text:
User:Capybara

This is my user page. Not much to see. Perhaps you want to read about real capybaras? Here is my talk page.

I live in Henderson, NV and work at Pololu developing robotics kits and parts. Before coming to Nevada, I was a physics graduate student at Caltech doing research on bacteriophage mechanics. I grew up in Urbana, IL and did my undergrad at MIT. I am interested in learning to do various things, such as speaking Mandarin Chinese, making wine. Maybe Wikipedia can help me with some of these!

Some useful things are the template messages and the lists of disputed articles and requested pictures.

title: User:Capybara


text:
User:Jguk/Sandbox

This is my sandbox where I work up new ideas for articles I'm working on. Please do not edit it. It is mine:)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jguk/Sandbox


text:
Georgy Beriev

Georgy Mikhailovich Beriev (Beriashvili) (Георгий Михайлович Бериев Georgij Michajlovič Beriev; Georgian: გიორგი მიხეილის ძე ბერიაშვილი Giorgi Mikheilis Dze Beriashvili; 13 February 1903 – 12 July 1979), was a Soviet Georgian major general, founder and chief designer of the Beriev Design Bureau in Taganrog, which concentrated on amphibious aircraft.

Biography

Beriev was born in Tbilisi in the Tiflis Governorate (present day Tbilisi, Georgia) of the Russian Empire. Of ethnic Georgian origin, his antecedents are uncertain, and it is not known when his family name was Russified from Beriashvili to Beriev. After graduating from the railway school in Tbilisi in 1923, he attended the School of Shipbuilding Engineering at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute (now Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University), and graduated with an engineering degree in 1930. He worked as an aircraft designer at the Central Design Office "WR Menzhinsky", where he developed the Beriev MBR-2 seaplane. From October 1934 to 1968, he ran the Central Design Office for marine aircraft in Taganrog, where he developed numerous successful, and often unique, amphibious aircraft designs.

In 1947, he was awarded the Stalin Prize for his work on the Be-6. He was also twice awarded the Order of Lenin and twice the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. In 1968, for the Be-12 (1968) design, he was awarded the USSR State Prize.

After retirement, he moved to Moscow and died in 1979.

Awards and honors

 * Stalin Prize (1947)
 * USSR State Prize (1968)
 * Order of Lenin (1945, 1953)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (twice)

Memory

 * By Order of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of December 6, 1989 PJSC Beriev Aircraft Company named after G. M. Beriev.
 * Bust on the territory of the TANTK in Taganrog.
 * Bust in the city Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast (in the park named after V. V. Mayakovsky).
 * A memorial plaque on a passing tank in Taganrog.
 * A memorial plaque in Taganrog on the house where he lived.
 * A memorial plaque in Moscow on the building where he worked in the 1920s and 1930s.
 * A memorial plaque in Krasnoyarsk on the house where he worked during the war.
 * Memorial plaque on the main building of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
 * Streets in Taganrog and Tbilisi are named after him.

title: Georgy Beriev


text:
Talk:The Ghost Shadows

Chinatown in what city? -- Jmabel | Talk 19:03, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * This has finally been answered, about a year later. NYC. - Jmabel | Talk 07:39, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Ghost Shadows


text: Category:Commodity exchanges

title: Category:Commodity exchanges


text:
Goodwin Procter

Goodwin Procter LLP is an American multinational law firm. It is one of the largest law firms in the world as measured by revenue and consists of more than 1,800 lawyers across offices in Boston, Cambridge, Frankfurt, Munich, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, Luxembourg, New York City, Paris, Philadelphia, Santa Monica, Silicon Valley, San Francisco, Singapore, and Washington, D.C. Goodwin focuses on complex transactional work, high-stakes litigation and advisory services in matters involving financial institutions, intellectual property, private equity, real estate capital markets, securities litigation, white collar defense, technology and life sciences.

Goodwin currently has over 2,800 employees worldwide, representing a nearly 30% increase in lawyers and staff since January 2021, and more than a 60% increase overall since 2017. This growth has been mirrored by the firm's rising revenues, which increased from $1.33 billion in 2019 to $1.49 billion in 2020, and reaching $1.97 billion in 2021. Between 2010 and 2021, Goodwin's annual revenue nearly tripled.

History
In 1912, lawyers and former Harvard classmates Robert Eliot Goodwin and Joseph Osborne Procter, Jr. ran into each other on the street and decided to start their own law firm, Goodwin & Procter, which opened its offices on July 1 that year at 84 State Street in Boston. That winter, Robert Goodwin and Amos Taylor represented Mary Newell against the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company for the sum of $110,400 resulting from the April 15, 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic. Another case taken on in the firm's early days stemmed from the infamous pyramid scheme orchestrated in Boston by Charles Ponzi. After the scheme was exposed as fraud, Robert Goodwin served as the bankruptcy referee for Middlesex County amid thousands of recovery claims in the bankruptcy courts. When the United States joined the allied cause in World War I in 1917, Robert Goodwin joined the country's vanguard deployment in France, eventually rising to the rank of colonel and assuming command of the 101st Field Artillery. After the campaign, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. Not long after, Samuel Hoar V, a litigator, was hired, followed by Fred Tarbell Field, a well-respected tax lawyer who was a friend of Procter's, and the firm became known as Goodwin, Procter, Field & Hoar. In early 1929, Field was appointed a justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts (and would later become its Chief Justice), and the firm was renamed Goodwin, Procter & Hoar, a name it would retain for the next 72 years. The Depression years proved pivotal for the firm's future diversification and growth. Liquidation cases, including the unwinding of the Boston Continental Bank, provided a surge of business,  as did the proliferation of federal agencies and regulations brought on by the New Deal. Around the same time, Greater Boston's manufacturing and maritime industries faded and the financial management industry expanded, presenting new opportunities for work on highly complex financial transactions.

Goodwin Procter also undertook matters involving public service and public policy, including public investigations of corruption and malfeasance, as well as cases with constitutional overtones. When the Massachusetts governor pardoned New England Mafia boss Raymond Patriarca in 1938, the resulting public furor led the Legislature to establish a commission to investigate the state's pardon and parole procedures. Sam Hoar, with Don Hurley as his lieutenant, headed the commission, whose resulting investigation led to reform of the pardon laws and impeachment of a member of the Governor's Council. More than 70 years later, the Commonwealth would once again call on Goodwin Procter lawyers to examine alleged corruption in the state's parole office.

After World War II, partners Leonard Wheeler and Frank Wallis played instrumental roles in the historic Nuremberg Trials, presenting much of the Americans' case against the Nazis. "It was a most amazing and thrilling experience," recalled Wallis. "I was speaking to the world - not only the world of today but the world of future generations." Post-war practice would not be business as usual as the firm reached a generational turning point, with Robert Goodwin entering semi-retirement and Sam Hoar's passing in 1952. (Joe Procter had died earlier in 1932.)  Goodwin formally retired in 1963, ending a 60-year legal career; he died in 1971.

In 1960, tax partners Allan Higgins and Charlie Post helped draft and secure passage of the Real Estate Investment Trust Act,  which was hailed as a significant catalyst for real estate development across the country. In 1963, partner Don Hurley played a role in conceiving, drafting and securing passage of an amendment to the Bank Holding Company Act exempting parent companies of single banks and non-banking subsidiaries from federal restrictions on commercial banks.

In 1969, after more than a half-century in the India Building at 84 State Street, the firm moved to a new office tower at 28 State, where it would remain for 16 years before moving to Exchange Place at 53 State Street in 1985. To celebrate its 75th anniversary in 1987, the firm made a donation of $1 million to the City of Boston to fund initiatives in public education. The donation, called SEED (Support for Early Educational Development), was made up entirely of individual contributions by the firm's partners.

With 280 lawyers, Goodwin Procter entered the 1990s as the “largest law firm under one roof in the country,” according to Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly. The firm made its first foray outside Boston in 1994 with an office in Washington, D.C., followed by one in New York in 1997. The acquisition of 27 lawyers from a northern New Jersey firm and 13 litigators from a New York products liability shop bolstered the firm's IP and litigation practices in New York.

In 1998, Regina Pisa became the first woman to be named chairman and Managing Partner of an AmLaw 100 firm. Under Pisa's leadership, Goodwin grew from 300 lawyers primarily in Boston to more than 900 lawyers serving clients from eight locations in the United States, Europe and Asia. In 2004, the firm merged with the Washington, D.C.-based litigation and regulatory mid-sized firm Shea & Gardner. The following year over 60 attorneys from Testa, Hurwitz & Thibeault joined Goodwin Procter as Testa Hurwitz dissolved, a move the Boston Globe called possibly "the biggest coup in Boston legal history." Goodwin first established its West Coast presence in 2006, opening offices in Los Angeles and San Francisco. It launched its Silicon Valley presence in 2007. The firm went global in 2008 with offices in London (Goodwin's first European location) and Hong Kong.

At its century mark in 2012, Goodwin had 850 lawyers and another 720 professional staff serving clients from offices in the United States, Europe and Asia. As part of its centennial celebrations, the firm started its Annual Days of Service tradition, during which employees in each office give back to their communities. In 2015, Goodwin announced the opening of an office in Frankfurt, Germany. In April 2016, Goodwin opened its third European office in Paris, France. Later that year, the firm moved its Boston home to 100 Northern Avenue in the city's Seaport District after more than 100 years at the corner of State and Congress Streets. Two years later, Goodwin announced a significant expansion of its European Private Equity and Private Investment Funds practices with a group comprising the bulk of the market-leading and former SJ Berwin investment funds team. In 2019, Goodwin opened new offices in Santa Monica, Luxembourg and Cambridge. In April 2022, Goodwin continued expanding its European operations by opening a second German office in Munich. Goodwin's Singapore office, opened in October 2022, marked the firm's second location in Asia.

Clients

 * Japan's Kyowa Kirin acquired Orchard Therapeutics for $477.6 million. Goodwin advised the British biopharmaceutical company in the deal.
 * The firm advised OpenAI on its fundraising efforts.

