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Derry City F.C.

Derry City Football Club is a professional football club based in Derry, Northern Ireland. They play in the League of Ireland Premier Division, the top tier of league football in the Republic of Ireland, and are the League of Ireland's only participant from Northern Ireland. The club's home ground is the Brandywell Stadium and the players wear red and white striped shirts from which their nickname, the Candystripes, derives. The club are also known as the Red and White Army, Derry or City.

The club, founded in 1928, initially played in the Irish League, the domestic league in Northern Ireland, and won a title in 1964–65. In 1971, security concerns related to the Troubles meant matches could not be played at the Brandywell. The team played home fixtures 30 mi away in Coleraine. The security forces withdrew their objections to the use of the Brandywell the following year, but in the face of insistence from the Irish League that the unsustainable arrangement continue, the club withdrew from the league. After 13 years in junior football, it joined the League of Ireland's new First Division for 1985–86. Derry won the First Division title and achieved promotion to the Premier Division in 1987, and remained there until an administrative relegation in 2009. The club won a domestic treble in 1988–89, the only League of Ireland club so far to do so.

After spending the majority of its time in the League of Ireland in the Premier Division, the club was expelled in November 2009 when it was discovered there were secondary, unofficial contracts with players. It was reinstated a few weeks later but demoted to the First Division, the second tier, from where it made its way back to the Premier Division.

History
Founded in 1928, the club decided against using the controversial official title of the city – Londonderry – in its name, while also deciding against continuing the name of the city's previous main club, Derry Celtic, so as to be more inclusive to all identities and football fans in the city. Derry City was granted entry into the Irish League in 1929 as professionals and was given permission by the Londonderry Corporation to use the municipal Brandywell Stadium. The club's first significant success came in 1935 when it lifted the City Cup. It repeated the feat in 1937, but did not win another major trophy until 1949, when it beat Glentoran to win its first Irish Cup. It won the Irish Cup for a second time in 1954, beating Glentoran again, and for a third time in 1964 – that year also winning the Gold Cup – despite the club's conversion to part-time status after the abolition of the maximum wage in 1961. This led to the club's first entry into European competition, in the 1964–65 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, in which it was beaten by Steaua Bucharest 5–0 on aggregate. The club won the 1964–65 Irish League and subsequently became the first Irish League team to win a European tie over two legs, beating FK Lyn 8–6 on aggregate in the 1965–66 European Cup. Derry did not complete the next round, as the Irish Football Association (IFA) declared its ground was not up to standard, after a game had been played there during the previous round. Derry suspected sectarian motives, as it played in a mainly nationalist city and so had come to be supported largely by Catholics. The IFA, Belfast-based, was dominated by Protestants and it was widely suspected that it would rather have been represented by a traditionally unionist team. Relations between the club and IFA quickly deteriorated.

There had been no significant history of sectarian difficulties at matches in the first 40 years of the club's history, but in 1969 the Civil Rights campaign disintegrated into communal violence, which were followed by 30 years of the Troubles. Despite the social and political unrest, Derry reached the Irish Cup final in 1971, in which it was beaten 3–0 by Distillery. As the republican locality surrounding the Brandywell saw some of the worst violence, numerous unionist-supported clubs were reluctant to play there. The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) ruled the zone unsafe for fixtures. With no other feasible local ground available, Derry had to travel to the majority unionist town of Coleraine, over 30 mi away, to play its "home" games at the Showgrounds. This situation lasted from September 1971 until October 1972 when, faced with dwindling crowds (most Derry fans were unwilling to travel to Coleraine due to the political situation and the longer journey) and dire finances, the club formally requested permission to return to the Brandywell. Despite a new assessment by the security forces concluding that the Brandywell was no longer any more dangerous than any other league ground and a lifting of the security ban, Derry's proposal fell by one vote at the hands of its fellow Irish League teams. Continuing without a ground was seen as unsustainable and on 13 October 1972 Derry withdrew from the league amidst a perception that it was effectively forced out.

The club continued as a junior team during the 13-year-long 'wilderness years', playing in the local Saturday morning league, and sought re-admission to the Irish League. Each time, the club nominated the Brandywell as its chosen home ground but the Irish League refused re-admission. Suspecting refusal was driven by sectarianism, and believing it would never gain re-admission, Derry turned its attentions elsewhere.

Entry into the League of Ireland
Derry applied to join the reorganised League of Ireland (the league in the Republic of Ireland) in 1985 with the Brandywell as its home. The move required special dispensation from the IFA and FIFA, but eventually Derry was admitted to the league's new First Division for 1985, joining as semi-professionals. As its stadium was situated in a staunchly republican area once known as "Free Derry", with a history of scepticism towards the RUC in the local community, Derry received special permission from UEFA to steward its own games. The presence of the RUC was regarded as more likely to provoke trouble than help prevent it.

Derry's first match in the new system was a 3–1 League of Ireland Cup win over Home Farm of Dublin at the Brandywell on 8 September 1985. The return of senior football to Derry attracted large crowds. Later in the season, after turning professional, it won the League of Ireland First Division Shield with a 6–1 aggregate victory over Longford Town. The following year – 1987 – Derry won the First Division and promotion to the Premier Division, staying there since. The club reached the 1988 FAI Cup final, but lost to Dundalk. The next season – 1988–89 – the club was financially forced to revert to semi-professional status but Jim McLaughlin's side managed to win a treble; the league, the League Cup and the FAI Cup. Qualifying for the 1989–90 European Cup, it met past winners, Benfica, in the first round.

Modern highs and lows
Since 1989, Derry has won the League of Ireland Premier Division once – in 1996–97 – but has been runner-up on three occasions. It added five more FAI Cups to its tally in 1995, 2002, 2006, 2012, and 2022, and was runner-up in 1994, 1997, 2008, and 2014 and has also won ten further League Cups.

The club has been beset by financial problems and was on the verge of bankruptcy due to an unpaid tax bill in 2000. An extensive fund-raising effort was undertaken by local celebrities and the city's people to save the club from extinction. Derry played high-profile friendlies against clubs such as Celtic, Manchester United, Barcelona and Real Madrid to raise extra money. This helped keep the club in operation, but difficulties remained and Derry nearly lost its Premier Division place in 2003 when it finished ninth and had to contest a two-legged relegation-promotion play-off with local rivals, Finn Harps. Derry won 2–1 on aggregate after extra-time at the Brandywell and remained in the top flight, avoiding further damage.

With finances secured, the club became the first in Ireland to be awarded a premier UEFA licence in 2004. Derry re-introduced professional football and its form improved, as it finished second in 2005. Derry's 2005 League Cup victory also saw the club qualify for the cross-border Setanta Cup for the first time in 2006. It entered the 2006–07 UEFA Cup's preliminary rounds, beating IFK Göteborg and Gretna to reach the first round where it faced Paris Saint-Germain; after a home 0–0 draw it lost 2–0 away. Derry finished second again in 2006, but went on to win the FAI Cup and League Cup double. It qualified for the 2007 Setanta Cup, as well as the preliminary rounds of the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League, and was accepted into the restructured Premier Division for 2007. The club had a disappointing league campaign in 2007, finishing seventh despite being pre-season favourites. It did manage to win its eighth League Cup, though, thanks to a 1–0 victory over Bohemians at the Brandywell.

The club, by owing huge debts, was expelled from the League of Ireland by the FAI in November 2009 for breaching the Participation Agreement and dissolved, but a new Derry club using the "Derry City" name joined for 2010 – with the FAI allowing it into the First Division By January 2010 with a new board, the new chairman, Philip O'Doherty was reported to have acquired a new kit deal with Hummel. Additionally, O'Doherty was quoted in the Derry Journal referring to the application to play in the First Division: ...I'm confident that we've provided a quality application and we're hopeful that we will secure the necessary UEFA Licence to compete in the First Division.

On Monday 15 February 2010, the new Derry City was awarded a First Division licence by the Independent Club Licensing Committee, allowing it eligibility to compete in the 2010 First Division. By the end of October 2010 Derry had clinched the First Division title and with it, promotion back to the premier division after winning 1–0 away at Monaghan United in the last game of the season.

