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User talk:Omerk

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Etz Haim 08:33, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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title: User talk:Omerk


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Category:Roads in the United States

This category includes articles on all kinds of roads in the United States, including past, present and future roads.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Roads in the United States


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Talk:1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

Something wrong with medal table
Northern Rhodesia (i.e., Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia (later Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe) are both shown in the medal table. But so is "Rhodesia". Surely this can't be right. 08:37, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

No, you're right - Rhodesia should be teamed up with Southern Rhodesia in this table, which is what I've done. jkm 08:54, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposed merge
I want to know more about the boxers (middleweight) at the 1954 Empire games. Who can help me. I need video or photos.

 * You can find the results at http://www.commonwealthgames.com/ (sorry I can't give you a direct URL because it's all javascript based). There are results but no photos/videos:

Results for Boxing - Mens Middleweight Division (75kg) Position Name Country Result Gold Jan Van der Kolff South Africa Silver Arthur "Art" Crawford Zimbabwe Bronze Marcel Piau Canada

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/GamesInfo/PastGames/1954/1954.htm
 * In 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games on 2011-05-25 03:31:36, 404 Not Found
 * In 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games on 2011-06-04 17:57:34, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 17:57, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

If anyone knows how to add the the logo here, please do.
I'm still new here so I don't know how to edit pictures into Wikipedia articles. This is the only page here who hasn't got one so if you know can you do it? Thanks in advance. Keitan Hargreaves (talk) 18:20, 7 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Which image do you want adding? Keith D (talk) 23:12, 7 December 2020 (UTC)


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Julius Schreck

Julius Schreck (13 July 1898 – 16 May 1936) was an early senior Nazi official and close confidant of Adolf Hitler.

Born in Munich, Schreck served in World War I and shortly afterwards joined right-wing paramilitary units. He joined the Nazi Party in 1920 and developed a close friendship with Adolf Hitler. Schreck was a founding member of the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Detachment"; SA) and was active in its development. Later in 1925, he became the first leader of the Schutzstaffel ("Protection Squadron"; SS). He then served for a time as a chauffeur for Hitler. Schreck developed meningitis in 1936 and died on 16 May of that year. Hitler gave him a state funeral.

Early life
Julius Schreck was born on 13 July 1898 in Munich in Bavaria. He served in the German Army during World War I. After the war ended, Schreck became an early member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party; NSDAP), having joined in 1920 and documented as member No. 53. Schreck developed a friendship with the party's leader Adolf Hitler during its early years.

Career in the SA
Schreck was a founding member of the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Detachment"; SA), being involved in its growth and development. This was a paramilitary wing of the party designed to disrupt political opponents and provide muscle for security tasks. Hitler, in early 1923, ordered the formation of a small separate bodyguard dedicated to his service and protection rather than an uncontrolled mass of the party, such as the SA. Originally the unit was composed of only eight men, commanded by Schreck and Joseph Berchtold. It was designated the Stabswache ("Staff Guard"). The Stabswache were issued unique badges, but at this point the Stabswache was still under overall control of the SA, whose membership continued to increase. Schreck resurrected the use of the Totenkopf ("death's head") as the unit's insignia, a symbol various elite forces had used in the past, including specialized assault troops of Imperial Germany in World War I who used Hutier infiltration tactics.

In May 1923, the unit was renamed Stoßtrupp-Hitler ("Shock Troop-Hitler"). The unit was solely responsible for Hitler's personal protection. On 9 November 1923 the Stoßtrupp, along with the SA and several other paramilitary units, took part in the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. The plan was to seize control of the city in a coup d'état and then challenge the government in Berlin. The putsch was quickly crushed by the local police. In the aftermath of the failed putsch both Hitler, Schreck, and other Nazi leaders were incarcerated for treason at Landsberg Prison. The Nazi Party and all associated formations, including the Stoßtrupp, were officially disbanded.

Career in the SS
After Hitler's release from prison on 20 December 1924, the Nazi Party was officially refounded. In 1925, Hitler ordered Schreck to organise the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando ("Protection Command"). Hitler wanted a small group of tough ex-soldiers such as Schreck, who would be loyal to him. The unit included old Stoßtrupp members such as Emil Maurice and Erhard Heiden. The unit made its first public appearance in April 1925. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national level. It was also successively renamed the Sturmstaffel ("Storm Squadron") and then finally the Schutzstaffel ("Protection Squadron"; SS) on 9 November 1925. Schreck became SS member #5. He was asked by Hitler to command the bodyguard company. Schreck never referred to himself as Reichsführer-SS, but the title was retroactively applied to him in later years.

In 1926, Schreck stood down as commander of the SS and Berchtold took over the leadership. Berchtold changed the title of the office position, which became known as the Reichsführer-SS. Schreck remained on the SS rolls as an SS-Führer and worked as Hitler's private chauffeur after Maurice until 1934. In 1930, after the SS had begun to expand under Heinrich Himmler, Schreck was appointed an SS-Standartenführer, but had little actual power. He continued to serve at Hitler's side and they were on very good terms.

Death
Schreck continued as Hitler's personal driver until 1936. That spring Schreck developed meningitis and died on 16 May in Munich. He was a well-liked man and Hitler was distraught when Schreck died. His final rank was SS-Brigadeführer, a rank equivalent to that of a Generalmajor in the Wehrmacht. Schreck was accorded a Nazi state funeral. Himmler referred to him as "Adolf Hitler's first SS man".

title: Julius Schreck


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Project mayhem

Project mayhem was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Article seems to duplicate information from both the novel (Fight Club) and the film (Fight Club (film)). If there is relevant information in Project mayhem that is not in the links listed above, then this information should be merged into the above articles and the current article made into a redirect. --Viriditas | Talk 08:39, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge anything new and redirect. Samaritan 09:00, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete as a rant (whatever the inspiration). Wyss 18:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge to Fight Club (film) and redirect. --L33tminion | (talk) 20:42, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and clean-up. Dan100 23:59, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Rant, nothing that isn't already at Fight Club.  --LostLeviathan 00:11, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is just a rant with no new information. --Carl 02:15, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Dbenbenn 02:29, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article contains misinformation and POV. -- [[User talk:LGagnon|LGagnon]] 06:43, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * KEEP. THIS IS BRILLIANT!!! Never have i heard such inspirational prose. This is a poetic journey through the mind of our favorite Skitzo. --SPEEDMOLE 00:56, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Vote by User:69.149.50.221, User "Speedmole" does not exist -- Ferkelparade π 07:07, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Note: User:69.149.50.221 tried to change some of the other votes here to keep. -- Chris 73 Talk 07:19, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, rant. Nothing worth merging -- Ferkelparade π 07:07, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Chris 73 Talk 07:19, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect Shanes 07:24, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete  --fvw *  08:19, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:03, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete — Jeandré, 2004-12-20t19:56z
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 21:32, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, pap. Edeans 05:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The smell of sockpuppets around here is thick... Wyss 03:52, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Southern California freeways

The Southern California freeways are a vast network of interconnected freeways in the megaregion of Southern California, serving a population of 23 million people. The Master Plan of Metropolitan Los Angeles Freeways was adopted by the Regional Planning Commission in 1947 and construction began in the early 1950s. The plan hit opposition and funding limitations in the 1970s, and by 2004, only some 61% of the original planned network had been completed.

Origins
Southern California's romance with the automobile owes in large part to resentment of the Southern Pacific Railroad's tight control over the region's commerce in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During his successful campaign for governor in 1910, anti-Southern Pacific candidate Hiram Johnson traveled the state by car, which was no small feat at that time. In the minds of Southlanders, this associated the automobile with clean, progressive government, in stark contrast to the railroads' control over the corrupt governments of the Midwest and Northeast. While the Southern Pacific-owned Pacific Electric Railway's famous Red Car streetcar lines were the axis of urbanization in Los Angeles during its period of spectacular growth in the 1910s and 1920s, they were unprofitable and increasingly unattractive compared to automobiles. As cars became cheaper and began to fill the region's roads in the 1920s, Pacific Electric lost ridership. Traffic congestion soon threatened to choke off the region's development altogether. At the same time, a number of influential urban planners were advocating the construction of a network of what one widely read book dubbed "Magic Motorways", as the backbone of suburban development. These "greenbelt" advocates called for decentralized, automobile-oriented development as a means of remedying both urban overcrowding and declining rates of home ownership.