Notable current or former attorneys

 * Regina Pisa, the first woman in the United States to be named both chairman and managing partner of an American Lawyer 100 law firm.
 * Katherine Wawrzyniak, the former deputy chief of the Criminal Division of the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of California.

Rankings
Goodwin currently ranks 17th on the American Lawyer’s annual ranking of U.S. law firms by gross revenue,  and its lawyers and practice groups are consistently recognized by Chambers, U.S. News & World Report and Legal 500.

title: Goodwin Procter


text:
User talk:Capybara

Post a message for me. Let's edit something here....

Urbana picture
I'm sure I do, I just don't know where I put them, those two are the only ones I could find. I'll look again though. Dori | Talk 19:15, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I have also uploaded
 * [[Image:Champaign County Courthouse.jpg|thumb|]]
 * Dori | Talk 19:18, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Considering that there isn't much of a downtown in Urbana, besides those three that I have uploaded, here's what I have: County Plaza, Post office, Lincoln Square, Lincoln Hotel, Urbana Free Library (before reconstruction), that church on Race St. I can upload all, but I doubt they would all have value on Wikipedia. Dori | Talk 19:26, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Here's the library image:
 * [[Image:Urbana Free Library.jpg|thumb|]]
 * Dori | Talk 19:51, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess I don't really have any "city" pictures. I just have pictures of buildings. Dori | Talk 20:19, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I went to UHS (have picture of the park and of the school building). Dori | Talk 00:30, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)

EcolWiki.org
I was looking at your contributions and thought you might be interested in EcolWiki. Primarily, EcolWiki is community annotation site about E. coli K-12, its phages, plasmids and genetic elements. We're seeking out people who have experience in both E. coli and wikis as contributors to EcolWiki. I invite you to look around at EcolWiki.org and if you're interested in becoming a contributor, please let me know. Cheers, Gwen Ravenshelix (talk) 21:35, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

File:Champaign From Above.thumb.jpg needs authorship information.
Dear uploader:

The media file you uploaded as File:Champaign From Above.thumb.jpg is missing information as to its authorship (and or source) , or if such information is provided it is confusing.

Although images may not need author information in un-controversial cases, or where an applicable source is provided, such information aids those making use of the image, and helps verify the copyright status of an image.

If possible, please consider updating the media information page to make the authorship (and or source) of this media clearer.

If the media is your own work, please consider explicitly including your user name or using the own template on the media information page.

If you have any questions please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 13:39, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Added explicit copyright information and re-uploaded. Capybara (talk) 07:57, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Capybara


text:
Talk:Treaty of Versailles

War crimes
Whilst in the end not resulting in very much in the way of convictions, the war crimes issues around the Versailles agreement were an important factor in both the negotiations and the implementation of the agreement. That this is so is evidenced by, for example, the last-minute refusal of the Germans being explicitly because of articles 227-230 (i.e., the ones dealing with putting the Kaiser on trial, and trying war criminals) as well as article 231 (i.e., the "war guilt" clause). Previously this article did not mention the topic at all which is a serious omission. Even general histories of the WW1 period typically mention this issue, and there is substantial scholarship on the topic. I've added in the relevant content to each of the "big four" (though I don't think the Italians had an explicit agreed position), to the description of the agreement, and to the violations section (since in the end extradition was refused and the Germans declared not to have carried out the trials properly). FOARP (talk) 09:38, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

Section on the formation of the German empire in the background?
I think one thing this article is possibly missing is some of the context of why states wanted what they wanted from Germany. For example, regaining Alsace-Lorraine was a very important goal of France, but we essentially leave the question of "why?" hanging. similarly, Poland kind of just appears in the text of the article with no real explanation as to why so much Polish territory was occupied by Germany. Since the article is already very long, and also since I am aware that one can always extend the period in a history article backwards to further explain who-did-what which can turn in to a historical blame-game, I don't feel confident to simply add this in without discussing first. What I'm thinking of is something along the lines of:
 * ===The German Empire===
 * During the German wars of unification, Prussia under Bismarck successfully unified the smaller German states into an empire. In the course of these wars Schleswig-Holstein and (formerly-French) Alsace-Lorraine were added to earlier Prussian conquests in Poland as constituent parts of the German Reich. The peace Bismarck imposed on France in particular caused lasting bitterness in that country.

For sources on all this Weinberg's "The Defeat of Germany in 1918 and the European Balance of Power" appears to be a good source both factually and for these being relevant to Versailles (see, e.g., 252-3 on Poland). FOARP (talk) 10:10, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

Hitler's reaction
The section on Hitler's reaction seems to be severely downplayed. For example, he was so incensed by the treaty that he later forced the French to surrender in the same railway car. This car was then destroyed. 45.26.61.142 (talk) 03:19, 7 May 2024 (UTC)

link to spain
In Reactions-Portugal section: "... Spain—which had remained neutral in the war..." add Spain during World War I link. 81.0.46.69 (talk) 21:18, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

Expiration date
The expiration date of the Treaty of Versailles was September 1, 1939, following the Invasion of Poland that started World War II, and the expiry date was April 18, 1946, when the League of Nations dissolved. 2603:8001:B202:3294:A479:81FC:A6F9:78D7 (talk) 09:23, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of Versailles


text: File:HMS Ilex (D61).jpg

title: File:HMS Ilex (D61).jpg


text:
Talk:Currency symbol

Infobox will get out of control unless it has a policy setting
It seems to me that the infobox is likely to become clogged with every currency symbol in existence, unless we can reach a consensus on limiting it. I want to give some reasons why we should do this: I propose therefore that we limit its scope to the top four international reserve currencies (USD, EUR, JPY, GBP). The fifth is CHF, which doesn't have a symbol so offers a convenient break point. Comments? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 12:57, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * 1) the typical purpose of the currency symbol infobox is to show just one symbol in a very large font, making it both easy to see the detail and to provide an 'at a glance' confirmation that the reader has found the right article.
 * 2) in this article, the infobox only needs a very few examples to illustrate the purpose of the article. It doesn't need every currency under the sun.
 * 3) without a consensus decision on limiting its size, it will just grow and grow, until it becomes a fork. I was just about to add the Russion Rouble, before realising that another line would be needed and this way madness lies.
 * The trouble is that once you've deleted some country's favourite currency, one of their editors will come back and add it again. We could, alternatively, have some fun with, with as many symbols as thought sensible. There might be a template to do this more easily, but I couldn't find one; and I'm sure someone can do some smarter coding to automate the random bit. Bazza (talk) 14:24, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * All the symbols are listed in the table. It would be silly to copy every single symbol from the table to the infobox but that is exactly what will happen (and has every right to happen) unless there is a defensible line in the sand that says thus far and no further. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:24, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmm. That doesn't seem to work as I expected. But you get the idea? Bazza (talk) 14:25, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Randomising doesn't make a lot of sense to me given that most readers will visit the page once. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:24, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Here, they could be illustrative i.e., only some. Same question at play in Currency symbols, with different purpose. (total List is about 116 signs, plus 41 historical ones). -DePiep (talk) 15:12, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Which is why I proposed that we just have the top four as an illustration for the article. It is that or give all 116. The only other alternative that I can think of would be a photo of the European Central Bank showing the euro sign but I doubt that anyone would find that acceptable. Otherwise drop the infobox completely but that would be the worst compromise. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:24, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * ... or no infobox at all. It does not have any other info at all. -DePiep (talk) 17:32, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * True, its only purpose is to illustrate the article, like putting 273R on an airport runway to confirm that you are on the correct trajectory. Arguably, it fails the "to illuminate not to decorate" test? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 17:50, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd say: show some, but not in an infobox. Just an image. As illustration it is fine w/me. -DePiep (talk) 18:05, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * And where do we find such an illustration? Something like this (© istockphoto), for example, would be good but it is not free or even CCbyA. The idea is not original so if anybody speaks animated gif, it could be emulated. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 21:12, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * We can create the same image as is now in the i'box. Just not that box around it. -DePiep (talk) 22:10, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * That is incidental, if I may say so. The issue is not the presentation, it is the content. We need to constrain the number of symbols and we need a good justification for where we draw the line. So now I will be bold and see what happens. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 14:41, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Take away the infobox, present the very same images as there is now, and continue discussing/selection signs to show. One change does not prohibit/prejudge the other change. -DePiep (talk) 15:01, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * . Bazza (talk) 09:09, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Five weeks between interventions is not too bad :-)
 * Following up on U|DePiep's idea, we could have a simple image box (File:reservecurrencies.png|thumb|etc), which I guess someone could also extend but hopefully it would be too much work for most people. Next problem: who has the skill to do it? (is there a more clever way than to print the current page, take a picture of the print and upload it?) --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 09:56, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I can do that. Tell me which symbols you want, and what background colour (text ought to be black). Bazza (talk) 11:13, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Best repeat what we have at present: top four reserve currencies in black on white. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 11:19, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Done. Text colour is black, there is no background. No font is set, so it uses whatever Commons uses when it converts the SVG source file into a PNG image. Bazza (talk) 19:32, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Thank you, but why use the infobox at all? (DePiep asked the same question and didn't get a good answer. Now we have the answer.) Just an ordinary thumbnail looks fine to me. Any objections to just going with that? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 23:18, 22 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I used the infobox in the example above because that's what's currently in the article. It's an illustration, so using a plain image as suggested is fine. Linking "reserve currencies" would be helpful. I've been bold, but happy for further improvements to be made! Bazza (talk) 08:33, 23 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, that looks good. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 10:07, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

Table redesign
Currently, ideas are being developed and implemented to redesign the table List of currency symbols. See the talk. DePiep (talk) 17:56, 5 September 2022 (UTC)

 * @DePiep uhm what Pochaccho (talk) 01:03, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ 2022. (see hist) DePiep (talk) 05:46, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @DePiep ohhh I seee Pochaccho (talk) 13:18, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * got it Pochaccho (talk) 13:18, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

MOSNUM discussion about sterling sign
MOS:MOSNUM has a discussion about : sterling. ping. DePiep (talk) 18:09, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ditto --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 18:40, 25 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Currency symbol


text:
Romanian cuisine

Romanian cuisine (Bucătăria românească) is a diverse blend of different dishes from several traditions with which it has come into contact, but it also maintains its own character. It has been influenced mainly by Turkish but also a series of European cuisines in particular from the Balkan Peninsula and Hungarian cuisine as well as culinary elements stemming from the cuisines of Central Europe.