Derry's top goalscorer that season, Mark Farren, who finished with a tally of 20 goals, scored the winner against Monaghan before retiring from football for medical reasons as he sought to fight a benign tumour located in his brain. Farren died of cancer in February 2016 and his number 18 shirt was retired by the club.

Colours and crests
Derry City wore Aston Villa Football Club's famous claret and blue jerseys with white shorts for its first season – 1929–30. The colours lasted until 1932, when white jerseys with black shorts were adopted. This style was replaced by the now-traditional red and white "candystripes" with black shorts in 1934. The style derived from Sheffield United, who wore the pattern and, specifically, Billy Gillespie, a native of nearby County Donegal. He played for Sheffield United from 1913 until 1932, captaining them to a 1925 FA Cup win. The club's most capped player with 25 appearances for Ireland, he was held in such high regard in his home country that when he left Sheffield United in 1932 to become Derry's player-manager, they changed their strip within two years in appreciation of his career at Sheffield United.

Derry have worn red and white stripes since, except from 1956 to 1962, when the club's players wore amber and black. Jerseys since 1962 have had "candystripes" of varying thickness. The kit features white socks – originally black socks were used and occasionally red if a clash with the opposition occurred. Similarly, white shorts were adopted for a spell in the early 1970s and for 1985. They are still sometimes worn if a clash occurs, as are black socks. Away jerseys have varied in colour from white, to navy and green stripes, to yellow, to white and light-blue stripes, and to black.

Derry have had various kit suppliers, including Adidas, Avec, Erreà, Fila, Le Coq Sportif, Matchwinner, Umbro, Spall O'Neills, Hummel, and, currently, Adidas. Commercial sponsorship logos to appear on the shirt's front have included Northlands, Warwick Wallpapers, Fruit of the Loom, Smithwick's and AssetCo. Logos to have appeared on the sleeve have included the Trinity Hotel, Tigi Bed Head and Tigi Catwalk. For 2007, the logos of local media, Q102.9 and the Derry News, appeared on the back of the shirt just below the neck, along with the logo of Meteor Electrical on the jersey's front.

The club did not sport a crest on the club jersey throughout the Irish League years, nor for most of the first League of Ireland season. Instead, the coat of arms of the city appeared on club memorabilia such as scarves, hats and badges. The symbols on the arms are a skeleton, three-towered castle, red St. George's cross and sword. The sword and cross are devices of the City of London, and along with an Irish harp embedded within the cross, demonstrate the link between the two cities – the city's official name under UK law is Londonderry and the city itself was developed by The Honourable The Irish Society, a livery company of the City of London. The castle is thought to be an old local Norman keep built in 1305 by the de Burca clan. The skeleton is believed to be that of a knight of the same clan who was starved to death in the castle dungeons in 1332. This is accompanied by the Latin motto, "Vita, veritas, victoria", meaning "Life, truth, victory."

In April 1986 the club ran a competition in local schools to design a crest for them. The winning entry was designed by John Devlin, a St. Columb's College student, and was introduced on 5 May 1986 as Derry hosted Nottingham Forest for a friendly, with Liam Nelis and Paul Gormley (on his fifth birthday) acting as mascots. The crest depicted a simplified version of the city's Foyle Bridge, which had opened 18 months previously, the traditional red and white stripes of the jersey bordered by thin black lines, the year in which the club was founded and a football in the centre representing the club as a footballing entity. The name of the club appeared in Impact font.

With the novelty of the Foyle Bridge wearing off over time, the crest lasted until 15 July 1997, when the current one was unveiled at Lansdowne Road with the meeting of Derry City and Celtic during a pre-season friendly tournament. The modern crest also features a centred football, the year of founding and the club's name in a contemporary sans-serif font – Industria Solid. The famous red and white stripes are present along with a red mass of colour filling the left half of the crest, separated from the right by a white stripe. Known cultural landmarks or items associated with the city are absent from the minimalist design. The crests have always been positioned over the heart on the home jerseys.

Home ground
Derry City's home ground is the municipal Brandywell Stadium, situated just south-west of the Bogside in the Brandywell area of Derry. It is often abbreviated to "the Brandywell" and is also a local greyhound racing venue, with an ovoid track encircling the pitch. The dimensions of the pitch measure 111 x. The legal owner is the Derry City Council which lets the ground to the club. Due to health and safety regulations the stadium has a seating capacity of 2,900 for UEFA competitions, although it can accommodate 7,700 on a normal match-day, terraces included. The curved cantilever all-seated "New Stand" was constructed in 1991, while development on the still-insufficient facilities has been delayed numerous times and had yet to take place as of the end of the 2016 season.

Plans of Derry City's to purchase a pitch fell through after its formation due to the tight time-scale between its foundation in 1928 and the season's beginning in 1929 and so the Londonderry Corporation (now the Derry City Council) was approached for the use of the Brandywell which had been used for football up until the end of the 19th century. It agreed and the club still operates under the constraints of The Honourable The Irish Society charter limitations which declare that the Brandywell must be available for the recreation of the community. In effect, the club does not have private ownership and, thus, cannot develop by its own accord, with that discretion or whether to sell being left to the Derry City Council.

Derry City's first game at the Brandywell was a 2–1 loss to Glentoran on 22 August 1929. In 1933, the purchase of Bond's Field in the Waterside was mentioned, but it was thought to be too far away from the fan-base which had built up on the Cityside, especially in the Brandywell area. It also had first option on Derry Celtic's old ground, Celtic Park, but hesitated on a final decision and the Gaelic Athletic Association bought it ten years later. It also decided against buying Meenan Park for £1,500.

Because of Northern Ireland's volatile political situation during the Troubles and security fears for Protestants and those of the unionist tradition visiting the mainly nationalist city of Derry, the Brandywell has not always been the home ground of Derry City. In 1970 and 1971, Derry had to play its "home" ties against Linfield at Windsor Park in Belfast – the home-ground of Linfield. From September 1971 until October 1972 Derry was forced to play all its "home" games at the Showgrounds in mainly Protestant Coleraine, over 30 mi away, as police ruled the republican Brandywell area as too unsafe for visiting unionists, who themselves made up at least half of Derry City's own fanbase at that time. The Brandywell did not see senior football for another 13 years as the Irish Football League upheld a ban on the stadium and Derry decided to leave the league as a result. Only greyhound meetings and junior football were held during this time. Derry's admission to the League of Ireland in 1985 saw a return of senior games.

In December 2010 the club introduced a new credit card type season ticket system to ensure abuse of tickets could no longer occur and additionally ensuring more accurate attendance count at matches.

They played all their home matches of the 2017 season at Maginn Park in Buncrana due to renovation works at the Brandywell.

Supporters
By Irish standards, Derry City have a relatively large and loyal fan-base. The club was considered among the strongest and best-supported teams in the Irish League, and upon the club's entry into the League of Ireland in 1985, crowds of nearly 10,000 attended to the Brandywell for the return of matches. More recently, Derry City became the best supported team at an FAI Cup Final ever, when over 20,000 Derry supporters attended the 2022 FAI Cup Final, in which Derry overcame Shelbourne. Derry's average home attendance of 3,127 was the highest of any team for the 2006 season. The highest attendance was the last-night-of-the-season meeting between Derry and Cork City at the Brandywell on Friday 17 November when 6,080 watched Derry win 1–0. Domestically, Derry's supporters travel to away games in "bus-loads". They gave large support in the club's 2006 UEFA Cup run – around 3,000 travelled to Motherwell and "maintained a wall of sound" as Derry beat Gretna 5–1 at Fir Park, and "some 3,000" went to Paris to see Derry play Paris Saint-Germain in the Parc des Princes. During the home legs, ticketless fans desperate to see the games watched from a distance while standing on the high vantage point overlooking the Brandywell offered by the City Cemetery in Creggan and parked hired double-decker buses outside the stadium to help them see over the ground's perimeter.

