text:
Talk:Canton Island

Untitled
In 1941 actor and playwright Sir Noel Coward was trapped on the Island for sixteen days and apprently loved every second of it. He was on route to the west coast when a monsoons struck. He said from the air the Island looked like a Cartier bracelet. Two years latter he wrote a book about the Island and the couple that ran the radio station the book is called Mr and Mrs Fleming. The Island is now deserted the hotel and radio station plus a flying clipper are in mothballs waiting for us all to rediscover them anyone interested? regards timhughes@bigpond.com LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING FROM YOU.

A small stroke that is "folded"
I have removed the following from the article as it doesn't make sense to me at all. The <small> tags were in the article as well. If someone can make sense of it please reword it and add it back in if it deserves it.
 * ( it is a small stroke that is "folded", if it was totally right, you have to ride 33 km and you have seen the whole island )

Thryduulf 10:20, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Village - Kanton or "Pyramid Point" or "Tebaronga Village"?
What's the name of the village where the 41 people (census of 2005) live in, and where is it located? The census list of villages only lists "Kanton", perhaps since there is only one village on the island. Some sources talk about "Pyramid Point" at the southeast corner of the atoll (the German wikipedia article ), and there is a DX postcard on page  that talks about "Tebaronga Village". Are those different names of the same village, or are they historic names of different villages?Ratzer 18:35, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

24.6.112.137 01:05, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Tebaronga is the name of the current village. Pyramid Point also has some buildings and makeshift houses with full time inhabitants, but some of which people only use as 'holiday houses', or places to hang out when they come to Pyramid Point to fish or to enjoy the cooler breeze. I was there last year. DarrelSTrueman (talk) 12:23, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Very interesting. Pyramid Point is also the name of the southernmost point of the atoll, in the southeast. The only building that can be made out on the very detailed satellite images is a tower, presumably a lighthouse, but no other building. North of the lagoon entrance at Spam Island, presumably the location of Tebaronga village, several buildings can be seen, and more in the north, at the western end of the airport. But nothing at "Pyramid Point". Mysterious.--Ratzer (talk) 08:23, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Island Used by NASA after 1965
I'm doing some research on a postcard I found in my parents' collection. On July 21 1975, a friend of the family sent a postcard from Kanton Island. He was there as an ham radio operator, working at the NASA tracking station from where they tracked the Apollo-Soyuz craft. The postcard is postmarked the mentioned date with the Kanton Island seal, and includes two U.S. canceled stamps commemorating the Apollo-Soyuz mission. So clearly the island was being used by NASA/U.S. after 1965, and American presence there was well after 1968. The postmark is also labeled "USPO", which should prove the U.S. post office was also there through 1975. Groink 23:58, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

I'm pretty sure your friend was most likely a civilian contractor to the USAF. Then it was Canton. Kanton came later on when it became part of Kiribati or what ever.

I was on Canton twice, two years running for about six weeks at a time in 1973 and 1974. It could have been 72 and 73. So you are correct as it was actually occupied by the US for quite a while after the time the article mentions.

I was in the USAF detached to the DMA (Defense Mapping Agency) then. I was there to locate the island using satellite geodesy which was a rather new technology in those days. I suppose you could say it was the predecessor of today's GPS. I situated my trig station down were the old Mercury towers once were. I can't see them on Google Earth now so I guess they are long gone. When I was there the towers were very corroded but still standing. The island was used then by the US Air Force, SAMSO (Space and Missile Systems Organization) as one of the tracking stations that was then part of the SAMSO Western Missile Test Range. They occasionally shot missiles out of Vandenberg AFB down range in order to test the accuracy of the guidance systems etc. In addition to the radar on Canton, they also had a bore sight antenna and tower on Enderbury. The Air Force had a charter fight out of Hickam AFB HI to American Samoa once a week with a stop going and coming at Canton. As I recall, in order to leave the air field terminal shelter or otherwise gain entry to the island you had to posses at least a secret clearance.

Most of the personnel were civilian contractors. I have forgotten which company ran the contract but I think it could have been Global something or other. Cooks, janitorial workers etc. were mostly Samoans that the contractor also supplied via a subcontractor. The site commander was a USAF Lt. Colonel and there were some regular USAF weather and a few administrative personnel there too. One oddly enough from my rather small home town in SC. Talk about a small world.

One of the rules there that was very strictly enforced was that there was to be no fighting what so ever. If you got yourself involved in a fight, both participants were shipped off the island on the next available flight and your contract was immediately terminated. It did not matter who began the altercation, both parties were shipped off no questions asked.

Tensions ran somewhat strained there as there were no women at all. Booze cost all of 25 cents for a highball, ergo the no fighting rule. The folks there had plenty of money for the booze too as they had free room and board and paid little to no taxes under the IRS 510 rule. If one got hard up enough for the sight of a female they could go down to the air terminal and maybe catch a glimpse of a rather large Samoan lady or two when the flight came through every week but that was about it for contact with the fairer sex. The contractors spend months on end there so they tended to get a little squirrely and crazy when they hit Hawaii for the occasional leave allowed them under the tax code. They had a lots of cash and what amounted to a full head of steam. You can probably imagine the rest. I can say that they had nothing to learn from any sailor past or present.

I obtained my NAUI scuba certification there and still have a Canton Island Dive Club patch. It had and I'm sure it still does have some of the best coral reef diving in the world. It offers crystal clear water every day of the week. The water is like a bathtub so no wet suit is needed if you keep stay say 60' and above. I wore a pair of cutoffs and a T shirt. The ride in and out of the mouth of the lagoon during the tide changes is a real blast. The entire lagoon fills and drains through the one narrow opening to the open ocean.

There is a very interesting story about the pack of stray dogs left behind by the Pan Am folks that taught themselves to fish cooperatively as a pack. It was written up in National Geographic. It's an amazing but true story, I've seem them do it.

The only naturally occurring land critters that I observed there were hermit craps, thousands upon thousands of them. There were of course lots of fish and bird life. The only plant life beyond scrub brush and a few grasses was some coconut palms but those were mostly on what was then the British side of the island.

When I was there, there was no physical British presence or even structure on the so called British side. 24.6.112.137 01:05, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Military Presence Through 1973
My boss said he was stationed on this island in 1972 and 1973, and that there were still people there when he left. Who said that the American presence ended in 1968? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Misopogon (talk • contribs) 15:03, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

How to get there?
Does someone know how to get there nowadays? Sounds interesting for the article! Belgian man (taBold textlk) 10:08, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Interested in Going there too
Does anyone know what can be done to get there these days or how to arrange a visit? Phil. [October 26th, 2009]

(Check out www.phoenix-islands.com they run trips every year from Apia in Samoa)

 * In the meantime, I have found something on the new Kiribati tourism website: here. The only company that serves Kanton with passenger services is Kiribati Shipping Services Ltd, under Shipping and Ferry Services. Greetings, Belgian man (talk) 14:12, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I was there in August 2008 and took a lot of pictures. They are posted on flickr.com, so if you want to take a look search for 'kanton island'.  My id there is joann94024.  As far as getting there I took a very rough trip using Pacific Expeditions operating out of the Cook Islands.  I can't really recommend that route, but it is a way to get there if you are really determined.  First though I'd check out the supply ship to see if that is a possibility.  See link in above post. Joann94024 (talk) 06:28, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Nice pictures! I would prefer the route from Tarawa, sounds interesting to combine the trip with the rest of Kiribati :) Greetings, Belgian man (talk) 08:34, 12 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Excellent photos!! I'd seen them before, when I was doing a Flickr search on the Phoenix Islands.  Thanks so much for sharing them with the rest of us!  The link is below, in an earlier entry I'd made on this subject. - Ecjmartin (talk) 10:41, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Its interesting that you would want to go to Kanton Island. I was there back in 1942 when the rifle company I was part of was sent there, from Hawaii to increase the presence of defensive troops to protect the army Air force fighter planes who were bombing the Japanese troops prior to the battle of the marines at Tarawa. We were there for 13 months. At that time there was only one tree on the island. A coconut palm. Nothing there really but small crabs by the millions. All our water was distilled at a portable plant and there was very little rain. that is until the navy dynamited a passage at the north end of the island so small boats could enter the lagoon. before this opening was made the sun heated up the lagoon so that a warm bubble of air was over the Island which caused th rain clouds to split and go around the island. After that rain came directly over the island and we had to change the flat roofs of our quarters to pyramidal. There is nothing else on this place that you can enjoy unless you are a boater with a nice yacht. I am surprised that 41 people, as reported, can live on this island. Kernelned@Bellsouth.net

 * I've seen some old photos from the 30's and 40's of Kanton, and I can relate to what you write about the lack of vegetation on the island during that era. More recent pictures indicate a much greater presence of foilage and trees, at least around the village on the island's west side.  Check some of them out at http://www.flickr.com/photos/72923065@N00/sets/72157607566623483/ (This is a Flickr user's account of her voyage to Kanton and other Phoenix Islands a few years ago.  The Kanton Island photos start at the bottom of pg. 1 and continue onto pg. 2.).  Perhaps the airline and other personnel stationed on the island during the 50's, 60's and 70's contributed to that, together with the increased rainfall you spoke of above.  Thanks for sharing your memories! - Ecjmartin (talk) 00:52, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Recent deletion of commercial advert
Just an opinion, here, but since this is a talk page, the rules of what is allowed here are very much relaxed, compared to the main article text. I wholeheartedly concur with the decision of the editor who recently removed the commercial advert from the article texts of the various Phoenix Island articles, as that most emphatically does NOT belong in the article itself. However, on the talk page, especially here when it's being given in answer to a query on how to get there, it doesn't seem out of line to allow a reference to that company. Like I said, it's just my opinion. - Ecjmartin (talk) 01:04, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Kanton Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060913054242/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf to http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060913054242/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf to http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060913054242/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf to http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060913054242/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf to http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060913054242/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf to http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060913054242/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf to http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060913054242/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf to http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/ARB/041-46/041.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120224072543/http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=413262&NewsAreaID=2 to http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/Detail.aspx?ReleaseID=413262&NewsAreaID=2

