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Paisley Park

Paisley Park is a 65,000 square foot estate in Chanhassen, Minnesota, United States, once owned by American musician Prince. It was opened to the public as a museum in October 2016.

History
Construction of the $10 million complex began in January 1986, and officially opened on September 11, 1987. Designed by architecture firm BOTO Design Inc, of Santa Monica, California, the main designers were architect Brett Thoeny and acoustician Marshall Long. The complex shares its name with Prince's 1985 single, "Paisley Park".

The Paisley Park studio complex totalled 55,000 square feet by the early 1990s, and includes four recording studios, a 12,500 square-foot sound stage, a video editing suite, rehearsal room, offices, tenant space, and an underground parking garage. Other amenities include an outdoor basketball court, and living quarters.

Paisley Park's four recording studios are designated A, B, C, and D. Studio A is a 1,500 square-foot space and originally utilized a 48-channel mixing console, which was later replaced by a 64-channel SSL 6000E. Studio B is a 1,000 square-foot space that was, per Prince's specifications, patterned after Sunset Sound's Studio 3, with a custom-built Automated Processes, Inc. API mixing console. Studio C has a 36-input Soundcraft TS24 console, and Studio D is a small DAW-based room.

Initially a private studio used by Prince and Paisley Park Records artists like The Time, Carmen Electra, Jill Jones, Sheila E. and others, Paisley Park's production facilities were used by numerous artists, including Tevin Campbell, Martika, Fine Young Cannibals, Barry Manilow, Steve Miller, Bee Gees, Chris Mars, BoDeans, Madonna, Bob Mould, George Clinton, George Benson, Stone Temple Pilots, Stevie Wonder, R.E.M., and A-ha.

After the Paisley Park Records label folded in 1994, Prince continued to live and record at Paisley Park Studios, and he intended to establish Paisley Park as a public venue like Graceland. He was found dead in his estate's elevator on April 21, 2016.

In the basement of Paisley Park there is a vault that held unreleased material, hundreds of hours of live recordings, music videos, and unheard songs. The contents of the vault have been since removed and relocated to a studio in Los Angeles to be restored, remastered, and stored in climate-controlled conditions to be used for later releases.

An urn in the shape of Paisley Park which contains Prince's ashes was on display in Paisley Park's main entrance for a period of time after his death; after being removed to the vault, the urn was brought back out in 2021.

Museum
After Prince's death, Paisley Park was turned into a museum open to the public, and tours of the Paisley Park Museum started in October 2016. Graceland Holdings, the company that has managed Elvis Presley's Graceland since 1982, organizes the tours. Tours include recording studios, soundstages, and artifacts from Prince's personal archives.

title: Paisley Park


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Joseph Coerten Hornblower

Joseph Coerten Hornblower (May 7, 1777 – June 11, 1864) was an American lawyer and jurist from Belleville, New Jersey. He was the chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court.

Early life and education
Hornblower was born on May 7, 1777, in Belleville, New Jersey, and lived there for his entire life. His parents were Josiah and Elizabeth (née Kingsland) Hornblower. Josiah Hornblower was a prominent engineer and mine operator who served in the Continental Congress.

As a child, Joseph's health was poor, so he was educated at home. He had a "stroke of paralysis" at the age of 16 that affected his memory. But he read for the law with an attorney in Newark and was admitted to the bar in 1803.

Later in his life, the Princeton Law School conferred him with an honorary degree of Legum Doctor on September 30, 1841.

Law and political career
He became a prominent lawyer and politically active as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. However, this was the Era of Good Feelings, and party politics were minimal.

When Hornblower was a Presidential elector for James Monroe in 1820, there was only one vote for any other candidate. He also supported other civic and religious activities. In 1816 he was one of the founders of the American Bible Society. In 1845 he aided in establishing the New Jersey Historical Society and served as its president from then until his death in 1864.

Chief Justice
In November 1832, Hornblower was named to the state's Supreme Court as its chief justice. He was re-elected in 1839 and served until 1846. When New Jersey rewrote the state's Constitution in 1844, he was an active member of the convention.

In 1836, Chief Justice Hornblower wrote an unpublished opinion in New Jersey vs. Sheriff of Burlington that was later used to argue a legal precedent against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. He allowed the accused Alexander Helmsley who was being held as a fugitive slave to be released. He argued the state law that the accused was being held under was unconstitutional given the New Jersey state constitution.

Later career
When he stepped down from the bench, he became a professor of law at Princeton Law School in 1846 and returned to his interest in political activity.

Hornblower's political interests became directed toward the nascent Republican Party. He was chairman of the New Jersey delegation and one of the vice-presidents of the 1856 Republican National Convention that nominated John C. Fremont for U.S. President.

Personal life
Hornblower had eight children, including:
 * William Henry Hornblower – Presbyterian minister who was the father of United States Supreme Court nominee William B. Hornblower
 * Emily – wife of Colonel Alexander McWhorter Cumming, a long-serving Mayor of Princeton, New Jersey
 * Mary – wife of Joseph P. Bradley, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court

He was friends with Chief Justice John Jay.

Death
Hornblower died at home in Belleville, New Jersey on June 11, 1864.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph Coerten Hornblower


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Martin Seymour-Smith

Martin Roger Seymour-Smith (24 April 1928 – 1 July 1998) was a British poet, literary critic, and biographer.

Biography
Seymour-Smith was born in London and educated at Highgate School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford, where he was editor of Isis and Oxford Poetry. His father Frank was a chief librarian who supplied books to Robert Graves, and who published the survey An English Library, an Annotated List of 1300 Classics in 1943, followed by What Shall I Read Next: a Personal Selection of Twentieth Century English Books in 1953. His mother Marjorie wrote poetry and published under the name of Elena Fearn.

He began as one of the most promising of Anglophone post-war poets, but became better known as a critic, writing biographies of Robert Graves (whom he met first at age 14 and maintained close ties with), Rudyard Kipling and Thomas Hardy, and producing numerous critical studies. The poet and critic Robert Nye stated that Seymour-Smith was "one of the finest British poets after 1945." Others to praise his poetry included Robert Graves, C. H. Sisson, Geoffrey Grigson and James Reeves.

He married in 1952 while spending a working holiday in Mallorca where Robert Graves employed Janet de Granville as a translator and he was a tutor to Graves' son. Graves was a witness at the wedding.

Seymour-Smith came to prominence in 1963, as the editor of the first twentieth-century edition of Shakespeare's Sonnets to use the 'original' spelling. Characteristically, his commentary concerned Shakespeare's sexuality, which upset many. Later, his Fallen Women (1969) and Sex and Society (1975) would become 'standard plundering material for more famous works' as the author good-humouredly claimed. He had known Alex Comfort, who was then writing The Joy of Sex (1972), from their schooldays at Highgate School and the two often swapped notes.

Seymour-Smith's Poets Through their Letters Vol 1 (Wyatt to Coleridge) was acclaimed for its scholarship, but sold poorly. Hence, Volume 2 was never published.

His two volumes of poetry Tea with Miss Stockport (1963) and Reminiscences of Norma (1971), were praised by many, including Peter Porter. But an apparent creative silence till his last collection, Wilderness (1994), led to a decline in his reputation with the reading public during the 1980s.

