text:
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a membrane protein and anion channel in vertebrates that is encoded by the CFTR gene.

Geneticist Lap-Chee Tsui and his team identified the CFTR gene in 1989 as the gene linked with CF (cystic fibrosis).

The CFTR gene codes for an ABC transporter-class ion channel protein that conducts chloride and bicarbonate ions across epithelial cell membranes. Mutations of the CFTR gene affecting anion channel function lead to dysregulation of epithelial lining fluid (mucus) transport in the lung, pancreas and other organs, resulting in cystic fibrosis. Complications include thickened mucus in the lungs with frequent respiratory infections, and pancreatic insufficiency giving rise to malnutrition and diabetes. These conditions lead to chronic disability and reduced life expectancy. In male patients, the progressive obstruction and destruction of the developing vas deferens (spermatic cord) and epididymis appear to result from abnormal intraluminal secretions, causing congenital absence of the vas deferens and male infertility, and found associated with an imbalance of fatty acids.

Gene
The gene that encodes the human CFTR protein is found on chromosome 7, on the long arm at position q31.2. from base pair 116,907,253 to base pair 117,095,955. CFTR orthologs occur in the jawed vertebrates.

Each individual inherits two copies of the CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene. However, some of the inherited copies have been altered. So far, the CFTR gene has been associated with over 700 distinct mutations. An individual with CF inherits two defective copies of the CFTR gene. These mutations might be heterozygous, meaning they include two different mutations, and homozygous, meaning they involve the same mutation. Delta F508 is the most common mutation, accounting for more than 70% of all mutations. Those who are homozygous for Delta F508 are commonly affected by pancreatic insufficiency.

The CFTR gene has been used in animals as a nuclear DNA phylogenetic marker. Large genomic sequences of this gene have been used to explore the phylogeny of the major groups of mammals, and confirmed the grouping of placental orders into four major clades: Xenarthra, Afrotheria, Laurasiatheria, and Euarchonta plus Glires.

Mutations
Nearly 1000 cystic fibrosis-causing mutations have been described. The most common mutation, DeltaF508 (ΔF508) primarily known as a processing mutation which results from a deletion (Δ) of three nucleotides which results in a loss of the amino acid phenylalanine (F) at the 508th position on the protein. As a result, the protein does not fold normally and is more quickly degraded. The vast majority of mutations are infrequent. The distribution and frequency of mutations varies among different populations which has implications for genetic screening and counseling.

Drug discovery for therapeutics to address CF in all patients is complicated due to a large number of disease-causing mutations. Ideally, a library of cell lines and cell-based assays corresponding to all mutants is required to screen for broadly-active drug candidates. Cell engineering methods including fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes may be used to detect and isolate clonal cell lines for each mutant.

Mutations consist of replacements, duplications, deletions or shortenings in the CFTR gene. This may result in proteins that may not function, work less effectively, are more quickly degraded, or are present in inadequate numbers.

It has been hypothesized that mutations in the CFTR gene may confer a selective advantage to heterozygous individuals. Cells expressing a mutant form of the CFTR protein are resistant to invasion by the Salmonella typhi bacterium, the agent of typhoid fever, and mice carrying a single copy of mutant CFTR are resistant to diarrhea caused by cholera toxin.

The most common mutations that cause cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency in humans are:

DeltaF508
DeltaF508 (ΔF508), full name CFTRΔF508 or F508del-CFTR (rs113993960), is a specific mutation within the CFTR gene involving deletion of three nucleotides spanning codons for amino acid positions 507 and 508 of the CFTR gene on chromosome 7, which ultimately results in the loss of a single codon for the amino acid phenylalanine (F). A person with the CFTRΔF508 mutation will produce an abnormal CFTR protein that lacks this phenylalanine residue and which cannot fold properly. Most of this mutated protein does not escape the endoplasmic reticulum for further processing. The small amounts that reach the plasma membrane are destabilized and the anion channel opens infrequently. Having two copies of this mutation (one inherited from each parent) is by far the most common cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), responsible for nearly two-thirds of mutations worldwide.

Effects
The CFTR protein is largely expressed in cells of the pancreas, intestinal and respiratory epithelia, and all exocrine glands. When properly folded, it is shuttled to the cell membrane, where it becomes a transmembrane protein that forms aqueous channels allowing the flow of chloride and bicarbonate ions out of cells; it also simultaneously inhibits the uptake of sodium ions by another channel protein. Both of these functions help to maintain an ion gradient that causes osmosis to draw water out of the cells. The ΔF508 mutation leads to the misfolding of CFTR and its eventual degradation in the ER. In organisms with two complements of the mutation, the protein is almost entirely absent from the cell membrane, and these critical ion transport functions are not performed.

Having a homozygous pair of genes with the ΔF508 mutation prevents the CFTR protein from assuming its normal position in the cell membrane. This causes increased water retention in cells, corresponding dehydration of the extracellular space, and an associated cascade of effects on various parts of the body. These effects include: thicker mucous membranes in the epithelia of afflicted organs; obstruction of narrow respiratory airways as a result of thicker mucous and inhibition of the free movement of muco cilia; congenital absence of the vas deferens due to increased mucus thickness during fetal development; pancreatic insufficiency due to blockage of the pancreatic duct with mucus; and increased risk of respiratory infection due to build-up of thick, nutrient-rich mucus where bacteria thrive. These are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder; however, ΔF508 is not the only mutation that causes this disorder.

Being a heterozygous carrier (having a single copy of ΔF508) results in decreased water loss during diarrhea because malfunctioning or absent CFTR proteins cannot maintain stable ion gradients across cell membranes. Typical nucleotide-binding-up of both Cl− and Na+ ions inside affected cells, creating a hypotonic solution outside the cells and causing water to diffuse into the cells by osmosis. Several studies indicate that heterozygous carriers are at increased risk for various symptoms. For example, it has been shown that heterozygosity for cystic fibrosis is associated with increased airway reactivity, and heterozygotes may be at risk for poor pulmonary function. Heterozygotes with wheeze have been shown to be at higher risk for poor pulmonary function or development and progression of chronic obstructive lung disease. One gene for cystic fibrosis is sufficient to produce mild lung abnormalities even in the absence of infection.

Mechanism
The CFTR gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 7, at position q31.2, and ultimately codes for a sequence of 1,480 amino acids. Normally, the three DNA base pairs A-T-C (paired with T-A-G on the opposite strand) at the gene's 507th position form the template for the mRNA codon A-U-C for isoleucine, while the three DNA base pairs T-T-T (paired with A-A-A) at the adjacent 508th position form the template for the codon U-U-U for phenylalanine. The ΔF508 mutation is a deletion of the C-G pair from position 507 along with the first two T-A pairs from position 508, leaving the DNA sequence A-T-T (paired with T-A-A) at position 507, which is transcribed into the mRNA codon A-U-U. Since A-U-U also codes for isoleucine, position 507's amino acid does not change, and the mutation's net effect is equivalent to a deletion ("Δ") of the sequence resulting in the codon for phenylalanine at position 508.

Prevalence
ΔF508 is present on at least one copy of chromosome 7 in approximately one in 30 Caucasians. Presence of the mutation on both copies causes the autosomal recessive disease cystic fibrosis. Scientists have estimated that the original mutation occurred over 52,000 years ago in Northern Europe though cystic fibrosis patients of other ethnicities are also known to harbor the mutation. The young allele age may be a consequence of past selection. One hypothesis as to why the otherwise detrimental mutation has been maintained by natural selection is that a single copy may present a positive effect by reducing water loss during cholera, though the introduction of pathogenic Vibrio cholerae into Europe did not occur until the late 18th century. Another theory posits that CF carriers (heterozygotes for ΔF508) are more resistant to typhoid fever, since CFTR has been shown to act as a receptor for Salmonella typhi bacteria to enter intestinal epithelial cells.

Cystic fibrosis ΔF508 heterozygotes may be overrepresented among individuals with asthma and may have poorer lung function than non-carriers. Carriers of a single CF mutation have a higher prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis than the general population. Approximately 50% of cystic fibrosis cases in Europe are due to homozygous ΔF508 mutations (this varies widely by region), while the allele frequency of ΔF508 is about 70%. The remaining cases are caused by over 1,500 other mutations, including R117H, 1717-1G>A, and 2789+56G>A. These mutations, when combined with each other or even a single copy of ΔF508, may cause CF symptoms. The genotype is not strongly correlated with severity of the CF, though specific symptoms have been linked to certain mutations.

