text:
Hong Kong Police Force

The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) is the primary law enforcement, investigative agency, and largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong.

Pursuant to the one country, two systems principle, the HKPF is officially independent of the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, which under usual circumstances may not interfere with Hong Kong’s local law enforcement matters. All HKPF officers are employed as civil servants and therefore required to pledge allegiance to the Hong Kong Basic Law.

The HKPF consists of approximately 34,000 officers, including the Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force, civil servants, and its Marine Region (3,000 officers and 143 vessels as of 2009).

History
A police force has been serving Hong Kong since shortly after the island was established as a colony in 1841. On 30 April 1841, 12 weeks after the British landed in Hong Kong, Captain Charles Elliot established a policing authority in the new colony, empowering Captain William Caine to enforce Qing law in respect of local inhabitants and "British Police Law" for "non-natives". By October 1842, an organised police force (still under the direction of Caine who was also Chief Magistrate) was routinely bringing criminals before the courts for trial. Caine's role as head of the police force ended when its first Superintendent was appointed on 22 February 1844, Captain Haly of the 41st Madras Native Infantry. The formal establishment of the force was gazetted on 1 May 1844.

During World War II, Japan occupied Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong Police Force was temporarily disbanded.

The 1950s saw the commencement of Hong Kong's 40-year rise to global prominence, during which time the Hong Kong Police tackled many issues that have challenged Hong Kong's stability. Between 1949 and 1989, Hong Kong experienced several huge waves of immigration from mainland China, most notably 1958–62. In the 1970s and 1980s, large numbers of Vietnamese boat people arrived in Hong Kong, posing challenges first for marine police, secondly for officers who manned the dozens of camps in the territory and lastly for those who had to repatriate them. The force was granted the use of the title ‘royal’ in 1969 for its handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming it the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.

In 1974, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was created to give government wide-ranging powers to investigate corruption. At the turn of the 1980s, the Hong Kong Police Force began marketing itself as "Asia's Finest".

The recruitment of Europeans to the force ceased in 1994, and in 1995 the Royal Hong Kong Police took responsibility for patrolling the boundary with China. Prior to 1995, the British Army had operated the border patrol. The force played a prominent role in the process of the handover of sovereignty in 1997 and continues to perform ceremonial flag-raising on each anniversary. With the handover of sovereignty, the police force dropped the prefix "Royal" from its name.

In the 2010s, the police force played a prominent role in relation to the 2014 Hong Kong protests and 2019–20 Hong Kong protests. Following Chris Tang's appointment as the Commissioner of Police in November 2019, the police force changed its motto from "We serve with pride and care", which had been used for more than 20 years, to "Serving Hong Kong with honour, duty and loyalty." The Economist suggested that this change would curry favour with the central government of China. In July 2022, as part of a process to remove colonial aspects from the force, foot drills changed from British style to Chinese People's Liberation Army style with a goose step. The language spoken during drills changed from English to Chinese, and junior officers stopped addressing higher-ranking officers with "Yes Sir".

Controversies
During the 1940s, the HKPF faced a number of corruption scandals involving officers. During the 1950s and 1960s, the force struggled with corruption issues relating to bribes from syndicated drugs and illegal gambling operations. Police corruption again emerged as a major concern in the early 1970s when the Commissioner ordered investigations to break the culture of corruption, causing forty-odd officers to flee Hong Kong with more than HK$80 million cash (about HK$2 million each).

More recently, the Hong Kong Police Force has faced extensive allegations of misconduct during the 2019 protests including excessive force, brutality, torture, and falsified evidence. In particular, the police were criticised for their failure to respond during the mob attack at the Yuen Long MTR station in July 2019. Several lawsuits were filed in October 2019 against the HKPF for failure to show identification during protests.

In May 2023, the HKPF recommended that schools install CCTV cameras in school classrooms to enhance security.

From 2019 to 2022, 24 to 42 police officers were arrested per year.

Organisation and structure
The Commissioner of Police serves as the commander of the HKPF and reports directly to the Secretary for Security. The HKPF is divided into six primary departments: Operations & Support, Crime & Security, Personnel & Training, Management Services, Finance, Administration & Planning, and National Security.

Special Branch
The Special Branch was established by the British Colonial Government of Hong Kong in 1934 originally as an anti-communist squad under MI5 with assistance from MI6. The branch later joined the Crime Department of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force in 1946 and focussed on preventing pro-KMT rightists and pro-CCP leftists from infiltrating the colony.

Salaries and fringe benefits
Police officers enjoy remuneration far exceeding median incomes in the Special Administrative Region (HK$18,000 per month in 2019 ), the base rate for newly recruited police constables with minimal high school education being HK$24,110 per month and that for high school matriculants being HK$42,655. In addition, all officers enjoy extensive housing benefits, free medical and dental benefits (including coverage of family members), with substantial vacation, sick and maternity leave allowances exceeding statutory minimums.

Police welfare fund
In addition, officers and their families enjoy substantial fringe benefits through the statutorily entrenched Police Welfare Fund which has current assets exceeding HK$200 million. Attracting funds in excess of HK$50 million per annum, almost entirely donations, the fund trustee, the Commissioner of Police, has unfettered freedom to choose how the funds are to be expended. The Commissioner disburses the bulk of its annual expenditure in the form of cash grants to police officers and their families.

A donation of HK$10 million by the pro-Beijing Friends of Hong Kong Association, which consists of National People’s Congress delegates and members of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference national committee, in 2019, raised concern, as did a 2017 donation of HK$15 million, that fringe benefits may be inadequate.

Addition fringe benefits
Two trust funds established by statute in 1967 augment the benefits enjoyed by members of the force. The Police Children's Education Trust and Police Education & Welfare Trust disburse funds by way of scholarships, bursaries and grants for education expenses and to assist officers with needy children or in financial difficulty. These funds were also the recipients of HK$10 million in 2017 from an undisclosed donor.

Police associations
Numerous associations of serving and retired police officers have been formed over the years. Currently, these include:
 * Superintendents' Association
 * Hong Kong Police Inspectors' Association
 * Overseas Inspectors' Association
 * Junior Police Officers' Association
 * Royal Hong Kong Police Association

The four serving officers' associations wield significant power, controlling half of the voting rights on the Police Force Council. Government consultations with Police Force staff are formally conducted through the council and the associations figure prominently at times of controversy.

Ranks and insignia
The HKPF continues to use ranks and insignia similar to those used in British police forces. Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong government. Pips were modified with the Bauhinia flower in the middle replacing the insignia from the Order of the Bath. The crest of the force was modified in 1997. The rank structure, organisation and insignia are similar to those used by the Metropolitan Police Service until the mid-1970s.
 * }

Up until 1997, uniforms and hats had distinctions according to their rank. For example, senior constable and sergeant ranks are plastic ranks on the sleeve of the uniform. Special Duties Unit, Marine Police, and the Counter-terrorism Response Unit have their ranks at the back of the helmet or vest. Inspector to senior superintendent ranks have an insignia on the collar of the uniform. Chief Inspectors have a wide black stripe fitted on their police hats. Superintendents also have a small white stripe fitted on the police hat. Senior Superintendents and Chief Superintendents have a wide white stripe on their hats, Assistant and Senior Assistant Commissioners have 1 row of silver oak leaves on the edge of their hats while Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner has 2 rows of silver oak leaves, a slide with a silver vertical line on the collar of the uniform, a black baton, and a red whistle or a black and white whistle on the front right pocket.

Current uniform
The current Hong Kong Police uniform was implemented in 2005. Most front-line officers wear a light blue shirt and dark blue cargo trousers, while senior officers wear a white shirt.

A long-sleeved shirt is worn with a black necktie, while a short-sleeved shirt can be worn with an open collar in warm weather. A waist-length dark blue windbreaker can also be worn over the shirt in cooler temperatures.

Male officers typically wear a black peaked cap while female officers wear a black bowler hat with a red stripe. Dark-blue baseball caps may also be worn. Specialized unites wear either dark blue baseball caps or navy blue berets.

HKPF officers do not wear a badge, but instead carry a warrant card for identification. The uniform also does not include shoulder patches. Instead, a silver HKPF emblem is displayed on the headgear. The only patch on the uniform reads “Police” in English and Chinese, and is sewn above the left breast pocket of the shirt. Navy blue epaulettes worn on all uniform shirts and jackets show the officer's rank insignia (if any) and unique identification number.

