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Seymour Liebergot

Seymour "Sy" Abraham Liebergot (born February 15, 1936, in Camden, New Jersey) is a retired NASA flight controller, serving during the Apollo program. Liebergot was an EECOM controller and was responsible for the electrical and environmental systems on board the Command Module. In 1970, he was part of the team that guided Apollo 13 back to Earth following the explosion that crippled the spacecraft.

He began his career in 1963 with North American Aviation after graduating from California State University, Los Angeles. In 1964, he came to NASA. Liebergot was an Assistant Flight Director on Apollo 4, then an EECOM flight controller on Apollo 8–15. On Apollo 17, he served as CSSB SPAN (SPacecraft ANalysis room) Support. He continued as a controller in the Skylab and ASTP missions.

Early life and education
Seymour “Sy” Abraham Liebergot was born on February 15, 1936, in Camden, New Jersey, the second child of parents Ida née Soloff and Solomon “Sol” Liebergot. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Kiev, Ukraine, and his maternal grandparents immigrated from Novosibkov, Russia to the U.S. Sy experienced an unstable and rough childhood. Though money was scarce, his father gambled, drank, and had many gangster friends and enemies. Ida spiraled into a nervous breakdown when Sol had an affair, attempting to kill Sy and his sister Phyllis in 1942. Ida was permanently institutionalized. Sol married the woman he had an affair with, and they later bore three more children. Sol constantly uprooted his family, moving from place to place in order to escape danger from his debts, and he neglected his family and often beat Sy.

After graduating high school in 1953, Sy worked as a copy boy at the Philadelphia Inquirer. In 1954, after turning 18, he decided to join the Army to take some time to receive technical training and figure out his life plans. He was stationed in Fort Huachuca and the Yuma Test Station, where he fulfilled weather activity duties. Sy was honorably discharged in 1957.

That same year, he moved to Los Angeles, CA and married his first wife, Deanna Cohen. He decided to attend college for Electrical Engineering and enrolled at the Los Angeles City Junior College (LACC) for his first two years of study. He simultaneously worked as a shoe salesman for five years to support himself and his family. Liebergot’s first daughter, Shelli Lyn was born in 1958 and his twin sons, Mark Daniel and Scot Alan, were born in 1960. He graduated from LACC after five semesters and enrolled in California State University at Los Angeles (CSLA) to finish the last two years of his degree.

Liebergot later moved to Houston to work for NASA. There, he participated in various social activities. He joined the Space City Ski Club (SCSC) in 1972, eventually becoming the President of the club and ultimately president of the statewide ski club organization, the Texas Ski Council. Liebergot also participated in chili cooking competitions with some friends, including the International Chili Championship in 1982. In 1988, Liebergot started singing lessons again (the last time was in high school), and he completed Scuba Divemaster training in 1989.

Liebergot and Cohen divorced in 1972. Six years later in 1978, he married Tania Andrasko. They divorced in 1984. Liebergot later met Elizabeth Craig Tharpe in 1988 at a monthly ski club meeting. They married in 1990.

Engineering career
While still in college, Liebergot accepted a part-time evening job at North American Aviation (NAA) in the Space & Information Systems Division (S&ID) College Engineering Unit. He became an assistant supervisor a year later. Their division later won a contract with NASA to build a part of the Saturn V lunar launch rocket. In 1962, he began working full time as an engineer and finished his degree at night in two semesters.

In 1964, Liebergot joined the Flight Operations Support Group, which provided command and service module (CSM) information to NASA’s flight operations in Houston. He stayed in Dowey, CA as a lead engineer while most of the group transferred to Houston. After 18 months, he tired of his position and joined the Flight Control Division in Houston, where he was a CSM Sequential Systems specialist, an advisor in the back room.

A year and a half later, wanting to participate in more of the action, Liebergot switched employment to NASA in the Manned Spacecraft Center’s Operations Control Room (MOCR), starting his career in flight control as the Apollo program was beginning.

In the 1966 AS-201 (Apollo/Saturn) mission, the first CSM test flight, Liebergot was still contracted to NASA and he served in the back room as a Sequential Systems specialist.

Becoming a NASA employee later that year, Liebergot served as the Operations & Procedures Officer (O&P) in the MOCR on AS-202, the second unmanned test flight.

On Apollo 4, AS-501, Liebergot became the Assistant Flight Director (AFD), assisting the Flight Director (FD) in his duties and serving as a backup for him.

After that mission, Liebergot switched to the Systems Branch. In Apollo 7 in 1968, he worked in the Staff Support Room (SSR) as the flight control division representative in the Spacecraft Analysis Room (SPAN).

Liebergot started as an Electrical, Environmental and COMmunication systems (EECOM) flight controller trainee on Apollo 8. From Apollo 9 through Apollo 15, he served as the CSM EECOM. Liebergot was assigned as the Lead EECOM in Apollo 14 because of his role in the Apollo 13 mission, for which he is well known for. In Apollo 16, Liebergot worked as the CSSB SPAN Systems position, supporting the new EECOM. He continued as CSSB SPAN support in Apollo 17. The SPAN room connected the engineering and flight controlling divisions.

After the end of the Apollo program, Liebergot continued in the Skylab Earth-orbit mission as Electrical, General Instrumentation & Life Support (EGIL) flight controller, which had more systems to monitor than the CSM EECOM, and with the ability to control some systems from the console. He trained as an EGIL after Apollo 15.

In the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) in concert with the Russians, Liebergot served as the Lead EECOM. He was awarded the NASA Commendation Award for his leadership role.

With the close of ASTP, Liebergot moved to work on the Shuttle spacecraft as Lead EECOM, gathering knowledge and developing new procedures and rules. He designed the Free Water Collection System.

Losing passion for the job, Liebergot retired from active flight control in 1976.

In 1979, Liebergot began to work with other engineers on the Space Station to write a program plan. Along with former LM Control flight controller Hal Loden, they wrote the Operations section of the program plan.

When the Space Station Program Office was created in 1981 at the Johnson Space Center (JSC), Liebergot joined the Customer Integration Office.

In 1988, Liebergot retired early and ended his career at NASA. He soon found a job at Rockwell International in the Shuttle Program Office at JSC working for the program director as a SPAN back room advisor.

A couple of years later, Liebergot was hired to help with the Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) at the JSC. As a Senior Project Engineer for the ISS, he directed the designing of element trainers for the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory for the ISS (water training pool).

In 1993, Liebergot transferred to work in the ISS Configuration Management organization of the company as a Senior Configuration Management Analyst, in which he tracked the equipment entering and leaving the ISS.

Apollo 13
The Apollo 13 mission launched on April 11, 1970. Liebergot was 34 years old and the EECOM on shift when the malfunction occurred. 55 hours into the mission, at the last hour of his shift, Liebergot requested a tank stir before the crew went to sleep because the quality sensor reading for Oxygen Tank 2 had failed earlier. There were two liquid oxygen and two liquid hydrogen tanks on the spacecraft. In space, they became more fog-like and separated into different layers. The stir involved turning on two fans in each storage tank to mix the contents.

The wiring inside Oxygen Tank 2 was bare and cracked, so as astronaut Jack Swigert flipped the four switches, Tank 2 exploded, which also caused Tank 1 to start leaking. The shock closed the valves to fuel cells 1 and 3 as well, leaving only a third of the electrical power generation system working.

When data started appearing abnormally, the responsibility fell on Liebergot. He initially thought it was an instrumentation problem, but other flight controllers also started having abnormalities, indicating a bigger problem was at hand. Liebergot worked with his back room support to figure out the issue, giving the astronaut crew instructions, and they eventually realized that they had lost two fuel cells. It was not an instrumentation error. Time was limited with the remaining oxygen tank to the CSM leaking and only one fuel cell remaining. The mission turned into one to save the crew and deliver them back to Earth safely.

If the cryo tanks were stirred later in the mission and the tanks/fuel cells lost later, the crew may not have been able to be saved. Liebergot was part of the Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for their efforts to successfully save the astronauts.

In popular culture
In the 1995 film Apollo 13, Liebergot was played by Clint Howard, the brother of director Ron Howard.

title: Seymour Liebergot


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Prince George of Greece and Denmark

Prince George of Greece and Denmark (Γεώργιος; 24 June 1869 – 25 November 1957) was the second son and child of George I of Greece and Olga Konstantinovna of Russia, and is remembered chiefly for having once saved the life of his cousin the future Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II in 1891 during their visit to Japan together. He served as high commissioner of the Cretan State during its transition towards independence from Ottoman rule and union with Greece.

Youth
From 1883, George lived at Bernstorff Palace near Copenhagen with Prince Valdemar of Denmark, his father's younger brother. The queen had taken the boy to Denmark to enlist him in the Danish royal navy and consigned him to the care of Valdemar, who was an admiral in the Danish fleet. Feeling abandoned by his father on this occasion, George would later describe to his fiancée the profound attachment he developed for his uncle from that day forward. In 1891, George accompanied his cousin the Tsesarevich Nicholas on his voyage to Asia, and saved him from an assassination attempt in Japan, in what became known as the Ōtsu Incident.

Greek endeavours
George, along with his brothers Constantine and Nicholas, were involved with the organization of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens. George served as president of the Sub-Committee for Nautical Sports. He served as a judge for the weightlifting competition, and demonstrated his strength by clearing the weights at the end of the event.

Although much of modern Greece had been independent since the 1820s, Crete remained in Ottoman hands. For the rest of the 19th century, there had been many rebellions and protests on the island. A Greek force arrived to annex the island in 1897 and the Great Powers acted, occupying the island and dividing it into British, French, Russian and Italian areas of control.

In 1898, Turkish troops were ejected and a national government was set up, still nominally under Ottoman suzerainty. Prince George, not yet thirty, was made High Commissioner, and a joint Muslim-Christian assembly was part-elected, part-appointed. However, this was not enough to satisfy Cretan nationalists.

Eleftherios Venizelos was the leader of the movement to unite Crete with Greece. He had fought in the earlier revolts and was now a member of the Assembly, acting as minister of justice to Prince George. They soon found themselves opposed. George, a staunch royalist, had assumed absolute power. Venizelos led the opposition to this. In 1905, however, he summoned an illegal revolutionary assembly in Theriso, in the hills near Chania, the then capital of the island, the "Theriso revolt".

During the revolt, the newly created Cretan Gendarmerie remained faithful to George. In this difficult period, the Cretan population were divided: in the 1906 elections the pro-Prince parties took 38,127 votes, while pro-Venizelos parties took 33,279. But the Gendarmerie managed to execute its duties without taking sides. Finally, British diplomats brokered a settlement and in September 1906 George was replaced by former Greek prime minister Alexandros Zaimis, and left the island. In 1908, the Cretan Assembly unilaterally declared enosis (union) with Greece.

In October 1912 George returned from Paris to Athens so that he could join the naval ministry as Greece prepared for war against Turkey. Later he served as aide-de-camp to King George who, however, was assassinated in March 1913. George went to Copenhagen to settle his father's financial affairs there, as he had never ceased to be a Prince of Denmark.

