text:
Talk:Parnawa Voivodeship

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903 Warmia.

Inflanty i Księstwo albo Województwo Inflanckie.
Kraj, przez Polaków nazywany Inflantami, po łacinie Livonia, po niemiecku Liefland, po łotewsku Widzzemme, obejmował przestrzeń mil kwadratowych 1.092 i graniczył na północ z położoną przy zatoce Fińskiej Estonią (dziś gubernia Rewelska), na wschód z jeziorem Pejpus, ziemią Pskowską i województwem Połockiem, na południe z Kurlandyą i Semigalią, na zachód z morzem Baltyckiem, a właściwie tylko zatoką Rygską. Granicę Inflant południową od Kurlandyi, począwszy od miasta litewskiego Drui, stanowiła na długości około mil trzydziestu rzeka Dźwina, a tylko okolice jej ujścia do zatoki Rygskiej po obu brzegach tej rzeki były inflanckie. Lud tej krainy, zwłaszcza ku południowi nad rzekami Dźwiną i jej dopływem Ewiksztą, jest szczepem litewskim i nosi nazwę Łotyszów. Język jego, jakkolwiek pobratymczy, różni się jednak znacznie od litewskiego, (tak naprzykład jak polski od rosyjskiego), a to z powodu zetknięcia się Łotyszów z Finnami i pomięszania tych plemion w środkowych i północnych Inflantach.

Kraj powyższy wraz z Kurlandyą, to jest ziemią na południe zatoki Rygskiej, Inflant i Dźwiny od Baltyku pod Dyneburg i Druję ciągnącą się, od wieku XIII podlegał niemieckiemu zakonowi Rycerzy Mieczowych, założonemu w czasach wojen krzyżowych i osiedlonemu tutaj w celu zwalczania bałwochwalstwa. Gdy jednak wobec trzech potężnych sąsiadów: Szwecyi, Moskwy i Polski, utrzymanie niezawisłości państwa nadbaltyckiego, pozbawionego narodowych podstaw bytu, stało się rzeczą bardzo trudną; gdy Estonia, oderwawszy się od Inflant, oddała się w poddaństwo Szwecyi; gdy wdanie się cesarza Ferdynanda I do cara Iwana II nie wzięło pomyślnego skutku: nic już nie pozostawało Mistrzowi Gottardowi Kettlerowi i stanom inflanckim, jeno szukać ratunku u króla polskiego. Jakoż Kettler poddał dobrowolnie, za zgodą miast i rycerstwa, Inflanty Zygmuntowi Augustowi aktem uroczystym, w Wilnie dnia 28. listopada 1561 roku dokonanym, zapewniwszy sobie panowanie nad Kurlandyą i Semigalią, jako nad lennem księstwem Korony polskiej. Tegoż roku 26. grudnia na sejmie grodzieńskim Zygmunt August wiekuistą unię Inflant z Litwą stwierdził, nadając tymże przywilejem ziemi inflanckiej tytuł księstwa i herb: gryfa białego, wspiętego na przednie nogi w czerwonem polu, z koroną złotą na głowie, trzymającego miecz dobyty u podniesionej nogi prawej, mającego na piersi związane litery imiom królewskich S. A. Gryf miał być nadany na pamiątkę herbu Jana Hieronima Chodkiewicza, administratora Inflant, który w sprawie połączenia ich z Polską wielkie położył zasługi.

Wypadek ten stał się następnie powodem do krwawej i długiej walki o posiadanie Inflant między Polską a carami Moskwy, potem Szwecyą. Oręż Stefana Batorego zdołał osiągnąć Inflanty stanowczo, które podzielono po traktacie roku 1582 na trzy województwa: Derpskie czyli Dorpackie, Wendeńskie i Parnawskie. W Wenden założono katedrę katolicką w miejsce arcybiskupstwa ryskiego i biskupstw derpskiego i parnawskiego, których duchowieństwo przed niedawnym czasem przyjęło luteranizm i ludowi takowy narzuciło. Miasto powyższe, przez starych autorów niemieckich zwane Wende, u polskich niekiedy Wenda, u łotyszów Kieś, po estońsku Wenno-lin, leżało o 13 mil od Rygi, w pobliżu lewego brzegu rzeki Aa, zwanej inaczej Gawią, i było zdawna rezydencyą czyli stolicą Rycerzy Mieczowych. Gdy Zygmunt August roku 1566 podzielił Inflanty na cztery powiaty, Wenden zostało jednego z nich stolicą oraz siedliskiem starostwa wendeńskiego i rezydencyą kasztelana, wybieranego z miejscowej szlachty. Konstytucyą z roku 1582 Batory podzielił Inflanty na trzy prezydya, które od roku 1598 za Zygmunta III przezwano województwami, a jednego z nich stolicą było właśnie miasto Wenden. Drugiem miastem wojewódzkiem był Dorpat, w kronikach i dokumentach łacińskich zwany Tarbatum lub urbs Tarbata, w języku miejscowym estońskim Tarto-lin, niegdyś zwany Jurjewem, nad rzeką Embach. Ponieważ Dorpat w czasie wojen zupełnemu uległ zniszczeniu, Batory polecił kanclerzowi, Janowi Zamoyskiemu, opatrzenie porządku w tem mieście i jego okolicach, nadał kanclerzowi starostwo Dorpackie i po-Tyzenhanzenowskie dobra Veltzen w powiecie Dorpackim. Z tego to czasu pochodzą, w okolicy Dorpatu często napotykane, portrety Jana Zamoyskiego, którego imię u mieszkańców tamtejszych dotąd jeszcze w wielkiem jest poszanowaniu. W tym czasie i Jezuici założyli tu swoje słynne kolegium, a ich wspaniały tum gotycki zabrzmiał potężnym głosem każącego tam Piotra Skargi. Trzeciem miastem wojewódzkiem w Inflantach za Zygmunta III została Parnawa, miasto nadmorskie, na północy zatoki Ryskiej położone.

Wobec niesłychanej pożądliwości sąsiadów na Inflanty, utrzymanie się Polski przy tym kraju narażało ją na ciągłe wielkie wojny i, nawet pomimo zwycięstw Zamoyskiego i Chodkiewicza, stawało się rzeczą wątpliwą. Tem bardziej za Jana Kazimierza, gdy klęski i niepowodzenia ze wszystkich stron zwaliły się na Rzeczpospolitą, kwestya unii inflanckiej została prawem silniejszego rozwiązana. Jakoż traktat oliwski roku 1660 zwrócił Polsce tylko południowy kraniec Inflant, między Dźwiną, Ewiksztą i województwem Połockiem położony. Z ogólnej przestrzeni Inflant, 1.092 mil kwadratowych wynoszącej, pozostała przy Polsce około część ich piąta, na 209 mil kwadratowych obliczana, a właściwie około 230–240 rozległa, resztę zatrzymała Szwecya.

Sejm warszawski 1677 roku zrobił ostateczną ordynacyę Inflant polskich, nadając im tytuł księstwa i województwa z naznaczeniem dostojeństw senatorskich trzech: biskupa, wojewody i kasztelana inflanckich, jakoteż urzędników i sądów ziemskich. Tak postanowione i utrzymane przy Polsce województwo graniczyło od północo-wschodu z gubernią Pskowską, a od poludnio-wschodu z województwem Połockiem. Od południa i zachodu z Kurlandyą przez Dźwinę; ścianę zaś północo-zachodnią w dolinie rzeki Ewikszty i jeziora Łubańskiego stanowiły „Inflanty Szwedzkie”, to jest owe, blisko cztery razy rozleglejsze, które się wówczas Szwecyi dostały, a później utworzyły gubernię Ryską w posiadaniu Rosyi. Ponieważ sejm unii Lubelskiej w roku 1569 uznał Inflanty za wspólną własność Litwy i Korony, z kancelaryi zatem królewskiej wszystkie przywileje dla tej prowincyi wychodziły pod dwiema pieczęciami: koronną i litewską. Traktat oliwski z ogólnej przestrzeni tego kraju przyznał Polsce powiat Dyneburski, zamieniając go na księstwo czyli województwo. Dlatego też w województwie tem nie było już później powiatów, tylko cztery t. zw. trakty, biorące swoje nazwy od starostw i zamków, a mianowicie: Dyneburgski, Rzeżycki, Lucyński i Marienhauski. Nie był to podział administracyjny, ale raczej topograficzny, powstały z powodu czterech głównych zamków obronnych, koło których skupiała się ludność w pierwszych czasach chrześcijaństwa i gdzie po rozwiązaniu Zakonu mieczowego starostowie osiadłszy, zastąpili w pewnym względzie władzę komturów i wójtów.

Herb, nadany całym Inflantom przez Zygmunta Augusta, pozostawiony został Inflantom polskim, czyli województwu. Starostwo grodowe było Dyneburgskie, niegrodowe zaś były: Lucyńskie, Rzeżyckie i Marienhauskie. Sejmiki odbywały się w Dyneburgu, jako mieście stołecznem województwa, na których obierano sześciu posłów na sejm obojga narodów, ale tylko dwóch z Inflant polskich. Oprócz nich było dwóch z Korony i dwóch z Litwy tylko tytularnych, nominowanych przez króla na pamiątkę odpadłych od Polski Inflant szwedzkich, którzy nie byli obowiązani być na sejmie. Deputatów trybunalskich nie wybierano wcale, bo apelacya z Inflant nie szła do trybunałów, tylko do asesoryi koronnej. Wiebierano zato dwóch komisarzów na komisyę skarbową do Grodna, którzy co dwa lata na sejmie kreowani, zasiadali w Komisyi skarbowej Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego.

Po rozdzieleniu Inflant przez traktat oliwski na Szwedzkie i Polskie, te ostatnie, rządzone z pieczołowitością, dźwignęły się po klęskach wojen i zakwitły pomyślnością mieszkańców. Przeciwnie Inflanty Szwedzkie pod despotycznym rządem Karola XI wielkiego doznawały ucisku, a gdy szlachta, widząc się wyzutą z dóbr, nadanych jej przed rządami szwedzkimi, wysłała do Sztokholmu deputacyę, prosząc o zachowanie jej praw, król szwedzki rozkazał posłów tych uwięzić i sądzić o obrazę majestatu. Skazano ich na śmierć, ale potem Karol w drodze łaski, zamienił tę karę na dożywotnie więzienie, z którego po latach sześciu uwolnieni zostali. Część szlachty w Inflantach polskich pochodzi z rodów niemieckiego rycerstwa Mieczowców, jak: Borch, Plater, Hilzen, Zyberg, Weissenhof, Tyzenhaus, Grotus, Mohl, Denhof, Rejtan, Manteufel i inni. Druga część, jak: Szadurscy, Karniccy, Benisławscy, Sokołowscy, Kubliccy, Wereszczyńscy i t. d., należała do tych rodzin polskich, które za zasługi dla kraju otrzymały tu nadania, albo też z Litwy tu osiadły. Gdy podczas wojen za Jana Kazimierza kraj cały leżał w gruzach, szlachta inflancka – jak twierdzi Hilzen – dla sejmików i obrad swoich była przymuszona szukać miejsca aż w Poswolu na Litwie w powiecie Upickim. Gdy zaś przy pierwszym podziale roku 1772 województwo Inflanckie w całości do Rosyi odpadło, a tylko zostały przy Polsce jego tytuły i urzędy ziemskie, szlachta inflancka jeszcze roku 1789 odbywała sejmiki swego województwa w Kurlandyi, na lewym brzegu Dźwiny, naprzeciw Dyneburga, na łące, która do tego miasta, zatem do jej województwa należała w przeszłości.

