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Angela Bulloch

Angela Bulloch (born 1966 in Rainy River, Ontario, Canada), is a Canadian artist who often works with sound and installation; she is recognised as one of the Young British Artists. Bulloch lives and works in Berlin.

Life and career
Bulloch studied at Goldsmiths' College, London (1985–1988). She was included in the Freeze Exhibition in 1988 and was established as one of the Young British Artists. On reflecting on being a Young British Artist, Bulloch said "When I was 22, it was important for me. It was helpful in terms of managing media responses to my work because whenever I mentioned this little label, everyone was like, “Oh yeah, YBA”. But they were just talking about a media generated label, instead of the actual work. It's easier, isn't it? It's for lazy journalists." In 1989 she won the Whitechapel Artists' Award.

Bulloch undertook a two-month residency at ARCUS- project in Moriya, Japan in 1994. She was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1997, part of an all-female shortlist that also included Cornelia Parker, Christine Borland and Gillian Wearing (who won the prize that year). For the Turner Prize exhibition, Bulloch exhibited her playful artwork called Rules Series. In 2005, she was nominated for the Preis der Nationalgalerie für junge Kunst.

In 2002 Bulloch was awarded the ASEF (Asia-Europe Foundation) Cultural Grant. Between 2001 and 2003 she undertook a guest professorship of sculpture at the Akademie für Bildende Künste, Vienna.

Within her art, Bullock plays with the boundaries of mathematics and aesthetics. She has a particular interest in instructions and rules, especially in the context of technology. She is an ambiguous multi-disciplinary artist and has worked in multiple media, including video, installation, sculpture, painting. In particular, she has used video, animation, sound and light to explore pre-edited systems. Bulloch is recognised for her 'Pixel Boxes' originally constructed using beech wood and a plastic front screen and later with materials such as copper, aluminium or corian. The boxes use different lights and colours to create a variety of abstract patterns. Many of her works make use of biofeedback systems, such as in her 1994 work Betaville, a 'Drawing Machine' painting vertical and horizontal stripes on a wall, was triggered whenever someone sat on the bench in front of it. Bulloch has also made a number of works using Belisha beacons, which are more commonly used to illuminate pedestrian crossings. More recently, Bullock's Stacks are unique structures made of compiled rhomboids which play with light and colour to create optical effects. Bullock's art commonly relies on the interpretation of the viewer, with its meaning being determined by their subjectivity. A lot of her light and music works are developed using technology Bulloch has created herself.

Bulloch is a fan of music and performs live. She is also the owner of the record label LBCDLP. Music is often incorporated into her art in a variety of ways such as light instillations that respond to a musical score.

Since 2018 Bulloch is a professor of Time-Based Media at HFBK Hamburg.

Exhibitions
Bulloch exhibited at the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago in 1997. Other museum exhibitions include Kunsthaus Glarus (2001); Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (2003); Le Consortium, Dijon (2005); Modern Art Oxford, Vienna Secession, and The Power Plant, Toronto (2005); and Lenbachhaus, Munich (2008). Her work was also included in notable group exhibitions such as The New Decor at Hayward Gallery, London; Colour Chart: Reinventing Colour 1950 to Today at Tate Liverpool and Museum of Modern Art, New York; and Theanyspacewhatever for which she created an installation for the ceiling of Frank Lloyd Wright's Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York.

Selected solo exhibitions

 * Angela Bulloch: "...then nothing turned itself inside-out and became something", Simon Lee Gallery, New York, USA (2019)
 * Anima Vectorias, MAAT, Lisbon, Portugal (2019)
 * Heavy Metal Stack of Six, Serralves Museum of Contemporary Art, Porto, Portugal (2019)
 * Angela Bulloch, Omi International Arts Center, The Fields Sculpture Park, Ghent, New York (2017)
 * Large Blue Music Listening Station, artgenève Salon d'Art, Geneva, Switzerland (2017)
 * Euclid in Europe, Cristina Guerra Contemporary, Lisbon, Portugal (2017)
 * Heavy Metal Body, Esther Schipper, Berlin, Germany (2017)
 * Considering Dynamics & The Forms of Chaos, Sharjah Art Museum, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (2016)
 * Angela Bulloch: One Way Conversation, Simon Lee Gallery, Hong Kong (2016)
 * Space Fiction Object, Galerie Eva Presenhuber, Zurich, Switzerland (2016)
 * Angela Bulloch: New Wave Digits, Simon Lee Gallery, London, UK (2015)
 * Topology: No Holes, Four Tails, Mary Boone Gallery, New York, USA (2015)
 * Archetypes and Totem Antidotes, Galerie Micheline Szwajcer, Brussels, Belgium (2015)
 * In Virtual Virto, Esther Schipper, Berlin, Germany (2014)
 * Pentagon Principle, Galería Helga De Alvear, Madrid, Spain (2014)
 * Universal Pixels and Music Listening Stations, Kerstin Engholm Galerie, Vienna, Austria (2014)
 * Angela Bulloch: UNIVERSAL MINERAL, Simon Lee Gallery, Hong Kong (2013)
 * Short Big Drama, Witte de With, Rotterdam, Netherlands (2012)
 * ABCDLP 002- Short Big Dramaby George van Dam for Short Big Yellow Drawing Machine by Angela Bulloch, Esther Schipper, Berlin, Germany (2012)
 * Time & Line, Städtische Galerie, Wolfsburg, Germany (2011)
 * Information, Manifesto, Rules And Other Leaks…, Vattenfall Contemporary Art Prize, Berlinische Galerie, Berlin (2011)
 * Angela Bulloch: Discrete Manifold Whatsoever, Simon Lee Gallery, London, UK (2010)
 * Molecular Etwas von Angela Bulloch, Kunst Werke Berlin, Germany (2010)
 * Redux, Esther Schipper, Berlin, Germany (2010)
 * X Wohnungen Hilbrow, Johennesburg, South Africa (2010)
 * Smoked, Formed & Quatered, Galeria Helga de Alvear, Madrid, Spain (2009)
 * Angela Bulloch, Trajectories and Other Lines, Cristina Guerra Contemporary, Lisbon, Portugal (2009)
 * Riley Optimism, Air de Paris, Paris, France (2009)
 * Galerie Kreo, Paris, France (2009)
 * The Space that Time Forgot, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany (2008)
 * Zhang Jiang Public Art Project, Shanghai, China (2008)
 * V., Galeria Eva Presenhuber, Zürich, Switzerland (2008)
 * X Wohnungen Neukölln (with Michael Iber), Gropiusstdadt Neukölln, Germany (2008)
 * Repeat Refrain, Enel Contemporanea, Ara Pacis, Rome, Italy (2017)
 * Are you coming or going, around?, Esther Schipper, Berlin, Germany (2017)
 * Angela Bulloch, The Power Plant, Toronto, Canada (2006)
 * De Pont Museum voor Hedendaagse Kunst, Tilburg, The Netherlands (2006)
 * We Are Medi(eval) (with Liam Gillick), Cubitt Artists, London, England (2006)
 * Yuko Gothic Grid, Galerie Micheline Szwajcer, Antwerp, Belgium (2006)
 * Vehicles, Le Consortium, Dijon, France (2005)
 * Angela Bulloch, Modern Art Oxford, Oxford, UK (2005)
 * To the Power of 4., Secession, Vienna, Austria (2005)
 * The Missing 13th, Galerĺa Helga de Alvear, Madrid Spain (2005)
 * Antimatter, Galeria Eva Presenhuber, Zürich, Switzerland (2004)
 * Engholm Engelhorn Galerie, Vienna, Austria (2004)
 * Angela Bulloch/ Matrix 206. Macromatrix: For Your Pleasure, UC Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, Berkeley, California, USA (2003)
 * New Work 8: Angela Bulloch, World Reflections, Aspen Art Museum, Aspen, Colorado, USA (2003)
 * Disco Floor Bootleg: 4, Medienturm Graz, Graz, Austria (2003)
 * Search and Arrest, Y8 International Sivananda Yoga Center, Hamburg, Germany (2002)
 * Micro World, 1301 PE Brian D. Butler, Santa Monica, California, USA (2002)
 * Macro World: One Hour³ and Canned, Schipper & Krome, Berlin, Germany (2002)
 * Chain, Galerie Micheline Szwajcer, Antwerp, Belgium (2002)
 * Angela Bulloch, Z-Point, Kunsthaus Glarus, Switzerland (2002)
 * Institute of Visual Culture, Cambridge, England (2002)
 * Matrix, Magnani, London, England (2001)
 * Z Point, Kunsthaus Glarus, Switzerland (2001)
 * Prototypes, Hauser & Wirth & Presenhuber, Zürich, Switzerland (2000)
 * BLOW-UP T.V., Schipper & Krome, Berlin, Germany (2000)
 * From the Eiffel Tower to Riesenrad, Gelerie Kerstin Engholm, Vienna, Austria (2000)
 * Headless with Legs + Tripping, 1301 PE, Los Angeles, California (2000)
 * Angela Bulloch & Sylvie Fleury, Medhi Chouakri, Berlin, Germany (1999)
 * Codes, Schipper & Krome, Berlin, Germany (1998)
 * Superstructure, Museum für Gegenwartkunst, Zürich, Switzerland (1998)
 * Sounds Off, Robert Prime Gallery, London, England (1998)
 * Vehicles, Le Consortium- Centre d'Art Contemporain, Dijon, France (1997)
 * Soundbank, Kunstverein Ludwigsburg, Germany (1997)
 * Galerie Walcheturm, Zürich, Switzerland (1996)
 * Robert Prime Gallery, London, England (1996)
 * Mudslinger, Schipper & Krome, Cologne, Germany (1995)
 * From the Clink to Panorama Island, PADT, London, England (1995)
 * Marc Foxx Gallery with 1301/ Brian Butler, Santa Monica, California, USA (1995)
 * Kunstverein in Hamburg, Germany (1994)
 * FRAC, Languedoc- Roussillon; Aldebaran, Baillargues, France (1994)
 * Centre Pour la Crėation Contemporaine Tours, France (1993)
 * Rules Series, Esther Schipper and Friesenwall 116a, Cologne, Germany (1993)
 * 1301, Santica Monica, California (1993)
 * The Art of Survival/ Baby Doll Saloon with Sylvie Fleury, Laurie Genillard, London, England (1993)
 * Esther Schipper, Cologne, Germany (1992)
 * Galleria Locus Solus, Genoa, Italy (1992)
 * Le Case d'Arte, Milan, Italy (1991)
 * Interim Art, London, England (1990)
 * APAC Centre d'Art Contemporain, Nevers, France (1990)
 * Galerie Claire Burrus, Paris, France (1990)
 * Esther Schipper, Cologne, Germany (1990)

