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2004 United States presidential election

The 2004 United States presidential election was the 55th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004. The Republican ticket of incumbent President George W. Bush and his running mate incumbent Vice President Dick Cheney were elected to a second term, defeating the Democratic ticket of John Kerry, a United States senator from Massachusetts and his running mate John Edwards, a United States senator from North Carolina.

Bush and Cheney were renominated by their party with no difficulty. Former Vermont governor Howard Dean emerged as the early front-runner in the 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries, but Kerry won the first set of primaries in January and clinched his party's nomination in March after a series of primary victories. Kerry chose Edwards, who was the runner-up in the primaries, to be his running mate.

Foreign policy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign, particularly Bush's handling of the war on terror and the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Bush presented himself as a decisive leader and attacked Kerry as a "flip-flopper". Kerry criticized Bush's conduct of the Iraq War, despite having voted for it himself. Domestic issues were debated as well, including the economy and jobs, health care, abortion, same-sex marriage and embryonic stem cell research.

Bush won by a narrow margin of 35 electoral votes and took 50.7% of the popular vote. Bush swept the South and the Mountain States and took the crucial swing states of Ohio, Iowa, and New Mexico, the latter two flipping Republican. Although Kerry flipped New Hampshire, Bush won both more electoral votes and states than in 2000. Ohio was the tipping-point state, and was considered to be the state that allowed Bush to win re-election. Some aspects of the election process were subject to controversy, but not to the degree seen in the 2000 presidential election. As of 2020, this is the most recent presidential election in which the Republican candidate won Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, or Virginia. This is also the most recent presidential election in which the Republican nominee won the popular vote and the only presidential election since 1984 in which the incumbent Republican president won re-election. Bush also became the only incumbent president to win re-election after previously losing the popular vote.

Since the death of 2000 Democratic vice-presidential nominee Joe Lieberman in 2024, this is the earliest presidential election in which all major-party candidates for president and vice president are still alive.

Background
George W. Bush won the presidency in 2000 after the Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court, which declared there was not sufficient time to hold a recount without violating the U.S. Constitution.

Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. The Taliban had been removed by December, although a long reconstruction would follow.

The Bush administration then turned its attention to Iraq and argued the need to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq had become urgent. Among the stated reasons were that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and had not properly accounted for biological and chemical material it was known to have previously possessed. Both the possession of these weapons of mass destruction (WMD), and the failure to account for them, would violate the UN sanctions. The assertion about WMD was hotly advanced by the Bush administration from the beginning, but other major powers including China, France, Germany, and Russia remained unconvinced that Iraq was a threat and refused to allow passage of a UN Security Council resolution to authorize the use of force. Iraq permitted UN weapon inspectors in November 2002, who were continuing their work to assess the WMD claim when the Bush administration decided to proceed with war without UN authorization and told the inspectors to leave the country. The United States invaded Iraq on March 20, 2003, along with a "coalition of the willing" that consisted of additional troops from the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, from Australia and Poland. Within about three weeks, the invasion caused the collapse of both the Iraqi government and its armed forces. However, the U.S. and allied forces failed to find any weapon of mass destruction in Iraq. Nevertheless, on May 1, George W. Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72), in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of "major combat operations" in the Iraq War.

Republican nomination
Bush was able to ward off any serious challenge to the Republican nomination. Senator Lincoln Chafee from Rhode Island considered challenging Bush on an anti-war platform in New Hampshire, but decided not to run after the capture of Saddam Hussein in December 2003.

On March 10, 2004, Bush officially attained the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. He accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and retained Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes: defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society. The ownership society included allowing people to invest some of their Social Security in the stock market, increasing home and stock ownership, and encouraging more people to buy their own health insurance.

Democratic primaries
The 2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries took place from January 14 to June 8, 2004 to select the Democratic Party's nominee for president. Before the primaries, Vermont governor Howard Dean was a favorite to win the nomination. However, Massachusetts senator John Kerry won victories in two early races: the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. These wins strengthened Kerry's previously weak campaign. By March 11, Kerry had received enough delegates to win the nomination. Other major candidates included North Carolina senator John Edwards and retired U.S. Army general Wesley Clark.

Kerry asked Republican senator John McCain to be his running mate, but McCain turned down his offer. On July 6, Kerry selected Edwards as his running mate, shortly before the 2004 Democratic National Convention was held later that month in Boston.

Democratic National Convention
Heading into the convention, the Kerry/Edwards ticket unveiled its new slogan: a promise to make America "stronger at home and more respected in the world." Kerry made his Vietnam War experience the convention's prominent theme.

The keynote address at the convention was delivered by Illinois State Senator and U.S. Senate candidate (as well as future president) Barack Obama; the speech was well received, and it elevated Obama's status within the Democratic Party.

Other nominations

There were four other presidential tickets on the ballot in a number of states totaling enough electoral votes to have a theoretical possibility of winning a majority in the Electoral College. They were:
 * Michael Badnarik / Richard Campagna, Libertarian Party (campaign). Badnarik was nominated on the third ballot and Campagna on the first ballot at the Libertarian National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia, held May 28–31, 2004.
 * David Cobb / Pat LaMarche, Green Party (campaign). Cobb was nominated on the second ballot at the 2004 Green National Convention in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, held June 23–28, 2004.
 * Ralph Nader / Peter Camejo, independent (also Reform Party, Independent Party (DE), Populist Party (MD), Better Life Party, Cross-endorsements N.Y., Peace and Justice Party, Independence Parties of New York and South Carolina, and the Vermont Green Party who chose not to ratify the national party's presidential nominee).
 * Michael Peroutka / Chuck Baldwin, Constitution Party (also Alaskan Independence Party). Peroutka and Baldwin were unanimously nominated at the Constitution Party National Convention at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania (June 23–26, 2004).

Electronic voting machines
Ahead of the 2004 election, some states implemented electronic voting systems. Critics raised several issues about voting machines, particularly those made by Diebold Election Systems. Cybersecurity professionals found security vulnerabilities in Diebold machines. Voting machines made by several companies were also criticized for their lack of a paper trail, which would have made results easier to verify. Democrats also criticized various executives at Diebold, Inc. (the parent company of Diebold Election Systems) for their support of Bush's campaign, stating that it constituted a conflict of interest. Following these issues, California banned the use of Diebold's AccuVote TSX voting machines for elections in 2004.

Campaign law changes
The 2004 election was the first to be affected by the campaign finance reforms mandated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. The act created restrictions on fundraising by political parties and candidates. A large number of independent 527 groups were created to bypass these restrictions. Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code, these groups were able to raise large amounts of money for various political causes as long as they did not coordinate their activities with political campaigns. Examples of 527s include Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, MoveOn.org, the Media Fund, and America Coming Together. These groups were active throughout the campaign season, spending a record $556 million for all elections in 2004.

The Stand by Your Ad provision of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act required political advertisements on television to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization or campaign responsible for the advertisement. This provision was intended to force campaigns to take responsibility for negative advertisements. Campaign strategists criticized this requirement, stating that it would waste time and cause voters to be confused.

Campaign issues
Bush focused his campaign on national security, presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a "flip-flopper." This strategy was designed to convey to American voters the idea that Bush could be trusted to be tough on terrorism while Kerry would be "uncertain in the face of danger." In the final months before the election, Kerry's campaign focused on domestic issues such as the economy and health care. Kerry's campaign managers believed that Kerry had an advantage on domestic issues.

Bush's campaign also focused on increasing voter turnout among conservatives.

According to one exit poll, people who voted for Bush cited the issues of terrorism and traditional values as the most important factors in their decision. Kerry supporters cited the war in Iraq, the economy and jobs, and health care.

Economy
Tax cuts were passed in 2001 and 2003 under the Bush administration with Bush's support. Kerry voted against these tax cuts. During the 2004 campaign, Bush praised these tax cuts, stating that they helped to grow the economy. On the other hand, Kerry attacked Bush for failing to create jobs under his presidency. Kerry stated that he wanted to reduce the United States budget deficit by capping government spending while ending various tax breaks for businesses. Kerry also supported tax credits for businesses that hire additional workers. Bush attacked Kerry for his economic proposals, stating that they would cause Americans to pay higher taxes. Bush also attacked Kerry for previously supporting tax raises, such as a proposed increase on the federal gas tax.

Foreign policy
Bush defended the Iraq War, arguing that it was necessary to stop terrorism. He also said that the United States had made progress stopping terrorism in other nations. Bush attacked Kerry for opposing the Iraq War after voting to authorize it in 2002, characterizing the shift as one of many flip-flops by Kerry. Kerry argued that Bush had misled the American public in pursuing the Iraq War, noting that no illegal weapons had been found in Iraq. He said that the Iraq War was a mistake and a diversion from terrorism in other nations such as Afghanistan.

After the election, exit polls found that foreign policy concerns were the most important issues for voters.

Health care
Health savings accounts (HSAs) were introduced in 2004 as part of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, signed by Bush in December 2003. As part of his 2004 campaign, Bush supported the expansion of HSAs. He proposed tax cuts to help Americans purchase their own health insurance. He also proposed a plan that would allow small businesses to purchase health insurance in large groups. Kerry's health care proposals included government subsidies for businesses that provide health insurance and the expansion of government-run health care programs. Health policy experts stated that Bush's proposals would have a more limited impact than Kerry's proposals.

Kerry also attacked Bush for his policy on stem cell research. In 2001, the Bush administration restricted embryonic stem cell research to existing stem cell lines. Kerry stated that this restriction was a barrier to conducting important research.

Same-sex marriage
In July 2004, Bush announced his support for a Constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, shortly before the Senate voted on the amendment. Although Kerry stated that he opposed same-sex marriage, he also opposed the amendment, saying that the legality of same-sex marriage should be decided by individual states. The Senate vote failed on July 14.

