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Altus Air Force Base

Altus Air Force Base (Altus AFB, AAFB) is a United States Air Force base located approximately 4 mi east-northeast of Altus, Oklahoma.

The host unit at Altus AFB is the 97th Air Mobility Wing (97 AMW), assigned to the Nineteenth Air Force (19 AF) of the Air Education and Training Command (AETC). The wing's mission is to provide C-17 Globemaster III, KC-135 Stratotanker and KC-46 Pegasus formal initial and advanced specialty training programs for up to 3,000 flight crew and aircraft maintenance students annually.

Altus AFB was established in 1943 as Altus Army Airfield (AAF). The 97 AMW commander is Colonel Blaine L. Baker. The Vice Commander is Colonel Jason P. Pavelschak. The Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Randy Kay II.

Role and operations
The 97 AMW consists of the following major units:
 * 97th Operations Group - Emblem.jpg 97th Operations Group
 * Plans and executes C-17 and KC-135 formal school, initial and advanced specialty training programs for up to 3000 students annually. Sustains Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker and Boeing KC-46 Pegasus airland, airdrop and air refueling mobility forces, providing global reach for combat and contingency operations. Provides air traffic control and weather forecasting for flying operations.

 * 97th Mission Support Group
 * Provides mission, infrastructure, and community quality of life support for personnel and all assigned organizations on Altus AFB. Supports worldwide USAF taskings with deployment ready personnel and equipment.

 * 97th Maintenance Group
 * Provides maintenance and support to all assigned aircraft and provides the same maintenance support to transient aircraft, engines and associated ground equipment. To provide backshop support to all three aircraft while continuously improving environmental awareness and effectively managing maintenance resources, allowing the 97th Air Mobility Wing to perform its aircrew training mission.

 * 97th Medical Group
 * Ensures maximum wartime readiness and combat capability by promoting the health, safety and morale of active duty personnel. Staffs, trains, mobilizes and provides medical services in support of contingency operations worldwide. Develops and operates a prevention-oriented, cost-effective managed healthcare system for over 9,500 people.

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Altus Air Force Base.

United States Air Force
Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
 * Nineteenth Air Force
 * 97th Air Mobility Wing
 * Headquarters 97th Air Mobility Wing
 * 97th Comptroller Squadron
 * 97th Operations Group
 * 54th Air Refueling Squadron – KC-135R Stratotanker
 * 56th Air Refueling Squadron – KC-46A Pegasus
 * 58th Airlift Squadron – C-17A Globemaster III
 * 97th Operations Support Squadron
 * 97th Training Squadron
 * 97th Maintenance Group
 * 97th Maintenance Squadron
 * 97th Maintenance Operations Flight
 * 97th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 97th Medical Group
 * 97th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron
 * 97th Healthcare Operations Squadron
 * 97th Mission Support Group
 * 97th Civil Engineer Squadron
 * 97th Communications Squadron
 * 97th Contracting Flight
 * 97th Force Support Squadron
 * 97th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 * 97th Security Forces Squadron

Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)

 * Fourth Air Force
 * 507th Air Refueling Wing
 * 507th Operations Group
 * 730th Air Mobility Training Squadron (GSU)

Postwar era
The base became operational in January 1943, training new pilots on multi-engine aircraft. The primary training aircraft were the Cessna AT-17 Bobcat and the Curtiss-Wright AT-9 Jeep. On 15 May 1945, the airfield was placed on temporary inactive status.

It later became an aircraft disposal point for the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

Cold War
The base sat idle for only a few years. The onset of the Korean War in June 1950 created the need for more staff to fly

During the 1950s, the base underwent many changes and changed hands from TAC to the Strategic Air Command (SAC). Later that year, on 18 November, the 96th Bombardment Wing, Medium (96 BMW), arrived and began operations with three bomber squadrons and one air refueling squadron. The squadrons eventually flew the first all jet-engined bomber, the B-47 Stratojet and the KC-97 Stratofreighter, a dual-purpose cargo and air-refueling aircraft. By the end of the decade, both of these aircraft would be replaced by aircraft still in the Air Force inventory, the KC-135 Stratotanker and the B-52 Stratofortress. The KC-135 was the first all jet-engined air-refueling aircraft and the B-52 still remains the backbone of the USAF bomber fleet. When the 96th BW moved to Dyess AFB, Texas, the 11th Bombardment Wing (Heavy) activated and stood on alert during the Cold War.

June 1961 witnessed the activation of twelve Atlas “F” intercontinental ballistic missile sites within a 40-mile radius of the base. Controlled by the 577th Strategic Missile Squadron, the missiles sat inside a silo, constructed underground with a launch facility, and staffed around the clock. The missile silos became operational on 10 October 1962, but the activation would be short-lived. The missile at the Frederick, OK, site exploded in May 1964. The missiles were outdated. By April 1965, the missiles were phased out of the national strategic defense plan.

In August 1966, the 4th Mobile Communications Group transferred from Hunter AFB, Georgia, to Altus. The unit's mission consisted of providing mobile and transportable communication services, aiding navigation and air traffic control throughout the world.

In 1967, the Air Force began searching for a base that could handle the training for its strategic airlift fleet, the C-141 Starlifter and its newest and largest transport aircraft, the C-5 Galaxy. Again, Oklahoma proved to be well suited for the mission. The Military Airlift Command (MAC) assumed command of the base from SAC and activated the 443d Military Airlift Wing (443 MAW), Training, to assume host wing responsibilities and to fly alongside the SAC aircraft that would become a tenant command at Altus.

By the start of the 1970s, Altus AFB had three aircraft type/models assigned: KC-135s, C-141s, and C-5s. For the KC-135 aircraft at Altus still under SAC's control, the USAF activated the 340th Air Refueling Wing, which continued to operate the base's KC-135s.

The 1990s and beyond
The post Cold War environment brought many changes to Altus AFB. On 1 June 1992, the Air Force reorganized and the Military Airlift Command (MAC) disestablished. In its place the new Air Mobility Command (AMC) was activated, which placed MAC's strategic and tactical airlift aircraft and SAC's aerial refueling aircraft under a single command. Second, the 443d Airlift Wing and the 340th Air Refueling Wing were inactivated, with the latter's aircraft transferred to the 19th Air Refueling Wing at Robins AFB, Georgia.

On 1 October, the first Air Mobility Wing (AMW), the 97th Air Mobility Wing (97 AMW), arrived Altus without personnel or equipment, having formerly been designated as SAC's 97th Bombardment Wing and having been transferred from the deactivating Eaker AFB, Arkansas as a result of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action. The 97 AMW was tasked with flight crew formal training unit (FTU) responsibilities for the C-141 and C-5 aircrew, and with the closure of Castle AFB, California due to BRAC action, concurrently assumed FTU responsibilities for KC-135E/R/T flight crews. On 1 July 1993, the 97th was transferred from AMC to the newly established Air Education and Training Command (AETC) as part of a USAF initiative to move most FTU activities to AETC.

More changes were on the horizon. In 1996, the latest addition to Altus AFB, the new C-17 Globemaster III, arrived. Even before its arrival, the base began training pilots and loadmasters to operate and fly the aircraft.

In August 2002, the mission of the wing grew when the Air Force moved the basic loadmaster course from Sheppard AFB, Texas, to Altus. This initiative combined similar training programs to reduce the number of moves required by trainees while cutting overall costs. Additionally, during that same month, the wing reorganized as a "combat wing": the 97th Support Group became the 97th Mission Support Group, gaining the new 97th Logistics Readiness Squadron (comprising the former 97th Supply Squadron, 97th Transportation Squadron and logistics plans flight) and the 97th Contracting Squadron. Also, the 97th Logistics Group inactivated and the 97th Maintenance Directorate was activated. The directorate comprises civil-service personnel, who are responsible for the care and maintenance of all three airframes at the base.

The 97 AMW discontinued FTU responsibilities for the C-141 concurrent with that aircraft's retirement from the USAF inventory in 2006. On 1 July 2007, the Air Force Reserve Command's (AFRC) 433d Airlift Wing (433 AW) at Lackland AFB/Kelly Field (former Kelly AFB) assumed responsibility for all flying training and academic training for the C-5 aircraft for all Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and Air National Guard (ANG) aircrews, leaving the 97 AMW and Altus to concentrate on C-17 and KC-135 training for AMC, USAFE, PACAF, AFRC and ANG aircrews.

