text:
Talk:Prediction market

Note to editors
(Note to future editors: Please distinguish between a public fact and a rumor.)

Sholdn't http://guaranteedweather.com/ be listed on this page?

I found this anonymous comment inappropriately added to the article, so I put it here. --babbage 10:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Owise
Someone has disputed that Owise belongs on this page.

How is Owise.com less of a prediction market than Newsfutures? Sure Owise uses a fake ranks, and Newsfutures uses fake money, but what's the difference, really?

If you want to limit this page to only real-money systems, Newsfutures should also be removed.

 * The Owise site is explicit that it is not a prediction market . It's something else, possibly fitting better in some Collaborative filtering area. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cretog8 (talk • contribs) 05:17, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

New "list" article(s) needed?
I think it would be helpful to have a new page called "List of prediction markets" or something similar, much like the current List of spreadsheets and List of word processors (among others); the "external links" section is getting a little cluttered. Or maybe it would be even better to have two new pages, "List of prediction market exchanges" and "List of prediction market software", since the two are for the most part distinct. Does anyone else have an opinion on this? Yaron K. 20:44, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * See Category:Prediction markets. — Swpbtalk.edits 17:51, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Iowa Health Prediction Market
The University of Iowa has a new prediction market to forecast infecteous diseases, especially flu. This seems like an application worth mentioning in this article. The website is: http://fluprediction.uiowa.edu/fluhome/index.html. --Benstrider 23:36, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

removed section
removed section per Wikipedia is not a directory. Wikipedia is not a repository for lists, directories or Advocacy of commercial products and/or websites. NPOV requires views to be represented without bias, this applies not only to article text, but to companies, company lists, products, external links, or any other material as well.--Hu12 00:23, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Flawed
Entire concept is flawed. Insider trading, manipulation. No SEC equivalent. Market prices in such would reflect likely futures about as well as current stock prices reflect company quality, that is, not at all.

 * Its not. Brusegadi (talk) 04:56, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

- Why is the PM concept flawed? Do you have any evidence that supports this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.240.70.150 (talk) 13:05, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

-- It doesn't matter if the concept is flawed, merely that it is an important enough concept, or is used by enough people, for a Wikipedia entry. After all Intelligent Design is a deeply flawed concept (i.e. it is wrong) and yet there is a large and often edited article on it... Duncan 10:57, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The only way insider traders could make money would be by increasing the accuracy of the prediction. 75.61.102.8 (talk) 04:44, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

- Incorrect. An insider could short sell, then deliberately sabotage the outcome of an event. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.12.8.141 (talk) 17:11, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Apart from the possibility of allowing such strategies, if you have enough players, thats too expensive. People will make money off you.  Brusegadi (talk) 23:37, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I find it hilarious that in your attempt to criticize prediction markets, your example actually increases the accuracy of the market! --Gwern (contribs) 16:15 15 August 2011 (GMT)

It's not flawed it's just early in it's application to the internet, the concept is as old as the trading itself. 136.206.222.20 (talk) 14:06, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Footnotes go after punctuation
Note to editors: Footnotes go after punctuation. --JHP 06:30, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Legality of InTrade in U.S.?
The article claims
 * Notable exceptions are Intrade/TradeSports, which escapes U.S. legal restrictions by operating from Dublin, Ireland, where gambling is legal and regulated,

without supporting that statement with a reference. Intrade's own FAQ specifically refuses to answer the legality question. Further the given rationale does not hold water: just because a betting site operates legally in its country does not mean that it can legally offer betting services to U.S. residents or that U.S. residents can legally gamble on the site. AxelBoldt (talk) 21:39, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Until someone can find more reliable citations, I recommend (and plan on) adding a comment that it's unknown whether the rationale means that US residents can legally use Intrade. JustinBlank (talk) 01:12, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

The wording is ambiguous, not necessarily incorrect, it should probably be more explicit. Intrade is allowed to operate because it is in Ireland. Thus Intrade itself avoids prosecution by US authorities. This does not mean people in the US are allowed to place bets without breaking US law though. The CEO of Intrade has said in correspondence with US authorities that he is unsure where he stands under US law. 129.170.66.218 (talk) 09:44, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Prediction market vs. futures market
I'd like to see this article explain the difference between a prediction market and a futures market. --JHP (talk) 01:08, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The factors underlying a prediction market are the outcomes of specified events. Underlying a futures market, on the other hand, are the prices of commodities, stocks and their indices. 75.61.102.8 (talk) 04:47, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * According to "Business Dictionary" at {http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/physical-market.html}, (1) a physical market is "a commodity market where purchasers actually buy the commodities, as opposed to the futures market, where they buy and sell the right to purchase commodities at a future date". The following words were underlined in the previous quote: market, purchasers, buy, commodities, futures market, sell, right, and purchase. Using the same source, (2) a futures market is a "Market in which participants can buy and sell commodities and their future delivery contracts. A futures market provides a medium for the complementary activities of hedging and speculation, necessary for dampening wild fluctuations in the prices caused by gluts and shortages." The following words were underlined in the previous quote: Market, participants, buy, sell, commodities, delivery, contracts, provides, activities, hedging, speculation, fluctuations, prices, gluts, and shortages. I claim without citation that in common American vernacular "Futures market" is heard on the news more often than "Prediction market". Does anyone dispute this claim or need citation from a scientific survey concerning what is common vernacular? I had never heard the term Prediction market used until I looked for the definition of futures market and this Prediction market Wikipedia article appeared as an option. Why is this article titled Prediction market instead of Futures market? Which of the two phrases, "predictive market" and "futures market" is more useful? I propose that this article's title be changed to "Futures market" unless there is a difference because of an English, the nation, difference or an objection that the phrase Prediction market is used more often in society than the phrase Futures market. Gauzeandchess (talk) 03:14, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Er... what? You don't hear prediction market because prediction markets are currently banned in America with the exception of the tiny IEM. Even were they not banned, futures would still be far more common because countless businesses large & small would use them. So no, the name should not be changed. --Gwern (contribs) 15:05 7 February 2012 (GMT)

 * Is a prediction market the same as a futures market? I could not find a definition that makes a distinction between them at {http://www.querycat.com/question/afa3f14b02bf1b6450b5f6fccd9a2018}. A difference between the two markets could be at {http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/jwolfers/Papers/DoesMoneyMatter.pdf}, which stated a hypothetical prediction market contract might "pay $100 if George W. Bush is re-elected in 2004, or nothing if he is not. Thus, until the outcome is decided, the trading price reflects the traders’ collective consensus about the expected value of the contract, which in this case would be proportional to the probability of Bush’s re-election." How is this different than a futures market contract that stipulates a given product, such as wheat, will be sold at P price per volume if there is a drought or if there is a bounty, which itself is based upon the probability of a drought or bounty? Is there a small difference between the two markets?  I would like to delete these questions and retract my previous suggestions for changes if there is a difference. Gauzeandchess (talk) 06:17, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

 * What commodity are you buying on a prediction market? How many GWB shares must I buy to get delivery of a pork belly or an ounce of silver in November 2004? --Gwern (contribs) 15:03 9 February 2012 (GMT)

 * I infer by your question that you claim there is a difference between a prediction market and a futures market wherein one could not purchase a product or service in a prediction market, such as GWB (Great Western Broadcasting or Gypsum Wall Board) pork shares whereas one could purchase a product or service, such as GWB pork shares in a futures market? If my inferred statement represents your claim for a difference between a prediction market and a futures market, then could you please cite an academic text that also supports this claim? Does a prediction market contract cover the following hypothetical? I sign a contract purchasing S shares of pork for D dollars to be delivered at future T time unless there is an increased pork price from an increased fuel price, which stipulates that the cost would be D + 1 regardless of the increased pork price. If this hypothetical contract is a prediction market contract and is a futures market contract, then is there a difference between the two market types? What is the difference between a prediction market contract and a futures market contract? A futures market contract is a transfer of possession of something. And in this hypothetical, a prediction market contract took possession of something. Is this not the case for a prediction market? It is difficult for me to understand the difference between the two market types because I cannot find much about the difference from doing internet research or find out much about the difference based on your question "What commodity are you buying on a prediction market?". In answer to your question, firstly I don't know the answer to your question because I don't know what a prediction market is, hence my questions about this topic, other than the stipulation about a money exchange when some future event occurs, secondly, I described a hypothetical scenario where a prediction market contract took possession of pork that would have an exchange of money in the future if some future event occurred. Does this type of contract occur in a futures market? I didn't know what GWB stood for and found two likely meanings at "http://www.abbreviations.com/GWB". Gauzeandchess (talk) 09:51, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Let me take a shot at this. When one buys a security in a prediction market, what one is buying is a payout if a particular verifiable future condition turns out to be true. Suppose I think that the likelihood of a particular candidate winning an election is 70%. Then, I should be willing to pay up to 70 cents for a security that issues a dollar if that event is true (and sell securities that pay more than 30 cents for another candidate). Who would issue such a security? One example is an individual who could make a larger amount of money off of a given bit of information, doesn't know it, and wants to elicit the information from a different group who may know, but doesn't trust their opinion. The prediction market is thus a particular kind of futures market where predictions and money are the only commodities changing hands. It is certainly possible to make a prediction market security that refers to a futures market (this asset pays out $1 if the price of corn is greater than X at time T according to so-and-so). Note that I don't actually buy or sell any corn: it's a side-bet. John b cassel (talk) 13:37, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

External links stand to be improved
Does anyone suppose that the external links should be to actual prediction markets instead of web sites about them? I was sure, given my experience with Wikipedia, that this article would link to some primary sources. Certainly the secondary sources have academic merit, but please keep the reader in mind: Which links will serve the greater number of readers?

