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Purchasing

Purchasing is the procurement process a business or organization uses to acquire goods or services to accomplish its goals. Although there are several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly between organizations.

Purchasing is part of the wider procurement process, which typically also includes expediting, supplier quality, transportation, and logistics.

Details
Purchasing managers/directors, procurement managers/directors, or staff based in an organization's Purchasing Office, guide the organization's acquisition procedures and standards and operational purchasing activities.

Most organizations use a three-way check as the foundation of their purchasing programs. This involves three departments in the organization completing separate parts of the acquisition process. The three departments do not all report to the same senior manager, to prevent unethical practices and lend credibility to the process. These departments can be purchasing, receiving and accounts payable; or engineering, purchasing and accounts payable; or a plant manager, purchasing and accounts payable. Combinations can vary significantly, but a purchasing department and accounts payable are usually two of the three departments involved. Organizations typically have simpler procedures in place for low value purchasing, for example the UK's Ministry of Defence has a separate internal policy for low value purchasing valued below £10,000. When the receiving department is not involved, it is typically called a two-way check or two-way purchase order. In this situation, the purchasing department issues the purchase order receipt not required. When an invoice arrives against the order, the accounts payable department will then go directly to the requestor of the purchase order to verify that the goods or services were received. This is typically what is done for goods and services that will bypass the receiving department. A few examples are software delivered electronically, NRE work (non-reoccurring engineering services), consulting hours, etc.

Historically, the purchasing department issued purchase orders for supplies, services, equipment, and raw materials. Then, in an effort to decrease the administrative costs associated with the repetitive ordering of basic consumable items, "blanket" or "master" agreements were put into place. These types of agreements typically have a longer duration and increased scope to maximize the quantities of scale concept. When additional supplies were required, a simple release would be issued to the supplier to provide the goods or services.

Another method of decreasing administrative costs associated with repetitive contracts for common material, is the use of company credit cards, also known as "Purchasing Cards" or simply "P-Cards". P-card programs vary, but all of them have internal checks and audits to ensure appropriate use. Purchasing managers realized once contracts for the low dollar value consumables are in place, procurement can take a smaller role in the operation and use of the contracts. There is still oversight in the forms of audits and monthly statement reviews, but most of their time is now available to negotiate major purchases and setting up of other long-term contracts. These contracts are typically renewable annually.

This trend away from the daily procurement function (tactical purchasing) resulted in several changes in the industry. The first was the reduction of personnel. Purchasing departments were now smaller. There was no need for the army of clerks processing orders for individual parts as in the past. Another change was the focus on negotiating contracts and procurement of large capital equipment. Both of these functions permitted purchasing departments to make the biggest financial contribution to the organization. A new term and job title emerged – Strategic sourcing and Sourcing Managers. These professionals not only focused on the bidding process and negotiating with suppliers, but the entire supply function. In these roles they were able to add value and maximize savings for organizations. This value was manifested in lower inventories, fewer personnel, and getting the end product to the consumer quicker. Purchasing managers' success in these roles resulted in new assignments outside to the traditional purchasing function – logistics, materials management, distribution, and warehousing. More and more purchasing managers were becoming Supply Chain Managers handling additional functions of their organization's operation. Purchasing managers were not the only ones to become Supply Chain Managers. Logistic managers, material managers, distribution managers, etc. all rose to the broader function and some had responsibility for the purchasing functions now.

In accounting, purchases is the amount of goods a company bought throughout this year. It also refers to information as to the kind, quality, quantity, and cost of goods bought that should be maintained. They are added to inventory. Purchases are offset by purchase discounts and Purchase Returns and Allowances. When it should be added depends on the Free On Board (FOB) policy of the trade. For the purchaser, this new inventory is added on shipment if the policy was FOB shipping point, and the seller remove this item from its inventory. On the other hand, the purchaser added this inventory on receipt if the policy was FOB destination, and the seller remove this item from its inventory when it was delivered.

Goods bought for the purpose other than direct selling, such as for Research and Development, are added to inventory and allocated to Research and Development expense as they are used. On a side note, equipment bought for Research and Development are not added to inventory, but are capitalized as assets.

Acquisition process
The revised acquisition process for major systems in the U.S. Department of Defense is shown in the next figure. The process is defined by a series of phases during which technology is defined and matured into viable concepts, which are subsequently developed and readied for production, after which the systems produced are supported in the field.

The process allows for a given system to enter the process at any of the development phases. For example, a system using unproven technology would enter at the beginning stages of the process and would proceed through a lengthy period of technology maturation, while a system based on mature and proven technologies might enter directly into engineering development or, conceivably, even production. The process itself includes four phases of development:

 * Concept and Technology Development: is intended to explore alternative concepts based on assessments of operational needs, technology readiness, risk, and affordability.
 * Concept and Technology Development phase begins with concept exploration. During this stage, concept studies are undertaken to define alternative concepts and to provide information about capability and risk that would permit an objective comparison of competing concepts.
 * System Development and Demonstration phase. This phase could be entered directly as a result of a technological opportunity and urgent user need, as well as having come through concept and technology development.
 * The last, and longest, phase is the Sustainment and Disposal phase of the program. During this phase all necessary activities are accomplished to maintain and sustain the system in the field in the most cost-effective manner possible.

Selection of bidders
This is the process where the organization identifies potential suppliers for specified supplies, services or equipment. These suppliers' credentials and history are analyzed, with the products or services they offer. The bidder selection process varies from organization to organization, but can include running credit reports, interviewing management, testing products, and touring facilities. This process is not always done in order of importance, but rather in order of expense. Often purchasing managers research potential bidders obtaining information on the organizations and products from media sources and their own industry contacts. Additionally, purchasing might send Request for Information (RFI) to potential suppliers to help gather information. Engineering would also inspect sample products to determine if the company or organisation can produce products they need. If the bidder passes both of these stages engineering may decide to do some testing on the materials to further verify quality standards. These tests can be expensive and involve significant time of multiple technicians and engineers. Engineering management must make this decision based on the cost of the products they are likely to procure, the importance of the bidders’ product to production, and other factors. Credit checks, interviewing management, touring plants as well as other steps could all be utilized if engineering, manufacturing, and supply chain managers decide they could help their decision and the cost is justifiable.

Other organizations might have minority procurement goals to consider in selection of bidders. Organizations identify goals in the use of woman-owned or minority-owned businesses. Significant utilizing of minority suppliers may qualify the firm as a potential bidder for a contract with a company or governmental entity looking to increase their minority supplier programs.

This selection process can include or exclude international suppliers depending on organizational goals and criteria. Companies looking to increase their pacific rim supplier base may exclude suppliers from the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Other organizations may be looking to purchase domestically to ensure a quicker response to orders as well as easier collaboration on design and production.

Organizational goals will dictate the criteria for the selection process of bidders. It is also possible that the product or service being procured is so specialized that the number of bidders are limited and the criteria must be very wide to permit competition. If only one firm can meet the specifications for the product then the purchasing managers must consider utilizing a “Sole Source” option or work with engineering to broaden the specifications if the project will permit alteration in the specifications. The sole source option is the part of the selection of bidders that acknowledges there is sometimes only one reasonable supplier for some services or products. This can be because of the limited applications for the product cannot support more than one manufacturer, proximity of the service provided, or the products are newly designed or invented and competition is not yet available.

Bidding process
This is the process an organization utilizes to procure goods, services or equipment. Processes vary significantly from the stringent to the very informal. Large corporations and governmental entities are most likely to have stringent and formal processes. These processes can utilize specialized bid forms that require specific procedures and detail. The very stringent procedures require bids to be open by several staff from various departments to ensure fairness and impartiality. Responses are usually very detailed. Bidders not responding exactly as specified and following the published procedures can be disqualified. Smaller private businesses are more likely to have less formal procedures. Bids can be in the form of an email to all of the bidders specifying products or services. Responses by bidders can be detailed or just the proposed dollar amount.

Most bid processes are multi-tiered. Acquisitions under a specified dollar amount can be “user discretion” permitting the request or to choose who ever they want. This level can be as low as $100 or as high as $10,000 depending on the organization. The rationale is the savings realized by processing these request the same as expensive items is minimal and does not justify the time and expense. Purchasing departments watch for abuses of the user discretion privilege. Acquisitions in a mid range can be processed with a slightly more formal process. This process may involve the user providing quotes from three separate suppliers. Purchasing may be asked or required to obtain the quotes. The formal bid process starts as low as $10,000 or as high as $100,000 depending on the organization. The bid usually involves a specific form the bidder fills out and must be returned by a specified deadline. Depending on the commodity being purchased and the organization the bid may specify a weighted evaluation criterion. Other bids would be evaluated at the discretion of purchasing or the end users. Some bids could be evaluated by a cross-functional committee. Other bids may be evaluated by the end user or the buyer in purchasing. Especially in small, private firms the bidders could be evaluated on criteria or factors that have little if anything to do with the actual bid. Examples of these factors are history of the bidder with the company, history of the bidder with the company's senior management at other firms, and bidder's breadth of products.

Technical evaluation
Technical evaluations, evaluations of the technical suitability of the quoted goods or services, if required, are normally performed prior to the commercial evaluation. During this phase of the procurement process, a technical representative of the company (usually an engineer) will review the proposal and designate each bidder as either technically acceptable or technically unacceptable.

Technical evaluation is usually carried out against a set of pre-determined technical evaluation criteria. There are two types of criteria, general criteria (whereby scores are given if they are met) and essential criteria (failing of which shall render the bid technically disqualified).

Commercial evaluation
Cost of Money is calculated by multiplying the applicable currency's interest rate by the amount of money paid prior to the receipt of the goods. If the money was to have remained in the buyer's account, interest would be drawn. That interest is essentially an additional cost associated with such progress or milestone payments.

The manufacturing location is taken into consideration during the evaluation stage primarily to calculate for freight costs and regional issues. For instance, it is common in Europe for factories to close during the month of August for a summer holiday. Labor agreements may also be taken into consideration and may be drawn into the evaluation if the particular region is known to have frequent labor disputes.

The manufacturing lead-time is the time from the placement of the order (or time final drawings are submitted by the buyer to the seller) until the goods are manufactured and prepared for delivery. Lead-times vary by commodity and can range from several days to years.

