text:
Talk:Dry cleaning

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Why use dry cleaning instead of water?
I moved this paragraph from the main article. Illegal where? Samaritan 19:13, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC).

Now, the old machines are illegal because it is harmful to your health. In the old machines, you had to dry clean the clothes, then take them out to be dried. Now you no longer have to take the clothes out of the dry cleaning machine.

Could someone explain the reasons for wanting to use dry cleaning instead of water?

Some clothing is too delicate to be machine washed. Suit coats for example are expensive and have interior threading that would be damaged. Suits may become dirty from bodily excretions and greases that do not readily dissolve in water. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.30.35.37 (talk) 15:20, 24 February 2019 (UTC)

Metric/English consistency
"The ideal flow rate is one gallon of solvent per pound of garments (roughly 8 litres of solvent per kilogram of garments) per minute, depending on the size of the machine."

Everywhere else in the article metric is given priority, so should this construction be reversed? Seems like it should unless the one gallon per pound is precise. If so perhaps the article should give english priority.

76.181.75.73 (talk) 01:30, 24 November 2009 (UTC)

 * US and UK gallons have a different volume, it should be metric. I went ahead and removed the imperial measure from the text. (Drn8 (talk) 07:11, 14 January 2012 (UTC))

History
There's absolutely nothing on the history of dry cleaning here, which is actually why I went to the article in the first place. It's incredibly methodical and scientific, but nothing about dry cleaning except the dry cleaning itself is present. Anyone have any idea why? 208.81.93.34 (talk) 10:40, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

I fail to understand what the (otherwise fascinating) history of Roman treatment of clothes with ammonia hydroxide has to do with the topic of dry cleaning. Yes, urine contains urea which decomposes into ammonia. Reasonably, they would have retained the original water content from the urine (100% ammonia would anyway have been near impossible to use without advanced protective gear), thus using a solution of ammonia, (and other cleaning agents) in water. Since dry cleaning by definition doesn't use water, all of this doesn't make any sense to me as a historical background to dry cleaning. In any case, no historical continuity is shown between Roman cleaning and later (19'th century) cleaning, so what the history is supposed to imply is unclear. Finally, the quoted reference appears to be an about.com paragraph that begins with "I have read that ...", which really isn't up to shape as a reference. I won't remove this part now since the original author presumably had some reason to put it here. Cgonville (talk) 23:05, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

I may be of help here. The term “dry cleaner” first appeared on a list of one hundred occupations inscribed on a Mycenaean clay tablet dating from 1600-1100 B.C.E. It was, thus, in Greece where the misnomer phrase first developed as a way to describe cleaning that was done without water. However, little is known about how exactly the Greeks experimented with non-water-based cleaning. The earliest detailed records of professional dry cleaners that can be sourced date back to the days of ancient Pompeii. Beginning around 79 B.C.E., laundry workers called “fullers” would wash white woolen togas and delicate clothing in warm water and a mixture of detergents: potash, nitrum, nitron, the crushed root of soapwart, animal and human urine, and special grease-absorbing clay called “fuller’s earth.” The fullers would then press and tread the clothing underfoot in wooden basins for anywhere from twenty-four hours to three days.

The dry cleaners of antiquity were not the only ones to use non-water solvents for laundering. In 1716, a French book on arts and crafts, Secrets concernant les arts et métiers, listed turpentine as a special secret for removing grease and oil spots from silk clothing. Though “spirits of turpentine” may sound like an elaborate euphemism for a raw witchcraft supply, turpentine is an organic solvent made from the distilled resin of certain pine trees. Traditionally, turpentine has been used for medicinal purposes and as a thinner for oil paints, but the colorless oil’s clean, pine smell and antiseptic properties most recently caused it to become added to cleaning products. Whiskerfixer (talk) 02:03, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

No evidence found of a patent issued to Thomas L Jennings for dry cleaning, or anything else. Will remove reference to him unless a patent is found. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hermosa19 (talk • contribs) 05:24, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

The History section seems to have been scrambled by dropping the "Shift to tetrachloroethylene" and "Infrastructure" subheadings into the middle of a longer discussion. Unfortunately I don't have enough background in the subject to suggest an appropriate revision. 50.1.119.118 (talk) 19:32, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

Re: Why dry clean vs wet wash?
I think it's main purpose was to retain the clothes original form, shape, size, and color. Dry cleaning method were much more effective in preserving most fabrics as they were vs traditional wet wash.

Some garments cannot be washed in water because they can be permanently damaged, usually the result is shrinkage, for example a winter jacket may have internal insulation that shrinks in water, despite the outside material of the jacket being washable in water. The fabric care label for the jacket will clearly state "dry clean only".

 * Dry cleaning is also more effective for some stains, for example grease which needs hot temperature in wet wash.

i dont really kno much about it cause NOTHING WILL TELL ME!! ---

I removed supercritical CO2 as a modern method; there is no commercial process utilizing supercritical CO2. It is liquid CO2 that is used. Also, the description mentioned inconsistent results when consumer reports rated this method the best among conventional or alternative in their testing.
 * I changed it back to supercritical. The link pointed to supercritical CO2, and therefor changing its description to liquid CO2 wouldn't be correct. Maybe the link should be changed, although I would think maybe add another bullet for liquid would be better. Xiph1980 (talk) 22:46, 7 June 2015 (UTC)

Not sure if this is appropriate to mention, but I thought this was a very well done page. - John

The solvent
Is the solvent gaseous or liquid?--Santahul 16:29, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It's liquid. --Los3 16:33, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

The Millonare Factory
Business speaker Brian Tracy claims that Dry Cleaning business' are the number one way that people become self made millionares in the United States. I wanted to see if there was a factual basis for the claim and came to this article. Does anyone know of a document that address Dry Cleaning as an industry and would that be an appropriate topic to add here?

edit explanation
“As of 2004, South Coast Air Quality Management District funding for silicone-based solvents (i.e., GreenEarth) has been suspended.” I removed this sentence because it is misleading. What’s really going on in California is that SCAQMD is providing financial incentives to drycleaners who switch from perc to certain alternative solvents, and D5 is not included in the program. California has banned the installation of any new perc machines and is beginning to phase out ALL perc machines and chemicals by 2023. GreenEarth is not regulated by SCAQMD or the EPA; saying that “funding has been suspended” makes it sound like it is not an acceptable alternative when in fact it is. Check Wet is the New Dry by Linda Immediato of the LA Weekly.

Also, nothing under the "environment" header is actually related to the environment. All the information in that section is about alternative solvents, which should be merged with the "solvents" section below.Anheyla 15:57, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Environment section is taken care of, I also added health and safety, just to be more comprehensive. Skasnotdead 21:11, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

new technologies
I would like to point out a new technology here in the discussion and allow another more "article friendly" person include it as deemed appropriate. R. R. Street & Co introduced a system they call Solvair. They consider it a CO2 machine, but it is a combination of glycol ether wash and CO2 rinse (reclaiming all of the glycol ether and reclaiming almost all of the CO2) As with other CO2 machines, there is no dry cycle. clothes dry as the chamber is de-pressurized. The combined process is claimed to provide excellent cleaning power along with the benefits of CO2. Drycleaning & Laundry Institute solvent comparison by National Clothesline has a brief description. First machine in a retail store: Solvair Ribbon Cutting by American Dry Cleaner. Patent (other related patents are referenced) USPTO Patent Product website: Solvair Cleaning Systems --Belfdawg 04:56, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Needs multiple non-primary sources. Not yet to be included in article. Kl4m

Unreferenced section tag
Some of the uncited items questioned are cited in the sections "Health and Safety" and "Environment" in the article, as well as in the Wikipedia article Tetrachloroethylene (aka perchloroethylene, perc). We may still want to be sure that they're cited the section "Process", but we should be able to do that fairly easily. -- 201.19.11.75 21:57, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

MSG once used in dry cleaning?
I have no source for information relating to MSG being used many years ago in dry cleaning except for an asian guy I once knew had barrels (empty) of MSG, at the time I did not know what it was and he informed me that it was "used in dry cleaning and chinese food". Please someone help me out here, for my info keeps getting removed from the MSG article because of unsupported facts. Thanks you. krzxbleach@aim.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by Krzxbleach (talk • contribs) 20:20, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

More info on Dry Cleaners themselves
There's definitely much to discuss, for example.. why are there so many dry cleaners when demand is so low, and how do they keep in business with so few customers? Or... perhaps criticism on how poor a job many do. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 17:38, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

how done
how is dry cleaning done? Machine? If machine, is it available in malls' appliance stores? I haven't seen one here in Davao City. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.96.219.180 (talk) 12:13, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Dry cleaning is done in a very expensive computer-controlled machine that should be operated only by trained, experienced professional dry cleaners. Prices for a professional machine range from $36,000 to $67,000, depending on capacity. You will not find these machines in a public place, outside of a dry cleaning plant. (Prices approximate, based on known quotes for machines made by the Union company) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tkeenze (talk • contribs) 14:23, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Green Cleaning
Beware of dry cleaners making claims about dry cleaning your clothes using “organic” or “natural” methods. Marketing claims for dry cleaning are not regulated like food claims. The National Cleaners Association, a dry cleaning industry trade group, says some operators are using these terms in blatantly misleading ways.

What is organic dry cleaning?

