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Johannes Brøndsted

Johannes Balthasar Brøndsted (5 October 1890 - 16 November 1965) was a Danish archaeologist and prehistorian. He was a professor at the University of Copenhagen and director of the National Museum of Denmark.

Biography
Brøndsted was born at  Grundfør in Jutland, Denmark. He was the son of Kristine Margrethe Bruun (1858–1899) and Holger Brøndsted  (1849–1916). His father was a parish priest. In 1909, he took his matriculation examination at Sorø Academy, after which he briefly studied law and art history at the University of Copenhagen and took his examination in classical philology in 1916. In 1920, he received his doctorate for his work on the relations between Anglo-Saxon art and Norse art during the Viking era.

Brøndsted begins his work at the museum in 1917 and becomes deputy inspector at the National Museum  Department of Nordic Antiquity in 1918. In 1922 and 1922, he worked in the field with Ejnar Dyggve (1887–1961) and excavated early Christian monuments in Dalmatia. His account of this excavation was published as Recherches à Salone (1928). He was a co-founder of the peer-reviewed academic journal  Acta Archaeologica and  editor-in-chief (1930–1948).

From 1941 through 1951, Brøndsted was a professor of Nordic archeology and European prehistory at the University of Copenhagen. He left this position to become the director of the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, a position he held from 1951 through 1960.

Johannes Brøndsted died at Copenhagen and was buried at Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård in Frederiksberg.

Selected works

 * Recherches à Salone (1928)
 * Danmarks Oldtid (three vols.; 2e; 1957–1959), a prehistory of Denmark
 * The Vikings (1960) (English edition: trans. Kalle Skov; Penguin, Harmondsworth; 1965; ISBN 0-14-020459-8)

Recognition and distinctions

 * 1948 - Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (ord. med.)
 * 1948 - Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog
 * 1952 - Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy
 * 1953 - Gold medal of the Society of Antiquaries of London

title: Johannes Brøndsted


text:
Noel (given name)

Noel or Noël is a given name and a surname, often given to both girls and boys born over the Christmas period.

Noel derives from the Old French "Noël", meaning "Christmas". It is a variant (and later replacement) of "nael", which itself comes from the Latin natalis, meaning "birth". The term natalis dies (birth day) was long used in Church Latin in reference to the birthday of Christ—or in other words: Christmas. In modern English, a Noel can also refer to a Christmas carol. The spelling with a diaeresis over the "e" (Noël) is used to indicate that the two vowels are pronounced separately rather than as a diphthong.

Other nicknames and modern variations include Noele, Noeline, Nowell, Noela, Noell, Noella, Noelene, Noeleen, and Noelle/Noëlle (French, feminine).

People

 * Noël (singer), American disco singer
 * Noel Agazarian (1916–1941), British pilot
 * Noël Atom (b. 2005), German footballer
 * Noel Barrionuevo (b. 1984), Argentine female professional field hockey player and Olympian
 * Noel Bauldeweyn (c. 1480–1513), Franco-Flemish composer
 * Noel Blanc (b. 1938), American voice actor, son of Mel Blanc
 * Noel Cabangon (b. 1963), Filipino singer
 * Noel Chavasse (1884–1917), British medical officer and decorated hero
 * Noel Clarke (b. 1975), English actor and writer
 * Noël Coward (1899–1973), British actor, playwright, and popular music composer
 * Noel Devine (b. 1988), American football player
 * Noel Dyson (1916–1995), British actress
 * Noel Edmonds (b. 1948), British television presenter and DJ
 * Noel Emmanuel (b. 1960), 6th Bishop of Trincomalee
 * Noel Fielding (b. 1973), British comedian and television actor
 * Noel Fisher (b. 1984), Canadian actor
 * Noel Francis (c. 1906–1959), American actress
 * Noel Gallagher (b. 1967), English musician
 * Noel V. Ginnity (fl. 1957–2020's), Irish comedian
 * Noël Godin (b. 1945), Belgian writer
 * Noel Harrison (1934–2013), British actor and singer
 * Noel Hood (1909–1979), British actress
 * Noel Jenke (1946–2020), American football player
 * Noel King (b. 1956), Republic of Ireland U-21s football manager
 * Noel LaMontagne (b. 1977), American football player
 * Noel Langley (1911–1980), South African novelist, screenwriter and director
 * Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes (1878–1956), British philanthropist and social leader, heroine of the Titanic disaster
 * Noel MacNeal (b. 1961), American puppeteer
 * Noel Manoukian (1938–2019), justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada
 * Noël Martin (1959–2020), British activist and neo-Nazi attack victim
 * Noel Neill (1920–2016), American actress
 * Noel Pagan or Noel, American freestyle musician
 * Noel Paul Stookey (b. 1937), American folk musician
 * Noel Redding (1945–2003), English guitarist and bassist
 * Noël Regney (1922–2002), French songwriter
 * Noel Rosa (1910–1937), Brazilian songwriter and musician
 * Noel Rosal (b. 1964), Filipino politician
 * Noel Stanton (1926–2009), English religious leader, founder of the Jesus Army
 * Noel Stockdale (1920–2004), English businessman
 * Noel Streatfeild (1895–1986), British author (Ballet Shoes)
 * Noel Sullivan (b. 1980), Welsh singer and actor
 * Noel Toy (1918–2003), American burlesque performer and actress
 * Noel Thatcher, British Paralympic athlete
 * Noel Walsh (1935–2020), Irish Gaelic footballer, administrator, selector, manager and member of the Defence Forces
 * Noel Whelan (b. 1974), English professional footballer
 * Noël Wells (b. 1986), American comedian and actress
 * Noel Wimalasena (1914–1994), Sri Lankan Sinhala diplomat, 1st Governor of Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka
 * María Noel (b. 1943), Uruguayan model and actress

Fictional characters

 * Noel Crane, a character from the TV series Felicity
 * Noël (comics), a character and comics series by André Franquin
 * Noel Gruber a character in the musical Ride the Cyclone
 * Noel (mermaid), in the manga and anime series Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch
 * Noel K. Ehrlichkeit, in the video game Triangle Heart
 * Noel Vermillion in the fighting game series BlazBlue
 * Noel Kreiss, in the video game Final Fantasy XIII-2
 * Noël Kannagi, in the anime Sora No Woto
 * Noël Takao, in the Super Sentai series Lupinranger VS Patranger
 * Noel Shempsky, in the television series Frasier
 * Noel Seeker, in the video game series The Legend of Heroes: Trails to Azure

In names for Santa Claus

 * Père Noël, the French equivalent to Santa Claus, literally translated "Father Christmas"
 * Papá Noel, the Spanish and Latin American equivalent
 * Pare Noel, the Catalan-speaking regions' equivalent
 * Papai Noel, the Brazilian equivalent
 * Baba Noel, the Chaldean and Arabic equivalent

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Noel (given name)


text:
Talk:Charles R. Drew

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Semi-protected edit request on 30 January 2018
2600:1700:FAE0:1E10:701F:90BC:E2CE:D054 (talk) 23:43, 30 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. —   IVORK  Discuss 00:35, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 February 2019
Heading "Blood plasma for British project" is confusing. Change "Blood plasma for British project" into "Blood for Britain project". 68.80.175.107 (talk) 01:26, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

 * ✅ – The program appears to have been called either "Blood for Britain" or "The Blood Plasma for Great Britain project". Switching to the same heading name as on Blood plasma. Thank you. – Þjarkur (talk) 19:38, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

Bloodmobiles
I think the reference to bloodmobiles is confusing. Was Dr. Drew's contribution the idea of remote collecting of blood -- apparently the first mobile blood drives were done with a truck of supplies going to a location where cots and other equipment were set up? Or, was his idea related to the refrigeration of blood and the ability to store it at the remote sites and transport it back to a central location?MikeVdP (talk) 03:25, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

Further, the term bloodmobile generally refers to a vehicle such as a modified bus on which people can donate blood in remote locations. The term blood drive would apply to the situations in which a blood bank sends staff and supplies to a location such as a school cafeteria to collect blood. The use of the term bloodmobile may have changed over time.--anyone with a reference?MikeVdP (talk) 03:29, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

manual edit request: Red Cross resignation and Stevie Wonder reference
I can't edit this because the article is semi-protected and I don't have an account (and don't want one).