Transportation time is evaluated while comparing the delivery of goods to the buyer's required use-date. If goods are shipped from a remote port, with infrequent vessel transportation, the transportation time could exceed the schedule and adjustments would need to be made.

Delivery Charges - the charge for the goods to be delivered to a stated point.
 * Bid validity
 * Packing
 * Bid adjustments
 * Terms and Conditions
 * Seller's services
 * Standards organizations
 * Financial review
 * Payment currency
 * Risk analysis (market volatility, financial stress within the bidders)
 * Testing

Negotiating
Negotiating is a key skillset in the purchasing field. One of the goals of purchasing agents is to acquire goods per the most advantageous terms of the buying entity (or simply, the "buyer"). Purchasing agents typically attempt to decrease costs while meeting the buyer's other requirements such as an on-time delivery, compliance to the commercial terms and conditions (including the warranty, the transfer of risk, assignment, auditing rights, confidentiality, remedies, etc.).

Good negotiators, those with high levels of documented "cost savings", receive a premium within the industry relative to their compensation. Depending on the employment agreement between the buyer and the employer, buyer's cost savings can result in the creation of value to the business, and may result in a flat-rate bonus, or a percentage payout to the purchasing agent of the documented cost savings.

Purchasing departments, while they can be considered as a support function of the key business, are actually revenue generating departments. For example, if the company needs to buy US$30 million of widgets and the purchasing department secures the widgets for $25M USD, the purchasing department would have saved the company $5M USD. That savings could exceed the annual budget of the department, which in effect would pay the department's overhead - the employee's salaries, computers, office space, etc.

Post-award administration
Post-award administration typically consists of making minor changes, additions or subtractions, that in some way change the terms of the agreement or the seller's scope of supply. Such changes are often minor, but for auditing purposes must be documented into the existing agreement. Examples include increasing the quantity of a line Item or changing the metallurgy of a particular component.

Order closeout
Is the closing of order.

title: Purchasing


text:
Mary Barton

Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life was the first novel by English author Elizabeth Gaskell, first published in 1848. The story is set in the English city of Manchester between 1839 and 1842, and deals with the difficulties faced by the Victorian working class.

Plot summary
The novel begins in Manchester, where we are introduced to the Bartons and the Wilsons, two working-class families. John Barton is a questioner of the distribution of wealth and the relations between rich and poor. Soon his wife dies—he blames it on her grief over the disappearance of her sister Esther. Having already lost his son Tom at a young age, Barton is left to raise his daughter, Mary, alone and now falls into depression and begins to involve himself in the Chartist, trade-union movement.

Chapter 1 takes place in the countryside where Greenheys is now.

Mary takes up work at a dressmaker's (her father had objected to her working in a factory) and becomes subject to the affections of hard-working Jem Wilson and Harry Carson, son of a wealthy mill owner. She fondly hopes, by marrying Carson, to secure a comfortable life for herself and her father, but immediately after refusing Jem's offer of marriage she realizes that she truly loves him. She, therefore, decides to evade Carson, planning to show her feelings to Jem in the course of time. Jem believes her decision to be final, though this does not change his feelings for her.

Meanwhile, Esther, a "street-walker," returns to warn John Barton that he must save Mary from becoming like her. He simply pushes her away, however, and she's sent to jail for a month on the charge of vagrancy. Upon her release, she talks to Jem with the same purpose. He promises that he will protect Mary and confronts Carson, eventually entering into a fight with him, which is witnessed by a policeman passing by.

Not long afterward, Carson is shot dead, and Jem is arrested for the crime, his gun having been found at the scene. Esther decides to investigate the matter further and discovers that the wadding for the gun was a piece of paper on which is written Mary's name.

She visits her niece to warn her to save the one she loves, and after she leaves Mary realizes that the murderer is not Jem but her father. She is now faced with having to save her lover without giving away her father. With the help of Job Legh (the intelligent grandfather of her blind friend Margaret), Mary travels to Liverpool to find the only person who could provide an alibi for Jem – Will Wilson, Jem's cousin and a sailor, who was with him on the night of the murder. Unfortunately, Will's ship is already departing, so that, after Mary chases after the ship in a small boat, the only thing Will can do is promise to return in the pilot ship and testify the next day.

During the trial, Jem learns of Mary's great love for him. Will arrives in court to testify, and Jem is found "not guilty". Mary has fallen ill during the trial and is nursed by Mr. Sturgis, an old sailor, and his wife. When she finally returns to Manchester she has to face her father, who is crushed by his remorse. He summons John Carson, Harry's father, to confess to him that he is the murderer. Carson is still set on justice, but after turning to the Bible he forgives Barton, who dies soon afterward in Carson's arms. Not long after this Esther comes back to Mary's home, where she, too, soon dies.

Jem decides to leave England, where, his reputation damaged, it would be difficult for him to find a new job. The novel ends with the wedded Mary and Jem, their little child, and Mrs. Wilson living happily in Canada. The news comes that Margaret has regained her sight and that she and Will, soon to be married, will visit.

Characters

 * Mary Barton – The eponymous character, a very beautiful girl.
 * Mrs. Mary Barton – Mary's mother, who dies early on.
 * John Barton – Mary's father, a millworker, an active member in trade unions.
 * George Wilson – John Barton's best friend, a worker at John Carson's mill.
 * Jane Wilson – George Wilson's wife, short-tempered.
 * Jem Wilson – Son of George and Jane, an engineer and inventor who has loved Mary from his childhood.
 * John Carson – Wealthy owner of a mill in Manchester.
 * Harry Carson – Son of John Carson, attracted to Mary.
 * Alice Wilson – George Wilson's sister, a pious old washerwoman, herbalist, sick-nurse.
 * Margaret Jennings – Neighbour of Alice, blind, a sometime singer, a friend to Mary.
 * Job Legh – Margaret's grandfather, a self-taught naturalist.
 * Ben Sturgis – An old sailor, who looks after Mary during her stay in Liverpool.
 * Will Wilson – Alice's nephew (Jem's cousin), whom she raised after the death of his parents. A sailor, he falls in love with Margaret.
 * Esther (gives her name as Mrs. Fergusson of 145, Nicholas Street, Angel's Meadow) – Sister of Mrs. Mary Barton, she is a fallen woman her function to pose an awful 'what if' concerning young Mary's fate.

Background and composition
In beginning to write novels, it was Gaskell's hope that they would provide some solace from the pain of the loss of her son Willie. The idea, according to her early biographer Ellis Chadwick, was first suggested by her husband William Gaskell to "soothe her sorrow". In an 1849 letter to her friend Mrs. Greg, Gaskell said that she, "took refuge in the invention to exclude the memory of painful scenes which would force themselves upon my remembrance."

However, it is clear from her preface that the suffering she saw around her was the motivational factor for the content of the novel: "I had always felt a deep sympathy with the care-worn men, who looked as if doomed to struggle through their lives in strange alternations between work and want[...] The more I reflected on this unhappy state of things between those so bound to each other by common interests, as the employers and the employed must ever be, the more anxious I became to give some utterance to the agony which from time to time convulsed this dumb person."

Gaskell's desire to accurately represent the poverty of industrial Manchester is evident in a record of a visit she made to the home of a local labourer. On comforting the family, Hompes records, the "head of the family took hold of her arm and grasping it tightly, said, with tears in his eyes: 'Aye, ma'am, but have ye ever seen a child clemmed to death?'" This question is almost precisely repeated in the mouth of John Barton: "Han they ever have seen a child o' their'n die for want o' food?" in chapter 4.

As well as relying on her own experience, Gaskell is thought to have used secondary sources on which to base the setting of the story, including Kay's The moral and physical condition of the working classes involved in the cotton manufacture in Manchester (1832) and Peter Gaskell's The manufacturing population of England (1833). Other details to which Gaskell paid particular attention to ensure the realism of the novel include the topography of both Manchester and Liverpool (including the rural environment detailed in the first chapter, and references to road names and prominent buildings), the superstitions and customs of the local people and the dialect. In the earliest editions, William Gaskell added the footnotes explaining some of the words specific to the Lancashire dialect, and after the fifth edition (1854), two lectures of his on the subject were added as appendices. It is widely thought that the murder of Harry Carson in the novel was inspired by the assassination of Thomas Ashton, a Manchester mill-owner, in 1831.

Mary Barton was first published as two volumes in October 1848. Gaskell was paid £100 for the novel. The publisher Edward Chapman had had the manuscript since the middle of 1847. He had several recorded influences on the novel, the most prominent of which is probably the change in title: the novel was originally entitled John Barton. Gaskell said that he was, "the central figure to my mind...he was my 'hero'." He also encouraged Gaskell to include chapters 36 and 37, the dialectical glosses added by William Gaskell, a preface and the chapter epigraphs.

The second edition, with Gaskell's corrections, particularly on typographical mistakes when writing the Lancashire dialect, appeared on 3 January 1849. The third edition soon followed, in February. A fourth, without Gaskell's involvement, appeared in October 1850. The fifth edition, from 1854, was the first single volume edition and included William Gaskell's lectures on the dialect. Mary Barton uses the word "wench" a total of 42 times.

Genre
One element of the novel that has been a subject of heavy criticism is the apparent shift in genres between the political focus of the early chapters to the domestic in the later ones. Raymond Williams particularly saw this as a failure by the author: the early chapters, he said, are the "most moving response in the literature to the industrial suffering of the 1840s", but in the later, the novel becomes a "familiar and orthodox...Victorian novel of sentiment". Williams suggested that this shift may have been at the influence of her publishers, an idea supported by the title change, which changes the main focus of the reader from the political upheaval John is trying to promote to Mary's emotional journey.

However, Kamilla Elliot disagrees with Williams about the weakness of the domestic genre, saying, "It is the romance plot, not the political plot, that contains the more radical political critique in the novel."

Style
It is a subject of some debate whether the first person narrator in Mary Barton is synonymous with Gaskell. On the one hand, the consistent use of tone through the original preface and the novel, and authorial insets like the first paragraph of chapter 5 suggest the Gaskell is directly narrating the story. Contrarily, critics like Lansbury suggest the narrator is too unsympathetic in all Gaskell's Manchester novels to be her own voice: "Nothing could be more unwise than to regard the authorial 'I' of the novels as the voice of Elizabeth Gaskell, particularly in the Manchester novels. The narrator has a tendency to engage in false pleading and specious argument, while the workers demonstrate honesty and commonsense."

