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Volcano High

Volcano High is a 2001 South Korean martial arts action comedy film. It revolves around a troublemaking high school student named Kim Kyung-soo (portrayed by Jang Hyuk) who finds himself transferred to the last school that will take him, the prestigious Volcano High, an institution whose students display an incredible talent in martial arts, with a few demonstrating even more mysterious psychic powers. Kyung-soo is drawn into fights between different clubs, a manuscript that is told to hold great power, and a group of teachers that will do whatever possible to keep the students in line. It was the 9th highest grossing Korean film of 2001 with 1,687,800 admissions nationwide, and had both an original domestic version and edited international version.

Prologue
17 years of feuding, sparked by the Great Teacher's Battle, has stripped authorities of their power, as self-indulgence, disguised as self-control, grips the student body. The schools have fallen into disarray. However, there is a legend. The one who acquires the Secret Manuscript will end the chaos. It is a legend that disrupts the Martial Court of Volcano High. Now, in the 108th year of Volcano...

Plot
Having been expelled from previous schools due to the lack of control of his powers, Kyung-soo is determined to graduate and attend Volcano High (the last school who will accept him). On his first day, he doesn't fit in due to him being an outsider and the only friends he makes are Shimma and Golbangi, whom the latter warn him of Chae-yi's reputation as Icy Jade.

In another room, Hak-rim is seen using his powers to make a tea based antidote for the principal. On his way to deliver the antidote, Hak-rim is able to prevent a fight between Kyung-soo and Jang Ryang (after the latter hated the smell of Fujian Tofu). Reminding the latter that he must not start trouble, Ryang leaves in anger.

Meanwhile, trouble ensues with Vice Principal Hak-sa who is determined to be principal of Volcano High from the former headmaster. Despite his fears of Jang Ryang, Hak-sa enlists his help to frame famed martial arts student, Hak-rim, for stealing an ancient manuscript that is believed to help end the 17 years of feuding. However, he soon runs into several problems after successfully framing and imprisoning Hak-rim. The principal is not only alive, but is in a happy induced coma and adding to Hak-sa's problems is that the Dark Oxen gang having taken over the school.

Most students begin to believe Kyung-soo framed Hak-rim, despite his denial and maintaining his innocence. However, Chae-yi believes him and tells her friend, Yo-seon that she suspects Ryang of framing Hak-rim. This is confirmed when Ryang shows up with intentions to make her, his queen so they could rule Volcano High together. Chae-yi refuses the offer and Kyung-soo tries to defend her. During a fight with Ryang, Kyung-soo is able to defeat him, but later is injured temporarily from the whole thing when he becomes distracted with his parents' plea to behave himself.

During visitation to Hak-rim, Chae-yi and Yo-seon tells him about the incident with Ryang's involvement in his framing. He soon begins to sense Kyung-soo is their only chance to restore order to Volcano High and asks them to set up a meeting with him.

Realizing that Ryang could hinder his efforts to take control of Volcano High and prevent him from taking the manuscript, Hak-sa calls forth Mr. Ma and his gang known as the Five Teachers to help him retake control of the school. They succeed and begin punishing the students for minor infractions. Kyung-soo tries to avoid being in trouble at all times, afraid of the shame he could bring to his family if expelled one last time. However, Mr. Ma recognizes him from a previous school and this forces him to fight.

One day, Hak-rim and Kyung-soo meet in visitation. Convinced that he may be the students only chance to bring order into the school once more, Hak-rim trains Kyung-soo to master his powers properly. Although Kyung-soo refuses to be involved, he slowly begins to realize the meaning of Hak-rim's warning that he can't escape his fate and must help restore order in the school by finding the said manuscript. He begins to master his powers in the boys shower room and accidentally gets Chae-yi wet. However, by this time, she begins to have feelings for him and vice versa.

Ryang is angered by this, but more so with Hak-sa when he discovers what the vice-principal has done in recruiting the Five Teachers. He tries to remind him of their original deal, but Mr. Ma sends him away. Kyung-soo finally fights Mr. Ma during the climax of the film. After a lengthy battle, he is able to defeat Mr. Ma and kill him. Opening the box, Kyung-soo reveals there is no manuscript to the shock of Ryang, Hak-sa and the remaining four teachers. However, the students doesn't care because they realized the meaning Hak-rim's words about the manuscript being a metaphor and that he knew Kyung-soo was the one who is able to restore order in the school. Hak-sa eventually loses it and the remaining four teachers willingly abandons him after the loss of Mr. Ma.

With that, the charges against Hak-rim are dismissed and he is set free. The principal is back to normal and is able to run the school again. When he mentions his dreams of the manuscript, the students reveal that they know the truth of Hak-rim's words of it being a metaphor. The principal asks them about it, the students reveal he knew that Kyung-soo was the one destined to restore order to the school because of his abilities. He able to fight Ryang fairly and win without worry of expulsion. Kyung-soo is able to graduate from high school and make his family proud for once. In the end scenes, Kyung-soo poses with the other clubs in photos. Chae-yi notices Yo-seon writing another letter to Hak-rim and realizes she has feelings for him. She soon advises Yo-seon to tell him of her feelings for him soon. She refuses and continues writing more letters. Hak-sa is seen in the same induced coma after his loss of favor.

Cast and characters

 * Jang Hyuk as Kim Kyung-soo: Main character whose powers caused him to get kicked out of school. Volcano High is the last school that will accept him and he's determined to graduate. Kyung-soo has a history with Mr. Ma and was reluctant to use his powers to help the students out with their struggle to find the manuscript, fearing expulsion and shaming his family.
 * Shin Min-a as Yoo Chae-yi: Nicknamed and described as "Icy Jade." Captain of the kendo team and love interest of Kyung-soo.
 * Kim Soo-ro as Jang Ryang: Nicknamed "Dark Ox." Leader of the Dark Oxen and captain of the weightlifting team. One of the most powerful and feared fighters at Volcano High. He helps the vice principal Hak-sa frame and imprison Hak-rim for stealing the manuscript so he can take control of the school. Ryang is in love with Chae-yi and wants her to be his queen. He despises Kyung-soo, seeing that he's much stronger in a fight than Ryang himself.
 * Kwon Sang-woo as Song Hak-rim: Described as "Elegant Crane in a Pine Forest." The most powerful martial artist in Volcano High. He is imprisoned after being framed by Jang Ryang for trying to steal the manuscript. Realizing that Kyung-soo is Volcano High's only hope, Hak-rim trains him.
 * Gong Hyo-jin as So Yo-seon: Described as "Single Hearted." Co-captain of the kendo team and admirer of Song Hak-rim. She was the first to believe that he was framed and that Jang Ryang was involved.
 * Kim Hyeong-jong as Shimma: Captain of the rugby team. Befriends Kyung-soo.
 * Huh Joon-ho as Mr. Ma: Leader of the 5 Teachers who are sent to discipline the students. He has a history with Kyung-soo.
 * Byun Hee-bong as Vice Principal Jang Hak-sa: Angry due to the fact he isn't the principal and in spite of his own fears of Jang Ryang, Hak-sa enlisted his help to frame Hak-rim for stealing the manuscript and he can be imprisoned. When Hak-sa realizes the Dark Oxen has taken control of Volcano High, he enlists the help of the 5 Teachers to discipline the students.
 * Jung Sang-hoon as Golbangi/Woo-ping: a member of the Dark Oxen who befriends Kyung-soo. He warns him of Chae-yi's reputation as Icy Jade when Kyung-soo accidentally spilled a bucket of water on her. Golbangi often plays masseuse to Ryang.

Soundtrack
The movie released different soundtracks in South Korea, in Japan and in the US. The original Korean soundtrack was scored by Park Young and features mostly rock music, including two songs from Korean nu metal band R.F. Children. The Japanese soundtrack was written by Daita (former guitarist of Siam Shade), and is similar in style, with rock music. The US version is a completely altered version from the original featuring hip hop music.

Japanese version
A Japanese version of the film released in late 2002, featured an International version of the film that was roughly twenty minutes shorter than the original Korean domestic version with Japanese text on-screen.

American version
An American version of the film released as a Kung Faux parody in late 2003 by MTV featured voice acting by hip hop artists.

 * Andre 3000 as Kim Kyung-soo
 * Lil Jon as Jang Ryang
 * Mýa as Yoo Chae-yi (renamed Jade)
 * Snoop Dogg as Song Hak-rim
 * Method Man as Mr. Ma
 * Pat Morita as Vice Principal Jang Hak-sa (renamed Ko)
 * Big Boi as Shimma
 * Kelis as So Yo-seon (renamed Song)
 * Tracy Morgan as Woo-ping

This Kung Faux parody version of the film aired only on MTV in the United States.

Comic
There is also a manhwa comic set before the movie called Volcano High Prelude. It was distributed with an English subtitled version of the original Korean domestic version of the film in the United States by Media Blasters.

title: Volcano High


text:
Queen Elizabeth Hotel

Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth (Fairmont Le Reine Élizabeth) is a historic grand hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. With 950 rooms and 21 floors it is the largest hotel in Quebec, and the second largest Fairmont hotel in Canada after the Fairmont Royal York in Toronto. Located at 900 René Lévesque Boulevard West, in Downtown Montreal, it is connected to Central Station and to the underground city. The hotel is known for being the location for John Lennon and Yoko Ono recording "Give Peace a Chance" in Room 1742 during their 1969 anti-war Bed-In.

History
The Queen Elizabeth (Le Reine Élizabeth) opened on April 15, 1958. The hotel was built and owned by the Canadian National Railway and operated by Hilton Hotels International, though it was never branded as a Hilton.

Canadian National Railway selected leading architects and designers to give the interior decoration a "New France" theme, using Quebec handicrafts. The artists included Albert Edward Cloutier (carved wooden panels), Jean Dallaire (wall hanging), Marius Plamondon (stained glass mural), Claude Vermette (ceramic tiles) and Julien Hébert (bronze elevator doors). Cloutier painted a mural for the main dining room of the Salle Bonaventure in the hotel.

There was controversy over naming the hotel: Quebec nationalists wanted it called Château Maisonneuve in honour of Montreal's founder, Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve. CN's president, Donald Gordon, insisted it be named for the queen, who had unexpectedly come to the throne in 1952 while the hotel was still on the drawing board. The French name, Le Reine Élizabeth, may appear startling, because of the use of the masculine article le, but the article does not actually apply to the feminine noun Reine. Instead, it applies to the implied masculine noun Hôtel (as in Le Ritz).

