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Submarines in the United States Navy

There are three major types of submarines in the United States Navy: ballistic missile submarines, attack submarines, and cruise missile submarines. All submarines currently in the U.S. Navy are nuclear-powered. Ballistic missile submarines have a single strategic mission of carrying nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Attack submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and subs, launching cruise missiles, and gathering intelligence. Cruise missile submarines perform many of the same missions as attack submarines, but with a focus on their ability to carry and launch larger quantities of cruise missiles than typical attack submarines.

The submarine has a long history in the United States, beginning with the Turtle, the world's first submersible with a documented record of use in combat.

Early history (1775–1914)
The first submarine used in combat was the USS Turtle. The Turtle was built in 1775 and was made to attach explosive charges to the hulls of the ships. Several attempts were made against British Ships in American harbors in 1776, but none were successful.

Other submersible projects date to the 19th century. Alligator was a US Navy submarine that was never commissioned. She was being towed to South Carolina to be used in taking Charleston, but was lost in bad weather on 2 April 1863 off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. On February 17, 1864, the H. L. Hunley (submarine) became the first submarine to sink a warship.

Real progress began late in the century with the building of the USS Holland (SS-1), named after John Philip Holland. The USS Holland was the first submarine in the US Navy, commissioned on April 1, 1900. Submarines have been active component of the US Navy ever since. The boat was developed at Lewis Nixon's Crescent Shipyard located in Elizabeth, New Jersey. This pioneering craft was in service for 10 years and was a developmental and trials vessel for many systems on other early submarines.

Later submarines were given such names as Grampus, Salmon, and Porpoise, but were also named for venomous and stinging creatures, such as Adder, Tarantula, and Viper. Submarines were renamed in 1911 and carried alphanumeric names such as A-1, C-1, H-3, and L-7. In 1920 the U.S. Navy Department established a standard Type and Class letter designation system. "SS" was established as the two-letter Class designation for Submarine (first line). In addition to a name, each U.S. submarine carries a Class designation followed by an assigned hull number. Note that "SS" is not an acronym for 'Submersible Ship'; Warship classifications for U.S. submarines include "SSN", Submarine (nuclear-powered); "SSBN", Ballistic Missile Submarine (nuclear-powered), and "SSGN", Guided Missile Submarine (nuclear-powered).

World War I and the inter-war years (1914–1941)
The submarine truly came of age in World War I. The US Navy did not have a large part in this war, with action mainly being confined to escorting convoys later in the war and sending a division of battleships to reinforce the British Grand Fleet. However, there were those in the submarine service who saw what the Germans had done with their U-boats and took careful note.

World War II (1941–1945)

Doctrine in the inter-war years emphasized the submarine as a scout for the battle fleet, and also extreme caution in command. Both these axioms were proven wrong after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. The submarine skippers of the fleet boats of World War II waged a very effective campaign against Japanese merchant vessels, eventually repeating and surpassing Germany's initial success during the Battle of the Atlantic against the United Kingdom.

Offensive against Japanese ships
During the war, submarines of the United States Navy were responsible for 55% of Japan's merchant marine losses; other Allied navies added to the toll. The war against shipping was the single most decisive factor in the collapse of the Japanese economy.

The Navy adopted an official policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, and it appears the policy was executed without the knowledge or prior consent of the government. The London Naval Treaty, to which the U.S. was signatory, required submarines to abide by prize rules (commonly known as "cruiser rules"). It did not prohibit arming merchantmen, but arming them, or having them report contact with submarines (or raiders), made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules. This made restrictions on submarines effectively moot. U.S. Navy submarines also conducted reconnaissance patrols, landed special forces and guerrilla troops and performed search and rescue tasks.

In addition to sinking Japanese merchant ships, postwar records compiled by the Joint Army-Navy Assessment Committee indicate Japan lost 686 warships of 500 gross tons (GRT) or larger to submarines during 1,600 war patrols. Only 1.6 percent of the total U.S. naval manpower was responsible for America's success on its Pacific high seas; more than half of the total tonnage sunk was credited to U.S. submarines. The tremendous accomplishments of American submarines were achieved at the expense of 52 subs with 374 officers and 3,131 enlisted volunteers lost during combat against Japan; Japan lost 128 submarines during the Second World War in Pacific waters. American casualty counts represent 16 percent of the U.S. operational submarine officer corps and 13 percent of its enlisted force.

Lifeguard League

In addition to their commerce raiding role, submarines also proved valuable in air-sea rescue. While in command of United States Navy aircraft carrier task force 50.1 Rear Admiral Charles Alan Pownall, proposed to Admiral Charles A. Lockwood (commander of Pacific Fleet Submarine Force) that submarines be stationed near targeted islands during aerial attacks. In what became known as the "Lifeboat League", pilots were informed that they could ditch their damaged planes near these submarines (or bail out nearby) and be rescued by them. Eventually the rescue of downed American pilots became the second most important submarine mission after the destruction of Japanese shipping. Initially, the rescue submarines met several obstacles, most important of which was the lack of communication between the submarines and aircraft in the area; this led to several Lifeguard League submarines being bombed or strafed, possibly including the sinking of USS Seawolf (SS-197) and USS Dorado (SS-248) by American planes.

As fighting in the Pacific theater intensified and broadened in geographic scope, the eventual creation of Standing Operating Procedure (SOP TWO) led to several improvements such as the assignment of nearby submarines before air attacks, and the institution of reference points to allow pilots to report their location in the clear. After the capture of the Marianas, targets such as Tokyo, about 1,500 mi (2,400 km) north of the Marianas, were brought within range of B-29 attacks and Lifeguard League submarines began rescue operations along their flight paths. Submarine lifeguards spent a combined 3,272 days on rescue duty and rescued 502 men. Famous examples include the rescue of 22 airmen by the USS Tang (SS-306), and the rescue of future U.S. President George H. W. Bush by the USS Finback (SS-230).

Cold War (1945–1991)
After WWII, things continued along much the same path until the early 1950s. Then, a revolution that was to forever change the nature of the submarine arm occurred. That revolution was USS Nautilus (SSN-571).

Towards the "Nuclear Navy"
The USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the first nuclear-powered submarine. Nautilus put to sea for the first time on 17 January 1955, transmitting the historic message, "Under way on nuclear power." Up until that point, submarines had been torpedo boats tied to the surface by the need to charge their batteries using diesel engines relatively often. The nuclear power plant of the Nautilus meant that the boat could stay underwater for literally months at a time, the only operational limit being the amount of food that the boat could carry. With resupply by mini-subs, even this could be overcome. The final limits would be for replacing equipment that wears out, the fatigue limit of the hull, and crew morale.

Strategic deterrence
Another revolution in submarine warfare came with USS George Washington (SSBN-598). Nuclear-powered like USS Nautilus (SSN-571), the George Washington added strategic ballistic missiles making the nuclear triad. Earlier Regulus missile submarines were diesel powered. Their cruise missiles required the boat to surface in order to fire, and were vulnerable to air defenses in an era when there were no anti-ballistic missiles.

George Washington's missiles could be fired while the boat was submerged, meaning that it was far less likely to be detected before firing. The nuclear power of the boat also meant that, like Nautilus, George Washington's patrol length was limited only by the amount of food the boat could carry. Ballistic missile submarines, carrying Polaris missiles, eventually superseded all other strategic nuclear systems in the Navy. Deterrent patrols continue to this day, although now with Ohio-class submarines and Trident II missiles.

The United States lost two nuclear submarines during the Cold War: USS Thresher (SSN-593) due to equipment failure during a test dive while at its operational limit, and USS Scorpion (SSN-589) due to unknown causes.

Post–Cold War (1991–present)
Given the lack of large scale conventional naval warfare since 1945, with the USN's role being primarily that of power projection, the submarine service did not fire weapons in anger for very many years. The BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) was developed to give naval vessels a long range land attack capability other than direct shore bombardment and strikes by aircraft flying off carriers. Submarines fitted with the Tomahawk could hit targets up to 1,000 miles inland. The mainstay of the Tomahawk equipped vessels in the early days of the missile's deployment were the Iowa-class battleship, and the submarine fleet.

The Tomahawk was first used in combat on 17 January 1991, on the opening night of Operation Desert Storm. On that day, for the first time since the surrender of Japan in 1945, an American submarine fired in combat, when 12 Tomahawks were launched by U.S. boats in the eastern Mediterranean. Since then, the Tomahawk has become a staple of American campaigns, seeing use in three wars. It has also been exported to the United Kingdom, which has also fitted it to submarines. The use of the Tomahawk has seen a change in the design of attack submarines. The Tomahawk can be fired through 21-inch torpedo tubes, but the Virginia-class submarine and Los Angeles-class submarine s since USS Providence (SSN-719) have been fitted with vertical launch systems to enable them to carry more of the weapons.

With the decommissioning of the final Barbel-class diesel-electric submarine in 1990, this meant that the USN submarine fleet is made up entirely of nuclear-powered vessels; each submarine possesses one nuclear reactor, which powers propulsion and all shipboard equipment.

Composition of the current force

 * Los Angeles-class submarine (29 in commission, 2 in reserve) – fast attack submarines
 * Ohio-class submarine (18 in commission) – 14 ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), 4 guided missile submarines (SSGNs)
 * Seawolf-class submarine (3 in commission) – fast attack submarines
 * Virginia-class submarine (19 in commission, 1 delivered, 1 fitting out, 7 under construction, 2 on order) – fast attack submarines

Fast attack submarines
The U.S. currently operates three classes of fast attack submarine: the Los Angeles-class submarine, Seawolf-class submarine, and Virginia-class submarinees. There are 34 Los Angeles-class submarines on active duty and 28 retired which makes it the most numerous nuclear-powered submarine class in the world. Los Angeles-class submarines are named after U.S. cities breaking with a U.S. Navy tradition of naming attack submarines after sea creatures. The USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN-709) naming is an exception in this class. USS Seawolf (SSN-21) returned to the use of sea creatures as names, but the second and final ships of the Seawolf-class, USS Connecticut (SSN-22) and USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23), were named for a U.S. state and a U.S. president, respectively. Ships from the Virginia-class except for USS John Warner (SSN-785) are named after U.S. states, a convention traditionally reserved for battleships and nuclear missile submarines.

The final 23 boats in the Los Angeles class, referred to as "688i" boats, are quieter than their predecessors and incorporate a more advanced combat system. The 688i boats are also designed for under-ice operations. Their diving planes are on the bow rather than on the sail and they have reinforced sails.

