text:
User talk:Jakes18

Welcome!
Welcome!

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P.S. This is your user talk page. Your personal user page is located here. Merry Christmas! :) - Mailer Diablo 19:27, 25 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Images
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On the Catholic Church of Wikipedia
As you have described yourself as a Catholic, I thought I would alert you as a co-religionist to your opportunity to delete the particularly offensive article, Catholic Church of Wikipedia.--Thomas Aquinas 22:02, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

A Message to Pro-Life Wikipedians
The section "Foetal Pain" (Fetal Pain) has been deleted from the Abortion article. Could you help restore it? If you would like to see what was deleted, go to my talk page, scroll to "Fetal Pain," and click the provided link.--Thomas Aquinas 22:10, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Jesus
Check out the Jesus article and edit it to keep it focused on Jesus and a biographical account of Him. Watch the Jesus page to keep it focused on Him. Thank you. Scifiintel 22:32, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Pro-life Alliance
The article Pro-Life Alliance has been nominated for deletion. Chooserr

Gay rights in Iraq
You listed yourself as Roman Catholic so I thought I might bring this unencyclopedic total POV pushing article to your attention. It is currently up for deletion here. Chooserr 05:01, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Ham Radio!
Please see the discussion at Category talk:Amateur Radio Operator for a discussion on how to identify Hams and Ham personalities on Wikipedia. Steve Kd4ttc 02:30, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Societal attitudes towards homosexuality
Hey, thanks for retitling the section in Societal attitudes towards homosexuality. Its still not perfect, but its a lot better than the one I came up with. -Seth Mahoney 02:57, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Your recent edit to South dakota abortion law controversy was reverted by an automated bot that attempts to recognize and repair vandalism to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept our apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. Click here for frequently asked questions about the bot and this warning. // Tawkerbot2 05:16, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

DU link on Freerepublic page
Are you going to add one? greyleonard 11:48, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Please do not remove cited content
It might not have been your intent, but you recently removed content from Daisy chain. Please be careful not to remove content from Wikipedia without a valid reason, which you should specify in the edit summary or on the article's talk page. Thank you. SchuminWeb (Talk) 09:35, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Userbox Public Transit
According to The German solution, here’s a a tip for you: (in lieu of the blanked template:User Public Transit). -- Olve 22:43, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

Anti-gay slogan
I edited your contribution to anti-gay slogan. I don't think it lost any of its original meaning, but you might want to check. As per my comments on Talk:Anti-gay slogan, it is not clear given your parenthetical statement how you see normatives to differ significantly from natural law, so I removed that and restructured the sentence. If you think it is important to return that removed bit, you might consider being more clear and citing it to a philosopher or church scholar. Additionally, if you are making a claim about the belief structure of the Catholic Church, you need to cite a statement by the Catholic Church where some church official or a church scholar makes that claim. See WP:CITE and WP:RS if in doubt about a given source's applicability. -Smahoney 04:35, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Minnesota meetup
A meetup of Wikipedians in Minnesota is proposed: please stop by the discussion page if interested. Jonathunder 23:05, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Reminder: Meetup October 29, one o'clock, Mall of America. Jonathunder 15:06, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Ladispoli-Stemma.png, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 13:36, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:PreziosofeatMarvin-VoglioVerdertiDanzare.ogg
Thanks for uploading Image:PreziosofeatMarvin-VoglioVerdertiDanzare.ogg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 21:37, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi
I don't know if you think this is cool, but I live in Duluth MN too! Hey if you'd like stop by my talk page and leave a message See ya later Lake Superiorian! SLSB 16:34, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Minnesota Meetup
 Minnesota Meetup Sunday, 2007-10-07, 1:00 p.m. (13:00) Pracna on Main 117 Main SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota Map Please pass this on! RSVP here.  Spam delivered by Jonathunder 16:19, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Homofascism
Homofascism, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Homofascism satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Homofascism and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Homofascism during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Avruch Talk 05:51, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

Disruptive edits
You appear to be engaged in an edit war. Please stop reverting without joining the discussion page. The person with whom you are engaged in the edit war HAS started talk page discussion. Please, wikipedia works through community collaboration, and when you make controversial edits without discussing them, it is not productive.

Also, you are abusing popups. It is never appropriate to use popup reverting to revert good faith edits.-Andrew c [talk] 15:20, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I came here to say much the same thing. Jake, please discuss the issue on the Abortion-related violence talk page. It would be greatly appreciated. If you can find reliable sources, then there isn't much to argue about. Until that time, the material is inappropriate for the article as it constitutes an unreliable/OR contribution. Phyesalis (talk) 22:12, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

KSirtet
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article KSirtet, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? B. Wolterding (talk) 10:05, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of KSirtet
An article that you have been involved in editing, KSirtet, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/KSirtet. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? B. Wolterding (talk) 19:46, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Scholastica logo.gif
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Minnesota Meetup
 2009 Proposed date: Saturday, October 10. Details under discussion. Please share this with anyone who may be interested.  Delivered by Jonathunder (talk) 22:30, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Gabry Ponte

The article Gabry Ponte has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Sources clearly asserting notability and confirming the claims are not offered, and further Ghits fail to reveal sources that  comply  with  WP:RS. Appears to have no notable solo career. Fails at WP:BAND.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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December 2010
Please do not remove maintenance templates from pages on Wikipedia, as you did to Gabry Ponte, without resolving the problem that the template refers to, or giving a valid reason for the removal in the edit summary. Your removal of this template does not appear constructive, and has been reverted. Thank you. Removal of PROD without comment  or improvement  to article. Kudpung (talk) 01:05, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Gabry Ponte for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Gabry Ponte, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Gabry Ponte until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Kudpung (talk) 01:18, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Eddy Wata

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 * It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information.
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Orphaned non-free image File:PreziosofeatMarvin-VoglioVerdertiDanzare.ogg
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Nomination of Miller Trunk Corridor for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Miller Trunk Corridor is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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title: User talk:Jakes18


text:
Talk:Friockheim

This is a lot of stuff for a tiny little village (which I have been through many times).

Horrible - very bad style - should have a lot of the 'chatty language' removed - magic parallelogram indeed! So that was that! - I might have a go at starightening this out - and reducing it somewhat - It is a lot for a small place - but it does warrant mention becasue of the unusual name. There's no mention of the crematorium either - a rtaher major modern change I'd have thought Alimat 03:49, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I've added unreferenced and inappropriate tone tags.-h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 23:56, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

I've updated the style a little, see what people think. I found conflicting stories about the history of the village though. All sources I could find stated that John Andson died in 1814, so how could the declaration have been drawn in 1824? :-/ Any help would be appreciated. At the moment, the information on the page is contradictory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.189.108.220 (talk) 14:00, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

As someone who is from the area, /ˈfriːkəm/ is the incorrect pronunciation of the town's name. It should be /ˈfrikəm/. When locals say the name there is no distinction in length between the first group of vowels and the second. Jelatokun 01:12, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Friockheim


text:
Dave Niehaus

David Arnold Niehaus (February 19, 1935 – November 10, 2010) was an American sportscaster. He was the lead play-by-play announcer for the American League's Seattle Mariners from their inaugural season in until his death after the 2010 season. In 2008, the National Baseball Hall of Fame awarded Niehaus the Ford C. Frick Award, the highest honor for American baseball broadcasters. Among fans nationwide and his peers, Niehaus was considered to be one of the greatest sportscasters in history.

