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Conte di Cavour-class battleship

The Conte di Cavour–class battleships were a group of three dreadnoughts built for the Royal Italian Navy (Regia Marina) in the 1910s. The ships were completed during World War I, but none saw action before the end of hostilities. ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Leonardo da Vinci was sunk by a magazine explosion in 1916 and sold for scrap in 1923. The two surviving ships, ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Conte di Cavour and ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Giulio Cesare, supported operations during the Corfu Incident in 1923. They were extensively reconstructed between 1933 and 1937 with more powerful guns, additional armor and considerably more speed than before.

Both ships participated in the Battle of Calabria in July 1940, when Giulio Cesare was lightly damaged. They were both present when British torpedo bombers attacked the fleet at Taranto in November 1940, and Conte di Cavour was torpedoed. She was grounded with most of her hull underwater and her repairs were not completed before the Italian surrender in September 1943. Conte di Cavour was scrapped in 1946. Giulio Cesare escorted several convoys, and participated in the Battle of Cape Spartivento in late 1940 and the First Battle of Sirte in late 1941. She was designated as a training ship in early 1942, and escaped to Malta after Italy surrendered. The ship was transferred to the Soviet Union in 1949 and renamed Novorossiysk. The Soviets also used her for training until she was sunk when a mine exploded in 1955. She was scrapped in 1957.

Design and description
The Conte di Cavour–class ships were designed by Rear Admiral Engineer Edoardo Masdea, Chief Constructor of the Regia Marina, and were ordered in response to French plans to build the Courbet-class battleships. They were intended to be superior to the Courbets and to remedy ITALIAN BATTLESHIP Dante Alighieri's perceived flaws of weak protection and armament. As upgrading a warship's protection and armament on a similar displacement typically requires a loss in speed, the ships were not designed to reach the 23 kn of their predecessor. They were still given a 1.5 to 2 kn advantage over the 20 to 21 kn standard of most foreign dreadnoughts. Foreign dreadnoughts were being designed with 13.5 in guns, but the Regia Marina was forced to use 305 mm guns in the Conte di Cavours because Italy lacked the ability to build larger guns. An additional gun, making a total of 13, was added to offset this deficiency.

Taking advantage of the lengthy building times of these ships, other countries were able to build dreadnoughts that were superior in protection and armament, with the exception of the French. Construction was delayed by late deliveries of the 305-millimeter guns and armor plates as well as shortages of labor. The Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912 diverted workers at the shipyards for repairs and maintenance of the ships participating in the war. The Italians imported the raw nickel steel for their armor from America and Britain and processed it into their equivalent of Krupp cemented armor, called Terni cemented, but there were problems with this process and suitable plates took longer to produce than planned.

Basic characteristics
The ships of the Conte di Cavour class were 168.9 m long at the waterline, and 176 m overall. They had a beam of 28 m, and a draft of 9.3 m. They displaced 23088 LT at normal load, and 25086 LT at deep load. The Conte di Cavour class was provided with a complete double bottom and their hulls were subdivided by 23 longitudinal and transverse bulkheads. The ships had two rudders, both on the centerline. They had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men.

Propulsion
The original machinery for all three ships consisted of three Parsons steam turbine sets, arranged in three engine rooms. The center engine room housed one set of turbines that drove the two inner propeller shafts. It was flanked by compartments on either side, each housing one turbine set which powered the outer shafts. Steam for the turbines was provided by 20 Blechynden water-tube boilers in Conte di Cavour and Leonardo da Vinci, eight of which burned oil and twelve of which burned both oil and coal. Giulio Cesare used a dozen each oil-fired and mixed-firing Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Designed to reach a maximum speed of 22.5 kn, none of the ships reached this goal on their sea trials, despite generally exceeding the rated power of their turbines. They only achieved speeds ranging from 21.56 to 22.2 kn using 30700 to 32800 shp. The ships could store a maximum of 1450 LT of coal and 850 LT of fuel oil that gave them a range of 4800 nmi at 10 kn, and 1000 nmi at 22 kn. Each ship was equipped with three turbo generators that provided a total of 150 kilowatts at 110 volts.

Armament
As built, the ships' main armament comprised thirteen 46-caliber 305-millimeter guns, designed by Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, in five gun turrets. The turrets were all on the centerline, with a twin-gun turret superfiring over a triple-gun turret in fore and aft pairs, and a third triple turret amidships, designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X', and 'Y' from bow to stern. This was only one fewer gun than the Brazilian Rio de Janeiro, then the most heavily armed battleship in the world; Rio de Janeiro's guns were mounted in seven twin-gun turrets. The turrets had an elevation capability of −5° to +20 degrees and the ships could carry 100 rounds for each gun, although 70 was the normal load. Sources disagree regarding these guns' performance, but naval historian Giorgio Giorgerini claims that they fired 452 kg armor-piercing (AP) projectiles at the rate of one round per minute and that they had a muzzle velocity of 840 m/s which gave a maximum range of 24000 m. The turrets had hydraulic training and elevation, with an auxiliary electric system.

The secondary armament on the first two ships consisted of eighteen 50-caliber 120 mm guns, also designed by Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers, mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull. These guns could depress to −10 degrees and had a maximum elevation of +15 degrees; they had a rate of fire of six shots per minute. They could fire a 22.1 kg high-explosive projectile with a muzzle velocity of 850 m/s to a maximum distance of 12000 yd. The ships carried a total of 3,600 rounds for them. For defense against torpedo boats, the ships carried fourteen 50-caliber 76 mm guns; thirteen of these could be mounted on the turret tops, but they could be mounted in 30 different positions, including some on the forecastle and upper decks. These guns had the same range of elevation as the secondary guns, and their rate of fire was higher at 10 rounds per minute. They fired a 6 kg AP projectile with a muzzle velocity of 815 m/s to a maximum distance of 10000 yd. The ships were also fitted with three submerged 45 cm torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and the third in the stern.

Armor

The Conte di Cavour-class ships had a complete waterline armor belt that was 2.8 m high; 1.6 m of this was below the waterline and 1.2 m above. It had a maximum thickness of 250 mm amidships, reducing to 130 mm towards the stern and 80 mm towards the bow. The lower edge of this belt was a uniform 170 mm in thickness. Above the main belt was a strake of armor 220 mm thick that extended 2.3 m up to the lower edge of the main deck. Above this strake was a thinner one, 130 millimeters thick, that extended 138 m from the bow to 'X' turret. The upper strake of armor protected the casemates and was 110 mm thick. The ships had two armored decks: the main deck was 24 mm thick in two layers on the flat that increased to 40 mm on the slopes that connected it to the main belt. The second deck was 30 mm thick, also in two layers. Fore and aft transverse bulkheads connected the armored belt to the decks.

The frontal armor of the gun turrets was 280 mm in thickness with 240 mm thick sides, and an 85 mm roof and rear. Their barbettes also had 230-millimeter armor above the forecastle deck that reduced to 180 mm between the forecastle and upper decks and 130 millimeters below the upper deck. The forward conning tower had walls 280 millimeters thick; those of the aft conning tower were 180 millimeters thick. The total weight of the protective armor was 5150 LT, just over 25 per cent of the ships' designed displacement. The total weight of the entire protective system was 6122 LT, 30.2 per cent of their intended displacement.

