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Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/cohendigital

"Digital Culture and the Practices of Art and Art History" is actually a collection of 7 articles written by various professors and critics about the problems of using technology to teach art history. Because this article was compiled in 1997, it puts an interesting and historical perspective on the ideas of technology and art. The first article is written by a teacher who, for her time, is at the forefront of using digital imagery and networking in the teaching of art history. At this early time, she advocates four principles that she believes will be important in the upcoming years:

1) Standardized systems for image resources 2) Legal access to huge archives of images 3) Storage, speed, and bandwidth 4) Reconceptualization of the way we teach

She even recognizes and comments on the demise of fair use in 1997. The next article, although a little less relevant to Open Source, comments on the transformative nature of technology. James Elkins uses specific transformative examples of a Rembrandt painting to illustrate this sometimes unwanted effect of technology. Lavin discusses a seminar that he has taught which is, in fact, quite similar to the Open Source Culture seminar taught at Columbia University in the Fall of 2004. Lavin advocates an approach of collaborative scholarship between students with a guiding instructor. Nancy Macko discusses the potential reversal of "high/low" brow art because of the democratizing effect of technology. Gary Schwartz believes that audiences will naturally turn to looking at pieces on CD-ROM or the Internet. To reinsert itself, the museum, must use media technology alongside viewing the original works as adding value to both mediums. Schwartz also believes that asserting sole rights to an original work will not solve the problem of audience loss. Susan L. Siefried discusses the policies of various groups, including the EU, and how these policies treat the dissemination of cultural information on networks. Important to note is that the EU seems to be the most progressive, even from the beginning, although the policies are a bit disorganized. The last article by Barbara Stafford discusses the changing notion of the university because of technological progress.


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Category:Charter counties in Florida

This category is for the charter counties of Florida. Charter counties have their own constitution and are self-governing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Charter counties in Florida


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I. C. Massim

I. C. Massim (or Ioan C. Massimu; 1825–1877) was a Romanian linguist and a founding member of the Romanian Academy. I. C. Massim was born Ion Floricel in the village of Gropeni, near the Danube port of Brăila as the son of a country priest. He changed his name to Maxim, derived from the name of his birthplace, and signed his books as I. C. Massimu. The crowning achievement of Massim's linguistic career was the 1875 publication, together with August Treboniu Laurian, of the first complete dictionary of the Romanian language, a monumental work that included two volumes of words of Latin origin and a comprehensive glossary of words "of foreign, dubious or unknown origin".

title: I. C. Massim


text:
Category:Mass media regulation in Canada

This category lists terms relating to regulatory aspects of Canadian media.


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Handline fishing

Handline fishing, or handlining, is a fishing technique where a single fishing line is held in the hands, rather than with a fishing rod like the usual angling, of which handlining is a subtype. Handlining is not to be confused with handfishing, which is catching fish by hand. When handlining, one or more fishing lures or baited hooks are attached to the line, and a fishing lure and often a weight and/or a fishing float can also be attached to the line. Handlining is among the oldest forms of fishing and is still practiced throughout the world today.

The fishing bait can be still fished, trolled or jigged up and down in a series of short movements. Often handling is done close to the bottom of the body of water but can also be done near or on the surface.

Salt water handlining
Ocean handlining is often used to catch groundfish and squid but other species are sometimes caught, including pelagic fish. Sea handlining is a good way to catch larger oceanic fish.

Freshwater handlining
Handlining is also used for catching fresh water fish. Panfish, walleyes, and other freshwater game fish can be caught using handlining fishing techniques. Handlining can be practiced from the shore or from a fishing boat. Walleye anglers practice handlining over moderately deep water in a drifting boat. Handlining is also practiced by ice fishing anglers.

Techniques
A jigging motion can be used to attract fish which are normally caught while trying to strike the lure but they can also be snagged by the hooks as they investigate the jigged lure. The lure can also be fished motionless and the angler feels for the bait to be picked up by a fish and then sets the hook after waiting for the fish to fully take the bait. After a strike occurs the hook is set and then the fish is hauled in and the caught fish is removed.

title: Handline fishing


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Induced innovation

Induced innovation is a microeconomic hypothesis first proposed in 1932 by John Hicks in his work The Theory of Wages. He proposed that "a change in the relative prices of the factors of production is itself a spur to invention, and to invention of a particular kind—directed to economizing the use of a factor which has become relatively expensive."

Considerable literature has been produced on this hypothesis, which is often presented in terms of the effects of wage increases as an encouragement to labor-saving innovation. The hypothesis has also been applied to viewing increases in energy costs as a motivation for a more rapid improvement in energy efficiency of goods than would normally occur.

Induced innovation in climate change
A significant application of Hicks's theory can be found in the field of climate change. The exponential population growth occurred in the last century has drastically increased pressure on natural resources. In order to have a sustainable future it is imperative to modify global strategies on climate change and the induced innovation theory can aid to model these policies.

To calculate the human impact on the environment economists often use the I=P*A*T equation where “I”, the impact variable, (for example energy consumption) is the product of “P”, the population, “A” the affluence (often embodied by GDP per capita) and “T” the technology.

The technical coefficient represents the efficiency of the system in use for particular resource and expresses the average state of technology. The decrease of "T" would indicate a gain in efficiency however “I” could still be growing or remaining stable if the improved technology is not sufficient to compensate the effect of an increase in "P" and "A". Therefore, a reduction in “I” would always mean that pressure on resources has lightened but this might not always be the consequence of using resources more efficiently (reducing T).

A fundamental issue of climate change is the excess of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere particularly as the result of an intensified economic activity. Global GDP and emissions were growing at a corresponding rate in the until the 1970s. It was then that oil prices have increased greatly causing people to reduce its consumption.

According to Hicks's theory a change in factor prices will stimulate development of technical innovation to reduce the use of the factor for which the price increased compared to other factors. Following the oil shock significant investments were made in alternative sources of energy, more efficient cars and heating systems to mitigate oil consumption. As a result, emissions started growing at a slower rate than GDP per capita. Although petrol prices then dropped in the 1980s, emissions have continued to grow more slowly than GDP. This is an indication of a complete structural change in technology induced by the need to innovate.

Induced innovation in agriculture
The development of agriculture is a fundamental part of the world economic growth. Being able to meet the demand of an exponentially growing population can be a challenging task, especially if we consider that one of the most important factors, land, remains fairly fixed.

According to the World Bank data, less than 38% of the global surface area can be deemed usable for cultivation of crops or permanent pastures.

Expanding such a number can only be achieved by remediation of soil in a certain area in order to make the land fertile. Such an intervention requires a huge investment that can be amortized only in a long period of time. Therefore, to meet the increasing demand, countries are forced to drastically increase the productivity of the land they dispose. This is where induced innovation steps in.

