text:
Talk:Holy Chalice

Historical Correctness
Too idiotic! Here's an (anonymous, blissfully) example of how the most preposterous non-historical assertions— as long as they are made within a Christianist context— pass for "neutral point-of-view" at Wikipedia. And some self-righteous fool will claim to be 'offended" by my scorn! An agate cup at the Last Supper? Why not gold knives and forks? "Archaeological" tests on an agate turned vessel? How are "tests" made on polished agate? A "certificate of authenticity" the entry says, like from the Franklin Mint! An inventory from the 3rd century— conveniently including in its text an explication of how it came to be made! and older than the very oldest authentic Church treasury inventory in the world! —How does this oatmeal pass for historical reality? So, when is this chalice actually first recorded at Valencia? What about its earlier record, if any, at San Juan de la Peña in Catalonia? Is this the chalice described by Arculf in Palestine? What about the other chalices from the Last Supper preserved in other church treasuries? At least two. Let's have the inventory of them too, please! This is infantile pious babble suitable for My Big Bible Coloring book. I scorn to post an NPOV or Cleanup notice, because they have been degraded. Too dreadful... --Wetman 07:57, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Be careful, please
 * Well, you are angry, in fact...
 * But if you claim for more rigour about historic concepts, you must be rigourous also, in your exposition: you say "San Juan de la Peña, in Catalonia", and it is "San Juan de la Peña, in Aragon", or, at least, "in Spain".
 * And the first document referring the existence of this piece in this monastery of ARAGON is dated in 1135.
 * --unsigned by 80.35.40.212 at 14:20, 12 June 2006

Just thinking, perhaps the "agate cup" is a confusion (misquotation) of the "agape cup"? Marek Wilk 15:22, 7 April 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Horse-Coachee (talk • contribs)

Chalice of Antioch
The Chalice of Antioch isn't a chalice--it's actually thought to be an oil lamp. It's far too big to be a chalice, for one thing--at the top, it's at least 10" in diameter. I've seen it at the Met--it's no longer at the Cloisters.  And the Met says it's actually an oil lamp.  --MaryJones 16:38, 1 June 2006 (EDT)

Additions of 2006-07
Elonka, where are you getting this? Some of it is just wrong; Thomas Malory did not create Galahad or anything about the Grail, he took them from earlier sources. The link between the Holy Grail and the chalice of the last supper is made by Robert de Boron sometime after about 1190. I don't know about the earlier traditions you added, but I put in a Disputed tag until this is sorted out.--Cúchullain t/ c 20:01, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, if I add something that is disputed, by all means pull it. I've been using a History Channel documentary as source, and the mix of fact and fiction is definitely tough to sort through. An exact quote of the Galahad portion is, "A proliferation of grail stories, originally part of an oral tradition, hopelessly mixed fact and fiction... Some of the most popular stories were collected and blended with Celtic and German tales by Sir Thomas Malory. Published in 1485, they told romantic tales of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. As Malory told it, when the famed sword in the stone appeared, Sir Galahad, son of Sir Lancelot, was the only knight, besides Arthur himself, who was able to pull it out.  For this, he was chosen to undertake the quest for the Holy Grail.  He found it after years of struggle and travail, and then died, having reached his life's goal." If you need other quotes, let me know. --Elonka 21:13, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Translation comment
I take issue with the following text: "En un arca de marfil está el Cáliz en que Cristo N. Señor consagró su sangre, el cual envió S. Lorenzo a su patria, Huesca" According to the wording of this document, the Chalice was considered the Grail in which "Christ Our Lord consigned his blood" First, "consagró" means "consecrated," not consigned. Also, the entire passage should be translated, or trimmed so that the translated portion is equivalent to the Spanish language phrase. I translate the entire passage as "In an ivory coffer is the Chalice in which Christ Our Lord consecrated His blood, the which Saint Lawrence sent to his mother country (or fatherland, or homeland), Huesca." Carlos X. Carlos_X 21:14, 12 August 2006

Why the name?
Why is this called "Holy Chalice"? I am not an expert, but I am familiar with the sources and modern uses, and I don't see or hear this term used. It is called "Holy Grail" in English. Who would go looking for this info under this title? --Sean Lotz 02:59, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a separate article for Holy Grail. This one is about actual cups said to be the ones used by Jesus.--Cúchullain t/ c 23:58, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

 * A cup was used at the Last Supper. This cup, whether still in existence or not, is the Holy Chalice. This article describes traditions and claimants for the chalice used at the last supper.
 * The Holy Grail tradition says that the cup was also used to catch the blood of Christ as it dripped from the cross. This made it not only significant as a relic, but meant that it contained an even holier relic, part of the body of the incarnate Christ.
 * The two traditions have become confused. That Peter took the original communion cup and continued to do as Christ said, "Do this as oft as ye shall drink it in Remembrance of me", is not beyond the realms of possibility, and or likelihood, particularly as (for many centuries) cups were personal possessions commonly carried by travellers.
 * On the other hand, the notion that some specifically Jewish person used the same cup (or any cup) to collect body fluid of any sort is highly unlikely. The blood running down the cross was no more collectable than the piss and excrement that would also have been running down the cross from a man dying a most excruciating and ignoble death.
 * It is clear that the two traditions converged and that they are not compatible. If the cup had the blood in it, then it could not be used for communion. And no-one, by any Catholic tradition, would have rinsed away the blood of Jesus in order to put wine in the cup.
 * The tradtion of the Holy Grail is that it contains the Holy Blood. So no vessel that is actually in use as a chalice, like the vessels at both Genoa and Valencia, is actually a contender as the grail, although they might (hypothetically speaking) be contenders as the Holy Chalice.
 * Into this come Pope Benedict (I think) who goes happily along with both conflicting traditions simultaneously, drinks his wine out of it, and says that it held Christ's blood. Well, so, by trans-substantiation, it may have, but it certainly never held the stinking mess that ran down the cross.
 * Amandajm 08:32, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Getting the terms right
It offends me, as a Christian, that the Holy Grail article begins with the words - "In Christianity the Holy Grail is..." This article, on the other hand began - "In Christian tradition the Holy Chalice is..." So, what's the problem? If you place the curser on Christian tradition, you'll see it's been linked to Christian mythology. Amandajm 08:58, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not Christianty that says what the Holy Grail is. It is Christian mythology.
 * It's not Christian mythology that says that Christ used a cup at the Last Supper. And it's not even Christian tradition. It is Christianity that accepts this fact as it is presented in the Gospels.
 * Moreover, it is Christian tradition that says that Peter continued to use the cup for the Eucharist. There is nothing in the least strange or remarkable or improbable about this. Nor is there anything particularly strange about the suggestion that a Deacon of the church, Lawrence, might have regarded the cup as precious and sent it away for safe keeping. This stuff really ought not be regarded as mythology. Not unless.....
 * If, in fact, this tradition is a pure invention of the middle ages, a story created to give a particular vessel Provenance so that a church might, for example, compete with Santiago de Compostela in attracting pilgrims, then it's not mythology. It's blatant fraud.
 * Also- on another issue, Christian traditions and Catholic traditions are two very different things. Anglicans and members of Protestant churches do not hold to many of the customs, traditions and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. This is the whole reason for the Reformation. In cases where beliefs and traditions are specific to Roman Catholicism, Protestants can be a little sensitive about having things lumped together as Christian tradition. Could people be a little more sensitive to this!

Merge to: Chalice (cup) / NPOV
I've added the tag. This article needs to be re-written to an extent to make it more NPOV (though not as badly as some of the critics above would have us believe). The title of this article "Holy Chalice" may be part of what seems so POV. Much of the info here could be added to the Chalice (cup), and controversial or unsubstantiated material could be left out. MishaPan 18:50, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There are lots of chalices; the Holy Chalice is a particular legendary object. Does the suggestion that "controversial or unsubstantiated material could be left out" reveal the motivation for blurring the two subjects? A very concise version of this article should be at Chalice (cup).--Wetman 21:19, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You are quite right. I apologize, and I have removed the tags (no "blurring" intended). MishaPan 22:36, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I have just reread this article, which I did some work rewriting. I find nothing POV in the article whatsoever.
 * It begins by quoting three written works. It goes on to say:
 * * there are several traditions; these are the tradtions.
 * * there are several objects of which the claim is made that they are the Holy Chalice; this is what is known about these objects.
 * While MishaPan's aplogy makes it clear that this editor must have reread the article differently, I feel obliged to make some very general comments.
 * * There are a lot of editors who simply do not understand that stating what a particular body's point of view is, doesn't constitute POV. It constitutes a statement of fact; the fact being that the particular body holds these beliefs.
 * Such editors then mistakenly feel justified in applying their scepticism (POV) to eliminate the material.
 * The opposite position is taken by the "believer" who wants every belief stated as "fact", rather than "this is what is believed by a certain body of people".
 * While the admirable attitudes of both these parties may be based on logic, science, reading of the "scripture" (whichever scripture), personal conviction and/or revelation, and although both may be seeking to reveal a "certain truth" (ie. a truth that is beyond question), neither is helpful in the construction of an encyclopedia.
 * * There are even more editors who use comments or tags "POV", "OR" (original research) and "needs citation" indiscriminately and without little understanding of the difference between them.
 * In the case of this particular article, there are a number of passages which require citation. It would be a very good thing if some person could go through this and make inline references for everything possible, including those places where the source is already stated within the text, but requires specific publication details, ISBN etc.
 * If this could be done, then I think the article is worthy of a GA classification.
 * Amandajm 01:46, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Agape feast
The picture of Agape feast does not fit. It is not Eucharist/Communion. Removing for now. Complains below, please. --Paxcoder (talk) 01:26, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree... Anything other than a Roman Catholic Mass is inappropriate for this page. --Stephen Bolintalk 04:00, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