Early life and career
Niehaus was born and raised in Princeton, Indiana. He graduated from Indiana University in 1957, entered the military, and began his broadcasting career with Armed Forces Radio. He became a partner of Dick Enberg on the broadcast team of the California Angels in 1969. Niehaus also broadcast for the Los Angeles Rams of the NFL and the UCLA Bruins football and basketball teams during this period.

Seattle Mariners
In 1977, Danny Kaye, part-owner of the Seattle Mariners expansion team, recruited Niehaus to become the franchise's radio voice. Despite working for a franchise which from its first year in 1977 until 1991 was without a winning season, Niehaus's talent gained recognition, and he was considered one of the few attractions for Mariners fans. Even in the period before the team's memorable 1995 season, the Mariners were regularly one of the leading major-league teams in terms of the percentage of radios in use.

Niehaus became immensely popular in Seattle, twice being named Washington Sportscaster of the Year. The team chose him to throw out the ceremonial first pitch at the opening of its new ballpark, Safeco Field, on July 15, 1999. That same year, Niehaus was added to the Nintendo 64 game Ken Griffey Jr.'s Slugfest as an announcer during gameplay. In 2000 he was the second person to be inducted into the Mariners Hall of Fame, and in he was named the winner of the Ford C. Frick Award, which recognizes career excellence in baseball broadcasting and is considered the highest baseball broadcasting honor.

As of the end of the 2007 season, Niehaus had called 4,817 of the 4,899 games the Mariners had played since their inception. May 7, 2009, was Niehaus' 5,000th game as a Mariners broadcaster. Niehaus broadcast 5,284 of the 5,385 Mariners games which had taken place as of the end of the 2010 season, and had intended to broadcast the full 2011 season.

Notable catchphrases
Niehaus is noted for using the following catchphrases on Mariner broadcasts:

 * "My, oh my!" – a variant of former Angels partner Enberg's "Oh, my!", used for big, exciting plays.
 * "Swung on and belted!" – used on long fly balls that may go over the wall for a home run.
 * "It will fly away!"' (sometimes "Fly, fly away!") – used for home runs.
 * "Get out the rye bread and mustard, Grandma, it is grand salami time!" – used for a grand slam home run by a Mariners player.
 * "Get out the rye bread and the mustard this time, Grandma! It is a Grand Salami! And the Mariners lead it, 10-6! I don't believe it! My, oh, my!" - Used when Edgar Martinez broke a 6-6 tie in the bottom of the 8th Inning on October 7, 1995
 * "The Mariners have erupted!" – used during scoring outbursts

Notable nicknames coined

 * "A-Rod" – first to call Alex Rodriguez "A-Rod"
 * "Death to Flying Things" – first to call Franklin Gutiérrez by his current nickname
 * "The Kid" – Niehaus's name for Ken Griffey Jr.

Notable calls
"Now the left-hander ready, branding iron hot! The 1-2 pitch... 'K' inserted! It's over! Right over the heart of the plate! Randy looks to the skies that is covered by the dome and bedlam! As the Mariners now erupt! 19 long years of frustration is over!"

"Right now, the Mariners looking for the tie. They would take a fly ball. They would love a base hit into the gap and they could win it with Junior's speed. The stretch... and the 0-1 pitch on the way to Edgar Martínez, swung on and LINED DOWN THE LEFT FIELD LINE FOR A BASE HIT! HERE COMES JOEY! HERE IS JUNIOR TO THIRD BASE, THEY'RE GOING TO WAVE HIM IN! THE THROW TO THE PLATE WILL BE LATE! THE MARINERS ARE GOING TO PLAY FOR THE AMERICAN LEAGUE CHAMPIONSHIP! I DON'T BELIEVE IT! IT JUST CONTINUES! MY, OH MY! EDGAR MARTÍNEZ WITH A DOUBLE RIPPED DOWN THE LEFT FIELD LINE AND THEY ARE GOING CRAZY AT THE KINGDOME!"

"And a ground ball back up the middle! And there it is! He's the new all-time Hit King in Major League history, number 2-5-8! My, oh my!"

Death
Heart problems had forced Niehaus to undergo two angioplasties in 1996, causing him to give up smoking and change his diet. On November 10, 2010, he suffered a heart attack at his home in Bellevue, Washington, while preparing to barbecue some ribs on his deck, and died that day at the age of 75.

In a formal statement, Mariners Chairman Howard Lincoln and President Chuck Armstrong said "Dave has truly been the heart and soul of this franchise since its inception in 1977... He truly was the fans' connection to every game." Washington governor Chris Gregoire said "Today the Pacific Northwest lost one of its sports icons...Dave was an institution here starting with the team's first pitch in 1977. With all due respect to the great Alvin Davis, Dave is 'Mr. Mariner.'" At news of Niehaus's death, tributes came from Jay Buhner, Ken Griffey Jr., Seattle Mayor Mike McGinn, other Mariners broadcasters, and fans.

Prior to the Mariners' home opener in 2011 against the Cleveland Indians, the city of Seattle and King County declared April 8 "My oh My! Dave Niehaus Day." After a successful petition drive by fans Glen Garnett and Mark Caylor, the city also gave the block of First Avenue S. between Edgar Martínez Dr. S. and S. Royal Brougham Way the honorary designation of Dave Niehaus Way S. A sign which paid tribute to Niehaus was unveiled in the press area.

Tributes in Seattle
On December 22, 2010, Seattle rapper Macklemore released a song called "My Oh My" in tribute to Niehaus. It describes the sportscaster's influence on not only Macklemore's own childhood but the lives of Seattleites in general. The song also features the audio clip of the winning call from the 1995 American League Division Series. When it was debuted by a radio host, numerous calls were received from Mariners fans who had pulled over on the highway in tears from the lyrical work and memory of Niehaus. Macklemore performed the song at Safeco Field on Opening Day 2011 during the team's tribute to the late broadcaster.

A bronze statue of Niehaus was unveiled on September 16, 2011, at Safeco Field. Niehaus's longtime broadcast partner Rick Rizzs presided over the private unveiling ceremony. The statue is located on the main concourse near Section 105 in right centerfield. It depicts Niehaus sitting at a desk behind a microphone, with his Mariners scorebook in front of him. The artist, Lou Cella, viewed dozens of photos before creating the statue, which was first sculpted in clay, then cast in bronze. There is an empty seat next to the statue so fans may sit next to Niehaus and pose for photos.

title: Dave Niehaus


text:
N'Dea Davenport

N'Dea Davenport (born September 22, 1966) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer and producer. She was the lead vocalist in the UK acid jazz band The Brand New Heavies and made pioneering contributions to the genre of acid jazz.

Career
Her diverse projects include collaborations with music producers and artists, such as Mark Ronson, Louie Vega, Roger Sanchez, Guru’s Jazzmatazz, Madonna, Natalie Merchant, Mos Def, Sly and Robbie, J Dilla, and Malcolm McLaren. Dance scholarships, acting and music were the core of her developments as an artist and entertainer. Immediately after finishing college, she left her then home of Atlanta, Georgia, en route to Los Angeles. There she engaged in theatrical productions and commercial music video and was embraced by artists in both art, music and popular culture. Her legacy as an artist began also with her involvement in the burgeoning Los Angeles underground club and rave scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Working simultaneously as a dance artist and recording and commercial studio session singer, Davenport was soon connected with Fab Five Freddy, who recommended her to a DJ friend at new upstart label Delicious Vinyl. Eurythmics member and producer Dave Stewart offered Davenport a recording contract a year prior when introduced through a collaboration with Bootsy Collins and Malcolm McLaren, where she was featured on McLaren's Waltz Darling LP. She declined Stewart’s offer at the time due to his requirement for her to relocate to London, England. Later to ink a solo development deal with Delicious Vinyl, who made introductions to her future bandmates, The Brand New Heavies who at the time had no singer. With the core band members based in London, she decided to relocate there.