And yes, I am familiar with WP:EL. I'm not familiar with anything in it that would preclude helpful links to primary sources, because if there is, I am sure that WP:IAR, which which I am also familiar, would preempt it. 75.61.102.8 (talk) 04:49, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Related prediction methods
The "Related prediction methods" section seems unnecessary to me as a whole. Of course there's other ways of trying to aggregate information for predictions, but unless it can relate very directly to prediction markets, it seems like stuff for other articles. Cretog8 (talk) 05:21, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed the section. In case someone wants to work with the material to include in other articles, I've put it (for now) on my Scratchpad.Cretog8 (talk) 18:37, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 02:48, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "pmdmm" :
 * "Prediction Markets: Does Money Matter?" Servan-Schreiber (Electronic Markets, 2004)
 * "Prediction Markets: Does Money Matter?" Servan-Schreiber (Electronic Markets, 2004)

Max Keiser

 * Hollywood Stock Exchange creator Max Keiser suggests that not only are these markets no more predictive than their established counterparts such as the New York Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange, but that reducing the unpredictability of markets would mean reducing risk and, therefore, reducing the amount of speculative capital needed to keep markets open and liquid.

The first part of this paragraph claims that these markets are no more predictive and the rest of it describes the advantages of being more predictive. This doesn't sound right. Since no source is given, it is not possible to check the paragraph and I removed it.

The original Version added by an anonymous writer was quite different but also unsourced.

 * Adding to the chorus of those who question the powers of markets to predict outcomes is Hollywood Stock Exchange creator, Max Keiser, who, summing up his views in a letter published in the Financial Times suggests that not only are these markets no more predictive than their established counterparts, such as the New York Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange, but that if markets could predict outcomes then it would no longer be capitalism. Reducing unpredictability of markets through predictability of outcomes would mean reducing risk and, therefore, reducing the amount of speculative capital lost and that is needed to keep these markets open and liquid.

78.48.176.195 (talk) 11:07, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Refs: FT letter; mirror. For those interested in market manipulation, Hanson has already addressed the topic. --Gwern (contribs) 16:39 7 March 2009 (GMT)

History section makes some impressive claims for Hollywood stock exchange but does not give any source for these - unless these claims can be given a valid source then they seem like opinion — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.205.94 (talk) 23:20, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

Broken link
Broken link in 10th reference —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.192.248.201 (talk) 13:55, 12 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing it out. Replaced it with a working link. --Ronz (talk) 17:07, 12 December 2010 (UTC)
 * This domain is now for sale, so this link should be removed J.malczewsky (talk) 14:03, 8 May 2021 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Prediction Market be merged into Betting Exchange. I think that the content in the Prediction Market article can easily be explained in the context of Betting Exchange. Betting exchanges and prediction markets are synonyms. It's confusing to the public to use both terms. The application of a PM/BE can be tweaked to different contexts, but it's essentially the same thing. Jasontrost (talk) 22:45, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

completely disagree that a prediction market is synonymous with a betting exchange..betting exchanges are for gambling and trying to profit from same whether by skill or chance...prediction markets are for predictions with the added rigor of consequences from financial gain or loss as opposed to opinions... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.120.22.171 (talk) 08:23, 2 June 2015 (UTC)

The types of traders that trade on prediction markets and betting exchanges are the same because they contracts that are designed the same. Both are binary options traded around an event, sports, elections, award shows, etc. Indeed most betting exchanges offer trading on non-sports contracts. Betting exchanges have been marketed to sports bettors and prediction markets have been marketed to financial types, but the math is the same, the people trading in both want to maximize profitJasontrost (talk) 15:42, 27 July 2015 (UTC)

New section on combinatorial prediction markets
I want to write a new section (or paragraph) on combinatorial prediction markets, where you can make bets that are conditional on other contracts/outcomes. Does that sound fine to anyone watching this article? Ted Sanders (talk) 00:21, 17 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Prediction market. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141008223911/https://prediction.microsoft.com/ to https://prediction.microsoft.com

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:44, 24 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 13 one external links on Prediction market. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160315001721/https://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2006/0106_1015_0703.pdf to http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2006/0106_1015_0703.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140412042912/http://econ.arizona.edu:80/downloads/working_papers/Econ-WP-04-17.pdf to http://econ.arizona.edu/downloads/working_papers/Econ-WP-04-17.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121112182734/http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/jwolfers/Papers/InterpretingPredictionMarketPrices.pdf to http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/jwolfers/Papers/InterpretingPredictionMarketPrices.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080420130531/http://www.davidsj.com:80/post.php?id=103_0_1_0_C5 to http://www.davidsj.com/post.php?id=103_0_1_0_C5
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040907105934/http://msnbc.msn.com:80/id/3087117/ to http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3087117/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080613220955/http://www.hpl.hp.com:80/research/ssrc/competitive/brain/?jumpid=reg_R1002_USEN to http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/ssrc/competitive/brain/?jumpid=reg_R1002_USEN
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060822201102/http://www.businessweek.com:80/technology/content/aug2006/tc20060804_618481.htm? to http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2006/tc20060804_618481.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070508222858/http://www.afi.com:80/education/dcl/2003.aspx to http://www.afi.com/education/dcl/2003.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060611003852/http://econ.arizona.edu/downloads/working_papers/Econ-WP-04-17.pdf to http://econ.arizona.edu/downloads/working_papers/Econ-WP-04-17.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032000/http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2006/0106_1015_0703.pdf to http://www.aeaweb.org/annual_mtg_papers/2006/0106_1015_0703.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090320150037/http://www.ecommerce.wiwi.uni-frankfurt.de/typo3/uploads/tx_ecompublications/Spann_Skiera_Inernet-based_virtual_stock_markets.pdf to http://www.ecommerce.wiwi.uni-frankfurt.de/typo3/uploads/tx_ecompublications/Spann_Skiera_Inernet-based_virtual_stock_markets.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051029173425/http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/jwolfers/Papers/InterpretingPredictionMarketPrices.pdf to http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/jwolfers/Papers/InterpretingPredictionMarketPrices.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110807032053/http://www.unifr.ch/econophysics/paper/show/id/1106.4509 to http://www.unifr.ch/econophysics/paper/show/id/1106.4509

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:01, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 external links on Prediction market. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121130193428/http://tippie.uiowa.edu/iem/media/wsj.html to http://tippie.uiowa.edu/iem/media/wsj.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://econ.arizona.edu/downloads/working_papers/Econ-WP-04-17.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.davidsj.com/post.php?id%3D103_0_1_0_C5
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3087117/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/ssrc/competitive/brain/?jumpid%3Dreg_R1002_USEN
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2006/tc20060804_618481.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.afi.com/education/dcl/2003.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081211152006/http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/jwolfers/Papers/Predictionmarkets.pdf to http://bpp.wharton.upenn.edu/jwolfers/Papers/Predictionmarkets.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:37, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

Kalshi
Hello! As of November 2020, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission granted Kalshi approval as the first federally regulated designated contract market (DCM) for event contracts. It may be worth seeing if we could add Kalshi to this article as the next step forward in for prediction markets. Source: https://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/8302-20. Kalshi's website: https://kalshi.com. Note: I am affiliated with Kalshi and will not make these edits, but here are some suggestions:

 * Under "Milestones in development of modern electronic prediction markets" --> Kalshi is the first federally regulated exchange for event contracts
 * Under "Legality" --> Kalshi is directly regulated by the CFTC and is completely legal
 * Under "Public prediction markets" --> we could add Kalshi here

Kamyarghiam-kalshi (talk) 21:00, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't think the claim of 'first' is accurate, binary options have been available in US regulated markets since at least 2008. Are you sure you want your company mentioned on Wikipedia? Any discussion of Event Contracts or companies who deal in them is inevitably going to have to mention the extensive history of fraud that has gone on in that industry. MrOllie (talk) 12:13, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi again

 * Please see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Futures_exchange#Kalshi for my reply regarding the "first" claim. Regarding the extensive history of fraud: yes, if that is the history of the industry, then it should be recorded here. In fact, it shows the importance of federal regulation in this industry. We are trying to work closely with regulators to make sure investors feel confident and safe trading on our exchange. For the record, I'd like to note my affiliation with Kalshi: I am a paid full-time software engineer for Kalshi. I am currently working on providing accurate information for Kalshi online. Kamyarghiam-kalshi (talk) 17:26, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Sports betting - an example or not?
The article has no mention of sports betting which is way bigger than the sorts of things discussed here. The definition given is "are open markets that enable the prediction of specific outcomes using financial incentives". I find it hard to see how sports betting sites are not an example that fits perfectly into this definition. There seems some opinions given here that purpose of sports betting is for gambling whereas prediction markets have some more noble purpose of getting a better prediction. However if you want 'a better prediction' of a sports event outcome what do you do other than looking at bookie odds? It seems a perfect example to me but there seems disagreement.

I think this should be dealt with in the article by saying whether or not sports betting is an example or why this might be considered controversial rather than not mentioning sport betting at all. C-randles (talk) 05:21, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Some prediction markets do include sports, so they certainly should not be excluded. The article definitely should not contain editorializing about the subject, as was just added. The difference between the two is that 'odds' on prediction markets are crowdsourced, set by market pressures as in the stock market, not selected by some private means by a bookie. MrOllie (talk) 15:50, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the comment and explanation. I thought there was disagreement with examples on this talk page. So it needed a NPOV explanation and to explain what this article does. My attempt may well not be ideal for an introductory paragraph so if you see a better way to meet the aims please have a go. I disagree re bookie using some private means, the weight of value bet changes the odds offered in an identical manner to a stock exchange or prediction market. Even if you believe there is some difference here, both are a form of aggregation of many peoples views and the more that a person bets the more it changes the odds to find some aggregated average expectation. Now we have another example of people disagreeing on whether there is a difference. = More need to explain. C-randles (talk) 16:04, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * 'Bookie' odds change, but are indeed set by a private formula - the odds aren't even before anybody places a bet, for example. MrOllie (talk) 16:10, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * A stockmarket, market-maker has exactly the same sort of private formula. So can a prediction market market-maker. If someone setting up a prediction market want to leave the odds at even when it starts they can, or they can make sure they are first to bet so that for anyone else coming to the market the odds are not even to starts or maybe a prediction market could allow this to be private. These arguments are easily rebutted. C-randles (talk) 16:32, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