Bush military service controversy
During the campaign, Bush was accused of failing to fulfill his required service in the Texas Air National Guard.

A scandal occurred at CBS News after they aired a segment on 60 Minutes Wednesday, introducing what became known as the Killian documents. These documents were allegedly written by Jerry B. Killian, Bush's squadron commander, and they contained various allegations about Bush's service. Serious doubts about the documents' authenticity quickly emerged, leading CBS to appoint a review panel that eventually resulted in the firing of the news producer and other significant staffing changes. The Killian documents were eventually concluded to be forgeries.

Kerry military service controversy
Kerry was accused by the Swift Vets and POWs for Truth of distorting his military service in Vietnam. The group challenged the legitimacy of each of the combat medals awarded to Kerry by the U.S. Navy, and the disposition of his discharge. The organization spent $22.4 million in advertisements against Kerry. After the election, political analysts described their advertising campaign as effective. The term swiftboating was used during the campaign to describe the organization's negative advertising, which Democrats saw as unfair. It was also used after the campaign to generally describe a harsh attack by a political opponent that is dishonest, personal and unfair.

Presidential debates
Three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate were organized by the Commission on Presidential Debates, and held in the autumn of 2004.
 * The first debate was held on September 30, slated to focus on foreign policy. A consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign.
 * On October 5, the vice presidential debate between Cheney and Edwards. An initial poll by ABC indicated a victory for Cheney, while polls by CNN and MSNBC gave it to Edwards.
 * The second presidential debate was conducted in a town meeting format, less formal than the first presidential debate. This debate saw Bush and Kerry taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience.
 * Bush and Kerry met for the third and final debate on October 13. 51 million viewers watched the debate. After Kerry, responding to a question about gay rights, reminded the audience that Vice President Cheney's daughter was a lesbian, Cheney responded with a statement calling himself "a pretty angry father" due to Kerry using Cheney's daughter's sexual orientation for his political purposes. Polls taken by Gallup in found that Kerry pulled ahead in October, but showed a tight race as the election drew to a close.

Osama bin Laden videotape
On October 29, four days before the election, excerpts of a video of Osama bin Laden addressing the American people were broadcast on al Jazeera. In his remarks, bin Laden mentions the September 11, 2001 attacks and taunted Bush over his response to them. In the days following the video's release, Bush's lead over Kerry increased by several points.

Results
Source (Electoral and Popular Vote): Federal Elections Commission Electoral and Popular Vote Summary Voting age population: 215,664,000

Percent of voting age population casting a vote for president: 56.70%

(a) One faithless elector from Minnesota cast an electoral vote for John Edwards (written as John Ewards) for president.

(b) ''In Montana, Karen Sanchirico was listed on the ballot as Nader's running mate, not Camejo. In Alabama, Jan D. Pierce was Nader's running mate. In New York, Nader appeared on two distinct tickets, one with Camejo and one with Pierce. ''

(c) ''Because Arrin Hawkins, then aged 28, was constitutionally ineligible to serve as vice president, Margaret Trowe replaced her on the ballot in some states. James Harris replaced Calero on certain other states' ballots.''

Results by state
Of the 3,154 counties/districts/independent cities making returns, Bush won the most popular votes in 2,568 (81.42%) while Kerry carried 586 (18.58%).

The following table records the official vote tallies for each state as reported by the official Federal Election Commission report. The column labeled "Margin" shows Bush's margin of victory over Kerry (the margin is negative for states and districts won by Kerry).

Although Guam has no votes in the Electoral College, they have held a straw poll for their presidential preferences since 1980. In 2004, the results were Bush 21,490 (64.1%), Kerry 11,781 (35.1%), Nader 196 (0.58%) and Badnarik 67 (0.2%).

Maine and Nebraska each allowed for their electoral votes to be split between candidates. In both states, two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote was awarded to the winner of each congressional district.

States that flipped Democratic to Republican

 * New Mexico
 * Iowa

States that flipped Republican to Democratic

 * New Hampshire

Close states
Red font color denotes those won by Republican President George W. Bush; blue denotes states won by Democrat John Kerry.

States where margin of victory was under 1% (22 electoral votes):
 * 1) Wisconsin 0.38% (11,384 votes)
 * 2) Iowa 0.67% (10,059 votes)
 * 3) New Mexico 0.79% (5,988 votes)

States where margin of victory was more than 1% but less than 5% (93 electoral votes):
 * 1) New Hampshire 1.37% (9,274 votes)
 * 2) Ohio 2.11% (118,601 votes) (tipping point state)
 * 3) Pennsylvania 2.50% (144,248 votes)
 * 4) Nevada 2.59% (21,500 votes)
 * 5) Michigan 3.42% (165,437 votes)
 * 6) Minnesota 3.48% (98,319 votes)
 * 7) Oregon 4.16% (76,332 votes)
 * 8) Colorado 4.67% (99,523 votes)

States where margin of victory was more than 5% but less than 10% (149 electoral votes):
 * 1) Florida 5.01% (380,978 votes)
 * 2) Maine's 2nd Congressional District 5.82% (20,762 votes)
 * 3) New Jersey 6.68% (241,427 votes)
 * 4) Washington 7.18% (205,307 votes)
 * 5) Missouri 7.20% (196,542 votes)
 * 6) Delaware 7.59% (28,492 votes)
 * 7) Virginia 8.20% (262,217 votes)
 * 8) Hawaii 8.74% (37,517 votes)
 * 9) Maine 9.00% (66,641 votes)
 * 10) Arkansas 9.76% (102,945 votes)
 * 11) California 9.95% (1,235,659 votes)

Statistics
Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican)
 * 1)  Ochiltree County, Texas 91.97%
 * 2)  Madison County, Idaho 91.89%
 * 3)  Glasscock County, Texas 91.56%
 * 4)  Roberts County, Texas 90.93%
 * 5)  Arthur County, Nebraska 90.23%

Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic)
 * 1)  Washington, D.C. 89.18%
 * 2)  Shannon County, South Dakota 84.62%
 * 3)  City and County of San Francisco, California 83.02%
 * 4)  Macon County, Alabama 82.92%
 * 5)  Bronx County, New York 82.80%

Finance

 * George W. Bush (R) $367,227,801
 * John Kerry (D) $326,236,288
 * Ralph Nader (I) $4,566,037
 * Michael Badnarik (L) $1,093,013
 * Michael Peroutka (C) $729,087
 * David Cobb (G) $493,723
 * Walt Brown (SPUSA) $2,060
 * (money spent)

Source: FEC

Faithless elector in Minnesota
One elector in Minnesota cast a ballot for president with the name of "John Ewards" [sic] written on it. The Electoral College officials certified this ballot as a vote for John Edwards for president. The remaining nine electors cast ballots for John Kerry. All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president (John Edwards's name was spelled correctly on all ballots for vice president). This was the first time in U.S. history that an elector had cast a vote for the same person to be both president and vice president.

Electoral balloting in Minnesota was performed by secret ballot, and none of the electors admitted to casting the Edwards vote for president, so it may never be known who the faithless elector was. It is not even known whether the vote for Edwards was deliberate or unintentional; the Republican Secretary of State and several of the Democratic electors have expressed the opinion that this was an accident.

Statistical analysis

During the campaign and as the results came in on the night of the election there was much focus on Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Florida. These three swing states were seen as evenly divided, and with each casting 20 electoral votes or more, they had the power to decide the election. As the final results came in, Kerry took Pennsylvania and then Bush took Florida, focusing all attention on Ohio.

The morning after the election, the winner was still undetermined. The result in Ohio would decide the winner, although the results in New Mexico and Iowa were also undetermined. Bush led in Ohio, but the state was still counting provisional ballots. In the afternoon of the day after the election, Ohio's Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, announced that there were roughly 135,000 provisional ballots remaining. Kerry's campaign believed that it was statistically impossible to erase Bush's lead. Faced with this announcement, Kerry conceded defeat.

Bush became the first Republican to ever win without carrying New Hampshire, and the first to win the popular vote without Vermont and Illinois. This was the last time a president was re-elected with a higher share of the electoral vote. Bush carried Colorado despite the state being Kerry's birth state. Bush simultaneously lost his own birth state of Connecticut, making this the only election since 1864 where neither candidate carried their birth state. This election was the first and only time since 1976 that New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, Illinois, New Mexico, Michigan, and California voted for the losing candidate in the popular vote, as well as the first since 1980 that Maryland did so, and the first since 1948 that Delaware did so. Bush's 2.4% popular vote margin is the smallest ever for a re-elected president surpassing the 1812 election.

Bush won 4 states that have not voted Republican since: Virginia, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico. In contrast, this is the last election in which the losing candidate won any of the following states: Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. This is also the last time a Republican was elected without carrying Maine's 2nd congressional district. This election is the only time in history that every Northeastern state voted Democratic, and every former Confederate state voted Republican. Thus, Bush is the only candidate to win without carrying any Northeastern electoral votes. Furthermore, this was the last election where both major party tickets consisted entirely of white men. This is also the last election where both parties flipped states. In addition, this is also the most recent year when an incumbent candidate from either party would flip any states, with Bush taking the two which he did not win in 2000, in both New Mexico, and Iowa. This was the first time since 1988 that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote.

As of 2020, this is the only presidential election since 1988 in which the Republican nominee won the popular vote, and the only presidential election since 1984 in which the incumbent Republican president won re-election. Bush also became the only incumbent president to win re-election after previously losing the popular vote. Bush is the seventh Republican to have won re-election, along with Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, William McKinley, Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan. The 2004 election had the highest turnout rate among eligible voters since 1968.