The club is known for its community spirit, and the supporters have played a pivotal role in the survival and successes of the club. When debts brought Derry close to extinction in the 2000–01 season, the local community responded en masse to help save the club. During the club's successful 2006 season, club captain, Peter Hutton said: "Nobody owns Derry City F.C. apart from the people of Derry. Five or six years ago the club was on its knees, on the verge of going out of business. There was no sugar-daddy, no millionaire, no Roman Abramovich to save the club. It was the people and the city who saved the club. People, fans, ordinary people; they went out and banged on doors to collect money, they went around pubs with collection buckets, they did what they could to keep the club alive. Derry is a close-knit place, a small community, they care about their club and that's why we still have a club. And every bit of success we may get this season is down to them."

Likewise, former Social Democratic and Labour Party leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner John Hume, who was the club's president, stated in 1998 of the club's relationship with the community: "Derry City F.C. has been the linchpin in the life of the community in Derry since its foundation in 1928. Throughout the club's history, the Candystripes have provided a sporting outlet for young people and older supporters alike. The history of the club is intertwined with that of its city. It has seen struggle and marginalisation turn to renewal and success. The pride people have in this club reflects the pride we hold in our city. Derry City players and supporters alike are superb ambassadors for the city. Today, the club, like the city, looks to the future with great hope. For all its successes, Derry City would be nothing without the people of the city."

Support for the club is quite dependent on geography and crosses social boundaries. Fans come from both working class areas, such as the Brandywell area and Bogside, and more affluent regions of the city, like Culmore. The Cityside is seen as the traditional base of the club, especially the Brandywell area, although the Waterside is also home to a smaller number of supporters. The club are supported mainly by Derry's nationalist community. The connection is argued to be rooted mainly in geography, as well as social, cultural and historical circumstances, as opposed to the club or its fans pushing towards the creation of a certain identity. Indeed, prior to 1969, over half of the club's support base came from the sizeable Unionist community that lived in the cityside at the time. The onset of the troubles made the Brandywell's Nationalist location too dangerous to visit and Unionist support fell away to a small minority, in keeping with the rapid Unionist depopulation of the cityside as a whole. The city's wider Protestant community, almost entirely based in the Waterside, is largely apathetic, though some unionists and loyalists see the club as a symbol of Catholicism and nationalism as a result of the sectarian divide in support. Joining the Republic of Ireland's league augmented the perception and, on occasion, Protestant hooligans have thrown missiles at Derry's supporter buses as they journeyed to or returned from games across the border. Minor nationalist elements within the Derry City support-base see football as a means of reinforcing sectarian divides.

With the city being a focal point of culture and activity serving the north-west region of Ireland, support stretches beyond the urban border and into the surrounding county; Limavady, Strabane in nearby County Tyrone and areas of bordering County Donegal contain support. The club has numerous supporter clubs, along with ultra fans, and support beyond Ireland – mainly emigrated city natives. Derry City Chat is a discussion website run by fans. Derry's fans share a rivalry with the supporters of Finn Harps and sing the Undertones' Teenage Kicks as a terrace anthem.

Matches

 * (Full details)

UEFA coefficient and ranking
Derry City's UEFA coefficient accumulates to a total value of 4.000 as of August 2023.

Current club ranking https://kassiesa.net/uefa/data/method5/trank2024.html
 * 290 🇨🇾 Aris Limassol
 * 291 🇨🇾 AEL Limassol
 * 292 Dila Gori
 * 293 🇮🇪 Derry City FC
 * 294 🇷🇴 FCV Farul Constanța
 * 295 🇱🇹 FK Panevėžys
 * 296 🇰🇿 FC Ordabasy

Players

 * Current squad

 * Out on loan

5 – in honour of Ryan McBride
 * Retired numbers

18 – in honour of Mark Farren

Honours

 * Irish Football League: 1
 * 1964–65
 * League of Ireland Premier Division: 2
 * 1988–89, 1996–97
 * FAI Cup: 6
 * 1988–89, 1994–95, 2002, 2006, 2012, 2022
 * League of Ireland Cup: 11
 * 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1993–94, 1999–2000, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2018
 * President of Ireland's Cup: 1
 * 2023
 * Irish Cup: 3
 * 1948–49, 1953–54, 1963–64
 *  League of Ireland First Division: 2
 * 1986–87, 2010
 * League of Ireland First Division Shield: 1
 * 1985–86
 * City Cup: 2
 * 1934–35, 1936–37
 * Gold Cup: 1
 * 1963–64
 * Top Four Cup: 1
 * 1965–66
 * Irish News Cup: 1
 * 1996–97
 * A Championship: 1
 * 2011
 * North West Senior Cup: 18
 * 1931–32, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1938–39, 1945–46, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1957–58 (shared), 1959–60, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1968–69, 1970–71
 * Northern Ireland Intermediate League: 2
 * 1979–80, 1983–84
 * Enda McGuill Cup: 2
 * 2007, 2021

Records
Peter Hutton holds the club record for matches played in League of Ireland football with a total of more than 660 appearances for Derry City, a club record. Paul Curran has made the second highest number of appearances for the club in the League of Ireland with 518, followed by Sean Hargan with 408 since 1995.

The club's all-time highest goal-scorer is Jimmy Kelly with 363 goals between 1930 and 1951. Since the entry of the club into League of Ireland football, Mark Farren is Derry's top scorer with 114 goals after 209 competitive appearances for the club between 2003 and 2012. Derry's first ever scorer was Peter Burke at home to Glentoran on 22 August 1929 as the club lost 2–1. Two days later, Sammy Curran had the honour of scoring Derry's first hat-trick, as the club came back from 5 to 1 down away to Portadown, only to lose 6–5 to a late goal. Barry McCreadie was Derry's first scorer in the League of Ireland as he scored during a 3–1 home win over Home Farm on 8 September 1985. Derry's first hat-trick in the League of Ireland was scored by Kevin Mahon away to Finn Harps on 15 December 1985. Derry's 1000th league goal was scored by Conor Sammon on 9 May 2008 against Shamrock Rovers. A number of capped internationals have also played for Derry.

Derry's record League of Ireland defeat was to Longford Town in January 1986 – the score was 5–1. The club's record League of Ireland win was 9–1 against Galway United in October 1986. The club has only suffered relegation in the Irish League due to a breach of regulations, in 2009. Derry are the only League of Ireland team to have completed a treble, in the 1988–89 season. Derry's 5–1 away win against Gretna at Fir Park, Motherwell in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup second qualifying round is the largest away winning margin for any League of Ireland team in European competition. Derry played a record number of 54 games in the whole 2006 season, including all competitions. Previously, the record had been the 49 games played in all competitions during the treble-winning 1988–89 season.

The Brandywell's record attendance in the League of Ireland system is 9,800 people who attended an FAI Cup second round tie between Derry and Finn Harps on 23 February 1986. In the Irish League, a crowd of 12,000 attended the 1929–30 season home game against Linfield.

In popular culture
Derry City have made numerous appearances in popular culture. In the world of music, the club was given exposure by Derry punk band, The Undertones, which had the cover of its 1980 hit single, "My Perfect Cousin", feature a Subbuteo figure sporting the colours of Derry City. The song's video included the group's front-man, Feargal Sharkey, kicking and leaping to head a ball while wearing the red and white jersey. Similarly, on the cover of its second ever single, Get Over You, the words "Derry City F.C." can be seen.

The club have also featured on popular television. Due to the fact that it is a club based in Northern Ireland playing in the league of the Republic of Ireland, it often receives the attention of broadcasters in both jurisdictions. In the BBC documentary series Who Do You Think You Are? shown the night before Derry's clash with Paris St. Germain in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup first round, it was highlighted that Archie McLeod, the grandfather of Doctor Who actor David Tennant, was a Derry City player. Derry had supplied a lucrative signing-on fee and had enticed him over from Scotland. Likewise, features about the club were run by Football Focus prior to and after the same UEFA Cup game. Irish television has also featured the club. Derry City played in the first League of Ireland match ever to be shown live on television when it visited Tolka Park to play Shelbourne during the 1996–97 season. The game was broadcast on RTÉ's Network 2 and finished 1–1 with Gary Beckett scoring for Derry.