Perhaps a more standard argument for why they are different: from elsewhere somebody said "I think that being intended to create accurate forecasts rather than just provide a place to gamble is indeed the thing that distinguishes prediction markets from gambling sites." to which I replied And the reality that the two things essentially do exactly the same thing, attracts the same sorts of people or at least there is a large overlap, that it potentially has the same benefits of getting better predictions and the same drawbacks of potential causing addiction/spending too much time and/or money than is sensible or healthy for some participants .... are just inconvenient facts that shouldn't get in the way of the opinion you are stating? C-randles (talk) 16:37, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * We're getting into WP:NOTFORUM territory. If you have a reliable source to present that explains any differences (or that claims they are the same thing), feel free to present it and perhaps something can be added to the article. MrOllie (talk) 16:52, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * PS: On Wikipedia, most lists are kept to notable entries only. Which means WP:N here - it is shorthand for 'has a preexisting Wikipedia article'. This kind of restriction is necessary to keep lists from promoting obscure websites. Restoring stuff that has been judged to be nonnotable (for example by being deleted at a WP:AFD discussion) is particularly bad. MrOllie (talk) 16:56, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

I have added "Markets tend to perform better than polling.[ref see link below] When market participants have some intrinsic interest in trying to predict results, even markets with modest incentives or no incentives have been shown to be effective." I really want to add more along the lines of: the more sure a person is of their belief the more that they will be willing to bet. Therefore the market price combines this extra information on how sure a person is in its average market price in a way that polling does not. The best ref I have found for this is "traders may be working with more information than poll respondents. Further, prediction markets aggregate opinions in a unique way. The market price is the point at which optimistic and pessimistic opinions “cross”. The market price is thus a marginal opinion that is not simply an average or a vote count" from is that adequate or am I still editorialising? C-randles (talk) 20:19, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't think that quote supports your text exactly. But I think the article could say something similar. Instead of focusing on an individual talk about the aggregate, which is what the source describes. I would summarize it with something like "When the group is more optimistic they will 'bet' more in aggregate than the pessimists, raising the market price. The movement of the price will reflect more information than a simple average or vote count." MrOllie (talk) 20:29, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

I presume that The_Wisdom_of_Crowds should be a summary of what is here. However it seems quite different for example including "Betfair is the world's biggest prediction exchange, with around $28 billion traded in 2007." The content seems quite different and we need to define the scope of this article as to whether it includes sports betting. This seems to hit disagreements on whether sports betting is an example. I think the market mechanism is important as discussed above, same ref continues "It could be that the magic of prediction markets lies largely in superior aggregation methods rather than superior quality or informativeness of responses.". If the refs are saying the market mechanisms are important then sport betting which include market mechanisms and it seems strange to me to define the scope to exclude sport betting. If I don't know which way this scope discussion is going to go, then it seems hard to work on improving the article efficiently, so thoughts and different views on whether and how to include sport betting would be appreciated. C-randles (talk) 21:31, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Who is defining the scope to exclude sport betting? What do the reliable sources on this topic say? MrOllie (talk) 23:21, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Searching the scientific literature would be time consuming because there is so much of it and I suspect most researchers are enthusiastic about prediction markets so if they have the choice researchers mostly want to talk about markets where the information extracted could be considered more useful rather than just a better assessment of a particular sports outcome. Making the research about that would seem like it is gambling that is bad so they prefer to do research on election betting and similar. So it may well be difficult to find research saying whether sports betting is an example or not. Anyway to attempt a search of the literature I tried

quote: From the scientific literature on prediction markets only, do researchers think sports betting is an example of a prediction market?

ChatGPT answer: Prediction markets and sports betting share similarities, but they are distinct concepts with different purposes and characteristics. While both involve making predictions about future events and have an element of risk, their underlying mechanisms, goals, and structures can differ significantly.

Prediction markets are often designed to aggregate and reflect the collective wisdom or information of a group of participants regarding the likelihood of specific future events. They are used in various domains, including finance, politics, and technology. Participants trade contracts representing different outcomes, and prices of these contracts are determined by the market based on the perceived probability of each outcome.

In contrast, sports betting typically involves individuals placing wagers on the outcome of sporting events. The odds set by bookmakers reflect their assessment of the probability of different outcomes, but these odds may also be influenced by factors such as the betting behavior of participants and the bookmaker's profit margin.

In the scientific literature on prediction markets, researchers may recognize sports betting as a form of prediction market, albeit one with unique characteristics. Some may emphasize the differences between traditional prediction markets and sports betting due to factors like bookmaker margins, the role of chance in sports outcomes, and the influence of public sentiment on odds.

It's important to note that the terminology and perspectives on these topics can vary among researchers, and the field evolves over time. If you're interested in the most up-to-date and nuanced perspectives, it's recommended to consult recent scientific literature or experts in the field. /quote

So I think I should accept there may well be justification for keeping this page mainly about useful information oriented markets with limited reference to sport betting. C-randles (talk) 12:38, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

I don't want to edit war but 0 to 100% is blatently not always the case
0 to 100% is typical but is not always the case. I gave example in edit comment There certainly are other types for example https://manifold.markets/tailcalled/how-much-will-the-eu-spend-on-milit-feebc6ba48bd So this was an error correction to the article not editorialising. Perhaps you would care to revert your revert? C-randles (talk) 17:06, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * If you want to change the article lead, bring reliable sources, and start by adding sourced content to the article body. A link to a question on one of the markets in an edit summary is not sufficient. MrOllie (talk) 17:14, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

 * So you prefer obvious errors to be left in the article? You could admit that I did not add back the editorialising you originally complained of, I am happy to let that discussion continue before attempting any further edit in that vein. Here I thought it was so obviously incorrect that it didn't need a reference or example in the article. Maybe tomorrow when it isn't breaking 1R I will try again. C-randles (talk) 17:22, 25 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I prefer that core policies such as WP:V and WP:NOR be followed. MrOllie (talk) 17:24, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

The article includes "ability to make numeric-range or date-range predictions" so the lead is contradicting the article by suggesting all contracts are 0% to 100%. If this is already in the article then the lead should summarize correctly, not do its own wrong thing. C-randles (talk) 20:56, 25 November 2023 (UTC)

Accuracy section should be restructured
Currently the "accuracy" section is too long and unstructured to give a useful overview of the accuracy of prediction markets. Different paragraphs contain contradictory information, with some claiming in a overgeneralized way that prediction markets yield accurate predictions and some claiming that prediction markets fail to make good predictions. In my view, the section currently contains, in disordered manner, content on three subsections: 1. The theoretical basis for predictions markets: Efficient market hypothesis, traders being able to quantify the strength of their belief. 2. Overview of empirical evidence that prediction markets are good at summarizing the opinion of the market participants, as well as how they compare to polls and other methods of opinion aggregation (including that polling with belief strength quantification can beat prediction markets). One can also mention arbitrage opportunities between prediction markets here. 3. Overview of empirical evidence on how the summarized opinion of market participants may be biased because of insufficient information, missing specialized knowledge, and cognitive biases such as the "50% bias".

The section should be restructured to present information on these 3 topics in a clear way. --Maximilian Janisch (talk) 16:52, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prediction market


text:
Sophia Jex-Blake

Sophia Louisa Jex-Blake (21 January 1840 – 7 January 1912) was an English physician, teacher, and feminist. She led the campaign to secure women access to a university education, when six other women and she, collectively known as the Edinburgh Seven, began studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1869. She was the first practising female doctor in Scotland, and one of the first in the wider United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; a leading campaigner for medical education for women, she was involved in founding two medical schools for women, in London and Edinburgh, at a time when no other medical schools were training women.

Early life
Sophia Jex-Blake was born at 3 Croft Place Hastings, England, on 21 January 1840, daughter of retired lawyer Thomas Jex-Blake, a proctor of Doctors' Commons, and Mary Jex-Blake (née Cubitt). Her brother was Thomas Jex-Blake, future Dean of Wells Cathedral, and father of Katharine Jex-Blake, classicist and Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge. Until the age of eight she was home-educated. She attended various private schools in southern England, and in 1858, enrolled at Queen's College, London, despite her parents' objections. In 1859, while still a student, she was offered a post as mathematics tutor at the college where she stayed until 1861, living for some of that time with Octavia Hill's family. She worked without pay; her family did not expect their daughter to earn a living, and her father refused her permission to accept a salary.

In 1865, once the Civil War was over, Sophia Jex-Blake travelled to the United States to learn more about women's education. She visited various schools, was strongly influenced by developments in co-education in the US, and later published A Visit to Some American Schools and Colleges. At the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, she met one of the country's pioneer female physicians, Dr Lucy Ellen Sewall, who became an important and lifelong friend, and she worked there for a time as an assistant. This was a turning point for Jex-Blake, as she realised, during this visit, that to become a doctor was her life's vocation.

In 1867, along with Susan Dimock, a trainee from the New England hospital, she wrote directly to the president and fellows of Harvard University, requesting admission to the university's medical school. She and Dimock received their reply a month later, in a letter which stated: "There is no provision for the education of women in any department of this university". The following year, she hoped to attend a new medical college being established by Elizabeth Blackwell in New York, but her father died, so she returned to England to be with her mother.

"A fair field and no favour"
In 1869, Jex-Blake's essay "Medicine as a profession for women" appeared in a book edited by Josephine Butler: Women's Work and Women's Culture. In this, she argued that natural instinct leads women to concern themselves with the care of the sick. With education of girls being restricted to domestic crafts, though, women generally could not qualify to compete with men as medical practitioners. She argued that no objective proof existed of women's intellectual inferiority to men. She said that the matter could easily be tested by granting women "a fair field and no favour" - teaching them as men were taught and subjecting them to the same examinations.

Campaign
Sophia Jex-Blake was determined to seek medical training in the UK, and due to Scotland's more enlightened attitudes towards education, felt that if any university would allow women to study, it would be a Scottish one. She applied to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh in March 1869, and although the medical faculty and the senatus academus voted in favour of allowing her to study medicine, the university court rejected her application on the grounds that the university could not make the necessary arrangements "in the interest of one lady".

