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High Lane, Greater Manchester

High Lane is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, on the Macclesfield Canal, 5 mi from Stockport.

Governance
High Lane lies in the Marple South and High Lane ward of Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council (SMBC), which is represented by three Liberal Democrat councillors. It is in the Hazel Grove parliamentary constituency and, since 2015, the Member of Parliament is William Wragg of the Conservative Party.

Geography
High Lane is 5 mi south-east of Stockport. It is bordered by the villages of Marple to the north; Hazel Grove to the west; Disley to the east and Poynton to the south. Most of the village is spread along the A6 road, which connects Luton and Carlisle.

High Lane lies in the foothills of the Pennines and, on clear days, it affords some excellent views of the city of Manchester and surrounding towns.

Demography
The population is 5,852. 95% of the population are White British. 82% of the population give their religion as Christian, and 9.8% have no religion. 64% of the population are economically active; 24% are retired.

Social class:
 * Higher managerial and professional – 11%
 * Lower managerial and professional – 21%
 * Intermediate occupations – 11%
 * Small employers and own account workers – 9.6%
 * Lower supervisory and technical – 5.3%
 * Semi-routine – 8.0%
 * Routine – 4.8%
 * Never worked and long-term unemployed – 1.3%

Landmarks
There is a Grade II listed war memorial in the centre of the village, close to the church of St Thomas (also Grade II listed). The Old Court House (dated 1772) is one of a few older houses along the main road. At the edge of the village is Wyberslegh Hall. High Lane War Memorial Village Hall sits within High Lane Park, overlooking two junior football pitches.

Transport
The A6, a major trunk road in England connecting Luton in the south with Carlisle in the north, runs through High Lane.

The nearest railway station to High Lane is Middlewood, which is on the Buxton line connecting Manchester Piccadilly and Stockport with the Peak District. Services are generally two-hourly in both directions. The very long Disley Tunnel, on the Hope Valley line, passes underneath the village.

High Lane had its own railway station, on the Macclesfield, Bollington and Marple Railway which connected Rose Hill Marple with Macclesfield. It was closed, as part of the Beeching cuts, in January 1970. The route is now a linear park, called the Middlewood Way, which is accessible from the A6.

The Macclesfield Canal passes through High Lane. It runs for 26.1 mi in a generally north to south direction from Marple Junction at Marple, where it joins the Upper Peak Forest Canal, to a junction with the Hall Green Branch of the Trent and Mersey Canal at Hall Green stop lock. The 964 ft High Lane Arm of the Macclesfield Canal is the home of the North Cheshire Cruising Club. The Arm historically had extended south 600 ft to the Middlewood coal mine.

Education
High Lane has two primary schools: High Lane Primary School and Brookside Primary School.

Religious sites

 * St Thomas' Church – Anglican. Built 1851; consecrated 1859; enlarged 1866. In modern Norman style, Grade II listed.
 * Windlehurst Methodist Church – Methodist

Public services
There are three parks in High Lane: Brookside Park, Windlehurst Park and High Lane Park. Windlehurst Park is known to many locals as "the little park". High Lane Park is the largest and, in 2000, had a small skatepark installed. In the summer of 2010, renovations were completed and an extension to the children's play area was constructed. see High Lane Parks

Notable residents

 * John Bradshaw (1602–59) President of the High Court of Justice (Judge) for the trial of Charles I in 1649. Lord President of the Council of State of the English Commonwealth 1649–51, 1653
 * Christopher Isherwood – author
 * Sir Nicholas Winstanley – author and priest
 * Christopher Samba – former Blackburn Rovers football club captain
 * Daniel Pepper – Paralympian swimmer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: High Lane, Greater Manchester


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Saint Sarah

Saint Sarah, also known as Sara-la-Kâli ("Sara the Black"; ), is the patron saint of the Romani people. The center of her veneration is Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, a place of pilgrimage for Roma in the Camargue, in Southern France. Legend identifies her as the servant of one of the Three Marys, with whom she is supposed to have arrived in the Camargue. Saint Sarah also shares her name with the Hindu goddess Kali who is a popular deity in northern India from where the Romani people originate. The name "Sara" itself is seen in the appellation of Durga as Kali in the famed text Durgasaptashati.

Accounts
According to various legends, during a persecution of early Christians, commonly placed in the year 42, Lazarus, his sisters Mary and Martha, Mary Salome (the mother of the Apostles John and James), Mary Jacobe and Maximin were sent out to sea in a boat. They arrived safely on the southern shore of Gaul at the place later called Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer. Sarah, a native of Berenice Troglodytica, appears as the black Indo-Egyptian maid of one of the Three Marys, usually Mary Jacobe. (The natives of Berenice Troglodytica had ancestors who once came from the Malabar Coast, through Indo-Roman trade relations, and settled in Egypt (Roman province) and intermarried with Egyptians.)

Though the tradition of the Three Marys arriving in France stems from the High Middle Ages, appearing for instance in the 13th century Golden Legend, Saint Sarah makes her first appearance in Vincent Philippon's book The Legend of the Saintes-Maries (1521), where she is portrayed as "a charitable woman that helped people by collecting alms, which led to the popular belief that she was a Gypsy." Subsequently, Sarah was adopted by Romani as their saint.

Another account has Sarah welcoming the Three Marys into Gaul. Franz de Ville (1956) writes: "One of our people who received the first Revelation was Sara the Kali. She was of noble birth and was chief of her tribe on the banks of the Rhône. She knew the secrets that had been transmitted to her... The Rom at that period practiced a polytheistic religion, and once a year they took out on their shoulders the statue of Ishtari (Astarte) and went into the sea to receive benediction there. One day Sara had visions which informed her that the Saints who had been present at the death of Jesus would come, and that she must help them. Sara saw them arrive in a boat. The sea was rough, and the boat threatened to founder. Mary Salome threw her cloak on the waves and, using it as a raft, Sarah floated towards the Saints and helped them reach land by praying."

Pilgrimage
The day of the pilgrimage honouring Sarah is May 24; her statue is carried down to the sea on this day to re-enact her arrival in France.

Some authors have drawn parallels between the ceremonies of the pilgrimage and the worship of the Hindu goddess Kali (a form of Durga), subsequently identifying the two. Ronald Lee (2001) states:

"If we compare the ceremonies with those performed in France at the shrine of Sainte Sara (called Sara e Kali in Romani), we become aware that the worship of Kali/Durga/Sara has been transferred to a Christian figure... in France, to a non-existent 'sainte' called Sara, who is actually part of the Kali/Durga/Sara worship among certain groups in India."

The name "Sara" itself is seen in the appellation of Durga as Kali in the famed text Durgasaptashati.

In popular culture
Some authors,  taking up themes from the pseudohistorical book Holy Blood, Holy Grail, suggest that Sarah was the daughter of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. These ideas were popularized by Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code, Eron Manusov's Ahavah's Dream, and The Maeve Chronicles by Elizabeth Cunningham. These speculations have been rejected by the local inhabitants and by scholars.
 * In The Rozabal Line, author Ashwin Sanghi puts forward that Sara-la-Kali refers to the three Hindu goddesses – Saraswati, Lakshmi, and Kali – the goddesses of Knowledge, Wealth and Power – symbolizing the trinity of female power.
 * In Paulo Coelho's novel The Witch of Portobello, St. Sarah is mentioned several times.
 * Alistair MacLean's 1970 thriller, Caravan to Vaccarès is set during the pilgrimage to Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer.
 * Czon the Swedish artist did a portrait of Sara La Kali outside the church in "Saintes Maries de la Mer" 2018.
 * The statue of Saint Sarah makes an appearance in Tony Gatlif's 1993 film Latcho Drom (Safe Journey) where it is carried to the sea, and her landing is re-enacted.
 * In Korkoro, also a Tony Gatlif film, the Romani often pray to Saint Sarah with intense fervor.

title: Saint Sarah


text:
Talk:Movin' Out (musical)

Jukebox Musical or Ballet
I can't find a specific definition for ballet that would deny this piece as a ballet. I went to the show as a guest of the touring company and pointed out that it was a ballet format as opposed to a "musical" which struck the members of the crew by suprise but they agreed with me. Would anyone be opposed to classifying this has a ballet as well as a Jukebox Musical? Halcyonforever (talk)

Talk Page
Add your Critique here:
 * This page is not for discussion about the subject of the article; rather, it is for discussion about the content of the article. For example, you might put "Does anyone know of some reviews of Movin' Out that we could add to the article?" rather than "I loved this musical!  What do you think about it?"  Thanks!

