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American crocodile

The American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) is a species of crocodilian found in the Neotropics. It is the most widespread of the four extant species of crocodiles from the Americas, with populations present from South Florida, the Caribbean islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and the coasts of Mexico to as far south as Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.

The habitat of the American crocodile consists largely of coastal areas. It is also found in river systems, but tends to prefer salinity, resulting in the species congregating in brackish lakes, mangrove swamps, lagoons, cays, and small islands. Other crocodiles also have tolerance to saltwater due to salt glands underneath the tongue, but the American crocodile is the only species other than the saltwater crocodile to commonly live and thrive in saltwater. They can be found on beaches and small island formations without any freshwater source, such as many cays and islets across the Caribbean. They are also found in hypersaline lakes; one of the largest known populations inhabits Lago Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic.

The American crocodile is one of the largest crocodile species. Males can reach lengths of 6.1 m, weighing up to 907 kg. On average, mature males are more in the range of 2.9 to 4.1 m in length weighing up to about 400 kg. As with other crocodile species, females are smaller, rarely exceeding 3.8 m in length even in the largest-bodied population.

Like any other large crocodilian, the American crocodile is potentially dangerous to humans, but it tends not to be as aggressive as some other species. American crocodiles coexist with the American alligator in Florida, and with the smaller spectacled caiman within Central America and South America. The IUCN lists the American crocodile as vulnerable.

Taxonomy and etymology
The American crocodile was described by Georges Cuvier in 1807, and became known as the "sharp-snout alligator". In 1822, Constantine Samuel Rafinesque postulated that the species was in fact a crocodile.

The species was redescribed as Crocodylus floridanus by William Temple Hornaday in 1875, when Hornaday and C. E. Jackson were sent to Florida to collect alligator hides. Upon hearing of a "big old gator" in Arch Creek at the head of Biscayne Bay, Hornaday and his companions searched for it and reported:

"In a few hours, we got sight of him, out on the bank in a saw-grass wallow. He was a monster for size—a perfect whale of a saurian, gray in color—and by all the powers, he was a genuine crocodile!"

Crocodylus floridanus is now considered an invalid junior synonym of C. acutus.

Evolution
Until 2020, the evolution of the American crocodile was poorly understood. However, the discovery of the Miocene species Crocodylus checchiai indicates that it, the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius), Morelet's crocodile (C. moreletii), and the Cuban crocodile (C. rhombifer) all share an ancestor hailing from Africa. The newly discovered animal may also represent the base of the evolutionary radiation of these animals, representing the missing link between crocodiles in Africa and the Americas.

The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outward toward Southeast Asia and the Americas, although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered. Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar, around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. American crocodile populations in Florida, Jamaica and Hispaniola (in the Dominican Republic) differ in gene frequencies.

Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.

Characteristics

The American crocodile is a highly fecund species. Average clutch size is 38 eggs, and fecundity is over 20% after 15 years old. The species has a high adult survival rate and a long life span. Like all true crocodilians, the American crocodile is a quadruped, with short, stocky legs; a long, powerful tail; and a scaly hide with rows of ossified scutes running down its back and tail. Individuals can be identified by using multiple dorsal scute patterns. Its snout is elongated and includes a strong pair of jaws. A 3.2 m, 164 kg specimen had a bite force of 4355 N. Its eyes have nictitating membranes for protection, along with lacrimal glands, which produce tears.

The nostrils, eyes, and ears are situated on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be concealed underwater for surprise attacks. Camouflage also helps it prey on food. The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator, but broader on average than that of the Orinoco crocodile. American crocodiles are also paler and more grayish than the relatively dark-hued American alligator. This crocodile species normally crawls on its belly, but it can also "high walk". Larger specimens can charge up to nearly 10 mph. They can swim as fast as 20 mph by moving their bodies and tails in a sinuous fashion, but they cannot sustain this speed.

Adults have a uniform grayish-green coloration with white or yellow undersides, while juveniles have dark cross-banding on the tail and back.

The American crocodile is sometimes confused with the Morelet's crocodile, a smaller species that is native to Mexico.

Size
New hatchlings are about 27 cm in length and about 60 g in mass. The average adult in the continental rivers can range from 2.9 to 4 m long and weigh up to 382 kg in males, while females can range from 2.5 to 3 m and weigh up to 173 kg, the lower total length representing their average size at sexual maturity, the upper representing the expected upper size limit for the respective sex in most known populations. Common weights of adult American crocodiles in Florida may range from 50 to 250 kg with corresponding lengths of 2.5 to 3.85 m. With extensive conservation efforts underway, there appears to be an increase in the number of large American crocodiles in Florida, some of the largest reportedly exceeding 4 m in length. Eight adult American crocodiles from Costa Rica ranged in total length from 2.82 to 4.83 m. Large adults of this species are capable of reaching 500 - 600 kg in weight, with individuals approaching 6 m exceeding 1000 kg in weight, ranking it among the largest living crocodilians in the Neotropical realm. Body mass can be fairly variable in mature adults. A large male specimen from Costa Rica measuring 4.83 m in total length weighed about 538 kg. On the other hand, another specimen measuring 3.95 m in total length was found to have weighed 500 kg An individual named "Papillon" was considered to be one of the largest American crocodiles in captivity. It measured 4.3 m in length, weighed 500 kg, and was estimated to be more than 80 years old when he died. The largest recorded female measured 4.4 m in length and weighed 450 kg. Exceptionally large specimens may arguably exceed 5 m, possibly reaching or exceeding 6.1 m, but such specimens are unverified and possibly dubious although some are arguably supported by size projections from skull lengths. These exceptionally large crocodiles are estimated to range between 6 and 7 m in length and weigh between 900 and 1300 kg, though these are mere estimations and not verified.

Distribution and habitat
The American crocodile is the most widespread of the four extant species of crocodiles from the Americas. They are saltwater-tolerant, and have thus been capable of colonizing a multitude of islands within the Caribbean, and on some coastal Pacific islands as well. They inhabit waters such as mangrove swamps, river mouths, fresh waters, and salt lakes, and can even be found at sea, hence their wide distribution throughout southern Florida, the Greater Antilles (excluding Puerto Rico and Isla de la Juventud, where they are replaced by the introduced spectacled caiman ), Martinique, southern Mexico (including the Yucatán Peninsula), Central America, and the South American countries of Colombia, Peru, Venezuela (including on Margarita Island), and Ecuador. The American crocodile is especially plentiful in Costa Rica.

American crocodiles coexist with the smaller spectacled caiman within Central America. The only other crocodiles present within the American crocodile's range are the Morelet's crocodile, and the critically endangered Cuban and Orinoco crocodiles. In addition, an American/Cuban crocodile hybrid was recently discovered in the Cancún area of Mexico. The crocodile likely originated in the Zapata Swamp of Cuba (the only place where these wild hybrids exist, and where the two species are sympatric), and swam to the Yucatán Peninsula.

Caribbean
One of its largest documented populations (the largest in the Caribbean) is in Lago Enriquillo, a hypersaline lake in the Dominican Republic. In Haiti, the only population known is in the brackish lake Etang Saumâtre, where the population is nearing extirpation due to overhunting and poaching. In Jamaica, the species inhabits most of the swamps available, as well as brackish portions of rivers. American crocodiles have recently been sighted in Grand Cayman, leading experts to believe the species may be swimming from Cuba (which is home to a large American crocodile population) and slowly repopulating Grand Cayman. There have been reports of American crocodiles in Trinidad, however, those sightings are thought to have arisen due to the accidental translocation of the animal outside of its normal range. The species is thus not considered indigenous to Trinidad.

Florida
The American crocodile's saline tolerance may have allowed it to inhabit limited portions of the United States, particularly southern Florida. Contrary to popular misinformation, the presence of the American alligator is not the reason the American crocodile was unable to populate brackish waters north of Florida, but rather the climate, as crocodiles are less tolerant of cold. Within the United States, the American crocodile's distribution is generally limited to the southern tip of Florida, though at least two have been found as far north as the Tampa Bay area. They are primarily found south of the latitude of Miami, in Everglades National Park, Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, Dry Tortugas National Park and the Florida Keys. A sizable population occurs near Homestead, at the Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station. Some individuals have been sighted in Palm Beach, Brevard, Pinellas and Sarasota counties. Their range in Florida is the only place in the world where alligators and crocodiles coexist.

The current US population, estimated at 2,000 and growing, is a sign of return to the northernmost portion of their range. There were suspicions as early as 1829 by Rafinesque that there were more than just alligators in the state, but confirmation could not be acquired until 1869, when a specimen could be brought back for examination. Records show they were plentiful in areas like Key Largo, Miami Beach, and wherever there were the appropriate mangroves for nesting and foraging. However, at the end of the 19th century, hunting them for their leather became a cottage industry in South Florida, and beginning in 1910, habitat destruction commenced on a massive scale, with the construction of a railroad designed to connect the mainland with the Keys. Crocodile hunters, who migrated to the upper Florida Keys before and after the railroad’s construction, slaughtered almost every crocodile in northeast Florida Bay for the commercial market. The widespread hunting did not cease until the 1970s: at one point in that decade, there were fewer than thirty total nests counted. As of 2020, further population seems to be expanding south to reclaim former habitat in the Florida Keys, where numbers are multiplying quickly, and old records indicate they once inhabited mangroves as far north as Tampa Bay.

Biology and behavior
American crocodiles are more susceptible to cold weather than American alligators. American crocodiles do not have social groups, but occasionally they congregate for feeding and basking in the daytime. While basking, they will leave their mouths wide open that exposes blood vessels in the mouth to cooler and warmer air, which helps regulate body temperature. While an American alligator can survive in water temperatures of 7.2 C and below for some time, an American crocodile in that environment would lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia. American crocodiles, however, have a faster growth rate than alligators, and are much more tolerant of saltwater. Unlike other crocodiles, the American crocodile uses acoustic signals to communicate. Crocodile communication is centered on short-distance communications during courtship and hatching.

