text:
Orobanche

Orobanche, commonly known as broomrape, is a genus of almost 200 species of small parasitic herbaceous plants, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is the type genus of the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It is a weed on broadleaf crop plants in Australia, where some states enforce mandatory destruction and reporting, as well as prohibition of sale.

Description
Broomrapes are generally small, only 10–60 cm tall depending on species. They are best recognized by the yellow- to straw-coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white, or blue snapdragon-like flowers. The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal spike of 10-20 flowers in most species, although single in one-flowered broomrape (Orobanche uniflora). The leaves are merely triangular scales. The seeds are minute, tan or brown, blackening with age. These plants generally flower from late winter to late spring. When they are not flowering, no part of the plants is visible above the surface of the soil.

Parasitism
As they have no chlorophyll, the broomrapes are totally dependent on other plants for nutrients. Broomrape seeds remain dormant in the soil, often for many years, until stimulated to germinate by certain compounds produced by living plant roots. Broomrape seedlings put out a root-like growth, which attaches to the roots of nearby hosts. Once attached to a host, the broomrape robs its host of water and nutrients.

Some species are only able to parasitise a single plant species, and they are often named after the plant they parasitise, such as ivy broomrape (O. hederae) being restricted to parasitising ivy. Others can infect several genera, such as the lesser broomrape O. minor, which lives on clover and other related Fabaceae.

Branched broomrape Orobanche ramosa, native to central and southwestern Europe but widely naturalised elsewhere, is considered a major threat to crops in some areas. Plants that it targets are tomato, eggplant, potato, cabbage, coleus, bell pepper, sunflower, celery, and beans. In heavily infested areas, branched broomrape can cause total crop failure.

The bean broomrape Orobanche crenata, which targets the fava bean, has stems that are gathered and eaten in the Italian region of Apulia.

Etymology
The generic name Orobanche comes from the Greek (orobánkhē), from  (órobos "bitter vetch") +  (ánkhō (I) "strangle"). The common name "broomrape" comes from the English "broom" (a plant) + Latin ('tuber').

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Orobanche:
 * Orobanche aconiti-lycoctoni Moreno Mor., G.Gómez, Ó.Sánchez, Carlón & M.Laínz
 * Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. — Egyptian broomrape; Fenzhi broomrape
 * Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. — Thyme broomrape; baihua broomrape
 * Orobanche alsatica Kirschl. — Alsace broomrape; Duose broomrape
 * Orobanche amethystea Thuill. — Eryngium broomrape
 * Orobanche amoena C.A.Mey.
 * Orobanche anatolica Boiss. & Reut.
 * Orobanche androssovii Novopokr.
 * Orobanche angustelaciniata Gilli
 * Orobanche apuana Domina & Soldano
 * Orobanche arenaria Borkh. — Wormwood broomrape
 * Orobanche arizonica L.T.Collins
 * Orobanche armena Tzvelev
 * Orobanche arpica Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
 * Orobanche artemisiae-campestris Vaucher ex Gaudin
 * Orobanche astragali Mouterde
 * Orobanche auranitica Mouterde
 * Orobanche australiana F.Muell.
 * Orobanche australis Moris ex Bertol.
 * Orobanche ballii (Maire) Domina
 * Orobanche ballotae A.Pujadas
 * Orobanche balsensis (J.A.Guim.) Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor. & Ó.Sánchez
 * Orobanche bartlingii Griseb.
 * Orobanche baumanniorum Greuter
 * Orobanche beauverdii Uhlich & Rätzel
 * Orobanche benkertii Rätzel & Uhlich
 * Orobanche boninsimae (Maxim.) Tuyama
 * Orobanche borissovae Novopokr.
 * Orobanche brachypoda Novopokr.
 * Orobanche brassicae (Novopokr.) Novopokr.
 * Orobanche bulbosa Beck
 * Orobanche bungeana Beck
 * Orobanche caesia Rchb.
 * Orobanche calendulae Pomel
 * Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl.
 * Orobanche campanulae Rätzel, Ristow & Uhlich
 * Orobanche camphorosmae (Carlón, G.Gómez, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor., Ó.Sánchez & Schneew.) A.Pujadas & Triano
 * Orobanche camptolepis Boiss. & Reut.
 * Orobanche canescens C.Presl
 * Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. — Bedstraw broomrape; Simao broomstraw
 * Orobanche castellana Reut.
 * Orobanche cathae Deflers
 * Orobanche caucasica Beck
 * Orobanche centaurina Bertol.
 * Orobanche cernua Loefl. — Nodding broomrape; Wanguan broomrape
 * Orobanche chilensis (Phil.) Beck
 * Orobanche chironii Lojac.
 * Orobanche chrysacanthi Maire
 * Orobanche cilicica Beck
 * Orobanche cistanchoides Beck
 * Orobanche clarkei Hook.f. — Xizang broomrape
 * Orobanche clausonis Pomel
 * Orobanche coelestis (Reut.) Boiss. & Reut. ex Beck — Changchi broomrape
 * Orobanche coerulescens Stephan
 * Orobanche cohenii Domina & Danin
 * Orobanche connata K.Koch
 * Orobanche cooperi (A.Gray) A.Heller — Cooper's broomrape
 * Orobanche corymbosa (Rydb.) Ferris — Flat-top broomrape
 * Orobanche crenata Forssk. — Bean broomrape
 * Orobanche cumana Wallr.
 * Orobanche cypria Reut. ex Kotschy
 * Orobanche cyrenaica Beck ex E.A.Durand & Barratte
 * Orobanche cyrnea Jeanm., Habashi & Manen
 * Orobanche dalmatica (Beck) Tzvelev
 * Orobanche daninii Domina & Raimondo
 * Orobanche densiflora Salzm. ex Bertol.
 * Orobanche denudata Moris
 * Orobanche dhofarensis M.J.Y.Foley
 * Orobanche ducellieri Maire
 * Orobanche dugesii (S.Watson) Munz
 * Orobanche ebuli Huter & Rigo
 * Orobanche elatior Sutton — Knapweed broomrape; Duanchun broomrape
 * Orobanche eriophora Bornm. & Gauba
 * Orobanche esulae Pančić
 * Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. — Cluster broomrape; fascicled broomrape
 * Orobanche flava Mart. ex F.W.Schultz — Butterbur broomrape
 * Orobanche foetida Poir.
 * Orobanche fuscovinosa Maire
 * Orobanche gamosepala Reut.
 * Orobanche georgii-reuteri (Carlón, et al.) A.Pujadas
 * Orobanche gigantea (Beck) Gontsch.
 * Orobanche glabricaulis Tzvelev
 * Orobanche gracilis Sm. — Slender broomrape
 * Orobanche gratiosa (Webb & Berthel.) Linding.
 * Orobanche grenieri F.W.Schultz
 * Orobanche grisebachii Reut.
 * Orobanche grossheimii Novopokr.
 * Orobanche gussoneana (Lojac.) ined.
 * Orobanche hadroantha Beck
 * Orobanche haenseleri Reut.
 * Orobanche hansii A.Kern.
 * Orobanche hederae Duby – Ivy broomrape
 * Orobanche hedypnoidis (Rätzel, Ristow & Uhlich) Hand
 * Orobanche heldreichii (Reut.) Beck
 * Orobanche hirtiflora (Reut.) Burkill
 * Orobanche humbertii Maire
 * Orobanche hymenocalyx Reut.
 * Orobanche hypertomentosa M.J.Y.Foley
 * Orobanche iammonensis A.Pujadas & P.Fraga
 * Orobanche iberica (Beck) Tzvelev
 * Orobanche inexspectata (Carlón, et al.) Domina, Greuter, P.Marino & P.Schäf.
 * Orobanche ingens (Beck) Tzvelev
 * Orobanche inulae Novopokr. & Abramov
 * Orobanche javakhetica Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
 * Orobanche kashmirica C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.
 * Orobanche kelleri Novopokr. — Duanchi broomrape
 * Orobanche kotschyi Reut. — Yitong broomrape
 * Orobanche krylowii Beck — Siduomao broomrape
 * Orobanche kurdica Boiss. & Hausskn.
 * Orobanche lainzii (Gómez Nav., Roselló, Peris, A.Valdés & Sanchis) Triano & A.Pujadas
 * Orobanche laserpitii-sileris Reut. ex Jord.
 * Orobanche latisquama (F.W.Schultz) Batt.
 * Orobanche lavandulacea Rchb.
 * Orobanche laxissima Uhlich & Rätzel
 * Orobanche leptantha Pomel
 * Orobanche libanotica (Schweinf. ex Boiss.) Dinsm.
 * Orobanche litorea Guss.
 * Orobanche longibracteata Schiman-Czeika
 * Orobanche loscosii Carlón, M.Laínz, Moreno Mor. & Ó.Sánchez
 * Orobanche lucorum A.Braun ex F.W.Schultz — Barberry Broomrape
 * Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. — Prairie broomrape; desert broomrape
 * Orobanche lutea Baumg. — Medick broomrape
 * Orobanche lycoctoni Rhiner
 * Orobanche megalantha Harry Sm. — Dahua broomrape
 * Orobanche minor Sm. — Common broomrape; clover broomrape; lesser broomrape; small broomrape
 * Orobanche mlokosiewiczii Piwow., Ó.Sánchez & Moreno Mor.
 * Orobanche mongolica Beck — Zhonghua broomrape
 * Orobanche montserratii A.Pujadas & D.Gómez
 * Orobanche multiflora Nutt.
 * Orobanche mupinensis Hu — Baoxing broomrape
 * Orobanche muteliformis M.J.Y.Foley
 * Orobanche mutelii F.W.Schultz
 * Orobanche nana Noë ex Rchb.
 * Orobanche nowackiana Markgr.
 * Orobanche olbiensis (Coss.) Nyman
 * Orobanche ombrochares Hance — Maoyao broomrape
 * Orobanche orientalis Beck
 * Orobanche owerinii (Beck) Beck
 * Orobanche oxyloba (Reut.) Beck
 * Orobanche palaestina Reut.
 * Orobanche pancicii Beck
 * Orobanche parishii (Jeps.) Heckard
 * Orobanche penduliflora Gilli
 * Orobanche perangustata M.J.Y.Foley
 * Orobanche persica (Beck) Novopokr.
 * Orobanche picridis-hieracioidis Holandre — Oxtongue broomrape
 * Orobanche pinorum Geyer ex Hook.
 * Orobanche portoilicitana A.Pujadas & M.B.Crespo
 * Orobanche psila C.B.Clarke
 * Orobanche pubescens d'Urv. — Hairy broomrape
 * Orobanche pulchella (C.A.Mey.) Novopokr.
 * Orobanche purpurea Jacq. — Yarrow broomrape
 * Orobanche pycnostachya Hance — Huanghua broomrape
 * Orobanche ramosa L. — Branched broomrape; hemp broomrape
 * Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill. — Greater broomrape
 * Orobanche rechingeri Gilli
 * Orobanche resedarum (Carlón, et al.) A.Pujadas & Triano
 * Orobanche reticulata Wallr. — Thistle broomrape
 * Orobanche reuteriana (Rchb.f.) M.B.Crespo & A.Pujadas
 * Orobanche rigens Loisel.
 * Orobanche riparia L.T.Collins
 * Orobanche robbinsii Heckard ex Colwell & Yatsk.
 * Orobanche rosmarina Welw. ex Beck
 * Orobanche salviae F.W.Schultz ex W.D.J.Koch
 * Orobanche sanguinea C.Presl
 * Orobanche santolinae Loscos & J.Pardo
 * Orobanche schelkovnikovii Tzvelev
 * Orobanche schultzii Mutel
 * Orobanche schweinfurthii Beck
 * Orobanche septemloba (Beck) Tzvelev
 * Orobanche serbica Beck & Petrovič
 * Orobanche serratocalyx Beck
 * Orobanche sinensis Harry Sm. — Sichuan broomrape
 * Orobanche singarensis Beck
 * Orobanche sintenisii Beck
 * Orobanche solenanthi Novopokr. & Pissjauk.
 * Orobanche sordida C.A.Mey. — Danhuang broomrape
 * Orobanche spectabilis Reut.
 * Orobanche staehelinae D.Pav., Michaud, Véla & J.-M.Tison
 * Orobanche stocksii Boiss.
 * Orobanche subbaetica Triano & A.Pujadas
 * Orobanche sulphurea Gontsch.
 * Orobanche tacnaensis Mattf.
 * Orobanche tarapacana Phil.
 * Orobanche tetuanensis Ball
 * Orobanche teucrii Holandre — Germander broomrape
 * Orobanche transcaucasica Tzvelev
 * Orobanche trichocalyx (Webb & Berthel.) Beck
 * Orobanche tricholoba (Reut.) Domina
 * Orobanche turcica G.Zare & Dönmez
 * Orobanche uniflora L. — Naked broomrape; one-flower cancer-root
 * Orobanche uralensis Beck — Duochi broomrape
 * Orobanche valida Jeps.
 * Orobanche vallicola (Jeps.) Heckard
 * Orobanche variegata Wallr.
 * Orobanche weberbaueri Mattf.
 * Orobanche yuennanensis (Beck) Hand.-Mazz. — Dianlie Broomrape
 * Orobanche zajaciorum Piwow.
 * Orobanche zosimii (M.J.Y.Foley) Domina