Michael Cavanaugh
I changed the wiki links for Michael Cavanaugh as they pointed to the incorrect person (a video game player with the same name). Any references to the original pianist/lead vocalist of this musical should now be directed to Michael Cavanaugh (Musician). Unfortunately, this page does not exist yet. Anyone is welcome to help create the page, otherwise I can write up a stub in the upcoming week or so. Todayisdifferent 05:50, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Check Michael Cavanaugh now.
 * -- linca linca  06:17, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

New Tour
I tried to look up more information on the new tour. The "official site" link at the bottom is outdated. All I was able to find on line was a site about a few performances in Atlantic city at a casino, and that is it. Does anyone have any information about the new tour? 72.150.67.76 04:40, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Movin' Out (musical)


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Kungur

Kungur (Кунгу́р) is a town in the southeast of Perm Krai, Russia, located in the Ural Mountains at the confluence of the rivers Iren and Shakva with the Sylva (Kama's basin). Population:   64,800 (1959); 36,000 (1939).

History

Kungur was founded 17 km above the Iren's mouth on the banks of the Kungurka in 1648. In 1662, it was burnt by Bashkirs. In 1663, it was rebuilt as a fortress on the place of the village of Mysovskoye. In the beginning of the 18th century, leather and footwear industries started to develop here, and in 1724, a tannery was built. By the mid-18th century, Kungur became one of the most populated areas in the Urals. In 1759, Perm administration of mining plants was moved to Kungur. By the end of the 18th century, Kungur was an important transit trade center of the Siberian road, as well as the center of leather manufacture in Perm Governorate. Kungur rope and linseed oil were widely known. In 1774, the town withstood a siege by Yemelyan Pugachev's Cossack forces. By the end of the 19th century, Kungur had become a significant industrial (including manufacture of leather footwear, gloves, and mittens) and cultural center.

In 1890 the Kungurian Age of the Permian Period of geological time was named for Kungur.

Kungur was the seat of the 1411th Artillery Ammunition Depot from 11 August 1941, the day of its establishment, to July 1945.

Coat of arms
The town's original coat of arms became official according with the Highest Law of Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1737. The current coat of arms was adopted in 1994.

Etymology
The name of the city was given by the Kungur River, which flows into the Iren at the site of the construction of the first fort. The hydronym arose under the influence of the Volga Bulgars (Ogur and Hungarian tribes) who came to the Volga-Kama territory in the 7th century, from them the name Kungur < Hungur < Vungur < Ungur is the name of the Onogur (On ogur) and Hungarian tribes. On the territory of Perm the Great and Udmurtia, archaeologists find quite a lot of Bulgar objects.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kungur serves as the administrative center of Kungursky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the town of krai significance of Kungur—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of krai significance of Kungur is incorporated as Kungur Urban Okrug.

Economy
Major industries are SIA Turbobur and JSK "Kungur-footwear" (leather including army footwear). The town produces art goods (souvenirs from stone, maiolica), musical instrument (guitars) factories, repair-mechanical plant, clothing and knitting mills, and food industry companies. Rye, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, vegetables are grown in Kungur, and the town also has meat-dairy cattle husbandry and aviculture.

Transportation
Kungur is located at the crossing of the Solikamsk route, the Siberian path, and the Trans-Siberian Highway.

Architecture
Among the notable buildings in Kungur are the Transfiguration Church (1781), Nikola Cathedral, former Guest courtyard with the Burse (1865–76, architect R. O. Karvovsky), the Zyryanov Hospice (1881, now the surgical department of a hospital), the 19th century storehouses of the Kopakov merchants (now a culture center).

The Tikhvinsky Temple was built in 1763 and got its name from the holy icon of Tikhvinskaya Bogomater. Now the movie theater "Oktyabr" is located in the building.

In the lower part of the town, on Kittarskaya street, is the Uspenskaya Church, built in 1761. On the opposite bank of the Sylva river stands the Preobrazhensky Temple.

Kungur Ice Cave
The Kungur Ice Cave is located in the vicinity of Kungur, on the right bank of the Sylva River. Ramified passages stretch under the ground for over 6,000 meters, and only a small part has already been explored. To this day, old slides and crumblings do not allow to determine the total length of the passages. In the explored part of the cave there are several dozens of grottoes; the largest one, which is called the Druzhba (Friendship) Grotto, was given its name in honor of the participants of the International Geological Congress who visited the cave in 1937. Inside this grotto there is a lake with the area of 750 m2. The grottoes are "adorned" with columns of stalagmites and icicles of stalactites up to two meters in height. Over millennia, limestone bearing water has created an infinite variety of forms in the cave, like snowflakes which change in size during the year and reach the size of a maple leaf during late winter. The cave is filled with water from the Sylva River twice a year, in spring and in fall, when it is not accessible to tourists.

Education
Educational facilities in the town include:
 * Kungur Lyceum
 * Kungur College of Woodwork
 * Kungur Professional Art Lyceum
 * School of Arts
 * Kungur Pedagogical College
 * Kungur Agricultural College
 * Kungur College of Autotransport

Sister city

 * 🇰🇷 Samcheok, South Korea

title: Kungur


text: User talk:208.62.52.1

title: User talk:208.62.52.1


text:
Dingo (disambiguation)

Dingo refers to the Australian dingo

Dingo may also refer to:

Mammals

 * Canis lupus dingo, a taxonomic grouping that includes the Australian dingo and other related canines.
 * Carolina dog, a domestic dog breed also known as the “American dingo”

Characters

 * Dingo (animated character), a supporting character from the Disney animated TV series Gargoyles
 * Dingo, French name for the Disney character Goofy''
 * Digeri Dingo, a supporting character from Disney animated TV series Taz-mania
 * Dingo, in the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, played by Carol Cleveland
 * Dingo, an animal-faced superhero from the WildStorm comics universe
 * Dingo Egret, the protagonist of the video game Zone of the Enders: The 2nd Runner
 * Dingo, 'yellow dog dingo' features in "The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo", tale 6 of Just So Stories by Rudyard Kipling

Film

 * Dingo (film), a 1992 film
 * The Dingo, a 1923 Australian silent film

Gaming

 * Dingo Inc., a Japanese video game developer
 * Dingo Games Inc., an independent game development company from British Columbia, Canada, that created Tasty Planet
 * Red Dingo Games, an Adelaide-based video game development firm that made such games as PlayStation 3: Rain in Rio
 * Dingoo, a Chinese handheld video game console

Music

 * Dingo (band), a Finnish rock act
 * The Dingoes, an Australian rock act
 * Dingo (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 1992 film, recorded by Miles Davis
 * Dingo Creek Jazz and Blues Festival, an Australian music festival

Other

 * Dingo (novel), a 1913 novel by Octave Mirbeau
 * Dingo Studios, a fake children's TV studio from the Nickelodeon TV show iCarly

People

 * Ernie Dingo (born 1956), Aboriginal Australian entertainer
 * nickname of Dino Restelli (1924–2006), American Major League Baseball player
 * nickname of Dingwall Latham Bateson (1898–1967), British solicitor and President of the Law Society
 * Dingo Warrior, a ring name of American professional wrestler James Brian Hellwig

Places

 * Dingo, Queensland, a town in Australia along the Capricorn Highway
 * Dingo Creek, a river in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia
 * Dingo, a town in Angola

In the military

 * Dingo (scout car), an Australian World War II armoured scout car
 * ATF Dingo, a German armoured car
 * Daimler Dingo, a British armoured scout car
 * Dingo, a variant of the unsuccessful De Havilland Dormouse fighter-reconnaissance biplane

Other uses

 * Dingo Bar, a bar in Paris, France
 * Dingo Brand, a line of dog treats and dog chews manufactured by Spectrum Brands' United Pet Group
 * The Dingoes, an Australian far-right extremist group
 * Mitsubishi Dingo, a mini MPV automobile
 * UQFC Dingoes, a soccer team at the University of Queensland

title: Dingo (disambiguation)


text:
Roly Marks

Rowland Oswald Colin Marks (4 February 1893 – 12 November 1977) was born in Auckland, New Zealand and was a pioneer of the social credit movement in New Zealand.

He served in World War I as a sergeant and later second lieutenant in the New Zealand Rifle Brigade and earned the DCM. A teacher by profession, after graduating MA in 1922 from Auckland University College, Marks witnessed first-hand the difficulties faced by New Zealanders during the Depression. He became convinced that monetary reform was needed, and stood as the candidate for the Real Democracy Movement in the Wanganui electorate in the 1943 general election.