Romanian cuisine includes numerous holiday dishes arranged according to the mentioned season and holiday since the country has its roots in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Romanian dishes consist of vegetables, cereals, fruits, honey, milk, dairy products, meat and game.

Various kinds of dishes are available, which are sometimes included under a generic term; for example, the category ciorbă includes a wide range of soups with a characteristic sour taste. Variations include meat and vegetable soup, tripe (ciorbă de burtă) and calf foot soup, or fish soup, all of which are soured by lemon juice, sauerkraut juice (zeamă de varză), vinegar, or borș (traditionally made from bran). The category țuică (plum brandy) is a name for a strong alcoholic spirit in Romania.

With the cuisine of Romania being shared by another country, namely Moldova, there are similarities between the cuisines of the two Romanian-speaking countries.

History
In the history of Romanian culinary literature, Costache Negruzzi and Mihail Kogălniceanu were the compilers of a cookbook "200 rețete cercate de bucate, prăjituri și alte trebi gospodărești" (200 tried recipes for dishes, pastries and other household things) printed in 1841. Also, Negruzzi writes in "Alexandru Lăpușneanu", "In Moldavia, at this time, fine food wasn't fashioned. The greatest feast only offered a few types of dishes. After the borș, Greek dishes would follow, boiled with herbs floating in butter, and finally cosmopolitan steaks".

Cheese has been a part of Romanian cuisine since the beginning of its history. Brânză is the generic term for cheese in Romanian.

Maize and potatoes became staples of Romanian cuisine after their introduction to Europe. Maize, in particular, contributed to health and nutrition improvements of Romanians in the 16th and 17th centuries, resulting in a population boom.

For about three centuries, Wallachia and Moldavia, two of the three medieval Romanian principalities, were mildly influenced by their various neighbors, like the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman cuisine changed the Romanian table with appetizers made from various vegetables, such as eggplant and bell peppers, as well as various meat preparations, such as chiftele (deep-fried meatballs, a variation of kofta). The various kinds of ciorbă and meat-and-vegetable stews, such as iahnie de fasole (beans), ardei umpluți (stuffed peppers), and sarmale (stuffed cabbage) are influenced by Turkish cuisine.

Description
Romanian recipes bear the same influences as the rest of Romanian culture. The Turks brought meatballs (perișoare in a meatball soup), from the Greeks there is musaca, from the Austrians there is the șnițel, and the list continues. The Romanians share many foods with the Balkan area and former Austria-Hungary. Some others are original or can be traced to the Romans, as well as other ancient civilizations. The lack of written sources in Eastern Europe makes it impossible to determine today the exact origin for most of them.

One of the most common meals is the mămăligă (polenta), served on its own or as an accompaniment. Pork is the main meat used in Romanian cuisine, but also beef is consumed and a good lamb or fish dish is never to be refused.

Before Christmas, on December 20 (Ignat's Day or Ignatul in Romanian), a pig is traditionally slaughtered by every rural family. A variety of foods for Christmas are prepared from the slaughtered pig, such as:
 * Cârnați – garlicky pork sausages, which may be smoked or dry-cured;
 * Lebăr – an emulsified sausage based on liver with the consistency of the filling ranging from fine (pâté) to coarse;
 * Sângerete (black pudding) – an emulsified sausage obtained from a mixture of pig's blood with fat and meat, breadcrumbs or other grains, and spices;
 * Tobă (head cheese) – based on pig's feet, ears, and meat from the head suspended in aspic and stuffed in the pig's stomach;
 * Tochitură – a stew made with pork, smoked and fresh sausage simmered in a tomato sauce and served with mămăligă and wine ("so that the pork can swim"). There are many variations of this stew throughout Romania, with some versions combining different meats, including chicken, lamb, beef, pork and sometimes even offal;
 * Pomana porcului—pan-fried cubed pork served right after the pig's sacrifice to thank the relatives and friends who helped with the process;
 * Piftie/răcitură – inferior parts of the pig, mainly the tail, feet, and ears, spiced with garlic and served in aspic;
 * Jumări – dried pork remaining from rendering of the fat and tumbled through various spices

The Christmas meal is sweetened with the traditional cozonac, a sweet bread made with nuts, poppy seeds, or rahat (Turkish delight).

At Easter, lamb is served: the main dishes are borș de miel (lamb sour soup), roast lamb, and drob de miel – a Romanian-style lamb haggis made from minced offal (heart, liver, lungs), lamb meat and spring onions with spices, wrapped in a caul and roasted. The traditional Easter cake is pască, a pie made from yeast dough with a sweet cottage cheese filling at the center.

Romanian pancakes, called clătite, are thin (like the French crêpe) and can be prepared with savory or sweet fillings: ground meat, cheese, or jam. Different recipes are prepared depending on the season or the occasion.

Wine is the preferred drink, and Romanian wine has a tradition of over three millennia. Romania is currently the world's ninth largest wine producer, and recently the export market has started to grow. Romania produces a wide selection of domestic varieties (Fetească, Grasă, Tămâioasă, Busuioacă, and Băbească), as well as varieties from across the world (Italian Riesling, Merlot, Sauvignon blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Muscat Ottonel). Beer is also highly regarded, generally blonde pilsener beer, made with German influences. There are also Romanian breweries with a long tradition.

According to the 2009 data of FAOSTAT, Romania is the world's second largest plum producer (after the United States), and as much as 75% of Romania's plum production is processed into the famous țuică, a plum brandy obtained through one or more distillation steps.

Vegetarianism and veganism
Followers of the Romanian Orthodox Church keep fast during several periods throughout the ecclesiastical calendar amounting to a majority of the year. In the Romanian Orthodox tradition, devotees keep to a diet without any animal products during these times. As a result, vegan foods are abundant in stores and restaurants; however, Romanians may not be familiar with a vegan or vegetarian diet as a full-time lifestyle choice. Many recipes below have vegan versions, and the vegetables section below contains many common fasting foods.

Soups

 * Borș is fermented wheat bran, a souring agent for ciorbă. Borș is also used today as a synonym for ciorbă, but in the past, a distinction was made between borș and ciorbă (acritură), the souring agent for the latter being the juice of unripe fruits, such as grapes, mirabelle, or wood sorrel leaves.
 * Borș de burechiușe
 * Ciorbă is the traditional Romanian sour soup
 * Ciorbă de burtă (tripe soup), with sour cream, egg yolks, garlic and soured with vinegar
 * Ciorbă de perișoare (meatball soup)
 * Ciorbă de fasole cu afumătură (bean and smoked meat soup)
 * Ciorbă de legume (vegetable soup)
 * Ciorbă de pește "ca-n Deltă" (fish soup prepared in the style of the Danube Delta) traditionally water directly from the Danube River is used
 * Ciorbă de praz is a leek soup
 * Ciorbă de pui is a chicken soup
 * Ciorbă de lobodă is a red orach soup
 * Ciorbă de salată cu afumătură (green lettuce and smoked meat soup) with sour milk
 * Ciorbă de sfeclă, also called borș de sfeclă or borș rusesc (similar to Borscht)
 * Ciorbă de urechiușe, wild mushroom sour soup
 * Ciorbă moldovenească de găină is a hen sour soup
 * Ciorbă țărănească (peasant soup), made from a variety of vegetables and any kind of meat (beef, pork, mutton, chicken, fish)
 * Storceag, fish soup with sour cream and egg, soured with vinegar or lemon juice.
 * Supă (generic name for sweet (usually clear) soups, made from vegetables alone or combined with poultry and beef). The difference between supă and ciorbă is that the meat and most of the vegetables are removed, the resulted liquid being served with dumplings or noodles. There are also a number of sour soups, which use lemon juice as a souring agent, called supe a la grec (Greek soups).
 * Supă (de pui) cu găluște (clear dumpling soup with chicken broth)
 * Supă (de pui) cu tăiței (clear noodle soup with chicken broth)

Meat

 * Caltaboș / chișcă - a cooked sausage made from minced pork organs mainly liver, rice, onions, herbs (parsley, dill) and spices, stuffed in a pig's bowel casing
 * Cârnați - a garlicky sausage, mostly smoked, stuffed in clean, blanched small bowel as in Fasole cu cârnați
 * Chiftele - a type of small meatball made of ground pork, beef, lamb mixed with breadcrumbs and egg, onions, garlic and parsley.
 * Ciulama de vițel - veal ciulama white thick flour and sour cream sauce
 * Ciulama de pui - chicken ciulama
 * Drob de miel - a lamb haggis made from minced organs wrapped in a caul and roasted like a meatloaf; a traditional Easter dish, usually with encased boiled eggs
 * Frigărui - Romanian-style shish-kebab, made with pork or a mixture of ground pork and chicken, similar to the Iranian kubideh, but with different herbs and spices.
 * Limbă cu măsline - cow tongue with olives
 * Mititei (mici) - grilled minced meat rolls, traditionally made from lamb meat, or from mixed meats (pork, veal, lamb) with lots of spices (garlic, thyme, pepper, paprika etc.)
 * Grătar (usually made together with "mici") - grilled pork/beef, thinly sliced with condiments
 * Musaca - an eggplant, potato, and meat pie
 * Ostropel - method of cooking chicken or duck or any meat. It is a slow-cooked fried meat in tomato sauce.
 * Papricaș - Chicken paprikash made with bell pepper and paprika, originating from Hungary
 * Gulaș - Goulash, a stew made with potato and beef, originating from Hungary
 * Jumări - kind of pork cracklings, with fat thermally extracted from the lard
 * Pastrami - is a food originating from Romania usually made from beef brisket, or from lamb, pork, chicken or turkey. The raw meat is brined, partially dried, seasoned with herbs and spices, then smoked and steamed. Like corned beef, pastrami was originally created as a way to preserve meat before the invention of refrigeration.
 * Pârjoale - a type of meatball bigger than chiftele, originating in Moldova with breadcrumbs and parsley
 * Piftie - the preparation of this dish is similar to the French demi-glace. Pork stock is reduced by simmering, which is placed in containers, and spiced with garlic and sweet paprika powder. The boiled pork meat is then added, and left to cool. The cooled liquid has a gelatinous consistency, salty, garlicky and peppery. It is eaten cold.
 * Pleșcoi sausages - registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union
 * Rasol - slowly stewed beef at low fire, usually served with a garlic paste (mujdei)
 * Salam de Sibiu - a variety of salami registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union
 * Sarmale - stuffed sour cabbage or grape leaves with ground meat with rice, onions, herbs. It is boiled for a few hours traditionally in ceramic pots. In Transylvania smoked pig feet or pork skins are placed in the pot between the stuffed cabbages. There are also many vegan varieties stuffed with rice and herbs.

