text:
Talk:Caesura

Haiku
It would be useful to include a section on haiku, rather than just a reference link.

Confusing
The references to poetry work for me. On the other hand, the second sentence: "It is also used in musical notation as a complete cessation of musical time," is completely confusing. Does this mean a pause? Or does it mean the music stop indefinitely? Does it refer to the silence and -- if so -- how long is the silence?

-Typically in music a caesura implies that the music completely stops until the conductor directs the band to resume playing. As such the silence is as short or long as the conductor deems necessary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.225.88.80 (talk) 20:01, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Confusing
There's no explanation for how the caesura serves the poetry itself.

Confusing
Particularly the first sentence of Section 1.1. Way too many parenthetical insertions have made it unintelligible. Elsewhere, it's never explained explicitly that '||' denotes a caesura, and it's unclear whether this symbol is part of the verse as the author wrote it, or has been added later to point out the caesura. Also see the comment above. -- Super Aardvark 23:39, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

not clear
I don´t understand if a C. comes when a syllable is omitted, which otherwise would have to be there, or if it is just a pause.

What do you mean by "which otherwise would have to be there"? Are you thinking of syncopation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.246.244 (talk) 12:30, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

Musical Uses
What about the musical uses of the term? It is a widely used term in music, in addition to poetry. In the middle of a verse the composer might use caesura for effect.

Misses the point
Article does not say why a caesura may be used, article more a definition than a description Bourega 19:25, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

A caesura is anything, like a comma, semicolon, period, dash, etc., that creates an audible pause when the poem is read. It breaks up the line and can change the meter and stuff. It isn't necessarily at the end of lines, which is also why poetry isn't meant to be read with a pause at the end of a line, only at a caesura, which can be at the end of the line. I don't really have time to change it now but maybe later. I agree, this article is really vague about it.Dan Guan 00:26, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

It's Poetic Form
to clear this up, we can simply put Caesura in the POETIC FORM category. i love caesuras! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.145.92.11 (talk) 15:48, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Additionally, it's MOST COMMONLY used in Poetic technique. It is marked thus, in poetry: "||". It is NOT used when writing poetry, it is used when applying scansion to lines.

Clean-up
I've tried to clean it up a bit, tell me if you think it's clearer now and the tag can be removed. --AVIosad(talk) 06:33, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Metah
What does "metah" mean? It is a link to meter, but the word "metah" is not used on that page at all. Wakablogger2 (talk) 19:41, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Tram lines
In my experience this is not called a pause, but is called a break. Where the music is not held up, like a regular pause, but is stopped and then restarted - if only momentarily. I think musically labelling it as such is incorrect. There should also be links to the other sorts of pauses within musical notation and the differences between them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.27.50.9 (talk) 10:04, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

please rewrite article
see the article we already have on middot as in · and the introduction of spacing between words in written text; Greek poetry was recited from memory before it was written. See: lines, stanza, ode, enjambment, end-stop, line-break

We need an article adequate to couplets sung/recited - as the division we would tend to make between text and music for this topic is not historically valid.

G. Robert Shiplett 15:16, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

SEE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sentence_spacing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_divider interpunct middot Scriptio continua double dots (፡) Space_(punctuation) Whitespace_character Non-breaking_space Sentence_spacing_in_the_digital_age Hyphen G. Robert Shiplett 15:24, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Answers here!
Hi. My name is actually Cesura(Sez-er-a), a different version of Caesura. It basically means a pause in music or poetry. I am often asked why I was named after a pause in music. My dad jokes that he predicted I wouldn't shut up, but of course he says that to make me mad. :) But back to the point, it is a common term in music and poetry that means a pause. ~Cesura — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.10.4.167 (talk) 00:30, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

You don't say. That is what the article is all about. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.246.244 (talk) 12:32, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

Intro needs rewriting
In its current state it is confusing as it starts by talking about its use in poetry then suddenly jumps to talking about music, unless there is some kind of conductor in poetry that I am unaware of. This is not only jarring, but also leaves it very ambiguous how much of the previous stuff also refers to its use in music and/or poetry from the perspective of a layperson (and this is not a highly technical article) Furthermore, references to its use in music should not refer to the decision being made by the conductor, or if they really must, they should specify that it could be made by someone else, as caesurae also occur in chamber music and other conductorless music. I would suggest saying "the performer(s)". Anditres (talk) 00:03, 10 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for highlighting that. The article is almost all about poetry.  So I've moved that jarring line into the music subsection.  Even there, it is poor for the reasons that you mention; perhaps it should simply be removed. Feline Hymnic (talk) 21:48, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caesura


text:
Guadalupe Island

Guadalupe Island (Isla Guadalupe) is a volcanic island located 241 km off the western coast of Mexico's Baja California Peninsula and about 400 km southwest of the city of Ensenada in the state of Baja California, in the Pacific Ocean. The various volcanoes are extinct or dormant. In 2005 Guadalupe Island and its surrounding waters and islets were declared a biosphere reserve to restore its vegetation (decimated by feral goats) and to protect its population of marine mammals and birds. The island is a popular destination for great white shark cage diving. Guadalupe Island is inhabited only by scientists, military personnel operating a weather station, and a small group of seasonal fishermen. The island is mostly arid and has very little surface water.

The two other Mexican island groups in the Pacific Ocean that are not on the continental shelf are the Revillagigedo Islands and Rocas Alijos. Guadalupe Island and its islets are the westernmost region of Mexico.

Discovery and history
The first known sighting of Guadalupe Island was in 1602 when a Spanish expedition headed by Sebastián Vizcaíno sailed by but did not land on the island. In the late 18th and 19th centuries the island was frequently visited by fur seal, otter, and elephant seal hunters. Goats were probably introduced by seal hunters in the early 1800s and quickly increased their numbers, nearly eradicating the indigenous vegetation.

Administration and population
The 2010 census recorded a population of 213 people on the island. In 2015, it was estimated to have fewer than 150 permanent residents. Guadalupe is part of Ensenada delegación, one of the 24 delegaciones or subdivisions of Ensenada Municipality of the Mexican state of Baja California. Ensenada delegación and Chapultepec delegación together form the city of Ensenada, the municipal seat of the namesake municipality. The postal code of Guadalupe Island is 22997.

Campo Oeste ("West Camp", also called Campo Tepeyac, with 15 buildings) is a small community of abalone and lobster fishermen, located on the western coast, specifically on the north side of West Anchorage, a bay that provides protection from the strong winds and swells that whip the islands during winter. Generators provide electricity, and a military vessel brings 30,000 L of freshwater. The number of fishermen varies annually depending on the fishing season. Ten months of the year the 30 families of the fishing cooperative "Abuloneros and Langosteros of Guadalupe Island" are present.

Additional temporary fishing camps are Campo Norte ("North Camp", four buildings), Campo Lima (Campo Corrals) (one building) and Arroyitos (four buildings).

At the southern tip, on Melpómene Cove, there is a weather station staffed by a detachment from the Mexican Ministry of the Navy. The site is called Campamento Sur ("South Encampment").

Campo Bosque was established as a temporary camp in 1999 in the cypress forest in the north. The camp houses members of the Cooperative Farming Society "Francisco Javier Maytorena, S.C. of R.L." and removes goats from the island and sells them in the State of Sonora, with permission of Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) and the support of the Secretariat of the Navy.

Campo Pista is located at the small airport, near the center of the island (29.02334°N, -118.27271°W, elevation: 592 m, direction: 05/23). Airport Isla Guadalupe (ICAO Code MMGD) has a 1200 m runway. At the end of the runway near threshold 5 is the wreckage of a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar, which overshot the runway during landing. A North American B-25J-30/32 Mitchell, BMM-3501 (c/n 44-86712), bomber wrecked on the opposite end of the runway, after suffering serious damage in trying to take-off overloaded (29.02669°N, -118.26749°W). The B-25 wreckage was removed between October 2005 and June 2006.

Because Guadalupe Island is located within a biosphere reserve, anyone visiting the island must obtain a permit from the Mexican government; this means the communities on the island are closed towns.

Geology
Guadalupe Island has a rugged landscape composed of two shield volcanoes which formed on a now extinct mid-ocean ridge. They are overlain by lava flows and cinder cones that were emplaced along northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest trending fissure vents. The youngest shield volcano comprises the northern end of the island and may have formed during the Holocene epoch. A series of very fresh-looking alkali basalt flows along with trachyte domes in the northern shield volcano caldera represent the most recently formed rocks on Guadalupe Island.

Geography
The island measures 35 km north-south and up to 9.5 km east-west, with a total area of 243.988 km2. It features a chain of high volcanic mountain ridges which rises to a height of 1298 m at its northern end (Mount Augusta). Its smaller counterpart on the southern end is the 975 m El Picacho. The southern part of the island is mostly barren, but there are scattered stands of trees at higher elevations of the northern part of the island and in the Twin Canyon area on the northeast coast. The coast generally consists of rocky bluffs with detached rocks fronting some of them. Two high and prominent islets are within 3 km of the southwestern end of the island, separated from one another by a gap called Tuna Alley:
 * Islote Afuera (Outer Islet, also Islote Zapato), 28.86472°N, -118.29472°W, 1.5 ha, the most distant, steep with almost vertical walls above and below water
 * Islote Adentro (Inner Islet, also El Toro), 28.87167°N, -118.29278°W, 0.393 km2, with two smaller islets nearby:
 * Church Rock
 * Roca del Skip

Elsewhere, the other islets are very small and close to the shore, all less than 1 km away:
 * Islote Negro, 28.90639°N, -118.28833°W, 8.8 ha, to the southwest
 * Roca Hundida, 28.91667°N, -118.3°W, 0.3 ha, to the southwest
 * Islote Bernal, 28.93444°N, -118.29806°W, 1.1 ha, to the southwest
 * Palto Muerto, 28.94694°N, -118.295°W, 0.5 ha, 2 km north of Islote Bernal
 * unnamed islet, 28.94972°N, -118.29667°W, 0.2 ha, 4 km north of Islote Bernal
 * Steamboat Rock, 0.3 ha, to the west
 * Roca Elefante, 0.1 ha, to the northwest (the westernmost)
 * Roca Elefante is the westernmost point in both Mexico and Latin America.