She then advertised in The Scotsman and other national newspapers for more women to join her. A second application was submitted in 1869 on behalf of the group of five women initially (with two more added later in the year to make the Edinburgh Seven - the group is Mary Anderson, Emily Bovell, Matilda Chaplin, Helen Evans, Sophia Jex-Blake, Edith Pechey, and Isabel Thorne). It requested the right to attend all the classes and examinations required for a degree in medicine. This second application was approved by the university court and the University of Edinburgh became the first British university to admit women.

Sophia Jex-Blake wrote in one of her letters to her great friend Lucy Sewall:

"It is a grand thing to enter the very first British University ever opened to women, isn't it?"

Surgeons' Hall riot
As the women began to demonstrate that they could compete on equal terms with the male students, hostility towards them grew. They received obscene letters, were followed home, had fireworks attached to their front door, and had mud thrown at them. This culminated in the Surgeons' Hall riot on 18 November 1870, when the women arrived to sit an anatomy examination at Surgeons' Hall, and an angry mob of over 200 gathered outside throwing mud, rubbish, and insults at the women.

The events made national headlines and won the women many new supporters, but influential members of the medical faculty eventually persuaded the university to refuse graduation to the women by appealing decisions to higher courts. The courts eventually ruled that the women who had been awarded degrees should never have been allowed to enter the course. Their degrees were withdrawn and the campaign in Edinburgh failed in 1873. Many of the women went to European universities that were already allowing women to graduate, and completed their studies there.

The time for a reform has come
Women were eventually admitted onto degree programmes at other British Universities in 1877. James Stansfeld, who had been closely associated with the London campaign (following the failure of the Edinburgh campaign) wrote, in his brief history of the events: "Dr Sophia Jex-Blake has made the greatest of all contributions to the end attained. I do not say that she has been the ultimate cause of success. The ultimate cause has been simply this, that the time was at hand. It is one of the lessons of the history of progress that when the time for reform has come you cannot resist it, though if you make the attempt, what you may do is to widen its character or precipitate its advent. Opponents, when the time has come, are not merely dragged at the chariot wheels of progress - they help to turn them. The strongest forces, whichever way it seems to work, does most to aid. The forces of greatest concentration here have been, in my view, on the one hand the Edinburgh University led by Sir Robert Christison, on the other the women claimants led by Dr Sophia Jex-Blake."

Qualification as a physician
In 1874, Sophia Jex-Blake helped establish the London School of Medicine for Women, which became the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine for Women, but also continued campaigning and studying. The Medical Act (39 and 40 Vict, Ch. 41) soon followed, which was an act to repeal the previous statute, while also permitting medical authorities to license all qualified applicants whatever their gender. The first organisation to take advantage of this new legislation was the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, but before Jex-Blake applied to them, she passed the medical exams at the University of Berne, where she was awarded a medical doctorate in January 1877. Four months later, she had further success in Dublin and qualified as licentiate of the King and Queen's College of Physicians of Ireland, meaning she could at last be registered with the General Medical Council, the third registered woman doctor in the UK.

Medical career

Jex-Blake returned to Edinburgh, where she leased a house at 4 Manor Place, and in June 1878 put up her brass plate; Edinburgh had its first woman doctor. Three months later, she opened an outpatient clinic at 73 Grove Street, Fountainbridge, where poor women could receive medical attention for a few pence. After her mother's death in 1881, Sophia Jex-Blake had a period of depressed reclusiveness. The dispensary expanded by 1885 was moved to larger premises at 6 Grove Street, where a five-bed ward was added. The little outpatient clinic thus became the Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for Women. This was Scotland's first hospital for women staffed entirely by women.

In 1886, she established the Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women. Effectively a small extramural class, it was largely enabled by a small group of profemale male physicians linked to the University of Edinburgh giving extramural classes open to men and women (which the university could not prevent). The first students included Elsie Inglis, Grace Ross Cadell, and her sister Georgina, but Jex-Blake's skill as a teacher did not match her role as a doctor. An acrimonious split emerged, with her students culminating in an infamous court case in 1889, where Jex-Blake was successfully sued for damages. Thereafter, the Cadell sisters pursued their studies with the more genial, though far younger, Elsie Inglis, who had set up a rival school, the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women. Jex-Blake's school came to an effective end in 1892, when the University of Edinburgh began taking female students. The Elsie Inglis College continued until 1916, when it merged with the School of Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Edinburgh at Surgeons' Hall.

Jex-Blake lived and conducted her practice for 16 years in the house known as Bruntsfield Lodge on Whitehouse Loan. When she retired in 1889, the Edinburgh Hospital and Dispensary for Women and Children moved to this site, and became known as Bruntsfield Hospital, where it continued to function until 1989.

Personal life
Jex-Blake is assumed to have been in a romantic relationship with Dr Margaret Todd. On Jex-Blake's retirement in 1899, they moved to Windydene, Mark Cross, Rotherfield, where Dr Todd wrote The Way of Escape in 1902 and Growth in 1906. Her home became a meeting place for former students and colleagues, and she welcomed writers and acquaintances from the world over.

Death and commemoration
Jex-Blake died at Windydene on 7 January 1912, at age 71, and is buried at St Denys Rotherfield. Todd subsequently wrote The Life of Dr Sophia Jex-Blake.

The University of Edinburgh commemorated Jex-Blake with a plaque (by Pilkington Jackson) near the entrance to its medical school, honouring her as "Physician, pioneer of medical education for women in Britain, alumna of the University".

In 2015, an Historic Scotland plaque was unveiled to commemorate the Surgeons' Hall Riot of 18 November 1870.

The Edinburgh Seven were awarded the posthumous honorary MBChB degrees at the University of Edinburgh's McEwan Hall on 6 July 2019. The degrees were collected on their behalf by a group of current students at Edinburgh Medical School. Medical student Simran Piya collected an honorary degree on behalf of Sophia Jex-Blake. The graduation was the first of a series of events planned by the University of Edinburgh to commemorate the achievements and significance of the Edinburgh Seven.

In 2020, Bellfield Brewery launched a new India pale ale named after Sophia Jex-Blake.

In 2021, a production of a dramatic piece about the experiences of Jex-Blake and the Edinburgh Seven, Sophia, by Scottish playwright Frances Poet, was announced.

University College London established the Sophia Jex-Blake Chair of Physiology. The current incumbent is Professor Stephanie Schorge.

Relatives

 * Thomas William Jex-Blake (1832–1915), brother, headmaster of Rugby School from 1874 to 1887
 * Katharine Jex-Blake, niece, mistress of Girton College from 1916 to 1922
 * Henrietta Jex-Blake, niece, principal of Lady Margaret Hall from 1909 to 1921
 * Arthur John Jex-Blake, nephew, British physician and fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
 * Bertha Jex-Blake, niece, British physician who studied at the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women established by her aunt, drowned near Whitby in 1915

Selected writings

 * — written with Edith Pechey and Isabel Thorne
 * — written with Edith Pechey and Isabel Thorne
 * — written with Edith Pechey and Isabel Thorne

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sophia Jex-Blake


text:
Talk:Murray River/Maps

Murray River's place in the Murray-Darling Basin
Link to Murray-Darling Basin

Murray River geography
The Murray River's total length is 2520 kilometers (1566 miles) and spans the states of Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia

title: Talk:Murray River/Maps


text:
Pontic Greek

Pontic Greek (Ποντιακόν λαλίαν, romanized: Pontiakón lalían or Ρωμαίικα romanized: Roméika; Ποντιακή διάλεκτος, romanized: Pontiakí diálektos; Rumca) is an endangered variety of Modern Greek indigenous to the Pontus region on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Turkish/Caucasus region. Today it is spoken mainly in northern Greece. Its speakers are referred to as Pontic Greeks or Pontian Greeks. It is not completely mutually intelligible with modern Demotic Greek.

The linguistic lineage of Pontic Greek stems from Ionic Greek via Koine and Byzantine Greek, and contains influences from Russian, Turkish, Kartvelian (namely Laz and Georgian) and Armenian.

Pontic Greek is an endangered dialect of Greek spoken by about 778,000 people worldwide. Many Pontians live in Greece; however, only 200,000–300,000 of those are considered active Pontic speakers. Although it is mainly spoken in Northern Greece, it is also spoken in Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Kazakhstan, as well as by the Pontic diaspora. The language was brought to Greece during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. However, it is still spoken in pockets of the Pontus today, mostly by Pontic Greek Muslims in the eastern districts of Trabzon Province. Pontic Greek is one of the languages of the Greek (Hellenic) branch separate from Mainland Greek. Pontic Greek and typical demotic, Mainland Greek is generally mutually unintelligible. It is primarily written in the Greek script; in Turkey and Ukraine the Latin script is used more frequently; in Russia and former Soviet countries, the Cyrillic alphabet is used.

Classification
Pontic Greek is classified as an Indo-European, Greek language of the Attic-Ionic branch.

Name
Historically, the speakers of Pontic Greek called it simply Romeyka (or Romeika, Ρωμαίικα), which is also a historical and colloquial term for Modern Greek in general. The term clearly refers to Greek as the language of the eastern Roman Empire, thus Roma. The term "Pontic" originated in scholarly usage, but it has been adopted as a mark of identity by Pontic Greeks living in Greece. Pontic Greeks in Greece may call their language Pontiaká.

Similarly, in Turkish, there is no special name for Pontic Greek; it is called Rumca, derived from the Turkish word Rum, denoting Byzantine Greeks.

Nowadays, Pontic speakers living in Turkey call their language Romeyka, Urumce, Rumca or Rumcika.

History
Similar to most modern Greek dialects, Pontic Greek is mainly derived from Koine Greek, which was spoken in the Hellenistic and Roman times between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD. Following the Seljuk invasion of Asia Minor during the 11th century AD, Pontus became isolated from many of the regions of the Byzantine Empire. The Pontians remained somewhat isolated from the mainland Greeks, causing Pontic Greek to develop separately and distinctly from the rest of the mainland Greek. However, the language has also been influenced by the nearby Persian, Caucasian, and Turkish languages.

