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Arthur Somervell

Sir Arthur Somervell (5 June 1863 – 2 May 1937) was an English composer and educationalist. After Hubert Parry, he was one of the most successful and influential writers of art song in the English music renaissance of the 1890s–1900s. According to Michael Hurd, his most important work is found in the five song cycles, particularly his settings of Tennyson in Maud (1898) and Housman in A Shropshire Lad (1904).

Career
He was born in Windermere, Westmorland, the son of Robert Miller Somervell and his wife. His father was a shoe manufacturer who served as JP of "Hazelthwaite" at Winderemere (1821-1899). The Somervell (originally Somerville) family came from Scotland, settling in London in the 1700s.

Somervell's brother, Colin Somervell, became a shoe-manufacturer like their father and later served as High Sheriff of Westmorland in 1916. Colin's son, Maj. Arnold Colin Somervell, O.B.E., served in this office in 1936; later, other members of the Somervell family also served.

Somervell was initially educated at Uppingham School and King's College, Cambridge, where he studied composition under Sir Charles Villiers Stanford. From 1883 to 1885 he studied at the High School for Music, Berlin, and from 1885 to 1887 at the Royal College of Music in London, under Parry. He studied composition with Friedrich Kiel. He became a professor at the Royal College of Music in 1894, and conducted his own works at the Leeds and Birmingham Festivals, 1895-97.

In 1890 Somervell married Edith Lance Collet (1861-1944). There were four children: Viola Helen Antonia, Katharine Margaret, Hubert Arthur, and Ronald Arthur. Through their daughter Katherine ('Kit'), who became a dancer with Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, they were grandparents of writer Elizabeth Jane Howard.

Somervell was also influential in the field of music education. He worked for twenty-eight years as one of His Majesty's Inspectors of Schools (HMI), with special responsibility for the teaching of music. He was appointed Inspector of Music at the Board of Education and Scottish Education Department in 1901 (succeeding John Stainer). In June the following year he received the degree Doctor of Music from the University of Cambridge.

Somervell was knighted in 1929. After retirement he continued as Chairman of the School Orchestra Festivals, Queen's Hall, from 1932 until his death. He died at his home, 105 Clifton Hill, St John's Wood, aged 73. After he was cremated, his ashes were buried in the place of his birth, the Lake District, specifically within Grasmere Cemetery.

Music
Somervell's style was conservative, and shows the influence of Mendelssohn and Brahms. He achieved success in his own day as a composer of choral works such as The Forsaken Merman (1895), Intimations of Immortality (which he conducted at Leeds Festival in 1907), and a short oratorio The Passion of Christ (1914). For a time this rivalled Stainer’s ubiquitous Crucifixion in popularity. His only symphony, Thalassa, was first performed in February 1913, and clearly follows on from the example of Brahms. The central ‘Lost in Action’ slow movement was regularly played as a stand-alone piece during the First World War. The Clarinet Quintet was first performed by Haydn Draper at the Wigmore Hall on 19 May, 1919, but received few other performances until the recent revival of interest. His Violin Concerto of 1930 was dedicated to the violinist Adila Fachiri. His popular Handel adaptation "Silent Worship" was featured in the 1996 film Emma.

Today he is chiefly remembered for his song cycles, such as Maud (after Tennyson, 1898) and the first known musical setting (1904) of A. E. Housman's A Shropshire Lad. Trevor Hold points out that Somervell had "a genuine, deep affection for literature", reflected in his wide and eclectic choice of texts. Maud was the first successful English song cycle, and "remains one of the masterpieces of English song". Stephen Banfield considers the Robert Browning cycle A Broken Arc (1923) his best, and 'The worst of it' his best song.

Recordings

 * The Violin Concerto in G minor (1930) received its first recording in 2005 by Anthony Marwood and the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Martyn Brabbins.

 * The "Thalassa" Symphony in D minor (The Sea Symphony), received its world premiere recording in 2011 for Cameo Classics, nearly 100 years after its composition. Written in 1912, the second movement, 'Elegy', commemorates Robert Falcon Scott's death in the Antarctic that year. The Malta Philharmonic Orchestra was conducted by Michael Laus.

 * The Piano Concerto (1921) and the Normandy Variations for piano and orchestra (1912) were recorded for Hyperion Records in 2011, with Martin Roscoe and the BBC Concert Orchestra under Martin Yates.

 * Two conversations about Bach (1915) for two violins and piano received its premiere recording in 2015, by Rupert Marshall-Luck (both violins, double-tracked), and Matthew Rickard (piano).

 * The Clarinet Quintet in G major (1913) was recorded by Stephan Siegenthaler and the Leipzig String Quartet on CPO in 2016.

 * There are many recordings of A Shropshire Lad and Maud. But the lesser known song cycle A Broken Arc (setting Browning) from 1923 has also been recorded.

Operettas

 * The Enchanted Prince
 * Princess Zara; Knave of Hearts (Novello)
 * Golden Straw (Curwen)
 * Thomas the Rhymer

Orchestral works

 * Thalassa Symphony in D minor (1912) (Boosey)
 * Helen of Kirconnel (Novello)
 * In Arcady (Suite for small orchestra) (Donajowski)

Concertante works

 * Normandy, symphonic variations for piano and orchestra (Augener, 1911)
 * Concertstuck for violin and orchestra (Augener, 1913)
 * Highland concerto in A minor for piano and orchestra (1920)
 * Violin Concerto (1930).

Choral

 * Mass
 * Power of Sound
 * The Charge of the Light Brigade
 * Elegy (Chorus and orch.) (Novello)
 * Song of Praise (chorus and orch.) (Metzler)
 * To the Vanguard; Passion of Christ (chorus and orch.) (Boosey)
 * Mass in D minor (Ricordi).

Chamber music

 * Quintet for clarinet and strings
 * Suites, studies and pieces for violin and piano (Augener, Weekes, Williams and Ashdown)
 * Variations for 2 pianos (Augener)

Songs

 * Six songs by Robert Burns (1885–86)
 * Maud Cycle (1898)
 * Four songs of Innocence (1899)
 * Singing Time, songs for small children (1899)
 * Love in Springtime Cycle (1901). (Boosey)
 * A Shropshire Lad Cycle (1904)
 * James Lee's Wife Cycle (1908)
 * A Broken Arc Cycle (1923)
 * Windflowers, Cycle for vocal quartet (Boosey).

Musical education works

 * Rhythmic Gradus for pianoforte (Bosworth)
 * Exercises in sight-reading, etc. (Curwen)
 * School of Melody, 10 Progressive Tunes for viola and piano (1919): (Augener)
 * Sight-reading, 6 vols (Swan)
 * Sight-reading exercises (Augener)
 * Charts of the rules of Harmony and Counterpoint (Clarendon press)

title: Arthur Somervell


text:
User talk:Mikenolte

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mikenolte


text: User talk:24.213.128.209

title: User talk:24.213.128.209


text:
Paskevich

Paskevich is a surname of the noble Russian Paskevich family of Ukrainian Cossack origin. The transliteration from Ukrainian is Paskevych. Members of the family held the title of Knyaz and Count.

Notable surname bearers

 * Ivan Paskevich (1782–1856), field marshal in the Russian, Prussian, and Austrian armies
 * Nicolay Paskevich (1907–2003), painter

title: Paskevich


text:
User talk:Heiner Strube

it is free, enjoy art work of Heiner

title: User talk:Heiner Strube


text:
Nesselrode

The House of Nesselrode is an old German noble family originating in the Duchy of Berg. Over the centuries, the family expanded their possessions through marriage with the most powerful families of the region. As a former ruling family they belonged to the small circle of Uradel (ancient nobility).

History
The family was first recorded in September 1303 when its progenitor knight Heinrich genannt Flecke von Nesselrode was mentioned as feudal lord of Deutz Abbey. Burg Nesselrath served as their first family seat. There were several branches of the family: Nesselrode-Reichenstein, Nesselrode-Ehreshoven, Nesselrode-Landscron, and Nesselrode-Hugenpoēt. They were sovereign Counts of the imperially immediate Lordship of Reichenstein.

Nesselrode-Reichenstein line
The Reichenstein line were made Imperial barons in 1653 and Imperial Counts in 1702. In 1698, Baron Franz von Nesselrode-Reichenstein (1635–1707), from 1702 Imperial Count, who served as Imperial Chancellor in the Principality of Münster, bought the immediate Lordship of Reichenstein from the Counts von Wied for 6000 thaler. He was followed by his son, Count Franz Wilhelm Anton von Nesselrode-Reichenstein (1701–1776). With his death, this line of the family became extinct. The County of Reichenstein was inherited by his cousin, Count Johann Wilhelm Maximilian von Nesselrode-Landscron (1726–1800), who became the reigning Count von Nesselrode-Reichenstein.

Nesselrode-Landscron line
The Nesselrode-Landscron line were made Imperial barons in 1652 and Imperial counts in 1710. Baron Johann Salentin Wilhelm von Nesselrode und Rhade (died in 1715), who served as Imperial Oberstleutnant, was made Imperial Count von Nesselrode-Landscron by Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1710. His son, Count Johann Franz von Nesselrode-Landscron (1671–1751), served as Imperial Generalfeldzeugmeister. His son, Count Johann Wilhelm Maximilian von Nesselrode-Landscron und Grimberg (1726–1800), married to Countess Maria Theresia von Auersperg (1729–1803), inherited the Lordship of Reichenstein and became the reigning Count. He was followed by his son, Johann Franz Joseph von Nesselrode-Reichenstein (1755–1824). Due to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, their immediate possessions were mediatized to Nassau, in 1806. This mediatized branch of the family became extinct in 1824. Their possessions were inherited by the Counts Droste zu Vischering, who incorporated the Nesselrode coat of arms into their own, as the heir of the last reigning Count, Johann Franz Joseph, was his eldest surviving daughter, Countess Maria Karoline Theresia Josepha von Nesselrode-Reichenstein, who became Countess Droste zu Vischering (1779–1858).

Nesselrode-Ehreshoven line
The Nesselrode-Ehreshoven line were made Imperial barons in 1653 and Imperial Counts in 1710. Some members of the Nesselrode-Ehreshoven branch settled in Russian Empire, in the 18th century, where they held prominent positions and became incorporated into the Russian nobility. Count Wilhelm Karl von Nesselrode-Ehreshoven (1724–1810) served as the Ambassador of Catherine the Great to Portugal. His son, Count Karl Robert von Nesselrode-Ehreshoven (1780–1862), served as Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1814 to 1856, while his son, Count Dimitri von Nesselrode-Ehreshoven (1816–1906), served in the Russian State Duma and held the position of Oberhofmeister at Imperial Court of Russia.