 * Slănină - pork fat, often smoked with paprika, herbs and pepper
 * Shawarma - locally known as Șaormă, it is one of the most popular street foods in the country.
 * Șnițel - a chicken, pork, veal, or beef breaded cutlet (a variety of Viennese schnitzel)
 * Cordon bleu șnițel - breaded pork tenderloin stuffed with ham and cheese
 * Mozaic șnițel - a specialty of Western Romania, which is two thin layers of different meats with a mushroom filling. Other vegetable fillings may be used instead of mushrooms.
 * Șnițel de pui - breaded chicken breast cutlet
 * Stufat - lamb, onion, and garlic stew
 * Tobă - pork sausage (usually pig's stomach, stuffed with pork jelly, snout, ears and skin)
 * Tocană/tocaniță - meat stew
 * Tocăniță vânătorească - venison stew
 * Tochitură - pan-fried cubed pork, fresh salty cheese (brânză de burduf or telemea), fried eggs, sausages served with mămăligă and wine
 * Varză călită - fried or sauteed cabbage with pork ribs, duck, or sausages
 * Virșli - a type of sausage made from a mixture of goat or lamb with pork

Fish

 * Chiftele de pește - fish meatballs
 * Crap pane - breaded carp fillet
 * Ghiveci cu pește - fish stew with vegetables
 * Macrou afumat - smoked mackerel fillet
 * Novac afumat din Țara Bârsei - smoked carp fillet, registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union
 * Pană de somn rasol - catfish in brine with garlic
 * Plachie din pește - ragout of river fish with vegetables
 * Papricaș de pește - fish papricaș
 * Salată de icre - roe salad, traditionally made from carp, pike, or various marine fish species, called tarama, with onion
 * Salată cu icre de știucă de Tulcea - a variety of Salată de icre registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union
 * Salata tradițională cu icre de crap - another variety of Salată de icre registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union
 * Saramură de crap - carp in brine
 * Scrumbie de Dunăre afumată - smoked pontic shad, registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union

Vegetables

 * Ardei umpluți - stuffed bell peppers with meat, rice, onions
 * Dovlecei umpluți - stuffed zucchini
 * Gulii umplute - stuffed kohlrabi
 * Găluște - boiled dumplings; similar to knedle or knödel in Central European cuisines
 * Vinete umplute - stuffed eggplant
 * Sarmale - stuffed cabbage rolls, also made from grape or dock leaves similar to Dolma
 * Ghiveci - Romania's national dish; a vegetable stew similar to the Bulgarian gjuvec and the Hungarian lecsó
 * Ghiveci călugăresc - vegetable stew prepared by the nuns in the monasteries
 * Fasole batută - bean paste made from Romanian refried beans, uses white or cannellini beans, with the addition of olive or sunflower oil and minced garlic. The dish is traditionally served with fried onions as a garnish.
 * Mămăligă - cornmeal mush, also known as Romanian-style polenta. Mămăligă can be served as a side dish or form the basis of further dishes, such as mămăligă cu lapte (polenta with hot milk), bulz (baked polenta with Romanian sheep cheese and sour cream), mămăliguță cu brânză și smântănă (polenta with telemea (Romanian cheese similar to feta) and sour cream), etc.
 * Mâncare de mazăre - pea stew
 * Mâncare de praz - leek stew
 * Pilaf - a dish of rice, vegetables, and pieces of meat (optional). The meat is usually the offal, wings, and organs of chicken, pork, or lamb. The cooking method is very similar to risotto.
 * Chifteluțe de ciuperci - chiftele made from mushrooms instead of meat
 * Șnițel de ciuperci - mushroom fritter (șnițel is the Romanian spelling of the German word schnitzel (breaded boneless cutlet), but it may be used to mean any sort of fritter)
 * Tocană de ciuperci - mushroom stew made with fried mushrooms, garlic and dill (sometimes sour cream is added)
 * Tocăniță de gălbiori - chanterelle stew
 * Zacuscă - vegetable spread consisting of roasted eggplant, sauteed onions, tomato paste, and roasted red peppers cooked for a long time at a low temperature

List of salads

 * Ardei copți - roasted pepper salad, with vinegar and sunflower
 * Murături - method of pickling different fruits and vegetables
 * Castraveți murați - pickled small cucumbers with dill, garlic and parsley root
 * Gogonele murate - pickled green tomatoes, which is the simple version of murături asortate
 * Varză murată - cabbage pickled in brine, flavored with dill stalks and beetroots for red colour.
 * Murături asortate - pickled mixed vegetables; a combination of any of the following: onions, garlic, green tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, kohlrabi, beets, carrots, celery, parsley roots, cauliflower, apples, quince, unripe plums, small unripe watermelons, small zucchini, and red cabbage. It is most often cured in brine (Turkish version), though it can also be cured in vinegar (German version).
 * Mujdei - crushed garlic sauce, made from garlic, salt, oil and water (for a mild taste can be added lemon or tomatoes)
 * Salată de boeuf - minced boiled meat with boiled vegetables, mayonnaise, and pickles
 * Salată de vinete - roasted and peeled eggplant, chopped onions, and salt mixed with oil or mayonnaise
 * Salată grecească - pieces of tomatoes, cucumbers, onion, feta cheese, olives, salt and olive oil
 * Salată orientală - potato salad with eggs, onions, and olives
 * Salată de sfeclă - beet salad
 * Salată de roșii - tomato salad, with sliced onions, bell peppers, and cucumber. Flavored with dill or parsley.
 * Shopska salad - known locally as Bulgarian salad, it is made from tomatoes, cucumbers, onion/scallions, raw or roasted peppers, telemea, and parsley. The vegetables are usually diced and salted, followed by a light dressing of sunflower/olive oil complemented with vinegar

List of cheeses
The generic name for cheese in Romania is brânză, and it is considered to be of Dacian origin. Most of the cheeses are made from cow's or sheep's milk. Goat's milk is rarely used. Sheep cheese is considered "the real cheese", although in modern times, some people refrain from consuming it due to its higher fat content and specific smell.

 * Brânză de burduf is a kneaded cheese prepared from sheep's milk and traditionally stuffed into a sheep's stomach; it has a strong taste and semi-soft texture
 * Brânză topită is a melted cheese and a generic name for processed cheese, industrial product
 * Brânză în coșuleț is a sheep's milk, kneaded cheese with a strong taste and semi-soft texture, stuffed into bellows of fir tree bark instead of pig bladder, very lightly smoked, traditional product
 * Caș is a semi-soft fresh white cheese, unsalted or lightly salted, stored in brine, which is eaten fresh (cannot be preserved), traditional, seasonal product
 * Cașcaval is a semi-hard cheese made from sheep's or cow's milk, traditional product. The Cașcaval de Săveni is a type of cașcaval published as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union.
 * Penteleu, a type of cașcaval, traditional product
 * Năsal cheese is a type of cheese with a pungent aroma, traditional product
 * Șvaițer, industrial product ("Schweizer Käse")
 * Telemea, cow's or sheep's milk white cheese, vaguely similar to feta. The traditional "Telemea de Ibănești" is a type of telemea registered as a Romanian protected designation of origin (PDO) product in the European Union, while the "Telemea de Sibiu" is registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union. Notably the "Telemea de Covurlui" is spiced with Nigella damascena seeds, which gives it a unique flavor.
 * Urdă - made by boiling the whey drained from cow's or ewe's milk until the remaining proteins precipitate and can be collected, traditional product
 * Zămătișe - a type of cottage cheese.

List of desserts

 * Alivenci, corn and cheese pie in sweet and salted variants. Traditional dessert in Eastern Romania and Moldova.
 * Amandine - chocolate sponge cake with almond and chocolate filling, glazed in chocolate
 * Baclava
 * Brânzoaice (Poale-n brâu moldovenești) - traditional Moldavian soft cakes filled with sweet cheese
 * Cataife
 * Chec - pound cake
 * Clătite (crepes) with sweet filling - (literally: pancakes)
 * Colivă - boiled wheat, mixed with sugar and walnuts (often decorated with candy and icing sugar; distributed at funerals and memorial ceremonies)
 * Colțunași
 * Cozonac secuiesc - spit cake rolled in granulated sugar and melted butter (Hungarian: Kürtőskalács)
 * Cremă de zahăr ars - Crème brûlée
 * Cremșnit - also known as vanilla slice or custard slice, is cream cake dessert commonly associated with the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
 * Doboș - sponge cake layered with chocolate buttercream and topped with caramel
 * Gogoși - literally "doughnuts", but more akin to fried dough
 * Gomboți (Găluști cu prune) - dumplings with plums, a dessert made of mashed potatoes and flour dough and filled with fresh plums
 * Griș cu lapte
 * Halva
 * Joffre cake - invented at the Casa Capșa restaurant in Bucharest
 * Lapte de pasăre - literally "bird's milk", vanilla custard garnished with "floating islands" of whipped egg whites
 * Magiun of Topoloveni - a type of plum jam, registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union
 * Mucenici/sfințișori - sweet pastries (shaped like "8", made from boiled or baked dough, garnished with walnuts, sugar, or honey, eaten on a single day of the year, on 9 March)
 * Orez cu lapte - Rice pudding
 * Pandișpan - Sponge cake
 * Papanași - a kind of doughnut made from a mixture of sweet cheese, eggs, and semolina, boiled or fried and served with fruit syrup or jam and light sour cream
 * Pelincile Domnului - a Moldavian type of pie made of honey-flavoured thin wheat cakes and hemp seed cream. Less and less exposure because of the confusion between Cannabis sativa (traditionally cultivated in Romania) and Cannabis indica (the THC-rich variety)
 * Pișcoturi - thin, light, sweet delicate, crispy cookie
 * Prăjituri - assorted pastries
 * Rahat - Turkish delight
 * Chocolate salami - salam de biscuiți (literally „salami of biscuits"), made from biscuits, chocolate, and rum essence. The cylindrical shape resembles a sausage, hence the name.
 * Savarine - savarina
 * Scovergi - flat fried dough. It is eaten with honey, jam or cheese.
 * Șarlotă - a custard made from milk, eggs, sugar, whipped cream, gelatin, fruits, and ladyfingers; from the French Charlotte
 * Ștrudel - is a type of layered pastry with a filling that is usually sweet, but savoury fillings are also common
 * Tort - cake
 * Tulumba
 * Turtă dulce - gingerbread

