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Ingo Hoffmann

Ingo Ott Hoffmann (born 28 February 1953) is a Brazilian retired racing driver from São Paulo. He is most well known for winning the Brazilian Stock Car Championship 12 times (1980, 1985, 1989–1994, 1996–1998 and 2002). He also participated in six Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 25 January 1976. He scored no championship points.

Early career
Hoffman began his career in Brazil competing in Formula Vee and saloon cars. He came to England in 1975 and competed in Formula Three in a March, before moving into Formula One in 1976.

Formula One years
Hoffmann's Formula One career was hindered by the financial problems of the Fittipaldi team, and he drove the team's second car when realistically the team could only afford to run one. This meant Hoffmann only entered certain selected races, and ultimately the second car was dropped altogether. He entered four Grands Prix in 1976, did not qualify for three of them and an eleventh place at Interlagos was the best result achieved. In 1977, Hoffman competed at Buenos Aires (retired, engine) and again at Interlagos where he finished seventh, two laps behind the winner. However, that was Hoffman's last race in Formula One, as the second Fittipaldi entry was withdrawn.

After Formula One
With the end of his Formula One career, Hoffmann competed in Formula 2 for Project Four with a Ralt and a March in 1977 and 1978, (which was his last year in Europe). He also competed in sports cars and saloon cars both in Europe and in South America.

Notably, Ingo Hoffmann has won the Brazilian Stock Car Championship 12 times (1980, 1985, 1989-1994, 1996-1998 and 2002). In 2006 December, he took his 100th win (of the races in the Brazilian circuits) at the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet de Brasília, final race of the 2006 season.

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title: Ingo Hoffmann


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Ivor Bueb

Ivor Léon John Bueb (6 June 1923 – 1 August 1959) was a British professional sports car racing and Formula One driver from England.

Career
Born in East Ham, Essex east of London, Bueb started racing seriously in a Formula Three 500cc Cooper in 1953, graduating to the Cooper works team in 1955 when he finished second in the British championship. He made occasional starts in Grands Prix in 1957 with a Connaught and a Maserati run by Gilby Engineering. The following year he raced Bernie Ecclestone's Connaught at Monaco, and drove a Formula Two Lotus at the German Grand Prix.

In 1959 he had two outings for BRP, firstly a non-qualification at Monaco, then another Formula Two entry at the British Grand Prix. He participated in six Formula One World Championship Grands Prix in all, but scored no championship points. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races. With the death of Archie Scott Brown at Spa in May 1958, Brian Lister hired Bueb to fill the now-vacant Lister-Jaguar driver's seat. Bueb did an admirable job, scoring several first places at tracks such as Crystal Palace and Goodwood during the 1958 and 1959 sports car campaigns.

Bueb is perhaps best known for sharing the winning works Jaguar D-type with Mike Hawthorn in the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans which was marred by an accident in which 82 spectators were killed; a success he repeated with Ron Flockhart in the ex-works Ecurie Ecosse car in 1957.

He suffered serious injuries in 1959 when he crashed his BRP Cooper-Borgward Formula Two car at the Charade Circuit near Clermont-Ferrand, France. He crashed at Gravenoire, a multiple apex-section at the very far end of the circuit, and was thrown out of his Cooper. After being carried off the circuit by Gendarmes in a way that probably worsened his injuries, Bueb died six days later at a hospital near the circuit.

It was Ivor Bueb's death, in conjunction with Archie Scott Brown's demise, that finally led Brian Lister to shut down his very successful sports car racing effort.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ivor Bueb


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Jackie Pretorius

Jacobus "Jackie" Pretorius (22 November 1934 – 30 March 2009) was a racing driver from South Africa. He participated in four Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 1 January 1965, and scoring no championship points.

Pretorius competed in Formula One at national level in his home country of South Africa, enjoying some success throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. After racing a Lotus and a Lola, he won two races in 1971 driving a Brabham.

Jackie Pretorius died in Johannesburg aged 74, on 30 March 2009, after being in a coma for three weeks. He was attacked in his home early on a Friday morning by burglars. His wife Shirley died in a similar incident in the same house several years earlier.

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title: Jackie Pretorius


text: User:霧木諒二

title: User:霧木諒二


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Jacques Pollet

Jacques Pollet (2 July 1922 – 16 August 1997 ) was a racing driver from France. He participated in 5 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 4 July 1954. He scored no championship points.

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title: Jacques Pollet


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Jacques Swaters

Jacques Swaters (30 October 1926 – 10 December 2010) was a racing driver from Belgium and former team owner of Ecurie Belgique, Ecurie Francorchamps, and Ecurie Nationale Belge.

Racing career
Swaters made his debut in the 24 Hours of Spa in an MG co-driven by his friend and racer-turned-journalist Paul Frère, entered under the Ecurie Francorchamps banner. In 1950 Swaters, Frère and André Pilette established Ecurie Belgique, a banner in which they prepared cars for themselves and other Belgian races, both in Grand Prix and sports car racing. Swaters himself raced a yellow Talbot-Lago in several events, including two World Championship rounds, the 1951 German and Italian Grands Prix.

However, in 1952, Swaters, another Belgian Charles de Tornaco and British driver Geoff Richardson, restarted Ecurie Francorchamps, a racing stable mainly associated with Ferrari. Swaters drove the team Ferrari 500 in a small number of events, but did manage to take a victory at the 1953 Avusrennen, a Formula 2 race. Richardson was signed to drive the prototype Zethrin Rennsport. As a driver, Swaters later concentrated on sports car racing, driving a Jaguar C-Type and a D-Type.

Team manager
After retiring from racing in 1957, Swaters became manager of the Ecurie Nationale Belge, which had been formed in 1955 as a merger of his Francorchamps, Frère's Ecurie Belgique and Johnny Claes' Ecurie Belge. The ENB entered several Cooper-Climax cars in Formula 2 racing for both experienced and upcoming Belgian drivers, and helped launch the career of Olivier Gendebien, Lucien Bianchi and Mauro Bianchi. The team moved into F1 in 1960 and later reworked the Emeryson into the ENB chassis.

However, by 1964 Swaters was no longer interested in ENB and had turned his attention to sports car racing completely. Swaters' Ecurie Francorchamps, which had remained independent from the ENB effort during the 1950s and 1960s, was always a top contender, with occasional class wins (including the 1965 24 Hours of Le Mans) and frequent class podiums. An overall victory at the 1965 500km Spa was Swaters' crowning achievement as a manager.

The Ecurie Francorchamps stopped operating in 1982, but Swaters retained his Garage Francorchamps, a Ferrari dealership.

Ferrari dealer and collector
Swaters, who had bought a Ferrari 500 Formula 2 car in 1952 for his racing team, was contacted in 1953 by Ferrari to resolve a problem with the local customs authority for the car they were to display at the Brussels Motor Show and was asked to take care of the Ferrari exhibition stand as well. He managed to get the car through customs as well as making a sale at the Motor Show. As a result, he was appointed as the official Ferrari importer for the Benelux the same year. This was the beginning of a relationship that was to last over 50 years and make Swaters one of the most important Ferrari dealers as well as a major collector of everything related to the brand.

In recognition of their long standing relationship, Ferrari unveiled the Ferrari 456 to the world at the Garage Francorchamps in 1992. At the same time the "Blue Swaters" was introduced by Ferrari as a colour to celebrate 40 years of partnership Ferrari-Swaters.

During his lifetime Jacques Swaters collected everything about Ferrari, original documentations, important vintage cars, sculptures, and other automobilia. With all these items he opened "the bunker" as he would call the Galleria Ferrari, an impressive collection in which feature a lot of gifts given personally by Enzo Ferrari, for example 1 of only 3 bronze crucifix crafted at Ferrari's foundery, on the occasion of the pope's visit to the Maranello factory, as well as a wooden sculpture of the Prancing Horse, that used to decorate Enzo Ferrari's personal office at Ferrari's Fiorano circuit. The collection also houses the only Ferrari four-door ever made, the "Pinin" prototype, the Ferrari GTO Evoluzione, a Ferrari California and other rare and important cars of the Italian brand.

Swaters last appearance in the sports car world was in an Ohio Courtroom where he was defending his possession of a very rare 1954 Ferrari 375 plus chassis 0384AM that was stolen from the U.S. collector Karl Kleve in the late 1980s. Swaters said that he rightfully bought the car as a burnt out chassis in 1990, and that he and Kleve settled its ownership in 1999.

In 2008 an aged Jacques Swaters decided to sell a large part of his impressive collection, at an auction in Maranello.

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title: Jacques Swaters


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Jan Flinterman

Johannes Leonardus "Jan" Flinterman (2 October 1919 – 26 December 1992) was a Dutch Royal Air Force pilot during World War II and a racing driver. Together with Dries van der Lof, he was the first driver from the Netherlands to compete in Formula One.

Flinterman participated in one World Championship Grand Prix, the 1952 Dutch Grand Prix on 17 August 1952. When he had to retire his Maserati with a failure of the rear axle, he was able to take over the similar car of his team mate, Chico Landi. Flinterman finished the race in ninth place, scoring no championship points.

Flinterman died in Leiden in December 1992.

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 *  * Indicates shared drive with Chico Landi

Military decorations

 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Officer.svg Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau
 * Vliegerkruis Ribbon Bar.gif Airman's Cross
 * Oorlogsherinneringskruis 1940-1945.gif War Commemorative Cross
 * United Kingdom Distinguished Flying Cross ribbon.svg Distinguished Flying Cross
 * 1939-45 Star.png 1939–1945 Star
 * France and Germany Star.JPG France and Germany Star
 * Defence Medal ribbon.png Defence Medal
 * War Medal 1939–1945 (UK) ribbon.png War Medal 1939–1945

title: Jan Flinterman


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Jay Chamberlain

Jay Clifford Chamberlain (December 29, 1925 – August 1, 2001) was a racing driver from the United States. He participated in 3 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on July 21, 1962. He scored no championship points. He also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races.

Chamberlain finished ninth overall at Le Mans in 1957, but first in class, driving a Lotus Eleven. Chamberlain of Burbank, California, was the United States distributor for Lotus cars.

