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Frederiksborg Castle

Frederiksborg Castle (Frederiksborg Slot) is a palatial complex in Hillerød, Denmark. It was built as a royal residence for King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway in the early 17th century, replacing an older castle acquired by Frederick II and becoming the largest Renaissance residence in Scandinavia. On three islets in the Slotssøen (castle lake), it is adjoined by a large formal garden in the Baroque style.

After a serious fire in 1859, the castle was rebuilt on the basis of old plans and paintings. Thanks to public support and the brewer J. C. Jacobsen, its apartments were fully restored and reopened to the public as the Danish Museum of National History in 1882. Open throughout the year, the museum contains the largest collection of portrait paintings in Denmark. It also provides visitors with an opportunity to visit several of the castle's state rooms including the restored Valdemar Room and Great Hall as well as the Chapel and the Audience Chamber which were both largely spared by the fire and contain sumptuous decorations. While there was renovation, a fire truck was permanently parked in the castle.

Origins

The estate originally known as Hillerødsholm near Hillerød had traditionally belonged to the Gøyes, one of the noble families of Denmark. In the 1520s and 1530s, Mogens Gøye (c.1470–1544), Steward of the Realm, had been instrumental in introducing the Danish Reformation. He lived in a half-timbered building on the most northerly of three adjoining islets on the estate's lake. The property was known as Hillerødsholm (literally islet of Hillerød). After his daughter, Birgitte, married the courtier and naval hero Herluf Trolle in 1544, the couple became its proprietors. In the 1540s, Trolle replaced the old building with a larger manor house.

In 1550, Frederick II who was king of Denmark and Norway from 1559 to 1588, concluded an exchange agreement with Herluf Trolle and his wife whereby Trolle received the manor of Skovkloster in the south of Zealand, while the king acquired the Hillerødsholm Estate. As the old building with twin towers was too small for the king, in 1560 he arranged for extensions and additions under Trolle's supervision. At the king's request, Trolle remained on the premises until the work was completed. The king then renamed the estate Frederiksborg (literally Frederik's castle). Interested in deer hunting, he used the castle with the neighbouring Bath House as a royal hunting lodge, centred as it was in the fields and forests he owned in the north of Zealand. The additions included a gated wall to the south, separating the estate from the town. Still standing today is the quadrangular red-brick, tip-roofed house on Staldgade known as Herluf Trolle's Tower (c.1560). Adjoining this are two long, narrow red-brick stable buildings: the King's Stables to the west and the Hussars' Stables to the east. These in turn lead to a wall along the lake with two round towers completed in 1562 bearing the arms of Frederick II and his motto Mein Hoffnung zu Gott allein (My hope to God alone). On the central islet, the long pantry house with stepped gables (1575) can also be seen today. The most important building from Frederick II's times is the Bath House in the park northwest of the islets. Completed in 1581 in the Renaissance style with three protruding step-gabled wings, it served the king as a hunting lodge during the summer months.

Frederiksborg Castle was the first Danish castle to be built inland. All previous castles had been on the coast or close to ports as the sea had traditionally been the principal means of travel. It was also the first to be built for purely recreational purposes rather than for defence. Its location in Hillerød led to the development of vastly improved roads, initially reserved for the king. Kongevej (King's Way), linking Frederiksborg with Copenhagen, was completed in 1588. James VI of Scotland visited on 13 March 1590 after his marriage to Anne of Denmark. He gave money to the poor, to the keeper of the park who lent the couple horses, to a woman who kept pheasants and "spruce fowls", and 100 Danish dalers to the Captain of Frederiksborg for his officers and servants.

Renaissance castle
Frederik's son Christian, who was born there became very attached to the castle as a child. Nevertheless, when reigning as Christian IV (1588–1648) he decided to have it completely rebuilt in the Flemish and Dutch Renaissance style (Northern Mannerism). The old building was demolished in 1599 and the Flemish architect Hans van Steenwinckel the Elder was charged with planning the new building. After his death in 1601, his sons Hans and Lorenz completed the assignment. The main four-storey building with its three wings was completed around 1610 but work continued on the Chapel until 1618. The entire complex was finished around 1620, becoming the largest Renaissance building in Scandinavia. The main Renaissance building built by Christian IV was thus completed in under ten years, an astonishing accomplishment at the time, although there were additions until the early 1620s.

In 1659 during the Second Northern War, the castle was captured by the Swedes who took most of its artworks as war reparations. During the Swedish occupation, the queen of Sweden, Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, used the palace and hunted in the woods with the English envoy to Sweden.

After Christian IV's death in 1648, the castle was used mainly for ceremonial events. The Chapel was the scene of the coronations and anointments of all the Danish monarchs from 1671 to 1840 except for that of Christian VII.
 * 1671: Christian V and Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel
 * 1700: Frederick IV and Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
 * 1721: Anna Sophia, consort of Frederick IV
 * 1731: Christian VI and Sophia Magdalena of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
 * 1747: Frederick V and Louise of Great Britain
 * 1752: Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, consort of Frederick V
 * 1815: Frederick VI and Marie of Hesse-Kassel
 * 1840: Christian VIII and Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein

In July 1720, the Treaty of Frederiksborg was signed in the castle, ending the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway which had started in 1700.

Fire and reconstruction
In the 1850s, the castle was again used as a residence by King Frederick VII. While he was staying there on the night of 16 December 1859, he retired to a room on the third floor to examine his historic artefacts. But as it was a cold night, he asked for a fire to be lit in the room. Unfortunately, the chimney was under repair, causing a fire to break out. As the lake was frozen, the only water available came from the pantry and the kitchen. The fire spread quickly, ruining most of the building within a few hours although the Chapel, the Audience Chamber and the Privy Passage were not seriously damaged. The intricate internal decorations were also destroyed, but over 300 paintings were saved and are now displayed in the castle's history museum. Reconstruction was funded by public subscription, with substantial contributions from the king and state, as well as from the prominent philanthropist J. C. Jacobsen of the Carlsberg Brewery. Jacobsen's funding provided for the establishment of the Museum of National History in the castle. It was formally established on 5 April 1878 and opened to the public in 1882. The restoration and reconstruction work began in 1860 on the basis of old plans from the archives as well as detailed paintings and drawings by Heinrich Hansen. When work was completed under the leadership of the historicist architect Ferdinand Meldahl in 1864, the castle once again took on its original appearance. Jacobsen also donated a copy of the Neptune Fountain (the original by Adrian de Vries having been taken to Sweden) which was placed in the outer courtyard in 1888.

Architecture
In line with Flemish and Dutch Renaissance tradition, the quadrangular castle covering the entire area of the northern islet is built of red brick with stepped gables, towering spires and light sandstone decorations. The symmetry of the main structure is broken by the large bell tower on the Chapel Wing. All three wings are fundamentally independent buildings which have been joined together to form a complex. The usual concern with symmetry was overridden by the need to glorify Christian IV with sculptural decorations evoking astrology and mythology as can be seen in the gate house, the Terrace Wing and the Neptune Fountain. The window gables also display statues of historic emperors including Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar.

The King's Wing, the main wing of the Renaissance building, was completed in 1604, the Chapel Wing followed in 1606 and the Princess's Wing on the eastern side in 1608. All three were three storeys high but the Terrace Wing, completed in 1609, had only one storey. The side of the Terrace Wing next to the moat was decorated with mythological figures while open arcades overlooked the courtyard. The central portal bears the arms of King Christian and Queen Anne Catherine and its completion date, 1609.

The castle is noted for its towers and turrets. All the outer corners are decorated with towers. Two octagonal towers with lofty spires overlook the lake (Mønttårnet to the west and Jægerbakkettårnet to the east) and two round one-storey towers face the central islet. Stair turrets with copper-clad domes decorate the courtyard side of the King's Wing. The highest and most impressive tower stands above the Chapel. The chamfered corners of its multistorey spire are decorated with four obelisks.

The Audience House (Audienshuset) was completed in 1616. With its swinging gables and protruding bay windows in the Renaissance style, the elegant five-wing building on the middle islet over the moat from the Mønttårn tower on the main building. Its south-facing portal, Møntporten, decorated with figures including Venus and Mars surrounded by musicians, is considered to be one of Denmark's finest. In 1621, Christian IV decorated the King's Wing with the Great Gallery overlooking the courtyard. The statues of the gods, decorating the two storeys, were crafted by Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger in Amsterdam and brought to Denmark by ship.

The middle islet was further developed during the reign of Christian IV. The lord lieutenant's manor (Slotsherrens Hus) to the west was completed in 1611. The Chancellery to the east was erected in 1615 as a true copy of Berritsgård on the island of Lolland, one of the finest Renaissance buildings in Denmark. Both buildings were decorated with an octagonal turret and sweeping gables.

While most of the castle was destroyed by fire in 1859, the Chapel and its furnishings suffered only minor damage. The Chapel has also been used as the ceremonial chapel for the Order of the Elephant and the Order of the Dannebrog since 1693. It houses the Danish royal family's art collection, notably works on the life of Jesus by the Danish painter Carl Heinrich Bloch. The Chapel was also the site of the signing of the Treaty of Frederiksborg. Since the times of Christian IV, it has been used as a parish church. Today it is served by four priests and two organists.

The coats-of-arms of recipients of the Order of the Elephant and of the Dannebrog are displayed on the Chapel walls. They include those of international figures such as Nelson Mandela and outstanding Danes including Niels Bohr and Mærsk McKinney Møller.