Dialects
Greek linguist Manolis Triantafyllidis has divided the Pontic of Turkey into two groups:
 * the Western group (Oinountiac or Niotika) around Oenoe (Turkish Ünye);
 * the Eastern group, which is again subdivided into:
 * the coastal subgroup (Trapezountiac) around Trebizond (Ancient Greek Trapezous) and
 * the inland subgroup (Chaldiot) in Chaldia (around Argyroupolis (Gümüşhane) and Kanin in Pontic), its vicinity (Kelkit, Baibourt, etc.), and around Kotyora (Ordu).

Speakers of Chaldiot were the most numerous. In phonology, some varieties of Pontic are reported to demonstrate vowel harmony, a well-known feature of Turkish (Mirambel 1965).

Outside Turkey one can distinguish:
 * the Northern group (Mariupol Greek or Rumeíka), originally spoken in Crimea, but now principally in Mariupol, where the majority of Crimean Pontic Greeks of the Rumaiic subgroup now live. Other Pontic Greeks speak Crimean Tatar as their mother tongue, and are classified as "Urums". There are approximately half a dozen dialects of Crimean (Mariupolitan) Pontic Greek spoken.
 * Soviet Rumaiic, a Soviet variant of the Pontic Greek language spoken by the Pontic Greek population of the Soviet Union.

Ophitic
The inhabitants of the Of valley who had converted to Islam in the 17th century remained in Turkey and have partly retained the Pontic language until today. Their dialect, which forms part of the Trapezountiac subgroup, is called "Ophitic" by linguists, but speakers generally call it Romeika. As few as 5,000 people are reported to speak it. There are however estimates that show the real number of the speakers as considerably higher. Speakers of Ophitic/Romeyka are concentrated in the eastern districts of Trabzon province: Çaykara (Katohor), Dernekpazarı (Kondu), Sürmene (Sourmena) and Köprübaşı (Göneşera). Although less widespread, it is still spoken in some remote villages of the Of district itself. It is also spoken in the western İkizdere (Dipotamos) district of Rize province. Historically the dialect was spoken in a wider area, stretching further east to the port town of Pazar (Athina).

Ophitic has retained the infinitive, which is present in Ancient Greek but has been lost in other variants of Modern Greek (except Italiot Greek); it has therefore been characterized as "archaic" or conservative (even in relation to other Pontic dialects) and as the living language that is closest to Ancient Greek. Because a majority of the population of these districts converted to Islam during the 17th to 19th centuries, some Arabic and Turkish loanwords have been adopted in the language. According to Vahit Tursun, writer of the Romeika-Turkish dictionary, loanwords from the neighboring Laz speakers of Rize province are strikingly absent in the Romeika vocabulary of Trabzon natives.

A very similar dialect is spoken by descendants of Christians from the Of valley (especially from Kondu) now living in Greece in the village of Nea Trapezounta, Pieria, Central Macedonia, with about 400 speakers.

Geographic distribution
Though Pontic was originally spoken on the southern shores of the Black Sea, from the 18th and 19th century and on substantial numbers migrated into the northern and eastern shores, into the Russian Empire. Pontic is still spoken by large numbers of people in Ukraine, mainly in Mariupol, but also in other parts of Ukraine such as the Odesa and Donetsk region, in Russia (around Stavropol) and Georgia. The language enjoyed some use as a literary medium in the 1930s, including a school grammar (Topkharas 1998 [1932]).

After the massacres of the 1910s, the majority of speakers remaining in Asia Minor were subject to the Treaty of Lausanne population exchange, and were resettled in Greece (mainly northern Greece). A second wave of migration occurred in the early 1990s, this time from countries of the former Soviet Union.

In urban areas in Greece the language is no longer spoken in daily life but in villages and towns with more homogeneous Pontic population, located mostly in the northern part of country, the language is still in active daily usage. Many radio stations broadcast in the Pontic language, and many associations exist for its safeguard.

 * Greece: 400,000 speakers, mostly in Macedonia (East, Central and West) and in Attica
 * Turkey: Unknown (certainly more than 5,000), mostly in eastern Black Sea Region and in Istanbul
 * Of-dialectical region:
 * Of: multiple villages
 * Çaykara: (24–70 villages)
 * Dernekpazarı: (13 villages)
 * Köprübaşı: (5 villages)
 * Sürmene: (31 villages)
 * Rize: (21 villages, mostly in İkizdere district)
 * To the west of Trabzon:
 * Maçka: A handful of villages, settled from the Of-Çaykara region
 * Tonya: (17 villages)
 * Beşikdüzü: 1 village
 * Giresun: (3 villages in Bulancak district)
 * Gümüşhane: Sparsely in Torul-ardasa, Yağlıdere-kromni, Dumanlı
 * Caucasus region
 * Kars: Multiple villages and provincial capital.

Greece
In Greece, Pontic has no official status, like all other Greek dialects.

Soviet Union
Historically, Pontic Greek was the de facto language of the Greek minority in the USSR, although in the Πανσυνδεσμιακή Σύσκεψη (Pansyndesmiakí Sýskepsi, All-Union Conference) of 1926, organised by the Greek–Soviet intelligentsia, it was decided that Demotic should be the official language of the community.

Later revival of Greek identity in the Soviet Union and post-Communist Russia saw a renewed division on the issue of Rumaiic versus Demotic. A new attempt to preserve a sense of ethnic Rumaiic identity started in the mid-1980s. The Ukrainian scholar Andriy Biletsky created a new Slavonic alphabet, but though a number of writers and poets make use of this alphabet, the population of the region rarely uses it.

Culture
The language has a rich oral tradition and folklore and Pontic songs are particularly popular in Greece. There is also some limited production of modern literature in Pontic, including poetry collections (among the most renowned writers is Kostas Diamantidis), novels, and translated Asterix comic albums. The youth often speak standard Greek as their first language. The use of Pontic has been maintained more by speakers in North America than it has in Greece.

Alphabets
Pontic, in Greece, is written in the Greek alphabet, with diacritics: σ̌ ζ̌ ξ̌ ψ̌ for, α̈ ο̈ for (phonological ). Pontic, in Turkey, is written in the Latin alphabet following Turkish conventions. In Russia, it is written in the Cyrillic alphabet. In early Soviet times, Pontic was written in the Greek alphabet phonetically, as shown below, using digraphs instead of diacritics; were written out as ια, ιο. The Pontic Wikipedia uses Greek script: it has adopted εα, εο for these vowels, to avoid clashes with Modern Greek ια, ιο, and uses digraphs from the Soviet system instead of diacritics, but otherwise follows historical orthography.

Archaisms
The following are features of Pontic Greek which have been retained from early forms of Greek, in contrast to the developments of Modern Greek.

Phonology

 * The vowel "η" sometimes merged with "ε" rather than "ι" (κέπιν = κήπιον, κλέφτες = κλέπτης, συνέλικος = συνήλικος, νύφε = νύ(μ)φη, έγκα = ἤνεγκον, έτον = ἦτον, έκουσα = ἤκουσα etc.).
 * The vowel "ω" merged with "o" even in those cases where Koine Greek received it as "ου" (ζωμίν = ζουμί, καρβώνι, ρωθώνι etc.).
 * Preservation of the Ionic consonant pair "σπ" instead of Koine "σφ" (σποντύλιν, σπίγγω, σπιντόνα).

Declension of nouns and adjectives

 * Preservation of the ancient nominative suffix "-ν" in neuter diminutive nouns from Ancient Greek "-ίον" (παιδίον, χωρίον; Pontic παιδίν, χωρίν).
 * Preservation of the termination of feminine compound adjectives in -ος (η άλαλος, η άνοστος, η έμορφος).
 * The declension of masculine nouns from singular, nominative termination "-ον" to genitive "-ονος" (ο νέον → τη νέονος, ο πάππον → τη πάππονος, ο λύκον → τη λύκονος, ο Τούρκον → τη Τούρκονος etc.).
 * The ancient accenting of nouns in vocative form: άδελφε, Νίκολα, Μάρια.

Conjugation of verbs

 * The second aorist form in -ον (ανάμνον, μείνον, κόψον, πίσον, ράψον, σβήσον).
 * The middle voice verb termination in -ούμαι (ανακατούμαι, σκοτούμαι, στεφανούμαι).
 * The passive voice aorist termination in -θα (anc. -θην): εγαπέθα, εκοιμέθα, εστάθα etc.
 * The imperative form of passive aorist in -θετε (anc -θητι): εγαπέθετε, εκοιμέθετε, εστάθετε.
 * The sporadic use of infinitives (εποθανείναι, μαθείναι, κόψ'ναι, ράψ'ναι, χαρίσ'ναι, αγαπέθειν, κοιμεθείν).
 * Pontic en ("is") from Koine idiomatic form enesti (standard Ancient Greek esti), compare the Biblical form eni ("there is"), Modern Greek ine (είναι)

Lexicology

 * The sporadic use of ας in the place of να: δός με ας τρόω.
 * Pontic τεμέτερον (temeteron; "ours") from Ancient Greek τῶν ἡμετέρων (ton hemeteron) in contrast to Modern Greek των […] μας (ton […] mas.)

