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Talk:List of libertarian political parties

2004 comments
Talk about it here, you two. The revert war is simply stupid. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 07:09, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Apparently, no one seems willing to discuss this, they just like having edit wars. I suggest removing protection and simply hoping that tempers have cooled: it's been over two weeks. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:21, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

Constitution Party
Should they be listed under the "libertarians without using the name" section? Harvestdancer 17:34, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Not unless our article on them is wildly inaccurate: "…holds that American laws have origin in the Bible. … has a strict approach to moral and personal issues, especially homosexuality and abortion, and seeks to encourage the role of religion in American life." Doesn't sound at all libertarian to me. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:56, 15 November 2005 (UTC)
 * The reason I ask is because the article also says "...It advocates a stricter adherence to what it claims to be the original intent of the United States Constitution and the principles of the U.S. Declaration of Independence...
 * Members support reducing the role of the United States federal government through major reductions in taxes, regulation and spending. Its leaders are among the strongest advocates of abolishing most forms of federal taxation, especially the income tax. They view most current regular federal expenditures (such as those for healthcare, education, welfare, etc.) as unconstitutional per the Tenth Amendment.
 * Additionally, they favor a noninterventionist foreign policy. In such, they advocate reduction and eventual elimination of the role the United States plays in multinational and international organizations such as the United Nations and favor withdrawal of the United States from most current treaties. The party takes paleoconservative positions in supporting protectionist policies on international trade. They are steadfastly opposed to illegal immigration and governmental welfare, and they also seek a more restrictive policy on immigration.
 * The party also generally views the Second Amendment to the Constitution as securing broad rights to own guns."...
 * Many commentators say they are somewhere between the LP and the GOP in ideology. Paleoconservativism, mentioned as their ideologi, is considered by many the form of conservatism most similar to libertarianism. Harvestdancer 21:29, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Two comments: (1) Anyone who doesn't believe in separation of church and state is no libertarian. (2) You said it yourself: they are paleoconservatives. Yes, that has some views in common with libertarianism, but it's a distinct ideology, with some traditionalist and communitarian aspects that are very alien to libertarianism. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:05, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * You convinced me. I just thought the question should be asked.Harvestdancer 17:40, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

List of parties
The parties you say are libertarian but not in name should be considered for great changes or even deletians. Most of these mentions are classic liberal parties, not libertarian. GANDALF1992 03:08, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

What's the difference? RicoRichmond (talk) 19:45, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, the difference is mostly one of degrees. Classical liberals are essentially moderate libertarians; some also identify as "constitutionalists" (at least in the United States or other countries with fairly libertarian constitutions). They typically favor a greater role for the State than more radical libertarians, who are more likely to also identify as "anarchists", "minarchists", "voluntaryists", or "anarcho-capitalists".
 * As a concrete example, if a party's platform favored the legalization or decriminalization of cannabis, allowing same-sex marriages, sharply reducing government taxes and spending, and ending military conscription, the term "classical liberal" might best describe the party; if it went further and called for the legalization or decriminalization of all banned drugs, eliminating government's role in licensing marriages altogether, making taxation voluntary, and abolishing a standing government military or shifting major defense responsibilities to civilian militias, the party would be better described as "libertarian".
 * I do think political parties with a classical liberal or moderate libertarian character should be included in the list of libertarian political parties, along with libertarian-socialist parties whose ideologies reflect the more left-anarchist historical roots of the word libertarian. Starchild (talk) 23:21, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Imperium Europa
To the best of my knowledge, neither Imperium Europa nor Viva Malta is libertarian. I have removed them. (From what I can tell, they are downright wacko.) Is there a citation on their being, in a any meaningful sense, libertarian? - Jmabel | Talk 05:30, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Exchange between Drew88 and Jmabel
The following exchange between Drew88 and Jmabel occurred on our respective user talk pages

 * They claim to be libertarian, and a lot of their views are libertarian in nature. Gun rights, civil rights, drug legalization etc. How exactly are they wacko and how exactly aren't they libertarian? Drew88 10:07, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

On the just wacko side:

 * You go to their web site and the splash screen looks more like a bad video game than a political party.
 * Imagining that Malta will transform Europe is pretty wacko.
 * "It is at this point that European-Americans, besieged in their redoubts in the North, will perforce ask to join Canada and form a new nation including Alaska. The new state will form part of Greater Europe."

On both "wacko" and not libertarian:
 * For starters, they are explicitly racialist, definitely not a libertarian position. (Also, it seems, implicitly anti-Semitic -- e.g. " Jews, which of their own admission form a distinct racial group, are prone to some 102 inherited diseases", "…who were those traitors in their vast majority? Well; Chambers, Hiss, the Fuchs, the Rosenbergs, the Cohens, the Sobells…" -- similarly emphatically not a libertarian position.)
 * Similarly on "insulated from the alien billions"
 * "enforced by the The Elite"???

On the whole, they (if there really is a "they", not basically one guy with a web site) seem to me to be sort of dime-store Nietzschean. This may have a point or two in common with libertarianism (mainly a focus on the individual) but it is a very different beast. - Jmabel | Talk 18:30, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "You go to their web site and the splash screen looks more like a bad video game than a political party. "

 * Obviously, you haven't seen websites of other Maltese political parties, such as: Alpha Party Website. Seriously, check that out. And by the way, the real website of the political party is Viva Malta, which also includes a forum. The Imperium Europa website is basically Norman Lowell's website and not really the party's, as you probably noticed, since there is even a section with his own paintings for sale.

 * "Imagining that Malta will transform Europe is pretty wacko. "
 * That was never said. The party is Maltese so obviously they are concentrating primarily on how to change Malta first.

 * ""It is at this point that European-Americans, besieged in their redoubts in the North, will perforce ask to join Canada and form a new nation including Alaska. The new state will form part of Greater Europe."

 * I don't know what so wacko about this.

 * "For starters, they are explicitly racialist, definitely not a libertarian position."

 * The idea is to unite all native Europeans, yes. But in Malta, the political ideology would be primarily libertarian:

 * Civil liberties: freedom of speech, freedom of association, and sexual freedom.
 * Abolition of victimless crimes: prostitution, recreational drug use etc.
 * Free access to IVF.
 * Sanctioning of divorce.
 * Sanctioning of abortion in cases of rape, pedophilia and other extreme cases.
 * Gun rights.

 * How are the above not libertarian positions? You can't just take one aspect (the Pan-europeanism aspect, and say they're not libertarian simply because they're racialist.

 * Drew88 09:18, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarifying; your explanation makes sense to me. These parties may have some libertarian positions, but if they are advocating for a "racially pure" Europe in which freedom of movement, specifically the migration of non-indigenous Europeans is restricted, that is a strongly anti-libertarian position on a major public policy issue that in practice arguably tends to make a group more conservative than libertarian. Starchild (talk) 23:29, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I would add that "free access to IVF (in-vitro fertilization)" is not a libertarian position either, if "free" in this context means taxpayer-subsidized and not simply legal.
 * Supporting government subsidies of test-tube babies (as an alternative to adopting children, perhaps of other ethnicities) is the kind of stance I would expect from a right-wing racialist party. The Nazis also supported state subsidies to encourage reproduction by ethnic Germans of non-Jewish ancestry. Starchild (talk) 23:36, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

Sure you can. One of the premises of Libertarianism is that all people have equal rights. A racialist party is inherently not libertarian. I am by no means a libertarian, but I do share a common tradition with them in the principles of the Enlightenment. It is very obvious that this party does not.

The Alpha Liberal Party site looks perfectly normal except for some slightly unusual wallpaper.

As for Malta transforming Europe: the following is verbatim from their site: "Our aim is that Malta, this Sacred Island of Melita, this land of honey, will be the first liberated nation in the whole, White World - liberated from the enemy within and the enemy without. Malta, at the southernmost tip of Europe, could ignite a flame that would set Europe ablaze."

Since Norman Lowell's name is all over the Viva Malta site, the other's being his personally would still reflect heavily on the party. And there is nothing on their site that is inconsistent with the Imperium Europa site: just toned down.

It is obvious that I am not going to convince you, and you are not going to convince me, so I have no interest in discussing this further. - Jmabel | Talk 16:25, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

"A racialist party is inherently not libertarian"

That's like saying that a racist is inherently a Nazi. To be fair, you're kinda right, racialism and libertarianism are somewhat contrasting ideas, but that doesn't necessarily mean that a party cannot advocate ideologies from both. Let's end this here. Drew88 19:34, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Italian Radicals
I changed the description of Italian Radicals from left-libertarian to moderate-libertarian. Another user correctly added that presently they are members of the centre-left coalition and reverted the label to left-libertarian. I added that, while being presently allied with Romano Prodi, until recently they were allied with Silvio Berlusconi. This fact alone seems to me enough to support the view that they are not left-libertarian, it would be quite difficult to imagine how a left-libertarian party could ever ally with a coalition of Christian right-wing parties, among which a preminent role is given to the former Neo-Fascist party AN.

The stance of this little party in the last few years has been: They even published on important daily papers an appeal, specifically aimed at entrepreneurs, for financial support.
 * Strongly in favour of the USA and especially George W. Bush.
 * Strongly in favour of privatization and laissez-faire policies.
 * Strongly against leftist social demands and virtuallly always on the opposite side than the unions and Social Democrat or Communist parties.

