to call the Eagle, it was named "Welles" after Welles Crowther, the hero who died helping others during the September 11 attacks; a BC alum. Welles made sparing appearances in 2013 and 2014, sometimes not being able to attend the games due to inclement weather, late start times, etc.

Gilded statue
Another notable incarnation of the Boston College Eagle is a gilded bronze eagle sculpture that diplomat Larz Anderson and Isabel Weld Perkins, his socialite heiress wife, brought back from Japan in the early 20th century. The eagle remained in Larz Anderson Park until 1954 when it was donated to Boston College and became synonymous with the BC Eagle. It now looks over Linden Lane.

title: Baldwin the Eagle


text:
Marooned in Realtime

Marooned in Realtime is a 1986 murder mystery and time-travel science fiction novel by American writer Vernor Vinge, about a small, time-displaced group of people who may be the only survivors of a technological singularity or alien invasion. It is the sequel to the novel The Peace War (1984) and the novella The Ungoverned (1985). Both novels and the novella were collected in Across Realtime.

Marooned in Realtime won the Prometheus Award in 1987 and was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel that same year.

Plot summary
In the story, a device exists that can create a "bobble", a spherical stasis field in which time stands still for a specified length of outside time, allowing one-way time travel into the future. The bobble can also be used as a weapon, a shield against other weapons, for storage, for space travel (combined with nuclear pulse propulsion), and other purposes.

People whose bobbles burst after a certain date in the 23rd century find the Earth completely devoid of human life, with only ambiguous clues as to the cause; possibilities include alien attack and humanity transcending to a new level of existence as a result of a technological singularity. The "low-techs" — those who bobbled earlier — have roughly late-21st-century technology. The "high-techs" — those who had the advantage of ever accelerating progress — have vastly superior technology, including cybernetic enhancements, faster and thought-controlled bobblers, personal automaton extensions of self, space ships, medical technology to allow practical immortality (barring accidents or fatal injuries), and individual arsenals greater than those of entire 20th century countries. Of the high-techs, even those who bobbled at slightly different times have significantly different technology levels.

The protagonist is Wil Brierson, a detective who also was the protagonist of the preceding novella, The Ungoverned. Some time after the events in The Ungoverned, Brierson was unwillingly bobbled 10,000 years into the future while he was investigating a routine theft, cutting him off forever from his wife and children.

Yelén and Marta Korolev, a high-tech couple, have spent 50 "megayears" (million years) gathering together all the survivors they can find to rebuild civilization, with the ultimate goal of creating their own technological singularity. They calculate that they will have just enough genetic diversity to pull it off once the bobble containing about a hundred members of the Peace Authority bursts.

Before one of their routine bobbles while waiting for that bobble to expire, the Korolevs' computers are hacked, and Marta is excluded from the automated bobbling. She is left stranded in "realtime", cut off from all advanced technology. Worse, the hacker has extended the duration of the bobbling far beyond what was intended, and Marta dies alone on a deserted Earth. When the "murder" is discovered, Yelén Korolev hires the low-tech Brierson to find the killer, who has to be one of the seven high-techs (Brierson does not rule out Yelén herself as a suspect).

Della Lu, a high-tech who was an agent of the Peace Authority during The Peace War, agrees to assist Brierson with the technical aspects of the case. In the millions of years since the singularity, Della had spent most of her 9,000 years alone, exploring the galaxy. She discovered that intelligent life is extremely rare, and there were parallel vanishings in the few civilizations she found, but no definitive proof of the cause. The singularity is implied to be an explanation for the Fermi Paradox.

