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Bangladesh national football team

The Bangladesh national football team (বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় ফুটবল দল) is the national recognised football team of Bangladesh and is controlled by the Bangladesh Football Federation (BFF). It is a member of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) since 1973 and of FIFA since 1974, even though the Bangladesh Football Federation was first founded in 1972. Bangladesh was elected as a member of the AFC Executive Committee in 1982–1986 and 1998–2002. The current Executive Committee was elected democratically, under an AFC approved constitution and direct supervision of FIFA & AFC, in October 2020.

Bangladesh's national team debuted in 1973 and has yet to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals. They were dismissed in the first round of their only Asian Cup appearance to date in 1980; by qualifying for it, Bangladesh is one of only two South Asian nations to achieve the feat. The nation's best results came at South Asian level where it won the 2003 SAFF Gold Cup and were gold medalists at the 1999 South Asian Games. Bangladesh was one of Asia's emerging teams in the 1980s and early 1990s. However, since the turn of the century, top-level football in Bangladesh is played somewhere in the shadow of the country's national cricket team. This is mostly due to inadequate budget allocation and lack of technical skills adaptation. To date, football remains a popular sport in Bangladesh but cricket remains the most popular sport in the nation.

Origins (1895–1972)
In 1895, the Dacca Sporting Association, or the DSA, was formed in a small tin house at Paltan Maidan in Dhaka. Eventually, during the early 1930s, numerous tournaments were being held in East Bengal, and it was observed that Bengalis there were improving in football. In those days, Islington Corinthians from England toured all around the world and introduced their football to every country they visited. On 21 November 1937, the team visited Dhaka, where they took on the DSA XI. The Bengalis of Dhaka handed Corinthians their first ever defeat, recording a 1–0 victory during their maiden encounter. The majority of the DSA XI players were students of Dhaka University. Thousands of people were overjoyed to see the English lose on the field that day. While leaving, the opposition admitted to their defeat by stating, "I heard a lot about the Bengal tiger! This time I saw it!"

The first instance of a Bangladesh national football team was the emergence of the Shadhin Bangla Football Team during the 1971 Liberation War. They toured throughout India and helped fund the provisional Bangladesh government, by handing over all the prize money they earned from playing exhibition games during their tour. After gaining independence from Pakistan on 26 March 1971, a de facto national team called Dhaka XI was active the following year. The team won a highly anticipated friendly against Mohun Bagan on home soil and also finished runners-up at India's Bordoloi Trophy.

Emergence (1973–1984)
The Bangladesh Football Federation (BFF) was founded on 15 July 1972 by Md.Yousuf Ali, the country's former Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs. BFF became affiliated with AFC in 1973 and FIFA in 1976. Former Dhaka XI head coach Sheikh Shaheb Ali was put incharge of the first national team and Zakaria Pintoo who lead the Shadhin Bangla Team before liberation, was made its captain. In July 1973, Malaysia invited Bangladesh to take part in the Merdeka Cup, along with Pintoo the first national team consisted of: Shahidur Rahman Shantoo, Abdul Motaleb, Monwar Hossain Nannu, Dilip Barua, Nazir Ahmed, Firoj Kabir, Farukuzzaman, Abdul Hakim, Sharifuzzaman, Md Kaikobad, Enayetur Rahman, Kazi Salahuddin, Pratap Shankar Hazra, Sheikh Ashraf Ali, Sunil Krishna and Nowsher.

On 26 July 1973, the Bangladesh football team played its first official game, a 2–2 draw against Thailand in the Merdeka Cup. Enayetur Rahman scored the country's first ever international goal and the second goal was scored by fellow striker Kazi Salahuddin. After the stalemate, the game went to penalties, where Bangladesh lost 5–6. On 13 August 1973, after concluding their journey in Malaysia the team played a friendly in Singapore, and earned their first ever win by defeating the hosts 1–0, thanks to a goal from Nowsher. In August 1975, Bangladesh were again invited to partake in the Merdeka Cup held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. During their underwhelming tournament, the players were informed about the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and decided to abandon the tournament to return home amidst the political unrest. However, fearing a FIFA ban the team was obliged to play their game with South Korea, making a symbolic protest by keeping the Bangladesh flag at half-mast and wearing a black badge, as they lost 0–4.

Aside from competing in the 1976 King's Cup, Bangladesh remained inactive until 1978, when Werner Bickelhaupt was appointed as the country's first foreign coach. The team experienced internal conflict going into the 1978 Asian games in Bangkok, as the captaincy was stripped off the senior most player Monwar Hossain Nannu of Abahani and handed over to Shahidur Rahman Shantoo from Mohammedan SC, seven players from Abahani including Nannu quit the team in protest. The much depleted Bangladesh team struggled in the tournament losing to both Malaysia and India. Following this incident, the federation attempted to pick captains outside the two Dhaka giants for the next few years. In March 1979, the 1980 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers began on home soil and surprisingly considering that this was their first time taking part in a qualifying tournament, Bangladesh guided by local trainer Anwar Hossain, opened their campaign with draws against Afghanistan and Qatar. The team then went on to claim only their second ever victory by defeating the Afghans 3–2, which was eventually enough for them to qualify for the main event.

The 1980 AFC Asian Cup was held in September in Kuwait, and Bangladesh were grouped with defending champions Iran as well as North Korea, Syria and China. The team now coached by Abdur Rahim, opened the tournament respectably with a narrow 3–2 defeat against North Korea. Their goals came from Kazi Salahuddin and Ashrafuddin Ahmed Chunnu. They also held on well against Syria, losing 0–1. However, the next couple of games saw Bangladesh being embarrassed 7–0 and 6–0 respectively, by Iran and China, finishing the tournament bottom of their table. Bangladesh continued their continental exploits, as a goal from Badal Roy against Malaysia at the 1982 Asian Games, gave the team their first ever win in Asia's biggest stage at the time. Despite all their early success, the team would see a slump in form, failing to qualify for the 1984 AFC Asian Cup and also endured a painful defeat to Nepal in the 1984 South Asian Games final.

Rise and Fall (1985–2002)
In 1985, Bangladesh took part in the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, and were grouped along with India, Indonesia and Thailand. The country's first ever win at the qualifiers came against Indonesia. The game was held at the Bangladesh Army Stadium, and the under-pressure home team had overturned a single goal deficit through Kaiser Hamid and Ashrafuddin Ahmed Chunnu. They followed up the Indonesia result by edging past Thailand 1–0 in the next game. Nonetheless, the team finished bottom of the group, behind Thailand on goal difference. In the wake of their first World Cup qualifying campaign, Bangladesh took part in the 1985 South Asian Games as one of the favorites. The team cruised through the group-stages, claiming their biggest ever win in an 8–0 thrashing of Maldives along the way, but luck was not on their side, losing to India on penalties in the final. During the 1990 World Cup qualifiers, the team only registered a single victory, which came in a 3–1 thrashing of Thailand. Despite the solitary victory, Bangladesh fought toe-to-toe with Asian giants Iran and China during both legs.

Iranian legend Nasser Hejazi took charge of Bangladesh at the 1989 South Asian Games, and dropped experienced players (Sheikh Aslam, Wasim Iqbal and Md Mohsin) from the squad. After an error-prone team lost the final to Pakistan, the Mohammedan coach Hejazi was accused of having a bias against selecting players from rival club, Abahani. In 1995, following a series of managerial changes, Otto Pfister was appointed as coach. On 4 November 1995, with Pfister handing the team's captaincy to Monem Munna, Bangladesh won the 4-nation Tiger Trophy in Myanmar, which was the nation's very first major trophy. The year 1996 saw Bangladesh being ranked 110 by FIFA, however, they failed to add to their success, finishing runner-up at the 1995 South Asian Games and 1999 SAFF Gold Cup. It was at the 1999 South Asian Games where the Bangladesh team coached by Samir Shaker ended their 19-year wait for a gold medal, defeating hosts Nepal in the final.

On 12 January 2001, a historic moment occurred for the Bangladesh team, as they played their first match against a European nation, when they took on Bosnia & Herzegovina during the Sahara Cup and lost 2–0. On 18 March 2001, Firoj Mahmud Titu became the first Bangladeshi player to score against European opposition, as Bangladesh suffered a 4–1 defeat at the hands of FR Yugoslavia during the same competition. The team proceeded to grow more and more despondent, suffering elimination from the first Round of 2002 World Cup qualifiers with only 1 win from 4 games. On 11 January 2002, FIFA imposed a ban on Bangladesh, due to the government violating the FIFA and AFC law that only recognizes a democratically elected committee to run a country's football federation. Nonetheless, the ban was short lived, after the government reinstated the elected committee of Bangladesh Football Federation, FIFA lifted the ban, on 11 February.

SAFF Gold Cup triumph (2003)
After failing to produce satisfactory results in the previous two years, coach György Kottán remained incharge of Bangladesh during the 2003 SAFF Championship which took place in Dhaka, between 10 January 2003 and 20 January 2003. Hosts Bangladesh started off the tournament by winning their opening game against Nepal (1–0), with Alfaz Ahmed scoring the only goal, 30 minutes into the match. In the following game, the team again won by a solitary goal, thanks to a late strike from Arif Khan Joy against Maldives. Bangladesh topped their group after winning the last game 3–0 against Bhutan, with goals coming from Farhad and Kanchan. In the semifinals they faced India, who were the defending champions after defeating Bangladesh in the final in 1999. Bangladesh avenged their defeat from four years earlier by overcoming India 2–1, owing to a Golden goal by Motiur Munna and thus progressing to their second consecutive SAFF Championship final. However, before the final the Bangladesh team dealt a huge blow, as their captain Rajani Kanta Barman who played in every game during the tournament until then, picked up a suspension, denying him a chance to play in the next match. In the final Bangladesh again faced Maldives, Hassan Al-Mamun replaced Rajani in defense and took up the captain's armband before the game. Rokonuzzaman Kanchan gave the hosts the early lead and Bangladesh spent the rest of the first half dominating possession. During the second half a defensive blunder by Bangladesh lead to Ali Umar scoring the equalizer. The game remained tied at 1–1 after 90 minutes and even after another 30 minutes of extra time the two sides could not be separated. In the penalty shootout, goalkeeper Aminul Haque saved the second penalty from Maldives and at last Mohammed Sujan held his nerves and scored the winning penalty, as Bangladesh secured their first SAFF Championship in front of 46,000 supporters present at the Bangabandhu National Stadium.

Inconsistency (2003–2010)
The 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers, began from March 2003. It was another devastating qualifying campaign for Bangladesh, a defeat at the hands of Laos and a draw against Hong Kong, concluded their Asian Cup qualification hopes. The team did show signs of improvement by reaching the final of the 2005 Saff Championship, only to be defeated by India in the final again. From December 2005, Bangladesh began their 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification campaign, winning only a single game in the process, before once again failing to reach the main phase of the competition. The 2008 SAFF Championship also ended in huge disappointment, as Bangladesh were knocked out during the group-stages, even after the BFF launched the country's first professional league, the Bangladesh Premier League, the previous year. Their underwhelming SAFF campaign resulted in the dismissal of coach of Abu Yusuf. He was replaced by another former national team player, Shafiqul Islam Manik, who only lasted at the job for three months.

