text:
Dugway Proving Ground

Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) is a United States Army facility established in 1942 to test biological and chemical weapons, located about 85 mi southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah and 13 mi south of the 2624 sqmi Utah Test and Training Range.

Location
Dugway Proving Ground is located about 85 mi southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, in southern Tooele County and just north of Juab County. It encompasses 801505 acre of the Great Salt Lake Desert, an area the size of the state of Rhode Island, and is surrounded on three sides by mountain ranges. It had a resident population of 795 as of the 2010 United States Census, all of whom lived in the community of Dugway, Utah, at its extreme eastern end.

It is 13 mi south of the 2624 sqmi Utah Test and Training Range and together they form the largest block of overland contiguous special use airspace measured from surface or near surface within the continental U.S.(207 by).

The transcontinental Lincoln Highway passed through the present site of the Dugway Proving Ground, and is the only section of the old highway closed to the public. At least one old wooden bridge over a creek still stands. The name Dugway comes from a technique of digging a trench into a hillside to create a flat surface along which a wagon can travel.

Mission
Dugway's mission is to test United States and Allied biological and chemical weapon defense systems in a secure and isolated environment. DPG also serves as a facility for US Army Reserve and US National Guard maneuver training, and US Air Force flight tests, mostly from nearby Hill Air Force Base in Clearfield. DPG is controlled by the United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC). The area has also been used by Army special forces for training in preparation for deployments to the War in Afghanistan.

History
In 1941, the US Army Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) determined it needed a testing facility more remote than the US Army's Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. The CWS surveyed the Western U.S. for a new location to conduct its tests, and in the spring of 1942, construction of Dugway Proving Ground began, including the establishment of Michael Army Airfield. Since its founding, much of Dugway Proving Ground activity has been a closely guarded secret.

Testing commenced in the summer of 1942. During World War II, DPG tested toxic agents, flamethrowers, chemical spray systems, biological warfare weapons, fire bombing tactics, antidotes for chemical agents, and protective clothing. During 1943 the "German Village" and "Japanese Village" set-piece domestic "hamlets" were built at Dugway, for practice in the fire-bombing of homes of the types in urbanized areas of Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire's Home Islands.

In October 1943, DPG established biological warfare facilities at UTTR's range telemetry and tracking radar installation, which is an isolated area within DPG known as the Granite Peak Installation. DPG was slowly phased out after World War II, becoming inactive in August 1946.

The base was reactivated during the Korean War, under Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel Speers Ponder, and in 1954 was confirmed as a permanent Department of the Army installation. In October 1958, the United States Army Chemical Center, Maryland, moved the U.S. Army Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons School to Dugway Proving Ground. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Project Bellwether—a study of weaponized, mosquito-spread infections—was based at DPG.

From 1985 to 1991, Dugway Proving Ground was home to the Ranger School's short-lived Desert Training Phase. It was first known as the Desert Ranger Division (DRD) until redesignated the Ranger Training Brigade's 7th Ranger Training Battalion in 1987, and taught students basic desert survival skills and small unit tactics. The program was later moved back to its original site at Fort Bliss, Texas, in 1991, where it was deactivated in 1995.

On September 8, 2004, the Genesis, a NASA spacecraft, was directed to impact into the desert floor of the Dugway Proving Ground because the topsoil there is like talcum powder, or moondust, and would likely cushion the troubled spacecraft's impact. The Genesis spacecraft's accelerometer had been installed backwards, which caused the spacecraft to malfunction upon re-entry to Earth's atmosphere preventing the originally planned air retrieval.

On January 26, 2011, Dugway Proving Ground was placed on lockdown. Al Vogel, a public affairs specialist for the installation, would only say that the lockdown began at 5:24 p.m. Employees were not allowed to leave, and those coming to work were not allowed in. Vogel said there were no injuries, no damage and no threats reported at the proving ground. There were about 1,200 to 1,400 people at Dugway when the lockdown occurred. It was later announced that the lockdown was in response to the temporary loss of a vial containing VX nerve agent. The lockdown was lifted on January 27 following recovery of the material. The incident was described simply as a mislabeling problem.

Dugway Proving Ground was also home to the High Resolution Fly's Eye Cosmic Ray Detector, which discovered the first ultra-high-energy cosmic ray. Dugway is home to several radio telemetry and tracking radar (i.e. RIR-777, TPQ-39 (Ver. V) and MPQ-39) sites which track national flight assets during flight tests at UTTR.

Activities included aerial nerve agent testing. According to reports from New Scientist, Dugway was still producing quantities of anthrax spores as late as 2015 to be used to develop anthrax testing detection and countermeasures, more than four decades after the United States renounced biological weapons, and shipping material intended to be inert to military bases and military contractors around the globe. There were at least 1,100 other chemical tests at Dugway during the time period of the Dugway sheep incident (see below). In total, almost 500,000 lb (230,000 kg) of nerve agent were dispersed during open-air tests. There were also tests at Dugway involving other weapons of mass destruction, including 328 open-air tests of biological weapons, 74 dirty bomb tests, and eight furnace heatings of nuclear material under open-air conditions to simulate the dispersal of fallout in the case of meltdown of aeronautic nuclear reactors.