In order to best explain how Hicks’s theory works, consider a situation in which the demand for agricultural derived products increases as a result of either population growth or increased household income. Theory states that in such a situation, prices of inputs for which supply is inelastic will rise relative to prices of more elastic inputs. Similarly, if the supply of a particular input increases at a faster rate than the supply of other inputs, the price of such input will decline relative to the price of the other factors of production used. Ideally then, farmers would be looking to replace or use less of the more inelastic and less responsive factors of production since they are the more expensive to use. Therefore, technical innovations that replace such inputs would guarantee less costs and hence more profits. In other words, when demand for their products increases, farmers are lured by changes in relative prices to seek for technological alternatives that substitute the increasingly scarce factors of production.

Here is where government intervention would be beneficial. Agricultural workers cannot develop these innovations themselves and therefore demand that public research institutions develop new technologies that will then be transformed into modernized machinery that agricultural supply firms can sell to local farmers. Scientists will now study the best solution to this problem and respond by making the appropriate technical development such that producers can efficiently substitute the abundant inputs for the increasingly scarce factors. Ultimately this will lead to a reduction of farmer’s unit costs in the best way.

title: Induced innovation


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User:Marky102

Hello My name is Mark. Bacon taste like squirrels.!

Hey, this is your incredibly hot girlfriend, maggie, whats up? my username is Dumb blond102

title: User:Marky102


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Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/Culpa

This is a website started by a couple of Columbia students that works as a forum to review Columbia professors. It has some elements of the Open Source idea in that it is a forum for people to post and build off of other entries. The basic idea is that someone will post a review then other students may post 'independent' reviews or respond in some manner to a previous review. However, this system does not allow people to alter others' reviews.

Initially, the website took all reviews. But now it seems as if the operators of the website have exerted more control over the entries as the site has gained in popularity. They do not accept all reviews. This new filtering and editing done by a select few does not seem to follow Open Source ideals. The website seems to be an anti-example of how sheer mass entries do not benefit the original intent. It is my assumption that the filtering started because there were simply too many entries to read through, making it time consuming and unwieldy to use the website to simply check up on a professor.


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Frederick Stark Pearson

Fred Stark Pearson (July 3, 1861 – May 7, 1915) was an American electrical engineer and entrepreneur.

Biography
Pearson was the son of Ambrose and Hannah (Edgerly) Pearson. He graduated from Tufts University in 1883 with an A.M.B. and received an A.M.M. degree one year later. Previously, for one year (1879–80), he was instructor in chemistry in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; later (1883–86), he was instructor in mathematics and applied mechanics at Tufts College. From college, he went on to develop the electric transportation system in Boston and, with electric powered streetcars of major importance, in 1894 he was appointed the head engineer for Metropolitan Street Railways in New York City. Pearson built a reputation as an innovative electrical engineer in the United States and he was soon contracted by governments and businesses as a consulting engineer for power generating stations throughout North America. A man with great business skills and a foresight, with ready financial backers he undertook major projects in North and South America. He was the Founder of Barcelona Traction and São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company which is now Brookfield Asset Management.

While in Canada, he developed a relationship with a bright and aggressive young lawyer/stockbroker in Montreal, Quebec by the name of James Dunn. Pearson encouraged Dunn to take up residency in London, at the time the most important financial market in the world.

With Dunn's brokerage house underwriting his ventures share offerings, sufficient capital was raised to allow Pearson to create a massive business empire that included the São Paulo Tramway, Light and Power Company in Brazil, the Mexican North Western Railway, the Mexican Tramway Company, and the Mexican Light and Power Company in Mexico, and the British American Nickel Company in Canada.

Unstable governments in Mexico along with rampant bribery and corruption of public officials caused Pearson considerable grief. The government of president Venustiano Carranza nationalized his Mexican Tramway Company and in the end, he lost virtually everything he had invested in Mexico. During this time, he was behind the 1911 construction of the Medina Dam on the Medina River in what is now Mico, Texas and built an irrigation district encompassing more than 34,000 acres (138 km2). The town of Pearson, Texas was named in his honor.

In 1912, he organized a syndicate in Hale County, Texas near Plainview for drilling irrigation wells to irrigate about 60,000 acres (243 km2). During the course of his work in Texas, Pearson founded the town of Natalia, naming it after his daughter, Natalie Pearson Nicholson.

In 1913, he negotiated a deal with the Spanish government for a hydro project on the Ebro River and formed the Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company to carry out the construction that was completed in 1915. However, World War I limited his activity.

He and his wife, Mabel Ward Pearson, lost their lives on May 7, 1915, while travelling to England on business and to visit his daughter Natalie who was then living there. They were on the ocean liner RMS Lusitania when it was torpedoed off the southern coast of Ireland by German U-boat SMU U-20 (Germany). They are interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

Pearson Hall, home of the Chemistry Department at Tufts University, is named for him.

title: Frederick Stark Pearson


text:
User talk:WikiGeek~enwiki

Did you not see that that vandalism in progress entry was (correctly) removed for a deliberately false signature? Pakaran (ark a pan) 21:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called WikiGeek. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name WikiGeek~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:24, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:29, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:WikiGeek~enwiki


text: User talk:64.187.40.44

title: User talk:64.187.40.44


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/anti-aesthetic

The Anti-Aesthetic is a collection of essays dealing with theories of postmodern culture. Baudrillard, Crimp, Foster, Frampton, Habermas, Jameson, Krauss, Owens, Said, and Ulmer are contributors to this book. Although all essays touch on the ideas of appropriation art, certain articles are more focused on ideas which could be linked to Open Source or other issues brought up during the seminar.

Douglas Crimp's On the Museum's Ruins discusses the idea of the museum as 'an institution of confinement.' This extremely short essay highlights various writers and theorists defining the museum. Craig Owens' The Discourse of Others brings up Sherrie Levine in the context of feminist art. Her needs for appropriating in her art may be summed up as follows: "Levine's disrespect for paternal authority suggests that her activity is less one of appropriation - a laying hold and grasping - and more one of expropriation: she expropriates the appropriators." This is an interesting argument for the necessity of appropriaton, and possibly Open Source. Such concrete arguments of necessity are often ignored when theorizing about Open Source. Fredric Jameson's Postmodernism and Consumer Society suggests answers to the questions of parody, pastiche, and the original. Jameson defines all three terms in relation to art. Parody is an important aspect of Fair Use. Such definitions may be useful in order to consider the extent of the Fair Use Doctrine.


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Talk:St Sepulchre-without-Newgate

Church Name Change
The information board outside the church says the church name changed from St Edmund to St Edmund and the Holy Sepulchre because, between 1103 and 1173, it belonged to the Augustinian Canons, who were Knights of the Holy Sepulchre.

I have tried to do some digging on the net to find out about the Augustinian Canons but nothing I've found shows any direct link with the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre. As far as I can tell the Knights of the Holy Sepulchre were based in Jerusalem and they did live in line with the Augustinian Rules. But I have found nothing that suggests a group of them lived in London in the 12th century. The Augustinian Canons mentioned in the Wikipedia and elsewhere seem to be a different group entirely.