The Guide to Modern World Literature is an encyclopaedic attempt to describe all major 20th-century authors, in all languages. The book is over 1450 pages long. Cyril Connolly said of the first (1973) edition: "I'm very much afraid he will prove indispensable!" His criticism of Lawrence Durrell singled out his poetry as his real achievement; John Fowles, Muriel Spark, C. P. Snow, Malcolm Bradbury and Ted Hughes received the first adverse criticism of their reputations in this book. The stature of Anthony Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time (1951–1976) as the greatest fictional post-war achievement was asserted: a view endorsed by Kingsley Amis and Hilary Spurling. He also predicted that T. S. Eliot's Four Quartets would not survive as a great poem by 2000.

The polyglot Seymour-Smith further used the book to champion writers he regarded as under-rated, such as James Hanley, Laura Riding, Wyndham Lewis, Roberto Arlt, Pio Baroja, Rayner Heppenstall and Jose Maria Arguedas, while attacking those he felt were overvalued, such as George Bernard Shaw, W. H. Auden and as mentioned above, T. S. Eliot. Seymour-Smith also disparaged Harold Pinter, Margaret Atwood, and Tom Stoppard, whom he thought over-rated.

In 1981, The New Astrologer was published, Seymour-Smith's only book on this subject.

Anthony Burgess likened Seymour-Smith to Samuel Johnson due to his many literary surveys from The Guide to Modern World Literature in 1975 onwards.

When the 2013 new edition of the Oxford Companion of Modern Poetry was published, he was notably not included.

Private life
He married Janet de Glanville who was a translator and his and Robert Graves' collaborator. When he was asked how he managed to read so much he admitted that he hadn't. Janet had. They were rarely apart and she died two months after he did.

Selected publications

 * The Guide to Modern World Literature, Hodder & Stoughton, London (1975)
 * Who's Who in 20th Century Literature, Mcgraw-Hill, Columbus, OH. (1977) ISBN 0-07-056350-0
 * Novels and Novelists: A Guide to the World of Fiction, St. Martins Press, London (1980) ISBN 0-312-57966-7
 * A Reader's Guide to Fifty European Novels, Rl Innactive Titles (1980) ISBN 0-389-20138-3
 * Robert Graves: His Life and Work, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC., London (1982) ISBN 0-7475-2205-7
 * The New Astrologer, Macmillan Pub Co., London (1983) ISBN 978-0-02-081940-0
 * The New Guide to Modern Literature, Peter Bedrick Books, New York (1985) ISBN 0-87226-000-3
 * The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written, MJF Books – Fine Communications, New York (1998) ISBN 1-56731-678-6
 * Collected Poems 1943–1993, Greenwich Exchange (2006)
 * The Poems of Martin Seymour-Smith, Rún Press (2014)

title: Martin Seymour-Smith


text: User talk:194.35.219.100

title: User talk:194.35.219.100


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IBM 4758

The IBM 4758 PCI Cryptographic Coprocessor is a secure cryptoprocessor implemented on a high-security, tamper resistant, programmable PCI expansion card. Specialized cryptographic electronics, microprocessor, memory, and random number generator housed within a tamper-responding environment provide a highly secure subsystem in which data processing and cryptography can be performed.

IBM supplies two cryptographic-system implementations, and toolkits for custom application development:
 * The PKCS#11, version 2.01 implementation creates a high-security solution for application programs developed for this industry-standard API.
 * The IBM Common Cryptographic Architecture implementation provides many functions of special interest in the finance industry and a base on which custom processing and cryptographic functions can be added.

As of June 2005, the 4758 was discontinued and was replaced by an improved, faster model called the IBM 4764.

title: IBM 4758


text:
File:VCWalterPotterRitchie.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Walter Potter Ritchie, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Martin Hornby - (Gallaher Cigarette Cards).

title: File:VCWalterPotterRitchie.jpg


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Anil Ambani

Anil Dhirubhai Ambani (born 4 June 1959) is an Indian businessman, chairman and managing director of Reliance Group (a.k.a. Reliance ADA Group). The Reliance Group was created in July 2006 following a demerger from Reliance Industries Limited. He led several stocks listed corporations including Reliance Capital, Reliance Infrastructure, Reliance Power and Reliance Communications.

Ambani, once the sixth richest person in the world, declared bankruptcy before a UK court in February 2020, although the veracity of that claim is in question. His current net worth is 1 billion USD$ (₹83 billion IND) as of March 2024. He served in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India from Uttar Pradesh as an Independent MP between 2004 and 2006.

Life and education
Anil Ambani is the youngest son of the founder of Reliance Industries, Dhirubhai Ambani and his wife Kokilaben Ambani. Ambani has said that his father would lead the brothers on "incentive-oriented outings" where they would be rewarded with a box of mangoes for a 10-km (6 mile) hike, but also punished them for acting out in front of guests. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Kishinchand Chellaram College and received a Master in Business Administration at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1983.

Business career
Ambani's father Dhirubhai died in 2002 without leaving a clear succession plan. After bickering between Anil and his brother Mukesh, their mother Kokilaben mediated and split the family-owned businesses between the two brothers.

Anil Ambani received parts of Reliance Group with interests in telecom, entertainment, financial services, power and infrastructure. Ambani is also credited with India's largest IPO, that of Reliance Power, which in 2008 was subscribed in less than 60 seconds, the fastest in the history of Indian capital markets to date.

In 2005 Ambani made his debut in the entertainment industry with an acquisition of a majority stake in Adlabs Films, a company with interests in film processing, production, exhibition and digital cinema. The company was renamed Reliance MediaWorks in 2009. In 2008 a joint venture worth US$1.2 billion with Steven Spielberg's production company DreamWorks cast Ambani's entertainment business on to a global platform. He has contributed to the production of several Spielberg films, including the Academy Award-winning Lincoln.

Ambani gained notoriety as one of the fastest destroyers of shareholder wealth in the last 100 years with the combined group market cap declining by 90% since the formation of the Reliance ADA Group.

In early 2019, a court in Mumbai held Ambani in criminal contempt for non-payment of personally guaranteed debt Reliance Communications owed to Swedish gear maker Ericsson. Instead of jail time, the court gave him a month to come up with the funds. At the end of the month, Ambani was bailed out by his elder brother, Mukesh Ambani.

In April 2019, three ADAG Companies reached standstill agreement with Franklin Templeton after secured NCD default. This led to SEBI changing mutual fund regulation of reducing unlisted NCDs exposure to 10% and making standstill agreement void. In aftermath, FT India didn't sell the pledged securities and wound 6 debt funds affecting 300,000 investors.

In February 2020, Anil Ambani was locked in a legal battle with 3 Chinese banks. He was asked to set aside US$100 million by the court which led him to make the statement that his net worth is currently zero after considering his liabilities. The dispute still rages on with the UK court ordering him to pay the 3 Chinese banks to the tune of US$716 million.

In October 2021, Anil Ambani was named in the Pandora Papers along with his brother Mukesh. In January 2023, the Bombay High Court questioned the Income Tax Department's accusation of tax evasion against Anil Ambani after a petition by him challenged the decision of the notice issued by the IT department.

Personal life
Ambani belongs to a Gujarati family which hails from the village of Chorwad near Junagadh in the Kathiawar region of Gujarat, India. He is the youngest son of the legendary textile entrepreneur Dhirubhai Ambani and his wife, Smt. Kokilaben Ambani, a devoted home-maker who founded the Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital in suburban Mumbai. Anil is one of four children. He has an older brother, Mukesh Ambani, and two sisters, Smt. Nina Kothari (wife of late Bhadra Shyam Kothari) and Smt. Deepti Salgaocar (wife of Dattaraj Salgoncar).