Nesselrode-Hugenpoēt line
Carl-Theodor, Baron von Nesselrode-Hugenpoēt, served as a major in the Bavarian army. His brother, Baron Maximilian Friedrich von Nesselrode-Hugenpoēt (1773-1851), who later became a Generalmajor, was confirmed as a baron on 22 August 1814, in the Kingdom of Bavaria. The title of Baron in Bavaria was also confirmed in 1822 to Baron Carl Anselm Franz von Nesselrode-Hugenpoēt, who served as Bavarian Hauptmann.

Notable members
Notable persons with that name include:

 * Karl von Nesselrode-Ehreshoven (1780–1862), Russian foreign minister
 * Maria von Nesselrode (1822–1874), Polish pianist
 * Maria von Nesselrode (1786–1849), Russian court lady

title: Nesselrode


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Zhonghua Gate, Nanjing

The Zhonghua Gate, is a gate and defensive complex on the city wall of Nanjing, China. This is the southern gate of Nanjing city. It is a renowned ancient city gate in China and the city gate with the most complex structure in the world.

History

The city wall of Nanjing was built from 1360 to 1386 under the founder of the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang was crowned Emperor, and made Nanjing his capital. The southern and eastern sections of the old city wall from the Tang dynasty were incorporated into the new wall. The northern and eastern sections were built afresh. The city wall was 33.676 kilometres long. It was 14–21 m high; 14.5m thick at its base, and 4.9m thick at the top. Thirteen gates were built into the wall, and the enclosed area was the largest of any walled city in China.

The gate today known as Zhonghua Gate was then known as Jubao Gate. It was built on the site of the south gate of the capital city of the Southern Tang dynasty. It was the largest among the thirteen gates of Nanjing. In 1931, after the Republic of China government established Nanjing as its capital, the gate was renamed to Zhonghua Gate. In one sense, this reflects the triumph of the southern factions led by Chiang Kai-shek over the northern factions of the Beiyang government in Beijing, who had named the southern (main) gate of Beijing "Gate of China" to signify its status as "gate of the nation".

Layout
The gate was made of huge strip stones 0.8 – 1.39 m long, 0.7 m wide and 0.26-0.35 thick and large Chinese brick 0.4 m long 0.2 m wide and 0.1 m thick.

Its dimensions were 118.5 m from east to west, and 128 m from south to north. The ramparts were 20.45 m high. The total area enclosed was 15,168 square meters. Three barbicans were connected by four arched gates, each of which was equipped with a Qianjinzha which could be opened up and down, as well as a pair of wooden doors. The Toudaomen consisted of 3 steps.

At the top step, there used to be a wooden building to defend against the enemy. The middle step was built of brick and stone. It was 65.15 m long, 47.20 m wide and 9.00 m high. In the north section of it were constructed 7 soldier staying holes. In the middle of the lower step was constructed an arched gate leading to barbican. It was 52.60 m long, 5.35 m wide and 8.7 m high. At the north section of it were built 3 soldier staying holes. Erdaomen (the second gate) was 16.14 m away from Toudaomen. Its hole was 8.20 m long, 4.97 m wide and 8.10 m high. The hole of Sandaomen (the third gate) 15.18 m away from Erdaomen was 8.32 m long, 4.82 m wide and 8.1 m high. Sidaomen (the fourth gate) was 19.3 m away from Sandaomen. Its hole was 8.8 m long, 4.8 m wide and 8.1 m high. At the outerside of the east and west of barbican were constructed 14 soldier staying holes (7 facing to the east 7 facing to the west). There are 27 soldier staying holes altogether in all the barbican and two paved ramps by which mounted troops can ride to the top.

Zhonghua Gate has weathered wind and rain for 600 years. It still holds its original state except that the wooden structure has been destroyed and some features on the wall constructed of sticks and stones. It is rare in the world for its vast scale and sophisticated style.

It is a great engineering project of complex and intricate design, occupying an important place in Chinese construction history, as well as being important in Chinese military history. It was listed on the cultural and scenic spots under careful protection by the Jiangsu provincial government in 1957 and the state council in 1988.

Admission
The site is open to the public from 08:30 to 20:00, with tickets costing 50 yuan.

Transportation
The area is accessible within walking distance north of Zhonghuamen Station of Nanjing Metro.

title: Zhonghua Gate, Nanjing


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Jetix

Jetix (stylized in all caps) was a children's entertainment brand owned by The Walt Disney Company. The brand was for a slate of action/adventure-related programming blocks and television channels. Jetix programming mainly originated from the Saban Entertainment library, airing live-action and animated series with some original programming. The channel's target audience was older children and adolescents aged 8–15

Jetix was first launched as a programming block in the United States on Toon Disney on February 14, 2004, to compete with Cartoon Network's Toonami block, and in Europe in April 2004. By the end of 2004, Jetix began completely replacing the international Fox Kids channels around the world, the first being the French version in August 2004, and the last one being the German version, in June 2005.

Although it was commercially successful, the Jetix brand was later discontinued in 2009. All international channels were rebranded as either Disney XD or Disney Channel due to The Walt Disney Company's focus on its "Disney", "ABC", and "ESPN" brands. After the shutdown of the last Jetix channel in Russia (replaced with Disney Channel Russia) on August 10, 2010, and with the shutdown of Jetix Play in the Middle East on September 1, 2010 (which was replaced with Playhouse Disney, later Disney Junior) the Jetix brand officially ceased usage.

The development of the Jetix brand and launch in the United States
In January 2004, Fox Kids Europe, Fox Kids Latin America (both of which were purchased by Disney in 2001 as part of Fox Family Worldwide) and the ABC Cable Networks Group agreed to rename its then current operations under a single brand, called Jetix, which helped strengthen its then operations into a single force. The Jetix name was applied to its programming blocks which aired on ABC Family and Toon Disney, its television channels in Europe and Latin America, along with its program library and merchandising. After the end of Fox Kids in the US, much of the content previously aired on the block migrated to ABC Family and Toon Disney; the international Fox Kids networks kept operating despite their US forerunner becoming defunct.

The Jetix name was chosen after the company conducted international research specifically with a number of children's focus groups. Many of the children picked the name as it implied action and adventure, and the company was able to use the name internationally due to its ambiguity. Bruce Steinberg, chairman and chief executive officer of Fox Kids Europe, explain that Jetix would help strengthen Fox Kids Europe's partnership with Disney while building new alliances to continue to successfully leverage its programming library and distribution.

On Valentine's Day 2004, Toon Disney and ABC Family launched Jetix with Jetix Cards Live, the world's first concurrently online and telecast trading card game. ABC Family aired Jetix on weekdays from 7am to 9am and weekends 7am to 12 noon ET/PT. The block also aired on Toon Disney Monday through Thursday from 7pm to 9pm ET/PT and weekends from 7pm to 9pm ET/PT.

International expansion and transition of the Fox Kids brand into Jetix
Outside of the United States, Jetix was first launched as a programming block on the European Fox Kids channels in April 2004, airing in mornings and afternoons.

The transition to the Jetix brand started in August 2004 with replacing the French version of Fox Kids, and in the same month, it was also launched in Latin America. In October 2004, it was launched in Scandinavia, in January 2005 in most European countries, in February in the Netherlands, and in March in Italy and Israel. The very last Fox Kids channel to be replaced by Jetix was the German version, which was closed in June 2005, ending the transition from Fox Kids to Jetix.

In addition, the Fox Kids Play channels available in CEE and MENA (which primarily aired programming from the Saban/Fox Kids/Jetix archives, including some DiC Entertainment shows) were rebranded as Jetix Play, on 1 January 2005.

The new Jetix brand brought together the children's programming department at ABC's domestic cable networks, as well as Fox Kids in Europe and Latin America, in a joint programming alliance. The first Jetix Europe co-productions were W.I.T.C.H. and Super Robot Monkey Team Hyper Force Go!, with Get Ed and Yin Yang Yo! following in 2005 and 2006 respectively.

The fate of Jetix
In Autumn 2006, Toon Disney in the United States became the exclusive home for Jetix, effectively ending the block on ABC Family. However, the Jetix programming block continued to take significant chunks of Toon Disney's airtime, until the introduction of Disney XD in the United States on February 13, 2009.

Disney XD was to be slightly different from Jetix; it still mostly focused on the boy demographic, but would have more live-action productions under the Disney banner and also be a home for Disney's recent animated productions (for both boys and girls), effectively superseding Toon Disney in the United States. In the U.S., the new brand was to be "aimed at boys ages 6-14 and features content focusing on the themes of adventure, accomplishment, gaming, music and sports."

A few months before the U.S. launch of Disney XD on December 8, 2008, Disney announced that it would be increasing its shares in Jetix Europe to 96% with the intention to buy the remaining shares in the company, effectively ending Jetix Europe's autonomy. Disney wanted full control of the company and to bring the European Jetix channels completely under the Disney umbrella, especially as this would enable Disney to have a singular unified strategy for its channels. After the completion of Jetix Europe's share buy-back offer, Jetix Europe was delisted from the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange on 27 February 2009. In the gradual phase out of the Jetix brand, Jetix Europe's CEO Paul Taylor resigned, with John Hardie, the Executive Vice President of Disney Channels EMEA as CEO on 11 February 2009. John Hardie left Disney for ITN in June 2009 and was replaced with Giorgio Stock (who later became head of Turner Broadcasting System Europe).

In June 2008, Disney France announced that Disney Channel and Jetix would merge operations; at the time, Jetix was being affected by falling carriage rates and came close to leaving the CanalSat pay-TV platform in France after protracted negotiations. Jetix France was the first European version of Jetix to make the conversion to Disney XD on 1 April 2009.

In countries where Disney Channel didn't already exist, Jetix became Disney Channel (most notably the Central Eastern Europe and the Hungarian, Czech, Slovakian, Romanian, and Israeli feeds). The last main Jetix feed in operation, Jetix Russia, made the conversion to Disney Channel on 10 August 2010. Also, in the countries where Jetix Play broadcast, it became a localised version of Playhouse Disney; however, the rollout was not synchronized with the conversion of the main Jetix networks in these areas, instead happening between 2010 and 2011, one region at a time.