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:15, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Naming
The article states that "The atoll was initially named "Mary Ballcout's Island" after the shipowner's wife." As Daniel Bennett owned both Phoenix and Mary, it is not clear who Mary Ballcout was, and who she was married to. Googling "Mary Ballcout" does not provide any answers. Acad Ronin (talk) 21:26, 19 July 2018 (UTC)

Airplane crashes
The article states, "It was the site of at least two airplane crashes during the war: on 19 July 1944 and 5 December 1945." World War II ended on 2 September 1945. Therefore, the crash on 5 December 1945 could not have occurred during the war. Bill S. (talk) 18:33, 30 December 2019 (UTC)

Name
The Constitution of Kiribati (1979) says that the alternate names of this island are Canton Island or Kanton or Abariringa. And Canton Island is the usual name in English (there is no C letter in Gilbertese). --Arorae (talk) 08:50, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 21 May 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved   Red   Slash  19:31, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

Kanton Island → Canton Island – English and common name of this island of the Pacific Arorae (talk) 06:05, 20 May 2021 (UTC) —Relisting. ~  (t, e | c, l) 08:24, 28 May 2021 (UTC)  —Relisting. Elli (talk | contribs) 14:14, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 14:55, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Anthony Appleyard (talk) 15:00, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Can you cite some sources? A glance at the references shows that "Canton" has been replaced by "Kanton" in most recent publications, including Encyclopaedia Britannica. 162 etc. (talk) 14:26, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The Constitution of Kiribati (written only in English, 1979 but revised in 2018) writes both spellings, Canton or Kanton, like all recent articles in the press (as this one Asia Times.--Arorae (talk) 21:14, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Both of these sources use Kanton first, then mention Canton as an alternate spelling - much like the Wikipedia article currently does. 162 etc. (talk) 22:03, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose: A bad idea — demonstrating Wiki ignorance if done. One might defer to official and international standards and discussions before making an amateur and uninformed assumption. Geographic Names Standardization Policy for Kiribati (pages 6—7) by the United States Board on Geographic Names Foreign Names Committee is an example. "Kanton" is the preferred name with the comment in a footnote (my emphasis):
 * The observant reader will notice the use of both Canton and Kanton in the Kiribati 2010 census; however, the former appears seven times, the latter almost ten times as often. Statistically, then, Kanton prevails to become the primary name for collection.
 * So, just applying Wikipedia's standard for reference dominance "Kanton" is the term by a 10X majority of local usage. Any change to "Canton" would be objectionable and a "personal preference" as the experts have done the work proving otherwise. Palmeira (talk) 15:36, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Personal preference? Do you speak Gilbertese language? Have you heard of Canton Island before? Who are you for speaking about Wikipedia ignorance? The President of Wikipedia? Am I ignorant? Of course. I am a nobody and I do not know all the recommendations on this project. This remote and small island was named Canton for years and years and was an important airport until WWII. In 1979, the Constitution of Kiribati (English written) wrote in its last table: Kanton or Canton Island (because there is no C letter in Gilbertese). There are only 21 Gilbertese living there (2020 Census, official preliminary results). And most of the Gilbertese when they wrote it they wrote Canton Island (to distinguish from Chinese Canton city). But of course some also prefer to use the 13 letters of Gilbertese alphabet. Dominance and usage is my preferred solution. If you say that Kanton has replaced predominantly Canton Island, you can say that with better manners. And facts.--Arorae (talk) 15:50, 21 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Experts, professionals, as noted above, have collected data, made the evaluation, reached a conclusion and published the result. By Wikipedia standards that is a citation for "Kanton" and that is just one of several. The old use of "Canton" is covered along with another name in the opening sentence. Changing the title would be a flagrant disregard of "encyclopedic" practice so oft stated as policy here in favor of your personal view. Palmeira (talk) 20:26, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Support. The proposed title is far more common in English-language sources based on the Google Ngrams. Rreagan007 (talk) 18:38, 28 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. The problem seems to be that there is no "C" in the local alphabet, but this is English Wikipedia. In English it appears that the traditional spelling continues to predominate. Andrewa (talk) 01:59, 14 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support as already explained before: no C letter in Gilbertese spelling and the C of Canton was replaced by K. Kanton is not the native name just the adaptation of English name.--Arorae (talk) 11:20, 14 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Edited to strike, RM nominator should not vote on own proposal. 162 etc. (talk) 17:15, 23 June 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Observation to all: The problem with the "English language" arguments here is simply this. Whether there is a "C" or not in the local alphabet or not, how "K" got there is irrelevant. International, modern use is Kanton. A search of mapping and charting agencies worldwide shows the published current material will be Kanton in the majority of cases. So, anyone running across "Kanton Island" from maps, charts, international reports, modern publications of all sorts and checking on Wikipedia is going to do a time travel to the past. One may as well argue that "English uses Peking, not Beijing, and my Google search got lots of hits on Peking" — even if they are from the 20th century and not so recent. Any current publication using that name demonstrates its archaic tendency. Probably a futile argument here, but Wikipedia not adhering to international, official naming standards does make it glare as an amateur operation and by no means a "reliable source" (not that it claims to be one). Palmeira (talk) 03:08, 15 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Support . The above example of Beijing/Peking is a nonsense in the Kiribati situation. Canton Island was a British/American island until 1979, known only with this name. Kanton is official (in the Constitution of Kiribati only since 1979, and the text of the Constitution writes Canton OR Kanton (both are legal denominations). And because this atoll is a very small one, there is nothing to compare with a city, capital of China. As clearly written here, it is (just) an alternate name.--RotachZ (talk) 06:35, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canton Island


text:
Loudspeakers (band)

Loudspeakers (stylised as LOUDspeakers) is a Georgian rock band formed in 2009.

History
Loudspeakers formed in 2009 as an alternative rock band. In that year, the band recorded their first song in the kote kalandadze studio. In January 2010 they played their songs in Tbilisi rock club. In 2010 otar gurgenidze left the band, Zura Mchedlishvili replaced him. The same time Zura left and Dato Tsomaia joined the band.

The first important success of this band was when they played in Tbilisi Altervision-Newcomers and became a winner. In 2011 the band had the first solo concert in Magti Club. After this concert Aleko Dolidze left the band. It was an important loss but LoudSpeakers didn't stop their work, Sandro Tsiklauri joined the band.

By today LoudSpeakers have played in festivals in Georgia and other countries around the world. For example, Tbilisi Open Air and Arenal Sound Festival.

The band realised their debut album Lighthouse on 4 March 2015.

Band members

 * Current members

 * Levan Loudadze – Lead Vocals and guitars (2009–present)
 * Levan Mamaladze – Bass Guitar (2009–present)
 * Sandro Tsiklauri – Keyboards (2011–present)
 * Giorgi Tetso – Drums (2018–present)

 * Former members
 * Aleko Dolidze – Keyboards (2009–2011)
 * otar gurgenidze – Drums (2009–2010)
 * Zura Mchedlishvili - Drums (2010)
 * Dato Tsomaia - Drums (2010-2017)

Discography

 * Albums
 * Lighthouse (2015)

 * Singles
 * In This World (2009)
 * World In My Eyes (2010)
 * Fallen In You (2011)
 * Old Dreamer (2012)
 * Lighthouse (2014)
 * Between Two Ways (2018)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Loudspeakers (band)


text:
Talk:Youth International Party

Justification for including this page as part of Socialism in America
Can someone explain why this page has been made part of the series on Socialism in America? Nowhere in the content of this article is socialism, or even communism, substantively mentioned. And for good reason. It's an excellent article, in my view, that shows what the Yippies were--not ideological at all, in fact quite outspokenly anti-ideological. It seems ignorant, if not tendentious, to label the Yippies in this way. If someone can't provide logical justification for this inclusion, I would like to have the article removed from that series, on grounds of historical and intellectual accuracy. Gregapan (talk) 08:41, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

Post-Left?
I don't think the Yippies were really post-left. The concept didn't exist until later in the 70s, and Hoffman's background in Critical Theory makes me skeptical that he would have ever considered himself that way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:4041:3A5:B500:6118:EC74:C250:2E00 (talk) 13:44, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

high times/tom forcade affiliation
I believe something should be written about High Times founder Tom Forcade's affiliation with the yippies.