Kurlandya.
Już w rozdziale o Inflantach powiedzianem było, że Kurlandya (t. j. ziemia Kuronów) zarówno z Inflantami opanowana była od wieku XIII przez zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych, których ostatni Wielki Mistrz, Gottard Kettler, rozwiązawszy zakon, poddał Inflanty Polsce i sam od roku 1561 został świeckim księciem lennego względem niej księstwa Kurlandyi i Semigalii. Książę Kurlandzki przysięgał na wierność królowi i Rzeczypospolitej, a konstytucya sejmowa, w roku 1736 uchwalona, obowiązywała go, aby w czasie wojny dostawiał Polsce 500 infanteryi czyli piechoty i 200 jazdy. Od sądów kurlandzkich ostatnia apelacya szła do króla i Rzeczypospolitej na sądy relacyjne. Religia w księstwie panująca luterska. Księstwo Kurlandzkie dzieliło się na Kurlandyę, Semigalię i powiat Piltyński. Kurlandya dzieliła się na dwa „oberhauptmannschafty”: Goldinga i Tukum, a stolicę miała w Goldyndze. Semigalia miała także dwa oberhauptmannschafty: Mitawa i Seelburg ze stolicą w Mitawie, gdzie była rezydencya książąt kurlandzkich. Powiat Piltyński, jako należący pierwej do Inflant, uważał się za oddzielny organizm od ziemi Kurlandzkiej. Kraj cały przedstawiał kształt nieregularnego klina, długiego prawie mil 60, rozszerzonego nad Baltykiem, z ostrym wierzchołkiem u miasteczka Drui nad Dźwiną. Północną jego granicę stanowiła zatoka Ryska i cała szerokość Inflant z rzeką Dźwiną; południową Żmudź i Litwa, a zachodnią Baltyk z dwoma portami: Windawą i Libawą. Rzeki Windawa i Aa (południowa) miały obok Dźwiny handlowe znaczenie dla Kurlandyi, która w wieku XVII prowadziła rozległy handel morski i posiadała poważną flotę kupiecką na wodach morskich.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by WLKP (talk • contribs) 15 December 2004 (UTC)

 * should be info pollution, see Talk:Wenden Voivodeship--Estopedist1 (talk) 15:40, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parnawa Voivodeship


text:
Talk:Dorpat Voivodeship

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903 Warmia.

Inflanty i Księstwo albo Województwo Inflanckie.
Kraj, przez Polaków nazywany Inflantami, po łacinie Livonia, po niemiecku Liefland, po łotewsku Widzzemme, obejmował przestrzeń mil kwadratowych 1.092 i graniczył na północ z położoną przy zatoce Fińskiej Estonią (dziś gubernia Rewelska), na wschód z jeziorem Pejpus, ziemią Pskowską i województwem Połockiem, na południe z Kurlandyą i Semigalią, na zachód z morzem Baltyckiem, a właściwie tylko zatoką Rygską. Granicę Inflant południową od Kurlandyi, począwszy od miasta litewskiego Drui, stanowiła na długości około mil trzydziestu rzeka Dźwina, a tylko okolice jej ujścia do zatoki Rygskiej po obu brzegach tej rzeki były inflanckie. Lud tej krainy, zwłaszcza ku południowi nad rzekami Dźwiną i jej dopływem Ewiksztą, jest szczepem litewskim i nosi nazwę Łotyszów. Język jego, jakkolwiek pobratymczy, różni się jednak znacznie od litewskiego, (tak naprzykład jak polski od rosyjskiego), a to z powodu zetknięcia się Łotyszów z Finnami i pomięszania tych plemion w środkowych i północnych Inflantach.

Kraj powyższy wraz z Kurlandyą, to jest ziemią na południe zatoki Rygskiej, Inflant i Dźwiny od Baltyku pod Dyneburg i Druję ciągnącą się, od wieku XIII podlegał niemieckiemu zakonowi Rycerzy Mieczowych, założonemu w czasach wojen krzyżowych i osiedlonemu tutaj w celu zwalczania bałwochwalstwa. Gdy jednak wobec trzech potężnych sąsiadów: Szwecyi, Moskwy i Polski, utrzymanie niezawisłości państwa nadbaltyckiego, pozbawionego narodowych podstaw bytu, stało się rzeczą bardzo trudną; gdy Estonia, oderwawszy się od Inflant, oddała się w poddaństwo Szwecyi; gdy wdanie się cesarza Ferdynanda I do cara Iwana II nie wzięło pomyślnego skutku: nic już nie pozostawało Mistrzowi Gottardowi Kettlerowi i stanom inflanckim, jeno szukać ratunku u króla polskiego. Jakoż Kettler poddał dobrowolnie, za zgodą miast i rycerstwa, Inflanty Zygmuntowi Augustowi aktem uroczystym, w Wilnie dnia 28. listopada 1561 roku dokonanym, zapewniwszy sobie panowanie nad Kurlandyą i Semigalią, jako nad lennem księstwem Korony polskiej. Tegoż roku 26. grudnia na sejmie grodzieńskim Zygmunt August wiekuistą unię Inflant z Litwą stwierdził, nadając tymże przywilejem ziemi inflanckiej tytuł księstwa i herb: gryfa białego, wspiętego na przednie nogi w czerwonem polu, z koroną złotą na głowie, trzymającego miecz dobyty u podniesionej nogi prawej, mającego na piersi związane litery imiom królewskich S. A. Gryf miał być nadany na pamiątkę herbu Jana Hieronima Chodkiewicza, administratora Inflant, który w sprawie połączenia ich z Polską wielkie położył zasługi.

Wypadek ten stał się następnie powodem do krwawej i długiej walki o posiadanie Inflant między Polską a carami Moskwy, potem Szwecyą. Oręż Stefana Batorego zdołał osiągnąć Inflanty stanowczo, które podzielono po traktacie roku 1582 na trzy województwa: Derpskie czyli Dorpackie, Wendeńskie i Parnawskie. W Wenden założono katedrę katolicką w miejsce arcybiskupstwa ryskiego i biskupstw derpskiego i parnawskiego, których duchowieństwo przed niedawnym czasem przyjęło luteranizm i ludowi takowy narzuciło. Miasto powyższe, przez starych autorów niemieckich zwane Wende, u polskich niekiedy Wenda, u łotyszów Kieś, po estońsku Wenno-lin, leżało o 13 mil od Rygi, w pobliżu lewego brzegu rzeki Aa, zwanej inaczej Gawią, i było zdawna rezydencyą czyli stolicą Rycerzy Mieczowych. Gdy Zygmunt August roku 1566 podzielił Inflanty na cztery powiaty, Wenden zostało jednego z nich stolicą oraz siedliskiem starostwa wendeńskiego i rezydencyą kasztelana, wybieranego z miejscowej szlachty. Konstytucyą z roku 1582 Batory podzielił Inflanty na trzy prezydya, które od roku 1598 za Zygmunta III przezwano województwami, a jednego z nich stolicą było właśnie miasto Wenden. Drugiem miastem wojewódzkiem był Dorpat, w kronikach i dokumentach łacińskich zwany Tarbatum lub urbs Tarbata, w języku miejscowym estońskim Tarto-lin, niegdyś zwany Jurjewem, nad rzeką Embach. Ponieważ Dorpat w czasie wojen zupełnemu uległ zniszczeniu, Batory polecił kanclerzowi, Janowi Zamoyskiemu, opatrzenie porządku w tem mieście i jego okolicach, nadał kanclerzowi starostwo Dorpackie i po-Tyzenhanzenowskie dobra Veltzen w powiecie Dorpackim. Z tego to czasu pochodzą, w okolicy Dorpatu często napotykane, portrety Jana Zamoyskiego, którego imię u mieszkańców tamtejszych dotąd jeszcze w wielkiem jest poszanowaniu. W tym czasie i Jezuici założyli tu swoje słynne kolegium, a ich wspaniały tum gotycki zabrzmiał potężnym głosem każącego tam Piotra Skargi. Trzeciem miastem wojewódzkiem w Inflantach za Zygmunta III została Parnawa, miasto nadmorskie, na północy zatoki Ryskiej położone.

Wobec niesłychanej pożądliwości sąsiadów na Inflanty, utrzymanie się Polski przy tym kraju narażało ją na ciągłe wielkie wojny i, nawet pomimo zwycięstw Zamoyskiego i Chodkiewicza, stawało się rzeczą wątpliwą. Tem bardziej za Jana Kazimierza, gdy klęski i niepowodzenia ze wszystkich stron zwaliły się na Rzeczpospolitą, kwestya unii inflanckiej została prawem silniejszego rozwiązana. Jakoż traktat oliwski roku 1660 zwrócił Polsce tylko południowy kraniec Inflant, między Dźwiną, Ewiksztą i województwem Połockiem położony. Z ogólnej przestrzeni Inflant, 1.092 mil kwadratowych wynoszącej, pozostała przy Polsce około część ich piąta, na 209 mil kwadratowych obliczana, a właściwie około 230–240 rozległa, resztę zatrzymała Szwecya.

Sejm warszawski 1677 roku zrobił ostateczną ordynacyę Inflant polskich, nadając im tytuł księstwa i województwa z naznaczeniem dostojeństw senatorskich trzech: biskupa, wojewody i kasztelana inflanckich, jakoteż urzędników i sądów ziemskich. Tak postanowione i utrzymane przy Polsce województwo graniczyło od północo-wschodu z gubernią Pskowską, a od poludnio-wschodu z województwem Połockiem. Od południa i zachodu z Kurlandyą przez Dźwinę; ścianę zaś północo-zachodnią w dolinie rzeki Ewikszty i jeziora Łubańskiego stanowiły „Inflanty Szwedzkie”, to jest owe, blisko cztery razy rozleglejsze, które się wówczas Szwecyi dostały, a później utworzyły gubernię Ryską w posiadaniu Rosyi. Ponieważ sejm unii Lubelskiej w roku 1569 uznał Inflanty za wspólną własność Litwy i Korony, z kancelaryi zatem królewskiej wszystkie przywileje dla tej prowincyi wychodziły pod dwiema pieczęciami: koronną i litewską. Traktat oliwski z ogólnej przestrzeni tego kraju przyznał Polsce powiat Dyneburski, zamieniając go na księstwo czyli województwo. Dlatego też w województwie tem nie było już później powiatów, tylko cztery t. zw. trakty, biorące swoje nazwy od starostw i zamków, a mianowicie: Dyneburgski, Rzeżycki, Lucyński i Marienhauski. Nie był to podział administracyjny, ale raczej topograficzny, powstały z powodu czterech głównych zamków obronnych, koło których skupiała się ludność w pierwszych czasach chrześcijaństwa i gdzie po rozwiązaniu Zakonu mieczowego starostowie osiadłszy, zastąpili w pewnym względzie władzę komturów i wójtów.

Herb, nadany całym Inflantom przez Zygmunta Augusta, pozostawiony został Inflantom polskim, czyli województwu. Starostwo grodowe było Dyneburgskie, niegrodowe zaś były: Lucyńskie, Rzeżyckie i Marienhauskie. Sejmiki odbywały się w Dyneburgu, jako mieście stołecznem województwa, na których obierano sześciu posłów na sejm obojga narodów, ale tylko dwóch z Inflant polskich. Oprócz nich było dwóch z Korony i dwóch z Litwy tylko tytularnych, nominowanych przez króla na pamiątkę odpadłych od Polski Inflant szwedzkich, którzy nie byli obowiązani być na sejmie. Deputatów trybunalskich nie wybierano wcale, bo apelacya z Inflant nie szła do trybunałów, tylko do asesoryi koronnej. Wiebierano zato dwóch komisarzów na komisyę skarbową do Grodna, którzy co dwa lata na sejmie kreowani, zasiadali w Komisyi skarbowej Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego.

