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Tortilla Flat

Tortilla Flat (1935) is an early John Steinbeck novel set in Monterey, California. The novel was the author's first clear critical and commercial success.

The book portrays a group of 'paisanos'—literally, countrymen—a small band of errant friends enjoying life and wine in the days after the end of World War I.

Tortilla Flat was made into a film in 1942. Steinbeck later returned to some of the panhandling locals of Monterey (though not the Mexican paisanos of the Flat) in his novel Cannery Row (1945).

Plot
Above the town of Monterey on the California coast lies the shabby district of Tortilla Flat, inhabited by a loose gang of jobless locals of Mexican-Indian-Spanish-Caucasian descent (who typically claim pure Spanish blood).

The central character, Danny, inherits two houses from his grandfather where he and his friends go to live. Danny's house, and Danny's friends, Steinbeck compares to the Round Table, and the Knights of the Round Table. Most of the action is set in the time of Steinbeck's own late teenage and young adult years, shortly after World War I.

The following chapter titles from the work, along with short summaries, outline the adventures the dipsomaniacal group endure in order to procure red wine and friendship.

Chapter summary
1 How Danny, home from the wars, found himself an heir, and how he swore to protect the helpless. — After working as a mule-driver during The Great War, Danny returns to find he has inherited two houses from his deceased grandfather. Danny gets drunk and goes to jail. He and the jailer drink wine at Torelli's. After escaping, Danny talks his friend, a clever man named Pilon, into sharing his brandy and his houses.

2 How Pilon was lured by greed of position to forsake Danny's hospitality. — Danny fails to get the water turned on. Pilon kills a rooster, rents Danny's second house for money which it is understood he will never pay, and exchanges paper roses for a gallon of Señora Torelli's wine.

3 How the poison of possessions wrought with Pilon, and how evil temporarily triumphed in him. — Danny and Pilon share wine, two women, and a fight. Drunk a second time, Pilon sublets half his house to Pablo.

4 How Jesus Maria Corcoran, a good man, became an unwilling vehicle of evil. — Pablo, Pilon and Danny discuss women and the payment of rent. Pablo and Pilon sublet their house to Jesus Maria. Since he has just $3 and a dime with him, they take a $2 deposit and leave him the rest to buy a woman he likes a present.

5 How Saint Francis turned the tide and put a gentle punishment on Pilon and Pablo and Jesus Maria. — Pilon and Pablo enjoy two gallons of wine. Monterey prepares for night. Pablo enjoys dinner, firewood and love from Mrs. Torelli. Jesus Maria is beaten up by soldiers because he enjoys their whiskey and their girlfriend Arabella. Pablo's candle, dedicated to St. Francis, burns down the house, while Danny, who is with Mrs. Morales next door, pays no attention.

6 ''How three sinful men, through contrition, attained peace. How Danny's friends swore comradeship.'' — Pablo, Pilon and Jesus Maria sleep in the pine forest. They wake up smelling a picnic lunch which becomes theirs, and is shared with Danny, into whose remaining house they move.

7 ''How Danny's friends became a force for good. How they succored the poor pirate.'' — The pirate, a mentally handicapped man who is followed by five dogs, is invited by Pilon to stay at Danny's house. Pirate promised that if God would save his sick dog, he would buy a golden candlestick for St. Francis. The sickly dog recovered, though he was soon after run over by a truck. Pirate is determined to keep his promise to buy a gold candlestick for St. Francis with 1000 quarters, or "two-bitses" ($250). The Pirate is the only paisano who works, and makes 25 cents a day selling kindling, but lives on food scraps given in charity, and saves the cash. He has hidden a great bag of quarters, known about by all. When he reveals his treasure to them, they are guilted into aiding him in his endeavor.

8 ''How Danny's Friends sought mystic treasure on Saint Andrew's Eve. How Pilon found it and later how a pair of serge pants changed ownership twice.'' — Joe Portagee returns from army jail, burns down a whorehouse, goes to jail again. He and Pilon seek treasure in the woods on St. Andrew's Eve (29 Nov), and see the faint beam from a spot which they mark. Next night, with wine Joe has gotten for a blanket he has stolen from Danny, they dig at the spot and uncover something labeled "United States Geodetic Survey + 1915 + Elevation 600 Feet". Realizing it is a crime to take, they get drunk on the Seaside beach. Pilon, to punish Joe for stealing from his host, recovers the blanket and trades Joe's pants for wine, leaving Joe naked on the beach.

9 How Danny was ensnared by a vacuum cleaner and how Danny's friends rescued him. — Danny trades stolen copper nails for money for a vacuum cleaner from Mr. Simon, to give to Sweets Ramirez (who has no electricity). Sweets contentedly pretends she has electricity, pushing the machine over the floor while humming to herself, and Danny wins her favors. He spends every evening with Sweets, until Pilon, telling himself he misses his friend, takes the vacuum and trades it to Torelli, the local shopkeep, for wine. Torelli then finds the vacuum which has been "run" with pretend electricity, actually has a pretend motor.

10 How the friends solaced a corporal and in return received a lesson in paternal ethics. — Jesus Maria befriends a young man with a baby, and brings him to the house. The baby is sick. A Capitán has stolen the man's wife. The baby dies, and the man explains why he wanted the baby to be a Generál, saying that if a mere Capitan could steal his own wife, then imagine what a general could take. The friends take few moments to digest the moral of this, then make a satirical statement in support.

11 How, under the most adverse circumstances, love came to Big Joe Portagee. — Joe Portagee comes out of the rain into Tia Ignacia's. He drinks her wine, goes to sleep, and wakes up to a beating from the woman because he drank her wine and did NOT take advantage of her. In the midst of fending off this attack in the middle of the street and in the rain, he is stricken with lust. A policeman happens by and asks them to stop doing what they're doing in middle of the muddy road.

12 How Danny's friends assisted the pirate to keep a vow, and how as a reward for merit the pirate's dogs saw a holy vision. — The pirate finally trusts Danny and delivers his bag of quarters into the house, whereupon the bag disappears. Big Joe is beaten into unconsciousness for stealing the money. The friends take the thousand quarters which the pirate has earned over several years of woodcutting, to Father Ramon for him to buy a candlestick and feast. In San Carlos Church on Sunday the Pirate sees his candlestick before St. Francis. The dogs rush into the church and must be removed. Later the pirate preaches all of Fr. Ramon's St. Francis stories to the dogs, which are suddenly startled by something behind him, which the pirate believes must be a vision.

13 How Danny's friends threw themselves to the aid of a distressed lady. — The unmarried Teresina Cortez has a menagerie of nine healthy babies and children, who all live on nothing but tortillas and beans, but nevertheless are found amazingly healthy by the school doctor. Teresina gleans the beans from the fields. As the Madonna of the tale, Teresina produces the droves of babies with seemingly no particular help. When the bean crop is ruined by rain, Danny's housemates steal food all over Monterey for the children. It makes them sick. However, the arrival of some stolen sacks of beans at the door is deemed a miracle, the children regain their health, and Teresina is also pregnant again. She wonders which one of Danny's friends was responsible.

14 ''Of the good life at Danny's house, of a gift pig, of the pain of Tall Bob, and of the thwarted love of the viejo Ravanno. Why the windows shouldn't be cleaned.'' The friends tell stories. Danny: how Cornelia lost Emilio's little pig to its sow. Pablo: how everyone laughed after Tall Bob blew his nose off. Jesus Maria: how Petey Ravanno got Gracie by hanging himself and being rescued at exactly the right moment, thus convincing her of his love; and how Petey's father the viejo (old man) hanged himself to get the same effect, but the door blew shut at exactly the wrong moment, and nobody saw him.

15 ''How Danny brooded and became mad. How the Devil in the shape of Torelli assaulted Danny's house.'' — Danny moves to the forest and cannot be found by his friends. When Torelli shows the friends the bill of sale for Danny's house, they steal and burn it.

16 ''Of the sadness of Danny. How through sacrifice Danny's friends gave a party. How Danny was translated.'' — Danny is deeply remorseful. His friends work a whole day cutting squid for Chin Kee. All of Tortilla Flat makes a party at Danny's home. He enjoys many women, and challenges all men to fight (wielding a table leg). He dies after a 40 ft fall into the gulch.

17 ''How Danny's sorrowing friends defied the conventions. How the talismanic bond was burned. How each friend departed alone.'' — Danny's friends cannot dress adequately for his military funeral. They tell stories of him beforehand, in the gulch. Afterward, they drink wine stolen by Pilon from Torelli's. Pablo sings "Tuli Pan". A small fire is accidentally set in the house, and the friends watch in approval, doing nothing to save it. No two walk away together from the smoking ruins.

Reception
Tortilla Flat provided Steinbeck with his first commercial success. Thomas Fensch, in an introduction to the novel, cited the idyllic setting, where "money is seldom needed" and all the characters desire is "enough food, a warm place to sleep, wine, and – occasionally – women and parties" as providing escapism for readers during the Great Depression.

Contemporary critics praised the novel as entertainment, although some criticised the meandering plot. The New York World-Telegram described the book as a "grand time" though the reviewer also felt that the ending "feels a little too casual to be moving". The New York Times, meanwhile, praised Steinbeck's "gift for drollery and for turning Spanish talk and phrases into a gently mocking English".

title: Tortilla Flat


text:
Tony Siragusa

Anthony Siragusa (May 14, 1967 – June 22, 2022), nicknamed "the Goose", was an American professional football player who was a defensive tackle for 12 seasons with the Indianapolis Colts and the Baltimore Ravens in the National Football League (NFL). After his football career, he worked as a sideline analyst for NFL games broadcast on the Fox Network from 2003 to 2015. He also hosted various shows on television, such as the home renovation program Man Caves on the DIY Network.