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title: Jay Chamberlain


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Betting strategy

A betting strategy (also known as betting system) is a structured approach to gambling, in the attempt to produce a profit. To be successful, the system must change the house edge into a player advantage — which is impossible for pure games of probability with fixed odds, akin to a perpetual motion machine. Betting systems are often predicated on statistical analysis.

Mathematically, no betting system can alter long-term expected results in a game with random, independent trials, although they can make for higher odds of short-term winning at the cost of increased risk, and are an enjoyable gambling experience for some people. Strategies which take into account the changing odds that exist in some games (e.g. card counting and handicapping), can alter long-term results.

This is formally stated by game theorist Richard Arnold Epstein in The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic as:

"Theorem 1: If a gambler risks a finite capital over many plays in a game with constant single-trial probability of winning, losing, and tying, then any and all betting systems lead ultimately to the same value of mathematical expectation of gain per unit amount wagered."

Examples
Common betting systems include:
 * Card games – Card counting
 * Roulette – Martingale
 * Sports – Handicapping
 * Martingale
 * Kelly criterion
 * Split martingale
 * Anti-martingale
 * d'Alembert system
 * Oscar's grind

Horse racing
Some Horse racing betting systems can be based on pure statistical analysis of the odds, while others also analysis of physical factors (e.g. the horses' form, jockey form and lane draw). Common forms of betting systems for horse racing are:
 * hedging- betting on multiple outcomes in a race
 * arbitrage- lay the horse a low price and back it at a high price.

 Sports Betting (Modelling)

Modelling in sports betting requires the development of predictive mathematical algorithms to process data usually in large amounts in order to come up with an estimate of what the true odds of an event are.

Modellers will use their model's outputs to place value bets when the odds being offered by a bookmaker or an exchange have higher payouts than their model's prediction's imply they should.

Modelling in very hard and requires a strong foundation in maths and data science.

 Sports Betting (Cloning)

Cloning involves using odds that already exist to base your estimates of true odds.

Cloner's will use odds generated by sharp bookmakers like Pinnacle and exchanges like Betfair Exchange to come up with their estimates of true odds as they are 'sharp' operators who have the most accurate odds in the world.

Dropping odds strategy:

Since 2017 cloners started using a new strategy that has since become a popular of beating bookmakers. The dropping odds strategy involves waiting for Pinnacle to drop their odds at which point placing a bet at another bookmaker like Bet365 who haven't yet dropped their own odds meaning they are still offering the old more generous odds that pay out more.

Most bookmakers simply copy Pinnacle when it comes to pricing their odds but on a 20 second to three minute delay which is why the opportunity for placing a value bet exists.

Dropping odds alert services like Pinnacle Odds Dropper have spawned in the last few years to alert bettors to drops in any of Pinnacle's thousands of markets so that bettors can find value at other softer bookmakers.

title: Betting strategy


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Jean Lucas (racing driver)

Jean Lucas (25 April 1917 – 27 September 2003) was a French racing driver. He participated in one Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, on 11 September 1955. Lucas was then manager of the Gordini team, and when regular driver Robert Manzon was unable to race, he stepped in to take his place. His retired his car with engine failure and scored no championship points.

Lucas' best results as a driver were in sports car racing at the wheel of a Ferrari, winning at Spa-Francorchamps and Montlhéry in 1949. He retired in 1957 after a crash at the Moroccan Grand Prix.

Lucas was one of the founders of the French motorsport magazine Sport auto.

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title: Jean Lucas (racing driver)


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Gmina Michałowo

Gmina Michałowo is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland, on the border with Belarus. Its seat is the town of Michałowo, which lies approximately 31 km east of the regional capital Białystok. (Michałowo gained town status on 1 January 2009 – prior to that the district was classed as a rural gmina.)

The gmina covers an area of 409.19 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 7,263, out of which the population of Michałowo is 3,343.

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Knyszyń Forest Landscape Park.

Villages
Apart from the town of Michałowo, the gmina contains the villages and settlements of Bachury, Bagniuki, Barszczewo, Bieńdziuga, Bołtryki, Bondary, Borsukowizna, Brzezina, Budy, Cisówka, Ciwoniuki, Dublany, Garbary, Gonczary, Gorbacze, Hieronimowo, Hoźna, Jałówka, Julianka, Juszkowy Gród, Kalitnik, Kamienny Bród, Kazimierowo, Kituryki, Kobylanka, Kokotowo, Kokotowo-Leśniczówka, Koleśne, Kondratki, Kopce, Kowalowy Gród, Krugły Lasek, Krukowszczyzna, Krynica, Kuchmy-Kuce, Kuchmy-Pietruki, Kuryły, Leonowicze, Lewsze, Maciejkowa Góra, Majdan, Marynka, Michałowo-Kolonia, Mościska, Mostowlany-Kolonia, Nowa Łuplanka, Nowa Wola, Nowe Kuchmy, Nowosady, Odnoga-Kuźmy, Osiedle Bondary, Oziabły, Pieńki, Pieńki-Kolonia, Planty, Pólko, Potoka, Rochental, Romanowo, Rudnia, Rybaki, Sacharki, Sokole, Stanek, Stara Łuplanka, Stare Kuchmy, Supruny, Suszcza, Świnobród, Szymki, Tanica Dolna, Tanica Górna, Tokarowszczyzna, Topolany, Tylwica, Tylwica-Kolonia, Tylwica-Majątek, Wierch-Topolany, Zajma, Zaleszany and Żednia.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Michałowo is bordered by the gminas of Gródek, Narew, Narewka and Zabłudów. It also borders Belarus.

title: Gmina Michałowo


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Health of Adolf Hitler

The health of Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945, has long been a subject of popular controversy. Both his physical and mental health have come under scrutiny.

During his younger days, Hitler's health was generally good, despite his lack of exercise and a poor diet, which he later replaced with a mostly vegetarian one. Even then, though, Hitler had a very strong sweet tooth, and would often eat multiple cream cakes at a sitting. Later, however, as the tension and pressure of being the Führer of Germany began to take its toll, Hitler's health took a downturn from which he never really recovered. Exacerbated by the many drugs and potions he was given by his unconventional doctor, Theodor Morell, and undermined by Hitler's own hypochondria, his premonition of a short lifespan, and his fear of cancer (which killed his mother), the dictator's health declined almost continuously until his death by suicide in 1945.

By the time of his last public appearance, 40 days before his death, March 20 1945, in the garden of the New Reich Chancellery building, where he reviewed and congratulated teenaged Volkssturm ("People's Storm") and Hitler Youth soldiers for their efforts in the Battle of Berlin against the Soviet Red Army, Hitler was bent over, shuffled when he walked, and could not stop his left arm, which he held behind him, from trembling. His eyes were glassy, his skin was greasy, and his speech could sometimes barely be heard. He looked to be much older than his actual age, which was 56, and hardly resembled the charismatic orator who had led the Nazi Party to power.

First World War
Hitler's mustard gas claim has been disputed by many historians. Supposedly, during World War I, Hitler served as a dispatch runner for the List Regiment of the Bavarian Army. On the night of 13–14 October 1918, he and his comrades were victims of an Allied mustard gas attack near Ypres, Belgium. They had been leaving their dug-out to retreat when the attack occurred, and were partially blinded by it. Hitler received initial treatment in Flanders, and on 21 October was sent to the military hospital in Pasewalk near Stettin in Pomerania. It is believed that instead of being treated for a gas attack, Hitler was being treated for syphilis. It was there that Hitler learned that Germany had asked the Allies for an armistice. He also learned that revolution was in the air. Hitler later claimed that it was while recuperating at Pasewalk that he became a virulent antisemite, although historians consider this to be unlikely, especially when Hitler referred to his conversion in terms of a vision he received. He left the hospital on 19 November, eight days after the armistice was signed.

1944 assassination attempt
As a result of the 20 July 1944 assassination attempt on Hitler – in which he survived a bomb explosion at his Wolf's Lair headquarters – both of his eardrums were punctured, and he had numerous superficial wounds, including blisters, burns, and 200 wood splinters on his hands and legs, cuts on his forehead, abrasions and swelling on his left arm, and a right arm that was swollen, painful, and difficult to raise, causing him to use his left hand to greet Benito Mussolini, who arrived that day for a previously scheduled summit meeting. The punctured eardrums were the most serious of these injuries. Weeks later, blood was still seeping through Hitler's bandages, and he suffered sharp pain in the right ear, as well as hearing loss. The eardrums took several weeks to heal, during which Hitler suffered from dizziness and a loss of balance which made him awkwardly hew to the right when walking. In addition, his blood pressure was high. One unusual result was that the trembling in Hitler's hands and left leg, which had increasingly afflicted him for sometime, abated for a time after the explosion, which Morell attributed to nervous shock; they returned in mid-September.

Syphilis
Hitler's tremor and irregular heartbeat during the last years of his life could have been symptoms of tertiary (late stage) syphilis, which would mean he had a syphilis infection for many years. However, syphilis had become curable in 1910 with Dr. Paul Ehrlich's introduction of the drug Salvarsan.

In The Man with the Miraculous Hands, his biography of Dr. Felix Kersten, journalist Joseph Kessel wrote that in the winter of 1942, Kersten heard of Hitler's medical condition. Consulted by his patient, Heinrich Himmler, as to whether he could "assist a man who suffers from severe headaches, dizziness and insomnia", Kersten was shown a top-secret 26-page report. It detailed how Hitler had contracted syphilis in his youth and was treated for it at a hospital in Pasewalk. However, in 1937, symptoms re-appeared, showing that the disease was still active, and by the start of 1942, signs were evident that progressive syphilitic paralysis (Tabes dorsalis) was occurring. Himmler advised Kersten that Theodor Morell (who in the 1930s claimed to be a specialist venereologist) was in charge of Hitler's treatment, and that it was a state secret. The book also relates how Kersten learned from Himmler's secretary, Rudolf Brandt, that at that time, probably the only other people privy to the report's information were Nazi Party chairman Martin Bormann and Hermann Göring, the head of the Luftwaffe. Interestingly, Morrell was trained as a General Practitioner Physician. However his specialty was neither training in either Dermatology or Venereology but was in fact Obstetrics and gynaecology. Despite his lack of training, Morrell did treat Hitler [who had a obsessive fear of VD] with Arsenobenzol, designated "606," Salvarsan, Neosalvarsan with bismuth, and Iodine salts

Monorchism
It has been alleged that Hitler had monorchism, the medical condition of having only one testicle. In 2008, a British newspaper reported that in 1916, a German doctor named Johan Jambor had encountered an injured Hitler during the Battle of the Somme. Jambor allegedly asserted that Hitler—who is known to have suffered a groin injury in the battle—had in fact lost a testicle. Jambor had supposedly described the dictator's condition to a priest, who later wrote down what he had been told.

