text:
Telstar (instrumental)

"Telstar" is a 1962 instrumental by the English band the Tornados, written and produced by Joe Meek. It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 in December 1962 (the second British recording to reach number one on that chart in the year, after "Stranger on the Shore" in May). It was the second instrumental single to hit number one in 1962 on both the US and UK weekly charts.

Later in 1962, Meek produced a vocal version, "Magic Star", sung by Kenny Hollywood. It was released as a single by Decca Records (cat. nr F11546), with "The Wonderful Story of Love" on the B-side, written by Geoff Goddard. The musical director for both songs was Ivor Raymonde.

Background
"Telstar" was named after the Telstar communications satellite, which was launched into orbit on 10 July 1962. Written and produced by Joe Meek, it featured either a clavioline or the similar Jennings Univox, both keyboard instruments with distinctive electronic sounds. It was recorded in Meek's studio in a small flat above a shop in Holloway Road, North London. "Telstar" won an Ivor Novello Award and is estimated to have sold at least five million copies worldwide.

In 2007, Tim Wheeler of Ash wrote that "Telstar" was one of the earliest pop tracks influenced by science fiction, and that "for its time it was so futuristic and it still sounds pretty weird today". He observed the influence of "Telstar" in the 2006 single "Knights of Cydonia" by Muse; Muse's singer and guitarist, Matt Bellamy, is the son of the Tornados guitarist George Bellamy.

Lawsuits
French composer Jean Ledrut accused Joe Meek of plagiarism, claiming that the tune of "Telstar" had been copied from "La Marche d'Austerlitz", a piece from a score that Ledrut had written for the film Austerlitz (1960). This led to a lawsuit that prevented Meek from receiving royalties from the record during his lifetime, and the issue was not resolved in Meek's favour until three weeks after his suicide in 1967. Austerlitz was not released in the UK until 1965, and Meek was unaware of the film when the lawsuit was filed in March 1963.

Commercial performance
The record was an immediate hit after its release, remaining in the UK Singles Chart for 25 weeks, five of them at number 1, and in the American charts for 16 weeks. "Telstar" was the first U.S. number one by a British group. Up to that point, and since World War II, there had only been three British names that topped the U.S. chart: the first was "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" by Vera Lynn (1952); the second was "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands" by Laurie London (1958); and the third was in May 1962 with "Stranger on the Shore" by clarinetist Acker Bilk.

Track listing

 * 1) "Telstar"
 * 2) "Jungle Fever"

The Tornados

 * Clem Cattini – drums
 * Alan Caddy – guitar
 * Roger LaVern – additional keyboards
 * George Bellamy – rhythm guitar
 * Heinz Burt – bass

Additional personnel

 * Joe Meek – composer, producer
 * Geoff Goddard – clavioline (on both sides) plus wordless vocals in the final playing of the theme (also on both sides)
 * Dave Adams – transcription of Meek's composition recording

title: Telstar (instrumental)


text:
Hangzhou University

Hangzhou University (HZU; ) was a public university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. The institute was merged into Zhejiang University in 1998.

The university was founded as Zhejiang Teachers College in 1952 by merging the departments of humanities, sciences and education at Hangchow University and Zhejiang University. The name of the university in postal romanisation is the same as Hangchow University run by American missionaries, yet the Chinese names are different.

In September 1996, the university was selected into Project 211. In September 1998, the university was merged into Zhejiang University, with its campus taken over by Zhejiang University as its Xixi Campus.

History
The idea of establishing a Hangzhou University was initially proposed in the Congress of Zhejiang Province in 1920, which was widely echoed by Zhejiang born people including Cai Yuanpei and Jiang Menglin. When Cai Yuanpei visited Hangchow University in March 1927, he said to Hangchow University students and faculty, "I am coming to find a proper site for Hangzhou University but the site has been picked up by you." With the establishment of National Third Chungshan University in 1927, which later was renamed as Zhejiang University, the call for establishing Hangzhou University faded away.

During the 1952 reorganisation of Chinese higher education, part of School of Liberal Arts and School of Sciences at Zhejiang University, the School of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Hangchow University and Zhejiang Education College merged to form Zhejiang Teachers College. In September 1958, Zhejiang Teachers College, located in a newly constructed Xixi campus, merged with the Zhejiang Party School, located in the former Hangchow University campus, now known as the Zhijiang Campus, and formed Hangzhou University as a university specialised in social sciences. Thus, its mathematics, physics, chemistry departments was proposed to go into the Zhejiang College of Engineering and its biology to be incorporated into Zhejiang Agricultural University in July 1960, which didn't come true due to objection from the universities.

In 1960, Hangzhou University became wholly based at Xixi, as the Zhijiang campus became taken by Zhejiang University, where Zhejiang set up three new departments. From 1966 to 1976, the Cultural Revolution impacted the university, with at least ten killed due to political prosecution. Upon request of Hangzhou University professors Song Yunbin, Wang Jiawu and president Chen Jiangong, Zhou Enlai ordered to protect the Wenlan Pavilion, where the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries was protected from being destroyed by the Red Guards. As the national examination for college entrance was resumed in 1977, the university welcomed a new cohort of Class of 1981. Among around 70 graduates of the department of history class of 1981, there were at least 10 real estate tycoons including Song Weiping, Zhou Qingzhi and Xu Guangyue, and a Mao Dun Literature Prize laureate Wang Xufeng. In 1989, the students at Hangzhou University held demonstrations with Zhejiang University at Wulin Square, Hangzhou, to support the democracy movement in Beijing.

As of 1998, Hangzhou University had become a comprehensive public university ranked among top 30 universities in China, with a reputation in its sciences and humanities programs. It was under the administration of Zhejiang Provincial Government. With a student body of 8500, the university was largely a regional teaching university, with one seventh of its students being postgraduate students. In September 1998, the university was merged into Zhejiang University, with its campus taken over by Zhejiang University as its Xixi Campus.

Campuses
The university was initially located at the former site of Hangchow University, which is a protected historic site since 2006. In late 1950s, the university moved to the newly built Xixi Campus until the merger with Zhejiang University in 1998, after which the campus became Xixi Campus of Zhejiang University. The road south to the campus was named after the university's name as Hangda Road. Hangda New Village, the residential area for Hangzhou University faculty, was located at 56 Xixi Road, which has been protected as a Historical and Cultural Street of Hangzhou since September 2021.

Publications
Before the merger, the university has its own publisher, Hangzhou University Press, which was merged into Zhejiang University Press in 1999. The Chinese-language academic journals Journal of Hangzhou University was merged into Journal of Zhejiang University. To be specific, Journal of Hangzhou University: Philosophy And Social Sciences Edition merged with Journal of Zhejiang University: Philosophy And Social Sciences Edition to become Journal of Zhejiang University: Humanities and Social Sciences Edition. Journal of Hangzhou University: Natural Sciences Edition was renamed as Journal of Zhejiang University: Science Edition after the merger.

Affiliated high school
Xuejun High School was the high school Affiliated to Hangzhou University before 1998, which gained independence after the merger. The high school was founded as Hangzhou No. 14 Junior High School in 1956. After the establishment of Hangzhou University in 1958, a new Zhejiang Teachers College was formed, with the school renamed as the High School Affiliated to Zhejiang Teachers College in 1958. With the Zhejiang Teachers College from Hangzhou to Jinhua in 1965, Hangzhou University took the campus of Zhejiang Teachers College, with the high school becoming the High School Affiliated to Hangzhou University in 1965. It was renamed as Xuejun High School in 1970. In 1995, Xuejun High School established the private high school Wenlan High School as its private junior high school. From 1999 to 2002, the junior high school part of Xuejun High School was separated and merged into Wenlan.

Proposed re-establishment
As the 1998 merger reduced top universities in Zhejiang, re-establishment of Hangzhou University has been frequently proposed. In March 2010, Sun Zhonghuan, a Hangzhou University alumnus and major politician proposed that Hangzhou Normal University should be renamed as Hangzhou University. During 2017 Lianghui, Zhao Guangyu, a major Hangzhou politician, proposed a new Hangzhou University that specialises in liberal arts should be established to complement Zhejiang University that specialises in sciences and engineering. In September 2021, a netizen proposes to Zhejiang Gongshang University that Zhejiang Gongshang University should merge with Zhejiang University of Technology to build a new Hangzhou University.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hangzhou University


text:
Edgmond

Edgmond is a village in the borough of Telford and Wrekin and ceremonial county of Shropshire, England. The village population at the 2011 Census was 2,062. It lies 1 mi north-west of the town of Newport.

The village has two pubs (the Lion and the Lamb), a Methodist chapel and hall (neither of which are in use), a village hall, and a village shop with a co-located post office.

There is a recreation field called simply "The Playing Fields", where there are Sunday cricket games, pub football matches, and a playground for young children. The village also has many areas for walking and biking including an area called the Rock Hole, an old sandstone quarry from which the rock used to build the local church was taken.

Also popular is the canal walk, which leads down to the local town of Newport along the old canals. The canals are now often used for fishing competitions. There has been much speculation about the possibility of reopening the old Shrewsbury and Newport Canal route.

There is a Church of England parish church in Edgmond, dedicated to St.Peter. It is in the Archdeaconry of Salop and Diocese of Lichfield.

The parish war memorial, on a roadside, erected to commemorate war dead of World War I, consists of a sandstone pillar surmounted by a crucifix with figures of a soldier and a nurse looking up at the figure of Christ.

Education
The village has a Church of England primary school, called St.Peter's.

Harper Adams University is in Edgmond. The University has accommodation in the village, where many international students stay. The main subjects taught at the college are related to the food chain and much research is done there. Here on 10 January 1982 the English lowest temperature weather record was broken (and is kept to this day): -26.1 °C.

Notable people
Previous Rectors of Edgmond include:
 * Thomas Gilbert was Puritan Rector of Edgmond 1648 to 1662 when he was ejected. During that period he was nicknamed 'the bishop of Shropshire'.
 * Thomas Bucknall Lloyd (also concurrently Archdeacon of Salop) from 1888 to 1896, dying there,
 * Sir Lovelace Stamer (also concurrently Anglican Bishop of Shrewsbury), from 1896 to 1905, during which period he built new schools for local children, organised a working men's club and reading rooms, and paid for a piped water supply for the village.

