text:
Farnese Bull

The Farnese Bull (Toro Farnese), formerly in the Farnese collection in Rome, is a massive Roman elaborated copy of a Hellenistic sculpture. It is the largest single sculpture yet recovered from antiquity. Along with the rest of the Farnese antiquities, it has been since 1826 in the collection of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale Napoli in Naples, inv. no. 6002, though in recent years sometimes displayed at the Museo di Capodimonte across the city. The sculpture in Naples is much restored, and includes around the base a child, a dog, and other animals not apparently in the original composition, which is known from versions in other media.

Pliny the Elder mentions what was presumably the prime version of it as the work of the Rhodian artists Apollonius of Tralles and his brother Tauriscus, stating that it was commissioned at the end of the 2nd century BC and carved from just one whole block of marble. It was imported from Rhodes as part of the remarkable collection of artwork and sculpture owned by Asinius Pollio, a Roman politician who lived during the years between the Republic and the Principate.

This colossal marble sculptural group represents the myth of Dirce, first wife of Lykos, King of Thebes. She was tied to a wild bull by Amphion and Zethus, the sons of Antiope, who wanted to punish Dirce for the ill-treatment inflicted on their mother.

Rediscovery and reconstruction
The group was unearthed in 1546 during excavations at gymnasium of the Roman Baths of Caracalla, commissioned by Pope Paul III in the hope of finding ancient sculptures to adorn the Palazzo Farnese, the Farnese family's palatial residence in Rome. This sculpture is dated to the Severian period (A.D. 222-235).

Unlike the discoveries of the Farnese Hercules and the Latin Hercules from this excavation, which were documented as to their location, the only reference to this grouping is from a 1595 engraving by Etienne du Perac of the ruins of the Baths, showing the end of the east palestra, which states: "...in the time of Paul III many beautiful fragments of statues and animals were found that were all in one piece in antiquity ... and Cardinal Farnese had [it] erected now in his Palazzo."

The group underwent a substantial restoration in the 16th century, when Michelangelo planned to use it for a fountain to be installed at the centre of a garden between Palazzo Farnese and the Villa Farnesina. It also could have been adapted for this use soon after it was found, which is supported by descriptions from the Renaissance era. Further restorations were made in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1883, the original sculpture was noted by Domenico Monaco, curator of the (then) National Museum in Naples, to have been carved from a block of marble measuring 3.66 m × 2.75 m ("12 ft by 9 ft."); after its restorations, the work's perimeter is approximately 3.3 m (10'10") on each side and over 4 m (13') high. As it is today, the sculpture weighs 21.8 tonnes (24 short tons).

It has been argued that the sculpture noted by Pliny in his Natural History could not be the Farnese Bull, which is instead a 3rd-century AD Roman version, made specifically for Caracalla's Baths. Other scholars dispute this, arguing that since the work was originally located in the nearby Horti Asiniani, or Asiniani gardens, which the Pollio family owned, to have commissioned a copy specifically for the Baths would have meant both pieces would have been displayed in very close proximity.

It is shown in the 1954 film Journey to Italy along with the Farnese Hercules. Henry Peacham, in The Compleat Gentleman, says that it "out-strippeth all other Statues in the world for greatnesse and workemanship".

title: Farnese Bull


text:
Talk:Harbison Canyon, California

Census Designated Place
See Rambot: Village and town are legitimate designations

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Harbison Canyon, California


text:
Talk:David Unaipon

Untitled
do they have pictures?
 * unfortunately it wld appear so, does anyone have a better pic? → bsnowball 14:57, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Widely known?
He was the most widely known Aborigine in Australia
 * Do we have a cite for that? I'm reasonably well informed, but the first I ever heard of him was when the $50 note came out.  Maybe this says more about me than about him ...  --   Jack of Oz   [your turn]  04:09, 23 January 2011 (UTC)
 * G'day Jack. If you think a cite is needed, (perhaps for safety's sake it should be) use this.
 * 'David Ngunaitponi, then aged fifteen, evinced the same qualities as a lad that were later to make him famous as an adult. .. this man of manifold talents who was destined to be widely acclaimed as a genius, and who was to become Australia's best-known Aborigine.' Graham Jenkin, Conquest of the Ngarrindjeri, The Story of the Lower Murray lakes Tribes,(1979)1985 Rigby reprint p.185. I'm on my downunder leg of my tour and picked this up a month ago.Nishidani (talk) 04:42, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Separatist?
What does "making an attempt to provide a separate territory for Aboriginals in Central and Northern Australia" mean? Did he actively promote a rebellion, lobby for an indignenous reserve, or what?124.197.15.138 (talk) 06:28, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
 * He certainly wasn't citing violent rebellion, as far as I can see. Unaipon was quite conservative in many ways and although I haven't seen a specific source that expands on the reference you give, I would guess that he was looking for an Indigenous reserve rather than a sovereign nation. --Roisterer (talk) 07:11, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

A small point of accuracy
Are we able to describe his interest in perpetual motion in less romantic terms? In an encyclopedic article, it seems unsound to describe investigations into perpetual motion as an attempt to harness its secrets. There's good reason that the mainstream position is that perpetual motion offers nothing that can be harnessed. Of course there's nothing wrong with maintaining an interest in the proposition of perpetual motion. I certainly do—it's an interesting idea! But until we see any worthy results, we must consider it physically invalid. David Unaipon was clearly an intelligent man, and his interest in perpetual motion does nothing to diminish that. But let's not repeatedly describe perpetual motion as holding secrets that are waiting to be uncovered, even if various people throughout history have imagined that it might be. Aboctok (talk) 15:37, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It's what the sources state and was what Unaipon was trying to do. He was not just "maintaining an interest", he was actually "obsessed with discovering the secret of perpetual motion". Even into the 1960s a theoretical basis for perpetual motion was being seriously investigated by some scientists and Unaipon was self trained, so it is to his credit that he investigated it as well. Wayne (talk) 16:21, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

Patents
I have found the sheep-shearer patent, but no sign of the other 18. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 09:55, 10 July 2016 (UTC).

==Vintage Australian Music= Unaipon MarchTradimus (talk) 08:28, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:David Unaipon


text: User talk:67.99.8.245

title: User talk:67.99.8.245


text:
User talk:Alavery7

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam]] Spade wishes you a merry Christmas! 19:09, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi Alavery7!
Your description sounds a bit like me! MPLX/MH 18:26, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Problems
I followed the links to see where the sudden decision to remove text had come from and I noted your request to Sam. Unfortunately Sam decided that I was the author of stuff that I had not written. But all of this happened while I was responding to you and one other contributor. Since Sam then made a move over what I had raised as a possibility, I then removed all of the other material that would fall into the same category. Sometimes it is better to keep a discussion going with the original parties than to bring in someone from out of the blue. Just as well that I am thick skinned and that I don't really care one way or the other, since it is in the nature of what Wikipedia is. I thought that you would like to know that nothing is private and nothing is personal on Wikipedia. It is about as communistic in the real sense of the word as it can get. MPLX/MH 19:58, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alavery7


text:
User talk:Elchup4cabra

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- John Fader 19:11, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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File source problem with File:Redbaron1.jpeg
Thank you for uploading File:Redbaron1.jpeg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

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"Battle of Ramelle" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Battle of Ramelle. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 21 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Jontesta (talk) 18:06, 21 December 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elchup4cabra


text:
Keep America Beautiful

Keep America Beautiful is a nonprofit organization founded in 1953. It is the largest community improvement organization in the United States, with more than 700 state and community-based affiliate organizations and more than 1,000 partner organizations.

Keep America Beautiful aims to end littering, to improve recycling, and to beautify American communities. The organization's narrow focus on littering and recycling has been criticized as greenwashing in that it diverts responsibility away from corporations and industries.

History
Keep America Beautiful was founded in December 1953 by the American Can Company and the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.

Keep America Beautiful conducted many local PSA campaigns early in its history. One of these early campaigns in Pennsylvania (PennDOT) some attribute to having coined the term "litterbug," although the National Council of State Garden Clubs representative exhibited a "litter bug" emblem at the first Keep America Beautiful organizational meeting. Author and Federated Garden Clubs of Maryland president Alice Rush McKeon published "The Litterbug Family" in 1931 containing poems and illustrations about the problem of roadside litter.

Others report, however, that the term was coined by Paul B. Gioni, a copywriter in New York City who originated it for the Ad Council in 1947. Keep America Beautiful joined with the Ad Council in 1961 to popularize the idea that individuals must help protect against the effects litter has on the environment. Gioni came up with the 1963 television campaign theme "Every Litter Bit Hurts." Another campaign in 1964 featured the character Susan Spotless.