Previous names

 * Established on 17 June 1942 as: AAF Advanced Flying School, Altus, Oklahoma
 * Altus Army Airfield, 8 April 1943
 * AAF Pilot School (Advanced TE), Altus Army Airfield, 6 August 1943 – 23 April 1946
 * Inactivated 23 April 1946 – 3 March 1953
 * Altus Air Force Base, 3 March 1953 – present

Major commands to which assigned

 * AAF Gulf Coast Training Cen, 26 June 1942
 * AAF Central Flying Training Comd, 31 July 1943
 * AAF Technical Service Comd, 16 May 1945
 * Air Technical Service Comd, 1 July 1945 – 9 March 1946
 * Tactical Air Command, 11 June 1952

 * Strategic Air Command, 21 June 1954
 * Military Airlift Command, 1 July 1968
 * Air Mobility Command, 1 October 1992
 * Air Education and Training Command, 1 July 1993 – present

Base operating units

 * 453rd Base HQ and Air Base Squadron, 6 October 1942 – 1 May 1944
 * 2508th AAF Base Unit (Pilot School), 1 May 1944 – 16 May 1945
 * 4124th AAF Base Unit, 16 May – 13 December 1945
 * 63d Air Base Group, 8 January 1953
 * 4037th Air Base Group, 15 October 1953 – 18 November 1953

 * 96th Air Base Group, 18 November 1953
 * 11th Combat Support Gp, 1 March 1959 – 8 July 1968
 * 443rd Air Base (later Combat Support) Group, 8 July 1968
 * 97th Mission Support Group 1 October 1992 – present

Major units assigned

 * Army Air Force Pilot School (Advanced Training), 26 June 1942 – 15 May 1945
 * 4124 Army Air Force Base Unit, 15 May 1945 – 13 December 1945
 * 63d Troop Carrier Wing, 8 January 1953 – 14 October 1953
 * 96th Bombardment Wing, 18 November 1953 – 7 September 1957

 * 11th Bombardment Wing, 13 December 1957 – 25 March 1969
 * 340th Air Refueling Wing, 1 July 1977 – 1 October 1992
 * 443d Military Airlift Wing, Training, 5 May 1969 – 1 October 1992
 * 97th Air Mobility Wing 1 October 1992 – present
 * Jackson County Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol

SM-65F Atlas Missile Sites
The 577th Strategic Missile Squadron operated twelve missile sites, of one missile at each site:
 * 577–1 2.2 mi NNE of Lugert, OK    34.92556°N, -99.25972°W
 * 577–2 3.8 mi SSE of Cambridge, OK    35.02611°N, -99.17056°W
 * 577–3 0.8 mi SE of Mountain Park, OK    34.68778°N, -98.94083°W
 * 577–4 2.1 mi WSW of Cache, OK    34.61556°N, -98.66083°W
 * 577–5 4.0 mi NNE of Manitou, OK    34.56222°N, -98.96194°W
 * 577–6 2.2 mi NNE of Frederick, OK    34.43833°N, -99.01472°W
 * 577–7 4.8 mi SE of Ranchland, TX    34.36194°N, -99.32417°W
 * 577–8 0.6 mi NE of Creta, OK    34.52667°N, -99.54°W
 * 577–9 3.7 mi NNW of Gould, OK    34.68472°N, -99.83389°W
 * 577–10 6.2 mi SW of Mangum, OK    34.81778°N, -99.59056°W
 * 577–11 1.0 mi NE of Willow, OK    35.06194°N, -99.49694°W
 * 577–12 2.7 mi WSW of Granite, OK    34.95361°N, -99.42694°W

Other sources

 * Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
 * Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1961 (republished 1983, Office of Air Force History, ISBN 0-912799-02-1).
 * Mueller, Robert, Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989
 * Ravenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History 1984. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
 * Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
 * Altus AFB Website
 * Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
 * Altus AFB Website

title: Altus Air Force Base


text: Category:Supermarkets of Sweden

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Supermarkets of Sweden


text:
Alexander Shabalov

Alexander Anatolyevich Shabalov (Алекса́ндр Анато́льевич Шаба́лов; Aleksandrs Šabalovs; born September 12, 1967) is an American chess grandmaster and a four-time winner of the United States Chess Championship (1993, 2000, 2003, 2007). He also won or tied for first place seven times in the U.S. Open Chess Championship (1993, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2015, 2016).

Chess career
Shabalov was born in Riga, Latvia, and was known during much of his career for courting complications even at the cost of objective soundness, much like his fellow Latvians Mikhail Tal and Alexei Shirov. He has transitioned to a more conservative and positional playing style as of 2019.

In 2002 he tied for first place at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow with Gregory Kaidanov, Alexander Grischuk, Aleksej Aleksandrov, and Vadim Milov. In 2009 Shabalov shared first place with Fidel Corrales Jimenez in the American Continental Chess Championship.

Shabalov regularly lectured chess players of all ages at the House of Chess, a store he ran at Ross Park Mall in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, until it closed in mid-2007.

In 2015 he was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame.

In 2019, Shabalov won the 23rd annual Eastern Chess Congress.

In 2020, Shabalov won the 52nd annual Liberty Bell Open.

Shabalov won the 2022 U.S. Senior Championship, defeating Grandmaster Larry Christiansen in the final round of the tournament to claim victory.

Notable games

 * Alexey Shirov vs Alexander Shabalov, Rapidplay 2001, Spanish Game: Schliemann Defense, Dyckhoff Variation (C63), 0-1
 * Alexander Shabalov vs Varuzhan Akobian, US Championships 2003 2003, French Defense: Advance, Lputian Variation (C02), 1-0
 * Alexander Shabalov vs John Fedorowicz, US Championships 2003 2003, Benko Gambit: Accepted, Pawn Return Variation (A57), 1-0

title: Alexander Shabalov


text:
Trevor Cherry

Trevor John Cherry (23 February 1948 – 29 April 2020) was an English footballer who notably captained both England and Leeds United. A defender, Cherry also played for Huddersfield Town and Bradford City, and managed the latter club.

Born in Huddersfield, he started his career at his hometown team before he made his name at Leeds United during the 1970s, making 486 appearances and winning the Championship title in 1973–74. He won a total of 27 international caps and captained the England team on one occasion.

Huddersfield Town
Born in Huddersfield on 23 January 1948, Cherry joined his hometown club Huddersfield Town as part of the groundstaff in July 1963 as a 15-year-old from the Huddersfield YMCA, before signing a full-time professional contract in 1965. He made his debut in 1965, aged 17, establishing himself as a classy defender who could play anywhere across the back line, and helped Huddersfield win the Second Division title in the 1969–70 season. They were relegated after two seasons in the top flight and in 1972 Cherry left for local rivals Leeds United after making a total of 188 appearances; he had impressed Leeds manager Don Revie enough for him to consider him a potential replacement for Jack Charlton.

Leeds United
Cherry – along with teammate Roy Ellam – moved along the M62 in 1972 when Leeds paid £100,000 to Huddersfield for his services. He ended up playing both alongside and instead of Charlton in his first season but predominantly at left back, replacing broken leg victim Terry Cooper. By the end of the season Cherry had amassed 38 League appearances and was selected by Revie for the 1973 FA Cup final, which Leeds lost to Sunderland.

He did, however, win the League championship with Leeds in 1973–74, as the team went on a record 29-match unbeaten run at the start of the season to make sure the title would be theirs; Cherry spent much of the season at left back, playing 38 times in total. The following season, 1974–75, was a mixed year for Cherry. Injury curtailed half of his season, but he recovered in time to help Leeds in their European Cup campaign as they progressed towards the semi-finals and a game against Barcelona. Cherry marked Dutch legend Johan Cruyff out of each leg as Leeds reached the final, but after missing subsequent League matches through suspension, manager Jimmy Armfield placed him on the substitute's bench for the final against Bayern Munich, and he did not play.

In 1976, Cherry became Leeds captain after Billy Bremner left, and won his first England cap. He continued to play for Leeds until 1982, the year that the club were relegated to the Second Division, and won the club's Player of The Season award in 1981. In 2000, Cherry was voted the 30th best Leeds United player by its fans.

Bradford City and management
Cherry played three months of Second Division football for Leeds before leaving for another neighbouring club, Bradford City, where he became player-manager. He played for three years until he retired to concentrate on management. His final game in football was City's 2–0 win against Bolton Wanderers on 6 May 1985 which captured the Division Three title. Cherry also won the Third Division manager of the season award. However, Cherry's own personal success paled into insignificance when the Valley Parade ground was devastated by the Bradford City stadium fire during the final game of the season on 11 May 1985, killing 56 people. The subsequent appeal to raise money for the bereaved families and injured supporters raised more than four million pounds, and Cherry was among the mourners at many funerals.

He steered Bradford to 13th place the following season despite the club having to play home games at three other grounds; Odsal Stadium, Bradford and his former home grounds of Elland Road and Leeds Road. Cherry was manager when City returned to Valley Parade in December 1986 but was sacked the following month when the club was struggling – a surprise decision that provoked angry demonstrations against the board.

International career
Cherry won his first English cap on 24 March 1976 against Wales. He became the first England player to be sent off in an international friendly, when he was sent off against Argentina in 1977. Cherry lost two teeth after being punched in the mouth by Daniel Bertoni, whom Cherry had felled with a nasty tackle from behind; Bertoni also received a red card.

England did not qualify for the 1978 World Cup, but did so for the 1980 European Championships, and Cherry was included in the squad of 22 to travel there. In a warm-up game just before the tournament, Cherry captained his country for the only time in a 2–1 win against Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground. His tournament was limited, however, to a single substitute appearance against Spain. It was to be his 27th and final cap.

Post-football
After he was sacked by Bradford City, Cherry gave up football in general for a number of years. He ran a promotions and hospitality company in Huddersfield, a waste paper company and a five-a-side football centre. In 2004, he also made a bid to buy into Leeds United. He was also given an honorary degree by the University of Huddersfield in November 2005.

Cherry died suddenly on 29 April 2020, aged 72 from COVID-19. He was survived by his wife Sue, with whom he had two sons and a daughter, and five grandchildren.

Honours
Leeds United
 * FA Cup runner-up: 1972–73

title: Trevor Cherry


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Talk:Anti-satellite weapon

Questions
What about the concrete missile?

