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User:Dismas

Dismas, patron saint of criminals, prisoners, and undertakers. Also known as "The Good Thief" not because he was especially good at his profession but instead because he knew when to own up to what he'd done.

You can click here to start a message at the bottom of my talk page.

Articles I've started
Christopher Robin Milne | Eugene the Jeep | PajamaGram | Family Groove Company | The Ragpicker's Dream | Groove | Ray Park | Tina Yothers | The Clan of the Cave Bear | 2 Days in the Valley | The Better Life | Murder in the First | She's Having a Baby | Grosse Pointe Blank | Eight Men Out | Nikki Schieler | Kyra Sedgwick | The Journey of Natty Gann | Eddie Jones | Jeremy Piven | The Saint | Stir of Echoes | "Beam me up, Scotty" | Lauren Holly | Booster club | Gabrielle Reece | Pernilla August | Chyler Leigh | How to Make an American Quilt | Samantha Mathis | Swoosie Kurtz | Cindy Margolis | Kelly Lynch | Black & White | Shari Belafonte | Heather Kozar | Joan Severance | Estelle Skornik* | Emily Osment | Brian O'Halloran | Chicken coop* | Locker | Sam Huntington* | Benihana* | Diora Baird | Tire bead | Beadlock | Barbara Babcock | Serena Altschul | The Bacon Brothers | Stage mother | Khrystyne Haje | The Flying Karamazov Brothers | Offertory | Otto Martin Torell | Toran | Choking game | Onyxx | Party at Kitty and Stud's | Bling | Rain Boy | Driven | Perc test | Avenging Angelo | Turbulence | Trancers | Hoard's Dairyman | Freshness date | Where the Truth Lies | Sonja Bennett | The Air Up There | William O. Steele | The Perilous Road | Boink | Honeymoon in Vegas | Dolores Erickson | Brandon Maggart | Lovely & Amazing | Darva Conger | Garett Maggart | Blown Away | Rachel Veltri | Seven Days | The Berghoff | Ish Kabibble | Evan Parke | Downy ball | Joe Pichler | Cormorant | David Arkin | Charles Hallahan | James Ransone | Tread Lightly! | How to Eat Fried Worms | The Cindy Margolis Show | The Charmer | 3 Needles | Eustace Conway | Bald Knob Cross | Michelle Lintel | Dark Justice | Milwaukee Mandolin Orchestra | Take a penny, leave a penny | Loverboy | Champlain Valley Union High School | Vacanti mouse | Willowbrook Museum Village | Slave Ship | Love, Loss, Hope, Repeat | An Incomplete History of the Art of Funerary Violin | Mignonette | Reverence | Pig scalder | Wee Hairy Beasties | Animal Crackers | Premonition | A Million Penguins | The Champion | Brittany Binger | Frigg | Tamara Sky | Patrice Hollis | Spencer Scott | Lindsay Wagner | Sasckya Porto | Mount Hor (Vermont) | Bombardier | Stephen Huneck | David Letterman | Candice Cassidy | Kelley Thompson | Jaime Faith Edmondson | Heather Rae Young | Kyra Milan | Crisis camp | Kassie Lyn Logsdon | Kayla Martell | Stephen Budiansky | Models and Metrics

* Denotes articles that were converted into Wiki articles when someone started the page with a copy/paste from another source

Favorite Quotes By Wikipedians

 * Note for future reference: a Google search of "prison dwarf" does not turn up anything useful. --Fastfission 19:45, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * (When asked the difference between a "Complaint Dept." and "Customer Service") - The diff is much like that between the old U.S. War Department and the newer U.S. Department of Defense. By pretending that customers don't have complaints and countries don't make war, they make it sound like we live in a fairy land filled with care bears who give strangers flowers all the time. StuRat 04:27, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Useful Bookmarks

 * Special:Lonelypages
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 * WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles
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 * Category:Articles with dead external links
 * Category:CS1 errors

title: User:Dismas


text: User talk:200.31.23.195

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:200.31.23.195


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Political repression

Political repression is the act of a state entity controlling a citizenry by force for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing the citizenry's ability to take part in the political life of a society, thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens. Repression tactics target the citizenry who are most likely to challenge the political ideology of the state in order for the government to remain in control. In autocracies, the use of political repression is to prevent anti-regime support and mobilization. It is often manifested through policies such as human rights violations, surveillance abuse, police brutality, imprisonment, involuntary settlement, stripping of citizen's rights, lustration, and violent action or terror such as the murder, summary executions, torture, forced disappearance, and other extrajudicial punishment of political activists, dissidents, or general population. Direct repression tactics are those targeting specific actors who become aware of the harm done to them while covert tactics rely on the threat of citizenry being caught (wiretapping and monitoring). The effectiveness of the tactics differ: covert repression tactics cause dissidents to use less detectable opposition tactics while direct repression allows citizenry to witness and react to the repression. Political repression can also be reinforced by means outside of written policy, such as by public and private media ownership and by self-censorship within the public.

Where political repression is sanctioned and organised by the state, it may constitute state terrorism, genocide, politicide or crimes against humanity. Systemic and violent political repression is a typical feature of dictatorships, totalitarian states and similar regimes. While the use of political repression varies depending on the authoritarian regime, it is argued that repression is a defining feature and the foundation of autocracies by creating a power hierarchy between the leader and citizenry, contributing to the longevity of the regime. Repressive activities have also been found within democratic contexts as well. This can even include setting up situations where the death of the target of repression is the end result. If political repression is not carried out with the approval of the state, a section of government may still be responsible. Some examples are the FBI COINTELPRO operations from 1956 to 1971 and the Palmer Raids from 1919-1920.

In some states, "repression" can be an official term used in legislation or the names of government institutions. The Soviet Union had a legal policy of repression of political opposition defined in its penal code and Cuba under Fulgencio Batista had a secret police agency officially named the Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities. According to Soviet and Communist studies scholar Stephen Wheatcroft, in the case of the Soviet Union terms such as "the terror", "the purges" and "repression" are used to refer to the same events. He believes the most neutral terms are repression and mass killings, although in Russian the broad concept of repression is commonly held to include mass killings and is sometimes assumed to be synonymous with it, which is not the case in other languages.

In political conflict
Political conflict strongly increases the likelihood of state repression. This is arguably the most robust finding in social science research on political repression. Civil wars are a strong predictor of repressive activity, as are other forms of challenges from non-government actors. States so often engage in repressive behaviors in times of civil conflict that the relationship between these two phenomena has been termed the "Law of Coercive Responsiveness". When their authority or legitimacy is threatened, regimes respond by overtly or covertly suppressing dissidents to eliminate the behavioral threat. State repression subsequently affects dissident mobilization, though the direction of this effect is still an open question. Some strong evidence suggests that repression suppresses dissident mobilization by reducing the capacity of challengers to organize, yet it is also feasible that challengers can leverage state repressive behavior to spur mobilization among sympathizers by framing repression as a new grievance against the state.

Violence
Political repression is often accompanied by violence, which might be legal or illegal according to domestic law. Violence can both eliminate political opposition directly by killing opposition members, or indirectly by instilling fear.

Intolerance
Political repression is sometimes accompanied with intolerance. This intolerance is manifested through discriminatory policies, human rights violations, police brutality, imprisonment, extermination, exile, extortion, terrorism, extrajudicial killing, summary execution, torture, forced disappearance and other punishments against political activists, dissidents, and populations in general.

State terrorism
When political repression is sanctioned and organized by the state, situations of state terrorism, genocide and crimes against humanity can be reached. Systematic and violent political repression is a typical feature of dictatorships, totalitarian states and similar regimes. In these regimes, acts of political repression can be carried out by the police and secret police, the army, paramilitary groups and death squads. Sometimes regimes considered democratic exercise political repression and state terrorism to other states as part of their security policy.

Direct vs. indirect repression
Direct repression is a form of repression where the state targets an opposing political actor by obvious violent action. The target is clearly aware of the harm that is caused to their life and livelihood. Direct repression does not exclusively occur within the boundaries of a state, but also across borders. In personalist dictatorships, initiating conflicts with other states and people outside their own borders is more common because of lack of accountability via extremely limited or no competitive elections.

Indirect repression relies on the threat of violence which constitutes harassment, intimidation, and administrative blockages. These tactics tend to be non-violent, yet still are built to control citizenry.

Repressive success and monitoring
Individuals indirectly exposed to repression self-report higher trust in the leader and ruling party. This phenomenon was observed in Zimbabwe under Robert Mugabe, where the effects of repression increased approaching elections, even with deteriorating social and economic conditions. A large signifier of whether or not repression is successful in a state is evidence of preference falsification– where the preference expressed by an individual in public diverges from their private preference. In North Korea, accused of highly repressive activity in media and public culture, 100% of citizens vote in ‘no choice’ parliamentary elections so the state can identify defectors. Citizens are required to show complete devotion to North Korea's current leader and sacrifice their safety if they choose to speak out. Repressive measures including prison camps, torture, forced labor, and threats of execution are just some of the costs of defection. The Chinese Communist Party implements extensive surveillance measures in the People's Republic of China, including Internet censorship, camera monitoring, and other forms of mass surveillance. These practices involve the use of technologies such as AI, facial recognition, fingerprint identification, voice and iris recognition, big data analysis, DNA testing, and are closely linked to the Social Credit System in mainland China. At the same time, many domestic Chinese technology companies are also involved in the country's large-scale surveillance programs. These primarily include companies such as Hikvision, Sensetime, Huawei, ZTE, and others.

