text:
Anders Limpar

Anders Erik Limpár (born 24 September 1965) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Limpar featured for the clubs IF Brommapojkarna, Young Boys, Cremonese, Arsenal, Everton, Birmingham City, AIK, Colorado Rapids and Djurgårdens IF during a career that spanned between 1981 and 2002.

A full international between 1987 and 1996, Limpar was capped 58 times by Sweden, scoring 6 goals altogether. He represented Sweden at the 1988 Summer Olympics, the 1990 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 1992, as well as the 1994 FIFA World Cup where Sweden finished third.

In 1991, he was awarded Guldbollen as Sweden's best footballer of the year.

Early career
Born in Solna with Hungarian roots, Limpar started playing football in Brommapojkarna, famous for its production of footballing talent. He then played for Örgryte, joining in the wake of its sensational Swedish championship title in 1985. Limpar quickly became one of the hottest properties in Swedish football, and as so he was offered the chance to journey to Switzerland with Bern club Young Boys. He followed this up in a one-season spell in Italy with Cremonese during the 1989–90 season. That season Limpar was named Serie A's third best foreign player behind Diego Maradona and Lothar Matthäus.

Arsenal
His club career peaked when he signed for Arsenal on 8 July 1990 from Cremonese for £1m. Limpar quickly impressed in the Makita Tournament at Wembley and made his League debut in the 3–0 win at Wimbledon 25 August 1990. He went on to win the league title in the 1990–91 season. Limpar was also involved in the brawl against Manchester United 20 October 1990 and scored the only goal of the game. He played a particularly notable part in the 1990–91 season, scoring some important goals, and impressing in his first season with exciting wing play and crowd-pleasing displays. These included a hat-trick against Coventry City in a 6–1 win on the final day of the league season, by which time Arsenal were already champions. He managed a total of 13 goals that season, with 11 of them coming in the league.

He won the Guldbollen – Sweden's Player of the Year award – in 1991.

In the season 1991–92, Limpar was in and out of the side. A jaw injury kept him out for several weeks but he still netted some spectacular goals including a 40 yard chip in Arsenals 4–0 win over Liverpool on 20 April 1992. A succession of knocks hampered him the following season, and he sat on the sidelines injured for Arsenal's 1993 wins in both the League and the FA Cups. He and manager George Graham eventually fell out and with his contract due to come to an end in May 1994, Limpar, who was seeking a new deal at the club, was not offered one by Graham. Limpar played his last match with Arsenal against Southampton 19 March 1994. Limpar scored 20 goals from 116 appearances for Arsenal where he was popular with the fans, particularly for his performances in the title winning season.

Everton
On transfer deadline day in March 1994, Limpar transferred to Everton for £1.6 million. Limpar has revealed how he told reporters on the day he signed for Arsenal 1990, that he supported Everton.

He made his debut for Everton in a home defeat (1–0 to Tottenham Hotspur) on 26 March 1994. Limpar won a crucial penalty for Everton in the final day victory over Wimbledon in 1994, which preserved Everton's Premiership status.

Whilst playing for the toffees he won the FA Cup for the first time in 1995. Limpar went on to play a vital role in the Cup final at Wembley, with a run from inside his own half leading to Everton's winning goal being scored by Paul Rideout. He also hit a memorable 50-yard reverse-pass which led to an Everton break-away that BBC commentator Barry Davies described as the 'pass of the match'. He also won the 1995 FA Charity Shield with Everton, but eventually fell out of favour at Goodison Park after 1995–96, making only two appearances for the club during the 1996–97 season.

Birmingham City
On 20 January 1997, Limpar was signed by Birmingham City for a fee of £100,000. He made his league debut on 1 February 1997, in a 2–1 away defeat against Bolton Wanderers. The move proved to be unfruitful, as he made only four appearances, before the club later ended his stay in April 1997.

Later career
Moving back to Sweden on a free transfer to AIK in the summer of 1997, he won the Allsvenskan title in 1998. After two years in Stockholm, he signed for Major League Soccer side Colorado Rapids in February 1999 where he stayed until November 2000. He then returned to Sweden to sign for Djurgårdens IF. However he failed to make an appearance for them and shortly went on to IF Brommapojkarna, where he started his club career. He eventually retired from the game in March 2001 at the age of 35, due to persistent injuries.

At the age of 56 Anders made a comeback for Hede IK in the Swedish Division 5 and scored a goal from half the football field.

International career
In total, Limpar won 58 caps for Sweden, scoring 6 goals between 1987 and 1996. He was a member of one of the most successful Sweden squads ever, the team that finished third at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States. However, he did not have a large role during the tournament, making just one substitute appearance, in the 3rd-place match. He also represented Sweden at the 1988 Summer Olympics, 1990 FIFA World Cup, and UEFA Euro 1992.

Coaching career
Limpar began coaching the youth team at Djurgårdens IF. He was later appointed assistant manager for the Swedish second division team Sollentuna United. In October 2008, aged 43, he played a one-off game for Sollentuna United's reserve side in the position of left back.

Personal life
After retiring from football in 2001, Limpar opened a bar, The Limp Bar, in central Stockholm, although it has since closed. In 2012 Limpar, together with colleague Mikael Crona, founded Swedish company Super Lock which produces plastic boxes. He currently is the CEO of betting site BestBetToday.com.

International

 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Limpar goal.

Honours
Arsenal
 * First Division: 1990–91

Everton
 * FA Cup: 1994–95
 * FA Charity Shield: 1995

AIK
 * Allsvenskan: 1998
 * Svenska Cupen: 1998–99

Sweden

 * FIFA World Cup third place: 1994

Individual
 * Guldbollen: 1991
 * IF Brommapojkarna Hall of Fame: 2014

title: Anders Limpar


text: User talk:69.119.173.167

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.119.173.167


text: User talk:81.191.48.56

title: User talk:81.191.48.56


text:
Use Once and Destroy

Use Once and Destroy is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Superjoint Ritual, released on May 21, 2002. The guitar and bass work was done by Phil Anselmo and Eyehategod's Jimmy Bower. Drumming was performed by Joe Fazzio. For touring bass duties, the band recruited Hank Williams III. Anselmo did not want to play bass live because he wanted to focus mainly on singing.

Use Once and Destroy is a slightly different approach to music than the work of Pantera, one of Anselmo's other bands. It has been described as a mix of hardcore punk and sludge metal. AllMusic called it "some of the most intense heavy thrash metal to be released in 2002".

The album was re-released in 2006 through Sanctuary / Mayan Records, featuring bonus tracks.

On May 20, 2022, Revolver Magazine respectively reissued the album on a 2LP vinyl cover to celebrate its 20th-anniversary milestone, as well as their second follow-up album, A Lethal Dose of American Hatred. The 20th-anniversary edition art covers were designed by Child Bite lead vocalist Shawn Knight.

Music videos
"Fuck Your Enemy" had a music video, directed by Jim Van Bebber. With its short song length, it found considerable airplay on Uranium throughout 2003. The black and white video begins by passing a door with a sign that reads "Hippies use side door". It then features the band performing in a small room with its walls covered in music posters and logos. Brief shots have the band humorously playing air guitar and drums before reverting to actual instrument performance footage. The song title would be censored as "F*** Your Enemy".

"The Alcoholik" also had a music video, directed by Jim Van Bebber. The video starts with a couple of various shots of the band playing along with the song vigorously. Superjoint and Eyehategod guitarist and Down drummer Jimmy Bower appears as an actor by drinking numerous couple of beer bottles while watching NASCAR on television. It then proceeds as Bower runs to the toilet by breaking the door down, signifying the "PINEAL GLAND" meter as full. The process continues while Bower goes back to drinking alcoholic beverages and smoking cigarettes while on the couch as various shots of Bower were made outside the home. Two unidentified actors came in to force Bower to drink more while the music plays. Various posters and logos were used, including the Confederate flag at the end of the music video.

Personnel

 * Superjoint Ritual
 * Phil Anselmo – vocals, guitars, bass
 * Jimmy Bower – guitars, bass
 * Joe Fazzio – drums

 * Production
 * Dave Fortman – engineering, mixing, producer
 * Mark Casselman – mastering
 * Joe Fazzio – artwork, design
 * Keith Neltner – design
 * Neil Zlozower – photography

Chart positions
Album - Billboard (United States)

title: Use Once and Destroy


text:
Talk:List of theosophical glossaries

Discussion moved from Talk:Kamarupa

 * From Talk:Kamarupa

This article could perhaps be a copyright infringement and may have to be rewritten. Other articles by User:Knightt may have the same problem.

According to Works produced before 1923 should be public domain.

The dates of some of the theosophical encyclopedias are:

EG | Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary - 1999 | G. de Purucker, ed. FY | Five Years of Theosophy - 1885 | H. P. Blavatsky, ed. GH | Gods and Heroes of the Bhagavad Gita - 1939 | Geoffrey A. Barborka IN | An Invitation to the Secret Doctrine - 1988 | Grace F. Knoche, ed. IU | Isis Unveiled - 1877 | H. P. Blavatsky KT | Key to Theosophy - 1889 | H. P. Blavatsky MO | The Masks of Odin - 1985 | Elsa-Brita Titchenell OG | Occult Glossary - 1933, 1996 | G. de Purucker PV | Esotericism of the Popol Vuh | Raphael Girard (glossary by Blair A. Moffett) SD INDEX | Index to The Secret Doctrine - 1997 | John P. Van Mater SF | Search and Find - 1978 | Elsie Benjamin SK | Sanskrit Keys the Wisdom Religion - 1940 | Judith Tyberg

SKf | Sanskrit terms from Fundamentals of the Esoteric Philosophy, by G. de Purucker, 1932.

