text:
Shiva Sutras

The Śiva·sūtras, technically akṣara·samāmnāya, variously called , pratyāhāra·sūtrāṇi, varṇa·samāmnāya, etc., refer to a set of fourteen aphorisms devised as an arrangement of the sounds of Sanskrit for the purposes of grammatical exposition as carried out by the grammarian Pāṇini in the Aṣṭādhyāyī.

Pāṇini himself uses the term akṣara·samāmnāya whereas the colloquial term "Shiva sutra" is a later development, as per claims by Nandikeśvara in his Kāśikā, that the god Śiva sounded his drum fourteen times to reveal these sounds to Pāṇini. They were either composed by Pāṇini to accompany his  or predate him.

Text and notation

 * 1) a i u Ṇ
 * 2) ṛ ḷ K
 * 3) e o Ṅ
 * 4) ai au C
 * 5) ha ya va ra Ṭ
 * 6) la Ṇ
 * 7) ña ma ṅa ṇa na M
 * 8) jha bha Ñ
 * 9) gha ḍha dha Ṣ
 * 10) ja ba ga ḍa da Ś
 * 11) kha pha cha ṭha tha ca ṭa ta V
 * 12) ka pa Y
 * 13) śa ṣa sa R
 * 14) ha L

Each verse consists of a group of basic Sanskrit phonemes (i.e. open syllables consisting either of initial vowels or consonants followed by the basic vowel "a") followed by a single 'dummy letter', or anubandha, conventionally rendered in upper case and named '' by Pāṇini.

Shiva Sutras
The following table shows the Shiva Sutras in Devnagri Script and their transliteration into the well-used transliteration scheme of Indic characters by Latin scripts viz. ISO 15919 and ITRANS.

Scheme
This allows Pāṇini to refer to groups of phonemes with , which consist of a phoneme-letter and an anubandha (and often the vowel a to aid pronunciation) and signify all of the intervening phonemes. Pratyāhāras are thus single syllables, but they can be declined (see Aṣṭādhyāyī 6.1.77 below). Hence the pratyāhāra aL refers to all phonemes (because it consists of the first phoneme of the first verse (a) and the last anubandha of the last verse (L)); aC refers to vowels (i.e., all of the phonemes before the anubandha C: i.e. a i u ṛ ḷ e o ai au); haL to consonants, and so on.

Issues
Note that some pratyāhāras are ambiguous. The anubandha Ṇ occurs twice in the list, which means that you can assign two different meanings to pratyāhāra aṆ (including or excluding ṛ, etc.); in fact, both of these meanings are used in the Aṣṭādhyāyī. On the other hand, the pratyāhāra haL is always used in the meaning "all consonants"—Pāṇini never uses pratyāhāras to refer to sets consisting of a single phoneme.

Combinations
From these 14 verses, a total of 280 pratyāhāras can be formed: 14*3 + 13*2 + 12*2 + 11*2 + 10*4 + 9*1 + 8*5 + 7*2 + 6*3 + 5*5 + 4*8 + 3*2 + 2*3 +1*1, minus 14 (as Pāṇini does not use single element pratyāhāras) minus 11 (as there are 11 duplicate sets due to h appearing twice); the second multiplier in each term represents the number of phonemes in each. But Pāṇini uses only 41 (with a 42nd introduced by later grammarians, raṆ=r l) pratyāhāras in the Aṣṭādhyāyī.

Arrangement
The Akṣarasamāmnāya puts phonemes with a similar manner of articulation together (so sibilants in 13 śa ṣa sa R, nasals in 7 ñ m ṅ ṇ n M). Economy is a major principle of their organization, and it is debated whether Pāṇini deliberately encoded phonological patterns in them (as they were treated in traditional phonetic texts called Prātiśakyas) or simply grouped together phonemes which he needed to refer to in the Aṣṭādhyāyī and which only secondarily reflect phonological patterns. Pāṇini does not use the Akṣarasamāmnāya to refer to homorganic stops, but rather the anubandha U: to refer to the palatals c ch j jh he uses cU.

Example
As an example, consider Aṣṭādhyāyī 6.1.77: :

 * iK means i u ṛ ḷ,
 * iKaḥ is iK in the genitive case, so it means ' in place of i u ṛ ḷ;
 * yaṆ means the semivowels y v r l and is in the nominative, so iKaḥ yaṆ means: y v r l replace i u ṛ ḷ.
 * aC means all vowels, as noted above
 * aCi is in the locative case, so it means before any vowel.

Hence this rule replaces a vowel with its corresponding semivowel when followed by any vowel, and that is why ' together with ' makes . To apply this rule correctly we must be aware of some of the other rules of the grammar, such as:
 * 1.1.49  which says that the genitive case in a sutra signifies "in the place of"
 * 1.1.50  which says that in a substitution, the element in the substitute series that most closely resembles the letter to be substituted should be used (e.g. y for i, r for ṛ etc.)
 * 1.1.71 ' which says that a sequence with an element at the beginning (e.g. i) and an IT letter (e.g. K) at the end stands for the intervening letters (i.e. i u ṛ ḷ, because the Akṣarasamāmnāya sutras read ').

Also, rules can be debarred by other rules:

 * 6.1.101 ' teaches that vowels (from the aK pratyāhāra) of the same quality come together to make a long vowel, so for instance ' and ' make ', not '. This ' rule takes precedence over the general  rule mentioned above, because this rule is more specific.

Pratyāhāras
Despite the possible combinations seen above, here are the 41 pratyāhāras in actual use by Pāṇini:

 * 1) aL ⇒ all sounds
 * 2) ac ⇒ vowels
 * 3) haL ⇒ consonants

Vowel groups

 * 1) 1aK ⇒ a i u ṛ ḷ
 * 2) aṆ ⇒ a i u
 * 3) iC ⇒ i u ṛ ḷ e o ai au
 * 4) iK ⇒ i u ṛ ḷ
 * 5) uK ⇒ u ṛ ḷ
 * 6) eC ⇒ e o ai au
 * 7) eṆ ⇒ e o
 * 8) aiC ⇒ ai au

Vowel and consonant groups

 * 1) aŚ ⇒ vowels and voiced consonants
 * 2) aM ⇒ vowels, h, semivowels, and nasal stops
 * 3) aṆ ⇒ vowels, h, and semivowels
 * 4) aṬ ⇒ vowels, h, and semivowels other than l
 * 5) iṆ ⇒ vowels other than a; h and semivowels

Consonant group

 * 1) haŚ ⇒ voiced consonants
 * 2) yaR ⇒ semivowels, stops, and voiceless spirants
 * 3) yaY ⇒ semivowels and stops
 * 4) yaÑ ⇒ semivowels, nasal stops, jh bh
 * 5) yaM ⇒ semivowels and nasal stops
 * 6) yaṆ ⇒ semivowels
 * 7) vaL ⇒ consonants other than y
 * 8) vaŚ ⇒ voiced consonants other than y
 * 9) raL ⇒ consonants other than y and v
 * 10) ñaM ⇒ nasal stops
 * 11) maY ⇒ stops other than ñ
 * 12) ṅaM ⇒ ṅ ṇ n
 * 13) jhaL ⇒ consonants other than nasal stops and semivowels
 * 14) jhaR ⇒ nonnasal stops, voiceless aspirants
 * 15) jhaY ⇒ nonnasal stops
 * 16) jhaŚ ⇒ voiced nonnasal stops
 * 17) jhaṢ ⇒ voiced aspirated stops
 * 18) bhaṢ ⇒ voiced aspirated stops other than jh
 * 19) jaŚ ⇒ voiced unaspirated nonnasal stops
 * 20) baŚ ⇒ voiced unaspirated nonnasal stops other than j
 * 21) khaR ⇒ voiceless stops, voiceless aspirants
 * 22) khaY ⇒ voiceless stops
 * 23) chaV ⇒ ch ṭh th c ṭ t
 * 24) caY ⇒ voiceless unaspirated stops
 * 25) caR ⇒ voiceless unaspirated stops, voiceless spirants
 * 26) śaL ⇒ spirants
 * 27) śaR ⇒ voiceless spirants

title: Shiva Sutras


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Gadfium

Gadfium
final (24/0/0) ending 07:33 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Gadfium first contributed in March 2004 and has accumulated over 8000 edits since that, mainly by doing huge amounts of janitorial work. In particular, I've noticed him reverting tests/vandalism manually; I think he should be allowed the convenience of the rollback function instead :-) Fredrik | talk 07:33, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I accept the nomination.-gadfium 18:24, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Support
 * 1) Fredrik | talk 08:49, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Everyking 13:31, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) M7it 18:27, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) I've been here about as long as you have, but I don't have nearly as much edits as that. I'm wondering how much time you spent online to reach that count... [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 23:14, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) That's almost as impressive an edit-to-time ratio as I have - hard work abounds. ;) -- Grunt 🇪🇺 23:41, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)
 * 6) Old proverb: "Wikiholics makest worthy administrators". Gadfium then definitely deserves it! J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 00:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 7) Of course! --Lst27 ( t a l k )  02:03, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 8) Slowking Man 02:55, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 9) Rje 05:32, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 10) Tuf-Kat 06:17, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 11) Certaintly. By the way, your edit-to-time ratio is terrific, haven't seen one that nice since Mike H's.  BLANKFAZE  | (что??) 06:47, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 12) Andre ( talk )A| 16:47, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * 13) --jni 17:01, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 14) 172 01:28, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 15) The candidate's janitorial work deserves high respect -- this is the kind of stuff that constantly improves Wikipedia in a lot of small ways, eventually combining into the overall effect of giving readers a serious impression of the 'pedia (which, in its turn, it certainly deserves). Support. --Wernher 02:23, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 16) Definitely.  —Lowellian (talk)   09:00, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * 17) Support. Gadfium's minor edits have improved Wikipedia in major ways. utcursch 12:30, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * 18) Support. Pedant 01:01, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * Yea, verily. +sj. +  03:01, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Definately. [[user:JonMoore|Jon, Conqueror of Men | (Talk!)]] 20:25, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Michael Snow 00:08, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 3) No question. Robin Patterson 05:03, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. ffirehorse 01:22, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 5) older ≠ wiser 03:15, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Oppose