Killings

 * 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
 * Anti-communist mass killings
 * Mass killings under communist regimes

National institutions

 * Secret Police
 * Committee of Public Safety
 * KGB
 * Gestapo
 * FBI (primarily during the Cold War)
 * Kangaroo court

Related systems

 * Censorship
 * Restrictions on political parties
 * Press censorship

Types of persecution

 * Judicial persecution
 * Persecution
 * Religious Persecution

Restrictions and actions

 * Abuse of process
 * Arbitrary arrest and detention
 * Black Propaganda
 * Censorship
 * Forced disappearance
 * Martial Law
 * Mass Surveillance
 * Massacre
 * Provocateurs
 * Red Terror
 * Stalking or Harassment
 * White Terror

Types of states and regimes

 * Police State
 * State Terrorism
 * Dictatorship
 * État légal
 * Nanny State
 * Military Dictatorship
 * Police State

Institutions and groups

 * Dissidents
 * Government

Related concepts

 * An unjust law is no law at all
 * Human Rights
 * National Security
 * Racism
 * Totalitarianism

title: Political repression


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New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation

The New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYS OPRHP) is a state agency within the New York State Executive Department charged with the operation of state parks and historic sites within the U.S. state of New York. the NYS OPRHP manages nearly 335,000 acres of public lands and facilities, including 180 state parks and 35 historic sites, that are visited by over 78 million visitors each year.

History
The agency that would become the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYS OPRHP) was created in 1970; however, the history of state parks and historic sites in New York stretches back to the latter part of the 19th century. Management of state-owned parks, and guidance for the entire state park system, was accomplished by various regional commissions, private organizations, statewide advisory councils, and divisions within other state agencies prior to the establishment of NYS OPRHP, which grew from the framework created by these earlier organizations.

Initial acquisitions
State-level procurement and management of parks in New York began in 1883, when then-governor Grover Cleveland signed legislation authorizing the appropriation of lands near Niagara Falls for a "state reservation". Two years later, the Niagara Reservation, known today as Niagara Falls State Park, opened to the public. The park is claimed to be the oldest state park in the United States, and was the first established via eminent domain.

The State Reservation on the St. Lawrence was authorized in 1896. By 1898, it included modest state holdings in the Thousand Islands region of New York. During the early 20th century, the state continued to expand its public parks system with several large additions, including Letchworth State Park in 1906, Fire Island State Park (known today as Robert Moses State Park) in 1908, John Boyd Thacher State Park in 1914, Enfield Glen State Park (today's Robert H. Treman State Park) in 1920, and Allegany State Park in 1921. A coordinated effort to protect portions of the Hudson Palisades from the damaging effects of quarrying resulted in the creation of a number of state parks in the 1910s and 1920s, including Bear Mountain State Park and Harriman State Park.

NYS Council of Parks
Throughout these early acquisitions, the state lacked a formal statewide agency or organization to coordinate management and development of state parks. Instead, parks were managed by independent regional commissions, such as the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, or by organizations such as the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. To address the need for statewide coordination, the New York State Council of Parks was created by legislation adopted on April 18, 1924. The council served to plan development and set standard policies for all New York state-owned parks, reservations, and historic sites that were not under the authority of the New York State Conservation Commission (which notably included those lands that comprised the Forest Preserve in the Adirondacks and Catskills). Its formation was supported by governor Alfred E. Smith and based on plans by Robert Moses, who became the council's first commissioner; Moses would remain in charge of the council until 1963.

The council initially included representatives from regional park commissions and other organizations involved in park management, including the Conservation Commission and the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society. Prior to the creation of the Division of Parks (see below), the State Council of Parks was the highest-level organization overseeing park management in the state.

Although it later became an advisory body, the council continues to this day, known officially as the New York State Council of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. It includes representatives from the following departments and commissions as of 2014:

 * New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
 * New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
 * New York State Board for Historic Preservation
 * Allegany State Park Commission
 * Central State Park Commission
 * Finger Lakes State Park Commission
 * Genesee State Park Commission
 * Long Island State Park Commission
 * New York City State Park Commission
 * Niagara Frontier State Park Commission
 * Palisades Interstate Park Commission
 * Saratoga-Capital District State Park Commission
 * Taconic State Park Commission
 * Thousand Islands State Park Commission

NYS Conservation Department Division of Parks
A reorganization of New York's state government took place in 1926, which resulted in the creation of the New York State Conservation Department. The newly formed Conservation Department included a Division of Parks which assumed responsibility for management of New York's parks and historic sites. The Council of Parks continued as a constituent unit of the Division of Parks. The council was also at this time given the additional responsibility of planning highway improvements to enable access to park facilities.

Although the Great Depression of the 1930s reduced available funding for New York's state parks, the period was a time of development of existing parks' facilities. Construction teams comprising workers employed through federal programs such as the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, Civilian Conservation Corps, Civil Works Administration, and Works Progress Administration cleared woodlands, performed maintenance tasks, and built roads, trails, golf courses, buildings, and furniture for New York's parks through the 1930s and early 1940s.

As the Depression came to a close with the United States joining World War II in 1941, New York State was managing 74 parks welcoming a combined 20 million visitors annually. However, the Division of Parks' responsibilities were reduced in 1944 when 27 State Historic Sites were placed under the jurisdiction of the New York State Education Department. These sites were eventually returned to the Conservation Department in 1966; in the same year, the New York State Historic Trust (which later became the New York State Board for Historic Preservation) was created to help guide their management.

New York's park system continued expansion after World War II ended. The creation or completion of various parkways in the state, such as the Palisades Interstate Parkway and Lake Ontario Parkway, received priority during the 1950s. As visitation to New York's state parks increased following the war, new lands were sought for state parks, including unsuccessful attempts to expand into the Forest Preserve. Increased funding for parks made available in the 1960s did allow for the purchase of several large tracts throughout the state for parkland development. The state also began at this time to expand into new areas, such as an increase in boating facilities and establishment of parks within New York City.

NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
A major shift in New York's park management came in 1970 with legislation that created the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, which was tasked with all responsibilities of the former Conservation Department, with the exception of managing the state's parks and historic sites outside of the Forest Preserve. The former Division of Parks was upgraded to become an independent agency, known as the New York State Office of Parks and Recreation. Legislation enacted in 1972 gave the agency direct control of New York's park lands, with the State Council of Parks and regional commissions retaining an advisory role in management. The agency's name was updated in 1981 to its current form, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (NYS OPRHP).

The state park system underwent a period of rapid expansion during former governor George Pataki's administration. Between 1995 and 2007, Pataki, along with then-parks commissioner Bernadette Castro, opened 28 new state parks. Although the governor was lauded as a conservationist for his actions, the new parks increased financial burdens on the NYS OPRHP, whose funding for operations remained steady. In 2010, a statewide fiscal crisis led to an announcement that 55 state parks and historic sites would be closed. The threatened closures were eventually averted, with budget shortfalls made up through reduced staffing and hours at many parks, closure of some internal facilities such as campgrounds and golf courses, and increases in user fees.

The 2010 fiscal crisis resulted in decreased availability of funds for maintenance and upkeep at New York's parks. To help address an estimated $1 billion in needed repairs, $143 million in funds were made available in 2012; the money came from a combination of state, federal, and private grant sources. Sustained funding for repairs was announced in 2015, with the state planning to spend $900 million by 2020 at parks and historic sites throughout the state.

Facilities
As of 2014, the NYS OPRHP administered:

 * 335,000 acres of public land
 * 180 state parks
 * 35 state historic sites
 * 67 developed beaches
 * 36 swimming pools
 * 27 marinas
 * 40 boat launch sites
 * 29 golf courses
 * 817 cabins and rental houses
 * 8,355 campsites
 * 2000 mi of trails
 * 18 nature centers


text:
Talk:Www.tism.wanker.com

Bands in the "Thunderbirds" Video
I'm more than prepared to accept that the bands in the "Thunderbirds Are Coming Out" video are real, local bands. However, there is no proof that I've seen in favour of such a statement. If anyone can put up some kind of proof - a URL which demonstrates such, for example - then we'll go from there. Without that proof, I'm going to rely on comments that were made about the video at the time it was released that the bands were parodies of popular groups of the day. BigHaz 03:41, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Yes, they were real bands. 28 Days went on to some level of fame and apparently split up. I've read of a newspaper advertisement asking bands to be in the clip. One web page I saw had a list of all of them and links to most of their web sites, if they had one. I don't know where the page was or if it still exists, but I will attempt to find it again.

klinger - http://www.entertainoz.com.au/index.cfm?oid=683 acetylene - http://www.acetylene.com.au/ piffen yonnies - http://www.ansonic.com.au/piffenyonnies/page01.htm

etc etc (googled the band names, but here is a more complete list

Just quietly I am pretty sure "Thunderbirds are Coming out" is taking a dig at passive conformity and "Parable..." something along the lines of real, earned, success versus personality, privilege and good fortune. Thunderbirds and Glenn McGrath are just symbolic.

Album Covers?
Wouldn't it be a handy idea to mention the different album covers for www.tism.wanker.com? Just a thought.

Pinothyj 05:18, 20 July 2007 (UTC)…

title: Talk:Www.tism.wanker.com


text:
Trimmatom nanus

Trimmatom nanus, the midget dwarfgoby, is a species of marine goby native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It can mainly be found on oceanic drop-offs at depths of from 20 to 30 m though it can occasionally be found in outer reef areas and lagoons at depths of from 5 to 35 m. This species can reach a length of 1 cm SL.