The novel thus deals with the investigation of two parallel locked room mysteries: the murder of Marta Korolev, and the "locked planet" mystery of the disappearance of the human race. Brierson interviews each of the high-techs, seeking evidence of any motive for murder while discussing their views on why the human race vanished. When the killer thinks Brierson is getting too close, Brierson, Korolev and Della Lu are horrified to discover that the criminal is able to gain control of all of the high-tech systems, except for Della's, and attacks. Della manages to defeat their combined forces, but at a ruinous cost: much of their equipment and about half of what remains of humanity are lost. Brierson, however, not only unmasks the murderer, he reveals the identity of another monster in their midst and finds a way to restore a second chance for mankind.

title: Marooned in Realtime


text:
Quad helix

A quad helix (or quadhelix) is an orthodontic appliance for the upper teeth that is cemented in the mouth. It is attached to the molars by 2 bands and has two or four active helix springs that widen the arch of the mouth to make room for crowded teeth, or correct a posterior cross-bite, where lower teeth are buccal (outer) than upper teeth. It is usually made from 38 mil stainless steel wire and is primarily indicated in mixed dentition, cleft patients and those that have performed the act of thumbsucking. A variety of this appliance is inserted into attachments that are welded to the bands. In this way the orthodontist can adjust the appliance without removing the bands.

The precursor to the quad-helix was the coffin spring. Similar devices known as tri-helices and bi-helices were later developed, with three and two helix springs, respectively.

The expander works by gently pushing the teeth outwards to eventually widen the upper arch. A quad helix expander is usually given to those who have a narrow top jaw, a cross bite and/or crowded teeth.

title: Quad helix


text:
Talk:Brisbane, California

Untitled
It would be nice to mention how the name of the city should be pronounced. I'm assuming that should be pronounced BRIZ-b'n, same as the city of Brisbane, Australia, but can someone confirm this? Andyabides 00:46, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Nope, not around here (Bay Area): Briz-bane for us. We ain't aussies. (Can't speak for the Aussies among us, though.) --ILike2BeAnonymous 19:02, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Untitled
Brisbane has a notorious police force. It is almost guaranteed that if you work in the large Sierra Point Office Park you will be pulled over at least once. The officer to population ratio is probably one of the highest in the country and the police have a very large presence in the Sierra Point Office Park and downtown Brisbane. Needless to say, there is very little crime, and the worst offenses are typically carried out by four legged creatures.

Police presence? Nah
The Police force in Brisbane only seems huge in the industrial park because that is where ALL of the tickets are handed out. There are typically only 2 police cruisers on duty at any one time. That would be one for every 1750 citizens... that's not a very high density. If you applied that to San Franciso it would mean there would be only about 400-500 police officers on duty. There are thousands.

Name
What is the origin of Brisbane Cal? Who is it named after? Alan Davidson 01:51, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I found it. According to the daughter of Arthus Annis' daughter it was named after the city Bribane Australia.  Annis gave Brisbane its name in the 1920s. Alan Davidson 02:20, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Sister Cities
Getting a bit of a conflict here. According to the Brisbane, Australia article, the two Brisbanes' status as sister cities is now defunct. Anyone know how to check up on this?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane#Sister_cities —Preceding unsigned comment added by Exemplar sententia (talk • contribs) 02:29, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc to http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc
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Ratio of water
This seems to say the lagoon is 17 square miles, and that is 84% of the area. This is clearly way off. Google maps shows that the lagoon is a small percentage of Brisbane, maybe 10%. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:645:8103:6021:49D3:C92A:58D8:A4DB (talk) 18:50, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

Cal High Speed Rail Major Maint. Facility?
Heavy Maintenance Facility - California High Speed Rail location is shown as here, any status on it's construction?

 * GSMC(Chief Mike) Kouklis U.S.NAVY Ret. ⛮🇺🇸 / 🇵🇭🌴⍨talk 12:59, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brisbane, California


text:
User talk:Karevk

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 00:46, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Karevk


text:
Talk:Stage name/Removed

These entries have been removed from stage name because they don't lead to articles. If there are articles created for these, the name can be returned to the main article.