Cleaning symbiosis involving fish and the American crocodile has been described.

Hunting and diet

American crocodiles are apex predators, and any aquatic or terrestrial animal they encounter in freshwater, riparian and coastal saltwater habitats is potential prey.

The snout of the American crocodile is broader than some specialized fish-eating crocodilians (e.g., gharials and freshwater crocodiles), allowing it to supplement its diet with a wider variety of prey. In addition the snout gets even broader and bulkier as the animal matures, a sign for a shift in prey items. Prey species have ranged in size from the insects taken by young American crocodiles to full-grown cattle taken by large adults, and can include various birds, mammals, turtles, snakes, lizards, smaller crocodilians, echinoderms, insects, arachnids, crabs, other crustaceans, snails, other molluscs, frogs, fish, and occasionally carrion and fruits. In Haiti, hatchling and juvenile American crocodiles lived primarily off of fiddler crabs (Uca ssp.), making up 33.8% and 62.3% of the diet by weight, respectively. Elsewhere, aquatic insects and their larvae and snails are near the top of the food list for American crocodiles at this very early age. Immature and subadult American crocodiles, per a study in Mexico, have a more diverse diet that can include insects, fish, frogs, small turtles, birds and small mammals. One specimen of 1.2 m had a catfish, a mourning dove and a bare-tailed woolly opossum in its stomach.

In Florida, bass, tarpon and especially mullet, large crabs, snakes, mammals that habit the riparian and coastal regions of the Everglades, such as opossums and raccoons appeared to be the primary prey of American crocodiles. In Southern Florida, it was found that American Crocodiles rely on marine food sources 65% of the time and rely on water gleaned from marine food 80% of the time. In Haiti, adults appeared to live largely off of various birds, including herons, storks, flamingos, pelicans, grebes, coots and moorhens, followed by concentrations of fish including Tilapia and Cichlasoma, at times being seen to capture turtles, dogs and goats. One 3 m adult from Honduras had stomach contents consisting of a 1.5 m crocodile of its own species, a turtle shell and peccary hooves. It was noted that historically in Mexico that, among several local farmers, the capturing of livestock by American crocodiles has been a source of some conflict between humans and American crocodiles and large adults occasionally can become habitual predators of goats, dogs, pigs and cattle. In Quintana Roo, Mexico, most prey that could be determined was fish for sub-adults and adults with sub-adults having a broader prey base than either younger or adult American crocodiles. In Costa Rica, American crocodiles have been recorded hunting and killing adult female olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) when they come to nest around beaches. Reportedly, these American crocodiles hunt primarily in the first few hours after nightfall, especially on moonless nights, although they will feed at any time. It hunts in the typical way for most crocodilians, ambushing terrestrial prey when it comes to edge of the water or is sitting in shallows and dragging it down to be drowned or attempting to ambush aquatic prey from near the surface of the water.

Interspecies predatory relations
Adult American crocodiles are apex predators; they have no natural predators. They are known predators of lemon sharks, and sharks avoid areas with American crocodiles.

Usually, American alligators are dominant over and more behaviorally aggressive than American crocodiles. However, on one occasion, an American crocodile in a Florida zoo escaped its cage and started a fight with a large male American alligator in a bordering pen, and was killed. Conversely, there is one confirmed case of an American crocodile preying on a sub-adult American alligator in the wild in Florida. American alligators and American crocodiles do not often come into conflict in the wild, due largely to habitat partitioning and largely separate distributions.

There are several records of American crocodiles killing and eating spectacled caimans in South America. Areas with healthy American crocodile populations often hold only limited numbers of spectacled caimans, while conversely areas that formerly held American crocodiles but where they are now heavily depleted or are locally extinct show a growth of caiman numbers, due to less competition as well as predation. In areas of Cuba where the two species coexist, the smaller but more aggressive Cuban crocodile is behaviorally dominant over the larger American crocodile. In Mexico, some Morelet's crocodile individuals have escaped from captivity, establishing feral populations and creating a problem for the populations of American crocodile, which must compete with this invasive species.

Reproduction
American crocodiles breed in late fall or early winter, engaging in drawn-out mating ceremonies in which males emit low-frequency bellows to attract females. Body size is more important than age in determining reproductive capabilities, and females reach sexual maturity at a length of about 2.8 m. In February or March, gravid females will begin to create nests of sand, mud, and dead vegetation along the water's edge. Nest location is crucial, and with the correct amount of vegetation, the eggs will develop within a small temperature range. Because sex determination is temperature-dependent in crocodilians, slight aberrations in temperature may result in all-male or all-female clutches, which would possibly harm the health of the population. About one month later, when it is time to lay, the female will dig a wide hole diagonally into the side of the nest and lay 30 to 70 eggs in it, depending on her size. Females will maintain and reuse these holes for many years. After laying, the female may cover the eggs with debris or leave them uncovered. The white, elongated eggs are 8 cm long and 5 cm wide, with a number of pores in the brittle shell.

During the 75- to 80-day incubation period, the parents will guard the nest, often inhabiting a hole in the bank nearby. Females especially have been known to guard their nests with ferocity. But in spite of these precautions, American crocodile eggs sometimes fall prey to raccoons (arguably the most virulent natural predator of crocodilian nests in the Americas), coatis, foxes, skunks or other scavenging mammals (including coyotes in Mexico and American black bears in southern Florida), as well as large predatory ants, crabs and vultures. In Panama, green iguanas were seen to dig up and prey on American crocodile eggs occasionally, although in several cases were caught by the mother American crocodile and eaten. Crocodilian eggs are somewhat brittle, but softer than bird eggs. Despite noticeable nest guarding during egg incubation, guarding of young after hatching seems to be minimal in this species.

This species exists mostly in tropical areas with distinct rainy seasons, and the young hatch near the time of the first rains of the summer (July–August) after the preceding dry season, and before the bodies of water where they live flood. In this stage of development of their young, mother American crocodiles exhibit a unique mode of parental care. During the hatching process, when the young American crocodiles are most vulnerable to predation, they will instinctively call out in soft, grunt-like croaks. These sounds trigger the female to attend to the nest, uncovering the eggs if they have been covered. Then she will aid the hatchlings in escaping their eggs and scoop them up with her mouth, carrying them to the closest water source.

The hatchlings, which are 24 to 27 cm in length, have been reported to actively hunt prey within a few days of hatching. It is not uncommon for the mother to care for her young even weeks after they have hatched, remaining attentive to their calls and continuing to provide transportation. About five weeks after hatching, the young American crocodiles disband in search of their own independent lives. Most of them will not survive, being preyed upon by several types of raptorial birds, other reptiles, and large fishes (e.g., barred catfish, Atlantic tarpons, common snook and lemon sharks, boa constrictors, black spiny-tailed iguanas and spectacled caimans). Those that do survive grow rapidly, feeding on insects, fish and frogs. Additionally, some young American crocodiles feed on each other.

Facultative parthenogenesis
Facultative parthenogenesis has been shown to occur in C. acutus based on data from whole genome sequencing. The evidence supports a particular mechanism of parthenogenesis, terminal fusion automixis during meiosis.

Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as vulnerable. On March 20, 2007, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service declassified the American crocodile as an endangered species, changing its status to "threatened". It remains protected from poaching and killing under the federal Endangered Species Act. NatureServe considers the Florida population "Imperiled".

Because of hide hunting, pollution, loss of habitat, and commercial farming, the American crocodile is endangered in parts of its range. As a result of overhunting in the 1950s and 1960s, Venezuela banned commercial crocodile skin harvesting for a decade starting in 1972. In southern Florida, about two-thirds of American crocodile deaths are attributed to road collisions, about 10% to intentional killing, and only about 5% to natural causes. In recent years in Jamaica there has been rampant poaching of the species for their meat and there has been a significant population drop compounded by the lack of action by the government. On Hispaniola, they were once found throughout the island, but currently, the only confirmed remaining presence is at the two largest lakes on the island: Etang Saumâtre in Haiti, and Lago Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic.

An estimated 1,000 to 2,000 American crocodiles live in Mexico, Central America and South America, but population data is limited. An additional 500 to 1,200 are believed to live in southern Florida. It is estimated that the population of mature individuals as of 2020 is around 5,000.

Relationship with humans
Attacks by American crocodiles have been reported in Mexico, Costa Rica, and Panama. The American crocodile rates somewhere in the middle of all crocodilians temperamentally. A study by the IUCN found that it has the highest incidence of reported attacks on humans of any of the crocodilians from the Americas, but fatalities were rare. The species usually does not attack people as regularly as Old World crocodiles do; the estimated number of attacks is considerably smaller than those by the saltwater (C. porosus) and Nile crocodiles (C. niloticus), which are considered the most aggressive crocodilians towards humans. Particular to this species, it is noted for having a shy demeanor and clearly does not want anything to do with humans; it will not stand its ground and will flee humans at the very sight of them. The Cuban crocodile (C. rhombifer) is rather more aggressive in interspecies interactions than the American crocodile and attacks and displaces American crocodiles when they are kept in mixed species enclosures at zoos or at crocodile farms together, despite being smaller than the American species. However, attacks on humans are rarely reported in Cuban crocodiles, due to its much more limited habitat and range.