Soviet doctor Lev Bezymensky, allegedly involved in the Soviet autopsy, stated in a 1967 book that Hitler's left testicle was missing. Bezymensky later admitted that the claim was falsified.

Hitler was routinely examined by many doctors throughout his childhood, military service, and later political career, and no clinical mention of any such condition has ever been discovered. Eduard Bloch, Hitler's childhood doctor, told U.S. interrogators in 1943 that Hitler's genitals were in fact "completely normal".

Huntington's disease
It has been speculated that Hitler had Huntington's disease. When many of the physical symptoms shown in newsreels during his later life – his hand tremor and shuffling gait – are coupled with his alleged mental and psychological deterioration, they may also point toward Huntington's. This is only conjecture, since a definitive diagnosis would require DNA testing. Although Huntington's Disease was known and considered a hereditary disease during the time period, even appearing in state papers on the sterilisation list, it is not known if Hitler knew of this condition.

Parkinson's disease
It has been speculated Hitler had Parkinson's disease. Newsreels of Hitler show he had tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk (also a symptom of tertiary syphilis, see above) which began before the war and continued to worsen until the end of his life. Morell treated Hitler with a drug agent that was commonly used in 1945, although Morell is viewed as an incompetent doctor by most historians and any diagnoses he may have made are subject to doubt.

Dr. Werner Haase, Hitler's personal physician, who was in attendance every day from 21 April until Hitler's suicide on 30 April, was convinced that Hitler had Parkinson's. In addition, Dr. Ernst-Günther Schenck, who worked at an emergency casualty station in the Reich Chancellery during April 1945, also claimed Hitler might have Parkinson's disease. However, Schenck only saw Hitler briefly on two occasions and, by his own admission, was extremely exhausted and dazed during these meetings; at the time, he had been in surgery for numerous days without much sleep.

Other complaints
From the 1930s onwards, Hitler suffered from stomach pains. In 1936 a non-cancerous polyp was removed from his throat. Hitler also developed eczema on his legs. Some doctors dismiss Hitler's ailments as hypochondria, pointing out the apparently drastic decline of Hitler's health as Germany began losing World War II. According to a medical examination from 1924, Hitler was 175 cm tall and weighed 77 kg, making him slightly overweight.

In 1943, author Frederick Cable Oechsner claimed in his book This Is The Enemy that Hitler had a rhinoplasty in Munich sometime after 1933 to correct the shape of his nose, as it was reportedly "a little bulbous at the end and fatty on the bridge."

Mental health
As debated as Hitler's physical medical issues may be, his mental health is a minefield of theories and speculation. This topic is controversial, as many believe that if a psychological cause can be found for Hitler's behaviour, there would be more reasoning behind his actions.

In 1993, interdisciplinary team Desmond Henry, Dick Geary, and Peter Tyrer published an essay in which they expressed their common view that Hitler had antisocial personality disorder as defined in ICD-10. Tyrer, a psychiatrist, was convinced that Hitler furthermore showed signs of paranoia and of histrionic personality disorder. Robert G. L. Waite, who wrote an extensive psychohistory of Hitler, concluded that he suffered from borderline personality disorder, which manifested its symptoms in numerous ways and would imply Hitler was in full control of himself and his actions. Others have proposed Hitler may have been schizophrenic, based on claims that he was hallucinating and delusional during his last year of life. Many people believe that Hitler had a mental disorder and was not schizophrenic nor bipolar, but rather met the criteria for both disorders, and was therefore most likely a schizoaffective. If true, this might be explained by a series of brief reactive psychoses in a narcissistic personality which could not withstand being confronted with reality (in this case, that he was not the "superman" or "saviour of Germany" he envisioned himself to be, as his plans and apparent early achievements collapsed about him). In addition, his regular methamphetamine use and possible sleep deprivation in the last period of his life must be factored into any speculation as to the cause of his possible psychotic symptoms, as these two activities are known to trigger psychotic reactions in some individuals. Hitler never visited a psychiatrist, and under current methodology, any such diagnosis is speculation.

Drug use
Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by Morell, Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. He regularly consumed methamphetamine, barbiturates, opiates, and cocaine, as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills).

Criticism of using Hitler's health to explain Nazism
In a 1980 article, German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler was highly dismissive of all theories that sought to attribute the rise and policies of Nazi Germany to some defect, medical or otherwise, of Hitler's. In Wehler's opinion, besides the problem that such theories about Hitler's medical condition were extremely difficult to prove, the problem was that they had the effect of personalising the phenomena of Nazi Germany by more or less attributing everything that happened in the Third Reich to one flawed individual. Wehler wrote: "Does our understanding of National Socialist policies really depend on whether Hitler had only one testicle?...Perhaps the Führer had three, which made things difficult for him, who knows?...Even if Hitler could be regarded irrefutably as a sado-masochist, which scientific interest does that further?...Does the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question' thus become more easily understandable or the 'twisted road to Auschwitz' become the one-way street of a psychopath in power?"

Echoing Wehler's views, British historian Ian Kershaw argued that it was better to take a broader view of German history by seeking to examine what social forces led to the Third Reich and its policies, as opposed to the "personalised" explanations for the Holocaust and World War II.

In his book Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil (1998), American journalist Ron Rosenbaum sarcastically remarked that theories concerning Hitler's mental state and sexual activity shed more light on the theorists and their culture than on Hitler.

Inbreeding as a possible factor
It has been theorised that Hitler's physical and mental health problems were the result of Hitler having been significantly inbred, possibly having monorchism, with his father Alois Hitler possibly being his mother's second cousin. Inbred people have a higher chance of having developmental disorders and harmful mutations. There are however no mentions based on clinical exams of such a diagnosis (see Monorchism section above).

title: Health of Adolf Hitler


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Women's International Boxing Federation

The Women's International Boxing Federation (WIBF) is one of the more recognized world championship fight sanctioning organizations in women's boxing. Founded in March 1989, it is based in Miami, Florida, and presided over by Barbara Buttrick. The WIBF is not associated with the similarly named International Boxing Federation (IBF), which promotes men's and women's boxing.

title: Women's International Boxing Federation


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Vit (river)

The Vit also Vid (Вит; Utus) is a river in central northern Bulgaria with a length of 188 km. It is a tributary of the Danube. The source of the Vit is in Stara Planina, below Vezhen Peak at an altitude of 2,030 meters. It empties into the Danube close to Somovit. The river has a watershed area of 3,228 km2, its main tributaries being Kamenska reka, Kalnik and Tuchenitsa.

Towns on or close to the river include Teteven, Pleven, Dolni Dabnik, Dolna Mitropoliya and Gulyantsi. At Teteven, the river is formed by the confluence of Beli Vit (lit. 'White Vit') and Cherni Vit (lit. 'Black Vit').

The river's name comes from Thracian *ūt, a word for "water" (cf. Greek ὕδωρ, hudōr).

Vit Ice Piedmont in Antarctica is named after the river.

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Talk:Nephron

Depth
The mechanisms in the loop of Henle are rather complicated. In my opinion, they are beyond the scope of this article. I will add more details to the loop of Henle article. Axl 12:00, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article subtitle
I'm not sure how to change this, but I thought it relevant to let it be known that this article's subtitle when appearing on a search engine is labelled as "Food." Please let this be deleted when someone manages to correct the subtitle.

150 liters???
I have never studied this topic before and this page is light on citations but I'm questioning the sentence "Over 150 liters of fluid enter the glomeruli of an adult every day". First of all, I'm assuming this is referring to an adult human, not another species, and second, adult humans only contain about 5 liters of blood. Where is the 150 liter number coming from? Mayawagon (talk) 14:49, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

 * on parle ici de l'urine primitive produite sur une journée: en une journee entière 150 litres d'urine primitive serra passé du sang vers les tubules rénal mais une très très grande majorité d'eau serra réabsorbé au niveau du tube contourné proximal et un peut au niveau du tube contourné distal ce qui explique la diminution du volume d'urine final (un humain urine moins d'un litre par jour) 2A01:E0A:524:F1C0:3D4D:A1F6:71AB:3A98 (talk) 15:47, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * on parle ici de l'urine primitive produite sur une journée: en une journee entière 150 litres d'urine primitive serra passé du sang vers les tubules rénal mais une très très grande majorité d'eau serra réabsorbé au niveau du tube contourné proximal et un peut au niveau du tube contourné distal ce qui explique la diminution du volume d'urine final (un humain urine moins d'un litre par jour) 2A01:E0A:524:F1C0:3D4D:A1F6:71AB:3A98 (talk) 15:47, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

Lead Section
The lead section of this page seems like it should be broken up between the lead section and the article body. Approaching this from a layman view, the introduction is currently disjointed and contains a level of depth better suited for later sections. Below is a proposed restructuring of the lead section excluding details I would move to the body. Wiki newbie here, so any fact checking or advice appreciated. Currently lacking in citations, as the first paragraph of the current page already seems to be. I believe some of the clarifications are answered throughout the article, but truthfully I rearranged this much so I could understand it, and the finer details can be a project for someone with a greater interest.

 * The nephron is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. A healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney . The job of each nephron is to filter blood into urine. Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and a cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule has peritubular capillaries running between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. Both the Bowman's capsule and renal tubule are composed of epithelial cells with a lumen.

 * The filtration is performed through three layers: the endothelial cells of the capillary wall, its basement membrane, and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule. As the fluid  from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances  are exchanged; first with the interstitial fluid outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the fluid exits as urine composed of water, metabolic waste, and toxins.