Early life
Siragusa attended David Brearley High School in Kenilworth, New Jersey. In high school, he played football and was also a member of the wrestling team. He was the New Jersey state wrestling champion with a 97–1 career record. In football, he played defensive line, punted, and place kicked. He had a 39-yard punting average and made 15 of 18 extra point attempts.

College career
Siragusa attended the University of Pittsburgh and played college football for the Pittsburgh Panthers. He was a starting defensive tackle in his sophomore and junior seasons (1986 and 1987) under head coach Mike Gottfried.

During a practice in April 1988, Siragusa tore his left anterior cruciate ligament, and underwent surgery that forced him to sit out the entire 1988 season. Before his injury, Siragusa was considered a potential first-round draft pick, but afterwards, he was seen as such a risk that he went undrafted in the 1990 NFL draft.

Indianapolis Colts
Siragusa was an undrafted free agent in 1990 and was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as a defensive tackle. He played nose tackle to draw the double teams when the Indianapolis Colts were in a 3–4 defense or 4–3 defense. As a rookie, he appeared in 13 games and started 6 games and recorded 1 sack, 36 total tackles, and 1 fumble recovery. In the 1991 season, he started in 6 of his 13 game appearances and recorded 2 sacks, 1 fumble recovery, and 46 combined tackles. In the 1992 season, he appeared in all 16 games, starting in 12, and recorded 3 sacks and 65 combined tackles. In the 1993 season, he appeared in and started 14 games and recorded 1.5 sacks and 76 combined tackles. In the 1994 season, he appeared in and started all 16 games and recorded 5 sacks, 88 combined tackles, 2 forced fumbles, and 1 fumble recovery. In the 1995 season, he appeared in and started 14 games and recorded 2 sacks, 49 total tackles, and 1 forced fumble. Siragusa was a key part of the Colts team that narrowly lost the 1995 AFC Championship Game; after the season, he was unhappy that Colts coach Ted Marchibroda was given a no-raise, no-extension contract offer that he rejected before leaving the team. Siragusa was open about his dislike for new coach Lindy Infante and the team's Vice President of Football Operations Bill Tobin. In the 1996 season, he appeared in and started 10 games and recorded 2 sacks, 45 combined tackles, and 1 fumble recovery.

Baltimore Ravens
In 1997, Siragusa signed with the Baltimore Ravens, who were being coached by his former coach Ted Marchibroda (which continued until he was fired for Brian Billick in 1999). In the 1997 season, he appeared in 14 games, started 13, and recorded one fumble recovery and 27 total tackles. In the 1998 season, he appeared in and started 15 games, and recorded one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and 41 total tackles. In the 1999 season, he appeared in and started 14 games, and recorded two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, 3.5 sacks, and 36 total tackles. He was a part of the 2000 Baltimore Ravens defense that allowed the fewest total points in NFL history for a 16-game season. In the 2000 season, he appeared in and started 15 games, and recorded one fumble recovery and 27 total tackles. Siragusa was fined $10,000 for an illegal hit on Oakland Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon in the 2000 AFC title game, injuring Gannon’s shoulder. He helped lead the Ravens to their first Super Bowl in franchise history in Super Bowl XXXV where they beat the New York Giants, 34–7. Siragusa retired following the 2001 season, where he had two sacks and 28 total tackles. He finished his career with 562 tackles (416 solo), 22 sacks, five forced fumbles, nine fumble recoveries for 12 yards, and 28 pass deflections in 170 career games.

Post-playing career
Siragusa was a sideline reporter and analyst during NFL games on Fox until his firing following the 2015 NFL season. Siragusa usually appeared with Kenny Albert (before Albert, Dick Stockton and Curt Menefee) and Daryl Johnston. In 2015, he was paired with Thom Brennaman and Charles Davis. He appeared as Soprano family associate Frankie Cortese in the TV series The Sopranos. He partnered up with Michael Romanelli and opened a restaurant chain called Tiff's. The original name of the franchise was Tiffany's, but after a lawsuit by Tiffany & Co., the luxury jeweler, the name was shortened. He hosted Man Caves on the DIY Network. He also hosted a documentary program called Mega Machines on The Learning Channel.

Siragusa also played a Russian mobster in the 2002 movie 25th Hour.

Out of a concern for men with prostate cancer, in 2013 Siragusa began appearing in an ad campaign for Depend for Men, saying, "I decided to go and shoot the commercial and bring a little bit of lightness to [the problem] where guys can talk about it and after I did the commercial you wouldn't believe the response."

Siragusa made a few appearances at his alma mater, the University of Pittsburgh. He was one of several honorary captains during the renewal of the Penn State–Pittsburgh football rivalry in 2016, soon after ending his stint with Fox.

Death
On June 22, 2022, Siragusa died in his sleep at his home in Ortley Beach, New Jersey, at the age of 55.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tony Siragusa


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Electrostriction

In electromagnetism, electrostriction is a property of all electrical non-conductors, or dielectrics, that causes them to change their shape under the application of an electric field. It is the dual property to magnetostriction.

Explanation
Electrostriction is a property of all dielectric materials, and is caused by displacement of ions in the crystal lattice upon being exposed to an external electric field. Positive ions will be displaced in the direction of the field, while negative ions will be displaced in the opposite direction. This displacement will accumulate throughout the bulk material and result in an overall strain (elongation) in the direction of the field. The thickness will be reduced in the orthogonal directions characterized by Poisson's ratio. All insulating materials consisting of more than one type of atom will be ionic to some extent due to the difference of electronegativity of the atoms, and therefore exhibit electrostriction.

The resulting strain (ratio of deformation to the original dimension) is proportional to the square of the polarization. Reversal of the electric field does not reverse the direction of the deformation.

More formally, the electrostriction coefficient is a rank four tensor ($$Q_{ijkl}$$), relating the rank two strain tensor ($$x_{ij}$$) and the electric polarization density vector (i.e. rank one tensor; $$P_m$$).

$$x_{ij} = Q_{ijkl} P_k P_l$$

The related piezoelectric effect occurs only in a particular class of dielectrics. Electrostriction applies to all crystal symmetries, while the piezoelectric effect only applies to the 20 piezoelectric point groups. Electrostriction is a quadratic effect, unlike piezoelectricity, which is a linear effect.

Materials
Although all dielectrics exhibit some electrostriction, certain engineered ceramics, known as relaxor ferroelectrics, have extraordinarily high electrostrictive constants. The most commonly used are
 * lead magnesium niobate (PMN)
 * lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT)
 * lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT)

Magnitude of effect
Electrostriction can produce a strain of 0.1% at a field strength of 2 million volts per meter (2 MV/m) for the material called PMN-15 (TRS website listed in the references below). The effect appears to be quadratic at low field strengths (up to 0.3 MV/m) and roughly linear after that, up to a maximum field strength of 4 MV/m. Therefore, devices made of such materials are normally operated around a bias voltage in order to behave nearly linearly. This will probably cause deformations to lead to a change of electric charge, but this is unconfirmed.

Applications

 * Sonar projectors for submarines and surface vessels
 * Actuators for small displacements

title: Electrostriction


text: Template:New Jersey Transit

title: Template:New Jersey Transit


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Inotek Pharmaceuticals

Inotek Pharmaceuticals is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company based in Lexington, Massachusetts focused on the discovery, development and commercialization of novel therapies to treat glaucoma and other serious diseases of the eye.

The Company's lead product candidate, trabodenoson (formerly known as INO-8875), is being evaluated for the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT). Trabodenoson has completed Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials in subjects with OHT and POAG. Inotek is developing trabodenoson as a monotherapy delivered via eye drop, as well as a fixed-dose combination (FDC) with latanoprost, one of the leading current treatments for OHT and POAG.

title: Inotek Pharmaceuticals


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James B. Greenough

James Bradstreet Greenough (May 4, 1833 – October 11, 1901) was an American classical scholar.

Life
James B. Greenough was born in Portland, Maine on May 4, 1833. He graduated at Harvard in 1856, studied one year at the Harvard Law School, was admitted to the Michigan bar and practised in Marshall, Michigan, until 1865, when he was appointed tutor in Latin at Harvard. In 1873 he became assistant professor.

He advocated for the admission of women to Harvard, and in 1882 became a director of the society which later founded Radcliffe College.

He married Mary Battey Ketchum in 1860. She died in 1893, and he remarried to Harriet Sweetzer Jenks two years later.

In 1883 he became a professor of Latin, a post which he resigned hardly six weeks before his death at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts on October 11, 1901.

Works
Following the lead of Goodwin's Moods and Tenses (1860), he set himself to study Latin historical syntax, and in 1870 published Analysis of the Latin Subjunctive, a brief treatise, privately printed, and in many ways coinciding with Berthold Delbrück's Gebrauch des Conjunctivs und Optativs in Sanskrit und Griechischen (1871), which, however, quite overshadowed the Analysis.

In 1872 appeared A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, founded on Comparative Grammar, by Joseph H. Allen and James B. Greenough, a work done with great critical care with Joseph Henry Allen. His theory of cum-constructions is that adopted and developed by William Gardner Hale. In 1872-1880 Greenough offered the first courses in Sanskrit and comparative philology given at Harvard.