Folklorist Charlotte Burne (1850-1923) lived in childhood at Edgmond.

Customs
The church holds an annual Church Clipping service, which claims to be the longest uninterrupted clipping service in the country.

Edgmond was once associated with the practice of souling, a possible contributor to the halloween practice of trick or treating. The folk song "The Edgmond Man's Souling Song" was released by folk musicians John Kirkpatrick and Sue Harris on their 1976 album Among The Many Attractions at the Show will be a Really High Class Band.

Etymology
The name Edgmond comes from the Anglo-Saxon for edge of marsh; the hamlet of Edgmond Marsh lies north of the village at 52.78194°N, -2.41806°W.

Bus
Services operating in the Edgmond area, as of 2023:

title: Edgmond


text:
ELR

ELR may refer to:

Transportation

 * East Lancashire Railway, a heritage railway in England
 * East Lancashire Railway (1844–1859), a former railway in the northwest of England
 * East London Railway, see East London Line
 * Engineer's Line Reference, an abbreviated code for a section of rail route in the UK
 * Cadillac ELR, a luxury hybrid compact coupé

Other

 * Employer of last resort, a formal government job guarantee program
 * Environmental lapse rate, a term in meteorology
 * The Environmental Law Reporter, a publication by the Environmental Law Institute
 * Enzyme-linked receptor, a category of receptors involved in cell signalling
 * ExtraLife Radio, a radio show created and hosted by cartoonist Scott Johnson
 * European Law Reporter, a specialist journal
 * Everybody Loves Raymond, an American TV sitcom (1996–2005)

title: ELR


text:
Talk:Posset

Eggnog "rarely served hot"
I'm removing that- its POV. I've never had cold Eggnog once in my life (it sounds revolting to me). I'm sure plenty of people do drink it cold, but it hardly qualifies for a "rarely". Patch86 17:22, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

I've never in my life seen someone drink hot eggnog, nor heard of it 'till now 64.6.88.31 21:57, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Eggnog
I don't think eggnog should redirect here, I think it should have it's own article. Hou Shuang 15:42, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I too thought that eggnog should have its own page. I was surprised to be redirected to "posset," since I'd never heard of that drink, and the initial description seemed entirely different from the cold, sweet and spicy holiday drink that I was looking for. Nevertheless, it does seem as if eggnog is a derivative of this medieval drink, and might be considered a subcategory of posset. Also, as long as the amount of information on Wikipedia about posset and eggnog is so small, two separate articles might not be justified. Rohirok 13:58, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Horchata
I noticed someone added a link to horchata to the end of the article. I see some similarities between posset and horchata, and there is a possible link between the use of grain in both drinks. Nonalchoholic eggnog and horchata are also very similar, since both are cold, milky beverages with sugar and cinnamon. An eggnog recipe without the eggs will taste very similar to horchata, though the nog will lack rice milk and almonds. I wonder if anyone can make a historical link between posset and horchata. Rohirok 15:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Caudle vs. Posset
I've added some details on both drinks, and I think they're distinct enough that each should have its own page: I don't think I've seen a caudle recipe with milk. Sbloch (talk) 02:38, 1 December 2008 (UTC)
 * In the book "A Sip Through Time: A Collection of Old Brewing Recipes" (Renfrow), caudles and posset are grouped together (along with the syllabub dessert). Some, but not all of the caudle recipes cited were thickened with eggs, just like some posset recipes are. I will say that all the posset recipes at least in this book included either eggs or cream, whereas some caudle recipes looked more like a warm spice wine (ala mulled wine). So it's possible that the "posset" term may have been a bit more standardized. --Soundwave106 (talk) 13:07, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Posset in The pillars of the earth
In the pillars of the earth by Ken Follett he writes "William, who normally ate and drank heartily, was nibbling bread and sipping posset, a drink made with milk, beer, eggs and nutmeg, to calm his bilious stomach.". Timed according to Follett to be between 1170-1174, I don't know how accurate it is, being a fictitious novel, but it might be worth looking into. Hemsen (talk) 21:58, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Bridal posset in Fanny Hill
"Accordingly he went out and left me, when a minute or two after, before I could recover myself into any composure for thinking, the maid came in with her mistress's service, and a small silver orringer of what she called a bridal posset, and desired me to eat it as I went to bed, which consequently I did, and felt immediately a heat, a fire run like a hue-and-cry through every part of my body; I burnt, I glowed, and wanted even little of wishing for any man." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.163.19.9 (talk) 16:44, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25305/25305-h/25305-h.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.163.19.9 (talk) 16:47, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Greek Drink
In the reference used to justify calling Heraclitus' drink a "posset", that usage is simply an analogy. See a comment from the host of that podcast, further down on the same page: "I think MM is just comparing it [the drink Heraclitus described] to the most similar thing that has existed since then"

On this basis, I'm going to move the description of the British drink into the first paragraph, and remove the description of the Greek drink. --100.11.86.31 (talk) 01:05, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Posset


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Loch of Strathbeg

The Loch of Strathbeg (also known as Loch Strathbeg; historically "Strathbeg Water"; "Water of Strathbeg"; "Rattray Water" or "Water of Rattray") is a designated Special Protection Area for wildlife conservation purposes. It is located near to Rattray and Crimond in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

The loch is maintained by the RSPB and around the loch there are three hides from which visitors may watch the birds and other wildlife. Access to the loch is through Crimond airfield where there is a car park at the edge of the reserve. There is also the 'Starnafin Centre' from which visitors may also watch the birds from and find out more information about which birds and animals are present locally.

The RSPB has recorded over 260 species of bird, 280 species of insect and 26 species of mammal at the reserve.

Formation
The loch is a very recent creation of geological times, forming naturally in a massive storm in 1720. The lagoon, where the loch is now, its small harbour Starny Keppie and the village of Rattray, were cut off from the sea and engulfed by shifting sands.

A historical account says that the storm blocked "the outlet of the stream called the burn of Strathbeg into the sea" after which it flowed directly into the loch.

There is another stream, the "Burn o’ Rattra"  flowing into the loch. Ordnance Survey mapping of the Loch shows four streams ("burns" in Scots) and one exit point into the north sea.

1854 study
In 1854 the loch was estimated at "550 Scotch acres" (2.9 km² ) of which "more than three-fourths" were to be found in the Parish of Crimond and to have an "average depth is about 3½ feet" (approx. 1.1 metres) "its greatest depth does not exceed 6½ feet" (approx. 2 metres). This does not necessarily correspond with conditions today, as the same source also notes that the nearby beach head was at the time saturated and "oozing water" indeed it says that the loch had dropped at least 4 ft since 1817, only 37 years earlier.

1943
In 1943, Loch of Strathbeg was used by the Luftwaffe as an area to drop supplies to spies in the area. The area to the North of the loch was normally the drop point.

One drop in 1943 was set up by the British to use a double agent to drop a radio, money and some sabotage equipment in a case.

1945
At the end of World War 2, there was a large beach Minefield at Rattray. During land mine clearance, high pressure water pumps were used at the Loch of Strathbeg to provide a supply of water to jetting nozzles used to wash out land mines from the sand dunes. This work was carried out by 11th Coy Bomb disposal led by Major W.M. Hewitt. During clearance into 1946, a number of Royal Engineer personnel were killed in the minefield.

Maps
Historical maps of the area are available online that show the transition of Strathbeg Bay into Loch Strathbeg (links are provided rather than the image for copyright reasons):

title: Loch of Strathbeg


text:
Kundong University

Kundong University, sometimes called Andong Info Tech or AIT, was a small technical college located in Andong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. In July 2012 now-Ministry of Education granted voluntary closure of the university upon the request filed in May 2012. The university officially closed in August 2012.

It offered degree programs in fields such architecture, animation, herbal medicine, and civil engineering. Facilities included broadcast studios and a library of around 18,500 volumes. International sister institutions included the Canadian Malaspina University-College and the American University of Montana and Wenatchee Valley College.

History
The foundation which would establish the school was founded in 1972. In 1987, governmental permission to found a school was received, and in 1992 the school actually opened as Andong Industrial Technical College. The first entering class of 480 students was admitted on March 4, 1993. The entering class of 2003 numbered 842 students. The school took on its current name in 1998. From 2006, the name was Kundong University. The university closed in August, 2012

title: Kundong University


text: Talk:Kundong University

title: Talk:Kundong University


text:
Clavioline

The clavioline is an electronic analog synthesizer. It was invented by French engineer Constant Martin in 1947 in Versailles.

The instrument consists of a keyboard and a separate amplifier and speaker unit. The keyboard usually covered three octaves, and had a number of switches to alter the tone of the sound produced, add vibrato (a defining feature of the instrument), and provide other effects. The Clavioline used a vacuum tube oscillator to produce a buzzy waveform, almost a square wave, which could then be altered using high-pass and low-pass filtering, as well as the vibrato. The amplifier also aided in creating the instrument's signature tones, by deliberately providing a large amount of distortion.

Several models of the Clavioline were produced by different companies. Among the more important were the Standard, Reverb, and Concert models by Selmer in France and Gibson in the United States in the 1950s. The six-octave model employing octave transposition was developed by Harald Bode and manufactured under license by Jörgensen Electronic in Germany. In England, the Jennings Organ Company's first successful product was the Univox, an early self-powered electronic keyboard inspired by the Selmer Clavioline. In Japan, Ace Tone's first prototype, the Canary S-2 (1962), was based on the Clavioline.

Recordings
The Clavioline has been used on a number of recordings in popular music as well as in film. Along with the Mellotron, it was one of the keyboard instruments favoured by rock and pop musicians during the 1960s before the arrival of the Moog synthesizer.

