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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vital materialism

Vital materialism was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Vital materialism
There is a philosophy of Vital Materialism, but this isn't it. William Garrity O'Connell is a 23-year old student at St Thomas's University. Neither he, nor his philosophy of Vital Materialism is referenced anywhere on the internet (at least that I can find). This version of William Garrity O'Connell's page gives the game away. Mpntod 23:06, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity and non-notable.  If there is a valid, well-known philosophy by this name, I would recommend writing an article about that and including it on the page about Materialism.  Google search on "William O'Connell" "st. thomas" gives only 102 results, and for "William Garrity O'Connell", only one result.  --Idont Havaname 23:33, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

(Above is from the article's author User:66.41.51.58
 * Don't Delete. The above user, Mpntod, is confusing Vital Materialism with Vitalist Materialism, and is therefore wrong. Just because something can't be found on the internet doesn't mean it doesn't exist. I suppose one should become a user of wikipedia along with five friends and outvote the above two, or create a thousand web pages that outline what vital materialism is.  I suppose that can be arranged, but no one will ever be able to explain just why the two users above feel so strongly the need to have vital materialism deleted from wikipedia.

 * Delete. --jpgordon{gab} 01:08, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * oooh, "fallacious in his animadversion"! That sort of vocabulary must wow them at the Student Lounge, Mr. O'Connell. Delete. --Calton 01:15, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Original research, at least -- which is inappropriate for an encyclopedia. As for this hylozoism...eh.  I'll stick with David Hume. Geogre 01:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I should also say that hylozoism misses the point completly, you smart-aleck. If I were you I would graduate to the 20th century--at least--in my philosophical outlook.
 * I see no advantages to the 20th century. I don't like the teleological assumptions necessary for "progress" in history.  Geogre 04:24, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The bold contribution above ("I should also say . . . my philosophical outlook") was added by the article's author, User:66.41.51.58, at 02:09 on 30 November. Hoary 03:49, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) PS he/she has since removed the bold tagging, as well as making changes within other people's signed comments. (Take a look at the history of this page.) Hoary 06:51, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete as non-notable and vanity. Incidentally, our friend User:66.41.51.58 might get demerit points for having deleted the puny content of his/her page, and then, when it was reverted, deleting it again. Hoary 03:56, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete:DCEdwards1966 04:34, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Haha, delete. --Fastfission 06:01, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research (or more likely original nonsense...) jni 06:40, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Disturbed by threat to abuse VfD by article author. Not notable. --Improv 07:31, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Someone's personal theory. --Gene s 09:50, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and let's keep the personal stuff to a minimum and please do not bite the newcomers I agree with User:66.41.51.58 that "Just because something can't be found on the internet doesn't mean it doesn't exist."  (Indeed, my kitchen, for example, cannot be found on the internet, but does – I assure you – exist.)  But, 66.41.51.58, you should realize that the standard for pages in Wikipedia is notability, not simply existence.  As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia is not a repository for original research; we're not the publication of first instance. Hence, we would expect that even a notable-but-fairly-obscure philosophy would garner attention and mention elsewhere on the web before getting an article here. Chris vLS 17:12, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Comment: Let me second your sentiments.  My own quip was meant to be flip rather than hostile.  We need knowledgeable folks with solid backgrounds in Philosophy, and in particular Analytic Philosophy and beyond.  Our coverage of Greek Phil. is pretty good, and we get spotty to the 19th c.  (The Kierkegaard article is still a disgrace.)  Then we just have contributors with extremely narrow, if not private, axes to grind.  I hope the contributor sticks around.  This is not a place for original research, so one's own philosophy is not appropriate for the encyclopedia, but we could sure use the expertise.  Geogre 03:34, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Okay. Thank you for your consideration. Wikipedia is a great tool, and I shall abide by the rules of notability. The matter rests. 66.41.51.58
 * No problem, and welcome! Hope to see you around soon.  Chris vLS 18:14, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. and delete the William Garrity O'Connell page too.--Regebro 11:43, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Garrity O'Connell

William Garrity O'Connell was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

William Garrity O'Connell
Vanity page. William Garrity O'Connell is a 23-year old student at St Thomas's University. Neither he, nor his philosophy of Vital Materialism is referenced anywhere on the internet (at least that I can find). Not notable yet. This version of William Garrity O'Connell's page gives the game away. Mpntod 23:05, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * As I said for his philosophy... delete. Vanity and non-notable.  Google search on "William O'Connell" "st. thomas" gives only 102 results, and for "William Garrity O'Connell", only one result.  --Idont Havaname 23:35, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agreed:  Vanity & Not Notable.  --Randy 23:40, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Note that the author has been deleting the VfD notice from the article. --jpgordon{gab} 01:05, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Non-notable. --Calton 01:17, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Musings and the a-muser. Geogre 01:19, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for the reasons above. Since a person with using the same IP number keeps dicking around with the page, perhaps the IP number could beneficially be given a short vacation from Wikipedia. Hoary 04:00, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC) On second thoughts, perhaps it's dial-up and DHCP. Anyway, both the numbers used (66.41.blah-blah) belong to Comcast Cable Communications Holdings, or so I learn via the ever-useful samspade.org. Hoary 04:07, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 04:33, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 06:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. On the philosophy page, I also said don't bite the newcomer, but I am disappointed with the comment about harassing moderators. Clearly, I was expecting William to be polite as well. Perhaps this is what we should expect when VfD gets snippy. In either case, 66.41.X.X and/or William should read more about Wikipedia.  You are not harrassing moderators, there is no such thing here.  We're just regular users like yourself, trying to improve the project.  Thanks. Chris vLS 17:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, vanity. --[[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:41, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete* --Regebro 11:45, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Language delay

A language delay is a language disorder in which a child fails to develop language abilities at the usual age-appropriate period in their developmental timetable. It is most commonly seen in children ages two to seven years-old and can continue into adulthood. The reported prevalence of language delay ranges from 2.3 to 19 percent.

Language is a uniquely human form of communication that entails the use of words in a standard and structured way. Language is distinct from communication. Communication is a two-stage process. The first stage is the process of encoding the message into a set of words (or signs in the case of Sign Languages) and sentence structures that convey the required meaning, i.e. into language. In the second stage, language is translated into motor commands that control the articulators (hands, face, body, lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, teeth, etc.), thereby creating speech.

Language delays are distinct from speech delays, in which the development of the mechanical and motor aspects of speech production are delayed. Many tend to confuse language delay with speech delay or even just late talker. All of these have different telltale signs and determining factors. Speech delay seems to be more similar to late talker compared to language delay. Speech is the verbal motor production of language, while language is a means of communication. Because language and speech are independent, they may be individually delayed. For example, a child may be delayed in speech (i.e., unable to produce intelligible speech sounds), but not delayed in language because they use a Sign Language. Additionally, language delay encompasses the entirety of language developmental progress being slowed and not just the speech aspects.

Language delays are recognized by comparing language development of children to recognized developmental milestones. They are presented in a variety of ways, as every individual child has a unique set of language skills and deficiencies that are identifiable through many different screenings and tools. There are different causes leading to language delay; it is often a result of another developmental disorder and treatment requires analysis of the unique individual causes. The condition is frequently observed early on, among two- and three-year-olds. Early language delays are only considered risk-factors in leading to more severe language disorders.

Language development
The anatomical language centers of the brain are the Broca's and Wernicke's area. These two areas include all aspects of the development of language. The Broca's area is the motor portion of language at the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus and involves speech production. The Wernicke's area is the sensory portion of language at the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus and involves auditory verbal comprehension.

There are recognizable speech and language developmental milestones in children. For children with language delays, milestones in their language development may be different or slowed. Recent studies have shown the different milestones for children with language delay compared to children with normal language development. Language delays are often identified when a child strays from the expected developments in the timeline of typical speech and language developmental milestones that researchers agree on. Children can stray slightly from the confines of the expected timeline; however, if a child is observed to be largely straying from the expected timeline, the child's caretaker should consult with a medical specialist.

Timeline of typical speech and language developmental milestones
This timeline only provides a very general and brief outline of expected developments from birth to age five, individual children can still exhibit varying development patterns as this timeline only serves as a general guideline. This timeline is only one model, other models regarding language development exist. The development of language remains a theoretical mystery. Around 2 months, babies can make "cooing" sounds.

Around 4 months, babies can respond to voices.

Around 6 months, babies begin to babble and respond to names.

Around 9 months, babies begin to produce mama/dada - appropriate terms and are able to imitate one word at a time.

Around 12 months, toddlers can typically speak one or more words. They can produce two words with meaning.

Around 15 months, toddlers begin to produce jargon, which is defined as "pre-linguistic vocalizations in which infants use adult-like stress and intonation".

Around 18 months, toddlers can produce 10 words and follow simple commands.

Around 24 months, toddlers begin to produce 2-3 words and phases that use "I", "Me", and "you", indicating possession. They are about 25% intelligible.

Around 3 years, toddlers are able to use language in numerical terms.

Based on the milestones set for typical toddlers, if the child tends to have a lot of or very long delays, they may be deemed as having language delay. However, proper testing by a professional like a speech therapist or a doctor's confirmation will be required to determine if a child has language delay. Although these milestones are the typical milestones for a child, they should not be followed strictly as they are mere guidelines.

Language development in language delay
Early developmental language delay is characterized by slow language development in preschoolers. Language development for children with language delay takes longer than the general timeline provided above. It is not only slower, but also presents itself in different forms. For example, a child with a language delay could have weaker language skills such as the ability to produce phrases at 24 months-old. They may find themselves producing language that is different from language norms in developing children.

