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The Snake's Pass

The Snake's Pass is an 1890 novel by Bram Stoker. It centers on the legend of Saint Patrick defeating the King of the Snakes in Ireland, as well as on the troubled romance between the main character and a local peasant girl. The Snake's Pass was Stoker's second imperial fiction novel, and was first published in the United Kingdom in 1890. The novel is a precursor to Stoker's Dracula.

Publication
A year before the release of The Snake's Pass, Stoker published chapter three, "The Gombeen Man", as a short story in The People. It was later incorporated into the novel.

Historical background
On 8 November 1847, Abraham (Bram) Stoker was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father worked as a civil servant and his mother was a charity worker and writer. During Stoker's childhood he spent many days in bed due to different illnesses. While he was bedridden, his mother told him horror stories which may have influenced his novels and writings.

In 1864 Stoker began school at the Trinity College, Dublin. During his time at the university, he worked part-time as a freelance journalist and drama critic. In 1878, Stoker met Henry Irving and they became friends. Two years later Stoker accepted a job to work as Irving's personal assistant in London.

Stoker's first book, The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland, was written in Dublin and published in 1879. His first fictional book, Under the Sunset, was published in 1881. He wrote many other novels and short stories; however, he is best known for Dracula.

Stoker died of exhaustion at the age of 64 after writing a total of 18 books.

Plot summary
The novel's protagonist, Arthur Severn, is traveling to the country of Clare to visit friends. He has the desire to improve his Irish knowledge, so he makes a detour to West Ireland. While riding along with the driver, Andy, a severe storm begins. Andy suggests the two men stop traveling for the night and stay in the small town of Carnacliff. Andy takes them to a local bar where a man named Jerry Scanlan tells the legendary story of Shleenanaher.

The story begins with Saint Patrick who drove all the snakes out of Ireland. However, the King of Snakes would remain in the lake residing in Shleenanaher, and he would only leave if he did not have his crown; thus he hid his crown in the mountains of the hills. The King then tells Saint Patrick that he will come in another form so that he will be able to watch his crown closely. The impending fog that occasionally sweeps over the town, along with a nearby swamp or bog, is said to be the form the King has decided to come back in to watch his crown. After Jerry finishes his story, an old, drunk man named Mr. Moynahan speaks up about the hidden treasure that is somewhere in the hills. Arthur learns that Moynahan's father was present in the altercation of the Frenchmen hiding the treasure.

The townspeople in the bar begin to tell Arthur of the evil villain of the town, Black Murdock. They describe him as being helpful when one is in need of money, but will curse them for the rest of their lives if they are not able to pay him back. As the story is coming to a close, Murdock comes into the bar and asks for Phelim Joyce. Murdock announces to the bar that he has decided to keep Joyce's land because Joyce was late in repaying money he had loaned Joyce for his son's schooling. Joyce rushes into the bar begging Murdock to let him pay. Joyce tells Murdock he has the money, but was delayed because he fell into a hole on his way to the bar and injured his arm. Murdock refuses and tells Joyce that he will now own his land and Joyce will now own the land Murdock used to own.

After Murdock has left, Arthur and Andy take Joyce home. It is very dark when they reach Joyce's house and Arthur can hear the sweet sound of his daughter's voice helping him out of the carriage. Arthur is never able to see the face that belongs to the sweet voice but Andy tells him her name is Norah. Arthur decides that he would like to stay in the town for a few days and see this shifting bog in the morning. The next morning, the innkeeper asks Arthur if he will share a car up to the mountain with another man who is working there. The man turns out to be an old classmate of Arthur's, Dick Sutherland. Arthur, Dick and Andy travel up to the hill to see the beautiful view and the bog. Dick explains that he was hired by Murdock as a scientist and geologist to help Murdock with some investigations on his land.

As the novel progresses, Dick, Arthur and Andy advance in their work along the Knocknacar Hills when Arthur comes across what he describes as the most beautiful peasant girl he has ever seen. The two continue to meet in the same spot, but Arthur never learns her name. He describes her being "a beautiful peasant girl had great gifts-a heart of gold, a sweet, pure nature, and a rare intelligence." One day when Arthur goes to their meeting place, she never shows. Everyday Arthur goes to their meeting spot but does not find his unknown girl.

At dinner one evening, Dick tells Arthur of his love for Norah Joyce but fears her father will despise him because he is working on Murdock's land. Arthur tells Dick of his love for this unknown girl that he has not been able to find. The next day, Andy finds Arthur waiting for his peasant girl and asks what Arthur desires in his future wife. When Arthur begins to describe her, he realizes he is describing his unknown girl. Andy tells Arthur that Norah would be the perfect fit for him, but Arthur cannot act upon this because Dick has feelings for her. They later learn she has gone to live in a convent.

The next day, Arthur decides to go to Murdock to try and buy his land from him so that he can, in turn, give it to Dick to help him with Norah and Joyce. Murdock agrees but only after he has finished his investigations which he states will take him about a month. Arthur is excited to tell Dick that he bought Murdock's land but as they are talking, Dick tells Arthur that the bog is becoming more dangerous in Murdock's area because if the bog shifts again there is a deep reservoir right where his house is located. Arthur asks if he has told Murdock about this problem and Dick says yes, last night. Arthur decides to not tell Dick of his purchase. After Arthur has his documents in order to purchase the land, he climbs the hill to see its beauty. He unexpectedly finds his unknown woman. Both are joyful and relieved to finally see each other again, and Arthur finally learns her name: Norah Joyce. He proclaims his love for her and wants her to be his wife, but she tells Arthur that she needs time to think. On his way home, Arthur is struck with the thought of his dear friend Dick and he questions if Dick has also proposed to her. The next day, Norah tells Arthur that she cannot marry him because she must stay with her father but she does admit to being in love with Arthur. Arthur finally meets with Dick and Dick asks him about his unknown love. Arthur admits that it is Norah and Dick is very upset. Dick also questions him about buying Murdock's land because Dick does not have as much money as Arthur, was Arthur trying to place Dick in a false position in Norah's eyes? Arthur explains his plan in buying Murdock's land, he even allows Dick to read the deed from his lawyer and Dick forgives him.

Arthur goes to Joyce to ask for his daughter's hand in marriage and Joyce tells Arthur that she must have time to think. Joyce tells Arthur that they can be married when the treasure of Knocknacar is found. Arthur believes that Norah is actually the treasure and that her father will never let her go. After Norah speaks to her father alone, Joyce decides to give Norah to Arthur. In the meantime, Dick has discovered that there is iron in the bog and this could be why Murdock wants to know what's in the bog so badly.

After Murdock learns of Arthur and Norah's engagement, Murdock asks for Norah's hand and when she refuses Murdock becomes very angry and makes rude comments about the social class difference between Arthur and Norah. There is an altercation and Murdock fires Dick. After Murdock leaves, Arthur and Norah decide that she should have two years of schooling in Paris before they are married. Arthur decides to buy the land from Joyce so that he will own all of Knocknacar and the hillside and cliffs. Joyce agrees and Arthur names Dick the sole protector of the land until he returns from London where he will be setting up Norah's schooling.

After Arthur returns to London, he finishes his finances with the buying of the land. When Arthur returns to Ireland, he learns that Murdock has taken in Old Moynahan and has kept him very drunk, trying to learn of the location of the treasure. Moynahan takes Murdock to the spot where the Frenchman was last seen with the gun carriage by his father. They are now on Joyce's land and very close to the bog. Murdock gives Moynahan more whiskey and leads him to walk straight into the bog to his death. Murdock leaves and Dick saves Moynahan without Murdock seeing and goes to get help from Joyce and Norah Murdock is already at Joyce's house explaining how he is unable to find Moynahan and that he is worried he mistakenly walked into the bog. Murdock leaves and Dick explains what has really happened. The three of them safely bring Moynahan back to Joyce's and help him to bed but when he awakes the next morning he remembers nothing of the night before. Joyce lies to Murdock and tells him they found Moynahan asleep on the hillside. Dick goes back to the place Murdock marked the night before and strategically moves the stones he used to mark the treasure spot a few yards away, closer to the bog. Dick then marks the spot with his own marking so Murdock will never know. Dick is very worried that Murdock will try to murder Moynahan again and then come after Norah.

In the next couple days leading up to Norah's departure, the rain has become increasingly worse which in turn makes the bog worse. Arthur wakes from a terrible nightmare, sensing something bad is happening in the storm. Andy takes him and Dick to Knocknacar and they find the bog rising faster and faster. They attempt to warn Murdock but he is not in his home, so they go to warn Joyce and Norah who are also missing. They learn that Moynahan came to Norah and said there had been an accident and that Joyce was at Murdock's home. Norah assumed it was some type of trap and pries Moynahan for the truth. Moynahan confesses that her father is not at Murdock's, so Norah decides to go look for her father. Dick and Arthur decide to split up to try to find Joyce and Norah. Arthur searches along the line of the bog while desperately calling out his love's name. As the lightning strikes and lights up the sky, Arthur sees two figures struggling by the edge of the rocks.One figure he discovers is Norah because of her red petticoat. As he gets closer he sees Murdock is holding Norah and strikes her then runs off. Norah is unconscious as Murdock flees to his house. As Arthur attends to Norah, he feels the ground begin to quiver and give way as his feet begin to sink and he realizes the bog is shifting and has him in its clutches. Norah awakens and tries to help Arthur by throwing her coat to him and safely pulling him out of the bog. They are joined by Dick and Joyce while they watch Murdock stand atop his home and sink into the bog. The bog then swoops all the rubbish into the nearby sea. Arthur and Norah are reunited with her father and Dick and safely make it back to Joyce's home where they each retell their story of what happened to them during the storm. After they finish breakfast and warm themselves, the four decide to go out to the hill and examine the damage of the storm. They go to the spot where Moynahan's father had last seen the Frenchman and where Dick had made his own marking. Off behind a rock Joyce finds a wooden chest. Because Joyce technically owns the land until the next day, the chest belongs to him. Joyce replies that the money was given to Ireland, thus it should still belong to Ireland. As they continue to walk along, Dick comes across a cavern where he discovers limestone on the rocks. The group takes a lantern into the cave and discovers strange inscriptions on the walls. Norah walks to the back of the cave where she finds The Lost Crown of Gold. Dick exclaims that there is a scientific basis for the legend. Before the stream cut its way through the limestone, and made the cavern, the waters were forced upwards to the lake at the top of the hill and so kept it supplied. The lake then fell away so once the group found the water of the lake they found the crown.