title: Orobanche


text:
Talk:Solitude

untitled
This page is full of religious mumbo jumbo from the get-go. How is that unbiased?

--- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.198.145.62 (talk) 16:35, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

To reply to 90.198.145.62, sought-after solitude often has religious dimensions. Also, I reject the comment directly below me. Volpeculus sagacis (talk) 04:53, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

I know for a fact that some mental illnesses, like autism and aspergers syndrome, cause a strong desire to be alone and isolated, shouldn't those be included? (by the way, those are the only two I know of)

page about buddhist beliefs regarding solitude?
This page seems to just lead into a description of the importance of solitude to Buddhist monks. It never explicitly says this, and so is highly suspect. Fuzzform 03:36, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree. Scrap that part or rewrite it to encompass more religions than Buddhism.

Plenty left to do here
You seem at home with this subject, and have made a good start. You might consider adding sections on the other religious traditions' views on solitude. for instance, there is a long history of Christian reclusives. Thomas Merton is a very approachable example of the Christian monk. Marsha Sinetar, in her book, "Ordinary People as Monks and Mystics" makes a very strong case for secular solitude. The Taoists were often said to be found, "Cloud hidden, whereabouts unknown". And perhaps you could discuss solitude as a part of the day, rather than a vocation, for instance people who work instensively with people for a living (social workers, prison guards, teachers) but choose to live alone at home to "recharge theier batteries". Keep up the good work! Soltera 18:45, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

(I removed the thing about young people being better at solitude than older people. How stupid!)

Sole Satisfier link
Is there any justification for inclusion of a link to the Sole Satisfier== article? I can't see that it has anything to do with this article.--RLent (talk) 18:29, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Any information on the difference between solitude and loneliness? --wiki4Imo--- —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wiki4imo (talk • contribs) 16:53, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Negative
This article is unnecessarily negative. There is no mention of solitude as a prerequisite for artistic effort, as a source of comfort or as a way to reduce stress. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.93.220.49 (talk) 04:00, 6 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I just added some positive material. More is needed. It is strange how the Wikiquote page is all positive and Wikipedia page (was) all negative on solitude. N6n (talk) 15:26, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The very first paragraph states "It may stem from bad relationships, loss of loved ones, deliberate choice, infectious disease, mental disorders, neurological disorders or circumstances of employment or situation (see castaway)."  This makes Solitude sound like a disease!    A desire to be alone is NOT a disease!  Solitude is not the same as loneliness or (excessive, involuntary) isolation. --71.10.155.250 (talk) 00:53, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

Agreed. Whoever wrote this, has a strong focus on not being able to be by themselves. The description lists exclusively negative reasons for feeling the urge to live in solitude. The whole text reminds me of the good old "Being by yourself is not healthy" BS some friends from the US were taught in elementary school. --88.65.212.202 (talk) 01:51, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I have tried to make the introduction a little more balanced. Please review and improve. Ckoerner (talk) 21:31, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

"mindfulness" buddhababble
This is highly questionable, and probably doesn't belong in the lede as currently written as it emphasizes spiritual drivel in a context where physical isolation was supposed to be being contrasted with its other. 72.228.177.92 (talk) 23:18, 30 April 2011 (UTC)

ambiguity between this and another page.
On the solitude page, it mentions that solitude has been distinguished from loneliness esp. as a positive correlative. On the emotional insecurity page, it states that the greater the insecurity, the greater the isolation becomes. When you click on isolation, it redirects to the solitude page. This is inherently contradictory, as emotional insecurity is pejorative (if not at least a negative quality). Maybe a disambiguity page with solitude, isolation, and sequestration could be made for this dubious affair. (75.71.118.98 (talk) 15:01, 14 September 2012 (UTC))

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Solitude. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050322131526/http://www.eastandard.net:80/archives/august/wed25082004/executives/upfront/upfront02.htm to http://www.eastandard.net/archives/august/wed25082004/executives/upfront/upfront02.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:59, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Solitude. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130215035154/http://www.singlescafe.net:80/solitude.html to http://www.singlescafe.net/solitude.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20111130075821/http://www.uplink.com.au:80/lawlibrary/Documents/Docs/Doc82.html to http://www.uplink.com.au/lawlibrary/Documents/Docs/Doc82.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 11:42, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

What does this mean?
What does this mean: "In the edited work, Coplan and Bowker invite note only fellow psychology colleagues to chime in on this issue, but they also invited variety of other factuly from different disciplines to address the issue."? 109.154.59.177 (talk) 19:37, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

I note that the same statement is unclear. May need to be deleted. Dr.khatmando (talk) 03:21, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:07, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Jacques Bodin, De dos XXXXV, oil on canvas.jpg

Wiki Education assignment: Media and Culture Theory - MDC 254
— Assignment last updated by Mosbug1 (talk) 02:23, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Solitude


text:
Russian Football Union

The Russian Football Union (Российский Футбольный Союз, Rossiyskiy Futbolnyy Soyuz or RFS) is the official governing body of association football in the Russian Federation. With headquarters in Moscow, it organizes Russian amateur and professional football, including the men's, women's, youth, beach soccer, futsal and Paralympic national teams. The RFS sanctions referees and football tournaments for the Russian Premier League and other football leagues in Russia. RFS is headed by Aleksandr Dyukov, the CEO of Gazprom Neft.