His able scholarship was evident in his editing of the Allen and Greenough Latin Series of text-books. Also, he occasionally contributed to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology (founded in 1889 and endowed at his instance by his own class) papers on Latin syntax, prosody and etymology — a subject on which he planned a long work on Roman archaeology and on Greek religion at the time of the New Comedy.

He assisted in the founding of Radcliffe College. An able English scholar and an excellent etymologist, he collaborated with Professor George L Kittredge on Words and their Ways in English Speech (1901).

Light verse

 * The Blackbirds, a comedietta, first published in The Atlantic Monthly (vol. xxxix. 1877);
 * The Rose and the Ring (1880), a pantomime adapted from William Makepeace Thackeray;
 * The Queen of Hearts (1885), a dramatic fantasia;
 * Old King Cole (1889), an operetta.

Other publications

 * Selections from the Poems of Ovid (1882)
 * Select Orations of Cicero (1886)

title: James B. Greenough


text: User talk:65.117.101.101

title: User talk:65.117.101.101


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User talk:BigJimW

Unverified images
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title: User talk:BigJimW


text:
Suffix array

In computer science, a suffix array is a sorted array of all suffixes of a string. It is a data structure used in, among others, full-text indices, data-compression algorithms, and the field of bibliometrics.

Suffix arrays were introduced by as a simple, space efficient alternative to suffix trees. They had independently been discovered by Gaston Gonnet in 1987 under the name PAT array.

gave the first in-place $$\mathcal{O}(n)$$ time suffix array construction algorithm that is optimal both in time and space, where in-place means that the algorithm only needs $$\mathcal{O}(1)$$ additional space beyond the input string and the output suffix array.

Enhanced suffix arrays (ESAs) are suffix arrays with additional tables that reproduce the full functionality of suffix trees preserving the same time and memory complexity. The suffix array for a subset of all suffixes of a string is called sparse suffix array. Multiple probabilistic algorithms have been developed to minimize the additional memory usage including an optimal time and memory algorithm.

Definition
Let $$S=S[1]S[2]...S[n]$$ be an $n$ -string and let $$S[i,j]$$ denote the substring of $$S$$ ranging from $$i$$ to $$j$$ inclusive.

The suffix array $$A$$ of $$S$$ is now defined to be an array of integers providing the starting positions of suffixes of $$S$$ in lexicographical order. This means, an entry $$A[i]$$ contains the starting position of the $$i$$-th smallest suffix in $$S$$ and thus for all $$1 \leq i \leq n$$: $$S[A[i-1],n] < S[A[i],n]$$.

Each suffix of $$S$$ shows up in $$A$$ exactly once. Suffixes are simple strings. These strings are sorted (as in a paper dictionary), before their starting positions (integer indices) are saved in $$A$$.

Example
Consider the text $$S$$= to be indexed:

The text ends with the special sentinel letter  that is unique and lexicographically smaller than any other character. The text has the following suffixes:

These suffixes can be sorted in ascending order:

The suffix array $$A$$ contains the starting positions of these sorted suffixes:

The suffix array with the suffixes written out vertically underneath for clarity:

So for example, $$A[3]$$ contains the value 4, and therefore refers to the suffix starting at position 4 within $$S$$, which is the suffix.

Correspondence to suffix trees
Suffix arrays are closely related to suffix trees:

 * Suffix arrays can be constructed by performing a depth-first traversal of a suffix tree. The suffix array corresponds to the leaf-labels given in the order in which these are visited during the traversal, if edges are visited in the lexicographical order of their first character.
 * A suffix tree can be constructed in linear time by using a combination of suffix array and LCP array. For a description of the algorithm, see the corresponding section in the LCP array article.

It has been shown that every suffix tree algorithm can be systematically replaced with an algorithm that uses a suffix array enhanced with additional information (such as the LCP array) and solves the same problem in the same time complexity. Advantages of suffix arrays over suffix trees include improved space requirements, simpler linear time construction algorithms (e.g., compared to Ukkonen's algorithm) and improved cache locality.

Space efficiency
Suffix arrays were introduced by in order to improve over the space requirements of suffix trees: Suffix arrays store $$n$$ integers. Assuming an integer requires $$4$$ bytes, a suffix array requires $$4n$$ bytes in total. This is significantly less than the $$20n$$ bytes which are required by a careful suffix tree implementation.

However, in certain applications, the space requirements of suffix arrays may still be prohibitive. Analyzed in bits, a suffix array requires $$\mathcal{O}(n \log n)$$ space, whereas the original text over an alphabet of size $$\sigma$$ only requires $$\mathcal{O}(n \log \sigma)$$ bits. For a human genome with $$\sigma = 4$$ and $$n = 3.4 \times 10^9$$ the suffix array would therefore occupy about 16 times more memory than the genome itself.

Such discrepancies motivated a trend towards compressed suffix arrays and BWT-based compressed full-text indices such as the FM-index. These data structures require only space within the size of the text or even less.

Construction algorithms
A suffix tree can be built in $$\mathcal{O}(n)$$ and can be converted into a suffix array by traversing the tree depth-first also in $$\mathcal{O}(n)$$, so there exist algorithms that can build a suffix array in $$\mathcal{O}(n)$$.

A naive approach to construct a suffix array is to use a comparison-based sorting algorithm. These algorithms require $$\mathcal{O}(n \log n)$$ suffix comparisons, but a suffix comparison runs in $$\mathcal{O}(n)$$ time, so the overall runtime of this approach is $$\mathcal{O}(n^2 \log n)$$.

More advanced algorithms take advantage of the fact that the suffixes to be sorted are not arbitrary strings but related to each other. These algorithms strive to achieve the following goals:
 * minimal asymptotic complexity $$\Theta(n)$$
 * lightweight in space, meaning little or no working memory beside the text and the suffix array itself is needed
 * fast in practice

One of the first algorithms to achieve all goals is the SA-IS algorithm of. The algorithm is also rather simple (< 100 LOC) and can be enhanced to simultaneously construct the LCP array. The SA-IS algorithm is one of the fastest known suffix array construction algorithms. A careful implementation by Yuta Mori outperforms most other linear or super-linear construction approaches.

Beside time and space requirements, suffix array construction algorithms are also differentiated by their supported alphabet: constant alphabets where the alphabet size is bound by a constant, integer alphabets where characters are integers in a range depending on $$n$$ and general alphabets where only character comparisons are allowed.

Most suffix array construction algorithms are based on one of the following approaches:
 * Prefix doubling algorithms are based on a strategy of . The idea is to find prefixes that honor the lexicographic ordering of suffixes. The assessed prefix length doubles in each iteration of the algorithm until a prefix is unique and provides the rank of the associated suffix.
 * Recursive algorithms follow the approach of the suffix tree construction algorithm by to recursively sort a subset of suffixes. This subset is then used to infer a suffix array of the remaining suffixes. Both of these suffix arrays are then merged to compute the final suffix array.
 * Induced copying algorithms are similar to recursive algorithms in the sense that they use an already sorted subset to induce a fast sort of the remaining suffixes. The difference is that these algorithms favor iteration over recursion to sort the selected suffix subset. A survey of this diverse group of algorithms has been put together by.

A well-known recursive algorithm for integer alphabets is the DC3 / skew algorithm of. It runs in linear time and has successfully been used as the basis for parallel and external memory suffix array construction algorithms.

Recent work by proposes an algorithm for updating the suffix array of a text that has been edited instead of rebuilding a new suffix array from scratch. Even if the theoretical worst-case time complexity is $$\mathcal{O}(n \log n)$$, it appears to perform well in practice: experimental results from the authors showed that their implementation of dynamic suffix arrays is generally more efficient than rebuilding when considering the insertion of a reasonable number of letters in the original text.

In practical open source work, a commonly used routine for suffix array construction was qsufsort, based on the 1999 Larsson-Sadakane algorithm. This routine has been superseded by Yuta Mori's DivSufSort, "the fastest known suffix sorting algorithm in main memory" as of 2017. It too can be modified to compute an LCP array. It uses a induced copying combined with Itoh-Tanaka. In 2021 a faster implementation of the algorithm was presented by Ilya Grebnov which in average showed 65% performance improvement over DivSufSort implementation on Silesia Corpus.

Generalized suffix array
The concept of a suffix array can be extended to more than one string. This is called a generalized suffix array (or GSA), a suffix array that contains all suffixes for a set of strings (for example, $$S=S_1,S_2,S_3,...,S_k$$ and is lexicographically sorted with all suffixes of each string.

Applications
The suffix array of a string can be used as an index to quickly locate every occurrence of a substring pattern $$P$$ within the string $$S$$. Finding every occurrence of the pattern is equivalent to finding every suffix that begins with the substring. Thanks to the lexicographical ordering, these suffixes will be grouped together in the suffix array and can be found efficiently with two binary searches. The first search locates the starting position of the interval, and the second one determines the end position:

Finding the substring pattern $$P$$ of length $$m$$ in the string $$S$$ of length $$n$$ takes $$\mathcal{O}(m \log n)$$ time, given that a single suffix comparison needs to compare $$m$$ characters. describe how this bound can be improved to $$\mathcal{O}(m + \log n)$$ time using LCP information. The idea is that a pattern comparison does not need to re-compare certain characters, when it is already known that these are part of the longest common prefix of the pattern and the current search interval. improve the bound even further and achieve a search time of $$\mathcal{O}(m)$$ for constant alphabet size, as known from suffix trees.