While reading this article, I checked the reference (#2 as I type this) for the fact that Dr. Drew resigned from Red Cross in protest of their racist donation policy. The reference citation here (pointing to ThoughtCo) is a garbled mess, and upon searching ThoughtCo itself to correct it, I could not find any such information in any of Mary Bellis' articles there. I receommend that you replace that reference with this one, just the first one I found quickly via Google (and from what looks like a reliable source): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651504/

Dr. Drew is mentioned in Stevie Wonder's song "Black Man"; I think it's worth stating somewhere in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.215.62.245 (talk) 23:55, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

Myth concerning Drew's death
This myth is also spread by Philip Roth's "The human stain" as told by Ernestine, the sister of Coleman Silk, to Zuckerman (alter ego of the author), towards the end of the novel. 109.43.48.127 (talk) 17:42, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

Ironicity of the program
I find it ironic that Charles Drew could not participate in his program, since he was Black and they didn't accept Blacks' blood at the time. He also couldn't change the rules of his own program. HimIsMe (talk) 19:09, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles R. Drew


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Henrietta Treffz

Henrietta "Jetty" Treffz (Chalupetzky; 1 July 1818, in Alsergrund – 8 April 1878, in Hietzing) was best known as the first wife of Johann Strauss II and a well-known mezzo-soprano appearing in England in 1849 to great acclaim.

Biography
Henrietta Chalupetzky was the only child of a Viennese goldsmith, and she studied music in Vienna, adopting her mother's maiden name, Treffz, for professional purposes. Her career took her around Austria, Germany, and France, but in England, she first appeared with Johann Strauss I in concerts that brought her numerous accolades and felicitations. The Musical World, published in London on 5 May 1849, noted her talents: "mezzo-soprano voice of beautiful quality and remarkable for freshness and equality of tone throughout the register".

On 27 August 1862, Henrietta (known as Jetty) Treffz married Johann Strauss II in the Stephansdom in Vienna, a marriage that was beneficial to Strauss as her support and keen musical and business sense influenced his works and promoted them to a superior standard. His works around that time revealed his finest creative period, and she worked with him as a music-copyist, private secretary, and manager. Their marriage was not without skepticism. The Viennese populace, long swayed by Strauss' graceful waltzes, were shocked at the announcement of their marriage, as she was 44 when they married, about seven years older than Strauss. Even his brother Josef Strauss expressed his concern at the match, but he eventually accepted that she was "indispensable in the home. She writes up all accounts, copies out orchestral parts and sees to everything in the kitchen with such efficiency and kindness that is admirable" in a letter dated 2 May 1869 written to his wife Caroline. Treffz's encouragement for Strauss to apply for the coveted KK Hofballmusik-direktor post eventually bore positive results, and he was awarded the honorary position in 1863.

Last years
Jetty Treffz lived long enough to see her husband claim a small but encouraging success in the operetta business, however, on 8 April 1878, she suffered a heart attack and died, aged 59, the cause being reported as a disturbing letter from one of her illegitimate sons. She often spoke of herself as a "poor, old cripple" and of painful illnesses in the last years of her life.

She was buried in the local Hietzing cemetery, but Strauss was absent at the funeral, and all arrangements were left to his brother Eduard Strauss. Strauss remarried seven weeks later to Ernestine Dittrich on 28 May 1878.

title: Henrietta Treffz


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Short bowel syndrome

Short bowel syndrome (SBS, or simply short gut) is a rare malabsorption disorder caused by a lack of functional small intestine. The primary symptom is diarrhea, which can result in dehydration, malnutrition, and weight loss. Other symptoms may include bloating, heartburn, feeling tired, lactose intolerance, and foul-smelling stool. Complications can include anemia and kidney stones.

Most cases are due to the surgical removal of a large portion of the small intestine. This is most often required due to Crohn's disease in adults and necrotising enterocolitis in young children. Other causes include damage to the small intestine from other means and being born with an abnormally short intestine. It usually does not develop until less than 2 m of the normally 6.1 m small intestine remains.

Treatment may include a specific diet, medications, or surgery. The diet may include slightly salty and slightly sweet liquids, vitamin and mineral supplements, small frequent meals, and the avoidance of high fat food. Occasionally nutrients need to be given through an intravenous line, known as parenteral nutrition. Medications used may include antibiotics, antacids, loperamide, teduglutide, and growth hormone. Different types of surgery, including an intestinal transplant, may help some people.

Short bowel syndrome newly occurs in about three per million people each year. There are estimated to be about 15,000 people with the condition in the United States. The prevalence in the United States is approximately 30 cases per million and in Europe it is approximately 1.4 cases per million (but the rate varies widely between countries). The prevalence of short bowel syndrome has increased by more than 2 fold in the last 40 years. It is classified as a rare disease by the European Medicines Agency. Outcomes depend on the amount of bowel remaining and whether or not the small bowel remains connected with the large bowel.

Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of short bowel syndrome can include:
 * Abdominal pain
 * Diarrhea and steatorrhea (oily, bulky stool, which can be malodorous)
 * Fluid depletion
 * Weight loss and malnutrition
 * Fatigue

Persons with short bowel syndrome may have complications caused by malabsorption of vitamins and minerals, such as deficiencies in vitamins A, D, E, K, B9 (folic acid), and B12, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. These may appear as anemia, hyperkeratosis (scaling of the skin), easy bruising, muscle spasms, poor blood clotting, and bone pain.

Causes
Short bowel syndrome in adults and children is most commonly caused by surgery (intestinal resection). In those who undergo intestinal resection, approximately 15% eventually develop small bowel syndrome (75% of those due to 1 large resection and 25% due to multiple separate intestinal resections). This surgery may be done for:
 * Crohn's disease, an inflammatory disorder of the digestive tract
 * Mesenteric ischemia, embolic or thrombotic events that may occur in the arteries or veins that supply or drain the intestines respectively, leading to disruption of blood supply to the intestines and ischemia.
 * Volvulus, a twisting of the small intestine often caused by intestinal malrotation that quickly cuts off blood supply and leads to tissue death
 * Tumors of the small intestine
 * Radiation enteropathy, radiation injury to the small intestine, due to radiation therapy for cancer
 * Injury or trauma to the small intestine
 * Necrotizing enterocolitis (premature newborn)
 * Bypass surgery to treat obesity
 * Surgery to remove diseases or damaged portion of the small intestine

Some children are also born with an abnormally short small intestine, known as congenital short bowel.

Surgical complications, requiring re-surgery, are a common cause of small bowel syndrome, contributing up to 50% of cases based on some estimates. These surgical complications include internal hernias, volvuli, ischemia or profound hypotension.

Pathophysiology
The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 2.75 m to as long as 10.49 m. On average it is about 6.1 m. Due to this variation it is recommended that following surgery the amount of bowel remaining be specified rather than the amount removed.

Short bowel syndrome usually develops when there is less than 2 meters (6.6 feet) of the small intestine left to absorb sufficient nutrients.