Structure

The CFTR gene is approximately 189 kb in length, with 27 exons and 26 introns. CFTR is a glycoprotein and is found on the surface of many epithelial cells in the body. CFTR consists of 5 domains, which include 2 transmembrane or membrane-spanning domains, 2 nucleotide-binding domains and a regulatory domain. The transmembrane domains are each connected to a nucleotide binding domain (NBD) in the cytoplasm. The first NBD is connected to the second transmembrane domain by a regulatory "R" domain that is a unique feature of CFTR, not present in other ABC transporters which carries 19 predicted sites for protein kinase A(PKA). Six of these have been reported to be phosphorylated in vivo. The ion channel only opens when its R-domain has been phosphorylated by PKA and ATP is bound at the NBDs. Phosphorylation displaces the disordered R domain from positions preventing NBD dimerization and opening. The amino-terminus is part of the lasso motif which anchors into the cell membrane. The carboxyl terminal of the protein is anchored to the cytoskeleton by a PDZ-interacting domain. The structure is shas(PDBitsI) shows a homopentameric assembly of mutated NBD1, the first nucleotide binding domain (NBD1) of the transporter

Location and function

The CFTR gene is made up of 27 exons that encode its gene makeup and is found on the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 at locus 31.2. Exons are DNA fragments that provide the code for a protein structure. CFTR functions as phosphorylation and ATP-gated  anion channel, increasing the conductance for certain anions (e.g. Cl−) to flow down their electrochemical gradient. ATP-driven conformational changes in CFTR open and close a gate to allow the transmembrane flow of anions down their electrochemical gradient. This in contrast to other ABC proteins, in which ATP-driven conformational changes fuel uphill substrate transport across cellular membranes. Essentially, CFTR is an ion channel that evolved as a 'broken' ABC transporter that leaks when in the open conformation.

CFTRs consist of five domains including two trans-membrane domains, each linked to a nucleotide-binding domain. CFTR also contains another domain called the regulatory domain. Other members of the ABC transporter superfamily are involved in the uptake of nutrients in prokaryotes, or in the export of a variety of substrates in eukaryotes. ABC transporters have evolved to transduce the free energy of ATP hydrolysis to the uphill movement of substrates across the cell membrane. They have two main conformations, one where the cargo binding site is facing the cytosol or inward facing (ATP free), and one where it is outward facing (ATP bound). ATP binds to each nucleotide-binding domain, which results in the subsequent NBD dimerization, leading to the rearrangement of the transmembrane helices. This changes the accessibility of the cargo binding site from an inward-facing position to an outward facing one. ATP binding, and the hydrolysis that follows, drives the alternative exposure of the cargo binding site, ensuring a unidirectional transport of cargo against an electrochemical gradient. In CFTR, alternating between an inward-facing conformation to an outward-facing one results in channel gating. In particular, NBD dimerization (favored by ATP binding) is coupled to transition to an outward-facing conformation in which an open transmembrane pathway for anions is formed. Subsequent hydrolysis (at the canonical active site, site 2, including Walker motifs of NBD2) destabilizes the NBD dimer and favors return to the inward-facing conformation, in which the anion permeation pathway is closed off.

The CFTR is found in the epithelial cells of many organs including the lung, liver, pancreas, digestive tract, and the female and male reproductive tracts.

In the airways of the lung, CFTR is most highly expressed by rare specialized cells called pulmonary ionocytes. In the skin, CFTR is strongly expressed in the sebaceous and eccrine sweat glands. In the eccrine glands, CFTR is located on the apical membrane of the epithelial cells that make up the duct of these sweat glands.

Normally, the protein allows movement of chloride, bicarbonate and thiocyanate ions (with a negative charge) out of an epithelial cell into the Airway Surface Liquid and mucus. Positively charged sodium ions follow passively, increasing the total electrolyte concentration in the mucus, resulting in the movement of water out of the cell via osmosis.

In epithelial cells with motile cilia lining the bronchus and the oviduct, CFTR is located on the apical cell membrane but not on cilia. In contrast, ENaC (Epithelial sodium channel) is located along the entire length of the cilia.

In sweat glands, defective CFTR results in reduced transport of sodium chloride and sodium thiocyanate in the resorptive duct and therefore saltier sweat. This is the basis of a clinically important sweat test for cystic fibrosis often used diagnostically with genetic screening.

Interactions
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator has been shown to interact with:

 * DNAJC5,
 * GOPC,
 * PDZK1,
 * PRKCE,
 * SLC4A8,
 * SNAP23,
 * SLC9A3R1,
 * SLC9A3R2, and
 * STX1A,

It is inhibited by the anti-diarrhoea drug crofelemer.

Related conditions

 * Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens: Males with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens most often have a mild mutation (a change that allows partial function of the gene) in one copy of the CFTR gene and a cystic fibrosis-causing mutation in the other copy of CFTR.
 * Cystic fibrosis: More than 1,800 mutations in the CFTR gene have been found but the majority of these have not been associated with cystic fibrosis. Most of these mutations either substitute one amino acid (a building block of proteins) for another amino acid in the CFTR protein or delete a small amount of DNA in the CFTR gene. The most common mutation, called ΔF508, is a deletion (Δ) of one amino acid (phenylalanine) at position 508 in the CFTR protein. This altered protein never reaches the cell membrane because it is degraded shortly after it is made. All disease-causing mutations in the CFTR gene prevent the channel from functioning properly, leading to a blockage of the movement of salt and water into and out of cells. As a result of this blockage, cells that line the passageways of the lungs, pancreas, and other organs produce abnormally thick, sticky mucus. This mucus obstructs the airways and glands, causing the characteristic signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis. In addition, only thin mucus can be removed by cilia; thick mucus cannot, so it traps bacteria that give rise to chronic infections.
 * Cholera: ADP-ribosylation caused by cholera toxin results in increased production of cyclic AMP which in turn opens the CFTR channel which leads to Over secretion of Cl−. Na+ and H2O follow Cl− into the small intestine, resulting in dehydration and loss of electrolytes.

Drug target
CFTR has been a drug target in efforts to find treatments for related conditions. Ivacaftor (trade name Kalydeco, developed as VX-770) is a drug approved by the FDA in 2012 for people with cystic fibrosis who have specific CFTR mutations. Ivacaftor was developed by Vertex Pharmaceuticals in conjunction with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and is the first drug that treats the underlying cause rather than the symptoms of the disease. Called "the most important new drug of 2012", and "a wonder drug" it is one of the most expensive drugs, costing over US$300,000 per year, which has led to criticism of Vertex for the high cost.


text:
Yang Manchun

Yang Manchun is the name given to the Goguryeo commander of Ansi Fortress in the 640s. Ansi Fortress was located on the Goguryeo–Tang border, probably present-day Haicheng. Yang is sometimes credited with saving the kingdom by his successful defense against Tang Taizong.

Name
The real name of the defender of Ansi Fortress is unclear. Kim Busik, in his Samguk Sagi (Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms), lamented that the name of the steadfast commander of Ansi Fortress was unknown:

"Emperor Taizong of Tang was a prominent and intelligent ruler not commonly seen. He ended disturbances like Tang of Shang and King Wu of Zhou, and he governed with reason like King Cheng of Zhou and King Kang of Zhou. When he commanded armies, he had infinite strategies and had no rival. But when he attacked east, he was defeated at Ansi. Therefore, the defender of Ansi must have been a hero and also an unusually brilliant man. However, his name was lost to history. This is like how the Yangzi stated, 'The name of that great official from the Qi-Lu region [(i.e., modern Shandong)] is lost to history.' This is lamentable."

However, an author by the name of Xiong Damu from the Ming dynasty used the name Liang Wanchun (梁萬春) to refer to the defender in his Historical Fiction novel Tangshu Zhizhuan Tongsu Yanyi. During the Japanese invasions of Korea, the Ming generals Wu Zongdao and Li Shifa said to Yun Geunsu that the defender's name is Liang Wanchun. In 1669, Hyeonjong of Joseon asked Song Jungil for his name and he gave his name as Ryang Manchun, the Korean way of pronouncing the Hanja "梁萬春". The Collected works of Master Dongchundang (동춘당선생별집, 同春堂先生別集) by (송준길, 宋浚吉), first compiled in 1768, includes the passage: "Someone asked, 'What was the name of the commander of Ansi fortress?' Jungil replied, 'It was Ryang Manchun. He skillfully checked the army of Taizong and so might we very well call him "seonsu seongja" (선수성자, 善守城者, "capable defender of fortresses").'" However, due to the Korean Pronunciation rule called Tu'eum Beopchik (두음법칙), Ryang Manchun (량만춘) was pronounced as Yang Manchun (양만춘) in some Korean dialects. As such, his name slowly began to be mistakenly interpreted as (楊萬春). In The Jehol Diary written by Park Ji-won in the 18th century includes the following: "When Yang Manchun, the master of Anshi-sŏng Fortress, shot an arrow and put out the eye of the Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty, the emperor assembled his army under the wall. This was not the signal for an immediate attack, but to demonstrate the Emperor's generosity in granting Yang Manchun one hundred p'il roll of silk, praising him for defending the Fortress successfully for his own Korean king." In time Yang Manchun came into general use as the name of the defender of Ansi Fortress.

