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Talk:Irregular military

Use of "Smart on parade" in the British India section
I had to look this up and it took some searching to find out that the expression is related to "looking smart" which seems to be a primarily British expression. As a non-native speaker I think this should be changed to something that is simpler to understand as there are a lot of us using the English language wiki. 81.229.97.2 (talk) 18:31, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

Comments
My original sources focused on regulars and irregulars fighting alongside each other in times gone by. Notes on more modern uses have been added to this article. This is needed, but the article is a little disjointed now. If I have time, I’ll reorder it. --A D Monroe III 08:44, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've moved the historical use of irregulars into a separate section, and changed the tense of the rest to be current. I've also added some additional links.

I've also hinted that irregulars are more important than most historians recognize, for reasons stated in the article. This isn't based on any direct evidence, but more the lack of them. I've found battles with regulars on the winning side are well reported, while others are not. The size of enemy irregular forces often seems to be ridiculously high, while friendly irregular forces are usually only indirectly referenced. Only by taking all these ancient battle figures together have I seen this pattern of bias against irregulars.

Will others find this opinionated? I believe I've kept the tone open for interpretation, so hopefully not.

Anyway, I'm done for now. --A D Monroe III 21:34, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There's a possibility that what you've doing is sharing your own interpretation, which is contrary to the intent of Wikipedia; see: No original research. Our job as Wikipedians is not to disagree with or build upon the work of experts; our job is to accurately characterize expert opinion. The best way to do this is to cite your sources, which is something this article needs. Just something to keep in mind -- it's something I have to frequently remind myself as well. --Kevin Myers 01:42, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * That's why I noted my hint on the importance of irregulars in this discussion; I wondered if it this crosses the line as original research. I've found that people writing an article on "X" tend to be biased toward "X is important", and a little of that typically comes through in the article.  However, I understand, and even expect, that bias.  Based on that, I thought it was okay, but I understand if others feel this should be removed.

 * I'll try and find sources that agree with this. However, I've found only indirect refrences for this so far, hence the discussion.  As a last resort, I guess I have to get my findings published, though I have no idea on how to do that.

 * Doing Wikipedia right is a lot more work than I was led to believe. But I guess if newbies were warned of this, there wouldn't be any newbies.

 * A D Monroe III 16:08, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The term- uninformative?
This article seems well-written and NPOV, but the term "irregular military" just seems like an attempt to be overly politically correct. It just seems kind of bland and uninformative, and people rarely use it (and probably wont in the future either). Bonus Onus July 5, 2005 19:27 (UTC)

 * "Irregular" is a military term, not a political one. It dates back to the 19th century, before political correctness.  People used to use it, and it's still used in military science, so that's why it's here; not because people "should" use it now.

 * The political incorrect terms for "irregulars" are more colorful, so, yeah, this article is more bland than them. So be it.  Wikipedia's goal is not to entertain.

 * But, "uninformative"? That's the most serious criticism in Wikipedia.  Could you be more specific?  Is it missing some information you expected, or doesn't have enough background, or pictures, or just needs to be expanded?  Or do you mean that the whole subject isn't worthy of an article?

 * --A D Monroe III 02:39, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Irregulars had a specific legal defintion in the mid-19th century that defined them as legal combatants. When I wrote The UnCivil War, I based my definitions on several key ideas--legal defnitions, common military usage, and how the combatants defined themselves.  R. Mackey

I think the "other names" section was pretty good myself. Carefully written, good for them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.254.81.209 (talk) 05:04, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Guerrilla does not equal asymmetric warfare
In both the Guerrilla article and here, it's been said that guerrillas use asymmetric warfare. This isn't quite right. Asymmetric warfare applies to both sides of a war, not just the one with irregular forces. For example, what the US is doing in Iraq follows the doctrine of asymmetric warfare. Unless someone makes a counter-claim, I'm going to fix both articles. --A D Monroe III 02:16, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

18th century partisans
I've made a change to the definition of PARTISAN, adding in the fact that the term meant something substantially different in the 18th and 19th centuries than it did in the 20th century. Johann von Ewald's Treatise on Partisan Warfare (1789?) describes the use of 'partisan' forces in the American Revolution as adjuncts to the British forces. In the 19th century, 'partisan ranger' forces were organized as part of the Confederate States Army (the most famous of which was Mosby's Rangers).--Robert Mackey

 * You need to change Partisan (military) first, then reflect that change here. Subordinate articles can't overrule main ones.  --A D Monroe III 22:44, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Changes made in Partisan (military) to reflect proper use of term on this page. The partisan entry was only a stub that I have expanded.

Definition
What are the commonly cited features of a "standard" military that makes irregulars "non-standard"? Affiliation with a state? Assignment of rank? Marching in neat rows? -- Beland 03:18, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It's the affiliation with a state. I've now included that point in the introduction.  Thanks.  --A D Monroe III 01:28, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The Royal Navy is not affilliated to the government of the UK, but directly to the The Crown and the Crown is not a state. Philip Baird Shearer 00:08, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think a better definition of a "standard" military would be to use those of the Third Geneva Convention and the Hague Conventions.
 * It is not states but powers, which may be a state, or some other entity (like the Crown).
 * Also see Protocol IArt 47. Mercenaries, Oath of allegiance and all that THE TRIPARTITE AGREEMENT (TPA) 1947: The Mercenary Issue.

 * I am sure with a little work a better more precise definition can be found. Philip Baird Shearer 00:54, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * If I may inject, there are distinct legal definations as noted above that define regular and irregular military forces. There are references to 'irregular' war in the works of several 18th and 19th century military writers (von Ewald, Clausewitz, Jomini to name a few).  When I wrote 'The UnCivil War' I dedicated a substantial part of the introductory chapter to addressing the definitions of partisan/guerrilla/irregular warfare. Robert R. Mackey.

Don't remove regular army entries
Although they overlap, this article covers two main subjects: irregular military units and irregular military tactics. That means that some regular military units will be part of this article. Just because some unit uses irregular military tactics doesn't mean they are inferior to regular military. In fact, in the 18th century, regular military units trained in irregular military tactics were considered elite units, much like rangers or commandos today. --A D Monroe III 14:27, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

MILHIST assessment
Assessed as start. Needs attention to citation - all the current citations are in one paragraph. Although it wikilinks to articles on topics like asymetrical warfare and irregular warfare it doesn't really engage with the theories there. Monstrelet (talk) 08:15, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Serious rewrites?
I'm wondering whether the "Other names for irregular military formations" section is needed at all. Many of those aren't really irregular military formations, but some of them merit a list (like guerrillas, franc-tireurs and paramilitaries). If it's kept though, it needs a serious rewrite... Speculating about why someone might become a military irregular is certainly interesting, but it's not wikipedia's job to do so.

A few of them, however, simply have to go:

Revolutionary: Not every revolution is military and not all military revolutions are irregular. Essentially, yes, some revolutions employ irregular military tactics/strategies and units, but many don't.

Terrorist: Terrorism as a military action is a relatively recent (think: war on terrorism) concept. Also the description is off. Terrorists don't 'target civilians', they simply don't refrain from targeting civilians. Car-bombing a military base without endangering any civilians is still (often) an act of terrorism. Any way, Terrorism can also be performed by individuals or non-organised groups and can be performed for non-military objectives (in fact, it often is). Ecoterrorism, bombing abortion clinics and bombing places of worship are all acts of terrorism, but they're not irregular military actions. They may use irregular military tactics/strategies and unit, or they may not.

Insurgency: Insurgency is a sub-division of Revolution, specifically an armed one performed by a group not recognised as a belligerent by outside groups. Once again they may irregular military tactics/strategies and units, or they may not.

In essence as near as I can tell, these are on the list because of the Dog/Animal fallacy (All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs). As in: They're mentioned because these groups sometimes use irregular military tactics, but are mentioned in a way that suggest they use them as a matter of course. Mentioning they do is ok, but not in a list alongside Guerillas, Franc-Tireurs and Paramilitaries who are, by definition, irregular military structures. (Insurgents can be Guerillas, for instance).