The novel then begins the two years when Norah has gone to school in Paris. On the land, Dick used the limestone to create possibilities in the way of building waterworks systems and a new house was built. After the two years of Norah's schooling end, she and Arthur are married and leave for their honeymoon in Italy where there is "not a cloud in the sky."

Genre and style
Stoker is best known for using a Gothic style of writing throughout his novels. The Snake's Pass is classified as a romantic thriller in a barren western Ireland setting. Stoker also creates the theme of suspense through his character narrations. Severn draws out his narration of the plot to his advantage to create the suspense. While The Snake's Pass is a fictional book, Stoker uses nonfictional themes and ideas, such as the explanation of the bog, to create a more realistic novel.

Characters
Arthur Severn: The main protagonist of the novel. Arthur is brought up in a quiet house by a clergyman and his wife in the west of England. Arthur has little companionship because his mother and father were lost at sea in a terrible bog. His very wealthy aunt takes Arthur into custody and reveals to him that his parents left him a great sum of money. Arthur decides to use that money to travel. Arthur's character is very quiet and Stoker describes him as feeling like an outsider even in his own family.

Andy: This quirky Irishman is Arthur's driver throughout the novel but soon turns into his witty companion. Andy is seen as the dimwitted, comic relief throughout the novel. His character asks Arthur many questions in the novel that Arthur does not want to answer, for he is afraid of his own answer. Andy helps Arthur meet the love of his life, Norah.

Black Murdock: The villain of Carnacliff who will graciously help people when they are in need of money but will hound them for the rest of their life until he has all their money. The people of Carnacliff say that Murdock does not abide by the law either. The Hill has Murdock in its clutches because he is such a greedy man he wants to find the gold of The King of Snakes. Murdock's nickname in the town is the "Gombeen man," which can be described as a shady, business man.

Richard "Dick" Sutherland: Dick is hired by Murdock to do scientific work on the hills and research the shifting bog, but he is not allowed to speak of the work he is doing, according to his employer. Dick and Arthur went to school together in England. Stoker describes him as a burly man.

Phelim Joyce: Joyce owns the other half of the hills that Murdock resides on. Because of an issue with money, Joyce is forced to trade his land with Murdock's so that Murdock can use the new land for research. Joyce has recently lost his wife, and his son has moved away to go to school, so he relies on the help of his daughter, Norah.

Norah Joyce: Norah is Joyce's daughter who has come back to help her father on his land. She is slender, with dark skin, hair and eyes. In addition to being the most beautiful girl, she also has a wonderful singing voice. Her voice is the reason Arthur finds her the first day on the hills. Both Dick and Arthur are in love with the peasant girl, but she has feelings for Arthur.

Weather
The novel begins with a dark storm causing the main character to stop his travels. Throughout the novel, impending weather casts a pall over the happiness of the two lovers. In addition, whenever the weather becomes bad, danger is evident through the cloud coverage over the town.

Throughout the novel, the shifting bog is a prevalent and dangerous theme. The townspeople of Carnacliff describe it as a "carpet of death." The bog is known to swallow up anything and anyone in its path. While in the bar, the townspeople tell Arthur about others who have not been so lucky when the bog has appeared. Many people have gone missing because of it. The reader learns in the beginning of the novel that Arthur's parents have died from a bog while they were out on sea. The bog is also the main reason why Arthur decides to stay in Carnacliff until the next morning, During Dick's investigations of the bog, he learns that it is indeed, very dangerous. Dick continually warns Murdock of the bog; however, ultimately Murdock does not listen and the bog swallows him and his home. Arthur is almost taken by the bog as well, but Norah is able to save him.

Social class
A more subtle theme of The Snake's Pass is the issue of social class. Stoker reveals Arthur to be of a much higher class than the rest of the characters in the novel. Arthur is described as having money bestowed upon him from his parents death. The town of Carnacliff is more on the peasant side, much different than what Arthur is used to in England. When Arthur happens upon Norah on the hills, he describes her as being a plainly dressed peasant girl, but all still very beautiful. When Andy is discussing with Arthur his ideal wife, Arthur describes her as having dark skinned. Andy explains that he is looking for someone that is Black Irish. After Norah and Arthur has expressed their love to each other, she raises the idea that they are not of the same social class and she will be unable to maintain conversation with Arthur's companions once have married Even the evil Murdock harasses Norah for being a lower social class. They decide it is best for her to attend school in Paris for two years so that she will be well versed in all the best subjects the school has to offer. At the end of the novel, before they are to be married, Norah asks Arthur if he is pleased with what he sees. Dick and Arthur are also of different social classes even though they attended the same school. Dick accuses Arthur of trying to make him out in a false position when buying Murdock's land so that he will seem less compared to Arthur in Joyce and Norah's eyes.

Science
The main theme of the novel centers around the legend of Saint Patrick and the King of Snakes. However, a major issue surrounding the legend is the frightening bog. Dick explains that because the bog is a form of precipitation, there must be a scientific explanation for it. He later discovers that the rain and limestone contribute to the bog. Dick's findings conclude that technology can produce progress. Because Cranacliff is a rural town in Ireland, their scientific research is very minimal. At this time of the century, the Irish could no longer make a living from the land, and needed to find different sources of income. This time was known for the engineering industry of the north of Ireland contributing to the economy of the area. In the conclusion of the novel, Stoker touches on the idea that human emotions of love cannot be controlled by science, and the characters cannot control the weather with science.

Critical reception
In Nicholas Daly's book Modernism, Romance and the Fin de Siècle: Popular Fiction and British Culture he discusses the theme of imperial space for the 19th-century adventure novel. He poses the question of "what would happen if the imperial novel characters never left across many miles of space but rather a less exotic space?". This can be seen in The Snake's Pass as a more domesticated, colonial setting. Daly believes that the novel fails as a fantasy of imperial control. The author also refers to the production and reception of the theme of romance in Stoker's novel. Because Stoker wrote the novel while he was based in London, the question of spatial metaphor is raised. Daly believes that Stoker "fails to capture the nature of the dimensions in which the novel originated and functioned".

title: The Snake's Pass


text:
Silene chalcedonica

Silene chalcedonica (syn. Lychnis chalcedonica), the Maltese-cross or scarlet lychnis, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to Eurasia. Other common names include flower of Bristol, Jerusalem cross and nonesuch.

It is a popular ornamental plant and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Description
It is a perennial herbaceous plant growing 35-100 cm tall with unbranched stems. The simple, broadly lanceolate leaves are produced in opposite pairs. Each leaf ranges between 2-12 cm long and 1-5 cm across.

The bright red flowers are produced in clusters of 10-50 together. Each flower 1-3 cm in diameter with a deeply five-lobed corolla, each lobe being further split into two smaller lobes. This forms a general shape similar to that of the Maltese cross to which it owes one of its common names. The fruit is a dry capsule containing numerous seeds.

Taxonomy
This plant was first formally named as Lychnis chalcedonica by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. For purposes of taxonomic stability, the genus name Lychnis was formally rejected in 1994 and the name Silene was conserved. The name Silene chalcedonica was published by Ernst Hans Ludwig Krause in 1901.

The specific epithet chalcedonica refers to the ancient town of Chalcedon in what is now Turkey.

Numerous common names are attached to this plant, including: • Burning love

• Common rose (also used for Silene coronaria)

• Constantinople campion

• Dusky salmon

• Fireball

• Flower of Bristol

• Flower of Constantinople

• Gardener's delight

• Gardener's eye

• Great candlestick

• Jerusalem cross

• Knight's cross

• Maltese cross

• Meadow campion

• Nonesuch

• Red robin

• Scarlet lightning

• Scarlet lychnis

• Tears of Christ

Distribution and habitat
The species is native to central and eastern Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and northwestern China. It has naturalised in some parts of North America. It can be found along roadsides and other disturbed areas, as well as open woodlands, in the northern United States and Canada.

Cultivation
It is a popular ornamental plant in gardens. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Numerous cultivars have been selected, varying in flower colour from bright red to orange-red, pink or white. It grows best in partial to full sun and in any good well-drained soil, if provided with a constant moisture supply. The flowering period is extended if faded flowers are removed. It is short-lived in poorly drained soil. Double-flowered cultivars are propagated by division.

In culture
It was voted the county flower of Bristol in 2002, following a poll by the wild flora conservation charity Plantlife. Its colour is reflected in the livery and crest of the city's university.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Silene chalcedonica


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Alan Hinkes

Alan Hinkes OBE (born 26 April 1954) is an English Himalayan high-altitude mountaineer from Northallerton in North Yorkshire. He is the first British mountaineer to claim all 14 Himalayan eight-thousanders (mountains above 8,000. m in height), which he did on 30 May 2005.

British record
Hinkes is the first British mountaineer to claim to have summited all 14 mountains with elevations above 8,000. m, known as the eight-thousanders, when he summited Kangchenjunga on 30 May 2005, aged 50 years and 34 days.

It was first achieved by Reinhold Messner in 1986 (all without oxygen), and two decades later, Hinkes was only the 13th person to claim the feat, days after U.S. climber Ed Viesturs became the 12th person on 22 May 2005.

It is a rare feat, as the ratio of deaths to summits on several eight-thousanders is at one-in-five (Annapurna, K2, Nanga Parbat, Kangchenjunga). This should not be interpreted as meaning that a "death-rate" is circa 20%, as the statistic ignores the number of attempts (and also partial attempts, and/or route stocking activity etc.). However, given that climbing the eight-thousanders requires multiple failed attempts (Hinkes took two attempts on average), and the most failures are usually on the most dangerous mountains, the risk of death in attempting all 14 eight-thousanders is material.