Neutral

Comments

Questions for the candidate

A few generic questions to provide guidance for voters:
 * 1. What sysop chores, if any, would you anticipate helping with? (Please read the page about administrators and the administrators' reading list.)
 * Mostly recent changes patrol and other vandalism reverts. I might become active in implementing speedy deletes, banning persistent vandals, and protecting frequently-vandalised pages (such as Waverly, Pennsylvania, where I was involved in reverting a user persistently adding nonsense to the page), but I agree with the idea of using banning/protection as a last resort.
 * 2. Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
 * I'm not much of an article writer, most of my contributions to Wikipedia are from working through User:Topbanana's reports and categorising articles.  Some of the articles I've created are Data General Business Basic, B32 Business Basic, Disk cloning, Joan Dingley and G H Cunningham. I wouldn't claim that I'm particularly pleased with any of them. My writing style is probably best suited to articles and other items where my dry humour can be used; encyclopedia articles are more difficult to write. I've also been known to create a stub article because I've become tired of disambiguating links to it.
 * 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and will deal with it in the future?
 * I've managed to stay away from conflict so far. Occasionally I've made an edit (a categorisation or disambiguation) that regular maintainers of an area disagree with, and I'm happy to accept their expertise. For example, I categorised a number of historians by nationality, but the categories were ambiguous; I categorised some as American historians because they were US citizens but wrote on European topics, and the Wikipedians who hang out at that category were bemused at my work. I suggested splitting the category into two: Historians writing about American history, and historians from America, and that proposal more or less happened, although I think the whole area is still a bit muddy.
 * A more recent example of a disagreement with a user is when User:Cap%27n_Refsmmat added links to his forums to several articles, and I carried on a discussion with him at User_talk:Cap%27n_Refsmmat about what links would be appropriate, and urging him to seek policy clarification in a wider forum.-gadfium 18:24, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
War grave

A war grave is a burial place for members of the armed forces or civilians who died during military campaigns or operations.

Definition
The term "war grave" does not only apply to graves: ships sunk during wartime are often considered to be war graves, as are military aircraft that crash into water; this is particularly true if crewmen perished inside the vehicle. Classification of a war grave is not limited to the occupier's death in combat but includes military personnel who die while in active service: for example, during the Crimean War, more military personnel died of disease than as a result of enemy action.

A common difference between cemeteries of war graves and those of civilian peacetime graves is the uniformity of those interred. They generally died during a relatively short period, in a small geographic area and consist of service members from the few military units involved. When it comes to the two World Wars, the large number of casualties means that the war graves can take up very large areas. For example, the Brookwood Military Cemetery in the UK is the largest of its kind in the country, with graves for more than 1,600 servicemen from the First World War and over 3,400 from the Second World War and covering an area of 15 hectares (37 acres). By contrast, Finnish war graves are generally small because the Finnish government decided following the Second World War that every dead soldier or service person would be returned to their home parish, meaning that virtually all Finnish churchyards contain a war grave.

Australia
In Australia, the Office of Australian War Graves controls the maintenance of war cemeteries, plots, individual graves, post-war commemorations and battle exploit memorials.

Commonwealth
In the Commonwealth of Nations, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is responsible for the commemoration of 1.7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members at over 23,000 separate burial sites in 153 countries. It operates through the financial support of six member states (United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and South Africa).

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, 67 ship wrecks and all underwater military aircraft are "protected places" under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 which imposes restrictions on their exploration and marine salvage.

Spain
In Spain, war graves are protected by the Law 60/1962.

United States
In the United States, war graves are managed within the United States National Cemetery System and American Battle Monuments Commission.

Germany
In Germany the state is responsible for the war graves. In addition to soldiers, victims of National Socialism and the GDR also fall under the definition of "war grave". Abroad, the German War Graves Commission (Volksbund deutscher Kriegsgräberfürsorge) takes over the care of German war dead. War graves are under legal protection and have permanent resting rights. The war grave sites are mostly integrated in civil cemeteries and can be found on almost all graveyards.

In popular culture
Rupert Brooke's 1914 poem, The Soldier – "If I should die, think only this of me: / That there's some corner of a foreign field / That is for ever England", is a patriotic poem about the possibility of dying abroad during a war. Brooke is himself buried in a war grave on Skyros in the Aegean Sea, having died while en route to fight in the Gallipoli Campaign.

The War Graves Photographic Project, founded in 2008, aims to create an archive of names and photographs of all military graves and memorials from 1914 to the present day from any nationality, although focus on Commonwealth soldiers.

title: War grave


text:
Never was so much owed by so many to so few

"Never was so much owed by so many to so few" was a wartime speech delivered to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom by British prime minister Winston Churchill on 20 August 1940. The name stems from the specific line in the speech, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few", referring to the ongoing efforts of the Royal Air Force and other Allied aircrew who were fighting in the Battle of Britain, the pivotal air battle with the German Luftwaffe.

The speech came amidst German plans for an invasion. At the end of June 1940, the Luftwaffe had a large numerical superiority over the Royal Air Force, with around 2,550 planes compared to the only 750 planes of the RAF. Pilots who fought in the Battle of Britain have been known as "the Few" ever since, at times being specifically commemorated for Battle of Britain Day, on 15 September. The speech has become one of Churchill's most famous, along with "we shall fight on the beaches", "their finest hour", and "blood, toil, tears, and sweat".

Background
Churchill apparently first said the famous sentence to Major general Hastings Ismay after exiting the Battle of Britain Bunker at RAF Uxbridge on 16 August, four days before the speech was given. He had been visiting the No. 11 Group RAF operations room during the day of a battle, where at one point every squadron in the group was engaged while more waves of German planes were crossing the coast. After the fighting had slowed that evening and Churchill and Ismay had departed for Chequers, Churchill said, "Don't speak to me; I have never been so moved." Several minutes later, he told Ismay, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."

The speech was given as the United Kingdom prepared for an impending German invasion. Near the end of June 1940, codebreakers at Bletchley Park deciphered a message containing a request from a Flak Corps unit for detailed maps of the UK, suggesting that the Germans intended to land mobile anti-aircraft guns in Great Britain and Ireland. However, Hitler knew that any invasion attempt would only be successful if the Royal Air Force was weakened or destroyed.

Speech
Churchill's speech lasted nearly fifty minutes, in which he first remarked that, so far, there had been many fewer casualties than at the same point in the First World War, stating that the war was not a "prodigious slaughter", but instead a "conflict of strategy, of organisation, of technical apparatus, of science, mechanics and morale". "The British casualties in the first 12 months of the Great War amounted to 365,000. In this war, I am thankful to say, British killed, wounded, prisoners and missing, including civilians, do not exceed 92,000, and of these a large proportion are alive as prisoners of war. Looking more widely around, one may say that throughout all Europe, for one man killed or wounded in the first year perhaps five were killed or wounded in 1914–15." Churchill then spoke about Britain's military preparedness, noting that production of aircraft had increased significantly and would allow the United Kingdom to "continue the air struggle indefinitely and as long as the enemy pleases". He praised British fighter pilots and aircrews, using the phrase that he had first said several days before: "The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." While the speech is most well remembered for its praise of fighter pilots, it also commended bomber crews for their work and urged the public not to forget their actions. "All hearts go out to the fighter pilots, whose brilliant actions we see with our own eyes day after day; but we must never forget that all the time, night after night, month after month, our bomber squadrons travel far into Germany, find their targets in the darkness by the highest navigational skill, aim their attacks, often under the heaviest fire, often with serious loss, with deliberate careful discrimination, and inflict shattering blows upon the whole of the technical and war-making structure of the Nazi power." He commented on his government's decision to withdraw its forces from Somaliland the week before, explaining that the British position was untenable due to the French decision to surrender. Churchill also defended the blockade of Germany and its occupied territories, acknowledging that the blockade could cause suffering but laying the blame on the Nazis. He pledged to give food, aid, and relief to occupied countries once they had been "wholly cleared of German forces", helping to lay the groundwork for post-war relief programs.

The final part of the speech was about the destroyers-for-bases deal, in which Britain gave the United States 99-year leases for military bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland in exchange for fifty American destroyers. No mention was made of the US giving the UK destroyers, and the decision was presented as a goodwill gesture in the interests of mutual security instead of a direct trade of British territories for ships.

Legacy
The speech is well remembered for Churchill's use of the phrase "the few" when referring to Allied aircrew defending the United Kingdom; since then, they have been referred to as "The Few". Nearly 3,000 aircrew from the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth, and other Allied countries took part in the Battle of Britain, a third of which were either killed or wounded. They have been honoured with ceremonies and flypasts on the anniversary of Battle of Britain Day, most recently on the 80th, 75th, and 70th anniversaries.

In 1981, Australian printmaker James Swan changed the quote to "Never was so much owed to so many by so few" and replaced the airmen's faces by those of Australian politicians he deemed especially blameworthy.


text:
This was their finest hour

"This was their finest hour" was a speech delivered by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 18 June 1940, just over a month after he took over as Prime Minister at the head of an all-party coalition government.

It was the third of three speeches which he gave during the period of the Battle of France, after the "Blood, toil, tears and sweat" speech of 13 May and the "We shall fight on the beaches" speech of 4 June. "This was their finest hour" was made after France had sought an armistice on the evening of 16 June.

Message
In his speech, Churchill justified the low level of support it had been possible to give to France since the Dunkirk evacuation, and reported the successful evacuation of most of the supporting forces. He resisted pressure to purge the coalition of appeasers, or otherwise indulge in recrimination. He reviewed the forces still available to prevent or repel any attempted invasion, summing up the review as follows:

"I have thought it right upon this occasion to give the House and the country some indication of the solid, practical grounds upon which we base our inflexible resolve to continue the war, and I can assure them that our professional advisers of the three Services unitedly advise that we should do so, and that there are good and reasonable hopes of final victory."

He reported messages of support from the Dominions and justified confidence in victory, even if it was not yet clear how that victory could be achieved.

"In casting up this dread balance-sheet, contemplating our dangers with a disillusioned eye, I see great reason for intense vigilance and exertion, but none whatever for panic or despair. During the first four years of the last war the Allies experienced, ... nothing but disaster and disappointment, and yet at the end their morale was higher than that of the Germans, who had moved from one aggressive triumph to another. During that war we repeatedly asked ourselves the question, "How are we going to win?" and no one was able ever to answer it with much precision, until at the end, quite suddenly, quite unexpectedly, our terrible foe collapsed before us."

Peroration
The peroration, even at a moment of great apparent danger to British national survival, talks not only of national survival and national interest but also of noble causes (freedom, Christian civilisation and the rights of small nations) for which Britain was fighting and for which Churchill thought the United States should and eventually would fight. The War Illustrated published the speech with the title If the Empire lasts a thousand years men will say, this was their finest hour.

