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Scouts Australia

Scouts Australia is a trading name of The Scout Association of Australia, which is the largest scouting organisation in Australia, claiming 48,796 children and youths and 2,792 young adult participants in 2022, and is a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. It was formed in 1958 and incorporated in 1967. It operates personal development programs for children and young adults from 5 to 25 years of age with programs successively opened to girls after 1971.

The organisation's current stated purpose is to "contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities".

Participation in the organisation's programs declined in the late 20th and early 21st centuries despite opening participation to girls and ever younger children and Australia having a high population growth rate, well above the world average. According to a 2014 media article, "Scouts Australia is hoping [to] arrest a steady decline in membership. In 1979 the organisation had 114,500 youth members, today there are 52,000." According to its own annual reports participation decreased from 84,502 in 2,126 groups in 2001 to 63,200 in 1,836 groups in 2005, while in 2012 there were 49,181 children and youth, 2,587 young adult Rovers and 14,113 adult leaders and support roles in 1,486 groups and, in 2022, there were 48,796 children and youths, 2,792 young adult Rovers and 15,147 adult leaders and support roles in 1,321 groups. The organisation has an exceptionally high number of adults compared to its number of youth participants with a ratio of more than one adult for every three youths.

Structure
Scouts Australia is a council which is not elected by, representative of or accountable to the Scouts, the adults in Scouting or Scout groups. The council consists of a majority of members elected by the council itself, office bearers appointed by the council or its national executive committee, state and territory office bearers appointed by the national executive committee and a smaller number of representatives from state and territory branch councils which are similarly not elected by, representative of or accountable to the Scouts, the adults in Scouting or Scout groups. The council usually meets just once a year. Real control lays with its national executive committee. Its national executive committee sets policy and programs and coordinates its state and territory branches.

The New South Wales, Victorian and Tasmanian state branches are incorporated under special Acts of the state parliaments. while the Western Australian, South Australian, Queensland, Northern Territory, and Australian Capital Territory branches are incorporated by registration under the ordinary Associations Incorporation Acts. Each state or territory branch maintains its distinct structure, operational methods, and rules. However, all branches operate the same programs for children and young adults under a common uniform and common award scheme structure set by the national executive committee.

The national executive committee appoints the organisation's Chief Scout, currently David Hurley, the Governor-General of Australia. In the past, the organisation's positions of chief scouts and state branch chief scouts had usually been held, respectively, by the governor-general or governor of the state. When he was the governor-general from 1989 to 1996, Bill Hayden declined to be the organisation's chief scout. In 2015, the actor Shane Jacobson was appointed as the Chief Scout of the Victorian branch. The organisations position of Chief Scout of its Australian Capital Territory branch was allowed to lapse and has been left vacant. In 1942, Sir Leslie Orme Wilson, the Governor of Queensland, resigned as the Boy Scouts Association's Chief Scout of Queensland because of the failure of the Queensland branch to respond to his call for reforms to its centralisation effort that led to the severance of the Mount Morgan Blue Boy Scouts.

History
For the history of Boy Scouts and the Scout Movement in Australia generally, see Scouting and Guiding in Australia.

The organisation was formed in 1958 under the name ' Australian Boy Scouts Association, as a branch of the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom. Before its formation, branches of the Boy Scouts Association had been formed in each Australian state. Initially, each Australian state branch was directly responsible to the Imperial Headquarters of the Boy Scouts Association in London. In 1922, the Boy Scouts Association formed its Australian Federal Council, consisting of nominees of its Australian state branches, to achieve cooperation and coordination at a national level. The Boy Scouts Association later appointed an Australian commissioner. The Australian Federal Council functioned as a branch of the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom, and the Australian commissioner was appointed by the Imperial Headquarters in London. The Australian Federal Council of the Boy Scouts Association became a member of the International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement in 1953, rather than being represented through the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom. In 1958, when the Australian Boy Scouts Association was formed, it succeeded the Australian Federal Council of the Boy Scouts Association.

In 1967, the organisation was incorporated by royal charter as a branch of the Scout Association of the United Kingdom. Each of the Australian state branches and the Papua New Guinea branch of the Scout Association became branches of the Australian Boy Scouts Association. In 1975, the organisation's Papua New Guinea branch became an independent organisation.

In 1971, the organisation dropped the word "boy" from its name when it changed its name from the Australian Boy Scouts Association to the Scout Association of Australia. Until 1976, it admitted only British Subjects to membership and programs and other nationalities only on special conditions and approval. After 1976, British subjects continued to be automatically admitted to membership while foreign subjects, including residents were still subject to special conditions and approval.

In 1997, the organisation adopted the trading name Scouts Australia.

Program reviews
In 1969 the organisation began a review of its youth programs under its Design for Tomorrow Committee and implemented its New Design program in 1971. The program involved a new name, new branding, new uniforms, and new award schemes. It failed to attract an increase in participants and led to considerable disaffection and loss of long-term leaders and supporters and the formation of Australian affiliates of the traditionalist Baden-Powell Scouts' Association while its decline in participation continued.

In 1979, following years of disaffection and concerns that the organisation, like its parent organisation in the United Kingdom, would disband Rovers, the organisation formed its national Rover council, composed of Rovers (ages 18 to 25), appointed by each of its seven branch Rover councils. The national Rover council elects an executive to represent Rovers in the organisation's affairs and the chairperson of the National Rover Council is a member of the organisation's national executive committee.

In 1997, the organisation adopted the new trading name Scouts Australia, new logo, uniforms, and branding to be more appealing, but participation rates and numbers continued to decline.

In 2001, the organisation formed its National Youth Council in an attempt to engage youth and provide opportunities for youth leadership at its national level. It was composed of just 25 Scouts, Venturers, and Rovers, met face to face twice a year and online throughout the rest of the year. Despite this, youth participation rates and numbers continued to decline. The National Youth Council was disbanded in 2018.

A further program review commenced in 2013. In 2019, at the 25th Australian Scout Jamboree a new program and logo and branding were launched, with the intention of modernising Scouts Australia's brand, and moving Scouting more in line with Australian curriculums.

Religion
Scouts Australia is a non-religious organisation. To enrol with Scouts Australia you are required to make the Scout Promise. In 2017, with the launch of "The Adventure Begins", a new promise option allows Scouts to "do my best to be true to my spiritual beliefs", to further open the promise to all religious faiths. The other more established option for the Australian Scout Promise includes the phrase "do my best to do my duty to my God", allowing some flexibility in the interpretation of "my God".

Historically, Scouting in Australia was rooted in Christianity as that was the world view of Scouts founder, Lord Baden-Powell. Although Britain is now a majority non-religious nation Christianity was the dominant faith in both Britain and Australia in Scouting's early days.

More recently, participants have come from many faiths, although the majority of Scout groups promote an interfaith approach to religion. Many Scout groups have been formed within existing communities and specific religious traditions as "sponsored groups", such as Coptic Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Islamic and Jewish.

Scout Promise
There are two versions of the Australian Scout Promise which individuals may choose to select:

Option One:

On my honour,

I promise to do my best,

To do my duty to my God and

To the King of Australia,

To help other people,

And to live by the Scout Law.

Option Two:

On my honour, I promise

To do my best,

To be true to my spiritual beliefs,

To contribute to my community and our world,

To help other people,

And to live by the Scout Law.

Scout Law
Be Respectful - Be friendly and considerate. Care for others and the environment.

Do What is Right - Be trustworthy, honest and fair. Use resources wisely.

Believe in Myself - Learn from my experiences. Face challenges with courage.

Age sections
Youth development in the organisation's programs is divided into several age group stages. The age groups encourage movement through the sections as the youth matures. The sections are:

 * Joey Scouts (5–7 years): helping to develop a child's sense of personal identity. Motto: Discover Adventure
 * Cub Scouts (8–10 years): aims to develop a sense of adventure and achievement and a chance to grow their character. Motto: Create the Path
 * Scouts (11–14 years): promotes leadership and teamwork, as well as an appreciation of the outdoors. Motto: Explore the Unknown
 * Venturer Scouts (15–17 years): develops leadership and management skills, as well as an understanding of camping and the environment. Motto: Look Wide
 * Rover Scouts (18–25 years): continues to develop leadership skills, as well as placing a strong emphasis on service to the community and other parts of the organisation. Motto: Beyond the Horizon

Uniform
The core uniform is a navy blue shirt with the relevant youth section colour across the sleeves and collar, a scarf, and a woggle. The adult leader's shirt is only dark blue.

The section colours are:

 * Tan for Joeys
 * Yellow for Cubs
 * Green for Scouts
 * Maroon for Venturers
 * Red for Rovers

Award scheme
The youth award scheme in Australian Scouting consists of awards for proficiency in an adventurous activity, participation in major events, recognition of service, gallantry and meritorious service, and for the practice of Scouting (Queen's Scout, Baden-Powell Award, etc.).

The peak award for each section is the Joey Scout Promise Award, Grey Wolf Award, Australian Scout Award, Queen's Scout Award, and Baden-Powell Scout Award respectively. (The 'Queen's Scout Award' may be renamed as the 'King's Scout Award', if King Charles III accepts Royal Patronage of the Scout Association of Australia after May 2023. )

Lone Scouts
Lone Scout Groups are for youth unable to attend or find a local Scout group. Lones can include people with impairments that inhibit attending regular meetings, people who are constant travellers or go to places at which they are unable to attend a group i.e. boarding school or isolated communities. Lone Scout Groups may hold camps or other gatherings to enable their members to come together but, between such events, deliver Scouting virtually via internet, radio and post.

International connections
The organisation operates in the non-sovereign Australian Indian Ocean Territories of:
 * Christmas Island
 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Two Scout troops in Singapore are affiliated with the organisation.