Po rozdzieleniu Inflant przez traktat oliwski na Szwedzkie i Polskie, te ostatnie, rządzone z pieczołowitością, dźwignęły się po klęskach wojen i zakwitły pomyślnością mieszkańców. Przeciwnie Inflanty Szwedzkie pod despotycznym rządem Karola XI wielkiego doznawały ucisku, a gdy szlachta, widząc się wyzutą z dóbr, nadanych jej przed rządami szwedzkimi, wysłała do Sztokholmu deputacyę, prosząc o zachowanie jej praw, król szwedzki rozkazał posłów tych uwięzić i sądzić o obrazę majestatu. Skazano ich na śmierć, ale potem Karol w drodze łaski, zamienił tę karę na dożywotnie więzienie, z którego po latach sześciu uwolnieni zostali. Część szlachty w Inflantach polskich pochodzi z rodów niemieckiego rycerstwa Mieczowców, jak: Borch, Plater, Hilzen, Zyberg, Weissenhof, Tyzenhaus, Grotus, Mohl, Denhof, Rejtan, Manteufel i inni. Druga część, jak: Szadurscy, Karniccy, Benisławscy, Sokołowscy, Kubliccy, Wereszczyńscy i t. d., należała do tych rodzin polskich, które za zasługi dla kraju otrzymały tu nadania, albo też z Litwy tu osiadły. Gdy podczas wojen za Jana Kazimierza kraj cały leżał w gruzach, szlachta inflancka – jak twierdzi Hilzen – dla sejmików i obrad swoich była przymuszona szukać miejsca aż w Poswolu na Litwie w powiecie Upickim. Gdy zaś przy pierwszym podziale roku 1772 województwo Inflanckie w całości do Rosyi odpadło, a tylko zostały przy Polsce jego tytuły i urzędy ziemskie, szlachta inflancka jeszcze roku 1789 odbywała sejmiki swego województwa w Kurlandyi, na lewym brzegu Dźwiny, naprzeciw Dyneburga, na łące, która do tego miasta, zatem do jej województwa należała w przeszłości.

Kurlandya.
Już w rozdziale o Inflantach powiedzianem było, że Kurlandya (t. j. ziemia Kuronów) zarówno z Inflantami opanowana była od wieku XIII przez zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych, których ostatni Wielki Mistrz, Gottard Kettler, rozwiązawszy zakon, poddał Inflanty Polsce i sam od roku 1561 został świeckim księciem lennego względem niej księstwa Kurlandyi i Semigalii. Książę Kurlandzki przysięgał na wierność królowi i Rzeczypospolitej, a konstytucya sejmowa, w roku 1736 uchwalona, obowiązywała go, aby w czasie wojny dostawiał Polsce 500 infanteryi czyli piechoty i 200 jazdy. Od sądów kurlandzkich ostatnia apelacya szła do króla i Rzeczypospolitej na sądy relacyjne. Religia w księstwie panująca luterska. Księstwo Kurlandzkie dzieliło się na Kurlandyę, Semigalię i powiat Piltyński. Kurlandya dzieliła się na dwa „oberhauptmannschafty”: Goldinga i Tukum, a stolicę miała w Goldyndze. Semigalia miała także dwa oberhauptmannschafty: Mitawa i Seelburg ze stolicą w Mitawie, gdzie była rezydencya książąt kurlandzkich. Powiat Piltyński, jako należący pierwej do Inflant, uważał się za oddzielny organizm od ziemi Kurlandzkiej. Kraj cały przedstawiał kształt nieregularnego klina, długiego prawie mil 60, rozszerzonego nad Baltykiem, z ostrym wierzchołkiem u miasteczka Drui nad Dźwiną. Północną jego granicę stanowiła zatoka Ryska i cała szerokość Inflant z rzeką Dźwiną; południową Żmudź i Litwa, a zachodnią Baltyk z dwoma portami: Windawą i Libawą. Rzeki Windawa i Aa (południowa) miały obok Dźwiny handlowe znaczenie dla Kurlandyi, która w wieku XVII prowadziła rozległy handel morski i posiadała poważną flotę kupiecką na wodach morskich.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by WLKP (talk • contribs) 15 December 2004 (UTC)

 * should be info pollution, see Talk:Wenden Voivodeship--Estopedist1 (talk) 15:39, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dorpat Voivodeship


text:
Talk:Wenden Voivodeship

Gloger, Geografia historyczna
Zygmunt Gloger, Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. W tekście 63 autentycznych rycin, Kraków 1903. Warmia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by WLKP (talk • contribs) 15 December 2004 (UTC) {{Hidden
 * header = Gloger, Geografia historyczna
 * content =

Inflanty i Księstwo albo Województwo Inflanckie.
Kraj, przez Polaków nazywany Inflantami, po łacinie Livonia, po niemiecku Liefland, po łotewsku Widzzemme, obejmował przestrzeń mil kwadratowych 1.092 i graniczył na północ z położoną przy zatoce Fińskiej Estonią (dziś gubernia Rewelska), na wschód z jeziorem Pejpus, ziemią Pskowską i województwem Połockiem, na południe z Kurlandyą i Semigalią, na zachód z morzem Baltyckiem, a właściwie tylko zatoką Rygską. Granicę Inflant południową od Kurlandyi, począwszy od miasta litewskiego Drui, stanowiła na długości około mil trzydziestu rzeka Dźwina, a tylko okolice jej ujścia do zatoki Rygskiej po obu brzegach tej rzeki były inflanckie. Lud tej krainy, zwłaszcza ku południowi nad rzekami Dźwiną i jej dopływem Ewiksztą, jest szczepem litewskim i nosi nazwę Łotyszów. Język jego, jakkolwiek pobratymczy, różni się jednak znacznie od litewskiego, (tak naprzykład jak polski od rosyjskiego), a to z powodu zetknięcia się Łotyszów z Finnami i pomięszania tych plemion w środkowych i północnych Inflantach.

Kraj powyższy wraz z Kurlandyą, to jest ziemią na południe zatoki Rygskiej, Inflant i Dźwiny od Baltyku pod Dyneburg i Druję ciągnącą się, od wieku XIII podlegał niemieckiemu zakonowi Rycerzy Mieczowych, założonemu w czasach wojen krzyżowych i osiedlonemu tutaj w celu zwalczania bałwochwalstwa. Gdy jednak wobec trzech potężnych sąsiadów: Szwecyi, Moskwy i Polski, utrzymanie niezawisłości państwa nadbaltyckiego, pozbawionego narodowych podstaw bytu, stało się rzeczą bardzo trudną; gdy Estonia, oderwawszy się od Inflant, oddała się w poddaństwo Szwecyi; gdy wdanie się cesarza Ferdynanda I do cara Iwana II nie wzięło pomyślnego skutku: nic już nie pozostawało Mistrzowi Gottardowi Kettlerowi i stanom inflanckim, jeno szukać ratunku u króla polskiego. Jakoż Kettler poddał dobrowolnie, za zgodą miast i rycerstwa, Inflanty Zygmuntowi Augustowi aktem uroczystym, w Wilnie dnia 28. listopada 1561 roku dokonanym, zapewniwszy sobie panowanie nad Kurlandyą i Semigalią, jako nad lennem księstwem Korony polskiej. Tegoż roku 26. grudnia na sejmie grodzieńskim Zygmunt August wiekuistą unię Inflant z Litwą stwierdził, nadając tymże przywilejem ziemi inflanckiej tytuł księstwa i herb: gryfa białego, wspiętego na przednie nogi w czerwonem polu, z koroną złotą na głowie, trzymającego miecz dobyty u podniesionej nogi prawej, mającego na piersi związane litery imiom królewskich S. A. Gryf miał być nadany na pamiątkę herbu Jana Hieronima Chodkiewicza, administratora Inflant, który w sprawie połączenia ich z Polską wielkie położył zasługi.

Wypadek ten stał się następnie powodem do krwawej i długiej walki o posiadanie Inflant między Polską a carami Moskwy, potem Szwecyą. Oręż Stefana Batorego zdołał osiągnąć Inflanty stanowczo, które podzielono po traktacie roku 1582 na trzy województwa: Derpskie czyli Dorpackie, Wendeńskie i Parnawskie. W Wenden założono katedrę katolicką w miejsce arcybiskupstwa ryskiego i biskupstw derpskiego i parnawskiego, których duchowieństwo przed niedawnym czasem przyjęło luteranizm i ludowi takowy narzuciło. Miasto powyższe, przez starych autorów niemieckich zwane Wende, u polskich niekiedy Wenda, u łotyszów Kieś, po estońsku Wenno-lin, leżało o 13 mil od Rygi, w pobliżu lewego brzegu rzeki Aa, zwanej inaczej Gawią, i było zdawna rezydencyą czyli stolicą Rycerzy Mieczowych. Gdy Zygmunt August roku 1566 podzielił Inflanty na cztery powiaty, Wenden zostało jednego z nich stolicą oraz siedliskiem starostwa wendeńskiego i rezydencyą kasztelana, wybieranego z miejscowej szlachty. Konstytucyą z roku 1582 Batory podzielił Inflanty na trzy prezydya, które od roku 1598 za Zygmunta III przezwano województwami, a jednego z nich stolicą było właśnie miasto Wenden. Drugiem miastem wojewódzkiem był Dorpat, w kronikach i dokumentach łacińskich zwany Tarbatum lub urbs Tarbata, w języku miejscowym estońskim Tarto-lin, niegdyś zwany Jurjewem, nad rzeką Embach. Ponieważ Dorpat w czasie wojen zupełnemu uległ zniszczeniu, Batory polecił kanclerzowi, Janowi Zamoyskiemu, opatrzenie porządku w tem mieście i jego okolicach, nadał kanclerzowi starostwo Dorpackie i po-Tyzenhanzenowskie dobra Veltzen w powiecie Dorpackim. Z tego to czasu pochodzą, w okolicy Dorpatu często napotykane, portrety Jana Zamoyskiego, którego imię u mieszkańców tamtejszych dotąd jeszcze w wielkiem jest poszanowaniu. W tym czasie i Jezuici założyli tu swoje słynne kolegium, a ich wspaniały tum gotycki zabrzmiał potężnym głosem każącego tam Piotra Skargi. Trzeciem miastem wojewódzkiem w Inflantach za Zygmunta III została Parnawa, miasto nadmorskie, na północy zatoki Ryskiej położone.

Wobec niesłychanej pożądliwości sąsiadów na Inflanty, utrzymanie się Polski przy tym kraju narażało ją na ciągłe wielkie wojny i, nawet pomimo zwycięstw Zamoyskiego i Chodkiewicza, stawało się rzeczą wątpliwą. Tem bardziej za Jana Kazimierza, gdy klęski i niepowodzenia ze wszystkich stron zwaliły się na Rzeczpospolitą, kwestya unii inflanckiej została prawem silniejszego rozwiązana. Jakoż traktat oliwski roku 1660 zwrócił Polsce tylko południowy kraniec Inflant, między Dźwiną, Ewiksztą i województwem Połockiem położony. Z ogólnej przestrzeni Inflant, 1.092 mil kwadratowych wynoszącej, pozostała przy Polsce około część ich piąta, na 209 mil kwadratowych obliczana, a właściwie około 230–240 rozległa, resztę zatrzymała Szwecya.

Sejm warszawski 1677 roku zrobił ostateczną ordynacyę Inflant polskich, nadając im tytuł księstwa i województwa z naznaczeniem dostojeństw senatorskich trzech: biskupa, wojewody i kasztelana inflanckich, jakoteż urzędników i sądów ziemskich. Tak postanowione i utrzymane przy Polsce województwo graniczyło od północo-wschodu z gubernią Pskowską, a od poludnio-wschodu z województwem Połockiem. Od południa i zachodu z Kurlandyą przez Dźwinę; ścianę zaś północo-zachodnią w dolinie rzeki Ewikszty i jeziora Łubańskiego stanowiły „Inflanty Szwedzkie”, to jest owe, blisko cztery razy rozleglejsze, które się wówczas Szwecyi dostały, a później utworzyły gubernię Ryską w posiadaniu Rosyi. Ponieważ sejm unii Lubelskiej w roku 1569 uznał Inflanty za wspólną własność Litwy i Korony, z kancelaryi zatem królewskiej wszystkie przywileje dla tej prowincyi wychodziły pod dwiema pieczęciami: koronną i litewską. Traktat oliwski z ogólnej przestrzeni tego kraju przyznał Polsce powiat Dyneburski, zamieniając go na księstwo czyli województwo. Dlatego też w województwie tem nie było już później powiatów, tylko cztery t. zw. trakty, biorące swoje nazwy od starostw i zamków, a mianowicie: Dyneburgski, Rzeżycki, Lucyński i Marienhauski. Nie był to podział administracyjny, ale raczej topograficzny, powstały z powodu czterech głównych zamków obronnych, koło których skupiała się ludność w pierwszych czasach chrześcijaństwa i gdzie po rozwiązaniu Zakonu mieczowego starostowie osiadłszy, zastąpili w pewnym względzie władzę komturów i wójtów.