I know that Marco Pannella and his followers have been for a long time considered a weird fringe of the left wing, but it's quite obvious to everybody in Italy that the situation changed. They are a moderate party with a liberal flavour on issues like drug consumption, Church-state relationship etc. This hardly make them leftists, though I'm conscious that there's no clear definition about what the so-called "left wing" is. --MauroVan 11:24, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I changed the Italian Radicals to left-libertarian for three reasons:
 * to distinguish them from other classical libertarian parties, which espouse Nozickean, minarchist ideals. I think we can all agree that the Italian Radicals are different from these parties.
 * to distinguish them from the other party listed as 'moderate libertarian', I think we can all agree that they differ from the Independence Party of Minnesota.
 * because they are left-libertarian. For several reasons: they are currently a member of the leftwing alliance l' Unione; they are closely allied to the Italian Democratic Socialists in Rosa nel Pugno, which mentioned ; they opposed the War in Iraq (I don't understand how they can be called supportive of Bush' policies); Emma Bonino one of the party's faces has led campaigns against nuclear energy and for the eradication of world hunger; their current page on wikipedia calls the party "left-libertarian", "anarchist" and "social-liberal" amongst other things.
 * Note that they were allied with Berlusconi between 1994 and 1996 only, but in both elections they campaigned separately. Their application to the House of Liberties was rejected in 2005
 * Enough reasons to class it as left-libertarian here.
 * C mon 13:51, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I like to talk like this. Not all users here are rabid flamers when somebody disagrees with them! Fine.
 * They are extreme laissez-faire libertarian. I dare tell that they are the most laissez-faire party in Italy. I don't know how I can find a proof of this in English, if you can read Italian just go to their site. In the front page today you can find a proposal to abolish compulsory retirement (!), a proposal to allow a new business to be started in 7 days almost without any state control, a proposal for more privatization in the telecommunication services industry, an appeal to the center-left government not to accept any pressure from the trade unions etc.
 * I don't know much of the Independence Party of Minnesota, what I read on the WP article makes it look very similar to the Italian Radicals, especially this definition fits very well with them too: "fiscally conservative and socially liberal" (Jesse Ventura). I'm afraid you got confused between the Italian Radicals and the Italian Left-Wing Radicals, the latter being a split from the former: the reason of the split was exactly the departure of the mainstream Radicals from the previous sort-of-leftist attitude they had.
 * The center-left alliance is made of many different groups, among them a lot of centrist parties and many former center-right politicians. In Italy it's quite usual for politicians in the middle of the political spectrum to be very opportunist and change their uniform very often (yesterday Berlusconi declared that 20 MPs are about to defect to the opposition, and simultaneously the opposite is happening to other MPs). The Italian Socialists the Radicals are merging with are very different from other Socialists, since the Eighties they gradually turned into secular laissez-faire centrists, you can hardly define them a part of the Italian left wing. They did not oppose the war in Iraq and they are pro-Israel hardliners (once more, check their website, you can notice that even if you don't read Italian! Israeli flags are everywhere, they even propose that Israel become a member of the European Union etc.). They talk about the need for "the United States of Europe and America" and they demand "an American reform of Italy".
 * Therefore, I think we should call them "moderate-libertarian". --MauroVan 15:15, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Could you settle for "moderate left-libertarian"? C mon 22:30, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW: In response to your points, I'll grant you their libertarian and liberalista (in favour of free trade); according to the current wikipedia article they opposed the war in Iraq; as I understand the English version of their statement, they favour peace in the middle east (who wouldn't?) and also support the inclusion of Turkey in the EU; Rosa nel Pugno claims to be inspired by Blair, Zapatero and Fortuna, all (moderately) leftwing politicians.

Can I just say that as an American (and a leftist) that MauroVan's examples of "extreme laissez-faire libertarian" are pretty amusing from this side of the Atlantic? We don't have compulsory retirement, you can pretty much start a new business in about 30 seconds without bothering to tell the government (although it's different when you start actually hiring) and if our telecommunication services industry were much more privatized or our trade unions any weaker, the former wouldn't need licenses and the latter wouldn't exist. - Jmabel | Talk 20:08, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * :-) That's exactly what I meant. Demanding American-like policies in Europe is considered rightist. --MauroVan 11:08, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * As an American myself, I would say that presents an unduly rosy picture (from a libertarian point of view) of policies in the United States.
 * Compulsory taxation to finance retirement is mandatory for most workers in the U.S. via Social Security; to even work legally in many occupations (e.g. realtor, cosmetologist, lawyer, accountant, engineer, etc.), never mind start a business that employs others, requires mandatory training and licensing that are often time-consuming and expensive, regardless of the requisite skills a person may possess. Many workers are compelled to join unions or pay dues to them as a condition of working, even if they do not support the unions. And the telecommunications industry is regulated to the degree that I understand cell phone service is more expensive than in most other parts of the world.
 * I believe that opposing such state regulations and mandates is accurately described as libertarian, not right-wing. While many grassroots conservatives favor lower taxes and less regulation in a broad, vague sense, this is often more about opposing how they perceive the left as using these things to advance a particular agenda. Right-wing parties generally have no fundamental philosophical objection to a "managed economy", as long it serves what they perceive to be the "national interest" and reflects what they see as correct moral or cultural values. Starchild (talk) 23:55, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

The burden of evidence
WP:BURDEN is clear, it's up to the editor adding content to provide sources. No links to a Google search, no assertions that because there are other unsourced entries they get to add one of their own. No reliable source = no addition. WP:ABOUTSELF doesn't allow self-serving claims to be made by UKIP either. 2 lines of K 303  21:31, 31 August 2012 (UTC)
 * I see we now have this which is only a quote by UKIP MEP Roger Helmer, who isn't an independent source obviously, and worse still "Alexandra typifies the new wave of young, bright, focused young people who believe in freedom, democracy and a Libertarian approach" doesn't even source that UKIP are themselves libertarian. 2 lines of K  303  21:42, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Edit request
Please remove the disputed and incorrect addition made in this edit. Per above, the source doesn't even say the party are Libertarian, only that a party member (not even an elected politician) is described by another party member as "Alexandra typifies the new wave of young, bright, focused young people who believe in freedom, democracy and a Libertarian approach". That is not calling the party Libertarian by any stretch of the imagination. 2 lines of K 303  09:56, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

UKIP are a Libertarian party as described on their website, why are you on a mission to try to make it seem like they are not? — Preceding unsigned comment added by JasonnF (talk • contribs) 21:34, 1 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Please make yourself familiar with Policies and guidelines. Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view and based on reliable, i.e. independent third-party sources. If UKIP claims to be a libertarian party, that does not make it one, according to Wikipedia's principles. It would only to be considered one, if independent, reliable (preferrably scholarly) sources agreed with this classification. Even though several editors have tried to link UKIP with libertarianism (you could say that some of them were "on a mission" to do so), no one has been able to cite a reliable independent source verifying this description. User:One Night In Hackney is right to undo edits that link UKIP with libertarianism unless the necessary reliable sources have been presented. --RJFF (talk) 11:42, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Indeed. It isn't "List of political parties that claim to be libertarian". 2 lines of K  303  13:53, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * By the way, this list article is WP:Original research from A to Z as it does not cite any sources. Perhaps it should be deleted altogether, to avoid further conflicts over unverifiable information. --RJFF (talk) 12:25, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