Structure
The RFS is governed by a board of directors led by a chairman, Nikita Simonyan, and a director general, Aleksandr Alayev. The RFU is a member of international football bodies FIFA and UEFA, and also has a relationship with the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Russian Empire
The All-Russian Football Union (VFS) was created on 19 January 1912 and in the same year was admitted to FIFA. The Unions initially consisted of 52 organizations across the Russian Empire. All-Russian Football Union was the organizer of Russian Empire national football team.

Soviet Union
In 1934, the Football Federation of USSR was formed initially under the name the Football Section of Soviet Union. Its organization was in accordance with the Declaration of the All-Union Council of Fitness Culture of USSR on 27 December 1934. The Section was admitted to FIFA as the Soviet organization in 1946, and admitted to UEFA in 1954. Later the Section was reorganized as the Football Federation of USSR. Concurrently with the Section and later Federation until 1972 there operated the Football Directorate of the Soviet Sport Committee which was subordinated directly to the Soviet Ministry of Sport. The Directorate was never recognized on the international level.

Russian Federation
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, on 9 January 1992 there was formed the All-Russian Association of Football (VAF) based on the RSFSR Federation of Football and headed by Anzor Kavazashvili. The VAF conference consisted of 173 delegates from the whole Russian Federation, out of which 172 voted for Kavazashvili, while Kavazashvili abstained from voting himself. The president of the former Soviet federation Koloskov decided to create a parallel organization the Russian Football Union, even though the All-Russian Association of Football (VAF) was acknowledged by the Ministry of Justice and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation as the only governing body of association football in the country.

At the same time Vyacheslav Koloskov who was appointed a president of the Commonwealth of Independent States associations of football federations (descendent of the Soviet Union Football Federation) tried to resolve an issue of conducting the 1992 football championship by negotiating with the Muscovite clubs.

On 31 January 1992 the president of the "supposedly still existing" RSFSR Football Federation Yuri Nyrkov announced about scheduling a conference on 8 February 1992.

On 8 February 1992 at the RSFSR Football Federation conference was created the modern Russian Football Union and Vyacheslav Koloskov was elected the president. At the conference, the Russian Football Union was declared a descendant of both the RSFSR Football Federation as well as the Football Federation of the Soviet Union. Using political connections, Koloskov managed to influence governing bodies of the Russian Federation and the UEFA to reconsider recognition of the All-Russian Association of Football and instead recognize his organization. The newly formed Russian Football Union eventually inherited everything from the previous associations such as the VFS and Football Federation of USSR and reinstated in FIFA on 3 July 1992. In July 1992, the Russian national football team was formed.

Russian invasion of Ukraine
Due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, FIFA and UEFA suspended all Russian teams, whether national representative teams or clubs, until further notice.

After the invasion of Ukraine, Adidas suspended its long-term kit partnership with the Russian Football Union, which first began in 2008. Adidas had provided all Russian teams with kits and had expanded the federation's replica kit sales in the retail market.

During the ban, talk circulated that the RFU were considering seeking to change confederations to the Asian Football Confederation, according to Match-TV broacaster Dmitry Pirog, stating, "I think the time has come to think seriously about a switch to the Asian football confederation." However, Vyacheslav Koloskov opposed the idea, noting that it would "bring the death of Russian football and also we would never return to the European family." In any event, the switch would have to be ratified by other Asian federations. RFU president Alexander Dyukov ruled out the idea of switching to Asian football and stated that the RFU is part of UEFA and will always be so. In late November 2022, Dyukov said, at an executive board meeting on behalf of TASS, that the possibility of a switch of the association to the AFC might be considered. On 29 December 2022, it was reported that the RFU would hold a meeting the next day to discuss resigning from UEFA, so as to join the AFC. On 30 December, following the meeting, Dyukov stated: "We are indeed considering the option of returning to UEFA competitions as soon as possible", "It is important for us to take part in the World Cup qualifiers". On December 20, 2023, Russian Football Union executive committee voted against the move to Asian Football Confederation.

In October 2023, FIFA and UEFA lifted the ban on both U-17 teams, allowing them to return to competitions. This was met with opposition from Ukraine and some other UEFA members. England, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, and Romania announced that they would not play any Russian U-17 team. UEFA later axed the plan.

Chairmen of the Football Directorate of the RSFSR Sports Committee (1934 – 1972)

 * Alexander Starostin (1956–1958)

Chairmen of RSFSR Football Federation (1959-1991)

 * Alexander Starostin (1959–1967)
 * Yuri Nyrkov (1990–1992)

All-Russian Association of Football

 * Anzor Kavazashvili (9 January 1992 – 1992)

Russian Football Union (1992-)

 * Vyacheslav Koloskov (8 February 1992 – 2 April 2005)
 * Vitaly Mutko (2 April 2005 – 24 November 2009)
 * acting: Nikita Simonyan (24 November 2009 – 3 February 2010)
 * Sergei Fursenko (3 February 2010 – 25 June 2012)
 * acting: Nikita Simonyan (25 June 2012 – 3 September 2012)
 * Nikolai Tolstykh (3 September 2012 – 31 May 2015)
 * acting: Nikita Simonyan (31 May 2015 – 2 September 2015)
 * Vitaly Mutko (2 September 2015 – 25 December 2017)
 * acting: Aleksandr Alayev (25 December 2017 – 19 December 2018)
 * acting: Sergey Pryadkin (19 December 2018 – 21 February 2019)
 * Alexander Dyukov (22 February 2019 – present)

title: Russian Football Union


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BenWing

BenWing
Vanity. He may actually be notable for his work with XEmacs (I don't know enough about it to make that judgement), but the article includes way too much irrelevant personal information, and appears to have been written by the subject. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 08:30, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It reads like an autobiography, and if his only contribution was to fork XEmacs, he's not noteworthy. --Carnildo 08:31, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. What sort of linguist doesn't know to put a space between the two parts of his name. Jeff Knaggs 09:00, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You are aware that the only place he rendered his name without a space was in the title of the article? And you are aware that there are still wikis out there that make it impossible or very difficult to name articles in anything but CamelCase?  Please lay off the personal attacks, especially when they are based on such flimsy grounds. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del. Mikkalai 09:08, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe worked for XEmacs, but not notable enough to find a mention in Wikipedia. utcursch 13:08, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * He is in fact fairly notable as the forker (and maintainer of the fork) of XEmacs and so I would say that more personal information about him (particularly about his repetitive stress problems) is merited in the XEmacs article than would ordinarily be the case. Since it seems autobiographical, I would offer the contributor the opportunity to put it on his user page if he creates an account.  But an article just on him himself isn't really merited. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity. Tempshill 21:52, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * CLEANUP, rename to Ben Wing and keep. Way too personal biographical. As XEmacs is a major significant application, and since Ben Wing is primary maintainer and originating forker, he would seem notable. 132.205.15.43 00:29, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat.

 * I only just found this. Just to set the record straight -- I'm pretty sure I didn't write this article.  It sounds like someone copied the text about me from the XEmacs "About" page, which I did write. Benwing (talk) 07:05, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BenWing


text:
Dorothy Tillman

Dorothy Jean Tillman (née Wright;  May 12, 1947) is an American politician, civil rights activist and former Chicago, Illinois alderman. Tillman served as the alderman of the city's 3rd Ward (map) from 1985 until 2007. A member of the Democratic Party, representing part of the city's South Side in the Chicago City Council. As an Alderman, Tillman was a strong advocate of reparations for slavery. In April 2007, Tillman was defeated in a runoff election by challenger Pat Dowell. Tillman defeated Dowell in 2003. Prior to her career as an alderman, Tillman was active in the Civil Rights Movement, working for Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as an activist. Tillman was known for wearing large hats and has cultivated this image as her trademark.