"However matters may go in France or with the French Government, or other French Governments, we in this Island and in the British Empire will never lose our sense of comradeship with the French people. If we are now called upon to endure what they have been suffering, we shall emulate their courage, and if final victory rewards our toils they shall share the gains, aye, and freedom shall be restored to all. We abate nothing of our just demands; not one jot or tittle do we recede. Czechs, Poles, Norwegians, Dutch, Belgians have joined their causes to our own. All these shall be restored.

What General Weygand has called the Battle of France is over. I expect the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be freed and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour.""

Preparation and delivery
The speech was delivered to the Commons at 3:49 pm, and lasted 36 minutes. Churchill, as was his habit, made revisions to his 23-page typescript right up to and during the speech. The final passage of his typescript was laid out in blank verse format, which Churchill scholars consider reflective of the influence of the Psalms on his oratory style.

title: This was their finest hour


text:
University of Minnesota Law School

The University of Minnesota Law School is the law school of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The school confers four law degrees: a Juris Doctor (J.D.), a Master of Laws (LL.M.), a Master of Science in Patent Law (M.S.P.L.), and a Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.). The J.D. program offers a number of concentration opportunities, as well as dual and joint degree options with other graduate and professional schools of the university.

History
The school was originally housed in Pattee Hall, named after the school's first dean, William S. Pattee, who served from 1888 to 1911. Pattee's personal books become the law library's first collection. In 1928 the school moved to Fraser Hall, named after Prof. Everett Fraser who served as dean from 1920 to 1948. In 1978 the school moved to its present building, originally named the Law Center. In 1999–2001, the law school initiated and completed an expansion of its facilities on the west bank of the university campus. This larger building was renamed Walter F. Mondale Hall in honor of one of its most distinguished alumni, former vice president Walter Mondale ('56).

Along with Harvard Law School, the University of Minnesota Law School founded the Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction (CALI) in 1982. CALI has grown to include the membership of nearly every law school in the US and the organization still has offices at the University of Minnesota Law School.

The law school has 704 professional students and most of them are members of the J.D. program,; the school maintains a 8:1 student-to-faculty ratio. Admission to the law school is selective. Half of the Class of 2024 had a GPA above 3.71 and/or an LSAT score above 166. The five-year average bar exam passage rate was 96.91%.

The law school's 11th dean is Professor Garry W. Jenkins, formerly associate dean for academic affairs at The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law and chief operating officer and general counsel of the Goldman Sachs Foundation.

Cost of attendance & employment
Tuition for the 2020–2021 academic year are $43,704 for residents and $52,560 for non-residents. Over 95% of the students receive financial aid, including scholarships, to help fund their legal education. Law School scholarships are awarded at the time of admission and range from $5,000 to full tuition. The median starting salary for the 2015 graduates entering the private sector was over $115,000, with 93% of the Class of 2015 known to be employed as of March 2016. The most popular destinations for the 2015 graduates were California, Minnesota, New York, Washington, D.C., and Wisconsin.

U.S. Supreme Court clerkships
The law school ranked in the top 20 of law schools whose graduates secured U.S. Supreme Court clerkships in recent years. The list of most recent Supreme Court clerks includes Kyle D. Hawkins (Class of 2009), who clerked for Justice Samuel Alito in the 2013 Term, and Amy L. Bergquist (Class of 2007), who clerked for Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in the 2010 Term.

Experiential learning
There are 24 nationally recognized legal education clinics, offering "student attorneys" the opportunity to handle real legal cases under the supervision of teaching attorneys, with over 50 percent of law students participating in at least one clinic program, which is twice the national average. In 2015, the law school's faculty and students, working in the Center for New Americans, took a case all the way up to the U.S. Supreme Court and won a landmark decision that changed the law in the area of immigration.

Over 95 percent of second-year J.D. students participate in either a moot court or legal journal, such as the Minnesota Law Review. According to the prestigious law journal rankings recently released by Washington and Lee University School of Law, the Minnesota Law Review, currently celebrating its 100th volume, ranks 9th among all law reviews. Two journals were ranked at the very top in their subject areas: Law and Inequality (JLI) for family law and the Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology (MJLST) for energy law.

JLI has been the highest-ranked family law journal for four straight years. It also ranked 3rd in minority, race and ethnic issues, 7th in gender, women, and sexuality, and 20th in public policy, politics, and the law.

MJLST has been the highest-ranked energy law journal for eight consecutive years. MJLST was also ranked 3rd in health law, 4th in environmental, natural resources, and land use, 8th in science, technology, and computing, and 10th in intellectual property.

The Minnesota Journal of International Law ranked 16th among all international law journals, moving up from 23rd in 2014. The ABA Journal of Labor & Employment Law is now ranked 4th for employment law. The law school's faculty-edited journal, Constitutional Commentary, was ranked 2nd in legal history and 9th in constitutional law.

The school's students have won the prestigious Burton Award for Legal Achievement nine times, making the law school one of only seven schools to have received these distinguished writing awards eight or more times.

Current prominent faculty
The school was ranked 15th among U.S. law schools, tied with the University of Michigan Law School, for the number of times its tenured faculty's published scholarship was cited in legal journals during the period 2010 through 2014.

Law Library
The Law Library, with over 1 million volumes, is the 7th largest of its kind in the United States. The Riesenfeld Rare Books Research Center houses one of the top three collections of rare legal texts in the nation. For its millionth volume, the law school acquired the papers of Clarence Darrow.

Study abroad programs
The law school offers a number of study abroad opportunities and, in 2006 opened a summer study program for J.D. students in Beijing. The program was originally conducted with the China University of Political Science and Law, and after two years it was changed to Renmin University (People's University) in Beijing.

The school also features semester exchange programs with ESADE Faculty of Law in Barcelona, Spain; University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden; Université Jean Moulin (Lyon III) in Lyon, France, Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany; University College Dublin in Dublin, Ireland, Tilburg University Faculty of Law in Tilburg, Netherlands, Bocconi University in Milan, Italy; and Bucerius Law School in Hamburg, Germany. In Fall 2006, the law school announced a new exchange partnership with the Universidad de Montevideo in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Musical
An annual highlight for the law school is when the student body puts on its own full-length musical: written, performed, directed and produced by the all-student Theatre of the Relatively Talentless (T.O.R.T.). Begun in 2002, the event draws over a thousand audience members each year and features cameos by distinguished alumni and other distinguished members of the Minnesota legal community. For the 2006 show, "West Bank Story" (a spoof on "West Side Story"), tickets sold out within three days. Previous shows include: "The Wizard of Fritz" (2003); "Law Wars" (2004); "Walter Wonka and the Lawyer Factory" (2005); "West Bank Story" (2006); "Frankenlaw" (2007); "Robin Hood, Esq." (2008); "It's a Wonderful Law School" (2009); "A Midsemester Night's Dream" (2010); "Harry Torter and the Magical Law School" (2011); "Alawddin: The Tale of 1001 All-Nighters" (2012); "Back to the Future Interest" (2013); "Clue: A Murder Mystery in Mondale" (2014); "Froze-In" (2015); "Minnesota Jones and the Law School of Doom" (2016); "The T.O.R.T. Producers" (2017); and "Top Gunner" (2018). T.O.R.T. performed "Tale as Old as Time" March 29 and 30, 2019, at the Pantages Theater in downtown Minneapolis. T.O.R.T.'s production of "Lord of the Ranks" was cancelled after COVID-19 made a show impossible. In 2021, T.O.R.T.'s production of "Super Smash Gophers(SSG)" was filmed at the St. Paul Campus Auditorium and screened in Northeast Minneapolis. Participants are known as the TORTfeasors.

Hockey
The Fighting Mondales hit the ice during the season in intramural play, club play and rivalry games. In the fall, the Fighting Mondales participate in the University of Minnesota's intramural season, often playing their games at Mariucci Arena on the U of M campus. In the spring, the Fighting Mondales square off against the hockey teams of the three other law schools in the Twin Cities (Hamline University School of Law, the University of St. Thomas School of Law, and William Mitchell College of Law) in an annual competition for the coveted Golden Gavel.

Notable alumni
The law school has about 13,000 living alumni in 50 states and 70 countries, including 275 serving as federal and state court judges nationwide. Perhaps the most famous alumnus of the law school is former Vice President of the United States and U.S. Ambassador to Japan Walter Mondale ('56). The law school's building was renamed Walter F. Mondale Hall in his honor in 2002. His legacy and continued participation in the life of the school earned him a most interesting honor from the school's student-run Law Council: the naming of the mascot of the law school as the "Fighting Mondales." The Law School held the office of Attorney General of Minnesota uninterrupted from another law school from 1929 until 2007.

title: University of Minnesota Law School


text:
User:TrickRick2001

I go to the University of Hartford, I'll make a real entry for it sometime, when I have the time. I love the Wikipedia project, I hate the people that contribute. They have an IRC channel that's full of a bunch of flaming fudge-packers- stay away from it. Coup d'etat!

title: User:TrickRick2001


text:
The Hudson Brothers

The Hudson Brothers were an American musical group formed in Portland, Oregon, consisting of brothers Bill, Brett and Mark Hudson. They were discovered by a record producer while recording music at a local studio, and offered a recording contract. After releasing several garage rock singles in the late 1960s as the New Yorkers, the group began releasing material under the names Everyday Hudson, and Hudson.

They garnered fame as teen idols in the 1970s after their prime-time series debuted as a summer replacement for the Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour in 1974. The resulting popularity led to their Saturday-morning half-hour sketch comedy series for CBS, The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show, which ran from 1974 to 1975. They also released numerous hit singles during this time for producer Bernie Taupin, including "So You Are a Star" (1974), "Rendezvous" (1975), "Lonely School Year" (1975), and "Help Wanted" (1976).

1965–1972: Formation and early singles
The Hudson Brothers had their beginnings as a trio composed of teenage brothers Bill, Mark and Brett Hudson in the early 1960s. The three brothers had been raised in Portland, Oregon, by their Italian American mother who was also a singer and encouraged the boys to play music. Early on, the three brothers had formed a band known as the My Sirs.