When a food product has an FDA-regulated “organic” label, consumers can trust that no harmful chemicals were used in its manufacture. But “organic” means something very different when it describes the chemicals used in dry cleaning.

In dry cleaning, “organic” only means that the chemicals used to clean clothes are structured on a chain of carbon, the element found in all organic compounds. Gasoline is organic, and so are most of the petrochemical solvents used by the dry cleaning industry for the last 150 years.

Dry cleaners marketing “organic” cleaning methods are technically accurate but socially irresponsible. They are counting on you not to understand the difference between a chemical-free “organic” peach and a petroleum-based “organic” dry cleaning chemical.

The dangers of “organic” cleaning methods

If your cleaner claims to be using “organic” methods to clean your clothes, they are using either perchloroethylene, also known as PCE or perc, or petroleum (hydrocarbon) solvent, often marketed under the brand names DF2000 or EcoSolv.

Perc is considered by the EPA to be an air and water toxin and dangerous to human health. Exposure can lead to increased risk of cancer, reduced fertility and eye, nose and throat irritation. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimates that 85% of dry cleaners still use this 1940’s era solvent.

Many dry cleaners also use hydrocarbon solvents. According to Judith S. Schreiber, chief scientist for the New York State attorney general’s Environmental Protection Bureau, hydrocarbons are “a cleaned up version of gasoline” and only slightly less toxic than perc. Hydrocarbon solvents are classified by the EPA as VOCs (volatile organic compounds), they are likely contributors to smog formation. They are also listed by the EPA as neurotoxins and skin and eye irritants for workers.

Environmentally safe dry cleaning methods � CO2 Cleaning. Converts CO2 gas under extremely high pressure to a liquid. Avoid CO2 cleaners using Solvair systems, which use glycol-ether during the wash cycle. Glycol-ethers are a family of VOC chemicals used in antifreeze and household cleaning products.

GreenEarth. Uses liquid silicone, essentially liquefied sand. Clear, odor-less and non-toxic, silicone degrades to sand and trace amounts of water and CO2 when released to the environment. Excellent fabricare benefits.

Professional Wet Cleaning. Uses water like home washing machines. Be sure to inquire if 100% of dry cleaning uses this method and whether detergents and pre-spotting agents have toxic or VOC properties. Wet cleaning machines drain directly into the city water system.

The following information is a portion of an article published in the New York Times January 11, 2009:

"Government and environmental watchdogs say many cleaners are turning to methods that are only slightly less toxic than perc. The National Cleaners Association, a trade group, says some businesses are using the term “organic” in a blatantly misleading way — not in the sense of a chemical-free peach, but in the chemistry-class sense of containing carbon, the element found in all organic compounds, including perc.

Under that standard, noted Alan Spielvogel, technical director of the cleaners’ association, “I could clean garments with nuclear waste and I could call myself organic.”

Although there are government standards for organic food and energy-saving appliances, there is no such certification of what makes a dry cleaner green. But environmental experts say technology is readily available to replace toxic chemicals in dry cleaning. And while about 85 percent of the nation’s estimated 36,000 dry-cleaning shops still use perc as their primary solvent, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, many cleaners have started to embrace the new methods.

The environmentally preferable choice for dry cleaning, experts say, involves little more than water. In a process known as wet cleaning, garments are washed with water and biodegradable detergents in computerized machines that carefully control variables like agitation. Most stains are water soluble, and most items labeled “dry clean only” can be professionally wet cleaned without shrinkage or damage, studies have found.

Cleaners who use wet cleaning say it does a better job of removing some stains than traditional dry cleaning — which, despite its name, is actually a wet method that immerses clothes in a liquid solvent.

But wet cleaning has been a tough sell among cleaners because it requires training on new equipment and because of the potential liability cleaners face for defying the “dry clean only” label. Mr. Spielvogel said wet cleaning also has limitations; while it is fine for cottons and fabrics worn in warm climates, he said, it can damage heavy wools or structured clothes like suit jackets.

Still, many dry cleaners have added wet cleaning as an option, said Christopher White, the technical director of America’s Best Cleaners, a trade association with its own quality certification program. Among its 26 affiliate cleaners, he said, some already use wet cleaning for half to 70 percent of all garments.

Another green option for cleaners, experts say, replaces a solvent like perc with liquid carbon dioxide (CO2). But the method is rarely used because the equipment is too costly — up to $150,000 per machine — for the typical mom-and-pop dry cleaner.

Most cleaners weaning themselves off perc have switched instead to a hydrocarbon solvent that acts in a way similar to perc. But Judith S. Schreiber, the chief scientist for the Environmental Protection Bureau of the New York State attorney general’s office, said the solvent, which is petroleum-based, was “a cleaned-up version of gasoline” and only slightly less toxic than perc.

Many cleaners juggle multiple methods. At Meurice Garment Care, a cleaner with four locations in New York City and on Long Island, garments are cleaned with perc, hydrocarbon solvents or water, depending on the fabric and stain. Wayne Edelman, the company’s president, said wet cleaning had replaced perc as his business’s most used method.

Mr. Spielvogel of the National Cleaners Association said customers who cared about environmental practices should look beyond particular methods and question the cleaners: Do they dispose of hazardous waste safely? Do they recycle hangers? Do they use biodegradable plastic and packaging, or fuel-efficient vehicles?

He said his group would develop a “green cleaner” rating system this year to help consumers find the right cleaner, with ratings of up to five leaves posted on its Web site. Federal and state environmental officials advise customers to question cleaners about the solvents they use for both dry and spot cleaning, and to consider specifically asking for wet cleaning. Any newly dry-cleaned clothes that smell of chemicals, they say, should be returned or taken to another store for recleaning."

More information

www.findco2.com www.greenearthcleaning.com www.professionalwetcleaning.com www.greencleanerscouncil.com/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tkeenze (talk • contribs) 14:37, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

How many commercial dry cleaners are there in the United States?

How many wire coat hangers and plastic bags do they distribute each year (few seem to be recycled; can that kind of plastic be recycled?) thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38.159.105 (talk) 04:47, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Not when, but what?
The article contains these two sentences: "In 1993, the California Air Resources Board adopted regulations to reduce perc emissions from dry cleaning operations. The dry cleaning industry is now when? beginning to replace perc with other chemicals and/or methods."

I think 'when?' should be fairly obvious: since 1993 in response to the regulatory action just explicated. However, the article would be greatly improved if it stated what other methods were now considered acceptably safe and effective (if any). Much further on, the article does discuss several "modern" solvent alternatives, but perc is included in that list, so obviously it is not 'modern' relative to the post-1993 regulatory environment. Dlw20070716 (talk) 02:18, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Spencer
I removed a few sentences that contained 20 instances of the word "Spencer". These sentences seem to have been tacked in to the section as a sort of advertisement. (Drn8 (talk) 22:30, 30 August 2011 (UTC))

Personal dry cleaners
This has little relevance to the article itself, but I cannot find a personal unit to purchase. My grandmother wants a unit for her house and I cannot find one. How can I find a personal unit? -69.249.243.43 (talk) 20:50, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

"Dry clean only"
Something this page doesn't address is why some clothing items and textiles are said to be "dry clean only". It's something I've always wondered! It would be great if someone could add a section addressing this. - 152.76.1.244 (talk) 01:31, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Dry cleaning leather jackets
Does dry cleaning a leather jacket help getting rid of bedbugs, in the case you suspect you might have that issue? if so, do you think this would be worth mentioning in the article? Norum 00:44, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

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Disposal of waste byproducts
There is passing mention of the generation of waste ("muck", "concentrated dirt", spent filtration material) from the dry cleaning process, but no mention of how it is disposed of. I would guess that there are rules and regulations for disposal of these waste materials, as well as "old" or "used-up" solvent (if there is such a thing). Can anybody add coverage of these topics? Reify-tech (talk) 21:22, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

Siloxane D5 claimed to "degrade within days" yet is considered PBT
Hi, there's something not quite right about the text below, included in a list of green alternatives to chemical solvents for dry cleaning in the article:

“Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane ("liquid silicone"), called D5 for short. It was popularized by GreenEarth Cleaning. It is more expensive than PCE. It degrades within days in the environment.”

A quick look at the article for Siloxane D5, linked above, shows that it is the subject of some controversy as to its persistence in the atmosphere. It is claimed here to have a short lifespan in the atmosphere, yet the EU has classified it as a Substance of Very High Concern due to its persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic character. It seems disingenuous to describe Siloxane D5 as a green product when its environmental safety still raises concern.

In the absence of a reference or study cited in support of this claim, I have edited the list item to temper what seems to be a half-sided promotion of the product. Mnasasthai (talk) 10:20, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

General Paper.
Why Will a Cloth soaked in water dry faster than a cloth soaked in kerosene. 102.219.154.37 (talk) 10:55, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dry cleaning


text:
1988 in rail transport

January events

 * January 6 - Michigan Central Station in Detroit closes to passengers.
 * January 31 - Aichi Loop Line, Okazaki Station via Toyota-shi Station to Kozoji Station route officially completed in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

February events

 * February 1 - MBTA restores passenger train service to Rhode Island, but only during peak rush-hour times.
 * February 29 - Illinois Central Gulf Railroad drops the word "Gulf" from its name, returning to the premerger Illinois Central Railroad company name.