The band’s initial UK indie label Acid Jazz Records, struck a deal with London Records for distribution in Europe and the rest of the world. During this period, the band produced a string of international albums and singles, invigorating a global movement and popularized the musical term known as acid jazz. Parallel to this, Davenport completed work on Guru's Jazzmatazz, Vol. 1, with Guru.

In 1995, Davenport left the group citing irreconcilable differences, returning to the US and choosing New Orleans as a home base while she pursued other collaborations, and completed work on her solo recording with Delicious Vinyl. Encouragement received from her associate and record producer Daniel Lanois, resulted in the completion of her debut solo effort as producer, all except for four songs, produced by Dallas Austin. While her association with Delicious Vinyl was dissolving, Davenport's project was picked up by the newly formed label owned by Sir Richard Branson. In 1998, her self-titled debut solo recording on V2 Records was released. She toured extensively in support of the album, around Europe, North America and Australia and with the concert series Lilith Fair. When the relationship at V2 came to an end she continued musically primarily focusing on European dance music projects.

Davenport held residency in New Orleans but lived primarily in New York City. Her diverse musical tastes led to an eventual stance as a New York club DJ, and she continues to DJ on special events around Asia. In 2006, she re-emerged once more with the Brand New Heavies for one last album release of Get Used To It. Her latest project is with collaborator Katsuya Everywhere in the multi-media based electronic and acoustic duo Celectrixx, which was conceived in Japan.

Discography

 * Solo album
 * N'Dea Davenport (1998)

 * The Brand New Heavies albums
 * The Brand New Heavies (1990)
 * Heavy Rhyme Experience, Vol. 1 (1992)
 * Brother Sister (1994)
 * Get Used to It (2006)

title: N'Dea Davenport


text:
Hamad Town

Madinat Hamad or Hamad Town (مدينة حمد) is a primarily commuter city within northern Bahrain. It was a municipality of Bahrain in the central part of the country. Split from the municipality of Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah in 1991, its territory is now in the Northern Governorate. Its name refers to the current king of Bahrain, Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa. The city is culturally diverse, housing a proportionally mixed Shia-Sunni population of varying socio-economic backgrounds. Today, Hamad Town is an epitome of Bahraini multiculturalism, with no single ethnic or religious group making up the majority of inhabitants.

History
Hamad Town was set up in 1984 as a 'housing town' where the government built council houses for those who could not afford the ever increasing house prices in other parts of the country. In 1990 the government opened the door of Bahrain to the Kuwaiti people who were suffering from the effects of the Gulf War with Iraq. It provided free houses and schools in Hamad Town allowed them to use the town's facilities. The Kuwaitis returned home in early 1991 at the end of the war. In 2001 the government gave the council houses to the people of Hamad town for free.

Geography
Hamad Town is 18 km from the capital Manama and 19 km from the airport. It is close to the Sakhir area, which contains the huge Formula One motor racing circuit (Bahrain International Circuit), which is the biggest circuit in the Middle East.

Hamad Town is famous for its 22 roundabouts. Residential addresses are based on the number of the nearest roundabout. By 2005 the population of the town was 52718. It has now supplanted Isa Town in regard to population-density ranking.

Law and government
Hamad Town is part of the North Governorate, one of five governorates of Bahrain. However, governorates are forbidden from passing their own laws and must abide by all national laws of the Kingdom of Bahrain.

Economy
The people of Hamad Town tend to go the capital Manama to work. Most of Hamad Town is a residential area but there is a large shopping centre called Sooq Waqif which contains many shops and provides some employment in Hamad Town itself.

Mosques

 * Kanoo Mosque — Shakh Hamad road, between the second and third roundabouts
 * Masjid Al Ajoor — tenth roundabout

Transport
Bahrain International Airport is located 19.7 km from Hamad Town.

The town's road system consists of a series of roundabouts - 22 major numbered roundabouts and several unnamed roundabouts, - that serve as the arterial roads within the town. These roundabouts play a crucial role in facilitating transportation and communication within the town.

In addition to its extensive road system, Hamad Town also has some transport links with sparse public bus stops served by the Bahrain Public Transport Buses. These buses provide a convenient and affordable transportation option for those who prefer not to drive or do not have access to a personal vehicle.

It is served by the Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman Highway on the east, which has five highway exits located at Roundabout 0, Roundabout 6, Roundabout 14, Roundabout 18, and Roundabout 22 to the south. On the west, Hamad Town connects to Road 106, which connects to all the villages incorporated into the town.

Demographics

 * Population (2001):166824.
 * Density: 1204.16/km²

Neighbourhoods
Major areas close to Hamad Town:
 * Sakhir
 * Al Zallaq
 * Riffa
 * Hamala

Education
The University of Bahrain has its main campus near Hamad Town (Sukheer).

title: Hamad Town


text:
Dalal Street

Dalal Street (dalāl path, dalāl gallī), known as the Wall Street of Mumbai, in turn described as the New York of India, is the metonym for the financial markets of India, the Indian financial services industry of the country as a whole, or the actual financial district itself. It is located in the Financial District of Fort in Mumbai and is the address of the Bombay Stock Exchange and several other major financial institutions of the world. The Marathi word dalāl means "a broker", "a go-between".

In 2008, there was a proposal to rename the street after Nagarmal Saraf, a broker who worked at the BSE for 25 years.

In the media
The Mumbai based video game Mumbai Gullies is expected to feature the Dalal Street in the fictional map.

title: Dalal Street


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Craigieburn line

The Craigieburn line is a commuter railway line in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Operated by Metro Trains Melbourne, it is the city's seventh shortest metropolitan railway line at 27.0 km. The line runs from Flinders Street station in central Melbourne to Craigieburn station in the north, serving 21 stations via North Melbourne, Essendon, and Broadmeadows. The line operates for approximately 19 hours a day (from approximately 5:00 am to around 12:00 am) with 24 hour service available on Friday and Saturday nights. During peak hour, headways of up to 5 minutes are operated with services every 20–30 minutes during off-peak hours. Trains on the Craigieburn line run with a two three-car formations of Comeng trainsets.

Services on the line began from North Melbourne to Essendon by the Melbourne & Essendon Railway Company in November 1860. It was closed shortly after, however, the Victorian Railways reopened the Flemington Racecourse line (including the Essendon line as far as Newmarket) in November 1867, and in January 1871, to Essendon. The line was progressively electrified and, in 1921, the line was electrified to Broadmeadows, where it remained till the extension of electrification in 2007.

Since the 2000s, due to the heavily utilised infrastructure of the Craigieburn line, improvements and upgrades have been made. Works have included replacing sleepers, upgrading signalling technology, the extension of the line to Craigieburn, the construction of new stations, the removal of level crossings, the introduction of new rolling stock, and station accessibility upgrades.