In Italy, the managing director of Jetix Italy, Francesco Nespega, led a management buyout; Jetix Italy was renamed as Switchover Media and was now responsible for two channels that were previously operated by Jetix Italy, pay-TV channel GXT and free-to-air channel K2 (as of 2024, they are operated by Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA). However, the main Jetix Italy channel remained at Disney and was rebranded as Disney XD in September 2009.

Programming
Jetix was primarily built upon Disney's ownership of the Saban Entertainment library (acquired along with ABC Family Worldwide in 2001), which included shows from Marvel Productions; action-adventure shows were the primary programming theme, though not all Jetix networks and blocks were necessarily limited to that genre. Furthermore, programming from outside producers and distributors were also included.

Jetix Animation Concepts was a brand by Walt Disney Television Animation used for animation co-produced by and for the Jetix global group by the ABC Cable Networks Group.

Magazine and other ventures
As part of brand extension, many of the overseas Jetix networks engaged in various marketing exercises, including print publications, awards shows and sporting events.

In the U.K., Future plc published the official Jetix Magazine; it was launched in early September 2004 by Jetix Consumer Products and Future Publishing. Cavan Scott was the magazine's initial editor. Published every four weeks, it featured puzzles and features based on the channel's shows. The magazine also came with a free DVD featuring shows from the channel.

In other countries, including Bulgaria, the Netherlands and Romania, similar Jetix magazines were also produced.

With the purchase of the remaining Jetix Europe shares by The Walt Disney Company and the change over of the channels to a Disney branded channel, Future renamed the magazine to Nitro!, to become an independent magazine with the same general focus.

In CEE, there was annual children's musical event called Jetix Kids Awards, in which children could vote their favorite shows and stars, in order to win prizes. The last edition took place in 2008.

The Jetix Kids Cup (formerly known as the Fox Kids Cup  ) was an association football tournament in which children from 16 countries competed to "promote fair play, sportsmanship and cultural exchange".

title: Jetix


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Ted Drake

Edward Joseph Drake (16 August 1912 – 30 May 1995) was an English football player and manager. As a player, he first played for Southampton but made his name playing for Arsenal in the 1930s, winning two league titles and an FA Cup, as well as five caps for England. Drake is Arsenal's joint fifth highest goalscorer of all time. He also holds the record for the most goals scored in a top flight game in English football, with seven against Aston Villa in December 1935. A former centre forward, Drake has been described as a "classic number 9" and as a "strong, powerful, brave and almost entirely unthinking" player who "typified the English view."

After retiring from playing football, Drake became a manager, most notably of Chelsea. In 1955, he led the club to their first league title. This made him the first person to win the English top-flight as both a player and a manager. He was also a cricketer, but only ever played sparingly for Hampshire.

Southampton
Born in Southampton, Drake started playing at Winchester City, whilst continuing to work as a gas-meter reader. He nearly joined Spurs as a schoolboy, but missed the trial match with an injury. In June 1931, he was persuaded by George Kay to join Southampton, then playing in Division Two. He made his Saints debut on 14 November 1931 at Swansea Town, and signed as a professional in November, becoming first-choice centre-forward by the end of the 1931–32 season.

In the following season he made 33 league appearances, scoring 20 goals. After only one full season, his bravery and skill attracted the attention of Arsenal's Herbert Chapman, who tried to persuade Drake to move to north London. Drake rejected the chance of a move to Highbury and decided to remain at The Dell. He started the 1933–34 season by scoring a hat-trick in the opening game against Bradford City, following this with at least one goal in the next four games, thereby amassing eight goals in the opening five games. By early March he had blasted his way to the top of the Football League Division Two goal-scoring table with 22 goals.

Arsenal, with George Allison now in charge, renewed their interest and Drake eventually decided to join the Gunners. Saints had declined several previous offers, but eventually were forced to sell to balance their books. Drake made a total of 74 appearances for Southampton, scoring 48 goals.

Arsenal
Drake moved to Arsenal in March 1934 for £6,500, and scored on his league debut against Wolves on 24 March 1934, in a 3–2 win. Although he joined too late to qualify for a League Championship medal in 1933–34, Drake would win one in 1934–35, scoring 42 goals in 41 league games in the process – this included three hat-tricks and four four-goal hauls. With two more goals in the FA Cup and Charity Shield, Drake scored 44 in all that season, breaking Jack Lambert's club record, one that still holds to this day.

The following season, 1935–36 Drake scored seven in a single match against Aston Villa at Villa Park on 14 December 1935, a club record and top flight record that also still stands. Drake claimed an eighth goal hit the crossbar and went over the line, but the referee waved away his appeal. Drake would go on to win the FA Cup in 1935–36 with him scoring the only goal in the final and the League title again in 1937–38 with Arsenal.

Despite being injured regularly (he was a doubt up until the last minute for the 1936 Cup Final), Drake's speed, fierce shooting and brave playing style meant he was Arsenal's first-choice centre forward for the rest of the decade, and he was the club's top scorer for each of the five seasons from 1934–35 to 1938–39. The Second World War curtailed Drake's career, although he served in the Royal Air Force as well as turning out for Arsenal in wartime games and also appearing as a guest player for West Ham United later in World War II. However, Drake's career would not last long into peacetime; a spinal injury incurred in a game against Reading in 1945 forced him to retire from playing. With 139 goals in 184 games, he is along with Jimmy Brain the joint-fifth all-time scorer for Arsenal.

Drake was one of 32 Arsenal legends who were emblazoned in a mural upon the walls of the club's Emirates Stadium.

International career
Drake's exploits at club level brought him recognition at international level, and he made his England debut against Italy in the "Battle of Highbury" on 14 November 1934. As one of seven Arsenal players in the side, he scored the third goal in a heated 3–2 win. With England Drake also went on to win the 1935 British Home Championship title. In total he won five caps, scoring six times for the Three Lions.

Cricket career
Drake made his debut for Hampshire in 1931 and shared a vital stand of 86 with Phil Mead against Glamorgan. He made 45 but never reached this score again in the 15 further matches he played over the next six years, first as an amateur and then as a professional.

Hendon and Reading
After retiring as a player, Drake managed Hendon in 1946, and then Reading from 1947. He led the club to the runners-up spot in Division Three South in 1948–49 and again in 1951–52, though at the time only the champions were promoted.

Chelsea
He was appointed manager of First Division Chelsea in June 1952. Upon Drake's arrival at Chelsea, he made a series of sweeping changes, doing much to rid the club of its previous image. He discarded the club's Chelsea pensioner crest and with it the Pensioners nickname, and insisted a new one be adopted. From these changes came the Lion Rampant Regardant crest and the Blues nickname. He introduced scouting reports and a new, tougher, training regime based on ballwork, a rare practice in English football at the time. The club's previous policy of signing unreliable big-name players was abandoned; Drake instead used his knowledge of the lower divisions and the amateur game to recruit little-known, but more reliable players. These included John McNichol, Frank Blunstone, Derek Saunders, Jim Lewis and Peter Sillett

Within three years, in the 1954–55 season, Drake had led Chelsea to their first league championship triumph. In doing so, he became the first person to win the league title both as player and manager. However, Drake never came close to repeating the success. The championship-winning side was gradually broken up, to be replaced by the crop of youngsters emerging from the club's youth team, such as Jimmy Greaves, Peter Brabrook and Bobby Tambling, for whom Drake was an aloof figure. Thereafter performances and results were very erratic, leaving the club stranded in mid-table; an FA Cup loss to Fourth Division side Crewe Alexandra weakened his position at the club and a few months later, Drake was sacked early into the 1961–62 season.

Later career
After leaving Chelsea, he became reserve team manager at Fulham, where he was also assistant to the manager Vic Buckingham. In December he joined Barcelona as assistant to Buckingham, staying until June 1970. He later returned to Fulham where he became a chief scout, director and life president of the Cottagers. Drake died at the age of 82 on 30 May 1995.

Player
Arsenal
 * Football League First Division: 1934–35, 1937–38
 * FA Cup: 1935–36
 * FA Charity Shield: 1934, 1938

England
 * British Home Championship: 1935

Manager
Chelsea
 * Football League First Division: 1954–55
 * FA Charity Shield: 1955

Individual

 * First Division Golden Boot: 1935

title: Ted Drake


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tree of Life

Titles for virus species
Every virus species has been renamed in the last few years. I've started a discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Viruses to get a sense for whether we should be using the current species names for the titles of articles. Wikipedia has ~1000 articles on virus species. Plantdrew (talk) 18:22, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

Proposal to merge Neodiapsida into Diapsida
Hi, I've proposed to merge Neodiapsida into Diapsida, since the two are largely synonymous. Discussion can be found here. —  Trilletrollet  [ Talk | Contribs ] 13:49, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Ongoing discussions about policy and guidelines relating to notability of species
This Wikiproject is likely to be interested in the following discussions: Wikipedia talk:Notability and Village pump (policy). Crossroads -talk- 02:01, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Reposting these at WP:PALEO and WP:DINO The Morrison Man (talk) 12:23, 26 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Update: I have posted a draft proposal at WP:Notability (species).  It is not yet time to vote.  However, if you see errors (e.g., the wrong set of taxonomists) or think it is unclear, please post your comments on the talk page. WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:11, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

cite iucn
will now create a template from the IUCN's Green Status assessment citation. Here is an example from IUCN's Iberian Lynx page:

lists ten articles that have urls that does not recognize as valid (valid urls link to a species assessment page). Grouped by unknown url, these articles are:
 * https://www.iucnredlist.org/en – reader hostile; it is pointless to link to the IUCN red list as a whole; links should be specific to the species
 * Garter snake
 * Guzmania teuscheri
 * Japanese rice fish
 * Plectostoma sciaphilum
 * Sarcosoma globosum
 * Silky short-tailed bat
 * https://www.iucnredlist.org/ – reader hostile; as above
 * Eremias persica
 * Oval electric ray
 * South Georgia shag
 * http://www.iucnredlist.org/search – reader hostile;
 * Butia campicola

I intend to modify Module:Cite IUCN to promote unknown url messaging from maintenance to error status.

—Trappist the monk (talk) 19:54, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

Another maintenance message to be promoted to error status is no identifier. At this writing, only one article has a template emitting that message:
 * List of carnivorans by population

—Trappist the monk (talk) 15:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

In preparation for the above, I have refactored the error messaging code in Module:Cite IUCN. Report any anomalies here.