Suffix sorting algorithms can be used to compute the Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT). The BWT requires sorting of all cyclic permutations of a string. If this string ends in a special end-of-string character that is lexicographically smaller than all other character (i.e., $), then the order of the sorted rotated BWT matrix corresponds to the order of suffixes in a suffix array. The BWT can therefore be computed in linear time by first constructing a suffix array of the text and then deducing the BWT string: $$BWT[i] = S[A[i]-1]$$.

Suffix arrays can also be used to look up substrings in example-based machine translation, demanding much less storage than a full phrase table as used in Statistical machine translation.

Many additional applications of the suffix array require the LCP array. Some of these are detailed in the application section of the latter.

Enhanced suffix arrays
Suffix trees are powerful data structures that have wide application in areas of pattern and string matching, indexing and textual statistics. However, it occupies a significant amount of space and thus has a drawback in many real-time applications that require processing a considerably large amount of data like genome analysis. To overcome this drawback, Enhanced Suffix Arrays were developed that are data structures consisting of suffix arrays and an additional table called the child table that contains the information about the parent-child relationship between the nodes in the suffix tree. The node branching data structure for this tree is a linked list. Enhanced suffix arrays are superior in terms of both space efficiency and time complexity and are easy to implement. Moreover, they can be applied to any algorithm that uses a suffix tree by using an abstract concept lcp-interval trees. The time complexity for searching a pattern in an enhanced suffix array is O(m|Σ|).

The suffix array of the string is an array of n integers in the range of 0 to n that represents the n+1 suffixes of the string including the special character #.

The suffix array is composed of two arrays:

 * 1) pos array pos[1,...n]: It represents a sorted list of all S suffixes. Only the initial positions of the suffixes are stored in the array to reduce the space complexity since the suffixes are too large.
 * 2) lcp array lcp[1,...n]: It is an array of n integers that maintains the lengths of the longest common prefix of two consecutive suffixes stored in the pos array.

Constructing the lcp-interval
For a suffix array of S, the lcp-interval associated with the corresponding node of suffix tree of S can be defined as:

Interval [i,..j], 0 ≤ i ≤ j ≤ n is an lcp-interval of lcp-value, if

1. lcptab[i] < l,

2. lcptab[k] ≥ l for all i + 1 ≤ k ≤ j,

3. lcptab[k] = l for some i + 1 ≤ k ≤ j if i ≠ j and l = n − i + 1 if i = j,

4. lcptab[j + 1] < l.

The length of the longest common prefix of pos[i − 1] and pos[i] is stored in lcp[i],where 2 ≤ i ≤ n. The lcp-interval portrays the same parent-child relationship as that among the associated nodes in the suffix tree of S.This shows that if the corresponding node of [i..j] is a child of the corresponding node of [k..l], a lcp-interval [i..j] is a child interval of another lcp-interval [k..l]. If [k..l] is a child interval of [i..j], a lcp-interval [i..j] is the parent interval of a lcp-interval [k..l].

Constructing a child table
The child table cldtab is composed of three n arrays, up, down and nextlIndex. The information about the edges of the corresponding suffix tree is stored and maintained by the up and down arrays. The nextlIndex array stores the links in the linked list used for node branching the suffix tree.

The up, down and nextlIndex array are defined as follows:

 * 1) The element up[i] records the starting index of the longest lcp-second interval’s child interval, which ends at index i-1.
 * 2) The initial index of the second child interval of the longest lcp-interval, starting at index i is stored in the element down[i].
 * 3) If and only if the interval is neither the first child nor the final child of its parent, the element nextlIndex[i] contains the first index of the next sibling interval of the longest lcp-interval, starting at index i.

By performing a bottom-up traversal of the lcp-interval of the tree, the child table can be constructed in linear time. The up/down values and the nextlIndex values can be computed separately by using two distinct algorithms.

Constructing a suffix link table
The suffix links for an enhanced suffix array can be computed by generating the suffix link interval [1,..,r] for each [i,..j] interval during the preprocessing. The left and right elements l and r of the interval are maintained in the first index of [i,..,j]. The table for this interval ranges from 0 to n. The suffix link table is constructed by the left-to-right breadth-first traversal of the lcp-interval tree. Every time an l-interval is computed, it is added to the list of l-intervals, which is referred to as the l-list. When the lcp-value > 0, for every l-interval[i,..,j] in the list, link[i] is calculated. The interval [l,..,r] is computed by a binary search in(l-1)-list, where l is the largest left boundary amongst all the l-1 intervals. The suffix link interval of [i,..j] is represented by this interval[l,..,r]. The values l and r are ultimately stored in the first index of [i,..,j].

title: Suffix array


text:
Scan-Line Interleave

Scan-Line Interleave (SLI) is a multi-GPU method developed by 3dfx for linking two (or more) video cards or chips together to produce a single output. It is an application of parallel processing for computer graphics, meant to increase the processing power available for graphics.

3dfx's SLI technology was first introduced in 1998 with the Voodoo2 line of graphics accelerators. The original Voodoo Graphics card and the VSA-100 were also SLI-capable, however in the case of the former it was only used in arcades and professional applications.

NVIDIA reintroduced the SLI acronym in 2004 as Scalable Link Interface. NVIDIA's SLI, compared to 3dfx's SLI, is modernized to use graphics cards interfaced over the PCI Express bus.

Function
3dfx's SLI design was the first attempt, in the consumer PC market, at combining the rendering power of two video cards. The two 3dfx cards were connected by a small ribbon cable inside the PC. This cable shared graphics and synchronization information between the cards. Each 3dfx card rendered alternating horizontal lines of pixels composing a frame.

title: Scan-Line Interleave


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Ambev

Ambev, formally Companhia de Bebidas das Américas, is a Brazilian brewing company now merged into Anheuser-Busch InBev. Its name translates to "Beverage Company of the Americas", hence the "Ambev" abbreviation. It was created on July 1, 1999, with the merger of two breweries, Brahma and Antarctica. The merger was approved by the board of directors of the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) on March 30, 2000. The organization's headquarters are in São Paulo, Brazil. It is one of the largest companies by market capitalization in Brazil and in the Southern hemisphere.

Overview
Ambev operates in 18 countries in the Americas and its products include beers such as Antarctica, Bogotá Beer Company, Brahma, Bohemia, Stella Artois and soft drinks like Guaraná Antarctica, Soda Antarctica, Sukita and the innovations H2OH! and Guarah. The second largest PepsiCo bottler outside the United States, it sells and distributes PepsiCo products in Brazil and other Latin American countries, includes Pepsi, Lipton Ice Tea and Gatorade by franchise agreement. According to an analyst at "Share Market Updates" in October 2016, the company operated through Latin America North, Latin America South, and Canada segments.

In 2004, Ambev merged with Belgian company Interbrew to form InBev. In 2008, InBev acquired the American company Anheuser-Busch to form Anheuser-Busch InBev. Ambev S.A. is currently a subsidiary of Interbrew International B.V., which is in turn a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV.

title: Ambev


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Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless

Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless (von Harleß; 21 November 1806 – 5 September 1879), was a German Lutheran theologian.

Life
He was born on 21 November 1806 in Nuremberg. As a youth, he was interested in music and poetry, and was attracted by ancient and German classical literature, especially by Jean Paul. He was indifferent to Christianity. In 1823 he entered the University of Erlangen, at first studying philology, then law; but he finally tried theology. The teacher who particularly influenced him was Georg Benedikt Winer.

Harless wanted to understand the reasons for the importance of the Christian religion in the life of the people and the history of the world. He first thought that the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was adapted to the solution of this problem. Later he was led to the philosophy of Baruch Spinoza, in whose system he searched for the roots of Hegel's and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling's philosophy. He moved, in 1826, to the University of Halle, attracted by Friedrich Tholuck. He conceived a plan of studying the literature of the ancient philosophers and theologians. Harless received a further impulse from his study of Blaise Pascal's Pensées, but at about this time he had a crisis of conscience; he turned to the confessional writings of the Lutheran Church and found their contents in conformity with the experience of his faith. The chief attraction in the Lutheran confession was, for him, the doctrine of justification, which would become the central point of his theology.

In 1828 Harless returned from Halle to Erlangen as privat-docent in theology, and three years later became professor of New Testament exegesis. The theological faculty at Erlangen owed its later conservative tendency chiefly to Harless. In 1836 he became ordinary professor, and as such lectured also on Christian ethics, theological encyclopedia, and methodology. In 1836 he became preacher of the university. He declined calls to Rostock, Berlin, Dorpat, and Zurich. In 1840 he was appointed delegate of the chamber of states in Munich to defend the rights of the Lutheran Church against the measures of the ministry. Harless won popularity by defending the interests of his church but the opposition party succeeded in removing him in 1845 to Baireuth, as second councilor of the consistory. In the same year, however, he was appointed professor of theology in Leipzig, where he lectured for the first time on dogmatics. Within two years he was appointed preacher at St. Nicolai, in addition to his duties as professor.

In 1850 he moved to Dresden as court preacher, reporting councillor in the ministry of public instruction, and vice-president of the state consistory, but two years later was called by King Maximilian II of Bavaria to return to his native state as president of the supreme consistory. Here Wilhelm Löhe and his adherents opposed the existing condition of the State Church, and insisted on an entire change, or, if this should be impossible, on separation. The influence of Harless, a friend of Löhe from former days, persuaded him not to separate himself from the State Church.