In May 2007, two instances occurred within one week of children being attacked and killed by American crocodiles—one in Mexico just south of Puerto Vallarta and one in Costa Rica. On August 24, 2014, a man and a woman were swimming in a canal in Gables by the Sea, a community in Coral Gables, Florida, at 02:00, a canal where crocodiles were known to occur, when they were bitten in the shoulder and the hand by an American crocodile. Although the crocodile was 12 ft in length, and weighed an estimated 550 lb, it did not press the attack, but released and moved away from its victims. (Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission, Crocodile Response Program) This was the first documented wild crocodile attack on humans in Florida since records of human-crocodile conflict have been kept. There have reportedly been 36 American crocodile attacks on humans from 1995 to 2017 in the Cancun area of southeastern Mexico.

Media

 * Crocodylus acutus at CalPhotos
 * ARKive images and movies of the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus)

title: American crocodile


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Hollywood station (Florida)

Hollywood station is a train station in Hollywood, Florida, which is served by Tri-Rail and Amtrak. The station is located at 3001 Hollywood Boulevard, just west of I-95 and State Road 9.

Seaboard Air Line Railway
The original station, which is used solely by Amtrak, is a former Seaboard Air Line Railway depot designed in the prevalent Mediterranean Revival style by Gustav Maass of the West Palm Beach architectural firm Harvey & Clarke. Although the first Seaboard passenger train arrived in January 1927, the station did not open until 1928, in what was then a remote area of Hollywood. The station consists of three distinct sections. The southern end of the building contains the passenger station, while the northern end consists of the freight room and docks. The center section of the station contains the baggage room. Entry into the passenger waiting room is through doors on the southern end. On the west side of the building is a separate entrance into what was, in keeping with racial segregation laws of the era, the "colored" waiting room; it was converted into railroad offices by the Seaboard in 1963.

Also in 1963, the Seaboard added a large Spanish-style barrel tile canopy to shelter the southern entrance, modifying the architectural details of the two entry porticos. At the same time, the railroad replaced the concrete-etched station signs on either end of the building with copper signs. The station is virtually identical to the Fort Lauderdale Seaboard station to the north.

The station was served by, among other Seaboard trains, the Orange Blossom Special until 1953, and the Silver Meteor beginning in 1939. Amtrak maintained Silver Meteor service to the station when it took over intercity passenger train service in 1971. Both the Silver Meteor and Amtrak's Silver Star continue to use the station.

Tri-Rail commuter service
In 1988, through an agreement with CSX Transportation, the successor to Seaboard, the Florida Department of Transportation acquired the station as part of the state's South Florida Rail Corridor. In January 1989, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA) began using the station as a Tri-Rail stop. While Amtrak is the long-term lessee of the original station's ticket office, waiting room, baggage room, and platform, and the city of Hollywood is the long-term lessee of the freight room, Tri-Rail uses additional facilities built immediately to north of the old depot. The station is the southernmost Tri-Rail stop in Broward County.

Due in part to Tri-Rail's presence, Amtrak trains only stop southbound to discharge passengers and stop northbound to receive passengers bound for points north of West Palm Beach.

Station layout
The station has two side platforms and a station house with parking west of the southbound platform.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hollywood station (Florida)


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Bangkok Post

The Bangkok Post is an English-language daily newspaper published in Bangkok, Thailand. It is published in broadsheet and digital formats. The first issue was sold on 1 August 1946. It had four pages and cost one baht, a considerable amount at the time when a baht was a paper note. It is Thailand's oldest newspaper still in publication. The daily circulation of the Bangkok Post is 110,000, 80 percent of which is distributed in Bangkok and the remainder nationwide. It is considered a newspaper of record for Thailand.

From July 2016 until mid-May 2018, the editor of the Bangkok Post was Umesh Pandey. On 14 May 2018, Pandey was "forced to step down" as editor after refusing to soften coverage critical of the ruling military junta.

History
The Bangkok Post was founded by Alexander MacDonald, a former OSS officer, and his Thai associate, Prasit Lulitanond. Thailand at the time was the only Southeast Asian country to have a Soviet Embassy. The U.S. embassy felt it needed an independent, but generally pro-American newspaper to counter Soviet views. Some claim the financing came directly from the US State Department or possibly even the OSS itself, although there is no proof of this.

Nevertheless, under MacDonald's stewardship, the Bangkok Post was reasonably independent and employed many young reporters, including Peter Arnett and T. D. Allman, who later became known internationally. Alex MacDonald left Thailand after a military coup in the early 1950s, and the newspaper was later acquired by Roy Thomson. The paper has since changed hands. Major shareholders in Post Publishing include the Chirathivat family (owners of Central Group), the South China Morning Post of Hong Kong and GMM Grammy Pcl, Thailand's biggest media and entertainment company.

Post Publishing PLC, publisher of the Bangkok Post, Post Today (daily Thai language business), and M2F (free Thai language daily) newspapers, returned a modest profit of 450,000 baht in 2016 compared to a 42.1 million baht loss in 2015.

On 14 May 2018, Pandey was "forced to step down" as editor after refusing to soften coverage critical of the ruling military junta. He said the board of directors had asked him to "tone down" the newspaper's reporting and editorials on the actions of the military government, especially its suppression of free speech and election postponements. In a written statement by Pandey issued on 14 May, he said, "When asked to tone down I did not budge and was blunt in letting those who make decisions know that I would rather lose my position than bow my head." The Post issued a statement on 16 May to assure its readers of its continued commitment to "editorial independence". A senior Post official said that, "This is not an issue of government interference or press freedom per se,...This is simply an internal organisational matter." Pandey was not fired, but transferred to another high-ranking post as assistant to a deputy COO at no loss of income. Some sources within the company attributed Pandey's ouster as editor to his poor management style and ethical breaches. Some staffers who worked with Pandey cited his creation of a hostile workplace environment and unprofessional behavior. Five current and former staffers blamed him for driving away many newsroom employees, creating a toxic environment and breaching ethics. Meanwhile, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha denied that the government pressured the Post to reassign Pandey, dismissing the action as "an issue within a private company."

Staffing
The Bangkok Post employs (April 2015) 179 journalists, including reporters, rewriters, editors, copy editors, photographers, and designers. Twenty-nine foreign nationals work as copy editors and print and digital news editors. Sunday editor Paul Ruffini is an Australian national. Many Post staff reporters are Thai nationals, as fluency in Thai required. Foreign staff write for the newspaper's news, op-ed, sports, business, and features sections.

Editorial stance
In a country where media censorship is common, the Bangkok Post portrays itself as being comparatively free. There are instances where the newspaper has been accused of self-censorship to avoid controversy or conflict with powerful individuals, including adherence to the country's strict lèse-majesté law, which prohibits open criticism of members of the Thai Royal Family. Yet another example was the newspaper's failure during the Vietnam War to report on bombing forays made from US Air Force bases in Thailand over military targets in North Vietnam and Cambodia, none of which received coverage in the local press.

Throughout the early-2000s, the Bangkok Post took positions that were, at times, generally favorable to the government. After the Thai election of 2011 the paper took a largely anti-Thaksin position aligned with the Yellow Shirts and the Democrat Party.

The Bangkok Post was at one time well known among expatriates for Bernard Trink's weekly Nite Owl column, which covered the nightlife of Bangkok. Trink's column was published from 1966 (originally in the Bangkok World) until 2004, when it was discontinued. The newspaper has a letters page where expatriate and Thai regulars exchange opinions on local and international concerns. According to the Post, more than half of its total readership are Thai nationals.

During the tenure of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, the Post largely toed the government line—at one point bowing to government pressure by firing a reporter who had exposed cracks in the runway of the prestige project Suvarnabhumi Airport along with the news editor, while The Nation, the Post's competitor, actively campaigned for Thaksin to resign.

Bangkok Post columnist Andrew Biggs, who had previously worked at The Nation, views the Post as the "more staid" of the two dailies. He noted that both publications have been "...champions of democracy. The Nation was just a little more vocal about it." Biggs's column in the Bangkok Post was ended with the 30 December 2019 edition.

Sections

 * Main body: Local, regional and world news, opinion and analysis pages, and sports news.
 * Business: Local, regional and world business and financial news and stock-market tables.
 * Life: A features section including human-interest stories, travel, motoring, technology, entertainment news, a society page, advice columns, comics, puzzles, local television listings and film advertisements.
 * "Elite Life": Published the last Friday of every month. Luxury lifestyle features.
 * Learning: An online English-language education section.
 * "Guru": An entertainment magazine, inserted on Fridays and aimed at young adult readers.
 * Classified: A classified advertisement section.
 * "MyLife": A supplement which gives advice on how to improve every aspect of your life along with comic strips, every Thursday (to end December 2020).
 * "Sunday Spectrum": A weekly news analysis and investigative journalism section. Discontinued with the 5 August 2018 issue.
 * "Muse": A female-oriented supplement on Saturdays which contains fashion news, make-up tips, stories of successful women, family and travel tips. Muse was discontinued with the 26 August 2018 issue, merged with Sunday supplement Brunch to make Sunday supplement, B. Magazine.
 * "Brunch": A Sunday supplement. (Discontinued with the 26 August 2018 issue, merged with Saturday supplement Muse to make Sunday supplement, B. Magazine.
 * B. Magazine: Sunday supplement covering lifestyle, travel, fashion, celebrities, columns. First issue, 26 August 2018.

