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Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events

Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (also simply known as A Series of Unfortunate Events) is a 2004 American black comedy adventure film directed by Brad Silberling from a screenplay by Robert Gordon, based on the first three novels of the book series A Series of Unfortunate Events: The Bad Beginning (1999), The Reptile Room (1999), and The Wide Window (2000), by Lemony Snicket (the pen name of American author Daniel Handler). It stars Jim Carrey, Liam Aiken, Emily Browning, Timothy Spall, Catherine O'Hara, Billy Connolly, Cedric the Entertainer, Luis Guzmán, Jennifer Coolidge, and Meryl Streep, and Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket.

Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights to Handler's book series in 2000 and soon began development of a film with Barry Sonnenfeld attached to direct. Handler adapted the screenplay and courted Carrey for Count Olaf. Sonnenfeld left over budget concerns in January 2003 and Brad Silberling took over. Robert Gordon rewrote Handler's script, and principal photography started in November 2003. The film was entirely shot using sound stages and backlots at Paramount Pictures and Downey Studios.

Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events was released theatrically in the United States on December 17, 2004, by Paramount Pictures with DreamWorks Pictures distributing the movie internationally. It received positive reviews from critics, with many praising its production values, Newman's score and performances (particularly Carrey's performance), while some criticized its comical tone and short length. The film grossed $211 million worldwide. At the 77th Academy Awards, it won the Academy Award for Best Makeup (the second to involve Carrey, after How the Grinch Stole Christmas in 2000) and received nominations for Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design, and Best Original Score.

Plot
In a clock tower, investigator Lemony Snicket begins writing a documentation of the whereabouts of the Baudelaire children: 14-year-old inventor Violet, her 12-year-old bibliophile brother Klaus, and their mordacious 2-year-old youngest sister Sunny. One day, the children are orphaned when a mysterious fire destroys their mansion, killing their parents. Mr. Poe, the family banker, manages their affairs and leaves them in the care of Count Olaf, a nefarious stage actor intent upon secretly obtaining their family fortune, which will remain in the custody of the bank until Violet turns 18. Olaf forces them to do heavy chores and belittles them.

Driving back from the court where Olaf has legally obtained custody of the kids, he stops to go into a general store, leaving them locked in the car parked on train tracks with a train heading toward them, Mr. Poe calls and Violet tries to tell him that they were going to be hit by the train, but is unable to hear her due to him driving next to the train. The children divert the train by building a device to remotely activate the railroad switch. Mr. Poe arrives and takes them away, thinking that Olaf was allowing the kids to drive the car alone.

The orphans are taken to uncle Dr. Montgomery "Monty" Montgomery, an eccentric herpetologist who treats them incredibly kindly. One day, Olaf arrives disguised as a new assistant "Stephano". The orphans attempt to warn Uncle Monty about Count Olaf's arrival, but he believes Stephano is after the Incredibly Deadly Viper, a giant misnomer python, in his laboratory that he discovered. Uncle Monty is discovered dead shortly after, and his death is blamed on the viper, although the children are certain that Count Olaf murdered him. They are almost placed in Stephano's care by Mr. Poe, but Sunny proves his guilt by showing that the snake is harmless, and Stephano escapes.

Mr. Poe takes the children to their Aunt Josephine, a grammar-obsessed widow with panphobia, living on a house at the edge of a cliff. Olaf later appears, disguised as a sea captain named "Captain Sham", to meddle with their plans again. One day, Josephine is not at the house, leaving an apparent suicide note entrusting them to Captain Sham. Klaus deduces that Olaf forced her to forge the note, but she left a hidden message revealing her location. A hurricane causes the house to fall into the lake; however, the children escape. They sail to the cave where Aunt Josephine is hiding and rescue her, but attract leeches due to Josephine eating a banana. Olaf appears and takes the children, leaving Josephine to be eaten by the leeches. Mr. Poe then finds him with the children, and Olaf pretends to have rescued them. Mr. Poe is fooled and returns the children back to Olaf, believing that he has redeemed himself.

Olaf plans a play titled "The Marvelous Marriage", starring Violet and him as a bride and groom, respectively. Klaus's suspicions reveal that Olaf is planning to take advantage of the play to really marry Violet in an attempt to get the fortune, using legally recognized vows and a bona fide justice of the peace. Olaf locks Sunny up in a birdcage, threatening to drop her to her death if Violet refuses to take part in the play. Klaus escapes and finds a hidden tower in Olaf's house, where he discovers a large window with a set of lenses that, if positioned correctly, can focus the rays of the sun. Klaus realizes that Olaf used it to set fire to the Baudelaire mansion. Using the window, Klaus manages to burn the marriage certificate, leading to Olaf's arrest. As a punishment, Olaf is made to suffer every hardship that he forced upon the Baudelaire kids.

Violet, Klaus, and Sunny are taken to visit the charred remains of their old home one final time. A lost letter from their parents finally arrives, and inside is a spyglass announcing their family's secret society before they became orphans. Snicket finishes writing his documentation and hides the papers in the clock tower for his publisher to find. As Mr. Poe drives the Baudelaires to their next home, Snicket concludes that despite the siblings' recent unfortunate events, they have each other.

Cast

 * Jim Carrey as Count Olaf, a villainous stage actor and master of disguise who lusts after the Baudelaire family fortune.
 * Stephano, Count Olaf's first disguise who pretends to be Dr. Montgomery's new assistant, he later kills Montgomery and tries to frame The Incredibly Deadly Viper but fails.
 * Captain Sham, a peg leg sea captain and Count Olaf's second disguise. He makes Josephine give the Baudelaires to him and later kills Josephine by making her fall into the lake with leeches.
 * Emily Browning as Violet Baudelaire, a brilliant inventor. She is the eldest of the Baudelaire siblings and makes inventions out of everyday items.
 * Liam Aiken as Klaus Baudelaire, an intelligent and kind-hearted bibliophile. He is the middle child of the Baudelaire siblings and uses his encyclopedic knowledge to get them out of trouble.
 * Kara and Shelby Hoffman as Sunny Baudelaire, the youngest Baudelaire sibling. She is an infant with four very sharp teeth. Her dialogue is mostly subtitled as she communicates via unintelligible babbling.
 * Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket, an introverted writer and the narrator of the story. Background actor James Henderson plays Snicket physically.
 * Timothy Spall as Arthur Poe, a banker who informs the Baudelaire children of the fire and manages their affairs in its aftermath.
 * Billy Connolly as Dr. Montgomery Montgomery, an eccentric but kindly herpetologist and the Baudelaires' uncle and temporary guardian.
 * Meryl Streep as Josephine Anwhistle, a paranoid, OCD-stricken grammar stickler and the Baudelaires' aunt and temporary guardian.
 * Jamie Harris as the Hook-Handed Man, Count Olaf's main minion.
 * Catherine O'Hara as Justice Strauss, Count Olaf's kind neighbor and a judge.
 * Cedric the Entertainer as the Constable, a skeptical detective.
 * Luis Guzmán as the Bald-Headed Man, one of Count Olaf's minions.
 * Craig Ferguson as the Person of Indeterminate Gender, one of Count Olaf's minions.
 * Jennifer Coolidge and Jane Adams as the White-Faced Women, two of Count Olaf's minions.
 * Fred Gallo as Judge Gallo, a judge who grants custody of the Baudelaires to Count Olaf.
 * Deborah Theaker as Mrs. Poe, Mr. Poe's wife
 * Rick Heinrichs and Amy Brenneman (both unbilled) as Bertrand and Beatrice Baudelaire, Klaus, Violet and Sunny's deceased parents.
 * Helena Bonham-Carter (uncredited) as Beatrice Baudelaire, the Baudelaire children's late mother.
 * Dustin Hoffman (uncredited) as a Critic who attends Count Olaf's The Marvelous Marriage.
 * Jane Lynch (uncredited) as realtor
 * Gilbert Gottfried (uncredited) as the voice of the Aflac Duck, who appeared in a cameo.

Daniel Handler, the writer of the Lemony Snicket stories, appears as a photographer.

Development
Nickelodeon Movies purchased the film rights to the A Series of Unfortunate Events novel series in May 2000. Paramount Pictures, owner of Nickelodeon Movies, agreed to co-finance, along with Scott Rudin. Various directors, including Terry Gilliam and Roman Polanski, were interested in making the film. One of Daniel Handler's favorite candidates was Guy Maddin. In June 2002, it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld was hired to direct. He was chosen because he previously collaborated with Rudin and because of his black comedy directing style from The Addams Family, Addams Family Values and Get Shorty. Sonnenfeld referred to the Lemony Snicket novels as his favorite children's stories. The director hired Handler to write the script with the intention of making Lemony Snicket a musical, and cast Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in September 2002.

