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Jesse Lee Peterson

Jesse Lee Peterson (born May 22, 1949) is an American conservative radio host and broadcaster, politician and pastor of Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny (BOND), a Christian ministry. He is the host of The Jesse Lee Peterson Radio Show and The Fallen State TV.

Born in Midway, Alabama, and raised by his grandparents in Corner Hill, Peterson has gained notoriety for his political views, which have been described as misogynistic, homophobic, and of a white nationalist nature.

Early life
Peterson was born on May 22, 1949, in Midway, Alabama, and raised in Corner Hill by his grandparents, who worked on the Comer family plantation where his great-grandparents had worked as slaves a century earlier. His mother and father moved to Gary, Indiana, and East Chicago, Indiana, respectively, where they separately started new families of their own. He was born with a cleft palate that was not repaired until his teens. Peterson lived with his mother and stepfather in Gary as a teenager, briefly attending Edison High School. He then returned to Alabama and graduated from high school before moving to Los Angeles. He attended Los Angeles City College for one year. He says that he started his own janitorial service in 1989.

Political involvement
In 1990, Peterson founded BOND (Brotherhood Organization of a New Destiny), later registered as a religious non-profit. BOND has close ties to the Tea Party movement. Advisory board members include Sean Hannity and Dennis Prager.

Peterson has participated in activism against illegal immigration, abortion, and gun control, and for traditional family values. He has protested against the NAACP and feminist lawyer Gloria Allred. He has participated in discussions at the annual political convention Politicon.

From 1999 to 2004, Peterson chose Martin Luther King Jr. Day to hold a "National Day of Repudiation of Jesse Jackson" to highlight his opposition to Jackson, who was near King when he was assassinated.

In 2001, while meeting with Toyota executives in Los Angeles, Peterson accused Jackson of threatening him and his son Jonathan Jackson of assaulting him. In 2006, a jury cleared Jesse Jackson of the threat allegation, but was split on his son's assault allegation. Conservative activist organization Judicial Watch provided attorneys for Peterson in the lawsuit.

In 2002, Peterson debated Michael Eric Dyson on "The Case For/Against Reparations for African Americans," hosted by the National Association of Black Journalists.

Conservative talk radio host Dennis Prager wrote the forewords to two of Peterson's books.

Peterson's radio show was simulcast on Newsmax TV in 2017–2018.

In June 2019, video-sharing platform YouTube demonetized Peterson's channel, amongst many others, under an updated hate speech policy.

Peterson appears in the 2020 political documentary Uncle Tom, produced by radio host Larry Elder.

Political views
Peterson has stated that he used to be a Democrat but became a Republican in his late 30s. He attributed the change to his Christian beliefs.

Racism
Peterson opposes allowing Muslims to serve in Western governments, and says that racism does not exist. Instead, he believes that every conflict is a spiritual "battle between good and evil". He has spoken out against Kwanzaa and Black History Month. Peterson's views have been described by some authors as being consistent with white supremacy, and it has been suggested that white nationalists are encouraged by his rhetoric and compelled to promote him, because Peterson's blackness reduces the shock value of opinions that would be considered outrageous if a white person had expressed them.

In 2005, he stated that most African Americans stranded in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina were relying on the government to save them. In 2012, Peterson said about black unemployment, "One of the things that I would do is take all black people back to the South and put them on the plantation.... They need a good hard education on what it is to work." He has called Nelson Mandela an "evil man" and said that South Africa was better off under apartheid. In 2020, he called then-U.S. President Donald Trump "the Great White Hope".

In 2013, Peterson called Trayvon Martin a "thug". CNN host Piers Morgan called Peterson's comments "quite offensive". In 2015 on political commentator Sean Hannity's show, Peterson defended Michael Slager, a former North Charleston, South Carolina police officer who killed Walter Lamar Scott, an unarmed black man by shooting him in the back. Peterson criticized "angry black folks in this country" who disobey instructions of police, while Hannity pushed back against Peterson and called the killing "cold-blooded". Upset, fellow panelist Leo Terrell abruptly walked out of the interview prematurely. In 2017, Slager was sentenced to 20 years in prison for the killing.

In 2018, Peterson compared the Black Lives Matter movement to the Ku Klux Klan, saying that each could be described as an "agitative organization founded by... black lesbians and homosexuals." In response, Good Morning Britain host Piers Morgan accused Peterson of homophobia, and Peterson's microphone was muted before he was kicked off the show.

In 2019, Peterson called activist Andrew Yang a "communist" and "beta male" for his universal basic income proposal. Peterson said Yang, an American born in New York, "should go back to China or wherever he came from."

In 2022, Peterson gave a speech at the third America First Political Action Conference (AFPAC), which was also attended by Nick Fuentes and Marjorie Taylor Greene. AFPAC has been described as a white nationalist political action committee. The Anti-Defamation League described Peterson's speech as the "one of the most racist" of all delivered at the event, in which he described black people as the destroyers of America.

Marriage and women
Peterson opposes premarital sex. During an interview with former SlutWalk organizer Amber Rose, Peterson responded to the question "if women are sluts what does that make you?" by stating men are "slut makers".

Peterson's views on women have been described by some as misogynistic. Peterson stated in a 2012 sermon that "one of the greatest mistakes America made was to allow women the opportunity to vote." He stated that women "can't handle power in the right way", that they "have no patience", and "don't have love". Political analyst Kirsten Powers confronted Peterson on Sean Hannity's program on Fox News, accusing him of using his status as a pastor to preach hatred and fear of women.

In 2019, a person who was considering marrying a woman who had a previous child conceived by rape called Peterson's radio show and was told by Peterson: "Do not marry a woman...who already has children. It's bad enough on kids when they don't have both parents, it's worse when a so-called step-parent steps in ... they want their natural father and natural mother, and especially their natural father."

Personal life
Peterson has one son. He has been engaged twice but never married.

Published works

 * From Rage to Responsibility: Black Conservative Jesse Lee Peterson and America Today, with Dennis Prager and Brad Stetson. Paragon House, 2000, ISBN 1-55778-788-3
 * SCAM: How the Black Leadership Exploits Black America, WND Books, ISBN 0-7852-6331-4. Reprinted, Thomas Nelson, 2005, ISBN 978-1595550453
 * The Seven Guaranteed Steps to Spiritual, Family and Financial Success, 2007.
 * The ANTIDOTE: Healing America from the Poison of Hate, Blame and Victimhood, WND Books, ISBN 978-1-942475-00-2 (hardcover), 2015.

title: Jesse Lee Peterson


text:
Trans World Corporation

Trans World Corporation was the original name of the holding company set up to own Trans World Airlines.

History
In 1967, when the airline sought to diversify into other areas of business, a key investment was Hilton International Hotels, the non-American interests of the Hilton Hotels chain. (Because of this split, the Hilton International chain had to call its hotels in America Vista, while future overseas locations of the American Hilton chain were called Conrad International. This operation was later sold by Trans World Corporation while under the leadership of Charles C. Tillinghast Jr. the CEO of TWA and the first known to receive a golden parachute employment contract.

In 1983, Trans World Corporation, under Chief Executive Officer L. Edwin Smart, spun off Trans World Airlines to Carl C. Icahn,

At the time of TWA's spinoff, TWC owned Spartan Food Systems Inc., the Canteen Corporation, Hilton International, and Century 21 Real Estate Corporation.

Trans World Airlines Worldwide
As a result of both Trans World Airlines and Trans World Corporation being publicly traded prior to the spinoff, public records permitted analysis which indicates that "wealth transfer" of a sale of TWA was as much a reason for the sale of TWA as was a desirability to "restructure union contracts". Conversely, it was circa 1982-1984 when UAL Corporation and AMR Corporation, the parent companies of United Airlines and American Airlines first took shape. This period is also an era marked by extremely competitive airline industry forces fighting for deregulation survival along with fighting for opportunities of vast individual creations of wealth characterized by those accumulated by leading industry figures such as Frank Lorenzo and Carl Icahn during the 1980s.

In 1986, TWC was liquidated. TW Services was formed at end of 1986 upon the dissolution of Transworld Corp. L. Edwin Smart remained head of TW Services Inc., the successor of Trans World Corporation which remained headquartered in the same building and shared many directors as Trans World Corporation. TW Services Inc. continued the use of the TW ticker symbol on the NYSE. Its business centered on food services and retirement care.

TW Services was the target of several hostile take over attempts which ended in June 1989 when TW Services agreed to be taken over by Conniston Partners for $1.65 billion. As part of the buy out, TW Services moved its headquarters from New York City to Spartanburg, South Carolina.

Flagstar Companies
In 1992, private equity firm, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts acquired a 47% interest in TW Corporation, later known as The Flagstar Companies, and encouraged the company to sell non-core businesses. The following year, TW Services changed its name to The Flagstar Companies in its bid to focus on the food service industry with a portfolio of businesses including Volume Services America, Hardee's, Quincy's Family Steakhouse, El Pollo Loco, Canteen Corporation and Denny's.

After accumulating $2.2 billion in debt, Flagstar filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection from its creditors in a Federal bankruptcy court in South Carolina in July 1997. Six months later, Flagstar emerged from bankruptcy as Advantica Restaurant Group Inc. and with three-fourths of its stock controlled by four of the former Flagstar's senior creditors. At the time of emergence, Advantica owned Denny's, Carrows, Coco's, El Pollo Loco and Quincy's Family Steakhouse and was the largest franchisee of Hardee's restaurants. Advantica paid off its inherited debt by selling off most of its holdings.