—Trappist the monk (talk) 17:23, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Bamboo coral taxonomic revision
I was trying to find out what bamboo whip coral were (turns out this term just means whip-shaped bamboo coral, and does not refer to a particular species/genus/etc.), when I read a study saying that the family Isididae (what we currently have for bamboo coral) has been shown to be paraphyletic and been split into four separate families. MarineSpecies references the article establishing the revision on the respective pages. I added a statement that it had been shown to paraphyletic. I think the sources are adequate, but because I don't know much about taxonomy, I'm trying to double check here: should the taxonomy be updated? Mrfoogles (talk) 06:43, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * It seems that many of the articles here are cited to MarineSpecies, and it seems reliable, so I've started trying to update a few things. Based on this, though, probably a lot needs to be done Mrfoogles (talk) 02:46, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Twitter coverage
Yesterday I created a social media account for sharing WikiProject Protista's news, if anyone is interested the link is @WikiProtista. I plan on sharing mainly two things: 1) newly created articles, with at least a brief mention, and 2) newly GA-nominated articles, with a more elaborate thread. All suggestions are welcome! I also made a custom icon which I will soon upload to Wikimedia. —  Snoteleks  ( talk ) 20:20, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Don't have a twitter but personally I'll probably look at it if any of it's on Mastodon or something more easily accessible (Twitter makes you log in these days) Mrfoogles (talk) 02:19, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not accustomed to Mastodon, I would like to make an account there but it seems like I have to choose a server? Any advice? —  Snoteleks  ( talk ) 13:20, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * A web search found this directory of servers. Either I'm not finding the correct search term, or there isn't a relevant specialised server. The nearest I'm finding is Scholar.Social. You could always use a general server. Lavateraguy (talk) 19:02, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Upcoming International Botanical Congress vote on "offensive" binomial names
This has been rolling along for a while, but the vote happens this week (see the recent Nature story) there are two main proposals that are being voted on:
 * 1. Replacing "caffra"-related names (which are etymologically related to an ethnic slur) to derivatives of "afr" (affects around 218 species)
 * 2. A proposal to "create a committee to reconsider offensive and culturally inappropriate names."

I'm not a botanist or involved in the botanical taxonomy community, so I'm not sure what the broader mood within the community is about whether these proposals are likely to pass (they appear to require a 60% supermajority). Obviously there are a group of quite vocal botanists who have made their voice known repeatedly on this issue, the question is whether there voices represent that of the broader botanist community. There does seem to be substantial (around 50%) support for renaming "caffra" related taxa in preliminary polling according to the Nature article, so the issue is worth keeping an eye on. Hemiauchenia (talk) 06:13, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

 * The Botanists seem to be taking a different approach to the AOS where they are openly discussing it rather than imposing it without consulting members. They are proposing changes only to a few particularly egregious names, compared to removal of all bird eponyms from common names, although they are going further by looking at the scientific names, which the AOS is not addressing at this stage. —  Jts1882  | talk 09:19, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As someone who has some foot on the botanical community, I guarantee the general mood is against. A compendium of over 1,000 international botanists came together and expressed their opinion on this Bioscience article, which is summarized in this Twitter thread. Basically, we want a universal stable taxonomy, which means we don't want to retroactively change the species names due to subjective socially guided perceptions as it is supposed to be completely separate from social perceptions, and changing it would be incredibly risky for every practical effort of conservation. However, the article also emphasizes that we as taxonomists have a responsibility to name new species in an appropriate manner, and even give representation to local ethnicities, cultures and languages. —  Snoteleks  ( talk ) 15:41, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * See (126) Proposal to add a new Article 61.6 to permanently and retroactively eliminate epithets with the root caf(e)r‐ or caff(e)r‐ from the nomenclature of algae, fungi and plants (wiley.com) (square brackets in title replaced by parentheses to avoid breaking WikiPedia syntax).
 * This is a rules hack - treating "caffra" etc. as orthographical variants to be corrected. This is not etymologically the case, and even somewhat of a stretch semantically - Cis/Transkei is rather narrower than Africa, even if afric- names often referred to South Africa, or other parts of Africa, rather than to the whole continent, but it's not greatly disruptive. (The Nature article is slightly wrong - caffra -> afra (not affra).) I suspect that much opposition will be to the precedent rather than to the proposal.
 * But there's not really much to discuss here - either it passes and WikiPedia changes the titles of a score or so articles, and the spellings of a few synonyms, or it doesn't pass, and WikiPedia doesn't have to make any changes.
 * I note that there are 4 names referring to Kafiristan (rather than the more recent Nuristan), and these are all relatively recent (one from 2018), and aren't fixable by this rules hack. Lavateraguy (talk) 20:52, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I essentially agree with Lavateraguy. Nothing for Wikipedia to discuss as we don't get a vote on this. 🌿 Mt B o t a n y (talk) 23:18, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The "afr" vote has passed, so we will need to get around to changing the affected articles. Hemiauchenia (talk) 19:04, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The search may be helpful. And perhaps this search.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 19:29, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * "caffra" is too narrow - it would miss "caffrum", "caffer" and "caffrorum" and some other variants. See IPNI for a list of relevant names (excluding fungal and algal names). (There are remarkably few false positives - on a cursory skim a few names honouring Caflisch and Cafes (sp?). Lavateraguy (talk) 22:34, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, try this one.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 22:49, 18 July 2024 (UTC) 23:01, 18 July 2024 (UTC) (revised for fewer false positives)
 * Shouldn't we wait for secondary sources to adopt the changes? —  Jts1882  | talk 19:38, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * My understanding of past discussions is that we have generally deferred to the opinions of the ICN and ICZN over those of secondary sources. The IBC vote has direct power over the ICN, so isn't it effectively equivalent to an ICZN ruling, or an I mistaken? Hemiauchenia (talk) 23:55, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The last day of the Shenzen IBC was July 29th, and per our article on the ICNafp, that is the day that the Shenzen edition of the code was ratified. The Madrid IBC hasn't even started yet (the nomenclature meetings occur prior to the opening of the main event, and still have a day to go). The Madrid IBC ends on the 27th. There is at least one name that will become a later homonym which will need to have a replacement name published.
 * Where things are at right now is equivalent to a media organization calling an election for a political candidate, before the election results are certified, and before the candidate takes office. Plantdrew (talk) 01:06, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Before we jump into any conclusions: 1) the Congress hasn't even ended yet. 2) The change will be implemented from 2026 onward. 3) There was also a vote to allow the rejection of new species names (given after 2026) that are derogatory. Let's not make any changes before that date. —  Snoteleks  ( talk ) 13:22, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Are there any potentiel conflicts with any of these name changes? It seems like such a broad stroke for there not to be any preexisting afr- names already in these clades. awkwafaba (📥) 03:21, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Of the subset of these names which are currently accepted there is one which clashes with another name. There is an available synonymous name available, with the result that Plantago cafra is changed to Plantago capillaris. Lavateraguy (talk) 09:17, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tree of Life


text:
Karma in Hinduism

Karma is a concept of Hinduism which describes a system in which beneficial effects are derived from past beneficial actions and harmful effects from past harmful actions, creating a system of actions and reactions throughout a soul's (jivatman's) reincarnated lives, forming a cycle of rebirth. The causality is said to apply not only to the material world but also to our thoughts, words, actions, and actions that others do under our instructions.

For example, if one performs a good deed, something good will happen to them, and the same applies if one does a bad thing. In the Puranas, it is said that the lord of karma is represented by the planet Saturn, known as Shani.

According to Vedanta thought, the most influential school of Hindu theology, the effects of karma are controlled by God (Isvara).

There are three different types of karma: prarabdha, sanchita, and kriyamana or agami. Prarabdha karma is experienced through the present body and is only a part of sanchita karma, which is the sum of one's past karmas, whereas agami karma is the result of current decisions and actions.

Origins
The earliest appearance of the word "karma" is found in the Rigveda. The term karma also appears significantly in the Veda. According to Brahmanas, "as his creations is born to the world he has made" and one is placed in a balance in the other world for an estimate of one's good and evil deed. It also declares that as a man is 'constituted' by his desires, he is born in the other world concerning these.

The earliest evidence of the term’s expansion into an ethical domain is provided in the Upanishads. In the Brhadaranyaka, which is the earliest of the Upanishads, the Vedic theologian Yajnavalkya expressed: “A man turns into something good by good action and into something bad by bad action.” The doctrine occurs here in the context of a discussion of the fate of the individual after death.

The doctrine of transmigration of the soul, concerning fateful retribution for acts committed, appears in the Rig Veda (Mandala 1, Sukta 24, Mantra 2), with words like "saha na mahye aaditaye punar-daath pitharam drisheyam matharam cha" (You must also know that one God to be a giver of rebirth, non else can do this work. It is he who gives birth to emancipated persons also through parents at the end of MahaKalpa.) Rebirth is also mentioned in the Yajur Veda (Mandala 3, Mantras 53-54):

The belief in rebirth is, suggests Radhakrishnan, evident in the Brāhmaṇas, where words like punar-mrtyu (re-death), punar-asu (coming to life again) and punarajati (rebirth) are used to denote it. Radhakrishnan acknowledges that other scholars interpret certain punar-mrtyu verses of Rigveda to be discussing "repeated deaths"; however, he suggests that it might also be re-interpreted to imply rebirth, as in "come home once again".

The significance of reinterpreting religious principles such as karma in the Bhagavad Gita as an important source, as well as a dedication to benevolence, applied spirituality, and religious activism The topic of karma is mentioned in the Puranas.

Definitions
Our Sanathana Dharma roots and traditions provide insight in to four kinds of karma, further divided in to two components on each Karma.

Four Karmas:
 * Sanchita Karma
 * Prarabdha Karma
 * Kriyamana Karma
 * Agama Karma

Two sub-components:
 * Dridha
 * Adridha

Essentially in simple english, they can be categorized broadly as Fate and Free Will.

Intertwined Fate and Free Will:

The first 2 Karmas, namely Sanchita and Prarabdha are Fated and the next 2 karmas Kriyamana and Agama are free will. The 2 components are called Dridha and Adridha. Dridha is fixed and Adridha is non-fixed.

Fated Ones:

The Fated ones are an accumulation of all our past lives actions, for which one would experience his or her consequences in the current life and future lives. Consequences can be perceived as positive, negative and/or neutral. In simple essense, they will be experiences one has to undertake.

The Dridha aspects of Sanchita and Prarabdha Karmas will be experienced, as and when the time (Kala) arises and cannot be influenced, changed or altered.

The Free will ones are the thinking (agama Karma) and execution of actions (kriyamana Karma) that an individual can undertake freely in his or her current life, and can help influence, change or alter, the Adridha (non-fixed) aspects of the Fated ones in this current life, and can/will also accumulate karmic credits in to his or her Sanchita and Prarabdha accounts, which will be experienced in the future.