SKo | Sanskrit terms from The Ocean of Theosophy, by William Q. Judge, 1893.

SKs | Sanskrit terms from The Secret Doctrine, by H. P. Blavatsky, 1888.

SKv | Sanskrit terms from The Voice of the Silence, by H. P. Blavatsky, 1889.

SP | Sanskrit Pronunciation - 1992 | Bruce Cameron Hall TG | Theosophical Glossary - 1892 | H. P. Blavatsky VS | Voice of the Silence - 1889 | H. P. Blavatsky WG | The Working Glossary - 1892 | W. Q. Judge

WGa | Terms from The Working Glossary Appendix

WW | Word Wisdom in the Esoteric Tradition - 1980 | G. de Purucker

 * Thus the following encyclopedias among others could probably be used as they seem to be in public domain:

 * KT | Key to Theosophy - 1889 | H. P. Blavatsky (Glossary)
 * TG | Theosophical Glossary - 1892 | H. P. Blavatsky

The THEOSOPHICAL UNIVERSITY PRESS has granted reprint in Wakipedia under the terms that the source is identified. See below for details.
 * Note: it is unclear if this applies only to wikipedian Knightt or to other wikipedians as well.

Dear Brendan

Thanks for your email and request to reprint in the Wikipedia some definitions from our Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary. You have our permission to do so provided that each entry identifies its source (Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary), if only to let people know its perspective.

As the ETG is a work-in progress (so mentioned at the top of each page), please be aware that some terms may reflect dated or inaccurate scholarship -- I am thinking especially of some of the Mesopotamian terms. The Sanskrit, Tibetan, Greek, Roman, and theosophical terms are all pretty good; the Egyptian may be incomplete.

We trust this will be of help -- Wikipedia is a wonderful resource.

Best regards of the holidays and new year,

THEOSOPHICAL UNIVERSITY PRESS

2007-02-7 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 13:29, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of theosophical glossaries


text: Category:Swedish mathematicians

title: Category:Swedish mathematicians


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Semitish

Semitish was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

An "international auxiliary language" with 65 google hits, few of which (if any) seem to be references to the languages but rather references to "semitish" (ie semitic) culture. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 23:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. The language and the project that gave birth to it are beautiful and I would say noteworthy, at least from a linguistic perspective.--Sonjaaa 23:21, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, minor conlang. Cute idea, but not noteworthy for the time being. --fvw *  23:43, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Abstain. It looks like Semitish is also the name of a Neolithic root language (like Indo-European) and IMHO the article should be about that, with this new language as a footnote.   P Ingerson 23:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually my vote is leaning towards keep. I'm being persuadef by P Ingerson and Sonjaa. I'm reminded of the vfd notice that was recently put on that lovely functional programming language, Lazy K.  Not many people program in that, but it's not deletion material. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 00:03, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the more common term for the shared ancestor language of Hebrew, Arabic and other languages is Proto-Semitic. Perhaps this could be a redirect to that. In any case, I think we'd better wait for this language to accumulate a speaker base before we maintain an article about it, as I estimate there have been hundreds if not thousands of attempts to create international auxiliary languages with goals just as ambitious (this page gives you a sample of some of them that have made a presence on the Internet; who knows how many have not), and this one doesn't yet seem to stand out. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 00:04, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, and delete. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 00:04, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Dubious. Nizar Habash has a cool site, certainly; but I don't see any evidence of notability, or even of the existence of other speakers. - Mustafaa 00:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is not yet notable, and linguistic history over the past century is littered with the dangling participles of dead, invented languages (the concept is contrary to how the human brain spontaneously engages speech and grammar). Wyss 02:49, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep—Trevor Caira 03:01, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstaining for the time being. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:17, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Ld 05:57, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is either original research or art. Where is the evidence of notability? Wyss 17:09, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Keep unless there's absolutely nothing else that can be added to it. It's a workable premise for an article. --PacknCanes 06:13, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 02:21, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am unconvinced that this "language" has any influence. Indrian 06:58, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * As an Esperanto speaker, I can tell you that this is very untrue. Most estimates indicate at least 1 million speakers worldwide, with a thriving literature, universal conventions, etc.; there are even native speakers of Esperanto. This language, however, shows no evidence of having more than one speaker, or that the language has even been developed to a point where one can hold conversations in it. Judging by the descriptions of the website, it is a language for use in a fictional world where no Israeli-Palestinian conflict arose, and individuals constructing languages for fictional worlds is a lot more common than you'd think, especially after the recent surge of interest in Tolkien. This person's project just doesn't seem to stand out in terms of notability. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 18:41, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I just took a look at that website (guess I should have done it earlier, eh? :)) and you're right; this looks to be linguistic fanfic. Delete.  (And I didn't mean to take a swipe at everyone who speaks Esperanto.  I mean, Latin has no influence anymore either, but no one's going to argue that people don't speak it.  I just meant to draw a parallel that we'd be setting a bad precedent if we started excluding articles based on their relative influence on modern life.) --PacknCanes 19:26, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep for the time being. I agree on all points with Sonjaaa. However, the article is extremely short and I'd like to see it expanded. Also, all the link uncovers about the language is the alphabet. I hope the language will be online soon. If, after a month or four, it is still nothing but an alphabet, then I'd lean towards deletion. IJzeren Jan 08:05, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC).

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Swedish physicists

title: Category:Swedish physicists


text:
Dániel Gyurta

Dániel Gyurta (born 4 May 1989) is a Hungarian former competitive swimmer who mainly competed in the 200-metre breaststroke. In 2016, Gyurta became a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), he is a member of the European Olympic Committees (EOC) Athletes' Commission since 2013 and a member of the Athletes Commission since 2016.

Biography
Gyurta was born in Budapest. When he was 15 years old, he won a silver medal (with 2.10.80) in the men's 200-metre breaststroke at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

His coaches are Sándor Széles, Ferenc Kovácshegyi and Balázs Virth. On 12 August 2008 he set an Olympic record in the preliminaries of the 200-metre breaststroke at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. His record was broken one day later by Kitajima in the semi-finals. Gyurta finished fifth in the final.

At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships he won gold medal in 200 m breaststroke, edging out Eric Shanteau in the last meters. He was named Hungarian Sportsman of the year for this achievement.

Two years later Gyurta retained the gold medal at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships, thus becoming the second man to defend the world title on 200 metre breaststroke after David Wilkie of Great Britain, who won the first two world titles, in 1973 and 1975.

At the 2012 London Olympics he won the gold medal and set a new world record for the 200 m breaststroke. After the race, he offered a replica of his Olympic medal to the parents of his former competitor Alexander Dale Oen in tribute to him, a gesture much appreciated by Dale's family. Dale had died on 30 April 2012, a few months before the Games. Later, Gyurta received the international Fair Play Award from UNESCO, in respect of his medal tribute of a fallen fellow breaststroker: Alexander Dale Oen.

His younger brother, Gergely Gyurta is also a competitive swimmer.

Personal bests
In long course swim pools Gyurta's bests are:

 * 100 m breaststroke: 59.53 (29 July 2012, London) Hungarian Record
 * 200 m breaststroke: 2:07.23 (2 August 2013, Barcelona) Championship Record, European Record

In short course pools Gyurta's best's are:

 * 50 m breaststroke: 27.00 (10 December 2009) Hungarian Record
 * 100 m breaststroke: 56.72 (11 December 2009, Istanbul) Hungarian Record
 * 200 m breaststroke: 2:00.48 (31 August 2014, Dubai) Former World Record

Awards

 * HUN Order of Merit of the Hungarian Rep (civil) 5class BAR.svg Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary – Knight's Cross (2004)
 * Hungarian swimmer of the Year (5): 2004, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013
 * Hungarian Junior Athlete of the Year (2) - the National Sports Association (NSSZ) awards: 2004, 2007
 * Junior Príma award (2008)
 * Hungarian Sportsman of the Year (3) - votes of sports journalists: 2009, 2012, 2013
 * HUN Order of Merit of the Hungarian Rep (civil) 4class BAR.svg Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary – Officer's Cross (2010)
 * Best Youth Hungarian Athlete of the year (1) - the National Sports Association (NSSZ) awards: 2011
 * Best Hungarian Junior Sportman of the Year (Héraklész) (1): 2011
 * HUN Order of Merit of the Hungarian Rep (civil) 3class BAR.svg Order of Merit of Hungary – Commander's Cross (2012)
 * UNESCO Fair Play Award (2013)
 * Swimming World Magazine – European Swimmer of the Year (1): 2013
 * Hungarian university athlete of the year (1): 2015
 * Honorary Citizen of Újpest (2016)

title: Dániel Gyurta


text:
Jawbreaker (band)

Jawbreaker is an American punk rock band that was active from 1986 to 1996, and again since 2017. The band is considered to be extremely influential to the 1990s emo and punk genre with their "poetic take on hardcore." Their influence on the punk scene has led some critics to label Jawbreaker as the best punk rock band of the 1990s.