Many famous guests have stayed there, including Queen Elizabeth II (four times) and the Duke of Edinburgh, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, Prince Charles, Fidel Castro, who was the first head of state to visit the hotel, Charles de Gaulle, and Princess Grace of Monaco, during Expo '67, Indira Gandhi, Jacques Chirac, Nelson Mandela, the Dalai Lama, Sadiq Raji, Mikhail Gorbachev, Jimmy Carter, Henry Kissinger, Perry Como, Joan Crawford, John Travolta, Mikhail Baryshnikov, and George W. Bush.

The hotel reached worldwide fame when John Lennon and Yoko Ono, who had been refused entry into the United States, conducted their Bed-In in Room 1742 at the hotel between May 26 and June 2, 1969. "Give Peace a Chance" was recorded in this room on June 1 by André Perry. This song is the first solo single issued by Lennon, and became an anthem of the American anti-war movement during the 1970s. It peaked at #14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the British singles chart.

The NHL Entry Draft was also held at the hotel ten times between 1963 and 1979.

In 1970, the Government of Quebec moved its centre of operations into the Queen Elizabeth in the midst of the October Crisis.

CN Hotels assumed direct management of the hotel on January 1, 1984, when the contract with Hilton ended. CN Hotels was sold to Canadian Pacific Hotels in 1988. In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels was rebranded as Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, following their purchase of that smaller chain. The hotel was renamed Fairmont The Queen Elizabeth.

In 2010, six doormen of the hotel were arrested on charges of racketeering and extortion.

From June 17, 2016 to July 10, 2017, the hotel was closed for a CA$140 million renovation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Queen Elizabeth Hotel


text:
Talk:Mason Gaffney

Comment from 2004
Taken from

http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/georgists_gaffney_mason.html.

Charles Matthews 06:24, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * are you you suggesting WP:Plagiarism? Currently the link is down. Jonpatterns (talk) 12:04, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Just repeating the edit summary from the page creator, nearly ten years ago. Seems quite possible there was such an issue, back then. Charles Matthews (talk) 12:53, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mason Gaffney


text:
Gelsemium

Gelsemium is an Asian and North American genus of flowering plants belonging to family Gelsemiaceae. The genus contains three species of shrubs to straggling or twining climbers. Two species are native to North America, and one to China and Southeast Asia.

Carl Linnaeus first classified G. sempervirens as Bignonia sempervirens in 1753; Antoine Laurent de Jussieu created a new genus for this species in 1789. Gelsemium is a Latinized form of the Italian word for jasmine, gelsomino. G. elegans has the common name "heartbreak grass".

Properties
All three species of this genus are poisonous.

Active components
The active components of gelsemium are the alkaloids, which are present in a concentration of about 0.5%. These consist primarily of gelsemine (a highly toxic compound related to strychnine), with lesser amounts of related compounds (gelsemicine, gelsedine, etc). Other compounds found in the plant include scopoletin (also called gelsemic acid), a small amount of volatile oil, fatty acid and tannins.

Gelsemium has been shown to contain methoxyindoles.

Medicinal uses
As late as 1906, a drug called Gelsemium, made from the rhizome and rootlets of Gelsemium sempervirens, was used in the treatment of facial and other neuralgias. It also proved valuable in some cases of malarial fever, and was occasionally used as a cardiac depressant and in spasmodic affections, but was inferior for this purpose to other remedies.

Alleged poisoning victims

 * On 23 December 2011, Long Liyuan, a Chinese billionaire, died after eating cat stew that was allegedly poisoned with Gelsemium elegans.
 * On 10 November 2012, Alexander Perepilichny died outside his UK home, after warning of Kremlin death threats he received related to the Magnitsky affair. A lawyer for the deceased's life insurance company told a pre-inquest hearing that toxicology reports had identified traces of Gelsemium in his body. However, this was later denied by an expert at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, the Police and coroner concluded that he died of natural causes.

Symptoms of poisoning
The poison affects the vision and respiration. Symptoms can appear almost immediately.

Arthur Conan Doyle's experiment
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, writer of the Sherlock Holmes stories, once administered himself a small amount of gelsemium and kept increasing the amount every day until he could no longer stand the ill effects. In a letter written by him to the British Medical Journal on 20 September 1879, he described that he had persistent diarrhea, severe frontal headache, and great depression, and therefore stopped his self-experimentation at 200 minims.

A rare case of Gelsemium addiction
In his classic early 20th century work on psychotropic drugs Phantastica, German pharmacologist Louis Lewin recounts the seemingly unique case of a person who became addicted (in a manner far more often associated with opiates) to a Gelsemium preparation: "during a severe attack of rheumatism a man took a large quantity of an alcoholic tincture of Gelsemium sempervirens a plant which is liable to act on the brain and the medulla oblongata. Noticing an appreciable result he continued to take it, and finally became a slave to the drug. He gradually augmented the quantity, and reached 30 gr. of the tincture in one dose. Slowly he became pale, agitated, and discontented. He wasted away. Hallucination set in, and his state grew worse until disorders of the intelligence appeared. As he continued to increase the doses he fell into idiocy and died in a state of mental confusion."

title: Gelsemium


text:
Rocket docket

A rocket docket is a court or other tribunal that is noted for its speedy disposition of cases and controversies that come before it, often by maintaining strict adherence to the law as pertains to filing deadlines, etc.

The term was originally applied to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, after Judge Albert V. Bryan Jr., who ran the federal courthouse in Alexandria, decided that justice was being dispensed too slowly for his liking. The court earned the nickname among attorneys practicing there in the 1970s, who told stories of Bryan ruling on the spot when motions were argued, and trying entire cases in one afternoon. As of September 2011, the Eastern District of Virginia had the shortest average time from filing to disposition for civil cases that went to trial (at 12.1 months) and was second (behind the Eastern District of Pennsylvania) in median time for resolution of all civil cases.

Later the term was applied to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas. Other jurisdictions that have been characterized as rocket dockets include the United States District Court for the Northern District of California; the United States District Court for the Southern District of California; the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia; and the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin.

The U.S. Patent & Trademark Office has designated its expedited examination of design patent applications as a rocket docket.

In Jefferson County (Louisville), Kentucky a team of prosecutors is assigned to the Progressive Criminal Justice Plan, referred to as the "rocket docket," for speedy resolution of certain criminal matters.

Another notable "rocket docket" court involved Lee County, Florida (Fort Myers), home of numerous foreclosure proceedings due to the collapse of the Florida housing market as a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, part of the 2010 United States foreclosure crisis. On some days, the court heard up to 1,000 cases per day; assuming an 8-hour day, this equates to less than 30 seconds per case. The entire case frequently consists of two questions: whether the homeowner is behind on payments, and whether they are still in the house. If yes, the judge allows the homeowner 60 days to come to an agreement with the bank for payments or lose the house.

title: Rocket docket


text:
Cohasset

Cohasset can refer to:

Places

 * Cohasset, California
 * Cohasset, Massachusetts
 * Cohasset (MBTA station)
 * Cohasset Rocks, an alternative name for Minots Ledge, a reef off of Cohasset, Massachusetts
 * Cohasset, Minnesota
 * Cohasset, Virginia
 * Cohasett (Hampton County, South Carolina) - NRHP house in Hampton County
 * Lake Cohasset, one of several reservoirs on the eponymous stream of Mill Creek Park in Youngstown, Ohio

Ships

 * USS Cohasset, three U.S. Navy ships

Other Uses

 * Cohasset Punch, a brand of liqueur named for Cohasset, Massachusetts

title: Cohasset


text: User talk:68.233.67.51

title: User talk:68.233.67.51


text:
Congolese

Congolese or Kongolese may refer to:

African peoples

 * Congolese people (disambiguation)
 * Kongo people, a Bantu ethnic group who live along the Atlantic coast of Africa from Pointe-Noire (Republic of Congo) to Luanda, Angola, primarily defined by speaking of the common language Kikongo
 * Kongo language, the Bantu language spoken by the Bakongo and Bandundu people living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo and Angola
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo cuisine

African countries

 * Something of, from, or related to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Africa, through which the Congo River flows
 * Something of, from, or related to the former Republic of the Congo, in Africa, the modern-day Democratic Republic

 * Something of, from, or related to the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville), in Africa, located west of the Congo River
 * Something of, from, or related to the former French Congo, in Africa, the modern-day Republic of the Congo
 * Something of, from, or related to the former Belgian Congo, in Africa, the predecessor of the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
 * Something of, from, or related to the former Congo Free State, in Africa, the predecessor of the Belgian Congo

title: Congolese


text:
Conjunctions (journal)

Conjunctions is a biannual American literary journal founded in 1981 by Bradford Morrow, who continues to edit the journal. In 1991, Bard College became the journal's publisher. Morrow received the PEN/Nora Magid Award for Magazine Editing in 2007. Conjunctions has been the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including the Whiting Foundation Prize for Literary Magazines, and work from its pages is frequently honored with prizes such as the Pushcart Prize, the O. Henry Award, and the PEN/Robert J. Dau Short Story Prize for Emerging Writers.

The journal publishes innovative fiction, poetry, criticism, drama, art and interviews by both emerging and established writers. It provides a forum for nearly 1,000 writers and artists "whose work challenges accepted forms and modes of expression, experiments with language and thought, and is fully realized art", according to the "Letter from the Editor" on its website. It aims to maintain consistently high editorial and production quality with the intention of attracting a large and varied audience. The project is meant to present a wide variety of individual voices. The publication is unusually thick, often containing about 400 pages per issue.

Conjunctions' editorial approach is often collaborative. Both the editor and the distinguished staff of active contributing editors — including Walter Abish, John Ashbery, Mei-mei Berssenbrugge, Mary Caponegro, Elizabeth Frank, William H. Gass, Peter Gizzi, Jorie Graham, Robert Kelly, Ann Lauterbach, Norman Manea, W.S. Merwin, Rick Moody, Joanna Scott, Peter Straub, William Weaver and John Edgar Wideman — rely on the advice of fellow writers across the country. Final selection of the material is made by the editor.

The journal's issue 80 is themed Ways of Water.