 * That's one way. Or people could stop gaming the system by claiming the existence of unsourced information gives them the right to add more. 2 lines of K  303  13:53, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I've marked the edit request as "answered", as the protection has now expired. Regards — Mr. Stradivarius  (have a chat) 12:11, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Leading paragraph
"...not all of the support all elements of the libertarian agenda." THE libertarian agenda? Come on, there's no single libertarian agenda, that's why they don't all support "it." I believe this should be changed, maybe by vote (or would that be against "the libertarian agenda"?!) Epigrammed (talk) 19:34, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Explanation for revert
One source (BBC News) reports a statement of a UKIP representative who identifies the party as libertarian, not the view of the source's author (not NPOV). The second source (Searchlight Magazine) says that UKIP leader Farage "has tried to recast UKIP’s ‘independence’ as (...being...) about a broader libertarian conception (...)" However, it does not classify UKIP as a libertarian party, but as a "right-wing populist eurosceptic" one. --RJFF (talk) 10:56, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
 * None of the other parties on here have sources, I suggest you delete the whole article if you won't accept UKIP. JasonnF (talk) 20:24, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The classification of the other parties is obviously not as controversial as UKIP's. But, yes, I think it's a problem, and I have already tagged the article as possible WP:Original research. But I advise you to read WP:BURDEN. If you are the one who wants to add UKIP (and UKIP's listing is challenged), you have to provide the (adequate) sources. --RJFF (talk) 20:32, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * UKIP were on here until you removed them, your reasoning for removing them should be applied to the whole article shouldn't it?JasonnF (talk) 22:01, 4 October 2012 (UTC)
 * As I have already told you: UKIP's classification as libertarian is dubious, therefore reliable sources are required, the other parties' is not, so there is no problem. As soon as someone doubts the veracity or verifiability of a fact, the one who wants to keep it, has to provide the references. If no one doubts an unsourced statement, nothing happens. --RJFF (talk) 06:38, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
 * The new source added by User:JasonnF again only reflects UKIP's self-identification, but does not verify it. "Nigel Farage promoted the party as a libertarian band of bureaucracy-busters" Farage promoted them as being libertarian. That is not new. But still no analyst or researcher outside the party agrees that they actually are. --RJFF (talk) 10:21, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Brand of libertarianism
Lead needs to make clear that this list and the "agenda" mentioned pertains to right-wing/neoliberal/propertarian/whatever-you-wish-to-call-it libertarianism, and not the traditional, anti-capitalist kind. --Finx (talk) 18:54, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I think most of us simply call it "libertarianism". While I recognize the anti-capitalist roots of the word "libertarian", that historical legacy is increasingly out of step with the contemporary meaning and usage of the word, which is perhaps best understood by a quick look at the Nolan Chart.
 * Wikipedia needs to get with the times and update its relevant pages to reflect how the term is most commonly used today. Starchild (talk) 00:07, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Unlike libertarians and classical liberals, neoliberals support using large, governmental, and even international institutions to forward their agenda. Such institutions include the U. N., N. A. T. O., the World Bank, the I. M. F., the W. T. O., the Federal Reserve Bank, &c.  Libertarians, like classical liberals, are sceptical that these things will aid in the production of peace and prosperity; rather, libertarians and classical liberals prefer a decentralised approach that includes radical trade liberalisation. Unlike libertarians and classical liberals, right-wingers are collectivists who love the state.  One unambiguously right-wing party, the Fascist Party, categorically rejected the individualism of libertarians and classical liberals, claiming that the individual has no inherent worth, and only possesses worth insofar as she or he is an asset for the glory of the state.  And, although I know some might regard this a controversial claim on my part, I would also argue that the likes of Joseph Stalin and Pol Pot were also right-wing.  Libertarians thoroughly reject the trappings of the right-wing, whether they be militarism, homophobia, racism, censorship, sexism, collusion of church and state, corporatism, protectionism, chauvinism. Libertarians are indeed propertarians, but even the "traditional, anti-capitalist kind" of libertarian were propertarians.  In 1888, Benjamin Tucker (e.g.) wrote an essay titled "State Socialism and Anarchism: How Far They Agree, and Wherein They Differ" in which he distinguishes two types of "socialism," the one being dictatorial and the other being libertarian.  And, yet, in defending this libertarian form of so-called "socialism," he clearly and unambiguously advocated free-market anarchism.  Here's one of the paragraphs from said essay:"The development of the economic programme which consists in the destruction of these monopolies and the substitution for them of the freest competition led its authors to a perception of the fact that all their thought rested upon a very fundamental principle, the freedom of the individual, his right of sovereignty over himself, his products, and his affairs, and of rebellion against the dictation of external authority. Just as the idea of taking capital away from individuals and giving it to the government started Marx in a path which ends in making the government everything and the individual nothing, so the idea of taking capital away from government-protected monopolies and putting it within easy reach of all individuals started Warren and Proudhon in a path which ends in making the individual everything and the government nothing.  If the individual has a right to govern himself, all external government is tyranny.  Hence the necessity of abolishing the State.  This was the logical conclusion to which Warren and Proudhon were forced, and it became the fundamental article of their political philosophy.  It is the doctrine which Proudhon named An-archism, a word derived from the Greek, and meaning, not necessarily absence of order as is generally supposed, but absence of rule.  The Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats.  They believe that 'the best government is that which governs least,' and that that which governs least is no government at all.  Even the simple police function of protecting person and property they deny to governments supported by compulsory taxation.  Protection they look upon as a thing to be secured, as long as it is necessary, by voluntary association and coöperation for self-defence, or as a commodity to be purchased, like any other commodity, of those who offer the best article at the lowest price.  In their view it is in itself an invasion of the individual to compel him to pay for or suffer a protection against invasion that he has not asked for and does not desire.  And they further claim that protection will become a drug in the market, after poverty and consequently crime have disappeared through the realization of their economic programme.  Compulsory taxation is to them the life-principle of all the monopolies, and passive, but organized, resistance to the tax-collector they contemplate, when the proper time comes, as one of the most effective methods of accomplishing their purposes.  (Emphases added.)"Tucker lambasts the state socialists for believing that "[a]ll freedom of trade must disappear", that "[c]ompetition must be utterly wiped out," and that "[a]ll industrial and commercial activity must be centered in one vast, enormous, all-inclusive monopoly."  Of the state socialist programme, he writes, "Individuals not being allowed to own capital, no one can employ another, or even himself.  Every man will be a wage-receiver, and the State the only wage-payer.  He who will not work for the State must starve, or, more likely, go to prison."  This prospect horrified libertarians."For these and other reasons Proudhon and Warren found themselves unable to sanction any such plan as the seizure of capital by society. But, though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, they aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few.  And when the light burst in upon them, they saw that this could be done by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost,—that is, to nothing beyond the expenses incidental to handling and transferring it.  So they raised the banner of Absolute Free Trade; free trade at home, as well as with foreign countries; the logical carrying -out of the Manchester doctrine; laissez-faire the universal rule.  Under this banner they began their fight upon monopolies, whether the all-inclusive monopoly of the State Socialists, or the various class monopolies that now prevail.  (Emphases added.)"Although Tucker called himself a socialist, there is almost nothing here with which modern anarcho-"capitalists" would disagree, and the few disagreements that do exist are either rhetorical or a result of the modern libertarian's more-developed understanding of value and interest; in either case, the disagreements are not significant.  (Although the interest rate may very well drop in a libertarian society, Tucker seems to think that competition will "reduce the price of lending money to the labor cost"; modern libertarians, taking into account the time-preference theory of interest, tend to think it won't drop as far as Tucker anticipates.  But, what difference does that make?  None.  The modern libertarian agrees with Tucker that what he calls the "money monopoly" needs to be abolished, so a minor disagreement about the result is inconsequential.  Tucker also predicts that abolition of the money monopoly will allow labour to "be in a position to dictate its wages, and will thus secure its natural wage, its entire product."  Although wage rates may very well increase in a libertarian society, it's unlikely that it will rise to the amount of the entire product.  Back when libertarians thought that the labour theory of value was correct, they thought labourers were being robbed of their rightful property whenever they did not retain the full value "intrinsic" in their product, but whence they accepted the subjective theory of value, their emphasis shifted and they stopped talking about the full product of labour.  But, again, they never ceased opposing the "money monopoly"; all that changed in this regard was their perception of the results of ascending into a libertarian society.  (Tucker also talks of a "tariff monopoly" and a "patent monopoly," both of which modern libertarians still wish to see abolished, and of a "land monopoly," about which the modern libertarian stance is slightly different from Tucker's but not altogether foreign.)) It may be interesting to note that, in light of Tucker calling himself a socialist despite being a market anarchist and thus a libertarian, some modern libertarians (e.g., Brad Spangler) have actually taken to reviving the tradition of calling themselves socialists.  Spangler, for example, even writes,"I[t] is my contention that Rothbardian anarcho-capitalism is misnamed because it is actually a variety of socialism, in that it offers an alternative understanding of existing capitalism (or any other variety of statism) as systematic theft from the lower classes and envisions a more just society without that oppression. Rather than depending upon the the labor theory of value to understand this systematic theft, Rothbardian market anarchism utilizes natural law theory and Lockean principles of property and self-ownership taken to their logical extreme as an alternative framework for understanding and combating oppression. I'll say it - although his cultural roots in the Old Right would, if he were still alive, admittedly cause him fits to be characterized as such, Murray Rothbard was a visionary socialist.  … In conclusion, lack of adherence to the labor theory of value does not mean Rothbardian market anarchists are not socialist.  The labor theory of value served as an attempted illumination of the systematic theft the lower classes have always suffered from under statism.  Rothbard's natural law theory and radically anti-state version of Lockean property rights theory serves the same role."While not many libertarians have taken to referring, as Spangler does, to market anarchism as "a new variety of socialism - a stigmergic socialism" (emphasis in original), this example nevertheless does help to illustrate that the trending rhetorical differences between nineteenth and twenty-first century libertarians is really mainly just that: rhetorical.  Believing in property rights is nothing new to libertarianism. Respectfully yours, allixpeeke (talk) 06:35, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Greek parties
I will be removing the Greek party Drasi from the list as a) there is no source to back up its listing b) the party is centrist-liberal, not libertarian c) the party in no way self-identifies as libertarian. Druworos (talk) 14:46, 18 May 2013 (UTC)

Definition of a Libertarian party
I wanted to ask people on the watchlist of this page whether we should add a one paragraph explanation on what are the main principles that parties have to espouse to be considered libertarian. I know that the first sentence of this article states that hereafter not all parties espouse all of the elements of libertarianism but still I think that we should state what agendas these parties must follow to be on this list, such as freedom of speech, movement of people, legalization of drugs, privatization of education/ health sector, etc.

I asking this since I am not sure whether we should include parties with an anti-immigration, immigrant "integration" policies and that want to create sovereign wealth funds from shale gas tax receipts.

Costa Rican ML
The Libertarian Movement (Costa Rica) does not even claim to be a libertarian party (except in its name). In its current statutes, it describes itself as a centrist liberal party. From outside observers it has however been noted that the party has recently taken a turn to social conservatism, influenced by defectors from the Social Christian Unity Party, who have influenced the party's platform into a "social-Christian" direction. For example, the ML has now —contrary to its earlier libertarian stances—rejected the right of homosexual couples to marry No one would still describe the party is libertarian, it is "libertarian" in name only. --RJFF (talk) 10:23, 31 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Still, I think they ought to be mentioned somewhere on the page. The notes could describe them as "formerly considered libertarian, now supporting Christian conservatism" or something like that if the sources (such as those cited above) support that description. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 01:49, 2 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not keen on it's inclusion. The only way they should be mentioned is if they appeared in a separate ==Formerly-libertarian parties== section.  allixpeeke (talk) 06:42, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

German article
Hi, I want to create a corresponding German list. (de:Liste libertärer Parteien, see e.g.) -- Cheers, Horst-schlaemma (talk) 15:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Um, go for it? allixpeeke (talk) 06:48, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

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text:
File:Three Dog Night - Harmony.jpg

Cover for album Harmony by Three Dog Night.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Three Dog Night - Harmony.jpg


text:
Horned viper

Horned viper may refer to:

 * Cerastes (genus), North African desert vipers, a group of small, venomous species found in the deserts and semi-deserts of northern North Africa eastward through Arabia and Iran
 * Bitis caudalis, the horned puff adder, a venomous species found in the arid region of south-west Africa
 * Vipera ammodytes, the sand viper, a venomous species found in southern Europe through to the Balkans and parts of the Middle East
 * Viper (hieroglyph)

title: Horned viper


text:
Battle of Samothrace (1698)

The Battle of Samothrace was an inconclusive battle which took place on 20 September 1698 near the island of Samothrace, during the Sixth Ottoman–Venetian War. It was fought between Venice on one side, and the Ottoman Empire with its Tripolitanian and Tunisian vassals on the other. Venetian casualties were 299 killed and 622 wounded. Although it resulted in a stalemate, the Battle of Samothrace is notable as the last significant battle of the Great Turkish War.

