text:
Talk:Mechanical pencil

Chronology
I can't help but feel that the chronology of the "History" section is somewhat off. If the mechanical pencil was invented in 1906, then why are there patents for it as early as 1822? If 0.9mm lead was introduced in 1938, what was used in the pencils ordered by Sharp in 1915? What happened between all of these dates? 159.250.66.134 (talk) 23:34, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Purpose of Mechanical Pencil
There should be an overall paragraph about the purpose of a mechanical pencil; currently those ideas are spread throughout the article-

Suggest adding: Mechanical pencils have an advantage over standard wooden pencils by maintaining a consistent point width without sharpening. This is useful for mechanical drafting, where line width is important, or quick sketching, when sharpening may be inconvenient.

and moving this elsewhere or removing: "Likewise to the name Ever-Sharp, mechanical pencils are used for their preciseness and the fact that they do not get dull."--192.195.66.45 23:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Clutch Pencil
I think clutch pencil is enough of a different device to have its own entry:

1. A clutch pencil needs to be sharpened (or pointed)

2. A clutch pencil can draw with varying thickness - mechanical pencils draw with a uniform thickness

3. The lead falls out when advancing - a mechanical pencil always holds the lead.

--192.195.66.45 23:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Additionally, in my experience (I use Staedtler Mars Technico and have a couple of old Platignum - anyone remember those? - clutch pencils) the cap is not usually an eraser. It contains a lead pointer.

Staedtler, and several other manufacturers make coloured leads for these devices, too.

SamXT (talk) 21:32, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Image Request
does anyone have an image of a mechanical pencil that we can use? -Vince251
 * I can scan one in tomorrow. --Carnildo 09:38, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

What is a Metal propelling pencil?
One of the pictures is labelled "Metal propelling pencil", but there no discussion of what that means in the article.
 * Er, that would be a propelling pencil that is made of metal, I presume. 143.252.80.110 15:45, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * That's kind of misleading. The pictured pencel is a Pentel Graphgear - it looks shiny and silvery, but the body is actually plastic. Actually, almost the entire pencil is plastic. 58.104.104.130 10:01, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Re Pentel Graphgear, Pentel state that the body is aluminium, not plastic.

Clicky pencil
I'm guessing that a mechanical pencil could also be called a clicky pencil, because it makes a clicking sound. – SilverBulletx3talkcontributions 18:37, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * They could... but are they?  Guessing at a possible term that you've never actually heard used is a kind of odd way to decide it belongs in the article.  --  AvatarMN (talk) 14:49, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Environmentally friendly?
"Mechanical pencils are considered to be more environmentally-friendly than conventional pencils due to the fact that wood is not necessary for its manufacture and no wasteful wood shavings are created."

What? It seems to me that far more energy and materials would be needed to produce a mechanical pencil than a few standard pencils. And most softwoods, such as those used to make pencils, are farmed anyway. I'm removing this - if anyone can come up with a decent cite then by all means put it back. 143.252.80.110 15:45, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "They are also more economical and ecological than standard pencils, making them a conscious choice for many users"
 * This has been added again... I really think we need a source or reference. --Knulclunk 20:32, 27 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This is pretty obvious. A mechanical pencil can be re-used. I've used a single one hundreds of times. Unlike a wooden pencil, when a mechanical pencil is used up, you only have to replace the lead, not the holder. The environmental cost of a wooden pencil is not only in the materials; it must also be manufactured each time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bostoner (talk • contribs) 23:15, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Not for artistic expression
"not the preferred tool for artistic expression." I'm not so sure about that. Mechanical pencils don't need to be sharpened, making them extra handy for quick sketching. Some artists also may prefer the constant line width. It is simply part of the medium, y'know? I will never understand why any artist would use oil pastel (clumsy, random), so it may be a preference issue. --Knulclunk 20:50, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

I am one of those people who loves Mechanical penils, I base the coors of them on Mario bro charthers. It is also a not so nerdy hobby, it beats collecting:Bugs, socks, action figures (Nerd dolls),stamps, bottle caps, ect. Also they are more convienet that normal pencils... Heck, they beat all school supplies! They also make your handwriting smooth and unsloppy. The point is it is the most top supplies for offices, and school.

 * cartoonist use technical mech pencils. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericg33 (talk • contribs) 00:53, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

The article mentions this at the top and has a reference. But the link just goes to an image, with no context whatsoever. Should this be removed? 122.59.225.50 (talk) 10:01, 2 September 2013 (UTC)

The Inventors
Okay, if Penkala had significant contributions to the evolution of the mechanical pencil, please add them without removing sourced information. Also, please add sources correctly. The source provided by the last IP edit (66.76.67.66), was to the inventor, Slavoljub Eduard Penkala. At that page, the only source is the Penkala pencil factory. Sourced information will not be removed. Unsourced information will be. --Knulclunk 22:57, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Antique image
where is the first mechanical pencil image? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericg33 (talk • contribs) 08:34, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Propelling pencil
When I was in primary school in Kingston, Jamaica, about thirty years ago, what I referred to as a "propelling pencil" was the type I have described in this journal entry.

Apart from that journal entry, which is original research, the only information on these "propelling pencils" I have found on the web is a site for some Chinese company selling them.

Does anyone know of any third-party primary sources of information about these pencils?

Also, as these pencils contain no mechanism, would they be considered "mechanical pencils"?

Respectfully, SamBlob (talk) 14:42, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

The Wikipedia "Pencil" article includes these, called Pop A Point pencils--KDMP (talk) 19:15, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Manufacturers
Suggest adding Cross as a manufacturer of mechanical pencils. My second edit and I hope I did it right. Tiyang (talk) 22:50, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Fine by me, but perhaps this should be titled "Brands" rather than manufacturers. in todays world of out-sourcing and OEM factories, who knows if these companies are manufacturers any more?--KDMP (talk) 04:43, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

What is the point of this section? A list of brands or manufacturers is perhaps nice, but what is its encyclopedic value? There are hundreds, maybe thousands of brands and manufacturers, surely its pointless to list them all? So I would propose to delete this section entirely. I do note that the Pencil and Ballpoint Pen articles don't have such lists, but Fountain Pens do.--KDMP (talk) 19:12, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Opening and Definition
I think the current opening definition needs tidying up.

"Lead pencil" – wouldn't that would be an ordinary woodcase pencil in large parts of the world? Certainly would be where I come from.

The term “clicky pencil” is used later in this article but missing from this opening list of names.

“an internal mechanism which pushes or propels the thin graphite lead through the tip” – so this definition eliminates clutch pencils/leadholders which have their own section in this article. So, does the definition change to keep clutch pencils, or do clutch pencils get removed from this article?

“Mechanical pencils provide lines of consistent thickness” – this isn't an inherent feature or purpose of mechanical pencils. Line thickness is constant if the pencil is held perpendicular to the paper so that the line thickness is the lead diameter, and only if you have a round lead. If you use a rectangular lead mechanical pencil then line thickness varies. If you hold your pencil at an angle to the paper line thickness varies, etc.

“Do not require sharpening” – depending on the users purposes, many leads larger than 1.4mm diameter require sharpening.

Any disagreement that the opening needs changing? --KDMP (talk) 04:47, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree - I think much of this article needs signifigant work. Perhaps it is common practice, but I've never heard of lead holders being described exclusively as 'clutch pencils'. The article describes smaller-diameter mechanical pencils as 'ratcheting pencils' - however, the mechanism which advances the lead in these pencils is also a clutch, rather than a ratchet. While the lead is held in place as it is advanced, it is not prevented from retrograde movement - while the clutch is open, the lead can be pushed back into the body. A ratchet prevents retrograde movement. It is friction between the guide and the lead which prevents the lead from simply falling out when advanced. Many of the distinctions and definitions given in this article seem to be arbitrary, or even contradictory. Ennen (talk) 14:51, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Request protection?
I was going back in the history to find out who added the poorly worded items in the "Propelling Pencil" section, and noticed that almost everythingis vandalism from anonymous IPs. Is there any particular reason that this page isn't protected? If not, we should definitely request it. Tealwisp (talk) 03:36, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

My thoughts on the name
'Propeller pencil' is used worldwide but especially in the UK and to an extent Canada. 'Mechanical pencil' used in UK, US, Canada and English-speakers around the world (most are taught AmE in places other than native English countries. ZaE sounds like AuE sounds like BrE. They are all different.) JJhashisreasons (talk) 20:33, 16 July 2012 (UTC) JJhashisreasons (talk) ~

I'm a Brit and in all my 62 years, I've never heard 'Propellor pencil'. Propelling, yes, propellor, no.SamXT (talk) 07:11, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Science
I also would like to know why have there been no way to know what kind of people make it or what it's made from or what energies are used or ANY SCIENCE WHAT SO EVER??? Come on Wikipedia, update update UPDATE!!!!!!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wilson Manninidan (talk • contribs) 19:59, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

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Lead Measured in Inches
I find it odd that this article doesn't mention lead measured in inches. The pencils I used in the 60's and 70's used lead measured in inches, not mm. I checked my desk drawer, and I found lead made by Scripto in two sizes, 0.046" and 0.036". A search of the web turned up a couple articles that mention this.

http://www.roger-russell.com/scripto2.htm#oldleads http://www.vintagepens.com/FAQbasics/pencillead.shtml

Does anyone know how this fits into the history? Were inch sizes used first, and later converted to mm? Were these sizes only used by certain companies, or in certain countries? (I'm in the US.) I feel like part of the history is missing, but I don't know where this fits in. Jayscore (talk) 04:09, 3 August 2016 (UTC)
 * After a quick research it seems to me as if the inch sizes and the metric sizes are the same - just different numbers. (0.3 mm/0.012" - 0.5 mm /0.02" - 0.7 mm / 0.028" - 0.9 mm / 0.036") However 0.9 mm would actually be 0.035" if it were rounded correctly, so maybe it was standardised in inches not in millimetres as 0.036" are 0.9144 mm. In any case, it is advisable to make the information not only metrically but also in English units.--Blaubeermarmelade (talk) 15:28, 10 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I've added those values in inches for which I could find equivalents on the internet. For which I did not find any offers, I did not specify anything. One could supplement the other values mathematically, be it in fractions or in decimals or both. Whereby this should be indicated, where there are only conversions and where the appropriate sizes were traded or are still traded. Some of the values have probably been originally scheduled in inches. The ones I have specified in the table in fractions. Unfortunately I could not really rely on reputable sources in my research, but it is an undeniable fact that 25.4 millimetre are equivalent to an inch.--Blaubeermarmelade (talk) 17:55, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

Uses
I would like to question the purpose of the lead variations chart. The uses column does not seem to make sense when these leads are used for many different purposes interchangeably. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.22.21.197 (talk) 01:58, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

Agreed. I'm an artist and graphic designer, and I've used just about every grade there is at various times. SamXT (talk) 07:12, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

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Auto-rotating
The article gives the impression that auto rotating were invented by Mitsubishi pencil, but they only invented their own mechanism. There were at least two auto rotating mechanisms before theirs, see https://bleistift.blog/2015/10/the-kuru-toga-an-old-hat/ --86.17.35.216 (talk) 18:37, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

propelling pencil
Propelling pencil is directed here but I can't find any information — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.70.221.119 (talk) 12:54, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Mechanical pencil
Hi l only wish to say that when l was at school in Birmingham 1960 the teacher always referred to these pencils as a Pelling pencil no one else l have known remembers such a name so l can only assume he shortened the name from propelling pencil — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gary Manders (talk • contribs) 11:30, 31 January 2021 (UTC)

More than likely. The world is full of people who can't speak properly. For example, my mother in law says chimbley for chimney and pacifically for specifically.

title: Talk:Mechanical pencil


text:
Bhil

Bhil or Bheel refer to various indigenous groups inhabiting western India, including parts of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and are also found in distant places such as Bengal and Tripura. They speak various languages of Indo-Aryan origin, owing to language shift, collectively referred to as the Bhil languages. Bhils are divided into a number of endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have a number of clans and lineages.