In 1970, Keep America Beautiful began distributing free brochures. More than 100,000 copies of the brochure were requested within four months.

In 1971, on Earth Day, a new campaign was launched with the theme "People Start Pollution. People Can Stop It." In what later became known as the "Crying Indian" PSA, the television ad, narrated by actor William Conrad with Peter Sarstedt's instrumental "Overture" playing in the background, featured Italian-American actor Iron Eyes Cody, who portrayed a Native American man devastated to see the destruction of Earth's natural beauty caused by the thoughtless pollution and litter of a modern society.

In 1976, Keep America Beautiful introduced its "Clean Community System", which encouraged local communities to prevent litter through education efforts, public service advertising, local research, the mapping of litter "hotspots", and cleanup activities. During the height of the campaign, it received over 2,000 letters a month from people wanting to join their local programs.

Accomplishments
Keep America Beautiful is best known for its "Crying Indian" public service advertisement (PSA) which launched on Earth Day in 1971 and for its annual America Recycles Day. The advertising campaign has been widely credited, including in Frank Lowenstein's "Voices of Protest", with inspiring America's fledgling environmental movement.

In 2021, Keep America Beautiful released a comprehensive litter study. Its study concluded that 90% of Americans agree litter is a problem in their community, roadside litter is down 54% in the last ten years and there are approximately 50 billion pieces of litter on the ground in the United States. In concert with the study's release, Keep America Beautiful launched their hashtag #152AndYou on Earth Day representing that if all individuals picked up 152 pieces of litter, there would be no litter on the ground until someone littered again.

Partnership with other organizations
Keep America Beautiful distributes programming and materials through a network of organizations. In addition to KAB's certified affiliates, the organization partners with other groups to expand its reach. These include multiple state recycling organizations, Boys & Girls Clubs of America, Hands on Network and the Points of Light Institute, the Arbor Day Foundation, Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, National CleanUp Day, Ocean Conservancy, Sustainable Urban Forests Coalition, EARTHDAY.ORG, and Take Pride in America, among others.

Scouting Keep America Beautiful Day was first cosponsored by Keep America Beautiful and the Boy Scouts of America in 1971 as a national cleanup and recycling program. Keep America Beautiful also co-sponsors the "Keep America Beautiful Hometown USA Award" with the Boy Scouts of America that boy scouts can earn by completing a non-paid, community service project, with the approved scout project being designed to "help keep America beautiful and benefit the community either physically or financially."

Controversies
Keep America Beautiful's actions have been criticized as greenwashing. The organization's narrow focus on littering and recycling diverts responsibility away from corporations and industries.

Despite self-identifying as having Native American ancestry with the stage name of Iron Eyes Cody, Espera Oscar DeCorti was of Italian descent. This sparked accusations of cultural appropriation and racial stereotyping. In February 2023, the Keep America Beautiful organization transferred ownership of the ad's copyright to the National Congress of American Indians, who intend to restrict use of the ad to only historical purposes.

Heather Rogers, creator of the 2005 documentary film ''Gone Tomorrow. The Hidden Life of Garbage'' and book of the same name, classifies Keep America Beautiful as one of the first greenwashing corporate fronts. She asserts that the group was created in response to Vermont's 1953 attempt to legislate a mandatory deposit to be paid at point of purchase on disposable beverage containers and banning the sale of beer in non-refillable bottles.

Keep America Beautiful's narrow focus on litter, and its characterization of litter as a consumer created problem, is seen as an attempt to divert an extended producer responsibility from the industries that manufacture and sell disposable products to consumers who improperly dispose of the non-returnable wrappers, filters, and beverage containers.

Elizabeth Royte, author of Garbage Land, describes Keep America Beautiful as a "masterful example of corporate greenwash", writing that in contrast to its anti-litter campaigns, it ignores the potential of recycling legislation and resists changes to packaging.

The tobacco industry developed programs with Keep America Beautiful that focused on cigarette litter solutions acceptable to the industry such as volunteer clean-ups and ashtrays, in lieu of smoking bans at parks and beaches. The tobacco industry has funded Keep America Beautiful and similar organizations internationally.

title: Keep America Beautiful


text:
Talk:Gross world product

GDP per capita - Numbers doesn't add up
"In 2012, the GWP totalled approximately US$83.12 trillion in terms of purchasing power parity"

USD 83,120,000,000,000/7,021,836,000 (CIA world fact book population July 2012 est) = USD 11,837 would probably be rounded to USD 11,800. But in the article it says: "while the per capita GWP was approximately US$12,400" a difference of 600 dollars!

The GWP per capital could be meant to mean nominal (but it isn't read that way as it is written)but that would be even less: USD 71,830,000,000,000/7,021,836,000=USD 10,230

The only conclusion that I can make is that CIA have used a old number for the population since the number they must have used is: 83,120,000,000,000/12,400= 6,703,225,806 rounded to 6,700,000,000 which would be close to their July 2008 est.

So why don't the numbers add up?

Nikolaj Cyon (talk) 02:28, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

Historical And Prehistorical Estimates should be changed
It is not a good idea to list modern estimates of world GDP with prehistorical and historical suppositions about GDP. Modern GDP only takes account of the monetary value of goods and services that are exchanged or will be exchanged. Services like cleaning your own house, cooking your own dinner, your mom baking you an apple pie are not counted as part of GDP. It seems unclear how you can translate this idea to a premonitory society especially a band of hunter gatherers. There is only one source for the historical and prehistorical estimate and this source's methods could be yielding bizarre results. Modern estimates based on actual data and not on a purely theoretical model should be listed separately from his estimates derived from an untested theoretical approach. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.206.156.67 (talk) 03:41, 31 July 2015 (UTC)

The invention of currency occurred at a certain point in history. Now, this is a delicate point, because it depends if you count the official start as coinage, as a weight of precious metal, as a quantity of grain or other foods, or merely the promise to repay a debt in a concrete way. Nonetheless, the data here is playing the reader for a fool, because these concepts in their modern concrete forms would have been alien to an Old-Kingdom Egyptian administrator, let alone someone from 4000 BCE. The presence of 100,000 BCE on the chart is just absurd. What written documents do we have from this period? Of course, none, because writing had not yet been invented. Precisely what archeological record and excavation data could be considered so reliable, as to be a data point in a plotted graph?!

I understand that a full professor from California has written a paper about this, but is that really our standard of evidence? If a full professor from a prestigious university were to write a paper stating that the moon is made of green cheese, would we be obligated to include this data in the article about the moon? Are we capable, or incapable, of evaluating evidence in the context of related information and facts from historical periods? ---Gregory V. Bard — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.97.213.39 (talk) 19:49, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gross world product


text:
CED

CED may refer to:

 * CED (journal)
 * Canadian Eskimo Dog
 * Camurati-Engelmann disease, a rare genetic syndrome
 * Capacitance Electronic Disc, a playback-only video medium
 * Ceduna Airport, IATA airport code "CED"
 * Classical electrodynamics
 * Collective Earth Defense from the video game Descent³
 * UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design
 * Collins English Dictionary
 * Committee for Economic Development
 * Community economic development
 * Conjugate eye deviation
 * Convection enhanced delivery, an experimental drug delivery method
 * Course and Exam Description, a requirement for US and Canadian highschool courses to qualify for the Advanced Placement program
 * Cross elasticity of demand, in economics
 * CygnusEd, text editor software

title: CED


text:
User talk:Jbmcb

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- John Fader 19:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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have a goat
found you

Enrico (talk) 19:23, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbmcb


text:
User talk:Anderskin

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- John Fader 19:14, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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DYK
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Glanbrook, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page. It's a good example of local history. Well done. 68.81.231.127 14:17, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Royal Hamilton Light Infantry pages merged
Thanks for doing the merge: it's one of the Wikipedia tasks that I find most difficult to do properly. I had planned on taking a crack at it today, but I was very relieved that you had already done it, and done it so well. Good job! Indefatigable 22:42, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Dienstag
Hi guy. Am I blind or is there no entry for the Hamilton Children's Museum on the Hamilton page? DCH 19:55, 2005 Mar 15 (UTC).

User Categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Ontario page as living in or being associated with Hamilton, Ontario. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Hamilton for instructions.--Rmky87 02:18, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Snake handling page
I read your message, and was just like, "sure". I only happened upon the page by accident some time ago, and made them "official" sub-sections so that each state was able to be edited separately.

Like I said, I'm not concerned about the change, as I just happened to be there by chance and made a couple edits while I was there (that page isn't even on my watchlist). SchuminWeb (Talk) 21:03, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

fr:Forces armées des États-Unis
Hi,

Thanks for your contribution to the article Forces armées des États-Unis.