Venice

 * Rizzo d'Oro - Damaged
 * Amazzone Guerriera
 * Aquila Valiera c.70
 * San Lorenzo Giustinian c.70
 * 16 other ships

Ottomans

 * 25 Ottoman ships
 * 7 Tripolitanian and Tunisian vessels

title: Battle of Samothrace (1698)


text:
Balkanabat

Balkanabat (Balkanabat şäheri), formerly Nebit-Dag and Neftedag, is the administrative centre of Balkan Province, the largest province in Turkmenistan. It lies at the foot of the Balkan Daglary mountain range. Balkanabat is about 450 km west of Ashgabat and 160 km east of the seaport city of Türkmenbaşy. The city layout is a grid of apartment blocks called kvartal (quarters). The main streets are Magtymguly, Pervomayskiy and Gurbansoltan eje şaýoly.

Etymology
The town was founded in 1933 as Neftedag, meaning "Oil Mountain" (Russian neft, "oil", and Turkmen dag, "mountain"), as a settlement along one of the stations of the Trans-Caspian Railway. In 1946, when it was transformed into a city, it was renamed "Nebit-Dag", also meaning "Oil Mountain", but this time using the Turkmen word nebit. Nebit Dag was renamed Balkanabat (Balkan from the name of the Balkan mountains (not to be confused with the Balkan mountains in Bulgaria), abat – meaning “settlement” in Persian) in 2001 by decree of former President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov.

Administrative Subdivisions
The city of Balkanabat, being a district-level city, also has the following administrative subdivisions under its jurisdiction:
 * Towns (şäherçeler)
 * Gumdag
 * Hazar (inc. Garagöl)
 * Jebel
 * Oglanly (inc. Oglanly obasy)
 * Uzboý (inc. Zähmet, Mollagara, 123-nji duralga)

History
A large monument at the far western end of the city, "Pioneers" (Первопроходцы), also called "Desert Explorers", depicts a camel, Ivan Gubkin, and Gubkin's peers, struggling to hike through the windy Karakum Desert while prospecting for petroleum. Balkanabat's history is tightly linked to the petroleum deposits in Goturdepe, Barsagelmes and Nebitdag. The first colonists had to live in unbelievable conditions in tents, tilt carts, without power and even without water.

Amenities
The city adjoins a "Health Path", a concrete circuit hike path to give a moderate hike along the mountainside. It was opened in 2004 in the template of that of Ashgabat. The city has five bazaars (markets) Gök, Jennet, Gündogar, Bereket and 5th Microdistrict bazaar. The city is served by two hotels, Nebitçi and Sport, a theater, museums, restaurants and parks. The north side of town features the large Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy Park, which offers trees, tennis courts, a life-size chess board and many benches.

In the 2000s, the city underwent significant transformations, including the improvement of streets, the construction of large-scale housing facilities, and the addition of supplementary amenities. The State Drama Theater, the Museum of History and Local Lore, a diagnostic center, a wedding palace, the Balkanabat Railway Station, the Balkan Provincial Library, a stadium with 10,000 seats, a general oriental market, and other social and cultural facilities were built during that period.

Demographics
In 2011, the population was estimated to be 120,800 residents, 80% of them Turkmen (mainly Yomud tribe), 15% Russians, 3% Kazakhs, 2% Azerbaijanis, 10% others, including Lezgins, Armenians, Uzbeks, Tatars, and Jews. The Yomud tribe is associated with the Balkan region and the Yomud carpet göl (rosette) is one of the five rosettes represented on the Turkmen flag.

Climate
Balkanabat has a cold desert climate (BWk) according to the Köppen climate classification.

Industry, economy and transport
The city is an industrial center for petroleum and natural gas production. A branch office of the Russian petroleum company Tatneft is located in Balkanabat. Animal husbandry and production of wheat and cotton are other pursuits.

Transport
The city lies on the east-west M37 highway and is connected to other cities by rail and bus. While there is no official cab company, private citizens operate shared cabs.

Air
The Balkanabat Airport terminal was opened in October 2004 with a design capacity of 200 passengers per hour. At present Turkmenistan Airlines offers no scheduled service in or out of this airport.

Rail
Balkanabat sits on the Trans-Caspian Railway running east–west, connecting the capital, Ashgabat, with the Balkan Region. The railway offers both passenger and freight transport. Balkanabat Railway Station is the city's main rail station.

Communication
The city has one mobile operator, Altyn Asyr. Internet access and cable TV are provided by Turkmentelecom. There is one internet cafe in the city. Turkmenpochta is the official national postal service of Turkmenistan. It currently operates four post offices in the city.

Education
The city has an Oil and Gas Industry School, which operates as a branch of the International Oil and Gas University. The school trains students in such specialties as geology, drilling of oil and gas wells, development and operation of oil and gas fields, chemical technology of oil and gas processing, construction, operation of oil and gas storage, and oil and gas pipeline operation. It is the functional successor to the Polytechnic Institute, which was an extension of the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas in Moscow during the Soviet period.

High school graduates may receive secondary-specialized education in the following vocational schools: Balkanabat Medical School, Special School of Arts, Financial and Economic Secondary Vocational School, and Oil Secondary Vocational School of the Turkmennebit State Concern.

Religion
The main mosque of Balkan Province has a capacity of 3,000 worshipers. Four minarets, each 63 meters high, rise above the two-story mosque. The Russian Orthodox Church of the Nativity of the Holy Virgin has operated since 1997 in the 13th microdistrict.

Culture
A giant yurt-shaped building, Türkmeniň ak öýi ("Turkmen White House") was built for special events in 2021. The complex includes a concert hall with 3,000 seats and additional buildings, as well as a special sadaqah hall of the same capacity.

Notable people

 * Gulshat Orazmuhammedova (born 1974), Turkmen statesman

Media
The daily state newspaper Balkan is published in Balkanabat.

Twin towns and sister cities

 * Almetyevsk

Sports
The city features the Balkanabat Sport Toplumy stadium, at which is based the Nebitçi professional football club, which plays in the Ýokary Liga ("Upper League").

title: Balkanabat


text:
Harmony (Three Dog Night album)

Harmony is the seventh album by American rock band Three Dog Night, released in 1971 (see 1971 in music). The album featured two Top 10 hits: "An Old Fashioned Love Song" (U.S. #4) and a cover version of Hoyt Axton's "Never Been to Spain" (U.S. #5).

Critical reception
Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "Next to Grand Funk, they're the country's top touring act, and they sell singles in the multiple millions besides. They're slick as Wesson Oil. And when they choose the right material and go light on the minstrel-show theatrics, they're fine—next to 'Maggie May,' 'Joy to the World' is the most durable single of the year. Their albums do vary—avoid the 'Joy to the World' vehicle Naturally—but I think this is the best. Even if you're hostile, you'll have to concede that any group that can string together great-but-obscure songs from Marvin Gaye, Joni Mitchell, and Moby Grape without inspiring a rush back to the originals has something going for it. Wish they'd cut the poetry reading, though."

Track listing

 * 1) "Never Been to Spain" (Hoyt Axton) – 3:43
 * 2) "My Impersonal Life" (Terry Furlong) – 4:22
 * 3) "An Old Fashioned Love Song" (Paul Williams) – 3:21
 * 4) "Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer" (Stevie Wonder, Syreeta Wright) – 3:41
 * 5) "Jam" (Three Dog Night) – 3:47
 * 6) "You" (Jeffrey Bowen, Jack Goga, Ivy Jo Hunter) – 3:00
 * 7) "Night in the City" (Joni Mitchell) – 3:13
 * 8) "Murder in My Heart for the Judge" (Jerry Miller, Don Stevenson) – 3:36
 * 9) "The Family of Man" (Jack Conrad, Paul Williams) – 3:28
 * 10) "Intro: Poem: Mistakes and Illusions" (poem by Paula Negron) / "Peace of Mind" (Nick Woods) – 3:03

Personnel

 * Michael Allsup – guitar
 * Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards
 * Danny Hutton – lead vocals (tracks 2, 7, 9), background vocals
 * Chuck Negron – lead vocals (tracks 3, 4, 6, 9), background vocals
 * Joe Schermie – bass
 * Floyd Sneed – drums
 * Cory Wells – lead vocals (tracks 1, 8, 9), background vocals

Production
 * Richard Podolor – producer
 * Bill Cooper – engineer
 * Ed Caraeff - photography

Charts
Album – Billboard (United States)

Singles – Billboard (United States)

title: Harmony (Three Dog Night album)


text:
Talk:Harmony (Three Dog Night album)

Critical reception??
The entire "critical reception" section is a quote that appears to not even be about this album. The Harmony album isn't mentioned in the quote, and the songs that are mentioned are not on this album. WpeditTscott (talk) 21:53, 27 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harmony (Three Dog Night album)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Simon Barker

Simon Barker
Simon Barker was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Complete text of the article: "Dr. Simon Barker is head of English at the RGS Newcastle." Even assuming that "RGS Newcastle" is Royal Grammar School, Newcastle, no notability has been established by this, or apart from this. -- Antaeus Feldspar 07:17, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:26, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Euphoria 07:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If the article were to have, you know, kind of an accident in the night and, uh, disappear, I don't think its relatives would come searching. Not saying.  Not saying at all.  (Substub, lack of notability.)  Geogre 15:14, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Say no more, nudge nudge, wink wink. Wyss 18:58, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It does appear Dr. SJ Barker is indeed the English Department head, and so what? --MPerel 20:54, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:85.74.32.159

title: User talk:85.74.32.159


text:
Category:James Bond characters

Fictional characters in the James Bond series of films and novels.

title: Category:James Bond characters


text:
Battle of Andros (1696)

The Battle of Andros took place on 22 August 1696 southeast of the Greek island of Andros between the fleets of the Republic of Venice and the Papal States under Bartolomeo Contarini on the one side and the Ottoman Navy, under Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha, and allied Barbary forces on the other. The encounter was indecisive, and no vessels were lost on either side.

