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Gaudete Sunday

Gaudete Sunday is the third Sunday of Advent in the liturgical calendar of Western Christianity, including the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, Lutheran churches, and other mainline Protestant churches. It can fall on any date from 11 December to 17 December.

Gaudete

The day takes its common name from the Latin word Gaudete ("Rejoice"), the first word of the introit of this day's Mass: "Gaudete in Domino semper: iterum dico, gaudete. Modestia vestra nota sit omnibus hominibus: Dominus enim prope est. Nihil solliciti sitis: sed in omni oratione et obsecratione cum gratiarum actione petitiones vestræ innotescant apud Deum. Benedixisti Domine terram tuam: avertisti captivitatem Jacob.

Rejoice in the Lord always; again I say, rejoice. Let your forbearance be known to all, for the Lord is near at hand; have no anxiety about anything, but in all things, by prayer and supplication, with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God. Lord, you have blessed your land; you have turned away the captivity of Jacob."

- Philippians 4:4–6; Psalm 85 (84):1

Background
The season of Advent originated as a fast of 40 days in preparation for Christmas, commencing on the day after the feast of Saint Martin (11 November), whence it was often called Saint Martin's Lent, a name by which it was known as early as the fifth century. In the ninth century, the duration of Advent was reduced to four weeks (a period starting four Sundays before Christmas), and Advent preserved most of the characteristics of a penitential season, which made it a kind of counterpart to Lent. Gaudete Sunday is a counterpart to Laetare Sunday, and provides a similar break about midway through a season which is otherwise of a penitential character, and signifies the nearness of the Lord's coming.

The spirit of the liturgy throughout Advent is one of expectation and preparation for the feast of Christmas as well as for the second coming of Christ, and the penitential exercises suitable to that spirit are thus on Gaudete Sunday suspended, as it were, for a while, in order to symbolize that joy and gladness in the promised Redemption.

Theme
While the theme of Advent is a focus on the coming of Jesus in three ways: his first, his present, and his final Advent, the readings for Gaudete Sunday deal with rejoicing in the Lord – Christian joy – as well as the mission of John the Baptist and his connection with Advent. The theologian Thomas Aquinas described the difference between joy and happiness. Happiness is the final end of man, eternal contemplation of God, which is an act of the intellect. Joy, however, is itself not a virtue, but is an effect of the virtue of charity ("love"), which is full if its object is eternal and the greatest, i.e. God. Joy admits no sorrow for it is not an act of the sensitive faculties, e.g. enjoying food is a natural joy for Thomas, but supernatural joy which is spoken of on Gaudete Sunday and in the Gospels is an act of the intellectual appetite known as the will.

In his 2014 Gaudete Sunday homily, Pope Francis said that Gaudete Sunday is known as the "Sunday of joy", and that instead of fretting about "all they still haven't" done to prepare for Christmas, people should "think of all the good things life has given you."

Liturgical colour
On Gaudete Sunday rose-coloured vestments may be worn instead of violet (or instead of deep blue, in some Anglican and Lutheran traditions), which is otherwise prescribed for every day in the season of Advent. Gaudete Sunday was also known as "Rose Sunday".

In churches that have an Advent wreath, the rose-coloured candle is lit in addition to two of the violet- or blue-coloured candles, which represent the first two Sundays of Advent. Despite the otherwise somber readings of the season of Advent, which has as a secondary theme the need for penitence, the readings on the third Sunday emphasize the joyous anticipation of the Lord's coming.

In Anglicanism, the use of rose-pink, previously informally observed, was formally noted as an option in the Church of England in the Common Worship liturgical renewal.

title: Gaudete Sunday


text:
Democratic Party (Romania)

The Democratic Party (Partidul Democrat, PD) was a social democratic and, later on, liberal conservative political party in Romania. In January 2008, it merged with the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), a splinter group of the National Liberal Party (PNL), to form the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL).

From 1996 to 2005, the party was a member of the Socialist International (SI). Its official name was Democratic Party - National Salvation Front until 2000, when it officially shortened its name only to the Democratic Party. From 2004 to 2007, the PD was the junior member of the governing Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), although according to many Romanian opinion polls of the time, it remained the most popular of the two parties. Although it had to formally suspend his leadership to the party when elected president in 2004, the PD was largely associated with former Romanian president Traian Băsescu.

History
In early 1992, conflict broke out between FSN leaders Ion Iliescu and Petre Roman and this led to the separation of the Iliescu wing under the name of the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), which later became the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR) and then eventually the Social Democratic Party (PSD).

FSN was defeated by the FDSN in the 1992 general election and consequently spent the next four years in opposition. In 1993, the FSN changed its name to the Democratic Party (PD). In the 1996 general election, the PD jointly ran with the now-defunct Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR), under the Social Democratic Union (USD) banner. After having ranked third, they joined a governing coalition with the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) and the ethnic Hungarian party Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ). From 2000 to 2004, PD has been again in opposition. It also began to move from social democracy to conservatism and Christian democracy. When PDSR and PSDR merged in 2001 to form the Social Democratic Party (PSD), PD was invited by both Adrian Năstase and Alexandru Athanasiu to join the new PSD, but PD president Traian Băsescu refused to take part in the merger. In May 2002, the PD absorbed part of the local Socialist Party of National Renaissance subsidiaries (a left-wing nationalist splinter of the Greater Romania Party).

In advance of the 2004 elections, the PD joined forces with the National Liberal Party (PNL) to create the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA), whose main purpose was to fight the all-dominating PSD. The DA managed to win around 32% of the votes in both Chambers, not enough for a majority and about 6% less than the PSD. Together with its liberal allies, the UDMR/RMDSZ, and the Conservative Party (PC), the PD was part of the governing coalition until April 2007.

During a congress in 2005, PD members voted in favor of joining the European People's Party (EPP) and abandoning the Party of European Socialists (PES) and the Socialist International (SI). In the same year, Petre Roman left the party and, together with his followers, formed the Democratic Force (FD).

From mid-2005, the PD's relations with the PNL became strained due to an ongoing open conflict between former President Băsescu and then Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, who was also the chairman of the PNL. Previously, after his presidential victory in 2004, Băsescu appointed Popescu-Tăriceanu as Prime Minister. Although he wanted to, he could not constitutionally dismiss him; at least, it took him a while to do so. On 1 April 2007, Tăriceanu dismissed the ministers of the PD and formed a minority government.

On 15 December 2007, the PD merged with the Liberal Democratic Party (PLD) to form the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL).

Ideology and policies
The political doctrine of the Democratic Party (PD) shifted from social democracy to social conservatism in 2005. The party supported the consolidation of the free market and is supportive of Romania's flat tax rate of 16%. The party also supported reforming the Romanian Constitution in order to bring about decentralization in administration and give greater power to the eight development regions.

In terms of European politics, the Democratic Party (PD):

 * Supported EU enlargement to the Western Balkans;
 * Supported EU membership for Turkey, as long as it satisfied membership criteria;
 * Supported the accession of the Republic of Moldova to the EU;
 * Supported the Treaty of Lisbon;
 * Believed that the European Parliament should have greater power;
 * Opposed a reform of the Common Agricultural Policy;
 * Supported a common EU migration policy;
 * Supported a common EU defence and security policy;
 * Supported a partnership between the US and the EU, where the EU is an "equal and critical" partner.

Leadership of the PD
{{legend||Also served as Prime Minister|outline=silver}} {{legend|#ffa500|Also served as President|outline=silver}}

1 Roman also served as Senate President between 27 November 1996 and 22 December 1999.

Notable former members

 * Petre Roman – subsequently left and founded the Democratic Force (FD) party;
 * Traian Băsescu – elected President of Romania, membership suspended during the first mandate;
 * Emil Boc – Mayor of Cluj-Napoca 2004–2008; 2012–present, former Prime Minister between 2008 and 2012;
 * Adriean Videanu – Vice-president of PDL, former mayor of Bucharest between 2005 and 2008;
 * Radu Berceanu – Senator, former Minister of Transportation, Constructions, and Tourism;
 * Cristian Rădulescu, MP, PD Leader in the Chamber of Deputies;
 * Gheorghe Albu, MP;
 * Roberta Anastase, MP;
 * Petru Filip, MEP, former mayor of the municipality of Oradea;
 * Ioan Olteanu, MP;
 * Cezar Preda, MP;
 * Păunel Tișe;
 * Alexandru Sassu (subsequently switched to PSD);
 * Bogdan Niculescu Duvăz (left for PSD together with Sassu);
 * Daniel Buda;
 * Victor Babiuc, formerly in charge of the Ministry of Defence (currently a member of the National Liberal Party – PNL);
 * Radu Vasile, former Prime Minister of Romania (came from the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party – PNȚCD);
 * Anca Boagiu, former minister of European Integration and of Transport;
 * Vasile Blaga, former Minister of Administration and Interior, former President of the Senate of Romania;
 * Cristian Ilie, MP;
 * Nati Meir, a member from June 2007;
 * Nicolae Ștefănuță, head of PD/PD-L's Department of European Politics and Affairs.

In 2007, out of 54 members of the PD group in Chamber of Deputies, 14 were not elected on PD electoral list:

 * 7 came from Greater Romania Party (William Gabriel Brânză, Bogdan Catargiu, Alexandru Ciocâlteu, Dan Grigore, Dănuț Liga, Nati Meir, Dumitru Puzdrea);
 * 4 came from Social Democratic Party (Constantin Amarie, Obuf Cătălin Ovidiu Buhăianu, Gheorghe Sârb, Mugurel Liviu Sârbu);
 * 3 came from Conservative Party (Dumitru Becșenescu, Grațiela Denisa Iordache, Constantin Tudor).