Marriage and family

Following a Parisian luncheon between King George and Prince Roland Bonaparte in September 1906 during which the king agreed to the prospect of a marriage between their children, George met Roland's daughter, Marie Bonaparte (2 July 1882 – 21 September 1962) on 19 July 1907 at the Bonapartes' home in Paris. A member of one of the non-imperial branches of the Bonaparte dynasty, she was an heiress to the Blanc casino fortune through her mother.

Although a homosexual, who lived most of the year with his uncle Prince Valdemar of Denmark with whom he had a life-long relationship, he dutifully courted her for twenty-eight days. He confided to her that he had experienced major disappointments when his roles in the Otsu incident and the Cretan governorship were misconstrued and under-appreciated by both individuals and governments who he felt should have known better. He also admitted that, contrary to what he knew were her hopes, he could not commit to living in France permanently since he had to remain prepared to undertake royal duties in Greece or Crete if summoned to do so. Once his proposal of marriage was tentatively accepted, the bride's father was astonished when George waived any contractual clause guaranteeing an allowance or inheritance from Marie; she would retain and manage her own fortune (a trust yielding 800,000 francs per annum) and only their future children would receive legacies.

George wed Marie civilly in Paris on 21 November 1907, and in a Greek Orthodox ceremony in Athens the following December, during which George's uncle Valdemar served as the koumbaros. By March Marie was pregnant and, as agreed, the couple returned to France to take up residence. When George brought his bride to Bernstorff for the first family visit, Valdemar's wife Marie d'Orléans was at pains to explain to Marie Bonaparte the intimacy which united uncle and nephew, so deep that at the end of each of George's several yearly visits to Bernstorff, he would weep, Valdemar would take sick, and the women learned the patience not to intrude upon their husbands' private moments. During the first of these visits, Marie Bonaparte and Valdemar found themselves engaging in the kind of passionate intimacies she had looked forward to with her husband who, however, only seemed to enjoy them vicariously, sitting or lying beside his wife and uncle. On a later visit, Marie Bonaparte carried on a passionate flirtation with Prince Aage, Valdemar's eldest son. In neither case does it appear that George objected, or felt obliged to give the matter any attention. However, George criticized Marie d'Orléans to his wife, alleging that she drank too much and was having an affair with his uncle's stablemaster. But Marie Bonaparte found no fault with her husband's aunt, rather, she admired the forbearance and independence of Valdemar's wife under circumstances which caused her bewilderment and estrangement from her own husband.

From 1913 to early 1916, George's wife carried on an intense flirtation, then an affair until May 1919 with French prime minister Aristide Briand. In 1915 Briand wrote to Marie that, having come to know and like Prince George, he felt guilty about their secret passion. George tried to persuade him that Greece, officially neutral during World War I but suspected of sympathy for the Central Powers, really hoped for an Allied victory: He may have influenced Briand to support the disastrous Allied expedition against the Turks at Salonika. When the prince and princess returned in July 1915 to France following a visit to the ailing King Constantine I in Greece, her affair with Briand had become notorious and George expressed a restrained jealousy. By December 1916 the French fleet was bombing Athens and in Paris Briand was suspected, alternately, of having seduced Marie in a futile attempt to bring Greece over to the Allied side, or of having been seduced by her to oust Constantine and set George upon the Greek throne.

Although he was on friendly terms with his wife's mentor, Sigmund Freud, in 1925 George asked Marie to give up her work as a psychoanalyst to devote herself to their family life, but she declined. When he learned from the newspapers in 1938 that his only son had married a Russian commoner, George forbade him to return home and refused ever to meet his wife.

Prince George and Princess Marie had two children, Petros and Evgenia.
 * Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark (1908–1980); an anthropologist, who forfeited his dynastic rights in Greece upon marriage to a twice-divorced commoner. No children.
 * Princess Eugénie of Greece and Denmark (1910–1988); married, firstly, Prince Dominic Radziwill (1939), whom she divorced in 1946. Her second husband was HSH Prince Raimondo della Torre e Tasso, Duke of Castel Duino, whom she married in 1949 and divorced in 1965. She had children from both marriages.

In 1948, Prince George was named as one of the sponsors/godparents of his grandnephew Prince Charles of the United Kingdom (later King Charles III) along with King George VI, King Haakon VII of Norway, Queen Mary, Princess Margaret, the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven, Pamela, Lady Brabourne, and David Bowes-Lyon.

Death
On 21 November 1957 Princess Marie and her husband celebrated their golden wedding anniversary. Prince George died 25 November 1957, aged eighty-eight, the longest-living dynast of the House of Oldenburg of his generation. He was buried at Tatoi Royal Cemetery with Danish and Greek flags, his wedding ring, a lock of Valdemar's hair, a photo of Valdemar, and earth from Bernstorff. Prince George was the last living child of King George and Queen Olga.

Georgioupolis, a coastal resort between Chania and Rethimno, was named after Prince George.

Honours

 * 🇩🇰 Denmark:
 * Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 25 November 1888
 * Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 3 August 1889
 * Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog, 10 July 1920
 * Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise
 * King Christian IX Centenary Medal
 * Navy Long Service Medal
 * King Christian X's Liberty Medal
 * Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 14 May 1891
 * Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen, 1896
 * Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of Ludwig, 18 April 1904
 * Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 2 May 1893
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav, with Collar, 19 March 1929
 * Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle
 * Russian Empire: Knight of the Imperial Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-called
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 20 May 1919
 * undefined: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (civil division), 29 June 1900
 * undefined: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Prince George of Greece and Denmark


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Talk:Jade Villalon

Untitled
this way tooo looong discography section is gonna be separated into album pages... Alensha 23:06, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The band had a huge impact on the the music world Oh really? What was that then? Graham 01:23, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

I deleted the part that says that Jade won 2 Japanese Grammies. This is incorrect. Sweetbox won 2 Japanese Grammies in 1998, before Jade was the frontwoman & those Grammies were awarded because of Tina Harris's hit Everything's Gonna Be Alright. J1129 01:13, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

"She's known for her husky voice...". I don't really see her voice as "husky". Crystal Kay has a husky voice; Jade's is just a sweet pop voice.

Tags
I got rid of the spam and advertisement tags since they don't really seem to apply anymore. Does anyone think the importance one still needs to be there? Robbie 23:17, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Merging
Shouldnt u merge jade villalon into jade valerie, as she is releasing songs under valerie?/// ~Killybunny~ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Killybunny (talk • contribs) 00:57, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Track Listings
The track listings had disappeared for Saint Vox and Eternity, which I presume was a mistake given that the gaps I'd left in Eternity's sample-list had been filled in prior to being deleted. Anyway, they're back now, and it looks like they'll have to stay on this page; there appears to have been attempts to create pages for the two projects which were subsequently deleted because Jade "isn't a notable artist". Charming! (NadaPlissken (talk) 23:26, 5 March 2012 (UTC))

Fair use rationale for Image:Adegio cover.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 06:49, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jade Villalon


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The Gypsy Baron

The Gypsy Baron (Der Zigeunerbaron) is an operetta in three acts by Johann Strauss II which premiered at the Theater an der Wien on 24 October 1885. Its German libretto by Ignaz Schnitzer is based on the unpublished 1883 story Saffi by Mór Jókai. Jokai later published a novel A cigánybáró (The Gypsy Baron) in 1885 using an expanded version of this same story.

While an operetta, The Gypsy Baron was a departure from Strauss's earlier more comic and light hearted works; displaying more serious tones both musically and dramatically in what musicologist Andrew Lamb described as "a step in Strauss’s quest for the composition of a genuine opera". During the composer's lifetime, the operetta enjoyed great success internationally. It is considered one of Strauss's three best stage works, along with Die Fledermaus (1874) and Eine Nacht in Venedig (1883).

Composition history
Strauss was introduced to Jókai's story prior to its publication as a novel in Pest, Hungary in February 1883 by his third wife Adele Deutsch. He dialogued with Jókai about adapting the story into an operetta soon after. Jókai recommended the Hungarian-Austrian writer Ignaz Schnitzer to Strauss as a librettist, and the two men created the work over a two-year period from 1883 through 1885. Its genesis was rather swift and smooth, as Strauss was no stranger to the Hungarian influences apparent in the music score. Many of his earlier works also bore similar themes, such as the polka Éljen a Magyar! ("Long live the Hungarians!"), Op. 332. Originally, Strauss and Schnitzer intended the operetta as an opera but further revisions were made and the idea of a comic opera was conceived.

Strauss' work on the operetta was interrupted in autumn 1883 due to nicotine poisoning and fainting fits and he was to recuperate in Franzensbad. Strauss' work on act 3 of the work was also interrupted when his wife Adele was taken ill and the couple left for Ostend. Not until autumn 1885 was the work finally completed, with Schnitzer making various revisions of the libretto to suit Strauss' style of composing which were not present in the latter's previous stage works.

Austria and Hungary
The Gypsy Baron premiered at the Theater an der Wien on 24 October 1885, and quickly became an international success; enjoying popularity during the remainder of Strauss's life. The composer continued to alter and cut material from the original score of the operetta following its premiere. A 1990 production staged by the Zürich Opera with music director Nikolaus Harnoncourt restored music from the original score under the guidance of Strauss specialist Norbert Linke. This music had not been heard since the original 1885 performances, and Teldec released a recording of this version with Harnoncourt conducting in 1995.

The opera has been regularly performed in the opera houses of Austria and Hungary since its premiere. The Hungarian premiere took place at the People's Theatre, Budapest in Budapest in the spring of 1886 with the composer conducting. In September 1901 the Theater an der Wien mounted a critically lauded revival of the operetta spearheaded by the theater's then director Wilhelm Karczag at a time when Austrian operetta had been largely supplanted in Vienna by operetta works from England. The production cemented The Gypsy Baron's place in the operatic canon and featured the popular actor Alexander Girardi in a reprisal of the role of Kálmán Zsupán from the original production. This staging of the operetta had an impact on Franz Lehár, and heavily influenced the development of his 1905 operetta The Merry Widow.

The operetta was first staged by the Vienna State Opera on December 26, 1910 with conductor Felix Weingartner leading the musical forces. That house staged an elaborate production of the work in 1976. The operetta is part of the regular repertory of the Vienna Volksoper. In 1999 the opera was staged at multiple opera houses in Vienna in celebration of the 100th anniversary of the composer's death; including the Vienna State Opera, the Vienna Volksoper, the Wiener Kammeroper, and the Theater an der Wien.

United States and UK
The US premiere took place on 15 February 1886 at the Casino Theatre on Broadway with tenor William Castle in the title role and soprano Pauline Hall as Saffi. It was first staged by the Metropolitan Opera exactly 20 years later on 15 February 1906 with Andreas Dippel in the title role, Bella Alten as Saffi, Louise Homer as Czipra, Otto Goritz as Kálmán Zsupá, Marie Rappold as Arsena, and Nahan Franko conducting. Both the original Broadway and Met stagings were produced by Heinrich Conried. The Met staged the opera again in 1959 with Nicolai Gedda as Sándor Barinkay, Lisa Della Casa as Saffi, Regina Resnik as Czipra, Walter Slezak as Kálmán Zsupán, Laurel Hurley as Arsena, Paul Franke as Ottokar, Mignon Dunn as Mirabella, and Erich Leinsdorf conducting.