Selected group exhibitions

 * Bulloch, Pryde: Sky, Rocks & Digits, Simon Lee Gallery, Hong Kong (2020–21)
 * En Plein Air, Simon Lee Gallery, London, UK (2019)
 * A Time Capsule, Works Made by Women for Parkett, 1984–2017, Parkett Exhibition Space, Zurich, Switzerland (2018)
 * Double Lives. Visual Artists Making Music, mumok Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien, Vienna, Austria (2018)
 * Always Different. Always the Same, Bündner Kunstmuseum, Chur, Switzerland (2018)
 * Metropolis, Simon Lee Gallery, New York, USA (2017)
 * Mentally Yellow (High Noon), Kunstmuseum Bonn and Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, Germany (2017)
 * Ugo Rondinone: I <3 John Giorno, Howl!, New York, USA (2017)
 * RULES, Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Zurich, Switzerland (2017)
 * Fractured: Kathryn Andrews, Angela Bulloch, Bernard Frize, Louise Lawler, Daido Moriyama, John Stezaker, Christopher Wool, Toby Ziegler, Simon Lee Gallery, Hong Kong (2016)
 * Development, Okayama Art Summit, Okayama, Japan (2016)
 * Night in the Museum, Wakefield, Birmingham, Leicester, UK (2016)
 * L’Almanach 16, Le Consortium, Dijon, France (2016)
 * The Natural Order of Things, Fundacíon Jumex, Mexico City, Mexico (2016)
 * Faux Amis, Simon Lee Gallery, London, UK (2015)
 * Walk the Line, Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany (2015)
 * I Love John Giorno, Palais de Tokyo, Paris, France (2015)
 * 1984–1999 The Decade, Centre Pompidou-Metz, France (2015)
 * Datascape. What You See is Not What You Get, LABoral, Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial, Gijón, Spain (2014)
 * 8th Berlin Biennale, Berlin, Germany (2014)
 * The Whole Earth, Haus der Kulturen der Welt, Berlin, Germany (2013)
 * Das Neue Lenbachhaus, Lenbachhaus Kunstbau, Munich, Germany (2013)
 * Turbulences, L’espace culturel, Louis Vuitton, Paris, France (2012)
 * Un Nouveau Festival, 3e Edition, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France (2012)
 * theanyspacewhatever, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, USA (2008)

Awards

 * Canada Council, Visual Artist's Grant, Canada (2011)
 * Kunstpreis der Stadt Wolfsburg – Junge Stadt sieht Junge Kunst, Germany (2011)
 * Vattenfall Contemporary Art Prize, Germany (2011)
 * Preis der Freunde der Nationalgalerie Nomination, Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Germany (2005)
 * Cultural Grant of the Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), Singapore (2002)
 * Turner Prize Nomination, Tate Britain, United Kingdom (1997)
 * Artist Residency (two months), ARCUS Project, Japan (1994)
 * Whitechapel Artist's Award, United Kingdom (1989)

Recognition
Bulloch was nominated for the Turner Prize in 1997 and for the Preis der Nationalgalerie für junge Kunst in 2005.

title: Angela Bulloch


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Marcus Stroud

Marcus LaVar Stroud (born June 25, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs, and was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the 13th overall pick in the 2001 NFL draft. He was a member of the NFL's Buffalo Bills and New England Patriots.

Early years
Stroud won a state title with Brooks County High School in 1994. He appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in 1996 while still in high school which featured a cover story of National Signing Day. Stroud, at the time a 6'6" 266-pound defensive end, originally gave Florida a verbal commitment but changed his mind after Bulldogs coach Ray Goff was fired in November 1995. After heavy pursuit from new Georgia coach Jim Donnan, Stroud switched and committed to the Bulldogs on Signing Day.

College career
Stroud attended the University of Georgia, where he played for the Georgia Bulldogs football team. He played for Georgia during a major re-building era, in which coach Jim Donnan turned the program around from among the mediocre to averaging 8 wins per year, including four straight bowl game victories.

He was initiated as a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity while he was an undergraduate.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Stroud was selected 13th in the 2001 NFL draft by the Jaguars. The 2001 NFL Draft is considered by many experts to be the finest draft for defensive tackles in draft history, and Stroud was among the highest rated of the group that year. The 2001 class included fellow Pro Bowl selections Richard Seymour, Casey Hampton and Kris Jenkins.

He and John Henderson helped give the Jaguars one of the more dominant defensive tackles duos in the NFL.

During his Jacksonville days, Stroud had 22 sacks and 256 tackles while appearing in 100 games. Stroud also played in every Jaguars game for the first 5 years of his career.

Marcus Stroud was selected to the Pro Bowl following the 2003, 2004 and 2005 NFL seasons.

Stroud was suspended in 2007 for four games without pay for violating the league's policy on anabolic steroids and related substances.

Buffalo Bills
On March 1, 2008, Stroud was traded to the Buffalo Bills for third- and fifth-round picks in the 2008 NFL draft.

Stroud was immediately deemed one of the key players to the Bills' 2008 season. Buffalo ranked 31st in total defense the year prior, and vaulted up to 14th in 2008, Stroud's first season there. The Bills got off to a strong start that year, going 5-1 in the first six games. They fell off towards the mid-season mark, however, and finished the year with a 7-9 record.

On April 7, 2009, Stroud signed a two-year contract extension that paid $16 million and guaranteed $12 million. In combination with the existing terms of his contract, Stroud could've earned an additional $28 million over the following four seasons. Stroud was released on February 16, 2011, by the Bills.

New England Patriots
On March 1, 2011, the New England Patriots signed defensive lineman Stroud to a two-year contract. He was released just under 5 months later on July 28.

Retirement
In June 2012, Stroud signed a one-day contract with the Jaguars and announced his retirement. He became the fifth player to re-sign with Jacksonville before retiring, joining Tony Boselli, Fred Taylor, Paul Spicer and Donovin Darius.

Community
During his NFL days, Stroud founded the Marcus Stroud Charitable Foundation to assist underprivileged youth who lived in low-income, single-parent homes, according to its website, by establishing various academic and athletic programs otherwise unavailable to them. Additionally, Stroud hosts an annual football camp aimed to combat childhood obesity.

Stroud hosted the Marcus Stroud 99 Pro Bowl Football Camp For Kids in May 2009 at Brooks County's Veterans Stadium in Georgia. Several NFL players, including Mike Peterson and Verron Haynes of the Atlanta Falcons, and George Wilson, Donte Whitner, Kavika Mitchell, Marcus Buggs and Drayton Florence of the Buffalo Bills contributed to the free camp.

Personal
Stroud has a passion for classic cars and eventually founded his own auto body business, DeciBels Auto Creations, in Jacksonville.

Stroud escaped injury in 2005, when he rolled his SUV while driving on Florida's Interstate 10 outside of Jacksonville.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marcus Stroud


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Taylorsville

Taylorsville may refer to several places in the United States:

 * Taylorsville, California
 * Taylorsville, Georgia
 * Taylorsville, Indiana
 * Taylorsville, Kentucky
 * Taylorsville, Maryland
 * Taylorsville, Mississippi
 * Taylorsville, North Carolina
 * Taylorsville, Ohio
 * Taylorsville, Tennessee
 * Taylorsville, Texas
 * Taylorsville, Utah, the largest city with the name
 * Taylorsville Dam on the Great Miami River, Dayton, Ohio

title: Taylorsville


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Reggie Williams (wide receiver)

Reginald Williams, Jr. (born May 17, 1983) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Washington Huskies, earning consensus All-American honors in 2002. He was selected by Jacksonville in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and played five seasons for the team.

Early life
Williams was born on a U.S. military base in Landstuhl, West Germany. He lived with his family in Virginia until his father's military career moved them to Lakewood, Washington, where he attended Lakes High School. Williams led his Lakes Lancer high school football team to the championship game in his senior year and was the Associated Press Washington State Player of the Year.

College career
Williams attended the University of Washington, and played for the Washington Huskies football team from 2001 to 2003. He was a first-team All-Pac-10 selection in 2002 and 2003, and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2002.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Williams was drafted in the first round with the ninth overall pick in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was the third receiver taken behind Larry Fitzgerald (3rd overall) and Roy Williams (7th overall).

Williams put up disappointing numbers in his rookie season of 2004. He rebounded the first half of 2005, but in the second half, he had a slump brought on by a concussion.

Through the first six weeks of the 2006 season, Williams was among the top receivers in the NFL. An ankle injury caused Byron Leftwich to miss the remainder of the season. After David Garrard became the starting quarterback, Williams' production slipped.

Williams had his best game as a pro against the New Orleans Saints in Week 9 of the 2007 season, making six catches for 128 yards and one touchdown. His best professional season to date was in 2007, where he had 38 catches for 629 yards (an average of 16.6 yards per catch) and 10 touchdowns (more than twice his career total prior to 2007). In a game against the Oakland Raiders in Week 16, he broke the Jaguars' single season receiving touchdown record, with ten scores, record previously held by the retired Jimmy Smith.

Seattle Seahawks
After spending the 2009 season out of football, Williams signed with the Seattle Seahawks on April 16, 2010. He was released from the Seattle Seahawks on June 18, 2010.

Sacramento Mountain Lions
On July 7, 2011, he signed with the Sacramento Mountain Lions. On September 18, 2011, he made his season debut against the Las Vegas Locomotives. He had his first receiving touchdown in the 3rd quarter in that game. On October 4, 2011, he was released by the team.

Toronto Argonauts
On May 29, 2013, Williams was signed by the Toronto Argonauts of the CFL. Williams played in both the 2013 CFL season preseason games for the Argos. In those games he caught 4 passes for 42 yards and a touchdown. On June 22, 2013 Williams was released by the Toronto Argonauts.