Anyone able to shed any light on this?

Talk about the architecture perhaps? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.97.62.78 (talk) 17:54, 28 April 2015 (UTC) TeWaitere 23:21, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:St Sepulchre-without-Newgate


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Buchholz

Buchholz may refer to:

Germany

 * Buchholz in der Nordheide, a town in the district of Harburg, Lower Saxony
 * Französisch Buchholz, a community in Berlin
 * Märkisch Buchholz, in the Dahme-Spreewald district, Brandenburg
 * Buchholz, Schaumburg, in the district of Schaumburg, Lower Saxony
 * Buchholz, Soltau-Fallingbostel, in the district Soltau-Fallingbostel, Lower Saxony
 * Buchholz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the Müritz district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * Gremersdorf-Buchholz in the Nordvorpommern district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 * Buchholz, Neuwied, in the district of Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate
 * Annaberg-Buchholz, a town in Saxony
 * Buchholz, Saxony-Anhalt, a town in the district of Stendal, Saxony-Anhalt
 * Buchholz, Dithmarschen in the district of Dithmarschen, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Buchholz, Lauenburg in the district of Lauenburg, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Buchholz, Thuringia, in the district of Nordhausen, Thuringia
 * Galerie Buchholz, a chain of art galleries in Cologne and Berlin
 * Wittenberge–Buchholz railway

Belgium

 * Buchholz, a village in the municipality of Büllingen

United States

 * Buchholz High School, a high school in Gainesville, Florida

Marshall Islands

 * Bucholz Army Airfield, a US Army airfield in the Marshall Islands

Poland

 * Buchholz, German name of Bukowiec, Bartoszyce County
 * Buchholz, German name of Grabno, Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Buchholz, German name of Grabowo, Stargard County

Other

 * Buchholz (surname)
 * Buchholz hydra, a mathematical game on a labeled tree
 * Buchholz psi functions, a system of ordinal collapsing functions
 * Buchholz's ID hierarchy, a hierarchy of inductively defined mathematical systems
 * Buchholz relay, a safety device for oil-filled electrical transformers
 * Buchholz system, a chess ranking system

title: Buchholz


text: Category:Airlines of South America

title: Category:Airlines of South America


title: File:Ff3cover.jpg


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Baumkuchen

Baumkuchen is a kind of spit cake from German cuisine. It is also a popular dessert in Japan. The characteristic rings that appear in its slices resemble tree rings, and give the cake its German name, Baumkuchen, which literally translates to "tree cake" or "log cake".

History
It is disputed who made the first Baumkuchen and where it was first baked. One theory is that it was invented in the German town of Salzwedel, which is further popularized by the town itself. Another theory suggests it began as a Hungarian wedding cake. In Ein neues Kochbuch (lit. "A New Cookbook"), the first cookbook written for professional chefs by Marx Rumpolt, there is a recipe for Baumkuchen. This publication puts the origin of Baumkuchen as far back at 1581, the year the cookbook was first published. Marx Rumpolt had previously worked as a chef in Hungary and Bohemia.

Characteristics
Traditionally, Baumkuchen is made on a spit by brushing on even layers of batter and then rotating the spit around a heat source. Each layer is allowed to brown before a new layer of batter is poured. When the cake is removed and sliced, each layer is divided from the next by a golden line, resembling the growth rings on a crosscut tree. A typical Baumkuchen is made up of 15 to 20 layers of batter. However, the layering process for making Baumkuchen can continue until the cakes are quite large. Skilled pastry chefs have been known to create cakes with 25 layers and weighing over 100 lb. When cooked on a spit, it is not uncommon for a finished Baumkuchen to be 3 – tall.

Baumkuchen ingredients are typically butter, eggs, sugar, vanilla, salt, and flour. Baking powder is not considered a traditional ingredient. The ratio of flour, butter and eggs is typically 1:1:2 respectively (i.e., 100 grams of flour, 100 grams of butter and 200 grams of eggs). The recipe can be varied by adding other ingredients, such as ground nuts, honey, marzipan, nougat and rum or brandy, to the batter or filling. Additionally, Baumkuchen may be covered with sugar or chocolate glaze. With some recipes, the fully baked and cooled Baumkuchen is first coated with marmalade or jam, and then covered with chocolate.

Variations
Baumkuchenspitzen, German for "Tree Cake Peaks," are miniature versions of Baumkuchen; for these, the slices of the whole cake are cut into small pieces that are then typically coated in chocolate and packaged. A simpler horizontally layered version of the cake called a "Schichttorte" also exists. It is baked without a spit and thus does not have circular rings but horizontal layers. The horizontally layered version results in a Baumkuchen that is more similar in shape to conventional cakes. It can also be baked in a conventional household oven that has a broiler inside, whereas the traditional spit version requires special equipment normally not available in an average household. However, unlike with the spit variant, the Schichttorte cross section is less reminiscent of tree rings.

Baumkuchen in Japan
Baumkuchen is one of the most popular cakes in Japan, where it is called baumukūhen (バウムクーヘン). It is a popular return present in Japan for wedding guests because of its ring shape, similar to the symbol of the Zen Ensō which symbolises good luck.

It was first introduced to Japan by the German Karl Joseph Wilhelm Juchheim. Juchheim was in the Chinese city of Qingdao during World War I, and British and Japanese forces began the Siege of Qingdao. Karl served as a private in the Landsturm. After the fall of Qingdao, Karl was sent to prisoner-of-war camps in Japan. After the war, Juchheim started making and selling the traditional confection at a German exhibition in Hiroshima in 1919. He might have baked Japan's first Baumkuchen before the exhibition on Ninoshima. Continued success allowed him to move to Yokohama and open a bakery-store, but it was destroyed in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, thus forcing him to move his operations to Kobe, where he stayed until the end of World War II. Some years later, his wife returned to help a Japanese company open a chain of bakeries under the Juchheim name that further helped spread Baumkuchen's popularity in Japan and is still in operation.

title: Baumkuchen


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Woltersdorf

Woltersdorf may refer to the following places in Germany:

 * Woltersdorf, Brandenburg, in the Oder-Spree district, Brandenburg
 * Woltersdorf, Lower Saxony, in the Lüchow-Dannenberg district, Lower Saxony
 * Woltersdorf, Schleswig-Holstein, in the Lauenburg district, Schleswig-Holstein
 * Woltersdorf, Saxony-Anhalt, in the Jerichower Land district, Saxony-Anhalt
 * Woltersdorf (Fläming), a part of Nuthe-Urstromtal, in the Teltow-Fläming district, Brandenburg

title: Woltersdorf


text:
Category talk:Israeli fighter aircraft

Untitled
Since there are only 3 aircrafts, do we really need so many categories? MathKnight 21:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Israeli fighter aircraft


text:
Category:Florida Panthers

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Florida Panthers


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/leung

In this interview with artists, Wenda Gu and Xu Bing, who participate in a program with Jonathan Hay an associate professor of Chinese Art at the Institute of Fine Arts, the role of the Chinese language in modern art is discussed. In a very broad sense, open source is often related to the notion of pushing the envelope of conservatism of ideas. This brings up the question of how art would function in a purely, unrestricted open world. What would happen if the copyright limits were taken away? Would open source be a moribund concept if there were no limits to push against? In a certain sense, this interview poses such situations. The enormous installations of Gu and Bing often consist of over-blown and redundant words, fragments of words, or made-up languages; 'The repetition of words echoes the ubiquity of exactly such sentiments displayed in the celebratory signs throughout Hong Kong before the handover.' The article and artwork conjures ideas of overblown open source; open source taken to the limit, where the repetition renders the words and original phrasings as mundane, public domain works.

