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Arvicolinae

The Arvicolinae are a subfamily of rodents that includes the voles, lemmings, and muskrats. They are most closely related to the other subfamilies in the Cricetidae (comprising the hamsters and New World rats and mice ). Some authorities place the subfamily Arvicolinae in the family Muridae along with all other members of the superfamily Muroidea. Some refer to the subfamily as the Microtinae (yielding the adjective "microtine") or rank the taxon as a full family, the Arvicolidae.

The Arvicolinae are the most populous group of Rodentia in the Northern Hemisphere. They often are found in fossil occlusions of bones cached by past predators such as owls and other birds of prey. Fossils of this group are often used for biostratigraphic dating of paleontological and archeological sites in North America and Europe.

Description
The most convenient distinguishing feature of the Arvicolinae is the nature of their molar teeth, which have prismatic cusps in the shape of alternating triangles. These molars are an adaptation to a herbivorous diet in which the major food plants include a large proportion of abrasive materials such as phytoliths; the teeth get worn down by abrasion throughout the adult life of the animal and they grow continuously in compensation.

Arvicolinae are Holarctic in distribution and represent one of only a few major muroid radiations to reach the New World via Beringia. (The others are the three subfamilies of New World rats and mice.) Arvicolines do very well in the subnival zone beneath the winter snowpack, and persist throughout winter without needing to hibernate. They are also characterized by extreme fluctuations in population numbers.

Most arvicolines are small, furry, short-tailed voles or lemmings, but some, such as Ellobius and Hyperacrius, are well adapted to a fossorial lifestyle. Others, such as Ondatra, Neofiber, and Arvicola, have evolved larger body sizes and are associated with an aquatic lifestyle.

Phylogeny
The phylogeny of the Arvicolinae has been studied using morphological and molecular characters. Markers for the molecular phylogeny of arvicolines included the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (cyb) gene and the exon 10 of the growth hormone receptor (ghr) nuclear gene. The comparison of the cyb and ghr phylogenetic results seems to indicate nuclear genes are useful for resolving relationships of recently evolved animals. As compared to mitochondrial genes, nuclear genes display several informative sites in third codon positions that evolve rapidly enough to accumulate synapomorphies, but slow enough to avoid evolutionary noise. Of note, mitochondrial pseudogenes translocated within the nuclear genome complicate the assessment of the mitochondrial DNA orthology, but they can also be used as phylogenetic markers. Sequencing complete mitochondrial genomes of voles may help to distinguish between authentic genes and pseudogenes.

The complementary phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters suggests:
 * Ellobius, Prometheomys, and Lagurus are among the most basal arvicolines.
 * Dicrostonyx, Phenacomys, and Arborimus may form a clade.
 * Core arvicolines include three subclades:
 * Lemmini: Synaptomys, Lemmus, Myopus
 * Myodini: Eothenomys, Myodes
 * Arvicolini: Arvicola, Chionomys, Stenocranius, and Microtus
 * Microtus sensu lato contains Alexandromys, ‘Neodon’, Mynomes, Lasiopodomys, Terricola, and Microtus sensu stricto.
 * Ondatra and Dinaromys positions are uncertain, probably compromised by the convergent evolution of morphological characters.

Some authorities have placed the zokors within the Arvicolinae, but they have been shown to be unrelated.

A 2021 study found Lemmini to be the most basal group of Arvicolinae. The study also found Arvicola to actually fall outside the tribe Arvicolini, and to be sister to the tribe Lagurini.

Classification
Subfamily Arvicolinae - voles, lemmings, muskrats

The subfamily Arvicolinae contains eleven tribes, eight of which are classified as voles, two as lemmings, and one as muskrats. Recent changes to the subfamily include disbanding genus Myodes in favor of genera Clethrionomys and Craseomys (and disbanding Myodini in favor of Clethrionomyini), moving most of the genera from Arvicolini to Microtini, and renaming Phenacomyini as Pliophenacomyini.

 * Tribe Arvicolini
 * Genus Arvicola - water voles
 * European (or Northern) water vole (Arvicola amphibius or Arvicola terrestris)
 * Southwestern (or southern) water vole (Arvicola sapidus)
 * Montane water vole (Arvicola scherman)
 * Tribe Microtini
 * Genus Alexandromys
 * Alpine vole (Alexandromys alpinus) split off from A. mongolicus
 * Evorsk vole (Alexandromys evoronensis)
 * Reed vole (Alexandromys fortis)
 * Taiwan vole (Alexandromys kikuchii)
 * Lacustrine vole (Alexandromys limnophilus)
 * Maximowicz's vole (Alexandromys maximowiczii)
 * Middendorff's vole (Alexandromys middendorffi)
 * Mongolian vole (Alexandromys mongolicus)
 * Japanese grass vole (Alexandromys montebelli)
 * Muya Valley vole (Alexandromys mujanensis)
 * Tundra vole or root vole (Alexandromys oeconomus)
 * Sakhalin vole (Alexandromys sachalinensis)
 * Shantar vole (Alexandromys shantaricus) split off from A. maximowiczii
 * Genus Chionomys - snow voles
 * Caucasian snow vole, Chionomys gud
 * European snow vole, Chionomys nivalis
 * Robert's snow vole, Chionomys roberti
 * Lazistan snow vole (Chionomys lasistanius) split from C. gud
 * Stekolnikov's snow vole (Chionomys stekolnikovi) recently described
 * Genus Hyperacrius - voles from Pakistan
 * True's vole, Hyperacrius fertilis
 * Murree vole, Hyperacrius wynnei
 * Genus Lasiopodomys
 * Brandt's vole, Lasiopodomys brandtii
 * Mandarin vole, Lasiopodomys mandarinus
 * Genus Lemmiscus
 * Sagebrush vole, Lemmiscus curtatus
 * Genus Microtus - voles
 * Insular vole, M. abbreviatus
 * California vole, M. californicus
 * Rock vole, M. chrotorrhinus
 * Long-tailed vole, M. longicaudus
 * Mexican vole, M. mexicanus
 * Singing vole, M. miurus
 * North American water vole, M. richardsoni
 * Zempoaltépec vole, M. umbrosus
 * Taiga vole, M. xanthognathus
 * Subgenus Microtus
 * Field vole, M. agrestis
 * Anatolian vole, M. anatolicus
 * Common vole, M. arvalis
 * Cabrera's vole, M. cabrerae
 * Doğramaci's vole, M. dogramacii
 * Elbeyli vole, M. elbeyli
 * Günther's vole, M. guentheri
 * Harting's vole, M. hartingii
 * Tien Shan vole, M. ilaeus
 * Persian vole, M. irani
 * Mediterranean field vole, M. lavernedii
 * Turkish vole, M. lydius
 * Kerman vole, M. kermanensis
 * Southern vole, M. levis
 * Paradox vole, M. paradoxus
 * Qazvin vole, M. qazvinensis
 * Portuguese field vole, M. rosianus
 * Schidlovsky's vole, M. schidlovskii
 * Social vole, M. socialis
 * European pine vole, M. subterraneus
 * Transcaspian vole, M. transcaspicus
 * Subgenus Blanfordimys
 * Afghan vole, M. afghanus
 * Bucharian vole, M. bucharicus
 * Juniper vole, M. juldaschi
 * Subgenus Terricola
 * Bavarian pine vole, M. bavaricus
 * Calabria pine vole, M. brachycercus
 * Daghestan pine vole, M. daghestanicus
 * Mediterranean pine vole, M. duodecimcostatus
 * Felten's vole, M. felteni
 * Liechtenstein's pine vole, M. liechtensteini
 * Lusitanian pine vole, M. lusitanicus
 * Major's pine vole, M. majori
 * Alpine pine vole, M. multiplex
 * Sicilian pine vole, M. nebrodensis
 * Savi's pine vole, M. savii
 * Tatra pine vole, M. tatricus
 * Thomas's pine vole, M. thomasi
 * Subgenus Mynomes
 * Gray-tailed vole, M. canicaudus
 * Western meadow vole, M. drummondi
 * Florida salt marsh vole, M. dukecampbelli
 * Montane vole, M. montanus
 * Creeping vole, M. oregoni
 * Eastern meadow vole, M. pennsylvanicus
 * Townsend's vole, M. townsendii
 * Subgenus Pitymys
 * Guatemalan vole, M. guatemalensis
 * Tarabundí vole, M. oaxacensis
 * Woodland vole, M. pinetorum
 * Jalapan pine vole, M. quasiater
 * Subgenus Pedomys
 * Prairie vole, M. ochrogaster
 * Subgenus Hyrcanicola
 * Schelkovnikov's pine vole, M. schelkovnikovi
 * Genus Mictomicrotus
 * Liangshan vole, Mictomicrotus liangshanensis
 * Genus Neodon - mountain voles
 * Bershula mountain vole (Neodon bershulaensis)
 * Bomi mountain vole (Neodon bomiensis)
 * Chayu mountain vole (Neodon chayuensis)
 * Clarke's vole (Neodon clarkei)
 * Forrest's mountain vole (Neodon forresti)
 * Plateau vole (Neodon fuscus)
 * Chinese scrub vole (Neodon irene)
 * Blyth's vole (Neodon leucurus)
 * Liao Rui's mountain vole (Neodon liaoruii)
 * Linzhi mountain vole (Neodon linzhiensis)
 * Medog mountain vole (Neodon medogensis)
 * Namchabarwa mountain vole (Neodon namchabarwaensis)
 * Nepalese mountain vole (Neodon nepalensis)
 * Nyalam mountain vole (Neodon nyalamensis)
 * Shergyla mountain vole (Neodon shergylaensis)
 * Sikkim mountain vole (Neodon sikimensis)
 * Genus Proedromys
 * Duke of Bedford's vole (Proedromys bedfordi)
 * Genus Stenocranius
 * Narrow-headed vole (Stenocranius gregalis)
 * Radde's vole (Stenocranius raddei)
 * Genus Volemys
 * Szechuan vole (Volemys millicens)
 * Marie's vole (Volemys musseri)
 * Tribe Dicrostonychini - collared lemmings
 * Genus Dicrostonyx
 * Northern collared lemming, D. groenlandicus
 * Nelson's collared lemming, D. nelsoni
 * Ungava collared lemming, D. hudsonius
 * Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming, D. nunatakensis
 * Richardson's collared lemming, D. richardsoni
 * Arctic lemming, D. torquatus
 * Unalaska collared lemming, D. unalascensis
 * Tribe Ellobiusini - mole voles
 * Genus Ellobius - mole voles
 * Alai mole vole, E. alaicus
 * Southern mole vole, E. fuscocapillus
 * Transcaucasian mole vole, E. lutescens
 * Northern mole vole, E. talpinus
 * Zaisan mole vole, E. tancrei
 * Tribe Lagurini
 * Genus Eolagurus
 * Yellow steppe lemming, E. luteus
 * Przewalski's steppe lemming, E. przewalskii
 * Genus Lagurus
 * Steppe lemming, L. lagurus
 * Tribe Lemmini
 * Genus Lemmus - true lemmings
 * Amur lemming, L. amurensis
 * Norway lemming, L. lemmus
 * Beringian lemming, L. nigripes
 * East Siberian lemming, L. paulus
 * West Siberian lemming, L. sibiricus
 * Canadian lemming, L. trimucronatus
 * Genus Myopus
 * Wood lemming, M. schisticolor
 * Genus Synaptomys - bog lemmings
 * Northern bog lemming, S. borealis
 * Southern bog lemming, S. cooperi
 * Tribe Clethrionomyini
 * Genus Alticola - voles from Central Asia
 * Subgenus Alticola
 * White-tailed mountain vole, A. albicauda
 * Silver mountain vole, A. argentatus
 * Gobi Altai mountain vole, A. barakshin
 * Central Kashmir vole, A. montosa
 * Royle's mountain vole, A. roylei
 * Mongolian silver vole, A. semicanus
 * Stolička's mountain vole, A. stoliczkanus
 * Tuva silver vole, A. tuvinicus
 * Subgenus Aschizomys
 * Lemming vole, A. lemminus
 * Large-eared vole, A. macrotis
 * Lake Baikal mountain vole, A. olchonensis
 * Subgenus Platycranius
 * Flat-headed vole, A. strelzowi
 * Genus Caryomys
 * Ganzu vole, C. eva
 * Kolan vole, C. inez
 * Genus Eothenomys - voles from East Asia
 * Kachin red-backed vole, E. cachinus
 * Pratt's vole, E. chinensis
 * Southwest China vole, E. custos
 * Père David's vole, E. melanogaster
 * Yunnan red-backed vole, E. miletus
 * Chaotung vole, E. olitor
 * Yulungshan vole, E. proditor
 * Ward's red-backed vole, E. wardi
 * Genus Craseomys - red-backed voles
 * Anderson's red-backed vole, C. andersoni
 * Imaizumi's red-backed vole, C. imaizumii
 * Korean red-backed vole, C. regulus
 * Hokkaido red-backed vole, C. rex
 * Grey red-backed vole, C. rufocanus
 * Shansei vole, C. shanseius
 * Smith's vole, C. smithii
 * Genus Clethrionomys  - red-backed voles
 * Western red-backed vole, C. californicus
 * Tien Shan red-backed vole, C. centralis
 * Southern red-backed vole, C. gapperi
 * Bank vole, C. glareolus
 * Northern red-backed vole, C. rutilus
 * Tribe Ondatrini - muskrats
 * Genus Neofiber
 * Round-tailed muskrat, N. alleni
 * Genus Ondatra
 * Muskrat, O. zibethicus
 * Tribe Pliophenacomyini
 * Genus Arborimus - tree voles
 * White-footed vole, A. albipes
 * Red tree vole, A. longicaudus
 * Sonoma tree vole or California red tree mouse, A. pomo
 * Genus Phenacomys - heather voles
 * Western heather vole, P. intermedius
 * Eastern heather vole, P. ungava
 * Tribe Pliomyini
 * Genus Dinaromys
 * Balkan snow vole, D. bogdanovi
 * Tribe Prometheomyini
 * Genus Prometheomys
 * Long-clawed mole vole, P. schaposchnikowi