The Movement evolved into the New Zealand Social Credit Political League and Marks polled highly, though not enough to take the seat. When not running for Parliament, he served on the League's national committee and was made a life member in 1968. Marks deservedly takes credit for establishing the Social Credit movement as a force in Wanganui.

title: Roly Marks


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Holy Chalice

The Holy Chalice, also known as the Holy Grail, is in Christian tradition the vessel that Jesus used at the Last Supper to share his blood. The Synoptic Gospels refer to Jesus sharing a cup of wine with the Apostles, saying it was the covenant in his blood. The use of wine and chalice in the Eucharist in Christian churches is based on the Last Supper event. In the late 12th century, the author Robert de Boron associated the pre-existing story of the Holy Grail, a magical item from Arthurian literature, with the Holy Chalice. This association was continued in many subsequent Arthurian works, including the Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate) cycle, the Post-Vulgate Cycle, and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. A cup kept in the Spanish Cathedral of Valencia has been identified since medieval times as the purported Holy Chalice used at the Last Supper.

Last Supper
The Gospel of Matthew (26:27-29) says:

"And He took a cup and when He had given thanks He gave it to them saying 'Drink this, all of you; for this is My blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, I shall not drink again of the fruit of the vine until I drink it new with you in My Father's kingdom.'"

This incident, traditionally known as the Last Supper, is also described by the gospel writers, Mark and Luke, and by the Apostle Paul in I Corinthians. With the preceding description of the breaking of bread, it is the foundation for the Eucharist or Holy Communion, celebrated regularly in many Christian churches. Except within the context of the Last Supper, the Bible makes no mention of the cup, and ascribes no significance whatsoever to the object itself.

St. John Chrysostom (347–407 AD) in his homily on Matthew asserted:

"The table was not of silver, the chalice was not of gold in which Christ gave His blood to His disciples to drink, and yet everything there was precious and truly fit to inspire awe."

The pilgrim Antoninus of Piacenza (AD 570) in his descriptions of the holy places of Jerusalem, said that he saw "the cup of onyx, which our Lord blessed at the last supper" among many relics displayed at the Basilica erected by Constantine near to Golgotha and the Tomb of Christ.

Herbert Thurston in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) concluded that:

"No reliable tradition has been preserved to us regarding the vessel used by Christ at the Last Supper. In the sixth and seventh centuries pilgrims to Jerusalem were led to believe that the actual chalice was still venerated in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, having within it the sponge which was presented to Our Saviour on Calvary."

According to one tradition, Saint Peter brought it to Rome, and passed it on to his successors (the Popes). In 258, when Christians were being persecuted by Emperor Valerian and the Romans demanded that relics be turned over to the government, Pope Sixtus II instead gave the cup to one of his deacons, Saint Lawrence, who passed it to a Spanish soldier, Proselius, with instructions to take it to safety in Lawrence's home country of Spain.

Iconography

The iconic significance of the Chalice grew during the Early Middle Ages. Depictions of Jesus praying in the Garden of Gethsemane, such as that in the fourteenth-century frescoes of the church at Öja, Gotland (illustration, right), show a prefigured apparition of the Holy Chalice that stands at the top of the mountain, illustrating the words "Let this cup be taken from me". Together with the halo-enveloped Hand of God and the haloed figure of Jesus, the halo image atop the chalice, as if of a consecrated Host, completes the Trinity by embodying the Holy Spirit.

Holy Grail
The Holy Grail appears as a miraculous artifact in Arthurian legend in the 12th century, and is soon associated with the Holy Chalice.

The "Grail" became interwoven with the legend of the Holy Chalice. The connection of the Holy Chalice with Joseph of Arimathea dates from Robert de Boron's Joseph d'Arimathie (poem) (late 12th century). The fully developed "Grail legend" of the 13th century identifies the Holy Grail with the Holy Chalice used in the Last Supper and later used to collect Christ's blood, brought to Hispania by Joseph of Arimathea.

Medieval relics
In the account of Arculf, a 7th-century Anglo-Saxon pilgrim, mention is made of a chalice venerated as the one used in the Last Supper in a chapel near Jerusalem. This is the only mention of the veneration of such a relic in the Holy Land.

Two artifacts were claimed as the Holy Chalice in Western Christianity in the later medieval period. The first is the Santo Cáliz, an agate cup in the Cathedral of Valencia, purportedly from around the 1st century AD, and celebrated by Pope Benedict XVI in 2006 as "this most famous chalice" (hunc praeclarum Calicem); Valencia's Holy Chalice is the object most commonly identified as a claimant to being the Holy Grail. The second is the Sacro Catino in Genoa Cathedral, a flat dish made of green glass; recovered from Caesarea in 1101, it was not identified as the Holy Chalice until much later, towards the end of the 13th century.

Valencia Chalice

The Holy Chalice (Spanish: Santo Cáliz) is an agate cup preserved in the Cathedral of Valencia. The chalice is commonly credited as being the actual Holy Grail used by Jesus during the Last Supper and is preserved in a chapel consecrated to it, where it still attracts the faithful on pilgrimage. The artifact has seemingly never been accredited with supernatural powers.

The cup is made of dark red agate which is mounted by means of a knobbed stem and two curved handles onto a base made from an inverted cup of chalcedony. The agate cup is about 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) in diameter and the total height, including base, is about 17 centimetres (7 inches) high. The lower part has Arabic inscriptions. The base, stems and handles are posterior additions, but the red agate cup itself was most likely produced in a Palestinian or Egyptian workshop between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD.

It is kept together with an inventory list on vellum, said to have accompanied a lost letter which detailed state-sponsored Roman persecution of Christians that forced the church to split up its treasury and hide it with members, specifically the deacon Saint Lawrence.

The first explicit inventory reference to the present Chalice of Valencia is found in an inventory of the treasury of the monastery of San Juan de la Peña drawn up by Don Carreras Ramírez, Canon of Zaragoza, on 14 December 1134. The Chalice is described as the vessel in which "Christ Our Lord consecrated his blood" (En un arca de marfil está el Cáliz en que Cristo N. Señor consagró su sangre, el cual envió S. Lorenzo a su patria, Huesca).

Reference to the chalice is made again in 1399, when it was given by the monastery of San Juan de la Peña to king Martin I of Aragon in exchange for a gold cup.

Pope John Paul II celebrated Mass with the Holy Chalice in Valencia in November 1982, and in that occasion the Pope referred to it as "a witness to Christ's passage on Earth". In July 2006, at the closing Mass of the 5th World Meeting of Families in Valencia, Pope Benedict XVI also celebrated Mass with the Holy Chalice, on this occasion calling it "this most famous chalice" (hunc praeclarum Calicem), words in the Roman Canon said to have been used for the first popes to refer to the Holy Grail until the 4th century in Rome.

Genoa Dish
The Sacro Catino ("Sacred Basin”), kept in Genoa Cathedral, is a hexagonal dish made of green Egyptian glass, some 9 cm high and 33 cm across. It was taken to Genoa by Guglielmo Embriaco as part of the spoils from the conquest of Caesarea in 1101. William of Tyre (10.16) describes it as a "vessel of the most green colour, in the shape of a serving dish" (vas coloris viridissimi, in modum parapsidis formatum) which the Genoese thought to be made of emerald, and accepted as their share of the spoils. William states that the Genoese were still exhibiting the bowl, insisting on its miraculous properties due to its being made of emerald, in his own day (Unde et usque hodie transeuntibus per eos magnatibus, vas idem quasi pro miraculo solent ostendere, persuadentes quod vere sit, id quod color esse indicat, smaragdus), the implication being that emerald was thought to have miraculous properties of its own in medieval lore, and not that the bowl was thought of as a holy relic. The Sacro Catino would later become identified as the Holy Grail. The first explicit claim to this effect is found in the Chronicon by Jacobus de Voragine, written in the 1290s. Pedro Tafur, who visited Genoa in 1436, reported that the Holy Grail, "made of a single emerald" is kept in Genoa Cathedral.

The bowl was seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, and it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816, on which occasion it was confirmed it is made of glass rather than emerald. It was the subject of various restorations, in 1908, 1951, and 2017.

The study of the object made during the period of presence in France by the Académie des sciences of the Institut de France established that it was a Byzantine crystal, and not emerald. Modern studies consider it to be an Islamic artifact of the 9th–10th century.

Modern candidates
Aside from the Holy Chalice of the Cathedral of Valencia, which some have believed to be the Holy Grail since the time of the first few centuries AD, and which has been used by popes to celebrate Mass through to the present, a number of other artifacts of greater or lesser notability have come to be identified with the "Holy Grail" or "Holy Chalice", beginning with the rising popularity of the Grail legend in 19th-century Romanticism.