Equipment
Beat officers wear a utility belt which holds a sidearm (Smith & Wesson Model 10 .38 revolver) in a holster, extra ammunition (including speed-loaders), handcuffs, a telescoping baton, a can of pepper spray, and a Motorola radio with a connected remote speaker microphone attached to the shoulder. Officers are occasionally equipped with a body-mounted camera, and electric Tasers are currently being considered. Bullet resistant vests are not regularly worn.

Criminal Investigations detectives and specialized units are equipped with a wide variety of gear suited for their missions, including less lethal weapons and a range of firearms from European and American manufacturers, such as Smith & Wesson, Glock, Heckler & Koch, Remington, and SIG Sauer.

In 2020, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, placed restrictions on the sale of police and military equipment to Hong Kong following the passing of the National Security Law. As a consequence, the HKPF — who are seeking to replace its decades-old Model 10 revolvers and MP5 sub-machine guns — are searching for suppliers elsewhere. In testing of MP5 replacements, the HKPF has expressed disappointment with the reliability of firearms from China and the ergonomics of those from Russia. In July 2024, its reported that the HKPF has adopted the Chinese made CF98A (which itself is an derivative of the QSZ-92 used by the PLA and MPS) semi-automatic pistols to replace their aging S&W M10HB revolvers. While the Criminal Intelligence Bureau has also adopted an compact variant called the CS/LS5 to replace their SIG Sauer P250DCC pistols as the latter are no longer in production and with no spare parts to source due to arms embargo imposed by the US and European countries.

Other uniforms
Traffic Branch Motorcyclists: A heavy, bright, yellow and blue reflective jacket is worn. In warmer weather, a lightweight yellow reflective vest is an alternative. Black knee-high leather riding boots are also worn with navy blue riding trousers, along with protective gear such as gloves and a white helmet. A blue baseball-style cap is worn when not riding.

Rural Patrol Unit: Cargo shirt and trousers in olive green are worn with either a dark blue baseball-style cap or a navy blue beret. Cargo shirt and trousers in Disruptive Pattern Camouflage is also sometimes worn.

Other specialized units: In some specialized units, a cargo shirt is worn in either olive green, dark blue, or disruptive pattern camouflage (depending on the unit), along with matching cargo trousers, and a navy blue beret or a dark blue baseball-style cap.

Ceremonial uniform
Ceremonial uniforms include either a white (similar to No.3 Warm weather ceremonial uniform) or navy blue tunic (similar to the old winter uniform). Sword design was based on 1897 pattern British Army infantry officer's sword and used for formal occasions such as parade out or Legal Opening Day. They are fitted with a black whistle on the front right pocket and insignia on the collar for commissioned officers. A Sam Browne belt is also worn.

Retired uniforms
The previous uniforms were reminiscent of the British colonial era, and were replaced with what were intended to be more modern, international, and cosmopolitan uniforms in 2005.

Retired summer uniform: A short-sleeved olive green tunic-style tropical field shirt, and olive green trousers worn with a black Sam Browne belt with shoulder strap. Female officers wore a short-sleeved beige shirt with a knee-length skirt until the mid-1990s when they were given the same uniform as male officers (without the shoulder strap). Bermuda shorts were worn by male officers instead of trousers from the early 20th century until the 1970s.

Retired winter uniform: A cornflower blue (or white, for commissioned officers) shirt with a blue and red striped necktie, worn under a heavy navy blue tunic coat and a Sam Browne Belt with shoulder strap, and navy blue trousers. The tunic may be removed and shirt sleeves folded up to the elbows when working indoors or in warmer weather.

Retired headgear: Pith helmets, turbans and conical hats were worn (depending on the ethnicity of the officer) in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Berets, peaked caps and bowler hats (for female officers) were introduced in the early to mid-20th century. Baseball-style caps for some specialized units were also introduced in the early 21st century.

Until 1998, all officers wore a black whistle lanyard over the left shoulder running under the epaulet with the double cord attached to a whistle tucked in to the left breast tunic pocket. Officers who had received a Commissioner of Police Commendation or HE Governor's Commendation were issued a plaited black, yellow and red lanyard for CP's Commendation, or red for Governor's.

Vehicles

Most police vehicles in Hong Kong are white, with a blue and red 3M retroreflective stripe around on the sides of the vehicle with wording "警 POLICE 察" in white, the only exception being the armoured personnel carriers specially designed for the Police Tactical Unit, which are wholly dark blue and with wording "警 POLICE 察" on a light blue background in white on the sides of the vehicle. Most police vehicles in Hong Kong are equipped with both red and blue emergency vehicle lighting. The vehicles which are assigned to airport duties have additional yellow emergency vehicle lighting and yellow rooftops required for all airport vehicles. All police vehicles are government property and so bear license plates starting with "AM".

Since 2008, the Hong Kong Police Force have brought in the use of Battenburg markings for new police vehicles of the Traffic Branch for better visibility on the roads. In addition, these new vehicles show the Force crest on the front part of the vehicle, which the Force has not used in the design of new vehicles for the last two decades.

The Hong Kong Police Force has ordered 10 new electric scooters for their officers to help reduce pollution in central Hong Kong. Emergency Unit, Police Tactical Unit, and Traffic Police have identification markings on the back of the car. For example, PTUD 1/3 means PTU D Team 1st Team 3rd car; EUKW 23 means Emergency Unit, Kowloon West region, 23rd car; and TKW 2 means Traffic unit, Kowloon West region, second car. Until 2007, EU, PTU, and TP vehicles had identification markings in a slightly different format. For example, “1/3 PTUD”, “23 EUKW”, and “2 TKW”.

In popular culture
The Hong Kong Police Force and its previous incarnation have been the subject of many films and television shows, including the locally produced Police Story film series, The Criminal Investigator, Infernal Affairs film series, Cold War, and OCTB. English language films featuring the HKPF include Rush Hour and Skyscraper.

The Hong Kong Police Force and Special Duties Unit have also appeared in popular video game series such as Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege and Sleeping Dogs.

Notable personnel

 * William Caine, first Head of Police
 * Nick Cheung, actor and director
 * Peter Godber Chief Superintendent serving as Deputy District Commander of Kowloon who was embroiled in a bribery scandal in 1973 and absconded
 * Eddie Hui, last Commissioner of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force and first Commissioner of the Hong Kong Police Force
 * Li Kwan-ha, first ethnic Chinese Commissioner of the Hong Kong Police Force
 * Stephen Lo Wai-chung, Commissioner of the Hong Kong Police Force from 2015 to 2019
 * Lui Lok, notorious corrupt police officer
 * Joe Ma Tak-chung, actor
 * Rupert Dover, English-born officer
 * David John Jordan, English-born officer
 * Tsui Po-ko, murderer and bank robber
 * Lord Sharpe, British politician

title: Hong Kong Police Force


text:
Simcha Bunim Alter

Simcha Bunim Alter (שמחה בונים אלתר; April 6, 1898 – July 7, 1992), also known as the Lev Simcha (לב שמחה), after the works he authored, was the sixth Rebbe of the Hasidic dynasty of Ger, a position he held from 1977 until his death.

In 1980, he instituted Yerushalmi Yomi, the daily learning of a page of the Jerusalem Talmud, similar to the renowned Daf Yomi for the Babylonian Talmud.

He died on July 7, 1992 (7th of Tammuz 5752), and was interred in the cave of the Gerrer Rebbes in the Mount of Olives cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Simcha Bunim Alter


text:
User talk:Trieu

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! SWAdair | Talk 09:45, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Namespace
Hello. You have been creating an encyclopedia article with your name, stating that you intend to place your opened projects there. Your user page is where you can place information about yourself and projects your'e working on, but the article space is for articles. If you would like to create a subpage of your userspace, all you have to do is add a slash and the subpage name. For instance, User_talk:Trieu/Projects. Thank you. SWAdair | Talk 09:45, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

English language
Hi, Trieu. Your English is excellent, but sometimes we all need a little help. Deb 17:26, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Dual Space
Hi Lethe, my name is Trieu. I had made some minor changes at Dual space. I added a small example and exchange locations between "covariance" and "contravariance". Am I correct? Could you please help me to modify them if my previous modification is wrong.