Involvement in the Goguryeo–Tang War
In 642, Yeon Gaesomun killed King Yeongnyu and seized military control over the country. However, although Yeon had quickly gained control over the rest of the country, Yang Manchun refused to surrender Ansi fortress. After a lengthy siege and repeated unsuccessful attempts to storm the fortress, Yeon was forced to withdraw and allow Yang to keep his position as fortress commander. This proved to be to his advantage.

In 645, Taizong led a campaign against Goguryeo. Some Goguryeo border fortresses fell early, but Tang was unable to reduce Ansi fortress. Goguryeo sent a force reported at 150,000 to raise the siege of Ansi fortress, but the force was unable to reach it. Despite its siege of Ansi, the Tang army was unable to force its capitulation. Taizong eventually ordered the construction of a large earthen siege ramp, which Yang instead captured and used as part of his defense. When winter approached, Tang forces were forced to withdraw.

The siege of Ansi fortress is related in detail (but without the commander's name) in the Samguk Sagi, Goguryeo vol. 9. (vol. 21 overall).

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Im Dong-jin in the 2006–2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo-yeong.
 * Portrayed by Shin Dong-hoon in 2006–2007 SBS TV series Yeon Gaesomun.
 * Portrayed by Joo Jin-mo in the KBS2 TV series The Blade and Petal.
 * Portrayed by Jo In-sung in 2018 film The Great Battle

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yang Manchun


text:
Marion Elizabeth (Walsh) de Chastelain

Marion Elizabeth (Walsh) de Chastelain was an American-born Canadian who worked as an agent for the British Secret Intelligence Service during World War II, passing on information from German-controlled Vichy French embassy to the Allies.

De Chatelain was born in Freehold, New Jersey, USA, on 24 May 1910. The daughter of a businessman working for Standard Oil of New Jersey in Romania, she was educated in Switzerland and at the Sorbonne, from where she graduated with a degree in international law at the age of 21.

A linguist, she married Alfred George Gardyne de Chastelain in Bucharest in the early 1930s and they had two children, Jacqueline, born in 1936 and John, born in 1937, who would become a well-known general in the Canadian Forces. Marion knew how to speak 7 languages, which helped her job as a spy become easier.

At the outbreak of war between Great Britain and Germany in 1939, she took her children to stay with relatives in England and returned to Romania. In 1940 she returned to England and took the children by sea to live with her parents in New York, USA. There she was recruited to work for Canadian Sir William Stephenson (to whom Winston Churchill had given the codename "INTREPID"), travelling regularly to Washington, D.C. to debrief agents working on behalf of the allies for Stephenson. Working with Amy Elizabeth Thorpe, De Chastelain was able to establish covert relationships between British and American intelligence agencies.

In 1943, two years after the entry of the USA into the war following Pearl Harbor, and the consequent closure of Axis embassies in Washington, her work for Stephenson was rendered less important and arrangements were made for her to take up a position with the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS — later MI6) in England. Accordingly, she sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia with her children to Liverpool, and then by rail to London, where she learnt that her husband had been captured in Romania.

Sending her children to boarding school in the north of England to avoid the bombing, she remained in London working with SIS until the war's end and her husband's return. After the war she moved to Canada with her family and eventually to Australia, with her husband. When he died shortly after their return to Canada from Australia, she worked for Westburne International Industries Oil Division in Edmonton, Alberta, as the Executive Assistant to the President, until her retirement in her seventies.

She then lived with her daughter Jacqueline in Canmore, Alberta, until her death on 17 January 2000, shortly before her 90th birthday, her fifth great grandchild's birth and daughters birthday.

The story of her wartime activities was included in the book series "The Canadians: Biography of a Nation", edited by Patrick Watson. It was also made into a documentary program by History Television, entitled "Family Secrets: Marion de Chastelain".

title: Marion Elizabeth (Walsh) de Chastelain


text:
Talk:HumanLight

Notability
I removed the Notability warning, as I found a reference to HumanLight in the New York Times, which I added to the sources cited. I am sure there are other reputable third party references to this holiday, but it seemed to me that the New York Times should be sufficient. --Pordaria (talk) 02:04, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

I found the Notability warning in place again and removed it. Here are a couple more references: CNN NPR Joel Justiss (talk) 13:56, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Suggested Rituals?
How about a section on suggested rituals? I have a yearly ritual of watching Monty Python's The Life of Brian on December 24th in celebration of Christmas. I could move that to the 23rd. The purpose, of course, is to remind me of the true meaning and origins of Christmas.

Other Issues
Much of the content added by 67.85.213.9 was cut-and-pasted word for word from the HumanLight homepage. Specifically, the following content:

''In Western societies, late December is a season of good cheer and a time for gatherings of friends and families. During the winter holiday season, where the word "holiday" has taken on a more secular meaning, many events are observed. This tradition of celebrations, however, is grounded in supernatural religious beliefs that many people in modern society cannot accept. HumanLight presents an alternative reason to celebrate: a Humanist's vision of a good future. It is a future in which all people can identify with each other, behave with the highest moral standards, and work together toward a happy, just and peaceful world.''

This seems an evident violation of Wikipedia content rules, and so I have deleted the content.

--68.255.242.167 16:57, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I attempted to recast the copyrighted material into a properly paraphrased form. It's a start!

So, how long does an entry need to be before the "stub" line gets removed?

--158.80.1.6 00:49, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Humanlight-logo.jpg
Image:Humanlight-logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:41, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:HumanLight


text:
Talk:Harry Shields

Untitled
I removed the below recently added text here from the article, because I think that this is refering to Larry Shields, not his brother Harry, the subject of this article. -- Infrogmation 16:57, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Harry Shields was in The Original Dixieland Jazz Band with Nick La Rocca, Edwards, Ragas, and Garbaro. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band advertised itself as the originators of jazz. On Febuary 26, 1917, their songs, Livery Stable Blues and Dixie Jazz Band One Step, became the first jazz record ever released for the Victor Talking Machine Company. This band recorded for Columbia in January 1917 but was not relased.

Harry Shields played in Papa Jack's Laine Reliance Brass Band, Stien's Dixie Brass Band.

While in London, England, the band recorded twenty songs, including the hit Soudon. They returned to the United States in July 1920.

see also The Original Dixieland Jass Band

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 16:38, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harry Shields


text:
Rugby League Charity Shield

Rugby League Charity Shield may refer to:

 * Rugby League Charity Shield (Great Britain)
 * Rugby League Charity Shield (Australia)

title: Rugby League Charity Shield


text:
Thomas Steers

Thomas Steers was thought to have been born in 1672 in Kent and died in 1750. He was England's first major civil engineer and built many canals, the world's first commercial wet dock (the Old Dock at Liverpool), St. George's Church at the site of Liverpool Castle, and a theatre. He designed Salthouse Dock in Liverpool, which was completed by Henry Berry after Steers' death.

Early life
Thomas Steers was born in 1672, probably at Deptford or Rotherhithe. He is thought to have had a good education, in view of his obvious skills in mathematics, and he joined the army during his teenage years. He was part of William of Orange's 4th Regiment of Foot (The King's Own), which fought at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, and subsequently campaigned in the Low Countries against the French until the Peace of Namur was signed in 1697. He probably learnt about hydraulics at this time, a skill which served him well in later years. In 1698 or 1699 he married Henrietta Maria Barber, and her father gave them a house in Queen Street, Rotherhithe.

At the time, the Great Dock at Rotherhithe was being constructed, on land leased from Elizabeth Howland, which formed part of the Howland Estate. There is no record of Steers's direct involvement in the project, although he produced a survey of the completed docks in 1707, and seems to have been employed as a surveyor for the estate. A lease agreement at the time described him as a house-carpenter.

Engineering
In 1708, plans for a dock at Liverpool, similar to that at Rotherhithe, were formulated, and had been drawn up by George Sorocold and Henry Huss by mid-1709. Neither man accepted the offer to act as engineer for the construction of the docks. On 17 May 1710, the Town Council learned that Steers was in Liverpool, and had his own designs for the project, which involved reclaiming land from the Pool, rather than building the dock of existing land. The precise reason for Steers' arrival in Liverpool is not clear, but may well be connected to the rise to power of James Stanley, who became mayor in 1707 and Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire until 1710, and who had noticed Steers in Flanders, while commanding the 16th Regiment of Foot. Steers' design was accepted, and the construction was overseen by him, assisted by William Braddock. He also contracted for some of the excavation work, and although it was incomplete at the time, the dock opened for shipping in 1715. A tidal basin and three graving docks or dry docks were authorised by another Act of Parliament obtained in 1717, and during their construction, various alterations and extensions were made to the original dock. The works were completed in 1721. Since 1717, Steers had also acted at Dock Master, for which he was paid £50 per year, and Braddock had been the Water Bailiff. From 1724, he took over Braddock's role as well, though was no longer paid, as this post included a number of perks and fees.

Concurrently with his work on the Liverpool Docks, Steers was active in other projects. He surveyed the rivers Irwell and Mersey from Bank Quay at Warrington to Manchester in 1712. An Act of Parliament authorizing the Mersey and Irwell Navigation was passed in 1721 and the work, which included eight locks in a distance of 15 mi to overcome a rise of 52 ft, was completed about 1725. It is generally believed he was the engineer. The authorising Act named him as one of the Undertakers.