Background
Contarini, with 22 sailing ships, left Porto Poro on 28 July and arrived at Port Gavrion, on the west coast of Andros, on 3 August, while a galley force, under Alessandro Molin, went to Kekhrios, on mainland Greece, ready for an attack on Thebes.

On 6 August the Muslim fleet of 20 Ottoman and 15 African ships was sighted north of Andros. It sailed around to Gavrion and tried to tempt Contarini out, but the wind was from the north (possibly this should be south), and Contarini had orders not to engage unless he had the weather gauge, and even after the Ottomans sent galliots in and landed troops all he did was send a small craft to drive them off. The Ottomans left and anchored to the west. For ten days nothing happened, except for a French merchantman entering the harbor being fired on by the Venetians, who mistook it for a fireship.

The battle
On 20 August the north wind dropped and at 5:00 pm the Ottoman fleet appeared again off the town and opened fire, with little result, before becoming becalmed to the south during the night. On 21 August the wind was from the north again and Contarini, seeing his chance, sailed, but the wind dropped at about 12:00 pm and he made for the southeast end of Andros with what wind there was, being joined there by the galley force that had just arrived from the west, early on 22 August. A slight easterly wind gave Contarini another chance and he sailed west, the galleys towing the sailing ships, toward the south end of the Ottomans, who were arranged vaguely in an easterly Ottoman line and a westerly African line but mainly in a group formation, and turned north, coming alongside them with his first seven ships (Tigre, Rosa, San Andrea, San Lorenzo Giustinian (flag), San Domenico, Fede Guerriera and San Sebastiano) and attacking at about 12:00 am. At about 2:00 pm the rowing vessels detached and formed a line abreast to the south of the Ottomans. Both sides' sailing ships formed themselves more or less into lines, and the Ottoman fleet gradually bore away. At 4:00 pm the wind dropped and the Venetian galleys, which had cut back through the line, then re-emerged and attacked the Ottomans in a line abreast. The Turks withdrew after about two hours, eventually making their way south to near the island of Syros, while the Venetians eventually sailed back to Port Gavrion. Until 1 December the Venetians sailed around looking for the Ottoman fleet, when they heard that it had sailed back into the Dardanelles almost a month earlier.

Christian casualties were 56 killed and 125 wounded in the sailing ships and about 19 casualties in the rowing vessels.

Venice (Contarini)

 * San Lorenzo Giustinian 80 (flag)
 * Tigre 66
 * Rosa 60
 * San Andrea 60
 * San Domenico 60
 * Fede Guerriera 56
 * San Sebastiano 68
 * 15 other sailing ships
 * some galleasses
 * some galleys
 * unknown number of Papal ships

Ottoman Empire (Mezzo Morto)

 * 20 Ottoman sailing ships
 * 15 or 16 Barbary ships
 * some galliots

title: Battle of Andros (1696)


text:
Gibborim (biblical)

Gibborim (גִּבֹּרִ֛ים, singular גִּבֹּר ) is a Hebrew word that can be glossed "mightiest" and is an intensive form of the word for "man" (גֶּבֶר ). In the Hebrew Bible, it is used to describe people who are valiant, mighty, or of great stature. There is some confusion about the gibborim as a class of beings because of its use in the Genesis flood narrative in Genesis 6:4, which describes the Nephilim as mighty.

The word is used in the Tanakh over 150 times and applied to men as well as lions (Proverbs 30:30), hunters, soldiers  and leaders (Daniel 11:3). The word is also applied to David's Mighty Warriors, a group of 37 men who fought with King David in 2 Samuel 23:8–38.

In Modern Hebrew, the word (גִּבּוֹר) equates with the English word "hero" as a noun or brave as an adjective.

Modern Hebrew
In contemporary usage, gibborim is often used to describe heroes or champions. It is a term used to describe individuals who exhibit exceptional strength, courage, and prowess. The word is often associated with sports, where it is used to describe athletes who exhibit exceptional skill and ability.

title: Gibborim (biblical)


text:
Newton's method in optimization

In calculus, Newton's method (also called Newton–Raphson) is an iterative method for finding the roots of a differentiable function $F$, which are solutions to the equation $F (x) = 0$. As such, Newton's method can be applied to the derivative $f ′$ of a twice-differentiable function $f$ to find the roots of the derivative (solutions to $f ′(x) = 0$), also known as the critical points of $f$. These solutions may be minima, maxima, or saddle points; see section "Several variables" in Critical point (mathematics) and also section "Geometric interpretation" in this article. This is relevant in optimization, which aims to find (global) minima of the function $f$.

Newton's method
The central problem of optimization is minimization of functions. Let us first consider the case of univariate functions, i.e., functions of a single real variable. We will later consider the more general and more practically useful multivariate case.

Given a twice differentiable function $$ f:\mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}$$, we seek to solve the optimization problem
 * $$ \min_{x\in \mathbb{R}} f(x) .$$

Newton's method attempts to solve this problem by constructing a sequence $$\{x_k\}$$ from an initial guess (starting point) $$x_0\in \mathbb{R}$$ that converges towards a minimizer $$x_*$$ of $$f$$ by using a sequence of second-order Taylor approximations of $$f$$ around the iterates. The second-order Taylor expansion of $f$ around $$x_k$$ is

 * $$f(x_k + t) \approx f(x_k) + f'(x_k) t + \frac{1}{2} f''(x_k) t^2.$$

The next iterate $$x_{k+1}$$ is defined so as to minimize this quadratic approximation in $$t$$, and setting $$x_{k+1}=x_k + t$$. If the second derivative is positive, the quadratic approximation is a convex function of $$t$$, and its minimum can be found by setting the derivative to zero. Since

 * $$\displaystyle 0 = \frac{\rm d}{{\rm d} t} \left(f(x_k) + f'(x_k) t + \frac 1 2 f(x_k) t^2\right) = f'(x_k) + f (x_k) t, $$

the minimum is achieved for
 * $$ t = -\frac{f'(x_k)}{f''(x_k)} .$$

Putting everything together, Newton's method performs the iteration
 * $$ x_{k+1} = x_k + t = x_k - \frac{f'(x_k)}{f''(x_k)}. $$

Geometric interpretation
The geometric interpretation of Newton's method is that at each iteration, it amounts to the fitting of a parabola to the graph of $$f(x)$$ at the trial value $$x_k$$, having the same slope and curvature as the graph at that point, and then proceeding to the maximum or minimum of that parabola (in higher dimensions, this may also be a saddle point), see below. Note that if $$f$$ happens to a quadratic function, then the exact extremum is found in one step.

Higher dimensions
The above iterative scheme can be generalized to $$ d>1$$ dimensions by replacing the derivative with the gradient (different authors use different notation for the gradient, including $$f'(x) = \nabla f(x) = g_f(x)\in \mathbb{R}^d$$), and the reciprocal of the second derivative with the inverse of the Hessian matrix (different authors use different notation for the Hessian, including $$f''(x) = \nabla^2 f(x) = H_f(x)\in \mathbb{R}^{d\times d}$$). One thus obtains the iterative scheme

 * $$x_{k+1} = x_k - [f''(x_k)]^{-1} f'(x_k), \qquad k \ge 0.$$

Often Newton's method is modified to include a small step size $$ 0 < \gamma \le 1 $$ instead of $$\gamma=1$$:
 * $$x_{k+1} = x_k - \gamma [f''(x_k)]^{-1} f' (x_k).$$

This is often done to ensure that the Wolfe conditions, or much simpler and efficient Armijo's condition, are satisfied at each step of the method. For step sizes other than 1, the method is often referred to as the relaxed or damped Newton's method.

Convergence
If $f$ is a strongly convex function with Lipschitz Hessian, then provided that $$x_0 $$ is close enough to $$ x_*=\arg \min f(x) $$, the sequence $$x_0, x_1, x_2, \dots$$ generated by Newton's method will converge to the (necessarily unique) minimizer  $$x_*$$ of $$ f $$ quadratically fast. That is,
 * $$ \|x_{k+1}-x_*\| \leq \frac{1}{2} \|x_{k}-x_*\|^2, \qquad \forall k\geq 0.$$

Computing the Newton direction
Finding the inverse of the Hessian in high dimensions to compute the Newton direction $$h = - (f''(x_k))^{-1} f'(x_k)$$ can be an expensive operation. In such cases, instead of directly inverting the Hessian, it is better to calculate the vector $$ h $$ as the solution to the system of linear equations

 * $$[f''(x_k)] h = - f'(x_k)$$

which may be solved by various factorizations or approximately (but to great accuracy) using iterative methods. Many of these methods are only applicable to certain types of equations, for example the Cholesky factorization and conjugate gradient will only work if $$f''(x_k)$$ is a positive definite matrix. While this may seem like a limitation, it is often a useful indicator of something gone wrong; for example if a minimization problem is being approached and $$f''(x_k)$$ is not positive definite, then the iterations are converging to a saddle point and not a minimum.

On the other hand, if a constrained optimization is done (for example, with Lagrange multipliers), the problem may become one of saddle point finding, in which case the Hessian will be symmetric indefinite and the solution of $$x_{k+1}$$ will need to be done with a method that will work for such, such as the $$LDL^\top$$ variant of Cholesky factorization or the conjugate residual method.