On 24 January 2009, Bangladesh appointed Brazilian coach Dido. Under his guidance the team saw an upturn in results, winning two of the three 2010 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers and advanced into the main tournament. However, he was sacked within 11 months as he refused to select established national team players. During his last interview before leaving Bangladesh, Dido criticized the country's footballing structure and stated that it was corrupt. This again raised questions about BFF president Kazi Salahuddin's management of the country's football. The 2009 SAFF Championship saw Bangladesh once again hosting the tournament. Former national team keeper Shahidur Rahman Shantoo was appointed as the interim coach just a few days before the tournament. His time at the job was also short lived, as the hosts were knocked out in the semi-final by eventual champions India. The deterioration in results over the following decade and more saw a massive decline in popularity of the country's football among fans, in both domestic and international stage.

Decline (2011–present)
On 29 June 2011, after a goalless away leg, Bangladesh beat Pakistan 3–0 on aggregate in Dhaka during the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers–first round. The game took place only four days after Nikola Ilievski was appointed as the team's head coach. This allowed Bangladesh to advance to the second round to face Lebanon. The first game was played in Beirut on 23 July 2011, where the hosts won 4–0. The return game in Dhaka saw Bangladesh being eliminated, even though they managed to salvage a 2–0 victory against the Middle Eastern giants. However, the dearth of quality players was evident as the nation failed to win a single game during the entirety of the 2011 SAFF Championship.

In January 2013, Lodewijk de Kruif took charge of the team, and under his leadership, they even failed to advance from the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers, a tournament held to assist lower-ranked teams. Bangladesh played their first four games of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Australia and Jordan, losing all of the matches apart from their home game against Tajikistan, where they drew 1–1. These results led to De Kruif being sacked in September 2015. In March 2016, Bangladesh ended their 2018 World Cup Qualifying run with an 8–0 defeat at the hands of a Jordan team managed by Harry Redknapp.

On 29 June 2016, the BFF appointed Belgian coach Tom Saintfiet, initially on a short-term contract, to guide the national team during the AFC Asian Cup 2019 qualification playoff round 2 matches against Bhutan. Saintfiet called up the veteran striking pair of Jahid Hasan Ameli and Enamul Haque for the encounter, but to no avail. Following a 0–0 draw in the first leg in Dhaka, Bhutan inflicted a 3–1 defeat on Bangladesh at the Changlimithang Stadium in Thimphu during the second leg. The results meant Bangladesh would not be a part of any AFC and FIFA tournaments for the following two years, until the launching of the 2022 FIFA World Cup and the 2023 Asian Cup qualifiers. By February 2018, Bangladesh had plummeted to 197 in the FIFA World Rankings, marking the country's lowest ranking to date.

In May 2018, Jamie Day took charge of the team. Although the team disappointed during the 2018 SAFF Championship, Bangladesh advanced to the 2022 World Cup qualifiers – AFC second round by defeating Laos 1–0 on aggregate. They were grouped together with neighbors India and Afghanistan, alongside Asian powerhouses Qatar and Oman. The team managed to earn well-deserved draws against India and Afghanistan, and although they suffered some heavy defeats in the following games, Bangladesh reached the third round of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers as one of the three best fifth-positioned teams. In September 2021, after five consecutive defeats, Day was put on a two-month leave just before the 2021 SAFF Championship got underway. However, interim coach Óscar Bruzón was not able to change the country's fate, as Bangladesh yet again underwhelmed at the tournament.

On 8 January 2022, the BFF appointed Javier Cabrera as the permanent head coach of Bangladesh on an 11-month contract. Under Cabrera Bangladesh crashed out of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification – third round, failing to secure a single victory.

Media coverage
Bangladesh's home and away qualifiers and friendlies are broadcast live on Bangladesh Television, Bangla TV & T Sports (Bangladesh).

Kits
The Bangladesh national football team plays in bottle green shirts and dark red shorts embedded. Also with red and green stripes. Green and red are the historic national colors of Bangladesh, originating from its the national flag. The red represents the sun rising over Bengal, and also the blood of those who died for the country's independence, while the green represents the lushness of its land. The usual Bangladesh away jersey is completely diametric to the regular one, and similar to most national teams Bangladesh uses the country's footballing federation as a logo on the kit.

On 14 July 2008, Bangladesh Football Federation struck a landmark sponsorship deal with Citycell worth US$1.45 million for two years (2008–2010), which was biggest ever trade in the country's football history until then.

In 2010, BFF announced Grameenphone as their new sponsor and kit provider on a three-year contract (2010–2013). After half a decade without a sponsor, India's TVS Motor Company tied up with the Bangladesh national team for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round, in a deal which lasted for two years (2019–2021). In 2021, as the Bangladesh team was using the same kit for almost 5 years, the federation decided to hold a jersey designing contest for the 2021 SAFF Championship.

Supporters
In the 70s and 80s, football in Bangladesh flourished with a well-renowned Dhaka League, attracting fans nationwide. However, since the 2000s, domestic football's popularity has declined due to success in other sports and the national team's lack of achievements. As a consequence, the Bangabandhu National Stadium in Dhaka remains largely unoccupied during both domestic and international fixtures, with average attendance, even falling short of 10,000.

Outside the capital, both domestic and international football's popularity remains unwavering, with games in Sylhet and Jessore, drawing tons of fans. In September 2014, 50,000 spectators were present during a friendly between Bangladesh U23 and Nepal U23 at the Sylhet District Stadium. It was reported that the fans entered the stadium by breaking the main entrance, due to shortage in tickets. The same year at the Shamsul Huda Stadium in Jessore, which has a capacity of 12,000 was filled with more than 30,000 viewers during a friendly match against Sri Lanka, where the hosts won 1–0.

Bangladesh Red and Green
The President's Gold Cup which was predominantly held every year from 1981 to 1993, saw the Bangladesh Football Federation enter two teams for Bangladesh; Bangladesh Red and Green (1981–1986; 1993) and Bangladesh White and Blue (1987). This was due to the fact, that during the 80s many players were not able to get into the national team even after performing well in the country's domestic league, the Dhaka League. Alongside the senior national team, the other national team mainly consisted of "second string" or youth international players. Having a two separate teams was very common during the 80s and 90s for developing South Asian countries, both Nepal and Pakistan had second string team's. Most international countries taking part in the President's Gold Cup would not send their main national team, instead the tournament would be used as a platform to play their B teams.

The 1989 President's Gold Cup saw Bangladesh Red win the tournament. The hosts, defeated South Korea University football team on penalties to lift the trophy, after knocking out the Green team in the semi-finals. However, this is not considered to be Bangladesh's first international trophy, as the tournament mainly consisted of club teams. The green team was the youth national team, while the red team was made out of senior international's, and was known to be the main national team. In the 1987 edition, Bangladesh White and Blue took part in the tournament. The white team mainly consisted of players from Mohammedan SC, while the blue team was made of players from their rival club, Abahani Limited Dhaka.

Home stadium
Bangladesh plays majority of their home matches at the Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka, where they won the 2003 SAFF Championship and 2010 South Asian Games. Previously known as the Dhaka Stadium it was initially constructed in 1954, the Bangladesh Football Federation was given full authority to operate the stadium in 2004, and before that the Mirpur Stadium would regularly host home matches.

Before renovation in 2011, the Bangabandhu Stadium had a capacity close to 55,000, but with a new capacity of 36,000 it is still the largest stadium in Bangladesh. Ever since the inception of the Bangladesh Premier League in 2007, the stadium has been used to host majority of the league games. It has hosted the SAFF Championship on three occasions, in 2003, 2009 and most recently in 2018.

In 2021, the Bangabandhu Stadium again underwent renovation, which has been scheduled to last for over two year. The refurbishments will see addition of chairs in galleries and installation of LED giant screens. The renovation is part of Bangladesh Football Federation's plan of giving the nation a modernized stadium more suited for football. Occasionally home matches are also played at Sheikh Kamal Stadium in Nilphamari, Sylhet District Stadium in Sylhet, Rajshahi District Stadium in Rajshahi and Bashundhara Kings Arena in Dhaka.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Current squad
The following 23 players were included in the squad for the 2026 WCQ R2 match against 🇱🇧 lebanon on 11 June 2024.

Caps and goals are correct as of 11 June 2024 after the game against 🇱🇧 lebanon.

Recent call-ups
The following players have also been called up to the Bangladesh squad within the last twelve months.

INJ Withdrew due to injury

PRE Preliminary squad / standby

COV Withdrew due to COVID-19

RET Retired from the national team

SUS Serving suspension

WD Player withdrew from the squad due to non-injury issue.

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Bangladesh.

Most appearances

 * NB The list is inaccurate as Alfaz Ahmed & Hassan Al-Mamun each, reportedly have over 65 caps - however exact figures are not yet known by the Bangladesh Football Federation. Also caps for long serving players such as Ashish Bhadra, Monem Munna, Badal Roy & Khurshid Alam Babul, along with many others - are still unknown by the Federation and is still being researched.

Top goalscorers

 * NB The list is inaccurate because the goal scorers from the 3–1 victory over Bhutan on 28 April 2001 are unknown.

Head-to-head record
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Regional

 * SAFF Championship
 * Champions (1): 2003
 * Runner-up (2): 1999, 2005
 * Third-Place (2): 1995
 * South Asian Games
 * Gold medal (1): 1999
 * Silver medal (4): 1984, 1985, 1989, 1995
 * Bronze medal (1): 1991

Invitational

 * Bangabandhu Gold Cup
 * Runner-up (1): 2015
 * Quaid-e-Azam International Cup
 * Runner-up (1): 1985
 * Third-place (1): 1987
 * President's Gold Cup
 * Champions (1): 1989
 * 4-nation Tiger Trophy
 * Champions (1): 1995
 * Jigme Dorji Wangchuk Memorial Trophy
 * Champions (1): 2003
 * Mujib Borsho FIFA International Football Series
 * Champions (1): 2020
 * Three Nations Cup
 * Runner-up (1): 2021

title: Bangladesh national football team


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Air raids on Australia, 1942–1943

Between February 1942 and November 1943, during the Pacific War of World War II, the Australian mainland, domestic airspace, offshore islands, and coastal shipping were attacked at least 111 times by aircraft from the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Force and Imperial Japanese Army Air Force. These attacks came in various forms; from large-scale raids by medium bombers, to torpedo attacks on ships, and to strafing runs by fighters.

In the first and deadliest set of attacks, 242 aircraft hit Darwin on the morning of 19 February 1942. Killing at least 235 people and causing immense damage, the attacks made hundreds of people homeless and resulted in the abandonment of Darwin as a major naval base.

These attacks were opposed by, and often aimed at, units and personnel from the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, United States Army Air Forces, United States Navy, British Royal Air Force and Royal Netherlands East Indies Air Force. Japanese aircrews also targeted civil infrastructure, including harbours, civil airfields, railways, and fuel tanks. Some civilians were also killed.

Although the main defence was provided by RAAF and Allied fighters, a number of Australian Army anti-aircraft batteries in northern Australia also defended against Japanese air raids.

Early Japanese air raids
The Japanese conducted a series of air raids on Australia during February and March 1942. These raids sought to prevent the Allies from using bases in northern Australia to contest the conquest of the Netherlands East Indies.