The Chalice of Doña Urraca, for example, had not traditionally been associated with the Holy Chalice, and was only proposed as such in a 2014 publication.

The "Antioch Chalice" is an artifact discovered in Antioch in 1910 which was briefly marketed as the "Holy Chalice", but it is most likely a lamp in a style of the 6th century.

Chalice of Doña Urraca

The Chalice of Doña Urraca is an artifact kept in St. Isidore's Basilica in León, Spain. The connection of this artifact to the Holy Grail was made in the 2014 book Los Reyes del Grial, which  develops the hypothesis that this artifact  had been taken by Egyptian troops following the invasion of Jerusalem and the looting of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, then given by the Emir of Egypt to the Emir of Denia, who in the 11th century gave it to the Kings of Leon in order for them to spare his city in the Reconquista.

Antioch Chalice
This silver-gilt object is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. It was apparently made at Antioch in the early 6th century, and is of double-cup construction, with an outer shell of cast-metal open work, enclosing a plain silver inner cup. When it was first recovered in Antioch in 1910, it was touted as the Holy Chalice, an identification the Metropolitan Museum characterizes as "ambitious". It is no longer identified as a chalice, having been identified by experts at Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland as likely a standing lamp, in a style of the 6th century.

Nanteos Cup
The Nanteos Cup is a medieval wood mazer bowl, held for many years at Nanteos Mansion, Rhydyfelin, near Aberystwyth in Wales. It is recorded as having been attributed miraculous powers of healing in the late 19th century, and tradition apparently held it had been made from a piece of the True Cross at the time, but it came to be identified as the Holy Chalice in the early 20th century.

title: Holy Chalice


text:
Talk:Kyle Broflovski

Aliases
He is the Human Kite in the Mysterion line of episodes, This is revealed by Cartman calling him "The Human Kike" Kike being a derogatory term for jews

Birthday
Kyle seems like a fire sign native. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.107.189.66 (talk) 01:38, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

Serbian Jew?
In the Antismoking episode of South Park Cartman sais to Kyle he is a Serbian Jew? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.105.7.224 (talk) 02:23, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * More specifically, he accuses him of trying to carry out a "Serbian Jew double-bluff".__Gamren (talk) 00:09, 16 May 2020 (UTC)

First Appearance?
The article lists Kyle's first appearance in the short Jesus vs. Frosty. But, there is no character in that short that resembles Kyle. Should this be changed to Jesus vs. Santa? Andy120290 02:07, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Kyle is the one that thinks that a snowman coming to life is cool —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.219.240.8 (talk) 13:54, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It might be more accurate to state that these were characters were BASED on South Park characters. If you watch the special, "the fat kid" who obviously most closely resembles Cartman, is called Kenny.  And true to form, "Cartman" is killed first.  Although the unnamed child who resembles Kenny except for a visible mouth is the next to die. PatrickLMT (talk) 15:58, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Order Of Who's Oldest to Youngest Doesn't Make Sense
When I looked at the South Park calendar and then say the articles of the four boys. it doesn't make sense how Cartman can be the 2nd oldest, Kenny be the 3rd oldest and Kyle being the youngest. I'm sure Stan is the oldest out of the boys. Remember all the boys are 9. I will use the years 1996, 1997, and 1998 as examples and take it as this year of 2006. Stan's birthday is October 19 so and he's the oldest so he would have to be born in 1996. Kenny's birthday is March 22 but his article says he's the 3rd oldest and Eric Cartman's article says his birthday is July 1st and he's the 2nd oldest. But if Kenny's the 3rd oldest that would make him born in 1998. Kyle's birthday is May 26 and if Cartman is the 2nd oldest and Kenny being the 3rd oldest that would make him born in 1998. If Kyle and Kenny are born in 1998 that would make it impossible for them to be 9. What it should be is Stan being the oldest born on October 19, 1996, Kenny being the 2nd oldest born on March 22, 1997, Kyle being the 3rd oldest born on May 26, 1997, and Cartman being the youngest born on July 1, 1997.

Information Of Who's Oldest To Youngest Out Of The Four Boys From The South Park Calender
I got this information from the South Park Calender.

Birthdays If you use the cutoff date of September 1 by which all kids have to be 8 to enter 3rd grade, or 9 to enter 4th grade, then the four boys turn 9 during 3rd grade, and 10 during 4th grade. Given their birthdays in 3rd grade, the boys turn nine in this order: Stan - October 19 Kenny - March 22 Kyle - May 26 Cartman - July 1 If Cartman's birthday is February 4 instead of July 1, the dates are Stan - October 19 Cartman - February 4 Kenny - March 22 Kyle - May 26 Stan is thus the oldest of the four boys. Whether Kyle or Cartman is the youngest depends on when you believe Cartman's birthday falls. Cartman's is the only birthday we've seen so far (except for Jesus' and Grandpa Marsh's).

From this information Stan is the only one that we really know what spot of who's oldest to youngest out of the four boys which Stan is the oldest and that we can put in his article. Cartman's birthday could either be February 4 or July 1 so Cartman is either the 2nd oldest or the youngest which we can put in his article. Kenny is either the 2nd oldest or the 3 oldest which we can put in his article. Kyle is either the 3rd oldest or the youngest which we can put in his article. I couldn't find a site that can prove whether Cartman's birthday is February 4 or July 1.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Stan_Marsh"

Weapons
Kyle was too willing to give up his weapon in "Good Times With Weapons" witch proves if he had time alone he would most likely practice. I've read that a few times, but it still makes no sense to me. Can we delete it?

I would say yes since that doesn't make sense to me either. Oh, and sign your post next time. Misteryoshi 11:17, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Athletics
The handicap of being black. The Black link lead to 'african american'. If you are black you are not neccesarily african american.

"the one who views things the most logically. Since Kyle is the more rational of his peers"?
Kyle was fooled by the Blainetologists in The Super Best Friends and by John Edward in The Biggest Douche in the Universe. He also lost faith in God after a single morning's thought in Cartmanland, and tried his damnedest to follow the trends in Chinpokomon. There are probably other examples. If nobody tells me why he's the most rational or logical in a week, I'm taking that out. 152.3.46.147 22:43, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, fuck it. I don't feel like editing that out. Someone else do it. 152.3.46.147 05:25, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It doesn't need to be edited out, since, as it stands, it's factual. "Most logical" is a relative term.  A person can behave illogically, but still be more logical than his peers, as long as his peers have a history of behaving even more illogically.  PatrickLMT (talk) 15:55, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Sick most easily?
The part about Kyle's health problems mentions that he was the last to get sick in the Chickenpox episode. It might be worth mentioning that after his kidney transplant in Cherokee Hair Tampons, Kyle would have been on antirejection drugs, which supress the immune system. Chickenpox was before the transplant. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.8.140.149 (talk) 03:48, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

Image
I switched the image, because vector images should be used in place of regular images. FictionH 21:18, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Well someone's going to have to change it again because he wears an orange jacket and a green hat, not the other way around. Mattbutcher 21:28, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Say no more, I'll fix that. Despite the fact that it is an orange hat and green jacket in the version I watch. FictionH 21:39, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

All fixed. FictionH 21:50, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

I apologize for his brown eyes. I admit, he looks ugly with them. I'll give him blue eyes. FictionH 23:46, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

I beg your pardon, but I'm afraid you're wrong. In the first place, you should not add any colour, as that is not how he appears to the audience. In the second place, In "Good Times With Weapons", his anime self is shown to have either brown or violet eyes. To give him blue eyes would be lying. Wilhelmina Will June 24th, 2007.