In November 1999, Advantica sold El Pollo Loco to an investment firm for $114 Million plus the assumption of $14 million in debt.

Today the remnants of the corporation are Denny's.

Trans World Corporation was the predecessor of the way and manner in which many of the airlines with holdings and holding parent companies conduct and create their business structural organization.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trans World Corporation


text:
Talk:Charles Keeping

Fair use rationale for Image:SutcliffBloodFeud.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 15:06, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Further reading, Citations, Works about Keeping
This article was reasonably complete on its birthday 18:20, 4 December 2004 and moreso six months later 15:36, 28 May 2005 Nicknack009, still essentially the work of a single editor. Meanwhile section "Further reading" previously in the middle of the article dates from this September/October with two listings that duplicate the original pair plus two new ones.

Evidently the two new ones have not been used as sources, so I have retained the heading "Further readings" for them, and relocated them in the footer, which is appropriate to the heading.

The other two remain listed at the bottom of section References where I have labeled them "Citations" which anticipates that they will be used to provide more footnotes (and which also makes them easier to see).
 * See Anne McCaffrey for an expert editor's demonstration of technique utilizing such Citations.
 * See an extremely cheap alternative that fulfills the reference function if the page numbers match.

It may be appropriate to list (perhaps selected) Works about Someone in the body of Someone's biography but we don't even list (perhaps selected) Works by Keeping here. (I think it would be overkill here, anyway; this isn't C. S. Lewis.)

Here we cover Keeping's publications only discursively (beyond the infobox list of four notable works). It may be appropriate to do handle some publications about Keeping in the same way, in a section called Reception or Commentary or Controversy or etc.

--P64 (talk) 19:15, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Charles Keeping


text:
Lada Niva Travel

The Lada Niva Travel is a Mini sport utility vehicle (SUV) produced since 1998 by the AvtoVAZ Group. Originally called the VAZ-2123 (1998–2002), the SUV was marketed as the Chevrolet Niva from 2003 to 2020, when AvtoVAZ (the parent company of the Lada brand) was in a joint venture with General Motors, called GM-AvtoVAZ.

However, after General Motors sold its 50-percent stake in the firm in 2020, the car was for a short time rebranded as the 'Lada Niva', giving the car then the same name that the original, 1977-launched Lada Niva/ Lada 4x4/ VAZ-2121 still has, in certain European markets — while the VAZ-2123 is also a development of its predecessor, VAZ-2121's mechanical underpinnings. On 21 December 2020, the car was rebranded the 'Lada Niva Travel'.

Overview
The VAZ/Lada 2123/Niva (II/Travel) is made only as a 5-door CUV, as short as a Ford Bronco II, riding on a 2.45 m wheelbase – the exact middle of the original Lada Niva (Legend) wheelbases of 2.20 m and 2.70 m. Although the body and the interiors are all new, it is still based on the old VAZ 2121 engine, transmission and most mechanicals.

The Niva Travel rebadging featured a touched-up body, and the 1.7-litre gasoline engine has fuel injection.

In 2003, the car was awarded zero stars out of a possible four by the Russian ARCAP safety assessment program.

An export version with reinforced bodyshell, 1.8-litre Opel Ecotec Family 1 gasoline engine, and Aisin four-wheel drive was under consideration since 2003. Although most of the engineering work was completed, the release was repeatedly postponed. Although GM-AvtoVAZ considered building a new engine plant for the local production of Ecotec engines, in July 2005 it was announced that the project was cancelled, along with plans for the long-anticipated "export" Niva. However, the project was revived in autumn 2006 and the "Niva FAM1" was introduced as a new trim level for the 2007 model year. The price was much higher than the standard trim, which led to slow sales and the discontinuation of this model in April 2008. Another reason was the ceasing of Ecotec engine production at the Hungarian plant.

2009 Facelift and upgrade
In 2009, the model got a minor update, featuring a slight restyling, done by Bertone studio and some minor-changes. The GLS and GLC version also comes with improved safety, such as ABS and dual front airbags.

Lada takeover of production
In August 2020 Lada took over production of the Chevrolet Niva, rebranding it as the Lada Niva.

In December 2020, following a new generation of the car, the new Lada Niva was further rebranded as Lada Niva Travel, while the old Niva 4x4 was rebranded as Lada Niva Legend in January 2021.

Chevrolet Niva Concept (2014)
GM-AvtoVAZ introduced a concept vehicle for a new generation of the Chevrolet Niva at the Moscow International Automobile Salon in late August 2014. The Niva Concept, designed by Ondrej Koromház of GM (or at General Motors' headquarters in Melbourne according to other sources), had a longitudinal mounted engine, full-time four-wheel-drive, two-gear transfer case and rigid-axle rear suspension. The production model was supposed to get a 1.8-liter PSA Peugeot Citroën EC8 engine (135 hp) paired with a 5-speed manual gearbox, although more recent news reports suggested that it was planned to be based on the Renault Duster platform. The new model's production version was initially expected in 2016, but following Chevrolet stopping sales of its mainstream models in Russia, no further information has been released on the topic.

In September 2018, it was reported that GM has suspended all the work on planned replacement of Chevrolet Niva.

In August 2020 Lada took over production of the Chevrolet Niva rebranding it as the Lada Niva.

Technical parameters
Permissible gross weight of the towed trailer, kg:

trailer with brakes — 1200

trailer without brakes — 600

Turning radius, m — 5.7

Front suspension — spring, independent, 2-lever

Rear suspension — spring, dependent, 5-rod

Front disc brakes

Rear drum brakes

Vacuum booster — 9"

Tire dimensions — 205/75R15, 205/70R15, 215/75R15, 215/65R16

title: Lada Niva Travel


text:
Ultramafic rock

Ultramafic rocks (also referred to as ultrabasic rocks, although the terms are not wholly equivalent) are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with a very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks. Ultrabasic is a more inclusive term that includes igneous rocks with low silica content that may not be extremely enriched in Fe and Mg, such as carbonatites and ultrapotassic igneous rocks.

Intrusive ultramafic rocks
Intrusive ultramafic rocks are often found in large, layered ultramafic intrusions where differentiated rock types often occur in layers. Such cumulate rock types do not represent the chemistry of the magma from which they crystallized. The ultramafic intrusives include the dunites, peridotites and pyroxenites. Other rare varieties include troctolite which has a greater percentage of calcic plagioclase. These grade into the anorthosites. Gabbro and norite often occur in the upper portions of the layered ultramafic sequences. Hornblendite and, rarely phlogopite, are also found.

Volcanic ultramafic rocks on Earth
Volcanic ultramafic rocks are rare outside of the Archaean and are essentially restricted to the Neoproterozoic or earlier. Subvolcanic ultramafic rocks and dykes persist longer, but are also rare. There is evidence of ultramafic rocks elsewhere in the solar system.

Examples include komatiite and picritic basalt. Komatiites can be host to ore deposits of nickel.

Ultramafic tuff
Ultramafic tuff is extremely rare. It has a characteristic abundance of olivine or serpentine and a scarcity or absence of feldspar and quartz. Rare occurrences may include unusual surface deposits of maars of kimberlites in the diamond fields of southern Africa and other regions.

Ultrapotassic ultramafic rocks
Technically ultrapotassic rocks and melilitic rocks are considered a separate group, based on melting model criteria, but there are ultrapotassic and highly silica-under-saturated rocks with >18% MgO which can be considered "ultramafic".

Ultrapotassic, ultramafic igneous rocks such as lamprophyre, lamproite and kimberlite are known to have reached the surface of the Earth. Although no modern eruptions have been observed, analogues are preserved.

Most of these rocks occur as dikes, diatremes, lopoliths or laccoliths, and very rarely, intrusions. Most kimberlite and lamproite occurrences occur as volcanic and subvolcanic diatremes and maars; lavas are virtually unknown.

Vents of Proterozoic lamproite (Argyle diamond mine), and Cenozoic lamproite (Gaussberg, Antarctica) are known, as are vents of Devonian lamprophyre (Scotland). Kimberlite pipes in Canada, Russia and South Africa have incompletely preserved tephra and agglomerate facies.

These are generally diatreme events and as such are not lava flows although tephra and ash deposits are partially preserved. These represent low-volume volatile melts and attain their ultramafic chemistry via a different process than typical ultramafic rocks.

Metamorphic ultramafic rocks
Metamorphism of ultramafic rocks in the presence of water and/or carbon dioxide results in two main classes of metamorphic ultramafic rock; talc carbonate and serpentinite.

Talc carbonation reactions occur in ultramafic rocks at lower greenschist through to granulite facies metamorphism when the rock in question is subjected to metamorphism and the metamorphic fluid has more than 10% molar proportion of CO2 (carbon dioxide).

When such metamorphic fluids have less than 10% molar proportion of CO2, reactions favor serpentinisation, resulting in chlorite-serpentine-amphibole type assemblages.

Distribution in space and time
The majority of ultramafic rocks are exposed in orogenic belts, and predominate in Archaean and Proterozoic terranes. Ultramafic magmas in the Phanerozoic are rarer, and there are very few recognised true ultramafic lavas in the Phanerozoic.

Many surface exposures of ultramafic rocks occur in ophiolite complexes where deep mantle-derived rocks have been obducted onto continental crust along and above subduction zones.

