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Kumeū

Kumeū is a town in the Auckland Region, situated 25 km north-west of the City Centre in New Zealand. State Highway 16 and the North Auckland Line pass through the town. Huapai lies to the west, Riverhead to the north, Whenuapai to the east, and Taupaki to the south.

The wider area has been settled by Tāmaki Māori since the 13th or 14th centuries, and the area is of significant importance to Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara and Te Kawerau ā Maki. The Kumeū River valley was an important transport node between the Kaipara and Waitematā harbours, due to a portage called Te Tōangaroa, where waka could be hauled overland.

Kumeū village developed in the 1870s after the construction of the Kumeu–Riverhead Section, a railway on Te Tōangaroa that linked Kumeū to Riverhead. Over the latter 19th century, the town transitioned from a centre for the kauri logging and kauri gum trades into an agricultural centre. The Kumeu Stockyards opened in 1915, and from 1921 the town began holding a large-scale agricultural show called the Kumeu Show. By the 1940s, Croatian New Zealanders had developed a winemaking industry in the area. Since the 1970s, Kumeū and Huapai have grown to become a single urban area, often referred to as Kumeū-Huapai.

Etymology
The name Kumeū in Māori language originally referred to the north-east of Taupaki village, to the south of modern-day Kumeū. The name is associated with one of the earliest ancestors of the modern Te Kawerau ā Maki iwi, Te Kauea, who was of the early iwi Tini ō Toi (the people of Toi-te-huatahi). During the battle that preceded the peace accord, a wahine toa (woman warrior) pulled at her breast when calling her warriors to revenge an insult, giving rise to the name "Kume-ū" ("Pull Breast").

The first print references to the Kumeū River in English date from the 1850s, followed by references to the Kumeu Road District in 1861. References to Kumeu and Kumeu Flats as a settlement begin from 1867.

The traditional Māori name for Kumeū is Wai-paki-i-rape.

Geography

Kumeū is a town north-west of Auckland, located along the Kumeū River, a major tributary of the Kaipara River. It is located to the east of Huapai, and the two towns share a conurban metropolitan area, and is close to the towns of Riverhead (to the north-east) and Waimauku, to the west past Huapai. Urban West Auckland suburbs are located 6 km to the south-east of Kumeū, including Westgate and the NorthWest Shopping Centre.

The Kumeū River area has traditionally been a wetland and flood plain, prior to European settlement. The Kumeū valley regularly flooded during the 1920s and 1930s, and a major flood occurred in 1954.

Māori history
The Auckland Region has been settled by Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries. Some of the first tribal identities that developed for Tāmaki Māori who settled in the wider area include Tini o Maruiwi, Ngā Oho, Ngā Iwi, and Tini ō Toi, the latter of whom descend from Toi-te-huatahi. Many place names in the Kumeū River valley reference Te Kauea, a member of Tini ō Toi. Tāmaki Māori legends describe supernatural beings as the inhabitants of the area known as the Tūrehu, who lived in areas such as the Waitākere Ranges.

While the Kumeū River valley was sparsely populated by Tāmaki Māori due to poor soil quality not suited to traditional crops, it was an important transportation node due to Te Tōangaroa, a portage where waka could be hauled between the Kaipara Harbour and the Waitematā Harbour, via the Kaipara and Kumeū rivers. Major settlements in the area were typically upland of the Kaipara and Kumeū rivers.

Around the 15th century, a group known as Ngāti Awa who descended from the Mātaatua waka settled Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, led by Tītahi. The iwi were prominent constructors of terraced pā. By the mid-17th century, Ngāti Awa and Ngā Oho struggled to control territory. A descendant of Tītahi, Hauparoa, to ask his relative, a renowned warrior, to migrated from the Kāwhia Harbour to his ancestral home in the Auckland Region. Maki conquered and unified many of the Tāmaki Māori tribes, including those of West Auckland and the southern Kaipara, leading to the development of Te Kawerau ā Maki as a tribal identity.

In the 17th and early 18th centuries, Ngāti Whātua tribes began migrating south of the Kaipara Harbour. Initially relations between the iwi were friendly, and many important marriages were made. Hostilities broke out and Ngāti Whātua asked for assistance from Kāwharu, a famed Tainui warrior from Kawhia. Kāwharu's repeated attacks of the Waitākere Ranges settlements became known as Te Raupatu Tīhore, or the stripping conquest. Lasting peace between Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua was forged by Maki's grandson Te Au o Te Whenua, who fixed the rohe (border) between Muriwai Beach and Rangitōpuni (Riverhead). Ngāti Whātua divided the land among different hapū, including Te Taoū, who were the major power in the Kaipara River catchment.

Around the year 1740, war broke out between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua, the confederation of Tāmaki Māori tribes centred to the southeast, on the Tāmaki isthmus. Kiwi Tāmaki, paramount chief of Waiohua, led a surprise attack in the south Kaipara during an uhunga (funeral rite commemoration), in response for past grievances and to assist a Ngāti Whātua faction who were opposed to Te Taoū. By 1741, Ngāti Whātua had successfully fought against Kiwi Tāmaki, both sides often using the portage at Kumeū. Following the end of the conflict, members of Te Taoū established themselves on the Auckland isthmus, and a Ngāti Whātua kāinga was settled in the Kumeū area, until the 1820s.

During the Musket Wars of the 1820s, Ngāti Whātua and Te Kawerau ā Maki vacated the area, returning in the late 1820s and 1830s. The Ngāti Whātua village was not resettled after the war. During modern times, the area is considered parts of the rohe of Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara and Te Kawerau ā Maki.

Early colonial era
After the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, Ngāti Whātua operated coastal trading vessels, supplying goods to early European settlers at Auckland. The first land blocks of the Kumeū River valley were purchased by the Crown from Ngāti Whātua in 1853, with remaining blocks sold between 1868 and 1890. Ngāti Whātua sold land in the hope that this would lead to Europeans settlements developing and stimulate the economy of the area. Often land sales had negligible profits for Ngāti Whātua, due to the cost of the Native Land Court bureaucracy, surveying costs, advertising and auction costs, ad often land was sold to speculators who did not intend to settle in the area. The Kumeū River valley was difficult to navigate, and a narrow dray road was constructed primarily by Ngāti Whātua in the 1850s.

After the establishment of the Albertland settlements at Port Albert and Wellsford in the early 1860s, the Kaipara River and Kumeū River valley saw increased traffic. Road conditions along the Kumeū River valley were so poor and the Kaipara Harbour mouth too treacherous for most ships, that the Albertland settlers petitioned the government for better transportation links, fearing that they would starve. The Kaipara Harbour was not a priority for the government, who instead focused on developing logistically important locations south of Auckland during the Invasion of the Waikato, but by 1865 the government had agreed to fund road improvements. Ngāti Whātua, hoping for better infrastructure in the area, sold a narrow strip of land between the Awaroa Creek and Riverhead in 1866.

The first references to European settlement begins in 1867, with the mention of a court case involving a store at Kumeu Flats, owned by Mr. Vidal of Auckland and illegally operated by James Ensor. By the 1870s, the first families had settled in the Kumeū River valley.

The Kumeu–Riverhead railway

Ngāti Whātua of the southern Kaipara struggled financially during the 1870s, as the increase in settlers and trade had not eventuated, leading Ngāti Whātua to sell further land blocks. By 1877, most of the Kumeū River valley had been sold, with Ngāti Whātua communities remaining at Reweti, Woodhill and the Kaipara Harbour coast, no longer having a presence in the Upper Waitematā Harbour.

In 1875 after four years of construction, a railway between Kumeū and Riverhead was opened. Kumeū land owner Thomas Deacon gifted land for the railway, which led to the construction of two railway stations: Kumeū in the south, and one near his hotel at modern Huapai (then variously called Pukekorari, Kumeu Flat, or Kumeu North), which was established in 1877. The railway brought more settlers to the Kumeū-Huapai area. Initially the Kumeu Flat area was developed by Deacon into a village, with Kumeū remaining a rural for longer. The villages of Kumeū and Taupaki slowly grew during this period, and the first Kumeu Hall was constructed by 1876. The hall became a hub for the community, used as a school, church and for social events.

Shortly after the Kumeu–Riverhead Section opened, Auckland area residents pressured the government for a continuous rail link between Auckland and Helensville, to bypass the need to cross the Waitematā Harbour and Kaipara River by boat. Construction on the extended North Auckland Line from New Lynn north began in 1879, employing many men who lived at Kumeū and Taupaki, who helped to construct a tunnel for the railway line. The service opened in 1881, in the same year that the Kumeu–Riverhead Section was shuttered. This caused significant growth in the Kumeū area, and the surrounding communities gradually gravitated towards the railway stations along the North Auckland Line.

From 1884, kauri loggers were drawn to the Kumeū area, after the opening of the railway made logging financially possible in the area. Kauri gum diggers were also drawn to the area between 1880 and 1900, and local resident Tom Deacon ran a combined kauri gum camp and general store at Kumeū.

Rise of agriculture and World War II

Farmers were increasingly drawn to the Kumeū area from the 1880s, as land was gradually cleared of forest, kauri gum and flax. Initially most farmers ran sheep farms, but by the 1890s dairy farming had become more viable. By the turn of the 20th century, settlers to the area primarily arrived from Britain, Australia, and other parts of New Zealand, joined by Yugoslav, Croatian and later Dutch communities during the early to mid-20th century..

The Kumeū River valley was promoted as a fruit growing area during the 1910s, and approximately 5,000 acre north of Kumeū were developed into apple and pear orchards by Northern Fruitlands Ltd as the Huapai estate. A new Kumeu hall opened in 1913, becoming the centre for the wider district for the next 60 years. The Kumeū Catholic Church was established in 1915, on land donated by Dalmatian immigrant Martin Lovich, becoming the focus for both Catholic and Croatian communities in the wider area.

