text:
Czech koruna

The koruna, or crown (sign: Kč; code: CZK, koruna česká), has been the currency of the Czech Republic since 1993. The koruna is one of the European Union's eight currencies, and the Czech Republic is legally bound to adopt the euro in the future.

The official name in Czech is koruna česká (plural koruny české, though the zero-grade genitive plural form korun českých is used on banknotes and coins of value 5 Kč or higher). The ISO 4217 code is CZK and the local acronym is Kč, which is placed after the numeric value (e.g., "50 Kč") or sometimes before it (as is seen on the 10-koruna coin). One crown is made up of 100 hellers (abbreviated as "h", official name in Czech: singular: haléř, nominative plural: haléře, genitive plural: haléřů – used with numbers higher or equal to 5 – e.g. 3 haléře, 8 haléřů), but hellers have now been withdrawn from circulation, and the smallest unit of physical currency is 1 Kč.

History
In 1892, the Austro-Hungarian krone replaced the gulden at the rate of two kronen to one gulden (which is also the reason why the 10 Kč coin had been nicknamed pětka or "fiver" - and has been in use in informal conversation up until nowadays). The name was suggested by the emperor, Franz Joseph I of Austria. After Austria-Hungary dissolved in 1918, Czechoslovakia was the only successor state to retain the name of its imperial-era currency. In the late 1920s, the Czechoslovak koruna was the hardest currency in Europe. During the Second World War, the currency on the occupied Czech territory was artificially weakened. The Czechoslovak crown was restored after the war. It underwent a highly controversial monetary reform in 1953.

The Czech koruna replaced the Czechoslovak koruna in 1993 after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. It first consisted of overstamped 20 Kčs, 50 Kčs, 100 Kčs, 500 Kčs, and 1,000 Kčs banknotes, and a new series was properly introduced in 1993.

In November 2013, the Czech National Bank (ČNB) intervened to weaken the exchange rate of the koruna through a monetary stimulus to stop the currency from excessive strengthening. This was meant to support the Czech economy, mainly focused on export, but people were unhappy about this step because it was set up before Christmas, which led to raising the prices of imported goods. In late 2016, the ČNB stated that the return to conventional monetary policy was planned for mid-2017. After higher-than-expected inflation and other figures, the national bank removed the cap at a special monetary meeting on April 6, 2017. The koruna avoided significant volatility and City Index Group stated: "If you want to drop a currency peg, then the ČNB can show you how to do it".

Euro adoption discussion
The Czech Republic planned to adopt the euro in 2010, but its government suspended that plan indefinitely in 2005. Although the country is economically well positioned to adopt the euro, there is considerable opposition to the move within the Czech Republic. According to a survey conducted in April 2014, only 16% of the Czech population was in favour of replacing the koruna with the euro. As reported by an April 2018 survey by CVVM (Public Opinion Research Center), this value has remained at nearly identical levels over the past four years[which four years?], with only 20% of the Czech population above 15 years old supporting euro adoption.

Coins
The coins of the Czech koruna increase in size and weight with value.

In 1993, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 haléřů (h), 1 Kč, 2 Kč, 5 Kč, 10 Kč, 20 Kč and 50 Kč. The 10 h and 20 h coins were taken out of circulation by 31 October 2003 and the 50 h coins by 31 August 2008 due to their diminishing purchasing power and circulation. However, financial amounts are still written with the accuracy of 1-haléř (CZK 0.01); prices in retail shops are usually multiples of CZK 0.10. When cash transactions are made, the amount is rounded to the nearest integer.

In 2000, the 10 Kč and 20 Kč coins were minted with different obverses to commemorate the millennium. In 1993 and 1994, coins were minted in Winnipeg and Hamburg, then in the Czech Republic. The 10 Kč and 50 Kč coins were designed by Ladislav Kozák (1934–2007).

Since 1997, sets for collectors are also issued yearly with proof-quality coins. Also, a tradition exists of issuing commemorative coins – including silver and gold coins – for numismatic purposes.

For a complete listing, see Commemorative coins of the Czech Republic.

Banknotes
The first Czech banknotes were issued on 8 February 1993 and consisted of Czechoslovak notes with adhesive stamps affixed to them. Only the 100 Kčs, 500 Kčs and 1,000 Kčs notes were overstamped, the lower denominations circulated unchanged during this transitional period. Each stamp bears a Roman and Arabic numeral identifying the denomination of the banknote to which it is affixed (C and 100, D and 500, M and 1,000). Subsequent issues of the 1,000 Kč note replaced the adhesive stamp with a printed image of same.

A newly designed series of banknotes in denominations of 20 Kč, 50 Kč, 100 Kč, 200 Kč, 500 Kč, 1,000 Kč and 5,000 Kč were introduced later in 1993 and are still in use at present – except for 20 Kč, 50 Kč and the first versions of 1,000 Kč and 5,000 Kč notes, since the security features of 1,000 Kč and 5,000 Kč notes were upgraded in the subsequent issues (The 2,000 Kč note, which was introduced in 1996, is still valid in all versions, with and without the new security features). These banknotes, designed by Oldřich Kulhánek, feature renowned Czech persons on the obverse and abstract compositions on the reverse. Modern protective elements can be found on all banknotes.

In 2007, the Czech National Bank started issuing new upgraded banknotes with upgraded security features. These include a new colour-shifting security thread, additional watermarks and EURion constellations. The first denomination to be issued with the new features was the 2,000 Kč, followed by the 1,000 Kč in 2008, the 500 Kč and 5,000 Kč in 2009 and finally ending with the issuance of the 100 Kč and 200 Kč notes in 2018.

Historic rates

The currency had a record exchange rate run in 2008.

Most traded currencies (since 31 December 2008):

title: Czech koruna


text:
Larry Joe Campbell

Larry Joe Campbell is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Andy on the ABC sitcom According to Jim.

Early life
Campbell graduated from high school at Pine River Area Schools and received a Bachelor of Applied Arts in theater at Central Michigan University and a Master of Arts in theater at Wayne State University. In 2005, Campbell returned to Central Michigan University to serve as the grand marshal of the homecoming parade.

Career
His first high-profile TV guest star role probably was as "The Fan" in a February 2000 episode of Friends (season 6, episode 14). The next year, he was cast as Andy on According to Jim. He has also appeared in movies including Wedding Crashers and Showtime, and in commercials including Ball Park hot dog commercials as "Frank," and a PSA for the V-chip on ABC, as Jim's Andy. In 2007, he appeared in two episodes of My Name Is Earl as Ron, a security prison guard. Campbell also played Detective Crockers in the 2007 horror film Drive-Thru. That same year, he made a guest appearance on Supernatural (episode: "Bedtime Stories").

Campbell had a small role on Showtime's Weeds. Larry also appeared as Pete Denham in the 2010 film Killers and as Vigs in Deadrise. Also, he appeared in the Disney Channel shows I Didn't Do It as Deputy Doug, Good Luck Charlie as Hugo, Dog with a Blog as "The Hawk", Best Friends Whenever as Mr. Doyle, and CBS' The New Adventures of Old Christine and Rules of Engagement. Campbell played the role of Hog Head in the 2011 film Hall Pass. He had a recurring role in the series The Protector. In 2013, he began touring with a group of comedians led by his Jim co-star Jim Belushi known as "Jim Belushi and the Board of Comedy".

In 2017, Campbell had a recurring role as Chief Engineer Newton in the first season of the Fox sci-fi TV series The Orville. At the end of that season, his character was written out. That same year, he had a recurring role as a step-father to a troubled high schooler in the Netflix documentary American Vandal, and appeared in an episode of the sitcom American Housewife. In 2019, he appeared as Officer Wilson in the HBO drama series Euphoria.

Personal life and family
Campbell's wife, Peggy, teaches at the Rolling Hills Country Day School in Rolling Hills Estates, California. The couple have five children.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Larry Joe Campbell


text:
Talk:Larry Joe Campbell

Get the Hell out of Hamtown
He also is rumored to have starred in a local 1996 indie movie, Get the Hell out of Hamtown, a movie which no one has ever seen, as far as I can tell. 141.217.173.176 18:30, 21 December 2004 (UTC)

 * I've heard of it. It's even listed on the IMDB. But alas, I haven't seen it either, nor do I know anyone who has! Robert Happelberg 19:05, 22 December 2004 (UTC)

Proposed PROD
This article is not written to demonstrate notability, and is not well structured. However, Campbell's role in According to Jim certainly seems to have been significant, and he appeared throughout the first season of American Vandal and The Orville. Were these significant roles? If so, he might meet WP:NACTOR #1, "Has had significant roles in multiple notable films, television shows, stage performances, or other productions." Perhaps this would be better discussed at AfD? RebeccaGreen (talk) 06:06, 25 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Article needs to be cleaned up. Upon finding this, am not sure he won't pass WP:GNG. Probably deserves ar un at WP:AFD.-TonyTheTiger (T / C / WP:FOUR / WP:CHICAGO / WP:WAWARD) 04:31, 26 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Larry Joe Campbell


text:
User:Daklon

This is me Daklon these are a few aliases --- emiT êmí Vorta364 ---

These are my charters
Rivo emiT Reetan "Kid"

title: User:Daklon


text:
Hope Grant

General Sir James Hope Grant, GCB (22 July 1808 – 7 March 1875) was a British Army officer. He served in the First Opium War, First Anglo-Sikh War, Indian Rebellion of 1857, and Second Opium War.

Early life
Grant was the fifth and youngest son of Francis Grant of Kilgraston, Perthshire.