Soil and regolith
Serpentine soil is a magnesium rich, calcium, potassium and phosphorus poor soil that develops on the regolith derived from ultramafic rocks. Ultramafic rocks also contain elevated amounts of chromium and nickel which may be toxic to plants. As a result, a distinctive type of vegetation develops on these soils. Examples are the ultramafic woodlands and barrens of the Appalachian mountains and piedmont, the "wet maquis" of the New Caledonia rain forests, and the ultramafic forests of Mount Kinabalu and other peaks in Sabah, Malaysia. Vegetation is typically stunted, and sometimes includes endemic species adapted to the soils.

Often thick, magnesite-calcrete caprock, laterite and duricrust forms over ultramafic rocks in tropical and subtropical environments. Particular floral assemblages associated with highly nickeliferous ultramafic rocks are indicative tools for mineral exploration.

Weathered ultramafic rocks may form lateritic nickel ore deposits.

Io
Ultramafic lava may have been detected on Io, a moon of Jupiter, because heat-mapping of Io's surface found ultra-hot areas with temperatures in excess of 1200 C. The magma immediately below these hot spots is probably about 200 C-change hotter, based on surface-to-subsurface temperature differences observed for lava on Earth. A temperature of 1400 C is thought to indicate the presence of ultramafic magma.

Mercury
Mercury appears to have ultramafic volcanic rock.

title: Ultramafic rock


text: Category:Diodes

title: Category:Diodes


text:
CSS Florida

At least three ships of the Confederate States Navy were named CSS Florida in honor of the third Confederate state:
 * The blockade runner CSS Florida was commissioned in January 1862, captured by the U.S. Navy in April 1862, and became USS Hendrick Hudson
 * The cruiser CSS Florida was commissioned in August 1862 and captured by the U.S. Navy while in port in Bahia, Brazil in October 1864
 * The gunboat CSS Selma was named CSS Florida prior to July 1862.

title: CSS Florida


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nancy Zerg

Nancy Zerg was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge into Ken Jennings

Nancy Zerg
Ok, Ken Jennings is notable for his run on Jeopardy!, however the woman who defeated him is not. She was defeated handily in her very next game. Her name should be mentioned on Ken Jennings's page, but she is not notable enough for her own article. Delete. Indrian 04:47, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Keep until we get a chance to trim the Ken Jennings article, then Merge Zerg's information into the Jennings article. --OntarioQuizzer 18:31, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC) --L33tminion | (talk) 23:42, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ken Jennings. Gamaliel 04:49, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge. Bart133 04:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge. More specifically, as proposed by R. fiend on Talk:Nancy Zerg, redirect to Ken Jennings and modify opening paragraph there to mention Nancy Zerg. Aerion 04:59, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ken Jennings. In the case that anyone does search for her, redirect to Ken Jennings, as well, with a note that he lost to her in the lead section. Mike H 05:17, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge. Agree with Aerion's agreeing with R. fiend. -R. fiend 06:23, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect: By the way, folks, will all those who voted to "keep" Katie Fitzgerald please go back up and reconsider their votes?  In particular, those who said that she might hit a long win streak should know that her streak was 3 games.  Geogre 15:07, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge Wyss 19:23, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect. Andre ( talk )A| 20:08, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge/Redirect. akghetto 03:21, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, she's the "giant-killer", isn't she? Isn't that notable? The one who beat Ken Jennings. That must be pretty famous. Everyking 20:45, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Be fair, Everyking, no one is saying "eradicate all mention of her": the votes have all so far been "merge and redirect to Ken Jennings.  She's known not as a great winner, but as the woman who won when KJ self-destructed (FedEx?  Come on!).  Geogre 21:01, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ken's article is 41 KB long. It doesn't need anything merged into it. Besides, why not have an article on Nancy? She's marginally famous, seen by millions, and there's probably a writeup about her in her hometown paper we could use to expand the article. Everyking 21:20, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not much merging is needed, as Zerg's article mostly descrbes the final Jeopardy question and results, information which has already been included in Ken's article twice. Aspects of her personal life are not worthy on inclusion. And yes, the Ken article is long, and could use a bit of trimming; I suggested so on the article's talk page. -R. fiend 00:10, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The kind of trimming it needs to break off notable details into other articles...like this one, as a matter of fact. Everyking 00:48, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 06:27, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - unless it's also appropriate to get rid of the articles on Buster Douglas, Birdstone, and Charles Guiteau. --Paul 21:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you could elaborate on how a one-day champion on a gameshow, no matter whom they defeated, is as notable as an upset heavyweight title winner against one of the most feared boxers in history, a surprise Belmont Stakes champion, and the assassin of a United States President? I see the analogy you are trying to draw, but it is a poor one.  Each of these people (and horses) became famous (or infamous) in their own right because of what they did.  Nancy Zerg is not famous and will be quickly forgotten. Indrian 01:04, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * The Charles Guiteau thing was a bit of a joke, admittedly, but I really don't see any substantive difference with Buster Douglas, whose career before and after his fight with Mike Tyson was mediocre at best. Nancy Zerg did just what Douglas did: beat a master at the top of his game, against all odds. (If anything, Ken Jennings is more like Mike Tyson plus Joe Louis multiplied by Muhammad Ali, which makes Zerg's accomplishment all the more impressive.) If that makes her a historical footnote, well, that's partly what Wikipedia is for. --Paul 04:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Zerg is notable because Ken Jennings is, that is to say that a champion in something is notable and someone who defeats such a champion is also notable.

 * Keep. What l33tminion said. WTF are you guys smoking? -- Markl222

 * Merge with Ken Jennings and redirect. She's not noteworthy apart from being the one to beat Ken. --Carnildo 00:16, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Keep far surpasses the Bajoran wormhole test, needs expansion. Pedant 22:58, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * She's very noteworthy. She got interviews and personality features and crap over the past week. That's notable. -- Markl222 12/8
 * And next week? How's her schedule looking then? Showing some condos to a few studio execs? Thought so. Fleeting notability here. I stand by my merge vote. -R. fiend 01:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge. Personally I think that if something can be made into a Jeopardy answer, it should be on Wikipedia somewhere. TheProject 03:58, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. As R. fiend said, fleeting notability here -- but that's good enough for me.  One of the advantages of Wikipedia-is-not-paper is that we can record notable ephemera, for the benefit of future readers who are curious about something of this sort. JamesMLane 06:57, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or Merge and redirect. A page kept solely on the Wikipedia-is-not-paper principle is likely to be more of a liability than an asset.  -- WOT 19:56, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete along with David Hankins. Game show contestants are not intrinsically notable. --Improv 20:09, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Trollminator 02:36, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Ken. CryptoDerk 06:14, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep The article seems to be legit and a contestant should have an article on their own [[User:Squash|Squash (Talk)]] 09:59, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: Zerg is unique in having the gameplay ability and mental control to become victorious where others have conceded defeat.Raazer 22:04, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:67.115.75.164

title: User talk:67.115.75.164


text:
User:Leif/uploaded images

These are images that I uploaded to Wikipedia. Click an image for more information about it.

Image:Google Suggest (Beta) blacklist demo animation 1.gif

title: User:Leif/uploaded images


text: Template:Tottori

title: Template:Tottori


text:
Nekomata

Nekomata (original form: 猫また, later forms: 猫又, 猫股, 猫胯) are a kind of cat yōkai described in Japanese folklore, classical kaidan, essays, etc. There are two very different types: those that live in the mountains and domestic cats that have grown old and transformed into yōkai. Nekomata are often confused with bakeneko.

Mountain Nekomata
Nekomata appear in stories even earlier than in Japan. In the Sui dynasty, the words 猫鬼 and 金花猫 described mysterious cats. In Japanese literature, the nekomata first appeared in the Meigetsuki by Fujiwara no Teika in the early Kamakura period: in the beginning of Tenpuku (1233), August 2, in Nanto (now Nara Prefecture), a nekomata (猫胯) was said to have killed and eaten several people in one night. The nekomata was described as a mountain beast: according to the Meigetsuki, "They have eyes like a cat, and have a large body like a dog." An essay in Yoshida Kenkō 's 1331 Tsurezuregusa asserts, "In the mountain recesses, there are those called nekomata, and people say that they eat humans... (奥山に、猫またといふものありて、人を食ふなると人の言ひけるに……)."

Many people question whether the nekomata is a cat monster. Since people are said to suffer an illness called "nekomata disease (猫跨病)", some interpret the nekomata to be a beast that has caught rabies.

Even in the kaidan collections, the "Tonoigusa (宿直草)" and the "Sorori Monogatari (曾呂利物語)," nekomata conceal themselves in mountain recesses. There are stories that deep in the mountains they shapeshift into humans. In folk religion there are many stories of mountainous nekomata. In later literature, the mountain nekomata tend to be larger. In the "Shin Chomonjū (新著聞集)" nekomata captured in the mountains of Kii Province are as large as a wild boar; in the "Wakun no Shiori (倭訓栞)" of 1775 (Anei 4), their roaring echos throughout the mountain, and they can be seen as big as a lion or leopard. In the "Gūisō (寓意草)" of 1809 (Bunka 6), a nekomata that held a dog in its mouth was described as having a span of 9 shaku and 5 sun (about 2.8 meters).

In Etchū Province (now Toyama Prefecture), in Aizu, at Nekomatayama said to be where nekomata would devour humans (now Fukushima Prefecture), nekomata that shapeshift into humans and deceive people, like Mount Nekomadake, the legends sometimes are named after the name of the associated mountain. Regarding Nekomatayama and altogether disregarding folklore, there are large cats that attack humans.