On December 13, 2019, the U.S. Air Force said it had kept the Ultra Long Endurance Aircraft Platform (Ultra LEAP) at the Dugway Proving Ground in Utah airborne for two days during testing of the surveillance drone at the site.

"Sheep Kill" incident
In March 1968, 6,249 sheep died in Skull Valley, an area nearly thirty miles from Dugway's testing sites. When examined, the sheep were found to have been poisoned by an organophosphate chemical. The sickening of the sheep, known as the Dugway sheep incident, coincided with several open-air tests of the nerve agent VX at Dugway. Local attention focused on the Army, which initially denied that VX had caused the deaths, instead blaming the local use of organophosphate pesticides on crops. Necropsies conducted on the dead sheep later definitively identified the presence of VX. The Army never admitted liability, but did pay the ranchers for their losses. On the official record, the claim was for 4,372 "disabled" sheep, of which about 2,150 were either killed outright by the VX exposure or were so critically injured that they needed to be euthanized on-site by veterinarians. Another 1,877 sheep were "temporarily" injured, or showed no signs of injury but ultimately were not marketable due to their potential exposure. All of the exposed sheep that survived the initial exposure were eventually euthanized by the ranchers, since even the potential for exposure had rendered the sheep permanently unsalable for either meat or wool.

The incident, coinciding with the birth of the environmental movement and anti-Vietnam War protests, created an uproar in Utah and the international community.

U.S. GAO report
The U.S. General Accounting Office issued a report on September 28, 1994, which stated that between 1940 and 1974, DOD and other national security agencies performed "hundreds, perhaps thousands" of weapons tests and experiments involving hazardous substances.

The quote from the study:

"... Dugway Proving Ground is a military testing facility located approximately 80 miles southwest of Salt Lake City. For several decades, Dugway has been the site of testing for various chemical and biological agents. From 1951 through 1969, hundreds, perhaps thousands of open-air tests using bacteria and viruses that cause disease in human, animals, and plants were conducted at Dugway ... It is unknown how many people in the surrounding vicinity were also exposed to potentially harmful agents used in open-air tests at Dugway."

More specifically, there are reports that certain nerve agents such as tetrodotoxin and Datura stramonium have been tested at this military base. The complete nerve agent was code-named "VX"—one of a series of "V" nerve agents tested at the base.

Anthrax shipments
In May 2015 it was revealed that Dugway lab had inadvertently shipped live anthrax bacillus to locations around the country. Shipped samples, it was said, were supposed to be inert. Labs receiving the live samples were in Texas, Maryland, Wisconsin, Delaware, New Jersey, Tennessee, New York, California and Virginia, the Associated Press reported. Days after the first report, the military divulged that the mis-shipments had been broader than initially reported and launched an investigation. Dugway was involved in developing a test to identify biological threats in the field.

In September 2018, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) released findings of an investigation into the anthrax shipping lapses made at Dugway. The investigation looked into whether "systemic oversight changes regarding biosecurity have since been implemented across DOD facilities. The findings are mixed." The U.S. Army had sought 35 specific changes, but only 18 of those 35 changes have been made, as of the GAO report. According to the report, the DOD "had not fully identified the infrastructure capabilities required to address threats, had not planned to identify potential duplication without considering information from existing federal studies, and had not updated its guidance and planning process to include specific responsibilities and time frames for risk assessments."

UFO speculation
Following the public attention drawn to Area 51 in the early 1990s, UFOlogists and concerned citizens have suggested that whatever covert operations may have been underway at that location, if any, were subsequently transferred to DPG.

The Deseret News reported that Dave Rosenfeld, president of Utah UFO Hunters, claimed but provided no proof for "Numerous UFOs have been stored and reported in the area in and around Dugway ... [military aircraft can't account for] all the unknowns seen in the area. It might be that our star visitors are keeping an eye on Dugway too. ... [Dugway is] the new Area 51. And probably the new military spaceport."

Dugway Proving Ground has often made light of the rumors, satirizing the conspiracy on their official social media posts. A 2021 community event at the base had shooting targets with alien profiles set up by the base's police department for children to target with an airsoft gun. A 2023 5K run & 10K run Halloween costume race announced at the base was dubbed the "Alien Invasion" with the tag-line "come see the history of Area 52".

title: Dugway Proving Ground


text:
James Balcer

James A. Balcer (born June 24, 1950) is a former alderman of the 11th Ward of the City of Chicago (map). A member of the Democratic Party, he was appointed to the Chicago City Council by Mayor Richard M. Daley in 1997. In May 2015, he was succeeded by former Metropolitan Water Reclamation District Commissioner, Patrick Daley Thompson.

Military career
Balcer served as a member of the U.S. Marine Corps during the Vietnam War and in 2001 was belatedly awarded the Bronze Star.