Military career
He entered the British Army in 1826 as cornet in the 9th Lancers, and became lieutenant in 1828 and captain in 1835. In 1842 he was brigade-major to Lord Saltoun in the First Opium War, and distinguished himself at the capture of Chinkiang, after which he received the rank of major and the CB. There is a popular, possibly apocryphal, story that he was selected by Saltoun (a keen violinist) because he wanted a cellist to accompany him and Hope Grant was the only officer he could find who played the cello. In the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–1846 he took part in the battle of Sobraon; and in the Punjab campaign of 1848–1849 he commanded the 9th Lancers, and won high reputation in the Battles of Chillianwalla and Gujarat.

He was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel and shortly afterwards to the same substantive rank. In 1854 he became brevet-colonel, and in 1856 brigadier of cavalry. He took a leading part in the suppression of the Indian Mutiny of 1857, holding for some time the command of the cavalry division, and afterwards of a movable column of horse and foot.

After rendering valuable service in the operations before Delhi and in the final assault on the city, he directed the victorious march of the cavalry and horse artillery dispatched in the direction of Cawnpore to open up communication with the commander-in-chief Sir Colin Campbell, whom he met near the Alambagh, and who raised him to the rank of brigadier-general, and placed the whole force under his command during what remained of the perilous march to Lucknow for the relief of the residency. After the retirement towards Cawnpore he greatly aided in effecting there the total rout of the rebel troops, by making a detour which threatened their rear; and following in pursuit with a flying column, he defeated them with the loss of nearly all their guns at Serai Ghat.

He also took part in the operations connected with the recapture of Lucknow, shortly after which he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and appointed to the command of the force employed for the final pacification of India. Before the work of pacification was quite completed he was created KCB. In 1859 he was appointed, with the local rank of lieutenant-general, to be Commander of British Troops in China and Hong Kong and to lead the British land forces in the Anglo-French expedition against China. The object of the campaign was accomplished within three months of the landing of the forces at Pei-tang (1 August 1860). The Taku Forts had been carried by assault, the Chinese defeated three times in the open and Peking occupied.

Later life
For his conduct in this, which has been called the most successful and the best carried out of England's "little wars," he received the thanks of parliament and was gazetted GCB.

In 1861, he was made lieutenant-general and appointed commander-in-chief of the Madras Army; on this appointment he was automatically made a member of the Madras Legislative Council and held a seat from 1861 to 1864.

On his return to England in 1865 he was made Quartermaster-General to the Forces at headquarters; and in 1870 he was transferred to the command of Aldershot Division, where he took a leading part in the reform of the educational and training systems of the forces, which followed the Franco-German War. The introduction of annual army manoeuvres was largely due to Grant. In 1872 he was promoted to full general.

He died in London on 7 March 1875. He is buried in Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh.

title: Hope Grant


text:
Tocolytic

Tocolytics (also called anti-contraction medications or labor suppressants) are medications used to suppress premature labor (from Greek τόκος tókos, "childbirth", and λύσις lúsis, "loosening"). Preterm birth accounts for 70% of neonatal deaths. Therefore, tocolytic therapy is provided when delivery would result in premature birth, postponing delivery long enough for the administration of glucocorticoids, which accelerate fetal lung maturity but may require one to two days to take effect.

Commonly used tocolytic medications include β2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, and magnesium sulfate. These can assist in delaying preterm delivery by suppressing uterine muscle contractions and their use is intended to reduce fetal morbidity and mortality associated with preterm birth. The suppression of contractions is often only partial and tocolytics can only be relied on to delay birth for a matter of days. Depending on the tocolytic used, the pregnant woman or fetus may require monitoring (e.g., blood pressure monitoring when nifedipine is used as it reduces blood pressure; cardiotocography to assess fetal well-being). In any case, the risk of preterm labor alone justifies hospitalization.

Indications
Tocolytics are used in preterm labor, which refers to when a baby is born too early before 37 weeks of pregnancy. As preterm birth represents one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, the goal is to prevent neonatal morbidity and mortality through delaying delivery and increasing gestational age by gaining more time for other management strategies like corticosteroids therapy that may help with fetus lung maturity. Tocolytics are considered for women with confirmed preterm labor between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation age and used in conjunction with other therapies that may include corticosteroids administration, fetus neuroprotection, and safe transfer to facilities.

Types of agents
There is no clear first-line tocolytic agent. Current evidence suggests that first line treatment with β2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, or NSAIDs to prolong pregnancy for up to 48 hours is the best course of action to allow time for glucocorticoid administration.

Various types of agents are used, with varying success rates and side effects. Some medications are not specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in stopping uterine contractions in preterm labor, instead being used off-label.

According to a 2022 Cochrane review, the most effective tocolytics for delaying preterm birth by 48 hours, and 7 days were the nitric oxide donors, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists and combinations of tocolytics.

Calcium-channel blockers (such as nifedipine) and oxytocin antagonists (such as atosiban) may delay delivery by 2 to 7 days, depending on how quickly the medication is administered. NSAIDs (such as indomethacin) and calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine) are the most likely to delay delivery for 48 hours, with the least amount of maternal and neonatal side effects. Otherwise, tocolysis is rarely successful beyond 24 to 48 hours because current medications do not alter the fundamentals of labor activation. However, postponing premature delivery by 48 hours appears sufficient to allow pregnant women to be transferred to a center specialized for management of preterm deliveries, and thus administer corticosteroids for the possibility to reduce neonatal organ immaturity.

The efficacy of β-adrenergic agonists, atosiban, and indomethacin is a decreased odds ratio (OR) of delivery within 24 hours of 0.54 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-0.91) and 0.47 within 48 hours (OR 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30-0.75).

Antibiotics were thought to delay delivery, but no studies have shown any evidence that using antibiotics during preterm labor effectively delays delivery or reduces neonatal morbidity. Antibiotics are used in people with premature rupture of membranes, but this is not characterized as tocolysis.

Contraindications to tocolytics
In addition to drug-specific contraindications, several general factors may contraindicate delaying childbirth with the use of tocolytic medications.
 * Fetus is older than 34 weeks gestation
 * Fetus weighs less than 2.5 kg, or has intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or placental insufficiency
 * Lethal congenital or chromosomal abnormalities
 * Cervical dilation is greater than 4 centimeters
 * Chorioamnionitis or intrauterine infection is present
 * Pregnant woman has severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, severe eclampsia /preeclampsia, active vaginal bleeding, placental abruption, a cardiac disease, or another condition which indicates that the pregnancy should not continue.
 * Maternal hemodynamic instability with bleeding
 * Intrauterine fetal demise, lethal fetal anomaly, or non-reassuring fetal status

Future direction of tocolytics
Most tocolytics are currently being used off-label. The future direction of the development of tocolytics agents should be directed toward better efficacy in intentionally prolonging pregnancy. This will potentially result in less maternal, fetal, and neonatal adverse effects when delaying preterm childbirth. A few tocolytic alternatives worth pursuing include Barusiban, a last generation of oxytocin receptor antagonists, as well as COX-2 inhibitors. More studies on the use of multiple tocolytics must be directed to research overall health outcomes rather than solely pregnancy prolongation.

title: Tocolytic


text:
Alain Aspect

Alain Aspect (born 15 June 1947 ) is a French physicist noted for his experimental work on quantum entanglement.

Aspect was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".

Education
Aspect is a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (ENS Cachan, today part of Paris-Saclay University). He passed the agrégation in physics in 1969 and received his PhD degree in 1971 from the École supérieure d'optique (later known as Institut d'Optique Graduate School) of Université d'Orsay (later known as Université Paris-Sud). He then taught for three years in Cameroon as a replacement for then compulsory military service.

In the early 1980s, while working on his doctorat d'État (habilitation thesis), he performed the Bell test experiments that showed that Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen's putative reductio ad absurdum of quantum mechanics, namely that it implied 'ghostly action at a distance', did in fact appear to be realized when two particles were separated by an arbitrarily large distance (see EPR paradox and Aspect's experiment). A correlation between the particles' wave functions remains, as long as they were once part of the same undisturbed wave function before one of the child particles was measured. He defended his doctorat d'État in 1983 at Université Paris-Sud (today part of Paris-Saclay University).

Aspect received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2008.

Research
Aspect's experiments, following the first experiment of Stuart Freedman and John Clauser in 1972, were considered to provide further support to the thesis that Bell's inequalities are violated in its CHSH version, in particular by closing a form of the locality loophole. However, his results were not completely conclusive since there were loopholes that allowed for alternative explanations that comply with local realism.

After his work on Bell's inequalities, Aspect turned toward studies of laser cooling of neutral atoms, and Bose–Einstein condensates at the Kastler-Brossel Laboratory. Aspect was deputy director of the French "grande école" École supérieure d'optique until 1994. He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and French Academy of Technologies, and a professor at the École Polytechnique.

Distinctions
Aspect was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2015. His certificate of election reads "For his fundamental experiments in quantum optics and atomic physics. Alain Aspect was the first to exclude subluminal communication between the measurement stations in experimental demonstrations that quantum mechanics invalidates separable hidden-variable theories and the first to demonstrate experimentally the wave–particle duality of single photons. He co-invented the technique of velocity-selective coherent population trapping, was the first to compare the Hanbury Brown-Twiss correlations of fermions and bosons under the same conditions, and the first to demonstrate Anderson localization in an ultra-cold atom system. His experiments illuminate fundamental aspects of the quantum-mechanical behaviour of single photons, photon pairs and atoms."

In 2005 he was awarded the gold medal of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, where he is Research Director. The 2010 Wolf Prize in physics was awarded to Aspect, Anton Zeilinger and John Clauser. In 2013 Aspect was awarded both the Niels Bohr International Gold Medal and the UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal. In 2011, he was assigned the Medal of the City of Paris. In 2013, he was also awarded the Balzan Prize for Quantum Information Processing and Communication. In 2014, he was named Officer of the Legion of Honour.