He also made surveys for the Douglas Navigation which connected the Ribble estuary to Wigan in 1712, and was again named as an Undertaker in the Act of Parliament obtained in 1720. He built a lock and a bridge, straightened a section of the river, and started the construction of a tidal lock, but his partner William Squire, who was raising finance for the scheme in London, became involved in the South Sea Bubble, and appears to have lost most of the money he raised. With the money gone, Steers moved on. The navigation was eventually completed in 1742, and carried coal from Wigan to Liverpool and onwards to Ireland by ship.

His most significant navigation achievement was the Newry Canal, in Ireland, which was the first summit-level canal in the British Isles. The promoters asked him to act as engineer for the scheme in 1729, but then declined to pay him the fees he requested, and so the initial construction work was overseen by Edward Lovett Pearce. Pearce died in 1734, and his assistant Richard Castle took over the role. Steers returned to the project in 1736, when he conducted a survey of the existing work. Castle was sacked in December 1736, and Steers then supervised construction until 1741, working on a part-time basis. The work took longer than expected, and the canal finally opened in the spring of 1742. The 19.4 mi of canal included 13 locks, and ran from Newry, where it connected to Carlingford Lough and the sea by a narrow channel, which was made into a ship canal in the 1760s. At its northern end it ran to Portadown where it joined the Upper Bann River to reach Lough Neagh. It was built to transport coal from the Tyrone collieries to Dublin.

In order to build locks with a larger fall than was possible with conventional gate paddles, Steers built two of the locks with sluices and ground paddles, which fed water into the bottom of the lock through the side walls. Water supply for the summit level was taken from local streams, supplemented by water from Lough Shark, which was used as a reservoir. As a whole, the work was not well executed, and the innovative locks had to be rebuilt soon after 1750.

Other activity
Besides his work on docks and canals, Steers was involved with a wide range of other projects. Even the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Douglas Navigation were promoted not just to make carriage of existing trade easier, but to generate new trade which would contribute to the prosperity of the region. Jointly with Sir Cleave Moore and Sir Thomas Johnson, he promoted the Liverpool Waterworks in 1720. He set up a smithy making anchors near the Liverpool Docks, and was a partner in the Dove, a ship which traded between Liverpool and the West Indies.

He appears to have been a keen amateur architect (before that term was in popular parlance) and as well as the work on Liverpool Old Dock, executed alongside chief mason Edward Litherland, is paid in the accounts of The Blue Coat School (1715) once again with Litherland, "a new Street, called Chorley Street or Squire's Garden" (1720), St. George's Church (1725) (Litherland cited as mason) and what would become Salt House Dock once again winning the contract along regular collaborator Litherland. Their working relationship ended with Litherland's death in 1739. His best known architectural work was that of "Seel's House" on Hanover Street, Liverpool which would later become a bank before making way for the Liverpool One Tesco supermarket. It is highly likely that he designed a number of other buildings in Liverpool, no longer extant, including buildings on Paradise Street.

In 1725 he became a commissioner for the turnpike road from Prescot to Liverpool, and drew up plans for St George's Church on the site of the Liverpool Castle. He subsequently was responsible for the construction of its foundations and steeple. He built houses for poor and destitute seamen in 1739, and opened the Old Ropery Theatre in the following year. Steers became a Freeman of the town of Liverpool in 1713, and served on the town council in 1717. In 1719 and 1722, he was a Town Bailiff, became mayor of Liverpool from 1739 to 1740, and was an Out-burgess in Wigan in 1746. He was responsible for the fortification of Liverpool during the Jacobite rising of 1745.

Family
Steers' first marriage to Henrietta Maria ended in 1717 with her death. Of their seven children, four died in childhood, while the other three are thought to have become seamen, and all had died by 1732. In 1719 he married Ann Tibington, who came from Rotherhithe and was the widow of a seaman. She had a son called John, and they had four children of their own, two of which died in childhood. He died in 1750, and was buried in the grounds of St Peter's Church. His only surviving son, Spencer, carried on his anchor making business after his death.

There was also a Thomas Steers, lime burner of Greenwich (probably the owner and/or digger of "Jack Cade's Cavern" and of a nearby sand mine) who was born about this time and in the right area, but who was probably not the same person. Other Steers were involved in pottery. This hints at an extended Steers family with interests in kilns and building mortar.

Legacy
Despite his considerable contribution to civil engineering, his death went almost unnoticed, although the civil engineer John Smeaton, writing to the Calder and Hebble Navigation in 1757, noted that Steers was an esteemed man of character and ability in his profession. He built the first successful commercial dock in the world, and the United Kingdom's first summit level canal. He trained his assistants well, as several went on to have illustrious careers of their own. Above all, he understood his work in its wider social context, being active in the politics and trade of Liverpool, and understanding the need for the town to be well-connected to its hinterland. His work paved the way for Liverpool to become one of the world's greatest ports, and was a contributory factor in the industrial revolution which began shortly after his death.

title: Thomas Steers


text:
Chester Thordarson

Chester Hjortur Thordarson (May 12, 1867 – January 6, 1945) — born Hjörtur Þórðarson — was an Icelandic-American inventor and manufacturer of electrical apparatus who eventually held nearly a hundred technology patents  related to transformers, inductors, high voltage coils, and more.

Biography
Thordarson immigrated to the United States from Iceland in 1873 with his parents Gudrun Grimsdotter and Thordur Arnason. In 1887, Thordarson took a job in Chicago, Illinois working for Chicago Edison Co. In 1895, he founded the Thordarson Electric Manufacturing Company, a  manufacturing company in Chicago that produced industrial and commercial transformers. Thordarson's company is now called Thordarson Meissner, Inc. and has locations in Mount Carmel, Illinois, and Henderson, Nevada.

He was instrumental in the development of the modern energy transmission grid with his work in transformers. He achieved his first distinction at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, where for the Purdue University exhibit he designed and built the first million-volt transformer. For his efforts he won the fair's gold medal.

Rock Island
In 1910, Thordarson began purchasing property on Rock Island, an island off the tip Wisconsin's Door Peninsula. Thordarson established a private vacation retreat on Rock Island. He was intensely interested in preserving the island’s natural beauty. In 1965 the state of Wisconsin purchased Rock Island from his heirs. Thordarson's former estate has been designated Rock Island State Park. His buildings, including the water tower, were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Thordarson Estate Historic District during 1985.

Book collection
Thordarson bequeathed his book collection to the University of Wisconsin. The Thordarson collection was estimated to be worth one million dollars in 1945 (equivalent to $ in ) and led to the establishment of the rare books room of the University of Wisconsin Memorial Library. Jen Christian Bay, a member of the Bibliographical Society of America, commented on the collection in 1929:
 * "Of William Copland, The Craft of Grafting (1560), two copies are known, one in the Thordarson Collection"
 * "Of the greatest [herbal] of all, the Hortus Sanitatis, Mr. Thordarson's copy of the edition of 1561 is a remarkably beautiful copy...."
 * [Of the 1540 A Boke of the Proertyes of Herbes:] "This book is one of Mr. Thordarson's discoveries; no copy is known in any other library."
 * [Of H. Baker's The Wellspring of Sciences:] "The British Museum seemingly possesses no copy with an earlier date than 1574. Mr Thordarson's copy [of 1564] seems unique."

Awards
Among his awards and honors, the University of Wisconsin and the University of Iceland  conferred  honorary doctorate degrees. He was awarded medals from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904 and the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1916. King Christian X of Denmark presented Thordarson with the Order of the Falcon in 1939.

Death
Thordarson died of heart failure in Chicago, Illinois on January 6, 1945.

title: Chester Thordarson


text:
User talk:Trevis~enwiki

Hi. Based on your editing of Irish related articles, I'm assuming you might be from Ireland. Have you found the Irish wikipedian's notice board yet? Kiand 17:00, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tina O'Connell fountain
Hey Trevis; I heard a great radio show last night: Ray of Light with Kay Sheehy about the fountain in the People's Park in Waterford. Is there any chance of a photo of this on commons? I would like to write an article about this. I am trying to get articles about artists who have made well known pieces of contempary public art in Ireland. Thanks a mill.Notjim 11:07, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

History of Waterford
Hi, Is see you're from Waterford, any chance you culd help out with the History of Waterford articel, which stops at 1850? Cheers, Jdorney 17:00, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia UK/Wikimania 2006
Hi, this is a circular to Wikipedians in Ireland to draw your attention to Wikimedia UK, where the establishment of a local Wikimedia chapter for the United Kingdom (and possibly for the Republic of Ireland) is being discussed. See the talk page, as well as the mailing list; a meetup will take place to discuss matters in London in September, for anyone who can get there. On another topic, plans are being drawn up for a UK bid for Wikimania 2006, which would be conveniently close to Ireland. On the other hand, Dublin's bid was one of the final three last year - might we bid again? --Kwekubo 19:37, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Col_murray.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Col_murray.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 08:37, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Trevis. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Trevis~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:24, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trevis~enwiki


text:
Popcorn (play)

Popcorn is a 1998 play by English author Ben Elton adapted from his novel of the same title.

title: Popcorn (play)


text:
De Roy (crater)

De Roy is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just behind the southwestern limb. This portion of the lunar surface is brought into view during favorable librations, allowing observation of this formation. However the crater is viewed from the side when watched from the Earth, and little detail can be seen. De Roy lies to the west of the crater Arrhenius, and east of the larger Boltzmann.

