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Destroyer (Kiss album)

Destroyer is the fourth studio album by American hard rock band Kiss, released on March 15, 1976, by Casablanca Records in the US. It was the third successive Kiss album to reach the top 40 in the US, as well as the first to chart in Germany and New Zealand. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on April 22, 1976, and platinum on November 11 of the same year, the first Kiss album to achieve platinum. The album marked a departure from the raw sound of the band's first three albums.

Background
After attaining modest commercial success with their first three studio albums, Kiss achieved a commercial breakthrough with the 1975 concert album Alive! It was the first album by the band to be certified gold. The success of Alive!, which spent 110 weeks on the charts, benefited not only the struggling band but also their cash-strapped label Casablanca Records. Kiss signed a new contract with Casablanca in late 1975, partly because the label had been very supportive from the start of the band's career. The contract was for two albums, an indication that Casablanca was unsure if the group could duplicate the accomplishments of Alive!

Songwriting and recording
Rehearsals for Destroyer began in August 1975, while the group was embarked on their supporting tour for Alive! Bob Ezrin, who had previously worked with Alice Cooper, was brought in to produce the album. The band felt that Ezrin was the right person to help them take their sound to the next level and to maintain the commercial success they had achieved with Alive! Before meeting with Ezrin, the band had written and recorded a 15-song demo in the Magna Graphics Studio in August 1975. The first demo recorded during the Destroyer sessions was "Ain't None of Your Business" featuring Peter Criss on vocals. The plodding, heavy song, written by country songwriters Becky Hobbs and Lew Anderson, was rejected by the band and later appeared on the 1977 debut album by Michael Des Barres' band Detective. Although this song was rejected, other outside songs and suggestions were accepted by the band. In particular, Kim Fowley and Mark Anthony became important contributors during the songwriting process, bringing in the title and basic structure of the song "King of the Night Time World" from their previous band Hollywood Stars' then-unreleased 1974 album Shine Like a Radio (which also featured the original version of the Alice Cooper song "Escape" from Welcome to My Nightmare).

Ezrin flat out rejected most of the material, as only heavily re-worked versions of "God of Thunder" and "Detroit Rock City" made it to the album, and one song "Mad Dog" was pilfered for lyrics to "Sweet Pain" and a riff for "Flaming Youth". Other songs from this demo were re-worked for the following album Rock and Roll Over and Gene Simmons' 1978 solo album while others remained unreleased until the 2021 release of Destroyer as a 2CD set and Super Deluxe box set.

The first recording sessions for the album took place on September 3–6, 1975 at Electric Lady Studios in New York City, during a brief break between the Dressed to Kill and Alive! tours. The basic album tracks were recorded during this time. The majority of the recording sessions for Destroyer took place in January 1976, after the conclusion of the Alive! tour. Ezrin introduced to Kiss sound effects, strings, screaming children, reversed drums (on "God of Thunder") and a children's choir. The song "Great Expectations" uses the first phrase of the main theme from the second movement of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13 (known as Sonata Pathétique), but the songwriting is credited to Simmons and Ezrin.

During the recording sessions, Ezrin resorted to numerous tactics designed to increase the quality of music Kiss recorded. Because none of the group were trained musicians, Ezrin halted the sessions at one point to provide lessons in basic music theory. To instill a sense of discipline, he wore a whistle around his neck and exhorted the band with sayings such as, "Campers, we're going to work!" When Simmons stopped playing during the recording of an outro, Ezrin yelled at him, saying, "Don't you ever stop a take unless I tell you!"

Paul Stanley later compared the experience of working with Ezrin as "musical boot camp" but said that the group "came out a lot smarter for it." Simmons echoed the sentiment by stating, "It was exactly what we needed at the time."

Destroyer is the first Kiss album to prominently feature outside musicians, such as members of the New York Philharmonic. One musician not credited was Dick Wagner, from Alice Cooper's band, replacing Ace Frehley on the track "Sweet Pain". Wagner also played the acoustic guitar found on the song "Beth". The success of Alive! and Destroyer enabled the band to embark on their first tour of Europe.

Artwork
The cover art for Destroyer was painted by fantasy artist Ken Kelly. Kelly was invited to a show and given a backstage pass. He said of the performance, "It blew me away." Kelly was later commissioned by the band to draw the cover for 1977's Love Gun.

Kelly's original version of the album cover was rejected by the record company because they felt the scene was too violent looking with the rubble and flames. Also, the original version had the members of Kiss wearing the Alive! costumes. The front cover shows the group striding on top of a pile of rubble, and a desolate background spotted with destroyed buildings, some of which are engulfed in flames. The back cover shows a similar scene, but with more buildings on fire. The front of the inner sleeve featured a large Kiss logo and the lyrics to "Detroit Rock City". The other side displayed the lyric "Shout it out loud", as well as an advertisement for the Kiss Army fan club.

Reception
Destroyer sold well upon its release on March 15, 1976, and was certified gold on April 22. Although exact sales figures are not known, Stanley stated that the album initially sold 850,000 copies in the US, well over any of Kiss's first three studio albums. After peaking at No. 11 on the Billboard 200 album chart on May 15, Destroyer quickly fell and by August was at No. 192. The first three singles—"Shout It Out Loud", "Flaming Youth" and "Detroit Rock City"—failed to ignite sales any further, though "Shout It Out Loud" did give the band their first No. 1 record, in Canada. The band and Ezrin cited fan backlash as the reason Destroyer did not meet sales expectations. Ezrin also stated that the "grassroots rock press" was particularly critical of the album. Rolling Stone referred to "bloated ballads", "pedestrian drumming" and "lackluster performances" in its review. Robert Christgau, writing in The Village Voice, felt that it was Kiss's "least interesting record" and criticized producer Ezrin for adding "only bombast and melodrama". It was not until radio stations started playing the B-side of the "Detroit Rock City" single "Beth", that the album started to sell as expected. The ballad, which according to Simmons was deliberately put on the B-side to force stations to play "Detroit Rock City", started receiving numerous listener requests and became an unexpected hit. "Beth" (co-written and sung by Peter Criss) was re-released as the fourth single in late August, and it peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart on September 25. It was the group's first Top 10 song in the US and reignited sales of the album.

On November 11, 1976 Destroyer became the first Kiss album to be certified platinum. The album was re-certified at the double platinum level on September 9, 2011 and is the band's best selling in the post-1991 Soundscan era, selling 726,000 copies in the United States from 1991 to March 4, 2012.

The album has received recognition in later years. In 1989, Kerrang! magazine listed the album at No. 36 among the "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time". In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Rob Sheffield referred to Destroyer as "the inevitable arty concept album, from the drink-smoke-drive-die saga 'Detroit Rock City' to the touching 'Do You Love Me?'". The album was also featured in 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2006, it was placed at No. 60 on Guitar World magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Albums of All Time. Greg Prato of AllMusic described Destroyer as "one of Kiss' most experimental studio albums, but also one of their strongest and most interesting." Pitchfork's Jason Josephes said that it is "easily one of the best albums in the Kiss canon" and credited Ezrin for ushering along "even more of an art/hard rock album than Kiss's previous efforts." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff, described Destroyer as a "no party album, looming darkly, ponderous, almost haunting at times, basically uncommunicative and puzzling due to its stylistic over-extension" and judged it a "success of early no-chops metal". In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked it at No. 489 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, calling it "a ridiculously over-the-top party-rock album that just gets better with age".

Destroyer: Resurrected
In anticipation of the 35th anniversary of the release of Destroyer, producer Bob Ezrin approached Simmons and Stanley about doing a remix and re-release of the original album. With their approval, Ezrin acquired digital copies of the original 16-track analog master tapes. In addition to re-equalizing elements of each song, Ezrin also added in some parts of tracks that had been omitted from the original mix. These include some additional vocals on "Detroit Rock City" and "Beth", and the substitution of a guitar solo by Frehley on "Sweet Pain" for the one from the original that had been performed by Wagner (a version of "Sweet Pain" with Frehley's solo was included as track 6, while the original version with Wagner's solo is appended as a "bonus" track at the end of the new CD). Ezrin also used digital manipulation to fix an incorrect lyric (changing "down 95" to "doin' 95") on "Detroit Rock City". The resulting album, titled Destroyer: Resurrected, was released on August 21, 2012. It featured Ken Kelly's original cover artwork before alteration by Casablanca for the 1976 release.

Destroyer: Resurrected met with mixed critical reception. William Clark of Guitar International wrote: "Each track sounds crisper, clearer and louder, which are always welcome qualities when you're listening to a classic album of the likes of Destroyer". However, Circus magazine in a joint review with Aerosmith's contemporary release of Rocks praised Rocks while stating that Destroyer "stinks." The album returned to the Billboard charts, debuting at No. 11 the week after its re-release. In 2019, the record was released in orange translucent vinyl, retailed exclusively by Walmart in the U.S.

Original release
All credits adapted from the original releases.

 * Rock and Roll Party appears a few seconds after "Do You Love Me?" as a hidden track on the original vinyl pressing.