Domestic Cat Nekomata
At the same time, in the setsuwa collection Kokon Chomonjū, in the story "Kankyō Hōin (観教法印)", an old cat raised in a villa on a mountain precipice held a secret treasure, a protective sword, in its mouth and ran away. People chased the cat, but it disguised itself. In the aforementioned Tsurezuregusa, aside from nekomata that conceal themselves in the mountains, there are descriptions of pet cats that grow old, transform, and eat and abduct people.

Since the Edo period, it has become generally believed that domestic cats turn into nekomata as they grow old, and mountainous nekomata have come to be interpreted as cats that have run away to live in the mountains. As a result, throughout Japan, a folk belief developed that cats should not be kept for long periods.

In the "Ansai Zuihitsu (安斎随筆)" the courtier Sadatake Ise stated, "A cat that is several years of age will come to have two tails, and become the yōkai called nekomata." The mid-Edo period scholar Arai Hakuseki stated, "Old cats become 'nekomata' and bewilder people." and indicated that at that time it was common to believe that cats become nekomata. Even the Edo-period Kawaraban reported this strange phenomenon.

In the book Yamato Kaiiki (大和怪異記 "Mysterious stories from Japan"), written by an unknown author in 1708, one story speaks of a rich samurai's haunted house where the inhabitants witnessed several poltergeist activities. Attempting to end those events, the samurai called upon countless shamans, priests and evokers; but none of them could locate the source of the terror. One day, one of the most loyal servants saw his master's aged cat carrying in its mouth a shikigami with the samurai's name imprinted on it. Immediately shooting a sacred arrow, the servant hit the cat in its head; and as it lay dead on the floor, everyone could see that the cat had two tails and therefore had become a nekomata. With its death, the poltergeist activities ended. Similar eerie stories about encounters with nekomata appear in books such as Taihei Hyakumonogatari (太平百物語, engl. Collection of 100 fairy tales), written by Yusuke (祐佐, or Yūsa) in 1723 and in Rōō Chabanashi (老媼茶話, Tea-time gossip of old ladies), by Misaka Daiyata (三坂大彌), 1742.

It is generally said that the "mata" (又) of "nekomata" refers to their having two tails, but from the perspective of folkloristics, this appears questionable. Since nekomata transform as they age, mata "repetition" is postulated. Alternatively, since they were once thought to be mountain beasts, there is a theory that "mata" (爰) refers to monkeys since nekomata can come and go freely among the mountain trees. There is also a theory that the term derives from how cats that grow old shed the skin off their backs and hang downwards, making it appear that they have two tails.

In Japan, cats are often associated with death, and this particular spirit is usually blamed. Far darker and more malevolent than most bakeneko, the nekomata is said to have powers of necromancy and, upon raising the dead, will control them with ritualistic dances, gesturing with paw and tail. These yōkai are associated with strange fires and other inexplicable occurrences. The older and more abused a cat is before its transformation, the more power the nekomata is said to have. To gain revenge against those who wronged it, the spirit may haunt humans with visitations from their deceased relatives. Some tales state that these demons, like bakeneko, assume human appearances, usually appearing as older women, misbehaving in public, and bringing gloom and malevolence wherever they travel. Due to these beliefs, sometimes kittens' tails were cut off based on the assumption that if the tails could not fork, the cats could not become nekomata.

From this discernment and strange characteristics, nekomata have been considered devilish from time immemorial. Due to fears and folk beliefs such as the dead resurrecting at a funeral or that seven generations would be cursed due to killing a cat, it is thought that the legend of the nekomata was born. Also, in folk beliefs cats and the dead are related. As carnivores, cats have a keen sense of detecting the smell of rot, so it was believed that they had a habit of approaching corpses; with this folk belief sometimes the kasha, a yōkai that steals corpses are seen to be the same as the nekomata.

Also in Japan there are cat yōkai called bakeneko; and since nekomata are the yōkai of transformed cats, sometimes nekomata are confused with bakeneko.

Yōkai Depictions
In the Edo period many books illustrating and describing yōkai were published (yōkai emaki), with nekomata frequently depicted. The Hyakkai Zukan published in 1737 (Gembun 2) includes an illustration of a nekomata assuming the appearance of a woman playing a shamisen. (See the first image on this page.) Since Edo-period shamisen frequently used cat skins, that particular nekomata sang a sad song about its species as it plucked the strings. Understandably, the image has been interpreted as ironic. As for the nekomata's wearing geisha clothing, sometimes nekomata and geisha are considered related since geisha were once called "cats (neko)"

Also shown at the right, the Gazu Hyakki Yagyō of 1776 (An'ei 5) depicts a cat with its head protruding from a shōji screen, a cat with a handkerchief on its head and its forepaw on the veranda, and a cat wearing a handkerchief and standing upright. The less experienced cat has difficulty standing on its hind legs. The older cat can do so: this is showing the process by which a normal cat ages and transforms into a nekomata. In the Bigelow ukiyo-e collection at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Hyakki Yagyō Emaki includes a similar composition, leading some scholars to see a relationship between the books.

Senri
In Chinese lore there is a cat monster called the xiānlí (仙狸)" (Japanese pronunciation senri, where "" means "leopard cat"). In this telling, leopard cats that grow old gain a divine spiritual power (xian arts), shapeshift into a beautiful man or woman, and suck the spirit out of humans. Some theorize that the Japanese nekomata legends derive from Chinese xiānlí tales.

title: Nekomata


text:
Hush (Jane Siberry album)

Hush is an album by Jane Siberry, released in 2000. The album is a collection of traditional folk and gospel songs.

The album was a nominee for Roots & Traditional Album of the Year – Solo at the 2001 Juno Awards.

Track listing

 * 1) "Jacob's Ladder" (4:08)
 * 2) "All Through the Night" (4:33)
 * 3) "Pontchartrain" (6:47)
 * 4) "Streets of Laredo" (3:01)
 * 5) "As I Roved Out" (4:38)
 * 6) "False False Fly" (3:11)
 * 7) "The Water is Wide" (6:28)
 * 8) "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" (4:46)
 * 9) "Ol' Man River" (4:49) - (Oscar Hammerstein, Jerome Kern)
 * 10) "O Shenandoah/Sail Away" (5:38)

Personnel

 * Jane Siberry - vocals, piano, accordion, harmonica, harp, keyboards
 * Sandy Baron - violin
 * Jennifer Weeks - oboe on "The Water is Wide"

title: Hush (Jane Siberry album)


text: User talk:128.220.36.28

title: User talk:128.220.36.28


text:
Eras (typeface)

Eras is a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Albert Boton and Albert Hollenstein and was released by the International Typeface Corporation (ITC) in 1976. Eras is licensed by the Linotype type foundry.

A distinct and curious feature of Eras is its slight, 3-degree right tilt. Eras follows ITC's formulary of increased x-height, and multiple weights from light to ultra bold, though because all weights are slightly slanted, no italic version of the font is supplied. Eras is further distinct for its open bowls on the characters a, P, R, 6, and 9. The letter W changes shape from a merged 'double V' shape in the lighter variants to the standard W symbol in the bolder variants.

Four TrueType weights of this font (Light, Medium, Demi and Bold) are included with some editions of Microsoft Word, though not with the Windows operating system itself.

Usage
The typeface has been widely used by Telecom Italia Mobile as a corporate typeface. TIM stopped use of Eras in 2016. It was also used in the emblem and image of the 1998 FIFA World Cup , in the credits for the movie Caddyshack and in the video games Tekken Tag Tournament, Jet Ion GP and Championship Manager 01/02. The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network used the font in its on-air promotion graphics during the early to mid-1980s. A modified version of the font can be seen on the cover of Motörhead's 1981 album No Sleep 'til Hammersmith. The Stanley Kubrick movie Full Metal Jacket uses Eras typeface on the credits. Brazilian stock exchange Bovespa (now B3 S.A.) used the Eras typeface for its logo and tagline. A modified version of the font was used for the logo of game developer Spike (now Spike Chunsoft).

The makers of the over-the-counter memory supplement Prevagen uses the Eras Light weight in its logotype.

title: Eras (typeface)


text:
Emperor Wu

Emperor Wu or the Wu Emperor (武帝, lit. "The Martial Emperor") is the posthumous name of numerous Chinese rulers:

 * Emperor Wu of Han (156–87 BC), emperor of the Han dynasty
 * Emperor Wu of Wei (AD 155–220), a posthumous name of Cao Cao
 * Emperor Wu of Jin (236–290), first emperor of the Jin dynasty
 * Emperor Wu of Song (363–422), founding emperor of the Chinese dynasty Liu Song
 * Emperor Wu of Southern Qi (440–493), emperor of the Chinese Southern Qi Dynasty
 * Emperor Wu of Liang (464–549), founding emperor of the Liang Dynasty of Chinese history
 * Emperor Wu of Chen (503–559), first emperor of the Chen dynasty of China
 * Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou (543–578), an emperor of the Xianbei dynasty Northern Zhou
 * Empress Wu Zetian (625–705), from her actual surname rather than a posthumous epithet

Emperor of Wu (吳帝) may refer to:
 * Li Zitong (died 622), agrarian rebel during the Sui–Tang interregnum

title: Emperor Wu


text:
Bobby Timmons

Robert Henry Timmons (December 19, 1935 – March 1, 1974) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He was a sideman in Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers for two periods (July 1958 to September 1959; February 1960 to June 1961), between which he was part of Cannonball Adderley's band. Several of Timmons' compositions written when part of these bands – including "Moanin'", "Dat Dere", and "This Here" – enjoyed commercial success and brought him more attention. In the early and mid-1960s he led a series of piano trios that toured and recorded extensively.

