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Tom Gallagher

C. Thomas Gallagher III (born February 3, 1944) is an American politician, financier, and insurance agent from the state of Florida and a member of the Republican Party. Gallagher holds the distinction of having served more years as an elected state official than any other individual in Florida history. He began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1974 to 1987.

He was then the Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal of Florida from 1989 to 1995, the Education Commissioner of Florida from 1999 to 2001 and the Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal of Florida again from 2001 to 2003.

After 2003, his office was merged with that of Comptroller to form the Chief Financial Officer of Florida, which he held from 2003 to 2007. Gallagher has also run unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 2000 and four times for Governor of Florida: in 1982, 1986, 1994 and 2006.

Early life and family
Gallagher was raised in Delaware where he participated on the high school swim team. In 1961, he entered the University of Miami with a partial athletic scholarship. After graduating, Gallagher enlisted in the United States Army with the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment. Gallagher was honorably discharged and returned to Miami to start a business career.

Gallagher was married to his second wife, Laura Wilson, from 1998 to 2011. Wilson comes from a sixth-generation Florida family. The Gallaghers have a son, Charlie, born in 2000.

Florida House of Representatives
Gallagher began his political career when he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1974. He ran in the 111th district and defeated the Democratic nominee, attorney Alan Rosenthal, by 51% to 49%. He was re-elected in 1980, defeating John F. Cosgrove by 62% to 38%. He briefly ran for Governor of Florida in 1982 but dropped out early on after realising that incumbent Democrat Bob Graham would be re-elected. He was, defeating U.S. Representative Louis A. Bafalis in a landslide by 65% to 35%.

Gallagher was re-elected from the 117th district in 1982, defeating attorney Charlene Carres by 57% to 43%. His final race was in 1984, when he defeated real estate agent and former actor Seth Sklarey by 70% to 30%. In the House he served as Minority Whip from 1980 to 1982. In 1984, he proposed a 10-year freeze on state taxes and spending. He declined to run for re-election in 1986, deciding instead to enter the Republican primary for Governor.

1986 gubernatorial election
In the election, he faced fellow state representative Chester Clem, former U.S. Representative Louis Frey, Jr. and Tampa Mayor Bob Martinez. His running mate was State Representative Betty Easley. She had been running for Commissioner of Education but dropped out to pursue the office of lieutenant governor. Martinez finished first with 244,417 votes (43.80%) and advanced to a runoff with Frey, who came second with 137,967 votes (24.72%). Gallagher came third with 131,265 votes (23.52%) and Clem finished last with 44,409 votes (7.96%). Gallagher endorsed Martinez, who won the run-off and the general election. In September 1987, Martinez appointed Gallagher as the Secretary of the Department of Professional Regulation.

Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal
In 1988, Gallagher ran in a special election for the office of Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal of Florida to fill the last two years of the term of Democrat Bill Gunter, who had resigned to run for the U.S. Senate. He won the Republican nomination handily, taking 459,451 votes (76.48%) to Jeffrey L. Latham's 94,608 (15.75%) and Raphael Herman's 46,654 (7.77%).

In the general election, he defeated Democratic State Senator Ken Jenne by 2,223,401 votes (53.47%) to 1,935,137 (46.53%). He and James C. Smith, who was elected Secretary of State of Florida, became the first Republicans to be elected to the State Cabinet since Reconstruction. Smith, who had been appointed to his office in 1987, was the first Republican to serve on the State Cabinet since Reconstruction. He was elected to a full four-year-term in 1990, beating Democratic State Senator George Stuart, Jr. by 1,965,216 votes (57.22%) to 1,469,541 (42.78%).

1994 gubernatorial election
In 1994, Gallagher announced his second run for Governor of Florida. In the Republican primary, he faced former state Commerce Secretary (and future Governor) Jeb Bush, Florida Secretary of State James C. Smith, Florida Senate President Ander Crenshaw, former President of Florida Right to Life Kenneth L. Connor, physician Josephine A. Arnold and attorney Bob Bell. Bush came first with 411,680 votes (45.68%) and Smith came second with 165,869 votes (18.41%), enough to force a runoff, but he dropped out and endorsed Bush. Gallagher came third with 117,067 votes (12.99%), Crenshaw fourth with 109,148 (12.11%), Connor fifth with 83,945 (9.31%), Arnold sixth with 8,326 (0.92%) and Bell last with 5,202 (0.58%). Bush went on to narrowly lose the general election to incumbent Democratic Governor Lawton Chiles.

Commissioner of Education
Out of office for four years, Gallagher ran for Commissioner of Education in 1998. Incumbent Republican Frank Brogan had been running for re-election but was tapped by Governor Jeb Bush to be his running mate in the 1998 election, which they won. Gallagher was unopposed for the Republican nomination and faced Democrat Peter Rudy Wallace, the former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives in the general election. Gallagher won by 2,185,027 votes (56.54%) to 1,679,893 (43.47%).

2000 U.S. Senate election
Two years into his term, Gallagher announced that he was running for the United States Senate in 2000. Florida's "resign-to-run" law requires an incumbent office holder seeking another elective office to submit an irrevocable resignation from the office they currently hold unless that tenure would end anyway before they would assume the new position if elected. The candidate may designate the effective date of the resignation to be in the future, but it must be no later than the date that they would assume the new office.

This compelled Gallagher to submit his resignation as Commissioner of Education early in 2000 when he began to campaign for the U.S. Senate seat. He chose January 3, 2001 as the effective date of his resignation, as that was the date new senators would be sworn in. Democrat Bill Nelson, who had succeeded Gallagher as Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal, also filed his resignation as he joined the Senate race.

Gallagher faced U.S. Representative Bill McCollum in the primary and attacked both McCollum and Nelson for their attendance records in their respective jobs. He campaigned on his support for the marriage penalty, lowering the cost of drug prescriptions for seniors, increasing spending on social security and abolishing the federal income tax. However, after just over a month in the race, Gallagher withdrew. He had difficulty fundraising and had less than one-third of the money that McCollum had. He was encouraged to drop out by Governor Bush, Republican Party of Florida Chairman Al Cardenas and others who believed that a divisive and expensive Senate primary would damage the eventual nominee for the general election campaign with Nelson.

Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal
As Gallagher's resignation could not be withdrawn, he instead ran for Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal again. As Nelson was resigning, a special election was taking place and following the withdrawal of State Senate President Toni Jennings, the Republicans lacked a top-tier candidate. State Representative Joe Arnall, who had been in the race for a week after Jennings pulled out, immediately withdrew in favour of Gallagher.

After polls showed that Gallagher was favoured for the Republican nomination and was by far the strongest general election candidate, former State Representative and two-time Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal nominee Tim Ireland and State Representative Greg Gay also withdrew from the race, leaving Gallagher unopposed in the Republican primary. In the general election against State Representative John F. Cosgrove, Gallagher won easily, as he was predicted to do, taking 3,363,705 votes (59.01%) to Cosgrove's 2,336,117 (40.99%).

Chief Financial Officer
Following reforms made to the Florida Cabinet, certified to the Florida Constitution in 1998 and enacted in 2003, the office of Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner and Fire Marshal was merged with that of Comptroller, forming the Department of Financial Services controlled by the Chief Financial Officer of Florida. Gallagher was elected to the new office in 2002 without opposition.

2006 gubernatorial election
In 2006, Gallagher made his fourth run for governor, facing state Attorney General Charlie Crist in the Republican primary. Crist was the favorite to win the nomination and won in a landslide, taking almost double the votes of underdog Gallagher: 630,816 (63.98%) to 330,165 (33.49%). Crist went on to win the general election and took office in 2007 and Gallagher was succeeded as CFO by Democrat Alex Sink.

