text:
We Sweat Blood

We Sweat Blood is the second album by Canadian rock band Danko Jones. It was re-released on April 19, 2005 in the United States with two additional tracks from the 2002 album Born a Lion, "Lovercall" and "Sound of Love".

Reception
In 2005, We Sweat Blood was ranked number 466 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.

Personnel

 * Produced by Matteo DeMatteo and Danko Jones
 * Recorded at Record High in Toronto, Canada
 * Engineered by Matteo DeMatteo
 * Mixed by Vic Florencia
 * Mixed at Polar Studios, Stockholm, Sweden
 * Mastered by Henrik Jonsson
 * Mastered at Polar Studios, Stockholm, Sweden
 * Artwork by Walse Custom Design
 * Photos by Jesper Lindgren
 * Backing vocals on Strut by Dregen
 * Backing vocals on "Wait a Minute" by Rosie Celano
 * Group vocals on "I Love Living in the City", "Strut" by Rosie Celano, Helga Rossi, Fionnuala Jamison, Melinn Chaban, Lionel Pedro, Dave Pedro and Paul Bozzi
 * Backing vocals on "We Sweat Blood", the band with Matteo

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: We Sweat Blood


text:
Mitch Allan

Mitch Allan is an American record producer, songwriter, and singer. He has worked with artists including Demi Lovato, Third Eye Blind, Miley Cyrus, Carlie Hanson, Jason Derulo, Pitbull, Fifth Harmony, Kelly Clarkson, Simple Plan, Faith Hill, Selena Gomez, Bowling for Soup, Jonas Brothers, and Joe Cocker.

Allan was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the rock band SR-71, as well as the lead guitarist, producer, and backing vocalist of alternative project Satellite.

Production and songwriting
Allan began as a recording artist and songwriter after "1985", a song he wrote for his band SR-71, was recorded and released by pop-punk band Bowling for Soup in 2004. The track was certified Platinum and held the record for the most iTunes downloads in a single week at the time.

In 2007, Allan was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award when the song he co-penned with Kara DioGuardi and recorded by Belinda, "Bella Traición," received a Song of the Year nomination. That same year, another song written with DioGuardi, entitled "Lost," was recorded by Faith Hill and released as the first single from her Greatest Hits project. The song spent 21 weeks on the radio charts.

In 2015, Allan achieved his first worldwide #1 pop hit by co-writing Jason Derulo's "Want To Want Me". That same year, he co-wrote "Heartbeat Song" for Kelly Clarkson, which was subsequently nominated for a Grammy Award. When Allan partnered with writer-producer Jason Evigan under the moniker "The Suspex", they co-wrote and produced Demi Lovato's "Heart Attack," which reached #4 on the Mainstream Top 40 and was certified double platinum.

Personal Life
Mitch Allan lives in Los Angeles with his wife Sana Yu and their three children, Kaila, Raya, and Devin

With SR-71

 * Now You See Inside (2000)
 * Tomorrow (2002)
 * Here We Go Again (2004)

With Satellite

 * Ring the Bells (July 2011)
 * Calling Birds (February 19, 2013)

title: Mitch Allan


text:
Mary Frances Berry

Mary Frances Berry (born February 17, 1938) is an American historian, writer, lawyer, activist and professor who focuses on U.S. constitutional and legal, African-American history. Berry is the Geraldine R. Segal Professor of American Social Thought where she teaches American legal history at the Department of History, School of Arts & Sciences at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the former chairwoman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights. Previously, Berry was provost of the College of Behavioral and Social Science at University of Maryland, College Park, and was the first African American chancellor of the University of Colorado at Boulder.

Early life and education
Berry was born in Nashville, Tennessee, the second of the three children of George Ford and Frances Berry (née Southall). Because of economic hardship and family circumstances, she and her older brother were placed in an orphanage for a time.

Berry attended Nashville's segregated schools. In 1956, she graduated with honors from Pearl High School. She attended Fisk University in Nashville, where her primary interests were philosophy, history, and chemistry. Berry transferred to Howard University, where in 1961 she received her B.A. In 1962, she received her M.A. from Howard. In 1966, Berry received a Ph.D. in American constitutional history from the University of Michigan. In 1970, she earned a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School.

Career
Berry spent seven years working at the University of Maryland, eventually becoming interim provost of the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences. In 1976, she became chancellor of the University of Colorado in Boulder, Colorado, the first black woman to head a major research university.

In 1977, Berry took a leave of absence from the University of Colorado when President Jimmy Carter named her assistant secretary for education in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

In 1980, Berry left the Department of Education to return to Howard University as a professor of history and law. Carter appointed her to the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, where during her tenure she became involved in legal battles with Carter's successor, Ronald Reagan. When Reagan attempted to remove her from the board, she successfully went to court to keep her seat. She clashed frequently on the commission with the Reagan-appointed chairman, Clarence M. Pendleton Jr. Pendleton tried to move the commission in line with Reagan's social and civil rights views and aroused the ire of liberals and feminists. He served from 1981 until his sudden death in 1988. In 1984, Berry co-founded the Free South Africa Movement, dedicated to the abolition of apartheid in South Africa. She was one of three prominent Americans arrested at the South African Embassy in Washington the day before Thanksgiving; the timing was deliberate to ensure maximum news exposure.

In 1987, Berry took a tenured chair at the University of Pennsylvania, while continuing to serve on the Civil Rights Commission.

In 1993, Berry's book The Politics of Parenthood: Child Care, Women's Rights, and the Myth of the Good Mother was published. Reviewing the book in The Christian Science Monitor, Laura Van Tuyl stated, "Berry presents a dispassionate history of the women's movement, day care, and home life, showing the persistent obstacles to economic and political power that have confronted women as a result of society's definition of them as 'mothers.' Her heavily footnoted chronology attributes the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, the languishing of the women's movement in the '80s, and years of bickering over federal parental-leave and child care bills to an unwillingness to rethink gender roles." In 1993, Berry was also appointed chair of the Civil Rights Commission by President Bill Clinton, who reappointed her for another term in 1999.

Separately from her work on the Civil Rights Commission, Berry was named chair of the Pacifica Radio Foundation's National Board in June 1997. She drew controversy from listeners, programmers, and station staff, after she and the board attempted to modify programming in order to expand the listeners of the stations and to attract a more diverse audience. "White male hippies over 50," is how Berry described the programmers and audience of KPFA in Berkeley. Rumors of board actions involving the sale of flagship stations such as KPFA were widely circulated by the programmers. (Unlike most public service stations, Pacifica stations hold valuable high wattage licenses at commercial frequencies in major urban markets including New York City.) In 1999 she and Pacifica's Executive Director Lynn Chadwick fired the station's manager and issued a gag order, threatening to fire anyone else who worked at the station who spoke of their actions. Berry thereafter ordered a lockout of all KPFA personnel, in violation of station union agreements. She then proceeded to demand the imposition of racial preferences across the board at KPFA, though she refused to meet with minority staff people at the station, who mostly disagreed with her actions. Berry's actions in connection with Pacifica Radio brought protest from free speech groups such as the ACLU. She subsequently resigned from the Pacifica board.

She continued to serve as chair of the Civil Rights Commission. In 1999, Berry persuaded the Clinton administration to appoint Victoria Wilson, her editor at Alfred A. Knopf, to the commission. In 2001, she and the Democratic board members of the commission barred the seating of Peter Kirsanow, who had been appointed by President George W. Bush to replace Wilson on the commission. Berry and the Democratic bloc argued that Wilson was entitled to serve a full six-year term, but the Bush Administration contended that she had only been appointed to serve out the remainder of a previous member's term. Kirsanow sued, claiming Wilson's tenure had expired and he had been validly appointed. Wilson won in federal district court but ultimately lost on appeal in 2002, and the court ordered the seating of Kirsanow. The dispute determined which political party would have a majority of the board's members. Berry left office expiration of her term in late 2004 and was succeeded by Gerald A. Reynolds.

In 2009, Berry's ninth book was published, a history of the Civil Rights Commission. Reviewing it in The New York Times, Samuel G. Freedman wrote, "Reviewing a book is not reviewing a life. For her public service on behalf of racial justice, Mary Frances Berry deserves her many accolades. But on the evidence of 'And Justice for All,' she may have been the wrong person to tell a story that obviously matters to her so deeply."

Leadership

 * 1974–1976: University of Maryland College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Provost
 * 1976–1977: University of Colorado at Boulder, Chancellor
 * 1977–1980: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Education
 * 1980–2004: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Member; Vice-Chairman; Chairman (1993–2004)
 * 1987–present: University of Pennsylvania, Geraldine R. Segal Professor of American Social Thought
 * 1997–2000: Pacifica Radio, Chairman of the Board
 * 1990–1991: Organization of American Historians, President; Member
 * American Historical Association, Member
 * 2003: Woodhull Freedom Foundation, Co-Founder

Awards and honors

 * 1965: Civil War Roundtable Fellowship Award
 * 1983: NAACP, Roy Wilkins Civil Rights Award
 * 1983: NAACP, Image Award, both from NAACP
 * 1985: Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Rosa Parks Award
 * 1985: Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, President's Award
 * 1986: Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award, 1986
 * 1986: Ms., Woman of the Year
 * 1987: National Council of Negro Women, Achievement Award
 * 2008: National Center for Health Research, Foremother Award
 * 2014: Organization of American Historians, Roy Rosenzweig Distinguished Service Award

title: Mary Frances Berry


text:
User talk:Dkroll2

there is a virus in the file : Spectrum4websiteEval
of the page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Spectrum4websiteEval.png

there is a virus in the file : Spectrum4websiteEval —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.164.21.17 (talk) 09:52, 4 March 2007 (UTC).

