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Jake Peavy

Jacob Edward Peavy (born May 31, 1981) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who is currently an on-air analyst for MLB Network. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox, and San Francisco Giants. He batted and threw right-handed.

While with the Padres, he won the 2007 NL Cy Young Award after recording the Pitching Triple Crown that year. He was traded from the White Sox to the Red Sox in 2013, and helped them to a World Series title later that season. A year later he was traded to the San Francisco Giants, with whom he won another title that season. He is the second starting pitcher after Don Gullett to win two consecutive World Series championship titles with different teams, one in each league. He is one of ten players in Major League history to have won back-to-back World Series championships titles on different teams (Joc Pederson, Ben Zobrist, Jack Morris, Bill Skowron, Clem Labine, Don Gullett, Allie Clark, Ryan Theriot, Will Smith).

Early life
Jacob Edward Peavy was born on May 31, 1981, in Mobile, Alabama.

Draft and minor leagues
Peavy was drafted by the San Diego Padres in the 15th round (472nd overall) of the 1999 MLB draft out of high school (St. Paul's Episcopal School). He was named the high school player of the year in the state of Alabama. Peavy declined an offer to pitch for Auburn University in order to accept the Padres' contract offer.

Peavy pitched for the Arizona League Padres and the Idaho Falls Braves in 1999 and the Fort Wayne Wizards in 2000. In 2001, Peavy played with the Lake Elsinore Storm and the Mobile BayBears. He split the 2002 season between the BayBears and the San Diego Padres.

2002–2006
Peavy was called up from Double-A to make his major league debut on June 22, 2002, against the New York Yankees at Qualcomm Stadium. He lost the game, allowing one run on three hits in six innings while striking out four. In total, Peavy had six wins and seven losses with a 4.52 earned run average (ERA) and 90 strikeouts. The Padres won just 66 games and were in the cellar of the NL West. In his sophomore season, Peavy started 32 games (194.2 IP), with a 4.11 earned run average, a 12–11 record, and 156 strikeouts. The Padres finished last in their division again at a 64–98 record.

During his third year of major league experience in 2004, Peavy emerged as the Padres' ace starting pitcher and one of the best pitchers in baseball. He compiled a 15–6 record, struck out 173 in 166 innings, and led Major League Baseball with a 2.27 ERA. He became the youngest pitcher to win an ERA title since Dwight Gooden in 1985. On September 17, 2004, Peavy allowed Barry Bonds' 700th career home run.

On March 5, 2005, he signed a four-year, $14.5 million contract and held a club option for 2009 extension with the Padres.

During the 2005 season, Peavy was selected for the National League All-Star team and ended the regular season leading the National League in strikeouts with 216 (in 203 innings). He was second in the majors to Minnesota's Johan Santana who had 238 strikeouts. In addition, he finished the season with a 13–7 record, 2.88 ERA, a strikeout-to-walk ratio of over 4:1 and WHIP of 1.044.

After the Padres won the National League West in 2005, Peavy missed the rest of the season with a broken rib, which he apparently suffered while celebrating. Peavy was the captain of Team USA in the 2006 World Baseball Classic, held in San Diego. He started the opening game for the U.S., a 2–0 win over Mexico, giving up just one hit and no runs over three innings. He did not factor in the decision in the second-round game against Japan, as he gave up three runs in five innings in a game that the U.S. won, 4–3.

In 2006, Peavy got off to a rocky start, in part due to mechanical adjustments brought on by various off-season injuries. Although Peavy would go only 11–14 with a 4.09 ERA, he still managed to finish second in the National League in strikeouts with 215, one shy of both his 2005 league-leading total and of the 2006 NL strikeout leader, Aaron Harang, who logged 32 more innings than Peavy. In the playoffs, the Padres again faced the St. Louis Cardinals in the first round. As the game one starter, Peavy had a much stronger outing than his 2005 playoff game, but the Padres again lost to the Cardinals.

2007–2009
On July 1, 2007, for the second time in his career, Peavy was named to the 2007 NL All-Star Team. On July 9, he was named as the starting pitcher for the NL. On August 2, Peavy struck out Arizona Diamondbacks outfielder Jeff DaVanon, for his 1000th career strikeout.

Peavy won the pitching Triple Crown in 2007, leading the National League with 19 wins, 240 strikeouts, and a 2.54 ERA. Since the divisional play era started in 1969, Peavy is only the eighth player to accomplish this feat. On October 23, Peavy won the Players Choice Award for Outstanding NL Pitcher. He added the NL Cy Young award—as a unanimous choice—on November 15, becoming just the 10th National League player in history to win the Cy Young Award in a unanimous vote (Sandy Koufax was unanimously selected three times).

The completion of the 2007 campaign represented Peavy's sixth year in the league. Over that six-year period Peavy collected two strikeout champion awards, two major league ERA titles, and a unanimous, triple-crown Cy Young Award.

On December 12, 2007, he signed a 4-year extension, worth $52 million with the Padres. At the time the contract was the largest in Padres history. The contract included a $22 million option for 2013.

On April 5, 2008, Peavy pitched a two-hit complete game over the Los Angeles Dodgers. The following day, still-images from FOX sports video feed from the game showed a dirty, brown substance on the index and middle fingers, along with his thumb. Manager Bud Black defended Peavy saying that "it was a mixture of dirt and rosin". In the two games immediately following the report, Peavy posted a 1–0 record with a 1.92 ERA. In May, he went on the DL with a sore throwing elbow. He returned on June 12 and pitched six shutout innings with four strikeouts. He ended 2008 with only a 10–11 record, but had one of the lowest run support per start of any pitcher in the league, and finished the season with a 2.85 ERA.

Peavy had been the subject of numerous trade rumors during the 2008 offseason, amidst reports that the Padres were looking to reduce salaries and build on young players for the future. In November 2008, Peavy added the New York Yankees to the list of teams he would accept a trade to. The list included several teams from the NL including the Atlanta Braves, St. Louis Cardinals, the Chicago Cubs, the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Houston Astros. Peavy preferred to be in the NL, so the Yankees would not be involved. The Astros and Cardinals decided they would not pursue Peavy after talking with GM Kevin Towers on what they would have to give up.

In November 2008, the Padres were working with the Braves on a Peavy trade, in which Peavy would be traded to Atlanta for SS Yunel Escobar, OF Gorkys Hernández, P Blaine Boyer and one of P Charlie Morton or P Jo-Jo Reyes. The Padres wanted the two top prospects in the organization as well, pitcher Tommy Hanson and outfielder Jordan Schafer, but after a few weeks, the Braves decided to move on to bring in a few free agents.

In spring training, Peavy pitched 14 total innings with no runs allowed, 10 strikeouts and no walks. He rejected a trade to the Chicago White Sox, which included Aaron Poreda and Clayton Richard, saying that remaining in San Diego was best for him and his family. On May 22, Peavy hurt his ankle rounding third base against the Chicago Cubs in a start where he earned the win with 6 scoreless innings and 10 strikeouts a day after rejecting a trade to the White Sox. On June 12, Peavy learned he had a strained tendon in the back of his ankle, suffered in the May 22 start. He was placed on the DL the same day. At the time of his injury, Peavy was 6–6 with 3.96 ERA and 92 strikeouts.

Chicago White Sox (2009–2013)
On July 31, Peavy agreed to a trade to the Chicago White Sox in a last-minute trade deadline day deal for Clayton Richard, Aaron Poreda, Adam Russell and Dexter Carter.

In his first start for the White Sox, Peavy pitched 5 innings, giving up 3 runs (all earned), and striking out 5, getting the win against the Kansas City Royals. Peavy went 3–0 in his time with the White Sox compiling his year's record to 9–6. In his 2009 stint with the White Sox he shut out the Detroit Tigers on two occasions.

In 2010, Peavy started 2–5 with a 6.05 ERA. Peavy then won five consecutive starts with a 1.99 ERA. On July 6, while pitching in the second inning against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Peavy injured his right arm and immediately walked off the field. He was diagnosed with a detached latissimus dorsi muscle in his back. He underwent surgery on July 14, 2010, at the Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and was knocked out for the remainder of the season.