Legislative elections
Notes:

1 USD members: PD and PSDR (1 senator and 10 deputies).

2 Justice and Truth Alliance members: PNL (28 senators and 64 deputies) and PD.

Presidential elections
Notes:

1 In 1996, Petre Roman was the candidate of the center-left alliance Social-Democratic Union (USD). USD members: PD and PSDR.

2 Traian Băsescu was endorsed by the Justice and Truth Alliance (DA); alliance members: PNL and PD.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Democratic Party (Romania)


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Fernando de Toledo

Fernando de Toledo (c. 1528–1591) was a Spanish nobleman.

He was the illegitimate and first son of Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, "The Iron Duke", who fathered Fernando de Toledo upon the daughter of a miller of La Aldehuela, in the province of Ávila, Spain.

Not until 1546, when Fernando was nineteen years old, did the duke recognize Fernando as his son. This later became the subject of a comedy written by the great Spanish playwright Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio; the title of the play, "Más mal hay en La Aldegüela de lo que sueña" means approximately, "There are worse things in Aldehuela than you have dreamt of".

Fernando Toledo was a prior of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta in Castile and León. He was Captain General of the cavalry of Flanders and Portugal, member of the Council of State, and (from 1571 to 1580) Viceroy of Catalonia, succeeding Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y de la Cerda (also known as Diego de Mendoza y de la Cerda, 2nd Count of Mélito, 1st Duke of Francavilla), who had been viceroy from 1564 to 1571.

title: Fernando de Toledo


text:
Talk:Cincinnati, Lebanon and Northern Railway

Questionable date?
In this sentence at the start of the second paragraph:"Construction contracts were signed in August 1876 and the groundbreaking, at Eden Park in Cincinnati, was on September 1, 1876. The railroad, severely undercapitalized, went into receivership on April 19, 1876, and was sold by the receiver on March 20, 1880." Should the receivership date be in 1877, '78 or '79? The sentence reads like these events all occurred in the sequence presented, yet the date given for the receivership is after the groundbreaking. I don't have a reference handy to look up this information. slambo 19:12, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

And another further down..."... forced the TC&St.L into receivership in August 1883. On March 6, 1883, the company, struggling to reorganize, had merged the Cincinnati Northern and the Spring Grove, Avondale, and Cincinnati Railway into the TC&St.L. On June 28, 1884, the Ohio part of the company was sold at auction." Should the reorganization date be 1884? slambo 19:30, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

Tunnel
This article has nothing at all about the tunnel or the longer never-completed tunnel in Cincinnati. There also seems to be more corporate history. There's no information on when Pennsy operations began; was it self-operated until the 1925 merger? --NE2 09:30, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm going to see what I can do to "rescue" this article. --NE2 06:02, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Maps
D&C, TC&StL, both northern branches, appears to show the old grade to Sharon, line to Waynesville

--NE2 22:44, 10 October 2008 (UTC)

History notes
This is from the ICC annual reports linked on User:NE2/systems.
 * 1888: 37.65 owned, 38.85 operated
 * 1890-92: 37.65 owned and operated
 * 1893-95: 37.65 owned, 31.05 operated (-6.60 leased to Dayton, Lebanon and Cincinnati Railroad)
 * 1897: 37.81 owned (+.16), 31.76 operated (+.71)
 * 1898-1902: 37.81 owned, 31.76 operated, controlled by Pennsylvania Company
 * 1903-06: 51.76 owned (+13.95), 45.71 operated (+13.95), controlled by Pennsylvania Company
 * 1907: 51.80 owned (+.04), 45.75 operated (+.04), controlled by Pennsylvania Company
 * 1908-09: 51.49 owned (-.31), 45.44 operated (-.31), controlled by Pennsylvania Company
 * 1911: 51.49 owned, 45.44 operated, controlled by Pennsylvania Company, Class II
 * 1913-14: 51.71 owned, 45.66 operated, controlled by Pennsylvania Company, Class II
 * 1917: 76.15 owned and operated, controlled by Pennsylvania Company, Class II
 * 1918-19: 76.17 owned and operated, controlled by Pennsylvania Company, Class I

 * DL&C
 * 1893: 23.40 owned (new), 30.00 operated (new)
 * 1895-1901: 16.40 owned, 23.00 operated
 * 1902-06: 17.05 owned (+.65), 23.10 operated (+.10)
 * 1907-09: 20.95 owned, 27.00 operated (new)
 * 1911-13: 23.95 owned, 30.00 operated, Class III (empty operated column for 1913, but says it's an operating road)
 * 1914: 30.00 owned and operated, Class III (probably an error; CL&N entry still says 6.60 leased)

 * M&C
 * 1891: 10.00 owned, not operated
 * 1892: 15.00 owned (+5.00), not operated
 * 1893-95: 15.00 owned and operated
 * 1897-99: 15.44 owned and operated
 * 1901: 13.95 owned and operated (-.48)
 * 1902: 13.95 owned and operated, wholly controlled by CL&N

--NE2 03:14, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

Disposition of lines

 * 1978 CR system map
 * Cinci area to Brecon
 * Middletown to Mason
 * Hageman to Lebanon (light density)
 * Centerville to Hempstead (light density)
 * Hempstead to Clement
 * Hempstead to Dayton (gap in the middle)

 * 1979 CR Cincinnati Terminal Area map
 * Blue Ash Secondary, near Oak Street to Brecon
 * Court Street Secondary, Eggleston Avenue to near Eden Park Drive

 * 1981 CR Columbus Division track charts
 * DP&L Industrial Track, Dayton (0.5 to 3.5 near Patterson Road, out of service beyond 1.8)
 * Unlabeled, Dayton (3.5) to Pasadena (5.1), owned by PC estate
 * Kettering Running Track, Pasadena (5.1 near Dorothy Lane) to Hempstead (7.0)
 * Hempstead Running Track, Hempstead (7.0) to Centerville (11.0 near Franklin Street), owned by PC estate
 * Unlabeled, Centerville (11.0) to Lytle (16 near Lytle Ferry Road)
 * Lebanon Secondary, Lebanon (25.5) to Hageman (31.4), owned by PC estate
 * Mason Secondary, Hageman (31.4) to Mason (36.9)
 * Out of service, Mason (36.9) to Brecon (39.8), owned by PC estate
 * Blue Ash Secondary, Brecon (39.8) to Cincinnati (55.7, almost to Court Street)
 * Middletown Secondary, Middletown (0.0 near Girard Avenue to 1.1 at the main line); Monroe (3.7 near Oxford State Road) to Hageman (12.0); PC estate in between with no track shown
 * Out of service, Hageman (12.0) to Middletown Junction (14), owned by PC estate
 * Clement Running Track, Clement (0.0) to Hempstead (5.1)

 * 1982, 1984 CR Columbus Division track charts - don't show light density lines
 * Blue Ash Industrial Track, Brecon (39.8) to Cincinnati (55.7, cut to 54.3 in 1984)
 * Clement Industrial Track, Clement (0.0) to Hempstead (5.1)
 * Dayton-NCR Industrial Track, Dayton (0.5 to 3.5, cut to 1.8 in 1984)
 * Kettering Industrial Track, Pasadena (5.1) to Hempstead (7.0)
 * Mason Industrial Track, Hageman (31.1) to Mason (36.9)
 * Middletown Industrial Track, Middletown (0.0 to 1); Monroe (4) to Hageman (12.0)

 * 1989-1999 CR Indianapolis Division track charts
 * Blue Ash Industrial Track, McCullough Yard (49.5) to Avondale (54.3 near Oak Street) - abandoned between 1990 and 1992
 * Clement Industrial Track, Clement (0) to Kettering (3.5 near Forrer Boulevard, cut to 3.2 between 1993 and 1996)
 * DPL Industrial Track, Dayton (0.5 on Cinci Line to 1.8 at National Cash Register near Stewart Street, cut to 0.7 between 1990 and 1992)
 * Middletown Industrial Track, Monroe (3.7 near Oxford State Road to 5.9 near Garver Road) - connected via Reeds Yard

 * Main line
 * Dayton to NCR (majority abandoned in early 1990s; remainder to NS in 1998)
 * NCR to Patterson Road (abandoned in 1982 per 1985 CR Dayton and vicinity map)
 * Patterson Road to Pasadena (not taken in 1976)
 * Pasadena to Hempstead (abandoned in late 1980s)
 * Hempstead to Centerville (light density; abandoned ?)
 * Centerville to Lytle (not taken in 1976)
 * Lytle to Lebanon (abandoned in 1952)
 * Lebanon to Hageman (light density; to IORY in 1985; city of Lebanon now owns the line)
 * Hageman to Mason (to IORY in 1985)
 * Mason to Brecon (not taken in 1976)
 * Brecon to McCullough Yard (to IORY in 1986; to SORTA with IORY keeping an exclusive freight easement in 1997)
 * McCullough Yard to Avondale (abandoned in early 1990s)
 * Avondale to Cincinnati (abandoned in late 1980s)

 * Middletown Branch
 * In Middletown (abandoned in late 1980s)
 * Middletown to Monroe (not taken in 1976 but abandoned earlier through Armco plant)
 * At Monroe (to NS in 1998)
 * Monroe to Hageman (to IORY in 1985)
 * Hageman to Middletown Junction (not taken in 1976)

 * Hempstead Branch
 * Clement to Kettering (to NS in 1998)
 * Kettering to Hempstead (abandoned in late 1980s)

—NE2 06:29, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

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FA criteria
The article falls short of FA criteria, for example not citing a source for all information. If not addressed, it will go to featured article review. (t · c)  buidhe  19:27, 21 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I am less concerned about the sourcing of information as outlined by buidhe above, although an expert should do a deep dive at the information and make sure it is verified by the sources. Rather, my main concern is that the majority of references are to one source, John W. Hauck. I searched through some databases and found additional sources that look promising; if someone is willing to research for this article I can help find sources. Z1720 (talk) 23:46, 23 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Two books are cited. Is there a problem with either of them? RussNelson (talk) 21:37, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
 * My concern is not with the sources, it is the overreliance on Hauck. Are there other sources that can be consulted? Z1720 (talk) 01:55, 7 October 2021 (UTC)


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The End of the River

The End of the River is a 1947 British drama film made in Belém, Brazil about a Brazilian Indian boy who leaves the jungle for the city, where he is accused of murder. It was directed by Derek Twist and written by Wolfgang Wilhelm, based on a novel by Desmond Holdridge. The film stars Sabu and Bibi Ferreira.