Herb, nadany całym Inflantom przez Zygmunta Augusta, pozostawiony został Inflantom polskim, czyli województwu. Starostwo grodowe było Dyneburgskie, niegrodowe zaś były: Lucyńskie, Rzeżyckie i Marienhauskie. Sejmiki odbywały się w Dyneburgu, jako mieście stołecznem województwa, na których obierano sześciu posłów na sejm obojga narodów, ale tylko dwóch z Inflant polskich. Oprócz nich było dwóch z Korony i dwóch z Litwy tylko tytularnych, nominowanych przez króla na pamiątkę odpadłych od Polski Inflant szwedzkich, którzy nie byli obowiązani być na sejmie. Deputatów trybunalskich nie wybierano wcale, bo apelacya z Inflant nie szła do trybunałów, tylko do asesoryi koronnej. Wiebierano zato dwóch komisarzów na komisyę skarbową do Grodna, którzy co dwa lata na sejmie kreowani, zasiadali w Komisyi skarbowej Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego.

Po rozdzieleniu Inflant przez traktat oliwski na Szwedzkie i Polskie, te ostatnie, rządzone z pieczołowitością, dźwignęły się po klęskach wojen i zakwitły pomyślnością mieszkańców. Przeciwnie Inflanty Szwedzkie pod despotycznym rządem Karola XI wielkiego doznawały ucisku, a gdy szlachta, widząc się wyzutą z dóbr, nadanych jej przed rządami szwedzkimi, wysłała do Sztokholmu deputacyę, prosząc o zachowanie jej praw, król szwedzki rozkazał posłów tych uwięzić i sądzić o obrazę majestatu. Skazano ich na śmierć, ale potem Karol w drodze łaski, zamienił tę karę na dożywotnie więzienie, z którego po latach sześciu uwolnieni zostali. Część szlachty w Inflantach polskich pochodzi z rodów niemieckiego rycerstwa Mieczowców, jak: Borch, Plater, Hilzen, Zyberg, Weissenhof, Tyzenhaus, Grotus, Mohl, Denhof, Rejtan, Manteufel i inni. Druga część, jak: Szadurscy, Karniccy, Benisławscy, Sokołowscy, Kubliccy, Wereszczyńscy i t. d., należała do tych rodzin polskich, które za zasługi dla kraju otrzymały tu nadania, albo też z Litwy tu osiadły. Gdy podczas wojen za Jana Kazimierza kraj cały leżał w gruzach, szlachta inflancka – jak twierdzi Hilzen – dla sejmików i obrad swoich była przymuszona szukać miejsca aż w Poswolu na Litwie w powiecie Upickim. Gdy zaś przy pierwszym podziale roku 1772 województwo Inflanckie w całości do Rosyi odpadło, a tylko zostały przy Polsce jego tytuły i urzędy ziemskie, szlachta inflancka jeszcze roku 1789 odbywała sejmiki swego województwa w Kurlandyi, na lewym brzegu Dźwiny, naprzeciw Dyneburga, na łące, która do tego miasta, zatem do jej województwa należała w przeszłości.

Kurlandya.
Już w rozdziale o Inflantach powiedzianem było, że Kurlandya (t. j. ziemia Kuronów) zarówno z Inflantami opanowana była od wieku XIII przez zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych, których ostatni Wielki Mistrz, Gottard Kettler, rozwiązawszy zakon, poddał Inflanty Polsce i sam od roku 1561 został świeckim księciem lennego względem niej księstwa Kurlandyi i Semigalii. Książę Kurlandzki przysięgał na wierność królowi i Rzeczypospolitej, a konstytucya sejmowa, w roku 1736 uchwalona, obowiązywała go, aby w czasie wojny dostawiał Polsce 500 infanteryi czyli piechoty i 200 jazdy. Od sądów kurlandzkich ostatnia apelacya szła do króla i Rzeczypospolitej na sądy relacyjne. Religia w księstwie panująca luterska. Księstwo Kurlandzkie dzieliło się na Kurlandyę, Semigalię i powiat Piltyński. Kurlandya dzieliła się na dwa „oberhauptmannschafty”: Goldinga i Tukum, a stolicę miała w Goldyndze. Semigalia miała także dwa oberhauptmannschafty: Mitawa i Seelburg ze stolicą w Mitawie, gdzie była rezydencya książąt kurlandzkich. Powiat Piltyński, jako należący pierwej do Inflant, uważał się za oddzielny organizm od ziemi Kurlandzkiej. Kraj cały przedstawiał kształt nieregularnego klina, długiego prawie mil 60, rozszerzonego nad Baltykiem, z ostrym wierzchołkiem u miasteczka Drui nad Dźwiną. Północną jego granicę stanowiła zatoka Ryska i cała szerokość Inflant z rzeką Dźwiną; południową Żmudź i Litwa, a zachodnią Baltyk z dwoma portami: Windawą i Libawą. Rzeki Windawa i Aa (południowa) miały obok Dźwiny handlowe znaczenie dla Kurlandyi, która w wieku XVII prowadziła rozległy handel morski i posiadała poważną flotę kupiecką na wodach morskich. }}

 * same Polish infomassive here (Talk:Dorpat Voivodeship) and here (Talk:Parnawa Voivodeship). Maybe this infomassive should be removed as unedited text and not English--Estopedist1 (talk) 15:36, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wenden Voivodeship


text:
Falcons (disambiguation)

Falcons are a genus of raptor (bird of prey).

Falcons may also refer to:

School sports teams

 * Adamson Soaring Falcons, a collegiate basketball (UAAP) team in the Philippines
 * Air Force Falcons, the sports teams of the United States Air Force Academy
 * Bentley Falcons, the sports teams of Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts
 * Bowling Green Falcons, the sports teams of Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio
 * Falcon College, an independent, boarding school for boys aged 12–18 in Matebeleland South, Zimbabwe
 * Friends Falcons, the sports teams of Friends University in Wichita, Kansas
 * NIST International School Falcons, the sports teams of NIST International School in Bangkok, Thailand
 * Seattle Pacific Falcons, the sports teams of Seattle Pacific University in Seattle, Washington
 * St. Augustine's Falcons, the sports teams of St. Augustine's University in Raleigh, North Carolina
 * Texas–Permian Basin Falcons, the sports teams of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin in Odessa, Texas

Other sports teams

 * Atlanta Falcons, an NFL (American) football team
 * Bata Falcons, an association football club based in Montserrat
 * Detroit Falcons (disambiguation), several teams
 * Falcons (rugby union), a South African rugby team who play in the Currie Cup
 * Geelong Falcons, a youth Australian Rules Football club
 * Gippsland Falcons SC, an Australian association football club active 1963–2001
 * Kandy Falcons, a cricket team in the Lanka Premier League
 * Kelowna Falcons, a baseball team in the West Coast League
 * Mumbai Falcons, an Indian motorsports team
 * Newcastle Falcons, a rugby team based in Newcastle, England
 * Nürnberg Falcons BC, a basketball club based in Nuremberg, Germany
 * RAF Falcons, a British military parachute display team
 * Springfield Falcons, an American Hockey League team
 * St. Catharines Falcons (1943–1947), a junior ice hockey team in St. Catharines, Ontario, active 1943–1947
 * St. Catharines Falcons (1968–), a junior ice hockey team in St. Catharines, Ontario
 * Team Falcons, a Saudi esports organization
 * Ukrainian Falcons, the aerobatic demonstration team of the Ukrainian Air Force
 * USA Falcons, a national rugby union team
 * West Perth Football Club, an Australian rules football club
 * Winnipeg Falcons, a Canadian ice hockey team

Entertainment

 * The Falcons, an American rhythm and blues vocal group
 * Falcons (film), a 2002 Icelandic film
 * The Falcons (film), a 1970 Hungarian film

Other uses

 * Socialist Youth of Germany – Falcons, a voluntary organisation
 * Iraqi Falcons Intelligence Cell, an anti-terrorism unit

title: Falcons (disambiguation)


text:
Exiled: A Law & Order Movie

Exiled: A Law & Order Movie is a 1998 (two-hour-format) television film based on the police procedural and legal drama television series Law & Order . Written by Charles Kipps (from a story by Kipps and Chris Noth), and directed by Jean de Segonzac, the film originally aired on NBC on November 8, 1998. The film revolves around Noth's character, Detective Mike Logan. Kipps received a 1999 Edgar Award for his screenplay.

Plot
Detective Mike Logan has been reassigned to the Domestic Disputes Department on Staten Island following an assault on Kevin Crossley after the latter's acquittal, a job he considers to be a "career dead-end". Three years later, a resentful and isolated Logan unexpectedly becomes involved in a homicide case when, after an altercation with his partner while handling a call to a domestic dispute, Logan's supervisor reassigns him to work with Staten Island homicide detective Frankie Silvera to investigate the murder of the girl, whose body Logan have earlier encountered and found to have been brutally stabbed and had her hands cut off.

After discovering that the victim had been a dancer at an exotic club in Manhattan owned by Gianni Uzielli, son of mafia godfather Don Giancarlo Uzielli, Logan meets with his former Lieutenant, now Captain, Donald Cragen, who advises him that the case may involve a dirty-cop conspiracy leading back to the 27th Precinct, the very precinct from which Logan was banished. Logan's commanding officer repeatedly orders him to leave the case to the "real detectives" in the NYPD, but Logan sees solving the case as the long-hoped-for chance to resurrect his career and get reinstated as a homicide detective. He visits Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy, and convinces McCoy to authorize a cross-jurisdictional investigation.

Logan also becomes romantically involved with the victim's twin sister, a ballet dancer. Logan is shot at by a mystery assailant, whom he believes must be the murderer he is closing in on. Logan also suspects that Detective Sammy Kurtz is the dirty cop, but ultimately finds that it was Detective Tony Profaci who had long been on the take from the Uzielli family, and that Profaci had helped Gianni dispose of the girls body after the latter had murdered her for refusing to abort a pregnancy of which Gianni was the father. Logan and Silvera go to the Staten Island home of Giancarlo Uzielli, who has decided to turn over his son for breaking the mafia's rules by attempting to assassinate a cop. Enraged, Gianni grabs a gun and shoots his father dead before being subdued and taken away by the police. The film ends with Logan walking down a Manhattan street while news reports detail the botched arrest of Gianni Uzielli.

Cast

 * Chris Noth as Detective Mike Logan
 * Dabney Coleman as Lieutenant Kevin Stolper
 * Dana Eskelson as Detective Frankie Silvera
 * John Fiore as Detective Tony Profaci
 * Dann Florek as Captain Don Cragen
 * Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe
 * Benjamin Bratt as Detective Rey Curtis
 * S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren
 * Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy
 * Paul Guilfoyle as Detective Sammy Kurtz
 * Ice-T as Seymour "Kingston" Stockton
 * Costas Mandylor as Gianni Uzielli
 * Tony Musante as Don Giancarlo Uzielli
 * Nicole Ari Parker as Georgeanne Taylor
 * Leslie Hendrix as Dr. Elizabeth Rodgers

Rapper-turned-actor Ice-T, who appears in this film as a pimp, later joined the cast of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Detective Odafin Tutuola.

Dana Eskelson, who played Logan's partner, was later featured as a suspect in season three of Law & Order: Criminal Intent. Eskelson was also featured in two episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, once as a rape victim in season four and again as the mother of a victim of molestation in season seven.

Paul Guilfoyle of CBS's CSI: Crime Scene Investigation fame plays one of the detectives working under Van Buren. Guilfoyle had previously appeared in the pilot episode of Law & Order, "Everybody's Favorite Bagman", as murder suspect Tony Scalisi.

Dabney Coleman, playing Logan's boss Lieutenant Stolper, later appeared in a 2009 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode, "Snatched", as Frank Hager, a career criminal.