Other notable performances in New York City included two presentations of the opera by the New York Philharmonic; first at Lewisohn Stadium in 1942 in a production staged by Herbert Graf and starring Margit Bokor as Saffi; and second, in 1995 with tenor Stanford Olsen in the title role at Avery Fisher Hall under the baton of Kurt Masur. The New York City Opera (NYCO) mounted the work during the company's first season in 1944 with William Wymetal staging the opera using an English language translation by conductor George Mead. The original NYCO cast included William Horne in the title role and Marguerite Piazza and Polyna Stoska alternating as Saffi under the baton of Laszlo Halasz. The company repeated the production the following year with Gordon Dilworth as Barinkay and Brenda Lewis as Saffi.

In 1939 the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera staged the work using an English language translation by composer and lyricist Ann Ronell. This translation was published by G. Schirmer, Inc. in 1940, and has been widely used in English language recordings and stagings of the work.

In the UK The Gypsy Baron was first performed on 12 February 1935 in an amateur production. The UK professional premiere took place on 10 March 1938 at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham, as part of the Carl Rosa Opera Company's spring season there.

Strauss's music for The Gypsy Baron is still regularly performed today. The orchestral pieces that he furnished from the work were also well-recognised, among them, the sparkling Schatz-Walzer (Treasure Waltz), Op. 418, as well as the polkas "Brautschau" ("Looking for a Wife"), Op. 417, and "Kriegsabenteuer" ("War Adventures"), Op. 419.

Synopsis
Overview: The story, of the marriage of a landowner (returned from exile) and a gypsy girl who is revealed as the daughter of a Turkish pasha, and the rightful owner of a hidden treasure, involves a fortune-telling Romany queen, a self-important mayor, a rascally commissioner, a military governor, a band of gypsies and a troop of hussars.

 * Place: Hungary
 * Time: Late 18th century

Act 1
A swampy riverside region near the town of Timișoara

The distant scene is dominated by a derelict castle. In the foreground is a partly deserted village with only one reasonably prosperous-looking house. In a particularly disreputable hut there lives an old gypsy woman named Czipra. The boatmen can be heard singing at their work. Ottokár, son of Mirabella who is governess to Arsena (daughter of a miserly old farmer Zsupán) is digging for treasure which he fondly believes to be buried somewhere around. This is his daily routine, and the more he looks without success, the worse his temper becomes. Czipra looks out of her window and makes fun of his efforts. She has been watching him for weeks and has a low opinion of his wasting time on this activity while the other Gypsies are out doing an "honest" day's work. She tells him that if he continues with this fruitless quest, he will end up penniless and never marry, as he hopes, Arsena.

Sándor Barinkay, son of the late owner of the castle, arrives accompanied by Conte Carnero, Commissioner for Oaths, who is here to sort things out for him. The Commissioner suggests they get on with the job and call on Czipra as a witness. They send for Zsupán. In the meantime he tells Barinkay of the beautiful Arsena. To pass time Czipra tells their fortunes and reveals to Sándor Barinkay that there is happiness and fortune in store for him. He will marry a faithful wife who will, in a dream, discover where the treasure is hidden. Carnero is also told that he will recover a treasure that he has lost, which leaves him slightly puzzled as he cannot remember having had one.

Zsupán arrives and tells everyone that he is a highly successful pig-breeder adding that he lives for sausages and wine and has little time for art. He agrees to witness Barinkay's claims but warns him that he can be a contentious neighbour. Barinkay suggests that he might marry Zsupán's daughter and Arsena is sent for. But it is Mirabella, the governess, who first appears. It seems that she is Carnero's long-lost wife, so part of Czipra's prediction is immediately realised. Carnero shows little sign of delight and a rather joyless reunion takes place. Mirabella says that she had believed her husband to have been killed at the Battle of Belgrade.

Arsena arrives, heavily veiled, but though the chorus hail the bride-elect she is not so co-operative. She is in love with Ottokár. Barinkay makes a formal proposal but Arsena tells him that she is descended from the aristocracy and can only marry someone of noble birth. Zsupán and the others tell Barinkay that he must do something about this. He is left brooding but hears a gypsy girl singing a song which praises the loyalty of the Gypsies to their friends. It is Saffi, daughter of Czipra, and Barinkay is immediately attracted by her dark beauty and accepts an invitation to dine with her and Czipra. Unaware of the others watching, Ottokár meets Arsena and they vow their eternal love for each other. He gives her a locket at which point Barinkay pretends to be most indignant. The Gypsies return from their work and Czipra introduces Barinkay as their new local squire. They elect him chief of the Gypsies. Now affirmed as a gypsy baron he calls on Zsupán and asserts his noble right of the hand of Arsena. Zsupán is not all that impressed. Saffi welcomes Barinkay back to his inheritance. Ever the opportunist, Barinkay now says that he would like to marry Saffi who is as delighted as her gypsy friends. Zsupán and Arsena are now rather indignant at this turn of events and threaten reprisals.

Act 2
The castle at dawn the following day

Czipra reveals to Barinkay that Saffi has dreamed of the location of the treasure. They start to search and find it hidden, as she has dreamed, under a nearby rock. As they depart the Gypsies arise to start their day's work. Zsupán appears and tells them that his cart has stuck in the mud. He orders the Gypsies to come and help him. They resent his order and steal his watch and money. His cries for help bring Carnero, Mirabella, Ottokár and Arsena on the scene, followed by Barinkay, now dressed as a gypsy baron, and Saffi. Barinkay introduces Saffi as his wife but Carnero is not satisfied that all the legal requirements have been met. They tell him the stars have guided them and the birds have witnessed their vows. This is not quite what the law demands and Mirabella and Zsupán adopt a highly moral tone about the whole affair. At this point Ottokár discovers a few of the gold coins that Barinkay has left behind and is highly excited. Barinkay soon disillusions him by telling him that the treasure has already been found. At this moment, a recruiting party arrives under the command of Barinkay's old friend, Count Peter Homonay. He is looking for recruits to fight in the war against Spain. Zsupán and Ottokár are press-ganged into the army. Carnero calls on Homonay to give his official support to the view that Barinkay and Saffi's marriage is illegal but Homonay supports Barinkay. Further complications, however, are revealed. Czipra tells them that Saffi is not really her daughter but the child of the last Pasha of Hungary, a real princess. Barinkay is once more deflated, realising that he cannot marry anyone of such exalted rank, though Saffi says that she will always love him. Barinkay decides that he too will join the Hussars and the men march away leaving behind three broken hearted ladies.

Act 3
Vienna

Everyone is celebrating after a victorious battle. Zsupán appears and tells of his own, somewhat inglorious, exploits in Spain. Homonay, Barinkay and Ottokár reveal that they are heroes of battle and have been made into genuine noblemen. There is now no objection to the marriage of Saffi and Barinkay or Ottokár and Arsena. It is a truly happy ending.

Selected recordings

 * 1986: Willi Boskovsky (cond.), Münchner Rundfunkorchester and Bayerischer Rundfunk chorus. Cast: Graf Homonay: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau; Conte Carnero: Klaus Hirte; Sandor Barinkay: Josef Protschka; Kalman Zsupan: Walter Berry; Arsena: Brigitte Lindner; Mirabella: Ilse Gramatzki; Ottokar: Martin Finke; Czipra: Hanna Schwarz; Saffi: Júlia Várady; Pali: Ralf Lukas. CD: EMI Cat: CDS 7 49231-8
 * 2004: Armin Jordan (cond): Orchestre National de France and Choeur de Radio France. Cast: Graf Homonay: Béla Perencz; Conte Carnero: Paul Kong; Sandor Barinkay: Zoran Todorovich (Todorovic); Kalman Zsupan: Rudolf Wasserlof; Arsena: Jeannette Fischer; Mirabella: Hanna Schaer; Ottokar: Martin Homrich; Czipra: Ewa Wolak; and Saffi: Natalia Ushakova. CD: Naïve Cat: V 5002 (Recorded at the Festival de Radio France et Montpellier)
 * 2016. Lawrence Foster (cond.). Nikolai Schukoff, Jochen Schmeckenbecher, Markus Brück, Jasmina Sakr, Claudia Barainsky, Heinz Zednik, Paul Kaufmann, Khatuna Mikaberidze, Renate Pitscheider, NDR Philharmonie, NDR Chor. PENTATONE PTC 5186482 (1886 version)

title: The Gypsy Baron


text: Category:Red Rider albums

title: Category:Red Rider albums


text:
User:Sridharinfinity/TODO

 * Learn Common Lisp, Haskell
 * Get prepared for algorithm/coding journey (topcoder?, but what about dynamic languages? mipt?)

title: User:Sridharinfinity/TODO


text: User:Heronimo sehmi

title: User:Heronimo sehmi


text:
Ken Sinnaeve

Kenneth "Spider" Sinnaeve (born May 2, 1955) is a Canadian musician. He was a founding member of the popular Canadian band Streetheart, and since 2001 has been a member of Loverboy, replacing late bassist Scott Smith. Sinnaeve has also contributed to many albums and played live performances with George McCrae, Helix, Tom Cochrane & Red Rider, Kim Mitchell, The Partland Brothers, Lee Aaron, and The Guess Who. He is known for his extended solos, which often last 15–20 minutes.

Career
Sinnaeve and keyboardist Daryl Gutheil formed a band, Wascana, in Regina. The pair moved to Winnipeg and joined with Kenny Shields, calling themselves Witness Inc.; in 1977 the group became a full band, Streetheart, with the addition of guitarist Paul Dean and drummer Matt Frenette. Streetheart released a number of successful albums in the 1980s.

Streetheart's most popular single, their 1979 disco-hybrid cover version of "Under My Thumb" by the Rolling Stones, achieved gold single status in Canada; the live version contains a blazing bass solo, performed by Sinnaeve.

After Streetheart broke up in 1983, Sinnaeve performed with the Partland Brothers and Red Rider. in 1988 he toured in western Canada with former bandmate Kenny Shields.

Spider has been with them since 2000 and continues to perform with Loverboy. He has continued to play with this band for many years.

Awards
Awards include several Juno Awards, an Ampex Golden Reel, and a Technics All Star Band award as bass player of the year. He has been inducted into the Western Canadian Music Hall of Fame twice, as well as the Juno Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Sinnaeve has a wife, Barbara, a daughter Kaari and a son, Anders.

with Streetheart

 * Meanwhile Back in Paris... (1978)
 * Under Heaven Over Hell (1979)
 * Quicksand Shoes (1980)
 * Drugstore Dancer (1980)
 * Streetheart (1982)
 * Dancing with Danger (1983)
 * Buried Treasure (1984)

with Strange Advance

 * 2WO (1985)

with Loverboy

 * Just Getting Started (2007)
 * Rock 'n' Roll Revival (2012)
 * Unfinished Business (2014)

title: Ken Sinnaeve


text:
Powertec RPA

RPE RP-V8  is the name of a naturally-aspirated V8 engine series developed by Radical Sportscars in Peterborough, England for use in the SR8 sportscar. The design is loosely based on the 1.3 L inline-four engine produced by Suzuki for their Hayabusa motorcycle. The company have designed their own cylinder block and use existing Suzuki cylinder heads. The two cylinder banks are inclined at 72-degree angle. Lubrication is provided by a dry sump system. The engine is mated to a purpose-built transaxle designed by Quaife.