 * 3-D - Robert Del Naja
 * 8 Ball - Premro Smith
 * Ace - Martin Ivor Kent
 * Papa Dee Allen - Thomas Sylvester Allen
 * Little Anthony - Jerome Anthony Gourdine
 * Prince Be - Attrell Cordes, Jr.
 * Beaky - John Dymond
 * Brooke Benton - Benjamin Franklin Peay
 * Peter S. Bizarre - Rufus Johnson
 * Blackberry - Berlenda Nikki Gadson
 * Boff - Billy McCoid
 * Duke Bootee - Edward Fletcher
 * Derry Brownson - Derry Brownstone
 * Kelly Chan - Wai Man Chen
 * Clownzo the Clown - Terence Blaine Knutzen (Terry Teene)
 * Cowboy - Keith Wiggins
 * Tory Crimes - Terry Chimes
 * Jennifer Cross - Carl Cross
 * Curly MC - Michael Cretu
 * Dr. Das - Aniruddha Das
 * Dave Dee - David Harman
 * Joey Dee - Joseph DiNicola
 * Rasa Don - Donald Jones
 * Shannon Doughty - Britt Walford
 * Dozy - Trevor Davies
 * Dunst - Dunston Bruce
 * Montsho Eshe - Temelca Gaither
 * Richard Fearless - Richard Maguire
 * Fruitbat - Les Carter
 * Pandit G - John Ashok Pandit
 * Sergent Garcia - Bruno Garcia
 * MC Globe - John B. Miller
 * Green - Green Strohmeyer-Gartside
 * Harry - Darren Hammer
 * DJ Headliner - Timothy Barnwell
 * Burt Holiday - Bonaldo Bonaldi
 * Humanoid - Brian Dougans
 * Owen If - Owen Rositer
 * I-Roy - Roy Reid
 * Dee Dee Kennibrew - Dolores Henry
 * Nick Knox - Nicholas Stephanoff
 * Danny LaRue - Daniel Patrick Carroll
 * Martha La Velle - Martha Reeves
 * Laura Lee - Laura Lee Rundless
 * Cass Lewis - Richard Lewis
 * Jah Lloyd - Patrick Lloyd Francis
 * Mick - Michael Wilson
 * DJ Minutemix - Jarrett Cordes
 * Muggs - Lawrence Muggerud
 * Mushroom - Andrew Vowles
 * Butch Norton - Jonathan Norton
 * Posdnuos - Kelvin Mercer
 * Pow Wow - Robert Allen
 * Raheim - Guy Todd Williams
 * Ricky Ramone - Richard Beau
 * Easy Bay Ray - Ray Glasser
 * Poison Ivy Rorschach - Kirsty Marlana Wallace
 * Captain Sinbad - Carl Dwyer
 * Annette Stirling - Annette Stirling Beard
 * Barney Sumner - Bernard Dicken
 * Aerle Taree - Taree Jones
 * Karen Taylor - Rodney Taylor
 * Terry Teene - Terence Blaine Knutzen
 * Tich - Ian Amey
 * Dave Was - David Weiss
 * Woody Woodgate - Daniel Woodgate
 * Angus Zeb - Angus Gaye
 * DJ Zonka - Michael Custance

title: Talk:Stage name/Removed


text:
User:Ashleymacdonald

I was until recently a 4th year Honours History and Political Science major at the University of Winnipeg. My historical interests tend towards European and Canadian Social History; while, my political views tens towards the Radical Left. As such, I will be contributing to, and creating, pages on Canadian Communism and Socialism, as well as figures and events within these movements.

I have started, and done the research for, the following pages:
 * Clan na Gael
 * Jeff Sloychuk (politician)
 * Jason Devine

I have contributed to the following pages:
 * Stanley Ryerson
 * Miguel Figueroa
 * Cecil-Ross Society
 * Bloc Québécois leadership elections
 * Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)
 * Paul Rose

I previously posted under user:amacdona where I created the page:
 * New Left Review

title: User:Ashleymacdonald


text:
Meralco

The Manila Electric Company, also known as Meralco (, , stylized in uppercase), is an electric power distribution company in the Philippines. It is Metro Manila's only electric power distributor and holds the power distribution franchise for 22 cities and 89 municipalities, including the whole of Metro Manila and the exurbs that form Mega Manila.