This crater has a worn and rounded outer rim, forming a slightly irregular circle. A pair of tiny craterlets lie along the southeast rim, and there is a narrow cleft in the northern wall. The interior floor is level and nearly featureless, with only a few tiny crater pits to mark the surface.

This crater lies within the Mendel-Rydberg Basin, a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to De Roy.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * De Roy X — See Chadwick.

title: De Roy (crater)


text:
Little Sugar River

There are a few streams named Little Sugar River in the United States:

 * Little Sugar River (New Hampshire)
 * Little Sugar River (Wisconsin)

title: Little Sugar River


text:
Talk:Common Worship

ASB and BCP
Note from the author of the first edit. I wrote this article because the excellent Book of Common Prayer article contains an external link to the Common Worship article, that did not exist yet.

This entry would benefit from some editing to improve the style and add hyperlinks to cross-reference relevant entries in Wikipedia. note from original author - this has now been done by experienced wikipedians --  11 Jan 2005

More formal scholarship about the origins and motivations for the book 'Common Worship' would be valuable for future generations. note from original author - a learned edit from someone who understands liturgical reform would still be valuable -- 11 Jan 2005

Feb. 2006: I have remodelled the article having produced a short piece on the Alternative Service Book to which there is also a link. RA

Criticisms of CW
I note that, threaded within the otherwise excellent commentary on the book, is criticism of it. I think it would be best to gather these and other criticisms (and perhaps responses to them) in one section and to cite them. Unfortunately, being Canadian, I'm not acquainted with the book, aside from its existence. Fishhead64 21:21, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I noticed the same thing, Fishead64. I have pulled out some problem sentences and pasted them here.  Firstly, I don't think we should discuss how widely a form of worship is used without being able to cite research.  This sentence is written in the style of personal experiences:"In practice the latter has all but disappeared from mainstream English worship, although it is still sometimes used at marriage services and is still the standard form of choral evensong used at many cathedrals and churches."  Secondly, we probably should not discuss the debate about whether common prayer requires variety or standardization without citing quotations or opinion surveys: "This allows individual churches to tailor their services to their own setting and culture and the needs of their particular congregations, but it has been criticised as rendering the idea of "common prayer" almost obsolete. "  I suggest that when good sources have been found for the second discussion, such as summaries of Synod debates, that it be reworded to reflect the factual state of the debate, and put back into the article.  As regards the disappearance, or not, of the BCP - it is so soon after the publication of CW that any surveys are unlikely to be interesting.  When it does become interesting, it is something for the Book of Common Prayer article, not for here.  That is my opinion, anyway. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 21:58, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

I heartily disagree. The Prayer Book Society routinely complains about the lack of use of its book. Does Hrodulf know anything to the contrary? Yes, I rely on experience. huge amounts of it. Not all knowledge comes from sociologists. As for the obsolescence of common prayer the matter is self evident. Where there are eight eucharist prayers, several forms of confession, no obligation to use the lectionary - in short, dozens and dozens of options, then the single use proposed by Cranmer is gone. Does Hrodulf have any background knowledge of this matter? Roger Arguile August 2nd. 2006

 * The reason that "Yes, I rely on experience. huge amounts of it," works for good book and newspaper publishers, is that they know you are really Roger Arguile and know what you are talking about. I can pretty much guess that too.  But the strange thing about Wikipedia is that anyone can write, and nobody knows who they are, so the best articles Featured Articles may not have brilliant prose (sadly most don't), but they have tonnes of citations backing them up.  You won't always be here to answer questions.
 * Your attribution of the complaint to the Prayer Book Society does it for me, as I am sure it will to to for almost any curious Wikipedia reader.  Please put it in the article when you get the chance.
 * "obsolescence of common prayer ... is self-evident" I don't have the background knowledge, which is exactly why I asked. Allow me to rephrase:  The proponents of the new book obviously pushed it through Synod with the title 'Common Worship' to imply a relationship with the original intent of the BCP.  Its opponents obviously tore it down.  How did the proponents defend the books as truly Anglican and truly common?  Who spoke on each side of the debate (on the floor or in the press) and what did they say? --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 15:32, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, that was quick! --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 21:19, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

"Traditional language" ≠ "almost identical to BCP"
To say that CW "retains a version of the Eucharist which is almost identical to that in the BCP" is too vague, as it fails to specify whether the identity is one of language or one of structure (and associated theology). CW has contemporary and traditional language versions of both structures - it is not correct to implicitly identify Order 2 with BCP language. If one wishes to discuss the theological similarity between Order 2 and BCP, that should be kept quite separate from any discussion of language. Vilĉjo 23:48, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

I don't agree: 'almost identical'is not vague. Apart from the substitution of the word 'impartially' for the word 'indifferently', the addition the Greeting and Agnus its words are identical. The word 'traditional' on the other hand, is most certainly vague. As for the theology, I am not sure what you are saying. Nor am I sure why you want to be prescriptive about what should be kept separate. It is the word 'traditional' which is capable of several meanings.Roger Arguile 11:16, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

I should correct myself, I guess by realising that the Exhortations and the collect for the monarch are omitted. I forgot them because I don't remember anyone ever using the former in thirty five years and the former I haven't heard in thirty. In a short essay one cannot include the contents of a modern Proctor and Frere. As for what is 'correct'that is, to state the matter a little strongly. It would be helpful to know your background and where you are coming from. You can find mine by looking at my user page. I am sure neither of us need to be peremptory. Roger Arguile 11:23, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

My other point is that your new sentence under 'Content and Style' is not about content and covers what is noted a sentence or so below. Roger Arguile 11:49, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Apologies if I came across as slightly brusque. To deal with your last point first: if by my "new sentence" you mean the one which now opens the section, this is simply a relocation of the sentence which previously ended the paragraph, so there is no duplication, and if it is not relevant to its section now, then it was equally irrelevant before. (I also changed the term "leap forward" as it sounded too laudatory, like a publisher's puff.) If you think it belongs elsewhere, or should be deleted entirely, feel free.
 * My problem with the sentence about language was that the only exception to modern language mentioned was the traditional-language version of Order 2, ignoring the fact that there is also a trad-lang version of Order 1 (not forgetting Collects and Post-Communions, Night Prayer, and the various bits explicitly taken from the BCP). It seemed to be erroneously equating the BCP-based Order 2 with traditional language (an impression which was reinforced when you mentioned Order 2 in your note on my talk page). Whatever the intention of the author, it seemed to me to risk conflating or confusing two separate issues, one of which (language) was the subject-matter of the sentence, and the other of which (structure) was not.
 * As you say, "traditional" is capable of several meanings, but as the term is used in CW it is specifically the opposite of "contemporary" in describing language, and that is how I was using it. Actually, I dislike the term (some of us might say that a Eucharist in really "traditional language" would begin "Introibo ad altare Dei …"!), and its meaning may be unclear to the unversed reader, so I will remove it.
 * As to my background, like you I am a C of E parish priest. I have a particular interest in liturgy, but don't claim any especial degree of expertise greater than would be expected in one of my profession. I did, however, notice that there are significant gaps and errors in this article as it stands, though the slight edits I did undertake didn't attempt to address them, as they will require more substantial rewriting (and therefore time). For example, there is no reference at all to the very first major book in the CW series (Initiation Services, published in 1998). (Even that was not the first book in the series: Calendar, Lectionary and Collects came out in 1997, though this article can perhaps be excused for not mentioning it, as all the material was subsequently incorporated into the main book.) That is the single most glaring omission, but there have been other publications of CW material which are not mentioned: for example, the Additional Collects published in 2004, the revised versions of the Series 1 Wedding and Burial services, the draft Ordinal, "Rites on the Way" (a sort of CW equivalent of Rome's RCIA), and arguably New Patterns for Worship, though that is perhaps more in the nature of a companion volume than an integral part of the series. As to errors: it is incorrect to state that there is no CW preface for Michaelmas - there is one provided in the President's Edition (which contains quite a lot of material omitted from the standard edition). In fact the whole paragraph beginning "One other respect" is incorrect in the light of the President's Edition. Vilĉjo 14:33, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Fine. I accept what you say. I had forgotten the President's Edition and you are quite right about the other material. I shall leave you to get on with it.Roger Arguile 15:20, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Deism?
Why is Deism listed here? Uberhill 16:59, 14 December 2010 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uberhill (talk • contribs)