In an exhibition at P.S. 1, Bing uses a certain typeface, which the artist invented, to create lettering. This poses another reading into the ideas of open source. The viewer is confronted with a typeface that looks to be borrowed and appropriated, but is, in fact, an original. How does this play with the psyche of the viewer who might believe they are not lookng at an original, especially with the Western viewer who is even more detached and less able to identify the print? Possibly even more controversial, is a Bing work contributed to the Pori Art Museum in Finland, in which live sheep where situated within a metal fence and whose leashes were wire bent into a form of a phrase from a John Berger poem. In this installation, it is interesting to consider that the words themselves form some sort of restraining object. Is the artist commenting on issues relating to open source?

The article continues with identifying the practices of a controlled language under the Cultural Revolution of Mao. In this Revolution, copying and memorization of masters and new characters is more than encouraged, it is enforced. Again, Western viewers are forced to cope with new ideas of forced open source, in a sense. The interview provides an interesting perspective to open source in a non-Western artistic practice.


text:
File:NYC L1c 2631.jpg

Permission was requested and received by User:Morven.

title: File:NYC L1c 2631.jpg


text:
Vladimir Solovyov

Vladimir Solovyov may refer to:

 * Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher) (1853–1900), Russian philosopher
 * Vladimir Solovyov (cosmonaut) (born 1946), Soviet-Russian cosmonaut
 * Vladimir Solovyov (rower) (born 1946), Soviet-Russian Olympic rower
 * Vladimir Solovyov (TV presenter) (born 1963), Russian television presenter, writer and propagandist
 * Vladimir Solovyov, Soviet automotive designer, first Chief Designer at VAZ
 * Vladimir Solovyov, a Fabergé workmaster

title: Vladimir Solovyov


text:
As/Is

As/Is is a live album by John Mayer, released October 19, 2004, available for download from iTunes and also available as a double-CD release. The albums were released from live concert performances across the United States from the tour following the release of Mayer's second album, Heavier Things. The recordings include five albums-worth of material as sold on iTunes. As of July 2009, the four concert-specific albums were still available on iTunes in the United States, though Volume One is no longer available; Each album has its own artwork. A two-disc compilation was released physically and digitally which features the "best" of the iTunes series, plus an additional song, "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)", a Marvin Gaye cover. In "Inner City Blues", Mayer called upon DJ Logic, the support act of the Heavier Things tour, to join him to perform a turntable solo.

Performing band
The songs all feature Mayer's touring band of the time:

 * John Mayer – guitar and vocals
 * David LaBruyere – bass guitar
 * David Ryan Harris – guitar and backing vocals
 * JJ Johnson – drums and percussion
 * Michael Chaves – guitar & vocals
 * Eric Jacobson – trumpet and dented flugelhorn
 * Chris Karlic – saxophone and flute
 * Kevin Lovejoy – keyboards

Cover art for the series
Volume one features a cut-out silhouette version of Mayer (from the cover of Heavier Things) with two tones of blue. As it is separate from the other volumes, its artwork is rather distinct from the rest.

Artwork for the covers of volumes two, three, four, and five is by the artist Kozyndan. They feature bunnies in out-of-character situations on their covers, including hanging from helium balloons (two) and in washing machines (three). The bunnies on the cover of four begin as amoeba and diagonally evolve into bunnies. The cover of volume five has several bunnies with their midsections replaced with springs.

The CD release continued the use of bunnies, using the artwork 'Uprisings' by Kozyndan, which has hundreds of bunnies in formation to appear like revered Japanese artwork The Great Wave off Kanagawa. The artwork was originally created as a cover for issue 28 of the magazine Giant Robot. Notably, the CD is considered volume six (the last) of the series, and The Great Wave woodblock printing is the first of a 36-part series of art.

As/Is CD release
Volume Six

title: As/Is


text:
User:.:Jenni:.

Hi! I'm Jenni
Is Jenni my real name or a nick name or just a name pulled from the blue? No one knows accept for ME. :P Fine, now YOU know. Jenni is my real name, but everyone goes, no, it's gotta be Jenny, not Jenni! But it IS Jenni whether you like it or not! :P Anyways, I'm new to Wikipedia but have used it for a couple projects for school. I'll try to be online as much as possible!

Have To Read Books
I read 24/7 (well, not quite!) so I made a list of books that you HAVE to read! Touching Spirit Bear The Magician's Nephew The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe Oh just read all of the C. S. Lewis books for pete's sake! :P Just Ask Iris

Questions
I ask a lot of questions that I don't know the answers to. Some are kinda weird, some are just plain dumb, and some are pulled from outa the blue. If you know the answer to one of my questions, please fill the answers in and put your signature behind or in front of it! Q: There is a Nancy Drew computer game called 'Treasure of the Royal Tower.' Is there a book in the series with the same title, or a book in the series with the same thought-line? A: Yes! I looked it up for you and found it: Everyking 06:37, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC) Q: Who on earth is Adam Sandler? A: I found out: He's this dude that supposedly every teen age guy admires and he's on comedy shows or somethin' like that. Q: There's this guy who neomailed me and he said: "olo ha cousin was up" Does that sound like Adam Sandler to you? (that was Q1) He says that's what Adam said to him. I don't barely know who this dude is, so will ya help out here? And does Adam Sandler have a cousin who's name is Josh? (that qas Q2) A1: A2:

 * You might try looking up some of those subjects right on this site; Wikipedia has entries on Adam Sandler and Nancy Drew that have a good deal of information on them, perhaps including the info you want. You can also go to Google and type those things in, and see what else you find. Dtobias 16:22, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I tried before on Adam and couldn't find anything. I tried Nancy Drew and couldn't find it either.