Due to various injuries and fatigue, Peavy was limited to only pitching in 19 games in 2011. Peavy started 18 games and came out of the bullpen once for the first time ever in his MLB career. Peavy finished the season posting a win–loss record of 7–7 with an ERA of 4.92 and 95 strikeouts.

Peavy was named the AL Pitcher of the Month for April 2012, pitching 3–1 with a 1.67 ERA and 33 strikeouts in 5 starts, all quality starts. Peavy threw 2 consecutive complete games and one shutout. On July 8, 2012, Peavy was selected to the All-Star Game as a replacement for C. J. Wilson. Peavy was awarded the 2012 American League Gold Glove Award, sharing the award with Tampa Bay's Jeremy Hellickson. It was the first Gold Glove award of his career. On October 30, 2012, Peavy signed a two-year, $29 million extension with a vesting option for 2015, keeping him with the White Sox at least through the 2014 season.

On June 4, 2013, Peavy came out of a game against the Seattle Mariners in the fourth inning with a left rib fracture and was placed on the disabled list. Prior to that, he had registered a 4.30 ERA, 1.16 WHIP and 66/15 K/BB ratio in 67 innings. He was activated from the DL and made his first start against the Atlanta Braves on July 20.

Boston Red Sox (2013–2014)
On July 30, 2013, Peavy was traded to the Boston Red Sox along with Brayan Villarreal in a three-team trade, in which José Iglesias went to the Detroit Tigers and Avisail García, J. B. Wendelken, Frankie Montas and Cleuluis Rondon went to the White Sox. On August 3, Peavy had a winning debut as the Red Sox defeated the Arizona Diamondbacks 5–2.

On October 30, 2013, Peavy and his fellow Boston Red Sox teammates won the World Series, the first of Peavy's career. After the victory parade, in which Red Sox players and coaches rode through the streets of Boston on duck boats, Peavy purchased the duck boat that carried him and teammate Jon Lester, to commemorate the season.

San Francisco Giants (2014–2016)
On July 26, 2014, the Boston Red Sox traded Peavy to the San Francisco Giants along with cash considerations for pitching prospects Edwin Escobar and Heath Hembree. This trade reunited Peavy with manager Bruce Bochy. Having worn number 44 throughout his career, Peavy wore jersey number 43, since number 44 is retired in honor of Giants' Hall of Famer Willie McCovey.

After losing his first three quality starts as a Giant, including a perfect game through innings, Peavy switched his jersey number from 43 to 22 for good luck; number 22 was his jersey number from Mobile, Alabama. On August 13, 2014, in a 7–1 home win over his former team the Chicago White Sox, Peavy recorded his first career win as a Giant after switching numbers. On August 30, 2014, in a 3–1 home win against the Milwaukee Brewers, Peavy struck out Aramis Ramírez for his 2,000th career strikeout, three days after teammate Tim Hudson got his. He did not allow a hit until the eighth inning to Mark Reynolds.

He won the first game of the 2014 NLDS against the Washington Nationals on October 3, 2014. On October 29, 2014, Peavy won his second consecutive World Series ring, despite losing both his starts, after the Giants defeated the Royals, 3–2, in Game 7. Peavy became the second starting pitcher after Don Gullett to win two consecutive World Series championship titles with two teams, one in each league. He is one of ten players in Major League history to win back-to-back World Series championship titles on different teams. (Will Smith, Joc Pederson, Ben Zobrist, Ryan Theriot, Jack Morris, Bill Skowron, Don Gullett, Clem Labine, and Allie Clark)

On December 19, 2014, Peavy agreed to a two-year deal worth $24 million to stay with the Giants. He went on to play with San Francisco through the 2016 season; in his three years with the Giants he had a 19–19 record and 3.97 ERA, with 238 strikeouts and 78 walks in 308 innings pitched. He became a free agent on November 3, 2016.

Late career
Peavy did not pitch in MLB or the minor leagues during the 2017 season. In May 2018, he stated his interest in a comeback. He officially announced his retirement on May 5, 2019. In 2023, he was announced as a new inductee of the San Diego Padres Hall of Fame.

Broadcasting career
In March 2022, Peavy joined MLB Network as an on-air analyst and has since appeared on multiple MLB Network shows including MLB Tonight.

Scouting report
Peavy's repertoire included six pitches, although he mostly used a four-seam fastball at 88–92 mph and a slider in the low 80s. He also had a two-seam fastball, a curveball, a changeup, and a cutter. Peavy tended to throw the curve and change more against lefties, and he did not use his two-seamer or cutter often. Peavy's two-seam fastball acted primarily as a sinker and induced many ground balls. This allowed Peavy to induce many double plays when runners were on base. Peavy liked to run his fastballs in on lefties and make the pitch break back into the zone, similar to a power version of Greg Maddux's technique.

Accomplishments

 * 2× World Series Champion
 * NL Cy Young Award (2007)
 * NL Pitching Triple Crown (2007)
 * NL Wins Champion (2007)
 * 2× NL ERA Champion (2004, 2007)
 * 2× NL Strikeouts Champion (2005, 2007)
 * Rawlings Gold Glove Award (2012)
 * 3× MLB All-Star (2005, 2007, 2012)
 * 2x NL All-Star (2005, 2007)
 * AL All-Star (2012)
 * MLB All-Star Game NL Starting Pitcher (2007)
 * Included on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame class of, announced on November 22, 2021

MLB Records
Regular season records San Diego Padres Records
 * Only starting pitcher to win two consecutive World Series' (2013 Boston Red Sox and 2014 San Francisco Giants) in both leagues (-)
 * 1,348 career strikeouts
 * 16 strikeouts in a single game on May 22, 2006, against the Atlanta Braves at Petco Park

Personal life
Peavy married his high school sweetheart, Katie Alford, in 2000, when he was 19 years old. They have four sons: Jacob, Wyatt, Judson, and Waylon. Peavy's divorce was finalized on November 28, 2017, and he and his ex maintain joint custody of their children.

Peavy is legally blind without corrective lenses. He is an outspoken Christian and has been interviewed about his religion. Peavy has a tattoo on his forearm with the word "Outsider".

In 2008, Peavy bought a 5000 acre ranch in Wilcox County, Alabama called Southern Falls Plantation. The property includes a bowling alley, saloon, hunting lodge, and replica of Fenway Park. In 2013, Peavy bought for the plantation a World War II duck boat formerly used by Boston Duck Tours for tourist purposes and special events like the 2013 World Series Parade. He hopes it will become a family heirloom. During a World Series Game 6 pre-game press conference, Peavy's son let the media know that his dad would purchase the family a cable car for the ranch if the Giants won the 2014 World Series, which they did. Once shipped to Alabama, it was planned to be converted into a bar.

Peavy is a fan of Alabama Crimson Tide football and was invited to be a guest for ESPN's College Gameday on the campus of Alabama in 2013.

In 2015, Peavy stated he had been a smokeless tobacco user since he was in fifth grade.

Peavy started playing guitar in 2002 when he and Tim Flannery were with the San Diego Padres. He has since performed at several benefit concerts.

During the San Francisco Giants' 2016 spring training camp, Peavy learned that he had been the victim of a Ponzi-like scheme at the hands of his financial advisor who had siphoned away some $15 million to $20 million of his retirement savings.

title: Jake Peavy


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Euskobarómetro

The Euskobarómetro ("Basque-barometer") is a sociological statistical survey in the Basque Country (País Vasco), an autonomous community of Spain. It is conducted by the Department of Political Science of the University of the Basque Country.

Technique
The poll does not cover Navarre or the Basque areas of France; where Basque nationalism is generally believed to be weaker than in the three provinces of the Basque Country autonomous community. It is based on personal interviews at home.