The first air raid on Darwin

The bombing of Darwin on 19 February 1942 was both the first and the largest attack mounted by Japan against mainland Australia, when four Japanese aircraft carriers (JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Akagi, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kaga, JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hiryū and JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Sōryū) launched a total of 188 aircraft from a position in the Timor Sea. These 188 naval aircraft inflicted heavy damage on Darwin and sank eight ships. A raid conducted by 54 land-based army bombers later the same day inflicted further damage on the town and RAAF Base Darwin and resulted in the destruction of 20 military aircraft. Allied casualties were 235 killed and between 300 and 400 wounded, the majority of whom were non-Australian Allied sailors. Only four Japanese aircraft (all navy carrier-borne) were confirmed to have been destroyed by Darwin's defenders.

The attack on Broome
On 3 March 1942, nine Japanese A6M2 Zero fighters attacked the town of Broome, in northern Western Australia. Although Broome was a small town, it had become a significant air base and route of escape for refugees and retreating military personnel, following the Japanese invasion of Java. During the attack, which consisted of strafing runs only by the Zeros, at least 88 Allied civilians and military personnel were killed and 24 aircraft were lost. As Broome was almost undefended, Japanese losses were light, with only a single Zero being shot down over Broome and another one failing to reach its base.

Attacks on North Queensland, July 1942

Japanese naval flying boats conducted four small air raids on the north Queensland city of Townsville and the town of Mossman in late July 1942. Townsville, which was an important military base, was raided by Japanese Kawanishi H8K1 "Emily" flying boats operating from Rabaul on three nights in late July 1942. On the night of 25/26 July, the city was attacked by two flying boats but did not suffer any damage as the six bombs dropped by these aircraft fell into the sea. Townsville was attacked for the second time in the early hours of 28 July when a single flying boat dropped eight bombs which landed in bushland outside the city. Six P-39 Airacobras unsuccessfully attempted to intercept the Japanese aircraft. The third raid on Townsville occurred in the early hours of 29 July when a single flying boat again attacked the city, dropping seven bombs into the sea and an eighth which fell on an agricultural research station at Oonoonba, damaging a coconut plantation. This aircraft was intercepted by four Airacobras and was damaged. The fourth raid on north Queensland occurred on the night of 31 July when a single flying boat dropped a bomb which exploded near a house outside of Mossman, injuring a child.

February

 * 19
 * Bombing of Darwin
 * (10:00) Attack by 188 carrier-based aircraft at Darwin, Northern Territory (NT)
 * (11:55) Attack by 54 land-based high-level bombers at Darwin, NT
 * Bathurst Island, NT

 * 20
 * (11:30) Off Cape Londonderry, Western Australia (WA). MV Koolama damaged by a Kawanishi H6K5 flying boat. Attacked again at 13:30 and severely damaged, with injuries to three passengers.

 * 21
 * Rulhieres Bay, WA (later known as Koolama Bay) Koolama attacked again, no damage or injuries.

March

 * 3
 * (09:20) Broome, WA. Attack on Broome: a strafing raid by nine A6M2 Zeros. At least 88 people were killed and 24 Allied aircraft were destroyed. A Sikh pilot of the Royal Indian Air Force Flying Officer Manmohan Singh, in one of the RAF Catalina flying boats died. He was the first Indian casualty on Australian soil.
 * (~10:30) Carnot Bay, WA. PK-AFV (Pelikaan)—a Douglas DC-3 airliner owned by KLM—was shot down by Zeros returning from the attack on Broome. It crash-landed 50 mi north of Broome. Four passengers were killed. Diamonds worth £150,000–300,000 were lost or stolen following the crash.
 * Wyndham, WA. Strafing attack by Zeroes. No casualties. Koolama, which is in port by this time (see above), sinks as an indirect result of the attack.
 * Wyndham Airfield, WA

 * 4
 * Wreckage and passengers from PK-AFV attacked again by a Kawanishi H6K5 flying boat, no damage or casualties.
 * (14:00) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 14
 * Horn Island, Queensland (Qld)

 * 15
 * Darwin, NT. Sgt. Albert Cooper, 28, (RAF, 54 Squadron) from Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, England, shot down, and killed, in his Spitfire over Darwin harbour

 * 16
 * (13:30) Darwin RAAF Airfield and Bagot, NT

 * 17
 * Darwin, NT

 * 18
 * Horn Island, Qld

 * 19
 * (11:40) Darwin (Myilly Point and Larrakeyah), NT

 * 20
 * Broome Airfield, WA. Attack by Mitsubishi G4M2 "Betty" medium bombers. One civilian killed. Minor damage to airfield.
 * Derby, WA

 * 22
 * (00:51) Darwin, NT

 * 22
 * Katherine, NT. One civilian killed. (Furthest air raid into the Australian interior – over 200 km from the coast).

 * 23
 * Darwin, NT
 * Wyndham, WA (two raids)

 * 28
 * (12:30) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 30
 * (05:40?) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 30
 * Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 31
 * (13:20) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT
 * (22:19) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

April

 * 2
 * (15:30) Darwin (Harvey St, McMinn St, Shell Oil Tanks), NT
 * Sattler Airfield, NT

 * 4
 * (13:48) Darwin Civil Airfield and Parap Hotel, NT

 * 5
 * (12:29) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 25
 * (14:00) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 27
 * (12:07) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 30
 * Horn Island, QLD

June

 * 13
 * (11:52) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 14
 * (13:14) Darwin (town area), NT

 * 15
 * (12:20) Darwin (Larrakeyah to Stokes Hill), NT

 * 16
 * (12:01) Darwin (town area), NT

 * 26
 * (20:50) Darwin, NT

July

 * 7
 * Horn Island, Qld

 * 25
 * (20:50) Darwin (town area), NT

 * 26
 * Townsville, Qld
 * (21:39–22:54) Darwin (Vesteys Meatworks), NT

 * 27
 * (22:27) Knuckey's Lagoon, Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 28
 * (00:45) Darwin RAAF airfield, NT
 * Townsville, Qld

 * 29
 * (00:59) Darwin (town area) and Knuckey's Lagoon, NT.
 * Townsville, Qld

 * 30
 * (03:58) Darwin (town area) and Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT
 * Horn Island, Qld
 * Port Hedland, WA.

 * 31
 * Mossman, Qld
 * (13:33) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

August

 * 1
 * Horn Island, Qld

 * 21
 * Wyndham, WA

 * 23
 * (12:12) Hughes Airfield, NT

 * 24
 * (21:24) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT
 * (22:14) Noonamah, NT

 * 25
 * (00:05) Darwin and Parap, NT

 * 27
 * (03:45–05:37) Darwin (Botanical Gardens) and Cox Peninsula, NT

 * 28
 * (03:35) Darwin (Railway Yards and Port Patterson), NT

 * 30
 * (02:39) Darwin (town area), NT

 * 31
 * (05:14) Darwin (town area) and Cox Peninsula), NT

September

 * 25
 * (03:41) Darwin (town area) and Knuckey's Lagoon, NT

 * 25
 * (05:48) Darwin (town area and Daly Street Bridge), NT

 * 26
 * (05:22) Livingstone Airfield, NT

 * 27
 * (04:56) Bynoe Harbour, NT
 * (05:44) Darwin (town area) (Frances Bay)

October

 * 10
 * Horn Island, Qld

 * 24
 * (04:42) Batchelor Airfield
 * (04:52) Pell Airfield
 * (04:57) Cox Peninsula
 * (05:12) Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 25
 * (05:30) Darwin (town area) and Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 26
 * (04:54) Darwin (town area) and Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 27
 * (02:20) Darwin (town area) and Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

November

 * 23
 * (03:00–04:39) Darwin (town area) and Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT
 * Coomalie Creek Airfield, NT

 * 26
 * (03:20) Darwin (town area), Strauss Airfield and Hughes Airfield, NT

 * 27
 * (03:56–04:46) Coomalie Creek, Hughes Airfield and Strauss Airfield, NT

January

 * 20
 * (22:44–00:15) Searchlight station, AWC Camp, Ironstone, NT

 * 21
 * (21:54) Darwin (Frances Bay), NT

 * 22
 * (13:30) HMAS Patricia Cam sunk, near Wessel Islands, NT.

March

 * 2
 * (14:34) Coomalie Creek Airfield, NT

 * 15
 * (11:20) Darwin (oil tanks), NT

May

 * 2
 * (10:15) Darwin RAAF Airfield and Darwin Floating Dock, NT

 * 9
 * Millingimbi, NT

 * 10
 * Millingimbi, NT. The cutter HMAS Maroubra was sunk.

 * 20
 * Exmouth Gulf, WA

 * 21
 * Exmouth Gulf, WA

 * 28
 * Millingimbi, NT

June

 * 18
 * Horn Island, Qld

 * 20
 * (10:43) Winnellie and Darwin RAAF Airfield, NT

 * 28
 * (11:07) Vesteys, NT

 * 30
 * (12:30) Fenton Airfield, NT

July

 * 6
 * (12:02) Fenton Airfield, NT

August

 * 13
 * (21:45) Fenton Airfield, NT
 * (23:12) Fenton Airfield and Coomalie Creek Airfield, NT
 * (23:42) Coomalie Creek Airfield, NT

 * 14
 * Long Airfield, NT

 * 17
 * Port Hedland, WA

 * 21
 * (00:37) Fenton Airfield and Coomalie Creek Airfield, NT
 * (03:30) Pell Airfield, NT

September

 * 15
 * (00:25) Fenton Airfield and Long Airfield, NT

 * 15
 * Onslow, WA.

 * 16
 * Exmouth Gulf, WA (The southernmost air raid in Australia.)

 * 18
 * (03:50) Fenton Airfield and Long Airfield, NT

 * 27
 * Drysdale River Mission (Kalumburu) airfield, WA. Six fatalities; Father Thomas Gil, the superior of the mission, and five Aboriginal Australians.

November

 * 10
 * Coomalie Creek Airfield, NT

 * 12
 * (03:53–05:30) Parap, Adelaide River and Batchelor Airfield, NT

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Air raids on Australia, 1942–1943


text:
East Pacific Rise

The East Pacific Rise (EPR) is a mid-ocean rise (usually termed an oceanic rise and not a mid-ocean ridge due to its higher rate of spreading that results in less elevation increase and more regular terrain), at a divergent tectonic plate boundary, located along the floor of the Pacific Ocean. It separates the Pacific Plate to the west from (north to south) the North American Plate, the Rivera Plate, the Cocos Plate, the Nazca Plate, and the Antarctic Plate. It runs south from the Gulf of California in the Salton Sea basin in Southern California to a point near -55°N, -130°W, where it joins the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (PAR) trending west-south-west towards Antarctica, near New Zealand (though in some uses the PAR is regarded as the southern section of the EPR). Much of the rise lies about 3200 km off the South American coast and reaches a height about 1800 - 2700 m above the surrounding seafloor.

Overview

The oceanic crust is moving away from the East Pacific Rise to either side. Near Easter Island the rate is over 150 mm per year which is the fastest in the world. However, on the northern end, it is much slower at only roughly 60 mm per year. On the eastern side of the rise, the eastward-moving Cocos and Nazca plates meet the westward moving South American Plate and the North American Plate and are being subducted under them. The belt of volcanos along the Andes and the arc of volcanoes through Central America and Mexico are the direct results of this collision. Due east of the Baja California Peninsula, the Rise is sometimes referred to as the Gulf of California Rift Zone. In this area, newly formed oceanic crust is intermingled with rifted continental crust originating from the North American Plate.