Civil rights movement
Tillman was born as Dorothy Jean Wright in Montgomery, Alabama to James Wright, a local handyman and Edna Mae Struggs (formerly Wright; d. November 30, 2009). Tillman's parents divorced when she was a child which resulted in her spending her childhood between Montgomery with her father and Pensacola, Florida, where her mother had remarried and relocated to. Tillman joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) as a trainee and field staff organizer in 1963. Tillman marched with Martin Luther King Jr. and was among the SCLC Field Staff to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama in the Selma to Montgomery marches on 7 March 1965.

Tillman had her first involvement in Chicago politics later in 1965 when King sent her there to campaign for better housing, education and employment conditions for blacks. This campaign marked the start of King's effort to improve socio-economic conditions for blacks. Tillman was involved in organizing King's move into a Chicago tenement in early 1966 and the launch of his campaign in July 1966. By 1967, Tillman and her husband, Jimmy, moved to San Francisco shortly after their marriage and became involved in a successful campaign to improve public transport services to their neighborhood.

Tillman and her husband later returned to Chicago where she became involved in educational issues. Tillman founded the Parent Equalizers of Chicago, which eventually became active in 300 schools across the city, setting the groundwork for school reform in Chicago. The momentum created by several successful grassroots campaigns Tillman helped organize led to the election of Chicago’s first African American mayor, Harold Washington in 1983.

Chicago Alderman (1985–2007)
Dorothy Tillman was appointed by Mayor Harold Washington and later elected as an alderman representing the city's third ward in February 1985, being the first woman elected for that ward. Tillman pioneered the first TIF to be used in the black community, with the construction of the 55th and Dan Ryan shopping center. She helped to found the African American Home Builders Association and advocated for a 70/30 plan to make certain that African Americans received the majority of the contracts.

Amid the Democratic primary of the 1989 Chicago mayoral special election, in which she was supporting Timothy C. Evans, Tillman called incumbent mayor Eugene Sawyer an "Uncle Tom". In July 1988, after months of attacks on him from Tillman, Evans himself, and other allies of Evans such as Bobby Rush, Sawyer retaliated by stripping them of their committee chairmanships in a City Council restructuring. In this, Tillman was removed as chairman of the Housing Committee.

In 2000, Tillman requested that two waiters at the Palmer House hotel in Chicago be replaced with African-American waiters for a banquet hosted by Alderman Tillman. Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley delivered a strongly worded rebuke in the media.

Tillman was an advocate of reparations for slavery and was successful in having a number of resolutions passed in support of the concept. She authored a bill, passed unanimously in 2002, forcing companies who perform contracts with the council to declare any past ties with slavery. In early 2005, Tillman led a campaign against a $500 million (~$ in ) refinancing deal with the Bank of America because of its alleged links with slavery. In the case of the Bank of America, these links are allegedly through FleetBoston Financial, a company which it acquired in 2004. Providene, a predecessor of Fleet Boston, was supposedly founded by a slave owner in 1791.

During one loud session of the City Council, Tillman gained the attention of the entire floor when she produced a pistol from her handbag and brandished it about. This led some aldermen and Chicago citizens to call for a censure on Tillman's professional ethics, and possible mandatory gun safety training.

Tillman has been involved in the Harold Washington Cultural Center (HWCC) since its inception. A 2006 three-part investigative report by the Chicago local paper Lakefront Outlook reported accounting irregularities and conflicts of interest by Tillman and her family. Despite the controversy and his stand on ethics reform, U.S. Senator Barack Obama endorsed Tillman in her 2007 election noting she was an early supporter of his.

Although she had the backing of Chicago's Mayor Richard Daley, Tillman was not able to achieve a majority of votes in Chicago's non-partisan aldermanic election in February 2007. As a result, Tillman stood in a runoff election against challenger Pat Dowell. Dowell took 54 percent of the vote to 46 percent for Tillman. During a heated debate between Tillman and Dowell on April 3, 2007, Dowell charged Tillman with failing to produce business growth beyond the street corner where her ward office was located and stated "I will be the change agent," after which Tillman's daughter (and political staffer) shouted out "A white man agent!"

Personal
Tillman has been married once and has five children. Tillman married Jimmy Lee Tillman, a musician circa 1967. Together they had five children including Jimmy Lee Tillman Jr. (b. 1968) who ran for U.S. Congress in 2014, and Ebony Tillman who challenged third ward alderman Pat Dowell in 2011. In October 2008 Tillman was convicted for criminal trespassing at an Alabama hospital in March 2008. A dispute over medical records escalated and the police were called. Tillman claims she was brutalized by the police. She was fined and received a suspended sentence. Her lawyer stated that an appeal is planned. The charge was eventually dropped as part of a settlement with the hospital.

title: Dorothy Tillman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Best sort

Best sort
Seems like original research. A google search for "bestsort" only gets one hit, and searching for "best sort" would be inconclusive, for obvious reasons. Does anyone know if Knuth mentions this algorithm? --Carnildo 08:36, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This is original research being published under GNU. This is named Best Sort too. This should not be deleted. This will not confuse Google users as the term Best Sort is not mentioned by knuth. --User:rsathish
 * I guess this should be speedy, then. Wikipedia is not the place to publish original research. --Carnildo 08:54, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * del. Mikkalai 09:10, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Original research is not appropriate for Wikipedia. Katefan0 15:43, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Original research. Delete. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:27, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Leslie Hairston

Leslie Hairston (born July 17, 1961) is an American politician who was alderperson of the 5th ward of the City of Chicago; she was elected in 1999. Hairston is a Hyde Park native. As alderman, she represented the ward in the Chicago City Council along with representatives from the 49 other Chicago wards. She was re-elected in 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019.

Early life
Hairston was born in Chicago and grew up in the Hyde Park and South Shore neighborhoods. She is an alumna of the University of Chicago Lab Schools. Hariston earned her bachelor's degree from the University of Wisconsin, and her J.D. degree from Loyola University School of Law. Before becoming alderman, Hairston was in a private law practice.

Public service
Hairston worked in Springfield as an Assistant Attorney General. She also handled litigation for the office of the Illinois Attorney's Appellate Prosecutor's Office, where she argued before the Illinois Supreme Court. She is a member of the South Shore Cultural Center Advisory Council, the Jackson Park Advisory Council, and the O'Keeffe Area Council. She was a member of the McFarland Mental Health Center with the Illinois Department of Mental Health and Development Disabilities and a former beat facilitator for CAPS. Hairston is also a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

Aldermanic career
Hairston was elected in 1999, when she defeated an incumbent in her first race. She sits on five committees: Buildings; Rules and Ethics; Human Relations; Parks and Recreation; and Special Events and Cultural Affairs. Between January 2008 and July 2009, Hairston hired Chicago political consultant Delmarie Cobb to prepare newsletters and news releases and to publicize ward meetings for the alderman, and paid Cobb thousands of dollars from Hairston's campaign fund, as well as nearly $28,000 from a taxpayer-funded payroll account, available to aldermen with no scrutiny.

Hairston was one of only five Chicago aldermen to oppose the privatization of Chicago parking meters.

Hairston is a member of the Council's Progressive Reform Caucus.

In the 2019 Chicago mayoral election, Hairston endorsed Toni Preckwinkle, declaring her support for her in advance of the first round of the election upon Preckwinkle's entrance into the mayoral race.

On August 26, 2022, Hairston announced that she would not run for re-election in the 2023 election, retiring at the end of her term.

title: Leslie Hairston


text:
Football Association of Iceland

The Football Association of Iceland (Knattspyrnusamband Íslands, KSÍ) is the governing body of football in Iceland. It was founded on 26 March 1947, joined FIFA the same year, and UEFA in 1954. It organises the football league, Úrvalsdeild, and the Iceland men's national football team and Iceland women's national football team. It is based in Reykjavík.

Presidents

 * Agnar K. Jónsson (1947–1948)
 * Jón Sigurðsson (1948–1952)
 * Sigurjón Jónsson (1952–1954)
 * Björgvin Schram (1954–1968)
 * Albert Guðmundsson (1968–1973)
 * Ellert B. Schram (1973–1989)
 * Eggert Magnússon (1989–2007)
 * Geir Þorsteinsson (2007–2017)
 * Guðni Bergsson (2017–2021)
 * Vanda Sigurgeirsdóttir (2021–2024)
 * Þorvaldur Örlygsson (2024–present)

National teams

 * Iceland men's national under-17 football team
 * Iceland men's national under-19 football team
 * Iceland men's national under-21 football team
 * Iceland men's national football team
 * Iceland women's national football team
 * Iceland national futsal team

2021 scandals
In 2021, The Football Association of Iceland was shaken by serious scandals. On August 13, an article titled "On KSÍ and Misogyny" appeared on the Icelandic newsweb Vísir.is, written by activist Hanna Björg Vilhjálmsdóttir, stating that representatives of the Association had actively suppressed news of a gang rape where the perpetrators had been two well-known Icelandic professional footballers. Four days later, a declaration from KSÍ appeared in the media, claiming that the Association had never attempted to silence or suppress cases of violence and assaults. Vilhjálmsdóttir's article was repudiated as "insinuations" ("dylgjur"). On August 26, Guðni Bergsson, president of KSÍ was interviewed on RÚV, Iceland's national TV, and claimed that the Association totally disapproved of any kind of violence, sexual or other. Additionally, Guðni stated that The Football Association had never received any formal notifications of violence by professional footballers. The following day, Guðni was contradicted by Þórhildur Gyða Arnarsdóttir, an Icelandic woman in her mid-twenties, who had been sexually assaulted by a member of the Icelandic Football Team in 2017. Þórhildur reported the crime to the police, but no action was taken. Six months later, Þórhildur's father realised that his daughter's aggressor had been recruited on the national team for an upcoming match. He consequently reported the incident to the Football Association and received the reply that action would be taken. However, the aggressor remained on the team and KSÍ took no action. Þórhildur additionally claimed that she had been contacted by a lawyer, sent by KSÍ, who offered her a compensation and asked her to sign a confidentiality agreement of the incident. Following the interview with Þórhildur, Guðni Bergsson resigned as president of KSÍ.