Anil Ambani is married to the actress Tina Munim. He married her after facing much resistance from his family, due to the fact that she came from the world of fashion and glamour, and her lifestyle choices before marriage had been unconventional. Nevertheless, the couple have had a stable marriage and have two sons, Jai Anmol Ambani and Jai Anshul Ambani. As of 2010, Ambani and his family reside at The Sea Wind, a 14-story building in Mumbai. On 20 February 2022, Ambani's elder son, Jai Anmol, married Krisha Shah, daughter of the late Nikunj Shah, a Mumbai-based entrepreneur.

Ambani is a teetotaler and a vegetarian. As an avid jogger, he also runs marathons.

Awards and recognition

 * Conferred the 'Businessman of the Year 1997' award by India's leading business magazine Business India, December 1998.
 * Voted 'the Businessman of the Year' in a poll conducted by The Times of India – TNS, December 2006.
 * Voted the 'Best role model' among business leaders in the biannual Mood of the Nation poll conducted by India Today magazine, August 2006.
 * Conferred 'the CEO of the Year 2004' in the Platts Global Energy Awards.
 * Conferred 'The Entrepreneur of the Decade Award' by the Bombay Management Association, October 2002.
 * Awarded the First Wharton Indian Alumni Award by the Wharton India Economic Forum (WIEF) in recognition of his contribution to the establishment of Reliance as a global leader in many of its business areas, December 2001.
 * Selected by Asiaweek magazine for its list of 'Leaders of the Millennium in Business and Finance' and was introduced as the only 'new hero' in Business and Finance from India, June 1999.

Allegations of political connections
In 2018, India's principal opposition party, Indian National Congress, accused Prime Minister Narendra Modi of favouring Anil Ambani's defence manufacturing company over HAL, a public sector enterprise, in a fighter aircraft deal worthinr  with French manufacturing firm Dassault. Ambani, several of whose companies are debt-ridden, has denied all charges of benefiting from crony capitalism. In factual terms, Reliance Defence stood to get just over 3 per cent of the inr Dassault Aviation offsets contract, contrary to the impression that it was to be the biggest beneficiary of the Rafale fighter jet deal.

In a possibly related controversy, one of his businesses partly financed a French film in which former French president Francois Hollande's then-partner had acted around the same time the aircraft deal was being negotiated.

title: Anil Ambani


text:
Talk:Anda, Pangasinan

Removed the following line from the article. There is no reference.
 * If a Pangasinense has a surname beginning with the letter C, chances are, he is from this town.

-- Blue Mask|Talk 11:27, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Anda, Pangasinan


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Orkney, South Africa

Orkney is a gold mining town situated in the Klerksdorp district of the North West province, South Africa. It lies on the banks of the Vaal River approximately 180 km from Johannesburg near the N12 (national road from Johannesburg to George).

History
The town was named after the Orkney Isles off the north coast of Scotland, the birthplace of Simon Fraser, one of the gold mining pioneers of the 1880s. The town was proclaimed in 1940 on the farm Witkoppen, where Fraser had first started gold mining.

The town was laid out by another Scot by the name of Maconachie (full name unknown). His naming of the streets was interesting: he used the names of poets and authors from the British Isles. This was unusual for a mining town in the heart of "Afrikanerdom". The rule was broken as Afrikaner nationalism grew dominant in the 1960s, and some of the British literary names were replaced.

The 1960 census recorded a total population of 22,425 residents.

The town was near the epicentre of an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.5 on the Richter scale which struck on 5 August 2014, killing one person.

Tourist attractions

 * Ground Nut Factory
 * Harmony Gold Mine

Sports
The Oppenheimer Stadium, a large football (soccer) stadium in Orkney, was increased in size for the 2010 Football World Cup, although it was not used in the World Cup. The Orkney Stadium Disaster, when 42 fans died at the stadium in 1991, was the second worst sports disaster in South Africa.

In the media
Orkney enjoyed fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the setting for a popular Afrikaans television sitcom called Orkney Snork Nie. The word "snork" means "snore": so the joke in the title means "Orkney doesn't snore". Even further back the Afrikaans jab at the sleepy town was "Ook nie dorp nie; ook nie plaas nie". In this the pun is on the "ook nie" ("also not" or "neither") sounding like "Orkney"; and the full meaning being "neither town nor farm".

The notion of "sleepy" is misleading. Some of the deepest and richest gold mines have been worked in the area for decades. But the social life for the youth was better in Klerksdorp.

title: Orkney, South Africa


text:
Gåte

Gåte is a band from Trøndelag, Norway playing Norwegian folk music bred with metal and electronica. Their style has been referred to as progressive folk-rock. The band was put together by Sveinung Sundli (violin, keyboards) in 2000 and originally consisted of his younger sister Gunnhild Sundli (vocals), Gjermund Landrø (bass, backing vocals), Martin Langlie (drums) and Magnus Børmark (guitar, keyboards). Langlie was replaced by Kenneth Kapstad in 2004. They represented in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024 with the song "Ulveham".

History
The band released their first EP, Gåte EP in 2000, and rapidly gained popularity. A second EP, also self-titled, was released in 2002. Their first album, Jygri, released the same year, proved to be their commercial breakthrough both in Norway and abroad, particularly in Scandinavia and Germany. They also gained a lot of media attention, particularly the distinctive voice of Gunnhild Sundli caught the interest of music journalists, who immediately started to speculate on her departure in order to establish a solo career. After the release of another EP, Statt opp (Maggeduliadei) in 2003, and their second album, Iselilja in 2004, the band announced that they were taking a break. In their press release, issued September 6, one of the reasons cited was that Gunnhild wanted to devote time to other pursuits. Nevertheless, their record company Warner Music Norway issued a live album, titled Liva, in 2006 which had been recorded at the Rockefeller Music Hall the previous year, and with bonus material from their concert at the Roskilde Festival in 2003. Gåte made a comeback in 2017 with the EP Attersyn, followed by the album Svevn in 2018.

During the first part of their career they toured extensively and played almost every popular music festival in Norway, as well as the major international festival Roskilde Festival in Denmark. The band reunited for one concert in 2009, but then decided to follow this up with a mini-tour of Norway consisting of five concerts in 2010. The fifth concert was held at the roof of the Oslo Opera House, and the band stated that this would be their final farewell. In 2018, they started touring Norway again.

In August 2023, Gåte announced that Sveinung was temporarily leaving the band and would not participate in the upcoming tour.

The band took part in Melodi Grand Prix 2024, the Norwegian selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2024, with the song "Ulveham". They qualified from their semi-final on 20 January 2024 and ultimately won the final on 3 February 2024.

At Eurovision 2024, Gåte finished 10th in the second semifinal on 9 May, qualifying them for the Grand Final on 11 May, where they finished 25th.

Song origins
Many of Gåte's songs are rearranged versions of traditional Norwegian folk tunes, such as "Sjå Attende" (the title translates to "Look Back"), and "Knut Liten og Sylvelin" ("Little-Knut and Sylvelin"). Another main source of Gåte songs are poems by the Norwegian poet Astrid Krog Halse with added music by Sveinung Sundli, such as "Følgje" ("Company") and "Stengd Dør" ("Closed Door"). Some of their songs were written in Nynorsk/Landsmål and performed in a broad Trøndersk dialect.