NFL statistics
Receiving statistics

Rushing statistics

Personal life
Williams was arrested in January 2006 and charged with possession of marijuana; he was permitted to enter a pretrial intervention program, which he successfully completed. He was arrested again and charged with DWI and possession of marijuana on February 27, 2009 in Houston, Texas; both charges were later dismissed. On April 5, 2009, police officials reported Williams was arrested on felony drug charges after scuffling with Houston police officers at a local night club. Police tasered Williams and took him into custody at which time police found what appeared to be a bag of cocaine in his back pocket.

title: Reggie Williams (wide receiver)


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Flinders Ranges

The Flinders Ranges are the largest mountain ranges in South Australia, which starts about 125 mi north of Adelaide. The ranges stretch for over 265 mi from Port Pirie to Lake Callabonna.

The Adnyamathanha people are the Aboriginal group who have inhabited the range for tens of thousands of years.

Its most well-known landmark is Wilpena Pound / Ikara, a formation that creates a natural amphitheatre covering 31 sqmi and containing the range's highest peak, St Mary Peak (3842 ft). The ranges include several national parks, the largest being the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park, as well as other protected areas.

It is an area of great geological and palaeontological significance, and includes the oldest fossil evidence of animal life was discovered. The Ediacaran Period and Ediacaran biota take their name from the Ediacara Hills within the ranges. In August 2022, a nomination for the Flinders Ranges to be named a World Heritage Site was lodged.

Traditional owners
The first humans to inhabit the Flinders Ranges were the Adnyamathanha people (meaning "hill people" or "rock people") whose descendants still reside in the area, and the Ngadjuri (Ndajurri) people, They inhabited the range for tens of thousands of years before being dispersed by European settlement after colonisation. Cave paintings, rock engravings and other cultural artefacts indicate that the Adnyamathana and Ndajurri lived in the Flinders Ranges for tens of thousands of years. Occupation of the Warratyi rock shelter dates back approximately 49,000 years.

19th century: European explorers and settlement
The first European explorers were an exploration party from Matthew Flinders' seagoing visit to upper Spencer Gulf aboard HMS Investigator. They climbed Mount Brown in March 1802. In the winter of 1839 Edward John Eyre, with five men, two drays and ten horses, further explored the region, setting out from Adelaide on 1 May. The party set up a depot near Mount Arden, and then explored the surrounding region and upper Spencer Gulf, before heading east to the Murray River and returning to Adelaide.

There are records of squatters in the Quorn district as early as 1845; however, the first three pastoral leases in the central Flinders Ranges were only marked out in 1851. These were Wilpena, Arkaba, and Aroona, which were developed as sheep stations. The leases were initially granted for 14 years by the government of the Colony of South Australia, over land dubbed "unoccupied waste lands".

Aroona and the Brachina Gorge massacre (1852)
The name Aroona is derived from an Adnyamathanha word meaning "running water", or "place of frogs". Aroona Valley is a long open valley that lies around 25 km north of Wilpena Pound, between the Heysen Range and ABC Ranges. The lease was taken up first by the Brownes, and then by Johnson Frederick Hayward in the 1850s. Hayward had arrived in 1847 from Somerset, and was initially overseer of Pekina Station. Hayward Bluff, False Mount Hayward, South Mount Hayward, and Mount Hayward, in the Heysen Range, are all named after him. The Aroona head station was built next to a waterhole used by local Adnyamathanha people for its permanent supply of fresh water, but the Aboriginal people were not welcome on the station during Hayward's time there. He was implicated in a massacre of Aboriginal people near Brachina Gorge. At least 15 men, women, and children were killed in a dawn attack on 17 March 1852, in retaliation for the murder of stockman Robert Richardson on 14 March. Hayward said that he was obliged to defend his men, due to the absence of police, and that he was attempting to "capture the murderers", firing at them in "self-defence". Sergeant Major Rose, who was in the district at the time with the Protector of Aborigines, Matthew Moorhouse, arrested two Aboriginal men called Bill and Jemmy, but they were released after being held for some time owing to lack of evidence and problems finding an interpreter. In the early 1860s Hayward returned to England, and purchased an estate near Bath, which he called Aroona.

Later settlement
In 1852 Kanyaka Station was established by Hugh Proby.

William Pinkerton is credited as being the first European to find a route through the Flinders Ranges via Pichi Richi Pass. In 1853 he drove 7,000 sheep along the eastern plains of the range, to where Quorn would be built 25 years later (Pinkerton Creek runs through the Quorn township).

During the late 1870s the push to open agricultural land for wheat north of the Goyder's Line had met with unusual success, with good rainfall and crops in the Flinders Ranges. This, along with the copper mining lobby (copper was mined in the Hawker-Flinders Ranges area in the late 1850s and transported overland by bullock dray), induced the government to build a narrow gauge railway line north of Port Augusta through Pichi Richi Pass, Quorn, Hawker and along the west of the ranges to Marree, to service the agricultural and pastoral industries. However, rainfall returned to a normal pattern for the region, causing many agricultural farms to collapse. Remnants of abandoned homes can still be seen dotted around the arid landscape. Wilpena station, due to its unusual geography, along with areas around Quorn and Carrieton, are now the only places north of Goyder's Line to sustain any crops. Wilpena has now been left to the wild and is only a tourist location. As of 2009, kukri, unpopular with most Australian farmers as it yields 10–15% less grain than other varieties of wheat, is being grown for export to India.

Mining exploration continued in the region, but coal mining at Leigh Creek and barytes at Oraparinna were the only long-term successes. Pastoral industries flourished, and the rail line became of major importance in opening up and servicing sheep and cattle stations along the route to Alice Springs.

Hawker townsite was surveyed at a bend in the railway line where the train line left the main road to Blinman, and named in 1880 after South Australian politician and pastoralist George Charles Hawker.

Quorn was surveyed by Godfrey Walsh and proclaimed a town on 16 May 1878. The township covered an area of 1.72 km2 and was laid out in squares in a manner similar to the state's capital city, Adelaide. Governor Jervois reputedly bestowed the name 'Quorn' because his private secretary at the time had come from the parish of Quorn, Leicestershire in England.

20th century
In the 1920s Aroona became an outstation of Oraparinna Station, and spring water was used to irrigate large gardens there.

Features and attractions
The Flinders Ranges are the largest mountain range in South Australia. It starts about 125 mi north of Adelaide city centre. The discontinuous ranges stretch for over 265 mi from Port Pirie to Lake Callabonna.

Its most characteristic landmark is Wilpena Pound / Ikara, a large, sickle-shaped, natural amphitheatre that covers 31 sqmi, and contains the range's highest peak, St Mary Peak (3842 ft, ) which adjoins the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park.

The southern ranges are notable for the Pichi Richi heritage steam and diesel railway and Mount Remarkable National Park.

The Heysen Trail and Mawson Trail run for several hundred kilometres along the ranges, providing scenic long distance routes for walkers, cyclists and horse-riders.

Protected areas
Several small areas in the ranges have the protected area status. These include the Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park near Wilpena Pound/Ikara, the Mount Remarkable National Park in the south near Melrose, the Arkaroola Protection Area in the north, The Dutchmans Stern Conservation Park west of Quorn, and the Mount Brown Conservation Park south of Quorn.

Geology
The Flinders Ranges are composed largely of folded and faulted sediments of the Adelaide Geosyncline. This very thick sequence was deposited in a large basin during the Neoproterozoic on the passive margin of the ancient continent of Rodinia. During the Cambrian (about 540 million years ago) the area underwent the Delamerian orogeny, when this sequence of rocks was folded and faulted into a large mountain range. The area has undergone subsequent erosion resulting in the relatively low ranges today.

Most of the high ground and ridgetops are sequences of quartzites that outcrop along strike. The high walls of Wilpena Pound are formed by the outcropping beds of the eponymous Pound Quartzite in a synclinal structure. Synclines form other high parts of the Flinders, including the plateau of the Gammon Ranges and the Heysen Range. Cuesta forms are also very common.

The Ranges are renowned for the Ediacara Hills, south-west of Leigh Creek, where in 1946 some of the oldest fossil evidence of animal life was discovered. Similar fossils have subsequently been found in the ranges, including at Nilpena, with an application being made for World Heritage listing to help protect the sites. In 2004 a new geological period, the Ediacaran Period, was created to mark the appearance of Ediacaran biota.

Climate
The region has a semi-arid climate with hot dry summers and cool winters. Summer temperatures usually exceed 38 C, while winters have highs around 13 - 16 C, depending on the elevation. Although rainfall is erratic, most of the precipitation falls in winter. There are also some monsoonal showers and storms that move in from the north during the summer. The area gets around 250 mm of rain annually, with the highest at Wilpena Pound, at 350 mm. Frost is common on winter mornings and temperatures have dropped as low as -8 C. Snowhas even been recorded in the Wilpena Pound and at Blinman. As of 2013, the last significant snowfall was in 1995.

Flora and fauna
The flora of the Ranges are largely species adapted to a semi-arid environment, including sugar gum, cypress-pine, mallee and black oak. Moister areas near Wilpena Pound support grevilleas, Guinea flowers, Liliaceae and ferns. Reeds and sedges grow near permanent water sources such as springs and waterholes.

Since the eradication of dingos and the establishment of permanent waterholes for stock, the number of red kangaroos, western grey kangaroos and wallaroos in the Flinders Ranges has increased. The yellow-footed rock-wallaby, which neared extinction after the arrival of Europeans due to hunting and predation by foxes, has now stabilised. Other endemic marsupials include dunnarts and planigales. Insectivorous bats make up a significant proportion of the mammals. There are a large number of bird species including parrots, galahs, emus, the wedge-tailed eagle and small numbers of water birds. Reptiles include goannas, snakes, dragon lizards, skinks and geckos. The streambank froglet is an endemic amphibian.

The Ranges are part of the Tirari–Sturt stony desert ecoregion.

World Heritage bid
A team acting on behalf of the Government of South Australia and the traditional owners, the Adnyamathanha people, which includes internationally renowned American palaeontologist Mary L. Droser, lodged a nomination for a tentative listing as a World Heritage Site, which was accepted by UNESCO in April 2021. The application was made on the basis of its unique geological and palaeontological values. It is a lengthy process, and the site needs to fulfil very specific criteria as well as showing strong evidence that its values are absolutely unique in the world.