Asteroid 33163 Alainaspect, discovered by astronomers at Caussols in 1998, was named after him. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 November 2019 (M.P.C. 118220).

Aspect was awarded the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics alongside John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell's inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".

Honours and awards
Accolades received by Aspect include the following:

Honours

 * 2022 : Commander of the Legion of Honour.
 * 2014 : Officier of the Legion of Honour.
 * 2011 : Officier of the National Order of Merit.
 * 2011 : Commander of the Palmes académiques.
 * 2011 : Medal of the City of Paris.
 * 2005 : Knight of the Legion of Honour.

Awards

 * 2022: Nobel Prize in Physics (with John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger)
 * 2022: Honorary Optica Member
 * 2013: Balzan Prize
 * 2013: Niels Bohr International Gold Medal
 * 2013: UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal
 * 2013: Frederic Ives Medal/Jarus W. Quinn Prize
 * 2012: Albert Einstein Medal
 * 2012: Herbert Walther Award
 * 2010: Wolf Prize
 * 2005: CNRS Gold Medal
 * 1999: Gay-Lussac–Humboldt Prize
 * 1999: Max Born Award
 * 1991: Fernand Holweck Medal and Prize
 * 1987: International Commission for Optics Award
 * 1985: Commonwealth Award for Science and Invention
 * 1983: Prix Servant

Acknowledgement

 * Member of the Academia Europaea
 * Member of the French Academy of Sciences
 * Member of the French Academy of Technologies
 * Foreign Member of the Royal Society
 * Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
 * Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium
 * Corresponding member abroad of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
 * Fellow and Honorary Member of Optica

Honorary degrees

 * 2006: Université de Montréal
 * 2008: Australian National University
 * 2008: Heriot-Watt University
 * 2010: University of Glasgow
 * 2011: University of Haifa
 * 2014: University of Waterloo
 * 2018: City University of Hong Kong
 * 2023: Université de Sherbrooke
 * 2024: University of Minho

title: Alain Aspect


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Iranian Revolution/archive1

Iranian Revolution
This was an WP:COTW in June and it is pretty good (it even has good references). So far as I can see, the only substantial shortcoming is the paucity of images - a nice one from a news report would be excellent, but I imagine that suitable images out of copyright are few and far between. Anyway, I like it. Partial self nom, but mostly not me. -- ALoan (Talk) 18:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak support: I would like more information on the number of people killed, or fled the country under the new regime. The parts of my family there were still in the country after the new regime took power, report that a lot more than 200 were killed. PPGMD 19:01, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * ... on February 18 groups in a number of cities marched to honour the fallen and to protest against the rule of the Shah. This time violence erupted in Tabriz and over a hundred demonstrators were killed...; ...Tanks, helicopter gun ships, and machine guns killed hundreds...; The protests of 1978 culminated in December during the holy month of Muharram, the most important Shia holiday.  Hundreds of demonstrators were killed each day, yet each day the protests grew.; Post-revolutionary impact ... More than 200 Baha'is have been executed or killed, hundreds more have been imprisoned... But I agree, better numbers (if they exist and can be verified) would be excellent. -- ALoan (Talk) 21:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, not bad. --SPUI 01:59, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object. 1. No references. Further reading is not the same thing. That could denote books that are just offered for the interested reader but had nothing to do with creating or checking the material in the article, a very important distinction. 2. The section on post-revolutionary impact is very short for how important it is. Much could be said about that.  I understand that may take some research, but that is the hallmark fo a great article anyway. - Taxman 17:43, Dec 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak object. No references. Precision in casulty stats. Plus there was a one sentence subsection (not just a paragraph but a subsection) amongst there. --ZayZayEM 04:08, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Object: the article is written very much with an anti-shah and/or cleric POV. The tone in the article is as if everyone in the country was unhappy with the Shah's reforms.  However, a lot of people, welcomed the modernization and westernization.  Furthermore, women, lost a lot of their rights after the revolution.  --Navidazizi 22:58, Jan 4, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Hale Irwin

Hale S. Irwin (born June 3, 1945) is an American professional golfer. He was one of the world's leading golfers from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s. He is one of the few players in history to win three U.S. Opens, becoming the oldest ever U.S. Open champion in 1990 at the age of 45. As a senior golfer, Irwin ranks second all-time in PGA Tour Champions victories. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players in Champions Tour history. He has also developed a career as a golf course architect.

Early life
Irwin was born in Joplin, Missouri, and raised in Baxter Springs, Kansas, and Boulder, Colorado. His father introduced him to the game of golf when he was four years old; he broke 70 for the first time at age fourteen. Irwin was a star athlete in football, baseball, and golf at Boulder High School and graduated in 1963.

Amateur career
Irwin then attended the University of Colorado in Boulder, played football for the Buffaloes under head coach Eddie Crowder, was a two-time All-Big Eight defensive back (1965, 1966), and academic All-American. He won the individual NCAA championship in golf in his senior year in 1967.

Professional career
In 1968, Irwin turned professional. Irwin's first PGA Tour victory was at the 1971 Sea Pines Heritage Classic.

Irwin's first U.S. Open triumph came at Winged Foot in 1974 at the age of 29. In what became known as "The Massacre at Winged Foot", Irwin won with a score of 7-over par, the second-highest winning score in relation to par of any U.S. Open since 1945. The course conditions at Winged Foot in 1974 were described as "brutal". Johnny Miller and several other players suggested that the USGA had intentionally made the Winged Foot course setup particularly treacherous in response to Miller's record-breaking round of 63 at Oakmont the year before. Irwin, however, said in 1974: "I've always enjoyed playing tough courses. It's much more of a challenge to me." Irwin earned $35,000 for his victory at Winged Foot and said that he had a vivid dream three weeks earlier that he won the U.S. Open, which he only told his wife about.

Irwin won the Piccadilly World Match Play Championship at Wentworth Club in 1974 and 1975. He missed out on a record-breaking third straight victory when he was beaten in the 1976 final by Australian David Graham on the second sudden-death playoff hole.

Between January 1975 to the end of the 1978 season, Irwin made the cut in 86 consecutive PGA Tour events. To date, this is the fourth-longest streak of consecutive cuts made on the PGA Tour.

In 1977, Irwin's three wins on the PGA Tour included a five-shot victory in the Colgate Hall of Fame Classic at Pinehurst Resort. Irwin shot a second round of 62 at Pinehurst for a 15-under par opening 36-hole total of 127, which was the best in any PGA Tour event for over a decade.

Irwin's tournament victories kept him ranked high among his peers - he was ranked among the top five in McCormack's World Golf Rankings in every year from 1975 to 1979, inclusive. He ranked in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Rankings for a few weeks in 1991.

Irwin added a second U.S. Open title in 1979 at Inverness Club. With its narrow fairways and heavy rough, the Inverness course was a stern test for the players. Irwin's final round of 75 tied the post-World War II tournament record for the highest final round score by a U.S. Open champion. The next month in The Open Championship at Royal Lytham & St Annes Golf Club, Irwin came to the final round with a two-shot lead. He was bidding to become one of the few golfers in golf history to win the U.S. Open and British Open in the same year. Irwin said in 1979: "I would dearly love to win the British Open. It is special." However, he was thwarted in his attempt at an historic double by the incredible recovery play of Seve Ballesteros.

In 1983, Irwin had another close tilt at The Open Championship, but lost by a shot to Tom Watson at Royal Birkdale, after whiffing on a tiny putt of about an inch, during his third round of play. Irwin said that his mistake, which cost him the chance of a playoff with Watson, was "a mental lapse" and that he learned a lesson from it, later being very careful on short putts.

Irwin later said that the greatest disappointment of his career was not at the British Open, but at the 1984 U.S. Open at Winged Foot Golf Club. Irwin had led the tournament after the first three rounds but shot a final round of 79 to finish 6th. Reflecting on his final round collapse, Irwin said: "A number of factors were in play and it was very emotional. I thought it would be great to win 10 years later at the same venue and, more than anything else, my father was dying of cancer then and I thought it would be wonderful to give him a victory. I destroyed myself with the pressures I'd built up."

After his victory in the 1985 Memorial Tournament, Irwin had occasional top-10 finishes in tournaments for the remainder of the decade but he did not have a further official PGA Tour win until an incredible year in 1990, which was capped by his third U.S. Open victory. In a remarkable tournament, Irwin holed an improbable 45 ft birdie putt on the 72nd hole to join a playoff against fellow American Mike Donald. In the 18-hole Monday playoff, Donald was two shots ahead of Irwin with three holes to play. Donald missed a 15-foot par putt on the 18th which would have given him victory. Both men shot rounds of 74 in the playoff and Irwin won the title with a birdie on the first sudden-death playoff hole. After becoming the oldest ever U.S. Open champion at the age of 45, winning his first PGA Tour event for five years, Irwin was gracious in victory. He said of his playoff opponent Mike Donald: "God bless him. I almost wish he had won." The following week, Irwin won the Buick Classic.

During his career, Irwin won professional tournaments on all six continents on which golf is played: Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. Irwin played on five Ryder Cup teams: 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, and 1991. He was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1992.

Irwin's final PGA Tour win was at the 1994 MCI Heritage Golf Classic. This win at the age of nearly 49 made him one of the oldest winners in Tour history. Overall, he won prize money of just under six million dollars in his career.

Former U.S. Open champion and television analyst Ken Venturi said of Irwin: "Aesthetically and technically, Hale stands at the ball as well as any player I've ever seen."

