text:
Akash (missile)

Akash (Hunterian: Akash, lit. 'Sky') is a medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) system developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL). Surveillance and Fire control radar, tactical control and command center and missile launcher are developed by Bharat Electronics (BEL), Tata Power Strategic Engineering Division and Larsen & Toubro. The Akash missile system can target aircraft up to 45 km away. It has the capability to neutralise aerial targets like fighter jets, cruise missiles and air-to-surface missiles. It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.

An Akash battery comprises a single Rajendra 3D passive electronically scanned array radar and four launchers with three missiles each, all of which are interlinked. Each battery can track up to 64 targets and attack up to 12 of them. The missile has a 60 kg high-explosive, pre-fragmented warhead with a proximity fuse. The Akash system is fully mobile and capable of protecting a moving convoy of vehicles. The launch platform has been integrated with both wheeled and tracked vehicles. While the Akash system has primarily been designed as an air defence SAM, it also has been tested in a missile defense role. The system provides air defence missile coverage for an area of 2,000 km2. The Indian military's combined orders of the Akash, including radar systems (WLR and Surveillance), have a total worth of ₹28,800 crore (US$4 billion). As per Ministry of Defence (MoD) Report 2018, existing order of Akash saved ₹34,500 crore of foreign exchange for India on imports.

System
Each Akash battery consists of four self-propelled Launchers (3 Akash SAMs each), a Battery Level Radar – the Rajendra, and a Command post (Battery Control Centre). Two batteries are deployed as a Squadron (Air Force), while up to four form an Akash Group (Army configuration). In both configurations, an extra Group Control Centre (GCC) is added, which acts as the Command and Control HQ of the Squadron or Group. Based on a single mobile platform, GCC establishes links with Battery Control Centres and conducts air defense operations in coordination with air defense set up in a zone of operations. For early warning, the GCC relies on the Central Acquisition Radar. However, individual batteries can also be deployed with the cheaper, 2-D BSR (Battery Surveillance Radar) with a range of over 100 km. Akash has an advanced automated functioning capability. The 3D CAR automatically starts tracking targets at a distance of around 150 km providing early warning to the system and operators. The target track information is transferred to GCC. GCC automatically classifies the target. BSR starts tracking targets around a range of 100 km. This data is transferred to GCC. The GCC performs multi-radar tracking of up to 200 targets and carries out track correlation & data fusion. Target position information is sent to the BLR which uses this information to acquire the targets.

The BCC which can engage a target(s) from the selected list at the earliest point of time is assigned the target in real time by the GCC. The availability of missiles and the health of the missiles are also taken into consideration during this process. Fresh targets are assigned as and when intercepts with assigned targets are completed. A single shot kill probability of 88% has been achieved by the system taking into consideration various parametres of the sensors, guidance command, missile capabilities and kill zone computations.

There are a number of possibilities for deploying Akash weapon system in autonomous mode and in group mode for neutralizing the threat profiles with defined multi-target engagement scenarios. In the Group mode we can have number of configurations to defend vulnerable areas depending upon nature and expected threat pattern, characteristics of threat. Similarly, multiple batteries in autonomous mode can be deployed to defend vulnerable areas/points. In a Group formation, the four Batteries can be deployed in various geometric formations, as suited to the vulnerable area being protected and the extent desired to be sanitized from enemy air threat. In a box deployment pattern, an Akash group can defend an area of 62 km x 62 km. In a linear array configuration, it covers an area of 98 km x 44 km. Trapezoidal configuration gives defense to the largest area as compared to any other pattern of deployment covering an area of size 5,000 square km.

Each Akash battery can engage up to four targets simultaneously with 24 ready to fire missiles. Each battery has four launchers with three missiles, while each Rajendra able to guide eight missiles in total, with a maximum of two missiles per target. Up to a maximum of four targets can be engaged simultaneously by a typical battery with a single Rajendra if one (or two) missile is allotted per target. A single Akash missile has an 88% probability of kill. Two missiles can be fired, five seconds apart, to raise the probability of Kill to 98.5%. Communications between the various vehicles are a combination of wireless and wired links. The entire system is designed to be set up quickly and to be highly mobile for high survivability. The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

Missile
Akash is a surface-to-air missile with an intercept range of 25 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg, a diameter of 35 cm and a length of 5.78 meters. Akash flies at supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 20 km and can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms. An on-board guidance system coupled with an actuator system makes the missile maneuverable up to 15g loads and a tail chase capability for end game engagement. A digital proximity fuse is coupled with a 55 kg pre-fragmented warhead, while the safety arming and detonation mechanism enables a controlled detonation sequence. A self-destruct device is also integrated. It is propelled by an Integrated Ramjet Rocket Engine. The use of a ramjet propulsion system enables sustained speeds without deceleration throughout its flight. The Missile has command guidance in its entire flight.

The design of the missile is somewhat similar to that of the 2K12 Kub with four long tube ramjet inlet ducts mounted mid-body between wings. For pitch/yaw control four clipped triangular moving wings are mounted on the mid-body. For roll control four inline clipped delta fins with ailerons are mounted before the tail. However, the internal schematic shows a different layout with an onboard digital computer, absence of semi-active seeker, different propellant, different actuators and command guidance with datalinks. The Akash carries an onboard radio-proximity fuse.

Composite technology for Akash includes radome assemblies, booster liners, ablative liners, sustainer liners, compression molded wings and fins.

Propulsion
The Akash, like the Russian 2K12 Kub (SA-6 Gainful), utilizes an integrated ramjet-rocket propulsion system, which, after initial rocket motor burnout, provides sustained thrust for the missile throughout its flight until interception.

Radars

The missile is guided by a phased array fire control radar called 'Rajendra' which is termed as Battery Level Radar (BLR) with a tracking range of about 60 km. The tracking and missile guidance radar configuration consists of a slewable phased array antenna of more than 4,000 elements, spectrally pure TWT transmitter, two stage superheterodyne correlation receiver for three channels, high speed digital signal processor, real time management computer and a powerful radar data processor. It can track 64 targets in range, azimuth and height and guide eight missiles simultaneously in ripple fire mode towards four targets. The radar has advanced ECCM features. The Rajendra derivative on a BMP-2 chassis and to be used by the Indian Air Force is known as the Battery Level Radar-II whereas that for the Army, is based on a T-72 chassis and is known as the Battery Level Radar-III.

The Army version also consists of the Battery Surveillance Radar (BSR). BSR is a track vehicle based, long range sensor, interfaced with the BCC. It can detect and track up to 40 targets in range and azimuth up to a range of 100 km.

Long range target acquisition is performed by the 3D Central Acquisition Radar (3D CAR), which is a long range surveillance radar that can track up to 200 targets in Track while Scan mode (detecting, tracking and processing) in three dimensions at a range of 180 km. It provides azimuth, range and height coordinates of targets to the Group Control Centre (GCC) through secure communication links. The data is used to cue the weapon control radar.