Freedom Fighter and Unlawful Combatant do not deserve to be anywhere NEAR this page let alone on it. They're terms on the list simply because they're sometimes used for the three groups above. If we ARE going the route of adding everything an Irregular has ever been called I propose the following: Those Assholes: Irregulars are often called this by their opponents. Honey: This and other regional variations or similar terms are primarily used to describe Irregulars by their spouses. Oh my god, oh my god, they're coming!: Informal term for irregulars, referring specifically to situations where they outnumber Regular forces significantly.

More significantly, later sections of this page make such claims as:

Barbarians were irregular forces. No. First off Barbarian's a pejorative term for people outside one's civilization one considers uncivilized. You might as well say that many historical civilizations fell to 'those foreign assholes' (those assholes, as we know, being a term much more often used for irregulars). Secondly, while they might not have been Regulars by Roman standards, they were Regulars by their own nation's standards.

Napoleon invented conscription... Whut? (More charitably: Conscription was invented around Napoleon's time. Still... Whut?) While the modern -standard- for Conscription (that is: age of service, time of service, that sort of thing), the very first peace-time Conscription structure is Roman and the idea of Conscription in times of war dates back to around 4 Millenia ago.

All in all this page suffers from trying to be two completely seperate pages at once: A page detailing what an Irregular Military is and a page detailing what (people believe) an Irregular Military does.

In part, presumably, because a page detailing on what an Irregular Military is would a stub (containing one line: An Irregular Military is any military force not part of a Regular Military). Robrecht (talk) 03:00, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

American Civil War

 * Here is something that should not be over looked: Hiram Berdan started what became known as Berdan's sharpshooters that included the 1st and 2nd United States Sharpshooters. Not only was this considered Irregular military, they used special equipment, wore special uniforms, didn't carry bayonets so they couldn't be used as line infantry, and performed a special service. The 66th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Western Sharpshooters) would also certainly have to be considered "irregular", also having special uniforms, and these actually being more "specialized" than the 22nd Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry that was often assigned picket duty or even the 1st Regiment Michigan Volunteer Sharpshooters.
 * We would be remiss if the Whitworth Sharpshooters were not included and I am sure there are more. Otr500 (talk) 10:58, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Irregular military


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Pseudocertainty effect

In prospect theory, the pseudocertainty effect is the tendency for people to perceive an outcome as certain while it is actually uncertain in multi-stage decision making. The evaluation of the certainty of the outcome in a previous stage of decisions is disregarded when selecting an option in subsequent stages. Not to be confused with certainty effect, the pseudocertainty effect was discovered from an attempt at providing a normative use of decision theory for the certainty effect by relaxing the cancellation rule.

Background
The pseudocertainty effect was illustrated by Daniel Kahneman, who received the Nobel Prize in economics for his work on decision making and decision theory, in collaboration with Amos Tversky. The studies that they researched used real and hypothetical monetary gambles and were often used in undergraduate classrooms and laboratories. Kahneman and Tversky illustrated the pseudocertainty effect by the following examples.

Problem 1
Consider the following two stage game. In the first stage, there is a 75% chance to end the game without winning anything and a 25% chance to move into the second stage. If you reach the second stage, you have a choice between:

Which of the following options do you prefer?

 * A. a sure win of $30
 * B. 80% chance to win $45

Your choice must be made before the game starts, i.e., before the outcome of the first stage is known. Please indicate the option you prefer.

Problem 2
Which of the following options do you prefer?

 * C. 25% chance to win $30
 * D. 20% chance to win $45

Also, this time the participants had to make their choice before the game starts.

Significance
Each problem was answered by a different group of respondents. In problem 1, people preferred option A with a rate of 74% over option B with 26%, even though the expected return of option B is higher. In problem 2, people preferred option D with a rate of 58% over option C with a rate of 42%. However, the discrepancy between the answers were surprising because the two problems were designed to have identical outcomes. The choices in problem 2 were designed to be compressed forms of the choices from the two stages of problem 1.

(25% chance to move on x 100% = 25%) chance to win $30. The same $7.50 expected return in option A and option C.

(25% chance to move on x 80% = 20%) chance to win $45. The same $9.00 expected return in option B and option D.

Kahneman and Tversky referred to this incidence as a result of what they called the "pseudocertainty effect". They concluded that when people make choices at later stages of problems they often do not realize that uncertainty at an earlier stage will affect the final outcome. This was clearly observed in the two stage problem shown above in which the problem moved onto the second stage only if the condition of the first stage was met.

In the second problem, since individuals have no choice on options in the first stage, individuals tend to discard the first option when evaluating the overall probability of winning money, but just to consider the options in the second stage that individuals have a choice on. This is also known as cancellation, meaning that possible options are yielding to the same outcome thus ignoring decision process in that stage.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pseudocertainty effect


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MSTechTV

MSTechTV was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Wikipedia is not a rumour mill. --fvw *  08:45, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete might be correct, might not be. Let's come back to it when it airs. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 10:27, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete definitely is correct, as long as it's only a matter of vague "rumors going arund" [sic] the internet. (What rumors -- that it's going to exist? Boring.) The (non-)article doesn't even say if it's about Microsoft products, about computers, or about techie things in general. If the rumors become credible and interesting or at least newsworthy, maybe have an article. -- Hoary 11:05, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unattributed. If good attribution could be found, it might be a suitable redirect to Rumors of Microsoft releases or the like, but however substantiated I wouldn't expect this rumor to ever justify its own article. Currently no useful content; Write an article if and when there is some to add. Andrewa 17:11, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this vaporchannel. Wyss 00:00, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. utcursch 08:46, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:29, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The existence of a rumor might be verifiable, but is non-notable. The future existence of MSTechTV is not verifiable. The putative date is in the fairly near future; we can wait. Wikipedia is not Wikinews. In most cases, we should not have articles about things that do not yet exist. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 01:04, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "Today on MSTechTV: how to be really really cool. Firstly, subscribe to AOL..." and delete this for good measure. Alphax (talk) 04:55, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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M (1951 film)

M is a 1951 American film noir directed by Joseph Losey. It is a remake of Fritz Lang's 1931 German film of the same title about a child murderer. This version shifts the location of action from Berlin to Los Angeles and changes the killer's name from Hans Beckert to Martin W. Harrow. Both versions of M were produced by Seymour Nebenzal, whose son, Harold, was associate producer of the 1951 version.

The film was restored in 2015, with Harold Nebenzal as Executive Producer of the restoration.

Plot
Martin W. Harrow (David Wayne) is a compulsive child-murderer, and the public demands of the mayor and police that he be caught. The police start a crackdown on criminal operations, dive bars and hangouts in the city, hoping that the murderer will turn up in one of the many raids. This pressure is preventing the city's crime syndicate from doing business, and its boss, Marshall (Martin Gabel), organizes his forces to find and stop the murderer so that the police will stop the crackdown and Marshall can go back to business as usual. Meanwhile, Police Inspector Carney (Howard Da Silva) has a psychiatrist examining patients who have been released from mental hospitals as possible suspects.

At the same time that the police focus on Harrow, finding incriminating evidence—the shoes of the dead children—in his apartment, the criminals track him down with his intended next victim. They capture him, and place him on trial by his "peers" in the Los Angeles criminal underworld. Harrow makes an impassioned plea for his life, explaining that he is unable to stop himself from committing his unspeakable crimes. Just as he is about to be killed by the crowd, the police arrive to take him away, but not before Marshall has shot and killed his alcoholic lawyer, Dan Langley (Luther Adler).

Cast
Cast notes:
 * M marked the screen debut of Martin Gabel, an original member of Orson Welles' Mercury Theatre troupe.

Production
Producer Seymour Nebenzel's Nero Films produced the original 1931 version of M directed by Fritz Lang, and Nebenzal retained the rights when he fled Nazi Germany and began to make films in Hollywood, primarily "B" pictures for major studios and low-budget independents. Nebenzal decided in 1950 to remake M, reset to Los Angeles—perhaps inspired by the anti-Communist mass hysteria then predominant in the country—and approached Lang about directing it, but Lang was appalled and outraged by the idea of anyone remaking a film he considered to be his masterpiece. Nebenzal then approached another expatriate German film director, Douglas Sirk, who also turned him down. Joseph Losey, however, took on the job, despite his being under suspicion of being a Communist by the FBI and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Losey's casting included actors who were also under suspicion. Losey would later leave the U.S. and settle in the UK to make films there, notably his collaborations with writer Harold Pinter: The Servant (1963), Accident (1967) and The Go-Between (1971).