Subsequent career
After his defeat, Gallagher became involved in charitable and business activities including founding and serving as chairman of Tom Gallagher Insurance Agency and serving on the board of advisers of The TRIAM Consulting Group, Inc. He considered running for Chief Financial Officer again in 2010 and was encouraged by some to run for the U.S. Senate in 2010 but he declined to do so. After Education Commissioner Eric J. Smith announced his resignation in March 2011, Gallagher applied to the Florida Board of Education for his old job. The board enlisted the help of Ray and Associates to winnow down the twenty-six applicants to five that would be interviewed. Gallagher was not among them.

title: Tom Gallagher


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Cheesy (album)

Cheesy is a solo album by En Esch of KMFDM and Slick Idiot. It was released on August 31, 1993, on Wax Trax!/TVT.

History
Six tracks were recorded in Hamburg, Germany, with Günter Schulz and KMFDM's then-engineer Blank Fontana: "Cum", "Gypsy Queen", "Ich Bin", "Rule the Mob", "Granola", "Outro", and "The Past Is Beyond Recovery". These tracks would have composed En Esch's half of the KMFDM album Apart. Wax Trax! Records rejected Esch's tracks for not sounding enough like KMFDM. Instead, Sascha Konietzko added additional songs and remixes to those he had recorded for Apart and changed the name of the album to Money. The rest of the tracks for what was initially called Cheesy Fun were recorded later in various locations to fill out what then became Esch's solo album.

The track "Ich Bin" was sampled and used in the Pigface song "Alles Ist Mein" on the album Fook.

Personnel

 * En Esch – vocals, programming, guitar (1, 2, 8), drums (2, 4, 5, 9, 10), percussion (8, 9, 12), keyboards (9), harp (9), engineering (2, 6, 8, 9), production, mixing, digital editing, artwork
 * Günter Schulz – guitars (3–5, 7, 10–12), programming (7, 10, 12), vocals (3)

Additional personnel

 * Bibi Abel – vocals (4, 7)
 * Bernadette – vocals (6)
 * Blank Fontana – programming (10), engineering (3–5, 7, 10–12)
 * Greg Frey – engineering (9)
 * Monika Georg – vocals (3)
 * Mandra Gora – programming (2, 8), vocals (2, 8), percussion (8)
 * Rob Hagopian – bass (1)
 * Sean Joyce – vocals (1), programming (1), production (1), mixing (1)
 * Sascha Konietzko – digital editing, artwork
 * Andre Meyer – vocals (4)
 * Sande Satoskar – programming (1), engineering (1), production (1), mixing (1)
 * Jacques Sehy – cover photo
 * Christine Siewert – vocals (12)
 * Sanne Sprenger – vocals (2, 8)
 * Liisa Vihma – vocals (3, 11)
 * Dean Ween – guitar (9)
 * Andrew Weiss – bass (9), keyboards (9), percussion (9), engineering (9), production (9), mixing (9)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cheesy (album)


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Blue Seed

Blue Seed (stylized as BLUE SEED) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuzo Takada. The plot is based on the Izumo cycle of Japanese mythology. The main character, Momiji Fujimiya, is a descendant of the mythical Princess Kushinada (奇稲田姫). When Japan is menaced by Aragami (荒神) spawned by Yamata no Orochi, Momiji is intended to be sacrificed to appease the Aragami. She instead, however, becomes a member of the Terrestrial Administration Center (TAC), a secret agency charged with fighting them.

Ashi Productions and Production I.G. created an anime adaptation for broadcast on Japan's TV Tokyo. The anime series ran for 26 episodes, originally airing from October 5, 1994, to March 29, 1995. An original video animation (OVA), Blue Seed 2, was released in three episodes between 1996 and 1998. Both the anime and OVA (under the name Blue Seed Beyond) were licensed by ADV Films in the United States until 2009, when the company shut down. They were later licensed by Discotek Media for a SDBD release on December 18, 2018.

Plot
Momiji Fujimiya thought she was just an ordinary middle school student. One day, she is confronted on her way to school by a cat-eyed man with blue magatama beads embedded in his hands, who then attempts to kill her. Momiji is confused and terrified by this strange man's sudden desire to kill her; he also refers to her as Kushinada, confusing her even further. Momiji is saved by the sudden appearance of two government officials, one of whom shoots the man in the arm and sends him fleeing.

Momiji is intrigued as to why she was referred to as "Kushinada". She discovers that "Kushinada" refers to an ancient princess whose blood holds the power to stop the ancient monsters known as Aragami by sending them to an eternal sleep. Momiji dismisses the idea that she could be such a person, despite the fact she lives with her mother and grandmother in a shrine in Izumo. However, she soon changes her mind after vines begin to appear from every crack and opening attempting to capture her as they whisper "Kushinada".

Momiji tries to escape, not knowing that the vines are being employed by a powerful Aragami known as Orochi. She is saved by the man with the magatamas embedded into his hands, who introduces himself as Mamoru Kusanagi. He confronts Orochi using Momiji as bait. The plan fails and the government officials appear again. They reveal themselves to be members of the Terrestrial Administration Center (TAC for short), and manage to subdue Orochi. However, with the last of its strength, it makes a final attempt on Kusanagi.

Momiji saves Kusanagi by taking Orochi's blow. Impaled by the Aragami, instead of dying, she is instead fused with the magatama, more specifically identified as a mitama, which gives Momiji the ability to sense the presence of other Aragami. The TAC agents explain that they are an organization dedicated to defeating the Aragami, who seek to destroy humanity. The current Kushinada, Momiji, must aid them because the other Kushinada, Momiji's twin sister, is now dead. Momiji, wishing to discover more about the twin sister she never knew and also to fulfill her destiny, agrees to join the TAC under the protection of Kusanagi, who wishes to destroy his former masters, the Aragami.

The story becomes increasingly complex with the appearance of Murakumo, a man with eight mitamas who kills any Aragami he comes across for his own personal reasons. Kusanagi repeatedly attempts to kill Murakumo. Kaede Kunikida reappears along with a strange energy field in Tokyo, and Murakumo and Kaede's plans soon become clear – they intend to resurrect the god Susanoo and purify the world of humanity's influences, with Kaede acting as the leader of the movement.

There is also a three episode OVA, Blue Seed Beyond, which takes place two years after the end of the TV series. It concerns what seems to be a resurgence of aragami (actually created via biotechnology), and introduces a new character, Valencia Tachibana. Like Kusanagi, she was implanted with a mitama without turning into a full aragami.