T. nanus was until 2004 the smallest known fish and vertebrate. The recent discovery of Schindleria brevipinguis (called the stout infantfish) relegated it to second place. Later, the discovery of Paedocypris progenetica dropped T. nanus to third place. The record for the smallest known vertebrate being held by the frog Paedophryne amauensis, formally described in January 2012.

title: Trimmatom nanus


text: Category:Gobies

title: Category:Gobies


text: User talk:68.98.181.106

title: User talk:68.98.181.106


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Core Curriculum

Core Curriculum was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

It's a listing of required courses followed by a reading list. The courses material is already in Columbia College, and the reading list isn't something we should have (Wikipedia is not a general knowledge base). -- Cyrius|✎ 03:43, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm withdrawing my nomination. While I still think my initial assessment was correct, Ctrl_build's efforts to address the major deficiencies have shown that there is in fact an actual article hiding in there. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:03, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * KEEP I was planning to expand after finals. Most of the indivduals at columbia university who work on wikipedia articles are very busy right now. The core curriculum became the framework for many similar educational models throughout the nation, and then became contested against later in its history, as it became seen as a curriculum of DWM. The expansion of required courses in response to criticism of Columbia is a move contrary to most schools, which have instead have gone for a broad base currucilum in the opening years with less specific requirments required of all freshmen, where columbia, to address concerns has added more, a move that is contraversial to some, and supported by others. The core curriculm is one type of learning, in direct contrast to an extended curriculum. The last edit of this article did not show that core curriculum is a phenomena, that most colleges accepted for around 50 years, and few colleges kept in recent years with changes in accademic styles. --[[User:Ctrl_build|Ctrl_buildtalk [[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|15px|]]]] 05:09, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If the article had said that instead of being a lit class syllabus and half a degree plan, I wouldn't have listed it. -- Cyrius|✎ 07:16, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Notable. Perfectly OK to start something by copying out part of an existing article. Ctrl_build looks like a serious contributor, if he/she says he/she will expand, I'll trust that. Keep. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:06, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you for compliment. Now I have to get back to studying. --[[User:Ctrl_build|Ctrl_buildtalk [[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|15px|]]]] 20:15, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, now that we see where it's going. Samaritan 08:55, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep of course. Wyss 19:11, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 19:51, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, merge into Columbia College if you must. At the very least rename to something sensible.  --fvw *  07:56, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)
 * Edited content no longer columbia centric, but its so pov, I wish I had more time to work on it right now, alas I do not. --[[User:Ctrl_build|Ctrl_buildtalk [[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|15px|]]]] 22:31, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with fvw, with one slight tweak; merge content and redirect to Columbia College. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:52, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Edited content no longer columbia centric, but its so pov, I wish I had more time to work on it right now, alas I do not. --[[User:Ctrl_build|Ctrl_buildtalk [[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|15px|]]]] 22:31, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge Content and almost every Columbia page to the article on Columbia University. FIRST:  Columbia doesn't own the term Core Curriculum.  Second: Does every sub-school at a University require it's own page?  Surely one large article would preferable to 30 small ones.  All it takes someone who knows how to properly edit.  Merge content from all of these—Clubs and organizations of Columbia University, Columbia Business School, Columbia College of Columbia University, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University School of Social Work, Columbia University Tunnels, Core Curriculum, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Go Ask Alice!, List of Columbia University people, Teachers College, Union Theological Seminary into Columbia University.  Well, maybe not Union, since like Barnard they are semi-independent. How much could someone possibly write about these?  The Category for Columbia should link the people (alumni, faculty, nobel laureates, etc.) and events connected to Columbia, and not be an umbrella page for articles on every sub-school.  Columbia seems to be the only university on Wikipedia with enough articles to qualify a term like ColumbiaCruft. —ExplorerCDT 18:48, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Edited content no longer columbia centric, but its so pov, I wish I had more time to work on it right now, alas I do not. --[[User:Ctrl_build|Ctrl_buildtalk [[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|15px|]]]] 22:31, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. All material that is even arguably encyclopedic is already in Columbia University. --Korath会話 19:40, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC) Now neutral. --Korath会話 01:30, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Edited content no longer columbia centric, but its so pov, I wish I had more time to work on it right now, alas I do not. --[[User:Ctrl_build|Ctrl_buildtalk [[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|15px|]]]] 22:31, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'll help after Christmas (also been busy with finals). As for the proposal to merge all Columbia-related articles, perhaps it is just because there are many editors knowledgeable about Columbia? Mat334 12:08, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Know other than you, of two. Wikipeida is an expansionary encycolpedia. You cannot keep things contained in articles. Do you go to Columbia? --[[User:Ctrl_build|Ctrl_buildtalk [[Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg|15px|]]]] 17:52, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Dilplk

Untagged image
Hi. You uploaded Image:Bonscott.png but did not list any copyright information on the image description page. Please mark it either as GFDL or public domain. See Image_copyright_tags for more info. Please note that images without copyright information may be deleted in the future. Thanks. RedWolf 03:44, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

 * So how is this fair use? You must provide your rational for doing so otherwise it's NOT fair use. RedWolf 04:49, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Me_squinty.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Me_squinty.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Bigr Tex  22:51, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:The_incredible_polk.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:The_incredible_polk.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Bigr Tex  22:52, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dilplk


text:
Districts of Sierra Leone

The provinces of Sierra Leone are divided into 16 districts, as of July 2017. Previously, the country was divided into 14 districts. The Western Area is divided into two districts. Sierra Leone's capital Freetown is located in the Western Area of the country and its makes up the Western Area Urban District.

One traditional leader from each district occupies a seat in Sierra Leone's parliament. Each one of Sierra Leone's sixteen administrative districts (with the exception of the Western Area Urban District) is governed by a directly elected district council headed by a council chairman. The national capital Freetown, which makes up the Western Area Urban District, and the other is the Western Area Rural with a main town known as Waterloo, is governed by a directly elected city council headed by a mayor. The districts are further divided into a total of 190 (prior to 2017, 149) chiefdoms, whose elected leaders provided most of local government from 1896 to 2004, when they were supplemented by elected local councils.

title: Districts of Sierra Leone


text:
Jesse Michaels

Jesse Michaels (born April 1, 1969) is an American songwriter, painter, illustrator, musician, singer, and author from Berkeley, California. His lyrics deal with politics, racism, and general social issues. He is most well known as the vocalist for the ska punk band Operation Ivy (1987–1989), as well as Classics of Love (2009–approx. 2012). In 2023 Michaels formed the band DOOM Regulator. He is the son of the author Leonard Michaels, and was married to producer Audrey Marrs.

Early life
Jesse Michaels was born in 1969 and he grew up in Berkeley, California, his parents are professor Priscilla Older and professor and writer Leonard Michaels.

In Berkeley he became involved with the local punk and hardcore music scene in the eighties. As a very young participant, he attended performances by many formative punk and hardcore bands. The Bay Area was also home to a small but enthusiastic second wave ska scene and Michaels was exposed to much two tone ska music, including performances by Berkeley's The Uptones. Michaels' early musical experimentation involved playing in garage bands including a primitive collaboration with Jeff Ott and Aaron Cometbus who would later go on to form the band Crimpshrine.

Throughout the eighties he was involved with the publication of fanzines, including 1987's Kill Deal for 50 Cents.

He was married to Audrey Marrs.

Music
In 1987 he formed the band Operation Ivy with guitarist Tim Armstrong, bassist Matt Freeman, and drummer Dave Mello. They quickly became a popular band especially at the Berkeley punk club 924 Gilman Street. In 1987, the group released its debut extended play Hectic on which Michaels wrote all of the lyrics. It was followed with an American tour which brought the group's work all around the country, and made Operation Ivy a very well respected band. Operation Ivy recorded and released its only studio album Energy in 1989 and broke up the same year. Michaels also co-wrote the music to the Green Day song "2,000 Light Years Away" from their second album Kerplunk (1992). He later formed Big Rig in 1994. Big Rig released one extended play and played several gigs around 924 Gilman Street before breaking up.

In 1999 after a long hiatus he formed Common Rider with Squirtgun bassist and renowned producer Mass Giorgini. They released two albums and toured around the country before breaking up in 2003. In August 2008, Jesse went on a short Southern California tour with long-time friend Jeff Ott, playing new solo songs.

In December 2008, he participated in a small Northern California tour with Mike Park and Kevin Seconds, as well as formed a new band, Classics of Love. Michaels has stated in interviews and biographical material that the reason for his sporadic / intermittent involvement with music is that he does not consider himself a full-time musician, instead preferring to play music as an avocation rather than a career.

Michaels collaborated with former Operation Ivy bandmate Tim Armstrong for the 2013 original song, "Living In A Dangerous Land" as part of the Tim Timebomb And Friends series.

In March 2023, Michaels and Tim Armstrong along with Circle Jerks drummer Joey Castillo and Trash Talk bassist Spencer Pollard formed the band Bad Optix and released their first single called "Raid". Armstrong promised tons more songs to come. Less than a week after announcing the formation of the band, the band changed their name to DOOM Regulator due to a band from Seattle already being called Bad Optics.

Visual artwork
In 1996, Michaels graduated from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where he received a BA degree in Literature. He is no longer an active musician, he cites punk music as a formative aesthetic influence and continues to direct his creative energies towards film, literature and visual art.

Michaels is also regarded as a talented artist, responsible for designing Operation Ivy's well-known and widely recognized "Ska Man" logo as well as other artwork for the album. In addition to drawing logos, album covers and other assorted art for his own musical projects, his artwork has been used by bands such as Filth, Neurosis, Green Day (for the band's debut album 39/Smooth) and Against All Authority.