Destroyer: Resurrected (2012 remix)

 * Rock and Roll Party appears a few seconds after "Do You Love Me?" as a hidden track on the original vinyl pressing.
 * Sweet Pain (track 6) solo by Ace Frehley, previously unreleased
 * Sweet Pain (track 11) - Solo by Dick Wagner, from the original release (omitted from vinyl version)

Personnel

 * Kiss
 * Paul Stanley – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Gene Simmons – backing and lead vocals, bass
 * Peter Criss – drums, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Beth"
 * Ace Frehley – lead guitar, backing vocals

 * Additional musicians
 * Dick Wagner – guitar solo on "Sweet Pain", guitar licks on "Flaming Youth", acoustic guitar on "Great Expectations" and "Beth"
 * Brooklyn Boys Chorus – additional vocals on "Great Expectations"
 * David and Josh Ezrin – voices on "God of Thunder"
 * New York Philharmonic – orchestra on "Beth"

 * Production
 * Bob Ezrin – producer, orchestration, keyboards, piano on "Beth"
 * H.A. Macmillan – orchestration
 * Jay Messina, Corky Stasiak – engineers

title: Destroyer (Kiss album)


text:
Talk:Destroyer (Kiss album)

Heavy Metal
I think the genre for this album should be Hard rock / Heavy metal, like Guns N' Roses Appetite for Destruction because of the songs Detriot Rock City, which is on VH1's top 40 greatest metal songs, and God of Thunder. This is a classic hard rock / heavy metal album. 68.103.160.33 (talk) 19:59, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Smudge on Paul Stanley's raised leg
On the vinyl album cover, there is a distortion at the ankle of Paul Stanley's right leg. It appears to be an accidental smudge on the original painting. Is there any interest in finding out what that is? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.70.212.100 (talk) 20:34, 11 August 2009 (UTC) I always assumed it was smoke from the burning city — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.104.196.14 (talk) 05:01, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Rock And Roll Party
I'm not a fan of putting the "Rock And Roll Party" in the track listing here. In the notes as an addendum, sure. But it's not a "track"; not a "song". It's just a production addendum afterthought. I'll get a consensus though before deleting. --Redrkr (talk) 04:36, 21 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Red - I agree with you...leave it as a "hidden track" with notes. Also, why is it listed as an "Instrumental" when you can clearly hear Paul's voice? Granted, it is a recorded loop from "Alive!", but still... FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 15:40, 6 March 2019 (UTC)
 * FWIW, I agree with calling it a hidden track (9 years after the original comment but a mere 4 months after the next comment :) ). I would like to leave one note here for informational purposes, though.  The current reference in the article for the hidden track says the track is 'generally referred to as "Rock And Roll Party,"' but discusses the, presumably, only time the track was actually given a name on any sort of release, writing:
 * The title "Rock And Roll Demons" was used on the February test pressing of the LP at Sterling Sound.
 * Wantnot (talk) 07:05, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

deluxe edition
i want to add a mention of the upcoming destroyer deluxe edition (http://ultimateclassicrock.com/kiss-destroyer-deluxe-edition-release-date/), but I am not sure of which section to put it in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.69.44.10 (talk) 06:37, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

additional personnel
anything more you can add? there is defintely piano and strings in songs like Beth and Great Expectations. Also what about the rumor that Bob Ezrin played the signature bass riff on Detroit Rock City? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.147.173.70 (talk) 16:35, 13 April 2012 (UTC)

Destroyer Resurrected original tapes
This section mentions that "The album was remixed from the original DAT tapes". As Destroyer was recorded in the 70's before the invention of the DAT, this cannot be correct. I'm going to change it to "multitrack tapes" which would make more sense in this context. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.91.16.85 (talk) 05:18, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request on April 27 2013 I think Dick wagner played guitar on Flaming youth — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.179.233.65 (talk) 00:02, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

Disputed
On the Resurrected reissue, the original version of "Sweet Pain" with Dick Wagner's guitar solo was moved to the end as an extra track, track 11. That's why it is titled "Sweet Pain (Original Guitar Solo)". The previously unreleased version of the song with Ace's solo is put in its place as track 6. Someone keeps switching them around even after I undo their edits, so I am putting this here to make sure they can see and hopefully stop trying to make an incorrect change.Greg Fasolino (talk) 15:07, 25 August 2013 (UTC) Some citations on these facts: Excuse me? There is no cause for you to respond that way. I gave factual references why the edit you keep trying to make is incorrect, and instead of explaining why you keep doing this or citing examples as to why the above references are wrong, you respond with an obscenity. You also did not sign your comment. I'm going to fix this one more time and if you persist, and refuse to discuss the issue in a civil way, I will be forced to apply for Wikipedia dispute resolution as what you are doing is veering very close to deliberate vandalism. Greg Fasolino (talk) 20:50, 26 August 2013 (UTC)
 * http://www.kissfaq.com/discography/resurrected.html ("The "original guitar solo" version is the Dick Wagner solo version originally included on the album in 1976, while the version in the running order of the album is the Ace Frehley version.")
 * http://3minuterecord.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/kiss-destroyer-resurrected-album-review/ ("Even though Wagner’s “Sweet Pain” appeared on the album in 1976, it finds itself being dubbed as a bonus track and tacked on at the end of the running order.")
 * https://www.facebook.com/KISS/posts/10151107050386412 ("Other rediscovered gems include a complete, alternate guitar solo for the track “Sweet Pain,” now heard for the first time since it was originally recorded. The newly remixed “Sweet Pain” with the original guitar solo will be included as a bonus track. ")
 * http://www.discogs.com/Kiss-Destroyer-Resurrected/release/3839872
 * Fuck
 * Fuck

 * Please protect this page if you don't i'll keep editing it back just protect this page then i'll stop. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.219.163.69 (talk) 02:28, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Can you please explain yourself a bit more clearly? What does "protect this page" mean? Wikipedia pages are changed and updated all the time when information is found to be wrong. The information on the two "Sweet Pain" tracks was incorrect. They were switched. I explained that to you and gave you linked references above that show that the original listing was incorrect. Why would you wish to keep trying to have the wrong information listed? I changed the page, but I explained WHY, and I listed sources that backed it up. If you want to argue the point, you need to explain why.Greg Fasolino (talk) 05:44, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

It means this page is Semi-Protected didn't you know what it means but looks like im gonna keep editing it back then cause you won't semi-protect it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.219.163.69 (talk) 19:35, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

I am aware of what semi-protection is (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Rough_guide_to_semi-protection) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection) but I am not an unregistered or new editor, and my edits were a correction (backed up by references), not vandalism. Perhaps you can explain why semi-protection ould prevent a mistake from being corrected? You still have not said anything about the error that needs to be fixed, or given any facts in response that would argue against correcting the error. If I am not correcting it the way you prefer, why don't you correct it, instead of reverting it to something that's wrong?Greg Fasolino (talk) 00:31, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Kaldari, I am reluctant to revert the incorrect edits yet again as the other user refuses to discuss it. You suggested contacting an administrator. What's the easiest/simplest way to do that? (I find the maze of options and instructions here somewhat challenging at times). Thanks.Greg Fasolino (talk) 14:30, 2 September 2013 (UTC) Kaldari, any further suggestions? The user waited three months to again vandalize the page, and his sole response was a curse, below.Greg Fasolino (talk) 21:39, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

FUCK YOU

Cursing at other Wikipedia users and editors isn't very nice. I suggest you take a course in civility and manners, as well as logic.Greg Fasolino (talk) 21:35, 19 November 2013 (UTC) P.S. I suggest you read this carefully: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CIVIL Greg Fasolino (talk) 21:37, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

This woulden't have all started if you would just Semi-Protect this page in the first place next time i come on this page this page better Semi-Protected or else if its not FUCK YOU ALL.

If you have a legitimate issue, take it up with Wikipedia. I am under no obligation to deal with semi-protection. You ARE under an obligation to remain civil and not curse at people who don't comply with your wishes.Greg Fasolino (talk) 16:10, 24 November 2013 (UTC) Hello Sorry all i had mentel problems at the time but yea sorry fro anything ive done and i will never do it again — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.155.46.228 (talk) 00:28, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Destroyer (Kiss album)


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User talk:129.177.44.178

"Contemporary capitalism" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_capitalism&redirect=no Contemporary capitalism] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 21:42, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:129.177.44.178


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HMS Victoria (1887)

HMS Victoria was the lead ship in her class of two battleships of the Royal Navy. On 22 June 1893, she collided with HMS Camperdown (1885) near Tripoli, Lebanon, during manoeuvres and quickly sank, killing 358 crew members, including the commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon. One of the survivors was executive officer John Jellicoe, later commander-in-chief of the British Grand Fleet at the Battle of Jutland.

Design
Victoria was constructed at a time of innovation and rapid development in ship design. Her name was originally to be Renown, but this was changed to Victoria while still under construction to celebrate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, which took place the year the ship was launched. Her arrival was accompanied by considerable publicity. She was the largest, fastest and most powerful ironclad afloat, with the heaviest guns.

She was the first battleship to be propelled by triple-expansion steam engines. These were constructed by Humphrys, Tennant and Company of Deptford and had cylinders of diameters 43 in, 62 in and 96 in with stroke of 4 ft. They produced 12000 ihp under forced draught, or 7500 ihp under open draught. She was also the first Royal Navy ship to be equipped with a steam turbine which was used to run a dynamo.

A detailed model of the ship was exhibited at the Royal Navy exhibition in 1892, and another in silver was given to Queen Victoria by the officers of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines as a Jubilee gift.

