text:
User talk:Googie man

Googie Man is gone, never to return. For reelz. Go back to whatever else you were doing.

 * Sigh. Thanks, SqueakBox 22:04, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Is this you?!
Did you make this edit? What the...?! What did that guy do so wrong? —Wknight94 (talk) 20:34, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

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NowCommons: Image:Doolittle1.jpg
Image:Doolittle1.jpg is now available on Wikimedia Commons as Commons:Image:Doolittle1.jpg. This is a repository of free media that can be used on all MediaWiki wiki's. The image will be deleted from Wikipedia, but this doesn't mean it can't be used anymore. You can embed an image uploaded to Commons like you would an image uploaded to Wikipedia, in this case:. Note that this is an automated message. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 13:43, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Now Commons
File:OysterCatcherInFlight.jpg, an image uploaded to wikipedia from this account in February 2008, is now available as File:American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) in flight.jpg (Commons:File:American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) in flight.jpg). — Athaenara ✉  16:00, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Commons:File:JimmyDoolittleAutographed.jpg
This file was moved to Commons from English Wikipedia, but some description information may have got lost in the process.

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Commons:File:Doolittle1.jpg
This file was moved to Commons from English Wikipedia, but some description information may have got lost in the process.

As you are noted as the original uploader, or in the history for the file, it would be appreciated if you could help in reconstructing this information.

Thanks for you assistance and keep uploading 'free' media :)

In particular, it would be helpful if you could re-iterate what you said in the PUI discussion.

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File permission problem with File:Elephantreaching.jpg
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title: User talk:Googie man


text:
Ivone Ramos

Ivone Aida Lopes Fernandes Ramos (September 7, 1926 – March 3, 2018) was a Cape Verdean writer.

Biography
She was born to Armando Napoleão Rodrigues Fernandes and Alice Lopes da Silva Fernandes. She belonged to a family of great literary figures including her uncles José Lopes da Silva, the poet, her cousins were António Aurélio Gonçalves and Baltasar Lopes da Silva, her sister was Orlanda Amarílis and her brother in law was Manuel Ferreira.

At age 6, she returned to Assomada. She enjoyed reading since she was a child, her favorite genres were political novels, love, and spy stories, medieval books and others, her father opened a library house where she lived. In this way, she grew up and was educated about local and world problems.

She later moved to the island of São Vicente and lived in her uncle's house, the writer António Aurélio Gonçalves, where she started to write stories and folklore books from Cape Verde, because she knew and liked to tell him. These stories had been told by her neighbors, their housewives and the elders in Santa Catarina and São Nicolau, in the yard and the house door, with the starry sky and the boys sitting and telling stories. These were tales of sorcerers, persons with extraordinary powers or the hero that went on a mission full of danger. She never called or cared about the writer.

Only much, much, later on, these stories provided an inspiration for writing a series of books. Her first book was Vidas Vividas published in 1990. She re-edited her father's book Léxico do dialecto crioulo do arquipélago de Cabo Verde in 1990 in Mindelo. She later wrote more stories including "Futcera ta cendê na Rotcha" (2000) and "Exilada" (2005). Later in 2009 she published a children's short story book titled Mam Bia tita conta estória na criol (Mãe Bia está a contar histórias em crioulo).

A dressmaker, tailor (or snider) made clothes and had an artistic side expressed through handcrafts, and confection of traditional pieces such as patchwork quilt, pockets of market vendors, embroidery, cloth dolls and many with decoration.

Personal life
She later married Arnaldo da Silva Gonçalves and raised children, one of whom, Carlos Filipe Gonçalves, is a journalist.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ivone Ramos


text:
Edit

Edit may refer to:

Concepts

 * an action that is part of an editing process (including of images, video, and film)
 * a particular version that is the result of editing, especially of film (for example, fan edit), or music (for example, radio edit)
 * a film transition, also known as a "cut"
 * a change to a computer file
 * a change in the genome introduced via gene editing, or in the epigenome via epigenome editing
 * edit., an abbreviation of "edition"

Music

 * edIT, American electronic DJ and producer
 * Edit (album), a 2008 album by Mark Stewart
 * "Edit", a song by Regina Spektor from the 2006 album Begin to Hope

Other uses

 * Edit (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Equitas Development Initiatives Trust (EDIT), established by the Equitas Small Finance Bank in India
 * Edit (application), a simple text editor for the Apple Macintosh
 * Edit (MS-DOS), the MS-DOS Editor, a plain-text editor for MS-DOS, included in some versions of Microsoft Windows
 * The Edit (film), a 1985 short film
 * The Edit, a fashion magazine published by Net-a-Porter

title: Edit


text:
HMS Lynx

Ten Royal Navy ships have been named HMS Lynx after the wild cat:

 * HMS Lynx (1761) was a 10-gun sloop launched in 1761 and sold in 1777.
 * HMS Lynx (1777) was a 16-gun sloop launched in 1777. Converted to a hospital ship in 1780, the ship was sold in 1783.
 * HMS Lynx (1794) was a 16-gun sloop launched in 1794 and sold in 1813.
 * Lynx was to have been an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop. Originally ordered in 1812 as HMS Pandora she was renamed Lynx. However construction was canceled in 1818.
 * HMS Lynx (1833) was a Cherokee-class brig-sloop launched in 1833 and broken up in 1845.
 * HMS Lynx (1854) was an Arrow-class gunvessel wooden screw gunvessel launched in 1854 and sold in 1862.
 * HMS Lynx (1868) was a Beacon-class gunboat launched in 1868 and sold in 1888.
 * HMS Lynx (1894) was a Ferret-class destroyer launched in 1894 and sold in 1912.
 * HMS Lynx (1913) was an Acasta-class destroyer launched in 1913 and sunk by a mine in the Moray Firth in 1915.
 * HMS Lynx (F27) was a Type 41 (or Leopard-class) frigate launched in 1955, sold to Bangladesh in 1982 and renamed Abu Bakr.
 * HMS Lynx (shore establishment) was also a shore establishment at Dover commissioned in 1939 and paid off in 1946.

title: HMS Lynx


text:
User talk:Lka

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck! Meelar (talk) 22:39, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

Chilean edits
Hello,, since you have made several edits to articles about Chile, you may be interested in looking at the Chile-related regional notice board to pick up on other topics that need attention, or to express needs which you perceive pertaining to Chile. J A X HERE | T a l k 02:40, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

List of Cape Verdean artists
I have added a "" template to the article List of Cape Verdean artists, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. 70.250.214.147 16:46, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Lka! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:23, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Ivone Ramos -

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lka


text:
Glastonbury Canal

The Glastonbury Canal ran for approximately 14 mi through two locks from Glastonbury to Highbridge in Somerset, England, where it entered the River Parrett and from there the Bristol Channel. The canal was authorised by Parliament in 1827 and opened in 1834. It was operated by The Glastonbury Navigation & Canal Company. Most of it was abandoned as a navigation in 1854, when a railway was built along the towpath.

An earlier canal had been built in the Middle Ages to supply Glastonbury Abbey and the town with stone and produce. In the early 19th century a new canal was proposed to improve commerce in Glastonbury and help with drainage of the surrounding area of the Somerset Levels. Several alternative routes were considered and costed before obtaining an Act of Parliament and issuing a prospectus to raise funds for the building of the canal. Construction commenced in the 1820s; however it was more expensive than envisaged and further funds had to be raised. It finally opened in 1833 but was only prosperous for a short period. The shortfall in income and engineering problems with water supply and waterlogged peat causing the clay puddling to fracture meant that it was sold to the Bristol and Exeter Railway. They used the canal to transport materials for the construction of the new Somerset Central Railway which opened in 1854.