Unspecified source for Image:RGBchick.png
Thanks for uploading Image:RGBchick.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:16, 4 October 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. OsamaK 10:16, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Image:RGBchick.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:RGBchick.png, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. OsamaK 10:20, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Cyan1.png
An image that you uploaded or altered, File:Cyan1.png, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. ~  JohnnyMrNinja  05:42, 24 February 2009 (UTC) --~  JohnnyMrNinja  05:42, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

File:Yellow1.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Yellow1.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. ~  JohnnyMrNinja  05:44, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Magenta1.png
An image that you uploaded or altered, File:Magenta1.png, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. ~  JohnnyMrNinja  07:10, 24 February 2009 (UTC) --~  JohnnyMrNinja  07:10, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Psychophysical.png
An image that you uploaded or altered, File:Psychophysical.png, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the image description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. ~  JohnnyMrNinja  07:24, 24 February 2009 (UTC) --~  JohnnyMrNinja  07:24, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:LordKelvinGreyscale.png
Thank you for uploading File:LordKelvinGreyscale.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 10:04, 4 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:04, 4 May 2010 (UTC)

File:Cmy.png missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as: is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors make better use of the image, and it will be more informative to readers.
 * File:Cmy.png

If the information is not provided, the image may eventually be proposed for deletion, a situation which is not desirable, and which can easily be avoided.

If you have any questions, please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Theo's Little Bot (error?) 01:33, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

File:Subtractive color demonstrated with an apple.png listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Subtractive color demonstrated with an apple.png, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Cube00 (talk) 14:09, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dkroll2


text:
Talk:Jerome Corsi

No talk page entries on this article since 2018?!
That is not necessarily evidence of wrong-doing. It is somewhat surprising given the amount of information added to the article in the past few years. Also, it is odd, given that this guy is the focus of a lot of attention recently including plenty of additions to his BLP. Has an archive been lost or misplaced, I wonder?--FeralOink (talk) 00:11, 25 July 2022 (UTC)
 * There's no indication of a lost archive. Talk pages are to discuss the article, not the topic. Editors generally agreeing (or not bothered enough to vocally disagree) about edits is common enough on Wikipedia. Weazie (talk) 19:56, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

Neutral Point of View Needed!
In its current draft, this article is blatantly biased against Mr. Corsi. From the opening paragraph, you get a sense that the editors of the article have a negative point of view of his contributions. And it continues throughout the rest of the text. It's one-sided. The article should have a neutral-sounding opening paragraph highlighting his accomplishments. For example, "Jerome Corsi is a best-selling American author and holds a Ph.D. from Harvard University." Save phrases like, "attacked Democratic presidential candidates" for later in the article. But then it needs to be balanced with supporting comments in favor of Mr. Corsi's work.

To quote the Wikipedia article template, "An unbalanced article is one that does not fairly represent the balance of perspectives of high-quality, reliable secondary sources." In addition, "The personal views of Wikipedia editors or the public are irrelevant." This article needs editors from both sides of the table. MusicTree3 (talk) 05:34, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The very first sentence notes two of Corsi's books were best sellers. Regardless, if you know of "high-quality, reliable secondary sources" that provide an alternative view, please feel free to include them in an edit. Weazie (talk) 20:38, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

Put a different picture of him. Just because you disagree with someone doesn’t mean you should use an unflattering photo. 2601:280:5F80:CB90:51C7:C256:ABA2:C107 (talk) 05:31, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jerome Corsi


text:
Talk:New Youth

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 22 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Siyuan Cheng. Peer reviewers: Brittanyli, Reuentahl404, Ra5en.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:14, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Comments
"From September 1920, New Youth became a propaganda tool of the Communist Party of China."

I find this segment of the article to be inaccurate and misleading for the following reasons:

There was no Communist Party of China in September 1920. Marxism was definitely gaining in popularity among radical Chinese intellectuals at this time, but this should not be confused with there being an actual party. While there had been some informal study groups on Marxist theory, such as those organized by Chen Duxiu, the closest thing to a Chinese Communist Party before the First Plenary held in Shanghai in July 1921 (the date most historians put as the founding of the party) was a gathering in May 1920 organized by Chen with several future members after Chen himself met with the two Comintern agents Voitinsky and Yang. It was during this earlier meeting with the Comintern agents that, according to Jonathan Spence in his The Search for Modern China (p.309), Chen was still exploring various radical political ideas besides Marxism. It was only at this point that he decided to commission a friend into creating the first complete Chinese translation of the Communist Manifesto and publish it in New Youth at the end of 1920.

As implicit in my point above, there was definitely a noticeable shift in New Youth from a more general radical outlook towards one that was more overtly Marxist that coincided with Chen Duxiu's own "conversion," especially as more liberal-democratic figures such as Hu Shi quit the editiorial board. But that any issue of New Youth in 1920 paid particular attention to Marxism does not automatically signify that the magazine had become the mouthpiece of a party that did not yet exist. New Youth had many "special issues" in the past devoted to a range of other radical ideas. Two years earlier, New Youth ran a special issue devoted to Henrik Ibsen.

"Propaganda tool" suggests that the paper no longer served as a forum for critical inquiry into contemporary problems, which was not the case, at least not yet at that early date. To my knowledge, New Youth, still at that time accomodated dissenting opinions. Arguably, it became more biased as it reflected Chen's growing inclinations towards Marxism, but to say then that this makes New Youth a "propaganda tool", in my opinion, is an oversimplification.

There is a kernel of truth in the statement that I take issue with, but perhaps a more accurate sentence might be something such as:

"In 1920, after meeting with two Comintern agents operating in China, Chen Duxiu commissioned a full Chinese translation of the Communist Manifesto to be published in New Youth, heralding a shift in Chen's own politics that coincides with a parallel shift in the editiorial content of the magazine; the appearance of Marxist ideas in New Youth gave rise to a growing interest in Marxism among Chinese intellectuals and made possible the founding of the Communist Party of China the following year."

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.147.13.83 (talk • contribs) 07:33, 7 December 2004 (UTC)

Move from La Jeunesse to New Youth (Xin Qingnian)
This restores the original and correct name of the article. It was moved to "La Jeunesse" on the honest misunderstanding that this was the foreign language name of the magazine, rather than a subtitle. But "La Jeunesse" cannot be found in the standard English language studies, such as Chow Tse-tsung's May Fourth Movement or even in the relevant Wikipedia articles. A reader coming across a reference in an English language book or article would search "New Youth" or "Xin Qingnian." ch (talk) 22:17, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 17 December 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 06:14, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

New Youth (Xin Qingnian) → New Youth – No need for disambiguation. Timmyshin (talk) 06:08, 17 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: what about a disambiguation page including articles such as New Youth Forum? Peco Wikau (talk) 21:48, 17 December 2015 (UTC). BLOCKED SOCKPUPPET

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:New Youth


text:
Sumie

Sumie or Sumi-e or Sumi e or variation, may also refer to:

People
Sumie is a feminine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:

 * Sumie Awara (湶 純江), Japanese long jumper
 * Sumie Baba (born 1967), a Japanese voice actor
 * Sumie Ishitaka, women's professional shogi player
 * Sumie Oinuma (born 1946), a Japanese volleyball player and Olympic medalist
 * Sumie Sakai (born 1971), a Japanese professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
 * Sumie Sakai (born 1945), a Japanese actress and voice actress

 * Fictional characters
 * Sumie Taira (平良 すみえ), a character from Kamen Rider Fourze

Music

 * "SUMIE" (song), a tune by Toshiko Akiyoshi off the 1976 album Insights (album)
 * Sumie (Toshiko Akiyoshi Quartet album), a 1971 jazz quartet album by pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi
 * "Sumie" (song), a tune off the eponymous album Sumie (Toshiko Akiyoshi Quartet album)
 * Sumi-e (Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band), a 1979 jazz album by the Toshiko Akiyoshi - Lew Tabackin Big Band
 * "Sumi-e" (song), a tune off the eponymous album Sumi-e (Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band)

Other uses

 * Sumie, an East Asian type of ink and wash painting
 * SUMIE, a navigational beacon for Port Columbus International Airport involved in the crash of United Express Flight 6291

title: Sumie


text:
Juan Modesto

Juan Guilloto León, usually referred to as Modesto or Juan Modesto (24 September 1906 – 16 April 1969), was a Republican army officer during the Spanish Civil War.