Lead vocalist and guitarist Blake Schwarzenbach, bassist Chris Bauermeister, and drummer Adam Pfahler formed the band while students at New York University, later relocating to Los Angeles where they released their debut album Unfun (1990) through independent record label Shredder Records. Relocating again to San Francisco the next year, they released 1992's Bivouac through the Tupelo Recording Company and The Communion Label.

Schwarzenbach's charisma and personal, frustrated lyrics helped establish him as a cult idol, even as he underwent surgery to remove painful, voice-threatening polyps from his throat. Jawbreaker toured with Nirvana in 1993 and released 24 Hour Revenge Therapy in 1994, attracting the attention of major labels. They signed a $1 million contract with DGC Records and released 1995's Dear You, but its more polished production and smooth vocals caused significant backlash from the band's core audience. Internal tensions led to Jawbreaker's dissolution in 1996 and Schwarzenbach had repeatedly stated that a reunion would never happen. However, the band announced a reunion in April 2017, and they are currently in the process of making the follow-up to Dear You.

Following the breakup, the members of Jawbreaker were active in other projects including Jets to Brazil and Whysall Lane. Pfahler continued to issue previously-recorded Jawbreaker material through his Blackball Records label, and public interest in the band continued due in part to nationally charting pop-punk and emo acts openly indebted to Jawbreaker's sound. In 2004, Pfahler licensed the out-of-print Dear You from DGC's parent company Geffen Records and re-released it to positive reviews. Remastered versions of the rest of the band's catalog have since been released.

1986–1990: Formation and Unfun
Prior to forming Jawbreaker, Blake Schwarzenbach and Adam Pfahler were childhood friends in Santa Monica, California and classmates at Crossroads High School. In 1986 they moved to New York City to attend New York University and decided to start a band. Seeking a bassist, they responded to a flyer posted on campus by Chris Bauermeister. "It wasn't just this Xeroxed thing", Pfahler later recalled, "It was something he had drawn, like a poster. It was all colored and it named all the right bands." The trio began practicing together at Giant Studios on Sixth Avenue, with Schwarzenbach on guitar and Pfahler on drums. "It was just us, trying to figure each other out in that hourly room for a while", recalls Schwarzenbach, "We went through a lot of incarnations before we sounded anything like the band we became. I am glad we didn't play live [very much then], because I had to go through my hardcore phase." They practiced with several singers and went through several names during this time, eventually settling on the name Rise.

In the fall of 1987 Schwarzenbach, Pfahler, and Bauermeister took time off from college and moved to Los Angeles to pursue Rise, adding Bauermeister's childhood friend Jon Liu on lead vocals. This changed, however, when Schwarzenbach wrote and sang "Shield Your Eyes" for the band's demo. It was the first recording on which he sang, and he later noted that it "kind of defined where we would go as a band". According to Liu, "That was the song where everything worked. The vocal arrangements. The lyrics. It was a perfect piece. But to my detriment, I kind of bristled against it. I was like, 'This is amazing, and I don't think I can do anything like this. The band soon changed their name to Jawbreaker and Schwarzenbach, Pfahler, and Bauermeister decided to continue as a trio with Schwarzenbach on vocals. Bauermeister was given the task of informing Liu that he was no longer in the band, which proved awkward since the two were roommates. "I am cool with it now," reflected Liu in 2010, "It was to everybody's benefit. But at the time, there was some bitterness."

"Shield Your Eyes" was the first Jawbreaker song to be released, on the 7" vinyl compilation album The World's in Shreds Volume Two on independent record label Shredder Records. This was followed by a single for the song "Busy" and the Whack & Blite 7" E.P. in 1989. In total Jawbreaker wrote almost 20 songs in 1988 and 1989, many of which appeared on compilations and split singles over the next two years. The band played their first show March 16, 1989 at Club 88 in Los Angeles and recorded their debut album, Unfun, in two days in Venice in January 1990. Released through Shredder, its pop-punk sound was distinguished by Schwarzenbach's lyrical and vocal intensity.

In the summer of 1990 Jawbreaker embarked on the "Fuck 90" tour with Econochrist, which proved to be a grueling experience that briefly broke up the band. "It was roughly two months, in the summer, for a totally unknown band", according to Schwarzenbach. "Of that tour, we probably had six rad shows. Then there were maybe 25 utterly forgettable metal-club-in-Florida-type shows." Bauermeister stopped speaking to Pfahler and Schwarzenbach when the tour reached Canada, with several weeks still to go. By the conclusion of the tour, tensions between the members had risen to the point where they announced the band's breakup. Schwarzenbach and Bauermeister returned to New York University to finish their degrees, and rarely spoke to each other.

1991–1992: Relocation and Bivouac
Pfahler quickly regretted the breakup, while Schwarzenbach and Bauermeister eventually reconciled in New York. The trio decided to continue with Jawbreaker and relocate to San Francisco, where they had already earned the recognition of local acts Econochrist and Samiam. In 1991 they moved into an apartment complex in the Mission District; Pfahler and Schwarzenbach shared an apartment across the hall from Bauermeister, J Church's Lance Hahn and roadie Raul Reyes. They recorded their second album, Bivouac, with recording engineer Billy Anderson, and it was released in 1992 through the local labels Tupelo Recording Company and The Communion Label. Pfahler has described the album as "varied and ambitious", noting that it "took ages to finish" and "I think we were trying to prove something with that record. We were definitely stretching out."

By the time of Bivouac ' s release Schwarzenbach had developed a polyp on his throat, causing him to lose his voice onstage. As the band drove across the United States to fly from New York City to begin a European tour, he began to suffer serious vocal problems. Though the condition caused him great pain while singing, threatened his voice, and was potentially fatal should the polyp burst or lodge in his throat, the band decided to do the European tour anyway. "That period seemed really arduous for me because I was so physically challenged by singing", recalls Schwarzenbach, "Every day was full of dread, having to stand up there and see what would happen. But it was too late. We had to play or else we would have bankrupted our friends." By the time the band reached Ireland, Schwarzenbach's condition had worsened and the tour was put on hold while he had surgery to remove the polyp. The tour resumed a week later. In August 1992, Jawbreaker was noticed by the magazine Spin when the magazine published a story called "California Screamin'", which documented the East Bay punk scene.

1993–1994: 24 Hour Revenge Therapy and signing to DGC
Upon returning to San Francisco, Pfahler and Schwarzenbach were homeless and slept in the band's touring van for a brief period. They soon found new residences, with Schwarzenbach moving to nearby Oakland where he began writing lyrics for the band's third album, 24 Hour Revenge Therapy. Jawbreaker travelled to Chicago in May 1993 and recorded the bulk of the album with engineer Steve Albini, though the album's production is officially credited on liner notes and packaging to Fluss, Albini's cat. They recorded three additional tracks with Billy Anderson in San Francisco that August, and the album was released in early 1994 through Tupelo/Communion. Music journalist Andy Greenwald and Alternative Press ' Trevor Kelley both cite it as the album most beloved by the band's fans. "24 Hour Revenge Therapy is arguably Jawbreaker's best album," writes Greenwald, "but it is also far and away its most loved, the best example of Schwarzenbach's innate ability to marry the boozy, bluesy regretfulness of the Replacements with the loose, seat-of-the-pants attitude of Gilman Street punk." As dubbed copies of the album began to circulate in late summer 1993, the band began to earn a devoted fanbase.

In October 1993, prior to 24 Hour Revenge Therapy ' s release, Jawbreaker were asked to open for Nirvana on six dates of their In Utero tour. Fans bristled against this, wary that it would result in Jawbreaker—a beloved independent band—signing to major label DGC Records, whom Nirvana were contracted to. "I think we were fortunate [with 24 Hour Revenge Therapy]", recalls Schwarzenbach, "But we still got some flack. Even at that point, there were people who didn't think we were especially punk-rock, as some people practiced it. I don't think there was any major pushback, though, until we did the Nirvana tour. That's officially when it started." According to Pfahler: "People really came down on us for going on tour with Nirvana. They really saw it as, 'Okay, here we go. This is the first step. The next thing that happens is that someone from the label sees them and they get snapped up.' Which is kind of what happened."

Following the release of 24 Hour Revenge Therapy in February 1994, Jawbreaker received contract offers from major record labels. Though they had already decided to break up following the album's supporting tours due to tiredness and frustration, the band decided to consider the offers, partly due to the major label successes of their peers Green Day and Jawbox. They met with a number of labels over the course of the year, narrowing their options to Warner Bros. Records, Capitol Records, and DGC. Rumors spread throughout the Bay Area suggesting Jawbreaker had signed to major label, and in a 1994 concert where Green Day's Billie Joe Armstrong was among the audience, Schwarzenbach confronted the major label gossip, confirming the approaches by representatives but promised to never sell out. Nonetheless, the band signed to DGC in a one million-dollar deal, due in part to the relationship they had developed with A&R representative Mark Kates who they had met on the Nirvana tour. Fans and key figures in the punk rock community were quick to denounce the band for the move. In an interview for Ben Weasel's Panic Button zine following the Nirvana tour, Schwarzenbach had stated flatly that Jawbreaker was not interested in signing to a major record label. In response to the signing, Weasel took the band to task in a column for Maximumrocknroll accompanied by a photo depicting him eating his own hat, which he had promised to do if the band ever signed to a major.