The film was produced by Powell & Pressburger, the famous filmmaking duo known as "The Archers". It was filmed mainly on location, along the upper sections of the Amazon River.

Cast
Uncredited
 * Sabu as Manoel
 * Bibi Ferreira as Teresa
 * Esmond Knight as Dantos
 * Robert Douglas as Jones
 * Raymond Lovell as Porpino
 * Torin Thatcher as Lisboa
 * Antoinette Cellier as Conceicao
 * Orlando Martins as Harrigan
 * James Hayter as Chico
 * Maurice Denham as Defence Counsel
 * Alan Wheatley as Irgoyen
 * Basil Appleby as Ship's Officer
 * Dennis Arundell as Coutinho
 * Nicolette Bernard as Dona Serafina
 * Lucius Blake as Shiphand
 * Minto Cato as Dona Paula
 * Arthur Goullet as the Pedlar
 * James Harcourt as the Judge
 * Charles Hawtrey as Raphael
 * Eva Hudson as Maria Goncalves
 * Peter Illing as Ship's Agent
 * Andrea Malindrinos as Officer of India Protection Society
 * Zena Marshall as Santa
 * Gibb McLaughlin as Mateo
 * Russell Napier as the Padre
 * Bill Shine as Feliciano
 * Milo Sperber as Ze

Box office
The film earned £69,600 in producer's receipts in the UK and £69,800 overseas.

Critical reception
The Radio Times described the film as "A curio," and concluded, "Despite a good cast and the Brazilian locations, the results are both confusing and disappointing"; and TV Guide similarly found "A confusing, mediocre film shot in Brazil, with little to recommend it to audiences elsewhere"; whereas Britmovie found more to admire, and wrote, "Sabu is well suited for the role with his Indian good looks. He executes a credible performance...Bibi Ferreira is stunningly beautiful as his love interest...Esmond Knight, Orlando Martins, Robert Douglas, and Torin Thatcher all turn in solid performances...Even though parts of the story remain weak, the scenery definitely makes up for it. Christopher Challis is the cinematographer and he successfully portrays the life of the natives in the lush subtropical forests in Brazil."

title: The End of the River


text:
Battle of Ash Hollow

The Battle of Ash Hollow, also known as the Battle of Blue Water Creek or the Harney Massacre, was an engagement of the First Sioux War, fought on September 2 and 3, 1855, between United States Army soldiers under Brig. Gen. William S. Harney and a band of the Brulé Lakota along the Platte River in present-day Garden County, Nebraska. In the 20th century, the town of Lewellen, Nebraska, was developed here as a railroad stop.

The American force won the battle: the Brulé women and children they killed made up nearly half the fatalities; other women and children made up most of the prisoners they took. The Army planned this punitive expedition in retaliation for the "Grattan Massacre" in August 1854, and for raids by Lakota in its wake.

Overview
The battle was the defining engagement of a short war between the US and the Lakota Sioux over disputes concerning violations of the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie. In this battle 600 soldiers attacked 250 Sioux, killing 86 and capturing 70 women and children.

In March 1856, without authority to do so, commanding Gen. William Harney negotiated a peace treaty to stop further bloodshed with the Sioux. He required a centralized tribal government among the Lakota, by which he intended to hold leaders accountable for the actions of bands. The people were highly decentralized. While the battle was hailed by many newspapers as a heroic victory over the Indians, the New York Times called it a massacre and other critics decried it as "outright butchery," because of the killings of numerous women and children. "The lamentable butcheries of Indians by Harney's command on the Plains have excited the most painful feelings,' wrote a New York Times correspondent in an 1855 dispatch from Washington. 'The so-called battle was simply a massacre, but whether those Indians were really the same who have cut off emigrant trains with so many circumstances of savage cruelty, or whether it is possible to distinguish between the innocent and the guilty in retaliating these outrages, are points on which we have no reliable information." Some others claimed that the battle was fought only to justify growth in the American army, which was being encouraged by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis.

Grattan “Massacre”
The first decisive event that initialized the First Sioux war was catalyzed when a Mormon emigrant lost a cow while traveling with his party on the Oregon Trail; the animal wandered into a Brulé Lakota camp. A Miniconjou Sioux named High Forehead killed the cow for food. The Mormon farmer reported the cow as stolen to army officers at Fort Laramie.

The fort's commander sent out an inexperienced officer, Lt. John Lawrence Grattan—said to be contemptuous of the Indians—to arrest High Forehead. But under the treaty of 1851, such matters related to livestock and relations with settlers were supposed to be handled by the Indian Agent, who was due to arrive soon. Grattan vowed to take the wanted Indian "at all hazards" and took along 30 men and artillery. He pressed the chief to surrender the Sioux man. One of his soldiers shot the chief, Conquering Bear, in the back and killed him. In the ensuing battle the Sioux killed Grattan and 29 of his men. One soldier survived the fighting but died later in the Fort Laramie hospital.

President Franklin Pierce vowed to avenge the Grattan Massacre, as it was called by the press. The War Department appointed Harney to command, with instructions to "whip the Indians." In the ensuing debate, Grattan was blamed for the fracas in which he and the men under his command were killed.

Harney Expedition
The Harney expedition finally set out in August 1855. On September 1, 1855, the expedition caught up with a Sioux encampment along the Platte River in a place known as Blue Waters. Harney sent a regiment in a long night flanking maneuver to set up a blocking position against which he would drive the Sioux. The flanking maneuver was led by Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke and Capt. Henry Heth.

Harney moved up in the morning to drive the Sioux against Cooke and Heth. He first attempted to parlay with the Sioux chief, Little Thunder, but his demands to hand over the men responsible for the Grattan attack were rebuffed. The Sioux felt justified in having killed Grattan and his men, as they had shot first. During the parlay, several Sioux braves discovered Cooke's men.

Battle
Upon the Sioux discovery of Cooke's men, Harney opened the fight by attacking the Sioux camp. Some of the Sioux took refuge in caves along the river. Harney had his men fire into the caves, where they killed many women and children. A large group of mounted warriors rode toward an escape route away from Cooke's and Harney's forces, but Heth saw them and led his forces to block them.

The warriors broke through Heth's men, but were pursued on horseback by cavalry with Heth in the lead. They had a running fight for about five miles, which lasted several hours. At some point Heth got so far ahead of his men that he was presumed killed in action. His death was reported in newspapers around the country and he later took satisfaction in the obituaries his friends had written. The American forces were victorious, killing 86 Sioux and taking 70 prisoners, mostly women and children. Women and children also accounted for about half of the Sioux deaths.

Among other American participants of the battle was Gouverneur K. Warren. He wrote in his diary about the horror of killing native women and children.. John Buford also fought with the Americans. Both became Union generals during the American Civil War.

Afterward, the army made a wide sweep of the surrounding Sioux country but encountered no further resistance. The Sioux called Harney "The Butcher" for the battle at Blue Water, "the Hornet" for invading their territory, and "the Big Chief Who Swears" for the treaty he forced. Following this battle, there were about ten years of peace between the US and the Sioux. The latter tried to ignore the many emigrants on the Oregon Trail, which passed through their territory. The emigrants took game, plants, and water that the Sioux themselves needed for survival.

United States Army
Sioux Expedition: Brevet Brig. Gen. William S. Harney
 * 2nd U.S. Dragoons: Lt. Col. Philip S. Cooke
 * Company E: 1st Lt. Beverly Robertson
 * Company K: Capt. William Steele
 * 6th U.S. Infantry: Maj. Albemarle Cady
 * Company A
 * Company E
 * Company H
 * Company I
 * Company K
 * 10th U.S. Infantry, Company E: Capt. Henry Heth
 * 4th U.S. Artillery, Company G: Capt. Albion P. Howe
 * Topographical Engineers: 2nd Lt. Gouverneur K. Warren

Native Americans
Brulé Lakota Sioux
 * Chief Little Thunder

Legacy
After this battle, one of the expedition renamed Hinhan Kaga, the highest peak in the sacred Black Hills, as Harney Peak for the commander of the military unit. But the expedition had not come within five miles of it, and the Lakota resented this sacred peak being named after a man who had killed so many innocents.

Although the Great Sioux Reservation was established in 1868 under another Treaty of Fort Laramie, which included the territory of West River and preserved the sacred Black Hills for the Lakota, within several years gold was discovered in the hills. The US violated its treaty, taking over the Black Hills and other property to enable European-American development. In 1889 the government broke up the Great Sioux Reservation into five smaller ones, and sold off 9,000,000 acres of former Lakota communal land.

