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Scott Norwood

Scott Allan Norwood (born July 17, 1960) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker for seven seasons with the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL). He also played for the Birmingham Stallions in the United States Football League (USFL) for two seasons. As Buffalo's placekicker from 1985 to 1991, Norwood led the league in scoring for the 1988 season and played in their first two Super Bowl appearances. Despite his accomplishments, he is best known for missing a game-winning field goal attempt at the end of Super Bowl XXV.

Early life and college
Norwood was born in Alexandria, Virginia and graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in Alexandria in 1978. He played both football and soccer at James Madison University and graduated with a business degree in 1982.

Birmingham Stallions
Norwood began his professional career with the Birmingham Stallions of the United States Football League, playing two seasons before the Stallions signed Danny Miller to replace him.

Buffalo Bills
Norwood was one of many players the Bills picked up as the USFL contracted and ultimately collapsed; he eventually beat out Todd Schlopy (who would later come back when Norwood went on strike in 1987) for the Bills' starting kicker position. He quickly became an asset to an offense that was going places as the Bills' general manager, Bill Polian, assembled talent like Jim Kelly, Thurman Thomas, and Bruce Smith. Within two seasons of Norwood's arrival, the Bills had won the AFC East for the first time since 1980 and made it to the conference championship game. He soon overtook O. J. Simpson as the team's all-time leading scorer. Following the 1990 season, the Bills advanced to their first-ever Super Bowl.

Super Bowl XXV
Norwood's field goal range was unusually short for a professional kicker and he had difficulties in converting field goals over 40 yards throughout his career, especially on natural grass (the Bills' home stadium used AstroTurf, which mitigated this issue). Super Bowl XXV, which was played on January 27, 1991, cemented Norwood's name in football history when he missed a 47-yard field goal attempt with 8 seconds left in the game, giving the New York Giants their 2nd Super Bowl victory, and started the Bills' string of four consecutive Super Bowl losses. This kick was made famous by the "wide right" call by ABC announcer Al Michaels. Later video analysis revealed the holder mistakenly aligned the laces to the right, thereby positioning the kicked ball to fade right once in the air.

Although the Bills signed Björn Nittmo as Norwood's potential replacement in the 1991 offseason, Norwood remained with the Bills through that season. The Bills returned to the Super Bowl and Norwood was perfect throughout the postseason, including a 44-yard field goal that served as the decisive margin in the AFC Championship Game against the Denver Broncos.

Norwood was waived in the first roster move of the off-season after the Bills signed Steve Christie, formerly of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Post-football career
After the Bills waived him, Norwood initially returned home to Northern Virginia and disappeared completely from the public eye for several years, eventually becoming an insurance salesman during the 1990s then moving back to Buffalo as a real estate agent in 2002.

Personal life
Norwood lives with his wife Kimberly in the Washington, D.C. suburb of Centreville, Virginia. They have three children: twins Carly and Connor (born 1995) and Corey (born 1996).[4]

In popular culture
In the 1994 film Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, a key plot point involves a kicker for the Miami Dolphins named Ray Finkle; in the story, Finkle misses a field goal attempt in the closing moments of Super Bowl XVII, causing the Dolphins to lose the game by a single point–an obvious reference to Norwood's infamous kick in Super Bowl XXV. (In reality, Super Bowl XVII was contested between the Dolphins and the Washington Redskins; the Redskins won 27-17.)

The 1998 film Buffalo '66 features a subplot where main character Billy Brown, played by Vincent Gallo, attempts to murder a former Buffalo kicker named "Scott Wood", whose missed field goal led to Brown losing a large bet and serving a prison term when he took the fall for his bookie.

title: Scott Norwood


text:
Template talk:Edit

Old discussion
How do you use it?

Possible alternatives? Template:Edittemplate, Template:Edt, Template:Edit?

If used from other templates, this sometimes formats badly, with the closing square bracket landing on the next line. I used non-breaking spaces to no avail. Can we not get rid of the brackets altogether? JFW | T@lk  14:38, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

When getting a printable view, the 'edit' links don't appear on each section. Is there a way to do that with this, so that the 'edit' link won't appear on the printable view? There's a CSS tag for it, set up in the stylesheets, I'd think---like the tag that makes external URLs print on paper but not on the screen. grendel|khan 04:51, 2004 Dec 28 (UTC)

PAGENAME
Couldn't it be simplified with "PAGENAME" that template:otheruses use?--Jerryseinfeld 18:17, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * No. — Ævar Arnfjörð [ Bjarmason]   18:31, 2005 Jan 3 (UTC)
 * Okay, I see it just reads the variables fromt he current page.--Jerryseinfeld 21:05, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)isso tudo e baboseira

Look
Perhaps it can be changed to this to look like the style sheet for the "regular" "sections".--Jerryseinfeld 20:30, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 *  edit
 * edit
 * The brackets were readded pending further discussion.--213.238.212.98 15:07, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

To Jerry: What is wrong with the small tag? —Cantus… ☎   05:01, Jan 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * It doesn't resize, (shortcut ctrl+mousewheel), the segments/headlines use font-size:smaller; from class="editsection" from main.css.--Jerryseinfeld 05:18, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

fr:Modèle:éditer

Font tag is obsolete, isn't it?
Why is it still in use then? Wouldn't span be enough?

Please add category sort key
This template is protected. It needs a sort key added to the category link, so

needs to change to

– Doug Bell talk•contrib 01:06, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Done.  howch e  ng   {chat} 17:01, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Language link

 * Please add Breton link br:Kemmañ
 * Please add zh:Template:Edit.--Jusjih 15:31, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Add cat
edit protected Can the category Category:Internal link templates be added to the bit of this template? Netscott 15:00, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. AmiDaniel (talk) 08:19, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Add new template
Can you add Ed right2 to the "See also" section? I created this template to remove the namespace parameter from Ed right. — Super-Magician (talk • contribs • count ) ★ 23:30, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Done.--Commander Keane 05:28, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Eu InterWiki
Please, add the next interwiki if it is possible: eu:Txantiloi:Aldatu. Thanks.--Berria 21:22, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Done.--Commander Keane 00:01, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

External link icon
It seems a bit strange that the edit link has the same icon as external links. It could be removed by adding  to the link code (which consequently would have to be an old-fashioned, non-wiki-styled   tag). --Fred Bradstadt 21:25, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Or you could just use <span class="plainlinks">. --ais523 13:12, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Interwiki links
Dear administrator, please add the following interwiki links:

ca:Plantilla:Edita ia:Patrono:Modificar

Thank you in advance, Julian 13:09, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Done.¤~Persian Poet Gal (talk) 18:46, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Article editing templates
In addition to listing the related templates, there should be mention of the templates which are used to mark articles which are undergoing extensive revision. I'd mention them if I knew them. (SEWilco 18:10, 2 May 2007 (UTC))

Arabic interwiki
Editprotected Please add  for Arabic interwiki. Thanks!--OsamaK 11:50, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
 * ✅ Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 15:23, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Documentation
editprotected Please use 16@r (talk) 18:50, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 07:18, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

Change to
editprotected Title says it all. Please change to  --Church of emacs (Talk | Stalk) 14:37, 31 August 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ X clamation point  16:29, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Technobabble
Can someone rewrite this sentence so all editors can understand what this template is, what it does, and what it means?:
 * This template is a self-reference and so is part of the Wikipedia project rather than the encyclopaedic content.

Thank you. Ikip (talk) 21:35, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

Section
editprotected

Allow a section parameter to be named with.  M C  10  |  Sign here!  23:04, 16 April 2009 (UTC)
 * for now. Please provide the exact code which would need to be changed, then rerequest. Thanks! –Drilnoth (T • C • L) 23:16, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

{Edit] changed location
I don't know why, but all [Edit] moved down next to Wikimedia Commons template in Łoje, Kozienice County. Please help.--WlaKom (talk) 12:10, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Simplify...
Hello!

Isn't equivalent to  ? Helder (talk) 13:06, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Not a cleanup template
I think the category Category:Inline cleanup templates should be removed, because this is not a cleanup template. (The parent category Category:Cleanup templates states that "this is a category of templates used for marking articles as requiring cleanup.") --NiPu (talk) 10:56, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Edit request
The current code should be replaced with the following: [ ] so that,  , and   can also be employed. -- SLV100 (talk) 04:53, 30 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I've placed a modified version of the above in Template:Edit/sandbox. Please test. Anomie⚔ 20:51, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Well, I had made it better by removing the screw-up if someone uses  to supply custom text for an edit link to the current page and by removing the use of the probably-obsolete case preserving encode. But SLV100 apparently doesn't like such fixes. Oh well. Anomie⚔ 11:07, 8 April 2012 (UTC)
 * User:Anomie is correct; the new proposed change is in the box above and at . -- SLV100 (talk) 03:18, 9 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Seems like no one else cares, so let's do it. Anomie⚔ 19:51, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 22 February 2016
Larrypussy (talk) 16:49, 22 February 2016 (UTC) I would like to make a request to edit Niall Horan's information account because I noticed there is something wrong in it
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: this is the talk page for discussing improvements to the template . Please make your request at the talk page for the article concerned. SiBr4 (talk ) 18:24, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 20 November 2016
Name: CHANNABASAV S\O : GAJANAND AT SIRGAPUR POST HARKUD TQ BASAVAKALYAN DIST BIDAR STATE KARNATAKA

MOB:8494843142 — Preceding unsigned comment added by CHANNU G (talk • contribs) 08:11, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

CHANNU G K — Preceding unsigned comment added by CHANNU G (talk • contribs) 08:14, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

question/help?
Is there way to make the edit template self reference and only edit things from edit button itself to the bottom of the page or to some tag? Almost like the way a collapsible works but with editing and not with hiding things. I am not asking for a change I am just asking if this is currently built in and doable somehow. I appear to not be able to get this to happen with my current knowledge. Endercase (talk) 18:40, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Suggestion: Tooltip
I suggest adding a mouseover tooltip (“Edit  ”) to the template. –– Handroid7 【talk】 00:53, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 17 October 2019
Add a tooltip (as already done in Template:Edit/sandbox. The code from there can directly be copied into the main template.). ––| Handroid7 【talk】 11:26, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Please create the testcases page and demonstrate that the sandbox version works the same as the current version. It looks like the sandbox version does not have 1 in the fullurl: statement, but it probably should. – Jonesey95 (talk) 13:58, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I've created the testcase page and the sandbox version has a number of regressions. For example, it will not load an editnotice or preload the edit box. Wug·a·po·des 18:05, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Managed to fix the issues and have implemented. Wug·a·po·des 18:14, 17 October 2019 (UTC)

Making it target section title text, not its number
Is there a way to make the edit function reference the text of a section instead of its number? Because if it is set-up to go to a specific section number, and that page later has a section added or removed above the target section, it will break the "edit" function and instead open up the wrong section to be edited. If instead it targets the text used within a section title, it would (in theory) always open that targeted section to open up and edit. — Lestatdelc (talk) 21:19, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

 * I second this request. Section name will still be true if section above is added or removed. Section # will not remain true. Thanks - 13:40, 27 October 2023 (UTC) Dmm1169 (talk) 13:40, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template talk:Edit


text:
Catelyn Stark

Catelyn Stark (née Tully), later known as Lady Stoneheart, is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation Game of Thrones. She is a prominent point of view character in the first three novels. She also appears in the fourth novel, A Feast for Crows (2005), and will return in a prominent role for the forthcoming sixth novel, The Winds of Winter.

Catelyn is portrayed by Northern Irish actress Michelle Fairley on the HBO series Game of Thrones. Fairley's portrayal has garnered critical acclaim, with many praising her performance during the episode "The Rains of Castamere". Due to this popularity, many fans were disappointed she did not appear again in the series despite the character's resurrection in the novels. Author George RR Martin confirmed he argued against the decision, which he called "the first major diversion of the show from the books", and the character being cut was ultimately made by the television showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.

Background
Catelyn was initially betrothed to Eddard's older brother, Brandon Stark, the heir to Winterfell at the time. When Brandon was sadistically executed by King Aerys II, Lord Jon Arryn, the guardian of Eddard and Robert Baratheon, rebelled against House Targaryen. Soon after the rebels won the Battle of the Bells, Catelyn married Eddard, having never met the new groom before the wedding day, to consolidate the alliance between the Riverlands and the North. She was initially disappointed as Eddard was shorter and perceived to be less handsome than his brother Brandon. Still, she fell in love with him after seeing the "good sweet heart beneath his solemn face".

As Catelyn
Catelyn Stark is described as beautiful, with fair skin, long auburn hair, blue eyes, long fingers, high cheekbones and full breasts, and dressed simply in the grey color of House Stark or the blue and red of her father’s House Tully. She is proud, strong, kind and generous, has a strong grasp of politics, and is often governed by the desire to protect her children. Catelyn is usually in accord with her husband Eddard Stark, but resents his admission of his extramarital son Jon Snow into their household.

As Lady Stoneheart
Having decomposed in the river for several days, half of Catelyn's auburn hair had fallen out and what remained was completely grey. Due to her throat being cut, her ability to speak is greatly impaired. From clawing at her face after Robb's murder, Stoneheart also has deep, gashing flesh wounds. She is a hooded woman, and has been mistaken for Beric Dondarrion's lover.

Stoneheart has been described as having "nothing of Catelyn's mercy or kindness". Her objective as leader of the Brotherhood without Banners is to slaughter anyone associated with the Red Wedding. This includes anyone with the Freys, Boltons, or Lannisters. She has been dubbed an "antagonist" or a "villain", especially an antagonist to Brienne. She is unable to speak properly due to her throat slashing, lending to one of her nicknames "the Silent Sister". In order to verbalize commands, she must cover the wound on her throat with her hand. She is also referred to as "The Hangwoman" or "Mother Merciless".

A Game of Thrones
After the royal party arrives at Winterfell, Catelyn receives a letter from her sister Lysa Arryn stating that the Lannisters had killed her husband Jon Arryn, the king's 'Hand' (second-in-command). King Robert Baratheon persuades Eddard to take his place. When her son Bran is injured and goes into a coma, she sits by his bed until they are attacked by an assassin who has come to kill Bran. Catelyn is wounded in the attack, and travels to King's Landing to warn Eddard after recovering. There, her childhood companion Petyr Baelish tells her that the dagger used in the attack belongs to Tyrion Lannister. On her way back to Winterfell, she takes Tyrion to her sister at the Eyrie for trial, where Tyrion escapes execution by demanding and winning a trial by combat. After the news of Eddard's execution by order of King Joffrey reaches Catelyn, she argues for peace, but is overruled by the newly crowned King Robb and his bannermen.

A Clash of Kings
Catelyn advises against Robb's plan to send Eddard's former ward, Theon Greyjoy, to forge an alliance with Balon Greyjoy. Catelyn is sent by Robb to attempt an alliance with Renly Baratheon and his massive Reach-Stormlands host. Catelyn meets Renly at Bitterbridge and follows his host to the ancestral Baratheon seat of Storm's End, where she witnesses first the unsuccessful parley between Renly and his older brother and rival claimant Stannis, and then Renly's subsequent murder later that night by a shadow creature. Afterwards, Catelyn flees with Brienne of Tarth, one of Renly's kingsguard, to Riverrun. Upon hearing of her younger sons' supposed murder at the hands of Theon Greyjoy, Catelyn goes to confront the captive Jaime Lannister. Although the novel ends her storyline ambiguously, it is revealed at the beginning of the third novel that Catelyn set him free and asked Brienne to escort him to King's Landing in an attempt to exchange him for her daughters, who were still captives of Joffrey. This, however, causes problems for Robb and costs him an ally, House Karstark, which had held grudges against the Lannisters.

A Storm of Swords
Catelyn's brother Edmure Tully places Catelyn under house arrest at Riverrun, but Robb pardons her after he announces his wedding to Jeyne Westerling, invalidating his marriage proposal to House Frey. Lord Walder Frey agrees to forgive Robb if Edmure marries his daughter Roslin, and Catelyn travels to the Frey seat of the Twins to attend the wedding with Robb and other northern lords. However, Walder Frey and his men take revenge on Robb for his slight on their house by slaughtering the northern host, an act of treachery that became known as the "Red Wedding". In an attempt to save her son's life, Catelyn takes Aegon Frey hostage and kills him when Roose Bolton kills Robb regardless, but she still has her throat slashed by Raymund Frey. The Freys then mutilate Robb's corpse, and throw Catelyn's stripped naked corpse into the Green Fork in mockery of House Tully's tradition of river burial.

Three days later, Catelyn's body is washed ashore downstream along with hundreds of other corpses, and a wolf pack led by Arya Stark's stray direwolf Nymeria is drawn to scavenge upon the dead. However, Arya is skinchanging into Nymeria at the time during her sleep, recognizes her mother's body, controls Nymeria to pull it out of the river and guards it against other wolves until the outlaw band Brotherhood Without Banners passes by to repel the wolves. Catelyn is then resurrected by Lord Beric Dondarrion, who sacrifices his life force to revive her in repayment to her husband Eddard's honoring. However, the period of time she spent deceased has caused Catelyn's body to partly decay, disfiguring her looks; furthermore, upon her reanimation she loses most of her previous kind personality, except for her hatred of the Lannisters and the Freys. Catelyn then assumes command of the Brotherhood, and changes their aim to terrorizing anyone related to House Frey and Lannister. Her uncompromising brutality earns her the moniker "Lady Stoneheart". Under her leadership the Brotherhood capture one of Walder Frey's great-grandsons, Petyr Frey, demanding a ransom. When a son of Walder Frey, Merrett Frey, delivers the ransom he finds that Petyr has already been hanged and after he is interrogated he is hanged himself.

A Feast for Crows
Lady Stoneheart has employed Tom of Sevenstreams to be her spy informant during the siege of Riverrun, where the Frey forces are commanded by Walder Frey's grandson and heir, Ryman Frey. Stoneheart's informant Tom acts as a musician, hired by Ryman himself. Tom jokes he will make a song called "Talking to the Fish" about Lord Emmon Frey's speech to the people of Riverrun.

Inside a tent where Ryman entertains his whore, Ser Jaime Lannister notices Ryman is in possession of Robb's bronze crown. When dismissing him for disobeying orders, Jaime instructs that the crown remain behind, and Tom gives an alibi for staying behind. Off-page, Tom then returns Robb's crown to Lady Stoneheart.

Stoneheart and the Brotherhood come across a small party led by Brienne, who informs Stoneheart that she is searching for Sansa at Jaime Lannister's request. Brienne notices Stoneheart has retrieved her son's bronze crown, and when inspecting it, Lady Stoneheart sheds a tear under her hood.

Brienne is named a traitor by Stoneheart because she carries Oathkeeper, a Lannister sword that was forged from Ned Stark's Valyrian steel blade, Ice. Brienne swears that she is still faithful, but Stoneheart insists she must prove it by killing Jaime, whom she believes played a role in the Red Wedding. Stoneheart gives her the ultimatum: sword or noose. Brienne refuses, even when threatened with a hanging. Just before Brienne is to be hanged, she sees the young squire child Podrick Payne choking, along with Hyle Hill, and "shout[s] out a word" to intervene.

A Dance with Dragons
Stoneheart is revealed to have spared Brienne, with the word shouted by Brienne evidently being "sword". Brienne locates Jaime at a camp in Pennytree during the siege of Raventree, claiming she has found Sansa with Sandor Clegane, who are both a day's ride away. The maid of Tarth warns Jaime that if he does not come alone, Catelyn's daughter will die. Jaime agrees and leaves. Later, Jaime is reported to have disappeared for weeks, a sign he has been successfully lured into Stoneheart's trap.

The World of Ice and Fire
The book states Ryman informed the brotherhood of Jaime's dismissal of Ryman, allowing the outlaws to ambush and hang Ryman near Fairmarket. However, in Brienne's point-of-view in the fourth book, Tom states "our lady" (Stoneheart) had already gone to Fairmarket, because she "never sleeps". This suggests Lady Stoneheart killed Ryman herself, and now sources differ (as The World of Ice and Fire is also written from an in-world maester).

The Winds of Winter
In a 2018 interview with the Chinese Esquire, author George RR Martin confirmed that Lady Stoneheart will reappear and have a prominent role in the forthcoming novel. He stated: "In the sixth book, I still continue to write her. She is an important part of the entire book."

Television series
In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin's series for television. Jennifer Ehle was originally cast as Catelyn Stark and filmed her scenes in the unaired pilot until she eventually left for family reasons. Michelle Fairley was then cast in the role, which she played for three seasons. Australian actress Essie Davis, who later went on to portray Lady Crane in the sixth season, also auditioned for the role when the series was being developed.

Season 1
Catelyn's storyline is abbreviated and has minor differences in the first season. Introduced in the pilot, "Winter is Coming", Catelyn does not encourage Ned to journey south. Unlike her book counterpart, she is worrisome of the command due to the fates of his father, Rickard (Wayne Foskett) and Ned's older brother, Brandon (unseen) when they rode south on the command of the Mad King, Aerys Targaryen II (David Rintoul). She also does not seem as encouraged to promote Sansa as a suitable match to be Robert's son and heir, Joffrey Baratheon (Jack Gleeson)'s future queen consort.

The first season also excludes Catelyn's extended family from A Game of Thrones (1996), with the exception of Lysa Arryn (Kate Dickie) and Catelyn's nephew, Robin (renamed from the novels; portrayed by Lino Facioli). Catelyn's suspicion towards the Lannisters is motivated by a shred of blonde hair found where Bran fell from the tower, indicating the Lannisters' involvement (rather than Jaime refusing to join the hunt the next day). Additionally, Catelyn confronts Jaime Lannister (Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) for throwing Bran from the tower by the end of the first season. Meanwhile, in the novels, Catelyn has gradually come to this belief over time in the first two novels, before Jaime admits it in his drunken state by the end of the second novel.

Another difference is Catelyn's travel journeys. Her journey passing the Bloody Gate to meet Blackfish and later ascending the Gates of the Moon and meeting King Robert's bastard daughter, Mya Stone (who is also excluded from the television series) is unseen.

Season 2
In the second season, some of Catelyn's political decisions and discoveries are given to other characters. Her son Robb (Richard Madden) commands Rodrik Cassel (Ron Donachie) to go to Winterfell to serve as castellan. This is a change from the novels where Catelyn gave the order in the first book, following his injuries at the Vale, which was also removed from the television series. Catelyn's realization of Stannis' part in killing Renly is given to Brienne of Tarth (Gwendoline Christie), who is also aged up for the television series.

A major difference is Catelyn's motivation for freeing Jaime Lannister book-to-screen. This event occurs on television in the episode "A Man Without Honor". In the second novel A Clash of Kings, Robb and Catelyn are informed that Bran and Rickon died, so Catelyn frees Jaime out of motherly grief for her still-living hostage daughters.

In the television series, however, Bran and Rickon's fates are left unknown (but it is later eventually believed the boys died by "Dark Wings, Dark Words", the second episode of the third season, long after Catelyn frees Jaime). Instead, in the television series, Rickard Karstark (John Stahl) wants to kill Jaime out of revenge for his secondborn son Torrhen's death, and Catelyn sneaks Jaime out in the night to prevent a valuable hostage from dying. She reserves this information from Robb to maintain the Karstark alliance with the northern crown. As a result, Robb fulfils Edmure's role in keeping Catelyn under house arrest until the war ends.

There is a difference in Catelyn's locale. She is at Riverrun to receive Ned's bones by silent sisters, whereas Petyr Baelish (Aidan Gillen) delivers them in the Stormlands shortly after her envoy mission to negotiate with the feuding Baratheon king-brothers, Renly and Stannis (Stephen Dillane). Similarly, she reunites with Robb while he is in the Westerlands to "accept the surrender" of the Crag, and meets his future wife, Talisa Maegyr of Volantis (Oona Chaplin), rather than discovering Robb's marriage later (to a different character in the novels).

Season 3
The episode "Dark Wings, Dark Words" shows Robb and Catelyn receive seemingly definitive proof Bran and Rickon are dead. The timeframe, long after Jaime is released in the television series, is a major difference to the motivations that lead to Robb marrying his wife and Catelyn freeing Jaime. The third season also introduces Catelyn's other family members, Edmure (portrayed by Tobias Menzies) and the Blackfish (portrayed by Clive Russell), who previously appeared in the first two novels, but were absent from the show's first two seasons.

A major difference includes Catelyn's feelings towards Jon Snow (portrayed by Kit Harington) prior to her death. In the third novel A Storm of Swords, Catelyn objects to her son King Robb's intention to legitimize Jon and name him heir. She raises a point that Robb trusting Jon is not enough, stating children or grandchildren may rise up against Robb's own children or grandchildren, and remarks the histories of the Blackfyre rebellion against the Targaryen crown.

However, in the show, Catelyn blames her lack of maternal love for Jon on the reason for her family's tragedies and downfall. The television series reduces Catelyn's fears of Jon as pure jealousy for his mother, rather than the other more complex reasoning in the novels, an attempt to maintain future dynastic peace.

During the television adaptation of the Red Wedding, Catelyn kills Walder (David Bradley)'s wife, Joyeuse Erenford (Kelly Long). This is a change from the novels where she kills Lord Walder Frey's dimwitted grandson Jinglebell that she mistakes for a son, on the offer of "a son for a son". After Robb dies in the television series, Catelyn goes catatonic, and the Freys seemingly had no intention to keep her alive, with one slashing her throat. Whereas in the novels, it is Catelyn's face-clawing and laughter which points towards her insanity that leads to whispers of suggesting a mercy killing before she is finally killed.

Season 4
In the fourth season opener "Two Swords", Sansa (Sophie Turner) mentions Catelyn's body was thrown in the river. This is identical to the novels, as both showcase a mockery of Tully funeral customs.

However, the aftermath is drastically changed from book to screen. Following the fourth season finale episode, "The Children", many fans expressed disappointment that Catelyn's resurrection as Lady Stoneheart was not included. In the novels, Arya's direwolf Nymeria retrieves her corpse from the Green Fork, and runs away when humans approach. It is later revealed the Brotherhood without Banners found her corpse, and Beric Dondarrion, a six-times resurrected man, gives her the kiss of life, passing on his power to her.

On the idea of portraying Stoneheart, Fairley joked in a 2013 interview: "I'm completely insane, so it mightn't be too much of an acting stretch!" She elaborated further on the possibility stating: "For an actor to play something like that, I think visually it would be incredible. How do you portray evil, vengeance, lust for revenge? What does that do physically to a human being, what do they end up looking like? How do they attain it? The embodiment of that is something that would be incredibly exciting. Even evil people are justified. If you're playing a character like that, you have to find a way of liking them."

Neither showrunners explained the absence, but director Alex Graves explained in 2014 that they were "not sure" about what to "do about it" during production of the previous third season released in 2013. Then he revealed there were no plans for the fourth season, if ever. He also admitted that he was unsure of her purpose, while admitting he had not read the novels: "From what I know of the books, it’s like, Okay, what’s she really there for? Because I think she goes around — and it’s vague to me because I haven’t had to direct it, so I haven’t looked at this in detail — but essentially she’s a reaction to the Red Wedding."

Showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss claimed they'd purposely left her out to avoid spoiling The Winds of Winter and to minimize character resurrections in the series, despite arguments to keep her from author George RR Martin.

Season 5
In the episode "Hardhome", the television adapted version of Arya does not choose the name Cat of the Canals, a secret tribute to her mother, when she poses as an orphan selling oysters. Instead, "Lana" is the name chosen.

Season 6
In the episode "No One", Beric Dondarrion (Richard Dormer) is re-introduced following his last appearance in the third season. Being evidently still alive, Beric's appearance negated much of the remaining fan speculation of a potential, delayed entrance for Lady Stoneheart. Actor Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson was also cast as Lem for the episode, an ode to one of Stoneheart's henchmen, Lem Lemoncloak from the novels, and was quickly killed off. Following demand from fans of the novels, the actor agreed to videotape the monologue from the epilogue of A Storm of Swords where he delivers the speech of Meritt Frey's execution by the command of his leader, Lady Stoneheart.

Reception
Fairley's performance has received critical acclaim. The closing scene of "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things" was praised by HitFix's Alan Sepinwall, highlighting Michelle Fairley's acting as Catelyn gathers allies to arrest Tyrion. Time wrote about "The Rains of Castamere": "Michelle Fairley’s fantastic performance captures the horror, with the edge of desperation, anguish, and madness of a woman who has lost her sons (she believes all of them), lost her grandchild, may have lost her daughters, and for all she knows, is witnessing the extinction of the house she belongs to."

title: Catelyn Stark


text:
Saddleback College

Saddleback College is a public community college in Mission Viejo, California. It is part of the California Community College system and awards over 300 associate degrees, academic certificates, and occupational skills awards in 190 programs. Established in 1968, Saddleback is the oldest and southernmost institution governed by the South Orange County Community College District. Saddleback College is named for the saddle between the twin peaks of Santiago Peak and Modjeska Peak in the Cleveland National Forest.

Academics
Saddleback College is the largest member of the South Orange County Community College District. The college awards associate degrees (A.A., A.S) and academic certificates in over 100 areas of study. Not-for-credit Community Education classes are also available through Saddleback College.

Saddleback College provides a Veterans Education Transition Services (VETS) Center. The program is devoted to helping veterans transition from combat to the classroom. VETS supports transitioning combat veterans through an extensive network of care givers in the civilian community, government, and non-profit organizations.

Accreditation
Saddleback College is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges. The associate degree nursing program is accredited by the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission and the paramedic program is accredited by the Commission for Accreditation of Emergency Medical Services Programs.

Campus and surroundings
Saddleback College is located in Mission Viejo, Orange County, California.

A notable site on the campus is the Saddleback College Veterans Memorial, which was officially completed in 2010. A dedication ceremony was held on April 29, 2010, and was attended by representatives for Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, lawmakers, active and former members of the armed services, college students and staff. This memorial stands as a symbol of sacrifice, freedom and honor on the Saddleback Campus.

An on-campus bus terminal/transfer point for the Orange County Transportation Authority 85, 91, and MV Shuttle 182 is located on the north end of campus.

Student life
The campus is populated with many student clubs and organizations. The Associated Student Government (ASG) plans, organizes, promotes, sponsors and finances a comprehensive program of activities and services for all Saddleback College students. ASG is made up of three branches which are Inter-Club Council, the Associated Student Senate, Events Cabinet. The Inter-Club Council manages various college clubs that have included the Model United Nations, the Chicano Latino Studies Student Association, College Democrats, College Republicans, Class Action, Students for a Free Tibet, Wilderness Adventure Club, and the Anime Club.

Athletics
Saddleback College is home to 19 intercollegiate athletic teams.

 * Men's intercollegiate teams
 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Cross Country
 * Football
 * Golf
 * Swimming & Diving
 * Tennis
 * Track and Field
 * Water Polo
 * Women's intercollegiate teams
 * Basketball
 * Beach Volleyball
 * Cross Country
 * Golf
 * Fastpitch Softball
 * Swimming and Diving
 * Tennis
 * Track and Field
 * Volleyball
 * Water Polo
 * Soccer
 * Cheerleading

Media

 * The Lariat: Since opening in 1968, Saddleback College has had a student-run newspaper, the Lariat. It is distributed most Wednesdays of the regular school year. It is printed at the Anaheim, California, facility of the Orange County Register, where 5,000 copies are made. During the fall 2005 semester, the Lariat chose to change its masthead to include Saddleback's sister college in Irvine, Irvine Valley College, to appeal to a broader reader base and increase circulation. The change was met with opposition from members of Saddleback's administration as well as from the Associated Student Government since Irvine Valley College did not contribute funds to the Lariat. Irvine Valley College now gives an allotted sum and the masthead continues to include both colleges. The Lariat was a National Newspaper Pacemaker winner in 1994 and a finalist in 1993, 1997, 2005, and 2006.
 * KSBR Saddleback Radio: KSBR is a commercial-free jazz radio station broadcast throughout the LA area on the HD2 secondary channel of 88.5fm. This is done via a partnership with KCSN whose audio appears on 88.5's primary channel. KSBR's format is contemporary jazz but it also has weekend specialty shows featuring other musical styles like reggae, folk, ragtime, rock, Latin jazz, blues, and hip-hop.

 * In addition to training Saddleback College's Communication Arts students, KSBR has received the Associated Press "Instant News" citation, AP's Certificate of Excellence for overall coverage, and is the only California station to be a four-time winner of the American Heart Association's C. Everett Koop, M.D. award.

 * Saddleback College Television: Cox Communications Cable Television - Saddleback College - Channel 39 - Mission Viejo

 * Saddleback College Cable Television serves cable subscribers with educational and school based programming from all of Saddleback's public and private educational institutions.

Alumni

 * Heather C. Allen, research chemist
 * Colt Brennan, professional football player
 * Mike Bullock, writer
 * Anthony Carter, professional basketball player
 * Richard Crawford, professional football player
 * Deborah Driggs, Playboy Playmate of the Month for March 1990, once married to gymnast Mitch Gaylord
 * Barbara Edwards, Playboy Playmate of the Month for September 1983 and Playboy Playmate of the Year for 1984
 * Kevin Fagan, creator of Drabble comic strip
 * Cade Gaspar, professional baseball player
 * Mark Grace, professional baseball player
 * Brandon Hammond, actor
 * Jackson Hinkle, conservative and Marxist-Leninist political commentator
 * Yolanda Hughes-Heying, professional bodybuilder
 * Bill Kenney, professional football player and politician
 * Kyle Long, professional football player
 * Kevin Magee (1959–2003), professional basketball player
 * Ben Maller, sports radio personality and Internet sports columnist
 * Sandun Wijemanne Nissanka, music and technology entrepreneur
 * Stephone Paige, professional football player
 * Chris Parker, professional football player
 * Kasey Peters, professional football player
 * Mike Piel, professional football player
 * Nick Punto, professional baseball player
 * Chris Sulages, professional football coach
 * T. J. Shorts, professional basketball player
 * Bob Thornton, professional basketball player and coach
 * Ashley Wagner (born 1991), figure skater
 * Menelik Watson, professional football player
 * Tim Wallach, professional baseball player
 * Victor Webster, Canadian actor
 * Gregory Widen, screenwriter and director

Faculty

 * Jonelle Allen, Actress-(Generations - Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman), Singer, Dancer, Director
 * Amy Sterling Casil (born 1962), science fiction writer
 * John Cederquist (born 1946), American sculptor
 * Simon Arkell (born 1966), Olympic pole vaulter / entrepreneur
 * Helen Feyler-Switz (1925–2006), artist, sculptor

title: Saddleback College


text:
Frank Reich

Frank Michael Reich  (born December 4, 1961) is an American former football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He played 14 seasons as a quarterback in the NFL. He became a coach afterwards, including head coaching stints with the Indianapolis Colts and Carolina Panthers.

Reich played college football for the Maryland Terrapins and was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the third round of the 1985 NFL Draft. He spent most of his career backing up Jim Kelly, although he achieved recognition when he led the Bills to the NFL's largest postseason comeback during the 1992–93 NFL playoffs, which was also the largest comeback in any game, including the regular season, in NFL history until December 27, 2022, when the Minnesota Vikings staged a comeback vs. the Indianapolis Colts, 4 games after Reich had been fired from his head-coaching position and been replaced by interim head coach Jeff Saturday. The Vikings' comeback was 33 points, one more than the Reich and the Bills' comeback in the 1992-93 postseason.

After retiring as a player, Reich began an NFL coaching career. Holding assistant positions from 2008 to 2017, he was the offensive coordinator for the Philadelphia Eagles when they won their first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl LII. He later served as the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2018 to 2022 and guided the team to two playoff appearances. He was the Panthers head coach in 2023 before being fired before the end of the season after a 1–10 record.

High school years
Reich, who is of German descent, attended Cedar Crest High School in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, where he played baseball, football, and basketball. Reich started on the football team for his last two years in high school. He played quarterback in the Big 33 Football Classic in 1980 following his senior year of high school.

College career
Reich was accepted to the University of Maryland on an athletic scholarship and played for the Maryland Terrapins football team. He was both backup to and roommate of starter Boomer Esiason for three years.

The biggest highlight of Reich's college career was the comeback he led against the Miami Hurricanes on November 10, 1984, at the Miami Orange Bowl. Reich came off the bench to play for Stan Gelbaugh, who had previously replaced him as the starter after Reich separated his shoulder in the fourth week of the season against Wake Forest. Quarterback Bernie Kosar had led Miami to a 31–0 halftime lead. At the start of the third quarter, Reich led the Terrapins on multiple scoring drives. Three touchdowns in the third quarter and a fourth at the start of the final quarter turned what was a blowout into a close game. With Miami leading 34–28, Reich hit Greg Hill with a 68-yard touchdown pass, which deflected off the hands of Miami safety Darrell Fullington to take the lead. Maryland scored once more to cap a 42–9 second half, and won 42–40, completing what was then the biggest comeback in NCAA history.

National Football League
Reich was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the third round (57th overall) in the 1985 NFL Draft. The Bills had already drafted future Hall of Famer Jim Kelly in 1983 and when Kelly signed with the Bills in 1986, Reich was relegated to a role as backup.

Reich got his first start when Kelly went down with a shoulder injury in 1989. Reich led the Bills to two straight victories. He rallied the Bills in the fourth quarter by throwing two drives down the field for a 23–20 victory over the previously unbeaten Los Angeles Rams. This first game for Reich occurred in front of a Rich Stadium crowd of 76,231 and a Monday Night Football audience. In Super Bowl XXV, kicker Scott Norwood famously missed the potential game winning field goal wide-right, partially because Reich, as the holder on the attempt, mistakenly aligned the laces to the right, positioning the kicked ball to fade right once in the air.

Reich returned the following year, however when Kelly was injured again late in the 1990 season. Reich provided the Bills with two key wins, clinching them the AFC East title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs.

During the final game of the 1992 regular season, the Houston Oilers defeated Buffalo 27–3 in Houston, where Kelly suffered strained ligaments in his knee and yielded to Reich to finish the game in his place. With Kelly out, Reich took the reins as the starter for the wild card game the following week, on January 3, 1993. The wild card game was a rematch with the Oilers, hosted in Buffalo, where they led the Bills 35–3 early in the 3rd quarter, but Reich then led the Bills on a 38–3 run en route to a 41–38 overtime victory. The rally from a 32-point deficit remained the largest comeback in NFL history until the Minnesota Vikings made a 33-point comeback against the Indianapolis Colts on December 17, 2022. Reich started his second consecutive playoff game, as the Bills defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 24–3 in the divisional round. This made Reich one of a handful of quarterbacks who is undefeated as a starter in post-season play, as well as the only one with more than one start to his credit. Kelly recovered and started the AFC Championship where the Bills defeated the Miami Dolphins 29–10. During Super Bowl XXVII, the Bills faced the Dallas Cowboys and Reich again replaced an injured Kelly in the first half of the Super Bowl. Reich led the Bills to 10 points to make the score 31–17, with a possible comeback well within the Bills' capability as the 3rd quarter concluded. However, in the 4th quarter, the Cowboys scored 21 unanswered points to win 52–17, and Reich finished the game with two interceptions.

After giving the Bills one more comeback victory late in the 1993 NFL season, Reich signed with the expansion Carolina Panthers in March 1995 to start off their first year. He threw the first touchdown pass in franchise history to former Bills player Pete Metzelaars in Atlanta against the Falcons. Their first home game was in Week 3 against the Rams at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, as Bank of America Stadium was still under construction. The Panthers had drafted Kerry Collins as their intended franchise quarterback, but Reich was the starter for the first three games until Collins was deemed ready to take the starting job. He was sacked 9 times on September 3 at Atlanta, a franchise record he shares with Cam Newton.

Reich was then signed by the New York Jets where he started for seven games in 1996.

In 1997, Reich signed with the Detroit Lions, reuniting him with his coach at Maryland, Bobby Ross. Reich appeared in 6 games in 1997, all in relief, and 6 games in 1998, including 2 starts. Reich retired following the 1998 NFL season.

In 2014, Pro Football Hall of Fame Executive Bill Polian, who was general manager of the Bills when they drafted Reich, called him "the greatest backup quarterback in NFL history."

Indianapolis Colts
Reich was a coaching intern for the Indianapolis Colts from 2006 to 2007. In 2008, he served as an offensive coaching staff assistant for the Colts. After Tony Dungy retired following the 2008 season, former Colts quarterback coach Jim Caldwell took over as head coach and Reich became the new quarterbacks coach. Reich switched to wide receivers coach in 2011, but was dismissed when the entire coaching staff was fired after a 2–14 season.

Arizona Cardinals
Reich was the wide receivers coach for the Arizona Cardinals in 2012 under head coach Ken Whisenhunt, but along with Whisenhunt and other offensive coaches, was dismissed on December 31, 2012. Reich would not be retained under new head coach Bruce Arians.

San Diego Chargers
Reich was hired by the San Diego Chargers, along with Whisenhunt, in 2013. When Whisenhunt left to become head coach of the Tennessee Titans, Reich was promoted to offensive coordinator. On January 4, 2016, he was fired from his position as offensive coordinator after the Chargers finished 31st in rushing and struggled on offense.

Philadelphia Eagles
On January 20, 2016, Reich was hired as the offensive coordinator for the Philadelphia Eagles He went on to win Super Bowl LII over the New England Patriots with the team in the 2017 season.

Return to Indianapolis
On February 11, 2018, he was named the new head coach of the Colts, seven years after he had been fired as wide receivers coach.

After losing his first career game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Reich earned his first win as a head coach over the Washington Redskins. In Week 3 against his former team the Eagles, with the Colts down 20–16 with seconds left in the game, Reich pulled starting quarterback Andrew Luck and put in Jacoby Brissett to attempt a Hail Mary pass from his own 46-yard line. Brissett overthrew several players in the back of the end zone and the Colts lost the game. The move was questioned by some journalists and fans, and led to some speculation about the health of Luck's shoulder, although Reich and Luck both said it was purely because Brissett had a stronger throwing arm. The following week against the Houston Texans, Luck led the Colts back from down 28–10 in the third quarter, including a game-tying two point conversion with :51 left, however the team lost in overtime, 37–34. Reich was the center of controversy after Indianapolis failed to convert a 4th and 4 on their own 43 and the Texans kicked the game-winning field goal, although he afterward said "I'll just address it now. We're not playing to tie. We're going for it 10 times out of 10." After a 1–5 start, Reich led the Colts to a 10–6 record winning nine of their final 10 games.

Indianapolis became just the third team in NFL history to make the playoffs following a 1–5 start, and also reached their first postseason appearance since 2014. In the Wild Card Round, they defeated the Houston Texans 21–7 before falling to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–13 in the Divisional Round.

Following Luck's unexpected retirement ahead of the 2019 season, Reich's Indianapolis tenure became noted for quarterback instability, with the team starting Brissett in 2019, Philip Rivers in 2020, Carson Wentz in 2021, and Matt Ryan and Sam Ehlinger in 2022. Although Reich guided the Colts to a playoff berth in 2020, he and his team suffered a major setback in 2021. That season, the Colts missed the playoffs despite having a 98% chance to make the playoffs with two games remaining in the season, according to FiveThirtyEight. The Colts lost both of those games, including a shocking 26–11 Week 18 loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars, who entered the game with a league-worst 2–14 record. Minutes after that loss, the Pittsburgh Steelers, who needed Indianapolis to lose in order to clinch a playoff berth, won their overtime game against the Baltimore Ravens, thus eliminating Reich's Colts for good.

After a disappointing 3–5–1 start to the 2022 season, Reich was fired on November 7.

Carolina Panthers
On January 26, 2023, the Carolina Panthers hired Reich as their next head coach. On November 27, 2023, after a 1–10 start, the Panthers fired Reich.

Frank Reich botched his first year with the Panthers (after weeks of his questionable play calling) and forced David Tepper to fire both him (mid season with a 1-10 record) and General Manager Scott Fitterer after a terrible year In 2023.

Reich became the first head coach to be fired mid season in back-to-back seasons after he was fired from the Panthers.

Coaching tree
Reich has served under five head coaches:

 * Tony Dungy, Indianapolis Colts (2006–2008)
 * Jim Caldwell, Indianapolis Colts (2009–2011)
 * Ken Whisenhunt, Arizona Cardinals (2012)
 * Mike McCoy, San Diego Chargers (2013–2015)
 * Doug Pederson, Philadelphia Eagles (2016–2017)

Four of Reich's coaching assistants have become head coaches in the NFL or NCAA:
 * Matt Eberflus, Chicago Bears (2022–present)
 * Jonathan Gannon, Arizona Cardinals (2023–present)
 * Nick Sirianni, Philadelphia Eagles (2020–present)
 * Chris Tabor, Carolina Panthers (2023, interim)

Personal life
Reich's German American father, Frank Sr., played for the Penn State Nittany Lions from 1953 to 1955 as a center and linebacker. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 14th round of the 1956 NFL Draft, but did not play in the National Football League. Frank Reich Sr. was a teacher in technology education and also a football coach at Lebanon High School, retiring in 1992. Reich's brother, Joe, was the head coach at Wingate; a position he held from 2001 to 2023, until he was promoted to Head Athletic Director on November 14, 2023.

Throughout Reich's NFL career, he remained a devout Christian. He is a motivational speaker utilizing the great comebacks and the importance of God as a main keynote of his speeches. He credits the song "In Christ Alone" by Michael English as his inspiration. Reich attended the Charlotte Campus of Reformed Theological Seminary in Charlotte and he earned a Master of Divinity degree. He served as president of RTS' Charlotte campus from 2003 to 2006. Reich was also a pastor at Ballantyne Presbyterian until he moved to Indianapolis.

Reich and his wife Linda have three daughters.

title: Frank Reich


text:
Talk:Micrographia

Untitled
Link 4 of the external links seems to be dead, here is the web archive's copy: - Peak Freak 14:43, 19 Dec 2004

 * That would be a shame, the Octavio site is rather good and the WebArchive copy probably doesn't handle the page browser popup window. Fortunately it just looks like Octavio have moved the URL slightly. I've now fixed the link. - Solipsist 16:57, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The page about Parkinson's Disease links here - is there a separate page on the writing disorder "micrographia" (excessively small handwriting) or should something about it be added here? Aarnepolkusin 17:52, 2005-02-20 (UTC)

 * Interesting, I hadn't heard of this other use of the word. Is it common?
 * In any case, you are looking at a disambiguation situation. A quick Google search (which may not be right) suggests that Hooke's book is the dominant usage. If that is the case, it is probably best to go for a type3 disambig and put the Parkinson's information at a new page, possibly migrographia (handwriting), with a disamig link at the top of this page and update the other link that comes here so that it goes to the new page directly. -- Solipsist 00:23, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

1664 or 1665?
The Categories this page is in belong to 1664; the lead para states 1665.  Trev M ~  18:41, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Although it was completed earlier, the book was published in 1665 with a second edition released post-conflagration in 1667.

CastWider (talk) 22:36, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

First image of microorganism
Micrographia has been credited with containing the first image of a microbe as viewed down a microscope, namely mould on a book.

CastWider (talk) 22:36, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Possible plagiarism
Hooke has been accused of plagiarizing pictures of snowflakes in Micrographia (which has itself been extensively plagiarized by others)

CastWider (talk) 22:36, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040046/http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/flash/hooke/hooke.html to http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/flash/hooke/hooke.html

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Methods section
This could be shortened or cut. It reads like it's there to advertise the professor in question, rather than because it makes any particularly significant points. Ben Finn (talk) 17:30, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Micrographia


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Sigurd Pettersen

Sigurd Pettersen (born 28 February 1980) is a Norwegian former ski jumper. His greatest achievement is winning the 2003–04 Four Hills Tournament, with wins in Oberstdorf, Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Bischofshofen.

Pettersen also won two bronze medals in the team large hill events at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships (2003, 2005) and had his best individual finish of 10th in the 2005 event. He won a gold medal in the team event at the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2004.

Pettersen's best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 24th in the individual large hill at Turin in 2006. He also has six individual career victories, all in the large hill, from 2002 to 2004.

Pettersen's own ski club is Rollag og Veggli in Rollag, Norway.

He has his education from the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.

Honours

 * Four Hills Tournament champion: 2003/2004

title: Sigurd Pettersen


text:
Polabian Slavs

Polabian Slavs, also known as Elbe Slavs and more broadly as Wends, is a collective term applied to a number of Lechitic (West Slavic) tribes who lived scattered along the Elbe river in what is today eastern Germany. The approximate territory stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north, the Saale and the Limes Saxoniae in the west, the Ore Mountains and the Western Sudetes in the south, and Poland in the east.

The Polabian Slavs were largely conquered by Saxons and Danes since the 9th century and were subsequently included and gradually assimilated within the Holy Roman Empire. The tribes were gradually Germanized and assimilated in the following centuries; the Sorbs and Serbs are the only descendants of the Polabian Slavs to have retained their identity and culture.

The Polabian language is now extinct. However, the two Sorbian languages are spoken by approximately 22,000–30,000 inhabitants of the region and the languages are regarded by the government of Germany as official languages of the region.

Tribes
The Bavarian Geographer, an anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830, contains a list of the tribes in Central Europe to the east of the Elbe. Among other tribes it lists the Uuilci (Veleti) with 95 civitates, the Nortabtrezi (Obotrites) with 53 civitates, the Surbi (Sorbs) with 50 civitates, the Milzane (Milceni) with 30 civitates, the Hehfeldi (Hevelli) with 14 civitates and so on. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia classifies the Polabian Slavs in three main tribes, the Obotrites, the Veleti, and the Lusatian Sorbs.

The main tribes of the Obotritic confederation were the Obotrites proper (Wismar Bay to the Schweriner See); the Wagrians (eastern Holstein); the Warnabi (Warnower) (the upper Warnow and Mildenitz); and the Polabians proper (between the Trave and the Elbe). Other tribes associated with the confederation include the Linones (Linonen) near Lenzen, the Travnjane near the Trave, and the Drevani in the Hanoverian Wendland and the northern Altmark.

The Veleti, also known as the Liutizians or Wilzians, included the Kessinians (Kessiner, Chyzzini) along the lower Warnow and Rostock; the Circipani (Zirzipanen) between the Recknitz, Trebel, and Peene Rivers; the Tollenser east and south of the Peene along the Tollense River; and the Redarier south and east of the Tollensesee on the upper Havel. The Redarier were the most important of the Veleti tribes. The Rani of Rügen, not to be confused with the older Germanic Rugians, are sometimes considered to be part of the Veleti. South of the Rani were the Ucri (Ukranen) along the Ucker and the Morici (Morizani, Müritzer) along the Müritz; the former gave their name to the Uckermark. Smaller tribes included the Došane along the Dosse, the Zamzizi in the Ruppin Land, and the Rěčanen on the upper Havel. Along the lower Havel and near the confluence of the Elbe and the Havel lived the Nelětici, the Liezizi, the Zemzizi, the Smeldingi (Smeldinger), and the Bethenici. The middle Havel region and the Havelland were settled by the Hevelli, a tribe loosely connected to the Veleti. East of the Hevelli lived the Sprevane of the lower Dahme and Spree rivers. Small tribes on the middle Elbe included the Morizani and the Zerwisti.

The Sorbs confederation in the Elbe-Saale region included Citici, Serimunt, Colodici, Siusler, Nizici, Glomaci (Daleminzier) and Nisanen who lived along the upper Elbe, while the Chutici, Plisni, Gera, Puonzowa, Tucharin, Weta, and groups of Nelětici lived near the Saale. Joachim Herrmann considered that the core Sorbian tribes surely were Colodici, Siusler and Glomaci, and that they also settled and influenced around Magdeburg, Havelland, Thuringia and northeast Bavaria. To the East possibly later included the Lusici of Lower Lusatia and the Milceni of Upper Lusatia, while to the East of them were the Selpoli and the Besunzanen, and on the middle Oder the Leubuzzi who were associated with medieval Poland.

Small groups of West Slavs lived on the Main and the Regnitz near Bamberg, in northeastern Bavaria.

History
The Polabian Slavs partly replaced the Germanic tribes who had emigrated by the 6th century during the migration period. According to radiocarbon dating, the first Slavs reached Southwestern Hungary, Suchohrad in Western Slovakia and Prague in Czechia in the first-third of the 6th century, and Regensburg of Northeast Bavaria in 568. The earliest dating of Prague-type pottery and sites between Elbe and Saale and Sukow-type in Northeastern Germany was found to be from 590s. However, palynology and other evidence show that the land in Germany became forested and not well resettled by the Slavs, with most material and sites dating since the 8th century.

Slavic settlement area was largely stable by the 8th century. Charlemagne enlisted the Obotrites as allies in his campaign against the rebellious Saxons of Holstein. Many of the Slavic tribes became dependencies of the Carolingian Empire and the Franks created the Sorbian March to defend against the Sorbs. Einhard in Vita Karoli Magni describes an expedition into Slavic territory led by Charlemagne himself, in 798. The Veleti noted as Wilzi (referred to themselves as Welatabians) were invaded by the Franks because of their continuous expeditions into Obodrite lands, with the Obodrites being allies of the Franks against the Saxons.

German campaigns against the Slavs began in earnest during the Ottonian dynasty. Henry the Fowler attacked the Slavs in several campaigns with his cavalry. During the reigns of Henry and his son Otto I, several marches were established to guard the eastern acquisitions, such as the Billung March to the north and the Marca Geronis to the south. After Gero's death in 965, the Marca Geronis was divided into the Northern March, the March of Lusatia, and the Thuringian March, the latter being divided into the marches of Zeitz, Merseburg, and Meissen. Bishoprics such as Magdeburg, Brandenburg, and Havelberg were founded to support the conversion of the Slavs to Christianity.

After the defeat of Otto II at the Battle of Stilo in 982, the pagan Slavs rebelled against the Germans the following year; the Hevelli and Liutizi destroyed the Bishoprics of Havelberg and Brandenburg, and Obotrites (Mstivoj) destroyed Hamburg. Some Slavs advanced across the Elbe into Saxon territory, but retreated when the Christian Duke of Poland, Mieszko I, attacked them from the east. The Holy Roman Empire retained only nominal control over the Slavic territories between the Elbe and the Oder. Despite the efforts of Christian missionaries, most Polabian Slavs saw Jesus as a "German god" and remained pagan.

The Obotrite prince Udo and his son Gottschalk expanded their realm by unifying the Obotrite tribes and conquering some Liutizi tribes in the 11th century. They encouraged the establishments of bishoprics to support Christian missionary activity. However, a revolt in 1066 led to the murder of Gottschalk and his replacement by the pagan Kruto of Wagria. Gottschalk's son Henry eventually killed Kruto in 1093.

From 1140 to 1143 Holsatian nobles advanced into Wagria to permanently settle in the lands of the pagan Wagri. Count Adolf II of Holstein and Henry of Badewide took control of Polabian settlements at Liubice and Racisburg. Impressed with the success of the First Crusade, Saxons began calling for a crusade against their Slav neighbors. The Wendish Crusade of 1147, concurrent to the Second Crusade, was largely unsuccessful, resulting in devastation to the Liutizi lands and forced baptisms. The campaign did secure Saxon control of Wagria and Polabia, however. The Obotrites were largely at peace with the Saxons during the following decade, although Slavic pirates raided Denmark.

Beginning in the late 1150s, King Valdemar the Great of Denmark enlisted the aid of Duke Henry the Lion of Saxony against the Slavs; their cooperation led to the death of the Obotrite prince, Niklot, in 1160. The two Christian lords distributed much of the conquered territory among their vassals. When Niklot's exiled son, Pribislav, engineered an Obotrite rebellion, the pair retaliated by occupying Demmin and warding off Pribislav's Liutizian allies.

After conquering Wagria and Polabia during the 1140s, Saxon nobles attempted to expel the "native" Slavs and replace them with Saxon and Flemish settlers. The 1164 Obotrite revolt led by Niklot's son Pribislav convinced Henry the Lion that keeping the Slavs as allies would be less troublesome. The duke returned the Christian Pribislav to power as Prince of Mecklenburg, Kessin, and Rostock, and a vassal of the Saxons.

Tactics and weaponry were decisive in Denmark's campaigns against the eastern Polabian Slavs. The Danes utilized quick coastal and river raids, tactics similar to those of the Vikings. Although they lacked siege experience, the Danes were able to cripple Slavic regions by burning crops and unwalled suburbs. Slav counterattacks were repulsed by crossbows and Norwegian longbows. The Danes occupied Rugia in 1168, conquering the Rani stronghold of Arkona. Similar to Henry's reinstatement of Pribislav as a Saxon vassal, Valdemar allowed the Rani prince Jaromar to rule as a Christian Danish vassal. After Valdemar refused to share Rugia with Henry, the Saxon duke enlisted the aid of the Obotrite confederacy and the Liutizi against the Danes; Valdemar ended the conflict by paying Henry in 1171.

Alarmed at the expansion of Henry the Lion's power, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa deposed the Saxon duke and redistributed his lands in 1180/81. The withdrawal of Saxon support left the Liutizi and their Pomeranian supporters vulnerable to the Danish fleet. A Slavic fleet attempting to reclaim Rugia was crushed at the Bay of Greifswald on 19 May 1184. Danish monks engaged in missionary activity in Pomeranian abbeys, and Prince Bogislaw I surrendered to King Canute VI in 1185 to become the Danish king's vassal.

Pribislav, a Christian prince of the Hevelli, bequeathed his lands to the Saxon Albert the Bear upon his death, thereby leading to the establishment of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

The Lusatian Sorbs remained independent to a large extent. They were temporarily subdued by Charlemagne, but upon his death the links with the Franks were broken. In a series of bloody wars between 929 and 963 their lands were conquered by King Henry the Fowler and his son Otto the Great and were incorporated into the Kingdom of Germany. By the 14th century, the majority of Slavs living there had been Germanized and assimilated. However, the Sorbs, the descendants of the Milceni and the Lusici, have retained their identity within Lusatia, a region divided between the German states of Brandenburg and Saxony.

The Slavic language was spoken by the descendants of the Drevani in the area of the lower Elbe until the early 18th century.

Princes
A Polabian prince was known as a knez. His power was relatively greater in Slavic society than those of Danish or Swedish kings in their kingdoms, although it was not absolute. He was the general leader of his tribe and was foremost among its nobles, holding much of the forested hinterland and expecting reverence from his warriors. However, his authority largely extended only to the territory controlled by his governor, or voivod. Each voivod governed small territories based around fortifications.

Princely power often differed between tribes. The Obodrite prince Henryk was able to maintain a sizable army ca. 1100 at the expense of the towns, and the importance of knez within the Obodrites only increased after his death. The prince of the Rani, on the other hand, was limited by the local senate, which was led by the high priest at Cape Arkona; the Rani knez was essentially first among the tribe's landowners.

Towns
The power of the prince and his governors was often restricted by the river towns, known to chroniclers as civitates, especially within the territory of the Veleti. Polabian towns were centered on small earthworks arranged in circles or ovals. The gord was situated at the highest altitude of the town and held a barracks, citadel, and princely residence. It was often protected by a moat, walls, and wooden towers. Below the gord, but still within the town walls, was the urbs or suburbium, which held the residences for the nobility and merchants. The towns often held wooden temples for Slavic gods within the urbs. Outside of the walls were homes for the peasantry. With the exception of Arkona on Rügen, few Polabian towns on the Baltic coast were built near the shore, out of concern for pirates and raiders. While not highly populated compared to Flanders or Italy, the Polabian towns were relatively large for the Baltic region, such as in comparison to those of Scandinavia.

Peasantry
The majority of Polabian Slavs were peasants in small villages who engaged in agriculture (rich in grains, flax) and animal husbandry (poultry, cattle). Some villagers were fishermen, beekeepers, or trappers. Farmland was divided into a unit called a kuritz (uncus), for which peasants paid grain taxes to the voivot.

Military
Polabian society developed during the 9th and 10th centuries under pressure from the Holy Roman Empire and the Vikings of Scandinavia. They were often forced to pay tribute to the kings of Denmark, Catholic bishops, and imperial margraves. Polabian society became militarized and its leaders began organizing armed forces and defenses. Many Polabian magnates lived in forest fortresses, while towns were inhabited by warriors and burghers.

The magnates often raided Germanic territories or engaged in piracy. In times of large-scale war, the knes took overall command. The prince's voivot ensured military service from the warriors and taxes from the peasantry. While the countryside provided land forces, the towns were known for their longships, which were lighter and lower than those used by the Danes and Swedes.

From a distance, Polabian fleets resembled those of the Scandinavians, although targets would recognize the Slavs' closely cropped hair and shrieking battle cries when they grew close. Polabian cavalry used small horses which were effective in quick raiding campaigns, but less effective against the Saxon and Danish heavy cavalry.

Religion
Religion was an important aspect of Polabian society. Much of their territory was dotted with holy places in nature to which the Slavs could pray and make offerings to Slavic gods. The priesthood was an important class which developed images and objects of worship. Polabian towns often included elaborate temples often visited for offerings and pilgrimages. In contrast, priests in the countryside often lived meagerly.

title: Polabian Slavs


text: Category:Roxy Music albums

title: Category:Roxy Music albums


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B. T. Ranadive

Bhalchandra Trimbak Ranadive (19 December 1904 – 6 April 1990), popularly known as BTR, was an Indian communist politician and trade union leader.

Personal life
He was elder brother of Ahilya Rangnekar, a CPI-M leader and 6th Lok Sabha member from Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency). They belonged to a Marathi Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP) family but Ranadive, a brilliant student, would teach Dalit students in his spare time.

Political career
Ranadive completed his studies in 1927, obtaining an M.A. degree with distinction and in 1928 he joined the clandestine Communist Party of India. In the same year he became a major leader of the All India Trade Union Congress in Bombay. He was active with the Girini Kamgar Union of the textile workers in Bombay and with the struggles of the railway workers. He became the secretary of the GIP Railwaymen’s Union. In 1939, he married Vimal, a trade union activist.

In 1943 he was elected to the central committee of the party. In February 1946 Ranadive played a major role in organizing a general strike in support of the Naval ratings revolt.

At its 2nd Party Congress held in Calcutta in February, 1948 the party elected Ranadive in place of P.C. Joshi as its general secretary. Ranadive was the general secretary of CPI 1948-1950. During that period the party was engaged in revolutionary uprisings, such as the Telangana armed struggle. In 1950 Ranadive was deposed, and denounced by the party as a "left adventurist".

In 1956, at the 4th Party Congress in Palghat BTR was again included in the Central Committee. He became a leading figure of the leftist section of the CC.

At the time of the Indo-China border conflict in 1962, Ranadive was one of many prominent communist leaders jailed by the government. In 1964 he became one of the main leaders of Communist Party of India (Marxist).

At the founding conference of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions in Calcutta May 28–31 1970, Ranadive was elected president.

Commemoration
The central building of CITU in New Delhi is named after him— BTR Bhavan.

title: B. T. Ranadive


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Flesh and Blood (Roxy Music album)

Flesh and Blood (stylised as Flesh + Blood) is the seventh studio album by English rock band Roxy Music, released on 23 May 1980 by E.G. Records. It was an immediate commercial success peaking at No. 1 in the UK for one week in June and then returned to the summit in August for another three weeks, in total spending 60 weeks on the albums chart in the United Kingdom. The album also peaked at No. 35 in the United States and No. 10 in Australia.

The album was preceded by the single "Over You", a No. 5 UK hit that also provided the band with a rare US chart entry at No. 80. Two more hit singles followed: "Oh Yeah" (UK No. 5) and "Same Old Scene" (UK No. 12, AUS No. 35). Flesh + Blood also included two cover versions: the Byrds' "Eight Miles High" and Wilson Pickett's "In the Midnight Hour". The latter was released as a single in some territories. In addition, the album's title track along with the aforementioned "Over You" and "Eight Miles High" peaked at No. 46 on the Billboard dance charts.

The album was the band's first without drummer Paul Thompson, whose departure reduced Roxy Music to a core trio of singer Bryan Ferry, saxophonist Andy Mackay and guitarist Phil Manzanera, augmented by session musicians.

Cover artwork
The album cover was conceived by Peter Saville and photographed by Neil Kirk. It features three young women holding javelins (two are on the front cover, one is on the back). Saville worked with no input from Ferry or the rest of the band, but continued the tradition for Roxy Music albums to feature images of women on the cover artwork. The front cover models are Aimee Stephenson (at the front, died in 2002) and Olympian Shelley Mann (died 2005); the model on the back cover is Roslyn Bolton (her modelling name was Ashley). Stephenson can also be seen in a Levi's Route 66 commercial of 1976.

Contemporary
Roxy Music's seventh studio album received mixed reviews from rock critics. Ken Tucker panned it in his Rolling Stone review, "Flesh + Blood is such a shockingly bad Roxy Music record that it provokes a certain fascination. The line on early Roxy (when Eno was a member) was that the band radiated high-tech decadence, and Flesh + Blood connects with this historical interpretation by confirming the decadent part: e.g., what could be more outré right now than an art-rock disco album?." David Hepworth, writing in Smash Hits, said, "Original followers [of the band] may find it low on character and surprise while lovers of the mighty "Over You" should be suckers for its mature, silky charms."

Greil Marcus praised the album: "This record, all graceful lust and wistful regret, is pure romance; it’s also the best summer music anyone’s made since oil spills began undermining the concept ... Flesh + Blood floats; it drifts; it fades away; it soars back. It captures the easy, endless promises of summer, and it captures the summer you’ve never gotten over; it works as soothing, mindless background music, and it can break your heart. Like a perfect July day, it makes no demands on a listener, yet it can give a listener everything."

Legacy
The New Rolling Stone Record Guide give it three stars and say "Manifesto and Flesh + Blood, released after the band split up between 1976 and 1978, were good of their kind, but they lacked the spark that made some of the earlier albums so grand." Stephen Thomas Erlewine states "even the handful of undeniably strong moments can't erase the feeling that Roxy Music were beginning to run out of ideas." Pitchfork rate the record a 6.6 (the lowest of any of the studio Roxy Music albums) complaining "But the later material isn't always worthwhile. There are moments on 1980's Flesh + Blood, in particular, where the band stop sounding tired and start sounding bored, a fatal difference."

Singles
The singles released from the album have garnered more critical acclaim. The first single "Over You" is the only Roxy Music single included in Dave Marsh's The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made. "Over You" is ranked at #511 in the book. Marsh writes "Roxy Music from time to time produced slices of music that were compulsively listenable, adding a dangerous groove to a fantasy Top 40 (since none of them actually reached it, in the States at least) in which such ironic distance might have actually communicated something other than the performers' feelings of inherent superiority to the genres in which they trafficked. Invariably, these pieces presented themselves as singles. Among the more memorable were "Do the Strand," and "Love is the Drug," a trenchant satire (I think) of love songs and romantic love per se. Best of all, though, was "Over You," its title a multilayered pun (which was perhaps even scatological in some dimensions), its topic an essence of banality, but its groove irresistible. Ferry's singing succumbs to the seductions of the beat and actually shows some life, so that even though the lyrics are actually quite as predictable as they want to be, their juxtaposition with heavily romantic piano chords, synth riffs, and Andy Mackay's soprano sax solo lends them a lush romanticism, as if the love song overlay were genuinely felt by all concerned."

Rob Sheffield wrote: "Ferry had always founded his most arcane art notions on an unshakeable passion for pop. Roxy's quintessential song from this era is 1980's "Over You." Ferry glides through the trance-like groove with the mantra "Wish I was somewhere/Over You." until he starts ascending into the ether, leaving his fickle lover behind, soaring higher through glaze and gloss. Then the song fades out and Ferry starts the act again. This approach can get wearing, especially if you don't believe that tears-in-my-caviar heartbreak is a spiritual quest. But when Bryan's on, as in Manifesto's Dance Away or Flesh + Blood's Oh Yeah, its impossible not to fall for him." Allmusic.com in a review of the single: "Over You" represents one of the crowning achievements of Roxy Music's last years, a hauntingly hypnotic love song which spirals along on a warm bed of rhythm and guitar, interspersed with a few slabs of classic Roxy dissonance, and interrupted by some classic Beatles-ish guitar from Phil Manzanera." Greil Marcus wrote "I was attracted to “Over You” the first few times it played by; now, when I hear Manzanera echo Ferry’s 3 A.M. piano, and then hear Mackay make his way out of the night to echo them both, the pattern repeating again and again, I swoon."

Jonathan Rigby praised the second single from the album, writing "If "Dance Away" achieved Ferry's long-held ambition and became accepted as a modern standard, it's hard to see why the same accolade has yet to be bestowed on "Oh Yeah", which is perhaps the most limpidly beautiful ballad in his portfolio." Allmusic.com in its review states "The sequence of exquisite singles that Roxy Music rattled off as the late '70s became the early '80s was highlighted by any number of songs which, dispassionately, could be ranked among Bryan Ferry's purest pop visions yet. "Oh Yeah" surely edges them all, however, not only for its own understanding of the genre's traditions (an everyday story of boy meets girl, in car with radio), but also via its reinvention over a decade later, when London Suede (surely the most convincing of all Roxy's stylistic heirs) borrowed both a lyric and the mood for their own The Wild Ones."

David Buckley wrote: "The third single, Same Old Scene, was the best of the three. Roxy's most perfect dance record, its unstoppable groove, funky, Chic-like bass and blasts of Sax made it another sizeable hit ... That single, more than any other from the Roxy oeuvre, appeared to have been internalized by the incipient London club scene at the time. By 1981, the charts would be full of songs with a similarly musical trajectory: rumbling disco bass, clipped, riffy guitar and a smooth vocal over the top." Paul Stump in Unknown Pleasures says the song "was imprinted upon every new popster's eardrum almost immediately, most notably upon Duran Duran who first built a debut single (Planet Earth) and then a career upon this one brief moment of Roxy Music studio harmonization."

Live performances and tour
Just over half of this album has been played live over the course of the band's career, most of the performances coming from the then "Roxy Music Flesh + Blood" tour in 1980–81 supporting the album. The tour had to have some dates cancelled due to Bryan Ferry having a kidney infection. The band performed "Jealous Guy" after John Lennon was murdered. This tribute performance was the inspiration for the band to record the song and release it as a single.

Personnel
Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album.

Roxy Music
 * Bryan Ferry – vocals, keyboards (1, 3, 6–9), acoustic piano (2, 5, 10), synthesizers (4), guitars (4), strings (5)
 * Andy Mackay – saxophones, oboe (9)
 * Phil Manzanera – guitars (1, 3, 6, 9), lead guitar (2, 5, 7, 10), bass (6), rhythm guitar (10)

Additional personnel
 * Paul Carrack – strings (2), acoustic piano (10), organ (10)
 * Neil Hubbard – guitars (1, 5, 7, 8), rhythm guitar (2, 10)
 * Andy Newmark – drums (4, 5)
 * Allan Schwartzberg – drums (1, 2, 3, 6–10), percussion (4, 5)
 * Simon Phillips – percussion (5)
 * Gary Tibbs – bass (1)
 * Neil Jason – bass (2, 7, 9)
 * Alan Spenner – bass (3, 4, 5, 8, 10)

Production
 * Roxy Music – producers
 * Rhett Davies – producer, engineer
 * Bob Clearmountain – mixing
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk (New York, NY)
 * Bryan Ferry, Neil Kirk, Antony Price, Simon Puxley and Peter Saville – cover artwork

title: Flesh and Blood (Roxy Music album)


text: Talk:Flesh and Blood (Roxy Music album)

title: Talk:Flesh and Blood (Roxy Music album)


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Flesh & Blood (Poison album)

Flesh & Blood is the third studio album by American glam metal band Poison, released on July 2, 1990, through the Enigma label of Capitol Records. It peaked at number 2 on the Billboard charts and more than 7.2 million copies were sold worldwide. It peaked at number 1 on the Cash Box charts.

The album was an attempt by the band to establish a more serious musical stance, more than just the hair metal party dynamic of 1988's Open Up and Say... Ahh!. It spawned two top 10 singles, "Unskinny Bop" and "Something to Believe In" and three other hit singles, "Ride the Wind", "Life Goes On", and "(Flesh & Blood) Sacrifice".

It was certified Platinum in 1990 and triple Platinum in 1991 by the RIAA. It has been certified 4× Platinum by CAN and Gold by BPI.

Production and marketing
The album was recorded and mixed at Little Mountain Sound Studios, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with Canadian producer Bruce Fairbairn and mixer Mike Fraser.

The front cover art features the Poison logo and album title as a tattoo on drummer Rikki Rockett's arm. The cover was originally planned to have a slightly different version of the tattoo after being freshly inked, with inflamed red skin with dripping ink or blood. The original cover was released for the initial pressing in Japan but was removed from all later pressings including those in Japan. The record's marketing reflected the end of Poison's glam image, including excessive make-up and teased, girlish hair as with Look What the Cat Dragged In, instead being similar to Guns N' Roses.

Songs
Parts of the album are darker and more serious, including overcoming hard times, missing loved ones, long-term relationships, and mass sociopolitical disillusionment. Fun topics include sex, exhilaration from music or motorbikes, and tongue-in-cheek poverty. Some songs have a blues rock style.