1995–1996: Dear You and breakup
Jawbreaker began recording their major-label debut, Dear You, in February 1995 at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California with Rob Cavallo, who had produced Green Day's breakthrough album Dookie the previous year. Recording sessions lasted two months and resulted in disenchantment and tension within the band, particularly between Bauermeister and Schwarzenbach. After a week of recording drums and bass guitar, Bauermeister and Pfahler were largely absent from the rest of the sessions while Schwarzenbach continued to work on the album with Cavallo. "I didn't even go", recalled Bauermeister in 2010, "I just hung out at home with my wife. I was already trying to separate myself from the band, while Blake became more of the major force." With a large recording budget at their disposal, Schwarzenbach and Cavallo spent much of their time polishing the record's production value, making the vocals and guitar clear and bringing them to the forefront of the mix. According to Cavallo, "Blake really wanted to be heard. I think he wanted his voice to be heard for the first time. He also decided to sing differently. Then, to me, I thought those songs could benefit from some precision."

In the months leading up to the album's release, a number of music publications positioned Jawbreaker as the next stars of the Bay Area punk scene, sometimes referring to them as "the thinking man's Green Day". When Dear You was released in September 1995, however, its polished production and clear vocals strongly divided the band's fanbase. "[Dear You]'s production glistened and gleamed," says Greenwald, "Schwarzenbach's voice was sanded and smoothed, and the songs were mellow, introspective affairs. The reaction was harsh—those who had entrusted their emotional lives to Schwarzenbach, had viewed him as a tattered, secular priest to lay their burdens on, felt betrayed." Ben Weasel was so displeased with the album, particularly the sound of Schwarzenbach's singing, that he wrote Pfahler a letter detailing his complaints with it. Despite a music video in rotation to support the single "Fireman," sales of Dear You were poor, and only sold 40,000 copies in the US.

As the band toured in support of the album, audience reaction toward the new material was either lukewarm or outright negative. "I have never seen anything like that—before or since", said Kates, "There was a point where they were headlining the Roxy and there were kids sitting on the floor, with their backs to the stage, when they were playing songs from Dear You. I'm not making that up. If you were to try to explain that to somebody now, it would make no sense." Jawbreaker continued touring in 1996, opening for the Foo Fighters that spring, but audience reception did not improve. Samiam's Sergie Loobkoff cites a show at The Warfield in San Francisco as a turning point: "That is when I knew they were definitely going to break up. It was their hometown; they had put out the big major-label record. But then you're looking around and it was like no one cared."

Attitudes between the band members continued to sour, particularly between Bauermeister and Schwarzenbach, who took to traveling in separate vans. Tensions came to a head in Salem, Oregon, culminating in a fistfight between the two which spilled out of the van and onto the sidewalk. "I remember just calling Blake a 'fucking prima donna' and a 'stupid son of a bitch who thinks it's all about him.' Just letting it all out", says Bauermeister, "It definitely put a wedge between us." On returning to San Francisco, the band called a meeting and decided to break up, though Pfahler was resistant to the idea. Jawbreaker officially announced their breakup on July 4, 1996.

1997–2016: Post-Jawbreaker projects
Following the band's breakup, Schwarzenbach moved to Brooklyn where he DJ'd and wrote freelance video game reviews for websites. He formed and fronted Jets to Brazil from 1997 to 2003, combining Britpop influences, piano ballads, and stark lyrics. Fans and critics, however, still associated him primarily with Jawbreaker and did not warm to his new project: "Schwarzenbach was so adored for what he had done that few were willing to allow him to gracefully move on", writes Greenwald, "Jets to Brazil, though popular, has received unspeakably scathing reviews, boiling with the bitterness usually reserved for a cheating lover."

Bauermeister, meanwhile, returned to his job at the toy store he had worked at before Jawbreaker had begun touring. "I had been on tour, playing in front of thousands of people", he later remarked, "And here I was, working as a toy shop clerk. I was devastated." He eventually returned to music, joining the Chicago pop-punk band Horace Pinker from 1999 to 2001, performing on their 2000 EP Copper Regret before forming the shortlived Shorebirds and Mutoid Men with Mattie Jo Canino, formerly of Latterman. Bauermeister additionally recorded bass on RVIVR's 2014 EP Bicker & Breathe, a band also fronted by Canino.

Pfahler remained in San Francisco's Mission District, where he opened the Lost Weekend Video store with Jawbreaker's tour manager Christy Colcord. He played in J Church with Bauermeister's old roommate Lance Hahn from 1998 to 2002, then in Whysall Lane until 2006. He continued to release Jawbreaker material through his Blackball Records label, issuing the live album Live 4/30/96 in 1999 and the compilation album Etc. in 2002. In 2004 he licensed the publishing rights to Dear You—which had become an out-of-print collector's item, often selling for more than twice its retail price on online auction sites—from DGC's parent company Geffen Records, and re-released it to positive critical response.

In August 2007 filmmakers Keith Schieron and Tim Irwin began work on a documentary film about Jawbreaker, having previously made the 2005 Minutemen documentary We Jam Econo. All three band members were convinced to take part in the film and met at a San Francisco studio, the first time they had all met together in eleven years. "A couple years ago, I began to have a really nice time with the memory of Jawbreaker," said Schwarzenbach, "I just thought, 'That's good, people finally get it.' It was nice. So I was happy with the idea. I wanted to do it." Bauermeister was unsure about seeing Schwarzenbach again, but stated that "there was a moment when I realized that my resentment was not so much through Blake, but what he had come to represent in my mind. So I told him." The filmmakers had the necessary instruments and equipment set up in the studio and invited the band to play, which they did, performing "Bivouac", "Condition Oakland", and "Parabola". The performance was photographed, and an audio recording was made through the sound board, but the band chose not to film the session "out of both respect for the sanctity of the moment and fear that we'd suck." In February 2011 Schieron and Irwin shot footage in Los Angeles, including interviews with Jon Liu and the band's former tour manager Anthony "Nino" Newman. There was talk of reuniting the band with Dear You producer Rob Cavallo, but this did not take place. Bauermeister and Schwarzenbach did not speak again for some time after the filming in San Francisco. Pfahler mentioned in a May 2015 update on the band's official Twitter account that he had "just met with Keith Schieron about the Jawbreaker documentary. We're interviewing editors to take it from here."

Schwarzenbach spent time teaching English at Hunter College in New York City and briefly fronted The Thorns of Life from 2008 to 2009. He currently plays in the band Forgetters. Bauermeister lives in Olympia, Washington and performs in the Mutoid Men. Pfahler still resides in San Francisco, where he continues to run Lost Weekend Video and reissue Jawbreaker material through Blackball Records; in 2010 he released a remastered version of Unfun, and plans to remaster and re-release Bivouac and 24 Hour Revenge Therapy over the next few years.

Rumors persisted of a Jawbreaker reunion, but they had been continually dispelled by the band members. Pfahler said that he "would do it in a heartbeat", while Bauermeister had agreed that "Adam and I would do it at the drop of a hat. But I don't think Blake is anywhere near [ready]." For his part, Schwarzenbach had expressed that he did not feel physically capable of singing the songs and doing them justice: "If I felt I was in a good enough place, I think we could have a really fun and successful tour. We could also pay a lot of bills, which would be profoundly helpful. But it's always the same story. Something is fucking broken in me so that when it's like, 'A lot of people want to hear you,' I just think, 'Well, I don't want to do that.

2017–present: Reunion and possible fifth studio album
On April 19, 2017, it was announced that Jawbreaker would reunite as the headliner of the final night of Riot Fest in September 2017. Although the Riot Fest appearance was initially announced as a one-off reunion show, Jawbreaker performed together for the first time in 21 years at the Ivy Room in Albany on August 3, 2017, opening for Monsula; this was held as a private gig and mostly attended by friends of the band. They played their second reunion show at The Rickshaw Stop in San Francisco on August 12, 2017. On November 28, 2017, Jawbreaker performed their first post-Riot Fest show at the Olympia Film Society to benefit the Thurston County Food Bank.

Coinciding with the band's reunion, the long-in the works documentary Don't Break Down: A Film About Jawbreaker was premiered on August 11, 2017 in San Francisco, and screened at Nitehawk Cinema in New York City on August 31. On the night of the documentary's screening, frontman Blake Schwarzenbach participated in a Q&A session, where he hinted at more shows and added that there was "95% chance of a New York show." He explained, "If we aren't burned alive in Chicago, we wanna do more, and not have to have people make it a destination and pay a ton of money to see us." Schwarzenbach also stated that Jawbreaker was "trying to" write new material. Also coinciding with the reunion, Jawbreaker's first demo from 1989 was remastered and remixed, and re-released on their Bandcamp page.

On January 9, 2018, the band announced a series of sold-out shows. In January, the band played two shows in San Francisco, three shows at Brooklyn Steel in February (making it their first shows in New York in 25 years), and in March, two shows at the Hollywood Palladium (their first shows in Los Angeles in 22 years). They performed in Austin, Texas with Lemuria and A Giant Dog in July. The band played a 2 night residency in Portland, Oregon at the Crystal Ballroom with Swearin' and 3 nights in their native San Francisco at The Fillmore with Street Eaters and Dirty Denim in August and October respectively. On November 4, the band played a sold out show at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago with Naked Raygun and Smoking Popes.