Overall, The Hindu Sanathana Dharma shows that one with his or her free will, if pursuing a life of proper dharma, can alter his or her current life and also influence the future destiny of their life, as well as future lives and essentially attain nirvana, or a state of no more births, where they essentially merge with the Universe/GOD/Almighty/Infinity.

End. For more insights, please refer to the book - Robert Svoboda Light on life An Introduction to the Astrology of India.

Everything that we have ever thought, spoken, done or caused is karma, as is also that which we think, speak or do this very moment. Hindu scriptures divide karma into three kinds:

 * Sanchita is the accumulated karma. It would be impossible to experience and endure all karma in one lifetime. From this stock of Sanchita karma, a handful is taken out to serve one lifetime and this handful of actions, which have begun to bear fruit and which will be exhausted only on their fruit being enjoyed and not otherwise, is known as Prarabdha karma.
 * Prarabdha is a collection of past Sanchita karmas that are selected to be experienced through the present body.
 * Kriyamana is everything that we produce in our current life. All kriyamana karmas flow into Sanchita karma and consequently shape our future. Only in human life, we can change our future destiny. After death, we lose Kriya Shakti (ability to act) and Kriyamana (do) karma until we are born again in another human body.

Some believe that only human beings who can distinguish right from wrong can do (Kriyamana) karma. Therefore, animals and young children are considered incapable of creating new karma (and thus cannot affect their future destinies) as they are incapable of discriminating between right and wrong.

Tulsidas, a Hindu saint, said: "Our destiny was shaped long before the body came into being." As long as the stock of Sanchita Karma lasts, a part of it continues to be taken out as Prarabdha Karma for being enjoyed in one lifetime, leading to the cycle of birth and death. A Jiva cannot attain moksha (liberation) from the cycle of birth and death, until the accumulated Sanchita karmas are completely exhausted.

Unkindness yields spoiled fruits, called pāpa, and good deeds bring forth sweet fruits, called punya. As one acts, so does one become: one becomes virtuous by virtuous action, and evil by evil action.

The role of Isvara (God)
Several different views exist in Hinduism, some extant today and some historical, regarding the role of divine beings in controlling the effects of karma or the lack thereof.

Markandeya Purana
According to the Markandeya Purana, Shani (Saturn) is described as the son of the Sun god, Surya, and his wife Chhaya (shadow). Saturn is characterized as cold and dry due to its internal core structure made of ice. Internally, he is considered pure. The Purana also states that Shani was entrusted with the role of the Lord of Karma and Justice by the Trimurti.

In Vedanta
In Vedanta philosophy, the creator Ishvara rules over the world through the law of karma. The various schools of Vedanta hold that karma cannot function independently on its own. Instead they think that God (Isvara) is the dispenser of the fruit (phala) of karma. This idea is defended in the Brahmasutras, a major scriptural source for Vedanta.

The Brahmasutras (3.2.38) state:"The fruits of action (phalam) come from Him (The Lord, Isvara), since this is reasonable (upapatteḥ)."

In the Advaita system of Śaṅkara
In the non-dualistic (Advaita) school of Vedanta, the creator God (Ishvara) is not the ultimate reality, instead the formless Brahman is the supreme truth. As such, the teaching of karma is part of Maya, or the relative and ultimately illusory reality. Nevertheless, Advaita also shares the general concepts of karma and rebirth with other Indian religions, with some differences.

In a commentary to Brahma Sutras (III, 2, 38, and 41), a Vedantic text, Adi Sankara, an Indian philosopher who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta, a sub-school of Vedanta, argues that the original karmic actions themselves cannot bring about the proper results at some future time; neither can super sensuous, non-intelligent qualities like adrsta—an unseen force being the metaphysical link between work and its result—by themselves mediate the appropriate, justly deserved pleasure and pain. The fruits, according to him, then, must be administered through the action of a conscious agent, namely, a supreme being (Ishvara).

Shankara (8th century) comments as follows:"Karma is insentient and short-lived, and cannot therefore be expected to bestow the fruits of actions at a future time according to one’s deserts. We do not see any insentient thing bestow fruits on those who worship it. Therefore it is only from the Lord, who is worshipped through actions, that their results proceed."A human's karmic acts result in merits and demerits. Since unconscious things generally do not move except when caused by an agent (for example, the axe moves only when swung by an agent), and since the law of karma is an unintelligent and unconscious law, Sankara argues there must be a conscious God who knows the merits and demerits which persons have earned by their actions, and who functions as an instrumental cause [a "judge and police-force" working for "the law"] in helping individuals reap their appropriate fruits.

Thus, God affects the person's environment, even to its atoms, and for those souls who reincarnate, produces the appropriate rebirth body, all in order that the person might have the karmically appropriate experiences. Since a data-system (or computer) is needed to discern different "just" consequences for actions, there is suggested to be a sentient theistic administrator or supervisor for karma (Ishvara).

In the Vishishtadvaita of Rāmāṉuja
Ramanuja of the Vishishtadvaita school, another sub-school of Vedanta, addresses the problem of evil by attributing all evil things in life to the accumulation of evil karma of jivas (souls in bondage to a corporeal form) and maintains that God is "amala," or without any stain of evil. In his Sri Bhasya, Ramanuja's interpretation of the Brahma sutras from a Vaishnavite theistic view, Brahman, whom he conceives as Vishnu, arranges the diversity of creation in accordance with the different karma of individual souls.

Ramanuja reiterates that inequality and diversity in the world are due to the fruits of karma of different souls and the omnipresent energy of the soul suffers pain or pleasure due to its karma. Unlike the Semitic religions, e.g., Abrahamic religions, which believe that God created the soul and the world out of 'nothing,’ Ramanuja believed that creation is an eternally recurring cyclic process; hence, God is free from the responsibility of starting it and causing the evils accruing from it. Instead he believed that karma, the result of the actions of Jivas (souls) in previous embodiments, causes the good and evil, enjoyments and sufferings of karma which have to be necessary to be enjoyed or suffered by the Jivas themselves who are responsible for the fruits.

Although souls alone have the freedom and responsibility for their acts and thus reap the fruits of karma, i.e., good and evil karma, God as Vishnu, is the supreme Enforcer of karma, by acting as the Sanctioner (Anumanta) and the Overseer (Upadrasta). According to Ramanuja, all jivas are burdened with their load of Karma, which gives them only enjoyments and sufferings, but also desires and tendencies to act in particular ways; although the moral responsibility accrues only to the Jiva, as he acts according to the tendencies and deserts he has acquired by his karma, Ramanuja believes that God wills only their fructification. According to the foregoing concept, God is "compared to light which may be used for forging or for reading scriptures," but the merits or demerit "devolves entirely on the persons concerned and not on the darkness."

Furthermore, Ramanuja believes that Vishnu wishing to do a favor to those who are resolved on acting so as fully to please Her, engenders in their minds a tendency towards highly virtuous actions, such as means to attain to Him; while on the other hand, in order to punish those who are resolved on lines of action altogether displeasing to Him, He engenders in their minds a delight in such actions as have a downward tendency and are obstacles in the way of the attainment of God.

Madhva (Dvaita)
Madhva, the founder of the Dvaita school, another sub-school of Vedanta, on the other hand, believes that there must be a root cause for variations in karma even if karma is accepted as having no beginning and being the cause of the problem of evil. Since jivas have different kinds of karma, from good to bad, all must not have started with the same type of karma from the beginning of time. Thus, Madhva concludes that the jivas (souls) are not God's creation as in the Christian doctrine, but are rather entities co-existent with Vishnu, although under His absolute control. Souls are thus dependent on Him in their pristine nature and in all transformations that they may undergo.

According to Madhva, God, although He has control, does not interfere with Man's free will; although He is omnipotent, that does not mean that He engages in extraordinary feats. Rather, God enforces a rule of law and, in accordance with the just deserts of jivas, gives them freedom to follow their own nature. Thus, God functions as the sanctioner or as the divine accountant, and accordingly Jivas are free to work according to their innate nature and their accumulated karma, good and bad. Since God acts as the sanctioner, the ultimate power for everything comes from God and the Jiva only utilizes that power, according to his/her innate nature. However, like Shankara's interpretation of the Brahma Sutras as mentioned earlier, Madhva, agrees that the rewards and punishments bestowed by God are regulated by Him in accordance with the good and sinful deeds performed by them, and He does so of out of His own will to keep himself firm in justice and he cannot be controlled in His actions by karma of human beings nor can He be accused of partiality or cruelty to anyone.

Swami Tapasyananda further explains the Madhva view by illustrating the doctrine with this analogy: the power in a factory comes from the powerhouse (God), but the various cogs (Jivas) move in a direction in which they are set. Thus he concludes that no charge of partiality and cruelty can be brought against God. The Jiva is the actor and also the enjoyer of the fruits of his/her own actions.

Madhva differed significantly from traditional Hindu beliefs, owing to his concept of eternal damnation. For example, he divides souls into three classes: one class of souls which qualify for liberation (Mukti-yogyas), another subject to eternal rebirth or eternal transmigration (Nitya-samsarins), and a third class that is eventually condemned to eternal hell or Andhatamas (Tamo-yogyas).

According to Sivananda
Swami Sivananda, an Advaita scholar, reiterates the Advaita view in his commentary synthesizing Vedanta views on the Brahma Sutras. In his commentary on Chapter 3 of the Brahma Sutras, Sivananda notes that karma is insentient and short-lived, and ceases to exist as soon as a deed is executed. Hence, karma cannot bestow the fruits of actions at a future date according to one's merit. Furthermore, one cannot argue that karma generates apurva or punya, which gives fruit. Since apurva is non-sentient, it cannot act unless moved by an intelligent being such as God. It cannot independently bestow reward or punishment.

There is a passage from Swami Sivananda's translation of the Svetasvatara Upanishad (4:6) illustrating this concept:

"Two birds of beautiful plumage – inseparable friends – live on the same tree. Of these two one eats the sweet fruit while the other looks on without eating."

In his commentary, the first bird represents the individual soul, while the second represents Brahman or God. The soul is essentially a reflection of Brahman. The tree represents the body. The soul identifies itself with the body, reaps the fruits of its actions, and undergoes rebirth. The Lord alone stands as an eternal witness, ever contented, and does not eat, for he is the director of both the eater and the eaten.