Modifications and reconstruction
Shortly after the end of World War I, the number of 50-caliber 76 mm guns was reduced to 13, all mounted on the turret tops, and six new 40-caliber 76-millimeter anti-aircraft (AA) guns were installed abreast the aft funnel. In addition two license-built 2-pounder AA guns were mounted on the forecastle deck abreast 'B' turret. In 1925–1926 the foremast was replaced by a tetrapodal mast, which was moved forward of the funnels, the rangefinders were upgraded, and the ships were equipped to handle a Macchi M.18 seaplane mounted on the center turret. Around that same time, one or both of the ships was equipped with a fixed aircraft catapult on the port side of the forecastle.

The sisters began an extensive reconstruction program directed by Vice Admiral (Generale del Genio navale) Francesco Rotundi in October 1933. This lasted until June 1937 for Conte di Cavour and October 1937 for Giulio Cesare, and resulted in several changes. A new bow section was grafted over the existing bow which increased their length by 10.31 m to 186.4 m and their beam increased to 28.6 m. Their draft at deep load increased to 10.02 m for Conte di Cavour and 10.42 m for Giulio Cesare. All of the changes made during their reconstruction increased their displacement to 26140 LT at standard load and 29100 LT at deep load. The ships' crews increased to 1,260 officers and enlisted men. Only 40% of the original ship's structure remained after the reconstruction was completed. Two of the propeller shafts were removed and the existing turbines were replaced by two Belluzzo geared steam turbines rated at 75000 shp. The boilers were replaced by eight superheated Yarrow boilers with a working pressure of 22 atm. On her sea trials in December 1936, before her reconstruction was fully completed, Giulio Cesare reached a speed of 28.24 kn from 93430 shp. In service their maximum speed was about 27 kn. The ships now carried 2550 - 2605 LT of fuel oil which provided them with a range of 6400 nmi at a speed of 13 kn.

The center turret and the torpedo tubes were removed and all of the existing secondary armament and AA guns were replaced by a dozen 120-millimeter guns in six twin-gun turrets and eight 102 mm AA guns in twin turrets. In addition the ships were fitted with a dozen 54-caliber Breda 37 mm light AA guns in six twin-gun mounts and twelve 13.2 mm Breda M31 anti-aircraft machine guns, also in twin mounts. The 305 mm guns were bored out to 320 mm and their turrets were modified to use electric power, a fixed loading angle of +12 degrees, and the guns could now elevate to +27 degrees. The 320 mm AP shells weighed 525 kg and had a maximum range of 28600 m with a muzzle velocity of 830 m/s. In 1940 the 13.2 mm machine guns were replaced by 65-caliber 20 mm AA guns in twin mounts. Giulio Cesare received two more twin mounts as well as four additional 37 mm guns in twin mounts on the forecastle between the two turrets in 1941. The tetrapodal mast was replaced with a new forward conning tower, protected with 260 mm thick armor. Atop the conning tower there was a director fitted with two rangefinders, with a base length of 7.2 m.

The deck armor was increased during reconstruction to a total of 135 mm over the engine and boiler rooms and 166 mm over the magazines, although its distribution over three decks, each with multiple layers, meant that it was considerably less effective than a single plate of the same thickness. The armor protecting the barbettes was reinforced with 50 mm plates. All this armor weighed a total of 3227 LT.

The existing underwater protection was replaced by the Pugliese system that consisted of a large cylinder surrounded by fuel oil or water that was intended to absorb the blast of a torpedo warhead. It lacked enough depth to be fully effective against contemporary torpedoes. A major problem of the reconstruction was that the ships' increased draft meant that their waterline armor belt was almost completely submerged with any significant load.

Service
Conte di Cavour and Giulio Cesare served as flagships in the southern Adriatic Sea during World War I, but saw no action and spent little time at sea. Leonardo da Vinci was also little used and was sunk by an internal magazine explosion at Taranto harbor on the night of 2/3 August 1916 while loading ammunition. Casualties included 21 officers and 227 enlisted men killed. The Italians blamed Austro-Hungarian saboteurs, but unstable propellant may well have been responsible. The ship was refloated, upside down, on 17 September 1919 and righted on 24 January 1921. The Regia Marina planned to modernize her by replacing her center turret with six 102 mm AA guns, but lacked the funds to do so and sold her for scrap on 22 March 1923.

In 1919, Conte di Cavour sailed to North America and visited ports in the United States as well as Halifax, Canada. Giulio Cesare made port visits in the Levant in 1919 and 1920. Conte di Cavour was mostly inactive in 1921 because of personnel shortages and was refitted at La Spezia from November to March 1922. Both battleships supported Italian operations on Corfu in 1923 after an Italian general and his staff were murdered on the Greco-Albanian border; Benito Mussolini was not satisfied with the Greek Government's response so he ordered Italian troops to occupy the island. Conte di Cavour bombarded the town with her 76 mm guns, killing 20 and wounding 32 civilians.

Conte di Cavour escorted King Victor Emmanuel III and his wife aboard Dante Alighieri, on a state visit to Spain in 1924 and was placed in reserve upon her return until 1926, when she conveyed Mussolini on a voyage to Libya. The ship was again placed in reserve from 1927 until 1933. Her sister became a gunnery training ship in 1928, after having been in reserve since 1926. Conte di Cavour was reconstructed at the CRDA Trieste Yard while Giulio Cesare was rebuilt at Cantieri del Tirreno, Genoa between 1933 and 1937. Both ships participated in a naval review by Adolf Hitler in the Bay of Naples in May 1938 and covered the invasion of Albania in May 1939.

Early in World War II, the sisters took part in the Battle of Calabria (also known as the Battle of Punta Stilo) on 9 July 1940, as part of the 1st Battle Squadron, commanded by Admiral Inigo Campioni, during which they engaged major elements of the British Mediterranean Fleet. The British were escorting a convoy from Malta to Alexandria, while the Italians had finished escorting another from Naples to Benghazi, Libya. Admiral Andrew Cunningham, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, attempted to interpose his ships between the Italians and their base at Taranto. Crew on the fleets spotted each other in the middle of the afternoon and the Italian battleships opened fire at 15:53 at a range of nearly 29000 yd. The two leading British battleships, HMS Warspite (03) and HMS Malaya, replied a minute later. Three minutes after she opened fire, shells from Giulio Cesare began to straddle Warspite which made a small turn and increased speed, to throw off the Italian ship's aim, at 16:00. At that same time, a shell from Warspite struck Giulio Cesare at a distance of about 26000 yd. The shell pierced the rear funnel and detonated inside it, blowing out a hole nearly 20 ft across. Fragments started several fires and their smoke was drawn into the boiler rooms, forcing four boilers off-line as their operators could not breathe. This reduced the ship's speed to 18 kn. Uncertain how severe the damage was, Campioni ordered his battleships to turn away in the face of superior British numbers and they successfully disengaged. Repairs to Giulio Cesare were completed by the end of August and both ships unsuccessfully attempted to intercept British convoys to Malta in August and September.