The involvement of the Adnyamathanha people, particularly their caring for country and sharing knowledge of their cultural heritage, is an important part of the future management of a World Heritage site. In November 2022, the state government announced an allocation of A$500,000 over four years towards enabling the Adnyamathanha people to identify priorities for cultural heritage protection. One example is the rock engravings that are understood to be the oldest artwork in the world, some dating back 40,000 years. Elder Vince Coulthard has been involved in the application process, and says that the creation stories also need to be included.

Seven properties in the Flinders have been identified as possessing the technical and scientific evidence necessary to support the bid:
 * Ikara-Flinders Ranges National Park
 * Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
 * Nilpena Ediacara National Park
 * Angorichina (pastoral lease)
 * Maynards Well (pastoral lease)
 * Puttapa (pastoral lease)
 * Arkaroola Protection Area

title: Flinders Ranges


text:
Talk:Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914 film)

Berle
Did Berle really appear in this movie? He's not credited and it seems his debut in 1914 was actually in "The Perils of Pauline."
 * No, Berle simply made that up. Actually, Gordon Griffith played it, and Griffith was also technically the first screen Tarzan since he played Tarzan as a child in the Elmo Lincoln version and appeared onscreen as Tarzan before Lincoln. Accubam (talk) 14:43, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

Pictures

Removing two pictures as the infobox has pretty much ruined the shift of pictures, pushing them further down than the article permits.


text:
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker

Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker (28 June 1912 – 28 April 2007) was a German physicist and philosopher. He was the longest-living member of the team which performed nuclear research in Nazi Germany during the Second World War, under Werner Heisenberg's leadership. There is ongoing debate as to whether or not he and the other members of the team actively and willingly pursued the development of a nuclear bomb for Germany during this time.

A member of the prominent Weizsäcker family, he was son of the diplomat Ernst von Weizsäcker, elder brother of the former German President Richard von Weizsäcker, father of the physicist and environmental researcher Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and father-in-law of the former General Secretary of the World Council of Churches Konrad Raiser.

Weizsäcker made important theoretical discoveries regarding energy production in stars from nuclear fusion processes. He also did influential theoretical work on planetary formation in the early Solar System.

In his late career, he focused more on philosophical, ethical and historical issues, and was awarded several international honours for his work in those areas.

Early life and education
Born in Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, he was the grandson of Karl Hugo von Weizsäcker, the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Württemberg. His grandfather was ennobled in 1897 and raised to the hereditary nobility with the title of Baron (Freiherr) in 1916. As such, the four-year-old Carl Friedrich Weizsäcker became Baron Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Since 1919, noble titles have legally been considered parts of the family name.

Weizsäcker was raised in Stuttgart, Basel and Copenhagen. Between 1929 and 1933 Weizsäcker studied physics, mathematics and astronomy in Berlin, Göttingen and Leipzig, supervised by and working with Heisenberg and Niels Bohr, among others. The supervisor of his doctoral thesis was Friedrich Hund.

Work on nuclear fusion in the Sun
Weizsäcker's special interests as a young researcher were the nuclear processes in stars and the binding energy of atomic nuclei. Together with Hans Bethe he found a mechanism or pathway for the cyclic process of fusion in stars (Bethe–Weizsäcker process, published 1937–1939). This discovery should not be confused with his earlier (1935) development of the Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Semi-Empirical Mass Formula (SEMF), which was a theoretical formula relating the curve of nuclear binding energy, nuclear masses, and certain other nuclear properties.

Work on planetary formation
In 1938, Weizsäcker developed a theory on the formation of the Solar System, based on considerations regarding the unequal share of lighter and heavier elements in the Sun and the Solar System's terrestrial planets. His views were later generally acknowledged and refined by a large number of other physicists and astronomers. According to the theory, the Sun and its planets evolved from a gas cloud made up of 99% hydrogen and helium, and 1% of heavier elements. Some 10% of the cloud remained around the Sun as an extensive atmosphere during an initial phase, and the 1% of heavier elements within this 10% of the total mass of the cloud would tally with the fraction of roughly 1% that the planets contribute to the mass of the Solar System today.

The theory also helped to explain the empirically observed regular pattern of increase in the diameters of the orbits of the planets of the Solar System, from inward to outward. This result was a natural outcome of the increasing size of "planetary eddies" of gas and dust farther from the centre of the early solar system.

A further implication of his theory was that many stars out in the universe, with characteristics similar to the Sun, would have to be expected to possess planetary systems similar to our own.

Shortly after the end of the Second World War in Europe, the Russian émigré American physicist George Gamow co-authored an influential paper supporting Weizsäcker's work on planetary formation in the early solar system.

Work on atomic weapons
After nuclear fission became known in early 1939 through the work of Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner, Weizsäcker (and by his own estimate, 200 other physicists) quickly recognised that nuclear weapons could potentially be built. He discussed the upsetting implications in February 1939 with philosopher friend Georg Max Friedrich Valentin Picht (1913–1982).

During the Second World War, Weizsäcker joined the German nuclear weapons program, participating in efforts to construct an atomic bomb, while based at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. As early as August 1939, Albert Einstein warned U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt about this research and highlighted that "the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated."

As a protégé of Werner Heisenberg, Weizsäcker was present at a crucial meeting at the Army Ordnance headquarters in Berlin on 17 September 1939, at which the German atomic weapons program was launched. Early in the war — possibly until 1942 — he hoped a successful nuclear weapons project would earn him political influence. In July 1940 he was co-author of a report to the army on the possibility of "energy production" from refined uranium. The report also predicted the possibility of using plutonium for the same purpose including the production of a new type of explosives. During summer 1942 Weizsäcker filed a patent on a transportable "process to generate energy and neutrons by an explosion... e.g. a bomb". The patent application was found in the 1990s in Moscow.

Historians have been divided as to whether Heisenberg and his team were sincerely trying to construct a nuclear weapon, or whether their failure reflected a desire not to succeed because they did not want the Nazi regime to have such a weapon. This latter view, largely based on postwar interviews with Heisenberg and Weizsäcker, was put forward by Robert Jungk in his 1957 book Brighter Than a Thousand Suns. In a 1957 interview with the German weekly Der Spiegel, Weizsäcker frankly admitted to the scientific ambitions of those years "We wanted to know if chain reactions were possible. No matter what we would end up doing with our knowledge – we wanted to know." Only by "divine grace", Weizsäcker said, were they spared the temptation to build the bomb as the German war economy was unable to mobilize the necessary resources.

Original sources about this question were not revealed until 1993, when transcripts of secretly recorded conversations among ten top German physicists, including Heisenberg and Weizsäcker, detained under Operation Epsilon at Farm Hall, near Cambridge in late 1945, were published. In the conversation after the group of detainees had listened to the BBC Radio news on dropping of the atomic bomb on 6 August 1945, Weizsäcker said: "I believe the reason we didn't do it was because all the physicists didn't want to do it, on principle. If we had wanted Germany to win the war we would have succeeded!"

But the "Farm Hall Transcripts" also revealed that Weizsäcker had taken the lead in arguing for an agreement among the scientists that they would claim that they had never wanted to develop a German nuclear weapon. It was this version of events which was given to Jungk as the basis of his book. This story was untrue at least to the extent that the detainees also included scientists actively engaged in eager attempts to build a nuclear bomb, namely Kurt Diebner and Walther Gerlach. Max von Laue later called this agreement "die Lesart" (the Version). Although the memorandum which the scientists drew up was drafted by Heisenberg, von Laue wrote: "The leader in all these discussions was Weizsäcker. I did not hear any mention of any ethical point of view."

Weizsäcker himself stated that Heisenberg, Karl Wirtz and he had a private agreement to study nuclear fission to the fullest possible extent in order to "decide" themselves how to proceed with its technical application. "There was no conspiracy, not even in our small three-man-circle, with certainty not to make the bomb. Just as little, there was no passion to make the bomb..." In a recent report based on additional documents from Russian archives, historian Mark Walker concludes that "in comparison with Diebner [and] Gerlach ... Heisenberg and finally Weizsäcker did obviously not use all power they commanded to provide the National Socialists with nuclear weapons".

Ivan Supek (one of Heisenberg's students and friends) claimed that Weizsäcker was the main figure behind the famous and controversial Heisenberg–Bohr meeting in Copenhagen in September 1941. Allegedly, he tried to persuade Bohr to mediate for peace between Germany and Great Britain. According to Weizsäcker's own account, he had persuaded Heisenberg to meet Bohr in order to broker an accord of the international nuclear physicist "community" not to build the bomb. However, according to Bohr's (posthumously published) account of the events, Heisenberg enthusiastically promoted the prospect of German victory and wanted Bohr and his colleagues to assist in the German atomic program.

Later during the war Weizsäcker worked as a professor at the Reichsuniversität Straßburg. The American capture of his laboratory and papers there in December 1944 revealed to the Western Allies that the Germans had not come close to developing a nuclear weapon.

Post-war career
Weizsäcker was allowed to return to the part of Germany administered by the Western Allies in 1946, and became director of a department for theoretical physics in the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen. From 1957 to 1969, Weizsäcker was professor of philosophy at the University of Hamburg. In 1957 he won the Max Planck medal. In 1970 he formulated a "Weltinnenpolitik" (world internal policy). From 1970 to 1980, he was head of the Max Planck Institute for the Research of Living Conditions in the Modern World in Starnberg. He researched and published on the danger of nuclear war, what he saw as the conflict between the First World and the Third World, and the consequences of environmental degradation.

He was one of the eight signatories of the Memorandum of Tübingen which called for the recognition of the Oder–Neiße line as the official border between Germany and Poland and spoke against a possible nuclear armament of West Germany.

In the 1970s he founded, together with the Indian philosopher Pandit Gopi Krishna, a research foundation "for western sciences and eastern wisdom". After his retirement in 1980 he became a Christian pacifist, and intensified his work on the conceptual definition of quantum physics, particularly on the Copenhagen interpretation.