The name "Meralco" is an acronym for Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company, which was the company's official name until 1919.

La Electricista
Organized in 1891 and beginning operations in late 1900, La Electricista was the first electric company to provide electricity to Manila towards the close of the Spanish era. La Electricista had built a central power plant on Calle San Sebastian (now Hidalgo Street ) in Quiapo, Manila. On January 17, 1895, its streetlights were turned on for the first time and by 1903, it had about 3,000 electric light customers.

Founding of the Manila "Electricity", "Railroad" and "Lighting" Company (MERaLCo)
On October 20, 1902, during the American Colonial Period, the Second Philippine Commission began accepting bids to operate Manila's electric company, and by extension, providing public lighting to the city and its suburbs. Detroit entrepreneur Charles M. Swift was the sole bidder and on March 24, 1903, was granted the original basic franchise of the Manila Electric Company. March 24 thus is marked annually as the company's anniversary.

The Manila Electric Company acquired both La Electricista and the Compañía de los Tranvías de Filipinas, a firm that ran Manila's horse-drawn tramways which was founded in 1882. Construction on the railed tramway began that same year. In addition to acquiring La Electricista's Calle San Sebastian power plant, the company built its own turbine rotated by water steam generating electricity plant on Isla Provisora (later becoming the Manila Thermal Power Plant), which lighted the railed tram system and eventually also provided the electric service. By 1906, the Manila Suburb Railway were founded and later merged with the Manila Electric Company. Forming the Manila Electric, Railway and Lighting Company. The name Manila Electricity, Lighting and Railroad Company (MELARCo) was also considered.

Manila Suburban Railways Company
Swift was awarded another franchise in 1906 to operate a 9.8 km extension line from Paco to Fort McKinley and Pasig and founded the Manila Suburban Railway to operate this franchise. In 1919 this company merged with the Manila Electric Company. This extension was one of the most profitable of MERALCO's lines.

By the 1920, MERALCO invested on transportation and owned a 170-strong fleet of streetcars, before switching over to buses later in that decade.

The company operated 52-miles of trams until World War II. The equipment and tracks of the system was severely damaged during the war and had to be removed.

Power generation and distribution

By 1915, electricity generation and distribution became the main MERALCO's main income generator, overtaking its public transportation operations in terms of revenue. In 1919, it changed its official name to Manila Electric Company. By 1920, the company's power capacity had grown to 45 million kWh.

In 1925, MERALCO was acquired by the utility holding company Associated Gas and Electric, which had begun a massive expansion throughout the United States and Canada. With AGECO's financial backing, MERALCO began acquiring a number of existing utility companies in the Philippines, enabling the company to expand beyond Manila.

By 1930, MERALCO had completed construction of the Philippine's first hydroelectric power plant, the 23MW Botocan Hydro Station. At the time, this plant was one of the largest engineering projects in Asia and constituted the largest single private capital investment in the Philippines. The additional capacity allowed the company to begin hooking up customers throughout the metropolitan area.

To drive demand for more power, MERALCO also opened a retail store in order to sell electric home appliances.

World War II
During the Second World War, the Japanese occupying forces forcibly transferred all of MERALCO's assets and holdings to the Japanese-controlled Taiwan Power Company.

Postwar
By war's end, most of the former Meralco facilities had been destroyed. AGECO was reorganized as General Public Utilities Corporation or GPU in 1946. MERALCO's autobus franchise was sold to Halili Transport.

Acquisition by the López group
In 1962, Eugenio López, Sr. of the influential López family of Iloilo put together Meralco Securities Corporation (MSC), which acquired MERALCO, making it wholly Filipino-owned. During 1962-72, he increased MERALCO's power generating capacity by five times with the building of additional power stations in the Manila area with two more planned in Rizal Province.