The film suffered setbacks in development in December 2002. Rudin left Unfortunate Events over budget concerns. While Sonnenfeld and Carrey remained, Sonnenfeld admitted he was skeptical of Paramount's $100 million budget. The studio decided that changing the shoot from Hollywood to Wilmington, North Carolina, would be less expensive. The April 2003 start date was also pushed back. Paramount eventually settled the situation in January 2003 by enlisting help from DreamWorks Pictures to co-finance the film, but Sonnenfeld vacated the director's position. Rudin and Sonnenfeld had no involvement with the film afterward, but were credited as executive producers. Carrey remained with approval over the hiring of the next director.

Brad Silberling signed on to direct in February 2003. He was not familiar with the series when he was first approached. He quickly read the first three novels and was excited that "Hollywood was taking a chance to put over $100 million to adapt these inventive children's books onto screen". Handler, who wrote eight drafts of the script for Sonnenfeld, was replaced by Robert Gordon in May 2003. Handler approved of the changes that were made to his screenplay. "I was offered credit on the film for screenwriting by the Writers Guild of America", Handler continued, "but I didn't take it because I didn't write it. I felt like it would be an insult to the guy who did."

Filming
Filming was set to begin in October 2003, but was pushed back. Principal photography for Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events began on November 10, 2003, using the sound stages and backlot at Paramount Studios in Hollywood. Silberling avoided using too many digital or chroma key effects because he wanted the younger actors to feel as if they were working in a realistic environment. Olaf's mansion occupied two sound stages, while the graveyard and the ruins of the Baudelaire mansion were constructed on the Paramount back lot. After 21 weeks of shooting at Paramount, production then moved to Downey Studios, a former NASA facility in Downey, California, for eight more weeks. Downey housed the circular railroad crossing set complete with forced perspective scenery, as well as a newly constructed water tank complete with over one million gallons of water. The water tank was instrumental in filming scenes set at Briny Beach, Lake Lachrymose, Damocles Dock and Curdled Cave. Filming for A Series of Unfortunate Events ended on May 29, 2004.

Design

Silberling, production designer Rick Heinrichs and costume designer Colleen Atwood all aimed for the film's setting to be ambiguous, giving it a "timeless" feel. Heinrichs also added steampunk designs to the period. To contribute to the setting, Silberling hired Emmanuel Lubezki as the cinematographer because he was impressed with the trio's work on Sleepy Hollow.

Lubezki compared the cinematic similarities to Sleepy Hollow, notably the monochromatic look of both films. He also chose a specific color palette backdrop for A Series of Unfortunate Events. "The story is very episodic, so we picked a different color scheme for each section. For example, Count Olaf's house has a lot of greens, blacks and grays; the house of Uncle Monty has a lot of greens and browns and a bit of yellow; and the house of Aunt Josephine has blues and blacks." The railroad crossing set was constructed on a cyclorama, which was the most ambitious set piece for the art department on using elements of "in house" special effects and matte paintings.

Visual effects
Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), supervised by Stefen Fangmeier, created the film's 505 visual effects shots. The filmmakers used as few digital effects as possible, though the train and smoke for the railroad crossing scene were created entirely by computer animation. ILM also used color grading techniques for the Lake Lachrymose scene, which required complete animation for the leeches. The digital animators studied footage of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season to accurately depict Hurricane Herman, which was ILM's most ambitious use of computer-generated imagery (CGI) for the film. Nexus Productions designed the opening "Littlest Elf" animated sequence by modeling it after stop-motion animation and completing it with computer animation. The snakes at Monty's house were a combination of real snakes and animatronics. The animatronics, primarily the Incredibly Deadly Viper, were used as reference models that ILM later enhanced using CGI. Because working with infants was sometimes risky in producing a film, four scenes involving Sunny Baudelaire required CGI with motion capture technology. Among these are the shot of Sunny hanging on to a table by her teeth, catching a spindle with her mouth and the scene where she is entangled with the Incredibly Deadly Viper. Animation supervisor Colin Brady used his baby daughter for motion capture recording. Kevin Yagher designed a remote-controlled animatronic of Sunny.

Marketing
In October 2002, Nickelodeon Movies hired Activision (which actually had a partnership with DreamWorks) to create the film's tie-in video game. The agreement also included options for sequels. Silberling delivered his first cut of the film to the studio in August 2004. Fearing his original version was "too dark", Paramount and DreamWorks conducted test screenings. The film was then reedited over family-friendliness concerns. Given its December release, the film's marketing campaign was criticized as a deliberately anti-holiday comedy with taglines like "Taking the cheer out of Christmas" and "Mishaps. Misadventures. Mayhem. Oh Joy." The premiere of Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events was held at the Cinerama Dome on December 13, 2004. A 20000 sqft tent display on Vine Street was decorated with pieces from the film's sets.

Home media
Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events was released on DVD and VHS on April 26, 2005. A Portuguese-labeled All-Region Blu-ray was released in 2012 and then an American Region A Blu-ray was released on September 9, 2014. The film was re-released on DVD on January 24, 2017.

Box office
Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events grossed $118.6 million in the United States and Canada and $92.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $211.5 million, against a budget of $140 million.

The film was released in the United States and Canada on December 17, 2004, on 4,400 screens at 3,620 theaters, earning $30.1 million in its opening weekend and finishing first at the box office. In its second weekend the film fell to second behind Meet the Fockers, grossing $12.6 million. It was the highest-grossing film under the Nickelodeon Movies banner until The Last Airbender surpassed it.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 72% based on 162 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Although it softens the nasty edges of its source material, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a gothic visual treat, and it features a hilariously manic turn from Jim Carrey as the evil Count Olaf." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Robert K. Elder of the Chicago Tribune praised Rick Heinrichs's production design and Carrey's balanced performance as a scene stealer, calling the film "exceptionally clever, hilariously gloomy and bitingly subversive." Desson Thomson of The Washington Post reasoned over a fellow film-goer's characterization of Count Olaf, "Olaf is a humorless villain in the book. He's not amusing like Carrey at all. To which I would counter: If you can't let Carrey be Carrey, put someone boring and less expensive in the role. In his various disguises he's rubbery, inventive and improvisationally inspired. I particularly liked his passing imitation of a dinosaur." Ty Burr, in The Boston Globe, observed, "Director Brad Silberling has essentially made a Tim Burton movie without the weird shafts of adolescent pain. At the same time, Silberling's not a hack like Chris Columbus, and Snicket has more zip and inspired filmcraft than the first two Harry Potter films. The film's no masterpiece, but at least you're in the hands of people who know what they're doing. The movie, like the books, flatters children's innate sense that the world is not a perfect place and that anyone who insists otherwise is trying to sell you something. How you deal with the cognitive dissonance of a $125 million Hollywood picture telling you this is up to you. At least there are no Lemony Snicket Happy Meals. Yet."

Internet reviewer James Berardinelli felt that "the film is first and foremost a fantasy, but there are dark currents running just beneath the surface. I give Silberling credit for not allowing them to swallow the film. Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events manages to remain witty throughout." Roger Ebert gave a mixed review: "Jim Carrey is over the top as Count Olaf, but I suppose a character named Count Olaf is over the top by definition. I liked the film, but I'll tell you what. I think this one is a tune-up for the series, a trial run in which they figure out what works and what needs to be tweaked. The original Spider-Man was a disappointment, but the same team came back and made Spider-Man 2, the best superhero movie ever made." Scott Foundas of Variety gave a negative review, criticizing the filmmakers for sacrificing the story line in favor of visual elements such as set design and cinematography. He wrote, "A Series of Unfortunate Events suggests what Mary Poppins might have looked like had Tim Burton directed it. Not surprisingly, Burton's longtime production designer Rick Heinrichs was responsible for the sets, while ace Emmanuel Lubezki (Burton's Sleepy Hollow) contributed the expressionistic lighting schemes."

Cancelled film series
Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies hoped that the film would become a series like the Harry Potter film series. Carrey thought his character would be good as the basis for a film franchise since it would allow him to dive into a new role, though he said he didn't "have a deal" for a sequel. In May 2005, producer Laurie MacDonald said "Lemony Snicket is still something Paramount is interested in pursuing and we're going to be talking with them more."

In October 2008, Handler said that "a sequel does seem to be in the works. Paramount has had quite a few corporate shakeups, which has led to many a delay. Of course, many, many plans in Hollywood come to naught, but I'm assured that another film will be made. Someday. Perhaps." In June 2009, Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler, and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film, with each film in a new medium, due to the young lead actors having grown too old to continue their roles, saying, "In an odd way, the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience, 'Okay, we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors. Now, I'm afraid I'm going to have to show you the real thing.'"

Television series
In November 2014, Netflix announced its plans for a television adaptation of the entire novel series. The series stars Neil Patrick Harris, Malina Weissman, Louis Hynes and Presley Smith, with Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket. The series, also titled A Series of Unfortunate Events, premiered on January 13, 2017. The first season consisted of eight episodes, and adapts the first four books of the series. A Series of Unfortunate Events season two was released on March 30, 2018, and contains 10 episodes, adapting books five through nine of the novel series. The third and final season was released on January 1, 2019, and adapts the four remaining books in seven episodes.