I am not an expert about military stuff and I don’t manage your language very well

I think it’s better to revert to the previous French version and to begin a dialog with you.

In the English Wiki, we have the article: Military of the United States, which should be similar to the French one.

I understand your change : three or five branches.

Either: US Army, US Air Force, US Navy and inside US Navy, we have US Marine and US Coast Guard

Or: US Army, US Air Force, US Navy, US Marine and US Coast Guard in the same level

Why do you want to explain this detail in this general article whereas it is explained in the sub-article, fr: US Marine Corps for instance?

US Coast Guard (garde côtière, partie de la Ministière de la Transportation aux temps de la paix et de la Marine aux temps de la guerre)

US Coast Guard with s in order to keep the link with fr:US Coast Guards

garde côtes instead of garde côtière

Regards Jpm2112 05:56, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Jpm --

 * Sorry, I haven't logged in for a while.

 * Your English is fine, no doubt better than my rough French.

 * Sure, reverting and talking is good. How about on "Discution" or whatever the tab is on fr.wikipedia.org?

 * Yes, the problem is that for some purposes there are three services, other purposes there are four and sometimes five.

 * I think it is useful to explain it here because it is the general topic of forces armées, and what defines an armed service does belong here. The Soviet Union had five services (the usual three plus the Air Defence Forces and Strategic Rocket Forces) and this indicates their strategic military thinking.  Similarly, Canada's Forces armées canadiennes indicates its thinking.  That the United States has five services and three of them are related to water emphasises its naval orientation and desire to project power outremer.

 * If this is the case, the French article needs to be changed because it is the United States Coast Guard (singulier, pas de "s"). Canada calls its CG "garde côtière" but if there is an established French translation of the U.S. service as "garde côte" (pas d'"s" ici aussi), then my changes should be ignored.

 * Anderskin 06:16, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

fr:Forces armées des États-Unis bis
Hi Andrew, I have changed Forces armées des Etats-Unis according to your explanations about three or five services. Thanks. Jean-Paul. Jpm2112 20:33, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Project
Hi, you wrote on my page:

 * Peut-être on peut remplacer le mot "Project" avec "Option"? En français, "projet" et souvent un faux ami avec "project."  P.ex., un "Bill" de parlement veut dire "Projet de loi," c'est-à-dire, pas un loi maintenant, mais quelques parmi les deputés voudraient qu'il devient un loi au futur.

 * Anderskin 06:04, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

I'm not sure what article this is refering to.

--Marc pasquin 02:33, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Mariposa (database)

The article Mariposa (database) has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable single-researcher research project. No independent refs in > 5 years. Nothing obvious in google.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Stuartyeates (talk) 06:58, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Anderskin


text:
Talk:Tabas

Untitled
Khorasan is now divided into 3 provinces. Which one Tabas lies in now? --Pouya 19:15, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, the situation is worse than that. There is a possibility that it is now in Yazd province! The article on Khorasan doesn't mention Tabas at all, and a recent Atlas I have (from Gitashenaasi) has put Tabas in the Yazd province. It may be a mistake of theirs, but we need to investigate more. roozbeh
 * So, how about not mentioning the province in the article until we find a reliable source? --Pouya 11:31, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tabas was just very recently officially declared part of South Khorasan province with Birjand as its capital. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.200.31.116 (talk) 00:01, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tabas


text:
Barber (disambiguation)

A barber is a person who cuts, dresses, grooms, styles and shaves men's and boy's hair or beards.

Barber may also refer to:

People and fictional characters

 * Barber (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters
 * Barber Conable (1922–2003), American politician and President of the World Bank Group

United States

 * Barber, California, a neighborhood of Chico
 * Barber County, Kansas
 * Barber Township, Minnesota
 * Barber, New Jersey, a former name of Maurer, Perth Amboy
 * Barber, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community and census-designated place
 * Barber Creek, Georgia
 * Barber Peak, New Mexico

Elsewhere

 * Barber, Curaçao, a town
 * Barber Island, Queensland, Australia
 * Barber Lake (Alberta), Canada
 * Barber Lake (Nova Scotia), Canada

Sports

 * Barber Motorsports Park, a racing facility in Birmingham, Alabama, United States
 * Barber Pro Series, a professional open-wheel auto racing series from 1986 to 2003
 * Centro Social Deportivo Barber, a football team based in Barber, Curaçao

Transportation

 * Barber Asphalt Company, an American asphalt and shipping company from 1883 to 1981
 * Barber Steamship Lines, an American shipping company from 1902 to 1978
 * Barber Airport, Alliance, Ohio, United States, a privately owned, public-use airport
 * La Ronge (Barber Field) Airport, near La Ronge, Saskatchewan, Canada

Other uses

 * Barber Institute of Fine Arts, an art gallery and concert hall in Birmingham, England
 * Barber (film), a 2023 Irish thriller film
 * Barber baronets, two titles in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, one extinct, one extant
 * Barber coinage, former coin designs of United States dimes, quarters, and half dollars
 * USS Barber, a destroyer which served in World War II

title: Barber (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Tohde

Read No personal attacks. Do not use the edit summaries to call other editors names. Do this again and you will be blocked. Gamaliel 18:48, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tohde


text: User talk:65.202.141.166

title: User talk:65.202.141.166


text:
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day

Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day is a day observed in the United States to encourage nationwide citizen participation in the cleanup of federal lands. It occurs on the first Saturday after Labor Day, and may include a variety of programs, ceremonies, and activities. It was created in 1985 by the Federal Lands Cleanup Act as the "Federal Lands National Cleanup Day" and renamed in 1995 to honor Carl Garner and continue and expand his work of encouraging citizens to clean up Greers Ferry Lake and Little Red River in Arkansas.

title: Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day


text:
Talk:Morgenthau Plan

Unsourced quote
"Too many people here and in England hold the view that the German people as a whole are not responsible for what has taken place – that only a few Nazis are responsible. That unfortunately is not based on fact. The German people must have it driven home to them that the whole nation has been engaged in a lawless conspiracy against the decencies of modern civilization."

This quote appears to be unsourced, and the Wikipedia article pre-dates any other references I can find online.

Is it an example of citogenesis?

 * Here is your source, straight from the state.gov archives of the US.--ZemplinTemplar (talk) 01:21, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Morgenthau Plan


text:
User talk:Paul3vanz

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- John Fader 19:20, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Paul3vanz


text:
Princeton Township

Princeton Township may refer to:

 * Princeton Township, Dallas County, Arkansas, in Dallas County, Arkansas
 * Princeton Township, Bureau County, Illinois
 * Princeton Township, White County, Indiana
 * Princeton Township, Scott County, Iowa
 * Princeton Township, Mille Lacs County, Minnesota
 * Princeton Township, New Jersey

title: Princeton Township


text: User talk:216.56.19.126

title: User talk:216.56.19.126


text: Category:Dyfed

title: Category:Dyfed


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/St. Xavier's School, Delhi

St. Xavier's School, Delhi was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Umm... it's a substub that consisted entirely of POV and an address. Utterly pointless - unfortunately not suitable for speedy delete. Delete - Estel (talk) 19:22, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Looks like a "no content" speedy delete to me. If this, uh, article is the best that someone from this prestigious institute can come up with, I'm not impressed. - Lucky 6.9 19:42, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Content was: 'Located at 4, Rajniwas Marg, St. Xavier's Delhi is a prestigious center of learning.' In order to conform to Wikipedia standards, article would be changed to read: 'St. Xavier's, Delhi is a school.' Content self-evident from name. Speedied. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 21:40, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Majid Ansari

Untitled
There is two common spellings for his first name: Majid and Madjid. Majead Ansari is solely (google it) used on cabinet's website and this might be only a mistake by webmaster since there is plenty of other spelling issues there. I suggest we make this page a redirect to Majid Ansari and simply mention alternative spell in introductory paragraph. Any idea Roozebh? --Pouya 19:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, that was my previous idea before I saw the cabinet site. My guess is that they have asked the spellings from the cabinet members themselves, and I really believe we should spell names the way the people do it themselves, if we find how is that. There is a real possibility that Mr Ansari, knowing Arabic and seeing the name "ماجد" spelled like "Majid" in English, prefers to use something like "Majead" to make sure his name is pronounced correctly by people more exposed to Arabic names. So I guess we should keep the current spelling of "Majead", but try to investigate more into the issue. roozbeh 10:57, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Majid Ansari. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071008141917/http://www.iran-3.com/affiche.php?type=news&id=98 to http://www.iran-3.com/affiche.php?type=news&id=98

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title: Talk:Majid Ansari


text:
Quincy Township

Quincy Township may refer to:

 * Quincy Township, Adams County, Illinois
 * Quincy Township, Adams County, Iowa
 * Quincy Township, Greenwood County, Kansas
 * Quincy Township, Branch County, Michigan
 * Quincy Township, Houghton County, Michigan
 * Quincy Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota
 * Quincy Township, Pennsylvania

title: Quincy Township


text:
Template talk:Windows-stub

links
It would be really nice if, when people wrote pages, they clicked on the links they included to make sure they went to the right place. This is particularly true for templates, which (because of a bug) only get reparsed in page X when page X is modified. Noel (talk) 19:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * MediaWiki 1.6 fixes this bug; see m:Help:Job queue. Seahen 13:17, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Change logo
How about changing the logo to this one:

Wenli 01:14, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, or how about Image:Windows_Vista_Orb.png

I mean, a Window pane just doesn't make sense. Is there a fair use problem? Althepal 06:03, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Uh, I think that would be way too big to be considered fair use. -- Wenli 17:00, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Oops, I didn't size it for the page... Can we make something which brings the windows logo to mind, yet which is not an actual logo? Like, I can draw a wavy box with the colors red, yellow, green, blue, and that is not their logo. Right? Althepal 02:50, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hang on, that crystal clear picture is NOT fair use problem - it is a free license. Althepal 02:51, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

How about using

I drew this myself to look similar to some Microsoft Windows logo, but Microsoft has never made this particular logo, and I release it under a free license. Would it be a better replacement than the crystal clear image, since the color placement is like Windows? Althepal 03:50, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Changing logo 2
Shall we use this: --Titan602 (talk) 19:47, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

No, better that: -- sarang ♥ 사랑 07:31, 10 November 2015 (UTC)

Irrelevant logos
In my opinion, a healthy debate is good for changing the logo. But, just going out and changing the image to something irrelevant, and potentially inflammatory, is simply childish and counter-productive. For example, I just reverted a change which set the image to a swastika.

My gut feeling is that this template should use the same image as WikiProject Microsoft Windows. But, I'm not going to just go and change it with no discussion... ;)

So, frustrated editors, please think before changing the image. Ensure that it's appropriate and relevant. Using imagery which has direct relation to Microsoft Windows is not helpful to anyone. And, consistency is key. Having one image on the template one day, and another the next, is not very good for the end-users of Wikipedia.

And that is my rant for this morning. ;) -- Lewellyn talk 12:37, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

My Contribution:
This is what I have so far:

Not sure why it looks like that, but if you view the actual SVG file in Firefox, it looks fine. (what I am talking about is the blue circle in the middle.)

azure talk × contribs  17:48, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Updated it with a newer one... --azure talk × contribs  18:32, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Windows-stub


text:
Talk:Indus River

I am trying to find information ON the Indus river valley and i cant so we need a better internet source

Indus river civilization made irrigation?
I inserted a "citation needed" under the claim that the Indus river civilization had used irrigation. as far as I know there is no evidence for it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guykom (talk • contribs) 09:20, 11 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia provides a starting point to find such information. Indus Valley Civilization says "An extensive canal network, used for irrigation, has however also been discovered by H.-P. Francfort.". Lothal has a citation that a "dock" was perhaps an irrigation tank. A google search turns up Francfort, Henri-Paul "Evidence for Harappan irrigation system in Haryana and Rajasthan" The Eastern Anthropologist 1992 45, page 91. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 19:35, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Factual Errors Re. 'Modern Issues and Indus Waters Treaty'
In the section 'Modern Issues' the claim was made "India had gained control of the mouth of the river after the first Kashmir war" ! Well, India never had control of the mouth to start with - it has always been in Pakistan - the Indus delta. I am not sure if the author understands what the 'mouth' of a river implies. Another claim that was made in this section was that the Pakistan government was allowing Hindu temples on its banks. Now talk about living in a cloud cuckoo land! In the section 'Indus Waters Treaty' reference was made to the Baghlighar hydroelectric project. The implication was that this was on the Indus - which it is not case, it is projected to be on the Chenab in the Jammu region, and does not involve diversion of water for irrigation. It is my understanding that the Indus Waters Treaty allows for this kind of usage. As anybody who has been to the upper reaches of Ladakh and Zanskar (the regions through which the Indus flow in India) can tell you, India has a snowball's chance in hell of being able to make use of the Indus' water.

Sindhu(river indus) After Kala Bag Dam
Ur pics show good Image of Sindu in World ,But Truth is that If you see current Delta of Sindhu, u would not find Drop of Water,i will Get Picture and Uploaded it here,that Might Help U,u will find dust just dust.i live there i am part of it.So please Add topic ,Sindh with no water Left,i do not agree me ,just read on websites u will find good links and hits about it.

khalidkhoso

Sindhu (River indus)
Hello dear USer,sindhu(you call it Indus river) is part of Pakistan sindh,so it is in Scope of Pakistan Wikipedia too,so i will add tag of pakistan here so do not mind. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Khalidkhoso (talk • contribs) 06:55, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Modern issues
Modern are not disscued here,Those are Major for sindhi living in Pakistan Sindh,those are matter death\living to Us.I will add some more issue on it ,if any one any arge he/she can it,i will wait for one day —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Khalidkhoso (talk • contribs) 07:27, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Indus River
I thought this article was okay...it wasn't the best thought, it could have included the dissolved oxygen (DO) and the Nitrates, and the Alkalinity. Other wise I thought the article was very informative, very historical, and very well organized. Keep up the good work!! 216.228.51.246 15:11, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Added infobox
I have added an infobox to the top of the article, it contains important data about the river from the article, if you have any extra info then add it to the relevant fields in the infobox, the infobox template will add/format the information automatically. I used Template:Geobox River for the template. Supaluminal 03:39, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Shendu
In Shendu, is said that Shendu is also the Chinese name for this river. Why isn't it added? -WarthogDemon 22:33, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Afghanistan Historically is part of the Indus river
I dont see afghanistan being named as part of the countries who are tied to the river. One Must remember on the grounds, that before pakistan, afghanistan formed the west side of the river and thus the Indus river being the NATURAL boundry between Afghanistan and India. Somebody must take some actions on this.Pashtun786 (talk) 03:36, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Well geographically speaking the Kabul river belongs to the Indus watershed at least.--Kmhkmh (talk) 09:03, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Avestan?
The Avestan, as mentioned Vendidad, Fargard 1:18, is indeed Hindu (or more properly, hiṇdu), but the Avestan looks like this (third line of definition, directly preceding "Vd. …"), not 'حندو'. If anything, هِندُ might come closer in transliteration, but is still an anachronistic script for the ancient Iranians to have used. Roman transliteration is probably preferable in lieu of an image file utilizing an Avestan font. Khirad (talk) 20:06, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Tributaries
The list appears wrong to me at least in the usual use of the term tributary. Tthe list contains some rivers which are just tributaries to the tributaries of the Indus (like Beas or Jhelum)---Kmhkmh (talk) 23:54, 29 May 2009 (UTC)
 * i removed now all rivers which are not direct tributaries to the Indus. In particular the 5 rivers (Jhelum,Chenab,Sutlej,Ravi,Beas) have been replaced by the Panjnad.--Kmhkmh (talk) 11:23, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

The word "India"
The article mentions that the term "India" was used only for what is now Pakistan till the arrival of the British:

''The word "India" is a reference to the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" referred to the region of modern-day Pakistan along the Indus river which traded extensively with the ancient world. It was only after the arrival of the British in the sixteenth century that name began to be applied to the entire region.''

The above is incorrect. The word "India" has been used for most of what is now the Indian Subcontinent, since 300 BC. Megasthenes describes India as the land beyond the Indus, the Indus forming its western boundary.