Senior career
Irwin qualified to play on the over-50 Senior PGA Tour in 1995, and enjoyed even greater success at this level than he did on the PGA Tour. Through the 2021 season, he is the career leader in wins and earnings with 45 victories and over $26 million. Irwin won three consecutive PGA Seniors' Championships between 1996 and 1998, including a 12-stroke victory in the 1997 tournament, which was the largest ever margin of victory in a 72-hole Champions Tour event until Bernhard Langer's 13-stroke victory in the 2014 Senior Open Championship. Irwin's nine victories in 1997 tied the Senior Tour record set by Peter Thomson in 1985.

Irwin won the U.S. Senior Open in 1998 and 2000 for a career total of five USGA titles. He narrowly missed out on a third U.S. Senior Open title in 2004 when he finished one stroke behind Peter Jacobsen.

Irwin is the oldest player to finish in the top five in a senior major, with a third-place finish at the 2012 Senior PGA Championship at the age of 66. In the 2012 3M Championship, Irwin shot a score under his age for the first time in his career. His round of 65 included an eagle on the 9th hole and six consecutive birdies on the back nine. Irwin has since gone on to shoot his age 44 times in official PGA Tour Champions events (as of August 11, 2020), well ahead of Gary Player's second-place 30. While he has continued to play PGA Tour Champions well into his seventies, he has significantly cut back his tournament schedule, competing in no more than eight tour events in any season since 2015.

In 2000, Irwin was ranked as the 19th greatest golfer of all time by Golf Digest magazine.

Personal life
Irwin is married to wife Sally and has two children. Irwin's son Steve qualified for the 2011 U.S. Open. Steve Irwin said of his father: "I'm very proud of him. The U.S. Open is what truly defined his career. It's been my ultimate goal in golf to play in the U.S. Open since I began competing."

For 25 years, Hale Irwin helped to raise money for the St. Louis Children's Hospital, which named a wing in his honor. Irwin also enjoys hunting and fishing and spending time with his grandchildren. He is the uncle of former CU lineman Heath Irwin.

In 2019, in acknowledgement of his character, sportsmanship and commitment to charity, Irwin received the PGA Tour's Payne Stewart Award presented by Southern Company.

Amateur wins

 * 1967 NCAA Division I Championship

PGA Tour wins (20)
PGA Tour playoff record (4–5)

Other wins (7)
Other playoff record (0–1)

Champions Tour wins (45)
Champions Tour playoff record (2–6)

Other senior wins (7)

 * 1996 Lexus Challenge (with Sean Connery)
 * 1997 Senior Slam at Los Cabos
 * 1998 Senior Match Play Challenge
 * 1999 Senior Skins Game
 * 2000 Our Lucaya Senior Slam
 * 2001 Senior Skins Game
 * 2002 Senior Skins Game

Wins (3)
1Defeated Mike Donald with a birdie on the 19th hole after they were tied at 74 (+2) in an 18-hole playoff.

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 26 (1972 U.S. Open – 1979 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 5 (1975 Masters – 1976 Masters)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order before 2017.

The Senior Open Championship was not a senior major until 2003. {{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

U.S. national team appearances
This list may be incomplete. Professional
 * Ryder Cup: 1975 (winners), 1977 (winners), 1979 (winners), 1981 (winners), 1991 (winners)
 * Presidents Cup: 1994 (winners, playing captain)
 * World Cup: 1974, 1979 (winners, individual winner)
 * UBS Cup: 2001 (winners), 2002 (winners), 2003 (tie), 2004 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Champions Tour): 1995 (winners), 1996, 1998 (winners), 1999 (winners), 2000, 2003, 2005 (winners)

title: Hale Irwin


text:
Quentin Richardson

Quentin Lamar Richardson (born April 13, 1980) is an American former professional basketball player who was formerly the director of player development for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "Q-Rich", he played professionally for 13 seasons for the Los Angeles Clippers, Phoenix Suns, New York Knicks, Miami Heat, and Orlando Magic. He won the NBA Three-Point Contest in 2005.

Early years
Richardson was born in Chicago, Illinois to Lee and Emma Richardson where he attended Whitney Young High School. In 1998, he led the Dolphins to the state AA title. In 2006, Richardson was voted as one of the 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament, a group of former players and coaches in honor of the 100 year anniversary of the IHSA boys basketball tournament.

Collegiate career
Richardson played college basketball for DePaul University where he averaged 17.9 points and 10.2 rebounds per game in two seasons. He became the only player in school history to have 1,000+ points, 500+ rebounds and 100+ three-point field goals. As a freshman, he earned both the Conference USA Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year. Richardson declared for the NBA draft after his sophomore year in 2000.

Los Angeles Clippers (2000–2004)
Richardson was drafted by the Los Angeles Clippers with the 18th pick of the 2000 NBA draft. He was selected after fellow Clippers Darius Miles and Keyon Dooling. Richardson would star in a documentary with Miles entitled The Youngest Guns which chronicled their first three seasons in the NBA with the Clippers. On New Year's Eve 2003, Richardson posted a career-high 44 points in a 120 - 104 victory over the Denver Nuggets. It was the only time in Richardson's 13-year career where he scored 40 points or more. Richardson spent four seasons with the Clippers before becoming a free agent.

Phoenix Suns (2004–2005)
In 2004, Richardson later signed with the Phoenix Suns as a free agent.

The 2004–05 season was a big one for not only Richardson, but the Suns as well. He set a new Suns single-season record for three-point field goals, eclipsing the previous record of 199 set by Dan Majerle. He finished the season with a league-leading 631 three-point attempts, and 226 three-point field goals, co-leading the league with Kyle Korver. Richardson also set a Suns franchise record with nine threes against the New Orleans Hornets on December 29, 2004. Richardson would also go on to win the NBA All-Star Three-Point Shootout that same season. The Suns finished the regular season with a league-best 62 wins and 20 losses. He made his playoff debut with the Suns in 2005 who would eventually lose to the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals.

New York Knicks (2005–2009)
Richardson was traded from the Suns, along with 2005 draft pick Nate Robinson, to the New York Knicks in exchange for Kurt Thomas and Dijon Thompson in the offseason. His first three seasons in New York were largely hampered by nagging injuries—the most serious being a chronic back condition—which limited him to 55, 49, and 65 games played respectively. His injury situation finally stabilized during the 2008–2009 season, when he remained healthy enough to appear in all, but seven games. This does not include two additional DNP-CDs (Did Not Play – Coach's Decision) that he received; one on February 28, 2009, against the Miami Heat and a second on March 10, 2009, against the Milwaukee Bucks.

Miami Heat (2009–2010)
On the 2009 draft day, Richardson was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Darko Miličić. His stint at the Grizzlies only last three weeks before he was traded again to the team that drafted him, the Los Angeles Clippers, in exchange for Zach Randolph. His second stint with the Clippers only lasted for three days. On July 20, 2009, he was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves for Sebastian Telfair, Mark Madsen, and Craig Smith.

After less than a month at Minnesota, Richardson was traded for the fourth time in the 2009 off-season, this time to the Miami Heat for Mark Blount.

Orlando Magic (2010–2012)
In 2010, Richardson signed with the Orlando Magic. He remained with the team until October 2012, when he was waived. During his 2-year stint with Orlando, Richardson played 105 games and averaged 4.4 points, 0.7 assists and 2.9 rebounds while shooting 31.5% from the 3pt-line.

Return to New York (2013)
On April 16, 2013, Richardson signed with the New York Knicks for the remainder of the season, joining that team for a second time. He only played one regular season game, scoring five points in twenty nine minutes on 1 for 11 shooting, but brought down ten rebounds. He did appear in five playoff games, hitting two three-pointers in New York's 26-point blowout win of the Pacers in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference semifinals.

On July 10, 2013, Richardson was part of a trade package to the Toronto Raptors, along with center Marcus Camby, forward Steve Novak, a first-round draft pick in 2016, and two second-round draft picks in 2014 and 2017, in exchange for forward Andrea Bargnani.

Richardson's final NBA game was played on May 11, 2013, in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Semi-Finals versus the Indiana Pacers. Richardson played less than 2 minutes and the only stat he recorded was 1 rebound. On September 3, 2013, Richardson was waived by the Raptors.

Post-playing career
On August 7, 2014, it was announced that Richardson was named the director of player development for the Detroit Pistons.

he worked for the Bally Sports Orlando Magic broadcast team.

He co-hosts the Knuckleheads podcast with Darius Miles for The Players' Tribune.

Accomplishments

 * IHSA State Championship, Whitney Young (1998)
 * McDonald's All American (1998)
 * Conference USA Player of the Year (1999)
 * Conference USA Freshman of the Year (1999)
 * USBWA National Freshman of the Year (1999)
 * NBA All-Star Weekend Three-Point Shootout champion (2005)
 * 100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament

Personal life
In 1992, Richardson lost his mother to breast cancer, his grandmother to natural causes, and also his brother, Bernard, who was shot and killed in Chicago, aged 23. Another of Richardson's brothers, Lee Jr., was murdered on December 5, 2005, in Chicago during a robbery. Richardson has another older brother, Cedric, and one older sister Rochelle. Richardson is also the cousin of multi entrepreneur Dean Richardson.

Richardson was engaged for 14 months to R&B singer Brandy. They split in September 2005.

Richardson has appeared in multiple acting roles, most notably as himself in the 2002 film Van Wilder.

title: Quentin Richardson


text:
Category:Nagano Prefecture

 * Nagano Prefecture (長野県; Nagano-ken) — a prefecture located in the Chūbu region, on Honshū island in Japan.
 * The prefecture's capital is the City of Nagano.

title: Category:Nagano Prefecture


text:
Clearance car

A clearance car is a type of railroad car in maintenance of way service. Its purpose is to check the clearances around the tracks and ensure that trains conforming to the railroad's standard loading gauge or dynamic envelope will not encounter any obstruction. Additionally, by measuring the actual clearances along a route, the railroad can determine whether outsize loads can be accommodated along that route, and the largest size feasible.