March events

 * March 13
 * Opening of the Seikan Tunnel beneath the Tsugaru Strait connecting the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido in Japan (53.85 km) as part of the Kaikyō Line of Hokkaido Railway Company, the world's longest (until 2016) and deepest.
 * Shin-Onomichi Station on the high-speed Sanyo Shinkansen line in Onomichi, Hiroshima, Japan, is opened.

May events

 * May - Guilford Transportation Industries is established to operate railroads in the northeastern United States.
 * May 29 - World's first Pendolino train to enter regular high-speed service, ETR 450 in Italy.

June events

 * June 4 - The Arzamas train disaster occurs when three cars transporting hexogen to Kazakhstan explode on the railway crossing in Arzamas, Gorky Oblast of the Soviet Union, killing 91 people, injuring 1500 and destroying 151 buildings.
 * June 8 – In Tokyo, Japan, the southern section of the Yurakucho Line is opened between Shintomicho and Shin-Kiba.
 * June 12 - The Trondheim Tramway in Trondheim, Norway is closed, after decision in the city council.
 * June 27 - A runaway train hits a stationary rush-hour train at Gare de Lyon in France, killing 59 people and injuring more than 50 others.

July events

 * July 8 - Peruman railway accident: The Bangalore–Kanyakumari Island Express train derails on the Peruman bridge over Ashtamudi Lake, near Perinadu, Kollam, Kerala, India and falls into the lake, killing 105 people.
 * July 26 - Israel's Knesset approves an amendment to the Ports Authority Law, merging Israel Railways into the Israel Port Authority, henceforth to be known as the Israel Ports and Railways Authority.

September events

 * September 14 - The light rail system based in the Tuen Mun District of Hong Kong is opened for passenger service, with introductory free rides in the afternoon; normal, all-day service begins four days later.
 * September 23 - Boston and Maine Railroad's former Connecticut River Line is transferred to Amtrak for the restoration of Montrealer service, which becomes Amtrak's Vermonter.
 * September 29 - Union Station in Washington, D.C., is reopened after renovation.

October events

 * October 13 - Rio Grande Industries, the parent company of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, purchases the Southern Pacific Railroad; the combined railroad takes SP's identity due to its brand status to shippers.

December events

 * December 2 - The Toho Subway Line in Sapporo, Japan, opens for service between Sakaemachi Station and Hōsui-Susukino Station.
 * December 11 - The New York City Metropolitan Transportation Authority opens the Archer Avenue Lines, and Jamaica – Van Wyck, Sutphin Boulevard, and Parsons/Archer subway stations, in Jamaica, Queens twenty years after it was proposed and five years after it was completed. This is part of a never-built subway extension reaching further into Queens.
 * December 12 - Clapham Junction rail crash: Three British Rail commuter trains collide at around 8:00 AM (local time) at Clapham Junction in South East London as a result of inadequately supervised work on signalling, killing 35.

Unknown date events

 * Burlington Northern Railroad corporate headquarters are moved from Seattle, Washington, to Fort Worth, Texas.
 * The PNR North Main Line in the Philippines ceases all long-distance operations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1988 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Jujyfruits

so what is the juju in jujubes and jujyfruits? It is not jujube. Is it gum arabic? Rmhermen 19:13, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Does anyone know what "ju-ju gum" is? Google turned up nothing.Nathanlarson32767 04:20, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

All the "flavors" taste the same to me. 205.174.22.26 04:00, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

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Heide company history
Does anyone think the Heide company info should be moved out of this page and to a separate page about the (former) Heide company? Gerbera (talk) 19:31, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Flavor of green jujyfruits
They taste more like mint than lime to me.  Tisane  talk/stalk 11:26, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

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Felix Kersten

Eduard Alexander Felix Kersten (30 September 1898 – 16 April 1960) was the personal physical therapist of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.

Early life
Kersten was born in a Baltic German family in Dorpat, Imperial Russia, now Tartu, in Estonia. During the First World War he fought in the German Army and arrived in Finland in April 1918 with the German forces that intervened in the Finnish Civil War. Kersten served for a while in the Suojeluskunta, was granted Finnish citizenship in 1920, and in September 1921 was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant (vänrikki) in the Finnish Army.

After his return to civilian life, Kersten remained in Helsinki, where he studied therapy with the specialist Dr Colander, and after two years was awarded a certificate in physical therapy. He then left for Berlin, where he continued his studies and eventually became the pupil of a notable Chinese therapeutic masseur, Dr Ko, whom he had met at a dinner party. In 1925, Ko told Kersten "You have learned all I can teach you." He then turned his practice over to Kersten and retired to Tibet.

Kersten had a number of influential patients, among them Prince Hendrik of the Netherlands (after 1928) and Benito Mussolini's son-in-law, the Italian Foreign Minister Count Ciano. Kersten accepted Heinrich Himmler's request to become his personal physical therapist, writing later that he feared for his safety if he had refused.

He was able to alleviate Himmler's severe stomach pains with his skills and gained his trust. Kersten used this trust to obtain pardons and the release of underground prisoners, labor camp inmates, homosexuals and others.

Second World War
During the Second World War, Kersten was involved in organizing Himmler's visit to Finland in August 1942. During the visit, Himmler would have demanded that all Finnish Jews be extradited to the Gestapo, according to Kersten. Risto Ryti, the President of Finland, summed up in his diary that Himmler was “an extremely steep anti-semite”. Kersten, for his part, told Ryti about the situation of Jews in Germany: “Jews are sent a lot out of Germany to Latvia and Poland, where they are massacred in cold blood,” and talked about “human slaughter”. This was possibly the first time President Ryti had heard of the massacre of Jews. Kersten also provided information to Abrams S. Hewitt of the Stockholm desk of the OSS, predecessor of the CIA.

Towards the end of the war, Kersten arranged a meeting between Himmler and Norbert Masur, a member of the Swedish branch of the World Jewish Congress, in Hartzwalde, a few miles from Ravensbrück concentration camp. As a result, Himmler agreed to spare the lives of the remaining 60,000 Jews left in Nazi concentration camps days before their liberation by the Allies.

In December 1945, the World Jewish Congress presented Kersten with a letter thanking him for helping to save Jewish concentration camp victims.

Later life
In his postwar memoirs, Kersten took credit for saving the entirety of the Dutch population from being forcibly deported to Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe. In January 1950, the Dutch monarchy awarded him the Order of Orange-Nassau on the basis of his account. However, a later investigation by Dutch historian Louis de Jong concluded that the mass deportation plan had not existed, as well as that many of Kersten's documents had been fabricated.

The Swedish archives testify that Kersten was an intermediary between Himmler and Count Folke Bernadotte in the negotiations that led to the rescue operation 'The White Buses', saving hundreds of Norwegians and Danes from certain death in the last days of the Third Reich.

Kersten's claims of being instrumental in saving Finland's Jews from German hands may be exaggerated, but the Finnish government used his services in the hope of influencing Himmler.

In Kersten's memoirs he discusses that Himmler confided in him that Hitler was interested in setting up a Burgundian Free State that the old Burgundian possessions, Artois, Hainault and Luxembourg; Lorraine, Franche-Comte and the old Duchy of Burgundy; Dauphine and Provence. It would have also included Picardy, including Amiens, and Champagne, including Rheims and Troyes with either Rheims and Dijon considered for the capitol. According to what Kersten said Himmler told him, "The Fuhrer is sick of the idea that France...Burgundy will acquire all the territory that France has annexed unjustly...The others can have the rest of France, which will be known as Gaul."

After the war, Kersten lived in West Germany and Sweden, taking Swedish citizenship in 1953. He died in Hamm, while he was visiting Germany, aged 61.

Kersten's war memoirs were published in English translation in 1947 and a second edition was published in 1956 (The Kersten memoirs, 1940–1945, London 1956) with an introduction by Hugh Trevor-Roper.

In popular culture
Writer and journalist Joseph Kessel was the first to write about the life of Felix Kersten, in his book The man with the Miraculous Hands (1960). Woody Harrelson is set to portray Felix Kersten in the Oren Moverman feature film adaptation of Joseph Kessel's novel.

Felix Kersten is parodied in the Woody Allen book Getting Even, in the chapter entitled "The Schmeed Memoirs", in which a fictional barber in wartime Germany describes his time as a hair stylist for Adolf Hitler and other high-ranking Nazi officers.

Kersten also appears as a character in the film Hitler: a Film from Germany, directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg and as the main character in the 2014 novel Gods and Devils.

Kersten is played by actor Martin Jarvis in the radio play by Neville Watchurst A Vital Flaw, about his work to help Heinrich Himmler's health. The play was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in February 1994, then on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 5 September 2009.

title: Felix Kersten


text:
1995 in rail transport

January events

 * January - David L. Gunn becomes commissioner of the Toronto Transit Commission.
 * January - Burlington Northern Railroad tests new Trough Train articulated coal hopper cars.

February events

 * February 1 - The last Algoma Central Railway train arrives at Steelton Yard in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, at 1:45 AM local time; Wisconsin Central takes ownership of the railway effective with the next train out of the yard at 2:45 AM.
 * February 3 - Canadian National Railway sells the former Central Vermont Railway lines in New York and Vermont to RailTex, forming the basis for the New England Central Railroad.
 * February 7 - Robert Krebs announces that Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway stockholders overwhelmingly approve the merger of the Santa Fe with the Burlington Northern Railroad.
 * February 8 – Southern Pacific Transportation Company announces that Edward L. Moyers, then chairman of the Southern Pacific Company's board of directors, has submitted his resignation citing the advice of his physicians.
 * February 22 - Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) announces the appointment of former CSX Transportation Chief Operating Officer Jerry Davis to the position of CEO for SP.