Characters

 * Momiji Fujimiya (藤宮 紅葉): Momiji is the descendant of the "Kushinada" who actually lives in Izumo where Princess Kushinada lived. An eighth-grade student in middle school, she was unprepared to understand her destiny to battle the Aragami. She becomes a member of the TAC in order to stop the Aragami from destroying humanity and the world. An ironic twist of fate has Momiji carrying a mitama – an Aragami "soul" – embedded in her chest. At awkward times, Momiji is the recipient of panty shots and jokes about the type of panties she wears. Her relationship with Kusanagi takes a turn for the better during the shielded town incident, where she finally confesses her love for him, and he in turn tells her to wait for him., Monica Rial (English, OVA)
 * Mamoru Kusanagi (草薙 護): He was given seven mitama with the expressed mission that when he was older, he would protect the Kushinada from harm. He was very close to Kaede, Momiji's twin sister, before her sacrifice in the tunnels of Tokyo. After Kaede's demise he initially goes to Momiji to kill her, in order to rid the world of the Aragami. He comes around, however, in the second episode, and from then on makes it his sole purpose to keep Momiji from harm and eventually falls in love with her. Kusanagi often pokes fun at Momiji's choice of panties just to anger her. Kusanagi gains his 8th mitama from Momiji when he rescues her from danger in the last few episodes, which gives him the power to fight Murakumo on an even level., Matt Kelley (English, OVA)
 * Daitetsu Kunikida (国木田 大哲): Daitetsu, or Mr. Kunikida, is the Chief Director of the TAC. When Kaede and Momiji were born, Mr. Kunikida raised Kaede like his own daughter, but he exploited her ability to track down and kill the Aragami. However, when Kaede sacrificed herself, he felt heartbroken. With Momiji in the TAC, Mr. Kunikida decides not to exploit her abilities like he did with Kaede and instead treated her like a normal girl. He usually drives a Citroën XM.
 * Azusa Matsudaira (松平 梓): Azusa is the science officer and experimental biologist in the TAC. Azusa is rarely on the field due to her research and development background. She constructs biological weapons for the TAC to use against the Aragami. She is a divorced mother of one.
 * Ryouko Takeuchi (竹内 涼子): A former member of Tokyo Metropolitan Police, Ryoko uses her police instincts to help the TAC. Ryoko uses her standard police issue weapons in conjunction with weapons modified to be used against the Aragami. She is in love with Kunikida.
 * Koume Sawaguchi (沢口 小梅): Koume wears a pink jumpsuit, but never acts feminine. She is loud, brash and aggressive due to her stint in the Japan Self-Defense Forces. She was discharged by the SDF and transferred to the TAC as a result of insubordination. Her philosophy is based on the "bigger gun" theory and uses her military mind and muscle to destroy the Aragami. Despite her tough exterior, she is a vulnerable woman who wants to give her love. She has a soft spot for puppies, enjoys playing matchmaker to Momiji and Kusanagi, and at the end of the series, falls in love with co-worker Yaegashi.
 * Yoshiki Yaegashi (八重樫 良樹): The stereotypical computer nerd, Yaegashi does computer analogy for the TAC. On off days, he enjoys hentai games on his computer. He also has a program that pinpoints the Aragami's weak points and attacks, but it doubles as a program to predict what animal would appear on Momiji's panties. He has a love/hate relationship with Koume through most of the series. He later gets engaged to her in the OVA.
 * Sakura Yamazaki (山咲 桜): Sakura spent most of her life training in the United States. She uses Shinto magic and magic seals to stop the Aragami. She often flirts with Kusanagi just to get under the skin of Momiji, but also helps Momiji deal with the Aragami.
 * Kaede Kunikida (国木田 楓): Kaede is the twin sister of Momiji and Mr. Kunikida's adopted daughter. Her talents were used to detect Aragami for the TAC, but after realizing she was merely a tool and not a person, she sacrificed herself, only to return on the side of the Aragami. It's not well-shown if Kaede was in love with Kusanagi or not.
 * Susano-Oh (スサノオ): Susano-Oh is an all-powerful god who is the guardian deity of the Aragami. In the legend, Susano-Oh killed the monster Yamata-no-Orochi and married the Princess Kushinada. Kaede and Murakumo awakened him as part of their plan to create a world of nothing but plants.
 * Murakumo (ムラクモ): The series' primary antagonist; like Kusanagi, Murakumo was also chosen to protect the Kushinada. Murakumo has embraced the power of the Aragami and plans on unleashing that power against humanity. Murakumo has eight Blue Seeds embedded in his body.
 * Valencia Tachibana (バレンシア・タチバナ): Valencia shows up in the OVA. Like Kusanagi, she was implanted with a mitama without turning into a full aragami.

Manga
The manga's complete title is Aokushimitama Blue Seed (碧奇魂ブルーシード). Originally serialized by Takeshobo in Comic Ganma between March 1992 and June 1996, its 17 chapters were also collected into two Japanese Tankōbon volumes.

Theme songs

 * Opening:
 * Carnival Babel by Takada Band (Fumihiko Tachiki and Ami Mimatsu) (remade by Megumi Hayashibara as "CARNIVAL BABEL 2003 VER." also known as "CARNIVAL BABEL REVIVAL")

 * Ending:
 * Touch and Go!! by Megumi Hayashibara
 * Life by Megumi Hayashibara (Ep. 26)

Video game
A role-playing video game entitled Blue Seed: The Secret Records of Kushinada (ブルーシード 奇稲田秘録伝) was released by Sega for the Sega Saturn on June 23, 1995. It follows an adventure format, and utilizes a card-based battle system. The game's story is not an adaption of either the manga or the TV series, but a set of original episodes set in the same continuity as the TV series. The main cast of the TV series reprised their roles for the battle sequences and introductory cutscene.

The game was one of 12 Sega Saturn games announced when the system was first unveiled at the 1994 Tokyo Toy Show.

On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the game a 28 out of 40.

title: Blue Seed


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Norwalk high school

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was Keep Note this is a thirteen year old discussion that applies to one of the residents of this page, which is now a DAB page. (non-admin closure) John from Idegon (talk) 05:07, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

Norwalk high school
Nothing on the page suggests this school is notable. Edward 00:56, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  Wikipedia is not a school database.  --Randy Johnston 01:25, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for utter lack of context. I'm aware of two Norwalks (California and Connecticut) and this doesn't even say which one the school is in! - Lucky 6.9 03:08, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Again, we have to do the research to see if it exists, then where it is, and then if this information is correct, and then we're still left with a fact, rather than a discussion. If this is in CA or CT, a set of facts could go in a big list or a big table.  As I've said repeatedly, I won't complain about that.  Geogre 04:27, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not enyclopedic, cannot discern what school it is talking about. --Fastfission 05:57, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Connecticut, but Delete this substub unless improved. Cool Hand Luke  06:24, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Disambiguate and there'll be two stubs. Dr Zen 07:03, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 07:35, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into appropriate Cincinnati and delete - Skysmith 09:19, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Concur -- Jmabel | Talk 02:05, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --ShaunMacPherson 08:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or at the very least redirect as appropriate. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 08:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Indrian 05:32, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notablity not a deletion criteria. Intrigue 23:33, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete' but it is a inclusion criteria, and what message do you want to send. one you put your article in, wether or not its notable, your home free? Fledgeling 14:36, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  Wikipedia is not a school database.  Gamaliel 18:33, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The more info, the merrier. --zenohockey 02:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep - Stubs are useful. JesseW 02:35, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del No significant info & every sign (in spite of a substantial population base) that no one gives a damn & it will always be an eyesore. --Jerzy(t) 02:39, 2004 Dec 5 (UTC)
 * Keep. Valid stub.  Deleting this helps no one.  --L33tminion | (talk) 08:07, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Wyss 12:04, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 17:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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File:Perty-incinerator-and-sunshine60.JPG

The Sunshine 60 building and the garbage incinerator located just north of Ikebukuro Station. Photo taken from Building 22 at Waseda University, November 6, 2001 by Brian M. Chapman.


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William Mitchell-Thomson, 1st Baron Selsdon

William Lowson Mitchell-Thomson, 1st Baron Selsdon  (15 April 1877 – 24 December 1938), known as Sir William Mitchell-Thomson, 2nd Baronet, from 1918 to 1932, was a Scottish politician who served as British Postmaster-General from 1924 till 1929.

Biography
Mitchell-Thomson was born at number 7 Carlton Terrace, Edinburgh, the son of Mitchell Mitchell-Thomson, Lord Provost of Edinburgh, who was created a baronet in 1900.

Mitchell-Thomson was educated at Winchester College and Balliol College, Oxford. He earned his LL.B with distinction from the University of Edinburgh in 1902. He joined the Scottish bar that same year, but spent several years traveling before returning to Scotland.

He was elected as a Unionist Member of Parliament for North West Lanarkshire in 1906, serving until his defeat at the January 1910 general election. He was an Irish Unionist Party MP for North Down from April 1910 until 1918.

During the First World War, he served as Director of Restriction of Enemy Supplies. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1918 New Year Honours.

Following the War, he was appointed the British representative on the Supreme Economic Council followed by appointments as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Food and at the Board of Trade.

He was then MP for Glasgow Maryhill between 1918 and 1922, then Conservative MP for Croydon South, South London from 1923 to 1932.