Traffic congestion was of such great concern by the late 1930s in the Los Angeles metropolitan area that the influential Automobile Club of Southern California engineered an elaborate plan to create an elevated freeway-type "Motorway System," a key aspect of which was the dismantling of the streetcar lines, to be replaced with buses that could run on both local streets and on the new express roads. In the late 1930s, when the freeway system was originally planned locally by Los Angeles city planners, they had intended for light rail tracks to have been installed in the center margin of each freeway (which would presumably have carried Pacific Electric Railway red cars), but this plan was never fully implemented.

Planning and construction
During World War II, transportation bottlenecks on Southern California roads and railways convinced many that if Southern California was to accommodate a large population, it needed a completely new transportation system. The city of Los Angeles favored an upgraded rail transit system focused on its central city. However, the success of the Arroyo Seco Parkway, built between Los Angeles and Pasadena in 1940, convinced many that a freeway system could solve the region's transportation problems. Leaders of surrounding cities, such as Whittier, South Gate, Long Beach, and Pasadena, accordingly called for a web of freeways to connect the whole region, rather than funneling their residents out of their own downtowns and into that of Los Angeles. Pro-freeway sentiments prevailed, and by 1947, a new comprehensive freeway plan for Los Angeles (based largely on the original locally planned 1930s system, but without the light rail tracks in the median strips of the freeways) had been drawn up by the California Department of Public Works (now Caltrans). San Diego soon followed suit, and by the early 1950s, construction had begun on much of the region's freeway system.

Proposed/future freeways
Caltrans or local transportation agencies have identified the following priority freeway projects:
 * A toll road that will go through a tunnel in the Santa Ana Mountains from Irvine to Corona.
 * Upgrading State Route 210 to Interstate standards and renumbering the route Interstate 210.
 * A new freeway, the Mid County Parkway, from Interstate 215 in Perris to State Route 79 in San Jacinto.
 * An extension for Interstate 710, the Long Beach Freeway, to its originally planned terminus at Interstate 210, the Foothill Freeway, in Pasadena, via a tunnel underneath the city of South Pasadena or some other means. Caltrans, however, cancelled the project in November 2018.
 * An extension to the State Route 241 toll road to meet Interstate 5 in or near San Clemente.
 * Upgrading State Route 71, the Chino Valley Freeway, to a full controlled-access freeway north of State Route 60, the Pomona Freeway, to Interstate 10, the San Bernardino Freeway, in Pomona.
 * Upgrading State Route 55, the Costa Mesa Freeway, from south of its current freeway terminus at 19th Street in Costa Mesa to State Route 1, Pacific Coast Highway, in Newport Beach, potentially via a tunnel.
 * Construction of the High Desert Corridor, a freeway and expressway between State Route 14, the Antelope Valley Freeway, in Palmdale and Interstate 15, the Mojave Freeway, near Victorville. It would also carry a high-speed rail line to Las Vegas, Nevada. Caltrans put the freeway on hold in 2019.
 * State Route 48 is a completely unconstructed 25.5-mile (41.03 km) freeway to connect at the current SR 14/138 junction and West Avenue E, go east running parallel with East Avenue E and East Avenue G, and terminate in Hi Vista at East Avenue G/200th Street East, at the planned SR 122 freeway.
 * State Route 122 is a completely unconstructed 61.3-mile (98.7 km) freeway, defined to run from SR 14 south of Palmdale, and proceed northeast through Hi Vista, and terminate at the current U.S. 395/SR 58 at Kramer Junction.
 * State Route 249 is a 13.5-mile (21.7 km) unconstructed route that would connect SR 2 north of La Cañada Flintridge with SR 14 south of Palmdale. Angeles Forest Highway (CR N3) follows the general alignment, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. However, there are plans to explore the building of this route between Palmdale and Los Angeles by tunneling through the mountains.
 * A toll road that would run from SR 126 to SR 118 in Simi Valley through the Santa Susana Mountains (proposed in August 1990). The only north–south highways that connect SR 126 with SR 118 are I-5 and SR 23. Motorists on SR 126 can use this route to reach Simi Valley without having to use Interstate 5 via Newhall Pass to SR 118 or SR 23 to Moorpark and vice versa. A good traversable route would be Tapo Canyon Road, Windmill Canyon Road, and Pico Canyon Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

Freeway names
Southern California residents idiomatically refer to freeways with the definite article, as "the [freeway number] ", e.g. "the 5" or "the 10". This use of the article differs from other American dialects, including that of Northern California, but is the same as in the UK (e.g. "Take the M1 to the M25") and other European countries (e.g. "die A1" in German). In addition, sections of the southern California freeway system are often referred to by names rather than by the official numbers. For example, the names Santa Monica and San Bernardino are used for segments of the Interstate 10 even though overhead freeway signs installed at interchanges since the 1990s don't display these names, using instead the highway number, direction, and control city. A freeway "name" may refer to portions of two or more differently numbered routes; for example, the Ventura Freeway consists of portions of U.S. Route 101 and State Route 134, and the San Diego Freeway consists of portions of Interstate 5 and the full length of Interstate 405.

When Southern California freeways were built in the 1940s and early 1950s, local common usage was primarily the freeway name preceded by the definite article. It took several decades for Southern California locals to start to also commonly refer to the freeways with the numerical designations, but the usage of the definite article persisted. For example, the San Gabriel River Freeway evolved into "the 605 Freeway" and then shortened to "the 605".

Named interchanges

 * Four Level (Bill Keene Memorial):
 * Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial:
 * East Los Angeles:
 * Hollywood Split (Bruce T. Hinman Memorial):
 * Judge Harry Pregerson:
 * El Toro Y: Southern junction of
 * Kellogg:
 * Orange Crush:
 * Newhall Pass (Clarence Wayne Dean Memorial):
 * Glendora Curve:
 * Jack Schrade (Mission Valley Viaduct):
 * David M. Gonzales Memorial:
 * Marilyn Jorgenson Reece Memorial:
 * Sadao S. Munemori Memorial:

Other named features

 * Downtown Slot: where Highway 101 passes through a trench in downtown Los Angeles.
 * South Bay Curve: where Interstate 405 bends from north–south to east–west in Torrance
 * Sepulveda Pass: Interstate 405 just south of U.S. Route 101 near the J. Paul Getty Museum.
 * Cahuenga Pass: the Hollywood Freeway just south of the interchange with the Ventura Freeway
 * Figueroa Street Tunnels: the northbound lanes of the Pasadena Freeway between the Four Level Interchange and the interchange with the Golden State Freeway
 * Glendora Curve: the transition of the northbound 57 Orange Freeway to the westbound 210 Foothill Freeway; or the eastbound 210 transition to the southbound 57. Formerly part of Interstate 210 before the completion of the newer section of the Foothill Freeway in 2003.

Comparisons and firsts

 * First freeway in California (Arroyo Seco Parkway linking Pasadena and Los Angeles)
 * First stack interchange (Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles)
 * First grade-separated HOV lanes
 * First fully automated tollway system (91 Express Lanes in northern Orange County)

The Southern California area has fewer lane-miles per capita than most large metropolitan areas in the United States, ranking 31st of the top 39. As of 1999, Greater Los Angeles had 0.419 lane-miles per 1,000 people, only slightly more than Greater New York City and fewer than Greater Boston, the Washington Metropolitan Area and the San Francisco Bay Area. (American metros average .613 lane-miles per thousand.) San Diego ranked 17th in the same study, with 0.659 lane-miles per thousand, and the Inland Empire ranked 21st, with 0.626.

Limited-access roads not maintained by the state
The following limited-access roads are not maintained by the state:
 * Colorado Street, former routing of State Route 134, from Interstate 5 to San Fernando Road just west of Glendale
 * Colorado Freeway, former routing of State Route 134, from Colorado Blvd in Eagle Rock to the Ventura Freeway
 * Harbor Scenic Drive from Interstate 710 at Ocean Boulevard to RMS Queen Mary
 * Jamboree Road in Irvine, a non-tolled extension of State Route 261 from Walnut Avenue near Interstate 5 to Barranca Parkway
 * Oak Grove Drive in Pasadena, former routing of the Foothill Freeway
 * Shoreline Drive in Long Beach, the downtown exit from southbound Interstate 710 to Queens Way
 * La Cienega Boulevard in the Baldwin Hills, originally intended to be part of the discontinued Laurel Canyon Freeway
 * Los Patrones Parkway in Las Flores, a non-tolled extension of State Route 241 from Oso Parkway to Cow Camp Road