Design limitations
Despite the ship's many impressive features, compromises in the design meant that she proved less than successful in service.

The ship was nicknamed 'the Slipper' (or when with her sister ship HMS Sans Pareil (1887), also attached to the Mediterranean squadron, 'the pair of Slippers') because of a tendency for her low foredeck to disappear from view in even slight seas, and especially, as a result of the low forward deck and raised aft superstructure, for the two ships' humorously perceived resemblance to the indoor footwear.

The forward deck held a single turret with two BL 16.25 in Mark I guns. The 16.25 in gun was chosen because similar large guns had been used in foreign ships, and because of difficulties in obtaining the navy's preferred 13.5 in design. The great weight of the forward turret with its two guns meant that it had to be mounted low so as not to detract from the ship's stability, and that a similar large gun and turret could not be mounted aft. Instead, the after gun was a BL 10 in gun protected by a gun shield.

The original plan was for main armament fore and aft, and the eventual layout, which followed that of the preceding ironclad battleship HMS Conqueror (1881), was a compromise that meant the ship could only fire her main armament sideways or forward. It was found that if the guns were fired directly forward, the recoil buckled the deck.

The gun barrels were found to be so heavy that they drooped when installed on their mountings, and could fire only 75 rounds before barrel wear became excessive.

Her main armour extended only along some 162 ft of her total 340 ft length varying from 16 - 18 in thick. By comparison, the French battleship Amiral Baudin, constructed at a similar time, had 21.5 in armour along her whole length. However, the British design produced a faster ship with greater range and larger guns.

Captains and fleet commanders
Victoria was first commissioned in March 1890 by Captain J. E. Stokes, who took the ship to the Mediterranean. This crew then swapped ships with the crew of Camperdown, so that Captain J. C. Burnell now took command. The ship was now flagship of the Mediterranean squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral Sir Anthony Hoskins. In 1891, Sir George Tryon succeeded as fleet commander and Captain Maurice Bourke became the new flag captain onboard Victoria.

1892 grounding
On 29 January 1892, Victoria ran aground at Snipe Point near Platea on the Greek coast. Platea had been selected as a convenient friendly port for British ships to use as a base for exercises with torpedoes and mines, and each ship of the Mediterranean Fleet would go there in turn during the winter. Torpedoes would be launched from fast moving ships in real battle conditions, but it was desirable to practice this in relatively shallow waters so that the torpedoes could be recovered afterwards (they were supposed to float once their motors stopped but sometimes sank). Captain Bourke had appreciated the potential difficulties of operating his ship in shallow waters, and had ordered a crew to set out a buoy offshore at the place where the water shoaled to 60 ft. But the crew missed the shallowest point, and Victoria grounded on the rocky shoal at 9 kn and stuck fast. The fore end of the ship ended up 7 ft higher out of the water than would be normal as momentum drove it up onto the shoal. The ship's bottom was damaged, and three compartments flooded. The stern, however, was still in 66 ft of water. Admiral Tryon was notified and departed for the scene in HMS Surprise (1885), also ordering a dockyard tug Sampson with pumping equipment and hawsers. HMS Hecla (1878) – a torpedo-depot ship – was already at Platea and made two attempts to tow Victoria free. These failed, but she assisted with laying anchors to hold the rear of the ship steady until further help could arrive. HMS Phaeton (1883), HMS Edinburgh (1882), HMS Dreadnought (1875), HMS Scout (1885) and HMS Humber (1878) were also called to the scene.

Victoria was lightened by removing 1253 LT, including 475 LT of coal thrown overboard. The leaks were patched up by creating temporary bulkheads and using timber and Portland cement to block holes. Dreadnought and Edinburgh each had hawsers attached to Victoria so they could pull astern. Sampson was lashed alongside so that she could pull backwards, and Victoria's own engines were run astern. This was sufficient to move the ship, and she was refloated on the evening of 4 February. The ship proceeded to the new Hamilton Dock in Malta for repairs, being the first ship to use it. The hull plating was ripped and torn for a distance of 70 ft, with some plates being folded into 'S' shapes, although the mild steel bent rather than cracked. Repairs were completed in time for the summer fleet cruise in May.

Sinking
On 22 June 1893, Victoria was leading the Mediterranean Fleet's annual exercises in the Eastern Mediterranean. The ship was at the head of a division of ships, while 1,200 yards to starboard was a second division of five ships led by HMS Camperdown (1885). Admiral Tryon ordered a manoeuvre that was to see each ship turn, one after the other in formation, to steam in the opposite direction. However, with the ships just 1,200 yards apart, and an estimated minimum turning circle of at least 1,600 yards, Victoria, the first ship to turn, was struck by the armoured ram of Camperdown as it turned, causing massive damage to the flagship. Victoria eventually sank in approximately 15 minutes, with 358 members of the crew, including Admiral Tryon, lost.

Wreck site
After a search that lasted ten years, the wreck was discovered on 22 August 2004 in 140 m of water by the Lebanese-Austrian diver Christian Francis, aided by the British diver Mark Ellyatt. She stands vertically with the bow and some 30 metres of her length buried in the mud with the stern pointing directly upwards towards the surface. This position is not unique among shipwrecks as first thought, as the Russian monitor RUSSIAN MONITOR Rusalka also rests like this. The unusual attitude of this wreck is thought to have been due to the heavy single turret forward containing the main armament coupled with the still-turning propellers driving the wreck downwards.

title: HMS Victoria (1887)


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Talk:Restoring the Lost Constitution

POV
I personally agree with most of the content of this article, but I'm not very comfortable with how it's being presented. Presenting a single side like this without a prominent note (like, say, a box) that the content represents the author's opinion rather than the prevailing one just seems off for Wikipedia. —Brent Dax 04:25, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

I have added a NPOV tag for due to the manner in which the books arguments are presented. It should be made clear throughout that the content of the summery is the opinion of the books author. Statements like "Bernet argues that..." should be added. Also criticisms of the book in the book should be presented. I would imagine that at least one prominent person has criticized the book at some point. --Cab88 21:11, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the fact that all the book's arguments are presented after the sentence "A summary of the book follows" render "Bernet argues" redundant. Or at least, allows them to be limited; there's no need to repeatedly beat the reader over the head with "This is just what the book says!" after it's been established once already that the article's saying what the book says.  'Course, seeing how the article's horribly written as it stands, the additional ugliness of that redundancy may be irrelevant.  The Literate Engineer 00:46, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

The fact is that the article is useful to people who wish to have an overview of some of the key issues as seen from one side of the political spectrum. Perhaps it would be good to mention the author's name a few more times (to avoid a kind of "War of the Worlds" scenario, where people forget the opening caveat or tune in late), but so long as it is a fair synopsis of the author's viewpoint it should have as much place here as a synopsis of the political ideas of Aristotle. The one thing I might suggest is to have hyperlinks to a synopses of the views of authors who take significantly different positions from that of Mr. Barnett. -- A User in New York, 21 January 2006

The first comment above seems to confuse objectivity and mere orthodoxy. This is standard journalistic practice, but still not a good thing. However, I do understand the propagandistic taint you are concerned about. Authors ought to (1) try to limit opinion-spouting in articles purporting to be factual, and (2) own up to their convictions in all political articles. That means all authors, though, not just those with minority views. Sean.stromsten 17:47, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

This article reads more like a summary of the book rather than an article about the book. That is not what Wikipedia is for. --JHP 05:03, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've removed the lengthier sections because to be quite frank, no matter how you slice it or try to justify it, the sections are more of a personal review of the book than an actual encyclopedic and neutral look at the book. If someone who can re-write them more neutrally can go over them, I have no problem with the synopsis being extended, but the sections I removed were just not encyclopedic. Despite how closely they took from the book, those sections were more one person's original research and review of the book than an actual synopsis. I did, however, find several meaty reviews to create a criticism section.Tokyogirl79 (talk) 03:53, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

Added Infobox
I've added an infobox, and intend to chew through this article with the aim of aligning it with the Wikiprojects Books non-fiction article template. This should take care of the POV complaint, as well as rendering it an article about the book, rather than simply a summary of the book. Comments? FusionKnight (talk) 19:17, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Criticism
The concepts presented in this book have received criticism in a fairly active debate during the pass half decade—yet there is no criticism section in the article. We need to find some sources and get the article to fairly represent the other sides of the debate to balance the article. N2e (talk) 03:14, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Restoring the Lost Constitution


text: User talk:68.53.124.162

title: User talk:68.53.124.162


text:
Edward C. Gallagher

Edward Clark Gallagher (September 5, 1887 – August 28, 1940) was an American wrestling coach. He coached at Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College—now known as Oklahoma State University–Stillwater—from 1916 to 1940. With his knowledge of physical principles like leverage and stress, along with anatomy, he all but invented the modern style of folkstyle wrestling. He remains one of the most successful coaches in NCAA athletics history. Overall in his wrestling coaching career at Oklahoma A&M, his teams went 136–5–4, including 19 undefeated seasons and 11 NCAA titles.

Gallagher-Iba Arena on campus at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma, is named after him. In 1976, Gallagher was inducted into the inaugural class of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member.

Early years
Gallagher was born in Perth, Kansas on September 5, 1887.