Home media
First released in 2011 by boulevard entertainment as a region 0 DVD in wide-screen but with no subtitles or extra features. Universal Studios Home Entertainment released this title on a region 1 DVD on June 12, 2012. The film was not however included in the Law & Order: The Complete Series DVD box set released on November 8, 2011.

title: Exiled: A Law & Order Movie


text: User talk:4.8.199.20

title: User talk:4.8.199.20


text:
The Dick Cavett Show

The Dick Cavett Show is the title of several talk shows hosted by Dick Cavett on various television networks, including: Cavett normally taped his programs in New York City, though occasionally he would venture elsewhere, including Los Angeles, New Orleans and London.
 * ABC daytime, (March 4, 1968 – January 24, 1969) originally titled This Morning
 * ABC prime time, Tuesdays, Wednesdays & Fridays (May 26 – September 19, 1969)
 * ABC late night (December 29, 1969 – January 1, 1975)
 * CBS prime time, Saturdays (August 16 – September 6, 1975; this version was actually more of a variety show)
 * PBS, early evenings, weeknights (October 10, 1977 – October 8, 1982)
 * USA Network prime time (September 30, 1985 – September 23, 1986)
 * ABC late night, Tuesdays & Wednesday nights (September 22 – December 30, 1986)
 * CNBC (April 17, 1989 – January 26, 1996)
 * TCM (2006–2007)

Show history
The Dick Cavett Show refers to television programs on the ABC, PBS, USA and CNBC networks hosted by comedian, comedy writer and author Dick Cavett between 1968 and 1995 in New York. The first daytime show featured Gore Vidal, Muhammad Ali and Angela Lansbury. ABC pressured Cavett to get prominent celebrities on the show, although subsequent shows without them got higher ratings and more critical acclaim. A well-received summer replacement prime-time series that aired three times per week led to the memorable late-night talk show that ran from December 29, 1969, to January 1, 1975, opposite NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Cavett took the time slot over from The Joey Bishop Show. In addition to his usual monologue, Cavett opened each show reading selected questions written by audience members, to which he would respond with witty rejoinders. ("What makes New York so crummy these days?" "Tourists.")

While Cavett and Carson shared many of the same guests, Cavett was receptive to rock and roll artists to a degree unusual at the time, as well as to authors, politicians and other personalities outside the entertainment field. The wide variety of guests, combined with Cavett's literate and intelligent approach to comedy, appealed to a significant enough number of viewers to keep the show running for several years despite the competition from Carson's show. Carson's move to southern California in the early 1970s to focus on Hollywood celebrities also helped to minimize guest overlap.

The late-night show's 45-minute midpoint would always be signaled by the musical piece "Glitter and Be Gay" from Leonard Bernstein's Candide. The Candide snippet became Cavett's theme song and was used as the introduction to his later PBS series, and was played by the house band on his various talk show appearances.

Typically each show had several guests, but occasionally Cavett would devote an entire show to a single guest. Among those receiving such special treatment (some more than once) were Groucho Marx, Laurence Olivier, Judy Garland, Katharine Hepburn (without an audience), Bette Davis, Orson Welles, Noël Coward (who appeared on the same show with Alfred Lunt, Lynn Fontanne, Tammy Grimes and Brian Bedford), John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Janis Joplin, Ray Charles, Alfred Hitchcock, Fred Astaire, Woody Allen, Gloria Swanson, Jerry Lewis, Lucille Ball, Zero Mostel ("on some shows I've had just one guest, but tonight I have Zero"), Bob Hope and David Bowie. These shows helped showcase Cavett's skills as a host who could attract guests that otherwise might not do interviews, at the expense of some of the excitement that might ensue from the multiple-guest format. In January 1973, despite a vociferous letter campaign, ratings forced the show to be cut back to occasional status, airing one week a month under the umbrella title ABC's Wide World of Entertainment. Jack Paar, whom ABC had tried to recruit as Cavett's successor, insisted that both he and Cavett would be given at least one week per month as a sign of respect for Cavett. By the end of 1974, Cavett's show was airing only twice per month.

The PBS series featured single guests in a half-hour format and was produced by Christopher Porterfield, a former roommate of Cavett's at Yale University who had coauthored the book Cavett that was published in August 1974. The show remained on the PBS lineup until affiliates voted it off the schedule in 1982.

On all three of the early ABC shows, the bandleader was Bobby Rosengarden and the announcer was Fred Foy of The Lone Ranger fame. The morning show was produced by Woody Fraser. Tony Converse was the producer of the 1969 ABC prime-time show and the original producer of the ABC late-night show, succeeded by John Gilroy. Cavett's writer was Dave Lloyd.

The Dick Cavett Show was also the name of a short-lived radio show.

March 4, 1968: The premiere of This Morning
In the first broadcast of his 90-minute morning show, Cavett had as his first guest engineer, designer and futurist Buckminster Fuller. The two discussed how politicians would eventually become obsolete through technological advances, and the wide-ranging discussion included a comment from Fuller that a woman is a baby factory and that a man's role is to simply press the right button. Later on in the program, Cavett chatted with actress Patricia Neal, who discussed her long rehabilitation from a near-fatal stroke in 1965.

March 27, 1968: Christine Jorgensen walks off the show
During an interview with Christine Jorgensen, the first widely known trans woman to have sex reassignment surgery (in this case a complete male-to-female vaginoplasty), Jorgensen walked off the show when she felt offended after Cavett asked her about the status of her romantic life with her wife; because Jorgensen was the only scheduled guest, Cavett spent the rest of that show talking about how he had not meant to offend her.

June 6, 1968: Robert F. Kennedy assassination
As a result of continuing coverage of the Robert F. Kennedy assassination that took place earlier that morning, Cavett's show did not begin until 11 a.m., and was interrupted at 11:20 for 30 minutes of further updates on the unfolding tragedy. At 11:50, Cavett's show returned for its final 10 minutes. The assassination was the only topic discussed during the 30 minutes of the show. On the following two mornings, the show began at its regular time of 10:30 a.m., and was once again devoted exclusively to assassination coverage, and presented without commercial interruption.

June 13, 1969: Groucho Marx's one-man show
Because of conflicting network broadcasts, Cavett pre-taped a one-man, 60-minute episode with Groucho Marx.

July 7, 1969: Jimi Hendrix
In the July 7, 1969 interview, rock star Jimi Hendrix modestly downplayed his abilities and displayed his sense of humor. Perhaps most importantly, he revealed some of his aesthetic ideals and the purpose of his music when he discussed his concept of the "Electric Church":

''[Music] is getting to be more spiritual than anything now. Pretty soon I believe that they are going to have to rely on music to get some kind of peace of mind or satisfaction—direction, actually—more so than politics, because politics is really on an ego scene…[Politics] is the art of words, which means nothing. So, therefore you have to rely on more of an earthier substance like music or the arts, theater, acting, painting, whatever…[The Electric Church] is a belief that I have. We do use electric guitars. Everything is electrified nowadays. So, therefore the belief comes through electricity to people. That's why we play so loud. Because it doesn't actually hit through the eardrums like most groups do nowadays. They say 'Well, we're going to play loud too, because they're playing loud.' And they've got this real shrill sound that's really hard. We plan for our sound to go inside the soul of the person…and see if they can awaken some sort of thing in their minds, because there are so many sleeping people.''

Hendrix then performed "Hear My Train A Comin'" with the house band and played the guitar with his teeth at the end of the song.

August 19, 1969: The Woodstock Show
On Tuesday, August 19, 1969, Jefferson Airplane, Joni Mitchell, David Crosby and Stephen Stills (of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) all appeared on the show. The episode is now often referred to as "The Woodstock Show", as many of the performers, and Cavett's audience, came directly from the concert for the taping the afternoon before the show aired. Stills pointed out the mud from the concert venue still on his pants. Jefferson Airplane's performance of "We Can Be Together" marked the first time the word "fuck" was uttered on television in the US (the actual line is "In order to survive we steal, cheat, lie, forge, fuck, hide and deal". Another line with the forbidden word was "Up against the wall, Up against the wall, motherfucker".). Mitchell sang "Chelsea Morning", "Willy" and "For Free". Grace Slick purposefully called Cavett "Jim" and briefly talked about her school days at Finch College. Stephen Stills performed "4 + 20". Joni Mitchell sang "The Fiddle and the Drum" a cappella. Jefferson Airplane (with Crosby) then launched into "Somebody to Love". The credits rolled as the musicians, without Mitchell, engaged in an instrumental jam as the audience danced.

Jimi Hendrix was scheduled to join the others, but was unable to appear at the afternoon taping that occurred only a few hours after he had performed at the late-running festival. Mitchell's manager, apparently fearing a similar situation that may have prevented her from appearing on the show, did not allow her to perform at Woodstock. He considered the Dick Cavett Show too important for her career for her to risk missing the taping.

Mitchell wrote the song "Woodstock" based on descriptions by Graham Nash and from the images she saw on television, as she could not be there in person. The most famous version of the song is by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, who recorded it for their Déjà Vu album (1970). It appears in the film Woodstock during the closing credits. Mitchell recorded it for Ladies of the Canyon (1970).

September 5, 1969: Groucho Marx
Groucho Marx remarked about the Musical theatre musical Hair, which had just opened and was notorious for its ground-breaking use of explicit nudity: "I was going to go, but I saw myself in the mirror one morning, and I figured, why waste five and a half dollars?"

September 9, 1969: Jimi Hendrix
In an interview with Jimi Hendrix, Cavett spoke about Hendrix's performance of the "Star Spangled Banner" at Woodstock, and called the style "unorthodox". Jimi commented that the song was "not unorthodox" and that what he played was beautiful. The audience clapped, and Dick blushed.

Hendrix performed "Izabella" & "Machine Gun" with his band, Billy Cox, Mitch Mitchell and Juma Sultan.

February 4, 1970: Judy Collins
During an interview with singer Judy Collins in which Cavett and Collins discussed her experiences as a defense witness at the Chicago Seven trial, several of Collins' comments were censored at the direction of the ABC legal department. Collins wrote a protest letter to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), claiming a violation of her free-speech rights and the network license granted to ABC by the FCC. Her protest was denied, with the FCC ruling that a television network could, at its discretion, delete or edit remarks on its programs. Elton Rule, president of ABC Television, noted that in the network's judgment, "her remarks ... were not within the bounds of fair comment."

February 5, 1970: Eric Clapton
Blues guitarist Eric Clapton appeared on the show with a new group called Delaney & Bonnie & Friends, which was Clapton's first attempt to break from his lead role and operate as an anonymous sideman. This was also possibly the first time Clapton had appeared on American television with a Fender Stratocaster; up to that time, he was famous for only playing Gibson guitars. Cavett briefly interviewed the band but the shy Clapton did not have much to say.

February 19, 1970: Noël Coward, Alfred Lunt, Lynn Fontanne, Tammy Grimes and Brian Bedford
To honor Noël Coward on the occasion of his knighthood, Cavett interviewed Coward and his close friends, the Lunts. Tammy Grimes and Brian Bedford, who were appearing on Broadway in a revival of Coward's classic play Private Lives, performed a medley of Coward's most popular songs. At one point during the interview, Cavett asked Coward, "What is the word for when one has terrific, prolific qualities?" to which Coward answered in a deadpan manner, "Talent", drawing a great amount of laughter.

April 6, 1970: Mark Frechette and Daria Halprin
Actors Mark Frechette and Daria Halprin appeared together with movie producer Mel Brooks and movie critic Rex Reed. The interview went poorly from the outset, with Frechette giving abrupt, non-conversational answers and Halprin staying silent. Cavett apparently believed that they lived in a commune, when they in fact were followers of guru Mel Lyman. When Cavett asked about the "commune" where they lived, Frechette denied that it was a commune and said that "The community is for one purpose, and that's to serve Mel Lyman, who's the leader and founder of that community." At that point, Halprin finally tried to speak, but Cavett went to commercial. When the show returned, the next guest, Dr. Aaron Stern, a Beverly Hills psychiatrist and director of the MPAA's code and rating administration, was brought out, and Frechette and Halprin were not interviewed further.

July 27, 1970: Orson Welles
Around halfway through Cavett's Orson Welles interview, Welles reversed the roles and began asking Cavett questions about his life and career. This impromptu interview was well received by the audience and, among other things, humorously acknowledged Cavett's talk-show competitors such as Johnny Carson and Merv Griffin.