Early life
Born at El Puerto de Santa María in Cádiz, Juan Guilloto worked at a sawmill before joining the Spanish Army. He served in Morocco, becoming a corporal of the Regulares colonial troops based in Larache.

Juan Guilloto was affiliated with the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) from 1930, and in 1933 he was placed in charge of the Milicias Antifascistas Obreras y Campesinas (MAOC) in Madrid, which constituted a paramilitary force for the Party. He organized the Sindicato de Oficios Varios y el Socorro Rojo, which coordinated relations with the Socorro Rojo Internacional.

Spanish Civil War
When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, Juan Guilloto participated in the assault of Cuartel de la Montaña, and the Battle of Guadarrama fought in the Guadarrama Mountain Range. He was one of the leaders of Fifth Regiment, becoming its commander from October 1936 onwards. He fought in Talavera de la Reina, Santa Olalla and Illescas (September 1936), the defense of Madrid and the Second battle of the Corunna Road, as well as in the Battle of Jarama (February 1937).

Juan Guilloto was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Popular Army and commander of 5th Army Corps, participating in the battles of Belchite, Brunete (July) and Teruel (December 1937 and January 1938). On 26 August 1938, he was promoted to colonel and became head of the Army of the Ebro.

After the fall of Catalonia to the rebel army, Negrín named Modesto general and head of the Central Army on March 2, 1939.

The Battles around Madrid
At the end of August, he moved to the province of Toledo, where he led a battalion, trying to contain the Franco advance towards Madrid. It was distinguished especially in the fights with the troops of the Army of Africa along the Tagus river during their advance towards Madrid, highlighting his interventions in Talavera, Santa Olalla, Toledo or Illescas. During the fighting in the Talavera-Santa Olalla area, he revealed himself as an authentic military chief by coordinating the actions of the militias and regular units (Guardias de asalto) under his command. In November he stood out again during the siege of Madrid and in January 1939 during the fight for Barcelona.

Exile
After Casado's coup's, on 6 March Modesto left Spain in an airplane. Then he went to the Soviet Union, whose government recognized his military rank.

During World War II, he served with the Red Army and the Bulgarian Communist forces. Defeated in the struggle with José Díaz for control of the PCE, he went to Prague.

Modesto wrote a book about his experience during the war in the 5th Regiment, titled Soy del Quinto Regimento (English: I am of the Fifth Regiment), published in Paris in 1969. He died in Prague in 1969.

title: Juan Modesto


text:
Soil fertility

Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality. It also refers to the soil's ability to supply plant/crop nutrients in the right quantities and qualities over a sustained period of time. A fertile soil has the following properties:
 * The ability to supply essential plant nutrients and water in adequate amounts and proportions for plant growth and reproduction; and
 * The absence of toxic substances which may inhibit plant growth e.g. Fe2+ which leads to nutrient toxicity.

The following properties contribute to soil fertility in most situations:
 * Sufficient soil depth for adequate root growth and water retention;
 * Good internal drainage, allowing sufficient aeration for optimal root growth (although some plants, such as rice, tolerate waterlogging);
 * Topsoil or horizon O is with sufficient soil organic matter for healthy soil structure and soil moisture retention;
 * Soil pH in the range 5.5 to 7.0 (suitable for most plants but some prefer or tolerate more acid or alkaline conditions);
 * Adequate concentrations of essential plant nutrients in plant-available forms;
 * Presence of a range of microorganisms that support plant growth.

In lands used for agriculture and other human activities, maintenance of soil fertility typically requires the use of soil conservation practices. This is because soil erosion and other forms of soil degradation generally result in a decline in quality with respect to one or more of the aspects indicated above.

Soil fertility and quality of land have been impacted by the effects of colonialism and slavery both in the U.S. and globally. The introduction of harmful land practices such as intensive and non-prescribed burnings and deforestation by colonists create long-lasting negative results to the environment. The institution of slavery reproduced distress to the natural world and crop production.

Soil fertility and depletion have different origins and consequences in various parts of the world. The intentional creation of dark earth in the Amazon promotes the important relationship between indigenous communities and their land. In African and Middle Eastern regions, humans and the environment are also altered due to soil depletion.

Soil fertilization
Bioavailable phosphorus (available to soil life) is the element in soil that is most often lacking. Nitrogen and potassium are also needed in substantial amounts. For this reason these three elements are always identified on a commercial fertilizer analysis. For example, a 10-10-15 fertilizer has 10 percent nitrogen, 10 percent available phosphorus (P2O5) and 15 percent water-soluble potassium (K2O). Sulfur is the fourth element that may be identified in a commercial analysis—e.g. 21-0-0-24 which would contain 21% nitrogen and 24% sulfate.

Inorganic fertilizers are generally less expensive and have higher concentrations of nutrients than organic fertilizers. Also, since nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium generally must be in the inorganic forms to be taken up by plants, inorganic fertilizers are generally immediately bioavailable to plants without modification. However, studies suggest that chemical fertilizers have adverse health impacts on humans including the development of chronic disease from the toxins. As for the environment, over-reliance on inorganic fertilizers disrupts the natural nutrient balance in the soil, resulting in lower soil quality, loss of organic matter, and higher chances for erosion in the soil.

Additionally, the water-soluble nitrogen in inorganic fertilizers does not provide for the long-term needs of the plant and creates water pollution. Slow-release fertilizers may reduce leaching loss of nutrients and may make the nutrients that they provide available over a longer period of time.

Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between organic and inorganic forms. As plant material and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-organisms, they release inorganic nutrients to the soil solution, a process referred to as mineralization. Those nutrients may then undergo further transformations which may be aided or enabled by soil micro-organisms. Like plants, many micro-organisms require or preferentially use inorganic forms of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium and will compete with plants for these nutrients, tying up the nutrients in microbial biomass, a process often called immobilization. The balance between immobilization and mineralization processes depends on the balance and availability of major nutrients and organic carbon to soil microorganisms. Natural processes such as lightning strikes may fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to (NO2). Denitrification may occur under anaerobic conditions (flooding) in the presence of denitrifying bacteria. Nutrient cations, including potassium and many micronutrients, are held in relatively strong bonds with the negatively charged portions of the soil in a process known as cation exchange.

Phosphorus is a primary factor of soil fertility as it is an element of plant nutrients in the soil. It is essential for cell division and plant development, especially in seedlings and young plants. However, phosphorus is becoming increasingly harder to find and its reserves are starting to be depleted due to the excessive use as a fertilizer. The widespread use of phosphorus in fertilizers has led to pollution and eutrophication. Recently the term peak phosphorus has been coined, due to the limited occurrence of rock phosphate in the world.

A wide variety of materials have been described as soil conditioners due to their ability to improve soil quality, including biochar, offering multiple soil health benefits.

Food waste compost was found to have better soil improvement than manure based compost.

Light and CO2 limitations
Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants use light energy to drive chemical reactions which convert CO2 into sugars. As such, all plants require access to both light and carbon dioxide to produce energy, grow and reproduce.

While typically limited by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, low levels of carbon dioxide can also act as a limiting factor on plant growth. Peer-reviewed and published scientific studies have shown that increasing CO2 is highly effective at promoting plant growth up to levels over 300 ppm. Further increases in CO2 can, to a very small degree, continue to increase net photosynthetic output.

Soil depletion
Soil depletion occurs when the components which contribute to fertility are removed and not replaced, and the conditions which support soil's fertility are not maintained. This leads to poor crop yields. In agriculture, depletion can be due to excessively intense cultivation and inadequate soil management. Depletion may occur through a variety of other effects, including overtillage (which damages soil structure), underuse of nutrient inputs which leads to mining of the soil nutrient bank, and salinization of soil.

Colonial Impacts on Soil Depletion
Soil fertility can be severely challenged when land-use changes rapidly. For example, in Colonial New England, colonists made a number of decisions that depleted the soils, including: allowing herd animals to wander freely, not replenishing soils with manure, and a sequence of events that led to erosion. William Cronon wrote that "...the long-term effect was to put those soils in jeopardy. The removal of the forest, the increase in destructive floods, the soil compaction and close-cropping wrought by grazing animals, ploughing—all served to increase erosion." Cronon continues, explaining, “Where mowing was unnecessary and grazing among living trees was possible, settlers saved labor by simply burning the forest undergrowth...and turning loose their cattle...In at least one ill-favored area, the inhabitants of neighboring towns burned so frequently and graze so intensively that…the timber was greatly injured, and the land became hard to subdue...In the long run, cattle tended to encourage the growth of woody, thorn-bearing plants which they could not eat and which, once established, were very difficult to remove”. These practices were methods of simplifying labor for colonial settlers in new lands when they were not familiar with traditional Indigenous agricultural methods. Those Indigenous communities were not consulted but rather forced out of their homelands so European settlers could commodify their resources. This introduction of thorn-bearing plants, turning loose cattle, and intensive burning of land ruined soil fertility and prohibited sustainable crop growth.