List of pastries

 * Cornuleț/Chiflă - bread roll that is rolled and formed into a crescent
 * Cornulețe - pastries filled jam, chocolate, cinnamon sugar, walnuts, or raisins, with the shape representing a crescent
 * Covrig - circular bread, typically encrusted with sesame seeds
 * Covrigi - pretzel
 * Cozonac - a kind of Stollen made from leavened dough, into which milk, eggs, sugar, butter, and other ingredients are mixed together before baking
 * Pogăce - corn cake baked in the oven; wheat flour dough cake, usually made with pork gizzards or cheese
 * Plăcintă - traditional pastry
 * Plăcintă dobrogeană - a type of plăcintă registered as a Romanian protected geographical indication (PGI) product in the European Union
 * Prăjituri - assorted pastries

List of drinks

 * Afinată - a liqueur made from afine (aka. bilberry in English), which are similar to the North American blueberry.
 * Bere - locally produced beer brands from local breweries and craft beers
 * Cafea - Turkish coffee prepared in a cezve using very finely ground coffee beans without filtering
 * Ceai - prepared in the form of either various plant tisanes (chamomile, mint, tilly flower, etc.) or common black tea, called ceai rusesc in Romanian, which is Russian tea usually served during breakfast.
 * Chefir - fermented milk drink similar to a thin yogurt that is made from kefir grains, a specific type of mesophilic symbiotic culture.
 * Horincă is a plum or apple brandy, produced in the northern part of the country (Maramureș)
 * Must - the grape juice in the fermentation process that hasn't become wine yet.
 * Pălincă is a strong, double-distilled fruit brandy (especially plum, but also apple, apricots, peach, pear etc.) produced in Transylvania
 * Pelin de mai is a wine specialty, usually produced in the spring, flavored with Artemisia dried plants
 * Rachiu/Rachie is a fruit brandy. Generic "rachiu" can be made from any fruit (except plums), while "țuică" is reserved exclusively for the variety of brandy made from plums.
 * Rachiu de tescovină is a pomace brandy produced from grapes that have been used in wine production, very similar to the Italian grappa
 * Sana is a kind of a drinkable yogurt
 * Secărică is a caraway fruit-flavored vodka, similar to the German kümmel
 * Sirop - prepared with syrup made from fir tree, pine, buckthorn, blueberry, raspberry, or strawberry, with different types of honey or sugar
 * Socată is a non-alcoholic beverage made from fermented elderflower (Sambucus nigra)
 * Șliboviță is a plum brandy, produced in the Banat region.
 * Turț is a strong, double-distilled plum brandy, named after the village of Turț in northwestern Romania
 * Țuică is a plum brandy
 * Vin
 * Vișinată is a sour cherry liqueur
 * Vodcă
 * Zmeurată is a raspberry liqueur

Other sources

 * Nicolae Klepper, Taste of Romania, Hippocrene, New York, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7818-0766-1, ISBN 0-7818-0766-2

title: Romanian cuisine


text: User talk:64.161.28.13

title: User talk:64.161.28.13


text:
Scilla siberica

Scilla siberica, the Siberian squill or wood squill, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to southwestern Russia, the Caucasus, and Turkey. Despite its name, it is not native to Siberia.

Many parts of the plant are poisonous to eat for some animals.

Description
Growing to 10 - 20 cm tall by 5 cm wide, it is a bulbous perennial, with two to four strap-shaped leaves appearing in early spring, at the same time as the nodding, blue, bell-shaped flowers.

The flowers have six tepals and six stamens, and are arranged singly or in racemes of two or three. Petals may be reflexed to the horizontal when sunlight is bright, but are more often cup-shaped. The flowers are usually blue, but those of Scilla siberica var. alba are white. The stamens of Scilla are separate, unlike those of the related genus Puschkinia, which are fused into a tube. The pollen is dark blue.

After flowering, the flower stems become limp as capsules (pods) mature. At maturity, the capsules become purple and split open, releasing small, dark brown seeds. When the seeds are mature, the leaves wither and the plant goes dormant until the next spring.

The seedlings are hollow-leaved.

Cultivation
S. siberica is cultivated for its bluebell-like flowers. It naturalizes rapidly from seed. At 15 cm, it is suitable for planting in grass, and will spread by seed to form large colonies that go dormant by the time grass needs to be mowed. In the Midwestern United States it is becoming invasive in some situations.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Scilla siberica


text:
Talk:Theft in English law

I suppose that it is because of condition (5) that a 'taking a vehicle without the owner's consent' offence had to be introduced. Many people - 'joyriders' - were 'borrowing' cars.

(author unknown)

I understand that there was a suggestion that a general crime of taking be implemented but that what was done instead was to make two particular crimes of taking (1) vehicles (and bicycles, although the punishment is a lesser one for a bike); and (2) works of art in collections open to the public -- there has been a spate of art students wanting works of art to "be" with them.

Francis Davey 21:47, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Theft in English law


text:
Mädchen in Uniform

Mädchen in Uniform ("Girls in Uniform") is a 1931 German romantic drama film based on the play Gestern und heute (Yesterday and Today) by Christa Winsloe and directed by Leontine Sagan with artistic direction from Carl Froelich, who also funded the film. Winsloe also wrote the screenplay and was on the set during filming. Due to the film's overt and openly lesbian themes, the film remains an international cult classic and enjoys widespread acclaim from critics.

Plot
Manuela von Meinhardis, whose mother had died when she was young and whose father serves in the military, is enrolled at an all-girls boarding school headed by the traditional and iron-fisted Fräulein von Nordeck zur Nidden. Manuela feels out of place in this strict environment. After witnessing Fräulein von Bernburg's compassion for the other girls, Manuela develops a passionate love for her teacher. The first spark of love begins with a goodnight kiss. Manuela receives this goodnight kiss on her first night at the school and, while the teacher normally gives all the girls a goodnight kiss on the forehead, Fräulein von Bernburg kisses her on the lips.

After not knowing her recitation for Fräulein von Bernburg's class, Manuela is asked to meet her in her room. Fräulein von Bernburg comments on the state of Manuela's clothes and gives Manuela one of her own petticoats. Manuela begins to weep and, after some time, confesses her love to Fräulein von Bernburg, who says that she cannot give Manuela special treatment. Shortly after, Ilsa von Westhagen, another student, writes a letter to her parents about the conditions of the school and has a worker smuggle it out.

When the girls prepare to put on the play Don Carlos by Friedrich Schiller for the headmistress's birthday, Manuela plays the lead male role, Don Carlos. Ilsa is also supposed to play a large role but is not allowed to perform after her letter is returned to the school. The play is a success, and Fräulein von Bernburg is moved. During the afterparty, the girls are served punch containing alcohol. Manuela drunkenly confesses her love for Fräulein von Bernburg and tells everyone about the petticoat. The headmistress overhears and Manuela passes out after her speech.

The headmistress puts her in solitary, but Manuela is moved out of solitary when the princess arrives at the school. After the duchess (Marte Hein) leaves, the headmistress scolds Fräulein von Bernburg's closeness with her students. Fräulein von Bernburg calls Manuela to her office and explains that Manuela is never to speak to her again.

Upon leaving Fräulein's von Bernburg's office, Manuela prepares to jump from several stories up in the main staircase. The girls save her, and both Fräulein von Bernburg and the headmistress are shaken. The movie ends with all the girls watching the headmistress as she slowly walks down the stairwell and down the hall in shaken silence.

Production
Winsloe's stage play had previously appeared under the title Ritter Nérestan (Knight Nérestan) in Leipzig with Hertha Thiele and Claire Harden in the lead roles. After Leipzig the play was produced on the stage in Berlin as Gestern und Heute with a different cast and a more prominent lesbian theme, which was again toned down somewhat for the film.

Having mostly played the same roles on stage, the cast was able to produce the film at speed and on a low budget of. It was largely shot at the Potsdam military orphanage, now a teacher training college for women. Carl Froelich's studio in Berlin-Tempelhof was also used. The film's original working title was Gestern und heute (Yesterday and Today) but this was thought too insipid and changed to increase the chances of box-office success. Although sound had only been used for two years in cinema, it was used artfully.

The film was groundbreaking in having an all-female cast; in its sympathetic portrayal of lesbian "pedagogical eros" (see Gustav Wyneken) and homoeroticism, revolving around the passionate love of a fourteen-year-old (Manuela) for her teacher (von Bernburg); and in its co-operative and profit-sharing financial arrangements (although these failed).

After many screen tests, Winsloe had insisted that her friend Thiele play the lead role. Director Sagan preferred Gina Falckenberg who had done the role on stage in Berlin, but along with having played Manuela in Leipzig, Thiele had played a young lesbian in Ferdinand Bruckner's stage play Die Kreatur (The Creature) and although 23 years old when filming began, she was considered to be more capable of portraying a 14-year-old girl.

Reaction
The film had some impact in the Berlin lesbian clubs, but was largely eclipsed by the ongoing cult success of The Blue Angel (1930). The film did, however, generate large amounts of fan mail to the stars from all over Germany and was considered a success throughout much of Europe. The goodnight kiss Hertha Thiele (Manuela) received from Dorothea Wieck (Fräulein von Bernburg) was especially popular. One distributor even asked for more footage of other kisses like it to splice into prints of the film.