Climate
The island has two major climate zones: a very arid, warm climate between 0 and 800 m elevation, with mean monthly temperature between 15.5 and 20.3 °C and an arid, temperate climate above 800 m elevation.

Most precipitation occurs over the winter months with a strong influence of northwestern winds and cyclones.

Rainfall averages 133 mm near sea level at the south end, but appears to be much more at the high north end. An estimate for the rainfall in the northern highlands is possible by way of taking Pinus radiata as an indicator, which is native to that area of the island. In other places where Pinus radiata is native, it grows best with about 750 mm of rainfall but under some conditions can survive with as little as half that much. The effective moisture is much greater because of fog drip.

Ecology

Guadalupe Island was a major destination for Russian and American fur hunters seeking the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) in the 18th and 19th centuries. Captain Auguste Duhaut-Cilly reported in 1827 that a Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) brig "had spent several months there and collected three thousand sealskins". The northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) was also ruthlessly hunted for the oil in its blubber.

Northern elephant seals were thought to be extinct by 1884 until a remnant population of eight individuals was discovered on Guadalupe Island in 1892 by a Smithsonian expedition, which promptly killed several of them for their collections. The northern elephant seals managed to survive, and were finally protected by the Mexican government in 1922.

Guadalupe shares the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion with the Channel Islands of California in the United States, but the island was at one time practically denuded of all plants higher than a few centimeters by up to 100,000 feral goats.

Originally brought to the island in the 19th century by European whalers and sealers for provisions when stopping over, the population eventually eliminated most vegetation; the number of feral goats declined to a few thousand. Before this collapse, the main impact of the feral goat population was about the turn of the 19th/20th century. Naturalist A. W. Anthony wrote in 1901: "'It is directly due to the despised Billy-goat that many interesting species of plants formerly abundant are now extinct, and also that one or more of the birds peculiar to the island has disappeared, and others are following rapidly.'"

After the crash, the feral goat population once again grew, this time more slowly, until it had reached the new, lower carrying capacity at maybe 10,000–20,000 in modern times. The island had been a nature conservancy area since August 16, 1928, making it one of the oldest reserves in Mexico. Extirpation of the feral goats was long envisioned, but logistical difficulties, such as island size and lack of suitable spots for landing and encamping hunters and material, prevented this. In 2002, the Mexican government (including SEMARNAT) and the conservation group Grupo de Ecología y Conservación de Islas began extirpating the feral goats. In June 2005, after many years of false starts, the Mexican government had almost completed a round-up and evacuation of the remaining feral goat population. In 2007, the feral goat extirpation program ended (10,000 feral goats were extirpated). Guadalupe Island was designated a biosphere reserve on April 25, 2005.

French sea captain Auguste Duhaut-Cilly remarked on the tall trees on the north of Guadalupe Island as he sailed past on January 2, 1827. Of the four large tree species on Guadalupe Island (the Guadalupe palm, Guadalupe cypress, island oak, and Monterey pine), there were only old individuals left; the California juniper population had entirely disappeared. As the feral goats ate any seedlings that managed to germinate, no regeneration of trees was possible. Water, formerly plentiful as the common fogs condensed in the forests of the northern end of the island, today only occurs in a few scattered pools and springs. Because the springs were a critical emergency water supply for the human inhabitants, protective measures including feral goat fences were installed beginning in 2000, allowing new seedlings of many species to survive for the first time in 150 years. Seacology, a non-profit environmental group located in Berkeley, CA, provided funding to the Island Conservation & Ecology Group for the construction of 10 fenced exclosures to keep feral goats out of the most sensitive areas of Guadalupe Island.

In November 1850, U.S. Army Lt. George H. Derby passed the island on his expedition in the U.S. Transport Invincible. He described it thus: "This island is about 15 miles length and 5 in width. It is rocky + mountainous but capped with vegetation and is reputed to be thickly inhabited by wild goats of unusual size.  Water is found upon the eastern shore and the Island is frequently visited by small vessels engaged in the capture of the sea elephant numbers of which animals are found upon its coast."

Many islands or marine species that reside on or near Guadalupe also frequent the Channel Islands, and vice versa. In stark contrast to the rampant extinction of terrestrial life that happened at the same time, Guadalupe was the last refuge for the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and the Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) in the 1890s. The island has been a pinniped sanctuary since 1975.

The movement of the cool, nutrient-rich water current promotes phytoplankton production and attracts both coastal and deep-water species, including spanish mackerel, yellowfin tuna and great white sharks.

Guadalupe is considered one of the best spots in the world for sightings of the great white shark (Carcharhodon carcharias), because of its clear water and large population of pinnipeds, their primary prey. Because of the aggregation of over 350 identified white sharks, the island has hosted a recreational cage diving industry from one boat in 2005, to as many as eight operators in 2019, bringing thousands of shark enthusiasts to the island. In 2019 the Mexican Department SEMARNANT suspended cage diving and sport fishing between May and December to evaluate tourism’s impact on the several hundred protected white sharks congregating there. The Mexican Government said the closure was intended to gather information to adopt the best sustainability practices that guarantee their conservation. As of January 10, 2023, cage diving with great white sharks at Isla Guadalupe, Mexico, is permanently prohibited. The Mexican Government’s ban covers all tourism inside the reserve, including film production and liveaboard diving.

The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.

Habitat types
Before the extirpation of the feral goats, surveys found eight major land habitats on Guadalupe:
 * 1) Flora of the coastal lowlands and rocky cliffs: mainly up to 200 m above mean sea level (ASL), but higher on the steep cliffs. Largely unresearched due to difficult access, the cliffs might even harbor remnant specimens of the presumably extinct plants.
 * 2) Succulent perennial herbs: 200 – ASL, chiefly on the southern end and on the offshore islets, and in less steep areas towards sea level. Here, the highest number of endemic plants exist. Baeriopsis guadalupensis, Cistanthe guadalupensis, Dudleya guadalupensis, Hemizonia greeneana ssp. greeneana, H. palmeri, Nesothamnus incanus, and Stephanomeria guadalupensis are dominant endemics, and giant coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantea), a non-endemic native species, is also abundant.
 * 3) Arid maritime shrubland: 400 – ASL. Mainly in the southern portion around El Picacho. Native species occurring here include Ambrosia camphorata, Atriplex barclayana, Cylindropuntia prolifera and California boxthorn (Lycium californicum); none of these is endemic.
 * 4) Herbland dominated by introduced plants: 600 – ASL, mainly on the central plateau. This habitat is almost entirely a consequence of overgrazing; hardly anything of the original ecosystem remains. Dominant introduced plants are Avena barbata, Bromus berteroanus, great brome (B. diandrus), soft brome (B. hordeaceus sspp. hordaceus and mollis), red brome (B. madritensis ssp. rubens), tocalote (Centaurea melitensis), nettle-leaved goosefoot (Chenopodium murale), Filago californica, wall barley (Hordeum murinum sspp. glaucum and leporinum), crystalline iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), M. nodiflorum, Polypogon monspeliensis and Sisymbrium orientale. The non-endemic natives dwarf coastweed (Amblyopappus pusillus), island false bindweed (Calystegia macrostegia ssp. macrostegia), Cryptantha maritima var. maritima, Filago arizonica, Gilia nevinii, California goldfields (Lasthenia californica), Pectocarya palmeri and Perityle emoryi as well as the endemics Cryptantha foliosa and Sphaeralcea palmeri can be found here also; some are still numerous. This probably was a mesic shrub/herbland before the goats destroyed the upland forest, upsetting the water supply. Native plants still found on Guadalupe, like Crossosoma californicum, laurel sumac (Malosma laurina) and the endemic Camissonia guadalupensis ssp. guadalupensis, presumably thrived here in former times, as would have such taxa as the native hoary-leaved ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius), wedge-leaved ceanothus (C. cuneatus) – and possibly also felt-leaved ceanothus (C. arboreus), which was found in 2001–2003 surveys –, Cammisonia robusta, red-flowering currant (Ribes sanguineum) and the endemic Hesperelaea palmeri, which have now disappeared from the island.
 * 5) Guadalupe palm groves: 400 – ASL on the northwest side of the island. There are hundreds of palm trees remaining, mainly in a single patch of this habitat. At least one other major palm forest existed at the western coast; it was still present in 1906 at "Steamer Point". As reproduction is presumably still ongoing, the species will likely recover in due time.
 * 6) Guadalupe cypress forest: 800 – ASL. Presently some 4,000 old trees, essentially limited to the central-northern part. Other cypress forests, such as a major stand NE of the present patch which was still extant in 1906, were destroyed by the goats early in the 20th century. There is still reproduction, but the water table appears to have declined to below the level required by the cypresses, and mortality of the old trees is high and can be expected to continue even after the removal of the goats.
 * 7) Guadalupe palm – island oak – Monterey pine woodland: 900 – ASL. This habitat has all but disappeared during the 20th century, due to the decline in numbers of the oaks and pines.
 * 8) Guadalupe pine cloud forest with some island oak: restricted to above 1000 m ASL on the N-NE point of the island. The population of the pine has declined by about two-thirds during the last 35 years; it presently stands at about 130 old trees in the main population and about the same number scattered elsewhere. Reproduction is ongoing, with several hundred seedlings having successfully established themselves since 2000, and with the elimination of goat browsing, the pines will likely make a full recovery. The situation of the oak is direr; there are only 20 trees or so remaining (by about 1950, there were 100) and they appear past reproductive age. Not being restricted to Guadalupe, seedlings could be imported from elsewhere.

A ninth habitat type, California juniper woodland and extending on the central plateau below the cypress forest, was entirely gone by 1906. What other endemic lifeforms underwent coextinction with it will forever remain unknown.