Swami Sivananda also notes that God is free from charges of partiality and cruelty which are brought against him because of social inequality, fate, and universal suffering in the world. According to the Brahma Sutras, individual souls are responsible for their own fate; God is merely the dispenser and witness with reference to the merit and demerit of souls.

In his commentary on Chapter 2 of the Brahma Sutras, Sivananda further notes that the position of God with respect to karma can be explained through the analogy of rain. Although rain can be said to bring about the growth of rice, barley and other plants, the differences in various species is due to the diverse potentialities lying hidden in the respective seeds. Thus, Sivananda explains that differences between classes of beings are due to different merits belonging to individual souls. He concludes that God metes rewards and punishments only in consideration of the specific actions of beings.

Thirugnana Sambandar
Sambandar of the Shaiva Siddhanta school, in the 7th century C.E., writes about karma in his outline of Shaivism. He explains the concept of karma in Hinduism by distinguishing it from that of Buddhism and Jainism, which do not require the existence of an external being like God. In their beliefs, just as a calf among a large number of cows can find its mother at suckling time, so also does karma find the specific individual it needs to attach to and come to fruition. However, theistic Hindus posit that karma, unlike the calf, is an unintelligent entity. Hence, karma cannot locate the appropriate person by itself. Sambantha concludes that an intelligent Supreme Being with perfect wisdom and power (Shiva, for example) is necessary to make karma attach to the appropriate individual. In such sense, God is the Divine Accountant.

Appayya Dikshita
Appayya Dikshita, a Shaiva theologian and proponent of Shiva Advaita, states that Shiva only awards happiness and misery in accordance with the law of karma. Thus persons themselves perform good or evil actions according to their own inclinations as acquired in past creations, and in accordance with those deeds, a new creation is made for the fulfilment of the law of karma. Shaivas believe that there are cycles of creations in which souls gravitate to specific bodies in accordance with karma, which as an unintelligent object depends on the will of Siva alone.

Srikantha
Srikantha, another Saivite theologian and proponent of Siva Advaita, believes that individual souls themselves do things which may be regarded as the cause of their particular actions, or desisting from particular actions, in accordance with the nature of the fruition of their past deeds. Srikantha further believes that Siva only helps a person when he wishes to act in a particular way or to desist from a particular action. Regarding the view that karma produce their own effects directly, Srikantha holds that karma being without any intelligence cannot be expected to produce manifold effects through various births and various bodies; rather fruits of one's karma can be performed only by the will of God operating in consonance with man's free will, or as determined in later stages by man's own karma so the prints of all karma are distributed in the proper order by the grace of God Shiva. In this way, God is ultimately responsible on the one hand for our actions, and on the other for enjoyment and suffering in accordance with our karmas, without any prejudice to humans' moral responsibility as expressed through free will or as determined later by our own deeds. A good summary of his view is that "man is responsible, free to act as he wills to, for Siva only fulfills needs according to the soul's karma."

Bhagavata Purana
In Chapter 1 of 10th book of the Bhagavata Purana, Vasudeva, the father of Krishna, exhorts Kamsa to refrain from killing his wife, Devaki, the mother of Krishna, by stating that death is certain for those who are born and when the body returns to the five elements, the soul leaves the body and helplessly obtains another form in accordance with the laws of karma, citing passages from Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, IV:4:3. Moreover, he adds and states that the soul materializes into an appropriate body whatever the state of the mind one remembers at the time of death; i.e., at the time of the death, the soul and its subtle body of mind, intelligence and ego, is projected into the womb of a creature, human or non-human that can provide a gross body that is most suitable for the dominant state of the mind of the particular person at the time of death; note that this passage is similar in meaning as Bhagavad Gita, VIII, verse 6. Edwin Bryant, associate professor of religion at Rutgers University, New Jersey provided the foregoing commentaries on the discussion of Vasudeva in the Bhagavata Purana.

Vishnu Sahasranama
Many names in the Vishnu Sahasranama, the thousand names of Vishnu allude to the power of God in controlling karma. For example, the 135th name of Vishnu, Dharmadhyaksha, in the Advaita philosopher Sankara's interpretation means, "One who directly sees the merits (Dharma) and demerits (Adharma), of beings by bestowing their due rewards on them."

Other names of Vishnu alluding to this nature of God are Bhavanah, the 32nd name, Vidhata, the 44th name, Apramattah, the 325th name, Sthanadah, the 387th name and Srivibhavanah, the 609th name. Bhavanah, according to Sankara's interpretation, means "One who generates the fruits of Karmas of all Jivas (souls) for them to enjoy." The Brahma Sutra (3.2.28) "Phalmatah upapatteh" speaks of the Lord's function as the bestower of the fruits of all actions of the jivas.

Other Vaishnavite thoughts
Kulashekhara Alwar, a Vaishnava devotee, says in his "Mukundamala Stotra": 'yad yad bhavyam bhavatu bhagavan purva-karma-anurupam'. And purva-karma or bhaagya or daiva is unseen adrsta by us, and is known only to God as Vidhaataa. God created the law of karma, and God will not violate it. God does, however, give courage and strength if asked.

Dharmaśāstras
In Hinduism, more particularly the Dharmaśāstras, Karma is a principle in which "cause and effect are as inseparably linked in the moral sphere as assumed in the physical sphere by science. A good action has its reward and a bad action leads to retribution. If the bad actions do not yield their consequences in this life, the soul begins another existence and in the new environment undergoes suffering for its past deeds". Thus it is important to understand that karma does not go away; one must either reap the benefits or suffer the consequences of his past actions. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad states, "According as a man acts and according as he believes so will he be; a man of meritorious acts will be meritorious, a man of evil deeds sinful. He becomes pure by pure deeds and evil by evil deeds. And here they say that person consists of desires. And as is his desire so is his will; and as is his will, so is his deed; and whatever deeds he does that he will reap". The doctrine of karma dates from ancient times and besides the above author is mentioned in the Gautama dharma-sutra, Shatapatha Brahmana, Kathaaka-grey-sutra, Chandogya Upanishad, Markandeya Purana, and many others.

The shastras written about karma go into some detail about possible consequences of karma. There is often talk about coming back as a variety of different objects when it comes to reincarnation and pasts lives. In this case, it holds true, or at least insofar as the texts state. The Kathaaka-grhya-sutra states, "some human beings enter the womb in order to have an embodied existence; others go into inorganic matter (the stump of a tree and the like) according to their deeds and according to their knowledge".

More extensively discussed is the consequences of karma in relation to sin. "Karmavipaka means the ripening (or fruition) of evil actions or sins. This fruition takes three forms, as stated in the Yogasutra II. 3, i.e., jati (birth as a worm or animal), ayuh (life i.e. living for a short period such as five or ten years) and bhoga (experiencing the torments of Hell".

Vedas
In Vedantic literature, there is an analogy. The bowman has already sent an arrow and it has left his hands. He cannot recall it. He is about to shoot another arrow. The bundle of arrows in the quiver on his back is the sanchita; the arrow he has shot is prarabdha; and the arrow which he is about to shoot from his bow is agami. Of these, he has perfect control over the sanchita and the agami/Kriyamana, but he must surely work out his prarabdha. The past which has begun to take effect he has to experience.

There is another analogy also. The granary represents the sanchita karma; that portion taken from the granary and put in the shop for future daily sale corresponds to agami; that which is sold daily represents prarabdha.

Free will limited by karma
According to Swami Mukundananda's interpretation of Gita, Chapter 18, verse 63, he states that "[t]his free will to choose between available alternatives has been given to the soul by God. The freedom of choice is not infinite. One cannot decide, “I choose to be the most intelligent person in the world.” Our choices are limited by our past and present karmas. However, we do possess a certain amount of free will, for we are not machines in the hands of God. Sometimes people question that if God had not given us free will then we would not have done any evil. But then we would not have done anything good either. The opportunity to do good always comes with the danger of doing evil. More importantly, God wants us to love him, and love is only possible when there is a choice. A machine cannot love for it does not have any freedom of choice. God created us with free will and provided us with choices so that we may choose him and thereby exercise our love for him. Even the all-powerful God cannot force the soul to love and surrender to him; this decision has to be made by the soul itself. Here, Shree Krishna is calling Arjun’s attention to his free will and asking him to choose."

Mitigation of bad karma
According to a theistic view, the effects of one's bad karma may be mitigated. Examples of how bad karma can be mitigated include the following virtue, or living virtuously; performing good deeds, such as helping others; yoga, or worshiping God to receive grace; and conducting pilgrimages to sacred places, such as or to get the grace of God. In another example, Ganesha can unweave his devotees from their karma, simplifying and purifying their lives, but this only happens after they have established a personal relationship with Him.

Upanishads
Shvetashvatara Upanishad 7 and 12 aver that the doer of the deeds wanders about and obtains rebirth according to his deeds but postulates an omnipotent creator, i.e., Isvara and the doctrine of grace. Isvara is the great refuge of all and a person attains immortality when blessed by Isvara or at Isvara's pleasure.

A person can be free from sorrow through the grace of Isvara. Therefore, the Shvetashvatara Upanishad postulates a supreme Being whose grace to devotees provides a way of escape from the law of karma. As Adi Sankara stated in his commentary on Shvetashvatara Upanishad VI:4, "If we dedicate all our works to Ishvara, we will not be subject to the law of karma."

Relation between birth in a particular body to karma
Theistic schools believe in cycles of creations where souls gravitate to specific bodies in accordance with karma, which as an unintelligent object depends on the will of God alone. For example, Kaushitaki Upanishad 1.2 asserts that birth in different forms of existence as a worm, insect, fish, bird, lion, boar, snake or a human, is determined by a person's deeds and knowledge.

Chandogya Upanishad 5.10.7 distinguishes between good birth such as birth in a spiritual family, i.e., (brahmin caste) or an evil birth, such as birth as a dog or hog.) Thus, the doctrine of karma comes to explain why different life forms manifest, into widely various levels of biological development such as characterization into different species from plants to various types of animals, and to even differences between members of the same species, such as humans.

Swami Nikilananda comments: As the rivers, following their different courses, ultimately merge in the ocean and give up their names and forms, so the devotees, losing their names and forms, become one with the Supreme Reality.

Relation between astrology and karma
According to Charles Keyes and Valentine Daniel, many Hindus believe that heavenly bodies, including the planets, have an influence throughout the life of a human being, and these planetary influences are the "fruit of karma." The Navagraha and planetary deities, including Shani (Saturn), are considered subordinate to Ishvara (i.e., the Supreme Being) and are believed by many to assist in the administration of justice. Such planetary influences are believed by many to be measurable using astrological methods including Jyotiṣa, the Hindu system of astrology.