Ballistic and guided missile submarines

The U.S. has 18 Ohio-class submarines, of which 14 are Trident II ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs), each capable of carrying 24 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), although to comply with the START II treaty, 4 of the missile launch tubes have been disabled. The first four Ohio-class submarines, which were originally equipped with the older Trident I missiles, have been converted to cruise missile submarines (SSGNs), each capable of carrying 154 Tomahawk cruise missiles and have been further equipped to support Special Operations (SEALS). If the maximum of 154 Tomahawk missiles were loaded, one Ohio-class SSGN would carry an entire Battle Group's equivalent of cruise missiles. Ballistic missile submarines (boomers in American slang) carry SLBMs with nuclear warheads for attacking strategic targets such as cities or missile silos anywhere in the world. They are currently universally nuclear-powered to provide the greatest stealth and endurance. They played an important part in Cold War mutual deterrence, as both the United States and the Soviet Union had the credible ability to conduct a retaliatory strike against the other nation in the event of a first strike. This comprised an important part of the strategy of Mutual Assured Destruction.

In order to comply with arms reduction against the START II treaty, the U.S. Navy modified the four oldest Ohio-class Trident submarines (USS Ohio (SSGN-726), USS Michigan (SSGN-727), USS Florida (SSGN-728), and USS Georgia (SSGN-729)) to SSGN configuration. The conversion was achieved by installing vertical launching systems (VLS) in a configuration dubbed "multiple all-up-round canister (MAC)." This system was installed in 22 of the 24 missile tubes, replacing one large nuclear strategic ballistic missile with 7 smaller Tomahawk cruise missiles. The 2 remaining tubes were converted to lockout chambers (LOC) to be used by special forces personnel who can be carried on board. This gives each converted sub the capability to carry up to 154 Tomahawk missiles. The MAC tubes can also be used to carry and launch UAVs or UUVs which give the ship remote controlled "eyes & ears" allowing the ship to act as a forward-deployed command & control center.

The George Washington-class submarine "boomers" were named for patriots, and together with the Ethan Allen-class submarine, Lafayette-class submarine, James Madison-class submarine, and Benjamin Franklin-class submarinees, these SSBNs comprised the Cold War-era "41 for Freedom." Later Ohio-class submarines were named for states (recognizing the increase in striking power and importance once bestowed upon battleships), with the exception of USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730), which was named for United States Senator Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson (1912–1983) of Washington upon his death while in office (1983). This honor was in recognition of his advocacy on behalf of the nuclear submarine program. He strongly supported the rapid development of nuclear submarines and especially the development of an SSBN program. Senator Jackson also called for the establishment of a Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Undersea Warfare because he believed submarines were "lost in a welter of naval bureaucracy."

Personnel
U.S. Navy submarines are manned solely by volunteers from within the Navy. Because of the stressful environment aboard submarines, personnel are accepted only after rigorous testing and observation; as a consequence, submariners have significantly lower mental hospitalization rates than surface ship personnel. Furthermore, submariners receive submarine duty incentive pay (SUBPAY) in addition to sea pay.

Some 5,000 officers and 55,000 enlisted sailors make up the submarine force. In addition to submarines, they are assigned to submarine tenders, submarine rescue ships, deep-diving submersibles, floating dry docks, shore support facilities, submarine staffs, and senior command staffs.

Until 2014, submarine watchkeeping had an 18-hour day, as opposed to a standard 24-hour schedule. Sailors spent 6 hours on watch, 6 hours maintenance and training and 6 hours off (3 watches of 6 hours.) In 2014, the Navy began transitioning the fleet to a 24-hour schedule.

The submarine force has always been a small fraction of the active Navy. During World War II all submariners (including the rear echelon) accounted for less than two percent of Navy personnel, but accounted for 55 percent of Japan's merchant marine losses. In 1998 only about seven percent of the Navy's people were submariners, though they operated one-third of the Navy's warships.

Training
After acceptance into the submarine program, candidates undergo a demanding training schedule, which includes attendance by all Officers and non-nuclear trained enlisted personnel at the U.S. Naval Submarine School New London, located within the Naval Submarine Base New London, in Groton, Connecticut, (NAVSUBSCOL at SUBASENLON) as well as rigorous technical training in different specialty areas. Officer and enlisted engineering staff have their own advanced training at Nuclear Power School in Charleston, South Carolina, then nuclear prototype training at various locations.

Besides their academic and technical training, much of which is Classified Secret or Top Secret, all prospective US Naval Submariners, both officers and enlisted personnel, undergo 3 phases of physical training and testing related to the intense pressure differential between the surface and submarine operating depth.

Pressure training
Pressure training is conducted in a 2-day course including classroom and lab training:

The first test is for the ability to perform the Valsalva maneuver, named for Antonio Maria Valsalva. If a submarine training candidate cannot perform the Valsalva maneuver under doctor's supervision at normal atmospheric pressure, that candidate is not rejected as unfit for submarine service but may not continue the high risk pressure training as follows.

In the second phase of testing, called Pressure Testing, candidates who have successfully performed the Valsalva maneuver will be subjected to increased ambient pressure. This test is performed under the supervision of a diving-certified medical doctor. All testees enter a pressure chamber, accompanied by the doctor, and the 'tank' is sealed. Typically, there is in the chamber a somewhat surprising object: an inflated volleyball, water polo ball or similar inflated ball. Upon sealing the tank, pressure is increased, while the testees equalise their eardrum pressure. (if any testee is unable to 'Valsalva', the test stops, and pressure is slowly released.) Pressure builds within the chamber until the chamber is equal to water pressure at "escape depth". At this point, the chamber feels very warm and dry, and the volleyball has become compressed enough that it has become the shape of a bowl, and appears to have been emptied of air, due to the greatly increased air pressure inside of the tank. Sounds inside the tank at pressure sound as if they are "far away".

During the controlled release of pressure from the tank, the air in the chamber becomes quite chilled and a fog forms in the chamber, often precipitating as a sort of dew. (See adiabatic expansion) Once pressure is fully released, the candidates are examined with an otoscope to check for ruptured eardrums. Candidates with ruptured eardrums are removed from the testing cycle until healed, depending on the severity of the injury.

Escape training
The third phase of testing for submarine fitness is escape training, utilizing the Steinke hood submarine escape appliance, or colloquially known as the Steinke hood or, more familiarly, as "Stinky hood". This is a device with a transparent front that essentially covers the head and shoulders during ascent from a stranded submarine, allowing air to escape during ascent, which is necessary as the expanding air in the lungs would otherwise cause disastrous injury. Actual training with the Steinke Hood is done in a Submarine Escape Training Tower to simulate a submarine stranded on the floor of the sea bed.

The escape testing proceeds as in the pressure test, except that this time, a hatch in the floor of the pressure chamber is opened. The chamber immediately adjoins a cylindrical tower full of water, tall enough to simulate the depth of a stranded submarine. Because the air pressure inside the chamber is equal to the pressure of the water in the tower, the water does not enter the chamber.

Donning the Steinke hood, the test subject enters the water and immediately commences a rapid ascent, due to the buoyancy of the escape device. As they ascend, each test subject must allow the air in his lungs to escape, this is facilitated by yelling as loudly as possible. Typically they are told to yell "HO HO HO" repeatedly. If one does not forcefully and continuously expel air from the lungs in this manner, they may be gravely injured or killed. The air exiting the lungs is allowed to exit the hood through a set of two one-way valves, keeping the device inflated but not over-inflated. Upon reaching the top, the test subject swims to the side, climbs up, removes his Steinke Hood, deflates it, stands at parade rest, and yells "I FEEL FINE", while a corpsman examines the subject.

Successfully completing the escape training requires two trials, one of them at double the depth of the first. On completion of escape training, subjects are now considered bubbleheads.

, the Steinke Hood has been replaced with the Mark 10 Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment (SEIE) suit. The Mark 10 allows submariners to escape from deeper depths than possible with the Steinke Hood, i.e., 600 feet vs. 400 feet.

The Mark 8 SEIE, predecessor to the Mark 10, was a double layer suit which gave the wearer the appearance of a Michelin Man. One layer was eliminated, and the fabric was used to build a life raft that would fit in the same package that the original suit came in.

Because it is a full body suit, the Mark 10 provides thermal protection once the wearer reaches the surface, and the British Royal Navy has successfully tested it at six hundred foot depths.

The navies of twenty-two nations currently use SEIE units of some type.

Submarine Insignia
Further training and qualification at sea are required before submariners are awarded the coveted Submarines insignia ("dolphins" or "fish") – the submarine insignia worn by officers (gold) and enlisted personnel (silver) to demonstrate their achievement.

The insignia of the U.S. Navy's Submarine Service is a submarine flanked by two stylized dolphins named Castor and Pollux.

The origin of this insignia dates back to June 1923, when Captain Ernest King, USN, Commander, Submarine Division Three (later Fleet Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations), suggested to the Secretary of the Navy that a device for qualified submariners be adopted. He submitted a pen-and-ink sketch as an example. A Philadelphia firm, Bailey, Banks and Biddle, was requested to design a suitable badge. In 1928, a member of that firm told Ensign William C. Eddy that they were looking for a design. Eddy, using sketches of the 1926 Naval Academy class crest that he had designed, presented the submarine insignia which is used to this day.

In 1941 the Uniform Regulations were modified to permit officers and enlisted men to wear the submarine insignia after they had been assigned to other duties in the naval service, unless such right had been revoked. The officer insignia was a bronze gold-plated metal pin, worn centered above the left breast pocket and above the ribbons or medals. Enlisted men wore an embroidered silk insignia on the outside of the right sleeve, midway between the wrist and elbow until 1947 when it was shifted to above the left breast pocket. In 1943 the Uniform Regulations were modified to allow enlisted men, who were qualified for submarine duty then subsequently promoted to commissioned or warrant ranks, to continue wearing the enlisted submarine insignia until they qualified as submarine officers when they were entitled to wear the officers submarine pin. A 1950 change to Uniform Regulations authorized the embroidered insignia for officers (in addition to pin-on insignia) and a bronze, silver-plated, pin-on insignia for enlisted men (in addition to the embroidered device).

Other insignia
In addition to the Submarine Warfare insignia there are several special insignia. Since 1943 the Submarine Medical insignia has been awarded to medical officers of the Navy Medical Corps qualified in submarine warfare and medical expertise. The Submarine Engineering Duty insignia is issued to Engineering Duty Officers who have been designated as qualified in submarines through a program administered by the Naval Sea Systems Command and was first awarded in 1950. The Submarine Supply Corps insignia has been awarded to members of the Navy Supply Corps who have qualified as Supply Officers on board U.S. submarines since 1963.