The resection of specific areas of the small bowel can lead to distinct symptoms in short bowel syndrome. The resection of the ileum leads to a malabsorption of vitamin B12, bile acids and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Loss of the distal ileum also leads to loss of inhibitory hormones; leading to gastric hypersecretion, intestinal hypermotility (decreases in the intestinal transit time) leading to secretory diarrhea and macronutrient, micronutrient, vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Loss of the ileocecal valve leads to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth(SIBO) as bacterial flora normally found in the large intestines migrate proximally and colonize the small intestines leading to further malabsorption. SIBO leads to malabsorption as the bacteria colonizing the small intestine metabolize nutrients, directly competing with the intestinal absorption of nutrients. The bacteria colonizing the small intestines in SIBO may also cause bile acid deconjugation leading to malabsorption of lipids.

In a process called intestinal adaptation, physiological changes to the remaining portion of the small intestine occur to increase its absorptive capacity. These changes usually take place over 1-2 years. These changes include:
 * Enlargement (increased diameter) and lengthening of the villi found in the lining
 * Increase in the diameter of the small intestine
 * Slow down in peristalsis or movement of food through the small intestine (an increase in the transit time) to increase the time available for nutrient absorption

Osteoporosis is a very common comorbidity in people with short bowel syndrome who are on parenteral nutrition, with an estimated prevalence of 57-67%. The contributing factors to the osteoporosis include malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency due to malabsorption and vitamin D deficiency due to scarce sunlight exposure due to chronic disability.

Definition
Intestinal failure is decreased intestinal function such that nutrients, water, and electrolytes are not sufficiently absorbed. Short bowel syndrome is when there is less than 2 m of working bowel and is the most common cause of intestinal failure.

Treatments
Symptoms of short bowel syndrome are usually addressed with medication. These include:
 * Anti-diarrheal medicine (e.g. loperamide, codeine)
 * Vitamin, mineral supplements and L-glutamine powder mixed with water
 * H2 blocker and proton pump inhibitors to reduce stomach acid
 * Lactase supplement (to improve the bloating and diarrhea associated with lactose intolerance)

In 2004, the USFDA approved a therapy that reduces the frequency and volume of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), comprising: NutreStore (oral solution of glutamine) and Zorbtive (growth hormone, of recombinant DNA origin, for injection) together with a specialized oral diet. After 24 weeks of successful Phase III patient treatment trials, Teduglutide was shown to be relatively safe and effective with varying degrees of benefits and adverse effects per patient. Adequate safety evaluations prove to be difficult due to a limited sample size available for study, however. In 2012, an advisory panel to the USFDA voted unanimously to approve for treatment of SBS the agent teduglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-2 analog developed by NPS Pharmaceuticals, who intend to market the agent in the United States under the brandname Gattex. Teduglutide had been previously approved for use in Europe and is marketed under the brand Revestive by Nycomed.

Prophylactic surgery
The antiperistaltic transverse coloplasty, proposed as a prophylactic measure against short bowel syndrome, retains transverse colon function after extensive colectomies, promoting improved stool consistency and quality of life. This technique involves repositioning the colon to simulate its original placement, potentially averting short bowel syndrome-related complications and benefiting patient outcomes.

Therapeutic surgery
Surgical procedures to lengthen dilated bowel include the Bianchi procedure, where the bowel is cut in half and one end is sewn to the other, and a newer procedure called serial transverse enteroplasty (STEP), where the bowel is cut and stapled in a zigzag pattern. Heung Bae Kim, MD, and Tom Jaksic, MD, both of Children's Hospital Boston, devised the STEP procedure in the early 2000s. The procedure lengthens the bowel of children with SBS and may allow children to avoid the need for intestinal transplantation. As of June 2009, Kim and Jaksic have performed 18 STEP procedures. The Bianchi and STEP procedures are usually performed by pediatric surgeons at quaternary hospitals who specialize in small bowel surgery.

Prognosis
After resection; having a remnant small bowel length of less than 75 cm and a remaining large bowel length of less than 57% of the original length are both associated with subsequent dependence on parenteral nutrition. There is no cure for short bowel syndrome except transplant. In newborn infants, the 4-year survival rate on parenteral nutrition is approximately 70%. In newborn infants with less than 10% of expected intestinal length, 5 year survival is approximately 20%. Some studies suggest that much of the mortality is due to a complication of the total parenteral nutrition (TPN), especially chronic liver disease. Much hope is, as of 2006, vested in Omegaven, a type of lipid TPN feed, in which recent case reports suggest the risk of liver disease is much lower.

Although promising, small intestine transplant has a mixed success rate, with postoperative mortality rate of up to 30%. One-year and 4-year survival rate are 90% and 60%, respectively.

title: Short bowel syndrome


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User:Wolfj~enwiki

This is Steveo2 writing. Because Wolfj has been blocked, you must send all messages for him to User talk:Steveo2, and I will personally deliver the messages to him in my next study hall or something.

title: User:Wolfj~enwiki


text:
Transitional ballistics

Transitional ballistics, also known as intermediate ballistics, is the study of a projectile's behavior from the time it leaves the muzzle until the pressure behind the projectile is equalized, so it lies between internal ballistics and external ballistics.

The transitional period
Transitional ballistics is a complex field that involves a number of variables that are not fully understood; therefore, it is not an exact science. When the bullet reaches the muzzle of the barrel, the escaping gases are still, in many cases, at hundreds of atmospheres of pressure. Once the bullet exits the barrel, breaking the seal, the gases are free to move past the bullet and expand in all directions. This expansion is what gives gunfire its explosive sound (in conjunction with the sonic boom of the projectile), and is often accompanied by a bright flash as the gases combine with the oxygen in the air and finish combusting.

The propellant gases continue to exert force on the bullet and firearm for a short while after the bullet leaves the barrel. One of the essential elements of accurizing a firearm is to make sure that this force does not disrupt the bullet from its path. The worst case is a muzzle or muzzle device such as a flash-hider that is cut at a non-square angle, so that one side of the bullet leaves the barrel early; this will cause the gas to escape in an asymmetric pattern, and will push the bullet away from that side, causing shots to form a "string", where the shots cluster along a line rather than forming a normal Gaussian pattern.

Most firearms have muzzle velocities in excess of the ambient speed of sound, and even in subsonic cartridges the escaping gases will exceed the speed of sound, forming a shock wave. This wave will quickly slow as the expanding gas cools, dropping the speed of sound within the expanding gas, but at close range this shockwave can be very damaging. The muzzle blast from a high powered cartridge can literally shred soft objects in its vicinity, as careless benchrest pistol shooters occasionally find out when the muzzle slips back onto their sandbag and the muzzle blast sends sand flying.

Initial velocity calculation
During the first part of the intermediate ballistics period the real velocity of the projectile increases. It is caused by the propellant gases exiting the muzzle. For that reason the real maximum projectile velocity (Vmax) is higher than the real muzzle velocity (Vr). The external ballistics uses so-called initial velocity Vo, which is not the same as the real muzzle velocity. The initial velocity Vo is calculated via an extrapolation of the decaying part of velocity curve to the position of the muzzle (to). The difference between these two velocities is visible in the chart.

Altering transitional ballistics
In addition to the process of "crowning" a barrel to ensure a clean and accurate exit of the bullet, there are a number of devices that attempt to harness the muzzle blast for various reasons.

Suppressing the blast
Flash suppressors and sound suppressors are the most obvious devices that operate in the transitional ballistics realm. These both alter the flow of the escaping gas to reduce the effects of the muzzle blast. Flash suppressors introduce turbulence into the mixing of fuel-laden hot gases escaping from the muzzle and the surrounding oxygen-rich air, reducing combustion efficiency and thus reducing the size and brightness of the flash. Sound suppressors slow the expansion of gases, allowing it to cool and reducing the rate at which it escapes to prevent a shockwave from forming.