Following Guðni's resignation, two players were removed from the national neam: Kolbeinn Sigþórsson and Rúnar Már Sigurjónsson. Kolbeinn was subsequently exposed as the perpetrator of the assault on Þórhildur.

The board of KSÍ intended to continue undisturbed after Guðni's renouncement, claiming that the Association would be unfunctional without them. However, a majority of KSÍ's member societies protested and demanded that the board and the manager resign. A number of KSÍ's major sponsors added to the threat by stating that they would rescind their contracts with the Association unless its leaders seriously improved how reports of sexual abuse were treated. Within two days of Bergsson's resignation, the entire board of KSÍ, consisting of 14 men and 2 women, had resigned as well.

title: Football Association of Iceland


text:
Freddrenna Lyle

Freddrenna Margaret Lyle serves as Judge of the First Municipal District of State of Illinois' Circuit Court of Cook County. Appointed on December 16, 2011 by all seven Illinois Supreme Court Justices. She served as alderman of the 6th Ward of the City of Chicago for 13 years.

Early history
Lyle has lived in the Park Manor, Chicago neighborhood for more than 45 years. She attended Park Manor Elementary School and South Shore High School. She earned her undergraduate degree from the University of Illinois at Chicago and her law degree from John Marshall Law School. Before her appointment, Lyle was an attorney in private practice.

Public service
Lyle was President of the Cook County Bar Association, board member of the National Bar Association, member of the Supreme Court Committee on Character and Fitness, and co-chair of the Lawyer’s Committee for Harold Washington. She also served on Governor Blagojevich’s transition team. She is currently a member of Park Manor Neighbors, Chatham Avalon Park Community Council, NAACP, and Rainbow/PUSH. She is currently the Vice Chair of the Cook County Democratic Party and Chairman of the Black Elected Officials of Illinois.

Aldermanic career
Lyle was appointed alderman by Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley on February 8, 1998 to fill the unexpired term of John O. Steele. She was reelected for a full term in 1999, 2003 and 2007 and also elected as the Democratic committeeman in 2006. Lyle served on five committees: Budget; Finance; Parks and Recreation; License and Consumer Protection; Traffic and Public Safety; and Rules and Ethics.

Judgeship
After her defeat, she served as a legal advisor to the Council's Black Caucus regarding the redistricting process for Chicago's 50 wards. Later that year, the Illinois Supreme Court appointed Lyle to a vacancy on the Circuit Court of Cook County created by retirement of Judge Michael Stuttley.

Personal life
Lyle continues to reside in Park Manor.

title: Freddrenna Lyle


text:
Todd Stroger

Todd H. Stroger (born January 14, 1963) is the former president of the Cook County, Illinois Board and a former alderman for the 8th Ward in Chicago. Stroger is a member of the Democratic Party. In 2001, he was appointed to the Chicago City Council by Richard M. Daley. He is the son of John Stroger, who himself had served as Cook County Board president for 12 years until his death.

On February 2, 2010, Stroger finished last in the Democratic primary for President of the Cook County Board behind Dorothy A. Brown, Terrence J. O'Brien and Toni Preckwinkle (who won the primary), putting him in a lame duck stage for the remainder of his board presidency. Preckwinkle would go on to win the general election and assume office on December 6, 2010.

In 2021, Stroger served as village administrator of Robbins, Illinois.

Early life
Stroger was raised in the Chatham-Avalon neighborhood, located on Chicago's South Side. He attended Gordon Tech and later received his bachelor's degree from Xavier University in New Orleans. Before becoming an alderman he worked as an investment banker for SBK Brooks Investment Corporation.

Political career
In 1992, Stroger was elected as State Representative for the 31st District of Illinois. Stroger worked as a statistician for the Office of the Chief Judge of Cook County; later he was also a jury supervisor with the Cook County Jury Commissioners. He worked for the Chicago Park District during the tenure of Forrest Claypool.

Stroger is an active fundraiser for the United Negro College Fund and a member of the Young Democrats.

Aldermanic career
In 2001 Stroger was appointed by Mayor Richard M. Daley to replace Lorraine Dixon, who had died while in office. Stroger served on seven committees: Budget and Government Operations; Committees, Rules, and Ethics; Housing and Real Estate; Human Relations; Police and Fire; Special Events and Cultural Affairs; and Traffic Control and Safety.

2006 County Board Presidential nomination
On March 14, 2006, John Stroger, Cook County Board of Commissioners president since 1994 and Todd Stroger's father, suffered a serious stroke one week before the Democratic primary. John Stroger eventually won the Democratic nomination, winning about 53 percent of the votes cast, defeating Forrest Claypool. For months after the elder Stroger's stroke he did not appear in public, and his family provided little information about his condition.

Shortly after the stroke, Todd Stroger gave noncommittal responses about the likelihood that his father would remain on the ballot. But in May, he reversed his previous stance, saying his father would return to office. Ultimately, John Stroger would submit his resignation. At the same time that John Stroger submitted his resignation, it was announced that alderman William Beavers would assume the County Commissioner seat while Todd Stroger, if elected, would take over the County Board presidency. This announcement came four days after the deadline for third-party candidates to file for the Board presidency race.

In the aftermath of his father's resignation, Todd Stroger emerged as the front-runner for his father's presidential seat. His main opponent was U.S. Representative Danny K. Davis. Another opponent, County Commissioner Bobbie Steele, dropped out of the race shortly before party leaders chose a new candidate.

On July 18, 2006, the Cook County Democratic Central Committee (a collection of 80 county Democratic party leaders also known as "ward committeemen" or "township committeemen") overwhelmingly chose Todd Stroger to replace his father as the Democratic candidate for Cook County Board president for the Nov. 7, 2006 election. The following day, Steele was unanimously elected by the Board as interim president.

According to state election officials, in July 2008, Stroger's campaign paid almost $27,000 in fines for failing to file paperwork in a timely manner. Paperwork was not filed on time for the 2006 election contributions it received along with late organization papers that were sent to the election board. The campaign also filed incomplete and late reports to the State Board of Elections during the week of July 21, 2008, so more fines are expected to be brought forth.

Later political and government career
Stroger was a candidate in the Democratic primary of the 2020 Cook County clerk of courts election. However, he withdrew his candidacy once a challenge to his ballot petitions had disqualified enough signatures to have him removed from the ballot.

After Darren E. Bryant was elected the mayor of Robbins, Illinois in April 2021, he announced his intention to appoint Stroger as village administrator (city manager). On October 5, 2021, Stroger was moved from his position as village administrator to the position of executive assistant to Bryant, switching places with Jasmine Washington (who became village administrator).

Hiring
Stroger drew fire for perceived nepotism, including promoting his cousin Donna Dunnings, who had worked in the County's budget office for 16 years, to the position of the County's chief financial officer. Dunnings and Stroger received additional criticism when she received a $17,000 raise after she initially agreed to not accept a pay hike (in an attempt to help county finances). Dunnings stated that critics could have blocked the pay raise by submitting an amendment to the proposed budget "if they were so concerned about the salary of the first African-American female CFO".

Dunnings was later forced to resign her position after the press reported that she had posted bail for Tony Cole, a former University of Georgia basketball player and busboy whom Stroger had hired to a $60,000/year Cook County position despite Cole's having an extensive felony record. On April 16, 2009, Dunnings resigned at Stroger's request over the scandal involving the hiring of Cole as a human resources assistant in the County Highway Department. Stroger had earlier fired Cole (in Cook County Jail in connection with a domestic violence case at the time Dunnings resigned) for concealing his felony record.