Types
A language delay is commonly divided into receptive and expressive categories. Both categories are essential in developing effective communication.

Receptive language refers to the process of understanding language, both verbal (spoken) and nonverbal (written, gestural). This may involve gaining information from sounds and words, visual information from surrounding environment, written information and grammar.

Expressive language refers to the use of sentences (made of words or signs) to communicate messages to others. It enables children to express their needs and wants to the people around them, interact with others and develop their language skills in speech and writing. Some expressive language skills include putting words together into sentences, being able to label objects in an environment and describing events and actions.

Receptive language delay
Children that are diagnosed with receptive language delay have difficulties understanding language. They may have trouble with receptive language skills such as identifying vocabulary and basic concepts, understanding gestures, following directions and answering questions. The number of language skills that children have difficulties with can differ greatly, with some having trouble with only a single skill and others having trouble with multiple.

Expressive language delay
A child diagnosed with expressive language delay (ELD) has trouble with language usage in some way. As this diagnosis is very broad, each child diagnosed with ELD can be very different in terms of the language skills they have problems with. Some may have difficulty with using the correct words and vocabulary, some have trouble forming sentences and others are unable to sequence information together coherently. Expressive language symptoms come in many forms and each one is treated with different methods.

Presentation and diagnosis
A language delay is most commonly identified around 18 months of age with an enhanced well-baby visit. It presents itself in many forms and can be comorbid or develop as a result of other developmental delays. Language delays act and develop differently individually. Language delay is different than individual variation in language development, and is defined by children falling behind on the timeline for recognized milestones.

Screening
Regular appointments with a pediatrician in infancy can help identify signs of language delay. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), formal screening for language delay is recommended at three ages: 9, 18, and 24–30 months. Screening is a two-part process: first, a general developmental screening using tools such as the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status or Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3); and second, specific screening for autism spectrum disorder using tools like the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. Not all patients with language delay have autism spectrum disorder, so the AAP recommends both screens to assess for delays in developmental milestones.

However, the US Preventive Services Task Force (last updated in 2015) has determined that there is insufficient evidence to recommend screening for language delay in children under the age of 5. Other national panels, including the UK National Screening Committee and Canadian Task Force for Preventive Health Care, have also concluded that there is limited evidence on the benefits of screening all infants for language delay.

Early signs and symptoms (red flags)
There are several red flags in early infancy and childhood that may indicate a need for evaluation by a pediatrician. For example, language delay can present as a lack of communicative gestures or sounds. Language delay in children is associated with increased difficulty with reading, writing, attention, and/or socialization. In addition, an inability to engage in social exchanges is a sign of language delay at all ages.

Communicative deficits at specific ages and milestones might indicate language delay, including:

 * Not smiling at 3 months
 * Not turning the head toward sounds at 4 months
 * Not laughing or responding to sounds at 6 months
 * Not babbling at 9 months
 * Not pointing and using gestures at 12 months
 * Not producing more than 5 words at 18 months
 * Not producing more than 50 words at 24 months
 * Losing language and/or social skills after 36 months

Later in life, important signs include:

 * A lack of speech
 * An inability to comprehend, process, or understand language presented to the child

Consequences of language delay
Language delay is a risk factor for other types of developmental delay, including social, emotional, and cognitive delay. Language delay can impact behavior, reading and spelling ability, and overall IQ scores. Some children may outgrow deficits in reading and writing while others do not. Other conditions associated with language delay include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and social communication disorder.

Causes
Language delays are the most frequent developmental delays, and can occur for many reasons. A delay can be due to being a "late bloomer", "late talker", or a more serious problem. Such delays can occur in conjunction with a lack of mirroring of facial responses, unresponsiveness or unawareness of certain noises, a lack of interest in playing with other children or toys, or no pain response to stimuli.

Socio-economic factors
Socio-economic status

Children from families of low educational level are more likely to have delays and difficulties in expressive language. While language development is not directly affected by the socioeconomic level of a family, the conditions that are associated with the socioeconomic level affects the process of language development to a certain extent. A child's early vocabulary development can be influenced by socioeconomic status via maternal speech, which varies according to the socioeconomic status of the family. Mothers with higher education levels are more likely to use rich vocabulary and speak in longer utterances when interacting with their children, which helps them develop their productive vocabulary more than children from a lower socioeconomic status.

Poverty is also a high risk factor for language delay as it results in a lack of access to appropriate therapies and services. The likelihood of those requiring early intervention for language delays actually receiving help is extremely low compared to those that don't actually need it.

Natural/medical factors
Hearing loss

The process of children acquiring language skills involves hearing sounds and words from their caregivers and surroundings. Hearing loss causes that lack of these sound inputs, causing these children to have difficulties learning to use and understand language, which will eventually lead to delayed speech and language skills. For example, they may struggle with putting sentences together, understanding speech from other people or using the correct grammar, which are some language skills that typically developing children possess.

Autism

There is strong evidence that autism is commonly associated with language delay. Children with autism may have difficulties in developing language skills and understanding what is being said to them. They may also have troubles communicating non-verbally by using hand gestures, eye contact and facial expressions. The extent of their language usage is heavily influenced by their intellectual and social developments. The range of their skills can be very different and on opposite ends of a spectrum. Many children with autism develop some speech and language skills, but not like typically developing children, and with uneven progress.

Asperger syndrome, which is classified under the broad umbrella term of autistic spectrum disorder, however, is not associated with language delay. Children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome have decent language skills but use language in different ways from others. They may not be able to understand the use of language devices, such as irony and humor, or conversation reciprocity between involved parties.

Heritability

Genes have a very big influence in the presence of language impairments. Neurobiological and genetic mechanisms have a strong influence on late language emergence. A child with a family history of language impairments is more likely to have delayed language emergence and persistent language impairments. They are also 2 times more likely to be late talkers as compared to those with no such family history.

Genetic abnormalities may also be a cause of language delays. In 2005, researchers found a connection between expressive language delay and a genetic abnormality: a duplicate set of the same genes that are missing in individuals with Williams-Beuren syndrome. Also so called XYY syndrome can often cause speech delay.

Twins

Being a twin increases the chance of speech and language delays. Reasons for this are thought to include less one-on-one time with parents, the premature birth of twins, and the companionship of their twin sibling reducing their motivation to talk to others. A twin study has also shown that genetic factors have an important role in language delay. Monozygotic twin pairs (identical twins) recorded a higher consistency than dizygotic twin (fraternal twins) pairs, revealing monozygotic twins experiencing early vocabulary delay is attributed to genetic etiology. The environmental factors that influences both twins also play a big role in causing early language delay, but only when it is transient.

Gender

Research has shown that boys are at greater risk for delayed language development than girls. Almost all developmental disorders that affect communication, speech and language skills are more common in males than in females. British scientists have found that the male sex hormone (testosterone) levels were related to the development of both autism and language disorders, which explains why boys are at a greater risk of developmental disorders biologically.

Perinatal conditions

There is a high prevalence of early language delay among toddlers with neonatal brachial plexus palsy. Hand usage and gestures are part of the motor system and have been proven correlate to comprehension and production aspects in language development. An interruption in the hand/arm usage caused by this condition during stages of language development could possibly cause these children to experience language delays.

Stress during pregnancy is associated with language delay. High levels of prenatal stress can result in poorer general intellectual and language outcomes. Chemical exposure during pregnancy may also be a factor that causes language delays.

Environmental factors
Interactive communication and parental inputs

Psychosocial deprivation can cause language delays in children. An example of this is when a child does not spend enough time communicating with adults through ways such as babbling and joint attention. Research on early brain development shows that babies and toddlers have a critical need for direct interactions with parents and other significant care givers for healthy brain growth and the development of appropriate social, emotional, and cognitive skills.

A study examining the role of interactive communication between parents and children has shown that parents' language towards toddlers with language delay differ from parents' language towards typically developing toddlers in terms of the quality of interaction. While late talkers and children with typical language development both receive similar quantitative parental input in terms of the number of utterances and words, parents of late talkers are found to respond less often to their children than parents of children with typical language development. Parents of late talkers tend to change or introduce topics more often than other parents in order to engage their children in more talk rather than responding to their child's speech. They also seem to not provide an environment that is suitable for child engagement, nor do they establish routines that serve as a platform for communicative acts with their children. This, together with the fact that they respond less often to their children, shows that parents of late talkers do not follow their child's lead. Instead, these parents are more likely to adapt to the child's communication, which results in an "idiosyncratic feedback cycle" that worsens the child's language difficulties rather than help with their language acquisition.

Birth Order

First-born children grow up in an environment that provides more possibilities of communicative interaction with adults, which differs from what is experienced by their younger siblings. Younger siblings are likely to have less one-on-one time with their parents or guardians. Older siblings also tend to talk for their younger siblings, giving them less opportunities to grow their language skills.

Television viewing

Excessive television viewing is associated with delayed language development. Children who watched television alone were 8.47 times more likely to have language delay when compared to children who interacted with their caregivers during television viewing. Some educational television shows, such as Blue's Clues, have been found to enhance a child's language development. But, as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should watch no television at all, and after age 2 watch no more than one to two hours of quality programming a day. Therefore, exposing such young children to television programs should be discouraged, especially television shows with no educational value. Parents should engage children in more conversational activities to avoid television-related delays to their children language development, which could impair their intellectual performance. However, in a study conducted by Dr. Birken of the Hospital for Sick Children, it was found that watching television while interacting with a parent of caregiver is actually beneficial for children who are bilingual. The study spanned four years, from 2011 to 2015, and was based on parent report and clinician observation. Over the four years it was found that if a bilingual child had interaction with an adult while watching television they did not experience language delay and it in fact helped them develop English, their second language.