Design

Early clearance cars simply consisted of an outline of the system loading gauge attached to a railroad car, which would be towed along the route to ensure the clearances were still sufficient.

Later clearance cars functioned by using physical feelers—rods which extended from the car in all directions which would be deflected back by obstructions. These would be connected to instrumentation which displayed the actual clearance at that point. These feelers have an advantage in that they bounce back and do not break if they do hit something.

Subsequently, clearance cars using lasers for measurement have come into service. These are generally HiRail trucks – road vehicles with supplemental rail wheels.

Benefits
The clearance car allowed accurate and speedy measurement of the clearances for a structure. Generally they were only owned by larger railroads; other railroads sometimes leased them for short periods. Some were self-propelled, while others were locomotive-hauled.

title: Clearance car


text:
Talk:West Virginia University

"Academic transformation" in the lede
An unregistered editor is insisting that this paragraph be added to the lede of this article:

 * In the summer and fall of 2023, WVU instituted a program of "academic transformation" that resulted in widespread criticism from national media, including Forbes, the Nation , and the Atlantic , with the last decrying "the destruction of dozens of majors and careers at WVU." The Nation summed up much of the prevailing mood: "West Virginia University is being gutted, and it’s a preview for what’s in store for higher education."

First, this is really vague. Second, it doesn't merit inclusion in the lede of the article. It may help add some additional information to the history section where this is already discussed but so far it hasn't yet even merited its own section much less inclusion in the lede. In any case, it certainly doesn't warrant or excuse edit warring especially when the reversion doesn't even use an edit summary to explain why they're beginning an edit war. ElKevbo (talk) 01:24, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree. Also, it doesn't have the WP:DUE weight in the body. It might be better being integrated in its respective section. GuardianH (talk) 07:43, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It seems clearly worth inclusion in the pretty short lead, based on the extensive national press coverage. Should I find it suspicious that the various editors who have reinstated it there have been very quickly reverted? Any COIs in play? For my part I had never heard of the place before this. Johnbod (talk) 15:48, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Johnbod To avoid WP:RECENTISM it should have its due body weight. Given that you've never heard about the school previously and are advocating its inclusion, maybe you would be willing to WP:HANDLE in the body? ElKevbo and I have been working on highered articles for some time now; there's no sign of any COI among our edits. You should hear about the university more and add to the body. GuardianH (talk) 19:31, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Huh? This doesn't make much sense! Johnbod (talk) 04:21, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Johnbod The statement should have its weight in the body before being placed in the lede. Since you want it in the lede, you should expand the existing material in the body. GuardianH (talk) 04:29, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Virginia University


text:
Category:Kanagawa Prefecture

Kanagawa Prefecture (神奈川県; Kanagawa-ken) is a prefecture located in the Kantō region on Honshū island, Japan. The capital is the Yokohama.

title: Category:Kanagawa Prefecture


text:
Dusty in Memphis

Dusty in Memphis is the fifth studio album by English singer Dusty Springfield. Initial sessions were recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis, while Springfield's final vocals and the album's orchestral parts were recorded at Atlantic Records' New York City studios. The album was released in March 1969 in the United States by Atlantic Records, and Philips Records distributed the record outside the U.S. Springfield worked on the album with a team of musicians and producers that included Jerry Wexler, Arif Mardin, Tom Dowd, conductor Gene Orloff, backing vocalists the Sweet Inspirations, bassist Tommy Cogbill, and guitarist Reggie Young.

Dusty in Memphis sold poorly upon its initial release despite featuring one of Springfield's top-10 UK hits "Son of a Preacher Man". It has been acclaimed as her best work and one of the great albums of all time. Music critic Robert Christgau called it "the all-time rock-era torch record" and included it in his "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). In 2001, it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

In 2020, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In its official press release, the library stated that despite its modest sales when first released, "over time, Dusty in Memphis grew in stature to become widely recognized as an important album by a woman in the rock era."

Writing and recording
Hoping to reinvigorate her career and boost her credibility, Springfield signed with Atlantic Records, at the time the label of Aretha Franklin, one of her soul music idols. Springfield signed with Atlantic on the condition that she work with the label's chief producer and co-owner Jerry Wexler. For their initial album project, Wexler provided Springfield with dozens of song demo recordings, and the two decided on a program of 11 songs, primarily in the pop genre. Eight of the songs were composed by New York and Los Angeles-based songwriters who at the time were associated with the "Brill Building Sound". However, "Son of a Preacher Man", the album's best-known track, was not among these, and it was written with the idea of submitting it to Aretha Franklin. (Franklin cut her own version of the song in 1969 after Springfield's single reached the #10 position in the Billboard Hot 100.) "Preacher Man" was musically and thematically closer to classic Southern soul as was "Breakfast in Bed". Farthest from the soul genre on the album was Michel Legrand's "The Windmills of Your Mind", which Springfield resisted and Wexler insisted she do. Wexler's and Springfield's idea for the album was to record the pop compositions with Southern soul's rhythmic feel, a combination that other producers had tried successfully at American Sound Studios with acts like The Box Tops and Merrilee Rush.

The Memphis sessions were supervised by Wexler, fellow Atlantic producer Arif Mardin, and Atlantic engineer Tom Dowd. Performing with Springfield were back-up singers the Sweet Inspirations and members of an informal group of American Sound Studios studio musicians known as the Memphis Boys, which included guitarist Reggie Young and bassist Tommy Cogbill. In addition to their pop session work, The Memphis Boys had previously backed soul musicians Wilson Pickett, Joe Tex, Bobby Womack, and King Curtis. Recording engineer Terry Manning, who was hired on assignment to write a piece on the sessions for the New Musical Express, attended and ended up assisting Dowd, along with Ed Kollis. The songs were written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King, Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, Randy Newman, and Burt Bacharach and Hal David.

The recording was a challenge for Wexler. In his book Rhythm and the Blues, Wexler wrote that out of all the songs that were initially submitted to Springfield for consideration, "she approved exactly zero." For her, he continued, "to say yes to one song was seen as a lifetime commitment." Springfield disputed this, saying she did choose two: "Son of a Preacher Man" and "Just a Little Lovin. He was surprised, given Dusty's talent, by her apparent insecurity. Springfield later attributed her initial unease to a very real anxiety about being compared with the soul greats who had recorded in the same studios. Eventually Dusty's final vocals were recorded in New York. Additionally, Springfield stated that she had never before worked with just a rhythm track, and that it was the first time she had worked with outside producers, having self-produced her previous recordings (something for which she never took credit).

During the Memphis sessions in November 1968, Springfield suggested to the heads of Atlantic Records that they should sign the newly formed Led Zeppelin group. She knew John Paul Jones, who had backed her in concerts. Without having ever seen them and largely on Dusty's advice, the record company signed the group with a $143,000 advance.

Release and reception
Dusty in Memphis was released by Atlantic Records in March 1969 in the United States and on 18 April by Philips Records in the United Kingdom. The album was a commercial failure in both countries, reaching only number 99 on the American album charts and failing to chart altogether on the British Top 40. According to music journalist Peter Robinson, its failure stalled Springfield's career rather than revive it, although the record eventually became "a popcultural milestone [and] timeless emotional reference point" for listeners who discovered it in second-hand shops or purchased one of its several reissues years later. Robert Christgau called it "a pop standard and classic", predicting in his 1973 column for Newsday it would be "the kind of record that will sell for years because its admirers need replacement copies, and it is the perfect instance of how a production team should work." Greil Marcus was less enthusiastic in Rolling Stone, deeming some of the songwriting inconsistent on what was "a real drifting, cool, smart, sexually distracted soul album".

Despite modest sales (the platter has sold 216,000 in the United States in the SoundScan era, per Luminate Entertainment Data) it was the first of a small wave of "in Memphis"-style albums that were recorded by pop singers at American Recording Studios. Three months after Springfield's album was released, Dionne Warwick's Soulful album was released, which had a similar mix of soul and pop and was recorded at American. In the summer of 1969, Elvis Presley's From Elvis in Memphis was released, featuring Presley recording at American with The Memphis Boys musicians. The following year, Petula Clark's Memphis album, also recorded at American, was released. These albums were all part of a larger 1960s and 1970s boom of soul and pop music production in Memphis (home to Stax Records, Hi Records, and other studios and labels), and nearby Muscle Shoals, Alabama.

Dusty in Memphis has been named one of the great albums of all time. NME named it the 54th greatest album ever in their 1993 list, and it was voted number 171 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked the record 89th on the magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, a rating which the album maintained in a 2012 revised list, before rising to number 83 in a 2020 reboot of the list. According to Richie Unterberger of AllMusic, the album's reputation has improved significantly over time as the music is "deserving of its classic status". Tony Scherman from Entertainment Weekly wrote Dusty in Memphis is a "pure gem", Springfield's greatest work, and perhaps one of the great pop records recorded. Q took note of its balance between "R&B and sensitive pop dramas", and Spin critic Chuck Eddy viewed it as one of the all-important blue-eyed soul records. In The A.V. Club, Keith Phipps wrote that Springfield and her team of musicians and producers for Dusty in Memphis developed an elegant and distinct fusion of pop and R&B that predated the Philadelphia soul sound of the 1970s. According to Eric Klinger from PopMatters, its sophisticated style of music influenced the sound of 1990s trip hop artists who sampled songs from the album and became a blueprint for British female singers of the 2000s, including Adele, Amy Winehouse, Duffy, Joss Stone, Paloma Faith and Rumer.