His experiences in the Nazi era, and with his own behavior in that time, gave Weizsäcker an interest in questions of ethics and responsibility. In 1957, he was one of the Göttinger 18, a group of prominent German physicists who protested against the idea that the Bundeswehr (West German armed forces) should be equipped with tactical nuclear weapons. He further suggested that West Germany should declare its definitive abdication of all kinds of nuclear weapons.

In 2007, Weizsäcker died at the age of 94 in Söcking near Starnberg. Opinions are split on the question of whether he accepted his share of responsibility for the German scientific community's efforts to build a nuclear weapon for Nazi Germany.

Theory of ur-alternatives
Weizsäcker developed the theory of ur-alternatives (archetypal objects), publicized in his book Einheit der Natur (published in English as The Unity of Nature) and further developed through the 1990s. The theory axiomatically constructs quantum physics from the distinction between empirically observable, binary alternatives. Weizsäcker used his theory to derive the 3-dimensionality of space and to estimate the entropy of a proton falling into a black hole.

Awards and honours

 * 1957 Max Planck Medal
 * 1958 Goethe Prize of the city of Frankfurt am Main
 * 1961 Pour le Mérite for Science and Art
 * 1963 Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
 * 1969 Erasmus Prize of the city of Herdam
 * 1969 Austrian Medal for Science and Art
 * 1973 Grand Merit Cross with Star and Sash of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 1982 Ernst Hellmut Vits Prize of the University of Münster
 * 1983 Heinrich Heine Prize of the city of Düsseldorf
 * 1988 Sigmund Freud Prize for Scientific Prose
 * 1989 Templeton Prize for "Progress in Religion"
 * 1989 Theodor Heuss Prize "for his world-renowned, diverse and dedicated contributions to humanity themes: peace – justice – Integrity of Creation"
 * Prix Arnold Reymond (University of Lausanne)
 * Hanseatic Goethe Prize
 * Karl IV Prize of the City and University of Prague

 * Honorary degrees:
 * Law: Free University of Amsterdam, University of Alberta, University of Aberdeen
 * Theology: University of Tübingen, University of Basel
 * Science: Karl Marx University, Leipzig
 * Philosophy: Berlin Institute of Technology, University of Aachen

 * Memberships:
 * Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Sciences
 * German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
 * Göttingen Academy of Sciences
 * Saxon Academy of Sciences
 * Austrian Academy of Sciences
 * Bavarian Academy of Sciences
 * Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts
 * German Physical Society
 * Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
 * American Physical Society
 * Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
 * German Academy for Language and Literature
 * Joachim Jungius Society of Science
 * Hamburg Institute for Human Sciences

The Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Gymnasium school was named after him, in the town of Barmstedt, Schleswig-Holstein.

Weizsäcker was nominated four times for the Nobel Prize in Physics. Since 2009, the Donors' Association for German Science and the Leopoldina makes a biennial award of €50,000 "Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker Award" for "outstanding scientific contribution to resolving socially important problems". There is a Carl-Friedrich von Weizsäcker Foundation, knowledge and responsibility – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker-Gesellschaft eV.

Works

 * Zum Weltbild der Physik, Leipzig 1946 (ISBN 3-7776-1209-X), 2002, 14th edition, renewed and with introduction by Holger Lyre de:Holger Lyre
 * translation into English by Marjorie Grene The World View of Physics, London, 1952
 * translation into French Le Monde vu par la Physique, Paris 1956
 * Die Geschichte der Natur, Göttingen 1948 (ISBN 3-7776-1398-3)
 * Die Einheit der Natur, Munich 1971 (ISBN 3-423-33083-X)
 * translation The Unity of Nature, New York, 1980 (ISBN 0-374-28100-9)
 * Wege in der Gefahr, Munich 1976
 * translation The Politics of Peril, New York 1978
 *  Der Garten des Menschlichen, Munich 1977 (ISBN 3-446-12423-3)
 * translation The Ambivalence of progress, essays on historical anthropology, New York 1988 (ISBN 0-913729-92-2)
 * Deutlichkeit: Beiträge zu politischen und religiösen Gegenwartsfragen, Hanser, München, 1978, 1979 (ISBN 3-446-12623-6).
 * The Biological Basis of Religion and Genius, Gopi Krishna, New York, intro. by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, which is half the book, 1971, 1972 (ISBN 0-06-064788-4)
 * Aufbau der Physik, Munich 1985 (ISBN 3-446-14142-1)
 * translation The Structure of Physics, Heidelberg 2006 (ISBN 1-4020-5234-0; ISBN 978-1-4020-5234-7)
 * Der Mensch in seiner Geschichte, Munich 1991 (ISBN 3-446-16361-1)
 * Zeit und Wissen, Munich 1992 (ISBN 3-446-16367-0)
 * Der bedrohte Friede, 1994 (ISBN 3-446-13454-9)
 * Große Physiker, Munich 1999 (ISBN 3-446-18772-3)

title: Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker


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John Henderson (defensive tackle)

John Nathan Henderson (born January 9, 1979), nicknamed "Big John" or "Big Hen", is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers and was a two-time consensus All-American. The Jacksonville Jaguars chose him in the first round of the 2002 NFL draft, and he was selected for the Pro Bowl twice. He also played for the Oakland Raiders.

Early life
Henderson was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He attended Pearl-Cohn Comprehensive High School in Nashville, where he played defensive tackle and tight end for the Pearl Cohn Firebirds high school football team. His teams won back-to-back state championships during his junior and senior years. He was named All-State as a junior when he had 145 tackles and 15 sacks, along with 37 catches for 470 yards and 9 touchdowns. As a senior, he finished with 150 tackles and 32 sacks, to go with 45 catches for 560 yards and 11 touchdowns. He was also selected as a High School All-American by Parade magazine, USA Today, Blue Chip Illustrated, National Recruiting Advisor, and Super Prep. He was ranked as the 7th best high school player in The Sporting News Top 100 and was ranked 1st in the state of Tennessee by the Knoxville News Sentinel and the Chattanooga Times Free Press. Henderson also was named All-State in basketball.

College career
While attending the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Henderson played for coach Phillip Fulmer's Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1998 to 2001. At Tennessee, he lined up at left defensive tackle next to Albert Haynesworth. He played in the 1999 Fiesta Bowl, 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, and 2001 Citrus Bowl. As a sophomore, Henderson recorded 43 tackles and four sacks in seven starts. As a junior, Henderson recorded 71 tackles (21 for a loss) and 12 sacks. He won the Outland Trophy as college football's top interior lineman and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2000, having received first-team honors from the Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, Football News, CNN/SI, and Rivals.com. After finishing with 48 tackles (nine for a loss) and 4.5 sacks in 10 starts, Henderson was again recognized as a consensus first-team All-American as a senior in 2001. He finished his college career with 165 tackles (130 solo and 39 for loss) and 20.5 sacks (5th in school history), seven pass deflections, four forced fumbles, and five fumble recoveries.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Henderson was the Jacksonville Jaguars' first-round pick (9th overall) in the 2002 NFL draft. He finished his rookie season with 53 tackles (44 solo), 6.5 sacks, 6 pass deflections, and 1 forced fumble in 16 games (13 starts). He was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team. In 2003, he had 56 tackles (45 solo and 13 for loss), 3.5 sacks, 7 pass deflections, 3 forced fumbles, and 33 quarterback pressures in 16 starts. In 2004, he finished with 75 tackles (62 solo and 5 for loss), 5.5 sacks, 4 pass deflections, 1 fumble recovery, and 39 QB pressures in 16 starts and was selected to his first Pro Bowl. In 2005, Henderson had 70 tackles (52 solo and 4 for loss), 3 sacks, 7 pass deflections, 3 forced fumbles, and 20 QB pressures in 16 games (15 starts). He also started in the Jaguars' lone playoff game and recorded 5 tackles and 1 sack. On March 21, 2006, Henderson signed a new 6 year, $34 million contract extension with the Jaguars through 2011. The contract also contains $13.4 million guaranteed. Henderson responded with 51 tackles (38 solo and 6 for loss), 3.5 sacks, 6 pass deflections, and 7 QB pressures, as well as his second Pro Bowl selection. He was also named an AP Second Team All-Pro. He was filmed by the NFL Network getting pumped up for a game by having a team trainer slap him in the face. In 2007, Henderson finished with 38 tackles (28 solo), 2 sacks, 3 pass deflections, 1 forced fumble, and 13 QB pressures in 15 starts, marking the first time in his career he did not play all 16 games. Henderson started both playoff games for the Jaguars, finishing with 9 tackles and 2 sacks. In March 2008, Henderson's good friend and fellow defensive tackle Marcus Stroud was traded to the Buffalo Bills. Henderson finished the 2008 season with 44 tackles (34 solo), 2 sacks, and 2 pass deflections in 14 games. In the 2009 off-season, Jaguars head coach Jack Del Rio was critical of Henderson for pulling out of OTAs, claiming he was faking a shoulder injury to avoid having to participate. Although many believed Henderson would be released, he met privately with Del Rio and claimed that he had "bought in". Henderson finished the 2009 season with 36 tackles (26 solo), 3 sacks, 3 pass deflections, and 2 forced fumbles.

Henderson was released by the Jaguars on April 26, 2010.

Oakland Raiders
On June 11, 2010, Henderson signed a one-year contract with the Oakland Raiders. He played in nine games and two starts. He recorded 30 total tackles and three passes defended. On February 24, 2011, he signed a two-year, $8 million contract with the Raiders. He finished the 2011 season with 36 total tackles and four passes defended in 13 games and three starts. Following the 2011 season, he was released on March 14, 2012.

Personal life
Henderson met his wife Aleviar while attending the University of Tennessee in 2001. They were married on March 10, 2007. Together they have six children: Ja’ Mari, Anaiya, Talia, Ayden, Asa, and Ari Henderson. Their daughter Talia was born with cerebral palsy and epilepsy, and died at age 7 in 2011. In Talia's honor, the Hendersons have made a commitment to help improve the quality of life of other children with disabilities through their nonprofit organization Luvthekidz.