Background
Glastonbury is situated in an area of low-lying land, known as the Somerset Levels, through which rivers and drainage ditches (locally called "rhynes") run. There is evidence that the town was served by a medieval canal connecting it to the river system in the Saxon period, and the waterways were later used by the monks who were located at Glastonbury Abbey, both for draining the land and for transport of produce. In the 1750s, the town became a spa town, when the waters of the Chalice Well spring were thought to have medicinal properties, but this did not last for long, while the predominant wool and cloth industries declined as the mills of the north of England took the trade.

The area was hit by severe floods in 1794, as a result of which the Commissioners of Sewers obtained the Brue Drainage Act in 1801, which allowed them to improve the course of the River Brue by the straightening of major loops at Highbridge and East Huntspill, and to construct the North and South Drains, which collected water from the peat moorlands and channelled it into the lower River Brue. Under the terms of the Act, two small canals, called Galton's Canal and Brown's Canal, were built near the North Drain to serve peat extraction workings. The drainage works were not wholly successful in preventing flooding, and the Commissioners often failed to obtain the levies they required to finance their operations.

Promotion and planning
One of the key promoters for a canal was Richard Prat, who was a lawyer in Glastonbury, had been the town clerk since 1813, and held several important offices in the town. He saw the canal as a way to halt the economic downturn in the town and its drainage problems, and called a meeting in August 1825, at which a firm plan was formulated. Richard Hammett, a local man from Street, was commissioned to conduct a survey of the route in 1826. Hammett had experience of building a manure canal through peat heathland. He considered two main routes; the first followed the course of the River Brue, but was rejected on the grounds of engineering costs, and the interference with its drainage function. The second route followed the South Drain, which had been newly constructed following floods in 1794, to connect with the River Brue near Cripps Bridge, and to re-use the old course of that River at Highbridge to create a basin.

Hammett estimated that the main work required on the section from Highbridge to the South Drain would be the provision of a towpath. After this, the South Drain would need to be made wider and deeper, but this would aid its drainage function, and would reduce the levy on the local landowners, as the canal company would then be responsible for its maintenance. Two locks would be required on this upper section, with a total rise of just 7 ft. He did not believe that cutting a canal through peat would present serious engineering problems as a result of his previous experience with the manure canal, but he seriously underestimated the cost at £9,000.

A prospectus was issued which contained a detailed breakdown of the likely costs, revenue and profits of such a scheme, and the promoters prepared to obtain an Act of Parliament. During this time, someone challenged the original survey and another local surveyor was asked to review it. John Beauchamp suggested that no locks would be required on the upper section, but that costs were likely to be £15,234. This was later raised to £18,000, and the Act of Parliament, which authorised the construction of a canal that followed Hammett's plans, was obtained on 28 May 1827. The proprietors were empowered to raise £18,000 by the issue of 360 shares of £50 each, with powers to raise another £5,000 by mortgage, or to borrow any part of the £18,000 from the Exchequer Bills Commissioners.

Construction
Construction began once the necessary land had been purchased, but it soon became apparent that the original surveys were inadequate. The canal engineer John Rennie was asked to advise the proprietors, and proposed three options, for boats of 120 to(-), for boats of 40 to(-), and for barges which were 5 ft wide. The first was ruled out on cost, the third because of the need to transship all goods at Highbridge, and the second was adopted because it allowed the coasters that worked the Bristol Channel to use the canal. This option required locks of 64 ft by 18 ft, and was costed at £28,720. The route would be as authorised, but a single lock was required on the upper section to simplify the water supply. Work resumed in July 1828.

At the Glastonbury end, the canal was required to cross the South Drain and the River Brue. Rennie suggested inverted syphons, rather than locking down into the river and up again, and a cast iron aqueduct for the River Brue crossing was obtained for nearly £3,000 from a Glastonbury blacksmith called John Wright. At the Highbridge end, the plans for a floating harbour to accommodate vessels of up to 250 LT were dropped, and the entrance lock was moved further along the original course of the River Brue. This saved money, but meant that ships did not have to pay lockage charges to reach Highbridge.

The proprietors failed to raise all of the capital promised, and there were financial difficulties. The Commissioners of Sewers were unhappy with some of the work at Highbridge in 1830, and reported that the contractor "had run away", and work had stopped in 1831. The company had also failed to lodge £1,000 with the Commissioners which was required to cover any costs they might have as a result of the construction of the canal, and they sued for the money in 1831. Even Rennie threatened to sue, as much of his fee remained unpaid. The cost of construction was about £30,000, but it appears that some debts were never paid. On 16 December 1831 the proprietors borrowed £5,000 from the Exchequer at a 5% rate of interest.

Opening
The canal finally opened on 15 August 1833, amid celebrations at both ends of the canal and a cavalcade to and from Highbridge to Glastonbury. A second celebration for the "respectable trading classes" was held nine days later. The first cargo of wood from Canada arrived in July 1835. The canal appears to have been successful initially, but the revenues generated were inadequate, and there were problems with water levels on the upper section. In 1840, the Prat brothers, whose legal firm had played a major part in the creation of the canal, disappeared, leaving a financial shortfall of over £40,000. It appears that they had put up most of the extra costs of construction, and may have borrowed some money from client's funds. They were declared bankrupt and Richard Prat was removed from office as town clerk and a Commissioner of Sewers, but the firm's collapse had a serious effect on the prosperity of Glastonbury.

On the upper section, the final pond prevented the proper drainage of the surrounding land, which being composed of peat, started to swell. This caused the canal itself to rise and the clay puddling to fracture, resulting in further loss of water, and a reduced depth for navigation. Traffic had to be transhipped to smaller boats at Highbridge, which added to the costs of delivery. Receipts for 1848 were £300, which would indicate that the canal was probably only carrying about 4,000 LT per annum.

Closure
Railways arrived in the area in 1841, with the opening of part of the Bristol and Exeter Railway on 14 June, which eventually reached Exeter in 1844. In late 1846, the railway company attempted to buy the canal to prevent its use by rival railway companies. The sale was agreed in principle in June 1847, and was authorised by an act of Parliament passed on 30 June 1848. The shareholders received £7,372 in 1850, and the canal company was dissolved in 1851.

There was friction between the new owners and the Commissioners of Sewers. The railway company proposed the creation of a railway between Highbridge and Glastonbury in 1850, and the Somerset Central Railway was authorised by Parliament on 17 June 1852. The canal was transferred to the new company, and was used to speed the construction of the railway, earning £312 in the year ending September 1853. The line followed the route of the canal closely, with much of it built on the towpath. The canal was closed on 1 July 1854, and the lock and aqueducts on the upper section were dismantled. The railway opened on 17 August 1854.

The lower sections of the canal were given to the Commissioners for Sewers, for use as a drainage ditch. The final section was retained to provide a wharf for the railway company, which was used until 1936, when it passed to the Commissioners of Sewers and was filled in. The Central Somerset Railway merged with the Dorset Central Railway to become the Somerset and Dorset Railway. The main line to Glastonbury closed in 1966, while the branches to the dairy at Bason Bridge and the Highbridge Wharf lasted until 1972.

Route
The canal started at a lock constructed on the old course of the River Brue, which had been bypassed by a new cut in 1801 and filled in. It then followed the course of the Brue to Cripps Bridge, after which it followed the Cripps River to Gold Corner. The first part of the Cripps River was originally part of a loop on the River Brue, which was bypassed by a new cut made under the 1801 act. Gold Corner is at the point where the Huntspill River, the Cripps River and the South Drain meet.

Following the course of the enlarged South Drain, a lock raised the level of the canal at Shapwick, while the Drain turned off to run parallel to the canal but to its north. The railway ran between the two waterways, crossing to the south side of the canal immediately after the single arched aqueduct and syphon over the South Drain. The remains of the three-arched aqueduct and syphon over the River Brue are still visible, near the old railway bridge, and from there the canal headed towards Glastonbury, passing the Ham Wall and Street Heath nature reserves and making a sharp right-hand turn just before its terminal basin, which was located near the old Glastonbury and Street railway station.

title: Glastonbury Canal


text:
National Bank of Poland

The Narodowy Bank Polski (the National Bank of Poland), often abbreviated to NBP, is the central bank of Poland, founded in 1945. It controls the issuing of Poland's currency, the Polish złoty. The bank is headquartered in Warsaw, and has branches in 16 major Polish cities. The NBP represents Poland in the European System of Central Banks, an EU organization. The bank doesn't translate its name to English and uses its Polish name in all English communications.