In 1915, Alfred Buckland established the Kumeu Stockyards adjacent to the railway, and fortnightly livestock auctions became a major fixture of Kumeū for much of the 20th century. From 1921, the Kumeu Show became a major annual event for the community.

By 1936, 311 people were living in Kumeū and the surrounding areas, with 303 people at Huapai. Winemaking was established at an industry at Kumeū in the early 1940s, led by Croatian families such as Nick and Zuva Nobilo, and Mick and Katé Brajkovich.

During World War II, the RNZAF Base Auckland was established to the east at Whenuapai, becoming the main hub of operations for the New Zealand Defence Force. Wary of the threat of Japanese airstrikes, a decoy airforce base was established at Kumeū, and wooden Hudson bombers were constructed. While primarily a decoy, the airstrip was used by pilots training to use Tiger Moths. During the war, the Kumeū Hall became a popular socialisation spot for servicement based at Whenuapai, and for United States marines based at Muriwai.

Industrial centre and winemaking
A commercial centre developed at Kumeū in 1957, after the establishment of Wally Reber's transport business. The winemaking industry underwent a boom in the 1960s and 1970s, including vineyards such as San Marino (now known as Kumeū River Valley), Gilbey Nobilo. Corbans bought vineyeards in the area, and in 1960 Selaks relocated to Kumeū after their Te Atatū vineyard was requisitioned to construct the Northwestern Motorway.

In the 1970s, industrial firms began opening operations in Huapai and Kumeū, including a Carters timber yard, and the New Zealand Particle Board factory, both opening in 1972. During this period, the villages began to merge into a single urban area.

In 2019, the name of the town was officially gazetted as Kumeū, although it is common to see it spelled without the macron.

Demographics
The Kumeu-Huapai urban area covers 6.83 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Kumeu-Huapai had a smaller boundary, covering 6.31 km2. Using that boundary, Kumeu-Huapai had a population of 3,432 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 2,022 people (143.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 2,046 people (147.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,110 households, comprising 1,698 males and 1,734 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 34.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 822 people (24.0%) aged under 15 years, 567 (16.5%) aged 15 to 29, 1,689 (49.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 357 (10.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 81.7% European/Pākehā, 8.7% Māori, 3.6% Pacific peoples, 14.5% Asian, and 3.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 27.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.5% had no religion, 28.3% were Christian, 3.4% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 2.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 639 (24.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 315 (12.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $47,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 819 people (31.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,629 (62.4%) people were employed full-time, 318 (12.2%) were part-time, and 57 (2.2%) were unemployed.

Rural surrounds
The rural area around Kumeū and Huapai covers 40.72 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, the rural area had a larger boundary, covering 49.35 km2. Using that boundary, The rural area had a population of 3,654 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 339 people (10.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 600 people (19.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,122 households, comprising 1,851 males and 1,803 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female, with 627 people (17.2%) aged under 15 years, 696 (19.0%) aged 15 to 29, 1,710 (46.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 621 (17.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.6% European/Pākehā, 11.5% Māori, 4.3% Pacific peoples, 10.2% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.6% had no religion, 30.9% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.8% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 582 (19.2%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 510 (16.8%) people had no formal qualifications. 672 people (22.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,578 (52.1%) people were employed full-time, 516 (17.0%) were part-time, and 63 (2.1%) were unemployed.

Economy
Areas surrounding the Kumeū district produce labels such as Kumeu River, Cooper's Creek and Soljans Estate Winery have gained a good reputation for their Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc wines. The winegrowing district is the main industry in both Kumeū itself and the smaller nearby settlements of Huapai and Waimauku.
 * Kumeu River Wines, established in 1944.
 * Coopers Creek, established in 1980.
 * Landmark Estate, founded in 1937.
 * Matua Valley, established in 1966. Matua Valley closed its doors in 2016.
 * Nobilos was established in 1943 by Nikola Nobilo and remained family owned until the late 1990s. Now known as Nobilo Wine Group, the company is New Zealand's second largest wine company.
 * Soljans Estate Winery was established in 1932 in Henderson, West Auckland. As the company grew they later moved to Kumeū in 2002

The township is in the North West Country Inc business improvement district zone. The business association which represents businesses from Kaukapakapa to Riverhead.

Activities
The area is popular for lifestyle block farming and equestrian pursuits. The Kumeu Agricultural and Horticultural Society hosts one of the largest annual shows in the Southern Hemisphere on 34 ha of land owned by the Kumeu District Agricultural and Horticultural Society, on the second weekend in March every year. The nearby localities of Woodhill forest and Muriwai Beach means it has strong recreational interests.

Music
Since 1948 Kumeū has had a brass band, competing in many events, and playing in parades, concerts & private Functions, traditional & modern music for all occasions.

The Kumeu Showgrounds are also the venue for the annual Auckland Folk Festival, a 4-day event of music, dancing and workshops, now in its 46th year. The festival is generally held over the last weekend in January.

Transport
The railway network's North Auckland Line passes through Kumeū. For six years the town was the terminus of the isolated Kumeu-Riverhead Section railway, which linked Kumeū to Riverhead, where ferries ran to Auckland. It operated from 1875 until 1881. In 1881, the North Auckland Line reached Kumeū, making the town a railway junction. This status lasted a mere five days; the new railway from Auckland made the line to Riverhead redundant and it was accordingly closed.

In June 2007 it was announced that suburban rail services would be extended to Helensville in 2008, with temporary stations to be built at Huapai and Waimauku. The service commenced on 14 July 2008 for a one-year trial period, and was then suspended permanently in 2009.

Education
Kumeū is served by Huapai District School and Matua Ngaru School, which are coeducational full primary schools serving years 1–8 with rolls of and  students respectively as at ,. Huapai District School opened in 1919. Matua Ngaru opened in 2019.

The state integrated Hare Krishna School is a coeducational composite school serving years 1–10 with a roll of students as at.

The majority of high-school-aged students attend schools in surrounding suburbs. The closest secondary schools are Kaipara College, Massey High School, Liston College, Albany Junior High School and St Dominic's College.

Kumeu Library is based at Huapai. Since the amalgamation of Auckland Council in 2010, Kumeu Library became a branch of Auckland Libraries. In July 2021, Huapai Service Centre was absorbed into the Library to form the Kumeū Library and council services.

Local government
From 1876 until 1974, Kumeū was administered by the Waitemata County, a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland. After this, Kumeū became a part of Rodney County. In 1989, the county was abolished, and in its place the Rodney District was formed. Rodney District Council was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.

Within the Auckland Council, Kumeū is a part of the Rodney local government area governed by the Rodney Local Board. It is a part of the Rodney ward, which elects one councillor to the Auckland Council.

title: Kumeū


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Triathlon equipment

Due to the nature of triathlons as a race consisting of multiple sports many pieces of technical equipment have been borrowed from other sports, or developed specifically in an effort to race faster and improve a competitors safety.

Trisuits
A trisuit is a single skin tight item of clothing designed specifically for triathlon athletes to provide comfort and remove the necessity to change clothing while switching from swimming to cycling to running. Normally a trisuit is a single item of clothing; however, two-piece versions exist with separate shorts and top. These are mainly chosen for longer races where comfort is more important. All trisuits have a cycling chamois built in for comfort on the bike leg of the competition. However, these are thinner than traditional shorts for cycling to allow the wearer to run without additional friction. Traditionally, trisuits have no sleeves to allow for greater shoulder mobility for swimming, but trisuits with tight-fitting sleeves have become more popular recently. The material of a trisuit is important, as athletes will go from swimming to cycling, the clothing needs to be quick-drying so as to be comfortable for the majority of the cycling. The material also needs to be wicking or breathable, as cycling and running are sweat-producing activities and the trisuit is tight-fitting.

Watch & Heart rate
In modern competition, triathletes often wear a watch to monitor time. This watch may be a smartwatch, tracking other metrics like distance, pace, and speed. A triathlete may also utilize a heart rate monitor, either on the wrist or across the chest, to help maintain a sustainable pace with maximum energy efficiency without "bonking" or "hitting the wall" (becoming too fatigued to continue).

Swimming equipment
Typical equipment for the swim segment include a swim cap, goggles and possibly a wetsuit.

Cap and Goggles
Swim caps are normally provided by the event with the colours to organise and categorise swimmers by event or by heat. Swim goggles are used to protect the eyes of the swimmer from the water and to allow greater vision when swimming. In some triathlons the swim portion is held in a swimming pool if this is the case no wetsuit is used and no special care is required for the goggles or swim cap. Usually though triathlon swims are done in open water (lakes, rivers, or oceans), therefore extra considerations must be made about equipment.

Due to the reduced visibility of participants in open water bright coloured swimming caps are almost exclusively used to allow swimmers to be seen for both safety and spectators. Swim goggles for open water swimming will often have either coloured or mirrored lenses, because without this light reflecting of the waters surface will dazzle or blind swimmers not allowing them to see where they are swimming.

Wetsuits
Because most triathlon swim stages that are conducted in open waters are cold, many entrants wear wetsuits. However, typical wetsuits manufactured for snorkeling or surfing are not optimised for swimming, because the tightness at the shoulders generally restrict the range of motion too much for comfortable stroking during the swim. Modern triathlon wetsuits were invented by Dan Empfield in 1987 and are customised to the needs of triathletes, and generally incorporate the following features:

 * Thinner and/or more pliable rubber near the shoulders, sleeveless versions are also available.
 * Long zippers and sometimes wrist/ankle zippers to facilitate quick removal during transition.

In addition, triathlon wetsuits have a very smooth, but often fragile, surface. This slick surface helps to reduce water friction and allow a faster swim, but it would be easily destroyed by contact with a sandy surfboard. Another advantage of a wetsuit is the added buoyancy around the hips and legs which can provide competitors with a considerable advantage.