 * * The picture of the Agape Feast was already moved before the above comment was made. The lead picture is a celebration of the Eucharist, not an Agape Feast.  The Roman Catholic Church does not have an exclusive right to the continued use of a chalice to celebrate the Eucharist.  The present picture illustrates the important fact of the continued use of a symbolic chalice, across the world, wherever Christians get together to celebrate the Eucharist.
 * * This article is about the Holy Chalice i.e. the chalice used by Jesus at the Last Supper, and the various traditions that have come to be associated with that object. The continued use of a chalice for the wine of the Eucharist is one of those traditions.
 * * The "Holy Grail" is another such tradition.
 * * The claim for several vessels being the Holy Chalice itself is another tradition.
 * * While the Valencia Chalice might have the strongest claim, it remains of little or no significance to millions of Christians.
 * * While the Chalice of Valencia may represent the original cup, in physical reality, the chalice of the Eucharist represents that cup in a mystical sense, throughout Christendom.
 * Amandajm (talk) 22:39, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

 * This article is specifically about purported relics claiming to be the actual cup. There are many other articles covering all aspects of the Eucharist in general, & the lead pic you have returned is just off-topic here. Johnbod (talk) 02:29, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Not at the present it isn't, because the introduction was rewritten quite some years back, to reflect a general belief that the object ( the chalice of the Last Supper) actually existed, at least in so much as the Bible states that it did. The same editor took umbrage at the notion of the chalice of the Last Supper being described as part of "Christian Mythology".  The Grail is Christian Mythology.  The existence, in the first century, of a "cup" over which Jesus made blessing, is best referred to as part of a "Biblical account" rather than "Christian Mythology".  hence the changes.
 * On the other hand, the tag refers specifically to Christian "relic".  This being the case,  then the first paragraph ought to mention the fact that there are relics, such as the Valencia Chalice, that are purported to be the Holy Chalice.
 * This change ought to be made, because I don't think that the present intro properly fulfils the purpose, from the point of "MOS". The actual content of the article needs to be made clearer.
 * Under these circumstances, the Eucharist pic needs to go.
 * But I would recommend the painting, rather than the very poor photo of the Valencia Chalice, because it relates to the instigation of the Sacrament, as well as to the best known contender for the Cup......
 * Amandajm (talk) 03:11, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry, you've said so much, but I can't see your point, what is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.134.135.103 (talk) 01:24, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Is that you forgetting to sign Johnbo, or someone else?
 * The point is that the first paragraph needs some rewriting, to the effect that there are several claimants to being the actual "Holy Chalice".
 * Once that has been done, then the lead pic will definitely need changing.
 * I favour the painting which relates to both the Last Supper as q, and the Valencia Chalice. ........
 * Oh never mind!
 * I'll do it, and you'll either like it or you won't!
 * Amandajm (talk) 06:51, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

 * No, that wasn't me. I agree - rewrite & put the painting in the lead & the poor photo of the actual cup next to the section. Johnbod (talk) 22:31, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

 * "....quite apart from other issues."..... I'm sure there is a Wkipedia term for that type of writing. Do we need to hint at other issues, or can we express it more definitely?
 * I did some work on the photo: straightened, cropped, reduced yellow, upped contrast. The object itself is more visible as a result.
 * Amandajm (talk) 03:20, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

The Grail/the Holy Chalice
The legend of the Grail is that it was the cup of the Last Supper and was then used to collect the blood of Christ, a Holy Relic, which it still contains. The legend of the Holy Chalice is that it was the cup of the Last Supper which was subsequently used for Holy Communion by Saint Peter, then taken by him to Rome. This is compatible with the tradition of the Chalice of Valencia, but incompatible with the notion that it still contains a Holy Relic of the blood of Christ. Amandajm (talk) 14:46, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Timeline Questions
Someone added the following argument:
 * The previous tradition is false, because Alphonse of Castille died in 1214, Valencia was Muslim until 1238, when it was conquered by king James I (Jaime Primero) and the Cathedral was started at 1262.

How do we work this in? Amandajm (talk) 12:30, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

 * You don't rip it out in the first place. I'm putting it back in. (slightly reworded to fit a decent article a bit better.)
 * I feel that the article has a long way to go towards a Good Article Status. So please don't revert useful information somone else added, just because you don't like his style or wording.
 * The claim, that Valencia has been the owner (let alone in posession) of the chalice since Alfonso of Castile's credit default is also inconsistent with Martin I of Aragon buying the chalice from San Juan de la Peña in 1399.
 * What the article is still missing is the last change of ownership, how the Valencia Chalice passes from the King to the Cathedral. Unless someone got the two Alfonso's confused and it was actually A. V of Aragon who did that credit default deal? (Sounds just like something a renaissance king would do, too...)
 * --BjKa (talk) 23:20, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 3 August 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the pages to the proposed titles at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 18:49, 10 August 2018 (UTC)

– GScholar gives 144,000 hits for grail, reduced to about 115,000 when I add "-Arthur", about 438 for chalice. GBooks gives about 1,290,000 for grail, reduced to about 1,070,000 when I add "-Arthur", 6,450 for chalice. GNews, about 267,000 for grail, 264,000 when I leave out Arthur, 173 for chalice. Doug Weller talk 12:48, 3 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Holy Chalice → Holy Grail
 * Holy Grail → Holy Grail (Arthurian literature)

 * Duh. Support - absolutely unbelievable. WP:COMMONNAME is a thing. Red   Slash  13:58, 3 August 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:PRIMARYTOPIC is also a thing, and this is not the primary topic over the broader legendary use, as is shown by the page view and Google Books evidence.—Cúchullain t/ c 18:57, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

 * REALLY strong oppose. Holy Grail is the primary topic of, well, "Holy Grail". The legendary version is how it originated, and the reason it's famous today. And Holy Grail is the article that discusses that topic. This hodgepodge article about some cups that are said to be the Holy Grail is certainly not what people are looking for. Just look at the page views, they're not remotely comparable.|Holy_Chalice That said, this article is a mess, and it's not even clear why it's a separate article from the article that's rightly at the title Holy Grail. The solution is to clean the articles up, not to further confuse the issue by moving the actual primary topic to a different topic, and moving this mess to Holy Grail. At most, the present article could be moved to Holy Grail (artifacts) or somesuch, but the main article on the Holy Grail needs to stay at the base name Holy Grail.--Cúchullain t/ c 15:32, 3 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Additionally, sources that are talking about the actual cup used at the Last Supper and the vessels fashioned after it used in Mass would only ever refer to it as a "chalice" or cup. I doubt any would refer to it as the "Holy Grail", which, again, originates in medieval literature, and which didn't always intend Jesus' chalice.--Cúchullain t/ c 15:55, 3 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Even more additionally, the search results discussed in the nomination are off. Looking through the first 2 pages of Gbooks hits for "Holy Grail", I find:
 * 4 copies of Holy Blood, Holy Grail, which does discuss the Arthurian legend, but proposes a conspiracy theory about the Grail in which it's notably not the Last Supper chalice
 * The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief by Richard W. Barber, which discusses the development of the Holy Grail legend and includes chapters on how the legend influenced traditions around the relics covered in this article
 * Guardians of the Holy Grail, another conspiracy book that discusses the Arthurian legend and presents a vision of the grail that's not the Last Supper chalice
 * 2 copies of The Legend of the Holy Grail by Dorothy Kempe, a 19th-century book tracing the development of the Holy Grail legend
 * The Mysteries of the Holy Grail: From Arthur and Parzival to Modern Initiation, a self-published book that's obviously about the Arthurian legend
 * The Holy Grail on Film: Essays on the Cinematic Quest, about the legendary Holy Grail as it appears in film
 * The Quest of the Holy Grail, a translation of the 13th century Arthurian work that's one of the sources of the Grail legend
 * 2 copies Lancelot-Grail: The quest for the Holy Grail by Norris J. Lacy and E. Jane Burns], another translation of the above work
 * The Holy Grail: History, Legend, and Symbolism, an academic work on the Grail legend
 * Dynasty of the Holy Grail: Mormonism's Holy Bloodline, yet another conspiracy book in which the Holy Grail is not the Last Supper chalice
 * The Quest of the Holy Grail by Jessie Laidlay Weston, a book about the Grail legend (which argues that the Grail comes from pagan legend, not the Last Supper chalice)
 * The Holy Grail: The Quest for the Renewal of the Mysteries by Rudolf Steiner, a New Age book about the Grail that (apparently) yet again does not associate it with the Last Supper chalice
 * The Holy Grail by Norma Lorre Goodrich, about the Grail legend
 * The Holy Grail and the Eucharist by Sergiĭ Bulgakov, a religious book that does discuss the Last Supper chalice, but also the Arthurian legend
 * The Holy Grail Mystery Solved: A Fully Illustrated Research Odyssey by Frank C. Tribbe, yet another conspiracy book; it's hard to tell what it's about but it does discuss the Grail legend
 * St. Laurence & the Holy Grail: The Story of the Holy Chalice of Valencia by Janice Bennett, the first book so far that's on one of the relics covered by the Holy Chalice article. Note that it calls it consistently calls the "Holy Chalice of Valencia", and also discusses the Grail legend and Arthur.
 * In short, only one of them is on one of the chalices covered in this article. All the others that are remotely reliable are about the Grail as a legend, and still others are conspiracy books where the Holy Grail is usually not the Last Supper Chalice.--Cúchullain t/ c 16:26, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose Holy Grail refers to the Holy Grail legend. In ictu oculi (talk) 16:30, 3 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose I don't see the justification for having separate articles here, this looks like a case for a merge, not a move. PatGallacher (talk) 00:24, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per opposers. There might be a case for moving this to Holy Grail (claimed relics) or something, but the literary grail is, especially in English, much the better known, and the odd word "grail" is associated with this rather than the actual cups. The individual cup articles of this bunch get very low views relatively. It would be good if Holy Chalice of Valencia got its own article, as it rather over-dominates here. Johnbod (talk) 02:32, 4 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Support as amended to also move the current page "Holy Grail" to "Holy Grail (Arthurian literature)". The current Holy Grail page is definitely about the Arthurian legend, and its name should reflect that. This page is about items that may or may not be the Holy Grail / Holy Chalice / Cup of Christ, and of those names, "Holy Grail" seems to me to be the best-known. --Rob Kelk 17:11, 5 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, best-known almost entirely because of the Arthurian literature and its offshoots. Johnbod (talk) 17:21, 5 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Correct. The Holy Grail article covers the offshoots in literature, art, film, and pseudohistory, and this one doesn’t. The other article is the much more intuitive and reasonable WP:BROADCONCEPT article than this one, which is about some cups that are claimed to be the Holy Grail/Chalice. This move would generate a lot more confusion than it could hope to resolve.—Cúchullain t/ c 18:55, 5 August 2018