Michaels has recently been making reprints of sketches and other art available for sale on eBay on a limited basis. As an oil painter, Michaels has exhibited his work around the West Coast.

In 2005, Jesse collaborated with Chris Appelgren of Lookout! Records to launch Dynaformer, an art/design collective dedicated to showcasing the artwork of both individuals, as well as offering their artistic talents for hire. Although Dynaformer was short-lived, Michaels and Apelgren continue to collaborate. In 2013 the pair teamed up to produce the cover of Michaels' debut novel as well as creating an EP design for a solo record by Murder City Devils' Spencer Moody. In 2015, Jesse sang on the track "System Fucked" featured on the Leftöver Crack album Constructs of the State.

Publications

Michaels has expressed an interest in writing. In a 2010 interview, he told Jewcy magazine, "I have written one book. It's a novella and I'm sort of shopping it around and it might get published this year." The book was originally titled What The Dead Have To Say but Michaels received interest from Soft Skull Press, an independent imprint which is known for bridging the gap between literary fiction and fringe cultural interests. Soft Skull agreed to publish Michaels' novel but the title was changed to, Whispering Bodies: A Roy Belkin Disaster. The book was released in September 2013. Whispering Bodies is a comic novel about a recluse who is forced to enter the world at large in order to clear the name of a woman who he believes has been falsely accused of a crime.

title: Jesse Michaels


text:
Talk:Ring of Fire

more
More information about the ring of fire is needed like an average of how many erupt during a year?

history...
can we get a little history about when this term was created, and who created it? Kingturtle 01:32, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, very interested to know when it was discovered, and by whom. Rugz (talk) 05:55, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

I coincidentally ran across a reference to a "circle of volcanic development" in a 19th century work and added it to the article, since that's better than nothing. But I'd be happy if someone found a better source for the history of the term. 71.9.22.165 (talk) 19:17, 8 March 2018 (UTC)

Maps
Considering two maps are shown using different projections, should that be noted in the caption? Not sure why a Mercator projection would be used at all, but at least have consistency or note the lack thereof? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.21.148.204 (talk) 16:44, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Ring of Fire
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Ring of Fire's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "gvp": From Alcedo Volcano:  From Tungurahua:  From Reventador:  From Lascar (volcano):

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 22:59, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 April 2015
ATTENTION: The area described is called the "RIM OF FIRE" not the "Ring" - Please change accordingly throughout the whole article. Thanks!

99.234.231.17 (talk) 17:39, 27 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Seems doubtful when the first hit on a google search for "rim of fire" is "ring of fire" Cannolis (talk) 17:49, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

This page is receiving a lot of vandalism, this is a good reason to semi-protect this page. 87.102.35.96 (talk) 15:39, 26 April 2018 (UTC)

Merge Andesite line into this article
There is currently a poorly referenced article called Andesite line that deals with a topic very similar to this one. I suggest merging any well-sourced material into a Ring of Fire#Andesite_line section in this article. Once the section grows it can be evaluated if it should be splinted off. For now I suggest Andesite_line should redirect to Ring of Fire#Andesite_line.

Besides I am of the impression the concept of a Andesite line is very much a historical one that, albeit not directly untrue, is an overly simplified way of looking into arc volcanism that is seldom referred to at in modern literature (1990s-present). –Sietecolores (talk) 11:39, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Earthquakes?
The lede says that this is about earthquakes and volcanoes, but the article then goes into detail only about volcanoes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.147.127.103 (talk) 11:59, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Rejected changes based on recent eruption (June 2018)
I understand that not every eruption needs to be added to a page like this, but I'd like to have a little more of an explanation than a deletion of the content and the single tag of "Recentism" being used. I'd like to become a better Wikipedian (teach a man to fish etc etc)

The "Andes" section of the page lists some major volcanoes and their eruptions, sometimes multiple recent eruptions, for Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. Immediately following, in "Central America", Costa Rica has one active volcano listed (of the 18 from the main article) and yet Guatemala, with twice that number of volcanoes in the main article, has ONE reference to a volcano (with half the amount of text as Costa Rica).

I thought I was adding a quick, but noteworthy-and-cited, expansion for a country with significant volcanic activity, about a mountain literally translated as "Volcano of Fire", that erupted and killed a not-insignificant number of people. If the issue is that it is still being reported on, please point me in the right direction - do I come back when this single eruption has finished? How does this compare to, say, articles that could refer to the ongoing, similar, 2018 lower Puna eruption, in Hawaii? If the issue is that the number could change, I'm happy to link instead/as well to the "2018 Volcán de Fuego eruption" page. I am confused as to what I am supposed to have done instead. Or do you not want this sort of thing added in the first place? How did the other eruptions get added? Why are they more notable than this one?

I read Recentism and it seems to refer to new ARTICLES, not references to individual events added to existing articles to give a better sense of scale. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kalon~enwiki (talk • contribs) 06:48, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

 * This article looks like it was written by amateurs. Hey guess what? It was. But it doesn't have to be that way. Someone needs to come in and rewrite this so it looks less like a timeline. Any school kid can do that, but with a little more effort, an actual article can exist. Dawnseeker2000  18:51, 8 June 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 May 2022
Would appreciate if the New Zealand section could add the correct diacritic for mentions of Taupō. 64.18.147.131 (talk) 04:00, 15 May 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ — CAPTAIN JTK (talk) 06:32, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

What all county that's belongs to the Pacific Ring of fire
What all country in Pacific Ring of fire 175.176.76.173 (talk) 00:54, 27 August 2022 (UTC)

Why so much temparature on the Pacific ring of fire
Because in the Pacific ring of fire there are daily thousands of volcanic eruption was there 8n the middle of the Pacific ring of fire there are more than lakhs of volcanic mountains was there that's why there are so much temparature in the Pacific ring of fire Manoj Veera karthik (talk) 00:48, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi,, this page is to discuss improvements to the article. You might find the assistance you're looking for at Reference desk. Schazjmd   (talk)  00:54, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ring of Fire


text:
Talk:Willem Einthoven

Untitled
Hi all, Willem Einthoven is credited with inventing String Galvanometer, but this is right way to say it:

In 1895 Dutch Physiologist, Willem Einthoven, used a crude electrical sensing apparatus to establish that the beating heart produced four distinct signals, each one corresponding to a different ventricle. He called these distinct signals the "PQRS" factors. However, Einthoven needed an exact way of measuring the minute amounts of current. In 1897 a French electrical engineer, Clement Ader, invented the "string galvanometer", containing a tensioned string of quartz. In 1903, Einthoven modified Ader's machine, adding electrodes attached to the patients limbs and thorax. In use the string was seen to vibrate in time with the patients heart. The vibrations were recorded photographically. With his "electrocardiogram" Einthoven was able to look at each of the PQRS signals and diagnose the health of the heart.

--Andreja 16:31, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Electrocardiograph Versus Electrogram
I looked up the difference between the words "electrocardiograph" and "electrocardiogram" because I was confused as to which was the device and which was the output.

According to Wikipedia's public dictionary, the electrocardiograph is:

"An instrument used in the detection and diagnosis of heart abnormalities that measures electrical potentials on the body surface and generates a record of the electrical currents associated with heart muscle activity. Also called cardiograph."

and the definition of electrocardiogram is:

"A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart, used to evaluate cardiac function and to diagnose arrhythmias and other disorders. An electrocardiograph is the apparatus used to generate electrocardiograms. The machine functions as a portable set of galvanometers that measure electric potentials at different anatomic sites on the chest and extremities, and contains internal circuitry for computing calculations based on these measurements. Twelve electrodes act as transducers to pick up the electrical signals. Various combinations of signals from the electrodes can be selected for output, each of which provides information about electrical activity in the heart from a different anatomical perspective. For example, electrodes placed on the right arm, left leg and left arm record variations in potential in the frontal plane of the heart. The signals are converted to waveform tracings that are recorded and printed for diagnostic interpretation."

Therefore, I believe that the page should say that Einthoven invented the electrocardiograph and not the electrocardiogram. I'll leave that edit for those who maintain this page.

--Mrs rockefeller (talk) 11:56, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Einthoven’s triangle
I think a new topic about Einthoven’s triangle should be started and not redirect to Willem Einthoven's topic —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.237.103.181 (talk) 08:00, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Short article
I don't want to nag- especially since I haven't even oficially registered yet, but electrocardiography is one of the top most valuable exams in medicine and Einthoven one of the most influential and significant people in modern history of medicine, whose contribution cannot be overstated. I just don't think its right for such an important figure to be represented by such a short article. Wikipedia has a lot of way more detailed articles for a lot less significant subjects. Einthoven should have a lot bigger cover. I just wanted to mention that. One day I may edit it myself but I cannot right now. So, if anyone can expand this article please do- its worth it! 2A02:587:451B:DC00:A545:55D8:80B1:6B8D (talk) 23:58, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

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Ancestry
The portion that explains his ancestry has faulty and contradictory sources. One claims to show a family tree but shows nothing besides his father and mother, another link doesn't work, and the one that claims he has Jewish ancestry states he's descended from Sefardic Jews which means he would've had a Spanish surname instead of a dutch one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by HBBorges (talk • contribs) 01:32, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Willem Einthoven


text:
Talk:Datakortet

Untitled
uninformative substub about a company which affects 3% of Norwegians. --Eequor 04:01, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Datakortet has nothing to do with any form of driver's licence, the text as it stands now is completely wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.75.62.6 (talk) 11:48, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

The article is not wrong, and includes references (should you care to check). ECDL is an acronym for the European Computer Driving Licence. While you may object to a computer literacy certification having a name that include the words "Driving" and "License", it does not make it any less factual. TheBjorn (talk) 10:13, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Datakortet


text: Category:Schindleriidae

title: Category:Schindleriidae


text:
Talk:Museum of London

'The Museum of London documents the history of the English capital city'
the wording is wrong, London is the capital city of the whole UK and not only of England. It should be changed to 'history of the UK's capital city' (England doesn't an official capital city as it doesn't have its own government being instead directly governed by the UK government but this is an academic argument for another time)

New director
I cannot find an article on Kimberley Ahmet, the new director. Anyone feel like writing one? If not I'll have a go when I have more time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.206.186.114 (talk) 13:12, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Hi,

I am the Museum of London's PR Manager. You can find a press release about the appointment of our new Director here http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Corporate/Press-media/Press-releases/New+Director.htm or from the Museums Association website http://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/08052012-mol-appoints-new-director. Thought you might find this useful.