Robert Aldrich was Losey's assistant director on M.

Locations
The film was shot on location in downtown Los Angeles, including the now demolished Victorian neighborhood of Bunker Hill. David Wayne's character lived at an eccentric Victorian mansion on Bunker Hill Avenue known as the Max Heindel house because Heindel, a famous astrologer in the early 20th century, had once lived there. Some scenes were shot on and around the funicular Angels Flight on Third Street. The most spectacular footage occurs in a lengthy sequence shot inside the Bradbury Building on the southeast corner of Broadway and Third, a block east of Angels Flight. Losey used the basement, the distinctive stairways and balconies, and the roof of the building.

Reception
When the film was released, an anonymous reviewer at Variety wrote: "David Wayne, as the killer of small children, is effective and convincing. Luther Adler, as a drunken lawyer member of a gangster mob, turns in an outstanding performance, as do Martin Gabel, the gang-leader, and Howard da Silva and Steve Brodie as police officials ... Joseph Losey’s direction has captured the gruesome theme skilfully." Wayne in particular received good reviews.

Fritz Lang remarked that the release of the 1951 film earned his 1931 original the best reviews of his career.

Censorship
M was boycotted in some cities because of director Losey's political views.

The film was classified by Ohio film censors as unacceptable for public screenings. At the end of 1953, the film's producers appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, and in 1954, M was approved for exhibition in Ohio without any cuts.

title: M (1951 film)


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Barry Bishop (politician)

Barry Wilfred Bishop (born 31 August 1938) is a former Australian politician. He was the National Party member of the Victorian Legislative Council from October 1992 until November 2006, representing North Western Province.

Bishop was born and raised in the Swan Hill region, though he spent some time in Bendigo as a teenager. He spent the majority of his working life working as a primary producer, but became increasingly involved in the management of the industry as he grew older. This ultimately saw him serve terms as a member of key industry groups the Grain Elevators Board of Victoria (1979–1982) and the Australian Wheat Board (1982–1992). Bishop also worked in a variety of other roles, serving stints as Chairman of the Stored Grain Research Laboratory in Canberra, and as Director of the Bread Research Institute, and being involved with several Department of Agriculture Committees. In 1992, he was rewarded for his efforts in the area when the Australian Grains Institute awarded him the Miles Bourke Award for services to agriculture.

In addition to his work at state and national level, Bishop was also involved with farming issues in his own region for many years. He joined the National Party at a young age, and has been a delegate of the party's Ultima branch since 1962. He has also served in a variety of positions with the regional branch of the Victorian Farmers Federation.

Bishop, then based out of Mildura, entered state politics at the 1992 state election, winning preselection for the safe National seat of North Western Province in the Legislative Council. In his first term in office, he served on four committees - the Public Bodies Review Committee, the Environment and Natural Resources Committee and the Legislative Council's Printing and Standing Orders Committees. He was National Party Whip in the Legislative Council from 1996 to 1999.

The demise of the Kennett government saw a turbulent period for the party, as the coalition split at state level, with the National Party going its own way. This opened up a range of party positions, as the party now had to find people to fill the many portfolios that had been filled by its significantly larger coalition partner. When the party regrouped after the 2002 election, Bishop found himself in line for promotion, and he was subsequently appointed spokesperson for transport, roads, ports and commodities. He took on an additional committee post in 2003, joining the Road Safety Committee.

Bishop announced his intention to retire at the 2006 state election in April 2005, citing changes to the Legislative Council which would have forced him to contest preselection for an easily winnable seat in a larger electorate against fellow MLCs Bill Baxter and Damian Drum, as well as the desire to give a younger person the opportunity to represent his area.

title: Barry Bishop (politician)


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Talk:Keel (album)

Fair use rationale for Image:KeelKeel.jpg
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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 15:38, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Keel (album)


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Parkstad Limburg Stadion

The Parkstad Limburg Stadion (, Ripuarian: ) is a football stadium in Kerkrade, completed in 2000. With a present-day capacity of 19,979 seats, the stadium was officially opened on August 15, 2000, with a friendly between Roda JC and Real Zaragoza (2–2).

It is the home stadium of the football club Roda JC Kerkrade from the Netherlands. In 2005 the Parkstad Limburg Stadion was the hosting stadium for the opening match and the semi-finals of the FIFA World Youth Championship Netherlands 2005.

Records
Unofficial records:
 * The first played match was a friendly match between Roda JC and Real Zaragoza 2–2, 15 August 2000
 * The first goal was scored by Marcos Vales, Real Zaragoza
 * The first Roda JC goal was scored by Samir Ouindi

Official records:
 * The first official played match was an Eredivisie match between Roda JC and FC Twente 2–2
 * The first official goal was scored by Scott Booth
 * The first official Roda JC goal was scored by Yannis Anastasiou

Attendances:
 * Largest Crowd: 19.300 Roda JC – AC Milan 0–1 UEFA Cup, 21 February 2002
 * Lowest Crowd: 2.500 Roda JC – Fylkir 3–0 UEFA Cup, 11 September 2001

Trivia
On 15 January 2005, the South stand was named the Theo Pickée Stand as an honour to the Roda JC chairman, who died in December 2003.

Notable matches

 * Roda JC – AC Milan 0–1
 * Netherlands – Belgium 5-0

title: Parkstad Limburg Stadion


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Alan Budd

Sir Alan Peter Budd (16 November 1937 – 13 January 2023) was a British economist, who was a founding member of the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) in 1997.

Budd left the MPC in May 1999, and between August 1999 and 2008 was Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford.

Budd was temporarily head of Her Majesty's Government's Office for Budget Responsibility during 2010.

Education
Budd went to Oundle School, a public school in Northamptonshire, and then studied at the London School of Economics where he received a B.Sc. degree in economics. He subsequently went to the University of Oxford where he received an MA degree and a D.Phil. degree and to the University of Cambridge where he obtained a Ph.D. degree.

His academic posts included the University of Southampton, Carnegie-Mellon University, University of Pittsburgh (Ford foundation visiting professor), and the University of New South Wales (Reserve Bank of Australia visiting professor).

Economic positions
After various academic roles, he became senior economic advisor to HM Treasury between 1970 and 1974. Alan Budd was featured in Adam Curtis's 1992 documentary Pandora's Box, in which he was being interviewed about his time as economic advisor to the treasury.

From 1979 to 1981 he was Special Adviser at the Treasury in Margaret Thatcher's government. Reflecting on his position during this time, Budd expressed concerns that the policies that were implemented to allegedly reduce inflation might, in fact, have had a hidden agenda. In a documentary interview, Budd postulated that Thatcher's actual goal might have been to deliberately raise unemployment in order to reduce the strength of the working classes and re-create a reserve army of labour to allow capitalists to make high profits.

During the 1980s he was a professor of economics and director of the Centre for Economic Forecasting at the London Business School. Other appointments have included group economic adviser, Barclays Bank (1989–91), and membership of the advisory board for Research Councils (1990–91).

Between 1991 and 1997, he was chief economic adviser to the Treasury, and headed the government economic service.

Among his activities as an economist, he was a governor of the National Institute for Economic and Social Research; a founder member of the UK-Japan 21st Century Group; an executive editor of World Economics and a member of the editorial advisory board of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy. He was also a senior adviser to Credit Suisse First Boston and a consultant to the G8 Group. In 2005, he was appointed to the board of the IG Group, a spread betting firm founded by Stuart Wheeler.

Public profile
Budd was a member of the Independent Review Panel on the Future Funding of the BBC (1999), and chairman of the Gambling Review Body which produced the Gambling Review Report (2001). In 2004 he was asked to investigate the circumstances surrounding the issue of a visa to the nanny of Kimberly Quinn, the lover of David Blunkett, the then Home Secretary; Budd's report concluded that there was no evidence that Mr Blunkett had personally interfered in the visa application, but that he was "able to establish a chain of events linking Mr Blunkett to the change in the decision on [the] application." Blunkett resigned as home secretary after being told in advance of the report's findings.