Fossil species

 * Tribe Arvicolini
 * Genus Mimomys †
 * Tribe Dicrostonychini - collared lemmings
 * Genus Predicrostonyx †
 * Hopkins's lemming, Predicrostonyx hopkinsi †
 * Tribe Clethrionomyini
 * Genus Altaiomys †
 * Genus Pitymimomys †
 * Genus Borsodia †
 * Genus Allophaiomys †
 * Genus Prolagurus †
 * Tribe Pliomyini
 * Genus Pliomys †

title: Arvicolinae


text:
User talk:152.131.9.69

September 2013
Hello, I'm Ginsuloft. Wikipedia is written by people who have a wide diversity of opinions, but we try hard to make sure articles have a neutral point of view. Your recent edit to Golden Thirteen seemed less than neutral to me, so I removed it for now. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Ginsuloft (talk) 21:19, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

July 2016
Hello! Thank you for your recent contributions to Hashem El-Serag. I did have one note for you. I am working on a maintenance project to clean up Category:Pages using infoboxes with thumbnail images. In the future, please do not use thumbnails when adding images to an infobox (see WP:INFOBOXIMAGE). What does this mean? Well in the infobox, when you specify the image you wish to use, instead of doing it like this: SomeImage.jpg, instead just supply the name of the image. So in this case you can simply do: SomeImage.jpg. There will then be a separate parameter for the image caption such as Some image caption. Please note that this is a generic form message I am leaving on your page because you recetly added a thumbnail to an infobox. The specific parameters for the image and caption may be different for the infobox you are using! Please consult the Template page for the infobox being used to see better documentation. Thanks!! Zackmann08 (Talk to me/What I been doing) 18:30, 28 July 2016 (UTC)
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March 2017
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March 2018
Hello, I'm Sakura Cartelet. I noticed that you recently removed content from Eugenics without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Sak ura Cart elet Talk 22:48, 9 March 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:152.131.9.69


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William D. Rogers

William Dill Rogers (May 12, 1927 in Wilmington, Delaware – September 22, 2007 in Upperville, Virginia) was an American lawyer. He served as U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (October 1974 – June 1976) and Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs (June 1976–January 1977) under then-Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in the administration of President Gerald Ford. He was amongst the founding members in 1982, and from 2004 until his death was vice chairman, of Kissinger's consulting firm Kissinger Associates.

In the 1950s, Rogers joined the law firm of Arnold, Fortas, & Porter (now Arnold & Porter) and was involved in the successful legal defense of Owen Lattimore, the scholar of East Asia accused of being a key Soviet spy.

Personal
Rogers was no relation to President Richard M. Nixon's Secretary of State William P. Rogers.

Rogers majored in international affairs at Princeton University and graduated from Yale Law School in 1951.

He died in Upperville, Virginia, on September 22, 2007, at the age of 80. Rogers was survived by his wife of 56 years, Suzanne Rochford "Suki" Rogers, two sons, Dr. William D. Rogers Jr. and Daniel R. Rogers, a sister, and four grandchildren.

Selected publications

 * Charles E. Clark, William D. Rogers, "The New Judiciary Act of Puerto Rico: A Definitive Court Reorganization", 61 Yale Law Journal, 1147, No. 7, Nov. 1952.
 * William D. Rogers, (1967) The Twilight Struggle: The Alliance for Progress and the Politics of Development in Latin America, New York: Random House.
 * William D. Rogers, "United States Investment in Latin America: A Critical Appraisal, 11 Virginia Journal of International Law 246 (1970-71).
 * William D. Rogers, "The Constitutionality of the Cambodian Incursion", American Journal of International Law, vol. 65, No. 1, Jan. 1971, at 26, at JSTOR database.
 * William D. Rogers, "Of Missionaries, Fanatics, and Lawyers: Some Thoughts on Investment Disputes in the Americas", American Journal of International Law, vol. 72, No. 1,  (Jan. 1978), at 1-16. at JSTOR database
 * William D. Rogers, "The United States and Latin America", Foreign Affairs, vol. 63, No. 3, 1984, at 560-80.
 * Louis Henkin, Michael J. Glennon, William D. Rogers eds., (1990) Foreign Affairs and the U.S. Constitution, Irvington on Hudson, New York: Transnational Publishers.
 * William D. Rogers, ""Power" to "Law": It's Not as Bad as All That", 23 Wisconsin International Law Journal, 1, at 39-47.
 * William D. Rogers, "Fleeing the Chilean Coup: The Debate of U.S. Complicity", International Affairs, Jan.-Feb. 2004.
 * William D. Rogers, "Why Keep a Lonely Stance on Cuba?", Los Angeles Times, Nov. 13, 1998.

title: William D. Rogers


text:
Marawah Island

Marawah (مَرَوَح) is a low-lying island off the coast of the Western Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates. The island is 15 km north of the Khor al-Bazm (lagoon) along the Abu Dhabi coastline in the southern Gulf.

Geology and geography
Current research indicates that the island was formed from relict Pleistocene limestone platforms linked by Holocene sand and beach deposits and intervening patches of sabkha. Marawah is located 100 km west of the city and capital, Abu Dhabi. The island is around 13 km from east to west and about 5.5 km from north to south. There are three islands in proximity to Marawah: the small island of Al Fiyah to the west, the island of Junaina to the southeast, and the island of Abu al Abyad in the east.

Environment and Protection
Marawah island is in the Marawah Biosphere Reserve, as recognised by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, and is one of the six marine protected areas in the Zayed Network of Protected Areas, a network managed by the Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi.

History
The west first became aware of the island around 1829 when the East India Company recorded its location in a nautical survey of the Persian Gulf.

Archaeology
Although privately owned, the island is a key center of archaeology. Recent excavations yielded a small natural pearl that was carbon dated to 5800/5600 BCE.

In 1992, the Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey (ADIAS) completed a preliminary survey of the island. Archeologists identified 13 sites dating from the Neolithic to the Islamic Period (12-13 AD).

In 2004, ADIAS discovered the oldest human skeleton ever found in the region amid the remains of Neolithic buildings and over 200 flint tools. DNA was extracted from teeth that were recovered from the site, and it was determined that the remains were about 7,500 years old.

title: Marawah Island


text: Category:Islands of the United Arab Emirates


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Spadina station

Spadina is a subway station on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 2 Bloor–Danforth in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on Spadina Road, north of Bloor Street West. It is one of only three stations open overnight, along with Queens Quay station and Union station. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

The station consists of two separate sections, one for each line, at the same level and 150 metres apart. The north–south platforms, which opened in 1978, were originally planned as a separate station, but the TTC decided to join to the existing 1966 east–west station with a pedestrian tunnel containing a pair of long moving walkways. The cost of the moving walkways themselves became an issue when they became due for refurbishment or replacement, and they were shut down and ultimately removed in 2004, leaving the corridor as a simple underground walkway. The former location of the moving walkways remains visible because the tiles used to cover their removal are noticeably different. Warnings to hold the handrails are still embossed on the walls where the ends of the moving walkways were once located.