Hinkes took 26 attempts to climb the 14 eight-thousanders (not counting his ascent of Shishapangma Central (West) in 1990), giving a first attempt success rate of circa 54%. Hinkes spent 21 years on his "Challenge 8000", starting with his ascent of Shishapangma in 1987, and ending with his ascent of Kangchenjunga in 2005. Hinkes is recorded as summiting Mount Everest on 19 May 1996.

Observations
He regards K2 as the hardest eight-thousander mountain ("an easy place to die"), which he climbed on his third attempt (he abandoned his first attempt, when closing in on the summit, to rescue a stricken Swedish climber). He ranks Kanchenjunga as the second hardest eight-thousander mountain, which he also climbed on his third attempt.

As an eight-thousander climber, Hinkes has encountered death on his own expeditions, and on neighbouring expeditions. Several of his climbing partners subsequently died on mountains. A particular death that Hinkes notes was fellow U.K. climbing partner, Alison Hargreaves, who died on K2 in 1995, weeks after Hinkes had summited K2.

Hinkes had to be air rescued from Nanga Parbat in July 1997 when flour from a burnt chapati got up his nose, making him sneeze so violently that he prolapsed a disc. He had to wait 10 days in agony before being rescued and brought to Islamabad for treatment. He has been referred to as the "chapati man" (even by himself) from this incident.

Hinkes has climbed eight-thousanders in many styles: expeditions (Cho Oyu, Manaslu, Nanga Parbat), two-man alpine (Makalu, Dhaulagiri) and alone (Gasherbrum I, Gasherbrum II), and permutations in between. He has climbed new lines (Shishapangma, Kangchenjunga, Annapurna), he has climbed as guide (Broad Peak), as camera man (Everest), and set speed records (Annapurna). He has climbed several on first attempt, others on third (Nanga Parbat) and fourth attempt (Makalu). He has climbed with well-known mountaineers, including several expeditions with Doug Scott and Chris Bonington.

He describes himself as risk-averse ("I climb to live, not to die", "The summit is optional, getting down is mandatory"), who places value on understanding, and being in the right position, to capitalise on breaks in weather. His later climbs were mostly two-man climbs with experienced sherpas (Pasang Gelu), where Hinkes could stay in control of events and react quickly. He was not averse to leveraging the resources of bigger expeditions alongside. Unusually for a 20–year high-altitude Himalayan eight-thousander, he has never lost any fingers or toes (or "other bits" as he describes it), to frostbite.

Over the years, Hinkes has had public arguments with other chasers of the 14 eight-thousanders. Australian climber Andrew Lock (who completed all 14 in 2009), was critical of Hinkes on their successful 1998 ascent of Nanga Parbat. Spanish climber Iñaki Ochoa de Olza, (who died on Annapurna of pulmonary edema, after completing 12 eight thousanders without oxygen), alleges that Hinkes had left him to bleed to death in order to summit K2, which Hinkes countered was factually untrue (Hinkes abandoned his first K2 climb, despite nearing the summit, to successfully rescue a stricken Swedish climber).

Cho Oyu dispute

His 30 April 1990 ascent of Cho Oyu, which he completed alone in low visibility, is disputed by one observer. Cho Oyu has a broadly flat summit plateau with no cairn (the traditional prayer flags on Cho Oyu's summit plateau do not mark the "technical" summit). The summit is a small unmarked "hump" (or "bump") (which many Cho Oyu YouTube summit videos miss). While the height differential of this hump is small, Ralf Dujmovits, 3-time Cho Oyu summiter, notes that for a strong climber to get to the "hump" area can take another 30 minutes.

The source of the dispute was that Himalayan chronicler Elizabeth Hawley, whose Himalayan Database is used by online databases like AdventureStats, "unrecognised" his Cho Oyu ascent in Spring 2005 (15 years after summiting). Hawley based her decision on an interview with Hinkes, and on other team members. Hawley agrees Hinkes reached the summit plateau (as does Eberhard Jurgalski list ), but questions how Hinkes could have been on the “technical” summit for certain, if he could not see it.

"But his claim to have now climbed all 8000ers is open to question. In April 1990 he and others reached the summit plateau of Cho Oyu. It was misty so they could not see well; nine years later Hinkes said he had “wandered around for a while” in the summit area but could see very little and eventually descended to join the others, one of whom said they had not reached the top."

Hinkes logged the expedition's 30 April 1990 Cho Oyu ascent in the 1991 American Alpine Journal (AAJ), as well as the expedition's ascent of Shishapangma 12 days later on 12 May 1990, but he notes they climbed Shishapangma's central (west) summit (the true summit is circa two hours further on). Hawley's biography notes French expedition leader Benoît Chamoux "unhappy with this, as she did not credit Chamoux with Shishapangma either" (Hawley had compelled the famous Himalayan mountaineer Ed Viesturs to re-climb Shishapangma for the same reason, which he did). Hinkes would not climb with Benoît Chamoux, or any of the French team members, again.

Hawley does not use the public accounts of the non-French team members. Czech team member Josef Rakoncaj photographed Hinkes on the summit plateau of Cho Oyu (Hinkes with his usual photo of his daughter held out), and states Hinkes summited in his book "Na hrotech zeměkoule" (co-authored with Miloš Jasanský, 1993). Italian team member Mauro Rossi lists the 1990 ascent of Cho Oyu in his public resume. Climbers with several Cho Oyu ascents, have disputed Hawley's main Cho Oyu summit criteria, "Did you see Everest?" (which is obviously unhelpful in Hinkes' case given the poor visibility), and the incorrect behaviours it is creating.

Hawley's Himalayan Database records 3,681 ascents of Cho Oyu of which 18 are "unrecognised" since 1960, despite the difficulty of finding Cho Oyu's "technical" summit, and that older expeditions considered the summit plateau as sufficient. Chamoux's 1990 Cho Oyu expedition comprise seven of these "unrecognised" ascents (including Alan Hinkes), while a German commercial trekking expedition, led by Günther Härter, who summited Cho Oyu just 19 days after Chamoux in 1990 (and also in very low visibility, as recorded by the Germans ), comprise another six.

The dispute is noted in many Hinkes interviews. He highlights the lack of any evidence, or publicly verifiable sources, for the allegation, and he is supported by the Alpine Journal, and the British Mountaineering Council (BMC). Hinkes says he spent "at least an hour and a half" criss-crossing the flat summit plateau, alone, until he "was sure there was no more uphill". Hawley's "Seasonal Stories" suggest an aversion to Hinkes, and her biography lists Alan Hinkes as a climber "she did not like".

"I spent at least an hour and a half covering every inch of ground on the summit plateau until, in the end, I was absolutely certain that I could not get any higher. There was no more uphill."

AdventureStats.com record 8,000m ascents not independently verified. Their website ("Verifications and Disputes") states that unless given written proof otherwise, "No proof other than the explorer's word is required", implying they give credit to Hawley's unverified allegations. It contrasts, for example, with Hawley, AdventureStats, and Eberhard Jurgalski's, acceptance of Denis Urubko's acclaimed 2009 ascent of Cho Oyu's Southeast face (and his 14th official eight-thousander), who reached the Cho Oyu summit plateau in the dark and in a snowstorm, per his summit photo from his AAJ log. (ascent number 2785 on Hawley's Himalayan Database).

The paragraph in Elizabeth Hawley's 2005 Seasonal Stories remains the only publicly verifiable source of the dispute over Hinkes' Cho Oyu ascent. No climbing journal disputes Hinkes' ascent, and some publicly support it. However, Hawley retains a well-earned stature as a Himalayan chronicler, and her Himalayan Database is the source for most online Himalayan ascent databases (e.g. AdventureStats). Hawley passed away in 2018.

Personal
In January 2006, after Kangchenjunga, Hinkes was awarded an OBE in the 2006 New Year Honours List for his achievements in mountaineering. He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship of the University of Sunderland in 1999, and an Honorary Doctorate from the University of York in 2007. He was awarded Yorkshire Man of the Year in 2005, and was made an honorary citizen of his hometown Northallerton in the same year.

Hinkes is an avid photographer and released a photographic essay book in October 2013 called 8000 Metres Climbing the World's Highest Mountains. He is the subject of an October 2017 documentary by filmmaker, Terry Abraham, Alan Hinkes: The First Briton To Climb The World's Highest Mountains. Hinkes has frequently appeared on British television over the years, particularly regarding Himalayan events/stories, including BBC News, Sky News, Newsnight etc.

Hinkes started life as a geography and PE teacher, which he abandoned to concentrate on climbing. He never married but has a daughter, Fiona, whose picture (with her son, Jay), Hinkes displays in most summit photographs.