Karma and Samadhi
In his commentary on Yoga Sutra I.50, Vijnanabhiksu shares the view of the relationship between karma and samadhi in Samkhya and Vedanta. According to Vijnanabhiksu, the samskaras (impressions) associated with wisdom only eliminate the sanchita (dormant and unmanifest) karma, not the prarabdha karma, which has already been activated. Samadhi is said to eliminate all dormant karma. However, the karma already active in the yogi's present life, such as their lifespan, body type, and ongoing experiences, continues until the yogi reaches nirbija samadhi.

Other uses in Hinduism
Other uses include such expressions such as "ugra-karma", meaning bitter, unwholesome labor.

title: Karma in Hinduism


text:
1895 in rail transport

February events

 * February 1 – The Kyoto Electric Railway, Japan's first electric tramway, begins operation from the centre of Kyoto to Fushimi.

May events

 * May 6 – The Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad is opened in Chicago as the first electrically operated rapid transit system in the U.S. between downtown Canal & Jackson Streets and Damen & Milwaukee Avenues including the first completed Scherzer rolling lift bridge. The road initially uses 55 wooden motor coaches built by the Barney and Smith Car Company of Dayton, Ohio and 100 wooden trailer coaches built by the Pullman Car Company from Chicago, Illinois. On May 25, it is completed to Logan Square. This route will eventually become the O'Hare branch of the Blue Line.

June events

 * June 17 – The Garfield Park branch of the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad in Chicago begins service between Marshfield Avenue junction and Cicero (48th) Avenue. This route will subsequently be replaced in 1958 by the high-speed Congress branch of today's Blue Line along the Eisenhower Expressway.
 * June 27 – The Lynton and Barnstaple Railway in England is incorporated by an act of Parliament.
 * June 28 – The New Haven and Hartford Railroad begins the first regular passenger service in the United States powered by electricity.

July events

 * July–August – Second "Race to the North": Operators of the East and West Coast Main Lines in Britain accelerate their services between London and Aberdeen.
 * July 8 – The Delagoa Bay Railway, in South Africa, opens.
 * July 29 – Service begins on the Chicago "L" Humboldt Park branch.

August events

 * August 4 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad introduces electric locomotives, the first in commercial service in the United States, over 3.75 mi of line near Camden, Baltimore, initially using an overhead electric slot system.
 * August 20 – The Snaefell Mountain Railway opens in the Isle of Man. It is a 5 mi gauge line electrified using overhead wires at 550 v DC with bow collectors and uses a Fell centre rail for braking, rising to a 2034 ft summit.
 * August 28 – The Douglas Park branch of the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad in Chicago begins service between Marshfield Avenue junction and 18th Street. It will be subsequently extended southwest and reach suburban Cicero by 1907 and Berwyn in 1924. It will also become part of the Blue Line, and later, the Pink Line.

September events

 * September 7 – The Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Indian River Railway Company changes its name to Florida East Coast Railway.
 * September 26 – Anghel Saligny Bridge across the Danube inaugurated, at this time the longest metal bridge in continental Europe.

October events

 * October 10 – Opening of first transcontinental railway in South Africa linking Cape Town and Durban.
 * October 22 – Montparnasse derailment: at the Gare Montparnasse, Paris, France, an express train overruns the buffer stop and crosses more than 30 m of concourse before plummeting through a window.

November events

 * November 4 – Nippon Railway begins operations on the Tsuchiura Line between Tsuchiura and Tomobe.
 * November 4 – Narrow gauge Wiscasset and Quebec Railroad opens from Wiscasset, Maine to Albion.

Unknown date events

 * The Pasadena and Los Angeles Electric Railway, the first interurban service in the Los Angeles area, opens.
 * The Pasadena and Pacific Railroad begins construction on an interurban line between Pasadena and Santa Monica, California.
 * Turkmenbashi railway station opens in Krasnovodsk, Turkmenistan.

April deaths

 * April 23 – Francis Thompson, English architect working chiefly on railways (b. 1808).

October deaths

 * October 8 – William Mahone, American civil engineer and Confederate Army Major General who built the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, a predecessor of the Norfolk and Western (b. 1826).

title: 1895 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Varicella zoster virus

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nifancher.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:16, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

it
it will kill your dog

 * Not necessarily. JFW | T@lk  21:14, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

---

What is "125,000 nt"? Typo for nm?
 * "nt" is an abbreviation for "nucleotides", though VZV is a dsDNA virus so it should more correctly be expressed as "bp" (base pairs)... Techelf 03:59, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

immunity for life...?
You have to wonder though, if the wild virus produced immunity for life, why did anyone get SHingles? And they did, although it is more common now in ENgland, where we do not routinely immunise, than it used to be. I think the article may have been a bit too definite and simple on that topic.Midgley 23:09, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it means that it makes the person immune to primary varicella infection, i.e. chickenpox. Shingles is a different manifestation, and usually much more localized---someone who has had chickenpox can get shingles (and in fact it's a prerequisite), but someone who has had chickenpox almost never gets chickenpox again. --Delirium 22:40, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it is getting more common to have a second attack of Chickenpox, in England. I can't find figures though.  If the story about top-ups of immunity from exposure to spotty children is true then it would be expected to be more common as chickenpox incidence decreases in other countries as well.  Midgley 01:12, 24 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The thing about the VZ virus is that after its primary manifestation as Varicella, or chickenpox, it frequently takes up a subclinical, latent infection in the dorsal nerve ganglia. After the cell-mediated immunity granted by the primary infection wears off and the T-cells lose the ability to recognize and eradicate the virions (this usually takes a long time, but there are exceptions) the Zoster part of the virus can manifest itself as Herpes Zoster, or Shingles.  Lifetime immunity is never guaranteed, unfortunately.  There have been cases of secondary chickenpox breaking out after prolonged exposure to the virus or due to immunocompromisation.

vaccine failure
I wish I could add this to the article, but I have no sources, just my own observation:

The vaccine is a failure.

I know of at least 3 families who's children got the vaccine, but got chicken pox anyway (and at young ages, not 10 to 20 years later). The article claims that 'breakthrough infections' are mild, but that is not what I saw.

I fully expect it to be withdrawn from the market in the next 5 years. Either that, or they will recommend boosters every 7 years. (Which I guess will make the manufacturer happy.)

Certainly adults who have no contact with children with chicken pox should get boosters, and I expect this to be the recommendation. And I think that's a mistake in policy to depend on repeated vaccines when the illness itself is as mild as it is.

Ariel. 12:58, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

cross immunity?
Has anyone ever done a study if people who have had chicken pox have a lower herpes infection rate? When I was young, everyone had chicken pox because there was no vaccination. My observation is there were fewer herpes cases in those times and amongst these people. 121.209.50.226 (talk) 04:27, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Article cluster
For the record, the current article cluster relating to varicella zoster virus is:
 * Varicella zoster virus
 * Chickenpox
 * Herpes zoster - rated GA
 * Postherpetic neuralgia

Discussions of this cluster include:
 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine

--Una Smith (talk) 20:29, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

CNS?
The article uses the abbreviation "CNS", but does not define it. Probably "Central Nervous System", but I hope someone with more knowledge verifies this.24.208.227.63 (talk) 21:04, 6 April 2015 (UTC)

Expanding and Revamping this page
I plan to do an extensive revamping of this page as part of WP:VIRUS. Because the decision was made to leave the VZV article cluster as indicated above, I will focus primarily on the virology with brief discussions of the diseases caused.

Currently this page has a lot of references to comparisons with Herpes Simplex Virus, while this may be informative to people who have extensive knowledge of HSV I don't believe that it is helpful for the lay person trying to learn about VZV alone. As such I plan to describe the lifecycle and physiology of the virus without extensive comparisons to other members of the herpesvirus family.

If anyone is interested in assisting in this project, I'd love the help!

Delyons13 (talk) 22:05, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

Question about the name change
I understand that it taxonomically goes by the name "Human alphaherpesvirus 3", but the common name is still "Varicella-zoster virus". Is this new name widespread enough that it trumps WP:COMMONNAME? – Þjarkur (talk) 15:13, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

 * @NessieVL. In the same way that the Epstein–Barr virus article is not titled "human herpesvirus 4". – Þjarkur (talk) 16:56, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

 * It doesn't seem like a common name to me. Maybe it's the "virus" part.  And that it's a old synonym.  And Epstein–Barr virus is now called Human gammaherpesvirus 4 anyways.  Is Varicella-zoster virus or Varicella zoster virus used that much, or do people just say "I have chicken pox" instead of "I have a Varicella-zoster virus infection?  I'm assuming you mean regular folk and not doctors or resaerchers as far as what is a common name.  Convince me.  --Nessie (talk) 21:31, 9 January 2019 (UTC)

 * @NessieVL – I just meant that I cannot find this name being used anywhere except for when showing the taxonomy of viruses. Every single public health, medical, or virological article that I've been able to find uses the varicella-zoster name. Since the name is widespread and widely known (well, maybe not with the general public, but for everyone who works in health or with viruses) and the other one never used except for taxonomical comparison, I just thought it would fall under the naming conventions of the medical project here: "The article title should be the scientific or recognised medical name that is most commonly used in recent, high-quality, English-language medical sources".
 * I also cannot find any source calling it an old synonym, I only see ICTV's website placing it in parentheses like with other synonyms.
 * Please note that it's not possible to send links to ICTV's website, it uses URLs that rot instantly for some reason. I did look up the historical data though, I can see that many of our taxoboxes are out of date.
 * – Þjarkur (talk) 00:59, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I think it's like Bombay vs. Mumbai. Sure, for hundreds of years in English it's been called one thing, but now it's officially something else.  See also Naming conventions (flora).  --Nessie (talk) 15:02, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I don’t think consensus was achieved here. --Nessie (talk) 12:55, 3 August 2019 (UTC)

 * I note from the plant names wikipedia page - is this view the same for virus names?:

Currency If the scientific name of a plant has recently been changed (e.g. a species has been transferred into a different genus), and there is no reason to believe that the name change is contentious, use the new name regardless of usage in older reliable sources. It is not appropriate for us to retain archaic terminology while we wait for usage in older reliable sources to be swamped by usage in newer sources. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.154.169.156 (talk) 07:13, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Varicella zoster virus


text:
Sri Lanka national football team

The Sri Lanka national football team (ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාපන්දු කණ්ඩායම Shri Lanka Papandu Kandayama, இலங்கை தேசிய கால்பந்து அணி Ilaṅkai Tēciya Kālpantu Aṇi) represents Sri Lanka in Association football and is administered by Football Federation of Sri Lanka, the governing body of football in Sri Lanka. They have been a member of FIFA since 1952 and a member of AFC since 1954. Sri Lanka's home stadium is the Sugathadasa Stadium in Colombo. The Sri Lankan team was known as the Ceylon national football team until 1972 when Ceylon was renamed Sri Lanka.