An underground loop for the 510 Spadina streetcar was added in 1997 near the east end of the east–west platforms. The streetcar platform adds Postmodern finishes to the station's mix of styles. These range from the basic Modernist tiles of the Bloor–Danforth line platform, to the more intricate round tiles and backlit signage of the Yonge–University line platform.

In 1997, this station became accessible only to the Bloor–Danforth platforms and exit.

Spadina and Bloor
The largest above ground structure is the bus station; its main entrance, along with elevators and a fare collector booth, is located on the east side of Spadina Road just north of Bloor Street, which currently serves as the terminus of the 127 Davenport bus route. Originally, it was built to serve as a looping facility for the former 77 Spadina bus which operated until the underground streetcar loop was added and the buses were replaced by 510 Spadina streetcars. This building, with its pseudo-mansard roof and brick arches and no obvious bold signage like most other station entrances, is located at the easterly end of the Bloor line platforms. There is a secondary entrance building directly opposite, on the west side of Spadina Road, which is only accessible to those with Presto cards.

At the street level, there are three large cedar wood carvings called K'san Village House Posts depicting an owl, a wolf and a hawk. They are the work of Fedelia O'Brien, Murphy Green and Chuck Heit respectively, who are from the Gitxsan First Nation in British Columbia.

Walmer Road
There is an automatic entrance, accessible only to Presto card holders as of November 2017, on the east side of Walmer Road. It leads to the west end of the Bloor line platforms.

Norman B. Gash House
The main entrance to the Yonge–University line part of the station is concealed inside a house at 85 Spadina Road, which was built in 1899 and listed as a heritage property by the City of Toronto in 1974. The building was designed by architect Robert Ogilvie for lawyer Norman Gash. The property had previously been needed for construction of the Spadina Expressway, which was cancelled in 1971. Since it was still planned to build the subway on its original route along the course of the expressway, the site was subsequently acquired by Metropolitan Toronto in 1972, with the intention of replacing it with a new station building. Local protest forced the TTC to repurpose the old building, thereby retaining the residential character of the neighbourhood. Opposite the house, on the west side of Spadina Road at Kendal Avenue, there is an uncovered stairwell entrance to the station mezzanine. There are northbound and southbound bus stops outside the entrances. This entrance only accepts Presto cards.

This building includes two large artworks: Morning Glory by Louis de Niverville, a surreal enamel mural sited on the ground level by the stairwell; and Barren Ground Caribou by Joyce Wieland, a huge quilt featuring caribou in a tundra landscape, located near the unmanned turnstile on the concourse level below.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
This section of the Bloor line was constructed by cut and cover on a strip of land behind the properties fronting on the north side of Bloor Street. The tracks run east from here to the lower level of St. George station. Between the stations connecting tracks from the Bloor line rise on each side to the upper level of St. George station, like exit ramps on a highway, providing a link with the University line.

The section of the Yonge–University line at and between Dupont and Spadina stations was constructed under Spadina Road. South of the station the tunnel turns off-street and curves eastward through 90 degrees to run briefly parallel to Bloor Street before entering the upper level of St. George station.

Station improvements
In 2022, the Toronto Transit Commission proposed constructing elevators for the side platforms of Spadina station on Line 1; they will connect to the street level concourse. Construction is scheduled to be completed in 2026.

Nearby landmarks
The station is located in The Annex neighbourhood at the northwest corner of the University of Toronto main campus. Destinations and nearby points of interest include the Spadina Road Branch of the Toronto Public Library, Native Canadian Centre of Toronto, Miles Nadal Jewish Community Centre, Bloor Street United Church, and Trinity-St. Paul's United Church.

Surface connections

When the subway is closed, streetcars still enter the station. TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Spadina station


text:
Talk:William D. Rogers

If someone wants to flesh this out
The cited "Legends in the Law" article has extensive biographical material. The Maxwell article covers Rogers' involvement in a recent imbroglio at the Council on Foreign Relations. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:19, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:William D. Rogers


text:
Category talk:Computing stubs

Sub-category suggestions
This category is getting quite big. I suggest it should be split. Possible subcategories:

 * Software stubs
 * Domain name stubs
 * Processor stubs
 * Mac stubs
 * Operating system stubs
 * Programming language stubs
 * Website stubs
 * Wiki stubs
 * Hardware stubs

[[User:Norm|Norman Rogers\talk]] 01:20, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I created the first of such stubs. Template:Compu-domain-stub is for domain names. I haven't built templates before so if anyone sees a problem, please let me know right away (or let me know what you've done to fix it). I will work on building one for the other categories you've listed above. Thus far I've added the stub to .a TLD articles. --Will2k 16:30, Jan 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I would like to suggest   and   for languages and software respectively. --Phil | Talk 12:46, Jan 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've created compu-soft-stub and started moving software articles over. I've done up to (and including) the B's, but have to go do some RL stuff now.  If anyone makes further progress before I come back to finish it off, please let me know here :) --HappyDog 13:47, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I've now done up-to and including K. --HappyDog 16:15, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * L --HappyDog 12:35, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Finally got round to finishing off. There are bound to be some I missed (or incorrectly reassigned) and, of course, there will be new articles that get placed in the wrong category too, but at least the bulk of the software articles are in the right place now.   --HappyDog 05:35, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

ccTLD(s)
There are a bunch of entries for ccTLD(s) (country code Top Level Domains for the internet) at the beginning of the compu-stubs list, beginning with .ac. Is there anything that should be put in a template and added to all of these? RJFJR 16:28, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

Are articles listing what a top-level domain (i.e. .hg) really stubs? How long should an article about an relatively unimportant country code be? Superm401 06:39, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I would argue that most of those pages have enough to be considered real articles considering their topic. About the only way to expand those pages is to fill them up with useless information that doesn't belong in an encyclopedia anyway. -- ckape (talk) 05:57, 2005 Jan 18 (UTC)

I'm going to start removing the compu-stub template from these soon. I'll check here periodically to see if anyone suddenly thinks of a reason not to. RJFJR 03:27, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

Compu-soft-stub use
Is compu-soft-stub for programs or also for concepts about programming? e.g. trampoline (computers) RJFJR 02:31, Feb 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Compu-soft-stub is only for articles about finished computer software. Once I have finished adding this, I'm going to add a compu-prog-stub for programming related articles, which will also reduce the length of this list by a lot.  If it's still too long I might also add a compu-hard-stub for hardware articles.  As a general rule I haven't included operating systems or programming tools in software stubs, as they would probably be better served with their own stub categories.   If you want to create a compu-prog-stub template then please go ahead - I probably won't get round to it for a week or two at least! --HappyDog 09:16, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Stub categories
WikiProject_Computing has some ideas for category structure. Perhaps we could model it on this? - Ta bu shi da yu 13:25, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I would suggest using the top-level heirarchy as described, and only break it down further if a particular sub-category gets overly-huge. --HappyDog 19:59, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)

template naming
It's probably too late, but I'd just like to say that the templates named here are really unintuitive. For example, if I'm going through recent changes, I'll usually tag stub articles; and as I'm not familiar with the breadth of stub templates, I'll usually guess at what i think it's called, and verify in "Preview". Usually, it's pretty easy, like I'll guess Template:actor-stub or Template:comics-stub, and be right. However Template:compu-hardware-stub and Template:compu-soft-stub is not at all intuitive, consistent, or particularly necessary; I doubt there would be any ambiguity if you called them Template:hardware-stub or Template:software-stub. Just a thought. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 20:52, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * The templates can be renamed, by the simple expedient of using a redirect. But ask first on WikiProject Stub sorting/Criteria, which is were most of these templates are discussed before being created (and probably where the current naming was discussed in the first place). --cesarb 22:08, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Computing stubs


text: Category:1968 singles

title: Category:1968 singles


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Tej Bahadur Sapru

Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru (8 December 1875 – 20 January 1949) was an Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, and politician. He was a key figure in India's struggle for independence, helping draft the Indian Constitution. He was the leader of the Liberal party in British-ruled India.

Early life and career
Tej Bahadur Sapru was born in Aligarh in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh), in a Kashmiri Pandit family. Sapru was the only son of Ambika Prasad Sapru, a zemindar, and his wife Gaura Sapru (née Hukku). Sapru's mother Gaura was the sister of Niranjan Hukku, whose daughter Uma was married to Shyamlal Nehru, a first cousin of Jawaharlal Nehru. Sapru was also an eighth cousin of Allama Iqbal, national poet of Pakistan and a Muslim ideologue who was among those who formulated the very idea of Pakistan in the 1930s.

He was educated at the Agra College. Sapru worked in the Allahabad High Court as a lawyer where Purushottam Das Tandon, a future nationalist leader, worked as his junior. He later served as a dean of the Banaras Hindu University. On 13 December 1930, Sapru was admitted to the Middle Temple, but withdrew on 14 January 1932 without being called to the English bar.

Political career
Sapru served in the Legislative Council of the United Provinces (1913–16) and the Imperial Legislative Council (1916–20) and as a member for law affairs in the Viceroy's Council (1920–23). Sapru and Indian Liberals collaborated with the Congress after the ascent of Mahatma Gandhi, who advocated non-violent civil disobedience against British rule. Sapru supported the Non-cooperation movement until (1920–22). He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in the 1923 King's Birthday Honours list, As early as 1927, Sapru organised an All Party Conference to begin drafting the Indian Constitution. In 1928, he helped draft the Nehru Committee Report on Constitutional Reforms. It is acknowledged as the most important document related to the evolution of the Indian Constitution. For the first time in the history of India, it proposed uniting the princely states with the rest of India as a part of the federal polity.

Although initially a member of the Indian National Congress, India's largest political party, Sapru left it to join the Liberal Party of India. While he supported Swaraj (Self Rule) and civil disobedience against British colonial rule, as a constitutionalist, Sapru advocated for greater political rights and freedoms for Indians to be achieved through dialogue with British authorities. For example, on 28 February 1930, he attended a dinner party organised by the Standing Committee of British India and minister advisers. Chimanlal Setalvad from Bombay was also present ready to co-operate with Muslims M. A. Jinnah, and M. R. Jayakar, alongside C. P. Ramaswami Aiyer from Madras. The Committee absorbed Haksar's Report, and agreed to hold monthly meetings; their deliberations became known as the Sapru Committee recommendations. These "conversations with the princes are very important" declared New Delhi. Kailas Nath Haksar was a personal friend who also proposed federation of British and princely India, responsibility was a conservative counter-weight to radicalisation. They established good relations with the British Ministry of Works and Gandhi to build a forum for the round table conference. On 17 November 1930 the All-India Federation gained princely support for a constitutional relationship. Although unaware of the impact of this shift, Sapru sought out Gandhi and Nehru for conversations against civil disobedience movements. He was not successful, other than drawing criticism from Nehru about British control over the Army and financial safeguards. However they had more success in Bhopal and Bikaner, proposed the establishment of a Centre Party with allies in Oudh and United Provinces. They were in no stronger position when the Second Round Table Conference started. The factional splits were fatal to the princes cause; and Sapru's severe criticisms of Maharaja of Dhollpur only served to postpone federation. But he persevered with colleagues Jayakar and Haksar to lobby officials, when he was informed the Viceroy warned against repudiation. Lord Willingdon remained aloof and indifferent to his efforts. The bureaucratic denials slowed attempts, and so in early 1932 Lord Lothian of the Franchise Committee made overtures towards Federation, they recruited Hailey's organ The Pioneer to persuade the princes to donate.

