text:
2002–03 United States network television schedule

The following is the 2002–03 network television schedule for the six major English language commercial broadcast networks in the United States. The schedule covers primetime hours from September 2002 through June 2003. The schedule is followed by a list per network of returning series, new series, and series cancelled after the 2001–02 season. All times are Eastern and Pacific, with certain exceptions, such as Monday Night Football.

New series are highlighted in bold.

Each of the 30 highest-rated shows is listed with its rank and rating as determined by Nielsen Media Research.

 * Yellow indicates the programs in the top 10 for the season.
 * Cyan indicates the programs in the top 20 for the season.
 * Magenta indicates the programs in the top 30 for the season.

Other Legend
 * Light blue indicates local programming.
 * Gray indicates encore programming.
 * Blue-gray indicates news programming.
 * Light green indicates sporting events.
 * Light Purple indicates movies.
 * Red indicates series being burned off and other scheduled programs, including specials.

PBS is not included; member stations have local flexibility over most of their schedules and broadcast times for network shows may vary. Also not included are stations affiliated with Pax TV, as its schedule is composed mainly of syndicated reruns although it also carried a limited schedule of first-run programs.

Sunday
NOTE: Fox was to have aired Oliver Beene and The Grubbs on Sundays at 7:30 p.m. and 9:30 p.m., respectively, but instead made last-minute changes by postponing Oliver Beene to the following spring and canceling The Grubbs. In their places, King of the Hill and reruns of Malcolm in the Middle were slotted.

Tuesday
NOTE: Grounded for Life was also originally scheduled to run on Tuesdays at 8:30 p.m. on Fox, but it was pulled after two new episodes in September, and one in early December. The show moved to The WB in the spring in 2003.

Thursday
NOTE: Movies, baseball games, reruns, and specials comprised most of the programming Thursday nights on Fox. Septuplets was supposed to air at 9-10, but it was cancelled at the last minute.

ABC
Returning series
 * 20/20
 * ABC Saturday Movie of the Week
 * ABC Thursday Night Movie
 * According to Jim
 * Alias
 * America's Funniest Home Videos
 * The Bachelor
 * The Drew Carey Show
 * George Lopez
 * The Mole
 * Monday Night Football
 * Monk
 * My Wife and Kids
 * NYPD Blue
 * The Practice
 * Primetime
 * Whose Line is it Anyway?
 * The Wonderful World of Disney

New series
 * 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter
 * Are You Hot?: The Search for America's Sexiest People *
 * The Bachelorette
 * The Dating Experiment *
 * Dinotopia
 * Extreme Makeover *
 * The Family *
 * I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here *
 * L.A. Dragnet *
 * Less than Perfect
 * Life with Bonnie
 * Lost at Home *
 * MDs
 * Miracles
 * Profiles from the Front Line *
 * Push, Nevada
 * The Real Roseanne Show *
 * Regular Joe *
 * That Was Then
 * Veritas: The Quest *

Not returning from 2001–02:
 * ABC Big Picture Show
 * The ABC Monday Night Movie
 * Bob Patterson
 * The Chair
 * The Court
 * Dharma & Greg
 * Houston Medical
 * The Job
 * Once and Again
 * Philly
 * Spin City
 * Thieves
 * Vanished
 * The Wayne Brady Show
 * Wednesday 9:30 (8:30 Central)
 * What About Joan?
 * Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
 * Widows

CBS
Returning series
 * 48 Hours
 * 60 Minutes
 * 60 Minutes II
 * The Agency
 * The Amazing Race
 * Baby Bob
 * Becker
 * Big Brother
 * CBS Sunday Movie
 * CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
 * The District
 * Everybody Loves Raymond
 * The Guardian
 * JAG
 * Judging Amy
 * The King of Queens
 * Survivor
 * Touched by an Angel
 * Yes, Dear

New series
 * Bram & Alice
 * Charlie Lawrence *
 * CSI: Miami
 * Hack
 * My Big Fat Greek Life *
 * Presidio Med
 * Queens Supreme *
 * Robbery Homicide Division
 * Star Search *
 * Still Standing
 * Without a Trace

Not returning from 2001–02:
 * Citizen Baines
 * Danny
 * The Education of Max Bickford
 * The Ellen Show
 * Family Law
 * First Monday
 * That's Life
 * Wolf Lake

Fox
Returning series
 * 24
 * 30 Seconds to Fame
 * American Idol
 * America's Most Wanted: America Fights Back
 * Andy Richter Controls the Universe
 * The Bernie Mac Show
 * Boston Public
 * Cops
 * Fox Thursday Night Movie
 * Futurama
 * King of the Hill
 * Malcolm in the Middle
 * The Simpsons
 * Temptation Island
 * That '70s Show
 * Totally Outrageous Behavior

New series
 * American Juniors *
 * Anything for Love *
 * Banzai! *
 * Cedric the Entertainer Presents
 * Fastlane
 * Firefly
 * Girls Club
 * Joe Millionaire *
 * John Doe
 * Keen Eddie *
 * Married by America *
 * Mr. Personality *
 * Oliver Beene *
 * Paradise Hotel *
 * Performing As... *
 * The Pitts *
 * Stupid Behavior Caught on Tape *
 * Wanda at Large *

Not returning from 2001–02:
 * Ally McBeal
 * The American Embassy
 * Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction
 * The Chamber
 * Dark Angel
 * Family Guy (returned for 2004-05)
 * Greg the Bunny
 * Grounded for Life (moved to The WB)
 * Guinness World Records Primetime
 * Love Cruise
 * Pasadena
 * That '80s Show
 * The Tick
 * Titus
 * Undeclared
 * World's Wildest Police Videos
 * The X-Files (returned for 2015-16)

NBC
Returning series
 * Crossing Jordan
 * Dateline NBC
 * Dog Eat Dog
 * Ed
 * ER
 * Fear Factor
 * Frasier
 * Friends
 * Just Shoot Me!
 * Law & Order
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
 * Meet My Folks
 * Providence
 * Scrubs
 * Third Watch
 * Watching Ellie
 * The West Wing
 * Will & Grace

New series
 * America's Most Talented Kid *
 * American Dreams
 * A.U.S.A. *
 * Boomtown
 * Fame *
 * Good Morning, Miami
 * For Love or Money *
 * Hidden Hills
 * In-Laws
 * Kingpin *
 * Last Comic Standing *
 * Mister Sterling *
 * Race to the Altar *
 * The Restaurant *
 * Who Wants to Marry My Dad? *

Not returning from 2001–02:
 * Emeril
 * Imagine That
 * Inside Schwartz
 * Leap of Faith
 * Lost
 * The Rerun Show
 * Spy TV
 * Three Sisters
 * UC: Undercover
 * The Weakest Link (returned for 2020-21)

UPN
Returning series
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Girlfriends
 * One on One
 * The Parkers
 * Star Trek: Enterprise
 * UPN's Night at the Movies
 * WWE SmackDown!

New series
 * Abby *
 * America's Next Top Model *
 * Half & Half
 * Haunted
 * Platinum *
 * The Twilight Zone

Not returning from 2001–02:
 * As If
 * The Hughleys
 * The Random Years
 * Roswell
 * Under One Roof

The WB
Returning series
 * 7th Heaven
 * Angel
 * Charmed
 * Dawson’s Creek
 * Flix From the Frog
 * Gilmore Girls
 * Grounded for Life (moved from FOX)
 * The Jamie Kennedy Experiment
 * Off Centre
 * Reba
 * Sabrina the Teenage Witch
 * Smallville

New series
 * Birds of Prey
 * Black Sash *
 * Boarding House: North Shore *
 * Do Over
 * Everwood
 * Family Affair
 * Greetings from Tucson
 * High School Reunion *
 * The O'Keefes *
 * On the Spot *
 * Pepsi Smash *
 * The Surreal Life *
 * What I Like About You

Not returning from 2001–02:
 * Elimidate Deluxe
 * Felicity
 * For Your Love
 * Glory Days
 * Maybe It's Me
 * Men, Women & Dogs
 * My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star
 * Nikki
 * Popstars USA
 * Raising Dad
 * Ripley's Believe It or Not!
 * The Steve Harvey Show

Note: The * indicates that the program was introduced in midseason.

ABC

 * 8 Simple Rules—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * According to Jim—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Alias—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Dragnet—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The Drew Carey Show—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * George Lopez—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Less than Perfect—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Life with Bonnie—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * My Wife and Kids—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * NYPD Blue—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The Practice—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.

CBS

 * Becker—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * CSI: Crime Scene Investigation—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * CSI: Miami—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The District—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Everybody Loves Raymond—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The Guardian—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Hack—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * JAG—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Judging Amy—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The King of Queens—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Still Standing—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Without a Trace—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Yes, Dear—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.

Fox

 * 24—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The Bernie Mac Show—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Boston Public—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Futurama
 * King of the Hill—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Malcolm in the Middle—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Oliver Beene—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The Simpsons—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * That '70s Show—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Wanda at Large—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.

NBC

 * American Dreams—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Boomtown—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Crossing Jordan—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Ed—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * ER—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Frasier—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Friends—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Good Morning, Miami—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Law & Order—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Law & Order: Special Victims Unit—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Scrubs—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Third Watch—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The West Wing—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Will & Grace—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.

UPN

 * Girlfriends—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Half & Half—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * One on One—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * The Parkers—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Star Trek: Enterprise—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.

The WB

 * 7th Heaven—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Angel—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Charmed—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Everwood—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Gilmore Girls—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Grounded for Life—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Reba—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * Smallville—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.
 * What I Like About You—Renewed for the 2003–2004 season.

ABC

 * Lost at Home—Canceled after one season. Gregory Hines died on August 9, 2003, at the age of 57.
 * MDs—Canceled after one season.
 * Miracles—Canceled after one season.
 * Regular Joe—Canceled after one season.
 * That Was Then—Canceled after one season.

CBS

 * The Agency—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Baby Bob—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Bram & Alice—Canceled after one season.
 * Charlie Lawrence—Canceled after one season.
 * My Big Fat Greek Life—Canceled after one season.
 * Presidio Med—Canceled after one season.
 * Queens Supreme—Canceled after one season.
 * Robbery Homicide Division—Canceled after one season.
 * Touched by an Angel—Ended after nine seasons.

Fox

 * Andy Richter Controls the Universe—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Fastlane—Canceled after one season.
 * Firefly—Canceled after one season.
 * Girls Club—Canceled after one season.
 * John Doe—Canceled after one season.
 * Keen Eddie—Canceled after one season.
 * Paradise Hotel—Revived for the 2018–2019 season.
 * The Pitts—Canceled after one season.
 * Temptation Island—Moved to USA in 2019.

NBC

 * A.U.S.A.—Canceled after one season.
 * Hidden Hills—Canceled after one season.
 * Hunter—Canceled after one season.
 * In-Laws—Canceled after one season.
 * Just Shoot Me!—Ended after seven seasons. The final 3 episodes of Just Shoot Me! aired in syndication from November 24, 2003, until November 26, 2003.
 * Kingpin—Canceled after one season.
 * Mister Sterling—Canceled after one season.
 * Providence—Ended after five seasons.
 * Watching Ellie—Canceled after two seasons.

UPN

 * Abby—Canceled after one season.
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer—Ended after seven seasons.
 * Haunted—Canceled after one season.
 * Platinum—Canceled after one season.
 * The Twilight Zone—Canceled after one season.

The WB

 * Birds of Prey—Canceled after one season.
 * Black Sash—Canceled after one season.
 * Dawson's Creek—Ended after six seasons.
 * Do Over—Canceled after one season.
 * Family Affair—Canceled after one season.
 * Greetings from Tucson—Canceled after one season.
 * The O'Keefes—Canceled after one season.
 * On the Spot—Canceled after one season.
 * Off Centre—Canceled after two seasons.
 * Sabrina the Teenage Witch—Ended after seven seasons.


text:
User:Psmorrison

This is me.

My Wiki experience to date is largely Stansted based, having edited an article on London Stansted Airport to correct a minor error, and having started an article on Stansted Mountfitchet, the town where I grew up.

I mostly get lost in Wikipedia, correcting spelling and grammar mistakes as I see them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Psmorrison


text:
Crédit Agricole (cycling team)

Crédit Agricole was a French professional cycling team managed by Roger Legeay. From 1998 to 2008, the team was sponsored by the French bank Crédit Agricole. Prior to 1997, the team was known as Vêtements Z–Peugeot (1987), Z–Peugeot (1988–89), Z (1990–92) and GAN (1993–98). In 1990, the team's leading cyclist, the American Greg LeMond, won the Tour de France. The team also won the team title at the Tour de France that year. Crédit Agricole announced that they would cease to sponsor the team after 2008, and the team was subsequently disbanded.

History
The team was born out of the Peugeot cycling team, which existed from the early 1900s to 1986. Roger Legeay was the Peugeot team's last manager, and he created Vêtements Z–Peugeot in 1987 (taking its name from the children's clothing brand Z and the car manufacturer Peugeot). That year, the team made its appearance at the Tour de France, with Frenchman Pascal Simon as its leading cyclist.

In 1988, under the name of Z–Peugeot, the team achieved its first stage win at the Tour de France when Jérôme Simon (Pascal Simon's brother) won stage 9 of the tour. The team's second stage win came in 1989, when the Scottish rider Robert Millar took a mountain stage.

In 1990, the Tour's defending champion, Greg LeMond, moved to the team, which had been renamed Z. Riding for the team, LeMond won his third Tour title that year, coming in 2 minutes and 16 seconds ahead of the second-placed rider, the Italian Claudio Chiappucci. LeMond credited strong team support and tactics for his third Tour victory. And the team also won the team title at the year's Tour, coming in just 16 seconds ahead of the ONCE cycling team (the closest margin for the team classification in the Tour's history).

In 1991, with the team renamed simply Z, LeMond wore the yellow jersey for five stages in the earlier part of the Tour, but faded as the event progressed and eventually finished in seventh place, 13 minutes behind the new champion, the Spanish rider Miguel Induráin.

In 1992, LeMond struggled and eventually abandoned the Tour on the 14th stage. However the team picked up one stage win that year, with Jean-Claude Colotti winning stage 17.

In 1993, the team was renamed GAN. LeMond did not ride in the 1993 Tour. He returned in 1994, but withdrew after six stages.

Just prior to LeMond's departure the team acquired the British track cyclist Chris Boardman, a time trial specialist. Riding for the team, Boardman won the Prologue of the Tour de France in 1994, 1997 and 1998.

The team also acquired a young Australian track rider, Stuart O'Grady, in the mid-1990s. He won several Tour stages and nearly won the points classification in the 2000 Tour de France. O'Grady held on to the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification for many days during that same tour.

The team was renamed Crédit Agricole in 1997.

German rider Jens Voigt joined the team until the 2003 season, winning a Tour stage and spending a day in the yellow jersey in 2001.

The 2000 and 2001 seasons saw Americans Bobby Julich and Jonathan Vaughters in the team, making it the team with the most English speakers. The team also won the 2001 Tour de France team time trial in front of the ONCE and U.S. Postal teams. Julich and Vaughters left after one and two seasons respectively.

The 2003 season saw the emergence of Thor Hushovd of Norway as the main sprinter of the team. At the end of 2003 O'Grady and Voigt left for Cofidis and Team CSC respectively.

2005 was successful for the team. Pietro Caucchioli finished in the top ten of the Giro d'Italia and Christophe Le Mével took a breakaway stage win. In the 2005 Tour de France Christophe Moreau was the highest-placed French rider (11th) and Thor Hushovd secured the green jersey points classification.

In 2006, Crédit Agricole captured the team classification at the Tour de Pologne. Hushovd took stage wins and two days in the yellow jersey at the Tour de France, won the Gent–Wevelgem classic, and a stage win and the points classification at the Vuelta a España.

From 2005 to 2008, the team was one of the 20 which competed in the UCI ProTour.

The team disbanded at the end of the 2008 season when Crédit Agricole ended their sponsorship.

Major wins

 * 1988
 * Overall Route du Sud, Ronan Pensec
 * GP de la Ville de Rennes, Ronan Pensec
 * Stage 9 Tour de France, Jérôme Simon

 * 1989
 * Grand Prix du Midi Libre, Jérôme Simon
 * Overall Route du Sud, Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 * Stage 4 Paris–Nice, Bruno Cornillet
 * Stage 4 Tour de Romandie, Robert Millar
 * Stage 6b Critérium du Dauphiné, Robert Millar
 * Stage 10 Tour de France, Robert Millar

 * 1990
 * Cholet – Pays de Loire, Kim Andersen
 * Tour de Vendée, François Lemarchand
 * Stage 4 Tour de Romandie, Robert Millar
 * Stages 11 & 14 Giro d'Italia, Éric Boyer
 * Overall Jersey yellow-bluebar.svg Critérium du Dauphiné, Robert Millar
 * Stage 11 Tour de Suisse, Kim Andersen
 * Overall Jersey yellow.svg Tour de France, Greg LeMond

 * 1991
 * A Travers le Morbihan, Bruno Cornillet
 * Route Adélie, Jérôme Simon
 * Grand Prix du Midi Libre, Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 * Circuit Cycliste Sarthe
 * Overall, Bruno Cornillet
 * Overall Tour du Poitou Charentes, Kim Andersen
 * GP de la Ville de Rennes, Kim Andersen
 * Trophée des Grimpeurs, Atle Kvålsvoll
 * Giro d'Italia
 * Stage 1, Philippe Casado
 * Stage 4, Éric Boyer
 * Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan, Bruno Cornillet
 * Stage 5 Tour de Suisse, Robert Millar

 * 1992
 * Overall Tour du Poitou Charentes et de la Vienne, Pascal Lance
 * Overall Tour du Limousin, Éric Boyer
 * Paris–Roubaix, Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 * Overall Tour de Vendée, Bruno Cornillet
 * Stage 8 Tour de Suisse, Éric Boyer
 * Stage 17 Tour de France, Jean-Claude Colotti

 * 1993
 * GP d'Ouverture La Marseillaise, Didier Rous
 * Overall Route du Sud, Éric Boyer
 * Overall Tour du Haut Var, Thierry Claveyrolat
 * GP de la Ville de Rennes, Eddy Seigneur
 * Paris–Roubaix, Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 * Trophée des Grimpeurs, Thierry Claveyrolat
 * Stage 2 Critérium du Dauphiné, Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 * GP Ouest France-Plouay, Thierry Claveyrolat
 * Paris-Bruxelles, Francis Moreau

 * 1994
 * Prologue & Stages 3 & 7 Critérium du Dauphiné, Chris Boardman
 * Stage 6 Tour de Suisse, Chris Boardman
 * Prologue Tour de France, Chris Boardman
 * Stage 21, Eddy Seigneur
 * Chrono des Nations, Pascal Lance
 * Overall 4 Days of Dunkirk, Eddy Seigneur
 * World Time Trial Championships, Chris Boardman

 * 1995
 * Stage 2 Vuelta Ciclista al Pais Vasco, Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 * Prologue Critérium du Dauphiné, Chris Boardman
 * Chrono des Nations, Pascal Lance
 * A Travers le Morbihan, Francis Moreau
 * Overall Tour du Poitou Charentes et de la Vienne, Nicolas Aubier
 * Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan, Francis Moreau

 * 1996
 * Stage 4 Volta a la Comunidad Valenciana, Didier Rous
 * Overall Critérium International, Chris Boardman
 * Chrono des Nations, Chris Boardman
 * Overall Tour de Picardie, Philippe Gaumont
 * GP Eddy Merckx, Chris Boardman
 * La Côte Picarde, Philippe Gaumont
 * Overall 4 Days of Dunkirk, Philippe Gaumont
 * Overall Tour du Poitou Charentes et de la Vienne, Eddy Seigneur
 * Paris–Nice
 * Stage 1, Frédéric Moncassin
 * Stage 8b, Chris Boardman
 * Cholet – Pays de Loire, Stéphane Heulot
 * Overall Tour de Vendée, Laurent Desbiens
 * Trophée des Grimpeurs, Stéphane Heulot
 * Critérium du Dauphiné,
 * Prologue, Chris Boardman
 * Stage 2, François Simon
 * Stages 1 & 19 Tour de France, Frédéric Moncassin
 * Grand Prix des Nations, Chris Boardman

 * 1997
 * Stage 5b Volta a la Comunidad Valenciana, Chris Boardman
 * Prologue & Stage 6 Tour de Romandie, Chris Boardman
 * Prologue Critérium du Dauphiné, Chris Boardman
 * Stages 1b & 5 Volta Ciclista a Catalunya, Chris Boardman
 * Tour de France
 * Prologue, Chris Boardman
 * Stage 5, Cédric Vasseur
 * Stage 7 Vuelta a España, Yvon Ledanois

 * 1998
 * Stage 5a Tour of the Basque Country, Jens Voigt
 * Prologue & Stage 4 Critérium du Dauphiné, Chris Boardman
 * Stages 1b & 5 Volta Ciclista a Catalunya, Chris Boardman
 * Tour de France
 * Prologue, Chris Boardman
 * Stage 14, Stuart O'Grady
 * Stage 19, Magnus Bäckstedt

 * 1999
 * Critérium International
 * Overall, Jens Voigt
 * Stage 3, Chris Boardman
 * Overall Tour Down Under, Stuart O'Grady
 * Stages 3 & 5, Stuart O'Grady
 * Stage 1 Paris–Nice, Chris Boardman
 * Classic Haribo, Stuart O'Grady
 * Joseph Vögeli Memorial, Chris Boardman
 * Breitling GP, Jens Voigt and Chris Boardman
 * Duo Normand, Jens Voigt and Chris Boardman
 * Tour du Loir-et-Cher, Thor Hushovd
 * Overall Tour of Norway, Thor Hushovd
 * Annemasse-Bellegarde et retour, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 5 Tour of Sweden, Thor Hushovd

 * 2000
 * Overall Bayern Rundfahrt, Jens Voigt
 * Cholet-Pays de Loire, Jens Voigt
 * Tour du Finistère
 * Overall, Sébastien Hinault
 * Melbourne to Sorrento, Stuart O'Grady
 * Stage 2 Critérium du Dauphiné, Fabrice Gougot

 * 2001
 * Tour de France
 * Stage 5 TTT
 * Stage 16, Jens Voigt
 * Overall Tour Down Under, Stuart O'Grady
 * Grand Prix des Nations, Jens Voigt
 * Paris–Corrèze, Thor Hushovd
 * Overall Bayern Rundfahrt, Jens Voigt
 * Stage 2, Jens Voigt
 * Overall Tour of Sweden, Thor Hushovd
 * Stages 1a & 3, Thor Hushovd
 * Tour du Poitou-Charentes, Jens Voigt
 * Tour de Normandie, Thor Hushovd
 * Tour of Wellington, Christopher Jenner
 * Duo Normand, Jens Voigt and Jonathan Vaughters
 * Stage 4 Critérium du Dauphiné, Jonathan Vaughters
 * Stage 6 Tour de Pologne, Jens Voigt
 * Profronde van Oostvoorne, Stuart O'Grady
 * Gouden Pijl Emmen, Stuart O'Grady
 * Ronde de l´Isard d´Ariège, Christophe Le Mével

 * 2002
 * Stage 18 Tour de France, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 3 Critérium International, Jens Voigt
 * Stage 4 Four Days of Dunkirk, Christophe Moreau
 * Stage 2 Tour de l'Ain, Thor Hushovd
 * Boucles de l´Aulne – GP Le Télégramme, Christopher Jenner

 * 2003
 * Stages 6 & 8 Tour de Langkawi, Stuart O'Grady
 * Le Tour de Bretagne Cycliste – Trophée des Granitiers, Dmitriy Muravyev
 * Overall 4 Days of Dunkirk, Christophe Moreau
 * Stages 4 & 5, Christophe Moreau
 * Tour du Poitou Charentes et de la Vienne
 * Overall, Jens Voigt
 * Stage 4, Jens Voigt
 * GP Jef Scherens Leuven, Thor Hushovd
 * Paris–Bourges, Jens Voigt
 * Stage 4 Tour de Pologne, Sébastien Hinault

 * 2004
 * Sachsen-Tour International, Andrey Kashechkin
 * Flèche Ardennaise, Jeremy Yates
 * Stage 3 Étoile de Bessèges, Thor Hushovd
 * Classic Haribo, Thor Hushovd
 * GP de Denain Porte du Hainaut, Thor Hushovd
 * Tour de Vendée, Thor Hushovd
 * Trophée des Grimpeurs – Polymultipliée, Christophe Moreau
 * Stage 4 Deutschland Tour, Sébastien Hinault
 * Stage 1 Critérium du Dauphiné, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 8 Tour de France, Thor Hushovd
 * Overall Tour du Limousin, Pierrick Fedrigo
 * Stage 2, Pierrick Fedrigo
 * GP de Fourmies / La Voix du Nord, Andrey Kashechkin

 * 2005
 * Stage 3 Circuit Cycliste Sarthe – Pays de la Loire, Damien Nazon
 * La Côte Picarde, Jean Marc Marino
 * Stage 2 Circuit de Lorraine Professionnels, Bradley Wiggins
 * Stage 1 4 Days of Dunkirk, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 4 Tour de Picardie, Damien Nazon
 * Stage 7 Volta Ciclista a Catalunya, Damien Nazon
 * Stage 16 Giro d'Italia, Christophe Le Mével
 * Overall Tour de Luxembourg, László Bodrogi
 * Stage 1 Critérium du Dauphiné, Thor Hushovd
 * Route du Sud
 * Stage 1, Nicolas Vogondy
 * Stage 4, Patrice Halgand
 * Jersey green.svg Points classification Tour de France, Thor Hushovd
 * Overall Tour du Limousin, Sébastien Joly
 * Stage 1, Sébastien Joly
 * Stage 4, Thor Hushovld
 * Stage 3 Tour du Poitou Charentes et de la Vienne, Jaan Kirsipuu
 * Stage 5 Vuelta a España, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 8 Tour de l´Avenir, Bradley Wiggins
 * Stage 3 Tour de Pologne, Jaan Kirsipuu
 * Stage 2 Circuit Franco-Belge, Sébastien Hinault

 * 2006
 * Stage 5 Jayco Bay Cycling Classic, Mark Renshaw
 * Stages 2 & 5 Étoile de Bessèges, Jaan Kirsipuu
 * Tour de Langkawi
 * Stage 3, Saul Raisin
 * Stage 8, Sébastien Hinault
 * Stage 4 Tirreno – Adriatico, Thor Hushovd
 * Gent–Wevelgem, Thor Hushovd
 * Tro-Bro Léon, Mark Renshaw
 * Stage 4 Tour de Picardie, Sébastien Hinault
 * Stage 7 Critérium du Dauphiné, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 4 Route du Sud, Patrice Halgand
 * Prologue & Stage 20 Tour de France, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 6 Tour of Austria, László Bodrogi
 * Stage 4 Tour de l´Ain, Patrice Halgand
 * Prix d Armorique, Pierre Rolland
 * Tour du Limousin
 * Stage 4, Sébastien Hinault
 * Châteauroux Classic de l´Indre Trophée Fenioux, Nicolas Vogondy
 * Stage 5 Tour du Poitou Charentes et de la Vienne, Nicolas Vogondy
 * Vuelta a España
 * Jersey light blue.svg Points classification, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 6 Thor Hushovd
 * Volta a Catalunya
 * Points Classification, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 3 Thor Hushovd

 * 2007
 * Overall Jayco Bay Cycling Classic, Mark Renshaw
 * Prologue, Mark Renshaw
 * Down Under Classic, Mark Renshaw
 * La Tropicale Amissa Bongo Ondimba
 * Prologue, Jimmy Engoulvent
 * Stage 1, Pierre Roland
 * Stage 3, Sébastien Hinault
 * Overall Tour de Langkawi, Anthony Charteau
 * Stage 3, Anthony Charteau
 * Stage 1 Étoile de Bessèges, Angelo Furlan
 * Route Adélie, Rémi Pauriol
 * Stage 1 Circuit Cycliste Sarthe, Angelo Furlan
 * Stage 2 Tour de Picardie, Mark Renshaw
 * Stage 4 Ronde de l´Isard d´Ariège, Ignatas Konovalovas
 * Prologue Tour de Luxembourg, Jimmy Engoulvent
 * Tour de France
 * Stage 4, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 4 Tour de la Wallonne, Rémi Pauriol
 * Stage 4 Tour de l´Ain, Patrice Halgand
 * Stage 2 Tour du Limousin, Pierre Roland
 * Chrono des Nations, László Bodrogi

 * 2008
 * Overall Jayco Bay Cycling Classic, Mark Renshaw
 * Stage 3, Mark Renshaw
 * Stage 1 Tour Down Under, Mark Renshaw
 * Stage 4 Étoile de Bessèges, Angelo Furlan
 * Stage 2 Tour de Langkawi, Jeremy Hunt
 * Overall Tour Méditerranéen, Alexander Bocharov
 * Stage 1, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 3, Alexander Bocharov
 * Prologue Paris–Nice, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 4 Tour ivoirien de la Paix, Jimmy Engoulvent
 * Stage 2 Volta ao Distrito de Santarém, Angelo Furlan
 * Stage 2 Critérium International, Simon Gerrans
 * Stage 6 4 Days of Dunkirk, Thor Hushovd
 * Volta a Catalunya
 * Points Classification, Thor Hushovd
 * Prologue, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 1, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 1 Circuit de Lorraine Professionnels, Jonathan Hivert
 * Stage 2 Tour de Luxembourg, Ignatas Konovalovas
 * Stage 7 Critérium du Dauphiné, Dmitriy Fofonov
 * Stage 1 Route du Sud, Simon Gerrans
 * Tour de France
 * Stage 2, Thor Hushovd
 * Stage 15, Simon Gerrans
 * Stage 5 Tour de la Wallonne, Patrice Halgand
 * Overall Tour du Limousin, Sébastien Hinault
 * Stage 1, Nicolas Roche
 * Stage 3, Sébastien Hinault
 * Stage 10 Vuelta a España, Sébastien Hinault
 * Stage 3 Tour de Pologne, Angelo Furlan
 * Grand Prix de la Somme, William Bonnet
 * GP d´Isbergues, William Bonnet
 * Stage 2 Circuit Franco-Belge, Mark Renshaw

National champions

 * 1994
 * Jersey rainbow.svg World Time Trial Championships, Chris Boardman

 * 1995
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Championships, Eddy Seigneur

 * 1996
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Championships, Stéphane Heulot
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Time Trial Championships, Eddy Seigneur

 * 1997
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Time Trial Championships, Francisque Teyssier

 * 1999
 * MaillotAustralia.PNG Australian Road Race Championships, Henk Vogels
 * MaillotFra.PNG French Road Race Championships, François Simon

 * 2002
 * MaillotNoruega.PNG Norwegian Time Trial Championships, Thor Hushovd

 * 2003
 * MaillotAustralia.PNG Australian Road Race Championships, Stuart O'Grady

 * 2004
 * MaillotNoruega.PNG Norwegian Road Race Championships, Thor Hushovd
 * MaillotNoruega.PNG Norwegian Time Trial Championships, Thor Hushovd

 * 2005
 * MaillotNoruega.PNG Norwegian Time Trial Championships, Thor Hushovd
 * MaillotKaz.PNG Kazakhstan Time Trial Championships, Dimitry Muravyev
 * MaillotEstonia.PNG Estonia Road Race Championships, Jaan Kirsipuu
 * MaillotEstonia.PNG Estonia Time Trial Championships, Jaan Kirsipuu

 * 2006
 * MaillotEstonia.PNG Estonia Time Trial Championships, Jaan Kirsipuu
 * MaillotHungary.png Hungary Time Trial Championships, László Bodrogi

 * 2007
 * MaillotNuevaZelanda.PNG New Zealand Road Race Championships, Julian Dean
 * MaillotHungary.png Hungary Time Trial Championships, László Bodrogi
 * MaillotIrlanda.PNG Ireland Time Trial Championships, Nicolas Roche

 * 2008
 * MaillotLituania.PNG Lithuania Time Trial Championships, Ignatas Konovalovas

title: Crédit Agricole (cycling team)


text:
Allied Democratic Forces

The Allied Democratic Forces (Forces démocratiques alliées; abbreviated ADF) is an Islamist rebel group in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), considered a terrorist organisation by the Ugandan government. It was originally based in western Uganda but has expanded into the neighbouring DRC. Most Ugandan ADF fighters are Muslims from the Baganda and Basoga ethnic groups.

Since the late 1990s, the ADF has operated in the DRC's North Kivu province near the border with Uganda. While repeated military offensives against the ADF have severely affected it, the ADF has been able to regenerate because its recruitment and financial networks have remained intact. Some of the attacks it has been blamed for also appear to have been committed by other rebel groups as well as the Congolese Armed Forces.

From 2015, the ADF experienced a radicalisation after the imprisonment of its leader Jamil Mukulu and the rise of Musa Baluku in his place. From 2019, the ADF had split, with one part remaining loyal to Mukulu, while the other had merged into the Islamic State's Central Africa Province under Baluku.

Establishment
The ADF was formed as merger of several rebel factions, including the Allied Democratic Movement, the National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU), and militant members of the Tablighi Jamaat movement. The main figure of the group was Jamil Mukulu, a former Catholic who converted to Islam. The members were largely from central Uganda, in particular Iganga, Masaka, and Kampala, and portray themselves as religious crusaders.

Beyond this vaguely stated religious ideology and statements that the government discriminates against Tablighis, the ADF has given few coherent rationales for their insurgency. The ADF chose western Uganda apparently for three reasons: terrain that is ideal for a rural insurgency, proximity to the DRC where the rebels could set up bases and recruit fighters, and the presence of some Ugandan ethnic groups unfriendly to the government that could offer assistance. It received support from the government of Sudan, which was engaged in disputes with the government of Uganda.

Low-level operations in the early 2000s
Since the 2000s, the ADF has shown no commitment to its original goal of creating an Islamic state except to use it as a narrative to unite its members. By the late 2000s, its leaders had ceased making public proclamations, avoided media and harshly punished runaways. With their methods, the leadership managed to minimize any interactions that might reveal its objectives and activities. This worked to their advantage, allowing them to survive despite repeated military attacks.

While in-depth research explores the group's early years in Uganda, there has been hardly any in-depth academic analysis on its activities since it resurfaced in the Congo in 2010. Per Kristof Titeca, the lack of knowledge has also been exploited by some political players to craft the narratives for their own objectives. In general, the group increasingly intermingled with the local population during this time, with many fighters marrying locals.

During March 2007, the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF) engaged incursive ADF groups in multiple firefights, killing at least 46 in Bundibugyo and Mubende districts. The biggest battle occurred on 27 March, when the UPDF faced an estimated 60 ADF troops, killing 34, including three senior commanders. The UPDF claimed to have retrieved numerous weapons as well as documents that tied the ADF to the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).

On 13 April 2007, the UPDF and ADF engaged in an intense battle inside the Semuliki National Park, near the upscale Semliki Lodge tourist destination.

Ceasefire and amnesty talks between the government of Uganda and the ADF were held in Nairobi starting in May 2008. Negotiations were complicated by the fragmentation of the ADF's leadership. Non-combatant dependents of the ADF were repatriated to Uganda by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). At least 48 ADF fighters surrendered and were given amnesty. As the threat from the LRA in the DRC waned, the UPDF put increasing focus on the ADF as a reason for UPDF personnel to remain in the DRC.

2013 resurgence and radicalisation
From 2011 to 2013, several hundreds of people were kidnapped in Beni, some by ADF and some by other armed groups. In April 2013, it was reported that ADF started a recruitment campaign in Kampala and other parts of the country. Citing a defector from ADF, AllAfrica.com reported that approximately ten new recruits joined ADF forces every day. In July 2013, the ADF renewed its fighting in the Congolese district of Beni. According to the UN Radio Okapi, the ADF together with the NALU fought a pitched battle with the Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC), briefly taking the towns of Mamundioma and Totolito. On 11 July, the ADF attacked the town of Kamango, triggering the flight of over 60,000 refugees across the border into the Ugandan district of Bundibugyo.

Early in September 2013, regional leaders under the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR) asked the recently formed combative United Nations Force Intervention Brigade under the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to attack positions of foreign negative forces operating in the DRC, including the ADF. In late September 2013, 3 people were killed and 30 abducted during an ADF attack in the Watalinga Sector, North Kivu, DRC. Omar Kavota, the vice president and spokesman of the local civil society in North Kivu, condemned the abductions. According to the civil society, the abductees included eight minors.

In January 2014, the FARDC launched a major offensive against ADF forces in Beni. By April, Mukulu and other senior leaders of the group fled their headquarters camp from approaching FARDC forces. The remaining ADF fighters– alongside women and children – retreated into the forest, where their numbers were significantly reduced in the following months as a result of starvation, desertion, and continued FARDC attacks. Mukulu and others moved into exile. From this point onwards, the ADF fell under the control of the old second-in-command Musa Baluku. Under his leadership, the ADF became increasingly radical and brutal in its operations, launching more attacks on civilians.

From October to December 2014, 250 people were killed for which ADF was solely blamed by the DRC government and MONUSCO. The Congo Research Group however stated that FARDC soldiers, former members of RCD–K/ML as well as members of communal militias were also involved. From December 2014 to January 2015, three Muslim clerics were killed by unknown assailants. Six alleged ADF members were arrested. However, the government did not show any evidence for ADF links. On 30 March 2015, an Ugandan government spokesman had initially blamed ADF and then al-Shabaab for assassination of government prosecutor Joan Kagezi, without offering evidence in either case. In late April 2015, the ADF's leader, Jamil Mukulu, was arrested in Tanzania. In July 2015, he was extradited to Uganda. Despite Mukulu's attempts to keep influencing the ADF from prison, Musa Baluku consequently cemented his power and moved the ADF closer to international jihadism.

As of November 2015, the number of attacks on Congolese forces continued, with weekly attacks of varying size taking place and killing more than 400 people in 2015, especially in the territories of Beni (North Kivu) and Irumu (Ituri). The ADF have been blamed for the 2016 Beni massacre and also for an attack in North Kivu on 7 December 2017, which killed 15 UN peacekeepers, all Tanzanians, as well as 5 Congolese soldiers.

Split and Baluku's allegiance to ISIL
From 2017, ADF elements began to forge connections to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). In June 2019, an ISIL propaganda video showed Musa Baluku pledging allegiance to ISIL. A "major faction" of the ADF joined Baluku, but a group of Mukulu loyalists opposed to this course consequently split off. The splinter faction was believed to be small, counting 10 to 30 fighters as well as their followers, and to be led by a man known as "Muzaaya". Muzaaya had previously served as a commander for ADF's southern division, the "Mwalika camp"; his splinter was believed to be based along the Semliki River in the Virunga National Park. Muzaaya's group included at least one senior commander, Benjamin Kisokeranio, and was rumoured to enjoy support from Mukulu's son Hassan Nyanzi who is based in South Africa. The ADF's international support network was also affected by the split; several supporters attempted to stay neutral and declare no allegiance to either the Mukulu loyalists or Baluku's followers.

The Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) conducted large-scale operations from late 2019 to late 2020 that greatly weakened the ADF, killing hundreds of its fighters. According to the International Crisis Group, the ADF completely splintered during these operations, and the rival factions also distanced themselves from each other geographically. Some ADF elements moved to the Rwenzori Mountains, while others had relocated into Ituri Province where they attacked civilians. Despite these setbacks, ADF forces have been associated with 800 deaths and a prison escape in 2020 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2020, Baluku claimed that the ADF had ceased to exist and was succeeded by the Islamic State's Central Africa Province. In April 2024, a joint operation between the armies of the DRC and Uganda enabled the neutralization of two ADF leaders, nicknamed Doctor “Musa”, and the other Commander “Baghdad”.

Foreign involvement
The DRC government, citing civil society groups in North Kivu, says that Al-Shabaab fighters from Somalia are collaborating with the ADF. Uganda has claimed that there is a link between them with al-Shabaab and al-Qaeda. In-depth reports have denied this link, stating that there is contact but not real integration. MONUSCO has accused it of having extensive links to international Islamist terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, al-Shabaab, al-Qaeda (in the Maghreb) and Boko Haram.

The Washington Post and World Policy Institute however have considered MONUSCO's single source as dubious. In 2021, the group claimed at least one attack near Kampala that killed one and injured 7. The deadliest terror incident in Ugandan history was a 2010 attack in the Ugandan capital of Kampala, claimed by Al-Shabab. 74 people who had assembled in public places in Kampala to watch a World Cup soccer game were killed in those FIFA World Cup bombings.

An Islamic State financier (Waleed Ahmed Zein) is said to have paid the group at least once according to a report of the New York University's Congo Research Group.

title: Allied Democratic Forces


text:
John Snobelen

John Snobelen (born c. 1954) is a former politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003, and served as a cabinet minister in the government of Mike Harris.

Background
Snobelen was raised in Meadowlark, Ontario, and dropped out of high school in Grade 11. He eventually became a successful businessman, making a fortune in the waste-haulage business. He served as President of Jarsno Environmental Inc., Mid-Ontario Equipment Limited and the Cameron Group.

Snobelen was also president of the Hunger Project in Canada, and an associate of the Carter Center, a human-rights organization started by former United States President Jimmy Carter.

Politics
Snobelen ran for the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1990, placing third behind incumbent Liberal Steve Offer and a New Democrat in Mississauga North. In the provincial election of 1995, he ran in the same riding and defeated Offer by about 4,500 votes.

The Progressive Conservatives won a majority government in the 1995 election, and Snobelen was appointed as Minister of Education and Training in Mike Harris's government on June 26, 1995. Shortly after his appointment, Snobelen was filmed arguing that the PC government needs to "bankrupt" and to create a "useful crisis" in the education system so as to initiate significant reforms. This controversy provoked several calls for his resignation, and further unsettled the relationship between the government and the teaching community, which were already tense after the previous NDP administration unilaterally imposed a Social Contract.

In 1997, Snobelen introduced Bill 160, which gave the province control of municipal education taxes, introduced standardized testing, cut teaching preparation time, allowed the government to determine class sizes and granted early retirement initiatives to older, more experienced teachers. Critics argue that the purpose of this bill was to cut education spending, and reduce the power of the teachers' unions in order to privatize Ontario's public education system (Klein, N., The Shock Doctrine). The education restructuring, along with other cuts to government spending, was expected to significantly reduce the province's deficit. Community organizations, teachers and leaders of the provincial unions criticized the bill not only as an attack on local control of public schools and on union bargaining influence, but also as unnecessarily confrontational and as threatening the quality of Ontario's education system.

Snobelen was moved to the Ministry of Natural Resources on October 10, 1997. Arguments with the teacher's unions and accusations that a high school dropout who didn't understand the education portfolio led to his transfer. Snobelen's increasingly hostile fight with the unions was the main reason that prompted Harris to shuffle his cabinet at this time.

Shortly after his transfer, Ontario's public school teachers entered a two-week strike against the Harris government, with much of their anger directed against the reforms proposed by Snobelen. The Harris government argued that two million students were being held "hostage" by the strike and denounced the teachers for striking in violation of provincial labour laws. Some also criticized the teachers for using their work hours to participate in union activities. Teachers' representatives argued that they had no other viable options to oppose the proposed legislation. A provincial judge later determined that the provincial government did not meet its obligations in seeking to resolve the strike.

Snobelen's successor as Minister of Education, David Johnson, implemented many aspects of Bill 160 after the strike.

As Natural Resources Minister, Snobelen helped push through the Harris government's "Lands For Life" program, which protected 24,000 km² of public land in parks and conservation reserves, making them off-limit to industrial activity. He also cancelled the Spring Bear Hunt, a decision which was opposed by many Ontario hunters but supported by animal rights groups.

He was re-elected in the provincial election of 1999, defeating Liberal Bob Delaney in the redistributed riding of Mississauga West. He retained the Natural Resources portfolio after the election.

Snobelen was dropped from cabinet when Ernie Eves succeeded Harris as Premier in 2002.

In late 2002, it was reported that Snobelen was spending most of his time at a private cattle ranch in Oklahoma while still drawing a Member of Provincial Parliament's (MPP) salary. Faced with criticism, he returned to the legislature for most of the 2003 session and resigned his seat on March 17.

After politics
On January 13, 2007, he was arrested in Milton, Ontario for the possession of an unregistered handgun. He was granted an absolute discharge in April 2008, though the judge noted that he had made a serious error in judgement.

In 2012, Snobelen ran for the Presidency of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, finishing second to Richard Ciano.

title: John Snobelen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Presbyterian Church USA

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - kept

Presbyterian Church USA
Presbyterian Church USA was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

For: This article is hopelessly biased. The author of it gives a very short sketch of what the PCUSA is, and then proceeds to discuss nothing but criticism of the church or actions that members of the church have taken of which the author thinks readers will disapprove. Though the material about controversies concerning Israel and other matters should definitly be included, it seems clear that the author of this page is interested in writing an anti PCUSA screed, not an encyclopedia article. If he or she wants to do this, I'm certainly not stopping him/her, but Wikipedia is not the place for such a screed. The article is so flawed as to be almost useless now -- if it is not to be deleted, it will need to be rewritten from the ground up, so to speak.Zantastik 05:57, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Send to Cleanup and keep. There is quite a lot of bias but it's a good subject for an encyclopedia and the article body does contain the germ of a good article. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 06:29, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. POV is a reason for fixing the article, not for deleting it. It's a valid article subject. 131.211.210.157 09:13, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC) - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:14, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC) (oops, session timed out)
 * Rip it up. It looks like Wiki-mess.  The first paragraph of it is a nice introduction (except that the article goes way out of its way to avoid saying that the Presbyterian Church is the Puritains), and then all the anti-PC stuff starts up -- tacked on by unhappy campers.  Blank everything from "Person of Jesus" on and rewrite.  The topic is not inherently POV.  If there is an edit war or a revert war, I'm sure we can resolve it with RfC or protection.  Geogre 14:56, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Encyclopedic topic, some good information, no grounds for deletion. Andrewa 16:11, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Send to Cleanup. My criteria:  Is the subject deserving of an entry?  Yes.  Is it poorly written?  Yes. (Clearly by someone with an axe to grind over Israeli issues -- that section is larger than the history section, which deserves more attention.)  Fix and expand instead of erasing it; it should be in any comprehensive encyclopedia. Katefan0 16:42, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Again, VfD is not Cleanup!  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:18, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. This article has been around since Feb 2002 and was uncontroversial for most of that time.  It has many links on "what links here" demonstrating that this is a strongly requested topic.  Reviewing the history, I conclude that it has only beein in recent months that the comments accused of being partisan screed were added.  Disputes over NPOV and content should be resolved through the regular processes.  This article definitely does not need to be rewritten from the ground up (though it may appropriate to revert to an earlier version).  Rossami (talk) 18:08, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup.There could be a useful article hidden in there somewhere... P Ingerson 00:33, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Up until you get to the whole Israel thing (no doubt related to recent events regarding the Presbyterian "divestment" issue), it is a useful article. I'm not sure about the "Person of Jesus" section either, but I'm not familiar enough with Presbyterianism enough to comment on that. Keep and NPOV. Inky 00:58, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have deleted most of the stuff about Israel except for a sentence on the divestment decision by the General Assembly and put it with the stuff on homosexual ordination and gun control in a section called current discussion in the Church. I have removed entirely the section on the person of Jesus. I have added sections on the structure of the church and an extensive section on the history of the Church. Capitalistroadster 06:34, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems OK now. 129.177.61.120 08:55, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it as it stands. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 22:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Major rewrite - probably needs to get dumped and keep a portion of it. See my suggestions on the Discussion page under "My 2-Cents" PresbyPaul

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Music of Vermont

Vermont is a state in the United States. Some of the state's bands include RAQ, Phish, Twiddle, Drowningman, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Noah Kahan, Mellow Yellow, Rough Francis, and The Cancer Conspiracy. Burlington also has a thriving local music scene with artists like Eric George, Cricket Blue, the DuPont Brothers, and Addie Herbert.

The state is also home to many iconoclastic composers, from Revolutionary-era Justin Morgan through electronic/avant-gardist Otto Luening. Vermont's contemporary composers includes Jon Appleton, Dennis Bathory-Kitsz, David Gunn, Ernie Stires, Su Lian Tan, Dennis Murphy, and Gwyneth Walker.

Vermont is also a source of folk and traditional music, with such musicians as Celia Woodsmith (and her band Avi & Celia,) Pete Sutherland, Anaïs Mitchell, Woods Tea Company and many others.

Music education and institutions
The Vermont Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1934, was the first state-funded orchestra in the nation. The orchestra's first artistic director was Alan Carter, followed by Efrain Guigui, Peter Brown, and Kate Tamarkin. The Artistic Director and conductor today is Jaime Laredo. Laredo performs worldwide as a soloist and frequently in duo concerts with Sharon Robinson, cellist. The VSO's "Made in Vermont" series annually commissions a Vermont composer to create a large-scale work that tours the State. Previous recipients have included G. Walker, L. Koplewitz, et al. Current composer-in-residence with the VSO is David Ludwig. The Vermont Youth Orchestra has come to prominence since the mid-1990s under the direction of composer/conductor Troy Peters. The Consortium of Vermont Composers was formed in 1988 to promote composers of classical music from the state; the Consortium calls Vermont the "most composer-friendly state" in the country.

Music festivals
The Vermont Mozart Festival, founded in 1974, is the state's largest classical music festival. As of 2006, the Mozart Festival has performed well over 2,000 works in over 30 locations, including 278 of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's 626 compositions—possibly more than any other festival or concert series in the country.

The Marlboro Music Festival has been held since 1950. There is also a Champlain Valley Folk Festival, the New World Festival held in Randolph and the One World, One Heart Festival, sponsored by local ice cream manufacturer Ben & Jerry's. The One World, One Heart Festival is held in Warren, Vermont and features concerts by folk and country performers.

The North Branch Bluegrass Festival, held annually since 2008 in Bridgewater, Vermont is an old-fashioned family music festival. It features a weekend show of regional bluegrass musicians, music workshops, and weekend field camping.

title: Music of Vermont


text:
Digitality

Digitality (also known as digitalism ) is used to mean the condition of living in a digital culture, derived from Nicholas Negroponte's book Being Digital in analogy with modernity and post-modernity.

Overview
Aspects of digitality include nearly continuous contact with other people through cell phones, near instantaneous access to information through the World Wide Web, third wave information storage (where any fragment in a text can be searched and used for categorization, such as through search engine Google), and communicating through weblogs and email.

Some of the negative aspects of digitality include computer viruses and spam.

With the rapidly growing technology, children at increasingly younger ages are learning to speak through the cyber world rather than in face-to-face conversation. They are becoming more digitally literate and creating a new culture in which they communicate more efficiently online than they do in person.

Development
In the 1990s, literature on the effects of interactivity with information began to be written and published, particularly focused on the immediacy and ubiquity of digital communications, and the interactivity and participatory nature of digital media. While traditionally in Postmodernism a decisive role for media in the formation of personality, culture and social order is presumed, so that this emerged literature differed fundamentally from the analog critical theory, in that the audience now has the ability to do more than create a personal text through their idiolect, as they are able to create newly informed texts which reinforce the behavior of other participants. Simply put, digital media made way for individuals to express themselves through online interaction and refine their skills in a communal effort.

Many works have been written outlining the fear of digitality. In the 1990s, the realization of digitality caused many artists to visualize and fear a future where analog would become completely extinct. They viewed digitalization as a deletion of the past.

Although the computer was originally created to complete large scale computations, it ultimately progressed into a processing machine that could retrieve and interpret information very quickly. The first personal computer was first introduced by Ed Roberts in 1975 and this sparked the introduction of other "personal computers". As technology continued to advance, more and more intelligent computers were coming to light with stronger processing power and wider range of utilities. This new age of technology lead to the invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 which revolutionized the modern world. With the introduction of this World Wide Web people were able to more commonly access a data pool online with a trove of information. This information is now easily accessible from a Smartphone which can connect people from anywhere at any time.

In the 21st century
Digital technology plays an important role in 21st century life. In the United States, nearly two-thirds of people own smartphones. Using social networking services and online forums, people are able to communicate with other users, regardless of geographic region or time constraints. The rise of this type of interaction partly explains the significant increase in phone use in younger people, and mobile technology is mainly used for the purposes of communication. Digitalism is also slowly replacing many forms of physical aids, such as print encyclopedias and dictionaries, with people turning to newer technology for various needs. In his book, Nicholas Negroponte explains how necessities in the future will be digitized. For example, a large proportion of mass media (including newspapers and magazines) are becoming digitized, and a large percentage of financial transactions made in the United States are being made without the physical exchange of money (e.g. online).

Computation is frequently discussed in debates on digitally. Modern theorists are now choosing to focus more on our relation to computers rather than the computers themselves as an important element of digitality.

Social media
Social media are computer-generated tools that allow for people to convey their thoughts, ideas, or interests through digital communities or networks. Social media are online platforms for human interactions with local and global reach, designed to circulate information. These platforms support social interactions and give rise to a complex interplay between communication, social practices, and technological infrastructure. This gives way to connection of all these components in real-time, so that through these connections people, information, data and events are instantly and globally spread. This allows for platforms like Twitter to be a media medium where there is an intersection of media and social interaction.

Social media is different from social networks, but is commonly looked at as the same, which makes public differentiation harder.

Just like television and advertisements, social media has great potential for business and marketing opportunities where companies can formulate custom promotions geared for specific audiences.

Education
Digitality in the 2000s has had a great impact on the world of education. The internet creates an abundance of easily accessible and globally diverse resources. The digitization of textbooks and other written texts reduces the demand for the print versions. A vast majority of books now come with a digital version of the text that allows for easier access from anywhere. This applies to scholarly textbooks, religious texts, books, and other texts that would normally have to be found in physical form. Digitalism has also made it so that children are now presented with electronic knowledge at a very early age, resulting in the increased implementation of electronics in school systems (for example in electronic learning, mobile learning, and blended learning). Students and academics alike have adopted social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and blogging platforms to expand the horizons for learning.

Intercultural communication
Intercultural communication is an important part of globalization. In the past, intercultural communication was made difficult because of the distance separating different cultures. However, with modern-day technology and digitality, it is becoming increasingly possible to interact and learn about other cultures in an environment where people can openly speak. This interaction allows for people to compare and reflect upon both their own and different cultures. The internet creates platforms and forums where people from different backgrounds can develop intercultural communication skills and gain a cross-cultural abundance of knowledge. With the digitality of religious texts and cultural meetings, it is increasingly feasible to be submerged in a culture or religion without the need to travel to the source.

title: Digitality


text:
Norm Duke

Norm Duke (born March 25, 1964) is an American professional bowler who previously competed on the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) Tour and now competes on the PBA50 Tour. He has won 40 titles on the PBA Tour, including seven major championships, and another six titles (two of them majors) on the PBA50 Tour. A member of both the PBA and USBC Halls of Fame, Duke is one of only three players in history to reach 40 career PBA Tour titles. He has bowled 73 perfect 300 games in PBA competition, including the 16th televised 300 game in PBA Tour history on January 5, 2003. Duke is a member of the Storm pro staff.

A native of Mount Pleasant, Texas, Duke resides in Clermont, Florida, with his wife Karen. The two have a son named Branden.

PBA Tour
In 1983, not even one year after becoming a professional, Duke won the Cleveland Open in North Olmsted, Ohio, and became the youngest player ever to win a PBA Tour title, at 18 years and 345 days. On that day, Duke started from the No. 5 seed and worked his way up the stepladder, defeating the other four bowlers to take the championship, including a victory over the legendary Earl Anthony in Duke's first-ever televised match. Duke would not win his second title until 1991, but his career took off from there. He won two titles in the 1993 season, including his first major at the ABC Masters (now known as the USBC Masters).

Norm completed perhaps his best season in 1994, winning five titles including his second career major, at the Tournament of Champions, and also winning PBA Player of the Year honors. He was also the winner of the PBA Player of the Year award in 2000, capturing three titles that year, including his third career major by winning the PBA World Championship. Duke became a member of the USBC Hall of Fame in 2002, and was inducted into the PBA Hall of Fame in January 2009.

Duke currently owns 40 PBA Tour titles, including seven majors: one ABC Masters, one PBA Tournament of Champions, two United States Opens, and three PBA World Championships. By virtue of having won each of these four majors, Duke is one of only three bowlers in Tour history to complete the career Grand Slam, along with fellow Hall-of-Famer Mike Aulby and all-time major titles record holder Jason Belmonte. His 38th title on February 15, 2015 put him in sole possession of third-place on the PBA's all-time titles list. Duke's career PBA Tour earnings eclipsed $3 million in the 2011-12 season, making him just the third PBA bowler at the time (along with Walter Ray Williams Jr. and Pete Weber) to surpass the $3 million mark in career prize money. Parker Bohn III has since also joined the $3 million club. Duke's career earnings have now topped $3.8 million (as of 2022). Duke made multiple TV Finals appearances every season from 1990 through 2015. (He made only one TV finals appearance in 2016.) He has won at least two titles in a season nine times, including a career-best five titles in 1994.

The diminutive Duke (he stands 1.65 meters, or 5-foot-5) is known for his exceptional versatility. He is generally thought of as a stroker, either throwing the ball relatively straight or playing a hook shot from the extreme outside of the lane. But he has also shown the ability (especially earlier in his career) to swing the ball out toward the gutter and bring it back like a cranker when necessary. This gives him the advantage of being able to score well on most of the PBA's multiple oil patterns.

2007–08 season
The 2007-08 season started slowly for Duke, as he battled illness on top of a series of injuries through the first half. Standing 51st in points and with his Tour exemption in jeopardy, he put together a furious finish by winning two majors in the final five weeks of the season. On February 24, 2008, he won his second career PBA World Championship to lock up a 2008-09 exemption. Then on March 30, he won the U.S. Open and joined Mike Aulby and Billy Hardwick as the only bowlers to ever complete the coveted PBA "Grand Slam," in which a PBA bowler wins the U.S. Open, World Championship, Tournament of Champions, and USBC Masters at least once in a career. He is also one of only nine bowlers in history to complete the PBA career Triple Crown, in which a player wins the PBA's "original" three majors (U.S. Open, Tournament of Champions, and World Championship).

2008–09 season
Duke began the 2008-09 season by, again, winning the PBA World Championship. Continuing on his success from the previous season's sweep of the final two majors, he accomplished something never before done by any professional bowler: win three consecutive major tournaments. The streak ended when he failed to make the TV finals for the 2009 Tournament of Champions. On April 5, 2009, Duke narrowly missed an opportunity to become just the fifth bowler to repeat as champion at the U.S. Open. He qualified as the #1 seed, but was upset in the final by Mike Scroggins, 191–173. Duke eventually did win a second U.S. Open on February 27, 2011.

Later career
Duke's 37th title on the PBA Tour came in 2012 at the Dick Weber PBA Playoffs. He joined the PBA50 Tour (formerly PBA Senior Tour) in 2014, while continuing to compete in selected events on the standard PBA Tour. His 38th title on the standard PBA Tour came in the 2015 Mark Roth-Marshall Holman PBA Doubles Championship, where he partnered with Wes Malott for the win.

He captured his 39th PBA title on February 24, 2019 at the PBA Indianapolis Open, defeating Jason Belmonte in the title match. A month shy of his 55th birthday, Duke became the third oldest player to win a standard PBA Tour event, behind John Handegard (57) and Buzz Fazio (winner of two titles at age 56). One week later, he won his 40th PBA Tour title at the PBA Jonesboro Open, becoming the third player in history to win 40 PBA Tour titles (after Walter Ray Williams Jr. and Earl Anthony). It was also the first time in Duke's career that he had ever won PBA titles in back-to-back weeks. A testament to Duke's versatility, both victories were on mixed lane conditions, with the left lane and right lane featuring different lengths and layouts of oil. In 2019, Duke posted the most cashes (20) and match-play appearances (17) on the PBA Tour since his 2005 season, and his highest earnings since 2008. On his longevity, Duke stated in 2020:
 * "Bowling for a living is so different than most people think. It requires a tremendous commitment to excellence as well as a willingness to expose yourself to failure on a constant basis. Add in a myriad of travel delays and time away from the family; just being happy becomes a chore. The players that mentally manage the grind of the Tour and are able to stay in love with the sport are the ones that have the best chance of sustaining a good career. I have been on the PBA Tour for 38 years and I am as committed now as when I started out in 1982."

On April 2, 2022, the 58-year old Duke claimed the top seed (out of 420 competitors) at the USBC Masters. Seeking to become the oldest player to win a PBA Tour title and oldest to win a major, he was defeated in the April 3 final by Anthony Simonsen, 219–216. Prior to the finals, Duke announced that unless he qualified for the upcoming PBA Tour Playoffs (he needed a win to qualify), he would be retiring from full-time competition on the PBA Tour. He will still bowl in PBA Regional Tour and PBA50 Tour events.

Duke made his final televised PBA Tour appearance at the 2022 PBA League Elias Cup Finals in Portland, Maine on July 10. He reprised his role as the player/manager for the Dallas Strikers, bowling lead-off for the team. The Strikers made it to the final match against the Portland Lumberjacks. After Duke's doubles partner Wes Malott clinched the tournament for Portland with a spare in the 10th frame of the final game, he yielded his fill shot to Duke. Poetically, Duke closed out his full-time PBA Tour career with a strike. Duke's departure from the PBA Tour was met with much emotion from bowlers and fans alike, so much so that the hashtag #ThankYouNorm began trending throughout the community shortly before he made his final TV appearance.

PBA50 Tour
In 2014, Norm won two PBA50 titles, including the Senior U.S. Open, in his first season on the PBA50 Tour. For his efforts, he won both PBA50 Rookie of the Year and PBA50 Player of the Year honors. He is one of only three PBA50 players (with Tom Baker and Tom Hess) to win both awards in the same season. In 2016, he won his third PBA50 title and second PBA50 major at the PBA50 World Championship. He has since won three more standard titles on the PBA50 Tour, in 2017, 2018 and 2021. The latest victory made Duke one of eight players in history to win a PBA Tour or PBA50 Tour title in five different decades, joining Dick Weber, Dave Soutar, Johnny Petraglia, Walter Ray Williams Jr., Pete Weber, Parker Bohn III and Amleto Monacelli.

Awards and recognition

 * Two-time U.S. Open winner (2008, 2011) and three-time PBA World Championship winner (2000, 2007–08, 2008–09)
 * Two-time PBA Player of the Year (1994, 2000)
 * George Young High Average award (1991, 1994, 2005–06, 2006–07)
 * Harry Smith PBA Points Leader award (2005–06)
 * In his first year on tour (1983), Duke won the tour stop in Cleveland, OH at age 18 years, 345 days, which is still the record for the youngest person to ever capture a PBA title.
 * During the 2006-07 Denny's PBA Tour season, Norm broke the tour's average record for a season, averaging 228.47; this record lasted seven years until being topped by Jason Belmonte's 228.81 in the 2012-13 season.
 * Inducted into USBC Hall of Fame, 2002
 * During qualifying for an April 1996 PBA tournament held in North Brunswick, N.J., Duke bowled three consecutive perfect games (900 total) in two squads.
 * 71 career perfect games in PBA events (through mid-2018 season)
 * One of the bowlers to have won the "Grand Slam" (USBC Masters, PBA World Championship, PBA Tournament of Champions, and the US Open)
 * 5x ESPY Award winner for Best Bowler (1995, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2019)
 * Ranked 7th on the PBA's 2008 list of "50 Greatest Players of the Last 50 Years"
 * First bowler in history to win three Major titles in a row
 * Inducted into PBA Hall of Fame on January 24, 2009
 * BPAA Dick Weber Bowling Ambassador Award winner, 2012
 * PBA50 Rookie of the Year, 2014
 * PBA50 Player of the Year, 2014

In the media

 * During the 2006-07 Denny's PBA Tour season, Duke served as a guest commentator on ESPN telecasts for events in which he failed to reach the TV Finals alongside Dave Ryan and Randy Pedersen. During events in which he made the TV Finals, Chris Barnes filled in as the third commentator. He has continued to appear on some PBA telecasts as a third commentator through the present day.

PBA Tour Titles
Major championships are in bold text.

 * 1)  1983 Cleveland Open, Cleveland, Ohio.
 * 2)  1991 Bud Light Open, Parma Heights, Ohio.
 * 3)  1991 Tucson Open, Tucson, Ariz.
 * 4)  1993 ABC Masters, Tulsa, Okla.
 * 5)  1993 Greater Detroit Open, Taylor, Mich.
 * 6)  1994 AC-Delco Classic, Lakewood, Calif.
 * 7)  1994 Choice Hotels Classic, Edmond, Okla.
 * 8)  1994 Brunswick Johnny Petraglia Open, N. Brunswick, N.J.
 * 9)  1994 Tournament of Champions, Akron, Ohio.
 * 10)  1994 Rochester Open, Rochester, N.Y.
 * 11)  1995 Oregon Open, Portland, Ore.
 * 12)  1995 Cleveland Open, Cleveland, Ohio.
 * 13)  1997 IOF Foresters Open, Mississauga, Canada.
 * 14)  1997 Ebonite Challenge 1, Windsor Locks, Conn.
 * 15)  1998 Tucson Open, Tucson, Ariz.
 * 16)  1998 Rochester Open, Rochester, N.Y.
 * 17)  1998 Brunswick Circuit Pro Bowling Classic, Wichita, Kan.
 * 18)  2000 Brunswick Pro Source Don Carter Classic, Dallas, Texas.
 * 19)  2000 PBA National Championship, Toledo, Ohio.
 * 20)  2000 MSN Open, Tucson, Ariz.
 * 21)  2002-03 PBA Cambridge Credit Classic, Syosset, N.Y.
 * 22)  2003-04 PBA Greater Kansas City Classic, Blue Springs, Mo.
 * 23)  2004-05 PBA Atlanta Classic, Norcross, Ga.
 * 24)  2005-06 Ace Hardware Championship, Taylor, Mich.
 * 25)  2006-07 Lake County Indiana Classic, Hammond, Ind.
 * 26)  2006-07 Columbia 300 Classic, West Babylon, N.Y.
 * 27)  2006-07 Pepsi Championship, Indianapolis, Ind.
 * 28)  2007-08 PBA World Championship, Indianapolis, Ind.
 * 29)  2007-08 U.S. Open, North Brunswick, N.J.
 * 30)  2008-09 PBA World Championship, Wichita, Kan.
 * 31)  2008-09 Don and Paula Carter Mixed Doubles Championship w/Liz Johnson, Reno, Nev.
 * 32)  2008-09 Denny's Dick Weber Open, Fountain Valley, Calif.
 * 33)  2009-10 PBA Cheetah Championship, Allen Park, Mich.
 * 34)  2010-11 U.S. Open, North Brunswick, N.J.
 * 35)  2011-12 Detroit Open, Allen Park, Mich.
 * 36)  2011-12 Mark Roth/Marshall Holman Doubles Championship w/Wes Malott, Las Vegas, NV.
 * 37)  2011-12 PBA Dick Weber Playoffs, Indianapolis, Ind.
 * 38)  2015 Mark Roth/Marshall Holman Doubles Championship w/Wes Malott, Indianapolis, Ind.
 * 39)  2019 Go Bowling! PBA Indianapolis Open, Indianapolis, Ind.
 * 40)  2019 Go Bowling! PBA Jonesboro Open, Jonesboro, Ark.

PBA50 Tour Titles

 * 1)  2014 PBA50 UnitedHealthcare Sun Bowl In The Villages, The Villages, Fla.
 * 2)  2014 Senior U.S. Open, Las Vegas, NV.
 * 3)  2016 PBA50 World Championship, Welch, Minn.
 * 4)  2017 PBA50 Race City Open, Mooresville, N.C.
 * 5)  2018 PBA50 Security Federal Savings Bank Championship, Kokomo, Ind.
 * 6)  2021 PBA50 David Small's JAX 60 Open, Jackson, Mich.

Trick Shots

 * Duke is also famed for his "trickshots," with his most notable being his well-renowned "Towel Shot." This is where he can sling a ball wrapped in a towel and consistently throw a strike. In September 2009 (broadcast October 25 on ESPN), Duke won the PBA's special Trick Shot Challenge event.

title: Norm Duke


text:
CARINE

CARINE (Computer Aided Reasoning Engine) is a first-order classical logic automated theorem prover. It was initially built for the study of the enhancement effects of the strategies delayed clause-construction (DCC) and attribute sequences (ATS) in a depth-first search based algorithm. CARINE's main search algorithm is semi-linear resolution (SLR) which is based on an iteratively-deepening depth-first search (also known as depth-first iterative-deepening (DFID)) and used in theorem provers like THEO. SLR employs DCC to achieve a high inference rate, and ATS to reduce the search space.

Delayed Clause Construction (DCC)
Delayed Clause Construction is a stalling strategy that enhances a theorem prover's performance by reducing the work to construct clauses to a minimum. Instead of constructing every conclusion (clause) of an applied inference rule, the information to construct such clause is temporarily stored until the theorem prover decides to either discard the clause or construct it. If the theorem prover decides to keep the clause, it will be constructed and stored in memory, otherwise the information to construct the clause is erased. Storing the information from which an inferred clause can be constructed require almost no additional CPU operations. However, constructing a clause may consume a lot of time. Some theorem provers spend 30%–40% of their total execution time constructing and deleting clauses. With DCC this wasted time can be salvaged.

DCC is useful when too many intermediate clauses (especially first-order clauses) are being constructed and discarded in a short period of time because the operations performed to construct such short lived clauses are avoided. DCC may not be very effective on theorems with only propositional clauses.

How does DCC work?
After every application of an inference rule, certain variables may have to be substituted by terms (e.g. $x → f(a)$) and thus a substitution set is formed. Instead of constructing the resulting clause and discarding the substitution set, the theorem prover simply maintains the substitution set along with some other information, like what clauses where involved in the inference rule and what inference rule was applied, and continues the derivation without constructing the resulting clause of the inference rule. This procedure keeps going along a derivation until the theorem provers reaches a point where it decides, based on certain criteria and heuristics, whether to construct the final clause in the derivation (and probably some other clause(s) along the path) or discard the whole derivation i.e., deletes from memory the maintained substitution sets and whatever information stored with them.

Attribute sequences (ATS)
(An informal definition of) a clause in theorem proving is a statement that can result in a true or false answer depending on the evaluation of its literals. A clause is represented as a disjunction (i.e., OR), conjunction (i.e., AND), set, or multi-set (similar to a set but can contain identical elements) of literals.

An example of a clause as a disjunction of literals is: $$\lnot \operatorname{wealthy}(Y) \lor \lnot \operatorname{smart}(Y) \lor \lnot \operatorname{beautiful}(Y) \lor \operatorname{loves}(X, Y)$$ where the symbols $$\lor$$ and $$\lnot$$ are, respectively, logical or and logical not.

The above example states that if Y is wealthy AND smart AND beautiful then X loves Y. It does not say who X and Y are though. Note that the above representation comes from the logical statement:

For all Y, X belonging to the domain of human beings: $$\operatorname{wealthy}(Y) \land \operatorname{smart}(Y) \land \operatorname{beautiful}(Y) \implies \operatorname{loves}(X,Y)$$

By using some transformation rules of formal logic we produce the disjunction of literals of the example given above.

X and Y are variables. $$\lnot$$wealthy, $$\lnot$$smart, $$\lnot$$beautiful, loves are literals. Suppose we substitute the variable X for the constant John and the variable Y for the constant Jane then the above clause will become:

$$\lnot \operatorname{wealthy}(\text{Jane}) \lor \lnot \operatorname{smart}(\text{Jane}) \lor \lnot \operatorname{beautiful}(\text{Jane}) \lor \operatorname{loves}(\text{John},\text{Jane})$$

A clause attribute is a characteristic of a clause. Some examples of clause attributes are:
 * the number of literals in a clause (i.e., clause length)
 * the number of term symbols in a clause
 * the number of constants in a clause
 * the number of variables in a clause
 * the number of functions in a clause
 * the number of negative literals in a clause
 * the number of positive literals in a clause
 * the number of distinct variables in a clause
 * the maximum depth of any term in all the literals in a clause

 * Example

the clause $$C = \lnot P(x) \lor Q(a,b,f(x))$$ has:
 * a length of 2 because it contains two literals
 * one negative literal which is $$\lnot P(x)$$
 * one positive literal which is Q(a,b,f(x))
 * two constants which are a and b
 * two variables (x occurs twice)
 * one distinct variable which is x
 * one function which is f
 * maximum term depth of 2
 * five term symbols which are x, a, b, f, x

An attribute sequence is a sequence of k n-tuples of clause attributes that represent a projection of a set of derivations of length k. k and n are strictly positive integers. The set of derivations form the domain and the attribute sequences form the codomain of the mapping between derivations and attribute sequences.

 * Example:

<(2,2),(2,1),(1,1)> is an attribute sequence where k = 3 and n = 2.

It corresponds to some derivation, say, <(B1,B2),(R1,B3),(R2,B4)> where B1, B2, R1, B3, R2, and B4 are clauses. The attribute here is assumed to be the length of a clause.

The first pair (2,2) corresponds to the pair (B1,B2) from the derivation. It indicates that the length of B1 is 2 and the length of B2 is also 2.

The second pair (2,1) corresponds to the pair (R1,B3) and it indicates that the length of R1 is 2 and the length of B3 is 1.

The last pair (1,1) corresponds to the pair (R2,B4) and it indicates that the length of R2 is 1 and the length of B4 is 1.

Note: An n-tuple of clause attributes is similar (but not the same) to the feature vector named by Stephan Schulz, PhD (see E equational theorem prover).

title: CARINE


text:
Mitsubishi 4G9 engine

The Mitsubishi 4G9 engine is a series of straight-4 automobile engines produced by Mitsubishi Motors. All are 16-valve, and use both single- and double- overhead camshaft heads. Some feature MIVEC variable valve timing, and it was the first modern gasoline direct injection engine upon its introduction in August 1996.

4G91
The 4G91 uses a bore and stroke of 78.4x77.5 mm for a total displacement of 1496 cc. With a 9.5:1 compression ratio and DOHC, four-valve-per-cylinder head and multi-point EFI, this engine produces 115 PS at 6,000 rpm and 135 Nm at 5,000 rpm. The 4G91 was a short-lived model, mainly built between 1991 and 1995 and rarely seen in export markets. There was also a carbureted model, with 97 PS at 6,000 rpm and 126 Nm at 3,500 rpm.

Applications
 * Mitsubishi Lancer
 * Mitsubishi Mirage
 * Proton Wira

4G92
The 4G92 displaces 1597 cc. It first appeared in the late-1991 Japanese-spec Mirage RS and Super R in DOHC form. The 4G92 is basically a version of the 4G91 with the bore increased to 81 mm. In the original DOHC 16V form it produces 120 PS. Later, a fuel-efficient SOHC version was added, but the 4G92 is best known in its high-performance MIVEC equipped DOHC version, which fully replaced "ordinary" DOHC in 1993. Power output was raised as high as 170 PS, as found in the JDM Mirage Cyborg-ZR and 1992 Lancer MR, making it one of the most powerful 1.6-litre naturally aspirated engines. A modular displacement (MD) version of the 4G92 MIVEC was also produced – MD is Mitsubishi's cylinder deactivation system which helps improve fuel consumption.