After winning several local "battle of the bands"-type contest, the group recorded several songs at a local recording studio, where they received the attention of a local promoter, who offered them a contract promoting Chrysler automobiles. They were subsequently renamed The New Yorkers, after the Chrysler model of the same name. In early 1967, their song "Things Are Changin'" was issued on a promotional-only 45 for the Chrysler 1967 Go Show (b/w a song by another group, the Fury 4), after which they signed with Scepter. Their first Scepter 45 was issued in the spring of 1967, "When I'm Gone" b/w "You're Not My Girl" (SCE-12190) on Scepter Records, which became a radio hit in the Pacific Northwest. This was followed in August 1967 with the single "Seeds of Spring" b/w "Mr. Kirby" (SCE-12199). The B-side was favored by DJs and became a top 10 hit in the Portland area and did well in other regional markets but did not chart nationally. Their final Scepter 45 was "Show Me the Way to Love" b/w "Again" (SCE-12207) in autumn, 1967. To support the singles, the group toured with several popular music acts, such as Buffalo Springfield, The Supremes, Johnny Nash, and The Buckinghams. By October 1968, The New Yorkers had switched to Jerry Dennon's Pacific Northwest label Jerden Records and issued "Adrianne" (#906), following that up with "Land of Ur" (#908) in March 1969. Later in 1969 The New Yorkers also recorded the Harry Nilsson song "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City" (#32569) for Decca Records. The Scepter and Jerden recordings, excluding "You're Not My Girl" but including the previously unissued "Lazy Meadow," were included on the 1978 "cash-in" album, TV's The Hudson Brothers, issued on the First American label. (The New Yorkers, which recorded "Lonely" for Warner Bros. is not the same group.)

On Decca Records they changed their name to Everyday Hudson in early 1970, releasing "Laugh, Funny Funny" (later revived for their 1974 CBS summer replacement series) b/w "Love Is the Word" (#32634). For the release in spring 1971 of "The World Would Be a Little Bit Better" bw "Love Nobody" on Lionel Records (L-3211), their name was shortened to Hudson. They had one further release on Lionel issued only in Canada, "Straight Up and Tall" (an early version of the song they later re-recorded for the Rocket label) b/w "Enough." This name was also used in 1972 after switching to the newly re-activated Playboy Records, with the release of "Leavin' It's Over" (P-50001), (Billboard Bubbling Under Chart #110). The single made the top ten in some local markets, including Omaha, where it reached #8. When the group's self-titled debut album was released in 1972, the song was re-titled on the lyrics inside the LP as "Leave and It's Over". It was later reissued when Playboy was acquired by CBS. One further Playboy single was released only in Canada, with "Lovely Lady" as the A-side.

1972–1979: Teen idols
One of the group's earliest appearances on television as The Hudson Brothers, was in the summer of 1972, for the television game show What's My Line? In 1973, the group received the attention of producer Bernie Taupin, who signed them with Elton John's record label, The Rocket Record Company. Under the name Hudson, the US Rocket label released "If You Really Need Me" (MCA-40141), which was recorded in France and produced by Taupin and mixed by Andy Scott. The B-side featured two songs, "America" and "Fight Back", and the record was issued in an attractive full-color picture sleeve. In the UK, the same sleeve was used for a different A-side, "Straight Up and Tall," b/w "America" and "Fight Back". After the group's 1974 success on the Casablanca label, their complete 1973 Rocket LP, "Totally Out of Control," was issued, and another single was issued, "Be a Man" b/w "Sunday Driver" (MCA-40317), which bubbled under in Billboard. The LP did not include "America" or "Fight Back."

After the group appeared as guests of The Sonny Comedy Revue on ABC in early 1974, noted producer Chris Bearde was impressed by the brothers' stage presence and offered them their own variety hour on the CBS network for the summer slot vacated by The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour. The Hudson Brothers Show aired Wednesday nights on CBS from July 31 to August 28, 1974. The show was so successful that CBS devised The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show, which aired on Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1974, to August 30, 1975, in a half-hour format. The group's television exposure resulted in the brothers becoming teen idols.

Their first release as The Hudson Brothers came in September 1974 with their single "So You Are a Star" on Casablanca Records (NES 0108), which peaked on the Billboard charts at #21 in November 1974. The group's second studio album, Totally Out of Control (1974), was released through The Rocket Record Company, and charted at #179 on the Billboard 200 in December 1974. Their third studio album, Hollywood Situation simultaneously peaked at #174.

They subsequently released the single "Coochie Coochie Coo" (NES 816) in 1975, which peaked on the Bubbling Under Chart at #108. The song was taken from the "Hollywood Situation" LP, but the single version featured added percussion and was backed with the non-LP track, "Me and My Guitar". They then re-signed wit Rocket and scored another hit with "Rendezvous" (#26 U.S. Billboard Hot 100) from their fourth studio album, Ba-Fa. John Rockwell of The New York Times, reviewing one of the group's summer shows in 1975, wrote: "They make a hard rock sound and, at least in a club context, they try to project a raunchier image than television might lead one to expect... The result isn't entirely successful, however. The between songs routines still have a touch of slickness to them, and the comedy effort—although those in the audience who knew the television show seemed to find them uproarious—sounded lame indeed. Musically, this is a fully confident. competent group, capable of knocking out imitations of the nineteen‐fifties or original material with no embarrassment at all."

Ba-Fa charted on the Billboard 200 at #176 in January 1976. The follow-up single, "Lonely School Year," charted in Billboard at #60, but their next Rocket single, "Spinning the Wheel (With The Girl You Love)," failed to chart. They then signed with Arista Records in 1976. Their first Arista single, "Help Wanted," peaked at #70 on the Billboard charts. It appears that a follow-up single, "She's a Rebel" (a remake of the Crystals' "He's a Rebel" with the genders switched), was planned for release, as they promoted it on several TV appearances, but the 45 was never released. A second Arista single, "I Don't Wanna Be Lonely," failed to chart and was backed with the non-LP track, "Pauline," which the Hudsons wrote and produced. Their final Arista 45, "The Runaway," also failed to chart. The three then starred alongside Bob Monkhouse in Bonkers!, a half-hour syndicated comedy show in 1978, produced in Britain by ATV (Jack Burns was its American producer) and distributed by ITC. The same year, they each appeared together in the comedy film Zero to Sixty (1978).

1980–1981: Final album and dissolution
In 1980, the group reverted their name back to Hudson after they signed with Elektra Records. (The "Hudsons" which recorded for Columbia in 1983 is not the same group.) They engaged in a promotional tour for their debut Elektra single, "Annie," but it did not chart, nor did their final Elektra single, "Afraid to Love," despite featuring a Linda Ronstadt duet vocal which was not credited on the label. The brothers guest-starred on an episode of The Love Boat in 1980 ("Not So Fast, Gopher; Haven't We Met Before?/Foreign Exchange"). Their final studio album, Damn Those Kids (1980), was released by Elektra. In 1983, the three brothers appeared in Hysterical, a horror-comedy film.

Legacy
Richard Unterberger of AllMusic wrote of the group: "Those that remember the Hudson Brothers usually think of them as a bubblegum act of sorts, due to the fact that they hosted some comedy-variety TV shows in the mid-'70s. But they were in fact a real group, extremely Anglophile in orientation, with heavy debts to the Beatles and Beach Boys, and occasional hints of the Kinks."

The long (2:45) introduction to The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show was featured in 2021 in the Family Guy episode "And Then There's Fraud".

Members
Principal
 * Bill Hudson – guitar, vocals (1964–1981)
 * Brett Hudson – bass, vocals (1964–1981)
 * Mark Hudson – drums, keyboards, vocals (1964–1981)
 * Kent Fillmore – guitar (1964–1967)
 * Bob Haworth – guitar (1968–1970)

Backing band (1978–1981)
 * Barry Pullman – synthesizers
 * Phil Reed – guitar
 * Michael Parker – keyboards
 * Craig Krampf – drums, percussion

title: The Hudson Brothers


text:
Fundi Konde

Fundi Konde (August 24, 1924 – June 29, 2000) was a Kenyan musician. He was one of the first popular performers from that country, and was said to be the first electric guitarist from East Africa. His music utilized Swahili lyrics accompanied by a mixture of regional rhythms and imported rumba. His professional career began during World War II, when he performed for East African troops in South Asia. Returning home to Kenya, he made some of the earliest recordings from the region, including the hits "Mama Sowera", "Majengo Siendi Tena", "Kipenzi Waniua Ua" and "Jambo Sigara". He continued to perform and record until 1963, when he retired until the early 1980s, when he began singing, composing and producing again.

He was born in 1924 in Mwabayanyundo village, Kilifi District. He represented the Giriama tribe. He died in 2000 at his home in Kibera, Nairobi.

title: Fundi Konde


text:
Retort

In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances. It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath.

In the chemical industry, a retort is an airtight vessel in which substances are heated for a chemical reaction producing gaseous products to be collected in a collection vessel or for further processing. Such industrial-scale retorts are used in shale-oil extraction, in the production of charcoal and in the recovery of mercury in gold-mining processes or from hazardous waste. A process of heating oil shale to produce shale oil, oil shale gas, and spent shale is commonly called retorting. Airtight vessels to apply pressure as well as heat are called autoclaves.

In the food industry, pressure cookers are often referred to as "retorts", meaning "canning retorts" for sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C).

History
Retorts were widely used by alchemists, and images of retorts appear in many drawings and sketches of their laboratories. Before the advent of modern condensers, retorts were used by many prominent chemists, such as Antoine Lavoisier and Jöns Berzelius.

An early method for producing phosphorus starts by roasting bones, and uses clay retorts encased in a very hot brick furnace to distill out the highly toxic product.

The term retort comes by way of Middle French, but ultimately from Latin retortus, twisted back, for the shape of the neck.

Role in analytical chemistry
In laboratory use, due to advances in technology, especially the invention of the Liebig condenser, retorts were largely considered to have been rendered obsolete as early as the beginning of the 20th century. However, some laboratory techniques that involve simple distillation and do not require sophisticated apparatus may use a retort as a substitute for more complex distillation equipment.