Major freeways leading into and out of Southern California

 * I-5 (CA).svg Interstate 5 south terminus at San Ysidro in San Diego, northbound to the Central Valley and Sacramento
 * John J. Montgomery Freeway from the U.S.-Mexico border crossing at San Ysidro to downtown San Diego
 * San Diego Freeway from downtown San Diego to the El Toro Y
 * Santa Ana Freeway from the El Toro Y to the East L.A. Interchange
 * Golden State Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to Wheeler Ridge
 * I-8 (CA).svg Interstate 8 west terminus in Ocean Beach in San Diego, eastbound to the Arizona State Line towards Yuma
 * Ocean Beach Freeway from Ocean Beach to Old Town
 * Mission Valley Freeway, also known as the Alvarado Freeway, from Old Town to El Cajon
 * Kumeyaay Highway from Ocean Beach to the San Diego-Imperial County Line as well as El Centro and Imperial
 * I-10 (CA).svg Interstate 10 west terminus in Santa Monica, eastbound to the Arizona State Line towards Phoenix
 * Santa Monica Freeway from Santa Monica to the East L.A. Interchange
 * San Bernardino Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to San Bernardino
 * I-15 (CA).svg Interstate 15 south terminus in Barrio Logan in San Diego, northbound to the Nevada State Line towards Las Vegas
 * Wabash Freeway (signed as State Route 15) from Barrio Logan in San Diego to Interstate 805
 * Escondido Freeway from Interstate 805 to the San Diego-Riverside County Line
 * Temecula Valley Freeway from the San Diego-Riverside County Line to Lake Elsinore
 * Corona Freeway from Lake Elsinore to Corona
 * Ontario Freeway from Corona to the Devore neighborhood of San Bernardino
 * Mojave Freeway, also Barstow Freeway, from Devore to the Nevada State Line
 * I-40 (CA).svg Interstate 40 west terminus in Barstow, eastbound to the Arizona State Line towards Kingman
 * Needles Freeway
 * US 101 (CA).svg U.S. Route 101 south terminus at the East L.A. Interchange, westbound to Santa Barbara then northbound through the Central Coast region to Silicon Valley and San Francisco
 * Santa Ana Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to the Four Level Interchange
 * Hollywood Freeway from the Four Level Interchange to the junction with the Ventura Freeway
 * Ventura Freeway from the junction with the Hollywood Freeway to Seacliff
 * California 14.svg State Route 14, south terminus at Interstate 5 in Los Angeles, northbound to U.S. Route 395 and Bishop
 * Antelope Valley Freeway from Tunnel Station to Mojave

San Diego area

 * I-5 (CA).svg Interstate 5
 * John J. Montgomery Freeway from U.S.-Mexico border crossing at San Ysidro to downtown San Diego
 * San Diego Freeway from downtown San Diego to the El Toro Y in Orange County
 * I-8 (CA).svg Interstate 8
 * Ocean Beach Freeway from Ocean Beach to Old Town San Diego
 * Mission Valley Freeway from Old Town San Diego to El Cajon
 * Kumeyaay Freeway from Ocean Beach to Imperial County
 * I-15 (CA).svg California 15.svg Interstate 15 and State Route 15
 * Escondido Freeway from Barrio Logan to Escondido
 * California 52.svg State Route 52
 * Soledad Freeway from La Jolla to Santee
 * California 54.svg State Route 54
 * South Bay Freeway from National City to Jamacha Road exit
 * California 56.svg State Route 56
 * Ted Williams Freeway from Carmel Valley to Sabre Springs
 * California 67.svg State Route 67
 * San Vicente Freeway from El Cajon to Lakeside
 * California 75.svg State Route 75
 * San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge
 * California 78.svg State Route 78
 * Ronald Packard Parkway from Oceanside to Escondido
 * California 94.svg State Route 94
 * Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway from downtown San Diego to Spring Valley
 * California 125.svg State Route 125
 * South Bay Expressway from Otay Mesa to Jamacha Road exit
 * Ramona Freeway from Jamacha Road exit to Santee
 * California 163.svg State Route 163
 * Cabrillo Freeway from downtown San Diego to Kearny Mesa at Interstate 15
 * I-805 (CA).svg Interstate 805
 * Jacob Dekema Freeway, also known as the Inland Freeway from San Ysidro to "The Merge" at Sorrento Valley
 * California 905.svg State Route 905
 * Otay Mesa Freeway from San Ysidro to the Otay Mesa border crossing

Controlled access routes not maintained by the state

 * Kearny Villa Road near Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, former routing of U.S. Route 395
 * Pacific Highway near San Diego International Airport (Lindbergh Field), former routing of U.S. Route 101
 * Friars Road in Mission Valley near the site of the former San Diego Stadium

Inland Empire Metropolitan Area
(Includes San Bernardino and Riverside Counties)
 * I-10 (CA).svg Interstate 10
 * San Bernardino Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to San Bernardino
 * I-15 (CA).svg Interstate 15
 * Temecula Valley Freeway from San Diego County line to Lake Elsinore.
 * Corona Freeway from Lake Elsinore to Corona
 * Ontario Freeway from Corona to San Bernardino
 * Mojave Freeway from San Bernardino to the Nevada State Line
 * I-40 (CA).svg Interstate 40
 * Needles Freeway from Barstow to the Arizona State Line
 * California 60.svg State Route 60
 * Pomona Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to Riverside
 * Moreno Valley Freeway from Riverside to the junction with Interstate 10
 * California 71.svg State Route 71
 * Chino Valley Freeway from just north of State Route 91 to State Route 57
 * California 91.svg State Route 91
 * Riverside Freeway from Fullerton at Interstate 5 to Riverside
 * I-210 (CA).svgCalifornia 210.svg Interstate 210 and State Route 210
 * Foothill Freeway from Sylmar to Redlands
 * I-215 (CA).svg Interstate 215
 * Escondido Freeway from Murrieta to Riverside
 * Riverside Freeway from Riverside to San Bernardino
 * Barstow Freeway from San Bernardino to the northern junction with Interstate 15