 * Support both per nom. Clear common name. Is the Arthurian topic primary? Maybe. But I still think it makes more sense to have the general article at the title. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:10, 8 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Holy Grail is the general topic. This article is a fork about some cups said to be the relic.—Cúchullain t/ c 13:22, 8 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't agree with that. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:44, 8 August 2018 (UTC)
 * It needs updating, but the Holy Grail article includes, for instance, interpretations of the sources for the Grail legend (which are not tied to the Holy Chalice), treatment in modern literature, treatment in pseudohistory and conspiracy theories (in which the Grail is generally not the Holy Chalice), treatment in art, and film. Shortly it will have a section on the Holy Chalice relics with a link to this article. It's the general article. The only way to transform this article into the general article will be to remove those sections from Holy Grail and move them here, which is a waste of time and energy that could be better spent improving the current articles.--Cúchullain t/ c 14:17, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Bennett: propose removal of selfpublished material
I propose the removal of:

"Bennett (2004) argues for the chalice's authenticity, tracing its history via Saint Peter's journey to Rome, Pope Sixtus II, Saint Lawrence, and finally to the Monastery of San Juan de la Peña whence it was acquired by King Martin I of Aragon in 1399. Bennett presents as historical evidence a 17th-century Spanish text entitled Life and Martyrdom of the Glorious Spaniard St. Laurence from a monastery in Valencia, which is supposed to be a translation of a 6th-century Latin Vita of Saint Laurence, written by Donato, an Augustinian monk who founded a monastery in the area of Valencia, which contains circumstantial details of the life and details surrounding the transfer of the Chalice to Spain.[9]"

This is all based on her self published books by Ignatius press (Catholic). None of it is peer reviewed. She herself is Catholic and not independent. see also:http://ignatiusinsight.com/features/jbennett_part1_oct04.asp and http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features/jbennett_part2_oct04.asp

I also propose the removal of but I am for now just putting a citation needed: " but the red agate cup itself has been most likely produced in a Palestinian or Egyptian workshop between the 4th century BC and the 1st century AD.[7][8]"

this is based on those 2 sources:https://web.archive.org/web/20061010135931/http://www.ad2000.com.au/articles/1999/oct1999p12_297.html http://www.archden.org/dcr/archive/20020911/2002091121ln.htm but they (one is Bennett) both refer to Antonio Beltrán who is a spanish historian (he has a Spanish wikipedia article). This is everything that I find in google scholar (https://scholar.google.be/scholar?hl=nl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Antonio+Beltr%C3%A1n%2C+%E2%80%9CEl+Santo+C%C3%A1liz+de+la+Catedral+de+Valencia%E2%80%9C&btnG=). I can't find what he has written about this anywhere. It is probably a non peer reviewed book. It gets cited 5 times (3 times by the same person).

--2A02:1810:BC04:4B00:50F3:D47B:F97F:C82A (talk) 13:31, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holy Chalice


text:
List of phrases containing the word vitae

Vitae is a Latin word, meaning or pertaining to life.

 * Aqua vitae, archaic name for a concentrated aqueous solution of ethanol, distilled spirits
 * Arbor vitae (disambiguation), "tree of life"
 * De Brevitate Vitae, work of Roman philosopher Seneca
 * Curriculum vitae or CV, summary of education and job experience, résumé
 * Deus Vitae, manga series created by Takuya Fujima
 * Evangelium Vitae, encyclical by Pope John Paul II
 * Humanae vitae, encyclical by Pope Paul VI
 * Liber Vitae, medieval confraternity book
 * Lignum vitae, species of plant in the creosote bush family
 * Magistra vitae, Latin expression from Cicero's De Oratore, "history is life's teacher"
 * Non scholae, sed vitae discimus, Latin phrase, "We do not learn for the school, but for life."
 * Sodalitium Christianae Vitae, society of apostolic life founded by Luis Fernando Figari
 * Speculum Vitae, Middle English poem possibly by William of Nassyngton
 * Vitae duorum Offarum, literary history written in the mid-thirteenth century

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Politicians in Africa

title: Category:Politicians in Africa


text:
User:Mo0/contrib

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 * The Kill Everyone Project - Was previously vandalized and heavily POV, now it's in good shape.

Others
A vast majority of my time is spent doing minor chores around the 'pedia that don't really fall under the other categories; this is why my list of things I've contributed is likely to remain small in this context.

Also, I spent a good 3 hours fixing vandalism and updating 2004 U.S. election in progress on election night. That was fun.

I've steadily contributed a decent amount to WikiProject Wiki Syntax. About 80 edits, as a rough estimate.

title: User:Mo0/contrib


text:
Europa (1991 film)

Europa (known as Zentropa in North America) is a 1991 experimental psychological drama period film directed and co-written by Lars von Trier. The film is an international co-production between Denmark and five other European countries, it is von Trier's third theatrical feature film, and the third and final installment in his Europa trilogy, following The Element of Crime (1984) and Epidemic (1987).

The film features an international ensemble cast, including Germans Barbara Sukowa and Udo Kier, expatriate American Eddie Constantine, and Swedes Max von Sydow and Ernst-Hugo Järegård. This was German-born French-American Jean-Marc Barr's first collaboration of a series of films with von Trier.

Europa was influenced by Franz Kafka's Amerika, and the title was chosen "as an echo" of that novel. The music, including the main theme, was composed by von Trier's ex-brother-in-law and frequent collaborator Joachim Holbek, who also composed Riget (1991–2022) and Manderlay (2005).

Plot
In the U.S.-occupied zone of Germany after the end of World War II, the entire population is under close surveillance.

A young American of German descent, Leopold Kessler, comes to Germany and gets a job as a train conductor for the railway company Zentropa with his uncle. Leopold sees Germany from the perspective of moving trains, train stations or dormitories. As he tries unsuccessfully to conform to society's rules, he witnesses the country's inner turmoil and the aftermath of its recent past.

Before that, he falls in love with a young German woman, Katharina, the younger sister of Lawrence Hartmann and daughter of the founder of Zentropa, Max Hartmann, who is secretly associated with a group of underground Nazi terrorist conspiracy Werwolf. Katharina invites Kessler to dinner at her half-bombed family mansion. With the help of false testimony from a Jewish American, who claims he was the lifesaver, Max Hartmann receives a clean bill of health and is rehabilitated, but he later commits suicide out of shame. Later, Leopold marries Katharina in the cathedral, but shortly afterwards she disappears without a trace.

One day, the Werwolf group demands that Kessler use explosives to blow up the train. He makes the necessary preparations, but he then rediscovers Katharina, who makes the same demand of him. He tries to tell an American officer about the explosives, but circumstances prevent him from doing so. At this time, Leopold's superiors are trying to test his professional suitability. In desperation, he plants the explosives and sets the clockwork, but pity for the potential victims makes him turn it off.

In the meantime, the occupation authorities have uncovered the Werwolf cell. Kessler sees Katharina in handcuffs. She convinces him that it was he who made the mistake, because there are no innocent people in Germany, since during the war years its citizens either killed or betrayed. Kessler, driven to despair, pulls the emergency brake to prevent the train from leaving Germany, and reluctantly decides to detonate the explosives after all. As a result, one of the trains explodes on the bridge as intended. It crashes into the river and several people are killed, including Kessler's uncle and Katharina. Kessler too is drowned in the sunken train, and floats out to sea.

Style
Europa employs an experimental style of cinema, combining largely black and white visuals with occasional intrusions of colour (which later inspired Steven Spielberg's 1993 Holocaust film Schindler's List), having actors interact with rear-projected footage, and layering different images over one another to surreal effect. The voice-over narration uses an unconventional second-person narrative imitative of a hypnotist.

The film's characters, music, dialogue, and plot are self-consciously melodramatic and ironically imitative of film noir conventions.

Morando Morandini writes: "More than the characters, what counts is the technical-formalistic apparatus: color contrasted with black and white, superimpositions, distorting lenses, dynamic camera, expressionistic-style set designs. Anti-German in substance, it is profoundly German in form".