There also exist various quasi-Newton methods, where an approximation for the Hessian (or its inverse directly) is built up from changes in the gradient.

If the Hessian is close to a non-invertible matrix, the inverted Hessian can be numerically unstable and the solution may diverge. In this case, certain workarounds have been tried in the past, which have varied success with certain problems. One can, for example, modify the Hessian by adding a correction matrix $$B_k$$ so as to make $$ f''(x_k) + B_k$$ positive definite. One approach is to diagonalize the Hessian and choose $$B_k$$ so that $$ f''(x_k) + B_k$$ has the same eigenvectors as the Hessian, but with each negative eigenvalue replaced by $$\epsilon>0$$.

An approach exploited in the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (which uses an approximate Hessian) is to add a scaled identity matrix to the Hessian, $$\mu I$$, with the scale adjusted at every iteration as needed. For large $$\mu $$ and small Hessian, the iterations will behave like gradient descent with step size $$1/\mu$$. This results in slower but more reliable convergence where the Hessian doesn't provide useful information.

Some caveats
Newton's method, in its original version, has several caveats:

 * 1) It does not work if the Hessian is not invertible. This is clear from the very definition of Newton's method, which requires taking the inverse of the Hessian.
 * 2) It may not converge at all, but can enter a cycle having more than 1 point. See the.
 * 3) It can converge to a saddle point instead of to a local minimum, see the section "Geometric interpretation" in this article.

The popular modifications of Newton's method, such as quasi-Newton methods or Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm mentioned above, also have caveats:

For example, it is usually required that the cost function is (strongly) convex and the Hessian is globally bounded or Lipschitz continuous, for example this is mentioned in the section "Convergence" in this article. If one looks at the papers by Levenberg and Marquardt in the reference for Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, which are the original sources for the mentioned method, one can see that there is basically no theoretical analysis in the paper by Levenberg, while the paper by Marquardt only analyses a local situation and does not prove a global convergence result. One can compare with Backtracking line search method for Gradient descent, which has good theoretical guarantee under more general assumptions, and can be implemented and works well in practical large scale problems such as Deep Neural Networks.

title: Newton's method in optimization


text:
Talk:Telecaster

re: notable players
The notable players list is starting to get pretty long, and I've noticed that many of the players listed have not used the Telecaster as their primary axe during their careers, but rather have used it merely sometimes, or with certain songs or albums. For example, Jimmy Page is listed, though he is more characteristically known for his use of the Gibson Les Paul. John Frusciante is listed, even though he has usually been seen with a Stratocaster. Should we include B. B. King in the list, since he once used a Telecaster? I don't think so, since everyone knows he's a Gibson man (ES-355).

If the list starts to get much longer, I suggest breaking the entire list off into its own separate page (perhaps entitled "Famous artists who have played the Telecaster"), with notes for each artist about which famous songs or albums that they used the Telecaster on. We could retain in the Telecaster article a more exclusive list of artists who have used the Tele as their core instrument. As a guide for who should be included on this list, I suggest we limit it to those who have had a signature Telecaster designed for them by Fender, artists who are most commonly pictured playing a Telecaster guitar, or artists who usually used the Telecaster on stage and in the studio during the peaks of their careers. There might be some exceptions to these general standards, but I believe that they would do a good job of distinguishing those who use the Telecaster as their "signature" instrument from those who happened to have used a Telecaster at certain times. If every artist who used the Telecaster at some time were put in the list, it would be longer than the rest of the article. Rohirok 17:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, Jimmy Page might be a good one to retain in the article list. If a good portion of his more prominent studio work was done with a Tele (and according to one friend of mine, it was), then this might justify his continued inclusion. Brian May was added to the list today. Here's an example of one artist that would probably be placed in the separate, more general list, since he's mostly known for using his homemade Red Special guitar. Anyway, we'll see how the list shapes up. Rohirok 03:19, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

When was Brian May ever known as a Telecaster player? Honestly, I'd vote for cutting the whole list. It seems that 8 out of 10 changes to the page come from someone adding their favorite guitarist, whether or not he has any business being included. EVERYONE played a Telecaster at some point. It's unavoidable. Auto movil 04:52, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and changed the notable players section into signature Telecaster players, specifying that those included are musicians who used it as their main guitar throughout their careers. There is also a wiki link to the new Telecaster players page, which is just the old list of notable players. I thought the list should be retained in some form, for the sake of retaining information. Hopefully, those who want to add their favorite guitarist will now do so on the Telecaster players list, reserving space in the article for those who are really known as Tele players. Rohirok 03:54, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

re: intro
I noticed today Auto movil's reversion of my edit of the first paragraph, made due to the contentions that my edit was less simple and introduced an inaccuracy. I will admit that my clarification of the term "Spanish" guitar made the intro paragraph more complex. I do think that such clarification needs to be made in some way, as most readers will not understand what this means. Perhaps not in the intro paragraph, but somewhere.

As for the inaccuracy that I supposedly introduced, I am unaware of any such inaccuracy, and Auto movil did not point out what it was. That would be an important thing to explain if reverting.

I will again edit the first paragraph, as it contains the gratuitous and inaccurate statement that the Telecaster is "for all practical purposes, the 'first electric guitar.'" As counter-examples, I offer three: The electrified acoustic played by Charlie Christian, the solid-body electric Spanish Travis-Bigsby guitar, and the electrified Rickenbacker "Frying Pan" lap guitar. All of these are electric guitars, and all of them predate the Telecaster. Contrary to the final clause of the intro paragraph, the Telecaster is not the first electric guitar, for "practical" or any other purposes. I will delete that clause. Rohirok 07:24, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I also deleted "wooden" from the intro paragraph, as that is redundant. The Telecaster is the first mass-produced solid-body electric Spanish guitar made of any material. Rohirok 07:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I still think the introduction could be better. The last sentence is closer to accurate than the clause it replaces, but seems clunky and still not quite right. I think it is presumptuous to regard the Telecaster as the "first electric guitar of the type now seen as standard," since hollow body electrics lay as much claim to the "standard" title as solidbodies, and hollow body electrics preceded the Tele by several years. The phrase "For all practical purposes" is also indistinct and unnecessary if what follows it is really accurate, which it should be. What's needed is a reinforcement of the Tele's distinctiveness and importance, without leaving the reader with a false impression of the ways in which it is a "first." I'll give it a shot. Rohirok 03:36, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I see that the "for all practical purposes" clause has been put back into the intro, and my objections to this phrase remain. It is indistinct and wishy-washy, not at all encyclopedia-like.  It seems to be claiming one thing (the Telecaster is the first...), but then totally negates that with the "for all practical purposes" qualification.  I understand there is some controversy concerning the one-pickup Esquire vs. the two-pickup Broadcaster/Nocaster/Telecaster, and whether you can really claim that the Tele is the first mass-produced wooden solidbody electro-Spanish guitar if the one-pickup model preceded it.  That controversy needs to be sorted out for the intro paragraph to be clear and accurate.  I am of the opinion that the Esquire is simply one version of the Telecaster, and that it is thus accurate to claim that the Tele is the first mass-produced wooden solidbody electro-Spanish guitar without any further qualification or equivocation.  I say this because the Esquire is even more similar to the classic Tele than later models that bear the "Telecaster" model name (such as those with two humbuckers, a Bigsby, or neck-through-body construction).  It is also significant that the Esquire was originally intended to be a two-pickup guitar--that is, it was supposed to be precisely the guitar we now call the Telecaster, and can (in my opinion) be seen as simply a Telecaster that lacks the neck pickup.  If the Strat had begun as a two-pickup guitar, and a model came out later that preserved all the original details, except with an additional pickup, would we not be correct in saying that the line began with the two-pickup version? Rohirok 12:45, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Augh. Okay, if you can find a better way to say that the Telecaster, under its original name, 'Esquire,' was the first mass-produced, wooden, solid-body Spanish electric guitar -- and that all this adds up to its being the first electric guitar of the kind most people now think of when they think of 'electric guitars,' then by all means go to it. Auto movil 02:11, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

re: wooden
There was at least one mass-produced electric Spanish guitar made of Bakelite. I believe this was the error I flagged before. Am adding a qualification.

 * Thanks for clarifying, Auto movil. I tracked down three possible exceptions to my claim that the Tele is the first mass-produced solidbody electric guitar made of any material.  One is Rickenbakker's bakelite Electro Spanish model that you mentioned.  This is not a true solidbody, however, as it did have cavities in the body.  The other Rickenbacker is the stand-mounted Vibrola Spanish electric with a heavy electrified vibrato device that made the stand necessary.  This one appears solid, though it too probably had a cavity to house the vibrato mechanism.  I also wonder if it was really mass-produced, or just an oddity that happened to be offered briefly by a major manufacturer.  I've got little information on this one other than a small picture and a caption.  A third possible exception is a solidbody electric Spanish guitar marketed by Slingerland drum company.  I don't have enough info on this one to say whether it qualifies as "mass-produced."  I am relying for these references on The Electric Guitar: An Illustrated History, edited by Paul Trynka.

thanks!
your work made me research harder and get into nuts and bolts of solid-body guitar design in the 1930s.

let's duel on the talk page, if you like.

Telecaster = Esquire?
Are the telecaster and the esquire the same guitar? Fender thinks not. According to their 2004 catalogue, it is a different guitar, albeit of the same family, that has almost always been offered in some respect alongside the Tele. I think that this needs clarifying somehow... Brother Dysk 13:01, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

Telecaster, Broadcaster and Esquire
The original name for the Telecaster was the Broadcaster, not the Esquire. An Esquire is a variation on the Telecaster style, having only a single pickup (the bridge position, "lead" pickup) whereas the Telecaster has two pickups. In addition to the bridge pickup, it has one in the neck position, the "rhythm" pickup.