I worked on the early ASAT program for McDonnell Douglas at Edwards AFB. We had a big concrete missile with just guidance and propulsion. No explosives needed since about 500 lbs of concrete would just smash into the satellite. I never see anything about that very early part of the program. We even started and international incident with the Russians. Maybe that is why no one talks about it. Upstairs was a lab trying to get lasers to work on the F-15 and McDonnell sent me a wiring harness to test that was about putting nukes on the F-15. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2606:6000:CC0B:D800:28E5:78D8:5EC2:B5ED (talk) 16:19, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

What about the KE-ASAT program that the US is (was?) working on in the 1990s? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.70.131.28 (talk • contribs) December 6, 2004.
 * The F-15 portrayed in the photograph is from Edwards but is that where the lauch was from that shot down the satellite? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 131.55.121.8 (talk • contribs) December 7, 2005.

Hazards
I suppose it would be off-topic to discuss the hazards of anti-satellite weapons such as the EMP shockwave amplified by the atmosphere (in greater detail) when using nuclear weapons in near-Earth space, or the plume of debris left by exploding missile shells and their targets left in orbit. I'd like to hear other peoples' view, though, because it's a bit of a reach. Oceanhahn 10:53, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * There is some discussion at High altitude nuclear explosion about using nuclear weapons in space. In all, it's not especially dangerous to those of us on the ground. I suppose the altitude of the satellite in question is important, but really, the radiation, and certainly not any of the other blast effects, aren't going to reach us. Satellite chunks falling from the sky are problematic, but most satellites are less than a ton or two and wouldn't provide much of a problem. They'd break up into much smaller pieces on reentry, and are of course only 30% likely to hit land. Debris in orbit is much more of a problem, of course, but near earth orbit is chock full of debris anyways. One satellite isn't going to pose a great threat to anyone. If there were a sustained campaign against satellites, there would be far greater havoc on the ground than in orbit. Remember also that the debris itself is subject to reentry. ... aa:talk 19:48, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Russian equivalent
There was also a Russian equivalent of ASAT being developed in late 80s till mid 90s, this was using a mofified MiG-31 (MiG-31D to be exact) with a Vympel developed missile - I have the designation somewhere but would have to find it. The project was initially abandoned in early 90s but resurrected around 2000 with commercial satellite launches in mind this time. Note that the system was intended to be used against LEO satellites as the missile mass was significantly below US ASAT. The program has apparently now been restarted post treaty demise. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.112.30.77 (talk • contribs) May 11, 2006.
 * I wasn't aware there was an ASAT treaty in the '90s. --Dual Freq 22:09, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The phrse "kamazazee satellite" should be removed. It isn't official and leads to a page about Japanese suicide bombers in WWII. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by DonPMitchell (talk • contribs) June 6, 2006.
 * Air Force 2025, Russian space web and International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation use similar terminology, sounds official when they use it. --Dual Freq 23:13, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree with the use of the term 'kamikaze'; though however slang it may be, it describes a tactic employed -- the intentional suicide of the attacker in order to damage a target -- in a brief, concise manner. Being official or not never had anything to do with it. --Oceanhahn 06:26, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Kamikaze" suggests that it is manned, but I have my doubts whether this is meant. Either way it should be stated more clearly.--Patrick 14:51, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Starfire Optical Range
Shouldn't this article mention Starfire Optical Range's research? 89.180.130.194 20:14, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

"It is also one of the plot elements in Matthew Reilly's Area 7 featuring a satellite-killing shuttle launched from a high-altitude plane"

I maintain that tagging bits on like this is unencyclopaedic. Also the way the sentence it written is terrible. "Area 7 featuring"?

China Developing Anti-Satellite Technology
This could be added on a new article instead of putting it here. Might be an long article.-- Walt e r Humala God   save him! (wanna Talk?) 03:12, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Um why? Until they would use laser, or shoot down another satellite, short notice with altitude in km/m, and description of orbit suffice. It would be also nice a link to the missile they used. Raghar 03:42, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Format for Clarity
This was a very good read, but I found that it would benefit greatly from a contents section like many Wikis have. And obviously break the article into sections...

Ifpk454 06:44, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Section on China
The new section on the Chinese missile launch suffers from recentism. There is nothing historically important in this launching, in relevance to this article. The technology and capabilities have been around for 20 years. It does not warrant it's own section. Significant enough to add to the article? Yes! Significant for its own separate section? No! Do not be so quick to justify its notability simply due to a news-crazed and sensationalistic network trying to catch viewers. ~ UBeR 01:27, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

It's shocking because the US will now develop their own space weapons. Actually US was already developing space based weapons. In any case, things will be quite interesting in the coming years for sure.

Most of this sites links are defunct.

 * there is at least 2 active US space weapon program (both by lockheed martin) at the time of china's ASAT test. US had and are developing space weapon(or defenses as they put it) so what china did was just being the 1st to lanuch a test in 21st century; in PRC opinion, it might have seen US and Russia had already demostrated their capability, hence they were just playing catch up to show they are "up there" with the leading nations. on defensenews, an analyst opinioned that the GPS is quite safe from this ASAT since there are backup system and they operate very far away from earth, and the ASAT china used is design more to take out spysat, such as those ROC-Taiwan is using to spy on China. as there is usually no redundancy spysat to get back online quickly, it could have a serious effect on intelligence during short hostility. i agree on it being sensationalized; it is quite a big thing "now", and maybe we can keep it around abit until it settledown. Akinkhoo 15:39, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Haven't all the US tests been either outright failures or ridiculous charades, with the targets emitting homing signals rather than counter-measures? Isn't hitting a real target more than the USA has managed during the last 24 years?  If so, I think that would make the Chinese efforts notable.  --  Geo Swan 10:06, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually both the USA and Russia have successfully done the same thing China did, except they did it over 20 years ago. One reason (I would argue the main reason) they stopped was because of the space pollution it caused. ~ UBeR 23:26, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Technique wise, the China ASAT missile is equipped with kinetic-kill warhead, and it is the first successful kinetic-kill for ASAT warfare, and it shot down a satellite which is much smaller in size and much higher in orbit height (865km, compared to 500km the USA did before).

Tech-wise speaking it is far superior to any of the ASAT USA/USSR did in 1980s, and it is comparable to the lastest NMD techs.

Just like you can not say there is little point to build plane since people could built planes almost 100 years ago, the difference between different generations of planes is something worth looking at. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pptv2r2 (talk • contribs) 23:30, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Anti ASAT?
Is there any anti-ASAT weapon that satelites can use to defend against ASAT weapons? Any article for that? Frap (talk) 21:04, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Pptv2r2 (talk • contribs) 23:27, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Political bias?
"Especially when the US knew of the eventual outcome of the defunct satellite at least 1 year in advance which lead some to ask, 'why choose this time to destroy the satellite and not earlier.'"

I think that this should be edited to present a more neutral tone. Isn't the reason for the intercept being delayed until just before re-entry to ensure that all the debris re-enters and does no become a space hazard? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.198.117.107 (talk) 22:05, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * that is a valid question. we don't know about the condition of said satellite until now, the military didn't refute the delay was for it to enter a given orbit neither. the satellite maybe in the same orbit for the past year, do you have the fact to back the claim that the orbital delay was recent? because i found no source on this. Akinkhoo (talk) 06:49, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Inclusion of India
I'm not so sure what Yattum's problem with including India on the list is. Numerous articles from numerous sources state that India is actively developing an Anti-Satellite system as part of its ballistic missile defence program. I've no objection to other countries being included on the list but as far as I could tell, no other nations (including Russia, the UK, France and others) had any formal plans to develop such a system or atleast have not announced them. On the other hand, India has which is why I put it on the list, it has nothing to do with bias or POV pushing. Vedant (talk) 18:26, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * India has performed no ASATS. Please stop grouping it with the United States and China and implying it has. Your version states India is planning an ASAT. The source does not say India has any planned ASATS. Changing the section name from Recent ASATS to Current and future ASATS implies India has performed ASATS or has ASAT ability alongside the United States and China, plus it is massively speculative and wp:crystal ball, which states Individual scheduled or expected future events should only be included if the event is notable and almost certain to take place. Only the United States and China have performed ASATS. Many countries such as Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, France have potential ASAT ability, yet none of these are included in the article because they have never performed an ASAT. This article is only about ASAT weapons and ASAT events. This issue is very much like the one which was on the missile defense article, which you kept including a lengthy statement on an India laser based system in the introduction, even though no such system exists. Your contribution history implies your account exists only to further Indian nationalism and enter into edit wars with other users, like you are currently with user:Ao333. Yattum (talk) 19:30, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Well since you are quoting Wikipedia policy, allow me to. Please see WP:No Personal Attacks as it seems you are violating a few Wikipedia policies yourself. Second of all, I'm not sure if you're aware or not but Ao333 has frequently engaged in disruptive edits on a number of India related articles by changing information without consensus and deleting cited materials (as it appears you are attempting to do here). I also find it somewhat hypocritical that you are accusing me of edit warring as you are doing the same (as it takes two people to edit war, who am I edit warring with? Myself). Your argument is also belied by the fact that I add a "negative" information to India related articles such as pointing out the delays in the Commonwealth Games or indicating that 72% of Indians lack access to improved sanitation facilities. Apparently the above eludes you so I suggest you familiarize yourself with these basic concepts before continuing to edit the encyclopedia. Finally on the topic of Anti Satellite weapons, as I have said many times, this technology is under development and India is planning to deploy an Anti-Satellite weapon system. I didn't specify a time frame as none exists but it is not in violation of WP:Crystal Ball as a number of these technologies already exist in the Indian Missile Defence Program and that the DRDO chief has announced that India is actively developing the components of an ASAT weapon. As such, I am keeping it on the list.