Endemism
Animals:
 * Guadalupe fur seal (Arctocephalus townsendi) – only major breeding site
 * Townsend's storm petrel (Hydrobates socorroensis) – only known breeding site
 * Ainley's storm petrel (Hydrobates cheimomnestes) – only known breeding site
 * Guadalupe rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus guadalupensis) – endemic
 * Guadalupe house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus amplus) – endemic
 * Guadalupe pipefish (Syngnathus insulae) – endemic
 * Guadalupe junco (Junco insularis) – endemic
 * Guadalupe caracara (Caracara lutosa) – endemic, extinct
 * Guadalupe Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda) – endemic, possibly extinct
 * Endemic spiders:
 * Habronattus gigas
 * Herpyllus giganteus
 * Kibramoa isolata
 * Sergiolus guadalupensis

Plants:
 * Baeriopsis guadalupensis – near-endemic
 * Brahea edulis (Guadalupe palm) – effectively endemic
 * Camissonia guadalupensis ssp. guadalupensis – endemic
 * Castilleja fruticosa – endemic
 * Cistanthe guadalupensis – endemic
 * Hesperocyparis guadalupensis (Guadalupe cypress) – endemic
 * Cryptantha foliosa – endemic
 * Deinandra frutescens – endemic
 * Deinandra greeneana ssp. greeneana – endemic
 * Deinandra palmeri – endemic
 * Dudleya guadalupensis – endemic
 * Dudleya virens ssp. extima – endemic
 * Eriogonum zapatoense – endemic
 * Erysimum moranii – endemic
 * Eschscholzia elegans – near-endemic
 * Eschscholzia palmeri – endemic
 * Galium angulosum – endemic
 * Githopsis diffusa var. guadalupensis – endemic
 * Hemizonia frutescens – endemic
 * Hemizonia greeneana ssp. greeneana – endemic
 * Hemizonia palmeri – endemic
 * Heteromeles arbutifolia var. macrocarpa – probably endemic
 * Lavatera lindsayi – endemic
 * Lupinus niveus – endemic
 * Marah guadalupensis – near-endemic or endemic
 * Perityle incana – endemic
 * Phacelia phyllomanica – endemic
 * Pinus radiata var. binata (Guadalupe Monterey pine) – near-endemic or endemic
 * Satureja palmeri – endemic; rediscovered in 2001–2003 surveys
 * Senecio palmeri – endemic
 * Sphaeralcea palmeri – endemic
 * Sphaeralcea sulphurea – endemic
 * Stephanomeria guadalupensis – endemic
 * Triteleia guadalupensis – endemic

Extinctions
Numerous taxa have gone extinct due to the habitat destruction by the feral goats, which in turn rendered the endemic fauna vulnerable to predation by introduced feral cats and adverse weather by depriving them of shelter.

There have been 5–6 extinctions of birds:
 * Guadalupe Bewick's wren (Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda), the late 1890s
 * Guadalupe spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus consobrinus), the late 1890s
 * Guadalupe caracara (Caracara lutosa), 1906 – intentionally made extinct by humans, ironically because it occasionally preyed on young goats
 * Guadalupe red-shafted flicker (Colaptes auratus rufipileus), 1906 – the island was later recolonized by individuals of an extant mainland red-shafted northern flicker subspecies (which one is unknown)
 * Guadalupe storm petrel (Hydrobates macrodactyla), the 1910s
 * Guadalupe ruby-crowned kinglet (Corthylio calendula obscurus) – close to extinction (if, indeed, it still exists); it was not observed in 2000, despite thorough searches

Globally extinct plant taxa from Guadalupe Island are: and one species of plant incertae sedis
 * Castilleja guadalupensis
 * Hesperelaea palmeri
 * Pogogyne tenuiflora

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Guadalupe Island


text:
Thomas S. Johnson

Thomas S. Johnson is an American banker. He was chairman and CEO GreenPoint Financial Corp. and GreenPoint Bank and since April 23, 2001; he served there from 1993 to 2004. He has chaired the Board of Trustees of the United States-Japan Foundation. He was president and director of Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. and Manufacturers Hanover Corp. from 1989 to 1991. In 1st quarter 2009 he was named as non-executive chairman of the board at The Phoenix Cos. after serving on the board since 2000 Phoenix is based in Hartford CT (NYSE: PNX).

Johnson graduated from Harvard in 1964 and continued by starting the Master of Business Management Program at Ateneo de Manila University.

title: Thomas S. Johnson


text:
Camillo Sivori

Ernesto Camillo Sivori, (June 6, 1817 – February 18, 1894) was an Italian virtuoso violinist and composer.

Born in Genoa, he was the only known pupil of Niccolò Paganini. He also studied with Antonio Restano (1790-1885), Giacomo Costa (violinist) (1760s or 70s-~1865?) and Agostino Dellepiane.

From 1827 Sivori began the career of a travelling virtuoso, which lasted almost without interruption until 1864. On November 18, 1846 he performed at the Howard Athenaeum in Boston, where he played Il Campanello and Carnival of Venice. He played Mendelssohn's concerto for the first time in England in 1846, and was in England again in the seasons of 1851 and 1864. In 1864, he formed a permanent trio with cellist Alfredo Piatti and pianist Charlotte Tardieu.

Camillo Sivori also collaborated with Giuseppe Verdi. In 1893 Verdi heard Sivori performed at his private music soiree and noted Sivori's impeccable technique, agility and musicianship. Sivori's performances ideas were directly influenced by Opera characters. His violin techniques, in many instances were executed to impersonate human sounds. "Le Stregghe" is one of his best examples in which his unique ability to create such lively, almost cinematographic effects is achieved. Sivori understood that he was the only violinist alive (in the late 1800s) who could immortalize Paganini's art of violin playing and unique Operatic interpretations. The school of violin playing was rapidly changing and Paganini's art was rapidly forgotten. He lived for many years in Paris, and died in Genoa on February 19, 1894.

He collaborated with composers of his day, including Franz Liszt. He played the first performance of Luigi Cherubini's "Requiem" in E minor.

He owned many valuable instruments, including violins by Amati, Antonio Stradivari, Carlo Bergonzi, Gaetano Chiocchi, and Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume.

Sivori's favourite violin was the Vuillaume violin, which he received as a gift from Paganini. It was an impeccably close copy of Paganini's famous Cannone Guarnerius. This violin is owned by the Musei Di Genova and displayed in their Palazzo Tursi. Sivori was known to adapt many peculiar pieces such that he could play them, and many of these pieces, once thought absurd, have now become quite popular. However, Giovanni Bottesini's Gran Duo Concertante, which was a double concerto originally written for two double basses alternating the melody, was not one of these. Although Sivori played it many times as a duo with Bottesini, the version for violin and double bass, had been made much earlier.

title: Camillo Sivori


text:
Yahad

Yahad or Yachad (יחד, lit. Together) may refer to:

Israel

 * Yachad (political party), a political party in Israel
 * Yahad (defunct political party), a now-defunct political party in Israel formed by Ezer Weizman in 1984
 * Yahad, Israel, an unrecognised kibbutz in northern Israel
 * Meretz, a political party in Israel formerly known as Yahad

Elsewhere

 * Yachad (NGO), a non-governmental organisation in the United Kingdom
 * Yahad in unum, a French association whose main task is to locate mass graves of Jews killed between 1941 and 1944 in Ukraine and Belarus and finding witnesses
 * Yachad (organization), a non governmental organization in the United States for Jewish people with disabilities.

title: Yahad


text: User talk:70.212.57.219

title: User talk:70.212.57.219


text:
Orin Kramer

Orin Stuart Kramer is an American hedge fund manager and founder of Boston Provident LP.

Education
Born to a Jewish family, Kramer graduated from Deerfield Academy Class of 1963 and earned a B.A. from Yale College (where he roomed with former New York state governor George Pataki) and a J.D. from Columbia Law School.

Career
From 1981 to 1983, Kramer was a member of the financial institutions group at the management consulting firm of McKinsey & Co. From 1977 to 1981, he served as Associate Director of the White House Domestic Policy Staff. Previously, Kramer had been an associate with the law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett and executive director of the New York State Commission on Living Costs and the Economy.

In 1986, he served as vice-chairman and executive director of a special commission appointed by Governor Cuomo to study the liability insurance crisis and civil justice reform, and he co-authored the New York DeWind Commission report on product deregulation for banks. Kramer has published two books and a number of studies on the financial services industry. He has taught financial institutions law at Columbia Law School.

In 1990, Kramer was appointed by the Governor of California as executive director of the California Commission on Ratemaking for Workers Compensation Insurance. In 1992, he served as a coordinator of President-elect Clinton's transition team on financial services issues. In 1995, he was designated by the Secretary of Treasury to serve as a member of the Advisory Commission on Financial Services.

He was named by U.S. President Bill Clinton as a member of the commission to Study Capital Budgeting. In 2007, he was appointed by the Pennsylvania State Treasurer as a member of the Financial Asset Management Commission.

In 2009, he received the Outstanding Contribution Award at the 8th annual Hedge Fund Industry Awards.

Kramer is general partner of Boston Provident, L.P., and has served on the boards of several financial services firms, public and private. He was Chairman of the New Jersey State Investment Council and the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights. He is a board member of the National Parks Foundation and the Alliance for Climate Protection.

Political contributions and philanthropy
Kramer was a key fundraiser for president Barack Obama.

Personal life
Kramer is married to Hilary Ballon, the daughter of Charles Ballon, a prominent Manhattan lawyer who orchestrated the merger between the United Jewish Appeal and the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies.

title: Orin Kramer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sandy Grimwade

Sandy Grimwade was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Sandy Grimwade
Article on an unimportant contestant in the Jeopardy TV game show. --OntarioQuizzer 06:49, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 07:02, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Oh, good lord, someone has a problem. It's a transcript of the 15 second interview segment with a player.  Geogre 15:33, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I know we're not meant to bite the newbies, but this does seem a little obsessional to me. Average Earthman 16:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. Jayjg 19:34, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Heh, funny story. Non-notable though.  I'll take Delete for $1,000.  Jxan3000 21:55, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Can't wait for my article though. -R. fiend 05:21, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. "What is regimental?" Pedant 00:36, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards/Editorial arbitration

Intro
This is a separate subpage of Forum for Encyclopedic Standards on the idea of editorial arbitration. There have been discussions on Wikipedia talk:Forum for Encyclopedic Standards concerning the adoption of a quality-based method of resolving editorial disputes, but they are now hard to find, with all the archiving. So let's develop this subpage. 172 06:51, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wrong "facts"
I'm sorry to see this page empty. My main concern is that Wikipedia, especially for technical information, contains a lot of very authoritatively stated facts that are simply wrong. This would not be such a problem if every Wiki user was aware of this fact, but I lot of people use it for research and may be pulling down false information.