Following the tradition of the World War II patrol pin, the silver SSBN Deterrent Patrol insignia is worn by both officer and enlisted members of SSBN crews in recognition of their sacrifice and hard work in completing strategic patrols. The badge depicts a Lafayette-class submarine with superimposed Polaris missiles, below which is a scroll with slots for up to six stars. One gold star marks each patrol completed. A silver star marks five patrols. Upon completion of 20 patrols, a gold patrol pin is authorized.

Unofficial insignia
The person on active duty, officer or enlisted, with the most deterrent patrols is presented with the Neptune Award. That person retains the award until someone else attains more patrols than the current holder or until he retires and it goes to the member with the next highest number of patrols.

Submarine verse of the Navy Hymn
Two sets of lyrics for the Submarine verse of the Navy Hymn have been written. The Reverend Gale Williamson wrote the following verse, which is generally associated with ballistic missile patrols:

 * Bless those who serve beneath the deep,
 * Through lonely hours their vigil keep.
 * May peace their mission ever be,
 * Protect each one we ask of thee.
 * Bless those at home who wait and pray,
 * For their return by night or day.

In 1965, David Miller composed the following lyrics, which are used for submariners and divers:

 * Lord God, our power evermore,
 * Whose arm doth reach the ocean floor,
 * Dive with our men beneath the sea;
 * Traverse the depths protectively.
 * O hear us when we pray, and keep
 * Them safe from peril in the deep.

title: Submarines in the United States Navy


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Brent and Shane Kinsman

Brent Kinsman and Shane Kinsman (born November 13, 1997) are American twin child actors who roles include Kyle and Nigel Baker in the 2003 film Cheaper by the Dozen and its 2005 sequel Cheaper by the Dozen 2. They also had featured roles as Porter and Preston Scavo on the popular ABC television series Desperate Housewives for four years (replaced by Charlie Carver and Max Carver from season 5).

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Tiple

A tiple (, literally treble or soprano), is a plucked typically 12-string chordophone of the guitar family. A tiple player is called a tiplista. The first mention of the tiple comes from musicologist Pablo Minguet e Irol in 1752. Although many variations of the instrument exist, the tiple is mostly associated with Colombia, and is considered the national instrument. The Puerto Rican version characteristically has fewer strings, as do variants from Cuba, Mallorca, and elsewhere among countries of Hispanic origin.

Colombian tiple
The Colombian tiple (in Spanish: tiple) is an instrument of the guitar family, similar in appearance although slightly smaller (about 18%) than a standard classical guitar. The typical fretboard scale is about 530 mm (just under 21 inches), and the neck joins the body at the 12th fret. There are 12 strings, grouped in four tripled courses. Traditional tuning from lowest to highest course is C E A D, although many modern players tune the instrument like the upper four strings of the modern guitar: D G B E. The outer two strings of each of the three lowest triple courses are tuned an octave higher than the middle string in the course (giving C4 C3 C4 • E4 E3 E4 • A4 A3 A4 • D4 D4 D4 in traditional tuning, or D4 D3 D4 • G4 G3 G4 • B4 B3 B4 • E4 E4 E4 in modern tuning). An 18 or 19 fret fingerboard give the tiple Colombiano a range of about 2-2/3 octaves, from C3 - G#5 (or A5). The tiple is used for many traditional Colombian music genres including bambucos and pasillos. It serves both as an accompanying instrument and for soloing. One of the main composers of tiple music is Pacho Benavides.

David Pelham says of the Colombian tiple: "The tiple is a Colombian adaptation of the Renaissance Spanish vihuela brought to the New World in the 16th century by the Spanish conquistadors. At the end of the 19th century, it evolved to its present shape. Its twelve strings are arranged in four groups of three: the first group consists of three steel strings tuned to E, the second, third and fourth groups have a copper string in the middle of two steel strings. The central ones are tuned one octave lower than the surrounding strings of the group. This arrangement produces the set of harmonics that gives the instrument its unique voice. Outside of Colombia the "copper" strings are more often standard brass or bronze wound steel guitar strings.

Another variant, the tiple Colombiano requinto, is often simply called tiple requinto. This instrument is about 10-15% smaller than the tiple Colombiano, and the central octave strings of the smaller instrument are tuned in unisions, giving either a C4 C4 C4 • E4 E4 E4 • A4 A4 A4 • D4 D4 D4 tuning (traditional), or a D4 D4 D4 • G4 G4 G4 • B4 B4 B4 • E4 E4 E4 tuning (modern). The tiple requinto is sometimes made in more of a violin or "hourglass" shape, than a guitar shape. These differences give it a generally thinner, higher-pitched sound than the tiple Colombiano, even though most of its tuning is in the same range as the larger instrument.

Puerto Rican tiples
The tiple is the smallest of the three string instruments of Puerto Rico that make up the orquesta jibara (i.e., the Cuatro, the tiple and the Bordonua). According to investigations made by Jose Reyes Zamora, the tiple in Puerto Rico dates back to the 18th century. It is believed to have evolved from the Spanish guitarrillo. There was never a standard for the tiple and as a result there are many variations throughout the island of Puerto Rico. Most tiples have four or five strings and most tiple requintos have three strings. Some tiples have as many as 6 strings and as few as a single string, though these types are rare.

The main types of tiple in Puerto Rico are:

 * Tiple requinto de la montaña - a tiny version of the tiple doliente with only three strings. It is usually smaller than 12 inches.
 * Tiple requinto costanero - a smaller version of the tiplón with only three strings. It is usually about 15 inches in length.
 * Tiple doliente - this tiple has 5 single strings and is the most common used today. It is usually about 15 inches in length.
 * Tiplón or tiple con macho - a larger version of the tiple with a fifth string peg like an American banjo, located on its neck. It is usually about 21 inches in length.
 * Tiple grande de Ponce - the largest version (about 21 inches in length) with 5 strings. It is considered a link between tiples and bordonuas. It is sometimes also called "bordonua chiquita" (small bordonua).

The tiple that is now most often played in Puerto Rico is the tiple doliente. It has recently acquired a more or less fixed body shape narrowing at the top and having 5 metal strings (see the accompanying photo). It is usually made like the cuatro, so either constructed like a guitar, or from one piece of wood hollowed out. The bottom half of the body is rounded like a guitar, however the top half is square, or triangular. All other features (like neck and bridge) resemble the construction of a normal Spanish guitar. The peghead has tuning machines either from the side or from the back. The strings of the tiple doliente are tuned: E3 A3 D4 G4 C5.

Tiple Venezolano
This tiple from Venezuela, looks like a smaller version of the Colombian Tiple. It has 4 sets of triple strings and is also known as the Guitarro, Guitarro Segundo, and the Segunda Guitarra. There is another tiple played in Venezuela but is a member of the Venezuelan Cuatro family of instruments, also called a tiple and known as the Cinco y Medio or Cinco. It is very much like the Cuatro but it has 5 strings instead of four.

Tiple de Menorca
On the Spanish Balearic island of Menorca, a tiple is an instrument with five single nylon strings.

Tiple Cubano
A tiple Cubano, has five doubled courses of strings, ten in total.

Tiple de Santo Domingo
The tiple de Santo Domingo, also known as tiple Dominicano or tiple, also has five doubled courses, for ten in total. The strings are steel. It is tuned C4, F4, A#4, D5, G5. All of the courses are tuned in unison.

Tiple Peruano
Peru has a tiple with four single or doubled steel strings. It is tuned A3, E4, B4, F#5.

Tiples in Uruguay and Argentina
In Uruguay and Argentina, sometimes the requinto guitar is called a tiple.

U.S. / N. American / Martin tiple
The North American tiple was designed in 1919 by the Pennsylvania guitar company C.F. Martin & Co. for the William J. Smith Co. in New York and was most popular through the 1920s-1940s ukulele craze. This tiple is close in length to a tenor ukulele, but with a deeper body. Unlike a ukulele, it has ten steel strings in four mixed-octave courses of 2, 3, 3, and 2 strings. Manufactured for a half century, the Martin tiple was used in jazz, blues and old-time country bands, and as a louder-volume ukulele. It was tuned similarly to a D-tuned ukulele:

 * A4 A3 • D4 D3 D4 • F#4 F#3 F#4 • B3 B3 (wound octave-lower strings are A3, D3, and F#3).

A more recent manufacturer of similar instruments recommends tuning a full tone lower, as mentioned below, similar to contemporary ukuleles.

Martin produced mahogany and rosewood bodied tiples, following a model-identification system similar to its guitars: T-15 and T-17, mahogany top, back and sides; T-18, spruce top, mahogany back and sides; T-28, spruce top, rosewood back and sides; T-45, spruce top, rosewood back and sides, fancy abalone inlay. Martin's tiple production continued off-and-on into the 1970s. Similar instruments were made by Regal, Harmony, Lyon & Healy, Oscar Schmidt, D'Angelico and other companies during the early decades of Martin production.

In the 21st century, the Ohana ukulele company began manufacturing an all-mahogany tiple similar to the Martin, but calling it "a vintage ukulele inspired by the Columbian Tiple." The company recommended tuning with the lowest note a C. (G3 G4 – C4 C3 C4 – E4 E3 E4 – A4 A4)

In addition to its original ukulele-style tuning (above), the American tiple sometimes has been tuned like the upper four courses of the guitar, presumably with special sets of strings.

 * Martin tiple dimensions:
 * Overall length:  $27 1/4$″

 * Body length:  $12 1/16$″

 * Bout width, upper:  $6 5/8$″
 * Bout width, lower:  $8 15/16$″

 * Body depth, upper:  $3 1/16$″

 * Body depth, lower:  $3 9/16$″

 * Neck width at nut:  $1 1/2$″
 * Fingerboard width:  $1 3/4$″ at 12th fret

 * Sound hole diameter:  $2 5/8$″
 * Scale length:  17″

North American tiple performers:
 * Four Virginians
 * Cats and the Fiddle
 * Spirits of Rhythm
 * Timmie Rogers
 * Ed Askew

Electric tiples
Electric tiples usually follow either the Colombian (12-string) or "Martin" (10-string) tuning and string arrangement.

Spanish tiples
In Spain there are similar instruments. This tiny guitar has four strings and is found in Menorca. Other types of small guitars in Spain are the guitarra, guitarro and guitarrico.

Portuguese tiples
Related Portuguese instruments are the cavaquinho or braguinha and the rajâo. The braguinha and the rajâo taken to Hawai'i by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira are the forerunners of the ukulele.

Canary Island timple
Migrating from North Africa in the 16th century to the Canary Islands and then on to Murcia, the timple has become the traditional instrument of the Canaries. In La Palma and in the north of the island of Tenerife some players omit the fifth string, tuning the timple like a ukulele, though nowadays this is often seen as non-standard by players in other regions where five strings are preferred. The popular tiple tuning is GCEAD.