Greater Los Angeles
(includes Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Ventura Counties)
 * California 1.svg State Route 1
 * freeway stub in Dana Point, leading north from Interstate 5
 * Santa Monica Freeway from Pacific Coast Highway in Santa Monica to Interstate 10
 * freeway stub east of Oxnard
 * California 2.svg State Route 2
 * Glendale Freeway from Silver Lake to junction with State Route 134 in Glendale
 * Frank D. Lanterman Freeway from junction with State Route 134 to La Cañada-Flintridge
 * I-5 (CA).svg Interstate 5
 * San Diego Freeway from San Diego to the El Toro Y
 * Santa Ana Freeway from the El Toro Y to the East L.A. Interchange
 * Golden State Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to Wheeler Ridge in Kern County
 * I-10 (CA).svg Interstate 10
 * Santa Monica Freeway from Santa Monica to the East L.A. Interchange
 * San Bernardino Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to San Bernardino
 * California 14.svg State Route 14
 * Antelope Valley Freeway from Tunnel Station to Mojave in Kern County
 * Sierra Highway (old Rte 14) from Newhall Avenue (formally SR 126/San Fernando Road) to Rainbow Glen Drive. This section is still maintained by Caltrans and is signed as 14U – Unrelinquished.
 * I-15 (CA).svg Interstate 15
 * Temecula Valley Freeway from San Diego County line to Lake Elsinore.
 * Corona Freeway from Lake Elsinore to Corona
 * Ontario Freeway from Corona to San Bernardino
 * Mojave Freeway from San Bernardino to the Nevada State Line
 * California 22.svg State Route 22
 * 7th Street freeway stub from Long Beach to Seal Beach at the Interstate 405 and Interstate 605 interchange
 * Garden Grove Freeway from Westminster to Orange
 * California 23.svg State Route 23
 * Moorpark Freeway from Thousand Oaks to Moorpark
 * California 33.svg State Route 33
 * Ojai Freeway from Ventura to Foster Park
 * I-40 (CA).svg Interstate 40
 * Needles Freeway from Barstow to the Arizona State Line
 * California 47.svg State Route 47
 * Vincent Thomas Bridge connecting San Pedro to Terminal Island
 * Terminal Island Freeway from Seaside Avenue to Henry Ford Avenue exit (splitting off from State Route 103)
 * California 55.svg State Route 55
 * Newport Boulevard freeway stub north from State Route 1 in Newport Beach
 * Costa Mesa Freeway, formerly Newport Freeway from Costa Mesa to Anaheim
 * California 57.svg State Route 57
 * Orange Freeway from the Orange Crush interchange to Glendora
 * California 58.svg State Route 58
 * freeway stub from Keene to Mojave in Kern County
 * freeway stub from North Edwards to Kramer Junction
 * freeway stub from Hinkley to Barstow
 * California 60.svg State Route 60
 * Pomona Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to Riverside
 * Moreno Valley Freeway from Riverside to the junction with Interstate 10
 * California 71.svg State Route 71
 * Chino Valley Freeway from just north of State Route 91 to State Route 57
 * freeway stub from the Kellogg Interchange leading to the Corona Expressway
 * California 73.svg State Route 73
 * Corona del Mar Freeway from Costa Mesa to Irvine
 * San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor from Irvine to Laguna Niguel
 * California 90.svg State Route 90
 * Marina Freeway freeway stub east and west of the Interstate 405 near Marina del Rey
 * Richard M. Nixon Parkway freeway stub west from State Route 91 in Yorba Linda
 * California 91.svg State Route 91
 * Gardena Freeway from Interstate 110 in Gardena to Interstate 710 in Long Beach
 * Artesia Freeway from Interstate 710 in Long Beach to Fullerton at Interstate 5
 * Riverside Freeway from Fullerton at Interstate 5 to Riverside
 * US 101 (CA).svg U.S. Route 101
 * Santa Ana Freeway from the East L.A. Interchange to the Four Level Interchange
 * Hollywood Freeway from the Four Level Interchange to the junction with State Route 134 and State Route 170
 * Ventura Freeway from the junction with State Route 134 and State Route 170 to Seacliff just west of Ventura
 * California 103.svg State Route 103
 * Terminal Island Freeway co-signed from Seaside Avenue with State Route 47 to Sepulveda Boulevard/Willow Street in Long Beach
 * I-105 (CA).svg Interstate 105
 * Glenn Anderson Freeway, more commonly known as the Century Freeway from El Segundo to Norwalk
 * I-110 (CA).svg Interstate 110
 * Harbor Freeway from San Pedro to Downtown L.A. at the interchange with the Santa Monica Freeway
 * California 110.svg State Route 110
 * Harbor Freeway from the interchange with the Santa Monica Freeway to the Four Level Interchange
 * Pasadena Freeway from the Four Level Interchange to Pasadena
 * California 118.svg State Route 118
 * Ronald Reagan Freeway, also known as the Simi Valley-San Fernando Valley Freeway, or more simply, the Simi Valley Freeway from Moorpark to San Fernando
 * California 133.svg State Route 133
 * Laguna Freeway from just south of Interstate 405 to Interstate 5
 * Eastern Transportation Corridor from Interstate 5 to State Route 241
 * California 134.svg State Route 134
 * Ventura Freeway from Pasadena to North Hollywood at the junction with the Hollywood Freeway
 * California 138.svg State Route 138
 * Lancaster Freeway freeway stub east from Interstate 5 near Gorman
 * California 170.svg State Route 170
 * Hollywood Freeway from the interchange with the Ventura Freeway to the Golden State Freeway
 * I-210 (CA).svgCalifornia 210.svg Interstate 210 and State Route 210
 * Foothill Freeway from Tunnel Station to Redlands
 * I-215 (CA).svg Interstate 215
 * Escondido Freeway from Murrieta to Riverside
 * Riverside Freeway from Riverside to San Bernardino
 * Barstow Freeway from San Bernardino to the northern junction with Interstate 15
 * California 241.svg State Route 241
 * Foothill Transportation Corridor from Oso Parkway to the Eastern Transportation Corridor
 * Eastern Transportation Corridor from the Foothill Transportation Corridor to the Riverside Freeway
 * California 261.svg State Route 261
 * Eastern Transportation Corridor from Jamboree Road near the Santa Ana Freeway to State Route 241
 * I-405 (CA).svg Interstate 405
 * San Diego Freeway from the El Toro Y to San Fernando
 * I-605 (CA).svg Interstate 605
 * San Gabriel River Freeway from Seal Beach to Duarte
 * I-710 (CA).svg Interstate 710
 * Long Beach Freeway from Long Beach to Alhambra
 * freeway stub south from the Foothill Freeway

title: Southern California freeways


text:
Talk:Magick Image File Format

Untitled
from VfD:

Geekcruft. Less notable than XBin, garners a weak 1100 hits in google. —RaD Man (talk) 08:43, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. As far as I know, the format is almost never used. --Carnildo 08:46, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, I don't see it (nn). Wyss 18:48, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep potentially useful info. this article is doing no harm, why mess with it?  if it is truly bothersome, just merge with ImageMagick and redirect. Wolfman 01:24, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep' Yuckfoo 04:50, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with ImageMagick, don't redirect.  --fvw *  08:04, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * ImageMagick is very popular and widely used; I can see how someone might end up searching or linking to this article. Either keep or redirect to ImageMagick. —Psychonaut 17:24, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This information is much more relevant than the number of hits on Google.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:28, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect with ImageMagick. PoccilPeter O. (Talk, automation script) 07:29, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - there is no valid reason to put this forward for deletion. "Geekcruft" is not listed in the deletion policy - David Gerard 23:06, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - It's informitive and useful. I see no reason to kill it --Fyrefiend 06:36, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. "*cruft" is a lousy basis to present for deletion, this looks like it fits under the Wikipedia umbrella to me. Bryan 20:54, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Magick Image File Format


text:
Capital Baptist Theological Seminary

Capital Baptist Theological Seminary was a Christian school with campuses in Seoul and Anseong City, Gyeonggi province, South Korea. In 2006 it was closed and its campus was used as Korea Baptist Theological University and Seminary's secondary campus as part of Korea Baptist Convention's decision to run only one educational institution.

Academic departments
The undergraduate offerings of the seminary consist of the Department of Theology and the Pastoral Theology institute, both of which offer four-year Bachelor of Theology degrees. The graduate school offers Master's of Divinity and Doctor of Ministry degrees.

In addition, the school offers separate courses of study for women. Two-year certificate programs are offered by the Women's College and Women's Institute, and a three-year Master's of Partnership Ministry is offered by the Pastor's Wives Institute.

History
The school began as Seoul Baptist Theological Seminary, directly operated by the Korea Baptist Convention, in 1976. In 1980, the Convention chose to separate it from other institutions such as Korea Baptist Theological University and make it an independent institution, which was completed in early 1981. At this time the school was merged with two pre-existing institutions, Grace Seminary and Kyunggi Seminary, and the name was changed to the current one. The school was recognized as a theological seminary by the Ministry of Education in 1982.

Sister schools
The school maintains international sisterhood ties with Israel's Jerusalem University College.

title: Capital Baptist Theological Seminary


text: User talk:129.100.218.145

title: User talk:129.100.218.145


text:
Catholic Sangji College

Catholic Sangji College is a private 2-year college affiliated with the South Korean Roman Catholic church. It is located in the city center of Andong City, North Gyeongsang province, South Korea. The president is Yu Gang-ha (유강하). As a technical junior college, Catholic Sangji College emphasizes team teaching and project-based learning.

Academic departments
Division of Humanities:
 * Early childhood education
 * Social welfare
 * Management
 * Tax accounting
 * Hotel tourism
 * Police management
 * Administration

Division of Health and Nursing
 * Speech-language pathology
 * Medical computing
 * Traditional medicines
 * Nursing

Division of Natural Science
 * Hotel cuisine and nutrition

Division of Industry
 * Computer information
 * Information communications
 * Railroad electricity
 * Automotive technology
 * Computer multimedia design
 * Interior design

History
The college began in 1970 as Sangji Technical School. It was founded by three Luxembourgian nuns of the order, Soeurs de la Doctrine Chrétienne (French, “Sisters of the Christian Doctrine”).

Sister schools
Sangji Catholic College maintains ties with four American institutions: University of California Riverside, Georgia Southwestern University, and North Park University. In addition, sisterhood relations exist between the automotive departments of Sangji Catholic and Kennedy King Community College in Chicago.

title: Catholic Sangji College


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Geographic Data Files

Geographic Data Files was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Clearly a non-notable image format. 785 hits on google. Pokemon minutiae is much more important. —RaD Man (talk) 08:49, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: DCEdwards1966 09:00, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Isn't this an ISO standard or something? Well-known anyway.  --fvw *  09:11, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Wyss 18:32, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 04:50, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This information is much more relevant than the number of hits on Google.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:28, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. 12:52, 27 Dec 2004. It is indeed true that the public knowledge on this data format is very small, as the knowledge is kept within big companies. However within the geographic/navigation system world, it is the basic file format. It is indeed an ISO standard, which cannot be said of Pokemon minutiae.

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Catholic University of Daegu

Daegu Catholic University (DCU; previously named Catholic University of Daegu) is a private research university in Daegu, South Korea. DCU is known for its academic strength, especially in the field of medical, pharmacy, health science, psychology, social science, and education.