A member of the AFC, the team has yet to make their first appearance in FIFA World Cup or AFC Asian Cup finals. They have been South Asian champions once, in 1995. As is true elsewhere on the sub-continent, top-level football in Sri Lanka stands somewhat in the shadow of the country's Cricket team. However, the side did reach the second qualification stage for the 2006 World Cup. In the same year, they became the runners-up in the 2006 Challenge Cup.

In 2014, at the 75th anniversary of FFSL, FIFA President Sepp Blatter visited Sri Lanka and opened a new football stadium in Jaffna. During the visit, Blatter said he was not pleased with the development of Football in Sri Lanka and that the authorities haven't taken enough steps to support football on the island. The AFC President Sheikh Salman Bin Ibrahim Al Khalifa also joined the visit.

In the qualification round of the 2018 World Cup, Sri Lanka lost both matches against Bhutan and failed to qualify for the next round. However, Sri Lanka national football team had managed to qualify for the semi-finals of the 2015 SAFF Championship.

Early history (1890s–2014)
Football was introduced to Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) by the British. There is evidence of it being played in Galle Face, a sandy area near the coast, by British servicemen stationed in Colombo in the 1890s. The game was also played at grounds of the barracks at Echelon Barracks and the army grounds (presently the Taj Samudra Hotels).

British servicemen of the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, Royal Engineers, Royal Artillery and the Royal Garrison Command began and promoted competitive football in Ceylon. The British administrative service and the planting community enthusiastically took it to the Central, Southern, and Up-Country regions. By early 1900 competitive football was popular with the local youth.

The game became popular and local football clubs were formed. St. Michael's SC, Havelock's Football Club, Java Lane SC, Wekande SC, Moors FC, and CH & FC, the last being a European monopoly, were some of the first clubs in Columbo. Harlequins FC and Saunders SC soon joined. The trophies of the early tournaments were the De Mel Shield and the Times of Ceylon Cup.

Football also became popular in the country's Southern Provence, where the planting and administrative community promoted the game. British planter T R. Brough in Deniyaya heavily promoted football in the south between 1910 and 1920, and British servicemen from the Navy wireless station in Matara also helped popularise it.

In 1952, Ceylon became a member of FIFA and gained the opportunity to play football at the international level. The country's first international game was played against India in the 1952 Colombo Cup, organized by The Ceylon Football Association.

On 24 October 1953, Tom Ossen, a product of Dharmaraja College, scored the country's first official international goal against Burma at the 1953 Colombo Cup. The game ended in a 2–3 defeat, with T. J. Azeez netting Ceylon's second goal.

Renaissance of Sri Lanka football (2015–2019)
In 2015, Sri Lanka played for the first time in the Bangabandhu Cup. This tournament was organised by Bangladesh Football Federation. The national U-23 teams of Thailand, Bahrain, Malaysia and Singapore participated in this tournament. The national football teams of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka also competed in this tournament.

Sri Lanka was placed in the group with Malaysia and Bangladesh. In the first game Sri Lanka played against the Malaysian team. Malaysia won the match by 2–0. The second match was played against the host Bangladesh. Sri Lanka lost the game 1–0. Sri Lanka failed to score a goal in this tournament. After a six years of poor performance in the international football field Sri Lanka football team managed to qualify for the Semi Final of 2015 SAFF Championship. The poor performance continued in the Solidarity Cup as well. They had another shock defeat this time by the hands of Mongolia the lowest ranked team in Asia. As a result of this defeat Sri Lanka eliminated in the group stage of the tournament.

In July 2018, Sri Lanka welcomed a historical encounter when they faced Lithuania, marked for the first time Sri Lanka will face a European team. The Sri Lankans managed a respectable 0–0 draw to the UEFA side but lost 0–2 in the second encounter. During 2022 World Cup campaign however, Sri Lanka suffered another poor performance as the team fell 0–1 in Zhuhai to Macau. Macau was subsequently disqualified, as the team refused to travel to Sri Lanka in the aftermath of 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, Sri Lanka was awarded a 3–0 win in response, thus qualified to the second round of the World Cup for the first time since 2006 campaign.

Amir Alagic era (2020–2022)
In the second round, Sri Lanka was unlucky to be drawn with four 2019 AFC Asian Cup participants, South Korea, North Korea, Lebanon and Turkmenistan. As predicted, Sri Lanka proved too weak for the group, losing all matches without scoring a single goal as for the end of 2019, and was eliminated from World Cup contention. Sri Lanka had improved since then, and participated in the 2020 Bangabandhu Cup, but the team still finished bottom with two defeats and no goal.

In February 2020, the Football Federation of Sri Lanka announced the appointment of Bosnian-Australian specialist Amir Alagić as head coach of the national team. Sri Lanka then travelled to South Korea to finish their two remaining games against Lebanon and South Korea, losing both, yet optimism rose when Sri Lanka demonstrated an outstanding performance against Lebanon, scoring two goals and only lost by one goal margin, which was also the country's first-ever goals in the qualification. Alagić resigned as coach of Sri Lanka after the qualification, as Sri Lanka, rated as the weakest team in the group, were eliminated without scoring a point. He was replaced by Scottish manager, Andy Morrison.

FIFA suspension and Participation in FIFA World Cup 2026 Qualifying (2023)
On 22 January 2023, FIFA announced the suspension of the FFSL from 21 January 2023 until further notice due to the government interference in football, but was provisionally included in the draw, pending a resolution. Therefore, all teams/clubs affiliated with the FFSL are no longer entitled to take part in international competitions. However, after the issue was settled, the ban was lifted allowing Sri Lanka to take part in the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification under a strict condition: FFSL must conduct a new election ten days before the fixture against Yemen; failure to do so would result in automatic disqualification of the team. The suspension was lifted on 29 August 2023.

Sri Lanka then participated in the first round of the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification facing against Yemen on 12 October 2023 but lost 3–0 in the process.

Media coverage
There is no official TV broadcaster for the football matches played by the Sri Lanka team because the Football Federation of Sri Lanka has not sold broadcasting rights. The SAFF Championship was broadcast by several channels, and tournaments in the 1990s and 2000s were broadcast free-to-air by Channel Eye. The 2013 SAFF Championship was broadcast by CSN. Star Sports also broadcast the SAFF Championship on pay TV satellite broadcasters.

The official online broadcaster of Sri Lankan football matches is thepapare.com which streams the games of the Sri Lanka Football Premier League, the finals of the Sri Lanka FA Cup, and the AFC U-19 Championship.

Colours
The team uses different kits for home and away games. The kits are currently manufactured by Grand Sport Group.

Home
The traditional home kit of the national team has mostly been maroon shirts and maroon shorts, but blue colours have also been used. The colours are derived from the 15th century flag of Kingdom of Kandy.

Away
The away shirt colour has changed several times between a white shirt with white shorts or a black shirt with black shorts. White shirt with white shorts has been the more frequent choice.

Sugathadasa Stadium
Sugathadasa Stadium is the former athletic stadium in Sri Lanka. It was established in 1972 and has a capacity of 28,000. The stadium is mostly used for athletics and football. The 1995 and 2008 SAFF Championship tournaments were held in this stadium. This is the home stadium of Sri Lanka National Football Team.Sri Lanka won their first major football tournament in his stadium. It was defeating India in the Final of 1995 SAFF Championship.

All the FIFA World Cup qualification matches of Sri Lankan team also played in this ground. This ground has become a lucky ground for Sri Lanka team because they have won much of the matches played in here. The draw against Philippines Football team and The Tajikistan Team were well known. In recent times Sri Lanka lost to Bhutan in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualify matches against Bhutan in this Stadium. The 2014–15 FA Cup Final also held in this ground.

Major football tournaments that played in here were the AFC President's Cup and AFC Challenge Cup.

Kalutara Stadium
Kalutara Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Kalutara, Sri Lanka. This stadium also known as the Vernon Fernando ground. It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home games of Kalutara Park SC. The stadium holds 15,000 people. This stadium is popularly known as "Kalutara Park Ground". This stadium is located in the heart of Kalutara city. This stadium is mostly use in the Sri Lanka Champions League and Sri Lanka FA Cup tournaments.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Coaching history

 * P.D. Sirisena (1976–1998)
 * Neville Dias (1990)
 * 🇩🇪 Burkhard Pape (199?)
 * 🇧🇷 Jorge Ferreira (1993–1995)
 * M. Karathu (1999–2000)
 * 🇧🇷 Marcos Ferreira (2000–2004)
 * Sampath Perera (2004–2006, 2009, 2015–2016)
 * 🇰🇷 Jang Jung (2007–2008, 2010–2012)
 * Mohamed Amanulla (2009–2010)
 * 🇧🇷 Claudio Roberto (2013–2014)
 * Nikola Kavazović (2014–2015)
 * Dudley Steinwall (2016–2018)
 * Nizam Pakeer Ali (2018–2020)
 * 🇧🇦 🇦🇺 Amir Alagić (2020–2022)
 * Andy Morrison (2022–present)

Current squad

 * The following players were called up for the FIFA Friendly matches.
 * Match dates: 8 and 11 June 2024
 * Opposition:

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the team within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.

..

 * Notes
 * PRE = Preliminary/standby squad

Player records

 * Players in bold are still active with Sri Lanka.

AFC Challenge Cup

 * In 2011 and 2015 The AFC Challenge Cup acted as the qualification for the Asian Cup.
 * The AFC Challenge Cup was cancelled by the AFC.

AFC

 * AFC Challenge Cup
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Runners-up (1): 2006

SAFF

 * SAFF Championship
 * [[File:Med 1.png]] Champions (1): 1995
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Runners-up (1): 1993
 * South Asian Games
 * [[File:Med 3.png]] Bronze Medal (2): 1993, 1995

Invitational

 * Colombo Cup
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Runners-up (1): 1952
 * [[File:Med 3.png]] Third place (1): 1954
 * ANFA Cup (Nepal)
 * [[File:Med 2.png]] Runners-up (1): 2009

title: Sri Lanka national football team