A recoil compensator is designed to direct the gases upwards at roughly a right angle to the bore, in essence making it a small rocket that pushes the muzzle downwards, and counters the "flip", or rise of the muzzle caused by the high bore line of most firearms. These are often found on "raceguns" used for action shooting and in heavy, rifle caliber handguns used in metallic silhouette shooting. In the former case, the compensator serves to keep the sights down on target for a quick follow-up shot, while in the latter case they keep the heavy recoil directed backwards, preventing the pistol from trying to twist out of the shooter's grip.

A muzzle brake is designed to redirect the muzzle blast backwards, and therefore counter the recoil of the bullet. Muzzle brakes tend to be found on larger firearms, such as magnum rifles and artillery. A well designed muzzle brake can significantly reduce recoil, turning a rifle that would otherwise be punishing to shoot into a far more tolerable experience. A good example may be seen on the M82 Barrett sniper rifle.

There are downsides to both recoil compensators and muzzle brakes. They direct more of the muzzle flash to the sides or back towards the shooter—this is especially true of muzzle brakes. While eye and ear protection should always be used when shooting, this is even more essential with the muzzle blast directed back towards the shooter. Brakes and compensators are often quite bulky, adding length, diameter, and mass to the muzzle end of the firearm where it will affect the firearm's handling worst. While a simple slot milled in the barrel, such as those used in Magna-Porting, will provide some benefit, efficient redirection of the gas flow requires large ports and baffles to deflect as much gas as possible. It is also highly inadvisable to fire sabot rounds like shotgun slugs or APDS rounds through a muzzle brake not designed for them.

title: Transitional ballistics


text:
Levallois-Perret

Levallois-Perret is a commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department and Île-de-France region of north-central France. It lies on the right bank of the Seine, some 6 km from the centre of Paris in the north-western suburbs of the French capital. It is the most densely populated town in Europe and, together with neighbouring Neuilly-sur-Seine, one of the most expensive suburbs of Paris.

Name
The name Levallois-Perret comes from two housing developments, Champerret (started by landowner Jean-Jacques Perret in 1822) and Village Levallois (founded by developer Nicolas-Eugène Levallois in 1845), which resulted in the incorporation of the commune.

History
On the territory of what is now Levallois-Perret, before the French Revolution, stood the village of Villiers and the hamlet of Courcelles (or La Planchette). They now give their names to two Paris Métro stations. At the time of the creation of French communes during the French Revolution, they were part of the commune of Clichy, and the commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine extended over what is now the south-western part of Levallois-Perret.

Landowner Jean-Jacques Perret initiated a number of housing developments in 1822 in the northeast of the commune of Neuilly-sur-Seine, in a place which soon came to be known as Champerret ("champ Perret": "Perret field") and would later give its name to a station on the Paris Métro. Later in 1845, Nicolas-Eugène Levallois began to develop housing on behalf of André Noël, who owned land near La Planchette (in the commune of Clichy). The land developed by Levallois soon became known as the Village Levallois.

In the 1860s, the village had grown to the point of forming a single built-up area and several requests were made to the authorities for the area to be incorporated as a commune. Eventually the requests were acceded to and on 30 June 1866 the commune of Levallois-Perret was eventually created by detaching that part of the territory of Clichy on which the Village Levallois stood and merging it with that part of Neuilly-sur-Seine occupied by Champerret.

The Eiffel company had its factory in the commune, and it was therefore in Levallois-Perret that the structures of both the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower were built.

Levallois-Perret became an important centre of the early French automotive industry with the establishment there of such companies as Clément-Bayard, Delage, and the coachbuilders Chapron and Faget & Varnet. Citroën purchased the Clément-Bayard factory and produced the famous Citroën 2CV there for nearly forty years. Levallois-Perret was also an important centre of the cosmetics industry in the early 20th century. It is also home to the large European commercial real estate company Atisreal and to the conglomerate Alstom.

The northern part of the famous Île de la Jatte, in the river Seine, is where French impressionist painters created many of their masterpieces.

Patrick Balkany had been the mayor of Levallois-Perret from 2001 until 2020. He was also mayor during the period 1983–95. The current mayor, elected in 2020, is Agnès Pottier-Dumas.

Twin towns

 * Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, Belgium
 * The Schöneberg district of Berlin, Germany

Adjoining communes
Clockwise from the north:
 * Asnières-sur-Seine
 * Clichy
 * Paris
 * Neuilly-sur-Seine
 * Courbevoie

Administration
Levallois-Perret makes up the whole of the canton of Levallois-Perret.

Economy
Alstom has its headquarters in Levallois-Perret. Speed Rabbit Pizza also has its headquarters in the commune. EVA Air has its Paris office in Levallois-Perret. According to Le Journal du Net, the debt per inhabitant of Levallois is 9,030 euros, the French record. Saft Groupe S.A., a subsidiary of Total S.A. in the battery manufacturing industry, is also based in Levallois-Perret.

Previously, Carrefour had its head office in Levallois-Perret.

Education
Public preschools and elementary schools:
 * Alfred-de-Musset
 * Anatole-France
 * Buffon
 * George-Sand
 * Jules-Ferry
 * Maurice-Ravel
 * Saint-Exupéry
 * Edith Gorce-Franklin (intercommunal school in Neuilly-sur-Seine which serves residents of Levallois in île de la Jatte, quai Charles-Pasqua, and adjacent and/or parallel streets)

Public preschools:
 * Charles-Perrault
 * Jean-Jaurès
 * Louis-Pasteur

Public elementary schools:
 * Françoise-Dolto
 * Jean-de-La-Fontaine

Private preschools and elementary schools:
 * Ecole maternelle et élémentaire Sainte-Marie-de-la-Providence
 * Ecole maternelle et élémentaire Emilie-Brandt

Junior high schools (public junior high schools are operated by the department of Hauts-de-Seine):
 * Collège Danton
 * Collège Jean-Jaurès
 * Collège Louis-Blériot
 * Collège privé Saint-Justin

Senior high schools/sixth-form colleges (public high schools/sixth-form colleges are operated by the Île-de-France region ): Lycée Montalembert is in nearby Courbevoie
 * Lycée Léonard de Vinci

Post-secondary:
 * École supérieure des techniques aéronautiques et de construction automobile (FR) are in the city.

Transport
Levallois-Perret is served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 3: Louise Michel, Anatole France, and Pont de Levallois – Bécon.

It is also served by Clichy – Levallois station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.

The municipality of Levallois-Perret operates two free bus lines circulating the town.

Sport
Levallois Sporting Club is one of the most important sports club in France with 14500 members. Among them you can find notable sportsperson like Teddy Riner, Gauthier Grumier and Gévrise Émane. During his youth Didier Drogba played for the football section, as Joakim Noah did in basketball before moving to the United States for high school and college play and eventually the NBA.

LSC continues to operate teams in a wide variety of sports, but basketball is no longer among them. In 2007, the LSC basketball section merged with Paris Basket Racing, creating Paris-Levallois Basket, which after two name changes in the last half of the 2010s is now known as Metropolitans 92.

Coat of arms
The traditional coat of arms for the municipality puts emphasis on the importance of industry in its history. The centre of the arms consists of a shield with red background; a yellow gearwheel in the bottom left and a yellow perfume diffuser in the top right represent the mechanical and perfume industries.

Three red bees, are depicted on a silver bend from the top left to bottom right of the shield, these are another symbol of work in the city, beekeeping taking place at the île de la Jatte. The coat of arms also has a wreath at the bottom around the shield and three castles topping the shield; both in yellow. VILLE DE / LEVALLOIS – PERRET, is inscribed in black letters above the coat of arms.

A cartoon-style bee is used in the modern emblem of the municipality.