The Title
I think something is needed about the title "Common Worship". It seems to me that it was likely deliberately chosen to mislead - it sounds cosily like "Common Prayer", but the one thing it clearly isn't - as is mentioned in the article - is "common". I suspect, however, it will be impossible to get reliable and verifiable information on this as the church has a habit of giving highly disingenuous reasons: for example, when old parsonages are sold off nowadays the sale contract includes a restrictive covenant prohibiting the use of the name "Old Vicarage" or "Old Rectory". The church's explanation was that it was to avoid confusing postmen, parishioners and the like, but there was in fact no evidence of this happening. The real reason was clearly embarrassment: people would see the fine Georgian or Victorian Old Rectory and compare it with the Barratt-box Rectory and conclude that the church has gone down in the world and the Rector now no longer matters as much as the banker or whoever, who lives in the Old Rectory. There seems little prospect of ever proving this motivation, however.Halsbury (talk) 15:00, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I would like to contribute to that - but, I'm not really sure of what sources I might cite for criticisms of C.W.. There is a Foreword in a Folio Society edition of the 1662 BCP that has good criticism in relation to the ironic uncommon-ness of C.W., but I don't know whether it could be called a reliable source or not - now how it could be cited. Oh, the wonders of being new to editing Wikipedia... Nusrich 06 (talk) 12:30, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi, welcome to Wikipedia! I'm something of a regular in the BCP area here on Wikipedia and couldn't help but notice your interest in adding some material to this article. While I own a decent number of BCP editions, I don't own the Folio Society printing of the 1662. If you have your copy free, I would encourage you to look at it to see if you can tell who penned the foreword. If you can find a name, I'll help you cite it! If you ever have any desire for help editing articles–particularly Anglican-interest articles–you are more than welcome to ping me at my talk page! Best, ~ Pbritti (talk) 12:35, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi - thank you so much for the help! The foreword in this edition was written by Sir Patrick Cormack, wherein he praised the Prayer-Book & for its superior & more reverent language & liturgical structure compared with Common Worship & the ASB. Hopefully the name helps with citation - I’ll look into him a little more to learn more about what other things he has done. Nusrich 06 (talk) 12:54, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Oh, just looked him up - he was president of the Prayer Book Society for a long time. Nusrich 06 (talk) 12:55, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The opinion of the president of the Prayer Book Society is a notable one that deserves mention with inline attribution. If you have the book open, see if you can find the information page at the front of the book. You'll be able to find the ISBN (a long number) and other publishing info that is needed to properly build out a citation. If you can also add the quote you want to reference and the page it's on, please do so. I'll create a citation from that information that you can use as an example of how to do so in the future! Best, ~ Pbritti (talk) 13:04, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Brilliant! Looking into it, it seems that Folio Society books don't have ISBNs or Barcodes. Closest I could find was an ASIN number on the Amazon selling page (B000QUXNR6), but I'm not sure how useful that may be for citation. It was first published in 2004, and Cormack's Foreword has a copyright for the same year. The most relevant parts to criticising modern liturgies are: "The last forty years have been years of liturgical anarchy in the Church of England. The quest for modernity has left congregations confused, and although many traditionalists have been alienated, the young have not been attracted in great numbers. One of the reasons surely is that the command of modern liturgists over the language does not begin to equal Cranmer's. The language of the bus queue is not appropriate for worship, and to suggest that young people cannot be moved by noble and stirring language is an insult to their intelligence." on page x . Do let me know if any more info would be useful, & thank yo so much for all the help thus far! Nusrich 06 (talk) 13:16, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * This is great! Thank you for your help, ! Below is a citation derived from the information you provided:
 * I'll take on adding this content shortly! ~ Pbritti (talk) 13:39, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Awesome, no problem at all! Do you think "Criticism" should be its own section in the article, or just added to one of the already existing ones? Nusrich 06 (talk) 13:42, 1 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Awesome, no problem at all! Do you think "Criticism" should be its own section in the article, or just added to one of the already existing ones? Nusrich 06 (talk) 13:42, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

I opted for a new "Appraisal" section. I'm in the process of wrapping up the article on Geoffrey Cuming, a titan of Anglican liturgical historiography and a major figure in the 20th-century revision efforts, so my hope is to significantly expand the article on Common Worship soon! ~ Pbritti (talk) 13:50, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Common Worship


text:
Talk:UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements

December 2004
When is a 0 (zero) used instead of lower-case 'o'? I never see that. —Morven 17:03, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

I've seen it in rail road mags and model catalogues. Plus some web sites:

Or Google for "wheel arrangement"  B0. You get a pretty big list.

Spearhead 19:55, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

primes
Is the final prime in  B'B'  needed? What about Bo'(A1A), the prime in the middle looks superfluous... Finally shouldn't  1′D1′  be 1'D'1 if the final axle is in a bogie of its own? Railwayfan2005 (talk) 20:43, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * See the clarified description of primes and brackets. In your examples both primes are needed, otherwise the second B and the Bo respectively would be mounted directly on the locomotive body.  — Aldaron • T/C 22:38, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

UIC Kodex 650 page 4 writes "an apostrophe" for wheels in separate frames. So why call this a prime? --Sveins (talk) 22:07, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Rename article
The UIC also has classification systems for locomotives, passenger coaches and goods wagons. See the articles on UIC identification marking for tractive stock, UIC classification of railway coaches and UIC classification of goods wagons. Shouldn't this therefore be retitled something like UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements (or shorter still UIC locomotive axle classification) to distinguish it from the others? --Bermicourt (talk) 22:11, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Southern Railway
The Southern Railway once used a different system, but did not other class remain as they were before? Tabletop (talk) 08:07, 15 March 2009 (UTC)

Examples
Perhaps it's good idea to link to an articles about a real locomotives for each example given?--ospalh (talk) 10:37, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Mallet vs Articulated
The example for brackets mentions Mallet, but cites the Big Boy, which (if I understand correctly) isn't a Mallet, only an articulated (the distinction being the compound expansion.) Wouldn't the text more correctly read " Mallet and other articulated locomotives can be indicated..." (emphasis mine.) -- 65.215.221.182 (talk) 21:12, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Use of lower-case o
The article states that a lower case 'o' means each axle has its own electric traction motor. While that is definitely the most common situation, the DRB Class 19.10 had a separate steam motor for each axle and got classified as a 1'Do1' in all the literature I could find about it. So shouldn't it simply read that each axle has its own driving motor, instead of saying that it has to be electric? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.198.53.171 (talk) 20:37, 27 February 2012 (UTC)

 * You are right (having checked with de.wiki), so I have deleted "electric" before "traction motors". --Bermicourt (talk) 16:49, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

German?
do you know why the lead says this is "also known as German classification"? German classification redirects here because...? The cited source The Railway Data File. Published by Silverdale Books 2000. p. 52. ISBN 1-85605-499-3 seems to lack things like a named author. Who is Silverdale Books? Do any other sources say this is known as German classification?--Dennis Bratland (talk) 20:08, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It's not German classification. It's used in Germany (also France and Poland), it's often called German classification, but the "I" in UIC is "International" (even "Internationale", because the name is in French, not German). This is an international standards body, originally founded in Italy, Switzerland and France (everything takes at least three meetings and ends up in Paris). To really spend money, have a head office in the 15th arrondisement. Andy Dingley (talk) 20:29, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * OK. Why is it often called German? Was it originally a German system that was adopted internationally, like the metric system began in France? Should German classification redirect here? --Dennis Bratland (talk) 20:41, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It is based on a system originally developed in 1908 by the Union of German Railway Administrations. --Bermicourt (talk) 22:17, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Nonetheless, I fail to find a valid source for that expression being used in English. This is almost the only example not being a Wikipedia clone:
 * "Welcome to the Sweden's electric locomotives page! ... Most of the locomotives in the list have either Swedish or German classification. I agree with the doubts of Dennis Bratland. Unless a reliable source is provided, the term should be removed & the redirect be deleted. --KnightMove (talk) 22:44, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * How about the 1982 New Zealand Railway Observer Vols 39-40, p. 160, which says "Within this comprehensive German classification came the small "o" to denote uncoupled driving axles, such as Co Co...." or the 1914 General Electric Review Vol 17 which says "The German classification distinguishes between driven and non-driven axles..." There are other sources, but I haven't got time to add them all. Bermicourt (talk) 08:16, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It's also known as the "German system", so in Steam Locomotives (Kalla-Bishop and Greggio, 1985) it states that "The International Union of Railways (UIC) has standardised the German system internationally and it is now used for electric and diesel locomotives. Thus an electric locomotive with two four-wheel bogies and all axles driven is a B-B or BB..." HTH. Bermicourt (talk) 08:43, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks. While this IMHO still leaves some doubt whether "German classification/system" is used as a proper name here or just as a statement "a classification/system from Germany", I regard this as sufficient.
 * Anyway, the redirect should be replaced by a disambiguation page with German wine classification and maybe others. --KnightMove (talk) 09:57, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

D'D h4vt
Why is it marked as a hypothetical example? There was actually such a locomotive class, the Bavarian Gt 2×4/4, which had this axle arrangement and was even classified as a Freight Traffic Locomotive by the Reichsbahn in 1923. Universal-Interessierter de (talk (de)) 23:14, 22 July 2022 (UTC)


text:
The Education of Henry Adams

The Education of Henry Adams is an autobiography that records the struggle of the Bostonian Henry Adams (1838–1918), in his later years, to come to terms with the dawning 20th century, so different from the world of his youth. It is also a sharp critique of 19th-century educational theory and practice. In 1907, Adams began privately circulating copies of a limited edition printed at his own expense. Commercial publication of the book had to await its author's 1918 death, whereupon it won the 1919 Pulitzer Prize. The Modern Library placed it first in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the 20th century.