English language education site
A special Learning section of the Bangkok Post website helps Thais learn to read English by using the daily newspaper. Vocabulary, reading questions, video and web resources are provided for a selection of articles every day. Articles are taken from the general news, tourism, entertainment, and business sections of the newspaper. The targeted audience includes individuals studying English and teachers using articles in the classroom. The editor of Bangkok Post Learning is British national Gary Boyle.

title: Bangkok Post


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Talk:Shaivism

Six Schools of Shaivism
To reduce forking I think that Six Schools of Shaivism should be merged into Shaivism. There are more than six schools of Shaivism, and the six schools article is only sourced by one non-reliable source. An overview diagram in Flood (1996), p. 152, can be used as a simple starting point for citations on major schools. I have moved over the only material from that article that I think needs to be kept. Do other editors agree that the six schools article can be redirected to Shaivism? Buddhipriya 01:47, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * There has been no discussion on this since I posted it, and as I have moved the useful material from Six Schools of Shaivism to Shaivism, I just put a redirect on Six Schools of Shaivism to go to Shaivism. Buddhipriya 02:35, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I have found a link where information about all 6 MAJOR sub-tradition of Shaivism are given i.e. Śaiva Siddhānta,Pāśupata Śaivism, Vīra Śaivism, Kashmīr Śaivism, siddha siddhanta and Śiva Advaita. We WOULD NOT have do divide the article between Theism and Monism. Citation:https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/r1_22.html. If this acceptable then we can re-wite this sectionशिव साहिल (talk) 07:48, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

wonderful work you've done..
Since it seems Buddhipriya only works on this page I'll address my concerns in first person.

I'm a relatively New(very) editor here, so i do not wish to get cocky around here.. This article and other works of your are of such a fine quality thatt i should thank(or praise?) you for doing somuch ..

The Following are my concerns and are very minor in nature, but to preserve th Standard of the article kindly consider changing them as well.

1,The stark thing one notices is the image of the Sri Re/angam Gopuram, whic technically is a Vaishnavite Temple housing Sri Ranganathar..rather than it, the "Vimaana" of the Thiruvanaikovil should be presented if available..

2, i don't think Dakshinamurthy can be translated as "on the southern part of an outer perimeter path of the sanctum sanctorum".

But, "Dakshinamurthi" literally translates to the either "the lord facing south" or "Overlord of South", this is simply an anagram as Shiva is Considered to be in Himalaas/kailas, the entire India is in the southern direction relative to Himalayas.

Also, as interpretted by Sukumari Bhattacharji, in "The Indian Theogony", "Dakshinamurthy is the one who can manifest & transcend many forms but desists" ..Pg 212 , The Indian Teogony, ISBN 0-14-029570-4 , Her Reference is from Rig Veda X:72, Slokas 5,6, & 7.

on a practical sense, Dakshinam means descending /death (literally more used to refer death/end/change as Yama's corner is south)

Correct me if I'm wrong.

Swraj (talk) 19:55, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Temples of Shaivism
Srirangam temple is not a Shiva temple. This is an error. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Youonlylivetwice (talk • contribs) 20:39, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

Fails B criteria

 * , expand tags added. Redtigerxyz (talk) 13:34, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

More information regarding beleifs of Saivites?
Reading this article as somebody who was itnerested in finding more about Saivite beleifs, and their basis, I find that this article does not fully explore this. I am not qualified to make such additions but I have no doubt that others on here are. If you compare it with the Vaisnavism article, you will see what I mean. Harrifer (talk) 16:03, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Found a link describing the "cosmology" on hinduwebsite.com. About what Śiva is up to and how the individuals are going about to circumvent karma-mechanics. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 08:12, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

 * And this one from experiencefestival.com seems to be a heavily reworked version of our article, providing lots of pieces that might profitably be used in our one. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 07:33, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

moon god cult
moon god is widely considered directly related to hinduism. what is the Hindu view point? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.93.4.16 (talk) 16:06, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Shaivism not Shivaism
Introduction referred to Shivaism. In title and all other parts the term Shaivism is used. Now corrected. Centrepull (talk) 17:58, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
 * It's not a correction if you delete the name entirely. It's a common term. — Llywelyn II   03:02, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Propose to merge History of Shaivism into Shaivism. The history-section of the Shaivism-article is too short; adding info would double the histpry-article. Both articles are short; merging them would result in a still reasonable lenghty article. And it's handosme to have the info together. Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   04:48, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Support - per above.  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   04:48, 3 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Support The merged article should add sections on history of Shaivism in Indonesia, Cambodia and Vietnam. You will find literature spelling it as Siwa there, and temples as Candi. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 22:22, 6 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks!  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   04:18, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

History
The Shiva article also contains a history-section, which maybe could use some expansion. Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   05:06, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

Tarakeshwara
Not sure where it fits into the current setup of the article, but it's worth mentioning the importance of the psychopomp Tarakeshwara tradition at Benares where anyone dying in/near Shiva's temple at Manikarnika Ghat is supposed to have a mantra whispered into their ear that grants instamoksha. It's an old tradition and a fairly major source of the city's importance to Shaivism/tourist income. — Llywelyn II   02:59, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

Move?
This article is probably at the wrong place. Aside from the need to restore "Shivaism" to the lead [fixt], ngram has "Saivism" as by far the more common name of this faith. What makes it tricky is the number of sources that give it as Śaivism, which is effectively "Shaivism". — Llywelyn II   03:05, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

Development of Shaivism
kindly help develop the Shaivism article. is contributing the article, please guys your help is certainly helpful.--Anandmoorti (talk) 06:27, 10 March 2017 (UTC)

The section on the various sub traditions should be changed
This article divides the various Shaiva traditions between Theism and Monism, which doesn't make sense because many Shaiva traditions are both monistic and theistic. Alexis Sanderson, the top scholar on Shaivism, divides the religion into "Atimarga" and "Mantramarga", each with further divisions. I propose this section be reorganized along the lines set out by the latest scholarship on this matter (as outlined in the works of Sanderson such as "Saivism and the Tantric traditions"). Javierfv1212 (talk) 00:03, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Sanderson does present Shaiva streams (strotra) as Atimarga and Mantramarga, per the 1st and early 2nd millennium Indian texts. Does he deny there were theistic/dualistic and non-theistic/monist ideas in Shaivism, if so which page number? Do you have other specific sources in mind, other than this Sanderson's chapter 36 in the Sutherland edited book published by Routledge, and the Saiva Age paper published by the University of Tokyo?
 * I had thought along the lines of what you are suggesting, but then decided otherwise and retained some of the old content of this article. For two reasons: [1] we need to avoid WP:RECENTISM; [2] The most NPOV version would avoid taking sides, nor make this article into exclusively Sanderson-pedia (he needs to be cited, and is already highly cited in the article, far more now than ever in this article's history).
 * The best summary would include both the "theism and monism" scholarship, as well as the "atimarga and mantramarga" scholarship. We already mention the latter in "Beliefs and practices" section. But, a bit more atimarga etc summary in the "Sub-traditions" section is planned. This may come by early next week, sooner may be. But if you or someone has something to contribute, by all means add it, save me some effort. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 05:18, 30 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I added a few sentences to the sub-traditions section for now. More later. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 06:24, 30 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Good work. As for Sanderson, he is really the best source on this, all other scholars that I have read on this topic (C. Wallis, G. Flood) are working off Sanderson and citing his work. I understand your view of preventing recentism, but Sanderson revolutionized the academic study of Shaivism, and few would disagree that he is the source to work from.
 * Ultimately, the uselessness of the "monism" vs "theism" or dualism distinction is that these sects changed over time. For example, the Shaiva Siddhanta, which is the main dualistic tradition, adopted non-dualism by the 12th century in Tamil Nadu. So placing them under "theism" or "dualism" is just not completely accurate.
 * Of course one could just list traditions without categorizing them into any divisions.
 * I have made some changes, also adding some key traditions that were missing. Let me know what you think. If the Atimarga and Mantramarga division is just too unpalatable for you for some reason, then I suggest just listing the traditions historically without categorizing them back into Theism / Monism. All the best.Javierfv1212 (talk) 00:08, 1 April 2017 (UTC)

 * your contribution is welcome! I see some of your text is without cites, or too vague a cite (e.g. you cite chapter 2). Please add page numbers, and source(s), where that is missing. Each sentence, or collection of sentences, should point to one or more WP:RS with page number(s) that verify it... as a GA review would normally check. I will give you some time for this, then do a source check in the coming days. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 00:24, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * @Javierfv1212: While we are discussing Sanderson, you actually added heavily from Wallis, that too with a vague cite of chapter 2. I took that out, as undue. Let us stick with Sanderson, Flood, and such. Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 21:05, 1 April 2017 (UTC)
 * This section is too vague and without any proper understanding. I have found a link where information about all 6 sub-tradition of Shaivism are given i.e. Śaiva Siddhānta,Pāśupata Śaivism, Vīra Śaivism, Kashmīr Śaivism, siddha siddhanta and Śiva Advaita. We WOULD NOT have do divide the article between Theism and Monism. Citation:https://www.himalayanacademy.com/media/books/dancing-with-siva/web/r1_22.html. If this acceptable then we can re-wite this section. शिव साहिल (talk) 17:05, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

Shaivism is a religion since pre-vedic period
Why are this page still portraying Shaivism is a tradition of Hinduism?

There are thousands of sources claiming Shaivism were religion of Chola Dynasty and Pandya Dynasty. Most of the matured Wikipedia editors know Hinduism, which developed out of the merger of Vedic religion with numerous local religious traditions.

Shaivism remained the dominant religion in India until the arrival of the Aryans, who violently attacked the Shiva cult. Shaivism — which continued to be the religion of the people integrated into Brahmanic religion, of which it now forms an essential aspect. - The brief history of India

Other refs: 1. A Manual of the Salem District in the Presidency of Madras: The district 2. Community Dominance and Political Modernisation 3. Yearning to Belong Discovering a New Religious Movement 2401:4900:4ACB:4695:ACA0:1A60:628C:DBFD (talk) 14:27, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * This is not an issue requiring the use of the administrator tools. All editors are free to to work on this article. 331dot (talk) 15:22, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

Infobox image
The image depicts the daily yajna at Muni ki Reti associated with Parmarth Niketan (https://www.parmarth.org/divine-ganga-aarti-yagna/). The institute is not a Shaiva institute. Thus, suggest the image be changed. @Chronikhiles - since you have suggested changes at Vaishnavism. Redtigerxyz Talk 11:17, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shaivism


text:
Ivory (soap)

Ivory (Savon d'Ivoire) is an American flagship personal care brand created by the Procter & Gamble Company (P&G), including varieties of white and mildly scented bar soap that became famous for its claim of purity and for floating on water. Over the years, the brand has been extended to other varieties and products.