On Basque separatism
Because the Spanish government has passed laws outlawing formal referendums about the possibility of Basque independence, the Euskobarómetro is one of the better gauges available of the extent of Basque political sentiment. According to the survey, a significant number of Basques support independence of their region from Spain, but rather few support the violence of groups such as ETA:

 * 33% favor Basque independence, 31% federalism, 32% autonomy, 2% centralism. (2% undecided or not answering)
 * Asked whether they agree or disagree with the statement, "Today in Euskadi it is possible to defend all political aspirations and objectives without the necessity of resorting to violence", 87% agree and only 4% disagree (9% undecided or not answering). In fact, 33% of those who identify politically with ETA-affiliated Batasuna agreed with the statement.
 * Asked directly about their views of ETA, 60% rejected ETA totally and another 18% identified themselves as former ETA sympathizers who no longer support the group. Another 13% agreed with ETA's ends, but not their means. 3% said that their attitude towards ETA was mainly one of fear, 2% indifference. Only 2%, all identified with Batasuna, gave ETA support even as mild as "justified, with criticism". 2% were undecided or did not answer. Even within Batasuna, 63% rejected ETA's violence.

title: Euskobarómetro


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Pillow block bearing

A pillow block bearing (or plummer block) is a pedestal used to support a rotating shaft with the help of compatible bearings and various accessories. The assembly consists of a mounting block which houses a bearing. The block is mounted to a foundation, and a shaft is inserted, allowing the inner part of the bearing/shaft to rotate. The inside of the bearing is typically 0.001 in larger diameter than the shaft to ensure a tight fit. Set screws, locking collars, or set collars are commonly used to secure the shaft. Housing material for a pillow block is typically made of cast iron or cast steel.

Types
A pillow block usually refers to a housing with an included anti-friction bearing, wherein the mounted shaft is in a parallel plane to the mounting surface and perpendicular to the center line of the mounting holes, as contrasted with various types of flange blocks or flange units.

Bearing types
A pillow block may contain a bearing with one of several types of rolling elements, including ball, cylindrical roller, spherical roller, tapered roller, or metallic or synthetic bushing. The type of rolling element defines the type of pillow block.

Plummer blocks
Pillow blocks differ from "plummer blocks" which are bearing housings supplied without any bearings and are usually meant for higher load ratings and a separately installed bearing. Plummer block bearings are designed for more corrosive environments. The fundamental application of both types is the same, which is to mount a bearing safely enabling its outer ring to be stationary while allowing rotation of the inner ring. The housing is bolted to a foundation through the holes in the base.

Construction
Bearing housings may be either split type or solid type. Split type housings are usually two-piece housings where the cap and base may be detached, while solid are single-piece housings.

Dust and water protection
Various sealing arrangements may be provided to prevent dust and other contaminants from entering the housing. Thus, the housing provides a clean environment for the environmentally sensitive bearing to rotate free from contaminants while retaining lubrication, either oil or grease, increasing its performance and duty cycle.

Materials
Bearing housings are usually made of grey cast iron. However, various grades of metals can be used to manufacture the same, including ductile iron, steel, stainless steel, and various types of thermoplastics and polyethylene-based plastics.

The bearing element may be manufactured from 52100 chromium steel alloy (the most common), stainless steel, plastic, or bushing materials such as SAE660 cast bronze, SAE841 oil impregnated sintered bronze, or synthetic materials.

Standards
ISO 113 specifies internationally accepted dimensions for plummer blocks.

title: Pillow block bearing


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Paper chromatography

Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate coloured chemicals or substances. It is now primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced in the laboratory by other chromatography methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC).

The setup has three components. The mobile phase is a solution that travels up the stationary phase by capillary action. The mobile phase is generally a mixture of non-polar organic solvent, while the stationary phase is polar inorganic solvent water. Here paper is used to support the stationary phase, water. Polar water molecules are held inside the void space of the cellulose network of the host paper. The difference between TLC and paper chromatography is that the stationary phase in TLC is a layer of adsorbent (usually silica gel, or aluminium oxide), and the stationary phase in paper chromatography is less absorbent paper.

A paper chromatography variant, two-dimensional chromatography, involves using two solvents and rotating the paper 90° in between. This is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having similar polarity, for example, amino acids.

Rƒ value, solutes, and solvents
The retention factor (Rƒ) may be defined as the ratio of the distance travelled by the solute to the distance travelled by the solvent. It is used in chromatography to quantify the amount of retardation of a sample in a stationary phase relative to a mobile phase. Rƒ values are usually expressed as a fraction of two decimal places. For example, if a compound travels 9.9 cm and the solvent front travels 12.7 cm, the Rƒ value = (9.9/12.7) = 0.779 or 0.78. Rƒ value depends on temperature and the solvent used in experiment, so several solvents offer several Rƒ values for the same mixture of compound. A solvent in chromatography is the liquid the paper is placed in, and the solute is the ink which is being separated.
 * If Rƒ value of a solution is zero, the solute remains in the stationary phase and thus it is immobile.
 * If Rƒ value = 1 then the solute has no affinity for the stationary phase and travels with the solvent front.

Pigments and polarity
Paper chromatography is one method for testing the purity of compounds and identifying substances. Paper chromatography is a useful technique because it is relatively quick and requires only small quantities of material. Separations in paper chromatography involve the principle of partition. In paper chromatography, substances are distributed between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase is the water trapped between the cellulose fibers of the paper. The mobile phase is a developing solution that travels up the stationary phase, carrying the samples with it. Components of the sample will separate readily according to how strongly they adsorb onto the stationary phase versus how readily they dissolve in the mobile phase.

When a colored chemical sample is placed on a filter paper, the colors separate from the sample by placing one end of the paper in a solvent. The solvent diffuses up the paper, dissolving the various molecules in the sample according to the polarities of the molecules and the solvent. If the sample contains more than one color, that means it must have more than one kind of molecule. Because of the different chemical structures of each kind of molecule, the chances are very high that each molecule will have at least a slightly different polarity, giving each molecule a different solubility in the solvent. The unequal solubility causes the various color molecules to leave solution at different places as the solvent continues to move up the paper. The more soluble a molecule is, the higher it will migrate up the paper. If a chemical is very non-polar it will not dissolve at all in a very polar solvent. This is the same for a very polar chemical and a very non-polar solvent.

It is very important to note that when using water (a very polar substance) as a solvent, the more polar the color, the higher it will rise on the papers.

Descending
Development of the chromatogram is done by allowing the solvent to travel down the paper. Here, the mobile phase is placed in a solvent holder at the top. The spot is kept at the top and solvent flows down the paper from above.

Ascending
Here the solvent travels up the chromatographic paper. Both descending and ascending paper chromatography are used for the separation of organic and inorganic substances. The sample and solvent move upward.

Ascending-descending
This is the hybrid of both of the above techniques. The upper part of ascending chromatography can be folded over a rod in order to allow the paper to become descending after crossing the rod.

Circular chromatography
A circular filter paper is taken and the sample is deposited at the center of the paper. After drying the spot, the filter paper is tied horizontally on a Petri dish containing solvent, so that the wick of the paper is dipped in the solvent. The solvent rises through the wick and the components are separated into concentric rings.

Two-dimensional
In this technique a square or rectangular paper is used. Here the sample is applied to one of the corners and development is performed at a right angle to the direction of the first run.

History of paper chromatography
The discovery of paper chromatography in 1943 by Martin and Synge provided, for the first time, the means of surveying constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. Erwin Chargaff credits in Weintraub's history of the man the 1944 article by Consden, Gordon and Martin. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945.

title: Paper chromatography


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Talk:Mernda line

Early text
I have some conflicting opening dates of this line - 1889 and 1891. Does anybody know the truth? Cnwb 22:37, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

According The Whittlesea Railway by Robert Aquilina, the Reservoir to Whittlesea section was opened on December 20, 1889. Lokicarbis 11:28, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

Which is the branch?