19th century
The line from North Melbourne to Essendon was opened by the Melbourne & Essendon Railway Company in November 1860. Soon after, the company opened a branch from Newmarket to Flemington Racecourse. Both lines were closed shortly after, in July 1864. The Victorian Railways reopened the Flemington Racecourse line (including the Essendon line as far as Newmarket) in November 1867, and in January 1871, to Essendon. In April 1872, the line was extended to a temporary terminus outside Seymour, awaiting completion of a bridge over the Goulburn River. In December 1894, through services were provided from Essendon to Brighton Beach on the Sandringham line.

20th century
Automatic Block Signalling was introduced on the line in 1918, with Kensington to Essendon being converted in June of that year, and North Melbourne to Kensington in October. In May 1919, Flinders Street to Essendon and the Sandringham line were the first lines to be electrified in Melbourne, apart from a test installation on the Flemington Racecourse line. In 1921, the line was electrified to Broadmeadows, where it remained till the extension of electrification in 2007.

In January 1924, an extra pair of tracks, including a flying junction, opened between North Melbourne and Kensington, enabling the separation of passenger and goods traffic in the busy section. Further works were carried out in 1929, when the double tracked Albion–Jacana freight line opened, permitting freight trains to avoid the line via Essendon.

A branch line was opened during the Second World War to Broadstore, designed to connect Broadmeadows station with the Maygar Barracks. The line opened on 12 October 1942 and remaining in operation until 1982, when usage of the base began to cease.

Automatic Block Signalling was extended to Broadmeadows in November 1965.

21st century
In 2003, an unmanned suburban train rolled the length of the line from Broadmeadows station for nearly 17 km, eventually crashing into another stationary train at Spencer Street station. 11 people sustained minor injuries, however, nobody was seriously injured or killed from the accident. On 30 September 2007, electrification of the Broadmeadows line was extended along the regional V/Line tracks to Craigieburn. The Craigieburn rail project delivered projects including:

 * Upgrading Craigieburn station to premium station status
 * A new station at Roxburgh Park
 * New train stabling facilities at Craigieburn
 * Construction of overhead wiring system with new sub-stations
 * Installation of new signalling systems along the Broadmeadows—Craigieburn corridor
 * The provision for a new station at Coolaroo (this ended up being built under another government)

The Craigieburn Rail project started construction in May 2005 and was completed in late September 2007. An additional set of projects were delivered later on, with a new station at Coolaroo opened in 2010 and the construction of a fully-fledged train maintenance facility under the Brumby government.

Level Crossing Removals
The Level Crossing Removal Project announced the removal of 2 level crossings on the line, to be completed in stages from 2018 to 2022. In 2018, one level crossing was removed at Buckley Street, Essendon. The crossing was removed by lowering the road line underneath the rail line. The second crossing to be removed was the one at Glenroy Road, Glenroy, by lowering the rail line underneath the road. In addition, Glenroy station was rebuilt with a modern, wheelchair accessible, lowered design. As a result of these removals, the Craigieburn line now has five remaining crossings on the corridor that are not slated for removal.

Wallan extension
Highlighted in the 2018 Victorian Rail Plan, a proposal exists for the Craigieburn line to be connected to the Upfield line, via the construction of a rail link along the Somerton rail corridor. In addition, the Upfield line would be extended to Wallan. The 2018 Victorian Rail Plan has proposed the following projects take place as part of the Wallan extension: In 2018, the government announced that a business case would be completed for to further investigate the positivity for these series of projects to commence. A business case was completed, however, it was not released to the public. Since the business case in 2018, there has been little developments despite the 'Metro Tunnel Day One' milestone of the 2018 Plan fast approaching. Only a small amount of attention has been given by local residents, council, an action group and some political parties.

Services
Services on the Craigieburn line operates from approximately 5:00 am to around 12:00 daily. In general, during peak hours, train frequency is 5–10 minutes in the AM peak on the Craigieburn line while during non-peak hours the frequency is reduced to 20–30 minutes throughout the entire route. On Friday nights and weekends, services run 24 hours a day, with 60 minute frequencies available outside of normal operating hours.

Train services on the Craigieburn line are also subjected to maintenance and renewal works, usually on selected Fridays and Saturdays. Shuttle bus services are provided throughout the duration of works for affected commuters.

Stopping patterns
Legend — Station status
 * ◼ Premium Station – Station staffed from first to last train
 * ◻ Host Station – Usually staffed during morning peak, however this can vary for different stations on the network.

Legend — Stopping patterns Some services do not operate via the City Loop
 * ● – All trains stop
 * ◐ – Some services do not stop
 * ▼ – Only outbound trains stop
 * | – Trains pass and do not stop

Operators
The Craigieburn line has had a total of 8 operators since its opening in 1860. The majority of operations throughout its history have been government run: from the acquisition of the service from private operator the Melbourne and Essendon Railway Company in 1871 until the 1999 privatisation of Melbourne's rail network, four different government operators have run the line. These operators, Victorian Railways, the Metropolitan Transit Authority, the Public Transport Corporation, and Bayside Trains have a combined operational length of 129 years.

Bayside Trains was privatised in August 1998 and later rebranded M>Train. In 2002, M>Train was placed into receivership and the state government regained ownership of the line, with KPMG appointed as receivers to operate M>Train on behalf of the state government. Two years later, rival train operator Connex Melbourne took over the M>Train operations including the Frankston line. Metro Trains Melbourne, the current private operator, then took over the operations in 2009. The private operators have had a combined operational period of 29 years.

Route
The Craigieburn line forms a somewhat linear route from the Melbourne central business district to its terminus in Craigieburn. The route is 27.0 km long and is fully double tracked. The only underground section of the Craigieburn line is in the City Loop, where the service stops at 3 underground stations. Exiting the city, the line steadily rises after leaving North Melbourne until after Essendon, when it then drops slightly to cross Moonee Ponds Creek. Soon after the line encounters the Glenroy Bank, a continuous rising gradient of 1 in 50 for almost 3 kilometres (1.9 mi). After Glenroy, it continues to rise to the end of the suburban line (and beyond). Some sections of the line has been elevated or lowered into a cutting to eliminate level crossings. Despite some removals, there are a number of level crossings still present with no current plans to remove them.

The line follows the same alignment as multiple lines with the Craigieburn line splitting off at North Melbourne. The Craigieburn line continues on its north western alignment, whereas the other lines continue onto a northern, western, or south-western alignment. Most of the rail line goes through built-up suburbs and some industrial areas.

Stations
The line serves 21 stations across 27.0 km of track. The stations are a mix of elevated, lowered, underground, and ground level designs. Underground stations are present only in the City Loop, with the majority of elevated and lowered stations being constructed as part of level crossing removals.

Rolling stock
The Craigieburn line uses two different types of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains that are operated in a split six-car configuration. The primary rolling stock featured on the line is the Comeng EMUs, built by Commonwealth Engineering between 1981 and 1988. These train sets are the oldest on the Melbourne rail network and subsequently will be replaced by the mid 2030s.

Alongside the passenger trains, Craigieburn line tracks and equipment are maintained by a fleet of engineering trains. The four types of engineering trains are: the shunting train; designed for moving trains along non-electrified corridors and for transporting other maintenance locomotives, for track evaluation; designed for evaluating track and its condition, the overhead inspection train; designed for overhead wiring inspection, and the infrastructure evaluation carriage designed for general infrastructure evaluation. Most of these trains are repurposed locomotives previously used by V/Line, Metro Trains, and the Southern Shorthaul Railroad.