 * "Little Red Monkey" (1953) by Frank Chacksfield’s Tunesmiths features Jack Jordan on clavioline. An earlier recording of the tune by Jack Jordan himself was issued on the HMV label.
 * In 1953–54, Van Phillips composed music for the clavioline for the science-fiction radio trilogy Journey into Space.
 * In the Bollywood Hindi film Nagin (1954), Kalyanji Virji Shah plays the snake-charmer tune "Man dole mera, tan dole mere" on the clavioline, under the musical direction of Hemant Kumar.
 * "Runaway" and "Hats Off to Larry" (1961) by Del Shannon each feature a bridge solo by Max Crook, performed on a heavily modified clavioline that he called the Musitron.
 * English producer Joe Meek began recording with a clavioline in 1960. His production of the Tornados' hit instrumental "Telstar" (1962) features the clavioline or perhaps a Univox, as does the B-side of that single, "Jungle Fever". Author Mark Brend states that, while the exact instrument used has long been open to debate, "there remains a very faint possibility that Meek used a Univox on 'Telstar,' mixed with a Clavioline."
 * The jazz albums The Magic City (1966), The Heliocentric Worlds of Sun Ra, Volume Two (1966), and Atlantis (1967) by Sun Ra include clavioline.
 * The Beatles used a clavioline on "Baby, You're a Rich Man", which was issued in July 1967 as the B-side of their "All You Need Is Love" single. John Lennon played the instrument on its oboe setting, creating an exotic sound that suggests an Indian shehnai. In his feature article on the clavioline, in Sound on Sound magazine, Gordon Reid pairs "Baby, You're a Rich Man" with "Telstar" as the two seminal pop recordings made with the instrument. The Clavioline that the Beatles used was owned by EMI Studios at Abbey Road in London.
 * The Strawbs 1972 album Grave New World includes some clavioline played by their keyboardist Blue Weaver, on the song The Flower And The Young Man.
 * The Amon Düül II album Wolf City (1972)
 * The White Stripes used a 1959 Univox on their album Icky Thump (2007).
 * Darren Allison plays clavioline on William Blake's "Eternity" by Daisy Bell, from their London album (2015).
 * John Barry of the John Barry Seven made a recording called "Starfire" which featured the instrument. The clavioline was also used extensively on his Stringbeat LP and other recordings of the period, played by bandleader and future Benny Hill associate Ted Taylor.
 * A clavioline appears on Mike Oldfield's 2017 album Return to Ommadawn.

title: Clavioline


text:
Soros Fund Management

Soros Fund Management, LLC is a privately held American investment management firm. It is currently structured as a family office, but formerly as a hedge fund. The firm was founded in 1970 by George Soros and, in 2010, was reported to be one of the most profitable firms in the hedge fund industry, averaging a 20% annual rate of return over four decades. It is headquartered at 250 West 55th Street in New York. As of 2023, Soros Fund Management, LLC had $25 billion in AUM.

Overview
Soros Fund Management is the primary adviser for the Quantum Group of Funds; a family of funds in international investments. The company invests in public equity and fixed income markets worldwide, as well as foreign exchange, currency, and commodity markets, and private equity and venture capital funds. The company is reported to have significant investments in transportation, energy, retail, financial, and other industries.

Robert Soros stepped down as deputy chairman and president in June 2017. David Milich assumed most of his duties. In 2017, Dawn Fitzpatrick replaced Ted Burdick as Chief Investment Officer.

In the 2016 election cycle, Soros Fund Management donated over $10 million to Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign through super PACs.

History
The company was founded by George Soros and his former business partner Jim Rogers in 1970. Before starting the business Soros and Rogers worked together at the investment bank Arnhold and S. Bleichroder.

1992 to 2007
In the week leading up to September 16, 1992, or "Black Wednesday," Quantum Funds earned $1.8 billion by shorting British pounds and buying German marks. This transaction earned Soros the title of "the Man Who Broke the Bank of England". On the other hand, British government policy in the period before the ejection of the pound sterling from the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System had been widely criticised for providing speculators with a one-way bet.

In 2000, the Quantum Fund lost its position as the largest hedge fund in the world when its assets under management changed from $10 billion to $4 billion in about a year. The fund's losses resulted from investments in technology stocks. That year, CEO Duncan Hennes and the managers of the Quantum Fund, Stanley Druckenmiller, and Quota Fund, Nicholas Roditi, resigned. The restructuring of Soros Fund Management was announced in a shareholder letter that outlined its plan to merge the Quantum Fund with the Quantum Emerging Growth Fund to form the Quantum Endowment Fund. The intention was to transform the Quantum Fund into a "lower-risk, less-speculative fund" administered by an outside adviser.

2008 to 2011
The firm acquired a stake in Lehman Brothers just prior to its failure in 2008.

In 2009, Soros Fund Management partnered with six other hedge funds to acquire IndyMac Bank for $13.9 billion, thereby gaining control of an estimated $160 billion in bank loans, investments, and deposits.

In 2010, the company was reported to have created $32 billion in profits since 1973, making it one of the top profit-making hedge funds in the industry.

In 2011, the firm was reported to have $27.9 billion in assets under management and was ranked sixth on Institutional Investor's Hedge Fund 100 list. That same year, the company partnered with Silver Lake Partners and created fund called Silver Lake Kraftwerk whose focus was investing in natural resource and energy companies.

In July 2011, the fund announced plans to return just under $1 billion to investors by the end of 2011 to avoid reporting requirements under the Dodd-Frank reform act and to focus on family investments. That month, the company's chief investment officer Keith Anderson, co-founder of BlackRock left the firm.

2012 to 2020
In September 2016, Soros Fund Management advised a private investment fund tied to Quantum Strategic Partners, which injected the bulk of $305 million into SolarCity, a producer of solar panels. The flow of cash allowed Elon Musk, chairman of Tesla Motors and SolarCity, to purchase SolarCity and merge it with Tesla.

In June 2018, the firm was reported to own 15% of Justify, the horse that won the 2018 Preakness Stakes, Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes, through the international breeding and racing operation of SF Bloodstock and SF Racing Group.

According to The Wall Street Journal, Soros Fund Management gained 8.9% in 2017 and 0.9% in 2018. In the first quarter of 2019, the fund had gained 1.9%.

In May 2019, it was announced that Soros Fund Management had built up a 3% stake in Swiss asset manager GAM. In June 2019, Soros Fund Management led an investment in Vice Media for $250 million. In August 2019, Soros Fund Management increased its stake In Manolete Partners Plc To 11.67%. As of August, 2019, Soros Fund Management's most significant holdings were Liberty Broadband, Vici Properties, and Caesars Entertainment.

In January 2020, George Soros announced at the World Economic Forum that he will commit $1 billion to the launch of an international university, The Open Society University Network, for research and education on climate change and dealing with authoritarian governments.

In April 2020, Amply Power, a company that provides charging solutions for fleets, received its series A funding of $13.2 million from Soros Fund Management, Siemens, Congruent Ventures, PeopleFund, and Obvious Ventures.

In November 2020, Soros Fund Management disclosed that it holds 1% Class A shares in Palantir Technologies and announced that it has begun selling its shares as allowed because it disagrees with Palantir's business practices. In a statement to the CNBC, the company said, "SFM made this investment at a time when the negative social consequences of big data were less understood. SFM would not make an investment in Palantir today."

In February 2024, Soros Fund Management emerged as the largest creditor in Audacy's prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, holding over $400 million of its highest-ranking debt. This debt is planned to be converted into equity in the restructured company, making Soros a significant shareholder. Audacy views this development as a positive sign, interpreting it as a "vote of confidence" in the company's future.

title: Soros Fund Management


text:
Nafanan language

Nafaanra (sometimes written Nafaara, pronounced ), also known as Nafanan or Nafana, is a Senufo language spoken in northwest Ghana, along the border with Ivory Coast, east of Bondoukou. It is spoken by approximately people. Its speakers call themselves Nafana, but others call them Banda or Mfantera. Like other Senufo languages, Nafaanra is a tonal language. It is somewhat of an outlier in the Senufo language group, with the geographically-closest relatives, the Southern Senufo Tagwana–Djimini languages, approximately 200 km to the west, on the other side of Comoé National Park.

The basic word order is subject–object–verb, like Latin and Japanese. Like other Niger–Congo languages, it has a noun class system, with nouns classified according to five different classes, which also affects pronouns, adjectives and copulas. The phonology features a distinction between the length of vowels and whether they are oral or nasal (as in French or Portuguese). There are also three distinct tones, a feature shared with the other Senufo languages. Nafaanra grammar features both tense and aspect which are marked with particles. Numbers are mainly formed by adding cardinal numbers to the number 5 and by multiplying the numbers 10, 20 and 100.

Geography and demography
Nafaanra is bordered by Kulango languages to the west and southeast, while Deg (a Gur language) is found to the north and east. The closest eastern and western neighbour is the Mande language Ligbi. Southeast and south of Nafaanra and Ligbi, the Akan language Abron is spoken.

The Nafana people live in the north-west corner of the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana, concentrated mainly in Sampa (capital of the Jaman North district) and Banda. There are two dialectal variants of Nafaanra: Pantera of Banda, and Fantera of Sampa. Bendor-Samuel gives a 79% cognate relationship on the Swadesh list between the two dialects, meaning that they have many basic words in common. The Banda dialect is considered central. The terms "Fantera" and "Pantera" come from other peoples and are considered pejorative by the Nafana.

The Nafana people say that they come from a village called Kakala in Ivory Coast. Their oral history says that some of their people are still there, and if they go back they will not be allowed to leave again. They arrived in the Banda area after the Ligbi people, who came from Begho (Bigu, Bighu) to the area in the early 17th century.

According to Ethnologue, as of 2005, many Nafana are bilingual in Twi, the regional lingua franca, to some extent. Using the ILR scale: 50% of Nafana have limited working proficiency in Twi, while 20% have general professional proficiency The remaining 30% have either elementary proficiency (15%) or no proficiency at all (15%). 15–25% of the Nafana people are literate in Twi, whereas only 1–5% are literate in Nafaanra.

65 Dompo people living in the close vicinity of Banda have shifted to Nafaanra. Dompo is their first language, thought to be extinct until a field work trip of Blench in 1998 proved the contrary.