''B.C. c. 300. -- "India then (H( TOI/NUN *)INDIKH\) being four-sided in plan, the side which looks to the Orient and that to the South, the Great Sea compasseth; that towards the Arctic is divided by the mountain chain of Hēmōdus from Scythia, inhabited by that tribe of Scythians who are called Sakai; and on the fourth side, turned towards the West, the Indus marks the boundary, the biggest or nearly so of all rivers after the Nile." -- Megasthenes, in Diodorus, ii. 35. (From Müller's Fragm. Hist. Graec., ii. 402.)''

and

''c. 590. -- "As for the land of the Hind it is bounded on the East by the Persian Sea (i.e. the Indian Ocean), on the W. and S. by the countries of Islām, and on the N. by the Chinese Empire. . . . The length of the land of the Hind from the government of Mokrān, the country of Manṣūra and Bodha and the rest of Sind, till thou comest to Ḳannūj and thence passest on to Tobbat (see TIBET), is about 4 months, and its breadth from the Indian Ocean to the country of Ḳannūj about three months."-<-> Istakhri, pp. 6 and 11.''

and

" "Hind is surrounded on the East by Chín and Máchín, on the West by Sind and Kábul, and on the South by the Sea."-<-> Ibid. in Elliot, i. 45.

source

Junoon53 (talk) 20:49, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

problem with 1 tributaire
Is Shingo River a tributaire of the Indus river? Its article says that it merges with Suru River (Indus), which in turn merges with Dras River, but the article is not clear on where the merged river ends. --Enric Naval (talk) 23:17, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * According to various Himalaya guides that i checked via Google Books neither Shingo nor Suru are direct tributaries to the Indus, but the Dras is. The somewhat confusing entries that exists here and sometimes elsewhere are due to the fact that some sources (and at one point this article) simply listed tributaries to the Indus rivers system (=any major river whose water at some point reaches the Indus) rather than the actual tributaries to the Indus river itself. I attempted to fix that a while ago, but apparently I missed some or they were falsely introduced later on.--Kmhkmh (talk) 22:30, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Indus River Day
This section might be somewhat inappropriate in its current form, feel free to improve and shorten it or even to remove it altogether. However don't just blank the section without removing title. I reverted the blanking, may the next editor decide whether it is worth to fix the section or remove it completely.--Kmhkmh (talk) 22:30, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Majority opposed; necessity of move not established. -- Hadal (talk) 09:02, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Indus River → Indus – In line with WP:Rivers, River articles may be named "X", "X River", or "River X", depending on location and most common usage. A quick search shows that Indus is the most common name in practice and is the primary usage. Indus currently redirects to this article. Imc (talk) 19:12, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm very curious what "quick search" parameters you used, because it seems like it would be very difficult to distinguish the two forms. I do note that Britannica uses "Indus River", as does the New World Encyclopedia, though the Columbia encyclopedia uses just "Indus".  Powers T 20:28, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, I composed the text of my first post some days previously when I proposed another rename, at Talk:Kaveri. I did not post it then, and cannot remember my reasoning or recreate the searches now, since originally these searches were mixed with that for 'Kaveri'. I've therefore struck it out. Imc (talk) 06:48, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Weak oppose -- Googling "Indus" brings up a few possibilities, like the Indus Valley and a software project. The river is obviously the primary topic, but leaving "River" in the name will make it clear what's being referred to. "Indus (river)" might be even better though, allowing for the pipe trick. --SarekOfVulcan (talk) 21:09, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment: According to the GEOnet Names Server (GNS), other place names that start with Indus include Indus Basin, Indus Valley, Indus Plain, Indus Kohistān (region), Indus Branch (stream), Indus Branch (irrigation canal), Indus Minor (stream), Indus Highway, Indus Fan (undersea), and Indus Astor (mountain). As for the river itself, GNS lists names: Indus River (Conventional); Indus (Short); Indus River (Approved - PK, IN); Yin-tu Ho (Approved - CH); Sindhu (Variant). Thought this list of Indus names might be useful here. Pfly (talk) 23:04, 26 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose The current name is in line with guidelines and the suggested move doesn't seem to provide any real improvement. The Indus Redirect however could be changed into a disambiguation page.--Kmhkmh (talk) 00:30, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The improvement comes because it is already accepted that the river is the primary meaning, as shown by the existing Indus redirect. Imc (talk) 06:48, 28 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Again I see no improvement there and the fact that the redirect should be a disambiguation page is separate from the name of this article and isn't really showing anything. Yes Indus (alone) is a valid name for the river too and in line with guidelines but so is Indus River, hence I see no reason to move it.--Kmhkmh (talk) 07:41, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Weak oppose Indus River seems the more natural form, more encyclopedic and better English. The Proffesor (talk) 23:11, 27 May 2011 (UTC)
 * If the term river is to included, then 'River Indus' seems to be the more natural form and better English to me. I suspect that this is another British / US English thing. Imc (talk)
 * That not simply not correct, in standard English usually/often River is added after the "real" name and not before. That fact is something you can look up in almost any English map or dictionary. In short Indus or Indus River are acceptable forms, but River Indus though possible too less so (see Britannica's spelling : and compare 845,000 Google Hits for "Indus River" versus 220,000 Google Hits for "River Indus").--Kmhkmh (talk) 07:41, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree with regard to the positioning of 'river'. In British English, 'river' is almost always added before the river name; it is the 'river Thames' (or the Thames) and not the 'Thames River'. It is different in US usage. You can see many discussions of it on the web such as at . The Indus, flowing through countries originally using British English, can be expected to follow this pattern. The web, by its nature, will be dominated by US English, and US encyclopaedias, which you have quoted. It is sometimes possible to see this in searches, such as when the standard form of the name has changed from the original English form. The names of the river with the modern name Kaveri, compared with its original (unphonetic) British English spelling Cauvery, shows this clearly.
 * “Kaveri River” - 124,000
 * “River Kaveri” - 33,000
 * “Cauvery River” - 74,000
 * “River Cauvery” - 130,000
 * Cheers. Imc (talk) 09:37, 28 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Well I was not making about a distinction US english and British English, but I was talking about English in general. Whether the whole is primarily a difference between US and British English I didn't investigate. However the claim that in British English the addon River is always leading rather than trailing (at least within the empire's domain) is simply not correct. You can see by looking at the 1911 edition of the Britannica, which is as British as it gets. While it uses Indus rather than River Indus or Indus River it list one of its major tributaries as Kabul River and not River Kabul, in other words the trailing version exists in British English as well (another example Godavari River ). Also if I restrict my Google search from above to the .uk domain I still get roughly 3 times as much for Indus River (2200 vers 600 Hits). Moreover arguing former British colonies implicate British spelling is a bit condescending. Nevermind that the US was a British colony as well anyhow, more correctly you would need to argue based on the local spelling, i.e. what do most Pakistani English speaking publishers use. Here is an example of recent academic Pakistani-British publication on the Indus using Indus River:.
 * Be all of that as it may, I'm not really arguing that Indus River is more correct (in British English) than Indus or River Indus anyhow. I'm merely arguing Indus River is correct and in line with guidelines, hence there is no good reason to change it. I oppose moving articles around essentially based on personal taste and (at least for me) you have yet to present a convincing reason, why we would need such a move.--Kmhkmh (talk) 15:50, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Translations
The first paragraph is swamped with translations in multiple languages - is this really necessary given that Wikipedia has different language sections? 87.112.37.51 (talk) 05:50, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I've just done a quick count - sixteen alternate names in thirteen languages, with nine transliterations, and four more literal meanings. It could definitely do with being pared down, or having almost all the variant names moved into a "Naming" section, keeping two or three in the lead along with the English. The question is which ones to keep in the lead - any suggestions? Shimgray | talk | 23:12, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

about indus river geography
initial point of indus river ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.113.101.242 (talk) 06:31, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Good question. Tibetans traditionally say a spring named "Sengge Khabab" (Lion's Mouth), and explorer Sven Hedin accepted this.  Does anyone know the latitude/longitude coordinates?  Chinese scientists using modern satellite imagery have identified a more distal source higher in elevationa and further south .  Is this the place identified here on Wikimapia?  LADave (talk) 23:33, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Is Senge Khabab at 31.4282N, 81.6146E ?  LADave (talk) 22:37, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Orienting Maps
Do you know what would be nice? If the editors of wikipedia would use maps that actually demonstrate where a geographic entity is located in relation to the rest of the world. This page and every other one like it is useless without orientation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.10.157.53 (talk) 18:10, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Indus Valley needs it's own article
The Indus Valley is the region that the Indus river flows through, it's not a synonym for the Indus river.--Boxman88 (talk) 00:27, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. Khestwol (talk) 02:32, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Seems sensible. Are you volunteering to write it? 05:58, 23 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Agree with you, "Valley" is a separate geographic entity and it deserves article. If you are interested then you start the article, I will later help you to improve that article. -- Human 3015  knock knock • 07:46, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

Thanks for your interest, but unfortunately I don't have the sources to create an independent article and am slowly progressing with other projects. If you have enough neutral and reliable sources, then we can start an article and I'll contribute when I can.--Boxman88 (talk) 22:14, 23 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Indus River. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120424194621/http://www.pakmet.com.pk:80/Latest-News/Latest-News.html to http://www.pakmet.com.pk/Latest-News/Latest-News.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

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Social structure
The upper classes were treated very well and didn't have to work usually. The more lower classes had to work and pay their taxes. Farmers were the lowest class and they had to grow enough crops for their community and to stock up in stores. Farmers also had to pay their taxes in food. 99.177.216.75 (talk) 03:40, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

Brahmaputra is masculine as well
I don't think the Sindh River is the only one which has a masculine form. Brahmaputra (son of Brahma) is masculine as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Solomonsunder (talk • contribs) 07:46, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