The organisation is a founder member of the Asia-Pacific Region of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. In the field of support and co-operation with other national member organisations of the Asia Pacific region, the organisation has contributed to a number of international friendship and community development-oriented projects. Over the years, Australian Scouts have supported emerging Scout organisations in the South Pacific. A twinning project with the Bangladesh Scouts, known as the "Bangladesh-Australia Child Health" (BACH) project, made a dramatic impact on child health in project villages during its operation from 1986 to 1992. The organisation has a twinning project with the Nepal Scouts known as NATURE Project and involves the reforestation of the Kristi Landslide.

In 1988 the organisation hosted the 16th World Scout Jamboree and the 31st World Scout Conference. Some 15,000 Scouts from 94 countries attended the jamboree at Cataract Scout Park near Sydney. An Australian Scout Jamboree has been held every three years since 1934 except for the years of the Second World War. The Scout Jamboree is the organisation's largest event but an Australian Rover Moot and an Australian Venture are also held every three years.

Adult training and awards
Training institute

In 1996 Scouts Australia became a registered training organisation (RTO), trading as the Scouts Australia Institute of Training (SAIT). Scouts Australia's adult leader training program now leads adults and Rover Scouts to a Certificate III in Business and a Certificate IV in Leadership and Management, as well as the Scouting Woodbadge qualification. Woodbadge Leaders and Rovers can then undertake the Diploma of Leadership and Management qualification through SAIT.

In 2011, the institute added a number of the SIS10 qualifications to its scope, and changes are occurring in the individual state branches to allow Adventurous Activity Leader training to also lead to the Certificate IV in Outdoor Recreation. Adventurous Activities Leaders are leaders who specialise in the running of advanced adventurous activities, such as abseiling, rock climbing, scuba diving and mountain biking, as opposed to the everyday running of a Scout group and more basic activities such as camping and hiking.

Adult Recognition Awards

Adult Recognition Awards (formerly Good Service Awards) are presented each year by the Chief Scout of each branch and are presented for service to Scouting over and above what is expected of someone who is simply carrying out the duties of their position. These awards can be nominated by anyone affiliated with Scouts Australia.

Awards for gallantry and meritorious conduct
Awards for Gallantry are made by the Chief Scout of Australia for actions involving risk, for example for saving someone from a burning building to individual participants or groups.

Awards for meritorious conduct are awarded for actions that may not have involved risking of life but still display courage, endurance, initiative, or devotion to duty, often under suffering. As with Awards for Gallantry, these awards are made by the Chief Scout of Australia to individuals or groups depending on the circumstances.

Sexual abuse cases
Scouts Australia was called before the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse for its failures in handling complaints against its leaders.

In 2014, Darryl Rubiolo, a former Scout Association of Australia leader, publicity officer, leader trainer, St. George Area Commissioner and member of the New South Wales state branch council, was convicted of serial child sex offences against three boys aged 9, 13 and 14, between 1975 and 1987 while he was an official of the Scout Association of Australia. Rubiolo was sentenced to two-and-a-half years in prison with a non-parole period of one year.

In 2012, Steven Larkins, a former leader in New South Wales, was imprisoned for offences he had committed 15 years earlier.

In February 2000, Roderick Albert Joseph Corrie, a former NSW Branch Commissioner and scout leader of nearly thirty-two years was convicted of child sexual offences. "Corrie, one of the most senior and highly decorated Scouts in NSW, was jailed for seven years in February 2000 after pleading guilty in the District Court to eight most serious of 77 charges of sexually abusing children as young as 11, including rape and buggery, occurring 1969–1995. Two years earlier, Corrie had been convicted of eight charges of "aggravated indecent assault" and placed on a bond, given counselling and 70 hours of community service." The head of Scouts Australia, "Dr. Bruce Munro, apologised to the families of those abused after The Sydney Morning Herald obtained a copy of a 14-page report written by a senior Scout leader in 1981 that detailed serious allegations of Corrie abusing four boys, one aged 12 at the time. Munro admitted that those allegations were not properly investigated or referred to the police and that although Corrie was initially suspended, he was then simply allowed to transfer as a leader to a North Shore Scouting group. Even after police began investigating Corrie in 1994, he was allowed to continue having contact with, and sexually abusing, scouts until at least May 1995."

Mark Geoffrey Fisher, the scoutmaster at 1st Hunters Hill troop in New South Wales from 1969 to 1988, pleaded guilty to charges of 35 sex offences involving eight boys aged between 11 and 15 between 1971 and 1988.

In 2017, former scout leader Neville Budge was convicted of sexually abusing eight young boys between the years of 1995 and 2002, whilst working as a Scout leader in the Belmont and Geelong district, Victoria. The court referred to his manipulative and predatory actions, labelling his crimes as being "simply abhorrent".

In 2017, former scout leader Chris Edmondson was convicted of the sexual abuse of three young boys between 1975 and 1978 in Warrandyte. On one occasion he sexually abused a young boy for having not known a test answer. Edmondson was jailed in Queensland in 2006, released in 2012, then jailed in Victoria in 2015 again, had his sentence extended in 2016 and would have been eligible for parole in January 2019. The outcome of the proceedings is unclear to date.

Former scout leader Kim Richard Harvey was jailed for the sexual abuse of 15 teenage boys in Melbourne's South Eastern suburbs between the years of 1974 and 1989. Harvey's behaviour posed a uniquely disturbing pattern, whereby premeditated grooming was a natural part of his 'game', often plying his victims with alcohol, lollies, and pornography. Harvey's crimes were not just isolated to local scout halls but continued throughout various camping trips, and activities in his role as a leader with Scouts Victoria.

Since then, Scouts Australia put child safety training and procedures in place to try to protect the children under their care.

title: Scouts Australia


text:
Calculus of structures

In mathematical logic, the calculus of structures is a proof calculus with deep inference for studying the structural proof theory of noncommutative logic. The calculus has since been applied to study linear logic, classical logic, modal logic, and process calculi, and many benefits are claimed to follow in these investigations from the way in which deep inference is made available in the calculus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Calculus of structures


text:
Idol stjörnuleit

Idol stjörnuleit (English: Idol Starsearch) is Iceland's version of the British reality series Pop Idol. The show allows the people of Iceland—through telephone voting—to select the winner of several televised singing contests, following the same format as Pop Idol. Iceland is the smallest country (by population) to have its own Idol show.

The show airs on Stöð 2, four seasons have aired. Winners were Kalli Bjarni, Hildur Vala, Snorri Snorrason and Hrafna Hanna Elísa Herbertsdóttir. It is hosted by Jói and Simmi.

Judges
The judges of Idol - Stjörnuleit seasons 1 and 2 were:
 * Bubbi Morthens, musician and legend
 * Sigríður Beinteinsdóttir, singer and musician
 * Þorvaldur Bjarni Þorvaldsson, No. 1 music producer in Iceland and guitarist for rock band Todmobile

For season 3, Þorvaldur decided to leave and was replaced by 2 new judges making a total of four.
 * Páll Óskar, musician and singer
 * Einar Bárðarson, entrepreneur, artist manager and songwriter

After more than three years absence from Icelandic Television, Idol stjörnuleit returned for its fourth season in early 2009 with Jói and Simmi returning as hosts but with a complete new panel of judges consisting of:
 * Björn Jörundur Friðbjörnsson, musician and actor
 * Selma Björnsdóttir, musician/singer and dancer, two times representative of Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest
 * Jón Ólafsson, musician

Season one
The inaugural season of Idol stjörnuleit aired in 2003–2004.

Semi Final Qualifications
Top 32 Format: 2 out of 8 making the final each week + one Wildcard

Season two
The second season of Idol stjörnuleit aired in 2004–2005.

Semi Final Qualifications
Top 32 Format: 2 out of 8 making the final each week + 2 Wildcards

Season three
The third season of Idol stjörnuleit aired in 2005–2006.

Season four
After three successive Idol stjörnuleit series in 2003-2004, 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, the program went on a hiatus to return for a fourth season in 2009.

title: Idol stjörnuleit


text:
Ålesund Region

The Ålesund Region (Ålesundregionen, ) is a metropolitan region in Møre og Romsdal county in western Norway. It consists of a number of municipalities, centered on the city/municipality of Ålesund.

title: Ålesund Region


text:
Olam

Olam may refer to:

 * Olam International, a food and agri-business company based in Singapore
 * Olam (network), a network of Jewish and Israeli development and humanitarian organizations
 * Justin Olam (born 1993), Papua New Guinean rugby league footballer

title: Olam


text:
John Brown (bridge)

John Brown (1887–?) of Grimsby, Lincolnshire, was an English contract bridge player and writer. He was the winner of the National Pairs, Northern Area in 1952. His best-known book is Winning Defence (1952) which has been regarded as making a "major contribution to the technical development of the game". He was a contributor to many periodicals.

Brown was the head ("County Captain") of the Lincolnshire Contract Bridge Association for several years starting in 1947.

Publications

 * 300 pages. Various reprints to 1955.
 * 343 pages. Various reprints to 1960.
 * 133 pages.
 * 172 pages.

title: John Brown (bridge)


text:
Bodø Region

The Bodø Region (Bodøregionen) is a metropolitan region in Nordland county in northern Norway, centered on the town of Bodø. Before 1 January 2005, the municipality of Skjerstad was part of the region, but it has since merged into the municipality of Bodø. There are several "city regions" that the government has declared in Norway. The population figures are per 01.01.2014

In addition to these areas in the "official" region, many people in neighboring Fauske commute daily to Bodø.

title: Bodø Region


text:
Talk:Omar Torrijos

Torrijo's death
I want to make it clear that I rather doubt the circumstances of Torrijo's death claimed by John Perkins, but I certainly agree that the paragraph as it now stands should be part of the article.CSTAR

Noriega, in his book, says that many were suspicious about the circumstances of Torrijos' death. --Herschelkrustofsky 02:08, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It was well known inside Torrijo was assassinated.