Budd was elected Provost (1999–2008) of The Queen's College, Oxford University and later was an Honorary Fellow of the college.

In May 2010 he came out of retirement to be the interim Chairman of the Office for Budget Responsibility, set up by Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to assess the state of public finances and issue economic forecasts.

Budd described this as "the most exciting challenge of my professional life". In July 2010 it was announced that he would not continue in the role after his initial 3-month contract expired.

The Financial Times reported "His departure was expected and Budd had let it be known privately that he had never intended to serve as chairman of the OBR for anything other than a short period. His contract spanned the emergency Budget, leaving enough time thereafter to advise on the legislation needed to establish the OBR on a permanent basis."

Personal life and death
Budd married Susan Millott in 1964, and they had three sons. He died of a suspected heart attack on 13 January 2023, at the age of 85.

Honours
Budd was knighted in the 1997 New Year Honours. He was awarded an Honorary DSc degree by the University of Salford in 2008. He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to economic policy and the Office for Budget Responsibility.

title: Alan Budd


text:
User talk:Needmoredinosaur

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Afghan provinces
The accepted spelling in English language of Afghan provinces is to have the p in province lower case rather than upper case. Kingturtle 02:09, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ah, sorry. I was changing the capitalization mistakes listed in Typo/capitalization. I'll go back correct what I've changed. Thanks for notifying me. Needmoredinosaur 02:23, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Needmoredinosaur


text:
User talk:Popageorgio

Hello, Nick, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks very much for your message at User talk:63.85.132.5, I appreciate it. Btw, a little tip on signing: if you sign a message with four tildes, ~, it'll automagically convert to your personal signature plus timestamp.--[[User:Bishonen|Bishonen (talk)]] 08:48, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Screen scraping
Hi Nick! I saw your comments in Talk:Screen scraping, and tried to expand the article to give a better description about what screen scraping is all about. Is the new version of the article any more helpful to you, or does it still need more work? --DragonHawk 23:35, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your screen scraping edits; the new edition is more explanatory. --Nick Douglas 17:29, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. I'm glad to help.  --DragonHawk 23:45, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Julia Allison Birthdate
Please don't put her birthdate on her page. The BLP has stated that she doesn't want her birthdate on the page.  m ir a nd a   06:18, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Adventures in Odyssey Wikiproject
Hello, ,

I saw that you were have edited (or have an interest in) some Adventures in Odyssey-related articles. So I was wondering if you'd be interested in joining the Adventures in Odyssey WikiProject, which I am trying to get off the ground and moved into the Wikipedia namespace. I'm hoping to create and organize all notable articles related to AIO, and have other join me in this. As a member, I really hope you can join, and if you have any questions about the project you can ask at the project's talk page. Thanks! --  American Eagle ( talk ) 06:34, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Popageorgio


text:
Talk:Memory management unit

Untitled section
Nice article; thanks. Comments:

- You use 2^N, by which you probably mean exponent, but ^ means something different in many programming languages. To avoid possible confusion, I suggest actually saying 2N.

- The examples seem a bit esoteric. When explaining computer terms, the 68030 and Z280 aren't exactly household names. Is it a correct assumption that CPUs everybody has heard of these days (Pentium, Athlon, G4, G5, maybe SPARC or Alpha) all have built-in MMUs? What about embedded chips?

 * If you feel a change is needed, feel free to make it yourself! Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone — including you — can edit any article by clicking the edit this page tab at the top of the page. You don't even need to log in, although there are several reasons why you might want to.  Wikipedia convention is to be bold and not be afraid of making mistakes.  If you're not sure how editing works, have a look at How to edit a page, or try out the Sandbox to test your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome.   --fvw *  09:00, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

- Maybe it would make sense to mention that there is also an IOMMU used for DMA access in a virtualized environment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.216.86.238 (talk) 17:48, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

FS and GS
What are FS and GS? --Abdull 07:13, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

 * They are segment registers. -- intgr 07:28, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Memory Management Unit vs. Memory Controller
Is a Memory Management Unit the same thing as a Memory Controller? Or on a given motherboard can both be found? I'm wondering since there are wikipedia entries for both "Memory Controller" and "Memory Management Unit." Neither entry seems to reference the other. Firefly 15:51, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * They're completely different things, which is why neither entry references each other. The MMU attempts to translate a virtual address (the addresses of instructions and instruction operands are virtual addresses) to a physical address (addresses that actually refer to main memory); that attempt either fails with a page fault (which means there is no main memory for that address - a page frame in main memory needs to be allocated and the page's data needs to be read from backing store into that page frame), fails with a permission error (meaning that there is a page in main memory but the process isn't allowed to perform that type of instruction on it, e.g. a store in a read-only page), or succeeds.  If it succeeds, the physical address is handed to the cache hardware, which tells the memory controller to fetch the appropriate cache line, or, on a processor without caches, the physical address is handed directly to the memory controller. Guy Harris 18:08, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Perhaps they should reference each other to point out that they are distinct in function and to detail how they are different. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.117.108.144 (talk) 05:28, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Reorder the different examples of MMUs in chronological order?
I feel that the order of the MMU examples section is the order that they were added which does not make much sense. It implies that the Dec Alpha was the most significant MMU and the IBM 370 was the least significant. Would it make sense to reorder the different examples in chronological order? I think the order would be: IBM System/370 VAX Sun 1 MMU x86 DEC Alpha PowerPC x86-64 Any comments? Is this the correct chronological order? Is there a more logical order? I will do this in a week unless someone objects. Robert.harker (talk) 06:26, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Maybe it would be better to sort it from the simplest and most comprehensible -> the most complicated. This would me much more useful for a reader. --Kubanczyk (talk) 07:30, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Definitely. The Dec Alpha is very easy to understand; it should go first. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.43.244.114 (talk) 02:58, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Can you make a stab at creating this order? I feel the different sctions are of different levels of detail so I do not feel that depth of section is the same as MMU complexity. Chronological order is simple and better than the current order. If you have a better idea, I have no objection.Robert.harker (talk) 09:40, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Done --Kubanczyk (talk) 10:13, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Better order: start with a CPU that is really bland yet feature-complete, without a lot of strange stuff that OSes don't need. Nothing is easier than the DEC Alpha. It's just a simple traditional page table tree, nothing else. 208.118.18.233 (talk) 02:59, 27 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Is Alpha just a single level of tables? Most 32 bit systems use two levels of tables. IBM S/370 and XA/370 use segment and page tables, while VAX uses two levels of page tables (in different address spaces).  IBM z/Architecture for 64 bits uses a five level table, with special bypass until real memory gets bigger. Gah4 (talk) 06:19, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

 * "Alpha" isn't any single thing; the TLB is implemented in hardware, but page table walks are implemented in PALcode, to which page table misses trap. The page table tree format depends on which PALcode is running; there's OpenVMS PALcode, there's DEC OSF/1^W^WDigital UNIX^W^WTru64 UNIX PALcode, and Windows NT PALcode.  OpenVMS PALcode and Tru64 UNIX PALcode have a 3-level page table; Windows NT PALcode has a 1-level or 2-level page table.  I have the impression that, at some point, they may have added Linux PALcode rather than having Linux use the Tru64 UNIX PALcode. Guy Harris (talk) 07:23, 9 June 2017 (UTC)
 * In that case, it seems to me that the two level tables of S/370 or VAX would be simpler to describe. Gah4 (talk) 15:33, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

ThanksRobert.harker (talk) 10:20, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

uClinux without MMU
The uClinux wikipedia entry talks about uClinux as a derivative of Linux without an MMU. Perhaps some mention/discussion/reference to this would be useful in this MMU entry? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.63.73 (talk) 14:48, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure why it's worth mentioning, on the page for something, OSes that don't use the item in question. Guy Harris (talk) 19:14, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Then the CP/M would also be worth mentioning... It also used no MMU. :) — Dsimic (talk) 23:21, 15 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Strictly, that's wrong :-) CP/M-80 as shipped by DR didn't use an MMU, but other members of the family did: starting off with MP/M-80 and continuing to (in particular) versions of MDOS which provided a reasonable multitasking wrapper around standard DOS programs. Also there were various "clones": memory is cloudy, but I think some of these could page when running on things like the 64180 chip. MarkMLl (talk) 08:56, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Wow, that's great to know, thank you! As a side note, it's amazing how much effort went into a basically crippled program loader called DOS.  Even more, the effort is still there, a lot of people seem to be keeping alive Clipper- or dBase-based software. — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 02:21, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

B5000
Overall, a most excellent article: it's nice to see something looking at the "big picture" rather than focussing on PCs or on a single legacy architecture.