On "Svevn", several songs have lyrics by veteran folk musician Knut Buen, who also wrote the lyrics to "Kjærleik" on "Iselilja".

Gunnhild Sundli
Gunnhild (born 2 July 1985) is the band's lead vocalist and joined the band in 1999. She was born and grew up in Orkdal, and currently resides in Trondheim. She began to sing when she was 9 years old, and has since been singing in both classical and jazz music. She studied singing at Heimdal Upper Secondary School.

Magnus Børmark
Børmark (born 21 November 1982) is from Trondheim. He learned to play guitar and piano from his older brother. He has played in popular rock bands, such as Torch, before joining Gåte in December 2000. He plays a Fender Telecaster, Robotcaster and Les Robot, the last two being made by Frank Stavem. He also plays guitar in the band 22 (band).

Jon Even Schärer
Schärer (born 27 September 1990) is from Kvikne. He is the band drummer and collaborates with Norwegian artists as a lyricist to promote folk music. He is also an educational manager in a kindergarten and finished his bachelor's thesis in kindergarten education.

Mats Paulsen
Paulsen (born 1 March 1983) is a bass player from Trondheim. Together with Børmark, they formed the Norwegian band 22. He also became a finalist in the Norwegian version of MasterChef in 2010.

John Stenersen
Stenersen is a musician and composer from Risør. He plays ancient Nordic instruments such as the nyckelharpa, moraharpa, and hurdy-gurdy.

title: Gåte


text:
Sapienza University of Rome

The Sapienza University of Rome (Sapienza – Università di Roma), formally the Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", abbreviated simply as Sapienza ("wisdom"), is a public research university located in Rome, Italy. It was founded in 1303 and is as such one of the world's oldest universities, and with 122,000 students, it is the largest university in Europe. Due to its size, funding, and numerous laboratories and libraries, Sapienza is a major education and research centre in Southern Europe. The university is located mainly in the Città Universitaria (University city), which covers 44 ha near the Tiburtina Station, with different campuses, libraries and laboratories in various locations in Rome.

Sapienza was founded the 20th of April 1303 by decree from Pope Boniface VIII as a Studium for ecclesiastical studies under more control than the free-standing universities of Bologna and Padua. In 1431 Pope Eugene IV completely reorganized the studium and decreed that the university should expand to include the four schools of Law, Medicine, Philosophy, in addition to the existing Theology. In the 1650s the university became known as Sapienza, meaning "wisdom", a title it still retains. After the capture of Rome by the forces of the Kingdom of Italy in 1870, La Sapienza rapidly expanded as the chosen main university of the capital of the newly unified state. In 1935 the new university campus, planned by Marcello Piacentini, was completed.

Sapienza teaches and conducts research in all pure and applied sciences and humanities. It is often considered the best in the world for classics and ancient history. Sapienza houses 50 libraries with over 2.7 million books, most notably the Alessandrina University Library, built in 1667 by Pope Alexander VII, housing 1.5 million volumes. It in addition has 19 museums, a botanical garden, and three university hospitals. Sapienzas alumni includes 10 Nobel laureates, Italian prime ministers, one pope, Presidents of the European Parliament and European Commissioners, as well as several notable religious figures, supreme court judges, and astronauts.

History
The Sapienza University of Rome was founded in 1303 with the Papal bull In Supremae praeminentia Dignitatis, issued on 20 April 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII, as a Studium for ecclesiastical studies more under his control than the universities of Bologna and Padua, making it the first pontifical university.

In 1431 Pope Eugene IV completely reorganized the studium with the bull In supremae, in which he granted masters and students alike the broadest possible privileges and decreed that the university should include the four schools of Law, Medicine, Philosophy and Theology. He introduced a new tax on wine to raise funds for the university; the money was used to buy a palace which later housed the Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza church.

However, the university's days of splendour came to an end during the sack of Rome in 1527, when the studium was closed, some of the professors were killed and others dispersed. Pope Paul III restored the university shortly after his election to the pontificate in 1534.

In the 1650s the university became known as Sapienza, meaning wisdom, a title it retains. In 1703, with his private funds, Pope Clement XI purchased some land on the Janiculum, where he created a botanical garden, which soon became the most celebrated in Europe through the labours of the Trionfetti brothers. The first complete history of the Sapienza University was written in 1803–1806 by Filippo Maria Renazzi.

University students were newly animated during the 19th-century Italian revival. In 1870, La Sapienza stopped being the papal university and became the university of the capital of Italy. In 1935 the new university campus, planned by Marcello Piacentini, was completed.

On 15 January 2008 the Vatican cancelled a planned visit to La Sapienza University by Pope Benedict XVI who was to speak at the university ceremony launching the 2008 academic year due to protests by some students and professors. The title of the speech would have been 'The Truth Makes Us Good and Goodness is Truth'. Some students and professors protested in reaction to a 1990 speech that Pope Benedict XVI (then Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger) gave in which he, in their opinion, endorsed the actions of the church against Galileo in 1633.

Campuses
Sapienza University has many campuses in Rome, but its main campus is the Città Universitaria (University city), which covers 44 ha near the Roma Tiburtina Station. The university has satellite campuses outside Rome, the main one of which is in Latina.

In 2011 a project was launched to build a campus with residence halls near Pietralata station, in collaboration with the Lazio region. To cope with the ever-increasing number of applicants, the Rector also approved a new plan to expand the Città Universitaria, reallocate offices and enlarge faculties, as well as create new campuses for hosting local and foreign students.

The Alessandrina University Library (Biblioteca Universitaria Alessandrina), built in 1667 by Pope Alexander VII, is the main library housing 1.5 million volumes; it has some important collections including collezione ciceroniana and Fondo Festa.

Points of interest

 * Orto Botanico dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza", a botanical garden
 * Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza
 * San Pietro in Vincoli: the cloister is part of the Engineering School
 * Villa Mirafiori: a Neo-Renaissance palace built during the 19th century, some rooms are decorated with fine frescoes. The Department of Philosophy is located in this building.

Academics
Since the 2011 reform, Sapienza University of Rome has eleven faculties and 65 departments. Today Sapienza, with 140,000 students and 8,000 among academic and technical and administrative staff, is the largest university in Italy. The university has significant research programmes in the fields of engineering, natural sciences, biomedical sciences and humanities. It offers 10 Masters Programmes taught entirely in English.

Ranking
As of the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), Sapienza is positioned within the 151–200 group of universities and among the top 3% of universities in the world.

In 2016, the Center for World University Rankings ranked the Sapienza University of Rome as the 90th in the world and the top in Italy in its World University Rankings.

According to the QS Graduate Employability Ranking 2020, Sapienza places first amongst Italian universities for the indicator on Alumni Outcomes thanks to the number of university graduates employed in large companies and in managerial positions.

In 2024, Sapienza University of Rome ranked 134th in the world in QS World University Rankings. The subject Classics and Ancient history of Sapienza is ranked the 1st in the world by QS World University Rankings by subject. As the same ranking, the subject Archaeology ranks the 10th. The subject Physics & Astronomy of Sapienza is ranked 36th, Arts and Humanities is ranked 39th, and Psychology is ranked 70th.