In 2016 the United States Board on Geographic Names renamed Harney Peak as Black Elk Peak.

title: Battle of Ash Hollow


text:
RNM

RNM may refer to:

 * Neckargemünd station (DS100 code: RNM), a railway station in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 * Rainham railway station (London) (National Rail station code: RNM), a railway station in London, England
 * Rajavinit Mathayom School, a state school in Bangkok, Thailand
 * Ramona Airport (FAA LID: RNM), a public airport in California, United States
 * Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, a French-Japanese strategic alliance between Renault, Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors
 * Risk-neutral measure, a probability measure which is exactly equal to the discounted expectation of the share price under this measure

title: RNM


text:
Yidam

A yidam or iṣṭadevatā is a meditational deity that serves as a focus for meditation and spiritual practice, said to be manifestations of Buddhahood or enlightened mind. Yidams are an integral part of Vajrayana, including both Tibetan Buddhism and Shingon, which emphasize the use of esoteric practices and rituals to attain enlightenment more swiftly. The yidam is one of the three roots of the inner refuge formula and is also the key element of deity yoga. Yidam is sometimes translated by the term "tutelary deity".

A yidam is considered to be a manifestation of enlightened qualities and a means to connect with specific aspects of the enlightened mind. The yidam is visualized during meditation in intricate detail, with the aim of internalizing its qualities and attributes. This practice is intended to facilitate the practitioner's transformation and realization of their own innate enlightened nature. It is believed to help purify the mind, accumulate positive karma, and ultimately lead to the realization of emptiness and the nature of reality.

During personal meditation practice (sādhana), the yogi identifies their own form, attributes and mind with those of a yidam for the purpose of transformation. Yidam practices can vary greatly depending on the specific deity chosen, the lineage, and the teachings followed. The visualization, recitation of mantras, and engagement with the symbolic attributes of the yidam are common elements of these practices.

Examples of yidams include the meditation deities Chakrasamvara, Kalachakra, Hevajra, Yamantaka, and Vajrayogini, all of whom have a distinctive iconography, mandala, mantra, rites of invocation and practice. Overall, yidam practices are a distinctive feature of Vajrayana, emphasizing the importance of personal connection with and transformation through specific enlightened aspects.

Etymology
Yidam is said to be a contraction of Tib. yid-kyi-dam-tshig, meaning "samaya of mind" or in other words, the state of being indestructibly bonded with the inherently pure and liberated nature of mind. This is said to be the act that balances energies coursing within the pranic ida and pingala channels in the subtle bodies of both participants. The practitioner focuses on and identifies with the resultant Buddha-form or 'meditation deity', the yidam (Tibetan) associated with IDA channel.

The Sanskrit word ' or ' a compound of iṣṭa (desired, liked, reverenced) + devatā (a deity or divine being) is a term associated with yidam in many popular books on Buddhist Tantra but has not been attested in any Buddhist tantric text in Sanskrit.

Conceptual framework
The yidam's role extends into the framework of the Three Roots within Tibetan Buddhism, a concept that holds deep significance in Vajrayana practice. This concept places the yidam as one of the Three Roots in the 'Inner' refuge formulation, underscoring its essential place in the spiritual journey of practitioners. The Three Roots consist of the guru, yidam, and dakini or dharma protector, each representing a pivotal source of guidance and inspiration for those treading the Vajrayana path. This formulation is traced back to the time of Padmasambhava, as evidenced by scholarly work conducted by Judith Simmer-Brown.

The iconography of the yidam carries a dynamic spectrum, reflecting the practitioner's inner disposition. This iconographic range includes the 'peaceful' form, the 'wrathful' manifestation (referred to as 'tro wa' in Tibetan), and the state of being 'neither peaceful nor wrathful' (designated as 'shi ma tro' in Tibetan). These manifestations allow practitioners to harmonize their spiritual journey with their innate nature, providing a tailored approach to self-realization. Tenzin Palmo further elaborates on this, emphasizing the connection between the practitioner's nature and the yidam's appearance.

Guidance in the selection of a yidam is traditionally provided by the guru, who offers insights into which yidam resonates best with the practitioner's aspirations and tendencies. Subsequently, the guru imparts initiation into the mandala of the chosen yidam, a process that marks the commencement of deity yoga practices. The intertwining of the guru's wisdom and the yidam's enlightened qualities creates a deep connection that strengthens the practitioner's spiritual journey. This connection underscores the notion of indivisibility, highlighting how the guru's teachings and the yidam's essence merge within the practitioner's mindstream.

The yidam's significance extends beyond mere practice; it is also perceived as the root of success in Vajrayana practice. Its transformative power lies in its representation of awakening, serving as a guide for practitioners to navigate their path toward enlightenment. Through its versatile manifestations, personalized guidance, and the seamless bond between guru and yidam, the practice of yidam becomes a cornerstone of accomplishment in Vajrayana.

Diverse forms
The practice of yidam in Vajrayana Buddhism manifests a diverse array of meditation deities, each carrying distinct attributes, symbolism, and significance. This variety underscores the richness and depth of the Vajrayana tradition, accommodating practitioners with different inclinations and spiritual aspirations.

Numerous iconic yidams hold a prominent place in Vajrayana practice, each representing specific enlightened qualities. Chakrasamvara, often depicted in union with his consort Vajravarahi, symbolizes the union of wisdom and compassion. Vajrakilaya embodies the fierce aspect of enlightenment, conquering obstacles and negativities. Green Tara, known for her swift compassion and protection, appeals to those seeking guidance and aid.

Vajrayana's expansive tantric pantheon offers an extensive selection of yidams, catering to a broad spectrum of practitioners. These deities encompass both peaceful and wrathful manifestations, providing practitioners with a spectrum of energies to engage with during meditation. Yamantaka, with his wrathful form, embodies the conquering of death and ignorance. Hevajra, in union with his consort Nairatmya, represents the union of emptiness and bliss.

Practitioners often gravitate toward specific yidams based on personal affinity or spiritual aspirations. This personal connection can guide practitioners towards yidams that resonate with their inner journey. Some practitioners are drawn to the wisdom of Manjushri, while others find resonance in the compassionate embrace of Avalokiteshvara.

Regional variations
The diversity of yidams extends to regional and cultural variations within Vajrayana Buddhism. East Asian Vajrayana, as practiced in China, Korea, and Japan, incorporates yidams like Marici and the "five mysteries of Vajrasattva". These variations reflect the integration of yidam practices into local contexts while preserving the essence of the tradition.

In Nepalese Newar Buddhism
The principal yidam in the Newar Vajrayana tradition of Nepal are Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi. In that tradition, three components are essential to a temple complex: a main shrine symbolizing Svayambhu Mahachaitya; an exoteric shrine featuring Buddha Shakyamuni and other buddhas and bodhisattvas; and an esoteric shrine dedicated to the yidam, to which only initiates may be admitted.

In East Asian Buddhism
The Vajrayana traditions of China, Korea and Japan, while smaller and less prominent than Indo-Tibetan tantric Buddhism, are characterized in part by the utilization of yidams in meditation, though they use their own terms. One prominent ishta-devata in East Asian Vajrayana is Marici (Ch: Molichitian, Jp: Marishi-ten). In the Shingon tradition of Japan, prominent yidam include the "five mysteries of Vajrasattva," which are Vajrasattva (Jp. Kongosatta "金剛薩埵"), Surata / Ishta-vajrinī (Jp. Yoku-kongonyo "慾金剛女"), Kelikilā-vajrinī (Jp. Shoku-kongonyo "触金剛女"), Kāmā / Rāga-vajrinī (Jp. Ai-kongonyo "愛金剛女"), and Kāmesvarā / Mana-vajrinī (Jp. Man-kongonyo "慢金剛女").

Cultivation and practice
During the (meditation) practice of the generation stage, a practitioner (sadhaka) establishes a strong familiarity with the Ishta-deva (an enlightened being) by means of visualization and a high level of concentration. During the practice of the completion stage, a practitioner focuses on methods to actualize the transformation of one's own mindstream and body into the meditation deity by meditation and yogic techniques of energy-control such as tummo ('inner heat yoga'). Through these complementary disciplines of generation and completion one increasingly perceives the pervasive Buddha nature.

Judith Simmer-Brown summarises:

"... a yidam, a personal meditational deity, a potent ritual symbol simultaneously representing the mind of the guru and lineage of enlightened teachers, and the enlightened mind of the tantric practitioner. Recognizing the inseparability of these two is the ground of tantric practice."

Berzin (1997: unpaginated) in discussing Buddhist refuge commitment and bodhisattva vows frames a caution to sadhana:

"More specifically, this commitment means not taking ultimate refuge in gods or spirits. Buddhism, particularly in its Tibetan form, often contains ritual ceremonies, or pujas, directed toward various Buddha-figures or fierce protectors in order to help dispel obstacles and accomplish constructive purposes. Performing these ceremonies provides conducive circumstances for negative potentials to ripen in trivial rather than major obstacles, and positive potentials to ripen sooner rather than later. If we have built up overwhelmingly negative potentials, however, these ceremonies are ineffective in averting difficulties. Therefore, propitiating gods, spirits, protectors or even Buddhas is never a substitute for attending to our karma – avoiding destructive conduct and acting in a constructive manner. Buddhism is not a spiritual path of protector-worship, or even Buddha-worship. The safe direction of the Buddhist path is working to become a Buddha ourselves."

In the Vajrayana practices of Tibetan Buddhism, 'safe direction', or 'refuge' is undertaken through the Three Roots, the practitioner relying on an Ishta-deva in deity yoga as a means of becoming a Buddha.