Tax increase
Stroger also drew criticism when he began raising certain taxes in an effort to balance the county budget and resolve staffing issues. In September 2007, he voiced his support for a proposal to raise the county-wide sales tax to 11 percent (an additional two cents on the dollar) to remedy a $307 million budget deficit, which would force public facilities such as Stroger Hospital to cut services or even close. Critics of the plan included fellow Commissioners Claypool, Gorman, Peraica, and Mike Quigley who argued that spending cuts would accomplish the same purpose. Peraica additionally responded that Cook County's poorest citizens, who the tax hike is ultimately designed to serve, would find it to be the most unaffordable. Peraica's argument was seconded by then-Governor Rod Blagojevich, who expressed his opposition to the plan. Gorman was instrumental, however, in refusing to back down and she introduced a resolution to repeal the sales tax on three separate occasions, finally winning board majority support on the third effort.

On February 29, 2008, the Cook County Board, by a measure of 10-7, passed a budget initiated by Stroger. Stroger's budget contained a tax increase of 1 percentage point, the largest ever passed by Cook County, with the intent of creating more than 1,000 new County jobs. As a result of Stroger's bill, on July 1 the County sales tax increased from 0.75 percent to 1.75 percent bringing Chicago's overall sales tax to 10.25 percent, which was the highest of any major U.S. city, while the sales tax was a minimum of 8.75 percent in suburban Cook County. All five Republican members of the County Board voted against the tax increase and they were joined by two of the twelve Democrats. Commissioners who voted against the tax increase were Peter N. Silvestri, Quigley, Claypool, Gregg Goslin, Timothy Schneider, Peraica, and Elizabeth Ann Doody Gorman. Despite the 133% increase, Dunnings stated on March 31, 2008, that the budget shortfall resolved that year is expected to return. She explained that the expected cost increase would be the result of what she described as a 'structural deficit', meaning increases in revenue being unable to match increases in expense, citing runaway health care costs among other problems. A county spokesman indicated that it would most likely happen in three or four years, well into the next county presidential term.

Because of a number of unanswered questions and unresolved issues surrounding the county tax increase, Cook County's outlying communities, particularly Palatine, IL, considered secession and threatened to do so unless an explanation was provided. To avoid this schism, officials from Palatine and Cook County, including Stroger initially, agreed to hold a town hall meeting at Harper College on April 30 to discuss details of the hike that remain unclear. However, on April 29, Stroger announced that he would not attend, accusing Palatine officials of using the meeting for political grandstanding indicating that he "[would] not debate local Palatine elected officials who expect to exploit this opportunity to further their own political agendas". Eventually, Stroger did attend the Town Hall, which resulted in heavy press coverage and several Daily Herald articles refuting the claims he made while presenting there.

The tax increase was later partially rolled back by 0.5%. Chicago's overall sales tax is 9.75% and suburban Cook County is at minimum 8.25%.

title: Todd Stroger


text:
PNC Financial Services

The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. is an American bank holding company and financial services corporation based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Its banking subsidiary, PNC Bank, operates in 27 states and the District of Columbia, with 2,629 branches and 9,523 ATMs. PNC Bank is on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets and is one of the largest banks by number of branches, deposits, and number of ATMs.

The company also provides financial services such as asset management, wealth management, estate planning, loan servicing, and information processing. PNC is one of the largest Small Business Administration lenders and one of the largest credit card issuers. It also provides asset–based lending to private equity firms and middle market companies. PNC operates one of the largest treasury management businesses and the second largest lead arranger of asset–based loan syndications in the United States. Harris Williams & Co., a subsidiary of the company, is one of the country's largest mergers and acquisitions advisory firms for middle-market companies. Midland Loan Services, a division of PNC Real Estate based in Overland Park, Kansas and founded in 1991, is ranked by Mortgage Bankers Association as the second largest master and primary servicer of commercial bank and savings institution loans.

The name "PNC" is derived from the initials of both of the bank's two predecessor companies: Pittsburgh National Corporation and Provident National Corporation, which merged in 1983. PNC Mortgage (formerly National City Mortgage) is credited with funding the first mortgage in the United States and has offices across the country.

History
PNC Financial Services traces its history to the Pittsburgh Trust and Savings Company which was founded in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on April 10, 1845. Due to the long recovery from the Great Fire of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Trust and Savings was not fully operational until January 28, 1852. It originally opened offices at Liberty Avenue and 12th Street. The bank was renamed The Pittsburgh Trust Company in 1853. In 1858, the company located its corporate offices to the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wood Street in Pittsburgh, where they remain to this day. The bank changed its name to First National Bank of Pittsburgh in 1863 after it became the first bank in the country to apply for a national charter as part of that year's National Banking Act. It received the 48th charter on August 5, 1863, with other later banks receiving charters sooner due to paperwork problems and the fact that the bank was already in business.

In 1946, First National merged with Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company – with whom it had worked closely since the 1930s – to form Peoples First National Bank & Trust. In 1959, Peoples First merged with Fidelity Trust Company to form Pittsburgh National Bank. At this time, the bank adopted the first version of its present logo – a stylized triangle representing the city's Golden Triangle. In 1969, the bank reorganized as a holding company, Pittsburgh National Corporation.

Another branch of the current bank, the Philadelphia–based Provident National Corporation, dates back to 1865.

In 1982, Pittsburgh National Corporation and Provident National Corporation, both with PNC as their abbreviations, merged into a new entity named PNC Financial Corporation. It was the largest bank merger in American history at the time and created a company with $10.3 billion in assets. Between 1991 and 1996, PNC purchased more than ten smaller banks and financial institutions, including the $30 billion dollar merger of Midlantic Bank of Edison New Jersey in 1996, that at the time, was one-third the size of PNC. That broadened its market base from Kentucky to the New York metropolitan area.

Since 1984, PNC has compiled the Christmas Price Index, a humorous economic indicator which estimates the prices of the items found in the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas".

In 1998, PNC acquired Hilliard Lyons for $275 million in cash and stock. Hilliard Lyons was sold in 2008.

In 1998, PNC sold its credit card business to Metris (now HSBC Finance) and MBNA.

In 2000, the company adopted a new brand image and changed its name to PNC Financial Services Group.

In 2001, PNC sold the original PNC Mortgage to Washington Mutual due to volatility in the market.

In 2004, PNC acquired United National Bancorp based in Bridgewater, New Jersey, for $321 million in cash and 6.6 million shares of its common stock.

In 2005, PNC acquired Riggs National Corporation of Washington, D. C. Riggs had been fined after aiding Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet in money laundering. PNC became one of the largest banks in the Washington metropolitan area.

In 2005, PNC began outsourcing mortgages to Wells Fargo.

In August 2006, PNC got back into the credit card business by marketing and issuing credit cards under the MasterCard brand in partnership with U.S. Bancorp (U.S. Bank). After the National City merger (see below) in 2008, the U.S. Bancorp (U.S. Bank) products were converted to PNC Bank products.

On March 2, 2007, PNC acquired Maryland-based Mercantile Bankshares, making PNC the eighth largest bank in the United States by deposits.

On October 26, 2007, PNC acquired Yardville National Bancorp, a small commercial bank centered in central New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania.

On September 15, 2007, PNC Bank acquired Citizens National Bank of Laurel, Maryland.

On April 4, 2008, PNC acquired Sterling Financial Corporation, a commercial and consumer bank with accounts and branches in central Pennsylvania, northeastern Maryland and Delaware.

On October 24, 2008, during the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the National City acquisition by PNC for $5.2 billion in stock was completed. The acquisition was financed with preferred stock sold to the United States Treasury as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program implemented as part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The stock issued to the U.S. Treasury was repurchased in 2010. PNC then became the 5th largest bank in the United States by deposit and fourth largest by branches.

On August 14, 2009, PNC took over Dwelling House Savings & Loan and its only branch location in Pittsburgh's Hill District after Dwelling House failed and was placed in receivership by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Dwelling House had been known in Pittsburgh to provide loans to low–income African Americans that other banks would deny. The branch was closed and accounts were transferred to the existing PNC branch in the Hill District.

In July 2010, PNC sold its Global Investment Servicing (GIS) subsidiary to The Bank of New York Mellon to repay funds from the Troubled Asset Relief Program, which had been used for the National City acquisition (see above) in 2008. GIS, established in 1973 and with 4,700 employees, was the second–largest full–service mutual fund transfer agent in the U.S and the second–largest full–service accounting and administration provider to U.S. mutual funds. GIS serviced $1.9 trillion in total assets and 58 million shareholder accounts. It was known as PFPC until July 2008.

In January 2011, PNC acquired BankAtlantic's Tampa Bay Area branches.

In December 2011, PNC acquired 27 branches in the northern Atlanta suburbs with $240 million in deposits and $42 million in book value from Flagstar Bank.

In 2012, PNC acquired RBC Bank from Royal Bank of Canada for $3.45 billion. RBC Bank had a 426 branches in southern Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Prior to the acquisition, PNC had slipped (due to mergers and growth in other firms) from its ranking following the 2008 National acquisition; this 2012 acquisition made PNC the fifth largest bank by branches behind Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Chase, and U.S. Bank and the sixth largest by total assets behind the aforementioned four banks and Citibank.