4G92P SOHC 16 Valve
 * Total Displacement - 1597 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 77.5 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 10.0:1
 * Maximum Output (1) - 83 kW at 6,000 rpm, and 137 Nm at 5,000 rpm
 * Maximum Output (2) - 69 kW at 5,500 rpm, and 135 Nm at 4,000 rpm
 * (1): Early European and JDM versions with 20°/42° intake and 54°/2° exhaust valve timing
 * (2): General export and later European versions with 14°/58° intake and 52°/16° exhaust valve timing

4G92 DOHC 16 Valve
 * Total Displacement - 1597 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 77.5 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 11.0:1
 * Maximum Output - 145 PS at 7,000 rpm
 * Maximum Torque - 149 Nm at 4,500 rpm

4G92-MIVEC DOHC 16 Valve
 * Total Displacement - 1597 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 77.5 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 11.0:1
 * Maximum Output - 125 kW at 7,500 rpm
 * Maximum Torque - 167 Nm at 7,000 rpm

Applications
 * Mitsubishi Lancer
 * Mitsubishi Mirage
 * Mitsubishi Carisma
 * Mitsubishi Delica
 * Proton Wira
 * Proton Satria

4G93
The 4G93 is a 1834 cc engine available in both SOHC and DOHC versions. Turbocharged variants are also produced. In mid 1996 Mitsubishi released a gasoline direct injection (GDI) version of the 4G93. This GDI model saw a production of over a million units though it was a heavy polluter therefore only sold in the Japanese market. A partially cleaned up version (with less power) was later sold in Europe, and was among the first of the modern GDI engines. It brought good fuel economy and, if well serviced, long engine life.

4G93 SOHC 16 Valve MPI
 * Multi-Point Injection (MPI)
 * Total Displacement - 1834 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 89 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 9.5:1
 * Maximum Output - 86 kW
 * Maximum Torque - 166 Nm

4G93 SOHC 16 Valve Carburetor
 * Carburetor
 * Total Displacement - 1834 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 89 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 9.5:1
 * Maximum Output - 74 kW
 * Maximum Torque - 154 Nm

4G93 DOHC 16 Valve MPI
 * Multi-Point Injection (MPI)
 * Total Displacement - 1834 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 89 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 10.5:1
 * Maximum Output - 103 kW @ 6,500 rpm
 * Maximum Torque - 167 Nm @ 5500 rpm

4G93T DOHC 16 Valve Turbo
 * Multi-Point Injection (MPI) with TD04 turbocharger
 * Total Displacement - 1834 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 89 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 8.5:1 (Upgraded to 9.1:1 in 1994)
 * Maximum Output - 195 PS at 6,000 rpm (Upgraded to 205 PS in 1994, and again to 215 PS in 1995)
 * Maximum Torque - 270 Nm at 3,000 rpm (Upgraded to 275 Nm in 1994, and again to 284 Nm in 1995)

4G93 DOHC 16 Valve GDI
 * Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)
 * Total Displacement - 1834 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 89 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 12.0:1
 * Maximum Output -
 * Europe: 120 PS at 5,250 rpm / 122 PS at 5,500 rpm / 125 PS at 5,500 rpm
 * Japan: 130 PS at 5,500 rpm / 130 PS at 6,000 rpm / 150 PS at 6,500 rpm
 * Maximum Torque -
 * Europe: 174 Nm @ 3,500 rpm / 174 Nm @ 3,750 rpm
 * Japan: 181 Nm @ 3,500 rpm / 177 Nm @ 3,750 rpm / 178 Nm @ 5,000 rpm

4G93 DOHC 16 Valve GDI Turbo
 * Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) with turbocharger
 * Total Displacement - 1834 cc
 * Bore - 81 mm
 * Stroke - 89 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 10.0:1
 * Maximum Output - 118 kW @ 5,200 rpm / 121 kW @ 5,500 rpm
 * Maximum Torque - 220 Nm @ 3,500 rpm / 220 Nm @ 3,500 rpm

Applications
 * Mitsubishi Space Wagon
 * Mitsubishi Space Star
 * Mitsubishi Carisma
 * Mitsubishi Lancer
 * Mitsubishi Libero
 * Mitsubishi Mirage
 * Mitsubishi FTO
 * Proton Wira
 * Proton Satria
 * Proton Putra
 * Mitsubishi Colt GTI
 * Mitsubishi Galant 1996
 * Mitsubishi Pajero iO / Pajero Pinin / Shogun Pinin / Montero iO / Pajero TR4
 * Brilliance BC3
 * Brilliance BS6
 * Brilliance BS4
 * Volvo S40
 * Volvo V40

4G94
The 4G94 is a 1999 cc version built in Japan, used in the Mitsubishi Lancer. It has a cast iron engine block with Multi-point fuel injection and an aluminum SOHC cylinder head with forged steel connecting rods and four valves per cylinder. The 4G94 Also comes in the GDI DOHC variant which can be found in the Mitsubishi Galant.

4G94 SOHC 16 Valve MPI
 * Multi-Point Injection (MPI)
 * Total Displacement - 1999 cc
 * Bore - 81.5 mm
 * Stroke - 95.8 mm
 * Compression Ratio - 9.5:1
 * Maximum Output - 92 kW @ 5,200 rpm
 * Maximum Torque - 176 Nm @ 4,250 rpm

4G94 DOHC 16 Valve GDI Applications
 * Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)
 * Bore - 81.5 mm
 * Stroke - 95.8 mm
 * Compression Ratio: 11.0:1
 * Maximum Output: 107 kW / 5,700 rpm
 * Maximum Torque: 19.5 kgm / 3,750 rpm

Applications
 * Mitsubishi Pajero iO / Pajero Pinin / Shogun Pinin / Montero iO / Pajero TR4
 * Mitsubishi Adventure/Mitsubishi Kuda/Mitsubishi Freeca/Soueast Freeca
 * Mitsubishi Lancer
 * Mitsubishi Galant
 * Hyundai Santa Fe

title: Mitsubishi 4G9 engine


text:
WTOH

WTOH (98.9 FM, "The Answer") is a conservative talk radio station serving the Greater Columbus area, currently owned by the Salem Media Group and licensed to Upper Arlington, Ohio. The station's studios are shared with sister station WRFD (880 AM) and are located in North Columbus; WTOH's transmitter is northwest of downtown.

Adult contemporary (1989–1991)
The station began in 1989 as adult contemporary WXMX "The Mix" by Twin Rivers Communications owned by Michael and Mary Mahaffey.

Country (1991–1996)
In 1991, the station was purchased by Alan Gray's Tri-City Radio and changed to modern country music as WRVF "98.9 The River." In 1994 the station was sold to Carl Hirsch who re-imaged it as "Wild Country, The New 98.9" (under the WLLD calls) and again later as the decidedly less aggressive "Country 98-9". The station briefly stunted in late 1996 by simulcasting audio from 98.9 MHz on both 105.7 MHz and 107.1 MHz in a short-lived attempt to "surround" country competitor WCOL-FM.

Alternative (1996–1998)
Then-owner Jacor Communications programmed the station as the alternative rock "Channel Z" (under the WZAZ-FM calls) prior to an acquisition by Blue Chip Broadcasting (and subsequently Radio One).

Urban (1998–2011)
After "Channel Z" was relocated to 105.7 FM and Blue Chip's acquisition, the station flipped to urban oldies as "Magic 98.9", WXMG, in 1998, which later evolved to Urban AC in 2001, retaining the "Magic" moniker.

Adult hits
At 12:00pm on September 16, 2011, "Magic 98.9" moved to sister station WJYD, displacing the urban gospel format ("Joy 106.3"). The 98.9 frequency then flipped to adult hits, branded as "98-9 Jack FM." The first song on "Jack FM" was "Cum on Feel the Noize" by Quiet Riot. On September 23, 2011, WXMG changed their call letters to WJKR (at the same time, the WXMG calls moved to WJYD). The station was one of three non-urban radio stations owned by Radio One (the others being all-news KROI—Houston and Top 40 WNOU—Indianapolis), until the company sold it on October 23, 2012, to Salem Communications.

Talk (2012–present)
On November 1, 2012, at approximately 12:01 a.m., "Jack FM" signed off after playing "It's The End Of The World As We Know It" by R.E.M. Salem Communications took over after a few seconds of dead air with a speech from Ronald Reagan, with the official launch of "98.9 The Answer" at 6 that morning.

On February 15, 2013, the WJKR callsign changed to WTOH.

The "Jack FM" format and WJKR callsign returned to Columbus on July 24, 2013 when WMNI-FM flipped from a simulcast of then sister station News/Talk WMNI (who flipped to adult standards 6 days earlier) back to Adult Hits as "103.9 Jack FM". The station had originally carried the format as WTDA "103.9 Ted FM" from 2005-2007.

HD Radio
WTOH also broadcasts in HD Radio. Its HD2 subchannel airs a Christian contemporary format and is branded "95.9 The Fish". Its HD2 subchannel is simulcast on 95.9 MHz, through translator W240CX.

title: WTOH


text: User talk:67.184.88.43

title: User talk:67.184.88.43


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Royal Stewart tartan

The Royal Stewart or Royal Stuart tartan is the best-known tartan retrospectively associated with the royal House of Stewart, and is also the personal tartan of the British monarch, presently King Charles III. The sett was first published in 1831 in the book The Scottish Gaël by James Logan. Officially, the tartan is worn by the pipers of the Black Watch, Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, and the Scots Guards, as well as a select few civilian groups like the Glasgow Police Pipe Band and the Winnipeg Police Pipe Band. The 5th Bolton Scout Group and the 5th Potters Bar Scout Group wear the scarf (neckerchief) officially, with permission from the Queen, and the Queen's Bands (of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) wear the tartan as part of their official uniforms. The tartan may also be worn by members who took part in a patrol leaders training course. In 1968, the pipes and drums of the 3rd battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, were also given permission to wear the Royal Stewart tartan.

Background

Theoretically, this tartan should not be worn without the express permission of the British monarch. However, the Scottish Register of Tartans observes that in practice, due to its popularity, it has become a universal tartan, which can be worn by anyone who doesn't have their own clan tartan. "In the same way that clansmen wear the tartan of their chief, it is appropriate for all subjects of the [monarch] to wear the Royal Stewart tartan." Colin W. Hutcheson attributes this universalisation to "commercialisation in recent times"; traditionally, the Black Watch (darkened Old Campbell) and Hunting Stewart tartans were used as universal tartans requiring no permission.

In addition to its use in clothing, such as skirts and scarves, Royal Stewart tartan has also appeared on biscuit tins for Scottish shortbread such as Walker's. In the 1960s, the tartan became well known in motor racing circles, as three-time Formula One world champion Jackie Stewart from Scotland used a distinctive band of Royal Stewart tartan around his crash helmet. In the mid 1970s, Eric Faulkner of the Bay City Rollers began using the tartan for the many embellishments on his stage clothing. In the late 1970s, the Royal Stewart tartan became popular in punk fashion.

title: Royal Stewart tartan