 * I know this. However, the Esquire predates the Broadcaster/Telecaster, and this makes me ponder the accuracy of the parent article stating that the Telecaster was the first mass-produced solid-body spanish steel guitar. Brother Dysk 02:43, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Esquire, Broadcaster, Etc.
However one sorts the early names of the guitar, 'Telecaster' is the name that the series came to hold. Therefore, the Telecaster (under whatever early name) is the first mass-produced, wooden solid-body etc.

It's also not true that the Esquire and Broadcaster were different guitars. They were the same guitar except the Esquire had one fewer pickup. Likewise, if Ford wanted to call a 5-speed Mustang a 'Mustang,' and call a 4-speed Mustang a 'Platypus,' they would be the same car, only with different gearboxes. Auto movil 03:45, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree - the Esquire was what the guitar was called with one pickup. Tele/Broadcaster was what it was called with two. Fender today (and throughout much of their history) have sold Esquires, called Esquires, that are the same as Telecasters, but with just one pickup. They do, however, still call them Esquires. Brother Dysk 12:11, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * The single pickup Esquire was the first production electric Spanish from Fender, and preceded the dual pickup Broadcaster/Telecaster. Leo had originally intended for the guitar to have two pickups, but his marketing guys convinced him that a single-pickup model would have wider appeal, and it was marketed as the Esquire.  There were, however, a few dual pickup Esquires produced at the same time as the single pickup ones, and sold directly to local musicians.  These are not to be confused with the Esquires upgraded with a neck pickup after purchase, such as the one Springsteen uses. Rohirok 04:04, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Telecaster


text: User talk:69.2.168.188

title: User talk:69.2.168.188


text:
Dark Winter

Dark Winter may refer to:

 * A Dark Winter, a 1998 novel by Dave Luckett
 * Operation Dark Winter, a 2001 U.S. bio-terrorist attack simulation
 * Dark Winter, a 2001 novel by William Dietrich
 * Dark Winter, a 2003 Nick Stone Missions novel by Andy McNab
 * Dark Winter, a 2012 novel by David Mark
 * Dark Winter, a 2018 novel by Cameron Lisney, first book in the Fateweaver series

title: Dark Winter


text:
Algebra bundle

In mathematics, an algebra bundle is a fiber bundle whose fibers are algebras and local trivializations respect the algebra structure. It follows that the transition functions are algebra isomorphisms. Since algebras are also vector spaces, every algebra bundle is a vector bundle.

Examples include the tensor-algebra bundle, exterior bundle, and symmetric bundle associated to a given vector bundle, as well as the Clifford bundle associated to any Riemannian vector bundle.

title: Algebra bundle


text:
User talk:Mego17

Hello. I have removed your comment/invitation from Talk:Main Page. Whilst I sympathise with your violation by men, that page is only for discussing the Main Page itself. - Mark 07:28, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mego17


text:
Genii

Genii (a plural form of genie) are supernatural creatures in early pre-Islamic Arabian and later Islamic mythology and theology.

Genii may also refer to:

 * Genii (magazine), or The Conjurors' Magazine
 * Genii (Stargate), fictional characters in the TV series
 * Genii Capital, a Luxembourg-based investment firm

title: Genii


text:
Might Is Right

Might Is Right or The Survival of the Fittest is a book by pseudonymous author Ragnar Redbeard, generally believed to be a pen name of Arthur Desmond. First published in 1896, it advocates amorality, consequentialism, egoism, and psychological hedonism.

Content
The author sums up his work as follows: "This book is a reasoned negation of the Ten Commandments—the Golden Rule–the Sermon on the Mount—Republican Principles—Christian Principles—and 'Principles' in general. It proclaims upon scientific evolutionary grounds, the unlimited absolutism of Might, and asserts that cut-and-dried moral codes are crude and immoral inventions, promotive of vice and vassalage." In Might Is Right, Redbeard rejects conventional ideas such as advocacy of human and natural rights and argues in addition that only strength or physical might can establish moral right (à la Callicles or Thrasymachus). The book also attacks Christianity and democracy. Friedrich Nietzsche's theories of master–slave morality and herd mentality served as inspirations for Redbeard's book which was written contemporaneously.

James J. Martin, the individualist anarchist historian, called it "surely one of the most incendiary works ever to be published anywhere." This refers to the book's assertions that weakness should be regarded with hatred and the strong and forceful presence of Social Darwinism. Other parts of the book deal with the topics of race and male–female relations. The book claims that the woman and the family as a whole are the property of the man, and it proclaims that the Anglo-Saxon race is innately superior to all other races. The book also contains anti-Christian and anti-Semitic statements.

Authorship
S. E. Parker writes in his introduction to the text: "The most likely candidate is a man named Arthur Desmond who was red-bearded, red-haired and whose poetry was very similar to that written by Redbeard." The Bulletin, a journal associated with the Australian labour movement, reported in July 1900 that Desmond (a former contributor to the publication) was Ragnar Redbeard.

The Church of Satan founder Anton LaVey and white supremacist publisher Katja Lane (wife of The Order member David Lane) both believed novelist Jack London was substantially involved, if not the author of the entire book; the latter based her judgment on London's distinctive grammar and punctuation. However, this idea was rejected by Rodger Jacobs, a biographer of London, since London was only 20 years old at the time and had not yet developed that writing style, nor had he read anything by Nietzsche.

Response
Leo Tolstoy, whom Might Is Right described as "the ablest modern expounder of primitive Christliness", responded in his 1897 essay What Is Art?:

"The substance of this book, as it is expressed in the editor's preface, is that to measure 'right' by the false philosophy of the Hebrew prophets and 'weepful' Messiahs is madness. Right is not the offspring of doctrine, but of power. All laws, commandments, or doctrines as to not doing to another what you do not wish done to you, have no inherent authority whatever, but receive it only from the club, the gallows, and the sword. A man truly free is under no obligation to obey any injunction, human or divine. Obedience is the sign of the degenerate. Disobedience is the stamp of the hero. Men should not be bound by moral rules invented by their foes. The whole world is a slippery battlefield. Ideal justice demands that the vanquished should be exploited, emasculated, and scorned. The free and brave may seize the world. And, therefore, there should be eternal war for life, for land, for love, for women, for power, and for gold. (Something similar was said a few years ago by the celebrated and refined academician, Vogüé.) The earth and its treasures is 'booty for the bold.'

The author has evidently by himself, independently of Nietzsche, come to the same conclusions which are professed by the new artists.

Expressed in the form of a doctrine, these positions startle us. In reality, they are implied in the ideal of art serving beauty. The art of our upper classes has educated people in this ideal of the over-man — which is in reality the old ideal of Nero, Stenka Razin, Genghis Khan, Robert Macaire or Napoleon and all their accomplices, assistants, and adulators — and it supports this ideal with all its might.

It is this supplanting of the ideal of what is right by the ideal of what is beautiful, i.e. of what is pleasant, that is the fourth consequence, and a terrible one, of the perversion of art in our society. It is fearful to think of what would befall humanity were such art to spread among the masses of the people. And it already begins to spread."

S. E. Parker wrote: "Might Is Right is a work flawed by major contradictions." In particular, he criticized the inconsistency of the book's central dogma of individualism with its open sexism and racism (both requiring a membership in a collective). However, he concluded that "it is sustained by a crude vigor that at its most coherent can help to clear away not a few of the religious, moral and political superstitions bequeathed to us by our ancestors."

Influence
Portions of Might Is Right comprise the vast majority of The Book of Satan in Anton LaVey's 1969 The Satanic Bible, the founding document of the Church of Satan. Though it is no longer included in current printings of The Satanic Bible, early printings included an extensive dedication to various people whom LaVey recognized as influences, including Ragnar Redbeard.

Santino William Legan, the perpetrator of the 2019 Gilroy Garlic Festival shooting in Gilroy, California, mentioned Might is Right in an Instagram post. NBC journalists have claimed it is a 'staple' of white supremacist groups online.

title: Might Is Right


text:
File:Three Dog Night - Seven Separate Fools.jpg

Cover for album Seven Separate Fools by Three Dog Night.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
Seven Separate Fools

Seven Separate Fools is the eighth studio album by American rock band Three Dog Night. Released in 1972, the album reached number six on the US Billboard 200, becoming the band's highest-charting album. The LP version of the album was released with seven large playing cards (each nearly 12 inches in height) as an extra bonus.

Beach Boys founder Brian Wilson, who contributed "Time to Get Alone" to the pre-TDN vocal trio Redwood, placed the LP at No. 3 among his all-time Top Ten favorite records in a 2016 conversation with Esquire's Middle East branch. Wilson succinctly stated, "Danny Hutton’s vocals are truly on point."