Personalities

 * Clare Anderson (1909–1996), performer at the Casino de Paris, lived here
 * Richard Aurili, sculptor, lived here
 * Olivier Besancenot (1974), politician
 * Freda Betti (1924–1979), opera singer married in Levallois-Perret in 1949
 * Henri Betti (1917–2005), composer resident in Levallois-Perret when he married in 1949
 * Clotilde Courau (1969), actress
 * Jules David (1848–1923), photographer
 * Danièle Delorme (1926–2015), actress and film producer
 * Gauthier Diafutua (1985), footballer
 * Sofiane Feghouli (1989), footballer
 * René Hervil (1881–1960), actor, screenwriter and film director
 * Pascal Lamy (1947), director-general of the World Trade Organization
 * Renald Metelus, footballer
 * Louise Michel (1830–1905), French anarchist, is buried in the local cemetery
 * William Snook (1861–1916), English running champion, was living in the town in September 1895, when he was accused of theft. He was subsequently acquitted, although his English landlord was convicted
 * Louis Trousselier (1881–1939), cyclist
 * Roger Rabiniaux (1914–1986), prefect, writer and poet
 * Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923), architect; in 1866, set up his own workshops at 48 Rue Fouquet

title: Levallois-Perret


text:
Dalak

Dalak may refer to:

 * Dalak, Afghanistan, located in Bamyan
 * Dalak, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran
 * Dalak people, an ethnic group found in western Afghanistan
 * Count Dalak Kenola, a fictional character in Frank Herbert's Dune universe, father of Farad'n

title: Dalak


text: Talk:Jay Van Andel

title: Talk:Jay Van Andel


text:
Battle of Slivnitsa

The Battle of Slivnitsa (Битка при Сливница, Битка на Сливници) was a victory of the Bulgarian army over the Serbians on 17–19 November 1885 in the Serbo-Bulgarian War. It solidified the unification between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.

Background
The conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) and the Congress of Berlin 1878 left Bulgaria divided into two sections. The area north of the Balkan Mountains and Sofia became an autonomous principality. Eastern Rumelia between the Balkan and Rhodope mountains gained semi-autonomous status with an Ottoman appointed Christian governor.

The Bulgarian Assembly chose Prince Alexander Battenberg as their ruler and continued to press for the reunification of their country. Political changes in 1883 caused a cooling in relations between Bulgaria and their protector Russia, who now opposed reunification.

In September 1885 a rebellion broke out in Eastern Rumelia. Alexander was placed in a difficult position. Russian opposition if he supported the revolt, or the loss of his throne unless he retained leadership of the Bulgarian national movement. He decided to keep his throne. In response the Russians recalled all their officers which left the Bulgarian army virtually leaderless above the rank of captain.

The Bulgarian army concentrated their limited forces in Eastern Rumelia, expecting an Ottoman attack that never materialised. The actual threat came from the west in the shape of King Milan's Serbia. Bulgarian unification upset the balance of power in the Balkans and Milan demanded compensation.

The Armies
The Bulgarian field army in 1885 consisted of just under 30,000 men organised into 8 three-battalion infantry regiments (700 men each), 9 squadrons of cavalry and 12 eight-gun batteries. In addition, the first line of the Eastern Rumelia militia had been mobilised consisting of 12 infantry battalions, 2 squadrons of cavalry, and 4 guns. During the war the second ban of the Eastern Rumelia militia was mobilised (12 battalions) along with the Bulgarian second ban (8 battalions) and as many as 20 volunteer battalions, 3 Macedonian battalions, and some 6,000 Muslim volunteers. The army was short of senior officers.

Confident of an easy victory and to some extent recognising that the war was not popular in Serbia, Milan only mobilised the active (first ban) army. This gave a field army of 5 divisions consisting of 80 battalions (700 men each), 21 cavalry squadrons and 46 batteries: a total of 70,000 men and 264 guns. In fact, only 49 battalions and 23 batteries were ready for the invasion, the rest, along with elements of the second ban, only became available in the last stage of the war. A key weakness was the limited number of modern Krupp and du Bange guns.

The opening moves
Serbia declared war on 13 November 1885 and crossed the lightly defended north-western border in three columns. The main army advanced in the centre (Šumadija, Danube and Drina divisions). To the south went the Morava division and to the north the Timok division. The plan was to break through the Bulgarian defences and concentrate four divisions before Sofia.

In response Alexander had to move his army from Eastern Rumelia to Sofia by all means available including the one limited railway line. One infantry regiment marched 95 km in 32 hours. The light Bulgarian forces on the Serbian border succeeded in slowing the Serbian advance in mountainous terrain which favoured the defence. Gradually reinforcements arrived at the previously prepared defensive position at Slivnitsa, 30 km north-west of Sofia.

Slivnitsa 17/19 November 1885
Alexander arrived on the evening of the 16th to find a well prepared defensive position manned by 9 battalions, plus some 2,000 volunteers and 32 guns, commanded by Major Guchev. The position consisted of nearly 4 km of trenches and artillery redoubts either side of the main road on a ridge in front of Slivnitsa village. To the right was steep mountainous terrain whilst the left wing had the easier Visker Hills towards Breznik.

The three Serbian centre divisions also arrived on the 16th and halted to recover after the fierce Bulgarian delaying action in the Dragoman Pass. The Morava division was at Tran some distance from its objective Bresnik to the south. The northern advance was bogged down along the Danube.

The morning of the 17th came with rain and mist but not the expected Serbian attack. By 10am Alexander ordered three battalions to advance on the right. They surprised the Danube division who eventually rallied and pushed them back. The main Serbian attack began on the centre largely unsupported by artillery which had insufficient range. The weight of Bulgarian fire forced them back with some 1,200 casualties. A relief column led by Captain Benderev recaptured the heights on the right and forced the Danube division back to the road.

At daybreak on the 18th the Serbians attacked the weaker left flank of the Bulgarian line. Just in time two battalions of the Preslav Regiment arrived to shore up the position. Further attacks in the centre were repulsed with heavy Serbian casualties and Benderev captured two further positions in the mountains.

On the 19th the Serbians concentrated two divisions for an attack on the Bulgarian left near Karnul (today Delyan, Sofia Province) in an attempt to join up with the Morava division. However, three battalions of Bulgarian troops led by Captain Popov from Sofia had held the Morava division in the Visker Hills and the flanking move failed. Alexander now ordered a counterattack which pushed the Serbians back on both flanks although nightfall prevented a complete collapse.

The Bulgarians advance
Slivnitsa was the decisive battle of the war. The Serbians fought only limited rearguard actions as they retreated and by 24 November they were back in Serbia. The Timok division in the north continued the siege of Vidin until 29 November.

The main Bulgarian army crossed the border in two strong divisions (Guchev and Nikolaev) supported by flanking columns and converged on Pirot. The Serbian army dug in on the heights west of the town. On 27 November the Bulgarian army flanked the right of the Serbian position with Prince Alexander personally leading the final attack. The Serbians were defeated and fled to Niš.

On the 28th the Austrians intervened and a ceasefire was agreed. Serbian casualties totalled 6,800 compared to 2,300 Bulgarians. Serbian sources state that the casualties in this battle totalled 3,000 for the Serbs vs 2,500 for the Bulgarians, and 7,000 for the Serbs vs 5,000 for the Bulgarians in the whole war. The Treaty of Bucharest 1886 effectively confirmed the unification of Bulgaria. Unfortunately for Prince Alexander, Russia continued to oppose his reign and he was deposed by the Russophile officers in August 1886.

title: Battle of Slivnitsa


text: Category:Christian fundamentalism

title: Category:Christian fundamentalism


text:
Talk:Pineal gland

Blood Pressure
The third paragraph under "Functions" starts with, 'It also contains a substance which if injected intravenously causes fall of blood-pressure.' Is this supposed to refer to the correlation between blood pressure and Melatonin production?

The description in "Functions" is vague. Melatonin usally increases potassium channel conductance thereby slowing down the heart rate and possibly relaxing the endothelium (haven't checked this). moosattack

Fluoride
There is no reputable evidence that fluoride has any influence on humman sexual maturity. In fact, the contrary exists. So, let's just drop this line in the article until peer-reviewed data is available.