Another medium to play host to the club has been the radio. On 20 April 2005, Derry City featured in an audio documentary The Blues and the Candy Stripes on RTÉ Radio 1's Documentary on One. The documentary was produced in the aftermath of the historic friendly game between Derry and Linfield that took place on 22 February 2005 – the first between the two teams to occur since a game on 25 January 1969 during which Linfield's fans had to be evacuated from the Brandywell by police at half-time due to civil unrest and ugly scenes within the ground. The 2005 match was organised as a kind of security test in the run-up to the likely possibility that both teams, with socially polar fan-bases, qualified for and be drawn against one another in a Setanta Cup competition.

title: Derry City F.C.


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Oikonomos

Oikonomos (οἰκονόμος, from οἰκο- 'house' and -νόμος 'rule, law'), Latinized œconomus, oeconomus, or economos, was an Ancient Greek word meaning "household manager." In Byzantine times, the term was used as a title of a manager or treasurer of an organization.

It is a title of honor awarded to priests in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is also a title in the Roman Catholic Church. In Canon 494 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, an œconomus is the diocesan finance officer.

Role in the oikos
The oikos (household) was the base unit for the organization of social, political, and economic life in the Ancient Greek world. The person in charge of all its affairs was the oikonomos. The oikos was composed of a nuclear family as well as extended family members such as grandparents or unmarried female relatives. The husband of the core nuclear family was generally the oikonomos. The ancient Greek world was a patrilocal society. A married woman would join her husband's oikos. However, the woman would still remain a member of the oikos she grew up in and would return to her original oikos upon the end of a marriage. The oikonomos of a household, in addition to making economic decisions for the oikos, acted as legal guardian, or kyrios (a word meaning 'lord' or 'controller'), for other members of the household. In this capacity, they were generally responsible for male members of the household under the age of 18, unmarried women, as well as their wife. Marriage in the Greek world was seen as the transfer of responsibility over a woman from one kyrios to another; in most cases, from her father to her husband. The kyrios was understood to make decisions in the best interest of his wards about education, finances, and marriage. Although it differed between different Greek cities, an oikonomos in Athens would have the authority to dispose of his wife's property owing to his role as her kyrios. In other cities, such as Gortyn and Sparta, it appears that married women had the right to use their property as they wished. The power of the oikonomos to act as kyrios was not unlimited. In Athens, an individual who had been under the care of a kyrios would be able to seek legal recourse for damages caused by their former kyrios. The oikonomos in his role as kyrios also had many responsibilities. He was expected to provide education for boys under his care, represent his wards in legal proceedings, provide for their everyday needs, as well as arrange marriages of women in his care.

In addition to family members by kinship or marriage, slaves or metics might have lived and worked within the household. Wealthy households would have had many slaves and metics working for them. The oikonomos of the household would have played a role in directing the labour of the slaves and metics. While the oikonomos did not have absolute power over members of his oikos owing to his role as kyrios, this was not the case for slaves. The Greeks did not consider him to be a kyrios to the slaves, he was instead their despotes, a word meaning master. In some extreme cases, slaves were seen as factors of production without any agency rather than autonomous human beings. A small oikos would have had only a few household slaves known as oiketai. Of the oiketai, the men might have had the responsibility to work in the field. In a larger oikos, many slaves would be entirely dedicated to agricultural work. This is generally considered to be less favourable than work in the house itself.

The oikos was the primary unit of economic organization within the ancient Greek world. Genuine urban commercial centers were relatively uncommon and sparse. Additionally, lack of trust between members of an oikos and nonmembers usually prevented larger businesses not associated with an oikos from forming. For these reasons, the oikos remained the pillar of ancient Greek economy. An oikos was expected to be self-sufficient in what it produced for itself. Thinkers such as Aristotle considered the self-sufficient oikos to be the fundamental, indivisible constituent of the polis. In order to be a true oikos, it had to be entirely self-sustaining it what it produced and consumed, as well as maintain its population over time. Most of the processing and storage facilities needed to run a farm, such as grain stores and oil presses, were found on the land owned by the oikos. The continued existence of the oikos was dependent on its ability to store goods for the future and the prudence of the oikonomos in anticipating future needs. Chance weather events, warfare, sick animals, pests, and even ageing members of the oikos could seriously threaten its existence. Households which practised a trade in addition to or instead of farming, often had their workshops located within the house in a room facing the street.

In addition to his plethora of economic and social responsibilities, the oikonomos would also be the representative of his oikos to the outside world. He would be expected to provide funds for religious festivals, attend important events such as births and marriages, as well as fulfill his civic duties as a member of the polis. Depending on the city, this might have included military service. The oikonomos was also expected to maintain relationships with other households in the polis. In the event of an emergency an oikonomos might be able to seek help from a neighbouring oikos. In return the oikonomos would be expected to provide material aid to these same neighbours in their own time of need. This effectively established a credit system for a pre-bank economy.

Ancient thinkers on the concept of oikonomos
Xenophon's Oeconomicus is one of the earliest sources to extensively discuss the management of a wealthy agrarian estate. Here, the role of the oikonomos largely concerned management of his household with the aim of accumulating and preserving wealth, rather than a relation to any modern sense of "economics". Socrates and Crito consider household management to be an art or science, and the former argues that the best oikonomos is the one who makes the best use of resources; one with an abundance of material wealth which is insufficient to satisfy his needs is functionally poorer than one with little wealth which satisfies him. In this portrayal, though Socrates figures his own property to be worth a hundredfold less than Crito's, he has enough to satisfy himself and friends who would help him if he did not; the latter has social obligations of sacrifice, patronage, entertaining guests, and financing potential wars. This leads Socrates to consider himself far wealthier than Crito. Meanwhile, Ischomachus, a "fair and good" upper-class farmer, focuses his instructions on household managing on the importance of ensuring his wife's submissiveness and of close supervision of the house, as well as on a thorough understanding of agricultural techniques. In short, Xenophon characterizes the oikonomos as holding power over children, slaves, wife, and property, along with the power to delegate authority to overseers; however, this account specifically concerns wealthy estates.

Aristotle, however, argued that the role of "master of the house" is a position of nature rather than of particular skill in household management. He disagrees with the notion that household management is synonymous with wealth acquisition, instead proposing that it is "the art which uses household stores". To the extent that there is a natural part of household management which concerns acquisition, it is limited to the provision of basic necessities. The obligation of Aristotle's oikonomos is to use and order wealth (the most essential of which are the necessities for survival which nature provides, which are presupposed) rather than to acquire it.

Nor does Aristotle believe that wealth acquisition is furthered solely by good home management, as he argues in Rhetoric that to pontificate on growing the wealth of a country, a political speaker must understand foreign and domestic affairs. Aristotle specifically objects to the sophist Alcidamas's use of oikonomos in the context of a rhetorician as "dispenser of pleasure to his audience". This was part of a repudiation of Alcidamas' tendency to use excessive metaphors and "long, unseasonable, or frequent epithets".

Aristotle also emphasizes the importance of the household in tragedies and comedies. In Poetics, he writes that the tragedian Euripides is faulty in his "oikonomia", translated as "management" as well as (more directly) "economy", of the subject of tragedy. This is in part because the households he portrays are poorly suited to tragic plays. Meanwhile, a proper tragedy, such as those pertaining to the House of Atreus or Oedipus, must involve a family or household (oikos) which elicits pity from the audience; to this end, it must be familiar to the audience but not intimately so. The poet here is an oikonomos, responsible for the management and deliverance of his play, in addition to the presentation of the oikos which is the subject.

Hesiod presents in Works and Days instructions on household management, emphasizing the link between one's wealth-getting and his work ethic with respect to farming and keeping his house in order. Here he appears to consider a "house" to represent the sum total of all that the oikonomos owns.