Hopkins goes so far as to claim that the detail to verisimilitude in the novel made it the first "respectable" social novel, in contrast with the lack of believability in, for example, Disraeli's Sybil or Tonna's Helen Fleetwood.

Prominent in the novel is Gaskell's attempt to reinforce the realism of her representation through the inclusion of "working-class discourses", not only through the use of closely imitated colloquialisms and dialect, but also through "passages from Chartist poems, working class ballads, proverbs, maxims, and nursery rhymes, as John Barton's radical discourse, Ben Davenport's deathbed curses, and Job Legh's language of Christian submission."

Themes
Kathleen Mary Tillotson wrote that Mary Barton is "built on the assumptions of Chartism and Past and Present", two works of social criticism by Thomas Carlyle.

The first half of the novel focuses mainly on the comparison between the rich and poor. In a series of set pieces across the opening chapters, we are shown the lifestyles of the Bartons, Wilsons (most prominently in the chapter "A Manchester Tea-Party") and Davenport's respective households compared to the contrasting affluence of the Carson establishment (in the chapter "Poverty and Death"). A key symbol shown in this chapter is the use of five shillings; this amount being the price John Barton receives for pawning most of his possessions, but also the loose change in Harry Carson's pocket.

Gaskell details the importance of the mother in a family; as is seen from the visible decline in John Barton's physical and moral well-being after his wife's death. This view is also symbolized by Job Legh's inability to care for Margaret as a baby in the chapter "Barton's London Experience". The theme of motherhood is connected to declining masculinity: Surridge points out that the roles of nurturing fall towards the men as bread-winning falls away. Both Wilson and Barton are pictured holding the infants in the place of the nanny that can't be afforded as the novel begins, but eventually, both end up relying on the income of their children, Jem and Mary respectively.

The second half of the book deals mainly with the murder plot. Here it can be seen that redemption is also a key aspect of the novel; not least because of the eventual outcome of the relationship between Messrs Carson and Barton, but also in Gaskell's presentation of Esther, the typical "fallen woman". The selfless nature she gives the character, on several occasions having her confess her faults with brutal honesty, is an attempt to make the reader sympathize with the character of a prostitute, unusual for the time.

Indeed, throughout the novel Gaskell appears to refer to her characters as being out of her control, acting as not so much a narrator but a guide for the observing reader. Another aspect of the passivity of the characters is, as some suggest, that they represent the impotence of the class to defend or even represent, themselves politically. Cooney draws attention to this in the scene in which the factory is on fire – a scene the reader anticipates to be domestic fails in its domestic role (one might imagine Jem's heroism to prompt Mary to discover her true feelings) actually sees the crowd passively at the mercy of ill-equipped firemen and unconcerned masters.

Several times Gaskell attempts to mask her strong beliefs in the novel by disclaiming her knowledge of such matters as economics and politics, but the powerful language she gives to her characters, especially John Barton in the opening chapter, is a clear indication of the author's interest in the class divide. She openly pleads for reducing this divide through increased communication and, as a consequence, understanding between employers and workmen and generally through a more human behaviour based on Christian principles, at the same time presenting her own fears of how the poor will eventually act in retaliation to their oppression.

Gaskell also describes an Italian torture chamber where the victim is afforded many luxuries at first but in the end, the walls of the cell start closing in and finally they crush him. It is believed that the story has been influenced by William Mudford's short story "The Iron Shroud". Stephen Derry mentions that Gaskell uses the concept of the shrinking cell to describe John Barton's state of mind but also added the element of luxury to further enhance it.

Death plays a significant and unavoidable role in the plot: it has been interpreted both as mere realism (Lucas points out the average mortality rate at the time was 17) and autobiographically as the cathartic relief of grief over her son's premature death. The image of a dying child was also a trope of Chartist discourse.

Reception
The novel was first published anonymously, but its authorship was widely known within a year.

Early reception of the novel was divided, with some praising its honesty and fidelity to facts and others criticising it for presenting a distorted picture of the employer-employee relationships. The British Quarterly Review said it was a "one-sided picture", and the Edinburgh Review that the division between employers and employed was exaggerated. They were echoed by the Manchester Guardian and the Prospective Review. On the other hand, were the Athenaeum, the Eclectic Review, the Christian Examiner and Fraser's Magazine. The Athenaeum's otherwise positive review raised the question of whether "it may be kind or wise or right to make fiction the vehicle for a plain, matter of fact exposition of social evils".

Thomas Carlyle wrote a letter to Gaskell in which he called it "a Book seeming to take its place far above the ordinary garbage of Novels".

Part of the sensation the novel created was due to the anonymity with which it was published. Gaskell claimed that on occasion she had even joined in with discussions making guesses at the authorship.

Adaptations
There have been a few stage adaptations (mostly loosely so and mostly in the 19th century) and one adaptation in each of radio and television. There have been no films, although one of the stage adaptations has been filmed a number of times.

Radio
In 2001, the BBC broadcast a 20-episode serialisation of Mary Barton.

Television
The BBC broadcast a four-episode series in 1964. All four episodes ('Fire', 'Violence', 'Murder', and 'Trial'), are believed lost, although it has been hypothesised that copies may still exist in BBC Archives. Directed by Michael Imison, it featured Lois Daine (Mary Barton), George A. Cooper (John Barton), Barry Warren (Jem Wilson), Gwendolyn Watts (Margaret Legh), Brian Peck (Will Wilson) and Patrick Mower (Harry Carson).

In 2012, there were reports that the screenwriter Heidi Thomas (who wrote the script for the BBC serialisation of Cranford) was working on a TV adaption of Mary Barton for the BBC, but nothing seems to have come of this.

Theatre
The first adaptation occurred soon after publication, by the playwright John Courtney at The Old Vic, then called the Victoria Theatre, in 1851. While the novel targeted middle and upper class readers, Courtney's production engaged a specifically working-class audience – according to the playbill, it was 'written expressly for this Theatre', meaning the local working class community.

In the years following, there were then a number of stage productions, based more or less loosely on the plot and themes of the novel: Colin Hazlewood, Our Lot in Life, 1862; Dion Boucicault, The Long Strike, 1866 (at the Lyceum, in which the political plot was removed and which also incorporated elements of Lizzie Leigh); J P Weston, The Lancashire Strike, 1867; George Sims, The Last Chance, 1885; and, best-known, Stanley Houghton, Hindle Wakes, 1912, of which there have been four film versions.

In 2016 Rona Munro wrote a 2-act version, which premiered at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. It was directed by Sarah Frankcom and designed by Liz Ascroft, and featured Kellie Bright in the lead role.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mary Barton


text:
Lee Friedlander

Lee Friedlander (born July 14, 1934) is an American photographer and artist. In the 1960s and 1970s, Friedlander evolved an influential and often imitated visual language of urban "social landscape," with many of his photographs including fragments of store-front reflections, structures framed by fences, posters and street signs. His work is characterized by its innovative use of framing and reflection, often using the natural environment or architectural elements to frame his subjects. Over the course of his career, Friedlander has been the recipient of numerous awards and his work has been exhibited in major museums and galleries worldwide (Museum of Modern Art, New York. Corcoran Gallery of Art. National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne).

Life and work
Friedlander was born in Aberdeen, Washington, on July 14, 1934 to Kaari Nurmi (Finnish descent) and Fritz (Fred) Friedlander (a German-Jewish émigré). His mother died of cancer when he was seven years old.

Already earning pocket-money as a photographer by age 14, he went on at the age of 18 to study photography at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California. In 1956, he moved to New York City, where he photographed jazz musicians for record album covers. His early work was influenced by Eugène Atget, Robert Frank and Walker Evans. Friedlander is regarded as one of Atget's heirs. In 1960, Friedlander was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to focus on his art, and was awarded subsequent grants in 1962 and 1977. Some of his most famous photographs appeared in the September 1985 Playboy, black and white nude photographs of Madonna from the late 1970s. A student at the time, she was paid $25 for her 1979 set. In 2009, one of the images fetched $37,500 at a Christie's Art House auction.

Working primarily with hand-held Leica 35 mm cameras and black-and-white film, Friedlander's style has focused on the "social landscape." His photographs used detached images of urban life, store-front reflections, structures framed by fences, and posters and signs all combining to capture the look of "modern life."

In 1963, Nathan Lyons, assistant director and Curator of Photography at the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House, mounted Friedlander's first solo exhibition. Friedlander was then a key figure in curator John Szarkowski's 1967 "New Documents" exhibition, at the Museum of Modern Art in New York along with Garry Winogrand and Diane Arbus. In 1973, his work was honored at the Rencontres d'Arles festival in France with the screening "Soirée américaine : Judy Dater, Jack Welpott, Jerry Uelsmann, Lee Friedlander" presented by Jean-Claude Lemagny. In 1990, the MacArthur Foundation awarded Friedlander a MacArthur Fellowship. In 2005, the Museum of Modern Art presented a major retrospective of Friedlander's career, including nearly 400 photographs from the 1950s to the present; it was presented again in 2008 at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. In 2022, contemporary photographer Joseph Maida discussed Friedlander's work from the 1970s and 80's in his monograph A Third Look,.

In 2023, Joel Coen curated an exhibition of 70 of Friedlander's photographs, which were shown (45 different photographs at each site) at the Fraenkel Gallery in San Francisco and in New York at Luhring Augustine.

While suffering from arthritis and housebound, he focused on photographing his surroundings. His book Stems reflects his life during the time of his knee replacement surgery. He has said that his "limbs" reminded him of plant stems.

Friedlander began photographing parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted for a six-year commission from the Canadian Centre for Architecture in Montreal, beginning in 1988. After completing the commission he continued to photograph Olmsted-designed parks for 20 years in total. His series includes New York City's Central Park; Brooklyn's Prospect Park; Manhattan's Morningside Park; World's End in Hingham, Massachusetts; Cherokee Park in Louisville, Kentucky; and Niagara Falls State Park. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the design for Central Park, the Metropolitan Museum of Art held an exhibition of Friedlander's photographs of that park and a book was published, Photographs: Frederick Law Olmsted Landscapes. "

Friedlander now works primarily with medium format cameras, such as the Hasselblad Superwide.