Q: Can you die from eating limestone? (highly doubt it) A: I was right. OF COURSE NOT. Courtney is so vulnerable sometimes. Q: What on EARTH is coolcamels.com? A:

My Addictions
I love snow!!! I just love it because I live in Texas and it only snows for a lil while. The snow melts in 2 hours!!! I am also a user on neopets, so I made a guild about snow where our snow never melts. My username is fortelupe and my guild's name is ***Let it Snow!*** A couple of my best friends on neopets and off are: shaynarado2020, operagirl31, sobori, and supah_fenna. Some of them are in my guild, but shaynarado isn't. Anyways, the guild's all about snow, but it's not very glamorous. We love to chat and just talk and have fun together. We help eachother with quests and we're all nice to eachother and no one gets left out! Of course, you don't really care about neopets do you? Oh well.

My Favorite Songs
Everything to Me sung by Avalon Party Up sung by Hilary Duff Inner Strength sung by Hilary Duff Simple Things sung by Amy Grant Spoken For sung by MercyMe Only Hope sung by Caedmon's Call Sweet Sixteen sung by Hilary Duff Little Voice sung by Hilary Duff The Math sung by Hilary Duff Why Not sung by Hilary Duff Legacy sung by Nichole Nordeman Love Just Is sung by Hilary Duff Day by Day sung by Point of Grace You Are a Child of Mine sung by Mark Schultz Someone's Watching Over Me sung by Hilary Duff Here With Me sung by MercyMe Face of Christ by Chris Rice Cartoons by Chris Rice Who Am I sung by Casting crowns Letters From War sung by Chris Rice Gone sung by TobyMac Rock This World sung by Hilary Duff We Come To Praise sung by Michael James I'm not done!!! STOP IMPERSONATING THE REAL FORTELUPE!!! THE REAL FORTELUPE HATES HILARY DUFF!

What I Am
What I'm wearing: A navy blue shirt that has my music group's name on it and faded jean capris. What I'm doing: admiring my new cursor What I'm listening to: T.V. What I'm thinking about: Yay! Kate's back! Where I am: In the gameroom

Jenni's Treasure Box
This section is just random information that I pick up from places on the web, in books, in newspapers, letters, or just by talking to people. Sometimes I even get the information off of cereal boxes! :P I try to put one thing in my treasure box each day so it'll glitter like a pirate's treasure chest. :)

Some Eskimos eat fish eyes. Ewwww!!!

Hilary Duff's new year resolution was to cut down on talking on her cell phone.

When ya see an alligator (or was it a crocodile?) run zig-zig cuz they can't run that way.

You can buy a life on Ebay for 5 bucks. (joking of course)

There are more people of Swedish decent in the U.S. than Swedes in Sweden.

Squirrels flick their tails to the side to show friendliness.

To show leadership, wolves bite the others' noses.

Pluto was the god of the underworld.

To find the average velocity of an object, divide its total distance travelled by the time it took to travel that distance.

Umm... can't remember anything else at da moment...

I'll Be Back
I gotta go right now, so, bye!

title: User:.:Jenni:.


text:
User talk:John Snell

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:John Snell


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/DCC

This report funded by the Committee for Economic Development is a surprising and refreshing economic take on what is at stake in the future of copyright. The Committee formed a Digital Connections Council (DCC) to take on the 'digital dilemma.' Their motto is summarized as: "The purpose of protection for intellectual property, therefore, is to keep this virtuous cycle of innovations flowing to those who improve upon them so that those innovations, in turn, can be used by still others. This process lies at the heart of long-term economic growth." This ideal lends itself to an analysis where the rate of societal innovation is deemed most important as it leads to long-term sustainable economic growth. Such forward thinking definitely benefits innovators who work off of previous innovations. However, the report does acknowledge the benefits of some protection in order to provide for incentive. The DCC terms this as 'the basic bargain.'

The report goes over various proposals to equalize the basic bargain, all the while, acknowledging the reality that the laws have historically worked clearly in favor of publishers and copyright holders. It seems as though the DCC's goal is to resolve the basic bargain without turning to the laws. They do not believe in protecting any business model by law or regulation. However, they seem to recognize this goal as lofty, and when turning to proposals, copyright laws make an appearance. They offer extensive analysis on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Hollings Bill, the Berman Bill, and Fair Use Bills. The DCC also considers broadcast flags (mini digital tags which would function as a signal just as the traditional copyright symbol does). Digital Rights Management (DRM), both private and governmental, are considered. DRMs include technologies and services which allow producers to monitor their products or disallow altering, copying, or sharing. The DCC seems to suggest that DRMs are the least economically efficient way to solve the dilemma. Although some benefits of DRM are discussed, they are considered to be a very controversial topic with many economic costs. In general, the report seems to support solutions which are technologically neutral and user friendly -- the DRM not being considered so.

The role of open source is 'systematically ignored' by the writers. In their analysis, open source software is considered to be outside of the effected products. However, they believe that open source is a powerful tool for future innovation. It is interesting that they do not propose open source software as a possible solution.


text:
Kessock Bridge

The Kessock Bridge (Drochaid Cheasaig) carries the A9 trunk road across the Beauly Firth at Inverness, Scotland.

Description
The Kessock Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge across the Beauly Firth, an inlet of the Moray Firth, between the village of North Kessock and the city of Inverness in the Scottish Highlands.

The bridge has a total length of 1056 m with a main span of 240 m. Designed by German engineer Hellmut Homberg and built by Cleveland Bridge,  it is similar to a bridge across the Rhine in Düsseldorf. The Beauly Firth is a navigable waterway and hence the bridge is raised high over sea level. The four bridge towers dominate the Inverness skyline, especially at night when they are lit.

The bridge carries the A9 trunk road north from Inverness to the Black Isle. It is the southernmost of the "Three Firths" crossings (Beauly, Cromarty and Dornoch) which has transformed road transport in the Highlands. It has proved a key factor in the growth of the city of Inverness.

To protect against any potential seismic activity of the Great Glen Fault, the bridge includes seismic buffers in its construction. These buffers are at the north abutment, nearly over the line of the fault, and they supplement longitudinal restraint at Pier 7, the south main pier. Each buffer is just over 3 m long and weighs about 2.5 t.

On the south side of the bridge is the Caledonian Stadium, home of Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

Incidents
The bridge has been the focus of mental health concerns in recent years involving people at serious risk of harm and potential suicides. In 2022 police were called to 203 such incidents, the highest in five years. Fewer callouts to any previous incidents had happened in years before that; 120 occurred in 2021, 69 in 2020, 85 in 2019 and 78 in 2018. The incidents have caused the bridge to be closed many times with traffic becoming heavy whilst they divert through local routes such as through Beauly. There have been calls for safety improvements to the bridge to prevent incidents.

History
Prior to August 1982, travellers north of Inverness had the choice of the Kessock Ferry or a 20 mile journey via Beauly. Cleveland Bridge were awarded the £17.5million contract in 1975. Construction on the bridge began in 1978, with completion and opening in 1982. It won the combined design and construction Saltire Society 1982 Civil Engineering Award in 1983.

Transport Scotland estimated in 2012 that 30,000 vehicles per day were using the bridge.