March events

 * March 1 - CP Rail announces that Robert J. Ritchie will succeed I. Barry Scott as president and CEO of CP Rail.
 * March 10 - Union Pacific Railroad announces its intent to purchase the Chicago and North Western Railway.
 * March 15 - Fremont-Centerville (Amtrak station) is moved.
 * March 20 - Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway perpetrated by members of the sect Aum Shinrikyo, killing 12 and injuring more than a thousand.
 * March 27 - After a two-week strike by the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees and the Canadian Auto Workers affecting Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific Railway and Via Rail, the Canadian Parliament steps in and sets up arbitration panels to resolve the disputes.

April events

 * April 12 - The Chicago and North Western Railway is merged into the Union Pacific Railroad.

May events

 * May 28 - The last remaining Trans-Europ Express trains operate for the last time on this date.

June events

 * June 5 - 1995 Williamsburg Bridge collision on the New York City Subway.

July events

 * July 3 - The extension of Minsk Metro's Avtozavodskaya Line connecting Frunzenskaya to Pushkinskaya opens.
 * July 18 - Indian Railways orders its first WDG-2 locomotive.
 * July 25 - Paris Metro bombing kills eight.

August events

 * August 12 – The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority Green Line opens.
 * August 14 – Malaysia's first electric commuter train service, the KTM Komuter, begins with 18 EMUs from Jenbacher Transport serving the Kuala Lumpur–Rawang sector.

September events

 * September 1 - The F Market heritage streetcar line in San Francisco opens, using restored PCC streetcars.
 * September 10 - Amtrak's City of New Orleans passenger train is permanently rerouted between Memphis and Jackson due to the Illinois Central Railroad's desire to abandon the original route (the Grenada District) in favor of the newer and flatter Yazoo District.
 * September 22 - The holding companies of the Burlington Northern Railroad and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, Burlington Northern, Inc. and Santa Fe Pacific Corp., merge.

October events

 * October 9 – An Amtrak Sunset Limited derails near Palo Verde, Arizona by act of sabotage, killing one and injuring 78.
 * October 26 - Canadian National Railway reopens commuter service between Montreal's Gare Centrale and Deux-Montagnes using new electric multiple unit rolling stock.

November events

 * November 1 – Telecom Center Station in Kōtō, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan, opens.
 * November 11 - The first line of Metro Bilbao in Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain) opens.
 * November 15 - In Seoul, South Korea, the first section of Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 5 opens between Wangsimni and Sangil-dong (14.5 km).
 * November 28 - Canadian National Railway is privatized from the Canadian government.

December events

 * December 6 - Indian Railways withdraws its last broad gauge steam locomotives, from Jalandhar–Ferozepur service.
 * December 9 - British mail and parcels carrier Rail Express Systems is acquired by North & South Railways, an affiliate of Wisconsin Central Ltd, as part of the privatisation of British Rail, the first operating company to be sold.
 * December 16 – Bay Area Rapid Transit opens an extension to North Concord/Martinez station, the first such expansion of service past the original system built in the 1970s.
 * December 28 - Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line is opened.
 * December 31 - The Interstate Commerce Commission in the United States is dissolved effective today; many of the railroad duties performed by the ICC are transferred to the newly formed Surface Transportation Board.

Unknown date events

 * Canadian National Railway opens the tunnel under the St. Clair River, connecting Sarnia, Ontario, and Port Huron, Michigan.
 * China Railway opens the Jitong or Jining–Tongliao railway (945 km (587 mi)) in Inner Mongolia. For its first decade, it will be operated entirely by steam locomotives (chiefly QJ class) and with semaphore signals.

Accidents

 * August 11 - The Russell Hill subway accident, the first fatal accident on Toronto's subway system under the auspices of the Toronto Transit Commission, kills 3.
 * August 20 - Firozabad rail disaster in India kills 358.
 * October 25 - The Fox River Grove level crossing accident, in Fox River Grove, Illinois in the United States involves a school bus and a Metra train killing seven of the students aboard the bus and injuring 21 others.
 * October 28 - The Baku Metro fire in Azerbaijan's capital, Baku, kills 289 and injures 265, the world's deadliest subway disaster.

Awards presented by Railway Age magazine

 * 1995 Railroader of the Year – Edward L. Moyers

title: 1995 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Kim Raver

Rhinoplasty
This is regarding the "nosejob" comment User:Duke of Kent has added twice to the article, and which I have removed twice. I removed it the first time because it was unsourced. Duke of Kent apparently believes it to be so obvious that it doesn't need a source. I'm not in a position to judge whether it's obvious or not, but I have the following additional objections:
 * 1) It's too informal for an encyclopedia entry. First, it should be rhinoplasty, not nosejob.  Second, without any context to it, it reads as a slur rather than as useful information.
 * 2) It's in the wrong place in the article. DoK claims the procedure occurred during the later seasons of Third Watch.  If that's so, why does DoK place the comment in a paragraph about her pre-adult career and education?
 * 3) Unless she issued a press release announcing the procedure, I believe the accusation should be treated as speculative and sourced accordingly -- no matter how obvious some people think it is.

Powers 16:56, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Audrey Raines on 24: Live Another Day
To be technical, Audrey Raines got remarried sometime between 24 Season 6 and 24: Live Another Day to Mark Boudreau and Audrey's name was changed to Audrey Boudreau and was known as "Audrey Boudreau" for the duration of the show. However, she is credited for 24: Live Another Day for playing "Audrey Raines". This is incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.25.62.65 (talk) 22:08, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kim Raver


text:
Talk:Unruh effect

Direction of the Radiation
The direction of the Unruh radiation is often overlooked, but when it is mentioned it is usually assumed that it comes at the accelerating observer from in front. This cannot be the case if it is supposed to be the analogue of Hawking Radiation via the Equivalence Principle, for if this was so the radiation would have to be perceived as coming from behind the accelerating observer !

Can anyone confirm that Unruh radiation should (if it exists) be detected by an accelerating observer as coming from behind his direction of motion.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.85.28.67 (talk) 13:56, 21 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I am disappointed that nine years have passed without any answer to this question appearing within the article. Is it not known?

 * My impression from reading various sources is that accelerating observers are expected to observe Unruh radiation coming at them from all directions. Is this radiation indistinguishable from Hawking-like radiation emitted from the Rindler event horizon?  I can see how it would be true for emitted particles of non-zero rest mass, since such particles would follow trajectories that eventually would return them to the event horizon.  The accelerating observer would encounter both outgoing and in-falling radiated particles.  But that would not be the case for photons, and (if true) that would violate the equivalence.73.162.77.84 (talk) 06:20, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * This is a question has gone long unanswered here which is a testament I think to the difficulty of the question even among seasoned physicists who themselves get tied in knots over things like this. Anyway... To finally answer: Unruh radiation is described by a thermal equilibrium bath such that the radiation flux is locally zero. You, or your thermometer, heat up because the small volume around you seems filled with omni-directional radiation. It's an oven. This bath however is distinguishable from normal kind of thermal bath constructed from a black box. If we heated up a black box and stuck you inside, you could translate around the box and measure the same temperature. This however cannot be done with Unruh radiation as the temperature of the bath varies as you translate around the coordinate system. This should sound very strange because a thermal bath should be by definition in equilibrium, thus it would normally be contradictory for there to be a "temperature gradient" without the accompanying flux of heat. Or in other words, the hot region should warm up the cooler regions, and it would in a normal thermodynamic system like an oven, but it doesn't here because the thermal bath made by Unruh radiation very specifically arises from the vacuum state observed under acceleration. This article published in Nature goes over the details. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10962-y

 * I hope this is helpful to any who stumble upon this talk page. - Andrew S. 2601:500:4380:9AB2:645B:507A:EF82:100F (talk) 09:43, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

(random heading)
(Inserted by random ... said: Rursus (bork²) 10:52, 20 February 2009 (UTC))

Question: The last sentence, about testing the effect, mentions accelerating a particle to 10^26 m/s^2. How does that work? The only way I can figure is to keep oscillating its speed, since after the first second of uniform acceleration it would exceed lightspeed.

 * The acceleration is measured in the rest frame of the accelerating particle. Measured from an inertial frame, the acceleration would get smaller and smaller as the apparent mass of the particle increses with speed. If you have access to a physics library, check out the section on "hyperbolic motion" in Misner, Thorne and Wheeler's Gravitation; you can also look at Rindler's book Relativity: Special, General and Cosmological (renamed simply Relativity for the second edition). I would also recomend Taylor and Wheeler's Special Relativity. — Miguel 21:41, 2004 Dec 9 (UTC)

 * If I don't mix things up, we are talking about very short periods of accelaration, e.g. by using the electromagnetic field of laser light: http://www.slac.stanford.edu/slac/media-info/20000605/chen.html --Pjacobi 21:07, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Edits Those last two "anon" edits (23 Oct 2005) were by me. Login-related Wikiglitches ( : ErkDemon 20:13, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

I have a feeling this article would be really interesting if it was written in English. --61.214.155.14 04:41, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * This is as close to English as it's really possible to get. The first paragraph of the overview gives a pretty good layman's overview, and the rest of the introduction adds on detail incrementally. I can't completely follow the final parts of it, but I seriously doubt there's _any_ way to explain the detailed mechanism that doesn't require me to learn about the terms being used. The qualitative effect is covered in the first paragraph ("if you accelerate, it looks like space is filled with a warm gas instead of empty"), with no additional explanation needed.

