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Revolutions per Minute (Rise Against album)

Revolutions per Minute is the second studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against, released on April 8, 2003, by Fat Wreck Chords. After establishing a fanbase with their 2001 debut, The Unraveling, the band members wanted to record an album that distinguished them from other Fat Wreck Chords bands of the time. They chose Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore to produce the album, with whom they developed a strong rapport. Recording took place from November to December 2002 at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado.

Musically, Revolutions per Minute is rooted in hardcore punk and melodic hardcore. Critics noted that the album exhibited greater musical maturity and an overall darker tone when compared to its predecessor. It comprises thirteen songs, with lyrical themes ranging from relationships and politics. To promote the album, Rise Against toured extensively with other Fat Wreck Chords bands, and participated in the 2003 Warped Tour.

Upon its release, the album peaked at number 35 on the Independent Albums chart, and was praised for its impassioned lyrics and unique blend of genres. Some critics called it one of the best albums of the year. According to Bryne Yancey of Punknews.org, Revolutions per Minute not only popularized the melodic hardcore genre, but also influenced "literally thousands of bands" with its music and social commentary. The album also introduced several aspects that would become common traits in Rise Against's newer material, such as extensive social commentary, and reliance on musical accessibility. In 2013, Fat Wreck Chords re-released the album with ten bonus demos and expanded packaging.

Background and recording
In April 2001, Rise Against released its debut studio album The Unraveling through Fat Wreck Chords. Although the album failed to reach any major music charts, it did receive positive reviews from critics, and helped establish a steady fanbase for the band. After the release of The Unraveling, guitarist Dan Wleklinski left the band due to personal differences with lead vocalist Tim McIlrath; he was eventually replaced by Todd Mohney, McIlrath's roommate and former bandmate.

When it came time to record Rise Against's second album, Revolutions per Minute, McIlrath noted that the band was suffering from an "identity crisis". At the time, Fat Wreck Chords had a specific pop punk sound, so the band members wanted to find a producer who could help distinguish them from the other bands on the label, and highlight the heavier aspects of their music. Sonic Iguana Studios, where Rise Against recorded The Unraveling, and another studio in San Francisco were both busy at the time, leaving the band members only thirty days to record. They decided on Bill Stevenson—the former drummer of the punk band Descendents—and Jason Livermore to produce the album.

Before the recording process began, the band members wrote songs for the album above an antique store in Chicago, an environment that McIlrath described as "roach-infested". Revolutions per Minute was recorded at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado, from November to December 2002. Stevenson and Livermore produced the album; Stevenson also served as the engineer and mixer, while Livermore mastered the album. McIlrath commented that Stevenson was the perfect person to produce the album, as he not only understood the nuances of the band, but was also their "musical soul mate". Revolutions per Minute was the first album that McIlrath played guitar on. He was nervous about playing the guitar, as no one had ever scrutinized his ability, and described the process as "playing blindly into the wind and hoping it was good enough".

Composition
Musically, Revolutions per Minute is rooted in hardcore punk and melodic hardcore. Stuart Green of Exclaim! opined that the album exhibited greater musical maturity when compared to The Unraveling, specifically for the inclusion of mood and texture. These comments were echoed by Punknews.org's Aubin Paul, who noted the album's overall "darker" tone.

The first track on Revolutions per Minute is "Black Masks & Gasoline", which features "power chords" and rapid drumming. Its lyrics advocate for a revolution against a vengeful government, and contain imagery of raised hands and clenched fists. The second track, "Heaven Knows", makes use of "serrated, slingshot hooks", with lyrics that deal with "personal strife". The next track, "Dead Ringer", is a short hardcore song that chastises those who felt that the band had sold out due to their growing popularity. Jo-Ann Greene of AllMusic believes that "Halfway There" is about the need for a real leader and questioning the current leaders' action, bolstered by McIlrath's screaming vocals.

The fifth track, "Like the Angel", begins with strumming of the bass guitar, before transitioning into a "poppy" beat about unrequited love. "Voices Off Camera:" is one of the more accessible songs on the album, with McIlrath singing in a softer voice. In contrast, "Blood-Red, White, & Blue" is described by Matthew Fiander of PopMatters as a "musical tour de force", with a moody breakdown. With it, McIlrath wanted to write a song that showcased the conflict of interests following the September 11 attacks, between overt patriotism, and war crimes in the name of God. The eighth track, "Broken English", "switches tempo constantly", and has motivational lyrics in the chorus. McIlrath describes "Last Chance Blueprint" as the band's "escape song", while Fiander feels it is a "stock get-out-of-town tune". It contains a soundbite from the 1999 film American Beauty.

"To the Core" is another short hardcore song that Greene describes as "a ferocious, fever-pitched number written and delivered with pure vitriol". McIlarth notes that "Torches" is a very different when compared to most of the band's material, due to its heavy metal-influenced intro and breakdown. The penultimate track, "Amber Changing", is more muted in its sound, and has McIlrath sing about not wanting a great moment in a relationship to end. The album ends with a hidden track, a cover of "Any Way You Want It" by Journey. The band covered the song to bring a sense of familiarity to listeners while on tour.

Release and reception
Fat Wreck Chords released Revolutions per Minute on April 8, 2003, in the United States on CD and LP formats. Like The Unraveling, it failed to reach any major music chart, but did reach number thirty-five on the Independent Albums chart. Promotion for the album included North American and Japan based tours with other Fat Wreck Chord bands like Anti-Flag, None More Black, and No Use for a Name, and several performances in the 2003 Warped Tour in North America. Additionally, "Like the Angel" was released as a promotional single.

Revolutions per Minute was well received by music critics. Paul praised the album for its honest and personal lyrics, as well as its unique blend of hardcore punk and melodic hardcore. He concluded by declaring it one of the best albums of the year, a sentiment which was shared by The Virginian-Pilot Jeff Maisey. Greene liked the juxtaposition of impassioned and political lyrics, commenting that the album is capable of "rubbing emotions raw and minds numb". Davey Boy of Sputnikmusic felt that with Revolutions per Minute, Rise Against took their craft and musicianship more seriously. He commented that while the songs themselves do not work well individually, "the band should be given credit for how even and consistent the album still is, and for the fact that it is a solid and cohesive listen."

Impact and re-release
Bryne Yancey of Punknews.org notes that in the early 2000s, melodic hardcore was not a well established genre. With the release of Revolutions per Minute, Yancey argues Rise Against not only popularized the genre, but also influenced "literally thousands of bands residing somewhere within the melodic hardcore spectrum" with the album's music and social commentary. Revolutions per Minute was also an important album for Rise Against, as Boy believes it "clearly played a huge role in shaping what was to come" for the band. It was their first album to make extensive use of social and political commentary, which has become a staple for Rise Against material. Some songs like "Voices Off Camera:" and "Broken English" demonstrated a greater reliance on musical accessibility, which "hinted" at the band's eventual shift toward mainstream rock.

To commemorate the tenth anniversary of Revolutions per Minute, Fat Wreck Chords re-released the album as RPM10 on May 28, 2013. The re-release features ten bonus demo tracks and expanded packaging, but omits the cover of "Any Way You Want It" from the original release. Yancey felt that album held up surprisingly well, and that while the demos were interesting, they were unessential. In contrast, Fiander did not think that the lyrical content had aged well, and that the demos were only "slightly more ragged versions of the album cuts".

Track listing
All lyrics written by Tim McIlrath; all music composed by Tim McIlrath, Joe Principe, Todd Mohney, and Brandon Barnes, except where noted.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Revolutions per Minute.

Rise Against
 * Tim McIlrath – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Todd Mohney – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Joe Principe – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Brandon Barnes – drums

Additional musicians
 * Chad Price – additional backing vocals

Production
 * Bill Stevenson – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Jason Livermore – producer, mastering

Artwork
 * Michael Joseph Jackson – Cover art and layout
 * Steven Karl Metzer – Band photo


text:
Talk:Sugar Ray

Untitled
How is there no talk about how these dudes sold out? I don't throw that phrase around lightly, but the difference between their first two albums and the later ones is evident. Cdwillis 11:09, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

I pulled Answer the Phone, Hey Bartender and Is She Really Going Out With Him? off of the hit singles list, as none of them charted significantly.
 * I re-removed them

I'm sorry to be the one to tell you this, but this page is an insult to Sugar Ray's career. Extremely poorly made. Have you seen the other pages of musicians on wikipedia, take Incubus or My Chemical Romance for example? Detailed and informative. It doesn't seem like you have any interest in the band whatsoever, which makes it a drag to read. I mean, you don't even have a picture! I hope you take this as constructive. JJ

Why don't you fix it yourself then? For most people, Sugar Ray will only be remembered for the Nicole Eggert cover and Triumph The Insult Comic Dog.

That's fair enough, but to be honest i'd never heard of triumph till u mentioned him just then though. I'm not a major fan either, in case that's what you were thinking, just thought I might as well tell you what i thought. JJ

Changing the word "incessant" to "frequent" when talking about the radio play of "Fly". Incessant has negative connotations and probably violates neutrality.

I'm willing to fix this page as well as some of their albums. I don't have that much time on my hands, but I'll make an extra effort in my free time to help get some more info on both the band and their albums pages. I'll be trying to focus on that this week. It's not that I particularly am a fan of the band, but come on, even Vanilla Ice has a cleaner page than this.--TheGreatestofalltime 07:51, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Intereasting, why isn't the 14.59 song named Abracadabra mentioned? Abracadabra on YouTube I can't fix it myself, because the artichle has been locked. Absurd. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.235.200.78 (talk) 17:22, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

I made a major content edit, and the page looks a lot better now. Let me know what you think. --rg998

Fair use rationale for Image:Lemonadeandbrownies sugarray 1.jpg
Image:Lemonadeandbrownies sugarray 1.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:17, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sugar Ray Floored Album Cover.jpg
Image:Sugar Ray Floored Album Cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:04, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Intereasting, why isn't the 14.59 song named Abracadabra mentioned? Abracadabra on YouTube I can't fix it myself, because the artichle has been locked. Absurd. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.235.200.78 (talk) 17:20, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Fair use criteria
The use of images not in compliance with our fair-use criteria or our policy on nonfree content is not appropriate, and the images have been removed. Please do not restore them. — M o e   ε  21:48, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Discography - Singles
Would somebody please make a complete list of Sugar Ray's singles. I'd be happy to, but unfortunately I don't have any info. I think the following may have been released as singles:
 * Caboose (from Lemonade & Brownies)
 * 10 Seconds Down (from Lemonade & Brownies)
 * Iron Mic (from Lemonade & Brownies)
 * RPM (from Floored)
 * American Pig (from Floored)

Can anyone confirm this? Geeky Randy 22:10, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Third-wave ska group?
Where does this category come from? Specifically, the category is the ONLY mention of ska on the page. I feel if they're included in the group, the genre should either be mentioned under their influences or songs that fall under this should be mentioned as an example of it being part of their style. I won't remove it now because I don't really know much of them outside their singles, but if someone could cite something to confirm their categorization IN the page, that'd be appreciated.76.182.10.100 (talk) 00:20, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Asia is a Country?
There's a quote from SingFest 2007 stating that Asia is a country:

"An exception to this was during mid 2007, with their inclusion of the previously unreleased song "Into Yesterday" on the Surf's Up movie soundtrack, and a brief tour in Asia in August 2007 where they headlined SingFest, the nation's first international music festival.[3]"

Dbegin (talk) 16:01, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

When did Bullock join?
In the history section of the article, only the four white guys are mentioned. When and how did Bullock get involved with the group? That information should be added to that section. Aristophanes 68  (talk)  01:08, 17 March 2013 (UTC)

Ska punk
This keeps on being added, without source or explanation. Can someone provide some reliable sources that say that anyone labels them like this, let alone having it be their defining genre? I don't believe they're typically considered punk or ska honestly. Sergecross73  msg me  17:57, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sugar Ray


text:
Delta Delta Delta

Delta Delta Delta (ΔΔΔ), also known as Tri Delta, is a global women's fraternity and Greek life organization founded on November 27, 1888 at Boston University. With over 200,000 living initiates at 141 chapters and over $450M assets under management, Tri Delta is one of the largest National Panhellenic Conference Greek-letter societies. The Tri Delta enterprise consists of three separate, not-for-profit entities: Tri Delta Fraternity, Tri Delta’s Foundation, and Tri Delta Housing. Together these entities provide the business infrastructure for Tri Delta and its financial assets. The organization partnered with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in 1999, and has raised more than $100 million to support St. Jude patients and their families as of 2024.

History
The founders of ΔΔΔ: Delta Delta Delta was founded by Sarah Ida Shaw, Eleanor Dorcas Pond, Florence Isabelle Stewart, and Isabel Morgan Breed at Boston University. Three women's fraternities were already represented at Boston University (Kappa Kappa Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta, and Alpha Phi). Shaw enlisted the help of Dorcas Pond, stating, "Let us found a society that shall be kind alike to all and think more of a girl's inner self and character than of her personal appearance."

The two started a new national fraternity in 1888. Later Shaw wrote, "...They were working for a principle, and it never occurred to them that there could be such a thing as failure. Earnestness of purpose, energy and enthusiasm had brought them both success in college and why should not these same qualities bring assurance of good fortune to the new venture."

Shaw and Pond wrote the rituals and constitution, designed the emblems, and mutually decided on the name. Pond suggested a triple letter, while Shaw chose the actual letter, developing Greek mottos and passwords. Inspiration came from Ancient Egypt, Greek mythology, Hindu, and astronomy, reflecting Shaw's varied interests.

On October 2, 1914, Shaw formed Psi Psi Psi or Tri Psi, a sorority for the mothers of Delta Delta Delta members.

Symbols

The Greek alphabet letters Delta Delta Delta (ΔΔΔ) are the official symbols. The dolphin is recognized as an additional symbol as it was considered to be a good omen by the ancient Greeks. The colors of Tri Delta are silver, gold, and cerulean blue (made famous in The Devil Wears Prada), while the pearl is its jewel. The sorority recognizes the pansy as its official flower and the pine tree as its official tree.

The coat of arms consists of a quartered shield, first and fourth quarters in blue with a silver trident on each, second and third quarters in gold with green pine tree on each. The sorority crest is placed above the shield and consists of a torse with six folds in alternating gold and blue, from which a white, gold and blue pansy rises. Below the shield, the Greek motto Asfalos Agapomen Allaylas ("Let us steadfastly love one another") is inscribed in Greek characters on a scroll.

An alternative, modernized logo makes use of Tri Delta's colors and symbols for branding and marketing.

Pledges
Prior to initiation, new members wear a new member pin, which is a green and silver enamel badge described as an "inverted Delta surrounded by three Deltas." A new member may also display a trident, which symbolizes the first degree of initiation and is returned prior to initiation into the Stars and Crescent degree. A gold trident may be worn as a badge guard.

Members
Tri Delta's official member badge is the diamond and pearl-studded, gold Stars and Crescent pin, consisting of three golden stars and a crown set with pearls, within a gold crescent of three hundred degrees bearing three deltas in black enamel. An initiate receives a badge pin with her initials, the Greek letters of her chapter, and her roll and member number engraved on the back. The badge belongs to the sorority and is "lent" to each member during her lifetime or as long as she remains a member, with the requirement that the badge will be returned upon the member's death or resignation, unless the executive board grants a special exception.

Heist
In 2014, Arlington Police Department and various press reported how a team of two "Pulled Off What May Be the Largest Sorority-Pin Heist in History" of 2,000-5,000 of the diamond and pearl studded, gold pins, with the police stating "the pins, which were set with precious and semi-precious stones, are worth about $1.5 million."

Anniversaries
Tri Delta also has various circle pins to celebrate years since the member's initiation. Introduced in 2004, the Silver Circle Pin may be worn by members who have reached the 25-year anniversary of their initiation. It features the anniversary number engraved on the stars and crescent design. The Golden Circle Pin was originally created by Sarah Ida Shaw for the Circle Degree of Initiation, but its current usage to celebrate 50 years since initiation dates to 1962. This pin consists of three deltas made of gold inside a golden circle, surrounded by six spherical triangles in blue. The Diamond Circle Pin honors members who have served for 75 years with the fraternity. While the design is alike to the Golden Circle Pin, this token features a diamond in the center. This pin was introduced in the year 1996 and the first pin was awarded to Mary K. Wise of Butler University.

Philanthropy benefiting St. Jude Children
Many chapters observe "Sleighbell Day" on the first Tuesday of December, following the tradition of Sleighbell Luncheon, first held in the 1940s by 13 Southern California chapters to benefit a doctor researching blood diseases at Children's Hospital Los Angeles. In the early 1970s, a national survey established that Tri Delta chapters were interested in children, hospitals, and cancer. At the 1974 Tri Delta Convention, the three were combined to support children's cancer charities as the designated philanthropy.

In 1999, Tri Delta partnered with St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. St. Jude (through the fundraising branch, the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities) assists Tri Delta chapters in planning philanthropy events that benefit the children and subsidize research costs at St. Jude. Many chapters coordinate fundraising activities such as pancake breakfasts, called Delta House of Pancakes or DHOP, and football tailgates on their campuses each year. Since 1999, Tri Delta has raised more than $30 million for St. Jude. In 2002, Tri Deltas committed to raising $1 million to build a Teen Room at the St. Jude Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, fulfilling the commitment in 2005. In July 2006, Tri Delta committed to raise $10 million in 10 years to build a new patient treatment floor focusing on brain tumor research at St. Jude, instead raising $10.4 million in 4 years. In 2010, a new philanthropic goal was announced to raise $15 million in 5 years. On February 1, 2014, it was announced that Tri Delta surpassed the $15 million goal in just 3.5 years. On July 4, 2014, Tri Delta announced a new philanthropic goal to raise $60 million over 10 years, the largest single commitment by a partner of St. Jude in the history of the hospital. Only three-and-a-half years into the 10 year commitment to raise $60 million, Tri Delta hit the halfway point and announced $30 million raised for St. Jude in January 2018.

Tri Delta Place at St. Jude
Their pledge funded the Tri Delta Place, St. Jude's only on-campus housing facility. It includes 64 hotel-style rooms and 36 suites. Tri Delta was also named the St. Jude partner of the year for 2014, making Tri Delta the first non-corporation to receive this honor. As of February 2018, Tri Delta has reached the halfway point of this commitment. Since 1999, Tri Delta members have raised more than $70 million to St. Jude. Tri delta continues every year to increase their philanthropy goals for St. Jude.

In addition to the national partnership, Tri Delta continues to raise money for local Children's Cancer Charities, including two Canadian Hospitals, the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Ottawa, Canada, and local children's cancer charities in various states.

Every year, chapters host a variety of events to raise money for these causes. This includes sporting events such as Greeks at Bat (an inter-fraternity baseball tournament) and Tri Delta Triple Play (kickball tournament), pancake breakfasts commonly named "Delta House of Pancakes," "Delta Diner," or "TriHOP", and spaghetti dinners. Every Tri Delta member also participates in "Sincerely Yours", an international writing campaign to raise money for St Jude. Other St. Jude specific philanthropic endeavors includes a Gold Level National Team participation in the St. Jude Walk/Run to End Childhood Cancer.

Museum
The Ginger Hicks Smith Museum and Archives is based out of Tri Delta's Executive Office in Dallas, showcasing the founding and development, and housing some of the organization's most precious historical items.

The Trident
The Trident is Tri Delta's official magazine, published continuously since 1891. The publication includes news about collegiate and alumni members, chapter events, topics in women's health, editorials, and upcoming events.

Let's Talk Tri Delta podcast
Let's Talk Tri Delta is a podcast enabling members to hear directly from board members, experts, and other members on varying issues.

Other programs
Besides campus housing managed by Tri Delta Housing, the fraternity offers scholarships and emergency grants, annual conferences and conventions, varied leadership development programs including LeaDDDer.org, platforms like My Tri Delta alumni directory, ConnectDDD.org for online networking, mental health programs, a resource library of bylaws, policy standards (i.e. no hazing), other standardized document guides for varying subjects (i.e. rituals, event planning), etc.

Requirements
Beyond the competitive bid process (for which Wall Street Journal reported on the $4,500 sorority consultant market) which requires a recruitment registration fee, Tri Delta requires a minimum GPA and annual collegiate chapter dues (varies from $1,348-13,690+ including new member fees for state schools in Virginia and Iowa), with higher expenses at higher-tuition schools or cities with higher costs of living.

As part of its DEI initiative, Tri Delta discontinued priority legacy bids (akin to legacy admissions).

Leadership
Active members of each Tri Delta chapter may join a committee or be slated into an office in order to serve the organization and develop leadership skills. During the slating process, members adhere to the mantra "The Office Selects the Officer,” and undergo the process of determining the officer that is best suited for each office based on her skills and previous experience.

Each collegiate chapter president oversees chapter business, including membership in every team and committee. Each subsequent office is organized into one of the following teams, each headed by a Vice President: Administration, Chapter Development, Finance, Public Relations, and Membership. Further committees, assistants, and chair positions are tailored to each chapter's specific needs. A new officer structure was introduced in 2020 which consists of the collegiate chapter president and Vice Presidents of Operations, Chapter Programming and Development, Community Relations, and Membership Experience. Each officer team consists of one VP and a set of directors.

Chapter development consultants
Since 1910, Tri Delta has utilized a consultant program, in which recently graduated alumna members are trained and employed by the executive office to visit chapters to provide resources and advice on their chapter business. Chapter Development Consultants provide constructive feedback in order to align the chapter with standards determined by the executive office. Consultants have gone by many names over the years, including field secretaries and field consultants. In 2015, the name was changed to Chapter Development Consultants.

Alumnae involvement
After graduation, alumnae may continue to support Tri Delta and stay active within the Greek community via means such as joining an alumnae chapter, attending and hosting philanthropy events, donating to the Tri Delta Foundation's scholarships, contributing to The Trident, writing reference letters for potential new members, and volunteering. Alumnae who wish to stay connected to or make a more direct contribution to a specific collegiate chapter may join its alumnae advisory team. Members volunteering on an international level include members of the National Housing Corporation, who manage fraternity properties, and members of the Foundation.

Chapter and individual misconduct
Each collegiate chapter is individually managed by local college students, with chapter suspension or charter revocation from the Executive Office upon discovery of misconduct violating organizational values and policy standards, such as no-hazing.

Southern chapters
In 2011, the chapter at the University of South Carolina was placed on probation after a party they hosted resulted in 31 citations for underage drinking. The sorority was forced to temporarily suspend all social activities as a result.

In 2013 and 2014, sorority women from multiple chapters at the University of Alabama – including Delta Delta Delta, Pi Beta Phi, Chi Omega, Kappa Delta, Alpha Gamma Delta, Alpha Omicron Pi, and Phi Mu – alleged that either active members or some of their alumnae had prevented them from offering membership to black candidates because of their race. An anonymous Delta Delta Delta member spoke to the school newspaper, The Crimson White, stating: "To my knowledge, the president and the rush chair and our rush advisors [supported recruiting a black candidate], and if we had been able to pledge her, it would’ve been an honor. However, our [alumnae] stepped in and went over us and had her dropped. The only thing that kept her back was the color of her skin in Tri Delt. She would have been a dog fight between all the sororities if she were white.” Students held a campus march to integrate Greek life on campus, and following media and national outcry, the university held a second round of recruitment in hopes of offering membership to more women, including black women.

In 2015, the chapter at the University of West Georgia was shut down for violating the university's policy and code of conduct. Serious allegations of hazing were charged against women of the sorority, and the Tri Delta national executive board refused to release specific details of the investigation.

Midwest chapters
In 2009, the chapter at Miami University was suspended for hazing. Pledges were blindfolded and taken off-campus, where they were given an excessive amount of alcohol, causing some women to need medical attention after the incident.

In 2017, the chapter at Indiana University was shut down following an investigation which found that chapter members were "involved in activities that do not represent our high standards or align with Tri Delta's purpose." Chapter members also "violated the chapter's previous probation terms." The national organization declined to specify further, but noted that the chapter had "been on probation for three consecutive semesters, and each time was asked to take responsibility for their actions. Each time ... the chapter chose to ignore advice and recommendations, sending a strong message that they had no intention of making positive change."

On January 20, 2019, a member of Tri Delta sorority at the University of Oklahoma was removed from the organization after posting a video in which her friend appears wearing blackface and saying a racial slur.

Eastern state school chapters
In 2009, the chapter at Pennsylvania State University was shut down due to hazing and endangering new pledges. The Tri Delta national organization refused to release specific details about the investigation.

In popular culture

 * In the 1960s, G. William Domhoff, writing in Who Rules America?, listed Tri Delta as one of "the four or five sororities with nationwide prestige."
 * In 1992, Saturday Night Live (SNL) did a skit called "Delta Delta Delta: Finals Week" with Woody Harrelson and David Spade.
 * Entertainment Weekly reported how Tri Delta was one of the top on-screen fraternities and sororities.
 * The TODAY (show) discussed Hoda Kotb's time at Tri Delta and how sisterhood that should be taught to modern women, according to the co-host and Jenna Bush.
 * A Detailed Record of Delta Delta Delta, 1888-1907 (1907) by Bessie Leach Priddy (ISBN 978-1-143-97438-0)
 * History of Delta Delta Delta, 1888-1988: Centennial Edition (1988) by Margaret Paddock Haller

title: Delta Delta Delta


text: User talk:70.144.84.148

title: User talk:70.144.84.148


text:
Biological Physics

Biological Physics: Energy, Information, Life: With new art by David Goodsell is a book by Philip Nelson, illustrated by David Goodsell. The fifth printing was published by W. H. Freeman in late 2013. It is a work on biology with an emphasis on the application of physical principles.

title: Biological Physics


text: User talk:67.121.107.246

title: User talk:67.121.107.246


text: Category:Salishan languages

title: Category:Salishan languages


text:
Greenhill

Greenhill may refer to:

People

 * Greenhill (surname)

Places

 * In the UK
 * Greenhill, Camden, London, England
 * Greenhill, County Antrim, a townland in County Antrim, Northern Ireland
 * Greenhill, County Durham, England
 * Greenhill, County Fermanagh, a townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland
 * Greenhill, Dorset, England
 * Greenhill, a neighbourhood of Coatbridge, Scotland
 * Greenhill, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
 * Greenhill, Edinburgh, Scotland
 * Greenhill, Evesham, Worcestershire, England, main location of the Battle of Evesham in 1265
 * Greenhill, Falkirk, Scotland
 * Greenhill, Harrow, London, England
 * Greenhill, Herefordshire England
 * Greenhill, Kent, England
 * Greenhill, Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England
 * Greenhill, Lancashire, England
 * Greenhill, Leicestershire, England
 * Greenhill, Sheffield, England
 * Greenhill, Swansea, Wales

 * Elsewhere
 * Greenhill, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Zielonagóra (Greenhill), a village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Szamotuły County, Obrzycko commune, Poland
 * Greenhill, South Australia, a suburb in Australia
 * Greenhill Recreation Park, a protected area in South Australia
 * Greenhill Ogham Stones, Republic of Ireland

Businesses and institutions

 * Greenhill & Co., a New York-based investment bank
 * Greenhill School (Addison, Texas), Addison, Texas, United States
 * Ysgol Greenhill School, Pembrokeshire, Wales, United Kingdom

Titles

 * Baron Greenhill (of Townhead in the City of Glasgow)
 * Baron Greenhill of Harrow
 * Greenhill-Russell Baronets

title: Greenhill


text:
Cipriano Mera

Cipriano Mera Sanz (4 November 1897 – 24 October 1975) was a Spanish military and political figure during the Second Spanish Republic.

Early life
He had two sons (Floreal and Sergio) with his partner Teresa Gómez. A bricklayer, he joined the anarchist movement and presided over the construction union of Madrid of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). During the congress celebrated in Zaragoza three months before the beginning of the Spanish Revolution, he was in favor of the most radical, collaborating sectors of the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI). Mera led a strike of construction workers, electricians, and elevator operators in Madrid in June 1936. As a result, he was imprisoned in early July.

Spanish Civil War
When the Spanish Civil War exploded he was released, and led a column that put down the uprising in Guadalajara, Alcalá de Henares and Cuenca. Next, he defended the dams of Lozoya, which supplied Madrid, and fought in the mountain ranges of Ávila and the valley of the Tiétar river. He was given command of the 14th Division and it acted in the defense of Madrid, the Battle of Guadalajara (March 1937) and in the Battle of Brunete (July 1937). He replaced Juan Perea Capulino in command of the IV Army Corps of the center. In April 1938 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.

The end of the war
By 1939 Mera was convinced that the Republicans would be defeated. When Juan Negrín refused to surrender to Francisco Franco, Mera decided to support Segismundo Casado, commander of the Republican Army of the center, and Julián Besteiro of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party to stage a coup d'etat and establish an anti-Negrin, anti-Stalinist National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa). In March 1939 he joined the rising of Casado to accelerate the end of the war and to restrain Communist Party of Spain control of the Republican zone. His forces were fundamental in the victory of Casado in Madrid against the 1st Corps of the Army of the Center sent to defeat the rising.

Exile and death
He marched to Valencia at the end of the war and soon by plane went to Oran and Casablanca, but he was extradited to Spain in February 1942. In 1943 he was condemned to death, a sentence that was exchanged for 30 years in prison, but he was pardoned in 1946. In 1947, he emigrated to Paris, where he worked as a bricklayer until his death in St. Cloud, France in 1975.

Films
He appeared as himself in the 1936 CNT film production "Castilla Libertaria". In 2009, a documentary entitled "Vivir de Pie. Las Guerras de Cipriano Mera" (Living on Your Feet: The Struggles of Cipriano Mera) was released.

title: Cipriano Mera


text:
Red Digital Cinema

Red Digital Cinema, LLC is an American camera manufacturer specializing in digital cinematography headquartered in Foothill Ranch, California, United States. It has been owned by Nikon since April 2024.

The company has studios in Hollywood, Los Angeles and has offices in London, Shanghai, and Singapore as well as retail stores in Hollywood, New York City, and Miami. In addition it has various authorized resellers and service centers around the world.

History
Red Digital Cinema was founded by Jim Jannard, who previously founded Oakley. As a self-described "camera fanatic" owning over 1,000 models, Jannard started the company with the intent to deliver a (relatively) affordable 4K digital cinema camera. Jannard dates the idea to a time when he bought a Sony HDR-FX1 video camera and learned that the files had to be converted with software from Lumiere HD and were not viewable on Mac OS. Lumiere HD's owner Frederic Lumiere collaborated with Jannard on developing an alternative and introduced him to Ted Schilowitz who became Red's first employee.

The early team members engaged in undisclosed research on how to make a digital camera feasible for Hollywood productions. Part of the process involved using 4K resolution instead of 2K which was most common at the time. Another technical hurdle was to achieve the focusing quality of DSLR cameras without sacrificing frame rate. Part of Red's solution to this problem was developing a sensor with a physical size comparable to that of analog film. At the 2006 NAB Show, Jannard announced that Red would build a 4K digital cinema camera, called the Red One and began taking pre-orders.

In March 2007, director Peter Jackson completed a camera test of two prototype Red One cameras, which became the 12-minute World War I film Crossing the Line. On seeing the short film, director Steven Soderbergh told Jannard: "I am all in. I have to shoot with this." Soderbergh took two prototype Red Ones into the jungle to shoot his film Che. A short documentary, Che and the Digital Revolution, was made about the Red camera technology that was used in the film's production. The Red One first shipped in August 2007. One of the first television programs to shoot with it was the medical drama ER.

In 2010, Red acquired the historic Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood, and renamed it "Red Studios Hollywood". By 2011, it had over 400 employees. 2011 was also the year in which Panavision, Arri, and Aaton announced that they would no longer be producing analog cameras. Red Digital Cinema and the Red One were widely credited with accelerating this transition in the industry. Schilowitz responded by saying "It was never our goal to kill film. Instead, we wanted to evolve it."

In 2010, 5% of the top 100 grossing domestic films that were shot on digital video used Red cameras as their primary system. Their share increased to over 25% by 2016, but has declined since then.

On August 19, 2013, Jim Jannard announced his retirement from Red, leaving Jarred Land as president.

On March 7, 2024, Red Digital Cinema accepted a takeover of the company by Japanese camera equipment manufacturer Nikon Corporation for an undisclosed amount; this may be part of a growing interest of Nikon to expand into the digital cinema camera market. On April 12, 2024, Nikon announced that it had acquired 100% of the outstanding membership interests of Red Digital Cinema. Keiji Oishi, of Nikon's imaging business unit, assumed the role of CEO and Tommy Rios, the executive vice president of Red Digital Cinema, became co-CEO. Red's former president, Jarred Land, and James Jannard, Red's founder, remain as close advisors to the company.

On May 9, 2024, Nikon Corporation released their financial results report of the year ended March 31, 2024 and disclosed the amount paid, reported as "the deal of the century" in the camera industry: 13,167 million yen, approximately $87 million US dollars (the currency exchange rate on April 8, 2024 ), which represents 1-2% within the Nikon Group Companies.

Red One
The Red One first introduced in 2007 was Red Digital Cinema's first production camera. It captures up to 120 frames per second at 2K resolution and 60 frames per second at 4K resolution. Its "Mysterium" sensor was acquisitioned for use with the proprietary RAW format called Redcode. By 2010, Red began selling upgrades to a 14 megapixel sensor called the "M-X". The Red One has been reviewed as having effectively the same quality as 35 mm film. The Red One was made out of aluminum alloy, and the body alone weighs 10 lb.

It was used to shoot Che, The Informant, and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. In 2010, Red released the Red Epic, which was used to shoot The Amazing Spider-Man, The Hobbit, Prometheus, Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides and The Great Gatsby as well as many other feature films.

DSMC system
In 2009, Red began releasing new cameras with an updated form factor compared to the Red One. Designed with the goal of facilitating either still images or video, depending on the mounting setup, Red called the concept DSMC for "Digital Stills and Motion Capture". The first camera released for this system was Epic-X, a professional digital stills and motion capture camera with interchangeable lens mounts. After this a new camera line called Scarlet was introduced that provided lower end specifications at a more affordable price. Initially equipped with a 5K imaging sensor, upgrades were later offered to a 6K sensor with higher dynamic range called the "".

DSMC2 system
The DSMC2 family of cameras was introduced in 2015 as the new form factor for all cameras up to 2020. The Weapon 8K VV and Weapon 6K were the first two cameras announced within this line. They were followed by the Red Raven 4.5K and Scarlet-W 5K. Third-party capture formats, namely Apple ProRes and Avid DNxHD, were made available for these cameras.

In 2016, an 8K sensor called "Helium" was introduced with the two cameras Red Epic-W and Weapon 8K S35. In early January 2017, this was given the highest sensor score ever, 108, by the DxOMark website. Marvel Studios' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was the first film to be released that was shot on the Weapon. The film was shot at the camera's full 8K resolution, and featured an equivalent workflow, supplanting director David Fincher's Gone Girl as the film with the highest-resolution post-production workflow.

DSMC3 System
In 2019, Jared Land from Red announced the Red Komodo camera. In 2020, Red started to ship the "beta" stormtrooper white models of the Red Komodo to customers on the waitlist. The price for the beta cameras is $6,995, with the regular black shipping models for $5,995 (body only). The Komodo camera features 6K video, super 35 sensor, a Canon RF lens mount, a dual BP battery plate, and a global shutter. In 2021, Red announced the Red V-Raptor camera, the current flagship model in Red's lineup of cameras, and the first camera that officially belongs to the DSMC3 family of cameras. Like the Komodo, the Red V-Raptor also has an active Canon RF lens mount, but unlike the Komodo, the V-Raptor is capable of multi-format recording.

The V-Raptor features a VistaVision 8K sensor (40.96 mm x 21.60  mm) with the ability to crop to smaller formats like Super35. It is capable of recording full sensor 8K at 120 FPS (or 150 FPS cropped to 2.4:1), and high frame rates of up to 600 FPS in 2K. With an advertised dynamic range of 17 stops. It was launched with a price tag of $24,500 (body only). Red would later release the V-Raptor XL in 2022, featuring a larger body with an expanded range of ports, internal ND filter, additional aux power, interchangeable lens mount, among other features.

In November 2022, Red announced the V-Raptor Rhino, a limited edition version of the V-Raptor, but featuring an 8K Super35 sensor and a light grey color scheme. It was launched with a price tag of $19,500. In March 2023, the V-Raptor and V-Raptor XL S35 was launched. These cameras were identical to the previous V-Raptor and XL models and, like the V-Raptor Rhino, have Super35 sensors instead of the original VistaVision sensor.

Lenses
Red has offered S35 PL mount prime and zoom lenses for their cameras.

Hydrogen One modular smartphone system
In 2017, Red announced their intentions to enter the smartphone market including planned features such as a 5.7" holographic display and integration with existing camera products. On May 18, 2018, Red announced the Hydrogen One, with a release date in August 2018. Promised features included a holographic display, spatial sound, compatibility with the Red camera program, the launch of a streaming service, and modular add-ons similar to the "Moto Mods" feature of Motorola's Moto Z. Especially the announced camera sensor module received attention, with Red founder Jannard claiming: "If you were shooting an 8K Weapon on set as your A camera, this could certainly be your B camera."

On release, the smartphone was a critical disappointment and was even cited as a contender for the worst technology product of 2018, arising from outdated hardware and a lack of capabilities. Similarly, the phone was a commercial flop, and in 2019, promised modular add-ons vanished from Red's website, with Jannard announcing the company was "currently in the middle of radically changing the Hydrogen program". In late 2019, the company discontinued the product line.

Software
Red began selling its Redcine-X package for post-production workflow in 2009. The process of decompressing the sensor data can be sped up with a Red Rocket accelerator card. There is a downloadable SDK for working directly with the Redcode images, and another for controlling the cameras remotely.

Redray
Announced in 2012, the Redray Player was the first stand-alone device capable of providing 4K content to compatible 2D or 3D displays. Using a 1 TB internal drive for storage, the Redray plays 4K or HD media in the Redcode format. The player uses 12-bit 4:2:2 precision. A cinema laser projector in the same family was also announced in 2012 but never released.

Lawsuits
On August 18, 2008, Red filed a lawsuit against the electronics company LG over its use of the name Scarlet. Red accused LG "of taking the 'Scarlet' brand name from the camera company" after Red had denied LG's request to use it.

On September 23, 2011, Jannard announced that his personal email account was compromised by former Arri executive Michael Bravin. A lawsuit against Arri and Bravin was filed at the end of 2011; it was settled and dismissed in 2013.

On June 27, 2012, Red sued Wooden Camera, a manufacturer of third party accessories, for patent infringement.

In February 2013, Red filed for an injunction against Sony, claiming that several of its new CineAlta products, particularly the 4K-capable F65, infringed on patents the company held. They requested that Sony not only be forced to stop selling the cameras, but that they be destroyed as well. Sony filed a countersuit against Red in April 2013, alleging that Red's entire product line infringed on Sony patents. In July 2013, both parties filed jointly for dismissal, and as of July 20, 2013, the case is closed.

On March 2, 2017, Red filed a lawsuit against the maker of JinniMag, a third party copy of the Red Mini Mag. Videos posted on the Jinni.Tech YouTube channel have accused Red Digital Cinema Cameras of lying to their customers and possibly obtaining their patents by deceiving the USPTO.

In May 2019, Apple Inc. filed a lawsuit against Red.com, LLC over several patents relating to digital cinema cameras and sensor processing. Apple lost the case in November 2019. Apple argued that the patents related to Redcode Raw were "unpatentable", but a judge ruled that Apple's legal team had not provided sufficient evidence to back up their claims.

Red's RAW video patent that has resulted in multiple companies being sued by Red is US8872933. This US patent is scheduled to expire on April 11, 2028.

title: Red Digital Cinema


text: User talk:203.115.66.154

title: User talk:203.115.66.154


text:
Al Keller

Alvah August “Al” Keller (April 11, 1920 in Alexander, New York – November 19, 1961 in Phoenix, Arizona) was an American racecar driver.

NASCAR
Keller participated in the NASCAR Strictly Stock/Grand National series from 1949 to 1956 with 29 career starts. He won two races during the 1954 season and was the first driver in the history of NASCAR's top division to have won a race in a foreign-built car. Keller won the 1954 Grand National road-race at the Linden Airport in New Jersey, driving a Jaguar owned by big band leader Paul Whiteman. He also won by a two-lap margin at Oglethorpe Speedway in 1954.

IndyCar
In 1954 Keller began a transition to Championship Cars. He drove in the AAA and USAC Champ Car series, racing in the 1954-1959 and 1961 seasons with 32 starts, including the Indianapolis 500 six times. He was involved in the crash that killed Bill Vukovich in 1955. He finished in the top ten 13 times, with a best finish of 2nd two times (Atlanta in 1956, and Milwaukee in 1961). His best Indy 500 finish was 5th in 1961.

Death
Keller died as a result of injuries sustained in a Champ Car crash at the Arizona State Fairgrounds track.

title: Al Keller


text:
Safe-cracking

Safe-cracking is the process of opening a safe without either the combination or the key.

Physical methods
Safes have widely different designs, construction methods, and locking mechanisms. A safe cracker needs to know the specifics of whichever will come into play.

Lock manipulation
Lock manipulation is a damage-free, combination-based method. A well known surreptitious bypass technique, it requires knowledge of the device and well developed touch, along with the senses of sight and possibly sound.

While manipulation of combination locks is usually performed on Group 2 locks, many Group 1 locks are also susceptible. The goal is to successfully obtain the combination one number at a time. Manipulation procedures vary, but all rely on exploiting mechanical imperfections in the lock to open it, and, if desired, recover its combination for future use. Similar damage-free bypass can also be achieved by using a computerized auto-dialer or manipulation robot in a so-called brute-force attack. These auto-dialer machines may take 24 hours or more to reach the correct combination, although modern devices with advanced software may do so faster.

Mechanical safe locks are manipulated primarily by feel and vision, with sound sometimes supplementing the process. To find the combination the operator uses the lock against itself by measuring internal movements with the dial numbers. More sophisticated locks use advanced mechanics to reduce any feedback available to a technician in identifying a combination. These group 1 locks were developed in response to group 2 lock manipulation. Wheels made from lightweight materials will reduce valuable sensory feedback, but are mainly used for improved resistance against radiographic attacks. Manipulation is often the preferred choice in lost-combination lockouts, since it requires no repairs or damage, but can be time consuming for an operator, the specific difficulty depends on the unique wheel shapes and where the gates rest in relation to them. A novice's opening time will be governed by these random inconsistencies, while some leading champions of this art show consistency. There are also a number of tools on the market to assist safe engineers in manipulating a combination lock open in the field.

Nearly all combination locks allow some "slop", or deviation, while entering a combination on the dial. On average, 1% radial rotation in either direction from the center of the true combination number allows the fence to fall despite slight deviation, so that for a given safe, it may be necessary only to try a subset of possible combinations. Such "slops" may allow for a margin of error of plus or minus two digits, which means that trying multiples of five would be sufficient in this case. This drastically reduces the time required to exhaust the number of meaningful combinations. A further reduction in solving time is obtained by trying all possible settings for the last wheel for a given setting of the first wheels before nudging the next-to-last wheel to its next meaningful setting, instead of zeroing the lock each time with a number of turns in one direction.

Guessing the combination
A safe may be compromised by using a manufacturer-set combination. Known as try-out combinations, these allow an owner initial access to their safe in order to set a new unique one. Sources of try-out combinations exist by manufacturer.

Other easy-to-guess combinations include a birthdate, street address, or driver's license number.

Autodialer
Autodialing machines have been developed to open safes. Unlike fictional machines that can open any combination in a matter of seconds, such machines are usually specific to a particular type of lock and must cycle through thousands of combinations before success. Such a device was created by two students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which took 21,000 tries to open a Sargent and Greenleaf 8500 lock on a Diebold Safe. Lockmasters, Inc. markets the QX3 Combi Autodialer (LKMCOMBI) that works on a variety of 3 and 4 Wheel combination safe locks.

Another computer-aided method uses tools similar to autodialers, which instead make measurements of the internal components of the lock then deduce the combination in a way similar to that of a human safe cracker. Mas Hamilton's SoftDrill was one such device, but is no longer in production.

Weak-point drilling

Some safes are susceptible to compromise by drilling. Manufacturers publish tightly-guarded drill-point diagrams for locksmiths for specific models. Drilling is an aid in bypassing the locking mechanism, as well as gaining more information about it in order to defeat it. It is the most common method used by locksmiths on malfunctioning or damaged locks, and commonly used in burglary.

Drill-points are often located close to the axis of the dial on the combination lock, but drilling for observation may sometimes require drilling through the top, sides or rear of the safe. While observing the lock, the attacker manipulates the dial to align the lock gates so that the fence falls and the bolt is disengaged.

Bypass attacks involve physical manipulation of both the lock and its bolt mechanism.

Punching, peeling and using a torch are other methods of compromising a safe. The punch system is widely used by criminals for rapid entry. Punching was developed by Pavle Stanimirovic and used in New York City. Peeling is a method that involves removing the outer skin of the safe.

All quality safes protect against drilling attacks through the strategic use of specially tempered or alloyed hardplate steel, or composite hardplate (casting tungsten carbide chips into alloys such as cobalt-vanadium, designed to shatter the cutting tips of a drill bit). These include protecting the locking mechanism, the bolts, and areas where drilling could be used to advantage. Special diamond or tungsten-carbide drill-bits can make some headway with some hardplates, but it is still a time-consuming and difficult process.

Some high-security safes use a tempered glass relocker. This has wires that lead from the glass to randomly located, spring-loaded bolts. If a penetrating drill or torch breaks the glass, the bolts are released, blocking retraction of the main locking bolts. A gas abrasive drill can sometimes be used to safely drill through a glass relocker.

Plasma cutters and thermal lances can be as hot as 2200 C, much hotter than traditional oxyacetylene torches, and can be used to burn through the metal on a safe. Many modern high-security safes also incorporate additional thermal safeties to foil blow torches and thermal lances. These are usually in the form of fusible links integrated into the glass relocker cabling, which trigger it when a set temperature is exceeded.

Drilling is an attractive method of safecracking for locksmiths, as it is usually quicker than manipulation, and drilled safes can generally be repaired and returned to service.

Scoping
Scoping a safe is the process of drilling a hole and inserting a borescope into the safe to get an intimate look into a specific part of the security container. When manipulation-proof mechanical locks and glass re-lockers are implemented as security measures, scoping is the most practical option. One common method is called "scoping the change key hole." The safecracker will drill a hole allowing him to get his scope into a position to observe the change key hole. While spinning the dial and looking through the change key hole for certain landmarks on the combination lock's wheel pack, it is possible to obtain the combination and then dial open the safe with the correct combination. This method is common for a professional safe specialist because it leaves the lock in good working order and only simple repairs are needed to bring the safe barrier back to its original condition. It is also a common way to bypass difficult hard plates and glass re-lockers since the change key hole can be scoped by drilling the top, side, or back of the container.

Brute force methods
Other methods of cracking a safe generally involve damaging the safe so that it is no longer functional. These methods may involve explosives or other devices to inflict severe force and damage the safe so it may be opened. Examples of penetration tools include acetylene torches, drills, and thermal lances. This method requires care as the contents of the safe may be damaged. Safe-crackers can use what are known as jam shots to blow off the safe's doors.

Most modern safes are fitted with 'relockers' (like the one described above) which are triggered by excessive force and will then lock the safe semi-permanently (a safe whose relocker has tripped must then be forced, as the combination or key alone will no longer suffice). This is why a professional safe-technician will use manipulation rather than brute force to open a safe so they do not risk releasing the relocker.

Radiological methods
Penetrating radiation such as X-ray radiation can be used to reveal the internal angular relationship of the wheels gates to the flys mechanism to deduce the combination. Some modern safe locks are made of lightweight materials such as nylon to inhibit this technique, since most safe exteriors are made of much denser metals. The Chubb Manifoil Mk4 combination lock contains a lead shield surrounding part of the lock to defeat such attempts to read its wheels.

Tunneling into bank vaults
Large bank vaults which are often located underground have been compromised by safe-crackers who have tunneled in using digging equipment. This method of safe-cracking has been countered by building patrol-passages around the underground vaults. These patrol-passages allow early detection of any attempts to tunnel into a vault.

Safe bouncing
A number of inexpensive safes sold to households for under $100 use mechanical locking mechanisms that are vulnerable to bouncing. Many cheap safes use a magnetic locking pin to prevent lateral movement of an internal locking bolt, and use a solenoid to move the pin when the correct code is entered. This pin can also be moved by the impact of the safe being dropped or struck while on its side, which allows the safe to be opened. One security researcher taught his three-year-old son how to open most consumer gun safes. More expensive safes use a gear mechanism that is less susceptible to mechanical attacks.

Magnet risk
Low-end home and hotel safes often utilize a solenoid as the locking device and can often be opened using a powerful rare-earth magnet.

Electronic methods
Electronic locks are not vulnerable to traditional manipulation techniques (except for brute-force entry). These locks are often compromised through power analysis attacks. Several tools exist that can automatically retrieve or reset the combination of an electronic lock; notably, the Little Black Box and Phoenix. Tools like these are often connected to wires in the lock that can be accessed without causing damage to the lock or container. Nearly all high-end, consumer-grade electronic locks are vulnerable to some form of electronic attack.

TEMPEST
The combinations for some electronic locks can be retrieved by examining electromagnetic emissions coming from the lock. Because of this, many safe locks used to protect critical infrastructure are tested and certified to resist TEMPEST attacks. These include the Kaba Mas X-10 and S&G 2740B, which are FF-L-2740B compliant.

Spiking the lock
Low-end electronic fire-safes, such as those used in hotels or for home use, are locked with either a small motor or a solenoid. If the wires running to the device (solenoid or motor) can be accessed, the device can be 'spiked' with a voltage from an external source - typically a 9 volt battery - to open the container.

Keypad-based attacks
If an electronic lock accepts user input from a keypad, this process can be observed in order to reveal the combination. Common attacks include:

 * Visually observing a user enter the combination (shoulder surfing)
 * Hiding a camera in the room which records the user pressing keys
 * Examining fingerprints left on the keys
 * Placing certain gels, powders, or substances on the keys that can be smudged or transferred between keys when the combination is entered, and observed at a later time.
 * Placing a "skimmer" (akin to those used for credit card fraud) behind the keypad to record the digital signals that are sent to the lock body when the combination is entered.
 * Examining wear or deformity of buttons which are pressed more often than others

Many of these techniques require the attacker to tamper with the keypad, wait for the unsuspecting user to enter the combination, and return at a later time to retrieve the information. These techniques are sometimes used by members of intelligence or law enforcement agencies, as they are often effective and surreptitious.

High-security keypads
Some keypads are designed to inhibit the aforementioned attacks. This is usually accomplished by restricting the viewing angle of the keypad (either by using a mechanical shroud or special buttons), or randomizing the positions of the buttons each time a combination is entered.

Some keypads use small LED or LCD displays inside of the buttons to allow the number on each button to change. This allows for randomization of the button positions, which is normally performed each time the keypad is powered on. The buttons usually contain a lenticular screen in front of the display, which inhibits off-axis viewing of the numbers.

When properly implemented, these keypads make the "shoulder surfing" attack infeasible, as the combination bears no resemblance to the positions of the keys which are pressed.

While these keypads can be used on safes and vaults, this practice is uncommon.

Media depictions
Movies often depict a safe-cracker determining the combination of a safe lock using his fingers or a sensitive listening device to determine the combination of a rotary combination lock. Other films also depict an elaborate scheme of explosives and other devices to open safes.

Some of the more famous works include:

 * A Retrieved Reformation (1909)
 * The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
 * Rififi (1955)
 * The Cracksman (1963)
 * You Only Live Twice (1967)
 * Who's Minding the Mint? (1967)
 * Olsen Gang
 * Olsen-banden
 * Olsen-banden Junior
 * Olsenbanden
 * Olsenbanden Jr.
 * Jönssonligan
 * Lilla Jönssonligan
 * Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)
 * On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)—Auto-dialer
 * The Burglars (1971)
 * Cool Breeze (1972)
 * Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974)
 * No Deposit, No Return (1976)
 * Thief (1981)
 * Vabank (1981)
 * Blood Simple (1984)
 * Short Circuit 2 (1988)
 * Die Hard (1988)—Drilling, guessing electronic passwords
 * Disorganized Crime (1989)
 * Breaking In (1989)—Drilling, hammering (a cheap safe), nitroglycerin explosives, torch-cutting (with this method the contents were destroyed), social engineering
 * Hudson Hawk (1991)
 * Killing Zoe (1994)
 * Heat (1995)—Drilling, physical sabotage of external security systems
 * Safe Men (1998)
 * The Newton Boys (1998)
 * Blue Streak (1999)
 * Sexy Beast (2000)—Tunneling into a bank vault, and physical destruction of security devices by flooding
 * Small Time Crooks (2000)
 * Ocean's Eleven (2001)—Social engineering, physical sabotage of security systems
 * The Score (2001)—Drilling, thermal lance, internal explosion. This method shown at the climax of the film was tested on an episode of MythBusters (see below).
 * Panic Room (2002)—Drilling, brute force, physical destruction of electronic security systems
 * The Italian Job (2003)
 * Bad Santa (2003)
 * Brainiac: Science Abuse (2003)—The safe was eventually cracked by a high-explosive round fired using a Challenger 2 Tank. The contents were destroyed.
 * The Ladykillers (2004)
 * Burn Notice (2007–2013)
 * The Bank Job (2008)
 * Payday: The Heist (2011)
 * Dom Hemingway (2013)
 * Payday 2 (2013-2016)
 * Battlefield Hardline (2015; video game)—Safe-cracking robot
 * Army of Thieves (2021)

Three safecracking methods seen in movies were also tested on the television show MythBusters, with some success. While the team was able to blow the door off of a safe by filling the safe with water and detonating an explosive inside it, the contents of the safe were destroyed and filling the safe with water required sealing it from the inside. The safe had also sprung many leaks.

title: Safe-cracking


text:
I'm Alive and on Fire

I'm Alive and on Fire is a 2001 album by Canadian rock band Danko Jones. It collects tracks the band recorded from 1996 to 1999, including several that appeared on the EPs Danko Jones and My Love Is Bold.

Track listing

 * 1) "Rock Shit Hot" – 1:27
 * 2) "Samuel Sin" – 1:19
 * 3) "Bounce" – 3:05
 * 4) "Sugar Chocolate" – 1:54
 * 5) "I'm Alive and on Fire" – 1:16
 * 6) "The Mango Kid" – 3:33
 * 7) "Sex Change Shake" – 2:11
 * 8) "Cadillac" – 2:10
 * 9) "Dr. Evening" – 2:39
 * 10) "Too Much Trouble" – 1:07
 * 11) "New Woman" – 1:44
 * 12) "Womanbound" – 2:39
 * 13) "My Love Is Bold" – 4:54

All songs are written by Danko Jones (SOCAN)

Credits

 * tracks 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11: recorded by Peter Hudson at Halam, 1996-1998.
 * tracks 6, 7, 12: recorded by Jeff McMurrich at Signal to Noise, 1999.
 * tracks 2, 3, 13: recorded by Eric Ratz at Vespa and Rob Sanzo at Signal to Noise, 1999.
 * mastered by Jon Drew.
 * sleeve design (alternative cover) by garytaxali.com & gregmably.com
 * photography by louiepalu.com

(as credited in inside of sleeve)

title: I'm Alive and on Fire


text: Category:Danko Jones albums

title: Category:Danko Jones albums


text:
Talk:Provinces of Kenya

hi, what is do u mean when u say nairobi is not a province rather an area? what if it comes to an exam a student is required to name the province of kenya u mean the student shd say 7 not 8 and we well know that we have a Provincial Commisioner in NAIROBI? Just reply this plz.

Census 2009 Data
According to the census of 2009 Kenya consists of 8 provinces which are further divided into 47 districts. The data in the current article is based on the 1999 census and needs updating. John Mudie (talk)

Confused by classification.
In reading the article as a non-Kenyan, I am confused by the differences between "Local Authorities", "Administrative Divisions" and "Constituencies". Could someone please elaborate in the article and provide sources for the information? I used to live near Githunguri in the Kiambu District of Central province, but I wasn't aware of the finer political divisions and what they all meant as far as Kenyan politics. I'm sure others reading the article know even less about Kenya, so it would be nice to have an explanation of the relationship between all these types of division. - Parsa 20:01, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Provinces form part of the 'Provinicial administration' (which includes districts, divisions and so forth), whose staff are all appointed by the office of the president. Local Authorities are: City, Municipal, town and county councils that mainly represent urban areas. Their members (councillors) are elected from electoral wards.Kimemia Maina (talk) 12:12, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED per unopposed request. Most incoming links point to Provinces of Kenya anyway. -GTBacchus(talk) 23:34, 10 March 2007 (UTC) Subdivisions of Kenya → Provinces of Kenya – This page deals almost exclusively with the provinces. Nyttend 05:40, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Survey
''Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" or other opinion in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion with ~

Discussion
''Add any additional comments
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Ethnic
Is division based in ethnic princip?--Kaiyr (talk) 21:08, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Rename this article
This article should be renamed as "Former Provinces of Kenya". I don't think I can do that as an unregistered user.

Not sure if renaming the article would break of the links from other articles that link to this one.

title: Talk:Provinces of Kenya


text:
Talk:Redfern, New South Wales

Untitled
This page would benefit from a couple of pictures, maybe one of Everleigh Street?

Immigrants and Students
The following was claimed in the "Feb 2004 riots" section: Its unsourced and doesn't belong in the riots section. If anyone knows a source for it, can they share? An An 14:49, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Immigrants and international students have been told not to stay at Redfern alone since 1996, for the their personal safety.

 * I agree, it probably shouldn't be there. Aside from the somewhat discrimatory nature of the comment, it poses the question of who has issued that recommendation. The University of Sydney Security Service offers some common sense advice, but I don't think it's really relevant to the main article either. -Techelf 13:48, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

July 2005 edit
I've gone through the article and made what I hope are improvements to the text. Tony 07:29, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

I studied at the USYD in my exchange program, in 2003. On the first day the administration ppl told us (international students) that Redfern is a "no-go-area" at night. Due to these reason USYD organised a shuttle bus from the campus to Redfern station. Jens

I had the exact same experience when I began studying at USyd in 2002. I have since lived in Redfern and believe these warnings to be over-cautious, though largely directed at the majority of the audience, who were Chinese and probably in much more danger for a variety of reasons. mg e kelly 03:03, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't think it was especially international students - walking to Redfern Station late at night can be a dangerous experience for anyone. The same is true for inner-city parts of most big cities, so this is not really a Redfern issue. Jeendan 02:57, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I also studied at USYD as an international student on an exchange programme in 2003-04. I remember the security guy cautioning us about Redfern. I can confirm the shuttle bus, too. But then, I seem to recall him telling us to avoid Victoria Park at night, because you get could attacked by "gangs of little girls with knives" hiding behind trees... Aridd (talk) 11:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

In 2007 faithful patrons of the berkley, a small pub on abercrombie street in redfern, fended off would-be robbers by throwing barstools at them. The article appeared in the sydney morning herald under the headline 'The Barstool is Mightier than the Sword'. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.69.31.17 (talk) 01:16, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

August 2006 edit
I've just gone through and added some history and location information. I changed some of the comments that quite derogatory in their original form. I also altered some unsubstantiated and unsourced info. J Bar 01:35, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Picture of Lawson Street
I reverted the caption about Lawson Street being the longest set of terrace houses in the southern hemisphere. I can find no source for this information and can not validate it's accuracy.

The Block
I reverted to a previous version, leaving the new information in, as there was no talk about why the information was deleted. It is important to give a reasonable amount of information explaining the origin of the Block, as so many misperceptions are held. --Neighbourly (talk) 14:38, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

South Sydney Rabbitohs
What exactly are the details and extent of the relationship between Redfern and the South Sydney Rabbitohs? You hear the two used in connection with eachother a lot in the media. The Redfern article mentions nothing. This is just the type of thing one would expect to be detailed on Wikipedia.--Jeff79 (talk) 19:09, 26 September 2009 (UTC)

Info box picture of South Dowling Street apartments
The apartment building on the picture that was in the info box is actually in Waterloo. The streets on the picture are Danks Street (left) and Crescent Street(right), the latter of which marks the border between Redfern and Waterloo. I changed it to a picture of Redfern Park. Perhaps a park is not the best picture of an inner-city suburb, but at least it's actually in Redfern so I think it's an improvement for now.

Willi5willi5 (talk) 03:24, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

Needs pre colonisation history section
This article needs history prior to European settlement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stuboy (talk • contribs) 05:03, 13 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Redfern, New South Wales


text:
Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)

The Frosty is a frozen dairy dessert of the American fast-food restaurant chain Wendy's. The Frosty was among the first five items introduced on the Wendy's menu.

Wendy's founder Dave Thomas created the original "light chocolate" Frosty himself by combining chocolate and vanilla flavors, as he thought that a pure chocolate flavor would overwhelm the taste of the restaurant's hamburgers. Thomas based the Frosty on the milkshakes he drank in Detroit as a youth, and created the Frosty to be thick enough to require a spoon to eat. The consistency has been described as partway between that of a milkshake and soft-serve ice cream.

Specialty flavors
Over the years Wendy's has occasionally introduced new flavor variations. In August 2006, a vanilla flavor was introduced after repeated customer requests. In the summer of 2022 and 2023, the vanilla Frosty was temporarily replaced with a strawberry Frosty. In November 2022, Wendy's released the new peppermint Frosty for the holidays; this was the third new flavor released and temporarily replaced the vanilla Frosty. In September 2023, a pumpkin spice frosty was introduced. In Spring 2024, an orange dreamsicle frosty was introduced. In Summer 2024, a triple berry frosty was introduced.

title: Frosty (frozen dairy dessert)