On the night of 11 November 1940, Conte di Cavour and Giulio Cesare were at anchor in Taranto harbor when they were attacked by 21 Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious (R87), along with several other warships. One torpedo exploded underneath 'B' turret at 23:15, and her captain requested tugboats to help ground the ship on a nearby 12 m sandbank. His admiral vetoed the request until it was too late and Conte di Cavour had to use a deeper, 17 m, sandbank at 04:30 on 12 November. In an effort to lighten the ship, her guns and parts of her superstructure were removed and Conte di Cavour was refloated on 9 June 1941. Temporary repairs to enable the ship to reach Trieste for permanent repairs took until 22 December. Her guns were operable by September 1942, but replacing her entire electrical system took longer and she was still under repair when Italy surrendered a year later. The Regia Marina made plans to replace her secondary and anti-aircraft weapons with a dozen 135 mm dual-purpose guns in twin mounts, twelve 64-caliber 65 mm, and twenty-three 65-caliber 20 mm AA guns. Her hulk was damaged in an air raid and capsized on 23 February 1945. Refloated shortly after the end of the war, Conte di Cavour was scrapped in 1946.

Giulio Cesare participated in the Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 November 1940, but never got close enough to any British ships to fire at them. The ship was damaged in January 1941 by a near miss during an air raid on Naples; repairs were completed in early February. She participated in the First Battle of Sirte on 17 December 1941, providing distant cover for a convoy bound for Libya, again never firing her main armament. In early 1942, Giulio Cesare was reduced to a training ship at Taranto and later Pola. She steamed to Malta in early September 1943 after the Italian surrender. The GS U-596 unsuccessfully attacked the ship in the Gulf of Taranto in early March 1944.

After the war, Giulio Cesare was allocated to the Soviet Union as war reparations in 1949, and renamed Novorossiysk, after the Soviet city on the Black Sea. The Soviets used her as a training ship when she was not undergoing one of her eight refits in their hands. In 1953, all remaining Italian light AA guns were replaced by eighteen 37 mm 70-K AA guns in six twin mounts and six singles. They also replaced her fire-control systems and added radars, although the exact changes are unknown. The Soviets intended to rearm her with their own 305 mm guns, but this was forestalled by her loss. While at anchor in Sevastopol on the night of 28/29 October 1955, she detonated a large German mine left over from World War II. The explosion blew a hole completely through the ship, making a 4 by hole in the forecastle forward of 'A' turret. The flooding could not be controlled and she later capsized with the loss of 608 men. Novorossiysk was stricken from the Navy List on 24 February 1956, salvaged on 4 May 1957, and subsequently scrapped.

title: Conte di Cavour-class battleship


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Tami Hoag

Tami Hoag (born Tami Mikkelson; January 20, 1959) is an American novelist, best known for her work in the romance and thriller genres. More than 22 million copies of her books are in print.

Biography
Hoag was born in Cresco, Iowa and raised in the small town of Harmony, Minnesota, where her father sold insurance. From childhood, she knew she wanted to be a writer. "I had to spend a lot of time entertaining myself," she told an interviewer in 2016. "I found books at a really young age and fell in love with books."

Hoag's first job after graduating from high school was in the La Crosse Tribune circulation department. Before publishing her first novel, she also worked as a photographer's assistant, trained show horses, and sold designer bathroom accessories. She married and divorced Daniel Hoag, whom she had dated in high school.

Hoag began her career as an author in 1988, writing category romances for the Bantam Books Loveswept Line. After several years of success in that field, Hoag switched her focus to single-title suspense novels. She has had thirteen consecutive New York Times bestsellers, including five in a 20-month span. Her novel Night Sins became a TV miniseries starring Valerie Bertinelli and Harry Hamlin. Hoag has been invited to do a reading at one of Barbara Bush's literacy functions.

Hoag and three other authors who made the leap from romance to thrillers at roughly the same time (Eileen Dreyer, Elizabeth Grayson, and Kimberly Cates) have formed a group they call the Divas. The group provides support and encouragement for each other, and Hoag often thanks them in the acknowledgement section of her books.

Hoag owns horses, and often goes for a ride to combat writer's block. She has competed in dressage at a national level, but stopped competing after breaking five vertebrae in her back during a fall while trying out a horse for a friend. Hoag is fully recovered from her accident, and has returned to the competition arena. She currently lives in Malibu, California, and Wellington, Florida.

Standalone novels

 * McKnight in Shining Armor (1988, Loveswept #276), (2009) Reissue
 * Mismatch (1989, Loveswept #315), (2008) Reissue
 * Sarah's Sin (1991, Loveswept #480)
 * Heart of Dixie (1991, Loveswept #493), (2008) Reissue
 * Taken by Storm (1992, Loveswept #532), (2007) Reissue
 * Still Waters (1992, Bantam Fanfare)
 * The Last White Knight (1992, Loveswept #561)
 * Dark Paradise (1994, Bantam Books)
 * Kill the Messenger (2004, Bantam Books)

Oak Knoll series

 * Deeper than the Dead (2009)
 * Secrets to the Grave (2010)
 * Down the Darkest Road (2011)

Elena Estes series

 * Dark Horse (2002)
 * The Alibi Man (2007)

Kovac & Liska series

 * Ashes to Ashes (1999)
 * Dust to Dust (2000)
 * Prior Bad Acts (2006) also known as Dead Sky
 * The 1st Victim (2013, an e-book short story)
 * The 9th Girl (2013)
 * Cold Cold Heart (2015, Dutton)
 * The Bitter Season (2016)

Deer Lake series

 * Night Sins (1995)
 * Guilty as Sin (1996)

Doucet series

 * The Restless Heart (1991, Loveswept #458), (2007) Reissue
 * Lucky's Lady (1992)
 * Cry Wolf (1993)
 * A Thin Dark Line (1997)
 * The Boy (2018)
 * Bad Liar (2024)

Hennessy series

 * The Trouble with J.J. (1988, Loveswept #253), (2009) Reissue
 * Magic (1990, Bantam Fanfare, also in The Rainbow Chasers series)

Lynn Shaw

 * Straight from the Heart (1989, Loveswept #351), (2007) Reissue
 * Last White Knight (1992, Loveswept #561), (2008) Reissue

Quaid Horses series

 * Rumor Has It (1989, Loveswept #304), (2009) Reissue
 * Man of Her Dreams (1989, Loveswept #331) (2008) Reissue
 * Tempestuous (1990, Loveswept #434), (2007) Reissue

The Rainbow Chasers series

 * Heart of Gold (1990, Loveswept #393), (2010) Reissue
 * Keeping Company (1990, Loveswept #405), (2010) Reissue
 * Reilly's Return (1990, Loveswept #417), (2010) Reissue
 * Magic (1990, Bantam Fanfare, also in the Hennessy series)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tami Hoag


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List of Royal Ordnance Factories

This is a list of Royal Ordnance Factories.

title: List of Royal Ordnance Factories


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McClintocksville, Pennsylvania

McClintockville, Pennsylvania was a small community in Cornplanter Township in Venango County located in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States.

History
Venango County, Pennsylvania was home to an oil boom in the years following discovery of natural oil (petroleum) in the mid-1850s.

George Bissell, a Yale University chemistry professor, and Edwin L. Drake, a former railroad conductor, made the first successful use of a drilling rig on August 28, 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania. This single well soon exceeded the entire cumulative oil output of Europe since the 1650s. The principal product of the oil was kerosene.

In 1861, McClintockville was the location of Rogers & Ellis, the first business venture of Henry Huttleston Rogers, who became a leading American businessman, industrialist and financier, with his partner Charles P. Ellis. Rogers and his young wife Abbie Palmer Gifford Rogers lived in a one-room shack there along Oil Creek for several years.