Planned rolling stock
From the middle of 2020s, the next generation of the X'Trapolis family of electric EMUs—the X'Trapolis 2.0—will be introduced. This new model will fully replace the existing fleet of Comeng EMUs currently operating on the line currently with new, modern, and technologically advanced trains. The new trains will feature:

 * Modernised doors to reduce the boarding times at stations to under 40 seconds
 * Passenger information systems to display that train's journey in real time
 * Higher energy efficiency to work with a lower network voltage, to fit in line with modern rail systems overseas
 * New interior designs including tip-up seating to allow space for wheelchair spaces.
 * Designated bicycle storage areas
 * Passenger operated automatic wheelchair ramps located behind driver cabs
 * 6 car fully walk through carriages

Accessibility
In compliance with the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992, all stations that are new-built or rebuilt are fully accessible and comply with these guidelines. Just over half of the stations on the corridor are fully accessible, however, there are some stations that haven't been upgraded to meet these guidelines. These stations do feature ramps, however, they have a gradient greater than 1 in 14. Stations that are fully accessible feature ramps that have a gradient less than 1 in 14, have at-grade paths, or feature lifts. These stations typically also feature tactile boarding indicators, independent boarding ramps, wheelchair accessible myki barriers, hearing loops, and widened paths.

Projects improving station accessibility have included the Level Crossing Removal Project, which involves station rebuilds and upgrades, and individual station upgrade projects. These works have made significant strides in improving network accessibility, with more than 57% of Craigieburn line stations classed as fully accessible. Future station upgrade projects will continue to increase the number of fully accessible stations overtime.

Signalling
The Craigieburn line uses three position signalling which is widely used across the Melbourne train network. Three position signalling was first introduced in 1918, with the final section of the line converted to the new type of signalling in 2007.

title: Craigieburn line


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Northern Region, Bahrain

Northern Region (المنطقة الشمالية Al-Minṭaqat aš-Šamālīyah) was an administrative region of Bahrain in the northern part of the country. Its territory is now in the Northern Governorate.

title: Northern Region, Bahrain


text: User talk:66.92.213.58

title: User talk:66.92.213.58


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Muharraq

Muharraq (المحرق) is Bahrain's third-largest city and served as its capital until 1932 when it was replaced by Manama. The population of Muharraq in 2020 was 263,373.

The city is located on Muharraq Island. Bahrain International Airport is also located on the island. Adjacent to Muharraq are the man-made Amwaj Islands, known for their large buildings, hotels and beaches. Muharraq is home to Muharraq Club, which is Bahrain's most successful football club. It is home to the famous Siyadi House. The city is also known for its souq (traditional market) and as a home of traditional arts and music; Ali Bahar, a popular and successful Bahraini singer is from Muharraq.

History
Muharraq was originally part of Dilmun, a Semitic speaking Bronze Age polity. Later, it became the city of Arwad on the island of Tylos (as Bahrain was referred to in antiquity), believed by some (including Strabo and Herodotus) to be the birthplace of Phoenicia. At the end of Persian rule, Bahrain came under the domination of the Seleucid Greeks, and Muharraq was the centre of a pagan cult dedicated to the ox god, Awal.

By the 5th century AD, Muharraq had become a major centre of Nestorian Christianity, which had come to dominate the southern shores of the Persian Gulf. As a sect, the Nestorians were often persecuted as heretics by the Byzantine Empire, but Bahrain was outside the Empire's control offering safety. The names of several of Muharraq's villages today reflect this Christian legacy, with Al-Dair meaning 'the monastery' and Qalali meaning a 'monk's cloisters'.

Taken by the Portuguese (1521) and the Persians (1602), Al-Muḥarraq passed to the control of the Āl Khalīfah dynasty in 1783 with the rest of Bahrain.

Economy
Gulf Air has its headquarters in Muharraq, and Bahrain Air formerly had its headquarters in the Mohamed Centre in Muharraq.

Government and infrastructure
Building 586 in Muharraq houses the headquarters of the Civil Aviation Affairs, an agency of the Ministry of Transportation.

Education
The Ministry of Education of Bahrain operates public government schools.

Boys schools include Abu Farias Al-Hamdani Primary Boys School, Al-Maari Primary Boys School, Hassan bin Thabit Primary Boys School, Omer bin Abdulazeez Primary Boys School, Sheikh Mohammed bin Essa al-Khalifa Primary Boys School, Omer bin Al-Kattab Primary Intermediate Boys School, Abdul-Rahman Al-Nasser Intermediate Boys School, Tariq bin Zeyad Intermediate Boys School, and Moharraq Secondary Boys School.

Girls schools include A'amena bint Wahab Primary Girls School, Al-Muharraq Primary Girls School, Mariam bent Omran Primary Girls School, Zubaida Primary Girls School, Istiklal, Khadija al-Kubra Intermediate Girls School, Zanoobia Intermediate Girls School, and Muharraq Secondary Girls School.

The French School of Bahrain is located in Busaiteen, in Muharraq Municipality.

Firjan (districts)
Firjan is the plural of the Arabic word Fareej which translates to district. The oldest and largest Fareej in Muharraq is Fareej Al Bin Ali. It was established by Sunni Arabs belonging to the Al Bin Ali tribe in the 17th century and until recently, members of the tribe still lived in that Fareej.

Other Firjan in Muharraq include: Al Bu Khmais, Al-Gumra, Al-Zayayina, Al-Ma'awida, Bin Ghatim, Al-Jowder, Bin Hindi, Al-'Amamira, Al-Mahmeed, Al-Hayaj (or Al-Hayayej), Al-Sanqal, Al-Dosa, Al-Sagha, Sheikh Abdullah Sheikh Hamad, and Bin Khatir are all Sunni districts. Unlike Manama's firjans which are mostly Shia, Muharraq has fareejs which are mostly Sunni.

title: Muharraq


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Classical field theory

A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more fields in physics interact with matter through field equations, without considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory' is specifically intended to describe electromagnetism and gravitation, two of the fundamental forces of nature.

A physical field can be thought of as the assignment of a physical quantity at each point of space and time. For example, in a weather forecast, the wind velocity during a day over a country is described by assigning a vector to each point in space. Each vector represents the direction of the movement of air at that point, so the set of all wind vectors in an area at a given point in time constitutes a vector field. As the day progresses, the directions in which the vectors point change as the directions of the wind change.

The first field theories, Newtonian gravitation and Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic fields were developed in classical physics before the advent of relativity theory in 1905, and had to be revised to be consistent with that theory. Consequently, classical field theories are usually categorized as non-relativistic and relativistic. Modern field theories are usually expressed using the mathematics of tensor calculus. A more recent alternative mathematical formalism describes classical fields as sections of mathematical objects called fiber bundles.

Non-relativistic field theories
Some of the simplest physical fields are vector force fields. Historically, the first time that fields were taken seriously was with Faraday's lines of force when describing the electric field. The gravitational field was then similarly described.

Newtonian gravitation
The first field theory of gravity was Newton's theory of gravitation in which the mutual interaction between two masses obeys an inverse square law. This was very useful for predicting the motion of planets around the Sun.

Any massive body M has a gravitational field g which describes its influence on other massive bodies. The gravitational field of M at a point r in space is found by determining the force F that M exerts on a small test mass m located at r, and then dividing by m: $$ \mathbf{g}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r})}{m}.$$ Stipulating that m is much smaller than M ensures that the presence of m has a negligible influence on the behavior of M.