Platforms
The Army's radar and launchers are based on the T-72 chassis built by the Ordnance Factories Board's Ordnance Factory Medak to accompany the Army's fast moving armoured formations. The Air Force versions use a combination of tracked and wheeled vehicle. The Air Force Akash launcher consists of a detachable trailer which is towed by a Tata truck, which can be positioned autonomously. The Air Force launcher is designed by Larsen & Toubro jointly with DRDO. Both the Army and Air Force launchers have three ready-to-fire Akash missiles each. The launchers can slew in both elevation and azimuth. The Army Self-Propelled Launcher (ASPL) is 360 degrees slewable and its arc in elevation is from 6 to 60 degrees. The Akash Air Force Launcher (AAFL) is 360 degree slewable, in elevation it can fire from 8 to 55 degrees in all directions depending on the mode of deployment. Akash Air force launcher features an All electro servo drive system for fully automated and remote operation. To enable the Akash group to perform self-sufficient in the combat zone, a number of supporting specialist vehicles have been designed and developed. They are mobile and field-worthy. Their design is based on the role and task to be performed and the vehicles are accordingly allocated to the Group HQ, the Batteries, Assembly Line Area and the Field maintenance workshop. Some of the vehicles are: the Missile Transportation Vehicle (MTV), the Transportation and Loading Vehicle (TLV), the Mobile Station for Missile Checkout (MSMC) Vehicle, the Air Compressor Vehicle (ACV), the Power Supply vehicles (GPSV, BPSV), the Engineering Support, Maintenance and Repair vehicles (GEM, BEM) and a few others. These specialist vehicles assemble and prepare missiles, deliver them to Batteries, carry maintenance spares and fuel, and provide logistical engineering support. Their allocation provides for flexibility and self-sufficiency to the whole Akash Group.

Mark-I
The first test flight of Akash missile was conducted in 1990, with development flights up to March 1997.

Two Akash missiles intercepted two fast moving targets in simultaneous engagement mode in 2005. 3-D Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR) group mode performance is also fully established.

The Akash Missile Development cost of ₹1,000 crore (€150 million; $200 million), including the project sanction of ₹600 crore (€90 million; $120 million), is 8-10 times lower than the cost of similar system developments in other countries. Akash has certain unique characteristics like mobility, all-the-way-powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling, digitally-coded command guidance and fully automatic operation.

For the first time, Akash showed in Exercise Astrashakti 2023 that it could engage four targets at once under command guidance with a single fire unit at a maximum range of about 30 km. The targets were divided to attack defense assets from various angles and were approaching from the same direction in a close formation.

Akash-1S
There was demand from Indian Armed Forces for a missile with a seeker that can target inbound targets more accurately for which the DRDO offered an upgraded Akash with an indigenous seeker named Akash-1S. DRDO tested Akash-1S on 25 May and 27 May 2019 with a strike range of 30 km that has the capability to carry warhead of 60 kg from Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha with the overall performance of indigenous seeker and guidance system consistently established during the period. Akash-1S was fired five times against multiple targets and successfully completed the trials. It supports the combination of both command and active terminal seeker guidance to enhance the single shot kill probability and is capable of striking down fighter jets and drones at a distance of around 18 to 30 km that can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms for greater mobility.

Akash Prime
On 27 September 2021, DRDO test fired a new version of missile called Akash Prime. It intercepted and destroyed an unmanned aerial target mimicking enemy aircraft, in its maiden flight. Akash Prime is based on the existing Akash SAM. The missile is equipped with an improved active radio-frequency (RF) seeker to further increase the accuracy. Akash Prime is also optimized for low temperature and high altitude operations with modified ground system. The improved RF seeker has 360° engagement capability. Akash Prime consists of a long-range surveillance radar, a target and missile tracking radar, a troop control centre, and the launchers.

Akash-NG
A successor missile with a new design Akash – New generation abbreviated as Akash-NG was approved in September 2016 with a funding of inr 4700000000 to succeed Akash and Akash-1S with improved capabilities. Akash-NG will have an improved reaction time and higher level of protection against saturation attacks. The second stage uses dual-pulse solid rocket motor which is lighter instead of air-breathing solid ramjet engine to increase the overall range from current 25–30 km to 70–80 km, an active electronically scanned array Multi-Function Radar (MFR) and optical proximity fuze.

Status
Each missile is expected to have starting costs below US$500,000 i.e. under ₹2 crore which is less than half the cost of similar Western missiles which usually cost between US$1.2-1.5 million (₹5-6 crore) each. It is expected that this cost will further decrease due to the economies of scale achieved as production ramps up. The Indian military (IAF & IA) have a combined order worth ₹23,300 crore ($5.18 billion). On 24 May 2012, India successfully test fired Akash missile to revalidate technology and operational efficacy. On 1 June 2012, the Air Force version of the missile with a strike range of 25 km was successfully test fired from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur. On 3 August 2014 Akash missile test-fired from launch complex-3 of ITR at Chandipur off Odisha coast, Describing the trials as "fully successful", Director ITR said. The Air Force version has already been inducted while the Army version is in the final stage of its trial. The Army version was inducted on 5 May 2015, as was tweeted by MoD Spokesman. On 16 March 2016, Director of Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), said that India is looking to double missile production to 100 per month, up from 50 to 60.

Indian Air Force
In December 2007, the Indian Air Force completed user trials for this missile. The trials, which were spread over ten days, were declared successful after the missile hit the target on five occasions. Multiple targets handling capability of Akash weapon system was demonstrated by live firing in C4I environment. Before the ten-day trial at Chandipur, ECCM Evaluation tests were carried out at Gwalior Air force base and mobility trials were carried out in Pokhran. The IAF had evolved the user Trial Directive to verify the Akash's consistency. The following trials were conducted: Against low-flying near-range target, long-range high-altitude target, crossing and approaching target and ripple firing of two missiles from the same launcher against a low-altitude receding target.

The Indian Air force was satisfied with the performance of Akash after extensive flight trials and has decided to induct the weapon system. An order for two squadrons were placed initially, with these being inducted in 2009. The IAF found the missile performance to be satisfactory and was expected to place orders for 16 more launchers to form two more squadrons for India's northeast theater.

In May 2008, the Indian Air Force decided to induct two squadrons (totaling 4 batteries) of Akash missile.

In March 2009, Tata Power's Strategic Engineering Division (Tata Power SED) announced that it had secured the ₹182 crore order for 16 Akash launchers to be delivered in the next 33 months.

In January 2010, it was revealed that the Indian Air Force had ordered for 6 more squadrons. Each squadron will consist of 125 missiles, bringing the order to 750 missiles for 6 squadrons. The first two squadrons will consist of 48 missiles each while future squadrons will vary in number depending on the IAF. The additional missiles were ordered from state-run defence behemoth Bharat Electronics, who will act as the system integrator, at a cost of ₹ 4,279 crore ($925 million).

On 3 March 2012, the missile was officially inducted into Indian Air force at function at Hyderabad.

IAF orders may also rise as it phases out its Pechoras and if the Indo-Israeli JV to develop a MRSAM (Medium Range SAM) for the IAF continues to be put on hold, while a similar program for the Indian Navy proceeds unimpeded. On 6 June 2012, IAF successfully test fired the Air Force version of Akash missile from the Integrated Test Range at Chandipur. Indian Air Force tested Akash missiles taken from the production lot on 26 April 2014 against maneuvering targets at extreme ranges. The test was a success.

In February 2010, the Indian Air Force accepted the Akash missile system as a substantial part of its arsenal.