Other instruments
The word "tiple" basically means "treble" or "high pitched", and has been used occasionally for the names of other instruments not directly members of the tiple-family proper. One such is the Marxochime Hawaiian tiple, which bears no resemblance to the traditional tiples, but looks like (and is) a variety of zither. It is played with a combination of plucking, strumming, and playing with a slide similar to a lap steel guitar. The instrument is one of many zither variants marketed within the United States during the early 20th century, of which only the autoharp ever achieved lasting popularity. The instrument, also known as the "Tremola", carries the "Hawaiian tiple" name solely for marketing purposes, as interest in Hawaiian music and culture was high in mainland America during the period when the instrument was marketed.

Resources and sources
Colombian tiple:
 * Puerta's tremendous tiple touch
 * Colombian luthier Alberto Paredes
 * Paredes, A., Mottola, R.M. “Construction of the Colombian Tiple”, American Lutherie #90, 2007, p. 40.

Puerto Rican tiple:
 * The Puerto Rican Tiple
 * The Tiples of Puerto Rico
 * ATLAS of Plucked Instruments
 * El Tiple Puertorriqueño (In Spanish)

Spanish tiple:
 * (In Spanish)
 * (In Spanish)

Timple Canario: Tiple Cubano:
 * El Timple (In Spanish)
 * Learn TIMPLE (Spanish)
 * Miguel Teurbe Tolón y de la Guardia. (Matanzas, 1820-1857)

Tiple Dominicano, Tiple Argentino, Banjo Tiple, Tiple Uruguayo, and the Tiple Venezolano:
 * TIPLES EN OTROS PAISES (In Spanish)
 * Ficha del Tiple (In Spanish)

Marxochime Hawaiian Tiple:
 * Marxochime Hawaiian Tiple

title: Tiple


text:
Billboard Liberation Front

The Billboard Liberation Front practices culture jamming via altering billboards by changing key words to radically alter the message, often to an anti-corporate message. It started in San Francisco in 1977.

Advertising executives informed Jill Posener, author of Spray it Loud (1982), that the executives designed billboards to attract attacks because the changes drew attention to the products. The BLF were aware of this possibility and considered invoicing advertisers including Chiat Day for the BLF's work.

In 2013, Complex Magazine named the BLF #27 of The 50 Most Influential Street Artists of All Time.

Cooperation
The BLF cooperated with a range of other art groups, like Guerrilla Girls, monochrom and Joey Skaggs.

title: Billboard Liberation Front


text:
User talk:24.8.12.20

January 2020
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title: User talk:24.8.12.20


text:
Prickle

Prickle may refer to:
 * Thorns, spines, and prickles, a sharp, needle-like structures
 * Prickle cell of the skin
 * Prickle (protein), a planar cell polarity protein
 * The collective noun for a pack of porcupines
 * Prickle (Gumby character), a character on The Gumby Show

title: Prickle


text:
Aramoana massacre

The Aramoana massacre was a mass shooting that occurred on 13 November 1990 in the small seaside township of Aramoana, northeast of Dunedin, New Zealand. Resident David Gray killed 13 people, including local police Sergeant Stewart Guthrie, one of the first responders to the reports of a shooting, after a verbal dispute between Gray and his next-door neighbour. After a careful house-to-house search the next day, police officers led by the Anti-Terrorist Squad (now known as the Special Tactics Group) located Gray, and shot and injured him as he came out of a house firing from the hip. He died in an ambulance while being transported to hospital.

At the time, the incident was the deadliest mass shooting in New Zealand's history, being surpassed 28 years later by the Christchurch mosque shootings. After the shootings, sweeping changes were made to New Zealand's firearms legislation in 1992, including 10-year photographic licences and tight restrictions on military style semi-automatic firearms.

Initial incident
The massacre began on 13 November at 7:30 p.m. when Gray confronted neighbour Garry Holden about one of Holden's daughters wandering onto his property. After the confrontation, Gray went into his house, retrieved a Norinco 84S semi-automatic rifle, walked outside and shot Holden multiple times in his chest, before walking over to him and shooting him fatally through the head.

Nearby were three young girls: Holden's two daughters, Chiquita and Jasmine, and his girlfriend Julie Ann Bryson's daughter, Rewa. The girls ran into Holden's house to hide as Gray walked onto Holden's property. He quickly found Chiquita and shot her in the chest and arm with a Squires and Bingham Model 16 .22-calibre semi-automatic sporting rifle, with one of the bullets lodging in her abdomen. Shortly after shooting her, Gray found the other two girls and killed them.

Chiquita, who managed to escape by running out of the back door, fled past her father's body to Bryson's nearby house, while Gray set the Holden house on fire. Bryson, realising that Rewa and Jasmine were still in the Holden house, drove her van there with Chiquita in an attempt to save the girls. Gray shot at the van as it passed the house, which was by then ablaze.

Gray started shooting indiscriminately, targeting a utility vehicle full of locals who had seen the Holden house burning and stopped to help. He first shot Vanessa Percy several times in the back as she ran down the street in terror; she died a few hours later at the scene. He then turned towards three children. He killed the two boys, Leo Wilson and Dion Percy. The boys' sister, Stacey, was critically injured by a bullet to her abdomen, but survived. Ross Percy, the children's father, who had been driving them home after a day fishing when they saw the fire, was fatally shot in the head. Next, Aleki Tali was killed. Gray then entered the home of Tim Jamieson, killing him and another elderly local, former Green Island mayor Vic Crimp. The next victim was James Dickson, who was looking for his dog. Eva Helen Dickson, James' mother, and neighbour Chris Cole went into the road to see what the noise was. Gray shot at both of them, wounding Cole who was in a phone booth calling the police and forcing Mrs. Dickson to dive for cover. Mrs. Dickson, who had recently had a hip replacement and was unable to walk without assistance, pulled herself along on her stomach using her arms and feet in a ditch to get inside and called 1-1-1 (the emergency telephone number). She then crawled back to Cole to tell him help was coming. By this stage, it was getting dark and the dispatcher advised her to stay inside. Mrs Dickson later received the George Medal for bravery. Help arrived too late for Cole, who died in the hospital.

First responders
The first armed police officer to arrive was Sergeant Stewart Guthrie, officer in charge of Port Chalmers police station and an NCO in the Armed Offenders Squad (AOS). He came armed with a Smith & Wesson Model 10 police revolver (front-line police in New Zealand do not routinely carry firearms). Guthrie enlisted the help of Constable Russell Anderson, who had arrived a short time earlier with the fire service. He armed Anderson with a rifle belonging to a resident. With darkness approaching, the pair moved through the township to Gray's house, where Guthrie deployed the constable to cover the front while he moved to cover the more dangerous rear of the house. Detective Paul Alan Knox and two constables arrived, starting the first step of the "cordon, contain, appeal" standard police strategy for armed offenders.

Guthrie observed Gray and relayed his movements inside the house to the police communications centre. After some time he lost sight of the gunman, and advised the detective to warn everyone to be alert. Anderson spotted Gray coming out the front of his property and issued a challenge, at which the gunman retreated quickly, passing through the rear of his property. Taking cover in the sand dunes of a neighbouring crib, Guthrie encountered Gray coming out of the darkness. Yelling at the gunman to surrender, he fired a warning shot. Gray shouted, "Don't shoot!", leading Guthrie to believe he was surrendering. However, Gray suddenly fired several times, one shot striking Guthrie in the head, killing him instantly.

Minutes later the Dunedin branch of the AOS began to arrive and sealed off the township with a roadblock about 250 metres along the only road out of Aramoana, securing it with an armoured car. AOS units from Christchurch, Timaru, and Invercargill were called in for support. The situation was considered dangerous as Gray had a scoped rifle, making him potentially accurate at long range. By this point, the police had ordered that Gray was to be shot on sight – without a warning shot.

Anti-Terrorist Squad
Commissioner of Police John Jamieson authorised the Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS) (now known as the Special Tactics Group (STG)), the specialist counter terrorist unit, to travel to Dunedin and locate Gray; group members were in Christchurch, Wellington and Auckland. Unable to get transport with the Air Force, the group caught the early morning business flight on the 14th.

They took Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns, encountering some problems taking firearms on a commercial aircraft. Also on the flight were Minister of Police John Banks, the Commissioner, and Julie Holden, who described Aramoana to the ATS. A large number of reporters met the flight on arrival at Dunedin. A bus took the ATS to Port Chalmers, which was choked with vehicles, where residents from Aramoana briefed the group about the township and Gray. ATS members took a reconnaissance flight over the township in an RNZAF UH-1H Iroquois helicopter. The helicopter initially flew high as it had no armour protection from small arms fire; Gray had shot at a private news helicopter earlier that morning.

The crew of the Air Force Iroquois then carried out low, slow passes over areas of bush where Gray was believed to be hiding, carrying armed police and dropping tear gas grenades as it did so, in an attempt to "flush him out". The Iroquois crew flew for over eight hours in support of the operation during the day, including positioning police snipers in the surrounding hills. After the initial reconnaissance flight, the ATS moved out as two squads and met up with the Timaru AOS, who were holding positions. The group received fire orders: "if he has a firearm, he is to be shot". Meanwhile, Gray had entered a crib, eaten a small meal and gone to sleep.

Manhunt and shootout
Some Christchurch members of the ATS moved into Aramoana at about 6:00 a.m. on 14 November. The ATS went first to Gray's house, passing bodies on the street. After clearing neighboring houses, they put a stun grenade into Gray's, blowing out the windows, followed by tear gas. Kicking down the door, they discovered it was empty. The group then worked down the road, checking each house, a squad on either side of the street. The ATS called up the AOS, with members from Wanganui, Palmerston North, Napier, and New Plymouth, to their backs. The group discovered Sergeant Guthrie's revolver in a garden, and a woman who had been hiding under a table for more than twenty hours. After a long day searching from house to house, the ATS checked a crib with a broken window on the north-eastern side of the township. The crib had large hedges on both sides, and a fibrolite shed at the rear. The group spotted Gray briefly at a window, and a battle ensued. Police put a stun grenade through a window, but it bounced off a mattress that Gray had placed as a barricade and landed back near police. Police fired teargas into the crib. Gray began shooting not at police but through the fibrolite shed.

The ATS opened fire, both sides shooting for two minutes, Gray walking around inside firing randomly. A stray bullet that passed through the crib struck an ATS officer in the ankle. As soon as the shooting erupted, the Air Force Iroquois took up position overhead to help ensure Gray could not escape into nearby bushes in the fading light of the approaching second night.