History
The St. Justin Seminary, from which the university claims descent, opened in Daegu on November 1, 1914, having been founded in May of that year. The first four rectors of the school were French missionaries, the first being a Fr. Chargeboeuf, also known by his Korean name Song Duck-mang. The first Korean rector, Fr. Choi Min-sun, who took up the post in 1945, was also the last rector of the seminary which closed the same year, sending most of its students home in May but remaining open until December to allow the final class of 4 to graduate.

In 1952, the Hyosung Women's Junior College was established, offering instruction to 150 students in the fields of music, literature, and home economics. The following year, it became a four-year college, also offering instruction in pharmacology. The college continued to expand steadily in the following years, establishing its graduate school in 1972 and gaining university status in 1980.

International relations
Daegu Catholic University maintains international relations with 290 universities & Colleges & Institutions in 39 countries:

The ASEAN International Mobility for Students (AIMS) programme member

 * SEAMEO RIHED

IFCU member

 * International Federation of Catholic Universities

ASEACCU member

 * The Association of South East Asian Catholic Colleges and Universities

Australia

 * Australian Catholic University

Canada

 * The University of Alberta

China

 * China National Academy of Fine Art
 * China Sichuan Normal University
 * Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences
 * Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
 * Guizhou Normal University
 * Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
 * Jilin University
 * Luoyang Normal University
 * Nanjing Normal University
 * Shandong Economic University
 * Shandong University
 * The Central University of Nationalities
 * Jiangxi Normal University
 * Yanbian University
 * Zibo Vocational Institute

France

 * Université Catholique de Lille

Germany

 * Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg

Hungary

 * Ferenc Liszt Academy of Music

Indonesia

 * Atma Jaya Indonesia Catholic University, Jakarta
 * Atma Jaya Yogyakarta University
 * Universitas Nasional
 * State University of Malang
 * Indonesia International Institute for Life Science
 * SEAMOLEC

Italy

 * Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera
 * Conservatorio di Musica S. Cecilia di Roma
 * Conservatorio Statale di Musica "Giuseppe Verdi"
 * Pontificio Istituto di Musica Sacra
 * Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
 * Universita per Stranieri di Perugia

Japan

 * Aichi Shukutoku University
 * Beppu University
 * Dokkyo University
 * Elisabeth University of Music
 * Saga University
 * Sophia University
 * University of Occupational Health Environmental Health

Mexico

 * Universidad de Guadalajara

Mongolia

 * Mongolian University of Science and Technology

Philippines

 * Ateneo de Manila University
 * De La Salle University
 * San Beda University
 * University of Saint La Salle
 * University of San Agustin
 * University of Santo Tomas
 * University of Eastern Philippines

Russia

 * Buryat State University
 * Donsky State Technical University
 * Peoples' Friendship University of Russia
 * Russian State University for the Humanities
 * Saint Petersburg State University
 * Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafyev

Spain

 * Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca

Taiwan

 * Fu Jen Catholic University
 * Providence University

United Kingdom

 * University College London

United States

 * Catholic Health Association of USA, Georgetown University
 * Central Michigan University
 * Doane College
 * Georgia Southern University
 * Kettering University(GMI Institute)
 * Minnesota State University, Mankato
 * Mississippi State University
 * Murray State University
 * North Dakota State University
 * The University of Alabama
 * University of California, Merced
 * University of Kansas
 * University of North Carolina School of Medicine
 * Western Michigan University

Uzbekistan

 * Tashkent University

Vietnam

 * VN-UK Institute for Research and Executive Education, the University of Danang

Campuses

 * Hyosung campus -[main]
 * St. Justin campus - [Theology]
 * St. Luke campus -[Medical school/Nursing school/DCU Hospital]

Global rankings

 * The Center for World Rankings (CWUR)
 * Scimago Institutions
 * US News Global University rankings

title: Catholic University of Daegu


text:
Talk:MC Hammer

selling out
I was surprised to see that the wiki article on Hammer claims he sold out. In all seriousness in order for one to be considered a sell out doesn't one have to have some measure of legitimacy to start with to sell out? In a rap culture of NWA, Run DMC, and Public Enemy - MC Hammer was a black Vanilla Ice. Hell, Vanilla Ice had more street cred than Hammer. Hammer was made for white suburban people from the onset.

 * First of all, you are merely using this talk page to give your opinions. They are not facts as you apparently have no knowledge of either artist's past. Just because media labels someone something doesn't make it fact. It is not about "street cred" regarding being considered a sell out. You have mentioned three opinions (not facts) regarding his status. Secondly, the article mentions his "sell out" status for two reasons: 1. media/fans said that of him and is not something that can really be proven. 2. another reason he is/was considered a sell out if applicable (this can be researched as facts, not opinion) is because he was (contrary to your comments) actually someone who lived a "street life" but didn't brag about it in his lyrics or appearance/shows. Nonetheless, some of his songs (such as Crime Stories) did talk about street hustling, and pimping and prostitution, crime, etc. He experienced that lifestyle growing up but decided to make a conscientious decision not to go that route in life, unlike his counterparts (he was friends of known "gangster rappers") and other thugs as shown in his videos and personal film. He would attack rappers in his lyrics which is why "Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em" was a follow up album, to distance from doing such and not trying to overshadow other rappers/entertainers because of his high energy shows, dancing techniques, disses towards other rappers, etc. So he actually "sold out" by doing what was perceived as clean pop rap (although some songs not as well known were still lyrically street whether they sounded that way or not) when he was in reality from "the streets" and because he did commercials and TV show appearances, etc. No one from "the hood" was doing that at the time, in fact most musicians/singers/rappers/entertainers/actors weren't. The other reason he was considered a sell out was because once the sound/image of rap changed, he changed/adapted with it. So he actually readopted what he was familiar with and grew up around, but was seen as someone selling out when in reality, just his sound/look changed from his previous popular albums that seemed more listen-friendlier and "pop". He had more success doing that than being a 'gangsta rapper'. And to say he has less street cred than VI is not important, and is not even true being he was from Oakland and didn't front about being from somewhere he wasn't as a gimmick to sell records. You should do some research first, before claiming something as truth based on hearsay or your interpretation. You have to actually hear it from his mouth and do a little investigating, not believe everything you read and hear because the media likes to "gossip" and people like to "trash" someone out of jealousy. Just saying, I hope this answers your ? and clears up your misconceptions. P.s. Aside of the Please Hammer Don't Hurt 'Em Movie and lyrics to his less popular songs that were publicly suppressed/sabotaged, seeing interviews of Hammer back-in-the-day about his childhood and upbringing, neighborhood, and his decision not to get into drugs and gang life which was around him, allows me to leave this post with confidence it is truth and not some made up clouded judgment or opinion based on false reporting and misunderstood/misconstrued information. I hope you are wiser, as ignorance is what causes such fallacy in society. Take care! 74.62.92.20 (talk) 22:06, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

¶ I think mention should be made of a TV commercial aired in 2005 for Nationwide Insurance (& financial planning): It begins with Hammer and what appears to be his dance troupe performing "You Can't Touch This" in front of what is clearly a fabulous mansion, with a glowing banner displaying an enormous "H" hanging from the balcony, as moving men bring in an enormous portrait of him. Then the screen goes to black with the caption "Fifteen minutes later..." and the picture then shows Hammer sitting on the grass outside the same mansion next to a realtor's For Sale sign, with the additional word "Foreclosed", as moving men in the background take the same enormous portrait out of the mansion, remove the H from the balcony and load his sportscar onto a flatbed truck, followed by the message "Life comes at you fast." http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_ngpyRuFg8. Hammer was willing to be humorous about his meteoric career in return for a paycheck for the commercial. Sussmanbern (talk) 03:07, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Basically, if you can't beat 'em, join 'em. Why prove something to people who won't listen? Join the band wagon and make bank while you're at it. Ever heard of Jessica Simpson? (smile) P.s. If you had read the article, it mentions why Hammer was considered a "sell out" (beyond the intro) and it already mentions Nationwide Insurance (all the details of the commercial are not necessary in the article). 74.62.92.20 (talk) 22:06, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