The Meralco Building, designed by National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture José María Zaragoza, was built during this period. The Meralco Theater within it was inaugurated shortly thereafter, in March 1969.

Martial law and Romualdez takeover
In September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos, who had begun feuding with the Lopezes, declared Martial Law, acquiring and consolidating power and effectively extending his beyond the constitutional term limit which would have forced him to step down in 1973. A few weeks later in November 1972, he issued Presidential Decree № 40, which nationalized the country's electric generation and transmission. A few more weeks after that, Marcos had Lopez' son and namesake, Eugenio "Geny" Lopez, Jr. arrested without formal charges, claiming that the younger Lopez had been involved in an alleged assassination attempt against him.

Geny's arrest became a bargaining chip which eventually compelled the Lopezes to sell their controlling share of Meralco Securities Corporation to Marcos' associates late in 1973. Ownership of Meralco Securities Corporation was placed under a newly created shell company called the Meralco Foundation, Inc., controlled by Marcos' brother-in-law Benjamin Romualdez, which made a downpayment of about $1,500 for a "very minimal" total sale price of about $28 million (200 million pesos at the prevailing rate). Installment payments were supposed to be due starting two years later.

The Meralco Foundation takeover was immediately followed by a 100% increase in electric rates, with continuous increases throughout Romualdez' management. A rate adjustment clause, which allowed MERALCO to adjust its rates depending on crude oil increase or higher dollar exchange rates, was also introduced.

In 1977, MSC was renamed First Philippine Holdings Corporation.

By 1978, all of the Philippines' major power plants were owned and operated by Napocor, including the Metro Manila plants that MERALCO had built beforehand in the 1960s. By the end of the Martial Law period in 1981, MERALCO expanded even further into Cavite and western parts of Laguna, Rizal and Quezon provinces, as well as parts of southern Bulacan.

Meralco Foundation's control of MERALCO lasted until the People Power Revolution in 1986 when it defaulted on its payments under the terms of the original turnover of shares in 1973, although it took a five year period before the shares were eventually reverted to the Lopezes in 1991.

After martial law
President Corazon Aquino reverted company ownership to the López Group. She also enacted an executive order that allowed the company to directly compete with Napocor.

On March 18, 1989, MERALCO unveiled its new and current corporate logo.

In 1990, MERALCO acquired the electric facilities and other assets of the Communications and Electric Development Authority, the company that distributed power in Cavite Province.

Entry of First Pacific and JG Summit groups
Between 2009 and 2012, the López Group would reduce its 33.4% holdings in MERALCO by selling most of its shares to the First Pacific Group. By 2012, the López Group's holdings in MERALCO would be reduced to 3.95%.

The First Pacific Group, through Beacon Electric Asset Holdings Inc. and Metro Pacific Investment Corporation, currently holds 45.46% share in MERALCO, followed by the JG Summit Group with 29.56%,  for a combined 75.02% control of MERALCO.

Early renewal initiatives during the 16th Congress
In 2014 and 2015, MERALCO requested the 16th Congress to tackle the extension of its franchise early, although its renewal was not due until six years later, in 2020.

2008 legislative investigation on high power rates
Meralco is facing a Philippine legislative inquiry/investigation for alleged excessive pricing. The government has considered a plan to take over Meralco, to reduce electricity bills. Meralco and National Transmission Corporation (TransCo) blamed each other for the high power rates. Meralco also blames high power generation costs, high transmission costs and government taxes imposed on the electricity sector from power generation to distribution. Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) President Winston García, however, blamed Meralco's inefficiency, its "bloated bureaucracy" and its sourcing of power from independent power producers (IPPs) also owned by the López Family, and the need to amend the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001. Oscar López said that if the GSIS would buy the Meralco shares, they must buy in whole cash, while many businessmen also said that taking over Meralco is not the way to reduce electrical price, which depends on the national government and the President. The issue was also seen as a purposeful diversion from the then-ongoing ZTE NBN scandal and other government issues. A perceived lack of general understanding regarding the issue of system loss, inherent in the business of utilities prompted Meralco's former holding company, First Philippine Holdings, to issue advertisements explaining systems loss.