Shortly later, Rogers met oil pioneer Charles Pratt who purchased the entire output of the tiny Wamsutta Oil Refinery. In 1867, Rogers joined Pratt in forming Charles Pratt and Company, which was purchased by Standard Oil in 1874. Rogers became one of the key men in John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust.

After joining Standard Oil, Rogers invested heavily in various industries, including copper, steel, mining, and railways. The Virginian Railway is widely considered his final life's achievement. Rogers amassed a great fortune, estimated at over $100 million, and became one of the wealthiest men in the United States.

He was also a generous philanthropist, providing many public works for his hometown of Fairhaven and financially assisting helping such notables as Mark Twain, Helen Keller, and Booker T. Washington.

Near McClintockville and Oil City, in western Pennsylvania, there is a Pennsylvania State Park and many heritage sites to tell the story and memorialize the people of the oil boom of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

title: McClintocksville, Pennsylvania


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User talk:Fanfynn

thanks, for creating this website for as to share our ideas.

title: User talk:Fanfynn


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User talk:Petr Gasparik

hi

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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The information you put in the article Petr Gasparik is more appropriate for your user page. (Just click the link above that says "user page." ) Joyous 12:10, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Petr Gasparik


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Talk:French grammar

Article split
I was looking through the Spanish grammar article, and the authors have split the sections into separate articles:
 * 1) Verbs
 * 2) Nouns
 * 3) Adjectives
 * 4) Determiners
 * 5) Pronouns
 * 6) Prepositions

I think this is a very good idea, as it would cut down the enormous length of the article while allowing more information to be added to each, like specific external links (the Conjugator etc), example sentences, etc.

For example, in the Verb section: in addition to tenses and conjugations, one could go into specifics of savoir v. connaître, fully conjugate the irregular but often-used être, faire, and avoir (or possibly have a separate article for all non-standard verbs, like é->è (acheter), c->ç (commencer), etc).

Deus ex machina 02:17, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think splitting the article into sub-articles is a good idea, though I think the main article should give a bit more information than does Spanish grammar. (Also, I don't think the bulk of the main article should be a self-contradicting discussion of a minor point of English grammar, of all things, but yeah.) Ruakh 18:19, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I've started the process: I've moved the info from the "Verbs" section to French verbs. BTW, I'm not so sure that full conjugation tables are exactly encyclopedic; they seem better suited either to Wiktionary or to Wikibooks. Ruakh 18:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't say Spanish grammar was perfect (but of course I'm biased), just that the information was more organized. I think that partial conjugation tables is encyclopedic, but not necessarily full ones. The article could give the stems and endings instead of writing out each conjugation. I'll work on separating and fleshing out ASAP. Deus ex machina 02:08, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

French-style guillemets
(I apologize for forgetting the spaces between the opening guillemet + the first word and last word + the closing guillemet in an earlier edit.)

I believe that it is imperative that this article use French-style guillemets (quotes) when enclosing French example sentences.

Usage: « La phrase. »

Deus ex machina 22:20, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's imperative, but that is a good idea. I've noticed that you've already changed the current text to use that style; I'll make sure that my edits use that style, too. Ruakh 00:05, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Italian
The rules in French on choice of auxiliary, agreement when using "to be" but not when using "to have", and several others are IDENTICAL in Italian. Almost spookily so. I'm wondering if this is worth a note in either language, but I want to ask the community before proceeding.

Even if it's not worth inserting a note, it could save us some work. The Italian Grammar article is less developed than, and could easily steal many paragraphs from, the French, with the examples changed appropriately. I'll be happy to do it.

Qu'est-ce que vous pensez? Steverapaport 12:01, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * French and Italian both took the basis for their rules from Vulgar Latin, and then French adopted some further details from Italian during the High Middle Ages, thereby increasing the similarity. I don't know whether that's worth a note, as it's not really relevant to explaining the modern grammar of either language, but definitely feel free to steal paragraphs for the Italian Grammar article, provided they apply. Ruakh 03:04, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Explain how it's spooky when they both came from Latin? As a ton of this is not finished I will get to work on all the stuff on the bottom when I have time. Theloniouszen 18:12, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

a little help
Please explain the exact meaning of "s'est rompu" and tell which of the following it's nearest to, ranking the others by nearness: "broke" (what part of speech??), "is broken", "got broken", "became broken", "is being broken", "was broken", "has been broken", "broke itself", "is breaking itself", "has broken itself", "is getting broken". lysdexia 01:47, 3 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Sometimes in French the reflexive is used in such a construction. The general translation for something like "La verre s'est rompu" would be "The glass broke" or "the glass became broken". In translation the first would work but what is important is that the agent of the breaking (whoever or whatever broke the glass) is not stated. If I said "Il a rompu la verre" that would be "He broke the glass". When an agent is not stated, often the reflexive is used.

The same construction also appears in an action which has no external agent. For example, "La bombe s'éclate" would mean "The bomb exploded", and I believe the reflexive is used because the bomb explodes itself, even though if someone used a remote control to blow it up, the bomb seemed to have no visible external agent.

I remember an account in a French newspaper about a plane crash and the verb "to crash" (which I can't remember now) in the headline was reflexive - "The plane crashed itself", meaning it was not shot down, or made to crash by a well-known specific agent, it just crashed. Ranking the possible [E]nglish translations by part of speech is ludicrous because you can't really quantify a translation like that.--Theloniouszen 13:07, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you say it's an implicit middle voice? I asked mainly because the se is on the est, rather than the rompu, which you didn't explain.  It's not ludicrous...  Anything can be quantified.  Look at the work I've done at elision. :) lysdexia 20:30, 18 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry Theloniouszen, but your newspaper headline example is invalid. s'écraser is the correct and only translation for to crash. The verb s'écraser has a meaning completely distinct from écraser (to crush, pressure on, etc.). It has nothing to do with the plane not being shot. "L'avion est touché par un missile est s'écrase." (The plane is hit by a missile and crashes) is semantically perfectly correct. S'est rompu is the "passé composé" of the se rompre; the particle "se" (roughly equivalent to "oneself" or "itself") becomes "s'" for reasons of pronunciation when placed before a vowel. Thus, the only reason we have "s'armer" (to arm, equip oneself) instead of "se armer" is to avoid a hiatus. To take the example at hand, "le bâton se rompt" (roughly the stick becomes broken) and "le bâton s'est rompu" (the stick became broken) are both instances of the verb "se rompre". Reflexives are very tricky in French... Phils 15:25, 19 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Did you mistake et for est? lysdexia 12:00, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * In the example above ("La verre s'est rompu"), shouldn't the past participle agree with the subject ("La verre s'est rompue") ? 161.24.19.82 12:35, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it should. —RuakhTALK 15:19, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should... if "verre" was feminine but actually is masculine so in this case it will remain "le verre s'est cassé". So better example would be "la bouteille s'est brisée".--Overkilled (talk) 08:52, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

deep incompetence
(Zen, space your paragrafs.) All of this chatting is nice, but I wanted my questions answered within the scope of the questions. The lack of grammatical rigor in language lessons worries and bothers me. When I looked for why être was used, I found a bunch of être verbs with the same quality of explanation as above. Whenever a language explanation is given, only at the end if at all is the reason given: In this case, it was for intransitive verbs! That I could fully understand, and in so much fewer words! See, it isn't tricky if you know what you're talking about—nothing is.