Personal life
It has been claimed that Friedlander is "notoriously media shy," but he did grant an interview to The New York Times in April 2023, in which he discussed his work.

He married his wife Maria in 1958. She has been the subject of many of his portraits.

Their daughter Anna is married to photographer Thomas Roma. Their son Erik is a cellist and composer.

Publications

 * E.J. Bellocq: Storyville Portraits. Photographs from the New Orleans Red-Light District, Circa 1912. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1970. With a preface by Friedlander.
 * Self Portrait.
 * New City, NY: Self-published / Haywire Press, 1970.
 * New York: Distributed Art Publishers; San Francisco: Fraenkel Gallery, 1998. ISBN 1-881616-96-7. Revised edition. By Friedlander and John Szarkowski.
 * New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2005. ISBN 0-87070-338-2. With a preface by Friedlander and an afterword by John Szarkowski, "The Friedlander Self". According to the colophon, "This third edition retains the new material of the 1998 edition except in its design, which returns to that of the original book."
 * The American Monument. New York: Eakins Press Foundation, 1976. ISBN 0-87130-043-5.
 * Lee Friedlander Photographs. New City, NY: Self-published / Haywire Press, 1978.
 * Factory Valleys: Ohio & Pennsylvania. New York: Callaway Editions, 1982. ISBN 0-935112-04-9.
 * Lee Friedlander Portraits. Boston: Little, Brown, 1985. ISBN 0-8212-1602-3.
 * Like a One-Eyed Cat: Photographs by Lee Friedlander, 1956–1987. New York: Harry N. Abrams in association with the Seattle Art Museum, 1989. ISBN 0-8109-1274-0.
 * ''CRAY at Chippewa Falls: Photographs by Lee Friedlander, Cray Research, Inc., 1987. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 86-73134
 * Nudes. New York: Pantheon, 1991. ISBN 0-679-40484-8.
 * The Jazz People of New Orleans. New York: Pantheon, 1992. ISBN 0-679-41638-2.
 * Maria. Washington: Smithsonian, 1992. ISBN 1-56098-207-1.
 * Letters from the People.
 * New York: Distributed Art Publishers, 1993. ISBN 1-881616-05-3.
 * London: Jonathan Cape, 1993. ISBN 9780224032957.
 * Bellocq: Photographs from Storyville, the Red-Light District of New Orleans. New York: Random House, 1996. ISBN 0-679-44975-2.
 * The Desert Seen. New York: Distributed Art Publishers, 1996. ISBN 1-881616-75-4.
 * Viewing Olmsted: Photographs by Robert Burley, Lee Friedlander, and Geoffrey James. Montréal: Canadian Centre for Architecture, 1996. ISBN 0-920785-58-1. By Phyllis Lambert.
 * American Musicians: Photographs by Lee Friedlander. New York: Distributed Art Publishers, 1998. ISBN 1-56466-056-7. By Friedlander, Steve Lacy, and Ruth Brown.
 * Lee Friedlander. San Francisco: Fraenkel Gallery, 2000. ISBN 1-881337-09-X.
 * Lee Friedlander at Work. New York: Distributed Art Publishers, 2002. ISBN 1-891024-48-5.
 * Stems. New York: Distributed Art Publishers, 2003. ISBN 1-891024-75-2.
 * Lee Friedlander: Sticks and Stones: Architectural America. San Francisco: Fraenkel Gallery, 2004. ISBN 1-891024-97-3. By Friedlander and James Enyeart.
 * Friedlander. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2005. ISBN 0-87070-343-9. By Peter Galassi.
 * Cherry Blossom Time in Japan: The Complete Works. San Francisco: Fraenkel Gallery, 2006. ISBN 1-881337-20-0.
 * Lee Friedlander: New Mexico. Santa Fe, NM: Radius Books, 2008. ISBN 978-1-934435-11-3. By Friedlander, Andrew Smith, and Emily Ballew Neff.
 * Photographs: Frederick Law Olmsted Landscapes. New York: Distributed Art Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-1933045733.
 * America by Car. San Francisco: Fraenkel Gallery, 2010. ISBN 978-1-935202-08-0.
 * Portraits: The Human Clay: Volume 1. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2015. ISBN 978-0-300-21520-5.
 * Children: The Human Clay: Volume 2. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2015. ISBN 978-0-300-21519-9.
 * Street: The Human Clay: Volume 3. New Haven, CT: Yale University, 2016. ISBN 978-0-300-22177-0.
 * Lee Friedlander: Western Landscapes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Art Gallery, 2016. ISBN 978-0-300-22301-9.
 * Head. Oakland, CA: TBW Books, 2017. Subscription Series #5, Book #4. ISBN 978-1-942953-28-9. Edition of 1000 copies. Friedlander, Mike Mandel, Susan Meiselas and Bill Burke each had one book in a set of four.

Awards

 * 1960: Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
 * 1962: Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
 * 1977: Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
 * 1986: Edward MacDowell Medal, MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, NH.
 * 1990: MacArthur Fellowship from the MacArthur Foundation.
 * 2003: Special 150th Anniversary Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) from the Royal Photographic Society.
 * 2005: Hasselblad Foundation International Award in Photography from the Hasselblad Foundation.
 * 2006: Infinity Award for Lifetime Achievement from the International Center of Photography, New York.
 * 2018: Lifetime Achievement, Lucie Awards.

Solo exhibitions

 * 1963: George Eastman House, curated by Nathan Lyons. Friedlander's first solo exhibition.
 * 1986: Cherry Blossom Time in Japan, Laurence Miller Gallery, New York City.
 * 1988: Lee Friedlander: Cray at Chippewa Falls, Laurence Miller Gallery, New York City.
 * 1989: Like a One-Eyed Cat: Photographs by Lee Friedlander 1956–1987, Laurence Miller Gallery, New York City.
 * 1991: Lee Friedlander: A Selection of Nudes, Laurence Miller Gallery, New York City.
 * 1991: Lee Friedlander: Work in Progress/Sonora Desert, Laurence Miller Gallery, New York City.
 * 1993: Letters from the People: Photographs by Lee Friedlander, Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal.
 * 2005: Friedlander, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.
 * 2008: Friedlander, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.
 * 2008: America by Car, Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco.
 * 2008: Lee Friedlander: A Ramble in Olmsted Parks, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Organised by Jeff L. Rosenheim.
 * 2010: America by Car, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City.
 * 2017: Lee Friedlander in Louisiana, New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA.
 * 2018: Lee Friedlander: American Musicians, New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, LA.

Group exhibitions

 * 1966: Toward a Social Landscape, George Eastman House, Rochester, NY. Photographs by Friedlander, Bruce Davidson, Danny Lyon, Duane Michals, and Garry Winogrand. Curated by Nathan Lyons.
 * 1967: New Documents, Museum of Modern Art, New York. With Garry Winogrand and Diane Arbus, curated by John Szarkowski.
 * 1996: Viewing Olmsted, Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal. Photographs by Robert Burley, Lee Friedlander, and Geoffrey James.

title: Lee Friedlander


text:
Chippewa Township

Chippewa Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Chippewa Township, Mecosta County, Michigan
 * Chippewa Township, Isabella County, Michigan
 * Chippewa Township, Chippewa County, Michigan
 * Chippewa Township, Ohio
 * Chippewa Township, Pennsylvania

title: Chippewa Township


text:
Centerport

Centerport may refer to:
 * Centerport, New York, located in Suffolk County
 * Centerport, Pennsylvania, located in Berks County

title: Centerport


text:
Chesterville

Chesterville may refer to:

 * Canada
 * Chesterville, Ontario
 * Chesterville, Quebec

 * South Africa
 * Chesterville, KwaZulu-Natal

 * United States
 * Chesterville, Indiana
 * Chesterville, Maine
 * Chesterville, Maryland
 * Chesterville, Ohio
 * Chesterville, Texas
 * Chesterville, West Virginia

title: Chesterville


text:
Catlin

Catlin may refer to:

People with the surname

 * Albertus W. Catlin (1868–1933), US Marine Corps Brigadier General & Medal of Honor recipient
 * Charles L. Catlin (1842-1901), American lawyer and politician
 * David Catlin (born 1952), American mathematician
 * George Catlin (1796–1872), American painter
 * George Catlin (political scientist) (1896–1979), English academic and politician
 * John Catlin (politician) (1803–1874), acting governor of the Wisconsin Territory
 * Karen Catlin (born 1963), American technology executive and advocate
 * Kelly Catlin (1995–2019), American racing cyclist
 * Mark Catlin, Jr. (1910-1986), American politician, lawyer
 * Mark Catlin, Sr. (1882–1956) American football coach, politician, lawyer
 * Nathaniel Catelyn (c.1589-1637), politician and judge in Ireland
 * Sir Nevill Catlin (1634-1702), English landowner and politician
 * Nicholas Catlin (born 1989), English hockey player
 * Norman Catlin (1918–1941), English footballer
 * Paul Catlin (1948-1995), American mathematician, graph theory
 * Stanton Catlin (1915-1997), American art historian
 * Steven David Catlin (born 1944), American serial killer
 * Ted Catlin (1910–1990), English footballer

Places

 * New Zealand
 * The Catlins, an area of New Zealand
 * United States
 * Catlin Township, Marion County, Kansas
 * Catlin, Illinois, a village in Vermilion County, Illinois
 * Catlin, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Parke County
 * Catlin, New York, a town in Chemung County, New York

Other

 * Catlin (surgery), an archaic medical instrument
 * The Catlin Gabel School, a private school southwest of Portland, Oregon
 * The Catlins (TV series), on the TBS cable network
 * Catlin Group Limited, an international specialty insurance and reinsurance company
 * Chris Cattlin (born 1946), English footballer
 * Mt Cattlin mine, mine in Western Australia

title: Catlin


text:
Clarkton

Clarkton may refer to:
 * Clarkton, North Carolina
 * Clarkton, Missouri

title: Clarkton


text:
Clearbrook

Clearbrook or Clear Brook may refer to:

Canada

 * Clearbrook, Alberta
 * Clearbrook, Abbotsford, British Columbia

United Kingdom

 * Clearbrook, Devon, village

United States

 * Clear Brook (Nanticoke River tributary), a stream in Delaware
 * Clearbrook, Minnesota
 * Clearbrook, New Jersey
 * Clear Brook, Virginia

Other uses

 * Clear Brook High School, in Harris County, Texas
 * Clearbrook Human Service Agency in Illinois
 * Clearbrook, a fictional female wolfrider elf from the comic book series Elfquest

title: Clearbrook


text:
Clinch

Clinch may refer to:

 * Nail (fastener) or device to hold in this way
 * Clinching, in metalworking
 * Clinch fighting or the clinch, a grappling position in boxing or wrestling, a stand-up embrace
 * Clinch County, Georgia, USA
 * Clinch River, near Tazewell, Virginia, USA
 * Clinch & Co Brewery, an English brewery founded in 1811
 * Clinch & Co Brewery (Isle of Man)

People

 * Danny Clinch (born 1964), photographer and film director
 * Duncan Lamont Clinch (1787–1849), American army officer
 * Gavin Clinch (born 1974), rugby league footballer
 * John Clinch (cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer
 * Mackenzie Clinch Hoycard (born 1998), Australian basketball player

title: Clinch


text:
Cloverland

Cloverland may refer to some places in the United States:

 * Cloverland, Indiana
 * Cloverland, Houston, Texas
 * Cloverland, Vilas County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Cloverland, Douglas County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Cloverland (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

 * Cloverland Electric Cooperative

 * An early 20th century branding name for parts of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

title: Cloverland


text:
User talk:Blackplastictriangle

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 20:52, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blackplastictriangle


text:
Cowan

Cowan or Cowans may refer to:

Australia

 * Cowan, New South Wales
 * Cowan Creek, a waterway to the north of Sydney, Australia
 * Division of Cowan, a federal division of the Australian House of Representatives, in Western Australia
 * Hundred of Cowan, a cadastral division in South Australia

Canada

 * Cowan, Manitoba

United States

 * Cowan, California
 * Cowan, Indiana
 * Cowan, Pennsylvania
 * Cowan, Tennessee
 * Cowans Brook, a stream in Minnesota

Other uses

 * Cowan (surname), a surname
 * EML Admiral Cowan (M313), a Sandown-class minehunter of the Estonian Navy

title: Cowan


text:
Beaujolais nouveau

Beaujolais nouveau is a red wine made from Gamay grapes produced in the Beaujolais region of France. It is a vin de primeur, fermented for just a few weeks before being released for sale on the third Thursday of November. Distributors famously race to get the first bottles to different global markets.

History

As far back as the 1800s, Beaujolais growers would gather to celebrate the end of the harvest by toasting the vintage with some of the young wine produced that year (this is part of the French tradition of vin de primeur, or "early wines", released in the same year as harvest, which 55 appellations in France are allowed to produce). During this time, Lyonnais barkeepers and restaurateurs had been buying barrels of this new Beaujolais wine, which had been pressed in September and ready to serve in November. The new wine was served via pitchers dipped into barrels. The barrels were sometimes transported simply by floating them down the Saône river. Once the Beaujolais AOC was established in 1937, AOC rules meant that Beaujolais wine could only be officially sold after 15 December in the year of harvest. These rules were relaxed in November 1951, and the Union Interprofessionnelle des Vins du Beaujolais (Uivb) formally set 15 November as the release date for what would henceforth be known as Beaujolais nouveau. In 1985, the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO) established the third Thursday of November to allow for a uniform release date for the wine.

The wine used to be released from France at 12:01 on the third Thursday of November. During the 2000s, the release rules started to relax, with the wines shipped ahead of time and released to local markets at 12:01 a.m. local time. Beginning in the 2010s, it started to be sent to retailers ahead of the third Thursday, with instruction not to sell it until the third Thursday.

Some members of the UIVB saw the potential for marketing Beaujolais nouveau by capitalizing on the fast distribution of the vintage, starting with a race to get the first bottles to Paris. In the 1960s, races from English clubs rewarded the drivers who returned the quickest with the most wine (sometimes resulting in spare tyres being left in Beaujolais). There continued to be more media coverage, and by the 1970s it had become a national event. The races spread to neighbouring European countries in the 1980s, followed by North America, and in the 1990s to Asia.

Until 1972, New York was the only US city to import Beaujolais nouveau. That year, Minneapolis became the second US city to import it; now, it is available in most US metropolis areas and many large cities across the globe.

Production
Beaujolais Nouveau is made from the Gamay noir à Jus blanc grape, better known simply as Gamay. The grapes come from the southern part of the Beaujolais AOC, grown in "stony, schistous soils" just north of Lyon. Both Beaujolais Nouveau and Beaujolais-Villages Nouveau are produced; the latter comes from the ~ 30 non-cru villages in the northern part of the region, and grapes from the ten Beaujolais "cru" villages / appellations are excluded. Nouveau's production has varied from 25% to almost 50% of the overall output in Beaujolais. As of 2017, 2000 producers are making 27.5 million cases from 4,000 vineyards, with 40% exported from France.

By law, all grapes in the region must be harvested by hand. The wine is made using carbonic maceration, whole berry anaerobic fermentation, which emphasizes fruit flavors without extracting bitter tannins from the grape skins. Grapes are loaded and sealed into a large (on the order of 20000 USgal) sealed container that is filled with carbon dioxide. Grapes gently crushed at the bottom of the container by the weight of the grapes start to ferment, emitting more CO2. All this carbon dioxide causes fermentation inside the uncrushed grapes (without access to oxygen, hence "anaerobic fermentation"). The resulting wine is fresh, fruity, and very low in tannins.

Part of the success of Beaujolais Nouveau is due to the Gamay grape – it can easily make this very straightforward wine and make more complex wines. Most other red wine grapes would not easily make nouveau-style wines."

The wine is marketed to be drunk in November, only a few months after the grapes were on the vines – logistics to ship so much wine quickly are a significant challenge. Means of transport have included elephant, Concorde, balloon, rickshaw, helicopter, private jet, military jet, and Boeing 747. Multiple air shipping companies even have online articles about how they arrange the nouveau air shipments, and the announcement of when the nouveau may be released from the EU is an annual headline.

Celebration
This "Beaujolais Day" is accompanied by publicity events and heavy advertising. The traditional slogan, even in English-speaking countries, was "Le Beaujolais nouveau est arrivé!" (literally, "The new Beaujolais has arrived!"), but in 2005, this was changed to "It's Beaujolais Nouveau Time!". In the United States, it is promoted as a drink for Thanksgiving, which always falls exactly one week after the wine is released (on the fourth Thursday of November).

In the United Kingdom, Beaujolais Day is particularly popular in Swansea, Wales, where people book tables in restaurants and bars for the day up to a year in advance. Historian Peter Stead argues that its rise in popularity there can be traced to the city's No Sign Bar in the 1960s, which was then owned by former Wales rugby union captain Clem Thomas, who owned a house in Burgundy and could transport Beaujolais quickly and cheaply to south Wales, and suggests that it reflected Swansea's efforts to "gentrify and intellectualise itself" at the time. In 2015, it was estimated that Beaujolais Day contributed £5 million to the local economy.

As of 2014, over 100 Beaujolais Nouveau-related festivals were held in the Beaujolais region. One such festival, Les Sarmentelles, was held in Beaujeu, the region's capital, and lasted for days. The winner of the annual tasting contest won their weight in wine.

Many producers release the nouveau with a colourful or abstract design that changes yearly, usually as an evolution from the previous year's design. Starting in 2017, one producer had a contest for their Beaujolais Nouveau label; in 2020, there were over 1,000 entries. Duboeuf has silk ties made each year with their label's abstract design, and releases them through select wholesalers and distributors.

In addition to the drinking of the Beaujolais Nouveau, its release represents an opportunity for chefs to cook with the wine. Due to its very young age and fermentation method, the foods prepared with nouveau tend to be a bit more purple than red. This is especially evident in coq au vin and poached pears, traditional dishes from Burgundy.

Style
Beaujolais nouveau is a purple-pink wine reflecting its youth, bottled only 6–8 weeks after harvest. The method of production means that there is a higher acidity and very little tannin. Nouveau will have very bright, fresh, red fruit flavors, such as cherry, strawberry, and raspberry, along with fruity ester flavours of banana, grape, fig, and pear drop. The wine is recommended to be slightly chilled to 13 °C (55 °F). Beaujolais-Villages Nouveau tends to be a bit more purple, richer, and have more intense fruity flavors.

Beaujolais nouveau is intended for immediate drinking. It has been described as "wine of this vintage, fresh as the memory of harvest and raw as the experience of the year, unpolished by time, a reflection of the emotion of the moment". In this same spirit, nouveau is intended to be consumed within a few months. While nouveau could be kept for a few years, there is no real reason to, as it does not improve with age (for comparison, standard Beaujolais AOC wines are released the following year and can be stored for one or more years before consuming). The nouveau wines show definite variation between vintages and, as such, are considered to be an early indicator of the quality of the year's regional wine harvest.

For a period around the late 1990s, some wine critics criticized Beaujolais nouveau as simple or immature. For example, wine critic Karen MacNeil wrote that "Drinking it gives you the same kind of silly pleasure as eating cookie dough." Another wine critic, Robert M. Parker, Jr., disagreed, calling those opinions "ludicrous" and describing the better vintages as "delicious, zesty, exuberant, fresh, vibrantly fruity" wines. According to Julien Gobert, an oenologist who worked in the Bordeaux region, "It is a proper wine and it's not actually that easy to produce. It's quite a challenge getting it right."

Similar wines
The commercial success of Beaujolais nouveau led to the development of other "primeur" wines in other parts of France, such as the Gaillac AOC near Toulouse. These wines are typically released on the third Thursday of November, just like their counterparts in Beaujolais. The practice has spread to other wine-producing countries such as Italy ("Vino Novello"), Spain ("vino joven"), the Czech Republic ("Svatomartinské víno") and the US ("nouveau wine").