Eight-thousanders
This list includes all 27 successful and unsuccessful 8,000 metre expeditions, as also noted by Alan Hinkes in his book, but reconciled from several other published climbing journal articles (and also using the American Alpine Journal online database:

 * May 1984 – Mount Everest – Failed on North (Tibetan) side of mountain (first attempt) with Cumbrian Everest Expedition.
 * 19 September 1987 – Shishapangma – Climbed new route on Central Couloir North Face, with U.S. climber Steve Untch, two person alpine-style.
 * October 1987 – Lhotse – Failed on South Face, alpine style, with polish climber Krzysztof Wielicki in storms.
 * October 1988 – Makalu – Failed with Rick Allen / Doug Scott in alpine-style climb, due to injury and evacuation of Rick Allen.
 * 12 May 1989 – Manaslu – Climbed South Face/Pillar with Benoît Chamoux French expedition, first British ascent.
 * 30 April 1990 – Cho Oyu – Climbed (disputed) West Face with Benoît Chamoux French expedition; solo to summit alone as team separated at summit plateau.
 * 12 May 1990 – Shishapangma – Climbed Central (West) Summit, with Benoît Chamoux French expedition, on new route in North Face Couloir.
 * May 1991 – Mount Everest – Failed on North (Tibetan) side of mountain (second attempt).
 * 16 July 1991 – Broad Peak – Climbed as guide for Jagged Globe expeditions.
 * August 1992 – Nanga Parbat – Failed on Mazeno Ridge and Schell Route with Doug Scott expedition (first attempt).
 * August 1993 – K2 – Failed on South East Ridge Abruzzi Spur (first attempt), abandoned climb to conduct rescue of Swedish climber.
 * August 1994 – K2 – Failed on North Face (China side) in Anglo-American expedition due to avalanche risk (second attempt).
 * April 1995 – Makalu – Failed due to accident on route to mountain, leg pierced by bamboo stick and evacuated to Bangkok (second attempt).
 * 17 July 1995 – K2 – Climbed South East Ridge Abruzzi Spur (on third attempt). Was climbing with Alison Hargreaves on U.S. expedition.
 * 19 May 1996 – Mount Everest – Climbed North Ridge (Mallory Route), filming for the TV documentary Summit Fever (third attempt).
 * 10 July 1996 – Gasherbrum I – Climbed alone and unsupported.
 * 29 July 1996 – Gasherbrum II – Climbed South Face alone and unsupported.
 * 23 May 1997 – Lhotse – Climbed South West Face Couloir mostly alone, but encountered other groups (second attempt).
 * May 1997 – Makalu – Failed with Fabrizio Zangrilli, abandoned when weather turned and Fabrizio Zangrilli was injured (third attempt).
 * 22 July 1997 – Nanga Parbat – Forced to abort attempt after sneezing on chapati flour resulted in a prolapsed disc in his back (second attempt).
 * 21 July 1998 – Nanga Parbat – Climbed Kinshofer Route on Diamir Face on Italian expedition (incl. Kurt Diemberger) (third attempt).
 * 23 May 1999 – Makalu – Climbed with alpine–style two man ascent with sherpa Dawa Chirring (fourth attempt).
 * May 2000 – Kangchenjunga – Failed because of bad weather conditions, broke arm on descent when snow bridge collapsed (first attempt).
 * 6 May 2002 – Annapurna – Climbed new North Face route, first British ascent for 32 years, and set new speed record.
 * April 2003 – Kangchenjunga – Failed due to poor weather and SARS-like virus (second attempt).
 * 17 May 2004 – Dhaulagiri – Climbed in two–man alpine ascent with Pasang Gelu.
 * 30 May 2005 – Kangchenjunga – Climbed new line on South West Face, in two-man ascent with Pasang Gelu, summiting on 30 May 2005 (third attempt).

Other mountains

 * 1988 Menlungtse West (23,041 ft / 7,023m) FA via West Ridge. Summit attained with Andy Fanshawe (UK), with Chris Bonington (UK), David Breashears and Steve Shea (both USA) in support.

title: Alan Hinkes


text:
Talk:Savoia-Marchetti S.55

one of the first

 * And who was the first? A natural question to have it answered in a See Also. Mikkalai 04:01, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking, the American NC-4 was the first (May 1919), and Alcock and Brown's Vickers Vimy aircraft made the first non-stop flight (June 1919). If you want to integrate this into the article, be my guest. All this info is in the Atlantic Ocean article which is linked btw. -Lommer 06:46, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

How do others feel about the newly added diagram of the S.55? I personally find it cartoonish and think it actually detracts from the article. I do think it has a good perspective of the plane, and I will try to find another image that might serve as a replacement, but I would actually lean towards removing this picture from the article. -Lommer 06:46, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 01:23, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

crew movement
Could the crew travel from one hull to the other and to the cockpit during flight? Dan Bollinger (talk) 17:49, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Savoia-Marchetti S.55


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Animated mapping

Animated mapping is the application of animation, either a computer or video, to add a temporal component to a map displaying change in some dimension. Most commonly the change is shown over time, generally at a greatly changed scale (either much faster than real-time or much slower). An example would be the animation produced after the 2004 tsunami showing how the waves spread across the Indian Ocean.

History
The concept of animated maps began in the 1930s but did not become more developed by cartographers until the 1950s. In 1959, Norman Thrower published Animated Cartography, discussing the use of animated maps in adding a new dimension that was difficult to express in static maps: time. These early maps were created by drawing "snap-shots" of static maps, putting a series of maps together to form a scene, and creating animation through photography tricks (Thrower 1959). Such early maps rarely had an associated scale, legends or oriented themselves to lines of longitude or latitude.

With the development of computers in the 1960s and 1970s, animation programs were developed allowing the growth of animation in mapping. Waldo Tobler created one of the first computer-generated map animations, using a 3-D computer-generated map to portray population growth over a specified time in Detroit. Hal Moellering created another animated map in 1976 representing a spatiotemporal pattern in traffic accidents.

Further development in the animated maps was stalled until the 1990s due to a lack of animation in academics, financial restrictions on research, and lack of distribution means. In the 1990s, however, the invention of faster, more efficient computers, compact discs, and the Internet solved such problems. Today, there are many free options for hosting animated maps online, including YouTube and GitHub. Internet GIS and web mapping both make extensive use of animated maps, particularly when showing time. Because of the nature of the internet, this may lead to the distribution of misinformation and contribute to the infodemic.

Visual variables
With the growth of animated mapping came the development of guidelines for creating animated maps. Visual variables such as spacing, lightness, and shape used for static maps apply. However, in 1991, David DiBiase and colleagues developed visual variables unique to animated maps: duration, rate of change, and order. Duration is the unit of time a frame or scene is displayed, affecting the smoothness of the animation. The shorter a frame is displayed, the smoother the animation will appear. Smoothness of animation is also a function of the rate of change. Order refers to the time sequence in which animation is played out, usually presented in chronological sequence. Alan MacEachren extended these visual variables in 1995 to include display date (time at which change is initiated), frequency (number of times identifiable forms are displayed), and synchronization (correspondence of 2 or more time series).

Types
Animated maps can emphasize the existence of an occurrence at a location, emphasize an attribute of an occurrence, or represent a change in the position or attributes of an occurrence. For instance, a flashing symbol may be used to draw the map-reader's attention to a particular occurrence at one location or multiple locations across the map. Maps on the weather channel use animation to emphasize the current and predicted paths of hurricanes.

The use of the Internet has allowed animated maps to become interactive. The user can witness representations of changes over time, while manipulating the direction of view, the pace or the parameters of the map displayed.

Animation on maps can be mainly divided into two types: temporal and non-temporal.

Temporal map animation
Temporal map animation shows the ongoing gradual changes over time. Temporal maps can also be termed animated timeline maps and can be a useful reference to examine the changes ongoing on each step and analyze the progression occurring gradually as time passes.

There are many purposes which temporal animation might serve to depict: displaying and analyzing geographic patterns, meteorological events, climate, natural disasters, and other multivariate data.

Animated mapping of history
Animated mapping is extensively used in the construction of animated maps to depict historical events in a cartographic environment, particularly in the subdiscipline of Historical geographic information system. These were one of the first applications of such maps, documented in Waldo Tobler's 1970 paper. Today, such animations often show the land ownership/occupation of specific groups over time.

Importance of legend in temporal maps
As in the case of static maps, it would be useful if temporal maps could also be provided with proper legend. Legends for temporal maps should not only tell the time but also let users travel over time. Various manipulations such as traveling to a certain point in time, selecting focus level, etc. should be allowed to enhance user-friendliness.

Using legend in the temporal map will answer important questions related to the entity's existence (if?), the entity's location (when?), time intervals (how long?), temporal texture (how often), the speed at which change takes place (how fast?), and the order of change (what order?).

Depending upon their construction, animated legends may distract the viewer from the animated map. Care must be taken to integrate the legend unobtrusively.

Non-temporal map animation
Non-temporal map animation shows changes against some other variables other than time. The variable might be a place, position, generalization level, etc. Non–temporal animation also serves when there is a need to show both the data set and the transformation that has been applied to it for its display.

Non-temporal animation can be of many types according to the purpose they serve:

 * Fly through animation
 * This type of animation gives the viewer the feeling of flying through the landscape.

 * Cartographic zoom animation
 * This type of animation shows maps at different focus levels and viewers can change the scale of the map as desired.

 * Classification animation
 * Different methods of data classification are depicted in this animation.

 * Generalization animation
 * This type of animation uses a single classification method with multiple classes of data.

Time is an important aspect in both animations. Real-time is depicted in temporal animation and presentation time (time to show the animation) is associated with non-temporal animation.

title: Animated mapping


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Talk:Zhou Enlai

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:46, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Zhou geneva.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:08, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Zhou Enlai and Lin Doudou.jpg

Infobox image suggestion
I'd like to replace the current image with this one: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zhou_Enlai_portrait.jpg

Zhou looks decrepit and near-death in the current infobox image (he died four years after that photo). I know it's in color but just because it's in color doesn't mean that it's good. Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 20:51, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zhou Enlai


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Composition of the Austrian provincial parliaments

The Austrian provincial parliaments are the unicameral legislatures of the nine Austrian provinces, according to the Constitution of Austria deciding in all matters unless explicitly subject of federal legislation. On federal level the provincial parliaments are represented in the Federal Council.

Nine political parties are represented in the provincial parliaments, of which six are represented in more than one. Currently, the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), and Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) are represented in all nine provincial parliaments. The Greens are represented in eight, and NEOS – The New Austria (NEOS) is represented in six. Also, the leftist-socialist Communist Party (KPÖ) is represented in two parliaments, while the fiscal-liberal and regionalist Team Carinthia, the populist MFG and the anti-corruption regionalist Citizens' Forum (FRITZ), are represented in one parliament each.

Composition
Parties involved in government are shaded; parties leading governments are indicated in bold.