Near Easter Island, the East Pacific Rise meets the Chile Rise at the Easter Island and Juan Fernandez microplates, trending off to the east where it subducts under the South American Plate at the Peru–Chile Trench along the coast of southern Chile. This portion of the Rise has been referred to as the Cape Adare-Easter Island Ridge, Albatross Cordillera, Easter Island Cordillera, Easter Island Rise, and Easter Island Swell.

Parts of the East Pacific Rise have oblique spreading, such as the Nazca–Pacific plate boundary between 29°S and 32°S. This is seafloor spreading that is not orthogonal to the nearest ridge segment.

The southern extension of the East Pacific Rise (the PAR) merges with the Southeast Indian Ridge at the Macquarie Triple Junction south of New Zealand. The southern stretch of the East Pacific Rise is also one of the fastest-spreading divergent boundaries on Earth, peaking at 79.3 mm/year.

Along the East Pacific Rise the hydrothermal vents called black smokers were first discovered by the RISE project in 1979, and have since been extensively studied. These vents are forming volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits on the ocean floor. Many unique deep-water creatures have been found with vents, that subsist in a chemosynthetic ecosystem rather than one using photosynthesis.

title: East Pacific Rise


text:
Black Artists Group

The Black Artists Group (BAG) was a multidisciplinary arts collective that existed in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1968 to 1972. BAG is known for the convergence of free jazz and experimental theater.

Members
Members included saxophonists Julius Hemphill, Oliver Lake, J. D. Parran, Hamiet Bluiett, and Luther Thomas; trumpeters Baikida Carroll and Floyd LeFlore; trombonist Joseph Bowie; drummers Bensid Thigpen and Charles "Bobo" Shaw; bassist Bobby Reed, Arzinia Richardson; stage directors Malinke Robert Elliott, Vincent Terrell, and Muthal Naidoo; actors LeRoi S. Shelton; poets Ajule (Bruce) Rutlin and Shirley LeFlore; dancers Georgia Collins and Luisah Teish; and painters Emilio Cruz and Oliver Lee Jackson. While Jackson was not officially a member, he was deeply involved with BAG and is usually listed as a member. In addition, Ronnie Burrage was considered one of the youngest members (11 and 12 years old) of BAG as he began to perform with various members in 1971 and 1972.

History
Members Oliver Lake, Lester Bowie, and Floyd LeFlore studied music in the jazz program at Sumner High School. They continued music education at Lincoln University alongside Julius Hemphill. Several members were drafted into military service, and all played music in St. Louis through the 1960s. Frustration with discrimination and limited opportunities brought the musical artists together with black actors marginalized from the theater scene, and they began collaborating on artistic productions around LaClede Town, the Circle Coffee Shop, and Berea Church.

While strongly influenced by Chicago's Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians, the Black Artists Group was unique in including artists from dance, theater, visual arts, and creative writing. They incorporated as a not-for-profit organization under the name "The Black Artists' Group, Inc" in 1968. BAG received major grant funding from the Danforth Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation. In July 1969, the group paid $1 annual rent for a building at 2665 Washington Blvd.

Many of the BAG members relocated to Paris and then New York in the 1970s. A recording of a 1973 performance in Paris was released on an LP titled In Paris, Aries 1973, the only album ever issued under the BAG name.

Legacy
BAG inspired other groups and artistic collectives to form around the United States and influenced Chicago's Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians.

Oliver Lake, Julius Hemphill and Hamiet Bluiett formed the African Continuum and organized the 1971 multimedia concert "Images: Sons/Ancestors" at Powell Symphony Hall, which was delayed by a bomb threat. They went on to form the World Saxophone Quartet and were notable in the "loft-jazz" scene of New York's underground in the 1980s.

title: Black Artists Group


text:
Stegner Fellowship

The Stegner Fellowship program is a two-year creative writing fellowship at Stanford University. The award is named after American Wallace Stegner (1909–1993), a historian, novelist, short story writer, environmentalist, and Stanford faculty member who founded the university's creative writing program.

Ten fellowships are awarded every year, five in fiction and five in poetry. The recipients do not need a degree to receive the fellowships, though many fellows already hold the terminal M.F.A. degree in creative writing. A workshop-based program, no degree is awarded after the two-year fellowship. Prior to 1990, many fellows also enrolled in Stanford's now-defunct M.A. program in creative writing.

Fellows receive a stipend of $50,000 per year, as well as health insurance and their tuition fee for Stanford. Fellows are required to live close enough to Stanford to be able to attend all workshops, as well as other department-related readings and events.

History
Stegner founded the Stanford creative writing department and fellowship program in 1946. Initial funding was supplied by Dr. E. H. Jones, brother of the chair of the Stanford English Department, Richard Foster Jones. Initially the fellowship was for three writing fellows per year, many of whom were World War II veterans returning home from overseas. In 1973, then-director John L'Heureux expanded the program to include eight fiction writers and eight poets per year. In 1992, the program expanded again to ten fiction writers and ten poets each year.

Faculty
The current poetry faculty for the program consists of Louise Gluck, A. Van Jordan, Amaud Jamaul Johnson, and Patrick Phillips. The current fiction faculty for the program consists of Elizabeth Tallent, Adam Johnson, Kirstin Valdez Quade, Chang-Rae Lee., and Molly Antopol. Other notable writers often serve as guest instructors for a quarter as part of other endowed lectureships. Recent visiting writers include Heather McHugh, Nobel Laureate J. M. Coetzee, Bharati Mukherjee, Robert Pinsky, Colm Toibin, Li-Young Lee and, just before his death in 2004, Thom Gunn. Notable previous long-term faculty include W. S. Di Piero and Denise Levertov in poetry; and John L'Heureux and Nancy Packer in fiction.

Notable Stegner Fellows

 * Edward Abbey
 * Gregory Abbott
 * Adedayo Agarau
 * Aamina Ahmad
 * Molly Antopol
 * James Arthur
 * Talvikki Ansel
 * Ken Babbs
 * Tom Barbash
 * Peter S. Beagle
 * Frank Bergon
 * Wendell Berry
 * Jamel Brinkley
 * David Biespiel
 * Edgar Bowers
 * Geoffrey Brock
 * Jason Brown
 * NoViolet Bulawayo
 * Bo Caldwell
 * Kai Carlson-Wee
 * Raymond Carver
 * Samantha Chang
 * Marilyn Chin
 * Eddie Chuculate
 * Evan Connell
 * Lydia Conklin
 * Max Crawford
 * Alison Hawthorne Deming
 * Donald Davie
 * Catherine Davis
 * Stephen Dixon
 * Harriet Doerr
 * Geri Doran
 * Safia Elhillo
 * Stephen Elliott
 * Eugene England
 * Peter Everwine
 * Jonathan Escoffery
 * Chanda Feldman
 * Ernest Gaines
 * Jim Gavin
 * Allan Gurganus
 * Merrill Joan Gerber
 * Reginald Gibbons
 * Charles Gullans
 * Thom Gunn
 * James Baker Hall
 * Ron Hansen
 * Vicki Hearne
 * William Hjortsberg
 * Alice Hoffman
 * Richie Hofmann
 * Skip Horack
 * James D. Houston
 * Maria Hummel
 * Scott Hutchins
 * Adam Johnson
 * Donald Justice
 * Christopher Kempf
 * Ken Kesey
 * Suji Kwock Kim
 * Chuck Kinder
 * H. T. Kirby-Smith
 * William Kittredge
 * Dana Kletter
 * Jamil Kochai
 * Philip Levine
 * Anthony Marra
 * Tom W. Mayer
 * Ed McClanahan
 * Michael McGriff
 * Thomas McGuane
 * James McMichael
 * Larry McMurtry
 * Joanne Meschery
 * Robert Mezey
 * Ottessa Moshfegh
 * Gurney Norman
 * Jenny Offill
 * Raymond Oliver
 * Tillie Olsen
 * Julie Orringer
 * Nancy Packer
 * ZZ Packer
 * Charlotte Painter
 * Robert Pinsky
 * Eric Puchner
 * Stephen Ratcliffe
 * Chip Rawlins
 * Rita Mae Reese
 * Jennifer Richter
 * Peter Rock
 * David Roderick
 * William Pitt Root
 * Benjamin Alire Sáenz
 * Sheila Schwartz
 * Keith Scribner
 * Vikram Seth
 * Charif Shanahan
 * Alan Shapiro
 * Solmaz Sharif
 * Akhil Sharma
 * Maggie Shipstead
 * Stephanie Soileau
 * Tracy K. Smith
 * Monika Sok
 * Timothy Steele
 * Alan Stephens
 * Robert Stone
 * Rod Taylor
 * Lysley Tenorio
 * Maria Thomas
 * Ruchika Tomar
 * Justin Torres
 * Scott Turow
 * Kirstin Valdez Quade
 * Robert Vasquez
 * Emily Warn
 * Jesmyn Ward
 * Christian Wiman
 * Sari Wilson
 * Tobias Wolff
 * Mark Wunderlich
 * David Yezzi
 * Monica Youn
 * Al Young
 * Kevin Young
 * David Vann

title: Stegner Fellowship


text: User talk:147.110.52.117

title: User talk:147.110.52.117


text:
Suspension of judgment

Suspended judgment is a cognitive process and a rational state of mind in which one withholds judgments, particularly on the drawing of moral or ethical conclusions. The opposite of suspension of judgment is premature judgement, usually shortened to prejudice. While prejudgment involves drawing a conclusion or making a judgment before having the information relevant to such a judgment, suspension of judgment involves waiting for all the facts before making a decision.

Law
Suspension of judgment is used in civil law to indicate a court's decision to nullify a civil judgment. Motions to set aside judgments entered in civil cases in the United States district courts are governed by Rule 60 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure which opens with the statement, "On motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding...". The rule is quite straightforward and court room application is mostly as stated. In the New York Law Journal David Bliven argues that suspended judgement ought to be an alternative disposition in family offenses (a type of civil case), particularly in cases where a family judgement is being used as behavior modification rather than a reason to arrest.

More generally in jurisprudence, the ideal juror is expected to presume innocence of the person tried in court. And in the case of conviction, a suspended sentence is one of the possible sentences available to the court.

Science
Suspension of judgment is a cornerstone of standard research methodology. Much of the scientific method is designed to encourage the suspension of judgments until observations can be made, tested, and verified through peer review. In 1877, Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) characterized inquiry in general not as the pursuit of truth per se but as the struggle to move from irritating, inhibitory doubts born of surprises, disagreements, and the like, and to reach a secure belief, belief being that on which one is prepared to act. He framed scientific inquiry as part of a broader spectrum and as spurred, like inquiry generally, by actual doubt, not mere verbal or hyperbolic doubt, which he held to be fruitless. He believed that the scientific method excels the other methods of reasoning by being designed to eventually arrive at the most secure beliefs. Starting from the idea that people seek not truth per se but instead to subdue irritating, inhibitory doubt, Peirce showed how, through the struggle, some can come to submit to truth for the sake of belief's integrity, seek as truth the guidance of potential practice correctly to its given goal, and wed themselves to the scientific method.