Video game
A video game based on the film was released in 2004 by Activision for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, and Microsoft Windows. The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game.


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User talk:Thray

Hey, whoa.
I got a talk message saying I claimed to revert vandalism while vandalising. I'm not quite sure which you're talking about, but I assure you when I say I reverted something, I did revert it. If the page I reverted to was also vandalised, but to a lesser degree, I can promise it wasn't on purpose. You can check my actual user history as well and see I don't vandalise... I'm Thray, I just didn't log in for that edit (nor for this one since it was posted on my IP's talk page).

Anyway, to end this rant, I just want it clear I didn't vandalise anything and don't plan to in the future. What page did you think I vandalised, do you recall?

 * If you choose "my contributions" you will see the following for your IP:

 * 22:05, 28 May 2005 (hist) (diff) User talk:Texture (Hey, whoa.) (top)
 * 14:27, 26 May 2005 (hist) (diff) Wikipedia:Community Portal (Reverted vandalism)

 * If you look at the link to the the edit made on May 26 it shows your edit. I admit to mistaking your edit for the original user who altered "you".  Your edit did not revert anything but made a change to the vandalism itself.  My apology for my mistake. -  Tεx  τ  urε  22:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

article for deletion
Hi, Thray. I ran across Keenan houser that you tagged for VfD. I noticed you forgot to add the entry to the list of VfD discussions, so I put it in there for you. It's here. Joyous 06:33, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Thray


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User talk:Jpclay

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 02:31, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Udlafountain.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Udlafountain.jpg and Image:Udlarosestatue.jpg. I notice the 'image' pages currently do not specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 17:29, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jpclay


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Manhattan Murder Mystery

Manhattan Murder Mystery is a 1993 American black comedy mystery film directed by Woody Allen, which he wrote with Marshall Brickman, and starring Allen, Alan Alda, Anjelica Huston, and Diane Keaton. The film centers on a married couple's investigation of the death of their neighbor's wife.

The film began as an early draft of Annie Hall, which Allen co-wrote with Brickman. Eventually, the script evolved and principal photography took place in 1992, in the titular city. It was released in August 1993 to positive reviews. Keaton was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. This film marked the eighth, and most recent, collaboration between Allen and Keaton.

Plot
Larry Lipton, an editor at HarperCollins, and his wife Carol have a pleasant encounter in the elevator with older neighbors, Paul and Lillian House. They are invited to an evening with the Houses where the women exchange information on exercise routines. The next day, Lillian dies of a heart attack, shocking the Liptons as she appeared robust and healthy. They become suspicious of Paul's cheerfulness after his wife's death. When Carol brings the widower a dessert, she finds a crematory urn under his kitchen sink that contradicts his story about Lillian's burial. Carol decides to investigate and steals the key to the House apartment from the super, entering when Paul is away and snooping to find two tickets to Paris and hotel reservations with a woman named “Helen Moss.” Carol dials the code for the last number dialed, and the phone is answered by someone saying “Waldron”. Paul returns while Helen is snooping, narrowly missing her hiding under the bed, but she manages to sneak out undetected. Paul later finds her reading glasses under the bed, but Carol pretends she lost them on the first visit, supposing the glasses were kicked under the bed. Appalled at his wife’s breaking and entering, Larry wants her to stop. Obsessed, Carol engages the cooperation of their more adventurous close friend, Ted, who becomes as obsessed as Carol with the mystery.

Carol and Ted track down Helen Moss, an actress, whom they surveil. A few days later, Carol spots a woman who looks identical to Lillian on a passing bus. Larry suggests she has a twin, but Ted finds out Lillian has none. Ted and Carol follow the bus route to the end, discovering a shabby Hotel Waldron. Returning later, Carol and Larry find Lillian dead in the bedroom. The responding police find no trace of the body. Carol surmises that Paul was hiding in the closet when they found the body and then moved the body. Later, Carol and Larry they find Lillian's body in the emergency exit panel of the elevator. They see Paul putting the body in a car and witness him disposing of the body by dropping it into an industrial melting furnace.

Marcia Fox, an author that Larry publishes, is drawn into the amateur investigation when Larry sets her up on a date with Ted. Marcia theorizes that the dead body was Lillian's wealthy sister, who resembled her and had a heart attack while visiting the Houses. The Houses took advantage of the situation by claiming Lillian had died so Lillian could impersonate her sister, hiding at the Waldron Hotel, while cleaning out her sister’s bank accounts and liquidating her assets. After getting the funds, Paul double-crossed Lillian and killed her so he could run away with the younger Helen. Marcia devises a plan to trick Paul into incriminating himself by using Helen, someone he trusts, to claim she saw Lillian’s unincinerated body.

Ted, a playwright theater owner, sets up a false audition for actress Helen Moss, having her read aloud a phony script with innocuous text written by Ted that will not tip off Helen while they secretly record her. Splicing together words from the recorded script, they create a phone call from Helen to Paul warning that she has been shown Lillian’s unincinerated body by blackmailers who want $200,000 to give up the body. Using five recorders with different combinations of phrases, they respond reasonably well to Paul’s anticipated questions to “Helen”, cutting the conversation short by saying, “I have to hang up.”

The plan backfires when Paul kidnaps Carol and demands Lillian's body in exchange for her. At the run-down second-run movie theater Paul owns, where Carol is being held, Larry dodges Paul’s bullets in a film noir chase parody echoing the in-process showing of Orson Welles's The Lady from Shanghai during a similar shootout-in-a-room-full-of-mirrors sequence in the film. Mrs. Dalton, Paul's erstwhile loyal assistant and jealous spurned aging former lover, shoots Paul with a bitter reference to being used and discarded. Larry rescues Carol, and they call the police. Marcia's theory is proven correct; and Larry and Carol and Ted and Marcia pair off and enjoy separate celebratory dinners.

Production
Allen started Manhattan Murder Mystery as an early draft of Annie Hall, but he did not feel that it was substantial enough, and he decided to go in a different direction. He put off making the film for years because he felt it was too lightweight, "like an airplane book read". Allen decided to revisit the material in the early 1990s. He contacted Marshall Brickman, who co-wrote Annie Hall, and they developed the story further. The role of Carol was originally written for Mia Farrow, but the part was recast when she and Allen ended their relationship and became embroiled in a custody battle over their three children. Allegations in the media claimed that changes were made to the film in what was "definitely a reaction" to Allen's relationship problems, including the casting of Anjelica Huston as "a much younger first time novelist" with whom Allen's character became romantically involved (Huston was 41 during production).

In the fall of 1992, Allen called Diane Keaton and asked her to fill in for Farrow, and she immediately accepted. When asked if he had re-written the script to fit Keaton's talents, Allen said: No, I couldn't do that. In a regular script I would have done that upon hiring Diane Keaton. But I couldn't [here] because it's a murder mystery, and it's very tightly plotted, so it's very hard to make big changes... I had written [the part] more to what Mia likes to do. Mia likes to do funny things, but she's not as broad a comedian as Diane is. So Diane made this part funnier than I wrote it.

Making the film was a form of escape for Allen because the "past year was so exhausting that I wanted to just indulge myself in something I could relax and enjoy". He also found it very therapeutic working with Keaton again. After getting over her initial panic in her first scene with Alan Alda, Keaton and Allen slipped back into their old rhythm. After she had trouble with that scene, Allen decided to re-shoot it. In the meantime, she worked with her acting coach and did other scenes that went well. According to Allen, Keaton changed the dynamic of the film because he "always look(s) sober and normal compared to Keaton. I turn into the straight man". Huston said that the set was "oddly free of anxiety, introspection and pain", and this was due to Keaton's presence.

The film was shot in the fall of 1992 on the streets of Greenwich Village, the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side. Allen had cinematographer Carlo Di Palma rely on hand-held cameras, "swiveling restlessly from one room to another, or zooming in abruptly for a close look."

Larry and Carol Lipton's apartment is at 200 East 78th Street, between 2nd and 3rd Avenue and between two groups of New York City Designated Landmarks, east of one group of rowhouses and west of another group. Allen staged a climactic shoot-out in a roomful of mirrors that, according to Allen, referenced a similar shoot-out in Orson Welles' film The Lady from Shanghai.

The film marked Allen's second and final film with TriStar Pictures, and it was speculated in the press that this deal was not extended because of the filmmaker's personal problems or that his films were not very profitable. Allen, however, denied these allegations in interviews at the time. Zach Braff, who was 17 years old at the time, appeared in one scene as Nick Lipton, the son of Larry and Carol. Years later, he said: "When I look at that scene now, all I can see is the terror in my eyes.”