When a foreigner uses so many sayings it blows my mind when one can't even conjugate the simplest. In my third year of [precollege/university] French, I lost my trust in language teachers because of all the handwaving nonsense, mindless busywork, and sheer and lazy ignorance of the rules and teachings of each language. Explanations were filled with foolish chattering, rather than considerations for parts of speech and their purpose. The authorities claim that the passé composé is equivalent to any number of English constructions, which is flat-out wrong, or that it means a deed done in the past, which is also flat-out wrong. The latter nonsense allows the former. After looking at hinted source (french.about.com), I realised from the examples that it was equivalent to the present perfect, because it was done in the present, not to the past perfect or imperfect.. which would be the imparfait.

To answer my question, because only I could, "s'est rompu" = "has broken" and nothing else, because it's the present perfect intransitive middle voice. However, because of French's and everyone's crude treatment of tenses, it also passes for "has been broken". The different auxiliary, I guess, is that French is treating the intransitive verb as an adjective, which English also does but has a choice of whether to make the participle an adjective (by "be") or a verb (by "have"). Stop mistranslating! If you check the correlations I made in the French section of elision, you'll see a great discrepancy between what you've learnt and what I've self-learnt, and that you've been lied to by the ignorant and incompetent. lysdexia 12:00, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Calm down. Nobody here is responsible for you having to deal with incompetent teachers. By the way, I am a native French speaker with 7 years education in francophone schools (although no longer now). If anything, my English is lacking. Phils 18:41, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a common trait of translators anywhere to give up before finding perfect translations; and there are perfect translations for anything. People still think that "ce" means "this" or "that".  lysdexia 19:12, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * The notion of "perfect translation" is absurd. You completely ignore context. How would you translate "Ma mère habite Fort-Bellau, ce château sur la colline" without using "this" or "that"? Phils 16:34, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * (I've been on lots of other sites, which is why it takes so long for my replies.) Phils, why do you ask me such an absurd question when I already answered it at the link I'd given in my last reply?  And how do I ignore context? lysdexia 01:26, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * (1) Note that être is only used with a few intransitive verbs. The vast majority of intransitive verbs, like all transitive verbs, use avoir. (2) The passé composé can have a wide range of different English translations depending on context, because the distinctions that French makes are not quite the same as the distinctions that English makes. "Je l'ai déjà fait" is "I've already done it" (present perfect), but "Je l'ai fait hier" ("Je le fis hier") is "I did it yesterday" (past), and due to the French use of historical present where English would use the historical past, "Il l'a fait" can sometimes be "He had done it." (3) "La fenêtre s'est rompue" ("La fenêtre se rompit") is not (semantically) in a middle voice, as the emphasis is on the window, not the breaking. It translates to English "The window broke" or possibly "The window was broken," though the latter is ambiguous as it could also mean "La fenêtre était rompue." Ruakh 03:23, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I liked your reply the best; it was very deep. (2) Well, sometimes English does that too: http://www.bartleby.com/61/90/H0219000.html. (3) In those English equivalents I see no emfasis on either the noun or predicate, so I can't see how leaving the "se" in would not make it a middle voice. lysdexia 01:26, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Peer Review
Just want to let know that I've commented on this article on Peer Review. — mark ✎ 12:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that the Peer Review request is now archived because there hasn't been a response in two weeks.  — mark ✎ 15:14, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

And here are the comments the listing on Peer Review generated: Quite a list... but that's it for now. — mark ✎ 09:01, 8 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) General — The article lacks references. This could well be one of the reasons for the confusion in the debate at the Talk page.
 * 2) General — Take leave of the idea that there is only one 'accurate and precise translation'. Languages simply don't map accurately and precisely onto each other, so it's hardly a surprise if there are various possible translations of a given construction.
 * 3) General — There is nothing on question formation. What are the different ways to ask questions? What question words are there? What syntactical and intonational devices?
 * 4) Verbs > tenses — This section is in desperate need of simple sample sentences. In general, it needs more structure and more didactics; the reader should be taken by the hand and led along the different tenses, every single of them supplied with a sample sentence. The main distinction (simple vs compound) should be explained before the reader starts to worry about it. Sample sentences help to intuitively visualize this distinction. And so on. Incidentally, I have found the neat format used at Nafaanra_language (bulleted sentences, bolded morphemes) to be handy.
 * 5) Verbs > tenses — 'Aside from these tenses, there is an imperative, a participle, and the infinitive, each of which can be inflected for tense (present and past), although the past imperative is quite rare.' :) But that's not a peculiarity of French; I'd say that's for obvious semantic reasons.
 * 6) Verbs > Compound tense auxiliary verbs — I count only the sixteen motion verbs, but the text says that 'Those sixteen verbs, plus three common compounds, are: (...)'. Where are the compounds? What's the meaning of 'compound' in this context?
 * 7) Verbs > The Past Participle — It reads that participle-as-an-adjective '...follows all the regular agreement rules of the language...', but the reader has not yet come across those regular agreement rules; clarify expressions on first use.
 * 8) Verbs > Conjugation — Contains no text.
 * 9) Nouns — What morphosyntactical consequences has the gender of a noun? Does the conjugation of the verb change? Does the form of the adjective have to agree with it?
 * 10) Adjectives — I miss the 'agreement rules' previously referred to. What determines the form of an adjective? Examples of this agreement would be nice.
 * 11) Word order — Could do with an example sentence.

 * I'm currently making conjugation tables. I'll hopefully have them up in a few days. StradivariusTV 1 July 2005 04:27 (UTC)

relative pronouns
The article on the concept of a relative pronoun has been greatly expanded. It is not meant to be about any one language, though not surprisingly the problems with the English pronouns fill the largest part of it. Would any of you like to write a short section on "Relative pronouns in French" to put at the bottom of this page? --Doric Loon 11:37, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Weak/strong pronouns
Would like to see some discussion on weak/strong pronouns in french, such as elle/la/l', and the relative contexts they can be used in (co-ordination, stress, accompanied by ostensive pointing, etc). A subject of much linguistic debate!

Continuous aspect
French may not have a verb tense for the continuous aspect, but i believe "être en trainde faire qqchose" should be mentioned as an equivalent. --24.77.35.110 16:14, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

A or À
Nothing important, but the omission of accents on capital letters is only a bad habit caused by french keyboards not allowing to type them (easily) under Windows, or from newspapers who find they make the letters too tall. It is only tolerated and is absolutely not a rule. Besides, for A especially, A is an entirely different word from À. Any dictionary or simply Typographie agree with me. Once again, it is not really important, but I wanted to point it out. → SeeSchloß 08:09, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * After reading up on the subject, I agree. My experiences in France (signs, billboards, etc) taught me that capital A never took an accent. Sorry for changing it. Deus ex machina 02:15, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Verbs
The information in this section is not accurate and in contradiction with the French verbs main article. In particular, I don't know what is meant by "participial" or "geundive" mood. CapnPrep 12:06, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, it looks like French verbs is in contradiction with itself. As it says in the first sentence of French verbs, French has three finite moods (the indicative mood, the imperative mood, and the subjunctive mood), and three non-finite moods (the infinitive, the participle, and the gérondif). Thanks for pointing out the contradiction; I'll take care of it. Ruakh 14:41, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Text removed from "Negation"
I just major-edited this section and I think these examples go into too much detail. They should probably wait until the day French negation becomes a separate article… Note that some of these negative words have positive meanings in other contexts (without the ne particle): CapnPrep 12:12, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Jamais — "ever":
 * « Tu l'as jamais vu? » — "Did you ever see him/her?"
 * Personne — "person":
 * « Il y a une personne ici. » — "There is a person here."
 * Plus — "more":
 * « Il y en a plus. » — "There is more (of it)."