Specific rules vary by event, but typically the legality of racing in a wetsuit depends on the water temperature on the day of the event. Wetsuits are disallowed if the water temperature is above a specified threshold and become mandatory if the water temperature is below and optional between the two, for example the British Triathlon rules state that wetsuits are forbidden above 22 °C and mandatory below 14 °C. If not racing in a wetsuit an athlete has the option of wearing any other style of swimsuit allowed by the rules. Under the current ITU rule set, there exists a wetsuit thickness rule. No wetsuit with a thickness of greater than 5mm may be used. Most triathlon wetsuits have thicknesses of 3mm to 5mm.

Disallowed aids
Any artificial propulsion device, such as fins, paddles or swim socks as well as any flotation device except a wetsuit, is prohibited. Headphones or any in ear device such as a tempo timer. Snorkels used to be a grey area with many national federations including that of Canada, Australia and the USA as well as the sports governing body the ITU not specifically disallowing snorkels. However after a change to the ITUs official rule set specifically banning snorkels most national federation have also disallowed. In the U.S., snorkels are forbidden for races held by the ITU and the WTC (Ironman races) but not by USAT. Tom Reilly, a USAT-certified official, closed the debate around the grey rules of USAT by stating officially that snorkels are allowed since not on the forbidden list of items.

Ergometers
Some triathletes do not have the luxury of an open water swim environment near where they train, and year-round outside training can be difficult in cold climates. Several swim training products have been created to address this issue including ergometers like the Vasa Swim Trainer or compact swimming treadmills like Endless Pools.

Triathlon bicycles
Triathlon bicycles are a variant of road-racing bicycles, designed primarily to optimise aerodynamics. Since in most triathlons, cyclists do not draft as in many other forms of road racing, triathletes can gain a significant advantage by riding a bicycle which reduces wind resistance. The most obvious features of a triathlon bicycle are the handlebars, commonly known as "aero-bars" (see below).

In addition, many components of a triathlon bicycle are designed with an aerodynamic profile: frame tubes have an oval or teardrop (instead of circular) cross-section; handlebars may be flat instead of round; wheels may have fewer spokes, or even be carbon fiber tri-spokes or discs rather than conventional spoked wheels. Lastly, a number of "radical" bicycle frames that are illegal in road cycling are still legal in triathlon, so "nontraditional" frame designs are also common, including Zipp 2001, Softride, and Kestrel.

Tri bikes generally have a very "aggressive" geometry, meaning steep (close to vertical) tube angles and a low stem and handlebars relative to the saddle. This position helps to improve aerodynamics by lowering the cyclist's torso and creating a smaller overall "drag profile". In addition, many triathletes feel cycling in this position helps preserve the muscles used in running by emphasising pedalling with non-running muscle groups.

The concept of a tri specific bicycle was pioneered by Ralph Ray and Dan Empfield in the late 1980s. Tri bikes are generally very similar to time trial bicycles used in time trial races. In 1989, Empfield designed the Quintana Roo Superform, a triathlon specific bicycle "built from the aerobars back" which provided an aerodynamic advantage as well as more power when in the "aero" position. Empfield's bike had 650c wheels and an 80 degree seat angle which was unique to the period. Many professional triathletes were sceptical of the "steep" design at first but when Ray Browning rode it at Ironman New Zealand breaking the bike and overall course records and left the bike leg with a 30-minute lead over rival Scott Tinley, the concepts were here to stay. The aerodynamic shape causes somewhat higher weight, even if carbon fiber is used. In very hilly races where a lot of time is spent in slow uphills, a low-weight traditional road bicycle might be preferred.

Aerobars
Aerobars, also commonly referred to as "tri-bars," are handlebars designed to reduce the cyclist's wind profile. Triathlon played a key role in the development of cycling with an aero geometry during the 1980s. Aerobars are used in other forms of cycling, such as time trials and some events in track cycling.

Instead of the familiar curved "drop bars" of road bicycles, aerobars are mounted to a set of "pace bars" or "bull-horns". A pair of bars stretches straight forward from the centre of these handlebars at the stem of the fork. Padded cups or pads in the middle of the bars support the athlete's elbows and/or forearms while the hands are stretched forward to hold the centre bars. This position keeps the rider's elbows in close to the body and lowers his or her torso compared to the usual upright position.

The brake levers are mounted on the side horns; the rider will hold these instead of the centre bars when braking or manoeuvring is required. Often the shifters for the derailleur gears are mounted at the tips of the aero bars allowing the athlete to change gear ratios without compromising their aerodynamic position.

Riding with aerobars is facilitated by adopting a steep seat-tube angle, often referred to as an "aggressive" geometry. The forward nature of this positioning is not as easy to control as traditional seat tube angle and upright position. Manoeuvrability is compromised for an aerodynamic body position when a bike is fitted with low aerobars.

The International Triathlon Union regulates the size of aerobars used in competition for draft-legal races. Triathlons allowing drafting promote cycling as a group on the cycle leg of the triathlon, allowing athletes to compete with a very aggressive geometry compromises safety as vulnerability is reduced. Professional triathletes competing in these races use "shorty" aerobars mounted on traditional drop handlebars.

Triathlon shoes
Triathlon shoes are similar to other forms of cycling shoe used in racing, with automatic binding cleats (clipless) that snap the cyclist's feet to the pedals. Tri shoes are often optimised for this approach: they may be padded to allow comfortable use without socks, have holes to allow water from the swim to drain easily, and have only one or two velcro straps for ease of fastening rather than the three straps, laces, or ratcheting buckles found on modern road racing shoes. It is not uncommon for the Velcro straps used to close from the outside of the foot inwards, this non-traditional configuration keeps the opened straps away from the chain and bicycles, preventing the possibility of entangling them if pedaling with unstrapped shoes early or late in the race.

Many competitive triathletes choose to leave their shoes clipped onto the pedals for the entire duration of the race in order to save time during transitions. This means the athlete is jumping onto the bicycle with wet, bare feet after the swim, and will pedal up to a reasonable speed, with his or her feet sitting on top of the shoes, before pausing to slip the feet inside the shoes and fasten them. Likewise, the athlete will pull his or her feet out of the shoes while coasting up to the bike-run transition area and run barefoot into the transition corral rather than attempt to run on the awkward cycling cleats.

Hydration systems
As with everything else, triathletes often strive to make their water bottles as aerodynamic as possible, and often to reduce the need to reach for a water bottle - which may interrupt pedaling and slow the racer down. Triathletes have tried placing water bottles in unusual locations, such as in a bracket behind the saddle, on the theory that the bottles are shielded from the wind by the body. However, a recent wind-tunnel study by Triathlete Magazine discovered that this approach is actually counterproductive because it interrupts the laminar flow of air down the athlete's curved back. A 2003, wind tunnel study by Dan Empfield found that the best configuration was a single water bottle on the bike's downtube (it smoothed airflow to the seat tube and rear wheel). This caused less drag than having no waterbottle at all. The most drag was 2 water bottles; one on the down tube and one on the seat tube.

A number of products have been created to satisfy triathlete's demands for aerodynamic hydration systems. Examples include the Aerodrink system by Profile Design, an aero bottle that hangs from the handlebars with a straw so the athlete can drink without using his hands; and the Neverreach system, a teardrop-shaped reservoir mounted behind the seat with a tube running up to the handlebars. In addition, certain high-end triathlon bicycles have a hydration system integrated into the frame's tubing itself.

On long-distance triathlons, the participants will get filled bottles by the organiser during the race as replacement for the used ones. If using special bottles, the received bottle should be emptied into own bottle, and immediately thrown. Bottles hanging from the handlebars are generally prepared for this. To throw bottles outside aid stations is not allowed. In Ironman own aid suppliers are not allowed.

Wheels
A vast array of low-weight and/or aerodynamic wheels exist for racing bicycles. Some (such as wheels with an aerodynamic ring, flat spokes, and fewer spokes than the traditional 32) are legal for use in most cycling events, while others such as carbon-fiber tri-spokes (wheels with only three large, rigid spokes) generally are only legal in triathlons and time-trials. Typically wheels that are lighter are preferred and, although this is an obvious consideration, it is not the only one. Higher profile wheels (larger rim) are conducive to laminar flow of air past them more so than traditional thin rimmed wheels.

Solid disc wheels are used as well, though in outdoor settings these are generally not used on the front wheel because they are difficult to handle in crosswinds. Disc wheels provide a significant aerodynamic advantage when mounted on the rear wheel improving laminar flow over the rear half of the bike. Recent developments in technology have given rise to disc wheels with a dimpled surface like a golf ball, also in the name of aerodynamics. Disc wheels are not permitted at the Ironman World Championships in Kona Hawaii, as large crosswinds are not uncommon and present an unsafe situation to athletes.

Some triathlon bikes use 650c wheels (a nominal diameter of 65 centimeters) rather than the conventional 700c wheels used on nearly all road bikes. The smaller wheels weigh less, have a smaller cross-sectional area (reducing wind resistance), and reduce the overall wind resistance of the bicycle by bringing the frame and cyclist closer to the ground. A potential drawback is that the smaller diameter means a higher curvature at the tire's contact patch, which increases rolling resistance. Which effect is more prominent depends on the cyclist and the windiness and steepness of the course.

Other components
Many triathletes can be quite fixated with improving the aerodynamics and lowering the weight of their bicycles. As a result, the triathlon industry has developed a whole host of components which improve myriad characteristics of the bicycle. Examples include chainrings which have no holes or gaps (increasing aerodynamics a minuscule amount at the cost of a few grams of weight), brake and shifter cables which run inside the bicycle frame, and components of all sorts made from carbon fiber composite rather than steel or aluminum, in order to save weight.

Shoes
Normal running shoes are used by most athletes, but triathlon-specific shoes do also exist. One difference between runner's shoes and triathlete's shoes is that the triathlete's shoes may have a hole cut in to the heel to allow water to drain out, keeping the shoes from becoming saturated and heavy. This is especially important on longer run courses, where a minor annoyance can become painful. This is also more common in an aquathlon event where athletes go from swimming straight to running, carrying much more water into the shoe.