Western academic studies
Recent Western scholarship has made significant strides in unraveling the complexities of yidam practices within Buddhism. Scholars such as Geoffrey Samuel have examined the cross-cultural implications of Vajrayana practices, including yidam engagement in Western contexts. Francesca Fremantle's work has illuminated the symbolic and philosophical dimensions of yidams, offering insights into their iconography and their alignment with tantric philosophy. This scholarship extends to visual culture as well, as seen in Rob Linrothe's studies on the visual representation of yidams, while David Germano's research delves into the philosophical foundations that underpin these practices within broader Buddhist contexts. Janet Gyatso and Kurtis Schaeffer have explored the roles of yidams in tantric rituals and their connection to gender dynamics. Jacob P. Dalton's investigations have contributed to our understanding of how yidam practices have evolved over time and across different Buddhist lineages. Together, these scholars illuminate the multifaceted aspects of yidam practices, enriching our comprehension of their historical, cultural, and philosophical significance within Buddhism.

title: Yidam


text:
The Small Back Room

The Small Back Room (U.S. title: Hour of Glory) is a 1949 film by the British producer-writer-director team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger starring David Farrar and Kathleen Byron and featuring Jack Hawkins and Cyril Cusack. It was based on the 1943 novel of the same name by Nigel Balchin.

The theme is the unsung heroes of the last war, the 'backroom boys', gradually coming into their own.

Plot
Sammy Rice is a British scientist in a "back room" team evaluating new weapons in London during the Second World War. Their work is constantly frustrated by bureaucrats and poor management. He is drowning in self-pity: he feels unworthy of his girlfriend Susan because he is disabled, and he is in constant pain due to his prosthetic leg. He drinks too much whisky to ease his depression and pain. Susan, who is a secretary in the department, puts up with his temper and self-destructive behaviour until their Minister is forced to resign. Susan knows that if non-scientists take over, the section will become useless and Rice will be even more difficult to live with. She urges him to take action. When she realises Rice refuses to do anything to stand up for himself, she leaves him.

Earlier, Rice had been asked by Captain Stuart to help investigate mysterious booby-trapped devices (mines) being dropped by Nazi bombers. They received some useful information from a critically wounded soldier. While Rice is getting drunk in his flat after Susan's departure, Stuart calls him: two further devices have been found at Chesil Beach. They look like common thermos flasks. While Rice makes his way to the location, Stuart dies attempting to defuse the first device. Stuart gave a running commentary during the process by radio, recorded by ATS corporal. Rice listens to the transcript before attempting to defuse the second device. He discovers that the mine has in fact two booby traps, not one, and manages to defuse them both.

When Rice returns to London, his reputation and his own self-esteem restored by his success, he is offered an officer commission as head of the Army's new scientific research unit. He accepts. Susan returns to him and they go back to his flat to find she has repaired and reinstated everything he damaged while drunk.

Cast

 * David Farrar as Sammy Rice
 * Kathleen Byron as Susan
 * Jack Hawkins as R.B. Waring
 * Leslie Banks as Colonel A.K. Holland
 * Michael Gough as Captain Dick Stuart
 * Cyril Cusack as Corporal Taylor
 * Milton Rosmer as Professor Mair
 * Emrys Jones as Joe
 * Walter Fitzgerald as Brine
 * Renée Asherson as A.T.S. corporal
 * Henry Caine as Sergeant Major Rose
 * Sid James as "Knucksie" Moran, barkeeper and ex-boxer
 * Sam Kydd as Private Crowhurst
 * Michael Goodliffe as Till
 * Geoffrey Keen as Pinker
 * June Elvin as Gillian
 * David Hutcheson as Norval
 * Robert Morley as the government minister (credited as "A Guest")
 * Roddy Hughes as Welsh doctor
 * Bryan Forbes as Peterson, the dying gunner (credited as Brian Forbes)
 * Roderick Lovell as Captain Pearson
 * James Dale as Brigadier
 * Elwyn Brook-Jones as Gladwin
 * Anthony Bushell as Colonel Strang (Royal Engineers OC)
 * Julian Somers as Dr Bryan
 * James Carney as Sergeant Groves
 * Ted Heath's Kenny Baker Swing Group as Hickory Tree Band
 * Kenny Baker as trumpeter
 * Frederic Lewis as Fred Lewis (credited as Frederick Lewis)
 * Patrick Macnee as a committee member (uncredited)

Production
The Small Back Room marked the return of Powell and Pressburger to Alexander Korda after a profitable but contentious time at the Rank Organisation that culminated with The Red Shoes (1948). The film was shot at a number of studios: Denham Film Studios in Buckinghamshire; Worton Hall Studios in Isleworth, Middlesex; and Shepperton Studios in Shepperton, Surrey. Location shooting took place at Chesil Bank and St Catherine's Chapel, Abbotsbury in Dorset; Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain; on the Victoria Embankment in London; and at Abbotsbury station.

In his autobiography, A Life in Movies, Michael Powell acknowledged the influence of German expressionist films such as Nosferatu (1922) in leading him towards making films such as The Red Shoes, Tales of Hoffmann (1951) and The Small Back Room.

Box Office
As of 30 June 1949 the film earned in the UK of which £84,073 went to the producer.

Critical
The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "It is ably produced, and the direction, with one or two lapses, is extremely efficient. The lapse which it is most hard to forgive is that into surrealistic camerawork illustrating Rice's internal struggle with himself when, with his morale at its lowest ebb, he thirsts to open a bottle of whisky. Apart from this, it is an excellent entertainment and there are some very neat cameos of the minor frustrations of the back-room boys' travails. David Farrar turns in a convincing performance as Sammy Rice and has one believing in the reality of his game foot. Kathleen Byron is a moving and long-suffering – perhaps rather too long-suffering – Susan, and there are some good portrayals by Leslie Banks, Jack Hawkins and Cyril Cusack."

Variety said that although the film lacked "the production tricks usually associated with" Powell and Pressburger it was nevertheless "a craftsmanlike job". It praised the performance of David Farrar as "his best role", and lauded the careful casting of the "lesser roles."

Leslie Halliwell said: "Rather gloomy suspense thriller with ineffective personal aspects but well-made location sequences and a fascinating background of boffins at work in post-war London."

In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as "good", writing: "Moving study of human nature, with tense climax."

The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 3/5 stars, writing: "After the sumptuous theatrics of Black Narcissus (1947) and The Red Shoes (1948), Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger returned to the muted naturalism of their earlier collaborations for this adaptation of Nigel Balchin's novel about scientists feeling the strain in wartime. The pair were obviously uninspired by the lengthy passages of chat in which the backroom boffins bicker about their latest inventions, but their masterful use of camera angles and cutting gives the finale an unbearable tension."

Accolades
The Small Back Room was nominated for a 1950 BAFTA Award as "Best British Film".

DVD
The Region 2 DVD was released in May 2004 by Studio Canal / Warner Home Video. In Region 1, The Criterion Collection released the film in August 2008. The release included an essay, an interview with cinematographer Christopher Challis, an audio commentary and excerpts from Michael Powell's audio dictations for his autobiography.

title: The Small Back Room


text:
Category:Indianapolis

Articles related to the city of Indianapolis in the U.S. state of Indiana.

title: Category:Indianapolis


text:
Talk:Vicksburg, Michigan

Extraneous dialogue
The section about the marching band comes off like a current band member trying to feel famous. Just my 2 cents. - Ryancousins (talk) 06:29, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

I find absolutely nothing on Mr Roach. OP please add a ref or it will be deleted.Gtwfan52 (talk) 22:43, 27 March 2012 (UTC) researching back through the page history I noted that material posted by the same poster at the same time as the info on Mr. roach was deleted as hoax. So I am deleting it. On another subject, I will research the Sport's Illustrated article about high school football in Vicksburg and add something about it. It was a long feature spread over two issues in the late 70's or early 80's on the phenomena of high school football in a small town.Gtwfan52 (talk) 06:12, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Vicksburg, Michigan


text:
The Elusive Pimpernel (1950 film)

The Elusive Pimpernel is a 1950 British period adventure film by the British-based director-writer team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, based on the novel The Scarlet Pimpernel (1905) by Baroness Emmuska Orczy. It was released in the United States under the title The Fighting Pimpernel. The picture stars David Niven as Sir Percy Blakeney (a.k.a. The Scarlet Pimpernel), Margaret Leighton as Marguerite Blakeney and features Jack Hawkins, Cyril Cusack and Robert Coote. Originally intended to be a musical, the film was re-worked as a light-hearted drama.

Plot
During the French Revolution, the Scarlet Pimpernel, who is really Sir Percy Blakeney in disguise, risks his life to rescue French aristocrats from the guillotine and take them across the English Channel to safety. As cover, Sir Percy poses as a fop at Court, and curries favour with the Prince of Wales by providing advice about fashion, but secretly he leads The League, a group of noblemen with similar views.

Chauvelin, the French ambassador to England, wants to find out who the Pimpernel is, so he can be brought to French justice. He blackmails Blakeney's French wife Marguerite into helping him by threatening to have her brother Armand (an associate of the Pimpernel) arrested and tortured. She intercepts a letter intended for the Pimpernel and gives it to Chauvelin, unaware that she has betrayed her husband. When she discovers the truth, she sets out to warn him of his great peril.