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User:Alteripse/workshop4

blahblahblah User:Alteripse/workshop3 asdf asdf asfd
 * asdf
 * asdfa
 * sdfasdf
 * asfd

Sources of controversy Are doctors providing accurate information to each other and to patients? Can surgery be performed differently to improve the outcome? Does this condition require surgical correction? Who is the best person/people to make this decision, and at what age? What is the best way to handle sex assignment in various conditions of ambiguity?
 * What are the best sources of information?
 * How much weight does one put on recommendations from various sources?
 * Timing
 * Technique
 * What are best criteria for best choice?

refs  Mig, wis jcem 45 sdt

Glycosylation is the attachment by molecular bonding of glucose to a larger molecule, usually a [[protein]. This process occurs in animal tissues in variety of both normal and abnormal contexts, involving a wide variety of proteins.

One of the most common contexts in which glycosylation is discussed is diabetes mellitus, a disease charaterized by high levels of glucose in blood and tissues much of the time. This type of glycosylation is spontaneous and non-enzymatic, and described as an Amadori reaction. The amount of glycosylation depends on the amount of glucose present and duration of exposure (i.e., the "lifetime" of the protein). Glycosylation alters the physical properties of some proteins, and this may contribute to tissue damage from chronic hyperglycemia and the subsequent long-term microvascular complications of diabetes.

In diabetes care, and in medical practice in general, the most well-known glycosylated protein is hemoglobin. Glycosylated hemoglobin is also called glycohemoglobin and hemoglobin A1c in clinical contexts (though there are minor technical distinctions between the terms). The percentage of hemoglobin that is glycosylated reflects the average level of glucose in the blood over the preceding 2-3 months, and is the most important measure of glycemic control in diabetes management.

Possible changes
Nice work from several people. A few changes occurred to me but I'd like to list them here first in case anyone objects:
 * 1) this is a horrible disease, but this should be apparent immediately from the description, so I would leave out "serious"
 * 2) I would be a little more specific than genetic disorder and refer to it as a genetic inborn error of metabolism, which is the usual medical classification
 * 3) mostly males? do you know of a female case? lose "mostly"
 * 4) list the gouty arthritis last rather than first, as all the other manifestations tend to occur earlier.
 * 5) Add growth failure as a major manifestation.

 * hypo
 * hyper
 * eu
 * euuu so what is that line gonna cost

thus resembling reactive hypoglycemia except that low glucose levels cannot be demonstrated at the time of symptoms and the episodes are not always rapidly relieved by sugar.

reduce the popular confusion produced by the various partly overlapping, partly incompatible usages of the

Hypoglycemia is also a term of contemporary American folk medicine which refers to a recurrent state of symptoms of altered mood and cognitive efficiency, sometimes accompanied by adrenergic symptoms, but not necessarily by measured low blood glucose. The symptoms are primarily those of altered mood, behavior, and mental efficiency. This condition is usually treated by dietary changes which range from simple to elaborate.

This condition therefore overlaps with the condition of hypoglycemia described in the remainder of this article but is not entirely congruent. When low glucose levels can be measured, this condition is what is usually described by physicians as idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia. When glucose levels are not low enough to distinguish the patient's glucose from normal levels, this type of hypoglycemia does not carry the same risks of coma or brain damage as measurable hypoglycemia that meets the Whipple criteria. A variety of terms have been used in the medical literature: functional hypoglycemia, idiopathic postprandial syndrome, pseudohypoglycemia, nonhypoglycemia, and "hypoglycemia". The terms range from favorable to pejorative and reflect the range of attitudes of physicians as much as the nature of the condition. Most hypoglycemia websites describe a conflated mixture of reactive hypoglycemia and idiopathic postprandial syndrome but do not recognize a distinction.

title: User:Alteripse/workshop4


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Central Elgin

Central Elgin is a township located in Southwestern Ontario, Canada in Elgin County on Lake Erie. It is part of the London census metropolitan area.

History
Central Elgin was formed in 1998 through the amalgamation of the Township of Yarmouth with the Villages of Belmont and Port Stanley.

Communities
The municipality includes the population centres of Port Stanley and Belmont. Other communities include Dexter, Lawton's Corners, Lyndale, Lynhurst, Mapleton, New Sarum, Norman, Sparta, Union, Whites and Yarmouth Centre.

Mayors

 * Bill Walters, 1999
 * David M. Rock, 1999–2006
 * Born June 16, 1948, in St. Thomas, Ontario. He was also chair of the Elgin Group Police Services Board. While he was mayor, there were discussions about proposed new ferry services on Lake Erie and their financial implications.

 * Sylvia Hofhuis, 2006–2010
 * Tom Marks, 2010
 * Bill Walters, 2010–2014
 * David Marr, 2014–2018
 * Sally Martyn, 2018–2022
 * Andrew Sloan, 2022–

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Central Elgin had a population of $13,746$ living in $5,460$ of its $5,845$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $12,607$. With a land area of 279.87 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Education
The community of Sparta has a French-immersion public school. It was an English public school prior to fall 2018.

title: Central Elgin


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Annaba

Annaba (عنّابة, lit "Place of the Jujubes"), formerly known as Bon, Bona and Bône, is a seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria, close to the border with Tunisia. Annaba is near the small Seybouse River and is in the Annaba Province. With a population of about 464,740 (2019) and 1,000,000 for the metropolitan area, Annaba is the third-largest city and the leading industrial center in Algeria.

Annaba is a coastal city that underwent significant growth during the 20th century. Annaba has a metropolitan area with a higher population density than the other metropolitan areas of the Algerian coastline, such as Oran and Algiers. Much of eastern and southern Algeria uses the services, equipment and infrastructure of Annaba. Economically, it is the centre for various economic activities, such as industry, transportation, finance, and tourism.

Names
Present-day Annaba grew up on the site of Aphrodisium, the seaport of the Roman city Hippo Regius. (The modern city has since expanded south over Hippo's ruins as well.) Its former names Bône and Bona derived from "Ubbo", a local form of the name Hippo. Its informal name "Land of the Jujubes" (بلد العناب, Balad al-‘Unnāb) derives from that abundance of that fruit in the region.

Ancient
The area of Annaba has yielded evidence of very early human occupation at Ain el Hanech, near Saïda (circa 200,000 BC), including artifacts that show remarkable toolmaking craftsmanship. According to some sources, prehistoric Algeria was the site of the most advanced development of flake-tool techniques in the Middle Early Stone Age (Middle Paleolithic).

The town of Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) first entered historical records at the end of the 3rd century BCE as a possession of Massinissa's Numidian Kingdom. Augustine of Hippo was bishop here from 396 AD until his death in 430 AD. The city was destroyed in the 5th century by the Vandals. Vandals ruled the city for roughly a century until 534. Gelimer, the King of the Vandals and Alans from 530 to 534 AD, faced with the starvation of his followers and their children, and realizing he had no chance of regaining his kingdom of North Africa, surrendered to Flavius Belisarius, a general of the Byzantine Empire under Justinian I, at Bône. Byzantines then ruled Hippona (Hippo's renamed name after 395) before the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 699 AD. Later, Abbasids, Aghlabids, and Fatimids ruled Bona before the rise of the Zirids. It was relocated to its present place after flooding and Banu Hilal the ravages that occurred in 1033 during Hammadid rule. It was attacked by a Pisan fleet in 1034 and was conquered by Kingdom of Sicily in 1153. The Almohads took it in 1160.

During the 11th century, the Banu Hilal, an Arab tribe living between the Nile and the Red Sea, settled in Tunisia, Tripolitania (western Libya) and Constantinois (eastern Algeria) which was the portion known as Annaba.

After the demise of the Almohads, the rule of the Hafsids began in Annaba in 1250. Hafsid rule was interrupted by brief occupations of the Marinids and Castile (in 1360) and ended with that of the Zayyanids. Rule by the Ottoman Empire began in 1533, and that lasted until French occupation in 1832, excepting rule by the Spanish Empire between 1535 and 1540. The Barbary pirates also lived in Annaba from the 16th through 19th centuries.

Modern
During the rule of France (empire and republics), this city was called Bône. It was one of the main French settlements, and it still has a sizeable minority of the "Pied-Noir". One notable pied-noir from Bône was General Alphonse Juin, a Marshal of France and then the Central European NATO Commander.

Construction was undertaken at Bône during 1856–69 to build an 80 ha sheltered port to handle the iron ore from the Mokta el Hadid. A short railroad line was built from the iron ore mine at Ain Mokra to the docks of Bône. This railway was opened in 1864, the first one to be built in Algeria. Full-scale production or iron ore began in 1865. Also in 1865, Emperor Napoleon III visited Algeria, including going to the mine and the city of Bône.

In 1865, the mine produced 22,000 tonnes of iron ore, which increased to 255,000 tonnes in 1869. The ore was extracted from underground galleries, and then shipped from Bône to the French iron and steel works. Before the mine was opened, Bône had just 10,000 inhabitants. By 1924, there were 41,000 people, and the port was being used to export phosphates, lead ore, and zinc ore, too.

During World War II in 1943, Bône was an important goal of the U.S. Army and British Army in Operation Torch, advancing eastward from Morocco, Oran, and Algiers across North Africa. Bône was a crucial highway and sea location for the invasion of Tunisia, and thence the driving of the Axis Powers (Germany and Italy) out of Africa in May 1943.

Bône remained in Allied hands until the end of the war in 1945, and then it remained a part of French Algeria until the independence of Algeria in 1962.

Demography
The city of Annaba had a population of 257,359 in 2008 (General Census of the population and habitat). In 1988, the population of the urban district of Annaba had increased to 359,657 (with El Bouni comprising 111,956 inhabitants). The cities of If El Hadjar, and Sidi Amar are also included. Currently there are approximately 500,000 people in "greater Annaba". Today Annaba has a population of 464.740 and 1.000.000 in greater Annaba.

Geography
The city is located in the northeastern corner of Algeria, close to the border with Tunisia. Annaba is near the small Seybouse River and is in located in the Annaba Province.

Climate
Annaba has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with long, hot, dry summers, especially from mid-July to mid-August, and mild, wet winters. Snow is rare but not unknown. Rain is abundant by North African standards and can be torrential.