The Hendersons have owned and operated several businesses in the US. In 2007, Henderson opened a clothing store in Jacksonville called "4 Big Men by Big Hen" that sold big and tall clothing. In 2011 the Hendersons opened Aleviar's VIP Lounge and Jazz Bar in Jacksonville, as well as Coast2Coast Trucking in Los Angeles. In 2012, Henderson opened a multiple restaurant locations in Jacksonville called "Big John's Crumpy's Wings & Things"; the restaurant closed in 2015.

title: John Henderson (defensive tackle)


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Mat Collishaw

Matthew "Mat" Collishaw Hon. FRPS (born 6 January 1966 ) is a contemporary British artist based in London.

Work
Collishaw's work uses photography and video. With an early foundation at Goldsmiths College, Collishaw formed part of the legendary movement of Young British Artists (YBA's). He was one of 16 young artists who participated in the seminal Freeze exhibition organized by Damien Hirst in 1988, that launched the YBA, as well as the provocative Sensation show of 1997. His best known work is Bullet Hole (1988), which is a closeup photo of what appears to be a bullet hole wound in the scalp of a person's head, mounted on 15 light boxes. Collishaw took the original image from a pathology textbook that actually showed a wound caused by an ice pick. Bullet Hole was first exhibited in Freeze and is now in the collection of the Museum of Old and New Art in Hobart, Australia.

Throughout his 30-year career, Collishaw has contemplated the nature of the human subconscious and explored ways to influence it through various media. Through optical illusions, paintings, projections and moving sculptures, the artist creates works and scenarios that directly and unconsciously engage their viewers. The works encourage us to think about fundamental questions of psychology, history, sociology and science. Behind the richness and visual appeal of each work there is a deep exploration of how we perceive and are influenced by the world today through images, and modern technology.

Artist often refers to the work of old masters. Most of his art pieces contain references to historical themes and classical techniques of portraying nature, characteristic of the culture of a given era. Borrowed images are digitally processed and appear in a new interpretation of the relationship between representation and reality."'To find out what it is that we are creating when we're making this simulacrum of the world, and how much that is divorcing us from the world or how much it's making us understand the world. It's kind of what we are as human beings that interests me. And for that I can back on so many different fields of interest, from that kind of evolutionary biology which I'm very interested in, to the history of art, and also evolving technologies.' – Mat Collishaw"In 2021 a zoetrope-inspired large-scale animated work ‘Equinox’ by Mat Collishaw, commissioned by Expo 2020 Dubai as a permanent piece, had been unveiled at the Sustainability Pavilion.

Critical response
Jonathan Jones wrote in an interview with the artist in The Guardian of Collishaw's 2013 exhibition at Arter, Istanbul; ‘A show that foregrounds his political conscience in powerful works such as Last Meal On Death Row. For me, Collishaw is a good political artist for the same reason he is a good religious artist and a good artist-artist. It is because he believes in the efficacy of images. Not for him the abstract evasion, the minimalist half smile... he wants to punch your imagination in the stomach. He justifies the art of sensation by showing how it can have depth in its oomph.’

Collishaw's artwork, All Things Fall, received widespread acclaim, notably by The Sunday Times writer and art critic Waldemar Januszczak, who wrote; ‘You walk in, and before you is a model of a classical temple, circular, domed, becolumned, around which hundreds of nude figures have been arranged in cryptic poses. What they are doing is unclear. But it seems to be something nasty. Suddenly the lights dip and the temple begins to spin. Faster and faster it goes, until the figures crowded around it jump into action, like drawings in a flipbook, and you have before you a remarkable re-creation of the Massacre of the Innocents, the biblical murder of every newborn boy ordered, at Christmas, by Herod. The sudden burst of unexpected violence is brilliantly paced, brilliantly achieved, in an artwork that is nothing less than a contemporary masterpiece.’

The exhibition The Centrifugal Soul, at Blain|Southern Gallery, London in 2017 received notable praise, in particular critic Gaby Wood wrote of the work, Albion for The Telegraph; ‘...the fact that he can convert such abstract ideas into works that are elegant and entertaining makes him, uniquely among artists and thinkers so far this century, a cross between an aesthetic philosopher and a magician. ’

Collishaw's first venture into VR, with his exhibition Thresholds in 2017, was reviewed by Laurie Taylor for frieze Magazine: "Collishaw has not recreated an historical experience, but has instead constructed an entirely new one. The end product is ultimately Collishaw’s vision and it teems with the reverence he has not only for the wonder of photography, but also for the power of its illusions."

Influences
British pathologist, Austin Gresham, wrote a handbook, A Colour Atlas of Forensic Pathology, in 1975. Collishaw said it became "the Britart bible", as a source for explicit images of dead bodies for artwork.

Personal life
Collishaw was born in Nottingham. He was raised in a Dawn Christadelphian family. In 2015, he was named one of GQ's 50 best dressed British men. Collishaw is married to Polly Morgan with whom he has two sons.

Awards

 * 2018: Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society, Bath

title: Mat Collishaw


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USS General Greene (1799)

The second USS General Greene was a frigate in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France.

Named after American Revolution General Nathaneal Greene, she was built under government contract by Benjamin Talman and James De Wolf at Warren, Rhode Island. Launched on 21 January 1799, the frigate was placed under command of Captain Christopher R. Perry. Perry's son, a young midshipman named Oliver Hazard Perry, was assigned to his father's ship.

General Greene sailed on 2 June 1799, joining the USS Governor Jay (1797) in convoying five merchantmen to Havana. Damage suffered in a heavy gale caused her to put in at Havana for repairs, and her crew was struck with yellow fever. More than 20 died and the frigate returned to Newport, Rhode Island, on 27 July with 37 men in various stages of recovery. After a thorough cleaning, fumigation, and change of ballast, she departed Newport on 23 September 1799 to take station at Cap Francois, San Domingo.

General Greene remained off San Domingo for the following six months. In company with USS USS Boston (1799), on 1 December 1799 she assisted in the recaptured Danish brig "Flying Fish", captured by André Rigaud's barges, but with questionable crewing and other oddities (possibly French owned) and retook the American schooner Weymouth, which had been captured by French privateer Hope. Much of her time was spent watching over the rebellion against General Toussaint in Haiti. She blockaded the port of Jacmel to cut off supplies of the rebels, and gave direct gunfire support to General Toussaint's army in the capture of Jacmel on 27 February 1800. On 2 March, 1800 she detained Danish schooner "William and Mary" and allowed her capture by one of General Toussaint's barges later in the day. On 11 March she captured an unknown French privateer schooner off Jackmel. Some time before 4 April she captured 2 prizes. One of the prizes was schooner "General Toussaint", which Captain Silas Talbot ordered released. She remained at Jacmel as a possible haven for American citizens until 27 April, when she sailed with two representatives sent by General Toussaint for an audience with the President of the United States, John Adams. Stopping at New Orleans, she embarked General James Wilkinson and his family for transport home. General Greene then proceeded as escort for 12 merchantmen bound to Havana. She finally returned to Newport, arriving on 21 July 1800.

General Greene's crew was discharged and the frigate remained idle at Newport, until Captain Perry was retired under the Peace Establishment Act of 3 April 1801, after which she was laid up in ordinary at the Washington Navy Yard. She served as a floating sick bay for frigate USS Constellation (1797) in 1803, and was reduced to a sheer hulk in 1805.

The General Greene was destroyed by flames on 24 August 1814 when British troops captured Washington, D.C. during the War of 1812.

title: USS General Greene (1799)


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Daikokuchō Station

Daikokuchō Station (大国町駅) is a railway station on the Osaka Metro in Shikitsu-higashi Sanchome, Naniwa-ku, Osaka, Japan.

Lines

 * (Station Number: M21)
 * (Station Number: Y16)
 * (Station Number: Y16)

While Midōsuji and Yotsubashi lines are connected at several stations, Daikokuchō is the only such station where passengers can transfer the trains from one line to the other on the same platform in case of trains of same direction (cross-platform interchange).

Layout
This station has two island platforms on the second basement, serving four tracks.

title: Daikokuchō Station


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Qarachi

Qarachi (Qaraçı) was the highest level of noble within Turkic khanates of the 14th through 16th centuries, such as Siberia Khanate and Kazan Khanate. The name could be applied to the member of the four extended families: Shirin (Şirin), Barghen (Barğın), Arghen (Arğın), Qepchaq (Qıpçaq). These four were the leading non-royal clans of the Crimean Khanate.

title: Qarachi


text:
Agostino Straulino

Agostino Straulino (10 October 1914 – 14 December 2004) was an Italian sailor and sailboat racer, who won one Olympic gold medal and one silver medal in the Star class, and eight consecutive European championships and two world championships in this class and was world champion in the 5.5m-class.

Biography
Straulino was born in Lussinpiccolo (Mali Lošinj), on the island of Lussino (Lošinj) (at that time part of Austria-Hungary, but now part of Croatia).

Straulino gained his first sailing experiences as a child on the Kvarner Gulf of the northern Adriatic Sea. He later attended the Naval Academy at Livorno and embarked on a career in the Italian Navy. At the 1936 Summer Olympics he was a reserve sailor. During World War II Straulino served in the Italian Decima Flottiglia MAS during its operations in Gibraltar. After the war he became the commanding officer of the Italian training vessel Amerigo Vespucci for some time and eventually rose to the rank of rear admiral. He first competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and finished fifth in the Star class.

Between 1949 and 1956 Straulino won eight consecutive European championships in the starboat class. In 1952 and 1953 he was also world champion in this class. The climax of his career as a sportsman was his gold medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. Four years later he won the silver medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. After his partner Nicolò Rode (also from Lussino/Lošinj) quit, Straulino continued to compete at Olympic games with his new partner Carlo Rolandi in the Star boat class (1960 Summer Olympics, Rome, fourth place) and the 5.5m-class (1964 Summer Olympics, Tokyo, fourth place). A year later he won the world championship in the 5.5m-class.

He continued to compete in regattas in bigger boats and won the One Ton Cup off Porto Cervo in 1973 and the Italian Giraglia long-distance race. Mali Lošinj pronounced him an honourable citizen. Straulino was the initiator of Lošinjska regata, a sailing competition. Straulino died in Rome in 2004.

Non-sporting biography
Like most Italians living in territories which, after World War II, were ceded to the new socialist state of Yugoslavia, the property of his family was nationalized and expropriated by Tito, and despite leaving the island of his birth at a young age, Straulino was so deeply in love with his island that he was regular visitor, especially after he retired and always wanted to know what was going on Lošinj.