In high school and college, he excelled in football and track. While a student at Oklahoma A&M (now Oklahoma State), Gallagher won the 100-yard dash in a Southwest Conference meet in 9.8 seconds. In 1908, he ran for a 99-yard touchdown against Kansas State, which still stands as a school record for longest run from scrimmage.

Gallagher didn't wrestle as a competitor, only coaching wrestling during his high school and collegiate days. Later after becoming the head wrestling coach at Oklahoma A&M, he would spend the rest of his career involved in wrestling.

Early coaching career
Gallagher earned a degree in electrical engineering from Oklahoma A&M in 1909. Upon graduation, he stayed at the Stillwater school, where he served as track coach. In 1913, he left Oklahoma A&M for Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas, where he coached all sports.

He held the head football coach position at Baker for the 1913 and 1914 seasons. His football coaching record at Baker was 8 wins and 8 losses.

Oklahoma A&M
In 1915, he returned to Oklahoma A&M as athletic director. During the 1914–15 school year, Oklahoma A&M started its wrestling program, with A.M. Colville as coach. That first season, the team wrestled only one dual meet, and lost to the University of Texas. In the 1915–16 school year, Gallagher named himself wrestling coach while remaining athletic director. The team again had only one dual meet, and again lost to Texas. However, by the second year, Gallagher's wrestlers competed in three duals, winning two (against Emporia State and Texas) and tying with Arkansas. The team did not compete during World War I.

In the years immediately after World War I, Gallagher's Oklahoma A&M wrestlers—by now known as the Cowboys—never had a losing season. In the eleven-year period from the 1919–20 through the 1930–31 seasons, the team had 70 straight wins. The streak was broken in the last dual meet of the 1930–31 season against cross-state rival, the University of Oklahoma Sooners. During the rest of the 1930s, the Cowboys lost only one other dual meet (at Southwestern Oklahoma State in the 1936–37 season) and had three ties.

In 1928, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) held its first national college wrestling championship. At that first NCAAs—hosted by Iowa State—Gallagher's wrestlers won four of the seven titles. In the thirteen years of NCAA championships with Gallagher as coach, 22 individual Cowboy wrestlers won a total of 37 NCAA titles.

Olympic success
From 1924 through 1936, fifteen of Ed Gallagher's wrestlers qualified for U.S. Olympic teams, along with Earl McCready competing for his native Canada at the 1928 Olympics, and George Chiga wrestling for Canada in 1936.

Four Cowboy Olympic wrestlers coached by Gallagher earned medals. Bobby Pearce and Jack VanBebber both won gold medals at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics. At the 1936 Berlin Olympics, Frank Lewis won the gold, while teammate Ross Flood earned silver.

Ed Gallagher served as honorary coach for the 1936 U.S. Olympic team.

Scientific approach to wrestling
Using his engineering knowledge, Gallagher studied leverage, and how it applied to wrestling. Gallagher selected over 400 wrestling holds, and expected each of his wrestlers to master about 200.

Gallagher openly shared what he learned with others. He and his teams often conducted wrestling demonstrations before or after dual meets. In 1939, he and his Cowboy wrestlers demonstrated holds in a three-page photo-article in Life magazine. He also wrote two instructional books, "Amateur Wrestling" and "Wrestling."

Later life
In the 1930s, Gallagher was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. In 1938, he retired as director of physical education but remained on as wrestling coach.

February 3, 1939 was "Gallagher Day" at Oklahoma A&M and Stillwater, the day the new 4-H Club and Student Activity Building was dedicated. Soon afterward, it was renamed Gallagher Hall in Gallagher's honor. This structure has since been renamed Gallagher-Iba Arena to honor both Gallagher and Henry Iba, long-time basketball coach at Oklahoma A&M/State.

The Cowboys' first season in the new arena was the last to be coached by Gallagher. He died on a vacation to Colorado on August 28, 1940. His funeral was held in the arena.

Honors
In 1976, Gallagher was inducted into the inaugural class of the National Wrestling Hall of Fame as a Distinguished Member. For the 75th anniversary of the NCAA wrestling championships in 2005, Gallagher was named by wrestling fans as one of the three all-time great college wrestling coaches (along with Dan Gable, University of Iowa, and Harold Nichols, Iowa State University). Gallagher's name is also on the award given each year to an outstanding Oklahoma A&M wrestling alumnus.

Wrestling
The following table shows Gallagher's wins as coach at Oklahoma A&M:

title: Edward C. Gallagher


text:
Tetrahydrocannabivarin

Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV, THV, O-4394, GWP42004) is a homologue of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) having a propyl (3-carbon) side chain instead of pentyl (5-carbon), making it non-psychoactive in lower doses. It has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity, appetite suppression, glycemic control and reduced side effects compared to THC, making it a potential treatment for management of obesity and diabetes. THCV was studied by Roger Adams as early as 1942.

Natural occurrence
THCV is prevalent in certain central Asian and southern African strains of Cannabis.

Chemistry
Similar to THC, THCV has 7 possible double bond isomers and 30 stereoisomers (see: Tetrahydrocannabinol). The alternative isomer Δ8-THCV is known as a synthetic compound with a code number of O-4395, but it is not known to have been isolated from Cannabis plant material.

Description
Plants with elevated levels of propyl cannabinoids (including THCV) have been found in populations of Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica (= Cannabis indica Lam.) from China, India, Nepal, Thailand, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as southern and western Africa. THCV levels up to 20% of total cannabinoids have been reported.

THCV is a cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist or, at higher doses, a CB1 receptor agonist and cannabinoid receptor type 2 partial agonist. Δ8-THCV has also been shown to be a CB1 antagonist. Both papers describing the antagonistic properties of THCV were demonstrated in murine models. THCV is an antagonist of THC at CB1 receptors and lessens the psychoactive effects of THC.

THCV also acts as an agonist of GPR55 and l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), and beyond the endocannabinoid system, THCV also activate 5-HT1A receptors to produce an antipsychotic effect, that has shown therapeutic potential for ameliorating some of the negative, cognitive and positive symptoms of schizophrenia. THCV furthermore interacts with different transient receptor potential (TRP) channels including TRPV2, which may contribute to the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids and Cannabis extracts. It has also shown anti-epileptiform and anticonvulsant properties, that suggest possible therapeutic application in the treatment of pathophysiologic hyperexcitability states such as untreatable epilepsy.

THCV is found to inhibit the activity of both fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyl glycerol lipase (MGL), even at micromolar concentrations, and thereby able to inhibit the hydrolysis of the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA: C22H37NO2; 20:4, ω-6) besides other N-acylethanolamines and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG: C23H38O4; 20:4, ω-6), respectively, therefore, it can also act as an indirect agonist at the cannabinoid receptors, by enhancing the activity of the endocannabinoid system (ECS).

Biosynthesis
Unlike THC, cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabichromene (CBC), THCV doesn't begin as cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Instead of combining with olivetolic acid to create CBGA, geranyl pyrophosphate joins with divarinolic acid, which has two fewer carbon atoms. The result is cannabigerovarin acid (CBGVA). Once CBGVA is created, the process continues exactly the same as it would for THC. CBGVA is broken down to tetrahydrocannabivarin carboxylic acid (THCVA) by the enzyme THCV synthase. At that point, THCVA can be decarboxylated with heat or UV light to create THCV.

Reducing blood sugar
THCV is a new potential treatment against obesity-associated glucose intolerance with pharmacology different from that of CB1 inverse agonists/antagonists. GW Pharmaceuticals is studying plant-derived tetrahydrocannabivarin (as GWP42004) for type 2 diabetes in addition to metformin.

Appetite control
THC increases appetite, which is sometimes referred to as "the munchies." THC acts as a CB1 agonist. As a CB1 antagonist, THCV has been shown to reduce appetite in murine models.

Energy and motivation
A 2:1 ratio of naturally derived THCV to THC extract has been demonstrated to show energizing and motivating effects in a double blind placebo clinical study which relied on a self-reported user survey for results.

Legal status
It is not scheduled by Convention on Psychotropic Substances.

United States
THCV is not scheduled at the federal level so long as it is not derived from cannabis varieties that produce more than .3% THC on a dry weight basis in the United States.

The 2018 United States farm bill legalized the production and sale of THCV if it is derived from hemp compliant with the farm bill.

title: Tetrahydrocannabivarin


text: User talk:80.58.2.46

title: User talk:80.58.2.46


text:
Talk:Tu BiShvat

Spelling of Tu Bishvat
The vowel under the bet is a chirik, and the vowel under the shin is a sh'va na, so "Tu B'shevat" is not an accurate transliteration. Dreyfus 23:59, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I think the shin should actually be a sh'va nach (no sound), so the current spelling "bishvat" is right. 68.197.235.178 (talk) 03:32, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

Whether a sheva following such a chiriq ("chiriq qal") is na or nach is a matter of controversy. this is not the appropriate place to discuss this controversy. I would leave it as is. (UTC)

It is indeed a matter of controversy what type of sheva it is. However, everyone on that controversy agrees about the pronunciation of this sheva - it is completely silent (like a nach). No matter how you look at it, the current spelling "bishvat" is the only correct one.