History
Although the bank has existed under its current name since 1945, it claims the legacy of two previous central banks, both named Bank of Poland (Bank Polski). The First Bank of Poland was founded in Warsaw in 1828 by Prince Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki under the government of the Kingdom of Poland. The Second Bank of Poland, founded in 1924, was the central bank of the Second Polish Republic.

During the Second World War the gold reserves of Poland were transferred to Romania, Great Britain and Canada. In November 1946, following the cancellation of Poland's wartime debt, the larger part of prewar gold reserves were returned to new communist authorities. In 1947, the gold deposited in Romania in 1939 was returned, while the former Bank of Poland itself was closed down and finally in 1952 absorbed by the newly created Narodowy Bank Polski.

The latter was one of two banks allowed to operate in Poland's postwar planned economy. It had a monopoly for currency, credits and accumulation of savings. The other bank, PKO Bank Polski, was responsible for private accounts. After the fall of the communist system in 1989, the market economy was reintroduced and the NBP limited its functions to currency control and supervision of other, privately controlled banks.

Structure
The structure and functioning of the Narodowy Bank Polski are regulated by article 227 of the Constitution of Poland of 1997 and the Narodowy Bank Polski Act of the same year. The President of the NBP is appointed by the Sejm, at the request of the President of the Republic of Poland, for a term of six years. The NBP President is responsible for the organisation and functioning of the Polish's central bank. The same person cannot serve as President of the NBP for more than two terms of office. Apart from his function as the superior of the NBP staff, he is also the chairman of the Monetary Policy Council, the NBP Management Board and the Commission for Banking Supervision. He is also responsible for representing Poland in international banking and financial institutions.

In 2019, the average employment at the National Bank of Poland on full-time amounts was 3312 people.

List of presidents of the NBP

 * Edward Drożniak (1945–1949)
 * Witold Trąmpczyński (1950–1956)
 * Edward Drożniak (1956–1961)
 * Adam Żebrowski (1961–1965)
 * Stanisław Majewski (1965–1968)
 * Leonard Siemiątkowski (1968–1972)
 * Witold Bień (1973–1980)
 * Stanisław Majewski (1981–1985)
 * (acting) Zdzisław Pakuła (1985)
 * Władysław Baka (1985–1988)
 * Zdzisław Pakuła (1988–1989)
 * Władysław Baka (1989–1991)
 * Grzegorz Wójtowicz (1991)
 * (acting) Andrzej Topiński (1991–1992)
 * Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz (1992–2001)
 * Leszek Balcerowicz (2001–2007)
 * Sławomir Skrzypek (2007–2010)
 * (acting) Piotr Wiesiołek (2010)
 * Marek Belka (2010–2016)
 * Adam Glapiński (since 2016)

Awards

 * 2011 – award granted during the Numismatic Fair in Berlin "World Money Fair" for the Silver NBP coin with a denomination of PLN 10, dedicated to the Polish Underground State.
 * 2012 – 1st place at the International Coin of the Year (Coty) competition and the title of the most interesting coin of 2011 for NBP coins "Europe without barriers".
 * 2016 – the title of the most interesting coin of the world in the prestigious numismatic contest Coin of the Year 2016 for the coins issued by the NBP, commemorating the 100th birthday of Jan Karski.
 * 2017 – award on the Currency Conference for a collector's banknote "1050th anniversary of the Christianization of Poland" issued by the NBP.
 * 2020 – main award by Dziennik Gazeta Prawna for supporting entrepreneurs during pandemic.

title: National Bank of Poland


text: User talk:70.19.163.83

title: User talk:70.19.163.83


text:
Gama Goat

The Gama Goat was a six-wheel drive semi-amphibious off-road vehicle originally developed for use by the US military in the Vietnam War. The Goat uses an articulated chassis, so that from distance it appears to be a four-wheel drive vehicle pulling a two-wheel trailer, but it is a single six-wheel vehicle with a four-wheel steering arrangement with the front and rear wheels turning in opposite directions. It was famous for its ability to travel over exceptionally rough and muddy terrain.

The vehicle's nickname came from two sources: "Gama" from the name of the inventor of its powered articulated joint, Roger Gamaunt, and "Goat" for its mountain goat-like off-road ability. Its military designation was M561, 6×6 tactical 1¼-ton truck. There was also an ambulance version known as the M792. The vehicle was replaced by a variety of Commercial Utility Cargo Vehicles and Humvees.

History
The concept for the vehicle came when the French Army reported that the United States Army trucks provided to them were woefully inadequate for the terrain in Vietnam. In 1959, Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) (now known as DARPA) funded a research project called Project "Agile" to develop a new tactical truck for the Southeast Asia theatre, as well as other projects of interest to the then-looming Vietnam War.

Of 50 companies solicited for XM561 proposals, six entered the competition, including Clark, General Motors and LeTourneau Technologies, but on 15 March 1963, the research & development contract was awarded to Chance Vought division of LTV Aerospace, Dallas, Texas, best known for their combat aircraft (though, actually the company did have some experience in designing ground vehicles, particularly, a predecessor of Gama Goat, but they didn't have the truck assembly lines and production experience comparable to those of the mentioned car manufacturers). The principal competitor to the Goat was a tracked XM571 Articulated Utility Carrier developed by Canadair Ltd. of Montreal (yet another aerospace company,) which eventually lost the contest. The research and development contract for the Goat was completed by LTV at cost of about $8.7 million, over three times more expensive than when it had been awarded.

The vehicle weighed almost three times as much as originally requested by the military and specified by the operational requirements (2,500 lb). Field testing had not been completed before the mass production order had been issued. During the field tests, it had not been able to go 20,000 mi without a breakdown.

Final construction of the vehicles was conducted by the Consolidated Diesel Electric Company (CONDEC) at their factory in Charlotte, North Carolina (on 11 June 1968, the Army awarded them a 3-year contract for 15,274 vehicles, 13,516 Army and 1,758 Marine Corps, at a total price of about $132.1 million, on the same day Detroit Diesel Division of General Motors received $30 million 3-year contract for the engines). CONDEC also had factories in Schenectady, New York, where the Gama Goat was originally manufactured, and in Greenwich, Connecticut, where the parts for the Gama Goat were produced. In the early 1960s, the company moved to Waterbury, Connecticut for a few years, then closed their plants in New York and Connecticut to move to Charlotte, North Carolina for cheaper labor and facilities.

The Gama Goat was replaced in the late 1980s by a variety of CUCVs and "Humvees" (HMMWV).

Description

Overall, some 14,274 Gama Goats were built at a cost of US$8,000 each (1965 dollars; ); this was considered quite high at the time. 12,516 were slated for the US Army and 1,758 for the USMC. While the Gama Goat had exceptional off-road ability, its quirky steering made it hard to handle on pavement, and its tendency to flounder in amphibious operations required drivers to have special training in order to operate it. This meant that it could not be the "general purpose" vehicle the Army had hoped for, and production was halted after the original contract expired.

The air-cooled engine used in the original prototypes overheated in use, and was replaced in the production vehicles with a liquid-cooled Detroit 3-53 Diesel engine. Due to the high-intensity noise from the two-stroke Diesel engine, the drivers required hearing protection. The double hull construction and complex articulated drivetrain made maintenance difficult (the lubrication order alone took around six hours). In service in Vietnam, Gama Goats would often be sent out ahead of other vehicles in order to arrive at their destination at the same time.