Andrew Marcus, Museum of London PR Manager — Preceding unsigned comment added by Andrewjamesmarcus (talk • contribs) 09:41, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Improvements to this page
So I've just done a big overhaul on this page, including adding a "history" section about the London Museum and Guildhall Museum, a section on "collections" about the sorts of objects they have, a partial list of exhibitions, and adding in enough citations that I think we can finally get rid of the "verification needed" banner that's apparently been on this page since 2010. There's more to be done, though- if anyone wants to take it up, there are definitely some gaps in the list of exhibitions and we could do with some more citations for the list of directors. It might be good to have a section on the architecture of the London Wall site as well. JRennocks (talk) 20:21, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Papua New Guinea old n rare pot used by cannibals n normand's in the prehistorical period. I have one n would like to sell it. lm Peter from Papua New Guinea
I'm looking for a buyer of this rare pot found in jungles of my country 2405:9F40:A4:8B5F:0:0:0:1 (talk) 15:22, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Museum of London


text:
Talk:Stuffed toy

Steiftiere vs. Steifftiere
I have removed the part about the alleged link between Steifftiere and steif - this was completely bollocks, as they're always referenced with the double F in the German language. --Doco 01:00, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Aaaawwwwwww...... --Coldplayer 18:31, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

"In colloquial German, stuffed animals are often referred as Steifftiere, which derives from the name of that company." Do you have any proof for this? I'm a German native speaker, and I've never heard anybody say Steifftier...

Article May Overplay the Psychological Interpretation
The weird thing about stuffed toys is that the minute you give them a name, people start acting as if they were alive and asking silly questions like 'So how is No_bob?' Like, hello people, he's a stuffed toy. Therefore he is not real. Get over it!

I think the writer overplays the psychological interpretation (anthropomorphism) about why people fancy stuffed toys. The "innate need to protect small animals" sounds like an explanation that may apply to some cases, but not all. We also have a long history of collecting animals (private zoos have been around since at least Roman times), and this probably appeals to our fascination for novelty.

My point is: you can't attribute "anthropomorphism" so broadly. Children also fancy and collect non-animal stuffed toys (like blankets or plastic dinosaurs). "Anthropomorphism" is an explanation for some cases, but not all, and the explanation itself seems a little radical.WikiPicky 01:28, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Ahem
I would like to report some vandalism on this page:

u r g@y u like pen15

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffed_animal"

The whole artical was delted for this ^ please fix it.

Never mind it "magically" changed
 * Thanks for reporting it. In the future, you might wish to use the "History" tab to undo the vandalism yourself, as this will save from the trouble of reporting the vandalism and will grant you instant access to older, unvandalized versions. Shinobu (talk) 22:39, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Plushie
Look what I found on Boing Boing: http://www.den.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp/%7Eyuki/plushie/index-e.html Shinobu (talk) 22:40, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

The Teddy
The teddy that is the third image in the gallery is cute where can I get it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.238.131.63 (talk) 02:07, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Stuffed Toy
Wouldn't it be more appropriate to have the article under the heading, "Stuffed Toy", with a redirect from "Stuffed Animal". Not all stuffed toys of this kind are representations of animals. And it would help distinguish the toys from the work of taxidermists.--Jeffro77 (talk) 14:21, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Seconded. 91.107.184.131 (talk) 17:30, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. Siawase (talk) 09:28, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Vortigaunt (plush toy).jpg
The image Image:Vortigaunt (plush toy).jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --07:06, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Gallery
Do there really need to be ten images in the gallery? I think the in-article images are a good enough representation of what a plushie is.69.143.240.243 (talk) 06:42, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

"Stuffed animal" = Taxidermy
Note that a stuffed animal refers to taxidermy in British english. 84.13.53.211 (talk) 15:09, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Materials that stuffed animals are made out of.
Stuffed animals are soft toys. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tyope (talk • contribs) 21:57, 23 July 2011 (UTC)

Company References
It is really necessary to specifically name companies in the last section that include digital interfaces for their stuffed toys? It seems like advertising at the moment when the concept can be easily explained in general terms. Naming companies that could be out of business in the future removes the timelessness of the article, and the specific features that each of the companies offer do not seem terribly relevant to the article. 65.183.128.154 (talk) 15:25, 23 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Can you give some examples of problematic sentences? I'm not seeing any undue advertising and the feature descriptions are very brief. I can't really see how to make them briefer. Re: the timelessness, see WP:TIMELESS and WP:DATED (in a nutshell, don't remove information because it might become outdated, but reword it in such a way that it will still make sense in the future.) Siawase (talk) 22:05, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:23, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Plushak.jpg

Article improvement
Hello, fellow Wikipedians! I will be working on this article for the next couple of weeks as part of an undergraduate technical and professional editing class. Here are the areas I will be focusing on:

 * Organization: In similar toy articles (for instance, Teddy bear), the history section comes first, so I will switch the description and history sections. In addition, the types section needs some restructuring. For instance, the brand information might fit better under the impact section (which might be more accurately titled “Cultural impact”) to exemplify different fads (see my “Content” point below).
 * Content: I believe this article needs more content to be more effective. For instance, many people might visit the page looking for more information on history or previous fads and cultural phenomena associated with stuffed toys. Thus, I will try to expand the history and impact section, perhaps by transferring some of the content from “Types” to “Impact,” especially because it seems that many of the specific brands mentioned (like Tickle Me Elmo or Zhu Zhu Pets) were originally added to provide examples of toys that incorporate technology and later changed to a discussion of fads. Also, should the article have a section overviewing manufacturing methods/production? I looked at a couple of similar articles (Teddy bear, but also the most similar articles that the Toys WikiProject lists as good articles: Play-Doh and Reborn doll), and all three contain some sort of description of how the toys are made. If so, the information about handmade toys and the information about different materials in the lead section could be moved there.
 * Lead: Per WP:MOSLEAD, the lead should overview the main points of the article and not discuss significant information that is not covered elsewhere in the article. Thus, I will be working on the lead to move some of the information to the body of the article and adding some summaries of the different sections to provide a better overview of the article.
 * Neutral Tone: I will be editing the language throughout to comply with WP:NPOV, although I mainly only noticed issues in the impact section.
 * Citations: Many facts lack citations. I will try to find some additional sources that support these facts, as well as some sources that I can use to expand the content mentioned above; however, I do not anticipate having much time to spend on research. If anyone wants to help out, feel free!
 * Copyediting: I will copyedit the article for grammar and punctuation. I will also be looking at the amount of wikilinks.