Urban areas
The metropolitan area includes the cities of El Bouni, El Hadjar and Sidi Amar, which now form a circle around the city of Annaba. The city has grown dramatically since a major factory was opened at El Hadjar (10 km to the South) and provides employment for the entire region.

The downtown district of Annaba is on the sea-front, and includes the promenade called the Concours de la Revolution (previously called Le Cours Bertagna) which is a lively area, brimming with arcades and all kinds of covered restaurants, terraced cafes and kiosks. Annaba also has an international airport.

Education
One of Annaba's most notable educational institutions is the University of Annaba. As of 2004, there are over 40,000 students enrolled.

There is a branch campus of the French international school Lycée international Alexandre-Dumas.

Economy

As of 1911, Annaba was producing iron, zinc, cork, livestock, and cereal.

The city is an important hub of the world steel industry with the steel complex of El Hadjar, 8 km south of the city. It is the largest in Africa. Phosphate and metal industries now include the Seybousa complex and the metallurgical complex of Allelik. The private industrial sector is also very important in Annaba and geared especially to the agri-food, metal processing, wood products and construction. These industrial areas occupy nearly 400 ha between Bouchet Bridge, Meboudja, Berrahal and Kherraza. Business areas are also to be found in the suburbs of the city, such as Sidi Salem, El Eulma and Wadi El-Aneb.

Transportation
Annaba was described as the "chief seaport of Algeria after Oran and Algiers," by Baedeker's in 1911.

Annaba is served by Rabah Bitat Airport, an international airport whose IATA airport code is AAE. Annaba also has rail links to the Algerian cities of Constantine and Algiers, and it is at the end of Algeria's east–west highway. It is the second industrial centre in Algeria after the capital Algiers.

Tourism

Annaba is an important centre for tourism, and is one of the major tourist attractions in the western Mediterranean. It is a coastal city with mountains, hills, foothills, and plains surrounding it. Due to this, and aside from maritime and seaside tourism, Annaba has a key potential for mountain tourism. The mountains around Seraïdi which rise to 1080 m, make them a major tourist attraction. Other tourist attractions are West Bay, Djenane el Bey (La Grande Plage), Ras el Hamra and Ain Achir beach.

Annaba also has various key religious sites, including the Saint Augustin Basilica. Annaba in its early history, was the site of an important and influential Diocese, prior to its destruction by the Vandals, and the era of Islamisation. Annaba is located on the Tunisian border, and is a visa-free area, hence tourists are also able to make side trips to Tunisia and to El Kala National Park.

Annaba is also known for its verdant Main Street (more often known as the Concours de la Revolution), which is a bustling promenade also well known for its night-life. The Annaba area is generally reputed for having scenic beaches, hotels and a bustling nightlife.

The War Cemetery at Bône lies 5 km from Annaba on the road towards Constantine. It is an important memorial to the British Empire's soldiers and airmen who fought in the region during the World War II, with 868 Commonwealth burials there. There are also 14 other graves, mostly of merchant seamen. It was designed by J. Hubert Worthington. After the war, most of the American dead were repatriated for burial in the United States, but this was not traditional in the British Empire.

Notable people

 * Juba I of Numidia (ca.85–46 BC), Berber king of Numidia and Mauretania.
 * Juba II (ca.48 BC – AD 23) Son of Juba I, king of Numidia and spouse of Cleopatra Selene II
 * Augustine of Hippo (354–430), also known as Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba).
 * Ahmad al-Buni, (died 1225), born in Bône (now Annaba), a well-known Sufi and writer on the esoteric value of letters and topics relating to mathematics, sihr (sorcery) and spirituality.
 * Alphonse Juin (1888–1967), born in Bône, a French pied-noir general during World Wars I & II.
 * Raoul Borra (1896-1988), born in Bône, French politician
 * Mohamed Boudiaf (1919–1992), Algerian president, was assassinated in Annaba.
 * Robert Cohen (1930–2022), born in Bône, a French boxer.
 * Professor Alain Ferry (born 1939), a writer, who was awarded the 2009 Prix Médicis.
 * Edwige Fenech (born 1948), born in Bône, an Italian actress.
 * Michèle Victory (born 1958), French politician

In Art and Literature

 * An engraving of a painting by J Salmon, was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837 along with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon entitled Bona, The Pirate's Song.

title: Annaba


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Talk:Gorillaz/Archive 1

Untitled
I guess this probably won't matter in four days, but December 8, 2004 has not actually happened yet — while their website does indeed say that a new CD will be announced and the Kong studio re-opened then, can we really say that it has happened? After all, we don't even know if this information is truthful. -Sam Walker (December 4, 2004)

Should there be a section about the fandom? We can move things like rumors there. Like, for example, 2D's last name being "Tusspot" is a complete fan fabrication for all I know. Plus, there was a bunch of fansites in the links at the bottom that were taken out. It'd be good to mention things here like Schneeflocke that are often confused with being official. OR, on the other hand, does it need to be there? What do you think?

--JSC

 * I think it'd be enough to mention this to a certain degree in the History section (if there are actual sources for this). All the rumors should be removed from the article alltogether. ("Articles that present [...] speculation [...] are original research and therefore inappropriate." see What Wikipedia is not. That page also gives reasons for the fansites being removed). --Fritz S. (Talk) 16:22, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

What about Tina?
I'm not totally sure, but i thought Tina Weymouth and whatever her husband's name is (essentially the drummer and bassist of the Talking heads) were heavily involved with the Gorillaz stuff? Am I misinformed or should we change the article to reference that? -85

I think she only collaborated on one track? If that's correct she'd no more or less involved than Ike Turner or Shaun Ryder.

G peoples
Who all from the forums (either the Official or the G-U) has contributed to the page? I put in the G-U reference. I'm so awesome. :P

ManiacalLaughter

Well, I added a little info this week (March 2005). I was a member of the Gorillaz forums for almost a full year in 2001, but I haven't been back there since December of that year. I used to post there under the name 3D (original, huh?).
 * I remember a 3D. In any case, this isn't a forum. -MHR

I added a little recently.- 87th

I frequently check this page and edit it a bunch. JSC

Keep A Mild Groove On?
I was wondering why the history subsection for 2001-2003 was labeled "Keep A Mild Groove On"...? --Fritz S. 18:09, May 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * That bit is part from the 19-2000 song, if I'm not mistaken. 2D says it, but last time I checked, people weren't sure if that's really what he says, or if it's something else.--Kaonashi 07:24, 5 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I know it's a line from the song, I just didn't get why it would be used as a label for that time. --Fritz S.
 * Well, what would you rather have? I'm not trying to sound like a jerk or anything, but I can't think of anything else to call it. --Tobb
 * What about Celebrity Take Down? I mean, that's the title they themselves gave for Phase 1 and I think that would make more sense than just some random line from one of their songs. --Fritz S.
 * Well, you've gotten me there, but aesthetically, Keep A Mild Groove On sounds better.
 * I named it "Keep A Mild Groove On" because it sounded great and was short and snappy, but hey, I've seen one set of subtitles reading "Keeping my old groove on." "Tomorrow Comes Today" was gonna be "Laugh Now But One Day We'll Be In Charge" but that was too long. --MHR.

- I don't think "Laugh Now But One Day We'll Be In Charge" was ever a name for Tomorrow Comes Today. "Keep A Mild Groove On" may be aesthetically pleasing but it verges on the outright confusing, seeing as the phrase is of no overall significance for that time period. - 2-J

Does it matter? e_e
 * "Laugh Now But One Day We'll Be In Charge" is from a stecil graffiti of a very famous graffiti artist in england, I can't remember his name at the moment.The stecil is a monkey holding a sign that states the quote, and I think he has a spaceish hat on also. this stecil was shown three fold in the "tommorow comes today" video..not so sure about it as an alternate title. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.154.21.38 (talk • contribs).
 * You're talking about Bansky. 128.227.3.233 02:42, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Pic size
I changed the pic to 400 pixels wide because at 300px wide it is only 164px tall, and IMO it looks a little small, especially in comparison to some other band photos (e.g. The Smiths, The Hives), but it's been reverted. I don't really care how big the pic is, as it is only a thumbnail so you can click thru to the larger version anyway. Just figured a slightly larger size looked aesthetically better. Gram 12:44, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I did the revert, because images are usually supposed to be displayed at 200-250 pixels width (see Image use policy) and with 300px it already is a little larger than that. Larger the image would take most of the screen's space on a lower resolution like 800x600 and the article's text would only appear in a small column, and I think we all agree that the text is more important than the image. --Fritz S. 13:21, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Screen size is a fine reason to change the size... But in this case I think the image is just as important as the text ;-) --Dilaudid 15:23, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course, our top priority is the three people with 800x600 screens who may happen to read an article on Gorillaz, as long as their AOL dial-ups load the pages in less than 10 minutes... Really, why did I spend all my money on two 1920x1600 25" screens if sites are still built to accomodate people with archaic 800x600 CRTs? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.106.97.111 (talk • contribs).

Fact/Fiction
Yes, Gorillaz are a Virtual Band. However, it would be good if we could somehow seperate the Fact of the Project from the Fiction. I'd like to know a little bit more about the goings on behind the Gorillaz scenes, and of coruse I'd like to know about the story that has developed around these characters. But I would like to be able to tell one from the other. --Squirminator2k 10:31, August 6, 2005 (UTC) I'm working on splicing together a more complete "Fictional Band History", based off their presskits, promo booklets, and the Apex Tapes and We Are The Dury interview cds that most of the character quotes and print articles are culled from. The current band history is sorely lacking, frankly rather sophomoric, and is word for word plagarized from every major media outlet "bio" of the band on the internet. Are there any objections to a more detailed account of the Gorillaz character origins and storyline? I will have a draft completed this evening. --Thelatespaceboy 22:15, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

"Due to this, the fictional band members' Hotmail accounts were abandoned (and later hacked) and the inboxes on the site were never updated." should that be moved from the Phase One part into the fictional part or am i misinterpreting that?? -85

A Gorillaz movie?
Looks like there is going to be a movie about them:

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0465655/

Cool, that's awesome someone should add it to the page.--Sultn 07:25, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

I don't know why this was deleted from the main Gorillaz page. As of this past June, the movie is still scheduled for a 2007 release. Sebastian Prospero 19:51, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

No it isn't. Give me ONE source that says this other than IMDB, who often gets information mixed up. They probably just heard about the OLD plans for the movie that were *cancelled* and put that up because they're morons. Jamie and Damon have said time and time again that no movie in in production anymore. --JSC

Duh! So everyone will be suprised when it does come out. Children figured this out, and not you? IMDb does suck though. -G

Right, "everyone will be surprised when it comes out". Makes a LOT of sense. *rolls eyes* Still waiting for ANY other mention of this happening other than IMDB. It's complete bull. --JSC

Noodle
Is Noodle a guy or a girl, in 19-2000 he/she sings like a man and looks like a man, in Feel good Inc. he/she looks like a man but in DARE he/she looks and sings like a girl.