 * If you can think of a better way this should be organized, by all means propose it here. --Christopher Thomas 05:09, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

What is "k"? "T" might be temperature, and "c" light celerity, "π" some times means the relation between radius ant its circumference, but what is "k"? Coronellian 19:09, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

I though this article means that the minimum temperature on hearth is 4×10−20 K, not 0 K. It is likely the sincrotron radiation, but only at 9.8 m/s2. Coronellian 19:17, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Controversy
The existence of Unruh radiation is not universally accepted. Its status ranges from claims that it has already been observed, to claims that it is not emitted (although the sceptics accept that an accelerating observer thermalises at the Unruh temperature they do not accept that this leads to the emission of real photons. arguing that the emission and absorption rates are balanced in their model and, they claim, probably more generally).

 * The controversy about emission is actually an old one--- does a uniformly accelerated charge radiate? The radiation reaction force is proportional to da/dt, so if a is constant, there is no radiation. But boundary effects make a big difference, and so the controversy.

 * The Unruh effect itself, though, doesn't care about outgoing photons. It only cares that the detector responds as if in a thermal bath. On that count, the sources you cite don't have any controversy, and as far as I know, nobody else does either. So I think it would be better to make this comment on "radiation reaction", or something.Likebox (talk) 12:14, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Unruh radiation redirects to Unruh effect -- a distinction this section clearly makes -- so it is an issue for this article. End of story. --Michael C. Price talk 12:26, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, then I'll put it in, but try to be careful with the distinction.Likebox (talk) 14:48, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm clear about the distinction. Let's make sure about the article.  Thanks for reinserting it.  If the sceptics are right then this has big implications for Hawking radiation... --Michael C. Price talk 21:13, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I get your drift, but it's just the Unruh effect that's needed for the Hawking radiation, not the Unruh radiation. That's why I wanted to be so careful to make the distinction. You don't need to radiate real photons to infinity in the Rindler case to get the real photons coming out of the black hole. The big difference is that if you redshift in the Rindler metric, the redshift factor goes to 0 as rho->infinity, meaning that by the time you get to infinite rho the equilibrium state is zero temperature. This doesn't mean that Unruh radiation doesn't exist--- I haven't figured that out. I don't know if it does or doesn't I mean. There's other wedges and boundary conditions and I get confused. But in the Hawking case, When you match up the local observer temperature which you know from the local near-horizon Unruh effect to the far-observer temperature by redshifting, the redshift factor asymptotes to a finite value. So if the black hole has a vacuum state which matches to the Unruh vacuum near the horizon, it's got to be hot at infinity, while the Rindler space at infinity is cold no matter what. I'm still confused about the Rindler radiation thing though.Likebox (talk) 22:34, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The article should be written to reflect this (non-violent) controversy. See reflecting controverse below. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 10:51, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

Complete Derivation of Unruh Effect?
Hello, dear webmaster,

I am very interested in the Unruh effect. Can you show me the detail derivation of Unruh effect? Is quantum mechanics needed in the derivation? The article says that accelerated observer will observe temperature. Can I also say that temperature will cause acceleration? I am very curious. Thank you very much.

Sincerely, Wanchung Hu —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wanchung Hu (talk • contribs) 07:56, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Reflecting the controverse properly
The article starts as be the 'Unruh effect' a scientific truth. Then it walks on gladly, but in the section Experimental Observation of the Unruh effect it suddenly occurs that nobody have observed it! (What a revelation!) The intro should therefore mention 'Unruh effect' as theoretical or hypothetical, and have a final sentence claiming that it hasn't been observed (yet). Furthermore, each mention of 'Unruh effect' should avoid "is", "has" and instead use "would be", "would have" and similar verb forms indicating "hypotheticality" (nice word, ehh ... ?) of the effect. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 11:00, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I got it wrong: truth is that the claimed observations made are under discussion. I'll edit the article according to this. It is still hypothetical. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 11:10, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Now I've made many edits in order to distinguish between the theory of the Unruh effect, that most certainly exists, and the Unruh effect, that may exist. Most of them are in the history marked as "conjunctive", the verb form to use for hypotheses and unattested theories. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 11:19, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

 * The lede labeled the effect as both hypothetical and a prediction which is a bit redundant and somewhat misleading. As the effect (if not the radiation) is expected by everyone, it seems to be more than hypothetical, so I've removed that term. The lede goes on to make it clear that it's not yet observed, so this should cause no misunderstanding. Cutelyaware (talk) 10:12, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

Circular motion and horizons
I have a hard time believing that we really need a Rindler horizon to see Unruh radiation. The article claims that circular motion does not radiate, because there is no associated horizon, but this claim is not referenced and the only paper supporting it I can find has been withdrawn.--Michael C. Price talk 18:21, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

A counter theory paper for references balance.
The following paper shows only a transient Unruh effect theory, and not a steady state solution, like a thermometer getting free-energy by accelerating in a vacuum, breaking the conservation law for energy surrounding the thermometer and thrust matter, where it is claimed:

E--Thermometer--System =  E--Kinetic--Relativistic--Energy  +  Unruh--Vacuum--Energy.

X LoneRubberDragon (talk) 06:21, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

http://www.citebase.org/fulltext?format=application%2Fpdf&identifier=oai%3AarXiv.org%3Agr-qc%2F0611062

NAME [Where is the Unruh Effect? New Insights from Exact Solutions of Uniformly Accelerated Detectors]

ABSTRACT [Using non-perturbative results obtained recently for an uniformly accelerated Unruh-DeWitt de- tector, we discover a very different scenario in the dynamical evolution of the detector’s internal degree of freedom after the coupling with a quantum field is turned on. From a calculation of the evolution of the reduced density matrix of the detector, we find that the Unruh effect as originally derived from time-dependent perturbation theory is existent only in transient and under very special limiting conditions. In particular, the detector at late times never sees an exact Boltzmann distri- bution over the energy eigenstates of the free detector, and in the range of parameters of realistic processes no Unruh temperature can be identified.]

An additional apparent problem with the Unruh effect cited for supporting Hawking Radiation, is that a universe filled with matter accelerating and decelerating, would slowly gain this Unruh free-energy, with the bath of thermal photons seen in a steady state acceleration versus Heisenberg Uncertainty bound transient Unruh effect, or even non existent Unruh effect. LoneRubberDragon (talk) 07:00, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

One more observation, wouldn't this also make all gravitating objects with an acceleration frame, bathed in such Unruh vacuum virtual photons, raining from (the sky?) / (the ground?) / (isotropically?) that an observer is being accelerated into? That is, in normal observation from planets, stars, white dwarfs, and neutron stars, as classical examples, since Einstein Equivalence Special Relativity definitively shows that a stationary gravitational well accelerator observer, and vacuum zero-gravity accelerator observer are both identical? LoneRubberDragon (talk) 07:00, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

LoneRubberDragon

Does the Unruh effect mean any observer on the surface of an atmosphere-less planet would detect radiation?
And as such, the planet will evaporate after all as a black hole does?--MathFacts (talk) 17:21, 10 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I would have thought so, but a number of experts assert the contrary. --Michael C. Price talk 11:11, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Merge discussion
I propose that the Unruh temperature article should be merged into this article, as it is too short and it would be better on this article. Armbrust Talk  Contribs  08:50, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Is the source of the force and the radiation the same?
Is it possible that the radiation is created by whatever force is maintaining the acceleration of the detector rather than emerging spontaneously from the vacuum? JRSpriggs (talk) 10:41, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it amounts to the same thing - i.e. it is a matter of interpretation. --Michael C. Price talk 11:14, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Tajmar effect
I think something should be said on this: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-07-gyroscope-unexplained-due-inertia.html in the article — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.100.194.186 (talk) 08:43, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Can the value-of-acceleration be More than the Speed-of-Light?
In the formula for Unruh temperature, derived by William Unruh in 1976, if we insert the minimum temperature of the unverse, i.e. the temperature of cosmic-microwave-radiation 3 degree Kelvin, then the value of acceleration we get from the formula is of the order ten raised to twenty meters per seconds squared. Now, my question is, when the maximum-speed of any object is limited to the speed-of-light, i.e. three-times ten-raised-to-eight meters-pre-second, then how any object can get accelerated to the speed of ten-raised-to-twenty meters-per-second in one second? Some authors have attempted to propose thermodynamic-explanation for gravity, in which they use this Unruh-temperature-explanation to get acceleration of particles, and then compare it with Newton's formula; so if the formula used, to get the value of acceleration, is not correct, then the thermodynamic-explanatin for gravity would loose its base. Therefore, i request the experts to clarify this question. The same question applies to the similar formula for Hawking-Temperature also. Hasmukh K. Tank 123.201.19.157 (talk) 15:17, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