Thanks. Trieu

 * I see that you switched the words covariant and contravariant. Here is what I can say about this: physicists doing relativity call things that transform like coordinates contravariant vectors, and things that transform like derivatives with respect to coordinates covariant vectors.  This is confusing, because things that transorm like coordinates are components of sections of the tangent bundle (and so might be called covariant), while things which transform like derivatives are components of sections of the dual of the tangent bundle, the cotangent bundle (and so might be called contravariant).  Some authors respond to this unfortunate situation by switching the usage of the words, while others agree to stop using the words altogether in the context of tangent and cotangent vectors. -Lethe | Talk 21:55, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Trieu


text:
User talk:Milesli

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Air Conditioned
is there an easy research to show that the one was first as constructed, at the time, but the other beat it into service ? Dave Rave (talk) 08:29, 8 October 2017 (UTC)

 * The best available source is an article on The Argus (Melbourne), 3 November 1937 (http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11120743), which said "The new luxury train, "Spirit of Progress," which has almost been completed at the Newport workshops, will soon have its first run from Melbourne to Albury." In other words, by the time the Silver City Comet was in service, the Spirit of Progress was still under construction. Milesli (talk) 12:32, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

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Talk:Variable speed of light

Einstein's view
Now that the Einstein digital papers are online, it's possible to search various papers to determine Einstein's opinion about the speed of light. For example you can find this where in the second paragraph Einstein says this:

"Second, this consequence shows that the law of the constancy of the speed of light no longer holds, according to the general theory of relativity, in spaces that have gravitational fields".

That wasn't written in 1911. It was written in 1920. I'm afraid it's a popscience myth, or a rewriting of history, to claim that Einstein abandoned the variable speed of light in 1911. You can find other examples yourself. Note that in some of the translations you see the word "velocity" instead of "speed". Some will tell you that this is the vector quantity velocity. It isn't, it's the common usage, as per high-velocity bullet. Have a read of this Baez article written by Don Koks for another example. See the general relativity section. JohnDuffield (talk) 19:14, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

- All you need to do is look at the math in Einstein’s book "The Meaning of Relativity" 5th edition from 1953. A calculation of alpha (α) follows equation 107 and makes an unambiguous use of variable scalar light velocity (L) both as the argument of a partial differential function (proving a variable) and as the denominator in a fraction (proving not a vector) both in the same integrated quantity. Division by a vector is not defined, so there is no other way to interpret the velocity of light in this usage except as a variable scalar speed.

(1/L)(∂L/∂x1)dx3

In other calculations Einstein explained that he used velocity as a vector when it was measured as components of a coordinate system.

Peter Bergmann did not agree with Einstein, but left the dispute out of his earlier book "Introduction to the Theory of Relativity" 1942 to get Einstein’s endorsement. After Einstein died Bergmann wrote a new book "The Riddle of Gravitation" 1968 claiming that vector light velocity could change direction but not speed. This has become a prevailing opinion in science, but not in agreement with Einstein’s unambiguous math.

Max Born agreed with Einstein and very clearly stated both speed and direction of light change in a gravity field. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity 1923 in English, 1920 in German. Dover editions 1965 page 357. Astrojed (talk) 01:43, 24 June 2015 (UTC)

I added references to 6 books that show Max Born and Richard Tolman agreed with Einstein while Peter Bergmann did not. The Bergmann view has prevailed in much of educationAstrojed (talk) 06:46, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Style corrections were made in response to a request. Astrojed (talk) 06:59, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Conflation of unrelated concepts
This article is aware in some places, and unaware at others, that "VSL" groups a number of completely unrelated proposal. This is of course a result of content-creep over time. Atm, I can see at least three unrelated topics here:
 * "Einstein and Dicke" ideas of frequency/wavelength dependency of c: all criticism related to "but c is dimensionful" is off topic to this, because it is about an upper limit on the ratio of c of light of two different frequencies. If c were frequency-dependent, the SI definition would become meaningless unless a specific frequency was specified.
 * massive photons: this is not a proposal that c as a fundamental parameter in relativity etc. is variable, but that actual light travels at variable speeds slightly below c. Again, this would be about the ratio of the speed of a given photon to c
 * cosmological things: Here I am not sure whether "VSL" is just a convenient way of phrasing this for the purposes of cosmologists who are perfectly aware that their "variable c" is equivalent to a variation of alpha and/or G. The problem is apparently that the editors responsible for this section were themselves not sure/aware of this.

tl;dr / bottom line: it is useful to point out the "dimensionful" problem to the reader of the article, but it is beside the point to portray this as a "criticism" because it simply doesn't apply to any actual proposals discussed in the article. It also isn't possible to present any one "criticism of the VSL concept" because there isn't any single "VSL concept". --dab (𒁳) 13:58, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you for response. I believe you are correct about there being a number of different opinions about VSL, some of which I added to the page.
 * Tolman used an integrated equation largely in agreement with Einstein's differential. Born went further while agreeing with Einstein about the affect of gravity. The Born view if accurate may assist in eventual travel between stars with local light speed faster than standard c of flat space, while the other representations do not.
 * Influence of Peter Bergmann is very great in education, and well documented to be in disagreement with Einstein, Born, and Tolman.
 * Please notice there is a well documented disagreement as shown in the six book references, old books by famous writers.
 * On the page I feel the major disagreement should be documented as I have done for the most famous original writers. I find many college graduates quoting the Bergmann view, and verry few quoting Einstein, Born, and Tolman.
 * As always you are welcome to edit what I wrote.
 * Thank you again for reply. Astrojed (talk) 21:20, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Sign error in Dicke's refraction formula?
If c_0 is the speed of light absent of gravity, should not c --- the speed of light in presence of gravity --- be smaller? The formula then should rather have a minus sign as in 1-2GM/rc^2, converging nicely to 0 as r approaches the Schwarzschild radius r_s=2GM/c^2 from above? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.92.251.76 (talk) 08:20, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * In Alexander Unzicker and Jan Preuss, "A Machian Version of Einstein's Variable Speed of Light Theory", the same formula is given as c_0/c whereas this page gives it as c/c_0. I believe the former is correct as the speed of light is deemed to be lower in the vicinity of mass.TonyP (talk) 14:43, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Einstein referenced it first in his notes from 1907 as the "spatial variability of c" when referencing the effects of mass on the speed of light, but he was also equally referencing variability over time. Dicke was expanding that idea to cosmological Redshift; I think c_0/c would imply exclusivity of mass in affect toward c. I'm not sure, though. -- Sleyece (talk) 01:23, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Einstein's VSL - re:Unzicker's Real Physics video
As discussed in this YouTube video, it seems that mentions into Einstein's exploration of VSL have been unjustifiably removed. While I disagree with some of the language in the video, I think he demonstrated well that Einstein's VSL definitely belongs in this article. //Yuval Talya; My contributions; Let's talk// 10:50, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Cranks are gonna crank. The article contains a perfectly cogent discussion of the speed of light in general relativity; the removed sections were entirely synthesis from primary sources.  Such a discussion (of early 20th century views on the speed of light) should instead be sourced to published literature on the history of science.  If Unzicker wants to write such an article and get it through peer review at a real journal, more power to him; ranting youtube videos are not a substitute. JBL (talk) 19:17, 26 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Everything removed from this article (repeatedly, and by multiple editors) was about something else, shoved in here in order to make borderline fringe ideas look more respectable. XOR'easter (talk) 17:48, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * @XOR'easter except of course, the references that were removed were to primary sources. The article should be renamed to Dicke's variable speed of light theory if the actual basis and history of the concept is being deliberately excluded. 2.31.141.178 (talk) 11:10, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The removed references were about ordinary general relativity, while the article is about alternatives to general relativity. And not just Dicke's proposed alternative, but a whole host of them (none of which have gained significant traction). There is a very clear dividing line. XOR'easter (talk) 16:08, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @XOR'easter nowhere does this article state that it is an alternative to general relativity, nor is it mentioned or linked in the article on Alternatives General relativity. perhaps you could rectify that. As a summary of variable speed of light theories, omitting Einstein's papers, and articles that discuss this, appears to be a deliberate act of reinforcing the idea that this was a misguided flight of fancy primarily instigated by Dicke.
 * I'll leave you to ponder why this is more about orthodoxy and suppression of information than scientific thought. 2.31.141.178 (talk) 09:04, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * nowhere does this article state that it is an alternative to general relativity How about the second sentence of the article? Also, the article does not omit a discussion of general relativity -- it's in the section called "Background".  What it omits is the prior questionable synthesis of primary sources. JBL (talk) 18:06, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Variable speed of light


text:
Parvīz

Parvēz, Pērvaz, Parviz or Parvīs (— in Nastaliq, meaning "fortunate, victorious";  Parvēz, also ʾplwyc Abarvēz/Aparvēz), is a Persian male given name, mostly popular in Iran, Central Asia, South Asia and among Azeris. It is also a common surname.