There's one detail about the discussion of the B5000 that troubles me, but I can't see an easy way of working it into the article without detracting from the overall point being made. The B5000, B5500 and B5700 had a separate set of "stream" instructions for operating on character data, while one of these was executing it stored absolute addresses which made it difficult to relocate/defragment memory and also there was very limited protection: they were exposed to even student programmers in the original Burroughs ALGOL and reportedly a mistake could wipe the entire content of system memory. On those systems, security and robustness came from the languages being used (i.e. extremely limited availability of assembler and pointers) and were further enforced by the fact that user-level languages couldn't generate code to e.g. access security information on disc. MarkMLl (talk) 08:56, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, the B5000 and B5500 are single task machines. I am not so sure about system memory, but in many machines of the time there was no "system memory".  I suspect that the machines you are thinking about are the 6500 and follow-ons.  There are some where memory protection depends on the compiler not to allow compiled programs to reference where they aren't supposed to, and that only programs produced by that compiler can be run.  (No downloading apps and running them.)   It was usual at the time (and still is) for Fortran not to bounds check arrays. It might be that B5000 ALGOL did do bounds checking. Gah4 (talk) 21:37, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Oh, the first and last times that I ran programs on the B5500 were in 1967, when I was nine years old. Gah4 (talk) 21:38, 8 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I think the MCP was multi-tasking from Day One, so, yeah, not as much purely-hardware security as some might like with the B5000 and its successors. I presume the 48 data bits/3 tag bits structure of the B6500 and successors closes that hole.
 * As for array bounds checking, array accesses were probably done in "word mode" through descriptors, so bounds checking would be done by the hardware. Guy Harris (talk) 21:27, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

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MIPS32 physical address space
"You have to distinguish between physical and virtual memory. The MIPS32 architecture supports implementations with up to 36 bits of physical address space, however the virtual address space in kernel and user mode is [32 bits]. One note: Many MIPS32 implementations choose not to implement all 36 PA bits, but limit themselves to 32 bits. This saves a few bits in the TLB and a few address lines."

Author: Hartvig Ekner (MIPS Denmark)

--Guy Macon (talk) 16:23, 3 September 2018 (UTC)

Unisys MCP Systems (Burroughs B5000) flagged for clarification
The only other aspect is performance – do MMU-based or non-MMU-based systems provide better performance? MCP systems may be implemented on top of standard hardware that does have an MMU (for example, a standard PC). Even if the system implementation uses the MMU in some way, this will not be at all visible at the MCP level.

This entire narrative strikes me as having been crafted to evade the performance implications, which probably became completely non-viable at some point in 1970s, as cycle times continued to shrink.

I was already playing around with hand-wired CPU boards in the 1970s. I'm pretty good with ancient history. However, I did not manage to follow this particular narrative in one pass. Mostly by brow furrowed due to the tenuous implications.

I might have decoded this a bit more with a second studious pass, but then I arrived at the question-mark sentence above, and I decided that this needed to be fixed far more than it needed to be comprehended by doubling down. — MaxEnt 16:13, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Levels of page tables
It seems that the article doesn't well discuss the multiple levels of tables commonly used. It mentions segmentation and paging, but again not so well. Processors like S/370 and VAX use two levels of tables, which S/370 calls segment and page tables. VAX has different memory regions, and calls them paging of page tables. This allows for reasonable sized tables in memory, along with the TLB to speed things up. With 64 bit addressing, systems are going to 5 levels. (At least IBM z/ systems use 5.) They then simplify things, so one really doesn't need to use all the levels, until memories get much bigger. Gah4 (talk) 11:47, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I.e.,
 * "The virtual page number may be directly used as an index into the page table or other mapping information, or it may be further divided, with bits at a given level used as an index into a table of lower-level tables into which bits at the next level down are used as an index, with two or more levels of indexing."
 * needs expansion?
 * Yes, VAX's three variable-length regions - two with fixed start addresses (P0, S) and one with a fixed end address (P1) - add an effective extra level to the page table, and the page tables for P0 and P1 living in virtual memory in S space adds another effective extra level. Guy Harris (talk) 19:22, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

These mapped only the upper 4 bits of the 20-bit address, and there was no equivalent of a limit, which was simply the lower 16-bits of the address and thus a fixed 64 kB.
It wasn't that long ago: These mapped only the upper 4 bits of the 20-bit address, and there was no equivalent of a limit, which was simply the lower 16-bits of the address and thus a fixed 64 kB. That isn't how segment registers work on the 8086 and 8088. Gah4 (talk) 05:24, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Memory management unit


text: Category:520 deaths

title: Category:520 deaths


text: Category:730 deaths

title: Category:730 deaths


text:
Talk:World in Action

Concerns
The article previously stated:

The first 7 Up programme was shown as part of World in Action in 1963...

I've corrected both the title and the year for consistency with the IMDB entry, which states that it's Seven Up! and it was released in 1964. (Both of these facts are corroborated in a recent The Onion AV review of the DVD set, except that the exclamation point is stripped from the title., though link will expire in a few days.) If someone could find a source that states that it was aired in 1963, then that would be much appreciated. --LostLeviathan 08:56, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Economic League
Am I right in thinking that it was World in Action that did an exposé of the Economic League and its' methods of blacklisting people? I remember a bizarre sequence where the journalists tried to confront a member of the organisation, which led to a chase on foot. Not too long afterwards, the organisation either wound up or changed its' name. Autarch 18:33, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was. See Economic League (United Kingdom). Rd232 talk 15:00, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

Article
This is a great article, about a programme from the days UK television was worth watching.

Other documentaries that could do with articles (or the articles expanding) are; The World About Us, Chronicle, Man Alive, Horizon, and Disappearing World.

A similar programme was The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau which could also do with expanding.

BTW, YouTube is a goldmine for finding long forgotten and obscure clips from the 1960/70s, so for anyone interested they can probably find clips of these programmes on there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.63.180 (talk) 20:54, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

 * A 1978 World in Action edition about Josef Mengele, narrated by Chris Kelly -  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.7.147.13 (talk) 17:20, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

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Lede too long
The entire article, to me, has a kind of smug tone, though that could probably only be altered as part of a wholesale rewrite. In my edits today I tried trimming the lede, which is perhaps where the problem was worst. However, given that I moved some of its text into the main body of the article, I ended up adding an explanatory sentence to that text—so the article is now longer than I found it, although I think a little better. Harfarhs (talk) 21:02, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:World in Action


text:
Talk:SARS conspiracy theory

Comment
I know that it is very hard to avoid using the term "conspiracy theory" because its surface meaning - a hypothesis that a group of people have been making and executing plans in secret - does get to the point fairly neatly. However in practice the term is a pejorative one that is often successfully used to imply that the theory is poorly reasoned and unsupported by evidence, and that those who entertain such theories are simple-minded, malicious and/or unhinged. In other words the article heading "SARS conspiracy theory" is in itself a value judgement and could do with being replaced.

What it should be replaced with I don't honestly know. Although I find "SARS conspiracy theory" to be highly problematic, I have to admit that it is very very concise and I can't think of anything better. So for the moment I have just added "Conspiracy theory" to the internal links because that article covers the issues I am addressing here very well, I think.