In the United States, several vintners have produced Nouveau-style wines, using various grapes such as Gamay, Zinfandel, Tempranillo, Pinot noir, and even Riesling. There is also a movement in the US of making nouveau wines in homage to the French Glou Glou wine movement and in homage to Beaujolais nouveau. In Japan, B&H Lifes created a Nouveau wine for cats inspired by Beaujolais nouveau, which is popular in Japan. It is named Nyan Nyan Nouveau, or Meow Nouveau.

title: Beaujolais nouveau


text:
Clyde Township

Clyde Township may refer to:

Canada

 * Clyde Township, a geographic township in the municipality of Dysart et al, Ontario

United States

 * Clyde Township, Allegan County, Michigan
 * Clyde Township, St. Clair County, Michigan
 * Clyde Township, Whiteside County, Illinois

title: Clyde Township


text: Template:Campaignbox Early's Raid and Operations Against the B&O Railroad


text:
Coeymans

Coeymans may refer to the following in the U.S. state of New York:

 * Coeymans, New York, a town in Albany County
 * Coeymans (CDP), New York, a hamlet and CDP in the above town
 * Coeymans Creek, a stream in Albany County
 * Coeymans School, an historic school building in the above town
 * Port of Coeymans, a marine terminal in the above town

title: Coeymans


text:
Colburn

Colburn may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Colburn, North Yorkshire

United States

 * Colburn, Idaho

 * Colburn, Indiana
 * Colburn, St. Joseph County, Indiana
 * Colburn, Adams County, Wisconsin
 * Colburn, Chippewa County, Wisconsin
 * Colburn (community), Wisconsin

Other uses

 * Colburn (surname)
 * Colburn Automobile Company, Denver, Colorado
 * Colburn School, a music conservatory and performing arts school in Los Angeles

title: Colburn


text:
Colerain Township

Colerain Township may refer to:
 * Colerain Township, Belmont County, Ohio
 * Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio
 * Colerain Township, Ross County, Ohio
 * Colerain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
 * Colerain Township, Bedford County, Pennsylvania

title: Colerain Township


text:
Colwich

Colwich may refer to:

 * Colwich, Kansas, United States
 * Colwich, Staffordshire, England
 * Colwich rail crash

title: Colwich


text:
Hugh Kingsmill

Hugh Kingsmill Lunn (21 November 1889 – 15 May 1949), who dropped his surname for professional purposes, was a versatile British writer and journalist. The writers Arnold Lunn and Brian Lunn were his brothers.

Life
Hugh Kingsmill Lunn was born at Torrington Square, Bloomsbury, London, second son and second child of the three sons and one daughter of Sir Henry Simpson Lunn, founder of the travel agency Lunn Poly, and Mary Ethel, née Moore, daughter of a canon. He was educated at Harrow School and the University of Oxford. After graduating he worked for a brief period for Frank Harris, who edited the publication Hearth and Home in 1911/2, alongside Enid Bagnold; Kingsmill later wrote a debunking biography of Harris. He began fighting in the British Army in World War I in 1916, and was captured in France the next year. He was held as a prisoner of war at Mainz Citadel with, among others, J. Milton Hayes and Alec Waugh.

After the war he began to write, initially both science fiction and crime fiction. In the 1930s he was a contributor to the English Review; later he wrote a good deal of non-fiction for that periodical's successor, the English Review Magazine. His large output includes criticism, essays and biographies, parodies and humour, as well as novels, and he edited a number of anthologies. He is remembered for saying 'friends are God's apology for relations', with a notable flavour of Ambrose Bierce. The dictum was subsequently used by Richard Ingrams for the title of his memoir of Kingsmill's friendships with Hesketh Pearson and Malcolm Muggeridge, two intimate friends whom he influenced greatly.

Kingmill was literary editor of Punch from 1942 to 1944 and of the New English Review from 1945 to 1949. He married Eileen FitzGerald in 1915 and there was one daughter. The marriage broke up in 1927. Kingsmill married a second time in 1934 to Dorothy Vernon, and there were two daughters and a son. (She also had one son of her own). He died of cancer in Brighton in 1949.

Satire
Muggeridge drew a darker attitude from Kingsmill's sardonic wit. Dawnist was Kingsmill's word for those infected with unrealistic or utopian idealism – the enemy as far as he was concerned.

Kingsmill's parody of A. E. Housman's poetry has been recognised as definitive: What still alive at twenty-two, A clean, upstanding chap like you? Sure, if your throat 'tis hard to slit, Slit your girl's, and swing for it. Like enough, you won't be glad, When they come to hang you, lad: But bacon's not the only thing That's cured by hanging from a string. So, when the spilt ink of the night Spreads o'er the blotting-pad of light, Lads whose job is still to do Shall whet their knives, and think of you.

Housman himself said of this parody: "It's the best I have seen, and indeed, the only good one."

Anthologist
Despite his wide range as a novelist, biographer, essayist, and literary critic, Kingsmill is best known today as an anthologist. He compiled at least eight of his humorous and original anthologies (depending on how they are classified) between 1929 and 1955. The first, An Anthology of Invective and Abuse, was by far the most successful and remains the best known. Oswald Mosley was so enthusiastic about it that he forwarded a copy to Adolf Hitler. According to Hesketh Pearson in his preface to High Hill of the Muses (the last of the anthologies) "Kingsmill himself became a little restless when people praised his volume of vituperation."

Michael Holroyd judges The Worst of Love (1931), a collection of insincere writing, to be the funniest. It resembles the better known anthology The Stuffed Owl, compiled by D. B. Wyndham Lewis and Charles Lee, which was published the year before. Owing to his wide reading and good memory, Kingsmill could put together an anthology inside a month, which helped him meet pressing financial commitments. Two other works, The English Genius (1938) and Johnson Without Boswell (1940), take on aspects of the anthology form but include more original content.

Annotated list of works

 * The Will To Love (1919). Novel written under the name "Hugh Lunn". The character Ralph Parker is based on Frank Harris and Barbara on Enid Bagnold.
 * The Dawn's Delay (1924). Includes three short novels: 'W.J', 'The End of the World' and 'The Disintegration of a Politician'. Published at his own expense.
 * Blondel (1927). Novel, begun in 1925. Set in the period of Richard Coeur de Lion but not a historical novel: it's based on a love affair Kingsmill had with an Irish cousin in his teens.
 * Matthew Arnold (1928). Biography, written in an informal style (the subject referred to throughout as "Matt"). Contains "a disproportionate degree of censure".
 * After Puritanism, 1850-1900 (1929). Four long essays on Dean Farrar, Samuel Butler, Frank Harris and W. T. Stead, linked by the idea that Puritanism did not fade away circa 1820 but remained alive during the Victorian era.
 * An Anthology Of Invective And Abuse (1929). A collection of expressions of anger ranging from John Skelton to the war poet Geoffrey Howard (1889-1973). The most successful of his humorous and original anthologies.
 * The Return of William Shakespeare (1929, revised 1948). Novel in which Shakespeare is brought back to life for six weeks in the year 1943, and is able to read what his critics have written about him and react. Creative literary criticism.
 * Behind Both Lines (1930). Autobiographical. Entertaining and light-hearted war memoirs.
 * More Invective (1930). Anthology. A sequel to An Anthology of Invective and Abuse. A combined volume was published in 1944.
 * The Worst of Love (1931). Anthology collecting "numerous specimens of bad writing about love".
 * Frank Harris (1932). Biography. Holroyd calls this "most skilfully written and put together", but it has also been accused of being "hostile" and "malicious".
 * The Table of Truth (1933). Parodies originally published in The Bookman and The English Review. Includes P G Wodehouse and also the famous Housman parody (above).
 * Samuel Johnson (1933). His best biography (Holroyd), although "his love of Johnson sometimes softened the edge of his normally acute criticisms".
 * The Sentimental Journey (1934) Biography of Charles Dickens. Irked by G K Chesterton's portrayal of Dickens as a philanthropic and selfless social worker, Kingsmill's portrait is one of extreme and unrelieved severity. George Orwell described it as "the most brilliant ever written on Dickens", but "so unremittingly 'against' that it might give a misleading impression".
 * The Casanova Fable: A Satirical Revaluation (1934) with William Gerhardi. Kingsmill wrote the first biographical section, this time arguing against Havelock Ellis's picture of Casanova as "a free spirit, a wit and bold thinker".
 * What They Said at the Time (1935). Anthology.
 * Parents and Children (1936). Anthology.
 * Brave Old World (1936). Newspaper parodies, with Malcolm Muggeridge
 * A Pre-View of Next Year's News (1937). More newspaper parodies, with Malcolm Muggeridge
 * Skye High: The Record of a Tour Through Scotland in the Wake of the Samuel Johnson And James Boswell.(1937). The first of three conversational travelogues written in collaboration with Hesketh Pearson
 * Made on Earth (1937). Anthology on marriage.
 * The English Genius: a survey of the English achievement and character (1938) As editor. New essays by W. R. Inge, Hilaire Belloc, Hesketh Pearson, William Gerhardi, E .S. P. Haynes, Douglas Woodruff, Charles Petrie, J. F. C. Fuller, Alfred Noyes, Rose Macaulay, Brian Lunn, Rebecca West, K. Hare, T. W. Earp.
 * D. H. Lawrence (1938). Kingsmill was unsympathetic to Lawrence. The biography's inadequacy "lies in Kingsmill's reluctance to linger for any length of time upon the positive nature and quality of Lawrence's genius".
 * Courage (1939). Anthology.
 * Johnson Without Boswell: A Contemporary Portrait of Samuel Johnson (editor) (1940). Presents a picture of Johnson from several contemporary sources outside of Boswell.
 * The Fall (1940). Generally regarded as Kingsnill's most satisfactory novel, an account of marital incompatibility with some autobiographical elements.
 * This Blessed Plot (1942) travelogue with Hesketh Pearson. A record of travel and conversations in England and Ireland.
 * The Poisoned Crown (1944) Essays on genealogies containing studies of Elizabeth, Cromwell, Napoleon and Lincoln, prefixed by a closely written chapter on The Genealogy of Hitler' ("one of the most brilliant [chapters] that he ever wrote" - Holroyd).
 * Talking of Dick Whittington (1947) travelogue, with Hesketh Pearson. One review suggested that they had invented the conversation travel book as a new art form.
 * The Progress of a Biographer (1949). Collection of literary criticism written since 1944.
 * The High Hill of the Muses (1955). Last completed anthology, published posthumously.
 * The Genius of Carlyle. Biography (unfinished).
 * The Best of Hugh Kingsmill: Selections from his Writings (1970) edited by Michael Holroyd.