While technically listed as amphibious, the Gama Goat's swimming capability was limited to smooth water crossings of ponds, canals and streams due to the very low freeboard and the lack of a propeller. Propulsion in the water was supplied by the six spinning wheels, and bilge pumps were standard equipment. Drivers had to remember to close the hull's drain openings before swimming the vehicles. Some models had extra equipment installed that made them too heavy to swim, such as heavy-duty winches, communications shelters that made them top heavy, or radar gear.

It was designed to be air-transportable and droppable by parachute.

Typical problems and malfunctions
In May 1972 Fort Hood (now Fort Cavazos) cited the following problems as a result of examining 566 vehicles:

Articulation

 * Roll at center axle: ± 15 degrees
 * Roll at rear axle: ± 30 degrees
 * Pitch at rear axle: ± 40 degrees
 * Wall climb (vertical): 18 in (460 mm)
 * Angle of approach: 62 degrees
 * Angle of departure: 45 degrees
 * Hump angle: 140 degrees

Suspension

 * Front and rear independent coil springs at each wheel
 * Center single leaf spring and swing axle

Steering system

 * Type: Mechanical front and rear simultaneously operated
 * Steering ratio: 24:1
 * Turning radius: 29 ft (8.8 m)

Variants

 * M561
 * Cargo / personnel (eight troops) carrier

 * TOW ATGM team carrier (originally intended to be a dedicated Anti-Tank variant with its own TOW launching platform)
 * Communications (separate shelter installed in the cargo compartment)
 * Mortar carrier
 * Radar (counter-mortar/artillery system)
 * Radar (AN/MPQ-49 Forward Area Alerting Radar)

 * M60 Machine gun and mount on passenger fender
 * M792
 * Ambulance

title: Gama Goat


text:
User talk:4lphirt

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Talk:Freddie Ljungberg

Career
Ljungberg played European matches in Halmstad, for example against Parma in the UEFA Cup Winner's Cup in 1995. I'm 100% sure of that, but unfortunately I don't know if he played in more matches (but I think so) so I will not be able to update the table. He must have played against Newcastle in the UEFA Cup in 1996 too, right? If someone knows more in detail, please fill it in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.115.2.197 (talk) 08:12, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

clubs longest serving player
what does it mean by this?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.254.211.239 (talk • contribs)

Of all Arsenal's current players. he's been at the club the longest. It's a common term of phrase. sʟυмɢυм • т • c 22:21, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Photo
That photo isn't the clearest, it could be any bald Swedish player. Perhaps a headshot would be better? PlayCollective 01:51, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Why does someone keep changing the photo back to the Sweden photo? It is outdated and no longer accurate.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.103.131.68 (talk) 22:48, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Not to mention permissible. - Dudesleeper / Talk  01:00, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

PLEASE! To anyone reading this, find a suitable picture of Ljungberg that we can use to replace the current image. It is so ridiculous that a couple of users would rather have a picture of him in a jersey he will never wear again, than in a jersey for the club he currently plays for. People on wiki are hyper sensitive to update page facts and stats, but are completely complacent about an outdated picture, and seem to be checking the page every 5 minutes to undo any attempt at uploading an up to date picture. Please, will some Sounders fan with a quality picture of Ljungberg upload it! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mattyc04 (talk • contribs) 05:48, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * You dont seem to understand the policies of fair use, we have a free image, that means you dont use a non-free fair use one to replace it. You don't have to have a picture from yesterday. It's not a outdated picture, it's not 20 year old, he's appearance has not changed etc... So how is it outdated? Players don't have to have picture of them playing. But even on that, him in a Sweden shirt is hardly out of order just because he's retired. chandler ··· 05:55, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, he's not actually retired yet. I agree that we should probably only replace a free image with another free image (though I don't think that's policy is it?).  Mattyc04, why don't you add the fair use photo to the article for now near the Sounders FC section.  I don't think anyone will object to that for now.  Someone from Seattle will eventually provide a high quality, free image of him in a Sounders FC uniform I expect that will satisfy Chandlers's concerns. --SkotywaTalk 06:18, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * retired referred to Sweden. chandler ··· 06:46, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The policy is at Non-free_content, point 12. William Avery (talk) 07:10, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Article title
I've moved the article back to Freddie Ljungberg, as this is the name used most commonly by the English footballing press to refer to him. There's discussion of this issue currently at WT:FOOTY. Probably best following up there with any comments. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 11:22, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I have move-protected this at the "wrong version." Please open up a requested move discussion if you want this page to be moved, instead of a discussion on a project talkpage. Regards, Woody (talk) 14:27, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I have closed the Requested move request as No Consensus defaulting to no change. There is no consensus to move this page to Freddie Ljungberg, and the comment by ClubOranje sums it up nicely. Regards, Woody (talk) 20:06, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is preserved as an archive. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page.  No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Fredrik Ljungberg → Freddie Ljungberg — Per WP:COMMONNAME. "Freddie" is the form used in most references to the player in English, and the name the player goes by. — Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 14:41, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support - this is the name he uses on his shirt, is most commonly called by in the English-speaking world (and press), and it is what his official teamsheet says. Per WP:COMMONNAME, can we just move it to Freddie already? – Toon (talk)  14:59, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That was tried and reverted back and forth. An explicit strong consensus is needed to reference back to. Woody (talk) 15:04, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * That was meant figuratively to express my dispair, not literally. Confusing, yes. :) – Toon (talk)  15:21, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * You expect him to have "Freddie Ljungberg" on this shirt? He's used "Ljungberg" for all of his career. — chandler — 22:31, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, good spot! I still had the Alves argument in my head :) – Toon (talk)  22:41, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Jogurney (talk) 18:02, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose per what FIFA and UEFA call him. And Freddie being a nickname not used by everyone, unlike Bobby Charlton, Alex Ferguson and others pointed out. — chandler — 22:31, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Support - I may have reverted the original move of this page to Freddie Ljungberg, but that was because I believed that the move was controversial, which it obviously is. A quick browse of the BBC's website revealed that he is most commonly known as Freddie these days. – PeeJay 22:51, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
 * ""Freddie" is ... the name the player goes by." - what do you mean by this? Usually we use a nickname if it is particularly more prevalent - no evidence has been presented that this is the case.  Fredrik seems at least as common.  Where two options are fairly evenly matched there's no point swapping - roughly the same number of links and readers pick the "right" spelling, and the redirects work perfectly for the rest - the cost-benefit analysis is easy when the benefit is nigh-on zero.  Needless move, oppose Knepflerle (talk) 01:38, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm going by personal experience rather than Google, but a quick examination of the results on the Web hits you've given shows considerably more authoritative sources using "Freddie", and the numbers given on WT:FOOTY for news results are 11,800 for Freddie and 4,780 for Fredrik. By "the name the player goes by", I mean it's the name his club uses for him and I believe the name he'd give if you asked him "what's your name". If this move were "needless" I wouldn't be butting my head off a wall trying to get it actioned. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 02:05, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I think he'd say Fredrik if you asked him for his name, because Freddie is just a nickname. I don't know if Arsenal called him Fredrik or Freddie, but as I've said, he's always officially called Fredrik by FIFA, UEFA, the national team and even West Ham, which for me that bears more weight. — chandler — 02:24, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Largely unimportant, since both his common name and full name can be displayed in his article. - Dudesleeper / Talk  02:14, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Cheers, Casliber (talk · contribs) 04:35, 3 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - official documentation, even in English language, uses Fredrik. Just use Freddie as a redirect. matt91486 (talk) 00:57, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Official documentation is not what matters here, it's what most people know him as. I'm sure there are far more sources that refer to him as "Freddie" these days than those who refer to him as "Fredrik". – PeeJay 23:15, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The name used by FIFA, UEFA and his club is Fredrik. --claes (talk) 01:02, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Erm, actually, his club refers to him as "Freddie". See here. – PeeJay 23:15, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose I think it's reaching for straws to claim WP:COMMONNAME in this case, Freddie over Fredrik, with such small differences it's better to keep the current name and use a redirect IMO. Besides, I think Freddie is quite limited to the UK, in continental Europe I never heard anyone use anything else then Fredrik. —Krm500 (Communicate!) 00:49, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Comment Whilst I personally have heard of him more as Freddie, I have also often seen/heard him referred to as Fredrik. Current name with redirect works fine, and while I would have used Freddie Ljungberg if creating this page, I think enough time and effort has been used to get this far towards non-consensus for something which is a minor issue. Ain't really broke, don't really need to fix it-- Club Oranje Talk 08:59, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page, such as the current discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Freddie
I think we need to fix it, do I have the keep mentioning the FC Seattle Sounders? – Michael (talk) 17:04, 10 January 2009 (UTC)
 * While I did argue to move to Freddie, I think the above discussion demonstrates that there is not the consensus for such action, it is unlikely to happen in the forseeable future. – Toon (talk)  17:16, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Meh. It'll happen eventually, what with it obviously being the right call and all. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 23:00, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Possible return to Arsenal
I just read an Article on Seattle Times about Freddie Ljungberg possibly returning to Arsenal on loan for the winter. here it is. – Michael (talk) 16:09, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Ljunberg the first player to score a goal outside England?
This is what the article says. Does this mean the Cardiff and Swansea have never conceded at home in the FA cup? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.5.70.69 (talk) 08:36, 6 September 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 26 August 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Rough consensus for move per common name (non-admin closure) — Andy W.  ( talk  · ctb) 03:00, 15 September 2016 (UTC)