Comparison with Ancient Greek

 * 1. Attachment of the /e/ sound to the ancient infinitive suffix –εῖν, -ειν (in Trapezountiac Pontic)

 * Pontic || Ancient
 * ειπείνε || εἰπεῖν
 * παθείνε || παθεῖν
 * αποθανείνε || ἀποθανεῖν
 * πιείνε || πιεῖν
 * ειδείνε || εἰδεῖν
 * φυείνε || φυγεῖν
 * ευρείνε || εὑρεῖν
 * καμείνε || καμεῖν
 * φαείνε || φαγεῖν
 * μαθείνε || μαθεῖν
 * ερθέανε || ἐλθεῖν
 * μενείνε || μένειν
 * }
 * ευρείνε || εὑρεῖν
 * καμείνε || καμεῖν
 * φαείνε || φαγεῖν
 * μαθείνε || μαθεῖν
 * ερθέανε || ἐλθεῖν
 * μενείνε || μένειν
 * }
 * μαθείνε || μαθεῖν
 * ερθέανε || ἐλθεῖν
 * μενείνε || μένειν
 * }
 * μενείνε || μένειν
 * }

 * 2. Preservation of the Ancient infinitive suffix -ῆναι

 * Pontic || Ancient
 * ανεβήναι || ἀναβῆναι
 * κατεβήναι || καταβῆναι
 * εμπήναι || ἐμβῆναι
 * εβγήναι || ἐκβῆναι
 * επιδεαβήναι || ἀποδιαβῆναι
 * κοιμεθήναι || κοιμηθῆναι
 * χτυπεθήναι || κτυπηθῆναι
 * ευρεθήναι || εὑρεθῆναι
 * βρασήναι || βραχῆναι
 * ραήναι || ῥαγῆναι
 * }
 * κοιμεθήναι || κοιμηθῆναι
 * χτυπεθήναι || κτυπηθῆναι
 * ευρεθήναι || εὑρεθῆναι
 * βρασήναι || βραχῆναι
 * ραήναι || ῥαγῆναι
 * }
 * βρασήναι || βραχῆναι
 * ραήναι || ῥαγῆναι
 * }
 * ραήναι || ῥαγῆναι
 * }

 * 3. Ancient first aorist infinitive suffix -αι has been replaced by second aorist suffix -ειν

 * Pontic || Ancient
 * κράξειν || κράξαι
 * μεθύσειν || μεθύσαι
 * }
 * μεθύσειν || μεθύσαι
 * }
 * }

 * 4. Attachment of the /e/ sound to the ancient aorist infinitive suffix –ειν
 * ράψεινε, κράξεινε, μεθύσεινε, καλέσεινε, λαλήσεινε, κτυπήσεινε, καθίσεινε

 * 5. Same aorist suffix –κα (–κα was also the regular perfect suffix)

 * Pontic || Ancient
 * εδώκα || ἔδωκα
 * εντώκα || ἐνέδωκα
 * εποίκα || ἐποίηκα
 * εφήκα || ἀφῆκα
 * εθήκα || ἔθηκα
 * }
 * εποίκα || ἐποίηκα
 * εφήκα || ἀφῆκα
 * εθήκα || ἔθηκα
 * }
 * εθήκα || ἔθηκα
 * }

 * 6. Ancient Greek –ein (-εῖν) infinitive > Pontic Greek –eane (-έανε) infinitive

 * Pontic || Ancient
 * ερθέανε || ἐλθεῖν
 * }
 * ερθέανε || ἐλθεῖν
 * }

title: Pontic Greek


text:
CII

CII or Cii may refer to:

 * 102 (number) in Roman numerals
 * Calculated Ignition Index, an index of the ignition quality of fuel oil
 * Caldera International, Inc., a software company between 2001 and 2002
 * Centro Intelligence Interforze, an Italian intelligence agency
 * Chaîne d'Information Internationale, former name of TV station France 24
 * Chartered Insurance Institute
 * Children's Institute International, a child-abuse organisation in Los Angeles
 * Colour Index International
 * Compagnie internationale pour l'informatique, French computer manufacturer
 * Computer-implemented inventions, see software patent
 * Confederation of Indian Industry
 * Construction Industry Institute
 * Core Infrastructure Initiative, a project started by the Linux Foundation to fund critical open source projects
 * Council of Islamic Ideology, Pakistan Government
 * Cross Industry Invoice, a technical specification developed in UN/CEFACT for creating message syntax used in global exchange between trading partners
 * George M. Low Center for Industrial Innovation, a research center at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

authors: Лисан аль-Гаиб

title: CII


text:
Miyuki-chan in Wonderland

Miyuki-chan in Wonderland (不思議の国の美幸ちゃん) is a comedy, yuri (love between women) manga written and illustrated by Clamp, an all-female manga artist team consisting of Satsuki Igarashi, Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Nanase Ohkawa. The story focuses on the eponymous protagonist, a Japanese high-school girl who finds herself pulled into various worlds populated by women who consider her appealing.

Miyuki-chan in Wonderland appeared as a serial in the manga magazine Newtype from 1993 to 1995, based on the 1865 children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. Kadokawa Shoten collected the seven chapters into one bound volume and published it in September 1995. While the concept of Miyuki-chan in Wonderland was initially imagined as the first chapter by writer Ohkawa, the team continued with it for the enjoyment it provided. An image album and an original video animation adaptation of the first two chapters were published in 1995.

In 2002, Tokyopop announced that it had licensed Miyuki-chan in Wonderland for an English-language translation, and published it in October 2003. It is now out of print. It received a range of critical reaction from reviewers, from praise as cute entertainment to criticism as the worst of Clamp's works. The eponymous protagonist has made cameo appearances in other works by Clamp: the music video Clamp in Wonderland (1994) Clamp School Detectives (1997), and the fantasy manga series Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle (2003–2009). Viz Media acquired the rights to the manga and digitally published it on September 24, 2014.

Plot
Miyuki-chan in Wonderland consists of seven independent chapters linked together by the eponymous protagonist.

 * "Miyuki-chan in Wonderland (不思議の国の美幸ちゃん): While rushing to high school, Miyuki sees a skateboarding playboy bunny, and falls down a rabbit hole. There she meets various women who find her attractive, and panicking, awakens from her dream. However, as she runs to school, the woman skateboards past her again.
 * "Miyuki-chan in Looking Glass Land" (鏡の国の美幸ちゃん): While combing her hair in front of a mirror, Miyuki finds herself kissed by her reflection and pulled into the mirror, where she meets women who find her attractive. Fleeing from them, she eventually returns to her bedroom.
 * "Miyuki-chan in TV Land" (テレビの中の美幸ちゃん): Miyuki awakens to find that she has overslept and missed the television broadcast of the film Barbarella (1968). She is then pulled into the television by a pair of legs. Fleeing from the women who consider her attractive, Miyuki wakes up to see a pair of legs emerging from the television.
 * "Miyuki-chan in Part-Time Job Land" (バイトの国の美幸ちゃん): Rushing to her part-time work at a diner, Miyuki finds a boxing ring, in which she is pitted against other restaurants' employees. She attempts to escape, only to be caught and blasted. She awakens, having bumped her head on the staff room door, and enters to find the boxing ring.
 * "Miyuki-chan in Mah-Jongg Land" (麻雀の国の美幸ちゃん): Miyuki reads a comic about mah-jongg, when three mah-jongg players appear to play strip mah-jongg with her. One reveals herself to be "Mah-Jongg Girl", a superheroine, and with her defeat, Miyuki takes her place. She eventually awakens.
 * "Miyuki-chan in Video Game Land" (ゲームの国の美幸ちゃん): After failing to complete a video game, Miyuki accepts the video game's offer to take over as the heroine and is transported inside the game, where she meets women who find her attractive. Miyuki, however, dies inside the game, and the same game menu appears.
 * "Miyuki-chan in X land" (X(エックス)の国の美幸ちゃん): While watching X in the film theater, Miyuki is swooped into the film, where its characters find her attractive. She awakens in the theater to find that she has now replaced its protagonist, to her shock.

Development
Miyuki-chan in Wonderland was developed by Clamp—the all-female manga artist team consisting of Satsuki Igarashi, Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Nanase Ohkawa. Ohkawa conceived the concept of Miyuki-chan in Wonderland, which was supposed to serve as the first chapter. The team, however, decided to continue with the concept, as Ohkawa was fond of it and Mokona enjoyed illustrating the characters. The protagonist was illustrated with her school uniform, as that provided the team with more fan service opportunities during action scenes. In retrospective, the team felt that the manga acted as a showcase for Mokona's "sexy, female character designs", writing: "It was fun, but a little hentai."

Manga
Written and illustrated by Clamp, the seven chapters of Miyuki-chan in Wonderland appeared as a serial in the manga magazine Newtype from 1993 to 1995. Kadokawa Shoten published the chapters in one bound volume on September 10, 1995, and re-released it on May 1, 2001.

Tokyopop licensed Miyuki-chan in Wonderland for an English-language release in North America, and published it on October 5, 2003. It has since gone out of print. The manga has also been translated into other languages, such as Italian by Planet Manga, and German by Carlsen Verlag.

OVA
Directed by Seiko Sayama and Mamoru Hamazu, the original video animation (OVA) adaptation of the first two chapters of Miyuki-chan in Wonderland was released by Sony Music Entertainment on June 21, 1995. It was produced by Animate Film, with Toshiyuki Honda as the composer and Tetsuro Aoki as the designer. Ohkawa wrote the script for the adaptation. ADV Films licensed Miyuki-chan in Wonderland for a Region 1 release, and published it in May 2002.

Other
An image album based on Miyuki-chan in Wonderland was released on April 1, 1995, by Sony Music Entertainment.

Reception and legacy
Miyuki-chan in Wonderland received a range of critical reaction. In Women in Science Fiction and Fantasy (2009), Eden Lee Lackner wrote that the manga's notability stems from "how it plays with textual boundaries"; for example, Miyuki travels through Clamp's adaptation of the fictional worlds of Alice in Wonderland and X. According to her, Miyuki's travels to X land serves as "characteristic" of Clamp's intersection of its characters and narratives from its different works. Writing for Sequential Tart, Sheena McNeil greatly enjoyed the manga, praising it as entertaining "fluff". Patrick King of Animefringe wrote that the illustrations contributed the most appeal to the plotless manga, with the inclusion of a bonus section and colored OVA concept-art pages praised as well. In contrast, Katherine Dacey, the former senior manga editor for PopCultureShock, described the manga as "the nadir of this talented quartet’s work" in her list of the ten worst manga. According to her, the "inane" short stories served as "just a pretext for CLAMP to draw scantily-clad beauties engaging in vaguely naughty behavior (usually making a pass at the vaguely horrified Miyuki or inviting her to play strip poker)." Mason Templar, writing in Manga: The Complete Guide (2007), similarly reviewed the manga, commenting that it was best viewed as an artbook. Erica Friedman, the founder of Yuricon, a lesbian-themed convention, and ALC Publishing, wrote that the settings were "loosely based on Lewis Carroll’s iconic works, games and Clamp’s own work." According to her, the manga lacked emotion and a true depiction of lesbians, only showing "fictitious female beings groping a fictitious female character".