Bhils are listed as tribal people in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan—all in the western Deccan regions and central India—as well as in Bengal and Tripura in far-eastern India, on the border with Bangladesh. Many Bhils now speak the dominant later language of the region they reside in, such as Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali or a Bhili language dialect.

Etymology
Some scholars suggest that the term Bhil is derived from the word billa or billu which means bow in the Dravidian lexis. The term Bhil is used to refer to "various ethnic communities" living in the forests and hills of Rajasthan's southern parts and surrounding regions of western India, highlighting the "popularity of the bow and arrow as a weapon among these groups". It is also used as a blanket term to refer to the aboriginal peoples of these areas.

History
According to John Samuel, as per legendary cum historical records, the Bhil tribals controlled large parts of Gujarat from 11th to 15th century before the Rajputs conquered the territories from these locals.

Rebellion against Mughal
Rana punja was grandson of Bhil Chief Harpal Bhil of Oghna Panarawa. He was the king of Merpur and he supported Maharana Pratap against Akbar.

Bhil Rebellion
The rulers of Idar, Rajpipla, Mándvi Bánsda and Dharampur princely states in southern Gujarat were Bhils.

The Bhils of what is now the state of Gujarat rebelled on several occasions during the British colonial era, notably in 1846, 1857–58 and 1868.

Along with a number of other Indian social groups, the Bhils were designated as a criminal tribe by the British colonial government under the Criminal Tribes Act 1871, which meant that a Bhil could be "randomly picked up, tortured, maimed or even killed" by the colonial authorities. Susan Abraham notes that many of the tribes characterized as criminal under the Act had earlier rebelled against the East India Company and participated in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She claims that the British colonial government legislated the Act in 1871 in the wake of these autochthonic tribes' proclivity for rebellion.

Mutiny against Mewar State
According to Ram Pande, in 1881, the Bhils protested against "the census classification, prohibition on alcohol manufacture, establishment of police and customs, and the ban on the killing of witches". Their campaigning was stepped up and given meaning by Govind Guru who was a social and political leader. Pande suggests that because of his long-term Brahminical Hinduism missionary work among the tribe, Govind was able to stop them consuming meat and alcohol, and to pressurize the state for the formation of village councils which could administer their own affairs and for barring forced labor. In 1917, Mewar State's Girasias joined the Bhils in the struggle to get the petty taxes and forced labour quashed, and to get the land revenues decreased. Taking note of these protests, the jagirdars of Mewar had called on a British political agent to suppress the mutiny. Pande noted that 1,500 Bhils got shot in 1908. In 1921, the tribals and peasants united under the leadership of Motilal Tejawat in the struggle against "forced labour, petty taxes, the disparity in taxes, high taxes and the tyrannical ways of the jagirdars". Tejawat's thoughts drew followers from the Bhils and Girasias of the Danta, Idar, Palanpur and Sirohi regions of Gujarat; and he "became a notorious offender against the state".

Demographics
The Bhils are inhabitants of Dhar, Jhabua, Khargone and Ratlam districts of Madhya Pradesh. Bhilai (Bhil= Tribe, Aai= Came, meaning Bhils came), a city in Durg district of Chhattisgarh is named after this. A large number of Bhils live in the neighbouring states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. In Bengal, the Bauris represent the Bhil tribe. They constitute the largest tribe of India. According to Victoria R. Williams, the Bhils are India's "most widely dispersed tribal group". A small population of Bhils also resides in Pakistan's Sindh province, who are known as the Sindhi Bhils.

Present circumstances
The Bhil are classified as a Scheduled Tribe in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tripura under the Indian government's reservation program of positive discrimination.

Subdivisions
The Bhil are divided into a number of endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have a number of clans and lineages. In Rajasthan, they exist as Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhil, Barda, Warli, Bagdi, Dhodia, Bhillava or Billava, Barela, Khotil, Dangchai, Dangehi, Nirdhi Bhil, Gamit, Rawal Bhil, Tadvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bauris, Bhilala, Rathwa, Pawra, Barda, Warli, Nayak, Nahals, Mathvadi, Dorepis, Dhanka, Vasava and Vasave.

Language
The language commonly spoken by Bhils throughout their geographic distribution is Bhili. Bhili has about up to 36 identified dialects and pronunciation differs by region. Bhili is based on Gujarati, but dialects of Bhili gradually merge into more widely spoken languages such as Marathi in the southeast and Rajasthani in the northwest. Around 10 million people recorded themselves as speaking a Bhili dialect in the census.

Estimates of individuals speaking the language are often inaccurate as speakers of minor languages like Bhili have sometimes been treated as having major languages (such as Marathi or Gujarati) as their mother tongue.

The Bhils in Sindh speak Sindhi Bhili and Dhatki.

Culture
Bhils have a rich and unique culture. The Bhilala sub-division is known for its Pithora painting. Ghoomar is a traditional folk dance of the Bhil tribe. Ghoomar is the symbol of womanhood. Young girls take part in this dance and declare that they are stepping into the shoes of women.

Art
Bhil painting is characterised by the use of multi-coloured dots as in-filling. Bhuri Bai was the first Bhil artist to paint using readymade colours and paper. Other known Bhil artists include Lado Bai, Sher Singh, Ram Singh and Dubu Bariya.

Cuisine
Main foods of Bhils are maize, onion, garlic and chili which they cultivate in their small fields. They collect fruits and vegetables from the local forests. Wheat and rice are used at time of festivals and other special occasions only. They keep self-made bows and arrows, swords, knives, axes etc. with them as weapons for self-defense and hunting the wild fauna which also form the major part of their diet. They profusely use alcohol distilled by them from the flower of Mahua (Madhuca longifolia). On festive occasions, various special preparation from the dish rich, i.e. maize, wheat, barley, malt and rice. Bhils are traditionally non-vegetarian.

Dress
The traditional dresses of men are the Pagri, Angarkha, Dhoti and Gamchha. Traditionally women wear Sari and Ghagra Choli. There are many traditional ornaments of Bhils. Men wear Kada, Bajuband, Chain, ear rings, Kardhani. Women wear variety of ornaments such as hansli (ring) Zele-zumke, earring in Bhil language, narniyan (bangle), nathni (nose-jewel) etc. Tattooing is traditional custom among them. Women folks do tattooing generally before marriage.

Faith and worship
Every village has its own local deity (Gramdev) and families too have their Jatidev, Kuldev and Kuldevi (house hold deity) which is symbolised by stones. 'Bhati dev' and 'Bhilat dev' are their serpent-god. 'Baba dev' is their village god. Karkulia dev is their crop god, Gopal dev is their pastoral god, Bag dev is their Lion god, Bhairav dev is their dog god. Some of their other gods are Indel dev, Bada dev, Mahadevel, Tejaji, Lotha mai, Techma, Orka Chichma and Kajal dev.

They have extreme and staunch faith in superstitious beliefs and Bhopas for their physical, mental and psychological treatments.

 * Bhensasaur - Bhil people worship buffalo as Bhensasaur

According to Victoria R. Williams, the Bhils "identify largely as Hindu". The Dang Bhils follow Christianity, and the Nirdhi and Tadivi Bhils follow Islam. A number of other Bhils follow Sonatan (Sanskrit: Sanatan) which is their "own religion". Williams states that Sonatan "blends Hindu beliefs and animistic philosophies".

Festivals
There are a number of festivals, viz. Rakhi, Navratri, Dashera, Diwali, Holi which are celebrated by the Bhils. They also celebrate some traditional festivals viz. Akhatij, Navmi, Howan Mata ki Chalavani, Sawan Mata ki jatar, Diwasa, Nawai, Bhagoria, Gal, Gar, Dhobi, Sanja, Indel, Doha etc. with ceremonious zeal and enthusiasm.

During some festivals there are a number of tribal fairs held at different places of districts. Navratri mela, Bhagoria mela (during Holi festival) etc. Bhil community of Udaipur celebrate Gavari festival each year after Holi.

Communal dance and festivities
The chief means of their recreation is folk songs and dances. Women dance at birth celebrations, marriage functions and on a few festivals in traditional Bhili style accompanied by a drum beat. Their dances include the Lathi (staff) dance, Dhol dance, marriage dance, Holi dance, Battle dance, Bhagoria dance, Deepawal dance, Sajoni dance and hunting dance. Musical instruments include the Harmonium, Sarangi, Kundi, Bansuri, Apang, Khajria, Tabla, Jhanjh, Mandal and Thali. They are usually made from local products.

Local political structure
Traditional each Bhil village is led by a headman (gameti). The gameti has authority and decision-making powers over most local disputes or issues.

Bhil Pradesh Demand
There has been a demand for the establishment of a separate state of Bhil Pradesh by combining the tribal-dominated parts of Gujarat and neighbouring states Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. In 2014, when the Telangana state was formed, it reignited hopes of statehood again. In 2023, Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) MLA leader Chaitar Vasava raised demand for separate state of Bhil Pradesh.