Cast

 * David Niven as Sir Percy Blakeney/ The Scarlet Pimpernel
 * Margaret Leighton as Marguerite Blakeney
 * Jack Hawkins as Prince of Wales/Footpad attacking Lord Anthony
 * Cyril Cusack as Chauvelin
 * Robert Coote as Sir Andrew Ffoulkes
 * Arlette Marchal as Comtesse de Tournai
 * Gérard Nery as Philippe de Tournai
 * Danielle Godet as Suzanne de Tournai
 * Edmond Audran as Armand St. Juste
 * Charles Victor as Colonel Winterbotham
 * Eugene Deckers as Captain Merieres
 * David Oxley as Captain Duroc
 * Raymond Rollett as Bibot
 * Philip Stainton as Jellyband
 * John Longden as The Abbot
 * Robert Griffiths as Trubshaw
 * Patrick Macnee as the Hon. John Bristow

Production
The Elusive Pimpernel was financed by Samuel Goldwyn and Alexander Korda. Neither director Michael Powell nor star David Niven was very interested in doing the film, but had their minds changed by threats of contract suspension. (Rex Harrison had been originally announced as the star.) Powell wanted to make the film as a musical, but was not allowed to, and Margaret Leighton was cast despite his objection. Goldwyn forced numerous additions and changes to the film but when Powell delivered the final cut, Goldwyn refused to make the final payment, which caused Korda to sue him.

The film was shot in 1949 at various British film studios in Boreham Wood, Elstree and Shepperton, Surrey. Location shooting took place in Bath, Dover, in Savernake Forest, on the Marlborough Downs, and in the stables of Carlton House Terrace, St. James's, London. In France, filming took place in the chateaux of the Loire Valley and on Mont Saint-Michel.

The Elusive Pimpernel was released in the UK in 1950, but because of the falling out between Korda and Goldwyn, did not gain an American distributor until July 1953 when Carroll Pictures acquired the rights. The film then premiered in New York City on 17 April 1954.

Niven's unhappiness at being forced to make the film later led to him severing his contract with Samuel Goldwyn.

title: The Elusive Pimpernel (1950 film)


text:
Gone to Earth (film)

Gone to Earth is a 1950 British Technicolor film created by the director-writer team of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. It stars Jennifer Jones, David Farrar, Cyril Cusack and Esmond Knight. The film was significantly changed for the American market by David O. Selznick and retitled The Wild Heart in 1952.

Gone to Earth is based on the 1917 novel of the same name by author Mary Webb. The novel was largely ignored when it first appeared, but it became better known in the 1930s during the neo-romantic revival.

Plot
Hazel Woodus is a child of nature in the Shropshire countryside in 1897. She loves and understands all of the wild animals more than she does the people around her. Whenever she has problems, she consults the book of spells and charms left to her by her gypsy mother.

Local squire Jack Reddin sees Hazel and wants her, but she has already promised herself to the Baptist minister Edward Marston. A struggle for her body and soul ensues.

Cast

 * Jennifer Jones as Hazel Woodus
 * David Farrar as John "Jack" Reddin
 * Cyril Cusack as Edward Marston
 * Sybil Thorndike as Mrs. Marston
 * Edward Chapman as Mr. James
 * Esmond Knight as Abel Woodus
 * Hugh Griffith as Andrew Vessons
 * George Cole as Cousin Albert

Production
Filming on Gone to Earth, which was shot in Technicolor, began on 1 August 1949. Studio filming took place at Shepperton Studios in Shepperton, Surrey, while most of the film was shot on location at many sites around Much Wenlock in Shropshire. Many locals were recruited as extras, such as the choir from a local Methodist church that appears in the film.

The film was coproduced with American producer David O. Selznick, who had a penchant for dictating long and rambling notes to his directors while under the influence of amphetamines and flooded the production with memos, most of which were ignored.

The Wild Heart
Although he had been involved throughout the filming, Selznick disliked the finished film, and sued The Archers, Powell and Pressburger's production company, in order to change it. He lost the court case but discovered that he had the right to change the film for its American release.

Selznick had the film reedited and some extra scenes shot in Hollywood under director Rouben Mamoulian to create the version known as The Wild Heart (1952). Selznick's changes were mostly additions to the film: a prologue, explanatory scenes (often literally, with labels or inscriptions on items) and more closeups of his wife, Jennifer Jones. The most infamous of the alterations are the scenes at the end when Jones is supposedly carrying a tame fox—in the additional scenes, the fox is obviously a stuffed toy.

Selznick also deleted several scenes that he felt had lacked dramatic impact, some of which were major plot points. In his autobiographies, Powell claimed that Selznick only left about 35 minutes of the original film and that everything else in the American version was shot by Mamoulian.

Restoration
The original version of Gone to Earth was fully restored by the British Film Institute's National Archive in 1985. A New Statesman review called the restored film "one of the great British regional films" and, according to Powell's cinematographer Christopher Challis, "one of the most beautiful films ever to be shot of the English countryside."

Both versions of the film are now available in the U.S. on Blu-ray disc from Kino Lorber Studio Classics (under license from The Walt Disney Company and current copyright holder ABC).

In popular culture
The film is extensively referenced in Jonathan Coe's novel The Rain Before It Falls (2007), in which two of the characters are identified as extras who appear in the foreground in one of the film's early scenes (around 8:25).

title: Gone to Earth (film)


text:
Nova Bus

Nova Bus (stylized as NOVABUS) is a Canadian transit bus manufacturer headquartered in Saint-Eustache, Quebec. Nova is owned by the Volvo Group.

The company has roots in the General Motors Diesel Division, which opened in 1979. Nova Bus was established in 1993, by Nova Quintech, through the acquisition of Dial Corporation's transit division which consisted of Motor Coach Industries and Transportation Manufacturing Corporation. Volvo took partial ownership of Nova Bus in 1998 and complete ownership in 2004.

History
Nova Bus's Saint-Eustache factory is a former General Motors plant that built city transit buses for the Canadian and US market. Inaugurated in 1979, the plant was used to produce the New Look bus (up to 1983) and the Classic (starting 1982) model for sales in Canada. In 1987 GM sold its bus-building holdings to Greyhound Dial Corporation, the parent company of Motor Coach Industries (MCI) while GMC's Rapid Transit Series (RTS) product was moved to join MCI's own designs at Transportation Manufacturing Corporation in Roswell, New Mexico.

By the 1990s, Dial intended to sell its transportation manufacturing and service divisions. The St-Eustache facility was faced with closure. The entity, known as Nova Bus Corporation, was formed by individuals from Nova Quintech and the Fonds de solidarité des travailleurs du Québec to acquire MCI's St-Eustache facility from Dial. Nova Quintech was formed in 1991 after a group of investors purchased the assets of the bankrupt fire truck manufacturer Camions Pierre Thibault Inc. The Government of Quebec agreed to contribute a $2.5-million, interest-free loan, and $10 million in loan guarantees. In addition, they agreed to purchase over 300 buses between 1993 and 1994. The sale of the MCI's St-Eustache operations occurred on July 6, 1993.

MCI and TMC were spun-off from Dial in 1993, and merged with Mexican DINA S.A., who sold the TMC plant and RTS rights to Nova Bus in 1994. The RTS model was continued to be produced in the Roswell plant to meet Buy America requirements.

The Nova Classic and Nova RTS were later discontinued in order to concentrate on the Nova LFS, a low floor city bus, which was announced in 1994 with deliveries starting in 1997. The last Classic model was produced in 1997. Sales of Nova RTS were insufficient and Nova Bus closed its Roswell and Niskayuna, New York plants in 2002 to concentrate all efforts on the Canadian market. The Roswell plant was later acquired by a local consortium, Millennium Transit Services, who became defunct around 2012. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA), which in 1998, placed an order for 484 LFS units that were manufactured and delivered between 2000 and 2002, was the first US customer to purchase a large order of this model, and remains one of the larger operators of Nova LFS buses.

By 1998, Nova Bus was then acquired by Volvo Buses and Prevost Car who owned 51% of the company while Henlys Group owned 49%. Volvo acquired Henlys remaining interest in 2004.

On February 2, 2008, Nova Bus announced plans for the construction of a new assembly plant in Plattsburgh, New York, signifying the company's return to the US bus market. The plant opened on June 15, 2009. The first order from a US-based customer came from the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) for 90 LFS articulated buses; the NYCTA now has nearly 500 articulated and non-articulated LFSs. In March 2010, Nova Bus received the first order for the US-built, redesigned LFS from Honolulu, Hawaii's TheBus; 24 were delivered in December 2010. TheBus planned to order more, but ultimately chose buses from Gillig instead. In March 2012, the Walt Disney Company announced that it plans to test a Nova articulated bus on certain high traffic routes at the Walt Disney World Resort. In 2012, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) ordered 315 buses, including 225 articulated buses to replace its aging Neoplan AN460 articulated buses and its remaining North American Bus Industries NABI 416 standard buses; the articulated hybrid buses were introduced in Philadelphia on October 27, 2014. In 2013, the Chicago Transit Authority placed an order for 300 40 foot Nova Bus clean-diesel buses, with an option to buy an additional 150.

On June 21, 2023, Nova Bus announced that it would again exit the United States market in 2025, and close the Plattsburgh plant. The company cited continuing financial losses in its decision to restructure operations to focus on Canada.

Current
The LFS (Low Floor Series) is currently the only vehicle built by Nova Bus. It was the first bus designed by the company and entered production in 1996.

Since being introduced, the LFS has been redesigned several times, across four generations. Introduced as a diesel-fueled, rigid 40 ft bus, several variants have been offered over the last several decades of production.

Several alternative powertrains have been offered including compressed natural gas (CNG) fueled engines, diesel-electric hybrids (both series and parallel arrangements) and battery-electric. Articulated 62 ft versions have been offered since 2009. Nova Bus also offers suburban configurations of their 40-foot buses with one door and motorcoach style seating, and previously offered special bodywork styling packages for 62-foot buses intended for use on bus rapid transit services.

title: Nova Bus


text:
User talk:Aquamarine~enwiki

Would you be so kind as to discuss the problems on the talk page and stop the revert war? David.Monniaux 19:17, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Sure. Note that zero master broke the three revert rule first.