Track listing

 * 1) "Black and White" (David I. Arkin, Earl Robinson) – 3:51
 * 2) "My Old Kentucky Home (Turpentine and Dandelion Wine)" (Randy Newman) – 3:08
 * 3) "Prelude to Morning" (Jimmy Greenspoon) – 2:04
 * 4) "Pieces of April" (Dave Loggins) – 4:10
 * 5) "Going in Circles" (Jaiananda, Ted Myers) – 3:06
 * 6) "Chained" (Russ Ballard) – 5:14
 * 7) "Tulsa Turnaround" (Larry Collins, Alex Harvey) – 3:41
 * 8) "In Bed" (Tom Baird, Lynn Henderson, Wes Henderson) – 3:58
 * 9) "Freedom for the Stallion" (Allen Toussaint) – 3:41
 * 10) "The Writing's on the Wall" (Domenic Troiano) – 3:17
 * 11) "Midnight Runaway" (Gary Itri) – 5:28

Personnel
with:
 * Mike Allsup – guitar
 * Jimmy Greenspoon – keyboards
 * Danny Hutton – lead vocals (tracks 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10), background vocals
 * Chuck Negron – lead vocals (tracks 4, 5, 6, 9, 11), background vocals
 * Joe Schermie – bass guitar
 * Floyd Sneed – drums
 * Cory Wells – lead vocals (tracks 2, 5, 7, 8, 9), background vocals
 * Patrick Sullivan - cello on "Pieces of April"
 * Gary Itri - acoustic guitar on "Midnight Runaway"

Production

 * Producer: Richard Podolor
 * Ed Caraeff - art direction, photography, design concept
 * David Larkham - graphics, typography, design concept

Charts
Singles – Billboard (United States)

title: Seven Separate Fools


text:
Talk:Seven Separate Fools

Playing Card Images
Hey, I’ve never used Wikipedia before, but I realized it’s rather hard to find the playing card included in the vinyl album. I actually have them and would like to contribute to the page by adding them. I don’t necessarily know how to do this though, or know very much information about who the cards include, what they symbolize, or information about the band in general. I really love this album, and Three Dog Night, so I would love to do this :) Stephaniestephanie1 (talk) 02:32, 4 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seven Separate Fools


text:
Sadao Watanabe (musician)

Sadao Watanabe (渡辺 貞夫) is a Japanese jazz musician who plays alto saxophone and sopranino saxophone. He is known for his bossa nova recordings, although his work encompasses many styles, with collaborations from musicians all over the world.

Career
Watanabe was born on 1 February 1933 in Utsunomiya, Japan. His father, a professional musician, sang and played the biwa. Watanabe was attracted to jazz from an early age, in part due to the strong cultural influence stemming from the American post-war presence in Japan. He learned the clarinet while in high school after convincing his father over the course of six weeks to buy him a second-hand instrument.

In 1951, Watanabe moved to Tokyo and began playing the alto saxophone. He started studying the flute in 1953 with Ririko Hayashi from the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra. Watanabe joined Toshiko Akiyoshi's Cozy Quartet and began leading the group when Akiyoshi moved to the USA. By 1958, Watanabe had performed with leading musicians and quartets. In 1961, his first album as a leader, the self-titled Sadao Watanabe, was released.

In 1962, he left Japan to study at Berklee College of Music in Boston. Studying led Watanabe to a broadened stylistic scope that began to incorporate Brazilian music. During his time in the USA, he worked with Gary McFarland, Chico Hamilton, and Gábor Szabó.

Watanabe returned to Tokyo in 1965. There, he became the director of the new Yamaha Institute of Popular Music, a school that based its curriculum on Berklee's. From 1966 onwards, he toured Japan and internationally with his own quartet, playing bop, Brazilian music, jazz-rock, soul, and pop music. He played with the John Coltrane quintet in Tokyo while the group was touring Japan in 1966. By the time Watanabe played at the 1970 Newport Jazz Festival, he was a well-known and often highly-regarded jazz performer.

In 1969, Watanabe began working part time as a radio broadcaster, promoting jazz across Japan. From 1972, his programme My Dear Life ran for 20 years. He continued to perform internationally, including performances at Montreux Jazz Festival and Newport Jazz Festival. In 1970, he released his album Round Trip, featuring Chick Corea, Jack DeJohnette, and Miroslav Vitouš. Watanabe continued performing and recording throughout the 1970s and 1980s, amassing a catalogue of more than 70 albums as leader.

In addition to his musical career, Watanabe has published six photography books in Japan.

Watanabe has been in charge of the visiting professor of Jazz course at Kunitachi College of Music since 2010.

Honors
Among Watanabe's awards are the Order of the Rising Sun, the imperial medal of honor for contribution to the arts, and the Fumio Nanri award.

 * 1995: Berklee College of Music awarded him an honorary doctorate degree for his contributions to music.
 * 2005: Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette (勲四等旭日小綬章)
 * 2015: Order of Rio Branco

As sideman
With Ithamara Koorax
 * Red River (Paddle Wheel, 1995)
 * Rio Vermelho (Imagem, 1995)
 * The Luiz Bonfa Songbook (Huks, 2002)

With Masabumi Kikuchi
 * Collaboration (Philips, 1970)
 * All About Dancing Mist (Philips, 1971)

With Masahiko Togashi
 * Song for Myself (East Wind, 1974)
 * Spiritual Nature (East Wind, 1975)

With others
 * Toshiko Akiyoshi, Toshiko Meets Her Old Pals (King, 1961)
 * Randy Brecker and Eliane Elias, Amanda (Passport, 1985)
 * Randy Crawford, Through the Eyes of Love (Warner Bros., 1992)
 * Hiroshi Fukumura, Hunt Up Wind (Flying Disk, 1978)
 * Dave Grusin, Live in Japan (JVC, 1980) – live
 * Don Grusin, The Hang (C.A.R.E., 2004)
 * Chico Hamilton, El Chico (Impulse!, 1965)
 * Terumasa Hino, Live in Concert (East Wind, 1975) – live
 * Akira Miyazawa, Yamame (King, 1977)
 * Armando Manzanero, El Piano (BMG/RCA, 1995)
 * Cesar Camargo Mariano, Mitos (CBS, 1988)
 * Gary McFarland, The In Sound (Verve, 1966)
 * Armando Peraza, Wild Thing (Skye, 1969)
 * Greg Phillinganes, Significant Gains (Planet, 1981)
 * Santana, At Budokan (Masterplan, 2007)
 * Isao Suzuki, My Spare Time (Flying Disk, 1978)
 * Gabor Szabo, Gypsy '66 (Impulse!, 1966)
 * Toquinho, Vamos Juntos Toquinho Live at Bravas Club '86 (Polydor, 1986) – live
 * Super Mario World Arranged OST, Warner-Pioneer, 1991

Compilation albums

 * Selected (Elektra, 1988)
 * Sadao Watanabe Vocal Collection (Elektra, 1991)
 * Sadao Watanabe My Dear Life 50th Anniversary Collection (Verve, 2001)
 * Sketches of Nature (Verve, 2005)
 * Broadcast Tracks '69–'72 (Victor, 2005)
 * Love Songs (Victor, 2018)

title: Sadao Watanabe (musician)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shumaker

Shumaker
Shumaker was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

While I'm thrilled that he enjoys Legos, this is vanity/nonnotable. I would have nominated it for a speedy, but it doesn't appear to meet any of the criteria—anyone else is free to change it if he or she feels so inclined. — [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 07:44, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Vanity. -- Walt Pohl 10:04, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Innocent, well-intentioned vanity. If this user would create an account, he could move this to his user page where it would be perfectly suitable. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 12:50, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: He's 24, and the article is nothing but "all the PC's I've known before." Perhaps well intended, but not notable, and misnamed. Geogre 15:16, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.  --Randy 16:24, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Legos are way cool and the early VGA DOS versions of Flightsim were charming. Someone should convince him to register and move it to his user page. Wyss 18:54, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Turn into a typo redirect to Michael Schumacher :-7 Otherwise delete - Skysmith 08:50, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. vanity page. --MPerel 21:01, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Gibborim

Gibborim may refer to:

 * Gibborim (biblical), "Mighty Ones" in the Tanakh
 * David's Mighty Warriors in particular
 * Gibborim (comics), villainous entities from the comic book series Runaways

title: Gibborim


text:
Sadao Watanabe

Sadao Watanabe may refer to:

 * Sadao Watanabe (artist) (1913–1996), Japanese Christian stencil artist
 * Sadao Watanabe (musician), Japanese jazz saxophonist

title: Sadao Watanabe


text:
Eka

Eka or EKA may refer to:

People

 * Eka Budianta (born 1956), Indonesian poet
 * Eka Darville (born 1989), Australian actor
 * Eka Gigauri (born 1978), Georgian activist
 * Eka Gurtskaia (born c. 1986), Georgian beauty pageant titleholder
 * Eka Kurniawan (born 1975), Indonesian writer
 * Eka Ramdani (born 1984), Indonesian footballer
 * Eka Santika (born 1982), Indonesian footballer
 * Eka Tkeshelashvili (born 1977), Georgian jurist and politician
 * Eka Esu Williams (born 1950), Nigerian immunologist and activist
 * Eka Zguladze (born 1978), Georgian and Ukrainian government official
 * David W. Eka (born 1945), Mormon church leader in West Africa
 * Eka (actress), Bangladeshi actress
 * Gustaf Magnusson (1902–1993), Finnish major general and flying ace nicknamed "Eka"

Other uses

 * EKA (knives), a Swedish knife manufacturer
 * EKA (supercomputer)
 * Eka, Firozabad, a town in Uttar Pradesh, India
 * Eka tala, a tala in Carnatic music
 * Eka language, a Loloish language of China
 * Ekajuk language (ISO-639: eka), an Ekoid language of China
 * Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia)
 * Eureka Poker Tour, poker tour in the central and eastern Europe
 * Murray Field, an airport in California, United States
 * Eka-, a prefix used to name chemical elements predicted by Mendeleev
 * Eka (beetle), a genus of leaf beetles from the Seychelles

title: Eka


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guff

Guff was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Guff
Dictdef for foreign language. Possible candidate to move to Wiktionary. →Iñgólemo←  (talk)  07:49, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * Delete: Extremely suspicious dictdef: "Guff" is a common AmEng word for "sass, disrespectful speech," and the citation in this article is to Madame Blavatsky's group.  Geogre 15:17, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete In English, guff means nonsense, which describes this article. Wyss 18:49, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No Preference Guff is English. It comes from the Hebrew language as most english words originate from other languages. The description is accurate for English, but as mentioned above, perhaps does not cover all the ways the word is used. In "Madame Blavatsky's group" and quite possibly other groups, this is the meaning of the word. Knightt 19:21, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. dictdef. --MPerel 21:03, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guff