The anime adaptation also received a range of reviews. Anime News Network's Christopher Macdonald recommended it as nonsensical entertainment, describing it as Clamp's tribute to Alice in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking Glass (1871). McNeil praised it as nicely animated entertainment, though it lacked developed characters and a plot. In his review of the anime adaptation, King concluded: "It's simply a showcase of some cute and sexy animation designed by CLAMP, no more, no less." He noted the absence of an English-language dub. Chris Beveridge of Mania Entertainment praised the character designs and voice acting, rating the anime C-. Another reviewer for Sequential Tart expressed her lukewarm feelings towards the anime, and wrote that it might appeal to fans of Clamp or art films. While praising the visuals and audio as helping to create a surreal atmosphere, Raphael See of THEM Anime Reviews, in contrast, wrote that the effect was ruined by the sexual nature of the plot; he recommended Dreams (1990) or Robot Carnival (1987) instead. In The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation since 1917 (2001), Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy unfavorably reviewed the anime, describing it as "pointlessly kinky."

Miyuki has appeared in other works by Clamp. She appears in the video collection Clamp in Wonderland (1994), and makes a cameo appearance in the backgrounds of the fantasy manga series Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle (2003–2009).

title: Miyuki-chan in Wonderland


text:
Theydon Bois tube station

Theydon Bois is a London Underground station in the village of Theydon Bois in Essex, England. It is served by the Central line and is between Debden and Epping, in Travelcard Zone 6.

History
The station was opened as "Theydon" by the Great Eastern Railway (GER) on 24 April 1865 but in December that year it was renamed to its present name. It opened as an intermediate station on their Loughton–Ongar extension; the GER became part of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) in 1923. 'Milk trains' to Liverpool Street were a regular feature in the timetable until the underpass from Leyton to Stratford was built.

As part of the New Works Programme, 1935–1940, the LNER branch was transferred to London Underground, to form the part of the eastern extension of the Central line.

In 2015, advocacy by a local group forced a proposed 80-space commuter car park to seek planning permission before being constructed on land adjacent to the station.

The station today
The station was one of the first on the Underground network to operate without a staffed ticket office.

title: Theydon Bois tube station


text:
Talk:Humiliation (BDSM)

Moved to Talk:Sexual humiliation

title: Talk:Humiliation (BDSM)


text: User talk:68.63.124.33

title: User talk:68.63.124.33


title: File:Windows98.png


text:
Cappadocian Greek

Cappadocian Greek (Καππαδοκικά, Καππαδοκική Διάλεκτος), also known as Cappadocian is a dialect of modern Greek, originally spoken in Cappadocia (modern-day Central Turkey) by the descendants of the Byzantine Greeks of Anatolia. The language originally diverged from Medieval Greek after the late medieval migrations of the Turks from Central Asia into what is now Turkey began cutting the Cappadocians off from the rest of the Greek-speaking Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. As a result of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, all remaining speakers (known in Turkey as Rûm, and referred to now as Cappadocian Greeks) were forced to emigrate to Greece where they were resettled in various locations, primarily in Central and Northern Greece. The Cappadocians were encouraged to shift to Standard Modern Greek as part of their integration into Greece, and their language was thought to be extinct since the 1960s. In June 2005, Mark Janse (Ghent University) and Dimitris Papazachariou (University of Patras) discovered Cappadocians in Central and Northern Greece who could still speak their ancestral language fluently. Many are middle-aged, third-generation speakers who take a very positive attitude towards the language, as opposed to their parents and grandparents. The latter are much less inclined to speak Cappadocian and more often than not switch to Standard Modern Greek.

History and research
By the fifth century AD, the last of the Indo-European native languages of Asia Minor ceased to be spoken, replaced by Koine Greek. At the same time, the communities of central Anatolia were becoming actively involved in the affairs of the then Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire, and some (now Greek-speaking) Cappadocians, such as Maurice Tiberius (r. 582–602) and Heraclius (r. 610 to 641), would even rise to become emperors.

Cappadocian Greek first began to diverge from the Medieval Greek common language of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire six centuries later, following the Byzantines' defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. This subsequent civil war and the Seljuk invasion led to the severing of Cappadocia from the rest of the Byzantine world. Among all Greek dialects, Cappadocian Greek is the one most influenced by Turkish, but unlike Standard Modern Greek, it would not be influenced by Venetian or French, which entered Modern Greek during the Frankokratia period, when those groups began ruling in Greece following the Fourth Crusade's sacking of Byzantine Constantinople.

The earliest records of the language are in the macaronic poems of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (1207–1273), who lived in Iconium (Konya), and some ghazals by his son Sultan Walad. Interpretation of the Greek language texts is difficult as they are written in Arabic script, and in Rumi's case without vowel points; Dedes' edition (Δέδες) is the most recent edition.

By the early 20th century many Cappadocians had shifted to Turkish altogether (written with the Greek alphabet, Karamanlidika). Where Greek was maintained (numerous villages near Kayseri, including Misthi, Malakopea, Prokopion, Karvali, and Anakou), it became heavily influenced by the surrounding Turkish. However, there are next to no written documents in Medieval or early Modern Cappadocian, as the language was, and still essentially is, a spoken language only. Those educated to read and write, such as priests, would do so in the more classicising literary Greek. The earliest outside studies of spoken Cappadocian date from the 19th century, but are generally not very accurate.

One of the first documented studies was Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916), by Richard MacGillivray Dawkins (1871–1955), then a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge and later the first Bywater and Sotheby Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature at the University of Oxford, based on fieldwork conducted by the author in Cappadocia in 1909–1911.

After the population exchange, several Cappadocian dialects have been described by collaborators of the Center for Asia Minor Studies (Κέντρον Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών) in Athens: Uluağaç (I.I. Kesisoglou, 1951), Aravan (D. Phosteris & I.I. Kesisoglou, 1960), Axo (G. Mavrochalyvidis & I.I. Kesisoglou, 1960) and Anaku (A.P. Costakis, 1964), resulting in a series of grammars.

In recent years, the study of Cappadocian has seen a revival following the pioneering work on Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) by Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman, and a series of publications on various aspects of Cappadocian linguistics by Mark Janse, professor at Roosevelt Academy, who has also contributed a grammatical survey of Cappadocian to a forthcoming handbook on Modern Greek dialects edited by Christos Tzitzilis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki).

The recent discovery of Cappadocian speakers by Janse and Papazachariou will result in the release of a new dictionary and a compilation of texts.

Cappadocian Greek is well known from the linguistic literature as being one of the first well documented cases of language death, and in particular the significant admixture of non-Indo-European linguistic features into an Indo-European language. This process was pronounced in southwestern Cappadocia, and included the introduction of vowel harmony and verb-final word order.

Characteristics
The Greek element in Cappadocian is to a large extent Byzantine, e.g. θίρ or tír 'door' from (Ancient and) Byzantine Greek θύρα (Modern Greek θύρα), ποίκα or έπκα 'I did' from Byzantine Greek έποικα (Modern Greek έκανα). Other, pre-Byzantine, archaisms are the use of the possessive adjectives μό(ν), σό(ν) etc. from Ancient Greek ἐμός, σός, etc. and the formation of the imperfect by means of the suffix -ισ̌κ- from the Ancient Greek (Ionic) iterative suffix -(ε)σκ-. Turkish influence appears at every level. The Cappadocian sound system includes the Turkish vowels ı, ö, ü, and the Turkish consonants b, d, g, š, ž, tš, dž, although some of these are also found in modern Greek words as a result of palatalization.

Turkish vowel harmony is found in forms such as δϋσ̌ϋνδΰζϋ 'I think', aor. 3sg δϋσ̌ΰντσϋ < δϋσ̌ΰντσι (Malakopi), from Turkish düşünmek, πατισ̌αχης < πατισ̌άχις 'king' (Delmeso), from Turkish padişah. Cappadocian noun morphology is characterized by the emergence of a generalized agglutinative declension and the progressive loss of grammatical gender distinctions, e.g. το ναίκα 'the (neuter) woman (feminine)', genitive ναίκα-ιου, plural ναίκες, genitive ναίκεζ-ιου (Uluağaç). Another Turkish feature is the morphological marking of definiteness in the accusative case, e.g. λύκος 'wolf (nominative / unmarked indefinite accusative)' vs. λύκο 'wolf (marked definite accusative)'.

Agglutinative forms are also found in the verb system such as the pluperfect ήρτα τον 'I had come' (lit. 'I came I was') (Delmeso) on the model of Turkish geldi idi (geldiydi). Although Cappadocian word order is essentially governed by discourse considerations such as topic and focus, there is a tendency towards the Turkish subject–object–verb word order with its typological correlates (suffixation and pre-nominal grammatical modifiers).

The commonality among all Greek Cappadocian dialects is that they evolved from Byzantine Greek under the influence of Turkish. On the other hand, those dialects evolved in isolated villages. This has resulted in a variety of Greek Cappadocian dialects.

Revitalisation
Although Cappadocian Greek was once believed to be a dead language, the discovery of a population of speakers has led to an increase in awareness, both within and outside of the Cappadocian community in Greece. In the documentary Last Words, which follows Mark Janse through Cappadocian-speaking villages on the Greek mainland, community members are seen encouraging each other to use their dialect for ordinary things, such as joke telling. The members of these villages, including such notable figures as the bishop, recount being touched by a presentation given in Cappadocian by Janse on a visit to the region. The bishop went so far as to say that Janse's speech "has lifted their shame." The revitalisation process is seen through examples such as this, wherein the speakers have begun to take back their identity and embrace their mother tongue. Additionally, younger generations are embracing the power of technology to spread awareness, utilising social media about the language to inform the larger Greek population.