Sapru and other Liberal politicians, eager to achieve independence through dialogue, participated in the central and provincial legislatures set up by the British, even though they were opposed by most Indian political parties and ignored by the people, who considered the legislatures to be unrepresentative "rubber stamps" for the Viceroy of India. Many Congress politicians respected Sapru as an eminent jurist, as he was a valuable and effective mediator. Sapru mediated between Gandhi and the Viceroy Lord Irwin, helping to forge the Gandhi–Irwin Pact that ended the Salt Satyagraha. Sapru also mediated between Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar and the British over the issue of separate electorates for India's "Untouchables", which was settled by the Poona Pact. Sapru was chosen as the representative of Indian Liberals at the Round Table Conferences (1931–33), which sought to deliberate plans over granting more autonomy to Indians. His efforts along with those of his contemporary M. R. Jayakar at the Round Table Conferences for bridging the differences between the British administration and Congress are well known. But by Third Round Table many princes would not turn up, and their ministers were lukewarm about federation, and personalities clashed to exclude his able lieutenant Haksar. Sapru had to battle conservative intransigent and princely fickleness when participation was largely voluntary. He was appointed a member of the Privy Council on 26 February 1934.

Sapru supported the Viceroy's decision to bring India into the Second World War in 1939, even as the Congress criticised the decision as unilateral and made without consulting the representatives of India's people. Sapru was also one of the main lawyers engaged to defend captured soldiers of the rebel Indian National Army, raised by nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose with the aid of Imperial Japan during the warand the Quit India Movement (1942–46).

Sapru Committee Report
In 1944, the Standing Committee of the Non-Party Conference adopted a resolution to appoint a committee that would make recommendations on constitutional principles, taking into particular account issues of communal division in India. Sapru was invited to head the committee, and to appoint members representing various communities to participate in the preparation of its report. This report, titled 'Constitutional Proposals of the Sapru Committee', came to be commonly known as the Sapru Committee Report, and contained 21 recommendations pertaining to constitutional questions that concerned the governance and politics of India. The Report was published along with a detailed exposition of the reasoning behind these recommendations and included a number of notes of dissent from committee members, as well as details of correspondence regarding their deliberations between the committee and political figures such as Ambedkar, Gandhi, and others. The Sapru Committee Report rejected the proposal for the division of the Indian sub-continent into the two states of India and Pakistan, and made a number of recommendations for the protection of minorities in a unified state. While the Report did not receive much attention or consideration when it was published, it was cited and considered a number of times by the Constituent Assembly of India when drafting the Constitution of India.

Personal life
Sapru and his wife were the parents of five children. Their three sons were Prakash Narain Sapru, Trijugi Narain Sapru, and Anand Narain Sapru and their daughters were named Jagdambashwari and Bhuvaneshwari. Sapru was the grandfather of Jagdish Narain Sapru, former chairman of British Oxygen and of ITC Limited.

Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru died on 20 January 1949 in Allahabad, seventeen months after India gained independence.

title: Tej Bahadur Sapru


text:
User talk:Aynsley

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- John Fader 01:21, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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title: User talk:Aynsley


text:
Destination Moon (comics)

Destination Moon (Objectif Lune) is the sixteenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. The story was initially serialised weekly in Belgium's Tintin magazine from March to September 1950 and April to October 1952 before being published in a collected volume by Casterman in 1953. The plot tells of young reporter Tintin and his friend Captain Haddock who receive an invitation from Professor Calculus to come to Syldavia, where Calculus is working on a top-secret project in a secure government facility to plan a crewed mission to the Moon.

Developed in part through the suggestions of Hergé's friends Bernard Heuvelmans and Jacques Van Melkebeke, Destination Moon was produced following Hergé's extensive research into the possibility of human space travel – a feat that had yet to be achieved – with the cartoonist seeking for the work to be as realistic as possible. During the story's serialisation, Hergé established Studios Hergé, a Brussels-based team of cartoonists to aid him on the project. Hergé concluded the story arc begun in this volume with Explorers on the Moon, while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco-Belgian comics tradition. Critics have held the illustrative detail of the book in high esteem, but have expressed divided opinions of the story; some consider it to be among the most mature and emotionally resonant entries in the series, while others fault it for downplaying the humour seen in previous volumes in favour of the scientific focus of the narrative. The story was adapted for the 1957 Belvision animated series Hergé's Adventures of Tintin, the 1989 computer game Tintin on the Moon, the 1991 Ellipse/Nelvana animated series The Adventures of Tintin, and the 1992–93 BBC Radio 5 dramatisation of the Adventures.

Synopsis
Tintin, Snowy, and Captain Haddock travel to join Professor Calculus, who has been commissioned by the Syldavian government to secretly build a spacecraft that will fly to the Moon. Arriving at the Sprodj Atomic Research Centre, they meet the centre's managing director, Mr. Baxter, and Calculus' assistant, the engineer Frank Wolff. After witnessing Calculus test out a new multiplex helmet for the planned mission, they are informed of both his plan and his new use of an ear trumpet due to his signature hearing ailments. Haddock is against the plan, but due to him mistaking Haddock's pipe for the ear trumpet (an error made in reverse by Haddock and corrected in a respective and consequent fire accident), Calculus instead believes he agreed. An uncrewed sub-scale prototype of the rocket – the "X-FLR6" – is launched on a circumlunar mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and test Calculus's nuclear rocket engine. Before the launch, the centre's radar picks up a plane which drops three paratroopers near to the centre. One of the men dies from a malfunctioning parachute; the incident coincides with the arrival of the police detectives Thomson and Thompson, who are initially believed to be the intruders.

Tintin sets out to locate the spies, telling Haddock to follow from the base, as he suspects a mole is on the inside. Wolff follows Haddock out of suspicion. Tintin catches one of the paratroopers during an exchange at an air vent, but is shot by the other before he is able to do anything. Simultaneously, the base experiences a temporary power outage, and confusion ensues, with neither Haddock (who passed out) nor Wolff (who was grabbed by the detectives) capable of explaining clearly what happened.

This incident confirms the centre's suspicions that the paratroopers were agents of a foreign power, but Tintin fears that efforts to trace any leaked information would be futile. The rocket is successfully launched and orbits the Moon as planned, but on its return it is intercepted by the aforementioned foreign power, who have used the leaked information concerning the rocket's radio control. However, Tintin had anticipated this and asked Calculus to rig a self-destruct mechanism for the rocket, and the Centre destroys the rocket to prevent it from falling into enemy hands. Tintin reasons that there must have been an inside spy who leaked information to the paratroopers, but no suspects are found. Preparations are made for the crewed expedition to the moon, but after an argument with Haddock, in which Haddock accuses Calculus of "acting the goat" through the ear trumpet, Calculus becomes irate and angrily gives Haddock a forced tour of the Moon rocket. However, after telling the Captain to look where he's going (Stars above, Captain! Behind you!), Calculus forgets to look where he is going, falls down a ladder, and suffers amnesia.

When Calculus' memory fails to be brought back, Haddock opts to use a violent shock to overcome Calculus' amnesia. He keeps trying increasingly more insane things, but his attempts repeatedly backfire. Eventually, after repeating the phrase "you can keep acting the goat as long as you like", Haddock successfully and accidentally triggers Calculus' memory recovery. After regaining his knowledge on the rocket, construction is eventually completed, and the final preparations are made, with Calculus obtaining an actual hearing aid for near-perfect hearing of transmission signals. On the night of the launch, Haddock initially backs out, but after hearing Thomson and Thompson stating that he would be too old to go, he angrily declares his participation. The crew finally board the rocket, and later lose consciousness as the rocket successfully takes off due to the sudden g-force. Despite attempting to make contact, the ground crew are unable to get through, and the book ends with the rocket flying towards the Moon while the ground crew repeatedly calls, "Earth calling Moon Rocket, are you receiving me?".

Background
Hergé first devised the idea of sending Tintin on a mission to the Moon while he was working on Prisoners of the Sun (1949). His decision to move into the field of science fiction might have been influenced by his friendly rivalry with his colleague Edgar P. Jacobs, who had recently had success with his own science fiction comic, The Secret of the Swordfish (1950–1953). He decided that it would be a two-volume story arc, as had proved successful with his earlier arcs, The Secret of the Unicorn (1943) and Red Rackham's Treasure (1944), and The Seven Crystal Balls (1948) and Prisoners of the Sun. He had initially intended on beginning this story after the culmination of Prisoners of the Sun, but both his wife Germaine Remi and his close friend Marcel Dehaye convinced him to proceed with Land of Black Gold (1950), a story that he had previously left unfinished, instead.

Seeking advice on the story, Hergé consulted his friend Bernard Heuvelmans, who had authored the non-fiction book L'Homme parmi les étoiles ("Man Among the Stars") (1944). In autumn 1947, Heuvelmans and Jacques Van Melkebeke developed a script for the story, which they gave to Hergé. This version based Calculus' lunar expedition in a fictional location, Radio City, in the United States. It featured a return of Professor Decimus Phostle, a character who had previously appeared in The Shooting Star (1942), but this time as an antagonist; Phostle had sold the secrets of the mission in order to attain funds to buy a diamond for the actress Rita Hayworth. In early 1948, Hergé produced two black-and-white pages of this version of the story before abandoning it. Hergé retained some elements of this original script in his finished version, namely the scenes in which Haddock drinks whiskey in a gravity-free environment and that in which Haddock goes for a space walk and nearly becomes a satellite of Adonis, which appear on pages 5 and 8 of Explorers on the Moon. Nevertheless, Heuvelmans thought his influence on the story to be more significant, stating that "in going through the two books we [he and Van Melkebeke] really had the impression that it was what we had originally done at the beginning. In broad outline, that was it".