While colonists utilized fire to clear land, certain prescribed burning practices are common and valuable to increase biodiversity and in turn, benefit soil fertility. Without consideration of the intensity, seasonality, and frequency of the burns, the conservation of biodiversity and the overall health of the soil can be negatively impacted by fire. Prescribed burning is used in many cultural rituals as a vital spiritual and ecological practice. The Karuk Tribe of contemporary California represent one community where this is utilized. The Karuk Tribe live in the Klamath River basin, and their cultural burning methods have been “actively suppressed by the USFS (United States Forest Service)”. A study by sociologist Kirsten Vineyta analyzes “how the USFS deployed anti-Indigenous rhetoric to justify its own unsubstantiated forest management agenda. USFS leadership racialized light burning by deridingly referring to it as ‘Piute Forestry.’ The agency has also discredited, downplayed, and erased Indigenous peoples and knowledges in ways that invoke tropes of the ‘Indian savage,’ the ‘Vanishing Indian,’ and the concept of ‘Terra Nullius’”. In the 1960s, the Civil Rights and American Indian Movements began to take flight, changing public and government sentiments on these century-long practices. After years of colonial oppression at the hands of the United States against the Karuk Tribe, the USFS started to reconsider the impact of these prescribed burnings. The USFS has since reversed its stance on the ecological role of fire to further support prescribed fire as a management tool.

In addition to soil erosion through using too much or too little fire, colonial agriculture also resulted in topsoil depletion. Topsoil depletion occurs when the nutrient-rich organic topsoil, which takes hundreds to thousands of years to build up under natural conditions, is eroded or depleted of its original organic material. The Dust Bowl in the Southern United States, as reinterpreted from its mainstream analysis by sociologist Hannah Holleman, is an example of “one dramatic regional manifestation of a global socio-ecological crisis generated by the realities of settler colonialism and imperialism”. Beginning with a period of new imperialism starting in the 1870s, conditions of economic expansion were emphasized globally and were demonstrated through policies such as increased seizure of Indigenous lands. Economic expansion is supported by the commodification of natural resources and the globalization of the ecological rift. Settler colonialists found they were able to profit from the divide in the relationship between humanity and nature since it is irreparable within capitalist society. These theories and policies of ecological degradation and social domination shaped global farming practices. As a result, agricultural regions were impacted, including, specifically argued by Holleman, the U.S. Southern Plains’ Dust Bowl due to the soil erosion crisis that developed in the 1930s.

The need to produce agricultural commodities represented in colonial and dustbowl soil depletion has its roots, according to Karl Marx, in capitalism. In 1867, Marx wrote of the role of capitalism in soil depletion, describing how “all progress in capitalistic agriculture is a progress in the art, not only of robbing the worker, but of robbing the soil; all progress in increasing the fertility of the soil for a given time, is a progress towards ruining the lasting sources of that fertility”.

Soil Depletion and Enslavement
The sacred relationship between Black people and the soil can be traced back to Cleopatra’s reign in Egypt in 51 BCE. According to farmer Leah Penniman, in Egypt, earthworms of the Nile River Valley contributed to the significant fertility of the soils. As a result, Cleopatra declared the earthworm and sacred animal to recognize the animal’s positive impact. No one, including farmers, was “allowed to harm or remove an earthworm for fear of offending the deity of fertility”. Today, that soil-human relationship is maintained and in West African communities “the depth of highly fertile anthropogenic soils serves as a “meter stick” for the age of communities”. In Ghana and Liberia, it is a long-withstanding practice to combine different types of waste to create fertile soil. This “black gold” as it’s known, contains high concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, and carbon. However, when African communities were removed from their homelands during periods of enslavement, it’s known that “The further the population gets from its connection to earth, the more likely we are to ignore and exploit those who work the soil”.

Enslavement of Black people, particularly in the United States, had a negative impact on the relationship between those people and the land as well as the soil health. As Wendell Berry described in The Hidden Wound, “The white man, preoccupied with the abstractions of the economic exploitation and ownership of the land, necessarily has lived in the country as a destructive force, an ecological catastrophe, because he assigned the hand labor, and in that the possibility of intimate knowledge of the land, to a people he considered racially inferior; in this debasing labor, he destroyed the possibility of meaningful contact with the earth. He was literally blinded by his presuppositions and prejudices. Because he did not know the land, it was inevitable that he would squander its natural bounty, deplete its richness, corrupt and pollute it, or destroy it altogether. The history of the white man’s use of the earth in America is a scandal”.

As historian David Silkenat explains, the goals of Southern plantation and slave owners, instead of measuring productivity based on outputs per acre, were to maximize the amount of labor that could be extracted from the enslaved workforce. The landscape was seen as disposable, and the African slaves were seen as expendable. Once these Southern farmers forced slaves to leach soils and engage in mass deforestation, they would discard the land and move towards more fertile prospects. The forced slave practices created extensive destruction on the land. The environmental impact included draining swamps, clearing forests for monocropping and fuel steamships, and introducing invasive species, all leading to fragile ecosystems. In the aftermath, these ecosystems left hillsides eroded, rivers clogged with sterile soil, and extinction of native species. Silkenat summarizes this phenomenon of the relationship between enslavement and soil, “Although typically treated separately, slavery and the environment naturally intersect in complex and powerful ways, leaving lasting effects from the period of emancipation through modern-day reckonings with racial justice…the land too fell victim to the slave owner’s lash”.

South American Soil Fertility
The details of Indigenous societies prior to European colonization in 1492 within the Amazonian regions of South America, particularly the size of the communities and the depth of interactions with the environment, are continually debated. Central to the debate is the influence of Dark Earth. Dark Earth is a type of soil found in the Amazon that has a darker color, higher organic carbon content, and higher fertility than soil in other regions of South America which makes it highly coveted even today. Dark Earth deposits have been found, through ethnographic and archaeological studies, to have been created through ancient Indigenous practices by intentional soil management.

Ethnoarchaeologist Morgan Schmidt outlines how this carbon-rich soil was intentionally created by communities in the Amazon. While Dark Earth, and other anthropic soils, can be found all throughout the world, Amazonian Dark Earth is particularly significant because “it contrasts too sharply with the especially poor fertility of typical highly weathered tropical upland soils in the Amazon”. There is much evidence to suggest that the development of ancient agricultural societies in the Amazon was strongly influenced by the formation of Dark Earth. As a result, Amazonian societies benefitted from the dark earth in terms of agricultural success and enhanced food production. Soil analyses have been completed on the modern and ancient Kuikuro Indigenous Territory in the Upper Xingu River basin in southeastern Amazonia through archaeological and ethnographic research to determine the human relation to the soil. The “results demonstrate the intentional creation of dark earth, highlighting how Indigenous knowledge can provide strategies for sustainable rainforest management and carbon sequestration”.

Dark Earth and other tropical soils are the second largest potential source of atmospheric carbon dioxide after fossil fuels. These dark earths could be a substantial carbon reservoir that has not been considered. When incorporated into land management practices, dark earths can be carbon sinks, meaning that they absorb more carbon from the atmosphere than they release and are an essential part of combatting climate change. Research has shown hundreds to thousands of tons of carbon and nutrients stored in the dark earth in those regions of the Amazon, which confirms the implications of utilizing the soil for carbon sequestration (when carbon dioxide is captured and stored in the atmosphere and is a method associated with reducing the amount of CO2 in the environment which in turn aids in the reduction of climate change) through its formation.

Global Soil Depletion
One of the most widespread occurrences of soil depletion is in tropical zones where nutrient content of soils is low. The depletion of soil has affected the state of plant life and crops in agriculture in many countries. In the Middle East for example, many countries find it difficult to grow produce because of droughts, lack of soil, and lack of irrigation. The Middle East has three countries that indicate a decline in crop production, the highest rates of productivity decline are found in hilly and dryland areas.

Many countries in Africa also undergo a depletion of fertile soil. In regions of dry climate like Sudan and the countries that make up the Sahara Desert, droughts and soil degradation is common. Cash crops such as teas, maize, and beans require a variety of nutrients in order to grow healthy. Soil fertility has declined in the farming regions of Africa and the use of artificial and natural fertilizers has been used to regain the nutrients of ground soil.

Human Health
Albert Howard is credited as the first Westerner to publish Native techniques of sustainable agriculture. As noted by Howard in 1944, “In all future studies of disease we must, therefore, always begin with the soil. This must be gotten into good condition first of all and then the reaction of the soil, the plant, animal, and man observed. Many diseases will then automatically disappear...Soil fertility is the basis of the public health system of the future...”. Howard connects the health crises of crops to the impacts of livestock and human health, ultimately spreading the message that humans must respect and restore the soil for the benefit of the human and non-human world. He continues that industrial agriculture disrupts the delicate balance of nature and irrevocably robs the soil of its fertility.

Soil has been known to have positive mental health effects as well. The exposure to microbiomes in quality soil aids human depression. Specifically, a study by scientist Christopher Lowry treated mice with the bacteria, Mycobacterium vaccae, which is found in the soil on the shores of Lake Kyoga in Uganda. Lowry has studied this bacteria’s impact on the brain since 2001. The brains of these mice produced more serotonin, known as the mood-regulating hormone, and increased levels are known to help with depression.