 * Why is Epping considered to be a branch off the Hurstbridge line and not the other way around? • Le  on  01:31, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps because Hurstbridge is the longer line? I would usually go for the branch being the later one to open, but in this case, the first sections of both lines opened on the same day, so the choice would be arbitrary.  Philip J. Rayment 02:32, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Double track
The line is now double track to Epping. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Herestoree (talk • contribs) 23:47, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned references in South Morang railway line
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of South Morang railway line's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "railpage.com.au": From Proposed Melbourne rail extensions:  From Victorian Goldfields Railway: http://www.railpage.com.au/f-t11351359-s525.htm

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 13:02, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

with services beyond this point to Whittlesea discontinued, and the line closed.
However, services continued on the Whittlesea line by road bus. The bus remained a Vic Rail tendered (Rather than MMBT tendered) private service until bus and rail re-organisation many years later. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.200.27.15 (talk • contribs) 09:49, 23 September 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 17 July 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Sourcing appears in support of the originally proposed move. (closed by non-admin page mover) EggRoll97 (talk) 05:39, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

Mernda railway line → Mernda line – WP:COMMONNAME swap with redirect ThylacineHunter  (talk) 07:59, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: redirects are ineligible to be current titles in move requests, and there is no need to list the redirect, Mernda line, to be swapped. A title swap will happen automatically if the Mernda railway line article is moved as proposed.  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'er there 19:41, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Comment No opinion on whether it should be moved, but it would be a good idea also to nominate similarly titled pages in Category:Railway lines in Melbourne for consistency. Also there is no need to separately list the redirect as if the move request is successful, it would automatically be swapped. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 08:36, 17 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, convention for Australian railway line articles where both the physical railway line and the services that operate on it are covered in one article, is to use the Foo railway line format, with the service a redirect. Bagufleat (talk) 03:53, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Mernda line, oppose Mernda line service as per WP:COMMONNAME. Mernda line is the common name, as shown by      . Is "Mernda line service" a name that is used anywhere? Steelkamp (talk) 04:45, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

Sourcing
@ThylacineHunter could you please add references to the operators table? This has been mentioned as something needed in the GA review. HoHo3143 (talk) 08:49, 19 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mernda line


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Talk:Vortex

Mohyi Labs Simplified Vortex Explanation
(I'm the inventor of ducted counter vortex radial impeller technology (The Bladeless Drone) and I formulated a more complete explanation of the vortex process for a post I made for climate engineering. Feel free to update the explaination page with the updated explaination and contact me at John@MohyiLabs.Com if you have any questions -John Mohyi)

Climate Engineering: Tornados & Hurricanes

Intro & Disclaimer: After researching propulsion in depth, it occurred to me that my understanding of flows for aerospace applications could be applied to natural systems. Below is an explanation of the still poorly understood phenomena of Tornados & Hurricanes consistent within the framework I developed for an advanced propulsion system my team and I have been designing. The explanation below has not been peer reviewed nor has it been subjected to rigorous scientific testing. The explanation below is subject to change, and both support and criticism from experts in the field are welcome as this is meant to spark a conversation. You can also contact me directly at John@MohyiLabs.com or follow Mohyi Labs on Facebook Here.

Mohyi Principle: If there is one fundamental truth about the universe, it is that the universe is always seeking balance. Every particle, equation, and person is bound by this fundamental principle, and to understand it is to be a master of fate.

Tornados & Hurricanes: Gravity is the primary driving force behind Tornados and Hurricanes. It acts more strongly on denser particles pulling them closer to the center of gravity. Contrary to popular belief, hot air does not rise; rather it is displaced by the colder/denser air that gravity acts upon more strongly. This is the same phenomenon at work when oil and water separate into distinct layers. Gravity attracts the relatively denser water more than the relatively less dense oil. In the process, the water forces the oil to the top. This process in conjunction with the rotation of the earth and thermal expansion/contraction causes wind. The sources of thermal energy are both the sun and the earth itself.

The Vortex begins to form when the denser layer above, relative to gravitational pull, collapses at its weakest point into the less dense layer below, which is usually the center, and the downward momentum has an additive effect. This collapse will take on a concave geometry causing the pressure/density to drop at the center generating a vacuum force as it falls toward the center of gravity.

Every medium is constantly seeking balance or equilibrium. A flow is induced when the balance has tilted. A medium of higher density or concentration relative to its surroundings will always seek a lower state of energy by balancing itself with its environment. A flow in essence is simply an expansion. The expansion, though it expands in all directions simultaneously, will be observed as moving more in the direction of least resistance thus resembling a flow. Equal amounts of energy though are expended in all directions.

The vacuum pressure generated by the collapse of the upper layer into the lower layer will induce a flow from not only above, but from the sides of the vacuum as well. Because of conservation of angular momentum, as the flow converges toward the center of the vacuum it will rotate faster. The vortex will stabilize when the outward rotational force, relative to the center of the vacuum, is in equilibrium with the inward vacuum pressure force within the vortex. Since gravity attracts atoms more strongly closer to the surface of the earth, the gradual increase in the atmospheric pressure gives the vorticity its cone like geometry.

Practical Value: The practical value of this model its predictive power, which is a precursor to controlling and harnessing this natural phenomenon. In essence, the power to engage in climate engineering. A few approaches are available some more practical than others:

1) By decreasing the vacuum pressure at the center of the vortex, the vortex equilibrium would expand decreasing the rotation speed resulting from conservation of angular momentum. The most practical method using this approach is to increase the internal pressure via thermal expansion. This may be achieved by focusing a powerful laser at the center of the vortex, or by the use of explosives. This method would only decrease the rotational speed and provide only temporary relief unless the thermal transfer is sustained.

2) By decreasing the density of the upper layer via thermal expansion it is possible to stop a tornado or hurricane before it starts or at least decrease its intensity. This may be achieved by focusing a laser on the clouds or seeding them with an exothermic chemical. This would decrease the density and reduce the gravitational pull. This method may be counterproductive in the long run since the thermal energy will eventually disperse increasing the density.

3) By increasing the density of the upper layer past its collapsing threshold preemptively, it may be possible to prevent or reduce the size of a tornado or hurricane to tolerable levels. A process known as Cloud Seeding is a common practice in China and is used to increase rainfall. By seeding clouds with either silver iodide or dry ice we can fight hurricanes and tornados similar to the way we fight forest fires. (Note: Never seed the central region of an active tornado or hurricane with a cooling agent. That would increase the density and likely exacerbate the problem. You may be able to seed the periphery though.)

4) By building a tower that reaches into the clouds, it is possible to induce a controlled collapse of the denser atmosphere. Once the downward flow generates enough momentum, the gravitational potential energy can be converted into electricity similar to a dam.

Conclusion: Climate Engineering is the sensible response to climate change. Both natural and manmade weather fluctuations are a real concern and we have the capability today to respond to these threats. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:40F:401:180E:A8B8:34A1:D36B:FDAD (talk) 22:16, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

Picture of a C-17 Globemaster's vortex
Here's a reference to a stunning photograph of a United States Air Force (USAF) C-17 Globemaster III Military Transport's with vortex/twin tornadoes/wake to consider adding to the article:

ChamorroBible.org, Fagualo (Octubre) 10, 2004, "Manguaeyayon na Palabran Si Yuus - God's Precious Words, with The Photograph of the Day". Photo is in the public domain. Main site URL: http://ChamorroBible.org (referenced as "ChamorroBible.org" or the "Chamorro Bible" WWW site).
 * http://ChamorroBible.org/gpw/gpw-20041010.htm

On the humorous side see http://forums.fark.com/cgi/fark/comments.pl?IDLink=1160585.

 * It is certainly a beautiful photograph. However, I don't think it would add anything to the article, as there are two images here already. Those with broadband tend to forget what loading these pages can be like for poor old dial-up users! Graham 00:11, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hopf fibration
I was wondering if there are solutions to fluid dynamics equations that "look like" or somehow involve Hopf fibrations? The Hopf fibration is interesting because it resembles, in many ways, a dipole. Its vortex-like structure should also be appearant from the picture; I was wondering if there was a deeper connection, beyond the superficial resemblance. For example, is there a soliton-like solution to eqns of fluid dynamics that resembles the Hopf fibration in some way? Sorry for the "advanced" question, but I am curious. linas 00:57, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

"free surface […] is a parabola"
I always thought it was a catenary. Isn't it? -- 88.134.21.88 14:36, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Hmm, well IIRC, the variation in hydrostatic head (proportional to ρg dh/dr), provides the inward acceleration (proportional to ρrω*ω) - so no. Linuxlad 15:06, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Anyone know why this apparent anomaly?
a vortex that involves no shear and so does not require a force to maintain, is called 'forced', whereas a 'free' vortex involves shear so would require some force to keep going. Asplace 01:18, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * No. A vortex that involves no shear and so does not require a torque to maintain it is known as a 'free vortex' and velocity is inversely proportional to radius.  A vortex that involves shear and requires a torque to maintain it is a 'forced vortex' and velocity is proportional to radius.  Dolphin51 (talk) 12:42, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Confusing examples
Could someone please clarify these examples, and put them back in the article? Thanks... --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 06:00, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Ice stalactites are formed by a rotating column of downward-moving supercooled brine.
 * A small stream of falling water starts rotating immediately on release and does so until the speed of downward movement overcomes the cohesion of surface tension and causes its breakup into spray.