 * Noodle is a young (10 year old?) Japanese girl.
 * Ten years old as of Gorillaz, 13 or 14 as of Demon Days. 68.104.201.53
 * Noodle is an 11 year old japanese girl acording to somthing i read
 * Then apparently, what you read is old. Noodle is a 13 yr old Japanese girl. Rumors state that Noodle's birthday is on Halloween. If this is true, she would be 14 (as of 1-7-06). I got my info from the Offical Gorillaz Cribs. It stated that she was 13 but the latest thing on the episode was the DARE video, which was released before Halloween. If you want to watch it, you can find it on YouTube. --xkelseygurl185x--
 * are you people really arguing about the birthdate of a fictional character?--Jeff 23:39, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah. Great, isn't it? -- Andrew McM 09:54, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * In 19-2000, I believe the part where noodles sings is accompanied by 2D's voice. That is why it sounds slightly like a man's voice.
 * Yes, how unusual, considering we're on a Wikipedia page dedicated to the band the character is in. We are soooo weird. 128.227.3.233 02:45, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

On the MTV Cribs episode, her age was listed as 13.

US Releases off Demon Days
I believe "Feel Good Inc." was released in the United States, since on Amazon it's not listed as an import single. You can see that here. Also, I can't find evidence that DARE will not be released at all. It may take a while, as most foreign singles do. If you can provide evidence that it'll never be released, I'll revert this edit. Sebastian Prospero 19:46, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

"911" single
Why is "911" listed as a single in the Singles section and in the Gorillaz template? As far as I know it was only available as a download and 12" promo for DJs... --Fritz S. 11:47, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * For starters the song has a cover art of its own. How many non-album songs have the same thing? --Andylkl (talk) 14:59, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Still, I don't think having cover art qualifies a song as being a single. --Fritz S. 16:47, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yet, it was still was pressed as a 12" promo. If it wasn't for the free downloads through the website, at least it could've been considered as just a promotional single. Although it wasn't produced commercially, in your opinion, in what way does "911" defy the definition of the word "single"? --Andylkl (talk) 17:50, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, I never said it doesn't fit any definition of a single. I just found it strange that while "911" is listed, "Gorillaz On My Mind" is not... --Fritz S. 20:59, 23 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahh, okay... By the way, after a bit of searching I found that the official Gorrilaz website's discography does include "911" as a single . So does the Gorillaz-Unofficial website which has more info on it . Does that clear things up? :) --Andylkl (talk) 08:46, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, you're right. Thanks. --Fritz S. 11:08, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

'Murdoc Is Dead' rumor
Shouldn't there be some mention of the "Murdoc Is Dead" rumor going around? I mean, there seems to be sufficient evidence now that it has acheived near the status that "Paul Is Dead" reached, and that has its own page entirely. If so, does anyone have some good info involving it? All I can think of is the portrayal of Murdoc as a zombie, the song "Murdoc Is God", and the lyrics in the last three songs of Demon Days, but I know there's more.

--The Phantom Trogdor

 * Well, as far as I can see it's not even close to the "Paul is dead" thing. It also is already mentioned in the Demon Days article and there isn't much more one could write that wouldn't be original research or pure speculation, so I personally think that is enough. --Fritz S. (Talk) 20:47, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

This thread on the Gorillaz-Unofficial messageboard talks about it in great depth- http://gorillaz-unofficial.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=868 Clues in artwork and lyrics point at Murdoc's Death. One picture shows Murdoc being chased by some thugs and a second Murdoc. Some suggest that this is a member of a heavy metal band (who was possibly called 'Johnny') who wanted instant fame, and saw that another bassist looked extremely like him, so he killed him and took his place. Many pictures show Murdoc in lethal situations or represented as a zombie. Some also suggest that backtracked songs from Demon Days hold clues.

In the song "Murdoc Is God" on the Feel Good Inc single, the lyrics are read as "Murdoc is dead, Murdoc is dead," but, as is Murdoc's haircut,it is just another Beatles reference.

Bertrand Russell
there needs to be a disambiguation page for this philosopher, currently "russel" redirects here.

Don't be ridiculous. 'Russel' is not even spelt the same as 'Russell'. - 2-J

Phi Life Cypher - Funkydemons or Not?
I noticed that my edits have been changed, but from what I know in the Clint Eastwood (Phi life Cypher Version), they make actual refrences to being inside Russel's head. Maybe there should be some more clarifiaction about this issue. To the editor - I'm not trying to point out that you're wrong, I just want to get this straight. Here's a link to a guide about the song: Gorillaz-Unofficial Songs Guide - Clint Eastwood (Phi Life Cypher Version) I Am Ri¢h 22:05, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

I was the one who edited it. They're not funkydemons as far as I know despite those lyrics. They were never seen as ghosts, only as real people, while in contrast Del was always protrayed as a ghost and never appeared live. That says to me that Phi Life Cypher was just a collaborator, in the same way Ibrahim Ferrer was. --JSC

Okay thanks, I just wanted to get this straight, I was confused when that was edited it out becuase of that page. Well, Thanks again I Am Ri¢h 21:50, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Description (first line) is really bad
"are an animated Britpop collective or supergroup " in the first line was woefully inaccurate, and just sounds terrible. The animated band is neither a Britpop group (in style they're not, and only two members are brits anyway) and it is not a supergroup. So I've changed it.

- 2-J

Cleanup
This article needs to be checked for proper spelling, grammar, tone and style. The article is full of weasel words, which should be avoided. Most of it is also unreferenced, especially the Members section, which mostly consist of speculation about the characters ages. These are on the verge of original research. The list of Horror references seems rather useless, unless there is more information such as where these references are made.

Also, there are some Gorillaz related articles (Jump The Gut, The Apex Tapes, We Are the Dury) that are probably not really notable enough to justify seperate articles for each (I think it would be a good idea to merge We Are the Duty and The Apex Tapes into something like Gorillaz interview CDs, or into the History section of this article) I doubt these will emerge from their stub status on their own. --Fritz S. (Talk) 10:57, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, to help the cleanup, I'm going to delete the picture of the Gorillaz in Phase One Point Five off the page and list it for deletion, unless testified. I personally think it's really not needed. -- I  Am   Ri¢h!  16:01, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I went through and fixed some grammatical and structural errors, and cleaned up up to the section concerning the cartoon band members. I think the issue about Noodle's age is more fair now, since we really have no idea what's going on with that officially. I dunno... everything else seems okay? What else needs work? Just some chick 05:15, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * As I said, the Horror references section doesn't make much sense in my opinion. Also, I think the Singles section should be the way the rest of the discography is (There isn't really any need for a table here. And I doubt we need to list the chart entries, especially as many are empty and they're usually listed on the songs' articles anyway. And even if these shall be included, they can just go behind the listing as in the Albums section). The Early career section might need some expansion, for example mentioning of the Deltron 3030 project. Also, the lead is quite short, given the length of the overall article. Also, I think the Actual members section could use a picture of Damon and Jamie (possibly also of DM, as he was one of the real life representatives of the band for the Demon Days promotions).
 * And most important, there need to references! Things like "an EMI interview later revealed that plans for the film were abandoned." and "In real life Albarn and Hewlett didn't ask the real Del to come back." really need to be more specific about where this information is coming from, so other editors don't have trouble confirming it. --Fritz S. (Talk) 11:32, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Fictional?
The article reads: "Gorillaz are an animated, fictional, virtual band". I agree they're virtual and animated, but fictional? The band does exist. In my opinion, a fictional band would be, for example, a band that appeared in a movie but doesn't really exist. Like the band in That Thing You Do. But Gorillaz, animated as they may be, are a real band. What's your opinion? ironcito 23:27, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. This should be moved to the second part of the sentence like this: "Gorillaz are an virtual band, comprised of four fictional animated band members:" --Fritz S. (Talk) 23:34, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

This "Tusspot" Nonsense
Someone is now claiming that "Tusspot" is official, and has added in that it appears in an official source. Please don't start an edit war. And if you want to insist it's official, by all means -- let's see this "source" of yours. --JSC

The name "Tusspot" has nothing to do with Gorillaz. "Pot" MAY be 2D's last name though. I believe the name was born on 2D's Spectrum chat. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 152.163.100.74 (talk • contribs).

It was an insult people used on me along with "Tums. " —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.12.116.14 (talk • contribs).

You know, adding to the "Tusspot" nonsense, for all we know, the "Pot" in "Stu-Pot" could mean "Potter." That is a very common surname. although, for obvious reasons, one would not think that was it.

- concerned fan —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.129.141.204 (talk • contribs).

2D's real name IS Stuart Tusspot —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.138.63.160 (talk • contribs).
 * Do you have any sources for that? --Fritz S. (Talk) 07:05, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Yep - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_%28Gorillaz%29 it says it there and it's stated on gorillaz.com in the fourms. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.157.210.80 (talk • contribs).
 * Another unsourced Wikipedia article hardly qualifies as a reliable source. And neither does what some fans say on the forum. --Fritz S. (Talk) 11:33, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm somewhat sure that on the celebrity take down DVD one of 2d ex "girlfriends" is the one who says about his nickname of stu-pot...did she say trusspot? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.154.21.38 (talk • contribs).