Elastic Shoelaces
Triathletes often replace their shoelaces with laces made of elastic, which allows a triathlete when racing them to pull on the shoes without stopping to tie the laces. This saves a time during the bike to run transition, in fact most athletes find that their finger dexterity is reduced due to tiredness meaning lacing shoes takes longer than expected. The laces work by being threaded tight like normal laces but then a clamping mechanism holds a pre-set the tension of the laces providing support to the wearer but the flex in the elastic allows enough give to slide the shoes on and off. The most well known brand of such laces that are designed specifically for triathlon are Lock Laces.

No Socks
Socks are often forgone on short course races, as they cannot be worn during the swim and the time required to put them on is seen as time that cannot be recovered. If socks are worn, they are normally trainer socks which are faster to put on. Not using socks can cause abrasion which might be painful. Triathletes often practice running the intended distance in the racing shoes without socks. On the long course races most athletes will wear socks, especially for the run, as the comfort provided is seen to outweigh the time lost. Also on long course events some athletes use long compression socks with the expectation that the socks will enhance endurance.

Triathlon-specific transition equipment
Triathlon, even more so than other multi-sport races, is distinctive because athletes must transition between the three disciplines (swimming, cycling, and running) while the clock is still running on the race. As a result, triathletes have come to rely on particular equipment (in addition to some of the equipment above) to either speed up the transition process, or make it a more comfortable one.

Race number belts
A race number belt is a simple, elastic belt with a plastic slide-in buckle. As its name suggests, athletes often attach race numbers to this belt, so they can quickly clip it on during the transition before the run. This method allows athletes to not wear the race number (also referred to as a "bib") until the last leg of the race, when it is needed for official purposes (Note: some races also require wearing the bib during the bike portion, in that case on the back. Please refer to specific race rules for your race). It also makes attachment fast and easy, and avoids the need to pin the bib though one's clothing. During races which require race numbers during the bike leg, wearing a race number belt makes it easy to display the race number properly: athletes slide the belt to show their bib number on their backs whilst cycling, and then slide the belt to display the number on the front during the run.

Rubber bands
Especially in professional races, rubber bands are used to speed up the transition process by using them to suspend cycling shoes upright on a bike, while the shoes are already clipped in to the pedals. The athlete will then run with the bike out of the transition area, hop on the bike with the shoes already on it, and immediately start pedaling. The rubber bands will break on the first pedal stroke, and the athlete will then begin pedaling, riding with his or her feet on top of the shoes until the terrain is calm enough to put his or her feet into the shoes while still riding the bike. This low-tech method can save tens of seconds in the race.

Talcum Powder
Talcum powder is placed in both sets of shoes to in an extra attempt to absorb any excess moisture and keep the foot dry

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Triathlon equipment


text:
North Atlantic Conference

The North Atlantic Conference (NAC) is an intercollegiate athletic conference which competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III. Member schools are primarily small liberal arts colleges in the New England states of Maine, Massachusetts and Vermont, as well as the Mid-Atlantic state of New York.

The conference was founded in 1996 when six colleges agreed to form the North Atlantic Women's Conference. It changed to its current name in the fall of 1999. It currently sponsors a total of 17 men's and women's sports played by teams of the 13 institutions therein.

The 17 different sports that are played in the NAC range from the fall season, throughout the winter, and to the spring season. These sports are played among both men's and women's teams.

In the fall season, there are six sports played. Among these are, men's and women's cross country, field hockey, men's golf, men's and women's soccer, women's tennis, and women's volleyball.

In the winter season there are two sports played, which are men's and women's basketball along with men's and women's swimming and diving.

In the spring time there are four sports both for men's and women's teams. The NAC has men's and women's lacrosse, baseball, softball, men's tennis, and men's and women's outdoor track & field.

Chronological timeline

 * Fall 1996 – Bay Path College, Lesley College, Lasell College, Wheelock College, the Maine Maritime Academy and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy explore the opportunity to join and form an athletic conference to give women student-athletes an opportunity to compete in a post-season tournament.
 * Spring 1997 – The above named institutions work out the details to create an athletic conference to be known as the North Atlantic Women's Conference (NAWC). The steps for a constitution and set bylaws is drafted, championship hosting criteria are established and dates chosen for a spring softball championship.
 * Fall 1997 – The first full academic year for the NAWC brings additional meetings to continue to make policy and procedures more formalized. Championships are to be held in women's soccer, cross-country, basketball and softball.
 * Spring 1998 – Basketball holds first NAWC Championship at Lasell College.
 * Fall 1998 – Becker College, Elms College and Mount Ida College are interviewed and accepted for membership starting Fall 1999.
 * Spring 1999 – Basketball holds its first NAWC Championship at the Maine Maritime Academy.
 * Fall 1999 – The North Atlantic Conference (NAC) begins first season of competition, new members include: Becker, Elms and Mount Ida Colleges. There are 8 members of the NAC. Championships include both women and men.
 * Spring 2000 – The North Atlantic Conference conducts women's and men's championships for basketball and softball.
 * Fall 2000 – The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand postseason championship opportunities for its student-athletes. Two new associate members are added for women's field hockey, Simmons College and Western New England College.
 * Spring 2001 – The North Atlantic Conference begins preliminary discussions with potential new NAC members.
 * Fall 2001 – The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes. Five institutions apply and present to NAC members for admittance to the NAC for Fall 2002 academic year. Two Vermont institutions, being Castleton State College and Johnson State College, apply for full members status. Three Maine institutions are seeking associate membership for women's field hockey, Thomas College, Husson College and the University of Maine at Farmington (UMaine–Farmington). The NAC approves its first major expansion in 2 years, bringing the NAC membership to 10 full members and 5 associate members.
 * Spring 2002 – The 3 Maine institutions with associate membership status continue talks about joining the NAC as full members for the fall of 2003–2004.
 * Fall 2002 – The NAC receives confirmation that it will be recognized as a non-voting member of the NCAA Division III. Dr. Carol Matteson of Mount Ida College begins a two-year term at President of the NAC. The automatic qualifier opportunities for women's sports begin a two-year waiting period before being instituted.
 * Fall 2002 – Three institutions, Thomas, Husson and UMaine–Farmington apply and present for full member consideration in September 2002 for admittance to the NAC for the Fall 2003 academic year. The NAC accepts the three associate members for full NAC membership in Fall 2003. The NAC approves its second major expansion in 3 years, bringing the NAC membership to 13 full members and 2 associate members.
 * Fall 2002 – The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes. Fall sports teams now compete with championships being expanded to include both full and associate members, increasing the championships sponsored to include: women's volleyball, soccer, field hockey and cross country and men's soccer and cross country.
 * Spring 2003 – The NAC members meet at NCAA Convention to continue to chart the future course for the NAC. The members meet in Portsmouth, NH for membership meeting and to set the agenda for the President's Meeting in May. The NAC conducts women's and men's basketball championships. For the second year in a row, the NAC sends a men's team, Lasell College, to the NCAA tournament as an at-large bid. The NAC holds a spring championship for softball. Elms College wins and receives an at-large bid to play in the NCAA softball championship.
 * Spring 2003 – Presidents and Directors of Athletics meet for the first time in NAC history to discuss various issues on the future of the NAC. Strategic planning, mission statement, travel and web development are discussed.
 * Fall 2004 – Tournament Champions in Field Hockey, Men's and Women's Soccer, and Volleyball receive the conference's automatic qualifier to participate in the NCAA Tournament. Maine–Farmington, which claimed the 2004 NAC Field Hockey Championship, upends Keene State in the first round of the 2004 NCAA Division III Field Hockey Tournament, 3–2 in double overtime on November 10 being the first NAC school to advance past the first round of NCAA championship play.
 * Winter 2005 – Elms ends a dominant three-year run by Lasell in the Men's Basketball Championship, upending the top-seeded Lasers 70–66. Maine Maritime earns its third NAC Women's Basketball Championship in seven years with a 65–56 win over intrastate rival Maine–Farmington. Both victors receive the automatic qualifier to the NCAA Division III Tournament for the first time.
 * Spring 2005 – Baseball and Men's Lacrosse both feature for the first time seven teams competing for the NAC Championship and begin the two-year waiting period for automatic qualification to the NACC Tournament. For Baseball, Elms and Husson along with associate member Saint Joseph's College of Maine compete for the first time in league play, with St. Joseph's (Me.) taking the 2005 championship. Maine Maritime and Thomas fielded Men's Lacrosse for the first time ever, and were joined by associate members Daniel Webster College and Emerson College. Mount Ida continued its dominance in Men's Lacrosse, going undefeated for the second season in a row and taking the 2005 NAC Tournament. Maine–Farmington takes the 2005 NAC Softball Championship for the first time in dramatic fashion, winning four straight games, the final in extra innings over Elms.
 * Spring 2005 – Julie Muller becomes the commissioner of the North Atlantic Conference on May 1, 2005. Inheriting the title from Mount Ida Athletic Director, Dr. Jacqueline Palmer, she becomes the first person to hold the sole title of commissioner for the 13-member NCAA Division III conference. The NAC begins an extensive evaluation of the conference and plans to initiate its first strategic planning process. Dr. Carol Matteson agrees to extend her term in office as President of the Presidents Council for an additional year.
 * Spring 2006 – President Dave Wolk of Castleton is elected to the position of Chair for the Presidents Council, taking over the post from President Carol Matteson of Mount Ida College. St. Joseph's (Me.) earns an At-Large Bid to the NCAA tournament in Baseball. NAC begins to explore adding football as an NAC championship sport.
 * Fall 2006 – Mount Ida and Lasell begin final year of NAC competition as conference full members after withdrawing from the conference as full members. Both are accepted as Associate Members beginning Fall of 2007; Mount Ida for Men's Lacrosse and Lasell for Field Hockey. Western New England participates in its final year as associate members in field hockey.
 * Spring 2007 – Mount Ida earns the first NAC automatic qualifier in Men's Lacrosse. During its last season of competition in NAC baseball, St. Joseph's (Me.) earns the first automatic qualifier awarded the conference in that sport. Husson represents the NAC as the automatic qualifier in Men's Golf. Green Mountain College and Lyndon State present for full membership consideration during the NAC Annual Meeting in York Harbor, Maine. Both institutions are accepted, to begin competition in Fall of 2008. St. Joseph's (Me.) is accepted as associate members for field hockey, beginning competition in fall of 2008. Presidents Council votes to begin NAC competition in football in the fall of 2009.
 * Fall 2007 – Bay Path, Becker, Elms, Lesley and Wheelock begin their final year of competition as full conference members after withdrawing from the NAC. Applications for associate membership in football are accepted and under consideration for competition to begin fall of 2009.
 * Fall 2008 – Green Mountain and Lyndon State join the conference as full members.
 * Fall 2011 – Colby–Sawyer College and New England College join the conference as full members.
 * Spring 2012 – Castleton earns NAC's first women's lacrosse automatic qualifier awarded to the conference in that sport with an 18–11 win over Morrisville State College.
 * Spring 2013 – The NAC Presidents Council affirmed its commitment to respect and inclusion by placing their support behind a project aimed at combating homophobia on campuses and recognizing the benefit of diversity at each of its membership institutions.
 * Fall 2014 – The 10 membership institutions of the NAC showed their commitment to promoting respect for all by developing a conference-wide You Can Play video project.
 * Spring 2015 – The NAC continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes with the addition of women's outdoor track and field. The NAC received national recognition from the NCAA after being selected as the February recipient of the Division III Diversity Spotlight Initiative for its work on the You Can Play video project.
 * Fall 2015 – The NAC SAAC commits to embracing the It's On Us campaign as a conference wide initiative.
 * Spring 2016 – The North Atlantic Conference continues to expand the post season championship opportunities for its student-athletes with the addition of men's outdoor track and field.
 * Summer 2016 – Marcella Zalot becomes the second ever full-time commissioner of the North Atlantic Conference on June 13, 2016. Inheriting the title from Julie Muller, who served as the NAC's first full-time commissioner and retired on June 30, 2016.
 * Summer 2016 – On June 9, 2016, Colby–Sawyer announced that it would leave the NAC following the 2017–18 school year to join the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC).
 * Fall 2016 – Castleton University graduate Rachel Bombardier, the 2015–16 NAC Woman of the Year, was named one of 30 Top Honorees for the 2016 NCAA Woman of the Year Award. Bombardier becomes the first NAC woman to be selected in the final 30 student-athletes throughout the history of the award. The University of Maine at Preques Isle (UMaine–Presque Isle) competes as an associate member in the men's and women's NAC cross country championships and in the women's volleyball regular season and postseason.
 * Spring 2017 – On May 4, 2017, Castleton announced that it would leave the NAC following the 2017–18 school year to join the Little East Conference (LEC).
 * Summer 2017 – On June 13, 2017, Green Mountain announced that it would leave the NAC (and the NCAA) following the 2017–18 school year to join the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), which it would spend one season as an NAIA member before closing in 2019.
 * Summer 2017 – On July 31, 2017, New England College announced that it would leave the NAC following the 2017–18 school year to join the New England Collegiate Conference (NECC).
 * Winter 2017 – The NAC announced the additions of the Maine–Presque Isle and the State University of New York at Canton (SUNY Canton) as full members beginning in the fall of 2018. Both schools had been members of the American Collegiate Athletic Association (ACAA).
 * Fall 2018 – On November 30, 2018, the NAC announced that the State University of New York at Delhi (SUNY Delhi), already an associate member in six sports (men's golf, men's lacrosse, men's and women's tennis, and men's and women's track & field), would become a full member of the conference effective in the fall of 2019. At that time, five additional Delhi sports—men's and women's cross country, men's golf, men's and women's soccer, and women's volleyball—began NAC play. Three more sports—men's and women's basketball, plus softball—remained in the ACAA as its associate member until starting NAC play in 2020–21.
 * Fall 2019 – On August 20, 2019, the NAC announced that three schools—Cazenovia College, the State University of New York at Cobleskill (SUNY Cobleskill) and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly)—would become full members in July 2020.
 * Spring 2022 – On March 1, 2022, the NAC announced that SUNY Morrisville (formerly Morrisville State)—alongside Lesley—would join as full members in the 2023–24 season.
 * Winter 2023 – On January 9, 2023, the NAC announced that they would welcome Eastern Nazarene College as a full member, also starting in the 2023–24 season.
 * Fall 2023 – Three New York institutions announced they would depart the conference to join their future respective primary home conferences: On October 5, 2023, SUNY Canton and SUNY Morrisville accepted to join to the State University of New York Athletic Conference (SUNYAC). A month later, on November 21, 2023, SUNY Poly followed suit to join the Empire 8.
 * Summer 2024 – Eastern Nazarene announced that it would be permanently closing following the 2024–25 academic year.