Yeah. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.161.30.72 (talk • contribs) 04:31, 4 June 2007

title: Talk:Youth International Party


text:
Silent (band)

Silent is a Brazilian Arena Rock Band from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Biography
A Brazilian rock band imagined and created in February of 91 by Gus Andriew (Gustavo Andriewiski). The goal was to start a band that in two months would already have material ready to be presented in a first concert. For that he summoned friends, like L.A. Tilly who had already been on past musical ventures, on the drums, followed by Marcoz Ferraz on the bass, and lastly Alexandre França on lead guitar. In two months SILENT was ready and able to perform. Their first show was on April 25 of 1991, in the once renowned but now closed Babilônia (night club and concert hall). The concert brought in a crowd of about 900 people. Two months passed and they recorded their first demo, and in January of 92 SILENT shot their first music video (For the song Watching), that was selected to premier on MTV Brazil’s show called “Demo MTV” and was included in the regular channel programing. In 93 Marcoz left the band, being replaced by Federico Arana, on the bass and vocals. In the same year SILENT starred in the sound track of a Brazilian soap opera called “O Mapa da Mina”, produced by Rede Globo de Televisão. In the following years that would repeat itself, in 96 and 97, which finally lead to the release of the album “The Bright Side” in 2001, that received raved reviews from around the world, even scoring an 83 grade in the well-known Japanese magazine Burnn. That year also marked the leave of Gustavo Andriewiski from the band. From 2002 to 2005 the band tried to reinvent itself and release new material, but all of these efforts were in vain, and the band broke up.

Before The Comeback
In 2006 Gustavo, Alexandre França and Tilly rejoined in a modern Brazilian rock act called 'Repplica'. At first they had André Bighinzolli (Genoma, Metalmorphose) playing the bass, later replaced by Márcio Chicralla (Celso Blues Boy Band). This project ended in 2010.

The Comeback
In December 2010, Gustavo, Alexandre, and Tilly, found themselves on a bar table throwing around ideas, when Alexandre suggested that they should give new life to the once forgotten idea of SILENT, and they decided to schedule their first come back rehearsal after the holidays, in January 2011. Destiny had a different plan, and, Alexandre França died alongside his wife and his son, in one of the worst natural disasters of Brazilian history. After one year of grieving, Gustavo and Tilly decided to carry on with their friend’s plan. 2012 and 2013 were dedicated to forming a new quartet, and rerecording old songs from the original repertoire of the first years of the band, and also composing new songs.

Reborn
With a new formation defined in 2014, Gustavo Andriewiski on guitar and vocals, Alex Cavalcanti on guitar, Douglas Boiago on the bass, and Luiz “Tilly” Alexandre on the drums, they start recording their second album. In 2015, with their new album “Land Of Lightning” ready, videos from the beginning of their careers salvaged, and a new single/music video ready to be released, the band signed their first contract with the recording label Planet Music Brazil. The single "Around The Sun" was released in October 2015, followed by the Album "Land Of Lightning", released on November. Soon after that, the video clip for "Around The Sun" is released on Vevo and in their Silent Vevo YouTube channel.

Members

 * Vocals, guitar: Gustavo Andriewiski
 * Guitar: Alex Cavalcanti
 * Bass: Roberto Souza
 * Drums: Luiz "Tilly" Alexandre

Former members

 * Bass: Marcos Ferraz
 * Keyboards: Leandro Baliza
 * Guitar: Alexandre França
 * Bass: Federico Martin
 * Bass: Douglas Boiago

Discography

 * The Bright Side (2001)
 * Land Of Lightning (2015)
 * Fragmennts (2020)

title: Silent (band)


text:
Islam in Ivory Coast

Islam was the first Abrahamic monotheistic religion to arrive in Ivory Coast. According to the 2021 census, it is professed by 42.5% of the total population.

As of the late 1980s, only the most devout Muslims in Ivory Coast prayed, fasted, and gave alms as required by strict tenets of Islam, and only the most wealthy performed the hajj. Most Ivoirian Muslims are Sunni, following the Maliki version of Islamic law. Sufism, involving the organization of mystical brotherhoods (Tariqa) for the purification and spread of Islam, is also widespread, laced with indigenous beliefs and practices. The four major Sufi brotherhoods are all represented in Ivory Coast, although the Qadiriya, founded in the eleventh century, and the Tidjaniya, founded in the eighteenth century, are most popular. The Qadiriya is prevalent in the west, and the Tidjaniya, in the east. The other two major Islamic brotherhoods have few adherents in Ivory Coast. The Senoussiya is identified with Libya, where its influence is substantial. Ahmadiyya movement is also present in Ivory Coast.

The significant religious authority is the marabout. He is believed to be a miracle worker, a physician, and a mystic, who exercises both magical and moral authority. He is also respected as a dispenser of amulets, which protect the wearer—Muslim or non-Muslim—against evil. The influence of marabouts has produced a number of reactions in Ivoirian society, among them a series of reformist movements. These reform movements often condemn Sufism and marabouts as un-Islamic, but the poor see that marabouts often speak out on behalf of the downtrodden.

Hamallism began as an Islamic reform movement in the French Sudan early in the twentieth century and has provided a channel for expressing political and religious discontent. Its founder, Hamallah, was exiled from the French Sudan to Ivory Coast during the 1930s. He preached Islamic reform tempered by tolerance of many local practices, but he condemned many aspects of Sufism. Orthodox brotherhoods were able to convince the French authorities in Ivory Coast that Hamallah had been responsible for earlier political uprisings in the French Sudan. Authorities then expelled Hamallah from Ivory Coast and banned his teachings.

The massive immigration of Muslims from the Muslim majority countries Burkina Faso and Mali helped to increase the number of Muslims substantially.

According to Pew Forum the population of Shia in Ivory Coast is less than one percent of the total Muslim population of Ivory Coast while as per Imam Husayn (as) Encyclopedia the population of Shia in Ivory Coast is around five percent of the total Muslim population of Ivory Coast.

title: Islam in Ivory Coast


text:
User:GK/Multiple licenses for Wikipedia contributions

I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article, plus any international geography-related articles, as well as any photos or artwork that I create and contribute to the Wikipedia, as described below: I specifically exclude anything on my user page, any namespace subpages, any of my User subpages and all article  talk pages from the dual-license.

All my minor edits for main Wikipedia namespace articles are released into the public domain.


text:
Box Hill Central

Box Hill Central is a regional shopping centre complex and public transport hub located in the eastern Melbourne suburb of Box Hill, Australia. It is made up of two separate centres, Box Hill Central South and Box Hill Central North. The centre is approximately 16 km east of the Melbourne central business district.

With over 40,000 sqm of leasable area, the centre features the largest concentration of retail space in Box Hill, one of nine designated Metropolitan Activity Centres in Melbourne that are centralised hubs of employment, services and housing. After years of consolidating nearby property holdings, Box Hill Central is currently undergoing a major expansion as part of a 10 year masterplan scheduled to be fully completed by 2030.

Background
The rapid expansion of Melbourne's suburbs following the Second World War caused significant population increases in the eastern parts of the metropolitan area. Box Hill, previously a separate town, became more connected to the rest of the city and grew in importance as a regional centre.

Following the opening of the Forest Hill Chase shopping centre in 1964, the Box Hill City Council and existing businessowners in Box Hill became worried about the competition this would bring. A spate of further centralised shopping centres built in nearby Ringwood and Doncaster only heightened their concerns and accelerated plans for Box Hill to develop its own retail hub. An old timber yard in Clisby Street had been identified as a possible site for a large-scale development in 1961 which now became the focal point for a new shopping centre.

Opening - north
Following many years of planning, tenders were called for a new centre in 1973 for a new multi-storey carpark and shopping centre. In November 1974 it opened as Whitehorse Plaza, a three-level regional shopping centre, at a cost of $3.5 million. it housed anchor tenants such as Coles, Kmart, and Venture, larger tenants like Sussans, Williams The Shoeman, Priceline, Lincraft, and Medicare, along with other assorted retailers, eateries, and services. This is the section today known as Box Hill Central North.

Opening - south
Box Hill Central South was originally constructed in the early 1980s, when the old Box Hill railway station and level crossing was removed, and Market and Main Streets were closed to traffic. Box Hill Central opened in 1987, as a single-level regional shopping centre. It housed anchor tenants Target and Woolworths.

First redevelopment - south (1998-2000)
The shopping centre was reconstructed in 1998 and in 2000 and acquired by Centro Properties, who renamed it to Centro Box Hill South, though many still referred to it as Box Hill Central.

First redevelopment - north (2000-2003)
Due to a lack of tenants, Whitehorse Plaza closed in 2000 before undergoing a complete refurbishment. All tenancies within the centre were demolished, the development's layout and car parks were reconfigured, and there was major refurbishment of external and internal facades. Named Whitehorse City before opening, the centre was reopened on 1 July 2003 by Centro Properties as Centro Whitehorse, a two-level regional shopping centre, featuring anchor tenants Coles and Best & Less.

Second redevelopment - north (2007)
In 2007, Centro Whitehorse was rebranded to Centro Box Hill North and partially redeveloped, with Best & Less closing down and being replaced by a Harris Scarfe location.

On 2 February 2020, Harris Scarfe closed its store at Box Hill, as part of its restructure and reduction in store locations. The location was leased to Dimmeys. The Coles supermarket closed in August 2022 and relocated to Box Hill Central South.

Second redevelopment - south (2010)
In 2010, the shopping centre was again refurbished, with Target being replaced by Big W, and Woolworths being renovated and reopened.

Rebranding and consolidation (2013)
In 2013, both centres were again rebranded as Box Hill Central South and Box Hill Central North as a result of an organisation-wide rebranding of all centres owned by Federation Limited.

Third redevelopment and masterplan (2021-onwards)
In 2020 Vicinity Centres released a masterplan planning significant changes to both the north and south sections of the centre. It outlined plans to move retail activity to the south side of the site, construct additional office and residential towers, and provide new open space. Upon completion, it is planned to cover over 250,000 sqm of residential, office and retail area.