 * No. She actually says "Stu-Pot" was his real name, which we know is not the simple truth, since Murdoc has called him "Stuart". 128.227.3.233 02:49, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Live show picture?
Did anybody here attend one of the band's live shows and possibly made a good picture they were willing to release under a free license so we can use it in the article? --Fritz S. (Talk) 11:22, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I have a 320x240 video of the show on my PSP. Would it be "free license" to take a screenshot from that? Taylor 01:44, 13 January 2006 (UTC)
 * That depends on who took the video and under what license it has been released. Although we could also use a screenshot from that under fair use, but something with a free license (public domain, GFDL, GNU or similar) would be better.--Fritz S. (Talk) 10:17, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * [www.gorillaz-unofficial.com] offers some pics of some of the live shows. -- I  Am   Ri¢h!  04:29, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Articles for Band Members
I think we need articles for each individual band member. Tell me what you think...

It sounds a bit superfluous, but if done right, could be worth it. Tobb

Yeah, I mean we have an article for freaking "Jump the Gut." If we're going to get that detailed into the Gorillaz, why not make actual pages about the fictional members?

There's a great deal of things that can be said about 2D and Murdoc, and not much less about Russel and Noodle, so I think there's need for a page. Gorillaz-Unofficial has listings of the real musicians, too, which could be added to the members' articles.

The New Feel Good Inc. EP on iTunes
I know the material is nothing new, but should we write an article about the iTunes exclusive Feel Good Inc. EP? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.214.95.63 (talk • contribs).
 * I think mentioning it in the Feel Good Inc. article is enough, there's no need for a new article about that. --Fritz S. (Talk) 10:51, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, you're right. 66.214.95.63 04:34, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Gorillaz discography
As this article was getting a little large, I moved most of the discography section to a new article, Gorillaz discography, and kept only the basics in this one. --Fritz S. (Talk) 00:48, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Apple
My friend told me that the Gorillaz once were owned by Apple (in fact, Apple Computers Inc is credited in the "Clint Eastwood" video), but I don't see anything about it in the article. The Republican 02:22, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

I think this is just a rumor that started when Feel Good Inc. was used in iPod adverts.

 * The credit could just be because Apple (may have) donated or assisted in some way with the animation, or even that they just used Macintosh products to create their videos and were thanking Apple for having created the machine. I don't think Apple owned Gorillaz at one point.  --MPD01605 22:43, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Del tha Funkee Homospaien
Am I the only one who finds Del tha Funkee Homospaien's relationship with the group a little confusing in this article? Is he just a ghost in two songs named Del or is he actually a member of the group named Russel? Also I might be wrong but it sounds a lot like him in "We Get the Cool Shoeshine". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by The Next Biggish Thing (talk • contribs).
 * As explained in the article (in the Fictional history section), Del is a phantom, possessing Russel. The song you call "We Get the Cool Shoeshine" is actually "19-2000". --Fritz S. (Talk) 13:58, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Yea sorry i didn't mean to say "We Get the Cool Shoeshine". I was getting mixed up. Its clearly not him in that song. I only found the article a little confusing in that I was unsure whether Del was actually the ghost or whether he was Russel, as they appear to be different characters. I now understand the difference.
 * I do agree that Del's cooperation with the band is somewhat confusing. Was he 'kicked out' or was he busy with other projects?

Del was just a collaberater on 2 songs (sorry bout any bad spelling) He was no more part of the band as Del la Sol is after Feel Good Inc —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.138.60.110 (talk • contribs).

Captions Contradicting Each Other
I just noticed that the two pictures that describe the detail of the artwork for Gorillaz in their early career and then in their later career contradict each other. Although I think I can tell which is right, I would like to have this brought up here before I change the wrong bit. So I ask: Was the artwork for Gorillaz more detailed during its cartoonish phase or during its later dark phase? Cawifre 20:16, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Is there enough information for a seperate article about Kong Studios?

Thanks to whoever edited those contradicting captions. Not sure what Kong has to do with those pictures though... I will create a new section in this talk page to address that. Cawifre 22:33, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, that was me who said that the older style was less detailed. It's no problem.  :) Taylor 09:27, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

New article for Kong Studios?
Not quite sure who it was that said this (the comment was unsigned) but it is right above this in the section about contradicting captions: "Is there enough information for a seperate article about Kong Studios?" Now I am not quite sure exactly how much information is available on Kong, but I do believe it deserves its own article (I will check for more precedents, but there are already articles on Neverland Ranch or The Playboy Mansion, and methinks that being a virtual band should not exclude Gorillaz from the crib havin action). There has to at least be enough info for a stub! Cawifre 22:46, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. I reckon that a stub is in order. Taylor 07:18, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I will start one then! (Yay, my first real contribution!) Cawifre 22:03, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Someone deleted the Kong Studios page and left it as a redirect again! I have no problem with this if they can explain their reasoning, but for now I am reverting back. Deletion without an explaination is a no-no! Cawifre 22:09, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Dirty Harry synth riff by hobbyist?
I deleted the claim that the synth riff from Dirty Harry was written by a "hobbyist" called Ginge. It is not shown anywhere, and I'm sure that it would be fairly published if it were true. Anyway, the riff is shown "under construction" in I Need A Gun on Democrazy. Taylor 07:21, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

Rumors section removed
I removed the rumors section as both The Sun and The Mirror hardly qualify as reliable sources, and the rumors have been dismissed as untrue anyway. There's no sense in listing these on the page, let alone in their own section. --Fritz S. (Talk) 10:56, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

SoHo
I fixed the link to the SoHo article so that it refers to the one in New York. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.176.199.123 (talk • contribs).

Disbanding/Naming convention issue
Is there any heft to the news reported by a few sites regarding Albarn disbanding Gorillaz yet again to focus on other projects?

Also, would one present the name of Albarn's alter-ego as "2-D" or "2D" as most have been simply flocking toward doing? It was initially presented with the hyphenation intact during the first album's era and now it seems I have suddenly seen an influx of individuals dropping the hyphenation without hesitancy. 75.2.49.106 21:00, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Absolutely not. If any single character was his "alter ego", it would be Noodle, as she's the one who was supposed to've wrote the album. As the article states, non of the characters represent any real-life people. 128.227.3.233 02:52, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:36, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gorillaz/Archive 1


text:
Kirk Acevedo

Kirk M. Acevedo (born November 27, 1971) is an American actor. He is primarily known for his work on television for the portrayals of Miguel Alvarez in the HBO series Oz, Joe Toye in Band of Brothers, and FBI Agent Charlie Francis in the science-fiction series Fringe. His best-known films are The Thin Red Line, Dinner Rush and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes. He also portrayed the character of José Ramse on Syfy's 12 Monkeys (2015–2018), as well as comic book villain Ricardo Diaz / The Dragon on The CW's Arrow (2017–2019).

Early life
Acevedo's parents were born in New York City and lived in the Bronx, where both their sons, Richard and Kirk Acevedo, were born and raised. Since childhood, Acevedo has shown an interest in acting; he performed before his family in improvised shows. Acevedo was a drama major in high school.

After graduating from LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, Acevedo enrolled in the SUNY Purchase School of Acting (Purchase College). In the 1990s, Acevedo earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree and, as some of his classmates had landed parts shortly after auditioning for Oz, he was also motivated to try out, and subsequently landed the role of the half-crazed gang leader prisoner Miguel Alvarez.

Career
After landing the role of Miguel Alvarez on Oz, Acevedo was promoted to series regular in season two and appeared in the following episodes: 1–26; 34–36 and 41–56. Among his other most notable credits include his roles in Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005) as Hector Salazar and HBO's Band of Brothers (2001), produced by Steven Spielberg, as Staff sergeant Joe Toye.

He had guest starring roles on well known television shows such as NYPD Blue and 24. He had a notable recurring role on the television show The Black Donnellys.

Some of his most well known movies and miniseries he has starred in include The Thin Red Line, Invincible (2006), Boiler Room (2000), Dinner Rush (2000), Arresting Gena (1997) and Kirk and Kerry (1997). He voices Jackie Estacado in The Darkness, the video game adaptation of the comic book.

In 2008, he landed a supporting role on the Fox science fiction horror television series Fringe as Charlie Francis. He starred on the show's first season and in the episode "Unleashed", Acevedo's real-life wife, actress Kiersten Warren portrayed his on-screen wife. His character was killed in the second season premiere, though Acevedo made two further appearances portraying a shape-shifting imposter. Following the fifth episode of season two, Acevedo was no longer credited as a main cast member due to the shapeshifter's death in the previous episode. Though he is credited as a main cast member for a standalone episode filmed at the end of the first season titled "Unearthed" that was broadcast as the eleventh episode of the second season. His character's reappearance in the episode after being killed off has led to confusion among viewers of the series.

Acevedo officially returned as a guest star in Fringe for the second season finale as the parallel universe version of his character, and continued this recurring role for six episodes of the third season.

In 2011, he joined the main cast of the short-lived U.S remake of Prime Suspect portraying Detective Luisito Calderon. Initially, it was reported Alt-Charlie would appear in fewer episodes of the fourth season of Fringe, though this never happened and he never reappeared in the series following the third season episode "Bloodline". Acevedo later appeared on The Walking Dead for two episodes of the fourth season.

He has starred in the Syfy television series 12 Monkeys. Acevedo was cast in a recurring role in the sixth season of The CW television series Arrow in August 2017 as Ricardo Diaz and was promoted to series regular for the first 14 episodes of season seven.

Accolades
In 1999, Acevedo won an ALMA Award for his role in The Thin Red Line. He was nominated in the "Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play" category in 1997 for the Drama Desk Award for Tooth of Crime. He was nominated for a total of four ALMA Awards for his role in Oz for the following years 1997, 1998, 2000, and 2001. He co-founded the theater company, The Rorschach Group, with Shea Whigham.

title: Kirk Acevedo