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title: User talk:Aquamarine~enwiki


text:
Gregorio Conrado Álvarez

Gregorio Conrado Álvarez Armelino (26 November 1925 – 28 December 2016), also known as El Goyo, was an Uruguayan Army general who served as president of Uruguay from 1981 until 1985 and was the last surviving president of the civic-military dictatorship.

Early life and military career
Álvarez was born in the Minas Department in 1925, later renamed Lavalleja in 1927. He entered the Uruguayan Military School in 1940 and graduated as an officer of the cavalry regiment (1946-59). He became chief of the Republican Guard in Montevideo in 1962. In 1971, he was promoted to general and then named chief of the Combined Armed Forces Command that ran the counterinsurgency operation against the Tupamaros (urban guerrillas).

When the military seized power in the 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état, Álvarez became permanent secretary of the new Consejo de Seguridad Nacional (National Security Council). In 1978, he became commander in chief of the army.

President of Uruguay
After Uruguay voted for a return to democracy in a referendum in 1980, the Consejo de Seguridad Nacional named Álvarez transitional president on September 1, 1981. Continuing the repression against labor unions, he lost more popular support and also the support of the majority of the military. He agreed to the holding of legislative and presidential elections in November 1984, which had been preceded by internal party elections in 1982. When Julio María Sanguinetti of the Colorado Party won the presidential election, Álvarez resigned (on February 12, 1985). Rafael Addiego, president of the Supreme Court, then took office as interim president until Sanguinetti was sworn in on March 1. It might be added that while Alvarez did not look favourably upon Jorge Sanguinetti's candidacy in 1984, in his last years found a slightly unlikely defender in Sanguinetti, who argued that the amnesty relating to the dictatorship of 1973-1985 should not be set aside to prosecute even the more overtly military and unpalatable figures such as Álvarez, who were prominent during that period.

Álvarez's loss of support from the (relatively) more moderate members of the National Security Council in the run-up to the 1984 elections and his subsequent resignation invites scrutiny of the relationship between the Council, the military, and the constitutional party leaders. Some would argue that Álvarez's accession to the office of president in 1981 marked a high point of his power, which continued until his resignation. Others would argue that Álvarez's assumption of the permanent secretaryship of the National Security Council in 1973 marked the real point at which he gained what amounted to substantial executive powers. From whichever perspective, however, the fact remains that General Álvarez's public role as a military figure was set against the background of sizeable civilian participation in government in the 1973-1985. It is also the case that Álvarez was to some extent sidelined even during his presidency. In a country such as Uruguay which had some tradition of civilian rule by decree (e.g., during the presidency of Gabriel Terra, whose interior minister Alberto Demicheli later became president in 1976), it is arguably not accurate to equate rule by decree with military rule, although these may at times coincide.

Military title
Among the five individuals who became President of Uruguay in the civilian-military administration that lasted from 1973 to 1985, Álvarez, was, in fact, the only one to carry a military title. These five individuals were: Juan María Bordaberry, Alberto Demicheli, Aparicio Méndez, Álvarez, and Rafael Addiego. Some would argue that this fact is significant when assessing the degree of civilian participation in the regime. Others would argue that an unelected president backed by the military may sometimes merely constitute a cosmetic figurehead.

Retirement and arrest
Although he was covered by a 1986 amnesty, since the election to the presidency of Tabaré Vázquez of the Frente Amplio in November 2004, there had been renewed calls for the prosecution of Álvarez for human rights abuses, for his part in Bordaberry's 1973 coup, and subsequent events.

Álvarez's residence in Montevideo became the focal point for demonstrators protesting the disappearance of opponents of the 1973–1985 civilian-military administration in July 2006. Defenders of such protests could argue that Álvarez symbolizes some of the least attractive aspects of the dictatorship of 1973–1985. On the other hand, it may be accurately asserted that since Álvarez was the only serving military individual to serve as president in the five presidencies of that period, such protests, whether justified or not, may serve to obscure the substantial civilian support for that administration by Colorado and Blanco politicians. From the point of view of those parties, therefore, such protests serve to deflect any focus upon the role exercised by prominent individuals in those parties during that regime.

In December 2007 Álvarez was indicted for alleged human rights abuses during the dictatorship in which he played a prominent role. On October 22, 2009, he was convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison for 37 counts of murder and human rights violations; however, he was not in court to hear the verdict as he was ill. Alvarez died in prison on December 28, 2016, at the age of 91.

title: Gregorio Conrado Álvarez


text:
Burschenschaft

A Burschenschaft (sometimes abbreviated B! in the German Burschenschaft jargon; plural: B!B!) is one of the traditional Studentenverbindungen (student associations) of Germany, Austria, and Chile (the latter due to German cultural influence). Burschenschaften were founded in the 19th century as associations of university students inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas. They were significantly involved in the March Revolution and the unification of Germany. After the formation of the German Empire in 1871, they faced a crisis, as their main political objective had been realized. So-called Reformburschenschaften were established, but these were dissolved by the Nazi regime in 1935/6. In West Germany, the Burschenschaften were re-established in the 1950s, but they faced a renewed crisis in the 1960s and 1970s, as the mainstream political outlook of the German student movement of that period started leaning more towards the left. Roughly 160 Burschenschaften exist today in Germany, Austria and Chile.

Origins
The very first one, called Urburschenschaft ("original Burschenschaft"), was founded on 12 June 1815 at Jena as an association drawn from all German university students inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas. Like the Landsmannschaften or the Corps, a student association based on particular German region, the Burschenschaft members also engaged in duelling. However, its main purpose was to break down society lines and to destroy rivalry in the student body, to improve student life and increase patriotism. It was intended to draw its members from a broader population base than the Corps. Indeed, the group was known for its middle-class membership while the Corps' was mainly aristocratic. At first, a significant component of its membership were students who had taken part in the German wars of liberation against the Napoleonic occupation of Germany.

Its motto was “honor, freedom, fatherland” (Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland), and the original colors were red-black-red with a golden oak leaves cluster, which might be based on the uniform of the Lützow Free Corps, being a corps of volunteer soldiers during the wars of liberation.

19th century
The Burschenschaften were student associations that engaged in numerous social activities. However, their most important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as strong engagement for freedom, rights, and democracy. Quite often Burschenschaften decided to stress extreme nationalist or sometimes also liberal ideas, leading in time to the exclusion of Jews, who were considered to be un-German. Nevertheless, all Burschenschaften were banned as revolutionary by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria when he issued the reactionary Carlsbad Decrees in 1819.

Many Burschenschafter took part in the Hambacher Fest in 1832 and the democratic Revolution in 1848/49. After this revolution had been suppressed, plenty of leading Burschenschafter, such as Friedrich Hecker and Carl Schurz, went abroad. After the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, the Burschenschaften movement faced a severe crisis, as one major goal had been achieved to some extent: German unification. In the 1880s, a renaissance movement, the Reformburschenschaften, led by the ideas of Küster, arose and many new B!B! were founded. It was also during this time until the 1890s when many members turned increasingly towards anti-Semitic outlook believing it provided an approach to achieving the fraternity's fundamental goal. Such members viewed the Jews as a problem that hampered the unification of Germany and the achievement of new values the organization advanced. There were members who resigned to protest a resolution adopted at an Eisenach meeting declaring that Burschenschaft "have no Jewish members and do not plan to have any in the future."

Interbellum and Nazi Germany
In 1935/36, most Burschenschaften north of the Austrian Alps were dissolved by the Nazi government or transformed and fused with other Studentenverbindungen into so-called Kameradschaften (comradeships). Some Nazis (e.g. Ernst Kaltenbrunner) and Nazi opponents (Karl Sack, Hermann Kaiser) were members of Burschenschaften. Theodor Herzl, an Austrian Jewish journalist who founded modern political Zionism, was also a member of a Burschenschaft. However, he resigned two years after he joined because of the fraternity's antisemitism.

Postwar
While in communist East Germany Burschenschaften were prohibited as representatives of a bourgeois attitude to be extinguished, in West Germany most Burschenschaften were refounded in the 1950s. Some of them had to be transferred into other cities, since Germany had lost great parts of its territories after the Second World War, and many Burschenschaften from East Germany also tried to find a new home. The allied victors had forbidden refounding Burschenschaften originally, but this could not be upheld in a liberal surrounding. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Burschenschaften, as many other student fraternities, underwent a crisis: a lack of new members and strong attacks by the leftist student community. In the 1990s many Burschenschaften that had left Eastern Germany in the 1940s and 1950s returned to their traditional home universities in the East.

Today
Roughly 160 Burschenschaften still exist today and many are organized in different organizations ranging from progressive to nationalistic. Among the latter is the Deutsche Burschenschaft organization (DB), which represents about a third of the Burschenschaften. Others are organized in the Schwarzburgbund, the Neue Deutsche Burschenschaft (NeueDB) or the Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft. While the DB still insists upon Fichte's idea of a German nation based on language, thought and culture, the NeueDB favors defining Germany as the political Germany established by the German Basic Law (constitution) in 1949 and altered by the 1990 unification. Many Burschenschaften are not organized at all since they do not see an organization that represents their values sufficiently.

Because of the German emigration into Chile in the late 19th century, there are also some Burschenschaften in Chile, organized in the Bund Chilenischer Burschenschaften (BCB), in contact with the German and Austrian organizations. These are B! Araucania (Santiago), B! Andinia (Santiago), B! Montania (Concepción), B! Ripuaria (Viña Del Mar) and B! Vulkania (Valdivia). Contrary to popular belief, there is no precise political view point held by these Burschenschaften, in fact, they don't really mix with politics, mostly focusing on maintaining B! culture (still, fencing is prohibited in Chile).