Does anyone have any suggestions? --Selket 16:24, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry I didn't see this earlier. There is a page somewhere that is a guide to using Wikipedia for research, but I don't remember the name. Maurreen 05:29, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Purpose?
I am not yet clear what, exactly, an Editorial Arbitrator would do that isn't covered elsewhere. From what I gather it seems they would be a team of fact-checkers, something already covered by the Fact/Reference Checking Team. The way I see it is that once there is a final and recognized new set of standards, it would be this board of editors that would take up the arbitration of disputes on a case by case basis, taking into consideration only the items that would apply based on the Encyclopaedic Standards without regard to the persons involved. But, to some extent, this is what mediators and arbitrators already do. What would the criteria be to invoke the Editorial Board? | Aequo 19:24, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no editorial board. The idea is just an idea. Maurreen 05:29, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I know, I'm doing a little exploration on the topic, and trying to get a feel of what others are thinking. Aequo 01:45, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Previous discussion is on the talk page. You also might want to check in at the forum linked above. Doesn't look like anyone else is following this page. Maurreen 06:16, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)


text:
Sivori

Sivori is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Camillo Sivori (1817–1894), Italian virtuoso violinist and composer
 * Eduardo Sívori (1847–1918), Argentine artist widely regarded as his country's first realist painter
 * Francesco Sivori (1771–1830), Italian admiral of the Kingdom of Sardinia
 * Omar Sívori (1935–2005), Argentine-Italian football striker and manager
 * Regina María Sívori (1911–1981), mother of Pope Francis

title: Sivori


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rockstar Oracle

Rockstar Oracle was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Rockstar Oracle
The book it supposedly comes from does seem to be real, but Google doesn't know anythng about this term, so I see no evidence that its a notable coinage in its own right. - Cdc 06:55, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Original research authored by User:Gordonmasters, an alleged sockpuppet of User:Jecarrales, vanity author of Joe Ely Carrales.  Pleaese note that Rockstar Oracle was authored approximately 24 hours after Jecarrales "left" wikipedia, and 24 hours after the authors vanity page was updated.  I'm sure he's a great guy in real life, but that's two non-notable vanity pages (see below).  There is no evidence for a "book", although the author did mention (on a message board) that he was going to have his "treatise" published in an unnamed journal.  A quick search of journal articles turns up nothing.  --Viriditas 07:27, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Isn't this recreation of a VfD-losing article? I thought we'd been through these, and this person, before.  Delete, as before.  Geogre 15:35, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Steven Rattner

Steven Lawrence Rattner (born July 5, 1952) is an American investor, media commentator, and former journalist. He is currently chairman and chief executive officer of Willett Advisors, the private investment firm that manages billionaire former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg's personal and philanthropic assets. He began his career as an economic reporter for The New York Times before moving to a career in investment banking at Lehman Brothers, Morgan Stanley, and Lazard Freres & Co., where he rose to deputy chairman and deputy chief executive officer. He then became a managing principal of the Quadrangle Group, a private equity investment firm that specialized in the media and communications industries.

In 2009, Rattner was named lead adviser to the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry. He has also been an economic analyst for MSNBC's Morning Joe, and as a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times op-ed page.

Early life and education
Rattner was born to a Jewish family in Great Neck, New York, the son of Selma and George Rattner. His father was the president of a small paint company and a playwright who produced several Off-Broadway plays; his mother was an architecture preservationist and vice president of the Victorian Society of America. He attended local public schools in Great Neck. Rattner received his A.B. with honors in economics from Brown University in 1974 and was awarded the Harvey Baker Fellowship. While at Brown, he served as editor-in-chief of The Brown Daily Herald in 1973.

Journalism career
Upon graduating from Brown, Rattner was hired in Washington, D.C., as a news clerk to James Reston, New York Times columnist and former executive editor. After a year, he moved to New York as a reporter to cover business and energy; there he became friends with colleague Paul Goldberger. In 1977, he was transferred back to Washington to cover the energy crisis.

At age 27 he became the paper's chief Washington economic correspondent. He became close friends with Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., who was then the Times publisher. He concluded his service to The New York Times with two years in London as its European economic correspondent.

Investment banking career
At the end of 1982, Rattner left The New York Times and was recruited by Roger Altman to join the investment bank Lehman Brothers as an associate. After Lehman was sold to American Express in 1984, he followed his boss Eric Gleacher and several colleagues to Morgan Stanley, where he founded the firm's communications group. In 1989, after Morgan Stanley filed for an initial public offering, he joined Lazard as a general partner and with Lazard colleagues advised on numerous deals for large media conglomerates such as Viacom and Comcast. Alongside Felix Rohatyn, Rattner became Lazard's top rainmaker in the 1990s. Michel David-Weill named him the firm's deputy chairman and deputy chief executive in 1997.

Private equity career
In March 2000, Rattner and three Lazard partners, including Joshua Steiner, left the firm and founded the Quadrangle Group. They initially focused on investing a $1 billion media-focused private equity fund. Early investors in Quadrangle included Sulzberger, and Mort Zuckerman. Headquartered in the Seagram Building, Quadrangle grew to manage more than $6 billion across several business lines, including private equity, distressed securities, and hedge funds. The firm also hosted an annual gathering for media executives called Foursquare, where speakers included Rupert Murdoch and Mark Zuckerberg. In 2008, the firm's asset management division was selected to invest the personal and philanthropic assets of New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Rattner's close friend.

Throughout his business career, Rattner has served on several corporate boards, including Cablevision, IAC/InterActiveCorp, and Protection One.

Public service
During his tenure with The New York Times in Washington D.C., Rattner developed an interest in economic policy, drawing him to politics and public service. In the mid-1990s, he began to work actively on behalf of Democratic candidates, beginning with President Bill Clinton. In 2008, Newsweek reported that he had long aspired to a cabinet position.

In February 2009, with General Motors and Chrysler insolvent, Rattner was appointed counselor to the United States Secretary of the Treasury and lead auto adviser, a role informally referred to in the media as the "car czar". He soon assembled a team that grew to 14 professionals to address the financial problems of the two auto companies.

Reporting to both Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner and Lawrence Summers, the head of the National Economic Council, Rattner's team developed a plan to save both the two manufacturers and related suppliers and finance companies. The plan involved a government investment of $82 billion in the sector, coupled with controlled bankruptcies for the two auto companies, as well as new management for both, and the closure of 2,000 automobile dealerships and loss of tens of thousands of related jobs. A White & Case lawyer claimed that Rattner had threatened the reputation of Perella Weinberg if they continued to oppose the controlled bankruptcies; however Parella Weinberg denied this claim and The New York Times found that Rattner had never spoken with the lawyer who made the claim.

Rattner later stated that the toughest decision for President Obama about the two auto companies was whether to save Chrysler. There was, however, no disagreement about asking GM CEO Richard Wagoner to step aside.

By July 2009, both automakers had emerged from bankruptcy, had new management and were on their way to profitability. At that time, Rattner left Washington and returned to private life in New York.

Post-political career
After leaving the government, Rattner wrote Overhaul: An Insider's Account of the Obama Administration's Emergency Auto Rescue, his account of the automotive industry crisis of 2008-2010.

He has continued to speak publicly on auto-related matters as well as broader economic issues. Early in 2011, he began contributing a monthly column to the Financial Times on subjects ranging from the Greek crisis to the U.S. budget deficit. He also became the economic analyst for the MSNBC news show, Morning Joe. And in June 2011, he was named a contributing writer to The New York Times Op-Ed page, publishing his first column on how government policies drive up corn prices.

He is currently chairman and chief executive officer of Willett Advisors, the private investment group that manages billionaire former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg's personal and philanthropic assets.

New York pension fund investigation and settlements
In 2005, Quadrangle retained private placement agent Hank Morris to help Quadrangle raise money for its second buyout fund. Morris had come highly recommended to Rattner from U.S. Senator Charles Schumer. Morris was the chief political advisor to Alan Hevesi, the New York State Comptroller and manager of the New York State Common Retirement Fund (CRF), which invests in many private equity funds. Morris told Rattner he could increase the size of the CRF investment in Quadrangle's second buyout fund. Rattner agreed to pay Morris a placement fee of 1.1% of any investments greater than $25 million from the CRF.

In 2009, Quadrangle and other investment firms were investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for their arrangements with Morris. The SEC viewed the payments as "kickbacks" in order to receive investments from the CRF since Morris was also the chief political advisor to Hevesi. Quadrangle paid $7 million in April 2010 to settle the SEC investigation, and Rattner personally settled in November for $6.2 million without admitting or denying any wrongdoing.

The case drew significant media attention when the office of Andrew Cuomo, the New York State Attorney General, also sought penalties from Rattner. Rattner has been a major fundraiser for Democratic Party candidates including Al Gore and Hillary Clinton.

In an appearance on the Charlie Rose Show, Rattner asserted that hiring Morris as a placement agent was "legal then, legal now, and done properly." He explained he was willing to settle with the SEC, but questioned whether Cuomo was motivated by the "facts" of the case and called his settlement demands "close to extortion."

On December 30, 2010, Rattner settled with the New York Attorney General's office by agreeing to pay $10 million in restitution. As part of the settlement, Rattner was barred from appearing before a public pension fund in any capacity for five years. Rattner did not admit any wrongdoing and continued to assert his innocence.

Personal
In 1986, Rattner married Maureen White in an interfaith service at the Lotos Club in Manhattan. They have four children. , Rattner and his wife own homes on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan and on Martha's Vineyard. They also own a horse farm in North Salem, New York.