September 18, 1970: John Cassavetes, Peter Falk and Ben Gazzara
Director John Cassavetes and actors Peter Falk and Ben Gazzara appeared on the show to promote the movie Husbands. All three guests were highly intoxicated, and "for thirty-five minutes they smoked, flopped around on the floor, and generally tormented Cavett, whose questions they'd planned to ignore." Dick Cavett pronounced it "one of the most interesting evenings of my life."

December 18, 1970: Lester Maddox walks off the show
Retiring Georgia governor Lester Maddox, appearing in a panel discussion with author Truman Capote and football great Jim Brown, walked off the show in the middle of a conversation about segregation. Cavett had made a reference to the "bigots" who had elected Maddox. Following an exchange about how insulting the remark might have been and Maddox's demand for an apology, Cavett finally apologized to those Georgians who had supported Maddox that might not be bigots. Not satisfied, Maddox left the studio. During the hastily called commercial break, Cavett tried to coax Maddox back to no avail. Cavett suspected that the behavior was mere showmanship and a calculated publicity stunt. The incident was reported on the news before it aired that night, increasing viewership. In Greenwood, Mississippi, the hometown of Cavett's wife Carrie Nye, the guests at a country club dance abandoned the dance floor to watch the show on the TV in the lounge. In Atlanta, then-ABC affiliate WQXI-TV (now WXIA) led with the story on its 11 p.m. newscast, but as it was a Friday night, when the station normally aired movies and delayed Cavett's Friday show to Sunday, Atlanta viewers had to wait until Sunday night to see the incident.

Capote, after watching Maddox walk offstage, paused and quipped, "I've been to his restaurant and his chicken isn't that finger lickin' good." Years later, Cavett said he got more comments about the show (including some 6,000 pieces of hate mail) than any other he had done.

Maddox later returned for another appearance, and this time Cavett walked off as a joke. Left alone on stage, Maddox cued the band and began singing "I Don't Know Why I Love You Like I Do" as Cavett reappeared in the wings to join in.

The walk-off incident is mentioned at the beginning of the Randy Newman song "Rednecks".

February 11, 1971: Salvador Dalí, Lillian Gish and Satchel Paige
Surrealist artist Salvador Dalí appeared on the show with silent-screen star Lillian Gish and baseball legend Satchel Paige. Dalí brought an anteater on a leash with him when he came on stage, and he tossed it in Gish's lap, much to her consternation.

Cavett asked Dalí why he had once arrived to give a lecture at the Sorbonne in an open limousine filled with heads of cauliflower. Dalí responded with a barely coherent discourse regarding the similarity of the cauliflower head to the "mathematical problem discovered by Michelangelo in the rhinoceros' horn."

Cavett interrupted him by waving his hands in Dalí's face, exclaiming "Boogie boogie!" (imitating Groucho Marx in the film A Night at the Opera). The audience broke up, and Dalí appeared at a loss.

April 29, 1971: Robert Mitchum interview
Actor Robert Mitchum, known for avoiding public appearances, gave a rare interview as the sole guest. Mitchum talked about his childhood, Hollywood, his disdain for politics and politicians and his 1948 arrest. The show featured film clips from Ryan's Daughter (1970) and The Night of the Hunter (1955).

June 7, 1971: J. I. Rodale's on-stage death
On June 7, 1971, publisher J. I. Rodale, founder of Rodale, Inc., a health and wellness publishing conglomerate headquartered in Emmaus, Pennsylvania, died of a heart attack during the taping of a segment for the show. Cavett was speaking with journalist Pete Hamill when Rodale began to make a snoring noise. Cavett's reaction to this is contested: he claims that both he and Hamill realized immediately that something was wrong, while other accounts have him addressing the unconscious man with "Are we boring you, Mr. Rodale?" The audience did not realize anything was seriously wrong until Cavett asked if there were any medical doctors present.

The program was never aired and a rerun was shown in its place. On the following night's program, Cavett discussed the previous night's event in depth. He has said that he is often approached by people wanting to discuss the incident, mistakenly convinced that they saw it on television. He would usually ask if the person was in the studio audience, which was the only way to witness it since the episode was never broadcast.

June 1971: Vietnam War debate with John Kerry
During a debate about the Vietnam War, Cavett had two veterans debating on the show. The anti-war side was led by a young John Kerry and the pro-war side by John E. O'Neill, later the founder of Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. It was later revealed through then-President Richard Nixon's secret White House tapes that Nixon wanted to "get rid" of Cavett because of this debate.

August 2, 1971: Ingmar Bergman
Director Ingmar Bergman appeared for the first time on a US talk show, one of the few television interviews he ever granted.

November 24, 1971: Danny Kaye
Actor/singer Danny Kaye appeared for the entire show with film clips, performing and promoting UNICEF.

December 15, 1971: Norman Mailer vs. Gore Vidal
Moments before the episode with Gore Vidal, Norman Mailer and Janet Flanner, Mailer, annoyed with Vidal's less-than-stellar review of Prisoner of Sex, headbutted Vidal and traded insults with him backstage. As the show began taping, a visibly belligerent Mailer, who admitted he had been drinking, goaded Vidal and Cavett into trading insults with him on air and continually referred to his "greater intellect". He openly taunted and mocked Vidal (who responded in kind), finally earning the ire of Flanner, who announced that she had become "very, very bored" with the discussion, telling Mailer and Vidal "You act as if you're the only people here." Mailer moved his chair away from the other guests and Cavett joked that "perhaps you'd like two more chairs to contain your giant intellect?" Mailer replied "I'll take the two chairs if you'll all accept finger bowls." As Cavett professed to not understand Mailer's "finger bowl" comment and made further jokes, Mailer stated "Why don't you look at your question sheet and ask your question?", to which Cavett responded "Why don't you fold it five ways and put it where the moon don't shine?"

A long laugh by the audience ensued, after which Mailer asked Cavett if he had "come up with that line himself". Cavett replied, "I have to tell you a quote from Tolstoy?"

The headbutting and later on-air altercation was described by Mailer in his short book Of a Small and Modest Malignancy, Wicked and Bristling with Dots, including a description that does not jibe with the videotape and which was disputed by Cavett decades later in his New York Times online column. Cavett noted that Mailer said that he received more mail about this episode than for anything else in his career.

1971: John Simon vs. Mort Sahl
Critic John Simon revealed on the air that during the most recent commercial break, fellow guest Mort Sahl had threatened to punch him in the mouth.

1971: The pornography episodes
Cavett did a two-part show on pornography; both parts were taped the same day and shown on two nights. During the first part, he discussed the depiction of oral sex in movies and made a parenthetical utterance: "oral-genital sex...mouth on sex organs." A flap ensued when executives demanded that the censor cut the second phrase.

An angry Cavett described the ongoing situation at the beginning of the second part, reusing the phrase. One of the guests, legal scholar Alexander Bickel, sided with Cavett. The result was that the show aired with the phrase cut the first night but intact for the second night.

1972–1974 and beyond: Watergate
During and following the Watergate scandal, which resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon, Cavett's guests included:

 * Barry Goldwater, senior Republican Senator from Arizona
 * G. Gordon Liddy, former FBI agent, one of the head White House Plumbers one of the original Watergate Seven
 * Richard Kleindienst, Attorney General succeeding John N. Mitchell and followed by Elliot Richardson
 * Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, Washington Post metropolitan writers and Watergate investigative reporters
 * Walter Cronkite, CBS Evening News anchor who aired segments on Watergate using Woodward and Bernstein's Washington Post coverage
 * John Ehrlichman, Nixon chief domestic policy advisor and one of the later Watergate Seven
 * Jeb Magruder, CRP coordinator turned witness
 * John Dean, Nixon White House counsel and cover-up coordinator turned star witness
 * Members of the Senate Watergate Committee in charge of the Watergate hearings
 * Chairman Sam Ervin (D-NC)
 * Vice chairman Howard Baker (R-TN) and members Lowell Weicker (R-CT), Daniel Inouye (D-HI) and Herman Talmadge (D-GA) in the Senate Caucus Room with an audience
 * Gore Vidal
 * Gerald Ford, House Minority Leader, Vice President following Spiro Agnew's resignation and President following Nixon's resignation
 * Henry Kissinger, National Security Advisor and Secretary of State

It later emerged from the Nixon White House tapes that Cavett was viewed as an enemy by Nixon and thus had staff who had taxes audited in retaliation. Cavett's Watergate coverage and interviews were later spotlighted in a PBS documentary called Dick Cavett ' s Watergate featuring Cavett, Woodward, Bernstein, Dean and former Nixon Presidential Library director Timothy Naftali.

March 31, 1972: Chad Everett vs. Lily Tomlin
During the taping of this episode, actor Chad Everett upset feminist actress/comedian Lily Tomlin. Tomlin became so enraged when Everett referred to his wife as "my property" that she stormed off the set and refused to return.

June 27, 1972: Angela Davis
Angela Davis, an activist who was associated with the Black Panther Party in the 1960s and 1970s, cancelled a scheduled appearance on June 27, 1972. The basis for the controversy was the continuing debate over the SST (supersonic transport) system. ABC had insisted on inviting either William F. Buckley, Jr. or William Rusher of the conservative National Review magazine to have a balanced viewpoint, but Davis declined.

1972: Rogers Morton
A show with Secretary of the Interior Rogers Morton resulted in nine animals being added to the endangered species list after Cavett commented on them.

June 12, 1973: Marlon Brando
Marlon Brando, who just months earlier had rejected his Academy Award for The Godfather to protest the plight of American Indians, appeared on the show with representatives of the Cheyenne, Paiute and Lummi tribes to promote his views. After the program ended, Brando assaulted photographer Ron Galella, who ended up in the hospital after being punched in the face.

October 1973: Katharine Hepburn two-hour interview
Having previously never appeared on television, Katharine Hepburn—for reasons still unknown—decided to visit Cavett's studio for a tour. After critiquing the carpet and rearranging the set, Hepburn suggested they "go ahead and do it now." During her two-part interview, Hepburn got up and left at the end of the first half of the interview, thinking her job was done. Cavett apologized to the audience, promising that she would be back the next evening (she was). However, this was actually staged by Cavett and Hepburn as a joke.

February 21, 1974: Carol Burnett interview
Actress Carol Burnett appeared and was interviewed for the entire 90-minute program.

1979: Oscar Peterson
Pianist Oscar Peterson expertly demonstrated the styles of Art Tatum, Erroll Garner, Nat King Cole and George Shearing. The show began with Peterson playing a solo piece and he then discussed his debut and his view on critics.

October 1980: Jean-Luc Godard
Filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard appeared in two 1980 episodes promoting the film Every Man for Himself and discussing his philosophy of filmmaking. These are included as supplements on the Criterion Collection's DVD and Blu-ray releases of the film.

Home media
Five DVD sets have been released featuring various episodes of the series.

Resurgence
Global Image Works, the current owner of the footage of the show, has made a YouTube channel with clips from the show. It launched on June 7, 2018. As of February 2024, the channel has over 134 million views. News outlets have covered clips from the show, mostly because of the celebrities. HBO released a documentary called Ali and Cavett: The Tale of Tapes, which is about Muhammad Ali's friendship with him, making the show even more popular in the 2020s.

Reruns of the show currently air weeknights on the Decades cable network, though 90-minute episodes have been cut to fit a one-hour slot, and musical performances are almost always removed, presumably for licensing reasons. However, as of March 27, 2023, it will no longer be shown on Decades as it rebrands itself as Catchy Comedy.

In popular culture
In a scene from the 1977 Woody Allen–directed film, Annie Hall, Allen appears on the show in character as comedian Alvy Singer, with Cavett interviewing. There is a scene in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, where Tom Hanks in the titular role, appears in the show together with John Lennon. The creation of this scene was achieved via the use of ground-breaking special visual effects. Both films wound up winning the Academy Award for Best Picture.

The Dick Cavett Show plays a prominent role in the season finale of the first season of Bojack Horseman. In the show, a young Bojack is watching a cartoon version of Cavett interview Secretariat. Cavett asks Secretariat a question from a rambling letter sent by Bojack: "What do you do when you get sad? How do you not be sad?" Secretariat responds by saying, in part: "BoJack, when you get sad, you run straight ahead a-and you keep running forward, no matter what." In the second season of Bojack Horseman it is revealed that Bojack did not hear the Secretariat response because of a loud argument between Bojack's parents.