Classification
Maurice Delafosse was the first linguist to mention Nafaanra, calling it "a much dispersed Senufo tribe" in 1904. Westermann in his classification of West-African languages, also grouped Nafaanra with Senufo, apparently based on the word list found in Rapp. This classification is confirmed by Bendor-Samuel, who bases his internal Senufo classification on the comparative word lists in Swadesh et al.

It is less clear which particular Senufo branch Nafaanra is related to most closely. Bendor-Samuel gives a 60% cognate relationship on the Swadesh list with "Tenere" (a western Senari dialect), 59% with "Central Senari" (the Senari dialect spoken around Korhogo), and 43% with the non-Senufo languages Mo (or Deg), Kabre (or Kabiye), and Dogon. The relatively low scores of about 60% point to a rather distant relationship. Likewise, Mensah and Tchagbale establish an intercomprensibility factor of 38% with "Tyebaara" (Senari), concluding that Nafaanra is only distantly related to this dialect. Nafaanra has been tentatively linked to Palaka (Kpalaga) by Manessy, whereas Mills suggests a relation with the southern Tagwana–Djimini branch.

Vowels
Nafaanra has seven oral and five nasalized vowels. A difference in vowel length can make a difference in meaning, as in ', "to go", vs. ', "fetish" or o, "we" vs. oo, "we will". Similarly, the phonemic contrastiveness of nasalization can be seen in sii, "to be giving birth," vs. , "to build". The vowel system closely resembles that of other Senufo languages. It is like the two Northern Senufo languages Supyire and Mamara in having only five nasal against seven oral vowels.

Tone
Like the other Senufo languages, Nafaanra has three contrastive tones: High, Mid and Low. Tone is normally not marked in the Nafaanra orthography. Examples are: The Mid tone sometimes has a rising feature, the High tone sometimes is subject to downstep (a tonal process resulting in a High tone being realised lower than a preceding High tone), and an upstep is also found. The "rising feature" of Mid may be related to the fact that two different Mid tones are found in some other Senufo languages (e.g. Sucite and Supyire). The High tone downstep (signified by a raised exclamation mark) occurs in the following context:
 * kúfɔ̀ "yam" (High-Low)
 * dama "two pesewas (coin)" (Mid)
 * màŋà "rope" (Low)

we ! sɛ

he FUT go

"he will go".

It is likely that the tonal lowering seen in this particular example is related to the low tone nasal prefix found in future tense constructions in some other Senufo languages. In fact, Supyire shows a similar phenomenon in future tense constructions with a direct object (in other future tense constructions, a low tone nasal is found). In general however, downstep is more widespread than in Supyire; a similar phenomenon is found in Palaka, Tagwana, and Djimini.

An upstep is found in the imperative tense of high tone verbs:

ki tɔ

it close

"close it!"

Grammar
The Nafaanra syllable comprises a vowel and a maximum of three consonants. A nasal consonant may occur as a syllable on its own, in which case it is called a syllabic nasal. The basic syllable structure can be rendered as (C1)(C2)V(C3), with a preference for CV and CVV. Position C1 may contain any consonant, although word-initial /r/ does not occur. Position C2 may contain only trills (/r/) or approximants (/w, l, j/). Position C3 may contain only nasals, in which case the syllable as a whole is nasalized.

Senufo languages have a typical Niger–Congo noun class (or gender) system. Suffixes on nouns mark membership of one of the five noun genders. Pronouns, adjectives and copulas reflect the noun gender of the nominal they refer to. Although none of the sources on Nafaanra provides any details, it can be inferred from a brief word list given by Jordan

The basic word order in Nafaanra is subject–object–verb, as can be seen in the following sentence:

bibilɛ ná pé nya

boys PAST them see

"The boys saw them"

Personal pronouns
Jordan lists the following list of pronouns, commenting, "Although the pronoun system appears quite simple, it becomes complicated because all the tenses are shown by a combination of pronoun plus particle."

Tense and aspect
Tense and aspect in Nafaanra are generally encoded in two places: in preverbal particles and on the verb form. Nafaanra has past, recent past, and future tenses and continuative aspect. In a simple sentence, the order of the various constituents can be rendered as follows: SUBJECT • (NEGATION) • (TENSE) • (ASPECT) • VERB. When the negative suffix -n is present, no fusing of preverbal particles takes place. Nafaanra additionally expresses some tense/aspect matters by use of certain time adverbs and auxiliary verbs.

Past tense is marked by the preverbal particle ná (high tone, as opposed to the low tone continuative particle). Future tense is marked by the particle wè. Simple sentences without a preverbal tense particle are interpreted as recent past (sometimes called immediate). If aspect marking is absent, simple sentences are generally interpreted as completive.

kòfí ná sɛ́

Kofi PAST go-COMPL

"Kofi went"— PAST

kòfí wè sɛ́

Kofi FUT go-COMPL

"Kofi will go"— FUTURE

kòfí sɛ́

Kofi go-COMPL

"Kofi just went"— RECENT PAST (no marking)

Continuative aspect (sometimes called progressive) denotes an action that is ongoing or repetitive. Continuative aspect is usually marked both by a preverbal particle nà (low tone) and by a change of the verb form. The verb sɛ́, "go" used in the sentences below has the continuative form síé. In sentences where both past tense particle ná and continuative particle nà are present, they combine to give the fused particle náà. In sentences in the recent past tense, the preverbal continuative particle is omitted and continuative aspect is shown only on the verb.

kòfí náà síé

Kofi PAST+CONT go-CONT

"Kofi was going"— CONT + PAST kòfí wè nà síé

Kofi FUT CONT go-CONT

"Kofi will be going"— CONT + FUTURE kòfí síé

Kofi go-CONT

"Kofi is going"— CONT + RECENT PAST

Two classes of verbs can be differentiated on the basis of their behaviour in aspectually marked sentences.

kòfí blú

Kofi swim-CONT

"Kofi is swimming"— CONT + RECENT PAST

kòfí blú

Kofi swim-COMPL

"Kofi just swam"— RECENT PAST (no marking)

Questions
Questions can be formed in several ways in Nafaanra. Basic yes–no questions are constructed by adding a sentence-final question marker rá. Constituent questions (sometimes called Wh-questions or question word questions) are doubly marked. They contain a sentence-initial question word and are marked with a sentence-final question marker hin.

u pan rá

he come Q

"Has he come?"—basic yes–no-question

ŋgi wra nya hin

what he+PAST see Q

"What did he see?"—constituent question

Numbers
The cardinal numbers without tonal marking are presented below; where possible, the tone pattern is added based on the list in Rapp.

Rapp (1933) compares the Nafaanra numerals for three (táárɛ) and hundred (lafaa) with eta and ke-lafa from Mpre, a hitherto unclassified language from Ghana. The Mpre eta is Kwa-like (cf. Brong esã, Ga etɛ), whereas the Nafaanra form táárɛ is transparently related to the forms found in the other (non-Kwa) Senufo languages (e.g. Supyire tàànrè). Nafaanra lafaa "hundred" is a typical Kwa numeral and is most probably borrowed from one of the surrounding Kwa languages (cf. Dangme làfá, Gonja kì-làfá, Ewe alafá). Rapp's implication of affinity between Mpre and Nafaanra seems therefore unwarranted at this level.

Colour words
There are 3 to 4 basic colors in Nafanan. The cognate forms in closely related Supyire are -ɲyɛ-, "red; warm colored", and -fyìn-, "white; light colored", in Supyire. These adjectives are related to the respective verbs fíníŋɛ́, "be white; whiten" and ɲááŋá, "be red; redden", which in turn are causative forms of the now defunct verbs fini,"be white" and ɲana, "be red".
 * wɔɔ—ki wɔ  "it is black"
 * finge—ki finge  "it is white"
 * ɲiɛ—ki ɲina  "it is red"

Sample sentences
Sample Nafaanra sentences from the SIL:

mùùrà kà ní čàà mè gbú mè é nyìè tɛ́ɛ́ mè kí lóó

story some I want and-FUT beat and-FUT your ear put and-FUT it hear

"I want to tell a story for you to hear." yɛ́ngè nà kòmó ǹdrá

true that hyena hide-COMPL

"It's true that the hyena hid himself." ké bĺè kà kpáhù wá

it day some frog not-there

"On a certain day the frog wasn't here." ẃrè ǹnà pè kúú

he not-CONT them kill-CONT

"He wasn't killing them." ná múúrò ḿnà kàà mà ná yo mà

if fish you-PAST-CONT chew-CONT you-not past say-COMPL that

"If you had been eating fish you would not have said that."

Research
There is relatively little published on or in the Nafaanra language. The first linguistic publication to mention Nafaanra is Delafosse (1904), containing some notes on the Nafana people and a fairly extensive comparative Senufo word list, though it lacked any proper tonal marking. Rapp (1933) is an appendix to an article on the Kulango language containing a German-Nafaanra (Nafana-Sprache) word list of around 100 items, gathered during a stay of four hours at Sampa. Rapp notes in passing that special attention was paid to the marking of the tones.

After a period of silence on Nafaanra, Painter (1966) appeared, consisting of basic word lists of the Pantera and Fantera dialects. The SIL linguist Dean Jordan published an article on Nafaanra discourse in 1978, and together with his wife Carol Jordan has produced a translation of the New Testament, which appeared in 1984. The whole bible was translated in 2015. Kropp-Dakubu's 1980 West African language data sheets vol II contains a few pages on Nafaanra put together in the late seventies by Dean and Carol Jordan, including a phonology, a list of nouns, a list of pronouns, a list of numbers, and some example sentences; tones are not marked. A more detailed phonology of Nafaanra by Jordan, also containing a Swadesh list, appeared in 1980. Mensah and Tchagbale in their 1983 linguistic atlas of Ivory Coast include a comparative Senufo word list of about 120 items; Nafaanra is present under the name "Nafara of Bondoukou". Hartell published an orthography of Nafaanra, lacking tonal marking, in 1993. The area where Nafaanra is spoken has been the subject of recent archaeological-anthropological studies.

title: Nafanan language


text:
River Ythan

The Ythan is a river in the north-east of Scotland rising at Wells of Ythan near the village of Ythanwells and flowing south-eastwards through the towns of Fyvie, Methlick and Ellon before flowing into the North Sea near Newburgh, in Formartine.