Sorry if it really is an orange jacket and green hat, but they make him look ugly, and it's the other way around in the version I watch. In fact, I'm now a Comedy Central employee and we have plans to change the way he looks, so I'm gonna put his future look. FictionH 20:19, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You're lying.
 * A) If you're a Comedy Central employee than you'd be living in the US, where Kyle has an orange jacket and green hat.
 * B) Comedy Central is not responsible for Kyle's color scheme.  This change would be directed by Matt or Trey and done at South Park Studios.
 * Please refrain from editing the picture again, it is fine the way it is. Tweeks Coffee 20:54, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

SVG Image
That one is stupid looking. Please remake an SVG version of the Kyle image, but in the same pose as the current .GIF one. FictionH 20:30, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Or here is an idea - you could do it yourself. All the hard work has already been done. It would be trivially easy to change the pose. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 21:07, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * But where can I download Inkscape? FictionH 21:09, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You last edit is vandalism. Any more trolling and I will block you. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 21:10, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It isn't trolling. FictionH 21:12, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh well that's alright then. Do whatever you like as long as you say it isn't trolling (that was sarcasm) I'm still going to block you if you delete an image or if you revert to the non vector image. I'll call it vandalism in the block log instead. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 21:15, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * But it pretty much is useless to have an image if there's an edit war about it. FictionH 21:17, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * So stop this lame edit war, Accept that SVG is they way wikipedia is heading. Download inkscape from thier website and learn to use it. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 21:19, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I've removed the PNG version of the image. There's no need to have two almost-identical images. JameiLei 14:42, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * They're not identical. The PNG I made has a sad face, and the mittens are a darker green. And I absolutely hate it when someone claims an image of mine is useless. --98E 21:00, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You're right, they're not identical, but it serves no real purpose. Would you at least be willing to convert the image to SVG format to meet Wiki's preferred guidelines? Tweeks Coffee 02:02, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I really have no clue how to change a PNG image right into an SVG image, and besides, I rarely use Inkscape. Is there a tutorial that shows my how to change a MS Paint/Adobe Photoshop PNG into an Inkscape SVG? Only then will I be able to convert it. --98E 22:24, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You know, I myself haven't attempted to anything with SVGs. I did locate this tool which is specifically made for converting PNG to SVG.  You can also try SVG tools for other options. Tweeks Coffee 01:32, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There is no real way to convert PNG to SVG at the click of a button, as far as I know, due to the way PNG and SVG are created. SVG, or scale vector graphic, uses a series of points to tell the computer how to draw a picture on-the-fly, whereas PNG records the phyischal pixels that the computer must show. So, to convert it, the computer has to work out the individual shapes for the image, and while this isn't actually impossible, it can be quite difficult. You may have to accept that your image cannot be used on Wikipedia. I'm sure there are plenty of fan sites who will be glad to use it with a free licence. Smomo 16:12, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Anti-Jew Content?
There's some stuff about jews being steriotypically portrayed as greedy or amoral; I think that this is BS and should be removed. Should I do so? 146.95.224.173 12:43, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You're right, and I removed it yesterday. Although Jews unfortunately often are portrayed as greedy, it has absloutely nothing to with Kyle's personality. Pointing it out as an anormality every time a fictional Jew is not portrayed as the Jews were stereotyped in the Middle Ages and totalitarian states should not be necessary in a free world. 96T 13:31, 16 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Well you could say Cartman views Kyle and every other Jewish person in South Park as the stereotypical Jew. 72.152.135.75 (talk) 02:36, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Kyle's age
Kyle is NOT 8 years old any more. In case people haven't payed attention, age mistakes are always made on South Park. Stan once said he was 9, then 8 in a later episode. Cartman is repeatedly called "an 8 year old boy" even after being confirmed to be 9 years old. If Kyle is also having age mistakes made about him, why does he become 8 when Stan and Cartman are not? Grieferhate (talk) 22:49, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Kyle is 9. Please stop changing it. I know everyone is now convinced he's 8, but as I said earlier, age mistakes are made all the time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Grieferhate (talk • contribs) 23:19, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

How many times do I have to tell you people that age mistakes are made all the time, this doesn't mean that he is a different age from the others, as age mistakes are made to them as well? CAN'T YOU PEOPLE TAKE A BLOOMIN' HINT!??!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!??!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!?!??! Grieferhate (talk) 09:19, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

OMG! YOU PEOPLE JUST CAN'T TAKE A BLOODY HINT, CAN YOU!!?!??!?!?!?!?!?!??!?! Grieferhate (talk) 18:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Whoa! Slow down! Take deep breaths. Don't worry. If the users try to change his age to 8 again, I'll just revert it, and explain to them on their talkpages. It won't be hard. Young Mr. Broflovski is on my watchlist. Wilhelmina Will (talk) 22:49, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Phew! Thank you very much! I was getting worried nobody would take my side! Grieferhate (talk) 18:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.84.59.36 (talk)

Uh, where did the age "10" come from? (talk) 18:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.84.59.36 (talk)

Kyle is still 8 years old in the UK as we have not been shown the twelfth series yet, and in the episode Imaginationland, Sheila says that he is ' nearly 9', meaning that he is probably 9 by the time that series 12 is aired.
 * But you're totally missing my point - age mistakes are made all the time. Stan has referred to himself as 8 years old as late as Season 9. Cartman is referred to as 8 as late as Season 8, so if Kyle is referred to as 8 in Season 11, why does that make it any better to officially list him as 8 when listing Stan and Cartman as 8 is not? I think you're being completely unfair. Also, Sheila may have been calling Kyle "almost 9" metaphorically in telling him that he is too old to believe in Leprechauns. Sometimes a mother may say to a 15 year old "You're almost 15," to clarify how old he is. That doesn't necessarily mean he's 14 years old. Grieferhate (talk) 19:22, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Blood Type
1)Is this information really relevant? 2) What's it doing in the personality section? The type of blood someone has usually doesn't affect their personality. 72.152.135.75 (talk) 02:41, 30 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It's trash and it's gone. --Captain Infinity (talk) 04:05, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Pillerit olivat täällä... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.195.19.232 (talk) 20:03, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Name Variations [?]
I'm curious as to whether the article should expand a bit on the variable spelling of Stan's last name. It chooses Broflovski as the preferred Latin alphabet spelling, yet also mentions Brovlofski as appearing on the door of his father's law office, and also that it is derived from Brosloski.

Maybe the article should go into detail on the Slavic/Cyrillic origins of the name in question, and how its variations are simply the result of Latin transliteration. In Poland, for instance, a common spelling is Wroclawski.

--Please let me know what you think. Pine (talk) 22:23, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

Religious views of the Broflovskis
Even that Gerald (Kyles' father) is wearing a yarmelke on his head and Kyles' mother is dressing as an orthodox Jewish women they seem to be Reformes: they don't keep Kosher (like in "Asspen" episode), they don't keep the Shabat and they definitely have left-wing point of view. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.132.11.6 (talk) 14:40, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

Summary of major edit
Re: this edit List of changes:

 * Slightly altered the lead, removing ref notes and elaborating on statements in lead with sourced info elsewhere in the article, as per MoS.
 * New infobox image straight from promotional source; added Matt Stone image.
 * Removed examples of his intellect and his devotion to Ike; these are very few among numerous other that are too many to mention. Article already mentions that he is smart and loves Ike, and the info is supported by sources, no need to also include episode cites to substantiate further.
 * Removed mention of his character rarely being portrayed as seeking a girlfriend; this was worded as if the show was obligated to do such a thing.
 * Rearranged article into a new format, and trimmed/removed slightly OR material from "Friends and Relationships" section, and incorporated the rest into new sections.
 * Added "In other media" section. (Not "References in Pop Culture"; actual SP-related appearances in other mediums and studies on the character)
 * Removed spam link to personal fanpage.
 * Removed "In-Universe" tag and added as much "real world" info I could find. I think it has to suffice for now because I've done an exhaustive search for weeks and have found little else in addition to what I've included here.

As always...please post gripes, thoughts, disagreements, suggestions, etc. Thanks. - SoSaysChappy (talk) 11:08, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I've switched File:SouthParkKyle2.jpg with File:Kyle.svg because the svg can be scaled without losing quality, as opposed to the jpg, which is even lossy in its native resolution. Additionally, I've nominated File:SouthParkKyle2.jpg for a Template:db-f5 speedy deletion, if there are any disputes, just put Template:Hangon in the image summary within the next 7 days. Thanks, Cflm001 (Talk) 08:14, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the initial image with a fair use .png formatted version of the .jpg image mentioned above. The SVG image seems too "fan-drawn", and the .png image seems to better represent what the character actually looks like. - SoSaysChappy (talk) 00:27, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I still think the svgs are better. See below. (I can't use a gallery since I think it's a copyvio)

 * File:KyleSouthPark.png In this image, Kyle's face colour is much too light (nearly yellow), his clothes look faded and his mouth is crooked and not symmetrical, it looks like somebody drew it then scanned it.
 * File:SouthParkKenny.png This one is just as bad as Kyle. His hood and gloves are textured, which does not accurately mirror what Kenny looks like in South Park episodes (i.e. they use solid colours). Also note the bad colour fade.
 * File:Stan2.png This is South Park, not The Simpsons... The svg has a much more realistic skin colour, and like Kenny, this image is textured.
 * File:SouthParkCartman.png This one is probably the worst. There is much difficulty differenciating between his skin colour and eyes, his clothes are much too faded (i.e. he wears a red jacket, not a pink one.) and although it is saved as a png, it still has compression artefacts.