Reconnecting Communities with the Soil
Many community organizations work to reconnect humans with the soil, bring people together based on a shared passion, and strengthen autonomy and power for individuals. For example, one community-based organization in Portland, Oregon, Black Futures Farm, strives to rebuild the relationship between humans and the soil. Community programs and outreach coordinator for Black Futures Farm, Nia Harris, describes the goal to be “to heal the connection between Black people and the land…We achieve this by cultivating a healthy place for the Black community to gather in joy…In a state where we’re so beaten down by so many factors that have to do with identity and politics and just pure hatred and greed, to have a space that’s literally a sanctuary for so many people — not just those of us who work here, but our community — that’s what makes it so special”. The farm has programming for people to engage in healing, meditative, and artistic wellness practices. All of the produce grown on the farm is distributed to Black individuals who do not have healthy food readily accessible to them. The Black Food Sovereignty Coalition which the Black Futures Farm is part of, has a similar mission to create events and spaces in which Black and brown communities are liberated through community-building practices and food sovereignty. According to the co-founders Malcolm Hoover and Mirabai Collins, farming is an act of resistance against the disconnection between Black people and the land.

Irrigation effects
Irrigation is a process by which crops are watered by man-made means, such as bringing in water from pipes, canals, or sprinklers. Irrigation is used when the natural rainfall patterns of a region are not sustainable enough to maintain crops. Ancient civilizations heavily relied on irrigation and today about 18% of the world's cropland is irrigated, mainly in Asia, Africa, and South America. The quality of irrigation water is very important to maintain soil fertility and tilth, and for using more soil depth by the plants. When soil is irrigated with high alkaline water, unwanted sodium salts build up in the soil which would make soil draining capacity very poor. So plant roots can not penetrate deep into the soil for optimum growth in Alkali soils. When soil is irrigated with low pH / acidic water, the useful salts (Ca, Mg, K, P, S, etc.) are removed by draining water from the acidic soil and in addition unwanted aluminium and manganese salts to the plants are dissolved from the soil impeding plant growth. When soil is irrigated with high salinity water or sufficient water is not draining out from the irrigated soil, the soil would convert into saline soil or lose its fertility. Saline water enhance the turgor pressure or osmotic pressure requirement which impedes the off take of water and nutrients by the plant roots.

Top soil loss takes place in alkali soils due to erosion by rain water surface flows or drainage as they form colloids (fine mud) in contact with water. Plants absorb water-soluble inorganic salts only from the soil for their growth. Soil as such does not lose fertility just by growing crops but it lose its fertility due to accumulation of unwanted and depletion of wanted inorganic salts from the soil by improper irrigation and acid rain water (quantity and quality of water). The fertility of many soils which are not suitable for plant growth can be enhanced many times gradually by providing adequate irrigation water of suitable quality and good drainage from the soil.

title: Soil fertility


text: File:PalladioPalazzoJonesBurlingon.jpg

title: File:PalladioPalazzoJonesBurlingon.jpg


text:
Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. After the retirement of William P. Sisler in 2017, the university appointed George Andreou as director.

The press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts near Harvard Square, and in London, England. The press co-founded the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Yale University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018.

Notable authors published by HUP include Eudora Welty, Walter Benjamin, E. O. Wilson, John Rawls, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Jay Gould, Helen Vendler, Carol Gilligan, Amartya Sen, David Blight, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Piketty.

The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, closed on June 17, 2009.

Related publishers, imprints, and series
HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the Harvard Guide to American History. The John Harvard Library book series is published under the Belknap imprint, which was established through an endowment from the estate of art historian and Harvard alumnus Waldron Phoenix Belknap Jr.

Harvard University Press distributes the Loeb Classical Library and is the publisher of the I Tatti Renaissance Library, the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, and the Murty Classical Library of India.

It is distinct from Harvard Business Press, which is part of Harvard Business Publishing, and the independent Harvard Common Press.

Awards
Its 2011 publication Listed: Dispatches from America's Endangered Species Act by Joe Roman received the 2012 Rachel Carson Environment Book Award from the Society of Environmental Journalists.

title: Harvard University Press


text:
Art Bisch

Arthur James Bisch (November 10, 1926 – July 6, 1958) was an American racecar driver. Bisch died two days after sustaining head and chest injuries when his Champ Car smashed into the guardrail and rolled over twice at Lakewood Speedway in July 1958. A month earlier, he had captured his first Champ Car win at the Milwaukee Mile.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Art Bisch


text:
The Darkness (character)

The Darkness (Jackie Estacado) is a superhero created by Marc Silvestri, Garth Ennis, and David Wohl, who first appeared in Witchblade #10 (Nov. 1996), published by Top Cow Productions (an imprint of Image Comics). Jackie Estacado is a New York mafioso who, after turning 21, inherits the curse of the Darkness.

Publication history
The Darkness debuted in Witchblade #10 (Nov. 1996) by Marc Silvestri, Garth Ennis, and David Wohl. The comics series The Darkness ran from December 1996 to August 2001. Volume 2 ran from December 2002 to November 2005. Volume 3 ran from December 2007 to December 2013.

The Darkness
The Darkness is depicted as a cosmic entity predating recorded history. It is the embodiment of chaos that exists prior to God's light – embodied in the comics as the Angelus. As the cosmos forms, the Darkness grows to resent God and His creation. Conjuring a legion of demons, the Darkness declares war upon the Angelus and her host. This lasts for eons until a truce is reached to prevent mutual destruction; to seal the truce, the two powers mate and conceive the Witchblade.

Sometime after this, the Darkness begins inhabiting human vessels – the sons of its chosen bloodline; the father passing the curse to his child at the moment of conception, dying as the force leaves his body. The power then awakens on the son's 21st birthday. A wielder of the Darkness has been present in every major time period and continental power in history. These hosts are usually predisposed to be violent, and have been dictactors, murderers, thieves, and abusers.

The Darkness so far has 13 cosmic powers, known as "Artifacts".

Jackie Estacado
Jackie Estacado is the vessel of the Darkness for the first run of the series. He is depicted as an antihero; often aligned with evil, but sometimes with remorse. He states his ethos in Vol. 2, #5: "My whole life I've been kicked around, you know? I don't know how to do anything but kick back".

The son of notorious mob associate Danny Estacado and an unnamed prostitute, Jackie is taken in by Saint Gerald's Orphanage, where he is frequently abused by the orderlies. Despite his antisocial nature, Jackie protects his friend Jenny from their cruel treatment. At the age of six, Jackie is adopted by up-and-coming mob boss Frankie "Kill-The-Children-Too" Franchetti, who claims to be his uncle. Frankie does this after being persuaded by Sonatine of the Brotherhood of Darkness that bringing Jackie into his inner circle will make him powerful.

Raised as a hitman for the Franchetti mob family, Jackie has a penchant for murder and promiscuity. Despite his criminal lifestyle, Jackie follows a strict moral code of trust in those who earn it and fierce loyalty to family and allies. Early in the series, his main love interest is his childhood friend Jenny Romano. He later develops a romance with Sara Pezzini after the birth of their daughter, Hope Pezzini.

Life in the mob provides Jackie with a home and as a sense of safety and family, but also makes him more violent and prone to illegal activity. Losing his virginity at age fourteen to a female police officer during an interrogation, he disregards the law and develops a sex habit. Completing his first hit at age sixteen, Jackie soon becomes Frankie's chief enforcer, skyrocketing the Franchetti family into one of the top mob families in New York City. Jackie often visits Jenny's club to keep in touch.

Both the Angelus and Sonatine watch over Jackie throughout his life, waiting for him to manifest the Darkness – the Brotherhood wishing to exploit his power and the Angelus wishing to annihilate the wielder at his most vulnerable. Jackie is also watched by followers of the Church of the Angelus who have infiltrated various criminal operations. Among them is Regis Tyne, a mob accountant who associates with Jackie and attempts to assassinate him over a decade later.

When he turns 21, his dark powers awaken and he learns of his evil heritage. Jackie spend much of his time escaping from or fighting the Angelus and the Brotherhood of the Darkness. Jackie tries to quit the mob and Frankie kidnaps and kills Jenny. Jackie blows up a warehouse with Franchetti's crew in it, killing Frankie and burning himself alive. Jackie spends two days wandering around Hell searching for Jenny until the former priest Tom Judge, bearer of an artifact called "the Rapture," comes and gives him hope, allowing him to exit Hell. Jackie's body is then reconstructed by the Darkness.

Jackie returns to find the Franchetti mob taken over by Frankie's cousin, Paulie. Paulie discovers Jackie's secret and blackmails Jackie into doing hits for him. Jackie turns on Paulie and takes control of the Franchetti family, fighting the Russian mafia in Atlantic City, where he is seduced by a woman created by his own unconscious. Siding with the Magdalena (the bearer of another artifact, the Spear of Destiny), he confronts the Angelus.