The lower reach of the river is known as the Ythan Estuary, is a part of the River Ythan, Sands of Forvie and Meikle Loch Special Protection Area for conservation, particularly the breeding ground of three tern species (common tern, little tern and Sandwich tern) (Lumina, 2004).

The River Ythan has a length of 60 km and a catchment area of 680 km2. As figures of the discharge, 6 m3/s are given or 7.2 m3/s.

Nitrate Vulnerable Zone
The Scottish Government has designated the River Ythan catchment as a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone following concerns about the spread of algal mats in the river during the 1990s. The resulting restrictions on the use of fertilisers in the catchment were criticised by many farmers, 90% of the land in the catchment area is used for agriculture. However, the designation and subsequent actions to solve the issue under the European Union's LIFE Fund's Ythan Project have led to improvements in water quality as an increasing number of farmers used techniques such as the creation of buffer strips between their fields and the river and nutrient budgeting. Both the increase in agri-environment schemes in the area and the individual river restoration work undertaken under the auspices of the Ythan Project have led to an increase in wildlife habitat in the Ythan's catchment.

Etymology
The name Ythan may be derived from a Brittonic source, cognate with Old Welsh eith meaning "gorse" (Welsh eithin) or else, from an early *Iectona meaning "talkative one" (Welsh iaith; c.f. River Ithon).

Fishing
The area of the Ythan is part of a protected region, in order to preserve Atlantic salmon and sea trout.

title: River Ythan


text:
Pagan Lorn

Pagan Lorn was a heavy metal band in Luxembourg from 1994 until 1998, the band is regarded to have been among those bands that sparked the metal and underground music scene in Luxembourg in the late 1990s.

Pagan Lorn was founded in mid-1994. In 1995 Stephen Misquita and Jos F. Kirps joined the band as two members were replaced. Pagan Lorn was then Sascha Georges (vocals), Patrick Hurt (keyboards), Jos F. Kirps (guitars), Vladeta Maksimovic (bass), Stephen Misquita (drums) and Patrick Linnig (promotion).

A first demo tape was recorded at the end of 1995. In 1996 Pagan Lorn recorded and released their first CD Black Wedding at Linster Studios in Frisange, Luxembourg. The artwork was provided by Patricia Lippert, who was one of Luxembourg's most notable artists of the time. Death metal band Desdemonia opened for Pagan Lorn at the CD release party that took place at Den Atelier in Luxembourg city. A second CD (Nihilennium) was recorded in 1997 and released in February 1998.

In mid-1998 Steve Legil joined as the second guitarist. During the second half of 1998 Pagan Lorn began to split. Jos F. Kirps left in October, while Patrick Linnig and Vladeta Maksimovic quit somewhat later. Jos F. Kirps was replaced by Alain Gonniva, while Vladeta Maksimovic rejoined Pagan Lorn in early 1999. In September 1999 Patrick Hurt left, and in January 2000 the band broke up.

In the final days of Pagan Lorn's existence, the heavy metal and underground scene in Luxembourg started to gain traction, and has become an important part of the country's music scene.

Since 2003 Jos F. Kirps is running a Pagan Lorn tribute website where all tracks from the demo tape and the CDs can be downloaded in MP3 format. Former singer Sascha Georges joined RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg and has since become one of the most popular TV news presenters in Luxembourg.

Discography
Black Wedding (1996)
 * 1) "Absent Minded"
 * 2) "Unleash"
 * 3) "Artless Treatment"
 * 4) "The Eternal"
 * 5) "Confidence In The Executioner"
 * 6) "Production"
 * 7) "Epitome"

Nihilennium (1998)
 * 1) "Outrage"
 * 2) "Silence For A Day"
 * 3) "Prone"
 * 4) "Freezing Lust"
 * 5) "Collapsed"
 * 6) "You Vs You"
 * 7) "Impose"
 * 8) "Gone ..."
 * 9) "... And Forgotten"
 * 10) "Unborn" (hidden track)

title: Pagan Lorn


text:
Ansan University

Ansan University is a 3,4-year university located in Ansan City, Gyeonggi province, South Korea. It hosts a student body of about four thousand, and offers programs in fields including nursing, physiotherapy, early childhood education, and information technology. The school was originally named Ansan 1 University.

History
The university opened its doors as Incheon health College of Nursing in 1972. In 1994, it changed both its name and location, moving to its present site in Ansan and taking the name Ansan Technical College. It was renamed Ansan University in 1998.

Health Care

 * Department of Physical Cure
 * The Department of Nursing Science
 * The Clinical Laboratory
 * Department of Radiology
 * Department of Beauty, Art

Family, Social Practical Business Affairs

 * Food & Nutrition (College of Food & Nutrition)
 * Hotel Cooking (College of Food & Nutrition)
 * Social Welfare
 * Tourism English
 * Tourism Chinese
 * International Secretary (College of International Secretary)
 * International Secretarial Office Work (College of International Secretary)
 * Child Educating Course
 * Child Care

title: Ansan University


text: Talk:Ansan University

title: Talk:Ansan University


text:
Point Fortin

Point Fortin, officially the Republic Borough of Point Fortin, the smallest Borough in Trinidad and Tobago is located in southwestern Trinidad, about 32 km southwest of San Fernando, in the historic county of Saint Patrick. After the discovery of petroleum in the area in 1906 the town grew into a major oil-producing centre. The town grew with the oil industry between the 1940s and 1980s, culminating in its elevation to borough status in 1980. After the end of the oil boom Point Fortin was hit hard by economic recession in the 1980s and the closure of its oil refinery. Construction of a Liquefied Natural Gas plant by Atlantic LNG in late 1990s boosted the economy.

History and development
At the beginning of the 20th century (before the discovery of oil), Point Fortin was an agricultural community with three distinct and separately owned cocoa and coconut estates.

These estates were sparsely populated. Employment was provided for a small number of workers who depended on the estates for their living accommodation as well as their food and other supplies. Travel in and out of Point Fortin was by coastal steamers as there was no road into or out of the area. The inhabited area was located along the seacoast.

In 1907, the Trinidad Oilfields moved into Point Fortin on an expedition for the exploration of oil and sank its first oil well on the La Fortunee Estates. That company turned out to be the only one that survived successfully, although there had been several similar expeditions by other oil companies.

The company later changed its name to the United British Oilfields of Trinidad then became Shell Trinidad Limited. In 1974 it was acquired by the Government and named TRINTOC or the Trinidad and Tobago Oil Company, today known as Petrotrin.

The change from an agricultural to an oil based economy made a significant impact in Point Fortin. There was rapid development in the construction of dwelling houses, plant, pipelines and oil tanks in the area. Point Fortin was booming and labour, particularly skilled labour for the new technology, was scarce and posed a major problem. Trinidadians did not seem to be attracted to the area.

Although people migrated from all over the country, the population in 1931 was less than 500. There were very few houses, no schools, and recreational and other facilities. As a result, Trinidadians who went to work in Point Fortin never took their families with them.

However, this changed when the company realised that in order to attract and retain workers, they needed to develop the area. This encouraged families to settle in the area, and coupled with a growth in the commercial sector, brought about such facilities as a post office, police station as well as other governmental agencies and banks.

In the 1960s the town began to see a decline due to massive retrenchment. The Government tried to revive the economic activity and eventually succeeded in establishing the Dunlop Tyre Factory. However the economic revival was only achieved in the early 1970s as a result of the Oil boom and the acquisition of Shell Trinidad Limited by the government. Point Fortin's Mayor is Saleema McCree Thomas (PNM). The MP for Point Fortin is Kennedy Richards Jr. (PNM).

Notable natives
Culture

 * Fay-Ann Lyons Alvarez – Soca Artiste
 * Austin Lyons (Superblue) – Calypsonian / Soca artist/ father of Fay-Ann Lyons and her sister Terri Lyons
 * Kelvin Pope (The Mighty Duke) – Calypsonian
 * Keegan Taylor Soca artist/Stick Fighter
 * Lady Tiny- Calypsonian
 * Iwer George - Calypsonian/ Soca artist
 * Naya George - Soca artiste

Sports
 * Atiba Charles
 * Avery John
 * Kenwyne Jones
 * Keyeno Thomas
 * Warren Archibald
 * Steve David
 * Anthony Douglas
 * Randy Samuel - Canadian soccer player

Public service

 * Lionel Blake – first mayor
 * Victor Chin Kit – past mayor
 * Cyril Rogers – longest-serving MP
 * John Cupid – cultural researcher
 * Francis Bertrand – longest-serving mayor (Boro Day Pioneer)

Others
 * Arthur Joseph - Deal or No Deal (US game show) winner
 * Manchand Teeluck - professional wrestler Ring of Honor and New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * Kailash Seemegona - color commentator Ring of Honor and New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * Keston Jones - special effects assistant (Ash vs Evil Dead)
 * Blake Ramires - radio co-host pirate radio podcast (US Internet radio/podcast show)
 * Phillip Mitchell - radio host Univ of Hartford. CT.USA (West Indian Rhythms)WWUH
 * Lance Knight - Video Game Developer/Programmer and Program Development Coordinator for Waseda University Waseda University

Education
Primary schools

Secondary schools
 * Point Fortin Roman Catholic Primary School
 * Point Fortin S.D.A Primary School
 * Egypt Village Government Primary School
 * Point Fortin Anglican Primary School
 * Point Fortin A.S.J.A Primary School
 * Cap-de-Ville Government Primary School
 * Fanny Village Government Primary School
 * Point Fortin East Secondary School (formally known as PFC)
 * Point Fortin West Secondary School (formally known as the Junior Secondary)
 * Holy Name Convent'

Other Educational/Training Institutions
 * Manchand Teeluck's Squared Circle Grappling Academy - Professional Wrestling Academy
 * Lu-Wong Dance Academy
 * Com Sa Choi - Asian Culinary Institute
 * Club Malibu - Pole Dancing Academy

Electoral districts

 * Egypt Village
 * Techier/Guapo Village
 * Mahaica/New Lands Village
 * Cap-De-Ville/Fanny Village
 * New Village
 * Hollywood Village

title: Point Fortin


text:
Kaunan

The k-rune (Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon futhorc ) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems, meaning "ulcer". The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is *Kauną. It is also known as Kenaz ("torch"), based on its Anglo-Saxon name.