In biochar-pyrolysis industry
A retort is a reactor that has the ability to pyrolyze pile-wood, or wood logs over 30 cm long and up to 18 cm in diameter.

title: Retort


text:
File:Three Dog Night - Three Dog Night.jpg

Cover for album Three Dog Night by Three Dog Night.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
Category:Kenyan musicians

Musicians from the African country of Kenya.

title: Category:Kenyan musicians


text: Category:Legal education

title: Category:Legal education


text:
Talk:Thonburi

Are there any concrete evidence that the Japanese word Donburi for bowls comes from Thonburi's exports of ceramicware and Celadon? --Bobbagum 07:43, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Districts that represented Thonburi Province
Of the present administration of Bangkok "Metropolis" or Province, which districts or khet represented the now-defunct province of Thonburi before merging with the province of Phra Nakhon? jlog3000 (talk) 17:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * All those districts west of the Chao Phraya, except of course those which were not yet created at the time the two provinces were merged. I have corrected the administration section accordingly, as it showed the subdistricts of Thonburi district, the former Mueang district of Thonburi province. andy (talk) 17:48, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thonburi


text:
Cave Stream

Cave Stream, also known as Broken River Cave, is a 594 m long cave in New Zealand, located on State Highway 73. It is 40 km from Arthur's Pass and 100 km from Christchurch.

It is a popular site for passing tourists, however in spring and during heavy rains it can be dangerous to enter the cave. There have been two deaths in the cave, one due to drowning and one to hypothermia. The cave is easy to explore when the river is low. There is a minor waterfall to climb at the far end, although bolts and chains make this easy to negotiate.

title: Cave Stream


text:
Swollen Members

Swollen Members is a four-time JUNO Award-winning Canadian hip hop group from Vancouver, British Columbia, consisting mainly of Madchild and Prevail. Frequent collaborators include vocalist Moka Only (who was actually a member of the group for a short period of time in the mid-1990s when the group was formed, and then again from 2002 to 2005) along with the other former members Easy Roc & Zodak who were only in the group for a few years and producer Rob the Viking, an official group member since 2002. Swollen Members has released nine studio albums, one greatest hits album and 2 compilations, as well as numerous other singles. From 1996 to 2016, Swollen Members were the second best-selling Canadian hip hop artist in Canada (behind Drake) and were the best-selling Canadian hip hop group in Canada.

Foundation and single releases
Swollen Members was founded in 1995 by Vancouverites Madchild (Shane Bunting), Prevail (Kiley Hendriks), and Moka Only (Daniel Denton). Having begun a solo career while living in San Francisco, California, Madchild returned to Vancouver to work. There he met Prevail and Moka Only, who had been working together. He joined together. The group had to decide on a name and Moka Only suggested Swollen Members as a joke and it stuck.

The group began testing the international hip-hop waters by releasing four 12-inch vinyl singles on Madchild's own indie label Battleaxe Records initially distributed by New York-based Fat Beats; the singles sold approximately 10,000 copies each.

2001-2002: Second album and mainstream success
Following Balance, Swollen Members recorded and released Bad Dreams, released on November 13, 2001, and featuring guests such as Chali 2na of Jurassic 5, Son Doobie, Joey Chavez, and former member Moka Only. It appealed to both underground and mainstream audiences, reaching platinum status in Canada. The album earned Swollen Members their second Juno Award and four MuchMusic Video Awards including best rap video, best director and best independent video.

2002-2003: Monsters in the Closet
2002's Monsters In the Closet, their third release, brought official group membership for Moka Only and Rob The Viking to Swollen Members. Monsters in the Closet was a collection of B-sides and outtakes along with three new songs, "Breathe" which featured Portuguese Canadian pop singer, Nelly Furtado. Production credits include Evidence from Dilated Peoples. In January 2003, Swollen Members signed with Virgin Records.

2003-2004: Heavy
In 2003, the band released Heavy. In the same year the songs "All Night" and "Deep End (Utah Saints Remix)" were featured in the videogame SSX3. In 2004, the Swollen Members song "The Bottom Line" was featured in the video games WWE Day of Reckoning and WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw.

2005-2006: Black Magic
In 2005, Moka Only decided to break off from the group for a second time and continue work on his solo career. The following year, Swollen Members released their fifth full album, Black Magic. It is understood that Madchild and Prevail made an attempt to return to their previously critically acclaimed style and method. Their previous album Heavy was unlisted on their official site discography. A single from the album, "Put Me On (feat. Everlast)", was released in August 2006. Later that year, Nettwerk Management dropped the group due to Madchild's affiliation with the Hell's Angels.

2009-2010: Armed to the Teeth
Armed to the Teeth was released October 27, 2009 through Kottonmouth Kings label Suburban Noize Records. Featured artists on the album include La Coka Nostra, Talib Kweli, Tech N9ne, Tre Nyce, and a return of Moka Only on the previously released track, "Red Dragon". This release was followed by a North American tour with Australian Hip-Hop group Bliss 'n' Eso.

2011-2012: Dagger Mouth
Swollen Members scheduled the release of a studio album, Dagger Mouth, for April 2011, under Suburban Noize. Its first single is "Mr. Impossible". The second single released off Dagger Mouth is "Bring Me Down" which features rapper Saigon. A compilation album titled Monsters 2 was released August 2, 2011.

2013: Beautiful Death Machine
On March 19, 2013, their ninth studio album, Beautiful Death Machine was released, and had debuted at number 3 on the Canadian Albums Chart, making it the group's highest charting album in Canada to date.

2014: Brand New Day
June 17, 2014 brought their tenth studio album Brand New Day to store shelves across the world. In mid-February 2015, Madchild was listed on the King of the Dot BO5 card against the battle rapper by the stage name of Daylyt. Footage of his trailer for this event can be found on the KOTD Entertainment channel on YouTube. The footage of the battle can be seen on the KOTD YouTube channel.

2018: "Bank Job" + other projects
In 2018, the Swollen Members single "Bank Job" was released on all platforms, followed by several solo releases by Madchild and Prevail and Rob the Viking's new project XL The Band. In 2021, Swollen Members released a single and music video for "Tetris" featuring Neph. Since then, Madchild has been focused on solo releases, and Prevail and Rob the Viking have been focused on XL The Band.

Group members

 * Current members
 * Madchild – (1995 – present, but now focusing on solo music)
 * Prevail – (1995 – present, but now focusing on XL The Band with Rob the Viking)
 * Rob the Viking – (2002 – present, but now focusing on XL The Band with Prevail)

 * Former members
 * Moka Only – (1992 – 1996, 2002 – 2005)
 * Easy Roc – (1995 – 1996)
 * Zodak – (1995 – 1996)

Juno Awards

 * 2007 – Rap Recording of the Year (Black Magic)
 * 2003 – Rap Recording of the Year (Monsters In The Closet)
 * 2002 – Best Rap Recording (Bad Dreams)
 * 2001 – Best Rap Recording (Balance)

MuchMusic Video Awards

 * 2003 – MuchVIBE Best Rap Video ("Breathe" feat. Nelly Furtado and directed by Todd McFarlane)
 * 2002 – MuchVIBE Best Rap Video ("Fuel Injected" feat. Moka Only and directed by Wendy Morgan)
 * 2002 – MuchMusic Best Director ("Fuel Injected" feat. Moka Only and directed by Wendy Morgan)
 * 2002 – MuchMusic VideoFACT Award ("Fuel Injected" feat. Moka Only and directed by Wendy Morgan)
 * 2002 – MuchMusic Best Independent Video ("Fuel Injected" feat. Moka Only and directed by Wendy Morgan)

Western Canadian Music Awards

 * 2011 – Western Canadian Music Awards Outstanding Rap/Hip Hop Recording ("Dagger Mouth")
 * 2004 – Western Canadian Music Awards Outstanding Rap/Hip Hop Recording ("Heavy")
 * 2003 – Western Canadian Music Awards Outstanding Rap/Hip Hop Recording ("Monsters In The Closet")
 * 2003 – Western Canadian Music Awards Outstanding Video ("Breathe" feat. Nelly Furtado)

Additional awards

 * 2003 – COCA Campus Entertainment Awards Entertainer of the Year
 * 2002 – Canadian Radio Music Awards Breakthrough Artist ("Fuel Injected" feat. Moka Only)
 * 2002 – West Coast Music Awards Best Urban Release (Bad Dreams)
 * 2002 – The Georgia Straight Readers Choice Best Urban Act

title: Swollen Members


text:
Three Dog Night (album)

Three Dog Night (also known as One) is the debut album by American rock band Three Dog Night. The album was originally released by Dunhill Records on October 16, 1968. The album is known for featuring the band's Top 5 hit single, their cover of Harry Nilsson's song "One".

The album made the Top 20 on the albums charts in the United States and Canada. It has been reissued multiple times by Dunhill, MCA, and Geffen record labels.

Background, recording, and production
In 1967, Three Dog Night was founded by Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, Chuck Negron, Joe Schermie, Floyd Sneed, Jimmy Greenspoon, and Michael Allsup. The group was a successful live act in Los Angeles and gathered considerable attention by several record labels. After a show at the Troubadour, the group was signed to the Dunhill ABC label, and the band started work on their first studio album.

Three Dog Night was recorded at American Recording Company. Producing the sessions was Gabriel Mekler, who had previously worked with Steppenwolf, and was engineered by Richard Podolor – who would later become the band's producer – and Bill Cooper.

Singles and artwork
The first single to be released from Three Dog Night was "Nobody" b/w "It's for You" in November 1968, followed by "Try a Little Tenderness" b/w "Bet No One Ever Hurt This Bad" in January 1969. The last single released from the album was "One" b/w "Chest Fever" in April 1969.

The album's cover art, designed by Gary Burden, originally only had the name of the group on the front cover. After "Nobody" and "Try a Little Tenderness" were released as singles to only moderate success, the band began work on a follow-up album, Suitable for Framing. During planning for Suitable for Framing's release, however, Three Dog Night singer Chuck Negron approached Dunhill ABC executives asking that "One" (which Negron sang lead on) be considered as the band's next single. The label released "One" as a single in several test markets, and the record quickly became Three Dog Night's first bona fide hit, ultimately peaking at #5 on the US charts. The title "One" was added under the group's name on the album's cover to capitalize on the song's popularity.

Critical reception
Writing for The New York Times in 1969, Robert Christgau regarded Three Dog Night as a successful attempt at rock music interpretation:

"'On the group's first album, producer Gabriel Mekler unveiled an unprecedented concept: three excellent rock voices, named only in small print on the label, alternated on material which could be characterized for the most part as unjustly neglected. None of the singers wrote, the supporting musicians were anonymous and, with one exception, production and arrangement ranged from tasteful to superb. Taken all together, it was a brilliant revamping of the produced groups of rock's early days, applied to serious songs instead of honest schlock.'"