There are currently two versions of the engine available, which have been updated for 2011. First is the base 2.7 L model which retains the original bore and stroke of the K8 Hayabusa design and produces 430 hp. Second is the bored and stroked 3.2 L model which produces up to 500 hp.

Specifications
(from Radical Sportscars)

Engine

 * maximum motive power: 430 to 550 bhp
 * maximum revs: 10,500 revolutions per minute
 * steel flat-plane crankshaft
 * Twin pump lubrication system
 * Four scavenge pump dry sump system
 * Rotary vane coolant pump
 * Pre-engage starter motor
 * Belt-driven 45 amp alternator
 * 45 mm eight-throttle body induction system

Bellhousing and clutch

 * Twin-plate dry clutch
 * Integral oil tank capacity: 9 L
 * Integral rear engine mount
 * Engine - gearbox spacing: 126 mm
 * Dry weight: 13.7 kg

Transaxle

 * Six-speed constant mesh manual transmission transaxle
 * Sequential shift - 6 forward, 1 back
 * Torque-biased limited-slip differential
 * Integral oil cooling pump
 * Pressure fed lubrication system

Dimensions

 * Length: 546 mm
 * Width: 513 mm
 * Height: 440 mm
 * Dry weight: 88-105 kg

title: Powertec RPA


text:
1874 in rail transport

January events

 * January 13 – The Bergen city council in Norway begins issuing stock for the Voss Line, with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler (NOK 1.6 million) issued.
 * January 27 – The Bo'ness Junction rail crash in Falkirk, Scotland kills 16 people.

May events

 * May 1 – Construction begins on the Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad, the first railroad to be built in Seattle, Washington, United States.
 * May 5 – The Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad is chartered in Massachusetts.
 * May 18 – Construction begins on the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad.

June events

 * June 20 – The Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad, building from Denver, reaches Morrison, Colorado.
 * June 25 – The Budapest Cog-wheel Railway opens for regular service.

July events

 * July – Hugh J. Jewett succeeds Peter H. Watson as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * July 3 – The first revenue trains on the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad operate between Denver and Morrison, Colorado.
 * July 4 – Official opening of Eads Bridge (combined road and rail steel arch) over the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri, designed by James B. Eads. It is the longest arch bridge in the world at this time, with an overall length of 6,442 feet (1,964 m); the first use of true steel as a primary structural material in a major bridge project; the first built using cantilever support methods exclusively; and the first major project to make use of pneumatic caissons.
 * July 16 – The West Somerset Railway is extended to Minehead by the Minehead Railway.
 * July 28 – The Sutherland and Caithness Railway is opened through to Wick and Thurso, completing the Highland Railway system to the far north of Scotland.

September events

 * September 10 – Thorpe rail accident near Norwich (Norfolk) in England: 25 people are killed when a communication error causes a mail train and an express passenger train to meet in a head-on collision on a single-line section. The accident leads directly to the adoption of automatic control systems to manage traffic on single-track railways.
 * September 14 – A franchise for the extension of the Spring and Sixth Street Railroad to the Southern Pacific Railroad's Old River Station, in Los Angeles, California, is approved.
 * September 23 – East Broad Top narrow gauge railroad in Pennsylvania operates its first revenue trains.

October events

 * October 23 – The first trains operate on the Monterey and Salinas Valley Railroad, making it the first narrow gauge railroad to operate in California.
 * October 26 – Grand Trunk Railway converts all 546 mi of its track east of Montreal to Portland, Maine from 5 ft 6 in (1676 mm) Portland gauge to standard gauge.

November events

 * November 7 – The Miami Valley Narrow Gauge Railway, the predecessor of the Miami Valley Railway, is incorporated.
 * November 8 – Tracks of the Southern Pacific Railroad reach Bakersfield, California; work begins on the route that would eventually become the Tehachapi Loop.

Unknown date events

 * The Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad, an early predecessor of the Milwaukee Road, changes its official name to Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul.
 * The Wm. Mason, an 0-6-6 Mason Bogie by William Mason (locomotive builder), is the first locomotive with Walschaerts valve gear built in the United States.
 * Dr. Livingston Stone of the U.S. Fish Commission (which later becomes the United States Fish and Wildlife Service) "chaperones" a shipment of 35,000 shad fry to stock the Sacramento River in California in the first such delivery by rail aboard a fish car.

March deaths

 * March 27 – Joseph Harrison, Jr., partner in the American steam locomotive manufacturing firm of Eastwick and Harrison (b. 1810).

May deaths

 * May 27 – John Edgar Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1852–1874 (b. 1808).

June deaths

 * June 20 – John Ruggles, who was awarded for improved driving wheels (b. 1789).

title: 1874 in rail transport


text:
User:JamesMLane/Licensing

Licensing
I use a variation of the "Multi-licensed with all Creative Commons Attribution Licenses" found at Template:MultiLicenseWithCC-By-All. The variation is that I expressly added that any particular contributon of mine might not be available under the non-GFDL licenses if I so designate it. I wouldn't be surprised if this language is unnecessary, but it's easier to write it than to research the point.

I accept to multi-license my contributions under the GFDL and the Creative Commons licenses by-sa v1.0, by v2.0, by-nd v2.0, by-nc v2.0, by-nc-nd v2.0, by-nc-sa v2.0, and by-sa v2.0, except for any specific contribution(s) that I except from the non-GFDL licenses by so stating in the edit summary and/or on the appropriate talk page and/or here. Please be aware that other contributors might not do the same, so if you want to use my contributions under alternate licensing, please check the CC dual-license and Multi-licensing guides.

This should suffice for most purposes, but if you have some reason for wanting a broader license for one of my contributions, please feel free to drop me a note.

title: User:JamesMLane/Licensing


text:
1827 in rail transport

February events

 * February 28 – The Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road is incorporated.

May events

 * May 5 – Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway opened by the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company in the United States.

June events

 * June 30 - the Saint-Étienne to Andrézieux Railway, the first railway line in France and continental Europe begins to operate.

September events

 * September 7 – Opening of the first railway in Austria-Hungary, a horse-worked line from České Budějovice to Trojanov (in the present-day Czech Republic).

December events

 * December 19 – The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road is chartered.

Unknown date events

 * Claudius Crozet completes surveying a route for the first railroad to be built in Virginia, the Chesterfield Railroad.
 * John B. Jervis becomes the chief engineer for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, the forerunner of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

April births

 * April 1 – Thomas Seavey Hall, American inventor of railroad signalling systems (d. 1880).

July births

 * July 11 – Austin Corbin, president of Long Island Rail Road (d. 1896).

September births

 * September 27 – Aaron Augustus Sargent, American journalist, lawyer and politician; authored the first Pacific Railroad Act (d. 1887).

October births

 * October 27 – Albert Fink, German-born American civil engineer and railroad manager (d. 1897).

authors: Кокушев Сергей

title: 1827 in rail transport


text:
Jaguares

Jaguares can be:
 * Jaguares (band), a Mexican rock band
 * Jaguares (Super Rugby), an Argentine rugby union team
 * Chiapas F.C., a Mexican professional football club
 * Jaguares de Tapachula, the feeder team of Mexican football club Chiapas F.C.
 * Jaguares de Tabasco
 * Jaguares de Zamora

title: Jaguares


text:
Shoreline School District

The Shoreline School District (No. 412) is a public school district in King County, Washington, United States of America, which serves the cities of Shoreline and Lake Forest Park. It currently enrolls 9,456 students, and staffs 1,019 employees as of the 2020–2021 school year. It is located right on the boundary between King County and Snohomish County.

The District currently controls 15 schools; 1 Early Learning Center, 9 elementary schools, 1 K–8 STEM school, 2 middle schools and 2 high schools, Shorecrest and Shorewood. Former school buildings have been reused for many tasks, with the original Shoreline High School being repurposed for City of Shoreline endeavors as well as District offices. North City Elementary has been reused temporarily as Parkwood Elementary was in the process of being remodeled, and North City has also been used as a testing facility.

Following Rebecca Miner's resignation, on July 1, 2021, Dr. Susana Reyes became Superintendent of the Shoreline School District, after a five-month search.

Budget
The Superintendent of the Shoreline School District makes $316,504, the sixth highest salary in the state of Washington, beating out districts like Bellevue School District which enrolls double the number of students.

The 2020–2021 school year General Fund Budget was $154,952,663.

Demographics
The 65,000-member communities are predominantly middle-class with a high percentage of college graduates and professional people. The district's 9,560 student population is 8.3% African American, 0.6% Native Hawaiian, 13.1% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 13.8% Hispanic, and 51.5% Caucasian.

Parental involvement is high with a Parent Teacher Association that is one of the most active in the state. The district encourages parent participation at all levels.

Construction
Shoreline has had strong support with bond and levy measures from the district's voters. In February 2010, voters approved a bond issue for the modernization/replacement of both Shorecrest and Shorewood High Schools. The new Shorewood High School opened in the fall of 2013. Shorecrest opened its new gymnasium in September 2012, the Performing Arts Building in early 2013, and the main academic building in early 2014.

In February 2017, voters approved a bond issue to rebuild Parkwood Elementary, and both middle schools. The new Parkwood opened in the fall of 2019. The new middle schools opened in the fall of 2020.

Technology
With strong support from voters in approving the 2010 technology levy, Shoreline School District piloted an iPad program for students at Shorewood High School for the 2011–2012 school year with considerable success. For 2012–2013, the program was expanded to Shorecrest High School, and all students in grades 9 to 12 could've received an iPad for use both at school and at home.

As of the 2018–2019 school year, the high schools participate in a school Chromebook program, which allows students the use of a Lenovo Chromebook for the completion of schoolwork. The program is run by the school district.

Early Learning
The Edwin T. Pratt Early Learning Center opened January 7, 2019, and offers preschool, special education, and after school care.

Elementary schools
All Shoreline elementary schools serve grades kindergarten through 5th grade.

Closed elementary schools
North City Elementary School and Sunset Elementary School, each of which enrolled approximately 375 students, were closed at the end of the 2006–2007 school year. Several other elementary schools, originating from the Baby Boom era, closed during the 1970s and 1980s. Those schools include: Richmond Beach, Hillwood, Ronald, Aldercrest, Cedarbrook, Horizon View, Hamlin Park, Paramount Park, Cromwell Park, and Meridian.