Sorry, but this is not scientific - if "the contrary exists" - well then - we look forward to the sources? where are they? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.108.129.198 (talk) 20:48, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

footnote [7] wrong?
In footnote [7], the referenced article doesn't seem to discuss "A few more developed vertebrates have lost pineal glands over the course of their evolution" like the statement states. Correction needed here I think! See, "A few more developed vertebrates have lost pineal glands over the course of their evolution.[7]".

If I am wrong or you find the correct article indicated what the statement says, I would love to hear about it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.153.146.226 (talk) 02:29, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Descartes mind/body diagram
Why is Descartes mind/body diagram on this page? He was wrong about the function of the Pineal gland, and the diagram does not depict the operation of the pineal gland like the caption says. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.84.127.250 (talk) 21:10, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The image - a famous one among neuroscientists and neuroanatomists - is displayed in the Society and culture section where the true pineal function and structure are not intended to be defined as we understand them in the 21st century - the main article sections adequately represent them. Here's a 2020 view published in Neurology. There is some historical significance to the image, showing it had the attention of people studying the brain nearly 400 years ago. Zefr (talk) 21:31, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pineal gland


text:
Africville

Africville was a small community of predominantly African Nova Scotians located in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It developed on the southern shore of Bedford Basin and existed from the early 1800s to the 1960s. From 1970 to the present, a protest has occupied space on the grounds. The government has recognized it as a commemorative site and established a museum here. The community has become an important symbol of Black Canadian identity, as an example of the "urban renewal" trend of the 1960s that razed similarly racialized neighbourhoods across Canada, and the struggle against racism.

Africville was founded by Black Nova Scotians from a variety of origins. Many of the first settlers were formerly enslaved African Americans from the Thirteen Colonies, Black Loyalists who were freed by the Crown during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812. (Black people settled in Africville along Albemarle Street, where they had a school established in 1785 that served the Black community for decades under Rev. Charles Inglis.) Other residents arrived later, in association with Black people being recruited from the American South for jobs in mining at Glace Bay.

During the 20th century, Halifax neglected the community, failing to provide basic infrastructure and services such as roads, water, and sewerage. The city continued to use the area as an industrial site, notably introducing a waste-treatment facility nearby in 1958. The residents of Africville struggled with poverty and poor health conditions as a result, and the community's buildings became badly deteriorated. During the late 1960s, the City of Halifax condemned the area, relocating its residents to newer housing in order to develop the nearby A. Murray MacKay Bridge, related highway construction, and the Port of Halifax facilities at Fairview Cove to the west. Soon after this, former residents and activists began a long protest on the site against their treatment and the condemnation.

In 1996 the site was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada as being representative of Black Canadian settlements in the province and as an enduring symbol of the need for vigilance in defence of their communities and institutions. After years of protest and investigations, in 2010 the Halifax Council ratified the Africville Apology under an arrangement with the federal government to compensate descendants and their families who had been evicted from the area. In addition, an Africville Heritage Trust was established to design a museum and build a replica of the community church.

History
Africville has been claimed as one of "the first free Black communities outside of Africa," along with other settlements in Nova Scotia.

Early settlement
First known as the Campbell Road Settlement, Africville began as a small, poor, self-sufficient rural community of about 50 people during the 19th century.

The earliest colonial settlement of Africville began with the relocation of Black Loyalists, former slaves from the Thirteen Colonies who escaped from rebel masters and were freed by the British in the course of the American Revolutionary War. The Crown transported them and other Loyalists to Nova Scotia, promising land and supplies for their service. The Crown also promised land and equal rights to refugees of the 1812 War.

In 1836, Campbell Road was constructed, creating an access route along the north side of the Halifax Peninsula. After starting with the Cornwallis Street Baptist Church in 1832, clergyman Richard Preston established the Seaview African United Baptist Church in Africville in 1849, as one of five others in Halifax: Preston (1842), Beechville (1844), Hammonds Plains (1845), and Dartmouth. Accordingly, Preston, along with Septimus Clarke, are credited as co-founders of the African United Baptist Association, a network of Black Baptist churches throughout Nova Scotia.

While the community never officially was established, the first land transaction documented on paper was dated 1848. The first two landowners in Africville were William Arnold and William Brown. In the late 1850s, the Nova Scotia Railway, later to become the Intercolonial Railway, was built from Richmond to the south, bisecting Africville with the railway's main line along the western shores of Bedford Basin.

The community became known as Africville around 1900. Many people believed the name came as result of those who lived there having come from Africa; however, this was not the case. One elderly resident of Africville has been quoted as saying "It wasn't Africville out there. None of the people came from Africa...[I]t was part of Richmond (Northern Halifax), just the part where the colour folks lived." Strangers later moved into Africville to take advantage of its unregulated status, selling illicit liquor and sex, largely to the mass of transient soldiers and sailors passing through Halifax.

A second railway line appeared in 1906 with the arrival of the Halifax and Southwestern Railway, which connected to the Intercolonial at Africville. The Intercolonial Railway, later Canadian National Railways, constructed Basin Yard west of the community, adding more tracks. Trains ran through the area constantly.

Halifax Explosion
With haphazardly positioned dwellings that ranged from small, well-maintained, and brightly painted homes to tiny ramshackle dwellings converted from sheds, the community had a peak population of 400 at the time of the Halifax Explosion in 1917. Elevated land to the south protected Africville from the direct blast of the explosion and the complete destruction that levelled the neighbouring community of Richmond. However, Africville suffered considerable damage. Four Africville residents (as well as one Mi'kmaq woman visiting from Queens County, Nova Scotia) were killed by the explosion. A doctor on a relief train arriving at Halifax noted Africville residents "as they wandered disconsolately around the ruins of their still standing little homes."

In the aftermath of the disaster, Africville received modest relief assistance from the city, but none of the reconstruction and none of the modernization invested into other parts of the city at that time. Beginning in the early 20th century around the Great War, more people had moved there, drawn by jobs in industries and related facilities developed nearby.

Economy
Economically, the first two generations were not prosperous, as labourers had limited opportunities. Many men found employment in low-paying jobs; others worked as seamen or Pullman porters, who would clean and work on train cars. This steady employment on the Pullman cars was considered prestigious at the time, as the men also got to travel and see the country. Only 35% of labourers had regular employment, and 65% of the people worked as domestic servants. Women were also hired as cooks, to clean the hospital or prison, and some elderly women were hired to clean upper-class houses.

Education
The community was neglected in terms of education. The city built the first elementary school here in 1883, at the expense of community residents. Being a poor community, none of the teachers up until 1933 had obtained formal training. Only 42 % of boys and girls received any education at all, as many families needed to have them help with paid work, or by taking care of younger siblings at home so parents could work. Out of the 140 children ever registered, 60 children reached either grade 7 or 8, and only four boys and one girl reached grade 10.

Church

To understand Africville, "you got to know about the church;" the life and heart of the town. The Seaview African United Baptist Church was established at Africville in 1849; it joined with other Black Baptist congregations to establish the African Baptist Association in 1854. The community's social life revolved around the church, which was the place of baptisms, weddings, and funerals. Other Black groups came to Africville for Sunday picnics and events. Everything was done through the church, "clubs, youth organizations, ladies' auxiliary and Bible classes."

Hockey
The Africville Seasides hockey team, of the pioneering Colored Hockey League (1894–1930), won the championship in 1901 and 1902, beating West End Rangers from Prince Edward Island to retain their title in a 3–2 single game victory in February 1902. The team was led by star goaltender William Carvery, his two brothers on the team, along with three Dixon brothers also on the squad.