According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, F(r) is given by $$\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}) = -\frac{G M m}{r^2}\hat{\mathbf{r}},$$ where $$\hat{\mathbf{r}}$$ is a unit vector pointing along the line from M to m, and G is Newton's gravitational constant. Therefore, the gravitational field of M is $$\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r})}{m} = -\frac{G M}{r^2}\hat{\mathbf{r}}.$$

The experimental observation that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equal to unprecedented levels of accuracy leads to the identification of the gravitational field strength as identical to the acceleration experienced by a particle. This is the starting point of the equivalence principle, which leads to general relativity.

For a discrete collection of masses, Mi, located at points, ri, the gravitational field at a point r due to the masses is $$\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{r})=-G\sum_i \frac{M_i(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_i})}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_i|^3} \,, $$

If we have a continuous mass distribution ρ instead, the sum is replaced by an integral, $$\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{r})=-G \iiint_V \frac{\rho(\mathbf{x})d^3\mathbf{x}(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{x})}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{x}|^3} \,, $$

Note that the direction of the field points from the position r to the position of the masses ri; this is ensured by the minus sign. In a nutshell, this means all masses attract.

In the integral form Gauss's law for gravity is $$\iint\mathbf{g}\cdot d \mathbf{S} = -4\pi G M$$ while in differential form it is $$\nabla \cdot\mathbf{g} = -4\pi G\rho_m $$

Therefore, the gravitational field g can be written in terms of the gradient of a gravitational potential $φ(r)$: $$\mathbf{g}(\mathbf{r}) = -\nabla \phi(\mathbf{r}).$$ This is a consequence of the gravitational force F being conservative.

Electrostatics
A charged test particle with charge q experiences a force F based solely on its charge. We can similarly describe the electric field E generated by the source charge Q so that $F = qE$: $$ \mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r})}{q}.$$

Using this and Coulomb's law the electric field due to a single charged particle is $$\mathbf{E} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} \frac{Q}{r^2} \hat{\mathbf{r}} \,. $$

The electric field is conservative, and hence is given by the gradient of a scalar potential, $V(r)$ $$ \mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r}) = -\nabla V(\mathbf{r}) \,. $$

Gauss's law for electricity is in integral form $$\iint\mathbf{E}\cdot d\mathbf{S} = \frac{Q}{\varepsilon_0}$$ while in differential form $$\nabla \cdot\mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho_e}{\varepsilon_0} \,. $$

Magnetostatics
A steady current I flowing along a path ℓ will exert a force on nearby charged particles that is quantitatively different from the electric field force described above. The force exerted by I on a nearby charge q with velocity v is $$\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}) = q\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}),$$ where B(r) is the magnetic field, which is determined from I by the Biot–Savart law: $$\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{\mu_0 I}{4\pi} \int \frac{d\boldsymbol{\ell} \times d\hat{\mathbf{r}}}{r^2}.$$

The magnetic field is not conservative in general, and hence cannot usually be written in terms of a scalar potential. However, it can be written in terms of a vector potential, A(r): $$ \mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}) = \nabla \times \mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}) $$

Gauss's law for magnetism in integral form is $$\iint\mathbf{B}\cdot d\mathbf{S} = 0, $$ while in differential form it is $$\nabla \cdot\mathbf{B} = 0. $$

The physical interpretation is that there are no magnetic monopoles.

Electrodynamics
In general, in the presence of both a charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), there will be both an electric and a magnetic field, and both will vary in time. They are determined by Maxwell's equations, a set of differential equations which directly relate E and B to the electric charge density (charge per unit volume) ρ and current density (electric current per unit area) J.

Alternatively, one can describe the system in terms of its scalar and vector potentials V and A. A set of integral equations known as retarded potentials allow one to calculate V and A from ρ and J, and from there the electric and magnetic fields are determined via the relations $$ \mathbf{E} = -\nabla V - \frac{\partial \mathbf{A}}{\partial t}$$ $$ \mathbf{B} = \nabla \times \mathbf{A}.$$

Fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamics has fields of pressure, density, and flow rate that are connected by conservation laws for energy and momentum. The mass continuity equation is a continuity equation, representing the conservation of mass $$\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf u) = 0 $$ and the Navier–Stokes equations represent the conservation of momentum in the fluid, found from Newton's laws applied to the fluid, $$\frac {\partial}{\partial t} (\rho \mathbf u) + \nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf u \otimes \mathbf u + p \mathbf I) = \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol \tau + \rho \mathbf b $$ if the density $ρ$, pressure $p$, deviatoric stress tensor $τ$ of the fluid, as well as external body forces b, are all given. The velocity field u is the vector field to solve for.

Other examples
In 1839, James MacCullagh presented field equations to describe reflection and refraction in "An essay toward a dynamical theory of crystalline reflection and refraction".

Potential theory
The term "potential theory" arises from the fact that, in 19th century physics, the fundamental forces of nature were believed to be derived from scalar potentials which satisfied Laplace's equation. Poisson addressed the question of the stability of the planetary orbits, which had already been settled by Lagrange to the first degree of approximation from the perturbation forces, and derived the Poisson's equation, named after him. The general form of this equation is

$$\nabla^2 \phi = \sigma $$

where σ is a source function (as a density, a quantity per unit volume) and ø the scalar potential to solve for.

In Newtonian gravitation; masses are the sources of the field so that field lines terminate at objects that have mass. Similarly, charges are the sources and sinks of electrostatic fields: positive charges emanate electric field lines, and field lines terminate at negative charges. These field concepts are also illustrated in the general divergence theorem, specifically Gauss's law's for gravity and electricity. For the cases of time-independent gravity and electromagnetism, the fields are gradients of corresponding potentials $$\mathbf{g} = - \nabla \phi_g \,,\quad \mathbf{E} = - \nabla \phi_e $$ so substituting these into Gauss' law for each case obtains $$\nabla^2 \phi_g = 4\pi G \rho_g \,, \quad \nabla^2 \phi_e = 4\pi k_e \rho_e = - {\rho_e \over \varepsilon_0}$$

where ρg is the mass density, ρe the charge density, G the gravitational constant and ke = 1/4πε0 the electric force constant.

Incidentally, this similarity arises from the similarity between Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law.

In the case where there is no source term (e.g. vacuum, or paired charges), these potentials obey Laplace's equation: $$\nabla^2 \phi = 0.$$

For a distribution of mass (or charge), the potential can be expanded in a series of spherical harmonics, and the nth term in the series can be viewed as a potential arising from the 2n-moments (see multipole expansion). For many purposes only the monopole, dipole, and quadrupole terms are needed in calculations.

Relativistic field theory
Modern formulations of classical field theories generally require Lorentz covariance as this is now recognised as a fundamental aspect of nature. A field theory tends to be expressed mathematically by using Lagrangians. This is a function that, when subjected to an action principle, gives rise to the field equations and a conservation law for the theory. The action is a Lorentz scalar, from which the field equations and symmetries can be readily derived.

Throughout we use units such that the speed of light in vacuum is 1, i.e. c = 1.