Current members
The NAC currently has eleven full members, all but four are public schools.

 * Notes:

Associate member
The NAC currently has one associate member, which is also a public school:

 * Notes:

Former members
The NAC has twelve former full members, all but one were private schools:

 * Notes:

Former associate members
The NAC had ten former associate members, all but two were private schools. This list includes only associate members that have completely departed the NAC. Current full members that had previously housed select sports in the NAC, such as SUNY Delhi, are not included.

 * Notes:

Championships
The NAC holds championships in the following sports:
 * Fall season: men's and women's cross country, field hockey, golf, men's and women's soccer, women's tennis, women's volleyball
 * Winter season: men's and women's basketball
 * Spring season: baseball, men's lacrosse, softball, men's tennis

title: North Atlantic Conference


text:
Category:Rolling stock manufacturers

Rolling stock page definition: comprises all the vehicles that move on a railway. It usually includes both powered and unpowered vehicles, for example locomotives, railroad cars, coaches, and wagons.

title: Category:Rolling stock manufacturers


text: Category:Nevada law

title: Category:Nevada law


text: File:Jet Force Gemini box.jpg

title: File:Jet Force Gemini box.jpg


text: Category:Government of Nevada

title: Category:Government of Nevada


text:
33rd Division (United Kingdom)

The 33rd Division was an infantry division of the British Army that was raised in 1914, during the First World War. The division was raised from volunteers for Lord Kitchener's New Armies, that was originally made up of infantry battalions raised by public subscription or private patronage. The division was taken over by the War Office in September 1915. It served in France and Belgium in the trenches of the Western Front for the duration of the war. The division's insignia was the "double-three" from a set of dominoes.

Formation history
The Division was one of the six created for the Fourth New Army on 10 December 1914. It landed in France in November 1915. Major-General Herman Landon took command of the division on its arrival. It saw action at the Battle of the Somme in autumn 1916 and, after Major General Reginald Pinney had taken command, it also saw action at the Battle of Arras in April / May 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele in autumn 1917. It was disbanded in June 1919.

Order of battle
The following units served with the Division: (The brigade joined from the 2nd Division in November 1915, swapping with the 99th Brigade.)
 * 19th Brigade :
 * 1st Battalion Middlesex Regiment (transferred to 98th Brigade 27 November 1915)
 * 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (transferred to 98th Brigade 27 November 1915)
 * 2nd Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (left February 1918)
 * 1st Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
 * 1/5th Battalion, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) (Territorial Force (TF)) (merged with 1/6th Battalion in May 1916 becoming 5th/6th Battalion)
 * 18th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (1st Public Schools) (transferred from 98th Brigade 27 November 1915 left 26 February 1916)
 * 20th (Service) Battalion, (3rd Public Schools), Royal Fusiliers (transferred from 98th Brigade 27 November 1915 disbanded February 1918)
 * 1st Battalion, Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) (transferred from 100th Brigade 14 February 1918)
 * 19th Machine Gun Company (formed 24 February 1916, moved to 33rd Battalion Machine Gun Corps (M.G.C.) 19 February 1918)
 * 19th Trench Mortar Battery (formed by 24 June 1916)

 * 98th Brigade :
 * 18th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (1st Public Schools) (transferred to 19th Brigade 27 November 1915)
 * 19th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (2nd Public Schools) (left 28 February 1916)
 * 20th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (3rd Public Schools) (to 19th Brigade 27 November 1915)
 * 21st (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (4th Public Schools) (left 28 February 1916)
 * 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (transferred from 19th Brigade 27 November 1915)
 * 2nd Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (transferred from 19th Brigade 27 November 1915)
 * 4th (Extra Reserve) Battalion, King's (Liverpool Regiment) (Special Reserve (SR)) (joined February 1916)
 * 1/4th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (TF) (joined 28 February 1916 left February 1918)
 * 98th Machine Gun Company (joined 28 April 1916, moved to 33rd Battalion M.G.C. 19 February 1918)
 * 98th Trench Mortar Battery(formed by 30 June 1916)

(The brigade transferred to the 2nd Division in November 1915, swapping with the 19th Brigade.)
 * 99th Brigade :
 * 17th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (Empire)
 * 22nd (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (Kensington)
 * 23rd (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (1st Sportsman's)
 * 24th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers (2nd Sportsman's)

 * 100th Brigade :
 * 13th (Service) Battalion, Essex Regiment (West Ham) (left 22 December 1915)
 * 16th (Service) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (Public Schools) (left 25 February 1916)
 * 17th (Service) Battalion, Middlesex Regiment (1st Football) (Left 8 December 1915)
 * 16th (Service) Battalion, King's Royal Rifle Corps (Church Lads' Brigade),
 * 1st Battalion, Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) (joined 15 December 1915 transferred to 19th Brigade 14 February 1918)
 * 2nd Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment (joined 20 December 1915)
 * 1/6th Battalion Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) (TF) (joined and left February 1918)
 * 1/9th Battalion (Glasgow Highlanders), Highland Light Infantry (TF) (joined 29 May 1916)
 * 100th Machine Gun Company (joined 28 April 1916, moved to 33rd Battalion M.G.C. 19 February 1918)
 * 100th Trench Mortar Battery (formed by 13 June 1916)