Thespacesay (talk) 08:17, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

human respiratory system 106.66.40.70 (talk) 11:12, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nephron


text:
List of Louisville and Nashville Railroad precursors

These railroads were bought, leased, or in other ways had their track come under ownership or lease by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad.

In 1902, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad gained a majority of stock in the L&N, but it continued to operate as a separate company until its merger in 1982 into the Seaboard System Railroad.

The Georgia Railroad and the West Point Route were partly owned by the L&N.

Alabama and Florida Railroad of Florida

 * Alabama, Florida and Georgia RailRoad
 * Florida, Alabama and Georgia RailRoad

Alabama Mineral Railroad

 * Anniston and Atlantic Railroad
 * Anniston and Cincinnati Railroad

Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railway

 * Marietta and North Georgia Railroad
 * Knoxville Southern Railroad

Clarksville Mineral Railroad
==Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railway ==
 * Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington
 * Lexington and Frankfort Railroad 1869
 * Lexington and Ohio Railroad 1849
 * Louisville and Frankfort Railroad 1869

Louisville, Henderson and St. Louis Railway

 * Louisville, St. Louis and Texas Railway

Mammoth Cave Railroad

 * Mammoth Cave Railroad

Mobile and Montgomery Railway

 * Alabama and Florida Railroad

Monon Railroad

 * Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway
 * Chicago and Dyer Railway
 * Chicago and Indianapolis Terminal Company
 * Chicago and Wabash Valley Railroad
 * Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railroad
 * Bedford and Bloomfield Railroad
 * Bedford, Springville, Owensburg and Bloomfield Railroad
 * Chicago and Indianapolis Air Line Railway
 * Orleans, West Baden and French Lick Springs Railway

Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway
Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway
 * Bon Air Railroad (Tennessee)
 * Duck River Valley Narrow Gauge Railroad (Tennessee)
 * Huntsville and Elora Railroad (Alabama)
 * Inman Branch (Tennessee)
 * McMinnville and Manchester Railroad (Tennessee)
 * Middle Tennessee and Alabama Railway
 * Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad
 * Nashville and North Western Railroad (Tennessee)
 * Hickman and Obion Railroad
 * Nashville and Tuscaloosa Railroad with Allen's Creek Extension (Tennessee)
 * Paducah, Tennessee and Alabama Railroad
 * Paducah and Tennessee Railroad of Kentucky
 * Paducah and Tennessee Railway of Tennessee
 * Tennessee Midland Railroad
 * Pikeville Branch (Tennessee)
 * Rome Railroad (Georgia)
 * Sequatchie Valley Railroad
 * Southwestern Railroad (Tennessee)
 * Tennessee and Coosa Railroad (Alabama)
 * Tennessee and Pacific Railroad (Tennessee)
 * Tracy City Branch (Tennessee)
 * West Nashville Branch (Tennessee)
 * Western and Atlantic Railroad (Georgia and Tennessee)
 * Winchester and Alabama Railroad (Alabama)

Pensacola and Louisville Railroad Company

 * Alabama and Florida Rail Road Company


text:
Talk:Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids

Untitled
This seems to be a duplicate, or at least overlap considerably, of gel electrophoresis, and perhaps should be merged. There should be single major overview article on electrophoresis and subarticles, but at the moment they are somewhat fragmented. --Lexor|Talk 12:02, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * I do not think that a merge is needed for the DNA gel electrophoresis page, but a removal of information that is already covered in the Gel electrophoresis article should be removed. DNA electrophoresis is extremely important in molecular biology apart from the other types of electrophoresis.  I was hoping to be able to add information in this article regarding the applications of DNA electrophoresis, including PCR analysis and restriction map digests.  A merge is definitely not warranted.  --G3pro 14:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

polilipo

 * I agree with polilipo. I think there needs to be some shifts with information between the Gel Electrophoresis page and this page because they are two different techniques, despite the fact that they are related. Neagley 02:27, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You guys want to combine, I think this page needs to be expanded, greatly.
 * Electrophoresis is a broad category in which gel electrophoresis is a subset. Within that subset DNA electrophoresis is another subset, and Agarose gel electrophoresis is another subset. Since this page deals with DNA electrophoresis I find that it needs to be expanded
 * Section - agarose gel electrophoresis
 * Subsection - standard agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA
 * Sub-subsection - Relative mobility of linear DNA (DS and SS DNA), circular nicked DNA, supercoiled DNA.
 * Subsection - Variable feild gel electrophoresis.
 * Subsection - Low melting point agarose
 * Subsection - Purifying DNA from agarose gels.
 * Section 2 - Acrylamide gel electrophoresis
 * It would also be nice to have a section on improving resolution, such as current ramping and max current versus fragment size, etc. Also on tracking dyes and relative mobility in different percentage gels. How to make a tracking dye buffer would be nice. Pdeitiker 14:06, 25 August 2007 (UTC)


text:
User:Nk

My name is Spas Kolev and most of the time I'm in the Bulgarian Wikipedia. It means that you can expect mostly interwikies and small corrections here.

Usually it's the same but you can use also my Talk page in bg: bg:Потребител беседа:Nk.

bg:Потребител:Nk de:Benutzer:Nk es:Usuario:Nk fr:Utilisateur:Nk mk:Корисник:Nk nl:Gebruiker:Nk ru:Участник:Nk tr:Kullanıcı:Nk

title: User:Nk


text:
Udev

udev (userspace /dev) is a device manager for the Linux kernel. As the successor of devfsd and hotplug, udev primarily manages device nodes in the /dev directory. At the same time, udev also handles all user space events raised when hardware devices are added into the system or removed from it, including firmware loading as required by certain devices.

Rationale
It is an operating system's kernel that is responsible for providing an abstract interface of the hardware to the rest of the software. Being a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel does exactly that: device drivers are part of the Linux kernel, and make up more than half of its source code. Hardware can be accessed through system calls or over their device nodes.

To be able to deal with peripheral devices that are hotplug-capable in a user-friendly way, a part of handling all of these hotplug-capable hardware devices was handed over from the kernel to a daemon running in user-space. Running in user space serves security and stability purposes.

Design
Device drivers are part of the Linux kernel, in which their primary functions include device discovery, detecting device state changes, and similar low-level hardware functions. After loading a device driver into memory from the kernel, detected events are sent out to the userspace daemon udevd. It is the device manager, udevd, that catches all of these events and then decides what shall happen next. For this, udevd has a very comprehensive set of configuration files, which can all be adjusted by the computer administrator, according to their needs.

 * In case a new storage device is connected over USB, udevd is notified by the kernel and itself notifies the udisksd-daemon. That daemon could then mount the file systems.
 * In case a new Ethernet cable is plugged into the Ethernet NIC, udevd is notified by the kernel and itself notifies the NetworkManager-daemon. The NetworkManager-daemon could start dhclient for that NIC, or configure according to some manual configuration.

The complexity of doing so forced application authors to re-implement hardware support logic. Some hardware devices also required privileged helper programs to prepare them for use. These often have to be invoked in ways that could be awkward to express with the Unix permissions model (for example, allowing users to join wireless networks only if they are logged into the video console). Application authors resorted to using setuid binaries or run service daemons to provide their own access control and privilege separation, potentially introducing security holes each time.

HAL was created to deal with these challenges, but is now deprecated in most Linux distributions, its functionality being replaced by udevd.

Overview
Unlike traditional Unix systems, where the device nodes in the /dev directory have been a static set of files, the Linux udev device manager dynamically provides only the nodes for the devices actually present on a system. Although devfs used to provide similar functionality, Greg Kroah-Hartman cited a number of reasons for preferring udev over devfs:
 * udev supports persistent device naming, which does not depend on, for example, the order in which the devices are plugged into the system. The default udev setup provides persistent names for storage devices. Any hard disk is recognized by its unique filesystem id, the name of the disk and the physical location on the hardware it is connected to.
 * udev executes entirely in user space, as opposed to devfs's kernel space. One consequence is that udev moved the naming policy out of the kernel and can run arbitrary programs to compose a name for the device from the device's properties, before the node is created; there, the whole process is also interruptible and it runs with a lower priority.

The udev, as a whole, is divided into three parts:
 * Library libudev that allows access to device information; it was incorporated into the systemd 183 software bundle.
 * User space daemon udevd that manages the virtual /dev.
 * Administrative command-line utility udevadm for diagnostics.

The system gets calls from the kernel via netlink socket. Earlier versions used hotplug, adding a link to themselves in /etc/hotplug.d/default with this purpose.

Operation

udev is a generic device manager running as a daemon on a Linux system and listening (via a netlink socket) to uevents the kernel sends out if a new device is initialized or a device is removed from the system. The udev package comes with an extensive set of rules that match against exported values of the event and properties of the discovered device. A matching rule will possibly name and create a device node and run configured programs to set up and configure the device.

udev rules can match on properties like the kernel subsystem, the kernel device name, the physical location of the device, or properties like the device's serial number. Rules can also request information from external programs to name a device or specify a custom name that will always be the same, regardless of the order devices are discovered by the system.

In the past a common way to use udev on Linux systems was to let it send events through a socket to HAL, which would perform further device-specific actions. For example, HAL would notify other software running on the system that the new hardware had arrived by issuing a broadcast message on the D-Bus IPC system to all interested processes. In this way, desktops such as GNOME or K Desktop Environment 3 could start the file browser to browse the file systems of newly attached USB flash drives and SD cards.

By the middle of 2011 HAL had been deprecated by most Linux distributions as well as by the KDE, GNOME and Xfce desktop environments, among others. The functionality previously embodied in HAL has been integrated into udev itself, or moved to separate software such as udisks and upower.

 * udev provides low-level access to the linux device tree. Allows programs to enumerate devices and their properties and get notifications when devices come and go.
 * dbus is a framework to allow programs to communicate with each other, securely, reliably, and with a high-level object-oriented programming interface.
 * udisks (formerly known as DeviceKit-disks) is a daemon that sits on top of libudev and other kernel interfaces and provides a high-level interface to storage devices and is accessible via dbus to applications.
 * upower (formerly known as DeviceKit-power) is a daemon that sits on top of libudev and other kernel interfaces and provides a high-level interface to power management and is accessible via dbus to applications.
 * NetworkManager is a daemon that sits on top of libudev and other kernel interfaces (and a couple of other daemons) and provides a high-level interface to network configuration and setup and is accessible via dbus to apps.

udev receives messages from the kernel, and passes them on to subsystem daemons such as Network Manager. Applications talk to Network Manager over D-Bus.