History
In 1840, the J.B. Williams Company in Glastonbury, Connecticut, manufactured soap under the name Ivorine. Williams decided to focus on its shaving soap and sold Ivorine to Procter & Gamble, which later developed Ivory.

In 1879, James Norris Gamble, son of Procter & Gamble co-founder James Gamble and a trained chemist, developed an inexpensive white soap. The name Ivory was created by Harley Procter, the other founder's son, who was inspired by the quote "[a]ll thy garments smell of myrrh and aloes and cassia out of the ivory palaces", from Psalm 45 of The Bible. In September 1879, Procter & Gamble trademarked "Ivory" as the name of its new soap product.

As Ivory is one of P&G's oldest products – it was first sold in 1879 – P&G is sometimes called "Ivory Towers", and its factory and research center in St. Bernard, Ohio, is named "Ivorydale". Ivory's first slogan, "It Floats!", was introduced in 1891. The product's other well-known slogan, "$99 44/100$% Pure", which was in use by 1895, was based on the results of an analysis by an independent laboratory that Harley Procter hired to demonstrate that Ivory was purer than the castile soap available at the time. Ivory bar soap is whipped with air in its production and floats in water. According to an apocryphal story, later discounted by the company, a worker accidentally left the mixing machine on too long, and the company chose to sell the "ruined" batch because the added air did not change the basic ingredients of the soap. When appreciative letters about the new, floating soap inundated the company, P&G ordered the extended mix time as a standard procedure. However, company records indicate that the design of Ivory did not come about by accident. In 2004, over 100 years later, the P&G company archivist Ed Rider found documentation that revealed that James N. Gamble, who was a chemist, had discovered how to make the soap float and noted the result in his writings.

In October 1992, Procter & Gamble market-tested a new Ivory formula, a "skin care bar" that would address customer complaints about dryness but would not float like the original. In October 2001, P&G tested the sinking bar soap as part of an advertising campaign in the United States, in a six-month plan to release 1,051 soap bars that sink, among other bars that float, to see if people would notice the sinking bars, even if given a cash reward of up to $250,000. The D. L. Blair company, part of Draft Worldwide, a unit of the Interpublic Group of Companies, was assigned to administer the contest.

21st century
Ivory is currently a small brand by P&G standards. The Ivory brand includes the classic bar soap, clear liquid soap (discontinued before 2016), hair and body wash, dish liquid, and a mild laundry detergent (not a soap) product called Ivory Snow. Research in 2001 by Lehman Brothers revealed that the U.S. sales of all Ivory products, including the liquid soap and dish detergent, represented less than 1% of P&G's total worldwide sales in the 52 weeks ended September 9, 2001.

Ingredients
A classic Ivory soap bar contains sodium tallowate, sodium cocoate or sodium palm kernelate, water, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, magnesium sulfate, and fragrance. The soap has a determined pH value of 9.5.

Ivory dishwashing liquid contains water, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide, sodium chloride, PPG-26, cyclohexanediamine, phenoxyethanol, methylisothiazolinone, and fragrance. It is sometimes considered a detergent instead of a soap.

New varieties of Ivory soap contain new ingredients. Simply Ivory (French: simplement ivory) contains sodium tallowate and/or sodium palmate, water, sodium cocoate or sodium palm kernelate, glycerin, sodium chloride, fragrance, and one or more of the following: coconut acid, palm kernel acid, tallow acid, palmitic acid, and tetrasodium EDTA. Adding glycerol and fatty acids typically reduces the soap's harshness, while tetrasodium EDTA is used primarily to reduce soap scum formation. Ivory soap packaging has omitted the words "soap" or "float", and is now produced with modified formulas.

title: Ivory (soap)


text:
Gilbert Arenas

Gilbert Jay Arenas Jr. (born January 6, 1982) is an American former professional basketball player. Arenas attended Grant High School in the Valley Glen district of Los Angeles, and accepted a scholarship offer to the University of Arizona late in his junior year. He was drafted by the Golden State Warriors with the 31st overall pick in the 2001 NBA draft.

Arenas is a three-time NBA All-Star, three-time member of the All-NBA Team, and was voted the NBA Most Improved Player in the 2002–03 season. Arenas was nicknamed "Agent Zero", due to his former jersey number and his late-game shot-making ability. He has also been nicknamed "Gibby." Both names quickly became fan favorites during his time in the Washington, D.C. area.

Arenas was suspended for most of the 2009–10 NBA season because of handgun violations stemming from an episode on December 24, 2009, and for subsequent actions that appeared to make light of this episode.

In late 2010, Arenas was traded to the Orlando Magic. After the 2011 NBA lockout, Arenas was the first NBA player to be waived under the "amnesty clause". He signed with the Memphis Grizzlies for the 2011–12 NBA season.

Early life
Arenas was born in Tampa, Florida. Arenas was raised in the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles where he played basketball at Ulysses S. Grant High School. His #25 was retired by the school.

College career
Arenas played basketball at the University of Arizona. One of his teammates, Richard Jefferson, would later join him in entering the 2001 NBA draft. In 2001, Arenas's sophomore year, he was named first-team All-Pac-10. He helped lead Arizona to the national championship game, where they lost to the Duke Blue Devils, 82–72. Shortly after the tournament, Arenas announced that he was foregoing his last two years at college and would enter the 2001 NBA draft.

Golden State Warriors (2001–2003)
After a productive college career, Arenas entered the 2001 NBA draft. Despite strong consideration from many teams in the first round, Arenas fell to the second round, being selected with the 31st overall pick by the Golden State Warriors. Arenas would wear the number 0 on his jersey to signify the number of minutes that experts predicted he would play coming from a small high school going to a college powerhouse in Arizona. Arenas started 30 games and averaged 10.9 points per game for the Warriors, who finished in last place in the Western Conference that season. In 2002–03, his sophomore season, Arenas received the NBA Most Improved Player Award and was named Most Valuable Player of the Rookie-Sophomore game during the NBA All-Star Weekend.

2003–04 season
After the 2002–03 season, Arenas became a restricted free agent. He reportedly flipped a coin to decide among several teams seeking to sign him, including the Wizards, Warriors, and Clippers. The Washington Wizards offered him a six-year, $60 million contract. The Warriors were unable to match this offer because they were over the salary cap and because Arenas was a second-round pick. If Arenas had been drafted in the first round, the salary cap had exceptions that would have allowed the Warriors to match the offer sheet. The "Gilbert Arenas Rule" was later created to allow teams to re-sign restricted free agents who were not first-round picks. Arenas battled a strained abdominal muscle injury all season.

2004–05 season
Arenas teamed up with shooting guard Larry Hughes (22.0 points per game) in 2004–05 to give the Wizards the highest-scoring backcourt duo in the NBA. Arenas was selected for his first NBA All-Star Game. He guided the team to a 45-win season and its first playoff berth since 1997. Arenas led the team in scoring with 25.5 ppg, finishing seventh in the league in that category. He also finished sixth in the league in steals per game in 2004–05 with 2.24 (Hughes led the league with 2.93 steals per game).

In the fifth game of the first round of the Eastern Conference playoffs in 2005, Arenas hit a 16-foot fadeaway as time expired to give the Wizards a 112–110 win over the Chicago Bulls. The Wizards eventually won the series, the franchise's first playoff series victory in more than two decades.

2005–06 season
In 2006, Wizards fansite Wizznutzz.com jokingly nicknamed him "Agent Zero", a nickname Arenas liked so much that it stuck.

Arenas averaged 29.3 points, which ranked fourth among the scoring leaders, two steals (also fourth), and 6.1 assists per game during the 2005–06 NBA season. However, he was not initially chosen for the 2006 All-Star Game. He was named as a replacement after Indiana Pacers forward–center Jermaine O'Neal was injured. He also participated in the Three-point Shootout, where he placed second, after Dirk Nowitzki. The Washington Wizards finished 42–40 and earned the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference.

During the off-season, Arenas said that he was willing to take a pay cut in order to give the Wizards additional money with which to sign available free agents. He had expressed a desire to win a championship with the Wizards. One of Arenas' most memorable plays was a 40-foot jump shot in Round 1 of the 2006 NBA playoffs in which the Wizards were eliminated by the LeBron James-led Cleveland Cavaliers in six games.

2006–07 season
Arenas himself has noted that he withdrew from the United States national team for the 2006 FIBA World Championship because he felt that assistant coaches Mike D'Antoni and Nate McMillan had determined the roster even prior to tryouts. Afterward, he stated that he planned on averaging 50 points against their respective teams (Phoenix Suns and Portland Trail Blazers). He succeeded at his goal versus powerhouse Phoenix, scoring 54 points, including 21-of-37 from the field, 6-of-12 three-pointers (while reportedly eyeing in the direction of Suns chairman Jerry Colangelo), in a high-scoring 144–139 Wizards win over the Suns. However, on February 11 versus the Blazers, he was held to a lowly nine points, including tying the Wizards' franchise record for three-point futility, going 0-for-8 from behind the arc, in a 94–73 loss versus Portland.