Page Incorrect
Even though every major country in the world has accused the other of creating this virus, it has been pretty much proven that it crossed the xenographic barrier from civet cats to humans naturally. PETN 13:16, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

not that I doubt the truth of that statement, but i'd like to see a link to that study or conclusion. 68.225.26.210 02:23, 4 May 2006 (UTC)
 * ,, , other links found by . Yes, article ought to cite supporting sources. I'm busy with other stuff at present but perhaps I'll come back later and take a whack at improving this article a bit, especially as regards WP:V. -- Boracay Bill 02:25, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

It is not incorrect because the title of this article is "SARS conspiracy theory" and many conspiracy theorists believe this. No one is saying that this is the truth it is just a theory. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * The article asserts: "... hinting that the Americans have the cure for SARS if they are in fact the creators of this disease.[citation needed] The United States government has officially denied that it has any relationship to the development and spread of the SARS virus.[citation needed]", but cites no sources hinting that the U.S. has a cure for SARS and cites no source supporting the claimed so-called official denial by the U.S. government. I have spent a little time looking for supporting sources without success.  Unless someone supplies supporting sources for these assertions, I will probably remove them from the article in the next few days, along with another unsupported assertion: "Notably, an expert from the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of China, Hou Yunde, who initially denied that SARS could be man-made, later admitted in a SARS seminar held by the Chinese Ministry of Health in December 2003 that it was possible.[citation needed]". -- Boracay Bill 00:27, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

The phrase "conspiracy theory" is a non-neutral way of describing something (not appropriate for an encyclopedia article's title))
I have proposed that articles titled with "conspiracy theory" be renamed at Conspiracy theory titles, please direct all comments to the proposal's discussion page, thanks. zen master T 22:29, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see what is supposed to be biased about that word. It is an "alternative" explanation to a historical event that differs from the accepted or official one, usually in a way that suggest a certain motivation by someone behind it. Alleging that an epidemic is caused by man-made virus with the intention of harming others while the medical community insists that that is not the case is the perfect example of a conspiracy theory.There-is-life-on-mars (talk) 11:16, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * honestly, the article could stand to go further in pointing out that it's pseudoscientific bunkum. A bare claim that it's genetically engineered would be challenging to disprove, like claiming that the fire ant Solenopsis invicta is an artificial bioweapon.  But claiming it's a hybrid of mumps and measles is as laughably preposterous as claiming that the fire ant is a hybrid of the black widow spiders Latrodectus hasseltii and Latrodectus mactans.  You don't get an ant by crossing two spiders, and you do not get a coronavirus by crossing two paramyxoviruses.
 * Although both are single-strand RNA viruses, coronaviridae are positive sense, while paramyxoviridae are negative sense. Very different.
 * And that's far from the only difference. Paramyxoviridae have a simple linear genome 15–19 kilobases with 6–10 genes.  Coronaviridae have large (26–30 kilobsase) segmented genomes with two large primary genes which code large polyproteins that are cleaved into smaller functional proteins and a unique subgenomic mRNA mechanism.
 * All three viruses have been sequenced and published. The SARS virus is clearly closely related to some wild coronaviruses, and clearly unrelated to mumps or measles.
 * It's a ridiculous allegation which directly contravenes numerous established facts. 196.247.24.12 (talk) 03:21, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * No such thing as cause or suggest that, say any no matter what. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Telemx (talk • contribs) 03:02, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Your comment is incomprehensible gibberish to me. If you have a point to make, please try again in a grammatically correct way. Thank you. 196.247.24.12 (talk) 06:39, 1 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I wrote to the Russian scientist who is alleged to have claimed that the SARS virus is a cross between measles and mumps and he responded, in fluent English, that he made no such claim, only that the SARS virus could have been created in the laboratory. He wrote that did not make the stronger claim that it was made in the lab and that he did not claim it was a cross between measles and mumps.  I asked him if there were anywhere where his true position is stated on the Net, and will report back if there is. --Timtak (talk) 22:41, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I was responding to what's written in WP; if the WP article is making crap up, we have a second issue. (Maybe you'd like to correct it?)
 * As I wrote, if you take away the easily disproved specifics, refuting the claim is much more difficult, but I think "consipiracy theory" remains an accurate characterization. Dr. John Campbell recently said about SARS-CoV-2, "all viruses are bioweapons, but not a man-made one."  The genetic homology to known wild coronavirii is strong enough that no artificial intervention is required to explain its evolution.  (And if some conspiracy theorist says "see how subtle the genetic engineers were?" I laugh, because if it's so subtle that it could arise naturally, we don't have to be prepared for anything more than plausible natural mutations.)  I could do a bunch of research and back that up with citations, but that's a lot of work; do I need to? 196.247.24.12 (talk) 09:37, 18 February 2020 (UTC)

Lede with odd, impossible claim
In the lede, there is a claim that Nikolai Filatov, with Wikilink to information on him, stated that SARS was artificially constructed. That's rather odd, given that Nikolai Filatov, per the Wikipedia article on him, died in 1935. Can someone kindly look into the issue or are we now championing conspiracy theories that require a time machine to work?Wzrd1 (talk) 03:08, 24 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The archived News24 article definitely mentions "Nikolai Filatov". The simple answer to your question is that there are two different people who have the same name. I have removed the Nikolai Filatov link. CowHouse (talk) 14:31, 4 August 2020 (UTC)

Disputed accuracy and original research
Does anyone oppose removing these tags? All the sentences have citations, and a random selection of sources appears to bear out the claims. It appears that, at the time the tags were added, there was a paragraph about Tong Zeng's claims that wasn't backed by its citation, but the offending text has since been trimmed. There's also an article in the external links which should probably be either incorporated in the text as a source or removed. Am I missing anything? Daß Wölf 14:13, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:SARS conspiracy theory


text: User talk:64.28.19.135

title: User talk:64.28.19.135


text: Category:770 births

title: Category:770 births


text:
User talk:Spideog/Archive 1

Unverified image
Hi! I hope somebody reads this. Thanks for uploading Image:Aftermath.jpg. I noticed that it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release them under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. --Ricky81682 (talk) 09:04, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

Image:Aftermath.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 11:01, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - Ali-oops✍ 21:30, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:OCriomhthain.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 01:08, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Image:Odea castle sign.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Odea castle sign.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. 140.247.249.16 (talk) 00:01, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Odearest
I moved the page to Odearest because I could not find Odeatest. Speaking of this article, it has no context, history, demographics, etc. Look at an article like NYC to see how a page on a city should be modeled (granted that is a large difference I am sure, but it will still give you an idea how to go about writing it). A8 UDI  14:45, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Odearest
A tag has been placed on Odearest requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, a rephrasing of the title, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content. You may wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. A8 UDI  14:54, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I created the odeatest page in the sandbox and it was renamed by A8UDI (peremptorily and without inquiring from me what my intention was) to odearest, which is meaningless. Go ahead and delete odearest. I didn't want a page created with that name and it is a creation of A8UDI's. odea (talk) 15:00, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Article move: O'Dea
Hello. Actually it doesn't and when the move function is used successfully the history and associated talk page with its history all are tranferred too. But when the target name already exists the only way I have found is to copy and paste, which is what I did. So the original history still exists at Clan Ua Déaghaidh, now a redirect. The way you can get to it without being redirected to O'Dea is entering it from Special:WhatLinksHere/O'Dea, which you can find in the toolbox at the left of the page. Then you can check the history. There might be a way to still transfer the history but I don't know about it.

Notice I added a new section before I moved the article. It would benefit from a history and discussion of Uí (Cenél) Fearmaic. Your kindred is not believed to originally belong to Dál gCais by modern scholarship, based on genealogical peculiarities, but it is unknown whether you are actually Uí Fidgenti or Corcu Baiscind. I will look for sources. DinDraithou (talk) 17:07, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Spideog/Archive 1


text:
User:Muhgcee

my blog

Contact information:
 * email stu@fourmajor.com

title: User:Muhgcee


text: Category:Doges of Venice

title: Category:Doges of Venice


text:
Talk:Lokayata

This page can be deleted as the same topic is discussed in the page carvaka, which is another name for Lokayata. I created this page when I could not locate anything with this title and planned to develope it later. Only afterwards I came to know of the existence of the page titled carvaka. I request any of the administrators to delete this page.

MANOJTV 09:06, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lokayata


text:
Last universal common ancestor

The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated. It is suggested to have been a "cellular organism that had a lipid bilayer and used DNA, RNA, and protein". The LUCA has also been defined as "a hypothetical organism ancestral to all three domains". The LUCA probably existed at latest 3.6 billion years ago, and possibly as early as 4.3 billion years ago or earlier. The nature of this point or stage of divergence remains a topic of research.