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New edits
Why the unsourced paragraph that is tagged since 2012 was restored? I restored the version I observed last time, which was stable for years and even the version until this May was not really problematic. No sources could support such assertion, that's why I restored what could be sourced and have added sources now, also tagged infobox percentage claims for now. Lorstaking (talk) 04:45, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * You have not explained the substantive changes you have made to the lead and the body.
 * As for the so-called unsourced content, do you not know that Soanian culture is paleolithic? Why was that removed? As for the Mardan reference, googling for "Mardan paleolithic" takes you to Sanghao Cave as the very first hit! What efforts have you made to source the information? -- Kautilya3 (talk) 12:43, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I have explained that I restored the version I observed last time. But you are now edit warring over the content that is largely sourced. Responding to your discussion that you attempted to initiate on my talk page, This source mentions Rahkigiri while discussing Indus river. There is no WP:STATUSQUO like you are misrepresenting, because we have years old stable version compared to changes that were overlooked. If your source mentions Indus River with Pothohar and also mentioned that WP:OR that you are restoring without sources, then you can add it. But since it is unsourced for 5 years it should be removed, and I did made a search, but such original research doesn't exist anywhere. Indus River doesn't even originates from Pakistan but you are nationalizing Indus River without getting consensus or showing reliable sources, against longstanding version and also removing reliable sources on both lead and body, though the lead information can be also backed by the source I just provided. As for "merge into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Sindh," it is supported by sources like while yours is simply unsourced WP:OR. Lorstaking (talk) 13:00, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Maybe you had to include the additional reliable sources that you have provided here, otherwise I agree with nearly all of your edits over the new undiscussed controversial edit of lead. I have problem with only History section, where Mohenjo-daro, Rakhigiri are claimed to date 3300 BCE, though they don't. Harrappa's 3300 BCE is date for stone tablets, not the building of the city. I would support removing the names of all 3 cities. Capitals00 (talk) 13:49, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Also in the same paragraph of history, all major cities have been named, so why we need repetition? Capitals00 (talk) 13:56, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * The percentages on infobox should be removed. When you see map you find estimations from both versions to be made up. Capitals00 (talk) 15:13, 16 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't disagree with all of your edits, only some of them. The revision of the lead was bad, because it is artificially inserting India and China to remove the significance of Pakistan, but doing it backwards and duplicating the information of the next sentence. If you want to revert to older and stabler versions, please feel free. But please don't mix them up with contentious, unexplained edits.
 * As for Rakhigarhi, I think it should be omitted because it has no relation to the Indus river. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 19:28, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

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Etymology
This Article claims in its etymology/naming section that Sindh... means "ocean". In the article "hindustan" though you may find this sentence: "Hence, the Rigvedic sapta sindhava (the land of seven rivers) became hapta hindu in the Avesta." which seems to imply that Sindh... can also mean "river" and that seems to be more logical in the name of a ... river. Any Sanskrit speakers around that could clarify it and/or put the correct version in the regarding article? --176.199.184.48 (talk) 13:24, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

Changing "Jammu and Kashmir" to "Ladakh"
Introduction says that river flows through India (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh region of Jammu Kashmir. Now that Ladakh is a Union terriority of its own, independent from Jammu Kashmir, We should change it to "Ladakh" wherever required. Abhijithn207 (talk) 08:56, 3 May 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅. The only mention of Jammu and Kashmir left is the 'See also' link to Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir. I will leave it to you to work on that page. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 10:08, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

"Hindh river" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Hindh river. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 13:28, 24 May 2020 (UTC)

Addition of the Indigenous Pakistani name
The Indus river is known as the Sindh Darya, Darya e Sindh and Mehran in Pakistan where it flows. Putting Sindhu at the head without Darya e Sindh is wrong since Darya e Sindh is a much more popular name in it's own land than Sindhu, which basically isn't even used anywhere except Sindh province. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mehtar10 (talk • contribs) 13:05, 10 September 2020 (UTC)
 * This is English Wikipedia, and the terms used in English language sources are our main concern. Please feel free to expand the Etymology and names section if you need to, while providing WP:RS. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 10:35, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
 * And "Sindhu" is of high historical importance, as it gave rise to various terms such as "Hindu", "Hindustan", "India" and most of all the name of "Sindh" itself! -- Kautilya3 (talk) 10:40, 12 September 2020 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for

31.305823,81.519635 —2401:4900:4BD0:31CF:1:0:B89C:759B (talk) 12:30, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
 * ❌. I assume that you're referring to the coordinates of the river's source. The coordinates you suggest (which appear to be for one of the headwaters of the Sengge Zangbo) contradict the article's statement that the Indus "begins at the confluence of the Sengge Zangbo and Gar Tsangpo rivers". Without a source stating that the Sengge Zangbo is part of, rather than a tributary of, the Indus, changing the coordinates seems to be inadvisable. Deor (talk) 17:05, 7 November 2020 (UTC)

"Yìndù" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Yìndù. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Soumya-8974 (he) talk contribs subpages 08:38, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

"Hindhu river" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Hindhu river. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 December 8 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Soumya-8974 (he) talk contribs subpages 08:41, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Lead paragraph and infobox images made identical to other South Asian rivers
I'm noting that I have made the lead paragraph and the infobox image and map identical to other major South Asian river, the Ganges. I have rewritten the lead paragraph in the language of geography. I have removed the disputed present-day national boundaries from the map of the Indus river course and basin. I've added an iconic image that defines both the Indus and the Himalayas. It is essential for a standard NPOV format. I know admins don't like to be pinged about commonplace things, so I'm asking only that you keep an eye. ,, , , and now and then. Also noting this for and   Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  22:36, 5 February 2021 (UTC)
 * PS I knew I was forgetting someone: Probably others too, so apologies.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  22:41, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

map without disputed regions
I don't understand the rationale here. What's the problem with showing the current borders (as they are shown by most/almost all maps of the area anyhow)?

And even if for some reason "disputed" border should not be displayed, then why using a map with (partial) borders at all. The main point of the of the current map is illustrate the river's watershed with all its tributaries, the borders and the coastline were only added to provide better general orientation/recognition when you want to compare it or place it in standard geographic maps (because those maps usually carry borders).--Kmhkmh (talk) 02:07, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

By the way there is also a minor techinal issue here as well. The original graphic was a svg file (WP preferred format for such drawings). So if you create a derivative, it would be better to stick to the original format rather than switching to less preferred format for such drawings.--Kmhkmh (talk) 02:14, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for posting and apologies for not copying you in my post yesterday.  Well, in all Kashmir-related maps we bend over backward to point out that the regions are disputed regions.  The sovereignty of any present-day nation over Kashmir is not recognized by the UN, nor by any Western powers and Japan (Russia supports India and China supports Pakistan).  See the first-order sub-regions: Ladakh, Gilgit Baltistan; they have the same careful wording in the lead sentence and the same format in the infobox per a long and hard-fought consensus.
 * Upon rethinking this, the map in the infobox is meant to illustrate the lead for an ordinary reader. Following the example of the other South Asian Himalayan rivers: Ganges, Jhelum, Chenab, ... I have now used a British era orographical map.  For a Himalayan river descending from sheer heights, it gives a better idea of the altitudes involved and also the distances. The map has the notable landmarks, the Mansarovar lake, near which the Indus rises;  the Nanga Parbat massif, the western anchor of the Himalayas,  after which the Great Bend of the Indus begins, and the Salt Range past which the Indus debouches onto the plains of Punjab (literally: "the land of five rivers").  It also shows Karachi at the mouth.  I apologize I did not understand the intent of the map; perhaps it can be used in a later section (but again only without the disputed borders; otherwise every other day someone will change it.  The Indus Gorge, one of the deepest in the world, shows that the Indus is a very old river, likely predating the collision of the Indian tectonic place with Eurasia and the uplifting of the Himalayas.  As the Himalayas rose, the gorge became deeper, the silt from the Himalayas filling the trough created by the subduction, now called the Indo-Gangetic plain.  This is as far as my rudimentary knowledge of South Asian plate tectonics goes. :) Best regards,  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  20:40, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * To be clear, I have no issue with descrbing those (de faccto) borders as disputed, I only have an issue with articifially leaving them out or just displaying them partially, which is in contradition to standard maps. That is, if borders are displayed they should be displayed completely and according to standard maps, but you of course use special colors to mark disputed regions.