Fredrik Ljungberg → Freddie Ljungberg – As shown by Junior Hoilett, Pep Guardiola and Matty James, nicknames can still be common names. Unreal7 (talk) 20:43, 26 August 2016 (UTC) --Relisting. — Sam Sailor 15:33, 5 September 2016 (UTC) )
 * What has changed since the 2009 discussion above?--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 19:34, 27 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Those three names, for a start. Unreal7 (talk) 21:41, 27 August 2016 (UTC)
 * , WP:OTHERSTUFF is not a valid argument.--TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 12:44, 28 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Actually, per WP:CONSISTENCY, WP:OTHERSTUFF can be a valid argument in naming and styling debates. However, it has not been demonstrated here why the said consistency should be enforced – some nicknames might be common names indeed, yet others are less common. As said in the previous discussion, and it still seems apt, Usually we use a nickname if it is particularly more prevalent - no evidence has been presented that this is the case.. No such user (talk) 12:28, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME — Amakuru (talk) 15:29, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Symbol move vote.svg Relisted - please add new comments below this notice. — Sam Sailor 15:33, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Support. Clearly the WP:COMMONNAME: 6,390 Google News hits for the current title, vs. 16,500 for Freddie Ljungberg.--Cúchullain t/ c 13:46, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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I have just modified 5 external links on Freddie Ljungberg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090623104734/http://www.womenrepublic.co.uk/entertainment/freddie_ljungberg/ to http://www.womenrepublic.co.uk/entertainment/freddie_ljungberg/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090208231109/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/greatest-players-11.-freddie-ljungberg to http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/greatest-players-11.-freddie-ljungberg
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140227103602/http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/invincible-on-his-way-to-psl/119148 to http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/south-africa/invincible-on-his-way-to-psl/119148
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140322071751/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/photos-and-videos/videos/premier-league-connections-freddie-ljungberg.html to http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/photos-and-videos/videos/premier-league-connections-freddie-ljungberg.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020602055510/http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml to http://www.nikebiz.com/story/stry_scorpion.shtml

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External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025309/http://m.nbcsports.com/content/will-you-women-kindly-stop-grabbing-freddie-ljungberg%E2%80%99s-crotch-thanks-advance to http://m.nbcsports.com/content/will-you-women-kindly-stop-grabbing-freddie-ljungberg%E2%80%99s-crotch-thanks-advance
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The only player on Wikipedia that has a nickname rather than his real name as article title
I know there are past discussions on this, but I just think the article title will get people thinking his name is actually "Freddie", it should be Fredrik. There is no other footballer that have a nickname rather than their real name in their article titles. Mohamed Salah is not "Mo Salah" for example. It just seems a bit unserious. Chronicler87 (talk) 09:04, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Oh, and I've seen Bobby Charlton mentioned as an example of those that have "nicknames" as article titles, but it's important to remember that he was knighted as "Sir Bobby", so in his case Sir Bobby Charlton would be correct. England also has the tradition to give boys a name like Robert and then call them Bob or Bobby all their lives, Fredrik got the name "Freddie" when he came to England. Chronicler87 (talk) 09:12, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * WP:COMMONNAME applies here. There are countless of examples of biographies, not just those of footballers, that are titled in this way.  Just off the top of my head there's Teddy Sheringham, Bob Hawke, Andy Cole, Bill Clinton.  Your assertion that Ljungberg is the "only player on Wikipedia that has a nickname rather than his real name as article title" is incorrect. Mattythewhite (talk) 14:22, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Bill Clinton was a great player in his days.....

Anyhow, as I already stated, there are differences. People in the anglosphere are given names but called something else from early age, that generally does not happen in Sweden, that's one, second is that he is only known as Freddie in England, and Fredrik in rest of Europe. He is called "Ljungan" in Sweden. Bill Clinton is not called William Clinton elsewhere in the world (great player though). Chronicler87 (talk) 15:26, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Also, you invoking common name etc, is wrong, he would not introduce himself as "Freddie", it's a moniker given to him by fans. While Bill would introduce himself as "Bill", since that's tradition. Chronicler87 (talk) 15:30, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Isn't this the English Wikipedia and not the Swedish one?--Egghead06 (talk) 15:32, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Even in the English wikipedia, that's still not his name, it's still a moniker given to him by fans. Chronicler87 (talk) 15:52, 7 September 2019 (UTC)
 * And one he seems more than happy to use himself .--Egghead06 (talk) 16:35, 7 September 2019 (UTC)

Can you provide a source for that? Chronicler87 (talk) 03:03, 8 September 2019 (UTC)
 * I have. See above.--Egghead06 (talk) 05:15, 8 September 2019 (UTC)

I would not call his twitter handle a source, most people have nicknames as twitter handles. I meant more like an interview or something in which he actually introduced himself as "Freddie", I've never seen it, never seen Beckham introduce himself as "Becks" either. Chronicler87 (talk) 21:26, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
 * If you don't like the article title the best way forward would be for you to request a move to whichever title you see as appropriate. Consensus will then prevail.--Egghead06 (talk) 02:06, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

It doesn't seem to me that consensus matter anywhere else on Wikipedia =P. Point of this post was to see if anyone could argue against it. Chronicler87 (talk) 02:55, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Doesn't really matter if people argue one way or the other. Unless you seek to change the name of the article, absolutely nothing will happen.--Egghead06 (talk) 06:04, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

There already was a consensus though, and it seemed to be "no" to "Freddie Ljungberg" (2009), then people seemed to have kept trying until the consensus (in that much less people seem to have been involved) was to change it to Freddie. Chronicler87 (talk) 08:31, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

Freddie Ljungberg?
His name is Fredrik Ljungberg. That is his name and that should be the name of the article, not Freddie. Its ridiculous: change it and show respect to him and his family. Orograph (talk) 11:38, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

 * You're free to request a move. BarryHero (talk) 09:30, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 1 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Very clear consensus against the move. (closed by non-admin page mover) Lennart97 (talk) 21:54, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Freddie Ljungberg → Fredrik Ljungberg – His name is Fredrik Ljungberg, not Freddie and he is most known as Fredrik. DrKilleMoff (talk) 21:42, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: This discussion has been included in WikiProject Football's list of association football-related page discussions. GiantSnowman 19:44, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose - commonly known as 'Freddie' in English, see plenty of sources on article. GiantSnowman 19:47, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose 18,400 Google News results for Freddie compared to 6,330 for Fredrik. Freddie appears to be his WP:COMMONNAME. Mattythewhite (talk) 21:09, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. QubeCube (talk) 06:34, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Commonly known as 'Freddie'. Examples are the Premier League’s own website and Arsenal’s website . He made his name in the Premier League with Arsenal. If they use 'Freddie', so should we.--Egghead06 (talk) 07:01, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME for the reasons stated above. -- Phikia (talk) 07:39, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per above. Idiosincrático (talk) 00:36, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freddie Ljungberg


text: User:Juniper~enwiki

title: User:Juniper~enwiki


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Your account will be renamed
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Renamed
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Green sunfish

The green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) is a species of aggressive freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes. A panfish popular with anglers, the green sunfish is also kept as an aquarium fish by hobbyists, they need a 55-75 gallon tank and can be fed minnows, mealworms, or nightcrawlers. They are usually caught by accident, while fishing for other game fish. Green sunfish can be caught with live bait, such as nightcrawlers, waxworms, mealworms, and blood worms. Grocery store baits, such as pieces of hot dog or corn kernels, can even catch fish. Green sunfish are aggressive and will hit small lures. They can be caught with fly fishing tackle. They are extremely aggressive and will attack swimmers. They usually get 10 inches long, but in some cases they can get 12 inches long.