Awards

 * Rick Moody's essay, "Notes on Lazarus," appeared in The Best American Essays 2018.
 * Richard Powers' short story, "Modulation," appeared in The Best American Short Stories 2009.
 * Joyce Carol Oates' short story, "Dear Husband," appeared in The Best American Mystery Stories 2009.
 * Kelly Link's short story, "Stone Animals," appeared in The Best American Short Stories 2005.
 * Rachel Blau DuPlessis's poem, "Draft 55:Quiptych", appeared in The Best American Poetry 2004.
 * Mei-mei Berssenbrugge's poem, "Chinese Space," appeared in The Best American Poetry 1998.

Conjunctions has also received more Pushcart Prizes than any other literary publication in recent years with the exception of Ploughshares.

title: Conjunctions (journal)


text:
Cooks

Cooks may refer to:
 * Cooks (islet), islet in Palmerston Island in the Cook Islands
 * Cooks (surname)
 * ...Cooks!, British television cooking show
 * Cooks, Michigan, unincorporated community in Schoolcraft County, Michigan, United States

title: Cooks


text:
Eng

Eng or ENG may refer to:

Language and linguistics

 * Eng (letter), Ŋ ŋ
 * En with descender, Ң ң
 * eng, ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-2 code for English language
 * Velar nasal, a phoneme

People

 * Eng (name), a given name and surname in various cultures

Places

 * Eng Lake, in Minnesota, United States
 * ENG, FIFA country code for England
 * Eng, Netherlands, a hamlet in the municipality of Altena, North Brabant
 * Eng, Tyrol, an exclave in Tyrol, Austria

Other uses

 * E.N.G., a Canadian television drama
 * Electronic news-gathering
 * Electronystagmography
 * Empty net goal
 * Endoglin, a protein
 * Engineer
 * Engineering
 * Engineering notation

title: Eng


text:
Corcoran (surname)

Corcoran is an Irish surname, the original Irish language form being Ó Corcráin meaning 'descendant of Corcrán' and MacCorcráin from Leinster meaning Son of Corcrán. The name itself is derived from corcair meaning 'purple'.

History
The name Corcoran is an anglicisation of the names of two Gaelic clans. The first was the Ó Corcráin in Ulster. The second was the MacCorcráin clan from Leinster, which was a sept of Ó Corcráin. Related variations of the name Corcoran historically include MacCorcoran, O'Corcoran, and Corcorran. The Corcorans were predominantly from Fermanagh and included a number of figures of historical importance such as the Bishop of Clogher in 1370 and Edmund O'Corcoran, "the hero of Limerick" (from the siege of 1691). Many Corcorans become members of the clergy between the tenth and fifteenth centuries; they became based around the vicinity of Lough Erne, County Fermanagh in Ulster. One member of the family, John Corcoran, was appointed Bishop of Clogher in 1373.

The O'Corcrain territory was invaded by the Normans in 1170 AD.

During the Plantation of Ulster and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 AD, the Corcorans were scattered. Many settled on lands in Connaught, Munster and Leinster. Principally Offaly, Tipperary and Galway where the MacCorcorans had settled previously.

Modern
Today the surname is used throughout Ireland and throughout the Irish diaspora.

Notable people with the surname Corcoran

 * Ann Corcoran (born 1951), Australian politician
 * Ann Corcoran (activist), American blogger and activist
 * Annette Corcoran (born 1930), American ceramist
 * Barbara Corcoran (born 1949), real estate mogul, entrepreneur, and investor on ABC's Shark Tank
 * Brian Ó Corcrán (died 1624?), poet
 * Brian Corcoran (born 1973), former Irish sportsman
 * Cahalan Ó Corcrán (died 1001), Abbot
 * Danny Corcoran (disambiguation), several people
 * Des Corcoran (1929–2004), Australian politician
 * Donna Corcoran (born 1942), American former child actress
 * Éamonn Corcoran (born 1978), former Irish sportsman
 * Evan Corcoran (born 1964), American lawyer
 * Farrel Corcoran, author and academic
 * Felimidh Ó Corcrán (died 1522), Canon lawyer
 * Fláithrí Ó Corcrán (died 1496), singer and harpist
 * Frank Corcoran (born 1944), Irish composer
 * Fred Corcoran (1905–1977), World Golf Hall of Famer
 * James Corcoran (disambiguation), several people
 * Jerry Corcoran (1893–1981), American football player and executive
 * Jim Corcoran (born 1949), Canadian musician
 * Jimmy Corcoran (1819–1900), gangster
 * Johannes O Corcoran OSB (died c. 1389), Bishop of Clogher
 * John Corcoran (disambiguation), several people
 * Josephine Mackie Corcoran (1894–1967), American politician from Maryland
 * Kevin Corcoran (1949–2015), American director, producer and former child actor
 * Larry Corcoran (1859–1891), American pitcher in Major League Baseball
 * Michael Corcoran (1827–1863), American general and close confidant of Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War
 * Niall Corcoran, Irish sportsman
 * Noreen Corcoran (1943–2016), American actress
 * Ray Corcoran, Australian rugby league footballer
 * Thomas E. Corcoran (1838–1904), United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the Medal of Honor
 * Thomas Gardiner Corcoran, a member of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's brain trust
 * Timothy Corcoran (disambiguation), several people
 * Tommy Corcoran (baseball) (1869–1960), American baseball player
 * William Corcoran Eustis (1862–1921), wealthy inhabitant of Washington, D.C., and grandson of William Wilson Corcoran
 * William Wilson Corcoran (1798–1888), American banker, philanthropist and art collector

title: Corcoran (surname)


text:
Talk:Twenty most common words in English

Untitled
I miss 'um', 'er', 'sorta', 'kinda' and 'yknow'. Charles Matthews 06:31, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

What is the most common length for a word?

Here's the list of the most common 500, in case anyone wants to add

Rank	Word 1	the 2	of 3	to 4	and 5	a 6	in 7	is 8	it 9	you 10	that 11	he 12	was 13	for 14	on 15	are 16	with 17	as 18	I 19	his 20	they 21	be 22	at 23	one 24	have 25	this 26	from 27	or 28	had 29	by 30	hot 31	word 32	but 33	what 34	some 35	we 36	can 37	out 38	other 39	were 40	all 41	there 42	when 43	up 44	use 45	your 46	how 47	said 48	an 49	each 50	she 51	which 52	do 53	their 54	time 55	if 56	will 57	way 58	about 59	many 60	then 61	them 62	write 63	would 64	like 65	so 66	these 67	her 68	long 69	make 70	thing 71	see 72	him 73	two 74	has 75	look 76	more 77	day 78	could 79	go 80	come 81	did 82	number 83	sound 84	no 85	most 86	people 87	my 88	over 89	know 90	water 91	than 92	call 93	first 94	who 95	may 96	down 97	side 98	been 99	now 100	find 101	any 102	new 103	work 104	part 105	take 106	get 107	place 108	made 109	live 110	where 111	after 112	back 113	little 114	only 115	round 116	man 117	year 118	came 119	show 120	every 121	good 122	me 123	give 124	our 125	under Rank	Word 126	name 127	very 128	through 129	just 130	form 131	sentence 132	great 133	think 134	say 135	help 136	low 137	line 138	differ 139	turn 140	cause 141	much 142	mean 143	before 144	move 145	right 146	boy 147	old 148	too 149	same 150	tell 151	does 152	set 153	three 154	want 155	air 156	well 157	also 158	play 159	small 160	end 161	put 162	home 163	read 164	hand 165	port 166	large 167	spell 168	add 169	even 170	land 171	here 172	must 173	big 174	high 175	such 176	follow 177	act 178	why 179	ask 180	men 181	change 182	went 183	light 184	kind 185	off 186	need 187	house 188	picture 189	try 190	us 191	again 192	animal 193	point 194	mother 195	world 196	near 197	build 198	self 199	earth 200	father 201	head 202	stand 203	own 204	page 205	should 206	country 207	found 208	answer 209	school 210	grow 211	study 212	still 213	learn 214	plant 215	cover 216	food 217	sun 218	four 219	between 220	state 221	keep 222	eye 223	never 224	last 225	let 226	thought 227	city 228	tree 229	cross 230	farm 231	hard 232	start 233	might 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923	similar 924	guide 925	experience 926	score 927	apple 928	bought 929	led 930	pitch 931	coat 932	mass 933	card 934	band 935	rope 936	slip 937	win 938	dream 939	evening 940	condition 941	feed 942	tool 943	total 944	basic 945	smell 946	valley 947	nor 948	double 949	seat 950	arrive 951	master 952	track 953	parent 954	shore 955	division 956	sheet 957	substance 958	favor 959	connect 960	post 961	spend 962	chord 963	fat 964	glad 965	original 966	share 967	station 968	dad 969	bread 970	charge 971	proper 972	bar 973	offer 974	segment 975	slave 976	duck 977	instant 978	market 979	degree 980	populate 981	chick 982	dear 983	enemy 984	reply 985	drink 986	occur 987	support 988	speech 989	nature 990	range 991	steam 992	motion 993	path 994	liquid 995	log 996	meant 997	quotient 998	teeth 999	shell 1000	neck — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.228.84.48 (talk) 13:23, 2 August 2016 (UTC)


text:
Jean-Hilaire Aubame

Jean-Hilaire Aubame (10 November 1912 – 16 August 1989) was a Gabonese politician active during both the colonial and independence periods. The French journalist Pierre Péan said that Aubame's training "as a practicing Catholic and a customs official helped to make him an integrated man, one of whom political power was not an end in itself."

Born into a Fang family, Aubame was orphaned at a young age. He was raised by the stepbrother of Léon M'ba, who became Aubame's chief political rival. Encouraged by his colleagues, Aubame entered politics, serving as Gabon's first representative in the National Assembly of France from 1946 to 1958. Aubame was also a leader in solving African problems, particularly developing the Gabonese standard of living and planning urban sites. Aubame's quick rise in Gabonese politics was spurred by the support of the missions and administration, whereas much of M'ba's strength came from the colonists.

Despite a rivalry, Aubame and M'ba, now the President of Gabon, formed several political unions which were sufficiently politically balanced to appeal to the electorate. In appreciation for his help, M'ba appointed Aubame as foreign minister and later President of the Supreme Court. Tensions soon rose between the two due to Aubame's refusal to merge his party with M'ba's and create a one-party state. Aubame was installed as President of Gabon during a 1964 coup d'état against M'ba. However, the coup was toppled three days later, and although he did not participate in the coup's planning, Aubame was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile. He was beaten almost daily by his prison guards while serving out his sentence. M'ba's successor as President, Omar Bongo, allowed the return of Aubame to Gabon in 1972. The elder politician died in 1989 in Gabon's capital of Libreville.