Rattner has served as a board member or trustee of a number of civic and philanthropic organizations, including the Educational Broadcasting Corporation as chairman, Mayor's Fund to Advance New York City as chairman, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Brown University, Brookings Institution and the New America Foundation. Rattner is also member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Rattner supported various educational and cultural institutions through the Rattner Family Foundation, including the Sesame Workshop, Harvard Law School, the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and others. White served for five years as finance chair for the Democratic National Committee and then as a senior advisor on humanitarian issues in Afghanistan and Pakistan for the U.S. Department of State.

title: Steven Rattner


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Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC

Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC (고양 KB국민은행 축구단) was a South Korean football club based in the Seoul satellite city of Goyang. It played in the National League, the third tier of Korean football. The club was officially dissolved in November 2012.

K-League Membership
Kookmin Bank FC was founded in September 1969 and competed in the various amateur football competitions at the time. The club enjoyed success in tournaments such as the Korea Semi-Professional Football League (winners in 1978) and the President's Cup (winners in 1978 and 1983) before becoming founder members of the K-League, the professional football league in South Korea, in 1983.

The club's stay in the professional ranks was a short one, as it finished 5th out of the five teams in the first year. When it came in 8th out of the eight teams in 1984 the decision was made for the club to return to the amateur ranks.

After the K-League
Upon returning to the amateur ranks, the club returned to winning ways and managed President's Cup triumphs in 1986, 1990 and 1995. It also won the 3rd edition of the Industrial Amateur Football championship in 1993, a tournament they would win again in 1996.

The financial crisis that struck South Korea in 1997 saw the club temporarily wound up, with the official decision to pull the plug on the team coming on December 31, 1997. After two years out of the game, Kookmin Bank reconstituted their club on February 28, 2000 and the team returned to the amateur ranks, eventually winning a sixth President's Cup crown in 2003.

Life at K2 Level
Organised league football at amateur level came about in 2003 with the establishment of the National League, a competition with ten members, of which Kookmin Bank were one. Initially based in Gimpo, the club won the first stage of the 2003 championship and then moved its home base to Goyang and the team's name was changed to Goyang Kookmin Bank for the second stage where they finished runners-up on goal difference. They defeated the reserve team of military side Sangmu 5-4 on aggregate in the playoff final to win the league. They retained their championship crown in 2004 with a 4-1 aggregate win over Gangneung City FC after having again won the first stage of the league season.

Despite a lacklustre 2005 season, the club bounced back to win the 2006 championship (now rebranded the National League], triumphing 2-1 on aggregate in the final after winning the first stage of the season.

Promotion Controversy
It was planned that, subject to meeting certain financial requirements, the winner of the National League in 2006 would be promoted to the K-League. However Goyang Kookmin Bank caused controversy by winning the league but declining to move up. Team owners Kookmin Bank cited a Korean law where banks in Korea were not allowed to be involved in profitable ventures outside of banking which of course a professional football team could be. However the more likely reason is the large financial losses that most K-League teams endure each year as the league struggles for sponsorship money and suffers through low crowd numbers. On top of that any National League champion seeking promotion from the second tier is required to pay an 'entry fee' of around 2 million US dollars simply to join the league. Goyang Kookmin Bank received several threats from the League ranging from being thrown out of the competition, to fines, to point deductions for the upcoming 2007 season. In the end the side received a points deduction penalty, to be split into ten point deductions in the first and second stages of the 2007 season.

League

 * National League
 * Winners (3): 2003, 2004, 2006
 * Runners-up (2): 2011, 2012

Cups

 * National League Championship
 * Winners (1): 2009
 * Runners-up (1): 2007
 * National Football Championship
 * Winners (1): 1978
 * President's Cup
 * Winners (6): 1973, 1983, 1986, 1990, 1995, 2003
 * Runners-up (4): 1982, 1988, 1991, 2005

Statistics
1: Goyang KB Kookmin Bank was docked 10 points due to rejecting of promotion.

title: Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC


text:
Andrew D. Hamilton

Andrew David Hamilton (born 3 November 1952) is a British-American chemist and academic administrator who served as the 16th president of New York University from 2016 to 2023. He previously served as vice chancellor of the University of Oxford from 2009 to 2015 and provost of Yale University from 2004 to 2008.

Early life
Andrew Hamilton was a pupil at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford.

Hamilton received a first class Bachelor of Science with a major in chemistry from the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom in 1974, a Master of Science from the University of British Columbia in Canada in 1976, and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Cambridge (St John's College) in 1980.

He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Université Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg, France in 1981.

Career
In 1981, he was appointed assistant professor of chemistry at Princeton University then in 1988 as professor of chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. In 1997 he moved to Yale as Benjamin Silliman Professor of Chemistry and professor of molecular biophysics and biochemistry at Yale University. Hamilton's research has spanned porphyrin, supramolecular, medicinal, bioorganic chemistry and chemical biology. His laboratory is most noted for the design of barbiturate hosts, farnesyl transferase inhibitors, protein surface binders, and helix mimetics. In 2004 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

He also served as provost of Yale University from October 2004 to October 2008 after his predecessor, Susan Hockfield, was appointed the 16th president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He had previously served as Deputy Provost for Science and Technology for one year under Hockfield, and as chairman of the department of chemistry at Yale.

On 3 June 2008, Oxford University announced Hamilton's nomination for the post of Vice-Chancellor. On 16 June, it was confirmed that he would succeed John Hood and assume the post for a period of seven years on 1 October 2009. He is an Honorary Fellow of Harris Manchester College and Wolfson College at Oxford.

He received honorary doctorates from the University of Surrey, Tsinghua University, and the University of Exeter, among others.

New York University
On 18 March 2015, New York University announced Hamilton's appointment to begin as the 16th President of the university. His duties began in January 2016. In his first year, the university paid him $1.8 million. On 13 April 2022, Hamilton announced his intention to step down as president of the university after the 2022-2023 school year.

Personal life
Hamilton lives in a university-provided penthouse in Greenwich Village with his wife Jennifer. He has three children.

title: Andrew D. Hamilton


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Talk:Principal ideal domain

ZFC-centrism
It might be worth mentioning that the claim that every PID is a UFD is not generally true in ZF. There's actually a proof that ZF is consistent with the existence of a PID which is not UFD in Hodges' "Model theory". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.183.131.103 (talk) 10:35, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

rating update
How about updating the rating of this article? This is no stub. I would say, it is B. What do you think? Spaetzle (talk) 13:59, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

Proof for example
A proof of the example given of a PID that is not an ED would be nice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ecorcoran (talk • contribs) 1 December 2004

I'm sure it's given in Wilson, J. C. "A Principal Ring that is Not a Euclidean Ring." Math. Mag. 34-38, 1973... 129.97.45.36 09:42, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Structure theorem
might be nice to mention the structure theorem for PID's too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 171.66.56.36 (talk • contribs) 23 March 2007

Which structure theorem? --345Kai (talk) 00:01, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Definition set off
A defintion of a PID that is set off from the rest of the paragraph would be nice also. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.43.8.56 (talk) 15:24, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

leader
I rewrote the leading paragraphs: they contained a lot of stuff about rings and ideals in general: this is not the place for that. I put stuff more pertinent to PIDs, instead.--345Kai 04:43, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

String of class inclusions is Dedekindist
I really don't like the following. It singles out the UFD property of PID as opposed to other properties, like one-dimensionality (Dedekind). --345Kai (talk) 23:54, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Principal ideal domains fit into the following (not necessarily exhaustive) chain of class inclusions:

 * Commutative rings ⊃ integral domains ⊃ integrally closed domains ⊃ unique factorization domains ⊃ principal ideal domains ⊃ Euclidean domains ⊃ fields

OK, so I got rid of the string of class inclusions, and replaced it with prose which is less partial.--345Kai (talk) 00:10, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Is $$\mathbb{Z}_2^\infty$$ a Principal ideal domain?
Is $$\mathbb{Z}_2^\infty$$ a ? Hkhk59333(talk) 08:51, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * This is a question for WP:RD/Math, not here. When you ask it there, make sure you explain what $$\mathbb{Z}_2^\infty$$ is supposed to mean. Algebraist 09:07, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

PIRs aren't always commutative
The lead section says that "a principal ideal ring is a nonzero commutative ring whose ideals are principal," but some sources don't require principal ideal rings (PIRs) to be commutative, see Algebraic Structures by Jaap Top theorem II.4.5 for example, where he says every division ring is a PIR, while non-commutative division rings such as the quaternions also exist. The notes/pdf is a bit unclear on the definition of a PIR though, as principal ideals are technically only defined for commutative rings (but left and right ideals are defined for general rings). Yodo9000 (talk) 18:42, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Indeed, they should not be assumed to be commutative. Here is another source that doesn't require them to be commutative and which is more clear about the definition ("all its right ideal are right principal and all its left ideals are left principal"). I'm not quite sure how to fix the phrase or whether the information should just be removed (apparently it's taken from MathWorld: diff). Filipjack 19:34, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Since we have an article on PIRs, the details of the definition of PIRs do not belong to this article. Nevertheless, the definitions are so close that readers may be confused. So, I have moved the difference between PIDs and PIRs into a hatnote. D.Lazard (talk) 11:44, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Principal ideal domain


text:
Wandervogel

Wandervogel (plural: Wandervögel; English: "Wandering Bird") is the name adopted by a popular movement of German youth groups from 1896 to 1933, who protested against industrialization by going to hike in the country and commune with nature in the woods. Drawing influence from medieval wandering scholars, their ethos was to revive old Teutonic values, with a strong emphasis on German nationalism. According to historians, a major contribution of the Wandervögel was the revival of folk songs in wider German society.

The movement was divided into three main national groups: the Alt-Wandervogel, the Wandervogel eingetragener Verein (WVEV) and the Jung-Wandervogel. While the two first ones were generally respectful of traditions (family, the military, the school), the Jung-Wandervogel was more defiant and closer to revolutionary ideas. Contrary to scouting organizations, Wandervögel had spontaneously emerged outside of authority controls, and recruited their members through selection and co-option.

Wandervogel was the dominant trend in the German Youth Movement between 1901 and 1913. From 100 members in 1901, they numbered 25,000 to 40,000 adherents in 1914. At its height, the movement had 60,000–80,000 members, with 45,000 in the WVEV alone. The name, referring to a magical, free and weightless bird, can be translated either as a "bird of passage", or as a "wandering bird",—slightly different in meaning from the Zugvogel ("migratory bird").