Admission
To cope with the large demand for admission to the university courses, some faculties hold a series of entrance examinations. The entrance test often decides which candidates will have access to the undergraduate course. For some faculties, the entrance test is only a means through which the administration acknowledges the students' level of preparation. Students that do not pass the test can still enroll in their chosen degree courses but have to pass an additional exam during their first year.

Archaeology

 * Vicino Oriente (lit. 'Near East') journal

Faculty and staff
Among the prominent scholars who have taught at the Sapienza University of Rome are architects Ernesto Basile and Bruno Zevi; chemist Emanuele Paternò; jurists Antonio Salandra, Sabino Cassese and Giuliano Amato; mathematician Vito Volterra; pharmacologist and Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine Daniel Bovet; chemist and Nobel Laureate Giulio Natta; philosophers Luigi Ferri and Augusto Del Noce; physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics Enrico Fermi; political scientist Roberto Forges Davanzati.

 * Carlo Costamagna
 * Cardinal Mazarin
 * Mario Oriani-Ambrosini
 * Corrado Gini, statistician
 * Lucio Bini and Ugo Cerletti, psychiatrists
 * Corrado Böhm, computer scientist
 * Benedetto Castelli, mathematician
 * Andrea Cesalpino, physician and botanist
 * Federigo Enriques, mathematician
 * Maria Montessori, physician and paedagogist
 * Paola S. Timiras, biologist
 * Barnaba Tortolini, mathematician
 * Andrea Zitolo, physical-chemist
 * Edoardo Amaldi
 * Oscar D'Agostino
 * Ettore Majorana
 * Bruno Pontecorvo
 * Franco Rasetti
 * Giovanni Battista Beccaria
 * Giovanni Jona-Lasinio
 * Luciano Maiani
 * Domenico Pacini
 * Antonio Signorini
 * Nicola Cabibbo, President of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
 * Cora Sternberg
 * Carlo Franzinetti, physicist
 * Alessandro Piccolo (agricultural scientist), Professor at University of Naples Federico II, Humboldt Prize in Chemistry
 * Bruno Luiselli, professor emeritus of Latin literature. He studied the Barbarian.
 * Salvatore Dierna, architect, professor of environmental design

Humanities

 * Glauco Benigni, author, journalist
 * Anna Maria Bisi, archaeologist
 * Cesare Borgia, Cardinal, condottiero and politician of the 15th century
 * Piero Boitani, literary critic, writer and academic
 * Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina, jurisconsult
 * Silvia Berti, historian
 * Lazarus Buonamici, renaissance humanist
 * Umberto Cassuto, Hebrew language and Bible scholar
 * Marcel Danesi, language scientist
 * Carlo Innocenzio Maria Frugoni, poet
 * Count Angelo de Gubernatis, orientalist
 * Predrag Matvejević, writer and academic
 * Santo Mazzarino, leading historian of ancient Rome and ancient Greece
 * Giuseppe Tucci, orientalist
 * Mario Liverani, orientalist
 * Paolo Matthiae, director of the archeological expedition of Ebla
 * Antonio Nibby, archaeologist
 * Diego Laynez, second general of the Society of Jesus
 * Giulio Mazzarino, politician and cardinal
 * Alessandro Roncaglia, economist
 * Giulio Salvadori, literary critic and poet
 * Giuseppe Scaraffia, literary critic
 * Ugo Spirito, philosopher
 * Giuseppe Ungaretti, poet
 * Bernardino Varisco, philosopher
 * Musine Kokalari, Albanian writer

title: Sapienza University of Rome


text:
Hârșova

Hârșova (also spelled Hîrșova; ; Hırsova; Хърсово, Harsovo) is a town located on the right bank of the Danube, in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.

The village of Vadu Oii is administered by the town. The village is linked with Giurgeni commune over the Danube via the Giurgeni-Vadu Oii Bridge.

Etymology
The relationship between the current name of Hârșova and the ancient name of the city, Carsium has long been a matter of debate among historians and linguists. According to Iorgu Iordan the ancient name may have been kept under the influence of the Slavic word Круш, cliff, rock.

The current name may also derive from the ancient Slavic god Hârs (Хърс) and Slavic suffix "-ova" and it is still under debate whether it is in any way linked with the ancient name, or perhaps a common proto-indo-european root related to "ecstasy"/"desire", ultimately also related to the vedic rta and avestan arta.

History
In ancient times, a Roman settlement grew up on the site of the current town named Carsium around the Roman fort of the same name whose remains are still visible on the bank of the Danube. It was initially in Moesia and later in Scythia Minor province.

In 1570 (Hijri 977) the castle town had 69 guards, 71 Muslim households and 84 Christian households and it was a "has" of Mehmet Bey, the mirliva of Silistra.

The Storming of Hirsovo took place in 1773.

In 1853, The Times of London reported that "Hirsova"

"is defended by a fortified castle, and has a garrison of about 2,000 men. This place was taken by the Russians in 1809 and 1828. Though small, it is of considerable importance from its position on the very spot where the Berchicha returns to the Danube. . . . It is in many parts inundated, but has good pasturage for the excellent horses which constitute the sole wealth of the Tartars who inhabit it."

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Hârșova had a population of 8,737; of those, 6,169 were Romanians (70.61%), 6 Hungarians (0.07%), 499 Roma (5.71%), 510 Turks (5.84%), 10 Lipovans (0.11%), 102 others (1.17%), and 1,435 with undeclared ethnicity (16.42%).

At the 2011 census, the town had 9,642 residents; of those, 7,476 were Romanians (84.47%), 6 Hungarians (0.07%), 490 Roma (5.54%), 829 Turks (9.37%), 9 Tatars (0.10%), 27 Lipovans (0.31%), 4 others (0.05%), and 9 with undeclared ethnicity (0.10%).

Natives

 * Ionel Averian (born 1976), sprint canoer
 * Vasilică Cristocea (born 1980), footballer

title: Hârșova


text:
User talk:Onegod360

Supreme Wisdom Lessons

--Andre S. Belcher 11:28, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Onegod360


text:
Walter Potter Ritchie

Walter Potter Ritchie VC (27 March 1892 – 17 March 1965) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. The award was made for his actions during the Battle of the Somme in the First World War.

Early life
Walter Potter Ritchie was born in Glasgow on 27 March 1892, one of six children of Walter Ritchie, an ironworker, and his wife Helen Murphy. He was educated at a school in the Cowcaddens area of Glasgow. After completing his schooling he became a blacksmith's apprentice but soon enlisted in the British Army, joining the 8th Cameronians despite being underage. He was later transferred to the 2nd Battalion of The Seaforth Highlanders as a drummer.

First World War
On the outbreak of the First World War, Ritchie was sent with his unit to France, as part of the 4th Division, British Expeditionary Force. He fought in the Battle of Mons in August 1914 and then in the First Battle of the Aisne the following month. He was wounded in October 1914 near Armentières. The Seaforth Highlanders later moved to the Somme sector, stationed near Mailly-Maillet.

On 1 July 1916, the opening day of the Battle of the Somme, the 4th Division was tasked with capturing the ground to the north of Beaumont Hamel. Its advance was preceded by an artillery barrage and once it ceased, the troops of the division moved forward in a series of waves. Ritchie's battalion was part of the second wave. The advance faltered due to heavy machine gun fire and due to the extent of casualties among the officers, some of the British soldiers began falling back. Ritchie, seeing this, climbed to the parapet of a trench and sounded his bugle, which he carried with him, contrary to orders. The bugle call rallied the British soldiers and helped restore order and reverse the withdrawal. After the battle, there were only around 80 survivors from his battalion.