Artist

 * Bhuri Bai, Artist
 * Lado Bai, Artist

Freedom fighter

 * Tantia Bhīl, freedom fighter
 * Bhima Nayak, Freedom fighter

Politician

 * Chhotubhai Vasava, Politician
 * Rajkumar Roat, Politician

Players

 * Nitin Bhille - Cricket player
 * Dinesh Bhil - Archer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bhil


text: User talk:61.2.33.221

title: User talk:61.2.33.221


text: User talk:203.199.211.113

title: User talk:203.199.211.113


text:
User:Earl Andrew/provincial electoral districts

Municipal wards of Ontario

 * Ajax
 * 1, 2, 3, 4
 * Bracebridge
 * Bracebridge
 * Monck/Muskoka
 * Macaulay
 * Draper
 * Oakley
 * Brant
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 * Brock
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 * Burlington
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
 * Chatham-Kent
 * West Kent (2)
 * South Kent (3)
 * East Kent (2)
 * North Kent (2)
 * Wallaceburg (2)
 * Chatham (6)
 * Clarington
 * 1, 2, 3, 4
 * Fort Erie
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
 * Georgian Bay
 * 1, 2, 3
 * Gravenhurst
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 * Greater Sudbury
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
 * Haldimand County
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
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 * 1, 2, 3, 4
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 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
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 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
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 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
 * Muskoka Lakes
 * A, B, C
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 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 * Oakville
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
 * Oshawa
 * At Large (10)
 * Ottawa
 * See Ottawa City Council
 * Pickering
 * 1, 2, 3
 * Prince Edward
 * Picton
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 * Ameliasburgh
 * Athol
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 * Hillier
 * North Marysburgh
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 * Sophiasburgh
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 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 * Toronto
 * See Toronto City Council
 * Uxbridge
 * 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 * Whitby
 * North
 * West
 * Centre
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Alberta

 * Airdrie-Chestermere
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 * Edmonton-Ellerslie
 * Edmonton-Glenora
 * Edmonton-Gold Bar
 * Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood
 * Edmonton-Manning
 * Edmonton-McClung
 * Edmonton-Meadowlark
 * Edmonton-Mill Creek
 * Edmonton-Mill Woods
 * Edmonton-Riverview
 * Edmonton-Rutherford
 * Edmonton-Strathcona
 * Edmonton-Whitemud
 * Foothills-Rocky View
 * Fort McMurray-Wood Buffalo
 * Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville
 * Grande Prairie-Smoky
 * Grande Prairie-Wapiti
 * Highwood
 * Innisfail-Sylvan Lake
 * Lac La Biche-St. Paul
 * Lacombe-Ponoka
 * Leduc-Beaumont-Devon
 * Lesser Slave Lake
 * Lethbridge-East
 * Lethbridge-West
 * Little Bow
 * Livingstone-Macleod
 * Medicine Hat
 * Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills
 * Peace River
 * Red Deer-North
 * Red Deer-South
 * Rocky Mountain House
 * Sherwood Park
 * Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert
 * St. Albert
 * Stony Plain
 * Strathcona
 * Strathmore-Brooks
 * Vermilion-Lloydminster
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose
 * West Yellowhead
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne

British Columbia

 * Abbotsford-Clayburn
 * Abbotsford-Mount Lenham
 * Alberni-Qualicum
 * Bulkley Valley-Stikine
 * Burnaby-Edmonds
 * Burnaby North
 * Burnaby-Willingdon
 * Burquitlam
 * Cariboo North
 * Cariboo South
 * Chilliwack-Kent
 * Chilliwack-Sumas
 * Columbia River-Revelstoke
 * Comox Valley
 * Coquitlam-Maillardville
 * Cowichan-Ladysmith
 * Delta North
 * Delta South
 * East Kootenay
 * Esquimalt-Metchosin
 * Fort Langley-Aldergrove
 * Kamloops
 * Kamloops-North Thompson
 * Kelowna-Lake Country
 * Kelowna-Mission
 * Langley
 * Malahat-Juan de Fuca
 * Maple Ridge-Mission
 * Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows
 * Nanaimo
 * Nanaimo-Parksville
 * Nelson-Creston
 * New Westminster
 * North Coast
 * North Island
 * North Vancouver-Lonsdale
 * North Vancouver-Seymour
 * Oak Bay-Gordon Head
 * Okanagan-Vernon
 * Okanagan-Westside
 * Peace River North
 * Peace River South
 * Penticton-Okanagan Valley
 * Port Coquitlam-Burke Mountain
 * Port Moody-Westwood
 * Powell River-Sunshine Coast
 * Prince George-Mount Robson
 * Prince George North
 * Prince George-Omineca
 * Richmond Centre
 * Richmond East
 * Richmond-Stevenson
 * Saanich North and the Islands
 * Saanich South
 * Shuswap
 * Skeena
 * Surrey-Cloverdale
 * Surrey-Green Timbers
 * Surrey-Panorama Ridge
 * Surrey-Tynehead
 * Surrey Whalley
 * Surrey-White Rock
 * Vancouver-Burrard
 * Vancouver-Fairview
 * Vancouver-Fraserview
 * Vancouver-Hastings
 * Vancouver-Kensington
 * Vancouver-Kingsway
 * Vancouver-Langara
 * Vancouver-Mount Pleasant
 * Vancouver-Point Grey
 * Vancouver-Quilchena
 * Victoria-Beacon Hill
 * Victoria-Hillside
 * West Kootenay-Boundary
 * West Vancouver-Capilano
 * West Vancouver-Garibaldi
 * Yale-Lillooet

Manitoba

 * Arthur-Virden
 * Assiniboia
 * Brandon East
 * Brandon West
 * Burrows
 * Carman
 * Charleswood
 * Concordia
 * Dauphin-Roblin
 * Elmwood
 * Emerson
 * Flin Flon
 * Fort Garry
 * Fort Rouge
 * Fort Whyte
 * Gimli
 * Inkster
 * Interlake
 * Kirkfield Park
 * Lac Du Bonnet
 * Lakeside
 * La Verendrye
 * Lord Roberts
 * Kildonan
 * Minnedosa
 * Minto
 * Morris
 * Pembina
 * Point Douglas
 * Portage La Prairie
 * Radisson
 * Riel
 * River East
 * River Heights
 * Rossmere
 * Rupertsland
 * Russell
 * Seine River
 * Selkirk
 * Southdale
 * Springfield
 * St. Boniface
 * Steinbach
 * Ste. Rose
 * St. James
 * St. Johns
 * St. Norbert
 * St. Vital
 * Swan River
 * The Maples
 * The Pas
 * Thompson
 * Transcona
 * Turtle Mountain
 * Tuxedo
 * Wellington
 * Wolseley

New Brunswick

 * Albert
 * Bathurst
 * Campbellton
 * Caraquet
 * Carleton
 * Centre-Péninsule
 * Charlotte
 * Dalhousie-Restigouche East
 * Dieppe-Memramcook
 * Edmundston
 * Fredericton North
 * Fredericton-Fort Nashwaak
 * Fredericton South
 * Fundy Isles
 * Grand Bay-Westfield
 * Grand Falls Region
 * Grand Lake
 * Hampton-Belleisle
 * Kennebecasis
 * Kent
 * Kent South
 * Kings East
 * Lamèque-Shippagan-Miscou
 * Mactaquac
 * Madawaska-la-Vallée
 * Madawaska-les-Lacs
 * Miramichi Bay
 * Miramichi-Bay du Vin
 * Miramichi Centre
 * Moncton Crescent
 * Moncton East
 * Moncton North
 * Moncton South
 * Nepisiguit
 * New Maryland
 * Nigadoo-Chaleur
 * Oromocto-Gagetown
 * Petitcodiac
 * Restigouche West
 * Riverview
 * Rogersville-Kouchibouguac
 * Saint John Champlain
 * Saint John-Fundy
 * Saint John Harbour
 * Saint John-Kings
 * Saint John Lancaster
 * Saint John Portland
 * Shediac-Cap-Pélé
 * Southwest Miramichi
 * Tantramar
 * Tracadie-Sheila
 * Victoria-Tobique
 * Western Charlotte
 * Woodstock
 * York

Newfoundland and Labrador

 * Baie Verte
 * Bay of Islands
 * Bellevue
 * Bonavista North
 * Bonavista Sotuh
 * Burgo & La Poile
 * Burn-Placentia West
 * Cape St. Francis
 * Carbonear-Harbour Grace
 * Cartwright-L'Anse Au Clair
 * Conception Bay East & Bell Island
 * Conception Bay South
 * Exploits
 * Ferryland
 * Fortune Bay-Cape La Hune
 * Gander
 * Grand Bank
 * Grand Falls-Buchans
 * Harbour Main-Whitbourne
 * Humber West
 * Kilbride
 * Labrador West
 * Lake Melville
 * Lewisporte
 * Mount Pearl
 * Placentia & St. Mary's
 * Port au Port
 * Port de Grave
 * Signal Hill-Quidi Vidi
 * St. Barbe
 * St. George's-Stephenville East
 * St. John's Centre
 * St. John's East
 * St. John's North
 * St. John's South
 * St. John's West
 * Terra Nova
 * The Straits & White Bay North
 * Topsail
 * Torngat Mountains
 * Trinity-Bay De Verde
 * Trinity North
 * Twillingate & Fogo
 * Virginia Waters
 * Waterford Valley
 * Windsor-Springdale


text: User talk:12.202.201.185

title: User talk:12.202.201.185


text:
Tanith Belbin White

Tanith Jessica Louise Belbin White (born July 11, 1984) is a Canadian American ice dancer and Olympic program host for NBC Sports. Though born in Canada, she holds dual citizenship and has competed for the United States since she began skating with Benjamin Agosto in 1998. With Agosto, Belbin is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, four-time World medalist, three-time Four Continents champion (2004–2006), and five-time U.S. champion (2004–2008).

Personal life
Tanith Belbin was born in Kingston, Ontario, and raised in Kirkland, Quebec. In 1998, she moved to the Detroit area in the United States and received an immigrant worker visa in 2000. Due to immigration rules at the time, she did not receive a green card until July 2002 and would not have been granted U.S. citizenship until 2007. An amendment was passed which allowed Belbin to be sworn in as an American citizen on December 31, 2005. The amendment was authored by Senator Carl Levin who stated, "This amendment corrects an anomaly in the law that unfairly disadvantaged some people who had begun their naturalization process before 2002. Tanith Belbin began her naturalization process in 2000, but due to changes that were made to the law in 2002, the process has taken significantly longer than it would have if she had filed her paperwork 2 years later."

Belbin lived and trained in Canton, Michigan, for many years, before moving to Aston, Pennsylvania. After 2010, Belbin decided to move back to Michigan to attend Eastern Michigan University and be closer to friends and family, including then-boyfriend Charlie White. Belbin and White became engaged in June 2014 and were married on April 25, 2015. In 2017, their son was born.

Her father, Charles Belbin, is a public relations manager, while her mother, Michelle (née McKinlay) Belbin, is a former figure skater (who trained in St. John's, Newfoundland under Rolf Adomeit), coach, and costume designer. Michelle made some of Tanith's costumes.

Career
Tanith Belbin began skating when she was almost three and started ice dancing at about eight or nine. She competed both as a pair skater and ice dancer in Canada before deciding to concentrate completely on ice dancing. She was introduced to ice dancing by Paul Wirtz and competed with partner Liam Dougherty. Her pairs partner was Ben Barruco, with whom she placed 2nd at the novice level at the 1997 Canadian Championships. She did not compete with either partner internationally.