In November 2014 Surface-to-air supersonic missile Akash on Friday completed its training user trials successfully for 5 straight days validating all mission parametres as set by the Indian Air Force (IAF) team.

On 10 July 2015, the Akash surface-to-air missile was formally inducted in the Indian Air Force at Gwalior.

On 1 September 2015, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the purchase of seven additional squadrons of the Akash missile for the Indian Air Force. On 28 January 2016, the missile was successfully test fired from complex-3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipuri in Odisha. As part of a user trial from the ITR, three rounds of test were carried out by the Indian Air Force (IAF) personnel aiming at para-barrel target. Tests were aimed at gauging the flight consistency and effectiveness of the missile, besides ascertaining the serviceability of the system in various conditions.

On 8 March 2016, Indian Air Force(IAF) demonstrated the missile at the exercise Iron Fist 2016.

A Comptroller and Auditor General report released in 2017 stated that due to lack of adequate storage facilities, the life span of the missiles may be affected. In addition, there was a 30% failure rate during testing of missiles in inventory with 6 out of 20 missiles failing to hit their targets.

On 28 and 29 November 2017, the Indian Air Force carried out 3 tests of the missile from Launch Complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) against electronic targets.

On 3 December 2020, the Indian Air Force carried out 10 missile firing at Suryalanka to bolster its capability among ongoing Indo-Sino border tension. The missiles were fired to validate different scenario and majority of the missiles scored a direct kill further establishing the efficacy of Akash missile.

On 17 December 2023, during an exercise Astraskati the Indian Air Force fired 4 missile simultaneously from 2 Akash launcher of a single firing unit neautralizing 4 UAV's simultaneously using command guidance. All target were detected and shot down at the maximum range of 30 km. This marks the Akash system as the first system in the world to successfully track and destroy 4 target using a single firing unit in command guidance. These tests were conducted from the new units ordered by Indian Air Force.

Indian Army
In June 2010, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) placed an order of the Akash missile system, valued at ₹12,500 crore ($2.8 billion). Bharat Dynamics (BDL) will be the system integrator and nodal production agency for the Akash Army variant. The Army plans to induct two regiments of the missile.

In March 2011, a report indicates that the Indian Army has ordered 2 Akash regiments – approximately 2,000 missiles – worth ₹14,000 crore ($3.1 billion). These will replace the Indian Army's 2 SA-6 Groups (25 systems with 1,500 missiles), which were inducted between 1977 and 1979.

On 5 May 2015 Akash Missile was inducted into the Indian Army.

On 11 to 13 April 2015, Indian Army successfully conducted six rounds of user trials of the missile. The tests were conducted from complex 3 of the Integrated Test Range (ITR) at Chandipuri in Odisha. The missiles targeted pilot less target aircraft (PTA) Lakshya, unmanned air vehicle (UAV) 'Banshee' and a para barrel target, two times each.

On 30 March 2016, Indian Army stated that Akash area defence missile systems did not meet its operational requirements for defending its strike corps against enemy air attacks in forward areas, and was not ordering any more regiments. The Army instead was opting for four Israeli quick reaction SAM regiments.

The missile was inducted into the Indian Army in May 2015. The Army is scheduled to get two Akash regiments by 2017. On 30 November 2017, Indian Army successfully tested fired five Akash missiles at Integrated Test Range (ITR) against multiple targets. Another test with an indigenous radio frequency seeker was successfully carried out on 5 December 2017 against a Banshee aerial drone.

In May 2022, report was published that Indian Army is going to receive 2 regiments of Akash Prime systems. On 30 March 2023, MoD signed contracts for procurement of 2 Regiments of improved Akash Weapon System with BDL at a cost over inr 81600000000.

On 31 March 2024, another test of Akash missiles were carried out successfully by Army's Western Command's 128 AD Missile Regiment.

Operational history
The Indian Air Force has deployed Akash at its bases in Gwalior (Maharajpur AFS), Jalpaiguri (Hasimara AFS), Tezpur, Jorhat and Pune (Lohegaon AFS).

The Indian Army has deployed one Akash Regiment in June–July 2015, with the second one to be ready by end of 2016.

Indian Army deployed Akash air defence system along Line of Actual Control in Ladakh as tension rose between India and China 2020 China–India skirmishes.

Export
It was also reported in the media that Philippines, Belarus, Malaysia, Thailand, UAE, Vietnam and Armenia have shown interest in purchasing the Akash missile system. On 30 December 2020, Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) chaired by Prime Minister cleared the exports of Akash missile defence system. Philippines signed an arms agreement with India in March 2021 to potentially acquire Indian weapons including the Akash SAM.

In 2022, Akash SAM was seen in a Sudanese Military Exhibition which showcased weapon systems operated by the Sudanese Armed Forces. In 2023, the Indian MoD also mentioned Akash in the list of multiple exported items, sparking speculations of the system's maiden export to Sudan.

Armenia placed an order for 15 Akash missile system for an order of inr 60000000000. The delivery of the system is expeceted to take begin from Q2 2024.

After Armenian order, Brazil and Egypt has also shown interest as per defence official.

Operators

 * Indian Air Force – Total 11 Squadrons in service as of 2024. 3 new squadrons inducted with upgraded Rajendra MK2 radar. 4 more under induction process. Each squadron contains 8 Launchers, 125 missiles.
 * Indian Army – Total 2 Regiments were ordered and delivered. (24 Launchers per Regiment). 2 more regiments on order.
 * Indian Army – Total 2 Regiments were ordered and delivered. (24 Launchers per Regiment). 2 more regiments on order.

🇦🇲 Armenia
 * Armenian Armed Forces – Armenia acquired 15 Akash Air Defence System from Bharat Dynamics Limited, with the transaction estimated to be valued at inr 60000000000.

🇸🇩 Sudan
 * Sudanese Armed Forces (Speculated)

title: Akash (missile)


text: Category:Vermont state senators

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Vermont state senators


text: Category:Members of the Vermont House of Representatives


text:
Goring Lock

Goring Lock is a lock and weir situated on the River Thames in England at the Goring Gap in the Chiltern Hills. The lock is located on the Oxfordshire bank at Goring-On-Thames, with Streatley, Berkshire on the opposite side of the river. It is just upstream of Goring and Streatley Bridge. The lock was first built in 1787 by the Thames Navigation Commissioners

The weir runs back to an island under the bridge and then another weir goes from there to the Streatley bank.

History
There was originally a weir and ferry here belonging to Goring Priory, which became the property of millers who kept a flash lock. A report in a newspaper of 1674 tells how 60 people drowned in the lock when the ferryman rowed too close to it. The pound lock was built in August 1787 from oak. Over several decades operation of the lock appears to have been shared with that of Cleeve Lock until 1869. Following this there were plans to build a lock-house, but this was not started until 1879. The lock itself was replaced in 1886. In the last rebuild in 1921 the lock had intermediate gates installed, making two pounds, but these were removed in the refit in 2003.

Access to the lock
The lock is situated almost under the bridge and is easily accessible from both Goring and Streatley

Reach above the lock
The reach is only just over half a mile long. The Cleeve side of the river is occupied by large gardens stretching down the hillside with several boat-houses on the river. There are islands below Cleeve lock, with weirs between them, and these extend for some distance. On the Streatley side are meadows and woods.