The Elder Futhark shape is likely directly based on Old Italic c (, 𐌂) and on Latin C. The Younger Futhark and Anglo-Saxon Futhorc shapes have parallels in Old Italic shapes of k (, 𐌊) and Latin K (compare the Negau helmet inscription). The corresponding Gothic letter is 𐌺 k, called kusma.

The shape of the Younger Futhark kaun rune is identical to that of the "bookhand" s rune in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc. The rune also occurs in some continental runic inscriptions. It has been suggested that in these instances, it represents the ch /χ/ sound resulting from the Old High German sound shift (e.g.  elch in Nordendorf II).

title: Kaunan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Supernerd

Supernerd
This is a neologism and original research (according to the article itself), and does therefore not belong in an encyclopedia (According to the wikipedia guidelines). Thue | talk 15:58, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete has no real purpose and is original research. Therefore, it should be deleted. --Computerjoe 16:35, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete he also created a copy, see below, but I was slower at vfding it. We should merge them somehow... Grue 16:41, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Coolgamer 16:53, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Supernerd has/had the same nonsense content. Jeff Knaggs 16:50, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems more fitting for a slang dictionary. Coolgamer 16:51, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 18:05, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 20:29, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If you're really special, you don't need to call yourself anything. (Original "research," POV, nonsense.)  Geogre 22:05, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism, nonsense. Gazpacho 03:22, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete stupid neologism.
 * Unsigned message contributed by User:EventHorizon. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 06:18, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry. EventHorizon 05:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Superdelete for all the reasons stated above. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 06:17, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to nerds in denial. -- Chaz
 * Comment from 198.82.71.55.
 * Delete as vanity project of a bunch of people who are too nerdy to realize that adding the "super" prefix just makes them sound that much more pathetic. DreamGuy 10:38, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Supernerds are a real phenomena. The term may be a few months old but this is spreading fast. Google already lists over 9000 hits so it's a real term. I am a supernerd and I can see all the Wikinerds on here up in arms trying to surpress us! But we will fight on. Least us supernerds don't waste time trying to delete the truth! -- Supernerd . 11:31, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC).
 * Comment from 195.188.152.14.
 * Another comment: User:Supernerd does not exist. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 01:26, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Keep fighting the power. Gamaliel 11:36, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Microneologism.  Tempshill 22:03, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: moronic, POV, neologism, unverified, does not establish notability... the list goes on - rernst 13:59, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:70.19.221.127

title: User talk:70.19.221.127


text:
User talk:JRM/Wikibooks

Very phunny. I hope this starts a tradition. Andrewa 16:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:JRM/Wikibooks


text:
Cugir

Cugir (German: Kudsir, Kudschir, Hungarian: Kudzsir) is a town in Alba County, Romania. Declared a town in 1968, it administers seven villages: Bocșitura (Hungarian Boksiturahavas, German Potschitur), Bucuru (Bukuruhavas/Bukur), Călene (Kalenihavas/Kalleney), Fețeni (Fecehavas/Fetzeberg), Goașele (Goaselehavas/Eisenhammer), Mugești (Mugestihavas/Kudschirstallen), and Vinerea (Felkenyér/Oberbrodsdorf).

Geography
The central settlement of the Breadfield region, the town lies on the banks of the Cugir River, at the confluence of headwaters Râul Mare and Râul Mic. It is situated 300 m above sea level, at the base of the Șureanu Mountains.

Cugir is located in the southwestern part of Alba County, about 31 km from Sebeș and 37 km from Alba Iulia, the capital of the county. It lies on the border with Hunedoara County, 17 km from Orăștie and 41 km from Deva.

Name
Throughout the history the name of the town is mentioned in many documents under different names in different languages, therefore the old settlement "villa Kunentum" becomes in 1493 villa Kudzyr, in 1566 Kwczyr, in 1599 – Kuchir, in 1656 – Kuchjir, in 1673 – Kucsir, in 1733 – Kuser, in 1750 – Kudsier, 1760–1762 – Kudzser, in 1805 Kudsir and in 1850 – Kusir.

Ancient times
Numerous archeological discoveries prove that life in the region flourished as early as the Bronze Age, around the 10th century BC, Cugir being part of the territory known as "The Iron Gates of Transylvania", a region famous for its natural iron resources. In 88–44 BC, king Burebista, the most powerful of the kings of Thrace, according to the historian Acronion, established the new capital in the area, at Sarmizegetusa Regia (located in the Șureanu Mountains, west of Cugir). In this period the settlement of Cugir (villa Kunentum) was an important center for metal extracting and processing, with renowned workshops producing tools, weapons, and coins.

Modern period
Cugir has a complex political history with periods under the Principality of Transylvania, the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Kingdom of Romania.

In the mid-18th century the Habsburg Empire authorities established the "Frontier Police" in Transylvania. They also tried to recruit Romanians from southern Transylvania between Baraolt and Orăștie, but the locals put up a fierce resistance against the enrollment. The population revolted due to a policy of forced removal and deportation used to convince the peoples to join in, and a bloody massacre took place in the place known today as the old market of the town. Severe clashes occurred again in the area when the authorities decided to "brake" the neighboring villages Șibot and Vinerea to establish the 4th company. Finally, after severe conflicts and pressure, in 1764, 6 regiments were established and in 1768 another battalion was formed so that the frontier police in Transylvania was of approximatively 17,000 soldiers.

After the loss of Silesia, the authorities and the Austrian business began investing funds into the mining and manufacturing industry in Transylvania. In 1764 Empress Maria Theresa of Austria gave long-term loans without interest to concessionaires that pledged to exploit the mines and the state and concessionaire manufactories used free workers brought from Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, Upper Hungary or Dalmatia, but the local peasants represented the main work force. Due to industrialisation, a great number of Romanian villages and their grounds, pastures, agricultural land and forest were seized. At the end of the 18th century factories for metal processing were founded in Cugir and Sibișel, just 15 years after the suppression of the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan to exploit the mineral resources and also to bolster obedience towards the Empire. According to documents, the "Iron and Steel factory" was established in Cugir in the year 1799, one of the first factories in Transylvania and since then the history of the town has revolved around it.

After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary up until the end of World War I. From that time, it has been part of Romania, which was acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.

Thereafter the factory became owned by the Romanian state and during World War II its production was seized by Nazi Germany for war purposes. Since 1946 the Cugir Arms Factory oriented its production towards military components and house appliances, especially washing machines. It became the top Romanian producer of sewing machines for industrial and private purposes.

During the Romanian Revolution, Cugir was the first locality in Alba County and the fourth in the country where protests against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu occurred, on December 21, 1989.

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Cugir had a population of 19,473. According to the census from 2011, the town had a total population of 21,376; of those, 95.4% were Romanians, 3.4% Roma, 0.9% Hungarians, and 0.2% Germans.

Climate
Cugir has a humid continental climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Economy
The town is a heavy industrialised one, with at least half of the total working age population engaged in industrial activities, and around 30 percent engaged in lumbering activities. The Cugir Arms Factory is the main employer in town and it has diversified its production to include along the traditional products automotive components and firearms, and a large part of its production is destined for export. Another employer is Star Transmission Cugir S.A., a Daimler company that produces gearbox parts.

Education
The town has a high school (the David Prodan Theoretical High School ), one technical school (the Ion D. Lăzărescu Technical College ), 3 middle schools, and 6 kindergartens.

Sport
The local football team, Metalurgistul Cugir, plays in the Liga III national division.

Natives

 * Teodor Atanasiu (born 1962), politician
 * Bogdan Borza (born 1997), tennis player
 * Ioan Mărginean (born 1960), footballer
 * Ahmet Nurmambet (1893–1953), Army officer
 * Valentin Uritescu (1941–2022), actor

title: Cugir


text:
Kaun

Kaun may refer to:

Art and entertainment

 * Kaun?, a 1999 Hindi film
 * Kaun? Kaisey?, a 1983 Hindi film
 * Kaun (song), a song by Indian Ocean from album Kandisa

Other uses

 * The Old Norse name of the k rune; see Kaunan
 * Káun, the Hungarian name of Căoi village, Vețel Commune, Hunedoara County, Romania
 * The ICAO location identifier for Auburn Municipal Airport
 * KAUN-LD, an American low-power television station
 * Sasha Kaun (born 1985), Russian basketball player
 * Kaun (wrestler), an American professional wrestler

title: Kaun


text:
Wikipedia:Did you know/Guide

This page describes the steps to perform a full update to the "Did you know" section on the Main Page. However, since WP:DYKADMINBOT automates most of this process when it is working properly, and since all main page templates have been protected against vandalism, some of this information may be outdated.

 * If you help out updating at DYK you can add this userbox to your userpage: User DYK helper

Updating the DYK preparation areas

 * See also: Did you know/Preparation areas

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When updating Template:Did you know, admins may simply paste in the entries from a preparation area and add the talk notices.

After the update, anyone can replace the entries on a preparation area with fresh entries from the suggestions page.

The DYK preparation area can be "cleared" or "blanked", that is, restored to a pristine state with no nominations on it, by copying the contents of the DYK prep area "clear" page (or the old nominations can be cleared manually). Corrections to the instructions or formatting of the prep area page should be copied to the "clear" page to ensure that they are not lost when it is next cleared.

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 * See also: Template:Did you know/Clear

After confirming that a suggestion meets the DYK rules, an administrator may move the suggestion to the DYK template and then delete the suggestion from the DYK template prep area page.