After an attack by the Angelus's army on the Franchetti family, Jackie learns from an Angelus warrior that detective Sara Pezzini, former bearer of the Witchblade, is pregnant and that he is the father of the unborn baby. The Darkness, tired of the truce between the Light and the Darkness, had mind-controlled Jackie to have sex with Sara while she was in coma. The Angelus tries to get the baby to win the war. Jackie and Danielle Baptiste, the new bearer of the Witchblade, defend Sara from an attack by the Angelus's army and get her to a safe house in a cavern. The Angelus army attacks again, defeating Jackie and the Magdalena, but they buy Sara enough time to give birth. Sara dies in the process, but her daughter's power brings her to life again, giving her half of the power of the Witchblade, Dani keeping the other half. The Angelus defeats Sara and Dani, but is vanquished by the baby. Sara names her daughter Hope.

Jackie meets chemical engineer Professor Kirchner, who helps him develop his darkness abilities. Jackie usurps the power in the fictional banana republic of Sierra Muñoz, South America, in hopes of establishing a new empire. Jackie establishes a drug cartel in Sierra Muñoz with a narcotic made from his own bodily fluids, builds an impenetrable fortress, forms an army, and takes a lover, not knowing Kirchner is controlling her. The residents of Sierra Muñoz resist Jackie's takeover with the help of the U.S. Department of Defense, which wants to capture Jackie for experimentation. He defeats them, but Kirchner and his pregnant lover turn against him, and she takes control of the Darkness, taking it from him. Dying, Jackie regains the Darkness by pure willpower. Confronting Kirchner, he learns that the baby is already born, and that it is an incarnation of the Darkness without human flaws like a conscience. It attacks him, but Jackie defeats it.

Jackie heads back to the United States, surviving an encounter with a dream-stealing witch in Mexico. He is captured by a devil named the Sovereign. The devil tells Jackie that when he went to hell, Jackie made a deal with the Sovereign, who promised, in return for several assassinations, to reunite Jackie's body and soul. Jackie fulfills the Sovereign's demands, killing a possessed nun, an immortal drug dealer, and a 10-year-old African warlord.

He visits New York, where he punishes some thugs of the Franchetti mob who caused the death of a 5-year-old girl and visits Sara and his daughter. The antagonists Glacier Stone and Ember Stone are introduced, Jackie learns that there is a total of 13 artifacts, and Jackie kills the current incarnation of the Angelus, and has his first kiss with Sara. The new bearer of the Glacier Stone, and of another artifact, the Sword of Blood, is Michael Finnigan, an Irish mobster Jackie hired to watch over Sara and Hope. Months after this, he saves Jackie, who was captured by a revenge driven Egyptian mob.

During Jackie's missions for the Sovereign, he encounters a woman with a red ribbon who intrigues him. He also meets a past Darkness wielder named Aram, also known as the Foreigner, who explains that the Sovereign has been manipulating Jackie from the start and that his soul and the Darkness are still in him, repressed by his desire to be free of the Darkness's influence. Ignoring the Foreigner, Jackie follows the woman and faces a resurrected djinn created by a shaman to kill Darkness wielders. Finding the djinn to be virtually invincible, Jackie is guided to strangle the woman to death with her own ribbon, breaking the curse of the djinn and freeing the woman from eternal servitude. Jackie is confronted by Aram, who intimidates him into summoning the full power of the Darkness. Aram disappears and Jackie realizes the Sovereign's manipulations and intent on revenge with full control of his powers.

Jackie attacks the Sovereign, chases him away from his base, and conquers it for himself. He finds a list of statues of the Sovereign; to destroy all of them he gathers a crew of thieves, smugglers, and fighters, beginning with Leonard Kim, a surviving member of the Sovereign's mercenaries. He has to escape from a team of government killers with the help of an army officer who decides that Jackie's abilities should not be replicated. He walks into a trap that a Russian mafioso built with the help of a traitor on his team, which lures him with images of his sister Capris; he escapes from a machine that feeds on his magic energy. Next, he has to deal with a second traitor in his team, mob accountant Regis Tyne, a sleeper agent of a fanatical human Angelus army, who decides not to kill Jackie because there could be worse bearers to the Darkness, but is still killed by a surprised Jackie. He revives Regis with the help of the Darkness, now controlling him, hears his story and let him continue as part of the crew. In the last confrontation with the Sovereign, Jackie and his team, ensnared in illusion spells, win because of Leonard Kim's sacrifice. Leonard declines Jackie's offer to heal him with the Darkness.

Powers and abilities
The Darkness is an elemental force of chaos and creation. A Darkness wielder accesses another dimension through the shadows around them and exerts control over the demonic creatures that dwell there. These creatures, called Darklings, usually appear as serpentine or goblinoid fiends that can communicate with their master through telepathy. They possess supernatural strength and stamina as well as deadly claws and fangs.

Darklings emerge in different forms depending on the needs of their host. Some Darklings have wings and others can breathe fire. Darklings have also exhibited the ability to easily adhere to sheer surfaces as well as teleport through shadows with their bearer and produce corrosive chemicals through their saliva or excrement. While beholden to their vessel, Darklings do exhibit their own autonomy.

In battle, Darkness wielders envelop their bodies in an armor of shadowy metal. This gives them strength and durability as well as razored fingers and bladed tendrils emerging from their shoulders which can transform into wings. With practice, the wielder can use their armor to shapeshift. They can also instinctively fashion weapons and shields from their armor.

When a wielder is injured, the shadows surrounding them are absorbed into their body to regenerate cells at unnatural rates, even to regrow lost limbs. This renders the vessels impervious to disease and poisons as well as resistant to supernatural afflictions. This also allows them a degree of pseudo-immortality as the Darkness keeps them preserved over millennia.

Darkness bearers are typically hardened individuals whose lives have endowed them with considerable fighting prowess and survival skills. Wielders from older time periods were usually skilled swordsmen while modern hosts like Jackie are skilled marksmen. Jackie was trained in chemistry by Kirchner, enabling him to convert Darkness into water, corrosives, or narcotics.

Significant characters
Angelus
 * The Angelus is the antithesis of the Darkness and a common enemy in the series. Jackie's first confrontation with the entity ended with him as the victor. Sonatine would later conjure the spirit in hopes of it possessing Appolonia Franchetti in their mutual desire to take vengeance on Estacado. Instead, it inhabited the body of the latter's catatonic mother, Lauren. Jackie managed to escape this encounter by creating a doppelganger of himself from the Darkness. This new Angelus would seek sanctuary in the Amazon where she would encounter then-Magdalena, Sister Mariella.
 * Returning some time after Frankie's death, the Angelus would again seek out Jackie - now Don of the Franchetti Mafia. At the same time, the newest Magdalena - Patience - was assigned to assassinate Jackie. During her hunt, she encountered the Angelus and followed her to Estacado. As Patience subdued Jackie, the Angelus took advantage and attacked. He was able to lure her into a tunnel to weaken her enough for Appolonia to kill her with the Spear of Destiny. The power then possessed Patience for only a few moments before being exorcised through sheer will.

Appolonia Franchetti
 * The daughter of Frankie and Lauren Franchetti and Jackie's adoptive cousin. When she was a child, she witness her father brutally torture and murder her mother's lover. The trauma of this experience led to Appolonia's resentment of Frankie as well as her own antisocial behaviors. Growing up with Jackie, they both grew to hate each other; him for Franchetti's attention and her for her petty cruelty. Estacado was Frankie's golden boy while he more or less ignored Appolonia and her now-catatonic mother. She eventually left New York to study abroad in Europe.
 * Appolonia returned to the States shortly after Jackie inherited the Darkness. Bent on revenge and determined to take over the Franchetti Family without Estacado, she had Wenders kidnapped and tortured until he revealed everything he knew about Jackie, his powers, and the Angelus. Collaborating with Sonatine, she planned to become the next Angelus host. This plan misfired when the spirit inhabited her mother instead. She was left in a coma following this encounter and was only resuscitated back to consciousness by the severed blade of the Spear of Destiny.

Aram
 * The oldest recorded host of the Darkness, Aram the Witch-King was a sovereign and warlock of Ancient Africa some ten thousand years prior to the Common Era. Willingly letting the curse into his body, he used its power to take entire regions of land to sate his lust for conquest. At some point after becoming disgusted with his cruelty, he used his mastery of sorcery to exorcise the Darkness from his body. Although effectively free from the curse, the Darkness condemned him with immortality; promising that he would wander the Earth until he let it back in.
 * Over the centuries, Aram - known by then only as the Foreigner - would travel the globe watching over Darkness hosts from a distance. At some point during his trek, he would encounter and slay a djinn created to kill Darkness bearers and outwit the Sovereign.