For his actions on 1 July, Ritchie was recommended for the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation, published in the London Gazette read: "No. 68 Dmr. Walter Ritchie, Sea Highrs. For most conspicuous bravery and resource, when on his own initiative, he stood on the parapet of an enemy trench, and, under heavy machine-gun fire and bomb attacks, repeatedly sounded the "Charge" thereby rallying many men of various units who, having lost their leaders were wavering and beginning to retire. This action showed the highest type of courage and personal initiative. Throughout the day Drummer Ritchie carried messages over fire-swept ground, showing the greatest devotion to duty."

- London Gazette, 8 September 1916

Ritchie was presented with his VC by King George V on 25 November 1916 in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. After the VC investiture, he went to Glasgow for a period of leave but declined to talk to friends about his experiences during the VC action. He later received the French Croix de Guerre, which was presented to him by Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer Hunter-Weston in December 1916.

Returning to active duty with the Seaforth Highlanders on the Western Front, his battalion would go on to be involved in several engagements for the remainder of the war, including actions around Arras and the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 and the Battle of the Lys and the fighting along the Hindenburg Line the following year. By the end of the war, he had been wounded a total of five times, as well as being gassed twice.

Later life
Remaining in the British Army after the war, Ritchie was transferred to the 1st Battalion of the Seaforth Highlanders. By this time he was married to Mary McLagan and the couple went on to have two children. He was soon promoted to sergeant and served as the battalion's drum-major. During the Armistice Day commemorations of 1921, he was part of the VC honour guard for The Unknown Warrior at Westminster Abbey. He retired from the British Army in 1929 but then remained involved with the military life by working as a recruitment officer in Glasgow. He later worked in the education system.

During the Second World War, Ritchie rejoined the British Army and served with the Royal Army Ordnance Corps on the Home Front until his discharge in 1941, on account of his health. Ritchie died on 17 March 1965 in Edinburgh and his remains were cremated.

Medals and legacy
As well as the VC and Croix de Guerre, Ritchie was entitled to the 1914 Star with Mons Clasp, British War Medal and Victory Medal for his First World War service. He also held the 1939-45 Star and War Medal 1939-45 for his service during the Second World War, and was a recipient of coronation medals for two sovereigns, George VI and Elizabeth II, and the George V Silver Jubilee Medal. The medals are no longer in the possession of the family, having been first sold in 1970 and presently owned by an Australian collector. On 1 July 2022, 106 years to the day after Ritchie's heroism earned him the Victoria Cross, it was announced that his medals were to be offered at auction by Spink in London.

The bugle on which he rallied his comrades during the Battle of the Somme is held at the Queen's Own Highlanders Museum at Inverness. On 1 July 2016, a hundred years to the day of Ritchie's VC action, a centenary paving stone outside the People's Palace in Glasgow was unveiled in his memory. Fifty members of his family were present at the ceremony.

title: Walter Potter Ritchie


text:
Tina Ambani

Tina Ambani (née Munim, born 11 February 1957) is an Indian former actress. She is married to Anil Ambani, chairman of Reliance Group. She was one of the leading actresses of the Hindi film industry during the late 70s and 80s. She is actively involved in many foundations and charities. Many of these were established in the memory of her in-laws, Dhirubhai and Kokilaben Ambani. Her work ranges from elder care to promotion of Indian art.

Personal life
Tina Munim was born on 11 February 1957. She graduated high school in 1975 from the MM Pupils Own School in Khar, Bombay. The same year, she was crowned Femina Teen Princess India 1975 and represented India at the Miss Teenage Intercontinental contest in Aruba, where she was crowned second runner-up. She subsequently enrolled in Jai Hind College for a degree in arts. Later in 70s, she joined the Hindi film industry and had a successful career as a leading actress, for thirteen years.

She was a in a relationship with her co-star Rajesh Khanna from 1980 to 1987. On 2 February 1991, she married Anil Ambani, the younger son of Indian business tycoon Dhirubhai Ambani who founded Reliance Industries. They have two sons Jai Anmol (born in December 1991) and Jai Anshul (born in September 1995). The eldest, Jai Anmol married Khrisha Shah on 20 February 2022. Munim's brother-in-law is Asia's richest man, Mukesh Ambani who is the chairman, managing director, and largest shareholder of Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL).

Films
Munim made her debut in Hindi films with filmmaker Dev Anand's Des Pardes. Her other films with Dev Anand include Lootmaar, and Man Pasand. She was cast opposite Amol Palekar in Basu Chatterjee's Baaton Baaton Mein. Her notable films with Rishi Kapoor include Karz, and Yeh Vaada Raha.She starred with actor Rajesh Khanna in many films including Fiffty Fiffty, Souten, Bewafai, Suraag , Insaaf Main Karoonga, Rajput, Aakhir Kyon?, Paapi Pet Ka Sawaal Hai, Alag Alag, Bhagwaan Dada and Adhikar. Her last film was Jigarwala, released in 1991. In an interview to Simi Garewal, Munim said: "Sometimes I feel [that I left films too soon] too, but then I felt that there was a lot more to the world that I wanted to explore and experience, and not just stick to movies. I decided to quit. I never regretted it. I never wanted to go back, ever."

Arts and culture
With the aim to offer young artists a platform to exhibit alongside seasoned veterans and acknowledged masters, she organised the first Harmony Art show in 1995. In 2008, Harmony Art Foundation showcased upcoming Indian artists at Christie's in London, drawing attention to the wealth of talent in India. She has served on the board of trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, which is the oldest continually operating museum in the US since 2008.

In addition, she has served on the advisory board of the National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai and the National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad. She was also nominated to the reconstituted General Assembly of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). She has been actively associated with several welfare activities such as Aseema, an NGO engaged in the rehabilitation of street children, and the restoration of Elephanta Island, a World Heritage Site near Mumbai, with the Archaeological Survey of India and UNESCO.

Elder welfare
In 2004, Ambani established Harmony for Silvers Foundation, a Mumbai-based non-government organisation that seeks to enhance the quality of life of the elderly. Its activities have included Harmony – Celebrate Age, the magazine, now in its 14th year; the portal www.harmonyindia.org; Harmony Interactive Centre for Silver Citizens, in South Mumbai; the Harmony Research Division; the Harmony Silver Awards; and the Harmony Senior Citizens' Runs at the Mumbai, Delhi and Bengaluru marathons.