The advance of social science often depends on excluding cognitive bias, of which many forms are known.

Philosophy
Within philosophy, suspension of judgment is typically associated with positivism and skepticism, most especially Pyrrhonism where it is referred to as epoché, but it is not limited to these areas. The 17th century rationalist René Descartes, for example, used it as the cornerstone of his epistemology. In a process that he called methodological skepticism (now also known as Cartesian doubt), he asserted that in order to gain a solid foundation when building one's system of knowledge and belief, one must first doubt everything. Only by eliminating preconceptions and prejudgments can one come to know what is true.

Descartes' methodology is called hyperbolic doubt called so because it's an extreme form of doubt, casting even slightly suspect into the light of further scrutiny. Hyperbolic doubt is posited in four general points:

 * 1) Only information that you know to be true should be accepted.
 * 2) Take known truths and break them down into their basic components.
 * 3) Solve the simplest problems first.
 * 4) Take the remaining problems and make complete lists of them.

Descartes goal in the 1641 Meditations on First Philosophy was to systematically doubt all beliefs and do a ground-up rebuild of only definitely true things as an undoubted basis for the sciences. As an example take a look at the opening line of the volume:

Through this work Descartes showed that unless one is very careful there are grounds to doubt the reasoning behind any knowledge. He states that this is mostly due to the unreliable nature of sensory knowledge and makes that case with the examples of the dream and the demon.

The dream argument
Descartes hypothesized that due to the possibility of very realistic dreams humans can only believe that we're awake. Through the systematic procedure of 'phenomenological reduction', one is thought to be able to suspend judgment regarding the general or naive philosophical belief in the existence of the external world, and thus examine phenomena as they are originally given to consciousness. However, by the end of The Meditations, he concludes that in retrospect we can certainly distinguish dreaming and reality:

"'But when I distinctly see where things come from and where and when they come to me, and when I can connect my perceptions of them with my whole life without a break then I can be certain that when I encounter these things I am not asleep but awake.' — Descartes: Selected Philosophical Writings"

Dreaming is also a starting position for the speculation that we may be living in a simulation. Proponents of this viewpoint will sometimes argue that a particular type of simulated reality occurs nightly. The basic claim is that opponents of the simulation hypothesis that a sleeping mind is an unreliable mechanism for differentiated reality from illusion.

The Evil Demon
The idea of the "evil demon" (also known as the "malicious demon" or "evil genius" ) is one of several methods of systematic doubt employed in the Meditations. Descartes reasoned that it could be possible for what he referred to as an evil demon  to be controlling our experiences. There are some Cartesian scholars whom opine that the demon is omnipotent though omnipotence of the evil demon would be contrary to Descartes' hypothesis, as he rebuked accusations of the demon having omnipotence.

title: Suspension of judgment


text:
Sonic Drift

Sonic Drift (ソニックドリフト) is a 1994 racing game based on Sonic the Hedgehog developed and published by Sega for the Game Gear. Players control one of four characters as they race to the finish line, with 18 tracks themed after levels in 1991's Sonic the Hedgehog.

Although it was designed with inspiration from Nintendo's 1992 game Super Mario Kart, Sonic Drift shares gameplay similarities to "Super Scaler" games previously released by Sega. Sonic Drift was released exclusively in Japan; a western release was planned but later canceled due to concerns about its quality. Sonic Drift was later released worldwide as part of Sonic Adventure DX in 2003 and the compilation game Sonic Mega Collection Plus in 2004. It was released again in 2023 as part of Sonic Origins Plus.

Reception to Sonic Drift was negative, with criticism for its gameplay and lack of difficulty. A sequel, Sonic Drift 2, was released in 1995.

Gameplay and release

Sonic Drift is the first racing game in the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise. Players control one of four characters―Sonic the Hedgehog, Miles "Tails" Prower, Amy Rose, and Dr. Robotnik―and race around a series of tracks, with the objective being to cross the finish line in first place. 18 tracks are featured, based on the various zones of 1991's Sonic the Hedgehog, including the Green Hill Zone. Drift is the first Sonic game to feature Amy as a playable character.

There are three game modes: Chaos GP, a grand prix mode; Free Run, a practice mode; and Versus Mode, where players can compete with one another. Chaos GP contains three separate cups of six tracks each and a points system where the goal is to earn more points than the competition. Each cup is identified with a color: green, yellow, or red.

The gameplay of Sonic Drift shares similarities with Sega's "Super Scaler"-type arcade games such as Out Run and Super Monaco GP, although with inspiration from Nintendo's Super Mario Kart. Each character has strengths and weaknesses; for instance, Sonic has fast acceleration but poor control, while Robotnik has poor acceleration but moves at high speed. The top half of the player's screen shows the course map, while the bottom displays the player's car racing around the track. The game's driving mechanics focus on drifting to steer around corners at speed. Driving into television monitors scattered around the track awards the player a power-up, such as invincibility. Tracks also contain gold rings that can be collected to use a special move, which is unique for each character; for example, Sonic gets a speed boost, while Tails gets a jump.

Developed in-house at Sega, Sonic Drift was released in Japan for the Game Gear on March 18, 1994. The western release was canceled due to concerns regarding the game's quality. Sega instead released a Game Gear port of Sonic Spinball. Sonic Drift 2, a sequel, was released worldwide for the Game Gear in 1995. In 2003, Sonic Drift was released as an unlockable extra in Sonic Adventure DX: Director's Cut, and was later compiled into Sonic Mega Collection Plus in 2004, as well as Sonic Origins Plus on June 23, 2023.

Reception
Sonic Drift received mixed reviews. Electronic Gaming Monthly was positive towards it in a preview, saying that the game was fast-paced and enjoyable but the flashing, choppy scrolling hampered the gameplay somewhat. Three reviewers for Sega Pro gave a negative review of the game, criticizing the track designs as too similar, poor cornering controls, and low difficulty. Reviewer Mark Hill concluded his part of the review with "only a complete idiot would purchase a copy." The three reviewers were more positive about the game's graphics and sound. According to Ulf Schneider of German magazine, Sonic Drift does not have the same quality of gameplay as Super Mario Kart and he criticized the lack of vision of a corner until being just before one, but he also said the game was fun and easy to master even on Hard difficulty. He also commented that the controls could be figured out within a few laps of gameplay.

Retrospective feedback has been negative. The game's inclusion in Sonic Mega Collection was negatively received; Chris Baker of GameSpy labeled it as "almost unplayable", while Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer called it "a terrible, terrible racing game whose flickering madness actually made me physically sick." A reviewer for Jeuxvideo.com in 2012 compared Sonic Drift to Super Mario Kart, disliking Drift for being too simplistic and very easy to finish, alongside the general lack of content and poor presentation. The reviewer stated, "Too simple and too fast to finish, Sonic Drift is unfortunately not a title that will fascinate the crowds." The staff of USgamer identified Sonic Drift 's use of half the Game Gear's screen for the course map as an issue, and called the game "a poor man's Out Run". Apollo Chungus of Hardcore Gaming 101 said that the gameplay itself was decent and solid, but felt that it was greatly lacking in content and variety. He criticized the track design in particular for being generally boring, lacking in presentation, and for the stage themes being purely cosmetic instead of affecting the track designs themselves. Chungus concluded his review by stating "the small amount of content mean that it's a racer only a small number of people will dedicate themselves to." GamesTM described the title as a "lazy and cynical cash-in", saying that it did not understand what made Super Mario Kart so successful.

title: Sonic Drift


text:
Organ tablature

Organ tablature is a form of musical notation used by the north German Baroque organ school, although there are also forms of organ tablature from other countries such as Italy, Spain, Poland, and England. Portions of Johann Sebastian Bach's Orgelbüchlein are written in tablature, as are a great deal of the surviving manuscripts of the organ works of Dieterich Buxtehude and other north German organ composers of the Baroque era.

The first extant example of keyboard tablature, which was almost certainly for organ, was in the Robertsbridge Codex, from about 1360. Although it is English, it is closely related to the later German tablatures. An early and perhaps seminal example of these organ tablatures is found in the Buxheimer Orgelbuch (Buxheim Organ Book), compiled in Münich in the 1460s. It reflects the work of Conrad Paumann, a blind organist, lutenist, and composer. The biggest organ tablature, as well as one of the oldest in the world, is Organ Tablature by Jan of Lublin (1537–48), one of ca. 20 Polish organ tablatures created from 1520 to 1700. An emblematic organ tablature of the early baroque era is the Linzer Orgeltabulatur, compiled between 1611 and 1613 and containing 108 pieces of mostly non-liturgical character.

The feature of organ tablature that distinguishes it from modern musical notation is the absence of staves, noteheads, and key signatures. Pitches are denoted by letter names written in script, durations by flags (much like modern notation), although in early notations durations were shown using mensural indications, and octave displacement by octave lines drawn above a letter. There was some variation in the notation of accidentals, but sometimes sharps were specified by the addition of a loop to the end of the letter. B natural and B flat were represented by h and b respectively. Naturals are not indicated, as accidentals do not carry through the entire measure as in modern notation. Key signatures are not specified; they are implied by the indicated sharps. In Renaissance works the uppermost melodic line is given in normal mensural notation on a staff, and the tablature given below each note.

Since the end of the Baroque era, organ tablature has not been used to an appreciable extent. Repertoire originally written in tablature has been translated into modern notation. However, this translation carries a risk of error. In German script an A and an E can become confused, as can an F and a G. Likewise, an octave line over a series of notes can begin or end ambiguously. Different solutions are given by different editors, and this is one manifestation of the improvisatory tradition of organ performance of the period.

title: Organ tablature


text:
Category:Fagaceae

 * • The family Fagaceae, or the beech family.
 * • It is characterized by alternate leaves with pinnate venation, flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of nuts.
 * • The best-known group of this family is the oaks—genus Quercus, whose fruit is called an acorn.

title: Category:Fagaceae


text: Category:1137 deaths

title: Category:1137 deaths


text:
User:Dd2

I'm a wiki wiki man.

title: User:Dd2


text:
Fernsehturm Heidelberg

The Fernsehturm Heidelberg is a transmission tower for FM and DVB-T on the Königstuhl hill of Heidelberg at 49.40444°N, 8.72944°W. It was the property of the City of Heidelberg and sold to the SWR. Because of its exposed location on the crest of the hill the tower itself is only 82 meters high.

The Heidelberg TV tower has an open-air observation deck 30 metres up its height, which can be reached by an elevator. The observation deck is now permanently closed for visitors due to safety concerns. The sale of the tower sealed the fate of the observation deck which used to enable tourist a spectacular 360 degrees view of the region.

In the first years of its existence the tower was also used as a water tower. The water tank is located within the main body behind the observation deck.

11 digital TV channels on 3 multiplexes are broadcast from the TV tower. DVB-T Frequencies are channel 21 (474 MHz) for the ZDF transponder, 49 (698 MHz) and 60 (698 MHz) for the ARD/SWR transponders. TV channels broadcast are ARD, ZDF, SWR, HR, WDR, BR, 3Sat, Doku/Kika, Phoenix, Arte and EinsPlus. Each Multiplex is broadcast with 50 kW, with plans to double that to 100 kW near or mid-term. On November 5, 2008, frequencies were changed for all 3 transponders. That transition canceled the SFN (Single-Frequency Network) with the Stuttgart region (New frequencies will be in place on Nov. 11th, 2008, due to a new TV master plan for Europe).