A new hymn-book in the spirit of orthodox Lutheranism was soon introduced. The introduction of a new order of church service was more difficult. Here the question of private confession, which was confused with auricular confession, led to opposition, but the organization of the State Church, firmly established under Harless, finally achieved a victory.

Harless now became the acknowledged leader of the whole Lutheran Church. He presided for a long time over the missionary board at Leipzig. During his latter years he was almost blind from cataracts. He died at Munich on 5 September 1879.

Works
His three most important works were written while professor at Erlangen, as his later public activity left him little time for literary work. They are:
 * Commentar über den Brief Pauli an die Ephesier (Erlangen, 1834);
 * Theologische Encyclopädie und Methodologie vom Standpunkte der Protestantischen Kirche (Nuremberg,-1837);
 * Christliche Etik (Stuttgart, 1842; Eng. transl., Edinburgh, 1868).

The commentary and the work on ethics marked an epoch in their respective spheres. The encyclopedia is less important for its methodological arrangement than for Harless' clear and energetic views of the Church, the main points being the close relation of theology to the Church; the unity of theory and practise in a common living faith; the living continuity of the Church from her very foundation as an ideal factor of history, the emphasis of a common faith as the basis of Protestant theology; the entire transformation of this theology by the principle of justification; the necessity of preserving the principles of the Reformation in their purity; the obscurity caused by the later Protestant scholasticism, which considered the dogmas laid down in the confessional writings of the Church as the final conclusion of all dogmatic knowledge; and the sound reaction against this tendency by the Pietistic movement.

The Christliche Etik (Eng. transl., System of Christian Ethics, Edinburgh, 1868) is without doubt Harless' most important work. Its chief excellence are its scientific structure, the emphasis and consistent application of the Christian ethical principle, and the interrelation and connection of the Biblical factor with the historical factor in the more general sense of the word.

He died on 5 September 1879, having, a few years earlier, written an autobiography under the title Bruchstücke aus dem Leben eines süddeutschen Theologen.

title: Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless


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Talk:Daina (Latvia)

Lithuania
In addition to the history of the organization known as Daina, this page needs a general discussion on the folk music form known as daina. --Theodore Kloba 22:33, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

In the Baltic
This doesn't mean the Baltic Sea, so does it mean the Baltic countries, the Baltic region or the Baltic states, which all seem to mean something different? Shantavira 18:30, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Baltic in relation to spiritual matters would be in reference to the Balts as a group of people with related languages who established themselves in a large area bordered on the west by the Baltic Sea, on the south by the Visla River, on the east about where Moscow is now, or perhaps even further east and on the north, about where Estonia is now, around 3000 BC, and today comprises Latvians and Lithuanians, the ancient Prussians having been assimilated by Germans by about the 17th century AD, that is,"Baltic" in the context of dainas means the Baltic language speakers.

External links modified
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title: Talk:Daina (Latvia)


text:
Copacol

Copacol is a Brazilian meat and food processor with its headquarters in Cafelândia, Paraná.

title: Copacol


text: User talk:24.98.195.35

title: User talk:24.98.195.35


text:
Luis Vélez de Guevara

Luis Vélez de Guevara (born Luis Vélez de Santander) (1 August 1579 – 10 November 1644) was a Spanish dramatist and novelist. He was born at Écija and was of Jewish converso descent. After graduating as a sizar at the University of Osuna in 1596, he joined the household of Rodrigo de Castro, Cardinal-Archbishop of Seville, and celebrated the marriage of Philip III in a poem signed Vélez de Santander, a name which he continued to use until some years later.

It seems he served as a soldier in Italy and Algiers, returning to Spain in 1602 when he entered the service of the count de Saldaña, and dedicated himself to writing for the stage. He died at Madrid on 10 November 1644.

Velez de Guevara was the author of over four hundred plays, of which the best are Reinar despues de morir, La Luna de la Sierra, and El Diablo está en Cantillana. The play Más pesa el rey que la sangre, which translates into "The King weighs more than blood (kinship)" is based on the episode of the Reconquista in which the nobleman Alonso Pérez de Guzmán allows his son to be sacrificed, rather than surrender his King's possession of Tarifa. However, Vélez de Guevara is most widely known as the author of El diablo cojuelo (1641, "The Lame Devil" or "The Crippled Devil"), a fantastic novel which suggested to Alain-René Lesage the idea for Le Diable boiteux (1707). The plot presents a rascal student that hides in an astrologer's mansard. He frees a devil from a bottle. As an acknowledgement the devil shows him the apartments of Madrid and the tricks, miseries and mischiefs of their inhabitants. A similar theme was suggested by the magic lenses in Los anteojos de mejor vista (1620–1625) by Rodrigo Fernández de Ribera. Charles Dickens refers to El Diablo cojuelo in The Old Curiosity Shop, chapter thirty-three.

title: Luis Vélez de Guevara


text:
District 125

District 125 could refer to:

 * School districts
 * Atwood Heights District 125, a grade school district headquartered in Alsip, Cook County, Illinois
 * Oglesby Elementary School District 125, a grade school district in Oglesby, LaSalle County, Illinois
 * Stevenson High School (Lincolnshire, Illinois), Consolidated High School District 125, Lake County, Illinois
 * Medicine Valley School District 125, a unit school district headquartered in Curtis, Frontier County, Nebraska
 * Manvel School District 125, a grade school district in Manvel, Grand Forks County, North Dakota

 * National legislative districts
 * District 125 of the Bundestag, the German parliament

 * United States legislative districts
 * Georgia House of Representatives District 125
 * Kansas House of Representatives 125th District, the seat held by Carl Holmes
 * New York State Assembly District 125, the seat held by Barbara Lifton
 * Missouri House of Representatives District 125, the seat held by Barney Joe Fisher
 * Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 125, the seat held by Mike Tobash
 * Texas House of Representatives District 125, the seat formerly held by Justin Rodriguez

 * Other districts
 * King County Water District 125, a public water district headquartered in Tukwila, Washington

title: District 125


text:
Hybrid seed

In agriculture and gardening, hybrid seed is produced by deliberately cross-pollinated plants which are genetically diverse. Hybrid seed is common in industrial agriculture and home gardening. It is one of the main contributors to the dramatic rise in agricultural output during the last half of the 20th century. Alternatives to hybridization include open pollination and clonal propagation.

Hybrid seeds are used to improve the characteristics of the resulting plants, such as better yield, greater uniformity, improved color, disease resistance. An important factor is the heterosis or combining ability of the parent plants. Crossing any particular pair of inbred strains may or may not result in superior offspring. The parent strains used are therefore carefully chosen so as to achieve the uniformity that comes from the uniformity of the parents, and the superior performance that comes from heterosis. Elite inbred strains are used that express well-documented and consistent phenotypes (such as high crop yield) that are relatively good for inbred plants.

Hybrid seeds planted by the farmer produce similar plants, while the seeds of the next generation from those hybrids will not consistently have the desired characteristics. Controlled hybrids provide very uniform characteristics because they are produced by crossing two inbred strains.

Though, hybrid seeds cannot be saved year by year, because most typically are not self-sustaining.

History
In the US, experimental agriculture stations in the 1920s investigated the hybrid crops, and by the 1930s farmers had widely adopted the first hybrid maize.

title: Hybrid seed


text:
Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center

Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center is a cancer research and treatment center located in Buffalo, New York. Founded by surgeon Roswell Park in 1898, the center was the first in the United States to specifically focus on cancer research. The center is usually called Roswell Park in short. The center, which conducts clinical research on cancer as well as the development new drugs, provides advanced treatment for all forms of adult and pediatric cancer, and serves as a member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center is, the only upstate New York facility to hold the National Cancer Institute designation of "comprehensive cancer center".

The Roswell Park campus, spread out in 15 separate buildings of approximately two million square feet, occupies 28 acre on the 100 acre Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus (BNMC) in downtown Buffalo, and includes 1500000 sqft of space equally distributed between clinical programs and research/education functions. A separate hospital building, completed in 1998, houses a diagnostic and treatment center. The campus also includes a medical research complex as well as research and education focused spaces.

History
In 1898, the program that would later become the cancer center was established by Roswell Park, who was a professor of surgery at the University of Buffalo School of Medicine. Park said that "Only through a deliberate well-planned, combined attack from various directions by means fitted for such work could real advances be made and further the relationship of laboratory work, clinical study and education must be closely associated."

Research started in three rooms in the University of Buffalo School of Medicine but not long thereafter, it outgrew the rooms. Seeing the importance of dedicated cancer research, select Buffalo citizens donated funds to purchase land and construct a new building. The largest contributor was Mrs. William Gratwick (wife of William H. Gratwick, the founder of Gratwick, Smith & Fryer Lumber Co.), who donated $25,000. The Gratwick Research Laboratory of the University of Buffalo was constructed in 1901 and was located at High and Elm streets.

Park wrote books, gave lectures, and was the administrator at the cancer research center. In 1904, Park stepped down and Harvey R. Gaylord took over as the center's second director. Park remained as the chairman of the board of trustees.

In coming decades the center was renamed the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, a name it retained for decades until 2018, when its current name was implemented. The Roswell Park Cancer Institute was usually called Roswell Park or RPCI for short.