Tu BiShvat
The article states that Tu BiShvat is the time to bring tithes of fruits. I believe it is more accurate to say that this day is the day of division between "last year" and "this year" as far as tithing goes. Tithes for one year may only be separated from produce of that year; you can't separate tithes from this year's produce for last year's crop, or vice versa. Therefore fruit that ripened a certain amount by Tu BiShvat had to be tithed separately from fruit that only ripened by that minimum amount after Tu BiShvat.

 * Why don't you go ahead and correct that, then? Jayjg |  (Talk)  22:08, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

types of fruits
I added the material on the traditional types of fruits. I don't have a formal reference for this, but I'm pretty certain I have it right. I based it on a combination of my own recollection and a recent email sent by Brit Tzedek v'Shalom. If someone has an authoritative reference, please add that and make any corrections. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:32, Feb 2, 2005 (UTC)

Copyvio?
Text in this article is awfully similar to the knesset.gov.il page linked. Sorry, no time to check into it thoroughly. Suitov 17:15, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, at this moment the paragraph "The earliest scholars" and the sections "Trees in Jewish sources" and "Modern Zionism" consist entirely of text plagiarized word-for-word (yes, in English) from, an article which includes the claim "© Copyright 2001, The State of Israel. All Rights Reserved." --Hoziron 04:47, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, I removed that text from the article. You can easily look it up, either in the page history or at the site . --Hoziron 04:57, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Good going, thanks. --Suitov 13:41, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Seder
I read some great stuff about the Tu Bishvat seder at the kolel site, and I synthesized some of the info here. It's just a start, but it's something :) Tu Bishvat Higiah! --Bennyp 22:57, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

The oldest mention of the Tu biShvat seder is Chemdat Yamim, in a section titled Peri Eitz Hadar. The general consensus is that the book is Sabbatean. Jews would therefore not take its claims that the Ari made such a seder, and in general its observance among Jews deserves a "controversy" section. ,michab (talk) 12:40, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Planting trees?
My memory of this from when I knew something about it, almost thirty years ago, says it's common (maybe among Reform Jews) to plant trees or buy trees to plant in Israel on Tu BiShvat. Is that or was that true? —JerryFriedman 23:25, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * perhaps as true as anything else in this "holiday". There are really no laws relating to to Tu Beshvat and most have been made up very recently.  Jon513 16:11, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Planting trees IS the main activity in Israel (ALL schools) and is the primary thing done in this holiday. Amoruso 06:04, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a law that we do not recite tachanun. There are customs to eat fruit.  Planting trees was invented by heretical zionists. Bobover1 05:26, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

This article lacks important clarifications
I noticed reading this article that it incorporates a lot of information that is only true according to one branch of Judaism or another. For example the article never specifies that there is no actual Tu B'Shvat Seder today (at least in Orthodox Judaism and I don't think so either in Conservative Judaism although I can't say for sure) and that there was certainly never any Tu B'Shvat seder in the same sense as the Passover seder (which is highly central to Jewish religious practice). In addition religious Jews will take severe offense to the description of the modern Tu B'Shvat seder involving issues of current events in ecology and the like (which I think might be Reform, but it is outside of my area of expertise to say) since it describes Judaism as changing with the times. In fact, one of the big issues of dispute - perhaps THE issue - between branches of Judaism is whether practices should be traditional - reflecting the notion of Judaism as a timeless connection to God, or revisionist - reflecting the Jew's evolution in conjunction with the rest of humanity as just one cultural group belonging to the greater human culture. This difference tends to create a separate set of revisionist definitions and practices as distinctly different from tradition in support of the latter view. The traditional (aka Orthodox) view will always reflect the notion that Judaism as practiced at Sinai is fundamentally the same as the practice of today (despite the introduction of additional customs along the way). Conversely, Conservative, Reform and other branches of Judaism each formed for the purpose of changing that. Various people along the way apparently felt the need to introduce a fundamental change of one sort or another in the meaning of Judaism and formed the other branches for that purpose. This is reflected, for example, in the subsuming of the Jewish practice of Tu BShvit into the secular practice of conservationism - a wildly unacceptable deviation in the mindset of traditional, old-school Judaism, but apparently a necessary one in the mindset of the various new-school branches. There are no bases for these changes in traditional Judaism. Rather, they are innovations.

I have noticed a number of Wikipedia articles, such as this one mix and match traditional and non-traditional practices without specifying that the non-traditional practices are non-traditional. In order for Wikipedia articles such as this one to correctly represent the facts, practices which belong to non-traditional Judaism must be marked as such according to the specific branch of Judaism that practices it. Conversely, any area where no such note is given must be assumed to be talking about traditional (i.e. 'original', 'timeless', ) Judaism as defined in legitimate timeless Jewish sources such as the Talmud and the Shulchan Aruch (all many centuries old). Therefore, this article, which states a number of non-traditional practices without attribution to the correct party must be seen as highly misrepresentative of the facts. To clarify, I am not saying that Wikipedia should be biased in favor of traditional Judaism against newer branches. Wikipedia should be religion-neutral. What I am saying is that there is a clear distinction between traditional and non-traditional Judaism which must be respected. One set of practices goes way back and is universally Jewish. Therefore it is not subject to dispute and does not necessarily require a clarifying statement as to source (although it is never a bad idea to do so). Conversely, non-traditional Judaism (conservative, reform, etc) needs to be specified as such, since it inherently exists as a divergence from traditional practice. Therefore it is intellectually and religiously dishonest to mix and match traditional with non-traditional without flagging the source/ownership of the latter and/or clarifying that this is not what is traditionally accepted. Moisheweiss (talk) 20:36, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

 * There is an actual Tu Beshvat in Orthodox Judaism. I agree this article is representing a POV by not mentioning Orthodox Judaism at all and overplaying what may be a tiny minority practice. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 21:43, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Rewrite
I've significantly rewritten the article including (a) moving the details of the Seder to a separate Tu Bishvat seder article (b) adding contemporary use as a cutoff date for purposes of Orlah, and {c) changing the article approach from a "history" approach implying leading from "ancient" practices to modern ones (and implying that past views are obsolete) to a viewpoint approach listing the major viewpoints, keeping the existing details on each viewpoint. I believe this better represents WP:NPOV. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 23:42, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Orlah
Orlah has some fine points. I'm not an expert on this subject. While I think it greatly improves the article to point out the continued existence of the concept and the continued use of Tu Bishvat for dating, my attempt at a brief explanation doubtless mangles things and could be better put. I'd appreciate an expert willing to improve this description. I'm going to try to start an Orlah article on the contemporary use of the concept (as distinct from the Talmud tractate) and I'll do just a stub which I hope experts with a solid grounding in the various halakhic disputes and fine points will be able to improve. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 23:42, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The subject of the article is not Orlah, but Tu Bishvat. Any lengthy discussion of orlah laws should be on the Orlah page. Since it is linked in blue, anyone who is interested can click on it for more information. The Tu Bishvat seder deserves more detail, as it has been a long-standing tradition among religious Mizrahi Jews. In Iraq, for example, it was a really big deal, with all kinds of symbolic items set out on the table, with special brachot for each dish. Tu Bishvat seders are a new trend in Israel, also among kipa sruga. I don't have time to search for info at the moment, but if anyone can come up with sources, that would be good.--Gilabrand (talk) 06:48, 21 January 2008 (UTC) Now I see that the whole discussion of the Tu Bishvat seder was removed to a separate article. I don't think this was a good move. This information should be incorporated on the Tu Bishvat page, with proper editing, as some of it is needless.--Gilabrand (talk) 07:29, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * As orlah is the only halachicly mandated aspect of Tu Bishvat it definitely deserves more than one sentence. Three or four sentences seems right to me.  Jon513 (talk) 09:11, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The reason I moved the Tu Bishvat seder content to a separate article is because it requires a lot of detail to discuss but only a minority of people do this on Tu Bishvat, so that leaving it in the Tu Bishvat article could be construed as resulting in overwhelming the main article with detail about this practice. No-one disputes that it's a notable practice. Separate articles avoid any issue of Undue weight. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 11:37, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree. The "seder" does not require a lot of detail to discuss. There is a lot of trivia in the article that could be pared away, such as lists of what fruit is appropriate. All customs relating to Tu Bishvat should be on the page, which is very short as is. You say it is not widely practiced. If so, then you are not aware of the trends in Israel, where it is becoming more and more widespread, or the customs of Mizrahi Jews. The fact that some black-hatter in America doesn't like the current customs of tree-planting or the revival of kabbalistic rituals is not a reason to remove them from the page. --Gilabrand (talk) 12:03, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The fact that some editor does not like the practice of Orlah is no reason to remove remove all mention of its contemporary existence or the role Tu BiShvat plays in it, leaving a single sentence characterized as "Ancient Jewish Sources". Whether you like the POV or not, its the way the majority of people who observe the holiday use it; Iraqui Jews are a notable but very small minority. It was you, not I, who removed content from the page here. The reason I reverted is that the removal slants the article in a way that violates WP:NPOV. The article needs to include the religious (Orthodox and Conservative here) viewpoint, including an explanation of what religous Jews regard as law and and what they regard as custom. I would urge you not to repeat your complete removal of that point of view. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 12:18, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Since I'm an editor of this article, I'm bringing in a third-party administrator to take a look at this. I want to make it clear that my difficulty here isn't with the content you added, it's with the content you removed. As I see it, by removing all mention of the contemporary role of Tu Bishvat as a cutoff date for purposes of Orlah you (a) completely removed all content on, including mention of the very existence of, a very significat viewpoint that you happen to disagree with (this is my primary concern). In addition, you (b) rewrite the article from your own point of view when there are muliple points of view which qualify for representation under Wikipedia policies. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia explained why it called Orthodox Judaism "ancient Judaism" (because it regarded it as a viewpoint with no contemporary relevance which would soon disappear); contemporary Orthodox Jews don't take very well to having their contemporary practices mischaracterized as being only ancient history. P.S. This is also the first time anyone's called me a "black-hatter". Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 12:25, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry if you don't like my editing of the article. You are welcome to add sections that you think are relevant, but on the whole, it was badly written and organized, and overly verbose. I did not call YOU a black-hatter. The comment about Tu Bishvat customs being an inventions of Zionist heretics spurred that response. It seemed to me that you made all the revisions in response to this one person's inane comment. Respecting sensibilities of anti-Zionists is fine, but not if it turns an article about a holiday into a mishmash that nobody else but yeshiva-educated people can understand (which happens to be incredibly widespread on Wikipedia)--Gilabrand (talk) 12:43, 21 January 2008 (UTC).