The definition doesn't quite fit
Just to comment--- reading the definition, it doesn't correlate to the photos provided. The current definition listed here states that a vortex is liquid, when the accompanying photo shows a vortex of gas. While I realize that the definition on Wikipedia was probably cut-n-pasted from any one of a half-dozen sites that quote the exact same words, but if you are going to use the image with the airplane, then you must change the definition to reflect this, or get rid of the photo. Thanks. 70.188.169.169 (talk) 06:40, 11 March 2011 (UTC)
 * The definition, and most of the article, uses the word fluid, not liquid. Fluid is intended to include gases, and a fluid is correctly thought of as either a gas or a liquid.
 * I agree that the definition looks amateurish. It talks about fluid flow that is spinning and often turbulent.  It also talks about closed streamlines.  I agree that vortex flow can be described as a flow that is spinning, but I disagree that turbulent is an essential part of vortex flow.  I also disagree that closed streamlines are an essential part of vortex flow.  For example, when an airfoil is generating lift there is a strong vortex at work (called the bound vortex) but the streamlines around the airfoil are not closed.
 * My preference would be to define vortex flow as any flow in which the streamlines are curved lines; and a vortex as the flow within a boundary where the circulation around the boundary is non-zero. The popular image of the vortex as a spinning flow with closed streamlines can be described as one excellent example of a vortex, but not the only flow that qualifies as a vortex.  However, I don't have a reference that defines the vortex in these terms.  Can someone help with a reference?  Dolphin  ( t ) 04:12, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

Pictures and descriptions of types of vortex don't match
The picture of motion in an irrotational vortex matches the description of the rotational vortex, and visa versa. This is because the faster flow in the center as described in the the free vortex section, causes the leaf points to turn away from the center, whereas the constant angular velocity (omega) with radius described in the forced vortex section keeps the leaf points pointing toward the center. Don't know whether the labels on the pictures or the article sections need to be changed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.113.109.18 (talk) 02:21, 9 August 2011
 * Thanks very much for alerting us to this problem. The problem arose in two edits made on 29 July 2011.  I have now rectified it by reverting to the situation that existed immediately prior to 29 July.  Dolphin  ( t ) 22:41, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

Hi, I am unhappy with the gif images of rotating vortexes. The text states that the rotation of free vortex speeds up as it approaches the center and the image shows something that is not speeding up at all. The ball closer to the center should be going a little quicker. I propose that I or someone else take a video of stuff suspended in water  going down a plughole to better explain what is happening. In the meantime, does anyone have gif editing software so that we can quickly fix the image? Thanks, Brian White Gaiatechnician (talk) 19:30, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The image of the rotational vortex appears to be correct - it shows the body of fluid rotating like a solid, and the two balls rotating through 360° every time the body of fluid makes one turn. I agree with you that the image of the irrotational vortex is incorrect in that the two balls have the same speed.  As you have explained, the ball on the inner circle should have a faster angular velocity and a faster linear velocity than the ball on the outer circle.  If the two balls were both on the same circle this problem would disappear.  The image of the irrotational vortex is correct in that it shows the two balls having no rotation.
 * These two images were added by Silver Spoon on 16 Nov 2011. I will alert Silver Spoon to this discussion and he might be able to quickly fix the situation.
 * If you are volunteering to make a video of objects going down a plughole please go ahead! Dolphin  ( t ) 21:35, 8 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I see, I could speed up the inner circle, it's no problem to do so :). I suggest 1 turn for the outer equals 2 turns for the inner. 10:39, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I've uploaded a new image. When the outer ring makes 1 rotation every subsequent ring makes 1 rotation extra in the same time (that's 2 rotations for the outer ball and 3 rotations for the inner ball in 1 loop of the image. The balls itself don't rotate.) 11:22, 12 January 2012 (UTC)
 * That's brilliant! Thanks Silver Spoon.  Dolphin  ( t ) 11:34, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Actually, the vortex is still not irrotational. Now, the angular velocity is proportional to $6 - r$, where $r$ is the number of the ring from the center, but for it to be irrotational the angular velocity should be proportional to $r-2$ (compare with File:Vorticity Figure 02 a-m.gif). It's a nice illustration though. —Kri (talk) 14:35, 26 August 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree that the illustration currently gives an incorrect rotation profile, with the velocity shown being a straight-line function of radius. Though Kri, I think it is meant to be proportional to $r^{–1}$, surely? I think we really need to insert formulae for the illustrations, with $\overline{ω} = ∇ × \overline{v}$, with $\overline{v} = k(−y, x)$ and $\overline{v} = kr^{−2}(−y, x)$ respectively. —Quondum 15:18, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The velocity should be proportional to $r^{–1}$, yes, but the angular velocity should be proportional to $r^{–2}$. I agree that it would be a good idea to insert formulae; I recently did the same in the Vorticity article. —Kri (talk) 17:11, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

Role of pressure confusing
The way pressure is treated (and also glossed over) is a bit confusing in this article. Firstly it is stated in the summary that the "the pressure minimum in a free vortex is much lower." That may be a mathematically precise phrase to use, but in lay speak is an ambiguous way to phrase things, since "lower" can be taken to mean "less intense." Secondly it is stated that the visible water condensation in a free air vortex is due to the low pressure. Actually it must be due to low temperature caused by adiabatical cooling of depressurized water vapor, since a low pressure in and of itself without a temperature change would tend to promote vaporization, not inhibit it. It would be nice if an expression of the pressure gradient were explicit for free and forced gas vortexes. (71.233.167.118 (talk) 15:16, 12 August 2012 (UTC))
 * Thanks for your comments. I have made some changes - see my diff. Do those changes help?
 * The pressure at the center of a forced vortex can be calculated using Bernoulli's principle and the pressure at some distance from the center. The pressure at the center of a free vortex cannot be calculated because approaching the center of such a vortex the speed increases without bound and is undefined at the center. It is possible to use Bernoulli's principle to calculate the pressure at any point other than the center, and to calculate the rate of change of pressure at any distance from the center. Dolphin  ( t ) 03:29, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Redundant pictures deleted
With some regret (since they are pretty), I have removed these pictures. The animated gifs say essentially the same thing but somewhat more clearly. --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 01:57, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Added link to wiktionary, because the plural of vortex is mysterious
Nuff said. --130.85.194.136 (talk) 19:16, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

animations
Where are the old animations? I prefer them over the new ones even if the overall presentation is better.Klinfran (talk) 07:38, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

Rotational profile
I think this has to be revised: "If the fluid rotates like a rigid body – that is, if v increases proportionally to r – a tiny ball carried by the flow would also rotate about its center as if it were part of that rigid body. In this case, \vec \omega is the same everywhere: its direction is parallel to the spin axis, and its magnitude is twice the angular velocity of the whole fluid."