The Thames Path, having crossed Goring Bridge to Streatley, continues through on the western bank to Cleeve Lock.

title: Goring Lock


text:
Talk:Tom Cribb

comment
A search on the internet suggests the widely accepted dates for the fights between Cribb and Molineaux are 1810 and 1811. These dates are reported by, among others, the International Boxing Hall of Fame, the National Portrait Gallery. Average Earthman 18:04, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

He then fought a black American, former slave Tom Molineaux, to become world champion – a defeat he repeated in 1811. Should this not be a victory he repeated as the winner (Cribb) is the subject of the article? Thryduulf 02:29, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd agree with that. Average Earthman 09:36, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I've changed the article now. Thryduulf 09:47, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Vs Tom Molineaux ?!? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.100.246.254 (talk) 19:39, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The piece about his fight vs Molineaux is very badly written and is hard to make sense of it. Here it is written as
 * "Cribb beat Molineaux in 35 rounds and became World champion. This victory was achieved through controversy though, as Cribb was clearly outclassed by the American,being humiliated round after round until he was easily defeated. This caused a riot to ensue and a mob soon descended on the ring swiftly attacking Molineaux and his black trainer. They broke his hand, six ribs and left him badly battered all over; only then did they restart the match. Molineaux fought on bravely only to be finally defeated eleven rounds later. This would become one of the most disputed results in the history of boxing."

 * On Tom Molineaux page the same fight is described as...
 * "According to the writer Pierce Egan, who was present, Molineaux stood five foot eight and a quarter inches tall, and for this fight weighed "fourteen stone two" (198 pounds (90 kg)).[1] Egan wrote that few people, including Cribb, expected the fight to last very long; there was betting that Cribb would win in the first ten rounds.[1] However, Molineaux proved a powerful and intelligent fighter and the two battered each other heavily. There was a disturbance in the nineteenth round as Molineaux and Cribb were locked in a wrestler's hold (legal under the rules of the time) so that neither could hit the other nor escape. The referee stood by, uncertain as to whether he should break the two apart, and the dissatisfied crowd pushed into the ring. In the confusion Molineaux hurt his left hand; Egan could not tell if it had been broken.[1] There was also dispute over whether Cribb had managed to return to the line before the allowed thirty seconds had passed. If he had not, Molineaux would have won, but in the confusion the referee could not tell and the fight went on. After the 34th round Molineaux said he could not continue[1] but his second persuaded him to return to the ring, where he was defeated in the 35th round."

 * Basically Cribbs page seems to offer a jumbled break down of the info described on Toms page. On Cribbs page he is described as 'clearly outclassed' while on Molineaux page it is Molineaux  who is teh underdog and not expectd to last 10 rounds. Surely both cant be the underdog?DarkMithras 2011
 * I've deleted it. Completely unreferenced. Sources suggest the fight was close, dirty and disputed- hence the rematch, but the stuff about TC being outclassed are not supported by any contemporary source.Tigerboy1966 (talk) 16:08, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Barclay
The link to Barclay seems to be to another Robert Barclay entirely. Should be either corrected or the link removed. Epeeist smudge 08:57, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

"World champion"
Are there any contemporary sources calling him "world champion"? It seems like a rather anachronistic claim for a time when professional boxing wasn't organized on any global scale. The claim is currently unsourced. --Hegvald (talk) 06:52, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

Various alterations
I've made a few changes to the text…

The article used to mention different points at which Cribb became English champion, British champion and World champion. However, back in Cribb’s day, only one title existed - English Champion. I’ve therefore removed the references to the British and World championships. It's obviously tempting to think that the Cribb vs Molineux fights were for the world championship, but since no such title existed the claim is clearly dubious. I cannot see any reference in any of the contemporary literature to back up the claim. (See also, the previous comment above by Hegvald.)

There is currently a gap in the narrative of Cribb’s career where no mention is made to the fights Cribb fought between Cribb-Nicholls and Cribb-Belcher 1. I will add some info to cover these fights at a later date.

I've also added mention of Cribb’s defence of his title against Jem Belcher (i.e. his second fight vs Belcher) and added some citations to Pugilistica where the original reports for Cribb’s fights can be read as well as all of the other relevant supporting info (all three volumes of Pugilstica can be viewed at Archive.org).

At present the article only gives minimal details of Cribb’s fights (date/place/opponent/result, and sometimes rounds). The article would probably benefit from some added colour from contemporary sources. I'll see if I can find some quotes to flesh things out.

The text stated that Cribb retired in 1812. Cribb was actually champion until 1821 - by which time he had been 10 years without a challenger. However, reference to (for example) Boxiana, Pugilistica, etc. makes it clear that he was considered champion throughout this period and eventually vacated the title. I have changed this to reflect the correct situation.

With regard to the section ‘After retirement’, I seem to recall that Cribb was engaged in some (all?) of the activities listed prior to his retirement in 1821. I will investigate in the contemporary sources and change if necessary.

I’ve also removed several unnecessary links in the text to ‘English’, ‘publican’, ‘legend’ and ‘shopping mall’. Axad12 (talk) 06:29, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

Cribb's retirement
I added an exact date (15th May 1822) for Cribb's retirement, taken from Fistiana (1841 p56) and Pugilistica vol 1 (1906 p271). Added references accordingly and the relevant page of Fistiana as a external link. Axad12 (talk) 14:20, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tom Cribb


text:
Talk:Nag

I think this should be a disambiguation page instead of a missile page ?.

Hindi fun
I came across a link in Kipling set of articles where 'Nagaina' got redirected to 'Nagini', an Harry Potter character. To clean this up, I moved all the information to the 'Nag' disambiguation page and am repointing various links. Unfortunately, I have no knowledge of Hindi, so I am just copying from the other sections (or what was infered there). Feel free to fix or clean this up further. PerlKnitter 16:19, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Female horse
Should this also be added? But linked to where, dead link? See wictionary note: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nag

title: Talk:Nag


text:
UGC

UGC may refer to:

Organisations

 * Canadian Geophysical Union, official abbreviation in French (Union géophysique canadienne)
 * UGC (cinema operator), a European cinema chain, formerly Union Générale Cinématographique
 * UGC Fox Distribution, a former French-American film production company formed in 1995
 * Union Graduate College, Schenectady, New York
 * United Grain Company, a Russian grain trading company based in Moscow
 * University Grants Commission (disambiguation)
 * University Grants Committee (disambiguation)
 * UnitedGlobalCom, former name of the cable TV operator Liberty Global
 * UnderGround Crips, an African American street gang mainly from Los Angeles, California

Science and technology

 * Universal gravitational constant G, in physics
 * Uppsala General Catalogue, an astronomical catalogue of galaxies
 * UGC, a codon for cysteine
 * Unique games conjecture, a conjecture in computational complexity

Other

 * User-generated content, media content made by the general public
 * Urine Good Company, a fictional corporation in the musical Urinetown
 * Urgench International Airport, by IATA code

title: UGC


text: Category:Education in Virginia

title: Category:Education in Virginia


text: Category:Government of Virginia

title: Category:Government of Virginia


text:
BRR

BRR may refer to:

 * Balanced repeated replication, a statistical technique for estimating sampling variability
 * Barra Airport (Scotland) (IATA airport code)
 * Barrhead railway station, a Scottish railway station
 * Binary Revolution Radio, a hacker internet radio show
 * Bit-rate reduction, another term for data compression
 * Bit Rate Reduction, a name given to an audio compression scheme used in the SNES
 * Blenheim Riverside Railway, a narrow gauge railway in Blenheim, New Zealand
 * BMW Rolls-Royce AeroEngines GmbH, in short form BMW Rolls-Royce, a former joint venture company of BMW AG and Rolls-Royce plc
 * Book Rights Registry, disburses revenue from Google Book Search
 * Brazilian cruzeiro real, the short-lived currency between August 1993 and June 1994, that had ISO 4217 code BRR
 * BRR dances
 * Business Readiness Rating
 * Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi or BRR NAD-Nias, an Agency for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias
 * Black Rose Rollers, a roller derby league from Hanover, Pennsylvania

title: BRR


text:
Buyeo Yung

Buyeo Yung (615–682) was the eldest son of King Uija, the last king of Baekje. He was appointed crown prince in 644, and would have been the kingdom's 32nd ruler. He is known as the progenitor of Buyeo Seo Clan (부여 서씨/扶餘徐氏) where he changed his surname to Seo.

After his father was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and the Chinese Tang dynasty in 660, Buyeo Yung was sent into exile at the Tang capital Luoyang, along with his father. After the defeat of the Baekje restoration movement led by Boksin and Dochim at the Battle of Baekgang, which had sought to place Yung's brother Buyeo Pung on the throne, Tang felt the need for a ruler who could pacify the Baekje area. Beginning in 664, Buyeo Yung served briefly as the governor of the Ungjin Commandery (Hangul:웅진도독부 Hanja:熊津都督府) which Tang established to oversee the former territory of Baekje.

After Silla expelled Tang forces from the Korean peninsula in 676, Buyeo Yung returned to Luoyang, where he spent the rest of his days.

Popular culture

 * Portrayed by Gong Jung-hwan in the 2012–2013 KBS1 TV series Dream of the Emperor.

title: Buyeo Yung


text:
Talk:Babylon 4

a Minbari not born of Minbari
Changed "a Minbari not born of Minbari" to "a Minbari not born of Minbar" since the quote is of the planet/origin of the race Minbari Mementh (talk) 03:57, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

 * This was not correct, see Talk: Jeffrey Sinclair for details. Basically, "Minbari not borne of Minbari" is the correct quote, attested in two episodes. Wellspring (talk) 16:50, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

That would be a hybrid bi-species, depends on the species of the male and female parents Ifremen (talk) 23:59, 29 October 2019 (UTC)

Deleted
Why was this article removed? The Babylon 5 page contains one tiny reference to Babylon 4 only, noting that it was completed and disappeared. Several pages in Wikipedia make a reference to Babylon 4, with a link to this page. The redirect to Babylon 5 does a disservice to those pages. Can someone please explain to me the reason for deleting the (rather large) article that was here before the redirect? -- MrItty 18:08, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The article is unsourced. Unless reliable sources are included, it should be redirected. PhilKnight (talk) 23:37, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Cite needed
User:Aladdin Sane has added a citation needed to the second paragraph of the article, with the comment ''Not in any DVD/aired episode canon. May be in "secondary" canon (novels/comics/short stories).'' I can't help with the station's ability to move, but I remember in the 3rd season episode "War Without End" Ivonova commenting on B4's layout being a little different but they obviously could navigate in it, and Zatharas saying he needed to secure "the largest of all Babylon stations" in that episode as well as in the first season episode "Babylon Squared". Does this help? Kresock (talk) 01:24, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, thank you, that's a start. Ivanova's reference, I believe, is to the internal layout and figuring out how to get around inside.  Zathras' reference is to moving through time, not space, I believe.  My problem is that there are two references on WP to B4 being a ship, with big honking engines that move it through space, not time.  There are references on fanfic sites to this idea, but nothing I consider within canon.  This idea is not presented in the DVD's, and while probably not important for the primary canon, it is important for the secondary canon that I'm not familiar with and therefor determines certain references on WP:  Namely, B4 is under "ships" on the B5 template (the reference at the bottom of each B5 WP page), and I thought it should go under "locations".  Now I can't fix it, because I'm not sure it is incorrect (I already moved B5 from "ships" to "locations" in the template).  Man, how'd I get started down this road...  --Aladdin Sane (talk) 03:17, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * JMS said so, so it's true. I added the necessary reference. --Illythr (talk)
 * I agree. And I thank you for removing this big question mark from on top of my head that's been following me around the last few days.  --Aladdin Sane (talk) 15:38, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it took awhile to find that letter. --Illythr (talk) 21:09, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Some more references for this article

 * 1) I know one reference for the three paragraphs in the Behind the scenes section.  In Talk:Babylon_5 a link is provided to an article titled Babylon 5: The Scripts of JMS: Volume 15.  Personally, I find this a compelling reference for the information.  Unfortunately, my impression is that some Wikigods would not (since it's a blog and the author doesn't even use a pseudonym).
 * I'm ok with it, as the information it presents is neither unusual, nor controversial. --Illythr (talk) 10:35, 11 October 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) When I read it I considered the paragraph on "In Valen's Name" self-referencing.  When I looked it up, the reference is on WP at "In Valen's Name."  As to whether the paragraph is true or not I haven't a clue; I haven't read any of the secondary canon.  I've read that verifiability, not truth, is the WP standard, so I think that the paragraph is fine with a mere internal reference (wikilink).  However, I'm again hesitant to add the reference because of how Wikigods seem to feel about internal references.  --Aladdin Sane (talk) 22:20, 10 October 2009 (UTC)
 * To become a real reference, the actual book that mentions this should be cited, preferrably, along with the page number. --Illythr (talk) 10:35, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

“Babylon 3” materials
The article claims that leftover materials from previous Babylon stations, namely Babylon 3, were used to build Babylon 4. Today I have rewatched the War Without End double episode and personally found no Babylon 3 emblems inside the station. I think the cause of this claim is B4’s weird emblem: the dark red digit 4 is placed in front of the bright letter B, so the latter appears like digit 3. —  NickTheRed37 (0x54 · 0x43) 15:52, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

 * After watching “Babylon Squared” I still did not see any B3 emblem. But anyway, even if the station would be constructed using materials from previous stations, keeping emblems of older stations would be illogical. I am removing the claim from this and Russian articles as unsourced and original research. —  NickTheRed37 (0x54 · 0x43) 15:20, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Babylon 4


text: Category:Members of the Virginia House of Delegates


text:
Customs and Excise

Customs and Excise refers to customs duty and excise duty.