Voter demographics
Source: CNN exit poll ( 13,660 surveyed )

Voting problems in Ohio
After the election, activists and election scholars criticized various issues with the election in Ohio. Long lines at polling places over seven hours were reported. An electronic voting machine erroneously gave thousands of extra votes to Bush. Professor Edward B. Foley stated that Ohio's voting problems did not affect the outcome.

Objections and conspiracy theories
After the election, many blogs published false rumors claiming to show evidence that voter fraud had prevented Kerry from winning.

Although the overall result of the election was not challenged by the Kerry campaign, Green Party presidential candidate David Cobb and Libertarian Party presidential candidate Michael Badnarik obtained a recount in Ohio. This recount was completed December 28, 2004, although on January 24, 2007, a jury convicted two Ohio elections officials of selecting precincts to recount where they already knew the hand total would match the machine total, thereby avoiding having to perform a full recount. Independent candidate Ralph Nader obtained a recount in 11 New Hampshire precincts that used Accuvote voting machines.

At the official counting of the electoral votes on January 6, an objection was made under the Electoral Count Act (now ) to Ohio's electoral votes. Because the motion was supported by at least one member of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the law required that the two houses separate to debate and vote on the objection. In the House of Representatives, the objection was supported by 31 Democrats. It was opposed by 178 Republicans, 88 Democrats and one independent. Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats. Four people elected to the House had not yet taken office, and one seat was vacant. In the Senate, it was supported only by its maker, Barbara Boxer, with 74 senators opposed and 25 not voting. During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote. Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but "to cast the light of truth on a flawed system which must be fixed now.".

Kerry would later state that "the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters." In the same article, Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean said "I'm not confident that the election in Ohio was fairly decided... We know that there was substantial voter suppression, and the machines were not reliable. It should not be a surprise that the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections. That's what we suspect has happened."

Points of controversy

 * The Ohio Secretary of State, Ken Blackwell, who simultaneously served as co-chair of the 2004 Republican presidential campaign, came under fire for failing to uphold his legal obligation to investigate potential voter fraud, manipulation, and irregularities, in a 100-page report by Democrats on the staff of the House Judiciary Committee.

Other elections

 * 2004 United States gubernatorial elections
 * 2004 United States House of Representatives elections
 * 2004 United States Senate elections

Books

 * Ceaser, James W. and Andrew E. Busch. Red Over Blue: The 2004 Elections and American Politics (2005), narrative history.
 * Freeman, Steven F. and Joel Bleifuss, Foreword by U.S. Representative John Conyers, Jr. Was the 2004 Presidential Election Stolen? Exit Polls, Election Fraud, and the Official Count (Seven Stories Press, 2006)
 * Greene, John C. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. The Values Campaign?: The Christian Right and the 2004 Elections (2006)
 * Miller, Mark Crispin. Fooled Again: How the Right Stole the 2004 Election (2005) –
 * Sabato, Larry J. Divided States of America: The Slash And Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election (2005)
 * Stempel III, Guido H. and Thomas K. Hargrove, eds. The 21st-Century Voter: Who Votes, How They Vote, and Why They Vote (2 vol. 2015)

Official candidate websites

 * Michael Badnarik (Libertarian) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
 * George W. Bush (Republican) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
 * David Cobb (Green) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
 * John Kerry (Democrat) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)
 * Ralph Nader (Independent) (archived version from the U.S. Library of Congress United States Election 2004 Web Archive)

Election maps and analysis

 * Maps of proportion shift, counties more Republican, counties more Democratic, compared to 2000 election.
 * NYTimes.com 2004 Election Results Interactive Graphic
 * PBS.org Interactive Electoral College Map
 * Maps and cartograms of the 2004 U.S. presidential election results – Michael Gastner, Cosma Shalizi, and Mark Newman, University of Michigan
 * Election 2004 Results – Robert J. Vanderbei, Princeton University
 * Interactive Atlas of the 2004 Presidential Election Results – Dave Liep
 * Alternate views of the electoral results map
 * Assessing the Vote and the Roots of American Political Divide

State-by-state forecasts of electoral vote outcome

 * Probability analysis of Electoral College based on latest poll results by state
 * Electoral Vote Predictor 2004
 * Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball
 * USA Today polls
 * USA Today polls

Controversies

 * About.com, Democracy & Voting Rights – Ohio 2004 Election as Lesson in What Can Go Wrong

Election campaign funding

 * Money Maps

Campaign ads

 * Campaign commercials from the 2004 election


text:
Stoned Soul Picnic (The 5th Dimension album)

Stoned Soul Picnic is the third album by the American pop group the 5th Dimension, released in 1968. Early versions of the album had a lyric sheet inserted in the sleeve.

Stoned Soul Picnic was the third and final album by the group to be issued in both mono (SCM 91002) and stereo (SCS 92002) as monaural albums were being phased out during its release in 1968. As a result, mono copies were pressed in a limited quantity and are considered rare in the collectors market.

Side 1

 * 1) "Sweet Blindness" (Laura Nyro) – 3:27
 * 2) "It'll Never Be the Same Again" (Jeff Comanor) – 3:08
 * 3) "The Sailboat Song" (Jeff Comanor) – 2:52
 * 4) "It's a Great Life" (Denny McReynolds, Karen O'Hara) – 3:08
 * 5) "Stoned Soul Picnic" (Laura Nyro) – 3:30

Side 2

 * 1) "California Soul" (Nickolas Ashford, Valerie Simpson) – 3:16
 * 2) "Lovin' Stew" (Jules Alexander, Jeff Comanor) – 2:51
 * 3) "Broken Wing Bird" (Bob Alcivar, Kellie McKinney) – 2:41
 * 4) "Good News" (Dick Addrisi, Don Addrisi) – 2:37
 * 5) "Bobbie's Blues (Who Do You Think of?)" (Jeff Comanor) – 3:18
 * 6) "The Eleventh Song (What a Groovy Day!)" (Jimmy Webb) – 2:26

Previously unreleased bonus track on CD

 * 1) "East of Java" (Frank Unzueta) – 3:06

Personnel

 * Billy Davis Jr.
 * Florence LaRue
 * Marilyn McCoo
 * Lamonte McLemore
 * Ron Townson

Additional personnel
 * Mike Deasy - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 * Tommy Tedesco - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 * Joe Osborn - bass
 * Ray Pohlman - guitar, "super-twang" bass
 * Hal Blaine - drums, percussion
 * Larry Bunker - marimba, bells, vibraphone, temple blocks, percussion
 * Larry Knechtel - piano, organ, keyboard
 * Jimmy Rowles - piano, organ, keyboard
 * The Sid Sharp Strings - String Section
 * The Bill Holman Brass - Horn Section

Production

 * Producer: Bones Howe
 * Engineers: Captain Nemo (Michael Shields), Bones Howe, Alex Kazanegras, Phil Ramone, Joe Sidore, Sol Weiss, Winston Wong, Mary Wood
 * Mastering: Elliot Federman
 * Reissue producer: Rob Santos
 * Digital transfers: Mike Hartry
 * Project coordination: Arlessa Barnes, Glenn Delgado, Christina DeSimone, Robin Diamond, Karyn Friedland, Felicia Gearhart, Marc Gordon, Laura Gregory, Jeremy Holiday, Robin Manning, Brooke Nochomson, Ed Osborne, Larry Parra, Dana Renert, Steve Strauss
 * Product manager: Mandana Eidgah
 * Production assistant: Bones Howe, Tom Tierney, Russ Wapensky
 * Orchestra manager: Hal Blaine
 * Musical director: René DeKnight
 * Vocal coach: Ray Pohlman
 * Realization: Johnny Rivers
 * Horns & Strings arranged by: Bill Holman
 * Vocal arrangements: Bob Alcivar
 * Musical arrangements: Bones Howe
 * Musical arrangements: Ray Pohlman
 * Art direction: Woody Woodward
 * Reissue art direction: Mathieu Britton
 * Graphic design: Wayne Kimbell
 * Reissue design: Mathieu Britton
 * Photography: Rob Santos
 * Liner notes: Mike Ragogna

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

Singles - Billboard (United States)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User:NeoMoose

The Moosiah can be located at http://www.neomoose.com/

title: User:NeoMoose


text: Talk:Stoned Soul Picnic (The 5th Dimension album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kryptonite Studios

Kryptonite Studios
Non notable and pretty incomprehensible. If this gets deleted, make sure to get all of its redirects too. --fvw *  02:55, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Yes. Delete 'em all! P Ingerson 03:01, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I speedy deleted this orphaned gibberish (and all its associated redirects) as patent nonsense. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 03:02, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * And it's been recreated less nonsensically, I'm still sticking with the first part of my VfD. Also, you missed a few redirects, they were being created as you were deleting.  --fvw *  03:04, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * I got all the redirects. If you want to restore the page and go through VfD, I've got no objections. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 03:08, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think the second stub-article wasn't a CSD, restore please.  --fvw *  04:42, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Seconded. And please stop speedying articles that experienced editors such as Fvw have listed for VfD. Do you not trust the community to decide correctly?Dr Zen 06:31, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Anders Fridén

Pär Anders Fridén (born 25 March 1973) is a Swedish vocalist, best known as the lead singer of the melodic death metal band In Flames. He was also the vocalist of Dark Tranquillity and side project Passenger.

Early career
Fridén was originally the vocalist for Dark Tranquillity. He performed on their debut album, Skydancer, but left the band soon after. Two years later he joined In Flames. Coincidentally Mikael Stanne had left In Flames (being only a session player) and switched from rhythm guitar to lead vocals in Dark Tranquillity, so the two effectively traded places. Fridén was also the lead vocalist for another band known as Ceremonial Oath with In Flames founder Jesper Strömblad.