How the Rate Of Acceleration can be More than the Speed Of Light
Some authors have tried to use Unruh effect to derive force from temperature to explain origin of gravity. According to the formula of Unruh-effect, even one degree Kelvin temperature can cause acceleration of the order of ten-raised-to-twenty meters-per-seconds-square. This value is ten-raised-to-twelve-times more than the speed-of-light. How the rate of acceleration can be more than the speed-of-light? So the validity of the formula is questionable. I had put this question in this talk-page which some-one has deleted; which implies that this question is adversely affecting to some researchers. They should be bold enough human beings to face the questions. Hasmukh K. Tank 123.201.19.157 (talk) 12:44, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Thanks :)
Just wanted to say thanks after reading this for such a clearly written article. The understanding it has of the sticking points for lay readers and the simple clarifications it makes eg of a vacuum are greatly appreciated LookingGlass (talk) 17:27, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Unruh effect and the Big Bang - the Unruh Big Bang
Old universes become emptier, sparse and chaotic. Various chunks of them run into each other some at faster than light speeds, and that generates relativistic heat at Big Bang levels. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:4113:1F00:2C98:51C7:9539:215A (talk) 07:46, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
 * not correctly mentioned

The universe is acceleratingly expanding, so if we pick a random point inside it, that point will have a surrounding horizon sphere of superluminal expansion (each random universal point, sees a different observable universe) which shrinks by time. The event horizon of these spheres shrink and emit Unruh radiation until gradually reach the Big Bang values. (some unanswered questions... Do these "horizon spheres" reach point size, or do we have Big Bang before that event? The universal homogeneity of energy is an indication that "horizon points, or near points" are reached.)
 * Each random universal point, sees a different observable universe, the event horizon of which shrinks due to the accelerating expansion of the universe. Each of these event horizons emits Unruh radiation of increasing energy, until each visible universe becomes a point with its Unruh radiation at Big Bang levels.

 * The Unruh effect during Big Bang is an issue in cosmology, because each superluminally expanding point generates it.

During Big Bang the amount of energy is huge and it does matter. It is a known issue in cosmology/cosmogony to be answered.

Some user-comments might be erroneous in detail, but not necessarily about their core notion mentioned in the title. So keep them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:587:411A:D340:B1CD:5E5B:5D0B:33E4 (talk) 16:34, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

You claim: The Unruh effect is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe blackbody radiation where an inertial observer would observe none
At extremely high energies and close interactions, the components of observer A pass through the components of the observer B. The only observer is the wave function of the universe, thus ANY change has a global impact, which is puny at low energy levels and/or afar interactions especially for some "supposedy" inertial observer. NO INERTIAL OBSERVER actually exists if we are extremely strict (messing a part of the universe messes all other parts, maybe a puny bit, but it messes them).

WE CANNOT SOLVE THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE UNRUH RADIATION DURING THE BIG BANG IF YOU HIDE ISSUES! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a02:2149:8246:3f00:91c3:5e93:f262:d995 (talk) 03:43, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

Controversy over WHERE the accelerating observer detects the radiation
There are three main hypothesis (nowhere is the fourth)
 * 1) everywhere in his/her body
 * 2) Imagine the noninertial observer being a point surrounded by a sphere of subluminal expansion around him/her (because we know that the universe expands). According to that view only at his/her causal horizon (where his/her subluminal sphere ends and afar from it the universe expands superluminally in reference  to him/her. Actually for the noninertial observer, we don't have a causal subluminal expansion sphere, but an ovoid (not an ellipsoid). At the front of the causal ovoid (which isn't a sphere because the observer is noninertial) there is more heat than the average void temperature, and at the back less heat than the average void temperature. The overall temperature is the same but biasedly shared according to the distortion of the subluminal causal ovoid. In everyday life, that effect is negligible because most noninertial observers move a lot slower than the speed of light and the universe doesn't explode/expand superluminally in small/near regions. During the Big Bang the Unruh effect isn't negligible, because superluminal expansion happens in very small regions (and not afar galaxies).
 * 3) Option two is correct, but option one also but not due to the Unruh effect but because the noninertial body becomes itself slightly distorted in an ovoid-like manner, and that causes two types of heat: 1. negligible internal friction due to the negligible deformation, 2. negligible friction with spacetime itself, because the noninertial observer distorts his mapping of spacetime and thus the energy of the void isn't the same everywhere inside him/her/it but it has a void interpretation bias, and that distortion moves through spacetime (it's not static), and that moving ovoid spatiotemporal distortion causes some negligible friction (which during the Big Bang is ginormous... we have to calculate it...).  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2149:8246:3F00:91C3:5E93:F262:D995 (talk) 03:30, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

Secondary problem we didn't mention
A different virtual sphere of subluminal expansion surrounds each arbitrary observer (a spheres for the inertial observer and an ovoid for the noninertial).

Problems: Our universe is acceleratingly expanding, thus the size of the "sphere of subluminal expansion" of each observer isn't static in size but its size changes.

If the universe expanded with a constant acceleration, the sphere of subluminal expansion surrounding each arbitrary observer would have been of fixed size, but that's NOT the case in our universe (Nobel Prize data).

That fact complicates even more the Unruh calculation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2a02:2149:8246:3f00:91c3:5e93:f262:d995 (talk) 03:43, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

Hawking temperature
Should there not be a 8pi instead of 2pi in the Hawking temperature. If 2pi please show source of derivation, publication for example.

ChrisCalif (talk) 23:34, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

WP:CITEVAR and Template:Cite Q
This article uses "Last, First" name formats, which Cite Q does not do by default. See the documentation for that template, especially the section that reads If that were used in an article that used "Last, First" format for author names, then the editor would have to supply those author names manually in the desired format. – Jonesey95 (talk) 02:29, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Not only that, but articles that don't use cite q shouldn't be converted to use cite q.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 02:32, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * If the citation's output matches the established citation style in the article, Cite Q should not be a problem. – Jonesey95 (talk) 02:47, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * It doesn't, and it makes citation incredibly editor hostile and vulnerable to vandalism.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 07:33, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

 * , if you are reverted, please get consensus to change to Cite Q citations in this or any other wiki article. Right now you do not have consensus. Softlavender (talk) 07:41, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unruh effect


text:
User talk:Turcottem~enwiki

Deleted by request. Mr. Turcotte talk  01:38, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Zoo Tycoon: Complete Collection
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title: User talk:Turcottem~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Felix Kersten

Felix Kersten
Felix Kersten was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Non-notable. Google returns 770 results, many of them mirrors of the same story from one website. How notable is a masseur for a prince? Luigi30 19:19, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * What the heck? Massage's Greatest Humanitarian?  Is that like most public spirited chiropractor or something?  Not encyclopedic content, just an anecdote, if true.  Geogre 20:33, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If a dead princess's butler is officially "a Celebrity", then so is a masseur for a prince. Don't get him out of here... P Ingerson 01:18, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Definitely notable, not for being masseur to a prince, but as Himmler's masseur and specifically as an intermediary in the negotiations with Himmler which led to Folke Bernadotte's rescue operation (and I think in other negotiations as well). His war memoirs were published in their second English edition in 1956 with an introduction by H. R. Trevor-Roper. (I added this to the article, but more could be written.) / up+land 05:36, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Interesting to say the least. Keep, not paper, etc.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. There was an official investigation by a commision installed by the Dutch government about this man. They thought his story was too unlikely to be true but then they had to admit that Kersten was right. Later the Dutch historian Lou de Jong investigated the man again and found that he had exaggerated his claims of having saved many Dutch Jews. Dutch 1995 article According to the scholarly book by Heinz Hoehne about the history of the SS, Kersten got to know from Himmler that it was Goebbels idea to kill all the Jews and that the loyal Himmler first objected and was very sad about it. Kersten was also a major influence on Himmler in giving up his loyalty to Hitler, according to Hoehne's standard book  about the History of the SS. According to Hoehne, Kersten saved the Finnish Jewish population from the Holocaust by a cunning trick i.e. asking the Finnish parliament for permission, which took so much time that the chances of war had been reversed. It should be noted that what Hoehne wrote was before Lou de Jong investigated him again and exposed him. Andries 07:40, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 10:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I saw a book about this man in a chain bookstore just the other week. Samaritan 10:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; an obscure and slightly bizzare-sounding character, but a historical figure nonetheless. (I'm refraining from adding it to the page without checking, but AIUI he's notable in another way - almost all the Weird Occult Things popular history records about the SS came via him, and there's some argument he made large amounts up out of whole cloth, which would further provide notability). That, and I figure if I've already heard of someone historical they must be at least notable in some way ;-) Shimgray 12:30, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Most people don't realize that Himmler, although well-documented as an efficient mass-murderer by remote control, was a pushover for personal appeals. I'm not sure how notable this person is, since virtually anyone with immediate access to Himmler could (and frequently did) convince him to sign orders diverting individuals and small groups from the death camps. Abstain Wyss 12:56, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Wyss, Like who? Kersten is the only person that I am aware who did this for many Jews. Kersten may have exaggerated his efforts after the war though for obvious reasons. He received a medal from the Dutch government for saving Jews, which may have been unjustified. Apart from Walter Schellenberg I think there was no other person who had so much influence on changing Himmler's devotional loyalty to Hitler. Andries 17:52, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not referring to people who diverted "many jews" from the death camps, but to a known characteristic of Himmler's. Sure, I'd say Kersten probably exagerated and I certainly would hesitate to accept Himmler's masseuse had much of anything to do with influencing where Himmler's views were already going. I'm sorry I can't name any specific examples, they were typically "friends of friends" with Jewish relatives or wives. Please note that I abstained my vote. Wyss 20:31, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What the heck? Keep this encyclopedic content. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:32, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Appears to meet the bar for notability. --Improv 19:24, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep based on the research that's been done here. Even if his actual accomplishments were nowhere near as great as his claimed accomplishments, the fact that he apparently fooled quite so many people for so long into accepting his claimed accomplishments as fact pushes him above the bar for notability. -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:06, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Groupware

title: Category:Groupware


text:
Kaiser-Walzer

Kaiser-Walzer, Op. 437 (Emperor Waltz) is a waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1889. The waltz was originally titled Hand in Hand and was intended as a toast made in August of that year by Emperor of Austria Franz Joseph I on the occasion of his visit to the German Emperor Wilhelm II where it was symbolic as a 'toast of friendship' extended by Austria-Hungary to the German Empire.