I will be making edits as I go, but I’ll be working out larger edits in a sandbox before I implement them. I will add the link to the sandbox once I get going with that. If you have any advice or insight, I’d love to hear it since I’m new to Wikipedia. I’m looking forward to participating in this community! --Lhill21 (talk) 18:04, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me, and very well planned . Welcome to Wikipedia! I don't have time now to do research specific to this article, but it sounds as if you are going to improve the article so I look forward to seeing the end result. (I see that you already have link to the Teahouse on your talk page, so use that any time you have a question, or feel free to ask me.) Laterthanyouthink (talk) 05:34, 3 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I've finished working out the major edits in this sandbox if anyone wants to look them over: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lhill21/st_sandbox. I still need to do some copyediting to those sections, but the major restructuring and content additions are done. I'll be moving the updated sections to the article (one section at a time) tomorrow evening or the day after, then I'll work on the lead, edit for a neutral tone, add a few more sources I found to support some of the information in the description section, and copyedit. I'll post an update here when I've done those things. Also, thanks for the welcome, ! --Lhill21 (talk) 00:45, 8 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi It looks as if you've made a good start and I see that you have added citations. I probably won't get a chance to look more closely for a few more days, but if you start copying over your changes into the article (be bold!) then other editors who have the page on their watchlists will have a look too and help fix anything that needs fixing. Just one very minor copyediting point I happened to notice on a couple of your sentences - just close up the space between the full stop and the citation (citations follow punctuation immediately, with no space in between. I'm not sure about the Description section - it might be worth including some general blurb about the range of sizes and characters (animals/whatever) and types of stuffings, but feel free to use your own discretion, if you feel as if these topics are covered in other sections (other than the lead, where WP:LEADFOLLOWSBODY). Laterthanyouthink (talk) 09:56, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the note about citations, ! I think I corrected them all, but I'll check again when I go through and copyedit. I have moved the major edits from my sandbox to the article, and I took a stab at re-writing the lead to reflect the changes. Please let me know if any of my edits/reasoning are unclear or seem off; I'm happy to discuss further. I'll be going through the article in the next couple of days to make sure all the text has a neutral tone (mainly I'll be looking at the description section since I haven't looked at that section as closely yet), and I'll add an additional source or two that I found to support some of the information in the description section. I'll also go through and copyedit everything. --Lhill21 (talk) 17:52, 10 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I've just had a quick look at it and it looks pretty good to me. Firstly, I am sorry, I made an addition and saved it before remembering that I was supposed to be just looking! (I thought that the market value cited by the WSJ was not clear what it applied to - presumably US - so went looking for a global figure.) Then I saw the incorrect change made by and changed that back. The only minor thing I'd mention, as you seem keen to learn more: try to always link the first occurrence of the word (e.g. teddy bear), and I think that you could add a few more links to some of those terms such as plush, felt, velvet, pincushion, horsehair, etc. While over-linking is not good, especially for common terms, countries, etc., one can imagine that some readers might not have come across these terms. (I try to imagine school children or 2nd-language-English speakers.) You could possibly play with the placement of the images to find what looks best when the screen is narrow or wide on the web version, and have a look at the mobile version too if you can. Best wishes with your assignment and future editing! Laterthanyouthink (talk) 03:08, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, no need to apologize about the edit! I don't want to commandeer the article for my assignment, so you’re welcome to make edits anytime on anything I've done. I agree that the market value statistic is better as a global value. Thanks for the tips about linking and the images. I’ll look at links more as I start copyediting, and I might adjust the photo placement so that the sock monkey photo is on the right, since MOS:IMAGELOCATION says that placing photos on the right is the general rule. Unless that would make the right side too crowded with photos, since it’s a pretty short article? Either way, I’ll do something so that the history text isn't sandwiched between the two photos. I'll post an update once I'm finished with everything. --Lhill21 (talk) 04:34, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Update on edits and thoughts for future editors
Hi Wikipedians,

I’ve finished working out all my proposed edits/copyedits to the article. I think there’s still room to expand the article overall, particularly in the “history”, “production” and “cultural impact, marketing, and collectors” sections. I also marked a few sentences that definitely need additional citations, and some of the other facts in the description section might need citations as well. I’m also not sure how relevant that image captioned “A plush toy” is; it seems a little random to me, but I kept it in. I’m looking forward to seeing where Wikipedians take the article in the future! --Lhill21 (talk) 21:13, 17 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The image has now been removed. File: File:Igrushka001.jpg UserTwoSix (talk) 22:46, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Slang
Some slang for stuffed toys that may be included in the article, depending on sources/reliability:
 * Stuffies (US)
 * Bearnies (Diff) (UK)
 * Teddies (generic name?) (used outside English-speaking countries?)

UserTwoSix (talk) 22:49, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Terminology and article title "Stuffed animal"
From where I am in the US, these toys are mostly known as "stuffed animals". From that point of view, this article would be better called "stuffed animal". I'm wondering if it is very different in other countries and "stuffed animal" is not a common name, or not used for all "stuffed toys"... UserTwoSix (talk) 00:32, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

"Toy bunny" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toy_bunny&redirect=no Toy bunny] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 𝔏𝔲𝔫𝔞𝔪𝔞𝔫𝔫🌙🌙🌙 𝔗𝔥𝔢 𝔐𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔬𝔫𝔦𝔢𝔰𝔱 (talk) 14:11, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stuffed toy


text:
Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science

The Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science is the University of Miami's academic and research institution for the study of oceanography, atmospheric, and earth sciences. The Rosenstiel School is located 8 mi east from the University of Miami's main Coral Gables campus on Virginia Key in Miami, Florida, United States.

Founded in 1943, the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School is the only subtropical applied and basic marine, atmospheric, and earth research institute in the continental United States. The school is also home to SUSTAIN, the world's largest hurricane simulation tank.

Up until 2008, Rosenstiel School was solely a graduate school within the University of Miami, though it jointly administrated an undergraduate program with the University of Miami's College of Arts and Sciences. In 2008, Rosenstiel School launched an undergraduate program, granting both Bachelor of Science in Marine and Atmospheric Science (BSMAS) and Bachelor of Arts in Marine Affairs (BAMA) undergraduate degrees and Master's degrees. Doctorate degrees are awarded to Rosenstiel School students by the University of Miami's Graduate School.

The Rosenstiel School's research includes the study of marine life, including aplysia and coral, climate change, tropical cyclones, air-sea interactions, coastal ecology, and oceanography law. The school operates a marine research vessel and has a research site at an inland sinkhole.

History
In 1940, University of Miami president Bowman Foster Ashe recruited F.G. Walton Smith, a British marine biologist who was working in the Bahamas to join the University of Miami's Department of Zoology and develop of a marine laboratory at the university.

In 1943, the Board of Trustees of the University of Miami established the Marine Laboratory for the University. They invited researchers and oceanographers to associate themselves with the laboratory whose three original objectives were teaching, basic research, and applied marine research. The laboratory focused on subjects specific to a tropical environment. Initially, the Marine Lab was located in a private boathouse on an estate on Belle Isle in Miami Beach. In 1945, when the boathouse became structurally unsafe, the lab moved to a converted apartment building in Coral Gables, Florida near the main campus.

In 1947, a delegation from Dade County prompted the Florida State Legislature to support development of a state Marine Laboratory in conjunction with the UM lab. It reported to the State Board of Conservation, which had no marine research facility and little budget of its own at the time. The relationship lasted for 12 years until the state of Florida built the board a lab in St. Petersburg.

Since 1951, the School has published the Bulletin of Marine Science, a peer-reviewed scientific journal on ecology, fisheries management,geology, geophysics, marine biology, oceanography, meteorology, and related topics.

In 1953, the School's classrooms and laboratories were built at the current Virginia Key location. It was renamed Institute of Marine Science in 1961, it became part of the University of Miami's School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences.

In 1969, the institution was made into an independent school and named to honor Lewis and Dorothy Rosenstiel after a major contribution from Rosenstiel's foundation to support progress in atmospheric and marine sciences.

In 1977, the school began a joint undergraduate program with Miami's College of Arts & Sciences. The school bought Research vessels and built more facilities to further research projects. From 2003 to 2008, the school operated Pew Institute for Ocean Science as a joint venture with the Pew Charitable Trusts; in 2008, the program relocated to Stony Brook University on Long Island.

In 2008, the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School took over administration of the university's undergraduate Marine Science, Marine Affairs, and Meteorology programs.

Also in 2008, the school's library merged with the central University of Miami Library. Recently, the Rosenstiel School started unique a one-year Master of Professional Science degree program aimed at students planning non-research careers in business, government, or non-profit organizations.

In June 2022, the faculty voted to change the name of the school to the Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, reflecting the strengths in geosciences as well as the ocean and atmospheric sciences.

Academics
While the graduate programs are conducted by Rosenstiel School faculty who report to the dean of the Rosenstiel School, the University of Miami's Graduate School awards the school's graduate degrees. Rosenstiel School offers a joint program with the University of Miami School of Law, which awards its students both a Juris Doctor degree and a Master of Arts in Marine Affairs and Policy. The school also administers the University of Miami's undergraduate programs in marine science, marine affairs, and meteorology on the university's main Coral Gables campus.

The Rosenstiel School is divided into five academic departments:
 * Atmospheric Sciences
 * Environmental Science and Policy
 * Marine Biology and Ecology
 * Marine Geosciences
 * Ocean Sciences

In addition to its academic departments, Rosenstiel School has several research units: Oceans and Human Health Center, National Resource for Aplysia, National Center for Coral Reef Research, Center for Southeastern Tropical Advanced Remote Sensing (CSTARS), and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. , 358 professors and scientists conduct research programs and teach at Rosenstiel School and the University of Miami's main campus. Of these, 81 are regular full-time faculty members.

The school operates F.G. Walton Smith, a research vessel. Designed to meet the school's specifications, the catamaran was put on water in 2000. It is equipped with a special sea water flow system that can take samples. The on-board lab can perform chemical analysis of those water samples. It also has transducers for measuring ocean currents, sub-bottom profiling, and deep water bathymetry. In response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the vessel was reassigned to environmental monitoring of affected areas and to track underwater plumes of oil.

Rosenstiel School's research invertebrate museum houses one of the world's most extensive collections of invertebrate tropical marine life with 400,000 specimens. It includes Atlantic tropical marine invertebrates. The collection consists of 60,000 specimen lots, out of which 38,900 are cataloged and identified species.

Since 2005, Rosenstiel School has conducted an underwater photography contest that draws international submissions. It also makes underwater photographs available through its Digital Atlas of Marine Species and Locations, which is a database that includes photos of specific marine species.

Since 1951, Rosenstiel School has published Bulletin of Marine Science a scientific journal which publishes research papers in marine subject areas covered by the school. It is published four times a year.

The United States National Research Council ranked graduate research programs based on 2008 data, and the Rosenstiel School ranked 11th to 40th among Oceanography, Atmospheric Sciences, and Meteorology Rankings. Rosenstiel School entering graduate students' average quantitative Graduate Record Examination score was 681.

Campus
The University of Miami's Rosenstiel School's Virginia Key 18 acre campus includes classroom facilities, laboratories, a dock, and a student center. The center, called F. G. Walton Smith Commons, holds a cafeteria and a bar (aka "the wet lab") that was rated as one of Miami's best secrets by Miami New Times in 2008. The campus features mangroves, sea grape trees, and dune plants to protect its sand dunes and the campus from storm damage. In 2009, UM received a $15 million federal grant to help construct a new $43.8 million, 56500 sqft Marine Technology and Life Sciences Seawater Research Building. The Virginia Key campus is located at a 65 acre marine research and education park that is also home to two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) research laboratories and the Maritime and Science Technology Academy magnet school.