Relationship with Halifax
Throughout its history, Africville was confronted with isolation. The town never received proper roads, health services, water, street lamps or electricity. Residents protested to the city and called for municipal water supply and treatment of sewage, to no avail. The lack of these services had serious adverse health effects on residents. Contamination of the wells was so frequent that residents had to boil their water before using it for drinking or cooking.

From the mid-19th century, the City of Halifax located its least desirable facilities in the Africville area, where the people had little political power and property values were low. A prison was built there in 1853, an infectious disease hospital in 1870, as well as a slaughterhouse, and a depository for fecal waste from nearby Russellville.

In 1958, the city decided to move the town garbage dump and landfill to the Africville area. While the residents knew they could not legally fight this, they illegally salvaged the dump for usable goods. They would get clothes, copper, steel, brass, tin, etc. The dump contributed to the city's classifying this area as an official slum.

Razing
Scholars have concluded that the razing of Africville was a confluence of "overt and hidden racism, the progressive impulse in favour of racial integration, and the rise of liberal-bureaucratic social reconstruction ideas."

During the 1940s and 1950s in different parts of Canada, the federal, provincial, and municipal governments were working together for urban renewal, particularly after the Allied victory in World War II: there was energy to redevelop areas classified as slums and relocate the people to new and improved housing. The intent was to redevelop some land for "higher" uses with greater economic return: business and industry. Other notable racialized neighbourhoods razed under the banner of urban renewal include The Ward in Toronto, and Rooster Town in Winnipeg.

Many years earlier, and again in 1947 after a major fire burnt several Africville houses, officials discussed redevelopment and relocation of Africville. But more concrete plans of relocation did not officially emerge until 1961. Stimulated by the "Stephenson Report" of 1957 and the establishment of Halifax's Department of Development in 1961, the city proposed relocation of these residents. In 1962, Halifax City Council adopted the relocation proposal unanimously, and the "Rose Report" (publ. 1964) was passed 37/41 in favour of relocation.

Formal relocation and demolition
The formal relocation took place mainly from 1964 to 1967. The residents and their belongings were moved by Halifax garbage trucks. This image were long remembered by the people; they took it to represent the degrading way they were treated before, during, and after the move. Many former residents believe that the city council had no plans to turn Africville into an industrial site and that racism was the basis of the community's destruction. They believe that the city wanted to remove from Halifax a concentrated group of Black people for whom they had no regard. Because of the city's continued negative response to the people of Africville, the community failed to develop, and this failure was then used as a rationale to destroy it.

There were many hardships, suspicion and jealousy that emerged, mostly due to complications of land and ownership claims. Only 14 residents held clear legal titles to their land. Those with no legal rights were given a $500 payment and promised a furniture allowance, social assistance, and public housing units. Young families believed they had enough money to begin a new life, but most of the elderly residents would not budge; they had much more of an emotional connection to their homes. They were filled with grief and felt cheated out of their property. Resistance to eviction became more difficult as residents accepted the buyouts and their homes were demolished.

The city quickly demolished each house as soon as residents moved out. Occasionally the city demolished a house whenever an opportunity presented itself—such as when a resident was in the hospital. On 20 November 1967, the church at Africville was demolished at night to avoid controversy, a year before the city officially possessed the building. There is controversy around the documentation, which shows the church was sold in 1968; the page has been edited by hand to forge the sale as a year earlier. Internal city government documents show the demolition order being sent in 1967, with a claim that the building was dangerous. At the time, it was still in use: residents remember the church being bulldozed in 1967, shortly after the last active service; another service was being planned for the end of the year. It was bulldozed with the vital records of many residents inside, such as birth, marriage, and death records, which could have established chains of custody for land claims.

The last Africville home was demolished on 2 January 1970.

Aftermath
After relocation to public housing within the city limits, the residents had new problems: cost of living went up in their new homes, more people were unemployed and without regular incomes, none of the promised employment or education programs were implemented, and the city's promises went unfulfilled. "Benefits were so modest as to be virtually irrelevant…within a year and a half this post-relocation program lay in ruins."

Family strains and debt forced many to rely on public assistance, and anxiety was high among the former residents. One of the big complaints was that "they feel no sense of ownership or pride in the sterile public housing projects."

Post-razing legacy
Part of the former territory of Africville is occupied by a highway interchange that serves the A. Murray MacKay Bridge. The port development at Fairview Cove did not extend as far east as Africville, leaving its historic waterfront intact.

In light of the controversy related to the relocation, the city of Halifax created the Seaview Memorial Park on the site in the 1980s, preserving it from development. The park was most often used as an off-leash dog park. Eddie Carvery has been living on the Africville site since 1970 in protest of the razing despite city officials seizing his trailers several times. Likewise, former Africville residents carried out periodic protests at the park throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

The Africville Genealogy Society was formed in 1983 to track former residents and their descendants. Halifax mayor Peter Kelly offered land, some money, and various other services for a replica of the Seaview African United Baptist Church. After the offer was made in 2002, the Africville Genealogy Society requested some alterations to the Halifax offer, including additional land and the possibility of building affordable housing near the site. The area that once was Africville was thereby declared a national historic site in 2002.

Africville apology
In May 2005, New Democratic Party of Nova Scotia MLA Maureen MacDonald introduced a bill in the provincial legislature called the Africville Act. The bill called for a formal apology from the Nova Scotia government, a series of public hearings on the destruction of Africville, and the establishment of a development fund to go towards historical preservation of Africville lands and social development in benefit of former residents and their descendants.

On 23 February 2010, the Halifax Council ratified a proposed Africville apology, with an arrangement with the Government of Canada to establish a $250,000 Africville Heritage Trust to design a museum and build a replica of the community church. The dedicated site was a 2.5 acre area. On 24 February 2010, Halifax Mayor Peter Kelly made the Africville Apology, apologizing for the eviction as part of a $4.5 million compensation deal. The City restored the name Africville to Seaview Park at the annual Africville Family Reunion on 29 July 2011.

Africville Museum
A building designed to mimic the Seaview African United Baptist Church, demolished in 1969, was erected in the summer of 2011 to serve as a museum and historic interpretation centre. The nearly complete church was ceremonially opened on 25 September 2011. The opening ceremonies included a gospel concert, several church services, and the release of a compilation audio album with archival recordings of songs sung in Africville.

Since then, the museum has given tours of the site, put on a number of exhibits, commissioned a play about the beginnings of Africville, and organized a number of fundraisers and petitions, including to add a transit stop at and accessibility improvements to the museum. The Africville Museum continues to have problems with area use, including local residents who continue to use Seaview Park as a dog park and vandals who are putting graffiti on signs and disrupting trust efforts to identify the sites of former houses.

A civil lawsuit has been filed seeking individual compensation for property in Africville.

Music

 * African Canadian singer/songwriter Faith Nolan released an album in 1986 titled Africville.
 * Africville Suite (1996) is an album of original music, released by Montreal-born jazz pianist Joe Sealy, that includes twelve pieces reflecting on places and activities in Africville, where Sealy's father was born. Sealy worked and lived in Halifax during the time of the destruction of the community, and began the suite in memory of his father. The album won a Juno Award in 1997.
 * Ain't No Thing Like a Chicken Wing (1997) is an album released by Canadian jazz pianist Trevor Mackenzie as a tribute to the neighbourhood where his father grew up.
 * "A Nourishment by Neglect" (2007) is a song by Newfoundland metal/hardcore band Bucket Truck accompanied by a video that details the events surrounding the destruction of the Africville community.
 * In 2007, Canadian hip-hop group Black Union released a song featuring Maestro about the historic community of Africville. The music video was recorded in Seaview Park (now Africville Park). The video has over 50,000 views on YouTube.