 * I'm also curious what the chart on your user page is for, is it perhaps a personal ranking of different countries that you decided to post on Wikipedia. Do your Wikipedia edits mirror that ranking system? Vedant (talk) 23:06, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not taking sides here, but please can you both calm down, stop edit warring, and discuss the issue politely before any more reversions occur. I've sent you both reminders about the three revert rule, and if the edit war continues I will ask an administrator to intervene. -- G W … 23:22, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I've already posted a message on the Administrator Noticeboards. I don't particularly like to engage in revert wars as they are messy but it is sometimes required with trolls and disruptive editors.Vedant (talk) 23:35, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Your pro-Indian POV will be removed no matter how many times you keep adding it, just as many other users have removed your POV every time you keep adding it to various articles, such as the HAL Tejas, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, List of fighter aircraft, Comparison of heavy lift launch systems, Anti-tank guided missile, Indus Valley Civilization, Cryogenic rocket engine, Indian National Satellite System, Healthcare in India, Indian Expressways, Asian space race, Trillion dollar club, Indian Armed Forces, Agni-V, Chindia, Made in China, HAL Tejas timeline, India and weapons of mass destruction, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III, Culture of India, Human rights in India, Communications satellite, Passive Electronically Scanned Array, Vertical launching system, Economic reform in the People's Republic of China, Jaffna University Helidrop, Velupillai Prabhakaran, and are just some of the articles you've been edit warring on during the last 3 months. As for personal attacks, your account does little but personal attacks. Your talk page and edit history are littered with personal attacks. I have explained several times now, India has performed no ASATS, has no ASATS planned, and many countries not just India have potential ASAT ability. Including India in the Recent ASATS section along with the United States and China implies India has performed recent ASATS too like the United States and China have. Your edit completely contravenes wp:crystal ball. Your edit is nothing more than nationalist POV. Your account history is full of edit warring and POV edits. Please don't try to make this look as though my edit war free account is the bad guy here, I think our contribution histories and talk pages speak for themselves. This issue is idential to your pro-Indian POV edits to the missile defense article, which was only resolved when User:Joema also started reverting your POV edits too. Yattum (talk) 00:31, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes going by your factually inaccurate information I've clearly been involved in lots of edit wars, have you even bothered to look at the edits to those pages and what was removed/added? Presumably not as you just decided to add a list of all my recent contributions to this article. Well anyways, it appears that your block log and edit warring on this article seems to speak for itself. Vedant (talk) 05:21, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Anyways you humour me so lets talk about some of my "reverted edits"
 * Jaffna University Helidrop - vandalism was reverted, see this edit summary As
 * Velupillai Prabhakaran - again, vandalism from the same ip was reverted, see this edit summary
 * Passive_Electronically_Scanned_Array - restored information deleted by By78 a particularly egregious sock with 5 accounts
 * Economic reform in the People's Republic of China - again, restored information deleted by by78
 * Vertical launching system - please tell me what change I made to the article.
 * Human rights in India - removed a ton of POV information, please see this edit summary
 * HAL Tejas timeline - more of By78's POV pushing removed
 * Comparison of heavy lift launch systems - What did I do here? I restored the tags to data fields. I did not add any data
 * Communications satellite - I fixed a citation tag, that's really a crime isn't it?
 * Indus Valley Civilization - By78's sockpuppetry at work here.
 * Cryogenic rocket engine - More of By78's sockpuppetry here as well.
 * Agni V - I added a chart.. damning evidence you have there.
 * Healthcare in India - I removed a bunch of POV material in the lede and moved that material into their appropriate sections. Criminal?
 * Indian Expressways - What did I do here?
 * HAL Tejas - I restored citations deleted by Ao333 who attempted to compromise the article by adding bogus sources and changing dates without consensus.
 * Indian Armed Forces - I deleted a paragraph with a whole bunch of useless nationalist banter by all sides
 * Made in China - Mind telling me what I did was wrong here?
 * Anti-tank guided missile - By78 playing with images, I merely restored the ones that were there before. Users who are indefinitely banned from Wikipedia forego the privilege of being allowed to edit the encyclopedia.
 * Indian Expressways - So backing up claims with citations from reputable sources is POV pushing?

It appears you are having trouble differentiating between POV pushing and editing. I suggest you familiarize yourself with the differences between these two actions before continuing to edit Wikipedia. As I have already said, your "clean" user page has now been tainted with both an edit war and a block so I would appreciate if you did not take the moral high ground and accept that you are at fault as well. Vedant (talk) 05:35, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * What a refuttal Vedant, you nicely answered ALL his points and attacks. He didn't bother to answer after this... I declare you a winner. --80.10.46.92 (talk) 18:00, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

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Space debris effect of India ASAT test
I have had content about the debris effect removed (at least) twice together with references. The first unsummarised by an anon IP, by  was summarized by an allegation of pure (i.e. 100%) speculative content which is untrue. Due to 3-RR rules I am unable to restore it without become involved in an edit war. I would like suggestions to restore same or similar and seek consensus on such a matter in the first instance with intention for mediation if necessary. I intend to tag the section for neutrality because of this and other content present. The debris effect of the satellite destruction is important and I propose content about it is restored. Thankyou.Djm-leighpark (talk) 14:30, 27 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The (Bare URL) source I just tagged with a reference name of "ndtv1" includes the following quote from G Madhavan Nair, former chairman of India Space Research Organisation (ISRO).: "India's test done at an altitude of 300 km may not leave space debris for too long,". I would be observe  G Madhavan Nair may or may not be neutral in this regard; however he would reasonably be assumed to be an authority on the subject and he has not provided certain reassurance there will not be a space debris issue.Djm-leighpark (talk) 15:19, 27 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I will currently comment that the article currently promotes the (potentially biased) view of the Indian Ministry of External Affairs that ensures resulting debris would fall to earth within weeks (which I agree is probable but I all am looking for people to commit their life savings, assets and pensions on) as opposed to the other reuters source that has the headline U.S. studying India anti-satellite weapons test, warns of space debris and indicates 250+ pieces of space debris which would be would be monitored issuing “close-approach notifications as required until the debris enters the Earth’s atmosphere. I believe the article is currently biased in this respect.  Possible Indian Ministry of External Affairs or related COI? Djm-leighpark (talk) 16:30, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * , I don't think its COI, probably just nationalistic POV editing. Patrick Shanahan initially warned about space debris, but the State Department's statement was more neutral on the topic. We should mention both, but the article currently only talks about the latter. —Gazoth (talk) 17:08, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * One could argue I've got a POV about ASAs causing space debris ... but I've hoping someone will can be bothered do some non POV editing on this soon. If it isn't done by the time current is removed without a solid explanation here then a POV notice goes up on the section.  I've have content removed twice and two well sourced references binned so its perhaps inappropriate for me to persist until things stabilise. I've actually removed the article from my watchlist as too distractional to RL and other stuff.  Thankyou.  Djm-leighpark (talk) 17:29, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * , I have added some neutral opinions and Patrick Shanahan's original statement to the article. I did not restore Business Insider's statement about India's position in IADC being undermined by the ASAT test since it seems to be an outlier and no other article has mentioned it. However, the concerns about some debris moving to higher orbit was repeated and I have mentioned it with attribution. If you still have NPOV concerns, let me know. —Gazoth (talk) 23:33, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * @ Reading it through (without checking the double sources but they are similar to what I have read), seems to give a excellently balanced content even managing to touch on the risk of fragments getting to higher orbit without over stating such concerns.  Seems very nicely put if I may say so.  Thankyou.Djm-leighpark (talk) 02:18, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Proposal to merge two sections
The sections "Recent ASATs" and "ASAT development" should be merged in my opinion. There are two sections with info about India & Russia. If the merge is not agreed to, then the Russia & India material be merged into "Recent ASATs" and only Israel remain in "ASAT development". Looking for views on this? AshLin (talk) 15:25, 27 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose: (both): ... certainly at present until the current edit frenzy dies down or it might spill elsewhere. I'd prefer seeing "Recent ASATs" renamed ""Recent ASAT tests" and the subsections renamed to "Russa"->"Russian Tests" etc. to bring back unique section names with the article.Djm-leighpark (talk) 15:36, 27 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Support merging Indian section. The "ASAT development" section made sense before the test was conducted, but now it is no longer a future development. By the same criterion, merging the Russian section does not make sense as it still talks about technology that hasn't been tested yet. —Gazoth (talk) 21:53, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

Bad or misleading physics?
In the Limits of ASATs section, there is a discussion of the problems of intercepts that is either wrong or misleading.

"Although satellites have been successfully intercepted at low orbiting altitudes, the tracking of military satellites for a length of time would be less accurate than previous commercial or defective intercepts that did not employ any defensive measure like simple inclination changes. Depending on the level of tracking capabilities, the interceptor would have to pre-determine the point of impact while compensating for the satellite's lateral movement and the time for the interceptor to climb and move; U.S. intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) satellites orbit at about 800 km (500 mi) high and move at 7.5 km/s (4.7 mi/s), so a Chinese Intermediate-range ballistic missile would need to compensate for 1350 km (840 mi) of movement in the three minutes it takes to boost to that altitude"

Here's the thing: any launch is going to made against a target that is being tracked and whose current orbital elements are known. Thus, at the moment of launch, the interceptor knows exactly where the target will be at the computed moment of impact.

Thus, the ASAT system only needs to compensate for target maneuvers that happen after launch. And those are limited to the onboard delta-V, which is at most going to be in the hundreds of meters per second range (fuel is limited). Even if we assume a generous 500 m/s delta-V and that the satellite is commanded to change its orbit at the moment of launch (and can do it instantly!), in the 200 seconds before intercept the target can only change its position by 100km, not 1350km.