Hergé hoped for the story to be as realistic as possible, and sought to eschew fantastical elements. In his own words, it contained "no moonmen, no monsters, no incredible surprises". To ensure this realism, he collected a wide range of documents about rockets and space travel with which to conduct research. In this he was aided by Heuvelmans, who collected pictures of rockets and atomic research facilities for him. Hergé's research archive included an article from the American magazine Collier's which discussed how humanity could reach the Moon, as well as books by Pierre Rousseau and Auguste Piccard. A further work that he used was L'Astronautique (1950), a book on putative space travel by the physicist Alexander Ananoff, with whom Hergé began a correspondence in April 1950. He also visited the Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi's Center for Atomic Research, striking up a subsequent correspondence with its director, Max Hoyaux. Hergé incorporated much of this technical information into the story, but juxtaposed it with moments of humour to make it more accessible to his young readership.

According to literary critics Jean-Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier, possible fictional influences on Hergé's story include Jules Verne's 1870 novel Around the Moon and the 1950 American film Destination Moon. Hergé was certainly inspired by a number of photographic stills from the Destination Moon film which had been published. The computer system at the Sprodj space centre was visually based upon the UNIVAC I, the first computer to be created for non-military purposes. Hergé based his Moon rocket on the designs of the V-2 rocket which had been developed by German scientists during World War II. The red-and-white checker pattern on Hergé's rocket was based upon an illustration of a V-2 which Hergé had come upon in Leslie Simon's 1947 book German Research in World War II. He commissioned the construction of a model rocket with detachable parts from his assistant Arthur Van Noeyen. He took the model to Paris where he showed it to Ananoff, asking him if it was realistic representation of what a Moon rocket might look like. He and his assistants then used the model from which to accurately sketch when producing the comic.

Hergé also inserted a cameo of Jacobs into the story, using him as the basis for a scientist that appears on page 40 of Destination Moon, a nod to Jacobs' inclusion of a reference to Hergé in one of his Blake and Mortimer mysteries, The Mystery of the Great Pyramid (1954).

Publication
Hergé announced the upcoming story with two consecutive covers of Tintin magazine each depicting the Moon. The story began serialisation in the Belgian Tintin magazine from 30 March 1950, in the French language. It then began serialisation over the border in France, in that country's edition of the magazine, from 11 May 1950. During this time, there were changes to how Hergé conducted his work; on 6 April 1950, he established Studios Hergé as a public company. The Studios were based in his Avenue Delleur house in Brussels, with Hergé making a newly purchased country house in Céroux-Mousty his and Germaine's main abode. The Studios would provide both personal support to Hergé and technical support for his ongoing work. He hired Bob de Moor as his primary apprentice at the Studios in March 1951. On 7 September 1950, only six months after the start of serialisation, the story was interrupted due to the fact Hergé was suffering another breakdown and had been developing eczema on his hands. On 9 April 1952, the story was continued in Tintin.

The story was collected together and published by Editions Casterman as Objectif Lune in 1953. The title had been Hergé's own choice, having rejected Casterman's suggestion of Tintin and the Nuclear Rocket. For publication in book form, the story was re-coloured, with various changes being made; for instance, in the serialised version, the uniforms worn by staff were green, and they are changed to blue for the book volume. A number of scenes were also deleted, including Snowy about to be thrown out into outer space accidentally by Haddock, the Thompsons getting lost on their moonwalk. Hergé sent a copy to Ananoff, with a message stating that "your help, your knowledge, has been invaluable, enabling me to get my little characters to the Moon... and to bring them back safe and sound". An English-language translation of the book was published in 1959.

Marking the Apollo 11 Moon landings in 1969, Hergé produced an illustration in which NASA astronaut Neil Armstrong has just arrived on the Moon, only to be greeted by Tintin, Snowy, Haddock, and Calculus carrying roses and a sign welcoming him. That same year, the French magazine Paris Match commissioned him to produce a short comic documenting the Apollo 12 landings.

Critical analysis
Jean-Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier believed that the two-part story "belongs" to Calculus, because his "cosmic vision moves the story forward". They further expressed the opinion that Wolff was a unique character in the Adventures of Tintin, suggesting that he is akin to a character from a John le Carré novel. They felt that the Moon adventure was "Hergé at his best... a triumphant achievement on every level", awarding both halves of the story five stars out of five. Harry Thompson described the entire Moon adventure as "a technical masterpiece" as a result of its "uncannily accurate" depiction of the Moon. Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline felt that the two Moon adventures "mark a stage in the development of Hergé's work". Conversely, Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters was critical of the two-part story arc, stating that they had "neither the liveliness and dynamism" of The Secret of the Unicorn/Red Rackham's Treasure, "nor the supernatural quality" of The Seven Crystal Balls/Prisoners of the Sun.

In his psychoanalytical study of the Adventures of Tintin, the literary critic Jean-Marie Apostolidès praised the Destination Moon-Explorers on the Moon story arc for its "meticulous attention to scientific facts", but added that this had also resulted in the story's "rather pedagogical tone". He added that in these stories, the main division was "no longer Good and Evil" as it had been in previous Adventures, but "Truth and Error". Apostolidès opined that despite being a "fussy and somewhat ridiculous character", through his scientific achievements Calculus grows to the "stature of a giant" in this arc, eclipsing Sir Francis Haddock (from The Secret of the Unicorn) as the series' "founding ancestor". He goes on to claim that in becoming the "sacred ancestor", the voyage to the Moon becomes "a mystical quest" with science as its guiding religion. Drawing comparisons between this arc and the Prisoners of the Sun story, he drew symbolic links between the scientific centre and the Inca Temple of the Sun, but noted that here Calculus was the "high priest" rather than the sacrificial victim as he had been in the previous story. Moving on to discuss the Moon rocket in these stories, Apostolidès described it as a phallic object which penetrated the "virgin territory" of the Moon. At the same time, he described the rocket as a "maternal belly" in which the space explorers slept.

Literary critic Tom McCarthy stated that in the Destination Moon-Explorers of the Moon story arc, Calculus "embodies Hergé's ... own wartime position, spun out into a post-war environment", representing a genius driven by his work whose activities are coincidental to national and political causes. He suggested that the scene in which Captain Haddock rides a pantomime hobby horse can be contrasted with the many scenes in which Haddock is thrown off of a horse's back during the Adventures. McCarthy also interpreted the scene in which Calculus cries and tears at his hair in response to the rocket's capture by the enemy as reflecting Hergé's own anxieties at having his work published and reinterpreted by his readers. He was also of the opinion that several scenes in Destination Moon reflected recurring themes throughout the series; he suggested that Haddock's attempts at smuggling whisky into Syldavia echoed the smuggling of treasure in The Secret of the Unicorn, while the "correction" in which Thompson and Thomson were recognised as not being spies reflected a theme of corrections in the series. He also believed that there was an example of Hergé's secret vulgarity within Destination Moon, with a diagram above Calculus' head in one scene resembling buttocks.

Adaptation
In 1957, the animation company Belvision Studios produced a string of colour adaptations based on Hergé's original comics, adapting eight of the Adventures into a series of daily five-minute episodes. Destination Moon was the first to be adapted in the second animated series; it was directed by Ray Goossens and written by Greg, a well-known cartoonist who was to become editor-in-chief of Tintin magazine.

In 1991, a second animated series based upon The Adventures of Tintin was produced, this time as a collaboration between the French studio Ellipse and the Canadian animation company Nelvana. Destination Moon was the fourteenth story to be adapted and was divided into two twenty-minute episodes. Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi, the series has been praised for being "generally faithful" to the original comics, to the extent that the animation was directly adopted from Hergé's original panels.

title: Destination Moon (comics)


text: User talk:63.226.96.241

title: User talk:63.226.96.241


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zanthar

Zanthar
Orphaned non-notable (913 Google hits) substub fancruft. Article has no edits since its creation on November 13. --Korath会話 01:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete - even if it were a valid subject, information content would be zero. - Andre Engels 09:25, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, absolutely no content. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:40, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. utcursch 10:33, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zanthar


text:
Kailash Nath Katju

Kailash Nath Katju (17 June 1887 – 17 February 1968) was a prominent politician of India. He was the Governor of Odisha and West Bengal, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, the Union Home Minister and the Union Defence Minister. He was also one of India's most prominent lawyers. He was part of some of the most notable cases of his times, including the Indian National Army trials. Katju joined the Indian independence movement early on and spent several years incarcerated with fellow independence activists for his activities.

Early life
Kailash Nath Katju was born in the princely state of Jaora (in present-day Madhya Pradesh) on 17 June 1887. His family were Kashmiri Pandits who had settled in Jaora. His father Tribhuwan Nath Katju was a former dewan of the state. Kailash Nath was educated at the Barr High School in Jaora, when he was sent to Lahore to study at the Rang Mahal School. He passed his matriculation examination from Panjab University the following year before completing his graduation from Forman Christian College, Lahore, in March 1905. In July that year, he joined the Muir Central College in Allahabad. In September 1907, he received a degree in laws from the Allahabad University, standing second in the province. In 1908, he received a master's degree in history from the same university. He began legal profession that year in Kanpur before moving to Allahabad in 1914. He completed his doctorate in law, the LL.D. from Allahabad University in 1919, joining the Allahabad High Court as an advocate in 1921.

Career
Katju defended the accused in the Meerut Conspiracy Case in Allahabad High Court in 1933 and later the military officers accused at the Indian National Army trials at the Red Fort in Delhi. On 17 July 1937, he became the Minister of Law and Justice and Parliamentary Affairs of the United Provinces in the Govind Ballabh Pant's cabinet. He was elected to the legislature from the constituency of Allahabad district (Doaba). The ministry resigned on 2 November 1939 and soon Katju was imprisoned for 18 months. He was again imprisoned in 1942. He also served in the Constituent Assembly of India. Between 1935 and 1937, he served as the chairman of the Allahabad Municipal Board, and later as chancellor of Prayag Mahila Vidyapith, Allahabad.

Following the independence of India, Katju held many high political positions. Initially he was made the Governor of Orissa from 15 August 1947 to 20 June 1948. He became the Governor of West Bengal on 21 June 1948 and was in office till 31 October 1951. In 1951 he was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Mandsaur constituency, joining the cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru as Law Minister in 1951. In November 1951 he succeeded C. Rajagopalachari as the country's third Home Minister. In 1955 he was made the Defence Minister. He became the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh on 31 January 1957, remaining in office till 11 March 1962. He also held the portfolios for general administration, home, publicity, planning and development, co-ordination and anti-corruption.