Film

 * Remember Africville (1991) is a documentary film, released by the National Film Board of Canada, which received the Moonsnail Award for best documentary at the Atlantic Film Festival.
 * Stolen From Africville (2008) is an independently produced documentary that follows the lives of those displaced from the Africville community over the course of a year. Written and directed by Canadian activist/performer Neil Donaldson (known as Logikal Ethix) and Sourav Deb, the film received funding from Heritage Canada in 2007.
 * Africville: Can't Stop Now (2009), produced by Marty Williams and Juanita Peters with Africville Productions, is a documentary that presents the community that has survived despite having lost its home.

Literature

 * Consecrated Ground (1998), a play by George Boyd and produced by Eastern Front Theatre, dramatized the Africville eviction. In 2000, the play was nominated for a Governor-General's award for English-Language Drama.
 * Last Days in Africville (2006, Dundurn Press), by Dorothy Perkyns, is a fictional account of life for a young Africville girl at the time of the community's destruction.
 * The story of Africville has influenced the work of George Elliott Clarke.
 * The Children of Africville (2007), a children's book by Christine Welldon, tells the story of the children who were growing up during the communities final years, before it was destroyed and the residents were relocated. On 15 June 2009, the Rev. Jesse Jackson, a noted American civil rights activist, was presented with the book at the Nova Scotia Alliance of Black School Educators. Irvine Carvery, president of the Africville Genealogy Society and chair of the Halifax Regional School Board, made the presentation.
 * The Hermit of Africville (2010, Pottersfield Press) is a biography of longtime Africville protester Eddie Carvery.
 * Big Town (2011, Nimbus Publishing/Vagrant Press), a novel by Stephens Gerard Malone, is a fictional account related to the eviction of residents and the razing of Africville.
 * Africville (2018) is a book by Shauntay Grant, for which the Africville Museum held a book launch for on September 13, 2018.
 * Africaville (2019), an adult novel by American Jeffrey Colvin, explores the lives of three generations associated with the community, frequently referring flashbacks to earlier history.

Other

 * In 1989, a historic exhibit about Africville toured across Canada. It has been developed as a permanent exhibit at Nova Scotia's Black Cultural Centre in Preston.
 * In 2012, the Africville Heritage Trust created the "Out Home: Africville" Educational Resource Kit. This kit consists of teaching resources and a variety of student activities that foster empathy, cultural understanding, and a sense of empowerment as students uncover the complexities of an important story.
 * In 2020, college student Danielle Mahon created the online project Mapping Memories of Africville. It exhibits public records and interviews from two former Africville residents, while tagging the sources to specific locations in an aerial view of Africville's former site.

Notable residents

 * Addie Aylestock – church deaconess
 * Parents of Mildred Dixon – professional dancer at the Cotton Club; Dixon was born in Boston, where her parents had moved in the early 20th century
 * Clara Carvery Adams – namesake of Duke Ellington's song "Clara," written in 1964 and rediscovered in 1999
 * Eddie Carvery
 * George Dixon (boxer)
 * Ricky Anderson
 * Edith Hester McDonald-Brown

title: Africville


text:
Abdul-Qādir Bedil

Abul-Ma'ānī Mīrzā Abdul-Qādir Bēdil (, or Bīdel, بیدل), also known as Bedil Dehlavī (بیدل دهلوی; 1642–1720), was an Indian Sufi, and considered one of the greatest Indo-Persian poets, next to Amir Khusrau, who lived most of his life during the reign of Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor. He was the foremost representative of the later phase of the "Indian style" (sabk-e hindī) of Persian poetry, and the most difficult and challenging poet of that school.

Life
Bedil was born in Azimabad (present-day Patna) in India to Mirza Abd al-Khaliq (d. 1648), a former Turkic soldier who belonged to the Barlas tribe of the Chaghatay. The descendants of the family had originally lived in the city of Bukhara in Transoxiana, before moving to India. Bedil's native language was Bengali, but he also spoke Urdu (then known as rikhta), Sanskrit and Turkic, as well as Persian and Arabic, which he learned in elementary school.

Bedil mostly wrote Ghazal and Rubayee (quatrain) in Persian, the language of the Royal Court, which he had learned during his childhood. He was the author of 16 books of poetry, which contained nearly 147,000 verses and included several masnavi in that language. He is considered one of the prominent poets of Indian School of Poetry in Persian literature, and is regraded as having his own unique style. Both Mirza Ghalib and Iqbal-i Lahori were influenced by him. His books include Tilism-i Hairat (طلسم حيرت), Tur i Ma'rifat (طور معرفت), Chahār Unsur (چهار عنصر) and Ruqa'āt (رقعات).

Possibly as a result of being brought up in such a mixed religious environment, Bedil had considerably more tolerant views than his poetic contemporaries. He preferred free thought to accepting the established beliefs of his time, siding with the common people and rejecting the clergy who he often saw as corrupt.

Bedil’s work is highly regarded in Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Bedil came back to prominence in Iran in 1980s. Literary critics Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani and Shams Langrudi were instrumental in Bedil’s re-emergence in Iran. Iran also sponsored two international conferences on Bedil.

The Indian school of Persian poetry, especially Bedil’s poetry, is criticised for its complex and implicit meanings. As a result, However, it better regarded in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan and India than in Iran. In Afghanistan, a unique school in poetry studying is dedicated to Bīdel's poetry called Bedilšināsī (Bedil studies), and those who have studied his poetry are called Bedilšinās (Bedil experts). His poetry plays a major role in Indo-Persian classical music in central Asia. Many Afghan classical musicians (e.g. Mohammad Hussain Sarahang and Nashenas) have sung Bedil’s ghazals.

Grave
His grave, called Bāġ-e Bedil (Garden of Bedil) is situated across Purana Qila, at Mathura Road next to the Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium gates and the pedestrian bridge over Mathura Road in Delhi.

Works

 * Bıdil, ‘Abd al-Qadir. Avaz-hayi Bidil: Nasri adabi (Ruq‘at - Nukat – Isharat – Chahar - ‘Unsur). Edited by Akbar Bihdarvand. Tihran: Nigah, 1386 [2007].
 * Bıdil, ‘Abd al-Qadir. Kullıyat. Lakhnahu: Naval Kishor, 1287 [1870 or 1871].
 * Bıdil, ‘Abd al-Qadir. Ghazaliyati Bidil Dihlavi. Edited by Akbar Bihdavand. Shiraz: Navid-i Shiraz, 1387 [2008 or 2009].

title: Abdul-Qādir Bedil


text:
Charles C. Stevenson

Charles Clark Stevenson (February 20, 1826 – September 21, 1890) was an American politician who was the fifth Governor of Nevada. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Biography
Stevenson was born on February 20, 1826, in Phelps, New York. His education was from the common schools of Canada and Michigan. He married Margaret M. Rogers in November 1848 and they had two sons, Edward and Lou. They were divorced in 1880 in Virginia City, Storey County, Nevada. He then married Ellen Mary Frary on June 20, 1881, in San Francisco, San Francisco County, California.

Career
In 1859 Stevenson arrived in Ophir (later Virginia City), Nevada, where he worked in mining, milling, and agriculture. He became part-owner of the Cooper and Stevenson quartz mine.

Stevenson was elected to Nevada Senate representing Storey County, serving three terms. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1872 and 1884. Elected Regent of the University of Nevada, he served in that position for 11 years from 1875 to 1887.

Stevenson was elected Governor in 1886, and served to 1890. During his tenure, programs were established which supported livestock and farming industries, the Stewart Indian School was created, and the University of Nevada was reconstructed. His brother, Edward A. Stevenson, was Governor of Idaho at the same time.

Death
Stevenson died of typhoid fever while in office on September 21, 1890, in Carson City, Nevada, at the age of 64. That made him the first Nevada Governor to die while in office. He is interred at Mountain View Cemetery.

title: Charles C. Stevenson