title: Hugh Kingsmill


text:
Cayce

Cayce may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Cayce, Kentucky
 * Cayce, Mississippi
 * Cayce, South Carolina
 * James A. Cayce Homes, a housing project in Nashville, Tennessee

Other uses

 * Edgar Cayce (1877–1945), American psychic, also notable for his thoughts on health and nutrition
 * Cayce Pollard, protagonist of William Gibson's 2003 novel Pattern Recognition

title: Cayce


text:
User talk:Jccooper

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

[[User:Whosyourjudas|Whosyourjudas\talk]] 20:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:WLALeftSide.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:WLALeftSide.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 13:12, 21 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Liftarn 13:12, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Sorry about the "school" --> "heaven" thing.
Hello, I wanted to apologize about my weird word replacement act and let you know it was unintentional. I'm really sorry, I do not vandalize pages, that was automated and I will try to fix it if I find it in any other pages I edited. It will not be repeated. Λίνουξ (talk) 11:55, 22 September 2014 (UTC)

Mehrgarh
Sorry, I misread your edit on Mehrgarh. I've fixed it now. Fowler&fowler «Talk»  14:40, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jccooper


text:
Conewago Township

Conewago Township may refer to one off the following places in the United States:
 * Conewago Township, York County, Pennsylvania
 * Conewago Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania
 * Conewago Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania

title: Conewago Township


text:
Conklin

Conklin may refer to:

Places

 * In the United States
 * Conklin, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Conklin, New York, a town
 * Conklin, Michigan, an unincorporated community

 * Elsewhere
 * Conklin, Alberta, a hamlet in Alberta, Canada

People

 * Conklin (surname)

Other

 * Conklin Shows, a North American amusement company

title: Conklin


text:
Conover

Conover may refer to:

People

 * Conover (surname)

Places in the United States

 * Conover, Iowa, a ghost town
 * Conover, North Carolina, a city
 * Conover, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Conover, Wisconsin, a town
 * Conover (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

title: Conover


text:
Coosa

Coosa may refer to:
 * Coosa, Mississippi
 * Coosa River
 * Coosa County, Alabama
 * Coosa chiefdom, which was visited by Hernando de Soto.
 * Coosa High School, a secondary school in Floyd County, Ga.

title: Coosa


text:
Condon

Condon may refer to:

Australia

 * Condon, Queensland
 * Condon, Western Australia, a.k.a. Shellborough

United States

 * Condon, Montana
 * Condon, Oregon and the nearby
 * summit of Condon Butte

Other places

 * Condon (crater) on the Moon

Other uses

 * Condon (surname), an Irish surname
 * Condon Committee

title: Condon


text:
Covington Township

Covington Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Covington Township, Washington County, Illinois
 * Covington Township, Michigan
 * Covington Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
 * Covington Township, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
 * Covington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania

title: Covington Township


text:
Lysander Cutler

Lysander Cutler (February 16, 1807 – July 30, 1866) was an American businessman, educator, politician, and Wisconsin pioneer. He served as a Union Army officer through almost the entire American Civil War, notably commanding the famed Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac. He rose to the rank of brigadier ganeral and received an honorary brevet to major general. Earlier in his career, he was a member of the Maine Senate.

Early years
Cutler was born in Royalston, Massachusetts, the son of a farmer. Despite objections from his father, he desired a better education than the rudimentary courses he received in the local school, so he studied surveying and then began a career as a schoolmaster. Moving to Dexter, Maine, at the age of 21, he was forced to confront unruly pupils who had "flogged and ejected" the last several teachers who had attempted to discipline them. Cutler established his reputation by spending his first day in the "thorough flogging of every bully in the school."

Although he received some military experience fighting Indians as a colonel in the Maine militia in the 1830s, the majority of his time before the Civil War was engaged in a variety of business pursuits. He started a woolen mill, a foundry, a flour mill, and a sawmill, becoming very wealthy in the process. Cutler invested in various factories and in tenement housing.

He was prominent in civic affairs as a selectman, director of a railroad, trustee of Tufts College, and a member of the Maine State Senate in 1841. Cutler's woolen mill, built in 1843, burned to the ground in 1853, causing him to lose his entire investment. The financial panic of 1856 and depression of 1857 ruined him financially and he decided to leave Maine and moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to restart his career.

In Wisconsin, Cutler worked as a claims investigator for a mining company. He was required to make frequent trips into Indian territory, where he was often threatened with ambush and death. The mining company eventually failed, but a grain business that he founded in Milwaukee provided him with a living.

1861–62
In the first summer of the Civil War, Cutler, a respected 54-year-old businessman and Indian-fighter, was commissioned colonel of the 6th Wisconsin Infantry on July 16, 1861. This regiment would eventually become one of the units to comprise the famous Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac.

During the fall and winter, he got off to a bad start as a commander, alienating his junior officers by insisting that they pass examinations on military topics, and removing them from command if he was displeased with the results. Many men of the regiment were of recent immigrant status and he sometimes enraged the enlisted men of the company by replacing their officers with men of different national backgrounds, and sometimes speaking different languages. Despite these problems, Cutler was elevated to temporary brigade command in the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac on March 13, 1862.

Cutler's men rejoiced when this temporary position was filled by Brig. Gen. John Gibbon that summer. The regiment's first significant action was the Second Battle of Bull Run, where he demonstrated that he was a tenacious fighter. One soldier in his regiment said that he was "rugged as a wolf." During the fighting against Stonewall Jackson at Brawner's Farm, Cutler was severely wounded in the right thigh, causing him to miss the Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam of September 1862.

When Gen. Gibbon was promoted to division command, he recommended that the recuperating Cutler be given command of the Iron Brigade, but Col. Solomon Meredith of the 19th Indiana had better political connections and received the appointment, dismaying Cutler. During the Battle of Fredericksburg in December, division commander Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday placed Cutler in temporary command of the Iron Brigade for a few hours, dissatisfied with what he considered tardy execution of orders by Col. Meredith. After the battle, Cutler was promoted to brigadier general, to rank from November 29, 1862.

1863
In the spring of 1863, Cutler was given command of the 2nd Brigade, James S. Wadsworth's 1st Division, I Corps, which he led at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May, but his unit was only lightly engaged. In the Battle of Gettysburg, they were heavily engaged north of the Chambersburg Pike, (76th New York, 147th New York, and 56th Pennsylvania) withstanding multiple Confederate assaults from the divisions of Maj. Gens. Henry Heth and Robert E. Rodes, coming in from the west and north, respectively.

The brigade itself had been split earlier by Maj. Gen. John Reynolds, with a demi-brigade (14th Brooklyn and 95th New York), under the command of Colonel Fowler of the 14th Brooklyn, to engage Brig. Gen. James Archer's brigade south of the Chambersburg Pike. By the time the I Corps line broke around 4 p.m., his brigade had suffered over 50% casualties.

During the frantic retreat through the town of Gettysburg, Cutler had two horses shot out from under him. For the remainder of the three-day battle, Cutler's brigade occupied defensive positions on Culp's Hill and, taking advantage of the entrenchments there, suffered few additional casualties.

1864–65
The Army of the Potomac was reorganized in the spring of 1864 and Cutler was given command of the 1st Brigade, 4th Division, V Corps, on March 25. After Gen. Wadsworth was mortally wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness, Cutler assumed command of the 4th Division on May 6. He led the division through the rest of the Overland Campaign and into the Siege of Petersburg.

At the Battle of Globe Tavern on August 21, 1864, he was struck in the face and badly disfigured by a shell fragment and he was forced to leave field command. He spent the remainder of the war as an invalid, administering the draft in Jackson, Michigan. On December 12, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln nominated Cutler for appointment to the grade of brevet major general to rank from August 19, 1864, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on February 14, 1865.

Postbellum life
Cutler resigned from the Army on June 30, 1865, his health deteriorating rapidly. He died from a stroke, which doctors attributed to complications from his Globe Tavern wounds,  in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and is buried there in Forest Home Cemetery.

Depictions in popular culture

 * Cutler is portrayed by Robert Kaliban in Episode 1321 of the CBS Radio Mystery Theater aired April 28, 1982, "The Ghost of Andersonville." The episode details a fictionalized relationship between Cutler and a former prisoner of the notorious Andersonville Prison, Cal Russell (played by Tony Roberts). Russell refuses to support Cutler's bid for the presidency due to a deep-seated grudge over the general's questionable orders during the war.

title: Lysander Cutler


text: User talk:68.187.149.90

title: User talk:68.187.149.90


text:
Cresson

Cresson is the French word for watercress. It may refer to:
 * Places
 * Battle of Cresson, a small battle fought on May 1, 1187, in what now is Israel, near Nazareth
 * Cresson, Pennsylvania, a United States borough
 * Cressona, Pennsylvania, a United States borough
 * Cresson Township, Pennsylvania, a U.S. township
 * Cresson, Texas, a United States city

 * People
 * Cresson Kearny, U.S. survival guide writer
 * Charles Cresson, American Olympic tennis player
 * Édith Cresson, former Prime Minister of France.
 * Elliott Cresson, American philanthropist
 * Elliott Cresson Medal, scientific award of the Franklin Institute
 * Ezra Townsend Cresson, American entomologist
 * Margaret French Cresson, (b. 1889 - d. 1973), sculptress
 * Warder Cresson, religious enthusiast
 * William Penn Cresson, (d. 1932) Architect, writer and diplomat

 * Other uses
 * Cresson (wasp), a wasp in the family Crabronidae

title: Cresson


text: User talk:82.121.67.164

title: User talk:82.121.67.164


text:
Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi

Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi (1606 – 28 November 1680) was an Italian painter, draughtsman, printmaker and architect. He was an accomplished fresco painter of classical landscapes which were popular with leading Roman families.