It should be the same angular velocity (from current view of picture, i.e.: tidally locked), not twice, unless I misunderstand. I also have some doubt about equations and how they have been derived and it would be recommended to refer either to a basic proof or to a reference handbook.--Almuhammedi (talk) 18:36, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

 * In the setup of the scenario, the fluid has a specified velocity. The field of fluid velocities therefore has a curl.  Conceptually, think about the force exerted on the side of the tennis-ball closest to the center of the vortex (in slower moving fluid), and on the far side (in faster moving fluid).  Assuming ideal fluids, and assuming force is proportional to the velocity of the fluid, there is a differential force separated by the diameter of the ball - i.e., a torque.  Conceptually, at least, the ball is expected to start spinning because of this torque.  I'd have to work out the math to see if the net result of this effect on the entire tennis ball yields exactly twice the angular rotation rate of the fluid, but conceptually this seems correct.  To address that analytically, we'll need to review curl (mathematics) and set up some equations for the special case of rotational velocity proportional to radius.  Or, we could find and cite a book that works this problem out.  It sounds like a common homework problem.  Nimur (talk) 14:05, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

 * The quoted statement is self-contradictory, and has nothing to do with forces (it says "as if it were part of that rigid body"). But even with viscous forces due to relative flow etc., the angular velocity of any (neutrally buoyant) body carried along with the flow would settle to the same angular velocity as the fluid exhibits. The formula used for vorticity below the figure is incorrect. —Quondum 21:52, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

It seems I have introduced an error into the definition of vorticity, and hence removed a factor of 2 that should have been there. Vorticity is not defined as the rate of rotation of a small element, e.g. a ball, but as the curl of the flow; this happens to be twice the rotation rate of the fluid element or small ball. I was misled by what was a formula that I removed, so I'll re-introduce the factor. —Quondum 04:12, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

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Confusion as to whether it’s the axis line or fluid that is curved or straight.
The introduction and the summary sections look like they contradict each other in their descriptions of vortexes. The introduction seems to state that it’s the axis line that can be curved or straight, whereas in the summary it seems to state that it’s the fluid that can be curved or straight. So which is it, the fluid or the axis line? Btw, the summary could really use some proofreading for grammatical and syntactical errors. Alialiac (talk) 20:58, 9 August 2018 (UTC)

Merge
See discussion under Eddy (fluid dynamics) Biggerj1 (talk) 17:17, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ see discussion there. Biggerj1 (talk) 08:48, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vortex


text:
User talk:64k

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

title: User talk:64k


text:
User:Lproven

Hello. I'm Liam Proven, a British technical writer, living in the Czech Republic. For more information about me, rather than duplicate it here, I suggest you visit my blog or LinkedIn profile - links at the bottom of this page.

I was enticed into writing for Wikipedia (as opposed to merely using it for reference) in 2003 by User:David_Gerard and alongside David I also know a number of other Wikipedians in real life, such as User:Sheridan.

2018 update -- I retired from writing for Wikipedia a decade ago since I was unjustly and unfairly attacked by User:Yamla. I have also had a number of carefully researched and referenced articles deleted. I disagree with the governance of Wikipedia these days, especially the power of deletionists, so I now do no more than an occasional bit of copy-editing. Until someone cracks down hard on the sort of petty Jobsworths who make this place a misery, I will no longer write new material for it. Liam Proven (talk) 11:54, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

I am also much amused to note (5 May '09) that an article of mine is cited as a reference in the article AmigaOS versions.

In the closest thing to Wikipedia commentary I am likely to make for the nonce, I would ask passing readers to note that this bio is entirely devoid of stars, badges or other little blazons and logos proclaiming membership of various factions of Wikipedians. I would also note that it contains my real-world identity and contact details. I feel that these are a sine qua non for anyone who would wish their authorship to be taken seriously.

In a vague attempt to keep track, I note that -- in addition to contributions to many others, some quite lengthy -- to the best of my recollection I am the original author of the following articles, in no particular order:
 * CLUT
 * Format Publications
 * Beta BASIC
 * BASIC toolkit
 * Rabelaisian - undergoing a move to Wiktionary
 * Non-PC compatible X86 computers (Now deleted, which I'm not happy about)
 * Upper Memory Area
 * Polaria
 * Museum of Reconstruction
 * Royal and Ancient Polar Bear Society
 * Miles Gordon Technology
 * DISCiPLE
 * PlusD
 * Stela (which was subsequently chopped into 2 & rewritten. The biological sense was moved into a separate article...)
 * Stele (... which I have substantially rewritten)
 * Timex Sinclair 1000
 * Timex Sinclair 1500 (now merged into TS 1000 article)
 * Timex Sinclair 2048
 * Timex Sinclair 2068
 * VTech Laser 200
 * AY-3-8912 (now subsumed into and replaced by General Instruments AY-3-8912)
 * Robustness
 * Attribute clash
 * Interface 1
 * Non-Maskable interrupt
 * Locomotive Software
 * Mallard BASIC
 * Datel
 * Interrupt vector
 * Multiuser DOS
 * Lineo (stub)

Professional profile: http://www.linkedin.com/in/liamproven Personal blog: http://www.livejournal.com/users/lproven/ Tech blog: http://www.livejournal.com/users/liam-on-linux/ Skype: liamproven ICQ: 73187508 Google Talk/Gmail/Google Groups: lproven@gmail.com

Liam Proven (talk) 10:31, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

title: User:Lproven


text:
Ian Black (journalist)

Ian Black (15 July 1953 – 22 January 2023) was a British journalist and author focusing on international political issues.

Education
Black received his MA in history and social and political science from the University of Cambridge and a PhD in government from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Career
Black was a visiting senior fellow at the Middle East Centre at the LSE. He was Middle East editor at The Guardian newspaper, starting in 1980 as a reporter, Middle East correspondent, diplomatic editor, European editor and leader writer.

Personal life and death
Black had frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). He and his wife, Helen Harris, who lived in north London, had two daughters. He also had a son from a previous marriage.

Black died on 22 January 2023, at the age of 69.

Awards
In 2010, Black was awarded a Peace through Media Award by the International Council for Press and Broadcasting at the sixth annual International Media Awards in London.

Works

 * Ian Black; Benny Morris, Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. (Grove Press, 1991) ISBN 0-8021-1159-9
 * Ian Black, Zionism and the Arabs 1936-1939. (Routledge, 2016) ISBN 978-1138907348
 * Ian Black, Enemies and Neighbors: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017. (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2017) ISBN 978-0802127037

title: Ian Black (journalist)


text:
Howard Buffett

Howard Homan Buffett (August 13, 1903 – April 30, 1964) was an American businessman, investor, and politician. He was a four-term Republican United States Representative for the state of Nebraska. He was the father of Warren Buffett, the billionaire businessman and investor.

Early life
Howard Buffett was born in Omaha, Nebraska, to Henrietta Duvall Buffett and Ernest P. Buffett, owners of a grocery business. Ernest P. Buffett's parents were second cousins, both having mainly English descent. The Buffet surname (renamed to Buffett) originates in France with a Huguenot weaver, named John Buffett, who became Buffett's first American Buffett ancestor when he immigrated to New York in the late-1600s. Howard Buffett attended public schools and graduated from the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1925. While a student, Buffett was a brother of the Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity. He married Leila Stahl on December 27, 1925. The Buffetts were active members of the Dundee Presbyterian Church. After failing to secure a job in the family grocery business, he started a small stock brokerage firm.

Career
Entering the investment business, Buffett also served on the Omaha board of education from 1939 to 1942. In 1942 he ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in the Nebraska district in which Omaha was located. In that election, Buffett was seen as "a Republican sacrificial lamb in Nebraska's second district when FDR was a popular wartime leader." Nevertheless, he went on to win the Republican nomination in the primary and then the subsequent general election.

He was reelected twice. In 1948 he again was the Republican nominee for another term, but was defeated for reelection; however, he was the Republican nominee for the office again in 1950 and won the office back. In 1952 Buffett decided against seeking another term and returned to his investment business in Omaha, Buffett-Falk & Co., in which he worked until shortly before his death. He also served as the campaign manager for conservative Senator Robert A. Taft in Taft's 1952 presidential campaign.

According to Warren Buffett biographer Roger Lowenstein:'Unshakably ethical, Howard refused offers of junkets and even turned down a part of his pay. During his first term, when congressional salary was raised from $10,000 to $12,500, Howard left the extra money in the Capitol disbursement office, insisting that he had been elected at the lower salary.' His wife said he considered only one issue when deciding whether or not to vote for a bill: 'Will this add to, or subtract from, human liberty?'

Political philosophy
Howard Buffett is remembered for his highly libertarian Old Right stance, having maintained a friendship with Murray Rothbard for a number of years. He "would invariably draw 'zero' ratings from the Americans for Democratic Action and other leftist groups."

Buffett was a vocal critic of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan. Of the Truman Doctrine, he said: "Our Christian ideals cannot be exported to other lands by dollars and guns." Buffett was also "one of the major voices in Congress opposed to the Korean adventure," and "was convinced that the United States was largely responsible for the eruption of conflict in Korea; for the rest of his life he tried unsuccessfully to get the Senate Armed Services Committee to declassify the testimony of CIA head Admiral Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, which Buffett told [Rothbard] established American responsibility for the Korean outbreak." The CIA failed to predict the Marxist invasion of the Republic of Korea in 1950, just as it had failed to predict the Soviet Atomic Bomb the previous year, it was these intelligence failures that Rear Admiral Hillenkoetter testified about.