1995–present: In Flames
Fridén started with In Flames on the 1996 album The Jester Race. On the album Whoracle, Niklas Sundin (of Dark Tranquillity) wrote the lyrics following the original synopsis by Fridén. On the 1999 album Colony, Fridén composed the lyrics himself, though Sundin still assisted by translating his lyrics from Swedish to English.

He is also the vocalist for the band Passenger as a side project.

Fridén also has done guest vocals on the album The Phantom Novels, by the metal band Grievance. He is the lead vocalist on the tracks Atrocity Upon Deceptions, A Devil's Rhyme and The Mask of Sin.

In 2007 Fridén appeared as a guest vocalist on the Japanese bonus track "See the Falling Sky" on Caliban's 2007 album "The Awakening". As well as providing vocals for the track "Dysfunctional Hours" for the 20th anniversary Nuclear Blast Allstars compilation album, Out of the Dark. His look changed dramatically following the release of In Flames 2002 release Reroute to Remain. His previously clean-shaven look was replaced with a beard, and his long hair was put into dreadlocks. His vocal style has also changed, especially on the past three records. His low-tone, harsh death growl has evolved into a higher pitched scream, which is now supplemented by clean vocals and layers of backing vocals.

In addition to being a vocalist, Fridén is also a producer, with his most recent efforts being the albums: The Undying Darkness by Caliban in 2006 and Absolute Design by the band Engel in 2007.

He also co-wrote and performed scream vocals on the song "Self vs Self", which appears on the third album of UK/Australian drum and bass band Pendulum alongside his bandmates Björn Gelotte and Peter Iwers.

In the summer of 2010, Fridén changed his appearance again by cutting off his dreadlocks, which he had grown since the release of Reroute to Remain.

Fridén founded the ambient/electronic project If Anything, Suspicious in 2021. The project's debut album, Lullabies for the Damned, was released in collaboration with OFFAIR in December 2021.

title: Anders Fridén


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The Hendon Mob

The Hendon Mob are a group of four professional poker players from London, England: Joe Beevers, Barny Boatman, Ross Boatman, and Ram Vaswani.

The name of the group was first publicised by the Evening Standard newspaper in September 2000. Joe Beevers is the only member of the group who actually comes from Hendon, but the others played in Hendon.

The Mob first became recognised for their appearances on the televised poker programme Late Night Poker (1999–2002). The Hendon Mob also regularly attends the annual World Series of Poker and other major tournaments. They have dozens of in the money results between them. The Mob were used in series one of the British con-art documentary series 'The Real Hustle'. Presenters R. Paul Wilson and Alexis Conran, posing as poker novices filming a documentary, beat the Mob by smuggling in decks stacked to their advantage.

Sponsorship
In 2004 and 2005, the Mob was sponsored by Prima Poker to the tune of $2 million worth of worldwide tournament buy-in fees. In exchange they played on the online Prima poker-room network. As part of the tour, the Mob challenged four-player teams of various nationalities to heads-up matches, culminating with the UK versus the U.S. in the inaugural Prima Transatlantic Cup in 2004. The Mob had won each of these international team matches until falling 3–1 to the US team of Phil Ivey, Andy Bloch, Chris Ferguson, and Paul Wolfe. The Mob's deal with Prima expired at the end of 2005.

The Mob were then sponsored by Full Tilt Poker until September 2011, when the online poker site was accused of fraud. The deal was reinstated when Full Tilt Poker reached an agreement with the U.S Department of Justice.

Other ventures
The Hendon Mob is also a website that includes the biggest poker player database worldwide, that collects the results of every poker tournament in the world since 2000, indexed by location, date, and player. The origin of the information contained in the database was queried in a court action brought by rival website Pokerpages.com, and information sourced from Pokerpages.com has since been removed from the database. In July 2013 the Mob's website was acquired by the Global poker index.

title: The Hendon Mob


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User:Gantry

New user and just getting started on things (December 2004) - I'll typically just add/edit things as I go along with no major plan, but my main areas of interest are RBI Baseball and Amateur Wrestling.

New pages started so far

 * Ruby Dee
 * RBI Baseball
 * Districts of Sierra Leone
 * Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association
 * Greg Jones

Any advice you want to give in my Talk is most appreciated...

title: User:Gantry


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Dungeons & Dragons (TV series)/archive1

Dungeons & Dragons (TV series)
Self-nom. I put about a week of research into this article, spent time contacting fansites for permission to use content, and extensively revamped it from its original. I think this is about as comprehensive an article on this TV series as any on the internet. Suggestions? Changes? Approval? :) Alkivar 03:00, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Where did the show start out? Presumably in the U.S.? It should say that, then. Now it just says it played in France and the U.K. at later dates. Otherwise, it's a pretty good article. Everyking 10:53, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Made an attempt to clarify. Is this better? Alkivar 13:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's fine with me, I support it. I like articles like this—so much that I didn't even arbitrarily add a NPOV header to the top, if you can believe that... Everyking 13:20, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * wiseass :P I get your point, however I will again repeat La La was marked with the template I simply made it  instead. Alkivar 13:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. The episode guide style for the season articles doesn't work very well - I'd much prefer to see this written in normal prose, summarising the whole season rather than each individual episode. In addition, could do with a slight copyedit (i.e. in the Premise section, and perhaps the Characters). Also, is the theme song copyrighted? The lead section is good, but I think much of the remainder of the article needs work before being ready. Ambi 11:00, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The episode guide comes word for word from Zakiyah's fansite and is used with permission. I really do believe an episode by episode guide works much better as the episodes really do stand alone, the only real continuous plot line is the search for a way home. As for the song copyright, I have been unable to find any copyright on the song in the US at this time. I will continue to search for it, as the song was never used in the USA its been exceedingly difficult since I do not speak or read french. Alkivar 13:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * By permission, do you mean they gave permission to Wikipedia to use their material, or they gave permission to release their material under the GFDL? Johnleemk | Talk 05:15, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Gave permission for use on Wikipedia, by default that allows GFDL does it not? I should point out that yes person is aware of what Wikipedia is, and does understand that it means giving up rights to content for reproduction. Alkivar 05:39, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, strictly legally, no. They only granted permission to Wikipedia to use it. That means that while we have specific rights to the material, people who wish to reuse them don't unless the authors specifically grant permission to use the material under the GFDL. If they understand that, then everything's fine, I guess. Johnleemk | Talk 12:10, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Even though as far as content goes its short, it is pretty much as comprehensive as it can be. Support. (I'm also influenced by nostalgia of being forced to wtach this in after-school care)--ZayZayEM 01:56, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Category:Frank Lloyd Wright buildings

Buildings and structures designed by American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright

title: Category:Frank Lloyd Wright buildings


text:
Jakob Segal

Jakob Segal (17 April 1911 – 30 September 1995) was a Russian-born German biology professor at Humboldt University of Berlin in the former East Germany. He was one of the advocates of the conspiracy theory that HIV was created by the United States government at Fort Detrick, Maryland.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, KGB defector Vasili Mitrokhin and two former members of East Germany's secret police accused Segal of being a Soviet disinformation agent who worked for the KGB.

Early life and education
Segal was born in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, into a Lithuanian Jewish family, the son of Hermann Segal, a merchant from Kaunas (1880–1941), and Rebekka (née Schlimakowski; 1887–1941). He had an older brother, Moshe, an electrician. When he was 8, his family moved to Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He was educated in Berlin and Munich, where he joined the Red Students' League (Roter Studentenbund) and the Communist Party of Germany. In 1933, he immigrated to France, where he furthered his studies in Toulouse before earning a doctorate in physiology from the Sorbonne in 1936.

During the Second World War, he and his German wife, Lilli (née Schlesinger, whom he had met at university in Toulouse) joined the resistance as part of the Main-d'œuvre immigrée and went underground. All of his family, including his parents and brother, were killed in the Holocaust. Lilli was arrested in 1943 and deported to Auschwitz in July 1944, but was sent to a work camp and survived by escaping that November. In 1946, he joined the Centre national de la recherche scientifique.

Following the Soviet annexation of Lithuania during the war, Segal and wife accepted Soviet citizenship. In the early 1950s, he moved to East Germany, reportedly on the recommendation of Soviet officials, becoming informeller Mitarbeiter. In 1952, he became a biology professor at Humboldt University in East Berlin, and in 1953 founded its Institute for Applied Bacteriology. From 1967 to 1970, he worked at the National Center for Scientific Research in Havana, Cuba. He moved to Mexico City, where he retired in the early 1970s before returning to East Berlin.

Operation Infektion
Segal was recruited out of retirement by the KGB for Operation INFEKTION, a disinformation campaign designed to spread the belief that HIV/AIDS was created by the United States Government. According to U.S. intelligence historian Thomas Boghardt, Segal possibly suspected it was a Soviet campaign when approached by the Stasi (MfS):

"How Segal was actually brought into the process is not known with certainty, but in all likelihood 'evidence' of the US origins of AIDS would have been given to him in personal meetings, perhaps with a professional colleague previously briefed by the MfS. In this first meeting, Segal would not have been told explicitly that the material came from Soviet bloc intelligence or that it was part of a disinformation campaign. Rather, he simply would have been encouraged to look into the matter. Given Segal's background, he would have been expected to reach the intended conclusion. While Segal may have suspected the real source of the AIDS material, it was common practice in the GDR for authorities to share 'background information' quasi-conspiratorially in one-on-one conversations. Its validity was typically not questioned."