Syndicated estafa and bribery case
The Department of Justice (Philippines) filed syndicated (fraud) charges against Meralco in its August 22, 2008 31-page resolution, filed with the Pasig Regional Trial Court. The May 29 National Association of Electricity Consumers for Reform (Nasecore) complaint accused Meralco of "illegally declaring as income ₱889 million in consumers' money, which represents interest from meter and bill deposits consumers had been paying since 1995." No bail was recommended for all the accused, 2006 officers of Meralco, to wit: Meralco chairman and CEO Manuel Lopez, executive vice president and chief financial officer Daniel Tagaza, first Vice-resident and treasurer Rafael Andrada, vice president and corporate auditor and compliance officer Helen De Guzman, vice president and assistant comptroller Antonio Valera, and senior assistant vice president and assistant treasurer Manolo Fernando; 2006 Meralco directors Arthur Defensor Jr., Gregory Domingo, Octavio Victor Espiritu, Christian Monsod, Federico Puno, Washington Sycip, Emilio Vicens, Francisco Viray and former Prime Minister Cesar Virata.

Nasecore's complaint accusing Meralco of "illegally declaring as income 889 million pesos in consumers' money, which represents interest from meter and bill deposits consumers had been paying since 1995," was immediately refuted by the accused company as the alleged ₱889 million only stemmed from a generally accepted accounting principle of reversing Meralco's earlier provision for meter deposit interests which, earlier set at 10% per annum was deemed too high and was set to the recommended 6%. Meralco also questioned how a syndicated estafa case can arise when it has already announced and committed that it will be refunding to customers who paid meter deposit principals plus interest months ahead of the ERC prescribed schedule and has allocated enough funds for the said refund.

Meralco is also involved in the GSIS-Meralco bribery case.

Dismissal of syndicated estafa case
On October 6, 2008, the Pasig Regional Trial Court Branch 71 dismissed the syndicated estafa case filed against the Meralco board of directors, for the prosecution failed to establish all the elements of syndicated estafa.

Presiding Judge Franco Falcon, pointed out in the ruling that the board is not the kind described by the law as being formed to perpetrate an illegal act for the board of directors were elected by stockholders. The court explained, "Therefore, the accused can never be charged of taking part in the commission of syndicated estafa not only because they are not part of a syndicate as contemplated by law in PD 1689, but more so, because there was absolutely no estafa committed."

According to Philippine law, to constitute syndicated estafa, the subject money or property must be received by the offenders. The money represents the accrued interests on the bill and meter deposits, which were paid by Meralco customers, not directly to the board, but to the various Meralco business centers where the customers transacted. Meralco expressed elation over the dismissal.

Judiciary's decision on 1999 disconnection incident
A complaint was filed by Lucy Yu against Meralco which, on December 9, 1999, its representatives, forcibly entering her office at the New Supersonic Industrial Corp. in Valenzuela, shut off the electricity in the factory and Yu's residence.

The Court of Appeals later ruled that Meralco violated the law when it cut off the electric supply of a consumer without notice; the decision later upheld by the Supreme Court in late June 2023, with Yu being entitled to ₱150,000 in damages. The court said that a written notice must be given to the consumer at least 48 hours prior to Meralco's disconnection of its electric service on grounds cited under Section 4(a) of Republic Act No. 7832; in that case, a consumer's right to due process was violated.

Spokesperson Joe Zaldarriaga, in a statement, said that Meralco will respect and abide by the said decision; however, he said that the incident occurred when Meralco was already implementing a policy of serving prior disconnection notice.