 * A big thumbs-up to your edit. :-) Ruakh 15:06, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

"Ne" explétif
The list of verbs, conjunctions, and comparatives was removed from the article for "copyright violation," because I copied it from the About.com. Please note from official policy, Copyrights:

 * Note that copyright law governs the creative expression of ideas, not the ideas or information themselves.

This is a factual list. There's no way to reformulate it -- what do you want, to mix up the order of the list? To change the translations in English slightly? This isn't "creative expression" that About.com invented itself, it's a factual list that can't be claimed as copyright. To say that this is a copyright violation is like saying that List of Presidents of the United States is a copyvio because it took the list of presidents in chronological order from WhiteHouse.gov.

I'm restoring it; please discuss further if you still believe it to be copyvio. Dylan 08:50, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There is always a way to reformulate the ideas so that the result doesn't look plainly "inspired" by another website. I have rewritten the restored section. CapnPrep 17:20, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The principle, though, is that not reformulating this list does not violate a copyright. Dylan 12:06, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not exactly a factual list; about.com chose which expressions warranted exclusion, chose how to group those expressions, and how to order the expressions within each group. Such presentational decisions are definitely covered by copyright law. —RuakhTALK 16:35, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Maybe rephrase?
"In French, as in English, a verb is the controlling element in most sentences, although it is more common in French than in English for a sentence to have no verb."

I understand what you are saying; however, by definition, a sentence must have a verb to be a sentence. Maybe you can rephrase or something by saying something like, "However, sentence fragments are more commonly used in French than in English". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.3.190.20 (talk) 11:03, 5 April 2008 (UTC)

Interrogation
Hi! I can't see any section about how interrogation is produced in French. Is it a miss or a temporary lack? Do you need some help?--Overkilled (talk) 09:02, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

Needs a list of adjectives that come before nouns
We need a list of adjectives that come before nouns just to clarify the adjective section. --Komitsuki (talk) 19:14, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Difference in usage of imparfait in French vs. past tense in English
There seems to be something missing. I made that mistake myself (seeing that I come from the English grammar world). In French, it is allowed to say Hier, je me suis senti très mal. In English, you MUST say: Yesterday, I was feeling real sick. (rule of "key word"). It's strange that I can't find anything about this issue anywhere. -andy 77.7.114.40 (talk) 08:14, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

An ergative analysis  of  French  valency  alternation
An ergative  analysis  of  French  valency  alternation (by Edit Doron of Hebrew University of Jerusalem & Marie Labelle of Université du Québec à Montréal). Anybody have any insight on this article related to French grammar? Komitsuki (talk) 16:35, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

Punctuation?
Where is it? There's no punctuation section in here. It's part of grammar, isn't it? Lincoln J. (talk) 10:50, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:38, 20 January 2019 (UTC)
 * New-Map-Francophone World.PNG

title: Talk:French grammar


text:
User:Petr Gasparik

Hi

look at me here

Petr Gašparík

I was born in 1975 in Brno

title: User:Petr Gasparik


text:
User:Fanfynn

thanks, for this idea in caf.

title: User:Fanfynn


text:
Talk:Kwun Tong

Differences
Should clarify the difference between Kwun Tong as a place, and Kwun Tong district covering Kwun Tong, Ngau Tau Kok, Sau Mau Ping, Lam Tin, Yau Tong, Shun Lee, Ping Shek, etc.

Kwun Tong and Kwun Tong District are now split into two entries. — Instantnood 14:42, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030808095931/http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/kt/english/welcome.htm to http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/kt/english/welcome.htm

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Proposed merge of Sai Tso Wan, Kowloon into Kwun Tong
Unreferenced stub, no indication of independent notability MB 16:08, 3 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Apparently WIP. 210.177.180.110 (talk) 14:34, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Closing, given the uncontested objection and no support. Klbrain (talk) 09:52, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kwun Tong


text: Category:Czech science fiction writers

title: Category:Czech science fiction writers


text:
Talk:Marand

In initial version of the page it was stated that
 * The name MARAND comes from MIRANDA and some people say that it is called marand because it is the place that Noah's mother is in it.

Please provide evidence for this claim to bring it back to the article. --Pouya 12:04, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Marand


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Parm

Parm
I believe this has been deleted before as Parm the Invincible. It is a biography of someone's character in the MMORPG Final Fantasy XI. How it survived so long is beyond me. [[User:Xezbeth| Xezbeth ]] 12:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete under criterion #5. I do recall Parm the Invincible being deleted previously. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 13:02, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Parm the Invincible was deleted previously, admins can see this at Special:Undelete/Parm_the_Invincible, the discussion being at Votes for deletion/Parm the Invincible. 13:24, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's an exact dupliacte of Dunc|☺ 13:25, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Yep, Parm the Invincible was deleted before. 1. Went to VfD.  2. A string of "delete" votes with no "keep" votes. 3. Author comes along, says, "Duuuuude, I was bored in class" and blanks it.  4. The Geogre speedy deleted it as author-blanked, then makes a cruel comment: "Well, what do you know? It wasn't so invincible after all."  Geogre 13:52, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Parm


text:
User talk:Rieg~enwiki

Welcome!
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- S Sepp 12:06, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Rieg! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:48, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Bernd Begemann -

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Rieg~enwiki


text: Category:Hungarian sociologists

title: Category:Hungarian sociologists


text: User talk:85.74.30.160

title: User talk:85.74.30.160


text:
Talk:Eyepiece lens

Yikes! Needs work. I'm on it. (So does telescopes, but that's a bigger job, and I'll start with a smaller article.)

There used to be a note to merge this page with telescopes, but there is no need. There is plenty to say about eyepieces.

So far I have corrected the entirely wrong original. Beetlenaut 12:41, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It's a real page now
I've added over 500 words, so I removed the "stub" note. There is much more I could add (types of eyepieces and history), and some images would be nice, but maybe I'll work on the telescope page first. It could use some help too. Beetlenaut 11:41, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eyepiece lens


text:
Rakuten.co.uk

Rakuten.co.uk is a website owned by Rakuten, that operated as an online marketplace until August 2016.

The website replaced Play.com, which was originally established in Jersey as an online retailer of entertainment products. Rakuten had purchased Play.com in 2011, and in 2013 the company switched to a new third-party marketplace format following a change in the law covering VAT for companies operating in Jersey and selling to consumers on the UK mainland.

The Play.com website was replaced by Rakuten.co.uk on 23 March 2015.

Rakuten.co.uk was relaunched in October 2016 as a portal to earn loyalty "Superpoints" from UK online shops such as Topman, HMV and B&Q.