Segal, together with his wife and Ronald Dehmlow, a fellow retired professor from Humboldt, published a 47-page pamphlet titled AIDS—Its Nature and Origin, in which they speculated that AIDS was the creation of the U.S. government, which had first tested it on gay prison inmates. What became known as the "Segal Report" was distributed by the Stasi and KGB at the Eighth Conference of Non-Aligned Nations, held 1–6 September 1986 in Harare, Zimbabwe, which was attended by representatives of more than 100 Third World countries. It produced the desired effect at the conference, and its claims were reprinted in the press in more than 25 countries in Africa.

One of Segal's claims was that Prof. Robert Gallo crossed the Visna sheep virus with the Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV I) in 1978 in the P4 laboratory of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in Fort Detrick. Proponents of this theory claim that 90% of HIV RNA is found in Visna and 10% in HTLV I.

HIV therapy hypothesis
Segal suggested an HIV therapy of anti-inflammatory aspirin or ultraviolet radiation of the patient's blood in order to reduce the metabolic activity of macrophages, which are host cells for HIV. He also supported the idea of a p24- vaccine without gp120 which was patented by Jonas Salk as "Remune".

Works

 * Jakob Segal/Lilli Segal: Aids - die Spur führt ins Pentagon zusammen mit Manuel Kiper, Biokrieg, Vg. Neuer Weg, 2. ergänzte Auflage Oktober 1990, ISBN 3-88021-199-X
 * Manuel Kiper: Seuchengefahr aus der Retorte - Vom sorglosen Umgang mit Genen, Viren und Bakterien, rororo Verlag, 1992, ISBN 3-499-13119-6
 * Lilli Segal/ Jakob Segal/ Christoph Klug: AIDS can be conquered, Verlag Neuer Weg 1995/2001, ISBN 3-88021-296-1
 * Jakob Segal: AIDS Zellphysiologie Pathologie und Therapie, Verlag Neuer Weg 1992, ISBN 3-88021-211-2
 * Jacob Segal: wie das Leben auf der Erde entstand, DIETZ VERLAG BERLIN, 2. Auflage 1958
 * Jakob Segal und Gunther Seng und andere: Methoden der UV- Bestrahlung von Blut—HOT und UVB, Hippokrates Verlag Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-7773-0984-2
 * Jakob Segal, Ute Körner, Kate P. Leiterer: Die Entstehung des Lebens aus Biophysikalischer Sicht, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag 1983, Bestellnummer: 533 7707
 * Jakob Segal: Biophysikalische Aspekte der elementaren Zellfunktionen, VEB Georg Thieme Verlag Leipzig 1978, Bestellnummer: 532 816 5

title: Jakob Segal


text:
User talk:Xhamlliku~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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Po pate ndonje pyetje me le nje mesazh.

Dori | Talk 03:03, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

Pergjigje

 * 1) Mos i fillo paragrafet me hapesire ne fillim qe te mos dali ajo kutija.
 * 2) Lidhjet e jashtme (external links) vendosen keshtu:
 * :
 * Google : Google
 * 1) Kur kryen ndryshimet, shkruaj komentet/permbledhjen tek kutiza "Edit summary"

Shnet Dori | Talk 00:33, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

S'po e kuptoj pyetjen atehere. Lidhje te jashtme quhen ato qe jane jasht domain-it wikipedia.org. Per te brendshmet perdoren: Google ose Faqja Google-it Google ose Faqja Google-it Dori | Talk 23:51, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

Images
Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you very much for the images you are uploading, but would it be possible for you to mark them with an Image copyright tag? Tags are needed so that we know what the copyright status of each image is. If you took the photos yourself the most common option is to release them under the GFDL by adding  to each image page. - SimonP 02:56, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

Image source
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Also
 * Image:HH - GameMaster Console.jpg Zeimusu | (Talk page) 14:23, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Ngbbs3ca151668971a.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ngbbs3ca151668971a.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Xhamlliku~enwiki


text:
Passion and Warfare

Passion and Warfare is the second studio album by guitarist Steve Vai, released on May 22, 1990, through Relativity and Epic Records. It has been certified Gold by the RIAA.

Background
Passion and Warfare was written based on a series of dream sequences that Vai had when he was younger, and in the guitar music book of the album, Vai sums it up as "Jimi Hendrix meets Jesus Christ at a party that Ben Hur threw for Mel Blanc". It was all recorded in The Mothership studio at his home in the Hollywood Hills, a 1600 sqft building in which his guitar parts for Whitesnake's 1989 album Slip of the Tongue were also recorded. Whitesnake frontman David Coverdale has small spoken parts on the album; Coverdale, Adrian Vandenberg and Rudy Sarzo are credited with backing vocals. Vai states that planning the album started as early as 1982, but was shelved after joining the David Lee Roth band and not picked up again until parting ways with Roth in 1989.

"The Audience Is Listening" video received regular airplay on MTV.

Recording methods
Vai utilized many unusual recording techniques on the album. For what would come to be one of his most popular songs to date, "For the Love of God", he fasted for ten days and recorded the song on the fourth day of the fast. "Blue Powder" was originally recorded in 1986 as a showcase track for Carvin, using their X-100B amplifier, and given away with Guitar Player magazine in flexi disc format. Vai was introduced to Carvin by his mentor Frank Zappa, who had also used the X-100B. The drums were subsequently re-recorded for the album. The equipment used to record Passion and Warfare was: Ibanez JEM and Universe guitars; Charvel Green Meanie guitar; Marshall JCM900 and Carvin X-100B amplifiers; ADA MP-1 preamplifier; Boss DS-1 distortion pedal; Eventide H3000 harmonizer; Lexicon 480L. Like many other releases by Vai, the album is largely instrumental, with only spoken word pieces being featured in terms of vocals, which are performed by many guests.

Legacy
The song "For the Love of God" is available for download for the 2007 video game Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, and was voted the 29th best solo of all time by a readers' poll in Guitar World magazine.

In 2016, Vai embarked on the Passion and Warfare 25th Anniversary World Tour, where he played the album in its entirety for the first time.

Personnel

 * Steve Vai – guitar, Eventide H3000, keyboard (tracks 1, 3, 5, 7, 11), bass (tracks 1, 8, 9, 11), arrangement, engineering, production
 * David Rosenthal – keyboard (tracks 2, 9, 13), background vocals
 * Pia Maiocco (credited as Pia Vai) – keyboard on one chord (track 4)
 * Bob Harris – keyboard (track 10), background vocals
 * Chris Frazier – drums (tracks 1–5, 8, 10, 11, 13)
 * Tris Imboden – drums (tracks 7, 9)
 * Stuart Hamm – bass (tracks 2–5, 7, 10, 13)
 * Nancy Fagen – "vocals & hysteria" (track 8)
 * Jamie Firlotte – boy vocals (track 8)
 * David Coverdale – background vocals
 * Rudy Sarzo – background vocals
 * Adrian Vandenberg – background vocals
 * Pascal Fillet – background vocals
 * Laurel Fishman – background vocals
 * Lillian Vai – background vocals
 * Pam Vai – background vocals
 * Joel Kaith – background vocals
 * Corky Tanassy – background vocals
 * Jamie Kornberg – background vocals
 * Lauren Kornberg – background vocals
 * Corinne Larue – background vocals
 * Famin' – background vocals
 * Darla Albright – background vocals
 * Laura Gross – background vocals
 * Rupert Henry – background vocals
 * Suzanna Harris – background vocals
 * Julian Angel Vai – background vocals
 * Pascal Fillet – mixing
 * Bernie Grundman – mastering

title: Passion and Warfare


text:
Talk:GNU arch

What's tla? Just the name of the binary?

TLA stands for "Tom Lord's Arch. --67.250.140.97 03:41, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Tom Lord has said expressly that "tla" does not (only, if at all) stand for "Tom Lord's Arch"

It also stands for "True Love Always" or "three letter acronym" or ...

http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/gnu-arch-users/2004-09/msg01033.html

External links modified
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title: Talk:GNU arch


text:
Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines

Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) (Radiyo yigenga y'imisozi igihumbi) was a Rwandan radio station which broadcast from July 8, 1993, to July 31, 1994. It played a significant role in inciting the Rwandan genocide that took place from April to July 1994, and has been described by some scholars as having been a de facto arm of the Hutu government.

The station's name is French for "Free Radio and Television of the Thousand Hills", deriving from the description of Rwanda as "Land of a Thousand Hills". It received support from the government-controlled Radio Rwanda, which initially allowed it to transmit using their equipment.

Widely listened to by the general population, it projected hate propaganda against Tutsis, moderate Hutus, Belgians, and the United Nations Mission Assistant for Rwanda (UNAMIR). It is regarded by many Rwandan citizens (a view also shared and expressed by the UN war crimes tribunal) as having played a crucial role in creating the atmosphere of charged racial hostility that allowed the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda to occur. A working paper published at Harvard University found that RTLM broadcasts were an important part of the process of mobilising the population, which complemented the mandatory Umuganda meetings. RTLM has been described as "radio genocide", "death by radio" and "the soundtrack to genocide".

Prior to the genocide
Planning for RTLM began in 1992 by Hutu hard-liners, in response to the increasingly non-partisan stance of Radio Rwanda and growing popularity of Rwandese Patriotic Front's (RPF) Radio Muhabura. RTLM was established the next year, and began broadcasting in July 1993. The station railed against the on-going peace talks between the predominantly Tutsis RPF and President Juvénal Habyarimana, whose family supported the radio station. It became a popular station since it offered frequent contemporary musical selections, unlike state radio, and quickly developed a faithful audience among young Rwandans, who later made up the bulk of the Interahamwe militia.