HAL is obsolete and only used by legacy code. Ubuntu 10.04 shipped without HAL. Initially a new daemon DeviceKit was planned to replace certain aspects of HAL, but in March 2009, DeviceKit was deprecated in favor of adding the same code to udev as a package: udev-extras, and some functions have now moved to udev proper.

History
udev was introduced in Linux 2.5. The Linux kernel version 2.6.13 introduced or updated a new version of the uevent interface. A system using a new version of udev will not boot with kernels older than 2.6.13 unless udev is disabled and a traditional /dev directory is used for device access.

In April 2012, udev's codebase was merged into the systemd source tree, making systemd 183 the first version to include udev. In October 2012, Linus Torvalds criticized Kay Sievers's approach to udev maintenance and bug fixing related to firmware loading, stating:

"Yes, doing it in the kernel is "more robust". But don't play games, and stop the lying. It's more robust because we have maintainers that care, and because we know that regressions are not something we can play fast and loose with. If something breaks, and we don't know what the right fix for that breakage is, we revert the thing that broke. So yes, we're clearly better off doing it in the kernel. Not because firmware loading cannot be done in user space. But simply because udev maintenance since Greg gave it up has gone downhill."

In 2012, the Gentoo Linux project created a fork of systemd's udev codebase in order to avoid dependency on the systemd architecture. The resulting fork is called eudev and it makes udev functionality available without systemd. A stated goal of the project is to keep eudev independent of any Linux distribution or init system. The Gentoo project describes eudev as follows:

"eudev is a fork of systemd-udev with the goal of obtaining better compatibility with existing software such as OpenRC and Upstart, older kernels, various toolchains and anything else required by users and various distributions."

On May 29, 2014, support for firmware loading through udev was dropped from systemd, as it has been decided that it is the kernel's task to load firmware. Two days later, Lennart Poettering suggested this patch be postponed until kdbus starts to be utilized by udev; at that point, the plan was to switch udev to use kdbus as the underlying messaging system, and to get rid of the userspace-to-userspace netlink-based transport.

Authors
udev was developed by Greg Kroah-Hartman and Kay Sievers, with much help from Dan Stekloff, among others.

title: Udev


text:
Fábio Innecco

Fábio Rogério Innecco (born February 14, 1936) is a Brazilian painter, landscaper, researcher and assistant to graphic arts. Innecco was born in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Between 1958 and 1963 he took lessons in drawing with Abelardo Zaluar and lessons in painting with Henrique Cavalheiro. At this time he took a course at the National School of Fine Arts at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). His work is cited in the Brazilian Dictionary of Arts, published by the Book National Institute of the Education and Culture Ministry (MEC) in the book by Frederico de Moraes: Chronology of Arts in Rio de Janeiro (Topbooks publisher) and in the book "Niterói and its painters (Exito publisher - Enitur).

Innecco obtained two prizes in the 1960s. One, in 1962, the Esso Painting Prize - Salon of Students, promoted by the students' union at the National School of Fine Arts and the other, in 1965, awarded by MEC, the Exemption Prize of the Jury at the Salon of Modern Art.

Works
Since the early sixties he has taken part in several collective exhibitions, including The Salon in aid of the Spanish exiled (1963), in São Paulo, the Salon of Modern Art (1965), Nine Artists, Embramove Gallery (1983), Six Figurative Artists, Casa Grande Theatre (1985), XVI Salon of the Carioca Art in Rio de Janeiro (1992). In Niterói, he has participated in the Paschoal Carlos Magno Cultural Centre collective exhibitions (1991/1997) and in the Six Artists, at the painter Bernadii's studio. Abroad, he participated in two collective exhibitions at the New Visual Gallery, in Frankfurt, Germany in 1993 and 1994.

The artist held individual painting exhibitions at the Olivia Kann Gallery (1987), the Embramove Gallery (1988) and at the Marfebrás (1988) in Rio de Janeiro. In Niterói, he held individual exhibitions at the Sanitária Fluminense Cultural Centre (1988). In 1996 he held a drawing exhibition at the Paschoal Carlos Magno Cultural Centre in Niterói.

His works are part of the private collections of many Brazilian personalities such as Luis Eduardo Guinle, Luis Paulo Conde, Marcelo Conde, Alexandre Baldaque Guimarães, Ruy Baldaque Guimarães and Viviani Soares Sampaio.

title: Fábio Innecco


text: User talk:24.61.82.115

title: User talk:24.61.82.115


text:
Gmina Supraśl

Gmina Supraśl is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Supraśl, which lies approximately 16 km north-east of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 187.96 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 12,780 (out of which the population of Supraśl amounts to 4,578, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 8,202).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Knyszyń Forest Landscape Park.

Villages
Apart from the town of Supraśl, Gmina Supraśl contains the villages and settlements of Cegielnia, Ciasne, Cieliczanka, Czołnowo, Drukowszczyzna, Grabówka, Grabówka-Kolonia, Henrykowo, Izoby, Jałówka, Karakule, Komosa, Konne, Kopna Góra, Kozły, Krasne, Krasne-Gajówka, Krasny Las, Krzemienne, Łaźnie, Majówka, Międzyrzecze, Ogrodniczki, Pieczonka, Podjałówka, Podłaźnie, Podsokołda, Podsokołda-Gajówka, Pólko, Sadowy Stok, Sobolewo, Sobolewo-Kolonia, Sokołda, Sowlany, Stary Majdan, Surażkowo, Turo, Turo-Gajówka, Woronicze, Zacisze, Zaścianki, Zdroje and Zielona.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Supraśl is bordered by the city of Białystok and by the gminas of Czarna Białostocka, Gródek, Sokółka, Szudziałowo, Wasilków and Zabłudów.

title: Gmina Supraśl


text: Category:Public choice theory

title: Category:Public choice theory


text:
User:~shuri

Alias; Shuri

Place of Origin; England

Current location; India

Occupation; Student

Interests include reading novels, watching films, and listening to music. Often at the same time; most often while eating.

Wikipedia edits are predominantly on India related topics, followed up by music.

todo;

quicklinks;
 * India related changes
 * /breedingground
 * Template:Opentask
 * Commons uploads

Exit, pursued by a page refresh.

title: User:~shuri


text:
Talk:Stop sign

Archives of past discussion
Archive 1

Non-English speaking countries
Why is it that some non-English speaking countries use stop signs with the English word "STOP," instead of their linguistic equivalent?...unless of course these countries adopted the English word. Two examples: Germany and Italy. I don't believe "stop" is a German word, and I highly doubt it's Italian, but often times the English word "STOP" appears on stop signs in these countries. Anyone know why? 98.221.131.77 (talk) 23:58, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

Good question. The word STOP has quite an universal recognition, even for people who wouldn't speak english. I know that in French, the word was officially accepted in the language and their STOP signs still display the familiar "Stop" word. In Quebec, however (where I live), "stop" is considered an anglicism, (and would even be considered offensive by some) so the stop sign display the french word "Arrêt" instead. It all depends on the socio-political reality of the various cultures or countries, I guess. --Dez26 18:46, 30 October 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dez26 (talk • contribs)

 * Not exactly. When Bill 101 was introduced decades ago, "stop" was initially considered an anglicism.  However, "stopper" is a valid French verb (borrowed from English in past centuries) and in due course it was decided by the Office québécois de la langue française that "stop" was an acceptable French word (see their granddictionnaire.com and look up "stop" and click on the "route" sub-domain link; no direct link unfortunately).  The highway code in Québec thus allows both ARRÊT and STOP, although in practice the former predominates in mostly French-speaking areas (ie, most of Québec) while the latter can be found in English-speaking areas (if you are skeptical, just use Google Maps Street View for the West Island suburbs of Montréal such as Pointe-Claire and you will see countless examples, or see ).  Legacy signs containing both words (with ARRÊT invariably on top) are still commonly found; these were once considered bilingual but are now officially considered merely redundant and to be avoided. -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 02:44, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Reasoning for use of octagonal shape
I disagree that the octagon shape is used because it "allows drivers facing the back of the sign to identify that oncoming drivers have a stop sign and prevent confusion with other traffic signs. It was also chosen so that it could be identified easily at night, since the original signs were not reflective.". The reason for the octagon shape is because if it's ever covered e.g. with mud, snow or leaves, then it's still obvious what it means. Also, when visibility is poor (e.g. in fog), the shape can be made out if not the writing, so again it'll be obvious that it's a stop sign. "allows drivers facing the back of the sign to identify that oncoming drivers have a stop sign" doesn't make a lick of sense. Drivers do not need to know what signs the drivers on the opposite side of the road are seeing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.189.112.129 (talk) 17:14, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

The New York Times also reports that the number of sides of a sign would signify how dangerous the warning was (8 sided stop is more important then the 4 sided square informational signs) http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/magazine/stop-sign.html Robin the Bobbin (talk) 21:22, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

Citation for use of STOP and (old existing) ARRÊT/STOP signs in Québec

 * An example of an old dual ARRÊT/STOP sign in Québec can be found here. Many other examples can be found from Google Street View, for example here is an "ARRÊT/STOP" at the corner of Hermitage and Glenforest in Pointe-Claire, and here  is a "STOP" at the corner of Hyman and Angora in Dollard-des-Ormeaux.  Countless other examples could be chosen.  And of course there are plenty of ARRÊT signs too, but I trust it isn't necessary to provide a photo.  -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 06:40, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Three-way intersections that have one each of ARRÊT, STOP, and ARRÊT/STOP

 * The holy grail is a three-way intersection that uses one of each type of stop sign. Logically, the best place to look for these is where a municipal boundary runs down the middle of a road, and one municipality uses ARRÊT signs and the other uses STOP signs, and there also just happens to be an old ARRÊT/STOP left over.