Divisional Troops
 * 18th (Service) Battalion, (1st Public Works Pioneers), Middlesex Regiment (joined as Divisional Pioneer Battalion July 1915)
 * 19th Motor Machine Gun Battery (joined November 1915 but left 6 February 1916)
 * 248th Machine Gun Company (joined 21 July 1917, moved to 33rd Battalion M.G.C. 19 Feb 1918)
 * 33rd Battalion M.G.C. (formed 19 February 1918 absorbing the brigade MG companies)
 * Divisional Mounted Troops
 * F Squadron, North Irish Horse (joined January 1915, redesignated B Sqn on 25 May 1916, left 19 April 1916)
 * 33rd Divisional Cyclist Company, Army Cyclist Corps (left 19 April 1916)
 * 33rd Divisional Train Army Service Corps
 * 225th, 226th, 227th and 228th Companies (transferred to 29th Division in March 1916)
 * 170th, 171st, 172nd and 173rd Companies, (transferred from 28th Divisional Train on 13 November 1915. 172nd Company swapped with the 8th Company from 2nd Divisional Train in late November 1915)
 * 43rd Mobile Veterinary Section Army Veterinary Corps
 * 230th Divisional Employment Company (joined 1 June 1917)

33rd (Camberwell) Divisional Artillery
 * CLVI (Camberwell) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (R.F.A.)
 * CLXII (Camberwell) Brigade, R.F.A.
 * CLXVI (Camberwell) Brigade, R.F.A. (broken up 12 September 1916)
 * CLXVII (Camberwell) (Howitzer) Brigade, R.F.A. (broken up 12 September 1916)
 * 126th (Camberwell) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery (R.G.A.) (left for XXII Heavy Artillery Group on 2 May 1916)
 * 33rd Divisional Ammunition Column R.F.A.
 * 33rd Divisional Trench Mortar Brigade
 * V.33 Heavy Trench Mortar Battery, R.F.A. (formed by 29 May 1916; broken up February 1918)
 * X.33, Y.33 and Z.33 Medium Mortar Batteries, R.F.A. (formed by 4 May 1916, February 1918, Z broken up redistributed to Z and Y batteries'')

33rd Divisional Engineers
 * 212th (Tottenham) Field Company, Royal Engineers
 * 222nd (Tottenham) Field Company, Royal Engineers
 * 226th (Tottenham) Field Company, Royal Engineers (left for 2nd Division 2 December 1915)
 * 33rd (Tottenham) Divisional Signals Company, Royal Engineers
 * 11th Field Company (joined from 2nd Division 2 December 1915)

Royal Army Medical Corps
 * 99th Field Ambulance
 * 100th Field Ambulance (left for 2nd Division late November 1915)
 * 101st Field Ambulance
 * 73rd Sanitary Section (left 31 March 1917)
 * 19th Field Ambulance (joined from 2nd Division late November 1915)

Commanders

 * Major-General Herman Landon November 1915 – September 1916
 * Major-General Reginald John Pinney September 1916 – September 1917
 * Brigadier-General Philip Richard Wood September 1917 – November 1917
 * Major-General Reginald John Pinney November 1917 – February 1919 (disbandment)

title: 33rd Division (United Kingdom)


text:
Disney's Contemporary Resort

Disney's Contemporary Resort, originally to be named Tempo Bay Hotel and previously the Contemporary Resort Hotel, is a resort located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. Opened on October 1, 1971, the hotel is one of two original properties located at the complex alongside Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, and is currently listed as a deluxe-priced resort. It is adjacent to the Magic Kingdom theme park, and is identified by its A-frame main building.

History
The Contemporary Resort is one of two resorts located on property when Walt Disney World opened in 1971.

The Contemporary Tower, the most prominent of the resort's three stand-alone buildings, was built as an A-frame with outer walls which slope inwards around an inner atrium. This design was a collaboration by Disney, the United States Steel Corporation,  and Xerox Tower architect Welton Becket. To construct the building, steel frames were erected on-site and modular pre-constructed rooms, designed by California architect Donald Wexler, were lifted into place by crane. Most of Disney's Polynesian Village Resort and the Court of Flags Resort were built the same way, except rooms were stacked instead of slid in.

In 2006, Disney filed plans for a project on the site of the Contemporary Resort's North Garden Wing. Bay Lake Tower ultimately contained 281 timeshare units. In preparation for the future sale, Disney incorporated a condominium association for the property on January 9, 2007, that would manage the units. The project was officially unveiled on September 16, 2008. Timeshares began on September 28, 2008, to existing Disney Vacation Club members and on October 5, 2008, for new members.

In 2005, Disney began an extensive renovation of the Contemporary Resort, and it was completed in 2009. As part of the construction, the North Garden Wing of the hotel was demolished to make way for a separate Disney Vacation Club resort that opened in 2009. At the same time, the Bay Lake Tower began construction. Disney's Racquet Club was demolished by January 30, 2007, while the North Wing itself was demolished between January 31 and April 6, 2007. Construction on the new building continued through 2007, without Disney announcing what was actually being built. The Bay Lake Tower opened in 2009.

Richard Nixon's 1973 press conference
On November 17, 1973, the Contemporary was the site of what would become one of the most famous press conference statements in modern American politics, where President Richard Nixon declared, "I am not a crook." Nixon, whose job approval rating had been declining steadily for over a year due to the on-going Watergate scandal, made the statement during an appearance at the Associated Press Managing Editors Association annual convention, at which he held a live one-hour televised press conference. Following an earlier question on Nixon's taxes, Nixon addressed claims that he profited from his public service, stating "I've earned every cent. And in all of my years of public life I have never obstructed justice ... People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got." Less than one year later, facing almost certain impeachment and removal from office, Nixon announced his resignation in a national speech on August 8, 1974, which became effective the following day.

Rooms and facilities
The Contemporary Tower houses most of the resort's key facilities, including resort registration and the guest service concierge. The main hall, named the Grand Canyon Concourse, is located in the main tower and houses restaurants and shops. 383 guest rooms line the outer walls of the Contemporary Tower. The Walt Disney World Monorail System runs through the inside of this building and a monorail station is located here for resort guests. Adorning the concourse walls is a multi-story mosaic designed by Mary Blair. One three-story wing flanks the south side of the tower and houses an additional 250 rooms. A convention center was added to the resort and opened on November 11, 1991, with more than 90000 sqft of convention space. In October 2007, the resort received designation as part of the Florida Green Lodging Program.

In June 2021, Disney Parks Blog announced the rooms had undergone a redesign blending monorail motifs with Incredibles characters.

Dining
There are several restaurants in the Contemporary Resort's main building. The California Grill is a full-service dining restaurant located at the top (15th floor) of the Contemporary Resort's tower, formerly the Top of the World restaurant. A second full-service restaurant, Steakhouse 71, is located on the first floor of the main tower in a space formerly occupied by The Wave ... of American Flavors and, before that, the Fiesta Fun Center arcade. Its theming and name are both inspired by the resort's opening year, 1971. Two restaurants, a character buffet (Chef Mickey's) and a quick-service facility (Contempo Café), are located on the Grand Canyon Concourse in the main tower's atrium, with coffee bars and lounges located throughout the resort complex.

Bay Lake Tower
Bay Lake Tower at Disney's Contemporary Resort, part of the Disney Vacation Club, is a 15-story addition that officially opened on August 4, 2009. It is located on the former location of the demolished North Garden Wing rooms. The tower shares design features with the original resort. The front desk, concierge, valet, bell services and transportation are shared services provided through the main resort. Bay Lake Tower has a concierge desk and an online check-in desk of their own for guests who wish to check into Bay Lake Tower directly. Its fifth floor is connected by a skyway from the main tower's fourth floor.

The units were among the most expensive offered by Disney Vacation Club at initial offering, presumably because of their proximity to the Magic Kingdom. Some of the resort's features include full-length windows with views into the Magic Kingdom or onto Bay Lake. Some bathrooms on the Magic Kingdom side include movable partitions to permit watching the park's fireworks displays from the bathtub.

Incidents

 * On November 12, 1992, an off-duty Cast Member fell off the ledge outside the Top of The World restaurant on the 15th floor of the Contemporary. The cast member had been sitting on the ledge when a swarm of wasps appeared; while trying to swat the wasps away, the cast member lost his balance and fell to his death 11 stories below.
 * On March 22, 2016, a person died at Disney's Contemporary Resort. According to multiple sources, the person jumped to their death inside the central A-frame tower.
 * On May 28, 2018, an intoxicated man was arrested at Disney's Contemporary Resort after he falsely told other guests an active shooter was in the resort. Panic soon followed and the resort was placed on lockdown until police could arrive. The reports were traced back to the man, who was found hiding in bushes outside of the resort. When questioned, the man claimed that his motive was to get reactions from people for a class and his YouTube channel.

title: Disney's Contemporary Resort


text:
TMS9900

The TMS9900 was one of the first commercially available, single-chip 16-bit microprocessors. Introduced in June 1976, it implemented Texas Instruments' TI-990 minicomputer architecture in a single-chip format, and was initially used for low-end models of that lineup.

Its 64-pin DIP format made it more expensive to implement in smaller machines than the more common 40-pin format, and it saw relatively few design wins outside TI's own use. Among those uses was their TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A home computers, which ultimately sold about 2.8 million units.

Microcomputer-on-chip implementations of the 9900 in 40-pin packages included the TMS9940, TMS9980/81, TMS9995. The TMS99105/10 was the last iteration of the 9900 in 1981 and incorporated features of TI's 990/10 minicomputer.