 * It's not simply "do you believe it or do you not?", I believe that it was an assassination by the CIA or some subsidary simply because of circumstance. Torrijo, as well as his Ecuadorian counterpart, both died in plane crashes less than a month after meeting with corporate officials from America, who were angered by their plans to nationalize oil and other prime resources.  Once, I would dismiss it as coincidence, but it also happened in Iraq, Iran, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Torrijo's successor in Panama.  It isn't coincidence when it's happened seven or more times.

Cam 04:54, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course it does, the United States would never harm a fly, let alone assassinate its political enemies. Never.

Rob —The preceding  signed but undated.

The citation for the quotation below is incorrect as are the facts presented. United States Special Forces personnel were NOT permitted to go to the crash site by the government of Panama. The helicopter was turned around mid flight and returned to Ft. Gulick then home of 3/7th SFG. I can however tell you that US News & World Report erroneously reported that US SF recovered the crash site. I did not save the magazine. The citation is "I was there at the time and have personal knowledge of this non-happening."

"The crash site was located several days later, and the body of General Torrijos was recovered by a Special Forces team in the first few days of August.[3] (Spanish) El País (Spain) article from August 15, 1981."

The article cited above states that Panama rejects the theory that sabotage was responsible for the plane crash. Pilot error is their conclusion. I along with CSTAR do not believe that to be the cause of the crash. Jogershok (talk) 19:32, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

CIA or Noriega?
I extremely doubt anything Perkins wrote about Torrijos, if you read his book he paints Torrijos like a paragon of virtue. His description of Torrijos pretty much lost all credibility he had with me regarding Panama, or well, anything. A lot of people (including me) believe it was Noriega who had the bomb planted, based in part on the accusations of Diaz Herrera to La Prensa. Noriega said it was the CIA. Cute. Noriega was the CIA's guy. But I don't think he did it on CIA orders. Torrijos, while a dictator, could at least play the populist role, and while not the most subtle operator, he was far more palatable to our interests than Noriega. Noriega (and Paredes) were the only ones that really stood to benefit from this, and it fits Noreiga far better. Aapold (talk) 13:53, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

Recent cuts
-US offered to return the Noriega documents to Panama in 1993

https://www.bu.edu/ilj/files/2014/05/Cox-THE-LOST-ARCHIVES-OF-NORIEGA.pdf

-A summary of Noriega's documents was publicly disclosed albeit heavily redacted; they do not appear to reference any assassination allegations despite revealing other incriminating info.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/04/noriega-defense-team-vows-to-detail-secret-us-deals/4e867106-d992-40c1-af3f-954f9ddb3377/

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 221.124.40.227 (talk) 13:25, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

Re: recent edit
A recent edit referred to Arnulfo Arias as "a known racist". I reverted the edits because they did not belong here in this article and were not accompanied by appropriate documentation. The fact is though that Arias indeed was at some points of his political career arguably a racist: anti-asian, anti-semitic and anti-afropanamanian. However, these facts (with appropriate documentation) belong in the Arias article. To say something is "well-known" is not acceptable.--CSTAR 1 July 2005 04:42 (UTC)

I find it fascinating that Wikipedia claims to be a neutral site yet it paints Torrijos in a tight corner with "military dictators" and uses a reference from Manuel Noriega to further this connection, at least by association. Rumors abound in the bio with the more detailed ones focusing on Torrijos as evil and his assassination as hearsay. Who really owns Wikipedia?

Note: I corrected the article to reflect that Torrijos was never President of Panama. This is an important distinction.

"Military Dictator" Are you implying, my dear sir, that Torrijos wasn't one? And that his connection with Norieaga was coincidental and acausal? First of all, he wasn't the head of a democratic government, now was he? He wasn't elected. And he wasn't a civilian. Now, what do you call the head of an undemocratic government lead by a non-civilian? Just curious. Second, Noriega was his "bag man" from way back, as Torrijos himself stated many times. These two were very close. Also, Torrijos recieved a proper US salary since the 50's, so if the US did kill him (something for which there is no documentation, but if there is, by all means), they merely took down one of his own. Furthermore, with the 90 million he STOLE from the "Caja del Seguro Social", his involvement with the imprisonment, torture and murder of several political oponents and numerous other crimes, the inconstitionality at the root of his government and his servility towards the US, I say we can make a pretty fair assestment of wether or not this was a good military dictator or an evil one, dontcha think? Who owns wikipedia? Hopefully someoene who, unlike yourself, knows history.

removal of "democratically elected"
A recent edit removed the words describing Arnulfo Arias as having been democratically elected (when removed from power by Torrijos & Martinez). Why? Whatever people's opinions of Arias may be, there is no denying he won the 1968 election. The current wording implies that Arias had been in power due to a coup in the 30s, this is completely misleading. He had three previous stints in power, each one ended with military removal. The statement that the Torrijos coup removed a democratically elected president is correct and should be restored.

Preceded by Boris Martinez
Most people probably don't recall that Boris Martinez briefly was in charge before Torrijos deposed him. I don't think he even has a wikipedia article. Aapold (talk) 19:09, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Thought and note for posterity...
The aircraft crashed during "severe" weather. I've been flying the Twin Otter half my life in the winter storms on the North Norwegian coast. I've flown it over the Norwegian sea outside the Lofoten islands of north Norway during a full storm. The twin Otter was the work horse of the Norwegian coast a thousand kilometers above the arctic circle and had two serious accidents (both due to human error) during its decades of service. So, Yeah. sure it crashed "during severe weather conditions" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nunamiut (talk • contribs) 22:35, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Torrijos' Father (José María Torrijos Rada)
I added this note, thought I'd cite (sort of) and add a few notes that aren't really relevant to the article. My grandfather (Manuel Celerin) in Panama was for a time a school inspector in various interior provinces, and on one notable occasion visited a school in Veraguas where Torrijos' father, a colombian immigrant named José María Torrijos, was supposed to be teaching. He found the students in the school, but no teacher. Inquiring, they told him to look in the local cantina, and he found him there, drunk. When informed he was going to be fired, José Torrijos begged him to not do so, pleading on his knees, for the sake of his large family (12 children) that he supported. My grandfather relented, promising to return a few weeks later to check on his performance (he had to travel by horse to these locations). He (my grandfather) was transferred to the province of Panama almost immediately after that and never got a chance to follow up.

Omar Torrijos made a point later of visiting the town in Columbia where his father originally came from, and donated money for the construction of a school in his name. Aapold (talk) 00:52, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Mitrokhin's book, plus no citations
there are almost no sources, and Mitrokhins book shows him as a Soviet pawn.Tallicfan20 (talk) 04:47, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

Article update
I felt as though information was lacking regarding Omar Torrijos. I feel more information is needed regarding his life than his death. Tlshaman (talk) 17:59, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Speculations On Crash section: regarding Reagan; regarding crash itself.

 * Torrijos died shortly after the inauguration of US President Ronald Reagan, just two months after Ecuadorian president Jaime Roldós died in strikingly similar circumstances. Like other Republicans when the canal treaty came before the U.S. Senate, Reagan alleged that Democratic U.S. president Jimmy Carter had "given away" a U.S. asset—the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone. In the 1976 Republican primaries, Reagan claimed regarding the canal: "We built it, we paid for it, it's ours, and we should tell Torrijos and company that we are going to keep it."[15]

 * Antipathy within the Reagan administration can also be adduced from Torrijos's sympathy (and rumoured support) for Nicaragua's Sandinista National Liberation Front, whose popular revolution in mid-1979 had toppled the U.S.-backed Somoza dictatorship.

He didnt die "shortly" after Reagan's inauguration. It was 6 months later. The paragraphs seem to exist to give life to a US/Reagan angle on Torrijo's death. (Apparently over "revenge" for the Canal Treaty, which seems implausible.) In any case, I don't see how very much of this should be kept in the article. Perhaps one sentence relating to fingerpointing in US' direction, but no more.

Also, I don't see anything here (or online), regarding any investigation of the crash. Typically, it would be pretty easy to determine, from the debris pattern, if a plane crashed intact or if it exploded mid-air. Was there any official investigation? I recently watched "The Dictators Playbook S01E04: Manuel Noriega" and it was claimed (without any references, unfortunately) that "foul play was ruled out." Albeit, I don't see how any independent body could have performed an investigation while Noriega was in complete power there. Especially when Noriega might have actually orchestrated it himself: he had the means, opportunity, and a huge motive. --Petzl (talk) 21:03, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

Rabiblancos and Yeye are not even remotely the same thing
Yeye is a term to describe a preppy person who thinks of themselves as special because of affluence. Rabiblancos is more literally anybody who is light skinned and/or white. 73.7.106.236 (talk) 19:07, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omar Torrijos


text:
Category:SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL) is one of the most popular computer languages used to create, modify and query databases.

title: Category:SQL


text:
Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus

Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus (Monty Python's Flying Circus) is a pair of 45-minute Monty Python German television comedy specials produced by WDR for West German television. The two episodes were respectively first broadcast in January and December 1972 and were shot entirely on film and mostly on location in Bavaria, with the first episode recorded in German and the second recorded in English and then dubbed into German.

The expression "Fliegender Zirkus"/"Flying Circus" is Originally German - it refers to the Air Squadron of German Ace Manfred von Richthofen, which always had to move back and forth like a circus with trucks to compensate for the numerically superior Allied squadrons due to insufficient numbers of own aircraft.

Production
While visiting the UK in the early 1970s, German entertainer and TV producer Alfred Biolek became aware of the Pythons and, excited by their innovative and absurd sketches, invited them to Germany in 1971 to write a special German episode of their Flying Circus show and to act in them. Despite mixed audience reception, a second episode was produced in 1972.