Youth and early political career
Born into a Fang family near Libreville, Aubame lost his father at eight years of age and his mother at eleven. Abbé Jean Obame, stepbrother of Léon M'ba, looked after the orphaned Aubame and arranged for schooling at several Roman Catholic missions. After he graduated, Aubame became a schoolteacher.

M'ba helped get him a job in customs on 24 March 1931. First appointed to Libreville from 1931 to 1935, he was transferred to Bangui in 1935 and then to Brazzaville in 1936, where he co-founded a branch of the Mutuelle Gabonaise with a brother of politician Louis Bigmann. He was also a member of the Association des fonctionnaires, an organization which was dominated by two other soon-to-be politicians: René-Paul Sousatte and Jean Rémy Ayouné.

Following the speech given by Charles de Gaulle on the Appeal of 18 June 1940, Aubame sided with the Free French, and in November was sent by Libreville authorities to rally Fangs for the cause. In February 1942, Aubame met colonial administrator Félix Éboué and quickly became his protégé. He served as an informant for Éboué on African affairs. Aubame's reward was to be one of several Africans promoted on 23 February 1943 into the European section of the civil service, and on 1 January 1944 Éboué appointed him president of the municipal commission for the Poto-Poto section of Brazzaville.

Aubame participated in the 1944 Brazzaville Conference and served in this post until 10 November 1946. After Éboué's sudden death in March 1944, Aubame worked as an adviser to Governor-General André Bayardelle and his secretary André Soucadoux. They encouraged Aubame to run for office, and he returned to Gabon to campaign with the support of both the administration and the missionaries.

Deputy to the French National Assembly
Aubame lost in the 1945 elections, though on 10 November 1946 became Gabon's first representative to the French National Assembly by winning 7,069 votes out of 12,528 possible. From 1946 to 1951 he was Commissioner of shipping, the press, communication, labor and social security. He voted for Algerian independence on 27 August 1947 and for the establishment of a Council of Europe on 9 July 1949.

On 17 June 1951, Aubame was reelected a deputy with 17,329 votes out of a total of 29,203 and on 2 January 1956 with 26,712 votes out of a total of 57,031, with this term lasting until the end of the Fourth French Republic. Around this time, M'ba was establishing his political career after being exiled to Oubangui-Chari. Affiliating with the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), Aubame later worked most closely with the Indépendants d'Outre-Mer, an African parliamentary group whose leaders were Senegalese Léopold Sédar Senghor and Cameroonian Louis-Paul Aujoulat. While a deputy he lived in Paris and toured Gabon regularly.

He continued to develop local Gabonese politics, in particular revitalizing the Fang clans. In fact, M'ba asserted that Aubame was too involved with the Fang to pay attention to the interests of the southern tribes, a charge Aubame ridiculed. Aubame was also a leader in solving African problems, particularly developing the Gabonese standard of living and planning urban sites. On 29 September 1951, he voted to increase the minimum wage in the overseas territories of France, and served as vice president of its Commission from 1953 to 1955. He organized the Gabonese Democratic and Social Union (UDSG) in 1947, whose leadership came mostly from the interior, particularly Woleu-Ntem Province. The party in turn backed Aubame's reelection in 1951 and 1956. It had few philosophical differences with the M'ba-led Bloc Démocratique Gabonais (BDG), including advocating less economic dependence on France and faster "Africanization" of French political jobs. Fairly quickly, Gabonese politics became dominated by Aubame, supported by the missions and the administration, and M'ba, supported by the settlers.

Deputy to the Gabonese Territorial Assembly
In 1952 he was elected as Woleu-N'Tem's representative for Gabon's Territorial Assembly. He was re-elected in the March 1957 elections, in which the UDSG also placed first, winning 18 of the 40 contested seats, against 16 for BDG. M'ba's party won 21 seats against 19 for Aubame's party after a recount. However, in the absence of an absolute majority, on 21 May 1957, both parties were obligated to submit a list of individuals that both agreed were suitable for inclusion in the government. That same day, M'ba was appointed vice president of the government. Soon, divisions within the government grew, and Aubame resigned from his position and filed a motion of censure against the government. The motion was rejected by a 21–19 vote. With M'ba's victory, many elected UDSG members joined the parliamentary majority, giving the ruling government 29 of the 40 legislative seats. Well installed in the government, he slowly began to reinforce his power.

Opposition leader
After voting in favor of the Franco-African Community constitutional referendum of 28 September 1958, Gabon became pseudo-politically independent. Legislative elections were scheduled for 19 June 1960 through the Scrutin de Liste voting system, a form of bloc voting in which each party offers a list of candidates who the population vote for; the list that obtains a majority of votes is declared the winner and wins all the contested seats. Through the redistricting of district and constituency boundaries, the BDG arbitrarily received 244 seats, while the UDSG received 77. In the months that followed, the legislative majority was plagued by internal strife. M'ba, now President of Gabon, decided to dissolve the Assembly and looked to the opposition to strengthen his position.

With Aubame, he formed a number of sufficiently balanced political unions to appeal to the electorate. On 12 February, they won 99.75% of the vote, and later that day, M'ba, running unopposed, was elected president of Gabon. For his cooperation, M'ba appointed Aubame foreign minister, replacing André Gustave Anguilé. In contrast to M'ba who wanted a strong executive regime, Aubame preferred a parliamentary republic. Tensions rose when a new constitution was unanimously adopted, on 21 February 1961, providing for a "hyperprésidentiel" regime. Under this system, M'ba was able to appoint ministers whose functions and limitations were decided by him.

On 19 February, he broke his ties with Aubame; all UDSG representatives were dismissed, with the exception of M'ba supporter Francis Meye. This was due to Aubame's refusal to merge the UDSG with M'ba's and create a one-party state. In an attempt to oust Aubame from his legislative seat, M'ba appointed him President of the Supreme Court on 25 February. Thereafter, M'ba claimed that Aubame had resigned from the National Assembly, citing incompatibility with parliamentary functions. Aubame resolved the accusation by resigning from his post as President of the Supreme Court, complicating matters for M'ba. Faced with reports of tension between the government and the National Assembly, even though 70% of its composition were BDG members, the Gabonese president dissolved the legislature on 21 January 1964 as an "economy measure".

The electoral conditions were announced as such: The election 67 districts were reduced to 47. M'ba disqualified Aubame by announcing no one who held a post recently was banned. Any party would have to submit 47 candidates who had to pay US$160 or none at all. Thus, over US$7,500 would be deposited without considering campaign expenses. M'ba's idea was that no party other than his would have the money to enter candidates. In response to this, the opposition announced its refusal to participate in elections that they did not consider fair.

It is unlikely that Aubame participated in the planning of the 1964 Gabon coup d'état. It appears that he joined the effort after being recruited by the new government. His nephew, Pierre Eyeguet, a former ambassador to the United Kingdom, may have known of the plot beforehand and notified his uncle, although it is unknown whether or not Aubame established contact with the plotters.

1964 Gabon coup d'état
During the night of 17 February and the early morning of 18 February 1964, 150 members of the Gabonese military, gendarmerie, and police, headed by Lieutenant Jacques Mombo and Valére Essone, seized the presidential palace. They arrested President of the National Assembly Louis Bigmann, French commanders Claude Haulin and Major Royer, several ministers, and President M'ba, who was dragged from his bed at gunpoint. On Radio Libreville, the military announced to the Gabonese people that a coup d'état had taken place, and that they required technical assistance and told the French not interfere in this matter. M'ba was instructed to broadcast a speech acknowledging his defeat. "The D-Day is here, the injustices are beyond measure, these people are patient, but their patience has limits", he said. "It came to a boil."

During these events, no gunshots were fired. The people did not react strongly, which according to the military, was a sign of approval. A provisional government was formed, and the presidency was offered to Aubame. The government was composed of civilian politicians from both the UDSG and BDG, such as Paul Gondjout. As for the coup plotters, they were content to ensure security for civilians. The small Gabonese army did not intervene in the coup; composed mostly of French officers, they remained in their barracks.

Aubame was unaware of the coup until the French ambassador to Gabon, Paul Cousseran, called him on the telephone roughly a half hour after sunrise. Cousseran, meanwhile, was awoken by the noisy streets and checked to see what was happening. Aubame replied that he was to find out why there was "no government", as Cousseran never directly mentioned a coup. However, about midway through the morning an automobile carrying the revolutionary committee arrived at Aubame's residence and drove him to the governmental offices, where he had been named president.

Second Lieutenant Ndo Edou gave instructions to transfer M'ba to Ndjolé, Aubame's electoral stronghold. However, due to heavy rain, the deposed president and his captors took shelter in an unknown village. The next morning they decided to take him over the easier road to Lambaréné. Several hours later, they returned to Libreville. The new head of government quickly contacted French ambassador Paul Cousseran, to assure him that the property of foreign nationals would be protected and to ask him to prevent any French military intervention.

In Paris, French president Charles de Gaulle decided otherwise. M'ba was one of the most loyal allies to France in Africa. While visiting France in 1961, M'ba said: "[a]ll Gabonese have two fatherlands: France and Gabon." Moreover, under his regime, Europeans enjoyed particularly friendly treatment. Therefore, President de Gaulle, upon advice from his chief adviser on African policy, Jacques Foccart, decided that he would restore the legitimate government. This was in accordance with a 1960 treaty between Gabon and the French, which was ironically signed by Aubame in his stint as Foreign Minister. Intervention could not commence without a formal request to the Head of State of Gabon. Since M'ba was otherwise occupied, the French contacted the Vice President of Gabon, Paul-Marie Yembit, who had not been arrested. However, he remained unaccounted for; therefore, they decided to compose a predated letter that Yembit would later sign, confirming their intervention. Less than 24 hours later, French troops stationed in Dakar and Brazzaville landed in Libreville and restored M'ba to power. Over the course of the operation, one French soldier was killed, while 15 to 25 died on the Gabonese side.