Healthcare
In order to bridge the gaps in Indian healthcare, Ambani launched the Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital & Medical Research Institute (KDAH) in Mumbai in 2009, a quaternary care facility. It is the only hospital in Mumbai to receive accreditation from the JCI (Joint Commission International, USA), NABH (National Accreditation Board for Healthcare, India), CAP (College of American Pathologists, USA) and NABL (National Accreditation Board for Laboratories, India). Other standouts include the first comprehensive centre for liver transplant and the first integrated centre for children's cardiac care in western India; its robotic surgery programme; the centres for rehabilitation and sports medicine; and its initiative to open 18 cancer care centres in rural Maharashtra.

title: Tina Ambani


text:
Talk:Eligiusz Niewiadomski

Untitled
Was he really that well-known before his trial? IMO he was in 2nd league, far from the well-known painters of the epoch (clan of Kossaks, Witkiewicz, Makowski, Mehoffer, Wisznicki...). I believe he might've been known to the society in Warsaw, but I doubt he was as famous as he is depicted by his right-wing apologetes.. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 11:30, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)

Comment
Upon recently doing some research on this assassination, I find it highly peculiar, that over 10,000 people would in essence morally support a murderer, who assassinated their President. Even more so, since Narutowicz was not any kind of tyrant, and a relative of Pilsudski's. One would hope that there would be a sense of shame if not outright indignation over this crime. Dr. Dan 18:11, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I no longer find it highly peculiar. Dr. Dan 04:37, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

Arresten on December 30th?
The Polish Wikipedia states that he was arrested at the place of the crime (i.e the December 16.), and tried and sentenced on December 30th. "Arrested on December 30th" must be wrong then? --Jidu Boite (talk) 08:42, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Eligiusz Niewiadomski


text:
User:Lyndon Williams

Lyndon Williams is a teacher and web developer. He currently resides in Musgravetown in the Canadian Province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

title: User:Lyndon Williams


text: User:Eequor/Gallery

title: User:Eequor/Gallery


text: User talk:212.178.7.54

title: User talk:212.178.7.54


text:
Oxyrhynchus Gospels

The Oxyrhynchus Gospels are two fragmentary manuscripts discovered among the rich finds of discarded papyri at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. They throw light on early non-canonical Gospel traditions.

Oxyrhynchus 840
Oxyrhynchus 840 (P. Oxy. V 840), found in 1905, is a single small vellum parchment leaf with 45 lines of text written on both sides in a tiny neat hand that dates it to the 4th century, almost square, less than 10 cm across. It is kept at the Bodleian Library, MS. Gr. th. g. 11 (P). The text probably predates 200, but no more is determinable from this evidence. In his introduction in The Complete Gospels, Philip Sellew notes that this fragment was likely a talisman text, kept as an amulet, perhaps worn around the neck. Michael J. Kruger who did his PhD dissertation on this fragment concludes that this could be not an amulet but a miniature codex. The text itself has been dated to the first half of the second century. Sellew calls it "similar to the New Testament gospels in its style and tone."

The fragment begins with the end of a warning to an evildoer who plans ahead, yet fails to take the next life into account. There follows sections of a narrative unparalleled in any other known gospel tradition, about Jesus' encounter with "a Pharisee, a leading priest" who tries to order Jesus and the disciples out of the Temple as ritually unclean. Jesus responds by contrasting ritual cleanliness — gotten by bathing like a harlot in the water used by dogs and pigs — against the life-giving (metaphorical) water that comes down from heaven in baptism.

Jesus is called "Savior" (Σωτήρ), which is rare in the New Testament, but not unparalleled. The author of the fragment also believes that laymen have to change their clothes to enter the temple, for which there is no other evidence. The author is distinctly hostile to Judaism, but as he knows little about it, the text is presumably not from Judea; the author's vague grasp of details of Temple rituals have suggested a Johannine circle, perhaps in Syria.

Oxyrhynchus 1224
Oxyrhynchus 1224 (P. Oxy. X 1224), now at the Bodleian Library, MS. Gr. th. e. 8 (P), consists of two small papyrus fragments from the late 3rd or early 4th century. It contains six passages, each about a sentence. Two of the longer ones are parallel to Mark 2:17 and Luke 9:50, but the differences in phrasing show they are textually independent of the Gospels. A precise date for composition is unknown; 50 is possible, though a date of around 150 AD. is more widely accepted by scholars. John Dominic Crossan notes the mutilated condition in his introduction to the fragmentary text in The Complete Gospels resulting in highly conjectural reconstructions of the text, which, however, "does not seem to be dependent on the New Testament gospels.... As an independent gospel, it belongs, insofar as its fragmentary state allows us to see, not with discourse gospels involving the risen Jesus (e.g., the Secret Book of James and the Gospel of Mary), but with sayings gospels involving the earthly Jesus (e.g., Q document and the Gospel of Thomas). Crossan suggests that the document might have been written as early as the mid-first century.

title: Oxyrhynchus Gospels


text:
Clement Robertson

Clement Robertson (15 December 1890 – 4 October 1917) was a Colony of Natal-born, recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

His posthumous Victoria Cross was the first to be awarded to the Tank Corps.

Early life
Clement was the fourth son of Major John Albert Robertson and Frances Octavia Caroline Robertson ( Wynne), of Struan Hill, Delgany in County Wicklow. His father, an officer in the Royal Artillery, was serving in the Colony of Natal when Clement was born at Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, on 15 December 1890. His mother's family was from Ireland and Clement grew up in Delgany.

He went to school at Haileybury College (1904–1906) before attending Trinity College Dublin to study engineering. After graduation in 1909, he went to Egypt to work as an engineer on a Nile irrigation project.

Military career
On the outbreak of the First World War he returned to England and on 8 October 1914, he enlisted in 19th (Service) Battalion (2nd Public Schools), Royal Fusiliers. He was commissioned in The Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment) in January 1915. Robertson was attached to the Royal Engineers from June 1916 to February 1917, then to the Heavy Branch, Machine Gun Corps (the Heavy Branch became the Tank Corps).

On 7 June 1917, at the Battle of Messines, his Mark IV tank was hit by a shell, which killed a sergeant and wounded two other crew. Although his tank was badly damaged, he brought it back to base.

He was 26 years old, and an acting captain in the Royal West Surrey Regiment, British Army, attached to A Battalion, Tank Corps during the Battle of Broodseinde when the following deed took place for which he was awarded a Victoria Cross.

On 4 October 1917 at Zonnebeke, Belgium, Robertson was involved in the attack by the 21st Division between Polygon Wood and the Menin Road. The attack was supported by the four tanks of 12 Section, A Battalion, with Robertson as section commander. Robertson and his batman, Cyril Sheldon Allen, had spent the previous three days and nights reconnoitring the ground and marking routes with tape, and, during the attack, he led his tanks into action on foot. Fire from German pillboxes caused heavy casualties as they advanced through the muddy conditions of what had been the stream of the Polygonbeek. With the support of one of the tanks the pillboxes were captured and the higher ground overlooking the Reutel valley was reached by the supporting British infantry.

The citation reads: "2nd Lieutenant Clement Robertson, late R.W. Surrey R., Special Reserve (T./Lieutenant, A./Captain, Tank Corps).

For most conspicuous bravery in leading his Tanks in attack under heavy shell, machine-gun and rifle fire, over ground which had been heavily ploughed by shell fire. Captain Robertson, knowing the risk of the Tanks missing the way, continued to lead them on foot, guiding them carefully and patiently towards their objective, although he must have known that his action would almost inevitably cost him his life.

This gallant officer was killed after his objective had been reached, but his skilful leading had already ensured successful action.

His utter disregard of danger and devotion to duty afford an example of outstanding valour."

As he had not married, his VC was presented to his mother by Brigadier General C. Williams CB at the Royal Barracks, Dublin, on 27 March 1918.

He is "believed to be buried" at Oxford Road Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery, 2 mi north-east of Ypres, in Plot III, Row F, Grave 7. His headstone bears the Latin inscription VIRTUTIS GLORIA MERCES; "glory is the reward of virtue".

Private Allen, who had accompanied Robertson on foot, was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal; he was killed on 20 November 1917.