Treatment
Studies have failed to find clear evidence that a language delay can be prevented by training or educating health care professionals in the subject. Overall, some of the reviews show positive results regarding interventions in language delay, but are not curative. To treat an already existing language delay a child would need Speech and Language Therapy to correct any deficits. These therapists can be found in schools, clinics, through home care agencies, and also colleges where Communication Sciences and Disorders are studied. Most young children with language delay recover to a normal range by five years of age.

Aside from these, it is still encouraged for the child's parent to get involved. A few ways that a parent could get involved with helping to improve a child's language and speech skills includes speaking to their child with enthusiasm, engaging in conversations revolving what the child is focusing on, and reading to their child frequently.

Social and play skills appear to be more difficult for children with language delays due to their decreased experience in conversation. Speech pathologists utilize methods such as prompting to improve a child's social skills through play intervention. While recent studies have consistently found play intervention to be helpful, further research is required in order to determine the effectiveness of this form of therapy.

Unfortunately, there is still not a lot of methods and cures that help children with language delay. However, there have been some recent therapy methods that have caused improvement in children with language delay. Certain types of therapy have been seen to show more or better improvement for the children compared to regular speech therapy. One such example is in the form of therapeutic horseback riding. It is also mentioned in a study that animals are a good source of therapy for children with special needs in areas including communication skills.

In regards to demographic factors causing language delay, specifically poverty, system-level changes improve access to treatment and therapy for children with language delay.

Intervention
The parent and child relationship is bi-directional, which means that parents have an influence over their child's language development, while the child has an influence over the parent's communication styles. Parents have the ability to maintain language delay by offering the child a non-verbal environment or one where their communication may not be challenged. Intervention programs and strategies are found to be beneficial to children with a specific language impairments. Research has found that the management strategies put to use are influenced by the child and the important participation of the parents. Parents are likely to follow the lead of the child's language development.

One approach for intervening is naturalistic intervention. The child is in a natural environment where the communication is more responsive, rather than being more direct.

title: Language delay


text:
Christopher Evans

Christopher Evans or Chris Evans may refer

Entertainment

 * Chris Evans (actor) (born 1981), American actor
 * Chris Evans (presenter) (born 1966), British broadcaster
 * Chris Evans (artist) (born 1967), British artist
 * Chris Tally Evans, British artist, director and writer
 * Christopher Evans (author) (born 1951), British author of science fiction and children's books
 * Christopher Evans (musician) (born 1987), Ugandan vocalist
 * Christopher Leith Evans (born 1954), American artist

Politics

 * Chris Evans (Australian politician) (born 1958), member of the Australian Senate
 * Chris Evans (British politician) (born 1977), British Labour Co-operative politician
 * D. Christopher Evans, American law enforcement officer and acting administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration

Sports

 * Chris Evans (American football) (born 1997), American football running back for the Cincinnati Bengals
 * Chris Evans (footballer) (born 1962), Welsh footballer and manager
 * Chris Evans (ice hockey) (1946–2000), Canadian professional ice hockey player
 * Chris Evans (basketball) (born 1991), American pro basketball player

Other

 * Chris Evans (journalist) (born 1969), editor of The Daily Telegraph
 * Chris Evans (unionist) (1845–1924), British-born American labor unionist
 * Christopher Evans (outlaw) (1847–1917), American train robber
 * Christopher Evans (theologian) (1909–2012), English chaplain and theologian
 * Christopher Evans (computer scientist) (1931–1979), British computer scientist, psychologist and writer on pseudo-science
 * Christopher Evans (businessman) (born 1957), British biotech entrepreneur

title: Christopher Evans


text:
Talk:Electric unicycle

Mobbo unycycle (advertisment)
The line about mobbo unycycle is an advertisment "Mobbo Electric Unicycle[3]: The fastest way around town. Weighing just 12KG, the Mobbo will transform daily commutes and give unparalleled independence", I think it should be removed.

 * It's clearly ad copy. I'm removing it. Atypicaloracle (talk) 04:01, 23 November 2013 (UTC)

Pixar's robotic unicycle (Disney's Duck Tales)
Per Pixar's robotic unicycle: In Disney's DuckTales, one of the characters possessed a robotic suit that was driven by a unicycle. Does any one want to do some research on that? --Eladamry 23:04, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Proposed WikiProject: Unicycling
I've proposed creating a new project to promote and coordinate unicycle and unicycling related articles. Please comment here. -AndrewDressel 18:44, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

The Eunicycle
I was about to add something about the eunicycle to this article, but I see that all mention of the eunicycle has previously been deleted from this article. I want to avoid a revert war. So is linking from one Wikipedia article to another "spam" now, or am I confused? --75.48.165.135 10:07, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

 * (The reference is now back btw) PeterEastern (talk) 11:19, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

Is the RYNO "True two-axis self-balancing"?
I don't see from any of the sources reason to believe that the RYNO is two-axis self balancing, I believe it is only self-balancing on the forwards-backwards direction. It has a wide tire which helps it not tip over at slow speeds, but in the videos of it, it is always being held up when stationary.129.234.182.33 (talk) 02:43, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks. No references to 2-axis balancing for RYNO any more btw. PeterEastern (talk) 11:24, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

Powered unicycle bike...no!
There goes my gut again seeing something being praised that is so dangerous. Oughf! There’s a reason that bikes have the handlebars on the front! There is a reason that bikes don’t have a big wheel on the front anymore! There's a reason that Unicycles only travel at walking speeds and don't venture into the street! You need something in front of you to push on when you hit something. Gee, has no one ever ridden on bike handlebars before. It is the most vulnerable feeling. You are the bumper!

I came up with the idea of a gyro stabilized unicycle in 1972 (gee,too bad Segway, Embrio, et c., all late comers). It was entirely feasible except for my vivid imagination of what can go wrong! Imagine going down the street at 20 mph and hitting a car, but even better, you are speeding down the street when the bearing, motor or software freezes! What stops you. Your teeth on the pavement! I could picture a faces slapping the pavement at about 60mph (the calculated rate of speed that the head would reach in the three foot circle down when the wheel stops abruptly! No thanks, even with the handlebars and a bumper in the front of me. I crashed my Cushman scooter at least 8 times when cars ran stop signs!! It don’t take a Rocket Scientist to see this (although I am one).

Gene Choin, Oakhust, Ca.

 * Forgive me for formatting your response above for clarity. I understand where you are coming from, and you have some valid opinions, but they mostly seem to be personal opinions. The think that interests me however is your mention of your 'gyro-stabilized unicycle in 1972'. If you published anything on this that is available, it might be appropriate to include it (on the understanding that it was in regard to a powered unicycle). PeterEastern (talk) 08:15, 29 June 2017 (UTC)

Merchandise
I see these things occasionally on city sidewalks. Not as often as self-balancing two-wheeled boards but enough to take it beyond a theoretical concept. So, perhaps we can find sources to expand the article. Not that you'll ever get me on one of these things. My hand still hurts from breaking two bones by falling off my bicycle almost three years ago. Jim.henderson (talk) 15:11, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

Proposal to merge legal content into Personal transporter
I propose to merge the 'Use and regulation by country' section of this article into a new legal section for the recently created Personal transporter article, along similar content from Self-balancing scooter, electric skateboard and electric kick scooter. This is to avoid duplication and fragmentation of content for various devices that are treated very much the same by the law.

If you wish to discuss this then please do so on Talk:Personal_transporter to keep all the discussion in one place.

-- PeterEastern (talk) 13:59, 28 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Merge complete. PeterEastern (talk) 13:52, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

Information about living people
We should remain mindful of the guidance given in WP:BLPSOURCES relating to information relating to living people. I have just removed an uncited claim about a living person made by an anonymous contributor on the grounds that it was uncited and also it untrue potentially libellous. I would encourage that contributor, who clearly has a lot of information to bring to the subject to register as a contributor to WP and to take care in future to ensure any information or claims relating to living people that they add are impeccably sourced, are relevant, appropriate and offer a balanced view of the subject. PeterEastern (talk) 19:01, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

Simeray/Chen licencing agreement
I am unhappy about the source relating to the licence in 2011 between Chen and the Simeray brother which links to a scan of a document in a dropbox of unknown ownership. I have no reason to believe that this is not genuine, but also no solid evidence that it is genuine. I would ask the person who added this (who has not yet signed-up to WP) to see if they can find a reliable secondary source relating to this agreement. If we don't have a better source for this in 48 hours I will removed it as per WP:BLPSOURCES and WP:BLPSPS. I am not removing it immediately because of the level of circumstantial evidence that supports it. PeterEastern (talk) 19:37, 2 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Ok, problem solved. I have uncovered reference to these events in a patent application by the Simeray brothers from 2015 which although not secondary sources, are sufficient for a statement about the disagreement and the existence of the licence agreement to my mind. I suggest that the reference to the licence agreement can stand given this supporting information. PeterEastern (talk) 20:07, 2 August 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 09:06, 5 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Lewis Hamilton riding an Ninebot One Electric Unicycle.jpg

Change title to Electric Unicycle (EUC)
I just purchased an EUC from ebay. Did several days of research a few hours each day. Never did I see notice these devices called self-balancing unicycle. Always electric unicycle. Should the title be changed? Some example sources: Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 00:45, 24 August 2018 (UTC)
 * https://www.reddit.com/r/ElectricUnicycle/
 * https://forum.electricunicycle.org/

Split
Historically, most powered unicycles have not been self-balancing; they are a topic in their own right, with an interesting history (which relates more to robotisc and control systems than transport) and deserving of their own article. -- The Anome (talk) 12:40, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