Since 2007, the 25th anniversary of its opening, the Kessock Bridge has featured on the obverse of the £100 note issued by the Bank of Scotland. The series of notes commemorates Scottish engineering achievements with illustrations of bridges in Scotland such as the Glenfinnan Viaduct and the Forth Bridge.

The bridge's northbound carriageway was resurfaced between February and June 2013, followed by the southbound carriageway between February and June 2014. Both programmes of work were performed by Stirling Lloyd Construction Limited using their "Eliminator" bridge deck waterproofing system in combination with Aeschlimann AG's Gussasphalt impermeable surfacing material. The new surface is guaranteed by the contractors for a period of 10 years, with a prediction that it will extend the life of the bridge by 10 to 20 years beyond that.

In 2019, the bridge was awarded a Category B listed status by Historic Environment Scotland.

title: Kessock Bridge


text:
Francisella

Francisella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. They are small coccobacillary or rod-shaped, nonmotile organisms, which are also facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages. Strict aerobes, Francisella colonies bear a morphological resemblance to those of the genus Brucella. Some Francisella species are pathogenic bacteria but some others are endosymbionts of ticks. Ticks do not use any other food source than vertebrate blood and therefore ingest high levels of protein, iron and salt, but few vitamins. To overcome these nutritional deficiencies, ticks have evolved obligate interactions with nutritional endosymbionts, including Francisella endosymbionts. Their experimental elimination typically results in decreased tick survival, molting, fecundity and egg viability, as well as in physical abnormalities, which all are fully restored with an oral supplement of B vitamins. The genome sequencing of Francisella endosymbionts confirmed that they consistently produce three B vitamin types, biotin (vitamin B7), riboflavin (B2) and folate (B9). Francisella endosymbionts are often misidentified as Francisella tularensis; however, Francisella endosymbionts lack virulence genes and cannot infect humans.

The genus was named in honor of American bacteriologist Edward Francis, who, in 1922, first recognized F. tularensis (then named Bacterium tularensis) as the causative agent of tularemia.

Pathogenesis
The type species, F. tularensis, causes the disease tularemia or rabbit fever. F. novicida and F. philomiragia (previously Yersinia philomiragia) are associated with sepsis and invasive systemic infections.

Francisella has been detected in ticks

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus is somewhat uncertain, especially in the case of F. novicida (may be a subspecies of F. tularensis). In general, identification of species is accomplished by biochemical profiling or 16S rRNA sequencing. An updated phylogeny based on whole genome sequencing has recently been published showing the genus Francisella could be divided into two main genetic clades: one including F. tularensis, F. novicida and F. hispaniensis, and another including F. philomiragia and F. noatunensis.

Laboratory characteristics
Francisella species can survive for several weeks in the environment; paradoxically, they can be difficult to culture and maintain in the laboratory. Growth is slow (though increased by CO2 supplementation) and the organisms are fastidious, with most Francisella strains requiring cystine and cysteine media supplementation for growth. Growth has been successful on several media types, including chocolate agar and Thayer–Martin medium with appropriate additives as noted above. Attempted isolation on MacConkey agar is not reliable or generally successful.

After 24 hours of incubation on appropriate solid media, Francisella colonies are generally small (1 to 2 mm), opaque, and white-gray to bluish-gray in color. Colonies are smooth, with clean edges and, after a 48 hours of growth, tend to have a shiny surface.

title: Francisella


text: File:Torre clerigos 26-9-04.jpg

title: File:Torre clerigos 26-9-04.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Delimited

Delimited was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Delimited
This anon user seems to just be creating a bunch of pages to publicise his/her programs. AlistairMcMillan 21:24, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delimitation is an important CS concept. This article is a shoddy discussion of delimitation and a blatant advertisement.  Delete with prejudice and hot sauce. -- Antaeus Feldspar 21:40, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's now less shoddy, and not an ad. Why did you think it couldn't be improved? Factitious 10:51, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree that it's a blatant advertisement. However, now that I have deleted the commercial stuff, I feel that it's a worthwhile stub. Keep. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 22:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * can we merge it with Delimiter, perhaps? -- Antaeus Feldspar 22:50, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not sure. There should certainly be links between the two concepts. A delimiter is used in a delimited file, but it has other uses too. I would prefer to see two articles. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 22:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, no longer a blatant ad. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 00:45, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Are you guys adding it to your watchlist? The original author seemed to be pretty determined to use us for advertising, and I wouldn't be shocked if he overwrote your rewrites. Geogre 05:13, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe move to delimited computer data. This could even be computer data format. Aside: my back garden is delimited as well. Should I disambuig/complete this "article" ? Gtabary 09:46, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How about just delimited data? Factitious 10:51, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * For a split second there I almost thought Geogre was going to vote keep. Well, I did it for him.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:51, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks fine now.  Nice work, GeorgeStepanek. Factitious 10:51, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and watch then, it's useful. Wyss 11:08, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in current form. --fvw *  19:51, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Merge the improved version with delimiter. - Andre Engels 12:32, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:67.86.119.57

title: User talk:67.86.119.57


text:
Gary Armstrong (rugby union)

Gary Armstrong (born 30 September 1966, in Edinburgh) is a former Scotland international rugby union player. He played scrum-half for Jed-Forest RFC, Newcastle Falcons and the Border Reivers.

Amateur career
He played for Jed-Forest. His nickname is the Border Terrier.

Gary Armstrong had succeeded a fellow British and Irish Lion and Scotland player, Roy Laidlaw, as scrum half at Jed-Forest. Armstrong was helped in his development as a youngster by Jedforest moving Laidlaw to stand off with Armstrong playing scrum half.

Jed-Forest rugby club honored Gary Armstrong and their other two famous scrum-halves, Roy Laidlaw and Greig Laidlaw, with a gala dinner on 2 August 2019. All three played for the British and Irish Lions and captained Scotland.

At the age of 51, his old Scotland team-mate Finlay Calder coaxed Armstrong into playing for Stewart's Melville 3rd team in a match against Penicuik 2nd team. Word got out that Armstrong was playing in the match; and Armstrong then played the 1st half with Stewarts Melville and the 2nd half with Penicuik.

Provincial and professional career
He played for South of Scotland District.

He played for the Reds Trial side in 1988, coming on as a substitute for Andrew Ker in the second half.

He joined Newcastle Falcons in 1995/96, and his appetite for the fray was seen to best advantage when the club won England's Allied Dunbar Premiership title in 1998, featuring in all 22 matches of the season. He also started the victorious 2001 Anglo-Welsh Cup final. Many supporters believe Armstrong to be the best player in the club's history. In Jonny Wilkinson's book How to Play Rugby My Way Armstrong is given the nickname–"the scrap-yard dog"– because Wilkinson said that he had never met anyone as "tough as him".

He was an ever-present in Newcastle Falcons 1998 Premiership win.

Armstrong finished his career by returning home to play for the newly created professional team, The Borders. He retired in 2004 at about the same time as Doddie Weir.