Lagrangian dynamics
Given a field tensor $$\phi$$, a scalar called the Lagrangian density $$\mathcal{L}(\phi,\partial\phi,\partial\partial\phi, \ldots ,x)$$ can be constructed from $$\phi$$ and its derivatives. From this density, the action functional can be constructed by integrating over spacetime, $$\mathcal{S} = \int{\mathcal{L}\sqrt{-g}\, \mathrm{d}^4x}.$$

Where $$\sqrt{-g} \, \mathrm{d}^4x$$ is the volume form in curved spacetime. $$(g\equiv \det(g_{\mu\nu}))$$

Therefore, the Lagrangian itself is equal to the integral of the Lagrangian density over all space.

Then by enforcing the action principle, the Euler–Lagrange equations are obtained

$$\frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta\phi} = \frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial\phi} -\partial_\mu \left(\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial(\partial_\mu\phi)}\right)+ \cdots +(-1)^m\partial_{\mu_1} \partial_{\mu_2} \cdots \partial_{\mu_{m-1}} \partial_{\mu_m} \left(\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial(\partial_{\mu_1} \partial_{\mu_2}\cdots\partial_{\mu_{m-1}}\partial_{\mu_m} \phi)}\right) = 0.$$

Relativistic fields
Two of the most well-known Lorentz-covariant classical field theories are now described.

Electromagnetism
Historically, the first (classical) field theories were those describing the electric and magnetic fields (separately). After numerous experiments, it was found that these two fields were related, or, in fact, two aspects of the same field: the electromagnetic field. Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism describes the interaction of charged matter with the electromagnetic field. The first formulation of this field theory used vector fields to describe the electric and magnetic fields. With the advent of special relativity, a more complete formulation using tensor fields was found. Instead of using two vector fields describing the electric and magnetic fields, a tensor field representing these two fields together is used.

The electromagnetic four-potential is defined to be $A_{a} = (−φ, A)$, and the electromagnetic four-current $j_{a} = (−ρ, j)$. The electromagnetic field at any point in spacetime is described by the antisymmetric (0,2)-rank electromagnetic field tensor $$F_{ab} = \partial_a A_b - \partial_b A_a.$$

The Lagrangian
To obtain the dynamics for this field, we try and construct a scalar from the field. In the vacuum, we have $$\mathcal{L} = -\frac{1}{4\mu_0}F^{ab}F_{ab}\,.$$

We can use gauge field theory to get the interaction term, and this gives us $$\mathcal{L} = -\frac{1}{4\mu_0}F^{ab}F_{ab} - j^aA_a\,.$$

The equations
To obtain the field equations, the electromagnetic tensor in the Lagrangian density needs to be replaced by its definition in terms of the 4-potential A, and it's this potential which enters the Euler-Lagrange equations. The EM field F is not varied in the EL equations. Therefore, $$\partial_b\left(\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial\left(\partial_b A_a\right)}\right)=\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial A_a} \,.$$

Evaluating the derivative of the Lagrangian density with respect to the field components $$\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial A_a} = \mu_0 j^a \,, $$ and the derivatives of the field components $$\frac{\partial\mathcal{L}}{\partial(\partial_b A_a)} = F^{ab} \,, $$ obtains Maxwell's equations in vacuum. The source equations (Gauss' law for electricity and the Maxwell-Ampère law) are $$\partial_b F^{ab}=\mu_0 j^a \,. $$ while the other two (Gauss' law for magnetism and Faraday's law) are obtained from the fact that F is the 4-curl of A, or, in other words, from the fact that the Bianchi identity holds for the electromagnetic field tensor. $$6F_{[ab,c]} \, = F_{ab,c} + F_{ca,b} + F_{bc,a} = 0. $$

where the comma indicates a partial derivative.

Gravitation
After Newtonian gravitation was found to be inconsistent with special relativity, Albert Einstein formulated a new theory of gravitation called general relativity. This treats gravitation as a geometric phenomenon ('curved spacetime') caused by masses and represents the gravitational field mathematically by a tensor field called the metric tensor. The Einstein field equations describe how this curvature is produced. Newtonian gravitation is now superseded by Einstein's theory of general relativity, in which gravitation is thought of as being due to a curved spacetime, caused by masses. The Einstein field equations, $$G_{ab} = \kappa T_{ab} $$ describe how this curvature is produced by matter and radiation, where Gab is the Einstein tensor, $$G_{ab} \, = R_{ab}-\frac{1}{2} R g_{ab}$$ written in terms of the Ricci tensor Rab and Ricci scalar $R = R_{ab}g^{ab}$, $T_{ab}$ is the stress–energy tensor and $κ = 8πG/c^{4}$ is a constant. In the absence of matter and radiation (including sources) the 'vacuum field equations'', $$G_{ab} = 0 $$ can be derived by varying the Einstein–Hilbert action, $$ S = \int R \sqrt{-g} \, d^4x $$ with respect to the metric, where g is the determinant of the metric tensor gab. Solutions of the vacuum field equations are called vacuum solutions. An alternative interpretation, due to Arthur Eddington, is that $$R$$ is fundamental, $$T$$ is merely one aspect of $$R$$, and $$\kappa$$ is forced by the choice of units.

Further examples
Further examples of Lorentz-covariant classical field theories are
 * Klein-Gordon theory for real or complex scalar fields
 * Dirac theory for a Dirac spinor field
 * Yang–Mills theory for a non-abelian gauge field

Unification attempts
Attempts to create a unified field theory based on classical physics are classical unified field theories. During the years between the two World Wars, the idea of unification of gravity with electromagnetism was actively pursued by several mathematicians and physicists like Albert Einstein, Theodor Kaluza, Hermann Weyl, Arthur Eddington, Gustav Mie and Ernst Reichenbacher.

Early attempts to create such theory were based on incorporation of electromagnetic fields into the geometry of general relativity. In 1918, the case for the first geometrization of the electromagnetic field was proposed in 1918 by Hermann Weyl. In 1919, the idea of a five-dimensional approach was suggested by Theodor Kaluza. From that, a theory called Kaluza-Klein Theory was developed. It attempts to unify gravitation and electromagnetism, in a five-dimensional space-time. There are several ways of extending the representational framework for a unified field theory which have been considered by Einstein and other researchers. These extensions in general are based in two options. The first option is based in relaxing the conditions imposed on the original formulation, and the second is based in introducing other mathematical objects into the theory. An example of the first option is relaxing the restrictions to four-dimensional space-time by considering higher-dimensional representations. That is used in Kaluza-Klein Theory. For the second, the most prominent example arises from the concept of the affine connection that was introduced into the theory of general relativity mainly through the work of Tullio Levi-Civita and Hermann Weyl.

Further development of quantum field theory changed the focus of searching for unified field theory from classical to quantum description. Because of that, many theoretical physicists gave up looking for a classical unified field theory. Quantum field theory would include unification of two other fundamental forces of nature, the strong and weak nuclear force which act on the subatomic level.

title: Classical field theory


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Rajab

Rajab (رَجَب) is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar. The lexical definition of the classical Arabic verb rajaba is "to respect", which could also mean "be awe or be in fear", of which Rajab is a derivative.

This month is regarded as one of the four sacred months (including Muharram, Dhu al-Qadah and Dhu al-Hijjah) in Islam in which battles are prohibited. The pre-Islamic Arabs also considered warfare to be blasphemous during these four months.

Muslims believe Rajab is the month in which ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib, the fourth Rashidun caliph, was born.

Rajab is also the month during which Isra and Mi'raj (Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and then through the seven Heavens) took place.

Rajab and Shaʿbān are a prelude to the holy month of Ramaḍān.