The first stage of the ten year masterplan commenced in July 2021 and was completed in August 2022. This added a new entrance to Box Hill Central South to the south from Carrington Road and rebuilt the south-western corner of the site to a new design and with additional retail space. A new Coles supermarket replaced the former Big W.

Box Hill Central North
This older and largest section of the complex was formerly known as Whitehorse Plaza. It comprises two floors with some minor office use.

Box Hill Central South
Straddling the underground railway station, this building is bounded by Station Street, Carrington Road, Thurston Street and Main Street. It is significantly larger than its northern counterpart and consists of several newer and older sections.

Office use
Both centres have office facilities located above or adjacent to the retail areas. Box Hill Central South provides 4,100 sqm of co-working office space while the North houses a small number of medical facilities.

Transport interchange
Box Hill Central South is built above the underground Box Hill railway station with the entrance contained inside the shopping centre. It provides a direct link through the shopping complex to the Box Hill Bus Station on its roof, servicing 18 different bus routes. The centre is also serviced by tram route 109 with its terminus nearby on Whitehorse Road.

Box Hill Central has seven levels of undercover car parking spread across the south and north sections of the complex. Some bicycle parking is also located at most major entrances.

Retail
The two shopping centres have a combined 157 shops and services across a gross leasable area of 40,094 sqm. The majority of this area is located in Box Hill Central South. Its two anchor tenants, Coles and Woolworths supermarkets, occupy 31% of the total leasable space of the South complex. Coles was formerly located in the Box Hill Central North complex before moving to its present space in 2022.

Other mini major retailers in Box Hill Central include NQR, Priceline Pharmacy, Daiso and Dimmeys.

A large portion of both centres are dedicated to food and beverage outlets. These are concentrated in two central food courts, one in each of the centres, as well as along Main Street between the two buildings.

Previous tenants of Box Hill Central include Big W, Kmart, Kmart Food, Target, Venture, Harris Scarfe, EB Games, Sanity and Best & Less.

The Box Hill region is known for its mainly Hong Kong Chinese population, with smaller groups of mainland Chinese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese. This is reflected in the produce in many of the food and beverage outlets, medicinal herb retailers and clothing shops.

title: Box Hill Central


text:
Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter

Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (יהודה אריה ליב אלתר, 15 April 1847 – 11 January 1905), also known by the title of his main work, the Sfas Emes (Ashkenazic Pronunciation) or Sefat Emet (Modern Hebrew), was a Hasidic rabbi who succeeded his grandfather, Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter, as the Av beis din (head of the rabbinical court) and Rav of Góra Kalwaria, Poland (known in Yiddish as the town of Ger), and succeeded Rabbi Chanokh Heynekh HaKohen Levin of Aleksander as Rebbe of the Gerrer Hasidim.

Early years
He was born in 1847 (5608) and named Yehudah Leib; he was known to family and friends as Leybl. His father, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter, died when Yehudah Leib was only eight years old, and his mother Mrs. Esther Alter (née Landsztajn) died before that. Orphaned of both parents, he was brought up by his grandparents, Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter (known as the Chiddushei Harim) and his wife. When he was about ten years old, his grandfather took him to visit the Kotzker Rebbe, which left a lifelong impression on him.

He married Yocheved Rivka, daughter of Yehuda Leib ("Yidl") Kaminer. In order not to have the same name as his father-in-law, his own name was changed to Yehudah Aryeh Leib. He is said to have been attached to the name Yehudah, and was upset at not being able to use it as his name any longer.

Leadership
When his grandfather, Yitzchak Meir, died in 1866, many of the Gerrer Hasidim sought to bestow the mantle of leadership upon eighteen-year-old Yehudah Aryeh Leib. He refused that position, and leadership went to Rabbi Chanokh Heynekh HaKohen Levin of Aleksandrów Łódzki. However, after the death of the latter in 1870, the Hasidim succeeded in gaining Alter's assent to become their Rebbe.

Death and burial
During the Russo-Japanese War, many of his young followers were drafted into the Russian Army and sent to the battlefields in Manchuria. Alter was very worried over these devotees and would constantly write to them. His health suffered, and he died at the age of 57 on 11 January 1905 (5 Shevat 5665).

"When news of the Admor's petirah (passing away) spread, so many people rushed to Ger yesterday morning that although the railway dispatched extra trains there was hardly any space in the cars and thousands of people were still left without means to travel..."

"One (tram) car with seating for 44 people held over 200, not even leaving any standing room, and in another car some people fainted as a result of the overcrowded conditions..."

"When the time for tefillas Mincha arrived, all of the funeral-goers, 20,000 in number, stood in a field and davened Minchah together..."

"The brief words spoken by the Rav of Sochachov made a powerful impression."

Succession
Alter was succeeded as Gerrer Rebbe by his son, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter. Most of Gerrer hasidim followed Avraham Mordechai, but some chasidim followed the brother-in-law of Alter - Rabbi Pinchas Menachem Justman of Piltz.

Lasting influence
Alter was one of the greatest Torah scholars of his generation, teaching students such as Rabbi Nachman Shlomo Greenspan and many others. His output was prodigious, and his works (all entitled Sfas Emes) deal with the Talmud, the ethics of the Midrash, and mysticism of the Zohar.

His Torah homilies as delivered to his hasidim, and arranged according to the weekly parashah and the festivals, were the first to be published posthumously under the name Sfas Emes. The title was taken from the closing words of the final piece he wrote (Sfas Emes, Vayechi 5665). His chiddushim (original Torah thoughts) on many Talmudic tractates, and on Yoreh De'ah, have been published under the same name.

The Sochatchover Rebbe, Rabbi Avrohom Bornsztain (known as the Avnei Nezer), a leading Torah scholar and posek in his own right, is said to have maintained two bookcases — one for Rishonim (earlier commentators) and another for Acharonim (later commentators). The volumes of the Sfas Emes, written in the late 1800s, were to be found in his bookcase containing the Rishonim. To study some portions of the Talmud without the Sfas Emes is unthinkable to the modern-day scholar.

The Sfas Emes Yeshiva in Jerusalem is named after him and includes his teachings in the curriculum.

His sayings
"One of the greatest religious problems is that people fear having a relationship with God and consequently distance themselves from Him. Just as angels serve God without fear despite their lower status in comparison to God, so too human beings should take their model (walk amongst them) and not be afraid of developing a relationship with God and serving Him. This represents a wholeness that we as human beings are capable of only if we think of ourselves as walking amongst angels."

title: Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter


text:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

The National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) is an American non-profit organization dedicated to advancing professional licensure for engineers and surveyors. The Council’s members are the engineering and surveying licensure boards from all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. These boards are divided into four geographic zones: Central, Northeast, Southern, Western. It is headquartered in Greenville, South Carolina.

Engineering
NCEES develops and scores the FE, PE and SE exams for engineering licensure. The FE exam is generally the first step in the process to becoming a professional licensed engineer (PE). It is designed for recent graduates and students who are close to finishing an undergraduate engineering degree from an EAC/ABET- accredited program. The PE exam is designed to test for a minimum level of competency in a particular engineering discipline. It is designed for engineers who have gained a minimum of four years of work experience in their chosen engineering discipline. The PE Structural Engineering exam is predominantly developed to test engineers who practice in jurisdictions that license structural engineers separately from other professional engineers.

 * The Fundamentals of Engineering exam (FE exam) is generally the first step in the process to becoming a professional licensed engineer (PE). It is designed for recent graduates and students who are close to finishing an undergraduate engineering degree from an EAC/ABET-accredited program. The FE exam is a computer-based exam administered year-round at NCEES-approved Pearson VUE test centers.
 * The Principles and Practice of Engineering Exam (PE exam) tests for a minimum level of competency in a particular engineering discipline. It is designed for engineers who have gained a minimum of four years’ post-college work experience in their chosen engineering discipline.
 * The PE Structural Engineering exam tests for a minimum level of competency in structural engineering. It is predominantly developed to test engineers who practice in jurisdictions that license structural engineers separately from other professional engineers. This 16-hour exam uses separate vertical and lateral components to test one's ability to safely design buildings or bridges, especially in areas of high seismicity and high wind.

Land Surveying
NCEES also prepares examinations for land surveyor licensing in the United States. These exams consist of:

 * The Fundamentals of Surveying (FS) exam is generally the first step in the process to becoming a professional licensed surveyor (PS). It is designed for recent graduates and students who are close to finishing an undergraduate surveying degree from an ABET accredited program. The FS exam is a computer-based exam administered year-round in testing windows at NCEES-approved Pearson VUE test centers.
 * The Principles and Practice of Surveying (PS) exam tests one's ability to practice the surveying profession competently. It is designed for surveyors who have gained at least four years of professional experience.

Records
The NCEES Records program is designed for currently licensed engineers and surveyors who are looking for an easier and faster way to complete the licensure process in multiple jurisdictions, including all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands. An established NCEES Record will include most—if not all—of the materials one needs to apply for comity licensure in additional states and territories.

Credentials evaluations
NCEES Credentials Evaluations is a service for state licensing boards and applicants. It is designed primarily for candidates who have earned their degrees outside the United States and are pursuing licensure through one of the member licensing boards of NCEES.

Exam preparation materials
NCEES exam preparation materials include questions that have been used on past exams and questions written to give examinees extra practice.


text:
Pines (disambiguation)

Pines are any coniferous tree of the genus Pinus.