According to producer Biolek, the Pythons were initially somewhat reluctant to the idea of going to Germany to produce comedy for a German audience. Biolek had only seen a few shows, but he was impressed with the concept of the Flying Circus. Specifically, it stood out to him that they were both good comedians and good actors—a combination that Biolek rarely saw in the German comedy scene at the time. Biolek arranged to meet with the Pythons in the BBC's bar in London to convince them "with many arguments and even more gin tonics" to come to Germany for a brief visit. Eric Idle has described the conception of the specials as "The Germans came to us and said 'Look, we haven't got a sense of humour, but we understand you do. Can we use yours? Terry Jones recalled Biolek's inquiry as an opportunity "to do silly things in Germany".

The Pythons agreed to visit Biolek in Munich in order to explore options for possible material, but did not want to commit at this point. During their visit, the troupe wanted to get a better understanding of German culture and humour. In fact, the visit, and the resulting two shows "can be viewed as a considered attempt to broaden the stereotypical picture of Germans" by the Pythons. Michael Palin also noted, "All I know is that it reversed all one's prejudices. Python has done very, very well in Germany, and the movies do extremely well. ... Whenever anyone says, you know, the Germans have no sense of humour, say no, hang on, hang on, they got Monty Python before a lot of other countries." During their visit to Germany, the Pythons attended the Oktoberfest and Olympiastadion in Munich, and also visited nearby Dachau concentration camp. The Pythons' visit to Germany in 1971 coincided with the widely celebrated 500th birthday of painter Albrecht Dürer, and the group's second visit with the highly anticipated 1972 Summer Olympics. Both events had an obvious impact on the material created by the Pythons for their first episode, including the Silly Olympics skit, and the Anita Ekberg Sings Albrecht Dürer skit, thus situating their style of humour in a local cultural context.

Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus was produced by Biolek and translator Thomas Woitkewitsch in co-production with Westdeutscher Rundfunk. The first episode was written in English, and then translated by Woitkewitsch. However, translating humour within this transnational production—especially when based on idioms—was a general challenge, as Palin recalls.

Since none of the Pythons spoke German sufficiently, Woitkewitsch needed to provide them with phonetic transcriptions of the skits, which they then needed to learn by heart. Jones recalled that this posed a considerable challenge to the troupe; he also mentions that because of the rigorous repetition required in production, he was still able to recite the German version of "The Lumberjack Song" over 40 years later. Despite the coaching and re-iterative translation efforts, the Pythons' accents remained rather strong, and according to Woitkewitsch the overall pacing was off. While these language issues may have contributed to the first show's weak critical reception, Woitkewitsch suggests that they also lent it a "secret charm".

These troubles with troupe members' timing and German accents led to their recording the second episode in English; only John Cleese and Palin delivered their lines in German well enough to be easily understood by native speakers. The other Python performers all had very thick accents (particularly Jones), making them difficult to understand. In some cases the episode was broadcast with German subtitles.

The second episode was the final television show that Cleese recorded with the group, having already announced his decision to only commit to film and stage productions in future. The episode also featured Terry Gilliam taking more acting roles than before.

Sketches
The "Colin "Bomber" Harris vs Colin "Bomber" Harris" and "Hearing Aid Shop" sketches in the second show had previously featured in At Last the 1948 Show.

Footage of the "Silly Olympics," "Little Red Riding Hood," "Flashers' Love Story," and "The Philosophers' Football Match" sketches from these German specials was regularly used to fill time between live stage performances, as seen in Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (the former two re-dubbed in English). "Silly Olympics" (minus the relay for the deaf part) and "The Philosophers' Football Match" were also used in the 2014 reunion shows at London's O2 Arena.

Several new sketches were written specifically for this show, including "William Tell", "Little Red Riding Hood," and "The Merchant of Venice" as performed by a herd of cows. Only "The Lumberjack Song" was translated from its original appearance on Monty Python's Flying Circus (Series 1, Episode 9), although "Ten Seconds of Sex" from the second show also appeared in Series 3, Episode 9 of Flying Circus around the same time.

Both Alfred Biolek and Thomas Woitkewitsch are featured in guest roles. German footballer Franz Beckenbauer makes an appearance in The Philosophers' Football Match skit. The first skit of the first episode also features Claudia Doren, then an announcer at Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR).

Reception
The first show received mixed reviews. Opinion surveys taken after the episode was broadcast revealed that 8% of the audience found the show to be very good, 15% found it to be very bad, and 43% found it to be good. Producer Biolek recalled that "This [the first show] was an absolute flop, it cannot be stated differently, as well as in terms of viewership and especially in terms of reviews." Biolek retrospectively believes that the German audience was not ready for Pythonesque humour, since it was more used to more traditional sketch comedy, by comedians such as Rudi Carrell and Heinz Erhardt. In fact, the producers did expect early on that especially the older parts of the German audience would not connect with the Pythons' style of humour. Biolek attributes the production of the second show to Westdeutscher Rundfunk's general progressive stance towards entertainment production at the time, and specifically to the support of the head of the entertainment sector, Hannes Hoff.

Alternative Versions
The versions of the two episodes released on home video outside Germany differ from the versions aired on ARD. The ARD version of the first episode is missing the 6-minute "Bavarian Restaurant" sketch. The ARD version of the second episode trims some shots, mostly from 'The Tale of Happy Valley' sketch. On the other hand, the ARD version also features two sequences missing from the DVD version: 'Schwimmkurs mit Arthur Lustgarten' (Swimming Course with Arthur Lustgarten) and 'Eine wichtige Information für Raucher' (An Important Information for Smokers). Also, in the ARD version, Eric Idle's 'I Want A Hearing Aid' sketch has been moved to the end of the episode.

Media
Guerilla Films released both episodes on a single VHS tape in 1998, available in either PAL or NTSC format. The American A&E Network used this release as the basis of their DVD releases of the same material, with the first episode being included on Monty Python Live and the second episode included on The Life of Python. (This arrangement resulted in the second episode being omitted from A&E's otherwise-complete 16-DVD box set of Monty Python's Flying Circus.)

The Australian DVD company Rainbow Entertainment also released both episodes on one DVD.

The Swiss publisher Haffmans released a hardbound book containing the scripts of both episodes, with introductions and essays by the German producers, in 1998.

Both episodes have been shown on the Paramount Comedy Channel in the UK and on PBS in the US in 2007.

As of April 2018, both episodes are available for streaming on Netflix. In December 2023 they were added to BritBox UK and ITVX.

The German DVD label Pidax has released the German DVD of the series in 2018. Episode 1 is featured in German language only; Episode 2 has German and English audio (with previously cut scenes being in English with German subtitles). The German TV-exclusive sketches of Episode 2,  'Schwimmkurs mit Arthur Lustgarten'  and  'Eine wichtige Information für Raucher' are contained as separate bonus features; also, the German TV cut of 'The Tale of Happy Valley' sketch is available as a bonus feature.

Lost sketches
Several behind-the-scenes photos from the specials' production were published in the group's autobiography, some of which were from sketches cut from the specials:
 * A version of the "Marriage Guidance Counsellor" sketch.
 * A sketch involving a flute player (Graham Chapman) in front of a German sign.
 * A version of the "Sir Edward Ross" sketch
 * An alternate ending to the first special, in which two stage hands are carrying a giant sign that says ENDE off a huge field. Behind the sign is Terry Jones' singer character from the Albrecht Dürer sketch.

title: Monty Python's Fliegender Zirkus


text:
WLBZ

WLBZ (channel 2) is a television station in Bangor, Maine, United States, affiliated with NBC and owned by Tegna Inc. The station's studios are located on Mount Hope Avenue in Bangor, and its transmitter is located on Rider Bluff in Holden.

Although identifying as a separate station in its own right, WLBZ is considered a semi-satellite of sister station WCSH (channel 6) in Portland. WLBZ's master control, as well as some internal operations, are housed at WCSH's studios on Congress Square in Downtown Portland. WLBZ clears all network programming as provided through its parent, simulcasts most of WCSH's newscasts (with local weather inserts) and airs most of its syndicated programming (though in some cases at different times). There are also some programs that only air on WLBZ while some are only seen on WCSH. WLBZ also airs separate station identifications and commercial inserts. Although WLBZ and WCSH are based in different locations and technically serve separate markets, the two essentially operate as one station. With their combined resources, the stations provide statewide coverage not offered by any other outlet in Maine.

WLBZ previously served as the default NBC affiliate for the Presque Isle market, which did not have an affiliate of its own. It is carried in the local tier of Spectrum's cable system in Presque Isle, and is also offered as the NBC affiliate in the Presque Isle Dish Network and DirecTV channel lineups. This changed in 2020, however, with the sign-on of NBC affiliate WWPI-LD by CBS/Fox/CW+ affiliate (and sister station of rival WABI-TV) WAGM-TV. In addition to its main signal, WLBZ operates low-power digital repeater WGCI-LD on VHF channel 4. Licensed to Skowhegan, this station has a transmitter in Norridgewock's Larone section.

History

The station began broadcasting on September 12, 1954, as WTWO (sometimes rendered as "W-TWO"), an independent station locally owned by Murray Carpenter. The following January, it began carrying some CBS programming, becoming a full affiliate by September 1955 (prior to this, CBS programming was seen on WABI-TV (channel 5), which became a primary NBC affiliate). In 1958, WTWO was sold to the Rines family's Maine Broadcasting System, owner of WLBZ radio (620 AM), WCSH-AM-TV in Portland, and WRDO in Augusta. The new ownership changed the station's call letters to WLBZ-TV that June to match its new radio sister (which the Rines had owned since 1944). (The WTWO calls now reside on the NBC affiliate in Terre Haute, Indiana.) The following year, channel 2 swapped affiliations with WABI-TV and joined NBC in order to match WCSH-TV; the two stations also began to share a secondary ABC affiliation (previously, ABC programming was only cleared on WABI). The ABC arrangement remained in place until 1965, when WEMT (channel 7, now WVII-TV) signed on as a full-time ABC affiliate.