In a March 2018 interview on the Going Off Track podcast, Schwarzenbach confirmed that, in the summer, Jawbreaker would work on what might result in the band's first album since 1995's Dear You. He explained, "Our summer is just gonna be trying to write, jam. What we really wanna do is just riff out and see what comes. I'm spending the next month writing at home, and then we're gonna converge in San Francisco and go in a studio and see what happens." Schwarzenbach also noted the record would be more indebted to Bivouac.

Jawbreaker was one of the headliners of the Upstream Music Festival in Seattle on June 2, 2018 where they played "Shield Your Eyes", the first song the band ever wrote with Schwarzenbach on vocals and the opening song on Bivouac, for the first time in 22 years. The band also announced several shows in Portland, Austin, Coney Island and Asbury Park.

During a three night residency at The Fillmore in October 2018 in San Francisco, the band performed "Gemini", a song written between the release of Dear You and their break up which was never officially recorded and debuted "Black Art", a new arrangement of an unreleased song formerly by Schwarzenbach's previous band The Thorns of Life.

In January 2019, the band announced their first tour in 23 years beginning in Boston on March 22, and ending in New Jersey on March 30. The band additionally announced summer performances at Groezrock, the West Coast leg of the Warped Tour, Primavera Sound and a performance in England at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire and Manchester's Albert Hall. During the Q&A portion of a screening of their documentary "Don't Break Down" at Nitehawk Cinema in Brooklyn on March 25, the band stated that they have been toying around with an idea of putting out a new 7" in the near future, however writing has been slow as Bauermeister lives in Olympia, WA, Pfahler lives in San Francisco and Schwarzenbach resides in Brooklyn. The band embarked on their first European tour in 25 years with support on 2 dates by Beach Slang in April 2019 concluding on May 31 in Barcelona.

Music, lyrics and influence
Many of Schwarzenbach's lyrics were rooted in his specific concerns, often lifted directly from his journal. This focus on personal, immediate matters, coupled with descriptive imagery and word choices, attracted listeners to Schwarzenbach and made him a cult idol in rock and roll circles. "The attraction then was to the songwriter," writes Greenwald in Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo, "it wasn't the song that the listeners related to, it was the singer." Jawbreaker's tour manager Christy Colcord recalls that "Most of [the fans] hovered around Blake because he was, like, this poet to them. It was all these people who really wanted their heartbreak validated by someone who could understand—or wanted to drink whiskey with them." The idolization of Schwarzenbach came to be described as the Cult of Blake. According to rock critic Chris Ryan, "In terms of contemporary music, the Cult of Blake is probably matched only by the Cult of Morrissey".

Before Bivouac ' s release, Jawbreaker recorded the song "Kiss the Bottle" for a Mission District-themed compilation of vinyl singles titled 17 Reasons: The Mission District. It was the last song they recorded before Schwarzenbach's throat surgery, and his vocals on the recording are mottled and choked. Greenwald cites the track as "one of [Jawbreaker's] seminal and best-loved songs", calling it "sludgy and churning, a working-class anthem with a steady, proletarian heart". With lyrics profiling a pair of drunks outside a Mission District liquor store, Kiss the Bottle,' more than any other song, captures the sensitive boy machismo that drew (and continues to draw) male listeners to the altar of Schwarzenbach. With its fictional scrim, 'Kiss the Bottle' functions like a country song: the emotional impact is heightened by the specificity, not lessened. 'Kiss the Bottle' is Kerouac; it's Bukowski. It's the allure of giving into despair, to doing the wrong thing and at least succeeding at that." The song has been cited as a favorite and influence of Jim Ward of At the Drive-In and Sparta, and by Ron Richards, editor of the successful zine Muddle.

Jawbreaker had a sizable impact on the second wave of emo, with bands such as The Get Up Kids, Braid, and Texas Is the Reason citing the band as an influence or a personal favorite. Numerous other bands and artists have cited Jawbreaker as an influence, including Dashboard Confessional, Title Fight, Drug Church, Matt Skiba of Alkaline Trio, and Tim McIlrath of Rise Against.

Public interest in Jawbreaker increased in the years following their breakup, due in part to chart-toppings acts such as Fall Out Boy and My Chemical Romance publicly citing Jawbreaker as an influence. In 2003 Dying Wish Records released the tribute album Bad Scene, Everyone's Fault: Jawbreaker Tribute, featuring 18 acts including Fall Out Boy, Bayside, Face to Face, and Sparta performing cover versions of Jawbreaker songs. Jawbreaker is featured in the 2017 documentary Turn It Around: The Story of East Bay Punk.

Their musical style has been primarily described as punk rock, and has been self-identified by the band's members as such. Their sound has also been labeled under the punk subgenres such as pop-punk,  emo,   hardcore punk,  post-hardcore. Schwarzenbach has stated that Jawbreaker experimented with heavier punk styles in early phases of the band.

Members

 * Current members
 * Blake Schwarzenbach – lead vocals, guitars
 * Chris Bauermeister – bass
 * Adam Pfahler – drums

 * Touring members
 * Mitch Hobbs – guitars, backing vocals

 * Early members
 * Jon Liu – lead vocals (1987)

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Unfun (1990)
 * Bivouac (1992)
 * 24 Hour Revenge Therapy (1994)
 * Dear You (1995)

title: Jawbreaker (band)


text:
Category:New Jersey Devils

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:New Jersey Devils


text:
User:Scitor~enwiki

Scitor Born: 1983, Gothenburg Sweden. Sex: m Occupation: is living the life Lives: Milano (ITA) and Lövhult (SWE) Hobbies: languages (English, Italian, Esperanto, German, Dutch, Spanish and Quechua) Physical status: very good Internet locations: [UniLang], [Google]

title: User:Scitor~enwiki


text: User talk:207.5.196.254

title: User talk:207.5.196.254


text:
John Whitby Allen

John Whitby Allen (July 2, 1913 – January 6, 1973) was an American model railroader who created the HO scale Gorre & Daphetid model railroad in Monterey, California, and wrote numerous magazine articles on model railroading starting in the 1940s. Allen was renowned for his skill at scratch building and creating scenery. He also pioneered the technique of weathering his models for a more realistic appearance. In addition to his superdetailing of locomotives, rolling stock, structures, and scenery, Allen was known for populating his model world with scale figures in humorous scenes. Other techniques Allen promoted were realistic train operation and the use of forced perspective to create the illusion of a model railroad layout larger than it really was.

Early life
Born in Joplin, Missouri, Allen lost his father to typhoid fever when he was three; his mother died during the flu epidemic about nine years later. Allen lived with relatives in Missouri until attending school in Minnesota. While there, he developed rheumatic fever, and on the advice of a doctor, moved to California to live with an aunt and uncle. His health improved, but the rheumatic fever weakened his heart.

After completing high school, Allen attended UCLA, and joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). He became comfortable around military people, and later recruited servicemen to help run the Gorre & Daphetid.

In 1934, Allen and his brother went to the World's Fair in Chicago, and saw scale model trains in operation, and he was impressed. He was attending UCLA studying economics, but switched to art school, which he attended for three years, specializing in photography. There he acquired the skills that set his layout and model photography apart.

In 1935, John's paternal grandparents died, leaving him about $1,900 ($0 today), then the equivalent of a year's salary for a middle-class man. John invested the money with the help of his brother, and in about 11 years, the value was such that he did not have to work. His investments, combined with a frugal lifestyle, resulted in a sum of over $500,000 at the time of his death. After completing school, John and another student opened a photography business in the Westlake Park area of Los Angeles.

World War II
Before World War II, Allen and his brother Andrew visited an uncle living near Oakland who had a model railroad. He became interested in working on it.

When the U.S. entered the war, Andrew joined the military and John offered his services as a photo analyst.

Allen came to Monterey, California, to visit his brother, and decided to stay. He opened a new photography shop on the main street with partner Weston Booth, and did a brisk business photographing servicemen.

In 1946, John sold his business, invested the money and retired.

He said that he got into model railroading just before the end of the war. Due to a limited supply of hobby materials, he began building things from scratch. He spent a lot of time studying and observing railroads in operation, and how prototype equipment was built. Allen built models, then meticulously arranged and photographed them.

In July 1946, he published the first of many photographs to appear in Model Railroader magazine.

Early version
He moved into a house in 1946 and began construction of the first version of the Gorre & Daphetid (G&D) model railroad in HO scale. (The name is a play on words; pronounced "Gory and Defeated.") In 1953 he needed more space, and decided to move. He offered a railroad for sale, with free house. When no one was interested in buying the house with the railroad, he dismantled it. The original 3.5 ft by 6.5 ft G&D was saved and incorporated into the final version, while other parts were given to friends.

Final version
John Allen moved to his final house, chosen for its unfinished basement. He excavated the basement, poured a concrete floor and prepared it for construction of the final layout. He allocated about half the 1200 sqft to the layout, with the remainder used as workshop and storage.

Allen built a scale model of the house to aid in planning, in addition to models of the layout he planned to build. His planning was very thorough. Early plans included the use of real water in scale rivers and lakes. Construction began in January 1954. One feature of the layout was Devil's Gulch, a part of the basement not excavated, but shaped, with concrete poured over it. Allen constructed the layout almost completely by himself. He devoted the next 20 years to this project.