CD reissues
Dusty in Memphis was first released on compact disc by Philips Records/PolyGram and re-released in the UK/Europe in 1988. The second CD release was issued by Rhino Records (at the time independent, licensed from Atlantic) in the US in 1992, and included three bonus tracks. A Deluxe Edition with 14 bonus tracks, again released by Rhino (now a sublabel of Warner Music), followed in 1999. A fourth 24-bit digitally remastered CD with a third set of bonus tracks was issued by Mercury Records/Universal Music in the UK/Europe in 2002.

Among the additional materials featured on these re-releases are recordings from the Atlantic Records archives; outtakes and alternate mixes from the Dusty in Memphis sessions, two tracks from a cancelled second album with Jerry Wexler recorded in 1969, tracks from a shelved second album with Gamble & Huff recorded in 1970 (following A Brand New Me/From Dusty...With Love) and the intended Faithful album produced by Jeff Barry in 1971, which came to be Springfield's final recordings for the Atlantic label. The completed Faithful album was however left unreleased when its pilot singles "Haunted" and "I Believe in You" failed to perform. With the exception of a mono mix of the title track "I'll Be Faithful" all master tapes for this album were later destroyed in a fire – along with Springfield's unreleased recording of The Bee Gees' "To Love Somebody" from the follow-up sessions with Wexler – but Jeff Barry had kept reference copies of the intended final mixes and these were digitally remastered and first released as part of Rhino's Deluxe Edition of Dusty in Memphis in 1999.

Bonus tracks 1992 re-issue, Rhino Records US
 * 1) "What Do You Do When Love Dies" (without orchestral overdubs) (Mary Unobsky, Donna Weiss) – 2:43
 * 2) * Outtake from the Dusty in Memphis sessions. Recording date: September 1968. First release (with orchestral overdubs): US Atlantic single #2771 (B-side of "What Good Is I Love You?"), 12 January 1971. First UK release: album Dusty in Memphis Plus, 1980.
 * 3) "Willie & Laura Mae Jones" (Tony Joe White) – 2:48
 * 4) *From cancelled second album with Jerry Wexler. First release: US Atlantic single #2647 (A-side), 5 June 1969. First UK release: album See All Her Faces, 1972.
 * 5) "That Old Sweet Roll (Hi-De-Ho)" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) – 2:59
 * 6) *From cancelled second album with Jerry Wexler. First release: US Atlantic single #2647 (B-side of "Willie & Laura Mae Jones"). First UK release: album See All Her Faces, 1972.
 * Track 12: recorded at American Studio, Memphis. Dusty Springfield's final vocals recorded in New York. Producers: Jerry Wexler, Tom Dowd & Arif Mardin.
 * Tracks 13 & 14: recorded at Groove Sound Studio, New York, May 1969. Producers: Jerry Wexler, Tom Dowd & Arif Mardin.

Bonus tracks 1999 Deluxe Edition, Rhino Records US
 * 1) "What Do You Do When Love Dies" (without orchestral overdubs) (Mary Unobsky, Donna Weiss) – 2:42
 * 2) "Willie & Laura Mae Jones" (Tony Joe White) – 2:49
 * 3) "That Old Sweet Roll (Hi-De-Ho)" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) – 2:59
 * 4) "Cherished" (Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff) – 2:38
 * 5) "Goodbye" (Roland Chambers, Leonard Pakula) – 2:33
 * 6) * First UK release: compilation Classics And Collectables, 2007
 * 7) "Make It with You" (David Gates) – 3:12
 * 8) * First UK release: 4 CD boxed set Simply Dusty, 2000
 * 9) "Love Shine Down" (Neil Brian Goldberg, Gilbert Slavin [not credited]) – 2:22
 * 10) * First UK release: compilation Classics And Collectables, 2007
 * 11) "Live Here With You" (Gilbert Slavin, Michael F. Soles) – 2:44
 * 12) * First UK release: 4 CD boxed set Simply Dusty, 2000
 * 13) "Natchez Trace" (Neil Brian Goldberg, Gilbert Slavin) – 2:58
 * 14) * First UK release: compilation Classics And Collectables, 2007
 * 15) "All the King's Horses" (Neil Brian Goldberg, Joe Renzetti [not credited]) – 3:10
 * 16) "I'll Be Faithful" (Stereo) (Ned W. Albright, Michael F. Soles, Steven Soles) – 3:01
 * 17) * First release (mono): Rhino's 1992 re-issue of A Brand New Me. First UK release: compilation Classics And Collectables, 2007
 * 18) "Have a Good Life Baby" (Neil Brian Goldberg, Joe Renzetti [not credited]) – 3:09
 * 19) * First UK release: 2002 re-issue of See All Her Faces
 * 20) "You've Got a Friend" (Carole King) – 5:28
 * 21) * First UK release: 4 CD boxed set Simply Dusty, 2000
 * 22) "I Found My Way" a.k.a. "I Found My Way Through The Darkness" (Gilbert Slavin, Michael F. Soles) – 3:12
 * 23) * First UK release: compilation Classics And Collectables, 2007

 * Tracks 15–16: originally unissued. Recorded at Sigma Sound Studios, Philadelphia, February 1970. Producers: Gamble-Huff Productions. Arranged by Thom Bell.
 * Tracks 17–25: originally unissued. Recorded at Century Sound Studio, New York, January–June 1971. Producer: Jeff Barry.

Bonus tracks 2002 re-issue, Mercury Records UK
 * 1) "Son of a Preacher Man" (Hurley, Wilkins) – 2:29
 * 2) "Just a Little Lovin (Mann, Weil) – 2:18
 * 3) "Don't Forget About Me" (Goffin, King) – 2:50
 * 4) "Breakfast in Bed" (Fritts, Hinton) – 2:56
 * 5) "I Don't Want to Hear It Anymore" (Newman) – 3:10
 * 6) "The Windmills of Your Mind" (Bergman, Bergman, Legrand) – 3:52
 * 7) "In the Land of Make Believe" (Bacharach, David) – 2:31
 * 8) "So Much Love" (Goffin, King) – 3:32
 * All tracks: original mono mixes.

Personnel

 * Original LP
 * Dusty Springfield – vocals
 * Arif Mardin – producer, arranger, strings arranger, horns arranger
 * Tom Dowd – producer, arranger, horns arranger, audio engineer
 * Jerry Wexler – producer
 * Gene Orloff – conductor, arranger
 * The Sweet Inspirations – backing vocals
 * Reggie Young – guitar, electric sitar
 * Tommy Cogbill – bass guitar, guitar on "Don't Forget About Me"
 * Bobby Emmons – organ, electric piano, congas on "The Windmills of Your Mind"
 * Bobby Wood – acoustic piano
 * Gene Chrisman – drums
 * Mike Leech – congas on "Don't Forget About Me" and "In the Land of Make Believe"
 * Terry Manning – assistant engineer
 * Ed Kollis – harmonica
 * David Redfern – photography

 * 1992 reissue
 * Dan Hersch – remastering
 * Bill Inglot – remastering
 * Jim Feldman – liner notes
 * Haig Adishian – cover design
 * Deborah Frost – project assistant

 * 1999 reissue
 * Jeff Barry – producer (relates to bonus materials)
 * Thom Bell – arranger (relates to bonus materials)
 * Jim Pierson – compilation producer, liner notes
 * Dan Hersch – remastering
 * Jim Feldman – liner notes
 * Haig Adishian – design
 * Rachel Gutek – reissue design

 * 2002 reissue
 * Gary Moore – liner notes, digital remastering
 * Stanley Booth – liner notes
 * Elvis Costello – liner notes
 * Jerry Wexler – liner notes
 * Tom Dowd – liner notes
 * Arif Mardin – liner notes
 * Paul Howes – liner notes

title: Dusty in Memphis


text:
Çankırı Province

Çankırı Province is a province of Turkey, which lies close to the capital, Ankara. The provincial capital is Çankırı. Its area is 7,542 km2, and its population is 195,766 (2022).

Economy
The economy of Çankırı Province primarily runs on agriculture, with wheat, barley, beans, corn, vetch and potatoes being the most commonly cultivated and exported crops.

Geography and climate
Around 60% of Çankırı Province's territory is mountainous, with three sets of mountain ranges along the northern province borders. The southern part of the province is comparatively flat and bare, with a major plain located around the Kızılırmak district and smaller plains spread throughout the province.

Çankırı Province's climate is heavily seasonal. Summers are typically hot, and winters are cold and snowy.

18% of the land is forested, and 35% is cultivated. Wolves, foxes, squirrels and rabbits are among the most commonly spotted wild animals.

Districts
Çankırı province is divided into 12 districts (capital district in bold):
 * Atkaracalar
 * Bayramören
 * Çankırı
 * Çerkeş
 * Eldivan
 * Ilgaz
 * Kızılırmak
 * Korgun
 * Kurşunlu
 * Orta
 * Şabanözü
 * Yapraklı

title: Çankırı Province


text:
Liz Shaw

Elizabeth "Liz" Shaw is a fictional character played by Caroline John in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who and its spin-offs. A civilian member of UNIT, an international organisation that defends Earth from alien threats, she was the companion of the Third Doctor for the 1970 season. Liz appeared in 4 stories (25 episodes).

Television
Liz Shaw first appears in the first serial of the seventh season (1970), Spearhead from Space, having been drafted from the University of Cambridge by Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart as a scientific advisor to UNIT. She is a brilliant scientist, an expert on meteorites, with degrees in medicine, physics and a dozen other subjects. Her extensive training, however, is still pale in comparison to the Doctor's own knowledge of the universe and scientific principles far beyond those of Earth. Sceptical at first of UNIT's ambit to defend against alien invasion, Shaw changes her mind when she encounters the newly regenerated Doctor and becomes involved in defeating the plans of the Nestene Consciousness and its animated plastic Autons.