4 analog FM radio channels are broadcast from this tower. SWR1 97.8 MHz, SWR2 88.8 MHz, SWR3 99.9 MHz and SWR4 104.1 MHz. Also one digital radio multiplex (DAB) is broadcast from this tower on DAB channel 12A. Available channels on that digital channel are SWR 1 Baden–Württemberg, SWR 2, SWR 3, DASDING and SWR cont.ra.

The Telecom Telecommunication Tower Heidelberg and former Telecommunication Tower of US-Forces Heidelberg (returned to the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg) are located close by. Both are off limits to the public.

title: Fernsehturm Heidelberg


text:
Jenny Haniver

A Jenny Haniver is the carcass of a ray or a skate that has been modified by hand then dried, resulting in a mummified specimen intended to resemble a fanciful fictional creature, such as a demon or dragon. This practice dates back to the 16th century when these specimens were often sold as curiosities to sailors and collectors.

Name
One suggestion for the origin of the term was the French phrase jeune d'Anvers ("youth of Antwerp"). British sailors "cockneyed" this description into the personal name "Jenny Haniver".

History
Jenny Hanivers have been created to look like various mythical creatures, including devils, angels and dragons. Some writers have suggested the sea monk may have been a Jenny Haniver.

The earliest known picture of Jenny Haniver appeared in Konrad Gesner's Historia Animalium vol. IV in 1558. Gesner warned that these were merely disfigured rays and should not be believed to be miniature dragons or monsters, which was a popular misconception at the time.

The most common misconception was that Jenny Hanivers were basilisks. As basilisks were creatures that killed with merely a glance, no one could claim to know what one looks like. For this reason it was easy to pass off Jenny Hanivers as these creatures, which were still widely feared in the 16th century.

In Veracruz, Jenny Hanivers are considered to have magical powers and are employed by curanderos in their rituals. This tradition is similar to one in Japan, where fake taxidermy ningyo (similar to Fiji mermaids) were produced and kept in temples.

In popular culture

 * The Jenny Haniver and Jenny Haniver II are airships in the Mortal Engines Quartet (2001–2006) series of novels by Philip Reeve, and a boat in one of its prequels, A Web of Air (2010).
 * The Bermuda Depths, a 1978 fantasy film starring Leigh McCloskey and Connie Sellecca, featured the latter as a mysterious character named "Jennie Haniver".
 * In the 2022 video game Splatoon 3, a Jenny Haniver is available as a purchasable locker decoration under the name “mysterious dried thing”.

title: Jenny Haniver


text:
Indelibly Stamped

Indelibly Stamped is the second album by the English rock band Supertramp, released in 1971. It marked a dramatic change in direction to a more straightforward rock sound, and by admission of the band's own liner notes, "Travelled" is the only song with any resemblance to their debut album. Like their debut, this album was a commercial failure upon release, but in later decades it went gold in France and Canada. Original editions have a colour gate-fold cover and different text for the band name and album title. The cover photograph features the tattooed torso and arms of a topless woman. This is the first Supertramp album issued in the U.S.; the cover was in colour (in 1971), but A&M pasted two gold stars over the nipples. The album was banned from a number of record stores in Australia, while others sold each copy inside a brown paper sleeve.

Cover art
The cover depicts the tattooed torso and arms of a topless woman. According to Paul Sayce, writing in Tattoo News, the model was Marion Hollier, who was extensively tattooed at the Les Skuse Tattoo Studio in the 1960s. An article published in The People shortly after the album's release also identifies Hollier as the model, noting that she was paid £45 for the job.

Background
Roger Hodgson later said Indelibly Stamped was "the survival album to put ourselves back in the good books of our manager. There was no theme worked out for the album and we were floundering." New members Kevin Currie, Frank Farrell, and Dave Winthrop were all recruited shortly before the recording sessions.

The song "Times Have Changed" evolved out of a song called "Times of Rain", which was written with Richard Palmer-James while he was still a member of the group. Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson wrote new lyrics to the song, renaming it "Times Have Changed".

Supporting tours for the album began with a series of shows at the P.N. Club in Munich, which had been the site for Supertramp's first public performances. Rick Davies described their stage show at the time as "all Rock and Roll really. We used to get people up on the bloody stage and it was just chaos, hopping away doing about three encores, but there was meat and potatoes behind it. No more or less people would come to the next gig." This was the last album Roger Hodgson played bass during his tenure with Supertramp.

Reception
In his brief retrospective review, AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the album was an improvement over their debut, but still indulged too much in lengthy instrumental sections.

Track listing
All songs written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, except where noted.

All lead vocals by Rick Davies, except where noted.

 * "Rosie Had Everything Planned" is the only original song in the entire Supertramp catalog for which Rick Davies receives no writing or co-writing credit.

Personnel

 * Supertramp
 * Rick Davies – acoustic and Wurlitzer pianos, Hammond organ, lead vocals, harmonica
 * Roger Hodgson – acoustic and electric guitars, bass guitar (track 3), lead (tracks 2, 3, 10) and backing vocals
 * Dave Winthrop – flute, saxophones, lead vocals (track 6)
 * Frank Farrell – bass guitar (all tracks except track 3), piano and accordion (track 3), backing vocals
 * Kevin Currie – percussion, drums

Production
 * Producer: Supertramp
 * Engineer: Bob Hall

title: Indelibly Stamped


text:
Talk:Indelibly Stamped

Cover
As seen the link mentioned hereunder, it is not Rusty Skuse but Marion Hollander on the cover.

External link

 * Tattoonews

Greetings, Ceescamel (talk) 09:25, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Times Have Changed
Richard Palmer interview (noted in article on first album) says that he had something to do with writing "Times Have Changed," though he was not credited. I'm not going to add it, having grown weary of Wikipedia editing, but someone else can feel free to do it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.69.204.131 (talk) 14:38, 6 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds good. I'll go ahead and add that.--NukeofEarl (talk) 16:32, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160826065052/http://tattoonews.co.uk/tattooed_lady_marion_hollier/ to http://tattoonews.co.uk/tattooed_lady_marion_hollier/

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title: Talk:Indelibly Stamped


text:
Launched roller coaster

The launched roller coaster is a modern form of roller coaster. A launched coaster initiates a ride with high amounts of acceleration via one or a series of linear induction motors (LIM), linear synchronous motors (LSM), catapults, tires, chains, or other mechanisms employing hydraulic or pneumatic power, along a launch track. This mode of acceleration powers many of the fastest roller coasters in the world.

Launched coasters mainly feature improved speed and acceleration when compared to traditional chain or cable lift coasters.

LIM / LSM
Linear induction motor (LIM) and linear synchronous motor (LSM) coasters use propulsion via electromagnets, which utilize large amounts of electricity to propel the coaster train along its track into the ride elements (e.g. inversions, twists, turns and short drops). Ten design companies managing these types of rides are Vekoma, Intamin, Gerstlauer, Premier Rides, Maurer, Zierer, Mack Rides, Bolliger & Mabillard, Rocky Mountain Construction and S&S Worldwide. Both Rocky Mountain Construction and Bolliger & Mabillard established their first LSM launched coasters recently with the RMC Topper Track Coaster, Lightning Rod, at Dollywood, and B&M's wingrider, Thunderbird, at HolidayWorld.

An example of an LSM launched roller coaster is Maverick at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio.

These launch systems transfer electricity through a motor on the roller coaster's track so that it controls the speed at which it will urge the cars and train either forward or backward on a segment. LIMs are mainly used in Premier Rides roller coasters and Intamin impulse and blitz coasters. However, LIMs can also be used for general transport, such as the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover in Magic Kingdom or monorail and maglev trains.

Hydraulic fluid
Hydraulic-launched roller coasters, pioneered by Swiss manufacturer Intamin, give the riders greater acceleration with improved smoothness over the electromagnetic and catapult launch mechanisms. The acceleration from a hydraulic launch is greatest at the beginning and dies off rapidly, but the acceleration from a LIM/LSM launch remains fairly constant throughout the duration of the launch.

The core of the system involves powerful hydraulic pumps, usually eight, that are each capable of producing approximately 500 horsepower (373 kW). In Kingda Ka's configuration, the system can produce a peak power of up to 20,800 hp (15.5 MW) for each launch. Hydraulic fluid is pumped into several different hydraulic accumulators – energy storing devices – containing two compartments that are separated by a piston. As the incompressible hydraulic fluid is pumped into one compartment, nitrogen in the other compartment is compressed. At launch, the fluid under pressure from the accumulators is used to drive a number of hydraulic motors (commonly 16 or 32), which spin a large winch drum that rewinds a cable attached to the lead car of the train, called the catch-car, in a matter of seconds. The cable runs under the launch track, and the catch-car moves along a groove in the track's center.

The motor is positioned at the opposite end of the catch-car on the launch track. While the train inches forward into a ready position, the pusher mechanism moves back from the motor toward the train. Once the pusher connects, the anti-rollback braking system drops beneath the track, giving the train the green light to be launched.

The first hydraulic launch coaster was Xcelerator reaching 82 mph in 2.3 seconds. The world's tallest roller coaster, Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure, is capable of reaching 128 mph in 3.5 seconds. The fastest roller coaster in the world, Formula Rossa, reaches 149 mi/h in 4 seconds using the hydraulic method.

Accelerator Coasters manufactured by Intamin commonly place a top hat element after the launch, which is a hill in the shape of a tower with a 90-degree ascent and 90-degree drop. Trains enter and exit this element in opposite directions. Top Thrill Dragster, built in 2003, includes this element followed by a brake run, while Kingda Ka, built in 2005, adds a 129 ft airtime hill before the final brake run. Some hydraulic coaster layouts omit the top hat element altogether. Another manufacturer, Vekoma, began producing hydraulic-launched coasters in 2004 with the opening of Booster Bike at Toverland in the Netherlands, reaching speeds up to 47 mph.

Pneumatic (compressed air)
Using the same type of system as a hydraulic launch, a pneumatic launch uses compressed air to launch the vehicle. The technology was developed by S&S as the Thrust Air 2000 model. The first coaster of this type was the Hypersonic XLC, opened at Kings Dominion in Doswell, Virginia, USA in 2001. This coaster closed in 2007. Another incarnation, the Ring Racer was open for only 4 days. Compressed air launches are able to provide more acceleration than traditional pneumatic launches, with Do-Dodonpa at Fuji-Q Highland in Japan having held the acceleration record from when it opened as Dodonpa in 2001 to its closure in 2024, launching passengers from 0 to 112 mph (180 km/h) in 1.56 seconds (it is now held by Stealth at Thorpe Park, UK). S&S has brought back pneumatic launches in China with OCT Thrust SSC1000 and Bullet Coaster at Happy Valley Wuhan and Happy Valley Shenzhen respectively. Maxx Force at Six Flags Great America marked the return of pneumatic launches in the United States.