The set of The Adam Friedland Show is a replica of the Dick Cavett Show set.

title: The Dick Cavett Show


text:
Pie in the Sky

Pie in the Sky may refer to:

 * Pie in the Sky (TV series), a UK television series about a police officer turned restaurateur
 * Pie in the Sky (1964 film), a 1964 American film
 * Pie in the Sky (1996 film), a 1996 romantic comedy starring Josh Charles and Anne Heche
 * "Pie in the Sky" (2 Stupid Dogs), a 1993 episode of 2 Stupid Dogs
 * Pie in the Sky (game engine), a 3D video game engine and game creation system
 * "Pie in the Sky", a song by The Supernaturals from the album It Doesn't Matter Anymore
 * "Pie in the Sky", a song by Simon Townshend from the album Animal Soup
 * A colloquialism for superior quadrantanopia, a visual field defect

title: Pie in the Sky


text: User:LucasVB/Menu

title: User:LucasVB/Menu


text:
User:Davidcannon/Biography-4

Biographies of notable Fiji Islanders
I either wrote, or substantially edited, the biographies of famous Fiji Islanders listed on this page.

 * Index:
 * Topical Indices

title: User:Davidcannon/Biography-4


text:
User:Willma~enwiki

Will MA
I am Will MA. I came across Wikipedia at a conference in May 2003. I found that very interesting but, in fact, I did not believe much in the principle. This year 2004 September, I decided to study Wikipedia. I read all the relevant papers. I register a login account here. I try to understand the people (users); the process (rules, policies); the technology (MediaWiki). I install three different wikis one by one. The first one is PMWiki. I still use it with my students for class and after-class discussions on projects, meetings, examination preparation etc. The second one is TaviWiki. The computer center of our college installed for me so that I could develop a better site for a long term basis. However, I found that there were lots of restriction in its expansion. After discussed with the technical team, I then now run the site "ChinaNewsInfo" with MediaWiki. It is the same pattern and functionality with Wikipedia and I would develop it for the coming few years.

Will MA

title: User:Willma~enwiki


text:
Talk:Dick Cavett

Magic Moments
I mostly know of Dick Cavett from his magic hostings—Slydini in the Dick Cavett Show, Hocus Pocus it's Magic, and the HBO Magic Moments. other than YouTube videos of the show itself and a few forum posts, I find no mention of the show itself anywhere. Does anyone else know anything of it? Is it mentioned in the book whose title contains that phrase? 59.93.138.164 (talk) 04:38, 2 July 2022 (UTC)

German language
He does indeed speak German. I listened to this old video footage where he spoke German:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikdkP1fv4Fk

However had, while his German is really solid, I would not necessarily describe it as "fluent German", as the main wikipedia article currently claims. I would describe it more as "decent" or "very good"; fluent is a bit of a problematic word because while I think he will understand most of what is said in German, he does take a little pause now and then while thinking for words, as can be seen on the introduction linked in by the above link (should the video be removed in some time, the title was "Dick Cavett Meets ABBA - German TV Version"). 2A02:8388:1641:4980:52EB:F6FF:FE28:C651 (talk) 19:18, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dick Cavett


text:
User talk:HarrisonFisk

MySQL Savepoints
Woops, my bad — you guys do support savepoints, of course. I looked in the docs but somehow failed to see it. Sorry. Neilc 07:08, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:HarrisonFisk


text:
Elihu Palmer

Elihu Palmer (1764 – April 7, 1806) was an author and advocate of deism in the early days of the United States.

Life
Elihu Palmer was born in Canterbury, Connecticut in 1764. He studied to be a Presbyterian minister at Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1787. Soon after his graduation, however, he became a deist. After rejecting the Calvinist doctrine of Presbyterianism, Palmer became a physical, spiritual, and intellectual wanderer, ultimately making his way to New York City, where he formed the Deistical Society of New York in 1796.

He resided for a time in Augusta, Georgia, where he collected materials for Jedediah Morse's Geography, and subsequently lived in Philadelphia and New York City. In 1793 he became totally blind from an attack of yellow fever but continued as a public speaker.

Palmer kept writing until the end of his life and published a number of different written works including "A Fourth of July Oration" (1797), and was also the author of The Principles of Nature, or A Development of the Moral Causes of Happiness and Misery among the Human Species. He also founded two newspapers, The Temple of Reason in 1800 and Prospect, or View of the Moral World in 1803.

title: Elihu Palmer


text:
Wolcott Gibbs

Wolcott Gibbs (March 15, 1902 – August 16, 1958) was an American editor, humorist, theatre critic, playwright and writer of short stories, who worked for The New Yorker magazine from 1927 until his death. He is notable for his 1936 parody of Time magazine, which skewered the magazine's inverted narrative structure. Gibbs wrote, "Backward ran sentences until reeled the mind"; he concluded the piece, "Where it all will end, knows God!" He also wrote a comedy, Season in the Sun, which ran on Broadway for 10 months in 1950–51 and was based on a series of stories that originally appeared in The New Yorker.

He was a friend and frequent editor of John O'Hara, who named his fictional town of "Gibbsville, Pa." for him.

Early life
Gibbs was born in New York City on March 15, 1902. He was the son of Lucius Tuckerman Gibbs (1869–1909) and Angelica Singleton (née Duer) Gibbs, who married in 1901. His father was a Cornell-educated mechanical and electrical engineer who variously worked for Otis Elevators, American Rheostat and obtained patents for motors, running gears and heating systems. His sister Angelica was born in 1908 and his father died of lobar pneumonia in 1909.

His paternal grandparents were Francis Sarason Gibbs and Eliza Gay (née Hosmer) Gibbs and his maternal grandparents were Edward Alexander Duer and Sarah Anna (née Vanderpoel) Duer. He was a descendant of mineralogist George Gibbs and the great-nephew of the chemist Oliver Wolcott Gibbs with whom he shared all three names. The younger Gibbs, however, disdained the "Oliver" and never used it. Through his maternal grandfather, he was a descendant of William Duer, a member of the Continental Congress and signer of the United States Articles of Confederation, and through his maternal grandmother, he was a direct descendant of U.S. President Martin Van Buren. He was also a direct descendant of Oliver Wolcott Sr., signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Secretary of the Treasury under George Washington and John Adams. He also descended from the Livingston family and the Schuyler family.

After the death of his father and his mother's alcoholism, Gibbs and his sister were sent to live with his uncle and aunt, John Van Buren and Aline Duer. He attended various schools, including Horace Mann School, Riverdale Country Day School, The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and the Roxbury School. but he rebelled and was kicked out of nearly all of them.

Career
After failing his school exams, Gibbs began a series of dead-end jobs including working as a timekeeper, a chauffeur, a draftsman, and four years on the freight crew of the Long Island Railroad, which his uncle was affiliated with. Realizing he was unhappy and unfulfilled in his work, his cousin, Alice Duer Miller, set him up working as an editor for their cousin through marriage, Lloyd Carpenter Griscom. Griscom made Gibbs the associate editor of the East Norwich Enterprise and, eventually, reporter and editor for the North Hempstead Record, both Long Island newspapers. Gibbs succeeded and eventually went to The New Yorker in 1927 as a copy reader. Ten years later, when E. B. White temporarily left the magazine, he took over the Talk of the Town section.

Although not a regular member of the Algonquin Round Table, Gibbs was closely associated with many of its leading names, inheriting the job of theatre critic at The New Yorker from Robert Benchley in 1938. Because his years at the magazine largely overlapped with those of the better-known Alexander Woollcott, many people have confused them or assumed they were related. In fact, Gibbs was a cousin of Alice Duer Miller – yet another member of the Algonquin set – but he was not a relative of Woollcott's. On numerous occasions, in print and in person, Gibbs expressed an intense dislike for Woollcott as both an author and as a person. In a letter to James Thurber, in fact, Gibbs wrote that he thought Woollcott was "one of the most dreadful writers who ever existed." Thomas Kunkel asserts in his biography of New Yorker founder Harold Ross, Genius in Disguise, that a profile of Alexander Woollcott written by Gibbs sparked the disassociation of Woollcott and the magazine.

For many years, Gibbs was also the editor and publisher of The Fire Islander a weekly newspaper on Fire Island, where he had a vacation home.

Personal life
Gibbs was married three times. His first marriage was on July 24, 1926, to Helen Marguerite Galpin, the daughter of William Galpin (an English butler who worked for Mortimer Schiff). His second wife was Elizabeth Ada Crawford, whom he married in August 1929, a Detroit native who worked as a writer in The New Yorker's promotion department. Less than a year after their marriage, Elizabeth committed suicide by plunging to her death from the window of their apartment on the seventeenth floor of 45 Prospect Place in Tudor City, New York on March 31, 1930.

After Elizabeth's death, he began a nearly three-year relationship with writer Nancy Hale, who was then married to Taylor Scott Hardin. Hale refused to leave Hardin for Gibbs (although she did eventually divorce Hardin and married Charles Wertenbaker and, later, Fredson Bowers). He then met his third, and final, wife, whom he married in 1933; Elinor Mead Sherwin (1903–1963), daughter of architect Harold Sherwin of the Sherwin-Williams paint family. Together, they were the parents of two children:

 * Wolcott Gibbs Jr. (b. 1935), known as "Tony," who married Elizabeth Villa in 1958. He has written extensively about yachting and was an editor at The New Yorker for several years in the 1980s.
 * Janet Gibbs, who married James Ward.

An alcoholic and heavy smoker, he died of a heart attack while reading proofs of his upcoming book, More in Sorrow, on August 16, 1958, at his home on Ocean Beach, Fire Island. He was buried at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. His widow died on July 30, 1963, of burns she received in a fire at her New York home, 352 East 50th Street.

Legacy
On October 11, 2011, Bloomsbury USA released the anthology "Backward Ran Sentences: The Best of Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker" (ISBN 978-1-60819-550-3), with a foreword by P.J. O'Rourke.

title: Wolcott Gibbs


text:
Green hermit

The green hermit (Phaethornis guy) is a large hummingbird that is a resident breeder from southern Central America (Costa Rica and Panama) south to northern South America (north-eastern Venezuela and Trinidad, and the northern Andes of eastern Peru)

Description
It is 13.5 cm long and weighs 6.3 g. The male is mainly dark green with a blue-green rump. It has a dark mask through the eye, with buff stripes above and below this, and down the centre of the throat. The central feathers of the tapered tail are—for large hermit—relatively short and white-tipped, and are wiggled in display at the communal leks. The reddish bill is long and decurved. The female is sooty gray (rather than green) below, with an even longer bill and a much longer tail. The call of this species is a loud zurk, and the males' lekking "song" is a repeated swark.

Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies Phaethornis guy guy is found in Venezuela and Trinidad. The western P. g. apicalis of the American cordillera is slightly smaller and the sexes more similar.

This hermit inhabits forest undergrowth, usually near water, and prefers hilly areas. It seems to favor primary rainforest and wet premontane forest, and though it tolerates some amount of habitat destruction (e.g. subsistence farmland) it will try to avoid secondary forest as long as better habitat is available. In the Colombian Cordillera Oriental, it has been recorded at altitudes from 650 - 1750 m ASL. Habitat there usually has a canopy height of around 25 m and is dominated by trees such as Elaeagia (Rubiaceae) or palms; there is usually plentiful undergrowth and/or epiphytes and hemiepiphytes (e.g. Clusiaceae).

Feeding
The food of this species is nectar, taken from a wide variety of flowers, and some small insects; it prefers flowers 30–50 mm long by 2–7 mm wide, though it will occasionally visit flowers up to 75 mm long and 20 mm wide or as short as 15 mm. At Monteverde (Costa Rica), preferred foodplants include yellow jacobinia (Justicia umbrosa) and Razisea spicata (Acanthaceae), Pitcairnia brittoniana (Bromeliaceae), spiral ginger (Costus barbatus, Costaceae), Drymonia conchocalyx and D. rubra (Gesneriaceae), Heliconia tortuosa (Heliconiaceae), and Malvaviscus palmanus (Malvaceae). Less commonly visited flowers were mostly Gesneriaceae, Heliconiaceae (such as Heliconia bihai), Acanthaceae (such as Pachystachys coccinea) and Zingiberales, but also certain Bromeliaceae (such as Tillandsia fasciculata) Campanulaceae (such as Centropogon surinamensis), Ericaceae and Rubiaceae.