Play.com
The business was founded in 1998 under the name Play247.com, but rebranded as Play.com in 2000. Play.com originally sold region 1 and 2 DVDs only, but since expanded its range to include CDs and video games and other electronic items. In 2004 it began to sell books and electronics, in 2006 it started selling personal computers, posters and T-shirts and in 2007 it started selling HD DVDs and Blu-rays, with sister site PlayUSA.com selling region 1 DVDs, HD DVDs and region A Blu-ray Discs and offering sales in a range of currencies. The site's interface was redesigned on a number of occasions.

Play.com was ranked second on the November 2006 UK "Hot Shops List" compiled by IMRG and Hitwise.

In 2008, Play.com started selling DRM-free MP3s, clothing, accessories, and tickets for events, allowing customers to buy and sell tickets. They also held a consumer games show which was open to the public, with tickets available through Play.com. This event was backed by Sony, Microsoft, Ubisoft, Activision, and THQ among others.

On 15 January 2009, a survey published by Verdict Research found Play.com was the UK's second favourite music and video retailer, behind first place Amazon.co.uk and ahead of the now defunct entertainment retailer Zavvi which was third. On 24 February 2009, it was reported that Play.com had topped the National Consumer Satisfaction Index, ahead of Amazon.co.uk and iTunes.

In May 2009, Play.com launched a branded Visa credit card in partnership with MBNA. Cardholders received points for purchases made on the website and at other retailers. Points could then be redeemed against products bought on the Play.com website.

The PlayUSA.com website was closed down in February 2011. In September 2011, Japan-based Rakuten purchased Play.com for £25 million.

From March 2013, Play.com operated solely as an online marketplace, where third party retailers sold products with their listings hosted on the website.

title: Rakuten.co.uk


text:
Talk:El

This "disambiguation" page only has one thing on it! Brianjd 12:13, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Certainly seems "fixed" now (-:-- era (Talk | History) 19:15, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Ellenic
The Hellenic is coming from here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.103.15.40 (talk) 06:56, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Spanish word "el"
Is there a policy or something to dissuade one from putting the meaning of "el" in Spanish here? Does the same word also exist in related languages (Catalan, Portuguese ...?)-- era (Talk | History) 19:15, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

wikilinks
I removed wiki links per Manual of Style (disambiguation pages) and now some of them are back. The manual says :

 * Unlike a regular article page, don't wikilink any other words in the line, unless they may be essential to help the reader determine which page they are looking for; these pages aren't for exploration, but only to help the user navigate to a specific place. Thus:

 * * "Dark Star", a song by the Grateful Dead — or — "Dark Star", a song by The Grateful Dead
 * * not: "Dark Star", a song by the psychedelic rock band The Grateful Dead

Could we please come to consensus on what we're to do with links? Tedernst 09:45, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't knew about it. Not sure that I agree, but fire away! Nikola 17:23, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, well, I removed the links and now some of them are back. Are they essential? Tedernst 20:04, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I put them back, I thought they are important, but didn't knew about the rule. I won't put them back if you remove them again. Nikola 13:40, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

superman
Are either of these characters known as simply "el" such that someone looking for either of them would end up on this page? If so, then obivously, they need to stay on this page. If not, however, they shouldn't be here. Tedernst | talk 23:04, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Jor-El and Kal-El are two characters in all major versions of the Superman mythology

chicago L
A. Shouldn't that be under L not El

B. Elevated train lines are most certainly still used in New York City, and should not be mentioned in the same sentence as Chicago.

C. It is called the El, because it is an elevated train. It is incorrect to spell it as L. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.134.253.76 (talk) 12:47, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:El


text:
Reynek

Reynek may refer to:

People

 * Bohuslav Reynek, (1892-1971), Czech poet, writer, painter and translator
 * Jiří Reynek, (1929–2014), Czech poet and graphic artist

Other

 * 59830 Reynek, main-belt asteroid

title: Reynek


text:
Alicia Ashley

Alicia Ashley (born August 23, 1967) is a women's boxing participant who is the former WBC female world super bantamweight champion. Ashley is a Jamaican-American. Born in Jamaica, she moved to the United States at a young age. She is the younger sister of chess grandmaster Maurice Ashley and former world kickboxing champion Devon Ashley.

Career
Ashley began her professional boxing career on January 29, 1999, defeating Lisa Howarth by a six-round split decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On her second professional boxing fight, held in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, she suffered her first defeat when she was outpointed over six rounds by Doris Hackl on June 20 of that year.

Ashley rebounded from that defeat with an eight-round decision win over Bonnie Canino June 27 at Tunica, Mississippi.

After her first three fights, she took a seven-month hiatus from boxing, but on February 11, 2000, she returned, losing by an eight-round decision to Mexico's Laura Serrano, also in Tunica. After splitting her two next fights, she met "Downtown Leona Brown": on June 29, she beat Brown on points over eight rounds in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Next, she fought Kelsey Jeffries, who, until that bout, had lost only one of her nine fights. On September 3, Ashley beat Jeffries by a six-round unanimous decision in Nevada.

Ashley had only one fight in 2001, a decision victory, and then, on January 13, 2002, she made her Las Vegas debut, drawing (tying) in six rounds with Layla McCarter.

Her next fight fought on February 23 of that year, was also her first world title try, when she and Jeffries were rematched with the vacant IWBF world Featherweight title on the line. Ashley became a world champion by defeating Jeffries, this time by a ten-round split decision, at New Jersey.

Ashley lost her next fight when she met the experienced Chevelle Hallback for Hallback's WIBA world Junior Lightweight title by a ten-round unanimous decision in Georgia on August 27.

Ashley then went down in weight, returning to the Super Bantamweight division. On November 15, she defeated Marcela Acuña by a ten-round split decision in Córdoba, Argentina, to win the WIBF's vacant world Super Bantamweight title. But this decision win was controversial (the fight was scored 96-94 by two judges for Ashley and 97-95 by the third for Acuña), and the WIBF ordered an immediate rematch between the two women fighters. On June 14, 2003, she and Acuña met again, this time at Buenos Aires. Ashley retained the title the second time around with a ten-round unanimous decision.

On November 15, she lost her title to Esther Schouten by a ten-round split decision in Austria.

Her next was against Shondell Alfred, on March 27, 2004, in Guyana. She defeated Alfred by an eight-round decision.

After a hiatus that lasted almost one year, Ashley returned to boxing on March 3, 2005. when she knocked out Elena Reid in seven rounds at Laughlin, she also fought in the World Combat League.

She lost the fight against Argentina's Marcela Eliana Acuna for the WBC female world super bantamweight title by a majority decision at the Estadio Luna Park in Buenos Aires on August 20, 2009.

After winning two fights in New York City, Ashley won the vacant WBC female super bantamweight title via a unanimous decision at the Hunts Point Produce Market in the Bronx on July 23, 2011. On 2016 Oct 01 in Dort Federal Event Center in Flint Michigan Alicia Ashley loss her title to Fatuma Zarika by split decision

As of July 2011, Ashley has never lost a fight by knockout.

As of March 2018, Ashley has been inactive.