The school also operates a 76 acre site on mainland Miami-Dade County that was formerly the United States Naval Observatory Secondary National Time Standard Facility, which already had buildings and a 20M antenna used for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). Rosenstiel School's Center for Southeastern Tropical Advanced Remote Sensing (CSTARS) and Richmond Satellite Operations Center (RSOC) have research facilities located on what is now named the Richmond Campus.

In the 1990s, the school hosted the Miami Hoshuko, a part-time Japanese school for Japanese citizens and ethnic Japanese people in the area. While there, Miami Hoshuko used ten classrooms, a library, and a cafeteria facility.

Research
As of 2008, the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School receives $50 million in annual external research funding. Laboratories at Virginia Key are equipped with specialized instruments including a salt-water wave tank, the five-tank Conditioning and Spawning Systems, multi-tank Aplysia Culture Laboratory, Controlled Corals Climate Tanks, and DNA analysis equipment. The Richmond Campus' CSTARS provides Rosenstiel School with a near-real-time weather satellite downlink. Rosenstiel School also operates Bimini Biological Field Station, an array of oceanographic high-frequency radar along the U.S. east coast, and its Bermuda aerosol observatory.

Research projects at Rosenstiel School are in the domain of atmospheric and marine sciences and include:
 * Coral reef research, focusing on corals survival in a new climate conditions; coral reef protection
 * Field programs evaluating trace gas chemistry and transport
 * The aquaculture program
 * Climate change modeling
 * Tropical weather, climate, and atmospheric/oceanic circulations
 * Air-sea interactions research through buoys, remote sensing, analysis in situ, a wave tank laboratory, numerical modeling;
 * Volcanoes in the Pacific, Everglades water level measurements and subsidence through satellite images
 * Studies of coastal quality and their impact on human health.

Rosenstiel School's Marine Affairs and Policy Division conducts archaeological and paleontological research at Little Salt Spring in Sarasota County. The site was donated to the University of Miami in 1982. Rosenstiel School also hosts the National Center for Coral Reef Research (NCORE), which works to understand, conserve and manage coral reefs worldwide.

Rosenstiel School has focused significant resources to studying the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and its long term environmental effect. The school is an active member of the State of Florida's Oil Spill Academic Task Force that works with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection on spill issues. In the summer of 2010, a CIMAS team working with the research vessel Walton Smith was able to document a 23 mi long oil plume extending toward Dry Tortugas.

The quality of the school is evaluated through peer-reviewed competition for faculty research grants. In addition, each year, the National Science Foundation conducts a nationwide student competition for Graduate Research Award Fellowship, and in 2010, five Rosenstiel School students received such awards with two additional honorable mentions.

Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies
Since 1977, the Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS), a scientific partnership between the University of Miami and NOAA, has been studying climate change, air-sea interactions and coastal ecology.

Notable faculty

 * Frederick Bayer (Marine Biology)
 * Lisa Beal (Oceanography)
 * Amy C. Clement (Atmospheric science)
 * Cesare Emiliani (Geology and Geophysics) - "founder of paleoceanography"
 * Rana Fine (Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry), physical oceanographer
 * Samuel H. Gruber (Marine Biology and Fisheries)
 * Roger Lhermitte (Radar Meteorology)
 * José Carlos Millás (Meteorology)
 * Fred Tappert (Applied Marine Physics)
 * Paquita Zuidema (Atmospheric science)


text:
Talk:Sprint Corporation/Archive 1

Merger?

 * Please do not edit the Sprint Logo until the merger is complete. 00:03, 24 June 2005 User:208.24.179.27
 * After the merger, this entire article is going to have to be renamed. "Sprint" as an individual entity will no longer exist.  Is that simple enough to do? 23:37, 28 June 2005 User:Jimbinford
 * The article can be renamed, however the new company's name is "Sprint" (marketed as "Sprint - Together with Nextel") so I'm not sure much is changing. 09:02, 11 July 2005 User:24.5.220.47
 * Deleted buyblue.org link, as it is partisan and inappropriate for Wikipedia. 21:23, 17 July 2005 User:4.245.3.73
 * If people from UMKC want to be taken seriously, they should learn to spell. 21:49, 30 July 2005 User:Quizzoid

title: Talk:Sprint Corporation/Archive 1


text:
Oxygen mask

An oxygen mask is a mask that provides a method to transfer breathing oxygen gas from a storage tank to the lungs. Oxygen masks may cover only the nose and mouth (oral nasal mask) or the entire face (full-face mask). They may be made of plastic, silicone, or rubber. In certain circumstances, oxygen may be delivered via a nasal cannula instead of a mask.

Examples of medical plastic oxygen masks
Medical plastic oxygen masks are used primarily by medical care providers for oxygen therapy because they are disposable and so reduce cleaning costs and infection risks. Mask design can determine accuracy of oxygen delivered with many various medical situations requiring treatment with oxygen. Oxygen is naturally occurring in room air at 21% and higher percentages are often essential in medical treatment. Oxygen in these higher percentages is classified as a drug with too much oxygen being potentially harmful to a patient's health, resulting in oxygen dependence over time, and in extreme circumstances patient blindness. For these reasons oxygen therapy is closely monitored. Masks are light in weight and attached using an elasticated headband or ear loops. They are transparent for allowing the face to be visible for patient assessment by healthcare providers, and reducing a sensation of claustrophobia experienced by some patients when wearing an oxygen mask. The vast majority of patients having an operation will at some stage wear an oxygen mask; they may alternatively wear a nasal cannula but oxygen delivered in this way is less accurate and restricted in concentration.

The global disposable oxygen masks market, according to Altus Market Research, has the potential to grow by US$1.1 billion between 2019 and 2023. The market's growth pace will also pick up speed throughout this time.

Silicone and rubber masks
Silicone and rubber oxygen masks are heavier than plastic masks. They are designed to provide a good seal for long-duration use by aviators, medical research subjects, and hyperbaric chamber and other patients who require administration of pure oxygen, such as carbon monoxide poisoning and decompression sickness victims. Dr. Arthur H. Bulbulian pioneered the first modern viable oxygen mask, worn by World War II pilots and used by hospitals. Valves inside these tight-fitting masks control the flow of gases into and out of the masks, so that rebreathing of exhaled gas is minimised.

Hoses and tubing and oxygen regulators
Hoses or tubing connect an oxygen mask to the oxygen supply. Hoses are larger in diameter than tubing and can allow greater oxygen flow. When a hose is used it may have a ribbed or corrugated design to allow bending of the hose while preventing twisting and cutting off the oxygen flow. The quantity of oxygen delivered from the storage tank to the oxygen mask is controlled by a valve called a regulator. Some types of oxygen masks have a breathing bag made of plastic or rubber attached to the mask or oxygen supply hose to store a supply of oxygen to allow deep breathing without waste of oxygen with use of simple fixed flow regulators.

History
An early 1919 high-altitude oxygen system used a vacuum flask of liquid oxygen to supply two people for one hour at 15000 ft. The liquid passed through several warming stages before use, as expansion when it evaporated, and absorbed latent heat of vaporization, would make the gasified oxygen so cold that it could cause instant frostbite of the lungs.

The first successful creation for the oxygen mask was by Armenian born Dr. Arthur Bulbulian, in the field of facial prosthetics, in 1941.

Many designs of aviator's oxygen masks contain a microphone to transmit speech to other crew members and to the aircraft's radio. Military aviators' oxygen masks have face pieces that partially cover the sides of the face and protect the face against flash burns, flying particles, and effects of a high speed air stream hitting the face during emergency evacuation from the aircraft by ejection seat or parachute. They are often part of a pressure suit or intended for use with a flight helmet.

Regulations
Three main kinds of oxygen masks are used by pilots and crews who fly at high altitudes: continuous flow, diluter demand, and pressure demand.

In a continuous-flow system, oxygen is provided to the user continuously. It does not matter if the user is exhaling or inhaling as oxygen is flowing from the time the system is activated. Below the oxygen mask is a rebreather bag that collects oxygen during exhalation and as a result allows a higher flow rate during the inhalation cycle.

Diluter-demand and pressure-demand masks supply oxygen only when the user inhales. They each require a good seal between the mask and the user's face.

In a diluter-demand system, as the altitude increases (ambient pressure, and therefore the partial pressure of ambient oxygen, decreases), the oxygen flow increases such that the partial pressure of oxygen is roughly constant. Diluter-demand oxygen systems can be used up to 40,000 ft.

In a pressure-demand system, oxygen in the mask is above ambient pressure, permitting breathing above 40,000 ft. Because the pressure inside the mask is greater than the pressure around the user's torso, inhalation is easy, but exhalation requires more effort. Aviators are trained in pressure-demand breathing in altitude chambers. Because they seal tightly, pressure-demand-type oxygen masks are also used in hyperbaric oxygen chambers and for oxygen breathing research projects with standard oxygen regulators.

Supplemental oxygen is needed for flying more than 30 minutes at cabin pressure altitudes of 12,500 ft or higher, pilots must use oxygen at all times above 14,000 ft and each occupant must be provided supplemental oxygen above 15,000 ft.