Production
The film was shot throughout Poland (Chojna Cathedral (Marienkirche) and the Chojna Roundhouse) and in Denmark (Nordisk Film studios, Copenhagen and the Copenhagen Dansk Hydraulisk Institut). The cathedral where the main characters are getting married is that of Chojna, whose roof was destroyed by the Soviet army during the war.

Von Trier's production company, Zentropa Entertainments, is named after the sinister railway network featured in this film, which is in turn named after the real-life train company Mitropa.

Reception
Europa was released as Zentropa in North America to avoid confusion with Europa Europa (1990).

Critical reception
The film received largely positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 82% score based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10.

The Lexicon of International Film gave a positive review: "A straightforwardly told mixture of thriller and melodrama, which is based on the classic role models of the genres, but goes beyond the given limits due to its unusual visual creative will. At the same time, an attempt is made to use film as a means of mass suggestion. Worth seeing because of the optically sophisticated form".

Accolades
The film won three awards at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival (Best Artistic Contribution, Jury Prize, and Technical Grand Prize). Upon realizing that he had not won the Palme d'Or, von Trier gave the judges the finger and stormed out of the venue.

In 1991, the film received the Grand Prix for Best Film at Film Fest Gent.

Home media
The Criterion Collection released the film on DVD in 2008. The package contained several documentaries on the film and an audio commentary by von Trier. In 2023, Criterion released a 4K restoration of the film as part of the Blu-ray box set, Lars von Trier's Europe Trilogy.

title: Europa (1991 film)


text:
Zero-X

Zero-X (spelling variants include "Zero X" or "Zero – X") is a fictional Earth spacecraft that first appeared in two of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson's Supermarionation productions, the 1966 film Thunderbirds Are Go and the 1967 television series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. Although publicity material for the various Supermarionation series, and the TV Century 21 comic, made references to connections between the Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet canons, Zero-X is the only official link between the two series.

Fictional history
The first crewed craft to land on Mars, the metallic-blue Zero-X comprises a number of detachable sections. The main body houses the chemical engines which provide the craft with the thrust required for lift-off and the subsequent journey to Mars. The Martian Excursion Vehicle (MEV; later renamed Martian Exploration Vehicle) is attached to the front of the main body where it serves as the spaceship's main control centre during spaceflight. During atmospheric ingress or egress, two remotely controlled "lifting bodies" (self-propelled "flying wing" aerofoils) are attached to the main body at the front and rear of the craft. Finally, a heatproof nose cone with an aluminium exoskeleton protects the MEV during take-off and provides further aerodynamic flow to the vehicle in atmospheric ascent; it is jettisoned just before leaving the Earth's atmosphere, and is the only non-reusable part of the spacecraft.

The lifting bodies act as wings to allow the craft to operate from a runway like a conventional aeroplane, and carry multiple jet engines to reduce the amount of fuel needed for the main body's chemical engines. They separate from the main body when the craft is at a sufficiently high altitude and fly back to base; on re-entry, they rendezvous with the spacecraft and dock with it to again act as wings and provide propulsion in the atmosphere. On reaching Mars, the MEV detaches from the main body, which is left in orbit piloted by a single astronaut, and descends towards the planet's surface. At the surface the MEV extends caterpillar tracks to negotiate the rocky terrain.

The concept of a reusable first-stage lifting body (or in this case, bodies) boosting a smaller spacecraft to high altitude for more efficient use of its propulsion was in direct competition with the vertical-ascent rocket doctrine of the 1960s as a means of achieving spaceflight, and for some time lost out to it, as even the Space Shuttle – which landed as a conventional aircraft – makes a vertical rocket-powered ascent in the "classical" manner. In more recent years Virgin Galactic have re-established the concept, providing the first private commercial suborbital spaceflights in a similarly launched vehicle. The Zero-X contrasts in this way with Thunderbird 3, which, though nominally more advanced (hinted at because of its secrecy), is still a vertical-ascent rocket.

Zero-X has a total delta velocity of 40 miles per second, a standard acceleration of 1 g, a maximum acceleration of 10 g, and an emergency acceleration of 15 g. It is built by New World Aircraft Corporation, the same company that builds Skyship One.

Thunderbirds Are Go
The first crewed mission to Mars ended in failure after the Zero-X spacecraft was accidentally sabotaged by the Hood, who had stowed aboard the craft to photograph its wing mechanisms. The crew managed to escape and two years later a second Zero-X craft successfully reached Mars. However, soon after touching down on the surface, the MEV fired upon a Martian "rock snake" in the belief that it was a lifeless rock formation, provoking retaliation by fire-shooting rock snakes, resulting in the first open combat between humans and extraterrestrials. While the astronauts managed to escape, the lifting body control systems on board the MEV sustained damage during the confrontation, causing the Zero-X to crash upon its return to Earth, landing in Craigsville, United States (roughly 20 miles from its launch site, the fictitious Glenn Field Spaceport). The crew survived, having been saved at the last moment by International Rescue.

In both missions, the Zero-X carried a crew of three with two scientists:

 * Paul Travers (captain of the mission) - Travers was modelled on Sean Connery, who was starring as James Bond at the time Thunderbirds Are Go was made.
 * Greg Martin (space captain)
 * Brad Newman (navigator)
 * Dr Tony Grant (astrophysicist)
 * Dr Ray Pierce (astronomer)

Captain Scarlet
Re-commissioned by the Spectrum Organisation, the Zero-X returned to Mars in 2068 in search of the source of alien signals detected from Earth (but only the MEV comes into the picture, not the entire Zero-X). The crew's hostile actions led to a "war of nerves" with the Mysterons in Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. After tracing the signals to an alien city complex, the mission commander, Spectrum officer Captain Black, gave the order to fire upon the facility after mistaking imaging devices for weapons and fearing they were about to be attacked. Following the destruction, the three-man crew of the MEV witnessed the miraculous re-materialisation ("retro-metabolism", as it is termed in the TV series) of the Mysteron city, and for their act of aggression the Mysterons took control of Black's mind and body as the principal agent of their vengeance. It is never specified whether Black and the crew actually died on Mars. However, when the Zero-X returned to Earth, Black was its only occupant (but this is not seen that in the episode). He vanished upon landing at Glenn Field, and shortly after the Mysterons issued their first threat against Earth.

Although the Zero-X does not appear in New Captain Scarlet (2005), a reference is made to it through the depiction of lifting bodies being used to assist spaceships in entering Earth orbit.

Thunderbirds Are Go (TV series)
The Zero-X appears in an episode of the remake series Thunderbirds Are Go: "Signals, Part 1". During its launch, the Zero-X is stolen by the Hood for its light-speed engines, however soon after the engines begin to overload and threaten to create an Extinction-Level Event, Jeff Tracy boards the Zero-X and attempts to take control whilst the Hood ejects in the only escape capsule, Jeff Tracy attempts to take the Zero-X into space, shortly thereafter there is a massive explosion and the ship is presumed destroyed and Jeff Tracy killed. Eight years later, an SOS is picked up from the Oort Cloud apparently from Jeff Tracy and International Rescue attempts to recover the Zero-X escape capsule believing it to be the key to understanding how he survived and his current situation. After analyzing footage from the escape capsule, they determine that the witnessed explosion was actually an aftershock of the Zero-X's main engine firing at full power and that the Zero-X itself launched into space and subsequently the Oort Cloud at near light speed. The remains of the Zero-X were later discovered partially embedded in a small minor planet in "The Long Reach, Part 1" where Jeff Tracy cannibalized what he could to create a make-shift shelter inside the control deck and was able to survive for eight years until he was rescued by his sons in a new Zero-X called the Zero-XL.

Tie-in media
A series featuring the adventures of the crew of the Zero-X appeared in the comic TV Century 21 and its successors, including Countdown. The strip was written by Angus Allan and illustrated by Mike Noble; running in TV Century 21 (later renamed TV21) from 21 Jan. 1967 to 21 Sept. 1968. A model of the Zero-X was included in the "Project SWORD" line of toys marketed by Century 21 Merchandising.

Filming models
Zero-X was designed by Derek Meddings, whose original drawing named the craft "ZX 26". AP Films commissioned Mastermodels in Slough to make two scale filming models. The larger of the pair, which was built at a cost of £2,500, was 7 ft long and weighed 50 lb. The puppet set design of the cockpit was inspired by the interiors of Concorde, a prototype of which the crew viewed at Filton Airfield.

In 2012, the original MEV filming model, minus the cockpit canopy, was acquired by prop restoration company The Prop Gallery, which commissioned the still-trading Mastermodels to refurbish the miniature that it had built 46 years earlier.

Critical response
According to spaceflight historian Jack Hagerty, the way in which the MEV is deployed from the mothership was inspired by both the titular spacecraft of the Andersons' earlier puppet series Fireball XL5 (whose cockpit section breaks off to form a lander, Fireball Junior) and the modular construction of the real-life Apollo spacecraft. He also states that the name "MEV" is based on "LEM" (Lunar Excursion Module), the original designation for the Apollo Lunar Module. Among other observations, Hagerty questions the names given for some of Zero-X's components in Thunderbirds Are Go, stating that the craft's so-called nose cone "looks nothing like a cone" and that its lifting bodies do not meet the technical definition a lifting body. He also regards the brevity of the Martian landing as a flaw in the film's plot: "After spending, presumably, many years and billions of dollars mounting this expedition to Mars, all they get for their effort is a couple of hours driving around on the surface." However, he calls the destruction of the Zero-X Mark II "one of the most spectacular crash sequences ever filmed".