I don't think that's true. Do you have any notable example of a powered unicycle with no tilt feedback control? I only know of the one Grin tech's owner made, but I expect this is the only instance anyone has made. It's a very niche topic. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-C1n6XAypag Habanero-tan (talk) 04:22, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

Proposed revisions
Turning requires a rider to coordinate how much to lean for balance and how much to twist and|or tilt an electric unicycle to steer.
 * Intro

 * Operation

The physics is not that similar to bicycles or motorcycles, which lean and|or steer due to relative difference in the direction of front and rear wheels, while on an electric unicycle, the rider twists the unit, called yaw steering, using body momentum and|or tilts the unit, called tilt steering, that causes it to steer due to camber effect (which doesn't exist on bikes, since camber effect at one tire would require the other tire to skid sideways). Despite the physics being different, there is a similarity that above some minimal speed both become stable, although the side to side self-stability of an EUC, is not as strong as it is on a bike. Finding a reference for this may be difficult, other than it's common knowledge among most of of the community, and is mentioned in a few videos about electric unicycles, but not well explained. counter-steering is common to bikes, pedaled unicycles, and electric unicycles. Yaw steering is mostly used at slow speeds, while tilt steering is mostly used at or above stable speed. Both yaw and tilt steering can be used at the same time, depending on rider preference. Rcgldr (talk) 16:11, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

"As of 2022, no commercial human-rideable unicycle has lateral self-balancing capabilities."
At sufficient speed, this isn't true, and I have yet to find a reference that claims that lateral self-balancing never occurs regardless of speed. At sufficient speed, usually around 8 mph (less for some electric unicycles), depending on camber effect response to lean angle, an electric unicycle becomes stable and laterally self-balancing (within reason and assuming the rider doesn't interfere with this self-balancing). I'm not sure where to look for a scientific article about this, but there are videos of riderless electric unicycles self-correcting, similar to this video of a dog on an electric unicycle that stabilizes once the dog stops moving. https://www.youtube.com/shorts/MBtSQHT3CCo. In this video where the middle screen shows a Ninebot Z10 with a 4 inch wide tire, the camber response to tilt angle is so strong that the Z10 is tilted much less than the rider. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsXW4OKnmWc&t=314s. Similar to the fact that the steering geometry on a 2 wheeled bike tends will cause the bike to self-correct for lean once at sufficient speed, the camber effect response to lean on an electric unicycle will cause it to self-correct for lean (for reasonably small lean angles due to imbalance) once at sufficient speed. Rcgldr (talk) 09:14, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

 * It means at a standstill. It's implied that way, because forward-back is actively stabilized at a standstill. Therefore the lateral sentence refers to the same concept. For lateral, only small robots have that feature. Feel free to rephrase that sentence to clarify, if you think of a better phrasing. Habanero-tan (talk) 17:09, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

 * There's no mention of "standstill" in that statement. I don't see how this significantly differs from the self-balancing of bicycles or motorcycles at sufficient speed. Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamics, and "Between these last two speeds, if they both exist, is a range of forward speeds at which the particular bike design is self-stable" Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamics. Other than youtube videos where it is obvious that riders are essentially standing still allowing an EUC to self-balance at sufficient speed, I'm not aware of any scientific references that support or dispute a claim of self-stability at sufficient speed. In this video, while ridging an EUC, a girl swings her backpack around, puts her cell phone in the pack and swings it back on, demonstrating how stable an EUC can be. . Rcgldr (talk) 07:47, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree that this is the clear intention. Maybe something like "has powered lateral self-balancing capabilities"? Retswerb (talk) 08:20, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

 * - The two current phrases are: " ... with side-to-side (lateral) stability being provided by the steering motions of the rider, similar to bicycle and motorcycle dynamics. As of 2022, no commercial human-rideable unicycle has lateral self-balancing capabilities ...". In my opinion, the second statement about self-balancing should be removed. Electric unicycles do become stable at sufficient speed, but I'm not aware of a reliable source for this, and "similar to bicycle and motorcycle dynamics" is sufficient. However, "steering motions of the rider" should include that those steering motions are tilting and|or twisting an electric unicycle. Tilting steers due to camber effect, and it's the most common way to steer. Twisting is mostly done at slow speeds, and requires momentum to sustain it. The amount of steering response to tilt depends on the tire, as explained in this video. It starts off with a layman's explanation of camber effect, but then mentions force ... weight shifting rather than tilting, and it's not until 3:48 into the video it states tilting. A link to this video should probably be included somewhere in the article or at the bottom under the "other" section. Rcgldr (talk) 08:32, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It's dated blanket statement of a claim with no citation... be bold and remove it. Retswerb (talk) 08:42, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

Merger discussion
Request received to merge articles: Eunicycle into Electric_unicycle; dated: May 2023. Proposer's Rationale: Same topic. Discuss here. Habanero-tan (talk) 18:39, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support - Eunicycle is unsourced and appears to be a variety of Electric unicycle that is non-notable on its own. Retswerb (talk) 06:40, 30 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Support as per Retswerb they both are similar and one page could cover both topics. Paulpat99 (talk) 23:51, 2 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Eunicycle is already mentioned in the Electric Unicycle article. There should be more mention of Focus Designs SBU V1, V2, and V3 models, and the switch from belt drive to a hub motor. There's a video of Trevor riding one of the SBU models. As mentioned in the Eunicycle article, the ones with seats are steered similar to pedaled unicycles, mostly by twisting them to steer, since the seat limited how much they could be tilted. Once the seats were removed, the electric unicycles could be tilted much more, allowing for tighter turns at low speeds, and may be required for high speed riding. Rcgldr (talk) 01:37, 3 November 2023 (UTC)
 * There is not referenced content to merge, but I've added some see also's, external links, and redirected to the relevant section where much of the text is already (also uncited). Klbrain (talk) 17:56, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

✅

"Solowheel" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solowheel&redirect=no Solowheel] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 04:50, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electric unicycle


text:
The General Died at Dawn

The General Died at Dawn is a 1936 American drama film that tells the story of a mercenary who meets a beautiful girl while trying to keep arms from getting to a vicious warlord in war-torn China. The movie was written by Charles G. Booth and Clifford Odets and directed by Lewis Milestone.

It stars Gary Cooper, Madeleine Carroll, Akim Tamiroff, and Dudley Digges. Director Milestone has a cameo role.

Plot
General Yang, a warlord with control of one of China's twelve provinces, plans to overtake them all with his army to corner the markets of silk, rice, and opium. However, the opposition in General Wu knows that Yang is lacking in enough men to hinder any chance of invasion, complete with desertion in certain numbers minus the most loyal. As such, Wu searches out for O'Hara, a soldier of fortune, to go to Shanghai to buy weapons from a gunrunner in Brighton that is selling to the first bidder. The money is kept in a belt that was funded by peasants under the oppression of Yang. In the way of all of this is the Perrie family, made up of Peter and his daughter Judy. Peter is dying soon and plans to take some of the money so Judy can see America. She reluctantly goes with her father's plan to distract O'Hara while Yang makes his way across the train to capture him in order to buy the weapons.

The romantic plan works to capture O'Hara, but Judy has second thoughts about the trip to America. Complicating matters is a man named Leach who tries to get a cut from Peter's theft. Peter hides the money in the lining of his suitcase and ignores his daughter's desire to not engage with the money. O'Hara escapes capture by Yang and gets to the house where Wu is awaiting him. Peter tries to save himself and his hiding place by shooting him in the hand, but O'Hara gets the upper hand and kills him. Yang arrives and takes Judy, O'Hara, and Wu all captive on the boat and wants the money. Leach, trying to play at the hand of the General, is left to be shot by his men. Judy is prepared to tell Yang where the money is to save the lives of the other two, but Yang cruelly orders her to kiss O'Hara goodbye first. A man named Brighton finds the money in a stupor looking for alcohol when he wakes to see Yang's soldiers. When he angrily states the currency being American and tries to escape the clutches of soldiers, he stumbles onto an incoming Yang while wielding a knife that mortally wounds the general. O'Hara tries to argue that Yang must let the folks live because otherwise the world will believe disloyal guards killed Yang. With the guns at hand, O'Hara, trying to save the lives of Judy and Wu, then pleads with him to let them live so they can tell the story of the general's greatness. Yang, convinced, orders his men to kill each other for the sake of honor before he himself dies. Dawn breaks as Judy and O'Hara embrace.

Cast

 * Gary Cooper as O'Hara
 * Madeleine Carroll as Judy Perrie
 * Akim Tamiroff as General Yang
 * Dudley Digges as Mr. Wu
 * Porter Hall as Peter Perrie/Peter Martin
 * William Frawley as Brighton
 * J.M. Kerrigan as Leach
 * Philip Ahn as Oxford
 * Lee Tung Foo as Mr. Chen
 * Leonid Kinskey as Stewart (shipping line clerk)
 * Val Durand as Wong
 * Willie Fung as Bartender
 * Hans Fuerberg as Yang's Military Advisor
 * John O'Hara as Newspaper Reporter

Production
There are several scenes in the film that show startling originality at the time. At one point, the camera focuses on a white doorknob, and then dissolves to a white billiard ball to connect disparate scenes. In another scene, two characters have a conversation in which they speculate about the fates of other characters in the drama. The answers to their questions appear in screen segments in the corners of the screen, marking an unusual use of split screen to join narrative.

The main character, O'Hara, is based on the real-life Anglo-Canadian Jewish adventurer Morris Abraham "Two-Gun" Cohen. During the early 1930s, Cohen ran guns for various warlords in mainland China.