In certain countries, the national tax authorities that are responsible for collecting those duties are named Customs and Excise, including:
 * HM Customs and Excise, a department of the British government until 2005
 * HM Revenue and Customs a department formed by the merger of HM Customs and Excise with Inland Revenue in 2005
 * Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong)
 * Directorate General of Customs and Excise (Indonesia)
 * In Ghana, the Customs, Excise and Preventive Service
 * In Singapore, the defunct Customs and Excise Department, which was replaced by the Singapore Customs on 1 April 2003

title: Customs and Excise


text: Category:Virginia General Assembly

title: Category:Virginia General Assembly


text:
Emil Maurice

Emil Maurice (19 January 1897 – 6 February 1972) was an early member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) and a founding member of the Schutzstaffel (SS). He was Hitler's first personal chauffeur, and was one of the few persons of mixed Jewish and ethnic German ancestry to serve in the SS.

Early life and association with Hitler
A watchmaker by trade, Maurice was a close early associate of Adolf Hitler; their personal friendship dated back to 1919 when they were both members of the German Workers' Party (DAP). Maurice officially joined the DAP on 1 December 1919 and his party number was 594 (the count began at 501). With the founding of the Sturmabteilung in 1920, Maurice became the first Oberster SA-Führer (Supreme SA Leader). Maurice led the SA stormtroopers in some fights with other groups during those early days. Hitler later in his book Mein Kampf mentions one fight in particular from November 1921 where Maurice was at the forefront of the SA unit during the fighting.

In July 1921, Maurice became a personal chauffeur for Adolf Hitler. In March 1923, Maurice also became a member of the Stabswache (Staff Guard), a small separate bodyguard dedicated to Hitler's service rather than "a suspect mass" of the party, such as the SA. It was given the task of guarding Hitler at Nazi parties and rallies. In May 1923, the unit was renamed Stoßtrupp (Shock Troop) 'Adolf Hitler'. Maurice, Julius Schreck, Joseph Berchtold, and Erhard Heiden, were all members of the Stoßtrupp. On 9 November 1923, the Stoßtrupp, along with the SA and several other paramilitary units, took part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich. In the aftermath of the putsch, Hitler, Rudolf Hess, Maurice and other Nazi leaders were incarcerated at Landsberg Prison for high treason. The Nazi Party and all associated formations, including the Stoßtrupp, were officially disbanded.

After Hitler's release from prison, the Nazi Party was officially refounded. In 1925, Hitler ordered the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando (protection command). It was formed by Julius Schreck and included old Stoßtrupp members, Maurice and Heiden. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded to a national level. It was renamed successively the Sturmstaffel (storm squadron), and finally on 9 November the Schutzstaffel (SS). Hitler became SS member No. 1 and Emil Maurice became SS member No. 2. At that time, Maurice became an SS-Führer in the new organization, although the leadership of the SS was assumed by Schreck, the first Reichsführer-SS. Maurice became Hitler's permanent chauffeur in 1925. Later when Maurice informed Hitler in December 1927 that he was having a relationship with Hitler's half-niece Geli Raubal, Hitler forced an end to the affair. Maurice was dismissed from Hitler's personal service in 1928, but allowed to remain a member of the SS. As chauffeur, he was succeeded first by Julius Schreck and then Erich Kempka.

When the SS was reorganized and expanded in 1932, Maurice became a senior SS officer and would eventually be promoted to the rank SS-Oberführer. While Maurice never became a top commander of the SS, his status as SS member #2 effectively credited him as an actual founder of the organization. Heinrich Himmler, who ultimately would become the most recognized leader of the SS, was SS member #168.

Conflict with Himmler over Jewish heritage
After Himmler had become Reichsführer-SS, Maurice fell afoul of Himmler's racial purity rules for SS officers when he had to submit details of his family history before he was allowed to marry in 1935. Himmler stated, "without question...Maurice is, according to his ancestral table, not of Aryan descent". All SS officers had to prove racial purity back to 1750, and it turned out that Maurice had one-eighth Jewish ancestry: Charles Maurice Schwartzenberger (Chéri Maurice 1805–1896), the founder of the Thalia Theater in Hamburg, was his great-grandfather.

Even though Maurice had been a party member since 1919, taken part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch (for which he was awarded the prestigious Blood Order), and been a bodyguard for Hitler, Himmler considered him to be a serious security risk given his "Jewish ancestry". Himmler recommended that Maurice be expelled from the SS, along with other members of his family. To Himmler's annoyance, Hitler stood by his old friend. In a secret letter written on 31 August 1935, Hitler compelled Himmler to make an exception for Maurice and his brothers, who were informally declared "Honorary Aryans" and allowed to stay in the SS.

Later life
Maurice became engaged on 31 March 1935 to the medical student – later doctor – Hedwig Maria Anna Ploetz, the daughter of Colonel Rudolf Ploetz. They married on 5 November 1935 in Munich. In 1936, he became a Reichstag deputy for Leipzig and from 1937 was the chairman of the Munich Chamber of Commerce. From 1940 to 1942, he served in the Luftwaffe as an officer.

On 25 May 1945, American forces captured Maurice in Starnberg. In 1948, he was tried and sentenced to four years in a labour camp as a "Class II Nazi" (Offender). He returned to his life as a watchmaker and in 1951 owned a watch shop in Munich. He died in Starnberg on 6 February 1972.

Decorations and awards

 * Coburg Badge, October 1932
 * Golden Party Badge, 1933
 * Blood Order #495, 1933
 * SS-Ehrenring, 1933
 * SS-Ehrendegen, 1933
 * Honour Chevron for the Old Guard, February 1934
 * SS Ehrendolch (SS honor dagger)
 * War Merit Cross without swords
 * Nazi Party Long Service Award in Bronze, Silver and Gold

title: Emil Maurice


text:
Văcărescu family

The House of Văcărescu was a boyar family of Phanariote Greek descent in Wallachia (now part of Romania).

The family produced the first poets in Romanian literature.

Notable members

 * Enache Văcărescu (1654–1714) grand treasurer of Wallachia (killed with his master, Prince Brâncoveanu)
 * Ienăchiță Văcărescu (1730–1796) poet, wrote the first Romanian grammar
 * Alecu Văcărescu (1769–1798), poet
 * Nicolae Văcărescu (1786–1825), poet
 * Barbu Văcărescu (died 1832), the last Great Ban of Craiova
 * Iancu Văcărescu (1786–1863), poet
 * Marițica Bibescu (1815–1859), poet and Princess-consort of Wallachia
 * Claymoor (Mișu Văcărescu) (c. 1843–1903), journalist
 * Maurice Paléologue (1859–1944), writer and French diplomat
 * Elena Văcărescu (1864–1947), poet

title: Văcărescu family


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Royal Lao Government in Exile

Royal Lao Government in Exile
An organisation which purports to be an alternative royalist government of Laos. It appears to be appears to be one year old, i.e it was created 28 years after the abdication of the last King. It has been ridiculed on Usenet. This is yet again by User:Jimmyvanthach who has been banned from editing articles on royalist movements in Vietnam by the arbcom for propagandizing. Jimmy aggressively removed the tag too (and then the vfd tag). This is not Vietnam, but his action is against the spirit if not the letter of the arbcom ruling. Dunc|☺ 18:16, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

aggressive excuse me Duncharris using the words "jimmybullshit" against me on wikipedia
I beg your pardon ? You Duncharris, have been using curse words against me,

You should be banned and it is evidenced in a my userpage of your language saying

"Jimmybullshit"

Did you say that Duncharris ?

The Arbcom suggested that I add to other subjects, noting to do with Vietnam.