Note: Parvēz, Parvez, Parvīz, Parwez, Parwiz, Pervaiz, Pervaz, Pervez, Perviz, Parvase, or Purvez are usually the same name but with different spellings. Furthermore, pronunciation between these different spellings are generally extremely similar or identical. All of these are ultimately derived from the Middle Persian name Peroz, of which there are many variations, such as Piruz, Phiroze, Feroze, etc.

Given name
Notable people who have this given name include:
 * Parviz (Khosrow II), the twenty-second Sassanid King of Persia also known as Khosrow Parviz or Khosrow "The Victorious One" or "The Undefeatable" (reigning from 590 to 628 CE).
 * Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi, the former Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force
 * Parvez Butt (born 1942), Pakistani nuclear engineer and former chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 2001–2006 (PAEC)
 * Parvez Hossain Emon, Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Parvez Imroz, human rights lawyer and a civil rights activist in Srinagar, the capital of Jammu and Kashmir
 * Parvis Emad, Iranian-American philosopher
 * Parvez Qadir, British actor
 * Parvez Sharma, Indian film director
 * Parviz Abnar, sound recordist
 * Parviz Fannizadeh, Iranian actor
 * Parviz Ghelichkhani, footballer
 * Parviz Mazloumi, football manager
 * Parviz Meshkatian, Iranian Musician
 * Parviz Moin, physicist
 * Parviz Natel-Khanlari, professor
 * Pierre Omidyar (born Parviz Omidyar), entrepreneur and founder of eBay
 * Parviz Parastui, Iranian actor
 * Parviz Sayyad, Iranian actor
 * Parviz Sobirov, Tajikistani jodoka
 * Parviz Tanavoli, Iranian contemporary artist and sculptor
 * Pervez Hoodbhoy, Pakistani professor of nuclear physics
 * Pervez Kambaksh, journalist
 * Pervez Jamil Mir, Pakistani TV anchorperson
 * Pervez Musharraf, (1943-2023) former President of Pakistan and Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army
 * Pervez Khattak, former Defence Minister of Pakistan and Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
 * Pervez Sajjad, former Pakistani cricketer
 * Pervez Taufiq, songwriter and lead singer for band Living Syndication
 * Parvez Haris, Bangladeshi scientist
 * Parvez Hossain Emon, Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Parvej Musaraf, Indian-Bengali cricketer
 * Parvez Diniar, Indian basketballer
 * Haji Parvej Ahmad, Indian politician
 * Parvez Aziz, Indian-Bengali cricketer
 * Parvez Sultan, Indian-Bengali cricketer
 * Parvez Ahmed, Indian-Bengali cricketer

Middle name

 * Arman Parvez Murad, Bangladeshi television and film actor
 * Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, previous Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army
 * Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, former candidate for Prime Minister of Pakistan and former Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan
 * Imran Pervez Awan, Pakistani born American cricketer
 * Mustafa Anwar Parvez Babu, Bangladeshi football coach
 * Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
 * Raja Nadir Pervez Khan, Pakistani politician
 * Shahid Parvez Khan, Sitar player of Hindustani Classical Music
 * Muhammad Parviz Mirza, second son of Mughal emperor Jahangir
 * Muhammad Parvez Gangua, Bangladeshi film actor
 * Zahid Parvez Chowdhury, Bangladeshi footballer

Surname

 * Ahmed Pervez, Pakistani modernist painter
 * Alex Parvis, English guitarist of Area 11
 * Ansar Pervaiz, Pakistani nuclear scientist, current chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
 * Anwar Pervez, British businessman
 * Aqsa Parvez (1991–2007), victim of an alleged honour killing in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
 * Arshad Pervez, Pakistani cricketer
 * Fariha Pervez, Pakistani musician
 * Ghulam Ahmed Pervez, Islamic scholar
 * Imran Parvez (born 1977), Bangladeshi cricketer
 * Masud Parvez (Sohel Rana), Bangladeshi film actor, director and producer
 * Masum Parvez (Rubel Rana), Bangladeshi film actor, director and producer
 * Murad Parvez (born 1972), Bangladeshi film and television director
 * Saleem Pervez, Pakistani cricketer
 * Tariq Pervez, Pakistani policeman, director-general of Pakistan's Federal Investigation Agency
 * Yunus Parvez (1931–2007), Bollywood character actor
 * Zeeshan Parwez, Pakistani musician

title: Parvīz


text: Category:Islam by country

title: Category:Islam by country


text:
Miu Sakamoto

Miu Sakamoto (坂本 美雨) is a Japanese pop singer. She is the daughter of musicians Ryuichi Sakamoto and Akiko Yano.

Biography
Sakamoto was born to musician parents, Ryuichi Sakamoto and Akiko Yano, in 1980. She grew up listening to Yellow Magic Orchestra and Kraftwerk. She has three half-siblings, her brother Fuuta, along with an older sister and a younger brother from her father's previous marriages. Her grandfather Kazuki Sakamoto is an editor. In 1990, when Sakamoto was 9 years old, her family immigrated to New York, United States, where she lived until she graduated from high school. Because of her time in the US, she is bilingual in Japanese and English. Her name, "Miu", comes from the English word "mutant", given to her by her father.

Her first boyfriend was David Sylvian, who was the vocalist of the band Japan and a friend of her parents.

While Sakamoto currently lives in Tokyo, she frequently travels back and forth between Japan and New York City, to visit her mother in Manhattan.

Sakamoto provided a cover of "Miu" for the January 29, 2020 Buck-Tick tribute album Parade III ~Respective Tracks of Buck-Tick~

Albums

 * DAWN PINK (September 29, 1999)
 * Harmonious (May 24, 2006)
 * Oboro no Kanata, Akari no Kehai (December 12, 2007) – (Produced by SUGIZO)
 * Zoy (November 5, 2008)
 * PHANTOM Girl (May 19, 2010) (Produced by The Shanghai Restoration Project)
 * HATSUKOI (May 18, 2011) (SRP)
 * I'm yours! (August 8, 2012) (SRP)
 * Waving Flags (March 5, 2014)
 * Sing with me II (with Cantus) (December 7, 2016)

Mini-Albums

 * aquascape (November 26, 1998)
 * sorato (Masakatsu Takagi x Sakamoto Miu) (October 10, 2007)
 * iTunes Live from Tokyo (January 23, 2008)
 * Sing with me (with Cantus) (June 22, 2016)

Compilations

 * miusic ~The best of 1997–2012~ (June 26, 2013)

Live albums

 * LIVE Waving Flags (March 18, 2015)

Singles

 * "Poppoya" (May 26, 1999) – composed and arranged by Ryuichi Sakamoto, with lyrics by Tamio Okuda
 * "in aquascape" (September 8, 1999) – written by Miu Sakamoto, composed and arranged by Ryuichi Sakamoto
 * "I'll believe the look in your eyes" (February 9, 2000) – written by Miu Sakamoto, composed by Yuka Kawamura, and arranged by Ryuichi Sakamoto
 * "beautiful" (July 26, 2000) – written by Miu Sakamoto, composed and arranged by Yuka Honda
 * "Blank" (April 11, 2001) – written by Miu Sakamoto, composed and arranged by Toru Okada
 * "15fun" (May 23, 2001) – written by Miu Sakamoto, composed and arranged by Noriyuki Makihara
 * "Kaze Hikaru" (October 24, 2001) – written by Miu Sakamoto, composed and arranged by Kenji Kawai
 * "sleep away" (April 24, 2002) – written by Miu Sakamoto, composed and arranged by SUGIZO
 * "Kumanbachi ga tonde kita" (November 20, 2002) – written by Shigesato Itoi and composed by Akiko Yano
 * "The NeverEnding Story" (November 16, 2005) – composed by Giorgio Moroder, with lyrics by Keith Forsey

Digital Singles

 * [2005.09.12] Never Ending Story (CM Version)
 * [2010.04.14] Phantom Girl's First Love
 * [2010.05.19] Phantom Girl's First Love -Classical Remix-
 * [2010.11.24] Hajimari Hajimari (はじまりはじまり; Beginning Beginning)
 * [2011.05.18] Precious
 * [2012.07.04] Anata to Watashi no Aida ni Aru Mono Subete Ai to Yobu (あなたと私の間にあるもの全て愛と呼ぶ)
 * [2012.09.12] I'm yours (Taan Newjam Remix)

Participation in Vocaloid
Miu Sakamoto is the voice provider for Yamaha's Vocaloid Mew. Mew was a starter Vocaloid released alongside the Vocaloid 3 software, with VY1V3.