International career
He was capped by Scotland at age grades Under 16, Under 18 and Under 21.

He was capped twice by Scotland 'B' in 1987-8. He scored 3 tries against Italy 'B' in a 37–0 win for Scotland.

Armstrong made his full senior international debut in 1988, in a game against Australia building to their 1991 world cup victory. Armstrong displaced Laidlaw as the incumbent scrum half. Scotland lost 31–13 against one of Australia's best ever sides.

Richard Bath writes of him:
 * "...despite his apparently painful shyness, Armstrong has proved throughout his career to be obsessively focussed once out on the pitch. A relatively small man, Armstrong tackles way over his weight and combines this with quick service to his backs and an uncanny ability to break around the fringes just as easily from the first-phase as from ruck or maul. Although Armstrong failed to shine on the victorious 1989 Lions tour of Australia, his gritty nature stood him in good stead when the chips were down in 1990, that famous year for Scotland... he perhaps more than any other player was the on-field catalyst for Scotland's 13–7 win in the Grand Slam decider against the Auld Enemy England at Murrayfield."

It was Armstrong's dart to the blind side that provided the spark opening the opportunity leading to Tony Stanger's try.

He was scrum half in Scotland's 1990 Grand Slam win and his country's run to the 1991 rugby world cup semi final.

Armstrong's fearless commitment led to serious knee injuries in 1992 and 1994 that impacted the representative caps he collected. It spoke volumes for his tenacity and courage that he returned to the top flight.

In 1998 he captained the Scotland team again.

Armstrong equalled Roy Laidlaw’s then record as Scotland’s most capped scrum-half when he won his 47th cap against Romania in August 1999. He then joined the 50-cap club when he led Scotland to victory in the World Cup play-off match against Samoa that October.

Armstrong captained Scotland to victory in the 1999 Five Nations and to a quarter final place in the same year's rugby world cup.

Gary Armstrong captained Scotland to the 1999 Five Nations Championship, playing his eighth Test as captain as Scotland grasped pole position with their stunning 36–22 victory against France.

He was skipper throughout the previous two Five Nations Championships and was also captain on Scotland’s 1999 visit to South Africa, when he played in all four matches and scored the opening try of the tour in the victory over Border.

He retired from international rugby after Scotland’s 18–30 defeat by New Zealand in the 1999 Rugby World Cup quarter-final.

He played 51 times for Scotland.

In a 2015 series of articles in The Herald titled "The 50 Greatest Scottish Rugby Players", Armstrong was ranked as Scotland's greatest. Armstrong was known for intuitive awareness and was as much an auxiliary flanker and had uncanny talent to break around the fringes. As well as providing quick service as the connection between forwards and backs he was known for his toughness and tackling well above his weight. His fearlessness on the pitch led to two serious knee injuries keeping him out the game for lengthy spells.

Career statistics
International career: 51 caps. 1988 - A. 1989 - W E I F Fj R. 1990 - I F W E NZ1 NZ2 Arg. 1991 - F W E I R (WC) J I WS E NZ. 1993 - I F W E. 1994 - E I. 1996 - NZ1 NZ2 A. 1997 - W SA (rep). 1998 - It I F W E SA (rep). 1999 - W E I F Arg R WC (SA U Sam NZ).

Points: 21 (5 tries)

(Rewritten from the SRU website - used with permission)

Awards and honours
He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours.

title: Gary Armstrong (rugby union)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GRML

GRML
GRML was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Anon user creating pages to advertise his/her products. AlistairMcMillan 21:26, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, but GRML itself gets >70,000 Google hits. I have removed the commercial link and marked it as a stub, which I think is worthwhile keeping. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 22:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and allow for organic growth. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 22:28, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, whatever the motivation of the creator of the page, the topic is notable. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:03, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. The google test on ' "General Reuse Markup Language" ' yield 410 hits! By comparison test on ' "Standard Generalized Markup Language" ' get > 100K hits !
 * Keep, needs expansion is all. Wyss 11:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Does seem marginally notable, no vote for the time being. --fvw *  19:53, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Keep (?) - some perhaps slightly better Google searches are GRML markup (~4710 hits) and GRML "markup language" (~3610 hits). Both of these are pretty likely to refer to this meaning of "GRML", but don't require the author to spell it out (and spell it right!); interestingly, a couple refer to it as "Gordon Rhodes Markup Language". Meanwhile, I'm creating a redirect at General Reuse Markup Language, as the acronym seems the more commonly used form. - IMSoP 00:20, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, the more I read, the less I'm sure - it all seems to be either written by, or in [not often positive ] response to, the format's creator. Can anyone find anything created by anyone other than Mr. Rhodes that uses this? Or, perhaps, there are enough critiques of it that we could have an article discussing them? He certainly seems to have got himself about a bit... - IMSoP 00:30, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * GRML is also a bootable Linux distro CD that's based on Debian. A better search would be for GRML browser, which gets 34,000 hits. About 2/3 of these are for the Tree MDI browser. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 02:37, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How often would a mention of a Linux distro happen to also mention "markup language", though? I stand by that as a fairly good guess that they're all the same thing (or, at least, they're about meanings of GRML where the ML is "markup language", there may be more than one...). - IMSoP 19:06, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * On Google groups, "GRML" seems to be used overwhelmingly, unrelatedly, in German. Semi-limited to English, the search finds rather little. Keep, still. Samaritan 01:52, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/GRML


text:
Talk:Hapi (Son of Horus)

Opposite
I've seen Hapi and Hapy listed as opposites in several locations. Encyclopedia Brittanica lists them as the alternate to this entry and this entry appears to be from thefreedictionary.com which, of course, lists it in this manner. Does anyone have a conclusive, cited, answer to which is which? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shoebox~enwiki (talk • contribs) 15 December 2004 (UTC)

Hapi, the son of Horus and Hapy the Nile inundation are different gods and their names are spelled differently in Egyptian. This article is very poor and confuses the two and I intend to edit when I have time. Apepch7 15:14, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Compass Directions Reference: Neutrality?
I've noted this pages has been constantly vandalized and for that my confidence in it is a little bit hurt. I really cannot find any reliable reference linking the "Hapi" son of Horus with the direction north. Looks like it was a later edit and could be some sort of vandalism. Several online references, including page 78 links Hapi with east direction. Also, unless I've looked in the wrong place, the Spell 148 of the Book of Dead don't even mention the sons of Horus, or Hapi specifically. Please take a look in the Hapi historic page to see what I'm talking about.