In an overtime game versus the Los Angeles Lakers on December 17, 2006, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, Arenas scored a career-high 60 points, adding 8 rebounds and 8 assists in helping lead the Wizards over the Lakers, 147–141. Arenas holds the Wizards' franchise record for points scored in a game by an individual, a record he now shares with Bradley Beal. The previous record of 56 points was held by Earl Monroe, achieved in 1968, which was also an overtime game against the Lakers. Arenas' 16 points in the extra period also set an NBA record for most points in one overtime period, surpassing Earl Boykins' record by one point.

On January 3, 2007, Arenas hit a 32-foot buzzer-beater to win the game against the Milwaukee Bucks, 108–105. Two weeks later on Martin Luther King Jr. Day he hit another buzzer-beating three-pointer to beat the Utah Jazz, 114–111, in a thriller at the Verizon Center. This same scenario has been added as a cut scene in the video game NBA Live 2008. He also hit a game-winning layup as time expired to beat the Seattle SuperSonics on March 21, 2007.

In February 2007, during the final days of All-Star voting, Arenas was voted as a first-time starter for the 2007 NBA All-Star game for the Eastern Conference, edging out Vince Carter by a slight margin, with 1,454,166 votes to Carter's 1,451,156. At the time he was averaging 29.7 points per game, and led all Eastern Conference point guards in scoring and was second in the league.

Towards the end of the season, Arenas tore his MCL during a game against the Charlotte Bobcats, when Gerald Wallace fell into his leg. The Wizards struggled to finish the season with Arenas and teammate Caron Butler both being injured. Washington earned a playoff berth, but was swept in the first round in a rematch with the Cleveland Cavaliers.

2007–08 season
During the off-season, Arenas told The Washington Post that he would "opt out" of his contract after the 2007–08 season, making him a free agent. He stated, "...if something happens where they don't want me or they're going in a different direction, I can look elsewhere. But my intentions are not to leave."

Arenas only played eight games during the 2007–08 season, due to a knee injury, before he started practicing again in March, and returned to action on April 2, 2008, against the Milwaukee Bucks, scoring 17 points in a 110–109 home loss.

Ten days prior, Arenas stormed out of the locker room before a game against the Detroit Pistons. He had wanted to play, but his doctor did not give him clearance. Arenas made a surprise return on April 9, when he came out of the locker room with 5:30 left in the first quarter. He finished the game scoring 13 points and dishing out 3 assists in helping the Wizards beat the Boston Celtics 109–95. He came off the bench for the rest of the regular season as not to disrupt the chemistry the Wizards had built without him. Arenas got his wish when they matched up against the Cavaliers for the third straight year; however, it was apparent he was not 100% healthy. In games 1–3, he played limited minutes, citing soreness in his surgically repaired knee. A few minutes before game 4 of their first-round playoff appearance against the Cavaliers, Arenas announced he would sit out the rest of the playoffs.

2008–09 season
On June 9, 2008, Arenas officially opted out of the final year of his contract, but said that he would re-sign with the Wizards if they retained teammate Antawn Jamison, also a free agent. The Wizards did indeed sign Jamison to a contract. Arenas was offered a five-year contract worth more than $100 million by the Golden State Warriors and another max deal by the Wizards, a six-year deal worth $124 million.

On July 13, 2008, Arenas signed a six-year contract worth $111 million with the Wizards.

Due to the lingering injuries from April 2007, Arenas would not make his season debut until March 28, 2009, scoring 15 points and dishing 10 assists in a 98–96 loss to the Detroit Pistons.

He also played a second and final game against the number one seed Cleveland Cavaliers on April 2, in which both teams wore their respective throwback jerseys. Arenas dished out 10 assists and scored 11 points, in a win, and fans were excited to see Arenas, Brendan Haywood, Antawn Jamison, and Caron Butler re-uniting for the only time in the season. However, the Wizards finished poorly with a record of 19–63, the second-worst record in the NBA, tied with the Los Angeles Clippers, ending four years of consecutive playoff appearances.

2009–10 season
Arenas opened the 2009–10 season on a hopeful note, scoring 29 points as the Wizards beat the Dallas Mavericks 102–91 in their season opener. However, Arenas' performance would be inconsistent in the weeks ahead; on November 11, he set a Wizards team record for turnovers in a game with 12. On December 12, Arenas netted his first triple-double in $5 1/2$ years in a loss to the Pacers. Six days later Arenas had a season-best 45 points in a Wizards win over his former team, the Golden State Warriors.

Firearms incident
On December 24, 2009, it was reported that Arenas had admitted to storing unloaded firearms in his locker at Capital One Arena and had surrendered them to team security. In doing so, Arenas not only violated NBA rules against bringing firearms into an arena, but also violated D.C. ordinances as well. On January 1, 2010, it was also reported that Arenas and teammate Javaris Crittenton had drawn guns on each other in the Wizards' locker room during a Christmas Eve argument regarding gambling debts. The D.C. Metropolitan Police and the U.S. Attorney's office began investigating, and on January 14, 2010, Arenas was charged with carrying a pistol without a license, a violation of Washington, D.C.'s gun-control laws. Arenas pleaded guilty on January 15 to the felony of carrying an unlicensed pistol outside a home or business.

On January 6, 2010, Arenas' 28th birthday, the NBA suspended him indefinitely without pay until its investigation was complete. By nearly all accounts, the league felt compelled to act when Arenas' teammates surrounded him during pregame introductions prior to a game with the Philadelphia 76ers, and he pretended to shoot them with guns made from his fingers. NBA Commissioner David Stern said in a statement that Arenas' behavior after the investigation started "has led me to conclude that he is not currently fit to take the court in an NBA game." He also said that Arenas was likely facing a lengthy suspension. The Wizards issued a statement of their own condemning the players' pregame stunt as "unacceptable". On January 27, 2010, Arenas and Crittenton were suspended for the rest of the season, after meeting with Stern. On February 2, 2010, Arenas wrote an open editorial in The Washington Post, in which he apologized for his actions, particularly for failing to be a better role model to young fans and for "making light of a serious situation." On March 26, 2010, Arenas was convicted for his crimes and was sentenced to two years' probation and 30 days in a halfway house. Arenas started his sentence in the halfway house on April 9. He was released on May 7. The punishment for Arenas was significantly stiffer than for Crittenton, who received a year of unsupervised probation, or Delonte West, who had been driving around in a three-wheeled motorcycle in Prince George's County with several loaded guns including a shotgun in a violin case. For his crime, West received eight months of home detention, two months of unsupervised probation, and forty hours of community service.

Upon his return to the Wizards for the 2010–11 season, Arenas elected to change his number from 0 to 9, claiming he was trying to put the entire incident from the previous season behind him. (Arenas had worn #0 all the way from college through his time in the NBA as a constant reminder of the number of minutes his critics said he would play in the NBA.)

After the first 24 games of the season, Arenas led the Wizards with an average of 17.3 points per game but the team had one of the worst win-loss records in the league at 6–18.

Orlando Magic (2010–2011)
On December 18, 2010, Arenas was traded to the Orlando Magic for Rashard Lewis. Arenas chose to wear #1 on his jersey in honor of his favorite player, Penny Hardaway. He was the backup point guard, with Jameer Nelson at the starting role. The Magic finished 52–30 and clinched the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference and made the playoffs. However, Orlando lost to the Atlanta Hawks in six games in the opening round of the playoffs.

On December 9, 2011, after the end of the 2011 NBA lockout, Arenas was waived by the Orlando Magic under the amnesty clause, being the first player to be waived under the newly established clause at the time of its inclusion. He cleared waivers and became a free agent. Due to the 2011 NBA lockout, the 2011–12 NBA season was reduced from its normal 82 games to 66 games.

In the summer of 2011, Arenas acted with former Wizards teammate Etan Thomas in a dramatic production of Our Town by Thornton Wilder.

Memphis Grizzlies (2012)
On March 20, 2012, the Memphis Grizzlies signed Arenas. His primary role was again a backup point guard, this time to Mike Conley Jr. The Grizzlies finished 41–25 and clinched the fourth seed in the Western Conference. However, they lost in the first round to the Los Angeles Clippers in a full seven-game series. Arenas' final NBA game was played in Game 7 of the 2012 Western Conference First Round on May 13, 2012. Memphis would lose Game 7 72 - 82 (thus losing the series) to the Los Angeles Clippers with Arenas only playing for 3 minutes and recording no stats.

Shanghai Sharks (2012–2013)
On November 19, 2012, Arenas signed with the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association. In his first season in the CBA, Arenas averaged 20.7 points per game, 7.3 rebounds per game, and 3.0 assists per game in 27.3 minutes per game. He played in 14 games and started in 8 of them. However, the Sharks finished at 10–22 and missed the playoffs.

Broadcasting career
Arenas hosted a daily sports show on Complex News' YouTube channel. He also has his own "No Chill Productions" podcast called The No Chill Podcast. In 2023, he launched another podcast called "Gil's Arena" in partnership with Underdog Fantasy Sports. Arenas is a regular co-host alongside Chad Johnson on Shannon Sharpe's podcast, Nightcap.

Personal life
Arenas has four children with Laura Govan, whom he dated from 2002 until 2014. Arenas met Govan while he was playing for the Warriors. Govan worked with the Sacramento Kings' public relations department.

One of Arenas' cousins is Javier Arenas, a professional football player who played for the NFL's Buffalo Bills. Another cousin, Armando Murillo, has played in the Canadian Football League.

Arenas is a friend of rapper The Game and was listed in the booklet for The Game's second album Doctor's Advocate. He collects a synthetic basketball from each team played, as well as players' jerseys, of which he has more than 400, most of which are autographed. He supported PETA's anti-fur mission by posing shirtless for their "Ink, Not Mink" campaign.