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gilabrand" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gilabrand (talk • contribs) 12:47, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * By the way, you have totally misunderstood the heading "ancient sources" - I meant the "mekorot," or Mishnaic sources, not some outdated custom from antiquity. --Gilabrand (talk) 12:52, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, first of all Gila, "black-hatter" could be construed construed as a personal attack (I will note incidentally that Shira isn't in that category anyways). Try to remain civil. That said, Now, while obviously the modern Israeli treatments are relevant, the historic and modern day Orthodox clearly matter. As Jon observed above, if something is the single halachic element of a holiday it should get a decent amount of coverage. Chanukah may be a good guideline for how to break this sort of thing down. JoshuaZ (talk) 18:23, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Joshua, I have edited your comment (John-->Jon). Jon513 (talk) 19:03, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It would be nice if you read what I wrote before responding. I did not call Shira a black hatter (the color of her hat, if any, makes no difference to me). The trouble with many articles on Wikipedia is that they engage in endless Talmudic hairsplitting that makes no sense to the majority of people who seek information on Wikipedia. I doubt very much that Orthodox Jews and yeshiva students are the target population of an article such as this. If they want information, they will go to halachic and rabbinic sources. The kind of person who will read this article is a person who wants to know tachlis - how to celebrate it, or what on earth it is. What I am trying to do is improve the accessibility of Jewish topics for those who are not "in the know," and in the process, to present Judaism in a respectable way, that will not elicit bellylaughs and mockery from "outsiders." Maybe that is an ambitious project, but I think it is a worthy one.--Gilabrand (talk) 19:36, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm a statistician in my other life. Statistics, like many other fields, has an often-dense jargon that can be difficult for outsiders to understand. I imagine some people might disrespect or even laugh at my professional field because of that. An editor who tries to explain statistical jargon in a way that makes it clear to outsiders while being true to the underlying concepts is providing a valuable service. But an editor who claimed that statistics articles should avoid all use of standard professional terminology because statistics jargon is not "respectable" and "elicit[s] bellylaughs and mockery from 'outsiders'" would very quickly get his or her edits reverted, and I imagine that would be true in almost any article on any academic or professional subject in this encyclopedia. Same here We expect people who read our encyclopedia to have an interest in understanding the relevant subjects and to have some respect for them, including the jargon that specialists in the resepective fields use. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 21:43, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The latest additions to the article are so badly worded as to be incomprehensible. The English is substandard, to say the least. --Gilabrand (talk) 05:26, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The relationship between Tu Bishvat and Orlah is rather complex, and I'm not sure how to articulate the relationship in a straightforward way. There seem to be three main cases: (1) all authorities seem to agree that if a tree is planted between Tu Bishvat and 30 days before Rosh Hashanah), then Tu Bishvat is the cut-off as stated. This is the usual case. (2) If a tree is planted in the 30 days before Rosh Hashanah, there seems to be two main streams of opinion. One makes the following Tu Bishvat the cutoff (so Orlah lasts a year longer but involves Tu Bishvat in the usual way), and the other makes Rosh Hashanah the cutoff (and in this case they say Tu Bishvat isn't involved at all). (3) I'm not sure I understand what happens if a tree is planted between Rosh Hashanah and Tu Bishvat. The Schottenstein edition of the Talmud has a diagram of the Orlah period and cutoff dates for cases (1) and (2) above under the two streams of opinion at p. 8a of tractate Rosh Hashanah. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 02:13, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Tu Bishvat seder as separate article
The reason I created a separate article is that the topic is very detailed. There are a lot of different detailed rituals, practices, and symbolic interpretations, many of which, while notable, represent distinctively minority practices and interpretations. I was concerned that this content would overwhelm other points of view about Tu Bishvat, which generally involve less detail and for which there is less to say. A separate article permits giving the major approaches roughly similar weight in the Tu Bishvat article without requiring removal of detail, and permits expansion of the sedar topic with a greater ability to present multiple approaches to arranging and interpreting a seder. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 13:23, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

When occurs?
"Tu Bishvat (or Tu B'Shvat) (Hebrew: ט"ו בשבט) is a minor Jewish holiday in the Hebrew month of Shvat, usually sometime in late January or early February" -- So, is it ever at any other time? When? Why? (Obviously, asking this as a person with little knowledge of the Hebrew calendar, and for the benefit of such people.) -- 201.37.229.117 (talk) 13:29, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The secular date differs from year to year because Jewish holidays are celebrated according to the Hebrew calendar. The month of Shvat usually comes out in January-February. This year, Tu Bishvat is TODAY. Happy birthday to the trees!--Gilabrand (talk) 13:44, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * In the years 2000-2050 the latest Tu Bishvat is on February 13 and the earliest is on January 15. Jon513 (talk) 14:08, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. -- 201.37.229.117 (talk) 21:05, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Factually incorrect information - Orlah
I'm no expert on Halacha, but I'm pretty certain that the entire first paragraph in the section "In contemporary Jewish law" is factually incorrect. Orlah is actually determined based on the first of Tishrei, not on Tu Bishvat. See the first Mishneh of Rosh Hashanah and רמב"ם הלכות מעשר שני פרק ט. And Maaser Ani is NOT redeemed onto a coin as Maaser Sheini is. It is given to poor people, and is not redeemable. There is most definitely a large Halachic application of the year of Maaser for fruits. Other examples are that one cannot Maaser fruits from one year with fruits of another year. This is all applicable 100% in Israel nowadays. I'm too lazy to rewrite this section myself, but I'm pretty certain that the information is inaccurate and should be changed. -Clum (talk) 12:34, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

I see now that some of the references also contain these mistakes, which is quite surprising. They are probably confused with the 16th of Av, which is the latest day to plant a tree before Rosh Hashanah, so that it can be counted as a full year when Rosh Hashanah passes (because it takes 44 days for the tree to take root). I've checked this up in more than one Sefer, including קיצור שולחן ערוך סי' קע"ג which is intended to contain practical Halacha, and I'm absolutely certain that Orlah has nothing to do with Tu Bishvat, and that it has considerable Halachic application even nowadays. -Clum (talk) 12:48, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * According to a table listing opinions and the authorities supporting them listed in the Schottenstein Edition of the Talmud, Rosh Hashanah, 8a, the Orlah period has a beginning and an endpoint. The beginning is determined from the planting of the tree, and the end is determined from the fruit. According to this table, Rosh Hashana is used to determine the year of the planting of the tree, but Tu Bishvat is used to determine the year of the fruit. It also says there are various opinions as to the number of days prior to Rosh Hashana a tree needs to have been planted to have taken root by then. It seems to prefer a 30-day cutoff, but that may be its own editorial preference. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 15:00, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The article is supported by references. Given that there appear to be multiple opinions on the various issues, it would not be appropriate it say that the references are incorrect, when they happen to disagree with ones own preferred sources. You're welcome to add disagreeing opinions cited and attributed to particular sources. It should be noted that Tu Bishvat is definitely mentioned in the Talmud in connection with Orlah in tractate Rosh Hashanah 8a, so it is not clear to me that the cited references are all as mistaken as claimed. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 15:08, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Note: It's not the intention of this article to give a lot of detail on the subject, that should be done in an Orlah article. I'm not an expert on Halachah and certainly not Orlah, I don't live in Israel. Like you, I simply looked the subject up in various references. Coverage of this subject could definitely benefit from the attention of an expert on Orlah familiar with the different opinions and contemporary practice in Israel. Best, --Shirahadasha (talk) 15:11, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Fruticas/Frutikas
Some Sephardic Jews call the holiday Fruticas/Frutikas; see for example http://www.sephardicstudies.org/siddurim.html. I haven't found anything solidly citable, someone else may have something. For now, I've added redirects, but not used the terms in the article. - Jmabel | Talk 00:08, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

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Asherah
The period of the year Tu BiShvat is celebrated, the reference to the tree and it's relationship with Asherah (who is also presented with a tree) we could assume the relationship to be more than suppositions. Yaḥyā  (talk) 03:33, 6 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Seems several Jewish sites make that connection (example: ). Maybe it's worth mentioning in the article. Yaḥyā  (talk) 03:38, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

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Gregorian Dates are wrong
The Gregorian calendar dates for Tu BiShvat are always one day too far ahead. This file lists the dates for Tu BiShvat, using the day the holiday ends at sundown. However, the article seems to assume that the file lists the days that the holiday begins at sundown.