Trial at Lambaréné
Aubame and Gondjout fled Libreville as fugitives, though were eventually discovered. In August, the trial of the military rebels and provisional government was opened in Lambaréné. A "state of precations" was enacted, which decreed that the local government maintained surveillance over suspected troublemakers and, if necessary, order a curfew. Special permits were required to travel through the town. The trial was held in a school building overlooking the Ogooue River, near Albert Schweitzer's hospital. Space was limited, so there was no representative section of the public. One needed a permit to witness the trial, and family members were restricted to one each. Press coverage was limited, and journalists were only allowed if they were representing a high-profile news agency. In addition, there were restrictions on the defence of the accused.

The prosecution called 64 witnesses to the trial. Essone, Mbene, and Aubame claimed that their involvement in the coup was due to a lack of development in the Gabonese army. Judge Leon Auge, the judge in the case, said that if "that is the only reason for your coup d'état, you deserve a severe penalty." Aubame affirmed his position that he did not participate in its planning. According to him, he formed the provisional government in a constitutional manner, at the request of some "putschists". He stated that the French intervention was an illegal act of interference, an assertion that Gondjout and Jean Mare Ekoh, a former education minister, shared.

On 9 September, the judge came to a verdict without consulting M'ba. Aubame was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor and 10 years of exile on a remote island off Settecama, 100 mi down the coast of Gabon, as were most criminals of the case. He was not particularly popular during his political career, though according to Time, his arrest "ballooned him to heroic proportions in the eyes of the aroused public". While serving his 10 years of labor, he was beaten regularly by prison guards. Besides Aubame, M'ba imprisoned more than 150 of his opponents, most of whom were sentenced to 20 years of hard labor. The actor and the doctor were given 10 years of imprisonment each. While appealing for peace on 18 February, he pledged "no pardon or pity" to his enemies, but rather "total punishment".

Later life
M'ba's successor as President, Omar Bongo, allowed the return of Aubame to Gabon in 1972. Afterward, Aubame lived in Paris and removed himself from the world of politics. He did visit Libreville in 1981, on which occasion Bongo appointed him "special adviser"—a mostly honorary post. Although not a supporter of the Movement for National Renewal (MORENA), his home was bombed on 12 December 1984 by anti-MORENA extremists. Aubame and his family barely escaped harm.

Aubame, whom journalist Ronald Matthews described as having "a curiously harsh voice, a severe appearance, and... a stern character", died in 1989 in Libreville. The French journalist Pierre Péan said that Aubame's training "as a practicing Catholic and a customs official helped to make him an integrated man, one of whom political power was not an end in itself." Michael C. Reed speculates that, had Aubame become president instead of M'ba, he might have made the country more democratic. After his death, a Libreville high school was established in his name.

Awards and decorations

 * Médaille de la Résistance
 * Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur
 * l'Étoile équatoriale (Gabon)
 * l'Étoile africaine (Libéria)
 * l'Ordre libérien de la Rédemption africaine
 * l'Ordre national du Mérite du Niger
 * l'Ordre national du Mérite centrafricain
 * l'Ordre national du Mérite de Côte-d'Ivoire
 * l'Ordre national du Tchad
 * l'Étoile noire du Bénin

title: Jean-Hilaire Aubame


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Hana Highway

The Hana Highway (colloquially referred to as The Road to Hana) is a 64.4 mi stretch of Hawaii Routes 36 and 360 which connects Kahului to the town of Hana in east Maui. To the east of Kalepa Bridge, the highway continues to Kipahulu as Hawaii Route 31 (the Piilani Highway). Although Hana is only about 52 mi from Kahului, an uninterrupted car-trip takes about 2.5 hours to drive, since the highway is very winding, narrow, and passes over 59 bridges, of which 46 are only one lane wide. There are approximately 620 curves along Route 360 from just east of Kahului to Hana, almost all of it through lush, tropical rainforest. Many of the concrete and steel bridges date back to 1910 and all but one are still in use. That one bridge, badly damaged by erosion, has been replaced by a portable steel ACROW or Bailey bridge erected by the United States Army Corps of Engineers.

In August 2000, the highway was designated as the Hana Millennium Legacy Trail by President Bill Clinton, with the trail start designated in Pāia. The Hana Highway was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 15, 2001.

Route description
Hana Highway consists of Hawaii Routes 36 and 360. Route 36 is a mixture of urban street, divided highway, and high-speed rural highway. Route 360 is a narrow and winding mountain road. Mileposts in tourist guides refer to mile markers on Route 360, not Route 36.

Route 36 begins in Kahului and the junction of Routes 32 and 311, and the road named Hana Highway begins one block east. The highway runs east as a four-lane divided highway, intersecting with Routes 380, 3800 which serve Kahului Airport to the north and connect to Maalaea and West Maui to the south. A short distance east, it intersects Route 37, which serves Haleakala to the south. East of this point, the highway becomes a two-lane rural highway, passing through Pa'ia and Ha'iku. Highway 36 ends at Route 365 east of Haiku, while the Hana Highway continues as Route 360.

Highway 360 is a narrow, winding, and low speed mountain highway. Its initial junction is marked as Mile Zero at Route 36, and the highway runs in a southeasterly direction toward Hana. This highway includes numerous one-lane stretches of roadway, including one-lane bridges. The road provides access to the community of Keanae, Wailua, and Nahiku, arriving at Hana at mile 34. The highway then turns to the west and continues as Route 31.

Tourism
The Hana Highway is a popular tourist attraction in Maui. Guidebooks often devote large sections to traveling the highway leading to the eastern side of Maui, documenting the many waterfalls and attractions that can be found along the way. Some of these attractions lie within or through private property and will often have "no trespassing" signs posted or even signs claiming that the attraction does not exist. All beaches in Hawaii are public. Some guidebooks document the "keep out" areas and ways past barbed wire fences and locked gates to reach attractions.

Beyond the town of Hana, the Hana Highway becomes Hawaii State Road 330 and leads to the Oheo Gulch where the Seven Sacred Pools are located within the Kipahulu Area of the Haleakala National Park.

Occasionally the dirt road past Route 31 is closed to traffic due to landslides.

Scenic turnouts abound, including one for Wailua Falls near the Seven Sacred Pools in Oheo.

History
In the sixteenth century, Maui's King Pi'ilani conquered East Maui and drew Hana into his political sphere. Pi'ilani built the Alaloa, the "long road," from West Maui, a road on which travelers reportedly swung themselves over East Maui's rushing streams with ropes made of vines. Later, Piilani's son, Kihapiilani, extended the Alaloa into the Hana District. When completed, the road was 4 to 6 ft wide, 138 mi, and paved with hand-fitted basalt (lava) rocks. Modern road construction to Hana began in the 1870s, with an unpaved road built to facilitate the construction of the Hämäkua Ditch. Part of The East Maui Irrigation System, the Hämäkua Ditch brought water from the rainforests of Haleakalā to semi-arid central Maui to support the sugarcane industry.

Road construction continued in the early 1900s and was extended piecemeal until the full road to Hana was officially opened on December 18, 1926. Construction of bridges continued through the 1930s and the road was not completely paved until the 1960s.

title: Hana Highway


text: Talk:The Sorrow

title: Talk:The Sorrow


text:
Coulomb explosion

A Coulombic explosion is a condensed-matter physics process in which a molecule or crystal lattice is destroyed by the Coulombic repulsion between its constituent atoms. Coulombic explosions are a prominent technique in laser-based machining, and appear naturally in certain high-energy reactions.

Mechanism
A Coulombic explosion begins when an intense electric field (often from a laser) excites the valence electrons in a solid, ejecting them from the system and leaving behind positively charged ions. The chemical bonds holding the solid together are weakened by the loss of the electrons, enabling the Coulombic repulsion between the ions to overcome them. The result is an explosion of ions and electrons – a plasma.

The laser must be very intense to produce a Coulomb explosion. If it is too weak, the energy given to the electrons will be transferred to the ions via electron-phonon coupling. This will cause the entire material to heat up, melt, and thermally ablate away as a plasma. The end result is similar to Coulomb explosion, except that any fine structure in the material will be damaged by thermal melting.

It may be shown that the Coulomb explosion occurs in the same parameter regime as the superradiant phase transition i.e. when the destabilizing interactions become overwhelming and dominate over the oscillatory phonon-solid binding motions.

Technological use
A Coulomb explosion is a "cold" alternative to the dominant laser etching technique of thermal ablation, which depends on local heating, melting, and vaporization of molecules and atoms using less-intense beams. Pulse brevity down only to the nanosecond regime is sufficient to localize thermal ablation – before the heat is conducted far, the energy input (pulse) has ended. Nevertheless, thermally ablated materials may seal pores important in catalysis or battery operation, and recrystallize or even burn the substrate, thus changing the physical and chemical properties at the etch site. In contrast, even light foams remain unsealed after ablation by Coulomb explosion.

Coulomb explosions for industrial machining are made with ultra-short (picosecond or femtoseconds) laser pulses. The enormous beam intensities required (10–400 terawatt per square centimeter thresholds, depending on material) are only practical to generate, shape, and deliver for very brief instants of time. Coulomb explosion etching can be used in any material to bore holes, remove surface layers, and texture and microstructure surfaces; e.g., to control ink loading in printing presses.

Appearance in nature
High speed camera imaging of alkali metals exploding in water has suggested the explosion is a coulomb explosion.

During a nuclear explosion based on the fission of uranium, 167 MeV is emitted in the form of a coulombic explosion between each prior nucleus of uranium, the repulsive electrostatic energy between the two fission daughter nuclei, translates into the kinetic energy of the fission products that results in both the primary driver of the blackbody radiation that rapidly generates the hot dense plasma/nuclear fireball formation and thus also both later blast and thermal effects.

Scientists at the University of Cologne Zoological Institute have suggested that coulomb explosion (specifically, the electrostatic repulsion of dissociated carboxyl groups of polyglutamic acid) may be part of the explosive action of nematocytes, the stinging cells in aquatic organisms of the phylum Cnidaria.

Coulomb Explosion Imaging
Molecules are held together by a balance of charge between negative electrons and positive nuclei. When multiple electrons are expelled, either by laser irradiation or bombardment using highly charged ions, the remaining, mutually repulsive, nuclei fly apart in a Coulomb explosion. The structure of simple gas phase molecules can be determined by imaging which tracks the fragment trajectories. As of 2022 the method can work with up to 11-atom molecules.

title: Coulomb explosion


text:
New Zealand Knights FC

New Zealand Knights Football Club (formed from the Football Kingz Football Club in 2004) were the only professional association football club in New Zealand before they became defunct. Based in Auckland, New Zealand, they played in the A-League, Australia's premier football competition and have since been replaced by Wellington Phoenix.