This is reported to be the first film to use foam latex prosthetics. Makeup artist Charles Gemora applied sponge rubber eyelids for one of the actors.

Reception
Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a mildly good review, calling it "as good as anything to be seen on the screen in London". Greene noted that it was "a melodrama of more than usual skill", but criticized the end of the film and suggested that but-for the "rather ludicrous ending, this would have been one of the best 'thrillers' for some years".

John Howard Reid called it one of the fifty finest films Hollywood ever made.

Awards and nominations
The movie was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Akim Tamiroff), Best Cinematography, and Best Music, Score.

In popular culture
In 1938 an animated cartoon, called The Major Lied Till Dawn, was produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions. In it, a major tells tall tales about his hunting adventures to a boy who resembles Freddie Bartholomew. The character of the major may have been influenced by Colonel Heeza Liar.

A third-season episode of the TV show M*A*S*H was entitled "The General Flipped at Dawn" (broadcast September 10, 1974). In the episode, Harry Morgan appears as Major General Bartford Hamilton Steele, a batty general who is convinced that the 4077th needs to move closer to the front lines, to be near the action. (Morgan formally joined the cast of M*A*S*H in Season Four as the much-saner Colonel Sherman T. Potter.)

The General Danced at Dawn is a collection of short stories by George MacDonald Fraser first published in 1970.

title: The General Died at Dawn


text:
George Allan Mitchell

Private George Allan Mitchell VC (30 August 1911 – 24 January 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
George Allan Michell was born on 30 August 1911 in Highgate, north London. He attended Farmer Lane Boys' School in Leyton, at that time in Essex, but now in the London Borough of Waltham Forest in east London. He was also active in Scouting in Leyton.

Mitchell was 32 years old, and a private in the British Army during the Second World War whilst serving with the 1st Battalion, London Scottish (Gordon Highlanders), during the Battle of Monte Damiano (part of the First Battle of Monte Cassino) in the Italian campaign when he earned the VC.

His citation in the London Gazette reads:

"In Italy on the night of 23rd and 24th January, 1944, a Company of the London Scottish was ordered to carry out a local attack to restore the situation on a portion of the main Damiano ridge.

The Company attacked with two platoons forward and a composite platoon of London Scottish and Royal Berkshires in reserve. The Company Commander was wounded in the very early stages of the attack. The only other officer with the Company was wounded soon afterwards.

A section of this Company was ordered by the Platoon Commander to carry out a right flanking movement against some enemy machine guns which were holding up the advance. Almost as soon as he had issued the order, he was killed. There was no Platoon Sergeant. The section itself consisted of a Lance-Corporal and three men, who were shortly joined by Private Mitchell, the 2-inch mortarmen from Platoon Headquarters and another private.

During the advance, the enemy opened heavy machine gun fire at point blank range. Without hesitation, Private Mitchell dropped the 2-inch mortar which he was carrying, and seizing a rifle and bayonet, charged, alone, up the hill through intense Spandau fire. He reached the enemy machine gun unscathed, jumped into the weapon pit, shot one and bayonetted the other member of the crew, thus silencing the gun. As a result, the advance of the platoon continued, but shortly afterwards the leading section was again held up by the fire of approximately two German sections who were strongly entrenched. Private Mitchell, realising that prompt action was essential, rushed forward into the assault firing his rifle from his hip, completely oblivious of the bullets which were sweeping the area. The remainder of his section followed him and arrived in time to complete the capture of the position in which six Germans were killed and twelve made prisoner.

As the section was reorganising, another enemy machine gun opened up on it at close range. Once more Private Mitchell rushed forward alone and with his rifle and bayonet killed the crew.

The section now found itself immediately below the crest of the hill from which heavy small arms fire was being directed and grenades were being thrown. Private Mitchell's ammunition was exhausted, but in spite of this he called on the men for one further effort and again led the assault up the steep and rocky hillside. Dashing to the front, he was again the first man to reach the enemy position and was mainly instrumental in forcing the remainder of the enemy to surrender.

A few minutes later, a German who had surrendered, picked up a rifle and shot Private Mitchell through the head.

Throughout this operation, carried out on a very dark night, up a steep hillside covered in rocks and scrub, Private Mitchell displayed courage and devotion to duty of the very highest order. His complete disregard of the enemy fire, the fearless way in which he continually exposed himself, and his refusal to accept defeat, so inspired his comrades, that together they succeeded in overcoming and defeating an enemy superior in numbers, and helped by all the advantages of the ground."

The medal
The Victoria Cross was presented to Mitchell's family By King George VI in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 17 July 1945. In 1949, his brother placed Mitchell's medal group in the care of Farmer Road School, which was renamed George Mitchell School in his honour in 1959. In 2006, in an agreement organised by Mitchell's nephew, the medals were moved to the London Scottish Regimental Museum in Horseferry Road, London, The museum purchased the medals from the school for £150,000, which went towards the cost of a mobile classroom.

title: George Allan Mitchell


text:
South Lebanon Army

The South Lebanon Army or South Lebanese Army (SLA; جيش لبنان الجنوبي, ), also known as the Lahad Army (جيش لحد) or as the De Facto Forces (DFF), was a Christian-dominated militia in Lebanon. It was founded by Lebanese military officer Saad Haddad in 1977, amidst the Lebanese Civil War, and evolved to operate as a quasi-military during the South Lebanon conflict, basing itself in Haddad's unrecognized State of Free Lebanon.

Initially, it was known as the "Free Lebanon Army" after it broke away from the Army of Free Lebanon, another Christian-dominated militia. After 1979, the SLA's activity was almost exclusively confined to southernmost Lebanon. Under the aegis of Israel, the militia was bolstered by the 1982 Lebanon War. It came under increasing Israeli supervision following the collapse of the State of Free Lebanon in 1984 and subsequent establishment of the South Lebanon security belt administration.

As the most prominent pro-Israel militia in Israeli-occupied Lebanon, the SLA frequently engaged in armed clashes with Hezbollah, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and other militant groups.

After Israeli forces withdrawal from Lebanon in 22 May 2000, the SLA positions collapsed in the face of Lebanese civilians and Hezbollah's advance towards South Lebanon and Saad Haddad's statue was dragged through the streets of Marjayoun. SLA members either fled to Israel, constituting Lebanese people in Israel, or were captured and tried for treason. SLA is considered by the Lebanese people, including both Christian and Shia Lebanese, to be traitors and collaborators and pejoratively described by most Lebanese as "sand bags of Israel".

History
In 1975, at the town of Marjayoun in the Jabal Amel region of southern Lebanon, some local 300 Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) and Guardians of the Cedars (GoC) militiamen were mustered together into the so-called "Free Lebanese Militia" – FLM (Arabic: Al-Milishia Al-Lubnaniyyat Al-Hura), ostensibly formed to defend the nearby Christian towns of Kfar Falous, Jezzine, Qlaiaa, Ain Ebel, Rumeish and surrounding villages threatened by Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and later by Lebanese Arab Army (LAA) attacks. In reality, the muster was secretly carried by Lieutenant Ya'ir Ravid of the AMAN (the Israeli military intelligence service), who envisaged using them as a buffer force to prevent a Palestinian military build-up in the border area that could threaten the security of northern Israel. A second muster took place at Qlaiaa in early 1976, gathering a force of some 400 Christian soldiers – mostly deserters from the Lebanese Army and Tigers Militia' militants – led by Major Sami Shidyaq, a Phalange militant.

In January 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the Lebanese Army began to break up into two rival factions, the Muslim-led Lebanese Arab Army (LAA) who sided with the Muslim-leftist militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) and their allies of the PLO guerrilla factions, and the Christian-led Army of Free Lebanon (AFL) aligned with the Christian-rightist militias of the Lebanese Front. Some Christian Lebanese Army officers commanding units based throughout the country joined the AFL with their men, including Major Saad Haddad, the commander of the 700-strong Marjayoun garrison in southern Lebanon.

By late 1976, pressure from PLO and LNM-LAA militias finally forced Major Saad Haddad to evacuate the town and withdraw unopposed with his battalion to the village of Qlaiaa, close to the border with Israel. Here Maj. Haddad and his men placed themselves under the protection of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), eventually providing the cadre – after merging with the local Christian FLM, Shia Muslim and Druze militias, gathered since October 21, 1976, into the informal "Army for the Defense of South Lebanon" or ADSL (French: Armée de Défense du Liban-Sud or ADLS) – of the so-called "Free Lebanese Army" (FLA), formed in March 1978 under the auspices of another AMAN officer, reserve Major Yoram Hamizrachi.

Primarily based at the towns of Marjayoun and Qlaiaa in southern Lebanon, and provisionally headquartered at the Hotel Arazim in Metula, Israel, the 1,200-strong FLA/SLA was initially placed under the overall command of Hamizrachi himself. In June 1978, Major Hamizrachi handed over the post to Major (later, Colonel) Saad Haddad, in turn replaced upon his death from Cancer in January 1984 by another ex-LAF Officer, retired Lieutenant general Antoine Lahad, who was also a NLP sympathiser.

The new FLA fought against various groups including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Amal Movement and (after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon) the emerging Hezbollah. While the group was no longer under the direct control of the Lebanese Army command, from 1976 to 1979 its members were still receiving their pay from the Lebanese central government.