See my point? Cflm001 (Talk) 09:14, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I've continued this discussion on the South Park Wikiproject discussion board here since it concerns three other articles in addition to this one, and will probably get more views. - SoSaysChappy (talk) 17:48, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Infobox image
File:Kyle.svg File:KyleBroflovski1.svg Any opinions on which image should be used? (for more reference, please read the discussion directly above and the one here - SoSaysChappy (talk) 08:45, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

SVG character images
Please see this discussion at WikiProject South Park regarding the use of hand-made SVG images vs. official images. —Noisalt (talk) 20:54, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Doogie Howser M. D. reference?
"You know, I learned something today...", the beginning of Kyle's speech at the end of some episodes, could be a reference to the show Doogie Howser M.D., couldn't it? I just read that the title character of that show used to summarize what he learned "during the episode" at the end of every (?) episode. But that is just speculation, and I didn't try to check that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.62.222.15 (talk) 10:09, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Spelling
Throughout the "Conjoined Fetus Lady" episode, "Ike's Wee Wee", and other media during that time (e.g. many issues of Nintendo Official Magazine in the UK), Kyle's last name is clearly stated as Broslovski. This is easy to reference, and therefore should be mentioned in the article. If this receives no feedback within a week, I will add it myself. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 20:06, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Mmm, the page for his parents says their name has also been variously spelled Broslovski, Brovlofski or Broflofski... Mezigue (talk) 21:25, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
 * And another one: Broslofski. The amount of variations is a bit ridiculous, but for the sake of completeness I believe each one should be stated in order to avoid confusion for those who may accustomed to seeing/hearing it spelt a certain way. I, for one, grew up hearing it as Broslovski/Broslofski in my first years of watching the show, and was confused as hell when I first started seeing the Broflovski/Broflofski spelling everywhere. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 21:40, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

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Middle name
Stone and Parker joked around the quadro having the same middle name (Tiberius). Should that be put as a note in the pages of the four mains of south park 73.111.120.83 (talk) 05:14, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

Edit request
Is the fictional part in the lede sentence really necessary? I would assume it's pretty obvious that Kyle is a fictional character. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.35.44.68 (talk) 00:43, 10 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Yes, it's important. From the manual of style: If the article is about a fictional character or place, make this clear. Tollens (talk) 02:20, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kyle Broflovski


text:
Talk:Abraham T. Kovoor

Untitled
Guys, I don't have any agenda regarding this article, and I am not your enemy. I'm just trying to make it better. To some degree that means shorter and less rambling than the former. For example, I deleted a quote from Dr Kovoor about the circumstances of his birth, but this quote was just a straight recount of the facts, which had already been stated. The previous version had about 200 words containing the full details of the "challenge". I digested this to one sentence, which captures the gist. But if anyone thinks that the article does not do justice to Dr Kovoor by omitting something important from the former version, please say so here, and I will happily work the deleted material back in. The only category I recall removing was the "Atheist thinker and activist" category, and that was mainly because there didn't seem to be enough information about the subject to support the idea that he was an noted "Atheist thinker", although atheist perhaps he was. If he was more significant as an atheist thinker than is apparent in the article, then by all means write something on that and put the category tag bac. --BM 13:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Comparing this article to the James Randi one, there are a lot of details of Randi's challenge and of the various paranormalists that Randi has attempted to discredit. I don't see the level of detail given in this article as being particularly excessive or unusual, especially for an encyclopedia with unlimited disk space. You also removed the "skeptics" category, which this person clearly is. The athiest category is more debateable, perhaps, but I'd rather not throw out any bits of baby with the bathwater so I've done a straight revert for the time being. Bryan 01:04, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't remember removing the skeptics category.  The encyclopedia may have unlimited disk space.   That isn't the scaling constraint.  As far as number of articles is concerned: it is the number of articles in categories  and the ability of people to understand how the articles in a category they are trying to learn about are structured.   As far as individual articles are concerned, the constraining factor is the time required to read the articles.  It's the 80/20 rule, as with many other things.  Eighty-percent of the people are interested in twenty percent of the information in the article.    For most people, the ideal article length is going to be 20% of the information that you could give them.    You give them somewhat more because it doesn't hurt and is helpful to another 10 or 15%.   If you give them all the information you have, most of your potential readers will think it too long and be frustrated with all the excess information, and only a tiny percentage who are extremely interested in the subject will appreciate all the extra information.   That tiny percentage would have been as well served by reading a book on the subject.   Many people might be interested in reading all of a one page article about Abraham Kovoor.   The number of people you gain by making it a three page article is not as great as the number you would lose.  Disk space is not the issue.  In this case, all the details of the challenge is too much information for the vast majority of readers.  If you say the Randi challenge is equally detailed, I would say the same about that. --BM 01:43, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I just read through the Randi article, and the challenge is summarized in four points, not the 15 or 20 of this article.

 * I couldn't disagree more. Your argument could support the notion of adding a summary to an article, but if an article becomes too large to be conveniently readable then the correct solution is almost always to split that article up into more tightly-focused articles rather than to outright delete

content.

 * Well this is an honest difference of opinion. I hope you are not going to follow me around reverting changes I make to articles aimed at making them more succinct and focused.  Because that is the main thing I plan on doing.   I'm not a expert myself on that many subjects.     Too much information is a problem. The articles are often written by people with no sense of proportion about their subjects.  They are the 1 in a 100 who are interested in every tiny detail about their subject, and they think everybody in the world must want to read it all. So, on a biographical subject, instead of a tight 300 words on the person's main accomplishments, highlights of their prersonal life, key associates, etc, you get: the street he lived on as a boy, the name of his high school, his cat's name, the names and sexes of all his children, etc.  It's as if the writer thinks you might need to answer the subject's security question at the bank: what was his mother's maiden name?  The article ends up being much longer, with the important stuff buried.   Sometimes they  get so hung up on details, they even forget to mention the important things, and you have an article where you can't even figure out why the person is prominent or significant.    This Kovoor article is a bit like that, actually.  We get his resume which is that of an obscure biology teacher in Colombo, then the information that did some public demonstrations that the godman feats were magic tricks, and that he had some confrontations with godmen, wrote two books (titles mentioned) and created a challenge, and that's about it.  So what?    I would want to read something about the impact this had, if any, and why any of this is considered significant by anyone.   By the end, I don't know this, but I know that he donated his eyes upon his death.  In the previous version, I know the name of the village where he *failed* to have a confrontation with Baba, and the name of the village that Baba ran off to.  If the "extra" information were at the end, like a newspaper article, and you could just stop reading when you had the main points, it might be OK, but usually it isn't.   I'm exagerating a little for effect, but not by much.    I've found this problem with quite a few of the articles about Indian figures, actually.   I have to assume that they are famous in India, and that Indians don't need it explained why these people are significant or prominent.  Maybe Kovoor is famous because a famous actor played him in a Bollywood movie about his confrontation with Baba, and everyone in India is familiar with these episodes. But that isn't mentioned in the article.   Nevertheless, you always get the full list of degrees they earned, colleges they attended, and awards they were given.  A cultural thing, I guess.