During this period Allen revolutionized model railroading with realistic operations, lighting (including night lighting), and weathering of models. He used forced perspective to enhance the illusion of realism, and only allowed photography under his conditions.

Death and aftermath
John Allen suffered a fatal heart attack on the evening of January 6, 1973. He had previously suffered at least one heart attack during the 1960s. Although he was not feeling well, he worked at completing the Gorre & Daphetid. In a telephone conversation with Linn Westcott, he suggested that he would drive the last spike in the spring of 1973, and that Linn should come for a visit then. In 1972, he was already suggesting that things might not be going well, and wondering "what to do with the railroad" in letters to a friend.

Ten days after Allen died, some of Allen's friends gathered for an operating session and discussion on the preservation of the railroad in accordance with Allen's wishes. When they left, someone set a furnace in the train room to 65 °F. Allen never used the furnace and had covered it with tar paper. This caused a fire, which was quickly reported and extinguished fast enough to save the house, but it destroyed the final, still-unfinished incarnation of Allen's railroad. The damage was mainly contained to the layout room, and the house was rehabilitated and sold. A few model railroad items attributed to Allen survive and have been authenticated.

According to Linn Westcott's book Model Railroading with John Allen ("The Book"), the fire was determined by an investigator have been started from a small gas furnace. John rarely used the furnace, because he liked to keep the house cool, or possibly because it was not vented correctly.

Linn Westcott was asked by Andrew Allen (John's brother) to investigate if the layout could be salvaged. The fire caused extensive damage. They tried to save the "French Gulch" section, but it collapsed as they moved it after two hours of work.

Legacy
Allen's death was first mentioned in an obituary penned by editor Tony Koester in the March 1973 issue of Railroad Model Craftsman. Allen's death was also covered in the April 1973 issue of Model Railroader magazine. It contained an obituary and Allen was featured on the front cover. There was also a retrospective on John Allen in the January 2003 issue of Model Railroader in remembrance of him 30 years after his death.

Former Model Railroader editor Linn Westcott's final book, entitled Model Railroading with John Allen, was published posthumously in 1981. Westcott died in 1980 while writing the book. It contained various quotes and photographs from Allen demonstrating his techniques.

There is a video about John Allen's railroad by Sunday River Productions called The Gorre & Daphetid with footage shot by Richard Reynolds with a small intro by Glenn Beier who also operated on the G&D. Glenn Beier says "it is the only motion picture ever made of the world's most famous model railroad". Until February 2007, only a VHS copy of the video was for sale. Now both VHS and DVD versions are available.

John Allen is also famous for devising the Timesaver model railway shunting puzzle.

title: John Whitby Allen


text:
Pinnekjøtt

Pinnekjøtt is a traditional Norwegian main course dinner dish based on lamb ribs. Pinnekjøtt is a festive dish typical to Western and Northern Norway, and is rapidly gaining popularity in other regions as well. This dish is largely associated with the celebration of Christmas and frequently paired with puréed rutabaga, sausages and potatoes, served with beer and akevitt.

Preparation
The preparation of pinnekjøtt uses a traditional method of food preservation utilising curing, drying and in some regions also smoking as a means of inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms. Although fresh lamb is available today, and frozen can be bought all year round, pinnekjøtt is still prepared both commercially and in private homes due to the flavour and maturing the preservation process gives to the meat.

In home preparation of pinnekjøtt, racks of lamb or mutton are cured in brine or coarse sea salt. Once sufficiently cured, and when the weather is cold enough, the racks are hung in a cool, dark, well ventilated place to dry. In some regions, particularly in parts of Hordaland and Sunnmøre, the fresh racks are commonly smoked prior to drying. Traditionally this was done in order to prevent mould growth during the drying process.

Before cooking, the racks are separated into individual ribs by cutting between the bones. The ribs are then soaked in water so as to rinse out the salt and reconstitute the meat. Today pinnekjøtt is available in most supermarkets before Christmas, smoked or unsmoked, ready cut and sometimes also soaked, ready for cooking. After soaking the ribs are steamed over a little water in a large saucepan. Usually, a grid of twigs of birch is placed in the bottom of the saucepan which will allow the meat to steam more than it is cooked.

Etymology
The origin of the word pinnekjøtt (literally: 'stick meat') is unclear. It may refer to the birch twigs that many use as a kind of steam grate in the pot. The word pinne is also used in dialectal Norwegian in reference to single ribs.

In culture
In the Netflix Original series Lady Dynamite (2017, Season 2 episode "Souplutions"), Maria Bamford’s mother makes pinnekjøtt for the King and Queen of Norway when they visit Duluth, Minnesota.

title: Pinnekjøtt


text:
Public service

A public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community. Public services are available to people within a government jurisdiction as provided directly through public sector agencies or via public financing to private businesses or voluntary organizations (or even as provided by family households, though terminology may differ depending on context). Other public services are undertaken on behalf of a government's residents or in the interest of its citizens. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Examples of such services include the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics (see also public service broadcasting).

Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors for social and political reasons. Public policy, when made in the public's interest and with its motivations, is a type of public service.

Sectors

In modern developed countries, the term "public services" (or "services of general interest") often includes:

 * Courts
 * Education
 * Electricity
 * Emergency services
 * Environmental protection
 * Health care
 * Mail
 * Military
 * Public buildings
 * Public libraries
 * Public parks
 * Public policy
 * Public utilities
 * Public transportation
 * Social services
 * State school
 * Telecommunications
 * Transportation infrastructure
 * Urban planning
 * Waste management
 * Water supply network

Implications
Public services can be constructed, coordinated and operated in many ways or forms. They include government agencies, independent state-funded institutes, government-coordinated organizations, civil society, Military and volunteers.

Government employees
Government agencies are not profit-oriented and their employees are often motivated differently. Studies of their work have found contrasting results including both higher levels of effort and fewer hours of work. A survey in the UK found that private sector hiring managers do not credit government experience as much as private sector experience. Public workers tend to make less in wages when adjusting for education, although that difference is reduced when benefits and hours are included. Public servants have other intangible benefits such as increased job security and high wages.

Need satisfaction and sustainability
A study concluded that public services are associated with higher human need satisfaction and lower energy requirements while contemporary forms of economic growth are linked with the opposite. Authors find that the contemporary economic system is structurally misaligned with goals of sustainable development and that to date no nation can provide decent living standards at sustainable levels of energy and resource use. They provide analysis about factors in social provisioning and assess that improving beneficial provisioning-factors and infrastructure would allow for sustainable forms of sufficient need satisfaction.

Characteristics
A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non rivalrous and non excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors that are natural monopolies.

They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.

The process of assessing the needs of the people of an area, and then designing and securing an appropriate public service to meet those needs, is often referred to in the UK as commissioning. The commissioned services may be delivered by organisations in the public sector, private sector or third sector: when the private or third sector is involved the process of commissioning will usually be linked with a process of procurement, to determine who will provide the services, at what cost and on what terms. Commissioning is often seen as a cyclical process.

History
Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defense dates to at least four thousand years ago.

Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institution of xiàn (prefectures) under the control of a centrally appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of dispute resolution through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.

A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the gods through a theologically and ceremonially correct state religion.

The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as electricity and health care. In most developed countries, local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant. Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.

In developing countries, public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons, the service is often subsidized, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to poorer communities. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is however, a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure to marginalized demographics.

Nationalization
Nationalization took off following the World wars of the first half of the twentieth century. In parts of Europe, central planning was implemented in the belief that it would make production more efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, fossil fuels and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement universal health care and expanded education under the funding and guidance of the state.

Privatization
There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the Nordic countries, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the Finnish state owned 49% of Kemira until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a "government enterprise", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting.

A regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a natural monopoly, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, medication is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada is public-private partnerships. This involves giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly funding infrastructure.

title: Public service


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Auberge Willow Place Inn

Auberge Willow Place Inn was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

Apparent advertising spam, noticed on the 10th but apparently never listed here. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:14, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * I've added Willow Place Inn, identical in essence and from the same anon creator, to this VfD, copying the VfD block but substituting Auberge Willow Place Inn for so it shares this same vote. Samaritan 19:22, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:14, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --fvw *  23:44, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete: Ad. Geogre 02:26, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete, this is spam, which is vandalism. Wyss 02:35, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. I don't like spam—Trevor Caira 03:25, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 05:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree that (based on my research) this appears to be SPAM. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 05:16, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Spam, delete -- Hoary 08:04, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Delete. Samaritan 19:22, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 04:32, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Talk:European Convention on Human Rights

Talk:European Convention on Human Rights
Let me be clear, I'm talking about the Talk page, not the article. I know its a talk page, and we don't normally do this sort of thing, but the only contents is a rant/diatribe from an anon that doesn't really belong here. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:16, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. See above. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:16, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, probably speediable. --fvw *  23:44, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete . If the user isn't going to relate his opinions to building or improving the article, his rant violates the "Wikipedia is not a soapbox" policy. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 00:22, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I guess blanking works. (You learn something new every day on Wikipedia) [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 04:58, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Uh...why not blank it? "Refactoring to remove attacks and rambling" might work.  If it gets re-inserted a couple of times, go to ban. Geogre 02:27, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree a VfD might be a bit too much effort being expended on this, but now that we have it here we might as well delete, to avoid people seeing the blue discussion link and thinking there's something there (yet another reason to have blank pages be equal to deleted pages, but that's a discussion for another day). --fvw *  18:07, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * I Blanked it. It's in the page history where it belongs. BTW, the user may have naively thought that a personal narrative might somehow influence editorial commentary in the article, which might in turn influence some politician in Brussels. Wyss 02:44, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - Blanking is the correct (and simple) solution. -- Netoholic @ 04:47, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)
 * Keep, as obviously the problem is in the ranter, not in the existence of the talk page itself. --Pgreenfinch 08:57, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Superheater

A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into superheated steam or dry steam. Superheated steam is used in steam turbines for electricity generation, in some steam engines, and in processes such as steam reforming. There are three types of superheaters: radiant, convection, and separately fired. A superheater can vary in size from a few tens of feet to several hundred feet (a few metres to some hundred metres).