Soundtrack

 * I Happen to Like New York (1930) – Written by Cole Porter – Performed by Bobby Short
 * The Best Things in Life Are Free (1927) – Music by Ray Henderson – Lyrics by Lew Brown and Buddy G. DeSylva – Performed by Erroll Garner
 * The Hallway (1944) – Written by Miklós Rózsa
 * Der fliegende Holländer (The Flying Dutchman)(1843) – Written by Richard Wagner – Performed by Chor der Staatsoper München
 * Take Five (1959) – Written by Paul Desmond – Performed by The Dave Brubeck Quartet
 * I'm in the Mood for Love (1935) – Music by Jimmy McHugh – Lyrics by Dorothy Fields – Performed by Erroll Garner
 * The Big Noise from Winnetka (1938) – Music by Ray Bauduc and Bob Haggart – Lyrics by Gil Rodin and Bob Crosby
 * Out of Nowhere (1931) – Music by Johnny Green – Lyrics by Edward Heyman – Performed by Coleman Hawkins
 * Have You Met Miss Jones (1937) – Music by Richard Rodgers – Lyrics by Lorenz Hart – Performed by Art Tatum-Ben Webster Quartet
 * Guy and Dolls: Overture (1951) – Written by Frank Loesser – Performed by the New Broadway Cast (1992)
 * Sing, Sing, Sing (1936) – Written by Louis Prima – Performed by Benny Goodman and His Orchestra
 * Misty (1954) – Written and performed by Erroll Garner

Box office
Manhattan Murder Mystery opened on August 18, 1993, in 268 theaters and made USD $2 million in its opening weekend. It went on to gross $11.3 million in North America, below its estimated $13.5 million budget. Its £1,920,825 in box office made it the number-one film in the United Kingdom for the weekend ending January 23, 1994.

Critical response
The film was well received by critics and holds a 94% positive "Fresh" rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with 29 positive out of 31 reviews.

In his review for Newsweek, David Ansen wrote, "On screen, Keaton and Allen have always been made for each other: they still strike wonderfully ditsy sparks". USA Today gave the film four out of four stars, and advised fans to forget Allen's tabloid woes because "there's a better reason why Allen fans should give it a shot. It's very, very funny, and there's no mystery about that". Janet Maslin called it a "dated detective story" but also wrote, "it achieves a gentle, nostalgic grace and a hint of un-self-conscious wisdom". Desson Howe, in The Washington Post, complained that there was "little 'new'" in this film. Allen and Keaton are essentially playing Alvy Singer and Annie Hall gone middle-aged".

Nominations

 * 1994 César Awards: Best Foreign Film
 * 48th British Academy Film Awards: Best Actress in a Supporting Role, Anjelica Huston
 * 51st Golden Globe Awards: Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role – Comedy/Musical, Diane Keaton

title: Manhattan Murder Mystery


text:
Kamila Stösslová

Kamila Stösslová (née Neumannová; 1891–1935) was a Czech woman. The composer Leoš Janáček, upon meeting her in 1917 in the Moravian resort town of Luhačovice, fell deeply in love with her, despite the fact that both of them were married, and that he was almost forty years older than she was. She had a profound influence on the composer in his last decade.

Kamila was at the time living in Luhačovice with her husband, David Stössel, and their two sons, Rudolf (born 1913) and Otto (born 1916). David was in the army and assisted Janáček in obtaining vital food supplies in wartime. David Stössel's army service may have meant he could be at Luhačovice only on some days, thus giving Janáček opportunities to converse with Kamila. Janáček arrived in the resort on 3 July 1917 (he preferred Luhačovice over other spas due to its proximity to his house in Brno). By 8 July he had jotted down a fragment of her speech in his diary. His correspondence with Kamila had begun with a brief note by 24 July 1917.

Despite her ambivalence about his feelings for her, Janáček was inspired by her to create the lead characters of three of his operas; Káťa in Katya Kabanová, the vixen in The Cunning Little Vixen and Emilia Marty in The Makropulos Affair. Other works that were inspired by her include The Diary of One Who Disappeared, the Glagolitic Mass, his Sinfonietta and the String Quartet No. 2 (subtitled Intimate Letters).

While many of these works reveal a realization by the composer that his love for her was unrequited, she was nonetheless the subject of intense correspondence. There are over 700 letters that bear witness to his intense obsession with Kamila. During the final year of his life, he wrote to Kamila almost every day. Although she always remained emotionally aloof, she was with him when he died in 1928.

In the award-winning TV film In Search of Janáček, written and directed by Petr Kaňka, her character was performed by Zuzana Vejvodová.

title: Kamila Stösslová


text:
User talk:Remes

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 02:31, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
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Vfd on R.E. Lee Deville
(From User Talk:Joy Stovall)

''I'm a little concerned (but only a little) about your decision to close debate on the VfD for R.E. Lee DeVille and delete the page. Since the page in question had been entirely rewritten, there had been only one vote at all, a weak delete. The deletion was only four days after the page had been completely rewritten. Now, as I wrote on the page, I was still unsure whether the page should exist on the grounds of notability, even after I rewrote it. But all the previous votes for deletion had been on the basis of vandalism or a related charge, which didn't apply anymore.

''Anyway, I don't mind that much, but I am wondering if there's a policy (in general, or that you use when closing debates) for these sorts of situations. Because of the way VfD works, we were unlikely to get many more votes in one direction or another, and yet it seems troubling to delete it with essentially one vote on the table. -- Remes 17:22, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)''

 * Thanks for your note. I don't believe there's a general policy for situations like that.  My own personal idea is that if someone votes on a discussion, that puts it on their watchlist, so they would notice any further votes or notices about rewrites.  Thus, if someone wanted to strikethrough his old vote and change it, it would have been done.  On the other hand, I see your point about the deletion having happened soon after the re-write.  While no one came back to say "keep," no one came back to say "keep deleted."  If you believe that the article should be restored, you can nominate it at the "votes for undeletion" page.  That will ensure that people are looking at your rewrite, rather than the original "article."  Joyous 17:44, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

I have put your rewritten article on R.E. Lee Deville back on the vfd page. You have written it well, but I have doubts about the notability. Sjakkalle 08:49, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Human rights in the United States/Draft

The United States has an established legal tradition of providing strong protection for civil rights and human rights. Its founding document, the United States Constitution and in particular the Bill of Rights, provides for several guaranteed rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, right to trial, right to a jury, right against self-incrimination, right against unwarranted search and seizure, and the banning of cruel and unusual punishment.

Many (who? if there are many, we should be able to detail who they are. Ta bu shi da yu) view the United States as an exemplary human-rights leader and consider these enumerated rights to be among the strongest in the world, while critics (which critics? - Ta bu shi da yu) point to what they see as hypocrisy in both the domestic and the foreign policies of the United States government and claim that the rights formally guaranteed by the American constitution have been eroded.

The issue of human rights in the United States involves controversial issues such as capital punishment, police brutality, the "War on Drugs", and sexual morality. Finer points which are sometimes debated are a perceived media concentration that might drown out voices of dissent, and the details of the justice system (minimum sentencing laws, plea bargains, inadequate public defenders, etc.).

After the attacks of September 11, 2001, pressure from the government of the United States for more surveillance of the general population has led to heightened criticism of the government's violation of citizens' privacy and of control measures that do not respect prisoner dignity.

Oldest version
The United States has had a chequered history of civil rights. The United States Constitution and in particular the Bill of Rights, provided for certain guaranteed rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, right to trial, right to a jury, right against self-incrimination, right against unwarranted search and seizure, and the banning of cruel and unusual punishment. However, those rights only applied to white citizens. The same document protected slavery and provided for 3/5 of the slave population to be counted toward the white population's federal representation. The U.S. Supreme Court confirmed in 1857 in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford that under the constitution no black person, free or enslaved, could ever become a citizen on the United States. This was later reversed by constitutional amendment, but only after a divisive civil war which saw the pro-slavery Southern states briefly secede from the Union. Racial segregation laws and a culture of anti-black vigilantism remained in force in some Southern states until the 1960s, when a series of court rulings and legislative acts ended segregation.

Newest version
In the early years of the United States, slavery and indentured servitude were legal in several states. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1857 in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford that a slave who had entered a non-slave state did not automatically gain freedom by doing so, a ruling which was seen as upholding slavery. Slavery was outlawed by constitutional amendment after the American Civil War in 1865.

In some areas until the mid-20th century various segregation and Jim Crow laws discriminated between white and black Americans. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled nearly all such laws unconstitutional by 1968, and in the following decades ruled in favor of laws and practices such as affirmative action which discriminated against white people.

Death penalty

The use of the death penalty is controversial, both in the U.S. and outside it. Many regard the death penalty as inhumane and criticize it for its irreversibility.

It is clamed that erroneous convictions have led to executions, although there is no proof that any innocent person has been put to death since the death penalty was reinstated since 1973. And although blacks form only 13% of the total American population, 42% of those on death row are black (2003 statistics ).