 * Starting at the corner of Anselme-Lavigne and Boulevard Saint-Jean and heading east on Anselme-Lavigne, use Google Street View to check out the corners of Anselme-Lavigne and Baffin, and Anselme-Lavigne and Gariépy. A short section of the municipal boundary between Dollard-des-Ormeaux and the Montréal borough of Pierrefonds-Roxboro runs down the middle of the road in this area, so the stop sign in the southern half of Anselme-Lavigne (eastbound lane) is in Dollard-des-Ormeaux and says "STOP", while the stop sign in the northern half of Anselme-Lavigne  (westbound lane) is in Pierrefonds-Roxboro and says "ARRÊT"; meanwhile, the side street (Baffin or Gariépy) still has an old "ARRÊT/STOP" sign (which will presumably eventually be changed to "STOP", since it is in Dollard-des-Ormeaux). -- P.T. Aufrette (talk) 19:46, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

 * It seems as if nearly every individual on the entire planet knows exactly what "OK" means. "Stop" is probably not quite as universal as that, but as English words go, at least it's a short word for a simple obvious concept. I can see three factors for deciding what word goes on a stop sign: ease of adoption (re-using someone else's design is simpler and faster than creating a new one); ease of acceptance (if people have a political objection things won't go smoothly, if people see their own language they will like it, if people see a particular foreign language that's acceptable to them then that's OK); ease of understanding (as long as people will certainly know they have to stop, it doesn't really matter WHAT you write on there). TooManyFingers (talk) 07:44, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

Francophone Africa
Are Francophone countries in Africa solely using “STOP” on their signs or do they have any deviations from the standard? -- sion8 Contributions | Tᴀʟᴋ ᴘᴀɢᴇ 06:09, 27 March 2022 (UTC)

Major cleanup — more work needed
I have gone through and done a big cleanup. Removed parentheticals and personal essay text, fixed grammar and syntax, rectified units, put in appropriate section headings and subheadings, rectified flow of information, image placement and captions and chronology, removed dead wikilinks and added appropriate live ones, added a subsection on school bus stop signs, consolidated the secondary images into a gallery, tagged unsupported assertions, and added applicable templates. We very badly need more documentary support from reliable sources in this article. Shouldn't be hard to find it in the MUTCD and the appropriate UNECE standards, amongst others. There's a ref to a very relevant MUTCD section here on the talk page; I'm about to go incorporate it into the article. Work still to be done includes, primarily, removing external links per the WP:EL policy. Those external links that can serve as referenced reliable sources per WP:CITE need to be incorporated as such; the others need to go away. —Scheinwerfermann (talk) 16:33, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

The section regarding school buses states, "...required by law on North American school buses." Even if we exclude the island nations and territories, there are still many countries in North America. Is it true that Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador and the others all imposed this law? I suspect that by "North America," the author of this entry meant the USA and Canada (and possibly Mexico). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.76.2.126 (talk) 16:57, 9 November 2013 (UTC)

PNG
A 1980s National Geographic featured a photo of a New Guinea "ol kar mas stop sapos yu lukim red pela mak" sign. Chris (クリス • フィッチュ) (talk) 15:50, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I could try and find it; do you have any more info? The name of the articel, or the (approximate) date? 76.117.247.55 (talk) 01:24, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * http://www.englishforums.com/English/WokLongRot/ghdbc/post.htm --Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 16:40, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

½ SVG ½ photos?
For the gallery section, would it be better to have only SVGs for each example, but include in each caption a link to the photo image (By way of a source to proove the images aren't just made up)? 76.117.247.55 (talk) 01:25, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

 * If I was design dictator of this page, I'd eliminate every SVG from the "country examples", and ask for real-life photos only. (Though I'd have *only* SVGs in the tables that demonstrate the standards.) The only reason I can think of to keep any of the individual-country examples is to be able to see *exactly* what they look like in real life. Otherwise, all we see is the opinion/impression/choice of the person who made the drawing. (Which IMO is exactly what we do want to see in an official standard drawing, but not elsewhere.) Tracing the example in the standards document and claiming it's your finished product seems somewhat odd. :)
 * Especially because real-life stop signs are not usually difficult to find. TooManyFingers (talk) 16:22, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

Rolling stop
How would one go about legalizing these? It would save a lot of jerking about in the car and is just as safe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 23:52, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

 * 1. Find out which organization (probably a government department of some kind) is responsible for making the laws and regulations about driving in your area. Find out if this organization is local, regional, or national.

 * 2a. Get the contact information for that department, and tell them your idea.

 * 2b. Find the person from your area who is elected to the same level the department belongs to (local, regional, or national) and tell them about it too.

 * Good luck with that. TooManyFingers (talk) 07:14, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

Some references for the "theft" section that requires expansion
For whomever decides to tackle this section expansion, here are some (unfortunately US-centric) refs: I've not got time to do anything with them myself unfortunately.  Nik the  stoned  15:01, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southeast/2011/07/29/208467.htm
 * http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jw8iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=g38EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5463,272736&dq=stealing-a-stop-sign&hl=en
 * http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1279B868F28D3150&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
 * http://thesouthern.com/news/article_824429b5-63c3-528c-894c-3016b1e211e8.html
 * http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/207016/speak-no-evil/joyce-milton

Yellow circle alternative Vienna Convention stop signs?
I took the description at face value and hope the illustrations I recently contributed agree with it. However, I've never seen a photograph of one that has actually been installed by a road crew or property manager. The closest image Google seems to come up with is the pre-1954 American octagon. knoodelhed (talk) 06:14, 7 September 2012 (UTC)

Politicization of article
This article seems to be written in a rather... political manner in some places. The section on North America even goes so far as to accuse stop signs at highways as having negative effects on freedom of speech. First, I just wanted to make sure everyone had the opportunity to enjoy the fact that someone felt so passionately about stop signs. Second, I think we should discuss maybe cleaning up some of the more vitriolic language in this article. Thoughts? JMike93 (talk) 01:18, 13 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Well, User:czar appears to have impliedly adopted the position that the WP:CIVILITY guideline overrides all core policies (see discussion at User talk:czar). Thus, while some of the language in this article appears to deploy some rather peculiar logic, it would be uncivil, if I am reading that editor's position correctly, to critique such language as violating WP's core policies. --Coolcaesar (talk) 16:50, 13 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I found the "North America" section horrendously POV. Essentially, it is a diatribe against overuse of stop signs. The first step of cleanup would be to move most of its content into a section labeled "Controversies" or "Criticisms". That content is not about WHAT A STOP SIGN IS; hence belongs in a narrowly labeled section. And rewritten to emphasize WHO is making those strongly opinionated statements. NOTE: I make this observation independently of any judgment about the accuracy of what is said nor quality of sources; that is not relevant to how it should be presented. ToolmakerSteve (talk) 08:27, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

I also found the North America section to be a lengthy one-sided argument AGAINST stop signs, instead of a simple explanation (that they are ubiquitously used at every street corner). Sounds like an anti-US bias trying to criticize rather than explain. This is all opinion backed by a tiny group of studies (two outside the US and seemingly pointless) that have virtually no effect. Dfoofnik (talk) 05:53, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

Agreed. I added a POV tag to that section. Motorracer (talk) 20:21, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Great horny toads...whoever put up that angry screed against stop signs clearly didn't understand this is an encyclopedia here, not a debate-team exercise or city council meeting or congressional hearing or platform for propounding personal pet peeves. Much of the case law they cited (at long length) applies only to specific states or situations and really didn't belong here; this also isn't a law school homework assignment. I have removed most of the rant, and moved the text that could be retained in an NPOV manner to a new "disadvantages" section. Pogorrhœa (talk) 04:41, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

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Icelandic stop sign spelling
I've come across a picture with a stop sign in Iceland that is written as STANZ instead of STANS. I think it was around 1974 that the letter Z was dropped from the Icelandic language so it would make sense that the signs would read STANZ instead of STANS. Not sure how to reference this as I don;t think the picture is open source and I oonly have one at hand that has a stop sign in it. Lotsofmagnets (talk) 01:48, 11 March 2018 (UTC)
 * , can you share this photo?  Fry1989 eh? 17:52, 28 May 2018 (UTC) etop Anthony y Arisleidy

Unnecessary "According to whom?" tag
The text "The unique eight-sided shape of the sign allows drivers facing the back of the sign to identify that oncoming drivers have a stop sign and prevent confusion with other traffic signs" shouldn't need a citation. It's an obvious fact, such as "Because the card has been face down at all points in the game thus far, the players have no idea what the card is". Would THAT be tagged with "according to whom"? If the text had said "... was intentionally designed so that drivers from the sign's other side can tell that it can only be a stop-sign and not any other sign", then, yes, the fact of its being intentional WOULD need a citation. But if traffic-signs have the shapes they have, and only one is an octagon, and human minds have the powers of reasoning that we know them to have, the imaginary world in which it is NOT true that the sign allows drivers not facing its front to identify it is simply not a possible world that can actually exist. The statement being thus INEVITABLY true, it should not have been flagged. Nor should it have been omitted just for being inevitably true. It's a worthwhile thing to have pointed out.74.64.105.76 (talk) 01:43, 19 September 2020 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson
 * In Europe, drivers are trained, if they don't encounter a yield/stop sign when entering an intersection, to look for the backs of triangular and octogonal signs on other roads, to determine which road(s) have priority or if it's a no priority intersection (in many European countries, priority diamonds are very rarely posted). 93.136.47.163 (talk) 05:43, 25 November 2020 (UTC)

Portuguese
Under "Stop signs around the world", it says: "Portuguese-speaking countries with the exception of Brazil use the standard version of the sign".

But this isn't a very satisfactory answer, because it doesn't describe Portuguese-speaking people's opinion of "the standard version of a stop sign". (I know what *I* think a standard stop sign is - but it's not a good idea to let me dictate other countries' road signs!) :) TooManyFingers (talk) 06:56, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

"Disadvantages" section
In my opinion this section isn't named correctly. It discusses some specific difficulties or pitfalls of intersection design and stop sign placement, their effects on safety, and how to mitigate those difficulties. A better name would probably be "Details of installation".