Félicien Kabuga was allegedly heavily involved in the founding and bankrolling of RTLM, as well as Kangura magazine. In 1993, at an RTLM fundraising meeting organized by the MRND, Felicien Kabuga allegedly publicly defined the purpose of RTLM as the defence of Hutu Power.

The station is considered to have preyed upon the deep animosities and prejudices of many Hutus. The hateful rhetoric was placed alongside the sophisticated use of humor and popular Zairean music. It frequently referred to Tutsis as "cockroaches" (example: "You [Tutsis] are cockroaches! We will kill you!").

Critics claim that the Rwandan government fostered the creation of RTLM as "Hate Radio", to circumvent the fact they had committed themselves to a ban against "harmful radio propaganda" in the UN's March 1993 joint communiqué in Dar es Salaam. However RTLM director Ferdinand Nahimana claimed that the station was founded primarily to counter the propaganda by RPF's Radio Muhabura.

In January 1994, the station broadcast messages berating UNAMIR commander Roméo Dallaire for failing to prevent the killing of approximately 50 people in a UN-demilitarized zone.

After Habyarimana's private plane was shot down on April 6, 1994, RTLM joined the chorus of voices blaming Tutsis rebels, and began calling for a "final war" to "exterminate" the Tutsis.

During the genocide against Tutsis in Rwanda
During the genocide, the RTLM acted as a source for propaganda by inciting hatred and violence against Tutsis, against Hutus who were for the peace accord, against Hutus who married Tutsis, and by advocating the annihilation of all Tutsis in Rwanda. The RTLM reported the latest massacres, victories, and political event in a way that promoted their anti-Tutsi agenda. In an attempt to dehumanize and degrade, the RTLM consistently referred to Tutsis and the RPF as 'cockroaches' during their broadcasts. The music of Hutu Simon Bikindi was played frequently. He had two songs, "Bene Sebahinzi" ("Sons of the Father of the Farmers"), and "Nanga Abahutu" ("I Hate Hutus"), which were later interpreted as inciting hatred against the Tutsis and genocide.

One of the major reasons that RTLM was so successful in communication was because other forms of news sources such as television and newspapers were not able to be as popularized because of lack of resources. In addition to this communication barrier, areas where there were high rates of illiteracy and lack of education amongst the citizens remain some of the most violent areas during the genocide against Tutsis. The villages outside of the transmission zone of RTLM experienced spillover violence from villages that actually received the radio transmissions. An estimated 10% of all the violence within the genocide against Tutsis resulted from the hateful radio transmissions sent out from RTLM. Not only did RTLM increase general violence, but full radio coverage areas increased the number of persons prosecuted for any violence by about 62–69%. However, a 2018 paper questions the findings of that study.

As the genocide was taking place, the United States military drafted a plan to jam RTLM's broadcasts, but this action was never taken, with officials claiming that the cost of the operation, international broadcast agreements and "the American commitment to free speech" made the operation unfeasible.

When French forces entered Rwanda during Opération Turquoise, which was ostensibly to provide a safe zone for those escaping the genocide but was also alleged to be in support of the Hutu-dominated interim government, RTLM broadcast from Gisenyi, calling on 'you Hutus girls to wash yourselves and put on a good dress to welcome our French allies. The Tutsis girls are all dead, so you have your chance.'

When the Tutsi-led RPF army won control of the country in July, RTLM took mobile equipment and fled to Zaire with Hutu refugees.

Presenters/animateurs

 * Kantano Habimana, popularly known as "Kantano". The most popular animateur in terms of airtime, Kantano called for "those who have guns [to] immediately go to these cockroaches [and] encircle them and kill them..."
 * Valérie Bemeriki, the only female animateur. Bemeriki was known for her calls for machete violence; unlike Kantano, who called for the use of firing squads, Bemeriki told listeners to "not kill those cockroaches with a bullet — cut them to pieces with a machete”.
 * Noël Hitimana, who was previously an animateur at Radio Rwanda before getting fired for insulting President Juvénal Habyarimana on-air while intoxicated.
 * Georges Ruggiu, a white man from Belgium of Italian descent who, after moving away from home at age 35 to work in Liège, came in contact with a Hutu man from Rwanda. After meeting President Juvénal Habyarimana, he would visit and eventually move to Rwanda a year before the genocide. At RTLM, Ruggiu preached Hutu Power despite his non-Rwandan origins, urging listeners to kill Tutsis and told listeners that "graves were waiting to be filled".
 * Froduald Karamira, the vice president of the MDR. Formally coined the term "Hutu Power". Gave daily broadcasts encouraging the mass murder of Tutsis and oversaw roadblocks where massacres occurred. Executed in 1998.

Other figures of note

 * Félicien Kabuga, "Chairman Director-general" or "President of the General Assembly of all shareholders". A multimillionaire who was close friends with President Juvénal Habyarimana, Kabuga funded many Hutu ultranationalist media outlets.
 * Ferdinand Nahimana, director. A respected historian who received his doctorate from the University Paris Diderot, Nahimana joined RTLM after being fired from Radio Rwanda in 1993.
 * Jean Bosco Barayagwiza, chairman of the executive committee. Barayagwiza was an important political figure who served as policy director within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the time of the Rwandan genocide.
 * Gaspard Gahigi, editor-in-chief
 * Phocas Habimana, day-to-day manager

After-effects
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's (ICTR) action against RTLM began on 23 October 2000 – along with the trial of Hassan Ngeze, director and editor of the Kangura magazine.

On 19 August 2003, at the tribunal in Arusha, life sentences were requested for RTLM leaders Ferdinand Nahimana, and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza. They were charged with genocide, incitement to genocide, and crimes against humanity, before and during the period of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis.

On 3 December 2003, the court found all three defendants guilty and sentenced Nahimana and Ngeze to life imprisonment and Barayagwiza to imprisonment for 35 years - this was appealed. The Appeal judgment, issued on 27 November 2007 reduced the sentences of all three - Nahimana getting 30 years, Barayagwiza getting 32 and Ngeze getting 35, with the court overturning convictions on certain counts.

On 14 December 2009, RTLM announcer Valérie Bemeriki was convicted by a gacaca court in Rwanda and sentenced to life imprisonment for her role in inciting genocidal acts.

Cultural references
Dramatised RTLM broadcasts are heard in Hotel Rwanda.

In the film Sometimes in April the main character's brother is an employee of RTLM. Controversy develops when attempting to prosecute radio broadcasters because of free speech issues.

The film Shooting Dogs makes use of recordings from RTLM.

The title of The New York Times journalist Bill Berkeley's novel, The Graves are Not Yet Full (2001), is taken from a notorious RTLM broadcast in Kigali, 1994: "You have missed some of the enemies. You must go back there and finish them off. The graves are not yet full!"

The Swiss theatre maker Milo Rau 're-enacted' an RTLM radio broadcast in his play Hate Radio, which premièred in 2011 and featured on the Berliner Festspiele in 2012 (with audience discussion). He also made it into a radio-play and a film and wrote a book about it.


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File:The 5th Dimension - The Age of Aquarius.jpg

Cover for album The Age of Aquarius by The 5th Dimension.

Fair use rationale for

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Central station (MTR)

Central is an MTR station located in the Central area of Hong Kong Island. The station's livery is firebrick red but brown on the platforms. The station is the southern terminus of the, a stop on the , and connects to Hong Kong station, which serves the and the.

The station was originally named Chater. It was initially conceived to cater to 330,000 passengers daily and was planned to be 380 m long – one of the longest stations in the world. More than 200,000 passengers use this station daily. The longest distance between two exits is approximately 700m.

Early plans
Central station was included in the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study, a system proposed in September 1967. Together with Western Market station, it was to serve as an interchange station of the and Island line. In the recommended system, the Tsuen Wan line would terminate at Admiralty. The station was originally planned to be located under Des Voeux Road Central between Jubilee Street and Pedder Street.

In 1970, in the Hong Kong Mass Transit Further Studies, the station was proposed as two separate but connected stations: Chater station (遮打站) under Chater Road and Pedder station (必打站) under Pedder Street), which would serve the Kong Kow line (now Tsuen Wan line) and Island line respectively.

Modified Initial System and opening
Contracts 106 and 809, which consist of the construction of the two stations and tunnels, were awarded to Metro Joint Venture, comprising Hochtief AG, Dragages et Travaux Publics, Gammon (HK) Limited, and Sentab.

The station first opened as Chater station on 12 February 1980 as the terminus of the Kwun Tong line. Only a portion of the station came into operation as the Island line had not been opened yet.

The station was named Chater in English but 中環 (Central) in Chinese. This would be misleading as many thought that the Chinese name would be 遮打, a transliteration and the Chinese name of the namesake road. The station was renamed to "Central" in 1982.

The construction contract for the station on the Island line was awarded to the Aoki/Tobishima joint venture. Construction for the Island line was carried out in early 1983 and connected the new platforms with the original structure. The Island line began servicing Central on 23 May 1986 when it was extended beyond Admiralty to Sheung Wan and the Island line platforms came into service.

Passageway to Hong Kong station
One component of the Airport Core Programme between 1991 and 1998 was a railway connecting the new Hong Kong International Airport to the city centre. To link Central with the nearby Hong Kong station, the southern terminus of the Tung Chung line and the Airport Express, a passageway was built under Connaught Road to connect the two stations. The passageway starts at the Pedder Street concourse and was built with a design similar to that of Hong Kong station. The passage connects the paid areas of both stations (particularly from Central to the Tung Chung line of Hong Kong station). There is no unpaid link (though access to the Airport Express line at Hong Kong station from other lines at Central or vice versa requires an out-of-system transfer as the Airport Express line follows a separate fare scheme from the rest of the MTR system).

Station layout
Central station has four platforms on three levels.