In 1922, Mitchell-Thomson was Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade and from 1924 until 1929, he served as Postmaster General. During the General Strike of 1926, he served as Chief Civil Commissioner. He was made a Privy Counsellor in 1924.

In 1932, Mitchell-Thomson resigned from the House of Commons and was raised to the peerage as Baron Selsdon, of Croydon in the County of Surrey.

In May 1934 the British government appointed a committee, under the guidance of Lord Selsdon, to begin enquiries into the viability of setting up a public television service, with recommendations as to the conditions under which such a service could be offered. The results of the Selsdon Report were issued as a single Government White Paper in January of the following year. The BBC was to be entrusted with the development of television. Lord Selsdon was one of those to appear on the first day of BBC television broadcasts, 2 November 1936, now in his new capacity as Chairman of the Television Advisory Committee.

Personal life
Mitchell-Thomson was twice married. In 1907, he firstly married Madeleine, daughter of Sir Malcolm McEacharn, who was also known as Anne. They had a daughter who died in infancy, and a son, Peter. The marriage ended in divorce in 1932. The next year, he married Effie Lilian Loder Johnson, who as Effie Cook was a member of Pelissier's Follies.

Lord Selsdon died at his home in 20 Grosvenor Square, London, in December 1938, aged 61, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium, his ashes later buried in Edinburgh. He was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son Peter, who became a well-known racing driver.


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Toni Jennings

Antoinette Jennings (born May 17, 1949) is an American politician who was the 16th lieutenant governor of Florida. She was nominated to the office by Governor Jeb Bush in February 2003 to replace Frank Brogan, who resigned to become president of Florida Atlantic University. She was sworn in on March 3, 2003, becoming the first woman to hold the office. She declined to run for governor in 2006 even though she was reputed to be Bush's preferred choice as his successor.

After the 2006 elections, Jennings was replaced as lieutenant governor by Jeff Kottkamp, on January 2, 2007.

Jennings previously served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1976–1980, and in the Florida Senate, from 1980–2000. In 1994, when Orange County chairman Linda Chapin announced she was not seeking re-election, she failed to convince Jennings to return to Orlando and campaign for the office herself. Instead, she remained in Tallahassee to be elected by her Senate peers to be president of the Florida senate—the only person to have held the powerful office for two terms, from 1996–2000. In 2000, legislative term limits came into effect, having been instituted by a constitutional referendum taken several years earlier. Jennings was thereafter prohibited from seeking reelection.

Before entering public service, Jennings was an elementary school teacher. During and after her tenure in the legislature, she also ran the family construction business. She is a graduate of Wesleyan College.

As lieutenant governor, she worked on legislative relations for Bush, on education policy, hurricane preparedness, disaster relief and issues related to the Space Coast in Florida.

She joined FPL's board of directors a month after leaving office in 2007.

Jennings endorsed former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney in the 2008 presidential primary election.

title: Toni Jennings


text:
User:Trochee

I am a linguist in the pacific northwest, North America.

See my occasional weblog.

I have created my new account to synchronize my username on multiple sites; I used to participate in world-wide Wikification under another username.

title: User:Trochee


text:
Synaptogenesis

Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system. Although it occurs throughout a healthy person's lifespan, an explosion of synapse formation occurs during early brain development, known as exuberant synaptogenesis. Synaptogenesis is particularly important during an individual's critical period, during which there is a certain degree of synaptic pruning due to competition for neural growth factors by neurons and synapses. Processes that are not used, or inhibited during their critical period will fail to develop normally later on in life.

Function
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the most well-characterized synapse in that it provides a simple and accessible structure that allows for easy manipulation and observation. The synapse itself is composed of three cells: the motor neuron, the myofiber, and the Schwann cell. In a normally functioning synapse, a signal will cause the motor neuron to depolarize, by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Acetylcholine travels across the synaptic cleft where it reaches acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on the plasma membrane of the myofiber, the sarcolemma. As the AChRs open ion channels, the membrane depolarizes, causing muscle contraction. The entire synapse is covered in a myelin sheath provided by the Schwann cell to insulate and encapsulate the junction. Another important part of the neuromuscular system and central nervous system are the astrocytes. While originally they were thought to have only functioned as support for the neurons, they play an important role in functional plasticity of synapses.

Origin and movement of cells
During development, each of the three germ layer cell types arises from different regions of the growing embryo. The individual myoblasts originate in the mesoderm and fuse to form a multi-nucleated myotube. During or shortly after myotube formation, motoneurons from the neural tube form preliminary contacts with the myotube. The Schwann cells arise from the neural crest and are led by the axons to their destination. Upon reaching it, they form a loose, unmyelinated covering over the innervating axons. The movement of the axons (and subsequently the Schwann cells) is guided by the growth cone, a filamentous projection of the axon that actively searches for neurotrophins released by the myotube.

The specific patterning of synapse development at the neuromuscular junction shows that the majority of muscles are innervated at their midpoints. Although it may seem that the axons specifically target the midpoint of the myotube, several factors reveal that this is not a valid claim. It appears that after the initial axonal contact, the newly formed myotube proceeds to grow symmetrically from that point of innervation. Coupled with the fact that AChR density is the result of axonal contact instead of the cause, the structural patterns of muscle fibers can be attributed to both myotatic growth as well as axonal innervation.

The preliminary contact formed between the motoneuron and the myotube generates synaptic transmission almost immediately, but the signal produced is very weak. There is evidence that Schwann cells may facilitate these preliminary signals by increasing the amount of spontaneous neurotransmitter release through small molecule signals. After about a week, a fully functional synapse is formed following several types of differentiation in both the post-synaptic muscle cell and the pre-synaptic motoneuron. This pioneer axon is of crucial importance because the new axons that follow have a high propensity for forming contacts with well-established synapses.

Post-synaptic differentiation
The most noticeable difference in the myotube following contact with the motoneuron is the increased concentration of AChR in the plasma membrane of the myotube in the synapse. This increased amount of AChR allows for more effective transmission of synaptic signals, which in turn leads to a more-developed synapse. The density of AChR is > 10,000/μm2 and approximately 10/μm2 around the edge. This high concentration of AChR in the synapse is achieved through clustering of AChR, up-regulation of the AChR gene transcription in the post-synaptic nuclei, and down-regulation of the AChR gene in the non-synaptic nuclei. The signals that initiate post-synaptic differentiation may be neurotransmitters released directly from the axon to the myotube, or they may arise from changes activated in the extracellular matrix of the synaptic cleft.

Clustering
AChR experiences multimerization within the post-synaptic membrane largely due to the signaling molecule Agrin. The axon of the motoneuron releases agrin, a proteoglycan that initiates a cascade that eventually leads to AChR association. Agrin binds to a muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) receptor in the post-synaptic membrane, and this in turn leads to downstream activation of the cytoplasmic protein Rapsyn. Rapsyn contains domains that allow for AChR association and multimerization, and it is directly responsible for AChR clustering in the post-synaptic membrane: rapsyn-deficient mutant mice fail to form AChR clusters.

Synapse-specific transcription
The increased concentration of AChR is not simply due to a rearrangement of pre-existing synaptic components. The axon also provides signals that regulate gene expression within the myonuclei directly beneath the synapse. This signaling provides for localized up-regulation of transcription of AChR genes and consequent increase in local AChR concentration. The two signaling molecules released by the axon are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuregulin, which trigger a series of kinases that eventually lead to transcriptional activation of the AChR genes.

Extrasynaptic repression
Repression of the AChR gene in the non-synaptic nuclei is an activity-dependent process involving the electrical signal generated by the newly formed synapse. Reduced concentration of AChR in the extrasynaptic membrane in addition to increased concentration in the post-synaptic membrane helps ensure the fidelity of signals sent by the axon by localizing AChR to the synapse. Because the synapse begins receiving inputs almost immediately after the motoneuron comes into contact with the myotube, the axon quickly generates an action potential and releases ACh. The depolarization caused by AChR induces muscle contraction and simultaneously initiates repression of AChR gene transcription across the entire muscle membrane. Note that this affects gene transcription at a distance: the receptors that are embedded within the post-synaptic membrane are not susceptible to repression.