All earlier forms of life preceding this divergence and all extant organisms are generally thought to share common ancestry. On the basis of a formal statistical test, this theory of a universal common ancestry (UCA) is supported versus competing multiple-ancestry hypotheses. The first universal common ancestor (FUCA) is a hypothetical non-cellular ancestor to LUCA and other now-extinct sister lineages.

Whether the genesis of viruses falls before or after the LUCA–as well as the diversity of extant viruses and their hosts–remains a subject of investigation.

While no fossil evidence of the LUCA exists, the detailed biochemical similarity of all current life (divided into the three domains) makes its existence widely accepted by biochemists. Its characteristics can be inferred from shared features of modern genomes. These genes describe a complex life form with many co-adapted features, including transcription and translation mechanisms to convert information from DNA to mRNA to proteins.

Historical background

A phylogenetic tree directly portrays the idea of evolution by descent from a single ancestor. An early tree of life was sketched by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in his Philosophie zoologique in 1809. Charles Darwin more famously proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859: "Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed." The last sentence of the book begins with a restatement of the hypothesis: "There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ..."

The term "last universal common ancestor" or "LUCA" was first used in the 1990s for such a primordial organism.

An anaerobic thermophile
In 2016, Madeline C. Weiss and colleagues genetically analyzed 6.1 million protein-coding genes and 286,514 protein clusters from sequenced prokaryotic genomes representing many phylogenetic trees, and identified 355 protein clusters that were probably common to the LUCA. The results of their analysis are highly specific, though debated. They depict LUCA as "anaerobic, CO2-fixing, H2-dependent with a Wood–Ljungdahl pathway (the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A pathway), N2-fixing and thermophilic. LUCA's biochemistry was replete with FeS clusters and radical reaction mechanisms." The cofactors also reveal "dependence upon transition metals, flavins, S-adenosyl methionine, coenzyme A, ferredoxin, molybdopterin, corrins and selenium. Its genetic code required nucleoside modifications and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylations." They show that methanogenic clostridia was basal, near the root of the phylogenetic tree, in the 355 protein lineages examined, and that the LUCA may therefore have inhabited an anaerobic hydrothermal vent setting in a geochemically active environment rich in H2, CO2, and iron, where ocean water interacted with hot magma beneath the ocean floor. It is even inferred that LUCA also grew from H2 and CO2 via the reverse incomplete Krebs cycle. Other metabolic pathways inferred in LUCA are the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Even if phylogenetic evidence may point to a hydrothermal vent environment for a thermophilic LUCA, this does not constitute evidence that the origin of life took place at a hydrothermal vent since mass extinctions may have removed previously existing branches of life.

While the gross anatomy of the LUCA can only be reconstructed with much uncertainty, its biochemical mechanisms can be described in some detail, based on the "universal" properties currently shared by all independently living organisms on Earth.

The LUCA certainly had genes and a genetic code. Its genetic material was most likely DNA, so that it lived after the RNA world. The DNA was kept double-stranded by an enzyme, DNA polymerase, which recognises the structure and directionality of DNA. The integrity of the DNA was maintained by a group of repair enzymes including DNA topoisomerase. If the genetic code was based on dual-stranded DNA, it was expressed by copying the information to single-stranded RNA. The RNA was produced by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase using nucleotides similar to those of DNA. It had multiple DNA-binding proteins, such as histone-fold proteins. The genetic code was expressed into proteins. These were assembled from 20 free amino acids by translation of a messenger RNA via a mechanism of ribosomes, transfer RNAs, and a group of related proteins.

LUCA was likely capable of sexual interaction in the sense that adaptive gene functions were present that promoted the transfer of DNA between individuals of the population to facilitate genetic recombination. Homologous gene products that promote genetic recombination are present in bacteria, archaea and eukaryota, such as the RecA protein in bacteria, the RadA protein in archaea, and the Rad51 and Dmc1 proteins in eukaryota.

The functionality of LUCA as well as evidence for the early evolution membrane-dependent biological systems together suggest that LUCA had cellularity and cell membranes. As for the cell's gross structure, it contained a water-based cytoplasm effectively enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane; it was capable of reproducing by cell division. It tended to exclude sodium and concentrate potassium by means of specific ion transporters (or ion pumps). The cell multiplied by duplicating all its contents followed by cellular division. The cell used chemiosmosis to produce energy. It also reduced CO2 and oxidized H2 (methanogenesis or acetogenesis) via acetyl-thioesters.

By phylogenetic bracketing, analysis of the presumed LUCA's offspring groups, LUCA appears to have been a small, single-celled organism. It likely had a ring-shaped coil of DNA floating freely within the cell. Morphologically, it would likely not have stood out within a mixed population of small modern-day bacteria. The originator of the three-domain system, Carl Woese, stated that in its genetic machinery, the LUCA would have been a "simpler, more rudimentary entity than the individual ancestors that spawned the three [domains] (and their descendants)".

An alternative to the search for "universal" traits is to use genome analysis to identify phylogenetically ancient genes. This gives a picture of a LUCA that could live in a geochemically harsh environment and is like modern prokaryotes. Analysis of biochemical pathways implies the same sort of chemistry as does phylogenetic analysis. Weiss and colleagues write that "Experiments ... demonstrate that ... acetyl-CoA pathway [chemicals used in anaerobic respiration] formate, methanol, acetyl moieties, and even pyruvate arise spontaneously ... from CO2, native metals, and water", a combination present in hydrothermal vents.

An experiment shows that Zn2+, Cr3+, and Fe can promote 6 of the 11 reactions of an ancient anabolic pathway called the reverse Krebs cycle in acidic conditions which implies that LUCA might have inhabited either hydrothermal vents or acidic metal-rich hydrothermal fields.

Because both bacteria and archaea have differences in the structure of phospholipids and cell wall, ion pumping, most proteins involved in DNA replication, and glycolysis, it is inferred that LUCA had a permeable membrane without an ion pump. The emergence of Na+/H+ antiporters likely lead to the evolution of impermeable membranes present in eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria. It is stated that "The late and independent evolution of glycolysis but not gluconeogenesis is entirely consistent with LUCA being powered by natural proton gradients across leaky membranes. Several discordant traits are likely to be linked to the late evolution of cell membranes, notably the cell wall, whose synthesis depends on the membrane and DNA replication". Although LUCA likely had DNA, it is unknown if it could replicate DNA and is suggested to "might just have been a chemically stable repository for RNA-based replication". It is likely that the permeable membrane of LUCA was composed of archaeal lipids (isoprenoids) and bacterial lipids (fatty acids). Isoprenoids would have enhanced stabilization of LUCA's membrane in the surrounding extreme habitat. Nick Lane and coauthors state that "The advantages and disadvantages of incorporating isoprenoids into cell membranes in different microenvironments may have driven membrane divergence, with the later biosynthesis of phospholipids giving rise to the unique G1P and G3P headgroups of archaea and bacteria respectively. If so, the properties conferred by membrane isoprenoids place the lipid divide as early as the origin of life".

UV light between 200-280 nm (at the time, unprotected by the ozone layer) would have been damaging to nucleotides at the surface, as it can cause mutations or transcription errors and ultimately damaging consequences for organisms at the cellular level. However, it is likely that LUCA existed in a UV environment because of the prevalence of photolyase across the tree of life. Photolyase uses UV to drive photoreactivation, a mechanism that works to repair damage from radiation, caused by UV.

Alternative interpretations
Some other researchers have challenged Weiss et al.'s 2016 conclusions. Sarah Berkemer and Shawn McGlynn argue that Weiss et al. undersampled the families of proteins, so that the phylogenetic trees were not complete and failed to describe the evolution of proteins correctly. There are two risks in attempting to attribute LUCA's environment from near-universal gene distribution (as in Weiss et al. 2016). On the one hand, it risks misattributing convergence or horizontal gene transfer events to vertical descent; on the other hand, it risks misattributing potential LUCA gene families as horizontal gene transfer events.