By the mid-1980s the microcomputer field was moving to 16-bit systems like the Intel 8088 and newer 16/32-bit designs like the Motorola 68000. With no obvious future for the chip, TI turned its attention to special-purpose processors like the Texas Instruments TMS320, introduced in 1983.

History
The TMS9900 was designed as a single chip version of the TI 990 minicomputer series, much like the Intersil 6100 was a single chip PDP-8 (12 bit), and the Fairchild 9440 and Data General mN601 were both one-chip versions of Data General's Nova. Unlike multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors such as the National Semiconductor IMP-16 or DEC LSI-11, some of which predated the TMS9900, the 9900 was a single-chip, self-contained 16-bit microprocessor.

The minicomputer roots of the TMS9900 give rise to a number of architectural features that are not commonly found on designs that started from a blank sheet. Notable among these was the TMS9900's use of processor registers that are mapped into main memory. This allows for fast context switching, which can be accomplished by changing a single register, the Workspace Pointer, to point to the first entry in a list of register values. More traditional designs would require the entire set of internal registers to be stored out to memory or the stack.

The downside to this approach is that accessing these registers is more time-consuming. In a minicomputer implementation with fast memory, the effect is relatively small and the upside in a real-time or multi-tasking environment is significant as context switches are common. In other roles, like single-user microcomputers, this tradeoff may not be worthwhile. The 40-pin implementations of the 9900 included 128 or 256 bytes of fast onboard RAM for registers.

TI used the same architecture across different divisions for corporate synergy: "one company, one computer architecture". In the late 1970s Walden C. Rhines gave a presentation of the TMS99110, then code-named “Alpha”, to an IBM group developing a personal computer. "We wouldn't know until 1981 just what we had lost" because IBM chose the Intel 8088 for the IBM PC, he recalled. One factor was the lack of a roadmap for accessing more than 64K of logical memory. The 9900 family could expand its address space to 16MiB only by page-mapping;  the  99000 could address 256K through segments.

After dropping out of the personal computer market with products such as TI-99/4A, the company microprocessor division eventually switched focus to the TMS320 special-purpose processor series.

Architecture
The TMS9900 has three internal 16-bit registers — Program counter (PC), Status register (ST), and Workspace Pointer register (WP). The WP register points to a base address in external RAM where the processor's 16 general purpose user registers (each 16 bits wide) are kept. This architecture allows for quick context switching; e.g. when a subroutine is entered, only the single workspace register needs to be changed instead of requiring registers to be saved individually. Bits are numbered unconventionally with the most significant bit being 0.

Addresses refer to bytes with big endian ordering convention. The TMS9900 is a classic 16 bit machine with an address space of 216 bytes (65,536 bytes or 32,768 words).

There is no concept of a stack and no stack pointer register. Instead, branch instructions exist that save the program counter to a register and change the register context. The 16 hardware and 16 software interrupt vectors each consist of a pair of PC and WP values, so the register context switch is automatically performed by an interrupt as well.

Instruction set and addressing
The TMS9900 has 69 instructions which are one, two or three words long and always word-aligned in memory. The instruction set is fairly orthogonal, meaning that with few exceptions, instructions can use all methods of accessing operands (addressing modes).

Addressing modes include Immediate (operand in instruction), Direct or "Symbolic" (operand address in instruction), Register (operand in workspace register), Register Indirect (operand address in workspace register) with or without auto-increment, Indexed (operand address in instruction indexed with workspace register content), and Program Counter Relative.

The most important dual-operand instructions (add, subtract, compare, move etc.) contain 2-bit addressing mode and 4-bit register selector fields for both source and destination operands. In the opcode, "Symbolic" mode is represented as Indexed mode with the register field set to 0, therefore workspace register 0 (WR0) cannot be used in Indexed mode. In less frequently used dual-operand instructions like XOR, the destination operand must be a workspace register (or workspace register pair in the case of multiply and divide instructions).

Flow control is facilitated through a group of one unconditional and twelve conditional Jump instructions. Jump targets are relative to PC with an offset of -128 to +127 word addresses.

For subroutine calls, the Branch and Load Workspace Pointer (BLWP) instruction loads new WP and PC values, then saves the values of WP, PC and ST to the (new) registers 13, 14 and 15 respectively. At the end of the subroutine, the Return Workspace Pointer (RTWP) restores these in reverse order. Using BLWP/RTWP, it is possible to nest subroutine calls despite the absence of a stack, however, the programmer needs to assign the appropriate register workspace explicitly.

The instruction set also contains a Branch and Link (BL) opcode that only saves PC to register 11 without changing WP. In this case, a branch instruction (B) using WR11 as the destination address can serve as the return opcode, but BL-type subroutines cannot be nested without the programmer taking actions to save the return address.

The TMS9900 supports an execute instruction "X" (eXecute). This instruction executes the instruction in a register. It can be used for debugging (as a breakpoint instruction), for creating indexed-opcode tables as used in byte-code interpreters and can also be used to perform a time critical I/O instruction during an interrupt. An example of its utility is shown in the code below where an interrupt being serviced in a very encapsulated manner that would otherwise require many more instructions. INTDRQ	X	R9	;CAN BE EITHER READ or WRITE RTWP
 * THIS INTERRUPT SIMULATES DMA CONTROL
 * ORGANISED AS FOLLOWS:
 * R9 HOLDS CURRENT COMMAND, E.G.
 * IOREAD(34B8H): STCR	*R8+,BYTEWIDE	;BYTE WIDE FDC DATA READ
 * IOWRITE(30B8H):LDCR	*R8+,BYTEWIDE	;BYTE WIDE FDC DATA WRITE
 * R8 HOLDS THE CURRENT DMA ADDRESS.
 * R12 HOLDS THE CURRENT IO PORT - DATREG
 * IOWRITE(30B8H):LDCR	*R8+,BYTEWIDE	;BYTE WIDE FDC DATA WRITE
 * R8 HOLDS THE CURRENT DMA ADDRESS.
 * R12 HOLDS THE CURRENT IO PORT - DATREG

this common piece of code during the interrupt that could be used by both I/O read and write commands. Similar methods could be employed in any debugging methods wanting to be used.

The TMS9900 also supports the eXtended OPeration (XOP) instruction. XOP is given a number in the range 0-15 as well as a source address. When invoked, the instruction will perform a context switch through one of sixteen vectors at predefined locations in memory. The XOP instruction also places the effective address of the source operand in register 11 of the new workspace. The context saving feature of the XOP instruction can also be used as to implement inline debugging.

XOP is less flexible than a BLWP, as the transfer vectors have to be at fixed locations, but allows one source operand to be directly addressed rather than passed in a register or otherwise.

XOP can be used to implement a system call facility. In TI's DX10 operating system, XOP 15 invokes a system call. A programmer might define an assembler macro, for example SVC, which invokes XOP 15. Another use of XOP was to implement instructions in software which might be handled by dedicated hardware in future versions of the 990 minicomputer series. An example of such actions can be shown in the code below where a CALL function is implemented using and XOP 6 Instruction. The beauty of this implementation of a CALL function using and XOP, is that it is straightforward to add checks to determine if the Stack has overflowed; for example C	R10,@2*R9(R13), where R9 points to the address of the stack limit. ; ;************************************************ ; CALL SUBROUTINE ; DEFINE XOP:  DXOP  CALL,6 ; CALLING METHOD:   CALL @SUBROUTINE_ADDRESS ; R10 <=> STACK POINTER ;************************************************* ; ED32   C2AD 0014      XOP6: MOV  @2*R10(R13),R10   ;GET STACK POINTER ED36  064A                 DECT R10               ;DECREMENT STACK POINTER ED38  C68E          	      MOV  R14,*R10          ;PUSH RETURN PC ONTO STACK ED3A  C38B                 MOV  R11,R14           ;MOVE EA INTO R14 (PC) FOR CALL ED3C  CB4A 0014     	      MOV  R10,@2*R10(R13)   ;UPDATE STACK POINTER ED40  0380                 RTWP                   ;WE ARE NOW USING THE ORIGINAL WP

In typical comparisons with the Intel 8086, the TMS9900 had smaller programs. Some disadvantages were the small address space and need for fast RAM.

Implementation
The TMS9900 was implemented in an N-channel silicon gate MOS process, which required +5 V, −5 V and +12 V power supplies and a four-phase (non-overlapping) clock with a maximum frequency of 3 MHz (333 ns cycle), usually generated from a 48 MHz crystal using a TIM9904 (aka 74LS362) clock generator chip.

The shortest instructions require eight clock cycles or 2.7 μs to complete (assuming 0 external wait cycles), many others run between 10 and 14 cycles (3.3...4.7 μs); the longest-running instruction (DIV) can take up to 124 cycles (41.3 μs).

The chip was packaged in a (then unusual) 64-pin, 0.9" wide DIP. The comparatively large number of pins allowed for the 15-bit (word) address bus and 16-bit data bus to be brought out on dedicated pins without the use of multiplexing (unlike e.g. the Intel 8086 CPU), keeping external memory connections simple.  Contrary to the convention used by many other manufacturers, TI labeled the most significant address and data lines "A0" and "D0", respectively.  All internal data paths and the ALU are 16 bits wide.

The processor can be paused with the address bus tri-stated for external direct memory access (DMA). Memory accesses are always 16 bits wide, with the CPU automatically performing read-before-write operations for byte-wide accesses.

The hardware interrupt system supports a 4-bit interrupt priority input, which needed to be higher than the priority level stored in the status register (bits 12−15) in order for the interrupt request to be served. In addition, the /LOAD input provides a non-maskable interrupt facility with a dedicated vector.

The TMS9900 CPU also contains a 16-bit shift register ("CRU") designed for interfacing with external shift registers, with dedicated instructions supporting access to fields of 1−16 bit width out of a total of 4096 addressable bits.

Parallel peripherals can be attached in memory-mapped fashion to the regular address and data bus.