Furthermore, even this is misleading because you have to assume that the interceptor is being guided (either onboard or from the ground), so as soon as the target maneuvers, the interceptor can respond, and the earlier the target dodges, the longer it has to correct, and the smaller the correction has to be. And on top of that, the target has to know (or be told) that it is being attacked.

For this reason, the best defense strategy is probably to "jink" just before intercept. But the effectiveness of this will be marginal, because the interceptors are purposefully designed to be able to do large lateral delta-v changes, whereas for the target this ability is not their primary capability.

I do not make any claim to expertise in this area, so I do not feel qualified to edit the page, but I would suggest the above section be deleted and the surrounding sections be combined and expanded a bit. The important point (to my mind) is that even if you can knock out the ISR satellite, it doesn't help you all that much. You probably get more bang for your buck elsewhere.

Regardless of what the page maintainers decide, I would like to thank you for your time and effort in working on the page.

Madoverlord (talk) 12:25, 31 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The part about tracking being inaccurate for military satellites seems to be original research. The part that follows depends on the assumption that China is unable to track military satellites. The reference used for that paragraph was only highlighting the importance of tracking satellites, but it seems to have been modified to mean something else here. —Gazoth (talk) 15:49, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:51, 16 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Mig-31 With 79M6 Missile.png
 * Polyot-1.jpg

Update for "ASAT development" required ?
Both Russia and India have confirmed ASAT tests and already covered under 'Recent ASATs". Under development section, only Israel is the true candidate and Russia and India should be deleted.

title: Talk:Anti-satellite weapon


text: File:Vcmerrifield-photo.jpg

title: File:Vcmerrifield-photo.jpg


text:
Burr Tillstrom

Franklin Burr Tillstrom (October 13, 1917 – December 6, 1985) was a puppeteer and the creator of Kukla, Fran and Ollie.

Early life
Tillstrom was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Bert and Alice Burr Tillstrom. He attended Senn High School in Chicago and later the University of Chicago. While still a freshman, he accepted a job offer from the WPA-Chicago Parks District Theatre to set up a marionette theater.

Career
Tillstrom turned his attention to puppetry in the early 1930s and created Kukla in 1936. Kukla remained nameless until the Russian ballerina Tamara Toumanova referred to him as kukla, the Russian word for "doll". Other famous puppets from Tillstrom's group included Ollie (Oliver J. Dragon), Beulah Witch, Goultar, Cecil Bill, and Fletcher Rabbit. In 1939, Tillstrom was invited to present his Kuklapolitan Players at the New York World's Fair. The following year, RCA sent him to Bermuda to perform on the first ship-to-shore broadcast.

From 1947 to 1957, Tillstrom was involved with the Kukla, Fran and Ollie show, which starred his puppets and Fran Allison. It is widely regarded as being the first children's show to appeal to both children and adults, and counted Orson Welles, John Steinbeck, Tallulah Bankhead, Adlai Stevenson, and James Thurber among its many adult fans. With only a few exceptions, all of the shows were improvised.

After the original series ended in 1957, Tillstrom continued to work with the Kuklapolitans. Early in 1958, Tillstrom appeared with the puppets on Polly Bergen's short-lived NBC variety show, The Polly Bergen Show.

Tillstrom, Kukla and Ollie reunited with Fran Allison to host the CBS Children's Film Festival from 1967 to 1977. In 1970, Kukla, Fran and Ollie appeared on National Educational Television, taped at WTTW in Chicago, for two seasons. In 1975, Kukla, Fran and Ollie began another run on television with 13 new episodes.

In 1977, The Kukla and Ollie Retrospective Stage Show tours began, a creation of the Artist-in-Residence program at Hope College. In 1978, Kukla, Burr and Ollie joined the Broadway cast of Side by Side by Sondheim, a revue of Stephen Sondheim songs.

Tillstrom continued to perform with his Kuklapolitan Players until his death at age 68 in Palm Springs, California on December 6, 1985. He was found sitting in a chair near his swimming pool and appeared to have died from natural causes. He was buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago. His papers are held at the Chicago History Museum.

Honors
On March 23, 1986, Burr Tillstrom was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame for his creativity and innovation in the medium. The Saugatuck Douglas Art Club in Saugatuck, Michigan (the location of Tillstrom's longtime summer home) dedicated a memorial to Tillstrom in 1988. The Burr Tillstrom Collection and Archives are maintained at the Chicago History Museum.

In 2013 Tillstrom was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.

title: Burr Tillstrom


text:
Bulk micromachining

Bulk micromachining is a process used to produce micromachinery or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).

Unlike surface micromachining, which uses a succession of thin film deposition and selective etching, bulk micromachining defines structures by selectively etching inside a substrate. Whereas surface micromachining creates structures on top of a substrate, bulk micromachining produces structures inside a substrate.

Usually, silicon wafers are used as substrates for bulk micromachining, as they can be anisotropically wet etched, forming highly regular structures. Wet etching typically uses alkaline liquid solvents, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) or tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) to dissolve silicon which has been left exposed by the photolithography masking step. These alkali solvents dissolve the silicon in a highly anisotropic way, with some crystallographic orientations dissolving up to 1000 times faster than others. Such an approach is often used with very specific crystallographic orientations in the raw silicon to produce V-shaped grooves. The surface of these grooves can be atomically smooth if the etch is carried out correctly, and the dimensions and angles can be precisely defined. Pressure sensors are usually created by bulk micromachining technique.

Bulk micromachining starts with a silicon wafer or other substrates which is selectively etched, using photolithography to transfer a pattern from a mask to the surface. Like surface micromachining, bulk micromachining can be performed with wet or dry etches, although the most common etch in silicon is the anisotropic wet etch. This etch takes advantage of the fact that silicon has a crystal structure, which means its atoms are all arranged periodically in lines and planes. Certain planes have weaker bonds and are more susceptible to etching. The etch results in pits that have angled walls, with the angle being a function of the crystal orientation of the substrate. This type of etching is inexpensive and is generally used in early, low-budget research.

title: Bulk micromachining


text:
Mühlacker radio transmitter

The Mühlacker Broadcasting Transmission Facility is a radio transmission facility near Mühlacker, Germany, first put into service on November 21, 1930. It uses two guyed steel tube masts as aerials and one guyed steel framework mast, which are insulated against ground. It has two transmission aerials for shortwave and one free standing steel framework tower for directional radio services. The shortwave transmitter was shut off on October 19, 2004. The medium wave transmitter was switched off in January 2012.

Description
At time of inauguration in 1930 the transmitter, which had a power of 60 kW, used a T-type antenna spun between two 100 m high wooden lattice towers placed 310 m apart. As this antenna produced large amounts of skywave, the area of undistorted fading-free reception - was in spite of its high transmission power - at night not as large as planned and so it was planned to replace this antenna by an aerial with better skywave suppression. So in 1933–34, a 190 m high wooden tower - the tallest structure ever built of wood - was built, in which a vertical wire antenna, which was electrically enlengthened by a metal ring with 10.6 metres diameters on the top of the tower, was hung up. At this time transmission power was also increased from 60 kW to 100 kW. After inauguration of this antenna, the two original wooden towers were dismantled. One of them was rebuilt at Koblenz, the other at Frankfurt-Heiligenstock. In 1939/1940 a second 100 kW transmitter was installed. It used as antenna a system of 3 T-antennas, which were mounted on 3 50 metres tall guyed masts arranged in a triangle. In opposite to the first transmitter, it was including its aerial designed for a quick change of broadcasting frequency, which was done in case of air attacks in order to form a single frequency network with other transmitters, which hindered hostile aircraft using the signals.

Today, the most important aerial mast in Mühlacker is a 273 m high guyed steel tube mast with a diameter of 1.67 m, located at 48.94194°N, 8.85389°W. This mast, which was built in 1950, is used as a transmitter for the mediumwave frequency 576 kHz and is therefore insulated against ground. It is designed as an antifading aerial and is therefore double-feedable and insulated. The mast is topped with a butterfly aerial for FM-broadcasting transmitters.

There are flight safety lamps near the ground end of the guy ropes, to make the span of the guy ropes more visible.

Two other radio masts, with heights of 130 m and 80 m, were located at the Mühlacker site.

 * The 130 m high mast, situated at 48.94333°N, 8.85583°W, was a steel tube mast, insulated against ground. Before 1996, it was used as a director during nighttime and a spare during daytime. Transmission power was reduced to 100 kW in 1996 and the mast was obsolete and used only as a spare aerial. It was demolished in 2013.
 * The 80 m high radio mast, located at 48.94139°N, 8.85278°W, is an insulated guyed steel framework mast with a triangular cross section. It was built in 1977 in order to improve transmission towards the south. It was also used to carry aerials for mobile phone services. It has been demolished.

The three masts are arranged in a nearly straight line on the site. A T-type aerial for shortwave transmission is fixed between two small guyed steel framework masts, but was shut down on October 19, 2004. It was later dismantled.

In 1948, a 110 m tall guyed steel framework mast was built on the site at 48.9425°N, 8.85056°W This served as a transmission aerial for the American Forces Network (AFN) until 1963. From 1963 until its demolition in November 1993, the mast was used as part of a directional aerial for a mediumwave transmitter. It also served as a spare FM transmitter with a butterfly aerial installed on top. The mast was demolished because it was in poor repair and was deemed no longer necessary. Plans for a new mast have not been realized.