Timmons was strongly associated with the soul jazz style that he helped initiate. This link to apparently simple writing and playing, coupled with drug and alcohol addiction, led to a decline in his career. Timmons died, aged 38, from cirrhosis. Several critics have commented that his contribution to jazz remains undervalued.

Early life
Timmons was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of a minister. He had a sister, Eleanor. Both of his parents, and several aunts and uncles, played the piano. From an early age Timmons studied music with an uncle, Robert Habershaw, who also taught McCoy Tyner. Timmons first played at the church where his grandfather was minister; this influenced his later jazz playing. He grew up in the same area as other future musicians, including the Heath brothers (Jimmy, Percy, and Tootie) and Lee Morgan. Timmons' first professional performances were in his local area, often as a trio that included Tootie Heath on drums. After graduating from high school Timmons was awarded a scholarship to study at the Philadelphia Musical Academy.

1954 to spring 1961
Timmons moved to New York in 1954. He played with Kenny Dorham in 1956, making his recording debut with the trumpeter in a live set in May of that year. He went on to play and record with Chet Baker in 1956–57 (bassist Scott LaFaro was part of this band for a time ), Sonny Stitt in 1957, and Maynard Ferguson in 1957–58. He also recorded as a sideman with hornmen Curtis Fuller, Hank Mobley, and Morgan. all for Blue Note Records in 1957.

Timmons became best known as a member of Art Blakey's band the Jazz Messengers, which he was first part of from July 1958 to September 1959, including for a tour of Europe. He was recruited for the Messengers by saxophonist Benny Golson, who said that "He was inventive, [...] He could play bebop and he could play funky – he could play a lot of things, and I thought it was the element that Art needed. He hadn't had anybody quite like Bobby, who could go here or go there, rather than walking in a single corridor." By late 1958 Timmons was sharing bandmate Morgan's East Sixth Street apartment and the pair had bought a piano, allowing Timmons to practice and Morgan to work on composing. From around the time he joined Blakey, Timmons, along with some of his fellow band members, was a heroin user. After leaving Blakey, Timmons joined Cannonball Adderley's band, in October 1959.

Timmons was also known as a composer during this period: The Encyclopedia of Jazz states that his compositions "Moanin'" (from the 1958 album of the same title), "This Here", and "Dat Dere" "helped generate the gospel-tinged 'soul jazz' style of [the] late '50s and early '60s." The first was written when Timmons was first with Blakey; the others were composed when he was with Adderley. "This Here" (sometimes "Dis Here") was a surprise commercial success for Adderley: recorded in concert in 1959, it was released as part of The Cannonball Adderley Quintet in San Francisco album while the band was still on tour, and they discovered its popularity only when they arrived back in New York and found crowds outside the Village Gate, where they were due to play.

Timmons was reported to be dissatisfied with the money he had received from "This Here", and was enticed in February 1960 into leaving Adderley and returning to Blakey's band by the offer of more pay. Timmons then appeared on further well-known albums with the drummer, including A Night in Tunisia, The Freedom Rider and The Witch Doctor. His own recording debut as sole leader was This Here Is Bobby Timmons in 1960, which contained his first versions of his best-known compositions. In the same year, he played on recordings led by Nat Adderley, Arnett Cobb,  and Johnny Griffin,  among others; on the first of these, Work Song, Timmons did not appear on all of the tracks, because he had been drinking heavily.

Summer 1961 to 1974
Timmons left Blakey for the second time in June 1961, encouraged by the success of his compositions, including jukebox plays of "Dat Dere", which Oscar Brown had recorded after adding lyrics. Timmons then formed his own bands, initially with Ron Carter on bass and Tootie Heath on drums. They toured around the US, including the West Coast, but played most in and around New York. In the initial stages of this trio, Timmons liked the group sounds of the trios led by Red Garland and Ahmad Jamal. According to Tootie Heath, Timmons was at the peak of his fame at that point, but was addicted to heroin, and used a lot of the money that the band was paid maintaining his habit.

In 1963, Timmons' playing, with Lewis Powers on bass and Ron McCurdy on drums, was described by a Washington Post reviewer as "flexible and adventuresome [...] Glossing over everything is an undeniable sheen of church music and spirituals." In 1965, the same reviewer commented that Timmons was employing musicians who were of much lower ability: "Timmons lacks a certain passion but I wonder if this is not the fault of his sidemen." Timmons started playing vibes in the mid-1960s. He occasionally played organ, but recorded only one track on that instrument – a 1964 version of "Moanin'" on From the Bottom. Recordings as a leader continued, usually as part of a trio or quartet, but, after joining Milestone Records around 1967, Timmons' album Got to Get It! featured him as part of a nonet, playing arrangements by Tom McIntosh.

Timmons' career declined quickly in the 1960s, in part because of drug abuse and alcoholism, and partly as a result of being typecast as a composer and player of seemingly simple pieces of music. In 1968 he made his second - and final - recording for Milestone, Do You Know the Way? In the following year, he played in a quartet led by Sonny Red, with Dexter Gordon on one of the saxophonist's temporary returns to the US from Europe, and in a trio backing vocalist Etta Jones. Timmons continued to play in the early 1970s, mostly in small groups or in combination with other pianists, and mainly in the New York area.

According to saxophonist Jimmy Heath, Timmons joined Clark Terry's big band for a tour of Europe in 1974. He was unwell and drank on the plane to Sweden, and fell while drinking at the bar before the band's first concert, in Malmö. Susceptible to blood clotting, he was flown back to the US. On March 1, 1974, he died from cirrhosis, at the age of 38, at St Vincent's Hospital in New York. He had been in hospital for a month. He was buried in Philadelphia, and was survived by his wife, Estelle, and son, also Bobby.

Playing style and influence
Timmons was known for using block chords, "a style in which the right hand creates the melody and the left hand moves with the rhythm of the right hand, but does not change voicing except to accommodate the chord changes." His use of them was more aggressive, and less melodic, than that of Red Garland. The Penguin Guide to Jazz suggested that "Timmons' characteristic style was a rolling, gospelly funk, perhaps longer on sheer energy than on harmonic sophistication." In the opinion of Scott Yanow, stylistically, "somehow Bobby Timmons never grew beyond where he was in 1960." Gary Giddins, however, highlighted other facets of Timmons' playing: the "lush [Bud] Powell-inspired ballads, his clear, sharp, unsentimental long lines." Carter also identified Powell as a primary influence on Timmons, and commented that his partner in the trio "was very giving, very loyal, played every night like it was his last chance to get it right."

The funky aspects of Timmons' playing influenced fellow pianists, including Les McCann, Ramsey Lewis, and Benny Green. Timmons is often mentioned as being under-rated; jazz writer Marc Myers commented in 2008 that "today, Timmons' contribution to jazz – as an accompanist, writer, leader and innovator of a new sound – is vastly overlooked and undervalued."

Compositions
Timmons wrote "a steady stream of infectious funky tunes", stated Giddins. Timmons dismissed the idea that he was deliberately a composer: "I'm a dilettante as a composer. I have never consciously sat down and tried to write a song." He stated that his method of composing a new song might involve "whistling, playing around with the notes, or at a club. I'll tell one musician to play this note, another that note, and we kick it around." One account of the creation of "Moanin'" was given by Golson: Timmons had the opening eight bars, which he often played between tunes, but formed the complete song only after Golson encouraged him to add a bridge.

Personality
Tootie Heath reported that, when they were on tour and Timmons was addicted to heroin, Timmons would routinely lie and sometimes pull out a knife to threaten people. On the other hand, Ron Carter, the bassist from that tour, stated that Timmons offered his bandmates a lot of encouragement to experiment and improve from performance to performance, and that he "was a really multi-talented person and he was just a real sweetheart, a sweetheart of a man". In Golson's words, Timmons "had no ego about him, [...] He was always upbeat, never downbeat, and he never maligned anybody unless it was in a humorous way".

As sideman
Sources:

title: Bobby Timmons


text:
Emperor Hui

Emperor Hui may refer to:
 * Emperor Hui of Han (210 BC–188 BC)
 * Emperor Hui of Jin (259–307)
 * Emperor Hui of Ming (Jianwen Emperor, 1377-1402)

It is also Chinese rendering for the titles of the rulers of Vietnam:
 * Lê Kính Tông (1588-1619)
 * Dục Đức (1852-1883)

title: Emperor Hui


text:
File:Brave McClellan.jpg

Brave McClellan is our leader now, or, Glory hallelujah / words by Mrs. M.A. Kidder ; also the famous John Brown's song ; arranged for the piano by Augustus Cull. (sheet music, page 1 of 5)

New York: Horace Waters, c1862.

cropped and adjusted image based on http://memory.loc.gov/rbc/lprbscsm/scsm001/scsm0013/001a.tif

Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress

Sheet Music from the Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana

Digital ID scsm0013

title: File:Brave McClellan.jpg


text:
Wretch

Wretch may refer to:
 * Wretch (album), a 1991 album by Kyuss
 * Wretch (website), a Taiwanese web log community
 * The Wretch, a 2003 comic book by Phil Hester
 * "Wretch", a song from the 2008 Protest the Hero album Fortress
 * "Wretch", 2019 single by Autoheart

title: Wretch


text:
Ellisville

Ellisville may refer to:

Places

 * United States
 * Ellisville, Alabama
 * Ellisville, Illinois
 * Ellisville, Indiana
 * Ellisville, Massachusetts
 * Ellisville, Mississippi
 * Ellisville, Missouri
 * Ellisville, Wisconsin

title: Ellisville


text:
The Compass Rose

The Compass Rose is a 1982 collection of short stories by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin, and illustrated by Anne Yvonne Gilbert in 1983. It is organized into sections on the theme of directions, though not strictly compass-related as the title implies.