Stephen La Rivière, in his book Filmed in Supermarionation: A History of the Future, calls Zero-X "the star of Thunderbirds Are Go", praising Meddings' design and acknowledging its commercial nature: "... cynics would suggest that the various detachable segments (wings and nose cone) had less to do with the storyline and more to do with potential toy manufacturing!" Glenn Erickson of the website DVD Talk considers Zero-X "unwieldy" and aesthetically inferior to Skyship One from the sequel Thunderbird 6 (1968).

Alasdair Wilkins of io9 questions the design of Zero-X in that it is "not especially aerodynamic-looking". He also notes the craft's protracted introduction in Thunderbirds Are Go, judging the film's 10-minute opening launch sequence excessively long: "It's pretty much the Alpha and Omega of launch sequences ... a sequence that threatens to make 2001 [: A Space Odyssey] look like non-stop, thrill-a-minute action." He believes that with the attention to detail given to the various stages of the craft's assembly and take-off, these scenes constitute "launch sequence porn", elaborating: "It's a bunch of people effectively saying, 'Action? Characters? Humour? Nah, forget all that. We know what the people really want to see, and it's clearly the model-work.'" Hagerty states that notwithstanding the quality of Meddings' effects in this sequence, "there are limits to audience patience!" Mark Bould considers the sequence an example of the Anderson productions' "technophilic model-work".

title: Zero-X


text: User talk:81.132.12.223

title: User talk:81.132.12.223


text:
Talk:Rouge (film)

Untitled
did chan chen-pang indeed meet fleur in an opium den? it seems like it's just a private room in a regular restaurant/tea house.--little Alex 08:13, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rouge (film)


text:
The Land Ironclads

"The Land Ironclads" is a short story by British writer H. G. Wells, which originally appeared in the December 1903 issue of the Strand Magazine. It features tank-like "land ironclads," 80 to 100 ft armoured fighting vehicles that carry riflemen, engineers, and a captain, and are armed with semi-automatic rifles.

Plot summary
The story opens with an unnamed war correspondent and a young lieutenant surveying the calm of the battlefield. They reflect philosophically on the war between two unidentified armies. The time appears to be 1903 and the opponents are dug into trenches, each waiting for the other to attack, of the sort then common and being reported on daily from the Boer War. The men on the war correspondent's side are confident they will prevail, because they are all strong outdoor-types – men who know how to use a rifle and fight – while their enemies are townspeople, "a crowd of devitalised townsmen . . . They're clerks, they're factory hands, they're students, they're civilised men. They can write, they can talk, they can make and do all sorts of things, but they're poor amateurs at war." The men agree that their "open air life" produces men better suited to war than their opponents' "decent civilization."

In the end, however, the "decent civilization," with its men of science and engineers, triumphs over the "better soldiers" who, instead of developing land ironclads of their own, had been practising shooting their rifles from horseback, a tactic rendered obsolete by the land ironclads. Wells foreshadows this eventual outcome in the conversation of the two men in the first part, when the correspondent tells the lieutenant "Civilization has science, you know, it invented and it made the rifles and guns and things you use."

The story ends with the entire contemporary army captured by thirteen land ironclads, with the defenders managing to disable only one. In the last scene, the correspondent compares his countrymen's "sturdy proportions with those of their lightly built captors", and thinks of the press story he is going to write about the experience. He notes that that the captured officers are thinking of ways they will defeat tanks with their already-existing weaponry, rather than developing their own land ironclads to counter the new threat. He further notes that the "half-dozen comparatively slender young men in blue pajamas who were standing about their victorious land ironclad, drinking coffee and eating biscuits, had also in their eyes and carriage something not altogether degraded below the level of a man."

The Ironclads
The term "ironclad" was coined in the mid-19th century for steam-propelled ocean warships protected by iron or steel armour plates. By the time of Wells' story the notion became a commonplace of boys' literature in the U.S., in popular weekly series such as that published by Frank Reade, and which featured many 'land ironclads' often with different designs each week. Wells' land ironclads are similar to these, described as steam powered and are "essentially long, narrow, and very strong steel frameworks carrying the engines, and borne on eight pairs of big pedrail wheels, each about ten feet in diameter, each a driving wheel and set upon long axles free to swivel around a common axis. [...] the captain [...] had look-out points at small ports all round the upper edge of the adjustable skirt of twelve-inch ironplating which protected the whole affair, and [...] could also raise or depress a conning-tower set above the port-holes through the centre of the iron top cover."

Riflemen are installed in cabins in the "monsters", being "slung along the sides of and behind and before the great main framework". There the men operate what appear to be mechanically targeting, semi-automatic rifles.

Impact
Contemporaries saw Wells' battle between countrymen "defenders" (who rely on cavalry and entrenched infantry) and attacking townsmen as echoing the Boer War, as well as being something of a re-tread of his 1898 novel The War of the Worlds which also featured a struggle between technologically uneven protagonists. But the story served to contribute to Wells' growing reputation as a "prophet of the future", something that many early socialists and newspaper editors were keen to promote., especially when real tanks first appeared on the battlefield 12 years later in 1916.

Wells's story did predict the use of armoured vehicles in combat, but numerous authors (for example Sam Moskowitz in Science Fiction by Gaslight) have mistakenly stated that he also described modern caterpillar treads on a tank and did so before the tank's invention. This is incorrect.

Inspiration
In his later War and the Future (1917), H. G. Wells specifically acknowledges Bramah Diplock's pedrail wheel as the origin for his idea of an all-terrain armoured vehicle in The Land Ironclads:

Indeed, within the story itself the war correspondent, upon his first sight of the machine's pedrails, recalls hearing about them from Diplock in person on a previous journalistic assignment.

According to one biographer, Wells initially had the idea for land ironclads using "pedrails" from an inventor J. W. Dunne, who spoke of "big fat pedrail machines" in a letter to Wells. Dunne later also influenced Wells's novel The War in the Air (1908).

title: The Land Ironclads


text:
Jeff Bennett

Jeff Bennett (born October 2, 1962) is an American voice actor. He voiced the titular character of Johnny Bravo, Dexter and Dee Dee's Dad in Dexter's Laboratory, Ace, Grubber and Big Billy in The Powerpuff Girls, Peter Puppy in Earthworm Jim, Brooklyn in Gargoyles, Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel in Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Clay Bailey in Xiaolin Showdown, Petrie in The Land Before Time franchise and Kowalski in the Penguins of Madagascar series (replacing Chris Miller). In 2012, Bennett was awarded an Annie Award for his role in The Penguins of Madagascar and in 2016, he was awarded an Emmy Award for his role in Transformers: Rescue Bots. He has been listed among the top names in the voice-over field.

Early life
Bennett was born in 1962, in Houston, Texas. He got his acting training on the stage at the Alley Theatre in Houston, before moving to California with his family in 1990.

Career
Bennett's first role in the voice-over industry was Horace "I.Q." Boothroyd the Third in James Bond Jr..

Afterwards, more roles came which included Brooklyn in Gargoyles, Petrie in The Land Before Time series from the second film onward (replacing the late Will Ryan), Jitters A. Dog in Bonkers, Lord Camembert in Biker Mice from Mars, Roger Dearly, Lieutenant Pug and several others on 101 Dalmatians: The Series, and Dexter's Dad in Dexter's Laboratory.

In early 1995, he played what would be his best-known role, the title character in Johnny Bravo and Johnny Bravo and the Amazon Women in What a Cartoon!. For the character, Bennett used an Elvis Presley impersonation, which was somewhere between the young and the older Presley. In 1997, Johnny Bravo was made into a television series. A cult hit show, it continued from 1997 to 2004, receiving praise and multiple Annie Award nominations, including one for Bennett.

He has also provided various voices in the animated series Freakazoid!, voicing characters such as The Huntsman, Cave Guy, Candle Jack, Lord Bravery, and many others.

Later, he did the voices of Drixenol "Drix" Koldriliff in Ozzy and Drix (replacing David Hyde Pierce), Clay Bailey on Xiaolin Showdown, Mister Boss and Mister Fizz in Codename: Kids Next Door, Raj on Camp Lazlo, Principal Luna and Jan Rongetes (janitor and Swedish air guitarist) on Class of 3000, Azmuth in Ben 10: Alien Force and Ben 10: Ultimate Alien, Mr. Smee and Bones on Jake and the Never Land Pirates.

Since 2006, Bennett has voiced the role of Peppermint Larry in the television show The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack 2008-2010. The Man With the Yellow Hat and also voices neighborhood farmer Mr. Renkins in the PBS Kids TV series Curious George. The series was awarded Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Children's Animated Program in 2008, 2010 and 2012.

Bennett has also done the voices of the Joker and other characters on Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Dorkus in Planet Sheen, several characters (Keswick, Larry and Ollie) on T.U.F.F. Puppy, Red Tornado in Young Justice, and Kowalski in The Penguins of Madagascar.

In 2012, Bennett was awarded the Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting in a Television Production for his role as Kowalski. He was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program, but lost to June Foray.

In 2016, Bennett won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program for his performance as Mayor Lusky on Transformers: Rescue Bots.