Partnership with Agosto
After a year without a partner in Canada, Belbin moved to Detroit in 1998, where she was partnered with Benjamin Agosto by their coach Igor Shpilband. In the 1999–2000 season, they won a pair of medals on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series and finished 4th at the JGP Final. They went on to win the U.S. junior national title and then took the bronze medal at the 2000 World Junior Championships. In 2000–2001, Belbin / Agosto competed again on the JGP series, taking gold in all three of their events including the Final. They appeared on the senior level at the 2001 U.S. Championships and won the silver medal, qualifying them for their first senior World Championships, where they finished 17th.

In 2001–2002, Belbin / Agosto made their senior Grand Prix debut and won another silver medal at the U.S. Championships, which would have qualified them for the 2002 Winter Olympics if Belbin had been an American citizen. Instead, Belbin and Agosto were sent to all the other ISU Championships for which they were eligible: Four Continents, Junior Worlds, and Worlds. They won the 2002 World Junior Championships, completing their set of medals from that event. Following that season, Agosto aged out of juniors.

Belbin / Agosto won the 2004 U.S. national title and would go on to repeat four times. At Nationals in 2005, the last year of the 6.0 system, Belbin / Agosto received straight perfect sixes for presentation in their free dance. Of the 30 6.0s given out in ice dance at U.S. Nationals, Belbin / Agosto have 14 of them. Their total 6.0 count at the U.S. Championships is second only to Michelle Kwan (38).

Belbin / Agosto won the silver medal at the 2005 World Championships.

Fans of Belbin / Agosto wrote letters and signed petitions asking for a special act of Congress to allow Belbin to become a citizen in time for her to compete at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where many believed they could win a medal. In addition, it was Belbin / Agosto who earned a third spot for the U.S. in the Olympic ice dancing event, by winning a medal at the 2005 World Championships, without which the U.S. would have had only two spots. However, the mother of fellow American ice dancer David Mitchell sent a letter to Senator Hillary Clinton, asking her to vote against it. She believed that it was unfair to bend the requirements for U.S. citizenship for Belbin, when other "aliens of extraordinary ability" were denied expedited citizenship. Ultimately, by a special act of Congress sponsored by Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) that passed on December 28, 2005, which President George W. Bush signed on December 31, 2005, Belbin became a naturalized citizen, allowing her to compete for the United States at the 2006 Winter Olympics.

In January 2006, Belbin / Agosto won their third consecutive national title and qualified for the Olympics. At the Turin Olympics, Belbin and Agosto won the silver medal in ice dancing, the first American ice dancers to win an Olympic medal in 30 years. They went on to win the bronze at Worlds.

Belbin / Agosto began the 2006–2007 season with a free dance called That's Entertainment but arrived at Nationals with a new program to the music of Amelie. They won gold at Nationals, the silver medal at Four Continents, and the bronze at Worlds.

In 2007–2008, they won gold medals at both Skate America and Cup of China which qualified them for the Grand Prix Final, where they took the silver medal. They won their 5th national title and then placed 4th at the 2008 Worlds after a fall by Belbin in the compulsory dance. Belbin / Agosto were regular cast members of the Champions on Ice tour from 2004 until COI went out of business following the 2007 season. They were guest stars on part of the 2008 Stars on Ice tour.

In April 2008, Belbin / Agosto left Igor Shpilband, who had coached them for their entire partnership, and began working with the married coaching team of Natalia Linichuk and Gennadi Karponosov at the IceWorks Skating Complex in Aston, Pennsylvania. In addition to teaching different technique, Linichuk advised Belbin to gain 10 pounds and develop some muscles in order to skate faster and more fluidly. This also gave Belbin more core strength to hold her positions better, thus making lifts easier for Agosto.

Belbin / Agosto began the 2008–2009 season at the 2008 Skate America and 2008 Cup of China, winning silver at both competitions. They withdrew from the 2008–2009 ISU Grand Prix Final after the original dance due to a back injury to Agosto. They withdrew from the 2009 U.S. Championships before the event began due to Agosto's injury. They were named to the team to the 2009 World Championships. At Worlds, they won the original dance and placed second in the compulsory and free dances to win the silver medal overall.

Belbin / Agosto won both their Grand Prix events in the 2009–10 season: the 2009 Cup of China and the 2009 Skate America. They withdrew from the Grand Prix Final for medical reasons. At the 2010 U.S. Championships, they were unable to reclaim their national title, finishing second behind Meryl Davis and Charlie White. Belbin and Agosto were nominated to represent the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics. They finished 4th in the Olympic ice dancing event. They did not compete at the 2010 World Championships.

On June 10, 2010, Belbin / Agosto announced their retirement from eligible skating. They have continued to skate together in ice shows.

On December 15, 2015, U.S. Figure Skating announced Belbin and Agosto would be members of the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame Class of 2016. The induction ceremony was held on January 22, 2016 at the 2016 U.S. Figure Skating Championships.

Post-competitive career
Belbin has worked as a commentator for ice dance competitions on Universal Sports Network, the ABC show Skating with the Stars, and for icenetwork.com. She has also worked as a commentator for four seasons of Curling Night in America, a NBCSN program that broadcasts a made-for-television curling competition.

In October 2011 Belbin competed as a pro on season 3 of Battle of the Blades paired with Boyd Devereaux; the pair placed 3rd in the competition.

Belbin also works as a choreographer.

Coaching career
In 2022, Belbin opened the Michigan Ice Dance Academy with Charlie White and Greg Zuerlein. Their current teams include:

 * Emily Bratti / Ian Somerville
 * Molly Cesanek / Yehor Yehorov
 * Caroline Green / Michael Parsons

Their former teams include:

 * Katarina Wolfkostin / Jeffrey Chen

Programs

(with Agosto)

Competitive highlights

(ice dancing with Agosto)

title: Tanith Belbin White


text: User talk:81.152.25.50

title: User talk:81.152.25.50


text:
Pat Martino

Pat Martino (born Patrick Carmen Azzara; August 25, 1944 – November 1, 2021) was an American jazz guitarist and composer. He has been cited as one of the greatest guitarists in jazz.

Biography
Martino was born Patrick Carmen Azzara in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, to father Carmen "Mickey" Azzara (d. 1990) and mother Jean (née Orlando, d. 1989). He was first exposed to jazz by his father, who sang in local clubs and briefly studied guitar. Pat studied with renowned jazz teacher Dennis Sandole, and in his studio met other of Sandole's students; among them, John Coltrane, James Moody, McCoy Tyner and others. Martino began playing professionally at the age of 15 after moving to New York City. He lived for a period with Les Paul and began playing at jazz clubs such as Smalls Paradise. He later moved into a suite in the President Hotel on 48th Street. He played at Smalls for six months of the year, and played summers at the Club Harlem in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

Martino played and recorded early in his career with Lloyd Price, Willis Jackson, and Eric Kloss. He also worked with jazz organists Charles Earland, Richard "Groove" Holmes, Jack McDuff, Don Patterson, Trudy Pitts, Jimmy Smith, Gene Ludwig, Ray Allen (Raymond Chenot) and Joey DeFrancesco.

In 1980, Martino suffered a hemorrhaged arteriovenous malformation that caused a "near-fatal seizure". The resulting surgery, which removed part of his brain, left him with amnesia and no recollection or knowledge of his career or how to play the instrument that made him successful. He said he came out of surgery with complete forgetfulness, and had to learn to focus on the present rather than the past or the possible future. He had to completely re-learn how to play.

He was subsequently chosen as Guitar Player of the Year in the Down Beat magazine Readers' Poll of 2004. In 2006, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab reissued his album East! on Ultradisc UHR SACD.

In 2017, he created a series of educational videos, A Study of the Opposites and How They Manifest on the Guitar.

Musical approach
Martino said, "There are elements within an instrument’s architecture that initiate a continuous source of valuable information. For the guitar, there are two. The first is the major third interval, and the second is the minor third interval. Once we view their repetitive information, they begin to appear as a series of automatic functions."

Martino's lines contain chromatic links outside any particular IIm7 chord that might be conceptualized over a chord progression, even in the examples he provides in his books and instructional videos. On his bulletin board he has stated that he formulated the system more as a way to explain his playing rather than as something to use to create music. In his own words, "Although the analysis of some of my recorded solos have been referred to as modal, personally I've never operated in that way. I've always depended upon my own melodic instinct, instead of scale-like formulas."

Personal life
Martino was married to Ayako Asahi Martino; they met in Tokyo, Japan in 1995. Due to a chronic respiratory disorder, he stopped performing in 2018. He died on November 1, 2021, at the age of 77.

Awards and honors

 * 1995 Mellon Jazz Festival dedicated in honor
 * 1996 Philadelphia Alliance Walk of Fame Award
 * 1997 National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences Songs from the Heart Award
 * 2002 Grammy Award nominations for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Live at Yoshi's, and Best Jazz Instrumental Solo on "All Blues"
 * 2002 National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences 2nd Annual Heroes Award
 * 2003 Grammy nominations for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Think Tank, and Best Jazz Instrumental Solo on "Africa"
 * 2004 Guitar Player of the Year, DownBeat Magazine's 2004 Readers' Poll
 * 2016 Pennsylvania State Senator Vincent Hughes and his wife Sheryl Lee Ralph-Hughes presented Pat Martino with the Jazz Legacy Award

As leader

 * El Hombre (Prestige, 1967)
 * Strings! (Prestige, 1967)
 * East! (Prestige, 1968)
 * Baiyina (The Clear Evidence) (Prestige, 1968)
 * Desperado (Prestige, 1970)
 * The Visit! (Cobblestone, 1972)
 * Pat Martino/Live! (Muse, 1974)
 * Consciousness (Muse, 1975)
 * Starbright (Warner Bros., 1976)
 * We'll Be Together Again (Muse, 1976)
 * Joyous Lake (Warner Bros., 1977)
 * Exit (Muse, 1977)
 * The Return (Muse, 1987)
 * Interchange (Muse, 1994)
 * The Maker (Paddle Wheel [Japan], 1995)
 * Nightwings (Muse, 1996)
 * All Sides Now (Blue Note, 1997)
 * Stone Blue (Blue Note, 1998)
 * Live at Yoshi's (Blue Note, 2001)
 * Think Tank (Blue Note, 2003)
 * Remember: A Tribute to Wes Montgomery (Blue Note, 2006)
 * Undeniable: Live at Blues Alley (HighNote, 2011)
 * Alone Together (HighNote, 2012)
 * Young Guns (HighNote, 2014)
 * Nexus (HighNote, 2015)
 * Formidable (HighNote, 2017)

As sideman
With Eric Alexander
 * The First Milestone (Milestone, 2000)
 * The Real Thing (HighNote, 2015)

With Willis Jackson
 * Grease 'n' Gravy (Prestige, 1963)
 * The Good Life (Prestige, 1963)
 * Jackson's Action! (Prestige, 1964)
 * Boss Shoutin' (Prestige, 1964)
 * More Gravy (Prestige, 1964)
 * Live! Action (Prestige, 1965)
 * Soul Night/Live! (Prestige, 1966)
 * Tell It... (Prestige, 1967)
 * Headed and Gutted (Muse, 1974)
 * Bar Wars Bar Wars (Muse, 1978)
 * Single Action (Muse, 1980)
 * Nothing Butt... (Muse, 1983)