A phylogenomic and geochemical analysis of a set of proteins that probably traced to the LUCA show that it had K+-dependent GTPases and the ionic composition and concentration of its intracellular fluid was seemingly high K+/Na+ ratio,, Fe2+, CO2+, Ni2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, pyrophosphate, and which would imply a terrestrial hot spring habitat. It possibly had a phosphate-based metabolism. Further, these proteins were unrelated to autotrophy (the ability of an organism to create its own organic matter), suggesting that the LUCA had a heterotrophic lifestyle (consuming organic matter) and that its growth was dependent on organic matter produced by the physical environment. Nick Lane argues that Na+/H+ antiporters could readily explain the low concentration of Na+ in the LUCA and its descendants.

The presence of the energy-handling enzymes CODH/acetyl-coenzyme A synthase in LUCA could be compatible not only with being an autotroph but also with life as a mixotroph or heterotroph. Weiss et al. 2018 reply that no enzyme defines a trophic lifestyle, and that heterotrophs evolved from autotrophs.

Evidence that LUCA was mesophilic
Several lines of evidence now suggest that LUCA was non-thermophilic.

The content of G + C nucleotide pairs (compared to the occurrence of A + T pairs) can indicate an organism's thermal optimum as they are more thermally stable due to an additional hydrogen bond. As a result they occur more frequently in the rRNA of thermophiles; however this is not seen in LUCA's reconstructed rRNA.

The identification of thermophilic genes in the LUCA has been criticized, as they may instead represent genes that evolved later in archaea or bacteria, then migrated between these via horizontal gene transfer, as in Woese's 1998 hypothesis. LUCA could have been a mesophile that fixed CO2 and relied on H2, and lived close to hydrothermal vents.

Further evidence that LUCA was mesophilic comes from the amino acid composition of its proteins. The abundance of I, V, Y, W, R, E, and L amino acids (denoted IVYWREL) in an organism's proteins is correlated with its optimal growth temperature. According to phylogentic analysis, the IVYWREL content of LUCA's proteins suggests its ideal temperature was below 50°C.

Finally, evidence that bacteria and archaea both independently underwent phases of increased and subsequently decreased thermo-tolerance suggests a dramatic post-LUCA climate shift that affected both populations and would explain the seeming genetic pervasiveness of thermo-tolerant genetics.

Age
Studies from 2000 to 2018 have suggested an increasingly ancient time for the LUCA. In 2000, estimates of the LUCA's age ranged from 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago in the Paleoarchean, a few hundred million years before the earliest fossil evidence of life, for which candidates range in age from 3.48 to 4.28 billion years ago. This placed the origin of the first forms of life shortly after the Late Heavy Bombardment which was thought to have repeatedly sterilized Earth's surface. However, a 2018 study by Holly Betts and colleagues applied a molecular clock model to the genomic and fossil record (102 species, 29 common protein-coding genes, mostly ribosomal), concluding that LUCA preceded the Late Heavy Bombardment. They assumed that there was no sterilizing event after the Moon-forming event, which they dated as 4.520 billion years ago, and concluded that the most likely date for LUCA was within 50 million years of that.

Root of the tree of life

In 1990, a novel concept of the tree of life was presented, dividing the living world into three stems, classified as the domains Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. It is the first tree founded exclusively on molecular phylogenetics, and which includes the evolution of microorganisms. It has been called a "universal phylogenetic tree in rooted form". This tree and its rooting became the subject of debate.

In the meantime, numerous modifications of this tree, mainly concerning the role and importance of horizontal gene transfer for its rooting and early ramifications have been suggested (e.g. ). Since heredity occurs both vertically and horizontally, the tree of life may have been more weblike or netlike in its early phase and more treelike when it grew three-stemmed. Presumably horizontal gene transfer has decreased with growing cell stability.

A modified version of the tree, based on several molecular studies, has its root between a monophyletic domain Bacteria and a clade formed by Archaea and Eukaryota. A small minority of studies place the root in the domain bacteria, in the phylum Bacillota, or state that the phylum Chloroflexota (formerly Chloroflexi) is basal to a clade with Archaea and Eukaryotes and the rest of bacteria (as proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith). Metagenomic analyses recover a two-domain system with the domains Archaea and Bacteria; in this view of the tree of life, Eukaryotes are derived from Archaea. With the later gene pool of LUCA's descendants, sharing a common framework of the AT/GC rule and the standard twenty amino acids, horizontal gene transfer would have become feasible and could have been common.

The nature of LUCA remains disputed. In 1994, on the basis of primordial metabolism (sensu Wächtershäuser), Otto Kandler proposed a successive divergence of the three domains of life from a multiphenotypical population of pre-cells, reached by gradual evolutionary improvements (cellularization). These phenotypically diverse pre-cells were metabolising, self-reproducing entities exhibiting frequent mutual exchange of genetic information. Thus, in this scenario there was no "first cell". It may explain the unity and, at the same time, the partition into three lines (the three domains) of life. Kandler's pre-cell theory is supported by Wächtershäuser. In 1998, Carl Woese, based on the RNA world concept, proposed that no individual organism could be considered a LUCA, and that the genetic heritage of all modern organisms derived through horizontal gene transfer among an ancient community of organisms. Other authors concur that there was a "complex collective genome" at the time of the LUCA, and that horizontal gene transfer was important in the evolution of later groups; Nicolas Glansdorff states that LUCA "was in a metabolically and morphologically heterogeneous community, constantly shuffling around genetic material" and "remained an evolutionary entity, though loosely defined and constantly changing, as long as this promiscuity lasted."

The theory of a universal common ancestry of life is widely accepted. In 2010, based on "the vast array of molecular sequences now available from all domains of life," D. L. Theobald published a "formal test" of universal common ancestry (UCA). This deals with the common descent of all extant terrestrial organisms, each being a genealogical descendant of a single species from the distant past. His formal test favoured the existence of a universal common ancestry over a wide class of alternative hypotheses that included horizontal gene transfer. Basic biochemical principles imply that all organisms do have a common ancestry.

A proposed, earlier, non-cellular ancestor to LUCA is the First universal common ancestor (FUCA). FUCA would therefore be the ancestor to every modern cell as well as ancient, now-extinct cellular lineages not descendant of LUCA. FUCA is assumed to have had other descendants than LUCA, none of which have modern descendants. Some genes of these ancient now-extinct cell lineages are thought to have been horizontally transferred into the genome of early descendants of LUCA.

LUCA and viruses
The origin of viruses remains disputed. Since viruses need host cells for their replication, it is likely that they emerged after the formation of cells. Viruses may even have multiple origins and different types of viruses may have evolved independently over the history of life. There are different hypotheses for the origins of viruses, for instance an early viral origin from the RNA world or a later viral origin from selfish DNA.

Based on how viruses are currently distributed across the bacteria and archaea, the LUCA is suspected of having been prey to multiple viruses, ancestral to those that now have those two domains as their hosts. Furthermore, extensive virus evolution seems to have preceded the LUCA, since the jelly-roll structure of capsid proteins is shared by RNA and DNA viruses across all three domains of life. LUCA's viruses were probably mainly dsDNA viruses in the groups called Duplodnaviria and Varidnaviria. Two other single-stranded DNA virus groups within the Monodnaviria, the Microviridae and the Tubulavirales, likely infected the last bacterial common ancestor. The last archaeal common ancestor was probably host to spindle-shaped viruses. All of these could well have affected the LUCA, in which case each must since have been lost in the host domain where it is no longer extant. By contrast, RNA viruses do not appear to have been important parasites of LUCA, even though straightforward thinking might have envisaged viruses as beginning with RNA viruses directly derived from an RNA world. Instead, by the time the LUCA lived, RNA viruses had probably already been out-competed by DNA viruses.

LUCA might have been the ancestor to some viruses, as it might have had at least two descendants: LUCELLA, the Last Universal Cellular Ancestor, the ancestor to all cells, and the archaic virocell ancestor, the ancestor to large-to-medium-sized DNA viruses. Viruses might have evolved before LUCA but after the First universal common ancestor (FUCA), according to the reduction hypothesis, where giant viruses evolved from primordial cells that became parasitic.

title: Last universal common ancestor


text: Category:471 deaths

title: Category:471 deaths