Origin (1895–1900)
In the autumn of 1895, a law student named Herman Hoffmann-Fölkersamb (1875–1955) obtained from the director of the Gymnasium of Steglitz the authorization to organize free classes of stenography. In 1896, the classes involved walks around Steglitz, and in 1897 a 15-day hike in the Harz highlands. The small group began to grow in importance, and a trek in the Rhine region was organized in 1898 with 11 participants, followed in 1899 by a long 4-week hike with around 20 schoolboys set up in Bohemia. The particular elements of the future Wandervogel were already present in these first excursions: an emphasis on group independence and the frugal way of life, an absence of traditional authority, a disdain for touristic and marked paths, and contempt for the comfort of youth hostels.

First Wandervogel (1901–1904)
The Wandervogel was officially established on 4 November 1901 by Karl Fischer (1881–1941) in Steglitz, a suburb of Berlin, under the name "Wandervogel Committee for Schoolboy Excursions" (Wandervogel, Ausschuß für Schülerfahrten), with four of his friends, along with four writers from the city and a medical doctor. This group served as a juridical and financial patronage, and they were not involved in the movement activities, which were led by Fischer under the title of Oberbachant. Prussian law did not allow young people to establish their own clubs or join extracurricular ones. The association was therefore presented by Fischer as a respectable hiking club to parents and Prussian citizens. A former teacher of the Steglitz Gymnasium, the reform pedagogue Ludwig Gurlitt (1855–1931) helped the movement get officially recognition by the Prussian Ministry of Culture by leaving a favorable report. Fischer had been a fervent follower of Hoffmann-Fölkersamb, his right-hand-man during various treks, and eventually took over the leadership when Hoffmann-Fölkersamb left Berlin at the end of 1899 for a diplomatic career in Constantinople. As Fischer failed his Abitur twice, he had to wait until 1901 to completely focus on the movement, to the detriment of his studies in law and sinology. By 1903, there were already groups in Berlin, Posen, Munich, Hamburg and Lüneburg, organizing regular hikes.

The Wandervögel soon became the prominent German youth movement. It was a back-to-nature youth organization emphasizing freedom, self-responsibility, and the spirit of adventure. It quickly took a nationalistic approach, stressing Germany's Teutonic roots. Walter Laqueur indicates that the name was discovered by one of the founders—Wolf Meyen—in an inscription on a tombstone: "Wer hat euch Wandervögeln / die Wissenschaft geschenkt / dass ihr auf Land und Meeren / die Flügel sicher lenkt". Drawing influence from medieval wandering students, the newcomers were named "Scholars" and the proven ones "Bachant". Fischer introduced new manners such as the greeting "Heil", inspired by Austrian German students; musical instruments were carried out during hikes, especially the lute guitar, alongside clothing, food, and a "hiking stick".

Divisions and expansion (1904–1913)
In June 1904, opposition led by Siegfried Copalle grew against Karl Fischer in the original Wandervogel group. They debated on social issues: abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, and if females should be allowed to join the movement as equals. As a result, the Copalle group became the Wandervogel-Steglitz, presided by Ludwig Gurlitt, while followers of Fischer founded the Alt-Wandervogel. The Wandervogel-Steglitz banned alcohol from excursions and removed the Oberbachant position in order to establish a collegial direction (Führerkollegium). It was geographically limited to the surroundings of Berlin and in 1912, the year of its dissolution, it had only 200 "members", along with 440 students who participated in the group's activities.

The Alt-Wandervogel saw itself as the only legitimate inheritor of the original movement, as it was under the responsibility of Karl Fischer, now Großbachant. But after a new leadership crisis emerged in 1905, Fischer left both the movement and Germany during the following year. He eventually came back to his home country only 15 years later. After his departure, the Alt-Wandervögel quickly abandoned the previous authoritarian structure centered around Fischer to adopt an organization closer to the Steglitz group's. It experienced from then on a strong rise in membership. In 1907, a new crisis broke out in the Alt-Wandervogel, led by another opponent of alcohol, Ferdinand Vetter from Jena. The Vetter group eventually seceded to found the Wandervogel, Deutscher Bund für Jugendwandern (WVDB). Largely decentralized, the autonomous structures were connected via annual meetings and a common magazine. The Wandervogel DB was endorsed by cultural groups like the Dürerbund, and by German pro-temperance leagues. This wing was particularly active in the publication of folk song collections. They also tried to reunite the different Wandervogel wings under a common agenda of alcohol prohibition, the admission of girls, and the enlargement of membership to primary school students and apprentices. After several compromises—notably the autonomy of each group in the application of policies, comparable to the situation of German states in the Empire—they eventually succeeded in creating the Wandervogel eingetragener Verein, Bund für deutsches Jugendwandern (WVEV) at the end of 1912. The WVEV was joined by the Wandervogel-Steglitz in December 1912, by the WVDB in January 1913, as well as two-thirds of the Alt-Wandervögel.

The Alt-Wandervögel who chose to remain claimed to represent the tradition of Fischer, by refusing any compromise with the adult world. By 1914, they numbered 4,400 adherents, and 6,000 Scholaren. While reminding the "German nature of the Wandervogel", they let each group decide on the question of Jewish membership; the WVEV applied the same policy. In 1912, a Jewish girl was refused membership in Zittau because, it was argued, the Wandervogel was a "German movement" that had no use for a Jew. One Wandervogel newspaper, Führer Zeitung, asserted that "the Wandervogel is neither a depository for old boots formerly worn by flat-footed [Jews] and stinking of garlic nor is it an object of speculation for Jewish enterprises." The readings of Paul de Lagarde, Julius Langbehn, and Houston Stewart Chamberlain were also standard among Wandervögel.

By 1910, some directors of the Alt-Wandervogel had denounced the homosexuality of their colleague Wilhelm Jansen, who eventually seceded to create the Jung-Wandervogel split group in the same year. This was the smallest of the three main Wandervogel wings, with 2,300 members in 1913. They attacked in their rhetoric the "mentally constricting" adult institutions, claiming that the purpose of the Wandervögel was to allow young people to "discuss all their wishes and values" without the interference of adults. Influenced by Hans Blüher, they dismissed the movement as too conformist and respectable, considering it had lost its soul. This situation was caused in their views by the growing influence of adults via the Council of parents and friends (Eufrat), the interventions of teachers in their activities, and a rise in membership that had become out of control. The Freideutsche Jugend was founded on Hoher Meissner in October 1913 on the basis of autonomy from adult supervision.

The Jung-Wandervögel also became known for the prevailing homosexuality in their ranks. According to historian Peter Stachura however, if male eroticism "did play some part in the ordinary day-to-day life of the Wandervögel, [...] it would be misleading to conclude on this account that the Wandervogel was a predominantly homo-erotic movement".

After the Nazi seizure of power
From 1933, the Nazis outlawed the Wandervogel, German Scouting, the Jungenschaft, and the Bündische Jugend, along with most youth groups independent of the Hitler Youth. Only Church-affiliated groups survived, lasting until almost 1936.

Austria and Switzerland
The Austrian wing, Österreichischer Wandervogel (ÖWV), was established in 1909 by a student from Prague, Hans Moutschka, following first contacts between the Austrian youth and German Wandervögel in Bohemia by 1906. Recruited within the Austrian bourgeoisie, its members were known for their violent rhetoric, and defended German nationalism against the perceived threat of pan-Slavism in Austria-Hungary.

Another branch was created in Switzerland in 1906-1907 after a meeting with German students opposed to alcohol, the Schweizerischer Wandervogel (SWV). They had 50 members at their launch in April 1908, and around 1,500 members in 1913. The Swiss movement had a limited impact, and was essentially composed of young German-speaking Protestants from the bourgeoisie.

Japan
Before World War II, in a context of cordial relations with Germany, and in an effort to promote healthy activities for young people throughout the country, Japan's Ministry of education launched the movement among Japanese universities, calling it the Health Promotion Wandervogel Association (奨健会ワンダーフォーゲル部). The first WanderVogel student club was created in 1935 in Rikkyo University. It then spread to Keio University and Meiji University, and from 1937 on to several other universities around the country, especially after World War II, in the context of high economic growth and popularization of mountaineering.

Sociology
The movement was mostly based on the German Protestant middle class, attracting only a few working-class and aristocrat members. Boys and girls were allowed to join, although this caused some controversy among leaders, and the introduction of Sex segregation in the movement activities. Members were between 12 and 18 years old.

The regions with the largest concentration of Wandervögel were Silesia, Saxony, Thuringia, Hesse, Westphalia, Rhineland; and to a lesser extent Baden. They were largely present in Protestant regions; nearly 80% of the cities hosting a Wandervogel group in 1912 had a strong Protestant majority. Most of those locations were not densely populated and industrialized centres of life, but rather belonged to the rural and traditional part of Germany, with small and medium cities, residential suburbs, university cities, and capitals of small principalities.

The Wandervögel seem to have started an anti-authoritarian rebellion against German society at large, with their focus on the youth values in opposition to the adult ones. The movement was born in Steglitz, a middle-class residential neighbourhood of Berlin. Far from the agitation of the city centre and the working-class districts, young students wanted to escape the social constraints of their environment, which was built on traditional and hierarchical social ranks influencing relations with their parents and the adult society, rather than on poor material conditions. However, the Wandervogel was not a revolutionary movement in the real sense of the term, as they simply withdrew from society in order to carry out their activities in isolation during a few days or a whole summer, before returning to their usual life during the remaining part of the year. Although it could promote anarchist or nihilistic ideas at the margins, especially in the Jung-Wandervogel, most of the Wandervögel essentially sought to be seen as a respectable movement in wider society.

Modern aspects
The Wandervogel movement was refounded after World War II and exists in Germany to this day with around 5,000 members in many different associations, as well as in neighboring countries.

In Japan, it is now a fairly renowned student club with activities like mountaineering, sawanobori and ski touring.

Influence
Some authors have seen the ethos and activities of the Wandervögel as an influence on later social movements, in particular the hippie movement which developed in the United States during the 1960s.

title: Wandervogel


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Henry Schacht

Henry Schacht (born October 16, 1934) is an American businessman, a former chairman and chief executive officer of Cummins Diesel (1973–1994), and later CEO of Lucent Technologies.