With Eric Kloss
 * Introducing Eric Kloss (Prestige, 1965)
 * Life Force (Prestige, 1968)
 * Sky Shadows (Prestige, 1968)
 * Consciousness! (Prestige, 1970)
 * One, Two, Free (Muse, 1972)

With Jack McDuff
 * Walk on By (Prestige, 1966)
 * Hallelujah Time! (Prestige, 1967)
 * The Midnight Sun (Prestige, 1968)
 * Soul Circle (Prestige, 1968)
 * I Got a Woman (Prestige, 1969)
 * Steppin' Out (Prestige, 1969)

With Charles McPherson
 * From This Moment On! (Prestige, 1968)
 * Horizons (Prestige, 1969)

With Don Patterson
 * Holiday Soul (Prestige, 1965)
 * Four Dimensions (Prestige, 1967)
 * Boppin' & Burnin' (Prestige, 1968)
 * Opus De Don (Prestige, 1968)
 * Funk You! (Prestige, 1968)
 * Oh Happy Day (Prestige, 1969)
 * These Are Soulful Days (Muse, 1974)

With Trudy Pitts
 * Introducing the Fabulous Trudy Pitts (Prestige, 1967)
 * These Blues of Mine (Prestige, 1967)

With others
 * Peter Block, Ustad Habib Khan, Ilya Rayzman and Zakir Hussain, Fire Dance (Mythos, 1997)
 * Royce Campbell, Six by Six (Paddle Wheel [Japan], 1994)
 * Cyrus Chestnut, A Charlie Brown Christmas (Atlantic, 2000)
 * Stanley Clarke, Children of Forever (Polydor, 1973)
 * Joey DeFrancesco, Ballads and Blues (Concord, 2002)
 * Charles Earland Tribute Band, Keepers of the Flame (HighNote, 2002) with Joey DeFrancesco
 * Gil Goldstein, Randy Brecker, David Sanborn, Herbie Mann, John Patitucci, Disney Adventures in Jazz (Walt Disney [UK], 2001)
 * John Handy, New View (Columbia, 1967)
 * Jimmy Heath, The Time and the Place (Landmark, 1994)
 * Woody Herman, The Raven Speaks (Fantasy, 1972)
 * Richard "Groove" Holmes, Get Up & Get It! (Prestige, 1967)
 * Barry Miles, White Heat (Mainstream, 1971)
 * The Philadelphia Experiment (Rope-a-Dope, 2001)
 * Lee Ritenour, 6 String Theory (Concord, 2010)
 * Michael Sagmeister, Conversation (Acoustic Music, 2000)
 * Sonny Stitt, Night Letter (Prestige, 1969)

Other sources

 * Marshall, Wolf (Winter 1991) Pat Martino. Guitar Extra Volume 1 No. 4.
 * Marshall, Wolf (November 2005) Pat Martino: Legend, Treasure, Inspiration. Vintage Guitar Magazine.

title: Pat Martino


text:
Sean Kelly (cyclist)

John James 'Sean' Kelly (born 24 May 1956) is an Irish former professional road bicycle racer, one of the most successful road cyclists of the 1980s, and one of the finest Classics riders of all time. From becoming a professional in 1977 until his retirement in 1994, he won 193 professional races, including nine Monument Classics, Paris–Nice a record seven years consecutively and the first UCI Road World Cup in 1989. Kelly won one Grand Tour, the 1988 Vuelta a España, and four green jerseys in the Tour de France. He achieved multiple victories in the Giro di Lombardia, Milan–San Remo, Paris–Roubaix and Liège–Bastogne–Liège, as well as three runners-up placings in the only Monument he failed to win, the Tour of Flanders. Other victories include the Grand Prix des Nations and stage races, the Critérium International, Tour de Suisse, Tour of the Basque Country and Volta a Catalunya.

Kelly twice won bronze medals (1982, 1989) in the Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race and finished fifth in 1987, the year compatriot Stephen Roche won gold. When the FICP rankings became established in March 1984, Kelly was the first cyclist to be ranked World No.1, a position he held for a record five consecutive years. In the 1984 season, Kelly achieved 33 victories.

Early life and amateur career
Kelly is the second son of Jack (John) and Nellie Kelly, a farming family in Curraghduff, County Waterford. He was born at Belleville Maternity Home in Waterford City on 24 May 1956. He was named John James Kelly after his father and was referred to as "Sean" to avoid confusion at home. Seán is the Irish form of John.

For eight years he was educated at Crehana National School, County Waterford, to which he travelled with his older brother Joe. The journey from home in Curraghduff to Crehana School was approximately a-mile-and-a-half. Together, both he and Sean cycled to and from school. Joe later recollects: "I suppose we were like most young fellows at that age – walking was too dull." Official records from his days at Crehana National School confirm Kelly's satisfactory attendance. At school, he was exceedingly shy, unsure of himself and felt intellectually outclassed by other pupils in his class. As a result, Kelly retreated into almost total silence. His education ended aged only 13 when he left school to help on the farm at home after his father went to a hospital in Waterford with an ulcer. At 16, he began work as a bricklayer.

In September 1969, a delegation from the newly formed Carrick Wheelers Road Club visited the Christian Brothers Secondary School, where Joe was a student. In Joe's classroom, the representatives from the cycling club encouraged the pupils to join a recently formed schoolboy cycling league. Joe was fascinated. He joined the schoolboy league, began winning races, and joined the Carrick Wheelers Road Club as a new member. In the Kelly household, the pattern was for Joe to do something, and Sean would follow in his footsteps. And so it was, from humble beginnings, Sean soon joined Joe. On Tuesday, 4 August 1970, aged 14, Sean competed in his first race at Kennedy Terrace, Carrickbeg, County Tipperary, part of Carrick-on-Suir. The race was an eight-mile (12.87 km) handicap, which meant the weaker riders started first and the best last. Kelly set off three minutes before the backmarkers, which included his brother Joe. He was still three minutes ahead of the pursuers when the course turned for home after four miles (6.43 km) and more than three minutes in the lead when he crossed the finish line. In July 1972, aged 16, he won the National Junior Road Championships at Banbridge, County Down.

Kelly won the National Junior Road Championships again in 1973. He took a senior cycling license in 1974, passing up the opportunity to bid for a third consecutive National Junior Road title. In 1974, aged only 17, two months short of his eighteenth birthday, Kelly won the Shay Elliott Memorial Race. That season he participated in the Tour of Ireland and the Tour of Scotland and achieved ten victories as a senior competitor while still eligible to race as a junior. In 1975, Kelly successfully defended his title, winning the Shay Elliott Memorial Race for the second time. He won three stages of the 1975 Tour of Ireland and the mountains jersey. Kelly won stage 7 of the 1975 Tour of Britain, beating Swede Bernt Johansson and Polish rider Jan Trybala in a three-way sprint. Johansson became Olympic Road Race Champion in Montreal a year later. Kelly's exploits at the 1975 Tour of Britain caught the eye of a Londoner, John Morris, who had connections with amateur Velo Club Metz in Metz, France. Morris informed Metz of Kelly's potential. In August 1975, Alain Steinhoff, a member of the Metz club, travelled to the World Championships in Belgium, where Kelly was competing in the amateur road race. Steinhoff offered Kelly a place on the amateur team V. C Metz-Woippy. Kelly assured Steinhoff that he would consider the offer and promised to contact the club sometime during the following winter. Club Metz heard nothing from Kelly during the winter because his focus of attention shifted to competing in the Rapport Toer stage race in South Africa as preparation for the 1976 Olympic Games.

In late September 1975, Kelly and two other Irish riders, Pat and Kieron McQuaid went to South Africa to participate in the Rapport Toer stage race in preparation for the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada. Because of an international ban on athletes competing in South Africa, as a consequence of a protest against apartheid, the three Irish cyclists and two Scottish, John Curran and Henry Wilbraham, competed as a British team under false names. The squad were called "Mum for Men" and managed by Tommy Shardelow. When the Irish Cycling Federation received news of their escapades in South Africa, Kelly and the McQuaids incurred a seven-month suspension from racing, reduced after an appeal to six months. Kelly and the McQuaids returned to competitive racing at the end of April 1976.

After resuming racing, Kelly won the Tour of the North in Ulster, Ireland and the Cinturón a Mallorca in Mallorca, Spain. He also won one stage at the 1976 Tour of Britain and one at the 1976 Tour of Ireland. On 29 May 1976, Kelly, Pat and Kieron McQuaid, as a consequence of their participation in the Rapport Toer in South Africa, were barred from the 1976 Olympic Games by the International Olympic Committee. It's misinformation that the ban from the Olympics was for life.

With the dream of competing at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal now shattered, Kelly suddenly required an alternative plan for the rest of the summer to fill the gut-wrenching void. He cast his mind back to Velo Club Metz's interest in August 1975 and penned a short letter to them asking what they could offer. He received a swift reply, offering free accommodation, £25 per week and free replacements for cycling equipment impaired during races. Kelly accepted the proposition and travelled to Metz in mid-June 1976. Soon after arriving, his motivation grew when he learned Velo Club Metz had an arrangement that a rider would pocket four francs a kilometre for every race won. During the five months he spent with Velo Club Metz, Kelly was victorious in eighteen of the twenty-five races he started, including his most prestigious win, the Piccolo Giro di Lombardia in Italy.

Kelly's time with Velo Club Metz proved lucrative as he returned home to Ireland £800 richer. The money earned made cycling with Metz worthwhile. He told club officials he would return to V.C Metz-Woippy for the 1977 season. Not long after returning home, Kelly contacted Pat McQuaid, asking if he'd be interested in going to Metz with him. McQuaid immediately agreed to go. In early November 1976, Velo Club Metz flew Kelly and McQuaid to London. Metz sent a delegate to meet them there. With the assistance of the club representative and Londoner John Morris, proposals were accepted, which would cover the two Irish amateurs in Metz for the 1977 season. The bonus scheme offered was substantially better than what Kelly had acquired in his first season with Metz.

During Kelly's stint with Velo Club Metz in the 1976 season, an impressive stage win at the Tour de Haute-Marne in Northeastern France caught the attention of Jean-Pierre Douçot. Douçot, a former amateur cyclist, was a mechanic and talent scout in eastern France. Jean-Pierre informed Jean de Gribaldy, a directeur sportif from Besançon who was putting together a French squad for the Belgian professional team,, of Kelly's potential. Later, Kelly's win at the end of the season on 2 October 1976 in the Piccolo Giro di Lombardia left an indelible impression, which convinced de Gribaldy to act upon Douçot's earlier recommendation.