Neptune fountain
Designed by Adrien de Vries, the Neptune fountain is considered to be the castle's sculptural masterpiece. It was created from 1620 to 1622 to stand on the castle's forecourt symbolizing Denmark's position as a leading Nordic power in the early 17th century. The large bronze figures were cast in Prague where de Vries was employed as a sculptor by the imperial palace. Symbolizing the Danish king, the sea god Neptune is the central figure, while tritons piping their seashells decorate the outer basin. The current fountain is a copy of the original which was dismantled by the Swedish troops in 1659 and taken to Sweden for war reparations following the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. The reassembled fountain now stands in the gardens of Drottningholm Palace outside Stockholm. The copy was made by Heinrich Hansen in 1888 with funding from J.C. Jacobsen.

The Museum of National History
The Frederiksborg Museum was founded by a royal decree on 5 April 1878 and was opened to the public on 1 February 1882. The original collection was based on the paintings which had been saved from the castle fire but, with the help of the Jacobsen fund, it was soon extended to include other cultural artefacts including paintings and furniture. Over the next thirty years, the collection was considerably extended with paintings providing a national record of the most important figures in Danish history from the Middle Ages to the present day. Today the portrait collection is the largest in Denmark. In addition to its 70 rooms in the three storeys of the King's Wing and the Princess's Wing, the Chapel, the Rose Room and the Audience Room are included in the museum. The museum also hosts special exhibitions. Since 2010 it has also hosted a censored international portrait exhibition.

Valdemar Room
The first and second storeys of the King's Wing present the history of Denmark from the 12th to the 17th century. The Valdemar Room contains a number of history paintings which were specially commissioned for the museum, including Carl Bloch's Christian II's Imprisonment in Sønderborg (1871), Otto Bache's De sammensvorene rider fra Finderup (1882) showing the conspirators riding away from Finderup near Viborg after the murder of Erik Klipping, and Laurits Tuxens 1894 work depicting Valdemar the Great and Absalon destroying Svantevit's temple on the island of Rügen. The Valdemar Room also contains a copy of the oldest Danish flag from 1427. The original used to hang in Lübeck Cathedral in Germany, where it was destroyed by bombing in 1942. The portrait collection also contains a number of truly historic works including Karel van Mander's paintings of Leonora Christina and Christian IV, and a number of works by Jacob Binck. The works in the east wing are mainly from the 18th and 19th centuries and include Constantin Hansen's historic painting of the Fathers of the Danish Constitution.

Chapel
The chapel, consecrated in 1617, is also part of the museum. It is the best-preserved part of the Renaissance complex, having largely escaped damage in the 1859 fire. The chapel extends along the entire length of the west wing with a long nave and a two-storey gallery. The richly decorated six-vaulted stucco ceiling is borne by pillars rising from the galleries.

The pillars bear grisaille frescos of Biblical figures, painted in the 1690s. The galleries were decorated during the reign of Frederick III (1648–1670) as can be seen from his arms.

The Chapel's most significant artifact is the organ, built by Esajas Compenius in 1610. It was installed by Compenius himself shortly before his death in Hillerød in 1617. The oldest organ in Denmark, it has 1,001 wooden pipes. Its original manually-driven bellows has been preserved. The instrument is richly decorated with ebony, ivory and silver.

The altarpiece and pulpit from the early 17th century are the work of the silversmith Jacob Mores from Hamburg. In the king's prayer chamber adjoining the Chapel, there is a small silver altar crafted by the goldsmith Matthäus Wallbaum from Augsburg in 1600.

Great Hall
The Great Hall (Riddersalen) is situated above the Chapel and also extends over the length of the west wing. It was destroyed by fire in 1859, but was almost fully restored thanks to architectural paintings made by Heinrich Hansen and F.C. Lund. The restoration work, completed in 1880, was carried out by Ferdinand Meldahl who made use of preserved segments of the ornate gilded ceiling. The large chandelier in the centre of the room is the work of Meldahl's pupil, Carl Brummer. The original tapestries depicting important events in the life of Christian IV were woven in Karel van Mander's workshop in Delft. The copies decorating the walls of the hall today were created from Mander's sketches.

The Rose
The room on the ground floor in the King's Wing known as the Rose was originally a dining room for the king and his courtiers. It was also destroyed by the fire in 1859, but was reconstructed from old paintings. The two series of six vaults rest on free-standing pillars. It is thought Mehldahl managed to reuse parts of the window decorations including the monograms of Christian IV and Queen Catherine.

Audience Chamber
Extending into the middle islet, the Audience Chamber also escaped damage from the fire in 1859. It was decorated by Christian V's master builder Lambert van Haven in the 1680s, combining the Renaissance style with Baroque. He had himself brought the paintings in adjoining Privy Passage (Conseilgangen) back from Italy. His work was completed in 1688, making the Audience Chamber the oldest preserved Baroque room in Denmark. The sumptuous ceiling in the Privy Passage with flowering vines, creepers and rosettes is the work of the stucco artists Jan Wilckens van Verelt and Christian Nerger. The Audience Chamber itself was completed in 1689. The chandelier with a carved deer was crafted around 1625 by Hans Ocksen. The chair in the north-east corner allowed the king to be lifted up from the building's entrance. The central dome, designed by van Haven, bears the motto of Christian V, Pietate et Justitia (Piety and Justice) and is decorated with allegorical paintings of a Christian queen, a negro, a Turk, and an American Indian representing Europe, Africa, Asia and America. The paintings on the walls by the Christian V's court painter Jacob d'Agar depict the king's ancestors. They are surmounted by scenes from the king's glorious Scanian War (1675–1697) painted by Claus Møinchen and Christian Morholt, despite the fact that in the end, Denmark was defeated.

Castle parks
In 1850, Frederick VII had a landscaped garden laid out to the north-west of the castle with winding paths, canals and artificial lakes. On Louise's Island, named after his third wife, a small wooden manor house was built in the Norwegian style, from which the king could go out fishing and enjoy uninterrupted breaks with his wife.

To the east of the castle, the Baroque Park with its waterfalls was originally created by the court gardener Johan Cornelius Krieger for Frederick IV in the early 1720s. Its carefully planned symmetrical features were designed to surround the park's centrepiece, a fountain from which water cascaded down the terraces to the lake below. Neatly laid out paths, shrubs and flowerbeds were arranged around the central fountain. The garden was maintained until the beginning of the 19th century when it was abandoned. The shrubs grew wild but the paths and terraces could still be seen. In 1993 it was decided to recreate the park in its original style. Now known as Kaskaderne (The Cascades), it was reopened in 1996 with a multitude of new shrubs and trees, making it Denmark's most notable Baroque garden. Crafted in miniature hedges, the monograms of Frederick IV, Christian VI, Frederick V and Margrethe II form part of the central layout.

Countess of Frederiksborg
Alexandra Christina Manley was created Countess of Frederiksborg (Grevinde af Frederiksborg) by Queen Margrethe II on April 16, 2005, eight days after her divorce from Prince Joachim. The title refers to her marriage to the prince which took place in the castle's chapel.

Cultural references
Frederiksborg Castle features prominently in Theodor Fontane's novel Irretrievable (German: Unwiederbringlich, 1892, also known as Beyond Recall and No Way Back).

It is also used as a location at 0:07:57 in the 1978 Olsen-banden film The Olsen Gang Sees Red.

In 2012, Frederiksborg Castle appeared on the nineteenth season of the American reality competition show The Amazing Race.

In 2021, Frederiksborg castle is featured in the 5th episode, part 3 of La casa de papel during a heist.

Frederiksborg castle is a principal setting in Rose Tremain's novel ‘’ Music and Silence ’’(Vintage, 2000), winner of the 1999 Whitbread Novel Award.

Frederiksborg in art
There are a number of notable paintings of Frederiksborg, including:

Court life at the castle and the 1859 fire are depicted in the 1892 novel Irretrievable by German realist Theodor Fontane.

title: Frederiksborg Castle


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Talk:Corporatization

Politicisation
"In general however, 'corporatizatioon' means only the establishment of a corporation, provate, public, profit-seeking, or non profit-seeking, national or local. Using it as a term with political connotations is seriously misleading."

The article as it stands represents a singularly biassed point of view, which needs countering. Corporatisation is a precise legal term, especially in a business environment, and should be left that way. At best the article should also be edited to refelct he fact that it represents a political point of view that is in fact rather American, and anyway has no place in a section supposedly devoted to business. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.141.136.58 (talk) 16:26, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Language
Ben@liddicott.com (Talk | contribs) "the word "Major" is there to let the reader know that the list is not exhaustive, and these are broad headings." You've got railroads, highways, electricity, water. How many more are there? The word major is subjective and can NOT be here. - Jerryseinfeld 23:23, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

IS CORPORATIZATION AND GOING PUBLIC SAME?

A Contradiction
''…places them in the control of government-owned corporations. This is often seen as a step towards full-scale privatization''

This line is oxymoronic; if they're government-owned, they are by definition not private. Therefore this has nothing to do with privatization. Nagelfar 15:12, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Nagelfar 15:24, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

If it's oxymoronic, that is only because corporations are not private entities under any legal regime. Corporations are creatures of the state. The fact that so many corporations behave today as if they were private entities, unencumbered by public responsibilities, reflects the deterioration of the legal framework defining and authorizing the corporation in the first place. See http://www.POCLAD.org/ for the history on this. The fact that one must add the descriptor "government-owned" to the word "corporation" in order to distinguish "private" corporations from "public" corporations is an indication of the degree to we have experienced the privatization of the corporation already. . . Ben Manski
 * I agree, it just needed to be clarified for distinguishing between the break down of corporate to state structure. Mostly for purposes of the article being understood in terms of the different connotations of "corporation" being considered as 'privatism run amok' versus 'privatization run amok', the latter I see as more of a misconception as in reality that should be a more laissez faire noncorporate condition. This though, may just be a matter of ones ultimate view of Corporate Personhood. Nagelfar 19:51, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Confused with privatization?
I think this article on corporatization -- the formation of corporations, as in Limited Liability Corporations -- with privatization, the spinning off of public assets and agencies as corporations.