Geographic distribution
The green sunfish is native to a wide area of North America, from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Appalachian Mountains in the east and from the Hudson Bay basin in Canada to the Gulf Coast in the United States and northern Mexico. They are specifically indigenous to a number of lakes and rivers, such as the Great Lakes and some of the basins of the Mississippi River.

Green sunfish have been introduced to many bodies of water all across the United States. The green sunfish is considered an invasive species by the states of Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia and New Jersey, with unconfirmed presence in Vermont and New Hampshire, namely the Connecticut River and its tributaries. Their invasive potential is due in part to their penchant for chasing other sunfish away from mutually preferred habitat of submerged vegetation, a form of interference competition, their relatively large mouth, high fecundity and ability to tolerate sediment pollution. In the state of New Jersey, as of 2021, anglers must destroy green sunfish when caught and should report their catch to a state fisheries biologist. In the state of Florida, a permit is required in order to possess green sunfish as it is listed as a prohibited non-native species there. L. cyanellus has been transplanted to countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe, where it has become established in some.

Description
The green sunfish is blue-green in color on its back and sides with yellow-flecked bony-ridged (ctenoid) scales, as well as yellow coloration on the ventral sides. The gill covers and sides of head have broken bright blue stripes, causing some to mistakenly confuse them with bluegill. They also have a dark spot located near the back end of the dorsal fin, the bases of the anal fins. and on the ear plate. It has a relatively big mouth and long snout that extends to beneath the middle of the eye. Its pectoral fins are short with rounded edges containing 13 to 14 pectoral fin rays, a dorsal fin with about 10 dorsal spines and a homocercal tail. The typical length ranges from about 3–7 in and the fish usually weighs less than a pound. The green sunfish reaches a maximum recorded length of about 30 cm, with a maximum recorded weight of 960 g. Identification of sunfish species from one another can sometimes be difficult as these species frequently hybridize.

Habitat
The species prefers areas in sluggish backwaters, lakes, and ponds with gravel, sand, or bedrock bottoms. They also can be found in very muddy waters and are able to tolerate poor water conditions. Green sunfish tend to spend their time hiding around rocks, submerged logs, plants, and other things that provide cover.

Diet
Its diet can include aquatic insects and larvae, insects that fall into the water, crayfish, snails, other molluscs, turtle food, frogs, some small fish, fish eggs, bryozoans, zooplankton, other small invertebrates, and sometimes plant material. They are omnivores.

Reproduction
Green sunfish begin spawning in the summer with the exact time varying with location and water temperature. When they do spawn, the males create nests in shallow water by clearing depressions in the bottom, often near a type of shelter such as rocks or submerged logs. The male defends his nest from other males using visual displays and physical force when necessary. On occasion, simply constructing a nest is sufficient for the male to attract a mate, but when it is not he will court a female with grunts and lead her to his nest.

They continue their courtship dance, swimming with each other around the nest until the female descends to deposit her eggs in the nest. The female will lay 2,000 to 26,000 eggs and leave them for the male to guard. He keeps watch over them until they hatch in three to five days, while protecting them and fanning them with his fins, keeping them clean and providing them with oxygenated water. When they hatch, the fry remain near the nest for a few days, then leave to feed and fend for themselves. After the eggs have hatched, the male will often seek to attract another female to lay her eggs in his nest. Lepomis cyanellus typically live between 4 and 6 years in the wild.

Green sunfish tend to nest in areas close to other green sunfish, as well as other species of sunfish. Due to the close proximity of multiple nests, a green sunfish female may deposit some of her eggs into the nest of a male of a different species. This in turn leads to the next generation containing some amount of hybrids. These green sunfish hybrids will often look like a combination of their parents, often making it difficult to distinguish one species from another.

Anatomy and physiology
The retina of the green sunfish includes a mosaic of cone cells and double cone cells in a regular arrangement. The green sunfish has been theorized to have vision that is sensitive to the polarization of light, which could enhance visibility of targets in scattering media if a processing technique called polarization difference imaging is employed by the fish. Experimental evidence, however, suggests that green sunfish are not able to visually discriminate on the basis of light polarization. Thus, the function of the green sunfish's retinal patterning is not known, although the two different types of cone cell present in green sunfish do facilitate color discrimination.

IGFA records
The International Game Fish Association (IGFA) all tackle world record for the species stands at 0.96 kg, caught from Stockton Lake, Missouri in 1971.

Etymology
The generic name Lepomis derives from the Greek λεπίς (scale) and πώμα (cover, plug, operculum). The specific epithet, cyanellus, derives from the Greek κυανός (blue).

Aquaria
Likely the most aggressive sunfish. Difficult to keep with other green sunfishes, other sunfishes, or even other perciform fishes in general unless kept in very spacious aquaria or ponds. Like many fishes, more tolerant of distantly related species (i.e., catfishes and minnows), if too large to be eaten. Very aware of environment outside of aquarium, making it an engaging "wet pet." Accepts a variety of foods (flakes, pellets, krill, brine shrimp, bloodworms, and live prey).

General References

 * Axelrod, Herbert R. et al. (2007) Dr. Axelrod's Atlas of freshwater aquarium fishes T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey, ISBN 978-0-7938-0616-4
 * Philips, Gary, Schmid, W., Underhill, J. (1982) "Fishes of the Minnesota Region". University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, ISBN 0-8166-0979-9
 * Page, Lawrence, Burr, B. (1991) "A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes". Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York, ISBN 0-395-91091-9
 * "Green Sunfish." Ohio Department of Natural Resources - Camping, Boating, Fishing, Hunting, Biking, Hiking in Ohio. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .
 * "Sunfish Biology and Identification: Minnesota DNR." Minnesota Department of Natural Resources: Minnesota DNR. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .
 * "Green Sunfish: Identifying Characteristics." Wyoming Game and Fish - Home - 1. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .
 * Paulson, Nicole, and Jay T. Hatch. "Fishes of Minnesota-Green Sunfish." Green Sunfish. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' MinnAqua Aquatic Program, 25 Aug. 2004. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. .
 * Philips, Gary, Schmid, W., Underhill, J. (1982) "Fishes of the Minnesota Region". University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, ISBN 0-8166-0979-9
 * Page, Lawrence, Burr, B. (1991) "A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes". Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York, ISBN 0-395-91091-9
 * "Green Sunfish." Ohio Department of Natural Resources - Camping, Boating, Fishing, Hunting, Biking, Hiking in Ohio. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .
 * "Sunfish Biology and Identification: Minnesota DNR." Minnesota Department of Natural Resources: Minnesota DNR. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .
 * "Green Sunfish: Identifying Characteristics." Wyoming Game and Fish - Home - 1. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. .
 * Paulson, Nicole, and Jay T. Hatch. "Fishes of Minnesota-Green Sunfish." Green Sunfish. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' MinnAqua Aquatic Program, 25 Aug. 2004. Web. 30 Apr. 2011. .

title: Green sunfish


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Galeras

Galeras (Urcunina among the 16th-century indigenous people) is an Andean stratovolcano in the Colombian department of Nariño, near the departmental capital Pasto. Its summit rises 4276 m above sea level. It has erupted frequently since the Spanish conquest, with its first historical eruption being recorded on December 7, 1580. A 1993 eruption killed nine people, including six scientists who had descended into the volcano's crater to sample gases and take gravity measurements in an attempt to be able to predict future eruptions. It is currently the most active volcano in Colombia.