Arenas donated $100 for every point he scored in each home game during the 2006–07 season to local D.C.-area schools, while Wizards team owner Abe Pollin matched that contribution for each away game. He has also mentored a D.C. boy who lost his family in a fire at age 10. Arenas got him a job as a ball boy for the Wizards.

Arenas has had his own shoe, the Adidas Gil Zero, as well as his own line of Adidas TS Lightswitch shoes. Arenas wears size 14$1/2$ shoes. Following the gun incident in 2009, Adidas dropped their sponsorship of Arenas. Instead of signing another endorsement deal, he turned to his vast collection of shoes. For nearly every game of the season, Arenas wore a different pair of shoes, wearing a total of 77 different pairs.

Arenas admitted that he ran about 60 red lights in 4 months and got away with it by keeping his dealer plates on his vehicle.

On June 27, 2013, Arenas was arrested by the LAPD for the possession of illegal fireworks.

Awards and honors

 * 3-time NBA All-Star: 2005, 2006, 2007
 * 3-time All-NBA Team:
 * Second team: 2007
 * Third team: 2005, 2006

 * NBA Most Improved Player Award: 2003
 * NBA All-Star Rookie/Sophomore Game MVP: 2003
 * NBA regular season leader, minutes played: 2006 (3,384)
 * NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Month for December 2006. Averaged a league-high 34.1 points per game during December.
 * 7-time NBA Eastern Conference Player of the Week (1-time in 2004–05, 3-time in 2005–06 and 2006–07).
 * NBA Western Conference Rookie of the Month for April 2002.
 * Cover Player of NBA Live 08
 * 2007 Weblog Award for Best Celebrity Blogger
 * All-Pac-10 First Team: 2001

Career records

 * Career-high 60 points on December 17, 2006, vs. the Los Angeles Lakers (breaking Earl Monroe's franchise record of 56 on February 13, 1968).
 * Career 50-plus-point games (regular season): 3
 * Career 40-plus-point games (regular season): 29 (28 with Washington)
 * Career 40-plus-point games (playoffs): 1
 * On November 6, 2009, he scored his 10,000th career point, making a three-pointer against the Indiana Pacers.
 * Most points scored in an overtime period (regular season): 16, set on December 17, 2006

Wizards franchise records

 * Held franchise record for most three-point field goals made all time with 868
 * Holds franchise record for most points in a game (60 against the Los Angeles Lakers).
 * Holds franchise record for most turnovers in a game (12 against the Miami Heat, November 11, 2009 ).

title: Gilbert Arenas


text: User talk:24.254.166.84

title: User talk:24.254.166.84


text:
George I. Mavrodes

George I. Mavrodes (November 23, 1926 – July 31, 2019) was an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Michigan.

Biography
Mavrodes received his B.S. degree (1945) from Oregon State College, his B.D. degree (1953) from Western Baptist Theological Seminary, and his M.A. (1960) and PhD (1961) degrees in philosophy from the University of Michigan. He retired on March 31, 1995, being named professor emeritus of philosophy after thirty three years at the University of Michigan.

Work
Mavrodes is the author of Belief in God: A Study in the Epistemology of Religion (1970) and Revelation in Religious Belief (1988). He has nearly one hundred articles covering such topics as revelation, omnipotence, miracles, resurrection, personal identity and survival of death, and faith and reason, as well as ethics and social policy issues that intersect with religion and morality—abortion, pacifism, the just war, and nuclear deterrence. Mavrodes has served as president of the Society for Philosophy of Religion and the Society of Christian Philosophers, and as a member of the executive committee of the American Theological Society. Mavrodes has held editorial positions with American Philosophical Quarterly, Faith and Philosophy, and The Reformed Journal.

One of his more widely studied works is titled "Religion and the Queerness of Morality", where he questions whether genuine moral obligation could make sense in a world as described in Russell's "A Free Man's Worship".

He distinguished two major ways of understanding evolution. The first is the "naturalistic" way of understanding evolution as "explicable entirely in terms of natural law without reference to a divine intention or intervention." But a "theistic" understanding of evolution holds that "there was a divine teleology in this process, a divine direction at each crucial stage in accordance with divine plan or intention." In other words, a theistic understanding of evolution holds that although evolution occurred, God still directed evolution. Evolution is merely the tool of God's design. Evolution, and even the great struggle for existence that "selects" some animals to survive and others to die, is the instrument with which God designs human beings and other animals. On this view, Darwinian evolution is consistent with the belief that God, through evolution, produced human beings for a purpose. Other philosophers, such as Henri Bergson and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, have also argued that the process of evolution is not blind and random, but directed and purposeful.

Author

 * Belief in God: A Study in the Epistemology of Religion (Random House, 1970)
 * Revelation in Religious Belief (Temple University Press, 1988)

Editor

 * Problems and Perspectives in the Philosophy of Religion (Allyn and Bacon Inc., 1967)
 * The Rationality of Belief in God (Prentice Hall, 1970)

title: George I. Mavrodes


text:
Simon Jenkins

Sir Simon David Jenkins FLSW (born 10 June 1943) is a British author, a newspaper columnist and editor. He was editor of the Evening Standard from 1976 to 1978 and of The Times from 1990 to 1992.

Jenkins chaired the National Trust from 2008 to 2014. He currently writes columns for The Guardian.

Early life
Jenkins was born June 10, 1943, in Birmingham, England. His father, Daniel Thomas Jenkins, was a Welsh professor of divinity at Princeton University and a Minister in the Congregational and then United Reformed Church. He was educated at Mill Hill School and St John's College, Oxford, where he earned a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.

Journalism
After graduating from the University of Oxford, Jenkins initially worked at Country Life magazine, before joining the Times Educational Supplement. He was then features editor and columnist on the Evening Standard before editing the Insight pages of The Sunday Times. From 1976 to 1978 he was editor of the Evening Standard, before becoming political editor of The Economist from 1979 to 1986. He edited The Times from 1990 to 1992, and since then has been a columnist for The Times and The Guardian. In 1998 he received the What the Papers Say Journalist of the Year award.

In January 2005, he announced he was ending his 15-year association with The Times to write a book, before joining The Guardian as a columnist. He retained a column at The Sunday Times and was a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post. He gave up both on becoming chairman of the National Trust in 2008, when he also resumed an occasional column for the Evening Standard.

Opinions
In April 2009, The Guardian withdrew one of Jenkins' articles from its website after African National Congress leader and South African president-elect Jacob Zuma sued the paper for defamation. The Guardian issued an apology, and settled the libel case for an undisclosed sum.

In February 2010, Jenkins argued in a Guardian article that British control over the Falkland Islands was an "expensive legacy of empire" and should be handed over to the Argentinian government. He argued that they could be leased back under the supervision of the United Nations and that the 2,500 or so Falkland Islanders should not have "an unqualified veto on British government policy".

In a piece in The Guardian in June 2010 he wrote that the government should "cut [defence], all £45 billion of it. ... With the end of the Cold War in the 1990s that threat [of global communism] vanished." In August 2016 he wrote in The Guardian in support of NATO membership, saying: "It is a real deterrent, and its plausibility rests on the assurance of collective response".

Jenkins voted for the UK to Remain within the European Union in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, arguing in The Guardian that leaving would provide Germany with dominance over the remainder of the union: "It would leave Germany effectively alone at the head of Europe, alternately hesitant and bullying".

Soon after Rishi Sunak became Prime Minister, Jenkins wrote that his aides were "young, sneakered, tieless image-makers, and fiercely loyal to him." They were "special advisers, thinktanks and lobby groups isolated from the world outside."

Jenkins has consistently argued against Western military intervention and support in the conflict in Ukraine. Before the outbreak of full invasion in January 2022, amid heightened tensions, Jenkins wrote a pair of columns arguing that the United Kingdom should stay out of the "border dispute", one he argues is a direct result of 'NATO expansionism'. In 2023, he wrote a column discouraging the supplying of jets as military aid. In early 2024, he wrote that NATO was growing reckless in the conflict, as the war reached a "predictable stalemate". Jenkins has been criticized for his opinions on Ukraine by many journalists and commentators, examples including Mark Laity and Oz Katerji.

In May 2024, following the local elections, he wrote calling metro mayors a "farce of local democracy" advocating their abolition.

Books
Jenkins has written several books on the politics, history and architecture of England, including England's Thousand Best Churches and England's Thousand Best Houses. In his 2011 book A Short History of England, he argued that the British Empire "was a remarkable institution that dismantled itself in good order".

In 2022, Jenkins' book, The Celts: A Sceptical History, stoked some controversy on account of Jenkins incredulous view of the Celts as a distinct cultural entity. The release of the work was met with a number of hostile reviews from specialists in Celtic studies, with these critics of the book alleging factual errors in the work as well as of the misrepresentation of sources.

Public appointments
Jenkins served on the boards of British Rail 1979–1990 and London Transport 1984–1986. He was a member of the Millennium Commission from February 1994 to December 2000, and has also sat on the board of trustees of The Architecture Foundation. From 1985 to 1990, he was deputy chairman of English Heritage.

In July 2008, it was announced that he had been chosen as the new chairman of the National Trust; he took over the three-year post from William Proby in November of that year. He remained in the post until November 2014.

Personal life and honours
Jenkins married the American actress Gayle Hunnicutt in 1978; the couple had one son. They separated in 2008 and divorced in 2009. He married Hannah Kaye, events producer at Intelligence Squared, in 2014.

Jenkins was appointed a Knight Bachelor for services to journalism in the 2004 New Year Honours.

In 2022, Jenkins was elected as a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.