Capris Castiglione
 * Jackie's twin sister and a minor ally in the first volume of the series and later a primary antagonist in or around the last volume. Separated from her sibling at birth, Capris inherited only a small portion of the Darkness's power - being one of the only women to bear the curse. Raised by Father Brendan, Capris lived an idyllic life. This all ended after her 18th birthday when she found her longtime friend and college roommate - Blaire Dray - dead from an apparent suicide. It's soon found out that Blaire was murdered as a cover for an illegal porn racket.
 * Capris made her last appearance in the Outer Darkness storyline, where it was revealed that she had become fully seduced by the euphoric power of the Darkness and had been training and perfecting her powers. The Darkness chose her to be his new host and used her to try to kill Jackie. She attacked and overpowered him with her superior powers and would have killed him if not for Aram using his last bit of magic to shut down the Darkness. Jackie killed Capris using a magical crystal glove given to him by Aram. She is last seen as a damned soul in a strange afterlife for Darkness-wielders.
 * While she did manifest Darkness powers upon turning 21, Capris's abilities were significantly less than those of her brother when she first appeared in the series. She seemed to function as a repository of power which Jackie drew on during their encounter with the Cherub Hostile. She initially only showcased increased strength and resilience as well as the ability to conjure tendrils from the surrounding shadows. Over a decade later, her powers expanded exponentially to the point of manifesting her own armor and creating zombies by feeding them her blood.

Sonatine
 * The leader of the Brotherhood of Darkness and a recurring antagonist early in the series. Having followed Jackie's bloodline since the days of their founder - Miguel Estacado - Sonatine was obsessed with remaking the world in the image he desired using the powers of the Darkness. Sonatine first met Jackie after he manifested the curse. While initially presenting himself as a mentor, Jackie's refusal led to the Brotherhood kidnapping Jenny to force his cooperation. However, this plan backfired when the Angelus arrived, and they were forced to work together.
 * Sonatine's knowledge of the occult allowed him a degree of arcane ability and a prolonged lifespan. He carried a star talisman that compelled people to believe anything he said or to answer any question truthfully. It could also create light powerful enough to frighten Darklings. He was also schooled in ceremonial magic and possession. These were showcased when he ritualistically conjured the presence of the Angelus in an attempt to enslave its power, and later after being gravely wounded he transferred his consciousness into one of his servants, Wenders.

Sovereign
 * The Sovereign was the Emperor of Rome roughly three thousand years prior to the Common Era. His reign was short-lived as he and his family were murdered by a bearer of the Darkness. Sentenced to Hell for his cruelties in life, he managed to deceive an angel into freeing his soul. Bargaining with the Fates to be spared an eternity of torture, he became a custodian of souls sent to Hell. Able to enter the living world only by possessing statues made in his image, the Sovereign became obsessed with taking revenge of any vessel of the Darkness he encountered.

Jenny Romano
 * The childhood friend and girlfriend of Jackie.

Frankie Franchetti
 * Frankie is one of the main antagonists of the series and a vicious mobster.

Capris Castiglione
 * Jackie's twin sister.

The Magdalena
 * Descended from Mary Magdalene and Jesus Christ, The Magdalena is an assassin born and bred to serve the Vatican in times of duress.

Nino Wenders
 * A manservant of the Darkness working for Sontaine, who Jackie forces to help him battle the Angelus. He later becomes romantically obsessed with Jackie, who regards Wenders as cowardly and untrustworthy.

Angelus Warriors
 * Servants of the Angeleous.

Elle
 * An artificial human who becomes Jackie's companion.

The Foreigner/Aman The Witch-King
 * An ancient wielder of the Darkness that was able to get rid of it through meditation and years of internal struggle.

Paulie Franchetti
 * The cousin of Frankie Franchetti and the Don of the Franchetti crime family after Jackie kills his cousin. Paulie is a vicious psychopath who has no morals, empathy, or regard for the lives of others. He has an extremely short temper, engaging in brutal retaliation against even the slightest offense.

The Brotherhood
 * A cult who worships the Darkness.

Captain Eddie Shrote
 * A deeply corrupt police captain in the NYPD and a business partner of Paulie Franchetti. Shrote is a ruthless sociopath who, in Jackie's words, lives to exploit others. He commands a large precinct with hundreds of patrol officers and a platoon of New York ESU officers, many of whom are corrupt or psychotic, using them to do his dirty work.

Film
In December 2004, Dimension Films paid an undisclosed six-figure sum to develop a movie based on the comic, with a planned release for 2008. The film rights were later sold to the Pang brothers in December 2005.

At Comic-Con 2009, Top Cow president Matt Hawkins revealed that a live-action The Darkness film was in development, with Scott Stuber Productions attached as the producer for the project. In 2012, Len Wiseman signed on to produce the movie.

Video games
A game based on The Darkness was released for the PlayStation 3 on June 20, 2007, and for the Xbox 360 eight days later. Developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by 2K Games, the game follows a differing version of the story and gives more characterization to the Darkness.

A sequel, titled The Darkness II, was released for the PC, the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3 on February 7, 2012, developed by Digital Extremes and published by 2K Games.

Collected editions
The series has been collected into a series of trade paperbacks:

 * Volume 1 (1996–2001):
 * Coming of Age (176 pages, collects The Darkness preview and The Darkness #1–6, 1998, ISBN 1-58240-032-6)
 * Ultimate Collection (352 pages, collects The Darkness #1–6 and #40, Volume 2 #1–6, 2007, ISBN 1-58240-780-0)
 * Heart of Darkness (144 pages, collects The Darkness #7–8, 11–14, 2001, ISBN 1-58240-205-1)
 * Spear of Destiny (106 pages, collects The Darkness #15–18, 2000, ISBN 1-58240-147-0)
 * Original Sin (166 pages, collects The Darkness #15–25, 2005, ISBN 1-58240-459-3)
 * Flesh and Blood (464 pages, collects The Darkness #26–39, October 2005, ISBN 1-58240-538-7)
 * Compendium 1 (1280 pages, collects The Darkness #1–40, Tales of the Darkness #1–4 and Darkness: Wanted Dead, December 2006, ISBN 1-58240-643-X, November 2007, ISBN 1-58240-801-7)
 * Origins Volume 1 (176 pages, collects #½-6, ISBN 978-1-60706-097-0)
 * Origins Volume 2 (176 pages, collects #7-10, Witchblade issues #18–19, ISBN 978-1-60706-103-8)
 * Origins Volume 3 (208 pages, collects #11–18, ISBN 978-1-60706-208-0)
 * Origins Volume 4 (176 pages, collects #19–25, ISBN 978-1-60706-549-4)
 * Volume 2 (2002–2005):
 * Resurrection (176 pages, collects The Darkness Volume 1 #40, Volume 2 #1–6, 2004, ISBN 1-58240-349-X)
 * Demon Inside (272 pages, collects The Darkness #7–16 and Darkness: Wanted Dead, January 2007, ISBN 1-58240-646-4)
 * Depths Of Hell (224 pages, collects The Darkness #17–24, September 2007, ISBN 1-58240-795-9)
 * The Darkness Vs. Eva – Daughter of Dracula (104 pages, collects The Darkness Vs. Eva #1–4, 2008, ISBN 1-933305-85-1)
 * Top Cow/Marvel: The Crossover Collection Vol. 1 (304 pages, collects Devil's Reign #1–8, Wolverine/Witchblade, The Hulk/The Darkness, ISBN 978-1-58240-533-9)
 * DC/Top Cow Crossovers (200 pages, collects The Darkness/Batman, The Darkness/Superman, JLA/Cyberforce & JLA/Witchblade, ISBN 978-1-4012-1338-1)
 * Unholy Union (Marvel Comics crossover: featuring the Hulk, the Darkness, Ghost Rider, Witchblade, & Dr. Strange).
 * First Born (160 pages, First Born #0–3, ISBN 978-1-58240-854-5)
 * Broken Trinity (208 pages, Broken Trinity #1–3, The Darkness one-shot, Angelus one-shot, Witchblade one-shot, ISBN 978-1-60706-051-2)
 * Compendium 2 (collects The Darkness #41–89, The Darkness: Lodbrok's Hand one-shot, The Darkness: Shadows And Flame one-shot, The Darkness: Butcher one-shot, ISBN 1-60706-403-0)
 * Volume 3 (2008–2012):
 * Accursed: Volume 1 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #1–6, September 2008, ISBN 1-58240-958-7)
 * Accursed: Volume 2 (140 pages, collects The Darkness #7–10, 75 October 2009, ISBN 1-60706-044-2)
 * Accursed: Volume 3 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #76–79 and Tales of the Darkness: Lodbrok's Hand one-shot, June 2010, ISBN 1-60706-100-7)
 * Accursed: Volume 4 (172 pages, collects The Darkness #80–84 and The Darkness: Shadows and Flame one-shot, December 2010, ISBN 1-60706-194-5)
 * Accursed: Volume 5 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #85–89, November 2011, ISBN 1-60706-216-X)
 * Accursed: Volume 6 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #90–95, March 2012, ISBN 1-60706-495-2)
 * Accursed: Volume 7 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #96–100, April 2012, ISBN 1-60706-517-7)
 * Rebirth (2012–2013)
 * Rebirth: Volume 1 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #101–105, September 2012, ISBN 1-60706-585-1)
 * Rebirth: Volume 2 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #106–111, April 2013, ISBN 1-60706-672-6)
 * Progeny (160 pages, collects Artifacts #25–26, Witchblade #164–165, and The Darkness #111, August 2013, ISBN 1-60706-748-X)
 * Rebirth: Volume 3 (160 pages, collects The Darkness #112–116, February 2014, ISBN 1-60706-806-0)

title: The Darkness (character)


text:
Bayliss Levrett

Bayliss Levrett (February 14, 1914 – March 13, 2002) was an American racecar driver from Jacksonville, Florida. He died in Reno, Nevada at the age of 88 after a long battle with Alzheimer's disease.