In its first decades on the air, channel 2 was best known as the home of Eddie Driscoll. He hosted many programs on the station including Weird, Dialing for Dollars, The Great Money Movie, and My Backyard. Driscoll was also known for his improvisation skills and sense of humor. He retired from WLBZ-TV in 1986, and died on September 24, 2006, after suffering from Alzheimer's disease.

In the 1970s, WLBZ-TV added a repeater in Calais, W57AQ on channel 57, with a transmitter in Meddybemps shared with W61AO (which repeated WABI-TV). W57AQ allowed cable systems in Atlantic Canada to distribute WLBZ by a microwave link from the border, doubling or even tripling the station's coverage area and viewership. Most Canadian cable systems dropped WLBZ after 1996 once American television signals became available to them by satellite, with the last one doing so in 2010. Although a "flash-cut" to digital on VHF channel 8 was considered, it was instead decided to return the W57AQ license to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which deleted it on April 29, 2010.

In 1981, WLBZ radio was sold off, becoming WACZ (it is now WZON); in 1997, the -TV suffix was dropped. In 1998, the Maine Broadcasting System (by this time controlled by the Rines-Thompson family) sold WLBZ and WCSH to the Gannett Company. In 2000, the station essentially began serving as a semi-satellite of WCSH, when commercials and network programming began to be played from Portland. However, as early as 1989, WLBZ had been reducing its personnel and consolidating some internal operations with WCSH. In 2002, WLBZ signed on a digital signal on UHF channel 25, bringing NBC's high definition programming to Eastern and Central Maine. WLBZ's broadcasts became digital-only, effective June 12, 2009. However, the station kept its digital operations on channel 25 until September 10, when it was moved to the VHF channel 2 space previously occupied by the analog service.

In 2012, WLBZ's station logo was immortalized in a running sketch series for Saturday Night Live called "Maine Justice," a parody of courtroom shows featuring a judge and a bailiff with Louisiana accents who "try" to act like New Englanders. The sketch returned later that season, namely the March 9, 2013, episode.

This aired in the same year Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dish's AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for WLBZ. Gannett threatened to pull all of its stations (such as WLBZ) should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement. The two parties eventually reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours.

On June 29, 2015, the Gannett Company split in two, with one side specializing in print media and the other side specializing in broadcast and digital media. WCSH and WLBZ were retained by the latter company, named Tegna.

News operation
Originally, WLBZ operated its own news department and produced local newscasts from its Bangor studios. For most of its history, it was a solid, if distant, second in Nielsen ratings behind WABI. In 1989, WLBZ began simulcasting some of WCSH's newscasts prepared with a statewide view. Initially, this was limited to morning, noon, and weekend newscasts; however, on June 26, 2000, WLBZ dropped its 5:30 p.m. newscast in favor of WCSH's newscast, with the 11 p.m. newscast following suit on September 11. WLBZ still aired separate newscasts covering Bangor weeknights at 5 and 6 (which were locally produced at its facilities), with all other newscasts originating from the WCSH studios in Portland. By 2015, the 5 p.m. newscast had also been converted to a simulcast; on October 8, 2015, the 6 p.m. newscast, WLBZ's last standalone newscast, was discontinued and replaced with a WCSH-produced newscast. As mentioned, these statewide programs tend to take on a regional feel with coverage from Portland, Bangor, or wherever news occurs around the state. During the weeknight newscasts, WLBZ still produces its own weather forecast segments from Bangor with meteorologist Steve McKay. On August 9, 2010, there was an expansion of the statewide weekday morning show to 4:30 with the new segment being called News Center Early Morning Report.

WLBZ and WCSH have used the News Center branding for their newscasts since the 1970s, even before consolidating. Additionally, both stations featured Frank Gari's "Good News" music package from 1986 until October 22, 2008, when it was dropped (except during "Storm Center" coverage) in favor of standardized music and graphics seen on other Gannett stations.

After then-WB affiliate WPXT in Portland shut down its news department in Fall 2002, WLBZ and WCSH entered into a news share agreement with that station resulting in a nightly prime time newscast. Originally called News Center at 10 on Maine's WB 51, it was seen every night for thirty minutes. On weeknights, news and sports segments originated from WCSH's facilities while WLBZ produced the weather segment from its studios. Weekend broadcasts aired entirely from Portland. News Center at 10 was formatted in a similar manner to the statewide shows simulcasted on WLBZ and WCSH except for having a slight Portland focus since WPXT was that market's WB affiliate. In September 2006, the production became known as News Center at 10 on The CW Portland after WPXT switched to The CW. WLBZ's role in the newscast was eliminated on November 6, 2008, when WCSH moved the prime time broadcast to its "News Center Weather Plus" feed and entirely reoriented the newscast to the Portland market (with WLBZ no longer doing the weather forecast). The "News Center Weather Plus" feed on WLBZ-DT2 and the live video on their websites was replaced with the national Weather Plus service. News Center at 10 was eventually canceled by WCSH after a six-year run.

An outdoors and human-interest program called Bill Green's Maine airs Saturday nights at 7 on WCSH and WLBZ. In 2003, WCSH launched 207, a local lifestyle/entertainment magazine-type show which airs weeknights at 7 pm on both stations simultaneously. The "207" name comes from Maine's telephone area code.

In October 2005, WLBZ and WCSH began offering NBC Weather Plus on new second digital subchannels. Known as "News Center Weather Plus", the service could also be seen on the websites of both stations through live streaming video and digital cable. In late-December 2008 as a result of Weather Plus closing on a national level, WLBZ-DT2 and WCSH-DT2 shifted to a format featuring a loop of local news headlines and weather forecasts. The service retained the "News Center Weather Plus" branding and digital cable carriage but the online live video was dropped. WCSH's weeknight meteorologist Joe Cupo can sometimes be seen on "News Center Weather Plus" providing statewide weather forecasts. Like the main signal, WGCI offers "News Center Weather Plus" on its second digital subchannel. As of February 2014, the channel no longer broadcasts on television.

In addition to the main studios in Bangor and Portland, WLBZ and WCSH share two bureaus in the state. This includes the Midcoast Bureau (on Camden Street/US 1) in Rockport and the Lewiston–Auburn Bureau (on Main Street/ME 11/ME 100/US 202) in Lewiston.

In January 2018, WLBZ and its sister station WCSH rebranded their newscasts under the News Center Maine moniker.

On June 1, 2020, WLBZ and WCSH premiered an hour-long weekday newscast at 4 p.m.

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Translator

 *  4 Skowhegan

title: WLBZ


text:
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is an Indian Research Institute under the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India. It is a public deemed university located at Navy Nagar, Colaba in Mumbai. It also has campus in Bangalore, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), and an affiliated campus in Serilingampally near Hyderabad. TIFR conducts research primarily in the natural sciences, the biological sciences and theoretical computer science.

History
In 1944, Homi J. Bhabha, known for his role in the development of the Indian atomic energy programme, wrote to the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust requesting financial assistance to set up a scientific research institute. With support from J.R.D. Tata, then chairman of the Tata Group, TIFR was founded on 1 June 1945, and Homi Bhabha was appointed its first director. The institute initially operated within the campus of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore before relocating to Mumbai later that year. TIFR's new campus in Colaba was designed by Chicago-based architect Helmuth Bartsch and was inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 15 January 1962.

Shortly after Indian Independence, in 1949, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) designated TIFR to be the centre for all large-scale projects in nuclear research. The first theoretical physics group was set up by Bhabha's students B.M. Udgaonkar and K.S. Singhvi. In December 1950, Bhabha organised an international conference at TIFR on elementary particle physics. Several world-renowned scientists attended the conference, including Rudolf Peierls, Léon Rosenfeld, William Fowler as well as Meghnad Saha, Vikram Sarabhai and others providing expertise from India. In the 1950s, TIFR gained prominence in the field of cosmic ray physics, with the setting up of research facilities in Ooty and in the Kolar gold mines.

In 1957, India's first digital computer, TIFRAC was built in TIFR. Acting on the suggestions of British physiologist Archibald Hill, Bhabha invited Obaid Siddiqi to set up a research group in molecular biology. This ultimately resulted in the establishment of the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore twenty years later. In 1970, TIFR started research in radio astronomy with the setting up of the Ooty Radio Telescope. Encouraged by the success of ORT, Govind Swarup persuaded J. R. D. Tata to help set up the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope near Pune, India.

TIFR attained the official deemed university status in June 2002. To meet the ever-growing demand of space needed for research labs and accommodation institute is coming up with a new campus at Hyderabad.

Research
Research at TIFR is distributed across three schools, working over the mathematical sciences, natural sciences, technology and computer science.

School of Mathematics
Since its birth in the 1950s, several contributions to mathematics have come from TIFR School of Mathematics. Notable contributions from TIFR mathematicians include Raghavan Narasimhan's proof of the embedding of open Riemann surfaces in $$\mathbb{C}^3$$, C. S. Seshadri's work on projective modules over polynomial rings and M. S. Narasimhan's results in the theory of pseudo differential operators.

Narasimhan and Seshadri wrote a seminal paper on stable vector bundles, work which has been recognised as one of the most influential articles in the area. M. S. Raghunathan started research at TIFR on algebraic and discrete groups, and was recognised for his work on rigidity.

School of Natural Sciences
The School of Natural Sciences is further split into seven departments working in several areas of physics, chemistry and biology.