Professional boxing record

 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|24 Wins (4 knockouts), 12 Losses, 1 Drawn
 * - style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Record
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Type
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round Time
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Location
 * style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
 * - align=center
 * Loss||24-12-1||align=left| Dina Thorslund
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2018-03-10
 * align=left|Struer Arena, Struer, Central Denmark Region, Denmark
 * align=left|For WBC interim female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||24-11-1||align=left|🇩🇴 Liliana Martinez
 * PTS
 * 8
 * 2017-03-31
 * align=left|🇭🇹 Karibe Convention Center, Pétion-Ville, Ouest, Haiti
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||23-11-1||align=left|🇰🇪 Fatuma Zarika
 * SD
 * 10
 * 2016-10-01
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Dort Federal Event Center, Flint, Michigan, USA
 * align=left|For WBC female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||23-10-1||align=left|🇮🇪 Christina McMahon
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2015-10-29
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Aviator Sports Complex, Brooklyn, New York, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||22-10-1||align=left|🇩🇴 Grecia Nova
 * TKO
 * 7 (8)
 * 2014-11-08
 * align=left|🇭🇹 Karibe Convention Center, Pétion-Ville, Ouest, Haiti
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||21-10-1||align=left|🇲🇽 Jackie Nava
 * MD
 * 10
 * 2014-09-06
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Arena Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
 * align=left|Lost WBC female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||21-9-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Nohime Dennisson
 * TKO
 * 6 (6)
 * 2014-05-21
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Five Star Banquet, Long Island City, Queens, New York, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||20-9-1||align=left|🇲🇽 Zenny Sotomayor
 * TKO
 * 5 (10)
 * 2013-10-23
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Las Pulgas, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
 * align=left|Retained WBC female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||19-9-1||align=left|🇵🇦 Chantal Martínez
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2013-04-20
 * align=left|🇵🇦 Arena Roberto Duran, Panama City, Panama
 * align=left|Retained WBC female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||18-9-1||align=left|🇲🇽 Maria Elena Villalobos
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2012-03-17
 * align=left|🇲🇽 Deportivo del Sindicato del Metro, Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
 * align=left|Retained WBC female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||17-9-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Christina Ruiz
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2011-07-23
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Hunts Point Produce Market, Bronx, New York, USA
 * align=left|Won vacant WBC female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||16-9-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Crystal Hoy
 * UD
 * 8
 * 2011-01-19
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Masonic Temple, Brooklyn, New York, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||15-9-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Jackie Trivilino
 * UD
 * 6
 * 2010-04-02
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Masonic Temple, Brooklyn, New York, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||14-9-1||align=left|🇦🇷 Marcela Eliana Acuña
 * MD
 * 10
 * 2009-08-20
 * align=left|🇦🇷 Estadio Luna Park, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||14-8-1||align=left|🇹🇹 Lisa Brown
 * SD
 * 10
 * 2008-06-12
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Mohegan Sun Casino, Uncasville, Connecticut, USA
 * align=left|For IFBA super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||14-7-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Brooke Dierdorff
 * UD
 * 8
 * 2008-01-31
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Utopia Paradise Theatre, Bronx, New York, USA
 * align=left|Won vacant NABF female super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||13-7-1||align=left|🇩🇴 Delia Hoppe
 * UD
 * 6
 * 2007-04-11
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Paradise Theater, Bronx, New York, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||12-7-1||align=left|🇨🇳 Xiyan Zhang
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2006-04-15
 * align=left|🇨🇳 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
 * align=left|For vacant WIBA bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Loss||12-6-1||align=left|🇰🇵 Myung Ok Ryu
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2005-10-21
 * align=left|🇰🇵 Jungjuyoung Gymnasium, Pyongyang, Pyongan, North Korea
 * align=left|For WBC female super flyweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||12-5-1||align=left|🇩🇪 Alesia Graf
 * SD
 * 10
 * 2005-05-28
 * align=left|🇩🇪 Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 * align=left|Won GBU interim female and WIBF bantamweight titles
 * - align=center
 * Win||11-5-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Elena Reid
 * TKO
 * 7 (8)
 * 2005-03-26
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Harrah’s, Laughlin, Nevada, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||10-5-1||align=left|🇬🇾 Shondell Alfred
 * UD
 * 8
 * 2004-03-27
 * align=left|🇬🇾 Cliff Anderson Sports Hall, Georgetown, Demerara-Mahaica, Guyana
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||9-5-1||align=left|🇳🇱 Esther Schouten
 * SD
 * 10
 * 2003-11-15
 * align=left|🇦🇹 Trend Eventhotel Pyramid, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
 * align=left|Lost WIBF super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||9-4-1||align=left|🇦🇷 Marcela Eliana Acuña
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2003-06-14
 * align=left|🇦🇷 Estadio Republica de Venezuela, Bolívar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * align=left|Retained WIBF super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||8-4-1||align=left|🇦🇷 Marcela Eliana Acuña
 * SD
 * 10
 * 2002-11-15
 * align=left|🇦🇷 Super Domo Orfeo, Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
 * align=left|Won vacant WIBF super bantamweight title
 * - align=center
 * Loss||7-4-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Chevelle Hallback
 * UD
 * 10
 * 2002-08-27
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Civic Center, Savannah, Georgia, USA
 * align=left|For IBA female super featherweight title
 * - align=center
 * Win||7-3-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Kelsey Jeffries
 * SD
 * 10
 * 2002-02-23
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Ballys Park Place Hotel Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA
 * align=left|Won vacant IWBF featherweight title
 * - align=center
 * Draw||6-3-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Layla McCarter
 * PTS
 * 6
 * 2002-01-13
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Venetian Hotel & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||6-3||align=left| Claudette Alexander
 * UD
 * 6
 * 2001-02-17
 * align=left|🇻🇮 Saint Thomas, US Virgin Islands
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||5-3||align=left|🇺🇸 Kelsey Jeffries
 * UD
 * 6
 * 2000-09-03
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Casino West, Yerington, Nevada, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||4-3||align=left|🇺🇸 Leona Brown
 * SD
 * 8
 * 2000-06-29
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Viking Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||3-3||align=left|🇺🇸 Songul Oruc
 * SD
 * 4
 * 2000-05-13
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||3-2||align=left|🇺🇸 Heather McVey
 * UD
 * 4
 * 2000-04-01
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Harrah's, Laughlin, Nevada, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||2-2||align=left|🇲🇽 Laura Serrano
 * UD
 * 8
 * 2000-02-11
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Gold Strike Casino, Tunica, Mississippi, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||2-1||align=left|🇺🇸 Bonnie Canino
 * UD
 * 8
 * 1999-05-27
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Gold Strike Casino, Tunica, Mississippi, USA
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Loss||1-1||align=left|🇨🇦 Doris Hackl
 * SD
 * 6
 * 1999-05-20
 * align=left|🇨🇦 Halifax Metro Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * align=left|
 * - align=center
 * Win||1-0||align=left|🇬🇧 Lisa Howarth
 * SD
 * 6
 * 1999-01-29
 * align=left|🇺🇸 Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA
 * align=left|Professional debut
 * - align=center
 * - align=center

title: Alicia Ashley


text:
Family Justice Council

The Family Justice Council, established in 2004, is an advisory, non-statutory, non-departmental public body sponsored by the Judicial Office of England and Wales. It provides independent expert advice, from an inter-disciplinary perspective, on the operation and reform of the family justice system to the Family Justice Board (jointly chaired by ministers from the Ministry of Justice and Department for Education) and Government. It is chaired by the President of the Family Division, and in August 2012 became part of the President's office.

title: Family Justice Council