Subject
The Education is more a record of Adams's introspection and his observations than of his deeds. It is an extended meditation on the social, technological, political, and intellectual changes that occurred over Adams's lifetime. Adams concluded that his traditional education failed to help him come to terms with these rapid changes, hence, his need for self-education. The organizing thread of the book is how the "proper" schooling and other aspects of his youth was time wasted, thus, his search for self-education through experiences, friendships, and reading.

Many aspects of the contemporary world emerged during the half-century between the Civil War and World War I, a half-century coinciding with Adams's adult life. An important theme of The Education is its author's bewilderment and concern at the rapid advance in science and technology over the course of his lifetime, sometimes now called Second Industrial Revolution, but incarnated in his term "dynamo". The Education mentions the recent discovery of X-rays and radioactivity, and shows a familiarity with radio waves in his citation of Marconi and Branly. Adams purchased an automobile as early as 1902, to make better use of a summer in France researching Mont Saint Michel and Chartres. He correctly predicted that the 20th century would have even more explosive changes. Adams repeatedly laments that his formal education, grounded in the classics, history, and literature, as was then the fashion, did not give him the scientific and mathematical knowledge needed to grasp the scientific breakthroughs of the 1890s and 1900s.

Adams had direct knowledge of many notable events and persons of the 1850-1900 period, and much of the text is devoted to giving his views on them. The text is written as if readers are already familiar with the major figures and events of the time. The Education repeatedly mentions two long-standing friends of Adams, the scientific explorer of the American Far West, Clarence King, and the American diplomat, John Milton Hay, who became Secretary of State. The Education is narrated in the third person. It is frequently sarcastic and humorously self-critical.

The Education does not discuss Adams's marriage, and the illness and 1885 suicide of his wife, Clover; it mostly leaves out the periods from 1872 to 1892. The text does not discuss what this period contributed to his education. He referred to his marriage indirectly, by for example, lamenting how the memorial he had constructed for his wife had become something of a tourist attraction.

Context
Henry Adams' life story is rooted in the American political aristocracy that emerged from the American Revolution. He was the grandson of the American President John Quincy Adams and great-grandson of President and founding father John Adams. His father, Charles Francis Adams, had served as ambassador to the United Kingdom during the Civil War, and had been elected to the United States House of Representatives. His brothers Brooks Adams and Charles Francis Adams Jr. were also historians of note. Henry Adams had received the finest formal education available in the United States, enjoying many other advantages, as well. This social context makes The Education so important, but the trappings of success did not mean much to a restless individualist such as Adams. Rather than take advantage of his patrician name, he sized up this and other advantages and found them wanting.

Assessment
The Education is an important work of American literary nonfiction. It provides a penetrating glimpse into the intellectual and political life of the late 19th century. The Modern Library placed it first in a list of the top 100 English-language nonfiction books of the 20th century.

Author and historian Garry Wills has suggested The Education contradicts much of Adams' earlier work and opinions, and has biased assessments of Adams' earlier historical works.

In popular culture
In his novel, V., Thomas Pynchon likens his protagonist Herbert Stencil to Henry Adams in the Education as they both refer to themselves in the third person.

The lyrics of "Long Folk Revival" by Thirsty Curses include a line "...it's The New Education of Henry Adams".

title: The Education of Henry Adams


text:
Haldane (lunar crater)

Haldane is a lunar impact crater that is located in Mare Smythii, near the eastern limb of the Moon. The visibility of this formation is affected by libration, and even under favorable conditions it is highly foreshortened. It lies just to the west-northwest of the crater Runge, and to the east of Carrillo. The small crater Talbot is immediately to the southwest of Haldane.

The interior of this floor has been flooded by lava, leaving only a low rim projecting up through the lunar mare. This rim is broken along the northwest face, leaving a gap into the interior. In the eastern half of the inner floor is a semi-circular feature that is concentric with the outer wall. There is also a low central ridge offset to the east of the interior midpoint.

Haldane is a somewhat extreme example of many fracture-floored craters in Mare Smythii.

The depth of Haldane is approximately 900 m from the lowest point on the floor of its northwestern quadrant to the highest point on the southwestern part of its outer rim.

The crater's name was approved by the IAU in 1973.

title: Haldane (lunar crater)


text:
HMR

HMR may refer to:

 * HMR, the IATA code for Hamar Airport, Stafsberg, in Norway
 * HMR, the ICAO code for NAC Air, a Canadian airline
 * HMR, the ISO 639-3 code for the Hmar language of India
 * .17 HMR, a rimfire rifle cartridge

As an abbreviation

 * Health Management Resources
 * High Mountain Rangers, a television series
 * Hoboken Manufacturers Railroad
 * Hoechst Marion Roussel, an American subsidiary of Hoechst AG
 * Hot module replacement, web technology
 * Housing Market Renewal Initiative, in the United Kingdom
 * Hyderabad Metro Rail

title: HMR


text:
User talk:Crobzub

Please stop adding the city names to the infoboxes in airline articles. We decided against that in the airline Wikiproject. See WikiProject Airlines for more information. Thanks. Dbinder 21:10, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

If that's the case, please make sure that the casual reader can easily work out where the hubs actually are, so they don't think "Where the hell is that?" because it's annoying having to click on the link to find out where the airport is. Crobzub 21:18, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Universities in the United Kingdom
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Universities in the United Kingdom, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Universities in the United Kingdom fits the criteria for speedy deletion for the following reason: CSD G6: making room for move of British universities To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Universities in the United Kingdom, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate Universities in the United Kingdom itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 16:13, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Beat Freaks
Please do not move pages to nonsensical titles. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to learn more about moving pages, please see the guidelines on this subject. If you would like to experiment with page titles and moving, please use the test Wikipedia. Thank you.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. ~ Homologeo (talk) 23:54, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Beat Freaks
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Beat Freaks, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process
 * The page used to be a redirect, but is no longer. Could someone please delete this?

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. ~ Homologeo (talk) 23:58, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Future Armour listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Future Armour. Since you had some involvement with the Future Armour redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 12:56, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

"Pissing it down" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Pissing it down. Since you had some involvement with the Pissing it down redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 18:12, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Crobzub


text:
Southern Rivers

Southern Rivers is an area in southwest Georgia, United States, spreading north into West Georgia and West Central Georgia.

Geography
The Southern Rivers region constitutes the southwest corner of the state of Georgia and is made up of the following counties:

 * Baker
 * Berrien
 * Brooks
 * Chattahoochee
 * Clay
 * Colquitt
 * Cook
 * Coweta
 * Crisp
 * Decatur
 * Dooly
 * Dougherty
 * Early
 * Echols
 * Fayette
 * Grady
 * Harris
 * Heard
 * Irwin
 * Lanier
 * Lee
 * Lowndes
 * Macon
 * Meriwether
 * Miller
 * Muscogee
 * Pike
 * Quitman
 * Randolph
 * Schley
 * Seminole
 * Spalding
 * Stewart
 * Sumter
 * Talbot
 * Taylor
 * Terrell
 * Thomas
 * Tift
 * Troup
 * Turner
 * Upson
 * Worth

title: Southern Rivers


text:
Marco Polo (crater)

Marco Polo is a lunar impact crater that is located in the rugged foothills to the south of the Montes Apenninus mountain range. It was named after Italian explorer Marco Polo. It lies just 20 kilometers to the west of the Mare Vaporum, but is otherwise located in an undistinguished region of terrain with no notable craters nearby.

This crater is elongated to the south-southeast, with a very eroded outer rim. The southern part of the rim is nearly nonexistent, and there is a narrow cleft at the northern end of the crater. Portions of the rim still remain along the western and northeastern sides, but appear as little more than curved ridges. The interior has little detail of interest apart from a tiny craterlet along the southwest inner wall.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Marco Polo.

title: Marco Polo (crater)


text:
User talk:Ectoplasmic Goo

vandalism
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will normally be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Please note that all of your edits are considered vandalism. Vandalism is not allowed and is grounds for removing your editting priviledges. - UtherSRG 02:03, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ectoplasmic Goo


text:
SIAM Journal on Computing

The SIAM Journal on Computing is a scientific journal focusing on the mathematical and formal aspects of computer science. It is published by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM).