Applications

The TMS9900 was used in the TI-99/4 and TI-99/4A home computers. Unfortunately, to reduce the production costs, TI chose to use in these systems just 128 16-bit words of the fast kind of RAM that the TMS9900 could access directly. The rest of the memory was 16KB of 8-bit DRAM that was accessible only indirectly through the video display controller, which crippled the performance of the TI-99/4.

TI developed the TM990 series of computer modules, including CPU, memory, I/O, which when plugged into a card frame could form a 16-bit minicomputer. These were typically used for process control. A microprocessor trainer was released in the form of the TM990/189.

TMS9900 Family Product Development
The second generation of the TMS9900 family of microprocessors was the TMS9995 which provided "functional performance at speeds 3 times faster than any previous 9900 family processor", largely due to the inclusion of instruction prefetch technology. In the home computer arena, the TMS9995 only found use in the Tomy Tutor, an esoteric TI99-4/A upgrade called the Geneve 9640, and a project printed in Electronics Today: the Powertran Cortex. It was planned to be used in the TI-99/2 & TI-99/8 computer systems, but neither advanced past the prototype stage.

TI later developed the more powerful TMS99000 family of microprocessors, which was used as the CPU in the 990/10A minicomputer as a cost reduction. Unfortunately, by the time the 990/10A made it to market, the end of the minicomputer era was already in sight.

The TMS99000 family includes two microprocessors, the TMS99105A and the TMS99110A, which are identical except for the contents of on-chip macrostore ROM memory (macrostore memory contains added functions or instructions through emulation routines written in standard machine code). The on-chip ROM Macrostore in the TMS99110A microprocessor contains floating point instructions which are available as part of the machine language instruction set, while the baseline TMS99105A does not. Both chips can implement Macrostore instructions in an external ROM. A third member of the TMS99000 family, the TMS99120, was announced but may never have been commercially produced. The on-chip ROM Macrostore in the TMS99120 was to contain run-time support routines for the PASCAL high-level language.

The instruction set for the TMS99000 family extends the 9900 instruction set while keeping compatibility. The additional instructions includes those for signed multiply and divide (first appearing in the TMS9995), long-word shift, add, and subtract; load status register, load workspace pointer, stack operations, multiprocessor support, bit manipulation. Members of the family can access 256KB of memory through code/data segmentation, and may use the TIM99610 memory mapper to address up to 16MiB. The architecture contains many other advances over the TMS9900 and TMS9995.

title: TMS9900


text: Category:Mass media in Nevada

title: Category:Mass media in Nevada


text:
MediaTransparency

MediaTransparency was a project begun in 1999 which monitored the financial ties of conservative think tanks to conservative foundations in the United States. Its database tracked over 50,000 grants awarded since 1985, which total more than US$3.2 billion. It was run by Cursor, Inc. before being acquired by Media Matters for America in 2008.

Cursor.org was dedicated to "news, opinion, analysis and investigative data related to links between conservative philanthropies and the organizations and people they fund, and their influence in the media."

title: MediaTransparency


text:
User talk:Walklib

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 04:04, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Walklib


text: Talk:Barry Manilow

title: Talk:Barry Manilow


text:
Talk:Nehru jacket

Some jacket pics would good. --Rj 04:04, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Does this Nehru jacket have an other name? -- TE --

 * I've added one - from the Nehru article, of course. Sandstein 21:56, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Neo wears a modified cassock in the later Matrix films. Deleted reference. --Smilingman 03:23, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

is it me, or are Nehru Jackets very similar to Edwardian collarless suits?-GeorgeFormby1

Notable Wearers Section
The notable wearers section is looking like a "references to the jacket in pop culture" section. My point being, can we pare it down? Vinithehat (talk) 16:21, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * anyone? I'll do it if no ne says otherwise.Vinithehat (talk) 04:46, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Nehru jacket = modernization?
"It was intended for daily use by Indian government officials and leaders who did not want to adopt the Western suit, but wanted a more practical garment with a modern appearance than the traditional Indian achkan or the sherwani, which are knee-length coats."

Seems like an intuitive claim, since progressive leaders of newly revitalized nations throughout history have rejected traditional dress with the intent of establishing a modern identity, distinct from their subjugated pasts or antiquated and entrenched conservativism (Peter the Great, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Emperor Meiji). — Preceding unsigned comment added by PotatoSamurai (talk • contribs) 18:31, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Modi Jacket
Editors added the term Modi jacket as well with several news sources. But I think it's more like adoption. The term Nehru jacket is given because he invented that attire (I maybe wrong). How can it be called modi jacket ? Can somebody explain this term. Thanks -- 25 CENTS VICTORIOUS ☣ 09:05, 14 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Nehru didn't invent this jacket, he was photographed in this jacket on the cover of the magazine Vogue, causing many news media to call it Nehru's jacket, and finally adopted as Nehru jacket. The current PM of India Narendra Modi wears the Nehru jacket, but the term Nehru jacket was used to refer to formal jackets of dark shades while Modi wears colorful ones of red, blue, pink!, orange, etc. Hence it is known as Modi jacket and marketed as such. There's no politcal reason behind this. Hence asking to add this info back. Thanks. 86.97.129.224 (talk) 13:57, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Here, the article is about the Jacket not the colour. How would it be sensible if add term Modi jacket because of colour. But anyway, I an adding a separate section explaining what Modi jacket is.-- 25 CENTS VICTORIOUS ☣ 08:27, 15 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Modi jacket is a variant of Nehru jacket, but it is sometimes used to refer to the Nehru jacket itself, hence adding as an alternative name in the lead. I don't see what's the problem with this. Yes, adding another section would be appropriate. 86.97.129.224 (talk) 12:11, 15 October 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ :)-- 25 CENTS VICTORIOUS ☣ 18:16, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

Toy Story
Sorry, but I've removed the lengthy plot summary for Toy Story 3. Bond makes some sense as the garment entered the popular conscience to a large extent due to it's a association with a central character in this widely-seen series, but there is nothing notable about it's appearance in a throwaway scene of a Toy Story sequel. Walkersam (talk) 06:19, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Modi vest
I added a section on the variant known as a "Modi vest". My edit was reverted in good faith by on the grounds of notability. There are enough sources mentioning the phrase "Modi vest" that I'd say it warrants its own section, and another discussion this talk page shows that some others agree. I think my addition contains useful information on the topic. But I don't want to get too editwarry, so I'll let others voice their thoughts on whether the term "Modi vest" deserves its own section or a brief mention. —Vigilant Cosmic Penguin (talk | contribs) 15:21, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I disagree. In published books, there are 19 boldface mentions of "Nehru vest" However there are 4 boldface for "Modi vest."
 * There is an earlier Modi vest after the Lebanese Modi (Edward J. Modi) unrelated to Narendra Modi, also modi Vest appears in Italian syntax also unrelated to Narendra Modi. 4:19 is insignificant. Not only does it not merit its own section in the Sadri (clothing) page, but it doesn't even merit an alternative mention in the lead sentence. "Modi vest" was just a fly-by-night term of Modi's early years. No one uses it any more.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  12:05, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * PS You can also check Google ngrams for "Nehru jacket,""Modi jacket." The latter term doesnt have an ngram  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  12:14, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * PS Also, "Nehru vest" and its accompanying picture have been in the Sadri (clothing) page since January 2017, i.e. seven years, and as such constitutes a precedent. It can't be changed lightly.  Fowler&fowler  «Talk»  12:19, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Even if the term "Modi vest" isn't widespread, it has enough coverage to establish notability. My edit cited The Indian Express and NDTV (pre-Adani takeover), which are generally reliable. There's also coverage in The Guardian and Quartz.
 * That being said, I understand why you say it doesn't deserve its own section; these sources are from 2018 so it fails WP:SUSTAINED. I see how my edit placed undue weight on the idea that it's a distinct style. Still, there should probably be a paragraph in the "Popularity" section at least saying that Modi has frequently worn the jacket, that he popularized it in bright colors, and that it's known as a "Modi jacket", all of which are backed up in multiple sources. —Vigilant Cosmic Penguin (talk | contribs) 18:07, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nehru jacket


text:
Baden Teague

Baden Chapman Teague (born 18 September 1944) served as a Liberal Senator for South Australia from 1977 until his retirement in 1996.

Born in Adelaide, Teague was educated at St. Peter’s College, the University of Adelaide and Cambridge University, where he gained a Ph.D. He was employed as a university lecturer until he entered the Senate in 1977. Teague narrowly won the final South Australian Senate position from the then newly formed Australian Democrats after preferences from the Australia Party flowed to Teague ahead of the Democrats. Observers with a sense of irony would have noted that many Australian Democrats, including lead Democrat Senate candidate Ian Gilfillan, were former Australia Party members and the Democrats had initially expected Australia Party preferences.

During his Senate term, Teague introduced a private members bill to change the system of government in Australia from a Constitutional Monarchy to a Republic.

Following his retirement from politics, Teague served as the South Australian Chairman of the Australian Republican Movement, and was elected as a delegate to the Australian Republic Convention.

title: Baden Teague


text:
User talk:Cuwickliffe

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 04:05, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:John adam wickliffe.jpg

The file File:John adam wickliffe.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Uploaded for John Adam Wickliffe. No other use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 03:47, 25 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cuwickliffe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yong-Yong Ma

Yong-Yong Ma
Yong-Yong Ma was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete.

Anonymous sandboxing, not worth a redirect to Yo-Yo Ma-- Paul Richter 04:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Not worth voting on. Speedy delete. -℘yrop (talk) 04:32, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete newbie copy/paste test. "Yong-Yong Ma" doesn't even appear to be an alternate variation on the man's name (at least in latin script that google can find). -- Cyrius|✎ 05:47, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is just a copy of Yo-Yo Ma. It's not even his real name. Delete. --Improv 05:55, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, quickly. Don't redirect, since it's not a variant of his name.  Antandrus 06:07, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete: complete copy of Yo-Yo Ma, which is a valid speedy as a test creation. Geogre 15:15, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.