I would really like to have access to this suspicious reference 9: Lurker, op.cit., p.104. Anyone could check this one? It was created back in 14 august 2007 along with a batch by 'Andi d'. Please check here the version history of the Four Sons of Horus

"Adtollite portas principes vestras" 23:45, 18 September 2008 (UTC)

Does anyone know what Greek deity Hapi was affiliated with during the Hellenistic era?
I need to know for certain studies I'm working on. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.92.234.42 (talk) 23:46, 26 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hapi (Son of Horus)


text:
Jarzynski equality

The Jarzynski equality (JE) is an equation in statistical mechanics that relates free energy differences between two states and the irreversible work along an ensemble of trajectories joining the same states. It is named after the physicist Christopher Jarzynski (then at the University of Washington and Los Alamos National Laboratory, currently at the University of Maryland) who derived it in 1996. Fundamentally, the Jarzynski equality points to the fact that the fluctuations in the work satisfy certain constraints separately from the average value of the work that occurs in some process.

Overview
In thermodynamics, the free energy difference $$\Delta F = F_B - F_A$$ between two states A and B is connected to the work W done on the system through the inequality:

 * $$ \Delta F \leq W $$,

with equality holding only in the case of a quasistatic process, i.e. when one takes the system from A to B infinitely slowly (such that all intermediate states are in thermodynamic equilibrium). In contrast to the thermodynamic statement above, the JE remains valid no matter how fast the process happens. The JE states:

 * $$ e^ { -\Delta F / k T} = \overline{ e^{ -W/kT } }. $$

Here k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature of the system in the equilibrium state A or, equivalently, the temperature of the heat reservoir with which the system was thermalized before the process took place.

The over-line indicates an average over all possible realizations of an external process that takes the system from the equilibrium state A to a new, generally nonequilibrium state under the same external conditions as that of the equilibrium state B. This average over possible realizations is an average over different possible fluctuations that could occur during the process (due to Brownian motion, for example), each of which will cause a slightly different value for the work done on the system. In the limit of an infinitely slow process, the work W performed on the system in each realization is numerically the same, so the average becomes irrelevant and the Jarzynski equality reduces to the thermodynamic equality $$\Delta F = W$$ (see above). Away from the infinitely slow limit, the average value of the work obeys $$\Delta F \leq \overline{W}, $$ while the distribution of the fluctuations in the work are further constrained such that $$ e^ { -\Delta F / k T} = \overline{ e^{ -W/kT } }. $$ In this general case, W depends upon the specific initial microstate of the system, though its average can still be related to $$\Delta F$$ through an application of Jensen's inequality in the JE, viz.

 * $$\Delta F \leq \overline{W}, $$

in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics.

The Jarzynski equality holds when the initial state is a Boltzmann distribution (e.g. the system is in equilibrium) and the system and environment can be described by a large number of degrees of freedom evolving under arbitrary Hamiltonian dynamics. The final state does not need to be in equilibrium. (For example, in the textbook case of a gas compressed by a piston, the gas is equilibrated at piston position A and compressed to piston position B; in the Jarzynski equality, the final state of the gas does not need to be equilibrated at this new piston position).

Since its original derivation, the Jarzynski equality has been verified in a variety of contexts, ranging from experiments with biomolecules to numerical simulations. The Crooks fluctuation theorem, proved two years later, leads immediately to the Jarzynski equality. Many other theoretical derivations have also appeared, lending further confidence to its generality.

Fluctuation-dissipation theorem
Taking the log of $$E[e^{-\beta W}] = e^{-\beta \Delta F} $$, and use the cumulant expansion up to the second cumulant, we obtain $$E[W] - \Delta F \approx \frac 12 \beta \sigma_W^2$$. The left side is the work dissipated into the heat bath, and the right side could be interpreted as the fluctuation in the work due to thermal noise.

Consider dragging an overdamped particle in a viscous fluid with temperature $$T$$ at constant force $$f$$ for a time $$t$$. Because there is no potential energy for the particle, the change in free energy is zero, so we obtain $$E[W] = \frac 12 \beta \sigma_W^2 = \frac 12 \beta f^2 \sigma_x^2$$.

The work expended is $$fx$$, where $$x$$ is the total displacement during the time. The particle's displacement has a mean part due to the external dragging, and a varying part due to its own diffusion, so $$\sigma_{x}^2 = 2D t$$, where $$D$$ is the diffusion coefficient. Together, we obtain$$f = \frac{k_B T}{D} E[x]/t$$or $$\gamma D = k_BT $$, where $$\gamma$$ is the viscosity. This is the fluctuation-dissipation theorem.

In fact, for most trajectories, the work is positive, but for some rare trajectories, the work is negative, and those contribute enormously to the expectation, giving us an expectation that is exactly one.

History
A question has been raised about who gave the earliest statement of the Jarzynski equality. For example, in 1977 the Russian physicists G.N. Bochkov and Yu. E. Kuzovlev (see Bibliography) proposed a generalized version of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem which holds in the presence of arbitrary external time-dependent forces. Despite its close similarity to the JE, the Bochkov-Kuzovlev result does not relate free energy differences to work measurements, as discussed by Jarzynski himself in 2007.

Another similar statement to the Jarzynski equality is the nonequilibrium partition identity, which can be traced back to Yamada and Kawasaki. (The Nonequilibrium Partition Identity is the Jarzynski equality applied to two systems whose free energy difference is zero - like straining a fluid.) However, these early statements are very limited in their application. Both Bochkov and Kuzovlev as well as Yamada and Kawasaki consider a deterministic time reversible Hamiltonian system. As Kawasaki himself noted this precludes any treatment of nonequilibrium steady states. The fact that these nonequilibrium systems heat up forever because of the lack of any thermostatting mechanism leads to divergent integrals etc. No purely Hamiltonian description is capable of treating the experiments carried out to verify the Crooks fluctuation theorem, Jarzynski equality and the fluctuation theorem. These experiments involve thermostatted systems in contact with heat baths.

title: Jarzynski equality


text:
Wikipedia:School and university projects/Open Source Culture/GNUProject

GNU is an operating system which uses the kernel Linux and is now widely used. The GNU Project sets forth a new definition of 'free software,' as distinct from 'open source.' The main reason for this distinction is to maintain that free software refers to the liberty of the users, and not necessarily a 'free' price. Thus, users may have acquired the software by either purchasing it or receiving a free copy. In turn, modifiers of the software are allowed to charge or give-away the altered software. So, it is not then necessarily true that free software is indeed costless. In fact, free software only refers to four freedoms:

1. The freedom to run the program. 2. The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs. 3. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor. 4. The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits.

Thus, the only precondition for the above freedoms to hold is to allow an open source code. However, charging for any GNU product is not a precondition to the above freedomes, and consequently, there need be no stipulations on price. The GNU Project is important in that it explicitly announces a difference between open source and free software. Often open source may be confused with free software. But it must be noted that open source is a step beyond free software.


text:
Kerik

Kerik may refer to:
 * Bernard Kerik, former police commissioner of New York City
 * Kerik, North Khorasan, a village in Iran

title: Kerik


text:
Caulobacterales

Caulobacterales is an order of gram-negative pseudomonadota within the alpha subgroup.

title: Caulobacterales