Mew's first single, "Line", debuted in The Vocaloid, an album produced by Yamaha.

title: Miu Sakamoto


text:
User:Rose~enwiki

Hey Rose ;) Fi

title: User:Rose~enwiki


text:
Talk:Body dysmorphic disorder

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 January 2021 and 25 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Csanherz. Peer reviewers: Jaylaa20, Pgunter99, Bedrum00, Eternalruler, Lridley097, Chalktalk1, Will590.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:12, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2019 and 6 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Vsol98. Peer reviewers: Emilygdeng, Dnbell, Deja93.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:02, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Would it be of interest to add a link to Koro somewhere?
Just a quick description of Koro from its Wiki: Koro is a culture-bound syndrome delusional disorder in which an individual has an overpowering belief that their sex organs are retracting and will disappear, despite the lack of any true longstanding changes to the genitals.[1][2] Koro is also known as shrinking penis, and it is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Maybe it would be informative from the point of view of highlighting cultural manifestations of BOD or in the related articles section? WikiLearnedMeGood (Talk) 18:02, 27 February 2021 (UTC)

Please edit "Grants suck" from the opening of BDD definition
On Wikipedia's page for Body Dysmorphic Disorder - the article begins with two words : Grants suck. I have tried to edit this out but cannot seem to. 173.9.90.81 (talk) 18:42, 18 September 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ (not by me though)  Lova Falk     talk   14:55, 3 October 2013 (UTC)

Multiple issues
Please review Wikipedia's medical sourcing guidelines for the types of sources that should be used here. Wikipedia Signpost/2008-06-30/Dispatches gives more information about the application of MEDRS, and the recommended sections are listed at WP:MEDMOS. Please update for DSM5 and replace the text cited to primary sources with secondary reviews. There is (was) an overreliance on one book. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 21:12, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

Broadness of definition
Can someone tell me how not every single teenage girl has body dysmorphic disorder, when defined in this manner? i.e. excessive concern about perceived defects. I really think everybody concerns more about their physical appearance, than others even care to notice. 129.180.136.193 (talk) 12:07, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

"while one's thoughts about it are pervasive and intrusive (at least one hour per day), although the perceived flaw might be nonexistent" Many girls are actually well adjusted. I don't think further explanation is necessary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.184.149.46 (talk) 22:48, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Merge discussion
Propose that Muscle dysmorphia be merged into this article. Lightbreather (talk) 17:08, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Why? It's a full article in its own right and there is plenty of additional research out there that could be added to lengthen that article. --EncycloPetey (talk) 01:49, 19 February 2015 (UTC)
 * As I find the "Muscle dysmorphia" article today, it is mostly meandering bloat and could be reduced to two brief paragraphs. Nor is the task of an encyclopedia to compile research in order to lengthen an article. Occurring (talk) 20:41, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Psychiatric literature expressly categorizes muscle dysmorphia as a variant of body dysmorphic disorder, a categorization so standard that I think it useless to even cite it here. Although muscle dysmorphia could warrant its own article if the topic calls for lengthy examination unto itself, there is no particular reason that it requires its own article a priori.  I myself believe that muscle dysmorphia, which is all but exclusive to males and is sometimes called "bigorexia", is better understood as merely related to body dysmorphic disorder, which is about equally common among males and females.  Yet I also think that muscle dysmorphia ought to be termed miniaturizing dysmorhpia, perhaps, since it often less invokes muscle size than perception of the whole body or a part of it as too small, a concern often via bone size or bodily proportions, not the obsessive quest via disordered eating and exercise for bigger and bigger muscles as typifies "bigorexia".  But so far, although the literature on muscle dysmorphia, so called, crudely stereotypes it as "bigorexia", it is defined—more accurately than that stereotype—in the DSM as a variant of body dysmorphic disorder. Occurring (talk) 17:51, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree that these two articles should be merged into one. Presently, muscle dysmorphia certainly doesn't constitute an article in it's own right; especially considering the largest section of the article is mostly uncited. As I'm quite new to Wikipedia, could someone explain to me how these merge decisions are made and what approach is taken to merge/unmerge articles? Autumnstorm19 (talk) 07:20, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

Completley different problems it would be ignorant to merge these. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.81.235.65 (talk) 19:15, 15 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Muscle dysmorphia is clearly a type of body dysmorphia, in the same way that salmon is a type of fish. It is not because one is a type of the other that there should only be one article. Here we have two articles that need work but are substantially different and long enough in their own rights. They should be cross-linked, as indeed they already are. FunkyCanute (talk) 15:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I, for one, certainly did not argue for merger merely since one is a subtype of the other. I declared that in order to declare that two, separate articles not needed a priori.  That is, only specific considerations, such as an extensive scope of the subtype, warrant an article unto itself for the subtype.  But I said that the article on the subtype muscle dysmorphia is "mostly meandering bloat and could be reduced to two brief paragraphs".  Do you think that that is false?  As it happens, the expert literature on muscle dysmorphia is rather scant.  I now plan to trim the redundant bloat from the article on muscle dysmorphia.  That way, we can see whether it still merits a whole article unto itself. — Occurring (talk) 23:26, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose. It's been nearly a year, and I've yet to hear a reason in favor of merging that makes sense to me. The BDD article itself says "BDD is compulsion to merely normalize the appearance," and "Attempts at self-treatment can paradoxically create lesions where none previously existed," both of which are statements that make little sense when discussing muscle dysmorphia. Yes, it's classified as a subtype, and I understand that, but the BDD article is far too generalized to accommodate a section properly covering this or any other subtype of BDD. General articles, like the BDD article tend to stay general, and any specific subtopic is either ironed out to the point of oblivion, or separated out as a new article. If you are having trouble finding resources to expand the muscle dysmorphia article, I can probably point two at least one or two published books with references for as a starting point. You could also look at some of the many version of this article on other Wikipedias. --EncycloPetey (talk) 03:11, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose. If the cited sources are correct, muscle dysmorphia is a condition distinct from other forms of BDD both in its most-commonly-affected population and in its symptoms: see "Yet the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Foundation has estimated that one in ten gym-going men manifest the disorder," and "Versus nonmuscle versions of body dysmorphic disorder, rates of suicide attempts are especially high." If the symptoms and populations of two conditions are distinct, then any article(s) in question must hold relevant content for both intended audiences; seems to me, the status quo of two articles serves best here, with the more general referencing the more specific. 96.47.120.119 (talk) 07:33, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

... Sooooo, can we pretty much say this merge is not happening? I haven't seen discussion on this in over a year, and it seems that there's a leaning towards a not-merging consensus. I bring this up because the article still has a message box about a potential merge, which doesn't seem necessary due to the lack of progress here. Thus, I'm removing the box on the front, but if there's still a need for it there, someone can put it back lol. JaykeBird (talk) 07:04, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

therapy "improving connections between the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala"?
Neuroimaging[19] suggest weaker connection between the amygdala (involved in basic emotions) and the orbitofrontal cortex (involved in regulation of emotional arousal).[20] Cognitive-behavioral therapy may improve connections between the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala.[20]