Gray's death
At around 5:50 p.m., Gray ran out of the house, shooting from the hip and shouting "Kill me! Fucking kill me, you bastards!" He took several steps before being hit and knocked down by ATS gunfire. Gray was hit five times: in the eye, neck, chest and twice in the groin. Even with these injuries, he struggled fiercely against police, breaking free of plastic handcuffs before being re-handcuffed, while berating police for not having killed him. Ambulance officers treated him at the scene and on the way to Dunedin hospital by providing him oxygen, but the ambulance did not get very far out of Aramoana, and at 6:10 p.m., Gray died from his wounds.

Inside the crib police found a .22-calibre Vickers-Martini MK II single-shot rifle, a .22-calibre Winchester Model 750 rifle fitted with a suppressor, a Norinco SKS semi-automatic rifle, a .22-calibre Squires and Bingham Model 16, an air rifle, hundreds of rounds of .22 ammunition, and approximately 100 rounds of .223 ammunition. Gray was carrying a .22-calibre Remington Nylon 66 as well as the .223 Norinco 84 when he was shot. Police had fired between 50 and 60 shots, and at least 150 police officers were involved in the operation.

Rewa Bryson and Jasmine Holden's charred bodies were found in what remained of the Holden family home. Fourteen people, including Gray, were left dead by the end of the incident.

The perpetrator
David Malcolm Gray (20 November 1956 – 14 November 1990), aged 33, an unemployed resident of Aramoana, was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, and raised in Port Chalmers. His father, David Francis Gray, worked in a manufacturing company and his mother, Mary Elizabeth Gray, was a machinist. He had two siblings, sister Joan and brother Barry.

Gray attended Port Chalmers Primary School, and later enrolled at the Otago Boys' High School from 1971 to 1973, where he was a mid-stream student. A former classmate stated Gray was quiet and unassuming, and that "there was nothing frightening about him then". Those who knew Gray remembered him as having been a loner since primary school. He had worked occasionally as a farmhand but had been unemployed for a few years before 1990.

Both Gray's parents predeceased him, his father on 30 November 1978 and his mother on 22 January 1985. His sister said the death of their mother deeply affected David, and prompted him to move from Port Chalmers to the Gray family holiday home in Aramoana.

Gray was a regular customer at Galaxy Books and Records in Lower Stuart Street, Dunedin. Bill Brosnan, the owner, knew him for seven years and said he was a fan of military books and Soldier of Fortune magazine. In January 1990, he threatened an assistant of the bookshop with what appeared to be a shotgun in a cardboard box, and Brosnan served him with a trespass notice in February. His sister said he was an animal lover. Locals said this was a source of conflict with his next-door neighbour Garry Holden, whose pets kept dying.

Killed

 * Rewa Ariki Bryson, 11, Julie Bryson's adopted daughter;
 * Simon Christopher "Chris" Cole, 62;
 * Victor James "Vic" Crimp, 71;
 * James Alexander "Jim" Dickson, 45;
 * Sergeant Stewart Graeme "Stu" Guthrie, 41, Port Chalmers police officer;
 * Garry John Holden, 38;
 * Jasmine Amber Holden, 11, daughter of Garry Holden;
 * Magnus "Tim" Jamieson, 69;
 * Ross James Percy, 42;
 * Vanessa Grace Percy, 26, wife of Ross Percy;
 * Dion Raymond Jack Percy, 6, son of Ross and Vanessa Percy;
 * Aleki Tali, 41;
 * Leo Wilson, 6.

Wounded

 * Stacey Percy, 3, daughter of Ross and Vanessa Percy;
 * Chiquita Holden, 9, daughter of Garry Holden;
 * Detective Stephen Vaughan, Wellington police officer (referred to as "Gamma" in Bill O'Brien's account).

Causes
Gray's mental and physical state worsened in the months leading up to the attack. There was some evidence of a progressive decline in his mental state before the shootings, as he alienated the few friends he had. On the morning of 13 November, he travelled into Dunedin, and visited a bank where he objected angrily to a NZ$2.00 bank fee for a cheque.

He then went to Elio's Gun Shop in King Edward Street, South Dunedin, placing a $100 deposit on a gun he intended to collect the next week. At the Continental Coffee Bar, he was served a cold pie, and became confrontational. After being asked to leave, he threatened the owners saying: "I'll be back, I'm going to get you. I'll blow you away."

Aftermath
Three days after the incident, Gray's house at 27 Muri Street in Aramoana was deliberately set on fire and burnt to the ground. The Port Chalmers Fire Brigade attended and doused surrounding vegetation to prevent the fire spreading; around fifty residents watched it burn and reportedly laughed mockingly as it did so. Gray's relatives asked that any investigation of arson be stopped, when contacted by police.

The massacre was the deadliest mass shooting in New Zealand's history until the Christchurch mosque massacre at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre in Christchurch on 15 March 2019.

It sparked lengthy debate about gun control, as Gray's primary weapon was a Norinco 84S 5.56mm semi-automatic rifle which had a similar appearance to and internal mechanism based on the Russian AK-47 assault rifle, and he owned three other semi-automatic firearms. Four of the dead victims and one of the injured were proven forensically to have been shot with the Norinco rifle, and another of the injured had been shot with Gray's .22 cal Squires Bingham rifle. Fragments recovered from other victims did not lead to an identification of the weapon.

The incident directly resulted in an amendment to New Zealand's firearms legislation in 1992, tightening gun control and the creation of the military-style semi-automatic category of firearms.

Bravery awards
A number of those involved received bravery awards:
 * George Cross – Sergeant Stewart Guthrie (posthumous);
 * George Medal – Mrs Eva Helen Dickson;
 * Queen's Gallantry Medal – Victor James Crimp QSM (posthumous), Constable Don Nicholas Fraser Harvey, Detective Paul Alan Knox, Constable Terry Edward Van Turnhout, Senior Constable David Thomas Weir;
 * Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct – Sergeant Michael Arthur Kyne, Constable Timothy Philip Ashton, Constable Robert William Barlass, Constable Peter Gerard McCarthy, Chiquita Danielle Holden.

Police commendations
In addition, a number of police officers who were involved in the incident received internal police merit awards.
 * Gold Merit Award – Inspector Murray James Forbes (forward commander of the two anti-terrorist squads), Detective Stephen Patrick Vaughan;
 * Certificate of Appreciation – Detective Sergeant Brian Keith Woodcock (squad leader), Constable Gregory James Cummings, Constable Michael Lyn Rusbatch (squad members).

Memorials

 * A memorial to the victims was erected in the township.
 * A memorial to Sergeant Stewart Guthrie was erected at Dunedin Police Station. His name was also added to the memorial wall at the Royal New Zealand Police College and a memorial tribute published on the police website. Police and the Police Museum also mourn Sergeant Guthrie's death by issuing statements upon its anniversary.

Subsequent events
In 2009, Mrs Dickson's George Medal was thought to have been stolen from a museum, as it could not be found. After the theft began circulating on the news and social media, it was found the following year in a cupboard in the museum where it had been stored and poorly catalogued.

In February 2018, relatives sold the George Cross awarded to Sergeant Stewart Guthrie to Lord Ashcroft. The Ministry of Culture and Heritage was criticised for approving the sale.

In 2018 (27 years later), survivors Chiquita Holden (aged 37) and Detective Stephen Vaughan (aged 55) married in a low-key, surprise wedding. Both were wounded during the incident but survived. They had first met in Dunedin Hospital, whilst recovering from their injuries, where they had compared scars and signed each other's casts. Vaughan had retired from the police in 2012, after a 30-year career, and been awarded an ONZM in 2016 for his services to police and the community. Holden had become a homicide specialist for Victim Support.

Books
At least two non-fiction books have been written about the shootings: Tragedy at Aramoana by journalist Paul Bensemann; and Aramoana: Twenty-two hours of terror by police officer Bill O'Brien. There are chapters devoted to the shootings in Gordon Johnston's history of the settlement, Journey to Aramoana – His Story, and Confessions from the Front Line by STG leader Murray Forbes.

Film and television
A feature film based on the massacre, Out of the Blue, directed by Robert Sarkies and starring Karl Urban, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 12 September 2006. The production faced opposition from some citizens in Aramoana, which resulted in the majority of the movie having to be filmed in another nearby township. However, eventually the community did allow a small number of scenes to be filmed in Aramoana. They agreed to the making of the movie only if the title was not "Aramoana" and if they were to see the movie beforehand.

Bryan Bruce's 1997 documentary, In Cold Blood, investigates David Gray and the events leading up to the killings at Aramoana in 1990, examines psychological similarities between Gray and other mass murderers, and probes into New Zealand legislation around gun laws.

Music
The massacre was an inspiration for the Mutton Birds' song "A Thing Well Made" on their self-titled debut album. The song is narrated by a man who owns a sporting goods store in Christchurch. As the song closes, he describes his work for the day, which involves sending "one of those AK-47s for some collector down the line". Dunedin band the Chills more directly address the Aramoana incident in the song "Strange Case" from the 1992 album Soft Bomb. Members of the newly formed Wellington band Goatrider were inspired to write the song "David Gray", which subsequently appeared on their 1992 limited edition cassette release FTS.

title: Aramoana massacre


text:
Football Association of Finland

The Football Association of Finland (Suomen Palloliitto, abbr. SPL; Finlands Bollförbund) is the governing body of football and futsal in Finland. It was founded in Helsinki on 19 May 1907.

The SPL organises the men's and women's national football teams, and the second to ninth tiers of national football. The premier division Veikkausliiga is organized by a distinct organisation. The SPL is based in the Finnish capital city of Helsinki.

Background
The SPL has more than 1,000 member clubs and approximately 140,000 registered players. The Finnish Gallup survey has indicated that football is a popular pastime with around 500,000 Finns interested in the sport. The SPL is Finland's largest amateur sports federation.

The association was also the governing body of bandy in Finland until Finland's Bandy Association was founded in 1972. In 1928, it also arranged the first Finland ice hockey championship, before the 1929 establishment of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association.

Publications
The association publishes several magazines, including now-defunct monthly magazine Futari.