Pre-synaptic differentiation
Although the mechanisms regulating pre-synaptic differentiation are unknown, the changes exhibited at the developing axon terminal are well characterized. The pre-synaptic axon shows an increase in synaptic volume and area, an increase of synaptic vesicles, clustering of vesicles at the active zone, and polarization of the pre-synaptic membrane. These changes are thought to be mediated by neurotrophin and cell adhesion molecule release from muscle cells, thereby emphasizing the importance of communication between the motoneuron and the myotube during synaptogenesis. Like post-synaptic differentiation, pre-synaptic differentiation is thought to be due to a combination of changes in gene expression and a redistribution of pre-existing synaptic components. Evidence for this can be seen in the up-regulation of genes expressing vesicle proteins shortly after synapse formation as well as their localization at the synaptic terminal.

Synaptic maturation
Immature synapses are multiply innervated at birth, due to the high propensity for new axons to innervate at a pre-existing synapse. As the synapse matures, the synapses segregate and eventually all axonal inputs except for one retract in a process called synapse elimination. Furthermore, the post-synaptic end plate grows deeper and creates folds through invagination to increase the surface area available for neurotransmitter reception. At birth, Schwann cells form loose, unmyelinated covers over groups of synapses, but as the synapse matures, Schwann cells become dedicated to a single synapse and form a myelinated cap over the entire neuromuscular junction.

Synapse elimination
The process of synaptic pruning known as synapse elimination is a presumably activity-dependent process that involves competition between axons. Hypothetically, a synapse strong enough to produce an action potential will trigger the myonuclei directly across from the axon to release synaptotrophins that will strengthen and maintain well-established synapses. This synaptic strengthening is not conferred upon the weaker synapses, thereby starving them out. It has also been suggested that in addition to the synaptotrophins released to the synapse exhibiting strong activity, the depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane causes release of synaptotoxins that ward off weaker axons.

Synapse formation specificity
A remarkable aspect of synaptogenesis is the fact that motoneurons are able to distinguish between fast and slow-twitch muscle fibers; fast-twitch muscle fibers are innervated by "fast" motoneurons, and slow-twitch muscle fibers are innervated by "slow" motoneurons. There are two hypothesized paths by which the axons of motoneurons achieve this specificity, one in which the axons actively recognize the muscles that they innervate and make selective decisions based on inputs, and another that calls for more indeterminate innervation of muscle fibers. In the selective paths, the axons recognize the fiber type, either by factors or signals released specifically by the fast or slow-twitch muscle fibers. In addition, selectivity can be traced to the lateral position that the axons are predeterminately arranged in order to link them to the muscle fiber that they will eventually innervate. The hypothesized non-selective pathways indicate that the axons are guided to their destinations by the matrix through which they travel. Essentially, a path is laid out for the axon and the axon itself is not involved in the decision-making process. Finally, the axons may non-specifically innervate muscle fibers and cause the muscles to acquire the characteristics of the axon that innervates them. In this path, a "fast" motoneuron can convert any muscle fiber into a fast-twitch muscle fiber. There is evidence for both selective and non-selective paths in synapse formation specificity, leading to the conclusion that the process is a combination of several factors.

Central nervous system synapse formation
Although the study of synaptogenesis within the central nervous system (CNS) is much more recent than that of the NMJ, there is promise of relating the information learned at the NMJ to synapses within the CNS. Many similar structures and basic functions exist between the two types of neuronal connections. At the most basic level, the CNS synapse and the NMJ both have a nerve terminal that is separated from the postsynaptic membrane by a cleft containing specialized extracellular material. Both structures exhibit localized vesicles at the active sites, clustered receptors at the post-synaptic membrane, and glial cells that encapsulate the entire synaptic cleft. In terms of synaptogenesis, both synapses exhibit differentiation of the pre- and post-synaptic membranes following initial contact between the two cells. This includes the clustering of receptors, localized up-regulation of protein synthesis at the active sites, and neuronal pruning through synapse elimination.

Despite these similarities in structure, there is a fundamental difference between the two connections. The CNS synapse is strictly neuronal and does not involve muscle fibers: for this reason the CNS uses different neurotransmitter molecules and receptors. More importantly, neurons within the CNS often receive multiple inputs that must be processed and integrated for successful transfer of information. Muscle fibers are innervated by a single input and operate in an all or none fashion. Coupled with the plasticity that is characteristic of the CNS neuronal connections, it is easy to see how increasingly complex CNS circuits can become.

Signaling
The main method of synaptic signaling in the NMJ is through use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and its receptor. The CNS homolog is glutamate and its receptors, and one of special significance is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It has been shown that activation of NMDA receptors initiates synaptogenesis through activation of downstream products. The heightened level of NMDA receptor activity during development allows for increased influx of calcium, which acts as a secondary signal. Eventually, immediate early genes (IEG) are activated by transcription factors and the proteins required for neuronal differentiation are translated. The NMDA receptor function is associated with the estrogen receptor in hippocampal neurons. Experiments conducted with estradiol show that exposure to the estrogen significantly increases synaptic density and protein concentration.

Synaptic signaling during synaptogenesis is not only activity-dependent, but is also dependent on the environment in which the neurons are located. For instance, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is produced by the brain and regulates several functions within the developing synapse, including enhancement of transmitter release, increased concentration of vesicles, and cholesterol biosynthesis. Cholesterol is essential to synaptogenesis because the lipid rafts that it forms provide a scaffold upon which numerous signaling interactions can occur. BDNF-null mutants show significant defects in neuronal growth and synapse formation. Aside from neurotrophins, cell-adhesion molecules are also essential to synaptogenesis. Often the binding of pre-synaptic cell-adhesion molecules with their post-synaptic partners triggers specializations that facilitate synaptogenesis. Indeed, a defect in genes encoding neuroligin, a cell-adhesion molecule found in the post-synaptic membrane, has been linked to cases of autism and mental retardation. Finally, many of these signaling processes can be regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as the targets of many MMPs are these specific cell-adhesion molecules.

Morphology
The special structure found in the CNS that allows for multiple inputs is the dendritic spine, the highly dynamic site of excitatory synapses. This morphological dynamism is due to the specific regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, which in turn allows for regulation of synapse formation. Dendritic spines exhibit three main morphologies: filopodia, thin spines, and mushroom spines. The filopodia play a role in synaptogenesis through initiation of contact with axons of other neurons. Filopodia of new neurons tend to associate with multiply synapsed axons, while the filopodia of mature neurons tend to sites devoid of other partners. The dynamism of spines allows for the conversion of filopodia into the mushroom spines that are the primary sites of glutamate receptors and synaptic transmission.

Environmental enrichment
Rats raised with environmental enrichment have 25% more synapses than controls. This effect occurs whether a more stimulating environment is experienced immediately following birth, after weaning, or during maturity. Stimulation effects not only synaptogenesis upon pyramidal neurons but also stellate ones.

Contributions of the Wnt protein family
The (Wnt) family, includes several embryonic morphogens that contribute to early pattern formation in the developing embryo. Recently data have emerged showing that the Wnt protein family has roles in the later development of synapse formation and plasticity. Wnt contribution to synaptogenesis has been verified in both the central nervous system and the neuromuscular junction.

Central nervous system
Wnt family members contribute to synapse formation in the cerebellum by inducing presynaptic and postsynaptic terminal formation. This brain region contains three main neuronal cell types- Purkinje cells, granule cells and mossy fiber cells. Wnt-3 expression contributes to Purkinje cell neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Granule cells express Wnt-7a to promote axon spreading and branching in their synaptic partner, mossy fiber cells. Retrograde secretion of Wnt-7a to mossy fiber cells causes growth cone enlargement by spreading microtubules. Furthermore, Wnt-7a retrograde signaling recruits synaptic vesicles and presynaptic proteins to the synaptic active zone. Wnt-5a performs a similar function on postsynaptic granule cells; this Wnt stimulates receptor assembly and clustering of the scaffolding protein PSD-95.