Speaking on the floor of Congress, he opposed military interventionism: Even if it were desirable, America is not strong enough to police the world by military force. If that attempt is made, the blessings of liberty will be replaced by coercion and tyranny at home. Our Christian ideals cannot be exported to other lands by dollars and guns. Persuasion and example are the methods taught by the Carpenter of Nazareth, and if we believe in Christianity we should try to advance our ideals by his methods. We cannot practice might and force abroad and retain freedom at home. We cannot talk world cooperation and practice power politics.

In the summer of 1962, he wrote "an impassioned plea... for the abolition of the draft" in the New Individualist Review. Buffett wrote:

When the American government conscripts a boy to go 10,000 miles to the jungles of Asia without a declaration of war by Congress (as required by the Constitution) what freedom is safe at home? Surely, profits of U.S. Steel or your private property are not more sacred than a young man's right to life.

In addition to non-interventionism overseas, Howard Buffett strongly supported the gold standard because he believed it would limit the ability of government to inflate the money supply and spend beyond its means. His son Warren Buffett is not an advocate of the gold standard.

Personal life
Buffett married Leila Stahl Buffett (March 18, 1904 – August 30, 1996), who was of Jewish descent; they had three children:
 * Warren Buffett (son): businessman, investor, and philanthropist, Chairman & CEO of Berkshire Hathaway
 * Peter Buffett (grandson): musician, composer, and producer
 * Howard Graham Buffett (grandson): Corporate board member of Berkshire Hathaway
 * Howard Warren Buffett (great-grandson): Public relations professor at Columbia University
 * Susan Alice Buffett (granddaughter)
 * Doris Buffett Bryant (daughter)
 * Roberta Buffett Bialek (daughter)

He died on May 30, 1964 at the age of 60, from cancer.

Publications

 * Buffett, Howard Homan. Human Freedom Rests on Gold Redeemable Money, Financial Chronicle 5/6/48
 * Buffett, Howard Homan. The Evil Men in the Kremlin Must Be Chortling as Militarism Runs Wild in America. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952.

title: Howard Buffett


text:
1P

1P may refer to:
 * 1 naya paisa (Indian coin)
 * 1 paisa (Indian coin)
 * 1p, an arm of Chromosome 1 (human)
 * 1P, proved Oil reserves
 * British Pound Sterling 1p coin, see Penny (British decimal coin)
 * Halley's Comet official name of 1P/Halley
 * One Piece a 1997 Japanese manga and anime
 * Polonia 1, 1P, Polish TV channel of the Polcast Television
 * Single player video game

title: 1P


text:
Multiplicative

Multiplicative may refer to:
 * Multiplication
 * Multiplicative function
 * Multiplicative group
 * Multiplicative identity
 * Multiplicative inverse
 * Multiplicative order
 * Multiplicative partition
 * Multiplicative case
 * For the multiplicative numerals once, twice, and thrice, see English numerals

title: Multiplicative


text:
Sasaki (surname)

Sasaki (佐々木) is the 13th most common Japanese surname. Less common variants are 佐咲, 佐佐木 and 笹木.