I've added a "failed verification" template message to the last sentence, but am wondering whether the statement should be deleted. Given that the differences were seen in diffusion MRI, not fMRI, and are therefore not (only) functional, but physical, is there any reason to think that CBT or any other therapy can have such an effect? Ssscienccce (talk) 12:52, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I've found one fMRI study that presents amygdala-prefrontal connectivity as being predictive of symptom improvement following CBT [Heide Klumpp, Michael K Keutmann, Daniel A Fitzgerald, Stewart A Shankman, K Luan Phan, "Resting state amygdala-prefrontal connectivity predicts symptom change after cognitive behavioral therapy in generalized social anxiety disorder", Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders, 2014;4(1):14]. It's just one primary source study that doesn't specifically mention the orbitofrontal cortex though, so insufficient as a reference for such a statement.Autumnstorm19 (talk) 12:14, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Too bad they didn't do DTI (diffusion MRI) as well, to see if there was a correlation between the rs-fMRI results and the white matter connectivity. It would be further evidence that at least in some patients BDD has a neurological cause. Doesn't seem to support the contested statement though.  Ssscienccce  (talk) 01:52, 27 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Agreed. As the research section only contains one sentence it's probably better to remove the whole section, or put some energy into finding some sources presenting the state of the field beyond 2011 and make it more comprehensive. 20:11, 27 September 2015 (UTC)Autumnstorm19 (talk)

Ugly people are oppressed
This "body dysmorphia" seems like proof of our dismissiveness to the truth about attractiveness and the countless studies on the social effects of being ugly. Family, teachers, classmates, employers, collegues, friends, mates, police officers, judges--most people either consciously or subconsciously (or both) treat people according to their appearance, to various degrees. Some avoid, aren't as friendly or generous to, ignore, stereotype as introverted, unkind, unconfident, self-conscious, anxious, etc (gee, I wonder why) or are even harsh to ugly people. We live in a blatantly looks-obsessed world. Yet, ugly people who know the great value of attractiveness and can identify their oppressors and recognize most instances where they might have been maltreated because of their looks are "body dysmorphic" if they can accept their oppression and consequentially avoid or adapt? The delusional variety is definitely a disorder, but I don't think the importance of looks can be exaggerated as it is incredibly prized in our societies. We can't just self-reflect and accept just how unethical it is because we don't want to feel ashamed of ourselves. It's so much easier to put blame on exaggeration from the oppressed rather than take responsibility. Even obsessive, recurring thoughts seems like only a natural response to daily oppression based on something as helpless as looks. Any treatment would help keep them healthy and distract or trick body dysmorphics into believing looks aren't all that important, but let's not ignore our part in their suffering. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FB90:1F02:4DD5:0:47:B5B2:6F01 (talk) 07:04, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Body dysmorphic disorder is not about individuals whose appearance is indeed remarkably ugly. — Occurring (talk) 18:09, 10 January 2018 (UTC)
 * As scientists, at least, "ugly" people might more respected [Gheorghiu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2017;114(23):5970–5]. — Occurring (talk) 12:55, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

Article is target of vandalism
This article appears to be the target of edit vandalism. I've already removed at least one instance where someone inserted the words "fake medical disorder" into the lede text. I'm not an advanced enough user to know what more to do, aside from draw attention to it and suggest that this article be monitored for further malicious edits or vandalism. Lock maybe? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2606:A000:AFC0:8300:C44B:EA22:D92:82CF (talk) 20:26, 14 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I think that it is inevitable that mental health pages be the target of vandalism since the science of Psychology is debatable at times. Hopefully the resources in place to prevent those wanting to cause problems will be revoked of their editing abilities.Bradsbri02 (talk) 08:06, 13 September 2020 (UTC)

3 December 2017 edits
On December 3, two particular changes were made to the article: the § "History" was moved from first to last, and the § "Causal factors" was renamed "Cause" [diff]. There are two problems with these changes, which appeared earlier and which I had reversed in October and November. My October edit note as to the § "History" explained my restoration of that section to the top [diff].

Again, as this is a general encyclopedia, not a medical manual, it is improper for the body to abruptly open with the § "Signs and symptoms" offering a clinical description, instead of the § "History" succinctly situating the topic in a general human context via backstory. In a general encyclopedia, the § "History" is not a footnote to medical information. If anything, the article is flawed merely in that the lead lacks summary of the body's information on history—as well as on causation and treatment.

As to the present § "Cause", the wording issue is not trivial. The word cause, being singular, is fraught with a popular misconception—the philosophical error that true insight will find the cause—whereas, in reality, there are always multiple causal factors interacting [Rothman KJ & Greenland S, "Causation and causal inference in epidemiology", Am J Public Health, 2005;95(Suppl 1):S144–50]. If, for whatever reason, the term causal factors is disfavored, then the proper singular term is causation. — Occurring (talk) 01:05, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

Penile body dysmorphic disorder
We should mention the penile version of BDD here. Urologists report that a substantial majority of men who report that seek treatment for what they perceive as a an exceptionally small penis actually have a penis size in the normal size range or larger; there is research which has examined this as a form of BDD. Source: a Google search for "penile BDD" finds numerous medical journal articles.-- The Anome (talk) 19:02, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
 * It is reasonable to add to § "Signs and symptoms" that the genitals or penis is a common preoccupation. — Occurring (talk) 06:20, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Possible new resources
Bowyer, L., Krebs, G., Mataix-Cols, D., Veale, D., & Monzani, B. (2016). A critical review of cosmetic treatment outcomes in body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 19, 1-8. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.07.001

Buhlmann, U., Reese, H. E., Renaud, S., & Wilhelm, S. (2008). Clinical considerations for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Body Image, 5(1), 39-49. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.12.002

Carroll, D. H., Scahill, L., & Phillips, K. A. (2002). Current concepts in body dysmorphic disorder. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 16(2), 72-79. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1053/apnu.2002.32109

Fang, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010). Relationship between social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 1040-1048. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.001

Fang, A., Matheny, N. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2014). Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 37(3), 287-300. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.003

Hartmann, A. S., Greenberg, J. L., & Wilhelm, S. (2013). The relationship between anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(5), 675-685. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.002

Kaplan, R. A., Rossell, S. L., Enticott, P. G., & Castle, D. J. (2013). Own-body perception in body dysmorphic disorder. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 18(6), 594-614. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1080/13546805.2012.758878

Neziroglu, F. A., Anderson, M. C., & Yaryura-Tobias, J. (1999). An in-depth review of obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, and trichotillomania: Therapeutic issues and current research. Crisis Intervention & Time-Limited Treatment, 5(1-2), 59-94. Retrieved from https://login.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/scholarly-journals/depth-review-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-body/docview/619389133/se-2?accountid=8240

Neziroglu, F., & Khemlani-Patel, S. (2003). Therapeutic approaches to body dysmorphic disorder. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 3(3), 307-322. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy3.lhl.uab.edu/10.1093/brief-treatment/mhg023 Csanherz (talk) 02:51, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

Is this a false edit?
At the end of 'Signs and symptoms': "The distress of BDD tends to exceed that of either major depressive disorder or type-2 diabetes, and rates of suicidal ideation and attempts are especially high."

'type-2 diabetes' doesn't look right there. 122.57.56.26 (talk) 22:37, 29 January 2022 (UTC)

 * You can verify the source yourself. I went through it real quick and saw it just mentioned "diabetes", not type-2 diabetes. I adjusted the text accordingly.--Megaman en m (talk) 10:42, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

Engage
Can someone engage with my points please. Jesus Christ. 2A00:23C6:1E82:8601:1DD9:7ED6:20C8:4120 (talk) 19:48, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

 * These points? You said "you deflected from my criticism which is valid and not addressed by the article" but your personal criticism is not something Wikipedia will note. We (i.e., Wikipedia editors) do not add editors' comments or views (WP:NPOV), we only write based on what reliable sources say about a topic. You wouldn't expect Britannica to have comments in an entry about BDD as to why the writer thinks it's bunk or amazing, right?
 * And your comments were removed because Wikipedia is not a forum to discuss/critique/analyze topics. I recommend Reddit for that.  Eve rgr een Fir  (talk) 14:23, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: CMN2160B
— Assignment last updated by Xinyue Hu (talk) 13:28, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

BDDBP
This article does not feature any reference to Body Dysmorphic Disorder by Proxy, a noted subtype of BDD. 2601:140:8F00:D20:88F0:7497:3001:495 (talk) 04:01, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