Aviation passenger masks and emergency oxygen systems

Most commercial aircraft are fitted with oxygen masks for use when cabin pressurization fails. In general, commercial aircraft are pressurized so that the cabin air is at a pressure equivalent to no more than 8,000 ft altitude (usually somewhat lower altitude), where one can breathe normally without an oxygen mask. If the oxygen pressure in the cabin drops below a safe level, risking hypoxia, compartments containing the oxygen masks will open automatically, either above or in front of the passenger and crew seats, and in the lavatories.

In the early years of commercial flight, before pressurized cabins were invented, airliner passengers sometimes had to wear oxygen masks during routine flights.

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Firefighters and emergency service workers use full face masks that provide breathing air as well as eye and face protection. These masks are typically attached to a tank carried upon the back of the wearer and are called self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBA). Open circuit SCBAs do not normally supply oxygen, as it is not necessary and constitutes an easily avoidable fire hazard. Rebreather SCBAs usually supply oxygen as this is the lightest and most compact option, and uses a simpler mechanism than other types of rebreather.

Specialized masks for astronauts
Specialized full-face masks that supply oxygen or other breathing gases are used by astronauts to remove nitrogen from their blood before space walks (EVA).

Specialized masks for pets
Specialized snout masks which supply oxygen to revive family pets have been donated to fire departments.

Oxygen delivery to divers
Divers only use pure oxygen for accelerated decompression, or from oxygen rebreathers at shallow depths where the risk of acute oxygen toxicity is acceptable. Oxygen supply during in-water decompression is via rebreather, open circuit diving regulator, full-face mask or diving helmet which has been prepared for.

Built-in breathing system
Oxygen supply to divers in decompression chambers is preferably through a built-in breathing system, which uses an oxygen mask plumbed into supply and exhaust hoses which supply oxygen from outside the chamber, and discharge the exhaled oxygen-rich gas outside the chamber, using a system equivalent to two demand valves, one upstream of the diver, to supply oxygen on demand, and the other downstream, to exhaust exhaled gas on demand, so that the oxygen partial pressure in the chamber is limited to relatively safe levels. If oxygen masks are used that discharge into the chamber, the chamber air must be replaced frequently to keep the oxygen level within safe operating limits.

Anesthesia oxygen masks
Anesthesia masks are face masks that are designed to administer anesthetic gases to a patient through inhalation. Anesthesia masks are either made of anti-static silicone or rubber, as a static electricity spark may ignite some anesthetic gases. They are either black rubber or clear silicone. Anesthesia masks fit over the mouth and nose and have a double hose system. One hose carries inhaled anesthetic gas to the mask and the other brings exhaled anesthetic gas back to the machine. Anesthesia masks have 4 point head strap harnesses to securely fit on the head to hold the mask in place as the anaesthetist controls the gases and oxygen inhaled.

Masks for high-altitude climbers
Oxygen masks are used by climbers of high peaks such as Mount Everest. Because of the severe cold and harsh conditions oxygen masks for use at extreme altitude must be robust and effective. The oxygen storage tanks used with the masks (called oxygen bottles) are made of lightweight, high-strength metals and are covered in high-strength fiber such as kevlar. These special oxygen bottles are filled with oxygen at a very high pressure which provides a longer time duration of oxygen for breathing than standard pressure oxygen bottles. These systems are generally only used above 7000 m.

In recent years oxygen mask systems for high-altitude climbing which pump oxygen constantly have been increasingly replaced by systems supplying oxygen on demand via nasal cannulas.

Oxygen helmets
Oxygen helmets are used in hyperbaric oxygen chambers for oxygen administration. They are transparent, lightweight plastic helmets with a seal that goes around the wearer's neck that looks like a space suit helmet. They offer a good visual field. Light weight plastic hoses provide oxygen to the helmet and remove exhaled gas to the outside of the chamber. Oxygen helmets are often preferred for oxygen administration in hyperbaric oxygen chambers for children and patients that are uncomfortable wearing an oxygen mask.

Mask retention systems
Medical oxygen masks are held in place by medical personnel or the user by hand, or they may be fitted with a lightweight elastic headband so the mask can be removed quickly. Full-face masks are secured by several straps. Tightly fitting oxygen masks are secured at four points by two head straps. Aviators' masks are often equipped with "quick don" harnesses that allow those in pressurized aircraft to rapidly don the masks in emergencies. Military aviators' oxygen masks are secured to flight helmets with quick-release systems.

title: Oxygen mask


text:
Talk:Sampan

Three planks
Can someone quote a source for this claim?
 * Sampan literally means three planks in Mandarin, San (three) and pan (plank).

三板 is quite a jump from 舢舨. Kowloonese 19:58, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Three planks' is supported by the OED and the AHD. The latter, however, points out that the Mandarin term is no longer sānbăn but shānbăn. Zompist 18:13, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Would "three planks" a corruption or homonym, like "cloud swallow"? — Instantnood 18:19, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

In the tanka dialect (蜑家話) of Hong Kong the word 舢 is pronounced with a -m Ending not an -n ending so it is saam¹ I believe this is the etymological origin of this word not a corruption of 三板 but 舢舨 in the tanka dialect, the tanka dialect is Spoken by boat dwellers so it does make sense and 蜑家話 was the original dialect of Hong Kong until the late 1850s, at Which point britan had already colonised Hong Kong and probably found this word Hĭ uông lìng (talk) 13:05, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

Vietnam War
Could something be noted about U.S. Special Forces and Viet Cong usage of the sampan in combat, as well as other operations during the Conflict? 70.109.70.167 01:08, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Only 14 ft?
The statement that sampans are between 3.5 to 4.5 meters seems a little off, on reflection. I know I've been on a sampan (as part of a Yangzi river tourist thing) that had to have been more than 20 feet long, and there were other vessels on the river that were about the length of that Japanese boat currently pictured in the article. (I'd estimate that one is around 8 to 10 meters long, based on the size of the people aboard.) Is there a source for the average length of a sampan? --grant (talk) 19:38, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I was just about to make the same comment. Given that most of the boats identified as sampans in the article are well over 4.5 meters long, and given that nobody has come up with a citation for it in the past 2 1/2 years, I feel comfortable deleting the claim re the length. 206.208.105.129 (talk) 14:34, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

Sampan
I have 3 photos of a boat from Birma that looking like sampan. That photos from various sides and it is vissible that the boat more then 6 mtr over all (same some sanpans in your article Sanpan more longer then 4.5 mtrs. Boat's design including side's coamings looking like a sampan. If you will increase my photos (forward part of photo 3) you will sea that were used plenty planks to make boat's side. Anyhow here http://www.cherini.eu/etnografia/EO/slides/E0_0016.html and here http://www.cherini.eu/etnografia/EO/slides/E0_0017.html drawings of the same boat mentioned that it is sampan. Can be better mention various kinds of sampans (depends of coutry and morernism) and describe that now the same designe but not some planks used only. I will try to join 3 photos soon - same as drawing that mentioned in above mentioned adress. Also pay attention that mostly sampans exept japaneese have stern uprising horns and smal coamings. BRGDS Sory for my bad English Грищук ЮН (talk) 07:08, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sampan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valaryc

Valaryc
Vanity. --fvw *  03:50, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * Hmm yes, probably not vanity. I didn't read far enough.  --fvw *  07:57, 2004 Dec 20 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't have to be vain to be vanity? This looks like a hate page put up by one of his rivals from the Yahoo! chat room.  Either way, delete.  He won't need a private cadre of Internet Gestapo to shut the page down!  P Ingerson 03:52, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Either self-deprecating vanity or a hate page, I can't tell. Neither is noteworthy. Delete. - Vague | Rant 03:54, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Euthanize it. Wolfman 04:00, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete.-gadfium (talk) 04:05, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hate page. Antandrus 04:06, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as disruption, and accusations of attempted underage sex are potentially libelous. DreamGuy 04:14, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * BALEETED!—Trevor Caira 05:38, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy deleted libellous, insulting rant. Fire Star 06:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Valaryc


text:
File:Jackass poster.jpg

Promotional poster. Fair use.

title: File:Jackass poster.jpg


text:
French denier

The denier (denarius, denaro, δηνάριο; abbr. d.) or penny was a medieval coin which takes its name from the Frankish coin first issued in the late seventh century; in English it is sometimes referred to as a silver penny. Its appearance represents the end of gold coinage, which, at the start of Frankish rule, had either been Roman (Byzantine) or "pseudo-imperial" (minted by the Franks in imitation of Byzantine coinage). Silver would be the basis for Frankish coinage from then on. The denier was minted in France, Cyprus and parts of the Italian peninsula for the whole of the Middle Ages, in states such as the patriarchate of Aquileia, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Siena, Kingdom of Cyprus, and the crusader state Kingdom of Jerusalem, among others.

Coin
Around AD 755, amid the Carolingian Reforms, Pepin the Short introduced a new currency system which was eventually adjusted so that 12 pence (denarii; deniers) equaled one shilling (solidi; sols or sous) and 20 shillings equaled one pound (libra, librae, or lirae; livres). Later, three deniers equaled one liard. Only the denier was an actual coin; the rest were money of account. This system and the denier itself served as the model for many of Europe's currencies, including sterling, the Italian lira, the Spanish dinero and the Portuguese dinheiro.

Interest rates
In Ancien Régime France, the denier was used as a notional measure of interest rates on loans. Thus, a rate of 4% (1/25) would be expressed as "denier 25"; a rate of 5% (1/20) as "denier 20"; and so forth.

title: French denier


text: User talk:66.94.16.81

title: User talk:66.94.16.81