Recently the governor of Illinois placed a moratorium on all executions due to these concerns.

Until very recently, the United States sometimes executed juvenile offenders: since 1990 Amnesty International recorded 38 executions of child offenders worldwide, 19 of them in the USA. According to Amnesty International, along with Somalia, the United States is one of the two sovereign states in the world not to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which prohibits use of the death penalty against child offenders who are people convicted of crimes committed when they were under 18 years old. However, the U.S. Supreme Court declared this practice unconstitutional, citing it as cruel and unusual punishment.

Prison
The US has one of the highest percentages of people in prison of any modern nation—as of 2004, the second-highest in the world. Roughly 2 million, or roughly 2 out of every 300, Americans are in jail at any moment.

Because the legal system has imposed liability upon employers for negligence in hiring ex-convicts and in supervising them, many employers now make background checks a mandatory part of the hiring process. As a result, prisoners who are released often have difficulty finding jobs and often return to crime to support themselves.

Racial minorities, notably Blacks and Hispanics, are overrepresented in the US's prison population. According to Human Rights Watch, "black men [in 2000] were eight times more likely to be in prison than white men". According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, approximately 40.2% of the prison populaion is black, while 32.1% of the population is Hispanic, with several enquiries and critics commenting negatively on the use of racial profiling and the overrepresentation of minorities in American prisons. However, others note that these groups commit crimes at a far higher rate than white Americans. What follows is not notable as virtually all politicians condemn racial profiling as well as thousands of other people and organizations. One of the critics is U.S. Senator Darrel Issa, who introduced a bill on May 14, 2003 that condemned both of these things. An enquiry was held by the Virginia Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights that dealt with African Americans in the Virginia Criminal Justice System.

Sexual abuse in US prisons is believed by many to be widespread. It has been fought against by organizations such as Stop Prisoner Rape, some of whom allege that some wardens use sexual abuse as a control tool in the prisons.

The U.S. also has "supermax prisons", where the most dangerous prisoners are kept in soundproofed solitary confinement for 23 hours a day with almost no human contact. They are often defended as appropriate for mass murderers, but there have been reports that nonviolent prisoners have been sent to supermaxes.

In some states, those convicted of felony offenses are banned from voting. Since these laws disproportionately affect the non-white population, their constitutionality has been challenged by some.

National security exceptions
The US government has on several occasions claimed exceptions to guaranteed rights on grounds of protecting national security. These exceptions are often invoked in wartime or during international conflicts short of war (such as the Cold War). In some instances the federal courts have allowed these exceptions, while in others the courts have decided that the national security interest was insufficient.

Sedition laws have sometimes placed restrictions on freedom of expression. The Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by president John Adams during an undeclared naval conflict with France, allowed the government to punish "false" statements about the government and to deport "dangerous" immigrants. They were used by the Federalist Party to harass supporters of the Democratic-Republican Party. Another broad sedition law was passed during World War I by Woodrow Wilson. Its provisions were so strict that one Hollywood director was imprisoned for making a film about the American Revolution because it depicted the British unfavorably. These laws lapsed or became inactive at the end of the conflict.

Presidents have claimed the power to imprison summarily, under military jurisdiction, those suspected of being combatants for states or groups at war against the United States. This power was invoked by Abraham Lincoln in the American Civil War to imprison Maryland secessionists. In that case, the Supreme Court protested that only Congress could suspend the right of habeas corpus, and the detainees were released. During World War II, thousands of Japanese-Americans were interned on fears that Japan might use them as saboteurs. In the recent campaign against terrorist groups, the government has detained suspected al Qaeda affiliates like Yaser Esam Hamdi, who also had his citizenship revoked.

The Fourth Amendment of the constitution forbids unreasonable search and seizure without a warrant, but some administrations have claimed exceptions to this rule to investigate alleged conspiracies against the government. During the Cold War, the FBI established COINTELPRO to infiltrate and disrupt left-wing organizations, including those that supported the rights of black Americans. More recently the USA PATRIOT Act has been attacked as eroding Fourth Amendment protections.

The U.S. is unusually liberal today in accepting immigrants and visitors (there have been some exceptions in the past, notably the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882). At present, foreign nationals can be detained or deported for minor infractions, although deportation is uncommon. The government is sometimes accused of skirting the required legal procedures. Tracking of immigrants has also increased as part of the anti-terrorism campaign, so that foreigners arriving by air are now subject to mandatory fingerprinting and photography. Since 2002, male adults from any of two dozen countries, most of them Muslim, have been subject to Special Registration. The U.S. is sometimes criticized for the effects of its border control efforts (who by? - Ta bu shi da yu); for instance, between 1998 and 2004, 1,954 persons are officially reported to have died along the United States Mexico barrier.

Amnesty International assessment
Amnesty International states for the year 2000:
 * Police brutality, disputed shootings and ill-treatment in prisons and jails were reported. In May the U.N. Committee against Torture considered the initial report of the USA on implementation of the U.N. Convention against Torture. Eighty-five prisoners were executed in 14 states bringing to 683 the total number of people executed since 1976. Those executed included individuals who were children under 18 at the time of their crimes, and the mentally impaired.

Many people disagree with the UN and Amnesty International assessment. Some of the reasons given by those who disagree with various aspects: they do not accept low intelligence quotient as an excuse for capital crimes (see ), and they feel that some older teenagers should be tried as adults due to the nature of the offense, though no other government in the world takes this view. (who asserts these views? - Ta bu shi da yu)

China's assessment
Main article: China's assessment of the human rights record of the United States

Annually since 2001 (with the exception of the year 2003), the People's Republic of China has been publishing reports on the annual human rights record in the United States of America, as its response to the criticisms from the United States on China's human rights issues. These reports, entitled "Human Rights Record of the United States", and published by the Information Office of the State Council, attack the state of human rights in the United States and have been published subsequent to the "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices" for China by the United States Department of State, which all reports cite in the first paragraph. Critics of China's "report" say it contains nothing of substance but disconnected allegations intended to divert attention from China's own human rights record.


text: Category:Television stations in Missouri


text:
Selective mutism

Selective mutism (SM) is an anxiety disorder in which a person who is otherwise capable of speech becomes unable to speak when exposed to specific situations, specific places, or to specific people, one or multiple of which serving as triggers. This is caused by the freeze response. Selective mutism usually co-exists with social anxiety disorder. People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or punishment.

Signs and symptoms
Children and adults with selective mutism are fully capable of speech and understanding language but are completely unable to speak in certain situations, though speech is expected of them. The behaviour may be perceived as shyness or rudeness by others. A child with selective mutism may be completely silent at school for years but speak quite freely or even excessively at home. There is a hierarchical variation among people with this disorder: some people participate fully in activities and appear social but do not speak, others will speak only to peers but not to adults, others will speak to adults when asked questions requiring short answers but never to peers, and still others speak to no one and participate in few, if any, activities presented to them. In a severe form known as "progressive mutism", the disorder progresses until the person with this condition no longer speaks to anyone in any situation, even close family members.

To meet DSM-5 criteria for selective mutism, one must exhibit the following:

 * Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations (in which there is an expectation for speaking, e.g., at school) despite speaking in other situations.
 * The disturbance interferes with educational or occupational achievement or with social communication.
 * The duration of the disturbance is at least 1 month (not limited to the first month of school).
 * The failure to speak is not due to a lack of knowledge of the spoken language required in the social situation.
 * The disturbance is not better accounted for by a communication disorder (e.g., childhood-onset fluency disorder) and does not occur exclusively in people with autism spectrum disorders or psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

Selective mutism is strongly associated with other anxiety disorders, particularly social anxiety disorder. In fact, the majority of children diagnosed with selective mutism also have social anxiety disorder (100% of participants in two studies and 97% in another). Some researchers therefore speculate that selective mutism may be an avoidance strategy used by a subgroup of children with social anxiety disorder to reduce their distress in social situations.

Particularly in young children, selective mutism can sometimes be conflated with an autism spectrum disorder, especially if the child acts particularly withdrawn around their diagnostician, which can lead to incorrect diagnosis and treatment. Although many autistic people are also selectively mute, they often display other behaviors—stimming, repetitive behaviors, social isolation even among family members (not always answering to name, for example)—that set them apart from a child with selective mutism alone. Some autistic people may be selectively mute due to anxiety in unfamiliar social situations. If mutism is entirely due to autism spectrum disorder, it cannot be diagnosed as selective mutism as stated in the last item on the list above.

The former name elective mutism indicates a widespread misconception among psychologists that selectively mute people choose to be silent in certain situations, while the truth is that they often wish to speak but are unable to do so. To reflect the involuntary nature of this disorder, the name was changed to selective mutism in 1994, although some people are calling for a name change to "situational mutism" because the current name can promote the belief that it is a behavior the individual selects rather than it occurring in certain situations.