In the Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire was divided into administrative regions known as satrapies. Hypotheses differ as to the role of the oikonomos. Some theorize that they were managers of the royal treasuries or even royal estates, which would have made them completely separate from any actual administrative role. An oikonomos may also have been a satrapy's financial director, or perhaps an accountant for tax receipts and administrative expenses. The oikonomos was probably a low-ranking figure, as accounts place them in charge of trivial local decisions and subordinate to the strategos, who functioned as governor of the satrapy. An inscription of a correspondence between two priests uncovered north of Sardis references an oikonomos named Asklepiades, and suggests that it was his duty to find and set up a location for a stele to be inscribed with the names of the priests and their initiates. Another inscription implies that oikonomoi were responsible for purchasing bulls for sacrifice at the Panegyreis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oikonomos


text:
USS Pensacola

There have been four United States Navy ships named USS Pensacola:
 * The first USS Pensacola (1859) was a steamer launched in 1859 and was decommissioned in 1911.
 * The second USS Pensacola (AK-7) was a German steamer seized when the United States entered World War I and used as a transport.
 * The third USS Pensacola (CA-24) was a cruiser launched in 1926 that served until the end of World War II.
 * The fourth USS Pensacola (LSD-38) was a landing ship launched in 1971 and decommissioned in 1999.

title: USS Pensacola


text: Category:Personal selling

title: Category:Personal selling


text:
User talk:T1980

I am not checking messages regularly. Please do not leave messages expecting they will be seen in less than several months

Hello - Just did some minor reformatting on the new BBC_Radio_Orkney page. Useful info, thanks! Patchen 13:04, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

James Edwin Orr
A tag has been placed on James Edwin Orr, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article is a repost of either already posted material, or of material that was previously deleted under Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion. If you can indicate how James Edwin Orr is different from all other articles, or if you can indicate why this article should not be deleted, I advise you to place the template hangon, and also put a note on Talk:James Edwin Orr saying why this article should stay. An admin should check for such edits before deleting the article. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Please read our criteria for speedy deletion, particularly item 11 under General criteria. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. We welcome your help in trying to improve Wikipedia, and we ask you to follow these instructions. -- This article is a biography that does not assert actual notability as per requirements for articles that are biographies. Bladeswin | Talk to me | 23:50, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:0-8423-6061-1.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 05:04, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Criterion boxes
Before you get too far with those, they were discussed at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Films/Archive 6 and brought up again more recently at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Films. I was for them but they were voted down. Doctor Sunshine 01:03, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Creation-evolution talk page
Ted, it appears to me that many past contributors to the creation-evolution controversy have spent too much time using the article as a soapbox to promote the idea of "creationism is pseudoscience" POV, as opposed to objectively describing the controversy in a NPOV using RS. Could you take a look at the Rfc and chime in if you have an opinion? Thanks. ImprobabilityDrive 16:58, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

TS Barry
Please check your facts before removing legitimate information. Thanks. – Chacor 20:46, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Did you even read the link? Check the active time of the advisory. 5 pm EDT. This is how we update the hurricane pages and has been how it's been done for three seasons. – Chacor 20:48, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Always check with the official government site ;) – Chacor 20:56, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Stub Pages
A number of the pages you have created are stub status and a few are only one line of information. After looking at these I conclued that most leave the reader at the same place he or she started and they learn nothing more from these pages. I do think that these articles are important and most link to relivant pages, but they need work and you should work on them. Also there are artilces such as The Nantucket Beacon which is almost pointless and will never be expanded.Yamaka122 20:26, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

=

Wikimedia Pennsylvania
Hello there!

I'm writing to inform you that we are now forming the first local Wikimedia Chapter in the United States: Wikimedia Pennsylvania. Our goals are to perform outreach and fundraising activities on behalf of the various Wikimedia projects. If you're interested in being a part of the chapter, or just want to know more, you can:
 * Contact us on IRC at #wikimedia-pa
 * Join our mailing list
 * Visit our blog at http://wmfpa.blogspot.com

Thanks and I hope you join up!  Cbrown1023   talk   04:38, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

List of articles created
On User talk:Bobo192, Ted-m said: How can I make the list on my userpage of articles I created similar to yours?

Hi there. To answer this question, there used to be a tool available here which kept a list of those pages to which you were the first contributor (after the equals sign at the end of the URL, you would have to insert your username, and it brought back a list of these articles). However, it has been offline for most of the year, and the only alternative I know of is to go through your contributions list yourself and make a note of those articles to which you were the first contributor - which can be hard work at times if you don't keep a dedicated list of them.

Userboxes
On User talk:Bobo192, Ted-m said: Also how can I fix my userboxes so they are all together and not have empty spaces in them?

Similarly with userboxes, there used to be a tool which produced a list of userboxes in a neat, readable form, but I don't seem to be able to find it - and in the example userboxes that the random software gave (there were an impressive list of about 100, some serious, but most humorous), you could simply copy and paste the code.

I'm having trouble finding it right now, but I will contact you later if I find it. Bobo. 04:09, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

South African Bibles
Hi Ted-m

I'm fairly sure the Bible Society will be willing to make a plan if you e-mail or phone them. Otherwise, my church has some SA language bibles which they may be willing to sell to you (if you don't want too many) - the church's website (including contact details) is at http://www.moederkerk.co.za —Preceding unsigned comment added by Steve Kroon (talk • contribs) 07:35, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

John X Merriman
Hi,

I've done a rough translation, feel free to check it out. --Slashme (talk) 10:15, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 05:14, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse
An editor has nominated Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse, an article on which you have worked or that you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

You may also edit the article during the discussion to improve it but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 11:59, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Re:
I have userfied the content on the deleted page to User:Ted-m/Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse. Yamamoto Ichiro 会話 19:31, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Babelfish
Please do not use Babelfish to create articles. It is about as much work to clean up Babelfish nonsense as it is to translate from scratch, and article creation is far more fun than improving poor translations. If you want to request a translation, please do so at Translation. Thank you, Kusma (talk) 05:19, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Monte Carlo
No problem! Andrzejbanas (talk) 23:46, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Semiprotection
This can only be performed by administrators. Adding sprotect does not protect the page.— Ryūlóng ( 竜龙 ) 05:25, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Three Stooges - How High Is Up?
Hi there - many thanx for your kind words about my add-ons to your How High Is Up? article. Actually, thank you for creating it in the first place. As I began creating articles for all 190 shorts, it was always relieveing to find several films with articles already established! Yes, the Stoogeum idea is awesome. As long as Gary Lassin is ok with it, I do not see a problem with it. Let me know how you would like to address. Thanx! Oanabay04 (talk) 01:11, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Deleted article
I can e-mail you a copy, but you don't seem to have enabled e-mail. For future reference, any of us in Category:Wikipedia administrators who will provide copies of deleted articles are able to help you with this sort of request. Sarcasticidealist (talk) 02:50, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm actually in that category, and I went ahead and restored the article for review before I saw Sarcasticidealist's note on WP:AN. Please let me know when you're done with your review--alternately, I'd be happy to userfy it for you. -- jonny - m  t  02:57, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Seven hours is way too long to have a blank article sitting in articlespace, hence why we have WP:CSD. It's been redeleted. Daniel (talk) 10:11, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Per your request, I've userfied the article to User:Ted-m/List of deus ex machina examples. Good luck! -- jonny - m  t  14:56, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Niko Pirosmanashvili
With great pleasure, but i have no time for wide edits in wiki till september. Kind regards --Rastrelli F (talk) 08:15, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

Re: German translation
Sure, I'll have a look at them. For further reference, you might also want to list foreign language Wiki articles at WP:translation if you'd like to have them translated from scratch. De728631 (talk) 14:19, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Oxford Wikimania 2010 and Wikimedia UK v2.0 Notice
Hi,

As a regularly contributing UK Wikipedian, we were wondering if you wanted to contribute to the Oxford bid to host the 2010 Wikimania conference. Please see here for details of how to get involved, we need all the help we can get if we are to put in a compelling bid.