Middle schools

 * Einstein Middle School
 * Einstein is located on the west-side of the I-5 Freeway in Shoreline and enrolls approximately 1,100 students in grades 7, 8, and 6th grade since the 2020–2021 school year. Most alumni attend Shorewood High School. Its mascots are Albert Einstein and the Tiger.

 * Kellogg Middle School
 * Kellogg is located on the east-side of the I-5 Freeway in Shoreline and enrolls approximately 1,000 students in grades 7, 8, and 6th grade since the 2020–2021 school year. Most alumni attend Shorecrest High School. Its mascot is Dwight the Knight which was named after one of Kellogg’s famous alumni: Rainn Wilson who played the character Dwight on the hit tv show the office. Kellogg was formerly known as Thomas Hunt Morgan Junior High School.

Cascade K–8 is located at the Aldercrest Campus, shared by Cascade K–8 and the Home Education Extension (HEE). The middle school at Cascade K–8 is home to the STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) program. Cascade K–8's mascot is the wolf.
 * Cascade K–8 Journey Program (grades 6–8)

Closed middle schools/junior highs are Cordell Hull (converted to Meridian Park Elementary), Butler (converted into the original Shorewood High School), Thomas Hunt Morgan (converted to the second Kellogg Middle School) and the original Kellogg (relocated to the former Morgan site following an arson fire in 1982–1983).

High schools
Closed high school
 * Shorecrest High School
 * Shorewood High School

The first high school in Shoreline was Shoreline High. The school was opened in 1955 and closed in 1986. The school property is still used as the central office for the entire district and is host to Shoreline Stadium. The former high school was converted to community use after its closure and is home to the Shoreline-Lake Forest Park Senior Center, the Shoreline-Lake Forest Park Arts Council, and the Shoreline Chamber of Commerce.

Shoreline High School mascot – Spartans

Colors: blue and gold

There is a large display of Shoreline High School memorabilia in the Alumni Room at Shoreline Center.

Stadiums
Shoreline Stadium (shared between Shorecrest and Shorewood)

Other programs

 * Children's Center
 * Homeschool Education Exchange
 * Highly Capable a.k.a Hi-Cap (advanced curriculum program in elementary schools)

title: Shoreline School District


text:
User:Charles Matthews/Weimar

A
Karl Abraham - Paul Abraham - Konrad Adenauer - Theodor Adorno - Hans Albers - Josef Albers - Franz Alexander - Gitta Alpar - Werner T. Angress - Hannah Arendt - Erich Auerbach

B
Walter Baade - Baader - Josephine Baker - Hugo Ball - Henri Barbusse - Ernst Barlach - Barmat - Adolf Bartels - Karl Barth - Bela Bartók - Charles Baudelaire - Willi Baumeister - Ferdinand August Bebel - Johannes R. Becher - Sidney Bechet - C. H. Becker - Max Beckmann - Peter Behrens - Paul Bekker - Dajos Bela - Georg von Below - Ralph Benatzky - Walter Benjamin - Gottfried Benn - Anita Berber - Alban Berg - Elizabeth Bergner - Henri Bergson - Arnold Bergsträsser - Eduard Bernstein - Ernst Bertram - Hans Bethe - Bethge - Rudolf G. Binding - Otto von Bismarck - Leo Blech - Marc Blitzstein - Ernst Bloch - Konrad Bloch - Jakob Böhme - Niels Bohr - Paul Bonatz - Georg Bondi - Max Born - Robert Bosch - Brahm - Constantin Brancusi - Bertolt Brecht - Bredel - Bredow - Breitscheid - Lujo Brentano - Marcel Breuer - Kurt Breysig - Carl Brinckmann - Hermann Broch - Max Brod - Pierre Louis de Broglie - Arnolt Bronnen - Ferdinand Bruckner - Heinrich Brüning - Emil Brunner - Martin Buber - Bultmann - Artam Bund - Burschenschaft - Fritz Busch - Alan Bush - Ferruccio Busoni - Butenandt

C
Marcel Carné - Carossa - Pablo Casals - Ernst Cassirer - Paul Cassirer - Paul Cézanne - Ernst Chain - Eric Charrell - Chernyshevsky - Paul Claudel - Edward Condon - Lovis Corinth - Alfred Cortot - Richard Courant - Gordon Craig - Wilhelm Cuno - Ernst Robert Curtius - Czerèpy

D
Gabriele D'Annunzio - Istvan Deak - Claude Debussy - Dehn - Robert Delaunay - Hans Delbrück - Henrik De Man - Ernst Deutsch - Helene Deutsch - Gustav Diesel - Marlene Dietrich - Wilhelm Dilthey - Otto Dix - Alfred Döblin - Theo van Doesberg - Domagk - Kaethe Dorsch - Nico Dostal - Slatan Dudow - E. A. Dupont - Max Dvorak - E. E. Dwinger

E
Friedrich Ebert - Axel Eggebrecht - Ilya Ehrenburg - Ehrenstein - Paul Ehrlich - Carl Einstein - Hans Eisler - Kurt Eisner - Eitingon - Erich Engel - Erik Erikson - Matthias Erzberger - Bernhard Etté

F
Hans Fallada - Arnold Fanck - Lucien Febvre - Jürgen Fehling - Lyonel Feininger - Lion Feuchtwanger - Emil Fischer - Ruth Fischer - S. Fischer - Otto Flake - Flechtheim - Janos Flesch - Theodor Fontane - Anatole France - James Franck - Leonhard Frank - Frederick the Great - Karl Freund - Hans Freyer - Wilhelm Frick - Ferdinand Fried - Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia - Efraim Frisch - Willy Fritsch - Carl Froelich - Erich Fromm - Wilhelm Furtwängler

G
Andor Gabor - Theodor Geiger - Heinrich George - Stefan George - Hellmuth von Gerlach - Giessen - Beniamino Gigli - Jean Gilbert - Ernst Gleaser - Lud Gluskin - Josef Goebbels - Reinhard Goering - Gogarten - Alfons Goldschmidt - Richard Goldschmidt - Moritz Goldstein - Adolf Grabowski - Graff - Greifswald - Hans Grimm - Walter Gropius - Henryk Grossman - George Grosz - Karl Gruene - Carl Grünberg - Gustav Gründgens - Gumbel - Friedrich Gundolf

H
Willy Haas - Fritz Haber - Konrad Haenisch - Otto Hahn - Halbe - Johannes Haller - Thea von Harbou - Harden - G. F. Hartlaub - Lilian Harvey - Walter Hasenclever - Gerhart Hauptmann - Karl Haushofer - Raoul Hausmann - John Heartfield - Erich Heckel - Martin Heidegger - Fritz Heinemann - Werner Heisenberg - Helfferich - Hermann Heller - Willibald Hentschel - Wieland Herzfelde - Georg Heym - Werner Richard Heymann - Heilscher - Hilferding - Kurt Hiller - Heinz Hilpert - Paul Hindemith - Paul von Beneckendorf und Hindenburg - Otto Hintze - Hodann - Jakob van Hollis - Carl Hofer - Adolf Hoffmann - Lucie Höflich - Hugo von Hofmannsthal - Hajo Holborn - Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin - Friedrich Holländer - Max Horkheimer - Karin Horney - Alfred Hugenberg - Edmund Husserl - Friedrich Hussong - Ulrich von Hutten

I
Henrik Ibsen - Ihering - Johannes Itten

J
Siegfried Jacobsohn - Hans Henny Jahnn - Emil Jannings - Karl Jaspers - Leopold Jessner - Hanns Johst - Edgar Jung - Ernst Jünger - Friedrich Georg Jünger - Phil Jutzi

K
Georg Kaiser - Wassily Kandinsky - Ernst Kantorowicz - Herman Kantorowicz - Walter Karsch - Liesl Karstadt - Erich Kästner - Katz - Helmuth Käutner - Karl Kautsky - Hans Kelsen - Alfred Kerr - Harry Graf Kessler - Hermann Kesten - Hermann Graf Keyserling - Walter Kiaulehn - Jan Kiepura - Otto Kirchheimer - Ernst Ludwig Kirchner - Emil Kirdorf - Ludwig Klages - Paul Klee - Erich Kleiber - Otto Klemperer - Eugen Klöpfer - Klopstock - Arthur Koestler - Koffka - Wolfgang Köhler - Oscar Kokoschka - Walter Kollo - Käthe Kollwitz - Edlef Köppen - Karl Korsch - Fritz Kortner - Siegfried Kracauer - Alexander Kranoldt - Karl Kraus - Werner Krauss - Hans Krebs - Ernst Krenek - Alfred Kubin - Künnecke - Kurella - Kutisker

L
Peter Lampel - Lev Landau - Gustav Landauer - Frtiz Lang - Langbehn - Ferdinand Lasalle - Max von Laue - Le Corbusier - Franz Lehar - Lenard - Paul Leni - Rudolf Leonhard - Theodor Lessing - Paul Levi - Alfred Lichtenstein - Max Liebermann - Justus von Leibig - Karl Liebknecht - Wilhelm Liebknecht - Lienhardt - Paul Lincke - Fritz Lipmann - Ernet Lissauer - El Lissitzky - Paul Löbe - Arthur Lombard - Theodor Loos - Hendrik Lorentz - Ernst Wilhelm Lotz - Leo Löwenthal - Ernst Lubitsch - Erich von Ludendorff - Georg Lukács - Lunacharsky - Rosa Luxemburg

M
August Macke - Magnus - Hans Makart - Kasimir Malevich - Erika Mann - Golo Mann - Heinrich Mann - Klaus Mann - Thomas Mann - Karl Mannheim - Lucie Mannheim - Franz Marc - Siegfried Marck - Erich Marcks - Gerhard Marcks - Herbert Marcuse - Filippo Marinetti - Karl Heinz Martin - Fritzi Massary - Hedda Massing - Henri Matisse - Ernst May - Joe May - Mayakovsky - Gustav Mayer - Walter Mehring - Ludwig Meidner - Julius Meier-Graefe - Friedrich Meinecke - Edmund Meisel - Erich Mendelsohn - Alfred Messel - August Messer - Metner - Hannes Meyer - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe - Darius Milhaud - Hermann Minkowski - Paula Modersohn-Becker - Moeller van den Bruck - László Moholy-Nagy - Tom Mooney - Christian Morgenstern - Hans Morgenthau - George Mosse - Otto Mueller - Erich Mühsam - Willi Münzenberg - F. W. Murnau - Robert Musil

N
Natorp - Hans Nawiasky - Pola Negri - Bruno Nelissen-Haken - Leonard Nelson - Nernst - Franz Neumann - Heinz Neumann - Johnny von Neumann - Sigmund Neumann - Neuwerk - Ernst Niekisch - Asta Neilsen - Emil Nolde - Gustav Noske

O
Hermann Oberth - Hermann Oncken - Opel - Franz Oppenheimer - J. Robert Oppenheimer - Carl von Ossietzky - Richard Oswald