Award
Levrett is a 2007 inductee in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame.

World Championship career summary
The Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation. Bayliss Levrett participated in 1 World Championship race but scored no World Championship points.

title: Bayliss Levrett


text:
Bill Cheesbourg

William Bernard Cheesbourg (June 12, 1927 Tucson, Arizona – November 6, 1995 Tucson, Arizona) was an American racecar driver who participated in six Indianapolis 500 races.

Biography
He was born on June 12, 1927, in Tucson, Arizona.

Cheesbourg started racing jalopies in Tucson and successfully moved into midgets racing all over Arizona after World War II. He drove in the USAC Championship Car series, racing in the 1956-1962 and 1964-1966 seasons with 31 starts, including the Indianapolis 500 races in 1957-1959, 1961, 1964, and 1965. He successfully bumped his way into the Indy 500 field after initially being bumped out three times, which is the race record. He finished in the top ten in stock cars 8 times, with his best finish in 7th position in 1959 at Daytona and in 1966 at Fuji.

Cheesbourg returned to the local dirt short track racing scene after his Indy Car career was finished. He is known for the help he offered to many other racers. He won several Arizona Late Model Stock Car championships racing at Corona Speedway in Tucson, Manzanita Speedway in Phoenix and many other tracks. He was known equally for his ability to use his front bumper and his natural talents.

Even after he stopped traditional stock car racing, he continued helping others and eventually helped construct and drive a local high school's entry in an electric car race held at Phoenix International Raceway. He even competed for a while in local figure eight racing just for the fun of it.

He died of cancer on November 6, 1995, in Tucson, Arizona.

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

title: Bill Cheesbourg


text:
Bill Mackey

Bill Mackey (December 15, 1927 – July 29, 1951) was an American racecar driver. His name at birth was William Christopher Gretsinger, Jr.

Mackey was killed while attempting to qualify for an AAA sprint car race at Funk's Speedway in Winchester, Indiana on July 29, 1951, a day which became known as "Black Sunday".

World Championship career summary
The Indianapolis 500 was part of the FIA World Championshipfrom 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indy during those years were credited with World Championship points and participation. Bill Mackey participated in 1 World Championship race but scored no World Championship points.

title: Bill Mackey


text:
Bill Schindler

William Lawrence Schindler (March 6, 1909 – September 20, 1952) was an American racing driver.

Racing career
Schindler began racing in 1931 in a sprint car. He was racing midget cars on the East Coast of the United States at their introduction in 1934. Schindler lost his left leg from above the knee while racing in a Champ car race in 1936 at Mineola, Long Island. He is one of three drivers to have participated in the Indianapolis 500 with a prosthetic leg, along with Al Miller and Cal Niday.

Schindler was part of a group determined to keep the AAA out of the East Coast in 1937. He was elected president of the "outlaw" group. Schindler briefly switched to the AAA in 1940, and won the Bronx Coliseum Indoor championship. He returned to his "outlaw" past when he was named the president of the newly formed American Racing Drivers Club (ARDC). He served as president for the club's first six years. Schindler won ARDC championships in 1940, 1945, 1946 and 1948. In both 1947 and 1948 he won 53 midget car feature races, which helped bring popularity to midget car racing in the Northeastern United States.

Schindler rejoined the AAA so he could race in the Indianapolis 500 in 1950, 1951, and 1952.

World Drivers' Championship career
The AAA/USAC-sanctioned Indianapolis 500 was included in the FIA World Drivers' Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indianapolis during those years were credited with World Drivers' Championship participation, and were eligible to score WDC points alongside those which they may have scored towards the AAA/USAC National Championship.

Schindler participated in three World Drivers' Championship races at Indianapolis. His best finish was 13th place, and he scored no World Drivers' Championship points.

Death
Schindler died in a sprint car racing crash in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in 1952. Schindler was leading the race on the third lap when a car driven by Paul Becker lost a wheel and skidded into the fence. He did not see the "go slow" sign that was immediately waved after Becker's crash and his black Offenhauser hit the wheel, crashed through the fence and tumbled down a 20-foot embankment. He was killed instantly.

Awards and honors

 * He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1998.
 * He was inducted in the National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame in 1985.
 * He was inducted in the New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame in 2004.

title: Bill Schindler


text: User talk:211.27.39.126

title: User talk:211.27.39.126


text:
Bill Vukovich

William John "Bill" Vukovich (December 13, 1918 – May 30, 1955) was an American racing driver. He won the 1953 and 1954 Indianapolis 500, plus two more American Automobile Association National Championship races, and died while leading the 1955 Indianapolis 500.

Several drivers of his generation have referred to Vukovich as the greatest ever in American motorsport. He is generally considered one of the best racing drivers of his generation, and is the only driver to lead the most laps in three consecutive Indy 500s.

Midget car career
Before he began Indy racing, Vukovich drove midget cars for the Edelbrock dirt track racing team. He raced on the West Coast of the United States in the URA, and won the series' 1945 and 1946 midget car championships. Vukovich won the 1948 Turkey Night Grand Prix at Gilmore Stadium, and six of the last eight races at the stadium track before it was closed for good. He won the 1950 AAA National Midget championship. Vukovich was known for racing midgets powered by Drake engines. The Drake was a Harley V-twin with specially built Drake water cooled heads. His last Drake powered midget was a Kurtis-Kraft that was built by Ed and Zeke Justice, the Justice Brothers, in their shop in Glendale from a Kurtis kit. Previous to this car Vukovich drove a "Frame Rail" midget that was also powered by a Drake engine.

Indianapolis 500

In 1952, his second year in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway's 500-Mile Race, he quickly moved up from his starting position in the middle of the third row to take the lead, and led 150 laps in dominant fashion before suffering steering failure on the 192nd of the 200 laps. He returned to win the race in consecutive years, 1953 and 1954. He led an astounding 71.7% of laps that he drove in competition at the track, and remains the only driver ever to lead the most laps in the race three consecutive years.

World Drivers' Championship career
The AAA/USAC-sanctioned Indianapolis 500 was included in the FIA World Drivers' Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indianapolis during those years were credited with World Drivers' Championship points and participation in addition to those which they received towards the AAA/USAC National Championship.

Vukovich participated in five World Drivers' Championship races at Indianapolis. He started on the pole once, won twice, recorded three fastest laps, and accumulated 19 World Drivers' Championship points.

Death at Indianapolis
Vukovich was killed in a chain-reaction crash while holding a 17-second lead on the 57th lap of the 1955 Indianapolis 500. He was exiting the second turn, trailing three slower cars—driven by Rodger Ward, Al Keller, and Johnny Boyd—when Ward's car hit the backstretch outer wall and flipped, resting in the middle of the track as a result of a broken axle. Keller, swerving into the infield to avoid Ward, lost control and slid back onto the track, striking Boyd's car and pushing it into Vukovich's path. After Vukovich's car went over the outside wall and become airborne, it cartwheeled through the air multiple times landing on top of a group of parked cars before coming to rest upside down and bursting into flames. Boyd's car also flipped over and landed upside down as well. As the car burned, Ed Elisian stopped his undamaged car and raced towards Vukovich in an attempt to save him. It did not matter; Vukovich had perished instantly. Two spectators were also injured when Vukovich's car landed on their Jeep.

Vukovich was the second defending Indy 500 champion to die during the race, following Floyd Roberts in 1939, and the only former winner to have been killed while leading. Roberts' car was also thrown over the backstretch fence after exiting the second turn in his fatal accident. Since the 1955 race was counted as part of the Formula One World Championship, Vukovich is also the first driver to be killed during a World Championship race.

Family
His son, Bill Vukovich II, and his grandson, Bill Vukovich III, also competed in the Indianapolis 500, with Vukovich II taking second in 1973, and Vukovich III being named Rookie of the Year in 1988. Vukovich III died on November 25, 1990, in a crash during practice for a CRA race at Mesa Marin Raceway, in Bakersfield, California.

Awards and honors
Vukovich has been inducted into the following halls of fame:
 * Fresno Athletic Hall of Fame (1959)
 * Auto Racing Hall of Fame (1972)
 * National Midget Auto Racing Hall of Fame (1990)
 * International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1991)
 * Motorsports Hall of Fame of America (1992)
 * West Coast Stock Car/Motorsports Hall of Fame (2019)

FIA World Drivers' Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

title: Bill Vukovich