The 1978 Israeli invasion allowed the Free Lebanon Army to gain control over a much wider area in southern Lebanon. On April 18, 1979, Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force the "Independent Free Lebanon". The following day, he was branded a traitor by the Lebanese government and officially dismissed from the Lebanese Army under presidential decree No. 1924. Part of the Army of Free Lebanon returned to government control, while Haddad's part split away and was renamed the South Lebanon Army (SLA) in May 1980. In 1982, soldiers from the SLA were reported to have aided in the LF led Sabra and Shatila massacre. Though Haddad's men were cleared by an Israeli panel for the massacre, SLA militiamen were known to still engage in brutality. Following Haddad's death from cancer in 1984, he was replaced as leader by retired Lieutenant General Antoine Lahad.

In 1984 SLA militiamen were paid $300 a month. The SLA was closely allied with Israel. It supported the Israelis by fighting the PLO in southern Lebanon until the 1982 invasion. After that, SLA support for the Israelis consisted mainly of fighting other Lebanese guerrilla forces led by Hezbollah until 2000 in the "security zone" (the area under occupation after a partial Israeli withdrawal in 1985). In return, Israel supplied the organization with arms, uniforms, and logistical equipment.

The SLA hosted the Christian radio station Voice of Hope (established and funded by George Otis, founder of High Adventure Ministries). Beginning in 1982, the SLA played host to Middle East Television (which was also established, funded, and operated by High Adventure Ministries). Otis gave Middle East Television (METV) to Televangelist Pat Robertson, founder of CBN. On May 2, 2000, Middle East Television relocated to Cyprus.

In 1985 the SLA opened the Khiam detention center. Torture was a common tactic, and occurred on a large scale. Israel denies any involvement, and claims that Khiam was the sole responsibility of the SLA; this has been contested by human rights organizations such as Amnesty International. The SLA also imposed military conscription, under which males over 18 living in the territory it controlled served one year as military recruits. While the SLA received funding, weapons, and logistics from Israel during its existence, the SLA did much fighting independent from Israeli forces. The SLA also handled all civilian governmental operations in Israel's zone of control. During the 1990s Hezbollah carried out increasingly effective attacks on the SLA, aided in later years by Lebanese army intelligence which had infiltrated it. These changed circumstances led to a progressive loss of morale and members. In 1997, Israel maintained approximately 1,000 to 1,200 troops in southern Lebanon and supported another 2,000 in the SLA. By 2000 the SLA was reduced to 1,500 soldiers, compared to 3,000 ten years earlier. At its peak during the early 1980s, the SLA was composed of over 5,000 soldiers.

Israeli withdrawal, SLA collapse, and surrender
The increase in Israeli casualties in Lebanon over the previous few years led to growing domestic pressure for an end to Israel's military presence in Lebanon. Ehud Barak's Labor Party pledged during his March 1999 election campaign for Prime Minister to withdraw Israeli troops from Lebanon by July 2000. Barak won a victory in the May 1999 elections.

On 1 June 1999, the South Lebanon Army began dismantling its TV station and headquarters in Jezzine. In the following two weeks they withdrew from the town and thirty six surrounding villages. Retreating SLA members and their families commandeered empty houses in Marjayun, Ibl al-Saqi and Kawkaba in the Indian UNIFIL zone. At the time it was estimated that the SLA had only four hundred men.

On March 5, 2000, the Israeli cabinet voted unanimously for a full troop withdrawal from Lebanon by July. The expectation then was that such a withdrawal would be part of an agreement with Lebanon and Syria; however, negotiations with Syria broke down. On May 22, Israeli forces unilaterally began handing over their forward positions in the occupied zone to the SLA. As the chaotic nature of the withdrawal became obvious, civilians from the zone overran SLA positions to return to their occupied villages while Hezbollah guerrillas quickly took control of areas previously controlled by the SLA. The SLA in the central sector of the security zone collapsed in the face of the civilians and Hezbollah's rapid advance. The next day, SLA forward positions in the eastern sector collapsed and Israeli forces began their general withdrawal from the remaining areas of the security zone. With the Israeli withdrawal, the SLA collapsed totally. The withdrawal was complete on Wednesday, May 24, 2000; the sight of Saad Haddad's statue being dragged through the streets of the Lebanese town of Marjayoun was a sure sign that the South Lebanon Army was gone.

As the Israeli withdrawal rapidly progressed, SLA militiamen were left with few choices. The Lebanese government, Hezbollah and many civilians in the area considered them traitors and collaborators. In addition, they were told that Israel's border would be closed after the withdrawal. Many were terrified of being captured (and possibly killed) by Hezbollah guerrillas or vengeful mobs, or being jailed or executed by the Lebanese government. Many members of the SLA (including some with their families) fled to Israel; the Christian majority feared being suspected of serious offences committed by SLA members, and a number of members were reportedly granted asylum in European countries (primarily Germany). Others who remained in Lebanon surrendered to authorities or were captured by Hezbollah and handed over to the police. SLA members captured by Lebanon and Hezbollah were tried by Lebanese military courts for treason.

Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak was criticized in Israel by the Jewish settler movement on the grounds that his decision to withdraw without consulting his SLA allies led to the speed and confusion of its collapse. Hezbollah was criticized for preventing the arrest of some members of the SLA; it justified this on the grounds that it was in a position to know who among them had been informants.

By the next month (June 2000), 3,000 former SLA members were in the custody of the Lebanese government; by the end of the year, about 90 percent had been tried in military courts. It has been estimated that a third of the SLA members were sentenced to less than a month and another third received one-year sentences. Two members of the SLA accused of torture at Al-Khiam prison received life sentences. The death penalty was recommended for 21 SLA members, but in each case the military reduced the sentence. Certain other individuals were barred from returning to Southern Lebanon for a number of years.

Of those who initially fled to Israel, many SLA members and their families eventually chose to return to Lebanon after Hezbollah promised they would not be harmed. Others accepted Israel's offer of full citizenship and a financial package similar to that granted new immigrants, and settled permanently in Israel. On April 6, 2006, the Israeli Knesset Finance Committee approved the payment of 40,000 shekels per family to SLA veterans, payable over seven years. Many of the SLA fighters who settled in Israel later moved to the United States and Europe. Approximately 6,500 SLA fighters and family members moved to Israel, of whom 2,700 remained in the country permanently. They are mainly concentrated in Nahariya, Kiryat Shmona, Tiberias, Ma'alot-Tarshiha, and Haifa. As of 2021, there are 3,500 Lebanese in Israel, former SLA members and their families. Israel continues to host the Government of Free Lebanon, on whose behalf the SLA had operated. The Government of Free Lebanon has operated from Jerusalem since 2000, and still claims to be the true government of Lebanon.

Field organization
The SLA was organized into two regions (western and eastern), each with its own infantry brigade. Each brigade consisted of three battalion-sized infantry regiments; the strength of support included several heavy-artillery batteries (155 and 130mm), subdivided into the infantry battalions as needed. There was also an armored regiment of 55 tanks.

This force manned 46 locations along the front (from Naqoura in the west to the eastern slopes of Mount Hermon), while the Israeli Army had 11 centers, mostly in the rear lines.

The SLA Security Service consisted of 250 officers and men, tasked with:
 * Counter-espionage by outside forces
 * Border security

The service included field and intelligence officers, investigators, intelligence analysts, administrative personnel, security officers and guards.

title: South Lebanon Army


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for arbitration/Snowspinner vs. Lir/Evidence

No no no no no! This is meant to be a unified timeline; otherwise, there's little point.

James F. (talk) 23:05, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no idea what you are talking about. You should know that most people are not going to see your comments here, and leave your comments somewhere else. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * Firstly, only 3 people have contributed to the evidence page so far, and, of those, at least two of them have evidently seen my remark, so I fear not for its notability.
 * Secondly, I meant that the timelines given are not meant to be partisan, but instead unified from both sides.
 * Apologies for brevity and shortness.
 * James F. (talk) 23:37, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I'd be happy to refactor the page to the timeline format, assuming Lir isn't going to pitch a fit if I refactor his comments into the proper format. Snowspinner 23:41, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

I am going to pitch a fit, Snowspinner is not allowed to "refactor" my comments to support his own biased timeline. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * I'm not entirely sure how my timeline would be biased... I was mostly going to move the diff links to be in chronological order, and then put attributed comments from the people who have commented immediately after them. No content would be deleted. Snowspinner 23:51, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm happy for you to do that Snowspinner. While I'm here, I'd also like to repeat my request for Lir not to call me "he", I've said repeatedly that I'm female.  -- sannse (talk) 00:26, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I've gone ahead and made the change. I copied rather than moved Lir's text - I think it better if this is removed by an arbitrator rather than me or Snowspinner (or maybe Lir will delete it, if Lir agrees that it was moved correctly). As far as I'm aware, the only change to the text was to split one sentence from Snowspinner and one from Lir, where both discussed two edits in one comment. Other than that the text should be identical. -- sannse (talk) 15:45, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:64.151.45.179

title: User talk:64.151.45.179


text:
Centaurea diffusa

Centaurea diffusa, also known as diffuse knapweed, white knapweed or tumble knapweed, is a member of the genus Centaurea in the family Asteraceae. This species is common throughout western North America but is not actually native to the North American continent, but to the eastern Mediterranean.

Description
Diffuse knapweed is an annual or biennial plant, generally growing to between 10 and 60 cm in height. It has a highly branched stem and a large taproot, as well as a basal rosette of leaves with smaller leaves alternating on the upright stems. Flowers are usually white or pink and grow out of urn-shaped heads carried at the tips of the many branches. Diffuse knapweed often assumes a short rosette form for one year, reaching maximum size, then rapidly growing and flowering during the second year. A single plant can produce approximately 18,000 seeds.