Personal life
Katju and his wife Rup Kishori had five children together: three sons and two daughters. The eldest son, Shiva Nath Katju, served as a judge at the Allahabad High Court, and after retirement, took up politics and was elected a member of the Uttar Pradesh legislature. Another son, Brahma Nath Katju, rose to serve as chief justice of the same Allahabad High Court.

Katju's grandsons have also achieved distinction. His grandson Markandey (son of Shiv Nath) served as a judge in the Supreme Court of India. Another grandson is Vivek Katju, IFS, a retired diplomat who served in several sensitive positions. Tilottama Mukherji, a professor at New York University and first wife of politician and former diplomat Shashi Tharoor, is Katju's grand-daughter (daughter's daughter).

Katju had recovered from a kidney ailment he had suffered in the summer of 1967. After his condition deteriorated in early February 1968, he died at 7:55 p.m. (IST) on 17 February 1968 at his residence in Allahabad. The last rites were performed by son Shiva Nath on the bank of the Ganges the following day.

Publications
Dr Kailash Nath Katju wrote many books, some of which are the following::
 * Experiments in Advocacy: A Colossus in the Courts of Justice
 * The days I remember
 * Reminiscences and experiments in advocacy

He also wrote many articles and delivered many memorable speeches, including the following:
 * Some Judges and Lawyers whom I knew
 * Speech delivered on 27 November 1966, on the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the High Court Building.

Founder of National Herald
He was one of the founders of Associated Journals Ltd. and one of the seven original subscribers of the Memorandum of Association of the company which published National Herald and two other newspapers. His shares were taken over by a company formed and closely held by Sonia Gandhi and her son Rahul Gandhi and two others in 2012. There is a legal case of criminal conspiracy in this regard against them in a court of law in Delhi.

title: Kailash Nath Katju


text: Template:WikiProject Vermont

title: Template:WikiProject Vermont


text:
Birds of Fire

Birds of Fire is the second studio album by jazz fusion band the Mahavishnu Orchestra. It was released in 1973 by Columbia Records and is the last studio album released by the original line-up before it dissolved.

As with the group's previous album, The Inner Mounting Flame, Birds of Fire consists solely of compositions by John McLaughlin. These include the track "Miles Beyond (Miles Davis)", which McLaughlin dedicated to his friend and former bandleader.

The back cover of the album features the poem "Revelation" by Sri Chinmoy.

Release history
In addition to the standard two-channel stereo album there was also a four-channel quadraphonic version released in 1973 on LP and 8-track tape. The quad LP was encoded in the SQ matrix format.

The first CD issue was in 1986. A remastered version of the album was released on CD in 2000 by Sony Music Entertainment. It features a new set of liner notes by JazzTimes critic Bill Milkowski, as well as photographs of the band. In 2015 the album was re-issued on Super Audio CD by Audio Fidelity containing both the stereo and quad mixes. The same content was re-issued on SACD in Japan in 2021 by Sony Music.

The track "Celestial Terrestrial Commuters" appears on the six-CD box set Jazz: The Smithsonian Anthology, released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2011, covering the history of jazz.

Reception
Reviewing the album for All About Jazz in 2002, Walter Kolosky wrote of the title track: "Birds of Fire," which opens up the album, is a fusion classic. John McLaughlin scares the hell out of his guitar with his melodic convulsions. If you ever want to frighten a musical neophyte, turn your stereo up really loud and play the cover tune – it's guaranteed to send him or her fleeing.

Track listing
All tracks composed by John McLaughlin.

Musicians

 * John McLaughlin – guitars
 * Rick Laird – bass
 * Billy Cobham – drums, percussion
 * Jan Hammer – keyboards, Moog synthesizer, Fender Rhodes
 * Jerry Goodman – violin

Technical

 * Ken Scott, Jim Green – audio engineer
 * Ashok (Chris Poisson) – album design
 * Nathan Weiss – Management
 * Pranavananda – photography

title: Birds of Fire


text:
Bolbec

Bolbec is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. Its inhabitants are called Bolbécais or Bolbécaises.

Geography
A farming, quarrying and light industrial town situated at the heart of three valleys in the Pays de Caux, some 19 mi northeast of Le Havre. It is the source of the river Commerce, though here it is known as the river Bolbec. The town has many small lanes (ruelles) with some pretty houses.

History
The first written record of the town dates from the end of the 11th century, as Bolebec. Archeological discoveries indicate that the site has been inhabited since ancient times. The first lord of Bolbec was Osbern de Bolbec (around 992) and the last was the Duc de Charost who was executed during the French Revolution. Through the Norman family of de Bolbec, the town gives its name to the village of Swaffham Bulbeck in Cambridgeshire, England.

Bolbec developed thanks to the numerous mills which lined the river banks through the town. These mills, numbering 14 in the middle of the 19th century, allowed the development of a textile industry based on water power, and later steam, to power the machinery.

Today, only three mills remain: one at the source of the river in the grounds of the Oril factory; one at Vallot; and one in the Ruelle Papavoine.

At the end of the 18th century, a number of manufacturers installed themselves in Bolbec to produce "Indiennes" (printed textiles). On the eve of the Revolution, Bolbec had 18 factories. In 1806, there were 27 producing Indiennes employing nearly 800 workers.

The importance of textiles in the Bolbec Valley was recognised by the state with the creation of the Chambre des Arts et Manufactures in 1806 (which became the Chamber of Commerce and Industry) and further, with the creation of a Conseil des Prud'hommes in 1813. However, over the years the textile industry suffered economic crises and by the end of the 19th century there was just one indiennerie remaining.

Bolbec is the last French town in which Thomas Jefferson, his family, and Sally and James Hemings stayed in 1789 prior to their arrival in Le Havre to return to America after their time in Paris.

Bolbec today
Little remains of the textile history of the town. A single former factory remains, that of the Desgenétais works, closed in 1986. In effect, this site is the last witness of the impact of the textile factories on Bolbec town planning: school, creche, chapel, workers' and foremen's houses… The site provides an exceptional insight into the epoch.

Economy
Bolbec is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Bolbec - Lillebonne.

Industry
The principal employers in Bolbec are Oril Industrie, part of the Servier Pharmaceutical group, and Cooper Standard Automotive, automobile equipment manufacturers specialising in waterproofing

Sights

 * Saint-Michel Church
 * Manoir de Cailletot
 * Mills: Moulins Seminel et du Vallot
 * Château du Val au Grès

Notable people

 * François Amable Ruffin, (1771–1811), general
 * Richard Charles Blondel, (born 1827), general
 * Marion Gilbert, (1876–1951), writer
 * Jacques Prevel, (1915–1951), poet
 * Dominique Noguez, born 1942, writer
 * Jacques Caudebec, (1664–1766), Huguenot Settler in America

Twin towns

 * 🇩🇪 Germany Ostercappeln
 * 🇩🇪 Germany Bad Essen
 * 🇩🇪 Germany Bohmte

title: Bolbec


text:
Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska

Theresa Kunegunda (Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska, Kurfürstin Therese Kunigunde), (Thérèse-Cunégonde Sobieska) (4 March 1676 – 27 March 1730) was a Polish princess, Electress of Bavaria and of the Electorate of the Palatinate. By birth she was member of the House of Sobieski and by marriage member of the House of Wittelsbach. She also served as Regent of the Palatinate in 1704–05.

Biography
She was a daughter of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania John III Sobieski and his wife, Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien. While her parents had thirteen children she was the only daughter to survive childhood.

Theresa was baptized in Jaworow on 19 July 1676, having for her godfather Charles II, king of England and for her godmother Marie-Thérèse of Austria, wife of Louis XIV.

Theresa was educated in painting and music, Latin, Italian and French. At the beginning of 1692, her father planned to marry her to the Prince of Denmark, but this project was subsequently abandoned.

Wedding
On 15 August 1694, at the age of nineteen, she married Maximilian II Emanuel, elector of Bavaria, governor of the Spanish Netherlands. He was a former comrade in arms of her father and widower of Maria Antonia of Austria. The marriage took place by proxy in Warsaw, her oldest brother standing in for Max Emanuel. She would not meet the latter until 1 January 1695 in Brussels. Her journey, paid for by her mother, lasted approximately 50 days and was accompanied by splendors. Her dowry was 500,000 thalers. In honor of her wedding to Max Emanuel the opera Amor vuol il giusto was created and staged. It used a libretto by the Italian writer Giovanni Battista Lampugnani.

Regency
In the Spanish Netherlands, Theresa gave birth to six children before the family moved to Munich in May 1701. Following the evacuation of the Bavarian court from the Spanish Netherlands after the defeat of the Battle of Blenheim (13 August 1704), she became Regent of the Government of the Elector of Bavaria. The move was smart since, legally, the war was against the Elector and not Theresa. It was the only time a woman ruled the Bavarian Electorate. However, Emperor Leopold I forced her to sign the treaty of Ilbersheim on 5 November 1704. This included a cease-fire and gave Theresa the Munich Rentamt, one of the four administrative districts of the Duchy of Bavaria, while the rest of Bavaria is placed under the military supervision of the Austrian Empire. At the beginning of this phase, Theresa strove to decide in collaboration with Max Emanuel but the courier took too long for this to be effective. She also had to face the defection of part of the Bavarian nobility in favour of the emperor.

Exile
On 21 December 1704 she gave birth to the last of her sons. In February 1705, she left to meet her mother in Padua following the discovery of written correspondence between her husband and Agnès Le Louchier, the Countess of Arco, his mistress. Upon her return in May, the imperial army would not allow him to return to Munich, in violation of the treaty of Ilbersheim. Her four sons were looked after by the Austrians in Klagenfurt while her two youngest boys and her daughter remained in Munich.

After the battle of Ramillies, on 23 May 1706, Max Emanuel was forced to flee the Spanish Netherlands and found refuge at the court of France located in Versailles. Max Emmanuel would live with his French mistress Agnès Le Louchier during his exile from 1704 to 1715.

Theresa negotiated her return to Munich from the Emperor by asking for the help of the Republic of Venice, Pope Clement XI, Prince Eugene of Savoy and Anne, Queen of Great Britain. She tried to use the Duke of Modena and the Grand Duchess of Tuscany as mediators, but to no avail. On the domestic level, the financial and military retributions imposed by Joseph I created many revolts and she lost a son. Consequently, Theresa spent ten years in exile in Venice, not returning until 1715 when the War of the Spanish Succession ended and Max Emanuel regained his electorate on 7 September 1714 by the Treaty of Baden. Despite a short reign of seven months, Theresa left a positive balance where in particular the role of the nobility was improved.