I think body dysmorphia is more of a umbrella term for people finding their bodies ugly but I am going to try to find a source for that other than self help 173.66.183.243 (talk) 14:08, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

Males are affected just as much by social media as females (along with everyone in-between)
A quote from the article under the section Cause/Social Media:

“Specifically, females' mental health has been the most affected by persistent exposure to social media.”

this is ignorant, at best, and is offered without a citation, or any evidence or argument whatsoever. 2601:647:6680:6530:A927:76FF:68D:3847 (talk) 21:24, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It appears that sentence is a transition to the next sentence about impact on women, which is supported by this citation. -- Zim Zala Bim talk 21:29, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: University Writing 1020 Communicating Feminism MW 1 pm
— Assignment last updated by Meimulee (talk) 21:59, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 216
— Assignment last updated by ProfHanley (talk) 17:06, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

Body Dysmorphia Notable Cases
I would like to add a section on some notable cases of people who have experienced body dysmorphia. Vgs0208 (talk) 18:55, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

Mental Bandwidth
"Mental Bandwidth" is a silly modernist expression. Although most will correctly understand this to approximate "mental capacity," it is still best to remove silly expressions from Wikipedia. Also consider that it appears in the lead paragraph. Google Ngram shows that "mental bandwidth" is used far less commonly used (0.00000100%) than "mental capacity". I must however acknowledge an rising trend in its use between 2015-2019.Evangelos Giakoumatos (talk) 17:46, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

Request for feedback - March 17 2024
I recently published a Wikipedia article on Snapchat dysmorphia and noticed this concept was mentioned within this article under the "Social Media" section, so I have linked the new article! I would appreciate any feedback on the Snapchat dysmorphia article. Please reach out if you have any questions/concerns. Thank you! - Jinnyjin123 (talk) 04:57, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Health Psychology
— Assignment last updated by Nicoleschully (talk) 19:17, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Causes: Social Media
I would like to add this little blurb to the "social media" section under causes for BDD:

Fitness culture also plays a role in the link between social media and body dysmorphia. The rise in fitness influencers via Tik-Tok and Instagram reels has created a spike in recent conversations surrounding body dysmorphia due to the standards that they set up for their viewers. Bodybuilders such as Chris Bumstead (also known as Cbum) and recent youtube sensation Sam Sulek have become role models for young teens who have come to the internet for guidance and inspiration for their fitness endeavors. While these internet personalities may have good intentions and are merely documenting their progress towards their own goals, their platforms can set up unrealistic standards for their viewers. Famous fitness influencers have only made such big names for themselves because of their incredible physiques, but they are not always transparent about how they obtained those physiques. They can sometimes guarantee their viewers success in the gym through dedication and hard work alone, while failing to mention if they are on performance-enhancing drugs or acknowledging that genetics play a huge part in one's physique. Viewers might then fall under the misconception that they can achieve a similar physique on their own, which can make them more susceptible to body dysmorphia. Jackhan8582 (talk) 20:04, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Treatments
I would like to revise the treatment section of this article and expand on the treatment through CBT:

Medication and psychotherapy[edit]
Anti-depressant medication, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are considered effective. SSRIs can help relieve obsessive–compulsive and delusional traits, while cognitive-behavioral therapy can help patients recognize faulty thought patterns. A study was done by Dr. Sabine Wilhelm where she and her colleagues created and tested a treatment manual specializing in BDD symptoms that resulted in improved symptoms with no asymptomatic decline.

CBT is a commonly-recommended treatment across the board for all disorders that fall under the category of obsessive-compulsive. This is because CBT aims at the psychological root of the issue by helping patients cultivate an understanding of their problems, reducing self-obsession, and reducing self-deprecating coping strategies. It also incorporates elements of exposure therapy to help the patient rewire the way their disorder affects them. The National Institute for Health recommends CBT for BDD following a protocol of 16-24 sessions. Core treatment elements include Psychoeducation and Case Formulation, Cognitive Restructuring, Exposure and Ritual Prevention and Mindfulness/Perceptual Retraining. Before treatment, it can help to provide psychoeducation, as with self-help books and support websites. Jackhan8582 (talk) 03:50, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Body dysmorphic disorder


text:
List of Atari Lynx games

The Atari Lynx is a 16-bit handheld game console developed by Atari Corporation and designed by Epyx, released in North America in 1989, with a second revision called Lynx II being also released worldwide on July 1991. It was the second and last handheld console to be released under the Atari brand, succeeding the handheld iteration of Touch Me from 1978. The following list contains all of the games released for the Lynx.

Unveiled at the January's 1989 Winter Consumer Electronics Show as the Handy before being rechristened as the Lynx, the system was released to compete with 8-bit and 16-bit handheld consoles such as the Game Boy, Game Gear, and TurboExpress, initially starting off successfully. Due to stiff competition in the home console market at the time, Atari Corp. focused their resources into the Atari Jaguar before ceasing internal game development in 1996 and eventually discontinuing the platform. Around 73 titles were officially released on cartridge during the system's life span on the market, with 3 more titles being released after its discontinuation by Telegames. Originally released at US$179.99, Atari dropped the price to $99.99 when the Lynx II was launched. Its unknown how many Lynx units were sold but it has been suggested that between 1 and 3 million units were sold in total. Also listed are the unlicensed aftermarket (homebrew) titles.

Commercially released games
Listed here are all  officially released Atari Lynx games.

Note: Atari Lynx is a handheld console and therefore NTSC, PAL or NTSC-J does not matter.

Unlicensed games
There are currently  unlicensed games on this list.

title: List of Atari Lynx games


text:
Darren Bennett

Darren Bennett may refer to:
 * Darren Bennett (football player) (born 1965), former Australian rules football player and American football punter in the NFL
 * Darren Bennett (dancer) (born 1977), professional Latin ballroom dancer

title: Darren Bennett


text:
Lilia Kopylova

Lilia Andreyevna Kopylova (Лилия Андреевна Копылова; born 18 June 1978) is a Russian professional dancer.

With her husband Darren Bennett, she has been competing as an amateur since July 1997 and as a professional since May 2003. The couple has achieved considerable success in the professional Latin style of dancing, both nationally in the UK and internationally.

Biography
Kopylova started ice skating aged four, winning the title of junior Moscow champion aged nine.

In 1987, she started training as a dancer. Her dance partner was Mikhail Batashov, a Danish champion, and in 1990 they won USSR competition; and a year later, they were the first Soviet pair of their age to be allowed abroad to dance. They won the 1990 Danish Open in Copenhagen, followed by success that same year in France and Italy.

In 1994, Kopylova represented Russia in the International dance championships in Denmark. In 1997, she was introduced to Darren Bennett and five months later, having moved to the UK, they won the International and British amateur Youth Championships in July 1997. The couple turned professional in 2003, and are now regarded as one of Britain's finest Latin American dance couples and make regular appearances on British TV. Kopylova's favourite dances are the rumba and the foxtrot.

In November 2005, Bennett and Kopylova won the British Championships for Professional Latin, coming first in all five dances. In November 2006, they successfully defended this title against a challenge from Olga Rodionova and Paul Richardson, who had previously been competing for the USA but had recently registered as a British couple. Bennett and Kopylova eventually triumphed, again winning all five dances to retain the title.

Other competitive highlights include winning the Rising Star professional Latin title of Blackpool Dance Festival in 2003, and reaching the final of the professional Latin competition in the 2005 Blackpool Dance Festival.

In February 2008, Bennett and Kopylova were winners of the Carl Alan Award for Ballroom, Latin and Sequence (performers)- a prestigious title described by the IDTA as 'the Oscars of the world of dance'.

Bennett and Kopylova are part of the team behind the "Essentially Dance", a scheme for British children to learn ballroom and Latin American dance, in a bid to tackle childhood obesity and promote social skills. Funded by the Aldridge Foundation and launched on 22 June 2009, it was filmed and produced by Winning Pitch TV.

The couple starred in a West End dance show, Latin Fever, which they choreographed themselves, as well as choosing the music and costumes to reflect the mood of each Latin dance.

More recently, Kopylova has been choreographer for Dancing with the Stars (Irish version) alongside her husband Darren Bennett who was the consultant creative producer.