The history of corporatization reaches back to 1100s and the formation of the merchant guilds, and on to the craft guilds of the medieval period (at least in the West). Any article on corporatization that leaves out Charters, Guilds, etc., is deficient. See Douglas Rushkoff, Life. Inc. 2009.

There is also the moral dynamics of moving from businesses in which all owners are held liable, to limited liability corporations, where, as the term suggests, their joint liability is limited. The problem of moral hazard, and moral displacement, then become issues -- all part of corporatization, one would think.

By limiting the definition to privatization, we miss the opportunity to convey this rich background and these very human consquences.Gsmcghee (talk) 04:35, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Gsmcghee (talk) 04:36, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

This article needs to be flagged and rewritten
As detailed above, the definitions employed in this article are wholly irrelevant to the use of the word "corporatization" in North America, a continent with nearly 500 million people. This article must be revised to make it inclusive of the different uses of the term. And as for the commentary regarding the supposed "legal" basis of the word, as an attorney who specializes in non-profit law (i.e. - corporate law) I have never come across the word used in that way.

Ben Manski (talk) July 29, 2010

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Corporatization


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Olyka

Olyka (Олика, Ołyka, אליק Olik) is a rural settlement in Lutsk Raion, Volyn Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located east of Lutsk on the Putylivka Rriver. Its population is

History

The village of Olyka was founded in the early Middle Ages as one of the villages belonging to the Kievan Rus'. It was first mentioned in 1149 in the Hypatian Chronicle. In the 14th century it was conquered by Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the village grew rapidly and became a centre of local magnates, initially the family of Kiška and, after 1533, the Radziwills. In 1548 Mikolaj Radziwill the Black became Duke of Olyka. In 1569, Olyka became part of Poland after the Union of Lublin.

In the second half of the 16th century, during the Protestant Reformation, the town became one of the most important centres of Calvinism in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its growth was halted by the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648, during which the town was captured by Cossacks, plundered and burnt. However, it was soon rebuilt and in 1654 it received city rights. As the main seat of one of the branches of the influential Radziwill family, Olyka became one of the most important political and trade centres of all of Volhynia.

In the Third Partition of Poland (1795), the town was annexed by the Russian Empire and became part of the Volhynian Governorate. In the 19th century, it continued to play a role as a centre of wood and grain trade. During World War I in 1915 and 1916, the area was a scene of heavy fighting between the forces of Russia and Austria-Hungary. After the Polish-Bolshevik War, the town was restored to Poland as part of Wołyń Voivodeship, and the local palace was refurbished.

Following the Polish Defensive War of 1939 and the Nazi-Soviet Alliance, the town was occupied by Soviet Union forces. After Operation Barbarossa, when Germany attacked the Soviet Union, the German occupation started and lasted until 1944. Olyka was attacked and deeply damaged by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) forces.

After World War II the area was annexed by the Soviet Union and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1991 it is a part of independent Ukraine.

Until 26 January 2024, Olyka was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Olyka became a rural settlement.

Notable landmarks

 * Olyka Castle (surrounded by Radziwill Fortress) – late 16th century, expanded in the mid-18th century, damaged after 1945, restored after 1990
 * The Calvinist Church, converted in 1580 to a Catholic church of the Holy Trinity, and from 1592 dedicated to Apostles Peter and Paul
 * Roman Catholic Collegiate Church of the Holy Trinity (1635–1645)
 * The Lutsk Gate of the city (1630s)
 * Orthodox Christian Church of the Presentation in the Temple (1784)
 * Orthodox Christian Church of the Holy Trinity (1886)

Other Radziwill estates

 * Dubingiai
 * Kėdainiai
 * Biržai Castle
 * Mir Castle
 * Niasvizh Castle

Pre-World War II
Jewish presence in Olyka dates back to the 16th century, and in the late 17th century the Jewish community became one of the largest in the Volhyn Region.

After the Cossack Chmielnicki Uprising of 1648, 20 out of 30 Jewish households survived. It was believed that the prayer by Rabbi David HaLevi Segal miraculously saved the Jewish and non-Jewish citizens of Olyka from the Cossacks' assault of 1651.

Olyka was the cradle of the Olyker Hasidic dynasty that was founded by the famous Rabbi Hersh Leib Landa the first Olyker rebbe. He was followed by his son Rabbi Yosef (Yoseph) Dovid, who was followed by his son Rabbi Mordechai (he authored a book called Gedulas Mordechai). He was followed by his son Rabbi Shimon Shloima (he authored a book called Shekel Hakodesh, and was father-in-law of Rabbi Yochanan Perlow of the Karliner Dynasty), who was followed by his son Rabbi Alter Yosef (Yoseph) Dovid.

In 1897 a total of 2,606 people – 50 percent of the total Olyka population – were Jews, and that amount increased when many Jewish refugees from nearby towns fled to Olyka during World War I. According to the 1921 census, the number of Jews living in Olyka had decreased to 2,086 individuals.

The Holocaust
Olyka's large Jewish community was completely destroyed during the Holocaust, including Nazi persecutions at the site of the Radziwill Fortress/Olyka Castle. It is an important place of Jewish memory. Rabbi Alter Yosef Dovid Landa and his family perished.

Following the September 1939 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact and German-Soviet Occupation of Poland, many Jewish refugees from central and western Poland settled in Olyka in the fall of 1939, as did 60 Jewish refugees from Czechoslovakia. Jewish organizations and institutions were forced to disband. After the German invasion of Ukraine in June 1941, as part of Operation Barbarossa, the German 6th Army entered Olyka, destroyed houses, killed 100 Jews, and kept the remaining Jews in an open ghetto. Around 150 Jews evacuated eastward; most Jews stayed in the ghetto. Jews and non-Jewish Ukrainians continued to trade goods and food in and around the ghetto; for example, an Olyka ghetto Jew traded his house for sixteen kilograms of rye due to famine. As part of the Einsatzgruppen Aktion of August 1941, 720 Jews, including Rabbi Alter Yosef Dovid Landa, were killed at the Olyka Castle and at the town's Jewish cemetery towards Czemeryn.

In March 1942, Jews from surrounding villages were brought into Olyka, and a closed ghetto was created with barbed-wire fence to imprison those inside. More than 4,000 Jews were shot to death by Nazi and Ukrainian forces in the summer of 1942, in and around the Olyka ghetto, Radziwill Fortress, Olyka Castle, and surrounding areas. Monuments outside Olyka commemorate this massacre. The mass grave is located on the road to Zhornische (Żorniszcze).

Accounts vary as to the total number of Jews in and around Olyka who had died by the time the Olyka ghetto was liquidated in July/August 1942. Given the circumstances of Nazi massacres, it has been difficult to accurately count the dead. Most reports state the total amounted to 5,220 to 5,673 Jews. In early 1943, 130 remaining Jewish artisans remaining in the ghetto were shot to death. Although Olyka's Great Synagogue was intact after the summer 1942 ghetto liquidation, it was destroyed by war's end. Israel's Holon Cemetery has a monument in memory of those Jews of Olyka and its surroundings, who were murdered in the Holocaust.

Fewer than 30 Jews escaped to the forest in the summer of 1942. Of those survivors, 23 men created a partisan unit with 30 Jews already outside the village. They joined the underground resistance in the region against the Nazis, and a small number survived after early 1943.

Population
According to the last census from 2001, there were 3,255 people living in Olyka. It is estimated 3,083 people lived there as of 2017.

Climate
The climate in Olyka is cold and temperate, with significant rainfall that occurs mostly in July.

Notable people

 * Janusz Chodnikiewicz (born 1936), film director and producer
 * Henry Orenstein (born c. 1923), toymaker, poker player, author, and entrepreneur (resided in Olyka 1939–1941)
 * Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł (1595–1656), Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth politician, Lithuanian chancellor
 * Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł (1702–1762), equestrian, hetman, starost

title: Olyka


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Leamington Spa railway station

Leamington Spa railway station serves the town of Leamington Spa, in Warwickshire, England. It is situated on Old Warwick Road towards the southern edge of the town centre. It is a major stop on the Chiltern Main Line between London and Birmingham, and is the southern terminus of a branch line to Coventry.

History
The first station at the site, under the name Leamington was opened by the Great Western Railway (GWR) on its new main line between Birmingham, Oxford and London in 1852. It was later renamed Leamington Spa in 1913.

This was not the first station in Leamington; the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) had reached the town eight years earlier in 1844, with a branch line from Coventry. That line, however, terminated about 0.7 mi from the town centre, at Milverton station. The opening of the GWR line compelled the LNWR to extend their Coventry branch into the centre of Leamington, and join it end-on to their new branch to Rugby, and in 1854 they opened a new station directly alongside the GWR station known as Leamington Spa (Avenue). In 1864, a connection was made between the GWR and LNWR lines at Leamington, which was mainly used to exchange goods traffic. James G. Batterson, the founder of American insurance giant The Travelers Companies, claimed that he first became aware of accident insurance in 1859 when he bought a railway ticket from this station to London which included accidental death insurance up to the amount of £1,000.

In the 1930s the GWR took advantage of a government loan guarantee scheme to fund improvements to their railway network; one of these improvements was the complete rebuilding between 1937 and 1939 of their station at Leamington in the then popular Art Deco style, to the designs of the GWRs Chief Architect Percy Emerson Culverhouse.