It won the Locus Award for best Single Author Collection in 1983.

Contents

 * Preface

Nadir
 * "'The Author of the Acacia Seeds' and Other Extracts from the Journal of the Association of Therolinguistics" (1974, Fellowship of the Stars)
 * "The New Atlantis" (1975, The New Atlantis)
 * "Schrödinger's Cat" (1974, Universe 5)

North
 * "Two Delays on the Northern Line" (1979, The New Yorker)
 * "SQ" (1978, Cassandra Rising)
 * "Small Change" (1981, Tor zu den Sternen)

East
 * "The First Report of the Shipwrecked Foreigner to the Kadanh of Derb" (1978, Antaeus)
 * "The Diary of the Rose" (1976, Future Power)
 * "The White Donkey" (1980, TriQuarterly)
 * "The Phoenix"

Zenith
 * "Intracom" (1974, Stopwatch)
 * "The Eye Altering" (1974, The Altered I)
 * "Mazes" (1975, Epoch)
 * "The Pathways of Desire" (1979, New Dimensions Science Fiction, No. 9)

West
 * "Gwilan's Harp" (1977, Redbook)
 * "Malheur County" (1979, Kenyon Review)
 * "The Water Is Wide" (1976, Pendragon Press (chapbook))

South
 * "The Wife's Story"
 * "Some Approaches to the Problem of the Shortage of Time" (1979, Omni, as "Where Does the Time Go?")
 * "Sur" (1982, The New Yorker)

title: The Compass Rose


text:
Talk:Conker's Bad Fur Day

New Other Bad Day info
Lotsa previously unknown stuff here: https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2019-05-24-conkers-bad-fur-day-designer-shares-new-details-on-the-planned-sequel-that-never-was JOE BRO  64  02:07, 26 May 2019 (UTC)

Platforms
Should we add in Xbox as one of the game's platforms in the infobox? GeekFreak98 (talk) 19:49, 10 January 2021 (UTC)
 * You're either thinking of Conker: Live & Reloaded or Rare Replay, so no. -Vipz (talk) 11:37, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

Not "final" game
Hi, I saw your acceptation of the pending changes. The article protection was changed to pending review, because of my request. There's an IP changing editor from Cairo that insists on adding "final game". Please note that's incorrect. It might be the most recent and last game, adding "final" is reverse crystal: how do we know there won't be another? It's something that shouldn't be added. Thanks, and happy editing. soetermans. ↑↑↓↓←→←→ B A TALK 12:43, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information. I wasn't aware that an ip from my current location was vandalising the articles. I will take care next time. Toadette Edit! 13:51, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conker's Bad Fur Day


text:
Talk:Anton's Key

This is a fictional term, isn't it? Joyous 04:59, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, and it's not a disease, it's a genetic mutation.

title: Talk:Anton's Key


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Hankins (0th nomination)

David Hankins
This guy is just the third contestant on the Jeopardy! show in which Ken Jennings lost; he did not defeat Jennings. Entirely unnotable. Delete. Indrian 05:02, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * This is already on VfD. See Aerion 05:05, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oops, my mistake. The person who placed it on VFD neglected to put a header on the page, now we just need some kindly sysop to come in here and end this little sideshow. Indrian 05:10, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Appearing on national television is not notable. Wyss 19:21, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I hate to say it, but he probably is non-notable. Delete. Everyking 20:51, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 03:11, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting. The Recycling Troll 06:33, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've removed the article from VfD because it was deleted. From the deletion log: 03:34, 6 Dec 2004 Neutrality deleted David Hankins (Per VfD) --Ben Brockert 23:33, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)


text:
User:JRM/Orange

Take a deep breath, for I am about to tell you the long-winded tale of my part in the development of orange on our fair Wikipedia. It's a bit of a shaggy dog story, but it taught me a thing or two about the editing process, and maybe you can get some interesting tidbits out of it too. For sure, I'll never think about orange the same way again... in whatever meaning.

In the beginning
We begin our tale at November 2, 2004, when orange is an innocent disambiguation page with a lot of entries, some dubious. In short, your average disambiguation page.

Except that this one mentions the word "orange" itself, as not rhyming with any other word. This reminds me of Tom Lehrer's attempt at doing so, so I mention it, pull in Mother Goose for good measure, and that's that.

The cleanup
Then, after reading Disambiguation, I clean up the disambig page according to its policies, by weeding out the things put that just have "orange" in the title without actually being named "orange", like Orange Free State and Orange River. Additionally, I fix all links to the disambig page while I'm at it, this being quite overdue. There's still nothing special going on here.

And the Word was Orange
Then it occurs to me that the disambiguation page is getting rather crowded by my cutesy additions of the unrhymability of orange. So I factor them out into orange (word). Interestingly, the unrhymability had first been moved from orange (colour), then copied to orange (word), then the latter was turned into a redirect when it was noticed it was duplicating!

So I reinstate orange (word), and mention it on English words with uncommon properties. All is right with the world, and I sit back and admire my admittedly modest but esthetically pleasing efforts.

Appleyard upsets the orange applecart
Then Anthony Appleyard comes along, puts the House of Orange and the Orange Order back into orange (disambiguation), and adds some etymology from orange (fruit) to it for good measure. Naturally, I am appalled. I have a long talk with him about why he's wrong to add back the entries I so diligently removed, and end up arguing myself into a corner and reluctantly agreeing that, well, he may be on to something. So the "new" entries stay, after some polishing from both sides.

Then I turn my attention to the new etymology section. It reads:

 * The word orange has two origins:-
 * As the fruit, via Arabic naranj from India: e.g. Hindi nārangī : later, "a norange" became "an orange".
 * As the town of Orange, France, where the Dutch royal family originated from. The Orange Order named themselves after the Dutch royal family, who also ruled Britain at the time.

The first thing I wonder is whether orange really has two origins—isn't the town named for the fruit? I post a question to the reference desk inquiring to the etymology of the name of the town. In response to my concerns, Anthony appropriately amends all alarming additions accordingly:

 * The word orange has two origins:-
 * As the fruit, via Arabic naranj from India: e.g. Hindi nārangī : later, "a norange" became "an orange". The color was named from the fruit.
 * As the town of Orange, France; this name is probably Gaulish in origin. The House of Orange-Nassau originated from there (and from Nassau in Germany), and includes the royal family of the Netherlands, who ruled Britain when the Orange Order formed and named themselves.

This doesn't satisfy me, au contraire. "The name is probably Gaulish in origin"? Well, duh! I look at Orange, France and see (as Anthony undoubtedly did) that the town was originally a Roman settlement in Gaul—d'ya really think the name could be Gaulish?

French and Romans and Celts, oh my!
My question on the reference desk meets with an alarming silence. Then I recall that I speak French—poorly, so it takes a while to recall—and I cruft a more-or-less intelligible question and post it on the French equivalent of the Village Pump. (It's called "Le Bistro", incidentally, which I can't help but think of as hilarious to English speakers.)

I'm greeted cordially (possibly because I'm not American... no, just kidding, really), and an attentive Frenchman gives me the link to the official site of the village (no, it wasn't that easy to find, actually, so I didn't cross the language barrier for nothing.) It mentions the city's Roman name: Arausio, but then jumps right to the medieval era, with the city called Orange—no explanation inbetween.

Of course, then I notice that the Arausio information is actually in the English article, which is just poorly sectioned, causing me to miss it (so I did cross the language barrier for nothing). I fix the sectioning and notice the Roman legion that's supposed to have founded the town seems to be missing from the Wikipedia. So I pick the one that resembles it the most from the mentioned List of Roman legions (I'm not kidding) and put it in. Some Googling turns up that "Arausio" comes from a Celtic water god, so I put that in as well. I'm still not any closer to an etymology.

Back on the French Wikipedia, my francophone friends take offense at my overly bold conjecture that, since the name jumps right into Orange in the middle ages, we can assume that it derives from the fruit. According to the trusty Robert of one (roughly as revered a resource to francophones as the Oxford English Dictionary is to anglophones—and that's properly mangled "row-bear" to all you anglophone barbarians out there), the village name was older. As badly portrayed French in worse English comedies always say in such situations: zut alors!

A norange, a norange, my principality for a norange
This indeterminate state of affairs annoys me tremendously, so I dig in my heels and start searching. Where the hell does orange come from, and whose job is it to give fruity names to French villages, anyway?

This search takes several hours. In the meantime, of course, I notice that my super-informed modifications of Orange, France were complete and utter horse droppings, the kind that can confuse generations of readers before someone comes to set the record straight. Thankfully, I myself am the person to do so, but my left eye sports a nervous twitch for the next few minutes or so.

Finally, after a lot of checking, cross-checking, double-checking, re-evaluating and hyphe-nating, my complete layman's guide to the word orange is done, which deftly slays a few common misconceptions and confusions. No, English never had a word "norange", and no, the Dutch monarchy never picked a fruit to name a nice principality after (the lazy uppermost-class bastards never picked fruit in their life).