Personal life
Bennett has been married to Susan E. Welby since 1988 and has one daughter born in 1998.

title: Jeff Bennett


text:
Talk:Three positions

Context
Prone, without this context, is meaningless to the average Wikipedia reader. The redirect ensures that no reader will be lost. All information (a definition of the term) is entered here--Wetman 08:17, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I like that you finally added pictures! It will really help the audience grasp the information you're implying. Shaaaaaaaaaay (talk) 20:26, 16 November 2017 (UTC) SHAY

title: Talk:Three positions


text:
Rigaud

Rigaud may refer to:

People

 * Cyrille Rigaud (1750–1824), French poet from Occitania
 * Auguste Rigaud (1760–1835), French poet
 * André Rigaud (1761–1811), Haitian revolutionary
 * Clément Rigaud (b.1984), French football player
 * Émile Rigaud (1824-1890), French lawyer and politician
 * François-Pierre Rigaud de Vaudreuil (1703-1779), Governor of Montreal, New France (now Canada)
 * Gaspard Rigaud (1661-1705), French painter
 * George Rigaud (1905-1984), Argentine film actor
 * Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659–1743), French baroque portrait painter
 * Jean Rigaud (1912–1999), French painter
 * John Francis Rigaud (1742-1810), French/Italian painter
 * Joseph Hyacinthe François de Paule de Rigaud, Comte de Vaudreuil (1740-1817), French nobleman
 * Louis-Philippe de Rigaud de Vaudreuil (1691-1763), French naval officer
 * Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil (c.1643–1725), Governor-general of New France (now Canada)
 * Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial (1698–1778), Canadian-born French Governor-general of New France (now Canada)
 * Stephen Francis Dutilh Rigaud (1777-1861), English painter
 * Stephen Peter Rigaud (1774–1839), English mathematical historian and astronomer
 * Stephen Rigaud (1816-1859), English clergyman and schoolmaster
 * Rigaud of Assier (d.1323), Bishop of Winchester, England

Places

 * Rigaud, Alpes-Maritimes, a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes département of France
 * Rigaud, Quebec, a municipality west of Montreal, Canada
 * Rigaud River, river in Ontario and Quebec, Canada
 * Ski Mont Rigaud, ski area in Quebec, Canada

Other

 * Rigaud, Pons & Compagnie, French bookselling firm in the 18th century

title: Rigaud


text:
Category talk:Christian denominations

The depiction here is not NPOV as it seems to suggest that catholicism and eastern orthodoxy are the only denominations derived from early christianity. It also depicts restorationism as being derived from protestantism. It might also lead the viewer to believe that the distance from the center (where early christianity is) is in relation to a departure from early christianity, thus making it appear that the Assyrian Church of the East and restorationist religions are the furthest from the truth (i.e. early christianity). Moogle 08:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

There is nothing here on Messianic Judaism or Messianic Israelitism. Today these constitute two denominations (some would say the latter is a sub-denomination). There are also denominations which represent something inbetween Protestantism and Messianic Judaism, as with Mishpachah Lev-Tsiyon. Though there are some who teach that Messianic Judaism is a branch of Judaism, and should therefore be categorized there, Judaism does not so view it whereas Christianity, and most messianic Jews, views MJ as a branch of itself. I realize the MJ is too small to appear on the diagram but it should at least appear in the list of recognized denominations. Landau7 08:18, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Why are Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons listed as Christians???

 * I am a Baptist and I know many people in my church who have studied the Bible their entire life and we believe the Bible word for word. But Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons are not really Christians. They are two completely separate Releigons. I dont mean to offend anybody, but its just like saying Baptist are Muslim. Its not true. To be a Christian means that you believe that Jesus is God's son and that he died for our sins and by believing this and asking for forgiveness you will be saved. I have talked to several of my Mormon and Jehovah's Witness friends and they dont quite believe that. They believe that you have to do good works to be saved. Once you've believed and have asked for forgiveness you will always be saved. Even if you kill someone you will still go to heaven. There is nothing in the Bible that says you can be "Un-Saved". Quinlanfan2 (talk) 22:45, 5 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Have fun believing the Bible word-for-word. I own the Oxford Annotated Bible, have studied it thoroughly, and find that there is a considerable amount of self-contradiction even within the individual books. And your Muslim comment was exceedingly narrow-minded in nature. Why don't you go to a religious site and talk about religion? Talk pages are for talking about the articles, not their subjects. 70.230.147.239 (talk) 23:03, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I might do that. Thanks! But its kind of insulting to have Two separate relegions listed as another. And How was that narrow minded? I used it as an example. They would be insulted if Baptist were listed as muslims. And I am talking about it on here because I want to improve the article. Quinlanfan2 (talk) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.72.98.113 (talk) 01:44, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Compare with List of Christian denominations
This page is in chaos, and its structure (and subcategories) should match List of Christian denominations. Tb (talk) 18:50, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Removing diffuse template
I do not believe that diffusion is useful for this category. None of the other sub-categories of 'Religious denominations' are organized in this way. In all of them, the denominations are top-level members of the category, and do not require a searcher to guess where the denomination was founded, or what their theological positions may be. I will be removing the template to bring this category into line with the other equivalent categories.--Editor2020 (talk) 03:16, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * How do you want to find a denomination? By wading thur many hundreds (or more) of Christian denominations when only 200 can be put on this page at a time? There are most likely close to a thousand Christian denominations in Wikipedia. Other Religious denominations are not organized in this way because there are not near so many of them.-- Carlaude (talk) 06:20, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I like this line of thinking. It would be nice to get a feel for a list on one page. Some pages, don't quote me, are thousands long. Surely that can be categorised? Show me a list that is not simply numbers that cannot be categorised into a tree... 86.41.254.11 (talk) 00:48, 16 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Slightly intoxicated, User:RTG can't get his mind off the fact that he doesn't really sign in when using the other browser. In fairness, he uses this browser more often these days. This is in the "Christian denominations list". Negative. I urm... Nop. If you delete this he will surely be banned but, know this, the idea will not be lost. Yet. 86.41.254.11 (talk) 00:55, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

Consensus on Wikipedia on groupings of Christian denominations
I opened a discussion on groupings in Christianity, of which there currently seems to lack a consensus on Wikipedia. The discussion might be of interest for followers of this talk page. Please see: Talk:Christianity. Chicbyaccident (talk) 12:19, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Christian denominations


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Pseudogroup

In mathematics, a pseudogroup is a set of diffeomorphisms between open sets of a space, satisfying group-like and sheaf-like properties. It is a generalisation of the concept of a group, originating however from the geometric approach of Sophus Lie to investigate symmetries of differential equations, rather than out of abstract algebra (such as quasigroup, for example). The modern theory of pseudogroups was developed by Élie Cartan in the early 1900s.

Definition
A pseudogroup imposes several conditions on sets of homeomorphisms (respectively, diffeomorphisms) defined on open sets $U$ of a given Euclidean space or more generally of a fixed topological space (respectively, smooth manifold). Since two homeomorphisms $h : U → V$ and $g : V → W$ compose to a homeomorphism from $U$ to $W$, one asks that the pseudogroup is closed under composition and inversion. However, unlike those for a group, the axioms defining a pseudogroup are not purely algebraic; the further requirements are related to the possibility of restricting and of patching homeomorphisms (similar to the gluing axiom for sections of a sheaf).

More precisely, a pseudogroup on a topological space $S$ is a collection $Γ$ of homeomorphisms between open subsets of $S$ satisfying the following properties:
 * 1) The domains of the elements $g$ in $Γ$ cover $S$ ("cover").
 * 2) The restriction of an element $g$ in $Γ$ to any open set contained in its domain is also in $Γ$ ("restriction").
 * 3) The composition $g ∘ h$ of two elements of $Γ$, when defined, is in $Γ$ ("composition").
 * 4) The inverse of an element of $g$ is in $Γ$ ("inverse").
 * 5) The property of lying in $Γ$ is local, i.e. if $g : U → V$ is a homeomorphism between open sets of $S$ and $U$ is covered by open sets $U_{i}$ with $g$ restricted to $U_{i}$ lying in $Γ$ for each $i$, then $g$ also lies in $Γ$ ("local").

As a consequence the identity homeomorphism of any open subset of $S$ lies in $Γ$.

Similarly, a pseudogroup on a smooth manifold $X$ is defined as a collection $Γ$ of diffeomorphisms between open subsets of $X$ satisfying analogous properties (where we replace homeomorphisms with diffeomorphisms).

Two points in $X$ are said to be in the same orbit if an element of $Γ$ sends one to the other. Orbits of a pseudogroup clearly form a partition of $X$; a pseudogroup is called transitive if it has only one orbit.

Examples
A widespread class of examples is given by pseudogroups preserving a given geometric structure. For instance, if $(X, g)$ is a Riemannian manifold, one has the pseudogroup of its local isometries; if $(X, ω)$ is a symplectic manifold, one has the pseudogroup of its local symplectomorphisms; etc. These pseudogroups should be thought as the set of the local symmetries of these structures.

Pseudogroups of symmetries and geometric structures
Manifolds with additional structures can often be defined using the pseudogroups of symmetries of a fixed local model. More precisely, given a pseudogroup $Γ$, a $Γ$-atlas on a topological space $S$ consists of a standard atlas on $S$ such that the changes of coordinates (i.e. the transition maps) belong to $Γ$. An equivalent class of Γ-atlases is also called a $Γ$-structure on $S$.

In particular, when $Γ$ is the pseudogroup of all locally defined diffeomorphisms of $R^{n}$, one recovers the standard notion of a smooth atlas and a smooth structure. More generally, one can define the following objects as $Γ$-structures on a topological space $S$:
 * flat Riemannian structures, for $Γ$ pseudogroups of isometries of $R^{n}$ with the canonical Euclidean metric;
 * symplectic structures, for $Γ$ the pseudogroup of symplectomorphisms of $R^{2n}$ with the canonical symplectic form;
 * analytic structures, for $Γ$ the pseudogroup of (real-)analytic diffeomorphisms of $R^{n}$;
 * Riemann surfaces, for $Γ$ the pseudogroup of invertible holomorphic functions of a complex variable.