On 9 December 1976, a private jet was flown from Dole Airport, near Besançon and landed at Dublin Airport. Onboard was directeur sportif Jean de Gribaldy, pilot Bernard Dagot and a youthful French amateur cyclist, Noël Converset. Dagot, Chief Air Traffic Controller at Dole Airport, spoke fluent English and his linguistic skills earned him the role of an interpreter. Converset, Kelly's teammate at Metz, was taken to Ireland to identify Kelly and assist in the recruitment process. The three Frenchmen hired a taxi in Dublin to take them to Carrick-on-Suir. Upon arrival in Carrick-on-Suir, they were given directions to Kelly's home in rural Curraghduff. Arriving unexpectedly, Jack and Nellie Kelly greeted them. Sean, who wasn't at home, was out driving a tractor. The trio decided to drive out the Dungarvan road in the hope that they would discover Kelly on his trip back home in the tractor. Soon they encountered a tractor, driven by a young man, travelling towards them. De Gribaldy asked Converset, "Is that Kelly?" to which the uncertain Converset hesitantly answered. De Gribaldy ordered the driver to bring the taxi to a halt. Dagot emerged from the taxi hailing the tractor and asked the driver, "Are you Sean Kelly?" to which the response was, "Yes, I am Sean Kelly." Both parties agreed to go to Kelly's home in Curraghduff for negotiations. De Gribaldy offered Kelly an annual salary of £4000, which Kelly declined. Kelly consulted Pat McQuaid and Ireland's cycling team manager John Lackey for advice. A week later, de Gribaldy telephoned Kelly, at home in Ireland from Besançon. Kelly successfully negotiated a deal, asking for £6000 in the process, which Gribaldy agreed to. Kelly now had a professional contract with Flandria. Pat's brother Oliver replaced Kelly at Velo Club Metz.

Kelly travelled to France in late January 1977 and lived for two years at 18, Place de la Révolution (formerly, Place du Marché) in Besançon, de Gribaldy's home town. The apartment was above a bike shop owned by de Gribaldy. He shared with four teammates, Noël Converset, Marcel Tinazzi, René Bittinger and Dominique Sanders.

Early years
Flandria were a Belgian cycling team sponsored by a Belgian company Flandria, which manufactured bicycles, mopeds and scooters. Guillaume Driessens was the directeur sportif of the Flandria team, one of the world's best, with riders such as Freddy Maertens, Marc Demeyer and Michel Pollentier among their ranks. Flandria required a French squad to expand its commercial interests in France, so they hired Jean de Gribaldy to assemble and direct a new team. The French squad competed predominantly in smaller French races. The Belgian team based in Belgium contained the strongest and most experienced riders. Good performances meant promotion from de Gribaldy's French squad to the Belgian team.

On 7 February 1977, Kelly participated in his first race as a professional competitor, the first stage of the six-day stage race Étoile de Bessèges. He made an impressive debut, finishing tenth in the opening stage and third in the final overall general classification. On 19 February 1977, in the first stage of the Tour Méditerranéen, Kelly was denied his first professional victory. Without the benefit of a photo-finish, the judge at the finish line deemed Jan Raas the winner in a sprint finish, with Kelly given second place. Several years later, a photographer who had captured a photo at the finish line that day met Kelly in southern France, showing him the image which provided emphatic evidence that Kelly was the winner of the stage.

On 6 March 1977, in a six-man sprint finish, Kelly recorded his first win as a professional, the pro-am Grand Prix de Lugano in Switzerland. Kelly's early impressive displays caught the attention of Guillaume Driessens and the Belgian Flandria squad, resulting in Kelly being promoted and selected to compete with their team at the 1977 Paris–Nice as a domestique for Freddy Maertens. Maertens won the opening prologue and defended his leader's jersey throughout the entire race winning overall.

On 19 March 1977, Kelly participated in his first Monument Classic, the Milan–San Remo. On 11 May 1977, competing with the French squad, Kelly won the first stage of the Tour de Romandie in Switzerland and finished tenth overall in the final general classification. On 25 May 1977, Kelly won the French one-day race Circuit de l'Indre, outsprinting Eddy Merckx into second place. In October 1977, Kelly recorded his fourth win of the season, outsprinting Frenchman Serge Périn in the fourth stage of the Étoile des Espoirs.

Kelly stayed with de Gribaldy for 1978. In 1978, he started in the Tour de France, in which he also won a stage. Michel Pollentier was disqualified from the 1978 Tour de France after cheating a drugs test on the afternoon that he took the race lead. He left the team at the end of the season and started his own, with a new backer, Splendor. Both Maertens and Pollentier wanted Kelly. Pollentier and Splendor offered Kelly more and made him a team leader. Kelly and Pollentier often shared hotel rooms. But Splendor was new and logistic problems became obvious. The bikes were in poor state – enough that Splendor decided not to ride Paris–Roubaix – and the manager, Robert Lauwers, was replaced. Kelly rose above it and rode for himself.

Stage successes
By now Kelly had a reputation as a sprinter who could not win stage races, although he did finish fourth in the 1980 Vuelta a España. De Gribaldy employed him as unambiguous team leader, someone he believed could win stage races and not just stages. To this end, de Gribaldy encouraged Kelly to lose weight, convincing the latter that he could target the overall win at Paris–Nice: Kelly won the "Race to the Sun" and four of its stages. On the last of those, a time-trial to the Col d'Èze, he beat Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle and pushed him out of the lead. Years later Kelly admitted that his countryman Roche's emergence during his neo-pro season in 1981, during which he had also won Paris–Nice, was one of the factors which motivated him to adjust his focus to becoming more of an all-round rider. However, the spring classics season proved a disappointment, with Kelly's best result being a 12th place in Paris–Roubaix after suffering multiple punctures. Despite that, that season he went on to win another of objectives set by de Gribaldy: the points classification of the Tour de France, where he took five second places on flat stages before winning a reduced bunch sprint in Pau after climbing the Col d'Aubisque. His points total was nearly three times that of the points classification runner-up, the yellow jersey winner Bernard Hinault. He won bronze in the 1982 Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race in Goodwood, West Sussex, England, the first world medal for an Irish rider since Shay Elliott's silver in 1962. At the end of the year, Kelly married his girlfriend, Linda Grant, the daughter of a local cycling club official. Carrick-on-Suir named the town square "Sean Kelly Square" in tribute to his achievements in the 1982 Tour de France and his bronze medal at the 1982 World Championships. The following year, 1983, Kelly won Paris–Nice for the second time, the first of three Critérium International victories, his first Tour de Suisse and the points classification in the Tour de France for the second consecutive year. Kelly wore the yellow jersey in the 1983 Tour de France for one day, during the mountainous stage 10 from Pau to Bagnères-de-Luchon, which included the Pyrenean climbs, the Aubisque, Tourmalet, Aspin and Peyresourde. It was the only time he would wear the "maillot jaune" (yellow jersey) at the Tour.

Kelly confirmed his potential in autumn 1983. A leading group of 18 entered Como in the Giro di Lombardia after a battle over the Intelvi and Schignano passes. Kelly won the sprint to take his first Monument by the narrowest margin, less than half a wheel separating the first four, against cycling greats including Francesco Moser, Adri van der Poel, Hennie Kuiper and World Champion Greg LeMond.

Kelly dominated the following spring. He won Paris–Nice for the third successive time beating Roche as well as the Tour de France winner, Bernard Hinault who was returning after a knee injury. Kelly finished second in Milan–San Remo and the Tour of Flanders, but was unbeatable in Paris–Roubaix and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. The day after Paris–Roubaix, the French daily sports paper, L'Équipe, pictured Kelly cycling the cobbles with mud on his face and had the heading Insatiable Kelly! referring to his appetite for winning that spring. He won all three stages in the Critérium International: the bunch sprint on stage 1, a solo victory in the mountain stage and beating Roche in the final time trial. Kelly achieved 33 victories in 1984. He was becoming a contender in the Grand Tours, as seen by finishing fifth in the Tour de France. This may have caused him to lose his grip on the points classification in that year's Tour. Kelly was wearing it as the Tour was finishing on the Champs-Élysées but lost it in the bunch finish to the Belgian, Frank Hoste, who finished ahead of Kelly gaining points to take the jersey off Kelly's shoulders.

He won Paris–Nice in 1985, again beating Roche. He also took three stage wins at the Vuelta a España, but suffered a frustrating spring classics season, taking a third place at Paris–Roubaix and fourth at Liège–Bastogne–Liège, but losing out on wins through poor tactical decisions, such as at Milan–San Remo where he and rival Eric Vanderaerden marked each other out of contention. He won the points classification for the third time and finished fourth overall in the 1985 Tour de France, where his rivalry with Vanderaerden boiled over at the finish of the sixth stage in Reims: the latter veered to prevent Kelly from coming past in the final sprint, leading Kelly to push Vanderarden, and the Belgian pulling the Irishman's jersey in response. The race saw him battle for the last step on the GC podium with Stephen Roche: although Roche finished the Tour in third position overall, the duo's performances saw interest in the race expanding gradually in the Irish press. Kelly won the first Nissan International Classic beating Adri van der Poel. At the end of the season, he won the Giro di Lombardia.

He won Milan–San Remo in 1986 after winning Paris–Nice. In Milan–San Remo, Kelly was being marked closely by Vanderaerden in the closing stages of the race. Mario Beccia attacked on the race's final climb of the Poggio di San Remo and was followed by Greg LeMond. In order to shake Vanderaerden, Kelly feigned a mechanical problem before sprinting away to join the lead group, and drove hard on the front to prevent Niki Rüttimann, LeMond's team-mate, who had followed Kelly, from linking up with the front group: Kelly won the three-up sprint at the finish. He also took stage wins at the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana, Critérium International and Three Days of De Panne. He finished second in the Tour of Flanders and won Paris–Roubaix again. According to his autobiography Hunger, Kelly gave his support to Van der Poel in the latter's bid to win Flanders in exchange for the Dutchman's help in the French cobbled Classic. In Flanders, Kelly rode on the front of the leading four man group in the closing stages of the race, which also included Van der Poel, Jean-Philippe Vandenbrande and Steve Bauer: regarding the final sprint, Kelly wrote that "I started my sprint early, and I knew Van der Poel was probably in my wheel as well, but I certainly gave it 100 percent." After Flanders, he flew to Spain to race the Tour of the Basque Country, which he won, before flying north to compete in Paris–Roubaix. Roles were reversed as Kelly followed Van der Poel in latching onto an attack from Ferdi Van Den Haute on a late cobbled secteur to form another four-man group along with Rudy Dhaenens. Van Den Haute attacked again a kilometre from the race finish – which was located away from Roubaix Velodrome for the first time since 1943 – and once again Van der Poel led Kelly out in the sprint, enabling the latter to cross the line first. To date, Kelly is one of only four riders to win the double of Milan–San Remo and Paris–Roubaix in the same year, along with Cyrille van Hauwaert in 1908, John Degenkolb in 2015 and Mathieu van der Poel in 2023. Kelly was engaged in an intense racing schedule, even by contemporary standards, having competed 34 times from the beginning of the season to 1986. He later explained this as partly due to the influence of Jean de Gribaldy, who reasoned that he might as well race if he was going to have to train on his bike if he didn't compete, and because of new sponsor Kas, a Spanish soft drink manufacturer, who were primarily concerned with success in Spain, and uninterested in winning the Classics, meaning Kelly had to compete in both types of races. He finished on a podium in a Grand Tour for the first time when he finished third in the 1986 Vuelta a España, winning two stages along the way. As a result of serious injuries sustained in a crash during the final stage of the 1986 Tour de Suisse, in which he went over a wall on a descent, Kelly missed the 1986 Tour de France. He returned to Ireland and won the Nissan Classic again. His second win in the Nissan came after a duel with Steve Bauer, who took the yellow jersey after Kelly crashed numerous times. Kelly went into the final stage three seconds behind Bauer and took the jersey when he finished third on the stage and won bonus seconds. Kelly took more than 30 victories in total across the 1986 season.