Life
Grimaldi was born in Bologna, and trained in the circle of the Carracci family. He was afterwards a pupil of Cardinal Francesco Albani. He went to Rome, and was appointed architect to Pope Paul V and also patronized by succeeding popes. Towards 1648 he was invited to France by Cardinal Mazarin, and for about two years was employed in buildings for that minister and for Louis XIV, and in fresco-painting in the Louvre.

His colour was strong, somewhat excessive in the use of green; his touch light. He painted history, portraits and landscapes—the, last with predilection, especially in his advanced years—and executed engravings and etchings from his own landscapes and from those of Titian and the Caracci. Returning to Rome, he was made principe (director) of the Accademia di San Luca; and he died in Rome, having established a reputation for artistic skill and charitable actions.

His son Alessandro assisted him both in painting and in engraving. Paintings by Grimaldi are preserved in the Palazzo del Quirinale and in the Apostolic Palace, and in the church of San Martino ai Monti; there is also a series of his landscapes in the Palazzo Colonna. His mistress was Elena Aloisi, daughter of the painter Baldassare Aloisi.

title: Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi


text:
Crowder

Crowder may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Crowder, Oklahoma
 * Crowder, Mississippi
 * Crowder, Missouri
 * Crowder College
 * Fort Crowder

Other uses

 * Crowder (musician), contemporary Christian musician
 * Crowder (surname)
 * Crowder, someone who plays the crwth, a musical stringed instrument

title: Crowder


text:
Crump

Crump may refer to:

Places

 * Crump, Michigan, United States
 * Crump, Missouri, a community in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, United States
 * Crump, Tennessee, a city in Hardin County, Tennessee, United States
 * Crump Island, off the northeast coast of Antigua
 * Crump Lake (Oregon), United States

Other

 * Crump (surname)
 * Crump Cup, an invitational golf tournament for amateurs
 * Crump Stadium, a sports stadium in Memphis, Tennessee, built in 1934 and largely demolished in 2006
 * Crump weir, a two dimensional triangular weir invented by Edwin Samuel Crump
 * Crump's mouse (Diomys crumpi), a species of rodent in the family Muridae
 * Shreve, Crump & Low, a Boston, Massachusetts jewelry business
 * a Yu-Gi-Oh! character

title: Crump


text:
User talk:Chicky1on1

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. DJ Clayworth 20:57, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Please do not add nonsense to articles. It is vandalism and will result in your account being blocked if you persist. - UtherSRG 21:34, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chicky1on1


text:
User:Tvgeek

Tvgeek used to be a self-described television geek, but he really doesn't know that much about television as you might think.

I am originally from Iowa, but I lived briefly in Virginia Beach, VA before returning to Iowa. I was born in 1974, am married, with one child.

Hobbies include:
 * Playing a board game or two.
 * Inventing a board game or two.
 * Returning unclaimed property to its rightful owners.
 * Collecting Coca-Cola memorabilia.
 * Updating Wikipedia of course!

Wikipedia history:

Stub pages I created before registration with Wikipedia:
 * John Davidson
 * Mark L. Walberg
 * Wink Martindale
 * Hot Potato (game show)
 * Lost (NBC reality TV show)

In the spring of 2006, I became fascinated with the Coingate scandal in Ohio. I thought it would be important for interested readers of the article to review all of the coins and paper money purchased. I successfully saved 80% of the coin images that were released during the sealed-bid auction process in March 2006. If you downloaded all of the images, let me know.

title: User:Tvgeek


text:
Nadine Renee

{{Infobox musical artist }} Nadine Renee Shamir (February 9, 1972 – December 2, 2004) was an American singer and dance musician. In 1995 her single "Say You'll Stay" was popular in the Miami and Los Angeles radio circuits. In 1996, Shamir worked with Miami DJ George Acosta under the moniker Planet Soul. Their single, "Set U Free" went to #26 on Billboard's top 40 chart, crossed over to the R&B charts, and went on to become an international hit.
 * name             = Nadine Renee
 * image            =
 * alt              =
 * caption          =
 * image_size       = Nadine renee.jpg
 * background       = solo_singer
 * birth_name       = Renee Shamir
 * alias            = Nadine Shamir, Nadine Renee, "Harmony"
 * birth_date       = {{Birth date|1972|2|9}}
 * birth_place      = New York City, US
 * death_date       = {{Death date and age|2004|12|2|1972|2|9}}
 * death_place      = Miami, Florida, US
 * origin           =
 * instrument       = Vocals
 * genre            = Electronica, dance
 * occupation       = Singer/musician
 * years_active     = 1989–2004
 * label            =
 * associated_acts  = {{hlist| Planet Soul
 * website          =

Early life and education
Shamir was born in New York City. As an infant moved with her mother to Miami, Florida. Shamir traveled the world during her formative years and gained a deep passion for music. At 16, she released her first album on an independent label (she recorded under the name Nadine Renee).

Music
In 1988, Shamir released her debut album Say You'll Stay under the stage name Nadine Renee. After high school, she released a second album called Let's Make Love.

She toured Europe and in the late 1990s recorded an album for MCA, where she worked as a receptionist, which was shelved. The next album Nadine was released by MCA in 1999. The album's first single was "Next To Me". The album was reworked and released on Orchard in 2000 under the title Oasis of Love. She continued painting, writing screenplays, and making music, but began to focus on her personal life.

From the year 2000 on, she released her music on MP3.com (which was the most successful legal music platform at the time) and scored several No 1 hits.

In 2002, she worked with Bad Boy Bill on the track 'Costa Del Sol". The track was remixed by multiple artists and became an international hit.

Death
In January 2003, she married Jon Shamir. On December 1, 2004, she gave birth to their first and only child, a daughter, Liat Nadine Shamir, and died of complications the following day.

title: Nadine Renee


text: Category:Oriolidae

title: Category:Oriolidae


text:
Edward John Gregory

Edward John Gregory, PPRBSA (19 April 1850 – 22 June 1909), was a British painter.

Biography
Gregory was born in Southampton on 19 April 1850. He was grandson of John Gregory, engineer-in-chief of the auxiliary engines in Sir John Franklin's last Arctic expedition, and was eldest child (in a family of three sons and five daughters) of Edward Gregory, a ship's engineer, and Mary Ann Taylor.

On leaving Dr. Cruikshank's private school at fifteen he entered the drawing-office, in his native town, of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, in whose employ his father sailed. He had set his mind upon being a painter. Making the acquaintance at Southampton of Hubert von Herkomer RA, whose family had settled there, he started a life-class with him.

In 1869, Gregory went to London, and with Herkomer joined the South Kensington Art School. Subsequently, he studied for a short time at the Royal Academy Schools. He was soon employed in the decorations of the Victoria and Albert Museum, and in 1871, with his friends Herkomer and Robert Walker Macbeth, began working for The Graphic, which had just been started by William Luson Thomas. Gregory at first contributed sketches from the theatre, but soon freely transcribed sketches sent home from the French army at the front by Mr. Sydney P. Hall. In 1876 he married Mary Joyner, who survived him without issue. From 1909 until his death, Gregory was president of the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists. He died at his residence, Brampton House, Great Marlow, on 22 June 1909, and was buried in Great Marlow churchyard.

Works
Gregory's illustrations, which were sometimes signed by both himself and Hall, revealed the variety and ingenuity of his draughtsmanship. He ceased to work regularly for the Graphic about 1875.

Gregory was not a frequent exhibitor at Burlington House. He first made his mark as a painter with the oil painting Dawn (now in the possession of John Singer Sargent, R.A.), originally shown at Deschamps' gallery in 1879. Much of his best work appeared at the exhibitions of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, of which he was elected associate in 1871 and member in 1876. He succeeded Sir James Linton as president in 1898. From 1875 to 1882, his contributions to the Academy were mainly portraits, including that of Duncan McLaren MP, a replica of which is in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery. During his trip to Italy in 1882 he visited Capri and painted a beautiful picture of the Gardens of Augustus and Mount Solaro. As early as 1883, he was elected with Macbeth to the associateship, and he became academician in 1898, after the completion and exhibition of his Boulter's Lock: Sunday Afternoon, a work which hardly justified the years of elaboration spent upon it.

title: Edward John Gregory


text:
Davy

Davy may refer to:
 * Davy (given name)
 * Davy (surname)
 * Davy lamp, a type of safety lamp with its flame encased inside a mesh screen
 * Davy, West Virginia, United States, a town
 * Davy Sound, Greenland
 * Davy (crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Davy (novel), a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Edgar Pangborn
 * Davy (film), a 1957 British film produced by Basil Dearden
 * Davy (album), a 2009 album by Coconut Records
 * "Davy", a song by Janis Ian from the 1995 album Revenge
 * Davy Stockbrokers, an Irish-based wealth manager

title: Davy


text:
Jan Wielopolski

Count Jan Wielopolski (c. 1630-1688) was a Polish nobleman, aristocrat, politician and diplomat. Between May 1678 and January 1680, he was also a Polish chancellor.

Biography
Son of castellan and voivode Jan Wielopolski and Zofia Kochanowska. He was married to Aniela Febronia Koniecpolska and Konstancja Krystyna Komorowska since 1665. His third wife Marie Anne de la Grande d'Arquien, the sister of Queen Marie Casimire Louise he married in July 1678 in Lwów. He was Stolnik of the Crown since 1664, General governor of Kraków since 1667, Deputy Chancellor the Crown since 1677 and Grand Chancellor of the Crown since 1678.

Wielopolski was the governor of Biecz, Bochnia, Nowy Targ and Dolina.

Educated in Kraków and Strasbourg. Since 1661 frequent deputy to the Sejm from Little Poland province.

He supported King John II Casimir of Poland who wanted to institute an "election vivente rege", where the king's successor was elected before the old king died. This would allow for the king to have input in the election, giving him more power.

Wielopolski was Marshal of the extraordinary Sejm in Warsaw on 20 February - 1 May 1662.

At the end of his life he was in opposition to King John III Sobieski.

He was deft in extending the wealth and power of the family. His marriage with Konstancja Krystyna Komorowska caused (in the next generation) in overtaking of large properties by the Wielkopolski family in 1729.

title: Jan Wielopolski