The incidence of selective mutism is not certain. Due to the poor understanding of this condition by the general public, many cases are likely undiagnosed. Based on the number of reported cases, the figure is commonly estimated to be 1 in 1000, 0.1%. However, a 2002 study in The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry estimated the incidence to be 0.71%.

Other symptoms
Besides lack of speech, other common behaviors and characteristics displayed by selectively mute people, according to Elisa Shipon-Blum's findings, include:

 * Shyness, social anxiety, fear of social embarrassment or social isolation and withdrawal
 * Difficulty maintaining eye contact
 * Blank expression and reluctance to smile or incessant smiling
 * Difficulty expressing feelings, even to family members
 * Tendency to worry more than most people of the same age
 * Sensitivity to noise and crowds

On the flip side, there are some positive traits observed in many cases:

 * Above average intelligence, inquisitiveness, or perception
 * A strong sense of right and wrong
 * Creativity
 * Love for the arts
 * Empathy
 * Sensitivity for other people

Causes
Selective mutism (SM) is an umbrella term for the condition of otherwise well-developed children or adults who cannot speak or communicate under certain settings. The exact causes that affect each person may be different and yet unknown. There have been attempts to categorize, but there are no definitive answers yet due to the under-diagnosis and small/biased sample sizes. Many people are not diagnosed until late in childhood only because they do not speak at school and therefore fail to accomplish assignments requiring public speaking. Their involuntary silence makes the condition harder to understand or test. Parents often are unaware of the condition since the children may be functioning well at home. Teachers and pediatricians also sometimes mistake it for severe shyness or common stage fright.

Most children and adults with selective mutism are hypothesized to have an inherited predisposition to anxiety. They often have inhibited temperaments, which is hypothesized to be the result of over-excitability of the area of the brain called the amygdala. This area receives indications of possible threats and sets off the fight-or-flight response. Behavioral inhibitions, or inhibited temperaments, encompass feelings of emotional distress and social withdrawals. In a 2016 study, the relationship between behavioral inhibition and selective mutism was investigated. Children between the ages of three and 19 with lifetime selective mutism, social phobia, internalizing behavior, and healthy controls were assessed using the parent-rated Retrospective Infant Behavioral Inhibition (RIBI) questionnaire, consisting of 20 questions that addressed shyness and fear, as well as other subscales. The results indicated behavioral inhibition does indeed predispose selective mutism. Corresponding with the researchers’ hypothesis, children diagnosed with long-term selective mutism had a higher behavioral inhibition score as an infant. This is indicative of the positive correlation between behavioral inhibition and selective mutism.

Given the very high incidence of social anxiety disorder within selective mutism (as high as 100% in some studies ), it is possible that social anxiety disorder causes selective mutism. Some children or adults with selective mutism may have trouble processing sensory information. This could cause anxiety and a sense of being overwhelmed in unfamiliar situations, which may cause the child or adult to "shut down" and not be able to speak (something that some autistic people also experience). Many children or adults with selective mutism have some auditory processing difficulties.

About 20–30% of children or adults with selective mutism have speech or language disorders that add stress to situations in which the child is expected to speak. In the DSM-4, the term “elective mutism” was changed to “selective mutism.” This name change intended to deemphasize this refusal and oppositional aspect of the disorder. Instead, it highlighted that in select environments, the child is unable to speak rather than choosing not to. In fact, children with selective mutism have a lower rate of oppositional behavior than their peers in a school setting. Some previous studies on the subject of selective mutism have been dismissed as containing serious flaws in their design. According to a more recent systematic study it is believed that children or adults who have selective mutism are not more likely than other children or adults to have a history of early trauma or stressful life events. Many children or adults who have selective mutism almost always speak confidently in some situations.

Treatment
Contrary to popular belief, people with selective mutism do not necessarily improve with age. Effective treatment is necessary for a child to develop properly. Without treatment, selective mutism can contribute to chronic depression, further anxiety, and other social and emotional problems.

Consequently, treatment at an early age is important. If not addressed, selective mutism tends to be self-reinforcing. Others may eventually expect an affected child to not speak and therefore stop attempting to initiate verbal contact. Alternatively, they may pressure the child to talk, increasing their anxiety levels in situations where speech is expected. Due to these problems, a change of environment may be a viable consideration. However, changing school is worth considering only if the alternative environment is highly supportive, otherwise a whole new environment could also be a social shock for the individual or deprive them of any friends or support they have currently. Regardless of the cause, increasing awareness and ensuring an accommodating, supportive environment are the first steps towards effective treatment. Most often affected children do not have to change schools or classes and have no difficulty keeping up except on the communication and social front. Treatment in teenage or adult years can be more difficult because the affected individual has become accustomed to being mute, and lacks social skills to respond to social cues.

The exact treatment depends on the person's age, any comorbid mental illnesses, and a number of other factors. For instance, stimulus fading is typically used with younger children because older children and teenagers recognize the situation as an attempt to make them speak, and older people with this condition and people with depression are more likely to need medication.

Like other disabilities, adequate accommodations are needed for those with the condition to succeed at school, work, and in the home. In the United States, under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a federal law, those with the disorder qualify for services based upon the fact that they have an impairment that hinders their ability to speak, thus disrupting their lives. This assistance is typically documented in the form of an Individualized Education Program (IEP). Post-secondary accommodations are also available for people with disabilities.

Under another law in the US, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, public school districts are required to provide a free, appropriate public education to every "qualified handicapped person" residing within their jurisdiction. If the child is found to have impairments that substantially limit a major life activity (in this case, learning), the education agency has to decide what related aids or services are required to provide equal access to the learning environment.

Social Communication Anxiety Treatment (S-CAT) is a common treatment approach by professionals and has proven to be successful. S-CAT integrates components of behavioral-therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and an insight-oriented approach to increase social communication and promote social confidence. Tactics such as systemic desensitization, modeling, fading, and positive reinforcement enable individuals to develop social engagement skills and begin to progress communicatively in a step-by-step manner. There are many treatment plans that exist and it is recommended for families to do thorough research before deciding on their treatment approach.

Self-modeling
An affected child is brought into the classroom or the environment where the child will not speak and is videotaped. First, the teacher or another adult prompts the child with questions that likely will not be answered. A parent, or someone the child feels comfortable speaking to, then replaces the prompter and asks the child the same questions, this time eliciting a verbal response. The two videos of the conversations are then edited together to show the child directly answering the questions posed by the teacher or other adult. This video is then shown to the child over a series of several weeks, and every time the child sees themself verbally answering the teacher/other adult, the tape is stopped and the child is given positive reinforcement.

Such videos can also be shown to affected children's classmates to set an expectation in their peers that they can speak. The classmates thereby learn the sound of the child's voice and, albeit through editing, have the opportunity to see the child conversing with the teacher.

Mystery motivators
Mystery motivation is often paired with self-modeling. An envelope is placed in the child's classroom in a visible place. On the envelope, the child's name is written along with a question mark. Inside is an item that the child's parent has determined to be desirable to the child. The child is told that when they ask for the envelope loudly enough for the teacher and others in the classroom to hear, the child will receive the mystery motivator. The class is also told of the expectation that the child ask for the envelope loudly enough that the class can hear.

Stimulus fading
Affected subjects can be brought into a controlled environment with someone with whom they are at ease and can communicate. Gradually, another person is introduced into the situation. One example of stimulus fading is the sliding-in technique, where a new person is slowly brought into the talking group. This can take a long time for the first one or two faded-in people but may become faster as the patient gets more comfortable with the technique.

As an example, a child may be playing a board game with a family member in a classroom at school. Gradually, the teacher is brought in to play as well. When the child adjusts to the teacher's presence, then a peer is brought in to be a part of the game. Each person is only brought in if the child continues to engage verbally and positively.

Desensitization
The subject communicates indirectly with a person to whom they are afraid to speak through such means as email, instant messaging (text, audio or video), online chat, voice or video recordings, and speaking or whispering to an intermediary in the presence of the target person. This can make the subject more comfortable with the idea of communicating with this person.

Shaping
The subject is slowly encouraged to speak. The subject is reinforced first for interacting nonverbally, then for saying certain sounds (such as the sound that each letter of the alphabet makes) rather than words, then for whispering, and finally saying a word or more.

Spacing
Spacing is important to integrate, especially with self-modeling. Repeated and spaced out use of interventions is shown to be the most helpful long-term for learning. Viewing videotapes of self-modeling should be shown over a spaced out period of time of approximately 6 weeks.

Drug treatments
Some practitioners believe there would be evidence indicating anxiolytics to be helpful in treating children and adults with selective mutism, to decrease anxiety levels and thereby speed the process of therapy. Use of medication may end after nine to twelve months, once the person has learned skills to cope with anxiety and has become more comfortable in social situations. Medication is more often used for older children, teenagers, and adults whose anxiety has led to depression and other problems.