Kingz and the NSL 1999–2004

Football Kingz FC (promoted as "Auckland Kingz" within Australia) joined the Australian National Soccer League in 1999 and proceeded to play in the last five seasons of the NSL, failing to qualify for the playoffs in every season. The club was originally to use the spelling of "Kings", however this was changed to the Kingz after receiving legal threats from the Sydney Kings basketball franchise.

Restructuring Football Kingz into New Zealand Knights
The Football Kingz brand was disestablished in 2004 and was restructured into the New Zealand Knights as a new franchise for Australia's new national football competition called the A-League. Market research carried out by the club, to determine the viability of a new identity for the team, indicated that 76% of respondents were in favour of a name change. When that research was focused on those aged 35 and under, the percentage in favour of a change rose to 90%. Further to that, the name of "Knights" were polled best of all names suggested in the survey, a clear 30% higher than any other option.

The former Football Kingz FC General manager Guy Hedderwick was promoted to the role of New Zealand Knights chief executive officer. Alongside him Football Kingz and Waitakere City Chairman, Anthony Lee, became the New Zealand Knights Chairman in the restructuring.

Initially Anthony Lee had invested into the New Zealand Knights, with his company's (Total Football Ltd) 20% shareholding second only to majority owner Brian Katzen's Octagon Sport (later included Maurice Cox as partner) with 60%. The other shareholders were Sky Television (5%), Chris Turner (10%), and New Zealand Soccer (non-cash 5%).

The only major sponsor the club had was retailer Zero's New Zealand (Sub Sandwiches). They agreed to a deal with the Knights over the first three seasons in a six figure deal as a sleeve sponsor.

New Zealand Knights was confirmed as one of the eight founding teams in the A-League. John Adshead, who took the New Zealand national side, the All Whites to their first ever World Cup finals appearance in 1982 was named their inaugural manager/coach. former New Zealand international, Danny Hay, who previously played in the English Premiership with Leeds United was named the inaugural captain of the team.

New Zealand Knights A-League seasons 2005–2013
Despite having a squad boasting several players with extensive experience in English football, many pundits did not rate the Knights as serious contenders for the A-League title, and they were considered favourites for the wooden spoon. These predictions turned out to be true, with New Zealand Knights proving to be well out of their depth in their debut A-League season.

In April 2006, after the poor season, manager John Adshead resigned from the club. Paul Nevin was confirmed as manager a month later, having worked as caretaker manager since the position was vacated by Adshead.

In late October 2006, as a result of low crowd attendance at North Harbour Stadium in Auckland and continual poor on-field performances, rumours began to circulate that Football Federation Australia (FFA) was considering the possibility of revoking the Knights' A-League licence and granting it to a new team that would be set to enter the competition in the 2007–08 season.

On 15 November, nearing the end of the transfer window, the board and management decided to relieve Paul Nevin of his coaching duties due to a string of poor performances.

On 13 December 2006, strong rumours resurfaced that the FFA was considering the revocation of the Knights' licence to compete in the A-League. It quickly became clear that, with five weeks remaining in the current season, the FFA fully intended to reclaim the licence from the Knights. The FFA had continued to express angst at low attendance numbers, poor on-field performance and the lack of domestically developed players.

Late on 14 December, the FFA announced that it had revoked the competition licence held by the Knights' owners. An arrangement with NZ Soccer would see the national body step in to manage the club for the remaining five weeks of the regular season, with former All Whites player Ricki Herbert to fill the role of head coach.

Effectively, the Knights dissolved on 21 January, when the final match of the season was played against Perth Glory FC.

On 19 March 2007 after several delays, Wellington Phoenix was selected as the successor to the New Zealand Knights.

Future
There has been recent speculation on a possible return for the New Zealand Knights, or another Auckland-based team, to re-join the A-League. Encouraging crowds of 20,078 in November 2011 when Wellington Phoenix played Adelaide United and 11,566 in January 2013 when Wellington Phoenix played Perth Glory, both held at Eden Park, have added to the push for the addition of a second New Zealand team in the A-League.

In 2024, Auckland Football Club were announced as the successors of the New Zealand Knights, granting an Auckland team a license for the first time since the Knights license was revoked. The team will begin competing from the 2024–25 A-League season.

Stadium
North Harbour Stadium is a rectangular stadium situated in Albany on Auckland's North Shore in New Zealand. It was opened in 1997 after nearly a decade of discussion, planning and construction.

North Harbour Stadium has four main seating areas with an official capacity of 25,000. 19,000 (76%) of this capacity is seated, and the other 6,000 are on grass embankments.

 * Main Grandstand — A futuristic looking structure with a distinctive arched roof. It has three main tiers of seating, as well as a row of corporate boxes and several corporate lounges. A total of 12,000 can be seated, mostly under the roof. This is on the southern side of the ground.
 * Open Stand — A single uncovered tier opposite the Main Grandstand that can seat 7,000.
 * Embankments — At either end (East/West) of the ground, there is a single-tier grass embankment with a capacity of 3,000 people. The scoreboard is at the Western End, while the replay screen is directly opposite.

The stadium is lit with four 45 m tall light towers.

Colours and badge
The Knights played in all-black strips, with a silver left sleeve. The change strip was white, with black shorts and white socks.

The badge was designed for the inaugural 2005–06 season and launched at the January 2005 press conference which highlighted the club name change.

Supporters
The New Zealand Knights supporter base was known as Bloc 5.

Former players
see List of New Zealand Knights FC players

Club Captains

 * 2005 🇳🇿 Danny Hay
 * 2006 🏴 Darren Bazeley

All Time League records

 * Record Victory: 3–1 vs Queensland Roar (H), 29 December 2006
 * Record Defeat: 0–5 vs Queensland Roar (A), 15 September 2006
 * Highest League Crowd: 9,827 vs Sydney FC, 2 September 2005
 * Lowest League Crowd: 1,632 vs Central Coast Mariners, 28 September 2006
 * Winning Streak: 2 games (29 December 2006 – 7 January 2007)
 * Undefeated Streak: 4 games (29 December 2006 – 21 January 2007)
 * Losing Streak: 11 games (18 September 2005 – 1 December 2005)
 * Winless Streak: 18 games (18 September 2005 – 2 September 2006)
 * Goals in a game: 2 – Jeremy Brockie vs Newcastle Jets (H), 4 November 2005
 * Goals in a season: 4 – Jeremy Brockie, Simon Yeo, 2005/06
 * Most Assists in a season: 3 – Sean Devine, 2005/06
 * All-time most Appearances: 41 – Darren Bazeley
 * All-time Top Scorer: 4 – Jeremy Brockie and Simon Yeo

title: New Zealand Knights FC


text:
Callistemon

Callistemon is a genus of shrubs in the family Myrtaceae, first described as a genus in 1814. The entire genus is endemic to Australia but widely cultivated in many other regions and naturalised in scattered locations. Their status as a separate taxon is in doubt, some authorities accepting that the difference between callistemons and melaleucas is not sufficient for them to be grouped in a separate genus.

Description
Callistemon species have commonly been referred to as bottlebrushes because of their cylindrical, brush like flowers resembling a traditional bottle brush. They are mostly found in the more temperate regions of Australia, especially along the east coast and typically favour moist conditions so when planted in gardens thrive on regular watering. However, two species are found in Tasmania and several others in the south-west of Western Australia. At least some species are drought-resistant and some are used in ornamental landscaping elsewhere in the world.

Taxonomy
The Latin name Callistemon comes from the combination of 2 Greek words of 'callis' meaning beauty and 'stemon' meaning stamen, referring to the flowers of the plant.

The genus Callistemon was first formally described in 1814 by Robert Brown. In his description he noted that the genus includes “those species of Metrosideros that have inflorescence similar to that of Melaleuca, and distinct elongated filaments.” Carl Linnaeus had described the genus Melaleuca in 1767 and in 1867, George Bentham brought all the Metrosideros species into Melaleuca. Bentham described melaleucas as having stamens united in bundles opposite the (five) petals.

In his 1864 description of Callistemon salignus in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae, Ferdinand von Mueller noted that the difference between the genera was “entirely artificial” (“omnino artificiale"). George Bentham also noted in Flora Australiensis that Callistemon “passes gradually into Melaleuca, with which F. Mueller proposes to unite it.” In 1876, Henri Ernest Baillon proposed in Histoire des Plantes that Callistemon, as well as Calothamnus and Lamarchea be merged into Melaleuca.

Nevertheless, most authors had preserved the distinction between the two genera Callistemon and Melaleuca until 1998. In that year, in recognition of the fact that the callistemons and melaleucas on New Caledonia were clearly related, Lyndley Craven and J.W. Dawson transferred the callistemons on that island to Melaleuca, even though some (e.g. Melaleuca pancheri) do not have stamens fused in 5 groups.

On the basis of DNA evidence, in 2006 and 2009 Craven moved all but four callistemons to melaleuca. Those four were Callistemon forresterae, Callistemon genofluvialis, Callistemon kenmorrisonii and Callistemon nyallingensis which were regarded as being hybrids.

The new description of Melaleuca has been accepted by some herbaria but not all. For example, the Queensland Herbarium accepts Melaleuca flammea (synonym Callistemon acuminatus) but the New South Wales Herbarium accepts Callistemon acuminatus. In 2012, Frank Udovicic and Roger Spencer transferred the newly described species of melaleuca with separate stamens (e.g. Melaleuca megalongensis and Melaleuca wimmerensis) to Callistemon (hence Callistemon megalongensis and Callistemon wimmerensis). Their argument is that using the DNA evidence is premature. They further argue that if all the genera Beaufortia, Callistemon, Calothamnus, Conothamnus, Eremaea, Melaleuca, Phymatocarpus were combined (as Craven has suggested), then there would be no characteristics that would define the group.