More generally, any integrable $G$-structure and any $(G, X)$-manifold are special cases of $Γ$-structures, for suitable pseudogroups $Γ$.

Pseudogroups and Lie theory
In general, pseudogroups were studied as a possible theory of infinite-dimensional Lie groups. The concept of a local Lie group, namely a pseudogroup of functions defined in neighbourhoods of the origin of a Euclidean space $E$, is actually closer to Lie's original concept of Lie group, in the case where the transformations involved depend on a finite number of parameters, than the contemporary definition via manifolds. One of Cartan's achievements was to clarify the points involved, including the point that a local Lie group always gives rise to a global group, in the current sense (an analogue of Lie's third theorem, on Lie algebras determining a group). The formal group is yet another approach to the specification of Lie groups, infinitesimally. It is known, however, that local topological groups do not necessarily have global counterparts.

Examples of infinite-dimensional pseudogroups abound, beginning with the pseudogroup of all diffeomorphisms of $E$. The interest is mainly in sub-pseudogroups of the diffeomorphisms, and therefore with objects that have a Lie algebra analogue of vector fields. Methods proposed by Lie and by Cartan for studying these objects have become more practical given the progress of computer algebra.

In the 1950s, Cartan's theory was reformulated by Shiing-Shen Chern, and a general deformation theory for pseudogroups was developed by Kunihiko Kodaira and D. C. Spencer. In the 1960s homological algebra was applied to the basic PDE questions involved, of over-determination; this though revealed that the algebra of the theory is potentially very heavy. In the same decade the interest for theoretical physics of infinite-dimensional Lie theory appeared for the first time, in the shape of current algebra.

Intuitively, a Lie pseudogroup should be a pseudogroup which "originates" from a system of PDEs. There are many similar but inequivalent notions in the literature;    the "right" one depends on which application one has in mind. However, all these various approaches involve the (finite- or infinite-dimensional) jet bundles of $Γ$, which are asked to be a Lie groupoid. In particular, a Lie pseudogroup is called of finite order $k$ if it can be "reconstructed" from the space of its $k$-jets.

title: Pseudogroup


text:
Talk:Alexander McNutt (governor)

Source
If anyone is interested, the source is for my background information can be found here. I wasn't sure of including it as a reference since it is site that is selling the certificates of the bonds that the state defaulted on and that could be considered advertising. The page also has a summary of the default and its ruling in the Mississippi Supreme Court. --[[User:Ricky81682|Ricky81682 (talk)]] 08:24, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alexander McNutt (governor)


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John H. Hall

John H. Hall may refer to:

 * John H. Hall (gunsmith) (1781–1841), inventor who perfected the American system of manufacturing using interchangeable parts
 * John H. Hall (inventor) (1932–2014), American low-power CMOS pioneer and entrepreneur
 * John Herbert Hall, English First World War flying ace
 * John Hicklin Hall (1854–1937), politician and attorney in Oregon
 * John Hubert Hall (1899–1970), governor of Oregon

title: John H. Hall


text:
John Hicklin Hall

John Hicklin Hall (July 17, 1854 – July 27, 1937) was a politician and attorney in the U.S. state of Oregon. A native of the Portland area, he served in the Oregon House of Representatives in the early 1890s before appointment as the United States District Attorney for Oregon. As the federal prosecutor, he became involved in the Oregon land fraud scandal, in which several high-profile public officials conspired to defraud the government in acquiring land for a private entity. Hall was convicted, but subsequently pardoned, for failing to prosecute some of the participants.

Hall was also the father of Oregon governor John H. Hall.

Early life
John Hall was born in Multnomah County, Oregon, east of the city of Portland on July 17, 1854. He was the son of Benjamin F. and Emily Hicklin Hall, though both parents died when he was ten, leaving him the family farm. Hall worked as a farm hand and for a railroad surveying crew while also receiving an education at both the Lafayette Academy and Portland High School. When he turned 21 he returned to the family farm to run it, and in 1877 was married to Olive I. Powell.

After getting married, the couple moved to Portland and opened a store, which he sold in 1885. Hall then read law for two years and passed the bar in October 1887. He then entered a legal partnership with W. E. Showers before appointment as a deputy district attorney in 1888 for Multnomah County. In 1890, he was elected to represent Multnomah County in the Oregon House of Representatives. A Republican, Hall served one two-year term, participating in the 1891 legislative session.

Hall was elevated to the position of chief deputy DA in 1892. He was married a second time December 25, 1895, to Jessie E. Belcher, and they had three children. In November 1897, Hall was appointed as the United States District Attorney for Oregon by U.S. President William McKinley.

Oregon land fraud
In 1903, U.S. Attorney General Philander Knox appointed Francis J. Heney to assist Hall in investigating allegations of land fraud in Oregon in a series of trials that became known as the Oregon land fraud scandal. Hall was uncooperative in the investigation, and was removed from office by President Theodore Roosevelt on January 1, 1905.

In 1907, Heney put Hall on trial for failing to prosecute land companies engaging in fraudulent activities, and for using his knowledge of illegal activities to blackmail his political opponents. On February 8, 1908, a jury found Hall guilty of the charges.

Later years
He was later pardoned by President William Howard Taft for his role in the land fraud scandal. Hall returned to private legal practice in Portland after being forced out of office. He also was involved with the banking industry, owned three farms, and was an investor in power generation projects in Deschutes County.

John Hicklin Hall died in Portland, Oregon, on July 27, 1937, at the age of 83 and was interred at River View Cemetery in Portland. His son, John Hubert Hall, was also active in Oregon politics, serving briefly as governor following the deaths of the first three elected officials in the state's line of succession.

title: John Hicklin Hall


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Douglas McKay

James Douglas McKay (June 24, 1893 – July 22, 1959) was an American businessman and politician from the U.S. state of Oregon. He served in World War I before going into business, where he was most successful as a car dealership owner in Salem. A Republican, he served as a city councilor and mayor of Salem before election to the Oregon State Senate. McKay served four terms in the state senate, also served stateside with the rank of major in the U.S. Army during World War II, and was then elected as the twenty-fifth governor of Oregon in 1948. He left that office before the end of his term when he was selected as the thirty-fifth U.S. Secretary of the Interior during the Eisenhower administration. McKay's conservative policies were denounced by environmentalists; they forced his resignation in 1956.

Early life and business career
McKay was born in Portland, Oregon, to farmer Edwin D. McKay and his wife Minnie A. Musgrove. His family's limited means required him to work while still a schoolboy. After his father's death in 1911, McKay was forced to leave school before receiving a high school diploma.

He was admitted to Oregon State College in Corvallis as an agriculture student at the age of twenty. McKay was elected student body president in 1916. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree and married Mabel Christine Hill on March 31, 1917. They had one son and two daughters: Douglas, Shirley and Marylou McKay. In November of 1939, his son, Douglas Jr., died in an automobile accident.

During World War I, he served with the United States Army in Europe, where he advanced to the rank of first lieutenant. He sustained an injury in battle to his leg, right arm, and shoulder, which earned him a Purple Heart. Upon discharge, the disability prevented him from performing the strenuous activities involved with farming, so he began a business career in Portland selling insurance, and then automobiles, rising to the position of sales manager. After the move to the sales manager position, the company sent him to Salem, where he was in charge of their dealership in that city.

He opened Douglas McKay Chevrolet Co. in 1927, and later started a Cadillac dealership as well. McKay later served as president of the Oregon Automobile Dealer's Association.

Early political career
McKay won election to several local political offices as a Republican, becoming mayor of Salem in 1932, and guided that city through fiscal troubles in the wake of the Great Depression. Steering his city into recovery, according to a contemporary journalist quoted by biographer Herbert S. Parmet, made McKay "a firm advocate of government as well as business preserving and guarding its financial foundation."

McKay was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1934, serving four terms interrupted by service as a major in the Army during World War II. In 1940, he was an alternate delegate to the Republican National Convention, which nominated the Willkie-McNary ticket.

Governor of Oregon
He was elected governor in 1948 on a platform of fiscal conservatism and economic development. As Governor, McKay took a balanced approach to state government. He was a strong advocate for resource conservation; however, he also supported cutting of old growth timber to create jobs for Oregonians. McKay actively opposed the Federal Government's plan to create a Columbia Valley Authority. He supported legislation to turn over 95 percent of the profits from the Oregon Liquor Control Commission to the state's general fund with the remaining profits going to Oregon cities based on population. He advocated expanding Oregon's highway system, supporting a successful bond issue that raised $75 million for the Oregon State Highway Department. McKay won reelection as governor in 1950.

Tom McCall, who would later become governor, served as McKay's executive secretary and press officer between 1949 and 1951.

Secretary of the Interior
Secretary McKay and Dwight D. Eisenhower had significant ideological differences, the General being identified with the Republican moderates, and McKay with the conservative wing. Fearing that conservative Senator Robert A. Taft had little or no chance of winning the presidency in 1952, and admiring Eisenhower for his military record and leadership qualities, McKay supported Eisenhower's candidacy early in the campaign. Upon his election, Eisenhower appointed McKay as Secretary of the Interior. McKay resigned as Oregon governor on December 27, 1952.