Pines may also refer to:

People

 * Alexander Pines (born 1945), American chemist
 * Burt Pines, American attorney and politician
 * David Pines (1924–2018), American theoretical physicist
 * Dinora Pines (1918–2002), British physician and psychoanalyst
 * Joseph I. Pines (1922–2009), American lawyer and Judge on the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City (renamed the Circuit Court of Maryland for Baltimore City)
 * Leonard Pines (born Leonard Pinckowitz, 1911–2001), American businessman
 * Lois Pines (born 1940), American politician from Massachusetts
 * Ned Pines (1906–1990), American publisher
 * Ophir Pines-Paz (born 1961), Israeli politician
 * Shlomo Pines (1908–1990), Israeli scholar of Jewish and Islamic philosophy
 * Yechiel Michel Pines (1824–1913), rabbi and Zionist writer

Other uses

 * Pines a name used to shorten Pembroke Pines, Florida
 * PINES or Public Information Network for Electronic Services
 * Pines (album), a 2012 album by A Fine Frenzy
 * Pines (novel), a 2012 novel by Blake Crouch in The Wayward Pines Trilogy
 * Pines, Queens, a part of the Little Neck neighborhood in the Queens borough of New York City, New York, United States
 * Dipper Pines, the main character of the Disney Channel series Gravity Falls
 * Mabel Pines, Dipper's twin sister and the other main character
 * Grunkle Stan (Stanley Pines) and Stanford Pines, Dipper and Mabel's great-uncles who are also twins

title: Pines (disambiguation)


text:
Diodes (disambiguation)

Diode is a device that is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only one direction.

Diode or Diodes may also refer to:

 * Data diode, a type of unidirectional computer network
 * Diodes Incorporated, a global manufacturer and supplier of application specific standard products within the broad discrete, logic and analog semiconductor markets
 * The Diodes, a Canadian punk/new wave band

title: Diodes (disambiguation)


text:
James Fenton

James Martin Fenton (born 25 April 1949) is an English poet, journalist and literary critic. He is a former Oxford Professor of Poetry.

Life and career
Born in Lincoln, Fenton grew up in Lincolnshire and Staffordshire, the son of Canon John Fenton, a biblical scholar. He was educated at the Durham Choristers School, Repton and Magdalen College, Oxford. He graduated with a B.A. in 1970.

While at school Fenton acquired an enthusiasm for the work of W. H. Auden. At Oxford, his tutor John Fuller, who was writing A Reader's Guide to W. H. Auden at the time, further encouraged that enthusiasm. Auden became perhaps the most significant single influence on Fenton's work.

In his first year at university, Fenton won the Newdigate Prize for his sonnet sequence Our Western Furniture. Later published by Fuller's Sycamore Press, it largely concerns the cultural collision in the 19th century between the United States and Japan. It displays in embryo many of the characteristics that define Fenton's later work: technical mastery combined with a fascination with issues that arise from the Western interaction with other cultures. Our Western Furniture was followed by Exempla, a poetry sequence later published in The Memory of War. The poem is notable for its frequent use of unfamiliar words, as well as commonplace words employed in an unfamiliar manner.

While studying at Oxford, Fenton became a close friend of Christopher Hitchens, whose memoir Hitch-22 is dedicated to Fenton and has a chapter on their friendship. Hitchens praised Fenton's extraordinary talent, stating that he too believed him to be the greatest poet of his generation. He also expounded on Fenton's modesty, describing him as infinitely more mature than himself and Martin Amis. Fenton and Hitchens shared a house together in their third year, and continued to be close friends until Hitchens's death. Fenton read his poem 'For Andrew Wood' at the Vanity Fair Hitchens memorial service.

His first collection, Terminal Moraine (1972) won a Gregory Award. With the proceeds he traveled to East Asia, where he wrote of the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam and the end of the Lon Nol regime in Cambodia, which presaged the rise of Pol Pot. The poems featured in his collection The Memory of War (1982) ensured his reputation as one of the greatest war poets of his time.

Fenton returned to London in 1976. He was political correspondent of the New Statesman, where he worked alongside Christopher Hitchens, Julian Barnes and Martin Amis. He became the Assistant Literary Editor in 1971, and Editorial Assistant in 1972. Hitchens had formally recruited Fenton to the International Socialists and earlier in his journalistic career, like Hitchens, Fenton had written for Socialist Worker, the weekly paper of the International Socialists. Fenton was an occasional war reporter in Vietnam during the late phase of the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. His experiences in Vietnam and Cambodia from summer 1973 form a part of All the Wrong Places (1988). The publication of the book revealed some of Fenton's second thoughts about revolutionary socialism.

In 1983, Fenton accompanied his friend Redmond O'Hanlon to Borneo. A description of the voyage can be found in the book Into the Heart of Borneo.

Fenton won the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize in 1984 for Children in Exile: Poems 1968–1984. He was appointed Oxford Professor of Poetry in 1994, a post he held till 1999. He was awarded the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry in 2007. The American composer Charles Wuorinen set several of his poems to music, and Fenton served as librettist for Wuorinen's opera Haroun and the Sea of Stories (2001, premiered in 2004), based on Salman Rushdie's novel.

Fenton has said: "The writing of a poem is like a child throwing stones into a mineshaft. You compose first, then you listen for the reverberation." In response to criticisms of his comparatively slim Selected Poems (2006), he warned against the notion of poets churning out poetry in a regular, automated fashion.

Fenton has been a frequent contributor to The Guardian, The Independent and The New York Review of Books. He once wrote the head column in the editorials of each Friday's Evening Standard. In 2007, he appeared in a list of the "100 most influential gay and lesbian people in Britain" published by The Independent on Sunday.

Fenton's partner is Darryl Pinckney, the prize-winning novelist, playwright and essayist perhaps best known for the novel High Cotton (1992).

Musical theatre influence
Fenton has been influenced in his writing by musical theatre, as evidenced in "Here Come the Drum Majorettes" from Out of Danger:

"Gleb meet Glubb. Glubb meet Glob. God that's glum, that glib Glob dig. 'Dig that bog!' 'Frag that frog.' Stap that chap, he snuck that cig.'"

He was the original English librettist for the musical of Les Misérables but Cameron Mackintosh later replaced him with Herbert Kretzmer. Kretzmer credited Fenton with creating the general structure of the adaptation, and Fenton is credited for additional lyrics, for which he receives royalties, as stipulated in his contract.

Awards and honours
• 1968: Newdigate Prize

• 1971: Eric Gregory Award

• 1981: Southern Arts Literature Award for Poetry

• 1983: Fellowship of The Royal Society of Literature

• 1984: Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize

• 1994: Oxford Professor of Poetry

• 1994: Whitbread Prize for Poetry, for Out of Danger

• 1999: Honorary Fellowship of Magdalen College, Oxford

• 2003: Fellowship of The Royal Society of Arts

• 2007: Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry

• 2015: PEN Pinter Prize Share With Raif Badawi

Books

 * 1968: Our Western Furniture, poetry
 * 1969: Put Thou Thy Tears into My Bottle, poetry
 * 1972: Terminal Moraine
 * 1978: A Vacant Possession, TNR Publications
 * 1980: A German Requiem: A Poem, Salamander Press, a pamphlet
 * 1981: Dead Soldiers, Sycamore Press
 * 1982: The Memory of War: Poems 1968–1982, Salamander Press, 1982, ISBN 978-0-907540-39-7
 * 1984: Children in Exile: Poems 1968–1984 Random House, 1984, ISBN 978-0-394-53360-5 These poems combined with those from The Memory of War made up the Penguin volume, The Memory of War and Children in Exile; published in the United States as Children in Exile; Salamander Press
 * 1983: You Were Marvellous, selected theatre reviews published 1979–1981
 * 1986: The Snap Revolution
 * 1987: Partingtime Hall, co-author with John Fuller, Viking / Salamander Press, comical poems
 * 1988: All the Wrong Places: Adrift in the Politics of the Pacific Rim, reportage; Viking; Atlantic Monthly Press (1988); reissued with a new introduction by Granta (2005)
 * 1989: Manila Envelope, self-published book of poems
 * 1994: Out of Danger, Fenton considers this his second collection of poems. It contains Manila Envelope and later poems; Penguin; Farrar Straus Giroux; winner of the Whitbread Prize for Poetry
 * 1998: Leonardo's Nephew, art essays from The New York Review of Books
 * 2001: The Strength of Poetry: Oxford Lectures, Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-818707-3
 * 2001: A Garden from a Hundred Packets of Seed Viking / Farrar, Straus and Giroux
 * 2002: (As editor) An introduction to English poetry, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002, ISBN 978-0-374-10464-1
 * 2003: The Love Bomb, verse written as a libretto for a composer who rejected it; Penguin / Faber and Faber
 * 2006: School of Genius: A History of the Royal Academy of Arts (2006), a history
 * 2006: Selected Poems, Penguin
 * 2006: (As editor) The New Faber Book of Love Poems
 * 2012: Yellow Tulips: Poems 1968–2011
 * 2012: The Orphan of Zhao, adaptation of the classic Chinese play for the Royal Shakespeare Company

title: James Fenton


text:
Graffiti House

The Graffiti House, located at 19484 Brandy Road in the eastern end of the town of Brandy Station, Virginia, is believed by the Brandy Station Foundation to have been built in 1858. It is one of few dwellings in the village built before the American Civil War to survive intact to this day. The house is notable because of the Civil War era graffiti on many of the walls. The graffiti found includes names, drawings, names of units, and inscriptions left by soldiers.