Liz continues to work with the Doctor and UNIT through encounters with the Silurians, the so-called Ambassadors of Death and the Inferno project, where the Doctor also encountered Section Leader Elizabeth Shaw, an alternative version of the scientist in a parallel universe. She eventually resigns from UNIT and returns to Cambridge; there was no "farewell scene" on screen for Liz, with her departure simply being announced by the Brigadier at the beginning of Terror of the Autons. She reportedly told the Brigadier that all the Doctor really needed was someone to pass him his test tubes and tell him how brilliant he was.

Liz's life after leaving UNIT is not explored in the series. In the Seventh Doctor serial Battlefield (1989), the Doctor gives Ace a fake ID with the name Elizabeth Shaw. Additionally, in the 2010 The Sarah Jane Adventures story Death of the Doctor Colonel Tia Karim mentions that "Miss Shaw can't get back from Moonbase until Sunday." Caroline John appeared as an illusory image of Liz in the 20th Anniversary television movie "The Five Doctors" (1983), and as Liz herself in the 1993 charity special Dimensions in Time.

Other media
John also played Liz Shaw in a series of straight-to-video stories produced by BBV under the umbrella title of P.R.O.B.E., in which the character works with a paranormal investigation organisation not unlike UNIT, called the "Preternatural Research Bureau". John later returned as Liz appearing in five Big Finish audio stories narrated by the character: The Blue Tooth (2007), Shadow of the Past (2010), The Sentinels of the New Dawn (2011), Binary (2012), and The Last Post (2012). The latter introduces Rowana Cooper as Liz's mother, Emily, and the planned sequel was not finished due to John's death in June 2012, although Cooper reappears as Emily Shaw in the audio "The Cloisters of Terror" when she assists the Fourth Doctor and Leela in investigating a mystery at her college.

Caroline John's daughter Daisy reprises her mother's role as Liz in The Third Doctor Adventures- Volume Five: Primord, where Liz is infected by samples of Stahlman's gas and psychologically corrupted to try and infect all of humanity with the gas, nearly infecting the Doctor until he is able to pass on instructions to the Brigadier and Jo about how they might be able to help him resist the mutation long enough to find a cure. Daisy reprises the role again in Series 9 of The Diary of River Song, where Liz is put out to be relegated to assistant to UNIT's new temporary scientific advisor, River Song- the Doctor's future wife- while the Doctor is otherwise engaged.

The 1996 Virgin Missing Adventures novel The Scales of Injustice by Gary Russell also explores the events surrounding Liz's resignation from UNIT. Liz additionally appears with UNIT in the Missing Adventures novel The Eye of the Giant (1996) and the Past Doctor Adventures novel The Devil Goblins from Neptune (1997). Scales of Injustice directly acknowledges that Liz left UNIT because she felt surplus to requirements with the Doctor around and wanted to focus more on scientific research, the Doctor assuring her that he understood her reasons and regretted that they hadn't been able to spend more time together as friends. Liz eventually does travel in the TARDIS with the Third Doctor and Jo Grant in the Past Doctor Adventures novel The Wages of Sin (1999), which takes place after the Doctor regains his freedom, with the Doctor's attempt to take her to witness the Tunguska Event accidentally resulting in them becoming caught up in the truth about the death of Grigori Rasputin. A parallel version of her appears in the novel Blood Heat where she is still part of UNIT fighting against the Silurians in a world where the Doctor died before defeating the reptiles. According to the 1997 Virgin New Adventures novel Eternity Weeps by Jim Mortimore, Liz dies in 2003, the victim of an extraterrestrial terraforming virus contracted while she was part of a UNIT team investigating an alien artefact on the Moon, despite the efforts of the Seventh Doctor and his current companion Chris Cwej to save her.

Casting and characterisation
The part of Liz Shaw was given to Caroline John, who was recommended to the outgoing production team of Peter Bryant and Derrick Sherwin by James Cellan Jones. Although John had been working regularly on the stage (including for the National Theatre Company under Laurence Olivier), she was frustrated that she had not gained any TV roles. According to several DVD releases in the Doctor Who series and interviews with the actress herself, John had taken the dramatic step of having herself photographed in a bikini and sent the picture around to BBC producers. The photo ended up on Bryant's desk.

After appearing in the 25 episodes that made up the four stories of the seventh season, John left the programme because she was pregnant with her first child, and new producer Barry Letts had already decided against renewing her contract. Letts and script editor Terrance Dicks viewed the character as unsuccessful, feeling that she did not fill the companion's role of asking the Doctor for exposition and acting as an audience surrogate. In 1978, John expressed mixed feelings about her role as Liz, saying, "I was excited at first to be a brainy girl, but all the directors wanted really was a sexy piece. It was such an effort looking glamorous on cold clay-pits and rubbish dumps. I enjoyed the series but found it restricting after a while." John continued to appear at fan conventions from the 1990s onwards.

John particularly enjoyed her role as the "totalitarian" version of Liz seen in the alternate universe in Inferno, disliking when she had to change to the normal Liz. Liz has been seen as more of an assistant than a traditional companion because she never travelled on the TARDIS. Unlike other "co-conspirator" companions, Liz serves as a bridge between the Doctor's world and the more grounded UNIT. She has also been described as more mature and equal to the Doctor than previous companions. Following John's death in 2012, then current Doctor Who showrunner Steven Moffat described Liz as "not just a sidekick but a scientist in her own right" and an example of his sentiment that "the Doctor's companions should never be his assistants – they're the people who keep him on his toes".

Reception
Christopher Bahn of The A.V. Club described Liz as a "missed opportunity" because she had such a short time as an assistant and it seemed to him that "the producers didn't really know what to do with a strong, smart female character". Bahn also commented that Liz's "cynicism and skepticism was a good quality for a scientist, but also a sometimes offputting character tic". In an analysis of Doctor Who and the Silurians for Doctor Who: The Television Companion, David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker were positive towards Liz, who they said was "very good foil, far removed from the naïve young companions of the past".

Radio Times writer Mark Braxton wrote that, despite her short appearance, "Liz established herself thanks to her brilliant mind, a succession of crazy outfits and Caroline John's consummate professionalism as an actress". Braxton also felt that "she was too caring to be cold" and despite not having the "companionly affection" later seen with Jo Grant and Sarah Jane Smith, they had an "innate respect" for each other. Braxton's colleague Patrick Mulkern, while calling John a "gifted actress", criticised the way Liz was "severely styled" in her first appearance. SFX Ian Berriman also criticised Liz in Spearhead from Space, writing that she was "so snarky she's annoying". Will Salmon of the magazine listed Liz's departure as one of the worst in the series since she just "[vanished] between seasons". DVD Talk's John Sinnott felt that John could come across as "a bit stiff" and did not have much chemistry with Pertwee, most likely due to their personal relationship.

In 2010, readers of Radio Times voted Liz the 27th best companion, out of 48 options. In Ridley Scott's 2012 film Prometheus, Noomi Rapace's character is named Dr. Elizabeth Shaw; Dr. Nicolas Pillai, a lecturer from the University of Warwick's Film and Television Studies department, argues that this is a reference to the Doctor Who character, as Scott used to work for the BBC as a designer. However, this is entirely speculation and neither Scott nor the scriptwriters of Prometheus have ever officially stated the name was intentionally used as such.

title: Liz Shaw


text:
Category:Yamaguchi Prefecture

Yamaguchi Prefecture (山口県 Yamaguchi-ken) is a prefecture located in the Chūgoku region on Honshū island, Japan. The capital is the city of Yamaguchi.

title: Category:Yamaguchi Prefecture


text:
Juan de Lángara

Juan Francisco de Lángara y Huarte (Juan Francisco Langara Uharte in Basque) (1736 in Coruña, Galicia – 1806 in Madrid) was a Spanish naval officer and Minister of Marine.

Early life
He was born at Coruña, Galicia, the son of a renowned Basque family. His father was admiral Juan de Langara Arizmendi, who fought as lieutenant (Teniente de Navío) at the Battle of Minorca. Having entered the Spanish Navy at a young age, in 1750, as a Guardiamarina, Lángara quickly distinguished himself in various wars. From 1766 until 1771 he made several scientific expeditions, among others, three voyages to the Philippines and the China Sea, and made several important contributions in cartography. In 1774 he commanded the frigate La Rosalia on a scientific expedition, which led to several important discoveries with regards to pilotage and navigation.

Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)
By 1778, he was a Brigadier or Commodore and participated in the Armada of 1779, capturing the British corvette HMS Winchcomb, the only Royal Navy ship lost during the failed expedition. When the combined fleet wintered at Brest and Cádiz respectively, during the winter 1779–80, Lángara was left in command of a small squadron of 11, mostly smaller ships of the line. With this he faced the entire naval strength of 18 battleships and 6 frigates under Sir George Rodney off the stormy, dark cliffs of Cape St. Vincent, in the afternoon of 16 January 1780.

Lángara's intention had been to intercept a British convoy destined for the relief of Gibraltar; but the French authorities, who knew well enough about Rodney's departure and strength, failed to warn the Spanish, who maintained Lángara's fatal orders until it was too late. He and his crews could not prevent the British from capturing five of their own number, while the 70-gun Santo Domingo blew up during the early evening. Lángara surrendered at 2 a.m. with his flagship, the 80-gun Fénix, completely battered. This battle is known as the Moonlight Battle, because it was unusual for naval battles in the age of sail to take place at night.

Released from captivity soon afterwards, Lángara's career did not suffer. By 1793 he was a Capitán General of the Spanish fleet, after serving for a time as an effective naval minister.