Previously he was on the boards of CBS, Chase Manhattan, and Alcoa.

He assumed the Lucent CEO role in a transitory capacity upon Lucent's spinoff from AT&T Corporation, and served from 1995 to 1997. Mr. Schacht was brought back in 2001 to replace Richard McGinn, who had served as Lucent's CEO during the intervening years. He is currently the managing director and senior advisor of the private equity firm Warburg Pincus LLC New York.

Schacht was a member of both the American Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

title: Henry Schacht


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Manabu Namiki

Manabu Namiki
Manabu Namiki was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

User:Gwalla converted this to VfD from illegitimate speedy Nov 8. Looks unnotable from google, but I may be proved wrong. Cool Hand Luke  07:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Seems non-notable - delete. Elf-friend 11:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep does not resemble a vanity page, just one submitted by a fan. What are the criteria for notability? He's composed music for at least three games, according to the article... Battle Garegga gets 25,500 google hits... Kappa 16:15, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Let's forget the games and ask about musician notability: unsigned, unrecorded, unreleased, except as part of a game.  Therefore, in the context of the game articles, one would mention that he did the chiptunes.  As a composer, though, he is not known by the music world as far as I can tell. Geogre 18:07, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's significant that he did more than one game. Someone who enjoys the music for Game A would be interested to know he did the music for Game B. This information should be on a separate page, if only for convenience in updating. Kappa 18:33, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Notable musician in the gaming industry. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 06:04, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems to be a notable vidgame composer (Google), with a list of credits (lots more than three). Just like Hitoshi Sakimoto... --Tsavage 19:05, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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List of coastal islands of the Californias

The Californias region, which comprises California and the Baja California Peninsula, includes many coastal islands in the Pacific Ocean. California is in the United States; and the Baja California Peninsula includes the Mexican states of Baja California Sur and Baja California. Although the waters and islands are in two countries, many of the ecoregion, habitat, conservation, and ecological issues are shared.

Islands off the Northern and Central California coasts

 * Farallon Islands
 * Año Nuevo Island

Channel Islands of California
The Channel Islands of California, United States:
 * Anacapa Island
 * San Miguel Island
 * Santa Cruz Island
 * Santa Rosa Island
 * San Clemente Island
 * San Nicolas Island
 * Santa Barbara Island
 * Santa Catalina Island

Coastal islands of Baja California Peninsula
The Pacific Coast islands of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico:
 * Alijos Rocks
 * Cedros Island
 * Coronado Islands
 * Espiritu Santo Island
 * Guadalupe Island
 * Natividad Island
 * San Benito Islands
 * San Esteban Island
 * San José Island
 * San Lorenzo Island
 * Santa Margarita Island
 * San Martin Island
 * Todos Santos Islands
 * Category:Islands of Baja California and Category:Islands of Baja California Sur

Islands of the Gulf of California
Islands of the Gulf of California:

 * Isla Huivulai
 * Isla Ángel de la Guarda
 * Isla Ballena
 * Isla Cayo
 * Isla Coronados
 * Isla Danzante
 * Isla del Carmen
 * Isla El Coyote
 * Isla El Requeson
 * Isla Espíritu Santo
 * Isla Gallina
 * Isla Gallo
 * Isla Islitas
 * Isla Las Animas
 * Isla Monserrate
 * Isla Mosca
 * Isla Pardo
 * Isla Partida
 * Isla Pitahaya
 * Isla San Cosme
 * Isla San Damian
 * Isla San Francisco
 * Isla San Ildefonso
 * Isla San José
 * Isla Santa Catalina
 * Isla Santa Cruz
 * Isla Santiago
 * Tiburón Island
 * Isla Tijeras
 * Isla Tortuga
 * Islas Santa Inez
 * Islotes Las Galeras
 * Jacques Cousteau Island
 * Montague Island
 * San Esteban Island
 * San Pedro Nolasco Island
 * Tiburón Island


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The Eve of St. Agnes

The Eve of St. Agnes is a Romantic narrative poem of 42 Spenserian stanzas set in the Middle Ages. It was written by John Keats in 1819 and published in 1820. The poem was considered by many of Keats's contemporaries and the succeeding Victorians to be one of his finest and was influential in 19th-century literature.

The title comes from the day (or evening) before the feast of Saint Agnes (or St. Agnes' Eve). St. Agnes, the patron saint of virgins, died a martyr in 4th-century Rome. The eve falls on 20 January; the feast day on the 21st. The divinations referred to by Keats in this poem are referred to by John Aubrey in his Miscellanies (1696) as being associated with St. Agnes' night.

Background
Keats based his poem on the folk belief that a girl could see her future husband in a dream if she performed certain rites on the eve of St. Agnes; that is, she would go to bed without any supper, and transfer pins one by one from a pincushion to a sleeve while reciting the Lord’s Prayer. Then the proposed husband would appear in her dream.

A Scottish version of the ritual would involve young women meeting together on St. Agnes's Eve at midnight, they would go one by one, into a remote field and throw in some grain, after which they repeated the following rhyme in a prayer to St. Agnes: "Agnes sweet, and Agnes fair, Hither, hither, now repair; Bonny Agnes, let me see The lad who is to marry me."

Keats started writing this seminal work while staying in Chichester. He travelled to Chichester, probably arriving on St Agnes' Day, 20 January 1819. It is said that the medieval architecture of Chichester inspired the great hall and house where Madeline lived. A statue of Keats resides in Eastgate Square in Chichester to commemorate the fact he started this poem there. The statue was unveiled by Chichester-based actress Dame Patricia Routledge.

In the original version of his poem, Keats emphasised the young lovers' sexuality, but his publishers, who feared public reaction, forced him to tone down the eroticism.

Plot

On a bitterly chill night, an elderly beadsman says his prayers in the chapel of the ancestral home of Madeline's family, where a loud party has begun. Madeline pines for the love of Porphyro, sworn enemy to her kin. She has heard 'old dames full many times declare' that she may receive sweet dreams of her lover if, on this night, St. Agnes' Eve, she retires to bed following the proper rituals.

Later that night, Porphyro makes his way to the castle and braves entry, seeking out Angela, an elderly woman friendly to his family, and importuning her to lead him to Madeline's room at night, where he may but gaze upon her sleeping form. Angela is persuaded only with difficulty, and first obtains some food from the banquet for them.

Concealed in an ornate, carved closet in Madeline's room, Porphyro watches as Madeline makes ready for bed. He creeps forth as she sleeps, to prepare a feast of rare delicacies. Madeline wakes and sees before her the same image she has seen in her dream and, thinking Porphyro part of it, receives him into her bed. Waking in full and realising her mistake, she tells Porphyro she cannot hate him for his deception since her heart is so much in his, but that if he goes now he leaves behind "A dove forlorn and lost / With sick unpruned wing".

Porphyro declares his love for Madeline and promises her a home with him over the southern moors. They flee from the castle, passing insensate, drunken revellers and rush into the night. Angela's death is revealed in the poem's final stanza and the beadsman, "after thousand aves told, / For aye unsought for slept among his ashes cold".

Commentary
Written in the Gothic style, the poem reflects "...many of the same concerns that Keats explores in his odes--imagination, dreaming and vision, and life as a mixture of opposites." In it, Keats blends a medieval legend with a tale of star-crossed lovers, such as Romeo and Juliet and the traditional French romance Floris and Blancheflour.

Alluded to by others

 * Rudyard Kipling's short story "Wireless" (1902) has the narrator witnessing a recreation of the poem by a man in a trance who, by virtue of the similarities of his situation to that of Keats (he is a consumptive apothecary's assistant), becomes "tuned" to the poet.
 * H.P. Lovecraft's short story "The Outsider" features the final stanza of the poem as an epigraph.
 * Harry Clarke's The Eve of St. Agnes is a stained glass masterpiece inspired by the poem.

title: The Eve of St. Agnes


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Año Nuevo Island

Año Nuevo Island (Año Nuevo is Spanish for New Year) is a small island off Año Nuevo Point on the coast of Northern California, between San Francisco and Santa Cruz. The island has an area of 9 acres. It is an important breeding site for northern elephant seals and the endangered Steller's sea lion, as well as several species of seabirds, including rhinoceros auklets, Brandt's cormorants and western gulls. Due to the number of seals and sea lions, great white sharks are frequently spotted patrolling the waters around the island. It is protected as part of the Año Nuevo State Reserve.

Año Nuevo State Marine Conservation Area and Greyhound Rock State Marine Conservation Area are two adjoining protected marine areas off the coast of Año Nuevo State Park. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems. The waters of Año Nuevo State Marine Conservation Area surround Año Nuevo Island.

Geology
As recently as the 18th century, what is today Año Nuevo Island was a peninsula. It became separated from the mainland by a channel that continues to widen. The island is mainly made up of Miocene shale and deposits from ancient dunes, along with a broad intertidal shelf and low, rocky islets, all of which are frequently altered by the erosive pounding of waves, particularly during winter storms.

Administration
Año Nuevo Island is managed by the University of California Natural Reserve System Santa Cruz campus, under an agreement with the California Department of Parks and Recreation. The Año Nuevo Island Reserve, including the island and surrounding waters, comprises 25 of the 4000 acre of the Año Nuevo State Reserve, the rest of which is on the mainland opposite the island.

Access and facilities
Access to Año Nuevo Island is restricted to members of approved research teams; the island is closed to the public. The island has a few abandoned buildings built in the late 19th century. A residential home and foghorn station, all abandoned, are located on the island. The original light tower was deliberately toppled early in the first decade of the 21st century as it began to deteriorate and became a hazard to the resident wildlife. Some of the remaining buildings are used as research facilities.

Restoration
Año Nuevo Island is a haul-out site for thousands of California sea lions. Over the past several decades, they have caused extensive damage to native plants and auklet burrows. In 2010, a conservation non-profit organization, Oikonos, started a restoration project to reduce sea lion trampling, re-grow native plants, and help the auklet populations.