The terrible burden of etymology can be lifted from orange (fruit). I send off a quick note of thanks to Anthony for inspiring a buttload of work. And as butts go, the crack of dawn is making an obscene display outside. I refresh my watchlist one last time, and lo, my Edits are Most Recent. All is well in my corner of Wikipedia. I go off to perform the number two activity of Wikipedia editors: sleep. Before my head hits the pillow, I involuntarily recall the number three activity: explaining to the rest of the world why you're behind on your regular work. And I rest easy still...

title: User:JRM/Orange


text:
City (Jane Siberry album)

City is a 2001 album by Jane Siberry. It is a collection of songs which mostly had not previously appeared on a regular Siberry album, comprising tracks that she recorded for movie soundtracks or in collaboration with other artists.

Track listing

 * 1) "My Mother Is Not the White Dove" (with Peter Gabriel)
 * 2) "Harmonix/I Went Down to the River" (with Peter Gabriel)
 * 3) "It Can't Rain All the Time" (from The Crow)
 * 4) "Shir Amami" (with Frank London)
 * 5) "The Bridge" (with Joe Jackson)
 * 6) "She's Like a Swallow" (with Hector Zazou)
 * 7) "When I Think of Laura Nyro" (from Time and Love: The Music of Laura Nyro)
 * 8) "Calling All Angels" (with k.d. lang)
 * 9) "Nut Brown Maid" (with Michael Grey)
 * 10) "All the Pretty Ponies" (from Barney & Friends)
 * 11) "Innig" (with Nigel Kennedy)
 * 12) "Spade and Sparrow" (with Takafumi Sotoma)
 * 13) "Narrow Bridge" (with Morgan Fisher)
 * 14) "Slow Tango" (from Faraway, So Close!)
 * 15) "The Kiss" (with Ghostland)

title: City (Jane Siberry album)


text:
Edmund

Edmund is a masculine given name in the English language. The name is derived from the Old English elements ēad, meaning "prosperity" or "riches", and mund, meaning "protector".

Persons named Edmund include:

Kings and nobles

 * Edmund the Martyr (died 869 or 870), king of East Anglia
 * Edmund I (922–946), King of England from 939 to 946
 * Edmund Ironside (989–1016), also known as Edmund II, King of England in 1016
 * Edmund of Scotland (after 1070 – after 1097)
 * Edmund Crouchback (1245–1296), son of King Henry III of England and claimant to the Sicilian throne
 * Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall (1249–1300), earl of Cornwall; English nobleman of royal descent
 * Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (1341–1402), son of King Edward III of England
 * Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond (1430–1456), English and Welsh nobleman
 * Edmund, Prince of Schwarzenberg (1803–1873), the last created Austrian field marshal of the 19th century

In religion

 * Saint Edmund (disambiguation), religious title given to several persons
 * Eadmund of Winchester (died between 833 and 838), once thought to have been a Bishop of Winchester
 * Edmund of Durham (died 1041), Bishop of Durham
 * Edmund Arrowsmith (1585–1628), Jesuit, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
 * Edmund Campion (1540–1581), English Jesuit priest and martyr
 * Edmund Gennings (1567–1591), English priest and martyr
 * Edmund Kalau (1928–2014), German missionary and minister
 * Edmund Peiris (1897–1989), Sri Lankan Roman Catholic priest, Bishop of Chilaw from 1940-1972
 * Edmund Rich (1175–1240), also called Edmund of Abingdon; Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Edmund Ignatius Rice (1762–1844), founder of the Congregation of Christian Brothers

In politics

 * Edmund Burke (1729–1797), Irish statesman, political theorist, and philosopher
 * Edmund Barton (1849−1920), Australian prime minister
 * E. J. Cooray, Sri Lankan Senator, Minister of Justice of Sri Lanka from March 1960 to July 1960
 * E. B. Dimbulane, Sri Lankan Member of Parliament for Alutnuwara
 * Edmund Rowland Gooneratne (1845–1914), Sri Lankan Gate Mudaliyar, scholar, planter, Buddhist revivalist
 * Edmund L. Oldfield (1863–1938), American politician
 * Edmund Walter Jayawardena, Sri Lankan lawyer and diplomat
 * Edmund Muskie (1914–1996), American Secretary of State
 * Edmund G. Brown, Sr. (1905–1996), commonly known as Pat Brown; governor of California, 1959–1967
 * Edmund G. Brown, Jr. (born 1938), commonly known as Jerry Brown; governor of California
 * Edmund Peiris, Sri Lankan Muhandiram
 * Edmund Randolph (1753–1813), American founding father and governor of Virginia
 * Edmund Samarakkody (1912–1992), Sri Lankan Trotskyist, trade unionist
 * Edmund Stoiber (born 1941), German politician, former minister-president of the state of Bayern
 * Edmund Tsaturyan (1937–2010), Armenian politician, member of the National Assembly of Armenia
 * Edmund (Tiruchendur MLA), Indian politician, elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly in 1971

In other fields

 * Sir Edmund Andros (1637–1714), English colonial administrator under the Royal House of Stuart
 * Edmund Anscombe (1874–1948), New Zealand architect
 * Edmund Cobb (1892–1974), American actor
 * Edmund Collein (1906–1992), East German architect and Bauhaus photographer
 * Edmund Crispin, pseudonym of English crime fiction writer Bruce Montgomery (1921–1978)
 * Edmund Davy (1785–1857), English chemist
 * Edmund Fritz (before 1918 – after 1932), Austrian actor, film director, and music manager
 * Edmund H. Garrett (1853–1929), American artist
 * Edmund Gettier (1927–2021), American philosopher
 * Edmund Goulding (1891–1959), British film writer and director
 * Edmund Gunter (1581–1626), British mathematician
 * Edmund Gwenn (1877–1959), British actor
 * Edmund Hashim (1933–1974), American actor
 * Edmund Hewavitarne (1873–1915), Sri Lankan businessman and army reservist
 * Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008), New Zealand mountaineer
 * Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), philosopher and mathematician
 * Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside, Sir William Edmund Ironside (1880–1951), field marshal and chief of the British Imperial General Staff
 * Edmund Ironside, 2nd Baron Ironside (1924–2020), British politician and engineer, son of William Edmund Ironside
 * Edmund Kemper (born 1948), American serial killer and necrophile
 * Edmund Blair Leighton (1852–1922), British artist
 * Edmund Lenihan (born 1950), Irish author and storyteller
 * Edmund Lowe (1890–1971), American actor
 * Edmund P. Murray (1930–2007), American novelist and journalist
 * Edmund Rack (c. 1735–1787), English writer
 * Edmund Reid (1846–1917), head of the Metropolitan Police's CID during the time of the Jack the Ripper
 * Ed Skoronski (1910–1996), American football player
 * Edmund Kirby Smith (1824–1893), American general, telegraph president, and professor of mathematics and botany.
 * Edmund Sonnenblick (1932–2007), American cardiologist
 * Edmund Spenser (1552–1599), English poet
 * Edmund Wilson (1895–1972), American writer and literary critic

Fictional characters

 * Edmund, an antagonist in the play King Lear by William Shakespeare
 * Edmund Bertram, in the novel Mansfield Park by Jane Austen
 * Edmund Blackadder, the protagonist of the BBC historical comedy series Blackadder
 * Edmund Pevensie, main character in several of The Chronicles of Narnia book series by C. S. Lewis
 * King Edmund, a supporting character in the animated show of Tangled

title: Edmund


text:
Edinburg

Edinburg may refer to the following places:

South Africa

 * Edinburg, North West
 * Edinburg, Mpumalanga

United States

 * Edinburg, Illinois
 * Edinburg, Iowa
 * Edinburg, Maine
 * Edinburg, Mississippi
 * Edinburg, Missouri
 * Edinburg, Scotland County, Missouri
 * Edinburg, New Jersey
 * Edinburg, New York
 * Edinburg, North Dakota
 * Edinburg Township, Ohio
 * Edinburg, Pennsylvania
 * Edinburg, Texas
 * Edinburg, Virginia
 * Edinburg Acres Colonia, Texas
 * Edinburg Forest, Maryland
 * Edinburg Park, New Jersey
 * Edinburg Township, Portage County, Ohio

Elsewhere

 * The German exonym for the town of Dzintari, Jelgavas Rajons, Latvia

title: Edinburg


text:
Talk:Police dog

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): AlissaFrimpong.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:50, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge of List of police dog breeds into Police dog
A very poorly defined topic. it's hard to list all police dogs that have been used in law enforcement. Sources like Dogbreeds.net seem to be rather unreliable and have arbitrary inclusion criteria. Could be merged into a paragraph or two at Police dog pretty easily. Eddie891 Talk Work 18:44, 21 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support, although most of the content should be dumped and just a simple list retained. Cavalryman (talk) 08:11, 22 July 2020 (UTC).
 * Support. Additionally, text from dubious websites where no author is given and that do not refer to any references can be safely removed from the merged article.  William Harris Canis lupis track.svg talk Canis lupis track.svg 22:26, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

List now merged. William Harris (talk) 11:00, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

"Dog Section" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Dog Section and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 28 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 01:24, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

United States v. Sharp
I removed the following excerpt from the "United States Supreme Court decisions" section of the article:

"United States v. Sharp: A canine sniff of the exterior of a vehicle is not a search under the Fourth Amendment, but if the dog enters the vehicle to sniff, it is a search. This case was ruled in favor of the officer because the dog jumped into the car, however, it was not encouraged by the officer therefore it was the dog's natural instinct to get closer to the scent."