In line with his final wish, he was buried in the town of birth, Mali Lošinj (formerly Lussinpiccolo).

title: Agostino Straulino


text:
Talk:Guantanamo on the Hudson

I think this information should probably be merged into 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity.--Pharos 13:40, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This is very possible indeed. I actually quickly drafted this article out of puzzlement at not findind anything under "Guantanamo on the Hudson". A merge into 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity, with his page redirecting these, seems a possible solution to me, what would you think ? Rama 13:50, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I agree, there is already some covering of this under 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity--Pharos 13:58, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Here we are ! I'll watch the page 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity to make sure I did the merge correctly. Thanks ! Rama 14:32, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guantanamo on the Hudson


text:
Virginia High School League

The Virginia High School League (VHSL) is the principal sanctioning organization for interscholastic athletic competition among public high schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The VHSL first sponsored debate and also continues to sponsor state championships in several academic activities.

Private and religious schools and teams of homeschooled students belong to other sanctioning organizations, the largest of which is the Virginia Independent Schools Athletic Association. Proposals in the Virginia General Assembly to mandate that the VHSL allow homeschooled students to compete for the public high school they would otherwise attend have failed to pass.

History
The VHSL was established in 1913 by members of both the Jefferson Literary and Debating Society and the Washington Literary Society and Debating Union at the University of Virginia to serve as a debating league for the state's high schools. During the 1910s, it expanded to over 250 schools and added championships in oral reading, baseball, basketball, and track and renamed itself the Virginia High School Literary and Athletic League.

After World War II, it adopted other sports and began standardizing officiating practices for high school sports. In 1969, it merged with the Virginia Interscholastic Association, which was a similar organization that had served African American schools around the Commonwealth during segregation. Girls' sports were added around this time. Statewide football playoffs also began in 1970.

Organization
The VHSL is headquartered in Pantops Charlottesville and has 308 member schools and conducts championships in 27 different sports. Nearly 200,000 students participate in its activities annually. The VHSL is overseen by an Executive Committee elected from the principals and superintendents of the various Virginia school districts. Day-to-day affairs are handled by the Executive Director and Assistant Directors.

Former classification, basis for regular season competition
From 1970, the VHSL's member schools were organized into three group classifications based on enrollment: A, AA, and AAA. Each of the three groups were split into four geographic regions, which usually contained three or four districts. District sizes vary and consist of four to eleven teams. The group of schools with the largest enrollments were in Group AAA, the group with the next largest enrollments were in Group AA, and the schools with the smallest enrollments were in Group A. Regional boundaries were different for all three groups as average school sizes vary substantially in different parts of Virginia.

Nearly all Group AAA schools were located in Northern Virginia, Hampton Roads, and Greater Richmond, with a few outliers in the Roanoke, Lynchburg, and Danville areas. Group A schools were typically found in rural areas, with the largest concentration in Southwest Virginia. Group AA schools were somewhat more widely distributed than the other two and found in rapidly growing areas like Loudoun County, in and around cities such as Roanoke, Lynchburg, Harrisonburg, and Charlottesville, and in some cities and counties which have a single high school. Unlike many state associations, districts and regions were the same for every sport with few exceptions.

Redistricting and regrouping occurred every two years. Group AAA schools typically had enrollments above 1,500 students, Group AA schools typically had from 700 to about 1,500 students, and Group A schools had fewer than 700 students. Schools could request to play up a group. Several schools in the Richmond and Hampton Roads areas competed in the Central and Eastern Regions of Group AAA instead of Group AA due to a reluctance to travel long distances in the post-season. In Southwest Virginia, some schools with Group A enrollment levels competed in Group AA due to traditionally being part of that group. Lee High School in Jonesville received a special dispensation from the VHSL to play in Group A despite having Group AA enrollment numbers due to being far away from the nearest schools in Group AA and not having substantially more students than large Group A schools.

In football, each region was further split into two divisions based on school enrollment, so statewide champions were determined in Divisions 1 through 6. Divisions 1 and 2 were for Group A with Division 2 being the one for schools with larger enrollments; 3 and 4, the Group AA schools; and 5 and 6, the Group AAA schools. The division format was first adopted in 1986 for football and was expanded in the late 2000s and early 2010s to some other sports in Groups A and AA.

Since the average enrollments of schools varied by region in each group, some schools in one region had enrollments which would have placed them in the different division of another region. Most districts contained members in both divisions of its group, and a single district had two state championship teams on a few occasions. Because of the number of schools choosing to play up, in some years a state championship team from a lower division had a greater enrollment than a state championship team in a higher division.

2013 reclassification, basis for post-season competition
In the 2013-2014 school year, the former three group classification system was replaced by a six group classification system with Group 1A schools having the smallest enrollments and Group 6A schools having the largest enrollments. Generally, schools which had competed in Group A have been assigned to the new Groups 1A and 2A; in Group AA, the new Groups 3A and 4A; and in Group AAA, the new Groups 5A and 6A. Unlike the former system, the VHSL intends that the group classifications will remain approximately the same size, and schools will not be allowed to compete for a state championship in a group classification above or below the one determined by their enrollment. Regrouping will occur every two years.

Many schools which had competed at the former Group AAA level, particularly in the Central and Eastern Regions, have been assigned to Groups 4A or 3A. To a lesser extent, some smaller schools from the former Group AA have been assigned to Group 2A, a few larger school from the former Group A to Group 3A, and some larger schools from the former Group AA, particularly in Loudoun County, to Group 5A.

The district system largely based on the prior group classifications has been retained for regular season competition and districts may now include schools from different group classifications to maintain local rivalries and minimize travel during the regular season. Some Group AAA and AA districts with few schools and which were geographically isolated from other districts in the same group were dissolved and their member schools assigned to districts of nearby schools with smaller enrollments.

Schools are not required to play a district rival which is at least three group classifications higher. For example, a school in Group 3A is not required to play against a school in Group 6A but is required to play against schools in Groups 5A and 4A. In some cases, no district championship is awarded when there is not a full round robin schedule of all district teams.

Schools have also been assigned to a conference of schools from the same group classification for the first round of post-season competition. There are a total of 48 conferences, designated by numbers in reverse order of the group classification numbers. (i.e. Conference 1 is in Group 6A while Conference 48 is in Group 1A.) Conferences are not uniform in the number of the member schools and almost always include schools in other districts. Only two conferences are composed solely of the members of one district. There are no uniform rules for the seeding of schools in conference competition based on regular season results.

The six groups are not divided into four regions as before. Instead, each group classification is divided into two regions of four conferences each. The two regions are designated North/South in Groups 6A, 5A, and 4A and East/West in Groups 3A, 2A, and 1A. In most team sports, the top two teams from conference playoffs advance to compete in regional playoffs. The top two teams from regional playoffs advance to a final four state playoff competition to determine the state champion.

The conferences are not used for football playoffs in ten of the twelve regions. Instead, the sixteen schools with the most VHSL points from each region compete in the regional playoffs. The exception is that the first three rounds of the playoffs in the South regions in Groups 6A and 5A are split into two sections of two conferences each with eight schools qualifying for the playoffs in each section. The two sectional champions meet for the regional championship in the fourth round.

In Groups 6A, 5A, and 4A, the two regional champions play for the state championship. (i.e. The regional championship game is also the state semi-final.) In Groups 3A, 2A, and 1A, the final four teams are cross-bracketed in the state semi-finals with the higher remaining seed in one region hosting the lower remaining seed in the other region. (i.e. No regional championship is awarded.) This format could allow two teams from the same region to play for the state championship.

2023 Classification, including Class, Region and Districts, from vhsl.org
VHSL member schools are classified based on enrollment into six classifications, 1 through 6, with schools having an enrollment of 475 or less in the smallest (1) classification. The remainder of the League’s member schools are divided equally into fifths, with the largest schools in Class 6. Each Classification is made up of four Regions (A, B, C, D). For regular season play, schools are placed into geographically-based Districts, eliminating the need for extensive travel during the regular season. Schools begin the post-season with Regional tournaments and then State tournament play.

 * Class 1 - 475 or less
 * Class 2 - 476-735
 * Class 3 - 736-1,060
 * Class 4 - 1,133-1,540
 * Class 5 - 1,541-1,950
 * Class 6 - 1,951-3,777

Athletic activities
Athletic activities include the following:

For boys and girls: Basketball, Cross Country, Golf, Lacrosse, Gymnastics, Indoor track, Outdoor track, Soccer, Swimming/diving, Tennis, Volleyball

For boys: Baseball, Football, Wrestling

For girls: Cheerleading, Field hockey, Softball

Boys' and girls' sports will allow members of the opposite sex to participate.

Academic activities
Academic activities include the following:

Creative Writing, Debate, Drama (one-act plays), Forensics (a variety of individual events), Magazines, Newspapers, Scholastic Bowl, and Yearbooks

Academic activities are coed and not considered varsity athletics by most schools. Academic activities are usually awarded different letters and honors from athletics.

The VHSL academic activities season begins in September with a series of journalism education workshops in four cities across the state that is sponsored by Jostens. The VHSL/Jostens Regional Workshops began in 2005 and target both students and advisers of newspaper, magazine, and yearbook publications. The 2007 series included stops in Virginia Beach, Richmond, Roanoke, and Dulles.

This event is followed up by what is referred to as the state journalism workshop, or the Championship Journalism Workshop in October, which is both an educational and recognition event. Held at Virginia Commonwealth University since 1989, the CJW celebrates the results of the newspaper, magazine, and yearbook evaluations that schools submit each June to the VHSL. The two-day workshop offers about 100 classes that are taught mostly by the state's top advisers, but also by college professors, industry professionals, and recognized out-of-state advisers. Since 2005, the awards portion of this event has been held in the nearby historic Jefferson Hotel's ballroom. State champions in newspaper, magazine, and yearbook publications are given an evaluation on their publication known as Trophy Class. Publications that receive five Trophy Class ratings in seven or fewer years are also awarded the Savedge Award for Sustained Excellence, named after renowned yearbook adviser Colonel Charles Savedge. The VHSL also annually awards the Student Journalist of the Year to a deserving senior, which comes with the Savedge scholarship.