Strictly Come Dancing
In Autumn 2004, Kopylova competed in the BBC One pro-celebrity ballroom dancing television programme Strictly Come Dancing, dancing with celebrity singer Aled Jones. They finished fourth overall and fourth in the following Christmas Champion of Champions show. Her husband Darren Bennett won both shows with Jill Halfpenny.

Kopylova won the 2005 series, partnered with Darren Gough, who was the first male celebrity to win the title. The couple went on to win the Christmas Champion of Champions trophy, including a dance with a perfect score of 40 out of 40. The show featured couples from the 2004 and 2005 series, as well as Rachel Hunter and Evander Holyfield from the US version of the show, Dancing with the Stars.

Kopylova participated in the fourth series of the show partnered by Matt Dawson a former England Rugby Union scrum half. They were runners up, losing to Mark Ramprakash and Karen Hardy. This result made Kopylova the first, and as of 2009, the only professional dancer to make it to the top 2 twice. In the Christmas Special that year, they were the only couple from series four to receive a perfect ten from the judges.

In Series Five, she partnered presenter Dominic Littlewood. They were eliminated in the fifth round of the competition. She was also reunited with her Series Three partner Darren Gough for the 2007 Christmas Special, in which they received another perfect score for their American Smooth, and won the competition. In total, Gough and Kopylova have now won three Strictly trophies—more than any couple in the history of the show.

In January and February 2008, Kopylova competed in the live tour of Strictly Come Dancing, again dancing with her Series Three partner Darren Gough. Performing at a number of venues across the UK, they were winners or runners up on numerous occasions.

She was knocked out in week five of the sixth series, paired with actor Don Warrington.

In January/February on the Strictly 2009 Tour, Kopylova danced with comedian Julian Clary.

In the seventh series of Strictly Come Dancing beginning in September 2009, Kopylova was partnered by jockey Richard Dunwoody. The pair found themselves in the bottom 2 of the second week of competition against Flavia Cacace and Craig Kelly and were eliminated.

Kopylova is the head of the judging panel on the Turkish version Yok Böyle Dans.

Personal life
In January 1999, Kopylova married dance partner Darren Bennett. In December 2004, she became a British citizen. They have two daughters, born in 2015 and 2020.

title: Lilia Kopylova


text:
Yechezkel Landau

Yechezkel ben Yehuda HaLevi Landau (8 October 1713 – 29 April 1793) was an influential authority in halakha (Jewish law). He is best known for the work Noda Biyhudah (נודע ביהודה), by which title he is also known.

Biography
Landau was born in Opatów, Poland, to a family that traced its lineage back to Rashi, and attended yeshiva at Ludmir and Brody. In Brody, he was appointed dayan (rabbinical judge) in 1734.

In 1745 Landau became rabbi of Yampol. While in Yampol, he attempted to mediate between Jacob Emden and Jonathan Eybeschütz in a debate—"The Emden-Eybeschütz Controversy"—that "had disrupted Jewish communal life for many years". Emden had accused Eybeschuetz of being a crypto Sabbatean, primarily based on amulets Eybeschuetz had written, which Emden believed contained Sabbatean kabbalah. Landau proposed a compromise, in which all amulets allegedly written by Eybeschuetz would be hidden away, and Eybeschuetz would accept to refrain from producing any amulets in the future. Furthermore, all accusations against Eybeschuetz would stop, and no further polemics would be published. Landau's role in the Emden - Eybeschuetz controversy is described as "tactful" and brought him to the attention of the community of Prague—where, in 1755, he was appointed rabbi. He also established a yeshiva there; Avraham Danzig, author of Chayei Adam, is amongst his best known students.

Landau was highly esteemed not only by the community, but also by others; and he stood high in favor in government circles. Thus, in addition to his rabbinical tasks, he was able to intercede with the government on various occasions when anti-Semitic measures had been introduced. Though not opposed to secular knowledge, he objected to "that culture which came from Berlin", in particular Moses Mendelssohn's translation of the Pentateuch.

His son, Samuel Landau (1752 – 31 October 1834, Prague), was chief dayyan of Prague. Landau was the champion of Orthodox Rabbinism, and when, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Austrian emperor planned the establishment of Jewish theological seminaries, Landau was one of the rabbis that objected thereto. He had a controversy on this subject with Baruch Jeiteles (Phinehas Hananiah Argosi di Silva), who, under the title of Ha-Oreb, published (Vienna, 1795) Landau's letter to him and his own rejoinder. Landau published his responsa under the title of Shibat Ẓiyyon (Prague, 1827). He edited his father's Ahabat Ẓiyyon and Doresh le-Ẓiyyon (ib. 1827), adding to the former work four homilies of his own, and to the latter a number of halakic discourses. [Jewish Encyclopedia]

Works
His main work of responsa, titled Noda Biyhudah (נודע ביהודה, "Known in Judah", a reference to Psalms 76:2 and his father's name), is one of the principal sources of Jewish law of his age. Famous decisions include those limiting autopsy to prevent a clear and present danger in known others. This collection was esteemed by rabbis and scholars, both for its logic and for its independence with regard to the rulings of other Acharonim as well as its simultaneous adherence to the writings of the Rishonim.

Other works

 * Dagul Mervavah on the Shulkhan Arukh (cf. Song of Solomon 5:10)
 * Tziyun le-Nefesh Chayah (abbreviated as Tzelach, named in reference to his mother, whose name was Chayah) on the Talmud.
 * Drushei HaTzlach, a collection of sermons.
 * Ahavas Tzion
 * Doresh LeTzion

Returning to the Talmud
Landau was disturbed by the increasing influence of non-Talmudic sources on the Jewish community. He believed that many kabbalistic concepts were being understood in a heretical fashion, and was especially concerned with the prospect of the kabbalistic ideology of the Sabbatean movement infiltrating the populace. Landau frequently spoke against teaching Kabbalah to the masses, and was echoed in this regard by his student, Elazar Fleckeles, who praised the government for instituting laws limiting the study of kabbalah. In his responsa, when asked about matters that had no source in the Talmud, Landau would often respond, "it is not my way to study any issue which is not discussed in the Talmud". He responded in such a manner to inquiries about the ethical will of Rabbi Yehuda haChasid, which contains various instructions not found in the Talmud, a question about the proper manner of writing certain letters in the Torah scroll according to kabbalistic literature, and other similar questions.

Opinion on the Zohar
In his sefer Derushei HaTzlach, Landau argued that the Zohar can not be considered reliable, since it only came into the hands of the Jewish people many hundreds of years after Rashbi's death, and thus lacks an unbroken mesorah as to its authenticity, among other reasons.

Clashes with the haskalah movement
Landau condemned the haskalah movement in harsh terms. In numerous public sermons, he campaigned against the study of heretical philosophy. He particularly singled out Hartwig Wessely for criticism after the publication of the latter's Divrei Shalom V'emes, which advocated abandoning the traditional Jewish educational system, in favor of one with an emphasis on secular studies.

Opposition to Chasiddus
Landau was a staunch opponent of the nascent Hasidic movement. In one response, he writes "...In this generation of ours [people] have abandoned God’s Torah and the source of living waters–the two Talmuds, Bavli and Yerushalmi–to dig for themselves broken cisterns. And in the haughtiness of their hearts they exalt themselves; each one says "I am the one who sees, to me the gates to heaven have opened, and on my account the world is sustained". These [people] are the destroyers of the generation and of this orphaned generation I say that God's ways are just, and the righteous shall walk in them, and the Chasidim shall stumble in them [This is an alteration of Hoshea 14:14, in which the prophet says that sinners will stumble in them.]..."

Opposition to the Sabbatean movement
According to Sid Z. Leiman and Maoz Kahana, although Landau was extremely active in combating the Sabbatean movement, he believed the most effective means of eradicating it would be to aggressively counter overt Sabbateanism, while ignoring those Sabbateans who stayed hidden. Simultaneously, Landau sought to weaken the appeal of kabbalah (the study of which often lured people to the Sabbatean movement). Thus, Landau aimed to deprive the Sabbateans of any platform, and cause the Sabbatean movement to wither on its own. Besides the specific debate over the status of Jonathan Eybeschuetz, Jacob Emden expressed strong disagreement with Landau's approach, advocating instead for a far more aggressive anti Sabbatean strategy.

title: Yechezkel Landau