A section called "Disadvantages", if there is one, should IMO be dedicated to reasons why a correctly installed stop sign is counterproductive or dangerous under certain circumstances, or problems that can be caused by the presence of a correctly installed stop sign - in other words, situations in which stop signs are inherently a bad idea, not just tricky to install. TooManyFingers (talk) 08:27, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

Stop signs originated in Michigan in 1915.
Also in 1914, Detroit police sergeant Harry Jackson cut the corners off a square sign to create an easily recognized octagonal shape for the first red stop sign or “boulevard stop.” Using the octagon was a brilliant stroke, since its unique shape facilitated recognition, especially by fast-moving motorists.24 The Motor Club of Michigan, which financed the installation, placed the signs to halt cross-street traffic on a boulevard to the suburbs. This installation may have just reinforced existing right-of-way practice. Kansas City, Missouri, and Chicago had earlier required side-street traffic to yield the right of way to cars on suburban parkways.25 Right-of-way ordinances had proven inadequate, in part because strangers crossing a boulevard or parkway might not know the right-of-way rule. Stop signs worked better and rapidly came into use at corners on major arteries where cross traffic seemed too light to justify a traffic cop.

https://sites.tufts.edu/carscultureplace2010/files/2010/09/McShane-traffic-signals-1999.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sermart1234 (talk • contribs) 19:20, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Relatedly, this entire section...
 * "The first ever stop sign was created by Detroit police sergeant Harry Jackson, who was working as a traffic guard at a busy city intersection. One of the cross streets had a particularly low-visibility turn entering the intersection, almost always forcing Harry to slow down and hold back the traffic entering from that street. Looking for ways to make his job easier, he took a rectangular piece of plywood, cut off the corners to give it a distinct shape, wrote "STOP" over the center and placed facing the street. He noticed that his innovation improved the overall traffic flow through the intersection. After he shared his experience with fellow officers at a meeting, the practice started to spread across the city intersections."
 * ...is not actually attested in the cited source. The entirety of the contents relating to Harry Jackson and his invention of the stop sign in that source (a Slate article) reads as follows:
 * "Indeed, historian Clay McShane writes that in 1914, “Detroit police sergeant Harry Jackson cut the corners off a square sign to create an easily recognized octagonal shape for first red stop sign or ‘boulevard’ stop.” (The signs were controversial: McShane notes that “Illinois courts briefly ruled stop signs illegal in 1922 as a violation of the rights of individuals to cross streets.”)"
 * There is nothing there about Harry's supposed travails with the low-visibility turn, etc. Nor can these details be found in the Clay McShane piece that the Slate article appears to be referencing.
 * Unless someone can point to a source that includes these details, I'm forced to conclude that the entire passage quoted above is likely a fabrication added by a particularly, er, "creative" editor. 149.248.178.154 (talk) 16:06, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

Esp
Anong sakuna ang pinipigilan ng stop sign 223.25.60.125 (talk) 04:35, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia Strikes Again!
The source used to support crediting Harry Jackson as inventor of the first stop sign credits him with no more than creating the first red stop sign. 😃😃😃😃 —2600:8800:7000:13B:B253:2534:B241:74DD (talk) 05:29, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

🛑
Should the stop sign Unicode character be discussed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.55.54.51 (talk) 18:37, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

"Arrêt" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arr%C3%AAt&redirect=no Arrêt] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Awesome Aasim 04:20, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stop sign


text:
Adam Parfrey

Adam Parfrey (April 12, 1957 – May 10, 2018) was an American journalist, editor, and the publisher of Feral House books, whose work in all three capacities frequently centered on unusual, extreme, or "forbidden" areas of knowledge. A 2010 Seattle Weekly profile stated that "what Parfrey does is publish books that explore the marginal aspects of culture. And in many cases—at least back when his interests were almost exclusively transgressive—he sheds light on subjects that society prefers to leave unexplored, carving a niche catering to those of us with an unseemly obsession with life's darkest, most depraved sides."

Early life
Parfrey was born in New York City, but during childhood moved to Los Angeles with his parents, actor Woodrow Parfrey and Rosa Ellovich, a stage director of Jewish descent. After graduating high school, he attended the University of California, Santa Cruz, and UCLA, before dropping out to move to San Francisco, where he began a short-lived experimental magazine, IDEA. That publication folded after two issues. In 1983 he wrote and performed in a play, The Wickedest Man in the World, about Gilles de Rais, a 15th-century French serial killer of children.

That year, Parfrey moved east to Hoboken, New Jersey, and began working at New York City's Strand Bookstore. In 1984, with Kim Seltzer and Strand co-worker George Petros, Parfrey launched EXIT magazine; he collaborated on three of the six published issues before leaving the publication in 1987.

Amok Press
In 1987, Parfrey and Kenneth Swezey co-founded Amok Press in New York. (Amok Books, an unrelated imprint, was founded by Swezey's brother Stuart later that year.) Amok Press's first title was an English translation by Joachim Neugroschel of the Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels's novel Michael (1929). This was followed by Parfrey's Apocalypse Culture, a collection of articles, interviews, and documents that explore various marginal aspects of culture. In total, Amok Press published eight books, including You Can't Win, by Jack Black, The Grand Guignol: Theatre of Fear and Terror, by Mel Gordon, and Boxcar Bertha: An Autobiography, As Told to Dr. Ben L. Reitman.

Feral House
Parfrey moved back to the west coast and while living in Portland, Oregon, founded another imprint, Feral House, in 1989. Over the years, Feral House published titles by Steven Blush, Joseph P. Farrell, Phillip Thomas Tucker, John Zerzan, Alain Saury, Jennifer Robin, John Sinclair, Anton LaVey, Michael Moynihan, Didrik Søderlind and others, as well as many titles Parfrey himself wrote or edited.

In 2000, Apocalypse Culture II, a sequel to the 1987 book, was published. In 2005, Parfrey co-founded the publishing company Process Media with Jodi Wille of Dilettante Press.

Vice Magazine called Feral House a forerunner to 4chan and Reddit.

Personal life
Parfrey left Portland and lived in Los Angeles for a time before decamping permanently to Port Townsend, Washington, where he resided for the remainder of his life.

Death
He died in Seattle on May 10, 2018, following complications from a series of strokes.

Awards

 * Winner: Independent Publisher Awards Best History Book of 2012 Silver Medal: Ritual America: Secret Brotherhoods and Their Influence on America Society, by Adam Parfrey and Craig Heimbichner.

Books

 * Apocalypse Culture edited by Adam Parfrey (Amok Press, 1988, ISBN 0-941693-02-3)
 * Rants and Incendiary Tracts edited by Bob Black and Adam Parfrey (Amok Press, 1988, ISBN 0-941693-03-1)
 * The Manson File compiled by Adam Parfrey, credited to Nikolas Schreck (Amok Press, 1988, ISBN 0-941693-04-X)
 * Apocalypse Culture: Revised and Expanded edited by Adam Parfrey (Amok Press, 1990, ISBN 0-922915-05-9)
 * Nightmare of Ecstasy: The Life and Art of Edward D. Wood, Jr. by Rudolph Grey, edited by Parfrey (Feral House, 1994, ISBN 0-922915-24-5)
 * Cult Rapture: Revelations of the Apocalyptic Mind by Adam Parfrey (Feral House, 1995, ISBN 0-922915-22-9)
 * End Is Near!: Visions of Apocalypse, Millennium and Utopia by Stephen Jay Gould, Roger Manley, Adam Parfrey and Dalai Lama, foreword by Rebecca Hoffberger (Dilettante Press, 1998, paperback ISBN 0-9664272-7-0, 1999, hardcover ISBN 0-9664272-6-2)
 * Muerte!: Death in Mexican Popular Culture by Harvey Stafford, edited by Adam Parfrey, illustrated by J. G. Posada, photographs by the ¡Alarma! Staff (Feral House, 2000, ISBN 0-922915-59-8)
 * Apocalypse Culture II edited by Adam Parfrey (Feral House, 2000, ISBN 0-922915-57-1)
 * Extreme Islam: Anti-American Propaganda of Muslim Fundamentalism edited by Adam Parfrey, introduction by Tamim Ansary (Feral House, 2002, ISBN 0-922915-78-4)
 * Lexicon Devil: The Fast Times and Short Life of Darby Crash and the Germs by Brendan Mullen, Adam Parfrey and Don Bolles (Feral House, 2002, ISBN 0-922915-70-9)
 * It's a Man's World: Men's Adventure Magazines – the Postwar Pulps edited by Adam Parfrey, material by Josh Alan Friedman, Mort Künstler, David Saunders and Bill Devine (Feral House, 2003, ISBN 0-922915-81-4)
 * War Is a Racket: The Anti-War Classic by America's Most Decorated General by Smedley D. Butler, with introduction by Adam Parfrey (reprinted in 2003 by Feral House, ISBN 0-922915-86-5)
 * Two Thousand Formulas, Recipes, and Trade Secrets: The Classic Do-It-Yourself Book of Practical Everyday Chemistry by Harry Bennett and Adam Parfrey (Feral House, 2003, ISBN 0-922915-95-4)
 * Sin-a-Rama: Sleaze Sex Paperbacks of the Sixties by B. Astrid Daley, Adam Parfrey and Lydia Lunch (Feral House, 2004, ISBN 1-932595-05-8)
 * Secret Source: The Law of Attraction and Its Hermetic Influence Throughout the Ages by Maja D'Aoust, Adam Parfrey and Jodi Wille (Feral House, 2007, ISBN 978-1-934170-07-6)
 * Love, Sex, Fear, Death: The Inside Story of the Process Church of Final Judgment by Timothy Wyllie, edited by Adam Parfrey (Feral House, 2009, ISBN 978-1-932595-37-6)
 * Feral Man in a Feral Land: Strange Tales from the Apocalypse Culture by Adam Parfrey (Feral House, 2010, ISBN 978-1-932595-45-1)
 * Ritual America: Secret Brotherhoods and Their Influence on American Society: A Visual Guide by Adam Parfrey and Craig Heinbichner (Feral House, 2012, ISBN 978-1-936239-14-6)
 * Citizen Keane: The Big Lies Behind the Big Eyes by Adam Parfrey and Cletus Nelson (Feral House, 2014, ISBN 978-1-936239-95-5)
 * Propaganda and the Holy Writ of the Process Church of the Final Judgement: Sex Issue, Fear Issue, Death Issue, The Gods on War by Timothy Wyllie and Adam Parfrey (Feral House, 2015, ISBN 978-1-936239-10-8)

Articles

 * Parfrey wrote cover stories and feature articles for the Village Voice, San Diego Reader, Penthouse, and Hustler magazines.
 * Between 1990 and 1994 Parfrey wrote the weekly column "HelL.A." for the San Diego Reader.