We are also in the process of forming a new UK Wikimedia chapter to replace the soon to be folded old one. If you are interested in helping shape our plans, showing your support or becoming a future member or board member, please head over to the Wikimedia UK v2.0 page and let us know. We plan on holding an election in the next month to find the initial board, who will oversee the process of founding the company and accepting membership applications. They will then call an AGM to formally elect a new board who after obtaining charitable status will start the fund raising, promotion and active support for the UK Wikimedian community for which the chapter is being founded.

You may also wish to attend the next London meet-up at which both of these issues will be discussed. If you can't attend this meetup, you may want to watch Meetup, for updates on future meets.

We look forward to hearing from you soon, and we send our apologies for this automated intrusion onto your talk page!

Addbot (talk) 07:47, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Featured article candidates/John Calvin
I have withdrawn the nomination, but hope you will work with others to improve the article. I would love to see it reach featured status, and a main page appearance for the 500th anniversary of his birth is a great goal, but the type of in-depth collaboration and improvement you appeared to be seeking in your FAC nomination should happen before FAC, which mainly serves as an assessment process. Good luck! Maralia (talk) 17:18, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Administrator nomination
Hi Ted,

I don't mind at all! Thank you for making the suggestion. I take it as a great compliment.

Happy editing,

Neelix (talk) 02:13, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Eastern University
Hi, Ted! Glad to know that you are "the guy" for Eastern. I noticed some of your most recent edits and, while I've been meaning to do some cleanup myself, you're probably more motivated to do the truly substantive editing. I was glad to see a book source, but it's still not used in any inline citations. What I've done in the past is when I've had such a book, and I assume you do, is peruse it and use it as backup for any statements made in the article. Having citations and references is an essential part of Wikipedia, of course (WP:VERIFY is helpful). Another link for you that might help is WP:UNIGUIDE, a standards guide for Wikipedia articles about universities/colleges. Let me know if there's anything else I can do to help; I'll make a few more fairly minor fixes in the mean time. Cheers! --Aepoutre (talk) 15:42, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

request for deletion
Do you want all revisions deleted including the current one or just all the past ones?—Sandahl (talk) 23:33, 20 February 2009 (UTC) all past revisions, keep the current one.--Ted-m (talk) 23:35, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It is done.—Sandahl (talk) 23:38, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks--Ted-m (talk) 23:39, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:EU-Seal.jpg
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Schloss Wernigerode
Hi. I added a translation of the very first paragraph, but I have to run. If you feel like it, translate as best you can and I'll go over it later today. (Groceries cannot wait.) Try also, if you can, to hustle up some reliable sources--German articles aren't always as well-documented as they ought to be. Later, Drmies (talk) 20:44, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

You're on reddit!
See:  JACO  PLANE  • 2009-12-6 21:25

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello T1980! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 05:21, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Erik Skjoldbjærg -

Horace H. Lee
You added your great grandfather to the list on the 100 yard dash. As an established user, you know you should also include some source to verify that claim. I'm not reverting it, the whole list is rather unsourced, though there are references available that back up some of those claimants. You know some day, some deletionist will find that article and clean house. With a source, your edit might survive. Trackinfo (talk) 03:02, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1018019/2/index.htm--T1980 (talk) 18:50, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You did fine inserting the reference. Since the table has a designated place for the reference, I moved it. Trackinfo (talk) 03:23, 1 October 2010 (UTC)

Desert Island
Could you elaborate on ? Desert Island redirects to the wrong article, and Desert Island (album) is the right one. I can't see any display errors. 98.229.223.5 (talk) 07:43, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

Niko Pirosmani
Hello. As you asked me, I added more information to this article from Georgian Wikipedia. Sorry for being so late, I had to leave Tbilisi, where I live and work and that's why I couldn't finish editing the article earlier. With best regards. — Nodar Kherkheulidze  Talk 12:48, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571
Hello,

On 21 March 2012 you added "Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571" to the assessment department of WikiProject Aviation requesting help on the article if you require help please remove the article from the assessment department and move it to WP:AVIATION/C where help will most likely be achieved.

Thanks

Gavbadger (talk) 14:48, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

MfD nomination of User:T1980/Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse
User:T1980/Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse, a page you substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:T1980/Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of User:T1980/Music in Brainiac: Science Abuse during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer • (What did I screw up now?) 05:28, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Ciro Dammicco

The article Ciro Dammicco has been proposed for deletion because it appears to have no references. Under Wikipedia policy, all newly created biographies of living persons must have at least one reference to a reliable source that directly supports material in the article.

If you created the article, please don't be offended. Instead, consider improving the article. For help on inserting references, see Referencing for beginners, or ask at the help desk. Once you have provided at least one reliable source, you may remove the prod blp tag. Please do not remove the tag unless the article is sourced. If you cannot provide such a source within ten days, the article may be deleted, but you can when you are ready to add one. Theroadislong (talk) 21:09, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

Ing-Rich
You may find Beaver Falls: Gem of Beaver County of use, as well as History of Beaver County Pennsylvania and Its Centennial Celebration. I've not yet checked them for relevant information, but they're detailed enough that they should be checked. You might also benefit from one of the links at the article on the city's public library; they have a good local history room (which I was using today) and might have some relevant online resources. I'm typically in the state of Indiana, about 400 miles from Beaver Falls, but I'm occasionally back in Beaver County; the past couple of days I was there on a makeshift Thanksgiving visit. I'll be happy to try to help with what I'm able; just please suggest something. Nyttend (talk) 04:34, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 6
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Speedy deletion nomination of Buzkashi Boys

A tag has been placed on Buzkashi Boys requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article or image appears to be a clear copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators will be blocked from editing.

If the external website or image belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text or image — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must verify that externally by one of the processes explained at Donating copyrighted materials. If you are not the owner of the external website or image but have permission from that owner, see Requesting copyright permission. You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines.  Ol Yeller21 Talktome  03:02, 8 January 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't know if you're editing from but if you are, I have reverted one of the additions made as it's clearly a copyright violation.  You can see the talk page for proof if you need it.   Ol Yeller21  Talktome  05:15, 10 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Definately not me. This IP address is based in Montreal and I'm in Philadelphia. I've never even been to Canada. Are these the edits were the ones that led to the page deletion?--T1980 (talk) 19:01, 11 January 2013 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:Walkers point 1960's.jpg
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Talkback
Stefan2 (talk) 13:09, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Permission to use your image
Hi T1980, I would like to use your image of Jean Paul Sartre found at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Paul_Sartre_1967.jpg in a brazilian TV serie entitled "Critical Uncertainties". Please email me at teka.carbonell@gmail.com so we can talk a little bit more about my project. Thanks, Teka. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Teka.carbonell (talk • contribs) 16:06, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

Precious anniversary
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:26, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

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 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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Proposed deletion of File:Jan Vermeer van Delft 018 cropped.jpg

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File:Jan Vermeer van Delft 018 cropped.jpg listed for discussion
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Your removal of content
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title: User talk:T1980


text:
Hitachi (Australian train)

The Hitachi (also known as Silver trains, Martin & King or Stainless Steel ) was an electric multiple unit train that operated on the Melbourne suburban railway network between 1972 and 2014. Electrical equipment was supplied by Commonwealth Engineering, to designs by Hitachi of Japan, leading to their official name today, although no Hitachi-supplied components were used in their construction. They were the last suburban trains in Melbourne without air conditioning. A total of 355 carriages were built between 1972 and 1981, including a replacement carriage for one written off while the fleet was still being delivered.

Configuration
Based on a successful trial of longer Harris trailer cars built between 1967 and 1971, the Hitachi used carriages that were 75 ft long, an increase from the standard 59 ft length of earlier suburban cars. The revised carriage configuration enabled a six-car Hitachi to seat 560 passengers, up from 540 for a seven-car Harris, and allowed a maximum load of 1,500 passengers, 300 more than a Harris train.