Synonyms

 * Centaurea microcalathina Tarassov
 * Centaurea cycladum Heldr.
 * Centaurea parviflora Sibth. & Sm., ''non  Desf.
 * Centaurea comperiana Steven

Distribution
It is native to Eastern Europe and Western Asia, specifically the nations of Turkey, Syria, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Ukraine, and southern Russia.

An invasive species
Diffuse knapweed is considered an invasive species in some parts of North America, having established itself in many areas of the continent. C. diffusa was first identified in North America in 1907 when it was found in an alfalfa field in Washington state. The seeds had presumably been transported in an impure alfalfa seed shipment coming from somewhere in the species native range. Now present in at least 19 states in the United States, it has naturalized in all contiguous states west of the Rockies and additionally in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. Portions of western Canada have also been colonized by this plant.

Areas in which diffuse knapweed has been established generally are plains rangelands or forest benchlands. Land that has recently been disturbed is commonly colonized. It grows in semi-arid and arid environments and seems to favor light, dry, porous soils. Areas with large amounts of shade or high levels of water discourage diffuse knapweed growth.

diffusa can be dispersed in multiple ways, such as contamination of food, wind dispersal, and water dispersal however wind is the primary dispersal method.

Effects
By 1998 diffuse knapweed had naturalized over 26640 km2 in the western US, and was increasing its range at a rate of 18% annually. Diffuse knapweed can establish itself in grassland, scrubland and riparian environments. It has little value as feed for livestock, as its thistles can damage the mouth and digestive tract of animals that attempt to feed on it. A study in 1973 concluded that ranches lost approximately US$20/km2 (8 cents per acre) of diffuse knapweed due to decreased grazing area. In an agricultural setting, it can greatly reduce crop yield and purity.

Control
Effective control of diffuse knapweed requires a fusion of well-executed land management, biological control, physical control, chemical control and reestablishment of the native species. Any method of control must ensure that the root is removed or the plant will grow back. Additionally, native plant growth in areas where diffuse knapweed has been removed should be encouraged to prevent reestablishment.

Biological control
Biological control involves the introduction of organisms, usually natural competitors of the invasive species, into the invaded environment in order to control the invasive species. Since 1970, 12 insects have been released to control diffuse knapweed. Of these 12, 10 have become established, and 4 are widely established (Urophora affinis and Urophora quadrifasciata, the root boring beetle, Sphenoptera jugoslavica, and the weevil Larinus minutus). Research based on simulation models have shown that for biocontrol agents to be effective, they must kill their host, otherwise plants can compensate by having increased seedling survival.

Some of the more commonly utilized biocontrol agents are the Lesser knapweed flower weevil and the Knapweed root weevil. Individuals of these species lay their eggs on the seed heads of both diffuse and spotted knapweed. When the larvae emerge from the eggs, they feed upon the seeds of their host plant. As the females of this species can create from 28 to 130 eggs and each larva can consume an entire seed head, an adequate population of Larinus minutus can devastate entire stands of knapweed. The adult weevils feed upon the stems, branches, leaves and undeveloped flower buds. It is native to Greece and is now found in Montana, Washington, Idaho and Oregon. Insects are also used for biocontrol, such as the Yellow-winged knapweed root moth (Agapeta zoegana), and several species of Tephritid flies, mostly Urophora affinis and Urophora quadrifasciata.

Physical control
Physical control of diffuse knapweed primarily comprises cutting, digging or burning to remove the plants.

Cutting

While cutting the aboveground portion of diffuse knapweed will greatly decrease the spread of seeds, it does not remove the root. With only its root still intact, diffuse knapweed can survive and continue to grow. For a program of cutting to be effective, it must be long-term so that the effect of reduced seed spreading can be realized.

Digging

this removes both the portion above ground and the root of diffuse knapweed and has shown to be very effective; if the plant is properly disposed of, it can neither regrow nor spread its seeds. The largest problem with digging knapweed is that it is extremely labor-intensive. Additionally, the recently vacated soil should be planted with a native species to avoid knapweed reintroducing itself in the disturbed soil.

Burning

setting fire to a crowd of knapweed, if the fire is sufficiently severe, can successfully destroy the above ground and belowground sections of diffuse knapweed. However, precautions must be taken to first ensure that the fire is properly contained and that a new plant community is established to prevent the reintroduction of diffuse knapweed.

Chemical control
Chemical control involves the use of herbicides to control diffuse knapweed. The herbicide Tordon (picloram) is recognized as the most effective, but it is common to use multiple herbicides in order to reduce strain on local grasses. The herbicides 2,4-D, dicamba, and glyphosate are also effective for control. In order to be most effective, it must be applied before the knapweed plants have released their seeds, regardless of which herbicide is used. Ongoing research at the University of Colorado suggests that Tordon treatment does not contribute to long-term reductions of exotic species cover and may contribute to recruitment of other invasive species, such as redstem filaree and Japanese brome, which quickly take the place of herbicide-treated diffuse knapweed.

Human influence on invasion
One of the first influences humans had on diffuse knapweed was to inadvertently introduce it to North America.

Diffuse knapweed is known to establish more easily and effectively in recently disturbed environments. Disturbed environments generally present low environmental stress because more resources are available than are being used. These available resources often allow the establishment of an invasion in an ecological community. The concentration of diffuse knapweed in such an area is often linked to the level of soil disturbance. Human disturbances often lead to less species diversity in a community. In turn, less species diversity can lead to unused resources, which allow invasive species to more readily establish. Areas such as fallow land, ditches, rangelands, residential and industrial districts and roadsides are all disturbed habitats where diffuse knapweed frequently establishes. Additionally, the removal of foliage and other ground cover increases the likelihood that seeds will come in contact with the soil and germinate.

The largest impact of humans on diffuse knapweed is efforts in controlling and eradicating its invasive populations. Besides reducing the spread of diffuse knapweed, efforts are also providing selective pressure against the individuals that cannot withstand a certain method of control. Selective pressure, given sufficient time, can cause the adaptation or evolution of invasive species such as diffuse knapweed. If an individual diffuse knapweed plant survives control efforts because of a trait it possesses, its progeny will make up a greater portion of the population than the plants that succumbed to the control.

Toward an integrated control strategy
To successfully control diffuse knapweed, an understanding of the mechanism that allows it to be invasive must be developed. Isolating the reason for its invasiveness would allow control methods designed to specifically target the effectiveness of that mechanism to be developed. Additionally, precautions designed to minimize the invisibility of at-risk environments could be carried out.

Summary
The success of diffuse knapweed must be attributed to a combination of several mechanisms. Its invasiveness is due to a mix of allelopathy, the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) and superior resource competition. However, the most importance must be attributed to the ERH because diffuse knapweed, while a very effective invasive species in its novel environment, is non-invasive and doesn't establish monocultures in its native range. It is the differences, biotic and abiotic, between its novel and native surroundings that cause it to be invasive.

To demonstrate that the ERH applies to diffuse knapweed, it is essential to show that the absence of natural enemies has a significant positive effect on its success. One way to show this is to observe the effect of introducing some of diffuse knapweed's natural enemies into its novel environment. If diffuse knapweed, which generally thrives in its invaded environment, is significantly inhibited through the introduction of natural enemies, it can be concluded that diffuse knapweed is more competitive in the absence of its natural enemies. A recent effort at biocontrol of diffuse knapweed in Idaho's Camas County effectively reduced 80 km2 of knapweed to minimal levels through the release of the lesser knapweed flower weevil and the knapweed root weevil. Since both of the insects released are natural competitors of diffuse knapweed, and since this and other similar efforts at biocontrol have been successful, there is significant evidence that diffuse knapweed benefits from the absence of its natural enemies.

Another aspect of diffuse knapweed's success relies on the effect of its allelopathic chemicals in its novel environment. Although there is still debate concerning the effectiveness of allelopathic chemicals in the field, the evidence of allelopathic effects demonstrated in a laboratory setting and its propensity to establish monocultures support the importance of allelopathy to diffuse knapweed's success.

Curiously, diffuse knapweed's allelopathic chemicals were shown to have a deleterious effect on the North American competitors but were beneficial to its native competitors. While diffuse knapweed's native competitors are able to compete more effectively in the presence of allelopathic chemicals, the novel competitor's fitness is decreased. This situation provides an example of the effectiveness of the allelopathy mechanism benefiting from the ERH. The increased effectiveness of allelopathic chemicals cause diffuse knapweed to experience less competitive pressure. As a result, diffuse knapweed is able to establish more predominantly in this new area.

Another connection between allelopathy and the ERH is the fact that concentrations of allelopathic chemicals were found to increase when diffuse knapweed was planted in North American soil as opposed to Eurasian soil. This effect is probably due to the absence of unfavorable soil conditions or soil microorganisms that exist in its native environment. As a result, the allelopathic chemicals will be able to reach higher concentrations, spread farther and therefore be more effective. By effecting more neighboring plants, the favorable changes in soil condition contribute to the success of diffuse knapweed.

Besides the advantages that diffuse knapweed gains from the ERH and allelopathy, it also possesses several characteristically invasive traits. One factor leading to the superior resource competition of diffuse knapweed is its ability to exist in drought conditions. This advantage allows diffuse knapweed to devote its resources to competition while its neighbors are conserving resources to survive. The high number of seeds produced by diffuse knapweed is also a common trait of invasive plants. A higher density of knapweed will not only increase the concentration of allelopathic chemicals in the soil but will also restrict the nutrients available to native plants. Unfortunately, very little research has been conducted to determine the relative competitive ability between diffuse knapweed and its novel competitors. However, tests conducted on the effect of diffuse knapweed on North American grasses in the absence on allelopathic chemicals demonstrated that the fitness of these grasses declined in the presence of diffuse knapweed.