Recordings

 * S.W.A.T. – Deep Inside a Cop's Mind: The Soundtrack for the Next Police State (Audio CD, 1994, Label: Amphetamine Reptile Records).
 * A Sordid Evening of Sonic Sorrows (Audio CD, 1997, Man's Ruin Records MR-066).
 * He has also collaborated with Boyd Rice on his album Hatesville.
 * Plays the voice of Lord Jehova in the reading of The Gods on War with Genesis Breyer P-Orridge (The Lord Lucifer), Lydia Lunch (The Lord Satan) and Timothy Wyllie (Transcendence).

title: Adam Parfrey


text:
WOWT

WOWT (channel 6) is a television station in Omaha, Nebraska, United States, affiliated with NBC and owned by Gray Television. The station's studios are located at the Kiewit Plaza on Farnam Street near downtown Omaha, and its transmitter is located on a "tower farm" near North 72nd Street and Crown Point Avenue in north-central Omaha.

WOWT is Gray's only Nebraska station not to be part of its Nebraska News & Weather Network (consisting of sister stations KOLN/KGIN, KSNB-TV, KNEP, and KNOP-TV).

History
The station signed on the air on August 29, 1949, at noon as WOW-TV; it was the first television station in Nebraska and is one of the oldest in the Upper Midwest. It also claims to have gone on the air earlier than any station in four other Midwestern states—Iowa, Kansas, North Dakota and South Dakota. The station was owned by Radio Station WOW, Inc., alongside WOW radio (590 AM, now KXSP, and 92.3 FM, now KEZO). The owners operated under a United States Supreme Court ruling which had forced the Woodmen of the World, who had founded WOW in 1923, to divest itself of the radio stations because they threatened the Woodmen's tax-exempt status.

The station was originally a primary NBC affiliate and secondary ABC affiliate; it lost ABC programming in 1953, when KFOR-TV signed on from Lincoln as an ABC affiliate. However, in 1954, Lincoln was separated from the Omaha market, and WOW-TV resumed sharing ABC programming with KMTV (channel 3) until 1957, when KETV signed on as an ABC affiliate. Meredith Corporation bought WOW-AM-FM-TV in 1951. The station claims it was bought by former Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews in 1954, but this is false as Matthews had died two years earlier. On January 24, 1955, after the radio stations dropped their longtime affiliation with the NBC Red Network in favor of the CBS Radio Network, WOW-TV became a secondary CBS television affiliate. This was part of CBS' multi-year, five-station affiliation deal with Meredith Corporation, as a compensation for Phoenix sister station KPHO's initial loss of the CBS affiliation to KOOL-TV before it reclaimed that affiliation in 1994 (KCMO-AM-FM-TV also switched to the network several months earlier). On January 1, 1956, WOW-TV officially became Omaha's CBS outlet, trading affiliations with KMTV.

WOWT's most famous former employee is former Tonight Show host Johnny Carson, who worked at WOW-TV in the early 1950s in his first television job as host of a program called The Squirrel's Nest, in which he told jokes. Another prominent former employee is former ABC Good Morning America reporter Steve Bell, who worked for Channel 6 during the early and mid-1960s. He was the only local reporter to go to Dallas in November 1963 to cover the aftermath of the John F. Kennedy assassination. Bell left channel 6 in 1967 to join ABC News, where he remained until 1986.

In 1974, Meredith tried to sell WOW-TV to Pulitzer Publishing Company for $8 million, but the deal collapsed and Pulitzer ended up buying KETV instead.

When Meredith sold channel 6 to the San Francisco-based Chronicle Publishing Company in 1975, it changed its call letters to WOWT on July 9, due to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) restrictions regarding the usage of the same call letters by different owners at the time. Normally, channel 6 would have had to adopt a callsign starting with "K" when it changed its call letters, since the WOW call letters had been assigned before the current K/W dividing line was moved to the Mississippi River. However, Chronicle wanted to continue trading on the WOW calls, and got a waiver from the FCC to retain a "W" in its calls. To this day, WOWT is one of the westernmost stations with a callsign starting with "W". After negotiations with the network, Channel 6 reversed the 1956 swap and rejoined NBC on June 29, 1986.

Not surprisingly, channel 6 owns a lot of firsts in the market. It was the first Omaha station to broadcast local programming in color, starting in the mid-1950s; it was the first station to provide live reports during its daily newscasts; it was the first of the three local stations to broadcasts three live daily newscasts, at 5, 6, and 10 p.m.; and in 1993, WOWT was the first local television station to offer a website. During the analog era, WOWT-TV was relayed in Clarinda, Iowa, on a UHF repeater, K58AE, which has since been shut down and deleted from the FCC database.

In 1999, Chronicle sold its media holdings (including its newspapers and four television stations) to separate buyers; WOWT was sold to Benedek Broadcasting via LIN TV Corporation in a three-way deal for WWLP in Springfield, Massachusetts; three years later, Benedek Broadcasting was bought out by current owner Gray Television. WOWT would later reunite with some former sister stations after being separated for 46 years when former owner Meredith was acquired by Gray in 2021.

Until 2014, WOWT was also reckoned as the default NBC affiliate for the state capital, Lincoln, located 52 mi from Omaha. Even though Lincoln is located in a different market, most Lincoln-area cable systems carried WOWT, and channel 6's analog signal decently covered Lincoln. It even went as far as to include Lincoln in its legal IDs. When direct broadcast satellite gained more penetration KHAS-TV (now KNHL) in Hastings, long the NBC affiliate for the western half of the Lincoln market, was offered as the local NBC affiliate. However, most Lincoln cable systems opted to continue carrying WOWT. With the acquisition of KSNB-TV in Superior by Gray, that station took over the primary local NBC affiliation and WOWT's place on the Lincoln Time Warner Cable (now Charter Spectrum) system. Until 2016, WOWT was carried in standard definition on digital channel 83 in Lincoln and surrounding Spectrum systems. As of today, it is no longer available in Lincoln.

On January 7, 2015, Gray Television stations WOWT, WIBW (Topeka, Kansas), and KAKE (Wichita, Kansas; no longer owned by them) were dropped from Cox cable lineups as a retransmission deal expired. The previous agreement expired on December 31, but a one-week extension was agreed upon before the current blackout. After a dispute lasting several days, a new agreement was reached on January 11, 2015, and the three Gray Television stations returned to Cox cable lineups.

62O
In October 2005, WOWT launched a second digital subchannel operating as a UPN affiliate, and branded as "UPN Omaha". The subchannel became an independent station branded as "62O", when The WB and UPN shut down in September 2006 (former WB affiliate KXVO (channel 15) now carries WB and UPN successor The CW, while Fox affiliate KPTM (channel 42) carries MyNetworkTV on its second digital subchannel). After that, 6.2 affiliated with Universal Sports; in advance of that network switching exclusively to a cable and satellite channel, WOWT dropped Universal Sports on October 1, 2011, replacing it with a local weather service known as "The Weather Authority Channel", an affiliate of The Local AccuWeather Channel. KETV (channel 7) dropped The Local AccuWeather Channel one month before when it switched its second subchannel to MeTV.

News operation
WOWT presently broadcasts 40 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with seven hours each weekday and $2 1/2$ hours each on Saturdays and Sundays); in regards to the number of hours devoted to news programming, it is the highest local newscast output among the Omaha market's broadcast television stations.

In 1991, WOWT rebranded its newscasts from Action News 6 to Channel 6 News. In 1995, WOWT launched a cable news channel called "NEWS on ONE", which featured live simulcasts and taped rebroadcasts of the station's newscasts on Cox Communications channel 1; the channel was eventually rebranded as "News 4 You", concurrent with its move to Cox channel 4 in 2009. Also in 1995, WOWT's sports department launched a weekly half-hour sports news program titled Channel 6 Sunday Sports Extra, which aired after the station's 10 p.m. newscast on Sunday evening. It was the only program of its kind in Omaha, and was hosted from its inception by sports producer (now sports director) Ross Jernstrom. In 2006, WOWT lost its longtime spot in first place in most timeslots to KETV, who remains there as of 2020. And in October 2013 the news products were re-branded WOWT 6 News. On July 16, 2018, WOWT re-added a 4 p.m. newscast on weekdays, competing with KMTV's newscast at that time slot. WOWT had been the first Omaha station to have a 4 p.m. newscast, launching it in 1994. Its current moniker is "6 On Your Side".

Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:

Analog-to-digital conversion
WOWT ended regular programming on its analog signal, over VHF channel 6, on February 17, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television (which Congress had moved the previous month to June 12). The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 22, using virtual channel 6. WOWT and PBS member station KYNE (part of the Nebraska Public Media TV network) were the only two stations in the Omaha market to end analog broadcasts on the original deadline.

Upon the switch to digital, WOWT aired a 60-second farewell video bookending the analog era from beginning to end. It began with the words "Welcome to the Future", followed with archived film footage of WOW-TV's transmitter being turned on 1949 as it was covered by then-sister station WOW radio (now KXSP), outdoor scenes set to the song "America the Beautiful", and concluded with the station logo and digital call sign "WOWT-DT Omaha" set to the NBC chimes. Voiceover artist Charlie Van Dyke provided narration: "Sixty years ago, WOWT turned on its analog signal to be the first television station in Omaha. Now, join us for the digital age as we shut off our analog signal and transition to digital television. We look forward to the new journey ahead. This is WOWT, Channel 6."

As part of the SAFER Act, WOWT kept its analog signal on the air temporarily to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a scrolling message.

title: WOWT