French Revolutionary Wars
In 1793 he joined Sir Samuel Hood, with 18 Spanish ships-of-the-line, in capturing the French naval arsenal of Toulon (August–December). The mutual cooperation between the two sides was marked by tension and suspicion. Horatio Nelson had acquired a poor opinion of Spanish seamen when he visited the port of Cádiz on his way to the Mediterranean, which is not surprising as the Spanish mercantile marine was so small that only about 10 per cent of the Spanish Navy's crewmen were experienced seamen. At Toulon, these tensions made it difficult to defend the newly-captured arsenal. When Gravina was heavily wounded, a Spanish lieutenant general called Valdez asserted his own claim to overall command of the allied force. In support of that claim, Lángara moved his three-decker Reina Luisa flagship into a position broadside on to HMS Victory with two other three-deckers on her bow and quarter. Hood, however, resisted this attempted intimidation.

Before Toulon was evacuated, British and Spanish incendiary parties commanded by Sir Sidney Smith were sent to destroy the arsenal and the ships in the harbour. It was Lángara who conducted the rear-guard action, in which his men blew up the arsenal and refloated a number of warships, later sent to Britain. Hood was able to get fifteen French ships out of Toulon before the fall of the city. On 14 February 1795, after 6 hours of chase aboard the ship of the line Reina Luisa he captured the 32-gun French frigate Helène.

For a short while, after the alliance between France and Spain had been concluded, in 1795, Lángara co-operated with Napoleon during his Italian campaign of 1796, and sailed from Cádiz with nineteen ships of the line and ten frigates, escaped past Rear-Admiral Mann's division which Jervis had posted to watch Cádiz and passed into the Mediterranean Sea. He collected seven ships at Cartagena and cruised as far as Corsica, but did not attack the British squadron lying in San Fiorenzo Bay. He proceeded to Toulon, where the combined Franco-Spanish fleet, totalling 38 ships of the line, heavily outnumbered the British Mediterranean squadron, which had lost a third of its strength after Mann precipitately fled back to the English Channel. The French and Spanish navies' success in joining up in this way caused the Admiralty in London to order the Royal Navy to evacuate both Corsica and the Mediterranean.

The same year he was once again appointed Secretary of State for the Navy and made a Counsellor of State. In 1797, he was appointed Inspector-General of the navy. Retiring in 1799, he died in 1806.

Family
His wife, Doña María Lutgarda, the 2nd Marquésa del Real Transporte y de la Victoria, whom he had married in 1758 was the granddaughter of Don Juan José Navarro, 1st Marqués de la Victoria (for his victory over Sir John Byng at Cape Sicié, in 1744) and daughter of the renowned explorer and naval officer Don Antonio de Úlloa.

Namesakes
During Lángara's period at the head of the Spanish navy, Spanish explorers were charting the coast of what is now British Columbia, Canada, and, in their charts, named some land formations after him. His name is still found among place names in BC, including Langara Island, off the coast of northern BC, and Langara College in Vancouver, which was founded in 1970, as the Langara campus of Vancouver Community College, and obtained the status of an independent public college in 1994.

title: Juan de Lángara


text:
Duff Green

Duff Green (August 15, 1791 – June 10, 1875) was an American teacher, military leader, Democratic Party politician, journalist, author, diplomat and industrialist.

Early life and education
Green, the son of William and Lucy Ann (Marshall) Green, was born August 15, 1791, in Woodford County, Kentucky. He was a school teacher in his native state of Kentucky and served under General William Henry Harrison in the Kentucky militia in the War of 1812 and led the Missouri Brigade in the Indian Campaign, earning the rank brigadier general. Thereafter, he was known by many as General Duff Green. He then settled in Missouri, where he worked as a schoolmaster and practiced law. He was a member of the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1820, and was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1820 and to the Missouri State Senate in 1822, serving one term in each house. Becoming interested in journalism, he purchased and for two years edited the St Louis Enquirer.

Career
In 1826, in Washington, DC, Green bought and later edited, The United States Telegraph, which became the principal organ of Andrew Jackson's backers, helping him defeat John Quincy Adams in the presidential election of 1828. Upon Jackson's election to the presidency, the Telegraph became the principal mouthpiece of the administration, receiving printing patronage estimated at $50,000 a year. Green became one of the côterie of unofficial advisers of Jackson, known as the Kitchen Cabinet, on which Jackson depended heavily after the Petticoat affair. In the quarrel between Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun, Green supported Calhoun and, through the Telegraph, violently attacked the Jackson administration.

In consequence, the Jackson administration revoked its patronage for the Telegraph in the spring of 1831. Under the date of December 24, 1833, Adams records in his diary that James Blair "had knocked down and very severely beaten Duff Green, editor of the Telegraph...." Blair paid a "three hundred dollars fine for beating and breaking the bones" of Green. Green, however, continued to edit The United States Telegraph in the Calhoun interest until 1835 and gave vigorous support to Calhoun's views in the Nullification Crisis. Duff's daughter, Margaret Maria, was the mother of Calhoun's grandson, also named John Caldwell Calhoun. In his second term, Jackson replaced Calhoun with Martin Van Buren as vice president.

From 1835 to 1838, Green edited The Reformation, a radically partisan publication, devoted to free trade, states' rights, and the idea of "Manifest Destiny". In 1840, he established the Pilot in Baltimore to support the Harrison-Tyler ticket. Although initially endorsed by the Whig party, Green's controversial editorials on Catholic influence in American politics alienated his readers. Subscriptions declined, and publication was suspended in 1841.

In 1841 to 1843, he was in Europe on behalf of the administration of President John Tyler and is said to have been instrumental in causing the appointment of Lord Ashburton to negotiate in Washington on the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada.

In January 1844, Green established in New York City a short-lived journal, The Republic, to combat the spoils system and to advocate free trade. In September 1844, Calhoun, now secretary of state, sent Green to Texas ostensibly as consul at Galveston but actually, it appears, to report to the administration, which was then considering the question of the annexation of Texas, on the political situation in Texas and Mexico.

After the close of the Mexican–American War, Green was sent to Mexico in 1849 by President Zachary Taylor to negotiate concerning the money that in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States had agreed to pay, and he saved his country a considerable sum by arranging for payment in exchange instead of in specie.

Subsequently, Green was engaged in railway building in Georgia and Alabama. He was also one of the founding associates in the incorporation of the New Mexican Railway Company. Duff was attracted to Dalton, Georgia in 1851 by the construction of the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad from Knoxville, Tennessee to connect with the Western and Atlantic Railroad. He profited by making strategic land purchases. As his wealth grew, he donated land for many public projects in Dalton.

American Civil War
During the American Civil War, Green organized three iron manufacturing plants for production of iron, nails, horseshoes, and rails in support of the Confederacy. He and his son Ben also established the Dalton Arms Company in 1862.

Meeting with Abraham Lincoln in Virginia
On April 4, 1865, near the end of the war, Green reportedly met with US President Abraham Lincoln aboard a US Navy ship as the latter visited Virginia. Calling Green a friend, Lincoln greeted him amicably with a smile at first, but Green did not reciprocate in kind, refusing to shake Lincoln's hand when it was offered. In full view of US Navy admiral David Dixon Porter, Green reportedly then proceeded to verbally berate Lincoln, calling him a tyrant, a murderer, and accusing him of visiting Virginia only to gloat boastfully over the defeated Confederacy as well as accusing him of starting the Civil War. After patiently listening to Green berate him for a while, Lincoln's smile soon disappeared and, according to Porter's narrative, Lincoln became incensed, angrily condemning Green as a traitor for supporting the Confederacy:

"Stop, you political tramp. You, the aider and abettor of those who have brought all this ruin upon your country, without the courage to risk your person in defense of the principles you profess to espouse! A fellow who stood by to gather up the loaves and fishes, if any should fall to you! A man who had no principles in the North, and took none South with him! A political hyena who robbed the graves of the dead, and adopted their language as his own! You talk of the North cutting the throats of the Southern people. You have all cut your own throats, and, unfortunately, have cut many of those of the North. Miserable impostor, vile intruder! Go, before I forget myself and the high position I hold! Go, I tell you, and don't desecrate this national vessel another minute!"

Porter's account ends with Green, surprised and left speechless by Lincoln's rare bout of anger, quickly exiting the room and being removed from the ship. According to another eyewitness account, however, namely that of Lincoln's bodyguard William H. Crook, Lincoln listened impassively and said nothing until Green, having "exhausted himself," said, "I would like, sir, to go to my friends," prompting Lincoln to direct Gen. Godfrey Weitzel, who was also present, to "please give Mr. Green a pass to go to his friends."

Pardon by Andrew Johnson
After the war, Green was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson for his support of the Confederacy and paid a $20,000 fine.

Later life and death
Green was one of the founding members of the Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency, incorporated November 1, 1859 in Pennsylvania. At the time, he gained 42,000 shares but paid with a bad check the 5% payment on only 5,000 shares. On March 26, 1864, Thomas C. Durant, the vice president of the Union Pacific Railroad Company purchased the corporation as a front construction company, whereby the directors and principal stock holders of the Union Pacific retained all construction profits. They then used the funds to purchase Union Pacific stock at par value and resell it on the open market for even greater profits. Durant changed the company name to the Crédit Mobilier of America. The scandal involving the sale of discounted Credit Mobilier stock to Congressional members voting for payment of exorbitant transcontinental railroad construction costs took place during the Johnson administration but was uncovered during the Grant administration.

Green died in Dalton, Georgia, a city that he had helped to build.

Works

 * Facts and Suggestions, Biographical, Historical, Financial and Political: addressed to the people of the United States. C. S. Westcott & Co.'s Union Printing Office, 1866
 * Facts and Suggestions Relative to Finance & Currency, addressed to the President of the Confederate States. J. T. Paterson & Co., 1864
 * How to Pay off the National Debt: regulate the value of money, and maintain stability in the values of property and labor. Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1872

title: Duff Green