Medication, when used, should never be considered the entire treatment for a person with selective mutism. However, the reason why medication needs to be considered as a treatment at all is because selective mutism is still prevalent, despite psychosocial efforts. But while on medication, the person should still be in therapy to help them learn how to handle anxiety and prepare them for life without medication, as medication is typically a short-term solution.

Since selective mutism is categorized as an anxiety disorder, using similar medication to treat either makes sense. Antidepressants have been used in addition to self-modeling and mystery motivation to aid in the learning process. Furthermore, SSRIs in particular have been used to treat selective mutism. In a systematic review, ten studies were looked at which involved SSRI medications, and all reported medication was well tolerated. In one of them, Black and Uhde (1994) conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigating the effects of fluoxetine. By parent report, fluoxetine-treated children showed significantly greater improvement than placebo-treated children. In another, Dummit III et al. (1996) administered fluoxetine to 21 children for nine weeks and found that 76% of the children had reduced or no symptoms by the end of the experiment. This indicates that fluoxetine is an SSRI that is indeed helpful in treating selective mutism.

History
In 1877, German physician Adolph Kussmaul described children who were able to speak normally but often refused to as having a disorder he named aphasia voluntaria. Although this is now an obsolete term, it was part of an early effort to describe the concept now called selective mutism.

In 1980, a study by Torey Hayden identified what she called four "subtypes" of elective mutism (as it was called then), although this set of subtypes is not in current diagnostic use. These subtypes are no longer recognized, though "speech phobia" is sometimes used to describe a selectively mute person who appears not to have any symptoms of social anxiety.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), first published in 1952, first included selective mutism in its third edition, published in 1980. Selective mutism was described as "a continuous refusal to speak in almost all social situations" despite normal ability to speak. While "excessive shyness" and other anxiety-related traits were listed as associated features, predisposing factors included "maternal overprotection", "mental retardation", and trauma. Elective mutism in the third edition revised (DSM III-R) is described similarly to the third edition except for specifying that the disorder is not related to social phobia.

In 1994, Sue Newman, co-founder of the Selective Mutism Foundation, requested that the fourth edition of the DSM reflect the name change from elective mutism to selective mutism and describe the disorder as a failure to speak. The relation to anxiety disorders was emphasized, particularly in the revised version (DSM IV-TR). As part of the reorganization of the DSM categories, the DSM-5 moved selective mutism from the section "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence" to the section for anxiety disorders.

title: Selective mutism


text: Category:Mass media in Missouri

title: Category:Mass media in Missouri


text:
Broken Spoke Records

Broken Spoke Record is a record label founded in 1997 by Royce Nunley, who was then a member of The Suicide Machines and side-project Broken Spoke. The label had releases from artists such as Agent 23, Tricky Dick and Blueprint 76.

Broken Spoke Records was founded by James M White in Austin, Texas in the 1980s. James M White, who died in 2021, was also the co-owner of the famous Broken Spoke dancehall in Austin, founded in 1964 by James M White's stepfather William Richard "Joe" Baland.

title: Broken Spoke Records


text:
File:Dickinson Midget.png

Summary
Dickinson High School mascot: The Midget

Licensing
This image was provided by the Dickinson High School webmaster, Chris Rummel, and is qualified under fair use.

title: File:Dickinson Midget.png


text:
Vought XF5U

The Vought XF5U "Flying Flapjack" was an experimental U.S. Navy fighter aircraft designed by Charles H. Zimmerman for Vought during World War II. This unorthodox design consisted of a flat, somewhat disc-shaped body (resembling a flying flapjack/pancake, hence its nickname) serving as the lifting surface. Two piston engines buried in the body drove propellers located on the leading edge, at the wingtips.

Design and development
A developed version of the original V-173 prototype, the XF5U-1 was a larger aircraft. Of all-metal construction, it was almost five times heavier, with two 1,400 hp (1,193 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-2000 radial engines. The configuration was designed to create a low aspect ratio aircraft with low takeoff and landing speeds but high top speed. The aircraft was designed to keep the low stall speed and high angle of attack from the V-173 prototype while providing for better pilot visibility, cockpit comfort, less vibration, and provisions to install armament. This included a cockpit redesign moving the cockpit from the leading edge of the wing to a nose nacelle that extended further in front of the leading edge. The arrestor hook was changed to a dorsal hook that would diminish the drag from the apparatus.

Normally, a wing with such a low aspect ratio will suffer from very poor performance due to the degree of induced drag created at the wingtips, as the higher pressure air below spills around the wingtip to the lower-pressure region above. In a conventional aircraft, these wingtip vortices carry a lot of energy with them and hence create drag. The usual approach to reducing these vortices is to build a wing with a high aspect ratio, i.e. one that is long and narrow. However, such wings compromise the maneuverability and roll rate of the aircraft, or present a structural challenge in building them stiff enough. The XF5U attempted to overcome the tip vortex problem using the propellers to actively cancel the drag-causing tip vortices. The propellers are arranged to rotate in the opposite direction to the tip vortices, with the aim of retaining the higher-pressure air below the wing. With this source of drag eliminated, the aircraft would fly with a much smaller wing area, and the small wing would yield high maneuverability with greater structural strength.

The propellers envisioned for the completed fighter — unlike the torque-reducing counter-rotating propellers of the V-173 design — were to have a built-in cyclic movement like a helicopter's main rotor, with a very limited ability to shift their center of lift up and down to aid the aircraft in maneuvering. Initially, the aircraft used propellers originally designed for the V-173 prototype. These propellers would be replaced with propellers taken from the Vought F4U-4 Corsair. An ejection seat was fitted to allow the pilot to clear the massive propellers in the event of an in-flight emergency. Although the prototype was unarmed, a combination of six M2 Browning 50-caliber machine guns or four M3 20 mm cannons would be mounted in the wing roots in service.

Testing and evaluation
The XF5U design was promising: specifications given at the time promised great maneuverability and speeds up to 452 mph (727 km/h). However, it came at the time when the United States Navy was switching from propeller driven to jet propelled aircraft. By 1946, the XF5U-1 project was already long over its expected development time, and well over budget. With jet aircraft coming into service, the Navy finally canceled the project on 17 March 1947, and the prototype aircraft (V-173) was transferred to the Smithsonian Museum for display. Although two aircraft were constructed, a lone XF5U-1 underwent ground runs but never overcame vibration problems. Taxi trials at Vought's Connecticut factory culminated in short "hops" that were not true flights. The only completed XF5U-1 proved to be so structurally solid that it had to be destroyed with a wrecking ball.

title: Vought XF5U


text:
Talk:Hamoaze

Pronunciation
It would be very helpful if you included a guide to the pronunciation of these weird words. How does one pronounce Hamoaze? How in 1790? [HAM-ooze]?

 * I added an IPA pronunciation guide. I've tried to render the pronunciations I've found online, which seem closer to [HAM-owes] than [HAM-ooze].  If any locals can correct my probable mangling of the name, please do! —Ryan McDaniel 17:00, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, I have no clue how it used to be pronounced. —Ryan McDaniel 17:01, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

hope its realised that this is generally thought to be an EnglishOED== - not a Cornish word - being Ham - settlement - next to the Ooze - muddy estuary. its also mentioned in Richard Carew's survey of Cornwall as it was on his doorstep. There is a possibility it is British as River Ouse could be from the Usk / Exe Celtic root

Who's bigger than who?
"The presence of large numbers of small watercraft are a challenge and hazard to the warships..." I would think that the warships are a rather bigger hazard to the small craft.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  16:35, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

HMS Eagle
Is it of any interest to include here that the Royal Navy's largest aircraft carrier, the 50,000 ton displacement HMS Eagle, was moored in the Hamoaze after being decommissioned in 1972, where she was gradually stripped and acted as a source of spare parts for HMS Ark Royal, until finally being towed away for scrapping in 1978. Andywebby (talk) 23:03, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hamoaze


text:
Talk:Pibb Xtra

Headline text
Does anyone have a source for the polyhedral can claim? Noser 02:38, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I've seen such cans, although that doesn't really count as a source... --Delirium 09:54, Apr 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm having a really hard time finding *anything* that can help me prove this. Still looking, though.