 * That said, the current map showing no borders but just geographical features is a good solution. It has less details on the watershed then the other map, but it illustrates the river nicely enough and a more detailed watershed isn't really needed in the infobox.--Kmhkmh (talk) 20:57, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I definitely like the orographical map much better. One gets a feel what Indus "Valley" means. The previous map clearly teaches us that NPOV is not "no POV". The abruptly ending borders looked very distracting: so you can travel from Delhi to Islamabad without crossing a border? ;) Ususally, we create NPOV by means of broken/dotted lines and an explanatory legend (and page protection). The perfect (but more vulnerable) map would be a blend of both maps. –Austronesier (talk) 21:07, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are both right. The map in place was too simple. I looked for another and found Kmhkmh's on the Simple Wikipedia (a strange irony: the Simple Wikipedia had the complex; the Complex Wikipedia had the simple.) I wish I had the time to fix it in the proper NPOV manner you have suggested or the skills for that matter. We certainly have NPOV maps of the Kashmir region, but what we need has Tibet, Kashmir, and Pakistan.  As for "Indus Valley," yes, you can certainly see the Himalayan valley wonderfully in the map.  Once it is in Punjab, the valley widens.  On the map, it is called the Indus Plain.  The "Indus Valley Civilization" flowered really in the Plain and not the narrow Himalayan valley, but I suspect the naming hearkens to a time before major urbanization when the lay of the land was more clearly visible, the gentle slope leading to the river bank more easily discerned.  (Similar to Manhattan before the Native Americans sold it.)  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  13:57, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

"Nilab River" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Nilab River and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 18 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 18:26, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

Length
"3,180 km (1,980 mi) as Mapped. 3,249 km (2,019 mi) actual as mentioned in History Books."

Confused by this. Does this mean it used to be 3,249 km? When? What history books? Why "actual"? Is it not fully mapped? -- Mocha2007 (talk) 11:04, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * 3180 is the correct number. I can't find 3,249 in any source. The vagueness and use of the word "actual" suggest that someone was pushing a fringe claim of some kind. Furius (talk) 11:51, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * 3180 seems to be the established answer, but there's been a recent change to 2880 based on this Indian Government source ("a length of 2880 Km, of which 709Km lies in India"). 3180 is still in the infobox. We don't seem to have an explicit source for 3180 - the ref in the infobox is seemingly only for drainage basin size, and for some reason we have two values there anyway...
 * A cursory poke through Google Scholar suggests both values get widely quoted in the secondary literature ("indus river" 2880 and "indus river" 3180 get similar numbers of hits), presumably just depending which reference source they checked, and I suspect it would be very hard to find the original source which gave each value to figure out how it was defined. My suspicion is that it is something to do with where the starting point is counted from. Sengge Zangbo has an intriguing note:
 * About 300 km from its sources, in the mountain springs north of the Manasarovar lake, the river merges with Gar Tsangpo near the village of Tashigang to form the Indus River. The Tibetans continue to regard the combined river as Sênggê Zangbo as it flows into Ladakh.
 * And on the corresponding Gar Tsangpo:
 * It merges with other headwater, Sênggê Zangbo, near the village of Tashigang to form the Indus River. The combined river flows in the same valley and in the same direction as Gar Tsangpo. Thus by physical geography, Gar Tsangpo is the "Indus River". The Tibetans however regard Sênggê Zangbo as the main Indus River, and treat Gar Tsangpo as a tributary.
 * Note the "about 300 km..." - I suspect this may be the original source of the discrepancy, whether the Indus is treated as starting at the Tsangpo-Zangbo confluence or whether it is traced back to the headwaters of Sengge Zangbo. The infobox seems to list both as sources. I don't know how we can say which is "correct", but I guess the CWC definition is as good as any. Either way, it might be worth mentioning both the two widely quoted measurements in the article (similar to that at Rhine)? Andrew Gray (talk) 12:16, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't set great store by Indian government sources. It is in their interest to reduce the river's length, so India's share in the longstanding Indus waters dispute is maximized. Besides we tread cautiously in all Kashmir related topics on Wikipedia. Kashmir is a disputed region.  The river does not really flow through India, only the Indian-administered region of Kashmir.
 * I haven't really looked into where Indus officially begins, but it might be problematic as the river is not called Indus in Tibet and has two or three headstreams. My impression from the orographic map from British times is that the river rises in the vicinity of a small lake to the east of Mount Kailas in Tibet, not in the Lake Mansarovar and related lakes which lie to the south.  If the source stream is the longest headstream, the common definition in hydrology, then that would be where the river begins.  Unlike, the Ganges, all of whose headwaters lie in India, the Indus is more complicated.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  13:21, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * "The Tibetans however regard Sênggê Zangbo as the main Indus River, and treat Gar Tsangpo as a tributary."
 * In hydrology as well, the Sênggê Zangbo, would be the source stream, as it is the longer. A similar situation exists with the Ganges.  It officially begins at the confluence of its two headwaters, the Bhagirathi River and the Alaknanda River, at a small town, Devprayag; the Bhagirathi is the shorter but flows in the same direction and is described in mythology.  The Alaknanda is the longer and turns left at the confluence.  It is the source stream in hydrology.
 * I'd go with the Sênggê Zangbo, i.e. 2880+300. Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  13:41, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * PS Good work, btw,  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  13:42, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Or maybe mention both as you say, but would prefer to mention 3180 first. Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  14:03, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Short answer I agree that 3180 is probably best, the long answer...
 * I did out of curiosity check the 1960 agreement, but tragically while it has a lot of flow numbers, it does not mention a consensus on the length! I was able to find a different report co-authored by the same Indian government department that avoids giving a total length, but reports "1114km in India", a good 50% longer than the website figure (report). From the Pakistan side, I can find the comparable government department using the short measurement (report). So there may not be a national divide on the preferred figure.
 * The pre-independence Imperial Gazetteer (1909) gives "a little over 1800 miles" which more or less aligns with the shorter 2880, as does the 1886 edition. The modern Gazetteer of India (1965) does not give a specific measurement. The Himalayan Climate and Water Atlas (2015) has 3180. Britannica currently uses the long measurement ("some 2,000 miles (3,200 km)") but changed in 2015 - it used to give the shorter measurement.
 * Overall, I think I agree that I'd be inclined to go with 3180 as the "main" modern measurement (lead + infobox), citing the Climate and Water Atlas as a reputable international source, but mention the 2880 one in text and also discuss the ambiguity of where the headwaters are. Britannica having consciously made this change a few years ago is a good steer. I'll try and draft something up.
 * (Bonus challenge: work out why List of rivers systems by length, and occasionally past edits to this page, say 3610...) Andrew Gray (talk) 18:10, 21 September 2022 (UTC)
 * And updated. Although this has raised another weirdness about the source - Britannica has "near Lake Mapam", which seems to be another name for Lake Manasarovar, but note "near" not "in". The Water Atlas says "Lake Ngangla Rinco". I think that is the same as what we have described as Ang Laren Lake, way off to the NE, which seems a bit unlikely? Andrew Gray (talk) 19:02, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

And a final note - I have tracked down the probable source of the 3610 figure as this 2011 announcement https://www.dawn.com/news/656472/earthly-matters-origins-of-the-indus (though it rounds to 3600). However, while this team published their results from an earlier run in 2007, I can't find any formal publication of this figure other than the press release / news stories!

It probably lines up with the source being off to the NE as in the Water Atlas, but it's a bit unclear. This figure probably also represents a full-scale remeasuring, not just tacking on a bit extra to the source - the older figures had been around quite a while and there seems to have been a bit of river movement since then, including the big changes in the south which the article mentions. Will have a think about how to incorporate this. Andrew Gray (talk) 14:10, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Sovereignty of India over Kashmir
India shouldn't be listed along with China and Pakistan in the countries section of the infobox. The river doesn't run through India proper as it runs through China and Pakistan - it runs through the disputed territory of Kashmir, and by listing India in the countries section the article is pushing the POV that Kashmir is an integral part of India. You could replace India with "Indian administered Kashmir," or simply "Kashmir."

If India is to remain in the countries section, it should be italicized or a cross/star should be added to note that the river flows through a region where India's sovereignty is disputed. Joooshhh (talk) 16:18, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The infobox already says, directly below the names of the three countries, "Sovereignty in the Kashmir region is disputed". This strikes me as sufficient Furius (talk) 16:25, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the point is there's a false equivilance here. The river runs through internationally recognised parts of China and Pakistan but for India it only runs through a disputed territory, over which India's sovereignty is not recognised outside of India. Solblaze (talk) 14:11, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

Discussion about Indus Valley
Hello. Is there another page going more into detail about geography like the Indus Valley and other places? Because I think it could use more elaborating on. GoutComplex (talk) 16:53, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indus River


text:
Talk:Rounder

Opening comment
Why is RUBY RIDGE being redirected to this article?

Is it part of the definition of 'rounder' that the player makes the circuit of _illegal_ games? Because I can't find that specific attribute in any other googled definitions.