If the Arbcom suggested ALL royalty on wikipedia, but they did not.

You have not right to give your statement well I interpret

"This is not Vietnam, but his action is against the spirit if not the letter of the arbcom ruling."

Having a Usenet as a basis of facts is not viable.

I ask all Wikipedia members to review the official website of the

Royal Lao Government in Exile and you be the judge.

 * The Royal Lao Government in Exile Official Site

--Jimmyvanthach 19:05, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

''Some further comments by Jimmyvanthach that are not relevant to the article's future inclusion have been moved to the talk page. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:48, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)''

---

 * KEEP The Royal Lao Government in Exile has alot of potential to grow into a good article about information about their political organization.--Jimmyvanthach 19:08, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete and request ArbCom ban Jimmy from Laos-related topics as well as Vietnam. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:27, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd go as far to say ban him from Southeast-Asian-related topics, because it's quite obvious that he's looking for a loophole. Mike H 20:34, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: The persual of a narrow interest that will misinform readers. Essentially, advertising and advocacy, both of which are not allowed. Geogre 19:45, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting, notable, even if it is ridiculed.  Inclusion is not, in and of itself, endorsement.  --L33tminion | (talk) 19:59, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wile E. Heresiarch 20:37, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. An article on Laotian politics from someone who wrote such misleading things about Vietnamese politics that he is no longer permitted to write about it. Somehow I don't think we can trust this information. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 21:06, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete unless convincingly confirmed by someone known to be a neutral, reliable, well-informed third party; for example, a university professor with a telephone number listed at the university's website. (Jimmyvanthach has almost certainly masqueraded as Tran Van Ba so establishment of the identity of anyone claiming to verify this information is essential). The USENET thread referenced is convincing evidence to me that the article is not a straightforward piece of factual information. The USENET poster who claims to have paid $999 for an advisory position to this government in exile may be not be truthful, but it at least raises the question whether the article's purpose is more sinister than merely micronation-like vanity. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 21:18, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, I suppose. If another user can vouch for the content and its notability, I'll change my vote. But it also would not be fair to punish Jimmy for writing about Laotian politics just because he was banned from editing on Vietnamese politics. Everyking 22:21, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, "Royal Lao Government in Exile" gets 40 Google hits. - SimonP 03:05, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete arbcom should consider blocking this Jimmy chap for a month or two.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 06:34, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. They don't seem to have any fame yet. Jeltz 10:18, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)


text:
User:KL47~enwiki

From the German Wikipedia. :-)

title: User:KL47~enwiki


text:
Por Amor (Menudo album)

Por Amor (1982) is Menudo's tenth Spanish album, featuring Ricky Meléndez, Johnny Lozada, Xavier Serbiá, Miguel Cancel, and new member Charlie Massó who replaced Renè Farrait.

Track listing

 * 1) Quiero Rock (Alejandro Monroy, Julio Seijas, Claudio Villa) [2:36] - Singer: Miguel Cancel
 * 2) Lady (Monroy, Seijas, Villa) [3:36] - Singer: Johnny Lozada
 * 3) Y Yo No Bailo (Monroy, Seijas, Villa) [2:41] - Singer: Ricky Meléndez
 * 4) Es Por Amor (Eddy Guerin, Seijas, Villa) [3:51] - Singer: Miguel Cancel
 * 5) Chispa De La Vida (Monroy) [3:06] - Singer: Charlie Massó
 * 6) Dulces Besos (Monroy, Seijas, Villa) [3:21] - Singer: Johnny Lozada
 * 7) Fórmula (Escolar) 3:19 - Singer: Xavier Serbiá
 * 8) Cuándo Pasará (Luis Gómex Escolar, Seijas) [3:48] - Singer: Miguel Cancel
 * 9) Como Eres Tú (Monroy, Villa) [3:48] - Singers: the entire group
 * 10) Susana (Escolar) [3:30] - Singers: the entire group

title: Por Amor (Menudo album)


text:
Iancu Văcărescu

Iancu Văcărescu (1786–1863) was a Romanian Wallachian boyar and poet, member of the Văcărescu family.

Biography
The son of Alecu Văcărescu, descending from a long line of Wallachian men of letters — his paternal uncle, Ienăchiță Văcărescu, was author of the first Romanian grammar; Iancu was the grandfather of writer Elena Văcărescu. He received a quality education not only in Greek (the preferred language of teaching in Wallachia at the time), but also in German and French, and was well versed in Western literature.

A patriot during the Phanariote epoch, he sided with the national movement in 1821 (around Tudor Vladimirescu's Wallachian Uprising), and assisted in establishing the Romanian theatre, translating many books and plays from German and French into Romanian, notably the Britannicus of Racine, a literary event of no small importance at the time. He inaugurated modern Romanian poetry. During the debates in the National Assembly over the drafting of an organic law for the Danubian Principalities (see Regulamentul Organic), Văcărescu spoke out against Imperial Russian overseeing, and was placed under arrest before being exiled for the following years.

Văcărescu was also one of the founders of the modern Romanian school system. He wrote philosophical poems, and ballads that found their inspiration in folklore. The first volume of verse he published was in 1830.

Before the 1848 Wallachian revolution, he presided a literary society (Societatea Literară) which served as a front for the radical secret association Frăţia.

Văcărescu died in 1863.

Published books

 * Poezii alese (1830)
 * Colecţie din poeziile domnului marelui logofăt Iancu Văcărescu (1848)

title: Iancu Văcărescu


text:
CGCG

CGCG may refer to:

 * Catalogue of Galaxies and of Clusters of Galaxies
 * Central giant-cell granuloma, a localised benign condition of the jaws

title: CGCG


text:
Damper (food)

Damper is a thick home-made bread traditionally prepared by early European settlers in Australia. It is a bread made from wheat-based dough. Flour, salt and water, with some butter if available, is lightly kneaded and baked in the coals of a campfire, either directly or within a camp oven.

Damper was utilised by stockmen who travelled in remote areas for long periods, with only basic rations of flour (much less bulky than baked bread ), sugar and tea, supplemented by whatever meat was available. It was also a basic provision of squatters. Baking soda or beer could be used for leavening the basic flour, salt, and water if available, but traditionally the bread was unleavened. Damper was normally cooked in the ashes of the campfire. The ashes were flattened, and the damper was cooked there for ten minutes, often wrapped around a stick. Following this, it was covered with ashes and cooked for another 20 to 30 minutes until it sounded hollow when tapped. Damper could also be cooked in a greased camp oven. Damper was eaten with dried or cooked meat or golden syrup.

Damper is considered quintessentially Australian, and emblematic of early European settlement and rural life there, although this way to make bread was not unique to colonial or pre-colonial Australia. Other cultures have similar hearth breads, and versions of soda or other quick breads are made when camping in many parts of the world, including New Zealand and the United Kingdom.

When cooked as smaller, individually-sized portions, the damper may be known as "bush scones" or "johnnycakes" (also "johnny cakes"). North American cornmeal bread is also called johnnycake; it is uncertain if this influenced the Australian term. However, Australian johnnycakes, while often pan-fried, remain wheat-based.