FYI: the comment about Hammer being made for suburban whites is also racist. Hammer didn't go to a white record producer and ask for help/funding (or willing to dance in baggy pants to sell records), he was selling music from his trunk and recording his own tracks. A record label came to him after hearing a song of his. If you look at the audiences of many black artists like you mention above (ie. NWA) or even Michael Jackson, you will see in music/archive videos that many [fans] are white. Whites are the ones who were spending money on the music, so if he's a sell out because so many whites liked him, then so is Will Smith, NWA, MJ and many others. A white guy (co)-founded rap groups like DMC and Beastie Boys. "White" record producers gave life to many black artists. If whites were spending money on concerts and albums, that doesn't make the singer the sell out. If blacks want to take ownership of a talent after the fact, especially once they die (claiming they were one of them), just look at who was paying for the music and concerts. More often, even with black gangsta rappers, were white. That is not why Hammer is a sell out. This isn't a racial issue. It's a commercial and image or music style change that caused him to be considered a "sell out". Stick to the facts, not contentions/assumptions. Don't confuse "sell out" with the color of somebody's skin or someone's upbringing/lifestyle/experiences, etc. (That is disrespectful, insulting, bigotry and foolishness.) Thanks! :) P.s. Hammer started before Ice did. 74.62.92.20 (talk) 22:12, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Newspaper article
I've removed the clean-up tag that has, since January 2011, noted that it reads like a newspaper article. There have been several improvements since then. If you feel there are some spots that are still too much like a newspaper rather than an encyclopedia, please leave a note here. Be specific. Folklore1 (talk) 03:45, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

DanceJam
Is anyone willing to create an article linked from this article for Dance Jam? If anyone is creating a page before I do, please advise. Thanks! (re: Hammer's dancejam.com website.) 69.129.170.102 (talk) 05:48, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Dancejam.com is no longer in use and was sold. It is now mentioned within the article with sources. Probably no use creating an article for it now. 64.134.27.229 (talk) 13:16, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

MC Hammer or M.C. Hammer? (never mind!)
Which one is it? I see both versions used through the article. /EDIT: Oh sorry all, disregard this entry; I see now that this has already been discussed. I am leaving the entry as it is (i.e. not delete it) for historical/archive purposes. ;) --Wayfarer (talk) 04:02, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The internet and certain publications just tend to show/print it as MC, but if you look at his early albums (or press/media-releases), they use(d) periods. M.C. would be the "intials" or abbreviation for "Master of Ceremonies", requiring periods. But for "short-hand" purposes, it is usually seen as MC online. Additionally, later albums of Hammer's do not use periods. Perhaps due to times changing, punctuation was unnecessary. Nonetheless, in some contexts it is M.C. early in his career, and MC later in his career. Either way, it should technically be M period C period. (Yes, I also acknowledge this was already discussed above.) 64.134.27.229 (talk) 13:37, 18 July 2012 (UTC)

Recent edit attempts
Regarding difficulties with saving edits after unrelated changes were made by some users (ie. 209.103.209.92), statements such as these were not allowed to save again, even though they were pre-existing within the respective sections of the artcile and edits were accurate:

 * "There is a harder edge, but I'm no gangsta.", Hammer said.
 * "Gangsta Lean" by DRS.
 * "...since he unsuccessfully attempted to recast himself in the streetwise "gangsta rap" mold of the day...", etc.

For example, the use of "gangsta" even in context, was the reason the edit was "flagged" with an error message. Either report it or remove it. This is just an "fyi". 64.134.54.102 (talk) 10:27, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

 * That's the conclusion I got. Even though I wasn't adding the words "gangsta", they were already in the text/section. Too bad it won't flag/show an error message every time someone edits an article with the words "reality show" in it on here. (smile) Thanks! 209.103.209.92 (talk) 07:54, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Tried 'gangster' to see if Wiki would accept that instead, but it didn't work either so then I tried to link it to the gangsta article section at least, but it didn't work either. I added 'gang member' instead and it worked. FYI, to future editors. 99.129.112.89 (talk) 07:19, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

RE: removing Ross as an associated act
Discuss on talk page and with a concensus changes can be made. It is sourced. MANY articles including Hammer's list associations that may be once or more. You can prove a lack of other contributions between the two artists. Just because every/all activities aren't mentioned within the article does not mean they don't associate together (not everything is public/common knowledge). Regardless, I can give you other examples of one-time associations with other artists as well. This is petty and seems to be sabotage (deliberate suppression of facts). Please stop creating an edit war so that you achieve your agenda. Thank you! 99.129.112.89 (talk) 00:44, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

PSY or Psy
The article has been changing between Psy, PSY and Psy (entertainer). PSY or Psy is accepted. Stylized publicly as PSY but considered Psy. (Ie. MC or M.C. Hammer) Keep it linking to the article as Psy (entertainer) though. Psy or PSY not as important. I removed a prior section about this topic already because I thought it was resolved. It can be viewed from history. I originally entered it as Psy. Another editor changed it to PSY. Then it was Psy (entertainer) a couple of times or just PSY. So I updated it as it was being discussed and/or changed on Psy's talk page and article. Please just leave as is until/unless the article for the artist changes. Thanks... 99.129.112.89 (talk) 01:29, 20 January 2013 (UTC)

 * It's stylized as PSY. 74.62.92.20 (talk) 22:23, 28 October 2013 (UTC) Now the article is back to Psy. Very annoying that it keeps changing! 74.62.92.20 (talk) 05:24, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

For future use (save):
Some "notes" to myself for possibly moving sections/info, creating articles and updating this article or related articles about (ie. Diss tracks, hip hop rivalry, answer song, artist's songs/albums such as 2 Legit 2 Quit, Let's Get It Started, Feel My Power and a mostly fun/pop album with Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em as an attempt not to attack rappers/djs as in prior records; considered 'hardcore' prior to "U Can't Touch This" and again with The Funky Headhunter, etc.):

99.129.112.89 (talk) 19:17, 29 January 2013 (UTC)
 * sold out stadiums and venues (details/info: ie. 90s Rolling Stone article)
 * "2 Legit 2 Quit" music video challenged MJ (already included here)
 * Lone Mixer (with early albums)
 * "Pump It Up (Here's The News)" (disses to rappers in general)
 * "Turn This Mutha Out" (disses to rappers/djs in general: "your dj is weak")
 * use lyric sites if needed as edit summaries
 * "The Thrill Is Gone" (ie. sampled songs)
 * Oaktown Posse

"2" or "Too"/"to"?
"Too Legit to Quit" and "2 Legit 2 Quit" are used many times throughout the article and beyond, often in the same line. Which is the actual song/album title? (no user signature left)

 * Both were used, lyrically Too Legit to Quit (album) and more often than not "2 Legit 2 Quit" (song) as the hand gesture and [abbreviated] song title. 74.62.92.20 (talk) 21:46, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 26 one external links on MC Hammer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140502052727/http://www.billboard.com/album/m-c-hammer/the-funky-headhunter/151742 to http://www.billboard.com/album/m-c-hammer/the-funky-headhunter/151742#/album/m-c-hammer/the-funky-headhunter/151742
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120611024518/http://www.life.com/image/102835361 to http://www.life.com/image/102835361
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121022023125/http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1455917/20020702/mc_hammer.jhtml to http://www.vh1.com/artists/interview/1455917/20020702/mc_hammer.jhtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080820145409/http://dancejam.com:80/videos/1054590012-if-you-want-it to http://dancejam.com/videos/1054590012-if-you-want-it
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100206204026/http://dancejam.com/videos/1054590090-espn-mondy-night-football-commercia to http://dancejam.com/videos/1054590090-espn-mondy-night-football-commercia
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110928074717/http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/7050/keisha-cole to http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/7050/keisha-cole
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110714014924/http://www.macysinc.com/pressroom/macys/macyseast/media_kits.asp?strAction=ShowItem&itemid=8131 to http://www.macysinc.com/pressroom/macys/macyseast/media_kits.asp?strAction=ShowItem&itemid=8131
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130927125114/http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2009/03/its_hammer_time.php to http://ellen.warnerbros.com/2009/03/its_hammer_time.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100106032958/http://www.vibe.com:80/news/online_exclusives/2009/03/what_had_happened_was_mc_hammer to http://www.vibe.com/news/online_exclusives/2009/03/what_had_happened_was_mc_hammer/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091012213221/http://www.mtvmusic.com:80/mc_hammer to http://www.mtvmusic.com/mc_hammer/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101128085348/http://hiphopwired.com:80/2010/09/26/mc-hammer-takes-offense-at-jay-z-diss-planning-retaliation-record-video/ to http://hiphopwired.com/2010/09/26/mc-hammer-takes-offense-at-jay-z-diss-planning-retaliation-record-video/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090505050706/http://www.eurweb.com:80/story/eur51667.cfm to http://www.eurweb.com/story/eur51667.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121124193931/http://www.bet.com/Music/News/musicnews_thescoop_11.13.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic&WBCMODE=PresentationUnpublished to http://www.bet.com/Music/News/musicnews_thescoop_11.13.htm?wbc_purpose=Basic&WBCMODE=PresentationUnpublished
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110913172043/http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=12183&zoneid=13 to http://www.mmaweekly.com/absolutenm/templates/dailynews.asp?articleid=12183&zoneid=13
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130927104239/http://www.bestweekever.tv/2009/01/30/superbowl-ad-wizards-ed-mcmahon-mc-hammer-get-cash-4-comedy-gold/ to http://www.bestweekever.tv/2009/01/30/superbowl-ad-wizards-ed-mcmahon-mc-hammer-get-cash-4-comedy-gold/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130927004826/http://dancejam.com/dances/hammerdance to http://dancejam.com/dances/hammerdance
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130927120208/http://www.undercover.com.au/news/2005/jan05/20050111_vinceneil.html to http://www.undercover.com.au/news/2005/jan05/20050111_vinceneil.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100927184806/http://www.bet.com:80/Specials/hiphopawards10/hha10_performers to http://www.bet.com/Specials/hiphopawards10/hha10_performers/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150426203403/http://www.audiolunchbox.com/album?a=76055 to http://www.audiolunchbox.com/album?a=76055
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090529111349/http://www.pub.umich.edu:80/daily/1996/feb/02-08-96/arts/mc.hammer.html to http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/1996/feb/02-08-96/arts/mc.hammer.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110712213624/http://www.hollyhoodhdtv.com/video/mc-hammer-tells-chelsea-he to http://www.hollyhoodhdtv.com/video/mc-hammer-tells-chelsea-he
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External links modified
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Article quality
The quality of this article is very low. While containing a lot of useful information, it suffers from so many problems, it is hard to know where to start. I'm going to start cleaning up the stuff that most egrariously violates wikipedia rules and fix basic grammar and style. Please respond here is you disagree with any of my approaches. Here is the list of problems, as I see them, in order of importance. Ashmoo (talk) 18:49, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * The article is ridiculously hagiographic. (We do not need to include the word 'successful' before every instance of 'career')
 * A lot of the sentences are far too long and go off on multiple tangents. Each sentence should be about a single thing.
 * It contains a lot of opinion often from questionable sources. Amazon reviews do not count as WP:RS
 * The lede is way too long, contains a lot of trivia, and doesn't adequately summarise the subject of the article.
 * It contains a lot of trivial details.
 * Often the tense changes mid sentence