Types

 * A radiant superheater is placed directly in the radiant zone of the combustion chamber near the water wall so as to absorb heat by radiation.
 * A convection superheater is located in the convective zone of the furnace, in the path of the hot flue gases, usually ahead of an economizer. A convection superheater is also called a primary superheater.
 * A separately fired superheater is a superheater that is placed outside the main boiler and has its own separate combustion system. This superheater design incorporates additional burners in the area of superheater pipes. It is rarely, if ever, used because of its poor efficiency and the fact that the quality of the steam produced is no better than that from other superheater types.

Steam turbines

In many applications, a turbine will make more efficient use of steam energy than a reciprocating engine. However, saturated ("wet") steam at boiling point may contain, or condense into, liquid water droplets, which can cause damage to turbine blades. Therefore, steam turbine engines typically superheat the steam, usually within the primary boiler, to ensure that no liquid water enters the system and damages the blades.

Steam engines
In a steam engine, the superheater further heats the steam generated by the boiler, increasing its thermal energy and decreasing the likelihood that it will condense inside the engine. Superheaters increase the thermal efficiency of the steam engine, and have been widely adopted. Steam which has been superheated is known as superheated steam, and non-superheated steam is called saturated steam or wet steam. From the early 20th century, superheaters were applied to many steam locomotives, to most steam vehicles, and to stationary steam engines. It is still used in conjunction with steam turbines in electrical power generating stations throughout the world.

Locomotives

In steam locomotive use, by far the most common form of superheater is the fire-tube type. That takes the saturated steam supplied in the dry pipe into a superheater header mounted against the tube sheet in the smokebox. The steam is then passed through a number of superheater elements, which are long pipes placed inside the larger diameter fire tubes, called flues. Hot combustion gases from the locomotive's fire pass through the flues and, as well as heating the water in the surrounding boiler, they heat the steam inside the superheater elements they flow over. The superheater element doubles back on itself so that the heated steam can return. Most do that twice at the fire end and once at the smokebox end, so that the steam travels a distance of four times the header's length while being heated. At the end of its journey through the elements, the superheated steam passes into a separate compartment of the superheater header and then to the cylinders of the engine.

Damper and snifting valve
The steam passing through the superheater elements cools their metal and prevents them from melting, but when the throttle closes that cooling effect is absent, and so a damper closes in the smokebox to cut off the flow through the flues and prevent them being damaged. Some locomotives, particularly on the London and North Eastern Railway, were fitted with snifting valves, which admitted air to the superheater when the locomotive was coasting. That kept the superheater elements relatively cooler and the cylinders warm. The snifting valve can be seen behind the chimney on many LNER locomotives.

Front-end throttle
A superheater increases the distance between the throttle and the cylinders in the steam circuit and thus reduces the immediacy of throttle action. To counteract that, some later steam locomotives were fitted with a front-end throttle, placed in the smokebox after the superheater. Such locomotives can sometimes be identified by an external throttle rod that stretches the whole length of the boiler, with a crank on the outside of the smokebox. That arrangement also allows superheated steam to be used for auxiliary appliances, such as the dynamo and air pumps. Another benefit of the front-end throttle is that superheated steam is immediately available. With a dome throttle, it takes some time before the super heater actually provides an efficiency benefit.

Cylinder valves
Locomotives with superheaters are usually fitted with piston valves or poppet valves, because it is difficult to keep a slide valve properly lubricated at high temperature.

Applications

The first practical superheater was developed in Germany by Wilhelm Schmidt during the 1880s and 1890s. The Prussian S 4 locomotive, with an early form of superheater, was built in 1898, and more were produced in series from 1902. The benefits of the invention were demonstrated in the UK by the Great Western Railway (GWR) in 1906. The GWR Chief Mechanical Engineer, G. J. Churchward, believed that the Schmidt type could be bettered, and the design and testing of an indigenous Swindon type was undertaken, culminating in the Swindon No. 3 superheater in 1909. Douglas Earle Marsh carried out a series of comparative tests between members of his I3 class using saturated steam and those fitted with the Schmidt superheater between October 1907 and March 1910, proving the advantages of the latter in terms of performance and efficiency.

Improved superheaters were introduced by John G. Robinson of the Great Central Railway at Gorton locomotive works, by Robert Urie of the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) at Eastleigh railway works, and Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway (Great Britain), also at Eastleigh.

The oldest surviving steam locomotives with a superheater, as well as being the first narrow gauge locomotive with a superheater, is the Bh.1 owned by Steiermärkische Landesbahnen (STLB) in Austria, which runs excursions trains on the Mur Valley Railroad.

Urie's "Eastleigh" superheater
Robert Urie's design of superheater for the LSWR was the product of experience with his H15 class 4-6-0 locomotives. In anticipation of performance trials, eight examples were fitted with Schmidt and Robinson superheaters, and two others remained saturated. However, World War I intervened before the trials could take place, although an LSWR Locomotive Committee report from late 1915 noted that the Robinson version returned the best fuel efficiency. It consumed an average of 48.35 lb coal per mile over an average distance of 39824 mi, compared to 48.42 lb and 59.05 lb coal for the Schmidt and saturated examples respectively.

However, the report stated that both superheater types had serious drawbacks. The Schmidt system featured a damper control on the superheater header that caused hot gases to condense into sulphuric acid, which caused pitting and subsequent weakening of the superheater elements. Leakage of gases was also commonplace between the elements and the header, and maintenance was difficult without removal of the horizontally-arranged assembly. The Robinson version suffered from temperature variations caused by saturated and superheated steam chambers being adjacent, causing material stress, and had similar access problems as the Schmidt type.

The report's recommendations enabled Urie to design a new type of superheater with separate saturated steam headers above and below the superheater header. They were connected by elements beginning at the saturated header, running through the flue tubes and back to the superheater header, and the whole assembly was vertically arranged for ease of maintenance. The device was highly successful in service, but was heavy and expensive to construct.

Advantages and disadvantages
The main advantages of using a superheater are reduced fuel and water consumption but there is a price to pay in increased maintenance costs. In most cases the benefits outweighed the costs and superheaters became widely used, although British shunting locomotives (switchers) were rarely fitted with superheaters. In locomotives used for mineral traffic the advantages seem to have been marginal. For example, the North Eastern Railway fitted superheaters to some of its NER Class P mineral locomotives but later began to remove them.

Without careful maintenance, superheaters are prone to a particular type of hazardous failure, involving the superheater tubes bursting at their U-shaped turns. They are difficult to manufacture, and to test when installed, and a rupture causes the superheated high-pressure steam to escape into the large flues, back to the fire and into the locomotive cab, creating extreme danger for the locomotive crew.

title: Superheater


text:
Municipalization

Municipalization is the transfer of private entities, assets, service providers, or corporations to public ownership by a municipality, including (but not limited to) a city, county, or public utility district ownership. The transfer may be from private ownership (usually by purchase) or from other levels of government. It is the opposite of privatization and is different from nationalization. The term municipalization largely refers to the transfer of ownership of utilities from Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) to public ownership, and operation, by local government whether that be at the city, county or state level. While this is most often applied to electricity it can also refer to solar energy, water, sewer, trash, natural gas or other services.

Between 2006 and 2016, there have been 13 different communities in the United States that have successfully switched from an IOU to a municipal utility. Most of these communities consisted of 10,000 people or less. Although proponents of municipalization have attempted to municipalize via ballot initiatives, many have failed.

Motivations
The key motivation for municipalization stems from a difference in priorities and goals of the community members and the incumbent utility. While incumbent IOUs have the objective of reliable and safe electricity that can provide a competitive profit for the investors, municipalized utilities are free from the need to provide for private profits and can focus on the pursuit of other policy goals, especially sustainability measures and experimentation with alternative energy policy. Efforts to municipalize often begin with the sentiment that the IOU is not managed primarily for the benefit of the citizens and that by undertaking municipalization of electricity services, a city government can exercise greater control over electricity generation and distribution (also often tying this process to sustainability measures). There is also a neoliberal argument stemming from the historical formation of utility conglomerates. The transition from direct current (DC) systems to alternating current (AC) systems in the early twentieth century allowed for greater access to electricity for Americans and enabled the electricity industry to shift to a larger scale. The economies of scale associated with providing a utility created natural monopolies and the associated consolidation of different types of electrical service in urban areas: street lighting, building lighting, industrial machinery, and streetcars. The recent efforts to municipalize electricity represent a return to municipalization as a mechanism to curb monopoly power and corruption. It is also important to acknowledge that the monopoly power of many incumbent utility providers means that they have strong financial and political resources to resist municipalization. Additionally there is always a legal factor with municipalization and state laws governing municipalization vary widely across the country sometimes making the process impossible.