In the hippocampus Wnts in conjunction with cell electrical activity promote synapse formation. Wnt7b is expressed in maturing dendrites, and the expression of the Wnt receptor Frizzled (Fz), increases highly with synapse formation in the hippocampus. NMDA glutamate receptor activation increases Wnt2 expression. Long term potentiation (LTP) due to NMDA activation and subsequent Wnt expression leads to Fz-5 localization at the postsynaptic active zone. Furthermore, Wnt7a and Wnt2 signaling after NMDA receptor mediated LTP leads to increased dendritic arborization and regulates activity induced synaptic plasticity. Blocking Wnt expression in the hippocampus mitigates these activity dependent effects by reducing dendritic arborization and subsequently, synaptic complexity.

Neuromuscular junction
Similar mechanisms of action by Wnts in the central nervous system are observed in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as well. In the Drosophila NMJ mutations in the Wnt5 receptor Derailed (drl) reduce the number of and density of synaptic active zones. The major neurotransmitter in this system is glutamate. Wnt is needed to localize glutamatergic receptors on postsynaptic muscle cells. As a result, Wnt mutations diminish evoked currents on the postsynaptic muscle.

In the vertebrate NMJ, motor neuron expression of Wnt-11r contributes to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering in the postsynaptic density of muscle cells. Wnt-3 is expressed by muscle fibers and is secreted retrogradely onto motor neurons. In motor neurons, Wnt-3 works with Agrin to promote growth cone enlargement, axon branching and synaptic vesicle clustering.

title: Synaptogenesis


text: Category:Military books

title: Category:Military books


text:
Midnight Judges Act

The Midnight Judges Act (also known as the Judiciary Act of 1801;, and officially An act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States) expanded the federal judiciary of the United States. The act was supported by the John Adams administration and the Federalist Party. Passage of the act has been described as "the last major policy achievement of the Federalists."

Opponents of the act argued that there was no need to expand the federal judiciary; that the judicial appointments were intended to cement Federalist Party control of the judiciary; and that appointments were rushed (hence they were stigmatized as "midnight appointments"). The act was repealed by the incoming Thomas Jefferson administration.

It represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the appellate courts. The Supreme Court justices had often expressed concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided. The Act was repealed by Congress on January 22, 1802.

Effect on judicial divisions and authority
The Act became law on February 13, 1801 and reduced the number of seats on the Supreme Court from 6 to 5, effective upon the next vacancy in the Court. No such vacancy occurred during the brief period the Act was in effect, so the size of the Court remained unchanged. The Act also created 16 new judgeships that John Adams rapidly began to fill in the last weeks of his presidency. These judges came to be known as the "Midnight Judges".

"SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That from and after the next vacancy that shall happen in the said court, it shall consist of five justices only; that is to say, of one chief justice, and four associate justices."

The Act reorganized the circuit courts, doubling them in number from three to six, and created three new circuit judgeships for each circuit (except the sixth, which received only one circuit judge). In addition to creating new lifetime posts for Federal judges, the circuit judgeships were intended to relieve the Justices of the Supreme Court from the hardships of riding circuit (that is, sitting as judges on the circuit courts). The circuit judge-ships were abolished in 1802, and the Justices continued to ride circuit until 1879. One of the judges on the Supreme Court appointed by Adams was Chief Justice John Marshall.

The Act also reorganized the district courts, creating ten. These courts were to be presided over by the existing district judges in most cases. In addition to subdividing several of the existing district courts, it created the District of Ohio which covered the Northwest and Indiana Territories, and the District of Potomac from the District of Columbia and pieces of Maryland and Virginia, which was the first time a federal judicial district crossed state lines. However, the district courts for Kentucky and Tennessee were abolished, and their judges reassigned to the circuit courts.

In addition, it gave the circuit courts jurisdiction to hear "all cases in law or equity, arising under the constitution and laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority." This form of jurisdiction, now known as federal question jurisdiction, had not previously been granted to the federal courts.

The Midnight Judges
In the 19 days between passage of this Act and the conclusion of his administration, President Adams quickly filled as many of the newly created circuit judgeships as possible. The new judges were known as the Midnight Judges because Adams was said to be signing their appointments at midnight prior to President Thomas Jefferson's inauguration. The famous Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison involved one of these "midnight" appointments, although it was an appointment of a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia—which was authorized under a different Act of Congress, not the Judiciary Act.

Attempts to solve this situation before and throughout the presidency of John Adams were overshadowed by more pressing foreign and domestic issues that occupied Congress during the early years of the nation's development. None of those attempts to fix the situation facing the Supreme Court were successful until John Adams took control in 1797. Faced with the Election of 1800, a watershed moment in American history that represented not only the struggle to correctly organize the foundation of the United States government but also the culmination of struggle between the waning Federalist Party and the rising Democratic-Republican Party, John Adams successfully reorganized the nation's court system with the Judiciary Act of 1801.

The 1800 elections
During the 1800 elections, there was an intense growth of partisan politics, the political party of the executive branch of government changed for the first time, and there was an unprecedented peaceful transition of the political orientation of the country's leadership. The main issues in this election were taxes, the military, peace negotiations with France, and the Alien and Sedition Acts and Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. The campaign leading up to this election and the election itself revealed sharp divisions within the Federalist Party. Alexander Hamilton and the extreme Federalists attacked Adams for his persistence for peace with France, his opposition to building an army, and his failure to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The results of this election favored Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr over Adams, but both Jefferson and Burr got 73 electoral votes. Presented with a tie, the House of Representatives, which was dominated by Federalists and led by Alexander Hamilton, eventually decided the election in favor of Thomas Jefferson. Democratic-Republicans also won control of the legislative branch of government after the congressional elections.

Jefferson was inaugurated on March 4, 1801 without the presence of Adams. Jefferson's inaugural address attempted to appease the Federalists by promising to maintain the strength of the federal government and to pay off the national debt. Jefferson spoke of dangerous "entangling alliances" with foreign countries as President George Washington had done before him, and made a plea for national unity claiming that "we are all republicans and we are all federalists." Once in office, Jefferson set out to rescind the Judiciary Act of 1801 and remove newly appointed Federalists.

Marbury v. Madison
The implications of Adams's actions in appointing Federalists to the Supreme Court and the federal courts, led to one of the most important decisions in American judicial history. Marbury v. Madison solidified the United States' system of checks and balances and gave the judicial branch equal power with the executive and legislative branches. This controversial case began with Adams' appointment of Federalist William Marbury as a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia. When the newly appointed Secretary of State James Madison refused to process Marbury's selection, Marbury requested a writ of mandamus, which would force Madison to make his appointment official. Chief Justice John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court did not have the authority to force Madison to make the appointment official. This statement actually challenged the Judiciary Act of 1789, which stated that the Supreme Court did, in fact, have the right to issue those writs. Marshall, therefore, ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional because the Constitution did not expressly grant this power to the judiciary. In deciding the constitutionality of an act of Congress, Marshall established judicial review, the most significant development in the history of the Supreme Court.

Impeachment of Samuel Chase
Among the repercussions of the repeal of the Judiciary Act was the first and, to date, only impeachment of a sitting Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase. Chase, a Federalist appointed to the Supreme Court by George Washington, had publicly attacked the repeal in May 1803 while issuing his charge to a grand jury in Baltimore, Maryland: "The late alteration of the federal judiciary ... will take away all security for property and personal liberty, and our Republican constitution will sink into a mobocracy, the worst of all popular governments." Jefferson responded to the attack by suggesting to his supporters in the U.S. House of Representatives that Chase be impeached, asking, "Ought the seditious and official attack on the principles of our Constitution . . .to go unpunished?" The House took Jefferson's suggestion, impeaching Chase in 1804. He was acquitted by the Senate of all charges in March 1805, with Vice President Aaron Burr presiding.