The VHSL academic season continues with the Group A and AA One Act Theatre Festivals, traditionally held the first week of December in Charlottesville. Eight schools representing the top two in both district and regional competition present plays that are 35 or fewer minutes in length. Preferably four, but no fewer than three, judges usually consisting of both high school directors and professionals evaluate the performances and recognize both the champion and runner-up school. Also recognized are eight outstanding actors.

In February, the top eight schools that have advanced from regional competition in Groups A, AA, and AAA go to the College of William and Mary for Scholastic Bowl competition. Two four-person teams meet head-to-head in this double-elimination tournament, answering questions in mathematics, science/health, social studies, English, and miscellany (including current events, fine arts, music, entertainment and sports). There are three rounds, including two toss-up rounds where either team may answer and one round of directed questioning toward individual schools. Toss-up rounds consist of 15 questions and directed rounds include 10 questions per team. The champion and runner-up are recognized in each grouping.

The state forensics tournament occurs on a single day in late March/early April and consists of ten individual events: duo interpretation, serious dramatic interpretation, humorous dramatic interpretation, storytelling, poetry interpretation, prose interpretation, foreign extemporaneous speaking, domestic extemporaneous speaking, impromptu speaking, and original oratory. At this tournament, Group A, AA, and AAA competition occur separately, but simultaneously. The top six students in each category and in each group are recognized with the top four earning points toward a team sweepstakes. The team champion and runner-up are also recognized.

Debate is a two-day tournament in April that features four events: Student Congress, Lincoln-Douglas, Public Forum, and Policy. This competition has taken place at Liberty University since 1999. Public Forum, added in 2011, is the newest VHSL debate event. The top four individuals (or two-person policy and public forum teams) earn points toward a team sweepstakes. The team champion and runner-up are also recognized.

The VHSL academic activities season culminates with the judging of creative writing entries announced in mid-late May. In March, schools submit a folder containing six works (2 poems, 2 short stories, and 2 essays) written by six different students. These school folders have traditionally been evaluated by judges at the University of Virginia's creative writing department. Judges award individual awards for the three categories in each group (A, AA, and AAA) as well as an overall school folder winner in each group.

The VHSL also awards the Wachovia Cup for each group to the schools which accumulate the most points across all competitions much like the NACDA Director's Cup for college athletics. There are separate cups for athletic and academic activities.

Districts
Districts are geographically-organized groups and may contain schools in varying classifications.

 * Capital District
 * Central District
 * Colonial District
 * Dominion District
 * Beach District
 * Eastern District
 * Peninsula District
 * Southeastern District
 * Concorde District
 * Gunston District
 * Liberty District
 * National District
 * Patriot District
 * Cardinal District
 * Cedar Run District
 * Commonwealth District

 * Battlefield District
 * Bay Rivers District
 * Southside District
 * Dulles District
 * Potomac District
 * Jefferson District
 * Northwestern District
 * Blue Ridge District
 * Seminole District
 * Valley District
 * Piedmont District
 * River Ridge District

 * Eastern Shore District
 * Northern Neck District
 * Tidewater District
 * Tri-Rivers District
 * Bull Run District
 * Dogwood District
 * James River District
 * Shenandoah District
 * Hogoheegee District
 * Mountain Empire District
 * Pioneer District
 * Three Rivers District
 * Black Diamond District
 * Cumberland District
 * Mountain District
 * Southwest District

Regions
Class 6
 * Region A
 * Region B
 * Region C
 * Region D

Class 5
 * Region A
 * Region B
 * Region C
 * Region D

Class 4
 * Region A
 * Region B
 * Region C
 * Region D

Class 3
 * Region A
 * Region B
 * Region C
 * Region D

Class 2
 * Region A
 * Region B
 * Region C
 * Region D

Class 1
 * Region A
 * Region B
 * Region C
 * Region D

title: Virginia High School League


text:
Natrone Means

Natrone Jermaine Means (born April 26, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Diego Chargers, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Carolina Panthers from 1993 to 2000.

Means played college football for the North Carolina Tar Heels. He was selected by the Chargers in the second round (41st overall) of the 1993 NFL draft. In 1994, he was selected for the Pro Bowl during San Diego's Super Bowl season. He is a member of the San Diego Chargers 50th Anniversary Team.

Means was nicknamed Natrone "Refried" Means and, later, "Natrone Means Business" by ESPN's Chris Berman He is currently an assistant coach for the Tar Heels.

College career
Means attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and finished his career with 605 rushing attempts of 3,074 yards (5.1 yards per rushing attempt avg.), and 34 touchdowns, and hauled in 61 receptions of 500 yards (8.19 yards per rec. avg.). He rushed for more than 1,000 yards as both a sophomore and junior.

 * 1990: 168 carries for 849 yards with 10 TD. 24 catches for 229 yards with 1 TD.
 * 1991: 201 carries for 1,030 yards with 11 TD. 23 catches for 178 yards.
 * 1992: 236 carries for 1,195 yards with 13 TD. 14 catches for 93 yards.

Professional career
Means played from 1993 to 1995 for the Chargers, and was a Pro Bowl selection in 1994 after leading his team to the Super Bowl XXIX going up against the San Francisco 49ers, only to lose 49-26. Scoring a touchdown in the Super Bowl, he broke William Perry's record for the youngest player to score a touchdown in the Super Bowl at age 22. This was eventually broken by 21-year-old Jamal Lewis in the Super Bowl XXXV. He was waived by San Diego before the 1996 season and signed with the Jaguars. Means returned to San Diego as an unrestricted free agent in 1998, but left as a free agent for the Panthers in 2000. He retired at the end of the season in 2000.

Means was named in the San Diego Chargers 50th Anniversary Team in 2009. He was a finalist in 2012 to be inducted into the Chargers Hall of Fame.

NFL career statistics
Rushing statistics

Receiving statistics

Coaching career
In 2005, Means joined the staff of Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina as running backs coach and in 2006 was promoted to offensive coordinator. He was recruited by head coach Robert Massey, who played with Means on the Jacksonville Jaguars in 1996. Means honed his coaching skills while participating in the NFL Minority Coaching Fellowship Program during the summer months of 2003 and 2006 with the Atlanta Falcons.

In 2007, Means was the offensive coordinator at the historical powerhouse West Charlotte High School in Charlotte, North Carolina. During training camp for the 2008 season, Means again participated in the NFL Minority Coaching Fellowship Program, working with the running backs of the Carolina Panthers.

In May 2014, Means became running backs coach at Winston-Salem State University. He was the associate head coach and offensive coordinator at Winston-Salem State.

In March 2021, Means became an offensive analyst at North Carolina.

title: Natrone Means


text:
Talk:Foreign relations of Spain

Philippines
What about the Philipine - Spanish Relations?
 * They are limited since the Spanish defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Today, Spain tries to reinforce its relations with Philippines along other East Asian nations and the Instituto Cervantes have a program to expand the Spanish language in the islands, but some issues like the condem to Death penalty of the Spanish-Filipino citizen Francisco Larrañaga and the closely alliance of Gloria Macapagal with Bush administration complicate them.--Menah the Great 12:00, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

- Removed " Some Spanish are very happy for this, and they prefer have better relation with the European Union members than the USA." That's an opinion of the writter, not a fact.

Copied
This entire article is directly lifted off the State department's profile of Spain. Maybe someone should actually take the time to research and write a real article.

refinement
This page has serious organizational problems...also a lot of important details were left out... the referendum of NATO? The Madrid conferences? The Perejil conflict? The Iberoamerican Summits? Immigration? I mean, The whole pages needs to be recast.

Proposed WikiProject - Bilateral relations
There is now a upstart WikiProject to establish a concensus about WP's International bilateral relations articles, including "X-Y (country) relations" articles, at Centralized discussion/Bilateral international relations. Interested parties should add their names at WikiProject International relations/Bilateral relations task force if they wish to play a part in the discussions or have an Interest in this going forward. Thank you for your attention. CaribDigita (talk) 23:40, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Germany-Spain
I would like to see a source for that "crisis". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.121.44.179 (talk) 20:03, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Revert
Please set out here the reasons why you wish to change the text for discussion about inclusion. We can go through them line by line as you wish. Regards, Justin talk 17:47, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

 * No, once it's challenged (see WP:BRD) it's you the one who have to justify why you include it.

 * On the other hand, I can't see any "consensus" here regarding your editions. As it had clear flaws and put undue height to the Olivenza case (without any description of the Gibraltar case) I've preferred to neutralize it and ask for sources to the most dubious statements. As you don't want to discuss your edition before introducing it, we'd better wait for a more neutral edition.
 * BTW, the following statements require sources:
 * "The population is 80% ethnic Portuguese and 30% of Portuguese language"
 * "Portugal claims the de jure sovereignty on the grounds that the Treaty of Badajoz was revoked by its own terms (the breach of any of its articles would lead to its cancellation)"
 * "On the other hand, awareness in Portugal has been increasing under the efforts of pressure groups to have the question raised and debated in public"
 * Finally, I wonder why you remove the exact wording of the treaty of Vienna in English (you can see in wikisource). --Ecemaml (talk) 20:28, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Funny guy, BRD applies to the existing consensus and by any standard being in the article as long as it has my last edit represents the existing concensus. I reverted you to invite you to explain your accusations of POV, giving that RHoPF, Richard Keatinge, Pfainuk all agreed that I'd create well written, reliably sourced prose worthy of inclusion here.  There is a clear consensus but I am perfectly willing to discuss with you, however, if you're going to level accusation of POV you're going to have justify that.  I wouldn't expect an apology for your bad faith presumption but would welcome the opportunity to discuss content with you in a reasonable manner without bad faith attacks or personal abuse.  Your choice, what do you say?
 * My sources are in the article, taking the last point, I was unaware I'd done so. If you would care to highlight what the issue is I'm sure we can rapidly reach agreement. But lets not edit war eh? Justin talk 23:13, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

Outdated
¿Is there already someone alive? I see the article a bit outdated... As an example, the article says that Portugal's and Spain's goverments are both socialist, and Zapatero stills being the president! That was a year ago as minimum... 79.147.170.193 (talk) 16:51, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Foreign relations of Spain