Services
There have been two main waves of municipalization in developed countries. The first took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when municipalities in many developed countries acquired local private providers of a range of public services. The driving reason in most cases was the failure of private providers to sufficiently expand service provision outside wealthy parts of urban areas.

The second wave took place in the early 1990s, when after the end of the communist states in eastern Europe state-owned companies in many public service sectors were broken up and transferred to municipal control. This was typical in sectors such as water, waste management, and public transport, although not in electricity and natural gas.

Such regional companies either remained under municipal control, or were privatized. Privatization was done variously: by selling them to investors, by giving a concession or a management contract. Examples include the water sector in the Czech Republic, over half of which has been privatized.

Governments
In the United States, municipalization often refers to incorporation of an entire county into its municipalities, leaving no unincorporated areas. This generally ends de facto the county's own home rule, which in most states allows it to act as the municipal service provider in those unincorporated areas. The county is left offering only those services mandated of it by the state constitution, which are generally only extensions of state government like courts and sheriff departments. As with utilities, the county's assets usually end up being distributed among the cities, though this is less likely if the process is gradual rather than all at once.

One example of municipalization is the Sacramento Municipal Utilities District, or SMUD, of Sacramento, California. In another, larger example, Fulton County, Georgia, which includes the city of Atlanta, is currently undergoing full municipalization. For a more complete discussion of this process in the Fulton County context, see the "Politics" section of the Fulton County article.

Examples
While municipalization is quite rare in the United States over the past few decades ("of these 900 municipal-owned utility firms, only 2 percent have completed municipalization since 1990") there are a few key, and recent, examples that are often cited.

Long Island, New York
Basic Information: "The Long Island Power Authority territory consists of New York's Nassau and Suffolk counties and part of Queens, New York City, including the JFK International Airport."

Key motivating factors: The effort to municipalize Long Island's electricity was primarily motivated by rising (and high) prices and bad reliability.

Timeline of Significant Events:

1980s: The investor-owned Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) faces near bankruptcy catalyzing the effort to municipalize led by then Governor Mario Cuomo. Despite public support for municipalization the effort faced strong opposition from LILCO.

1985: The Long Island Power Authority Act passes which established Long Island Power Authority (LIPA). LIPA was charged with taking over the Shoreham plant and its debts, as well as controlling electricity costs.

1998: Governor George Pataki led the effort to take over LILCO's entire system due to customers still facing high utility prices. The takeover was financed through public bond offerings and over the next few years customers experienced reduced rate.

2012: Hurricane Sandy hits Long Island significantly damaging the power system and causing extensive outages. LIPA faces intense criticism for its response.

2013: In an effort led by Governor Andrew Cuomo, the LIPA Reform Act of 2013 which reorganized LIPA, placing the day-to‐day operations under PSEG was approved by the state legislature.

Results: The effort has been largely successful given that customer approval has improved to over 90 percent satisfaction level and LIPA's rates are no longer the highest in the New York Metro Area. This reflects that the key motivating factors were addressed.

Boulder, Colorado
Key Motivating Factors: The effort in Boulder were motivated by having greater autonomy and customer choice so that the city could more directly meet its Clean Energy goals. This effort was primarily motivated by sustainability concerns.

Timeline of Significant Events:

2002: The Boulder City Council passed Resolution 906, committing the community to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions to the target established by the Kyoto Protocol.

2005: In response to having difficulty meeting the goals of Resolution 906 and wanting more energy decision-making control the city created a task force to explore municipalization as an option for faster innovation capacity.

2005: "The feasibility study found that munipalization would increase renewable energy, reduce greenhouse gases, maintain reliability, and reduce rates for customers. The study also found that this would make the utilities more aligned with the needs of the community and would allow any excess energy revenue to be reinvested in Boulder." The study was, however, all predictive and acknowledged many uncertainties.

2017: "The City of Boulder, along with 14 other parties, signed a stipulation filed with the Public Utilities Commission, which gave the commission the opportunity to evaluate a Colorado Energy Plan Portfolio during the pending Electric Resource Plan proceeding."

Results: The municipalization effort's most significant expenses have been from delays and regulatory roadblocks. In the last four years, Boulder has been involved in legal proceedings with Xcel at the local and state levels, and courts have ruled both in favor of and against municipalization. As of 2/26/18 Boulder has "two agreements done" — the interim cost agreement and the easement agreement — and are "working on a final agreement on costs" in the process of the city's negotiations with Xcel Energy.

San Francisco
Key Motivating Factors: The California energy crisis spiked public support for publicly owned and controlled municipal utilities.

Timeline of Significant Events:

1990s: Angered by power outages and rate hikes San Franciscans engaged in various attempts to municipalize their electricity.

2001: Two ballot propositions which would have enabled the city to municipalize its electricity faced strong opposition from the incumbent utilities. Both ballot propositions were defeated, one by a narrow margin of 500 votes.

2002: Advocates tried ballot measures once more but were outspent by the incumbent utilities, which spent over $2 million.

Results: This is a key example of a place where several attempts to municipalize have failed giving evidence to the importance of the transaction costs associated with municipalization.

Political/transaction costs
The costs of municipalization tend to both front loaded and high. The largest costs come from the process of passing a ballot measure and acquiring the utility company. Although these many seem simple at face value these steps are often extremely costly and difficult because of the financial and political power that incumbent utilities possess. Still it is much more cost effective to purchase existing infrastructure in fact all processes of municipalization since the 1980s have purchased the incumbent utility assets. And the cost to the acquisitions has not been cheap, "most public power takeovers are in the vicinity of 140% of book value." Once the utilities have been acquired, local governments face the steep costs of financing the transition and developing the expertise to run a comprehensive system of electricity distribution as well as, in some cases, generation and transmission. The transaction costs are high, because cities must borrow to pay the IOUs for the power lines, they must develop the expertise and ability to manage a LTS, and they often face years of battles in courts and in elections due to challenges from the IOU. A study done by the Bay Area Economic Forum found that the key cost components that determine whether a new MU's rates will be higher or lower than the incumbent IOU's rates are: 1) "the combination of the income tax exemption and debt-only capital structure, both of which lower MU rates relative to IOU rates;" 2) "the premium over book paid for the distribution assets, which will increase MU rates relative to IOU rates;" and 3) "the MU's cost of generating or purchasing power, which is a wild card that could increase or decrease relative MU/IOU rates."

Potential benefits
There are, however, benefits to this process as discussed in the motivation section above. Municipal bonds "typically have lower interest rates than investor‐owned utility bonds, resulting in lower costs." Municipal utilities also do not pay dividends to investors which can help reduce costs. Additionally, "municipal utilities are exempt from federal taxes." There is also potential for Economic development benefits to occur when municipalized utilities "promote economic development in their community by offering special rates or discounted connection fees for large customers or new businesses." There are also flexibility options in complementary policies such as offer" rebates, feed-in tariffs, and other programs to support increased" distributed solar energy programs. Since "Electricity rates not only recover costs, but also provide customers with price signals that influence how customers use electricity and whether to make investments in distributed energy resources, electric vehicles, or other technologies," there are potential sustainability benefits to having increased control over electricity pricing. One example of such pricing is the introduction of time varying rates which are designed to reduce peak demand they are a type of demand response policy. Time‐varying rates can have considerable impact by "encouraging many customers to make small adjustments to the timing of their energy consumption, resulting in a flatter load curve for the entire system."

Potential downfalls
According to a report on municipalization prepared for the District of Columbia:"On the other hand, municipal utilities face challenges that can result in higher costs. The acquisition cost for the municipalized infrastructure was in some cases significantly higher than what was being recovered by the IOU, putting immediate and long‐lasting upward pressure on rates. Operationally, IOUs often have economies of scale that can lead to lower legal, management, and purchasing costs per unit of energy. Municipal utilities are not typically monitored closely by a public service commission, and inadequate auditing can allow poor utility practices to continue unchecked. Finally, the incumbent IOUs had a single, focused objective: safe, reliable power at least cost. Municipal utilities, on the other hand, also focused on the pursuit of other policy goals, which can result in higher electricity costs."

Alternatives to municipalization
Collective Private Ownership: This refers to communities coming together to take collective ownership of a utility. One example is the community shares program used in Ellensburg, Washington. In this case electricity customers may buy shares in a solar field which was initially financed through the public utility and in turn receive a proportional rebate applied through their electricity billing. Customers also have the option of selling or giving away their shares to non profits or other customers.

Privatization: A process by which the for-profit private sector supplants the public sector's provision of goods and/or services. There are a number of methods of privatization including the transfer of ownership from public to private entities, the displacement of public spending by private financing, or private entities assuming management and operational responsibilities of public services.

Nationalization: Nationalization is a similar process to municipalization but shifts ownership and operational control towards the government at a national or federal level. There is often an assumed tradeoff between the promised equality under nationalization and the promised efficiency of privatization.

title: Municipalization