Name
The word "Rajab" came from rajūb ( رجوب ), the sense of veneration or glorification, and Rajab was also formerly called Mudhar because the tribe of Mudhar did not change it but rather expected its time to be different than the rest of the Arabs, who changed and altered the months according to the state of war.

The name of Rajab literally means respected, regarded, and admired. It seems that the word is originally a Semitic one. There are two important events during the month, namely the birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's first revelation in Shia tradition. There are other names for the month, such as Rajab Al-Morrajjab, Rajab Al-Asab, and Rajab Sharif.

For Shia
The Shi'a believe that the month has many virtues. According to some narrations, Rajab belongs to Ali, while Shaban is for Muhammad. Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Shia imam) narrated that Rajab is like a river in heaven that is whiter and sweeter than honey.

Timing
The Islamic calendar is a purely lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the lunar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Rajab migrates throughout the seasons. The estimated start and end dates for Rajab, based on the Umm al-Qura of Saudi Arabia, are:

Events

 * The Battle of Tabouk took place in Rajab, 9 AH (October 630).
 * The Second pledge at al-Aqabah took place in Rajab.
 * 6 Rajab: Many Sufi followers of the Chishti tariqa (path) celebrate the anniversary of Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti.
 * 7 Rajab: Twelvers observe the Festival of Imam Musa al-Kazim in dedication of Musā' al-Kādhim. This is so as to avoid missing celebrating the birth of the seventh imam, which took place in Safar.
 * 22 Rajab, Koonday (tablecloth dinner) is organized by people friendly towards the Imams of the Ahlul Bayt among the Shias of South Asia. It is an occasion for Shias to discuss Allah and the Ahlul Bayt and to strengthen ties among the community with love and compassion.
 * 27 Rajab, event of Isra and Mi'raj.
 * 27 Rajab 583 AH, Conquest of Jerusalem by the Ayyubids

Births

 * 1 Rajab: Muhammad al-Baqir
 * 4 Rajab: Khwaja Banda Nawaz
 * 5 Rajab: ‘Alī al-Hadī
 * 9 Rajab: ‘Alī al-Asghar
 * 12 Rajab: Muhammad al-Taqī
 * 13 Rajab: ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib
 * 14 Rajab: Mu'in al-Din Chishti
 * 20 Rajab: Sakina bint Hussain

Deaths

 * 3 Rajab: ‘Alī al-Naqī, Twelver Imam & Uwais al-Qarni
 * 8 Rajab: Nazim Al-Haqqani, a Turkish Cypriot Sufi Muslim sheykh and spiritual leader of the Naqshbandi tariqa.
 * 14 Rajab: Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak, the founder of the Naqshbandi Mujaddidi Saifia Tariqa.
 * 15 Rajab: Zainab bint Ali
 * 18 Rajab: Abraham (according to Shi'a Islam)
 * 22 Rajab: Mu'awiya father of Yazid I
 * 25 Rajab: Musā' al-Kādhim, seventh Twelver Imam
 * 26 Rajab: Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad and father of Ali

title: Rajab


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User:Axe-Lander

/yamamotoyama

title: User:Axe-Lander


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God (disambiguation)

God is a monotheist conception of a supreme being and principal object of faith. Gods or deities are natural or supernatural beings considered divine or sacred, depending on tradition.

God may also refer to:

 * God (word), the English word

Places

 * Göd, a town in Pest County, Hungary
 * God, a WWI British troop nickname for Godewaersvelde, France
 * Godalming railway station, England, station code GOD

Given name

 * God Nisanov (born 1972), Russian property developer
 * God Shammgod (born 1976), American basketball player and coach

Nickname

 * HITEK5000, formerly known as "God", producer of Die Antwoord
 * Eric Clapton (born 1945), English musician
 * Gus O'Donnell (born 1952), former UK civil service head
 * Gary Ablett Sr. (born 1961), Australian-rules football player
 * Robbie Fowler (born 1975), English former footballer

Fictional entities

 * God (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy), a sci-fi comedy character
 * God (The Simpsons), a character in the animated television sitcom
 * God, a fictional music album by The Beatles in Stephen Baxter's "The Twelfth Album"
 * Government Of Darkness, a fictional criminal empire in the Japanese Kamen Rider X TV series

Gaming

 * God (MUD), a senior administrator in a multi-user dungeon
 * Gates of Discord, an EverQuest game expansion

Groups and labels

 * God (Australian band), an Australian indie rock band
 * God (British band), a London-based industrial band
 * g.o.d (South Korean band), a South Korean boy band

Albums

 * God (Rebecca St. James album), 1996
 * God (Rip Rig + Panic album), 1981
 * G.O.D. (Gold, Oil & Diamonds), a 2009 mixtape by AZ
 * God LP, a 2016 album by Inhuman
 * G.O.D., a 2020 extended play by Virgen María

Songs

 * "God" (John Lennon song), on the album John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band
 * "God" (Kendrick Lamar song), 2017
 * "God" (Tori Amos song), 1994
 * "God" (Rebecca St. James song), 1996
 * "God", by Outkast, on the 2003 album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below
 * "God", by Prince, B-side of single "Purple Rain"
 * "God", by Relient K, on the 2016 album Air for Free
 * "God", by Smashing Pumpkins, B-side of single "Zero"
 * "God", by Weird Owl, on the 2015 album Interstellar Skeletal

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * God (play), a 1975 one-act play by Woody Allen
 * God (sculpture), a 1917 readymade artwork by Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven
 * GOD TV, an international Christian broadcaster
 * G.O.D (web series), a 2019 Indian Telugu-language web series.

Religion

 * God in Abrahamic religions
 * God in the Baháʼí Faith
 * God in Buddhism
 * God in Christianity
 * God in Hinduism
 * God in Islam
 * God in Jainism
 * God in Judaism
 * God in Mormonism

Brands and enterprises

 * Gathering of Developers, a defunct video game publisher
 * Goods of Desire, Hong Kong company

Other uses

 * Guerrillas of Destiny, professional wrestling tag team (sometimes shortened to G.O.D.)
 * Horned God, a figure in Wicca and other forms of Modern Paganism

title: God (disambiguation)


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Okamanpeedan Lake

Okamanpeedan (or Okamanpadu) Lake, partially located in Martin County, Minnesota, and Emmet County, Iowa, is also known as Tuttle Lake. Okamanpeedan Lake is a roughly 2,300-acre (9.3 km2) riverine lake located on the East Fork of the Des Moines River. It has an average depth of about four to six feet (1.2 to 1.8 m). The lake has a contributing watershed of approximately 120,056 acres (486 km2) and watershed:lake ratio on the order of about 50:1. The lake is situated in a glacial till plain and is generally in an area dominated by loamy, poorly drained soils. The area is primarily level but does have some rolling hills.

Okamanpeedan Lake was explored by Joseph Nicollet during his 1838 expedition. He recognized the Sioux name for the lake, which means "nesting place of the herons", because of the large number of herons nesting in tall trees along its shores. Calvin Tuttle was the first settler along the lake, thus that became another name for this body of water.

Okamanpeedan's southwest shore is home to the Tuttle Lake Recreation Area, which includes sixty campsites and a boat launch. Okamanpeedan State Park, maintained by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, is located on the body's southeast shoreline.

Fish found in Okamanpeedan Lake include walleye, northern pike, crappie, yellow perch, bullhead, catfish and American Grass carp.

title: Okamanpeedan Lake


text: User talk:66.56.27.170

title: User talk:66.56.27.170