Strauss' publisher, Fritz Simrock, suggested the title Kaiser-Walzer, since the title could allude to either monarch. The waltz was first performed in Berlin on 21 October 1889. The original cover of the piano edition bore the illustration of the Austrian Imperial Crown.

Composition
A quiet march starts the waltz's introduction before a sweeping crescendo heralds the gentle principal melody of the first waltz. As more waltz sections are introduced, the mood remains constantly upbeat and triumphant. A cello solo, rather like a cadenza, near the end of the work reprises the melody of the first waltz section, before a trumpet fanfare ushers the end of the work, complete with a drumroll on the timpani and a strong brass flourish.

 * Waltz 2

Instrumentation
It is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, snare drum, harp, and strings.

title: Kaiser-Walzer


text:
1972 in rail transport

January events

 * January – General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces the EMD SD40-2.
 * January 31 – Deficit 83 Lines movement: Last day of passenger operation on a 3.5 km section of the Hososhima Line in Miyazaki, Japan

February events

 * February 5 – Last steam locomotive built in India, Class YG #3573 at Chittaranjan Locomotive Works.

March events

 * March 15 – First phase of the San'yo Shinkansen opens between Shin-Osaka Station and Okayama Station.
 * March 20 – Penn Central Railroad abandons passenger service on the Harlem Line from Dover Plains to Chatham, as well as three stations in the South Bronx, and one station in White Plains, although that one was replaced. Service to Grand Central Terminal ended in the middle of the day, leaving stranded passengers with no scheduled return trip to Chatham, forcing them to only go as far north as Dover Plains.
 * March 24 – The Gilchrest Road crossing accident occurred on a level crossing in Clarkstown, New York, Five people were killed, and 44 injured.
 * March 30 – The Milwaukee Road discontinues its Limburger Special service to New Glarus, Wisconsin.
 * March 31 – Official last day of steam locomotive operation on Statens Järnvägar, Sweden.

April events

 * April – The Pacific Great Eastern Railway changes its name to British Columbia Railway.
 * April 1 – The Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) pulls out of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, becoming a terminal road in New Jersey; this does not affect their Lehigh and New England Railway operations, however. The Lehigh Valley Railroad assumes operation of the former CNJ lines in Pennsylvania.
 * April 30 – British Rail suspends operation of the Brighton Belle passenger train between London and Brighton, England.

June events

 * June 1 – The Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) leases the Harlem Line south of Dover Plains, New York, from Penn Central. Freight service continues to operate by Penn Central north of Dover Plains to Chatham until 1976, and to Millerton by Conrail until 1980.
 * June 6 – Amtrak introduces the Night Owl passenger train on an overnight schedule between Washington, D.C., and Boston, Massachusetts.
 * June 11 – Eltham Well Hall rail crash: A British Rail excursion train from Margate to Kentish Town derails at Eltham Well Hall station in the London suburb of Eltham taking a sharp curve at excessive speed. The driver (who is found to have been intoxicated) and five passengers are killed.
 * June 16 – 108 die as two passenger trains hit the debris of a collapsed railway tunnel near Soissons, France.
 * June 19 – Deficit 83 Lines movement: Closure of a 34.9 km section of the JNR Sassho Line between Shin-Totsukawa and Ishikari-Numata in Hokkaido, Japan
 * June 30 – Toei Subway Line 6 (present-day Mita Line) is extended from Sugamo to Hibiya in Tokyo, Japan.

July events

 * July 21 – A collision between two trains near Sevilla, Spain kills 76 people.

August events

 * August 1 – FEVE opens 58 km of metre-gauge railway between Luarca and Vegadeo, completing 321 km between Ferrol and Gijón along the north coast of Spain.
 * August 10 – The Illinois Central Railroad and the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad merge to form the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad.

September events

 * September 11 – Revenue service begins on the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system in the San Francisco Bay Area.
 * September 18 – São Paulo Metro is inaugurated.
 * September 27 – Commemorating the opening of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) two weeks earlier, United States President Richard Nixon rides a BART train.

October events

 * October 6 – A train crash at Saltillo, Mexico kills 208 people.
 * October 10 – The Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line extension to Yoyogi-Kōen station is opened.
 * October 20 – The Public Transport Commission of New South Wales is formed, replacing the New South Wales Government Railways.
 * October 30
 * The driver of a fast train does not notice a stop signal due to heavy fog and collides with another train in Schweinsburg-Culten, East Germany. 22 die and 70 are injured.
 * Illinois Central Gulf commuter rail crash: The accidental tripping of a signal at 27th Street Station on the Metra Electric system in Chicago, Illinois, causes an IC Electric express train to telescope another, killing 45 and injuring over 300.

December events

 * December 15 – Amtrak introduces the Vacationer passenger train service between New York City and Miami, Florida.
 * December 16 – Yokohama Municipal Subway, part of section between Isezaki-chojamachi and Kamiooka, officially opens.

Unknown date events

 * The Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway is officially merged into the Chicago and North Western Railway railroad.
 * Donald Russell steps down as Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Southern Pacific Company, the parent company of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The position remains vacant until 1976.
 * General Motors Electro-Motive Division introduces computer control systems in its line of diesel locomotives with the EMD SD40-2.
 * Fred Burbidge succeeds Ian David Sinclair as president of Canadian Pacific Railway.
 * The Family Lines System is formed as a common marketing strategy of several eastern and southeastern United States railroads.

title: 1972 in rail transport


text:
Rogers Drums

Rogers Drums is an American multinational drum manufacturer. It was founded in 1849 and originally based in Covington, Ohio. During the twentieth century, their drums enjoyed popularity with musicians spanning from the Dixieland jazz era in the 1920s to classic rock in the 1960s and 1970s, but was particularly associated with big band and swing drummers of the 1940s and 1950s.

History
The Rogers company was started in 1849 by James Rogers, an Irish immigrant from Dublin to the United States. Rogers started crafting drum heads in Brewster’s Station, New York. A second tannery was established later in Farmingdale, New Jersey, operated by his son Joseph H. Rogers Junior. James Rogers' grandson Cleveland S. Rogers began to manufacture the first "Rogers" drums at the Farmingdale tannery in the 1930s. The first Rogers drums were assembled from shells and hardware of other manufacturers but mounted with Rogers heads.

In 1955, Cleveland Rogers, who had no heirs, sold the Rogers drum company to Henry Grossman. Grossman moved the company to Covington, Ohio, and under his leadership, Rogers moved to the forefront of American drum making for the next decade and a half. Design engineer Joe Thompson and marketing manager Ben Strauss were instrumental in Rogers' success during its golden age from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s. The company's drums were embraced by musicians from the Dixieland movement to the classic rockers of the 1960s and 1970s. However, the manufacturer was most closely associated with the "big band" and swing drummers of the 1940s and 1950s.

The Dyna-Sonic snare drum
Rogers' "Dyna-Sonic" snare drum featured a number of innovations, such as a unique cradle in which the snare wires were supported. This device provided a means by which the longitudinal tension of the snare wires could be adjusted independently of the vertical force holding the snares against the bottom head. As a result, the snares could be tensioned as tightly as the drummer wanted without having to pull the snares against the head so hard they constrained (choked) the head's vibration. This and other innovations (for example, a remarkably shallow—4/1000"—snare bed) made possible by the novel tensioning arrangement gave the drum a relatively crisp and recognizably clear sound. Dyna-Sonics were made from about 1961 until the mid-'80s.  The company was bought in 1966 by CBS Musical Instruments, which had also acquired in 1965 Fender Guitars and Rhodes Pianos.  The vast majority of Dyna-Sonics had COB (chrome over brass) shells.  Only a small number of wood-shell Dyna-Sonics was made during the lifetime of the drum. Pristine models can fetch thousands of dollars on the vintage drum market.  Other notable Rogers drums were the Powertone model of snare drums and the Holiday model of tom-toms and bass drums.  Fiberglass timpani were also manufactured for a time, named Accu-Sonic.