Also located here at 48.94167°N, 8.85139°W was a 50 m steel framework mast insulated against ground. It was part of the directional aerial for the AFN transmitter described above. After 1963, it was only used as an aerial for the internal mobile radio service of the transmission facility. It was demolished in April, 2004 and replaced in the summer of 2004 with a 93 m high freestanding steel framework tower carrying aerials for directional services.

title: Mühlacker radio transmitter


text:
Qantassaurus

Qantassaurus is a genus of basal two-legged, plant-eating elasmarian ornithischian dinosaur that lived in Australia about 125-112 million years ago, when the continent was still partly south of the Antarctic Circle. It was described by Patricia Vickers-Rich and her husband Tom Rich in 1999 after a find near Inverloch, and named after Qantas, the Australian airline.

Description
Qantassaurus was probably about 1.8 meters (6 feet) long, and about one meter (3 feet) high. If it resembled its relatives, it had short thighs and long shins, and probably was a fast runner. Its feet had claws for traction, and a long tail probably helped with turning, stiffened by ossified tendons. One characteristic of the "Polar Victorian" euornithopods are distinctive spurs, or trochanters, on the upper surface of the thigh bone (or femur), where muscle was attached.

Qantassaurus is only known from jaw fragments. These are foreshortened compared to related species so its face was probably short and stocky. It had ten teeth in each lower jaw. It probably had a beak, and possessed leaf-shaped teeth back in its cheek, which were shed as they wore down, and replaced by new teeth growing up from the jaw. The teeth had eight distinctive vertical ridges on the outer side with a single larger primary ridge in the centre.

Qantassaurus lived 127.2-125 million years ago in Australia, during the late Barremian age of the early Cretaceous period. At the time, Australia was part of the supercontinent of Gondwana, and partly within the Antarctic Circle, although the significance of polar conditions during the warm Cretaceous were greatly different from conditions in this region today. The average temperature of the region is contentious, with estimates ranging from -6 to well over 5 °C (21 to 37 °F). Conditions were likely to be at their coldest during the polar nights, which lasted up to three months.

One interpretation of the fossil material is that small ornithopods had adaptations to survive cooler conditions. Bone growth of presumed related taxa shows they were active all year round, so they did not hibernate through the winter. The structure of these bones also suggests warm-bloodedness, which would help maintain its body heat.

Qantassaurus was probably a browser, who grabbed ferns and other vegetation with its hands, and ran away from predators like a modern gazelle.

Classification
Qantassaurus is a basal iguanodont ornithopod that was originally assigned to the Hypsilophodontidae in 1999. Today, this is understood to be an unnatural (paraphyletic) group, and Qantassaurus was recently recovered as a basal iguanodont by Boyd (2015), and more specifically as a member of the iguanodontian clade Elasmaria by Rozadilla et al. (2016) and Madzia et al. (2017).

In this regard, it is one of four ornithischian species once considered hypsilophodontids from southeast Australia, along with Leaellynasaura amicagraphica, Atlascopcosaurus loadsi, and Fulgurotherium australe. The four taxa are mostly known from isolated bones and teeth; however the thigh bones of F. australe are very diverse and may belong to three genera.

History
The holotype of Qantassaurus was discovered on 27 February 1996, during the third annual field season of the Dinosaur Dreaming project, a dig jointly run by Monash University and the National Museum of Victoria. The dig occurred on the beach of the Bunurong Marine Park at the intertidal site known as Flat Rocks, near Inverloch, in southeastern Victoria, Australia. The rock outcrops at this site are part of the Wonthaggi Formation of the Strzelecki Group, which during the Barremian stage were deposited in floodplains with braided river channels. The holotype specimen, NMV P199075, a fifty-six millimetres long single left dentary of the lower jaw, containing ten teeth (three unerupted), was found by Mrs Nicole Evered, a long time participant of the dig. Two other jaws, specimens NMV P198962, a left dentary, and NMV P199087, a right dentary, found at the same site the same year have also been tentatively associated with, or referred to, the species.

It was named Qantassaurus intrepidus by Patricia Vickers-Rich and Tom Rich in 1999, in honor of the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services, which shipped fossils around the country as part of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibit between 1993 and 1996, and sponsored expeditions to South America and Eastern Europe. QANTAS is an acronym, which is why a u does not follow the q in Qantassaurus. The specific name means "intrepid" in Latin, referring to the climatic challenges the small dinosaur had to face.

title: Qantassaurus


text:
User:Randytsx

Randytsx???? Well, that's me... Malaysia boleh!!!

I'm from Penang. So, Penang pun boleh!!!

I'm currently studying in Chung Ling High School, Butterworth. So, Chung Ling go!!!

title: User:Randytsx


text: User talk:68.38.80.92

title: User talk:68.38.80.92


text:
Talk:Simon Jones

NB: the cricketer is deliberately described as "England", not "English", since he is actually Welsh but plays international cricket for England. Loganberry 15:26, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

But 'England' in cricket terms is actually officially 'England and Wales' (just shortened to England for convenience). For example, the group which chooses the England team is the ECB, which stands for the England and Wales Cricket Board.

title: Talk:Simon Jones


text: Talk:Meekrab

title: Talk:Meekrab


text:
Talk:Radiodensity

"They are distinguished from gamma rays in that they are, by definition, produced by man made devices, X-Ray tubes, as opposed to being from sources in nature, generally nuclear decay sources." - This is not strictly true. X-rays are also produced naturally as the result of electron transitions between electron orbits. The x-rays we use for medical imaging are emitted to conserve energy when a charged particle is rapidly deccelerated and are collectively known as Brehmsstrahlung or Braking radiation. Gamma rays are indeed the result of a natural re-arrangement of the nucleus of an atom.

title: Talk:Radiodensity


text:
Mott Haven, Bronx

Mott Haven is a primarily residential neighborhood in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of the Bronx. It is generally bounded by East 149th Street to the north, the Bruckner Expressway to the east and south, and the Harlem River to the west, although these boundaries are not precise. East 138th Street is the primary east–west thoroughfare through Mott Haven.

The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 1, and is located within ZIP Codes 10451, 10454, and 10455. Mott Haven is patrolled by the New York City Police Department's 40th Precinct.

The local subway line is the IRT Pelham Line, operating along East 138th Street. The local buses are the. Mott Haven is served by the Triborough Bridge, the Third Avenue Bridge, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the 145th Street Bridge, and the Willis Avenue Bridge. The closest Metro-North Railroad stops are Harlem – 125th Street and Yankees – East 153rd Street.

Settlement by Jonas Bronck

The Bronx was named after the Swedish sea captain Jonas Bronck. In 1639, the Dutch West India Company purchased the land of today's Mott Haven from the Wecquaesgeek (groups of Lenape tribe). Bronck built his farm on this land and named it "Emmanus". The house was located close to what is today the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street. The peace treaty between Dutch authorities and the Wecquaesgeek chiefs Ranaqua and Tackamuckwas was signed in Bronck's house. This event is portrayed in a painting by the American artist John Ward Dunsmore (1856–1945).

Even though Bronck only lived in the area for four years, the land became known as "Broncksland" and the river that bordered his land kept the name Bronck's River. The first time the spelling "Bronx land" was used, was in 1697 in the First Legislature outlined the County of West Chester.

Development
The area that is now called Mott Haven was sold to the Morris family in 1670. A small part of the larger swath of land known as Morrisania, it was purchased by Jordan Lawrence Mott for his iron works in 1849. A vestige of the iron works can be seen just west of the Third Avenue Bridge on East 134th Street. St. Ann's Church (ECUSA) on St. Ann's Avenue is the resting place of Lewis Morris, Gouverneur Morris and other members of that powerful colonial family, and a Registered Historic Place.

As the city below grew, the area quickly developed residentially. At the same time, an upper-middle class residential area, marked by brownstones built in an elaborate and architecturally daring fashion, started to grow along Alexander Avenue by the 1890s (Doctors' Row, aka the Irish Fifth Avenue). A series of brownstones on East 134th Street, east of Willis Avenue., was known as Judges' Row. Soon after, the Bronx grew more quickly, especially with public transit into the area, including the Third Avenue Elevated Line. By the early 20th century, the population density of the area supported the construction of many tenement-style apartment buildings.

From the end of the 19th century through the 1940s, Mott Haven was a mixed German-American (north of East 145th Street) and Irish-American neighborhood (south of East 145th Street), with an Italian enclave west of Lincoln Ave. The first Puerto Rican settlements came in the late 1940s along the length of Brook Avenue. African-Americans came into the area when the Patterson Houses were built.

It was organized by the veterans of the Irish Republican Army, who marched every Easter Sunday, down Willis Avenue from the Hub to East 138th Street, then west to St. Jerome's. The Star of Munster Ballroom at the northeast corner of Willis Avenue and East 138th Street was a center of Irish music for decades. It was speculated at one time that there were more bars on Willis Avenue than on any other city street, given its short length. More recorded Irish musicians lived in Mott Haven than in any place outside Ireland.

"South Bronx" and late-20th century

Mott Haven and Port Morris were the first neighborhoods to give rise to the term "South Bronx". Together, they were earlier known as the North Side or North New York. This area was part of New York City after the incorporation of Greater New York in 1898. The Chase Manhattan Bank at Third Avenue and East 137th Street was originally the North Side Board of Trade Building (1912). It later became the North Side Savings Bank, which became the Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank, which became Chase.