Notable people with the surname

 * Akio Sasaki (佐々木 彰生), Japanese figure skater
 * Akira Sasaki (佐々木 明), Japanese alpine skier
 * Ayaka Sasaki (佐々木 彩夏), Japanese idol and singer
 * Ayumu Sasaki (佐々木 歩夢), Japanese motorcycle racer
 * Chihaya Sasaki (佐々木 千隼), Japanese baseball player
 * Daichi Sasaki (佐々木 大地), Japanese shogi player
 * Daiju Sasaki (佐々木 大樹), Japanese footballer
 * Daiki Sasaki (佐々木 大樹), Japanese race car driver
 * Daisuke Sasaki (佐々木 大輔), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Daizo Sasaki (born 1990), Japanese kickboxer
 * Eiji Sasaki (佐々木 英治), Japanese businessman
 * Eri Sasaki (佐々木 恵梨), Japanese musician
 * Sasaki Gensō (佐々木 玄宗), Japanese Zen Buddhist
 * Hankyu Sasaki (佐々木 半九), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
 * Haruno Sasaki (佐々木 春乃), Japanese handball player
 * Hayato Sasaki (佐々木 勇人), Japanese footballer
 * Hideo Sasaki (1919–2000), American landscape architect
 * Sasaki Hideyoshi (佐々木 秀義), Japanese samurai
 * Hiro Sasaki, Japanese professional wrestler
 * Hirohisa Sasaki (佐々木 浩久), Japanese film director and screenwriter
 * Hirokazu Sasaki (佐々木 博和), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Hiroki Sasaki (佐々木 宏樹), Japanese footballer
 * Hiroko Sasaki, Japanese pianist
 * Hiroyasu Sasaki (佐々木 博康), Japanese mime
 * Hiroyuki Sasaki (佐々木 裕之), Japanese geneticist
 * Hisayuki Sasaki (佐々木 久行), Japanese golfer
 * Hitoshi Sasaki (footballer, born 1891) (佐々木 等), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Hitoshi Sasaki (footballer, born 1973) (佐々木 仁), Japanese footballer
 * Ikki Sasaki (佐々木 一輝), Japanese footballer
 * Isao Sasaki (佐々木 功), Japanese voice actor, actor and singer
 * Jiro Sasaki (佐々木 二郎), Japanese swimmer
 * Joh Sasaki (佐々木 譲), Japanese writer and journalist
 * Jun Sasaki (佐々木 潤), Japanese singer-songwriter and journalist
 * Kaori Sasaki (佐々木 香織), Japanese swimmer
 * Katsuhiko Sasaki (佐々木 勝彦), Japanese actor and voice actor
 * Kazuaki Sasaki (佐々木 一昭), Japanese cyclist
 * Kazuhiro Sasaki (佐々木 主浩), Japanese baseball player
 * Kazumasa Sasaki (佐々木 一正), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Kazunari Sasaki (佐々木 一成), Japanese cross-country skier
 * Kenichi Sasaki (佐々木 健一), Japanese handball player
 * Kensho Sasaki (佐々木 憲昭), Japanese politician
 * Kensuke Sasaki (佐々木 健介), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Kichizo Sasaki (佐々木 吉蔵), Japanese sprinter
 * Kizen Sasaki (佐々木 喜善), Japanese folklorist
 * Koji Sasaki (佐々木 康治), Japanese footballer
 * Sasaki Kojirō (佐々木 小次郎), Japanese swordsman
 * Kokone Sasaki (佐々木 心音), Japanese actress, singer-songwriter, television personality and gravure idol
 * Kon Sasaki (佐々木 崑), Japanese photographer
 * Kota Sasaki (佐々木 孝太), Japanese racing driver
 * Kōrō Sasaki (佐々木 耕郎), Japanese politician
 * Kōzō Sasaki (佐々木 更三), Japanese politician
 * Kumi Sasaki (idol) (佐々木 久美), Japanese idol
 * Kumi Sasaki (musician) (佐々木 久美), Japanese musician
 * Kuranosuke Sasaki (佐々木 蔵之介), Japanese actor
 * Kyozan Joshu Sasaki (1907–2014), Japanese Zen Buddhist
 * Lisa Sasaki (born 1975), American museum director
 * Madoka Sasaki (佐々木 望), Japanese zoologist
 * Maki Sasaki (佐々木 マキ), Japanese manga artist
 * Makoto Sasaki (baseball) (佐々木 誠), Japanese baseball player
 * Makoto Sasaki (shogi) (佐々木 慎), Japanese shogi player
 * Mamoru Sasaki (佐々木 守), Japanese screenwriter
 * Masanao Sasaki (佐々木 雅尚), Japanese footballer
 * Masato Sasaki (佐々木 雅人), Japanese footballer
 * Mayu Sasaki (佐々木 繭), Japanese women's footballer
 * Megumi Sasaki (佐々木 芽生), Japanese filmmaker and writer
 * Miki Sasaki (佐々木 みき), Japanese volleyball player
 * Mikio Sasaki (佐々木 幹夫), Japanese chief executive
 * Mikirō Sasaki (佐々木 幹郎), Japanese poet and writer
 * Mikoi Sasaki (佐々木 未来), Japanese voice actress and singer
 * Minoru Sasaki (佐佐木 登), Japanese general
 * Mirei Sasaki (佐々木 美玲), Japanese idol and model
 * Mitsuzo Sasaki (佐々木 味津三), Japanese writer
 * Motoko Sasaki (佐々木 基子), Japanese actress and striptease performer
 * Mutsumi Sasaki (ささき むつみ), Japanese illustrator
 * Nanae Sasaki (佐々木 七恵), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Sasaki Nariyori (佐々木 成頼), Japanese daimyō
 * Nobuo Sasaki (佐々木 信男), Japanese handball player
 * Nobutsuna Sasaki (佐佐木 信綱), Japanese poet and literature academic
 * Noriko Sasaki (佐々木 倫子), Japanese manga artist
 * Norio Sasaki (佐々木 則夫), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Nozomi Sasaki (model) (佐々木 希), Japanese model
 * Nozomi Sasaki (voice actress) (ささき のぞみ), Japanese voice actress
 * Nozomu Sasaki (佐々木 望), Japanese voice actor
 * Paul Shinji Sasaki (パウロ 佐々木 鎮次), Japanese Anglican bishop
 * Ray Sasaki (born 1948), American trumpeter
 * Rio Sasaki (佐々木 りお), Japanese actress
 * Rōki Sasaki (佐々木 朗希), Japanese baseball pitcher
 * Sasaki Rui (佐々木 累), Japanese swordswoman
 * Rui Sasaki (born 1984), glass artist from Japan
 * Run Sasaki (佐々木 るん), Japanese voice actress
 * Ruth Fuller Sasaki (1892–1967), American Zen Buddhist
 * Ryo Sasaki (佐々木 亮), Japanese manga artist and illustrator
 * Ryosuke Sasaki (佐々木 亮輔), Japanese handball player
 * Ryuta Sasaki (佐々木 竜太), Japanese footballer
 * Ryuzo Sasaki (笹木 竜三), Japanese politician
 * Sadako Sasaki (佐々木 禎子), child victim of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima
 * Satoru Sasaki (佐々木 悟), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Sayaka Sasaki (佐咲 紗花), Japanese musician
 * Seiichiro Sasaki (佐々木 精一郎), Japanese long-distance runner
 * Seiji Sasaki (佐々木 誠二), Japanese voice actor
 * Sérgio Sasaki (born 1992), Brazilian artistic gymnast
 * Setsuko Sasaki (佐々木 節子), Japanese volleyball player
 * Shigeo Sasaki (佐々木 重夫), Japanese mathematician
 * Shigetaka Sasaki, Canadian judoka
 * Shirō Sasaki (佐々木 史朗), Japanese film producer
 * Sho Sasaki (佐々木 翔), Japanese badminton player
 * Sho Sasaki (footballer) (佐々木 翔), Japanese footballer
 * Shōhei Sasaki (佐々木翔平), Japanese drummer
 * Shota Sasaki (佐々木 将汰), Japanese slalom canoeist
 * Shozo Sasaki (佐々木 昭三), Japanese biathlete
 * Shu Sasaki (佐佐木 周), Japanese footballer
 * Sokei-an Sasaki Shigetsu (曹渓庵 佐々木 指月), Japanese Zen Buddhist
 * Sueaki Sasaki (佐々木 末昭), Japanese swimmer
 * Tadahiro Sasaki (佐々木 忠広), Japanese boxer
 * Tadashi Sasaki (banker) (佐々木 直), Japanese banker
 * Tadashi Sasaki (engineer) (佐々木 正), Japanese engineer
 * Tadashi Sasaki (footballer) (佐々木 善), Japanese footballer
 * Tadashi Sasaki (musician), Japanese classical guitarist
 * Takahiro Sasaki (footballer) (佐々木 崇浩), Japanese footballer
 * Takahiro Sasaki (politician) (佐々木 隆博), Japanese politician
 * Takaoki Sasaki (佐々木 隆興), Japanese biochemist and oncologist
 * Sasaki Takatsuna (佐々木 高綱), Japanese samurai
 * Sasaki Takauji (佐々木 高氏), Japanese samurai
 * Sasaki Takayuki (佐々木 高行), Japanese politician
 * Takumi Sasaki (佐々木 匠), Japanese footballer
 * Tatsuo Sasaki (musician) (佐々木 達夫), Japanese musician
 * Tatsuo Sasaki (wrestler) (佐々木 竜雄), Japanese sport wrestler
 * Terufumi Sasaki (佐々木 輝文), Japanese surgeon
 * Sasaki Tōichi (佐々木 到一), Japanese soldier
 * Sasaki Tomiaki (佐々木 富明), Japanese sculptor
 * Tomio Sasaki (佐々木 富雄), Japanese alpine skier
 * Tomoko Sasaki (佐々木 知子), Japanese lawyer, politician and writer
 * Tomoyuki Sasaki (佐々木 共之), Japanese sailor
 * Toshinao Sasaki (佐々木 俊尚), Japanese journalist
 * Toshiro Sasaki (佐左木 俊郎), Japanese writer
 * Tsubasa Sasaki (born 1995), Japanese slalom canoeist
 * Umeji Sasaki (佐々木 梅治), Japanese actor and voice actor
 * Wataru Sasaki (佐々木 渉), Japanese footballer
 * Yasuji Sasaki (born 1967), Japanese chef
 * Yasushi Sasaki (佐々木 康), Japanese film director
 * Yoji Sasaki (佐々木 陽次), Japanese footballer
 * Yōko Sasaki (佐々木 瑶子), Japanese voice actress and actress
 * Yoshihide Sasaki (佐々木 喜英), Japanese actor
 * Yoshinori Sasaki (佐々木 嘉則), Japanese professional wrestler known as Mammoth Sasaki
 * Sasaki Yoshikiyo (佐々木 義清), Japanese samurai
 * Yūka Sasaki (佐々木 優香), Japanese ten-pin bowler
 * Yuki Sasaki (mixed martial artist) (佐々木 有生), Japanese mixed martial artist
 * Yūki Sasaki (shogi) (佐々木 勇気), Japanese shogi player
 * Yūko Sasaki (佐々木 優子), Japanese cricketer
 * Yuta Sasaki (佐々木 佑太), better known as Ulka Sasaki, Japanese mixed martial artist

Fictional characters

 * Sasaki (Haruhi Suzumiya) (佐々木), a character in the light novel series The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya
 * Chizuru Sasaki (千鶴), acharacter in manga series Haikyū!!, the position is Wing Spiker
 * Haise Sasaki (佐々木 琲世), an alias of Ken Kaneki, protagonist of the manga series Tokyo Ghoul
 * Johnny Sasaki (ジョニー 佐々木), a character in the video game Metal Gear Solid
 * "Overflowing" Sasaki, an antagonistic character of the manga series One Piece
 * Isaburou Sasaki (佐々木 異三郎), a character in the manga series GinTama
 * Kiiko Sasaki (佐々木 妃子), a character in the manga series Laughing Under the Clouds
 * Makie Sasaki (佐々木 まき絵), a character in the manga series Negima
 * Mirai Sasaki (佐々木未来), a character in the manga series My Hero Academia
 * Rika Sasaki (佐々木 利佳), a character in the manga series Cardcaptor Sakura
 * Sasaki Ryujiro (佐々木 龍), a character in the anime series Samurai Champloo
 * Tsuyoshi Sasaki (佐々木 剛), a character in the manga series Kodomo no Omocha
 * Miyo Sasaki (佐々木美代), a character in the movie A Whisker Away
 * Marurin Sasaki (ささき まるりん), one of the students in Challenge Kindergarten in the Shima Shima Tora no Shimajirou series.
 * Maguro Sasaki (佐々木まぐろ), a character in the video game series Puyo Puyo
 * Sasaki Shuumei (佐々木 秀鳴), one of the two main characters in the manga series Sasaki and Miyano

title: Sasaki (surname)