Diffuse knapweed is successful in its novel range primarily because the organisms and conditions that prevent it from becoming invasive in its native environment are absent. It follows that the introduction of species from its native habitat would be an effective method of control. However, the introduction of a non-native organism has the potential to result in another invasive species outbreak. Therefore, any method of biological control must be preceded by analysis of possible effects.

Phytochemicals
The roots of Centaurea diffusa release 8-hydroxyquinoline, which has a negative effect on plants that have not co-evolved with it.

title: Centaurea diffusa


text:
Nokia 9300

The Nokia 9300 is a Nokia Series 80 Symbian mobile phone introduced in 2004. It is used as a normal though bulky mobile phone in closed mode, when it is flipped open it can be used like a very small notebook computer with a 640×200 screen. The phone also has speakerphone functionality, which is activated automatically when the phone is flipped open. An MP3 player is also built into the phone. It didn't have vibration motor due to its shape.

The Nokia 9300 was released shortly after the Nokia 9500 Communicator.

Although very similar to the 9500 Communicator, this less expensive model was not officially marketed under the Communicator name by Nokia.

In the United States, the 9300b was sold through Cingular's Business division.

The Nokia 9300 PDA phone was a prominent feature in Live Free or Die Hard, used by character Matt Farrell.

The Nokia 9300i is an updated version with WiFi capability

Differences from the 9500 Communicator

 * Smaller – 132 × 51 × 21 mm compared to the 9500's 148 × 57 × 24 mm
 * Physically smaller screen with 9500's resolution that can be tilted full 180 degrees
 * No Wi-Fi, except in 9300i
 * No built-in camera
 * Smaller battery – 970mAh BP-6M battery (later revisions of BP-6M are 1100mAh however) compared to the 9500's 1300mAh BP-5L
 * Doesn't bear the traditional name "Communicator"

Other than changes listed above, it is technically the same as the 9500, with the same 150 MHz processor, MMC memory card capability, the same amount of memory and the same screen resolution and colour depth. Both phones run the same version 7 of the Symbian OS.

Variations in the 9300 line
The 9300 is the World version, with 900 MHz and 1800 MHz radios, plus 1900 MHz for North America. The 9300b is the North American model, with 850 MHz and 1900 MHz radios, plus 1800 MHz for world travel. Both, the 9300 and the 9300b will work in the US, but in the US the 9300b outperforms the 9300 in its ability to work in areas with weak cell coverage.

One can tell the 9300 and the 9300b apart by looking at the back of the phone. The 9300b has a portion next to the battery cover that is raised by approximately 2 mm (1/16"). The model number is marked on the label underneath the battery. The label on a 9300 sold in Germany reads: "NOKIA Model: 9300 Type RAE-6". On a 9300b sold in the US the label reads: "NOKIA Model 9300/b Type: RA-4", and on a 9300i sold in Germany it reads: "Nokia Model 9300i Type: RA-8". Alternatively one can type *#0000# into the phone cover keypad in standby mode to display the model number.

The 9300's successor, the Nokia 9300i, restores Wi-Fi capability without adding a camera. The 9300i is only available with 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz radios. A version of the 9300i with 850 MHz radio capability was never made in any part of the world. Latest official firmware version is 6.27 (released July 2006).

All variants of the 9300 include multi-profile Bluetooth and IR for interoperability, the Opera web browser, a POP3/IMAP/BlackBerry Enterprise Server-compatible/SMS/MMS e-mail and messaging client, the ability to create, read, write and edit native Word, Excel and PowerPoint files. The external display above the twelve-key dial pad on the exterior of the phone runs Series 40 applications, so texting and simple functions can be performed one-handed without opening the clamshell. There is "T9" option while messaging. The external keypad can autolock only if an unlocking code is set. The cellphone radio can be turned off while permitting applications to run, for in-flight use.

A wide selection of third party applications to enhance the 9300 series is available through multiple websites. The 9300 also runs Java applications but some of these are not compatible with the large and wide screen, such that many existing Java games will run, but only use the top left hand corner of the screen.

title: Nokia 9300


text:
Carlton North

Carlton North is an inner-city suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 4 km north of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Cities of Melbourne and Yarra local government areas. Carlton North recorded a population of 6,177 at the 2021 census.

The suburb is bordered by Princes Street and Cemetery Road to the south, Royal Parade to the west, Nicholson Street to the east and Park Street to the north. Carlton North is home to the Melbourne General Cemetery and the Princes Park, which contains the Princes Park Football Ground.

Its main commercial area is along Rathdowne Street, which has numerous cafés, restaurants, small fashion boutiques, bookshops and other businesses.

Today, Carlton North, like other inner-northern suburbs of Melbourne, contains a mixture of white-collar professionals, bureaucrats and academics. The area has become more gentrified than Fitzroy North, Brunswick or Collingwood, resulting in significantly higher median property prices.

History
Carlton North has its origins with the allotment of the Melbourne General Cemetery in 1853. Previous cemetery sites at Flagstaff Gardens and (what is now) Queen Victoria Market had become full, thus the new Carlton North site was established. In the same year a prison stockade, Collingwood Stockade, was built on Lee Street. This subsequently became an asylum until 1873 when it became the area's first primary school. A bluestone quarry was established at what is now Curtain Square. Subdivision into residential blocks began in 1869, with the emerging brick terrace houses standing in contrast to Carlton's timber cottages. Princes Park was established in 1844 and became home to the Carlton Football Club in 1864.

Cable tram lines were installed along Lygon Street, Rathdowne Street, and Nicholson Street in the 1880s. The Lygon and Nicholson street routes were subsequently converted to electric traction, but the Rathdowne Street route was closed in 1936 and replaced with buses. The area was also serviced by the Inner Circle railway line (passenger services were ceased in 1948 although it remained a goods line until 1980). However Carlton North station was located in Princes Hill and no railway station was ever built in Carlton North.

Demographics
In the 2016 census, there were 6,300 people in Carlton North. The most common ancestries were English 24.6%, Australian 17.0%, Irish 12.4%, Scottish 9.2% and Italian 7.6%. 70.0% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.7%, New Zealand 3.1% and Italy 2.4%. 77.1% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Italian 4.5% and Greek 1.6%. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 54.3% and Catholic 18.9%.

Commerce and culture

The main commercial precincts in Carlton North are the strip on Rathdowne Street (called 'Rathdowne Village') and the northern end of Nicholson Street. The most notable businesses in the area include the original La Porchetta pizza restaurant (which has since become an Australia and New Zealand-wide franchise) and the Natural Tucker Bakery.

In 2010 St Michael's Anglican Church celebrated its 125th anniversary.

The Albanian Mosque in Carlton North is the oldest mosque in Melbourne, built by Albanian Australians in the late 1960s.

Dancehouse, a centre for independent contemporary dance, is located on Princes Street in the former Carlton Hall.

Housing
Carlton North has a large amount of Victorian and Edwardian era attached and semi-detached terrace houses. Since the 1950s as a result of gentrification many of these properties have been renovated.

In 1968 the announced acquisition by the Housing Commission of Victoria of a block of houses on an area bounded by Lygon, Princes, Lee and Drummond Street (the "Lee Street block" became the trigger for the formation of the Carlton Association in March 1969). Following the placement of a Black Ban on the site by a number of trade unions (including the Builders Labourers Federation) and a strong public relations and lobbying campaign by the resident action group, the Carlton Association were successful in seeing the site saved by 1973, with a number of the properties heritage listed by the National Trust. Parts of Carlton North's housing also came under threat during the 1970s as a result of the Housing Commissions 'urban renewal' program as well as plans to construct the F19 Freeway through the suburb, however the activities of the Carlton Association, trade unions and other community activists prevented this from occurring and the suburb remains one of the very few in inner Melbourne without any Housing Commission flats. Today large parts of Carlton North are covered by various heritage overlays.

Pubs

 * The Great Northern Hotel
 * The Kent Hotel (Formerly the Duke of Kent) - Kent Hotel
 * The Brandon Hotel

Former hotels

 * The Fenwick Hotel. Converted into a large house
 * Nicholson's Hotel (formerly Chestnut Tree Hotel, North Star Hotel and Polaris Inn Hotel). Extended and converted into flats.
 * The Rising Sun Hotel. Now trading as Enoteca Sileno grocers

Transport
The suburb is serviced by the main roads of Royal Parade, Lygon Street, Princes Street, Rathdowne Street and Nicholson Street.

Tram routes run north–south along Royal Parade (route 19), Lygon Street (routes 1 & 6) and Nicholson Street (route 96).

The railway station which was located in Princes Hill was closed to passengers in 1948 and freight in the early 1980s. Part of the former line was utilised for Housing Commission units for the elderly and part was turned into a rather long and narrow park. Carlton North also has significant segregated bicycle facilities, including the Capital City Trail. The Carlton North section is a converted rail trail.

Melbourne General Cemetery
Melbourne General Cemetery is a large (43 hectare) necropolis which is notable for containing the graves of four Prime Ministers of Australia: James Scullin, Sir Robert Menzies, Harold Holt, and Sir John Gorton. Holt's stone is a memorial as his body was never recovered after he disappeared at sea. The tomb of famous Australian explorers Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills (see Burke and Wills expedition) is also located in the cemetery, with an inscription reading "Comrades in a great achievement and companions in death."

Educational facilities

 * Princes Hill Secondary College
 * Carlton North Primary School (aka Lee Street)

title: Carlton North


text: Category:Elections in Réunion

title: Category:Elections in Réunion


text: User talk:24.71.250.49

title: User talk:24.71.250.49