In the 1940s when the Bronx was usually divided into the East Bronx and West Bronx, a group of social workers identified a pocket of poverty on East 134th Street, east of Brown Place, and called it the South Bronx. This area of poverty would spread in part due to an illegal practice known as blockbusting and to Robert Moses building several housing projects in the neighborhood. The poverty greatly expanded northward, following the post-war phenomenon colloquially referred to as white flight, reaching a peak in the 1960s when the socioeconomic North Bronx-South Bronx boundary reached Fordham Road. At this time a wave of arson destroyed or damaged many of the residential, commercial, and industrial structures in the area.

During the course of Mott Haven's growth, the communities of Wilton and North New York were incorporated into it. Later attempts to market Mott Haven as the "Piano District" and the South Bronx as "SoBro" have not found traction.

Redevelopment
There has been a significant wave of residential redevelopment in the neighborhood especially along East 138th Street corridor with developments such as "The Joinery", the first luxury mid-rise condominium in the area, in addition to recently built affordable housing such as "Borinquen Court" and "Tres Puentes" apartment complex. Mott Haven is home to a community-supported agriculture program hosted at Brook Park. Recent development plans include two affordable rental buildings, a Hampton Inn by Monadnock Development and Signature Urban Properties, and the so-called Piano District.

Demographics
Mott Haven is a high-density and mainly low-income neighborhood. Like most neighborhoods in New York City, the vast majority of households are renter-occupied. The neighborhood is largely Puerto Rican, with smaller numbers of African Americans, Mexicans and Dominicans present.

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Mott Haven and Port Morris was 52,413, a change of 3,383 (6.5%) from the 49,030 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 951.01 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 55.1 PD/acre.

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 1.7% (867) White, 24.7% (12,927) African American, 0.2% (95) Native American, 0.4% (214) Asian, 0% (7) Pacific Islander, 0.2% (124) from other races, and 0.6% (310) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 72.3% (37,869) of the population.

The entirety of Community District 1, which comprises Mott Haven and Melrose, had 98,403 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 77.6 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 28% are between the ages of between 0–17, 28% between 25–44, and 21% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 12% and 10%, respectively.

As of 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 1 and 2, including Longwood, was $20,966. In 2018, an estimated 29% of Mott Haven and Melrose residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eight residents (12%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 58% in Mott Haven and Melrose, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51%, respectively. Based on this calculation,, Mott Haven and Melrose were considered to be low-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.

Land use and terrain
Mott Haven is dominated by tenement-style apartment buildings and large public-housing complexes. There are three historical districts consisting of brownstone-style rowhouses. In the last two decades, construction of modern two- and three-unit rowhouses and apartment buildings has increased the percentage of owner-occupiers. The neighborhood contains one of the highest concentrations of New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) projects in the Bronx. The total land area is roughly one square mile. The terrain is low-lying and flat except around St. Mary's Park, where it is somewhat hilly.

Historical districts and landmarks
Three Historic Districts are located in Mott Haven: Mott Haven, Mott Haven East and the Bertine Block.
 * The Mott Haven Historic District is located on Alexander Avenue between East 138th and East 141st Streets. The district is primarily residential in character with four- and five-story row houses dating to the last half of the 19th century, and contains the row of brownstones known historically as Doctors' Row and Irish Fifth Avenue. It also has the 40th Precinct police station, the 1905 neo-renaissance Mott Haven Branch of the New York Public Library, and Saint Jerome's Roman Catholic Church. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
 * The Mott Haven East Historic District is located on East 139th and East 140th Streets between Brook and Willis Avenues. The district contains rows of brownstones, designed by William O'Gorman and William Hornum in 1883, combining Dutch and Flemish architectural aspects on the north side of East 140th Street and neo-Grecian aspects on the south side of East 140th and on East 139th Streets.
 * The Bertine Block Historic District is located on East 136th Street between Brook and Willis Avenues. The district contains yellow-faced brick brownstones, designed by Edward Bertine between 1891 and 1895.

St. Ann's Episcopal Church is located on the west side of St. Ann's Avenue, between East 139th and East 141st Streets. It is the Bronx's oldest church, having been built in 1841 and dedicated to Gouverneur Morris's mother Ann. Notable figures buried there include Lewis Morris, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; Gouverneur Morris; and former Mayor of New York City, R. H. Morris.

Public housing projects
The seventeen NYCHA developments in Mott Haven illustrate the various types of public-housing initiatives in vogue in New York City over the decades.

 * 1) Dr. Ramon E. Betances I; thirteen buildings, 3, 4, 11 and 19 stories tall
 * 2) Dr. Ramon E. Betances II, 13; one 6-story building
 * 3) Dr. Ramon E. Betances II, 18; two buildings, 4 and 6 stories tall
 * 4) Dr. Ramon E. Betances II, 9A; one 4-story building
 * 5) Dr. Ramon E. Betances III, 13; two rehabilitated tenement buildings, 5 stories tall
 * 6) Dr. Ramon E. Betances III, 18; one rehabilitated and three abandoned tenement buildings, 5 stories tall
 * 7) Dr. Ramon E. Betances III, 9A; two rehabilitated tenement buildings, 6 stories tall
 * 8) Dr. Ramon E. Betances IV; eight buildings, 3, 4 and 5 stories tall with 282 apartments
 * 9) Dr. Ramon E. Betances V; six rehabilitated tenement buildings, 5 and 6 stories tall
 * 10) Dr. Ramon E. Betances VI; three rehabilitated tenement buildings, 5 and 6 stories tall
 * 11) Millbrook Houses; nine 16-story buildings
 * 12) Millbrook Extension; one 16-story building
 * 13) Mitchel Houses; ten buildings, 17, 19, and 20 stories tall
 * 14) Moore Houses; two 20-story buildings
 * 15) Mott Haven Houses; eight buildings, 20 and 22 stories tall
 * 16) Patterson Houses; fifteen buildings, 6 and 13 stories tall
 * 17) Southern Boulevard M.H.O.P. (Multi Family Homeownership Program); one 7-story rehabilitated tenement building

Media
The Mott Haven Herald is a news outlet that reports in Mott Haven, Melrose and Port Morris. It is produced by students at the City University Graduate School of Journalism and edited by Joe Hirsch.

Police and crime
Mott Haven and Melrose are patrolled by the 40th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 257 Alexander Avenue. The 40th Precinct ranked 59th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 186 per 100,000 people, Mott Haven and Melrose's rate of violent crimes per capita was greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 1,214 per 100,000 people was higher than that of the city as a whole.

The 40th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 60.2% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 15 murders, 31 rapes, 559 robberies, 850 felony assaults, 365 burglaries, 753 grand larcenies, and 306 grand larcenies auto in 2022.

Fire safety
Mott Haven contains three New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:
 * Squad 41 – 330 East 150th Street
 * Engine Company 60/Ladder Company 17/Battalion 14 – 341 East 143rd Street
 * Engine Company 83/Ladder Company 29 – 618 East 138th Street

In addition, FDNY EMS Station 14 is located at Lincoln Hospital at 234 East 149th Street.

Health
, preterm births and births to teenage mothers were more common in Mott Haven and Melrose than in other places citywide. In Mott Haven and Melrose, there were 95 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 35.1 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Mott Haven and Melrose has a relatively high population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 14%, slightly higher than the citywide rate of 12%.

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Mott Haven and Melrose is 0.0086 mg/m3, more than the city average. Fifteen percent of Mott Haven and Melrose residents are smokers, which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Mott Haven and Melrose, 42% of residents are obese, 20% are diabetic, and 38% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28%, respectively. In addition, 24% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.

Eighty-two percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is less than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 72% of residents described their health as "good", "very good" " or "excellent", lower than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Mott Haven and Melrose, there are 25 bodegas.

The nearest hospital is NYC Health + Hospitals/Lincoln.

Post offices and ZIP Codes
Mott Haven is covered by multiple ZIP Codes. The section west of Third Avenue is part of 10451, while the sections east of Third Avenue are part of 10455 (north of 145th Street). The section south of 145th Street is part of 10454. The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Mott Haven:
 * Bronx Station – 558 Grand Concourse
 * Mott Haven Station – 517 East 139th Street
 * Hub Station – 633 St. Ann's Avenue
 * Uptown Parcel Annex Station – 845 East 136th Street

Education
Mott Haven and Melrose generally had a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city,. While 16% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 41% have less than a high school education and 43% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Mott Haven and Melrose students excelling in math rose from 18% in 2000 to 37% in 2011, though reading achievement decreased slightly from 25% to 24% during the same time period.

Mott Haven and Melrose's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is more than the rest of New York City. In Mott Haven and Melrose, 32% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, higher than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 62% of high school students in Mott Haven and Melrose graduate on time, lower than the citywide average of 75%.