Dialects

 * Northeastern Cappadocian (Sinasos, Potamia, Delmeso)
 * Northwestern Cappadocian (Silata or Zila, Anaku, Flojita, Malakopi)
 * Central Cappadocian (Axo; Misthi) (See Misthiotica)
 * Southwestern Cappadocian (Aravan, Gurzono; Fertek)
 * Southeastern Cappadocian (Oulagatz (Uluağaç), Semendere)

Rumi and Sultan Walad

 * Δέδες, Δ. 1993. Ποιήματα του Μαυλανά Ρουμή. Τα Ιστορικά 10.18–19: 3–22.
 * Meyer, G. 1895. Die griechischen Verse in Rabâbnâma. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 4: 401–411.
 * Mertzios, C.D. 1958. Quelques vers grecs du XIIIe siècle en caractères arabes. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 51: 1516.
 * Burguière, P. 1952. Quelques vers grecs du XIIIe siècle en caractères arabes. Byzantion 22: 63–80.

title: Cappadocian Greek


text:
Embley Park

Embley Park, in Wellow (near Romsey, Hampshire), was the family home of Florence Nightingale from 1825 until her death in 1910. It is also where Florence Nightingale claimed she had received her divine calling from God. It is now the location of Embley, a co-educational independent school for 3–18 year olds. Embley was known as Hampshire Collegiate School until September 2019.

The Home
In 1826, Florence Nightingale's father William Nightingale purchased Embley Park house for the family to use as a permanent residence with Lea Hurst being used as a summer residence. The house was the larger of the two and was described as:

"a good-sized plain square house of the late Georgian period, the situation warm and sheltered, the gardens very large and exceptionally fine. The shooting was good, London was reasonably near, and Fanny's two married sisters, Mrs Nicholson at Waverley Abbey near Farnham and Mrs Bonham-Carter at Fair Oak, near Winchester, were within easy reach."

Nightingale claimed she had received her first divine calling from God in 1837 at Embley whilst she sat underneath a tree in the grounds. She then stayed there after her return from the Crimean War for some time before returning for visits whilst living in London. After her death in London in 1910, her body was brought by train back to Romsey and her coffin carried from the station to the church at East Wellow where she is buried.

The school
A school was first established at Embley Park in 1946. Mergers with various other schools followed, resulting in the creation of Hampshire Collegiate School in 2006. The school changed its name to Embley in September 2019. The school is part of the United Church Schools Trust.

title: Embley Park


text:
Talk:Interactivity

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 14 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nyderia Smith.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:02, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 4 January 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sydj1996.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:36, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

discussion about this article

 * I'm curious about the Denis McQuail citation in the "Interactivity in New Media" section. There are far more prominent, creditable, and contemporary academics to site in this field (Murray or Manovich off the top of my head).

I won't personally edit or delete the citation, but it seems like a very conspicuous selection to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dakotareese (talk • contribs) 21:01, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * how would you feel about merging this article with the article about interaction? Pe3 08:04, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

better not. facopad

I don't thinkl they are the same: this deals with information, the other deals with the idea of interacting parts--Scorpion451 01:20, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

I have added to the lead paragraph to help explain the forms interactivity takes place in. In human to human communication I added a picture as well as text explaining where the term comes from and what it refers to. In creating interactivity I touch on web interactivity and what that entails, participation is a big part (such as wikipedia!). With everything added there are new citations as well. Sydj1996 (talk) 00:19, 2 December 2019 (UTC)

discussion about interactivity

 * what about the levels of interaction?

1) interruption - how often can you interrupt/continue? 2) selection - how many options, how often? 3) creative conversation - interactivity can be viewed as an art because it goes through the process of establishing a connection with the individual user. the user becomes a conscious to the mechanical purpose of the technology. implementation - users intention to do what should be possible merges as a part of the system - what she does, affects to what is possible to do

(youngblood 1995 pp.240-241) the first two levels we have now, third one is to come. not soon though. let's have a discussion on this will we? ;)

for example the interactions happening between users in a multiuser application. Pe3 15:22, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * what about interactions not happening between a user and a digital device?

From the point of view of new media technologies, the nature of interactivity is a specific issue.

Dags 20. jan 2006: Added a section on (human-artefact) interactivity from a somewhat philosophical perspective. Does this fit in with the rest?

Artist called Interactive?
See http://www.discogs.com/artist/Interactive —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.206.48.6 (talk • contribs)

Links Interactive Art
why is this subsection EMPTY? should I delete it? Samus uy 02:39, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interactivity


text:
Talk:Coup d'état of December Twelfth

Twelvth?
Twelvth?
 * Sorry. The original broken link was a typo. I did not notice it. My fault. Toytoy 14:00, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

Security Command vs. Defense Security Command
The organization Chun Doo-hwan was in charge of was called "보안사령부" at the time, which translates to Security Command. The organization was later changed to the 국군기무사령부, whose accepted english name is "Defense Security Command". I've changed Chun's org back to Security Command, and I've added a source that says it was 보안사령부 at the time (technically it was 국군보안사령부). I also added a ref showing that the translation of 보안사령부 is "Defense Command". Note that the dictionary doesn't explicitly have an entry for 보안사령부, but it has an entry for 육군보안사령부. The "육군" part just means "Army".

In short: I strongly feel Chun's organization during 1979 should translate to Security Command, so I've made the change and added a couple sources, as well. FFLaguna (talk) 21:40, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

Results
I added in what I think was the result: "The coup ended the Fourth Republic of South Korea and led to the Fifth Republic of South Korea." However, if someone with more knowledge would like to edit/add to that, please do. --AW (talk) 22:15, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coup d'état of December Twelfth


text:
Talk:Interactive art

Untitled
The artist list has no objective means by which to decide who should be or should not be on the list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.9.144.228 (talk) 22:25, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

what do you think of interactivity as a limiting factor in art? ability to choose from options is lesser than ability to take part? share your comments on this and we'll have a discussion
 * Wikipedia is not a forum. - UnlimitedAccess 04:09, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

There is a fairly prominent organization in Australia called Experimenta, which does major exhibitions both in AU and internationally involving a number of artists on Wikipedia. They've been around for quite a while- 20+ years in '07. Are they page-worthy? Margotkh 02:53, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

The example given, Michael Mandiberg's "How Much It Costs Us", is a poor example. If this qualifies as interactive art, then so do Google Maps and Mapquest, which perform the same function in exact. The only apparent difference is that Google Maps and Mapquest claim to be services and not art. --GMerriment (talk) 16:46, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Psychocinetic Art
I have nominated the article for deletion twice: neither notability nor significance were ever established. If there are reliable sources that support the topic's notability, then a merge would be supported, but little has been offered. JNW (talk) 18:58, 12 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I recommend merging the stuff that derives directly from reliable sources. Rklawton (talk) 19:09, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Interactive art. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080625200657/http://www.file.org.br/the_culture_of_immanence.doc to http://www.file.org.br/the_culture_of_immanence.doc

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:04, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: 20th-21st Century Art, Performance and Media
— Assignment last updated by Ceiap (talk) 20:45, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Interactive art


text: User talk:81.96.105.53

title: User talk:81.96.105.53


text:
Runic calendar

A Runic calendar (also Rune staff or Runic almanac) is a perpetual calendar, variants of which were used in Northern Europe until the 19th century. A typical runic calendar consisted of several horizontal lines of symbols, one above the other. Special days like solstices, equinoxes, and celebrations (including Christian holidays and feasts) were marked with additional lines of symbols.

Runic calendars were written on parchment or carved onto staves of wood, bone, or horn. The oldest one known, and the only one from the Middle Ages, is a staff from Nyköping, Sweden, believed to date from the 13th century. Most of the several thousand which survive are wooden calendars dating from the 16th and the 17th centuries. During the 18th century, Runic calendars had a renaissance, and calendars dating from around 1800 were made in the form of brass tobacco boxes.

The calendar is based on the 19 year-long Metonic cycle, correlating the Sun and the Moon, but the calendar does not prove knowledge of the length of the tropical year or of the occurrence of leap years. The two sliding halves are aligned and set at the beginning of each year by observing the first full moon after the first new moon after the winter solstice. The first full moon also marked the date of Disting, a pagan feast and a fair day also known as Thing of all Swedes.

Marks
On one line, 52 weeks of 7 days were laid out using 52 repetitions of the first seven runes of the Younger Futhark. The runes corresponding to each weekday varied from year to year.

On another line, many of the days were marked with one of 19 symbols representing the 19 Golden numbers, for the years of the Metonic cycle. In early calendars, each of the 19 years in the cycle was represented by a rune; the first 16 were the 16 runes of the Younger Futhark, plus three special runes improvised for the remaining three years. The new moon would fall on that day during that year of the cycle. For example, in the 18th year of the cycle, the new moons would fall on all the dates marked with tvimadur, the symbol for year 18. Later calendars used Pentadic numerals for the values 1–19.

Because this system needed 19 runes to represent the 19 golden numbers which stood for the 19 years of the perpetual calendar's cycle, the Younger Futhark was insufficient, having only 16 characters. The solution devised was to add three special runes to represent the remaining numbers: (arlaug; Golden Number 17),  (tvimadur or tvímaður; Golden Number 18), and  (belgthor; Golden Number 19). In 1636, Ole Worm documented the Younger Futhark numeral system, including these three characters, in his Runir seu Danica literatura antiquissima (Runes: the oldest Danish literature).

A version using the Latin alphabet for weekdays and Arabic numerals for the golden numbers was printed in 1498 as part of the Breviarium Scarense.

Primstav

A primstav is the ancient Norwegian calendar stick. These were engraved with images instead of runes. The images depicted the different nonmoving religious holidays. The oldest primstav still in existence is from 1457 and is exhibited at Norsk Folkemuseum.

Modern use
Adherents of the Estonian ethnic religion (Maausk) have published Runic calendars (sirvilauad) every year since 1978. Until 1991, the calendar was an illegal samizdat publication under the Soviet government.

title: Runic calendar


text:
Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1977–1980

This is a list of members of the Australian House of Representatives from 1977 to 1980, as elected at the 1977 federal election:

 * 1 Labor member Gough Whitlam resigned on 31 July 1978; Labor candidate John Kerin won the resulting by-election on 23 September 1978.
 * 2 Labor member Frank Stewart died on 16 April 1979; Labor candidate Leo McLeay won the resulting by-election on 23 June 1979.