Later life
On 8 April 1715 she finally reunited with her husband. She founded the Servitinnen monastery in Munich dedicated to Saint Elisabeth the same year. On the death of her husband in February 1726, she did not remarry but retired to Venice, where she died in 1730. She rests in the Theatine Church in Munich.

Children
She was the mother of ten children by her husband, including Holy Roman Emperor Charles VII and Clemens August of Bavaria, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne, though only six of them survived till adulthood.

 * A stillborn child (1695)
 * Maria Anna Karoline (1696–1750), a nun
 * Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1697–1745), King of Bohemia, and Elector of Bavaria
 * Philip Maurice Maria (1698–1719), posthumously elected Bishop of Paderborn and Bishop of Münster as news of his death had not yet spread
 * Ferdinand Maria Innocenz (1699–1738), Imperial Field Marshal
 * Clemens August (1700–1761), Archbishop of Cologne, Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim, Bishop of Paderborn
 * William (1701–1704), Prince of Bavaria, died in childhood
 * Alois John Adolf (1702–1705), Prince of Bavaria, died in childhood
 * John Theodore (1703–1763), Cardinal, Prince-Bishop of Regensburg, Bishop of Freising and Bishop of Liège
 * Maximilian Emanuel Thomas (1704–1709), Prince of Bavaria, died in childhood

title: Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska


text: Category:1970 singles

title: Category:1970 singles


text:
User talk:Metroid composite

Hi.--Bloodstained Agar 6 July 2005 12:45 (UTC)

title: User talk:Metroid composite


text:
St. George station

St. George is a station on Line 1 Yonge–University and Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway. It is located north of Bloor Street West between St. George Street and Bedford Road. It is the second-busiest station in the system after Bloor–Yonge station, serving a combined total of approximately 0 people a day. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

Entrances

 * The St. George Street entrance is an unstaffed automatic entrance. It is located on the east side of St. George Street just north of Bloor Street West at 43.66826°N, -79.39989°W
 * The Bedford entrance is wheelchair accessible and is staffed during all hours of operation. It is located on the west side of Bedford Road just north of Bloor Street West at 43.66868°N, -79.39789°W. Patrons board the 26 Dupont bus from a platform within the station's fare-paid area.
 * There is also an unstaffed automatic entrance from Ontario Institute for Studies in Education.

History
The station was first opened on February 28, 1963, for the Yonge–University line, followed by the Bloor–Danforth line on February 26, 1966.

Between 1963 and 1966, there was a direct surface connection at the Bedford Road subway entrance to Bloor and Danforth streetcars. The "Bedford Loop" was immediately south of the station structure and had opened in 1954 to provide a short turn facility for westbound streetcars serving Bloor station on the new Yonge Subway. Streetcars entered from Bedford Road, turned west into the loop beside the station, and exited south on to Bloor Street. The platform was on the east side of what is now the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, with a TTC transformer station constructed at the former entrance and the exit where the Bloor–Bedford Parkette is situated. This loop gave passengers travelling in peak hours a more direct connection between the subway and eastbound and westbound streetcars than walking to/from the curbside stops. The loop closed in February 1966 when streetcar routes were replaced by the Bloor–Danforth line.

In 1999, this station became accessible with elevators.

In late August 2019, the TTC installed platform door markers along the edge of the station's southbound platform as a pilot to improve customer flow when a southbound train is in station. These indicate where customers waiting to board should stand to avoid obstructing customers leaving the train. Automated train control (ATC) ensures that train doors and decals perfectly match up. Blue decals are located near the train doors for accessible seating; customers with mobility problems have priority boarding.

Interlining
St. George and stations are both two-level stations with two platforms, with Line 1 on the upper level, and Line 2 on the lower level at St. George. Between these stations and is a full double-track, grade-separated wye junction. The tracks to and from Museum connect to the upper-level platforms at St. George and the lower-level platforms at Bay stations, while the tracks along Bloor use the lower level at St. George and the upper level at Bay. From February to September 1966, all three sides of the wye were used in regular service: from each of three termini—,, and —trains ran alternately to the other two (between Eglinton and Museum they went via ).

After the six months of interlining, the Bloor–Danforth Line became a separate route and the lower platforms at Bay (sometimes called Lower Bay) were closed. The upper-level platforms at St. George became the terminus of the Yonge–University line until 1978, when the extension to was opened. Lower Bay is sometimes used as a movie or TV set, and has been used for platform-surface experiments.

Paul Arthur signage
Some areas of the station contain wayfinding signage with the image of a crest with a dragon, referencing the Christian legend of St. George. However, St. George Street is actually named for Quetton St. George, a French-born British citizen who lived in Toronto in the 19th century. The signs were designed by Paul Arthur and installed in 1993 as part of a new system of wayfinding signage, which was to be implemented in the entire subway system. Ultimately, the TTC did not go through with the project but did not remove the prototypes either, preserving some of Arthur's designs.

A further wayfinding project began implementation in 2014: using circles with the colour and number of each line to identify them more easily. Signage for that project rolled out at station in March of that year, with St. George set to be the next to follow.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
Both platforms lie on an east–west alignment, with the Line 1 platform being one of three platforms on that line with an east–west orientation, the others being and. Upon leaving the station, the line curves south by 90 degrees to run under Queen's Park (the street). The two tracks split into separate tunnels in this area, briefly running at different levels to form a grade-separated junction with the second pair of link tracks from the Bloor–Danforth line, which curves in from the east.

Tenants

 * Gateway Newstands (one at the St. George entrance/exit and another at the Bedford entrance/exit)

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include the Bata Shoe Museum, University of Toronto Schools, the north side of the University of Toronto, the Royal Conservatory of Music, the Chinese Consul General, the Royal Ontario Museum, and the York Club.

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include:

title: St. George station


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Vermont/to do

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Vermont/to do


text:
Longobardi

Longobardi may refer to:

 * Lombards, a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774
 * Longobardi, Calabria, a comune in the Province of Cosenza, Italy
 * Longobardi (surname), Italian surname

title: Longobardi


text:
Eros Ramazzotti

Eros Walter Luciano Ramazzotti (born 28 October 1963) is an Italian pop singer and songwriter. He is popular in Italy and most European countries, and throughout the Spanish-speaking world, as he has released most of his albums in both Italian and Spanish.

Since 1984, Ramazzotti has released 11 studio albums, one EP, three compilation albums, three live albums, and 37 singles. He has sold over 60 million records in his 40-year career. His repertoire includes duets with artists such as Cher, Tina Turner, Andrea Bocelli, Patsy Kensit, Anastacia, Joe Cocker, Julio Iglesias, Lynn Davis, Ricardo Arjona, Luciano Pavarotti, Laura Pausini, Nicole Scherzinger and Ricky Martin.

Ramazzotti first gained international success in 1993, with the release of Tutte storie, which amassed five million album sales and occupied the top five in every country where he had previously released albums. This success led to a BMG International record contract in 1994. His audience appeal comes from several factors, including his unique voice, which can be described as somewhat nasal but nevertheless forceful and resonant baritone, and his energetic delivery of catchy, melodic tunes which are often passionate mid-tempo autobiographical ballads, with instrumentation that is rich in soft-rock influence.

Childhood and early beginnings (1963–1981)
Ramazzotti was born in Cinecittà Est, a suburb of Rome. He is the son of Rodolfo Ramazzotti, a construction worker and Raffaela Molina, a housewife. His father originated from the province of Viterbo in Lazio and his mother from the province of Vibo Valentia in Calabria. He was named after Eros, the Greek god of love. He began playing the guitar at age seven. As a teenager, he wrote songs with the help of his father who was a music lover and played piano. He wanted to attend a musical conservatory but failed the admission examination, and started training in bookkeeping, but dropped out. He occasionally appeared as an extra in films while dreaming of having a career as a pop-star.

In 1981, Ramazzotti took part in a music contest, Voci Nuove di Castrocaro (New Voices of Castrocaro Terme) with the song "Rock 80", which he wrote, performing in front of various record label representatives. Although the contest was won by Zucchero and Fiordaliso, Ramazzotti reached the final and received two votes from Roberto Galanti and Baron Lando Lanni, who represented the recently launched Italian Label DDD (Drogueria di Drugolo). DDD gave Eros his first contract. He moved to Milan with his brother Marco and his mother Raffaella, and they initially lived in the same building as the record label company.

Career breakthrough (1982–1986)
Ramazzotti's first single, "Ad un amico" (To a Friend), was released in 1982, and was not particularly well received. Soon after, Eros met Renato Brioschi, who mentored the young artist toward his first success in 1984 at the highly regarded Sanremo Festival. His song, "Terra promessa" (Promised Land) won the Newcomers' category, and was subsequently released widely throughout Europe.

In 1985, Ramazzotti took part in the Sanremo Festival again with the song "Una storia importante" (An Important Story), taken from his debut album Cuori agitati (Troubled Hearts). While only placing sixth at the festival, "Una storia importante" was released as a single and became a huge hit in many European countries, including France where it sold a million units. His second album Nuovi eroi (New Heroes), released in 1986, earned two Platinum-awards in Switzerland with over 100,000 sales, and Gold status in Germany with over 250,000 sales. At his third Sanremo Festival appearance in 1986 his memorable single, "Adesso tu" (Now You) from Nuovi eroi won the overall competition.

Popularity established (1987–1994)
In 1987, Ramazzotti went on a nine-month-long tour after releasing his third album In certi momenti (Sometimes), performing in front of more than a million people. In certi momenti went Gold in Germany with over 250,000 sales and Platinum in Switzerland with over 50,000 sales, and reached more than 3 million copies worldwide. As his career developed, he performed "La Luce Buona Delle Stelle" (The Good Light of the Stars) with Patsy Kensit on 22 November 1987, and released a seven-track mini-album Musica è (Music Is) in May 1988.

His fifth album, In ogni senso (In Every Sense), released in April 1990, attracted more than two hundred journalists from around the world to the album's press conference launch in Venice. An American record producer, Clive Davis, advised Ramazzotti to hold a concert at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City, and he became the first Italian artist to perform at the renowned concert hall, performing before a sell-out crowd. However, he was later disappointed to learn that most of his audience was of Italian descent, having hoped for a more widespread breakthrough. During that visit to the US, Ramazzotti also performed on TV shows like The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Good Morning America. In ogni senso earned multiple Gold and Platinum album awards around the world, including a Platinum in Germany for over 500,000 sales, a triple Platinum in Switzerland for over 150,000 sales, and Platinum in the Netherlands for sales of over 100,000 units. His 1991 double-CD release Eros in Concert was followed by another long tour, including a concert in Barcelona, Spain before 20,000 fans on 4 December, the day of his live CD's release.