Federal question jurisdiction
The repeal of the Judiciary Act also ended the brief period of comprehensive federal-question jurisdiction. The federal courts would not receive such jurisdiction again until 1875.

title: Midnight Judges Act


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Staples High School

Staples High School was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Staples High School
Nothing on the page suggests this school is notable. Edward 01:01, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with above, not notable.  --Randy 01:28, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 01:45, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete not because it's a school article, but because Wikipedia isn't the Yellow Pages. This is totally unencyclopedic. - Lucky 6.9 03:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - schools aren't inherently notable. [[User:Premeditated Chaos| P M  C ]] 04:24, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: As above, this fills out some facts, but it contains no discussion. It's a record in a database rather than an attempt at an article.  Furthermore, very few school articles are properly named.  Naming them properly in fact demonstrates one of the reasons I dislike the articles.  This would be Staples High School, [Town], [State] to be accurate.  This is especially true with the various Lincolns, Kennedys, and Washingtons, as well as all the Riversides, Parks, and Parkviews. Geogre 04:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless improved. Cool Hand Luke  06:17, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. Notable. Dr Zen 07:04, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Nothing to see here. Gamaliel 07:05, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Improv 07:35, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Westport, Connecticut (it already has externals links to this school) and delete - Skysmith 09:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or use to start an article on the school district. Explained fully at  The Steve  11:13, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Include any worthwhile data in the Westport, Connecticut article (e.g. the name) and Delete this article. Average Earthman 18:16, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge any worthwhile content (if you can find any) into the article on Westport, Connecticut and delete. --Carnildo 00:56, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. School. anthony 警告 01:44, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Article doesn't show why it's notable, but I believe it is. Not my sort of thing to do research on, but I believe its multi-building campus is very unusual for a public high school in the U.S. Northeast, and I also believe it has a very strong academic reputation. Someone may want to follow up; on the other hand, what little is here now would be no great loss. -- Jmabel | Talk 02:08, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notable. --ShaunMacPherson 08:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 21:48, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Wikipedia articles are not a Yellow Pages." Counts as a vanity page in my book as well. Chaz 22:14, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: It's easy for those who do not attend or work at this school to say that it's "not notable". Do you think that students or workers at this school think it's notable? Brianjd 08:23, 2004 Dec 2 (UTC)
 * The school I attended was just like any other, I wrote a bit about it in the article about my village, it doesn't need an article to itself. Edward 09:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - notability is still not a listed criterion - David Gerard 10:14, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Notablity not a deletion criteria. Intrigue 23:33, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep good information, I don't see the harm. JesseW 02:39, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. No harm, no confusion, no foul.  Good info.  --L33tminion | (talk) 08:08, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Wyss 12:04, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The Recycling Troll 17:33, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Square Deal

JP Morgan
TR's Square Deal dismantled J.P. Morgan's railroad monopoly.
 * Yes it did. That was the Northern Securities Company in 1904, which was owned by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill. It also conjured the Northern Securities case in the Supreme Court. However, TR did not hate J.P. Morgan. The American Pageant states:"In one celebrated instance in 1907, Roosevelt even gave his personal blessing to J. P. Morgan’s plan to have U.S. Steel absorb the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, without fear of antitrust reprisals. When Taft then launched a suit against U.S. Steel in 1911, the political reaction from TR was explosive."
 * Just some more information.Nonamer98 (talk) 14:31, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

1903/1904
is the square deal in 1903 or 1904? i have searched google and it says 1903. is this right? 66.215.211.119 03:15, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The Square Deal was not a single policy. It reflected the Roosevelt Administration's policies concerning the middle class. The earliest incidence involving the Square Deal started in 1902, when he handled the coal mine controversy (see article).Nonamer98 (talk) 14:36, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Clean-up
I cleaned up the article a bit with a few things, including:

-A spelling error in one of the references (From Thed to The)

-The name of the bill that ended rebates from railroads (Elkins Act of 1903)

-Removal of unnecessary spaces.

More changes to come.Nonamer98 (talk) 14:48, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, someone replaced Roosevelt with Houlis. I'm restoring the article to its original form. Nonamer98 (talk) 14:31, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

The Square Deal Was More Of A Definition of Fairness Than An Idea With Four Principals
Square Deal's phrase definition means "honest and fair deal." That is basically what Theodore Roosevelt meant with the policy,; not that it was a policy deal that composed of four basic points.174.159.255.90 (talk) 14:22, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Origin of the Phrase 'Square Deal'
The article should include mention of the origin of the phrase "square deal," which, while an intuitive phrase, is given some nuance by TR's definition of it. Fitzador (talk) 07:21, 21 August 2010 (UTC)

Lack of Neutrality
You have it stated that Teddy Roosevelt was a "liberal Republican". Why do you state this. Teddy Roosevelt never said he was a liberal Republican. While I consider Teddy Roosevelt a moderate Republican, many historians consider not only a conservative Republican but the most conservative Republican in US history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.87.195.157 (talk) 19:51, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Well, cite some sources and we'll go from there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.9.50.240 (talk) 00:07, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism
Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. This quote is plagiarized — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:248:1:1140:100A:AB51:9DF0:4414 (talk) 02:49, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

Unclean & Unclear Introduction
We should consider reordering the introduction, since it seems a bit messy and unclear. The first sentence with the long quote seem out of place; I think that, instead of having the long quote first, the text explaining the goals of the Square Deal should be first instead. Then, the quote should follow for a summation of his stance on it. I think that it's just too ambiguous to start with a one-liner of "The Square Deal was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program" and immediately jumping to a quote on his stance. It is also Google rich-card unfriendly, since it doesn't give any info beyond the bill being a "domestic program".

I think this would be the best alternative:

The Square Deal was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the "three Cs" of Roosevelt's Square Deal. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. He explained in 1901-1909: "When I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the game, but that I stand for having those rules changed so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service."

A progressive Republican, Roosevelt believed in government action to mitigate social evils, and as president he in 1908 denounced "the representatives of predatory wealth" as guilty of "all forms of iniquity from the oppression of wage workers to unfair and unwholesome methods of crushing competition, and to defrauding the public by stock-jobbing and the manipulation of securities."

During his second term, Roosevelt tried to extend his Square Deal further, but was blocked by conservative Republicans in Congress. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Maxmmyron (talk • contribs) 02:47, 3 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Square Deal


text: Wikipedia:Inclusionist

title: Wikipedia:Inclusionist


text:
CJRQ-FM

CJRQ-FM (92.7 MHz) is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts in Sudbury, Ontario. The station uses the on-air brand Q92. The station airs a mainstream rock format and is owned by Rogers Radio, a division of Rogers Sports & Media.

The station first aired as CJRQ-FM in 1990. From 1935 to 1990, it was an AM station, airing under the call letters CKSO.

CKSO
The station was launched in 1935 under the ownership of W. E. Mason, the owner and publisher of the Sudbury Star. CKSO's original frequency was at 780 kHz, until it moved to 790 kHz in 1941. For much of its history, the station was an affiliate of the CBC's Trans-Canada Network. CKSO was the first commercial radio station in northern Ontario.

Following Mason's death in 1948, ownership was passed to a charitable foundation set up by his estate, with the Sudbury Memorial Hospital as the primary beneficiary. The station was acquired by Sudbury businessmen George Miller, Jim Cooper and Bill Plaunt in 1950; the same trio subsequently launched CKSO-TV, the city's first television station, in 1953.

In 1976, 790 CKSO received approval to increase their power from 10,000 watts day and 5,000 watts night to 50,000 watts full-time. Following the power increase, the station's AM signal could be heard as far away as Europe and some areas of the United States during the nighttime hours.