History
Because of its location on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad and the Carolina Road, the house, which was less than 0.25 mi from the train depot, is thought by the Foundation to have been a commercial building as well as a dwelling. The Foundation reports that some graffiti has been removed or destroyed but considerable graffiti still remain. New graffiti were discovered as recently as December 2010.

The house was owned by James Barbour (brother of the railroad's president John S. Barbour Jr.) during the Civil War but the Barbour family's main residence was on a ridge about 1.5 mi to the south (and during the war was used by Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart). Barbour served on the staff of Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell until January 1863.

Because of its strategic location near the railroad, this house was used extensively by both the Union Army and Confederate States Army throughout the Civil War. Confederates used it as a field hospital during the Battle of Brandy Station and at other times when battles occurred in the area. It was probably used as a field hospital for wounded soldiers evacuated by train after the Battle of First Bull Run or First Manassas. The earliest known graffiti in the house date to the Second Manassas Campaign in August 1862, as the armies transited Culpeper County.

At the outset of the Gettysburg Campaign, the Battle of Brandy Station, the largest cavalry battle ever to take place in North America occurred on June 9, 1863, in the fields adjacent to the Graffiti House and extended to the heights on which the main house stood. After the fighting ended, the lower house was used as a Confederate field hospital. Later that year, Federal troops occupied the building when the Army of the Potomac camped in Culpeper County during the winter of 1863–64. The house was headquarters to Brigadier General Henry Prince, a division commander in the Third Corps of the Army of the Potomac during the Union Army pursuit of the Army of Northern Virginia after its retreat from the Battle of Gettysburg, sometimes called the Rapidan campaign but this name could be confused with the beginning of the Overland Campaign, and during the Mine Run Campaign later in 1863.

The plaster walls on the house's second floor are covered with an outstanding and unique collection of charcoal and pencil graffiti left by soldiers from both armies. In addition to their autographs, the soldiers drew elaborate pictures of men and women, and wrote inscriptions commemorating their units and their battles. After the war, new paint and wallpaper led to their being forgotten. The graffiti were rediscovered during a renovation in 1993. The Brandy Station Foundation purchased the house in 2002, and its website lists the days it is open for viewing. The house includes a small museum and serves as a headquarters for the Brandy Station Foundation and the Foundation's visitor center for the Brandy Station battlefield.

Graffiti that have been identified
Below is listed the names and units of those who have been identified in the Graffiti House:
 * Sergeant Allen Bowman,	Co. E, 12th Virginia Cavalry
 * Private Michael Bowman, Co. H 7th Virginia Cavalry
 * Private Hamilton Boyd,	Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private George Washington Butt, Norfolk Light Artillery (Huger's Battery)
 * Private James A. J. Cooper, Co. A, 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (White's Comanche's)
 * Captain Edwin Dillingham, 10th Vermont Infantry
 * Private C. Benton Evans, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private William Evans, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Colonel John Egbert Farnum, Commander, 70th New York Infantry
 * Lieutenant Lyman C. Gale, Co. K, 10th Vermont Infantry
 * Corporal Fayette Gibson, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Thomas 'Herb' Greenwell, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Uriah Haller, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private William J. Haney, 24th Battalion Virginia Partisan Rangers
 * Private Henry 'Hal' Hopkins, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private William Hopkins, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Bob Lewis, Norfolk Light Artillery (Huger's Battery)
 * Private George McCabe Jr., Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Lieutenant William J. Marshall, Co. E, 12th Virginia Cavalry
 * Lieutenant Joseph Moore, Norfolk Light Artillery (Huger's Battery)
 * Private Edward Moreland, Norfolk Light Artillery (Huger's Battery)
 * Private A Muth, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private George W. Orrison, Co. C, 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry (White's Comanche's)
 * Private David Owens, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Robert Peed, Norfolk Light Artillery (Huger's Battery)
 * Private David Owens, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Dan Quinlan, Massachusetts Light Battery 'C'
 * Private Elijah Russell, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, Commander, Army of Northern Virginia Cavalry
 * Sergeant Henry Thomas, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Harry Wagner, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Harry Wickes, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Private Thomas 'Frank' Yates, Breathed's Battery, Stuart Horse Artillery

Below is listed the names of those who have not been identified in the Graffiti House:
 * Lewis Metta
 * Frank E. Kelly
 * M Rown
 * T.E. Kelly
 * Emanuel
 * A.L. Brynn

Notes on the names
It is likely that he signed the walls of the Graffiti House while serving in the 24th Battalion Partisan Rangers.
 * All the names of Breathed's Battery are found on the Maryland Scroll, created on March 16, 1863, the day before the Battle of Kelly's Ford, in which these artillery units participated.
 * William Haney is believed to have served in four separate units
 * 30th Virginia Infantry
 * 13th Virginia Infantry
 * 24th Battalion Partisan Rangers
 * 35th Battalion Virginia Cavalry.
 * Robert Peed also identifies himself with Gannett's Artillery Battalion. Peed signed the walls in five locations.
 * Allen Bowman signed the walls in two locations

Units separately identified

 * 2nd New York Militia
 * Louisiana Tigers
 * 2nd Division 3rd Corps
 * 10th New Jersey Infantry
 * Stuart Horse Artillery
 * Army of the United States of America
 * Hill's Corps
 * Gannett's Battalion
 * Remember the Baltimore Artillery, September the 2nd, 1863

Events and locations identified

 * Battle of Beverly Ford, April 16, 1863 (likely done by a member of either the 9th or 13th Virginia Cavalry)
 * June 8, 1863 (possibly done by a member of the 1st SC Cavalry)
 * "How are you Fort Sumter" (done by the 2nd NY Militia)
 * Petersburg
 * Rappahannock
 * March 16, 1863
 * August 7, 1863
 * Portsmouth, Virginia
 * Loudoun County
 * Washington, D.C.
 * Richmond
 * Baltimore

Drawings
Of the drawings found, only two have been identified:
 * Captain James Breathed
 * The Maryland Scroll.

Other drawings

 * 5 horses (one may be a mule)
 * a male civilian in coat and tails
 * an eagle/bird
 * a fort
 * a soldier in a slouch hat and mustache
 * a soldier in a slouch hat and beard
 * a young woman in a fancy dress, hat with ribbons, walking on a board or plank, saying "I am turned over to Lt. Gale"
 * an older woman smoking a long pipe
 * a young woman in a straw hat riding side-saddle
 * a young woman wearing a scarf carrying a basket
 * a bald man
 * a pair of women in coats and hats, with their arms in a muffler, saying "I am turned over to Capt. Dillingham"
 * a male civilian wearing a hat with a sword in his left hand. In the body of the man "President J. Davis good on the boots"
 * a man in a bowler (or derby), with mutton chops, saying he "smells a rebel." He is facing the rear of a horse.
 * a Federal soldier in a kepi

title: Graffiti House


text:
Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi

Nawab Salahuddin Ahmed Abbasi is a Member of Parliament in Pakistan. He is also the grandson of Sadeq Mohammad Khan V, who was the last ruling Nawab of the Princely State Bahawalpur. He has been elected five times as Member of National Assembly from the city Ahmadpur East. He is also the Chief of Bahawalpur National Awami Party (BNAP) which is allied with Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf.

Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi is a strong campaigner of restoration of Bahawalpur province and an influential personality of South Punjab.

Public life
He was appointed as the heir apparent, on the death of his grandfather, 24 May 1966. Succeeded on the death of his father on 14 April 1988 as head of the Royal House of Bahawalpur and was recognized as "Ameer of Bahawalpur" by the Government of Pakistan.

He is also the Patron of National Red Crescent Soc 1975. Patron-in-Chief Pakistan Social Assoc, Anjuman Ashait-e-Seerat-un-Nabi (Bahawalpur), and Pakistan Minorities Social Welfare Organization. President Markazai Seerat Cttee 1976, and Bahawalpur Divisional Rover Scouts. Chair Sir Sadiq Mohd Khan Trust. Founder Dir Foundation for Advancement of Engineering Sciences & Advanced Technologies since 2001. Mbr National Seerat Cttee 1976, Chancellor's Cttee of Islamia Univ of Bahawalpur, Governing Body of Sadiq Public Sch, Punjab Welfare Brd, Punjab Council on Social Welfare, etc.

Privilege
Nawab maintains the royal title of Nawab, a diplomatic car number plate and a diplomatic passport in Pakistan. He also enjoys a very respected status in the Bahawalpur region.

Politics
Nawab has remained member of the National Assembly repeatedly from the city Ahmadpur East as an independent candidate, In 2008 elections all of the Nawab backed candidates won from Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar and Rahim Yar Khan thus Nawab is said to have significant influence in the region. In 2012 Nawab formed his own political party Bahawalpur National Awami Party (BNAP) which in 2013 allied with Imran Khan led Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) for 2013 elections. Now (BNAP) is not allied with PTI.

title: Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi


text:
Gunns

Gunns Limited was a major forestry enterprise located in Tasmania, Australia. It had operations in forest management, woodchipping, sawmilling and veneer production. The company was placed into liquidation in March 2013.