P
G. A. Pabst - Max Pallenberg - Erwin Panofsky - Franz von Papen - V. F. D. Pareto - Wolfgang Pauli - Linus Pauling - Anna Pavlova - Max Pechstein - Charles Péguy - Peierls - Franz Pfemfert - Hans Pfitzner - Lupa Pick - Pieck - Harry Piel - Luigi Pirandello - Erwin Piscator - Max Planck - Plievier - Hans Poelzig - Gerhard Pohl - Raymond Poincaré - Michael Polanyi - Erich Pommer - Harold Poor - Paul Cohen Portheim - Lya de Putti

R
Rabi - Gustav Radbruch - Sandor Rado - Walther Rathenau - Fred Raymond - Goronwy Rees - Max Reger - Wilhelm Reich - Theodor Reik - Max Reinhardt - Erich Reiss - Erich Maria Remarque - Ludwig Renn - Reuter - Du Bois Reymond - Cilla de Rheidt - Hans Richter - Leni Riefenstahl - Rainer Maria Rilke - Jean Arthur Rimbaud - Otto Rippert - Franz Roh - Christian Rohlfs - Romain Rolland - Wilhelm Konrad von Röntgen - Alfred Rosenberg - Arthur Rosenberg - Joseph Roth - Rotter - Georges Roualt - Jean Jacques Rousseau - Ernst Rowohlt - Walter Ruttmann

S
Hanns Sachs - Gustav Sack - Albert Salomon - Ernst von Salomon - Paul Samson-Koerner - Erik Satie - F. Saxl - Hjalmar Schacht - Dietrih Schäfer - Hermann Schall - Hans Scharoun - Philipp Scheidermann - Max Scheler - Hermann Scherchen - Scherl - René Schickele - Marcellus Schiffer - Major Schill - Kurt von Schleicher - Oskar Schlemmer - Schlenther - Max Schmeling - Josef Schmidt - Karl Schmidt-Rotluff - Carl Schmitt - Arthur Schnitzler - Arnold Schönberg - Gershom Scholem - Lothar Schreyer - Schrimpf - Erwin Schrödinger - Schuftan - Georg Schumann - Joseph Schumpeter - Issai Schur - Kurt Schwitters - Reinhold Seeberg - Hans von Seekt - Seeler - Anna Seghers - Ina Seidel - Carl Severing] - Severing - R. C. Sheriff - Dimitri Shostakovich - Ernst Simmel - Georg Simmel - Upton Sinclair - Robert Siodmak - Victor Sjöstrom - Sklarek - Max Selvogt - Werner Sombart - Sommerfeld - Sorge - Othmar Spann - Spemann - Oswald Spengler - Spitzweg - Mischa Spoliansky - Ernst Stadler - Stahlhelm - Wilhelm Stapel - Stark - Staudinger - Hermann Stehr - Georg Steinhausen - Otto Stern - William Stern - Fritz Sternberg - Josef von Sternberg - Carl Sternheim - Hugo Stinnes - Gustav Stolper - Edward Strachey - James Strachey - August Stramm - Agnes Straub - Emil Strauss - Leo Strauss - Ottmar Strauss - Richard Strauss - Igor Stravinsky - Gustav Stresemann - Erich von Stroheim - George Szell - Leo Szilard

T
Richard Tauber - Bruno Taut - Max Taut - Edward Teller - Ernst Thälmann - Hertha Thiele - Frank Thiess - Thyssen - Jacob Tiedtke - Paul Tillich - Ernst Toller - Ferdinand Tönnies - Arturo Toscanini - Georg Trakl - Travas - Luis Trenker - Ernst Troeltsch - Kurt Tucholsky

U
Fritz von Unruh

V
Karl Valentin - Conrad Veidt - Henri van de Velde - Paul Verlaine - Alfred Vierkandt - Berthold Viertel - Vollmoeller - Karl Vossler

W
Martin Wagner - Herwarth Walden - Claire Waldorf - Bruno Walter - O. H. Warburg - Jakob Wassermann - Alfred Weber - Marek Weber - Anton Webern - Wedderkopp - Wedekind - Felix Weill - Kurt Weill - Weisskopf - Ehm Welk - Wels - Franz Werfel - Otto Wernicke - Wertheimer - Westheim - Weyl - Paul Whiteman - Wiechert - Wieland - Robert Wiene - Leopold von Wiese - Wiesengrund-Adorno - Mary Wigman - Billy Wilder - Willstätter - Windaus - Wirsing - Josef Wittig - Friedrich Wolf - Wolfenstein - Arnold Wolfert - Kurt Wolff - H. Wölfflin - Wolfskehl - Sam Wooding - W. R. Worringer

Z
Zabern - Hans Zehrer - Count Zeppelin - Heinrich Zille - Zinnemann - Carl Zuckmayer - Arnold Zweig - Stefan Zweig

title: User:Charles Matthews/Weimar


text:
Air Force Medal

The Air Force Medal (AFM) was a military decoration, awarded to personnel of the Royal Air Force and other British Armed Forces, and formerly to personnel of other Commonwealth countries, below commissioned rank, for "an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying, though not in active operations against the enemy". The award was discontinued in 1993 when all ranks became eligible for the Air Force Cross (AFC) as part of the reform of the British honours system.

History
The medal was established on 3 June 1918. It was the other ranks' equivalent to the Air Force Cross (AFC), which was awarded to commissioned officers and Warrant Officers, although the latter could also be awarded the AFC. It ranked below the AFC in order of precedence, between the Distinguished Flying Medal and the Queen's Gallantry Medal.

Although the new award was announced in the London Gazette on 3 June 1918, the actual Royal Warrants were not published in the London Gazette until 5 December 1919.

A bar, worn on the ribbon, could be awarded to recognise a second award of the Air Force Medal.

Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "AFM".

The first two awards appeared in the London Gazette on 3 June 1918, to: Twenty-nine awards appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette of 8 February 1919.
 * 11680 Serjeant Samuel James Mitchell (of Handsworth, Birmingham).
 * 106100 Serjeant Frederick Charles Tucker (of Birtley, Durham).

The first awards of a bar to the Air Force Medal were announced on 26 December 1919, to two sergeants in the Australian Flying Corps, for providing support to a pioneering flight from London to Australia:
 * 275 Sergeant James Mallett Bennett, A.F.M.
 * 8974 Sergeant Walter Henry Shiers, A.F.M.

In 1979 eligibility for a number of British awards, including the AFM, was extended to permit posthumous awards. Until that time, only the Victoria Cross and a mention in dispatches could be awarded posthumously.

In 1993, the AFM was discontinued, as part of the review of the British honours system, which recommended removing distinctions of rank in respect of awards for bravery. Since then, the Air Force Cross, previously only open to Commissioned and Warrant Officers, has been awarded to personnel of all ranks.

The AFM had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by the 1990s most, including Canada, Australia and New Zealand, had established their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours.

Numbers of awards
Between 1918 and 1993 approximately 942 medals and ten second award bar were awarded. Awards include several to the Royal Navy and the Army Air Corps. Fifteen honorary awards were made to aircrew from foreign countries, one in 1919 and 14 for service during the Second World War. Civilians were eligible for the AFM from 1919 to 1932, three awards being made.

Description

 * The AFM is an oval silver medal, 1+3/8 in wide with a height of 1+5/8 in, with the following design:
 * The obverse shows the effigy and titles of the reigning sovereign:
 * King George V bare headed (1918-29)
 * King George V in crown and robes (1930–1937)
 * King George VI with 'IND: IMP:' (Indian Emperor) in the inscription (1938–1949)
 * King George VI without 'IND: IMP:' in the inscription (1949–1953)
 * Queen Elizabeth II (1953–1993)
 * The three most common obverse designs were:

 * The reverse shows Hermes (facing right), mounted on a hawk in flight and bestowing a wreath, all contained within a narrow laurel wreath band. The date "1918" appears behind Hermes on the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II versions of the medal.
 * The suspension consists of two outstretched wings.
 * Further awards are signified by a straight slip-on silver bar with an eagle in the centre.
 * All awards have the name and service details of the recipient engraved or impressed on the rim.
 * The ribbon is 1+1/4 in wide, and consists of alternate red and white stripes, 1/16 in wide, leaning 45 degrees to the left. A red stripe is to appear in the bottom left and upper right corners when viewed on the wearer's chest. Until 1919, the stripes were horizontal.

title: Air Force Medal


text:
Yañalif

Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif,, Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. It replaced the Yaña imlâ Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif.

There are 33 letters in Jaꞑalif, nine of which are vowels. The apostrophe (') is used for the glottal stop (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes considered a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of the letter B is ʙ (small caps B), to prevent confusion with Ь ь (I with bowl). Letter No. 33, similar to Zhuang Ƅ, is not currently available as a Latin character in Unicode, but it looks exactly like Cyrillic soft sign (Ь). Capital Ə (schwa) also looks like Russian/Cyrillic Э in some fonts. There is also a digraph in Jaꞑalif (Ьj ьj).

History
The earliest written text in a Kipchak language, specifically the Cuman language, an ancestor of the modern Tatar language and written with Latin characters, is the Codex Cumanicus, dated 1303. Such texts were used by Catholic missionaries to the Golden Horde. Their Latin script ceased to be used after Gazaria was taken over by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century.

For centuries some Tatar languages as well as some other Turkic languages used a modified Arabic alphabet, İske imlâ. The deficiencies of this alphabet were both technical (abundance of positional letterforms complicated adoption of modern technology such as typewriters and teleprinters) and linguistic (Arabic language has only three vowel qualities, but Tatar has nine, which had to be mapped onto combinations and variations of the three existing vowel letters). Because of this some Turkic intelligentsia tended to use the Latin or Cyrillic script. The first attempts appeared in the mid-19th century among Azerbaijanis. At the same period the Russian missionary Nikolay Ilminsky, along with followers, invented a modified Russian alphabet for the Turkic peoples of Idel-Ural, for the purpose of Christianization; Muslim Tatars did not use his alphabet.

In 1908–1909 the Tatar poet Säğit Rämiev started to use the Latin script in his works. He used several digraphs: ea for [æ], eu for [y], eo for [ɵ] and ei for [ɤ]. Arabists turned down his project, preferring to reform İske imlâ. The simplified Arabic script, known as Yaña imlâ, was used in 1920–1927.

During the Latinisation in the Soviet Union, a special Central Committee for a New Alphabet was established in Moscow. The first project for a Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in ئشچی (Eşce, "The Worker") newspaper on 18 July 1924. Sounds specific to the Bashkir language were written with digraphs. Following the publication, the Latin dustь ("friends of the Latin script") society was formed in Kazan on 16 November 1924. It suggested its own version of Tatar Latin alphabet, which didn't cover Bashkir sounds.

In 1926 the Congress of Turkologists in Baku recommended to switch all Turkic languages to the Latin script. In April 1926 the Jaꞑa tatar əlifʙasь / Yaña tatar älifbası / Яңа татар әлифбасы (New Tatar alphabet) society started its work at Kazan.