-Aaron — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.237.180.172 (talk) 18:39, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tu BiShvat


text:
Magnolia obovata

Magnolia obovata, the Japanese cucumber tree, Japanese bigleaf magnolia, or Japanese whitebark magnolia, is a species of Magnolia, native to Japan and the adjacent Kurile Islands. It grows at altitudes near sea level up to 1,800 m in mixed broadleaf forests.

Description
It is a medium-sized deciduous tree 15–30 m tall, with slate grey bark. The leaves are large, 16–38 cm (rarely to 50 cm) long and 9–20 cm (rarely 25 cm) broad, leathery, green above, silvery or greyish pubescent below, and with an acute apex. They are held in whorls of five to eight at the end of each shoot. The flowers are also large, cup-shaped, 15–20 cm diameter, with 9-12 creamy, fleshy tepals, red stamens; they have a strong scent, and are produced in early summer after the leaves expand. The fruit is an oblong-cylindric aggregate of follicles 12–20 cm long and 6 cm broad, bright pinkish red, each follicle containing one or two black seeds with a fleshy orange-red coating.

Uses
The wood is strong, light, and easy to work, sought by craftsmen. In parts of Japan, the large leaves are used for wrapping food, and also as a makeshift dish to grill meat or vegetables, such as leeks, mushrooms, and miso in hoba miso.

title: Magnolia obovata


text:
Concurring opinion

In law, a concurring opinion is in certain legal systems a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons as the basis for their decision. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions, and the concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is referred to as the plurality opinion.

As a practical matter, concurring opinions are slightly less useful to lawyers than majority opinions. Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming the point of law is one on which there is no binding precedent already in effect). The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law articulated in the majority opinion. Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal an openness to certain types of test cases that would facilitate the development of a new legal rule, and in turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944).

Concurring opinions may be held by courts but not expressed: in many legal systems the court "speaks with one voice" and thus any concurring or dissenting opinions are not reported.

Types of concurring opinions
There are several kinds of concurring opinion. A simple concurring opinion arises when a judge joins the decision of the court but has something to add. Concurring in judgment means that the judge agrees with the majority decision (the case's ultimate outcome in terms of who wins and who loses) but not with the reasoning of the majority opinion (why one side wins and the other loses).

Concurring opinions by region
In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts, and then concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion and a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment (which are joined only by a minority).

In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to '''conc. opn.'''

Terminology at the various courts

 * At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
 * The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
 * The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.
 * Historically the Law Lords of the United Kingdom gave each an opinion of their own and no aggregated judgment was provided. However, the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom allows for such aggregated judgements, and it is theoretically possible for such concurring opinions to now arise.

Notable concurring opinions

 * Whitney v. California (1927), Justice Louis Brandeis, free speech, became precedent 50 years later in Brandenburg v. Ohio.
 * Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co. (1944), Justice Roger Traynor, strict liability for manufacturers, became precedent 19 years later in Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.
 * Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), Justice Robert H. Jackson, definitive test for the limits of Presidential power.
 * Katz v. United States (1967), Justice John Marshall Harlan II, formulated the "reasonable expectation of privacy" test for determining the reasonableness of a search.

title: Concurring opinion


text:
Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)

Frederick Henry Harvey (June 27, 1835 – February 9, 1901) was an entrepreneur who developed the Harvey House lunch rooms, restaurants, souvenir shops, and hotels, which served rail passengers on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, the Gulf Colorado and Santa Fe Railway, the Kansas Pacific Railway, the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway, and the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis.

As an innovative restaurateur and marketer, Fred Harvey is credited with creating the first restaurant chain in the United States. He was also a leader in promoting tourism in the American Southwest in the late 19th century. Fred Harvey and his employees successfully brought new higher standards of both civility and dining to a region widely regarded in the era as "the Wild West." He created a legacy which was continued by his sons and remained in the family until the death of a grandson in 1965.

Despite the decline of passenger train patronage in the United States in the 20th century with the advent of the automobile, portions of the Fred Harvey Company have continued to operate since 1968 as part of a larger hospitality industry conglomerate.

Early life
Frederick Henry Harvey was born to mixed Scottish and English parents, and immigrated into the United States from Liverpool, England, in 1853 at the age of 17. He took a job in New York City as a pot scrubber and busboy at Smith and McNell's restaurant, a popular New York city restaurant. There he learned the business from the establishment's quirky proprietors, Henry Smith and T. R. McNell. They taught him the importance of quality service, fresh ingredients and the handshake deal. Harvey quickly worked his way up to busboy, waiter and line cook.

This early entry into the world of food service would have large impacts later in his life. He moved from New York to New Orleans after 18 months, where he survived a bout with yellow fever, and then to St. Louis where he worked in a jewelry store. In 1856 he married Barbara Sarah Mattas, with whom he would have six children.

Railroad employment
Despite successful employment, Harvey felt compelled to return to the food industry. He started a Café with a partner, and the two ran a profitable business. However, the Civil War soon interfered. The partner was sympathetic to the Confederacy and left town, taking all of the money the two had earned. Harvey soon got back on his feet, working for the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad which was eventually purchased by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. He ascended the corporate ladder and was transferred to Leavenworth, Kansas, which would remain his home. Harvey traveled frequently while working for the railroads and found himself deeply dissatisfied with the food served to travelers.

Entrepreneurship
Harvey discovered his calling when in 1873, he began a business venture with Jasper "Jeff" S. Rice to set up two eating houses two hundred and eighty miles apart along the Kansas Pacific Railroad, but once again the partnership was doomed.

Harvey's partnership with the Santa Fe began in 1876 when he struck a deal with an acquaintance, Charles Morse, the superintendent of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. Harvey opened eating houses along the railroad, and was not charged rent by Morse. The deal was sealed only with a handshake, but it would have huge ramifications for both parties. At their peak, there were 84 Harvey Houses, all of which catered to wealthy and middle-class visitors alike and Harvey became known as "the Civilizer of the West."

Harvey also gained a boost in business with his incorporation of the "Harvey Girl". He hired women between the ages of 18 and 30 and did not permit them to marry until they had put in a full year of work. Harvey Girls resided in housing adjacent to the restaurants, where they were supervised by the most senior Girl, who enforced curfews and chaperoned male visits. Roughly 5000 Harvey Girls moved out West to work and ultimately marry. Harvey Houses continued to be built and operated into the 1960s. Harvey was the head of the Fred Harvey Company, which operated the hotel and restaurant chain under the leadership of his sons and grandsons until 1965. It was sold in 1968 to the Hawaii-based hospitality industry conglomerate Amfac, Inc.

When Fred Harvey died (of intestinal cancer), there were 47 Harvey House restaurants, 15 hotels, and 30 dining cars operating on the Santa Fe Railway. While some have reported his last words to his sons as "Don't cut the ham too thin, boys," there is another account which addresses the realities of doing business:

"His sandwiches of ham or cheese with an extra slice of bread (three slices in all) for fifteen cents were known everywhere for their value. Of course he had to make his profit or he could not stay in business and therefore this story was told rather reverently by his employees and other denizens of the Southwest spaces. On his deathbed, instead of mentioning debts or bequests to his relatives, he was supposed to have murmured, "Cut the ham thinner, boys."

Innovations in marketing
Harvey is also known for pioneering the art of commercial cultural tourism. His "Indian Detours" were meant to provide an authentic Native American experience by having actors stage a certain lifestyle in the desert in order to sell tickets to unwitting tourists. Fred Harvey's feats of marketing did not stop at the attraction either, as for tour guides he used attractive women in outfits becoming their figures. This tactic was adapted from his restaurants, where Harvey Girls worked as waitresses.

Fred Harvey was also a postcard publisher, touted as "the best way to promote your Hotel or Restaurant." Most postcards were published in co-operation with the Detroit Publishing Company. Their Arizona "Phostint" postcards are collected worldwide.

Heritage
Fred Harvey, through the Fred Harvey Company, is credited with creating the first "chain" restaurants in the United States. He is viewed as the "founding father of the American service industry." A Fred Harvey Museum is located in the former Harvey residence in Leavenworth, Kansas.

A movie musical entitled The Harvey Girls, starring Judy Garland, Cyd Charisse and Angela Lansbury, and based on a near-pulp novel by Samuel Hopkins Adams, was made in 1946. It won the Academy Award for Best Song for "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe." In the 1995 steampunk alternate history novel The Two Georges by Richard Dreyfuss and Harry Turtledove, Harvey is mentioned in the first chapter as having been in the business of airships in addition to railroads.

title: Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)


text:
Ribeiras

Ribeiras is a civil parish in the municipality of Lajes do Pico in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 925, in an area of 34.17 km2. It contains the localities Cabeços, Caminho de Cima, Canto, Cruz, Ladeira do Capitão, Pontas Negras, Manchillas, Outeiros, Ribeira Grande, Ribeira Seca, Ribeiras and Santa Bárbara.