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110708131945/http://www.celebritymound.com/2008-mlb-all-star-week-taco-bell-all-star-legends-celebrity-softball-game/ to http://www.celebritymound.com/2008-mlb-all-star-week-taco-bell-all-star-legends-celebrity-softball-game/
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External links modified
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External links modified
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Ambox changes
I have removed template and replaced it with, maintaining the cleanup template's old date. effectively summarizes the original tagger's concern, which was: "Peacock terms, editorialising and irrelevant statements such as '[i]t was also the most successful song by this title.'" I have also added because this page is in multiple dead link monthly categories. — Mr. Guye (talk) (contribs)  20:09, 19 November 2017 (UTC)

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British rapper
Why is he subtitled as “awesome rapper”? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:4020:8E00:DD22:CDC1:B751:2F6A (talk) 13:33, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you are asking. The article does not call him a British rapper. The only places the article says "British" at all is in discussing his ad for British Knights and discussing a British Knights TV presenter. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 16:49, 19 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't know just how the data gets in there, but on the Wikipedia Android app, in the search results, it does indeed list him as 'British rapper', and the top of the page has 'MC Hammer' in bold up top, with 'British rapper' in small type directly underneath. I don't find even the syllable 'Brit' anywhere in the article outside of celebrity/ies and the aforementioned 'British Knights'. But somehow, it's linked up to that phrase. -- J. Randall Owens (talk) 18:19, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh, and the Brit Awards. I first noticed this on the 18th, FWIW. -- J. Randall Owens (talk) 18:28, 21 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I found it and fixed it, I think. It was in the included Wikidata, from https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295923 (I don't know how to properly wikilink to it just yet). Anonymous vandalism. -- J. Randall Owens (talk) 18:36, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

Sock puppet edits?
My recent interactions have make it quite clear that MadWiki1, RandoEditing, and likely many of the redlink users on the revision history page, are likely sock puppets of a banned editor. I'm guessing KillerGho$t. Can someone who has been watching this page for longer shed some light on the situation? LK (talk) 12:42, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:MC Hammer


text:
The Grampians (New Zealand)

The Grampians are a set of prominent hills forming the southeast backdrop of Nelson, New Zealand, reaching 390 m high.

Frequented by locals and tourists alike, the Grampians are covered in a myriad of tracks ranging from leisurely strolls to relatively taxing steep inclines.

Entry points to this recreational area are from
 * The top of Collingwood Street
 * The corner of Van Diemen and Trafalgar streets
 * Market Road, Bishopdale

A television and FM radio transmitter sits atop the hills. The transmitter was commissioned in 1971 by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation to broadcast NZBC TV (now TVNZ 1), offering improved coverage to Nelson and Tasman compared to the existing private translators relaying the NZBC TV signal from the Mount Kaukau transmitter in Wellington.

Several community and volunteer groups are working towards restoring habitats for native birds on the Grampians by reducing the impact of predators, using pest control methods in conjunction with the Brook Waimarama Sanctuary.

Areas of interest
The main track zigzags up to the ridge of the hills, providing access to good views over most of Nelson. A lookout near the top offers views over much of the Nelson region.

Demographics
Grampians statistical area, which covers 2.95 km2, had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Grampians had a population of 2,412 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 177 people (7.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 471 people (24.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 885 households, comprising 1,218 males and 1,194 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 38.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 474 people (19.7%) aged under 15 years, 453 (18.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,185 (49.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 297 (12.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 78.2% European/Pākehā, 15.8% Māori, 3.7% Pasifika, 11.8% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 24.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.5% had no religion, 30.8% were Christian, 1.6% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 1.5% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 375 (19.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 417 (21.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $26,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 198 people (10.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 927 (47.8%) people were employed full-time, 300 (15.5%) were part-time, and 93 (4.8%) were unemployed.

title: The Grampians (New Zealand)


text:
Mechanical pencil

A mechanical pencil or clutch pencil is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a "lead". The lead, often made of graphite, is not bonded to the outer casing, and the user can mechanically extend it as its point is worn away from use. The vast majority of mechanical pencils have erasers.

Other names include: microtip pencil, automatic pencil, drafting pencil, technical pencil, draughting pencil, click pencil (generally refers to a specific brand), pump pencil, leadholder, Pacer (Australian English, ca. the 1980s), propelling pencil (British and Australian English, often refers to higher-end mechanical pencils), pen pencil (Indian English), and lead pencil (Bangladeshi and American English).

Mechanical pencils are used to provide lines of constant width, without need of sharpening, for tasks such as technical drawing as well as for clean looking writing. They are also used for fine-art drawing. Since they do not have to be sharpened, they are also popular with students. Mechanical pencils were first used in the 18th century, with many designs patented in the 19th and 20th centuries.

History
Conrad Gessner described a lead holder pencil in 1565, but the lead had to be manually adjusted to sharpen it. The earliest extant datable example of a mechanical pencil was found aboard the wreckage of HMS Pandora, which sank in 1791.

The first patent for a refillable pencil with lead-propelling mechanism was issued to Sampson Mordan and John Isaac Hawkins in Britain in 1822. After buying out Hawkins' patent rights, Mordan entered into a business partnership with Gabriel Riddle from 1823 to 1837. The earliest Mordan pencils are thus hallmarked SMGR. After 1837, Mordan ended his partnership with Riddle and continued to manufacture pencils as "S. Mordan & Co". His company continued to manufacture pencils and a wide range of silver objects until World War II, when the factory was bombed.

Between 1822 and 1874, more than 160 patents were registered pertaining to a variety of improvements to mechanical pencils. The first spring-loaded mechanical pencil was patented in 1877. Two of the most popular 19th-century lead sizes were 1.5 and 1.03 mm, "VS" and "M", respectively. Many other sizes were in use, however, before the Eversharp's success made its .046 inch lead size a de facto standard (this size has been variously metricized as 1.1, 1.18, and 1.2 mm, all nominal sizes). Thinner .036 inch (0.9 mm) lead was introduced in the later 1930s and gradually became the new standard, eventually being displaced by 0.7 mm. Many thinner sizes are now available, as well as thicker leads such as 1.4 and 2.0 mm.

The first modern mechanical pencil was the Eversharp (originally "Ever Sharp"), invented by Charles R. Keeran who applied for the key patent in 1913. It has been described as "the first mass-produced mechanical pencil to combine a simple propelling mechanism with large lead capacity and robust, ergonomically sound design . . . that redefined the mechanical pencil as a mass-market product, to the extent that "eversharp" came to be widely used as a generic term for a mechanical pencil." More that 12,000,000 Eversharp pencils had been sold by the early 1920s, and its design was widely copied.