From its premiere at the Capitol cinema in Berlin until 1934, the film is said to have grossed some. Despite the collective nature of the filming for which cast and crew received only a quarter of the normal wage, none saw a share of the six million Reichsmarks and Thiele later hinted that the profits had been mostly retained by the producers.

The film was distributed outside Germany and was a huge success in Romania. During a 1980 interview, Thiele said the school play scene caused a "longstockings and kissing" cult when the film was first shown there. It was also distributed in Japan, the United States, England and France.

Mädchen in Uniform won the audience referendum for Best Technical Perfection at the Venice Film Festival in 1932 and received the Japanese Kinema Junpo Award for Best Foreign Language Film (Tokyo, 1934).

Later, an alternate ending which subtly pandered to Nazi ideals enabled continued screening in German cinemas. Eventually even this version of the film was banned as "decadent" by the Nazi regime, which reportedly attempted to burn all of the existing prints. By then, though, several had been dispersed around the world. Leontine Sagan (director) and many others associated with the film fled Germany soon after the banning. Many of the cast and crew were Jewish, and those who could not escape from Germany died in the camps. Assistant director Walter Supper killed himself when it became clear his Jewish wife would be arrested.

Despite its later banning, Mädchen in Uniform was followed by several German films about intimate relationships among women, such as Acht Mädels im Boot (Eight Girls in a Boat, 1932) and Anna and Elizabeth (1933), which also starred Wieck and Thiele but was banned by the Nazis soon after its opening night along with the Nazi propaganda film I for You, You for Me (Me for You, You for Me, 1934).

The film is said to have inspired the 1949 novel Olivia by Dorothy Bussy, which treats very similar themes, and which was made into a French film Olivia (1951) directed by Jacqueline Audry.

There is a German remake of the film produced in 1958. Mädchen in Uniform (1958) was directed by Géza von Radványi and starred Lilli Palmer, Romy Schneider, and Therese Giehse. In this remake, the political criticism on the Prussian Center and the love story between the main characters was played down. Manuela comes to see Fräulein von Bernburg as a motherly figure rather than a romantic one.

There was another remake made in Mexico in 1950. The film is entitled Muchachas de uniforme and was directed by Alfredo B. Crevenna. Other films that were inspired by the themes in Mädchen in Uniform are Lost and Delirious (Lea Pool, Canada 2001) and Loving Annabella (Katherine Brooks, 2006). Mädchen in Uniform was also the inspiration for René Pollesch's play Mädchen in Uniform -- Wege aus der Selbstverwirklichung at the German Playhouse in Hamburg (2010).

Since the film's release, Mädchen in Uniform's message - and by extension what the movie symbolizes - has been widely debated by critics; with Christa Winsloe's and Leontine Sagan's intention to make the movie contested. B. Ruby Rich believes it to be, among other things, "a film about sexual repression in the name of social harmony, about the absent patriarchy and its forms of presence, about bonds between women which represent attraction instead of repulsion, and about the release of powers that can accompany the identification of a lesbian sexuality." While very few analyses question the film's queer messaging, there is a more contentious debate about whether the film is an effective allegory for the 1930s world and the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party.

In his 1947 book From Caligari to Hitler, German film critic Siegfried Kracauer argues that the film fails to fully break away from the authoritarian rule as "in the whole film, there is no hint of the possibility that authoritarian behavior might be superseded by democratic behavior." This, according to Kracauer, exists in several places from the character of Fräulein Von Bernberg, the treatment of Manuela and the ending of the film where the headmistress is forced out of the school after Manuela's attempted suicide. The bugles that conclude the film symbolise to Kraucer "that the principle of authority has not been shaken. The headmistress will continue to wield the scepter. And any possible softening of authoritarian discipline would only be in the interest of its preservation." Many people have refuted this argument however, including Nina Zimink who agrees that the bugle fair does symbol that not everything is perfect after the departure of the headmistress, states that they signify "optimistic political development" in a world that is quite bleak. Whilst some critics, like Lisa Ohm and Lotte H. Eisner, agreed with Siegfried's argument in one regard or another, the primary perspective is to move away from this critical view. Rich, who championed the film as unabashedly queer, states that "intrusion to the film is an antidote to viewing this all-female space as a "free zone" within a patriarchal society, which can be seen to dominate not only in the concrete form of the staircase or Principal, but in the equally threatening form of external authority that waits just outside the school gates". There are also thinkers like Veronika Mayer who call the film "liberating" especially when placed in contrast to the 1958 film that is far more timid about the lesbian relationship between Manuela and Fräulein Von Bernburg, opting instead to present it as maternal connection.

Censorship and surviving version
On October 1, 1931, a ban was placed on Mädchen in Uniform at the first inspection committee showing which forbad young people from viewing. On April 8, 1932, the decision for a 2480m shortened version was confirmed.

The film was released internationally and was very successful. The film had success particularly in Japan, the USA, France, Great Britain, and Mexico. In 1934 the film brought in 6 million Reichsmarks, while the production costs were only 55,000 Reichsmarks.

During the National Socialist rule in Germany, Mädchen in Uniform was banned by Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda. The film was only allowed to be shown abroad. This ban was not so much about the lesbian theme of the film, but rather the depictions of Prussian ruthlessness and the criticisms on authority and discipline.

At the FSK-Test on December 8, 1949, the film was approved again and the restrictions were lifted. The film was then unofficially distributed as a video shown in women's centers. After that, the first public reproduction was in 1977 when a West German broadcasting organization decided to broadcast the film.

The film was almost banned in the U.S., but Eleanor Roosevelt spoke highly of the film, resulting in the film getting a limited release in the US in 1932–33. Prints of the film survived the war, but it was censored heavily until the 1970s, and it was not shown again in Germany until 1977 when it was screened on television.

In 1978, Janus Films and Arthur Krim arranged for a limited re-release in the US in 35mm, including a screening at the Roxie Cinema in San Francisco. Also in 1978, the film was released in its surviving form by Janus Films on VHS with English subtitles.

Versions were released in the U.S. (1994) and the UK (2000) by the British Film Institute.

Present day views
The film has had a lasting impact, both for its boldness in depicting lesbian desires and relationships free from censorship but also for its ability to depict the German political landscape of the 1930s despite being set in pre-World War One Prussia. Whilst critics like Siegfried Kracauer and Lisa Ohm were critical of the film for being too timid on fascism, many contemporary and present-day thinkers have commended the film for its commentary on such matters. Stephen Spender, an English poet and novelist who was a close friend of the writer Christopher Isherwood, was immensely critical of texts like the musical Cabaret, based on Isherwood's Goodbye to Berlin, stating that "there is not a single meal, or club, in the movie Cabaret, that Christopher and I could have afforded." and yet heralded Mädchen in Uniform a "masterpiece" for how it was able to present the contemporary environment.

On February 18, 2021, the British Film Institute featured the film in a Big Screen Classics season that primarily centered queer films like Maurice, Brokeback Mountain, and Desert Hearts, stating that "it's call for revolutionary empathy is...timeless" a fact amplified by how the film was one of the oldest ones featured in the season. The same year, on November 30, 2021, a Criterion Collection version of the film was released. As a company, Criterion is dedicated to "publishing important classic and contemporary films from around the world... in state-of-the-art restorations with special features designed to encourage repeated watching and deepen the viewer's appreciation of the art of film." Amanda Lee Koe stated in an essay that accompanied the release of the Criterion edition, that "This film belongs to women who are trying to find themselves—and each other—in spite of repressive structures".

Quotation from the film

 * "Through discipline and hunger we will become great" (Spoken by the headmistress in reference to disciplining the students)
 * "What you call sin, I call the great spirit of love, which takes a thousand forms." (Spoken by Fraulen Von Bernburg in reference to the boycott.)
 * "I love you so, but you're always so distant. I can't ever go to your room, or talk to you" ( Manuela discussing her feelings with Fraulen Von Bernburg)
 * "Almost all the girls here have a crush on Miss von Bernburg. Oh, God! When I finally don't have to listen to that anymore. "Ilse! I envy you! You're in her dormitory! Oh, gosh, gosh, gosh! Tell me, is it true that she kisses you at night?" (Ilse von Westhagen introducing Fräulein von Bernburg to Manuela)
 * "I fear nothing. Yes! Everybody should know! Long live our beloved Miss von Bernburg!" (Manuela)

In popular culture

 * In Anthony Powell's novel The Acceptance World (1955), the narrator, Nick Jenkins, is re-united with his first major love, Jean Templer, after Jean and her sister-in-law, Mona, have returned to the Ritz (London) on New Year's Eve 1931, following a screening of the film. Jean is accompanied by her brother Peter. Nick (who has seen the film) is mildly mocked by his old schoolfriend Peter (who has not), for saying that the film is not primarily about lesbians.
 * In the film Henry & June (1990), this is one of the films shown in the small art-house theater frequented by the main characters.
 * The film Loving Annabelle (2006) was reportedly inspired by Mädchen in Uniform.
 * The album Mädchen in Uniform (2009) by the Austrian band Nachtmahr.

title: Mädchen in Uniform


text:
King of the hill (game)

King of the hill (also known as king of the mountain or king of the castle) is a children's game, the object of which is for a single player to remain on top of a large hill or similar feature as its "king". Rivals attempt to remove the player and take their place, thus becoming the new king of the hill.

The way the king can be removed from the hill depends largely on the rules determined by the players before the game starts. Ordinarily, pushing is the most common way of removing the king from the hill, and punching and kicking are not allowed. The potential for rougher versions of the game have led to it often being banned from schools.

"King of the kill" is a method of play in airsoft and the woodsball variant of paintball, as well as an archetype of various first-person shooter videogames.

Rules
There are many versions of the game. These include:

Classic version

 * 1) The first to get on the hill at the start becomes the king.
 * 2) To become a king, you need to go up the hill and push the king off.
 * 3) At the end, the king wins.