On July 3, 1927, Tatarstan officials declared Jaꞑalif the official script of the Tatar language, replacing the Yaña imlâ script. The first variant of Jaꞑalif did not have separate letters for K and Q (realized as K) and for G and Ğ (realized as G), V and W (realized as W). Ş (sh) looked like the Cyrillic letter Ш (she). C and Ç were realized as in Turkish and the modern Tatar Latin alphabet and later were transposed in the final version of Jaꞑalif.

In 1928 Jaꞑalif was reformed and remained in active use for 12 years. Some sources claim that this alphabet had 34 letters, but the last was a digraph Ьj, used for the corresponding Tatar diphthong. Another source states that the 34th letter was an apostrophe. They also give another sorting of the alphabet. (Ə after A, Ь after E)

After the introduction of Jaꞑalif most of the books which were printed in the Arabic alphabet were withdrawn from libraries.

Eşce (1924) alphabetical order:
 * A B C Ç D Dh E F G Ĝ H I J K L M N Ꞑ O Ö P Q R S T Th U Ü W V X Y Z Ƶ Ə Э

Latin dustь (1924) alphabetical order:
 * A B Ĝ Ç D E Ä Y F Gh G H I J Q K L M N Ng Ö O P R S T U Ü W X Z Ƶ Ş

Original Jaꞑalif (1927) alphabetical order:
 * A B C Ç D E É Э F G H I J K L M N Ꞑ O Ó P R S T U V X Y Z Ƶ Ш W

Decline
Using two different alphabets for Russian and Turkic languages was problematic: people had to learn two different alphabets, confusing letters of one alphabet for letters from another, and Turkic languages had to use specific typewriters instead of sharing typewriters with Russian. In order to overcome these issues, a decision was made to convert Turkic languages to Cyrillic. In 1939 the Soviet government prohibited Jaꞑalif although it remained in use until January 1940. Jaꞑalif was also used in Nazi gazettes for prisoners of war and propaganda during World War II. The alphabet served until the 1950s, because most of the schoolbooks were printed before World War II. Some Tatar diasporas also used Jaꞑalif outside of the Soviet Union, for example the Tatar bureau of Radio Free Europe.

For 12 years of usage the Latin script, Arabic script (and not only Jaña imlâ, but İske imlâ too) also were used. One of the Musa Cälil's Moabit Notebooks was written in Jaꞑalif, and another was written in Arabic letters. Both notebooks were written in German prison, after 1939, the year when the Cyrillic script was established.

Restoring Jañalif
In the 1990s some wanted to restore Jaꞑalif, or Jaꞑalif+W, as being appropriate for the modern Tatar phonetics. But technical problems, such as font problems and the disuse of Uniform Turkic alphabet among other peoples, forced the use of a "Turkish-based alphabet". In 2000 such an alphabet was adopted by the Tatarstan government, but in 2002 it was abolished by the Russian Federation.

Inalif
The "Internet-style" alphabet named Inalif after Internet and älifba was convented in 2003 and partly it was inspired by Jaꞑalif. The main purpose of this alphabet was standardization of texts, which are typed on a standard English keyboard, without any diacritical marks. But this is not a simple transliteration of non-English symbols of Jaꞑalif or modern alphabet. Sounds absent from English are represented with digraphs; soft vowels are represented as a combination of the pairmate and apostrophe, apart from, corresponding to ⟨ь⟩ in Jaꞑalif, which is represented as ⟨y⟩, probably under influence of transliteration of Russian. Like in Jaꞑalif, ⟨j⟩ represent, and ⟨zh⟩ is used for , corresponding to ⟨ƶ⟩ in Jaꞑalif. ⟨x⟩ isn't used in Inalif, and ⟨kh⟩ is used instead. Other changes include: ⟨ä⟩ → ⟨a'⟩; ⟨ö⟩ → ⟨o'⟩; ⟨ü⟩ → ⟨u'⟩; ⟨ç⟩ → ⟨ch⟩; ⟨ğ⟩ → ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ñ⟩ → ⟨ng⟩; ⟨ş⟩ → ⟨sh⟩. The sorting order of Inalif isn't specified, but in practice, the English sorting order is used. Inalif is used only on the Internet.

title: Yañalif


text:
Talk:Schilling tendon procedure

note
Still Hobbling around on crutches .. I hope he gets better. - JMR

Yes
I agreee

The end of the paragraph seems like a Red Sox fan wrote it; the whole "gave new meaning to the term Red Sox" part is kinda cheesy.

 * Yup, pretty bad for an encyclopedia - I've removed it. S EMMENDINGER  ( talk ) 00:16, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schilling tendon procedure


text:
1877 in rail transport

May events

 * May 1 – Opening of first railway in Burma (Myanmar), from Rangoon (Yangon) to Prome (Pyay) (257 km of metre gauge).

July events

 * July 14 – Baltimore railroad strike of 1877: Workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad walk off their jobs in an act that is seen as the start of the great railroad strike of 1877.
 * July 16
 * Railroad workers on strike in Martinsburg, West Virginia, derail and loot a train; West Virginia Governor Henry M. Mathews calls on United States President Rutherford B. Hayes for Federal troops to break the strike.
 * The Nickey line, connecting Boxmoor to Harpenden in England, is officially opened.
 * July 19 – The New York and Manhattan Beach Railway (later absorbed by the Long Island Rail Road) opens.
 * July 20 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers riot in Baltimore, Maryland. Nine railroad employees are killed as the Maryland militia attempts to quell the riot.
 * July 21 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, stage a sympathy strike for the workers killed in Baltimore, Maryland the day before. Rioting erupts throughout Pittsburgh as a result.
 * July 24 – Joel Tiffany is awarded for his design of the first successful refrigerator car.

August events

 * August 31 – The first gauge narrow gauge railroad in America, the Billerica and Bedford Railroad, begins operations.

October events

 * October 28 – Replacement Budapest-Nyugati Railway Terminal, constructed by Eiffel, opened in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

November events

 * November 4 – Opening of Gustave Eiffel's Maria Pia Bridge carrying the railway across the Douro into Porto, Portugal.

December events

 * December 27 – The Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway opens, traversing a route from Montreal through Lachute to Hull.

Unknown date events

 * Tracks of the Southern Pacific Railroad from Los Angeles, cross the Colorado River at Yuma, Arizona.
 * William Henry Vanderbilt, son of Cornelius Vanderbilt, is promoted to President of the New York Central system.
 * Second railway in Estonia connecting Tapa (on the Tallinn–Saint Petersburg line) with Tartu, the biggest city in Southern Estonia (at this time in the Governorate of Livonia) is opened.
 * Opening of first public railway in Venezuela, the Bolivar Railway (Ferrocarril Bolívar,  gauge).
 * Approximate date – Ephraim Shay develops the first Shay locomotive.

February births

 * February 7 – Edgar Alcock, general manager and chairman of Hunslet Engine Company of Leeds, England (d. 1951).

March births

 * March 7 – Walter Kidde, president of New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway 1937–1943 (d. 1943).

January deaths

 * January 4 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American financier who created the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad from the merger of several smaller New York railroads (b. 1794).

March deaths

 * March 9 – Oliver Ames Jr., president of Union Pacific Railroad 1866–1871, brother of Oakes Ames (b. 1807).

April deaths

 * April 22 – James P. Kirkwood, designer of Starrucca Viaduct (b. 1807).

May deaths

 * May 19 – Matthew Baird, second owner of Baldwin Locomotive Works (b. 1817).

August deaths

 * August 3 – William Butler Ogden, president of the Chicago and North Western Railway (b. 1805).

September deaths

 * September 2 – Alvin Adams, founder of Adams Express, one of the first LCL freight companies in the United States, dies (b. 1804).

December events

 * December 26 – Jean-Jacques Meyer, French-born steam locomotive designer (b. 1804)

title: 1877 in rail transport


text:
USS Flying Fish (1838)

USS Flying Fish was formerly the New York City pilot boat schooner Independence. Purchased by the United States Navy at New York City on 3 August 1838 and upon joining her squadron in Hampton Roads on 12 August 1838, she was placed under command of Passed Midshipman S. R. Knox.

Construction and service
The Independence was built as a civilian schooner-rigged pilot boat built on 11 March 1837 by Jabex & Williams shipyard. She was purchased by the United States Navy on 3 August 1838 and renamed Flying Fish.

Assigned as a tender in the U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838–42 commanded by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, Flying Fish sailed with her squadron 19 August 1838 to visit Madeira and Rio de Janeiro while bound for Tierra del Fuego, where the squadron arrived early in 1839. From this point, the squadron made its first cruises toward the Antarctic Continent, which it was to discover later the same year after surveys among Pacific islands and a visit to Australia.

After the second penetration of the Antarctic, the squadron rendezvoused in New Zealand in April 1840 to survey Pacific islands northward toward the Hawaiians, where the ships were repaired late in the year. Flying Fish sailed with USS Peacock (1828) to resurvey some of the Samoan, Ellice, Kingsmill, and Pescadore Islands before joining the main body of the squadron on the northwest coast of America in July 1841. Flying Fish made surveys in the Columbia River and around Vancouver, then proceeded to San Francisco, from which the squadron sailed 1 November for the south Pacific. Arriving in the Philippines in mid-January 1842 Flying Fish and the other ships separated to cruise the Sulu Seas, then make a planned rendezvous at Singapore in February.

End of service
When the expedition stopped in Singapore on their way home, it was discovered the Flying Fish was suffering from structural problems and was unfit for further service. It was sold to an English resident for $3,700 on 24 February, 1842. The rest of the squadron sailed for home on 26 February. There are rumors that the Flying Fish was repurposed to smuggle opium, although there does not appear to be any recorded evidence of this.

title: USS Flying Fish (1838)


text:
Burmilla

The Burmilla (a portmanteau of Burm-ese and Chinch-illa ) is a breed of domestic cat, that originated in the United Kingdom in 1981. It is a cross between the Chinchilla Persian and Burmese cats. In certain cat registries the breed falls under the Asian group, and is sometimes referred to as the Asian Shaded. Standards were produced in 1984, and the breed gained championship status in the United Kingdom in the 1990s.

Origin
The Burmilla was accidentally born in the cattery of Miranda von Kirchberg in the United Kingdom. Two cats, a chinchilla Persian kitten, called Jamari Sanquist, and a lilac Burmese, called Bambino Lilac Fabergé, were both awaiting a partner in different rooms. One night, the cleaner left the door open. The two cats mated, producing four kittens born in 1981; also birthing a new breed.

Recognition
In GCCF (Governing Council of the Cat Fancy), the Burmilla is considered part of the Asian group. It is accepted in FIFe as the Burmilla. Only the silver shaded and tipped varieties have been recognised in GCCF, FIFe, CCCA, ACF and CFA. As of late 2011, additionally golden shaded and tipped Burmillas are recognised within FIFe. The ACF also recognises golden shaded and tipped.