As delivered, Hitachi trains were composed of three types of carriage: driving motor, trailer and driving trailer, coded M, T and D respectively. The cars were arranged in sets of M-T-T-M and M-D, which could be arranged together to create a six-car set. Early M and D carriages were provided with nose doors beside the driver's cab, allowing passengers to move between coupled units on a train. That feature did not last long, and instructions were soon issued to lock the doors to the cab area to prevent unauthorised access. The nose doors also tended to leak and generate draughts, so that feature was omitted from later carriages, and the door was sheeted over on existing ones.

All but one of the 68 D carriages (353D having been written off after a collision at Pakenham on 16 April 1980) had been converted into T carriages by the late 1970s, to form symmetrical M-T-M units for the opening of the City Loop. Those units could be doubled to make six car sets, configured as M-T-M-M-T-M, which became the de facto configuration in the 1990s.

The 237 motor carriages were numbered 1M to 237M, and the 117 trailer carriages, 1901T to 2017T. On 15 August 2009, the remaining Hitachi carriages were renumbered to allow for the second order of X'Trapolis trains, which also started from 1M. The remaining Hitachi M cars were renumbered from 273M up to 300M, although the new numbering did not reflect the age of each car. The numbering reflected which T car was in each set, the lowest-numbered T car received the lowest-numbered M cars, in order of which M car was already the lowest. For example, 2007T was the highest-numbered T car, so 23M was renumbered to 299M, because it was lower than 233M, which was renumbered to 300M.

Trials, early use and adaptations
The first to Hitachi train to operate in revenue service, on 24 December 1972, was four-carriage set 1M-901T-902T-2M, on the St Kilda line.

Weekends in February and March 1973 saw the first four carriages being tested and advertised to the public on demonstration trips. On the afternoon of 6 March 1973, the set returned to the Workshops, where the consist was altered by swapping out 902T for 903T, and adding 301D-3M. Later, 301D was noted as having entered service with drawbars at both ends, preventing its use as a leading driving trailer. The six-carriage set was then used for brake tests between Seaford and Frankston on 8 March 1973.

A seven-car Silver train ran from Newport Workshops to Jolimont Workshops on Thursday 14 February 1974, with in-service pair 4M-305D used to transfer 4-car set 15M-911T-910T-14M, about to enter service, with an additional carriage, 902T, attached to the rear.

As originally introduced, the Silver fleet was going to use marker lights as route indications at all times, in contrast to previous fleets, which used destination discs in daytime and marker lights at night. Inadequate visibility of the marker lights during daylight led to that instruction being cancelled. Consequently, in 1973, the only daytime route indication was the destination rolls at each end of trains, and staff were expected to memorise the relevant rosters. Daylight use of the marker lamps was expected to be reintroduced from 7 February 1974 but, from February 1974, the trains were gradually fitted with route indication disc brackets. Most of the fleet had been equipped by 7 March 1974.

The fitting of shunter's steps to the ends of carriages began around March 1974, enabling division of 6-car sets into a 2- and 4-car set. Additionally, subject to special instructions regarding the locking of all doors, Hitachi trains were permitted to stable at outstations "for a few months" prior to that time.

An investigation found that people preferred a new, contoured type of seat over the original slab type, with 82.6% of those surveyed being in favour of the new design.

Service
Intended to replace the first generation of Swing Door and Tait electric trains, the stainless steel Hitachi was the first Melbourne suburban train to feature heated carriages and power-closing doors, operated by the guard and opened by hand. The M and D carriages were built by Martin & King, and the T carriages by Victorian Railways at their Newport Workshops.

Hitachi trains originally had an unpainted, silver stainless steel livery, with carriage numbers applied to the sides. They received green and gold side stripes following the introduction of the Metropolitan Transit Authority. Side logos were altered after their re-branding as The Met, and were again altered with the privatisation of metropolitan rail services as Hillside Trains (later Connex), and Bayside Trains (later M>Train), with the latter also having branding applied to the front.

When the carriages were refurbished by Connex, they were returned to their original silver colour, with Metlink logos added near the saloon doors, Connex blue and gold striping on the front of the leading cars, and two blue and gold side panels near the driver's cab. The passenger seats also received new fabric, similar to that of Alstom-refurbished Comeng trains. With the takeover of Connex by Metro Trains, the Connex logos were covered by Metro stickers.

Beginning in 1992, the Hitachi fleet received internal, external, and cab upgrades, at the PTC's Ballarat North and Bendigo Workshops. The refurbishment included the replacement of existing rubber or carpet flooring with vinyl, the replacement of panels above the seats with a new anti-vandal material, and the substituting of the wood-grained upper panels and bone-coloured roof with off-white panels. New seat pads were provided on repainted and strengthened seat modules, luggage racks and advertising boards were removed, windows and doors overhauled, including the door-closing motors worked by air, along with a general clean of the exterior and the application of new green and gold stripes. The refurbishment of over half of the Hitachi M cars also included improved air-flow in the driver's cab and double-thickness windscreens, with aluminium replacing the original rubber surrounds. The work on the M cars had been completed by early 1994. After the upgrades were effected, M cars which had not been upgraded were no longer allowed to lead a train in revenue service, effectively making them B units.

Starting in late 2007, Hitachi sets were further modified to meet union requirements for driver's cab air conditioning, along with a refurbished interior. They were also re-stickered in Connex livery. In 2008, the remaining seven 6-car trains were again modified, and a more powerful driver's air-conditioning system replaced the small vents on the roof. However, three other "leading" cars (9M, 89M and 225M, now 277M, 281M and 296M respectively) were not modified and so were relegated to being in the centre of trains sets.

Retirement
New X'Trapolis 100 and Siemens Nexas trains were progressively introduced from 2002 to replace the ageing Hitachi fleet. The X'Trapolis and Siemens trains have features such as push-button-operated doors and air conditioning, the lack of the latter feature making the Hitachis unpopular with passengers. A majority of the sets were withdrawn between 2002 and 2005, and were either scrapped, sold to private buyers across Australia, stored, or acquired by railway museums and preservation groups. Three Hitachi motor carriages were lifted and fixed to the roof of Easey's Restaurant in Collingwood, although only one carriage is part of the restaurant.

The final six 6-carriage trains were to be withdrawn after the 2006 Commonwealth Games, but instead received a minor refurbishment and remained in revenue service until December 2013, due to a significant increase in train patronage. In February 2007, at which time 31 trains in the new Siemens Nexas fleet were out of service due to braking problems, it was reported that the Victorian Government was negotiating to lease one withdrawn 6-carriage set from rail preservation group Elecrail, and repurchase another three carriages from a private seller to supplement the fleet. In April 2007, an additional three 3-car Hitachi trains were bought back from Australian businessman John Horne to provide spare parts for the fleet. The Elecrail set re-entered service in December 2007.

In September 2008, Transport Safety Victoria withdrew the remaining trains from service due to concerns over corrosion around the doors and floor. A series of tests were carried out before the trains were sent to Ballarat North Workshops for repair work. It was decided to proceed with the repairs, costing approximately $2 million, because the trains were required for a new timetable starting in November 2008.

In April 2014, a farewell tour for the Hitachi trains was held, organised by Elecrail in cooperation with Metro Trains. The tour encompassed the Craigieburn, South Morang and Sunbury lines. During the event, Public Transport Victoria confirmed that Hitachi trains would no longer be used in revenue service in Melbourne.