National teams

 * Men's team
 * Under-21 team
 * Under-19 team
 * Under-17 team
 * Women's team
 * Women's under-20 team
 * Women's under-17 team
 * Men's Futsal team

Presidents

 * Walter Flander: 1907–1908
 * John Catani: 1909
 * Uno Westerholm: 1910–1911
 * Carolus Lindberg: 1912
 * Walter Qvist: 1913–1917
 * Erik von Frenckell: 1918–1952
 * Juuso Walden: 1953–1963
 * Osmo P. Karttunen: 1963–1974
 * Ove H. Rehn: 1974–1975
 * Jouko Loikkanen: 1975–1983
 * Lauri Pöyhönen: 1983–1987
 * Pentti Seppälä: 1987–1997
 * Pekka Hämäläinen: 1997–2009
 * Sauli Niinistö: 2009–2012
 * Markku Lehtola: 2012 (interim)
 * Pertti Alaja: 2012–2017
 * Markku Lehtola: 2017–2018 (interim)
 * Ari Lahti: 2018–present

title: Football Association of Finland


text:
Gheorghe Argeșanu

Gheorghe Argeșanu (28 February 1883 – 26/27 November 1940) was a Romanian cavalry general and politician who served as a Prime Minister of Romania for about a week in September 1939.

Biography
Born in Caracal, he was promoted to a leadership position in the Romanian Army during World War I, and served as the first Romanian military attaché to Japan (1921–1922) and as Minister of Defense in the second Miron Cristea cabinet (March–October 1938).

Argeșanu was appointed as premier by King Carol II after the assassination of his predecessor Armand Călinescu by the nationalist Iron Guard, and promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General. His first noted measures included the public display of the bodies of Călinescu's assassins (who had been killed by orders from Horia Sima) and the arbitrary arrest and execution without trial of at least three Iron Guard members in each county. He was replaced as premier by Constantin Argetoianu. In June 1940, he was awarded the Order of the Star of Romania, 1st Class.

Death
Immediately after the establishment of the Iron Guard's National Legionary State in September 1940, Argeșanu himself was imprisoned without trial in the Jilava Prison, and ultimately killed there during the Jilava massacre by members of the Iron Guard on the same night together with 63 other political prisoners, in retaliation for the violence he had endorsed.

Argeșanu was married to the pianist Manya Botez.

title: Gheorghe Argeșanu


text:
Clan MacDuff

Clan MacDuff or Clan Duff is a Lowland Scottish clan. The clan does not currently have a chief and is therefore considered an armigerous clan, which is registered with the Lyon Court. The early chiefs of Clan MacDuff were the original Earls of Fife, although this title went to the Stewarts of Albany in the late fourteenth century. The title returned to the MacDuff chief when William Duff was made Earl Fife in 1759. His descendant Alexander Duff was made Duke of Fife in 1889.

Origins of the clan
The Clan Duff claims descent from the original royal Scoto-Pictish line of which Queen Gruoch of Scotland, wife of Macbeth, King of Scotland, was the senior representative. After the death of MacBeth, Malcolm III of Scotland seized the Crown and his son, Aedh, married the daughter of Queen Gruoch. Aedh was created Earl of Fife and abbot of Abernethy. The early chiefs of Clan MacDuff were the Earls of Fife. Sir Iain Moncreiffe wrote that the Clan MacDuff was the premier clan among the Scottish Gaels. Today, the Earls of Wemyss are thought to be the descendants in the male line of Gille Míchéil, Earl of Fife, thought to be one of the first Clan MacDuff chiefs. Gille-michael MacDuff was one of the witnesses to the great charter of David I of Scotland to Dunfermline Abbey.

14th and 15th centuries
In 1306 during the Wars of Scottish Independence, Duncan MacDuff, Earl of Fife, was as a minor, held by Edward I of England at the coronation of Robert the Bruce as his ward while Duncan's sister, Isabella MacDuff, placed the golden circlet upon King Robert's head. As a result, when she fell into the hands of King Edward's army, she was imprisoned in a cage which was suspended from the walls of Berwick Castle. Duncan MacDuff later married Mary, the niece of King Edward, and threw in his lot against the Bruce. However, he was captured and imprisoned in Kildrummy Castle where he died in 1336. The Earldom later fell into the hands of Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, however, although the MacDuff family lost their rank, they continued to prosper. In 1384, the earl of Fife was described as capitalis legis de Clenmcduffe, meaning 'chief of the law of Clan MacDuff'. In 1404, David Duff received a charter from Robert III of Scotland for lands in Banffshire.

17th, 18th and 19th centuries
In 1626, John Duff sold the lands in Banffshire which his ancestor had acquired in 1404. The title of The Fife returned with William Duff, 1st Earl Fife and Viscount Macduff, in 1759. The 1st Earl Fife's cousin, Captain Robert Duff of the Royal Navy supported the British-Hanoverian Government during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and was involved in the Skirmish of Arisaig. James Duff, 4th Earl Fife fought with distinction in the Peninsular War where he was wounded at the Battle of Talavera in 1809 and was later made a Knight of the Order of St Ferdinand of Spain.

Alexander Duff, 6th Earl Fife, married Louise, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII. Alexander was advanced to the rank of Duke of Fife in July 1889.

20th and 21st centuries
With the death of the 1st Duke of Fife, the Clan MacDuff had its last Chief.

Law of Clan MacDuff
Clan Macduff was the first Scottish clan to be recognized as a clan by the Scottish Parliament, by legislation dated November 1384.

The Earl of Fife and the Abbot of Abernethy were both "Capitals of Law of the Clan MacDuff". The law protected all murderers within ninth degree of kin to the Earl of Fife, as they could claim sanctuary at the Cross of MacDuff near Abernethy, and could find remission by paying compensation to the victim's family.

The chiefs of the clan had the right to enthrone the King on the Stone of Scone. When the Stone of Scone was taken to England by Edward I of England, Robert I of Scotland had himself crowned King of Scots a second time, in order to be crowned by a member of clan MacDuff, in that case the Earl of Fife's sister.

In 1425, the last Earl of Fife, Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany, was beheaded. The Clan MacDuff's hereditary right of bearing the Crown of Scotland then passed to the Lord Abernethy. The current Lord Abernethy, who is consequently bearer of the Scottish Crown, is Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, 16th Duke of Hamilton.

Tartans
There are several Clan MacDuff tartans. The most conventionally used is one recorded by the weavers William Wilson & Son of Bannockburn some time between c. 1780s and 1819 (two variants exist, with blue or green thin "tram track" over-check lines in place of the black ones.) A variant on this, with the larger black stripe replaced by dark green and the proportions altered, was recorded by the Highland Society of London, c. 1815–20. All of these are very similar to the royal Stewart tartan, but without its thin yellow and white over-checks. A third and rather different one appeared in 1842 in the Vestiarium Scoticum, and was probably invented by the "Sobieski Stuarts". There are various other tartans with names like dress MacDuff and hunting MacDuff.

Clan Castles

 * Macduff's Castle in East Wemyss, Fife, is now a ruinous castle that was once held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife. The property later went to the Clan Wemyss who built the present castle.
 * Airdit House in Leuchers, Fife, was originally held by the MacDuffs but later went to the Clan Stewart who held it in 1425 when Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany (also then Earl and Duke of Fife), was executed.
 * Barnslee Castle near Markinch, Fife, was held by the Clan MacDuff. One story is that a tunnel led from it to Maiden Castle (see below), that was about three miles away.
 * Castle Hill in North Berwick in East Lothian was probably held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife who had a ferry from North Berwick to Earlsferry in Fife.
 * Cupar Castle in Cupar, Fife, was held by the Clan MacDuff.
 * Falkland Palace in Falkland, Fife. There was a castle here that was held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife although it was destroyed by the English in 1337. It was re-built in 1371 and passed to Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, who was then also Earl of Fife.
 * Fernie Castle in Cupar, Fife, was once held by the MacDuff Earls of Fife.
 * Maiden Castle near Methil, Fife, was once held by the Clan MacDuff. One story is that a tunnel led from it to Barnslee Castle (see above), that was about three miles away.

title: Clan MacDuff


text: User talk:216.66.124.74

title: User talk:216.66.124.74


text:
HMS Hecla

Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Hecla, after the volcano Hekla in Iceland.

 * HMS Hecla (1797) was a 10-gun bomb vessel purchased in 1797. She participated in the Battle of Copenhagen (1801) and was broken up in 1813
 * HMS Hecla (1815), launched in 1815, was a Hecla-class bomb vessel bomb vessel; she was later converted to an exploration ship and was commanded by William Edward Parry during his exploration of the Arctic
 * HMS Hecla (1839) was a 4-gun Hydra-class sloop wooden paddle sloop launched in 1839, run aground off Gibraltar on 23 January 1855 and sold in 1863
 * HMS Hecla (1878) was a torpedo boat carrier/depot ship purchased in 1878, modernised in 1912 and sold in 1926
 * HMS Hecla (1940) was a destroyer depot ship launched in March 1940 and sunk off Casablanca on 12 November 1942 by the GS U-515
 * HMS Hecla was a repair ship launched in 1944 and transferred to the United States Navy as USS Xanthus (AR-19)
 * HMS Hecla (A133), launched in 1964, was a Hecla-class survey vessel sold in 1997

title: HMS Hecla


text:
Gridley

Gridley may refer to:

Places

 * Gridley, California
 * Gridley, Illinois
 * Gridley, Iowa
 * Gridley, Kansas
 * Gridley Mountain, a peak in Connecticut
 * The Gridley River in New Hampshire

People

 * Asahel Gridley, Illinois politician
 * Reuel Colt Gridley fundraiser for the relief of Union soldiers during the American Civil War
 * Charles Vernon Gridley ("You may fire when ready, Gridley.")
 * USS Gridley, any of four ships named in honor of Charles Vernon Gridley
 * Richard Gridley, Chief Engineer to George Washington

title: Gridley


text:
Manchester Township

Manchester Township may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Manchester (ancient township), in England

United States

 * Manchester Township, Dallas County, Arkansas, in Dallas County, Arkansas
 * Manchester Township, Boone County, Illinois
 * Manchester Township, Dearborn County, Indiana
 * Manchester Township, Michigan
 * Manchester Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota
 * Manchester Township, New Jersey, in Ocean County
 * Manchester Township, Passaic County, New Jersey
 * Manchester Township, Cumberland County, North Carolina
 * Manchester Township, Adams County, Ohio
 * Manchester Township, Morgan County, Ohio
 * Manchester Township, York County, Pennsylvania
 * Manchester Township, Wayne County, Pennsylvania
 * Manchester Township, Kingsbury County, South Dakota, in Kingsbury County, South Dakota

title: Manchester Township


text:
Rudolf Hirzel

Rudolf Hirzel (20 March 1846, Leipzig - 30 December 1917, Jena) was a German classical scholar, and author of a number of major books on Greek law, oaths, dialogues and names. In Jena Rudolf Hirzel lived in the same house as  Gottlob Frege and it has been conjectured that his studies in ancient logic may have influenced him.