CKSO disaffiliated from CBC Radio in 1978 after CBCS-FM signed on.

CKSO and sister station CIGM were by this time owned by Cambrian Broadcasting, who sold them to United Broadcasting in 1979 as part of the corporate restructuring that created Mid-Canada Communications as the new holder of the CKSO-TV license.

In 1986, United sold CKSO and CIGM to Telemedia.

In the 1980s, the station aired an adult contemporary format, distinguishing itself from competitor CHNO's more youth-oriented Top 40/CHR format. During this era, the station used brandings such as Radio 79 CKSO, Music Radio CKSO and Favourite Hits AM 790.

Conversion to CJRQ-FM
On March 16, 1990, the CRTC approved Telemedia Communications Ontario Inc.'s application to amend the Promise of Performance for CIGM-FM by changing the music format from Group III (Country and Country-Oriented) to Group IV (40% Pop and Rock-Softer; 60% Pop and Rock-Harder). Two months later on May 18, 1990, CKSO and CIGM swapped frequencies. CIGM moved to CKSO's 790 slot on the AM band, and CKSO took on the new call letters CJRQ and CIGM's 92.7 FM frequency. The new rock format signed on as Q92.

After the 1990 swap, the CKSO call sign no longer existed in the Sudbury area until CKSO-FM, a Christian music station which had no ownership affiliation with CJRQ, signed on in 2003.

While CKSO had been a perennial second in the radio ratings against CHNO, CJRQ quickly became the most-listened to radio station in Northern Ontario, and retained that status until the late 1990s, when CJMX's adult contemporary format overtook CJRQ in the ratings. The station took its biggest ratings hit after CHNO converted to the FM band in 2000, dropping to 22.9 per cent of the radio audience in 2000 from 30.9 per cent in 1999.

In 1997, the station was censured by the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council over a 1995 broadcast. The station aired a daily programming feature in which it asked a daily poll question on an issue in the news, and subsequently broadcast a selection of listener comments; the CBSC complaint pertained to a question about whether the Ontario Health Insurance Plan should cover sex-reassignment surgery for transgender residents of the province, and one listener comment that was broadcast was singled out as especially homophobic and transphobic.

In 1999, Telemedia acquired CJMX from the Pelmorex Radio Network as well. In 2002, Telemedia was purchased by Standard Broadcasting. Shortly afterward, Standard sold CJRQ, CIGM and CJMX to Rogers Communications.

In 2009, CJRQ's longtime sister station AM 790 CIGM was sold to Newcap Broadcasting and moved to the FM dial in August that same year.

On June 7, 2016, Q92 was rebranded as 92.7 Rock retaining the slogan and rock format. This was the first time CJRQ rebranded since the station signed on as "Q92" on May 18, 1990.

The station uses the same general format as, and shares some programming with, CKFX-FM in North Bay and CJQQ-FM in Timmins. The stations currently air a mixture of locally hosted dayparts with syndicated programming, including the Brock & Dalby morning show from CIKR-FM Kingston, and the internationally syndicated Greg Beharrell Show in the evenings.

On June 28, 2024, Rogers dropped the 92.7 Rock branding and resurrected the original 1990s Q92 branding. Rogers had also resurrected the original 1990s brandings for CJQQ-FM Timmins (as Q92) and CKFX-FM North Bay (as 101.9 The Fox).

title: CJRQ-FM


text:
Talk:Ferrisburgh, Vermont

Untitled
Edits by User:65.19.94.204 should be treated with utmost suspicion - this user (contribs has added two fake joke pages (now listed for deletion) - MPF 01:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ferrisburgh, Vermont


text:
Talk:Jackass: The Movie

Improving grammar and structure
I've attempted to improve the grammar and structure of this page. There is still a long way to go: The page still requires attention, so I haven't removed the notice.
 * NPOV. It doesn't seem like an encyclopaedia article at the moment. (e.g. what should be done with "There are good quotations throughout", et al.?)
 * Some parts of the text are still awkwardly constructed or have bad grammar. A complete re-write might be necessary for some parts.
 * Writing style needs to be improved generally.

Internal Linking
This is more of a general question, but it pertains to this page. When should something be internally linked? I mean is it worth linking a movie page to this that and the other thing... and/or does the fact the page is still in need of basic attention perclude any serious linking until it has stabalized? --RoyBoy 06:24, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thank you 205.188.116.9
The scene went by so fast I couldn't tell that it was David England. SnowConeYellow 28 June 2005 14:32 (UTC)

It's missing a lot of the small scenes.

I tried...
I went ahead and attempted to clean up this page, getting rid of as many of the NPOV instances as I could find. If someone could please double-check this page and verify, I'd appreciate it.

Also, if I could throw in my two cents - while it's true that there are some small scenes (such as Wee Man banging his head on a board in an attempt to break it) that haven't been described, they don't really fall under the category as a full 'skit' in the movie, and IMHO can be left out of the description. The whole point of pages like this, after all, is to provide a comprehensive detail of the movie. Providing every last detail is not necessary.

Okay...
I'm gonna take down most of the descriptions for the skits. Let's face it, it's not necessary to list every single major skit in the movie. The point of pages like this is to inform, not to be a full-page ad for the movie. I'll save the descriptions on my computer. If anyone feels they should be returned, let me know. Sledgeh101

 * Put them on this talk page...

Grammar
Paramount Pictures...celebrating their 90th or ''celebrating its 90th"? CoolGuy 03:14, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Plot?
This movie has none, I think that is significant.

Documentary
Several reliable sources classify the movies as a documentary.   Wikipedia defines documentary film as Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to "document" reality.  I'm restoring the category. THF 04:15, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's keep this discussion to one page, and the Talk:Jackass Number Two page is sufficient for both articles. --David Shankbone 04:20, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Introductory sentences
Because of the nature of the film..."

Because of the extreme nature of some of the stunts..."

Because of the sensitive nature of some of the stunts..."

Some variety?

-Debasemasonsgrog 20:29, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 19:25, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Jackass poster.jpg
Image:Jackass poster.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 23:18, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Preston's Myspace
On Preston Lacy's official Myspace (Link found on jackassworld.com)He wrote down that he is one of the writers for the jackass franchise, and he goes on to state, Jackass the show, The Movie, Number Two, Jackass 2.5, and Jackass 3. Wait he said Jackass 3, is that credible evidence?Onepiece226 (talk) 17:00, 21 August 2008 (UTC)Onepiece226

homoeroticism
Assuming one can find a third-party source, the film's weird homoeroticism needs to be discussed. This is not just the bit about the toy car up the ass. It runs throughout the film. WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 18:33, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Semiprotection review

 * 19:50, 2 March 2008 Ocatecir (talk | contribs) protected Jackass: The Movie  (jackass 24 hour related vandalism [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed])

That was over 18 months ago. I'm reviewing whether this semiprotection is necessary. As well as welcoming the opinions of regular editors, I've also contacted Ocatecir, the protecting admin. --TS 16:53, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Jackass: The Movie


text: Category:1990 in music

title: Category:1990 in music


text:
Talk:Mita Congregation

2004
Can anyone show where this came from? "Also, once a person becomes a member, he or she must not have any children in the future." I'll delete it if no one can show where it comes from. I haven't heard that before and I know a couple of people memebers of the mita congregation. Cjrs 79 01:03, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * It is absolutely amazing how people always try to vilify that wich they do not know or understand. I am 52 years old, the oldest of 4 children born to a couple who joined the congregation late in their teens. Not only did I grow up in "Mita's" home but she loved to entertain church members and their children. The Sunday School was called "El Consejero" where children were taught how to be God fearing Christians and good citizens. The music school was opened to all youths who were interested in music free of charge even if they were not church members. So much for couples not having children or children not being around! SQM 05-22-2007 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.192.134.136 (talk • contribs) May 22, 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mita Congregation