Use in horticulture
Many commercial nurseries continue to use the name ‘’Callistemon’’. These species can be propagated either by cuttings (some species more easily than others), or from the seeds. Flowering is normally in spring and early summer (October–December), but conditions may cause flowering at other times of the year. The obvious parts of the flower masses are stamens, with the pollen at the tip of the filament; the petals are inconspicuous (see picture). Flower heads vary in colour with species; most are red, but some are yellow, green, orange or white. Each flower head produces a profusion of triple-celled seed capsules around a stem (see picture) which remain on the plant with the seeds enclosed until stimulated to open when the plant dies or fire causes the release of the seeds. A few species release the seeds annually.

Bottlebrush plants can be grown in pots.

They have been grown in Europe since a specimen of Callistemon citrinus was introduced to Kew Gardens in London by Joseph Banks in 1789.

Selected species
There are about 50 species of callistemon. They include:
 * Callistemon acuminatus Cheel – Tapering-leaved bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca flammea);
 * Callistemon brachyandrus Lindl. – Prickly bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca brachyandra);
 * Callistemon chisholmii Cheel (also known as Melaleuca chisholmii);
 * Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels – Lemon scented bottle brush (also known as Melaleuca citrina);
 * Callistemon coccineus F.Muell. (also known as Melaleuca rugulosa);
 * Callistemon comboynensis Cheel – Cliff bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca comboynensis);
 * Callistemon flavovirens (Cheel) Cheel – Green bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca flavovirens);
 * Callistemon formosus S.T.Blake (also known as Melaleuca formosa);
 * Callistemon forresterae Molyneux
 * Callistemon genofluvialis Molyneux
 * Callistemon glaucus (DC.) Sweet (also known as Melaleuca glauca);
 * Callistemon hemistictus (S.T.Blake ex Craven) Udovicic and R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca hemisticta);
 * Callistemon kenmorrisonii Molyneux – Betka bottlebrush
 * Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet (also known as Melaleuca citrina);
 * Callistemon lazaridis (Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca lazaridis);
 * Callistemon linearifolius (Link) DC. (also known as Melaleuca linearifolia);
 * Callistemon linearis Sweet (also known as Melaleuca linearis);
 * Callistemon macropunctatus (Dum.Cours.) Court (also known as Melaleuca rugulosa);
 * Callistemon megalongensis (Craven & S.M.Douglas) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca megalongensis);
 * Callistemon montanus C.T.White ex S.T.Blake – Mountain bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca montana);
 * Callistemon montis-zamiae (Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca montis-zamia);
 * Callistemon nervosus Lindl. (also known as Melaleuca nervosa);
 * Callistemon nyallingensis Molyneux
 * Callistemon pachyphyllus Cheel – Wallum bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca pachyphylla);
 * Callistemon pallidus (Bonpl.) DC. – Lemon bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca pallida);
 * Callistemon paludosus F.Muell. (also known as Melaleuca paludicola);
 * Callistemon pauciflorus R.D.Spencer & Lumley (also known as Melaleuca faucicola);
 * Callistemon pearsonii R.D.Spencer & Lumley (also known as Melaleuca pearsonii);
 * Callistemon phoeniceus Lindl. – Lesser bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca phoenicea);
 * Callistemon phratra (Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca phratra);
 * Callistemon pinifolius (Wendl.) Sweet – Pine-leaved bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca linearis);
 * Callistemon pityoides F.Muell. – Alpine bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca pityoides);
 * Callistemon polandii F.M.Bailey (also known as Melaleuca polandii);
 * Callistemon pungens Lumley & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca williamsii);
 * Callistemon pyramidalis (Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca pyramidalis);
 * Callistemon quercinus (Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca quercina);
 * Callistemon recurvus R.D.Spencer & Lumley (also known as Melaleuca recurva);
 * Callistemon rigidus R.Br. – Stiff bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca linearis);
 * Callistemon rugulosus (Schltdl. ex Link) DC. – Scarlet bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca rugulosa);
 * Callistemon sabrina (Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca sabrina);
 * Callistemon salignus (Sm.) Sweet – Willow bottlebrush, white bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca salicina);
 * Callistemon serpentinus (Craven) Udovicic & R.D.Spencer (also known as Melaleuca serpentina);
 * Callistemon shiressii Blakely (also known as Melaleuca shiressii);
 * Callistemon sieberi DC. (also known as Melaleuca paludicola);
 * Callistemon speciosus (Sims) Sweet (also known as Melaleuca glauca);
 * Callistemon subulatus Cheel (also known as Melaleuca subulata);
 * Callistemon teretifolius F.Muell. – Needle bottlebrush, Flinders Ranges bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca orophila);
 * Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.Don – Weeping bottlebrush (also known as Melaleuca viminalis);
 * Callistemon viridiflorus (Sims) Sweet (also known as Melaleuca virens);
 * Callistemon wimmerensis Marriott & G.W.Carr (also known as Melaleuca wimmerensis)

title: Callistemon


text:
Melbourne Water

Melbourne Water is an Australian statutory authority owned by the Victorian State Government, which controls and manages much of the water bodies and supplies in metropolitan Melbourne, the capital of Victoria. Its jurisdiction includes all the reservoirs, lakes, wetlands, canals and urban creeks, and the sewerage and drainage systems that services the city.

Melbourne Water was formed by the merger of Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works and a number of smaller urban water authorities in 1992. Melbourne Water primarily operates under the Water Industry Act 1994 and the Water Act 1989.

Overview
Melbourne Water is wholly owned by the Victorian State Government. It manages Melbourne's water supply catchments, sewage, rivers and major drainage systems throughout the Port Phillip and Westernport region. Governance of Melbourne Water is by an independent Board of Directors in conjunction with the Minister for Water.

Melbourne Water supplies water to the metropolitan retail water businesses (namely, Great Western Water, South East Water and Yarra Valley Water ), other water authorities, local councils and the land development industry. The Victorian Water Industry Association (VicWater) is the peak industry association for water companies in Victoria.

In 1994, Melbourne Parks and Waterways was separated from Melbourne Water, and became part of Parks Victoria in 1996.

Victorian Desalination Plant
The Victorian Desalination Plant is a A$3.1 billion desalination plant that was built in the Wonthaggi region of the Bass Coast. The plant can provide an additional 150 gigalitres of water each year. The base fee payable to the owner of the plant, even if no water is ordered, is $608 million a year, or $1.8 million per day, for 27 years. being between $18 and $19 billion in total. On 1 April each year, the Minister for Water places an order for the following financial year, up to 150 gigalitres a year, at an additional cost to Melbourne Water and consumers.

Northern Sewerage Project
Northern Sewerage Project is a major infrastructure project to increase the capacity of the sewerage system in Melbourne's growing northern suburbs. It will also help protect the Merri and Moonee Ponds Creeks by virtually eliminating sewage overflows that can occur after heavy rain.

Water restrictions
Melbourne Water has a system of restrictions to manage water supplies into the future. It reports on storage levels on Thursday each week while an interactive graph compares actual use. Further reviews of restrictions were needed to counter an ongoing drought, poor rainfall, record low storage levels and rising water use compared with past years.

Infrastructure
The water supply system operated and managed by Melbourne Water comprises:

 * catchments covering more than 140,000 hectares.
 * ten major storage reservoirs with a capacity of 1,810,500 megalitres.
 * 64 service reservoirs that provide short-term storage.
 * about 1300 kilometres of distribution mains and aqueducts.
 * 18 water pumping stations, used to pump water from low-lying areas to higher areas.
 * five water filtration plants.
 * 49 water treatment (disinfection) plants.

Water storages
Melbourne Water manages the ten Melbourne reservoirs. The total storage capacity is 1,810,500 megalitres.

Water supply catchments
Around 80% of Melbourne's water is sourced from uninhabited forests in the Yarra Ranges and Central Highlands. In excess of 1,570 square kilometres is reserved for water catchment. These forests primarily consist of Mountain Ash. Catchment areas have been closed to the public for over 100 years.

In addition to the reservoirs in the table above, water is harvested via a number of diversion weirs:

Clearfell logging is permitted in the Yarra Tributaries and Thomson catchment areas. Some studies claims this reduces Melbourne's water supply arguing that young regrowth forest uses more water than existing forest Some environmental groups claim that up to 30 thousand megalitres of water could be saved per annum by phasing out logging. This represents 6% of Melbourne's annual usage.

title: Melbourne Water


text:
Give Peace a Chance

"Give Peace a Chance" is an anti-war song written by John Lennon (originally credited to Lennon–McCartney), and recorded with the participation of a small group of friends in a performance with Yoko Ono in a hotel room in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Released as a single in July 1969 by the Plastic Ono Band on Apple Records, it is the first solo single issued by Lennon, released while he was still a member of the Beatles, and became an anthem of the American anti-war movement during the 1970s. It peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 2 on the British singles chart.

Writing and recording
The song was written during Lennon and Ono's "Bed-In" honeymoon in Montreal. When asked by a reporter what he was trying to achieve by staying in bed, Lennon answered spontaneously "Just give peace a chance". He went on to say this several times during the Bed-In. Lennon asked his press officer, Derek Taylor to find a recording engineer. On 1 June 1969, in Room 1742 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, André Perry, owner of a local recording studio, arrived and used a simple setup of four microphones and a four-track tape recorder he brought with him.

The recording session was attended by dozens of journalists and various celebrities, including Timothy Leary, Rabbi Abraham Feinberg, Joseph Schwartz, Rosemary Woodruff Leary, Petula Clark, Dick Gregory, Allen Ginsberg, Roger Scott, Murray the K and Derek Taylor, many of whom are mentioned in the lyrics. Lennon played acoustic guitar and was joined by Tommy Smothers of the Smothers Brothers, also on acoustic guitar.

Some years later, Perry recalled the occasion and spoke about the challenges of getting a good sound out of the recording. Because of the room's poor acoustics, he said, the raw recording could not have been released without help: "Originally there were no intentions to have any over-dubs done. But when I left John, he looked at me and I said, 'Well, I'll go back to the studio and listen to this and see what it's like.' And then I decided that the background was a bit too noisy and needed a little 'sweeping.' By this I mean, we kept all the original stuff, we just improved it a bit by adding if you like, some voices. So we called a bunch of people in the studio that night, I did, actually that was my decision. And that's probably why John gave me such a credit on the single. And since it was multi-track I dubbed the original 4-track to an 8-track machine and then used the other 4-tracks to overdub some voices. The next day I went back to John [with the mix]. They moved everybody out of the room and it was just the three of us, with Yoko, and I played it for him and he thought it was wonderful. Kept it 'as is.' There's a story going around about overdubbing in London, England. Nothing was overdubbed in England. The only thing that was overdubbed, like I said, is some of these people, and the reason why I did it, is I wanted to give him some kind of option. You see the point of the matter, it's not that we wanted to cheat anything, it was a question of like, not usable, the condition was absolutely terrible. [We took] the original stuff that was there, and added a few voices in a cleaner recording environment."