Works

 * De Bonis in fine Philebi enumeratis Dissertatio inauguralis. Leipzig 29.07.1868
 * Untersuchungen zu Cicero's philosophischen Schriften 3 vols. (1877–1883)
 * De logica Stoicorum. in: Satura philologa. Hermanno Sauppio obtulit amicorum conlegarum decas. (1879) pp. 61–78.
 * Der Dialog. Ein literarhistorischer Versuch (1895)
 * Der Eid, ein beitrag zu seiner Geschichte (1902)
 * Themis, Dike und Verwandtes. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Rechtsidee bei den Griechen (1907)
 * Die Strafe der Steinigung (1909)
 * Plutarch (1912)
 * Die Person. Begriff und Name derselben im Altertum (1914)
 * Der Name. Ein Beitrag zu seiner Geschichte im Altertum und besonders bei den Griechen (1918)

title: Rudolf Hirzel


text:
Miyako district

Miyako district may refer to:
 * Miyako District, Fukuoka, Japan
 * Miyako District, Okinawa, Japan

title: Miyako district


text:
Bruno Hildebrand

Bruno Hildebrand (6 March 1812 – 29 January 1878) was a German economist representing the "older" historical school of economics. His economic thinking was highly critical of classical economists, especially of David Ricardo. His magnum opus was Economics of the Present and the Future (1848). The basic aim of this work was to establish laws of economic development. Hildebrand also stated that economic development was linear not cyclical. He supported socialist theory on the basis of religion, basic morals, and his beliefs of the negative effect of property on economic behavior.

Like many other representatives of the German Historical School such as Friedrich List, Karl Knies, and Karl Bücher, Hildebrand was a political liberal who advocated liberal institutions and a constitutional state, and participated in the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848. An economics professor in Marburg, he was accused of high treason with respect to the turmoil of 1848 and condemned to death. He avoided the execution of this sentence by escaping to Switzerland, where he served as an associate professor at the University of Zurich. Together with Alfred Escher (Credit Swiss Founder) he was a co-founder and CEO of the Swiss Northeastern Railway Nordostbahn and also was the founder of the Swiss National Bureau Federal Statistical Office and original board member of Credit Swiss bank. Hildebrand also created and directed the publication 'Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik'; for his contributions he was granted honorary Swiss citizenship. He became a professor at the University of Bern. Hildebrand returned then to Germany, where he was a professor at the University of Jena.

He married Therese Guttentag their son was the artist and sculptor Adolf von Hildebrand. His grandson was the philosopher Dietrich von Hildebrand. His great-great-grandson is environmental leader Martin von Hildebrand.

title: Bruno Hildebrand


text:
Georgian Football Federation

The Georgian Football Federation (abbr. GFF; საქართველოს ფეხბურთის ფედერაცია, sakartvelos pekhburtis pederatsia) was founded in 1936. Based in Tbilisi, it was part of the Football Federation of Soviet Union from 1936 to 1989. The Independent Georgian Football Federation was established on 15 February 1990. It is the governing body of football in Georgia. It organizes the football league, the Erovnuli Liga, and the Georgia national football team.

title: Georgian Football Federation


text:
Theobald II

Theobald II may refer to:

 * Theobald II of Blois (c. 985 – 1004)
 * Theobald II of Champagne (1090–1152)
 * Theobald II of Navarre (1253–1271)
 * Theobald II, Count of Bar (1221–1291)
 * Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine (1263–1312)

title: Theobald II


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crescsoft Ltd.

Crescsoft Ltd.
Crescsoft Ltd. was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Advertising. I got a whopping ZERO hits on Google for Crescsoft, and "Junction Trading" didn't turn up much either. Gsd97jks 15:17, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --fvw *  15:21, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Delete. Parts of the text is shared with the wbe page ARABIAN JERUSALEM TRADING EQUIPMENT for some reason. Thue | talk 15:56, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a billboard. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 16:16, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. --Spangineer 16:24, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy, spam. Wyss 18:56, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ottakar's

Ottakar's was a chain of bookshops in the United Kingdom founded in 1987 by James Heneage. Following a takeover by the HMV Group in 2006, the chain was merged into the Waterstone's brand.

History

James Heneage established the Ottakar's chain in 1987, taking inspiration from The Adventures of Tintin book King Ottokar's Sceptre. He saw a lucrative market in small towns that lacked a Waterstones branch and opened stores in Loughborough, Brighton, Banbury, Salisbury and Trowbridge. A number of Ottakar's stores drew on the Tintin connection and had walls painted with scenes from the series. The Ottakar store in Bromley, London had a large rocket taken from the Tintin novels so that children could play inside it. Above the rocket was a cartoon picture of the night sky to add to the effect.

The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1998 and expanded rapidly, making a number of acquisitions including small bookstores in the West Country, eight branches of James Thin Booksellers in 2002, and twenty-four branches of Hammicks Bookshops Ltd, a company with 35 years of bookselling history, in April 2003. By mid-2006, the chain had shops in 141 locations throughout the United Kingdom.

In an attempt to compete with online booksellers, Ottakar's established an online ordering service. After turning a loss, the service was withdrawn in 2001, but by 2006, the company had hoped to relaunch their internet arm before the takeover by HMV.

Ottakar's was well known in the book trade for the exceptionally high morale and commitment of its staff. Damien Horner, from the advertising agency Mustoes commented that Ottakar's "was more like a religious cult than a business".

Ottakar's was also very popular with book buyers. A customer survey in 2004 revealed that many people believed that their local branch of Ottakar's was an independent bookshop. This was viewed as a vindication of the Ottakar's head office policy of giving branches as much local autonomy as possible. However, some suggested that Ottakar's had a weak national brand, which was vulnerable to changing market conditions.

Children's Book Prize
The Ottakar's Children's Book Prize was an annual award given to a work of children's literature published during the previous year. First awarded in 2005, the purpose of the prize was "to uncover hidden talent in children's writing" and was therefore open only to authors who have published no more than three books. When all Ottakar's stores were rebranded as Waterstone's following the HMV Group takeover of the Ottakar's chain, the prize also changed its name to become the Waterstone's Children's Book Prize.

Takeover
In August 2005, amid rumours of a forthcoming takeover attempt by HMV Group plc, the owners of Ottakar's (founders James Heneage and Philip Dunne backed by private equity firm Phoenix Equity Partners) made a management buyout offer which was initially accepted by Ottakar's independent directors, some of whom had only recently joined the company. When a higher offer was made by HMV, the owners switched their recommendation to accept the HMV bid.

The Office of Fair Trading was due to decide whether to approve the buyout of Ottakar's by Waterstone's on 2 December 2005. On 6 December the OFT referred the case to the Competition Commission. The Competition Commission provisionally cleared HMV Group, through Waterstone's, for takeover of the Ottakar's group on 30 March 2006. The Commission stated that the takeover would "not result in a substantial lessening of competition", and was "not likely to affect book prices, range of titles offered or quality of service." Through extensive research they also found that "contrary to widespread perception, Waterstone's, like Ottakar's, operates a book-buying system which mixes central and local input on stock selection."

Waterstone's then announced that it had successfully negotiated a takeover of Ottakar's on 31 May 2006 with an agreed cash offer of £62.8 million. HMV chief executive Alan Giles said in a statement: "A combined Waterstone's and Ottakar's business will create an exciting, quality bookseller, able to respond better to the increasingly competitive pressures of the retail market." Ottakar's chairman Philip Dunne said: "Over the last year the book market has undergone a significant change with new levels of competition from the supermarkets and online retailers impacting all specialist booksellers and in particular those with insufficient scale to compete on equal terms."

By Christmas 2006, all stores were converted and rebranded as Waterstone's; Ottakar's name was discarded after the takeover.

title: Ottakar's


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Var, Bar mean son

Var, Bar mean son
Var, Bar mean son was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

I'm not sure what this is, but it's not a proper article, nor does it have potential to become one. --fvw *  15:19, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)

I fell this article is informative for thought.

 * Delete, original research presented in a rather incomprehesible way -- Ferkelparade π 15:31, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, fragmented theological annotation, original research, not encyclopedic. Wyss 18:54, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 21:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wow, actual exegesis. Neat.  Original research, though. Geogre 04:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Mikkalai 21:25, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Santa Luzia (Angra do Heroísmo)

Santa Luzia (Portuguese for Saint Lucy) is a parish in the municipality of Angra do Heroísmo on the island of Terceira, in the Azores. The population in 2011 was 2,755, in an area of 1.26 km2. It is the smallest parish in Angra do Heroísmo. Part of its territory integrates the historical center of the city of Angra do Heroísmo classified as UNESCO World Heritage. Its built heritage includes the monument Memória a D. Pedro IV, the mansion Madre de Deus, the Church of Santa Luzia and Angra do Heroísmo Cultural and Congress Center.

History
Of the five civil parishes that constitute the urban area of Angra do Heroísmo, Santa Luzia is the most recent, founded in the first years of the Iberian Union (on 18 August 1595). It was Bishop Manuel de Gouveia (then bishop of Angra) who proposed the creation of the ecclesiastical parish from a portion of Sé, that included: the Rua de Paulus Gomes the two bands until the home of George de Lemos de Betancor, down to the fountain and forward to the house of the sheriff, from there to the Castle and from there to the Serra cut by the ravine and mills with all the residents that exist within those limits. He justified it owing to the large faith community, the need to control transit on the island's port and the necessity to have access to health care services (at the time administered by the church).

At the time of its creation the parish of Santa Luzia had only about 300 homes, with four per capita, the population only consisted of between 1200 and 1500 souls. There already existed a hermitage to the invocation of Santa Luzia, simplifying the de-annexation of the parish; it was constructed originally by a pious couple at the limits of their property, João vaz Merens and Catarina Lourenço Fagundes, although their selection of Saint Lucia is unclear.