History
Founded in 1875 by brothers John and Thomas Gunn, it was one of Australia's oldest companies. It had over 900 square kilometres of plantations, mainly eucalyptus trees. In 2001 Gunns paid $335 million for Tasmania's biggest woodchip company, North Forest Products, making it Australia's biggest exporter of woodchips. At one stage it became Tasmania's largest private land-owner. The company employed over 1,200 people and had suffered a dramatic turnaround in revenue in its final years, going from a turnover in excess of A$600 million in 2006, to a loss of over $350 million in 2011. Gunns was one of the largest export woodchip operation in the Southern Hemisphere, and one of two chip export companies sourcing raw materials from Tasmanian forests, the other being Neville Smith Forest Products through their SmartFiber branch in Bell Bay. Gunns announced a $900 million loss for 2011–12 and debts of $3 billion. On 25 September 2012, Gunns announced to the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) that its board had decided to put the company into voluntary administration after its financier withdrew its support, and in March 2013 the company was placed into liquidation.

New Forests purchased the assets and employed former staff of the old company.

Operations
The move to expand its base into mainland operation began with the acquisition of Auspine in 2007. In September 2010, Gunns announced that it would end logging of old growth forests and move to plantation timber. In November 2011, the Gunns Mitre 10 stores were re-branded as Beck's Home Timber and Hardware, after being sold to Danks Brothers Hardware Group, a subsidiary of Woolworths Limited.

Gunns was placed into voluntary administration on 25 September 2012, and later liquidated, after it was unable to raise further capital or restructure the business.

Tasmania
Gunns operated sawmills across the state, as well as three woodchipping mills: Longreach, near Bell Bay; Triabunna, on the east coast; and Hampshire, near Burnie. The company was forced to close all three woodchipping mills and most of its sawmills in 2011. After being placed into voluntary administration in 2012, the Longreach mill was reopened and began exporting woodchips for a time.

In 2008, operations at a sawmill in Scottsdale were restructured, resulting in the loss of 70 jobs. The sackings broke an agreement with the federal government, leading to the cancellation of substantial funding assistance. In the same year, around 135 workers at another Auspine sawmill at Tonganah lost their jobs after a softwood timber contract had gone to a competitor.

Victoria
In 2009, the company was awarded a contract to operate a new woodchip processing facility at Portland. The woodchipping mill was later sold off to Australian Bluegum Plantations in 2012, for $61.8 million.

South Australia
In South Australia the company managed blue gum plantations on Kangaroo Island. In Jamestown Gunns was a major customer of Morgan Sawmill.

Gunns bought the Tarpeena softwood sawmill from the now failed Forest Enterprises Australia, and which was later sold on to Timberlink.

Western Australia
Gunns operated three hardwood sawmills in Western Australia. Their nationwide product line of timber flooring included the hardwood, jarrah, found in the southwest of the state. The timber is reddish-brown when hewn and is, "renowned for its beauty, warmth and durability". Their environmental initiatives included achieving certification under international standard ISO 14001:2004. Gunns supplied local trade and retail markets from its distribution yard in Welshpool, near Perth.

Criticism
The company has been the focus of criticism from environmentalists, primarily for its four woodchip mills which produce 4 million tonnes of chips for export annually. Green groups claim that native forests are harvested specifically for woodchipping, whereas Gunns claim that the majority of their chips come from residue from their sawmilling and veneer operations. Gunns' major customers are paper producers in Northern Asia, mainly Japan, including Mitsubishi, Nippon and Oji Paper. Gunns has also been criticised for its logging operations in the Styx Valley and for its use of 1080 poison to kill wildlife including protected species (baiting and particularly aerial spraying of forest prior to clearfelling ).

In 1989, the chairman of Gunns, Edmund Rouse, unsuccessfully attempted to bribe a Labor Party member, Jim Cox, to cross the floor, which would have allowed the pro-logging Tasmanian government of premier Robin Gray and the Liberal Party to resume power. A Royal Commission followed and convicted Rouse. Robin Gray became director of Gunns Limited on 21 February 2000. He retired from the position in 2010.

Further allegations of corruption appeared when Paul Lennon, Premier of Tasmania, had his heritage home renovated by a Gunns-owned company at the height of Gunns' push for the Bell Bay Pulp Mill. Lennon refused to disclose how much he paid for the renovations.

Bell Bay Pulp Mill
The company was planning to build a $2 billion pulp mill in the Tamar Valley, near Launceston. The proposed mill would have used the Kraft process, Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) bleaching, and been fed with plantation eucalypt forest timber. The project was supported by the State Government for the perceived economic and employment benefits which were said to include $6.7 billion in spending over 25 years and 2000 temporary jobs created during the construction phase, but was opposed by environmental and social activist groups. Federal Environment Minister Malcolm Turnbull gave approval for the project on Wednesday 3 October 2007. This decision was however challenged by The Wilderness Society and later overturned on appeal due to alleged flaws discovered in the approval process.

Gunns 20
In the 2005 Gunns Limited v Marr & Ors case, Gunns filed a writ in the Supreme Court of Victoria, against 20 individuals and organisations including Senator Bob Brown, for over A$7.8 million.

The original list of defendants were:

 * Bob Brown - federal Greens senator (dropped December 2006)
 * Simon Leo Brown - settled following certain undertakings not to protest
 * Adam Burling - Huon Valley Environment Centre - dropped
 * Brian Dimmick
 * Doctors for Native Forests Inc. (Split off into separate action in November 2006 and settled as part of Nicklason apology)
 * Heidi Douglas - The Wilderness Society (TWS). Settled in 2009 following certain undertakings not to protest.
 * Neal Funnell. Settled in 2009 following self representation and limited undertakings not to protest.
 * Helen Gee (dropped November 2006)
 * Lou Geraghty
 * Russell Hanson - TWS. Settled in 2007 following certain undertakings not to protest.
 * the Huon Valley Environment Centre Inc.
 * Geoff Law - TWS. Settled in September 2008 with damages of $15,000 awarded to Gunns.
 * Alec Marr - TWS. Settled in May 2008 with damages of $45,000 and costs of $70,000 awarded to Gunns.
 * Leanne Minshull - Settled with TWS 2008 agreement
 * Louise Morris - Settled in 2009 following self representation limited undertakings not to protest.
 * Ben Morrow. Settled in May 2008 with damages of $45,000 and costs of $70,000 awarded to Gunns.
 * Frank Nicklason - Settled following written public apology from Nicklason withdrawing claims of legionella in woodchip piles.
 * Peter Pullinger (dropped November 2006)
 * Margaret (Peg) Putt - Greens MHA (dropped December 2006)
 * The Wilderness Society Inc.Settled in May 2008 with damages of $45,000 and costs of $70,000 awarded to Gunns.

Gunns claims that the defendants have sullied its reputation and caused it to lose jobs and profits. The defendants claim that they are protecting the environment. The defendants have become collectively known as the "Gunns 20".

Opponents and critics of the case have suggested that the writ was filed with the intent to discourage public criticism of the company, in a similar vein to a Strategic lawsuit against public participation, commonly used in North America, and the English McLibel case of McDonald's Restaurants against environmental activists Helen Steel and David Morris over a pamphlet critical of the company. Gunns has maintained the position that they are merely trying to prevent parties enjoined to the writ from undertaking unlawful activities that disrupt their business. The statement of claim alleged incidents of assault against forestry workers and vandalism.

At a hearing before the Supreme Court of Victoria, an amended statement of claim lodged by the company and served on defendants on 1 July 2005 was dismissed. However, the judge in the case granted the company leave to lodge a third version of their statement of claim with the court no later than 15 August 2005.

The application continued before the court, before being brought to a close on 20 October 2006. In his ruling, The Honourable Justice Bongiorno, made an award of costs in favour of the respondents.

In November 2006, Gunns dropped the case against Helen Gee, Peter Pullinger and Doctors for Forests. In December 2006, it abandoned the claim against Greens MPs Bob Brown and Peg Putt. The other matters were all settled. A documentary about the case Defendant 5 (by and about Heidi Douglas) has been shown on ABC and Al Jazeera.

Redevelopment of Triabunna Woodchipping Mill
In 2011, online travel entrepreneur Graeme Wood (Wotif.com) and outdoor wear entrepreneur Jan Cameron (Kathmandu) purchased the Triabunna Mill from Gunns for $10 million, out-maneuvering rival forest-related bids by providing prompt payment. Wood and Cameron, both wealthy environmentalists, planned to redevelop the site as an eco-friendly tourist resort or theme park. The instigator of the negotiations was Alec Marr, formerly head of the Wilderness Society. When Tony Abbott later became Prime Minister, he and Eric Abetz wanted to compulsorily acquire the mill for woodchipping. To forestall this plan, Alec Marr secretly recruited three ship welders and an electrician, and they smashed up the control room and other critical infrastructure, so that the mill could never be in operation again.

Insider trading
In August 2013, the former CEO John Gay, who had presided over much of Gunns' latter years (1986 to 2010) including its disastrous demise, was convicted of insider trading relating to his sale of company shares in December 2009 just prior to a shock announcement of a half-year profit collapse of 98%.

title: Gunns


text:
Operation Royal Marine

Operation Royal Marine was a military operation in May 1940 of the Second World War, during the Battle of France (10 May – 25 June 1940). The British floated fluvial mines down rivers which flowed into Germany from France. The plan was to destroy German bridges, barges and other water transport. After several postponements insisted on by the French government, fearful of German retaliation, the operation began on 10 May 1940, when the German offensive in the west began.

The mines caused some damage and delay to German river traffic on the Rhine from Karlsruhe to Koblenz and damaged bridges and protective barriers. Part of the plan was for Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers to drop the mines into rivers and canals on moonlit nights but this had hardly begun when the campaign ended. The success of the plot was nullified by the Allied defeat and the Franco-German Armistice of 22 June 1940.