In Literature

 * New Year Island is a 2013 fiction thriller by Paul Draker, set on modern-day Año Nuevo Island.

title: Año Nuevo Island


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New Year Island

New Year Island may refer to:

 * Año Nuevo Island, California
 * Islas Año Nuevo, Argentina
 * Isla de Año Nuevo, name variant of Isla Observatorio, Argentina
 * New Year Island (Northern Territory)
 * New Year Island (Western Australia)
 * New Year Island (New Zealand)
 * New Years Island, New York
 * New Year Island (Tasmania)
 * Mejit Island, Marshall Islands, called Neujahrsinsel by the German navigator Otto von Kotzebue in 1817

title: New Year Island


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Mashed pumpkin

Mashed pumpkin is a vegetable dish made by cooking or macerating the skinless flesh (pulp) of pumpkins and then mashing, straining, grinding, or puréeing until the desired consistency is achieved. It is traditionally served as a side dish, although it has many uses in cooking and baking.

History
The pumpkin is native to North and South America. It was widely cultivated and used for food throughout much of North America by Native Americans, and many tribes on the eastern coast of North America ate mashed pumpkin. Some Native Americans also spread mashed pumpkin over scrapes and cuts as a poultice. Mashed pumpkin was likely served at the 1621 "First Thanksgiving" celebration at Plymouth Colony in America, where members of the Wampanoag tribe celebrated an iconic harvest festival with the Pilgrims. English colonists in New England quickly adopted pumpkin as a food source, and "pumpkin sauce" (mashed pumpkin) was served at inns in New England as early as 1704. Mashed pumpkin was also added to various breads and cakes as a flavoring agent as well as a sweetener. By the mid-18th century, mashed pumpkin was also being used as an ingredient in pies. In the New World Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (modern New York City), mashed pumpkin was mixed with corn meal and fried as a pancake.

Cooking
Chefs generally recommend steaming when cooking pumpkin to make mashed pumpkin, as boiling in liquid tends to significantly dilute the flavor. Some chefs recommend fried or roasted pumpkin for its flavor value over mashed pumpkin. But well-seasoned mashed pumpkin goes well with cooked game birds such as quail, and mashed pumpkin sweetened with dark maple syrup is a common New England side dish served alongside roast chicken or baked ham. Mashed pumpkin may also be used as a substitute for fat in many bread and cake recipes.

Nutritional information
A single cup of unseasoned mashed pumpkin contains only 49 calories, but has 564 mg of potassium, 5,000 mcg of beta-carotene, 853 mcg of alpha-carotene, 3,500 mcg of beta-cryptoxanthin, 2,400 mcg of lutein and zeaxanthin, 12,000 IUs of vitamin A, and 2.5 g of dietary fiber.

title: Mashed pumpkin


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Sambo's

Sambo's was an American restaurant chain, started in 1957 by Sam Battistone Sr. and Newell Bohnett in Santa Barbara, California. Though the name was taken from portions of the names of its two founders, the chain also associated with The Story of Little Black Sambo. Battistone and Bohnett capitalized on this connection by decorating the walls of the restaurants with scenes from the book, including a dark-skinned boy, tigers, and a pale, magical unicycle-riding man called "The Treefriend". By the early 1960s, the illustrations depicted a light-skinned boy wearing a jeweled Indian-style turban with the tigers. A kids club, Sambo's Tiger Tamers (later called the Tiger Club), promoted the chain's family image. The chain filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November 1981. All locations except for the first in Santa Barbara either closed outright, or were renamed after being purchased, effectively ending the chain's existence.

The Santa Barbara restaurant continued business under the Sambo's name until 2020, when it was renamed to Chad's after its owner at the time, Chad Stevens. The George Floyd protests against racism in the United States resulted in the owner of the restaurant changing the name of the establishment.

History
After the first Sambo's was opened in 1957, the restaurant was expanded to more locations. In late 1963, it had restaurants in 16 cities – in California, Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona. By 1969, the company had grown to 98 locations, and over the next two years diversified to create additional restaurant franchises, including Red Top Hamburgers, Heidi's Pie Shop, and the Blue Ox Steak House.

In the latter half of the 1970s, pressure began to mount on the chain to change its name, drawing protests and lawsuits in communities that viewed the term Sambo as pejorative towards black Americans. Twelve of its restaurants were opened as or renamed "The Jolly Tiger" in locations where the local community passed resolutions forbidding the use of the original name or refused to grant the chain permits. The last of these restaurants was created in December 1977. In March 1979, the company reversed course on its "Jolly Tiger" restaurants and stated their intent to rename all of them back to Sambo's. The company cited poor financial performance of these restaurants; the company's "constitutional, legal, and moral right to operate (those restaurants) under its corporate name"; and the assertion that Black people did not object to the name, citing studies that showed that "three times as many blacks [sic] ate at Sambo's as at any other full service restaurant".

In 1979, Sambo's had 1,117 outlets in 47 American states. Additional corporate level decisions made at the time also led to Sambo's corporate demise. Pressure to take Sambo's into a more normal, salaried manager compensation package was one issue. Their unique "Fraction of the Action" promotion – whereby managers were entitled to 20% of the profits from their stores, with employees allowed to bid for a percentage of the remaining profits – was an early company expansion plan, and the growth of the company outpaced its control. In March 1981, in a further attempt to give the chain a new image the company again renamed some locations, this time to "No Place Like Sam's". By November 1981, the company filed for bankruptcy. Neither the name change nor bankruptcy protection reversed this downward trend, and by 1982 all except the original Sambo's at 216 West Cabrillo Boulevard in Santa Barbara, California closed their doors. By February 1983, 618 of the locations were renamed Season's Friendly Eating. Several locations were sold to Denny's, including the Fort Lauderdale store. Bakers Square's parent company acquired Sambo's in California in October 1984. Many Sambo's locations were converted to Bakers Square restaurants and the ones that weren't were sold to other chains, including Denny's.

Battistone's grandson, restaurateur Chad Stevens, owns the only remaining restaurant in Santa Barbara which continued business under the Sambo's name until 2020. In late May 2020, George Floyd protests against racism in the United States began in cities across the United States, including Santa Barbara. A petition drive asked the owner to change the name of Sambo's. In June 2020, the name on the original Sambo's sign was temporarily changed to the motto "☮ & LOVE" ("Peace and love"). In July 2020, the restaurant was officially renamed to "Chad's".

In popular culture
Sam Battistone, Jr. was the original owner of the New Orleans Jazz in the NBA. He later moved the team to Utah and sold it.

An abandoned Sambo's was cleaned up and used for a scene in the movie Edward Scissorhands.

title: Sambo's


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Vietnamese pheasant

The Vietnamese pheasant, or Vietnam fireback, was formerly considered a species of gallopheasant, Lophura hatinhensis, but is now considered a variant of Edward's pheasant. Discovered in 1964, it is endemic to central Vietnam. Its range concentrates around Kẻ Gỗ Nature Reserve in Hà Tĩnh Province.

Habitat
The fireback inhabits primary and secondary (including logged) evergreen forest in lowlands and hills from sea level (at least historically) to about 300 m. It may tolerate habitat degradation, but is apparently far more common in closed-canopy forest, and has been trapped in dense, streamside vegetation.

title: Vietnamese pheasant


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Juan Evangelista Venegas

Juan Evangelista Venegas (December 27, 1928 – April 16, 1987) was a Puerto Rican boxer notable for winning Puerto Rico's first Olympic medal.

Early years
Venegas (birth name: Juan Evangelista Venegas Trinidad ) was born in an underprivileged section of the town of Río Piedras. Río Piedras at the time was not incorporated into the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico. There street fighting was a common way of life and many of the youth at that time saw the sport of boxing as a way to a better life. Among them was Venegas, who admired Puerto Rico's first international boxing champion, Sixto Escobar. Venegas took up boxing and his performance in the ring soon caught the attention of the island's recently established Olympic Committee. In 1948 the Puerto Rican Olympic Committee included him in the delegation which would represent the island.

1948 Summer Olympics
The 1948 Summer Olympics celebrated in London, was a historical one for Puerto Rico because it was the first time that the island would participate as a nation in an international sporting event. The island's delegation consisted of twelve members. In their opening ceremonies, the Puerto Rican delegation carried the flag of the United States into the Olympic stadium. The United States protested, claiming that two nations could not use the same flag at the same time. The decree of Commonwealth on July 25, 1952, would give the Puerto Rican delegation a flag of their own.

In the 1948 Summer Olympics, known as the XIV Olympics, Juan Evangelista Venegas made Puerto Rican sports history by winning Puerto Rico's first Olympic medal ever when he beat Belgium's representative, Louis Callenboat, on points for a unanimous decision. He won the bronze medal in boxing in the Bantamweight division, falling short of the silver medal to Giovanni Zuddas.

1948 Olympic results
Below are the results of Juan Evangelista Venegas who competed as a bantamweight boxer for Puerto Rico at the 1948 London Olympics:

 * Round of 32: defeated Louis Calebout (Belgium) on points
 * Round of 16: defeated Babu Lall (India) on points
 * Quarterfinal: defeated Albert Perera (Ceylon) on points
 * Semifinal: lost to Tibor Csík (Hungary) on points
 * Bronze-Medal bout: defeated Álvaro Vicente (Spain) on points (won bronze medal)

Professional boxing career
After returning to a hero's welcome to Puerto Rico, Venegas turned professional. In 1948, Venegas made his professional boxing debut against Puerto Rican Abelardo Alejandro. Venegas, a southpaw, fought in the bantamweight and featherweight division for a total of 32 fights, compiling a record of 20-10-2. His last fight was in 1958 against Al Tisi.

Death and legacy
On April 16, 1987, Juan Evangelista Venegas died when he suffered a fall at his home which caused a skull fracture. A week before his death, he was honored by the College of Engineers and Surveyors of Puerto Rico.

In honor of his memory, the Puerto Rican Boxing Commission sponsors the Juan Evangelista Venegas boxing tournament, which serves as a tune-up to future Olympic boxing prospects. There is a Juan Evangelista Venegas Olympic Cup which is given in other sports with Olympic orientation.

title: Juan Evangelista Venegas


text:
User talk:Roberto1221

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Roberto1221