Schools
Public:
 * South Bronx Classical Charter School II (East 135th Street and Alexander Avenue)
 * P.S. 18 John Peter Zenger School (East 148th Street and Morris Avenue)
 * P.S. 277 Dr. Evelina Lopez Antonetty (East 147th Street and St. Ann's Avenue)
 * P.S 25 Bilingual School (811 East 149th Street)
 * P.S. 30 Wilton School (East 141st Street and Brook Avenue)
 * P.S. 40 Mott Haven Village (East 140th Street and Brook Avenue)
 * P.S. 43 Jonas Bronck School (East 136th Street and Brown Place)
 * P.S. 49 Willis Avenue School (East 139th Street and Willis Avenue)
 * P.S. 65 Mother Hale Academy (East 141st Street and Cypress Avenue)
 * I.S. 139 A. Burger Intermediate School (East 143rd Street and Brook Avenue)
 * I.S. 162 Lola Rodriguez de Tio (East 149th Street and St. Ann's Avenue)
 * M.S. 223: The Laboratory School of Finance and Technology (East 145th Street and Willis Avenue)
 * P.S. 154 Johnathan D. Hyatt School (East 135th Street and Alexander Avenue)
 * I.S. 183 Paul Robeson School (East 140th Street and Morris Avenue)
 * P.S. 754 School for Career Development/Foreign Language Academy of Global Studies (East 147th Street and Jackson Avenue)
 * P.S. 221 South Bronx Preparatory: A College Board School (East 144th Street and Willis Avenue)
 * P.S. 369 Young Leaders Elementary School (East 140th Street)
 * South Bronx Charter School for International Cultures and the Arts
 * The Bronx Charter School for Children
 * The Bronx Academy of Letters
 * Bronx School for Law Government and Justice
 * Health Opportunities High School
 * Community School for Social Justice
 * Family Life Academy Charter School II
 * Dream Charter School (K-12 Campus: Mott Haven Elementary School, Mott Haven Middle School, Mott Haven High School)
 * New York City Montessori Charter School
 * Mott Haven Academy Charter School
 * Samuel Gompers High School (closed)
 * KIPP Academy Elementary School
 * KIPP Academy Middle School
 * Success Academy Bronx 1
 * Eugenio María de Hostos Community College of The City University of New York (CUNY)
 * Hostos Lincoln Academy (600 St. Anns Ave)

Parochial:
 * Saint Luke School
 * Saint Pius V School
 * Saint Pius V High School
 * St. Anselm's School

Library
The New York Public Library operates the Mott Haven branch at 321 East 140th Street. The branch, a Carnegie library, opened in 1905 and is a New York City designated landmark.

Transportation

The following New York City Subway stations serve Mott Haven:
 * 138th Street–Grand Concourse
 * Third Avenue–138th Street
 * Brook Avenue
 * Cypress Avenue
 * East 143rd Street–St. Mary's Street
 * 149th Street–Grand Concourse
 * Third Avenue–149th Street

The following MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes serve Mott Haven:
 * : to Riverdale (via Grand Concourse)
 * : to Kingsbridge Heights (via Grand Concourse)
 * : to Westchester Square (via Westchester Avenue)
 * : to Fordham Plaza (via Prospect and Crotona Avenues)
 * : to Riverbank State Park or Bronx Park (via 149th Street and Southern Boulevard)
 * : to Westchester Square – East Tremont Avenue (via Boston Road and Morris Park Avenue)
 * : to VA Hospital (via Morris Avenue and Jerome Avenue)
 * : to Harlem or Port Morris, Bronx (via 138th Street)
 * (including Select Bus Service): to Williamsbridge (via Melrose and Webster Avenues)
 * : to The Hub or Manhattanville (via Willis Avenue and 125th Street)

The 145th Street Bridge and Madison Avenue Bridge eastward and the Willis Avenue Bridge northward from Manhattan lead to Mott Haven and are maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. The Triborough Bridge, which also ends in Mott Haven, is maintained by the MTA Bridges and Tunnels, and is tolled.

Notable residents
People who were born, raised, or live in Mott Haven include:
 * A.G., rapper of the duo Showbiz and A.G. was raised in the Patterson Houses.
 * Danny Aiello (1933–2019), actor who lived on Bergen Avenue and attended Monroe High School
 * Nate Archibald (born 1948), former NBA player, was raised in the Patterson Houses.
 * Iran Barkley (born 1960), former boxer was raised in the Patterson Houses.
 * Jonas Bronck (died 1643), sea captain who was the borough's first European settler and after whom the Bronx is named.
 * Bobby Darin (1936–1973), singer who lived at 629 East 135 Street and attended P.S. 43.
 * ESG, band, are from the Moore Houses.
 * Pedro Espada Jr. (born 1953), former member of the New York Senate, who was convicted on federal corruption charges in May 2012 and sentenced to five years in prison.
 * Guy Fisher (born 1947), former drug lord is from the Patterson Houses.
 * Edward J. Flynn (1891–1953), politician who served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1940 to 1943.
 * Kase2 (1958–2011), graffiti artist, is from the Moore Houses.
 * Jonathan Luna (1965–2003) lawyer who served as Assistant United States Attorney in Baltimore.
 * French Montana (born 1984), rapper, is from the Mott Haven Houses.
 * Percee P (born 1969), rapper, was raised in the Patterson Houses.
 * Johnny Pacheco (19352021), musician, arranger, composer, producer and bandleader of Cuban music, who coined the term "salsa" to denote the genre.
 * Luis Antonio Ramos (born 1973), actor, is from the Patterson Houses.
 * Prince Royce (born 1989), singer, is from the Patterson Houses.
 * José E. Serrano (born 1943), United States Congressman, representing the Bronx, was raised in the Millbrook Houses.
 * Rod Strickland (born 1966), NBA player, was raised in the Mitchel Houses.

title: Mott Haven, Bronx


text:
Adjunct professors in North America

In North America, an adjunct professor, also known as an adjunct lecturer or adjunct instructor (collectively, adjunct faculty), is a professor who teaches on a limited-term contract, often for one semester at a time, and who is ineligible for tenure.

Increase in adjunct labor
Colleges and universities began to employ greater numbers of non-tenure-track faculty in the 1970s. In 1975, adjuncts represented roughly 24% of instructional staff at degree-granting institutions, whereas in 2011 they represented over 40% of instructional staff.

Various explanations have been given for this shift. Some "trace the practice of hiring part-time instructors to a time when most schools didn’t allow women as full professors, and thus adjunct positions were associated with female instructors from the start." Many non-tenure-track faculty were married to full-time, tenure-track professors, and known as "the housewives of higher education." The majority of non-tenure-track professors are still women.

Some have argued that the increase in the use of non-tenured faculty is the result of “financial pressures, administrators’ desire for more flexibility in hiring, firing and changing course offerings, and the growth of community colleges and regional public universities focused on teaching basics and preparing students for jobs.” Others have argued that universities hire non-tenure-track faculty to "offset ... administrative bloat with cheaper labor" to the detriment of students: "while college tuition surged from 2003 to 2013 by 94 percent at public institutions and 74 percent at private, nonprofit schools, and student debt has climbed to over $1.2 trillion, much of that money has been going to ensure higher pay for a burgeoning legion of bureaucrats."

Paying some instructors less than others for the same teaching duties may be illegal.

Compensation and academic use
In past decades, adjunct faculty helped universities and colleges expand the range of their course offerings to prospective and existing students. In this respect, adjuncts can also be used to inform the predominantly theoretical, and therefore somewhat limited, focus of full-time academics with the more pragmatic perspective of those who actually practice a given discipline in business, government or nonprofit organizations, akin to a professor of practice. For instance, as of the early 1990s Marvin Kaye, a prolific fiction author, editor and anthologist, also worked as part-time adjunct faculty of creative writing at New York University Another example is Edward H. Shortliffe, a pioneer in medical informatics, who was an adjunct faculty member at Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons circa 2011. Marilyn Milian, a retired Florida judge and star of The People's Court, taught litigation skills as an adjunct faculty at the University of Miami as of 2013; and musician Wayne Horvitz has worked as adjunct faculty teaching composition at Cornish College of the Arts.

Since the 1980s, however, colleges and universities have increasingly utilized adjunct labor, whether full-time or part-time, simply to save money, giving them core undergraduate courses to teach (e.g., introductory math, or freshman-level English composition).

Though adjuncts hold at least a master's degree, if not a PhD, the salary for these positions is relatively low. Many adjuncts must work at several schools at once in order to earn a living in academia. Non-tenure-track faculty earn much less than tenure-track professors; median pay per course is $2,700 and average yearly pay is between $20,000 and $25,000. Adjunct pay in state and community colleges varies; however, it can be as little as US$1,400 for a 3-credit hour lecture-based course. At many private institutions on the East Coast, payment for a 3-credit hour course hovers around US$3,000–4,000, with average pay nationwide as of 2014 estimated at around US$2,000–3,000.

English professor William Pannapacker noted that adjunct faculty often earn less than minimum wage, when factoring in hours spent on classroom teaching, lesson preparation, office hours, grading of assignments, and other duties. 25% of adjuncts receive public assistance. According to the American Federation of Teachers, "nearly 25 percent of adjunct faculty members rely on public assistance, and 40 percent struggle to cover basic household expenses" and "just 15 percent of adjuncts said they are able to comfortably cover basic expenses from month to month."

Some adjunct faculty have remained with the same employer for as long as 25 years without receiving health insurance or retirement benefits. In 2014, Mary-Faith Cerasoli, a homeless female adjunct professor of Spanish and Italian, conducted a protest on the steps of the New York State Education Department Building.

Groups supporting the efforts of adjuncts to organize for improved wages and working conditions include the Service Employees International Union, the United Steelworkers, and the New Faculty Majority Foundation.

Unionization efforts
Increasingly, non-tenure-track faculty are turning to unions, including the American Federation of Teachers, the Service Employees International Union, and United Autoworkers, to improve their wages and working conditions. Adjunct faculty have successfully pushed for contracts at American University, Georgetown University, George Washington University, Howard University, Montgomery College, Trinity Washington University, and Loyola University Chicago. At other colleges and universities, such as Boston University, Lesley University, Northeastern University, and Tufts University, adjuncts have voted to unionize.

The American Federation of Teachers has more than 150 adjunct/contingent locals.

title: Adjunct professors in North America