Background
Despite the concerns of the French government during the Phoney War, over German air attacks and reprisals against French waterways, it was intended that the operation would take place simultaneously with Operation Wilfred, a scheme to mine the waters around Norway. The novelty of Operation Royal Marine was intended to divert American attention from the possible illegality of Operation Wilfred. Wilfred was to force German convoys transporting Swedish iron ore into international waters, where they could be attacked by the Royal Navy.

Simultaneous attacks with fluvial (river) mines against Germany was intended to deflect criticism that the Allies were not making war on Germany but the small countries around it, that they claimed to be protecting. A decision of the Anglo French Supreme War Council was taken on 28 March 1940 to commence Operation Royal Marine on 4 April and the air-dropping of mines on 15 April. The decision was vetoed shortly afterwards by the French War Committee, a ruling which was not rescinded for about three months. Operation Wilfred was left to take place on its own on 5 April and was then postponed to 8 April, later parts of the plan being cancelled when news arrived that the German fleet had sailed. The British and French were able to agree that Operation Royal Marine could begin as soon as the German offensive in the west commenced.

Plan
The plan had been presented to the British Cabinet in November 1939 by Winston Churchill, as a means of retaliation against illegal German minelaying. (Sir Edward Spears claimed that he had originally proposed the idea to Churchill, when they visited eastern France in August 1939 but by the time the operation began, Churchill believed the idea to be his.) A stock of 2,000 fluvial mines, with 1,000 more being produced per week, were to be put into rivers in France that flowed into western Germany, by naval parties led by Commander G. R. S. Wellby. The sailors were to be based in the Maginot Line, about 5 mi distant from the Rhine, to put mines in the river, interfering with commercial traffic for 100 mi beyond Karlsruhe.

The mines would sabotage barge traffic and other river craft but become inert before reaching neutral territory at the Netherlands border. On 6 March 1940, the Cabinet was notified that mines would be ready for release from riverbanks on 12 March and to be dropped by RAF bombers by mid-April, between Bingen am Rhein and Koblenz on moonlit nights. Neutrals were to be warned and the first 300–400 fluvial mines were ready by the night of 14/15 March; after French objections for fear of German retaliation, the plan was postponed. In April, Churchill tried to persuade the French to drop their objections to Royal Marine and remarked after meeting the French Prime Minister, Édouard Daladier, "Nous allons perdre l'omnibus".

Mines
The mines were specially developed for the operation by Ministry of Defence 1 (MD1, Churchill's Toyshop), a British weapon research and development organisation. The mine, known as the 'W' Bomb, was designed by Millis Jefferis, who had received the request for the device on 10 November and had completed the first demonstration model by 24 November. A delayed-action fuze based on a soluble chemical pellet was devised by Jefferis' assistant, Stuart Macrae, using an Alka-Seltzer tablet, which was found to dissolve at a predictable rate. Each mine contained 15 lb of Trinitrotoluene (TNT). Trials of the mines were carried out in the Thames in December 1939 and depending upon type, either floated or bounced along the riverbed. Because Jefferis' department only consisted of three people at the point, the trials had to be conducted with the help of a boat crewed by local Sea Scouts, who followed the mines after they had been dropped from Chiswick Bridge. Over 20,000 'W' Bombs were produced in the course of the war.

Operation
On 10 May 1940, mines were released into the Moselle to destroy pontoon bridges built by German army engineers; other mines were put into the Rhine to negligible effect. On 13 May, the British put 1,700 mines in the Rhine near Soufflenheim, reported by General Victor Bourret, the Fifth Army commander, to have caused damage to the barge barrier protecting the bridge at Karlsruhe. Several pontoon bridges were damaged and river traffic was temporarily suspended between Karlsruhe and Mainz. By 24 May, over 2,300 mines had been released into the Rhine, Moselle and Meuse rivers. On 9 June, Général d'Armée André-Gaston Prételat, commander of Groupe d'Armée 2, ordered the fluvial mines to be sent down the Rhine to delay a German attack on the Maginot Line. RAF Bomber Command mine dropping began between Bingen and Koblenz and into canals and river estuaries feeding the Heligoland Bight but few mines were laid by aircraft before the Battle of France ended; any damage caused could not be measured.

Aftermath
In Assignment to Catastrophe (1954), Edward Spears, the representative of Churchill to the French Prime Minister, who had first mooted the mining of German rivers in 1939, quoted Churchill from Their Finest Hour (1949) that,

"The success of the device was, however, lost in the deluge of disaster."

- Churchill

title: Operation Royal Marine


text:
File:Us yoyo national 2a.jpg

2004 US national yo-yo competition in Chico, CA. 2A division final.

Taken 10/2/2004 by Pretzelpaws with a Canon 10D camera and a Canon 75-300 IS lens. Cropped 12/13/04 using the Gimp.

title: File:Us yoyo national 2a.jpg


text:
User talk:Aylar

Kicked out of Beauty Contest due to Porn Past

When the management of Miss Norway was informed that Aylar Dianati Lie had starred in two porn films, she lost her place in the Norwegian finale. Aylar from Oslo is not allowed to participate in the finale of Miss Norway after her past in the porn industry was revealed.

The 20-year-old brunette tried to distance herself from the porn videos by declaring it wasn’t her but an identical twin! She forwarded a picture as proof that was quickly dismissed as a poorly doctored Photoshop-work of her and her mirror. Investigation showed that she didn’t have a twin sister.

“It is clearly written in the requirements that the candidates must not have been pictured naked in a commercial connection, and in this instance, this is the case and then some,” said the Miss Norway management to the news.

“The porn movies I have made has caused more problems than I could ever imagined,” she said after leaving the country due to the media pressure on one hand and on the other hand treats from the Muslim minority, that once again excel their intolerance and violence towards women.

Aylar came to Norway from Iran as two years and have been brought up in a Norwegian family.

“I have got nerve problems of it all. The movies are worst thing that have ever happened to me. I am just an ordinary girl who has done something stupid earlier in life. Why must there be so much noise?”

“I think personality and charm is a model’s most important quality. Looks and a well-built body are also important. When people see a model they must like what they see. She is model for something,” Aylar said in a previous interview.

According to the site “Flashbot” Aylar have appeared in more than just two movies. With odd alias as ‘Princess Diana’ or just ‘Diana’ there are eight titles in 2002 and 2003. The names says it:

«18 And Nasty Interracial 2» (Devil’s Films) «Brand New!» (Red Light District) «Breakin’ ‘Em In 3» (Red Light District) «Cum Dumpsters 3» (Red Light District) «Just Over Eighteen 5» (Red Light District) «Little White Chicks 17» (Jake Steed Productions) «Pink Pussy Cats» (West Coast Productions) «Throat Gaggers 3» (Red Light District) (August 2004) Aylar-Lie

Welcome to Wikipedia
Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:Aylar


text:
NCCL

NCCL may refer to:

 * National Council for Civil Liberties, a civil liberties organization in the United Kingdom
 * Non-carious cervical lesions, a group of tooth lesions

title: NCCL


text:
Norman Rockwell Museum

The Norman Rockwell Museum is an art museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, United States, dedicated to the art of Norman Rockwell. It is home to the world's largest collection of original Rockwell art. The museum also hosts traveling exhibitions pertaining to American illustration.

History
The museum was founded in 1969 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life. Originally located on Main Street in a building known as the Old Corner House, the museum moved to its current location 24 years later, opening to the public on April 3, 1993. The current museum building was designed by 2011 Driheaus Prize winner and New Classical architect Robert A. M. Stern.

Collection
In addition to 574 original works of art by Rockwell, the museum also houses the Norman Rockwell Archives, a collection of more than 100,000 items, including photographs, fan mail, and various business documents. In 2014, the Famous Artists School donated its archives, including process drawings by Rockwell, who was one of its founding faculty members (in 1948), to the museum.

Works by Rockwell at the museum include:
 * Boy with Baby Carriage, 1916
 * No Swimming, 1921
 * ''Girl Reading the Post (1941) - In 1943, Rockwell gifted this painting to Walt Disney whose daughter, Diane Disney Miller, gifted it to The Norman Rockwell Museum at Stockbridge in 2000
 * Four Freedoms, 1943
 * Freedom of Speech
 * Freedom of Worship
 * Freedom from Want
 * Freedom from Fear
 * Going and Coming, 1947
 * Christmas Homecoming, 1948
 * Day in the Life of a Little Girl, 1952
 * Girl at Mirror, 1954
 * Art Critic, 1955
 * Marriage License, 1955
 * The Runaway, 1958
 * Family Tree, 1959
 * The Problem We All Live With, 1963
 * Murder in Mississippi, 1965
 * The Peace Corps (JFK's Bold Legacy), 1966
 * Home for Christmas (Stockbridge Main Street at Christmas), 1967

The museum also houses the Rockwell Center for American Visual Studies, a national research institute dedicated to American illustration art.

Awards and grants
In 2008, the museum received the National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2016, the museum received a grant of $1.5 million from the George Lucas Family Foundation, which will be used by "the museum's digital learning and engagement division to create multimedia experiences."

title: Norman Rockwell Museum


text:
Talk:CZ-101

Request for picture
Hey, if anyone has one of these beasties in their closet somewhere, could they please take a picture of it and release the picture here under GFDL. I can find plenty of pictures of this thing online, but none of them appear to be GFDL released. Samboy 07:07, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:CZ-101