Songwriting credits
When initially released in 1969, the song was credited to Lennon–McCartney.

On later releases curated by the Lennon Estate, only Lennon is credited; viz. the 1990s reissue of the 1986 album Live in New York City, the 2006 documentary The U.S. vs. John Lennon, and the 1997 compilation album Lennon Legend: The Very Best of John Lennon and its DVD version six years later.

John Lennon expressed his regrets about being "guilty enough to give McCartney credit as co-writer on my first independent single instead of giving it to Yoko, who had actually written it with me."

According to author Ian MacDonald, the credit was Lennon's way of thanking McCartney for helping him record "The Ballad of John and Yoko" at short notice.

Lyrics
The original last verse of the song refers to: "John and Yoko, Timmy Leary, Rosemary [Leary], Tommy Smothers, Bobby Dylan, Tommy Cooper, Derek Taylor, Norman Mailer, Allen Ginsberg, and Hare Krishna". In the performance of "Give Peace a Chance" included on the Live Peace in Toronto 1969 album, Lennon openly stated that he could not remember all of the words and improvised with the names of the band members sharing the stage with him and anything that came to mind: "John and Yoko, Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann, Penny Lane, Roosevelt, Nixon, Tommy Jones and Tommy Cooper, and somebody." The third verse contains a reference to masturbation, but Lennon changed this to "mastication" on the official lyric sheet. He later stated this was a "cop out" but wanted to avoid unnecessary controversy.

Release and aftermath
"Give Peace a Chance", backed with Ono's "Remember Love" as the B-side, was released on 4 July 1969 in the UK, and a few days later on 7 July 1969 in the US. The song reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart, and number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US. Billboard described it as "an infectious rhythm ballad" with "clever arrangement and performance."

The song quickly became the anthem of the anti Vietnam-war and counterculture movements, and was sung by half a million demonstrators in Washington, D.C., on Vietnam Moratorium Day, on 15 November 1969. They were led by Pete Seeger, who interspersed phrases like, "Are you listening, Nixon?" and "Are you listening, Agnew?", between the choruses of protesters singing, "All we are saying ... is give peace a chance".

A live concert performance of the song is included on Live Peace in Toronto 1969. (Source: Apple Records) John, Yoko, and the Elephant's Memory performed the song on the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in September 1972. (Source: YouTube)

The British group Yes also paid tribute to Lennon's words on their 1971 release The Yes Album, in "Your Move".

After being issued as a single, it appeared on album in a truncated form for the singles compilation Shaved Fish in 1975. The track's first full-length album appearance was on the 1982 compilation The John Lennon Collection. Although technically the first "solo" single released by a member of The Beatles while the band was still active, the artist credit was to the Plastic Ono Band, not John Lennon. Shortly after Lennon's 1980 murder, fans gathered outside the Dakota and sang "Give Peace a Chance". The single re-charted in the UK in January 1981, peaking at number 33. The song is one of three Lennon solo songs, along with "Instant Karma!" and "Imagine", in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.

On 4 March 2022 at 08:45 (CET), 150 European public radio stations broadcast this song for peace and against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and on 8 March at 12:00 (CET), 200 European private radio stations did the same. The Rockin' 1000 performed this song for the opening of the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, also in reaction to the invasion.

Personnel

 * John Lennon – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Tom Smothers – acoustic guitar
 * Yoko Ono and others – handclaps, tambourine, backing vocals
 * Timothy Leary, Petula Clark – backing vocals
 * André Perry – percussion, production

Peace Choir version
In 1991, Ono recorded a new version of the song (as well as a music video) in response to the imminent Gulf War. Accompanying musicians included Amina, Adam Ant, Sebastian Bach, Bros, Felix Cavaliere, Terence Trent D'Arby, Flea, John Frusciante, Peter Gabriel, Kadeem Hardison, Ofra Haza, Joe Higgs, Bruce Hornsby, Lee Jaffe, Al Jarreau, Jazzie B, Davey Johnstone, Lenny Kravitz, Cyndi Lauper, Sean Ono Lennon, Little Richard, LL Cool J, MC Hammer, Michael McDonald, Duff McKagan, Alannah Myles, New Voices of Freedom, Randy Newman, Tom Petty, Iggy Pop, Q-Tip, Bonnie Raitt, Run, Dave Stewart, Teena Marie, Little Steven Van Zandt, Don Was, Wendy & Lisa, Ahmet Zappa, Dweezil Zappa and Moon Unit Zappa as the Peace Choir.

Track listings
7" single
 * 1) "Give Peace a Chance" – 3:23

CD-maxi
 * 1) "Give Peace a Chance" – 3:23

Yoko Ono version
On 1 June 2008, the 39th anniversary of the song's recording, the first of three digital-only (and thus environmentally friendly) singles were released through Twisted Records exclusively on Beatport with remixes featuring a newly recorded vocal by Yoko Ono. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart on 16 August 2008. These are not the first versions Ono has done of this song: in 2004, she did a new version for Wake Up Everybody; in 2005, a version recalling the events of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks on Peace, Love & Truth; and one of the first remixes with the lyrics used in this mix was released on the Open Your Box remix album. The last installment was released 18 February 2009, Yoko's birthday.

Track listings

 * Mindtrain/Twisted TW50066 (released 1 June 2008)
 * 1) Dave Aude Club Mix (8:26)
 * 2) Dave Aude Dub (8:26)
 * 3) Johnny Vicious Warehouse Dub (8:23)
 * 4) Mike Cruz Dub (8:40)
 * 5) Tommie Sunshine Vocal Mix (6:41)
 * 6) Morel's Pink Noise Vocal Mix (6:42)
 * 7) Morel's Pink Noise Dub (7:09)
 * 8) Double B Full Vocal Mix (6:57)

 * Mindtrain/Twisted TW50069 (released 1 July 2008)
 * 1) Phunk Investigation Mix (7:45)
 * 2) Eric Kupper Vocal Mix (8:50)
 * 3) Mike Cruz Extended Vocal Mix (10:25)
 * 4) DJ Dan Dub (8:53)
 * 5) Tommie Sunshine Give Peace a Dub (6:40)
 * 6) Morel's Canister Dub (7:23)
 * 7) Mike Cruz Vocal Edit Mix (8:40)

 * Mindtrain/Twisted [TW50070] (released 18 February 2009) [The International Remixes]
 * 1) Blow-Up Popism Mix (5:00)
 * 2) Blow-Up Electrono Mix (6:44)
 * 3) Kimbar Vocal Mix (8:11)
 * 4) Kimbar Dub Mix (6:54)
 * 5) Tszpun Remix (8:17)
 * 6) Tszpun Dub Mix (8:11)
 * 7) Alex Santer Peaceful Mix (6:11)
 * 8) DJ Meme Club Mix (9:54)
 * 9) Findo Gask Time for Action Dub (5:56)
 * 10) CSS Mix (4:12)
 * 11) Richard Fearless Reach Out Mix (7:05)
 * 12) Karsh Kale Voices of the Tribal Massive Mix (5:55)

Covers

 * Lennon's fellow ex-Beatles Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr have each incorporated the song into their live performances as a tribute to Lennon. Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band often perform the song as an encore after "With a Little Help from My Friends", while McCartney has often performed a medley of the song, combined with "A Day in the Life", since his 2009 live album Good Evening New York City, including for most of his Up and Coming Tour, on Saturday Night Live on 11 December 2010, and in 2011 during the US leg of his On the Run Tour.
 * U2 have performed the song in concert at least 27 times in whole or as a snippet, the first time on 13 December 1980 at the Paradise, Boston, Massachusetts and the last time on 18 May 1998 at Waterfront Hall, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
 * The song has been used in films, television shows and theatre as it has become a recognised semiotic to indicate protest; for example it was sung by students in the 1974 film The Trial of Billy Jack, and by peace activists in the 1996 film Pretty Village, Pretty Flame. The song was featured in an episode of the TV series Mad About You in 1995.
 * Hot Chocolate released the song as their debut single on the Apple label, Apple 18, as 'Hot Chocolate Band', in a reggae version in October 1969.
 * Mitch Miller & the Gang covered the song on the Peace Sing-Along album in 1970.
 * Aerosmith (featuring Sierra Leone's Refugee All Stars) covered the song for the 2007 benefit album Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur.
 * Elton John recorded the song as a B-side to his UK single "Club at the End of the Street" in 1990. He also performed the song live on his 1970 US tour with bassist Dee Murray and drummer Nigel Olsson, singing only the refrain "All we are saying is give peace a chance".
 * Joni Mitchell referenced the song in "California" from her 1971 album Blue.
 * The refrain is sung in the background during the Your Move section of Yes' 1971 release "I've Seen All Good People". The song also references Lennon's "Instant Karma!".
 * Louis Armstrong recorded the song on 29 May 1970, for an LP entitled Louis Armstrong and Friends (aka What a Wonderful World). The 1970 Louis Armstrong recording was released as a Philips 7" 45 A side single in the UK, 6073 703.
 * Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder led the crowd in singalong to the chorus during a 2003 concert in Adelaide, Australia.
 * Madonna performed an acoustic version of the song during her Confessions Tour concert in Moscow, Russia, on 12 September 2006.
 * Stevie Wonder performed a snippet of the song at Bonnaroo 2010 and in 1972 at Madison Square Garden in a performance with Lennon and Ono.
 * Jazz guitarist Bill Frisell recorded the song for his 2011 album All We Are Saying.
 * The metal band Aftermath recorded and released the song as a single in 2020. The version was mentioned in both the official John Lennon Facebook and Twitter pages.
 * The song was performed by Rockin' 1000 as part of the opening segment of the final of the 2022 Eurovision Song Contest.
 * A version of the song in Russian by Jackie-O, Sati Akura, Onsa Media and others was released March 26, 2022, after Secretary-General António Guterres' reference at the start of an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council on the Ukrainian War.

title: Give Peace a Chance