Eddy current launcher (LEM)
Magnets are placed under the cars and a series of flywheels coupled to aluminum discs is in the launch zone: there is no contact between the two. The system can be used also for speed up intermediate launchers, and for braking, with static aluminum blades, at the end of the ride. Thanks to the energy stored in the flywheels, the power demand for launching is flat. Two operating examples of this technique are the Drifter at Sochi Park in the Sochi Olimpic Park and at FunWorks, Abu Dhabi (manufacturer I.E.Park )

Catapult
In the catapult launch, a dropped weight winds a cable to pull the train until it accelerates to its full speed. Dropped weights were used in early installations of Shuttle Loop.

These rides are often not very tall, and usually achieve speeds of 60 mph (96 km/h).

Flywheel
Flywheel launches are used on some Anton Schwarzkopf designed shuttle loop coasters and Zamperla Motocoasters. A large flywheel is spun at high speeds and is attached to a cable that propels the train forward.

Electric motor and spring tension
Arrow Dynamics' Launched Loop coasters, which were popular in the 1970s and 1980s, use a powerful electric motor and tensioned springs to propel a launch car forward. The launch car pushes the train outward to a drop, and then returns to its position. After the train reaches the opposite platform, another catch car works the same way. An example of this is Irn Bru Revolution.

Friction wheels
Another type of launch is by friction wheels. The launch track consists of a series of horizontal tires that pinch the brake fins on the underside of the train. One example of this is the Incredible Hulk Coaster at Universal's Islands of Adventure.

Australia

 * Jet Rescue (Sea World)
 * Motocoaster (Dreamworld)
 * Steel Taipan (Dreamworld)
 * Surfrider (Wet'n'Wild Gold Coast)
 * Superman Escape (Warner Bros. Movie World)
 * Tower of Terror II (Dreamworld) (removed)

Belgium

 * Anubis The Ride (Plopsaland)
 * Fury (Bobbejaanland)
 * Psyké Underground (Walibi Belgium)
 * Pulsar (Walibi Belgium)
 * The Ride to Happiness (Plopsaland)

Brazil

 * Katapul (Hopi Hari)

Canada

 * Back Lot Stunt Coaster (Canada's Wonderland)

China

 * Battle of Blue Fire (Quancheng Euro Park)
 * Decepticoaster (Universal Studios Beijing)
 * Legendary Twin Dragon (Chongqing Sunac Land)
 * Light Of Revenge (Happy Valley Nanjing)
 * Hurricane Roller Coaster (Suzhou Amusement Land Forest World)
 * OCT Thrust SSC1000 (Happy Valley Wuhan)
 * RC Racer (Shanghai Disneyland)
 * Tron Lightcycle Power Run (Shanghai Disneyland)

Denmark

 * Juvelen (Djurs Sommerland)

Finland

 * Half Pipe Coaster (Särkänniemi) (defunct)
 * Motogee (Särkänniemi)
 * Taiga (Linnanmäki)
 * Junker (PowerPark)

France

 * Toutatis (Parc Astérix)

 * Objectif Mars (Futuroscope)
 * RC Racer (Walt Disney Studios Park)
 * Rock 'n' Roller Coaster (Disneyland Paris) (closed)
 * Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain (Disneyland Paris)

Germany

 * Blue Fire Megacoaster (Europa-Park)
 * Desert Race (Heide Park)
 * Flucht von Novgorod (Hansa-Park)
 * F.L.Y. (Phantasialand)
 * Karacho (Erlebnispark Tripsdrill)
 * MoviePark StudioTour (Movie Park Germany)
 * ring°racer (Nürburgring) (defunct)
 * Sky Scream (Holiday Park)
 * Star Trek: Operation Enterprise (Movie Park Germany)
 * Taron (Phantasialand)
 * Voltron Nevera (Europa-Park)

Hong Kong

 * RC Racer (Hong Kong Disneyland)

Italy

 * ISpeed (Mirabilandia)
 * Shock (Rainbow MagicLand)

Japan

 * Do-Dodonpa (Fuji-Q Highland)
 * Shuttle Loop (Nagashima Spa Land)

Netherlands

 * Booster Bike (Amusement Park Toverland)
 * Formule X (Drievliet)
 * Gold Rush (Slagharen)
 * Xpress: Platform 13 (Walibi Holland)

Norway

 * Speed Monster (Tusenfryd)

Poland

 * Abyssus (Energylandia)
 * Formuła (Energylandia)

South Africa

 * Golden Loop (Gold Reef City)

Spain

 * Furius Baco (Port Aventura's Park)
 * Red Force (Ferrari Land)
 * Uncharted: El Enigma de Penitence (Port Aventura's Park)

Sweden

 * Helix (Liseberg)
 * Kanonen (Liseberg) (removed)

UAE

 * Madagascar Mad Pursuit (Motiongate)
 * Formula Rossa (Ferrari World)
 * Turbo Track (Ferrari World)

UK

 * Revolution (Blackpool Pleasure Beach)
 * Rita (Alton Towers)
 * Icon (Blackpool Pleasure Beach)
 * Velocity (Flamingo Land)
 * Stealth (Thorpe Park)

USA

 * Avatar Airbender (Nickelodeon Universe Mall of America)
 * Backlot Stunt Coaster (Kings Dominion) (Kings Island) (Canada's Wonderland)
 * Cheetah Hunt (Busch Gardens Tampa Bay)
 * Copperhead Strike (Carowinds)
 * DarKoaster: Escape The Storm (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)
 * Flight of Fear (Kings Dominion) (Kings Island)
 * Full Throttle (Six Flags Magic Mountain)
 * Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind (Epcot)
 * Half Pipe Coaster (Elitch Gardens)
 * Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts (Universal Studios Florida)
 * Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure (Universal Islands of Adventure)
 * Ice Breaker (SeaWorld Orlando)
 * Incredible Hulk Coaster (Universal Islands of Adventure)
 * Incredicoaster (Disney California Adventure Park)
 * Joker's Jinx (Six Flags America)
 * Kingda Ka (Six Flags Great Adventure)
 * Lightning Rod (Dollywood)
 * Maverick (Cedar Point)
 * Maxx Force (Six Flags Great America)
 * Montezooma's Revenge (Knott's Berry Farm)
 * Mr. Freeze (Six Flags Over Texas) (Six Flags St. Louis)
 * Pantheon (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)
 * Poltergeist (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)
 * Possessed (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom)
 * Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride (Universal Studios Florida)
 * Rock 'n' Roller Coaster (Disney's Hollywood Studios)
 * Sandy's Blasting Bronco (Nickelodeon Universe American Dream)
 * Slinky Dog Dash (Disney's Hollywood Studios)
 * Steel Venom (Valleyfair)
 * Storm Runner (Hersheypark)
 * Superman: Escape from Krypton (Six Flags Magic Mountain)
 * Tempesto (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)
 * The Flash: Vertical Velocity (Six Flags Great America)
 * Timmy's Half Pipe Havoc (Nickelodeon Universe American Dream)
 * Tigris (Busch Gardens Tampa Bay)
 * Top Thrill Dragster (Cedar Point)
 * Tron Lightcycle Power Run (Magic Kingdom)
 * VelociCoaster (Universal Islands of Adventure)
 * Verbolten (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)
 * Volcano (Kings Dominion)(Removed)
 * Wave Breaker: The Rescue Coaster (SeaWorld San Antonio)
 * West Coast Racers (Six Flags Magic Mountain)
 * Wicked Twister (Cedar Point)(Removed)
 * Xcelerator (Knott's Berry Farm)

title: Launched roller coaster


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Talk:Subspace topology

Redirects to chapters
Why do redirects to chapters of an article not work?? Revolver 05:57, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rename article
I recently created subspace topology and direct sum topology. The article names were choosen in order to fit in with quotient topology and product topology. But now I think it would be better to rename all articles to product (topology) or topological product in order to put the focus on the construction and not on the topology. Any opinions ? MathMartin 20:29, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I vote for -- Fropuff 01:57, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)
 * subspace (topology)
 * quotient space
 * product space
 * disjoint union (topology)

 * Why didn't you write quotient space (topology) and product space (topology) to make the naming consistent ? Otherwise I like the names. MathMartin 13:43, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

As long as there isn't a conflict we should stick to the shorter names. It makes linking easier when writing other articles. I think striving for 100% naming consistency within Wikipedia is a futile task. -- Fropuff 15:26, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

 * Linking can be made easier be adding redirects. I do not aim for 100% naming consistency within Wikipedia but just for consistency regarding the main article titles for closely related articles. MathMartin 15:52, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Notation
On an unrelated note: I suppose its a matter of personal preference, but I think the underline notation $$\underline{X}:=(X,\tau)$$ is distracting. It may be an abuse of notation, but it is a perfectly standard practice to call X a topological space with the topology being understood. -- Fropuff 02:28, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

 * I know that my underline notation is not standard but I think it is very confusing to just call X a topological space with the topology being understood. I changed the notation by omitting the name of the topological space and just writing the ordered tuple (X,τ).
 * I think it is important to distinguish clearly between the topological space (X,τ) and the underlying set X when describing constructions involving several topological spaces. MathMartin 13:43, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I think its fine to be clear in the definition, but afterwards revert to the more casual notation. After all, there is little ambiguity: we are only talking about one topology on X and one topology on S. -- Fropuff 15:26, 2005 Mar 4 (UTC)

 * If you are referring to the Properties section and you think you can make the notation clearer then give it a try. But I doubt it is possible.MathMartin 15:52, 4 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I think
 * If $$S$$ is open in $$X$$ we call $$S$$ an open subspace of $$X$$

is harder to understand and more ambiguous than the slighly more verbose
 * If $$S$$ is open in $$(X,\tau)$$ we call $$(S,\tau_S)$$ an open subspace of $$(X,\tau)$$.

MathMartin 12:55, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

That's probably true. We should maybe also state that a subspace is open (closed) iff the inclusion map is an open (closed) map from $$(S,\tau_S)$$ to $$(X,\tau)$$. -- Fropuff 15:22, 2005 Mar 5 (UTC)

Error?
To the author: You say that $$\{0\} \in \mathbb{Q}$$ is not open so $$\mathbb{Q}$$ does not have the discrete topology. Isn't this incorrect? If we use the discrete topology on $$\mathbb{R}$$ then $$\{ 0 \} \in \mathbb{R}$$ is open. So $$\mathbb{Q} \cap \{0\} = \{0\} \in \tau_S$$ should be open as well. Am I missing something? Jtabbsvt 06:17, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, but R does not have the discrete topology, it has the Euclidean one. So {0} is not open is R or Q. -- Fropuff 17:00, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

I suppose the wording was what confused me. R "doesn't have" the discrete topology in your particular example, but you can certainly bestow the discrete topology upon R. Doing so would induce the discrete topology on Q. So it's not that R or Q "doesn't have" the discrete topology, but rather that the discrete topology on Q can only be induced from the discrete topology on R, and by contrast, it can't be induced by, say, the Euclidean topology on R.