This section describes the steps to perform a full update to the "Did you know" section on the Main Page.

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If Did you know sets are themed, please archive them at the relevant portal:
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title: Wikipedia:Did you know/Guide


text:
Japanese in the Philippines

Japanese settlement in the Philippines or Japanese Filipino, refers to one of the largest branches of Japanese diaspora having historical contact with and having established themselves in what is now the Philippines. This also refers to Filipino citizens of either pure or mixed Japanese descent currently residing in the country, the latter a result of intermarriages between the Japanese and local populations.

Settlements
After the establishment of a single state within Japan, official trade records began between Japan and the Philippine islands in the Heian and Muromachi period (8th to 12th centuries CE). In the case of the proto-Okinawan chiefdoms, this was much earlier, and ties in with shared migration patterns of Okinawans and Austronesian areas like the Philippines stretching back to the neolithic period. Notable settlements of the period include Bolinao and Agoo along Lingayen Gulf. The Japanese were trading with Philippine kingdoms well before the Spanish period, mainly in pottery and gold. Historical records show that Japanese traders, especially those from Nagasaki, frequently visited the Philippine shores and bartered Japanese goods for such Filipino products as gold and pearls. In the course of time, shipwrecked Japanese sailors, pirate traders, and immigrants settled in the Philippines and intermarried with the early Filipinos. The Wokous who were East Asian pirates mostly consisting of Japanese, even made it into the Philippines before their extermination in the 1600s. Aparri in the Philippines, which is located in Northern Luzon, was established as pirate city-state under the patronage of the Wokou. The area around Aparri was the site of the 1582 Cagayan battles between Japanese pirates and Spanish soldiers. When the Spaniards reached the island of Luzon in 1571, they found Japanese colonies and settlements in Manila and in some parts of the Cagayan Valley, the Cordillera region, Lingayen, Bataan, and Catanduanes Island. The relatively light complexion of the natives of Bontoc and Banaue is probably a result of the early contacts between the Japanese and other islanders from south of Japan and the natives of the Cordillera.

Pottery trade
Precolonial Philippines had a rich pottery tradition as verified by the finds at Ayub Cave in South Cotabato and other parts of the archipelago. Japanese texts mention trading expeditions to the island of Rusun (Luzon) for the highly prized Rusun and Namban jars. Rusun jars (呂宋壺), also known as "Luzon jars", were dark-brown to purple-black tapayan from the island of Luzon in the northern Philippines. These were highly sought after by Japanese traders in the 16th century Nanban trade and remain as valuable antique heirlooms in modern Japan. They are primarily used for the Japanese tea ceremony (chanoyu). They were prized for their simplicity and rough, often uneven design, epitomizing the traditional Japanese aesthetics of wabi-sabi ("perfection in imperfection"). The Tokiko calls the Rusun and Namban jars, Ru-sun tsukuru or Lu-sung ch'i (in Chinese), which simply means "made in Luzon." These Rusun jars, which had rokuru (wheel mark), were said to be more precious than gold because of its ability to act as tea canisters and enhance the fermentation. In the 15th century AD, tea-jars were brought by the shōguns to Uji in Kyoto from the Philippines which was used in the Japanese tea ceremony.

The Spanish historian Antonio de Morga in his Sucesos de la Islas Filipinas (1609) described Rusun jars as thus:

"In this island of Luzon, especially in the provinces of Manila, Pampanga, Pangasinan and Ylocos the natives have ancient earthenware jars (tibores) which are brown in color and not especially attractive to look at. Some of these are medium-sized, others smaller, and they have certain marks and stamps on them but no one knows how to explain these, nor knows whence they came nor when, for they are no longer imported or made here. The Japanese seek them and think highly of them, for they have discovered that the root [sic] of a certain plant called cha (tea), which the kings and lords of Japan drink hot, both as a refreshment and medicine, can best be kept and preserved in these jars. Hence throughout Japan these jars are regarded highly as being the most precious jewels of their inner rooms and chambers, and the Japanese adorn them on the outside with fine, elegantly wrought gold and keep them in brocade cases. One of them is worth a great sum there, for some jars are valued at, and sold for, two thousand taels at the rate of eleven reales per tael. It makes no difference whether they be cracked or chipped, for that does not prevent them from holding cha. The natives of these islands sell them to the Japanese for the best possible price and they are diligent in seeking them out for the sake of the profit to be made. However, few are to be found these days because of the zeal with which they have been sought up to the present."

Rusun jars were part of what is collectively known as Mishima ("three islands") ware. With the other two islands being indigenous Taiwan and the unidentified "Amakawa".

Many of the important pottery traditions that spread into the Oceania region had their counterparts in the Philippines including the well-known Lapita culture. This quote from American anthropologist Wilhelm Solheim illustrates the matter: "I hypothesize that the Sa-huynh Kalanay and Lapita pottery traditions had a common origin somewhere in the Palawan-Sarawak-Sulu Sea-Sulawesi area and that it was at this point in time and space that a second and main stage in the spread of the Austronesian languages began." The finds at Ayub Cave in South Cotabato confirmed the great pottery tradition of the Philippines. In the Tokiko it mentions that all Rusun jars had this marking known as the rokuru (wheel mark). Those familiar with Philippine ethnography will know that this spiral is commonly used by many of the Philippine tribes. The following symbols were used to identify which kiln was used to make the jar: identified "Imbe" jars, meant jars coming from Bizen kiln, and mark three times meant a canister from the same oven. A jar with this mark is said to be made of Namban clay. This marking corresponds to the syllable la in Pampanga; Tagbanua for ka ("Chinese Pottery", Field Museum of Natural History-Anth., vol.xii, Jul.1912) Of course, the symbol for la can also be the same as that for lu, and so this might correspond to the symbol said to stand for Lu in Rusun-no kokuji (Luzon national writing). According to the Tokiko, certain types of Rusun jars were distinguished by this character. De Morga mentions that Japanese traders were still coming in large numbers for these jars during his time, and that they were willing to spend great sums for them. Apparently work on these jars continued in the North, possibly among the unconquered Igorots, for De Morga had no knowledge of such current production. Later, the knowledge may have again trickled down to Vigan, where a flourishing industry of Burnay jar manufacture survives to this day. Although the Japanese described very high quality jars coming from the Philippines, not all were of elegant nature. In fact, De Morga had some disdain for some of the jars that the Japanese were buying, so they could have been similar to the well-known balanga and other jars in use today. These jars are generally handed down as heirlooms and are noted for their qualities in enhancing the fermentation process. Possibly one of the Japanese uses for the Rusun jars was fermentation of products like Kombucha and Umeboshi plums. For instance, a Japanese family in rural Japan stated that their family used old Rusun jars for exactly this purpose up to this day. In 2009, Japanese and Filipino archaeologists from the Sumitomo Foundation-funded Boljoon Archaeological Project conducted by the University of San Carlos with the National Museum of the Philippines, discovered ancient Japanese pottery that has been to believed to been in existence since the early 1700s. The ancient Japanese pottery that was discovered there, has proven that there was activity of trading activity between Japan and Cebu Island Philippines going back to the 16th century.

Fishing technologies
The Filipinos were skilled in all types of fishing and fisheries. In the south, the basnig, a Viking-like ship, was and is the vessel of choice among the Bisayans for ocean fishing. The salambao is a type of raft that utilizes a large fishing net which is lowered into the water via a type of lever made of two criss-crossed poles. Night fishing was accomplished with the help of candles similar to the copal of Mexico. These candles were made from a particular type of resin. Fish corrals, like the ones still used today, were also employed by the ancient Filipino. However, the area in which the Filipino most astonished Westerners was in their advanced aquaculture:

"To the early Spaniards, the pisciculture of the Filipinos was regarded almost as a new art, so much more advanced it was than fish breeding methods in Europe."

Many have looked to Japan for an explanation for these advanced methods. The roe was transplanted to safe pens for incubation and to guard the small fry from predators. Only when sufficiently mature to fend for themselves were they released back into the wild. These days this method is practiced by fisheries throughout the world. Before the Spanish came, the Filipinos also only used large mesh nets when fishing in rivers, lakes or in the sea. This ecologically sound practice protected the young ensuring future good catches. However, the competition brought by the Spaniards resulted in the use of such small mesh nets that the Spanish themselves eventually had to regulate the nets to prevent the destruction of the fisheries. Other Pre-Spanish Filipino industries included the manufacture of liquors and vinegars like tuba, basi, etc., the production of hides for export to Japan, export of edible bird's nests from Northern Palawan to China, the raising and trade of civet cats, the manufacture of gunpowder, the making of wax for export to China, and the making of cotton stockings for export.

Spanish era
The Japanese population in the Philippines has since included descendants of Japanese Catholics and other Japanese Christians who fled from the religious persecution imposed by the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo period and settled during the colonial period from the 17th century until the 19th century. A statue of daimyō Ukon Takayama, who was exiled to the Philippines in 1614 because he refused to disavow his Christian beliefs, stands a patch of land across the road from the Post Office building in the Paco, Manila. In the 17th century, the Spaniards referred to the Paco Area as the 'Yellow Plaza' because of the more than 3,000 Japanese who resided there. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. pp. 52–3

Many of the Japanese men intermarried with Filipino women. A sizeable population settled in Manila, Davao, the Visayas and in the 1600s in Dilao, Paco, and Ilocos Norte Province. This hybrid group tend to be re-assimilated either into the Filipino or the Japanese communities, and thus no accurate denominations could be established, though their estimates range from 100,000 to 200,000. Many were killed or expelled after World War II because of their alleged collaboration with the Japanese Imperial Army (mostly as translator). Many Japanese mestizos tended to deny their Japanese heritage and changed their family names in order to avoid discrimination.