A pioneering mechanical pencil in Japan was invented in 1915 by Tokuji Hayakawa, a metalworker who had just finished his apprenticeship. It was patented in Japan in 1920 and marketed as the "Ever-Ready Sharp Pencil". Although it has been claimed that large numbers were sold, surviving Ever-Ready Sharps are rare. In 1923 the Hayakawa Brothers factory was destroyed in the Great Kantō earthquake. By 1924 Tokuji Hayakawa had turned his attention to the manufacture of radios, but his first invention was immortalized in the name of his new company: Sharp.

Manufacturers
Some present-day manufacturers are: Pentel, Pilot, Tombow, Uni-ball and Zebra of Japan; Faber-Castell, Lamy, Rotring and Staedtler of Germany; Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth of the Czech Republic; Bic of France; Monami of South Korea; PaperMate and Parker of USA; Caran d'Ache of Switzerland and numerous Chinese as well as other Asian and European manufacturers.

Mechanism types

Mechanical pencils can be divided into two basic types: those that both hold the lead and can actively propel it forward, and those that only hold the lead in position.

Screw-based pencils advance the lead by twisting a screw mechanism, which moves a propelling pin or lead carrier down the barrel of the pencil. Lead is not fed from an internal reservoir, but must be replaced manually, usually from the front. This was the most common type up until the earlier part of the mid-twentieth century. Most have a mechanism that retracts the lead when twisted the other way, but many older designs do not and the lead must be pushed back into the pencil manually.

A clutch pencil (or leadholder) tends to use thicker leads (2.0–5.6 mm) and generally holds only one piece of lead at a time. A typical clutch pencil is activated by pressing the eraser cap on the top, to open the jaws inside the tip and allow the lead to freely drop through from the barrel (or back into it when retracting). Because the lead falls out freely when the jaws are opened, its forward movement cannot be controlled except by external means. This can be easily done by keeping the tip of the pencil a few millimeters above a work surface or the palm of one's hand. Some clutch pencils do have mechanisms which incrementally advance the lead, such as the Alvin Tech-Matic leadholder, but these are not normally considered to be in the same category as most pencils with propelling mechanisms.

Ratchet-based or "repeater" pencils are a variant of the clutch pencil, in which the lead is held in place by two or three small jaws inside a ring at the tip. The jaws are controlled by a button on the end or the side of the pencil. When the button is pushed, the jaws move forward and separate, allowing the lead to advance. When the button is released and the jaws retract, the "lead retainer" (a small rubber device inside the tip) keeps the lead in place, preventing the lead from either falling freely outward or riding back up into the barrel until the jaws recover their grip. Other designs use a precisely-fitted metal sleeve to guide and support the lead, and do not need a rubber retainer.

In one type of ratchet-based pencil, shaking the pencil back and forth causes a weight inside the pencil to operate a mechanism in the cap. A button may be present on the top or side of the pencil, to allow the user to advance the lead manually when necessary. Another variation advances the lead automatically. In this design, the lead is advanced by a ratchet but only prevented from going back into the pencil, just held from falling by a small amount of friction. The nib is a spring-loaded collar that, when depressed as the lead is worn away, extends out again when pressure is released.

An advanced ratchet type has a mechanism that rotates the pencil lead 9 degrees counter-clockwise every time the lead is pressed on to the paper (which counts as one stroke), to distribute wear evenly. This auto-rotation mechanism keeps the lead 50% narrower than in the common propelling mechanical pencils, resulting in uniform thickness of the lines written onto the paper. The design was first patented by Schmidt of Germany, and later developed by Mitsubishi Pencil Company of Japan, and named Kuru Toga under the Uni brand. This type of pencil is most suited for Asian languages that have multiple strokes per letter or word, where the pencil is frequently lifted off the paper. The mechanism is less suitable for cursive writing used in western scripts. Another recent auto-rotation movement by Uni rotates the lead 18 degrees per stroke (or 20 strokes per complete revolution), which is better suited for western scripts.

There exist protection mechanisms that prevent the lead from breaking (within certain limits) when excessive pressure is exerted while writing. A mechanism employed in the DelGuard system by Zebra of Japan causes the lead sleeve to extend outward when excessive pressure is applied at an angle. When excess vertical pressure is applied on the lead, the lead is automatically retracted inwards.

Higher-end mechanical pencils often feature a lead hardness grade indicator and sometimes feature a retractable lead guide pipe. This allows the lead guide pipe to retract back into the pencil body, which will keep it protected in storage and during transit and makes it 'pocket-safe'.

Lead variations
In spite of the name, pencil leads do not contain the toxic chemical element lead, but are typically made with graphite and clay, or plastic polymers. The downside of mechanical leads are that they are not as strong as traditional pencils. Wooden pencil lead is bonded to the outer wooden case, therefore providing more lead protection and strength. This changed in 1962, when Pentel launched new mechanical pencils with the diameters of 0.5mm and 0.7mm. These pencils contained a new type of lead formulated with polymers that act as a binder to strengthen the lead. This polymer replaced the clay in mechanical pencil lead and made it easier for manufacturers to produce lead with smaller diameters.

Compared to standard pencils, mechanical pencils have a smaller range of marking types, though numerous variations exist. Most mechanical pencils can be refilled, but some inexpensive models are meant to be disposable and are discarded when empty.

Diameter
Mechanical pencil mechanisms use only a single lead diameter. Some pencils, such as the Pentel Function 357, place several mechanisms within the same housing, so as to offer a range of thicknesses (in this case three: 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mm). 1.00 mm leads also exist, but they are very rare.

Different sizes of lead diameters are available to accommodate various preferences and pencil builds, as shown in the table below. The most common lead sizes are 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm, whose line widths provide a favourable balance between precision and strength. Less common lead sizes can range from 0.2 mm up to 5.6 mm. Pentel has also previously demonstrated a prototype 0.1 mm pencil.

Pencils with sub-millimeter leads can usually hold multiple leads at the same time, reducing the frequency of refills. One exception was the Pentel 350 E, possibly Pentel's first mechanical pencil, which could only hold a single stick of 0.5 mm lead. Refill leads can be bought in small tubes and inserted into the barrel as needed.

The bracketed values in inches were found by calculation and rounded to 3 decimal places.

The diameters, however, are not exact. The exact diameter is usually slightly larger. The Japanese JIS standard for mechanical pencil leads, states that the actual diameter for "0.5 mm" lead (for example), should range from 0.55 mm to 0.58 mm.

Length
For sub-millimeter diameter leads, the standard length of the cylindrical stick for all grades is 60 mm. However, some manufacturers make leads that are 75 mm long, for selected grades.

Hardness
As with non-mechanical pencils, the leads of mechanical pencils are available in a range of hardness ratings, depending on the user's desired balance between darkness and durability. A commonly-used mechanical pencil lead is identical in density, but not in thickness to a traditional HB (US#2) pencil lead. The hardness depends on the proportion of polymer or resin and graphite in the lead. It is determined by a numerical scale: the higher the number, the harder the lead. Similarly to standard wooden pencils, the lead is distinguished by grading scales. H stands for hardness; as they are typically harder and produce a light gray color. B stands for blackness; they produce a darker color and are typically softer. F stands for fine; it is in between H and HB on the lead grading scale. Compared to standard pencils that have 24 grades of lead, there are only 10 grades of mechanical pencil lead, ranging from 4H-4B.

Pigments
Mechanical pencils with colored leads are less common, but do exist. Crayola's "Twistable" product line includes two different types of colored pencils (erasable and non-erasable) with mechanical feed mechanisms that are dispensed by twisting, but does not offer refill leads. Several companies such as Pentel, Pilot, and Uni-ball (Mitsubishi Pencil Co.) currently manufacture colored refill leads in a limited range of diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, or 2.0 mm) for their own products, as well as "variety packs" consisting of different colors of leads for those who want to trial different colors of lead. Koh-i-Noor makes mechanical colored pencils with replaceable leads in 2.0, 3.15 and 5.6 mm sizes.

title: Mechanical pencil


text:
Talk:The Precepts of Kato Kiyomasa

Please keep this as a direct to the wikisource.--Jondel 08:52, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ugh, no, cross-wiki redirects are horrible. anthony 警告 21:45, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * How are people going to read about the precepts? wikipedia is more popular!!If cross-wikis are horrible, then lets restore the original precepts.--Jondel 10:00, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * There is a link to the precepts from the Kato Kiyomasa page. People go to an encyclopedia article to read about something (in this case, about the precepts), not to read the thing itself.  anthony 警告 12:20, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Precepts of Kato Kiyomasa