Allocation of the 2.4 GHz ISM band
The 2.4 GHz band is mostly used by Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. In 1993, the National Telecommunications Commission allocated the 2.4 GHz band for the exclusive use by Meralco in Metro Manila, Central Luzon, and Calabarzon for the operation of their Supervisory Control and Data Access (SCADA) system which controls and monitors Meralco’s substations. This has made the use of the 2.4 GHz band in the Philippines illegal, in spite of the International Telecommunication Union declaring the 2.4 GHz band as an ISM unlicensed band.

On September 12, 2003, the NTC issued Memorandum Circular No. 09-09-2003, which lifted the ban on the 2.4 GHz band.

Service area

Meralco serves Metro Manila, where it is the sole electricity distributor, as well as some nearby provinces, like Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon. Bulacan, Cavite, and Rizal are solely served by Meralco, but on some provinces, it only serves some parts, like in Laguna, Batangas, and Quezon, where most or some areas are served by electric cooperatives. In Laguna and Quezon, most part of those provinces are served by the company, but other areas, mostly rural municipalities, are served by electric cooperatives. In Batangas, only Santo Tomas, the First Philippine Industrial Park and First Industrial Township SEZ both in Tanauan, Batangas City, San Pascual and parts of Laurel (Barangays of Niyugan and Dayap Itaas) and Calaca (parts of Barangay Cahil) which facing Tagaytay–Nasugbu Highway are served by Meralco, and the rest of the province are franchise areas of electric cooperatives. In Pampanga, some barangays in Candaba are served by the company.

Ownership

 * Beacon Electric Asset Holdings, Inc.: 34.96%
 * JG Summit Holdings, Inc.: 29.56%
 * Others/Public stock: 21%
 * Metro Pacific Investments Corporation: 10.5%
 * First Philippine Holdings Corporation: 3.94%
 * First Philippine Utilities Corporation: 0.01%

Sports teams

 * Meralco Reddy Kilowatts (MICAA basketball team)
 * Meralco Bolts (PBA team)
 * FC Meralco Manila (Philippines Football League team)
 * Meralco Power Spikers (Shakey's V-League and Philippine Super Liga team)

title: Meralco


text:
Talk:Lake Windermere (disambiguation)

The title of this article is incorrect as it is geographically inccurate and tautologous. The name Windermere incorporates the concept of lake as -mere means lake.Dabbler 16:49, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right Dabbler! I would suggest the title of "Windermere (Lake)", the clarification in brackets to distinguish the article from Windermere (Town) and perhaps other places called Windermere - of which there must be at least one in the USA! So how do you change an article title - anyone? Arcturus 17:17, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll do it. It involves creating a new article, Windermere (lake} and then moveing the old article there, by a special wikipedia thingy. FYI: Don't ever just cut-and-paste an article to a new title, because you'll lose the history and any Talk page. - DavidWBrooks 00:48, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lake Windermere (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Rhysn

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 00:48, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Need your help with List of U.S. foreign interventions since 1945
Hello, I noticed that you have made some contributions to List of U.S. foreign interventions since 1945, since your contributions, there has been over 5 pages of deletions by apologists. Your additions were probably deleted too. I listed most of  the 5 pages of deletions here, in the entry on the talk page, "The memory hole". This page has been vandilized so much, I can't possibly do this alone. I was hoping that you, and others who contributed can help rebuild the page, adding back the information that has been deleted, but this time citing the information that you put back to avoid future apologist's attacks. Thanks in advance for your time.Travb 06:58, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

I just undid your edit
at Allen Toussaint. If you want to include The Throb as a band who covered the song Fortune Teller, then they should appear as a blue link and not a red one. Either that or add a link to The Pathetics - my band, to the list. Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 15:37, 10 April 2012 (UTC)
 * This  would be a good place to start an article from, but no cut & pasting, please. (An article on the Trob that is.  It won't help the Pathetics,  Carptrash (talk) 15:42, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for June 4
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

October 2016
Welcome, and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia and the articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits, as you did to Neil Kulkarni. Readers looking for accurate information will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, please use the sandbox instead, where you are given a certain degree of freedom in what you write. ... richi (hello) 18:50, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rhysn