The top level includes platform 3 and is built beneath Des Voeux Road Central at the intersection of Pedder Street, stretching from World-Wide House to Alexandra House, on the northern side of the road. The platform serves Chai Wan-bound trains on the Island line and this level includes the connecting walkway to Hong Kong station.

The middle level includes platforms 1 and 2 using a shared island. They serve the Tsuen Wan line and were built directly under Chater Road, extending from Des Voeux Road Central to Club Street.

The bottom level, two levels from the top level, is platform 4, for Island line trains in the direction of Kennedy Town.

Passengers from platform 3 transferring to platforms 1 or 2 use the regular escalators on the Chater Road concourse. There are designated escalators from platforms 1 and 2 to platform 4 for the sole purpose of transfer.

The Tsuen Wan line platforms are straight and were built by cut-and-cover. Most of the length of the Island line platforms is the same, although the eastern part (towards Admiralty) is curved and the gap is large, as they are located in sections of bored tunnels and have the curved walls typical of most other stations on the Island line.

Entrances and exits
Central station stretches underneath Chater Road from Statue Square in the east and underneath Des Voeux Road to Li Yuen Street East in the west. The distance between the easternmost and westernmost exits is approximately 700m. There are 13 entrances, connecting buildings, shopping malls, main roads and ground transport facilities nearby.

 * Pedder Street Concourse
 * A : Connaught Road Central, Central Pier
 * B: World-wide House, Hang Seng Bank Headquarters
 * C: Li Yuen Street (East & West)
 * D1: Pedder Street
 * D2: Queens Road Central, Lan Kwai Fong

 * Chater Road Concourse
 * E: Chater House
 * F: St George's Building, Mandarin Oriental Hotel
 * G: The Landmark
 * H: Alexandra House
 * J1: Court of Final Appeal
 * J2: Chater Garden, Bank of China Tower, Peak Tram station, Cheung Kong Center
 * J3: AIA Central, Bank of America Tower
 * K: Statue Square, HSBC Main Building, Standard Chartered Bank Building
 * L : CCB Tower

Transport connections
Central station is one of the transport hubs of Hong Kong. The area around Central station and Hong Kong station offers a wide range of transport options, including the tramway, buses, ferries, minibuses and more. (See also Transport in Hong Kong)
 * Bus
 * Citybus
 * KMB, serving only cross-harbour routes on Hong Kong Island
 * Nearby bus termini:
 * Central Piers Bus Terminus (exit A or E then via footbridge, of within paid area via Hong Kong station)
 * City Hall Bus Terminus (exit K then via tunnel)
 * Exchange Square Bus Terminus (exit A then via footbridge, or within paid area via Hong Kong station)
 * Minibus
 * Trams
 * Hong Kong Tramways (exits B, C, G and K)
 * Peak Tram (exit J2)
 * Ferries (exit A to Central Ferry Piers)
 * Pier 2: Park Island Ferry, to Park Island
 * Pier 3: Discovery Bay Ferry, to Discovery Bay
 * Pier 4: Hong Kong & Kowloon Ferry, to Sok Kwu Wan and Yung Shue Wan on Lamma Island
 * Piers 5 and 6: Sun Ferry, to Silvermine Bay (Mui Wo), Peng Chau and Cheung Chau
 * Pier 7: Star Ferry, to Tsim Sha Tsui

title: Central station (MTR)


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Il Divo

Il Divo are a multi-national classical crossover vocal group. Formed in the United Kingdom in 2003, Il Divo is a male quartet consisting of Swiss tenor Urs Bühler, American tenor David Miller, French tenor Sébastien Izambard, and American baritone Steven LaBrie. The group previously included Spanish baritone Carlos Marín until his death in 2021 from COVID-19 and replacement by LaBrie in 2023. Il Divo was created and promoted by Simon Cowell for the label Syco Music (a subsidiary of Sony Music).

As of 2021, the group released ten studio albums: Il Divo (2004), The Christmas Collection (2005), Ancora (2005), Siempre (2006), The Promise (2008), Wicked Game (2011), A Musical Affair (2013), Amor & Pasión (2015), Timeless (2018), and For Once in My Life: A Celebration of Motown (2021); as well as a compilation album, The Greatest Hits (2012). Two other albums – An Evening with Il Divo: Live in Barcelona (2009) and Live in Japan (2014) – presented recordings of live concerts. The group has also collaborated with other artists.

Since its inception, Il Divo has enjoyed success worldwide, selling over 30 million copies of their albums worldwide. With 160 certified gold and platinum hits in 35 countries, the group has pioneered the genre of operatic pop, or "popera", in classical crossover music.

Il Divo's live concerts sold over two million concert tickets worldwide just from the group's first four albums. In its first world tour, concerts in 69 cities in 18 countries were sold out.

Members
Il Divo was composed of four singers: former child performer, television and recording artist, and classical baritone Carlos Marin, born in Germany but raised in Spain; two classically trained tenors, Urs Bühler from Switzerland, and David Miller from the USA; and pop singer-songwriter Sébastien Izambard, from France. After Marín's death in late 2021, fellow baritone Steven LaBrie, from the USA, joined the band as a special guest on tour before being announced as a full-time member of the group on 17 August 2023.

Conception and name
The idea behind Il Divo came when Simon Cowell, inspired after listening to the Three Tenors, decided to form a multinational quartet of talented young singers to recreate the quality of Luciano Pavarotti, José Carreras, and Placido Domingo. Cowell searched worldwide for young singers who were willing to embark on the project from 21 January 2001, to 16 December 2003, when Miller was signed. Prior to Il Divo, each member enjoyed moderate success individually.

2004–2006
The first album, Il Divo, was recorded in February 2004 in Sweden. The album was released on 1 November 2004 in three countries: the UK, Norway and Ireland. In the first few weeks the group achieved double platinum in Norway and Ireland. On 19 April 2005 the album was released in the United States and Spain.

Il Divo was launched in fall 2004 with the single "Regresa a mí", debuting with the first album of the same name. The group filmed the music video for the song in Slovenia.

In December 2004, Il Divo held its first concert at Gotham Hall in New York. The group performed five songs from the album live. The concert was made into a film that became the group's first DVD release, Live at Gotham Hall.

On 23 May 2005, the group released Mama, which features the second official video of the song "Mama" recorded in Tropea, Italy.

On 24 January 2006, Sony BMG released Encore, a concert at the Roman Theatre in Mérida, Spain, recorded on 7 October 2005.

On 25 October 2005, the group released their second studio album The Christmas Collection in seven countries: the United States, Canada, Austria, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Sweden and Finland.

Il Divo's third studio album, Ancora, was released in Europe on 7 November 2005. In the United States and Latin America it was released on 24 January 2006. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in its first week of release in the United States.

On 9 June 2006, Il Divo gave a live performance of the official 2006 FIFA World Cup song, "The Time of Our Lives", with Toni Braxton, at half-time during the opening match between Germany and Costa Rica, and again at the closing ceremony on 9 July.

Il Divo have been on several world tours and have received 50 gold and platinum discs. Their last tour in 2014 covered five continents and over 33 countries. Having completed a six-month tour of the United States, Australia, and Europe, Il Divo participated in Streisand as Barbra Streisand's special guests. The tour was ranked second for all tours during 2006, generating $92.5 million in gross sales.

After the release of Ancora, the group spent almost half their time as the bestselling act in Europe, building on the success they achieved with their debut self-titled album. Throughout the Christmas period in 2006, Il Divo held the top spot in the list of best-selling albums.

Il Divo was named the Most Multinational UK No.1 Album Group in the 2006 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records.

2006–2010
On 7 November 2006 the group released their first compilation, Il Divo Collezione.

On 27 November 2006 they released their fourth studio album, Siempre, recorded during their previous world tour. On 16 January 2007, Il Divo began a tour to promote Siempre in Asia, Australia, Latin America Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Argentina, and Venezuela. On 21 November 2006 Il Divo released the Live at the Greek Theater DVD featuring the live concert held on 22 June 2006 at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles as part of the 2006 world tour. This recording includes all the songs that had established the group's popularity and an unedited version of the famous song "Somewhere".

On 11 November 2008 the group released their fifth album, The Promise. The album's presentation was held at the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya on 30 October, where Il Divo performed five songs from the new album.

At the Coliseum was released on 8 November 2008. It includes Il Divo's concert at the Roman Colosseum in Pula, Croatia.

On 12 December 2008, Il Divo performed at the finals of Idol 2008 in the Stockholm Globe Arena. On 20 January 2009 they performed at the Purple Heart Inauguration Ball in Washington DC for Barack Obama. Il Divo's 2009 tour, An Evening with Il Divo, was their most geographically extensive, with more than 130 dates across six continents, visiting 31 countries and 81 cities, earning them the Billboard Breakthrough Award for the highest-grossing tour of the year.

On 1 December 2009, the first live album An Evening with Il Divo: Live in Barcelona went public. The DVD + CD set includes "Bridge Over Trouble Water" and "The Impossible Dream" from Man of La Mancha.

They ended 2009 with their first Christmas special intimate show, Celebrate Christmas with Il Divo, which included a traditional repertoire of favourite festive songs with an orchestra and special guests in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.

They started with two concerts at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on 7 and 8 December with violinist Vanessa-Mae and singer Camilla Kerslake, ending in the United States with six more concerts.

On 19 October 2010, Sony Music released The Yule Log: The Christmas Collection.

Artist of the Decade
On 11 May 2011, Il Divo were invited to the Classic Brit Awards at the Royal Albert Hall in London to receive the award for "Artist of the Decade". The award recognised the impact the operatic group had had in the classical genre, having sold over 25 million albums worldwide between 2004 and 2011.