It's my understanding that the term arose from players travelling the country looking for illegal games, although whether or not it was only illegal game (since most games were illegal) I'm not sure. Any concrete reference showing either definition would be good. CryptoDerk 20:45, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rounder


text:
Samuel G. Plantz

Samuel G. Plantz (1859–1924) was a Methodist minister and seventh president of Lawrence University.

He was born in Gloversville, New York on June 13, 1859, second child of James and Elsie Ann (Stoller) Plantz. He was raised in Emerald Grove, Wisconsin. He attended Milton College, and received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Lawrence University in 1880. He was a student at Berlin University, 1890-1. He then went on to receive his Bachelor of Sacred Theology and Ph.D. degrees from the Theological School of Boston University in 1883.

Plantz became president of Lawrence University in 1894, and served until his death on November 14, 1924, in Sturgeon Bay. During his tenure, the student body increased from 200 to 800 and the number of faculty from nine to 68. Numerous campus buildings were also erected during his presidency, including the prominent Chapel. Plantz Hall, built in 1961, is named for him.

title: Samuel G. Plantz


text:
Subaltern Studies

The Subaltern Studies Group (SSG) or Subaltern Studies Collective is a group of South Asian scholars interested in postcolonial and post-imperial societies. The term Subaltern Studies is sometimes also applied more broadly to others who share many of their views and they are often considered to be "exemplary of postcolonial studies" and as one of the most influential movements in the field. Their anti-essentialist approach is one of history from below, focused more on what happens among the masses at the base levels of society than among the elite.

Definition
The term "subaltern" in this context is an allusion to the work of Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937). The term's semantic range has evolved from its first usage by Ranajit Guha, following Gramsci, to refer solely to peasants who had not been integrated into the industrial capitalist system. It now refers to any person or group of inferior rank or station, whether because of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or religion.

The SSG arose in the 1980s, influenced by the scholarship of Eric Stokes and Ranajit Guha, to attempt to formulate a new narrative of the history of India and South Asia. The group started at the University of Sussex, then continued and traveled, mainly through Guha's students. This narrative strategy was inspired by the writings of Gramsci was explicated in the writings of their mentor Ranajit Guha, most clearly in his "manifesto" in Subaltern Studies I and also in his classic monograph The Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency. Although they are, in a sense, on the left, they are very critical of the traditional Marxist narrative of Indian history, in which semi-feudal India was colonized by the British, became politicized, and earned its independence. In particular, they are critical of the focus of this narrative on the political consciousness of elites, who in turn inspire the masses to resistance and rebellion against the British.

Instead, they focus on non-elites, subalterns, as agents of political and social change. They have had a particular interest in the discourses and rhetoric of emerging political and social movements, as against only highly visible actions like demonstrations and uprisings.

Criticism
One of the group's early contributors, Sumit Sarkar, later began to critique it. He entitled one of his essays "Decline of the Subaltern in Subaltern Studies", criticizing the turn to Foucauldian studies of power-knowledge that left behind many of the empiricist and Marxist efforts of the first two volumes of Subaltern Studies. He writes that the socialist inspiration behind the early volumes led to a greater impact in India itself, while the later volumes' focus on western discourse reified the subaltern-colonizer divide and then rose in prominence mainly in western academia. Even Gayatri Spivak, one of the most prominent names associated with the movement, has called herself a critic of "metropolitan post-colonialism".

Indian sociologist Vivek Chibber has criticized the premise of Subaltern Studies for its obfuscation of class struggle and class formation in its analysis and accused it of excising class exploitation from the story of the oppression of the subaltern. His critique, explained in his book Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital, is focused on the works of two Indian scholars: Ranajit Guha and Dipesh Chakrabarty. According to Chibber, subaltern scholars tend to recreate the Orient as a place where cultural differences negate analyses based on Western experience.

People associated with Subaltern Studies
Scholars associated with Subaltern Studies include:

 * David Arnold
 * Gautam Bhadra
 * Dipesh Chakrabarty
 * Partha Chatterjee
 * Ranajit Guha
 * David Hardiman
 * Sudipta Kaviraj
 * Gyanendra Pandey
 * Gyan Prakash
 * Sarojini Sahoo
 * Ajay Skaria
 * Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
 * Susie Tharu

title: Subaltern Studies


text:
Lancaster House

Lancaster House (originally known as York House and then Stafford House) is a mansion on The Mall in the St James's district in the West End of London. Adjacent to The Green Park, it is next to Clarence House and St James's Palace, as much of the site was once part of the palace grounds. Initially planned for Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, it was ultimately completed by the Duke of Sutherland, then Marquess of Stafford, as an aristocratic townhouse in the early 19th century, and known for its lavish interiors. Gifted to the government in the early 20th century, it houses the government's wine cellars and was home to the London Museum until World War II. Now used for diplomatic receptions and related functions by the Foreign Office, it is a historic Grade I listed building, and its interiors are sometimes used in films or television as a stand in for Buckingham Palace.

History
Construction of the house commenced in 1825 for the Duke of York and Albany, the second son of King George III, and it was initially known as York House. Sir Robert Smirke was originally hired to design the house, until under the influence of the Duke's mistress the Duchess of Rutland, he was replaced by Benjamin Dean Wyatt who mainly designed the exterior. The house was only a shell by the time of the death of the Duke in 1827. It is constructed from Bath stone, in a neo-classical style. The lease of the house was purchased by the 2nd Marquess of Stafford (later 1st Duke of Sutherland) and was under his direction that it was completed in 1838. It was known as Stafford House for almost a century.

The completed building was three floors in height, the State rooms being on the first floor or piano nobile, family living rooms on the ground floor and family bedrooms on the second floor. There was also a basement containing service rooms and wine cellar. The interior, featured an imperial staircase which was designed by Sir Charles Barry, as well Louis XIV Style rooms which were lavishly decorated.

The Sutherlands’ liberal politics and love of the arts attracted many distinguished guests, including factory reformer the Earl of Shaftesbury, anti-slavery author Harriet Beecher Stowe and Italian revolutionary leader Giuseppe Garibaldi. Chopin gave a recital there in 1848 in the presence of Queen Victoria.

Queen Victoria is said to have remarked to the 2nd Duchess of Sutherland on arriving at Stafford House, "I have come from my House to your Palace." With its ornate decoration and the dramatic sweep of the great staircase, the Grand Hall is a magnificent introduction to one of the finest town houses in London. The house went out of royal favour after the 3rd Duchess died, in 1888, and her husband married his mistress within months.

In 1912 the lease was purchased by the Lancastrian industrialist and philanthropist Sir William Lever, 1st Baronet (later 1st Viscount Leverhulme) who renamed it in honour of his native county of Lancashire and presented it to the nation in the following year.

Since 1922 the building has housed the Government Wine Cellar, and, from 1924 until shortly after the Second World War, the house was the home of the London Museum.

The allied government's European Advisory Commission on the political and social future of Europe after World War II met here the through 1944 into 1945. In January 1947 a special envoy meeting on affairs concerning occupied Austria was hosted here. The year 1956, the house saw the signing of the agreement of independence for Malaya. In 1961, South Africa affirmed its intention to become a republic, inside the Commonwealth. In 1979 it was the scene of the Lancaster House Agreement, which led to the independence of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, from the United Kingdom.

The house was the venue for the 10th G7 summit in 1984 and the 17th G7 summit in 1991. A new 35-foot-long table was built for the Long Gallery, where the main negotiating sessions were planned in 1991.

Prime Minister Theresa May gave a speech at Lancaster House in January 2017 outlining Britain's intended future relationship with the European Union following the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum which resulted in a vote to leave. The speech is commonly referred to in the media, and in political discourse, as the "Lancaster House speech".

In popular culture
Winston Churchill commented that towards the end of the 19th century, "glittering parties at Lansdowne House, Devonshire House or Stafford House (Lancaster House) comprised all the elements which made a gay and splendid social circle in close relation to the business of Parliament, the hierarchies of the Army and Navy, and the policy of the State".

Lancaster House has been extensively used as a filming location. It has stood in for Buckingham Palace at least six times in film and television: for the comedy film King Ralph (1991), the mystery adventure film National Treasure: Book of Secrets (2007), the historical drama film The Young Victoria (2009), the historical drama film The King's Speech (2010), and the 2013 Christmas special for Downton Abbey, when Rose is presented to the King and Queen during the London Season. Lancaster House reprised its role as Buckingham Palace for the Netflix series The Crown. The interior was used to represent the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg for the 1981 film Reds. It also appears as the house of Lady Bracknell in the comedy of manners film The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), and as the site of a masquerade ball in the Merchant-Ivory film The Golden Bowl (2000).

title: Lancaster House