Breeding
As noted above, males assemble at leks for courtship. In the Colombian Cordillera Oriental, active leks were observed between September and November, but neither in August nor in December, indicating a distinct breeding season. The green hermit lays one egg in a conical nest suspended under a large leaf, usually over water. Incubation is 17–18 days, and fledging another 21 to 23 days.

title: Green hermit


text:
Arnon Milchan

Arnon Milchan (ארנון מילצ'ן; December 6, 1944) is an Israeli billionaire businessman, film producer and former spy. He has been involved in over 130 full-length motion pictures and is the founder of production company Regency Enterprises. Regency's film credits include 12 Years a Slave, JFK, Heat, Fight Club, and Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Milchan has earned two nominations for the Academy Award for Best Picture, for L.A. Confidential and The Revenant. Milchan was also an Israeli intelligence operative from the mid-1960s to the mid-1980s.

As of January 2024, Forbes estimated Milchan's net worth at US$3.3 billion, ranked 937th worldwide and 13th wealthiest in Israel.

Early life
Milchan was born in Rehovot, Mandatory Palestine, to a Jewish family. He has a sister named Dalia. His mother was descended from European Jewish disciples of the rabbi Vilna Gaon who came to the region of Palestine in the early 19th century, and he is the eighth generation of his family in the country.

Business career
His father owned a fertilizer company, which Milchan inherited at the age of 21 upon his father's sudden death. Over the years, Milchan turned the company into a successful chemical business. He also earned a degree from the London School of Economics, before he and his company (Milchan Brothers Ltd.) were recruited to Lekem, a secret Israeli intelligence organization responsible for obtaining technology and material for Israel's nuclear program, and other highly secretive programs.

Film production career
Milchan became involved in the movie business in 1977, after an introduction to American producer Elliot Kastner. In 1981 he partnered with Sydney Pollack on the US miniseries Masada Most notable among Milchan's film collaborations was his early work with Martin Scorsese. He developed close friendships with Robert De Niro, and directors Roman Polanski, Sergio Leone, Terry Gilliam and Oliver Stone. Milchan started his own production company in 1991 called New Regency Productions. Through his company Regency, in partnership with Warner Bros., and later with Rupert Murdoch at 20th Century Fox, and other business ventures, such as Puma AG, Milchan acquired a net worth estimated at $5.1 billion.

Milchan has produced over 130 films, such as Noah (2014), 12 Years a Slave (2013), Once Upon a Time in America (1984) (in which he also makes a cameo appearance as the chauffeur), Brazil (1985), Pretty Woman (1990), JFK (1991), Under Siege (1992), Natural Born Killers (1994), Boys on the Side (1995), Heat (1995), L.A. Confidential (1997), Fight Club (1999), Unfaithful (2002), Mr. and Mrs. Smith (2005), and Knight and Day (2010), among others, to his credit. He was a producer on two more recent Oscar-winners for Best Picture, 12 Years a Slave in 2014 and Birdman in 2015, but he was not listed as a producer in the nominees list.

Milchan is also the owner of the WTA broadcasting rights. He was married to model Brigitte Genmaire. He is now married to former South African tennis professional Amanda Coetzer. He is owner of the network which transmits Israeli television programming to the United States and Canada. He is also a part owner of Israel's TV Channel 10, and a former owner of Puma, the international sportswear line.

Intelligence career
Speculation about Milchan's involvement in arms dealing and intelligence activities was sparked after the indictment in 1985 of Dr. Richard Kelly Smyth, an aerospace executive and scientist who had made illegal shipments of Krytrons, which could be used as nuclear weapon triggers, through one of Milchan's companies. This remained largely in the category of rumor until biographers Meir Doron and Joseph Gelman wrote a controversial unauthorized biography of Milchan that was published in July 2011. The biography Confidential, which is largely sympathetic to Milchan, revealed in detail how he involved himself in espionage, big-ticket arms-dealing, and obtaining sensitive technology and materials for Israel's nuclear weapons program. The research in Confidential – The Life Of Secret Agent Turned Hollywood Tycoon established that "at least through the mid-1980s [Milchan] was a full-fledged operative for Israel's top-secret intelligence agency, Lekem. His activities included "buying components to build and maintain Israel's nuclear arsenal" and supervising "government-backed accounts and front companies that financed the special needs of the entirety of Israel's intelligence operations outside the country". Interviewed regarding Milchan's intelligence activities, Israeli President Shimon Peres stated:

"'Arnon is a special man. It was I who recruited him.... When I was at the Ministry of Defense, Arnon was involved in numerous defense-related procurement activities and intelligence operations. His strength is in making connections at the highest levels.... His activities gave us a huge advantage, strategically, diplomatically and technologically.' (interview dated February 8, 2010, documented in Meir Doron and Joseph Gelman's 'Confidential: Secret Agent turned Hollywood Tycoon Arnon Milchan' p. xi)." Two years later, on November 25, 2013, on the Channel 2 documentary program Uvda, Milchan confirmed on camera the central claims in the book Confidential that had been released earlier. The announcement caused international interest in the story and was covered widely.

Peres, the architect of Israel's secret nuclear weapons program in the 1960s, stated that in the 1960s he recruited Milchan to work for the Israeli Bureau of Scientific Relations (LEKEM or LAKAM), a secret intelligence organization tasked with obtaining military technology and science espionage. Milchan acknowledged that he was a secret arms dealer for the Israeli government and claimed to have used his connections to promote the apartheid regime in South Africa in exchange for it helping Israel to acquire uranium for its nuclear program.

In June 2023, Milchan provided some details about the friendship he developed with future Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during his time as an intelligence officer, with the two having gone from being simple acquaintances to knowing each other "like brothers."

Controversy
In February 2018, Israeli Police recommended that Arnon Milchan, alongside Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, be charged with bribery. The recommendation in the case, nicknamed "Case 1000", relates to alleged bribes Milchan provided to Netanyahu in exchange for special tax exemption legislation believed to benefit Milchan in his homeland of Israel. The proposed legislation, nicknamed "Milchan's Law", dates back to 2013 and was an alleged ploy to extend Milchan's status as a returning resident to allow him to take advantage of tax breaks. According to the police, the gifts from Milchan were worth more than 1 million shekels. Milchan had held fundraisers for Netanyahu, which included a 2014 event at a residence on Carbon Beach in Malibu that controversially inconvenienced residents and commuters with hours of unexpected lane blockages on Pacific Coast Highway, despite being a private event.

On June 25, 2023, Milchan began his first day of testimony as a prosecution witness in Case 1000 and acknowledged that he gave the Netanyahu family numerous gifts and used code names for the gifts which were exchanged as well. However, Milchan also claimed he never thought the gifts would qualify as legal issues, as they were requests which were related to his friendship with the Netanyahus and not demands. Due to his health, Milchan did not appear in-person at the Jerusalem courthouse and gave video testimony from a courthouse in Brighton, United Kingdom.

Personal life
Milchan was first married to French model Brigitte Genmaire and later divorced. The couple had three children, Elinor, Alexandra, and Yariv. Elinor Milchan is a professional photographer and Alexandra is a film producer. He later married South African retired professional tennis player Amanda Coetzer and had two children with her (Shimon and Olivia).

Allegedly, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asked U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry three times in 2014 to arrange a long-term visa for Milchan to live in the United States, but the bribery charges against Netanyahu have since been called into question. Milchan does not live in Israel and has not been there since 2016.

Art collecting
Milchan is an art collector, and in April 2015, CNBC ranked him at No. 3 in their list of "Hollywood's top 10 art collectors" with a collection valued at $600 million, equal with George Lucas, ranked No. 2, but some way behind David Geffen at No. 1, with a collection valued at $2.3 billion.

Production companies

 * Embassy International Pictures N.V. (1982–1989)
 * Regency International Pictures (1989–1991)
 * Alcor Films (1991–1995)
 * Regency Enterprises (1991–)
 * New Regency Productions (1991–)

Fox Searchlight Pictures
Executive producer

Producer

Others
Producer

Executive producer

Miscellaneous crew

Actor

Special thanks
 * The Killing Floor (2007)

Television
Executive producer

 * Free Willy (1994)
 * The Client (1995−96)
 * Michael Hayes (1997)
 * Noriega: God's Favorite (2000) (TV movie)
 * L.A. Confidential (2019) (TV pilot)
 * The Beast Must Die (2020−21) (Co-executive producer)
 * The Edge of Sleep (TBA)

Producer

 * Masada (1981) (Supervising producer)
 * The Hunt for the Unicorn Killer (1999) (TV movie)

title: Arnon Milchan


text:
Hawaii Route 61

Hawaii Route 61, often called the Pali Highway, is in Honolulu County, Hawaii, United States, that is the main highway connecting downtown Honolulu with the windward side of Oahu island. From downtown, it traverses up Nuuanu Valley and the residential neighborhood of Nuuanu, passes through the Nuuanu Pali Tunnels, and descends to the major windward communities of Kāneohe (reached by Kamehameha Highway, State Route 83) and Kailua.

History
The current Pali Highway is actually the third roadway to be built here. The original Pali "highway" went along much of the same route and portions of the old road still exist, although closed to vehicular traffic. When the current Pali Highway and its tunnels opened, the original roadway was closed and is now used by hikers. The "Old Pali Highway", as it is now called, is noted in the popular culture of Hawaii for being a place with strong spiritual connections. Many ghost stories have settings along this old highway. A large portion of the old highway was built over the ancient Hawaiian foot paths that traversed the famous Pali pass, which was the most easily accessible route to take from the Windward to Honolulu side. This was because much of the Koolau range on the Windward side has steep cliffs that make it nearly impossible to traverse over safely. "Pali" is the Hawaiian word for precipice.

The highway was mentioned as an "awe-inspiring drive" in Car and Driver's "10 Best Drivers' Cities."

Points of interest
The lower mouth of Nuuanu valley is the site of historic Oahu Cemetery, founded in 1844. Over time it was expanded with the Royal Mausoleum of Hawaii in 1863, and the Kyoto Gardens of Honolulu Memorial Park. A few blocks to the east is the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific.

Hawaii Route 61 has several free scenic lookouts, including the Pali Lookout. The Queen Emma Summer Palace is also on the Pali (2913 Pali Hwy). The following foreign consulates are located on the Pali:
 * Consulate General of Korea, 2756 Pali Hwy
 * Consulate General of the Philippines, 2433 Pali Hwy
 * Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, 2746 Pali Hwy

The Pali is also the site of the following houses of worship and religious originations:
 * Bentenshu Hawaii Kyokai, 3871 Old Pali Rd
 * Saint Stephen Diocesan Center (Roman Catholic), 6301 Pali Hwy
 * First Unitarian Church of Honolulu, 2500 Pali Hwy
 * Hawaii Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 2728 Pali Hwy
 * Honmon Butsuryushu Hawaii Mission, 3001 Pali Hwy
 * Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawai'i Betsuin, 1727 Pali Hwy.
 * Nuuanu Congregational Church, Pali Hwy
 * St. Stephen Church (Roman Catholic), 2747 Pali Hwy
 * Soka Gakkai Intl-USA, 2729 Pali Hwy
 * Temple Emanu-El (reform), 2550 Pali Hwy
 * Tenrikyo Hawaii Dendocho, 2920 Pali Hwy

Names of State Route 61

 * "Fort Street" (at the intersection of Vineyard Boulevard)
 * "Pali Highway" (from downtown Honolulu to Castle Junction near Maunawili)
 * "Kalanianaole Highway" (from Castle Junction to Castle Medical Center in Kailua)
 * "Kailua Road" (from Castle Medical Center to central Kailua)

title: Hawaii Route 61


text:
User:Tansient

Male. b. 11/30/84. Located in Falmouth, Massachusetts

title: User:Tansient