One M car (3M) has been preserved with its original unmodified cab, while a second M car (187M), as modified by the PTC, is on static display at the Newport Railway Museum. One 3-car set (3M, 304D and 178M) has been preserved by 707 Operations. The remaining carriages were progressively sold or scrapped.

title: Hitachi (Australian train)


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Talk:Rancid (1993 album)

Fair use rationale for Image:Rancid-1993-cover.jpg
Image:Rancid-1993-cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 23:41, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:B000001IP9.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg
Image:B000001IP9.01.LZZZZZZZ.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 09:37, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rancid (1993 album)


text: User talk:207.20.25.100

title: User talk:207.20.25.100


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Memorial Quadrangle

Memorial Quadrangle was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge into Harkness Tower

Memorial Quadrangle
This is a stub article about a single building on the campus of Yale University. The building in itself is not notable, and the article is unlikely to be expanded. (Any information would likely be put in the article of one of the residential colleges that the building contains. Frankly, I think the existance of articles on Yale colleges is questionable, but I'll leave that for another time.)  Even if this were a Yale encyclopedia, Memorial Quadrangle would hardly be worth an article. Remes 05:06, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Do not delete  Remes is totally wrong.  Residential colleges have distinct histories, as does the Memorial Quadrangle.  It is certainly notable. CoolGuy 05:31, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Could be a good article with some more content. - SimonP 07:28, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * I just added some more data. How does it look now? CoolGuy 08:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or Merge with Yale University. Everybody thinks their beloved building is notable, get real! AtonX 09:04, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep. --JuntungWu 10:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge. Comment. User AtonX has a point. I observe these days a user creating a fantastic number of article about his beloved environment but it's mostly void of interest. He, for example, describes all the sections of a housing estate (here), generates weired categories (here) Is there a process or some rules to say please add content not beloved but void subjects ? Or... I am just wrong about potential articles in the wikipedia ? --Gtabary 10:20, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I feel this is too granular a level of detail to be useful. You could write a thousand pages about Yale, all of which would be factually correct and could go into a great amount of detail, but it wouldn't change the case that the majority of those pages would be of no use whatsoever on their own, and many merely repeating the same information in a different form. This should be merged into an article describing the campus buildings or colleges on a larger scale. The articles on both the colleges linked to from this one are also stubs that merely repeat information in this article, so they should be merged too (e.g. into Residential Colleges at Yale or somesuch article. Average Earthman 14:03, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment - it's been expanded since my original vote, but I feel between then Memorial Quadrangle, Harkness Tower, Saybrook College and Branford College make one good article. Certainly the latter two should be merged, but that's a separate vote. Average Earthman 12:39, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect, except that another university's memorial quad will break out later. Universities, of course, are unique institutions with individual characters.  Additionally, important sites on a campus have histories.  However, very, very few are known outside of their campuses.  Perhaps the Old Well at UNC or the arch at UGA or that rock at Clemson, but each of these universities might, and only might, have one object or site that is so famous that it's known outside of its university context and therefore need to be discussed outside of the university.  On the other hand, this material (and all those things at Tulane University that are dedicated (about half the campus)) should be discussed at Yale University.  Geogre 15:09, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * i think it should be merged because if we had a article on every yale building, information would be too widely dispersed to be of easy reference to the casual reader 206.176.103.66 17:53, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Marginal keep. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:43, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - belongs in a bigger article about Yale buildings or the Yale campus. Note to Average Earthman: Wiki's not paper.  Note to Remes: I failed to find "Yale encyclopedia" on this page describing what Wikipedia is not.  Wikipedia is an everything encyclopedia.  Also, the picture is a copyvio, so I took care of that. Chuck 21:43, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Drop the 'wikipedia isn't paper' rubbish, it's not the point. Oh, and will you be contributing to the bandwidth costs? Just because Wikipedia isn't paper, that doesn't mean we can happily witter on at great length on the tiniest minutae of every subject over a thousand articles, when one article giving an overview of the topic is far, far more useful - quicker for the reader, and wastes less bandwidth sending the data. Yes, Wikipedia isn't paper, but that doesn't mean people are going to be happy to have to keep clicking on a hundred different links to get the information they're after. Average Earthman 10:31, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought that the point of Wikipedia is to create individual pages for subtopics when they become too detailed for a main page on the topic.CoolGuy 00:20, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep: This is a serious article. There is publicly available information on it, and it is notable. CoolGuy 01:02, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * At the very least merge with the article on Harkness Tower. Yale is big-time notable and the Harkness Tower is its signature building, so that's sort of reasonable, but there's no reason for separate articles on the Harkness Tower and on the quadrangle which contains it. I'd rather see all of this material in a single unified article on Yale's architecture. I notice, however, that we do have separate articles on many (all?) of the Oxford colleges, such as Balliol. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:10, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I see every reason for separate articles on all the Cambridge and Oxford colleges, but not parts of university campuses. In the past, each college of Oxford, at least, had its own politics, its own character, so a kid who went into Balliol got a Balliol education, rather than an Oxford one.  A Christ's Church boy was going to be a particular type of Tory, for example.  I don't think any American university has anything like that kind of independence in its colleges, because none of them developed as literally privately established and chartered schools.  Geogre 01:45, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I admit I'm impressed with the work that CoolGuy has done on the article. Chuck's point is well taken, and I suppose there's no harm in having every building on every college campus have their own article, but I doubt it's the most sensible way of arranging things.  Comments made by others that there be a "buildings at Yale" article (or, I'd even suggest a "buildings" section of the Yale article) certainly make sense to me.  Dpbsmith:  (First let me point out that I didn't VfD the college articles, although I did raise questions abotu them.  So this is something of a digression.)  Although Yale colleges (and Harvard house) are modeled after Oxbridge colleges, they're very different.  One is that they're not autonomous corporate entities the way their English counterparts.  Second, because they're newer and their universities have been less dominant in the creation of American culture, they're less historically relevant.  Balliol, as Balliol, had a significant impact on the creation of the British government and empire; nothing similar can be said for Saybrook College, for example. Remes 01:22, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't make myself very clear. I understand the point you and Geogre made... I was just thinking out loud. I imagine that Oxford corresponds more closely to something like the Five Colleges consortium of Western Massachusetts than it does to any single American university. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 03:00, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Under what possible scenario would we be deleting this again? Because it's too... "granular"?  This has obviously well expanded beyond the realm of the main Yale article, which is a good thing(tm).  I completely disagree with Remes' reasoning for deletion and give this the strongest vote to keep.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:26, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't say delete as it's too granular, I said merge. Average Earthman 12:39, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't be merged into Yale, which is already 31K. Please check article lengths before suggesting such merges. - Nunh-huh 05:05, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No need to be snippy. Chuck 05:54, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No need to see snippiness where there is none. - Nunh-huh 06:01, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * What's the proper procedure for removing the vote for deletion tag from the corresponding page, other than simply deleting it? CoolGuy 05:12, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wait it out. Most people here are sensible enough to realize the notability of this content and that it has simply outgrown its roots.  It will survive.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:47, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Seems to be an interesting enough building, but the article needs more pictures. / up+land 09:32, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, merging with the article on the tower is probably a good idea. Perhaps a larger merge with other Yale buildings if there are any which would gain from being treated in the same context. / up+land 10:53, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep -leigh (φθόγγος) 12:01, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 19:34, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. Merge with Harkness Tower. Paul August 21:21, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect Pedant 03:41, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:List of gangsters by city

(Untitled)
i think there is a way to get a photo of ricca at www.the chicagooutfit.com

Five Families
Should we divide the New York section into the Five Families? 67.184.87.86

Hiroshi Yamamoto
The wiki-link for this name seems like it is not the same person and the one of the founders of the Ichiwa-kai.192.88.165.35 23:20, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Italy?
Why are the three italian entries, Calabria, Naples & Sicily, listed as though they are countries? They do not fit the format for which the rest of the cities have been listed. Just asking.

cris brayford"vegas"
i know of chris brayford and he is origanly from stoke on trent. he suposed to be involved in several peoples deaths and disapearences. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.152.150.185 (talk) 11:50, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

Mexican mobsters: City or state?
Hey, everyone. There are several mobsters from the Mexican drug cartels that can be included in this article, but most of them operate in complete states of Mexico instead of cities. It's also really hard to pinpoint the cities they operate in because their influence usually goes beyond that. May I put the states in which they operate in, or are we strictly limiting ourselves to cities? Thanks. ComputerJA (talk) 19:53, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of gangsters by city


text:
User talk:Wittytirade

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Wittytirade