The station came under the control of the Western Region of British Railways in 1948, who renamed the station Leamington Spa (General) in 1950, before reverting to Leamington Spa in 1968. In 1965 British Railways closed down the adjacent Avenue station and the branch to Rugby, and diverted the Coventry branch into the ex-GWR station via a new connection. Prior to this there had only been sidings connecting the Coventry line to the ex-GWR line, used for the exchange of goods wagons. BR also removed passenger services from the Coventry branch at the same time, and closed all of the intermediate stations, leaving it open for freight trains only. This lasted until 1977, when BR resumed passenger trains between Leamington and Coventry.

In 1996, Chiltern Railways took over the running of the station and the London to Birmingham services, upon the privatisation of British Rail.

In 2011 the two waiting rooms were restored and refurbished as part of £395,000 improvements that also include 80 new parking spaces at the front of the station and improved disabled access.

The station building and platform structures became grade II listed buildings in 2003.

Routes
Three lines radiate from Leamington Spa:
 * one heading north-west to Birmingham by way of Warwick and Solihull, with a branch to Stratford-upon-Avon diverging at Hatton, some 6 mi from Leamington;
 * one going north through Kenilworth to Coventry;
 * one heading south-east towards Banbury, beyond which it splits into routes heading for London (Marylebone) and for Reading, via Oxford.

Layout
The present Art Deco-style station, which dates from immediately prior to the Second World War (it was comprehensively rebuilt between 1937 and 1939), has four platforms which are numbered one to four from south to north. Platforms one and four are west-facing bays, used only by local trains to and from Birmingham Snow Hill, Stratford-upon-Avon or Nuneaton starting or terminating at Leamington. Platforms two and three are through platforms: platform two is used by services to Stratford-upon-Avon, Birmingham Snow Hill or Coventry, Birmingham New Street and beyond; platform three is for departures to Banbury and London Marylebone or Reading. Two central lines allow freight trains or other non-stop services to pass through the station when platforms two and three are occupied.

Chiltern Railways
Chiltern Railways services run every half-an-hour between London's Marylebone station and Birmingham Moor Street (limited stop, alternate trains continue through to Birmingham Snow Hill, with 3 evening trains extending to Stourbridge Junction); further trains (at approximately two-hourly intervals) travel from here to Stratford-upon-Avon and to Moor Street (stopping service). Until the May 2023 timetable change  a number of the Birmingham trains started from Kidderminster in the mornings and terminated there in the evenings, whilst a limited through service ran between Marylebone and Stratford-upon-Avon.

On Sundays, the frequency of trains is in most cases about half of that indicated above northbound to Moor Street and southbound to Marylebone, with hourly services between the two. An additional two services to Stourbridge via Birmingham Snow Hill run in the evening peak. The service starting from here to Stratford-upon-Avon remains two-hourly.

CrossCountry
One long-distance train per hour, operated by CrossCountry, stops in each direction. Northbound the service goes to Manchester Piccadilly via Coventry, Birmingham International, Birmingham New Street, Wolverhampton, Stafford and Stoke-on-Trent and southbound to Bournemouth via Banbury, Oxford, Reading, Basingstoke and Southampton Central.

West Midlands Railway
From May 2018, the company West Midlands Trains began operating an hourly local service to Coventry, calling at the reopened Kenilworth station; in May 2019, this was extended to Nuneaton.

West Midlands Railway also operates an early morning service on Mondays to Saturdays to Worcester Foregate Street via Birmingham Snow Hill, Birmingham Moor Street, Stourbridge Junction, Kidderminster and Worcester Shrub Hill at the beginning of the day and from there in the evening. An additional limited stop service terminates at Snow Hill on Saturday mornings only.

Former motive power depots
The London and Birmingham Railway opened a motive power depot on the west side of the line at their Milverton station in 1844. It was replaced by a larger engine shed nearby in 1881, which was known as Warwick (Milverton). This depot closed on 17 November 1958 and was demolished. Locomotives were then serviced at the former Great Western Railway depot at Leamington Spa.

The Great Western Railway opened a motive power depot on the east side of the line south of Leamington Spa General Station in 1906. This was closed by British Railways on 14 June 1965 and demolished.

title: Leamington Spa railway station


text:
Fighting of World Japan Pro Wrestling

Fighting of World Japan Pro-Wrestling, frequently shortened to World Japan or WJ was a professional wrestling promotion formed in Japan in 2002 by former New Japan Pro-Wrestling employees Riki Choshu and Katsuji Nagashima, who also served as chairmen along with Tomohiro Ishii.

Formation
In January 2002, New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) ace Keiji Mutoh left the promotion, jumping to rival All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) along with Satoshi Kojima and Kendo Kashin. Riki Choshu, NJPW's head booker at the time, was blamed for their departure and removed from his position by the president Antonio Inoki in February. Furious with Inoki's decision to do this, Choshu left the promotion altogether in May 2002 and blasted both Inoki and chairman Tatsumi Fujinami in interviews. At the same time Mutoh had left NJPW, Choshu's longtime friend Katsuji Nagashima, who worked as a booker and head of NJPW's advertising department, had also left the company and formed his agency, Nagashima Promotions, working with Pro Wrestling ZERO-ONE as a third party liaison to freelance wrestlers as well as a booking agency. Choshu proposed a partnership with Nagashima, and Nagashima Promotions was soon renamed "The Riki Nagashima Project". Shortly after this, the two began seeking a sponsor to fund their promotion. They were backed by Seiji Fukuda, a well-known entrepreneur from Hokkaido. Fukuda joined their project as president and representative director, Nagashima became managing director, and Choshu became the director. In November, Choshu officially announced the formation of Fighting of World Japan Pro Wrestling in a press conference.

With WJ established, Choshu began seeking talent to sign to the newborn promotion. Kensuke Sasaki, a trainee of Choshu and the former ace of NJPW, had grown disillusioned with New Japan's focus on MMA fighters over pro wrestlers and announced his departure from NJPW in October 2002 once his contract expired in January. Shiro Koshinaka, Kenzo Suzuki and referee Masao "Tiger" Hattori also announced they would not be renewing their contracts with New Japan in January, and the three committed to join WJ in December. Yoshiaki Yatsu (who had been Choshu's ally in New Japan, Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance, and All Japan Pro Wrestling in the 1980s), was also brought in as the head of the sales division, along with some of the talent from his regional SPWF promotion. Choshu filled his roster with young independent stars such as Tomohiro Ishii and Takashi Uwano, freelancers such as Genichiro Tenryu, Takao Omori and Atsushi Onita, gaijin including Vader, The Road Warriors, "Dr. Death" Steve Williams and Big Vito, and young American wrestlers such as Lex Lovett, Steve Madison, The Maximos, and The Shane Twins. Choshu himself also announced he would wrestle for the promotion, and booked himself into the main event of the first show against longtime rival Tenryu.

Debut show and initial setbacks
With the roster established, WJ began planning its debut show for March 2003. It had originally been planned to debut in November 2002, however, Choshu had to wait until some of his wrestlers' contracts with NJPW had expired, and as a result, WJ's debut show, MAGMA01, was postponed many times. It eventually took place on March 1, 2003 in Yokohama Arena, running the same day that Pro Wrestling NOAH and K-1 were also promoting major events in Nippon Budokan and Ariake Coliseum, respectively. This was the only day a major arena could be booked in March, and Nagashima and Choshu could not postpone the debut any longer as they had already done so several times and lost bookings in other arenas as a result. Despite the competition, MAGMA01 drew a respectable 13,000 fans to Yokohama, and the promotion soon set out on its first tour the same month. They suffered their first setback on that very tour when Choshu himself was injured during the third match of his planned six-match series with Genichiro Tenryu and forced to pull out of all events for the foreseeable future. In addition, Atsushi Onita withdrew from all future events due to commitments to his political career. WJ began pushing Kensuke Sasaki as their top star but struggled to gain a fanbase, and attendance and interest soon began to dwindle. WJ struggled to turn a profit with any shows they ran, and Choshu's excessive spending soon became a problem; this had been a worry of investors for months, as Choshu had spent over ¥200 million ($1.8 million USD) before they had even run a show on building a dojo, a tour bus, a new car for himself, and an expensive year-end party attended by many celebrities and high profile figures.

A tournament took place in July to crown the first WMG (World Magma the Greatest) Heavyweight Champion, won by Sasaki, but did not receive the belt until weeks later due to it remaining incomplete by the supplier.

Decline
On July 28, 2003, MMA fighter turned pro wrestler Giant Ochiai was training under Kenzo Suzuki in the WJ dojo when he lost consciousness and eventually fell into a coma, dying of an acute subdural hematoma on August 8, 2003. Choshu, Nagashima, and Suzuki were all present in the dojo when he lost consciousness, but none of them were charged to his death. However, WJ faced severe media scrutiny for refusing to accept responsibility for the incident.

In the fallout of Ochiai's death, Kenzo Suzuki and Yoshiaki Yatsu both left the promotion, with Yatsu, in particular, blasting Choshu in interviews with the media, famously telling Nikkan Sports "Riki Choshu has no idea how independent wrestling works". WJ's numerous financial issues also became greater and greater public knowledge around this time; Choshu's spending had not slowed down, and he continued to make extravagant purchases with investors money, including sending ¥1 million a month to both of his daughters who were studying in the United Kingdom at the time. Numerous wrestlers began to claim they were owed money by Choshu, with Kensuke Sasaki putting up ¥5 million of his own money and canceling his life insurance to help continue to promote events. WJ's unpaid salaries were later parodied in the promotion, with Shiro Koshinaka forming the "Labour Union" stable and feuding with Choshu in kayfabe over his numerous debts to them.

In a bid to recoup money and replicate the success of Pride FC and K-1, Choshu announced "X1" in September, a sister MMA promotion of WJ which drew some attention after they announced Katsuhiko Nakajima, then 15 years old, would debut as the youngest MMA fighter ever on the card. Despite the attention, the show was heavily panned by fans who criticized the inexperienced fighters and low level of competition. In addition to this, the cage itself began to collapse during the show and had to be held up by ringside assistants during the last fights. Choshu himself walked out of the event and refused to talk to the media before the end of the show, to the anger of Sasaki and Nagashima.