As the U.S. Secretary of the Interior, McKay hoped to balance his concern for natural resources with fiscal and business acumen. Secretary McKay abolished five divisions within the Interior Department, cutting four thousand positions and reducing the budget by nearly $200 million. He fostered partnerships involving the states, local public groups, private enterprise, and the Federal Government in building facilities and developing natural resources. However McKay worked to prevent the Columbia Valley Authority and protection of the Hell's Canyon project. McKay created nine new wildlife reserves and he opposed the transfer of Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge property to the Army. However, he also advocated building a dam at Echo Park which would have flooded Dinosaur National Monument. In Oregon, he allowed a mining company to harvest timber; for that, his critics dubbed him, "Giveaway McKay." He also supported Indian termination policy in 1954. Liberals and environmentalists strongly denounced him and he resigned in disgust in 1956.

In 1954, McKay was featured on the cover of the edition of August 23 of Time.

Later years and legacy
At the urging of Eisenhower, McKay resigned March 9, 1956, effective April 15, 1956, to challenge incumbent Wayne Morse for his seat in the United States Senate. He lost a fierce campaign, in no small measure because of the opposition he had engendered among Oregon conservation groups. Eisenhower replaced the more conservative McKay at Interior with a Moderate Republican, Fred Andrew Seaton, a former short-term senator from Nebraska.

He died of heart attack in Salem, Oregon, at the age of sixty-six, and was interred at Belcrest Memorial Park in Salem.

Salem's Douglas McKay High School, built in 1979, bears his name.

title: Douglas McKay


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Carson of Venus

Carson of Venus is a science fantasy novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the third book in the Venus series (Sometimes called the "Carson Napier of Venus series"). Burroughs wrote the novel in July and August 1937. It was serialized in 1938 in six weekly installments from January 8 to February 12 in Argosy, the same publication where the previous two Venus novels appeared. It was published in book form a year later from Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc. Burroughs originally submitted the novel to a number of the "slick" magazines: Liberty, The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's, and Ladies' Home Journal. All rejected the story.

The novel, which was written two years before the outbreak of World War II, satirizes Nazi Germany by including a fascist political faction called the "Zani". There is also a character named "Muso" as a reference to Benito Mussolini. Unlike the first two Venus novels, Carson of Venus focuses on spy intrigue and war instead of wilderness adventuring. It also indicates a change of political orientation from that of the earlier books, where the villains were modeled on Russian Communists.

Carson of Venus was nominated for a Retro-Hugo Award for best science fiction novel of 1939. The award went to T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone.

Copyright
The copyright for this story has expired in Australia, and thus now resides in the public domain there. The text is available via Project Gutenberg Australia.

title: Carson of Venus


text:
Earl Snell

Earl Wilcox Snell (July 11, 1895 – October 28, 1947) was an American politician, businessman, and member of the Republican Party, serving in the Oregon House of Representatives, as the Oregon Secretary of State, and as the 23rd Governor of Oregon. American journalist John Gunther described Snell as "genial, mediocre, and perpetually on the fence."

Early life and business career
Snell was born on a farm near the small town of Olex, Oregon. He grew up in Arlington. He received a public school education, and attended the Oregon Institute of Technology without attaining a degree (this Oregon Institute of Technology was located in Portland, a private institution, and not connected to the Oregon Institute of Technology in Klamath Falls). He became a partner in Arlington's automobile dealership. After military service during World War I, he settled in nearby Condon, where he married Edith Welshons, with whom he had one son, and published the local newspaper. He became sole owner of the auto dealership in Arlington, and it was his principal livelihood for the rest of his life. He later expanded his business interests to include ranching and banking.

In a WUGA TV interview with well known musician Doc Severinsen, Severinsen—who is from Arlington—reported that he used to live with Snell and his wife during the summers as a boy. Doc stated Snell gave him his first instrument (an army bugle) and strongly influenced him. Snell would also sometimes take Doc down to the Capital building when he was governor.

Political career
After serving on the Arlington City Council, in 1926 he was elected to the first of four consecutive terms in the Oregon House of Representatives, his final term as Speaker. In 1934, despite inroads by Democrats in Oregon in previously Republican Oregon, Snell was elected Oregon Secretary of State, serving from 1935 to 1943.

Prevented by a term limit from seeking another term as Secretary of State, Snell decided to challenge his own party's incumbent Gov. Charles A. Sprague in the Republican primary. He received strong support from the state automobile dealers association, gained the nomination, and went on to be elected Governor with 78 percent of the vote, taking office on January 11, 1943.

Snell's administration was marked by conservationist measures, public works projects and relief programs in line with the federal New Deal programs, and initiatives designed to promote agricultural, timber and industrial interests to expand Oregon's economy. He was re-elected in 1946, by a margin of more than two to one, but died in office the next year.

Snell was a staunch supporter of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. In 1944, he sponsored a law aimed at Issei and Nisei returnees, which would have denied Japanese-born non-citizens the right to own or lease land. It also would've prosecuted landowning Japanese-American citizens for allowing others of Japanese descent, including their parents, to occupy or work the land. The law easily passed through the Oregon legislature, but was ruled unconstitutional by the courts.

Death
On October 28, 1947, Snell, Oregon Secretary of State Robert S. Farrell, Jr., and State Senate President Marshall E. Cornett were killed along with pilot Cliff Hogue when their small plane crashed in stormy weather southwest of Dog Lake in Lake County, Oregon. The group left Klamath Falls about 10:00 p.m. en route to a ranch owned by Oscar Kittredge in Warner Valley near Lakeview, Oregon. A state funeral was held for Snell, Farrell and Cornett at the Capitol in Salem. Snell was buried in Salem's Belcrest Memorial Park.

title: Earl Snell


text: User talk:67.121.188.147

title: User talk:67.121.188.147


text: Category:Spanish generals

title: Category:Spanish generals


text:
Talk:Fisk

Fisk er en freldes betegnelse for dyr der har gæller og lever under vandet........

Fisk er en freldes betegnelse for dyr d4er har gæller og for det meste lever fiskene under vandet.... men det rager vel jer ikke også hvem gider overhovet at intrassere sig for fiskene de lver under vander og vi spiser dem og såda er det................

title: Talk:Fisk


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Sapotaceae

The Sapotaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to the order Ericales. The family includes about 800 species of evergreen trees and shrubs in around 65 genera (35–75, depending on generic definition). Their distribution is pantropical.

Many species produce edible fruits, or white blood-sap that is used to cleanse dirt, organically and manually, while others have other economic uses. Species noted for their edible fruits include Manilkara (sapodilla), Chrysophyllum cainito (star-apple or golden leaf tree), Gambeya africana and Gambeya albida (star-apple), and Pouteria (abiu, canistel, lúcuma, mamey sapote). Vitellaria paradoxa (shi in several languages of West Africa and karité in French; also anglicized as shea) is also the source of an oil-rich nut, the source of edible shea butter, which is the major lipid source for many African ethnic groups and is also used in traditional and Western cosmetics and medications. The "miracle fruit" Synsepalum dulcificum is also placed in the Sapotaceae.

Trees of the genus Palaquium (gutta-percha) produce an important latex with a wide variety of uses. The seeds of the tree Argania spinosa produce an edible oil, traditionally harvested in Morocco.

The family name is derived from zapote, a Mexican vernacular name for one of the plants (in turn derived from the Nahuatl tzapotl) and Latinised by Linnaeus as sapota, a name now treated as a synonym of Manilkara (also formerly known by the invalid name Achras).

Genera
63 genera are currently accepted:

 * Abebaia Baehni
 * Amorphospermum F.Muell.
 * Aningeria Aubrév. & Pellegr.
 * Argania Roem. & Schult. (also incl. in Sideroxylon)
 * Aubregrinia Heine
 * Aulandra H.J.Lam
 * Autranella A.Chev.
 * Baillonella Pierre
 * Bemangidia L.Gaut.
 * Breviea Aubrév. & Pellegr.
 * Burckella Pierre
 * Capurodendron Aubrév.
 * Chromolucuma Ducke
 * Chrysophyllum L.
 * Delpydora Pierre
 * Diploknema Pierre
 * Diploon Cronquist
 * Donella Pierre ex Baill.
 * Eberhardtia Lecomte
 * Ecclinusa Mart.
 * Elaeoluma Baill.
 * Englerophytum K.Krause
 * Faucherea K.Krause
 * Gambeya Pierre
 * Gluema Aubrév. & Pellegr.
 * Inhambanella Dubard
 * Isonandra Wight
 * Labourdonnaisia Bojer
 * Labramia A.DC.
 * Lecomtedoxa Dubard
 * Letestua Lecomte
 * Madhuca Buch.-Ham. ex J.F.Gmel.
 * Magodendron Vink
 * Malacantha Pierre
 * Manilkara Adans.
 * Micropholis (Griseb.) Pierre
 * Mimusops L.
 * Neohemsleya T.D.Penn.
 * Neolemonniera Heine
 * Niemeyera F.Muell.
 * Northia Hook.f.
 * Omphalocarpum P.Beauv.
 * Palaquium Blanco
 * Payena A.DC.
 * Pichonia Pierre
 * Planchonella Pierre
 * Pleioluma (Baill.) Baehni
 * Pouteria Aubl.
 * Pradosia Liais
 * Pycnandra Benth.
 * Sahulia Swenson
 * Sarcaulus Radlk.
 * Sarcosperma Hook.f.
 * Sersalisia R.Br.
 * Sideroxylon L.
 * Spiniluma (Baill.) Aubrév.
 * Synsepalum (A.DC.) Daniell
 * Tieghemella Pierre
 * Tridesmostemon Engl.
 * Tsebona Capuron
 * Van-royena Aubrév.
 * Vitellaria C.F.Gaertn.
 * Vitellariopsis (Baill.) Dubard
 * Xantolis Raf.

title: Sapotaceae