Kelly won Paris–Nice in 1987 on the last day after Roche, the leader, punctured. Later, leading the Vuelta a España with three days to go, he retired with an extremely painful saddle sore. His bad luck continued in the Tour de France, retiring after fracturing his collarbone in a crash. After the 1987 Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race, in which he finished fifth behind Roche, Kelly returned to Ireland to win the Nissan Classic for the third consecutive time.

Kelly won his seventh consecutive Paris–Nice in the spring of 1988, a record. He won Gent–Wevelgem several weeks later.

Grand Tour success
Kelly returned in April to the 1988 Vuelta a España which started on the rugged mountainous island of Tenerife where his team struggled in the second stage, losing the influential rider Thomas Wegmüller to dysentery and losing further time in the time-trial around Las Palmas. However, on the Spanish mainland, Kelly concentrated on winning sprint time bonuses, battling with sprinter Manuel Jorge Domínguez, the teammate of leader, Laudelino Cubino.

After regaining a minute in four days, the race reached the mountains where Kelly relied on help from Robert Millar of team to stay within two minutes of Cubino after the mountain trial to Alto Oviedo. He then finished fourth behind stage-winner Fabio Parra and Anselmo Fuerte on stage 13 to the ski-station at Cerler, cutting a minute and a half into Cubino's lead. From this stage, Fuerte had moved into second overall and later took the jersey from Cubino on the 16th stage to Albacete when the leader got caught on the wrong side of a split caused by cross-winds.

Kelly maintained the gap between himself and Fuerte and started the time trial on the second last day 21 seconds behind. Confident that he could overhaul the leader, he "put it in a big gear and gave it everything." He took the leader's "maillot amarillo" (yellow jersey), beating Fuerte by almost two minutes. The following day Kelly won his only Grand Tour, over West German Raimund Dietzen and also won the points competition. After his Vuelta win Kelly returned to Carrick-on-Suir where a parade was held in his honour.

Twilight of his career
Kelly finished 46th overall in the 1988 Tour de France, just over an hour behind winner, Spaniard Pedro Delgado, and later admitted he was no longer a contender for overall victory. He finished third behind the German, Rolf Gölz, in the 1988 Nissan Classic. In 1989, Kelly switched to the Dutch team and stayed there for three years until the end of the 1991 season. He achieved his first major victory with PDM in 1989, winning the Liège–Bastogne–Liège for the second time. The same year he won the points classification in the Tour de France for the fourth time and the inaugural UCI Road World Cup championship. He won bronze in the sprint finish at the rainy 1989 Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race in Chambéry, France behind Dimitri Konyshev and winner Greg LeMond.

Kelly won the Tour de Suisse in 1990 for the second time. In March 1991, while competing in the Paris–Nice, he broke his right collarbone. During the 1991 Tour de France, the entire PDM team, including Kelly, abandoned the race, citing illness, which later became known as the "Intralipid Affair." In August 1991, Kelly abandoned his racing schedule to participate in the Tour of Galicia after his brother Joe was tragically killed in the Comeragh 100 near Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary. He came back to win his fourth Nissan Classic by four seconds over Sean Yates and went on to win the Giro di Lombardia at the end of the season.

Kelly won the Giro di Lombardia for a third time in 1991 but started 1992 regarded as past his prime. He moved to in 1992 and prepared for Milan–San Remo. Race favourite Moreno Argentin attacked from the leading group on the final climb, the Poggio. He broke clear after several attempts and reached the top eight seconds before the rest. It seemed he was on his way to a solo victory as the peloton descended the Poggio, where Maurizio Fondriest led, marked by Argentin's teammate Rolf Sørensen. Kelly was behind these two in third position. Kelly attacked with three kilometres of descending left. Sorensen could not hold his acceleration and Kelly got away. He caught Argentin with a kilometre to go. Both stalled, the chasers closing fast, Argentin gesturing to Kelly to take the front. Kelly stayed on Argentin's wheel. The two moved again, preparing for a sprint; Kelly launched himself and in the final 200m came past Argentin to win his final Classic.

Kelly's first appearance and sole participation in the Giro d'Italia was in 1992. His team, Lotus–Festina, was offered a wild card entry under the condition that Kelly was included in their starting team. He pulled out of the race after stage 16 from Palazzolo sull’Oglio to Sondrio, later admitting his intention of not completing the Giro and his agreement with his directeur sportif that he would withdraw at some stage.

In 1992, Kelly travelled to Colombia for the Clásico RCN, where he won the second stage. His former PDM teammate, Martin Earley, pushed him into second place at the 1994 Irish National Road Championships.

Kelly's last year as a professional was 1994, when he rode for Catavana. He returned to Carrick-on-Suir at the end of the season to ride the annual Hamper race. That was Kelly's last race as a professional. Eddy Merckx, Laurent Fignon, Bernard Hinault, Roger De Vlaeminck, Claude Criquielion, Stephen Roche, Martin Earley, Acácio da Silva and Paul Kimmage were among 1,200 cyclists present. The President of Ireland, Mary Robinson, attended a civic presentation to Kelly the day before the race. Kelly won in a sprint against Roche. Kelly won this race again six years later.

Legacy and riding style
Kelly's career spanned the eras of several legends of the Tour de France, from Eddy Merckx through to Miguel Induráin. His first Tour was also the first for Bernard Hinault and the two battled in the sprint of stage 15. Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon emerged in the early eighties and challenged Kelly in the Classics as well as in the Tour, and Kelly witnessed the rise of Miguel Induráin and the early career of Lance Armstrong. Kelly's career coincided with Stephen Roche as well as Classics specialists including Francesco Moser, Claude Criquielion, Moreno Argentin and Eric Vanderaerden. Evidence of Kelly's dominance can be seen from his three victories in the season-long Super Prestige Pernod International competition (predecessor to the World Cup). Kelly competed throughout the season, from Paris–Nice in March to the Giro di Lombardia in October, winning both in 1983 and 1985.

While some sprinters remain sheltered in the peloton until the final few hundred metres, Kelly could instigate breaks and climb well, proving this by winning the Vuelta a España in 1988, as well as winning a stage of Paris–Nice on the climb of Mont Ventoux. His victories in Paris–Roubaix (1984, 1986) showed his ability in poor weather and on pavé sections, while he could stay with the climbing specialists in the mountains in the Tour de France. He was also a formidable descender, clocking a career top race speed of 124 km/h (77 mi/h), while descending from Col de Joux Plane to Morzine on stage 19 of the Tour in 1984. He finished fourth in the Tour in 1985 and won the points classification in 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1989, the first to win four times, a feat he repeated in the Vuelta a España. Kelly won five stages in the Tour de France and 16 in the Vuelta a España.

Kelly was also an outstanding time trialist. In the inaugural 1985 Nissan Classic, Kelly, wearing a skinsuit, racing a Vitus Plus Carbone road bike with drop handlebars and a rear Mavic disc wheel, produced a magnificent performance in the stage 3a, 21 km (13.04 mi) individual time trial from Carrick-on-Suir to Clonmel. His winning time of 24:09 was 49 seconds quicker than second-placed Stephen Roche. Kelly's winning average speed of 52.173 km/h (32.419 mi/h) was faster than any individual had ever accomplished in a time trial, further than 20 km. It took another four years to surpass this record when American Greg LeMond averaged 54.545 km/h (33.893 mi/h) in the historical 24.5 km (15.22 mi) individual time trial from Versailles to Paris at the 1989 Tour de France.

Doping
Kelly failed drug tests twice during his career. After the 1984 edition of Paris–Brussels, in which he had finished third, cycling authorities stated that a urine sample supplied by Kelly had tested positive for pemoline (Stimul), a result which was repeated with the testing of a B sample. The Royal Belgian Cycling League sentenced Kelly to a three-month suspended ban and a fine. Kelly denied taking any banned substances: in an interview at the time with David Walsh, he claimed that there were "irregularities at the testing centre that day ... the medical control at Paris-Brussels was very badly organised and lots of people were in the room who had no right to be there ... in all this confusion something must have gone wrong". In his autobiography Hunger, Kelly stated that Irish Cycling Federation official Karl McCarthy, who acted as a witness on Kelly's behalf at the second test as he was unable to attend due to racing commitments, told him that the B sample was "tiny" and below the amount required for the test. In his book Massacre à la chaîne: Révélations sur 30 ans de tricheries (Chain massacre: Revelations on 30 years of cheating), Kelly's former soigneur Willy Voet claimed that Kelly had been ill with bronchitis in the week before the race and had taken ephedrine to treat it: to avoid a positive test, Voet wrote that Kelly had carried a container in his shorts filled with urine supplied by one of the team's mechanics to doping control, and that the Stimul detected in the sample had been taken by the mechanic to help him stay awake while driving the team's truck.

Kelly's second positive test occurred at the 1988 Tour of the Basque Country, where he tested positive for codeine. Having finished fourth in the overall classification, he received a ten-minute penalty that dropped him down the order. Kelly explained this as being the result of a worsening cough he had developed during the race: he said that between the end of the final stage and attending doping control he took a swig from a bottle of cough medicine, to which he attributed the presence of codeine in his urine sample.

Post-cycling career
Kelly is a commentator for the English-language services of Eurosport where he has been described as the Rolls-Royce of commentators. He is known for giving great insight into races and typically commentates on all the big races including the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España.

He has established and is involved in the Sean Kelly Cycling Academy in Belgium. In 2006 he launched Ireland's first professional team, the team, composed of young Irish and Belgian riders based at the Sean Kelly Cycling Academy in Merchtem, Belgium. He has a cycling clothing company which supplies clubs and companies, and which also organises corporate cycling events in Ireland and throughout Europe. He rides long-distance charity cycling tours with Blazing Saddles, a charity raising money for the blind and partially sighted. Such tours have included a journey across America by bike in 2000. He also participates in charity cycling endurance events in Scotland (notably with the Braveheart Cycling Fund), England, France and Ireland. Sean Kelly regularly cycles with SportActive cycling holidays in Mallorca.