Geological history
Galeras has been an active volcano for at least a million years, with andesite as the dominant product. Two major caldera-forming eruptions have occurred, the first about 560,000 years ago in an eruption which expelled about 15 km3 of material. The second some time between 40,000 and 150,000 years ago, in a smaller but still sizable eruption of 2 km3 of material. Subsequently, part of the caldera wall has collapsed, possibly due to instabilities caused by hydrothermal activity, and later eruptions have built up a smaller cone inside the now horseshoe-shaped caldera.

In light of its violent eruptive history and proximity to the 450,000 people of Pasto, Galeras was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991, identifying it as a target for detailed study as part of the United Nations' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.

Eruptive history
Galeras is considered the most active volcano in Colombia, followed by Nevado del Ruiz. Its earliest activity during the Holocene has been dated at 7050 BC ± 1000 years through radiocarbon dating. Other eruptions similar to this event include those in 3150 BC ± 200 years, 2580 BC ± 500 years, 1160 BC ± 300 years, 490 BC ± 100 years, and in 890 AD ± 200 years. Typically these eruptions consist of a central vent explosion, conducive to an explosive eruption causing pyroclastic flows and/or lahars. Eruptions in more recent times, which have been recorded consist of those in 1535, December 1580, July 1616, 1641, 1670, 1754, November 1796, June 1823, October 1828, 1834, October 1865, July 1889, 1891, December 1923, October 1924, October 1932, February 1936, July 1947, January 1950, 1974, February 1989, January 1990, January 1993, March 2000, June 2002, July 2004, November 2005, October 2007, January 2008, February 2009, March 2009, January 2010, and August 2010. Reported incidents with no official proof occurred in 1836, 1930, 1933, and 1973.

1993 eruption
Galeras became active again in 1988 after 10 years of dormancy.

A Decade Volcano conference in the city of Pasto, in 1993, ended in disaster when several of the scientists present mounted an impromptu expedition on 14 January to the crater of Galeras. An eruption occurred unexpectedly while they were at the summit, resulting in the deaths of six scientists and three tourists.

Elements in the media made the event controversial by suggesting the expedition leader, geologist Stanley Williams, who survived along with four others, had ignored safety procedures. A prediction had been made three days before the eruption based on B-Type activity seen on a seismograph. Seismic B-types had been used successfully to predict eruptions on other volcanoes. However, the prediction was based simply on the one seismographic printout viewed in the light of previous history of Galeras, without any additional scientific measurements showing any serious activity within the volcano.

21st-century activity
Activity at a low level has continued at Galeras, with small explosions occasionally dusting nearby villages and towns with ash. The volcano has continued to be well-studied, and predictions of eruptions at the volcano have improved. One phenomenon, which seems to be a reliable precursor to eruptive activity, is a low-frequency seismic event known as a tornillo event. These have occurred before about four-fifths of the explosions at Galeras, and the number of tornillo events recorded before an eruption is also correlated with the size of the ensuing eruption.

More than 100 minor tremors were felt during a major eruption in April 2002, although no damage or injury was reported. An eruption in November 2005 forced an evacuation of the dangerous area surrounding the volcano, and about 9,400 people from nearby villages (most of them farmers) were ordered to leave. The city of Pasto, about 9 km from the volcano, was blanketed by a layer of ash after the volcanic explosion, forcing the residents to don goggles and face masks.

Numerous minor tremors and ash emissions since March 2006 culminated on 12 July 2006 in three explosive eruptions, producing an ash and gas column reaching an altitude of 8 km. Rock falls and pyroclastic flows were reported from towns as distant as Consacá, 11.4 km west of the main crater. The Colombian government has repeatedly ordered evacuations to temporary shelters, of more than 8500 people residing in the highest risk areas surrounding the volcano, with hopes of eventual assistance toward permanent relocation.

On January 17, 2008, the volcano erupted around 20:06 (local) (01:06 UTC). There were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. Later the experts confirmed partial damage in the national and local TV towers.

Then, on February 14, 2009, the volcano erupted around 19:10 (local) (00:10 UTC). Some 8,000 residents were evacuated, and there were no immediate reports of injuries or serious property damage. As in 2005, the city of Pasto was blanketed by a layer of ash after the volcanic explosion (due to the direction of the wind). The local authorities ordered two water treatment plants near Galeras to shut down.

On March 13, 2009, Galeras erupted twice at around 15:55 and 17:00 (local time). Ash fell on Pasto and some other towns near the volcano, where an evacuation was ordered but reportedly ignored. No injuries or damage were reported.

2010 eruption
The volcano erupted on January 3, 2010, forcing the evacuation of 8,000 people. This was the 10th such eruption of the volcano in the preceding 12 months, and the first of 2010. Colombian authorities also stated that it could remain volatile in the weeks to come.

Galeras erupted again on August 25, 2010 with an ash plume visible in the air. The eruption, which was described as non-explosive, caused authorities to raise an alert for neighbouring towns.

This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.

title: Galeras


text:
User talk:Pcmacdon

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 22:47, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

Release a photo?
If you are Peter MacDonald (computer programmer), any chance you could look into a mirror while holding a digital camera, then release the resulting picture under cc-by-sa so we can use it on the article? Or if you have any photo you own the rights to that you like better? --GRuban (talk) 15:37, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Jsish

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title: User talk:Pcmacdon


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Voluntari

Voluntari is a town in Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania. It is located at a distance of 1 km from the northern border of Bucharest (on the DN2 road towards Urziceni) and is thus frequently viewed as a suburb of Bucharest.

The population is 47,366 inhabitants according to the 1 December 2021 census, with an ethnic composition, among those for whom data are available, of 94.8% Romanians, 1.3% Romani, 0.9% Chinese, 0.5% Turks, and 2.5% of other ethnic groups.

The low price of land, the proximity to Bucharest, and the easy and reliable access to both the railway network and the road network have allowed a steady development of industrial and commercial facilities, especially in the light industry and import/export commerce. The town's output estimate increased by over 25% between 2001 and 2005. Even with such high development rates, many residents commute to Bucharest. Voluntari is the site of a shopping centre known as Jolie Ville Galleria, as well as the headquarters of the Vodafone Romania company.

Voluntari literally means "Volunteers", in Romanian, having been founded by the volunteer soldiers who fought for Romania in World War I and were given plots to build their homes there after the war. The settlement received city status in 2004.

Local government
The Voluntari Local Council (Consiliul Local Voluntari) has 19 councillors. It currently has the following party composition:

Transport
Voluntari has its own bus network, operated by the local council, consisting of five bus routes: 1, 2, 153, 155 and 167. Additionally, the city is connected to Bucharest by bus routes run by STB, Bucharest's public transport operator.

Sport

 * FC Voluntari – football club

Education
Voluntari is the site of the American International School of Bucharest, the British School of Bucharest, the Mark Twain International School, and the Japanese School in Bucharest.

Natives

 * Anișoara Matei (born 1951), sports shooter
 * Iuliana Munteanu (born 1955), rower

title: Voluntari


text:
User:Pcmacdon

Peter MacDonald co-developed early features of the Linux kernel, including shared libraries, psuedo ttys and virtual consoles. Created the first comprehensive Linux distribution: Softlanding_Linux_System and is the author of the Tcl Web Browser BrowseX.

title: User:Pcmacdon


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Two for the Seesaw (film)

Two for the Seesaw is a 1962 American romantic-drama film directed by Robert Wise and starring Robert Mitchum and Shirley MacLaine. It was adapted from the 1958 Broadway play written by William Gibson with Henry Fonda and Anne Bancroft (who was awarded the 1958 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play) in the lead roles.