Most Burschenschaften are pflichtschlagend, i.e. their members must sustain a number of Mensuren. Academic fencing is still an important part of their self-understanding as well as political education.

Many Burschenschaften, often found in certain "umbrella" organisations (such as the Burschenschaftliche Gemeinschaft), are associated with right-wing or far-right ideas, in particular with the wish for a German state encompassing Austria. In 2013 one Bonn fraternity proposed that only students of German origin should be eligible to join a Burschenschaft. Reportedly half of member clubs threatened to leave in a row over proposed ID cards and a decision to label an opponent of Adolf Hitler a "traitor". Many of the Burschenschaften that left the Deutsche Burschenschaft following this were later involved in the founding of a new organization, the Allgemeine Deutsche Burschenschaft.

Notable Burschenschaft members

 * Otto Abel (1824–1854)
 * Erich Adickes (1866–1928)
 * Victor Adler (1852–1918)
 * Heinrich Ahrens (1808–1874)
 * Wilhelm Altmann (1862–1951)
 * Otto Antonius (1885–1945)
 * Rudolf Arndt (1835–1900)
 * Ludwig Arndts von Arnesberg (1803–1878)
 * Jürgen Aschoff (1913–1998)
 * Ludwig Aschoff (1866–1942)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900)
 * Berthold Auerbach (1812–1882)
 * Hans von und zu Aufseß (1801–1872)
 * Hermann Bahr (1863–1934)
 * Franz Bäke (1898–1978)
 * Erwin Bälz (1849–1913)
 * Ludwig Bamberger (1823–1899)
 * Dietrich Barfurth (1849–1927)
 * Hermann Baumgarten (1825–1893)
 * Karl Theodor Bayrhoffer (1812–1888)
 * Ludwig Bechstein (1801–1860)
 * Karl Isidor Beck (1817–1879)
 * Hermann Heinrich Becker (1820–1885)
 * Wilhelm Beiglböck (1905–1963)
 * Hans Berger (1873–1941)
 * Robert Bernardis (1908–1944)
 * Georg Beseler (1809–1888)
 * Max Bezzel (1824–1871)
 * Adalbert Bezzenberger (1851–1922)
 * Karl Biedermann (1812–1901)
 * Helmut Bischoff (1908–1993)
 * Karl Blind (1826–1907)
 * Kurt Blome (1894–1969)
 * Hans Blum (1841–1910)
 * Robert Blum (1807–1848)
 * Hans-Friedrich Blunck (1888–1961)
 * Franz Boas (1858–1942)
 * Otto Böckel (1859–1923)
 * Ehrenfried-Oskar Boege (1889–1965)
 * Ernst Wilhelm Bohle (1903–1960)
 * Herbert Böhme (1907–1971)
 * Carl Bosch (1874–1940)
 * Erich Brandenburg (1868–1946)
 * Rudolf Breitscheid (1874–1944)
 * Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1827–1894)
 * Alfred Buntru (1887–1974)
 * Franz Josef Ritter von Buß (1803–1878)
 * Paul Carell (1911–1997)
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Carové (1789–1852)
 * Moritz Carrière (1817–1895)
 * Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964)
 * Johann Nepomuk Czermak (1828–1873)
 * Adalbert Czerny (1863–1941)
 * Kurt Daluege (1897–1946)
 * Georg Friedrich Daumer (1800–1875)
 * Eduard David (1863–1930)
 * Kurt H. Debus (1908–1983)
 * Richard Dedekind (1831–1916)
 * Richard Dehmel (1863–1920)
 * Franz Josef Delonge (1927–1988)
 * Heinrich Dernburg (1829–1907)
 * Paul Deussen (1845–1919)
 * Ernst Dieffenbach (1811–1855)
 * Kai Diekmann (born 1964)
 * Eberhard Diepgen (born 1941)
 * Martin Disteli (1802–1844)
 * Anton von Doblhoff-Dier (1800–1872)
 * Albert Döderlein (1860–1941)
 * August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff (1797–1874)
 * Max Dortu (1826–1849)
 * August Dresbach (1894–1968)
 * Henri Druey (1799–1855)
 * Max Duncker (1811–1886)
 * Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948)
 * Victor von Ebner (1842–1925)
 * Rudolf Eisenmenger (1902–1994)
 * Adolf Erman (1854–1937)
 * Abraham Esau (1884–1955)
 * Hermann Esser (1900–1981)
 * Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926)
 * Otto Fahr (1892–1969)
 * Johannes Falke (1823–1876)
 * Ferdinand Falkson (1820–1900)
 * Wilhelm Feddersen (1832–1918)
 * Georg Fein (1803–1869)
 * Friedrich Feuerbach (1806–1880)
 * Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach (1800–1834)
 * Julius von Ficker (1826–1902)
 * Hans Fischer (1881–1945)
 * Wilhelm Fleischmann (1837–1920)
 * Walther Flemming (1843–1905)
 * Walter Flex (1887–1917)
 * Richard Foerster (1843–1922)
 * August Ludwig Follen (1794–1855)
 * Charles Follen (1796–1840)
 * Paul Follen (1799–1844)
 * August Föppl (1854–1924)
 * Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer (1801–1894)
 * Heinrich Förster (1800–1881)
 * Karl Emil Franzos (1848–1904)
 * Heinrich Friedjung (1851–1920)
 * Ludwig Friedländer (1824–1909)
 * Max Friedländer (1829–1872)
 * Julius Fröbel (1805–1893)
 * Emil Frommel (1828–1896)
 * Reinhard Furrer (1940–1995)
 * Friedrich von Gagern (1794–1848)
 * Heinrich von Gagern (1799–1880)
 * Max von Gagern (1810–1889)
 * Jürgen Gansel (born 1974)
 * Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken (1830–1896)
 * Emanuel Geibel (1815–1884)
 * Hans Geiger (1882–1945)
 * Edgar von Gierke (1877–1945)
 * Otto von Gierke (1841–1921)
 * Gerd Gies (born 1943)
 * Otto Gildemeister (1823–1902)
 * Rudolf von Gneist (1816–1895)
 * Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902)
 * Heinrich Göppert (1800–1884)
 * Rudolf von Gottschall (1823–1909)
 * Adolf Gottstein (1857–1941)`
 * Carl Graebe (1841–1927)
 * Fritz Graebner (1877–1934)
 * Martin Graf (born 1960)
 * Maximilian Gritzner (1843–1902)
 * Karl Groos (1861–1946)
 * Bernhard von Gudden (1824–1886)
 * Eugen Gura (1842–1906)
 * Alfred Gürtler (1875–1933)
 * Karl Gutzkow (1811–1878)
 * Friedrich Haase (1808–1867)
 * Karl Hagen (1810–1868)
 * Jörg Haider (1950–2008)
 * Adolf von Harleß (1806–1879)
 * Wilhelm von Hartel (1839–1907)
 * Karl Hase (1800–1890)
 * Ludwig Hassenpflug (1794–1862)
 * Wilhelm Hauff (1802–1827)
 * Johann Hauler (1829–1888)
 * Otto Haupt (1887–1988)
 * Adolph Hausrath (1837–1909)
 * Ludwig Häusser (1818–1867)
 * Rudolf Haym (1821–1901)
 * Johann Gustav Heckscher (1797–1865)
 * Ernst Heinkel (1888–1958)
 * Kurt Heißmeyer (1905–1967)
 * Wolfgang Helbig (1839–1915)
 * Fritz Hellwig (1912–2017)
 * Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg (1802–1869)
 * Gottlieb August Herrich-Schäffer (1799–1874)
 * Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894)
 * Georg Herwegh (1817–1875)
 * Theodor Herzl (1860–1904)
 * William Hexamer (1825–1870)
 * Eduard Heyck (1862–1941)
 * Carl Hierholzer (1840–1871)
 * Bruno Hildebrand (1812–1878)
 * Franz Hilgendorf (1839–1904)
 * Heinrich Himmler (1900–1945)
 * Hans Hinkel (1901–1960)
 * Hermann Höcherl (1912–1989)
 * August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1798–1874)
 * Norbert Hofer (born 1971)
 * Otto Höfler (1901–1987)
 * Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling (1802–1853)
 * Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann (1810–1877)
 * Robert Hohlbaum (1886–1955)
 * Karl von Holtei (1798–1880)
 * Gerd Honsik (1941–2018)
 * Hermann Höpker-Aschoff (1883–1954)
 * Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha (1893–1957)
 * Hermann von Ihering (1850–1930)
 * Carl Ernst Jarcke (1801–1852)
 * Karl Jarres (1874–1951)
 * Curt Joël (1865–1945)
 * Karl Jordan (1861–1959)
 * Franz Jung (1888–1963)
 * Philipp Wilhelm Jung (1884–1965)
 * Rudolf Jung (1882–1945)
 * Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns (1800–1875)
 * Hugo Jury (1887–1945)
 * Peter Kaiser (1793–1864)
 * Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903–1946)
 * Lorenz Franz Kielhorn (1840–1908)
 * Gustav Koerner (1809–1896)
 * Friedrich Lange (1852–1917)
 * Otto Lubarsch (1860–1933)
 * Francis Lieber (1800–1871)
 * Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903)
 * Hans Mühlenfeld (1901–1969)
 * Henry Bradford Nason (1831–1895)
 * Franz Overbeck (1837–1905)
 * Heinz Reinefarth (1903–1979)
 * Karl Sack (1896–1945)
 * Karl Ludwig Sand (1795–1820)
 * Carl Schurz (1829–1906)
 * Otto Skorzeny (1908–1975)
 * Lorenz von Stein (1815–1890)
 * Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929)
 * Adalbert J. Volck (1828–1912)

title: Burschenschaft