Selected works

 * Simon Jenkins (1969) Education and Labour's Axe, Bow Publications, ISBN 0-900182-79-2
 * Simon Jenkins (1971) Here to Live: Study of Race Relations in an English Town, Runnymede Trust, ISBN 0-902397-12-5
 * Simon Jenkins (1975) Landlords to London: Story of a Capital and Its Growth, Constable, ISBN 0-09-460150-X
 * Simon Jenkins (1979) Newspapers: The Power and the Money, Faber, ISBN 0-571-11468-7
 * Simon Jenkins (1981) Newspapers Through the Looking-glass, Manchester Statistical Society, ISBN 0-85336-058-8
 * Sir Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins (1984) Battle for the Falklands, M Joseph, ISBN 0-7181-2578-9
 * Simon Jenkins and Anne Sloman (1985) With Respect, Ambassador: Enquiry into the Foreign Office, BBC, ISBN 0-563-20329-3
 * Simon Jenkins (1986) The Market for Glory: Fleet Street Ownership in the Twentieth Century, Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-14627-9
 * Simon Jenkins and Robert Ilson (1992) "The Times" English Style and Usage Guide, Times Books, ISBN 0-7230-0396-3
 * Simon Jenkins (1993) The Selling of Mary Davies and Other Writings, John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-5298-2
 * Simon Jenkins (1994) Against the Grain, John Murray, ISBN 0-7195-5570-1
 * Simon Jenkins (1995) Accountable to None: Tory Nationalization of Britain, Hamish Hamilton, ISBN 0-241-13591-5
 * Simon Jenkins (1999) England's Thousand Best Churches, Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9281-6
 * Simon Jenkins (2003) England's Thousand Best Houses, Allen Lane, ISBN 0-7139-9596-3
 * Simon Jenkins (2006) Thatcher & Sons – A Revolution in Three Acts, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-7139-9595-4
 * Simon Jenkins (2008) Wales: Churches, Houses, Castles, Allen Lane, ISBN 978-0-713-99893-1
 * Simon Jenkins (2011) A Short History of England, Profile Books, ISBN 978-1-84668-461-6
 * Simon Jenkins (2013) England's Hundred Best Views, Profile Books, ISBN 978-1-781250-96-9
 * Simon Jenkins (2016), England's Cathedrals, Little Brown, ISBN 978-1-408706-45-9
 * Simon Jenkins (2017) Britain's Hundred Best Railway Stations, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-241978-98-6
 * Simon Jenkins (2018) A Short History of Europe: From Pericles to Putin, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-241-35252-6
 * Simon Jenkins (2022) Cathedrals: Masterpieces of Architecture, Feats of Engineering, Icons of Faith, Rizzoli, ISBN 978-0847871407
 * Simon Jenkins (2022) The Celts: A Sceptical History, Profile Books, ISBN 978-1800810662

title: Simon Jenkins


text:
Talk:Alpine, California

Census Designated Place
See Rambot: Village and town are legitimate designations

External links modified
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External links modified
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Requested move 11 March 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Alpine, California → Alpine, San Diego County – many places in California are called "Alpine" as evidenced by the enormous hatnote. The current term should point to the disambiguation page Alpine (disambiguation) -- 65.93.183.33 (talk) 03:46, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Polyamorph (talk) 08:54, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * It is not clear that the article at this title is not the primary Alpine, California. There are two blue links in the hatnote, with the third hatnoted item being a redlink. I feel a discussion is necessary here. BD2412  T 04:58, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * WP:AT violation. This is not an undisambiguated title. This Alpine is clearly not the primary topic of "Alpine" since it resides at a disambiguated title, with ", California" as the disambiguator. So it fails Article Title rules, by not being WP:PRECISE enough to identify the topic unambiguously. Thus it needs to be moved. Disambiguated titles are not primary topics because they are disambiguated page names, and primary topics reside at page names without disambiguators. -- 65.93.183.33 (talk) 02:06, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose when considering WP:USPLACE and how the common names of U.S. populated places are used in the United States. The format of  without any   as the OP suggests is not allowed. The OP also appears to not realize that "Alpine, California" in itself, like any other   under the WP:USPLACE guidelines, is also a valid search term and title, and thus there could be a primary topic for that. In other words, it is not strictly a disambiguated page name. This misconception is reasonably understandable since the OP's IP geolocates to outside the U.S., and Perennial proposals does basically list the reasons why WP:USPLACE is an exception to the normal rules. So when comparing the current links in the hatnote to determine whether there should be a primary topic for "Alpine, California":
 * Alpine (former settlement), California is removed from consideration because it is now a redlink.
 * Alpine, Los Angeles County, California is then eliminated from consideration as a primary topic in terms of usage since it is a currently two-sentence stub that averages only a handful of daily page views, (it may also be nominated for deletion for lack of notability per WP:GEOLAND, but that is for future discussion).
 * Alpine County, California is a U.S. county instead of a community, town, city or another U.S. populated place. In terms of common, long-term usage in the U.S., just "Alpine, California" almost always never refers to the county. Like Alameda, California versus Alameda County, California; Yuma, Arizona versus Yuma County, Arizona; Cortland, New York versus Cortland County, New York; and thousands of other examples.
 * Thus, that leaves the status quo. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:54, 13 March 2021 (UTC)
 * If Alpine, San Diego County is unacceptable to USPLACE; then it must be moved to Alpine, San Diego County, California; as WP:PRIMARYTOPIC does not apply to disambiguated titles. Per PRIMARYTOPIC ; so "Alpine, California" is a disambiguated title, and not a primary topic location. WP:USPLACE for the title of the article, but it still a disambiguated title in the final consideration, so if that title is ambiguous, as this one is, then it cannot reside there without further disambiguation. Thus this must be moved to Alpine, San Diego County, California  in that instance. -- 65.93.183.33 (talk) 01:13, 14 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Again, not necessarily if Alpine, Los Angeles County, California is deleted. Also, it appears that you are still making the false assumption that a disambiguated title strictly cannot be a primary topic in its own right. For example, Thriller (album) describing Michael Jackson's album is essentially the primary topic for all the other albums listed on Thriller. Under the third paragraph of WP:INCOMPDAB, "In individual cases consensus may determine that a parenthetically disambiguated title that is still ambiguous has a primary topic". See also Partially disambiguated page names. Zzyzx11 (talk) 17:33, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose. If Alpine, Los Angeles County, California is deleted, there's no ambiguity. Even if not, as between this article and Alpine, Los Angeles County, California, this is the more primary topic and should remain at this name; residual disambiguation can be handled by ordinary disambiguation processes. TJRC (talk) 21:49, 4 April 2021 (UTC)
 * You might find that does not get deleted.  ☺ Uncle G (talk) 12:06, 5 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Hence the "even if not". TJRC (talk) 04:42, 6 April 2021 (UTC)

Cedar fire of 2003
I propose we mention the Cedar fire of 2003. Forich (talk) 21:02, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

 * you don't have to propose it, go ahead and write it. I started it for you. •  Sbmeirow  •  Talk  • 21:24, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alpine, California


text:
Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley

Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, PC (23 June 1716 – 1 January 1789) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1756 to 1782 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Grantley.

Life and career
Norton was the eldest son of Thomas Norton of Grantley, Yorkshire. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge and the Middle Temple, being called to the bar in 1739. After a period of inactivity, he built up a profitable practice, becoming a King's Counsel in 1754, and later attorney-general for the county palatine of Lancaster.

With his father he ordered the building in the mid-1700s of Grantley Hall, near Ripon in North Yorkshire.

In 1756, Norton was elected Member of Parliament for Appleby; he represented Wigan from 1761 to 1768, and was appointed solicitor-general for England and knighted in 1762. He took part in the proceedings against John Wilkes, and, having become Attorney General for England and Wales in 1763, prosecuted William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, for the murder of William Chaworth. However, he lost his office when the Marquess of Rockingham came to power in July 1765.

In 1769, as MP for Guildford, Norton became a privy councillor and chief Justice in Eyre of the forests south of the Trent, and in 1770 was elected Speaker of the House of Commons. In 1777, when presenting the bill for the increase of the civil list to the king, he told George III that "parliament has not only granted to your majesty a large present supply, but also a very great additional revenue; great beyond example; great beyond your majesty's highest expense." This speech aroused general attention and caused some irritation; but the Speaker was supported by Charles James Fox and by the city of London, and received the thanks of the House of Commons.

The king did not forget these plain words, and after the general election of 1780, the prime minister, Lord North, and his followers declined to support the re-election of the retiring Speaker, alleging that his health was not equal to the duties of the office, and he was defeated when the voting took place. In 1782 he was made a peer as Baron Grantley of Markenfield in the County of York.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1776.

Death
He died in 1789 at his London home in Lincoln's Inn Fields and was buried at Wonersh, Surrey. In 1741 he had married Grace, the daughter and heiress of Sir William Chapple, Justice of the King's Bench, 1737–1745. They had 5 sons and 2 daughters. He was succeeded as Baron Grantley by his eldest son William (1742–1822).

Nathaniel William Wraxall described Norton as a bold, able and eloquent, but not a popular pleader, and as Speaker he was aggressive and indiscreet. Derided by satirists as "Sir Bullface Doublefee," and described by Horace Walpole as one who rose from obscure infamy to that infamous fame which will long stick to him, his character was also assailed by "Junius".

Family
Grantley married Grace Chapple, daughter and heir of Sir William Chapple, Justice of the King's bench, on 21 May 1741. They had four sons and a daughter:
 * William Norton, 2nd Baron Grantley (1742–1822)
 * Hon. Fletcher Norton MP FRSE (1744–1820); father of Hon. Charles Francis Norton and Hon. George Chapple Norton
 * Hon. Chapple Norton (1746–1818)
 * Hon. Edward Norton (1750–1786)
 * Hon. Grace Norton (1752–1813), married John Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth

title: Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley