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Pariser–Parr–Pople method

In molecular physics, the Pariser–Parr–Pople method applies semi-empirical quantum mechanical methods to the quantitative prediction of electronic structures and spectra, in molecules of interest in the field of organic chemistry. Previous methods existed—such as the Hückel method which led to Hückel's rule—but were limited in their scope, application and complexity, as is the Extended Hückel method.

This approach was developed in the 1950s by Rudolph Pariser with Robert Parr and co-developed by John Pople. It is essentially a more efficient method of finding reasonable approximations of molecular orbitals, useful in predicting physical and chemical nature of the molecule under study since molecular orbital characteristics have implications with regards to both the basic structure and reactivity of a molecule. This method used the zero-differential overlap (ZDO) approximation to reduce the problem to reasonable size and complexity but still required modern solid state computers (as opposed to punched card or vacuum tube systems) before becoming fully useful for molecules larger than benzene.

Originally, Pariser's goal of using this method was to predict the characteristics of complex organic dyes, but this was never realized. The method has wide applicability in precise prediction of electronic transitions, particularly lower singlet transitions, and found wide application in theoretical and applied quantum chemistry. The two basic papers on this subject were among the top five chemistry and physics citations reported in ISI, Current Contents 1977 for the period of 1961–1977 with a total of 2450 references.

In contrast to the Hartree–Fock-based semiempirical method counterparts (i.e.: MOPAC), the pi-electron  theories have a very strong ab initio basis. The PPP formulation is actually an approximate pi-electron effective operator, and the empirical parameters, in fact, include effective electron correlation effects. A rigorous, ab initio theory of the PPP method is provided by diagrammatic, multi-reference, high order perturbation theory (Freed, Brandow, Lindgren, etc.). (The exact formulation is non-trivial, and requires some field theory) Large scale ab initio calculations (Martin and Birge, Martin and Freed, Sheppard and Freed, etc.) have confirmed many of the approximations of the PPP model and explain why the PPP-like models work so well with such a simple formulation.

title: Pariser–Parr–Pople method


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Ribeirinha (Lajes do Pico)

Ribeirinha is a civil parish in the municipality of Lajes do Pico in the Portuguese Autonomous Region of the Azores. It is the only parish in the municipality to be totally on the northern coast of the island. The population in 2011 was 374, in an area of 8.49 km2. It is the smallest parish in the municipality by area. It contains the localities Baixa, Biscoito, Ribeirinha and Terra Alta.

History
It was established in 1980, when it was carved from the neighboring civil parish of Piedade, with which it shares its border on the eastern coast.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ribeirinha (Lajes do Pico)


text:
Endless knot

The endless knot or eternal knot is a symbolic knot and one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols. It is an important symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. It is an important cultural marker in places significantly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism such as Tibet, Mongolia, Tuva, Kalmykia, and Buryatia. It is also found in Celtic, Kazakh and Chinese symbolism.

History
The endless knot appears on clay tablets from the Indus Valley civilization (2500 BC) and on a historic era inscription.

Buddhism
Various Buddhist interpretations of the symbol are:

 * The endless knot iconography symbolised Samsara i.e., the endless cycle of suffering of birth, death and rebirth within Tibetan Buddhism.
 * The inter-twining of wisdom and compassion.
 * Interplay and interaction of the opposing forces in the dualistic world of manifestation, leading to their union, and ultimately to harmony in the universe.
 * The mutual dependence of religious doctrine and secular affairs.
 * The union of wisdom and method.
 * The inseparability of emptiness (shunyata) and dependent origination, the underlying reality of existence.
 * The link between ancestors and omnipresence represented by the etymology of Tantra, Yoga and religion) (see Namkha.)
 * The wisdom of the Buddha as neither are said to have a beginning or end.

Hinduism
In Hinduism, Srivatsa is mentioned as 'connected to shree', i.e the goddess Lakshmi. It is a mark on the chest of Vishnu where his consort Lakshmi resides. According to the Vishnu purana, the tenth avatar of Vishnu, Kalki, will bear the Shrivatsa mark on his chest. It is one of the names of Vishnu in the Vishnu Sahasranamam. Srivatsa is considered to be auspicious symbol in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Jainism
In Jainism it is one of the eight auspicious items, an asthamangala, however found only in the Svetambara sect. It is often found marking the chests of the 24 tirthankaras. It is more commonly referred to as the Shrivatsa.

Logo
A stylized version of the endless knot is the logo of China Unicom.

title: Endless knot


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Richard Northey

Richard John Northey (born 28 April 1945) is a New Zealand politician. He was an MP from 1984 to 1990, and again from 1993 to 1996. He served on the Auckland Council between 2010 and 2013, and is a member of the Labour Party.

Early life and career
Northey was born in Hamilton in 1945 and was educated at Auckland Grammar School. He then attended the University of Auckland where he obtained a Bachelor of Science in chemistry and physics and a first class Master of Arts in political science.

He then found employment as a youth and recreation officer, arts advisor and employment officer. He became president of the New Zealand Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and served on the committee of the New Zealand Consultative Committee on Disarmament. He was also an executive member of the Auckland District Council of Social Service and Citizens' Advocacy and the president of the Citizens Association for Racial Equality (CARE).

He joined the Labour Party and became chairman of Princes Street Labour as well as the Eden Central and Orakei branches. Later he was chair of the Tamaki and Eden electorate committees. Northey also was the vice-president, and later president, of the Auckland Labour Regional Council and was a member of Labour's national executive as a youth representative.

Local body politics
Northey first stood as a Labour Party candidate for the Auckland City Council at the 1968 local elections. He stood for the council unsuccessfully four times before finally winning a seat at a by-election in February 1979. He lost his seat at the next election in 1980. After exiting the council Northey stood unsuccessfully for Parliament against the then Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, in the Tamaki electorate in the 1981 election. In the 1983 local elections Northey regained a seat on the city council before deciding not to stand for re-election in 1986.

Member of Parliament
He was first elected to Parliament in the 1984 election as MP for Eden, replacing National's Aussie Malcolm. He was re-elected in the 1987 election, but was defeated in the National Party's landslide victory in the 1990 election. During this time he was chair of the Auckland Labour MPs Lobby. In 1986 Northey led the New Zealand government's youth delegation to China, attended the inter-parliamentary union conference in Bangkok in 1987 and was a delegate at the first parliamentary conference on the global environment in Washington in 1990. In September 1990 he stood for the Labour Party leadership against Foreign Affairs Minister Mike Moore. His candidature was a surprise to most given that he was not a member of cabinet. He was defeated by Moore by the wide margin of 41 votes to 15.

After losing his seat in 1990, he attempted to regain a seat on the Auckland City Council. He stood as a candidate in a 1991 by-election for the Maungakiekie Ward, finishing runner-up to Ken Graham.

In the 1993 election he returned to Parliament, now representing Onehunga which he took off National's Grahame Thorne. He was selected as the Labour candidate in Onehunga in preference to Chris Diack, a supporter of controversial former finance minister Roger Douglas. After missing out on the nomination Diack and his allies in the branch drained the electorate cash accounts by lump paying more than $6000 in outstanding debts to party headquarters, leaving just $7 to fund Northey's campaign in an act of spite. They then took ownership of an income-earning rental house from the Onehunga Labour Party and used it to instead fund the ACT Party (to whom Diack defected to in 1994) before finally being returned to the Labour Party after a long legal case in 2004.

After re-entering Parliament Northey was aligned to Helen Clark who replaced Moore as leader. Clark appointed him Labour's Shadow Minister of Local Government and Youth Affairs. In a 1995 reshuffle he was also given the disarmament and arms control portfolio. In the 1996 election he contested the Maungakiekie seat after boundary changes caused by the introduction of mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation, but was defeated in an upset by National's Belinda Vernon. He was not ranked high enough on Labour's list to remain in Parliament.

In June 2020 it was revealed that the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service had spied upon Northey during his time in Parliament, under the pretext of his support for racial equality and nuclear disarmament. At the time he was chair of the Justice and Law Reform Select Committee, which was responsible for financial oversight of the SIS, and of legislation altering its powers.

Return to local politics
He has since entered local politics, serving on the Auckland City Council holding senior committee roles. He was elected to the Penrose Ward in 1998 until 2001 when he changed to the Maungakiekie-Tamaki Ward, holding his seat until the council was abolished in 2010. In 2007, Richard Northey became leader of the City Vision-Labour bloc on council.

Northey became a member of Labour's national council for six years and was chairman of the party's policy committee. In 2000 he stood unsuccessfully to replace Bob Harvey as President of the Labour Party, but was defeated by Mike Williams.

He was elected to the new Auckland Council in 2010, representing the Maungakiekie-Tāmaki Ward. In 2013 he contested the Maungakiekie-Tāmaki Ward again but was defeated by Denise Krum.

At the 2016 Auckland elections, Northey was elected as a member of the Waitematā Local Board for the City Vision ticket. He was re-elected in the 2019 Auckland local elections, and was subsequently elected Chair of the Local Board.

Personal life
He was a lecturer in political studies and planning at the University of Auckland. In the 2002 New Year Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for public services.

title: Richard Northey


text:
Talk:GEDCOM

Needs an expert on GEDCOM
Needs attention from an expert on GEDCOM. For the Myths & Limitations section and the article in general. gioto (talk) 23:14, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I have some additional material for an attempt at a history section here.
 * Interesting read, I'll see what I can do. Narracan3824 (talk) 13:16, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Unrelated Comment

 * Really needs an expert on GEDCOM. I think the focus on the problems with sideways relationships, ie, marriages etc, is a bit of a red herring. GEDCOM and genealogy is more about the vertical relationships - parent / child. The sideways relationships can be left out completely without a problem. I know society generally emphasises the 'marriage', but genealogy is mostly about who had which kids. The only use for marriage certificates is that there is usually information that would help track the connections further along. The the only reason I have for using programs using gedcoms is to document and keep track of the vertical, and as such I usually only make a very brief note of relationships that didn't produce children relevant to me. Quite frankly, there might be an interesting story in other relationships, but it doesn't add to my genealogy, and a program or system that emphasises the sideways relos would be useless to me. I think the problems stated in the article aren't actually relevant to genealogy, therefore not relevant to GEDCOMs. jayoval (talk) 00:58, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Volunteer
I'm a senior software engineer who has been working in the genealogy field for many years, and consider myself extremely familiar with GEDCOM. I'll be glad to work on this page a little, but I'm new to Wikipedia (although I have worked with other Wikis before) so I'm unclear on the requirements for adding citations to my changes.

 * How do I add a citation to a myth? Maybe just rewrite that whole section as a "here are some things GEDCOM can do that most users don't realize"?
 * How do I add a citation where the answer is hidden deep in the GEDCOM spec, and not specifically stated but rather implied?
 * Since an official searchable version of the GEDCOM spec is not available online (you can download it, and there are individual users who have uploaded a copy), if I want to point to a particular portion of the spec, is it acceptable to use a non-official version (I'm thinking specifically about Paul McBride's version, referenced already in the article).

Thanks

Cscooper (talk) 13:00, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of good examples of how to reference to various things in the article itself. So just look at how the code of them works. You'll get the picture, it's a very simple markup system. As for making citations to implied aspects of GEDCOM, I think the issue would be rather can you find someone who describes the conclusion you're discussing? On your last point it should be fine to refer to another online copy of the sprc, if you're confident that it won't suddenly go off-line.

--DuLithgow (talk) 15:02, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Can I float a ferinstance or consideration? The question concerns the treatment of nobility. Firstly, there is a confusion between the use of TITL as a citation and TITL as rank. Secondly, there is disparity between TITL and the individual's honorific, which does not appear to be considered in the specification: for example, a member of the UK Privy Council is entitled to the honorific "Right Honourable", in addition to any other titles he may hold. In general, but not in every instance, an individual's rank in nobility is that of his highest title, Duke of Buckingham, Count of Erewhon, Lord of Underbucket. Each of these will presumably be listed as a separate TITL with its subordinate EVENts - but then there arises the question of enumerotation. [King Henry IXth | 20th Duke of Bermondsea | Harry Kiri IV, 8th Count of Outremer] are all simultaneously possible in the same person. There have even been cases of Kings wishing to be known as commoners (George II of England, for example).

How would someone explain that lot? I thinbk you also need a Herald! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.241.227.84 (talk) 12:32, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

Limitations/Place section
I removed the Limitations/Place section. The alleged limitation only makes sense if GEDCOM is used to store data; it does not make sense when GEDCOM is used to transmit data, which is what it was designed to do. Although GEDCOM requires the PLAC be spelled out each time it is used, nothing stops the software writing or reading GEDCOM from normalizing its data. Tms (talk) 20:54, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

Developing a "better GEDCOM"
Recently a new project has been started to develop a "better GEDCOM". The goals are set high (e.g. getting ISO-recognition), but the people working on it are highly knowlegeable and very motivated. I guess adding it to the article isn't necessary yet, but it's definitely worth keeping up with the development: http://bettergedcom.wikispaces.com/ --212.23.104.162 (talk) 18:36, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes worth watching. Probably best to list all similar groups gioto (talk) 21:58, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
 * At the bottom of this article (GEDCOM Alternatives 2010-11-05) it list BetterGEDCOM and another group called The OpenGen Alliance gioto (talk)
 * Please note that the link above for The OpenGen Alliance at http://www.opengen.org/ no longer works; the last working Internet Archive snapshot of the site is from June 2012. Readers may want to look to http://www.opengenalliance.org instead. — Asterisk*Splat 21:51, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I am glad you were able to use my suggested fix for the broken link. Loveonearth (talk) 17:59, 13 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Someone removed the list of 'Alternatives' recently so no links are published now. OpenGen seems to have folded as their Web site is no longer reachable. The BetterGEDCOM wiki is still thriving but a group of contributors formed FHISO earlier this year in order to provide both the consolidation and consensus-building missing from that wiki. They aim to continue with the development of a standard within an international community. All they need is support from more of the 'big players' in the industry. TonyP (talk) 16:10, 26 June 2012 (UTC)

 * For 10 years know there is a mailing list which does focus on further development of the current 5.5.1 de-facto-standard. There where several contradictions within the standard, which where resolved by common agreement, as well as further development to define required extensions. GEDCOM-L is mainly a German discussion group, while English comments are always welcome. Traut (talk) 09:43, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Merge
GEDCOM data validation is not a notable enough topic (separate from GEDCOM) to merit it's own article. It should be merged here. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 20:57, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. And on some other issues mentioned in the discussion and in the article I wonder whether the article is in danger of losing its perspective as an encyclopedia article. An encyclopedia article presumably introduces the topic to the uninformed. It is not a resource for the informed or expert on the topic to gain in-depth knowledge, and a drift in that direction, tempting as it may be when writing these articles, only jeopardizes the value of the article for general use. An encyclopedia article can and perhaps should serve the additional purpose of pointing to more in-depth articles or resources for the benefit of those who want more information.

 * The comment at the beginning of the article under GEDCOM MODEL seems to be of this (questionable) nature. "This contrasts with evidence-based models, where data are structured to reflect the supporting evidence. In the GEDCOM lineage-linked data model, all data are structured to reflect the believed reality, that is, actual (or hypothesized) nuclear families and individuals.". Such comment is only comprehensible to experts in the field and rather than provide elaboration here, it would seem that "Other models and structures have been proposed." is all that is needed here, perhaps with references to other Wikipedia or explanatory articles.

--174.7.25.37 (talk) 15:04, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Proununciation?
How is GEDCOM pronounced? "JED-com"? Casey (talk) 19:19, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Jed (like in Jedidiah) Com (like in communication) -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 00:14, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

GEDCOM proprietary standard status
Let's say a free software project wants to take GEDCOM syntax, modify it for other uses, change semantics and rename it, and use that as a format, would that be possible? --GRAMPS-user-NNNN (talk) 11:41, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm not a lawyer, but I think the main thing to avoid would be referring to your modified project with the "GEDCOM" name. There have already been several proposals for HTML-ized or XML-ized GEDCOM... AnonMoos (talk) 05:25, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

These proposals use GEDCOM semantics, but not its syntax, to my knowledge. --GRAMPS-user-NNNN (talk) 10:32, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Broken link
On 2012-09-23, the '9.^ The Windows GEDCOM Validator' link produces a "404 Not Found" error message.

121.127.206.19 (talk) 08:03, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

On 2013-12-30 the '3.^ "Genealogical Software Report Card". March 2005.' links to a site that does NOT contain said article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.31.97.44 (talk) 19:14, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Proprietary and open?
These terms are somewhat exclusive, if we are using interpretations of open such as the open definition, the Open Source Definition, Freedom Defined, etc.. Is the GEDCOM a proprietary standard, or is it open, peer-reviewed, etc?--Brylie (talk) 08:35, 26 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Not sure about the technicalities of the definitions, but the Mormon church claims the right to determine the future direction of the standard (with indifferent success over the last 15 years), while current versions of the standard are perfectly free to be downloaded, and can be implemented by any software program without having to ask permission or pay royalties. It would also be possible to "fork" the standard, but probably the name "GEDCOM" would have to be removed from the title... AnonMoos (talk) 11:45, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Depends on what version you are talking about. Per the GEDCOM FAQ, GEDCOM X is licensed under the Apache License and the documentation under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licence.  These are opensource licenses.  The name "GEDCOM" is trademarked, which is different than copyright.  Almost all medium to large opensource projects trademark their name.  When a project is forked, the name has to change.  OpenOffice was forked and is called LibreOffice.  The Red Hat Linux operating system has several forks, such as CentOS, Scientific Linux, and Oracle Linux. Also, as per most Open Source projects, an entity is in charge and leads the direction of the project.  The entity can be a person, corporation or foundation. Bgwhite (talk) 22:29, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

FamilySearch removes GEDCOM specifications
See Tamura Jones' post at: FamilySearch removes GEDCOM specifications. He has decided to host them himself (see FamilySearch GEDCOM Specifications) as they are still required by developers who must deal with backwards compatibility with legacy software. What should this article do with its broken links? TonyP (talk) 14:51, 20 August 2014 (UTC)
 * This should be resolved at Family Search soon - see Related standards should remain available from well-known URLs · Issue #273 · FamilySearch/gedcomx.   ★NealMcB★ (talk) 13:48, 24 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The 5.5 and 5.5.1 specs are back up at the Family Search site where they were before (as referenced here previously), thanks to the folks working on gedcom x who noticed the issue I filed. I've linked to the 5.5 spec again from the article.  Thanks, folks!  ★NealMcB★ (talk) 23:48, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

GEDCOM file structure
Does an EBNF specification of the syntax exist? If so it should be referenced. This section should mention what GEDCOM accepts for end-of-line. Regards, ... PeterEasthope (talk) 14:21, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Looking at Extended Backus–Naur form, I'm not sure that it could be used to enforce correct level numbers at the beginning of each line. A lot of times, a multi-line structure is inserted into the middle of another structure so that the first line has level N (where the exact number depends on the surrounding context of where it's inserted), and the subsequent lines all have a level of at least N+1 (sometimes N+2 etc.).  How would EBNF specify that the second line has to begin with a number one greater than whatever number the first line begins with?
 * As for line endings, the preponderance of implementations have been in the DOS/Windows world... AnonMoos (talk) 10:40, 25 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I downloaded and looked at the most recent versions of the specification (apparently the most recent version I had looked at before now was 5.3, which was quite a while ago). In the standards documents, there's a quite detailed discussion of the "data representation grammar" in which the "lineage-linked" form of GEDCOM is specified, but I'm not sure that the data representation grammar could be expressed in EBNF form, due to the special requirements on the level numbers at the beginning of each line (as I discussed above). AnonMoos (talk) 02:58, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

GEDCOM 5.5.1 final released
I replaced GEDCOM 5.5 by GEDCOM 5.5.1 as latest release because FamilySearch released GEDCOM 5.5.1 as standard on 2019-11-15. The version (its release) should be described in the article as well. Markus -voks- Henn (talk) 16:38, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

Shouldn't list patch releases
In the table of GEDCOM versions, I propose using one entry for 7.0, not separate ones for 7.0.0, 7.0.1, 7.0.2, 7.0.3, etc. Starting with 7.0, GEDCOM uses semantic versioning, so 7.0.x differs from 7.0.y only in how it is described in the specification, not in the underlying data model it is describing. See https://gedcom.io/specifications/FamilySearchGEDCOMv7.html#a-guide-to-version-numbers for more.

Put another way: the file format version is 7.0. There have so far been four versions of the spec describing this same file format version: spec versions 7.0.0 through 7.0.3. There is at least one more patch in the works, and likely will be several more as developers from around the world continue to find parts of the spec that are difficult for them to understand and the steering committee patches the document to address those.

For clarity, this proposal does not apply to 5.5.1, which which was a breaking change from 5.5 and should be listed as its own version. Semantic Versioning was not adopted until 7.0.

Luther (talk) 11:10, 22 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:GEDCOM


text:
Battle of Vertières

The Battle of Vertières (Batay Vètyè) was the last major battle of the Haitian Revolution, and the final part of the Revolution under Jean Jacques Dessalines. It was fought on 18 November 1803 between the enslaved Haitian army and Napoleon's French expeditionary forces, who were committed to regaining control of the island.

Vertières is situated just south of Cap-Haïtien (known then as Cap-Français), in the Département du Nord, Haiti. By the end of October 1803, the forces fighting the expeditionary troops had already taken over most of the territory of St. Domingue. The only places controlled by the French forces were Môle St. Nicolas, held by Noailles, and Cap-Français, where, with 5,000 troops, French General Rochambeau was at bay.

Background
In 1802, the revolutionary leader Toussaint Louverture was captured by Napoleon's troops. From the ship that would lead him to his prison cell, and eventual death, Louverture said: “In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the trunk of the tree of black liberty in St. Domingue. It will spring back from the roots, for they are numerous and deep.” After L'Ouverture’s death, Jean Jacques Dessalines continued the fight for liberty by leading the resistance to the French.

Battle
Dessalines defeated the French army numerous times before the battle of Vertières. During the night of 17–18 November 1803, the Haitians positioned their few guns to blast Fort Bréda, located on the habitation where Louverture had worked as a coachman under François Capois. As the French trumpets sounded the alarm, Clervaux, a Haitian rebel, fired the first shot. Capois, mounted on a great horse, led his Haitian demi-brigade forward despite storms of bullets from the forts on his left. The approach to Charrier ran up a long ravine under the guns of Vertières. French fire killed a number of soldiers in the Haitian columns, but the soldiers closed ranks and clambered past their dead, singing. Capois' horse was shot, faltered and fell, tossing Capois off his saddle. Capois picked himself up, drew his sword; brandished it over his head and ran onwards shouting: "Forward! Forward!" (En avant! En avant!).

Rochambeau was watching from the rampart of Vertières. As Capois charged forth, the French drums rolled a sudden cease-fire. Suddenly, the battle stopped. A French staff officer mounted his horse and rode toward the intrepid Capois-la-Mort (Capois-the-Death). With a loud voice, he shouted: "General Rochambeau sends compliments to the general who has just covered himself with such glory!" Then he saluted the Haitian warriors, returned to his position, and the fighting resumed.

General Dessalines sent his reserves under Gabart, the youngest of the generals, while Jean-Philippe Daut, Rochambeau’s guard of grenadiers, formed for a final charge. But Gabart, Capois, and Clervaux, the last fighting with a French musket in hand and with one epaulette shot away, repulsed the desperate counterattack.

A sudden downpour with thunder and lightning drenched the battlefield. Under cover of the storm, Rochambeau pulled back from Vertières, knowing he was defeated and that Saint-Domingue was lost from France.

Aftermath
The next morning, general Rochambeau sent Duveyrier to negotiate with Dessalines. By the end of the day, the terms of the French surrender were settled. Rochambeau got ten days to embark the remainder of his army and leave Saint-Domingue. The wounded French soldiers were left behind under lock and key with the expectation that they would be returned to France, but they were drowned a few days later.

This battle occurred less than two months before Dessalines' proclamation of the independent Republic of Haiti on 1 January 1804. During the Second Restoration, the kingdom of France refused to recognize the independence acquired against the French Republic. In 1826, King Charles X demanded that Haiti pay a compensation of 150 million gold francs before France would recognize the young republic's independence. In 1838, under the July Monarchy, this debt was reduced by King Louis-Philippe to 90 million francs and was paid to France until well into the 1900’s.

November 18 has been widely celebrated since then as a Day of Victory in Haiti.

title: Battle of Vertières


text:
Eggendorf

Eggendorf may refer to the following places in Austria:

 * Eggendorf, Lower Austria, in the district of Wiener Neustadt-Land, Lower Austria
 * Eggendorf im Traunkreis, Upper Austria
 * Eggendorf (Sankt Pölten), a part of Sankt Pölten, Upper Austria
 * Eggendorf Castle, near Eggendorf im Traunkreis.

title: Eggendorf


text:
SIAI-Marchetti

SIAI-Marchetti was an Italian aircraft manufacturer primarily active during the interwar period.

History
The original company was founded during 1915 as SIAI (Società Idrovolanti Alta Italia - Seaplane Company of Upper Italy). As suggested by its name, the firm initially specialised in the manufacture of seaplanes, the vast majority of which were intended for the Italian armed forces. Perhaps its most prominent early aircraft was the SIAI S.16, a seaplane that had been configured to perform both aerial reconnaissance and bomber roles, but also proved itself quite capable of long-distance flights. During 1925, Italian aviator Francesco de Pinedo of the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) used an SIAI S.16ter he named Genariello for a record-setting flight from Rome to Australia and Tokyo to demonstrate his idea that seaplanes were superior to landplanes for long-distance flights. Having departed Rome on 21 April, Pinedo and his mechanic, Ernesto Campanelli, visited dozens of countries, often stopping for multiple weeks at a time, particularly in Australia, before successfully arriving in Tokyo on 26 September 1925.

Shortly following the end of the First World War, the company was rebranded as Savoia following its acquisition of the Società Anonima Costruzioni Aeronautiche Savoia, an Italian aircraft company founded by Umberto Savoia in 1915. The name Marchetti was added to the company's name shortly following the recruitment of its long-serving chief designer, Alessandro Marchetti, during 1922.

Savoia-Marchetti gained prominence with the innovative S.55 flying boat. During 1926, the S.55P prototype successfully established 14 separate world records in categories including speed, altitude, and distance with a payload. Production models were produced for both civilian and military export customers; numerous S.55s were used during the Second World War and for a number of years beyond the conflict, despite the arrival of many newer types.

Savoia-Marchetti became relatively well known for its flying boats and seaplanes, aided by the numerous endurance and speed records that had been set by its products. The company earned the favour of numerous Italian officials, including Air Marshal Italo Balbo. Accordingly, the company was involved in the rapid development and prototyping of a wide portfolio of aircraft types during the 1930s. One such aircraft was the SM.75 trimotor monoplane transport aircraft, which was developed in response to an enquiry by the Italian airline Ala Littoria for a modern, middle- to long-range airliner and cargo aircraft; it featured an early implementation of retractable main landing gear and was capable of long-range missions, such as transporting up to 24 passengers over 1,000 miles. Another was the SM.81 Pipistrello, which became the first three-engine bomber/transport aircraft to be adopted by the Italian Regia Aeronautica; furthermore, it would be one of the most flexible, reliable, and important aircraft operated by the service through the Second World War, transitioning from a front-line bomber to various second-line duties towards the conflict's latter years.

The company became increasingly focused on the construction of military aircraft during the lead-up to, and throughout the majority of, World War II. In particular, the SM.79 Sparviero trimotor Italian medium bomber has been claimed by aviation authors Enzo Angelucci and Paolo Matricardi as being the best-known Italian aeroplane of the conflict. Performing its first flight on 28 September 1934, early examples of the type established 26 separate world records between 1937 and 1939, qualifying the SM.79 for some time as being the fastest medium bomber in the world. It was operated in various capacities during the war, initially focusing on its transport and medium-bomber duties. The SM.79 was developed into an effective torpedo bomber, in which capacity it achieved numerous successes against Allied shipping in the Mediterranean theater.

During 1943, the company was rebranded as SIAI-Marchetti. As the conflict turned in favour of the Allies, the company's manufacturing facilities were a particularly high-priority target for enemy bombers, leading to their virtual destruction by the final months of WWII. The firm continued to make efforts to design and produce new aircraft, such as the SM-93 dive bomber during 1944, but the economic consequences of the costly war made such ambitions unrealistic at best. During the immediate postwar era, SIAI-Marchetti endeavoured to survive within the commercially inhospitable climate by diversifying into the manufacture of various items of railway equipment and trucks though efforts were not successful. The company was relatively insolvent, operating as such for roughly six years following the conflict's end before being compelled to declare bankruptcy in September 1951. During the firm's bankruptcy, all of its staff were dismissed, although more than half were re-employed by the liquidator to complete outstanding orders. During 1953, the company re-emerged from the bankruptcy process, and quickly began to focus its development efforts on the emerging market for helicopters.

Largely as a result of its investment into helicopters, SIAI-Marchetti was acquired by Italian helicopter specialist Agusta during 1983. Its remaining fixed-wing assets were subsequently absorbed by the aircraft manufacturing interest Aermacchi during 1997.

Aircraft

 * SIAI S.8 - two-seat reconnaissance flying boat (1917)
 * SIAI S.9 - two-seat flying boat (1918)
 * SIAI S.12 - two-seat reconnaissance flying boat (1918) and racing seaplane (as Savoia S.12, 1920)
 * SIAI S.13 - two-seat reconnaissance flying boat (ca. 1919)
 * SIAI S.16 - flying boat (1919)
 * SIAI S.17 - racing flying boat (1920)
 * SIAI S.19 - racing flying boat (1920)
 * SIAI S.21 - racing flying boat (1921)
 * SIAI S.22 - racing flying boat (1921)
 * SIAI S.23 - biplane flying boat trainer (1922)
 * SIAI S.50 - 1922 redesignation of Marchetti MVT fighter prototype (1919)
 * SIAI S.51 - racing flying boat (1922)
 * SIAI S.52 - fighter prototype (1924)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.55 - double-hulled flying boat (1924)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.56 - three-seat trainer/touring flying boat (1924)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.57 - reconnaissance flying boat (1923)
 * SIAI S.58 - single-seat flying boat fighter prototype (1924)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.59 - reconnaissance/bomber flying boat (1925)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.60 - high-speed monoplane bomber project (1925)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.62 - bomber/reconnaissance flying boat (1926)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.63 - flying boat airliner, single-hull version of S.55 (1927)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.64 - record breaking aircraft (1928)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.65 - twin engined push/pull racing seaplane (1929)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.66 - 22-passenger flying boat (1931)
 * SIAI S.67 - single-seat flying boat fighter (1930)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.70 - high-speed attack/bomber project (1930s)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.71 - eight-passenger light transport (1930)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.72 - bomber/transport (1934)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.73 - 18-passenger airliner/transport (1934)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.74 - airliner (1934)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 - airliner/transport (1937)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.76 (I) - projected four-engined version of SM.75 (1937); redesignated as SM.95 in 1939
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.76 (II) - SM.75 for LATI (1940)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.77 - flying boat airliner (1937)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.78 - bomber/reconnaissance flying boat (1932)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero - medium bomber (1934)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.80 - touring amphibian (1933)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 Pipistrello - bomber/transport (1935)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 Marsupiale - heavy bomber/transport (1939)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.83 - 10-passenger transport, civilized version of SM.79 (1937)
 * Savoia-Marchetti S.84 - prototype airliner developed from the S.73 (1936)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.84 - medium bomber/torpedo bomber (1940)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.85 - dive bomber (1936)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.86 - dive bomber (1940)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.87 - floatplane version of SM.75 (1940)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.88 - twin-engined heavy fighter prototype (1939)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.89 - ground attack (1941)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.90 - prototype transport developed from the SM.75
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.91 - prototype twin-engine long-range fighter-bomber (1943)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.92 - prototype twin-engine heavy fighter/bomber (1943)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.93 - dive bomber (1943)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.94
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.95 - transport/airliner (1943)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.96 (I) - projected cargo version of SM.95 (1942)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.96 (II) - projected single-seat monoplane fighter (1940s)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.96 (III) - projected twin-tail assault transport (1940s)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.97 - four engine airliner study (1943?)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.99 - two or three engine transport study (1940s)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.101 - single-engine transport aircraft (1947)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.102 - twin-engine transport aircraft (1949)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.103 - low-wing fighter-trainer project
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.104 - twin engine, twin boom transport project (1946)
 * Savoia-Marchetti SM.105 Canguro - projected military/civil transport aircraft (1947)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.106 - four engine high-wing transport project
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.107 - twin-engine low-wing transport project
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.10X - low-wing twin-engine jet fighter project (1949)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.109 - four engine high-wing cargo transport project
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.110 Chimera II - four engine jet airliner project (1950)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.112 - twin-turboprop airliner project (1953–1957)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.115 - transport aircraft project (1950s)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.122 - twin-turboprop airliner project (1953–1957)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.132 - twin-engine low-wing jetliner project (1953–1954)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.133 - twin-engine interceptor/fighter project
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.155 - twin-hull transatlantic flying boat project (1944)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.166 - twin-hull flying boat project
 * SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera - luxury touring amphibian flying boat (1952)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.201 - V/STOL transport project
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.202 - two-seat trainer, project sold to FFA
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.204 - twin turboprop light transport project (1960s)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.205 - four-seat liaison aircraft (1965)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.206 - projected 5-6 seat version of S.205 (1967?)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.208 - 5-seat version of S.205 (1967)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.210 - twin-engined cabin aircraft (1970)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.211 - two-seat jet trainer, light attack aircraft (1981)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.226 - 22 passenger business jet project (1980s)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.229 - swept-wing canard twin engine jet aircraft project, enlarged version of S.226 (1980s)
 * SIAI Marchetti SF.260 - aerobatics plane and a military trainer (1964)
 * SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019 - STOL liaison, observation aircraft (1969)
 * SIAI Marchetti SF.600 Canguro - feederliner aircraft (1978)
 * SIAI-Marchetti S.700 - general purpose amphibian aircraft (not built)
 * FFA AS-202 Bravo - two/three-seat light civil aircraft (1969)

title: SIAI-Marchetti


text: File:Saint Francis of assisi in his tomb.jpg


text:
Talk:Leadership school

I am unable to find refrences to a leadership academy existing in the Carolignian period other than vauge sources provided by the academy its self. The academy says it plans on publishing this work to prove its claim, but has not done so as of yet. Stbalbach 23:24, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Historical accuracy
Initial article pre-empted on details to be released in due course. In the meantime the article has been amended. Factual details about this article are to be released, concomitant with the waiver of the privacy-bound legal restrictions pertaining to the identity of the owners of the medieval manuscripts describing this leadership school.

 * You can't just remove the tag. You need to back up the claim with sources. Restoring Dispute tag.Stbalbach 00:32, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

-

This discussion has been moved to Talk:Brexgata_University_Academy--Stbalbach 18:48, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Questioning claim of the initial claim-filer (counter-claim)
Stbalbach's comments are evidently based on superficial research. They are based on incomplete information, by his using the internet as his sole research tool, while assuming it is a reliable tool (whilst it is known not to be so). Moreover, the history webpage of Brexgata University Academy is one of an informational nature, highlighting a work in progress, stretching over several years, and aimed at the general public (e.g. it is, as of yet, not a documentational one that would be aimed at historians).

As of January 2005, and thanks to a special funding by a partnership with, among others, UNESC0, eight experts will start consolidating the historical findings accumulated during the past 5 years. Also of importance is the fact that at this moment 24 persons and organizations are involved in the intricate process of (mutually) agreeing on the release of the details and the access to a series of source-documents. It is expected that this process be completed by the end of 2005.

Furthermore, the source-documents are obviously not in English language, and unless Stbalbach demonstrates that he is a qualified linguist as well, he is unqualified to assess the content of the source-documents (were they to be made available to him at this point in time.) We take this opportunity to indicate to Stbalbach that in the Medieval university article (of which he apparently is the author), he has omitted to do research on the university that effectively was Bologna's ancestor, namely the one founded in the year 425, in Constantinople, by Theodose II.

Whether in this Wikipedia article (and the related ones) Stbalbach maintains his "dispute" or not, is no longer of relevance to us, for history will demonstrate him to have been incorrrect in this present matter.

Jacques Nevers, Ph.D.

 * A response to this can be found at Talk:Brexgata_University_Academy Stbalbach 20:44, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leadership school


text:
.example

The name example is reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a domain name that may not be installed as a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.

Reserved DNS names
In 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels example, invalid, localhost, and test so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.

The reason for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios.

Purpose
The top-level domain example is explicitly intended to be used in documentation or other technical writing, when domain names are presented as examples in usage or presentation of concepts of the Domain Name System or the Internet.

title: .example


text:
Hatchery

A hatchery is a facility where eggs are hatched under artificial conditions, especially those of fish, poultry or even turtles. It may be used for ex situ conservation purposes, i.e. to breed rare or endangered species under controlled conditions; alternatively, it may be for economic reasons (i.e. to enhance food supplies or fishery resources).

Fish hatcheries
Fish hatcheries are used to cultivate and breed a large number of fish in an enclosed environment. Fish farms use hatcheries to cultivate fish to sell for food, or ornamental purposes, eliminating the need to find the fish in the wild and even providing some species outside their natural season. They raise the fish until they are ready to be eaten or sold to aquarium stores. Other hatcheries release the juvenile fish into a river, lake or the ocean to support commercial, tribal, or recreational fishing or to supplement the natural numbers of threatened or endangered species, a practice known as fish stocking.

Researchers have raised concerns about hatchery fish potentially breeding with wild fish. Hatchery fish escapees may in some cases compete with wild fish. There have been cases of more hatchery reared salmon being found in Canadian streams then wild reared salmon. This causes excess competition in wild salmon populations and can introduce unwanted genes and diseases. In the United States and Canada, there have been several salmon and steelhead hatchery reform projects intended to reduce the possibility of negative impacts from hatchery programs. Most salmon and steelhead hatcheries are managed better and follow up to date management practices to ensure any risks are curtailed.

Poultry hatcheries
Poultry hatcheries produce a majority of the birds consumed in the developed world including chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, and some other minor bird species. A few poultry hatcheries specialize in producing birds for sale to backyard poultry keepers, hobby farmers, and people who are interested in competing with their birds at poultry shows. These hatcheries produce chicks of several different breeds and varieties, often including some heritage or endangered breeds.

Larger poultry hatcheries are related to industrial poultry meat or egg production.  This is a multibillion-dollar industry, with highly regimented production systems used to maximize bird size or egg production versus feed consumed. Generally large numbers are produced at one time so the resulting birds are uniform in size and can be slaughtered (for meat) or brought into production (for eggs) at the same time. A large hatchery produces 15 million chicks annually.

Poultry generally start with naturally (most species) or artificially (turkeys and Cornish-related chicken breeds) inseminated hens that lay eggs; the eggs are cleaned and shells are checked for soundness before being put into the incubators. Incubators control temperature and humidity, and turn the eggs until just before they hatch. Three days before the eggs are scheduled to hatch, they are moved into a hatcher unit, where they are no longer turned so the embryos have time to get properly oriented for their exit from the shell, and the temperature and humidity are optimum for hatching. The eggs will hatch during a period that is often referred to as the hatching window, which can stretch from 24 to 48 hours depending on biological variation. Once the eggs hatch and the chicks are a few days old, they are often vaccinated. Chicks hatched conventionally are provided feed and water first when they reach the rearing farm. In the meantime, they rely on their yolk sac for nutrients.

Turtle hatcheries
A turtle hatchery is a place where turtle eggs can be taken from wild nests to hatch in a more controlled environment. The purpose of a turtle hatchery is to benefit conservation efforts. Sea turtle species are becoming endangered due to climate change. Turtles sexes are based on the nest temperature that the eggs are stored in. Due to climate change, more turtles are hatching as females. Turtle hatcheries are combatting this issue by moving eggs to an area of the beach with increased shading and extra cooling factors, and increased depth of nests to hatch more male turtles. The hatchlings, if healthy upon hatching, are able to leave on their own and make the trek to the ocean just like non-hatchery born turtles. Sea turtle hatcheries are usually successful in producing more turtles than untouched nests.

Turtle hatcheries have ethical concerns brought on by the public. Many hatcheries located on coasts are marketed as tourist attractions. These locations let the general public handle the eggs and keep hatchlings back for visitors to handle and photograph. Most sea turtle species eggs hatch at night to minimize the risk of predation and overheating caused by the frenzy of the initial crawl to the water. Humans are the biggest threat to turtles due to hunting, poaching, egg theft, pet trade, and bycatch from fishing. When hatcheries hold hatchling turtles back for tourists, the hatchling is exposed to its largest predator, they are released in the day after the nutrients from their yolk sack are used up, and predators can easily spot them on the trek to the ocean.

title: Hatchery


text: Template:Clear

title: Template:Clear


text:
OTA

OTA or ota may stand for:

Art, entertainment, and media

 * Off the Air, an Adult Swim television series
 * Otakon, an annual anime convention in Baltimore, Maryland

Electronics, science, and technology

 * Ochratoxin A (also termed OTA), a mycotoxin
 * Operational transconductance amplifier, a kind of operational amplifier
 * Optical tube assembly, the tubular optical train of a telescope as referred by astronomers
 * Over-the-air, another word for wireless communication
 * Over-the-air programming, a method of reprogramming smart phones and other mobile devices
 * OTA bitmap, a data format developed by Nokia for sending images via SMS
 * Over-the-air television (or terrestrial television), the traditional method of television broadcast signal delivery
 * Over-the-air performance testing, evaluation of the performance of a radio including the impact of its radiation pattern and its interaction with device circuitry.

Law and government

 * Ontario Temperance Act, 1916 Canadian law prohibiting the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcohol and alcoholic beverages

Language

 * 'ota', the ISO 639 code for the Ottoman Turkish language

Organizations

 * New South Wales Operating Theatre Association, an Australian non-profit perioperative nursing professional association
 * Officers Training Academy, an Indian military academy in Chennai
 * Office of Technology Assessment, a United States Congress agency that operated from 1972 to 1995
 * Oklahoma Turnpike Authority, organization that operates turnpikes within the state of Oklahoma
 * OpenTravel Alliance and the OpenTravel XML data format for the travel industry
 * Orascom Telecom Algeria, another name for Djezzy GSM (a branch of Orascom group)
 * Organic Trade Association, a North American association that focuses on the organic business community
 * Orthodontic Technicians Association, the professional body that represents orthodontic technicians based in the United Kingdom.
 * Oxford Text Archive, an archive of electronic texts and other literary and language resources at the University of Oxford
 * OTA Broadcasting LLC, unit of Michael Dell's investment company MSD Capital purchasing small television stations potentially for resale of licenses via FCC auction.
 * Online travel agency, a travel website that specializes in offering online planning sources and booking capabilities

Professions

 * Occupational therapy assistant

Sports

 * Organized Team Activities, used to describe preseason training sessions during National Football League training camp

title: OTA


text:
Lichtenwörth

Lichtenwörth (Central Bavarian: Lichtnwiad) is a market town in Austria. It is situated by the rivers Leitha and Warme Fischa. The market town has a kindergarten school, an elementary school and a high school. It also has a music school.

History
The place was first mentioned in 1174. Also in the 12th century, a water castle was built, which was destroyed at the end of the 15th century.

In 1747, under the regency of Maria Theresa, the needle factory Nadelburg was established. The factory was expanded with a cotton mill in the early 19th century. A workers' settlement grew around the factories. The Nadelburg was closed in 1930. It is now a museum.

Lichtenwörth became a market town in 1992.

Lichtenworth is also remembered for its concentration slave labor camp during the Third Reich. It was a sub-camp of Mauthausen. Mainly Jewish women were force marched from Budapest. The conditions were brutal, over 300 people died of malnutrition and typhus.

Notable People from Lichtenwörth

 * Dominic Thiem: Professional tennis player who won the 2020 US Open title, and reached three other Grand Slam finals. He held a career-high ranking of No. 3 in March 2020.

Politics
The council of Lichtenwörth consists of 21 members, grouped in 4 parties (2020 elections).

 * SPÖ: 10 members
 * WIR (Wir alle sind Lichtenwörth – i. e.: All of Us Are Lichtenwörth): 9 members
 * FPÖ: 1 member
 * ZL (Zukunft Lichtenwörth – i. e.: Future Lichtenwörth): 1 member

title: Lichtenwörth


text:
Academy of Television Arts & Sciences

The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (ATAS), also colloquially known as the Television Academy, is a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the television industry in the United States. It is a 501(c)(6) non-profit organization founded in 1946, the organization presents the Primetime Emmy Awards, an annual ceremony honoring achievement in U.S. primetime television.

History
Syd Cassyd considered television a tool for education and envisioned an organization that would act outside the "flash and glamor" of the industry and become an outlet for "serious discussion" and award the industry's "finest achievements". Envisioning a television counterpart of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Cassyd founded the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences in 1946 in conjunction with leaders of the early television industry who had gathered at a meeting he organized.

Cassyd's academy in Los Angeles merged with a New York academy founded by Ed Sullivan in 1955 to form the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The Los Angeles chapter broke away from NATAS in 1977, keeping the Primetime and Los Angeles Emmys.

In 2014, alongside its Hall of Fame induction ceremony and announced plans to expand its headquarters, the organization announced that it had changed its public brand to the Television Academy, with a new logo designed by Siegel + Gale. The new branding was intended to downplay the organization's antiquated formal name in favor of a more straightforward identity, and features a separating line (typically used to separate the organization's wordmark from a simplified image of the Emmy Award statuette) used to symbolize a screen, and also portrayed as a "portal".

In 2016, producer Hayma Washington was elected chairman and CEO of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, becoming the first African-American to hold the position.

Emmy Award

In 1949, the Television Academy held the first Emmy Awards ceremony, an annual event created to recognize excellence in U.S. television programming, although the initial event was restricted to programming from the Los Angeles area. The name "Emmy" was derived from "Immy", a nickname for the image orthicon camera tube, which aided the progress of modern television. The word was feminized as "Emmy" to match the statuette, which depicted a winged woman holding an atom.

The Emmy Awards are administered by three sister organizations that focus on various sectors of television programming: the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (primetime), the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (daytime, sports, news and documentary), and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (international). The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences also presents the Los Angeles Emmy Awards.

Publications and programs
In addition to recognizing outstanding programming through its Primetime Emmy Awards, the Television Academy publishes the award-winning emmy magazine and through the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation, is responsible for the Archive of American Television, annual College Television Awards, Fred Rogers Memorial Scholarship, acclaimed student internships and other educational outreach programs.

Current governance

 * Frank Scherma (Chairman and CEO)
 * Sharon Lieblein, CSA (Vice Chair)
 * Rickey Minor (Second Vice Chair)
 * Ann Leslie Uzdavinis (Treasurer)
 * Allison Binder (Secretary)
 * Casey Bloys (Chair's Appointee)
 * George Cheeks (Chair's Appointee)
 * Pearlena Igbokwe (Chair's Appointee)
 * Gloria Calderón Kellett (Chair's Appointee)
 * Lisa Nishimura (Chair's Appointee)
 * Zack Van Amburg (Chair's Appointee)
 * Eddie Bonin (Governors' Appointee)
 * Debra Curtis (Governors' Appointee)
 * Jill Dickerson (Governors' Appointee)
 * Troy Underwood (Governors' Appointee)
 * Cris Abrego (Chair, Television Academy Foundation)

Board of Governors

 * Animation
 * Kaz Aizawa
 * Lamb Chamberlin

 * Art Directors/Set Decorators
 * Kimberly Wannop, SDSA
 * James Yarnell

 * Casting Directors
 * Marc Hirschfeld, CSA
 * Kim Taylor-Coleman, CSA

 * Children's Programming
 * Gloria Poncé
 * Troy Underwood

 * Choreography
 * Tessandra Chavez
 * Dominique Kelley

 * Cinematographers
 * Patrick Cady, ASC
 * George Mooradian, ASC

 * Commercials
 * Yvette Cobarrubias
 * Charlie McBrearty

 * Costume Design & Supervision
 * Laura Guzik
 * Luke Reichle

 * Daytime Programming
 * Eva Basler
 * Brenda Brkusic Milinkovic

 * Directors
 * Anya Adams
 * Mary Lou Belli

 * Documentary Programming
 * Megan Chao
 * Senain Kheshgi

 * Emerging Media Programming
 * Kevin Dreyfuss
 * Eric Shamlin

 * Lighting, Camera & Technical Arts
 * Eric Becker
 * David Plakos

 * Los Angeles Area
 * Stephanie Hampton
 * Christie Lyn Lugo Leigh

 * Makeup Artists/Hairstylists
 * Nikki Carbonetta
 * Vito Trotta

 * Motion & Title Design
 * Ana Criado
 * Steve Viola

 * Music
 * Sherri Chung
 * Jeff Russo

 * Performers
 * Kim Estes
 * Kate Linder

 * Picture Editors
 * Nena Erb, ACE
 * Robert Michael Malachowski Jr., ACE

 * Professional Representatives
 * Hillary Bibicoff
 * Bryan Leder

 * Producers
 * Tony Carey
 * Keith Raskin

 * Production Executives
 * David Hartle
 * Hollann Sobers

 * Public Relations
 * Shannon Buck
 * Christina Lee

 * Reality Programming
 * Jill Dickerson
 * Scott Freeman

 * Science & Technology
 * Wendy Aylsworth
 * Barry Zegel

 * Sound
 * Joe Earle, CAS
 * Phillip W. Palmer, CAS

 * Sound Editors
 * Bobbi Banks
 * Chris Reeves

 * Special Visual Effects
 * Eddie Bonin
 * Derek Spears

 * Stunts
 * Eddie Perez
 * Larry Rosenthal

 * Television Executives
 * Debra Curtis
 * Jo DiSante

 * Writers
 * Nicole Demerse
 * Lynn Renee Maxcy

Hall of Fame
The Television Academy Hall of Fame was founded by a former president of the ATAS, John H. Mitchell (1921–1988), to honor individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to U.S. television. Inductions are not held every year.

title: Academy of Television Arts & Sciences


text:
Bedrock (framework)

Bedrock was a joint effort by Apple Computer and Symantec to produce a cross platform programming framework for writing applications on the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows platforms. The project was a failure for a variety of reasons, and after delivering a developer preview version the project was abandoned in late 1993.

Background
Bedrock started as an internal effort by Robert Bierman under Gary Hendrix at Symantec in the early 1990s. At the time many of Symantec's products ran on both Mac and Windows, and what would become Bedrock was originally an internal set of tools intended to ease the effort of keeping both platforms up to date.

In 1991, Apple released the 3.0 version of its own development environment, MPW, along with its own object framework, MacApp. MPW was a command-line driven system that had not been competitively maintained. MacApp 3.0 is a major upgrade from previous versions, being ported from Object Pascal to C++. This left it largely incompatible with the previous version, and caused considerable consternation in the Mac developer community.

Symantec was also the supplier of the then-premier development platform on the Mac, Think C. This is a GUI-based environment which included an application framework of its own, TCL. Think C/TCL had garnered a considerable following in the Mac community, especially during the MacApp 3.0 era. To remain competitive, at some point MPW would have to be replaced with something much more similar to Think.

Throughout this period, Microsoft Windows was first starting its rise in popularity. Cross-platform development systems had been developed, but to this time they tended to be relatively simple, delivering least-common-denominator applications. A cross-platform SDK that could deliver first-rate solutions is one of the industry's supremely idealistic goals at the time.

Concept
The first mention of a collaboration between Apple and Symantec was contained in the flier for WWDC '92. The companies talked about it very briefly at the show, calling it "Cross Platform Framework" and mentioning that more would be revealed at the PC Expo show in June. This was greeted with considerable interest in the press.

At the MacWorld show they announced the concept—not yet a real product—as Bedrock. Bedrock would first be released on the Mac and Windows, with plans to expand it in the future to support Unix, OS/2, Windows NT, and Pink—the OS originated at Apple and now developed at Taligent. It was expected to become "the most direct path for migration" from System 7 to Pink. Allowing a single application source code base to target all of these platforms, Bedrock was intended to become the total successor to MacApp. Seven MacApp engineers at Apple were adding MacApp 3.0 technology and functionality. Even though Bedrock did not yet exist as a product, MacApp was officially deprecated with a maintenance release of 3.0.1, unless Bedrock's schedule would eventually slip.

Bedrock development was intended to be supported on Macintosh by Apple with an MPW replacement, and as an updated Think C from Symantec. Windows development was intended to happen via Symantec's (Zortech) C++ on Windows. Although not officially supported, the system would be deliberately written to be able to work with any C++ compiler.

Although Bedrock was a joint project, development was being carried out entirely by Symantec because its credible expertise in Windows development was essential to Apple's commitment to a more open system. Developers started commenting about the dangerous position this placed Apple in, leaving their future development platform in the control of a third party. Furthermore, Symantec's CEO had apparently given up on the Mac platform, and had publicly announced that Windows was the future of the company.

Difficulties
Throughout this period Apple was also working on OpenDoc, positioning it as a unique document-centered technology that led to a better user experience than monolithic applications. Apple was particularly effective in "selling" the OpenDoc concept to end users and developers, and the obvious contradiction between working on Bedrock while claiming classic applications were outmoded led to infighting between the project teams within Apple.

Meanwhile, Symantec was having considerable problems of its own. Late in 1992, numerous members of the Bedrock team, including the head of development, left the company. This led to press accounts that the project was purportedly "stone cold".

A developer preview was delivered in early 1993 that includes several demo apps built using the system. These apps look nothing like either Mac or Windows programs, using custom UI widgets for many common tasks like Open File dialog boxes. The demo applications also seem buggy and lacking any visual polish, including spelling and grammar mistakes throughout. The developer preview was released with claims that the product would ship late in 1993, but that this coming release would not yet be of "code quality", and that a true final release could not be expected until some time in 1994.

By the end of 1993, with no further release in sight, rumors abounded of Apple's dissatisfaction with the project and especially with its lack of OpenDoc support. Even in public, Apple was questioning "how we can fit Bedrock into the OpenDoc environment".

In late January 1994, Ike Nassi, Vice President of the Development Products Group within AppleSoft, announced Apple's renewed commitment to use the 18-month-old Bedrock for all native and crossplatform development. He announced an expanded scope to "make Bedrock the tool of choice for OpenDoc part development"—though neither Apple nor Symantec would provide any details on how this would be done, and they didn't know whether the first Bedrock release would include OpenDoc functionality at all. Computerworld reported that "most [developers] said they have not seen much progress on Bedrock", though it was being beta tested and a partial low-level component release was expected in the first half of 1994.

Discontinuation
Apple VP Ike Nassi recalled that once he finally read the business contract between Apple and Symantec governing Bedrock, he emphatically described it as "a terrible, terrible contract" and demanded its immediate termination. Though lobbied "very heavily" in his office by Symantec Vice President Gene Wang and CEO Gordon Eubanks, Nassi ordered Apple to pay a fee to cancel it.

On January 24, 1994 Apple and Symantec finally officially stated that Symantec was no longer actively developing Bedrock. Instead, Symantec granted Apple a "worldwide, perpetual license to distribute and further develop Bedrock. Additionally, Apple granted Symantec a worldwide perpetual license to use specific Apple technology in future Symantec products." However, all mention of Bedrock quickly disappeared from both companies' public statements.

Having relied on Bedrock to be the replacement for MPW and MacApp, Apple had done little development on its own platform. By 1994 this left the company with a hopelessly outdated development platform. Bedrock's failure amid the PowerPC efforts was also ill-timed. Symantec had also done little work with Think C during this period, especially the TCL libraries. This led to the rapid switch from both MPW and Think C to the more modern and PPC-native Metrowerks systems.

title: Bedrock (framework)


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Glyn Daniel

Glyn Edmund Daniel (23 April 1914 – 13 December 1986) was a Welsh scientist and archaeologist who taught at Cambridge University, where he specialised in the European Neolithic period. He was appointed Disney Professor of Archaeology in 1974 and edited the academic journal Antiquity from 1958 to 1985. In addition to early efforts to popularise archaeological study and antiquity on radio and television, he edited several popular studies of the fields. He also published mysteries under the pseudonym Dilwyn Rees.

Early life and education
Daniel was born in Lampeter Velfrey, Pembrokeshire, a small village between Narberth and Whitland in south-west Wales, as an only child. His father, John Daniel, was the village schoolmaster there. When Glyn Daniel was five he moved with his parents to Llantwit Major in the Vale of Glamorgan. He attended Barry County School for Boys in Barry, where his academic ability led to him being awarded a State Scholarship (which enabled him to go to the University of Cambridge) and a Glamorgan County Scholarship in 1931. The Glamorgan County Scholarship allowed Glyn Daniel to study geology at Cardiff University and the church organ at Llandaff Cathedral for a year. In 1932, he went up to St John's College, Cambridge, initially to read geography, and then archaeology and anthropology. He graduated with a first-class honours degree with distinction and remained at St John's for the rest of his academic career.

World War II
During the Second World War, Daniel applied his talents at interpreting archaeological sites through aerial photography by working for the RAF's air photo reconnaissance unit at RAF Medmenham. He examined and analysed photos of enemy territory. In 1942, Daniel was sent to India to lead the Central Photographic Interpretation Section in Delhi, a mini-Medmenham for the South-East Asian theatre, ultimately achieving the rank of wing commander. A year after the war Daniel married one of his WAAF officers, Ruth Langhorne.

Career
After the war Daniel returned to Cambridge to resume his academic life. In the years 1954-56, he presented the BBC archaeology programme Buried Treasure, which featured guests such as Kathleen Kenyon, Sir Mortimer Wheeler, and actress Noelle Middleton. He became Disney Professor of Archaeology in 1974. From 1958 to 1985, he was editor of the academic journal Antiquity. His main subject of study was Neolithic chamber tombs, although he also wrote books on the history of archaeology and archaeological thought.

Daniel appeared on television. He was the host, often with Sir Mortimer Wheeler as a guest, of the game show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?. He was named Television Personality of the Year in 1955. In 1981, he appeared as the guest on Desert Island Discs. He edited numerous popular studies of archaeological sites and cultures.

He died in Cambridge and the McDonald Institute, University of Cambridge, have named the Glyn Daniel Laboratory for Archaeogenetics in his memory.

Academic works

 * The Megalith Builders of Western Europe (1958), (1963 pbk edition, )
 * The Prehistoric Chamber Tombs of France (1960),
 * 150 Years of Archaeology (1976), and
 * a number of articles in archaeological journals.
 * His most accessible work for the general public is The Idea of Prehistory (1962), later updated in collaboration with Colin Renfrew, Edinburgh University Press, 1988.

Detective fiction
Daniel published two detective fiction novels. The Cambridge Murders (1945) was published under the pseudonym Dilwyn Rees, and later re-published in 1965 by Penguin Books under his own name. Welcome Death was published under his own name in 1954. The detective in both novels is Sir Richard Cherrington, an eminent but slightly eccentric archaeologist who is the Vice-President of Fisher College. An obituary of Daniel by Norman Hammond in American Antiquity says that Sir Richard was "transparently based on Mortimer Wheeler".

title: Glyn Daniel


text:
Talk:Booster engine

Content removal
I removed:

 * They also consumed a high amount of steam placing a demand on the boiler at the time when the locomotive was working the hardest. Boosters were therefore acquired for very specific assignment.

because that's totally missing the point: the problem is that at low speeds a regular steam locomotive is unable to work its hardest, because it is moving so slowly that the main cylinders cannot use all the steam the boiler is capable of producing. That was the point of the booster; to give a way to use some of that excess capacity. Boosters were especially popular on 'superpower' designs because their huge boilers and massive fireboxes were capable of so much more than they could normally use in the cylinders. —Morven 23:33, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Booster engine


text:
The Queen's Walk (South Bank)

The Queen's Walk is a promenade located on the southern bank of the River Thames in London, England, between Lambeth Bridge and Tower Bridge.

The creation of pedestrian access along the south bank of the Thames was seen as an integral part of the creation of the Jubilee Walkway to mark the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II in 1977. However, the last section was not established until the completion of construction of London Bridge City c.1990.

In 1996, the Walk was recognised as a foundation for establishing the Thames Path national trail through London.

This is a convenient route of several miles for tourists to walk from the London Eye Ferris wheel past numerous attractions to Tower Bridge and the Tower of London.

title: The Queen's Walk (South Bank)


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Ramlösa

Ramlösa is a brand of carbonated mineral water from a source in Ramlösa Brunnspark in the southern part of Helsingborg, Sweden. Ramlösa goes back to the year 1707 when a mineral spa around the source was founded by Johan Jacob Döbelius.

Ramlösa is very common in northern Europe and is considered high-quality mineral water. Ramlösa is also popular outside Scandinavia and the water is exported as far as the United States, Middle East, Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.

Ramlösa is today a wholly owned subsidiary of the Danish brewery group Carlsberg.

Swedish commercials for Ramlösa previously had voice-overs by actor Stellan Skarsgård.

Books

 * American Psycho, Patrick Bateman, the novel’s main character, rates Ramlösa as "very good".
 * The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet's Nest, the character Mikael Blomkvist requests the product as a favored drink.

Film

 * Ocean's Eleven (2001) shows the beverage several times in its blue waterdrop export bottle.
 * The Player (1992), Tim Robbins's character declines a martini in favor of a glass of Ramlösa.

Music

 * "Socker", a song by the Swedish band Kent, includes a biblical reference: "and Ramlösa becomes wine".

Television

 * The Sopranos, season 2, episode 10, "Bust Out", mentions the beverage several times. Artie Bucco mentions he got “such a deal” on the Ramlösa.
 * Designing Women, season 6, episode 1, "The Big Desk, Part 1", the beverage is referenced by Julia Duffy's character, Allison Sugarbaker.

title: Ramlösa


text:
Battle of Río San Gabriel

The Battle of Río San Gabriel was fought on 8 January 1847 during the California campaign of the Mexican–American War. It took place at a ford of the San Gabriel River, at what are today parts of the cities of Whittier, Pico Rivera and Montebello, about ten miles south-east of downtown Los Angeles.

Background
After the Battle of San Pasqual, the battered Army of the West, commanded by General Stephen W. Kearny, went to the headquarters of Commodore Robert F. Stockton at San Diego, California. Stockton's next objective was to recapture Pueblo de Los Angeles. That settlement had been previously captured by Stockton's forces but was left in the command of Captain Archibald Gillespie and had been lost to the Californio militia, commanded by General José María Flores in the Siege of Los Angeles that Fall. Stockton's force, which included six cannons this time, left San Diego on 28–29 December.

Kearny and Stockton initially disputed the right of command. Although Kearny had superior orders from the United States War Department, he had previously sent most of his troops back to Santa Fe, New Mexico, believing that the war in California had ended, and his remaining force sustained heavy losses at the Battle of San Pasqual. Stockton had a larger force and was familiar with the area, so Kearny did not initially dispute Stockton's command of the campaign to recapture Los Angeles.

Battle
U.S. scouts discovered the Mexican position at a key ford along the San Gabriel River on January 7, 1847. Approaching from the south, Stockton and Kearny planned a crossing for the next day. The U.S. forces had formed into a hollow square with the artillery and baggage in the center. Kearny ordered the artillery unlimbered to cover the crossing, but Stockton countered the order and began to move across the river. The crossing proved to be especially difficult because Flores was in a good position to contest the crossing from the high banks across the river, and the ford had patches of quicksand at the bottom of the knee deep water.

At approximately 2 pm, the Americans formed into a square when two miles from the river with the baggage and cattle in the middle, and sent skirmishers ahead. Flores attacked the square with horses, which failed, plus his makeshift ammunition and inadequate gunpowder proved to be ineffective. The U.S. officers and men manhandled their cannon across while the forward quarter of the square took cover on the river edge. Stockton personally helped unlimber and direct the artillery, which silenced both Californio cannons.

Kearny led and commanded the assault force while Stockton stayed with the guns. The left flank of the square took a Californio riverbank position and held it against a counterattack from militia lancers shouting "viva Los Californios". Then the whole square charged forward shouting "New Orleans, New Orleans", in honor of Andrew Jackson's victory against Great Britain there that day thirty-one years before. The charge took the heights, and Flores withdrew his smaller force. The battle had lasted an hour and a half. General Kearny's official report of the battle: "Headquarters Army of the West, Ciudad de Los Angeles, Upper California, January 12, 1847.

SIR, -- I have the honor to report, that at the request of Commodore R. F. Stockton (who in September last assumed the titled of Governor of California), I consented to take command of an expedition to this place – capital of the country – and that on the 29th of December, I left San Diego with about five hundred men, consisting of sixty dismounted dragoons, under Captain Turner; fifty California volunteers, and the remainder of marines and sailors, with a battery of artillery. Lieutenant Emory, topographical engineers, acted as assistant adjutant-general. Commodore Stockton accompanied us. We proceeded on our route without seeing the enemy till the 8th instant, when they showed themselves in full force of six hundred mounted men, with four pieces of artillery, under their Governor Flores, occupying the heights in front of us, which commanded the crossing of the river San Gabriel, and they ready to oppose our further progress. The necessary disposition of our troops was immediately made, by covering our front with a strong party of skirmishers, placing our wagons and baggage train in rear of them, and protecting the flanks and rear with the remainder of the command. We then proceeded, forded the river, carried the heights, and drove the enemy from them after an action of about one and a half hours, during which they made a charge upon our left flank, which was repulsed ; soon after which, they retreated and left us in possession of the field, on which we encamped that night.

The next day, the 9th instant, we proceeded on our march at the usual hour, the enemy in front and on our flanks, and when we reached the plains of the Mesa, their artillery again opened upon us, when their fire was returned by our guns as we advanced; and after hovering around and near us for about two hours, occasionally skirmishing with us during that time, they concentrated their force and made another charge on our left flank, which was quickly repulsed; shortly after which they retired, we continuing our march ; and in the afternoon encamped on the bank of the San Fernando, three miles below this city, which we entered the following morning without molestation. Our loss in the actions of the 8th and 9th instant was small, being one private killed and two officers (Lieutenant Renshaw of the navy and Captain Gillespie of the volunteers) and eleven privates wounded. The enemy mounted on fine horses and being the best riders in the world, carried off their killed and wounded, and we know not the number of them, though it must have been considerable."

Aftermath

Stockton and Kearny stayed on the field overnight and resumed the pursuit the next day, moving west from the San Gabriel River to the Los Angeles Rivers near present-day Vernon, about 4 miles south of Los Angeles. There they defeated Flores' troops at the Battle of La Mesa. On January 10 the U.S. forces reoccupied Los Angeles, and Archibald Gillespie was able to raise the same U.S. flag over the house which he was forced to bring down a year before during the Siege of Los Angeles.

After Los Angeles and the whole of southern California was secured, the command issue between Stockton and Kearny heated up once again. Stockton, who had been the initial military governor of California, later granted that post to his aide, Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) John C. Fremont. Kearny, based on his more recent orders from the War Department, asserted that post for himself but was initially ignored.

On January 10, 1847, Stockton established his headquarters on Wine Street, now known as Olvera Street, in the pueblo settlement of Ciudad de Los Angeles and assisted in setting up a civil government; that home is still standing as part of the historic area.

Kearny left California on 31 May 1847 for St. Louis, with Fremont, whom he would prefer charges. Stockton left on 20 June.

The site of the battle is now registered as California Historical Landmark #385. The memorial, marked by a plaque flanked by two cannons, is located at the corner of Washington Blvd. and Bluff Rd. in Montebello. Volunteers in costume re-enact the battle annually.

California Historical Landmark Marker
California Historical Landmark Marker No. 385 at the site reads: "NO. 385 RIO SAN GABRIEL BATTLEFIELD - Near this site on January 8, 1847, American forces commanded by Captain Robert F. Stockton, U.S. Navy, Commander in Chief, and Brigadier General Stephen W. Kearny, U.S. Army, fought Californians commanded by General José María Flores in the Battle of the Río San Gabriel."

title: Battle of Río San Gabriel


text:
Talk:Economy of Oceania

GDP
For GDP numbers, 9 of the countries are reporting to IMF. - Jerryseinfeld 23:37, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The currency list is 3 years old. They have changed alot since then.

I've fixed the currencies, in terms of numerical value :) JWPJ 12:46, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

The currency values are going to keep changing, and who comes to Wikipedia for current exchange rates, anyway? If you want to keep exchange rates in there, I'd suggest using long-term (at least 5-year) averages. These are more robust to infrequent updating and give a better picture of how the currencies stand generally in relation to each other. (September, 2011) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.94.138.75 (talk) 02:12, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of Oceania


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nokia 7700

Nokia 7700
Completely POV-based article. Delete. Andros 1337 23:37, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. The business of manufacturing cell phone hardware is fraught with peril and Nokia is notable, but this product is not. Wyss 01:23, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Has anyone checked out the mess that is List of Nokia products? I tried de-linking all the redlinks but was quickly reverted. This is just the tip of the iceberg. -R. fiend 08:48, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The reason for that was to allow future articles to be created. If they are not linked, the chances of them being created are smaller.  As you see how the articles for many older products were created.  However, POV-based articles are not welcome. --Andros 1337 23:38, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. We're not a catalogue. --Improv 19:35, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Um, we kind of are. That's the problem. Have you looked at the Nokia list? Andros there says "If they are not linked, the chances of them being created are smaller". Is that a problem? How many of these hundreds of phones are in any way notable? Is everything ever made worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia? Or just everything ever made by Nokia? I think 200 substubs on cell phones is not the sort of thing we need to encourage. most of the articles already created can have their features listed on the List of Nokia products page; they're often just a sentence or two. Anyway, this needs more attention than it's getting here. -R. fiend 19:55, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Badly written POV consumer-product cruft. --Calton 03:56, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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Josef Lada

Josef Lada (born 17 December 1887 in Hrusice, Bohemia – 14 December 1957 in Prague, buried at Olšany Cemetery) was a Czech painter, illustrator and writer. He is best known as the illustrator of Jaroslav Hašek's World War I novel The Good Soldier Švejk, having won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1963.