Closure
After the colossal failure of X1, many WJ events would be promoted and then suddenly canceled just days before; it was later revealed that Nagashima had either lied about booking the venues or not paid the money owed to hire them and when he was unable to secure them, simply canceled the events. The most infamous of these happened on October 22, 2003, when WJ had announced they were running Korakuen Hall; however, it was quickly pointed out that a boxing show was scheduled to take place in Korakuen on that day and Nagashima had once again lied about the booking.

By the end of 2003, Shiro Koshinaka and Takao Omori had both left for other organizations, and WJ's ace Kensuke Sasaki returned to NJPW in December. The failure of WJ severely damaged the formerly close relationship between Sasaki and Choshu; Sasaki lost over ¥5 million and canceled his life insurance to fund WJ events, leading to him and his wife Akira Hokuto facing severe money issues in late 2003 and Sasaki having to work up to two independent shows a day just to support his family.

World Japan was ultimately viewed by Japanese fans as just another independent promotion in the saturated world of pro wrestling, so it was not able to make a dent in the major promotions' fanbases. It officially closed in mid-2004 and was eventually succeeded by Riki Pro, a small-time independent promotion that mainly ran in Korakuen Hall.

title: Fighting of World Japan Pro Wrestling


text: User talk:81.117.178.44

title: User talk:81.117.178.44


text:
Robert G. Cole Junior-Senior High School

Robert G. Cole Middle and High School  is the only public middle school and public high school for the Fort Sam Houston Independent School District, and is classified as a 3A school by the UIL. It is named after Medal of Honor recipient Lt. Col. Robert G. Cole, who was born on Fort Sam Houston. As the boundaries of the district are coterminous with the boundaries of Fort Sam Houston, enrollment at Cole is open only to those pupils residing on the installation or nearby Camp Bullis, or transfer students whose parents work at either installation.

Cole has been twice named a National Blue Ribbon School, in 1986-87 and again in 1990-91. For the 2022-2023 school year, the school was given an "A" by the Texas Education Agency, with distinctions for Academic Achievement in Science and Post-Secondary Readiness.

Athletics
The Robert G. Cole Cougars compete in the following sports: Baseball, Basketball, Cross Country, Football, Golf, Powerlifting, Soccer, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, and Volleyball.

State titles

 * Boys Basketball -
 * 1989(3A) 2021(3A)

Notable alumni

 * Alan Keyes (1968), American politician.
 * Kivuusama Mays former NFL linebacker.
 * Shaquille O'Neal (1989) former NBA center, 4x NBA champion, NBA MVP, member of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
 * Babette Maxwell founder Military Spouse magazine


text:
Talk:Emanuel Swedenborg

Anonymous edits
The last few edits by anonymous User:209.53.208.35 are obviously motivated by religious devotion, clearly not NPOV and should probably be reverted wholesale. However, there may still be something of value in them. It would be nice if somebody with knowledge of Swedenborg's theology could look through the article. / up+land 23:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Erm - any idea where the edit history has gone? Only the last edit appears on the history page - I'd rather like to look at that to see where the non NPOV stuff came in! PaulHammond 16:22, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

PS - I'm not a Swedenbourg/Swedenborg expert - someone I know was just talking about how much they got out of his Heaven and Hell book and I looked him up and put in a redirect from the alternative spelling. I'll certainly have a go at copyediting it in a couple of days when I get time PaulHammond 16:22, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I've made several changes. Will make several more now, and remove a lot, because the text basically still is as it was in the 1911 Brittish encyclopedia. Checked the edits from User:209.53.208.35. They are good in general. The only major edit he did was to add his beliefs in a last praragraph, and I changed them into something more appropriate. --Fred chessplayer 21:34, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I have removed all theological material that came from the Brittish Encyclopedia and written it new. (written 21 Jan)

The user User:209.53.208.35 has once again added in his own ideas. He also removed almost everything I added to the article. I would like an explaination of why he did it, in order to understand why he detested my material so much. Comments from other users will be appreciated too! --Fred chessplayer 12:35, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

It is disconcerting that User:209.53.208.35 won't register and enter into some kind of dialogue on the content of the article instead of just entering his/her own POV. A solution might be to take the page to Peer review and ask for advice on the article. / up+land 11:57, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Peer review is good for other things (I just responded to Fred there), but for community input and advice on a serious conflict, the right place is Requests for comment. Enter the article under the "Article content disputes" heading, with a short description. What makes this conflict serious is the anon's disinclination to use the talk page, not the anonymity as such, which it is his/her right to maintain, so if you do list the article on WP:RFC, I'd advise you to emphasize the refusal to discuss.--Bishonen | Talk 20:01, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Two recent anonymous edits to this page, probably from 68.231.66.176, were from me before I registered. (Sorry!) Based on a long connection with Swedenborgianism, I'm impressed with the richness and balance of this article. VOdhner 04:04, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Anonymous edits are not problematic per se, it is only problematic with obivously biased edits, and if users are anonymous they can avoid disussing it. --Fred-Chess 15:26, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

"The theologian Henry James Sr. was also a follower of his teachings, as were Johnny Appleseed and Helen Keller." - I am removing the second clause, which is absurd.

--207.75.34.101 (talk) 20:20, 4 September 2009 (UTC)Matthew Robert Walther

Homosexual?
I've read elsewhere that he may have been homosexual, but find no mention of it here. Is it not accurate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.68.170.173 (talk) 00:53, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I think that almost every notable person has at one time or another been alleged to be homosexual.  Phil Burnstein (talk) 15:37, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
 * There are also evidence to the opposite: Robsahm writes that he asked Swedenborg if he had never been tempted by women (or "lust" or so) and Swedenborg had answered that he once had been so by a woman in Italy. His interest in women is also evident in his dream diary.
 * Fred-J 16:08, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Nice edits, capitalized book titles
Very nice edits, Fred! The bit on Jesper is lovely now. I only have a problem with the "anatomical system where mental attributes correspond to body parts, such as worrying to the stomach", I don't understand it and the syntax kind of collapses. Btw, I capitalized the main words in all your book titles, which is the primary recommendation in the Manual of Style, but I have some doubts now I've slept on it. Your system was consistent and perfectly good in itself, do reinstate it if you prefer it, maybe it looks better. (The MoS explicitly accepts all academic styles, its specific recommendations are more meant to help people who aren't familiar with any style.)--Bishonen | Talk 09:56, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Edit conflicts
Hi! "The new guy messed up." That's me. I have tried to merge your edits back in, but please... could you go through it ...? Fred chessplayer 17:32, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No worries, it looks fine, sorry if I edit conflicted you. I'm out of there for the day anyway, so go ahead and edit in peace. Are you really new? I mean, I know you are, but I thought you must have experience from sv.wiki. You're just too good at this for a bona fide newbie! Best, Bishonen | Talk 17:54, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

an. edits 2
Bishonen expressed his/her worries, on a talk page that Uppland guided me to, that a new anonymous user might make pov edits. This is not really a problem. The last edit was not wrong, as expressed in the "Claims of Veracity". The edit may not be true, but can't be discarded – Whether Sw. experienced a crisis or a Close Encounter with the Lord is something which the authors are still debating. We can't assume that he did not have a close encounter with the Lord unless we can certainly assert there is no God or that Sw. was a madman. I hope the rest of the article makes the POV's clear so that the intro itself is not the final word. --Fred-Chess 11:27, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Whether it was a spiritual or a psychological crisis, it was still a personal crisis (decisive turning point in his life, and likely emotionally stressful, if not an unstable condition). That is why I removed the "extreme encounters with God" which is not a very encyclopedic term, and replaced the previous "psychological crisis" with the more neutral "psychological-spiritual crisis", which covers both points of view.  --Blainster 17:43, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree with Blainster. Incidentally, I feel the need to recognize excellence here: Blainster's copyediting has been fabulous altogether, IMHO. Way to add style and panache! --Bishonen | talk 18:41, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Peer review again?
I think it is time for this article to be taken to peer review again, but as I have not really contributed anything except minor details, I don't want to be the one taking the final step in doing so. up+land 19:24, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I have felt that the article is still in somewhat of a state of undress. The threat of inviting more critical eyes inspired me to do some re-organizing.  There were things like a paragraph about his diet stuck under Psychic abilities, which was in turn listed under Scientific contributions.  I attempted to rearrange things so they made more sense, and do a little more copyediting so we wouldn't be embarassed by the expert editors around here.  IMHO, it is much closer to being presentable now, but it could still use (at minimum) a careful look at how to divide events of his scientific life between the Biography and Accomplishments sections. Feel free to weigh in with anything else.  And thanks to Bishonen for the kind words.  --Blainster 23:21, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the article is/was messy. The main reason for this are interveaved sentences from the 1911 British Enc. --Fred-Chess 19:53, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Nobody is really working on this article. Too bad. What the thing about the trinity has to do here I don't know. --Fred-Chess 18:12, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I feel this entry is completely lacking in regard to Swedenborg's actual impact on Victorian culture; but I wanted to register my sentiments here before editing the entry. In the first place, Swedenborg's visions of communication with angels largely laid the foundation for that great spiritual pandemic known as spiritualism. Because of the importance of spiritualism in Victorian life, this deserves a serious look. As if that weren't enough, several biographies of Ralph Waldo Emerson seem to suggest that Swedenborg's ideas on sexuality were even more influential. It's currently believed that both Charles Fourier and Wolfgang Goethe were inspired by Swedenborg's notion of "spiritual affinities" (which Goethe called "Elective Affinities"). In a world in which the pressure to marry young was high and the social penalties for that failure known as "divorce" were even more onerous, the notion that one might be tethered by a higher law to one's true "spiritual affinity" outside marriage exerted for many an irresistable attraction. Moreover, Swedenborg's assertion that souls were essentially androgynous fascinated a society that struggled with harsh, iron-clad gender roles. Emerson, for instance (a mystic who was nontheless also a rational Freethought philosopher), hotly rejected spiritualism, and never gave any indication that he believed Swedenborg actually spoke with heavenly visitors. It follows that Emerson and some of his liberal contemporaries actually reverenced Swedenborg's "spiritual affinities" and spiritual androgyny. 70.59.148.221 22:27, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Although it appears to be mostly speculations, you are free to write what you want. Also see Swedenborgianism for related info. Fred-Chess 02:02, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but "Swedenborg's assertion that souls were essentially androgynous" really confuses me. That souls have distinct gender and that the afterlife is one that includes regular marital relations between men and women is essential to Swedenborg's whole theology. In what works did he assert that souls were androgynous? --Mac 13:28, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Sound file
The sound file is fine and correct, and I appreciate it.