Team version
In this version, there are two or more opponent teams

 * 1) The king is the leader of the first team to get up the hill at the start.
 * 2) To become the new king, the leader of an opposing team must get on the hill and push the king off.
 * 3) Allies of the king can push opponents and enemies off, and non-lead opponents can push off allies but not the king.
 * 4) At the end, the king and his allies win.

"Royal family" version
In this version, there is not just the king but also his family, making up teams of four.

 * 1) The king, queen, prince, and princess are the members of the team that get on the hill first.
 * 2) The other team's players can push off their respective counterpart on the hill and assume the royal role.
 * 3) The king or queen has the ability to "kick" an opposing team's player from the hill and send them back to their own team in exchange for the person with the same role from the king's or queen's team.

Use as a metaphor
The name of the game has become a common metaphor for any sort of competitive zero-sum game or social activity in which a single winner is chosen from among multiple competitors, and a hierarchy is devised by the heights the competitors achieve on the hill (what Howard Bloom called "the pecking order" in his book The Lucifer Principle), and where winning can only be achieved at the cost of displacing the previous winner.

In sports
In tennis, a variation of this concept manifests in the recreational game alternately titled King of the Court. In this game, one player is designated as the "king"/"queen" and occupies one side of the court. The other players line up single file on the other side. One challenger steps up and plays out a singles point (or multiple points) against the king. The point can be started with either a serve or a drop hit. If the challenger wins, they replace the king on the other side of the court and become the new king.

In video gaming
The concept of king of the hill in video gaming was introduced by Core War players, who would pit their warriors against each other in a fight for survival. King of the hill tournaments have existed for Core War since the 1980s.

In video game versions of king of the hill, a player or team must keep control of a specific area (not necessarily a literal hill) for a predetermined amount of time. When that amount of time has elapsed, the round either ends or a new area is designated on the map. Players are primarily removed from the area by being killed.

King of the hill has been featured as a game variant in many video games, especially first-person shooters like Halo: Combat Evolved and the more traditional Perfect Dark (and, more recently, Gears of War 2). One of the games that popularized such modes is Team Fortress 2. Overwatch had a mode called "Control", which used king of the hill mechanics. King of the hill is also an option in top-down games such as those in the Army Men series.

title: King of the hill (game)


text:
Principia College

Principia College (Principia or Prin) is a private liberal arts college in Elsah, Illinois. It was founded in 1912 by Mary Kimball Morgan with the purpose of "serving the Cause of Christian Science." "Although the College is not affiliated with the Christian Science Church, the practice of Christian Science is the cornerstone of campus life."

Principia sits on bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River between Alton and Grafton in the Metro East region of Southern Illinois, thirty miles north of St. Louis. A portion of the school's 2500 acre campus is a designated National Historic Landmark District, for its many buildings and design by architect Bernard Maybeck.

History
Although Principia College was born out of The Principia, founded by Mary Kimball Morgan in 1898, the name Principia was not adopted until the year 1898. As Morgan's school grew, the founder of Christian Science, Mary Baker Eddy, approved The Principia's reference as a Christian Science school. Emerging from the Principia Lower, Middle, and Upper Schools founded between 1898 and 1906, Principia College was established with a purpose of "serving the Cause of Christian Science through appropriate channels open to it as an educational institution." The college, however, has no official affiliation with the Christian Science Church and Christian Science is not taught as a subject, but its principles form the basis of community life at Principia. The first Upper School class graduated in 1906 and it is from this class that a junior college was established, whose first alumni graduated in 1917. Principia College has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission since 1923.

Following this time period, architect Bernard Maybeck was commissioned to design a new college campus in Elsah, Illinois and by 1931 ground was broken on what would become Maybeck's largest commission.

On the Principia College grounds is Eliestoun House, designed by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow Jr. and completed in 1890. When Principia began moving to Elsah, guests stayed there, including Mary Kimball Morgan and Bernard Maybeck.

In 1934, Principia College graduated its first class as a full four-year institution and in 1935 the college was officially moved to its present-day location in Elsah. The Principia College campus was once considered as the site for the United States Air Force Academy though ultimately the Air Force chose a location in Colorado Springs, Colorado, instead.

On April 19, 1993, about 300 acre of the campus was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior. The year 1998 marked centennial celebrations by the school.

In the 21st century, the school's enrollment size has declined due to the dwindling number of Christian Scientists.

Housing and student life facilities
There are ten student dormitories on campus: Anderson Hall, Rackham Court, Howard House, Sylvester House, Buck House, Brooks House, Ferguson House, Joe McNabb, Lowrey House, and Clara McNabb. The first six mentioned were designed by former University of California, Berkeley professor and AIA Gold Medal winner Bernard Maybeck in 1935, as was the campus' chapel. Maybeck attempted to use different architectural styles and building techniques for each of these dormitories and for the chapel. In an effort to ensure success with his designs and materials, he experimented with them through the creation of a small building known affectionately by Principians as the "Mistake House." In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the Principia College Campus was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).

Organization and administration
Principia had an endowment of $696.2 million as of June 2020, giving it one of the highest endowments of any U.S. institution. The endowment size declined by more than $100 million in the decade prior to 2018.

Academics
Principia College offers twenty-seven majors in the liberal arts and sciences. The college does not currently offer a graduate program. The most popular majors include mass communication, biology, sociology, anthropology, studio and fine art, and business administration.

Principia offers Study Abroad & Field Programs, International Student Programs, Conferences, and International Student Experiences.

In their 2019 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked Principia #83 (up from #139 in 2014) among all National Liberal Arts Colleges, and #5 in the category of "Best Value Schools". As of 2019, Principia College's annual tuition costs were $29,470, with additional costs of $11,610 for room and board (99% of freshmen lived on campus in 2018–2019). In 2017, the school had an acceptance rate above 90%.

Student life
Principia College has a diverse student composition and amount of organizations given its size. 20% of its students are international and represent thirty countries on six of the world's seven continents. The college has forty student clubs and organizations, among these the Euphrates and Leadership institutes. The Public Affairs Conference at the college is one of oldest student-led conferences in America and has been held annually since 1939. The Principia College Speaker Series has featured former United States President Barack Obama, American statesmen and retired four-star general Colin Powell, former United States president George H. W. Bush, former United States president Jimmy Carter, American author and poet Maya Angelou, David McCullough, Elie Wiesel, American actor and director Robert Duvall, Val Kilmer, Coretta Scott King, and Margaret Thatcher among others. In addition to the Public Affairs Conference, Principia College holds an International Perspectives Conference with a focus on global issues such as human rights in Africa.

Technology
Of the technological programs present at Principia College, most prevalent and distinguished is its study in solar energy. The college has competed in solar car world events since 1995 and finished second in the North American Solar Challenge of 2008 and seventh in the World Solar Challenge of 2009.

Athletics
Principia College teams participate as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III in the St. Louis Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SLIAC). The Principia Panther is the official mascot of Principia College and has been since its change from the Indian in 1984. There are currently fourteen varsity athletic teams at Principia College of which men's sports are baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer, tennis, track & field, and rugby; and women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.

In 1983, the women's tennis team won the NCAA Division III national championship.

In 2013, the men's rugby team won the first ever Open Division USA Rugby 7s Collegiate National Championship, beating the University of Wisconsin-Stout 27–12 in the championship match.

In 2022, the men's rugby team completed an undefeated season by winning the Division II National Collegiate Rugby Championship XVs title, defeating Indiana University of Pennsylvania 47–16 in the championship match.

Notable alumni

 * Robert Bruegmann — architectural historian
 * Chandler Burr — author
 * Ron Charles (B.A. 1984) — Washington Post book critic
 * Candy Crowley (attended) — CNN political correspondent
 * Robert Duvall (B.A. 1953) — actor: Academy Award for Best Actor winner (1983, Tender Mercies)
 * Haru M. Reischauer — author of Samurai and Silk.
 * Emily Fridlund — author of History of Wolves
 * Ketti Frings — author, writer: Pulitzer Prize for Drama winner (1958, Look Homeward, Angel)
 * Jonathan Gibbs — Academy Award-winning digital animator
 * Aaron Goldsmith — MLB color commentator for the Seattle Mariners. Also commentator for Fox Sports 1 for college basketball.
 * Larry Groce — host of public radio's Mountain Stage
 * Peter Horton (attended) — actor and movie director
 * Mindy Jostyn (attended) — singer / songwriter
 * Donald L. Koch (B.A. 1968) — Chief Economist, Barnett Banks of Florida and Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
 * Egil Krogh — part of U.S. President Richard Nixon's administration who was convicted in the Watergate scandal.
 * Arend Lijphart — political scientist
 * David K. Lovegren — film producer
 * Miye Matsukata — jewelry designer
 * Terry Melcher — record producer and son of Doris Day
 * Ngozi Mwanamwambwa — first woman to compete for Zambia at an Olympics
 * Sara Nelson (B.A. 1995) — union leader
 * Brad Newsham (B.A. 1972) — writer
 * John H. Rousselot (B.A. 1949) — United States Congressman from California (1961–1962, 1969–1982)
 * David Rowland — industrial designer who created the 40/4 stacking chair.
 * Christopher Shays (B.A. 1968) — United States Congressman from Connecticut (1987–2009)
 * Joanne Leedom-Ackerman (B.A. 1968) – novelist

title: Principia College


text: User talk:81.86.176.236

title: User talk:81.86.176.236


text:
Whole Lotta Love

"Whole Lotta Love" is a song by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It is the opening track on the band's second album, Led Zeppelin II, and was released as a single in 1969 in several countries; as with other Led Zeppelin songs, no single was released in the United Kingdom. In the United States, it became their first hit and was certified gold. Parts of the song's lyrics were adapted from Willie Dixon's "You Need Love", recorded by Muddy Waters in 1962; originally uncredited to Dixon, a lawsuit in 1985 was settled with a payment to Dixon and credit on subsequent releases.

In 2004, the song was ranked number 75 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and in March 2005, Q placed "Whole Lotta Love" at number three in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. It was placed 11 on a similar list by Rolling Stone. In 2009 it was named the third greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1. In 2014, listeners to BBC Radio 2 voted "Whole Lotta Love" as containing the greatest guitar riff of all time.