On July 30, 2012, PNC announced plans to put ATMs in 138 Harris Teeter grocery stores in the Carolinas, plus 53 other stores.

In September 2014, PNC acquired Solebury Capital Group, a capital markets advisory firm, for $50 million.

On October 2, 2015, the bank opened Tower at PNC Plaza, its new headquarters on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wood Street in downtown Pittsburgh. It was first announced in 2011. The LEED Platinum building, owned by PNC and designed by Gensler, won awards for its environmentally friendly features.

In April 2017, the company acquired the U.S. equipment finance business of ECN Capital for $1.3 billion.

In November 2017, the company acquired The Trout Group, an investor relations and strategic advisory firm servicing the healthcare industry.

In 2018, the company acquired Fortis Advisors, which provides post–merger shareholder services. The company ranked one hundred sixty fifth on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue.

In 2018, PNC began opening "Solution Centers", a hybrid between traditional bank branches and ATM–only services, mostly serving new markets. Through this method, PNC expanded its retail footprint into Boston, Denver, Kansas City, Nashville, and several markets in Texas including Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Two of PNC's "Big Four" competitors, Bank of America and Chase Bank, have both also been expanding into new markets through this method, including into PNC's home market of Pittsburgh.

In August 2019, PNC launched a Fintech incubator subsidiary called "numo" that functions as an internal startup. Its first development included indi, an instant payment and mobile banking company for gig workers.

In May 2020, the company sold its stake in BlackRock.

On June 1, 2021, PNC acquired BBVA USA for $11.6 billion in cash. The acquisition significantly boosted its presence in Colorado and Texas, complemented its presence in Alabama and Florida, and introduced the bank to the Arizona, California, and New Mexico markets.

In 2021, PNC originated nearly 95,000 mortgages worth $34.8 billion. This is a 23% increase vs prior year and stands as their highest origination volume to date.

Overcharging of Black and Hispanic borrowers by National City
In December 2013, the Department of Justice and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau announced that they had reached an agreement with National City Bank to resolve allegations that the bank had charged Black and Hispanic borrowers higher prices for mortgages between 2002 and 2008, before the acquisition by PNC. Regulators claimed that National City had violated the Fair Housing Act and Equal Credit Opportunity Act by charging more than 75,000 borrowers higher loan rates based on their race or ethnicity rather than their risk level. National City's lack of pricing guidelines resulted in black borrowers being charged an average of $159 more in extra upfront fees or higher interest than white borrowers. Black borrowers also paid an average of $228 more annually over the life of the loan than white borrowers. Hispanics paid $125 more upfront and $154 more annually than white borrowers. Under the terms of the settlement, PNC was required to pay victims $35 million.

Retailer breach forced PNC to reissue customer cards
In March 2006, PNC and other large banks were forced to reissue hundreds of debit cards to customers after card numbers were disclosed by a breach at an unspecified retailer.

Lawsuit from Military Channel
Also in March 2006, PNC Bank was sued by Paul Bariteau, an investor in the Military Channel. Bariteau claimed PNC let the chairman of the Military Channel make unauthorized withdrawals of millions of dollars from the company's account for personal use.

Securities fraud settlement
In June 2003, PNC Bank agreed to pay $115 million to settle federal securities fraud charges after one of its subsidiaries fraudulently transferred $762 million in bad loans and other venture capital investments to an AIG entity in order to conceal them from investors.

Overtime claim by loan officers
In 2017, PNC agreed to pay $16 million to settle claims of overtime wages by loan officers under the Fair Labor Standards Act.

National Prearranged Services fraud
According to a lawsuit, funds entrusted to National Prearranged Services (NPS), a St. Louis–based company that sold prepaid funerals, were diverted and embezzled. PNC Bank is the successor to Allegiant Bank, which served as a trustee for NPS from 1998 to 2004. In 2015, a jury ordered PNC to pay $391 million. In 2017, a federal judge overturned the decision.

Municipal bonds disclosure violations
In 2015, PNC was one of 22 companies that violated disclosure requirements for municipal bonds by failing to divulge that the issuers had filed late financial reports. It was fined $500,000.

Funding of mountaintop removal mining
Beginning in 2010, until it changed its policy in February 2015, PNC was the subject of protests by the Earth Quaker Action Team, led by George Lakey, and the Rainforest Action Network due to its funding of companies engaged in mountaintop removal mining in Appalachia. The protests included political demonstrations at branches and offices and the annual general meeting, fasting, and boycotts.

Cancelling MxM News Financial Accounts
On Mar 2, 2023, Donald Trump Jr., cofounder of news aggregator MxM News, tweeted that PNC had abruptly cancelled all financial services for MxM without explanation. Trump and cofounder Taylor Budowich alleged that PNC disapproved of Trump’s political leanings since no reason was given for the closure. PNC claimed it was a “good faith error” and reopened the account.

Notable corporate buildings

 * The Tower at PNC Plaza in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (current corporate headquarters)
 * One PNC Plaza in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Two PNC Plaza in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Three PNC Plaza in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * U.S. Steel Tower in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (PNC is a major tenant)
 * PNC Bank Building at 1600 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * PNC Bank Building in Columbus, Ohio
 * PNC Bank Building in Toledo, Ohio
 * PNC Bank Building in Washington, D.C.
 * PNC Center in Cincinnati, Ohio
 * PNC Center in Cleveland, Ohio (former headquarters of National City Corp.)
 * PNC Center and Hyatt Regency Indianapolis in Indianapolis, Indiana
 * PNC Center in Troy, Michigan
 * PNC Plaza in Louisville, Kentucky
 * PNC Plaza in Raleigh, North Carolina
 * PNC Tower in Cincinnati, Ohio
 * PNC Tower in Louisville, Kentucky (PNC is a major tenant)
 * One Tampa City Center in Tampa, Florida (PNC holds the naming rights and is a major tenant)
 * PNC Plaza in Dallas, Texas

Naming rights and sponsorships
PNC owns corporate naming rights to the following:
 * PNC Park, a ballpark in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, home of the MLB's Pittsburgh Pirates.
 * PNC Arena, an indoor arena in Raleigh, North Carolina, home of the North Carolina State University men's basketball team and the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes.
 * PNC Field, a ballpark in Moosic, Pennsylvania, home of the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders the Triple-A minor league baseball affiliate of the New York Yankees.
 * PNC Bank Arts Center, an outdoor amphitheatre in Holmdel Township, New Jersey.
 * PNC Music Pavilion, an outdoor amphitheatre in Charlotte, North Carolina.
 * PNC Sports Complex at the Knott Arena in Emmitsburg, Maryland, home of the Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers men's basketball and women's basketball teams.
 * PNC Plaza at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas, home of the NBA's Dallas Mavericks, and NHL's Dallas Stars.

PNC is a sponsor of the following:

 * American Airlines Center – Official Partner of the American Airlines Center.
 * Carolina Hurricanes – Official Bank of the Carolina Hurricanes.
 * Chicago Bears – Official Bank of the Chicago Bears.
 * Chip Ganassi Racing – Primary sponsor on the No. 9 Dallara DW12-Honda of driver Scott Dixon in the NTT IndyCar Series.
 * Cincinnati Reds – Official Bank of the Cincinnati Reds.
 * Dallas Stars – Official Partner of the Dallas Stars.
 * North Carolina State University – Official Bank of North Carolina State.
 * Pittsburgh Pirates – Official Bank of the Pittsburgh Pirates.
 * Pittsburgh Steelers – Official Bank of the Pittsburgh Steelers.
 * Sesame Street – Official Partner of Sesame Street.
 * University of Louisville – Official Bank of the University of Louisville.
 * Washington Nationals – Official Bank of the Washington Nationals.
 * Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins – Official Bank of the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins.

Chief executives

 * William S. Demchak April 23, 2013 – present
 * James E. Rohr CEO May 1, 2000 – April 23, 2013, Chairman May 2001 –April 2014
 * Thomas H. O'Brien CEO of PNC April 1, 1985 – May 1, 2000
 * Robert C. Milsom CEO of Pittsburgh National 1985 – December 31, 1989
 * Merle E. Gilliand November 1968 – April 1, 1985

title: PNC Financial Services


text:
Anthony Beale

Anthony A. Beale (born October 22, 1967) is an American politician and the alderman of the 9th ward of the City of Chicago, Illinois United States. Beale is noted as having been one of the youngest members to serve as elected official on the City of Chicago's City Council. Beale was first elected in 1999. In 2023 Beale was elected to his seventh term in office. In 2013, Beale was an unsuccessful candidate in the Democratic primary for the special election to replace Jesse Jackson Jr. as U.S. Congressman from Illinois' 2nd congressional district.

Education
Beale attended Corliss High School, graduating in 1985. Beale later attended Blackburn College.

Beale worked as a computer data analyst. He was also a community activist under Jesse Jackson Jr. and James Meeks. Beale supported an effort in 1999 to adopt dry laws in some precincts of the 9th Ward.