Track listing

 * 1) "One" (Harry Nilsson) – 3:00
 * 2) "Nobody" (Beth Beatty, Dick Cooper, Ernie Shelby) – 2:18
 * 3) "Heaven Is in Your Mind" (Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood, Chris Wood) – 2:55
 * 4) "It's for You" (Lennon–McCartney) – 1:40
 * 5) "Let Me Go" (Danny Whitten) – 2:24
 * 6) "Chest Fever" (J.R. Robertson) – 4:40
 * 7) "Find Someone to Love" (Johnny "Guitar" Watson) – 2:00
 * 8) "No One Ever Hurt so Bad" (Randy Newman) – 4:03
 * 9) "Don't Make Promises" (Tim Hardin) – 2:45
 * 10) "The Loner" (Neil Young) – 2:32
 * 11) "Try a Little Tenderness" (Jimmy Campbell, Reginald Connelly, Harry M. Woods) – 4:05 (timing mistakenly listed at 3:05 on album labels and cover)

Personnel
The following people contributed to Three Dog Night:
 * Cory Wells – lead vocals (tracks 2–8, 11), background vocals
 * Chuck Negron – lead vocals (tracks 1, 9), background vocals
 * Danny Hutton – lead vocals (track 10), background vocals
 * Michael Allsup – guitars
 * Joe Schermie – bass
 * Floyd Sneed – drums, percussion
 * Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards
 * Technical
 * Gabriel Mekler – producer
 * Richard Podolor – engineer
 * Bill Cooper – engineer

title: Three Dog Night (album)


text:
Talk:Three Dog Night (album)

the best band in the world

title: Talk:Three Dog Night (album)


text:
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar (NIT Jalandhar  or NITJ), formerly Regional Engineering College Jalandhar, is a public engineering university located in Jalandhar, Punjab, India established on 1987. It has been declared as an Institute of National Importance under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt of India. It is a member of the National Institutes of Technology (NITs) system, a group of premier Indian technical institutes governed by the Council of NITSER on 2002. It was founded as a joint venture between the state and the central government, originally under the name Regional Engineering College, Jalandhar, Punjab, India (RECJ). RECJ (now NITJ) was established in 1989 by the joint venture of Govt of India and Govt of Punjab on the Land of Village Bidhipur and Village Suranussi of District Jalandhar (Punjab) on the Grand Trunk Road bye-pass.

History
Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology was established in the year 1987 as Regional Engineering College and was given the status of National Institute of Technology (Deemed University) by the Government of India on 17 October 2002, under the aegis of Ministry of Human Resource Development, New Delhi. The Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India has declared the Institute as "Institute of National Importance" under the act of Parliament-2007.

Campus
The Institute campus is widespread over an area of 154 acres. It includes teaching facilities and residence buildings for students and staff, plus severan amenities.

In 2019 ISRO launched their space incubation center at NIT Jalandhar.

Housing
The students of National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar are drawn from all parts of the country. There are seven (plus one extension to hostel number 7) boys' hostels, two girls' hostels, and a mega girls' hostel. A mega hostel with three blocks was recently constructed. The facilities of the reading room, indoor games, etc. are available in each hostel. Internet facility is provided in every hostel. Other facilities like geysers, water purifiers, and Washing Machines are provided in all the hostels. The residential accommodation in hostels comprises cubicles and dormitories which have four-seater, two-seater, and one-seater facilities allotted on the basis of the year and course of study the student is pursuing. There are badminton courts, volleyball court, and special reading rooms which provide a good environment in the hostels.

Departments
The various academic departments in the institute offer course based degree programmes and also degree programmes that are inclined towards research. There are fifteen academic departments in the institute. All the departments have the doctoral programme.

Admissions
The admissions to the B. Tech programs run by the institute are very competitive, with an acceptance ratio of nearly 2-3%. Students were admitted on the basis of All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE) till 2012 but from 2013 the admission is based on Joint Entrance Examination Main (JEE Main) conducted across India. Total seats for B.Tech. is 652 for 2011 admissions. For the session of 2019–2020, the seats for B.Tech. had increased by 33% and 874 students were admitted for B.tech courses. Similarly, the number of postgraduate seats were also doubled. As of 2019, there are 3854 students in Graduate and postgraduate programs of the institute. Admissions to the MTech programs are by the GATE exam conducted by the IIT and IISc. The postgraduate admission is on the basis of research and interviews by the appropriate screening committees.

Placements
The institute is regularly visited by Indian and foreign multinational corporations for offering jobs to final-year B.Tech. and M.Tech. students. The ratio of the number of students placed to total number is nearly 1:1, with a number of students receiving multiple job offers. Campus Interviews are arranged for the final year B.Tech/ M.Tech/ M.Sc. students. The average salary offers at NIT Jalandhar, it is up nearly 54% in 2020. A large number of reputed Industrial houses in the country visit the Institution and select the final year students as Engineers/ Management Trainees. Some of the Companies invite the students to their Corporate Offices for the interviews. Major companies like Microsoft, Amazon, Infosys, Reliance Petrochemicals Limited, Hero Motor corp.

Ranking
In 2023 NIRF Rankings, the institute was ranked 46 among the top 100 engineering colleges of India. It ranked 33 among all government engineering colleges according to a survey conducted by India Today in 2022.

Cultural festivals
TechNITi: A techno-management fest that is conducted during the odd semester in mid-September. The fest involves events from all the departments, including from robotics, workshops, guest lectures, and informals.

Notable alumni

 * Anindya Ghose - Director, Stern School of Business
 * Upasan Taku - Co-founder, MobiKwik
 * Ali Hyder Rizvi - Director, Morgan Stanley
 * Ajit Mohan Karimpana, CEO, Furlenco
 * Abhishek Parakh, Professor, Kennesaw State University


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Mark Hudson (musician)

Mark Jeffery Anthony Hudson (born August 23, 1951) is an American musician, record producer and songwriter based in both Los Angeles and New York City. After first rising to prominence as a performer, songwriter and TV personality in the 1970s as a member of the Hudson Brothers trio, Hudson achieved independent success as record producer and songwriter, working with a broad variety of artists including Cher, Ringo Starr, Aerosmith, Scorpions, Ozzy Osbourne, Hanson, Harry Nilsson, and the Baha Men.

With Aerosmith
Hudson co-wrote the Grammy award-winning Aerosmith hit "Livin' on the Edge " in 1993, and has since co-written a total of 12 Aerosmith songs. He co-produced their 2001 album Just Push Play, co-writing six of the album's twelve songs.

Hudson, along with Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Paul Santo, and Marti Frederiksen, make up an informal collective of songwriters, musicians and producers known as the "Boneyard Boys", considered responsible for Aerosmith's creative process.

With Ringo Starr
For ten years starting in 1998, Hudson was the primary driving force as producer and composer behind Ringo Starr's continued career as a recording artist. In that endeavor, Hudson produced or co-produced nine albums for Starr. There were five studio albums: Vertical Man (1998), I Wanna Be Santa Claus (1999), Ringo Rama (2003), Choose Love (2005) and Liverpool 8 (2008). Three live albums were also released during this relationship: VH1 Storytellers (1998), Ringo Starr and Friends (2006) and Ringo Starr: Live at Soundstage (2007). The ninth album – a compilation album Ringo 5.1: The Surround Sound Collection – included remixes of thirteen tracks originally produced by Hudson and Starr. It was nominated for Best Surround Sound Album in the 51st annual Grammy Awards for the year 2007–2008.

The nine albums co-produced by Hudson featured a total of 82 different songs. 17 of the 82 songs were cover versions of various classics and oldies. The other 65 songs were specially composed new songs. Underscoring the primacy of his role in the creation of the albums, Hudson was credited as co-writer of 64 of the 65 new songs.

Hudson secured Steven Tyler as guest vocalist on a remake of Dobie Gray's song "Drift Away" for the album Vertical Man. Shortly prior to release, Tyler's record label demanded that his vocal be removed, and he was replaced by Tom Petty on the officially released album. However, the version of the recording featuring Tyler had been circulated on advance promotional discs and found its way on to bootlegs.

In 2003, Starr told the professional audio industry magazine Mix: "Mark puts the fun back in recording. We always have such a great time. He lets the musician know that anything is possible... He's a great musician, has lots of energy and he's a lot of fun to work with."

In June 2007, Starr's attorney, Bruce Grakal, told Beatlefan magazine (issue #141) that the partnership between Hudson and Starr was over, and that they would not work together again. Grakal claimed that the split occurred because Hudson had asked to withdraw from appearing in one of Starr's concert tours – allegedly on short notice. Hudson had been offered a major role on a network TV show The One: Making a Music Star which conflicted with the Starr tour. Hudson said in an interview with Beatlefan magazine that withdrawing from the 2006 All-Starr band tour was not the primary reason for the split and cited Starr's preference for using more synthesized sounds for his next album.

Prior to the split with Starr, Hudson had co-written and recorded all 12 songs heard on the final version of the Liverpool 8 album. After the split, Starr had the tracks remixed by Dave Stewart who was credited as "re-producer." The album was released in January 2008 on EMI/Capitol Records as part of Starr's new recording deal, having left Koch Records in late 2006.

In 2003, Hudson formed a jointly owned record company with Ringo Starr called Pumkinhead Records intended to release recordings by other artists. Distribution for the label was set up via EMI. The label released an album titled Fake Songs by Liam Lynch, the creator of MTV's sock-puppet show Sifl and Olly.

Producer of multi-star charity single of "Tears in Heaven"
In 2005, Hudson produced a new, multi-artist recording of Eric Clapton's 1993 song "Tears in Heaven" as a charity single for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Funds raised from the project, which was initiated by Sharon Osbourne, went to the Save the Children charity. Hudson recorded the song in the UK, US and in Europe. Among musicians that Hudson and Osbourne recruited for the recording were: Elton John, Rod Stewart, Steven Tyler, Ozzy Osbourne, Phil Collins, Ringo Starr, Gavin Rossdale, Paul Santo, Gwen Stefani, Mary J. Blige, Pink, Kelly Osbourne, Katie Melua, Josh Groban, Andrea Bocelli and members of Velvet Revolver: Slash, Duff McKagan, Matt Sorum, Dave Kushner and Scott Weiland. The recording also featured actor Robert Downey Jr.

Other work
In 1985, he co-starred with Geena Davis in the TV show Sara, playing her next-door neighbor Stuart Webber. Hudson also worked closely with Phil Ramone and sang background vocals on many albums/songs produced by Ramone, such as "Crazy for You" by Madonna.