American period and the Post-WWII era
During the American colonial era, Japanese immigration to the Philippines increased that according to Teodoro Agoncillo that by 1939, Japanese immigrants exceeded the Chinese for the first time in Philippine history. They were very evident in Manila, and Davao where it was said to practically be a Japanese colony. During this period, Japanese laborers were also brought in to build the Benguet Road (Kennon Road) to Baguio, but eventually after the project, many moved to work in abaca plantations in Davao, where Davao soon became dubbed as Davaokuo (in Philippine and American media) or (in 小日本國「こにっぽんこく」) with a Japanese school, a Shinto shrine and a diplomatic mission from Japan. The place that used to be "Little Tokyo" in Davao was around the areas of Mintal, Calinan, Tugbok. Prominent scholars and historian like Lydia Yu-Jose and Macario Tiu wrote extensively on the lively presence of Japanese migrants in pre-war Davao due to its noticeably thriving local economy predicated by a huge concentration of rubber, copra, and hemp plantations. Unsurprisingly so, when World War II broke out, it was reported that there were more than 21,000 Japanese residents in the Philippines with about 18,000 or more in Davao, though after the outbreak of war, the Japanese population in Davao dropped slightly. There is even a popular restaurant called "The Japanese Tunnel", which includes an actual tunnel built by the Japanese during World War II.

Davao in Mindanao had a large population of Japanese immigrants who acted as a fifth column, welcoming the Japanese invaders during World War II. These Japanese were disliked by the Chinese and hated by the Moros. The Moros were judged as "fully capable of dealing with Japanese fifth columnists and invaders alike." The Moros were to fight the Japanese invaders when they landed at Davao on Mindanao. The Japanese went back to their ships at night to sleep since the Moros struck so much fear into them, even though the Moros were outnumbered by the Japanese. For fear of discrimination, some fled to the mountains after World War II while many others changed their names in the attempts to assimilate. Many were also killed (c. 10,000 Japanese Mestizos and Japanese) while others were deported as an act of retaliation. Their Japanese identity may take on extremes, some have completely lost their Japanese identity while others have "returned" to Japan, the homeland of their forebears. There is also a number of contemporary Japanese-mestizos, not associated with the history of the earlier established ones, born either in the Philippines or Japan. These latter are the resultant of unions between Filipinos and recent Japanese immigrants to the Philippines or Japanese and immigrant Filipino workers in Japan. Most Japanese mestizos speak Tagalog and/or other Philippine languages. They may also be known as Japinos, although this term is considered derogatory by many. There are believed to be between 100,000 and 200,000 Japanese-mestizos in the country, but no accurate figure is currently available. Thousands of war-displaced ethnic Japanese still live in the country and are denied recognition as Japanese nationals in order to return to Japan.

Modern times
The recent Japanese Filipinos are descendants of 1980s and 1990s Japanese settlers usually businesspeople, most of whom are men, and (mostly female) locals. Many are children of thousands of overseas Filipino workers, who went to Japan mostly as entertainers. They are in the Philippines also to learn English. As the Filipina mothers return to the Philippines, most take their children along with them. A significant number in the U.S. today are the product of Filipino- and Japanese American intermarriages, mostly in California, Hawaii, or other U.S. states, or other U.S. territories in the Pacific, while others are Filipinos of Japanese ancestry who have migrated to the United States.

Several foundations today such as the Federation of Nikkeijin Kai Philippines & Manila Nikkeijin Kai exist throughout the country through the efforts of prosperous Japanese descendants and expatriates to assist Filipinos of Japanese ancestry to travel in Japan to trace their roots and visit relatives, and also charity purposes such as offering Long Term Resident visa and educational scholarships to out of school Japanese Filipino children. Similar organizations exist in the Philippines to commemorate and signify the historical settlement of Japanese Filipinos in the region. The Philippines also has the highest number of Japanese in the country than any other Southeast Asian country.

Japanese citizenship
The Supreme Court of Japan on June 4, 2008, ruled against a law that denied citizenship to children born out of wedlock to Japanese fathers and foreign mothers. It upheld the 2003 and 2005 separate suits (of 10 Japanese-Filipino children for Japanese citizenship), filed by Filipino mothers who proved the fathers of their children were Japanese. It affirmed the Tokyo District Court judgment that "the marital status of the parents had no bearing on nationality, and that denying the children citizenship violated constitutional guarantees of equality for all." Mel Nuqui, executive director of the Development Action for Women Network (DAWN), stated that the "30-year migration of Filipino entertainers to Japan produced 100,000 Japanese-Filipino children," but very few children were legally acknowledged by their Japanese fathers. DAWN assists Filipino entertainers and Japanese-Filipinos, by helping Japanese-Filipinos locate their fathers in Japan. In 2007, it called for registration of Japanese-Filipinos, and 1,313 Japanese-Filipinos in the Philippines registered (August to October in 2007). However, only 60 of the 1,313 children had been registered in Japan, and of 2,800 children (born out of wedlock from foreign mothers who reside in Japan), 2,000 had Japanese fathers.

Education

 * The Manila Japanese School, a Japanese international school, is located in Bonifacio Global City, Metro Manila.
 * The Cebu Japanese School is a supplementary program for Japanese children in Mandaue City, Cebu.
 * The Mindanao Kokusai Daigaku (Mindanao International College) and the Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai International School offer Japanese language education in Davao City.

Notable people

 * Dominic Panganiban - YouTuber, animator, and cartoonist.
 * Carlos B. Teraoka - Honorary Consul-General of Japan (1995-2005) and Chairman of the Filipino-Japanese Foundation of Northern Luzon
 * Naitō Joan – A Christian Samurai / Lord who was banished to Manila after the Shogunate's anti-christian edict of 1614 (Originally from Japan)
 * Naitō Julia – A woman catechist who was banished to Manila after the Shogunate's anti-christian edict of 1614 (Originally from Japan)
 * Fumiya Sankai – vlogger (Originally from Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan)
 * Aiko Melendez – actress and former politician.
 * Hikaru Minegishi – footballer who plays mainly as a winger for Ceres–Negros of the Philippines Football League (Originally from Sendai, Miyagi, Japan)
 * Dom Justo Takayama - Kirishitan daimyo and samurai (Originally from Uda, Nara, Japan)
 * Jiro Manio – former actor.
 * Nina Kodaka – TV personality, host, actress & pianist who gained media attention as a finalist on the 5th season of StarStruck, a reality-TV talent show broadcast on GMA Network (Originally from Tokyo, Japan)
 * Satoshi Ōtomo – footballer who most recently played for Davao Aguilas in the Philippines Football League (Originally from Sakae, Chiba, Japan)
 * Sayaka Akimoto – actress and singer who was a member of the Japanese idol girl group AKB48.
 * Alan Shirahama – performer, actor and DJ (Originally from Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan)
 * Loveli – fashion model and television personality (Originally from Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan)
 * Akihiro Sato – Japanese Brazilian model based in Philippines.
 * Anja Aguilar – recording artist and Grand Winner of Little Big Star Season 2 in 2006.
 * Gerphil Flores - classical crossover singer.
 * Tomohiko Hoshina – judoka (Originally from Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan)
 * Iwa Moto – actress, model and reality television personality.
 * Maybelline Masuda - jiu-jitsu practitioner.
 * Daniel Matsunaga – model, actor, professional footballer, host and businessman who became known in the Philippines by appearing in Cosmopolitan Philippines’ September 2009 "Cosmo Men" supplement. Born Japanese-Brazilian, obtained Filipino citizenship.
 * Hikaru Minegishi – footballer who plays mainly as a winger for Ceres–Negros of the Philippines Football League (Originally from Sendai, Miyagi, Japan)
 * Kintaro Miyagi – footballer who plays for the UP Fighting Maroons (Originally from Tokyo, Japan)
 * Artemio Murakami - professional golfer.
 * Kodo Nakano – judoka (Originally from Noda, Iwate, Japan)
 * Enrique Ona – surgeon and public servant.
 * Satoshi Ōtomo – footballer who most recently played for Davao Aguilas in the Philippines Football League (Originally from Sakae, Chiba, Japan)
 * Taki Saito – actress (Originally from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan)
 * Risa Sato – volleyball player (Originally from Osaka, Japan)
 * Yuka Saso – professional golfer of Japanese descent. She created golf history for the Philippines by winning the 2021 U.S. Women's Open.
 * Daisuke Sato – professional footballer
 * Edgar Sia – businessman founder of Mang Inasal fastfood chain, his mother is a Japanese Filipina named Pacita Jaruda.
 * Akiko Thomson – television host, journalist and retired swimmer.
 * Kiyomi Watanabe - judoka who has represented the Philippines in international competitions.
 * Michiko Yamamoto – screenwriter.
 * Mokomichi Hayami – actor, chef, TV presenter, entrepreneur, and model (Originally from Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan)
 * Maria Ozawa – actress, model and a former AV star (Originally from Hokkaido, Japan)
 * Kaede Ishiyama – MNL48 idol.
 * Mara Lopez – actress and surfer.
 * Fabio Ide – actor and model.
 * Anthonny Iinuma – former contestant of Produce 101 Japan S2 and Boys Planet. (born from Davao City)
 * Ako Kamo – Miss Universe Japan 2019 (Originally from Kobe, Hyogo, Japan)
 * Miho Hoshino – MNL48 idol.
 * Kaori Oinuma – actress and Pinoy Big Brother: Otso winner (Originally from Nagoya, Aichi, Japan)
 * Kiara Takahashi
 * Junna Tsukii - Filipino-Japanese karateka
 * Ramon Tulfo, Wanda Tulfo-Teo, Ben Tulfo, Raffy Tulfo and Erwin Tulfo - their mother is a Japanese Filipina named Caridad Teshiba
 * Akira Morishita - Actor, singer, and member of BGYO
 * Angel Satsumi - Teen actress, known as Clarissa in Pepito Manaloto
 * Tsuyoshi Anthony "Hori" Horibata - First district representative of Camarines Sur (2022–)

title: Japanese in the Philippines


text:
UoC

UoC may refer to:
 * Unity of Command (video game), 2011 video game
 * Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
 * University of Calgary
 * University of Colombo
 * University of Cambridge
 * University of Canterbury
 * Cardiff University
 * University of Chester
 * University of Chichester
 * University of Cologne
 * Coventry University
 * Cranfield University
 * University of Curaçao
 * University of Cyberjaya

title: UoC