The bread is different from bush bread, which has been eaten by Indigenous Australians for thousands of years, traditionally made by crushing a variety of native seeds, nuts and roots, and mixing them into a dough baked in the coals of a fire. There are studies into whether this technique of various Aboriginal peoples influenced the development of colonial-era damper, similarly cooked in the ashes of a camp fire.

title: Damper (food)


text: Category:Romanian boyar families

title: Category:Romanian boyar families


text: Category:Television stations in Virginia


text:
Reaching Out (Menudo album)

Reaching Out (1984) is the fourteenth studio album by the boy band Menudo, and their first in English.

It features Ricky Meléndez, Charlie Massó, Ray Reyes, Roy Rosselló, and new member Robby Rosa. Robby replaced Johnny Lozada after Johnny reached the group's age limit. The songs on this album are selections from their last four Spanish language albums translated into English, with the exception of “Like A Cannonball″. This song was recorded for the soundtrack to the Burt Reynolds film Cannonball Run II. Robby Rosa is the lead vocalist on six of the ten songs, being the only member fluent in the English language at the time.

The album sold 425,000 copies in Brazil. It peaked #108 on the Billboard 200, making it the band's first album to chart in the US. The single "If You're Not Here" sold 270,000 in Brazil.

Track listing

 * 1) "Like a Cannonball" (Como Cannonball) (Snuff Garrett, Steve Dorff, Milton Brown) - Singer: Robby Rosa
 * 2) "Indianapolis" (Alejandro Monroy, Carlos Villa) - Singer: Charlie Massó
 * 3) "Heavenly Angel" (Monroy, Villa, Mary Lynne M Pagan) - Singer: Charlie Massó
 * 4) "Because of Love" (Pagan, Villa, Julio Seijas, Eddy Guerin) - Singer: Robby Rosa
 * 5) "Motorcycle Dreamer" (Pagan, Villa, Edgardo Díaz) - Singer: Ricky Melendez
 * 6) "If You're Not Here - By My Side" (Díaz, Monroy, Pagan, Villa) [4:25] - Singer: Robby Rosa
 * 7) "That's What You Do" (Monroy, Pagan, Villa) - Singer: Ray Reyes
 * 8) "Gimme Rock" (Monroy, Pagan, Seijas, Villa) - Singer: Robby Rosa
 * 9) "Gotta Get On Moving" (Monroy, Pagan, Villa) - Singer: Ricky Meléndez
 * 10) "Fly Away" (Díaz, Monroy, Pagan, Villa) - Singer: Robby Rosa

Production

 * Arranged and conducted by Alejandro Monroy and Carlos Villa
 * Produced by Edgardo Díaz, with additional production by Mary Lynne M. Pagan
 * Engineered by Jaime Camacho (vocals) and Jose Vinader (music)
 * Mixed by Carlos Martos

title: Reaching Out (Menudo album)


text:
Talk:Suling

Untitled
I turned "Sundanese Suling" into a redirect to this page, because they were duplicates of each other. It would be great if we could reorganize this page a little, so that there's a general description of the suling, with either the things that are region-specific (that is, just in Sunda, or just in Bali) clearly marked, or in their own section. I'd do it, but I don't know much at all about musical instruments. I can't tell which parts are specific to the Sundanese suling, and what is more general. There's a lot of good stuff here, though, so it'd be great to make it even better. - Cdc 18:21, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I would like to add some information about Balinese suling that might be useful. The suling used in Balinese Gamelan as well as a Solo instrument in the villages, uses both Circular breathing and Jaw Vibrato, the latter being where the Jaw is moved up and down to create a wavy vibrato on the flute. Cicrcular breathing I imagine already has a wiki page. There are many different sizes to the suling, from the very small flute used in Arja Street Opera ensembles up to the Giant flutes used in the Ancient Gambuh Drama. There are also entire Orchestras of flutes, known as "Gong Suling", that play the regular Gamelan repertoire arranged for many sizes of flute, but the Gong Suling also includes kendang (Drums), Gongs, and Ceng Ceng(small cymbal percussion).Sometimes a regular "Gamelan Gong" may use three suling. Sorry, this information is from my own research and I don't have any citations, if anybody has some for Suling Bali that would be great. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Frankenflute (talk • contribs) 01:40, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Removing infobox
Hello ,

I noticed you making a fairly large change to a group of musical instrument articles, including this one, removing infoboxes, and I am hoping for more information. If I were to guess, it looks like either you don't like where the boxes are in the article, or maybe the wrong infoboxes were used? I don't think I object, because I think the boxes were being used when a template is more appropriate. Jacqke (talk) 00:53, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello. Yeah, someone copied the same infobox for music genre "gamelan ensemeble" into 10 different musical instruments articles, turning it into a navigation between these instruments (which repeats the already existing template on these pages). This infobox had nothing to do with the articles itselves. Solidest (talk) 01:32, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I understand and agree. Thanks for taking care of that.Jacqke (talk) 01:43, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

music
indonesian traditional music & instrument 38.47.163.46 (talk) 09:23, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suling


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Strasbourg Cathedral facade

Strasbourg Cathedral facade

Self-nomination. I took two photos of the cathedral's façade and then stitched them together in Photoshop. The Strasbourg cathedral is one of the most remarkable examples of Gothic architecture in France. --[[User:Kpalion|Kpalion (talk)]] 18:21, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Oppose. Either because of the compression of the image or becasue of the buildings surface, the image doesn't look all that clear.--Fir0002 23:07, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I uploaded a better version (much higher resolution, now it's really huge). I hope it's better now? -[[User:Kpalion|Kpalion (talk)]] 23:40, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Weak oppose - just as Photoshop can be used to stitch, so too can it be used to adjust perspective. Would support if that were done. Denni ☯ 23:47, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)
 * Support. It's detailed and beautiful. - Menchi 08:11, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ooo...I didn't notice the door was missing its bottom bits like Solipsist pointed out. I can live with the fact the higher tower to the left is missing its roof, but the gate's lower part being missing is a bit of a shame. I still support, since no other featured church photo has a facade. Strangely, we have two similar ones on the inside though: Image:Cathedral of Magdeburg Inside.jpg and Image:STmaximin-Solitude.jpg --Menchi 00:29, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Insanely detailed. - RedWordSmith 19:38, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Pretty good, but... It can be difficult to get a good angle on some cathedrals, particularly when enclosed by medieval streets, so it is often necessary to concentrate on the tower/spire or one of the doorways. In this case, although the facade is reasonably detailed, we are missing both the top and the bottom, which feels uncomfortable. Also, there is hardly any article to illustrate at Our Lady's Cathedral in Strasbourg (nor on the French Wiki from what I could tell). Its a reasonable illustration for façade, but I would have thought we could find better - for a cathedral it should probably be the west face, and for any building should really be complete elevation. -- Solipsist 21:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 00:04, 06 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Janderk 14:17, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Nice picture but... hm, not ideal. Could you make the sky more dark in Photoshop. In the future use filters. tukan 16:54, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Nice job stitching, but the tight crop on all four sides is confining. - Jpo 18:46, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Like many images of architecture on WP, it needs perspective correction, at the very least. --MarkSweep 19:15, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Enochlau 15:36, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not promoted. +4/-8. ed g2s  •  talk  04:32, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Virginia state senators

title: Category:Virginia state senators