In 1986, he was the in-house bandleader on Fox's short-lived The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers. Rivers referred to the band as, "Mark Hudson, The Party Boys and The Tramp."

In July 1994, he joined Disney's Hollywood Records as a songwriter and producer for performers such as Alice Cooper and Aerosmith. Disney brought him on board to sharpen production, and identify new acts.

In 2004, he was recruited by Sharon Osbourne to join her team as vocal coach for the UK TV show The X Factor. Nicknamed "Weird Beard" because of his colourful facial hair and flamboyant clothing, he coached all the under-25s in the first series and the over-25s in the second.

He also co-wrote 3 tracks on Bon Jovi's 2004 box set, 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong.

On March 5, 2006, he achieved his first Number 1 in the UK Top 40 singles chart with an original song he had written for Chico Slimani, X Factor contestant. Called "Chico Time", it displaced Madonna from the top of the chart. It has sold over 100,000 copies in the UK.

The X Factor: Battle of the Stars was screened in the UK during the week of May 29, 2006. Hudson was recruited to reprise his coaching role, this time with celebrities who performed in a week long once-a-night version of the show, raising money for their chosen charity. The show was won by Lucy Benjamin, actress; runner up was Matt Stevens, England Rugby International. The British public voted for their favourites as Sharon Osbourne, Louis Walsh, and Simon Cowell sat in judgment.

At Hudson's request, Aerosmith's Steven Tyler made a guest appearance on Keith Anderson's July 2006 single called "Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll", the title track from his debut album. The single was remixed by Hudson in Nashville, and Tyler's vocal added at Hudson's studio in Los Angeles.

In 2006, Hudson again assumed his coaching role on the 3rd series of The X Factor, this time coaching all the acts on a weekly basis.

In early 2007, Hudson was invited to participate for the third year running at Canadian Music Week (CMW). The CMW is the most prestigious event on Canada's music industry calendar, showcasing over 500 bands across 40 venues and inviting industry experts to share their knowledge at seminars. Hudson's seminar panel included fellow songwriting associates, Nile Rodgers, Glen Ballard, and Don Was. He also took the stage for an evening performance "in-the-round" at the CMW Songwriter's Festival 2007.

For the week of July 19, 2007, Hudson was the stand-in DJ on WBIG-FM, a Washington, D.C.-based radio station.

On October 28, 2007, Hudson made his professional solo stage debut in a sold-out, one-man show called "Livin' on the Edge" at Puck, Doylestown, PA. During the show, Hudson conveyed his experiences with rock music's elite using humorous anecdotes, impersonations, and music.

In 2007, he participated as a counselor at both the New York and Las Vegas 10th Anniversary Rock 'n Roll Fantasy Camp, and, in 2008, at the Los Angeles camp. The camps are an opportunity for non-professional music enthusiasts to perform with professional musicians.

Hudson is currently selling prints of his original artwork as well as a range of other merchandise.

Hudson has been working with AJ McLean, a member of boy-band the Backstreet Boys, on AJ's first solo album. Hudson has also written songs with JC Chasez of 'N Sync.

On April 13, 2008, Hudson was asked to perform for US President Bill Clinton at a fundraising rally supporting Hillary Clinton's nomination campaign. The performance took place at Puck, Doylestown, PA.

In March 2009, he presented a soft launch of his first solo album, titled The Artist, at The Fest For Beatles Fans convention in New Jersey, where he also previewed music videos for the songs "Happy" and "All The Tea in China", the latter of which also featured his brother Brett Hudson.

title: Mark Hudson (musician)


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When I Was a Boy

When I Was a Boy is a 1993 album by Jane Siberry. Internationally, it is her most famous album. In Siberry's native Canada, however, the album was commercially successful but not as big a hit as her 1985 album The Speckless Sky.

The album includes Siberry's most famous song, "Calling All Angels", a duet with k.d. lang which appeared on two movie soundtracks, Until the End of the World in 1991 and Pay It Forward in 2000. The song was also sung by cast members of Six Feet Under in a scene from the episode "The Rainbow of Her Reasons." "Sail Across the Water" and "Temple" were the other singles from the album.

Several songs included electronic textures; "Temple" was Siberry's first song that was popular in dance clubs. The album was also Siberry's first to explore more spiritual themes, which would become a hallmark of her later music.

On The Tragically Hip's 1997 live album Live Between Us, Gordon Downie sings the chorus from "Temple" in that album's track "Nautical Disaster".

Track listing
All songs written by Jane Siberry, except where indicated.
 * 1) "Temple" – 4:45
 * 2) "Calling All Angels" – 5:17
 * 3) "Love Is Everything" – 5:50
 * 4) "Sail Across the Water" – 5:22
 * 5) "All the Candles in the World" – 3:49
 * 6) "Sweet Incarnadine" (Siberry, Erdal Kızılçay, Ken Myhr) – 6:46
 * 7) "The Gospel According to Darkness" – 4:51
 * 8) "An Angel Stepped Down (And Slowly Looked Around)" – 5:50
 * 9) "The Vigil (The Sea)" – 9:23
 * 10) "Bells" – 1:19
 * 11) "At the Beginning of Time" – 8:20
 * 12) "Love Is Everything" (Harmony Version) – 5:51

Personnel

 * Jane Siberry – guitar, piano, keyboards, organ, vocals, backing vocals
 * Ken Myhr – guitar, vocals on 7 8, percussion on 11

Additional personnel

 * Brian Eno – shaker on 1, oboe on 1, synthesizer on 4
 * Teddy Borowiecki – piano on 2
 * Glenn Milchem – drums on 1
 * David Ramsden – vocals on 1 7 8 11
 * James Pinker – drums on 1 4
 * Bryant Didier – bass on 1
 * Jamie West-Oram – guitar on 1
 * k.d. lang – vocals on 2
 * Ben Mink – viola on 2
 * Michael Brook – guitar on 3, infinite guitar on 3
 * Sid Wells – drum loops on 5 8
 * Robert Ahwai – bass on 5 7 8
 * Erdal Kızılçay – piano on 6
 * Holly Cole – vocals on 7 8
 * Rebecca Jenkins – vocals on 7 8 9
 * Michael Phillip-Wojewoda – vocals on 7 8, percussion on 11
 * Anne Bourne – cello on 7 8 9
 * Graham Dickson – drum loops on 7
 * Rebecca Campbell – vocals on 8
 * Andy Stochansky – vocals on 11
 * John Switzer – bass on 9
 * Paul Douglas – vocals on 9

Charts
Album

Singles

Other Appearances in Popular Media
The song "All the Candles in the World", is featured in the 2000 	movie Final Destination.

The final track, "Love Is Everything (Harmony Version)" is featured as the closing track of the episode titled "Loud and Proud" (S02E11) of Showtime series The L Word.

"Calling All Angels" is featured on the season one finale, "Déjà Vu All Over Again", of The WB series Charmed.

title: When I Was a Boy


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Mat'

Mat' can refer to:

 * Latin-script transliteration of the original Russian-language title of Vsevolod Pudovkin's 1926 film Mother.
 * Mat (Russian profanity)

title: Mat'


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Talk:List of Halo characters/2401 Penitent Tangent

The image is not correct, it is photoshopped from the Guilty Spark image, and color corrected poorly at that.

 * I have replaced it. --OGoncho 18:05, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

1) Is this topic really long enough to have its own article (as opposed to just residing on the Halo characters page.

2) A lot of the numerology seems arbitrary and unnecessary. I recommend that we remove the latter two numerology boxes.  Bonus Onus 01:06, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

Update: I'm removing some of the numerology. post here if you disagree with this choice. Bonus Onus 02:03, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Leave enough to show that there is purpose in the numerology. That is, all this is no coincidence or mistake. Some (myself included) find it interesting. Or, change the title "Triva" to "Numerology." LockeShocke 20:48, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I only removed the grid that basically showed that when you convert the #s to letters and add them up a bunch of times you get 7, it doesn't really reveal anything. Bonus Onus 00:32, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)

Penitent and the Gravemind
If you notice Penitent is being held by the grave mind. From what I can presume, I believe that the Gravemind was keeping Penitent for conversational purposes. Just a thought.

 * Possibly. I find it more likely, however, that Gravemind was keeping PT from maintaining the installation. Notice how rundown all the buildings look compared to those on 04, which had the free Monitor. Constructors were maintaining the wall, so that's an exception. And the Library was likely built to last. Also, giving information to Flood is probably a protocal violation. --OGoncho 19:07, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Well I dont know if that can be said about maintaining the installlation (though it is a good theory), I think its clear that the Delta Halo has different archictecture than 04.

Picture
Unfortunately, I do not own Halo 2, so I cannot remedy the situation, but if somebody can put up a picture of 2401 Penitent Tangent, it would be much appreciated.

Monitors
"There are seven Halo rings in the Halo world, and it appears that each ring has one monitor (or oracle) such as Penitent Tangent 2401."

Unfortunately I cannot remember (or find) the location of the actual source, but I do rember reading that a Halo installation has 3 monitors:
 * One for repairs and upkeep of the Installation protocol denies this monitor from fulfilling the jobs of either of the other two although it was aware of the Protocol of all three monitors. It had control over the smaller 'repair' drones seen in Delta Halo's Library and could communicate with both other Monitors
 * One for communication and basic containment; this monitor would locate any and all reclaimers with the hope of activating Halo, and would also deal with small-scale flood outbreaks. As such It had control over the Sentinals as well as the Teleportation Program of Halo - 343 Guilty Spark was of this designation
 * One for a "backup" that had control over all the programs, subroutines and protocols of the other two and could potentially override their programming. This designation of Monitor could deal Directly with the Index, including re-uniting it with the core. This designation of Monitor would only come into effect if both of the other two were incapacitated somehow.

However, due to the fact that I have no sources to verify this from, I doubt that this should be in the Article. Does anyone know where this is from? Tar7arus 14:57, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't remember anything like this. Anyway, both 343GS and 2401PT have introduced themselves as the monitor of the installation. --OGoncho 07:28, 13 August 2006 (UTC)


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Triamcinolone

Triamcinolone is a glucocorticoid used to treat certain skin diseases, allergies, and rheumatic disorders among others. It is also used to prevent worsening of asthma and COPD. It can be taken in various ways including by mouth, injection into a muscle, and inhalation.