In addition to its Dyna-Sonic snare drum, Rogers was renowned for its highly-innovative hardware. Much of it was developed by Thompson, including the Swiv-o-Matic line of bass drum pedals, hi-hats, cymbal stands, and tom-tom holders. The cymbal stands and tom-tom holders featured a ball-and-socket tilting mechanism. Even Ludwig drummers like Ringo Starr of The Beatles, Mitch Mitchell of The Jimi Hendrix Experience, and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin used some Swiv-o-Matic hardware items on their kits. Keith Moon used Swiv-o-Matic hardware on his Premier kit.

Neil Peart of RUSH played a Rogers 5"x14" Rogers Dynasonic Snare on Fly by Night, Caress of Steel, 2112 and All The World's A Stage. He also used Rogers hardware, specifically, a single Swiv-o-Matic tom holder on his large Slingerland and Tama drum kits through the mid-1980s in order to position a tom-tom directly over the center of one of his bass drums.

From 1964 until 1975, Rogers shells were 5-ply construction of alternating plies of maple and birch wood with reinforcement rings. From late 1975 until 1978 the shells were made up of 5 alternating plies of maple and birch wood with reinforcement rings. Starting in 1978, Rogers began offering drums with 8-ply shells without reinforcement rings (made by Keller Products, Inc. of Manchester, NH) for its XP-8 line. They marked the beginning of relatively heavy, thick "stadium" shells that favored attack and projection over midrange tonality. These drums were promoted as "the best Rogers drums ever made" and the XP-8 models lived up to that claim.

1976 saw the introduction of "Memriloc" hardware. This innovation was co-developed by Dave Donoho and Roy Burns. It was the first of the super-stable hardware systems and was subsequently copied by most major drum manufacturers in one form or another. Most modern drum hardware evolved from the Rogers Memrilock concept.

For the growing European market, Rogers drums were made in the UK by Ajax under license from Rogers USA. The hardware was Rogers, but the drum shells were supplied by Ajax from its UK production. Dave Clark of the Dave Clark Five and Pete York of the Spencer Davis Group were prominent British drummers using Rogers equipment during that era; along with Mick Avory of the Kinks (before switching to Ludwig) and John Steel of The Animals (after switching from Premier).

Shortly after being purchased by CBS in 1966, Rogers drums moved its production in 1969 from Ohio to a Fullerton, CA factory complex, where the American Fender Guitars were also produced.

In 1983, CBS sold Rogers and Fender to a group of individuals who were running the Fender division; the new owners soon after decided to discontinue the Rogers Drums line. Between 1984 and 1998, the Rogers name was owned by Island Music, who manufactured low-cost copies of the famous Big R Rogers drums outside the US.

1998 to present day
In 1998, the Rogers name was acquired by the Brook Mays Music Company (BMMC) of Dallas, Texas. Jim Rosenthal, then VP Marketing for BMMC, identified the opportunity to purchase the name and revitalize the brand. BMMC began the brand as a low-cost, but high-quality import line of beginner drum sets that were sold exclusively through the company's own chain of music stores. The first kits were manufactured by Peace Drums of Taiwan. The drums sold successfully because many drummers (especially younger ones) wanted Rogers kits and the kits were excellent value. Bill Crowden, son-in-law of Bill Ludwig, was working for BMMC at the time and was brought in to the Dallas office to run Rogers. Together with Jim Rosenthal, they developed the line, using the names of Rogers kits and drums from the '60s. A high-quality line of kits emerged that included maple and birch shells with beavertail lugs and modern double-braced hardware. Sales of Rogers kits across the board for BMMC were extremely successful.

However, in the summer of 2006, BMMC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. On August 26, 2006, the Yamaha Corporation of America announced that it had acquired the intellectual property rights to the Rogers Drum Company at the BMMC bankruptcy court-ordered auction. "Opportunities to acquire a well-respected brand that is so treasured by players do not come along every day," said Tom Sumner, Vice President and General Manager of Yamaha's Pro Audio & Combo Division. "We will use our expertise to improve on the Rogers legacy." Yamaha displayed its new Rogers drums at winter NAMM 2007.

In 2013, the rights to Rogers drums were acquired by Joseph Chen, then the president of Dixon Drums. In 2017, Rogers was revived as a manufacturer of high-end handcrafted snare drums, utilizing many of the familiar hardware designs from the 1950s and 1960s. They have reissued a 5-ply maple version of the "Dyna-Sonic" snare drum featuring the "Clock Face" double-rail snare straining device and re-engineered "Bread and Butter" lugs.

Players
The following players used Rogers drums in whole, or part:

 * Mick Avory
 * Dave Clark
 * Brian Downey
 * Mick Fleetwood
 * Al Jackson Jr.
 * Sam Lay
 * Earl Palmer
 * Marky Ramone
 * Tommy Ramone
 * Buddy Rich
 * John Steel
 * Gina Schock
 * Danny Seraphine
 * Louie Bellson
 * John Barbata
 * Hal Blaine
 * Dino Danelli
 * Dallas Taylor
 * Spencer Dryden
 * Mickey Hart
 * Cozy Cole
 * Ed Shaughnessy
 * Roy Burns
 * Pete York
 * Chris Frantz
 * Scott Asheton
 * Louis Hayes
 * Dennis Wilson
 * Neil Peart

title: Rogers Drums


text:
Camel toe

Camel toe, or cameltoe, is slang for the outline of the labia majora (the outer lips of the vulva) in tightly fitting clothes. Owing to a combination of anatomical factors and the fabric tension in the crotch area, the outer labia and mons pubis may, together, display a shape resembling the forefoot of a camel. Camel toe commonly occurs as a result of wearing clothing with crotch-area vertical tension, such as Spandex activewear or athleisure bottom wear, hotpants or swimwear.

In the 1930s, following the development of Lastex rubberized yarns for swimwear, the resulting exposure of the pubic-area outline resulted in manufacturers adding a "modesty panel" to women's swimsuits to conceal the camel toe; this persisted through the 1950s.

In the early 21st century, the display of camel toe in public or in the media has caused controversy on a number of occasions.

title: Camel toe


text:
User:Wolfm

Hi I R Mark A new Member! Squirrels taste like Bacon ( I tried It it was juicy!) I have a secret, I am really a squirrel! ( I'm Hairy)

THIS IS MAGGIE. I JUST WANTED TO SAY THAT YOUR A COMPLETE MORON AND YOUR WEIRD FOR EATING SQUIRRELS! GET A LIFE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

title: User:Wolfm


text:
User:Maggie102

Hi,

I am Maggie (as you already may know LOL) Feel free to send me a message!!!

Articles: America's idiot

title: User:Maggie102


text:
Talk:Émile Durkheim

Overhaul planned
I plan, one of these days, to go a bit more in depth with this entry... in my judgment, it's rather superficial and doesn't mention several of his important claims, such as the claim that society acts as a type of God for all involved.

This isn't to say that it's been terrible thus far... rather that it needs to be more in-depth.

--Abryct.

I agree, there is a lot of information regarding his important claims that are missing. For example, the article mentions that he worked on deviance, but gives no information whatsoever on his actual theories. I am planning on adding this information if possible. Gsv82 (talk) 15:57, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

As I stated previously, I plan on adding information about deviance to the page. I've compiled a list of possible scholarly sources.

Possible Sources: Our sociology textbook (pg. 138) Jones, T. Anthony. “Durkheim, Deviance and Development: Opportunities Lost and Regained.” Social Forces, vol. 59, no. 4, 1981, pp. 1009–1024. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2577978.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2577978?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents

http://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/7-2-explaining-deviance/

Gsv82 (talk) 04:08, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

"principal architect of modern social science"
The lede states: "with W. E. B. Du Bois, Karl Marx and Max Weber—is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science". Perhaps instead "one of the principal architects". But in any case the statement is thinly referenced. As to the pantheon, discussions in Archive 1 were inconclusive. The problem seems to be the criterion or criteria. Do we want to mean pioneers or lasting inspirations, or both? If both, the inclusion of Durkheim, Marx and Weber doesn't seem contentious. If only pioneers, Comte and Spencer should be added, but otherwise not. If only lasting inspirations, maybe add Parsons and more. Then there is a question of generality: du Bois has been a neglected pioneer, but what influence has he had outside the USA? I'm not holding any candles or hammers here, but I think these questions need to be addressed in making the selection. And whatever selection is made needs to be better supported with references. Wikiain (talk) 23:39, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Émile Durkheim


text:
Annette Ducharme

Annette Ducharme, also known as Anet (born February 23 in Windsor, Ontario) is a Canadian musician and songwriter. She is best known as a songwriter for other performers, including Tom Cochrane and Lawrence Gowan, but has also recorded several albums, both as a solo artist and as a member of the band Bowers-Ducharme (with James Bowers).

Ducharme is also known for her song "Start Again," co-written with Darren Radtke. It is known among television viewers worldwide as the theme song of the CBC Television teen soap opera Edgemont.

Ducharme, a Franco-Ontarian, was born in Windsor, Ontario.

1993–1996: Bliss Records and Don't Argue with Her
In 1993, Ducharme formed her own record label, Bliss Records. In 1996, she released "Change Your Mind" as the lead single from Don't Argue with Her (known internationally as Bloom).

1997–2002: Tortured and Talented Girl
On July 2, 2002, Ducharme released her fifth studio album, Talented Girl, under Sextant Records. The song "Nicotine" was featured on the soundtrack to the 2003 drama film Thirteen.

Composer

 * Tall Tale Heart (2004)
 * Rapid Fire (2006)

title: Annette Ducharme