The meaning of the album's lead single "Unskinny Bop", one of the band's most popular songs, is obscure. DeVille later confessed that the phrase "unskinny bop" has no particular meaning. He devised it as a temporary measure while writing the song, before vocalist Bret Michaels had begun working on the lyrics. The phrase was used on the basis that it was phonetically suited to the music. The song was later played to producer Fairbairn, who stated that although he did not know what an "unskinny bop" was, the phrase was perfect.

Accolades
Flesh & Blood was voted Best Album in Circus magazine's 1990 Readers' Poll, and the album's second single "Something to Believe In" was voted Best Single.

The album yielded three Metal Edge Readers' Choice Awards in 1990: Album of the Year, and "Something to Believe In" for Song of the Year and Best Video.

Track listing
† The 2006 reissue contains a mastering error, as the last few seconds of "Poor Boy Blues" are missing from this version.

Video album
Flesh, Blood, & Videotape is the second video compilation released by Poison, featuring the music videos from Flesh & Blood.

 * 1) "Let It Play" (Montage clip)
 * 2) "Unskinny Bop"
 * 3) "Ride the Wind"
 * 4) "Poor Boy Blues" (Montage clip)
 * 5) "Something to Believe In"
 * 6) "Life Goes On"
 * 7) "(Flesh & Blood) Sacrifice" (Uncensored version)

Personnel

 * Bret Michaels - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * C.C. DeVille - lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Bobby Dall - bass, piano, backing vocals
 * Rikki Rockett - drums, backing vocals
 * John Webster - keyboards, piano

Production

 * Produced by Bruce Fairbairn
 * Co-produced by Mike Fraser
 * Mastered by George Marino at Sterling Sound, NYC

title: Flesh & Blood (Poison album)


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Talk:Flesh & Blood (Poison album)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have had disambig links placed at the appropriate article or disambiguation page.--Hraefen Talk 18:47, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

This article should be called "Flesh & Blood" and NOT "Flesh and Blood".Someone please correct that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.104.12.30 (talk) 00:00, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Flesh & Blood (Poison album)


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Talk:World Soccer players of the 20th century

Why doesn't this have any mention on www.worldsoccer.com? --Joy [shallot]   14:55, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Probably 'cos it happened ages ago (1999). --Ben davison 22:30, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

michael owen better than socrates.... yeh... right...


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Talk:Cache Creek (Kern County, California)

There's also a Cache Creek in Northern California, with it's headwaters being Clear_Lake, in Lake County CA. The Clear Lake article incorrectly references this article as the Cache Creek it feeds. Here's a few links to the other Cache Creek:
 * CACHE CREEK NATURAL AREA - BLM/Ukiah
 * Cache Creek Conservancy
 * The Putah-Cache Bioregion Project
 * Clear Lake and Cache Creek flow data/CA Dept. of Water Resources

Should I start a stub for this creek? and will this Cache Creek be disambiguated by Category? --scupper 14:55, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Porenut

Porenut (Porenutius, Poremicius) is a god with unknown functions mentioned in only two sources: Gesta Danorum and in Knýtlinga saga. The only historical information about this god is the description of a statue depicting him with four faces on his head and a fifth face on his chest, which was held by his chin with his right hand and his forehead with his left hand.

Interpretations
There are two main ways to interpret the Latinized theonym Porenutius. One reading of the name is Porenits. In this case the name of this god would literally mean "son of Perun" and would have originated in the following way: Proto-Slavic *Perunъ "god of the storm" → Old Polabian *P'orěn (with Lekhitic apophony e →  'o) → *P'orěnitjь. The Proto-Slavic suffix *-itjь has a patronymic function, i.e., a name or surname supplemented with this suffix means that it originated from a father's name (cf. Svarog → Svarozhits), and in the Old Polabian it is continued as *-ūt, *-yt, *-ic, which most probably in Latin was written as -utius-, -ucius-.

The first part is also sometimes connected with the word pora in its original, Proto-Slavic (*pora) meaning "push, thrust", "force, effort, full strength", "period of effort, hard work". According to Jacek Banaszkiewicz, a Polish professor of medieval history, the three Charenza deities are not a "random" group of deities, but a group of deities that patronize areas fundamental to the existence of society. He considers Rugiaevit as the chief god, who patronizes war and the community, and Porevit and Porenut as divine twins, who complement the chief deity with their universal characteristics. Banaszkiewicz points out that a common feature of divine twins is the repetition of the first part of the name or the second part of the name; according to him, Porevit and Porenut share the first part (pora). He also points out that twins often have contradictory features; Porevit is considered a "positive" twin whose name should be understood as "Lord of strength, Lord who can cope with everything" (the suffix -vit "lord, ruler, master"), while Porenut is considered a "negative" twin and translates his name as "Lord in need of support", reading the suffix -nut as -nud and connecting it with the Old Polish nuda and the German Nut meaning "need, compulsion". Banaszkiewicz also points to the fact that they both have five faces, two less than Rugiaevit, with Porenut having only four faces on his head, and the fifth one he holds with his hands on his chest, which according to him may indicate that his character's importance is diminished in relation to Porevit. It may also be important that the right hand supports the fifth face, while the left hand holds it by the forehead. Andrzej Szyjewski is also in favor of combining the first part of both Porevit and Porenut with the word pora.

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DAW Books

DAW Books is an American science fiction and fantasy publisher, founded by Donald A. Wollheim, along with his wife, Elsie B. Wollheim, following his departure from Ace Books in 1971. The company claims to be "the first publishing company ever devoted exclusively to science fiction and fantasy." The first DAW Book published was the 1972 short story collection Spell of the Witch World by Andre Norton.

In its early years under the leadership of Wollheim and his wife Elsie, DAW gained a reputation of publishing popular, though not always critically acclaimed, works of science fiction and fantasy. Nevertheless, in the 1970s the company published numerous books by award-winning authors such as Marion Zimmer Bradley, Fritz Leiber, Jerry Pournelle, and Roger Zelazny. In 1982, C. J. Cherryh's Downbelow Station became the first DAW book to win the Hugo Award for best novel.

Until June 1984, all DAW books were characterized by yellow spines, and a prominent yellow cover box containing the company's logo as well as a chronological publication number. When the design was changed, the chronological number was retained, but moved to the copyright page and renamed the DAW Collectors' Book Number. Although it has a distribution relationship with Penguin Group and is headquartered in Penguin USA's offices in New York City, DAW is editorially independent and closely held by its current publishers, Betsy Wollheim (Donald's daughter) and Sheila E. Gilbert.

In July 2022, DAW was acquired by Astra Publishing.

Authors

 * Ben Aaronovitch
 * Saladin Ahmed
 * Camille Bacon-Smith
 * Bradley Beaulieu
 * Marion Zimmer Bradley
 * Kristen Britain
 * John Brunner
 * Kenneth Bulmer
 * C. J. Cherryh
 * Julie Czerneda
 * Emily Drake
 * Suzette Haden Elgin
 * Kate Elliott
 * Jane Fancher
 * M. A. Foster
 * C. S. Friedman
 * Kathleen O'Neal Gear and W. Michael Gear
 * David Gerrold
 * ElizaBeth Gilligan
 * Tracy Hickman
 * Jim C. Hines
 * Tanya Huff
 * Katharine Kerr
 * Gini Koch
 * Mercedes Lackey
 * Laura Lam
 * Fritz Leiber
 * Stephen Leigh
 * Edward Llewellyn
 * Karen Lord
 * Violette Malan
 * John Marco
 * Marshall Ryan Maresca
 * Seanan McGuire
 * R. M. Meluch
 * Lisanne Norman
 * Nnedi Okorafor
 * Fiona Patton
 * Melanie Rawn
 * Mickey Zucker Reichert
 * Laura Resnick
 * Mike Resnick
 * Jennifer Roberson
 * Deborah J. Ross
 * Patrick Rothfuss
 * Diana Rowland
 * Sean Russell
 * Michelle Sagara/Michelle West
 * Sherwood Smith
 * John Steakley
 * S. Andrew Swann
 * Margaret Weis
 * Tad Williams

title: DAW Books


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Manik Sarkar

Manik Sarkar (born 22 January 1949) is an Indian communist politician who served as the Chief Minister of Tripura from March 1998 to March 2018. He is a Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). In March 2008, he was sworn in as leader of Left Front, the Tripura coalition government. In assembly elections held in 2013, he became the chief minister for the fourth consecutive time. He served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Tripura Legislative Assembly from 2018 to 2023. NDTV's article in 2018, proclaimed that back then, he was the poorest chief minister in India with bank balance of Rs. 2000 (~25 USD).

His affidavit for the 2018 Tripura Assembly election revealed that he is the chief minister with the least possessions among all his counterparts in India.

Early life and background
Manik Sarkar was born into a middle-class family. His father, Amulya Sarkar, worked as a tailor, while his mother, Anjali Sarkar, was a State and later Provincial government employee. Sarkar became active in student movements in his student days, and in 1968, at the age of 19, he became a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was a candidate of the Students' Federation of India throughout his academic life at MBB College, from where he graduated with a B. Com. degree. During his first year at the college there came the turbulent times of the food movement of 1967, campaigning against the policy of the then Congress government of Tripura, and Sarkar threw himself headlong into the related student struggle. His vigorous role in this mass movement led him to join the Communists. Due to his early political exposure, he also became the General Secretary of the MBB College Student Union and was also made the Vice President of the Students' Federation of India. In 1972, at the early age of 23, he joined the State Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

Political career
Six years after being selected in the CPI (M) State Committee, Sarkar was included in the party state secretariat in the year 1978. This was also the year when the first Left Front government had taken control in Tripura.

In 1980, at the age of 31, he was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly from the Agartala constituency. This was the start of Manik Sarkar's leadership in his state. At around the same time, he was appointed the Chief Whip of the CPI (M). His success as the Member of the Legislative Assembly returned in 1983, when he was elected to the Assembly from Krishnanagar, Agartala. When the Left Front government took control in 1993, Sarkar was appointed the State Secretary of the CPI (M).

The biggest success came to Sarkar in 1998. At the age of 49, he became a member of the Politburo of the CPI (M), which is the principal policy-making and executive committee in a Communist party. In the same year, he became the Chief Minister of the state of Tripura. Since then, he was elected to the same position four consecutive times in 20 years. He is one of the very few chief Ministers in India who was in the office for so long. His party lost majority in the 2018 elections and he had to step down as a result.

It was noted that Sarkar did not contest the 2023 elections. He revealed that he had done so in order to pave way for younger leadership.

Personal life
Sarkar is married to Panchali Bhattacharya, who was employed with the Central Social Welfare Board till she retired in 2011. He chooses to live in an old and a very small house that belonged to his great grandfather. He used to donate his entire salary that he received as a Chief Minister to his party and in return, got ₹ 5,000 per month as allowance.

title: Manik Sarkar


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title: User talk:66.124.106.159