This decision did not reach the Supreme Court and was decided by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. The information might still have some merit, it's a court case relevant to the subject matter after all, but it's out of place in a subsection marked Supreme Court when it wasn't actually decided there. I couldn't find a good place to integrate it in the above section, but maybe someone with more experience might. Askarion  💬●✒ 13:25, 24 April 2022 (UTC)

I'm surprised there isn't a 'Criticism' section
Reading through this article, I'm surprised there isn't a 'Criticism' section, even if it's only one of modest size that starts out representing only the US. A brief search brought up the following potential sources:

 * A 2021 news article in Vice;
 * A 2021 investigative by Inside Edition;
 * A 2020 opinion piece in the Washington Post – and though WP:NEWSBLOG does apply, there are links within the piece to other sources, including:
 * a Star Tribune piece on a six-year review of apprehension dogs in St Paul, which reported that they were "routinely used on nonviolent offenders who were nearly always fleeing or hiding instead of threatening harm or displaying weapons";
 * an ABC piece on the use of Tampa Bay resident's taxes to pay for police dog settlements, totalling $1.8 million between 2016–2019;
 * and a 2013 LA Weekly piece reporting on the disparity of the application of apprehension dogs to Black and Latino suspects by the LA Sheriff's Department – in 2012, 90% of all apprehension dog bites were sustained by Black and Latino suspects; in the first half of 2013, apprehension dog bites were sustained by Black and Latino suspects, and this is after "the number of Latinos bitten by LASD dogs increased 30 percent from 2004 to 2012 [...] for African Americans the increase during that period was 33 percent". These numbers are taken from the department's own reporting.

And this is only a brief, cursory look; there's clearly more research that could be done. I genuinely am surprised that no Criticism section exists in this article. There's clearly an open and notable space for it.--Ineffablebookkeeper (talk) ({{ping}} me!) 21:45, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

 * If you/we can find more of a global consensus on the topic, there's definitely room for a criticism section. These six sources should do fine. The most common issue brought up is the disproportionately high amount of incidents involving police dogs "being set on" people of color or used in otherwise nonviolent situations, which is also a big focal point in the Police brutality in the United States article (possible common link). Askarion   💬●✒ 00:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Police dog


text:
Edina

Edina may refer to:

 * Edina, Liberia
 * Edina, Minnesota
 * Edina Realty
 * Edina Library
 * Edina High School
 * Edina Public Schools
 * Galleria Edina
 * Edina Mill
 * Edina, Missouri
 * Edina Double Square Historic District
 * Edinburgh, as referred to by Scots poets
 * The Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem District in Ghana
 * EDINA, the JISC-funded UK data centre
 * Edina (name)

title: Edina


text:
User talk:Kanoe~enwiki

Hey there. I just noticed that your latest article was imported from another source. If you own or have permission to use the copyright for this material, please indicate this on the talk page of your article. Otherwise, we can't accept it here. If you want to rewrite the article in your own words, please do so on the "/Temp" subpage of the article. Also, regardless of whether this article infringes on copyright, we welcome any other original contributions you may wish to make. Thanks! - Vague | Rant 05:08, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Kanoe. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Kanoe~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:03, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:48, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kanoe~enwiki


text:
Michael Sprinker

Michael Sprinker (8 February 1950 in Elgin, Illinois – 12 August 1999) was a literary critic known for his writings on Louis Althusser, Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht, among others, as well as for his editorial work at Verso, Cambridge University Press, the New Left Review and The Minnesota Review. With Mike Davis, Sprinker co-founded Verso's Haymarket series and was said to have guided it until his death. He also taught at Oregon State University and the State University of New York at Stony Brook.

.

As editor

 * The Althusserian Legacy
 * Edward Said: A Critical Reader
 * Ghostly Demarcations

title: Michael Sprinker


text:
Noise shaping

Noise shaping is a technique typically used in digital audio, image, and video processing, usually in combination with dithering, as part of the process of quantization or bit-depth reduction of a signal. Its purpose is to increase the apparent signal-to-noise ratio of the resultant signal. It does this by altering the spectral shape of the error that is introduced by dithering and quantization; such that the noise power is at a lower level in frequency bands at which noise is considered to be less desirable and at a correspondingly higher level in bands where it is considered to be more desirable. A popular noise shaping algorithm used in image processing is known as ‘Floyd Steinberg dithering’; and many noise shaping algorithms used in audio processing are based on an ‘Absolute threshold of hearing’ model.

Operation
Any feedback loop functions as a filter. Noise shaping works by putting quantization noise in a feedback loop designed to filter the noise as desired.

Low-pass boxcar filter example
For example, consider the feedback system:

 * $$y[n] = x[n] + b \cdot e[n-1],$$

where $b$ is a constant, $n$ is the cycle number, $x[n]$ is the input sample value, $y[n]$ is the value being quantized, and $e[n]$ is its quantization error:

 * $$\ e[n] = y_\text{quantized}[n] - y[n].$$

In this model, when any sample's bit depth is reduced, the quantization error is measured and on the next cycle added with the next sample prior to quantization. The effect is that the quantization error is low-pass filtered by a 2-sample boxcar filter (also known as a simple moving average filter). As a result, compared to before, the quantization error has lower power at higher frequencies and higher power at lower frequencies. The filter's cutoff frequency can be adjusted by modifying $b$, the proportion of error from the previous sample that is fed back.

Impulse response filters in general
More generally, any FIR filter or IIR filter can be used to create a more complex frequency response curve. Such filters can be designed using the weighted least squares method. In the case of digital audio, typically the weighting function used is one divided by the absolute threshold of hearing curve, i.e.

 * $$\ W(f) = \frac{1}{A(f)}.$$

Dithering
Adding an appropriate amount of dither during quantization prevents determinable errors correlated to the signal. If dither is not used then noise shaping effectively functions merely as distortion shaping — pushing the distortion energy around to different frequency bands, but it is still distortion. If dither is added to the process as

 * $$\ y[n] = x[n] + b \cdot e[n-1] + \mathrm{dither},$$

then the quantization error truly becomes noise, and the process indeed yields noise shaping.

In digital audio
Noise shaping in audio is most commonly applied as a bit-reduction scheme. The most basic form of dither is flat, white noise. The ear, however, is less sensitive to certain frequencies than others at low levels (see Equal-loudness contour). By using noise shaping the quantization error can be effectively spread around so that more of it is focused on frequencies that can't be heard as well and less of it is focused on frequencies that can. The result is that where the ear is most critical the quantization error can be reduced greatly and where the ears are less sensitive the noise is much greater. This can give a perceived noise reduction of 4 bits compared to straight dither. So although 16-bit samples only have 96 dB of dynamic range across the entire spectrum (see quantization distortion calculations), noise-shaped dithering can however increase the perceived audio dynamic range to 120 dB.

Noise shaping and 1-bit converters
Since around 1989, 1-bit delta-sigma modulators have been used in analog-to-digital converters. This involves sampling the audio at a very high rate (2.8224 million samples per second, for example) but only using a single bit. Because only 1 bit is used, this converter only has 6.02 dB of dynamic range. The noise floor, however, is spread throughout the entire non-aliased frequency range below the Nyquist frequency of 1.4112 MHz. Noise shaping is used to lower the noise present in the audible range (20 Hz to 20 kHz) and increase the noise above the audible range. This results in a broadband dynamic range of only 7.78 dB, but it is not consistent among frequency bands, and in the lowest frequencies (the audible range) the dynamic range is much greater — over 100 dB. Noise shaping is inherently built into the delta-sigma modulators.

The 1-bit converter is the basis of the DSD format by Sony. One criticism of the 1-bit converter (and thus the DSD system) is that because only 1 bit is used in both the signal and the feedback loop, adequate amounts of dither cannot be used in the feedback loop and distortion can be heard under some conditions (more discussion at ).

Most A/D converters made since 2000 use multi-bit or multi-level delta-sigma modulators that yield more than 1 bit output so that proper dither can be added in the feedback loop. For traditional PCM sampling the signal is then decimated to 44.1 kHz or other appropriate sample rates.

In modern ADCs
Analog Devices uses what they refer to as "Noise Shaping Requantizer", and Texas Instruments uses what they refer to as "SNRBoost" to lower the noise floor approximately 30db compared to the surrounding frequencies. This comes at a cost of non-continuous operation but produces a nice bathtub shape to the spectrum floor. This can be combined with other techniques such as Bit-Boost to further enhance the resolution of the spectrum.

title: Noise shaping


text:
Downey

Downey may refer to:

People

 * Downey (surname)
 * Robert Downey Jr.

Places

 * Downey, California, US
 * Downey, Idaho, US
 * Downey, Iowa, US

Businesses

 * W. & D. Downey, photographic studio
 * Downey Studios, created out of a former Boeing plant

Schools

 * Downey High School
 * Thomas Downey High School

Downy

 * Downy (fabric softener)
 * Downy Birch
 * Drooping Brome (Downy Brome)
 * Downy Emerald
 * Downy Hawthorn
 * Downy Hempnettle
 * Downy mildew
 * Downy Oak
 * Downy Serviceberry (disambiguation)
 * Downy Woodpecker
 * Downs syndrome

title: Downey


text:
Talk:Fanny Coot

Is "Gooseburg" the same city as "Goosetown"?

title: Talk:Fanny Coot


text: User talk:68.44.59.222

title: User talk:68.44.59.222