My main point is that there are many ways to choose a topology for R (though admittedly the Euclidean topology is the usual one), so for the purpose of the example (which should be easily understood by the types of people that are familiarizing themselves with this material), it may be more useful to point out that you're using the Euclidean metric in the example.Jtabbsvt 02:20, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subspace topology


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DR

DR, Dr, dr, may refer to:

 * Doctor (title), a person who has obtained a doctoral degree or a courtesy title for a medical or dental practitioner

Arts and media

 * Dalereckoning, a fictional numbering of years in Dungeons & Dragons
 * Danganronpa, a video game series and anime
 * Deltarune, a game by Toby Fox
 * Diário da República, the official gazette of the government of Portugal
 * Douay–Rheims Bible, a translation of the Christian Bible
 * Drag Race, a drag reality competition tv show franchise
 * Dress rehearsal (disambiguation), a full-scale rehearsal of a public performance

Businesses

 * DR Handmade Strings, a manufacturer of guitar strings
 * DR (broadcaster), a Danish government-owned radio and television public broadcasting company
 * D/R or Design Research, a retail lifestyle store chain (1953–1978)
 * DR Motor Company, an Italian automobile company
 * Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany), former German railway company
 * Digital Research, a defunct software company
 * Duane Reade, a New York pharmacy chain
 * Ruili Airlines (IATA code DR), a Chinese airline

Places

 * Dominican Republic, a country on the eastern portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola
 * Dadar railway station, Mumbai, India (Central railway station code)

Science and technology

 * Data Room, a space used for housing data, usually of a secure or privileged nature
 * Dead reckoning, a process of estimating global position
 * Demand response, a method of managing consumer consumption of electricity
 * Design rationale, documentation of reasons behind decisions made during technical design
 * Designated Router, a concept used in the OSPF routing protocol
 * Digital radiography, a form of x-ray imaging using digital sensors
 * Disaster recovery, reestablishing systems following a disaster
 * Discrepancy reporting, in software project management
 * Dose–response relationship, the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure
 * Dram (unit), a unit of mass and volume
 * Dreieckrechner, a German flight computer manufactured in the 1930s and 1940s
 * Dynamic range, the ratio between the largest and smallest possible values of a quantity, such as sound and light

Other uses

 * Dr. or DR, a shorthand for "Debit", a bookkeeping concept
 * Death row, a prison or section of a prison that houses prisoners awaiting execution
 * Democratic Republic, designating a country that is both a democracy and a republic
 * Depositary receipt, negotiable financial instrument issued by a bank to represent a foreign company's publicly traded securities
 * Derealization, an alteration in the perception of the external world such that it seems unreal
 * Diminishing returns

title: DR


text:
Category:Agavaceae

In the APG III system of classification (the standard agreed by WikiProject Plants), Agavaceae has been replaced by Agavoideae.

title: Category:Agavaceae


text:
User talk:A2X

Please do not delete useful text from pages without explanation or discussion. Thank you. --MarkSweep 05:59, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:A2X


text: Category:1161 births

title: Category:1161 births


text:
Category:Asparagales

This category is for articles of plants that the APG IV system assigns to the order Asparagales (in the clade monocots).

title: Category:Asparagales


text:
Gibson Desert

The Gibson Desert is a large desert in Western Australia, largely in an almost pristine state. It is about 155000 km2 in size, making it the fifth largest desert in Australia, after the Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Tanami and Simpson deserts. The Gibson Desert is both an interim Australian bioregion and desert ecoregion.

Location and description
The Gibson Desert is located between the saline Kumpupintil Lake and Lake Macdonald along the Tropic of Capricorn, south of the Great Sandy Desert, east of the Little Sandy Desert, and north of the Great Victoria Desert. The altitude rises to just above 500 m in places. As noted by early Australian explorers such as Ernest Giles large portions of the desert are characterized by gravel-covered terrains covered in thin desert grasses and it also contains extensive areas of undulating red sand plains and dunefields, low rocky/gravelly ridges and substantial upland portions with a high degree of laterite formation. The sandy soil of the lateritic buckshot plains is rich in iron. Several isolated salt-water lakes occur in the centre of the region and to the southwest a system of small lakes follow paleo-drainage features. Groundwater sources include portions of the Officer Basin and Canning Basin.

Climate
Rainfall in the Gibson Desert ranges from 200 to 250 mm annually, while evaporation rates are in the range of 3600 mm per year. The climate is generally hot; summer maximum temperatures rise above 40 C whilst in winter the maximum may fall to 18 C and minimum winter temperatures dip to 6 C.

Name
The Gibson Desert was named by explorer Ernest Giles after a member of his party, Alfred Gibson, who became lost and presumably died in this desert during an expedition in 1874.

Indigenous habitation
In much of the region, especially the drier western portion, the majority of people living in the area are Indigenous Australians. In 1984, due to a severe drought which had dried up all of the springs and depleted the bush foods, a group of the Pintupi people who were living a traditional semi-nomadic desert-dwelling life, walked out of a remote wilderness in the central-eastern portion of the Gibson Desert (northeast of Warburton) and made contact for the first time with mainstream Australian society. They are believed to have been perhaps the last uncontacted tribe in Australia. On the eastern margin of the region, population centres (which include people of European descent) include Warburton, Mantamaru and Warakurna. Young Indigenous adults from the Gibson Desert region work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture.

title: Gibson Desert


text: Category:1162 deaths

title: Category:1162 deaths


text:
Hot Snakes

Hot Snakes were an American rock band led by Rick Froberg and John Reis, formed in 1999 in San Diego, California. Reis and Froberg had previously performed together in Pitchfork and Drive Like Jehu, after which Reis found international success with Rocket from the Crypt. Hot Snakes disbanded in 2005, but reunited in 2011.

Although they shared musical similarities with members' previous outfits, Hot Snakes forged a sound that was much more primal than that of Pitchfork, Drive Like Jehu or Rocket from the Crypt. Reis and Froberg were also heavily influenced by bands such as The Wipers, Suicide, and the Michael Yonkers Band, with these influences giving Hot Snakes a distinctive sound that has been described by PunkNews as "hardcore garage punk." The band's recordings and merchandise were produced using principles of DIY, with Froberg providing all of the artwork and Reis releasing the material via his Swami Records label.

1999–2001: Formation and Automatic Midnight
As youths growing up in San Diego, Reis and Froberg had played together in the post-hardcore band Pitchfork from 1986 to 1990. Following that they formed Drive Like Jehu, which gained the attention of major labels and resulted in a record contract with Interscope Records. By this time, however, Reis had become seriously involved with his other band, Rocket from the Crypt, and in 1995 Drive Like Jehu stopped playing together. Reis would continue to work with Rocket From the Crypt until 2005, while Froberg moved to New York to start a career as visual artist and illustrator.

Hot Snakes essentially began as a "side project" in 1999 while Reis was taking time off from Rocket from the Crypt, who were in between record labels and had lost their longtime drummer Atom Willard. While searching for a new record label and drummer, Reis started his own label Swami Records and experimented with other musicians, resulting in the formation of both Hot Snakes and the Sultans. Hot Snakes originated when Reis recorded a batch of songs with The Delta 72 drummer Jason Kourkounis, then contacted former bandmate Froberg to contribute vocals to the tracks. Most of this recording session was released in 2000 as Hot Snakes' first album Automatic Midnight, which was the first release by the Swami label.

Although Reis and Froberg had previously collaborated in bands, Hot Snakes represented a new challenge logistically: Reis lived in San Diego, Froberg in New York, and Kourkounis in Philadelphia. This resulted in sporadic and intense touring and recording schedules. When a full touring band was needed, Gar Wood (Beehive and the Baracudas, Tanner, Fishwife) was called in to play the bass guitar. After some touring Reis returned to work full-time with Rocket from the Crypt.

2002–2004: Suicide Invoice and Audit in Progress
In 2002 Hot Snakes reconvened to record the album Suicide Invoice and tour the United States. The following year Kourkounis left the band to play full-time with Burning Brides, and Reis once again returned to work with Rocket from the Crypt. When Hot Snakes again returned to the recording studio in 2004, Rocket from the Crypt drummer Mario Rubalcaba (also of The Black Heart Procession, Clikatat Ikatowi, Earthless, 411, and Chicanochrist) was brought in to play the drums. The album Audit in Progress was released and the band extensively toured the United States, as well as Europe and Australia. "This Mystic Decade" appeared in Grand Theft Auto V on "Vinewood Boulevard Radio".

While on tour in the United Kingdom that fall, the band recorded several songs for BBC radio at British DJ John Peel's recording studio. Their performance would be one of the last for Peel's program, as he died shortly afterwards. This session was released as the Peel Sessions EP, which replaced a planned single for the song "Braintrust" in the UK market.

2005–2006: Breakup and Thunder Down Under
In May 2005, while on tour in Australia, Hot Snakes recorded a live in-studio performance at ABC studios for Australian radio station triple j. On their return to the US, Reis announced that the band was breaking up. Audit in Progress was named "best punk album" at the 2005 San Diego Music Awards, and shortly after Reis announced that Rocket from the Crypt would also be breaking up. That fall, Hot Snakes contributed a cover of the Government Issue song "Time to Escape" to the soundtrack to the Tony Hawk's American Wasteland video game. This was the last song recorded by the band. Their live Australian radio session was released posthumously in 2006 as Thunder Down Under.

Following the breakup of both Hot Snakes and Rocket from the Crypt, Reis focused his energy on running the Swami Records label. He continued to perform occasionally with Rubalcaba in the Sultans until that band's breakup in January 2007. Rubalcaba also plays in the San Diego band Earthless and is part owner of an independent record store called Thirsty Moon Records. Wood continues to record music and play in Beehive and the Barracudas, while Froberg resides in New York and works as a visual artist and illustrator. In early 2008 Froberg debuted a new musical act called Obits, while Reis, Wood, and Kourkounis reunited in The Night Marchers.

2010–2023: Reunion and Froberg's death
On July 29, 2010 The Night Marchers and Obits performed together at The Casbah in San Diego; for the encore, the original Hot Snakes lineup of Reis, Froberg, Wood, and Kourkounis reunited to perform "If Credit's What Matters I'll Take Credit", "Automatic Midnight", and "No Hands". The following year Hot Snakes reunited, with Kourkounis and Rubalcaba taking turns on drums, for a series of gigs including All Tomorrow's Parties and Fun Fun Fun Fest. The band toured the West Coast of the United States from March to April 2012, and performed at the Metallica-curated Orion Music + More festival in New Jersey in June.

On August 14, 2017, Hot Snakes announced a fall tour starting in November as well as new album tentatively scheduled for release in spring 2018 via Sub Pop. Hot Snakes' discography was also subsequently reissued by Sub Pop. As promised, Jericho Sirens was released in 2018 to positive reviews.

In June 2023, Froberg revealed on Instagram that a fifth Hot Snakes record was "very near done". Froberg died two weeks later on June 30, 2023, at the age of 55.

Band members

 * Rick Froberg – lead vocals, guitar (1999–2005, 2011–2023; his death)
 * John Reis – guitar, backing vocals (1999–2005, 2011–2023)
 * Gar Wood – bass, backing vocals (1999–2005, 2011–2023)
 * Jason Kourkounis – drums (1999–2003, 2011–2023)
 * Mario Rubalcaba – drums (2003–2005, 2011–2023)

Discography
Hot Snakes' discography consists of four studio albums, one live album, one EP, six singles, and three music videos.

Other appearances
The following Hot Snakes songs were released on compilation albums. This is not an exhaustive list; songs that were first released on the band's albums are not included.

title: Hot Snakes