 * Since it seems to be reversion itself that offends you, I'm now reintegrating most the material you deleted into your latest version without reverting first. A summary of what it is and why I'm putting it back:

 * the paragraph describing his conclusion that paranormal powers don't exist - this seems pretty important for setting the stage for his later activities.
 * Mentioning what position he retired from
 * Restore the full description of his activities regarding Sathya Sai Baba, who seems to have been his most prominent target
 * restore full description of the state of his challenge today
 * add headers to make navigation easier and establish subjects for the sections
 * restore an image of Kovoor with M.C.Joseph

 * The only removals I basically agreed with were the extended quotes you replaced with summaries. The rest had actual encyclopedic content that was reduced by your edits. Bryan 06:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * BM, I believe that you had the best intentions but I am not happy with your removals. I find for example the challenge list quite interesting. Andries 20:40 7 Dec. 2004

 * Andries, thanks for the feedback.  If the challenge/confrontation with Baba is the only notable thing about this person why not focus the entire article on that, and cut out some of the other stuff?   There doesn't seem to be a lot else of interest about this guy; it looks like he kind of popped out of nowhere in his retirement to take on the godmen for a while, and then wrote some books about it, so maybe the entire focus of the article should be on that.   Did anything come of his jousting with the godmen, for example.  In the article, it seems like the only enduring thing is that his books are still "bestsellers", and to be honest I am not sure I really believe that. --BM 20:47, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * BM, yes, I agree that the statement that the book is still a best seller should be removed until somebody provides references. E.g. the nr. of editions and their years together with sales. Andries 20:53, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * "If the challenge/confrontation with Baba is the only notable thing about this person why not focus the entire article on that, and cut out some of the other stuff?" - why must anything be cut? So far the only major reason you've given is that the article takes too long to read for people who aren't interested in all of the information that's being provided, which I find to be an invalid argument for an encyclopedia such as Wikipedia. If you think it's too long, don't cut content, add summaries. Bryan 00:26, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Bryan, really, you are exasperating me. Are you informing me of Wikipedia policy or just telling me your preferences.   If its policy, this would mean that an article can only ever be in upwards ratchet that makes it longer and more rambling -- never shorter, crisper, more focused.    As long as its "information" in some one's view, once it is in, nobody can ever remove it for the sake readability and style -- no matter how small a detail, no matter how out of proportion to the importance of the subject.   Is this why we have articles listing all the current flavors of Snapple?   Only information pack-rats need apply for an editing job on the Wikipedia.  Don't tell me that is policy! --BM 00:39, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's just my preferences, if it was policy I'd be quoting chapter and verse at this point. But why are your preferences in this regard more significant than mine? The article is titled Abraham Kovoor, not Abraham Kovoor's challenge or Abraham Kovoor's confontation with Sai Baba, so all sorts of information about Kovoor is relevant here. If you think it's not organized in a readable fashion then by all means rearrange and reedit, but don't delete stuff just because you think only the most casual of readers are of value to Wikipedia.

 * I should also note, BTW, that headers are another way in which "too long" articles are made more easily readable. If someone comes to this article only interested in Kovoor's challenge, he can skip down to the "His publications and challenge" section. If he's only interested in the Baba stuff, there's a header for that section too. Consider each of those as mini-articles and see whether they still seem too long. Bryan 00:44, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The statement that one Mr.Joseph Edamaruku translated some of his works into Malayalam langguage and as a result of that Dr.Kovoor became a hero is false. Dr.Kovoor was and still is a well known figure through out the Indian sub-continent. It is absurd to say that his translated works into a regional language of South India are the cause of Dr.Kovoor's popularity.

His works have been translated into many languages including Hindi, Malayalam, Punjabi and, recently, Kannada. None of the translators can claim that they made Dr.Kovoor a Hero. In fact, it is the popularity of Dr. Kovoor and the quality of his works that made these translators to publish their works in these languages. And, as far as I know, all the translations have been done from the English original and not from his translated works in Malayalam. MANOJTV 05:38, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The very fact that Manoj calls J.Edamaruku as "one Joseph Edamaruku" makes it clear that he does not know anything about India's rationalist movement. What he tries to add, correct and revise is based on the agenda of certain political parties who tries to arm-twist history to suit their agenda against socio-cultural movements.

It was Indian Rationalist Association and it's then General Secretaries Dr.G.N.Jyoti Sankar and A Suryanarayana who organised Kovoor's national Divine Miracle Exposure Campaigns. This fact is known to the entire rationalist movement in India. I have first hand information and documents to prove my position of the facts. APARNA 12:01 6 August 2005 (UTC)

On Abraham Kovoor, M.C.Joseph, B.Premanand....
I confess that the information I have on Abraham Kovoor's Miracle Exposure Campaign is very meagre. But I don't think that is an issue here. Before discussing anythingelse let us have a look at the contributions made by the very knowledgeable Aparna Thekkethil and the anonymous user with the IP address 221.134.24.*** to Wikipedia. I suspect that both these users are one and the same. I may be wrong.

The entire contributions made by the user Aparna Thekkethil are, as on today (ie, 8th August 2005) ,related to various Edamarukus and an organization headed by them. The images s/he uploaded are those related to Edamarukus except the one of M.C.Joseph which s/he used only to displace the image (shown alongside) of MC Joseph with Kovoor. S/he used her contributions to boast about a couple of individuals. S/he added the names of these individuals and their organization at all possible places in Wikipedia. This goes against the very basic ethics of Wikipedia which insist that the articles being contributed should be impartial.

Now look at the contributions made by the user with the IP address 221.134.2*.***. Whatever I said in the preceding paragraph is equally applicable to this user too. The article this user contributed on one of the Edamarukus was considered as biased and hyperbolic by an impartial Wikipedia user Gwalla who put a notice ({npov}})on the page saying the neutrality of that article was suspected. Instead of improving the article the original contributer deleted the notice! Remember that it is none other than this contributor who put a notice on the page of Basava Premanand to delete the uninteresting article!

The same user made the astonishing claim (see his/her revision as on 15:25, 2 June 2005) that Joseph Edamaruku, well known Malayalam author and rationalist, translated most of his articles into Malayalam which made him a popular rationalist hero. What a temerity to claim that Abraham Kovoor was made a rationalist hero by the translator of his works into one of the of Indian regional languages!

The reason given for deleting the image of Abraham Kovoor with MC Jospeh is specious, to say the least. M.C.Joseph was a towering personality in the cultural scene of Kerala and this was acknowledged even by the Government of Kerala by publishing his biography. No Aparna Thekkethil can undo this. If the closeness of a person with Kovoor is the criteria for uploading one's image, Aparna Thekkethil can better upload the image of Kovoor's wife or his son.

Basava Premanand undoubtedly is one of the most prominent rationalists in India today. He has conducted innumerable miracle exposure campaigns travelling across the length and breadth of India. Any one curious to know about him may either follow the external links in the page Basava Premanand or do a Google search. He still offers Rs.100,000 (One Hundred Thousand Indian Rupees) to any person who will demonstrate any psychic, supernatural or paranormal ability of any kind under satisfactory observing conditions. It is possible that a number of other obscure or well-known organizations/personalities too are offering similar prizes. In that case, the best one should do is to add that information in the Wikipedia page, but without deleting the information pertaining to B. Premanand. But, alas, such a thing can be expected only from a person of humility.

It throughly puzzles me what the user Aparna Thekkethil had in mind while deleting the links to James Randi and James Randi Educational Foundation; while removing the links to a number wikipedia pages on various subjects and dates; etc..etc..Are the Edamaruks and their organization the only subjects worth referring to?

I have nothing against Joseph Edamaruku, who published excellent Malayalam translations of Kovoor's works. It was through his translations that I first read Kovoor's works much before I could properly read and understand English. But, unfortunately, most of Joseph Edamaruku's original works are below par. And, I can't stand personality cults - that of self-proclaimed godmen or rationalists. But it is not what Aparna or I feel that matters when it comes to Wikipedia. What matters is the objectivity of the article. Will Aparna please go through the wikipedia guidelines on Neutral point of view? Here is the link: NPOV.

I have no intention of reverting the page on Kovoor to its correct earlier version. I leave it to the wise judgement of other users. In the meantime, I wish Aparna Thekkethil all success in his/her endeavour to market his/her pet personalities! MANOJTV 10:22, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

MANOJTV seems to be extremely prejudiced against Mr Edamaruku. At one part he says: "I have nothing against Joseph Edamaruku, who published excellent Malayalam translations of Kovoor's works. It was through his translations that I first read Kovoor's works much before I could properly read and understand English." At another part he says: "one Mr.Joseph Edamaruku". The hatred and bias that he cultivates seem to be coming from the political bosses of MANOJTV. Well! He is at liberty to promote Basava Premanand, his "guru', but not by inserting wrong information, and by removing and manipulating facts. MANOJTV even removed the information that it was Indian Rationalist Association who organised the Miracle Exposure campaigns of Abraham Kovoor. How partial, biased is this person! Please do not, in any case, remove the explosive information about the "doctorate" of Abraham Kovoor, unless or otherwise you produce proof to counter it.GHOSH

Some clarifications
I used the phrase one Joseph Edamaruku in the specific context of the claim made by the anonymous contributor that he (J.Edamaruku) had made Abraham Kovoor a rationalist hero. I doubt whether Joseph Edamaruku himself would have come out with such a claim. I still have respect for Joseph Edamaruku for the contribution he made in enriching rationalist literature in Malayalam. In fact,when I contributed the article on Abraham Kovoor I also provided links to his publication group - Indian Atheist Publishers, New Delhi. If my usage of that phrase sounded an insult to Joseph Edamaruku, I am sorry for that. It was not intended. But I stand by my statement that I can't stand personality cults and Wikipedia should not be used to promote any individual or group.