Plot
Jerry Ryan (Mitchum) is a lawyer from Nebraska who has recently separated from his wife. To get away from it all, he has moved to a shabby apartment in New York. He is struggling with the divorce, which has been filed but is not final, and takes long walks at night.

At a party, he meets Gittel Mosca (MacLaine), a struggling dancer. They instantly get along, and begin to fall in love. But the relationship is hampered by their differences in background and temperament.

Jerry gets a job with a New York law firm and prepares to take the bar examination. He helps Gittel rent a loft for a dance studio, which she rents out to other dancers. But their relationship is stormy, and Jerry has difficulty separating himself emotionally from his wife.

They prepare to move in together nevertheless, but Gittel is upset when she learns that the divorce came through and Jerry did not tell her about it. Jerry explains that even though he is divorced from his former wife on paper, they remain bonded in many ways. He and Gittel decide he should return to Nebraska. Jerry returns to his wife and Gittel is left on her own. Later, Jerry phones her to say goodbye and tells her that he loves her.

Cast

 * Robert Mitchum as Jerry Ryan
 * Shirley MacLaine as Gittel Mosca
 * Edmon Ryan as Frank Taubman
 * Elisabeth Fraser as Sophie
 * Eddie Firestone as Oscar
 * Billy Gray as Mister Jacoby

Production
The play was acquired by Seven Arts Productions for $350,000 plus a percentage of its earning.

Elizabeth Taylor was signed to star with the possibility of Gregory Peck co-starring. Later, Paul Newman was slated to star opposite Taylor in the film but when Taylor was forced to drop out because of shooting overruns on Cleopatra, Newman was free to take the role of 'Fast Eddie' Felson in The Hustler.

"Second Chance", the title tune, became a pop music and jazz standard, recorded by Ella Fitzgerald and other artists. At the 35th Academy Awards, the "Song From Two for the Seesaw (Second Chance)" from Two for the Seesaw – Music by André Previn; Lyric by Dory Langdon was nominated for Best Original Song but lost to Days of Wine and Roses. The movie was also nominated for Best Cinematography, Black and White (Ted D. McCord). However, The Longest Day (Jean Bourgoin and Walter Wottitz) triumphed over it.

MacLaine later claimed that she and Mitchum began a relationship during the filming of this film that lasted three years.

The film was due to be shot over 60 days at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio in West Hollywood, California plus location shooting in New York.

title: Two for the Seesaw (film)


text:
Talk:Native-language instruction

[Untitled]
Needs merge with bilingual education, if we can clarify some of the hidden issues. --user:Ed Poor (talk) 22:49, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Native-language instruction. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060305135859/http://www.nmabe.net:80/facts.html to http://www.nmabe.net/facts.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050525111132/http://www.proenglish.org:80/issues/nycboe.html to http://www.proenglish.org/issues/nycboe.html

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title: Talk:Native-language instruction


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Thoracic vertebrae

In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being much larger than the upper. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, as well as facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine toward the lumbar region.

General characteristics
These are the general characteristics of the second through eighth thoracic vertebrae. The first and ninth through twelfth vertebrae contain certain peculiarities, and are detailed below.

The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped and as broad in the anteroposterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs.

The pedicles are directed backward and slightly upward, and the inferior vertebral notches are of large size, and deeper than in any other region of the vertebral column.

The laminae are broad, thick, and imbricated – that is to say, they overlap those of subjacent vertebrae like tiles on a roof and connect with the pedicles to surround and protect the spinal cord.

The intervertebral foramen is small, and circular, with two at each intervertebral level, one for the right and one for the left exiting nerve roots.

The vertebral foramen is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the spinal canal. It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level.

The spinous process is long, triangular on coronal section, directed obliquely downward, arising from the lamina and ending in a tuberculated extremity. These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth, but are less oblique in direction above and below.

The superior articular processes are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae; their articular facets are practically flat, and are directed backward and a little lateralward and upward.

The inferior articular processes are fused to a considerable extent with the laminae, and project but slightly beyond their lower borders; their facets are directed forward and a little medialward and downward.

The transverse processes arise from the arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles; they are thick, strong, and of considerable length, directed obliquely backward and lateralward, and each ends in a clubbed extremity, on the front of which is a small, concave surface, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib.

First thoracic vertebra (T1)
The first thoracic vertebra has, on either side of the body, an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib, and a demi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib.

The body is like that of a cervical vertebra, being broad, concave, and lipped on either side.

The superior articular surfaces are directed upward and backward; the spinous process is thick, long, and almost horizontal.

The transverse processes are long, and the upper vertebral notches are deeper than those of the other thoracic vertebrae.

The thoracic spinal nerve 1 (T1) passes out underneath it.

Second thoracic vertebra (T2)
The thoracic spinal nerve 2 (T2) passes out underneath it. The second thoracic vertebra is larger than the first thoracic vertebra

Third thoracic vertebra (T3)
The thoracic spinal nerve 3 (T3) passes out underneath it.

Fourth thoracic vertebra (T4)
The fourth thoracic vertebra, together with the fifth, is at the same level as the sternal angle.

The thoracic spinal nerve 4 (T4) passes out underneath it.

Fifth thoracic vertebra (T5)
The fifth thoracic vertebra, together with the fourth, is at the same level as the sternal angle. The human trachea divides into two main bronchi at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra, but may also end higher or lower, depending on breathing.

The thoracic spinal nerve 5 (T5) passes out underneath it.

Sixth thoracic vertebra (T6)
The thoracic spinal nerve 6 (T6) passes out underneath it.

Seventh thoracic vertebra (T7)
The thoracic spinal nerve 7 (T7) passes out underneath it.

Eighth thoracic vertebra (T8)
The eighth thoracic vertebra is, together with the ninth thoracic vertebra, at the same level as the xiphisternum.

The thoracic spinal nerve 8 (T8) passes out underneath it.

Ninth thoracic vertebra (T9)
The ninth thoracic vertebra may have no demi-facets below. In some subjects however, it has two demi-facets on either side; when this occurs the tenth doesn't have facets but demi-facets at the upper part.

The thoracic spinal nerve 9 (T9) passes out underneath it.

The xiphisternum (or xiphoid process of the sternum) is at the same level in the axial plane.

Tenth thoracic vertebra (T10)
The tenth thoracic vertebra has an entire articular facet (not demi-facet) on either side, which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle. It doesn't have any kind of facet below, because the following ribs only have one facet on their heads.

The thoracic spinal nerve 10 (T10) passes out underneath it.

Eleventh thoracic vertebra (T11)
In the eleventh thoracic vertebra the body approaches in its form and size to that of the lumbar vertebrae.

The articular facets for the heads of the ribs are of medium size, and placed chiefly on the pedicles, which are thicker and stronger in this and the next vertebra than in any other part of the thoracic region.

The spinous process is short, and nearly horizontal in direction.

The transverse processes are very short, tuberculated at their extremities, and do not have articular facets.

The thoracic spinal nerve 11 (T11) passes out underneath it.

Twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12)
The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh, but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward, like those of the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous process, in which it resembles the lumbar vertebrae; and by each transverse process being subdivided into three elevations, the superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles: the superior and inferior correspond to the mammillary and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Traces of similar elevations are found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae.

The thoracic spinal nerve 12 (T12) passes out underneath it.

Other animals
In other animals the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly; for example, most marsupials have 13, but koalas have only 11. 12 to 15 is common among mammals, with 18 to 20 in horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and elephants, and extremes in mammals are marked by certain sloths with 25 and cetaceans with 9.

title: Thoracic vertebrae