However, Swedenborg is an international character, he is the internationally most read Swedish 18t-century author next to Linneaus, and his name is probably pronounced in a different way in the Swedenborgian Churches in the United States and by the 50,000 followers worldwide. (His works were also translated first to English I think, and first later into Swedish?)

Taking into account that this is English Wiki, I'm not sure the sound file is necessary?

Welcome to explain your thoughts, Karmosin.

--Fred-Chess 21:31, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

about in text references
If some sections are doubtful or you want to know exact references about who claims what, just write it here, and I will try to add it to the article.

--Fred-Chess 18:06, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

bust images
For the record, i don't like the bust of Sweden; see now reason why it should be in the article, but will leave it there out of respect for the uploader.

--Fred-Chess June 29, 2005 19:00 (UTC)

Phrenology
I am considering inserting something on the theft of his skull by a phrenologist. My sources are not totally infallible, so I am here to ask if anyone can confirm that he was headrustled. --Adamrush 6 July 2005 00:58 (UTC)

Coffee Talk
It is possible for an etiologist to infer that Swedenborg's mystical pronouncements were "just the coffee talking."Lestrade 13:33, 8 March 2006 (UTC)Lestrade

Just Some Confirmation of the Article
sorry if i'm doing this wrong. i've read plenty from the wikipedia website, but never tried to comment before. anyways, I thought this was a subject which i may be credible in, and while I don't really have much to add, I thought I might as well go ahead and confirm some things. the reason I feel I am credible, is that I have been raised Swedenborgian (funny, i actually don't know how that's spelled) and am currently attending school in a Swedenborgian (New Church) Highschool.

There are just a few things I would like to comment on: First of all the sound file was... well I'm not going to call it wrong, because i've never heard it articulated by an actual Swedish person, but it's certainly not pronounced in any way i've ever heard. The way i've always said it was just as you might expect by sounding it out: I(pronounced the same way as the "i" in "big")-manuel(like a manuel you read) Sweden(like the country)-borg(like the aliens or whatever the borg is... maybe i should look that up on wikipedia. i know i've heard it before.) not that the pronunciation matters at all, but i thought i'd clarify before someone said it like that and made themself sound silly.

As an ending note: I see nothing that conflicts between the teachings i've learned and the way it's been written here, and i'm fairly certain the author was a Swedenborian like myself, or atleast grew up in a New Church community as i have (judging from their accuracy and their screen name). On that note i'll go back to my homework (i'm studying swedenborg's flying machine incase you're interested. There was an article about it on Wikipedia last i checked.)

 * While I'm not Swedish and my knowledge of Swedish is very superficial, the pronunciation in the OGG file is precisely what I would have assumed it to be in today's Swedish. Of course, it's entirely likely that Swedenborg pronounced it a bit differently, as IIRC Swedish has had some particularly dramatic evolution in the last few hundred years (at least as compared with English and French, for example). Tkinias 20:44, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

GA Promotion
I have recently reviewed the article & found that it fulfills the criterion for being a good article. So I have promoted it to GA status. My congratulations to all the article's contributers for doing a fine job.

Cheers

Srik e it ( talk ¦  ✉  )  01:43, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

"Lord", "Lord Jesus Christ", etc.
The article is filled with the above religious phrasing and in addition capitalizes "His" and "Him" in reference to deity. I've added an NPOV tag so that someone who has time can remove all this religiosity and piousness. JadedKat 11:50, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That is not the right tag. I will restore to previous version. Please select a different tag from Template messages/Cleanup or Template messages/Maintenance. / Fred-Chess 15:03, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

intelligence
it doesnt talk about his extremely high IQ and him becoming mad in his later life.

Why do you think he was mad? There are no signs of this other than the fact that he experienced what many would call delusional hallucinations, but his explanations of what he experienced remain quite solidly grounded in sanity and reason. If you beleive the spiritual world exists there is no reason to think that he went crazy. Jasonschnarr 17:24, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * IQs weren't measured until the twentieth century. Previous to that time, the concept didn't exist.Lestrade 17:26, 17 October 2006 (UTC)Lestrade

Reasons for GA Delisting
This article's GA status has been revoked because it fails criterion 2. b. of 'What is a Good Article?', which states;

 * (b) the citation of its sources using inline citations is required (this criterion is disputed by editors on Physics and Mathematics pages who have proposed a subject-specific guideline on citation, as well as some other editors — see talk page).

LuciferMorgan 00:32, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I have now added inline citations, and I've rewritten large parts of the article, including the lead section. / Fred-Chess 14:54, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Image
Inserting image here temporarily.

Fred-Chess 15:40, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Who keeps changing "Swedenborg" entry?
I am perplexed as to why the edits I make are hours later undone and returned to the old article... For instance, "Emanuel" is not spelt "Emmanuel". I correct that and it is returned to the incorrect spelling. I added THE ANGEL FESTIVAL to the list of outside links and it is removed. The Angel Festival was created because of what Swedenborg wrote about angels. This is a major Southern California festival and would be fascinating to readers of Swedenborg. Why is it removed from the article? Other small changes I have made as well. CandaceFrazee 19:43, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * In what way would the Angel Festival be of interes for casual readers of this article? Is the Angel Festival mentioned somewhere in the article text? There are thousands of pages on the internet about Swedenborg that would be interesting in one way or another, I do not see why the Angel Festival should be more interesting that those.
 * Fred-Chess 21:09, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Dear "Fred Chess",

Is that your name or are you a Fred that likes chess?

Are you employed by Widipedia to monitor and edit articles about Sweden? I understand from your user data that you are living in Sweden. If I am wrong, please info me where you live. If you are an official from Wikipedia, then we need to have a more open dialogue. What is your email address and your office phone number? If you are not on staff with Wikipedia, I will then ask that you and I take my comments to arbitration, because I do not agree with your stopping me from making changes to the Swedenborg entry. Are you a Swedenborg expert as I am?

While there are many websites that are about or include Swedenborg, how many of them have tried to put their websites on this Swedenborg page as I have with http://www.theangelfestival.com? The Angel Festival is an important item for the Wikipedia Swedenborg entry because a festival was created for Swedenborg and his findings! That's a big deal! Did you take the time to visit our website? The Swedenborg Booth at this festival is visited by hundreds and they can purchase Swedenborg's books there as well as pick up tens of free pamphlets, brochures, newsletters, flyers, etc. about the man.

The fact that a festival was created because of Swedenborg makes him current and not a figure for history buffs to argue about.

I will make more changes to the Wikipedia Swedenborg entry at another time and trust that they will stay. If they are removed, I will take them to arbitration. Just because a book can be quoted, does not necessarily mean that that fact is correct. That's my job - I make sure facts about Swedenborg are correct. If you would like me to mail you some back issues of my SILA newsletter, I will. Postal mail only.

Thinking of you, Candace Frazee, Madam Chair of SILA (Swedenborg Information of Los Angeles) P.O. Box 273, Pasadena, California, 91102 USA.

CandaceFrazee

 * You are welcome to discuss any significant changes that you make to the structure of the article. That you are an official of SILA does not mean you have the authority to decide how an Wikipedia article will look.
 * I am not an official of Wikipedia. There are very few employees of Wikipedia.
 * Fred-Chess 17:04, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, I am from Third opinion, I would like to tell CandaceFrazee that Wikipedia is ran by it's editors, a group of administrators(with no extra authority), and Policy. While the foundation does have a few employees they do not regularly govern the site, except in extrordinary circumstances.

 * That being said, editors are encourages to discuss matters and avoid original research. Personal credentials are not generally excepted unless you can refer to published work by a reliable source to back up you statement. This is in line with our goal in creating an encyclopedia.

 * If you need any help, please ask me on my talk page by clicking the Ask me button on my signature. I will look at the disputed content and add my opinion in a moment. HighInBC (Need help? Ask me) 18:00, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * After looking at the link I don't think it provides much encyclopedic information about Emanual Swedenborg, the subject of the article. I don't think it is relevent here.

 * Also, when you said how many of them have tried to put their websites on this Swedenborg page, did you mean to imply that you are personally involved with this site? If so I think you should look over our conflict of interest policy. If I misunderstood, pleaase forgive me. HighInBC (Need help? Ask me) 18:04, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

GA Re-nomination
Some minor things, but cleaned up the reason for delisting.Balloonman 04:33, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Swedenborg's father was a minister it appears? This isn't readily apparent.
 * the most liberal place in Europe for philosophical discussion and freedom of speech---needs to be cited or deleted.
 * fix the links in the quotes at the end.
 * I'm not sure where you want this listed as a GA, so I'm leaving it up to you to classify it.Balloonman 04:36, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

How do you re-list it as a good article?