On 8 November 2011, Wicked Game was released.

On 20 December 2011 in Paraguay, the quartet gave a concert in the Defensores del Chaco stadium for 33,900 people, closing the Bicentenary of the Independence of Paraguay. On 13 May 2012, Il Divo performed "Caruso" during the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II at Windsor for the entire royal family. In 2008, Il Divo performed at the Olympic torch handover party leading up to the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

Live in London, a 90-minute Il Divo concert at the London Coliseum, was published in mid-2011.

Il Divo & Orchestra in Concert World Tour was a worldwide tour of the six continents between May and September 2012. It was designed by creative director Brian Burke, who stated that "Il Divo is the perfect modern fusion of opera, theater, and concert. It is a privilege as a director to create a visual landscape inviting the audience on a theatrical journey of their music."

In November 2012, Il Divo released The Greatest Hits.

Il Divo on Broadway
The group's seventh album, A Musical Affair, was released on 5 November 2013. The songs featured arrangements tailored to the singers' voices. To promote the album, they held a concert at the Marquis Theatre on Broadway from 7 to 13 November 2013, called Il Divo – A Musical Affair: The Greatest Songs of Broadway. The world tour began in Japan in February 2014 and travelled around the world, ending on 1 November 2014 at the O2 Arena in Greenwich, London. On 19 July 2014, Il Divo sold out Edinburgh Castle, giving a concert featuring "Amazing Grace".

On 24 November 2014, a special edition of A Musical Affair was released, which includes new songs with French singers, partially or fully sung in French. On 1 December 2014, Live in Japan was released, which contains the A Musical Affair tour filmed at the Nippon Budokan Theater in Tokyo on 11 March 2014. The Japanese version includes the songs "Flowers Will Bloom" and "Furusato".

In 2014, on the 10th anniversary of the publication of their first album, the group sold over 28 million albums worldwide, achieving more than 50 number one sales and receiving 160 gold records and platinum in over 33 countries.

On 23 March 2015, it was announced that Il Divo was the winner of the 2015 Silver Clef Award, giving them the Classic PPL Nordoff Robbins Classical Award. The gala award ceremony took place on 3 July at the Grosvenor House Hotel.

Amor & Pasión
Through Syco Music, on 6 November 2015 in Europa, 27 November in America and 25 October in Japan, Il Divo released Amor & Pasión.

On 21 October, Il Divo performed the first public appearance to promote the sixth album on the program Despierta America, the US network Univision, from Miami, playing his first single "Si voy a perderte (Don't Wanna Lose You)". They then performed the song "Bésame mucho" in Japan. They started the month of November in London, where they attended the second Music Industry Trust Awards.

Amor & Pasión debuted atop the US Latin Albums chart, with 5,000 copies sold in America in the first week, according to Billboard. In Spain, the album debuted at number 10 on the Top 100 Álbumes list.

Death of Carlos Marin
Carlos Marin died of COVID-19 on 19 December 2021. As a tribute, Il Divo performed a Greatest Hits Tour in 2022, with Mexican-American baritone Steven LaBrie joining the group, but not as a member at that time.

Notable performances

 * In 2008, Il Divo performed on the occasion of the Olympic torch hand-over four years prior to the 2012 Summer Olympics.
 * On 12 December 2008, Il Divo performed at the Swedish Idol 2008 finale in the Globen Arena in Stockholm.
 * 20 January 2009 they performed at the Commander-in-Chief's Ball in Washington, D.C., for US President Barack Obama.
 * The Paraguay show was Il Divo's largest-capacity performance to date and took place on 20 December 2011, at the Defensores del Chaco Stadium in Asuncion, for 33,900 people.
 * On 13 May 2012, the group performed during the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II at Windsor for the entire royal family of the United Kingdom.
 * On 19 July 2014, Il Divo performed before a capacity crowd at Edinburgh Castle esplanade where a pop festival took place ahead of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. The group performed "Amazing Grace".
 * On 5 July 2015, while recording their eighth album, Il Divo performed at the Astana Concert Hall in Astana, Kazakhstan, in honour of the 17th anniversary of the Day of Capital.

Collaborations

 * In 2009, they performed "Sortilegio de amor" for the soundtrack of the telenovela Sortilegio, which earned them nominations and awards at the Mexico TvyNovelas Awards for Best Musical Theme for "Sortilegio".
 * In 2013 they recorded a duet with Engelbert Humperdinck entitled "Spanish Eyes".
 * In 2015 Il Divo recorded a duet with Juan Gabriel entitled "Amor Eterno" (Eternal Love).
 * In December 2015, the version of "Ode to Joy" sung by Il Divo was chosen to be the main theme of the soundtrack of the 2016 Japanese film Everest.

Tours

 * 2004: Il Divo Tour
 * 2006: Streisand: The Tour and Il Divo 2006 World Tour, Ancora
 * 2007: Il Divo World Tour
 * 2008: Il Divo Global Tour
 * 2009: An Evening with Il Divo – World Tour and Celebrate Christmas with Il Divo
 * 2011: Il Divo Tour, Wicked Game
 * 2012: Il Divo & Orchestra in Concert – World Tour
 * 2013: A Musical Affair en el Teatro Marquis de Broadway
 * 2014: A Musical Affair Tour and The Best of Il Divo – World Tour
 * 2016: Amor & Pasión Tour
 * 2017: A Night with the Best of Il Divo
 * 2018: Timeless Tour
 * 2022: Greatest Hits Tour (ft. Steven Labrie) and For Once in My Life: A Celebration of Motown Tour (ft. Steven Labrie)
 * 2023: A New Day Tour (ft. Steven Labrie & introduced by Patrizio Brianne) - Australia (October-November) Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide

Styling
Besides music, the members of Il Divo are also known for their refined and elegant appearance, wearing almost exclusively suits by Giorgio Armani (Giorgio Armani, Emporio Armani and Armani Collezioni). "Il Divo is a powerful and fascinating presence, in these years have been a great inspiration for me. I remember the first time I saw them performing live: I was impressed by their elegance and their fascinating way to communicate emotions through his music orig." "Il Divo's style is so elegant, it describes our music. It's a dress in the style of the Rat Pack which was composed of Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr."

Musical style
Il Divo changed the genre of opera with their musical combination of opera singing and classical music, with themes of different genres, including Latin, folk, ballads, church music, bolero and pop.

Multilingual
Il Divo records their songs in several languages: Spanish ("Regresa A Mí", "Hasta Mi Final", "La Vida Sin Amor"), English ("Mama", "Amazing Grace", "Don't Cry For Me Argentina"), Italian ("Senza Parole", "Passera", "Notte Di Luce"), French ("Pour Que Tu M'Aimes Encore", "Le Temps des Cathedrales"), Latin ("Panis Angelicus"), Portuguese ("Volta Pra Mim"), and Japanese ("Furusato"). Some songs incorporate more than one language in the same song, such as "The Man You Love" (Spanish and English), "Ave Maria" (Italian and Latin), and "I Believe In You" (English & French), whereas others are recorded in a single language, but sung live in two languages: "She" (Italian & English) and "Bring Him Home" (English & Spanish).

Most of the songs that they cover are reinterpreted from English and translated into the Spanish language, as the group have said that "Spanish is the language of Romanticism".

Philanthropy
On 25 April 2007, Il Divo performed on American Idol in one of the "Idol Gives Back" episodes, which raised money for children in the US and Africa. For every vote cast during that show, Idol sponsors Coca-Cola, AT&T, and others donated money to the Charity Projects Entertainment Fund and other groups such as Save the Children and America's Second Harvest.

In 2011, they recorded "We Wish You a Merry Christmas" to raise money for the organisation Save the Children.

Il Divo is related indirectly in terms of sponsorship and help with the French NGO SMTA Assistance Médicale Toit du Monde since 2005, of which Izambard is the international official sponsor, and with Sanfilippo Children's Foundation, for which Izambard is the global ambassador.

Between 20 and 30 September 2015, Miller and Bühler participated in a motorbike ride from Miami to Los Angeles to raise funds for the Nordoff Robbins music therapy charity.

Studio albums

 * Il Divo (2004)
 * The Christmas Collection (2005)
 * Ancora (2005)
 * Siempre (2006)
 * The Promise (2008)
 * Wicked Game (2011)
 * A Musical Affair (2013)
 * Amor & Pasión (2015)
 * Timeless (2018)
 * For Once in My Life: A Celebration of Motown (2021)
 * XX (2024)

title: Il Divo


text:
User:Dgrey

I'm a KM consultant from Indianapolis Indiana, USA.

Background

KM related blog Knowledge-at-work

KmWiki - a large open, collaborative KM repository - please join us.

My interests are these pages: knowledge management, KM concepts, KM bloggers

title: User:Dgrey


text: User talk:68.52.113.214

title: User talk:68.52.113.214


text:
User:Mlk/to do

 * None.

title: User:Mlk/to do


text:
Category:The Office

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:The Office


text:
User:Anarchimede

Identity card
Anarchimede : french nationality

"Anarchimede" doesn't mean I'm anarchist. But I only want express my voluntee to front the consumer society by creation and ...

So my ' ' ' currency ' ' ' is : ' ' let us create without obstacles ' '

Archimede means my attachement toward sciences. And I keep in my mind this phrase : Sciences sans conscience, n'est que ruine de l'âme by François Rabelais: translate is : "Sciences without conscience, is only ruin of the heart"

I'm keen on ...

 * Astrophysics
 * Science fiction
 * space_exploration
 * Exoplanet
 * Physics
 * Origami
 * Les fleurs du Mal, de Baudelaire

es:Usuario:Anarchimede fr:Utilisateur:Anarchimede

title: User:Anarchimede