In a documented dated in 1551, Joana Fernandes ou Rodrigues, a widow, donated lands in order to raise a church to Santa Luzia, reformulate or expand the existing hermitage (ostensibly for the founders and not for a future church) at the end of the 16th century.

title: Santa Luzia (Angra do Heroísmo)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Colegio de San Agustin (Philippines)

Colegio de San Agustin (Philippines)
Another school. --fvw *  15:20, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Comment: I have since refactored this stub to establish its notability. It is the first university to be established in the Western Visayas. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No. Different institution.  University of San Augustin is in Iloilo City.  Colegio de San Agustin in Makati City is a grade school. (expanding: the article wants a rename with its new content.) iMeowbot 10:27, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I have updated the article to reflect this information. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 12:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * My original google search turned up the University based on this description. Let me find it... [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 16:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete, unless someone can show that this school is noteworthy (maybe if some of the "celebrities" became heads of state or something). --Spangineer 16:26, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Keep, schools are notable, but each article should carry NPoV content as to why this is so. Wyss 18:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Another school. Dr Zen 00:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Lets see what celebrities have (allegedly) studied there.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 03:05, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: No evidence of notability offered in the article. Individual schools with individual characters have individual effects on lives, but public schools are relatively uniform and have no distinctive effect.  The effect is "school," just as the effect of a donut shop is "donut."  Geogre 04:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Uhhh... yeeeaaah. OK!  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:04, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. utcursch 08:23, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would recommend merge to an appropriate community if the write had bothered to mention it. In this stage, delete - Skysmith 09:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It already has a mention in Makati City. School's WWW site here, it looks like a fairly generic K-12 school. iMeowbot 10:29, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC) Move. The university is not referred to as "Colegio". iMeowbot 10:35, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep yet another school university. This article is undoubtedly of great encyclopaedic value, give it an opportunity for organic growth and expansion. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:58, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del. Mikkalai 21:25, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. People might debate high schools, but universities are definitely inherently encyclopedic. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 22:40, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move and delete the redirect as stated above. I was wondering why a university would call itself a colegio. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 12:50, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, of course. Samaritan 02:19, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) No vote at this time. Samaritan 08:15, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Listing every school is a bad idea, but universities are another matter. Vote is based on edits to the article after being listed here. Voters might wish to check the page again. - Andre Engels 11:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Move, then Delete redirect. Based on iMeowbot's text above. - Andre Engels 11:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Chase

Chase or CHASE may refer to:

Businesses

 * Chase Bank, a national American financial institution
 * Chase Aircraft (1943–1954), a defunct American aircraft manufacturer
 * Chase Coaches, a defunct bus operator in England
 * Chase Corporation (1970s–1989), a defunct New Zealand property developer
 * Chase Motor Truck Company (1907–1919), a defunct vehicle manufacturer
 * Chase, a brand of bicycle made by Cannondale Bicycle Corporation

Fictional characters

 * Chase in the PAW Patrol animated TV series
 * Dell "Chase" Brandstone, fictional boundary warden of The Sword of Truth epic fantasy novels
 * Jennifer "Pilot" Chase, in the TV series Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future
 * Magnus Chase, appearing in the Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard book series, by bestselling author, Rick Riordan.

Film

 * Chase (2010 film), an Indian film in Hindi
 * Chase (2019 film), an American thriller
 * Chase (2022 film), an Indian film in Kannada
 * Chased (film), a 2011 British drama short

Music

 * Chase (band), a jazz-rock fusion band of the 1970s
 * Chase (Chase album)
 * Chase (Djumbo album)
 * "Chase" (L'Arc-en-Ciel song) (2011)
 * "Chase" (Koda Kumi song)
 * "Chase" (instrumental), a work by Giorgio Moroder
 * "Chase", an opening theme for JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable
 * Chase (The Boyz EP), 2020
 * Chase (Minho EP), 2022

People

 * Chase (given name)
 * Chase (surname)

Canada

 * Chase, British Columbia, a village municipality in the Shuswap Country region
 * Chase River, a river on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
 * Chase River, Nanaimo, a community within the City of Nanaimo, British Columbia
 * Chase Island, Nunavut

United States

 * Chase, Alabama, an unincorporated community
 * Chase, Alaska, a census-designated place
 * Chase, Indiana, an unincorporated town
 * Chase, Kansas, a city
 * Chase County, Kansas
 * Chase, Louisiana, an unincorporated community
 * Chase, Maryland, an unincorporated community
 * Chase, Pennsylvania, a census-designated place
 * Chase City, Virginia, a town
 * Chase, Wisconsin, a town
 * Chase (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Camp Chase, a Civil War staging, training and prison camp in Columbus, Ohio
 * Chase County, Nebraska
 * Chase Township, Michigan

Elsewhere

 * Chase Line, a suburban railway line in the West Midlands, England
 * Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, a place in Australia
 * Chase Vault, a burial vault in the cemetery of the Christ Church Parish Church, Barbados

Ships

 * USS Chase (DD-323), a destroyer in the United States Navy
 * USS Chase (DE-158), a destroyer escort of the United States Navy
 * USCGC Chase (WHEC-718), a high-endurance cutter of the United States Coast Guard
 * USRC Salmon P. Chase (1878), a training ship of the United States Revenue Cutter Service

Sports

 * Chase (racing) or steeplechase, a type of horse race which is run over fences
 * Chase Field, a baseball stadium in Phoenix, Arizona
 * Chase (cricket), when a team needs a certain number of runs to win
 * Chase Center, a sports and entertainment arena in San Francisco

Technology

 * Chase (algorithm), an algorithm in database construction, to test if a decomposition is lossless
 * Chase (lighting), an effect in which light sources are lit up sequentially
 * Chase (printing), a (metal) frame that is used to contain a printing forme

Television

 * Chase (TV channel), a defunct Philippine television network
 * Chase (1973 TV series), an NBC crime/adventure drama
 * Chase (2008 TV series), a SyFy reality series
 * Chase (2010 TV series), an NBC drama series
 * "Chase" (House episode), an episode of House

Other uses

 * Chase (land), a British geographical term designating an area of privately owned land for hunting
 * Operation CHASE, a former United States Department of Defense program
 * Chase (comics), a DC comic book
 * Chase (novel), by Dean Koontz
 * Children's Hospices Association for the South East, a former charity in England, now Shooting Star Children's Hospices
 * Chase plane, an aircraft that follows a subject vehicle
 * Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer, a space-based solar telescope

title: Chase


text:
Marco Leonardi

Marco Leonardi (born 14 November 1971) is an Australian-born Italian actor. He has been nominated twice for the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actor.

Leonardi was born in Australia to Italian parents. He moved to Italy at the age of four and at 17 starred in the acclaimed Italian film Cinema Paradiso (1988). He later starred in the Mexican movie Like Water for Chocolate (1992). He has made several movies in the United States, including Once Upon a Time in Mexico and From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (2000). Other appearances include the Canadian film The Five Senses (1999).

Film

 * La Sposa era Bellissima (1987, directed by Pál Gábor) - Giuseppe
 * Il Coraggio di Parlare (1987, directed by Leandro Castellani) - Fortunato, the shepard
 * Ultimo Minuto (1987, directed by Pupi Avati) - Paolo
 * Ciao Ma (1988, directed by Giandomenico Curi) - Paolo
 * Cinema Paradiso (1988, directed by Giuseppe Tornatore) - Salvatore 'Totò' Di Vita - Teenager
 * Scugnizzi (1989, directed by Nanni Loy) - Salvatore
 * Dimenticare Palermo (1990, directed by Francesco Rosi)
 * Ferdinando, un uomo d'amore (1990, directed by Mème Perlini) - Ferdinando
 * Like Water for Chocolate (1992, directed by Alfonso Arau) - Pedro Muzquiz
 * La Ribelle (1993, directed by Aurelio Grimaldi) - Sebastiano
 * Le Buttane (1994, directed by Aurelio Grimaldi) - Maurizio
 * Viva San Isidro (1995, directed by Alessandro Cappeletti) - Quintino
 * Manhattan Merengue! (1995) - Carmelo
 * In the Flesh (1995 film) (1995) - Eddie Sanchez
 * Banditi (1995, directed by Stefano Mignucci) - David
 * La sindrome di Stendhal (1996, directed by Dario Argento) - Marco Longhi
 * Italiani (1996, directed by Maurizio Ponzi) - Fortunato
 * Para vivir o morir (1996)
 * La frontiera (1996, directed by Franco Giraldi) - Franco Velich
 * My Brother Jack (1997) - Jack Casale
 * Una vacanza all'inferno (1997, directed by Tonino Valerii) - Angelo
 * I cinque sensi (1999, directed by Jeremy Podeswa) - Roberto 'Luigi'
 * From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter (2001, directed by P. J. Pesce) - Johnny Madrid
 * The Knights of the Quest (2001, directed by Pupi Avati) - Ranieri di Panico
 * Texas Rangers (2001) - Jesus Sandoval
 * It's Better to Be Wanted for Murder Than Not to Be Wanted at All (2003) - Ben Clemons
 * Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003, directed by Robert Rodriguez) - Fideo
 * Mary (2005, directed by Abel Ferrara) - Apostle Peter
 * Maradona, La Mano de Dios (2007) - Diego Maradona
 * Red Gold (2009)
 * Cha cha cha (2013) - Fotografo
 * Anime nere (2014) - Luigi
 * Ustica: The Missing Paper (2016) - Corrado di Acquaformosa
 * Worldly Girl (2016) - Celestino
 * The Space Between (2016) - Di Stasio
 * Prigioniero della mia libertà (2016) - Sovritendente Maggio
 * A Family (2017) - Pietro
 * All the Money in the World (2017, directed by Ridley Scott) - Mammoliti
 * La banalità del crimine (2018) - Conte
 * The Last Man (2018) - Antonio
 * Soledad (2018) - Belmonte
 * Lucania (2019) - Fortunato
 * Aspromonte - La terra degli ultimi (2019) - Cosimo
 * From the Vine (2019) - Luca
 * Martin Eden (2019) - Bernardo Fiore
 * The Great Salento war (2022) - Ernesto
 * My Place Is Here (2024) - Lorenzo

Television

 * Villa Maltraversi (1993, TV Movie, directed by Fabrizio Laurenti) - Mirko Cavicchi
 * Pensando all'Africa (1998, directed by Ruggero Deodato)
 * Elisa di Rivombrosa (2003, directed by Cinzia Torrini) - Gaetano Capece (2005)
 * Don Matteo 4 (2004, directed by Andrea Barzini and Giulio Base) - Saverio Donini
 * San Pietro (2005, directed by Giulio Base) - Marco
 * Il Capo dei Capi (2007, directed by Enzo Monteleone and Alexis Sweet)
 * L'ultimo padrino (2008, directed by Marco Risi) - Emanuele alias 'Africano'

title: Marco Leonardi


text: Category:Football kit templates

title: Category:Football kit templates


text:
HMS Hampshire

Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Hampshire after the English county:

 * HMS Hampshire (1653) was a 46-gun ship launched in 1653 and sunk in 1697 in action with the French ship Pelican in Hudson Bay during the War of the Grand Alliance.
 * HMS Hampshire (1698) was a 48-gun fourth rate launched in 1698 and broken up in 1739.
 * HMS Hampshire (1741) was a 50-gun fourth rate launched in 1741 and broken up in 1766.
 * HMS Hampshire (1903) was a Devonshire-class cruiser (1903) armoured cruiser launched in 1903 and sunk by a mine in 1916.
 * HMS Hampshire (D06) was a County-class destroyer guided missile destroyer launched in 1963 and scrapped in 1979.

title: HMS Hampshire