Common side effects with long-term use include osteoporosis, cataracts, thrush, and muscle weakness. Serious side effects may include psychosis, increased risk of infections, adrenal suppression, and bronchospasm. Use in pregnancy is generally safe. It works by decreasing inflammation and immune system activity.

Triamcinolone was patented in 1956 and came into medical use in 1958. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 104th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6million prescriptions.

Medical uses
Triamcinolone is used to treat a number of different medical conditions, such as eczema, alopecia areata, lichen sclerosus, psoriasis, arthritis, allergies, ulcerative colitis, lupus, sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis, ocular inflammation, keloids, urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, aphthous ulcers (usually as triamcinolone acetonide), central retinal vein occlusion, visualization during vitrectomy and the prevention of asthma attacks.

The derivative triamcinolone acetonide is the active ingredient in various topical skin preparations (cream, lotion, ointment, aerosol spray) designed to treat skin conditions such as rash, inflammation, redness, or intense itching due to eczema and dermatitis.

Contraindications
Contraindications for systemic triamcinolone are similar to those of other corticoids. They include systemic mycoses (fungal infections) and parasitic diseases, as well as eight weeks before and two weeks after application of live vaccines. For long-term treatment, the drug is also contraindicated in people with peptic ulcers, severe osteoporosis, severe myopathy, certain viral infections, glaucoma, and metastasizing tumours.

There are no contraindications for use in emergency medicine.

Side effects
Side effects of triamcinolone are similar to other corticoids. In short-term treatment up to ten days, it has very few adverse effects; however, sometimes gastrointestinal bleeding is seen, as well as acute infections (mainly viral) and impaired glucose tolerance.

Side effects of triamcinolone long-term treatment may include coughing (up to bronchospasms), sinusitis, metabolic syndrome–like symptoms such as high blood sugar and cholesterol, weight gain due to water retention, and electrolyte imbalance, as well as cataract, thrush, osteoporosis, reduced muscle mass, and psychosis. Triamcinolone injections can cause bruising and joint swelling. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include rash, itch, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing, and anaphylaxis.

Overdose
No acute overdosing of triamcinolone has been described.

Interactions
Drug interactions are mainly pharmacodynamic, that is, they result from other drugs either adding to triamcinolone's corticoid side effects or working against its desired effects. They include:
 * Atropine and other anticholinergics can substantially increase pressure in the eyes.
 * Antidiabetic drugs can become less effective because triamcinolone causes diabetes-like symptoms.
 * Aspirin and other NSAIDs, as well as anticoagulants such as warfarin, add to the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
 * Diuretics that excrete potassium (such as loop diuretics and thiazides) can increase the risk of hypokalemia and thus lead to abnormal heart rhythm.
 * Cardiac glycosides may have more adverse effects due to reduced potassium levels in the blood.
 * The risk for blood count changes is increased when combining triamcinolone with ACE inhibitors.

Triamcinolone and other drugs can also influence each other's concentrations in the body, amounting to pharmacokinetic interactions such as:
 * Rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine and other inducers of the liver enzyme CYP3A4 speed up metabolization of triamcinolone and can therefore reduce its effectiveness.
 * Conversely, CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole and itraconazole can increase its concentrations in the body and the risk for adverse effects.
 * Blood concentrations of ciclosporin can be increased.

Mechanism of action
Triamcinolone is a glucocorticoid that is about five times as potent as cortisol, but has very little mineralocorticoid effects.

Pharmacokinetics
When taken by mouth, the drug's bioavailability is over 90%. It reaches highest concentrations in the blood plasma after one to two hours and is bound to plasma proteins to about 80%. The biological half-life from the plasma is 200 to 300 minutes; due to stable complexes of triamcinolone and its receptor in the intracellular fluid, the total half-life is significantly longer at about 36 hours.

A small fraction of the substance is metabolized to 6-hydroxy- and 20-dihydro-triamcinolone; most of it probably undergoes glucuronidation, and a smaller part sulfation. Three quarters are excreted via the urine, and the rest via the faeces.

Due to corticoids' mechanism of action, the effects are delayed as compared to plasma concentrations. Depending on the route of administration and the treated condition, the onset of action can be from two hours up to one or two days after application; and the drug can act much longer than its elimination half-life would suggest.

Chemistry
Triamcinolone is a synthetic pregnane corticosteroid and derivative of cortisol (hydrocortisone) and is also known as 1-dehydro-9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyhydrocortisone or 9α-fluoro-16α-hydroxyprednisolone as well as 9α-fluoro-11β,16α,17α,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione.

The substance is a light-sensitive, white to off-white, crystalline powder, or has the form of colourless, matted crystals. It has no odour or is nearly odourless. Information on the melting point varies, partly due to the substance's polymorphism: 260 to 263 C, 264 to 268 C, or 269 to 271 C can be found in the literature.

Solubility is 1:500 in water and 1:240 in ethanol; it is slightly soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in chloroform and diethylether, and practically insoluble in dichloromethane. The specific rotation is $$[\alpha]_D^{20}$$ +65° to +72° cm3/dm·g (1% in dimethylformamide).

Society and culture
In 2010, Teva and Perrigo launched the first generic inhalable triamcinolone.

According to Chang et al. (2014), "Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is classified as an S9 glucocorticoid in the 2014 Prohibited List published by the World Anti-Doping Agency, which caused it to be prohibited in international athletic competition when administered orally, intravenously, intramuscularly or rectally".

title: Triamcinolone


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/E-loyalty

E-loyalty
dicdef, neologism that means precisely the same as loyalty without the fancy e- prefix. --Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 07:59, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) Note: the following discussion took place after voting closed.
 * Delete, or possibly move to Wiktionary if it turns out to be less of a neologism than I think it is. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:38, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Dictdef and neologism. Geogre 15:55, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment No vote O hell. Why did I Google? 8520 hits, and they (shudder) mostly look relevant. Folks, meme-wise, someone ran this up the e-flagpole and I'm afraid the e-people must have e-saluted. There are even (shudder) books, like "e-Loyalty: How to Keep Customers Coming Back to Your Website" by Ellen Reid Smith, Amazon sales rank 202,752 which isn't great but puts it out of the vanity-press category. And another called "loyalty.com : Customer Relationship Management in the New Era of Internet Marketing" I'm e-fraid this is a legitimate new e-buzzword. You know how it goes. The last fad was eCRM and people sold a lot of books and seminars about it before enough companies actually tried it for the word to get out that it was bunk. So, now, eCRM is out, e-Loyalty is in... [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:09, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC) P. S. That's no vote. It would hurt too much to vote "keep" on this one and I just ain't gonna do it.[[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 22:11, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Alternative proposal: merge with Loyalty. Let's not fill this encyclopedia with trash just because thousands of marketing droids don't want to use the word "loyalty" any more. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 23:23, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The fad is already over. Redirect to customer loyalty, a sub-discipline of customer relationship management.  (And now I'm noticing that we have no article on customer loyalty.  Unless someone can propose a better redirect, I'll add that to my list of things to do.)  Rossami (talk) 18:47, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * e-Delete Wyss 23:45, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * E-rase this article. Strange neologism. --Improv 19:50, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, too widely used to be a neologism, but should be in Wiktionary instead. --MPerel 20:13, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Loyalty or customer loyalty would be suitable. Wiktionary notion equally valid. The neologism arguments overlook that this was written in response to a requested topic. Above editor comments are overflowing with biases... does no-one notice this? Exchangesynergism 14:28, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * First, don't forget that the above comment is from the original author, just so y'all know. Second, I would have voted to merge it with customer loyalty, let it flourish, and split it out if it becomes substantial. Oh, and do you have a link to the request for the topic?  That would help your argument (with which I agree). ThinkingInBinary 00:17, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It was requested here: Requested articles/Business and Economics. Nationalparks 06:55, 26 May 2006 (UTC)


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Thomson's lamp

Thomson's lamp is a philosophical puzzle based on infinites. It was devised in 1954 by British philosopher James F. Thomson, who used it to analyze the possibility of a supertask, which is the completion of an infinite number of tasks.

Consider a lamp with a toggle switch. Flicking the switch once turns the lamp on. Another flick will turn the lamp off. Now suppose that there is a being who is able to perform the following task: starting a timer, he turns the lamp on. At the end of one minute, he turns it off. At the end of another half minute, he turns it on again. At the end of another quarter of a minute, he turns it off. At the next eighth of a minute, he turns it on again, and he continues thus, flicking the switch each time after waiting exactly one-half the time he waited before flicking it previously. The sum of this infinite series of time intervals is exactly two minutes.

The following question is then considered: Is the lamp on or off at two minutes? Thomson reasoned that this supertask creates a contradiction:

"It seems impossible to answer this question. It cannot be on, because I did not ever turn it on without at once turning it off. It cannot be off, because I did in the first place turn it on, and thereafter I never turned it off without at once turning it on. But the lamp must be either on or off. This is a contradiction."

Mathematical series analogy
The question is related to the behavior of Grandi's series, i.e. the divergent infinite series

 * S = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + · · ·

For even values of n, the above finite series sums to 1; for odd values, it sums to 0. In other words, as n takes the values of each of the non-negative integers 0, 1, 2, 3, ... in turn, the series generates the sequence {1, 0, 1, 0, ...}, representing the changing state of the lamp. The sequence does not converge as n tends to infinity, so neither does the infinite series.

Another way of illustrating this problem is to rearrange the series:

 * S = 1 − (1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + · · ·)

The unending series in the brackets is exactly the same as the original series S. This means S = 1 − S which implies S = 1⁄2. In fact, this manipulation can be rigorously justified: there are generalized definitions for the sums of series that do assign Grandi's series the value 1⁄2.

One of Thomson's objectives in his original 1954 paper is to differentiate supertasks from their series analogies. He writes of the lamp and Grandi's series,

"Then the question whether the lamp is on or off… is the question: What is the sum of the infinite divergent sequence

"+1, −1, +1, ...?"

Now mathematicians do say that this sequence has a sum; they say that its sum is 1⁄2. And this answer does not help us, since we attach no sense here to saying that the lamp is half-on. I take this to mean that there is no established method for deciding what is done when a super-task is done. … We cannot be expected to pick up this idea, just because we have the idea of a task or tasks having been performed and because we are acquainted with transfinite numbers."

Later, he claims that even the divergence of a series does not provide information about its supertask: "The impossibility of a super-task does not depend at all on whether some vaguely-felt-to-be-associated arithmetical sequence is convergent or divergent."

title: Thomson's lamp