History
The first navigators dropped anchor in the deep waters of the Bay of Ribeiras around 1460, taking advantage of the numerous ravines that descended from the mountains of the north. These early settlers were primarily fisherman, constructing boats and working during the day, and populating some areas near access to potable water. In 1502, countrymen of Fernão Álvares Evangelho, the first settler of Lajes, arrived in the area of Santa Cruz and joined-up with Fernão Álvares following many of the paths and trails originally travelled by animals deposited on the island by Infante D. Henriques's early exploration fleets. One of the first settlements, Santa Cruz was an homage of faith to those fishers that returned successfully every year, after living off the sea, on long voyages, hunting whale, fishing for tuna and other species. Other settlers cultivated the patchwork of parcels, growing corn, constructing mills in many of the ravines, and raising cattle to support, initially, a subsistence lifestyle. These early settlers constructed a chapel to the invocation of Nossa Senhora do Socorro, though they eventually constructed a new Church to honor Santa  Barbara, which gave its name to the new community in the 16th Century.

During the Liberalist Wars, on April 21, 1831, a military division commanded by the Count of Villafor, disembarked in the port of Ribeiras. This was part of a concerted attempt to take the island of Faial:

 * "The Liberal troops crossed the parish until reaching Madalena, in the intention of taking the island of Faial. During the passage they practiced clear acts of vandalism, in addition to the impositions that they made on the populous, that they furnish meat and other elements..."

Wooden ships, such as the Carmona and Salazar, owned by Master João Alves, marked the life and socio-economic activity of the settlements, marked by the exchange of produce from the land and fish caught in the sea. It was in Ribeiras that the first boats were launched to link inter-island commerce, such as the Andorinha (launched in 1915) and the Ribeirense (launched in 1916), the first motorized yacht to circulate in the waters of the Azores.

Geography
The parish of Ribeiras is an administrative division extending from the parish of Lajes do Pico in the west to Piedade along the eastern coast. It consists of mountainous hills that slope into the Atlantic Ocean, and includes several ravines and river-valleys. Towards the interior, there are many craters and spatter cones that comprise the portions of the Achada Plain and the Topo Volcanic Complex. These lands are primarily peat-bogs and populated by scrub vegetation, as well as lake-filled depressions or cones, such as Lagoa do Paul (in the northeastern corner of the parish).

The first settlements were established in the semi-regular plain in the area of Santa Cruz (in the western part of the parish). As growth occurred, new settlements popped-up along the flanks of the mountain, around Arrife, expanding along the Caminho de Cima and Caminho de Baixo, and farther along the roads to the localities of Pontas Negras, Ribeira Seca and Ribeira Grande.

title: Ribeiras


text:
Talk:Meaux Abbey

Untitled
I cannot find anything on the web about the use of the stones to build Hull's defences, but it is what we were always told. Any proof welcome!.
 * This is recorded in the letters and papers of Henry V111 Foreign and domestic;
 * There were also masons and plumbers stripping stone and lead from Meaux Abbey, while other masons were employed reshaping stone for re-use at Drypool (LPF & D Henry VIII 1542, vol 34)

title: Talk:Meaux Abbey


text:
CBV

CBV may refer to:
 * Chartered Business Valuator (CBV), a professional business valuation designation offered by the CBV Institute.
 * Call by value evaluation
 * Callback verification for e-mail
 * Cannabivarin
 * CBV, a chemotherapy regimen (the letters each denoting a different drug)
 * CBV-FM, a radio station in Quebec affiliated with Première Chaîne
 * Cerebral blood volume, which can be measured by FMRI and is closely linked to cerebral blood flow
 * Chillon–Byron–Villeneuve tramway, a former tramway in the Swiss canton of Vaud
 * Chứng khoán Biển Việt or Bien Viet Securities, an investment bank of Vietnam, is the world's largest provider of Vietnam's financial market indexes and economic indicators, such as CBV Index or CBV Total
 * Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol, national governing body for volleyball in Brazil
 * Coxsackie B virus
 * CBV, a file extension used for ChessBase Archive files

title: CBV


text:
Harvey House (disambiguation)

Harvey House was a hotel and restaurant chain operated by the Fred Harvey Company in Santa Fe Railroad stations in the Western United States.

Harvey House may also refer to:

Harvey House buildings

 * Barstow Harvey House in Barstow, California
 * Harvey House at the Santa Fe Depot (San Bernardino, California) in San Bernardino, California
 * Harvey House at the El Garces Hotel in Needles, the Mojave Desert, California
 * La Posada Hotel (Harvey House) and gardens in Winslow, Arizona
 * Belen Harvey House, in Belen, New Mexico; listed on the NRHP in Valencia County
 * Harvey Hotel (Gallup, New Mexico), New Mexico; listed on the NRHP in McKinley County, New Mexico
 * Harvey House at the Old Santa Fe Depot of Guthrie in Guthrie, Oklahoma
 * Waynoka Santa Fe Depot and Harvey House in Waynoka, Oklahoma; listed on the NRHP in Woods County, Oklahoma.
 * Harvey House (Florence, Kansas) in Florence, Kansas; listed on the NRHP in Marion County, Kansas
 * Castañeda Hotel in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Built in 1898 and finished in 1899.
 * La Fonda Hotel in Santa Fe, New Mexico was purchased in 1925 by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad and operated as one of the famed Harvey Houses.

Harvey House
Harvey House may also refer to other places in the United States:
 * Harvey-Niemeyer House, Florence, Arizona, listed on the NRHP in Pinal County, Arizona
 * William H. Harvey House, Windsor, Connecticut, listed on the NRHP in Windsor, Connecticut
 * Fred Harvey House (Leavenworth, Kansas), listed on the NRHP in Leavenworth County, Kansas
 * John Harvey House (Madisonville, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Hopkins County, Kentucky
 * Harvey House (Monroe, Louisiana), listed on the NRHP in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana
 * John Harvey House (Detroit, Michigan) in Detroit, Michigan; listed on the NRHP in Wayne County, Michigan
 * John Harvey House (Madisonville, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Hopkins County, Kentucky
 * Finks-Harvey Plantation, Roanoke, Missouri, listed on the NRHP in Howard County, Missouri
 * Matthew Harvey House, Sutton, New Hampshire, listed on the NRHP in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
 * Harvey Mansion, New Bern, North Carolina, listed on the NRHP in Craven County, North Carolina
 * Eli Harvey House, Clarksville, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Clinton County, Ohio, home of sculptor Eli Harvey
 * William Harvey House, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, listed on the NRHP in southern Chester County, Pennsylvania
 * Nathan Harvey House, Mill Hall, Pennsylvania, listed on the NRHP in Clinton County, Pennsylvania
 * Peter Harvey House and Barn, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, listed on the NRHP in southern Chester County, Pennsylvania
 * Boyd-Harvey House, Knoxville, Tennessee, NRHP-listed
 * Harvey House (Radford, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Virginia
 * Harvey House (Huntington, West Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Cabell County, West Virginia

title: Harvey House (disambiguation)


text:
THV

THV may refer to:

 * Tetrahydrocannabivarin
 * The Horsemen's Voice
 * Trinity House Vessel, ship prefix
 * Tetrafluoroethylene / Hexafluoropropylene / Vinylidene fluoride copolymer
 * Terrestrial Herbaceous Vegetation: principally piths and leaves, are fallback foods for the great apes

title: THV


text:
Francisco de Peñalosa

Francisco de Peñalosa (c. 1470 – April 1, 1528) was a Spanish composer of the middle Renaissance.

Life
He was born in Talavera de la Reina in the province of Toledo. He spent most of his career in Seville, serving as the maestro di capilla, though he also spent time in Burgos, and three years in Rome at the papal chapel (1518–1521). He died in Seville.

Music and influence
Peñalosa was one of the most famous Spanish composers of the generation before Cristóbal de Morales, and his compositions were highly regarded at the time. Unfortunately for him, his music was not widely distributed; he did not benefit from the invention of printing, since he mostly remained in Spain, away from cities such as Venice and Antwerp which were the first centers of printed music. Later generations of Spanish composers—Guerrero, Morales, Victoria—went to Italy for parts of their careers, where their compositions were printed and were as widely distributed as the music of the Franco-Flemish composers who dominated music in Europe in the 16th century.

Peñalosa wrote masses, Magnificat settings, motets and hymns. Eleven secular compositions have survived, including an ensalada (a form of quodlibet) Por las sierras de Madrid for six voices.

Peñalosa was evidently fond of contrapuntal puzzles and canons, as evidenced by the quodlibet, and by the Agnus Dei of his Missa Ave Maria peregrina, which combines a plainsong tune with a retrograde (backwards) version of a famous secular song by Hayne van Ghizeghem.

One of his motets (Sancta mater istud agas) was long assumed to be by Josquin des Prez, which indicates both the stylistic similarity of their music and the high quality of Peñalosa's.

Selected recordings

 * Peñalosa: Complete Motets Pro Cantione Antiqua, Bruno Turner, Hyperion/Helios
 * Peñalosa: Missa Nunca fue pena mayor. Sacris solemniis. Memorare Piissima. Ensemble Gilles Binchois, Les Saqueboutiers du Toulouse, Dominique Vellard, Glossa
 * Peñalosa: Missa Ave Maria, Missa Nunca fue pena mayor. Choir of Westminster Cathedral, O'Donnell, Hyperion
 * Peñalosa: Lamentationes. New York Polyphony. Bis.

title: Francisco de Peñalosa