Within physics, the Department of Theoretical Physics (DTP) was set up by Bhabha, who conducted research in high energy physics and Condensed Matter Physics. The department worked on the major advances in this period such as Quantum Field Theory, string theory, and superconductivity. The current faculty includes Sandip Trivedi, Shiraz Minwalla, Abhijit Gadde, and Gautam Mandal. Several early faculty members at the institution were renowned in their fields. These include Ashoke Sen, who conducted seminal work on String Theory, specifically S-Duality, while at this institution. Other distinguished members were Spenta Wadia, Sunil Mukhi, Deepak Dhar and Nandini Trivedi.

The Department of Astrophysics works in areas like stellar binaries, gravitational waves and cosmology. TIFR is involved in building India's first gravity wave detector. The High Energy Physics Department, TIFR has been involved in major accelerator projects like the KEK, Tevatron, LEP and the LHC. TIFR also runs the Pelletron particle accelerator facility. Bhabha's motivation resulted in the development of an NMR spectrometer for solid state studies. The Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences also conducts experimental research in high-temperature superconductivity, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics.

School of Technology and Computer Science
The School of Technology and Computer Science grew out of early activities carried out at TIFR for building digital computers. Today, its activities cover areas such as Algorithms, Complexity Theory, Formal Method, Applied Probability, Learning Theory, Mathematical Finance, Information Theory, Communications, etc.

Department of Biological Sciences
The Department Of Biological Sciences was set up by Obaid Siddiqi in early 1960s as a molecular biology group. Over the years has expanded to encompass various other branches of modern biology. The department has fourteen labs covering various aspects of modern molecular and cell biology.

Notable alumni

 * Ranjan Roy Daniel (1923–2005), former Deputy Director of TIFR and recipient of Padma Bhushan
 * Jitendra Nath Goswami, chief scientist Chandrayaan-2
 * Vijay Kumar Kapahi, astrophysicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * B. V. Sreekantan, astrophysicist and Padma Bhushan recipient
 * K. R. K. Easwaran, molecular biophysicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize laureate
 * Ghanshyam Swarup, molecular biologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * B. L. K. Somayajulu, geochemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * G. Naresh Patwari, chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
 * Maneesha S. Inamdar, stem cell biologist, N-Bios laureate

Affiliated institutes
TIFR also includes institutes outside its main campus in Colaba and Mumbai:

 * Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education at Deonar, Mumbai
 * International Centre for Theoretical Sciences at Bangalore
 * National Centre for Biological Sciences at Bangalore
 * National Centre for Radio Astrophysics at Pune
 * National Balloon Facility at Hyderabad
 * TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics, Bangalore for Mathematics
 * TIFR Hyderabad

Visiting Students Research Programme
The Visiting Students Research Programme (VSRP) is a summer programme conducted annually during the summer season by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. VSRP is offered in the subjects Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology and Computer Science.

title: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research


text:
Amazon bookstore

Amazon Bookstore may refer to:

 * Amazon Bookstore Cooperative, a feminist bookstore in Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
 * Amazon.com, Inc., a large internet retailer based in Seattle, Washington, US
 * Amazon Books, the retailer's first physical storefront in Seattle, Washington, US

title: Amazon bookstore


text:
Olga Viscal Garriga

Olga Isabel Viscal Garriga (May 5, 1929 – June 1, 1995) was a public orator and political activist. Born in Brooklyn, New York, she moved to Puerto Rico, where she was a student leader and spokesperson of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party's branch in Rio Piedras. As an advocate for Puerto Rican independence, she was sentenced to eight years in a U.S. federal penitentiary, for refusing to recognize the sovereign authority of the United States over Puerto Rico.

Early years
Olga Isabel Viscal Garriga was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1929. Her parents, Francisco Viscal Bravo and Laura Garriga Gonzalez, had moved there from Puerto Rico in the early 1920s. Olga was one of seven children born to the couple. The children were the fourth-great-grandchildren of Field Marshal Don Juan Andres Daban y Busterino, who served as the Spanish-appointed Governor and General Captain of Puerto Rico from 1783 to 1789. Her parents returned with the family to Puerto Rico, settling in Rio Piedras. Viscal was raised and educated there, after having witnessed discrimination against Puerto Ricans in New York. As she grew up, she strongly disagreed with U.S. policies that limited human rights, freedom of speech, and self-determination in Puerto Rico.

Student activist
Viscal enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico, where she earned her Doctoral Degree in Political Sciences. During the late 1940s, and while finishing her Ph.D., she became a student leader and spokesperson of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party's branch in Rio Piedras. The Party was headed by Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos, and favored the forceful expulsion of the U.S. from Puerto Rico.

On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements in the archipelago. The Senate, controlled by the Partido Popular Democrático (PPD) and presided by Luis Muñoz Marín, approved the bill that day. This bill, which resembled the anti-communist Smith Act passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the Ley de la Mordaza (Gag Law) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero, signed it into law on June 10, 1948.

Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the Flag of Puerto Rico, with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$10,000, or both.

Viscal, who befriended Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos, was a talented orator and political activist. Although she was not directly involved in any violent act in 1950, Viscal was arrested because she participated in a demonstration that turned deadly in Old San Juan, after the police and other authorities opened fire on the demonstrators, one of whom was killed. She was detained on November 2, along with Carmen María Pérez Roque and Ruth Mary Reynolds (The American/Puerto Rican Nationalist) and held in the La Princesa jail. During her trial in the federal court in Old San Juan, she was uncooperative with the U.S. government prosecution and refused to recognize the authority of the U.S. over Puerto Rico. She was sentenced to eight years in prison for contempt of court, and released after serving five.

Later years
After her release from prison, Viscal went to Cuba, where she was the Puerto Rican representative to the Cuban Parliament. As such, she met with Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. She was a devout Catholic, and thus became disillusioned with Castro's politics and selectively atheist policies. After publicly criticizing Castro, she escaped from Cuba with the help of her younger sister, Irma. Olga Viscal Garriga died in June 1995 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. She was the mother of three children, Pedro, Olga and Maria Luz.

Legacy
Viscal Garriga was the inspiration for the main character Antígona, in the play La Pasión Según Antígona Pérez (The Passion According to Antígona Pérez), written by Puerto Rican playwright Luis Rafael Sánchez.

There is a plaque, located at the monument to the Jayuya Uprising participants in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, honoring the women of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. Viscal Garriga's name is on the fifteenth line of the third plate.

title: Olga Viscal Garriga


text:
Talk:Prosecution's

from VfD:

The use of 's as a suffix to prosecution is nonsensical.

rturus rturus 23:11, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't. For example: The prosecution's case is compelling. However, it is completely inappropriate as an article title, which ought to be prosecution (which currently redirects to criminal law). Anyhow, delete this as a dicdef. transwiki this to Wiktionary as it is a dicdef. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 03:11, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: The use of the apostrophe s for a plural suffix is nonsensical. I'm going to make a wild bet that Wiktionary already has a definition for "prosecution" and doesn't need the transwiki, so just delete.  ("Warning: Prosecutors Will Be Violated!")  Geogre 03:44, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I made the same guess but decided to go look, and Wiktionary actually does not have a definition for prosecution, which is why I changed my vote. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 04:47, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Really? Wow.  I am very surprised.  BTW, I think User:R. fiend is right:  this could/should redirect to Prosecution. Geogre 14:17, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Any reason this can't be a simple redirect to Prosecution? -R. fiend 07:50, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the text of the page would be extremely suitable as part of a Wiktionary entry for "prosecution".  rturus 14:55, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Prosecution's


text:
User talk:Liene

You may also want to note that Marlboro is full of hippies

I would ask for your input to the discussion on Talk:The Ozarks Snafflekid 01:48, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Liene


text:
Vilhjálmur Einarsson

Vilhjálmur Einarsson (5 June 1934 – 28 December 2019) was an Icelandic track and field athlete, and triple-jump silver medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Vilhjálmur grew up in the East-Icelandic fishing village of Reyðarfjörður and was the son of Einar Stefánsson and Sigríður Vilhjálmsdóttir.

In 1956 Vilhjálmur set a new Olympic Record by jumping 16.26 m in the triple jump, only to be surpassed by Brazil's Adhemar da Silva in the same competition. This was the most unexpected result of the Olympics that year, and his silver medal was Iceland's first ever Olympic medal. In 1958 he took bronze in the triple jump at the European Athletics Championships in Stockholm, Sweden, with 16.00 m. His personal best was 16.70 m set in 1960 in Laugardalsvöllur, Iceland. He was named Icelandic Sportsperson of the Year five times, more times than anyone else.

Vilhjálmur was also a headmaster of three schools: Héraðsskólinn in Laugarvatn, Reykholtsskóli in Reykholt, and Menntaskólinn in Egilsstaðir, where he later worked as a part-time mathematics teacher. He also was a painter, specializing in landscape painting, and his work has been on display in several art galleries in Iceland.

He attended Dartmouth College. His son Einar Vilhjálmsson later represented Iceland in the men's javelin throw at the Summer Olympics (1984, 1988 and 1992).

title: Vilhjálmur Einarsson


text:
Amazon Bookstore Cooperative

Amazon Bookstore Cooperative was a feminist bookstore located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, that operated from 1970 to 2012. It was the only lesbian/feminist bookstore in the U.S.at some point, but certainly not at its beginning. The shop was named after the Amazons, a mythological tribe of fierce and independent women. In 1994 Amazon.com was founded and within a year, problems started for Amazon Bookstore. Terms of a lawsuit by Amazon bookstore resulted in a small settlement, and a requirement that Amazon Bookstore go by the name 'Amazon Bookstore Collective' to reduce confusion with Amazon.com.