 * I have relisted it. / Fred-Chess 14:33, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Change of name
'''It was common in Sweden during the 17th and 18th centuries for the children of bishops to receive this honour (ennoblement) as a recognition of the services of the father. The family name was changed from Swedberg to Swedenborg.''' There is a weak implication here (due to proximity) that part of the process of Swedish ennoblement involves changing the family name. If that is so, please state it explicitly - "As part of this honor, the family name...". Otherwise, someone please explain why the family name was changed, and explain that in a relevant section.

Trinity in lead
I don't think Swedenborg's idea of the trinity should be mentioned in the lead. It does nothing to summarize the article's content, and I don't think most people would find it fundamental to know his view on the trinity. / Fred-Chess 16:53, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right. The paragraph I added didn't really summarize anything. It was too little to be a paragraph in the lead. I happen to think that "too little" is better than "nothing," but others disagree and are welcome to do so. A Christian's Christology might be considered weighty enough in its own right, but not necessarily. In any event, I took a crack at a real summary. What do you think? Jonathan Tweet 21:53, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it reads very good :-)
 * Fred-Chess 13:14, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Automatic addition of "class=GA"
A bot has added class=GA to the WikiProject banners on this page, as it's listed as a good article. If you see a mistake, please revert, and leave a note on the bot's talk page. Thanks, BOT Giggabot (talk) 05:30, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Bilocation
I've often read that Swedenborg exhibited bilocation. Is this just something that people said about him with no actual evidence to back it up, or were any documented cases? Google confirms the rumours, but I couldn't find any details of an actual case.-- JackofOz (talk) 08:19, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The article mentions such an account, I believe. Search for "Gothenburg" in the article. I am however not aware of any other such incidents of Swedenborg.
 * Fred-J 19:47, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Fred, but this isn't the case I'm thinking of. It's one where he personally was seen by documented witnesses in 2 different locations far apart at exactly the same time.  --  JackofOz (talk) 21:36, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh!
 * (Sorry for not having replied before, I haven't been to active lately)
 * I have not read about that anywhere, and Bergquist's book was really thorough in my opinion and would have mentioned it if it was of importance. Reports like that always make me skeptical, it is like reports of Elvis sightings.
 * Personally I don't think one should put too much interest in the miracles and reported mental powers of Swedenborg. Sw himself said that miracles don't happen these days. Sw had noticed that he "always" had good weather on his boat journeys abroad but said that he didn't think too much about it, because the Lord does not let miracles happen these days... (Robsahm)
 * Fred-J 18:48, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

There is a section on his clairvoyant abilities titled "Psychic accounts." I notice that there is a bit of confusion on the date of the fire in Stockholm (July 19, 1759) and the date of Swedenborg's dinner party (July 29, 1759), and it is written in such a way to cast doubt on the episode. I have not researched this in depth, but could it not be that the most simplest explanation is that Sweden at that time may have still been following the Julian calendar in certain areas? This would put Sweden's dates 10 days behind dates in Germany. According to the article on the "Gregorian Calendar" the calendar in Sweden was poorly administered, and they finally switched to the Gregorian calendar in the year 1753. This date discrepancy suggests that some of the accounts were still using the Julian calendar. IMO this part of the article needs to at least mention this calendar discrepancy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doug Webber (talk • contribs) 18:50, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

GA
There is some citation problems in article. Is it alowed for good article?--Vojvodaeist 18:44, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * To be a Good Article, it must provide "references to all sources of information in the section(s) dedicated to the attribution of these sources according to the guide to layout [snd] iin-line citations from reliable sources for direct quotations, statistics, published opinion, counter-intuitive or controversial statements that are challenged or likely to be challenged, and contentious material relating to living persons". Could you specify the citation problems so that they can be addressed?  Skomorokh   00:26, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Swedish Christians
Is the "Swedish Christians" category appropriate here? CopaceticThought (talk) 23:28, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

Quite defintely yes. He was Swedish and he was a Christian - so into that category he should go. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 20:37, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

Prediction of his death date
I have heard on other sites that Swedenborg predicted the day that he died, but didn't see it mentioned here. If he did, can anyone verify this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.186.136.190 (talk) 05:27, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Myopic commentary moved out of article
A recent series of edits by added the following commentary about this article into the text of the article itself. This does not meet wp:MOS, so it has been moved here: "NOTE ON BERGQUIST CITATIONS: More than half of the citations in this document cite “(Bergquist 1999)” and a few others without the 1999 notation . The full citation is not provided in either case. However, it seems clear that the work referred to is the original Swedish version of Begquist’s book, Swedenborgs Hemlighet, which was published in 1999. (The English version, Swedenborg’s Secret, was published in 2005). The problem is that all the references cited refer to the Swedish version, so the non-Swedish-speaking reader has no way of evaluating them.  There is a Swedish Wikipedia version  but it too cites the Swedish references. Given the possibly significant role these citations may play in understanding the book, it would be helpful for English-speaking readers if a list of translated citations could be added to this Wiki entry." -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 23:32, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Yet additional comentary along similar lines has been added to this article, and has been moved here: "NOTE TO THE READER: The citation 'Bergquist (1999)' appears repeatedly in the Notes, above, for the 2005 English translation of Bergquist's work that this website is built on. However the '1999' in the citation presuambably refers to the Swedish edition, which was published in 1999. It appears, then, that unless the reader has access to the Swedish edition and can read Swedish, the content of these citations is unknown." - 208.81.184.4 (talk) 15:07, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

Swedenborg and mystikos
In the previous version, the following statement was made: >>“ Swedenborg referred to himself as an initialis, in Greek μυστικός (mystikos), "an initiate" (Bergquist, 1999, p.451; in turn based on Arcana Cœlestia §4099)”

I have deleted this statement since I could find no mention in Swedenborg’s theological works of him referring to himself as a mystikos and the AC 4099 citation refers to the regeneration process and appears to have nothing to do with Swedenborg and mysticism.Future777 (talk) 11:01, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

Swedenborg and vegetarianism
I will shortly be putting up a brief summary on this long-discussed issue.Future777 (talk) 21:40, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

I deleted the statement here because it misquotes what Swedenborg wrote and then just reprints Nicholson's summary of AC 1002, which does not present evidence that Swedenborg was vegetarianFuture777 (talk) 11:17, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Wikify tag
I am removing the wikify tag since, as noted in the “No reason” comment, no reason is cited for the tag. One has to wonder if vandalism is involved here since the author does not appear to have read the article. There already are “relevant internal links,” the standard format with theologian infobox is already in place, as are “ ”, and it follows standard Wiki layout.Future777 (talk) 11:02, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

Predicting the end of the world
I read in Robert Cecil's Masks of Death that his grandfather had had Swedenborgian servants who had climbed a hill on a certain day (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events ) predicted by Swedenborg to be the end of days. This obviously was not to be and they had to climb back down again when nothing happened. --Wool Bridge (talk) 21:59, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Bergquist foonote problem
(Corection of "Myopic commentary moved out of article" above.)

The citation "Bergquist (1999)" appears in the “Notes” multiple times. The 1999 date of these citations would appear to refer to the original 1999 Swedish version of the book (Bergquist, L. Swedenborgs hemlighet Stockholm, Sweden 1999), not the 2005 English translation (Bergquist, L. Swedenborg’s Secret. A biography. London  2005). This raises question about the accuracy of the Notes’ Bergquist citations. Thus, for instance, reference 35 in the Notes, “(Bergquist 1999 pp. 114-115),” mentions the family name change but in the 2005 book pages pp.114-115 refer to metallurgy. Reference 36 in the Notes', “(Bergquist 1999 pp. 118-119),” refers to a job offer and Swedenborg’s stuttering but in the 2005 book pp. 118-119 refer to aspects of God. In sum, it appears that the reader would need to consult the original Swedish version of the book to determine what the Bergquist Notes actually refer to.Future777 (talk) 10:44, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

The logic of this concern is faulty. The 1999 citations are accurately portrayed. Thus, please disregard this entry. Future777 (talk) 18:19, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

The Extrasolar Issue
1. Reworked, clarified Swedenborg’s position.

2. Swedenborg said that spirits and angels could not see the physical degree, not that he himself could not thus see (#47), and I can’t see relevance of “fixed positions” statements here, so deleted this sentence.

3. Added new materials on extrasolar planets

4. The extrasolar question has been extensively reviewed elsewhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Future777 (talk • contribs) 16:57, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

 * This source contains a (IMO disingenuous) misrepresentation of physics:
 * Finally, science has also been confronted with the apparent inconsistency  between the second “law,” or principle, of thermodynamics, which says that things “run down” into a state of energy homogeneity, and the life process, which does just the reverse (i.e. negative entropy).[4]
 * While carefully worded to avoid making a direct claim ("science has been confronted" and "apparent inconsistency"), the suggestion is clearly that the second law of thermodynamics, subjected here to another straw man misrepresentation ("things 'run down'"), had been violated. This has been much asserted – but not once demonstrated – by creationists, flat Earthers and other pseudoscience peddlers. Let's briefly review what the second law of thermodynamics actually says:
 * The total entropy in an isolated system does not decrease, and it is constant if and only if all processes are reversible.
 * The claim that life creates "negative entropy" is nonsense in the sense of the 2nd law because a lifeform is not by any means an isolated system. If you only looked at the organism itself, you could in many cases detect a decrease in entropy. But the same is true for a hot iron ball which gradually cools off – decreasing entropy. The iron ball could not cool off if it were an isolated system. It can only cool off because it is in contact with another system with which it is not in a thermal equilibrium, e.g. cooler air or some space where thermal radiation can go to. Likewise, lifeforms constantly exchange energy with their environment. They consume nutrients, excrete metabolic waste products, and give off or take in thermal energy directly. If you take even just the solar system as its own somewhat isolated system, it is clear that there is a constant and enormous increase in entropy as the Sun consumes its own nuclear fuel and gives off blackbody radiation, much larger in magnitude than all the local entropy decreases of life in the solar system as we know it combined.
 * I don't know what the process is or should be in such a case, but it seems fair to either remove this source or attach a warning to it that it may misrepresent science and the second law of thermodynamics in particular.
 * Aragorn2 (talk) 06:27, 14 May 2020 (UTC)

The Fire Anecdotes
I can find no evidence in the literature supporting the 21st or 29th July as the date of the fire. I thus deleted all reference to both dates.Future777 (talk) 13:43, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

In his Swedenborg biography (in Swedish), Bergquist writes: Swedenborg's "sight" aged place at July 29. He do also cite Immanual Kant, who claims a Sunday in Sepember 1756. Bergquist corrects Kant's date but not the day, i.e. he do accept Sunday as correct. And any calender shows July 29 is a Sunday, and July 19 - the day the fire broke out - a Thursday. Pål Jensen (talk) 07:09, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

 * One more comment about the fire. It is stated: "it had consumed his neighbor’s home". Then it says "the fire had stopped three doors from his home". > Seems to me not both can be true.