The inaugural Sean Kelly Tour of Waterford was held on 19 August 2007. Kelly was one of the 910 participants. The second was on 24 August 2008. Kelly was one of the 2,048. The 2009 Tour went ahead on 30 August 2009. It attracted over 3,400 participants. On 29 August 2010, 3708 cyclists took part in the Tour. In 2011 the attendance ballooned to over 8,000 over the two days and 10-50-90 and 160 km events. This ran annually until 2017. In 2018, the organisers of The Sean Kelly Tour of Waterford completed a review and decided not to run the event and to look at other cycling initiatives in and around Waterford.

Personality
Fellow pupils at Kelly's school [see above] felt Kelly fell silent because he felt intellectually outclassed.

The lack of words continued even after Kelly had proved himself one of the best racing cyclists of his era.

Coverage
Kelly is the subject of several books, including KELLY A Biography of Sean Kelly by David Walsh in 1986 and SEAN KELLY a man for all seasons by Sean Kelly and David Walsh in 1991.

Sean Kelly published his autobiography Hunger in 2013.

Awards
In December 1986, Sean Kelly won the RTÉ Sports Person of the Year Award. In December 2005, he received the Mick Doyle Golden Memory Award at the Canon Hayes National Sports Awards in Aherlow, County Tipperary. In November 2013, at Dublin City University, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy in recognition of his contribution to Irish sport. In November 2019, he received a lifetime achievement award at the Cycling Weekly Awards in London.

Major results
Sources:

 * Amateur
 * 1972
 * 1st MaillotIrlanda.PNG Road race, National Junior Road Championships

 * 1973
 * 1st MaillotIrlanda.PNG Road race, National Junior Road Championships

 * 1974
 * 1st Shay Elliott Memorial Race

 * 1975
 * Tour of Ireland
 * 1st Mountains classification
 * 1st Stages 5, 6 & 7
 * 1st Stage 7 Milk Race
 * 1st Shay Elliott Memorial Race
 * 8th Manx Trophy

 * 1976
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Cinturón a Mallorca
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall The Tour of the North
 * 1st Piccolo Giro di Lombardia
 * 1st Stage 6 Tour of Ireland
 * 1st Stage 6 Milk Race

 * Professional
 * 1977
 * 1st GP Lugano
 * 1st Circuit de l'Indre
 * Étoile des Espoirs
 * 1st Stage 4
 * 2nd Overall Ronde van Nederland
 * 3rd Overall Étoile de Bessèges
 * 3rd Omloop van het Houtland
 * 4th Circuit des Frontières
 * 10th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 * 9th Ronde van Midden-Zeeland
 * 10th Overall Tour de Romandie
 * 1st Stage 1

 * 1978
 * 1st Stage 6 Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 1a (TTT) & 1b Setmana Catalana de Ciclismo
 * 1st Stage 3 Tour Méditerranéen
 * 1st Stage 5a Étoile des Espoirs

 * 1979
 * Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stages 1 & 8a
 * 1st Grand Prix de Cannes
 * 9th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 10th Omloop Het Volk

 * 1980
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 1st Stage 2
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 19 & 21
 * 1st Stage 3a Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 1st Stage 4 Ronde van Nederland
 * 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 2nd De Brabantse Pijl
 * 2nd Tour du Haut Var
 * 3rd Amstel Gold Race
 * 3rd Omloop Het Volk
 * 3rd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 4th Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Sprints classification
 * 1st Stages 1, 2, 14, 17 & 19
 * 4th Milan–San Remo

 * 1981
 * 1st Stage 15 Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 2 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 1st Stage 5a Ronde van Nederland
 * 1st Stage 3 Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour of Luxembourg
 * 2nd Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 4th La Flèche Wallonne
 * 5th Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 6th Amstel Gold Race
 * 7th De Brabantse Pijl
 * 8th Tour of Flanders
 * 9th Züri–Metzgete

 * 1982
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stages 3, 5, 7a & 7b (ITT)
 * Étoile des Espoirs
 * 1st Stages 1 & 3
 * 1st Tour du Haut Var
 * 1st Stage 2 Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 * 1st Stage 3 Critérium International
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Intermediate Sprints classification
 * 1st Stage 12
 * 3rd Bronze medal blank.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 3rd Omloop Het Volk
 * 3rd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 3rd Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 4th Amstel Gold Race
 * 6th GP Ouest–France
 * 7th Overall Tour de l'Aude
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 8th La Flèche Wallonne
 * 10th Liège–Bastogne–Liège

 * 1983
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stages 3a, 4 & 7b (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Jersey black.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 3 & 5b (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Critérium International
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 1st Giro di Lombardia
 * 1st Grand Prix d'Isbergues
 * 1st Stage 4 Étoile des Espoirs
 * 1st Stage 2 Paris–Bourges
 * 2nd Overall Super Prestige Pernod International
 * 2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 2nd Giro del Piemonte
 * 5th Milan–San Remo
 * 6th Trofeo Baracchi
 * 7th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Intermediate Sprints classification
 * Held Jersey yellow.svg after Stage 9
 * 8th Road race, UCI Road World Championships

 * 1984
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stages 2 & 7b (ITT)
 * 1st MaillotVolta.png Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Mountains classification
 * 1st Stages 1, 4a, 4b & 7a (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of the Basque Country
 * 1st Stages 1, 3 & 5b (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Critérium International
 * 1st Stages 1, 2 & 3 (ITT)
 * 1st Overall Super Prestige Pernod International
 * 1st Criterium Stuttgart
 * 1st Criterium Bussières
 * 1st Criterium Elsloo
 * 1st Criterium Manchester
 * 1st Profronde van Almelo
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 1st Paris–Tours
 * 1st Paris–Bourges
 * 1st GP Ouest–France
 * 1st Grand Prix d'Aix-en-Provence
 * 1st Critérium des As
 * 1st Tour de Berne
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 2nd Milan–San Remo
 * 2nd Grand Prix des Nations
 * 3rd Grand Prix d'Isbergues
 * 3rd Eschborn–Frankfurt
 * 3rd Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 4th Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Jersey black.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 4th Overall Tour du Limousin
 * 1st Stages 1b, 2 & 4
 * 5th Overall Tour de France
 * 6th Trofeo Baracchi (with Stephen Roche)
 * 9th Overall La Méditerranéenne

 * 1985
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Nissan Classic
 * 1st Stages 1 & 3a (ITT)
 * Tour of the Basque Country
 * 1st Stages 3 & 5b (ITT)
 * 1st Overall Super Prestige Pernod International
 * 1st Giro di Lombardia
 * 1st Critérium des As
 * 1st Stage 3 Ronde van Nederland
 * 2nd Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 2nd Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 3rd Overall Critérium International
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 3rd Overall Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana
 * 1st Stage 5
 * 3rd Paris–Roubaix
 * 4th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 4th Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 4th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 6th Overall Tour of the Basque Country
 * 7th Milan–San Remo
 * 7th Gent–Wevelgem
 * 9th Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 2, 10 & 15

 * 1986
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 3 & 7b (ITT)
 * 1st MaillotVolta.png Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 7 (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of the Basque Country
 * 1st Stages 3, 5a & 5b (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Nissan Classic
 * Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana
 * 1st Stages 1 & 3
 * 1st Overall Super Prestige Pernod International
 * 1st Milan–San Remo
 * 1st Paris–Roubaix
 * 1st Grand Prix des Nations
 * 1st Critérium des As
 * 1st Stage 4a Vuelta a Aragón
 * 1st Stage 4 Tour du Limousin
 * 2nd Overall Critérium International
 * 1st Stages 1 & 3 (ITT)
 * 2nd Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 1st Stage 1b (ITT)
 * 2nd Overall Paris–Bourges
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 2nd Giro di Lombardia
 * 2nd GP Ouest–France
 * 2nd Brussels Cycling Classic
 * 3rd Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey white dots on red.svg Combination classification
 * 1st Stages 10 & 13
 * 5th La Flèche Wallonne
 * 5th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 6th Paris–Tours

 * 1987
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stage 3
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour of the Basque Country
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey polkadot.svg Mountains classification
 * 1st Stages 4 & 5b (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Critérium International
 * 1st Stages 2 & 3 (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Nissan Classic
 * Vuelta a España
 * 1st Stages 1 & 3
 * Held Jersey yellow.svg after Stages 1–4
 * 1st Stage 7 Vuelta Ciclista a la Communidad Valenciana
 * 2nd Overall Three Days of De Panne
 * 1st Stage 1b (ITT)
 * 2nd Overall Super Prestige Pernod International
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 3rd Dwars door België
 * 4th Milan–San Remo
 * 4th Brussels Cycling Classic
 * 4th Grand Prix des Nations
 * 5th Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Prologue & Stage 1
 * 5th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 10th GP Ouest–France

 * 1988
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey combinada2.svg Combination classification
 * 1st Stages 10 & 19 (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Stage 6b (ITT)
 * 1st Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 4b (ITT)
 * Tour du Limousin
 * 1st Stages 2b & 3
 * 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 * 1st Stage 4 Tour of the Basque Country
 * 2nd Tour du Haut Var
 * 2nd Grand Prix de Fourmies
 * 3rd Overall Kellogg's Tour
 * 3rd Paris–Tours
 * 4th Tour of Flanders
 * 5th Milan–San Remo
 * 5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 7th Omloop Het Volk

 * 1989
 * 1st Mens World Cup leaders jersey.png UCI Road World Cup
 * 1st Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 1st Stage 4 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 1st Jersey polkadot.svg Mountains classification Nissan Classic
 * 2nd Omloop Het Volk
 * 3rd Bronze medal blank.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 3rd Wincanton Classic
 * 3rd Trofeo Baracchi
 * 5th Milan–San Remo
 * 7th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
 * 7th Paris–Tours
 * 9th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Intermediate sprints classification

 * 1990
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Jersey black.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 4
 * 1st Grand Prix de la Libération (TTT)
 * 3rd UCI Road World Cup
 * 3rd Clásica de San Sebastián
 * 5th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 6th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
 * 8th Overall Critérium International
 * 8th Paris–Tours
 * 8th Trofeo Luis Puig
 * 9th Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 10th Overall Nissan Classic
 * 10th Giro di Lombardia

 * 1991
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Nissan Classic
 * 1st Giro di Lombardia
 * 4th Milano–Torino
 * 4th Trofeo Luis Puig
 * 9th Overall Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana

 * 1992
 * 1st Milan–San Remo
 * 1st Trofeo Luis Puig
 * 1st Stage 7 Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Stage 4 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana
 * 1st Stage 2 Clásico RCN
 * 4th Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne

 * 1993
 * 1st Criterium Ulvenhout
 * 4th Paris–Tours
 * 6th Paris–Bourges
 * 9th Amsterdam Derny Race

 * 1994
 * 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 * 4th Grand Prix de Wallonie
 * 6th Overall Tour d'Armorique
 * 10th Overall Route du Sud

Grand Tour and major stage race general classification results timeline
Sources:

Monuments results timeline
Sources:

Major championships results timeline
Sources:

title: Sean Kelly (cyclist)