Notable facts

 * Founded in 1898 as the world's first institute devoted exclusively to cancer research 1884 – On May 31, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center is founded as New York Cancer Hospital at 106th Street and Central Park West in Manhattan. New York Cancer Hospital is the first institution in the United States devoted exclusively to the treatment and research of cancer.
 * Gerty Cori was the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
 * The center's first female leader, Candace S. Johnson was named President & CEO in February 2015.
 * Leads New York State in the number of robotic cystectomies performed
 * Established one of the nation's first long-term survivors clinics for childhood cancer patients

Discovery of how the human body converts glucose to glycogen
Drs. Gerty and Carl Cori jointly won the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen." Their research leading to the discovery began during their tenure at Roswell Park (then called the New York State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases), from 1922 to 1931.

Alternative breast cancer treatments
Thomas Dao (1921–2009), served as director of the breast surgery department from 1957 to 1988, where he developed breast cancer treatment alternatives.

Development of photodynamic therapy
In 1975, Thomas Dougherty successfully treated preclinical models of cancer using photodynamic therapy (PDT) techniques for the first time. In 1978, he conducted the first PDT clinical trial. Today, PDT is an FDA-approved method for treating specific kinds of cancer, and is used around the world.

Discovery of PSA
Research resulting in the discovery of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was led by T. Ming Chu in the 1970s. His team subsequently developed a way to detect the PSA protein in blood as a simple diagnostic test. Since its FDA approvals in 1986 and 1994, an estimated one billion PSA tests have been given.

Research on 5-fluorouracil + leucovorin
Biochemist Marie Hakala, PhD first observed that 5-fluorouracil becomes more effective in treating cancer cells when calcium leucovorin is added. This discovery paved the way for the development of 5-FU + leucovorin therapy, which was for many years the gold standard of chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.

Research on SurVaxM
SurVaxM, a cancer immunotherapy vaccine, was awarded orphan drug status by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2017. A phase II clinical trial of SurVaxM has shown that the vaccine, when combined with standard therapy, is more effective than standard therapies alone.

Mission
The mission of Roswell Park is to "eliminate cancer's grip on humanity by unlocking its secrets through personalized approaches and unleashing the healing power of hope".

Structure
The Roswell Park Cancer Institute Corporation, which is the name of the New York State public-benefit corporation that operates the center, is guided by a 14-member board of directors (which has its own staff). The management team is headed by President and CEO Candace S. Johnson, PhD, who reports to the board. In 2017, it had operating expenses of $722.45 million, an outstanding debt of $189.67 million, and a staffing level of 2,919 people. In May of 2023, Governor Kathy Hochul appointed Leecia Eve Chair the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Board of Directors.

Education
Roswell Park offers both Master's and PhD programs in Cancer Sciences. These programs are offered in collaboration with the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine.

Reputation
Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center has received numerous accolades for the quality of healthcare provided.

 * In 2020, Roswell Park ranked #14 on U.S. News & World Report's list of the best cancer hospitals in the country,  and was ranked High Performing in the areas of colon cancer surgery and lung cancer surgery.
 * Roswell Park has received recognition from Blue Cross Blue Shield as a Blue Distinction Center for Cancer Care, Blood and Marrow Transplants, and Cellular Immunotherapy.
 * Roswell Park is recognized as an Age-Friendly Health System by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement.
 * The American College of Radiology has recognized Roswell Park as a Breast Cancer Center of Excellence.
 * Roswell Park is recognized as an Optum Cancer Center of Excellence.
 * The Lung Cancer Alliance has recognized Roswell Park as a Screening Center of Excellence.
 * Roswell Park is certified as a Quality Oncology Practice Initiative by the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Accreditation

 * Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
 * Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
 * American Dental Association - Dentistry and Maxillofacial Prosthetics
 * Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs
 * Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC International)
 * Association of American Blood Banks
 * Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network Member (CITN)
 * Commission on Cancer Accredited Program - American College of Surgeons
 * Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT)
 * Gold Seal of Approval - Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
 * Palliative Care Certification - Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
 * Laboratory Accreditation - Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
 * National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center
 * National Comprehensive Cancer Network Member Institution
 * National Marrow Donor Program
 * Society of Surgical Oncology - Surgical Oncology Training Program
 * National Accreditation Program for Breast Cancers

Patient care
Roswell Park provides comprehensive care for a wide range of cancers.

 * Adrenal Cancer
 * Anal Cancer
 * Bladder Cancer
 * Brain Cancer
 * Breast Cancer
 * Cervical Cancer
 * Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
 * Colon & Rectal Cancer
 * Esophageal Cancer
 * Fallopian Tube Cancer
 * Gallbladder & Bile Duct Cancers
 * Head & Neck Cancer
 * Kidney Cancer
 * Leukemia & Other Blood Disorders
 * Liver Cancer
 * Lung Cancer
 * Lymphoma
 * Mediastinal Tumors
 * Melanoma
 * Mesothelioma
 * Multiple Myeloma
 * Myelodysplastic Syndromes
 * Neuroendocrine Tumors
 * Ovarian Cancer
 * Pancreatic Cancer
 * Pediatric Cancer & Blood Disorders
 * Penile Cancer
 * Prostate Cancer
 * Sarcoma & Other Soft Tissue Tumors
 * Skin Cancers other than Melanoma
 * Spinal Tumors
 * Stomach Cancer
 * Testicular Cancer
 * Thymus Cancer
 * Thyroid & Parathyroid Cancer
 * Undiagnosed Cancers
 * Urethral Cancer
 * Uterine & Endometrial Cancer
 * Vaginal Cancer
 * Vulvar Cancer

Specialized treatments
Roswell Park offers specialized treatments, services and therapies to treat cancer, as well as services to support patients undergoing cancer treatment.

 * Advanced Endoscopy
 * Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine
 * Balloon Kyphoplasty
 * Blood Bank/Plateletpheresis
 * BMT & Cellular Therapy
 * 3-D Brain Mapping
 * Cancer Pain Management Service
 * Dentistry and Maxillofacial Prosthetics
 * Experimental Therapeutics
 * Follow-up Clinic for Long-term Survivors of Childhood Cancer
 * Genetic Screening, Counseling, and DNA Banking
 * Clinical Trials
 * Community Cancer Resource Center
 * Diagnostic Radiology
 * Gamma Knife
 * High-Risk Breast Cancer Program
 * High-Risk Lung Cancer Program
 * High-Risk Ovarian Cancer Program
 * High-Risk Pancreas Cancer Program
 * Minimally Invasive Surgical Suite
 * Immunotherapy
 * Integrative Medicine
 * Interventional Pulmonology
 * Interventional Radiology
 * Mohs Surgery
 * Nuclear Medicine
 * Nursing
 * Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
 * Patient Advocates & Social Workers
 * Personalized Medicine
 * Photodynamic Therapy
 * Psychosocial Support
 * Radiation Oncology
 * Rehabilitation Services including physical, occupational and speech therapy
 * Robotic Surgery
 * Tobacco Cessation Resources
 * Women's and Men's Sexual Health Clinics for Cancer Survivors

CIMAvax
Roswell Park was the first American institution to receive FDA permission to conduct clinical trials of CIMAvax, a Cuban medical therapy developed by Centro de Immunologica Molecular, La Habana, Cuba.

Ovarian Cancer SPORE
The Ovarian Cancer SPORE is a collaboration between Roswell Park and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI). The SPORE project includes multiple research projects, core supportive structures, and career development programs.

Stacey Scott Lung Cancer Registry
Together with the British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Roswell Park manages the Stacey Scott Lung Cancer Registry.

Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry
Founded in 1990 by Steven Piver, the Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry houses information relating to family history and lifestyle of patients and families with histories of ovarian cancer.

Research and training collaborations
Roswell Park collaborates with institutions around the world to strengthen cancer training and research programs.

 * Centro de Immunologia Molecular (CIM), Playa, La Habana, Cuba
 * Debrecen Medical University, Debrecen, Hungary
 * Children’s Cancer Institute in Australia, Sydney, Australia
 * Institute of Materia Medica of Nanyang Normal University, China
 * Jagiellonian University (JU), Kraków, Poland
 * King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
 * Lakeshore Cancer Center (LCC), Lagos, Nigeria
 * Maccabi Healthcare Services and University of Haifa, Israel
 * National Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
 * Pecs Medical University, Pecs, Hungary
 * Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
 * Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
 * University of Szeged Medical School, Szeged, Hungary
 * University of Waterloo, Canada


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Gay people

Category:Gay people

 * For a general discussion on how to apply categorization to people: see: Categorization of people (and its discussion page).