Composition and recording
Jimmy Page came up with the guitar riff for "Whole Lotta Love" in the summer of 1968, on his houseboat on the River Thames at Pangbourne, Berkshire, England. However, John Paul Jones stated that it probably was developed from a live improvisation during performances of "Dazed and Confused". Page denied that the song originated onstage and that he had the riff and the rest took it from there.

Notation for the song indicates the key of E major and a tempo of 92 beats per minute in a compound AABA form. During the two day mix of the Led Zeppelin II album, audio engineer Eddie Kramer discovered that some bleedthrough occurred on Plant's vocals on the "Whole Lotta Love" track, which could not be removed, so he put some echo on it, and Page liked the sound. Page also employed a backwards echo production technique.

Personnel
According to Jean-Michel Guesdon and Philippe Margotin:

 * Robert Plant – vocals, tambourine
 * Jimmy Page – guitars, theremin, backing vocals (?)
 * John Paul Jones – bass, bongos, backing vocals (?)
 * John Bonham – drums, congas, maracas

Release
On 7 November 1969, "Whole Lotta Love" was released as a single in several countries, with "Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)" as the B-side. In the US, Atlantic provided an edited 3:12 version as the flipside for radio stations. Billboard described the single as a "powerful, commercial swinger that should have no trouble putting [Led Zeppelin] up the Hot 100." Cash Box described it as "a mixture of rock and blues with special production touches and a rousing lead vocal performance." In the UK, Atlantic Records expected to issue an edited version, and pressed initial copies for release on 5 December 1969, but this was cancelled by request of manager Peter Grant.

Similarities to "You Need Love"
In 1962, Muddy Waters recorded a blues vocal, "You Need Love", for Chess Records. As he had done with "You Shook Me", Waters overdubbed vocals on an instrumental track previously recorded by blues guitarist Earl Hooker and his band. Willie Dixon wrote the lyrics, which Dixon biographer Mitsutoshi Inaba describes as being "about the necessity of love":

In 1966, the British band Small Faces recorded the song as "You Need Loving" for their eponymous debut Decca album. According to Steve Marriott, the group's vocalist and guitarist, Page and Plant attended several Small Faces gigs, where they expressed their interest in the song. Plant's phrasing is particularly similar to that of Marriott's, who added "he [Plant] sang it the same, phrased it the same, even the stops at the end were the same". Similarities with "You Need Love" led to a lawsuit against Led Zeppelin in 1985, settled out of court in favour of Dixon for an undisclosed amount. On subsequent releases, Dixon's name is included on the credits for "Whole Lotta Love". Plant explained in an interview with Musician: "Page's riff was Page's riff. It was there before anything else. I just thought, 'well, what am I going to sing?' That was it, a nick. Now happily paid for. At the time, there was a lot of conversation about what to do. It was decided that it was so far away in time and influence that... well, you only get caught when you're successful. That's the game."

Accolades
(*) designates unordered lists.

Charts
The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart on 22 November 1969. It remained on the chart for 15 weeks, peaking at number four and becoming the band's only top-10 single in the US.

Single (digital download)
Note: The official UK Singles Chart incorporated legal downloads as of 17 April 2005.

Performances
Led Zeppelin first performed "Whole Lotta Love" on 26 April 1969. Other live versions were released officially:
 * The Song Remains the Same (28 September 1976, from a 1973 concert and movie soundtrack)
 * Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions (11 November 1997, from a 1971 concert)
 * How the West Was Won (27 May 2003, from a 1972 concert)
 * Led Zeppelin DVD (2003, from a 1979 and a 1970 concert)

"Whole Lotta Love" was the last song Led Zeppelin played live. It was, however, performed again at the band's reunions at Live Aid in 1985 (with drummers Phil Collins and Tony Thompson), at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988, and at the Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at the O2 Arena, London, on 10 December 2007 (both with drummer Jason Bonham).

In 2008, a reworked version by Jimmy Page on guitar, with Leona Lewis on vocals, was performed in the "London 2012" presentation during the closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. Both Lewis and the organisers requested that some of the lyrics be changed, notably "I'm gonna give you every inch of my love". Lewis felt that the line made little sense coming from a female singer.

Cover versions
"Whole Lotta Love" has been recorded by several artists. Versions that reached the record charts include:
 * 1970 – CCS (or C.C.S.) recorded a mainly instrumental rendition with a flute playing the melody. Billboard described their version as a "blockbuster instrumental treatment of the Led Zeppelin hit", while Nick Coleman of The Independent thought that the cover "succeeded in ameliorating the tune's sexual specificity without stripping it of its rutty throb". Released as a single on the RAK label, it reached number 13 on the UK singles chart in November 1970; number 26 in Belgium (Flanders); number 37 on the RPM 100 Singles in Canada; number 58 on the US Billboard Hot 100; and number 58 on the US Cash Box Top 100 Singles. The UK music variety television programme Top of the Pops used brief versions by CCS members and others as its intro theme music at different times over the years.
 * 1971 – King Curtis and the Kingpins recorded an instrumental version with the melody line performed on saxophone. Atco Records released it as a single in the US, where it reached number 64 on the Hot 100 and number 43 on the R&B chart. A live version, recorded at the Fillmore West, is included on Curtis' 1971 live album Live at Fillmore West.
 * 1975 – Tina Turner on her 1975 album Acid Queen. Released by United Artists Records, her version reached number 61 on the Billboard R&B chart and number 45 on the Record World R&B chart.
 * 1996 – British band Goldbug, including a sample of "Asteroid" (the Pearl & Dean advertising music). It reached number three in the UK singles chart, number 24 in Ireland, and number 9 in the Netherlands. In 2000, band member Richard Walmsley sued his former label Acid Jazz over unpaid royalties relating to the song. Walmsley received thousands of pounds following the battle.

title: Whole Lotta Love


text:
Cerro Potosí

Cerro El Potosí is the highest mountain in the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range of northeast Mexico. It is located in the state of Nuevo León, about 80 km (50 mi) south of Monterrey.

Flora and fauna
It is composed of limestone, and is noted for its very diverse flora including several endemic or near-endemic species, such as the Potosi Pinyon. At the foot of the mountain, a series of springs and endorheic basins were the only site in which the pupfish Cyprinodon alvarezi and Megupsilon aporus, and the dwarf crayfish Cambarellus alvarezi lived. The last two are entirely extinct, while Cyprinodon alvarezi is extinct in the wild (only survives in captivity).

Access
Access was very difficult in the past, but in the 1960s a microwave relay station was built on the summit, with the road built for this providing easy access from the east.

Protected areas
In 2000 the upper slopes of the mountain were designated an ecological reserve, covering 9.02 km2. A northern portion of the mountain, including the actual summit, are in the Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 026 Bajo Río San Juan, a natural resources protection area.

title: Cerro Potosí


text:
Henry Hudson Parkway

The Henry Hudson Parkway is a 10.95 mi controlled-access parkway in New York City. The southern terminus is in Manhattan at 72nd Street, where the parkway continues south as the West Side Highway. It is often erroneously referred to as the West Side Highway throughout its entire course in Manhattan. The northern terminus is at the Bronx–Westchester county boundary, where it continues north as the Saw Mill River Parkway. All but the northernmost mile of the road is co-signed as New York State Route 9A (NY 9A). In addition, the entirety of the parkway is designated New York State Route 907V (NY 907V), an unsigned reference route.

The owners of the parkway are the New York State Department of Transportation, New York City Department of Transportation, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Amtrak, and Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The Henry Hudson Parkway was created by the Henry Hudson Parkway Authority, which was run by "master builder" Robert Moses. The highway itself was constructed from 1934 to 1937.

Route description

The Henry Hudson Parkway begins at 72nd Street, which also serves as the north end of the West Side Highway and the last remaining section of the West Side Highway's predecessor, the Miller Highway. The junction is numbered as exit 9, continuing the numbering scheme used on the West Side Highway. It heads northward along the west side of Manhattan, connecting to West 79th Street with a large interchange and to other surface streets with more intermittent exits along the way. The parkway continues in a northerly direction, running almost parallel to Riverside Drive north of West 158th Street. It passes under the Trans-Manhattan Expressway (I-95 and U.S. 1) and the George Washington Bridge as it continues its progression through Fort Washington Park, Fort Tryon Park, and Inwood Hill Park. It then runs northward across the Henry Hudson Bridge into the Bronx.

Upon entering the Bronx, the parkway passes through Spuyten Duyvil and Riverdale as it continues northward, edging slightly to the northeast. Between exits 20 and 22, Riverdale Avenue is split into service roads along the parkway. At exit 23, NY 9A leaves the parkway for U.S. Route 9 (US 9) while the parkway enters Van Cortlandt Park. Soon after it enters the park, the parkway has an interchange with the Mosholu Parkway, which connects it to I-87. Less than a mile farther on, the parkway becomes the Saw Mill River Parkway as it enters Westchester County.

History

The Parkway was completed on October 12, 1937, under New York master builder Robert Moses. It cost $109 million, twice as expensive as the $49 million Hoover Dam that was built in the same period. The Parkway was part of Moses's "West Side Improvement" and included covering the New York Central Railroad's West Side Line, creating the Freedom Tunnel. The covered portion is partially used for the highway and also expands the Riverside Park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.

On May 12, 2005, part of a retaining wall at Castle Village collapsed onto the northbound lanes of the parkway, just north of the George Washington Bridge, shutting it down shortly before rush hour. The clean-up began quickly, and the road re-opened on May 15.

Future
The Henry Hudson Parkway is a candidate for designation as a New York State Scenic Byway, the first in New York City. At the request of the Henry Hudson Parkway Task Force, in 2005 the New York Metropolitan Transportation Council approved funding to develop a comprehensive corridor management plan, a requirement for its designation.

title: Henry Hudson Parkway


text:
User talk:Gogoolplex~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 19:13, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gogoolplex. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gogoolplex~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:14, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:22, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gogoolplex~enwiki


text:
User talk:Weyoun

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 19:13, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Svxs041.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Svxs041.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --OrphanBot 05:15, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Weyoun