--A3Braam (talk) 04:31, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Why the Stockholm fire July 19, 1759, broke out on a Thursday
There are several facts about the fire and Swedenborg's vision:
 * 1) Any Gregorian calendar tells that July 19, 1759 was a Thursday. And Sweden converted to the Gregorian calendar at 1753.
 * 2) The original, Swedish issue of Bergquist's Swedenborg biography says (p. 313): The dinner and Swedenborg's vision aged place at Sunday July 29. Bergquist do also cite Kant. Kant dated Swedenborg's vision to a Sunday in September 1756. Bergquist corrects the date to July 29 - but he doesn't correct the Sunday. This is also consistent with the fact that July 19, 1759 was a Thursday.
 * 3) If Bergquist is right, Swedenborg could have got information about the fire without any "paranormal" abilities.

Why July 19, 1759 was a Thursday: Year 1759 (MDCCLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar). 1759. Common year starting on Monday: July 19 is a Thursday, and July 29 a Sunday.

The confusion about the weekday of the fire is not caused by different calendars: Swedish calendar states: In 1753, one year later than England and its colonies, Sweden introduced the Gregorian calendar, whereby the leap of 11 days was accomplished in one step, with February 17 being followed by March 1. Pål Jensen (talk) 06:31, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

It should be noted that the dates in Kant’s letter to Knobloch, which contains the story of the fire, were later falsified by the editor/biographer Borowski to suit his own goals. Spiritual Vision and Revelation, Chapter VI, The Mystery of a Date – Fresh Light on Kant’s Criticism of Swedenborg (The New Philosophy, January-June 2001 ibid, p. 16) Add to this that the letter was not published until nearly a half century after the event (i.e. 1804) (ibid., p. 19) and that the original of the letter was lost and so could not be used for verification (ibid., p. 25) and it adds to question about the reliability of at least some of the dates reports of this episode. (talk) 21:08, 23 July 2013 (UTC)Future777 (talk) 21:38, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

>> Hi, I've been looking into this matter for my website Anomalies, and what seems to be very clear but not generally acknowledged is that even if the 1804 letter attributed to Kant is real, then Kant was getting all of his information from other people. He never went to investigate, nor was he present at the event... so it's perfectly possible that Kant simply received incorrect information on the event, and it's being treated as authoritative only because he's a well-known figure from the time. Of course, the letter itself might not be real, and may be attributed to Kant for the same reason: false authority. In the reprinted letter in Borowski's 1804 book, not only is the date of the fire wrong, but the very date on the letter itself claims it was written before the fire took place! Under the circumstances, all details from the letter must be treated as highly suspicious, to the point that it may have been fabricated by Borowski himself. The 1804 letter also claims the dinner happened on a Saturday; so I'm not sure why the focus is on a Sunday other than the newer Bergquist book is said to make that claim... though the translated version does not include a mention of July 29 that I can find. Also, in regard to the one person worried about the quandry of a neighbor's house being destroyed even though the fire supposedly stopped three houses away from Swedenborg's: Swedenborg did not say a neighbor's house had burned, he said a friend's house had, which has no implied location. In the end, the only words that can be readily attributed to Kant are what he wrote in his own 1766 book, which does not give any of the details that are being disputed... but also is not as exciting a story compared to what came with Borowski's book. Borowski likely deserves credit for the modern version of the account. -- User: GarthHaslam 13:13, 26 May 2018

Footnote Citation Correction
^ STAIRS. "True Christian Religion 200". Kemptonproject.org. Retrieved 2013-07-14. The citation given is: However, The Kempton Project citation is incorrect. The original publisher for the passage cited is the Swedenborg Foundation. (Swedenborg E, The True Christian Religion Containing the Universal Theology of the New Church. Swedenborg Foundation 1946, # 200)Future777 (talk) 19:38, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

NPOV issues
Though the content itself appears largely factual, in many places the wording appears to take the POV of Swedenborg's writings being "the truth". It requires rewording from a neutral point of view. Instead of saying X, it should should uniformly say that he or his followers believe X. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.198.131.195 (talk) 02:19, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

Swedenborg and Spiritualism
I didn't see it anywhere in the article, but Swedenborg was very important to the American Spiritualists who were trying to generate a Spiritualist theology - beyond parlor tricks, that is. It's been a while since I studied Spiritualism, so I can't give details and references. Maybe someone else can.

MarkinBoston (talk) 17:39, 6 December 2014 (UTC)

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Metallurgy
I am most surprised to find nothing on his work on iron and other metals in the text of this article except the appearance of a three-volume work of 1734 in his list of publications. This is a significant work which is still referred to by historians of the industry and ought to have a paragraph at the end of the scientific section. Sweden had been the major European producer of copper, though the industry was by then past its prime; and was the most important exporter of iron in Europe. These were thus major factors in the Swedish economy of the period. Peterkingiron (talk) 08:50, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Emanuel Swedenborg


text: Category:1174 deaths

title: Category:1174 deaths


text: Category:1173 births

title: Category:1173 births


text: Category:1169 deaths

title: Category:1169 deaths


text: Category:1176 deaths

title: Category:1176 deaths


text:
Talk:USSR Chess Championship

Starting period
The USSR Chess Federation was founded in 1924, so how could it organize the 1921 championship? Marcocapelle (talk) 14:28, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:USSR Chess Championship


text:
About Time (Pennywise album)

About Time is the third studio album by American punk rock band Pennywise, released on June 13, 1995.

It is widely considered to be one of Pennywise's best releases, and it includes their concert staples "Peaceful Day", "Perfect People", "Every Single Day", and "Same Old Story". About Time was also the first Pennywise album to chart in Billboard; the release peaked at number 96. Most of the album follows the theme of problems with time: fear of it passing, controlling it and accepting it.

About Time is the final Pennywise album to feature bass player Jason Thirsk, who committed suicide on July 29, 1996. After debating whether to break up, or to move on with a new bass player, Pennywise decided to hire a new bassist, Randy Bradbury, who would stay with the band permanently.

Background and recording
Frontman Jim Lindberg rejoined Pennywise in 1992, after a temporary hiatus, releasing the second album Unknown Road in 1993. Although Unknown Road failed to chart in Billboard, the band enjoyed moderate success and gained supporting slots on national and world tours with bands such as The Offspring. Due to constant touring and appearances on snowboarding and surfing videos, the album sold around 200,000 copies. In the latter part of 1994, Pennywise began writing and recording their third album, entitled About Time. They entered Total Access Recording in Redondo Beach that December and recorded their new album over a three-month period. When they were in the midst of recording About Time, Pennywise was courted by several major labels, who approached the band following the unexpected multi-platinum breakthrough success of Green Day and The Offspring, but Pennywise rejected the idea of signing to a major label and decided to stay with Epitaph.

About Time was the final Pennywise studio album to feature bassist Jason Thirsk; however, it was not their last album to contain songs written by him. Thirsk was still alive when writing for Full Circle began, and co-wrote some previously unreleased songs that would eventually appear on the band's 2014 album Yesterdays.

Reception
The AllMusic review by Paul Henderson awards the album 4.5 out of 5 stars and states: "The band's fourth release in as many years finds it functioning as a full-strength unit, cranking out searing hardcore laced with positive but leery messages and ideals. While the music and message remain essentially the same as their previous releases, increasing depth and maturity begin to take hold in both these areas."

Personnel

 * Jim Lindberg – lead vocals
 * Fletcher Dragge – guitar
 * Jason Thirsk – bass
 * Byron McMackin – drums
 * Eddie Ashworth – assistant engineer
 * Jerry Finn – producer, engineer
 * Brett Gurewitz – producer
 * Fred Hidalgo – Album Art

title: About Time (Pennywise album)


text: Category:1186 births

title: Category:1186 births


text: Category:1187 births

title: Category:1187 births


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Ammonia/archive1

Ammonia
This article on Ammonia is comprehensive, factually accurate, and well-written. Has graphics and includes all technical information on side. --Randy 23:38, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose, too much information in the table is missing: density, heat capacity, critical point, triple point, etc. Is not comprehensive yet. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:14, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * oppose need to fill up the ? in the table before it can be featured. -- kaal 23:49, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * comment - is now the WP:SCOTW. Maybe should hold this up for the time being. -- D e  ryc  k C.  15:22, 24 April 2006 (UTC)


text: Talk:About Time (Pennywise album)

title: Talk:About Time (Pennywise album)