Memorials
Robertson is also commemorated:
 * in his Church of Ireland parish church, Christ Church, at Delgany, County Wicklow
 * in Delgany Golf Club; he and his four brothers were founder members of the club and he won the Captain's Prize in the first year it was played for, in 1908
 * on one of the panels on the walls of the entrance hall of the 1937 Reading Room, Front Square, Trinity College Dublin
 * plaque and Royal Tank Regiment flag at Merlijn Restaurant at Reutel Crossroads, Beselare . The restaurant also produces a wine that commemorates him and his remarkable achievements on the battlefield named "Victory"
 * bridge over Reutelbeek upgraded to Memorial Status and named "Robertson's Bridge" in October 2017
 * at Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin; one of four Victoria Cross Commemorative Stones unveiled on Armistice Day 2017 in honour of Irish men who received the VC in the First World War

title: Clement Robertson


text:
Puʻu Kukui

Puu Kukui is a mountain peak in Hawaii, the highest of the West Maui Mountains (Mauna Kahalawai). The 5788 ft summit rises above the Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area, an 8661 acre private nature preserve maintained by the Maui Land & Pineapple Company. The peak was formed by a volcano whose caldera eroded into what is now the Iao Valley.

Puu Kukui receives an average of 386.5 in of rain a year, making it one of the wettest spots on Earth and third wettest in the state after Big Bog on Maui and Mount Waialeale on Kauai, Rainwater unable to drain away flows into a bog. The soil is dense, deep, and acidic.

Puu Kukui is home to many endemic plants, insects, and birds, including the greensword (Argyroxiphium grayanum), a distinctive bog variety of ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha var. pseudorugosa) and many lobelioid species. Due to the mountain peak's extreme climate and acidic peat soil, many species, such as the ōhia, are represented as dwarfs. Access to the area is restricted to researchers and conservationists.

title: Puʻu Kukui


text:
Šventoji (Neris)

The Šventoji ( The Holy One) is the longest river that flows entirely within Lithuania and the largest tributary of the Neris. It originates from Lake Samanis in the Gražutė Regional Park and flows into the Neris near Jonava. The longest tributary of the Šventoji is the Širvinta.

The Šventoji passes through the cities of Anykščiai, Kavarskas and Ukmergė. In 1963–1964 a dam near Kavarskas was built to replenish the Nevėžis using water from the Šventoji. However, the dam is no longer used for being too expensive, ineffective, and violating environmental regulations of the European Union. In 1959, the Antalieptė Reservoir, the second largest artificial lake in Lithuania, was built on the Šventoji.

Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Šventoji (from source to mouth):

 * Left: Šavaša, Vyžuona, Aknysta, Taurožė, Beržuona, Elmė, Anykšta, Virinta, Dagia, Širvinta
 * Right: Kriauna, Nasvė, Jara, Pelyša, Vadaksta, Grieža, Latava, Biebė

title: Šventoji (Neris)


text: User talk:80.139.48.254

title: User talk:80.139.48.254


text:
Battle Cry of Freedom

The "Battle Cry of Freedom", also known as "Rally 'Round the Flag", is a song written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root (1820–1895) during the American Civil War. A patriotic song advocating the causes of Unionism and abolitionism, it became so popular that composer H. L. Schreiner and lyricist W. H. Barnes adapted it for the Confederacy.

A modified Union version was used as the campaign song for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket in the 1864 presidential election, as well as in elections after the war, such as for Garfield in the 1880 U.S. presidential election. The song was so popular that the music publisher had 14 printing presses going at one time and still could not keep up with demand. It is estimated that over 700,000 copies of this song were put in circulation. Louis Moreau Gottschalk thought so highly of the song that in his diary he confided that he thought "it should be our national anthem" and used it as the basis for his 1863 concert paraphrase for solo piano "Le Cri de délivrance," opus 55, and dedicated it to Root, who was a personal friend. Charles Ives quoted the song in several compositions, including his own patriotic song, "They Are There".

History
"Battle Cry of Freedom" proved popular among Union soldiers during the American Civil War. According to Henry Stone, a Union war veteran recalling in the late 1880s, the song helped the morale of Union soldiers:

According to historian Christian L. McWhirter, the song's success and popularity among the Union was due to its even-handed references to both abolitionism and unionism. Thus, both groups of Unionists, those opposed to slavery and secession, could utilize the song without reservation:

Extended Lyrics (Union version)
As published in Hoge, "The Boys in Blue" (1867) pp. 477-479.

In popular culture

 * The song is sung by a marching unit of Union infantry in the film The Undefeated (1969).
 * Ry Cooder performed this song as "Rally 'Round the Flag" on his Boomer's Story album.
 * The song is also performed in The Long Riders (1980), with music produced by Cooder. In the film, former Confederate irregular Clell Miller (played by Randy Quaid) confronts a musician playing this song, and forces him at gunpoint to play I'm a Good Ol' Rebel instead.
 * Eric Taylor has a live recording of this song as "Rally 'Round the Flag" on his Hollywood Pocketknife album in 2007.
 * Keith and Rusty McNeil perform both the "Battle Cry of Freedom" and "Southern Battle Cry of Freedom" on Civil War Songs with Historical Narration (WEM Records, 1989, ISBN 1-878360-11-6).
 * This song features prominently in Ken Burns' documentary The Civil War, where it is performed by Jacqueline Schwab.
 * Billy Bragg wrote a song based upon the music of "Battle Cry of Freedom" called "There Is Power in a Union" on the Talking with the Taxman about Poetry album. This song has different music and words than the song of the same name written by Joe Hill. For example, the chorus goes:"The Union forever defending our rights Down with the blackleg, all workers unite With our brothers and our sisters from many far off lands There is power in a Union" The song titled "Rally Round The Flag" was featured on Flamin' Groovies lead vocalist Chris Wilson's 1993 solo Record "Random Centuries"In which he sings all vocal harmonies, (based on Ry Cooder's version.)
 * Homer and Jethro (Henry Haynes and Ken Burns) released a 1967 parody called "The Ballad of Roger Miller" that used music from "Battle Cry of Freedom" in the verses.
 * Rally Round the Flag, Boys!, a 1958 film, was based on a novel with the same title by Max Shulman, published in 1956.
 * Indie rock band Titus Andronicus employ an adaptation of "Battle Cry of Freedom" in "A More Perfect Union", the first song on their Civil War-themed 2010 album The Monitor. The altered verses include references to Jefferson Davis, the Confederate leader, and abolitionist John Brown.
 * Film composer John Williams, in his score for the 2012 Steven Spielberg film, Lincoln, used an excerpt from "The Battle Cry of Freedom" in the track "Call to Muster and Battle Cry", with vocals performed by the Chicago Symphony Chorus and music performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. The song is also sung by Republican members of the House of Representatives to celebrate passage of the 13th Amendment.
 * Elvis Costello sang and played the last lines of the song in the Two and a Half Men episode, "Back Off, Mary Poppins".
 * The song is played at the dedication of the Hill Valley Courthouse (clock tower) in Back to the Future Part III (1990).
 * The song is sung during the opening credits of the 1939 film Young Mr. Lincoln starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford.
 * The song is sung by Miriam Hopkins in the 1940 film Virginia City.
 * The song with possible lyrics from Ireland was sung by The Irish Rovers in Episode 1 of Season 7 of The Virginian.

title: Battle Cry of Freedom