The asteroid 17625 Joseflada has been named after him.

Life
Born in the small village of Hrusice in a cobbler's family, he went to Prague at the age of 14 to become an apprentice binder. Entirely self-taught, he created his own style as a caricaturist for newspapers, and later as an illustrator. He produced landscapes, created frescoes and designed costumes for plays and films. Over the years he created a series of paintings and drawings depicting traditional Czech occupations, and wrote and illustrated the adventures of Mikeš, a little black cat who could talk.

Lada produced nearly 600 cartoons of the Švejk characters, depicting Austria-Hungary officers and civil servants as incompetent, abusive and often drunk. All subsequent editions of Švejk used Lada's illustrations, except for the 2008/2009 Czech edition illustrated by Petr Urban.

title: Josef Lada


text:
Battle of Heilsberg

The Battle of Heilsberg took place on 10 June 1807 off the town of Heilsberg (now Lidzbark Warmiński), during the Napoleonic Wars.

Overview
On 24 May 1807, the Siege of Danzig ended when Prussian General Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth capitulated to French Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre. This gave Napoleon the opportunity to engage the Russian forces led by Levin August von Bennigsen and then Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov. The French commanders were Joachim Murat and Napoleon Bonaparte. On 2 June, before Napoleon could act, Bennigsen ordered his columns to converge on Marshal Michel Ney's exposed VI Corps. Outnumbered by 63,000 to 17,000, Ney fought a rearguard action at the Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen on 5 and 6 June. Though he lost his baggage train, two guns, and 2,042 men, Ney managed to escape to the southwest over the Pasłęka (Passarge) River with the bulk of his soldiers.

Within two days, Napoleon had ordered his 190,000-man army to close in on the 100,000 Russians and 15,000 Prussians. Aware of their approach, Bennigsen ordered his troops to fall back on Lidzbark Warmiński in the Prussian Partition of Poland (Heilsberg in German). The Russian army took up strong defensive positions around the town, which stood on the Łyna (Alle) River. The French army, under Marshal Murat, attacked on 10 June. Then Napoleon Bonaparte and Jean Lannes' corps approached, and Napoleon took joint command. The Polish 5th Mounted Rifles Regiment under Colonel Kazimierz Turno also took part in the battle on the side of Napoleon. Bennigsen repelled several attacks, resulting in huge French casualties, but had to withdraw towards Friedland the following day. Four days later, the decisive Battle of Friedland occurred, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition with the passing of the Treaty of Tilsit.

Geography
The Battle of Heilsberg was fought on the Alle river, known today as the Lyna. The Teutonic Castle being the focal point of the battle was held by Russian control.

Terrain
Aside from geographical advantages, the Russians had also spent three to four months compiling tactics on how to defend against a French invasion, regardless of where they would attack the castlegrounds. Defensively, the castle was supported by its bridges and walls, both of which were built along the perimeter of the castle. The land surrounding the Teutonic Castle acted as an obstacle for the French army due to the increase of elevation from the base of the river to the castles foundation. The Prussian 21st Fusiliers, commanded by Ludwig August von Stutterheim, was garrisoned there.

Climate
Although the terrain was punishment enough for the French, weather also took a toll on their abilities and health. During the day, on top of the weight being carried in regards to supplies and armory, temperatures reached dangerously hot and humid levels. The dampness and bitter cold of the night also played a significant role by providing little opportunity for rest.

Tactics
Benningsen had been fooled into retreat by false reports of the French numbers. The Russians, having moved back to Heilsberg, had some protection from substantial fieldworks. In order to storm the fortifications, Napoleon had to choose between an immediate advance or a flanking movement, threatening the Russian supply base of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad). He chose the latter, and the French thus positioned themselves so as to cut off any opportunity for the Russians to obtain reinforcements.

The battle
The French cavalry under Joachim Murat was selected to lead the frontal attack, but Napoleon did not arrive on the field in person until Murat had already led a disastrous charge. Marshal Mortier and Marshal Davout advanced on the Königsberg side.

At first Murat attacked Borozdin and forced him to retreat. Bennigsen, having sent 7 battalions of infantry, 1 regiment of cavalry and 2 guns to support Borozdin, ordered Bagration to cross to the left bank of the Alle River, join Borozdin's detachment and hold off the French until most of the army had been moved from the right bank to the left. Prince Bagration took up his position on the left bank, with his right flank on the Langwiese and his left on the Alle. In the afternoon, Soult's infantry came and immediately attacked; Murat's cavalry moved to the detour between Langwiese and Lawden. At this time, however, Major general Kozhin's mounted detachment (1,000 men), which formed the left-hand column of Lieutenant general Uvarov's troops (3 jaeger regiments and 25 squadrons), moved by Bennigsen in support of Bagration, came to his aid; it temporarily held back the onslaught of French cavalry, and the Guard Battery, located on the right bank of the Alle opposite the mouth of the Spuibach, stopped Soult's infantry; Bagration's vanguard was able to withdraw to the main position, where it became a reserve; Kozhin's detachment, having joined with Uvarov's right column, which had failed at Lawden in the battle with Legrand's division, withdrew to the right flank.

At 6pm Napoleon arrived on the battlefield with part of Lannes' corps and the Fusilier guardsmen. Soult and Lannes, leading separate cavalry units, and Ney, with the infantry, moved forwards on both sides of the River Łyna. Divisional general Legrand was ordered to attack the central redoubt; the French managed to break into the redoubt. Lieutenant general Gorchakov, commanding the corps of Bennigsen's army, attacked the French and seized the redoubt back. One of the regiments of Divisional general Saint-Hilaire, moved by him to help Legrand, was also repulsed. Failure in the centre forced Napoleon to shift his main attention to the enemy's right flank; but even here, despite the arrival of the rest of Lannes' corps, the attacks were unsuccessful. Tightly pressed by the Russian cavalry, the French army withdrew behind Spuibach stream, holding back only the grove of Lawden. Smaller French units proved ineffective, especially when Prussian reinforcements arrived, sent by Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq at Bennigsen's request. Strong artillery cannonade from both sides continued until darkness fell, when Lannes with Verdier's division made a new attempt to capture the central redoubt, but was forced to retreat, which cost the French 3,000 casualties.

On the Russian side, Bennigsen was suffering from sudden fever and had difficulty remaining in command. Andrey I. Gorchakov, on Grand Duke Constantine's orders, due to the illness of сommander-in-сhief Bennigsen, took over general command for the rest of the day in the final hours of the battle, bringing it to a tactical draw.

On 11 June, the substantial casualties on both sides and the success of the Russian defence gave Bennigsen and Napoleon little choice but to call an undocumented truce to end hostilities. The French had lost an estimated 12,000 men. The truce was focused primarily on the recovery of wounded soldiers. The battle ended with medics and soldiers from both sides helping the wounded and retrieving the dead. When Napoleon entered the deserted Russian positions the following day, he found that all except the wounded had been evacuated overnight.

Outcome and post-war analysis
This battle is recognized as having been strategically inconclusive due to neither side having gained any significant ground, it is most notably discussed as a battle that yielded little change in the balance of strength between the Russians and the French. By most accounts, this was a successful Russo-Prussian rearguard action. Napoleon never realized he faced the entire army at Heilsberg. Murat and Soult attacked prematurely and at the strongest point in the Russo-Prussian line. The Russians had built extensive fortifications on the right bank of the Alle river, but only a few minor redoubts on the left bank, yet the French advanced over the river to give battle, squandering their advantages and incurring casualties The Battle of Heilsberg was fought four days before the decisive Battle of Friedland.

French Army losses
On both sides, disputes over the killed and wounded remain. The French claimed 1,398 killed, 10,059 wounded, 864 captured. Three units lost their eagles, and Digby Smith places the losses higher than Clodfelter, at 1,398 killed, 10,059 wounded and 864 captured. Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult's IV corps sustained the majority of losses: 8,286, and General François Xavier Roussel, Chief of Staff of the Imperial Guard, was killed. Three generals were wounded, and Jean Lannes' corps lost 2,284 killed and wounded.

Russo-Prussian losses
Disputed figures as well, Clodfelter estimates 6,000 killed and wounded. In addition, generals Koschin, Warneck, and Pahlen were killed; Dmitry Dokhturov, Werdrevski, Fock, Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev, Duka, Laptiev, Passeck and Duke Charles of Mecklenburg were wounded. The Russian commander, Bennigsen was sick all day, but remained on his horse despite falling off unconscious several times. Digby Smith says that the Russian Prussian force lost 2-3000 dead, and about 5-6000 wounded, and they lost two guns.

Notable officers of the French Army present were:
 * Commander-in-Chief: Napoléon Bonaparte (Marshall Joachim Murat led the French troops at the start of the battle);
 * Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier, prince de Neuchâtel;
 * Marshal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult;
 * Marshal Jean Lannes;
 * Major General Nicolas Charles Oudinot;
 * Major General Jean-Antoine Verdier;
 * Colonel François-Joseph d'Offenstein (made Brigadier General further to this battle).

Notable officers of the Russian Army present were:
 * Commander-in-Chief: Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen, at the end of the battle he was sick, but remained in the battlefield — he was replaced by Lieutenant general Andrey Gorchakov;
 * Lieutenant General Matvei Platov;
 * Lieutenant General Prince Gorchakov;
 * Lieutenant General Dmitry Dokhturov (wounded);
 * Lieutenant General Prince Bagration;
 * Major General Fabian Steinheil.

title: Battle of Heilsberg