In 1993, he released Tutte storie (All Stories), and he toured in Europe and 15 Latin American countries, where he has released his Spanish language albums. That November, Ramazzotti performed "Cose della vita" (Things of Life) at the MTV Europe Music Awards in Berlin. Tutte storie entered the Top-5 album list in many countries in Europe including Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway. The album earned Ramazzotti four Platinums in Switzerland for sales of over 200,000 units, a Platinum in Germany for sales of over 500,000 units, and Platinum status in many other counties including the Netherlands, Sweden, Argentina and Austria. Tutte storie eventually sold five million copies worldwide which played a significant role in helping Ramazzotti get his contract with BMG International.

Worldwide Commercial Success (1995–2002)
In the summer of 1995, Ramazzotti participated in the European summer festival along with Rod Stewart, Elton John and Joe Cocker. His six-million-seller album, Dove c'è musica (Where There Is Music) was released on 13 May 1996, his first completely self-produced album. On 5 December of the same year, his companion of several years and future wife Michelle Hunziker (Swiss model and television host) gave birth to their daughter, Aurora Sophie.

In October 1997, he released Eros – Greatest Hits, which contained two new songs, "Quanto Amore Sei" (How Much Love Are You) and "Ancora un minuto di sole" (Just One More Minute of Sunshine), as well as reworked versions of previous hits including "Musica è" (duet with Andrea Bocelli) and "Cose Delle Vita-Can't Stop Thinking of You" as a duet with Tina Turner. This collection entered the Top-5 in France, Belgium, Sweden and Finland, and reached No. 1 in several countries including Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands and Norway, selling 1.2 million units in its first week of release according to BMG International. The album was certified five times Platinum by IFPI (Europe) for selling well over five million units in Europe alone. The album also attained two Latin-type Platinum certifications by RIAA for sales of over 400,000 units in USA. That year, Ramazzotti was awarded "Best International Male Artist of the Year" at Germany's Echo Music Awards.

In 1998, he released the live CD Eros Live, which included two duets recorded during the world tour, "Cose della vita-Can't Stop Thinking of You" featuring Tina Turner, and "That's All I Need to Know-Difenderò" with Joe Cocker, performed in Munich. In 1999, Ramazzotti again collaborated with Italian superstar Andrea Bocelli, singing "Nel Cuore Lei" (In Your Heart) for Bocelli's album, Sogno (Dream). The album sold over 10 million albums worldwide, gaining more recognition for Ramazzotti. In 1999, he was again awarded as "Best International Male Artist of the Year" at Germany's Echo Music Awards. Throughout his career, Ramazzotti has done duets with some very well known artists such as Cher, Andrea Bocelli, Joe Cocker, Carlos Santana, Tina Turner, Anastacia, Luciano Pavarotti, and Laura Pausini.

Ramazzotti gained a reputation as a seasoned producer with the album Come fa bene l'amore (Feels good to love) by Gianni Morandi in the beginning of 2000. That October, he delivered his eighth studio album Stilelibero (Freestyle), which contained a duet with the American diva, Cher, in the song "Più che puoi" (As Much As You Can). The album, the result of a collaboration of several producers including Celso Valli, Claudio Guidetti, Trevor Horn and Rick Nowels, reached the Top-5 album charts throughout Europe and was certified two times Platinum by IFPI (Europe) for sales of over two million units in Europe alone. In the course of the international tour for Stilelibero, Ramazzotti also appeared in eastern European countries including Moscow, Russia where he gave a three-day sold-out concerts at Kremlin Palace.

Continued success (2003–present)
On 30 May 2003, Ramazzotti released his ninth studio album, entitled 9. The first single, "Un'emozione per sempre" (An Emotion Forever) was released on 9 May, and was number one in Italy's official single chart for 14 consecutive weeks. The album, produced along with Claudio Guidetti and Eros's longtime musical friend Celso Valli, stayed at the No. 1 position for nine weeks in Italy's official album chart. 9 went on selling 3 million copies, 1.1 million of which were sold in Italy alone. He began his world tour in Ancona, Italy which was set to have 100 dates in front of audiences of up to one million people (56 dates of which were done in Europe in front of 550,000 people).

On 28 October 2005, Ramazzotti's 10th album Calma apparente (Apparent Calm) was released on the day of his birthday, which he produced together with Claudio Guidetti. The album Calma apparente, which was certified Platinum within a period of just one month after its release for selling over one million copies in Europe, contains the duet hit single "I Belong to You" with American singer Anastacia, the single went No. 1 in several countries including Italy, Germany and Switzerland. Throughout the years, Eros has gained popularity especially in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela, and most Spanish-speaking countries.

More than ten years after Ramazzotti's first compilation album Eros, which has sold total of 7.5 million copies worldwide and has reached No. 1 in many countries including Germany, Ramazzotti released a new double-CD compilation-album e² on 26 October 2007; the first CD contained four new tracks and 14 original songs in a remastered format, and the second CD had 17 redone tracks, and feature artists such as Carlos Santana, Wyclef Jean, Steve Vai, Jon Spencer. The four unreleased pieces on the e² album include a new international duet "Non siamo soli" (We're Not Alone) which Eros sings along with Latin pop star Ricky Martin. This became the first single taken off the album, and was available for sale on 5 October 2007, reaching the top spot in Italy and entering the top-5 in Switzerland and Spain. In Spain, the Spanish-language version "No estamos solos" was certified four times Platinum for having been downloaded over 80,000 times in Digital format, whereas it was certified six times Platinum for having been downloaded 120,000 in Original Tone format (equivalent to US Master Ringtone). The single, available both in Italian and Spanish, was written by Ramazzotti and his longtime songwriting partner Claudio Guidetti.

Ramazzotti's 11-track album, Ali e radici (Wings and Roots), was released on 22 May 2009, produced by Eros himself as well as his longtime musical partner Claudio Guidetti; in addition, six tracks on the album are co-produced by Michele Canova who has previously worked with artists such as Laura Pausini, Tiziano Ferro and Jovanotti. The first single "Parla con me" ("Talk to Me"), released on 17 May 2009, off his 11th studio album, is a catchy pop song which has peaked at No. 1 in Italy and No. 8 in Switzerland. The album was available both in a standard-edition as well as in a deluxe-edition, which includes 64-page booklet of photographs, and it entered the Top-5 in Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Sweden, and was number-one in Italy and Switzerland.

Ramazzotti's studio album, Noi was released on 13 November 2012 in Italy and 16 November in other European territories including Germany. The album contains 14 tracks including duets with Andy Garcia, Nicole Scherzinger as well as collaborations with Club Dogo, Il Volo and Hooverphonic. The first single from the album entitled "Un angelo disteso al sole" was released on 13 October 2012, which peaked at No.5 in Ramazzotti's home market, Italy. The album Noi has gone four times Platinum in Italy for shipment of over 240,000 units, while in Germany, the album has shipped over 100,000 units reaching status of Gold.

Ramazzotti's next studio album was released in Italy on 12 May 2015, entitled Perfetto. The album contains 14 tracks, which have been recorded in Los Angeles, Milan and Rome. The songs are produced by Ramazzotti and his longtime partner Claudio Guidetti. The first single from the album is "Alla Fine Del Mondo", which was released on 27 March 2015.

Ramazzotti's 14th studio album Vita ce n'è was released on 23 November 2018 in some of the European markets including Italy, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. The album contains duets with Alessia Cara on the track called "Vale per sempre" as well as a duet with Luis Fonsi on the track called "Per le strade una canzone". In its first week of release, Vita ce n'è entered the Italian album chart at No.1, in Germany at No.7.

During his 25-year career he has sold over 55 million records worldwide.

Personal life
Ramazzotti is very private about his personal life, keeping a small circle of friends. Ramazzotti had a poor childhood, and recalls growing up:

"As a child growing up, there were no books in my parents' home, no suggestions were ever made how to even have a decent conversation, no guidance was provided in search of oneself. The only source of information that I would get from my father was the inappropriate photos of women. The first thing as a support that I received from my father was a guitar after he recognized my passion for music. Nowadays, I try to self educate myself by purchasing good books which I almost never read because I become lazy after glancing at a football game on TV."

Ramazzotti recalls being extremely shy in the early 1980s before achieving fame:

"When I went to Milan to further develop my musical skills, I remember being so shy at the time that I would simply get terrified of going to restaurants all by myself, so I would go without eating throughout my time in Milan."

In spite of being born and raised in Rome, he is famous for his loyal support of Juventus FC On 26 March 2012, he was awarded a personal star by club legend Pavel Nedved as recognition of his importance as supporter.

His 320-page autobiography, co-written by Luca Bianchini, was published on 13 April 2006.

Marriages
Ramazzotti was married to Swiss model and actress Michelle Hunziker from 1998 to 2002, with whom he has a daughter Aurora Sophie (born 5 December 1996). Ramazotti's 1996 hit song "Più bella cosa" was dedicated to then-girlfriend Michelle (who appears in the song's music video), and his follow-up release "L'Aurora" in February 1997 to his newborn.

Ramazzotti remarried at age 50 to Italian model and actress Marica Pellegrinelli (born 1988), on 6 June 2014 at the Royal Palace of Milan. They have a daughter, Raffaela Maria (born 3 August 2011) and a son, Gabrio Tullio (born 14 March 2015).

Discography

 * Cuori agitati (Troubled Hearts) (1985)
 * Nuovi eroi (New Heroes) (1986)
 * In certi momenti (At Certain Times) (1987)
 * Musica è (Music Is) (1988)
 * In ogni senso (In Every Sense) (1990)
 * Tutte storie (All Stories) (1993)
 * Dove c'è musica (Where Music Is) (1996)
 * Stilelibero (Freestyle) (2000)
 * 9 (2003)
 * Calma apparente (Apparent Calm) (2005)
 * Ali e radici (Wings and Roots) (2009)
 * Noi (We) (2012)
 * Perfetto (Perfect) (2015)
 * Vita ce n'è (There Is Life) (2018)
 * Battito Infinito (Infinite Heartbeat) (2022)

Awards and nominations
Ramazzotti has received many Italian and international awards and nominations for his music work. It includes winning as Best Italian Artist three times (1997, 2001 and 2004) and Best Italian Pop/Rock Male Artist (2003) during the World Music Awards. He also won International Male Artist of the Year six times during the Echo Awards (1997, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2013).

title: Eros Ramazzotti