Although its official ISO abbreviation is SIAM J. Comput., its publisher and contributors frequently use the shorter abbreviation SICOMP.

SICOMP typically hosts the special issues of the IEEE Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS) and the Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), where about 15% of papers published in FOCS and STOC each year are invited to these special issues. For example, Volume 48 contains 11 out of 85 papers published in FOCS 2016.

title: SIAM Journal on Computing


text:
User:Awahlbom

Hello.

My name is Anders Wahlbom, I'm Swedish, and if I don't know anything about a subject, chances are you won't see me writing on it (apart from correcting obvious misspellings and such, of course).

I don't kid myself that I'm very interesting to the general public outside my circle of friends. Go read a real article. If you want to contact me directly you can write to awahlbom(at)mac.com. You're welcome.

title: User:Awahlbom


text:
Talk:Flocking

Untitled
Should this article be merged with Swarm intelligence? birds are skinny

Lawrence Lavigne 17:12, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't they rather be arranged as subpages (sections with their own main articles) under emergent behaviour? // OlofE 09:38, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Isn't the big problem with this article is that flocking was not "invented" but "simulated"? --VivaEmilyDavies 02:05, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

That's fair to say... additionally, it was first done in 1986, not 1987 (the first paper on it was, however, published in 1987). -- Iron Wallaby 07/15/06

No merge
The two articles should refer to each other. However flocking seems to be more used as a computer science/algorithmic term, and swarm intelligence from an intelligence/biological perspective. Mathiastck 21:28, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Efficiency
Flying in flock formation is efficient. Each trailing bird (or aircraft) gets additional lift due to catching the rising half of the swirling vortex from the leaders wings if positioned as in a typical flock, thereby reducing energy use several percent. This has been shown to work experimentally, and computer systems to make such flocks/convoys safe and effective is being developed. I forget where I read about this. It was in the news recently. Anyone wanna source and add this? --Elvey (talk) 06:14, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

Collective animal behavior and brain behavior
please see this page

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior_and_brain_behavior

it is yet not very articulated article Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Collective_animal_behavior" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scienficreal (talk • contribs) 21:54, 20 March 2011 (UTC) --Scienficreal (talk) 22:01, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

Terrible article should be retitled or deleted asap
Obviously most people will come here for ornithological info. Not a load of computer algorithms. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.91.206.111 (talk) 14:22, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 20 July 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Flocking. over redirect. Please make the necessary changes to the article. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 14:32, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

Flocking (behavior) → Modelling of flocking behaviour – The lead section includes the text "This article is about the modelling of flocking behaviour" so this article should be moved to a title that reflects the subject of the article. There might then be a debate if Flocking (behaviour) should continue to target this article or might be better targeted at Flock (disambiguation). Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 09:09, 20 July 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Mdewman6 (talk) 19:24, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose I think the current name is both clearer, more concise, and more definitional. SportingFlyer  T · C  09:03, 22 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not convinced of the proposed move either, though I do feel that the dab should be converted to a WP:NATURALDAB instead of remaining parenthetical. Alpha3031 (t • c) 17:26, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think that any disambiguation is required here at all as this appears to be the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for "flocking". So I propose that we Move to Flocking. Rreagan007 (talk) 01:17, 29 July 2023 (UTC)
 * ,, . I'm happy to see a move to Flocking with no disambiguator, but the sentence This article is about the modelling of flocking behaviour must be removed from the lead. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 19:00, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * No problem with this, it's awkward, but it does introduce the next sentence, so I'd be more in favour of a rewrite. I also have no problem with a move to Flocking. SportingFlyer  T · C  10:17, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flocking


text:
Talk:Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120229231627/http://www.hexhamcourant.co.uk/tourism/arts-leisure/debunking-myths-about-the-real-battle-of-hexham-1.184434?referrerPath=home%2F2.3307 to http://www.hexhamcourant.co.uk/tourism/arts-leisure/debunking-myths-about-the-real-battle-of-hexham-1.184434?referrerPath=home%2F2.3307

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:18, 31 March 2017 (UTC)


text:
Workers Party of Bangladesh

The Workers Party of Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশের ওয়ার্কার্স পার্টি) is a communist party in Bangladesh. Rashed Khan Menon is the president of the Workers Party of Bangladesh and Anisur Rahman Mollik is the general secretary of the party.

History
WPB was founded in 1980 by the Bangladesh Communist Party (Leninist), Revolutionary Communist League, Majdur Party and another group. Amal Sen was the founding general secretary.

In 1984 the party split in two factions, both using the name WPB. One group was led by Amal Sen and Nazrul Islam. The other was led by the current president of the party, Rashed Khan Menon. In 1992 they reunited.

The party participated in the programs of the National Committee to Protect Oil, Gas, Mineral Resources, Power and Ports in 2006.

In November 2008, the Workers Party protested the removal of a baul statue by the Roads and Highways Department, and Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh following pressure from Islamists near the Zia International Airport.

In 2010, the Haider Akbar Khan Rono led fraction of the Workers Party of Bangladesh (reconstituted) merged with the Communist Party of Bangladesh.

WPB joined the Grand Alliance in 2014, but the party leadership openly questioned the direction of the subsequent 14 Party Alliance after the 2014 election. Rashed Khan Menon was made the Minister for Civil Aviation and Tourism in the Sheikh Hasina led cabinet.

On 26 May 2016, Workers Party of Bangladesh called for the parliamentary membership of Salim Osman to be cancelled for insulting Shyamal Kanti Bhakta, the principal of Piyar Sattar Latif High School.

In the 2018 Bangladesh elections, it contested as part of the Grand Alliance along with the Bangladesh Awami League. Five candidates of the Workers Party used the election symbol of the Awami League, the boat. The candidates were Fazle Hossain Badsha from Rajshahi-2, Mustafa Lutfullah from Satkhira-1, Rashed Khan Menon from Dhaka-8, Tipu Sultan from Barisal-3, and Yeasin Ali from Thakurgaon-3. Three candidates of the party contested using the hammer symbol of the workers party. They were Ahsan Ullah from Comilla-8, Haji Bashirul Alam from Cox's Bazar-1, and Jahirul Haque Tutul from Barisal-2. The Workers Party won four seats in the Jatiya Sangsad in the 2018 Bangladeshi general election. Lutfun Nesa Khan was elected from the reserved women's seat from the Workers Party. The winners were Fazle Hossain Badsha from Rajshahi-2, Mustafa Lutfullah from Satkhira-1, and Rashed Khan Menon from Dhaka-8. The Awami League did not include them in the new cabinet which only had Awami League politicians.

In February 2021, the Workers Party criticised Awami League for election policy and for not taking a hardline against religion based political parties. In December the party asked the government to send former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia abroad for medical treatment.

title: Workers Party of Bangladesh


text:
User talk:Rich86

Welcome!
Hi, Rich86, Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump (for Wikipedia related questions) or The Reference Desk (for general questions)! There's still more help at the Tutorial and Policy Library. Plus, don't forget to visit the Community Portal. And if you have any more questions after that, feel free to post them on My User talk Page. If you want to play around with your new Wiki skills the Sandbox is for you. You can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four tildes, you can add a datestamp too. . You may also want to add yourself to the New User Log. Happy Wiki-ing. --*drew 17:17, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rich86


text: User talk:134.226.1.114

title: User talk:134.226.1.114


text:
Spencer Jarnagin

Spencer Jarnagin (1792 – June 25, 1851) was a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1843 to 1847.

Life and career
Jarnagin was born in what was shortly to become Grainger County, Tennessee. He graduated from Greenville College in 1813 and after the study of law was admitted to the bar in 1817. He served in the Tennessee State Senate from 1833 to 1835. From 1836 to 1851 he served on the Board of Trustees for East Tennessee College, now the University of Tennessee. He continued his practice of law after moving to Athens, Tennessee in 1837. Jarnagin was an elector for the Whig ticket of William Henry Harrison and John Tyler in the 1840 United States presidential election.

In 1841 he was nominated for U.S. Senator by the Whig caucus in the Tennessee General Assembly. However, some of the Democrats in the legislature decided that no Senator would be preferable to a Whig. Known as the "Immortal Thirteen" by Tennessee Democrats, they refused to allow a quorum on the issue. By the time Jarnagin was eventually elected to the seat and sworn in, over two and half years, almost half of the term, had elapsed. Jarnagin finally assumed office on October 17, 1843 and served until March 3, 1847. During this time, he served as the Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims. The Whigs nominated him for a second term in 1847, but he was not elected, apparently the Democrats being more amenable to John Bell, another Whig who was eventually elected his successor; a subsequent campaign by Jarnagin for the Tennessee Supreme Court was likewise unsuccessful. Jarnagin moved to Memphis and continued his practice of law there. Jarnagin died from cholera at 1 A.M. on the morning of June 25, 1851 in Memphis. He was interred in that city's Elmwood Cemetery.

title: Spencer Jarnagin