The remaining part of GHOSH's (whoever it is - the user id is created only to intervene in this discussion. One who analyses the passage can easily make out who the user is) intervention is just name-calling and does not worth any response. But I have to say this about B.Premanad: I have not contributed anything in the Wikipedia page on him. And my acquaintance with Premand is only through media reports.

And, the ethics demands that the opinion expressed,images uploaded and the typographical style used by some user in the wikipedia talk page should not be edited out by any other user. Because this is an opinion page. MANOJTV 05:16, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

MANOJTV and his apologies: What it means?
MANOJTV, if one sees his contribution and comment, is systematically busy with Wikipedia with a personal agenda. Closely watching, one easily understands for whom he interprets and manipulates facts and history. In one passage he writes "most of Joseph Edamaruku's original works are below par." But the truth jump out of his key board in another passage when he writes "I still have respect for Joseph Edamaruku for the contribution he made in enriching rationalist literature in Malayalam." J.Edamaruku has written more than 170 books and is respected as a scholar in the field of the history of religions. His series on world religions, if translated into English, in my judgment will stand separately in world literature. What do you mean by personality cult, and what does Edamaruku has to do with it? He is well known and his readers respect him. What is "personality cult" in it? When you accuse something, you have to prove it also. When your prejudices are pointed out, you just apologize! That is not what is required. Manoj, shed away your hatred, bias and prejudice towards those who do good work. APARNA

 * While I wrote "... the contribution he made in enriching rationalist literature in Malayalam", I meant the works of various authors (to be precise, the Malayalam translations of well known rationalist and science literature. For instance, works of Charles Darwin, Madeline O'Murray, Abraham Kovoor, ...) published by Joseph Edamaruku's publishing group, Indian Atheist Publishers. As to Edamaruku's own works, I find many of his works below par. But then, it is my personal opinion and need not be shared by others. And, I said sorry for the unintentional meaning the phrase "One J.Edamaruku" conveyed and not for the facts I pointed out.MANOJTV 04:54, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I can imagine that MANOJTV is not at a level to digest the serious and authoritative books of J.Edamaruku. Well.. one can have personal opinions. That also speaks one's reading level. But what one sees clearly is the political prejudice and the assertive private agenda of MANOJTV that he tries to impose in Wikipedia. This has to be discouraged. So-called contributions of MANOJTV needs re-evaluation. APARNA

A Section needs to be included to increase the neutrality of the article
Sunil —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.192.170.153 (talk) 19:22, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * This article is missing the heated debate between ISKCON's Hansadutta where Abraham Kovoor was publicly challenged for Rs.500,000 to prove his statement that life originates from chemicals. This discussion should also be included to increase the neutrality of the article.

Atheists and Godless scientists are involved in promoting A. T. Kovoor, and hence they will not maintain any neutrality in this article. People do not know that Dr. Kovoor refused to accept the challenge from ISKCON. He could not show that life comes from chemicals, and hence backed out (he did not show up at the venue). This was reported in Srl Lankan Sunday Times. I ask any rationalist and Kovoor supporter to show that this is not true. Polytope 4D (talk) 04:05, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Abraham T. Kovoor


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Quan (0th nomination)

Quan was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Quan
Someone tagged this as a speedy, but I'm not so sure it qualifies. Can anyone verify the information? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 13:03, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Seems made up. No information about the "Church of Quan" can be found on Google.   — Asbestos | Talk 14:11, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Deleted. I've done more creative searches on the ``church``, no results. User:zanimum

 * Please post the content here so that nonadmins can see that the process was correctly followed.Dr Zen 02:58, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Government of India Act

The term Government of India Act refers to the series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to regulate the government of Colonial India, in particular:

 * Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 85) or Saint Helena Act 1833, created the post of Governor-General of India.
 * Government of India Act 1858 (21 & 22 Vict. c. 106), established India as a nation consisting of British India and princely states.
 * Government of India Act 1909 (9 Edw. 7. c. 4) or Indian Councils Act 1909, brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of colonial India
 * Government of India Act 1912 (2 & 3 Geo. 5. c. 6), modified the Indian Councils Act 1909 and undid the Division of Bengal (1905)
 * Government of India Act 1915 (5 & 6 Geo. 5. c. 61), an aggregation into a single act of most of the existing acts of Parliament concerning Indian government
 * Government of India Act 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. 5. c. 101), passed to expand participation of Indians in the government of India
 * Government of India Act 1935 (26 Geo. 5. & 1 Edw. 8. c. 2), never fully implemented, served as part of the constitutional basis of India and Pakistan.

title: Government of India Act


text:
Headlines (disambiguation)

The headline is the text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it.

Headline or Headlines may also refer to:

Music

 * Headlines (Flash and the Pan album), 1982
 * Headlines (Midnight Star album), 1986
 * Headlines, 2005 album by Neon Blonde
 * Headlines!, a 2010 EP by The Saturdays
 * "Headlines" (Alcazar song), a 2010 song by Alcazar
 * "Headlines" (Drake song), a 2011 song by Drake
 * "Headlines (Friendship Never Ends)", a 2007 song by the Spice Girls

Films

 * Headline (film), a 1944 British thriller film
 * Headlines (1925 film), a 1925 silent film
 * Headlines (2001 film), a 2001 Hong Kong comedy-drama film

News and publishing

 * Headline Daily, a free Chinese newspaper
 * Headline News, a cable television network
 * Headline Publishing Group, a British publishing company
 * Headlines Today, an Indian news and information television channel

Other

 * Headline (company), a venture capital company
 * "Headlines" (Jay Leno), a weekly comedy segment performed on The Jay Leno Show

title: Headlines (disambiguation)


text: Template:Israel-stub

title: Template:Israel-stub


text:
Roumoules radio transmitter

The Roumoules transmitter is the main broadcasting facility for longwave and mediumwave broadcasting of Radio Monte Carlo near Roumoules, France and is owned by Monaco Media Diffusion. The 1000 and 2000kW transmitters installed are among the most powerful in the world and can be received well at nighttime throughout Europe.

Longwave transmitter
The longwave transmitter at Roumoules, which was inaugurated in 1974, transmits at 216 kHz (until 1988: 218 kHz) with a transmission power of 1400 kW (until 1976: 2000 kW). It consists of two 1000 kW transmitters switched in parallel, which are however run with 700 kW output power. A third 1000 kW unit has been available since 1983. Although this unit is only used as backup unit, it is possible to switch all three units in parallel, which would allow an operation with a transmission power of 3000 kW. Since 31 March 2020 the transmitter has ceased transmitting the French programme of Radio Monte Carlo but remains available for contract use.

The longwave transmitter uses a directional aerial with a maximum strength pointing northwest (azimuth: 309°). It consists of three 300 m-high guyed masts, which are insulated against ground and ground-fed. As a backup a 330 m-high guyed, ground-fed lattice steel mast radiator is available on the site, which only allows an omnidirectional radiation pattern.

The grounding system of the long wave transmitter is very large. The total length of all wires of the grounding system is 200 km, covering an area of 150 ha. Because the area around the mast is used for agriculture, the ground wires are laid to a depth of 80 cm.

Medium wave transmitter
In 1987 a switchable directional antenna consisting of five ground-fed guyed masts was built nearby for the 1467 kHz medium wave frequency, which was previously transmitted from a transmitter at La Madonne. This antenna allows a switchable directional radiation in the following directions:

Changing the signal direction takes only 5 seconds. There are no matching network buildings at the bottom of the masts used for medium wave transmission – the devices for tuning the masts to the transmission line are placed in the open air, similar to those in the longwave antenna system.

The medium wave Roumoules transmitter has an output power of 1000 kW. It is also used for transmitting the religious programmes of Trans World Radio. In comparison to the longwave transmitter, which can be received well both at day and night in Southern France, Northern Italy, Switzerland and Southern Germany, this transmitter cannot be normally received well more than 100 km from Roumoules. However at night its transmissions may have at least the same range as those of the longwave system due to its skywave propagation.

Power supply
The Roumoules Transmitter consumes significant amounts of power, supplied by two transformers each capable of providing 5000 kW. The power is delivered to the transformers by a 150 kV and a 220 kV power line. The transmitter's power supply is larger than required (an equivalent supply would provide a community of 5000 with its own substation to the 150 kV grid supply). This redundant supply ensures reliable power for the transmitter. There is a backup generating set of 3300 hp on the site and a possibility to supply the station at reduced power from the local 20 kV grid.

title: Roumoules radio transmitter