Aldermanic career
Beale was elected alderman for the 9th ward in 1999. He has been reelected in 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023.

In his 1999 victory, backed by Jesse Jackson Jr. and James Meeks, he defeated Herbert Shaw, the son of Robert Shaw, who had vacated the 9th ward seat himself months earlier after being elected to serve on the Cook County Board of Review. Beale's 1999 victory was considered an upset.

Beale was part of a backroom deal to bring additional Walmart locations to Chicago.

Beale proposed using taxpayer money to hire private security patrols for commercial districts.

Beale was previously Chairman of the Committee on Transportation & Infrastructure. As of 2011, he was a member of the following City Council Committees:
 * Budget & Government Operations
 * Rules and Ethics
 * Workforce Development & Audit
 * Education & Child Development
 * Finance
 * Public Safety

During his tenure as Alderman, Beale has focused on job creation and housing for seniors. Beale has helped bring in new businesses that have created over 4,000 new jobs in the Ward. Beale has also brought in more government subsidized senior housing than any previous alderman.

In 2008 Beale spent more of his aldermanic expense account than any other alderman on public relations, with more than $16,000 paid to The Publicity Works, a company owned by longtime Democratic political consultant Delmarie Cobb. Beale said the company handles media inquiries and puts together his ward newsletter, among other duties. In February 2012, the Chicago Dispatcher reported that Beale attended a fundraiser in his honor held by members of Chicago's taxicab industry just five days before legislation governing the industry was to be heard, which he and Mayor Rahm Emanuel introduced. The Chicago Dispatcher also reported that certain provisions of the legislation changed just prior to the hearing, which were favorable to taxicab operators who threw the fundraiser.

In the runoff of the 2019 Chicago mayoral election, Beale endorsed Lori Lightfoot.

In November 2019, Beale was one of eleven aldermen to vote against Mayor Lori Lightfoot's first budget.

After he tried to organize opposition to Lightfoot's choice for Finance Committee chairman, Scott Waguespack, he was stripped of his own committee chairmanship. Beale has become a regular critic of Lightfoot, and particularly has opposed her attempts to scale back the practice of aldermanic prerogative.

9th ward Committeeperson
In 2000, Beale defeated Robert Shaw to become the 9th Ward's committeeman. Beale continues to serve as its committeeperson, having been reelected in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020.

Public Service
Beale has taken part in various civic organizations, including the Board for Redevelopment of the Roseland area; he served as President of the 100th Street of Prairie Block Club of Roseland; and as Acting Vice President of the United Block Club of Roseland. Additionally, he is an active member of the Rosemoor Community Association, the 5th District Advisory Committee, Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), Roseland Redevelopment Ad Hoc Committee and Salem Baptist Church. Beale was a candidate in the 2013 Democratic primary in Illinois' 2nd congressional district to replace resigning convicted U.S. Congressman Jesse Jackson, Jr. Beale finished third with 11% of the vote behind former Illinois House of Representatives member Robin Kelly (52%) and former U.S. Representative Debbie Halvorson (25%); in Beale's home 9th ward, Kelly (50%) bested Beale (34%).

Personal life
Beale currently lives in the Roseland neighborhood with his wife, Dana, and their three children. Beale attends and serves as a member of Salem Baptist Church.

Whitney Young High School incident
On August 24, 2009, Beale became the second alderman to concede his daughter was admitted to Whitney Young High School, an elite magnet high school in 2004. The admittance occurred after Beale called principal Joyce Kenner, who admitted to having a personal relationship with Beale.

title: Anthony Beale


text:
Angami language

Angami (also: Gnamei, Ngami, Tsoghami, Tsugumi, Monr, Tsanglo, Tenyidie) is a Naga language spoken in the Naga Hills in the northeastern part of India, in Kohima district, Nagaland. In 2011, there is an estimate of 153,000 first language (L1) Angami speakers. Under the UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment framework, Angami is at the level of "vulnerable", meaning that it is still spoken by most children, but "may be restricted to certain domains".

Consonants
This table represents the consonantal structure of the Khonoma dialect.

Other dialects also contrast. only occurs as an allophone of. The velar fricative is in free variation with. The post-alveolar approximants are truly retroflex (sub-apical) before mid and low vowels, but laminal  before high vowels.

Angami voiceless nasals are unusual in that, unlike the voiceless nasals of Burmese, they have a positive rather than negative voice onset time—that is, they are aspirated rather than partially voiced. The same is true of the laterals. In both cases, the aspiration has the formants characteristic of Angami h, which is somewhat velar in pronunciation. The other voiceless approximants may not be aspirated, as the h-like formants occur during the entire hold of the consonant.

Vowels
The following are the vowels of the Khonoma dialect.

The labial and labialized consonants have labiodental affricate allophones before (but not in  consonant clusters). In addition, about half the time, the rhotic becomes syllabic (a rhotic vowel) in this environment:

Angami syllables may be of the form V, CV, or. Attested clusters are.

Phonological reconstruction
Meyase (2023) recognizes southern, northern, and western dialects of Angami, including the following.

 * Southern: Jokha, Kiwe
 * Northern: Kewhi
 * Western: Khwüno

Preliminary Proto-Tenyi lexical reconstructions by Meyase (2023), with supporting data from four Tenyidie dialects, are as follows.

Northern sound change innovations include:
 * *kw > pf, f
 * *o > uo, io

Southern sound change innovations include:
 * *pe- > me-

Grammar and lexicon
A wealth of Angami grammars, lexicons are available in Tenyidie and in English. However, these collections often conflict in their analysis of the phonemic or syntactic nature of the language. This is due to the difference at the time of the documentation, and the choice of informants from varying dialect. Especially in the earlier language documentations (1870s–1960s), mostly by Christian missionary; their informants' meta-data were not specified and any dialect of Angami were assumed to be the "standard" of Angami within the Nagaland region. The Angami-English Phrasebook and Angami-English-Hindi dictionary available online.

Text collection
The complete Tenyidie bible was published in 1970. However, only the translated chapter of Genesis from the bible was posted on the internet under The Rosetta Project. Also, Christian devotional materials such as The Bible...Basically® in Tenyidie are also available online.

Another source of text is largely from the ethnic folktales (e.g. Angami Naga folklore by Sekhose, 1970) and especially from song lyrics written in Tenyidie. Other than Christian songs written by the Angami church community (e.g. Shieshülie songbook by Baptist Revival Church ), the rising rock music culture started to stir in the Nagaland as the music events and societies like the  Hornbill National Rock Contest

The next largest source of Tenyidie is the educational materials used in the Kohima schools and university. Although much of these texts are in printed forms, a query on the web does retrieve some Indian exams papers that contain test questions on Tenyidie.

title: Angami language


text:
Eugene Schulter

Gene Schulter (born November 14, 1947) was alderman of the 47th ward of the City of Chicago. He was first elected in 1975 and served until his retirement in 2011.

Early life
Schulter is the youngest of five children, all raised in Chicago. He attended John Audubon School and later graduated from Lake View High School in 1965. Schulter earned his bachelor's degree from Loyola University. He was also awarded a Law Degree. Schulter also earned a post graduate degree from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Aldermanic career
In 1975, Schulter was recruited by 47th Ward Committeeman and Chicago Park District Superintendent Ed Kelly to run for City Council in the ward against John J. Hoellen Jr., a foe of mayor Richard J. Daley who was also running against Daley in the coinciding mayoral election. He won the election. He was only 26, making him one of the youngest aldermen to serve in the city council.

As alderman, Schulter worked for license reform. Schulter is responsible for legislation that guaranteed equitable citywide cable services and set asides for minorities; he led the drive for more community input on parks; and sponsored the city's Landscape Oridnance which requires the incorporation of landscape plans and planting of trees for every new residential, commercial, or industrial development.

Schulter highlighted the Sulzer Regional Library as a major ward achievement. Also, he worked to build a field house at Chase Park, fostered revitalization of Lincoln Square Mall, and supported the development of the Ravenswood Industrial Corridor.

During his tenure, Schulter was chairman of the Committee on License and Consumer Protection. He served on six other committees: Budget and Government Relations; Finance; Committees, Rules and Ethics; Traffic Control and Safety; Zoning; and Parks and Recreation.

In 2008, Schulter expended a portion of his aldermanic expense account as a salary for his daughter, Monica. A city ordinance prohibits the spending of aldermanic expense funds for "the direct monetary benefit of any alderman or any of his or her relatives."

In 2011, Schulter announced his retirement from the city council. The open seat was subsequently won by Ameya Pawar. Pawar gained under 51% of all votes cast, narrowly avoiding a runoff against Schulter ally Tom O'Donnell.

Professional career
Schulter is a paid director of North Community Bank, a bank in Chicago with locations in the 47th ward.

Personal life
Schulter is married to Rosemary. They have two children together.

title: Eugene Schulter