 * From Wikipedia talk:Categorization: Am I the only one who finds Category:Gay people odd, and slightly 'point finger'-ish. We have a List of famous gay, lesbian or bisexual people, which is fair enough as a clearly explained article about those who identify themselves as homosexual, and are famous. The (very incomplete) 'Gay people' category strikes me as mildly offensive. Afterall, think of the upset Category:Black people, Category:Posh people, or Category:Fat people, categories would have. -Erolos 22:22, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

As recommended, I propose it for deletion. -Erolos 14:02, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree—delete. But we actually do have the equivalent of Category:Black people, by the categorizations under Category:African Americans and Category:Asian Americans.  I think both should go too, though maybe just drop the "s" off the end of each to discuss topics relevant to either (such as the NAACP, Chinatowns, etc.).  It is offensive to classify people by sexual orientation, race, or religion, and POV to think that people should or can be classified in such a way.  Inclusion in those categories is largely a matter of self-identification—what of multiracial people?  It's a different matter to classify someone as a Jewish Orthodox scholar or Christian Evangelical leader, or Gay rights activist, because that is what they have done, as opposed to pushing them into a box of what or who they supposedly are.  The same goes for classifying people by nationality—this should be done only to associate people with the countries in which they have been notable or done notable things (a question of simply where they are or where they have done stuff), but not to just tack on their birth country or ethnicity.  Postdlf 15:45, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. This is the first one to come up of the categories with controversial connotations and fuzzy boundaries. May its death be a harbinger of trimming to come. And if Postdlf cares to formalize his/her mentioned category deletion/modification proposals, I will vote in favor of them as well. --Gary D 20:15, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * One further thought, I think the very lack of a Category:Straight people or a Category:Caucasian Americans means that categories such as Category:Gay people and Category:African Americans are inherently POV in their construction, because they are made with the implication that they are different from the norm or the default, which is the white n' straight state of not needing a classification. All others are instead classified based on how they differ from that norm.  We need to stop this now.  Postdlf 16:49, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a very good point. I agree that all ethnicity, rather than nationality, and sexuality categories are POV and should be deleted. -Erolos 17:55, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: I share Postdlf's opinion. --positron 12:50, 2004 Aug 8 (UTC)

 * Neutral. Merge into the aforementioned list if possible. -Sean Curtin 20:03, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I think that lists are definitely less problematic. As noted above, they can explain the rationale for inclusion (i.e., self-identification), while categories are unannotated.  Furthermore, they don't function to brand the subject like a category does.  Categories classify.  We shouldn't be classifying people by their sexuality (or race), however proper it may be to list who has self-identified themselves a certain way.  Postdlf 20:07, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Hear! Hear! --Gary D 20:48, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay... so I'm getting general consensus that the list suffices and the Category should be deleted. But I don't know how to delete an article/category - I assumed that was someone else's job... help! -Erolos 12:26, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately the only way to do it is to remove the category tag from every article. An admin needs to delete the category itself, but that won't remove any of the links to it.  Postdlf 21:27, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I just noticed this category when it was added to the article on Michel Foucault, the philosopher. It's a bit irritating to say the least (to have him categorized in that manner, not his gayness.) -- Simonides 04:06, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hyacinth 23:10, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I've started ensuring that the list is updated and move folks off the category. - UtherSRG 21:29, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The category is now blank and ready for deletion. Postdlf 22:02, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

See Manual_of_style. Hyacinth 15:59, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Waigieu seaperch

Name
"Waigeo" seems to be the dominant spelling of the island's name, so I'm deviating from FishBase name to conform to that spelling of the name. —Tkinias 22:40, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waigieu seaperch


text:
Buttercup (disambiguation)

Buttercups are several species of the genus Ranunculus.

Buttercup may also refer to:

Characters

 * Buttercup (Toy Story), a character in Toy Story 3
 * Princess Buttercup, a character in the novel The Princess Bride and film based on it
 * Buttercup Utonium, a character in The Powerpuff Girls
 * Buttercup (Kaoru Matsubara), a character in Powerpuff Girls Z
 * Little Buttercup (Mrs. Cripps), a character in the musical H.M.S. Pinafore
 * Buttercup, a diabetic horse in the film Half Baked

Places

 * Buttercup, Belize, a village in the Belize District
 * Buttercup Mountain, a mountain in Idaho

Vehicles

 * Wittman Buttercup, a homebuilt aircraft
 * HMS Buttercup (K193), a Flower-class corvette launched in 1941

Art, entertainment, and media

 * "Buttercup", a song by YouTuber and musician Jack Stauber
 * Buttercup (TV series), a Filipino television series
 * Buttercup (fairy tale), a Norwegian fairy tale

Other plants

 * Buttercups, the common name for Verticordia aurea
 * Buttercup tree, the common name for Cochlospermum religiosum
 * Bermuda buttercup, the common name for Oxalis pes-caprae

People with the given name

 * Buttercup Dickerson (1858–1920), 19th-century Major League Baseball outfielder

title: Buttercup (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:African Americans

Category:African Americans
Status: 4 votes keep, 4 votes delete. No consensus to delete.

 * For a general discussion on how to apply categorization to people: see: Categorization of people (and its discussion page).

This is to delete the category tags of all articles about individuals from this category, not the category as such, which I think we need to do something else with. There are articles and subcategories that are appropriately placed under this: these include List of African Americans, List of African-American-related topics, African Americans in the United States Congress, Category:Historically black universities and colleges in the U.S., and Category:African American culture. The reasons why individuals should not be categorized as African Americans, however, have been discussed elsewhere and I will now summarize: Once again, this nomination for deletion is only for the inclusion of articles on individuals under this category, that serve to classify individuals by race. Postdlf 22:41, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * It is offensive to classify people by sexual orientation, race, or religion, and POV to think that people should or can be classified in such a way. People are not reduceable to their race, and the very lack of a Category:Caucasian Americans means that Category:African Americans is inherently POV in their construction.  It is made with the implication that they are different from the norm or the default, which is the (white) state of not needing a classification. All others are instead classified based on how they differ from that norm.  This should stop.
 * Inclusion in this categories is largely a matter of self-identification—what of multiracial people? Or worse, old racist cultural constructs—"if you have one drop of black blood in you, you're black."  Race is an actual concept, but not an objective group in terms of membership.
 * Lists are less problematic than categories. Lists (or text in articles) can explain the rationale for inclusion (i.e., self-identification), while categories are unannotated. Furthermore, they don't function to brand the subject like a category does. Categories classify.

 * Keep. Formerly Delete. Hyacinth 23:07, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutrality 00:09, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. It is not offensive to classify people by attributes, it is in fact what we do here.  The text of the category can explain any surrounding issues; yes, these are fuzzy sets, as are Category:Musicians (who qualifies?), etc., which we can live with.  There is no need for Caucasian-American category just as we wouldn't need a list of right-handed Americans, but could have one of left-handers; it's simple numbers, not POV.  We had this discussion re the (deleted) "list of white people", if you can find it. V V  00:23, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Postdlf. In addition, rename it (perhaps to Category:African American topics) so as to discourage users from categorizing people. - UtherSRG 12:24, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. See Manual_of_style. Hyacinth 15:59, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to reconcile this comment (which I assume was to my vote) and your vote. The item in the style guide that pops out in regards to this is "African-Americans" bad, "people of African heritage" good. You are saying we should keep this category (although its name breaks style), and you are poking me for renaming it and giving it a more focussed purpose (and still breaking style to the same degree). And yet, there's a list of lists above, some of whose members break style. - UtherSRG 16:44, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: fuzzy sets can be contextualized by lists but not by categories. -Sean Curtin 06:52, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. These categories seem to be made by narrow-minded straight white men. The logic of them is lost to me.-Erolos 23:51, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. As per UtherSRG. Noisy 11:43, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * keep. 桜花 23:17, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and merge into annotated lists. Important information, but fuzzy, controversial, and possibly offensive.  Better represented as a list, not as a category. -- Beland 03:25, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. In a nicer world this category might have little relevence, but as there is much history and culture involved with making this categorization, it has uses as an encyclopedic topic. -- Infrogmation 02:38, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Chicago, Illinois/Archive 1

Chicago, Illinois
As a resident of the city of Chicago, I feel that the article covers all aspects of the city well, and that it exemplifies the layout set forth in WikiProject:Cities. Not only does it fill the categories with, useful, well-organized and relevant information, it adds on to these and provides extra information without being excessive or overly wordy. The writers of the page provide excellent links to obtain more information, especially the Chicago Timeline, which is easily accessible from the top of the site. Each section of the article is written clearly and with the purpose to deliver a lot of information quickly and efficiently, which directly mirrors the goals of creating the Wikipedia.
 * Support Vaoverland 23:17, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Object.
 * The "see also" lists should be turned into prose that summarizes the many related articles. In fact, many of them are so short that they probably don't have to exist as separate articles at all.
 * Despite the above recommendation, the page is already a bit long, a fact which I'd suggest addressing by moving the currently longest section -- geography and climate -- to a separate article and keeping a summary.
 * Single-sentence paragraphs as found in the history section should be avoided.
 * Single-paragraph sections should be avoided. Dealing with my first objection might be sufficient to fix this.
 * Needs references.
 * Could use more images. Fredrik | talk 23:35, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Object: The above problems are glaring. Additionally, the "lead" goes into abstruse detail on some areas (pop. data, for one) and ignores most of what is to come.Sfahey 23:36, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Endocerida

Endocerida is an extinct nautiloid order, a group of cephalopods from the Lower Paleozoic with cone-like deposits in their siphuncle. Endocerida was a diverse group of cephalopods that lived from the Early Ordovician possibly to the Late Silurian. Their shells were variable in form. Some were straight (orthoconic), others curved (cyrtoconic); some were long (longiconic), others short (breviconic). Some long-shelled forms like Endoceras attained shell lengths close to 6 m. The related Cameroceras is anecdotally reported to have reached lengths approaching 9 m, but these claims are problematic. The overwhelming majority of endocerids and nautiloids in general are much smaller, usually less than a meter long when fully grown.