Early years
In 1970 when Amazon was founded by Rosina Richter Christy and Julie Morse Quist, it was far from a full-fledged bookstore. The books were kept in the front room of the collective they lived in and books were only available from 3 to 6 PM or by special arrangement. This arrangement lasted for about two years before the book store moved to Minneapolis' Lesbian Resource Center and then migrated through a series of different storefront addresses. Working conditions were sometimes difficult and included an unsafe neighborhood and a building with no heat where pipes froze and people had to wear gloves inside the store.

Lawsuit
In 1999, the cooperative sued Amazon.com for trademark infringement. After sometimes acrimonious legal proceedings, the case was settled in November of that year, with Amazon Bookstore assigning its common law rights in the Amazon name to Amazon.com; and Amazon.com giving a license back to Amazon Bookstore Cooperative for use of the Amazon name.

True Colors
The business announced that they were closing down at the end of June 2008, and buyers came forth to carry on the store as an independent bookstore. Ruta Skujins, with the help of her partner, Joann Bell, decided to take over the store. Transfer of the ownership of the store happened at the end of June, according to an e-mail sent by the store to customers on June 17.

In November 2008 it was announced that the store changed ownership and as a result, the Amazon name could not be used by the new owner as it was owned by Amazon.com. The new owner of the bookstore, Ruta Skujins, changed the name of the store to True Colors Bookstore, and both names were in use during the transition period. The bookstore began experiencing financial difficulties in late 2011, with the store closing in February 2012 due to this.

Influence and significance
Amazon became "the oldest independent feminist bookstore in North America" and was probably "the oldest in the English speaking world". It had an impact that extended both beyond its immediate area and beyond the United States.

It also had a presence in popular culture. Cartoonist and graphic novelist Alison Bechdel was inspired to create the fictional Madwimmin Books in Dykes to Watch Out For based on experiences at the store.

title: Amazon Bookstore Cooperative


text:
Sweet Caroline

"Sweet Caroline" is a song written and performed by American singer Neil Diamond and released in May 1969 as a single with the title "Sweet Caroline (Good Times Never Seemed So Good)". It was arranged by Charles Calello, and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee.

Inspiration
Diamond has provided different explanations for the song's origins. In a 2007 interview, he stated the inspiration for the song was John F. Kennedy's daughter, Caroline, who was 11 years old at the time it was released. Diamond sang the song for her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007. On December 21, 2011, in an interview on CBS's The Early Show, Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline as a young child on a horse with her parents created an image in his mind, and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture. However, in 2014, Diamond said the song was about his then-wife Marcia, but he needed a three-syllable name to fit the melody.

Performance
The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the week ending August 16, 1969, and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1969, for sales of one million singles. "Sweet Caroline" was also the first of 58 entries on the US Easy Listening chart, peaking at No. 3.

In the autumn of 1969, Diamond performed "Sweet Caroline" on several television shows. It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in March 1971.

In July 2021, "Sweet Caroline" re-entered the UK Singles Chart again 50 years after its first UK release, following its use by England supporters during Euro 2020. It re-entered the chart at No. 48 on the week ending July 15 and a week later it rose to No. 20.

Critical reception
Cash Box called the song "sensational", highlighting the fact that Diamond's "material and production sound take on a completely different dimension in this love ballad which maintains a warm glow throughout with occasional surges of strength". Record World said that "Neil Diamond stirs rich excitement with this voluptuous new Sweet Caroline.'" Billboard called it a "hard hitting love ballad" with "exceptional production and vocal workout". The song has proven to be enduringly popular and, as of November 2014, has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States.

Alternative versions
There are three distinct mixes of this song. In the original mono 45 mix, the orchestra and glockenspiel are more prominent than in the stereo version on the Brother Love's Travelling Salvation Show LP. The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond's His 12 Greatest Hits. This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up. It has a longer fade as well. A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Diamond changed some of the lyrics to "Hands ... washing hands ... don't touch me ... I won't touch you."

United States
The National Football League's Carolina Panthers have played the song as a victory song at all home games since 1996. In 2020, the Panthers played the song to an empty Bank of America Stadium in honor of all front-line workers in the COVID-19 pandemic.

The song has been played at Fenway Park, home of Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox, since at least 1997 and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002. On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park, the song was performed live by Diamond himself. Several days after the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013, Neil Diamond led the crowd at Fenway Park in a rendition of the song. Sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings, to 19,000 copies, up from 2,800 the week before. Diamond said that he would donate his royalties from those sales to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people affected by the bombings.

The Iowa State Cyclones have used "Sweet Caroline" as a football victory song since 2006.

Since 2008, the University of Pittsburgh has used "Sweet Caroline" as an unofficial school sing-along song by inserting "Let's Go Pitt!" over the instrumental three-beat "Ba Ba Ba" interval after the title refrain and replacing the repeated phrase "So good" with "Go Pitt!" The song started as a rallying anthem played between the third and fourth quarters of Pittsburgh Panthers football games, but has been adopted for use during other university sports contests, alumni events, and student ceremonies, including graduation commencement ceremonies, and references to the song have appeared on various school merchandise. However, Pitt's arch-rival, West Virginia University, "adapts" the song for their own purposes to troll Pitt, even when Pitt is not the opponent.

"Sweet Caroline" is sometimes part of the regular rotation of songs during sports events at other universities. Out of a speculated concern with the song's lyrics in the wake of the Penn State child sex abuse scandal, the university removed the song from the rotation of music played at football games prior to the 2012 season. However, performances resumed to loud renditions at Penn State football games in September 2013.

On February 22, 2020, newly crowned WBC and The Ring heavyweight world champion Tyson Fury sang the song live in the ring at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas to celebrate his knockout victory against Deontay Wilder following the conclusion of their rematch. Fury had also previously sung "Sweet Caroline" at a press conference ahead of his fight against Francesco Pianeta in 2018.

Canada
The song is used at the Ontario Hockey League's Erie Otters home games, where fans replace the "bum, bum, bum" with "London sucks!" in reference to the rival London Knights. The National Hockey League Vancouver Canucks regularly play this song at Rogers Arena, their home rink, during 3rd-period stoppages in play to energize the home crowd.

United Kingdom
Fans of the Northern Ireland national football team adopted the song as an anthem after it was played in the post-match stadium celebrations after defeating England in 2005. The song has been used at home games ever since. Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney began using the song as his walk-on song in 2015 for Professional Darts Corporation events, in tribute to the football team.

On June 29, 2021, at the Round of 16 of the UEFA Euro 2020 championships, after the England national football team won 2–0 against Germany, England supporters amongst the 40,000 spectators who were present at Wembley Stadium remained and sang the song after the match. The team manager, Gareth Southgate, remarked "So, to be able to send them home feeling as they do tonight, to hear them at the end ... I mean, you can't beat a bit of 'Sweet Caroline', can you? That's a belter, really." During post-match interviews, the team captain, Harry Kane, was visibly moved as he paused to listen to the singing crowd, remarking: "Yeah, it's special. I'm speechless, I don't know what to say." After their 2–1 semi-final win against Denmark, the England players led the crowd through a rendition of the song.

The song was subsequently adopted by the England women's football team on their run to victory in Euro 2022, being played in the stadiums after each game as England won; Chloe Kelly, who scored the winning goal in the final, was being interviewed pitch side after the win but ran off with the microphone when the song started playing to sing along with the team.

Reading started using the song as requested by the players in their first season in the Premiership for the 2006/07 season. According to former player Glenn Little, this was selected as part of a celebration of their record-winning 106-point Championship season. However, it was not until 2015, when Little suggested it should be re-established, that it became a fan favourite. The song was later adopted by supporters of Aston Villa during their Championship game against Stoke City in February 2019, as they battled from an early deficit to obtain a draw. After the game, Aston Villa had 12-game unbeaten run, which enabled them to reach the 2019 English Football League play-offs. Subsequently, they continued to sing the song after they won a pivotal penalty shootout at their cross-city rivals West Bromwich Albion, before eventually winning the play-offs and winning promotion to the Premier League for the 2019–20 season. The club players had later continued their strong association with the song, and sang the song within their dressing room, after a pivotal draw at their final match of the season, to narrowly escape relegation from the Premier League by only one point.

For cricket in England, the home crowd at Lord's, along with the players of the England cricket team, sang the song after their boundary count win at the Final of the 2019 Cricket World Cup.

The song was played in Arthur Ashe Stadium after British tennis player Emma Raducanu won the 2021 US Open Women's singles final.

On November 15, 2021, the Swiss national football team sang the song after a 4–0 win against Bulgaria in honor to the Northern Ireland national football team, who drew against the Italy national football team, thus permitting the Swiss to qualify directly to the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

The song is also played before the main event of Matchroom Sports boxing cards in the UK and sometimes overseas.

Mexico
The song is also played at the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna stadium whenever the team wins a match, considered as a victory song for the locals. Remixes of the song are also played there on important events, accompanied by fireworks.

Mixed martial arts
UFC middleweight fighter Darren Till has adopted the song as his entrance music beginning at UFC Fight Night: Thompson vs. Till.

Personnel

 * Neil Diamond – vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Charles Calello – string, horn and vocal arrangements
 * The Memphis Boys – other instrumentation
 * Gene Chrisman – drums
 * Tommy Cogbill – bass guitar
 * Bobby Emmons – keyboards
 * Reggie Young – electric guitar

Legacy
In 2019, "Sweet Caroline" was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2020 the song by Neil Diamond was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

DJ Ötzi version
Austrian singer DJ Ötzi released a version of the song in 2009 through UMG. His version reached number 19 on the German Singles Chart, staying for 18 weeks in the German charts. It also peaked at number 18 on the Austrian charts. The song was also included in the Hotel Engel (Gold Edition).