Australian Tiffanie
One governing body in Australia (Australian National Cats Inc., ANCATS) uses the name Australian Tiffanie; however, international acceptance and standardisation did not follow. It is different from the European Tiffanie and the North-American Chantilly-Tiffany. The Tiffanie from the UK is also originating from crossbreeding chinchilla Persian and Burmese cats similar to the Burmilla, and is the semi-longhaired variety in the Asian Group. However, Australian Tiffanies are essentially longhair Burmillas, as they only come in silver or golden tipped or shaded. The breed is separately developed in the late-1990s in Australia from European Tiffanie cats by breeding them back to the chinchilla Persian. Therefore, many Australian Tiffanies contain more than three-quarters chinchilla Persian and retain the appearance and temperament of the Old-Fashioned chinchilla Persian. To summarise, the Australian Tiffanie and Tiffanie from the UK both are developed from crossbreeding chinchilla Persians and Burmeses, but the Australian version contains more chinchilla Persian. Consequently, only silver and golden tipped and shaded is allowed in the Australian Tiffanie. The name's use is declining in favour, due to the lax standards for the breed name, the lack of unique identity and the varied genetic makeup.

Body
Burmillas are medium-sized with muscular, elegant bodies, tending to weigh between 3–6 kg. Their distinguishing feature is their sparkling silver coat, and distinctive "make up" lining the nose, lips and eyes.

Head
Gently rounded top of head; medium width between ears; wide at eyebrow level and jaw hinge, tapering to a short, blunt wedge. The profile shows a gentle nose break. Tip of nose and chin should be in line. Chin is firm, with good depth.

Ears and eyes
Medium to large, broad at base with slightly rounded tips. Ear set with slight forward tilt in profile. Eye shape is large; placed well apart at slight oblique setting; slightly curved upper; line angled toward the nose, with a fuller curved lower line. Eye colour luminous, any shade of green. Some allowance can be made for a gold or yellow tinge in kittens and young adults.

Coat
The Burmilla comes in two coat lengths, semi-longhair and shorthair. Semi-longhair Burmilla are known as the Tiffanie in GCCF. The most common (standard) coat is the shorthair. This is a short, close-lying coat, similar in appearance to the Burmese, but with a slightly padded feel. Due to the undercoat, it has a soft, silky feel. The recessive longhair gene inherited from the Chinchilla Persian can produce longhair Burmilla. These cats have a semi-longhair coat following the lines of the body, with a soft, silky feel and a large plumed tail. The shorthair gene is dominant and where a cat receives one of each, shorthair dominates. Two longhair Burmillas mated together produce longhair kittens, while shorthair matings depend on whether the longhair genes are carried by the shorthair parents.

Colours
The Burmilla sports a variety of coat colours, including black, blue, brown, chocolate and lilac. Red, cream and tortoiseshell (calico) varieties have been bred, although these colours are not recognised by CCCA in Australia. Burmilla coat colours can be expressed in either Burmese expression, or full expression. The Burmilla is now recognised in golden shaded and golden tipped in FIFe and ACF registries, but only silver shaded and silver tipped elsewhere. The Burmilla's shading comes in two major coat patterns which relate to the depth of colour; these are tipped and shaded. Tipped Burmillas have a light dusting of colour (1/8 to 1/4) over the top of a silver or golden undercoat. In the case of silvers, these cats can appear almost white. Shaded Burmillas have 1/4 - 1/2 of their hair length pigmented, giving the appearance of a mantle of colour over the back, shoulders and outside of the legs. The smoke pattern is not a Burmilla (in GCCF these fall under the Asian Smoke-category), and in some registries is only allowed to be registered for breeding, not showing. Smokes have only a small part of the hair root in the silvery-white or golden colour, and almost all hair length is pigmented. The cats have nose leather coloured correspondingly to their coat colour and outlined in the matching coat shading colour. In addition, their paw footpads correspond to the coat colouring: black silver cats have black or dark brown paw footpads, browns (sepia blacks) have dark brown, chocolates have pinkish brown, blues have blue-grey, and lilacs have dove-grey tinged with pink.

Colour genetics
Since the Burmilla inherits its colour ranges from two breeds, there is also the possibility of the entire Burmese spectrum of colours; black (incl. brown or sepia black), blue, chocolate, lilac and all the O gene range, both in Burmese Expression or BCR (sepia coloured), and in Full Expression or FEx (solid/self coloured). The inheritance of the silver-gene also means that expression of colour can be variable; silver can darken and cool colour. However, since the Burmilla has a shaded coat pattern, it can be difficult to identify the various subtle shades of Burmese colouring that are recessive to the Persian colouring.

Temperament
The Burmilla is an irreverent and independent cat who adores its owner and displays many kitten-like characteristics, even into adulthood. In temperament they are sociable, playful and affectionate and get along well with children and other animals.

title: Burmilla


text: User talk:81.157.12.140

title: User talk:81.157.12.140


text:
1899 in rail transport

January events

 * January 2 – The first part of the Jakarta Kota–Anyer Kidul railway on the island of Java is opened between Batavia Zuid (Jakarta Kota) and Tangerang.

February events

 * February 9 – Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway purchases the Minneapolis, New Ulm and Southern.
 * February 21 – Gdadebo II, the Alake of Egba in modern-day southeast Nigeria, signs an agreement with the British Governor of Lagos Colony to lease lands for construction of a new railway from Aro to Abeokuta.

March events

 * March 12 – Southern Railway in the United States inaugurates the Piedmont Limited passenger train service.
 * March 15 – Marylebone Station, the new London terminus of the Great Central Railway, is opened.
 * March – The first of Victoria's 2 ft narrow-gauge railways opens between Wangaratta and Whitfield.

April events

 * April 15 – Chicago's Lake Street 'L' is extended at grade level beyond the City Limits at 52nd Avenue and reaches Austin. On May 15, it is extended into suburban Oak Park.

May events

 * May 12 – The Swedish Railway Employees' Union (Svenska Järnvägsmannaförbundet, SJMF, "Sweden Railworkers' League"), the country's first such trade union, is founded. It survives until 1970, when it merges into a labor union of Swedish government employees.
 * May 13 – A train wreck near Reading, Pennsylvania kills 28 people and injures 50.

June events

 * June 2 – American outlaws Robert L. Parker (Butch Cassidy) and Harry A. Longabaugh ("The Sundance Kid") commit their first armed robbery as "The Wild Bunch", stopping a Union Pacific train near Wilcox, Wyoming, with accomplices Harvey Logan and Elzy Lay, and steal more than $30,000 worth of cargo.
 * June 18 – Canadian Pacific Railway inaugurates the Imperial Limited passenger train between Montreal, Quebec, and Vancouver.

July events

 * July 17 – Hankaku Railroad Line, Osaka to Fukuchiyama route, is officially completed in Japan (as predecessor of the JR Takarazuka Line and Fukuchiyama Line).
 * July 21 – The Burgdorf–Thun railway in Switzerland becomes the first to operate with an alternating current electrification system, using a three-phase overhead at 750 V 40 Hz.
 * July 23 – After successfully lobbying for a change in Canadian Federal regulations and a new city by-law to allow the service, the Ottawa Electric Railway begins Sunday operations.
 * July 30 – The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis is formed to handle switching and transfer chores in St. Louis. The sponsoring railroads are the Missouri Pacific Railroad, Iron Mountain and Southern, Wabash Railroad, Ohio and Mississippi Railroad, Louisville and Nashville Railroad and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad.

August events

 * August 8 – Atlantic Coast Line Railroad predecessor Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of South Carolina acquires from the Central of Georgia its half-interest in the lease of the Georgia Railroad; the ACL now has direct access to Atlanta.
 * August 27 – Rail transport in Sudan: The Atbara railroad bridge over the Nile near Khartoum, fabricated by American engineers, is completed.

September events

 * September 18
 * The Gyeongin Line, predecessor Noryangjin to Jemulpo, and the first railway line built on the Korean Peninsula, opens.
 * New Haven Railroad signs a deal with Sanderson & Porter, construction contractors, acquiring control of the People's Tramway in Connecticut.

October events

 * October 14 – North British Railway submits its proposal to absorb the Aberlady, Gullane and North Berwick Railway in Scotland by a stock exchange transaction.

November events

 * November 8 – Jōbu Railway is founded in Japan.
 * November 15 – The New York Central Railroad leases the Boston and Albany Railroad.
 * November 16 – A British Army troop train is wrecked in South Africa near Estcourt by the Boers and 56 men are taken prisoner, including war correspondent Winston Churchill.
 * November 27 – The Ottoman Empire grants Germany's Deutsche Bank the concession to finance the construction of the Berlin–Baghdad railway, following a visit by Kaiser Wilhelm II to Constantinople in 1898 as a guest of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

December events

 * December 31 – Rail transport in Sudan: The desert railway from Wadi Halfa is completed throughout to Khartoum by British military engineers on 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.

Unknown date events

 * Maine Central Railroad Calais Branch is completed connecting Washington County, Maine to the United States rail network.
 * William Cornelius Van Horne retires as president of Canadian Pacific Railway; he is succeeded by Thomas George Shaughnessy.
 * Alexander J. Cassatt becomes president of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
 * American Car and Foundry is formed from the merger of 13 smaller rolling stock manufacturers across the United States. Southern Car and Foundry, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Memphis, Tennessee.
 * Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway is formed in Ontario, Canada, by reorganization of the St. Catharines and Niagara Central Railway.
 * Establishment in London, England, of The Railway Club, which will be the oldest society in the world for railway enthusiasts at the time of its closure in 2009.
 * William Truesdale becomes president of the Lackawanna Railroad, and initiates a bold plan to upgrade the road's facilities.

January births

 * January 15 – Robert Stetson Macfarlane, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1951–1966, is born.

Unknown date births

 * John W. Barriger III, president of the Monon Railroad 1946–1953, Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad 1954–1964, Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad 1965–1970 and the Boston and Maine Railroad 1973–1974 (died 1976).

September deaths

 * September 12 – Cornelius Vanderbilt II, president of the New York Central system (born 1843).

title: 1899 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Captive bead ring

Inproper merge
I think the merge was done improperly. Relevant information from Ball-closure ring including a better picture was lost. See below:

I've merged the Talk: Captive bead into Captive bead. 00:38, 5 May 2005 (UTC) Ø

I also don't see any discussion of the removal/placement process, or the tools required. I was looking for such information, but this article seems to indicate that the ball just slides in by hand. Of course, that wouldn't make sense, and in fact you need special tools to place or remove the ball--unless I'm mistaken.130.85.102.101 15:17, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've never seen one that needs tools. Mine didn't. User:Pedant 10:54, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

article title
My apologies if this has already been discussed, but why is the title of this article Captive bead, when it starts off with "captive bead ring"? Also, I've never heard of it referred to as "captive bead". Just a suggestion. — riana_dzasta • t • c • e  • 11:12, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I think this article should be at Captive bead ring, why was this moved from there?

Image
The previous image requires a photo credit almost as big as the caption, and it amounts to an advertisement in my opinion. Sorry I never noticed that the 'pd' tag on my old image had become obsolete... however a quick check of the Image page would clear it up, since I said it was made by me and released to public domain for unlimited use. Any way I replaced the image that needed a credit with one that doesn't, and put the text from the image in the caption. Hope that meets with everyone's approval. User:Pedant 10:50, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Captive bead ring