 * Found one picture: note the second can in the selection of Mr. Pibb cans. Tim Rhymeless (Er...let's shimmy)  10:46, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Why does someone insist on claiming it's sold in most of the United States? It is not. It is available in a very limited area. Most people can only get it in fountain drinks-there are only a handful of states this product is actually sold in. My sources are the huge amount of internet sites of people trying to locate it. Anyone who thinks it's widely available is apparently lucky enough to live in the very limited amount of places it is sold. 50.38.237.102 (talk) 00:17, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

"As of 2019, it is sold in bottles only in the United States" does this mean it's only available in bottles (aka it's no longer available in cans), or that if you want one in a bottle you have to go to the US? I assume the intention is the former, but the later is the more literal reading. Vita10gy (talk) 18:46, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

Currently unknown for Canada. From a personal experience in the US, however, I'd like to think that the Freestyle/ fountain drink machines are the most common format of availability for Pibb Zero. For Pibb Xtra, the most common format is bottled, being found in gas stations and with cans being found in supermarkets. Coolcam6578 (talk) 18:53, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

Pibb vs Dr Pepper
I've added a citation to the first line about mr pibb competing with dr pepper. Apparently when coca-cola first released mr. pibb, they had a "mr. pibb challenge". In the article from 1973, "That was W.W. Clements, the balding, genial, Dr. Pepper-swigging president of the company...mouths nothing but the friendliest of words for the Coca-Cola company and their Mr. Pibb challenge. "Better to let sleeping dogs lie," President Clements says softly. 'Our sales have actually improved since Mr. Pibb came along.'" Brtw2 (talk) 07:27, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Pibb Zero
According to the article, it's only been released in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It's now available in Missouri. Does anyone know, has it been released nationwide, or is it just available in Missouri, or even in southwest Missouri? -Rt66lt 00:12, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

it is also in Louisiana Jude86 06:17, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure, but I know they also sell it in Wisconsin.

I'll try to find a website that lists its areas, but everywhere I've seen says limited. -- AMFilmsInc (and, Action) 01:22, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

You can find it in Western IL, but only through the food store chain Hy-Vee — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.46.54.14 (talk) 02:47, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

careless editing
What happened to the humorous sentence about "Though the video Lazy Sunday suggests that Mr. Pibb + Red Vines = crazy delicious, this hypothesis has not been confirmed. Further study has been promised"? I found that very amusing and am extremely disappointed to see that someone has callously removed it.

In general, I've noticed the wikipedia snobs don't like humor, no matter how light or funny, in their pages, unless it is a direct fact that might happen to be funny.
 * I hate to be a downer but, Wikipedia articles aren't about humour, they're about appropriate, informative information about various topics that can be of assistance to people. ARandomHeretic UTC 02:41 2 November 2006

 * Is it OK if I'm an upper and a downer? --

If you want humor, go to urbandictionary. Wikipedia is about information. Do you see jokes in the World Book? -- AMFilmsInc (and, Action) 04:35, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pibb Xtra.jpg
Image:Pibb Xtra.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:18, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Coke cans with faceted sides
Back in the 90's I noticed this on not only a Mr. Pibb can, but other Coke products as well. Being a curious geek, I even wrote up a study of it using Excel. I'll not bore you with the dry analysis, but the end result was that by using a 30 faceted can they saved a small amount of aluminum in each. My computations showed an 'extra' can being available for every 600 or cans produced. I have sent an inquiry to Coca-Cola asking for confirmation of their existence and the reasoning.

Ha ha, awesome. -- AMFilmsInc (and, Action) 04:36, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

NPOV?
The article states that some people think Mr. Pibb is better than Dr. Pepper, however, there is no opposing viewpoint.NodPilot42 21:42, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

I think it's better, and my cousin thinks it's better. That's "some people".

No matter what something is, if it has a competitor, "some people" like it better. It's common sense. -- AMFilmsInc (and, Action) 01:24, 14 November 2007 (UTC) Personally, I like the hint of cinnamon taste of Pibb, but I like Dr. Pepper too. Given the choice, I prefer Pibb. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mpesci7822 (talk • contribs) 12:01, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Trivia section
I am going to wait a week, and then I will come back and nuke any unsourced statements in the trivia section, and incorporate the survivors into the main article. There is a ton of unreferenced pop-culture drivel in this article (more than half the article is composed of the trivia section) and none of it adds anything to the article or to Wikipedia. Horologium t-c 15:43, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

I nuked it, after more than a month of waiting.  Horologium  (talk) 16:50, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Huh
Odd, I'm in the midwest (Wisconsin), and we serve Pibb Xtra at work... but can't buy it at Wal-Mart. Dammit. To make matters worse, nobody bothers to brix the soda properly so it always tastes flat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.168.71.168 (talk) 04:25, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

In a few gas stations in western Michigan, I have found Pibb Xtra in the 20 oz bottles sold individually cold, but none in the grocery stores or Walmarts in the area. Although Pibb is available in quite a few restaurants in their fountains. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mpesci7822 (talk • contribs) 12:00, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

RATING PLEASE
Could someone PLEASE give this a new rating, i have done significant work to improve the quality of this article and would like it to be updated to start status. Thank You! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.126.219.2 (talk) 01:34, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Typo
There appears to be a typo on the page:

"More data is needed to access whether this marketing strategy worked."

I'm pretty sure that word is supposed to be 'assess' and not 'access', but every time I change it it gets reverted back and I get a message accusing me of vandalizing the article. But 'assess' isn't a dirty word, honest! 74.137.166.161 (talk) 02:02, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Data is also a plural word, so it would actually be "More data are needed..." If you want it to remain singular (as in "is needed") then you have to use a word like "information," not "data". 69.120.2.107 (talk) 17:32, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Cola?
Is Mr. PiBB considered a "cola" as labeled in the article? Dr. Pepper isn't considered to be a cola in the Dr. Paper article. Do the ingredients contain kola nuts? 75.27.239.112 (talk) 03:09, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Good luck finding a cola that contains kola nuts. Pepsi and Coke are both artificially flavored. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.46.54.14 (talk) 02:50, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Typo and Cola
That is a typo and I will try and get that fixed, thanks for youre time on that. Also I think the cola reference is just used to describe any soda that isnt a fruit flavor, but ill research that. Thanks.

I seem to recall and advertising campaign (in the UK) that explicitly stated that Dr Pepper was NOT a cola. I guess Mr Pibb therefore cannot be considered to be a cola, since it is main rival to Dr Pepper. Just as a point of interest, is Mr Pibb caffientated? Maybe that's what qualifies it as a cola, if so...

82.5.68.95 (talk) 12:36, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

The "guy" who hated Mr. Pibb?
"In 2000, there was a guy with the last name Pibb. He hated that there was a soft drink with his name. He was not fond of the soft drink so he sued the company and won. Therefore, a year later the company had to change the name to Pibb Xtra and add additional flavors to have a believable reason for changing the name."

This is uncited and written in an unprofessional way. I'm removing the sentence. Whoever originally added it is encouraged to try again. Sarcen1174 (talk) 22:58, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

That is absolutely ridiculous.

Even if a case like that did reach court, the man would never win. Rik Maksen(Talk here) 22:56, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 23:08, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

PiBB or Pibb and why?
I've change the article to use "Pibb", but the BB version exists even here on the talk page. What's up with that, what's proper and why? Perhaps the article should state? LilHelpa (talk) 16:41, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

I arrived here from the American Dad! The Vacation Goo episode; the link is of the BB version as well. 71.111.23.79 (talk) 19:38, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The cans and logo for "Mr. Pibb" alternately used "PiBB" and "PIBB". That's not a reason to consider either an "official" spelling instead of "Pibb" (and "Pibb Xtra" has no funny capitalization), but that's probably why someone decided to type it that way on Wikipedia. --64.149.36.182 (talk) 06:21, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

I'm sure that someone will erase this statement after I write this. But, I should tell you that no one calls this soda Pibb extra. Everybody calls it by the traditional name of either Mr. Pibb or Mr. PIBB. I have worked in the food service industries for several years at various companies. I don't have the ability to cite this, it's my opinion based on experience. If it helps, you can ask anyone who has experience in the food service industry, and I'm sure they will tell you the same thing. The company might as well change the name back, considering that no one uses the current name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pross001 (talk • contribs) 02:59, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

23 flavors
it says mr. pibb has 23 flavors, the source it cites doesn't say that. and the only other places I see that obviously copied off of this article. I know dr. pepper has 23 flavors, this is too much of a coincidence, so I am removing it. 67.176.160.47 (talk) 19:35, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Mariana Islands
The Mariana Islands are a part of the United States. Guam is a United States Territory and the Northern Mariana Islands are a United States Commonwealth. Saying that the soda is sold "in the United States and the Mariana Islands" sounds utterly moronic, similar to saying "the United States and New England." It comes off as shoddy and amateur and should be removed or changed to, "the United States including the Mariana Islands." 210.23.84.66 (talk) 12:48, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Only problem with that is... When people hear "United States" they think of the continental 48, Alaska, and Hawaii. Most do not think of Puerto Rico, Guam, Mariana, Virgin Isles, or Somalia. Heck, most people have no clue exactly how many islands are technically a part of the US. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.46.54.14 (talk) 02:52, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Um...did you mean American Samoa? 216.96.138.233 (talk) 17:37, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Footnote link from Texas Monthly newspaper / magazine no longer available
This link, used in the first footnote, no longer leads to any article: http://www.texasmonthly.com/1973-02-01/business.php — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.162.1.16 (talk) 14:05, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pibb Xtra