Track listing

 * CD-Single
 * 1) "Sweet Caroline" (Single Version) - 3:37
 * 2) "Sweet Caroline" (DJ Mix) - 3:46
 * 2009 Limited Edition - CD-Single
 * 1) "Sweet Caroline" (Single Version) - 3:37
 * 2) Exclusives Bonus Video (Gerry Friedle: Mein Leben mit DJ Ötzi) - 19:04
 * 2010 CD-Single
 * 1) "Sweet Caroline" (Single Version) - 3:37
 * 2) "Sweet Caroline" (EURO 2010 Magic Moments Version) - 3:46

title: Sweet Caroline


text: User talk:69.115.65.9

title: User talk:69.115.65.9


text:
Deep inference

In mathematical logic, deep inference names a general idea in structural proof theory that breaks with the classical sequent calculus by generalising the notion of structure to permit inference to occur in contexts of high structural complexity. The term deep inference is generally reserved for proof calculi where the structural complexity is unbounded; in this article we will use non-shallow inference to refer to calculi that have structural complexity greater than the sequent calculus, but not unboundedly so, although this is not at present established terminology.

Deep inference is not important in logic outside of structural proof theory, since the phenomena that lead to the proposal of formal systems with deep inference are all related to the cut-elimination theorem. The first calculus of deep inference was proposed by Kurt Schütte, but the idea did not generate much interest at the time.

Nuel Belnap proposed display logic in an attempt to characterise the essence of structural proof theory. The calculus of structures was proposed in order to give a cut-free characterisation of noncommutative logic. Cirquent calculus was developed as a system of deep inference allowing to explicitly account for the possibility of subcomponent-sharing.

title: Deep inference


text:
Proof calculus

In mathematical logic, a proof calculus or a proof system is built to prove statements.

Overview
A proof system includes the components:
 * Formal language: The set L of formulas admitted by the system, for example, propositional logic or first-order logic.
 * Rules of inference: List of rules that can be employed to prove theorems from axioms and theorems.
 * Axioms: Formulas in L assumed to be valid. All theorems are derived from axioms.

A formal proof of a well-formed formula in a proof system is a set of axioms and rules of inference of proof system that infers that the well-formed formula is a theorem of proof system.

Usually a given proof calculus encompasses more than a single particular formal system, since many proof calculi are under-determined and can be used for radically different logics. For example, a paradigmatic case is the sequent calculus, which can be used to express the consequence relations of both intuitionistic logic and relevance logic. Thus, loosely speaking, a proof calculus is a template or design pattern, characterized by a certain style of formal inference, that may be specialized to produce specific formal systems, namely by specifying the actual inference rules for such a system. There is no consensus among logicians on how best to define the term.

Examples of proof calculi
The most widely known proof calculi are those classical calculi that are still in widespread use:
 * The class of Hilbert systems, of which the most famous example is the 1928 Hilbert–Ackermann system of first-order logic;
 * Gerhard Gentzen's calculus of natural deduction, which is the first formalism of structural proof theory, and which is the cornerstone of the formulae-as-types correspondence relating logic to functional programming;
 * Gentzen's sequent calculus, which is the most studied formalism of structural proof theory.

Many other proof calculi were, or might have been, seminal, but are not widely used today.

 * Aristotle's syllogistic calculus, presented in the Organon, readily admits formalisation. There is still some modern interest in syllogisms, carried out under the aegis of term logic.
 * Gottlob Frege's two-dimensional notation of the Begriffsschrift (1879) is usually regarded as introducing the modern concept of quantifier to logic.
 * C.S. Peirce's existential graph easily might have been seminal, had history worked out differently.

Modern research in logic teems with rival proof calculi:
 * Several systems have been proposed that replace the usual textual syntax with some graphical syntax. proof nets and cirquent calculus are among such systems.
 * Recently, many logicians interested in structural proof theory have proposed calculi with deep inference, for instance display logic, hypersequents, the calculus of structures, and bunched implication.

title: Proof calculus


text:
Deemed university

In India, a deemed university or deemed-to-be-university is an accreditation granted to higher educational institutions in India by the Ministry of Education. According to the ministry's definition, the accreditation indicates, "an Institution of higher education, other than universities, working at a very high standard in specific area of study" and the accreditation grants "the academic status and privileges of a university."

Deemed university status
The higher education system in India includes both private and public universities. Public universities are supported by the Government of India and the state governments, while private universities are mostly supported by various bodies and societies. Universities in India are recognized by the University Grants Commission, which draws its power from the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. In addition to this, 15 Professional Councils are established, controlling different aspects of accreditation and coordination. The status of a deemed to be university allows full autonomy in courses, syllabus, admissions and fees. , the UGC lists 126 institutes which were granted the deemed to be university status. According to this list, the first institute to be granted deemed university status was Indian Institute of Science which was granted this status on 12 May 1958. The state with the most deemed universities is Tamil Nadu with 28 universities having deemed status.

Section 12 (B) of the UGC Act of 1956 also grants the UGC the right to "allocate and disburse, out of the Fund of the Commission, grants to Universities..." As such, the UGC categorizes institutes as either "declared fit to receive Central/UGC assistance under Section 12 (B) of the UGC Act–1956", or not, and notes this status at the lists published. Updates to these declarations are done in meetings of the UGC and published in the minutes. The latest list,, lists 50 institutes as fit to receive Central/UGC assistance.

Other types
Other types of universities under the regulatory purview of the UGC include:
 * Central universities, or Union universities are established by Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the Department of Higher Education.
 * State universities are run by the state government of each of the states and territories of India, and are usually established by a state legislative assembly act.
 * Institute under State Legislature Act is an Institution established or incorporated by a State Legislature Act, in India. Institutes that are 'under State Legislature Act' enjoy academic status and privileges of state universities.
 * State private universities are established under the State Act approved by the UGC. They can grant degrees but they are not allowed to have off-campus affiliated colleges.

title: Deemed university


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Trinity Christian College

Trinity Christian College is a private Christian college in Palos Heights, Illinois. It was founded in 1959 by a group of Chicago businessmen who wanted to establish a college providing students with a Christian higher education in a Reformed tradition as a college in Illinois. The college offers degrees in more than 70 programs of study. In 2023-2024 they reduced the employees by 10 percent (https://www.chicagotribune.com/2023/12/26/trinity-christian-college-cuts-10-of-faculty-positions-in-first-year-of-tuition-reduction/)

Campus
The Martin and Janet Ozinga Chapel, a 1200-seat facility, provides practice and rehearsal rooms for the music department, and houses the campus ministries program under the direction of the campus chaplain. The Grand Lobby has hosted a variety of events beneath its stained glass window, the first of a series of stained glass panels hung throughout the building designed to celebrate Trinity Christian's mission in Reformed higher education.

The Heritage Science Center comprises 38,000-square feet (3,500 m2) of classroom and lab space for chemistry, biology, and physics programs, as well as classrooms and a lecture hall for technology and computer science studies.

The Art and Communication Center (ARCC), provides Trinity Christian students with art and design studios, a graphic design lab, student gallery, The Marg Kallemeyn (black box) Theatre for the performing arts, and the Seerveld Gallery that welcomes guest artists and student artists.

New athletics fields and a new athletics complex have been in development with completion of the DeVos Athletics and Recreation Center in the autumn of 2013. The facility features a state of the art lab for exercise students, a bouldering wall, and a fitness center.

Academics
Trinity Christian College claims a cohesive approach to its core curriculum of philosophy, history, English, and theology. The traditional (not including adult learners) student body has grown to more than 1000 undergraduates taught by more than 80 instructors. Although students are drawn from predominantly Reformed and Presbyterian church backgrounds, students also come from other Christian traditions such as Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, and Roman Catholic.

In Fall 2012, Trinity began its first two master's degree programs, in counseling psychology and special education. Both programs take about two years to complete and use hybrid courses that combine face-to-face classroom sessions with online learning components. The school also began a three-year speech and language pathology program, in which students take classes at Trinity for three years majoring in communication disorders. Then for two years students can attend either Saint Xavier University in Chicago, Illinois or Calvin University in Grand Rapids, Michigan to finish their bachelor's degree from Trinity and receive a master's degree in speech language pathology.

Accreditation and memberships
Trinity Christian College is a member of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU) and the Council for Independent Colleges (CIC). The college is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission.

Adult undergraduate programs
In 1998 Trinity Christian College opened the TRACS department, now called Adult Undergraduate Programs, to serve the needs of the non-traditional student. Adults 23 years of age and older can complete their college degree through this program.

The Adult Undergraduate Programs are offered in a cohort format, so students begin the program as part of a group (20 maximum) and move through each course together. The cohort format encourages friendships and creates a supportive environment. Each course in the Adult Programs is accelerated. Courses that would normally require 16 weeks to finish are completed in five-, six- or seven-week periods. Classes cover the necessary course material in a shorter time frame, helping students finish their degrees and/or teaching license in less than two years. Courses are held on the same night of the week during the same time period (usually 6 p.m.–10 p.m.) throughout the program.

Graduate studies
In 2012 Trinity Christian College began offering two graduate level programs: a Master of Arts in Special Education and a Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology.

The Graduate Studies Special Education program is for those who have already completed an undergraduate degree and have a valid teaching license. Students attend class just one night a week, on the same evenings throughout the entire program, for 1 ½ years. Some courses are blended with online instruction. The program is offered at the main campus in Palos Heights, Illinois.

Athletics
The Trinity Christian athletic teams are called the Trolls. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) since the 1987–1988 academic year. The teams are also a member of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA), primarily competing as an independent in the North Central Region of the Division I level. Trinity Christian competes in 14 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, track & field and volleyball. Women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball.

Soccer
The women's soccer team collected Trinity's first national title by winning the NCCAA National Soccer Tournament in 2005, and returned to the NCCAA national finals in 2007.

title: Trinity Christian College