Morphology
Endocerids had a relatively small body chamber as well as a proportionally large siphuncle, which in some genera reached nearly half the shell diameter. This suggests that much of the visceral mass may have been housed within the siphuncle itself rather than just in the body chamber as with other nautiloids (Teichert, 1964). Endocerids are primarily distinguished by the presence of conical calcareous deposits, known as endocones, found in the more apical portion of the siphuncle. They are thought to act as a counterweight for the animal’s body. The chambers (camerae) of endocerids are always free of organic deposits, unlike orthoceratoid cephalopod orders such as the Orthocerida and Actinocerida.

Body size
Endocerids reached enormous body sizes. The largest confirmed specimen, belonging to Endoceras giganteum, is 3 m long as preserved, but is missing a substantial portion of its aboral end. The reconstructed length of the shell is nearly 6 m. An alleged endocerid specimen 30 ft long is unconfirmed.

Ecology
The mode of life of endocerids is debated. Endocerids may have been the apex predators of the Ordovician, probably living close to the sea floor, and preying on trilobites, molluscs, brachiopods and other bottom-dwelling organisms. They were probably not active nektonic swimmers, but rather crawled over the floor of epicontinental seas or lay there in ambush. Although there is study that supports filter feeding ecology, according to hydrostatic properties, it is not likely and still supports benthic predators.

Reproduction
Endocerids laid relatively large eggs, and hatched at a relatively large body size. It is likely that endocerids were demersal after hatching, as large eggs would make an easy target for predators in the pelagic zone. Endocerids may have migrated from their habitat in the open ocean to shallower water to lay their eggs.

Diversity
Endocerids were among some half a dozen cephalopod orders that appeared in the Lower Ordovician. They reached their greatest diversity during the Lower to Mid-Ordovician, but were already in decline by the middle of this period with most genera becoming extinct by the end of the Sandbian (late Ordovician), while some rare hangers on lasted into the Silurian. In any case, the endocerid lineage became completely extinct relatively early on in cephalopod history.

Evolution
Endocerids evolved from the earlier ellesmerocerids, most likely from a genus similar to Pachendoceras. This ellesmerocerid gave rise to Proendoceras, the earliest representative of the Proterocameroceratidae and hence of the Endocerida. Endocerids evolved from ellesmerocerids by reduction of siphuncle diaphragms and the development of endocones. In the early part of the mid-Lower Ordovician, the Endocerida quickly diversified into many different families. In true endocerids, there was a trend of overall increasing size, eventually resulting in massive orthoconic genera such as Endoceras and Cameroceras. In another lineage (now known as Bisonocerida), the siphuncle grew more complex, resulting in genera such as Chihlioceras and Allotrioceras.

Taxonomy
Citing its diversity, Curt Teichert (1964) placed the Endocerida in its own subclass called the Endoceroidea or Endoceratoidea (which some Russian paleontologists ranked as a superorder instead. Rousseau Flower rejected this separation on the grounds that endocerids were no more diverse or complex than any other order. He considered them to be simply another order within the Nautiloidea.

Flower (1958) divided the Endocerida into two suborders, the Proterocamerocerina and the Endocerina. As he defined the two suborders, Proterocamerocerina included the Proterocameroceratidae, Manchuroceratidae, and Emmonsoceratidae, while Endocerina included the Piloceratidae and Endoceratidae. Endocerid classification since then has relied on a dichotomy between short-shelled forms with complex endocones and long-shelled forms with simple endocones.

Endocerid relationships have been difficult to establish both within the order and relative to other nautiloids. Their generally orthoconic shell shape and dorsomyarian muscle scars are similar to the subclass Orthoceratoidea, which are ancestral to ammonoids (ammonites) and coleoids (squid, octopus, etc.). However, their nautilosiphonate connecting ring structure and lack of cameral deposits are more similar to living nautilus and their proposed ancestors, the subclass Multiceratoidea. Some studies have re-established Endoceratoidea to clarify that endocerids occupy a unique subclass of nautiloids.

Restudy of piloceratid-like families with complex endocones has suggested that Endocerida in its broadest form is polyphyletic, with piloceratid-like and proterocameroceratid-like members having independent origins from ellesmerocerids. In light of this issue, the numerous piloceratid-like families were placed within a new order, Bisonocerida. Bisonocerida may still be related to endocerids within Endoceratoidea.

title: Endocerida


text: Category:217 deaths

title: Category:217 deaths


text:
User:Gal Buki

created articles
Liel_Kolet, Cleversafe, Alexandre Vassiliev, Eric LeMarque

edited articles
Million_pool

de:Benutzer:Gal Buki fr:Utilisateur:Gal Buki

title: User:Gal Buki


text: User talk:68.163.154.112

title: User talk:68.163.154.112


text:
User talk:Jtmjtm~enwiki

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title: User talk:Jtmjtm~enwiki


text:
Talk:Elbridge Gerry

Reasons for Not Signing the Constitution
The article may not be technically incorrect, but citing to Gerry's words himself (as transcribed by Madison) would be more clear and precise. Gerry outlined the three primary reasons he wasn't signing 1) The Necessary and Proper clause gave Congress too much power; 2) Not limiting Congress' ability to raise money and armies was dangerous; and 3) No right to jury in civil cases. Here's a link to that specific speech on August 15, 1787 - http://www.tweetthedebates.com/2955-2/

The speech within the contest of all of the day's speeches is available here - http://consource.org/document/james-madisons-notes-of-the-constitutional-convention-1787-9-15/

24.52.86.182 (talk) 23:31, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

E.G. and U.S. foundational documents
Gerry did not sign the constitution!
 * It doesn't say he did, in fact it says he voted against it.  --fvw *  22:49, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

It does say he's the only signer buried in Washington DC, so that could potentially be improved or explained. Did he sign it after Bill of Rights was adopted? Does it mean "only person present at the signing" (even though he didn't himself sign it)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.14.65.239 (talk) 22:12, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

E.G. and the Convention
Why would Elbridge Gerry become vice president if he was not in favor of the new govt.? He did take part.

That is addressed in the article, he changed his mind, he was publicly against the government when it was proposed and publicly for it when it came into effect.

E.G. and the French
Should it say that he was humiliated by the French? It doesen't sound like they humiliated them, disrespected them most definitely but the Americans supported his response, as to not give a cent for a bribe. One might say he was humiliated when he stayed in France but I think that would still be poor word choice. Any ideas for a different word, snubbed sounds informal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.7.64.93 (talk) 22:51, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

E.G. selection as VP
perhaps US history buffs can correct me here, but i don't think anyone has ever been "elected" to the Vice Presidency of the U.S. 71.188.87.164 (talk) 01:57, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Yes, electors vote for a President as well as a Vice President. The 12th Amendment clarified this. Perm Dude (talk) 23:02, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

E.G. not running for President
I am removing the passage which states, "He was also the second Vice President not to run for President of the United States, although this was because of his death rather than being a political decision; the first was Aaron Burr." The statement is factually incorrect, as Jefferson's second Vice President, George Clinton, also did not run for president, and also died in office. To note that Gerry is the third vice president (out of a possible five) not to subsequently run for President, and the second for whom this is due to death prior to opportunity, is a claim which sinks below the threshhold of noteworthiness. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AQuandary (talk • contribs) 23:22, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Signers?
This has probably gone round the houses lots of times. I declare I am an Englishman. To me "Signers" (of the US Declaration of Independence) seems very unnatural; I would put "signatories". Nevertheless the category is "signers of..." and I can only assume this is either historically correct (i.e. the language of the time, on one or both sides of the Atlantic) or that it is now natural US usage. I have lived in the States a couple of years but not really heard either, so cannot make an opinion from personal experience.

I doubt I would win any change here, but it would be ideal if someone could tell me why it is "signers" not "signatories": e.g. if a paper of the time, from either side of the pond, listed them under that headline.

I am fairly sure I am "in the wrong" here in wanting "signatories" since I imagine it has been well argued before, so any pointer to a previous discussion of it will be well enough to cure my nagging doubt.

Best wishes. SimonTrew (talk) 20:21, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

 * According to the (authoritatively American) Merriam-Webster dictionary, the first known use of "signatory" was in 1866. So it may be that the expressions, "signers of the..." became fossilized in the US with respect to the founding documents well before the longer word was coined.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.53.195.38 (talk) 15:49, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Disagreement
Declaration page states he refused to sign. His page says he signed. Which is right? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.175.198.184 (talk) 01:57, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Quote source(s)?
Good quotes, but where are they from? If anything on the page should be sourced, it should be text purporting to be direct quotes.Perm Dude (talk) 23:04, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Middle name?
It says his middle name was Thomas. That factoid needs to cite a reliable source. I thought he didn't have a middle name. (Most Americans born in 1744 probably didn't.)--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 20:59, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

I second Solomonfromfinland-- The Personal Info box gives his name as Elbridge Thomas Gerry. I have never seen his middle name as Thomas, or any middle name for him at all, in any other source, including anywhere else in this article. Is there any authority for this? Whence comes it? Venqax (talk) 19:20, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Elbridge Gerry


text:
User talk:A Course In Miracles

Welcome!

I felt a need to present A Course In Miracles for what it is. Although this is an encyclopedia website, I feel it is impossible to be objective about A Course In Miracles as it saved my life! My only purpose is to make it available -for what it says- In the end "descriptions" of this book will not help you! An experience will. I am available to [mailto:acim132@hotmail.com HELP] you at any time. I hope to be adding to these pages soon.

title: User talk:A Course In Miracles


text: User talk:83.170.40.8

title: User talk:83.170.40.8


text: Category:NJ Transit

title: Category:NJ Transit