Political career
Balcer served as an alderman on six committees: Budget and Government Operations; Energy, Environmental Protection and Public Utilities; Finance; Human Relations; Police and Fire; and Transportation and Public Way.

He was appointed to the Council in the aftermath of a scandal about disclosures about then-Ald. Patrick Huels' private security firm that resulted in Huels' resignation.

Ald. Balcer's former ward encompasses part of Chicago's Southwest Side, and includes the neighborhood of Bridgeport, which has been home to five Chicago mayors, including both Richard M. and Richard J. Daley.

Ald. Balcer attracted media attention in May, 2009 for ordering the removal of a mural that had been commissioned on private property. Ald. Balcer also received a 2010 "Jefferson Muzzle" from the Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Balcer


text: User talk:69.37.104.171

title: User talk:69.37.104.171


text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Category:Olympic athletes

Category:Olympic athletes
Noting that "athletes" means "track and field athletes" in British English, should we rename this Category:Olympians or Category:Olympic_sportspeople?
 * Four people agreed that Category:Olympic competitors was an acceptable compromise (five, including Beland, see User talk:Aranel), and it was the only suggestion that was not in some way problematic. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel (" Sarah ")]] 00:53, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Subcategories would also need re-treatment. We currently have two styles: * Athletes at the 1900 Summer Olympics * Olympians at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Could I interest you in one of these instead? * 2004 Summer Olympians * Sportspeople at the 1900 Summer Olympics

These renames could be done by a bot. -- Beland 05:33, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sportspersons at the 1960 Winter Olympics seems like a nice pattern, or Sportspeople. Atheletes at the xxx Summer Olympics also needs to be changed to the Track and Field Atheletes at the ... 132.205.15.42 00:49, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * In this context, in British English 'Olympic athletes' is synonymous with 'Olympians', so I don't see a need to change from 'Olympic athletes'. Using the word 'sportspeople' is distinctly American, and should therefore be avoided if at all possible in an International encyclopaedic. It can be avoided here, so it should be. jguk 20:10, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Possibly "Olympic competitors" as an alternative? MisfitToys 23:25, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * I like Category:Olympic competitors. Completely unambiguous. Also makes it clear that this category inclues all who compete the in the Olympics, whether or not they win anything. Could theoretically also contain teams. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah")]] 02:05, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I like Olympic competitors for exactly the same reasons as stated by all of the editors above. this wording seems to satisfy the requirements.KeepPedant 01:12, 2004 Nov 9 (UTC)
 * I hate making "me too" posts, but... me too. Competitors covers all the bases nicely and, as noted above, it could cover teams as well. It also avoids the argument about "sportspersons or sportspeople". Perhaps for the individual years the style Competitors at the 1996 Summer Olympics +c is the least ambiguous. It would also allow partner categories for Officials at..., if needed. Grutness 04:31, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Reichsbank

At the end of World War II the Reichsbank was the victum of the largest robbery to date of any bank 2.5 billion dollars in todays rate

 * I am missing the information that the gold was never given back to Germany, despite the fact it was private property ... --84.141.23.1 (talk) 18:51, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Translating "Reich" (again)
See the article Reich for a detailed discussion of the English translation of the word Reich. (See also the Talk page for Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany).) Cvieg 04:55, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:1908-2-7-100large.jpg
Image:1908-2-7-100large.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:34, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

I have in my possession an authentic 10000 Behntaufend Mark that I took a scan of. Here is the image I'm submitting for discussion to add to the article: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsfinalb.jpg

Do old bank notes that are no longer in circulation fall under public domain licensing?

I also have larger versions of the scan if needed. Let me know.

Nuuswam (talk) 23:21, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Disappearance of the Reichsbank reserves
"The explanation of the disappearance of the Reichsbank reserves in 1945 was uncovered by Bill Stanley Moss and Andrew Kennedy, in post War Germany" This section needs replacing with the hypothesis or recorded details, even if brief. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.172.99.4 (talk) 11:21, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reichsbank


text:
Karl von Grolman

Karl Wilhelm Georg von Grolman(n) (30 July 1777 – 1 June 1843) was a Prussian general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars.

Biography
Grolman was born in Berlin. He entered an infantry regiment at the age of thirteen years, was commissioned as an ensign in 1795, a second lieutenant in 1797, a first lieutenant in 1804, and a staff-captain in 1805. While still a subaltern, he had become one of Scharnhorst's intimate friends, and he was distinguished for his energetic and fearless character before the War of 1806. He served as a staff officer from Jena to the Peace of Tilsit and won the rank of major for distinguished service in action. After the downfall of Prussia and the subsequent peace, Grolman was one of the most active as Scharnhorst's assistants in the work of reorganization during 1809. He joined the Tugendbund and endeavoured to take part in Schill's abortive expedition, after which he entered the Austrian service as a major on the general staff.

Thereafter he journeyed to Cadiz to assist the Spanish against Napoleon and he led a corps of volunteers in the defence of that port against Marshal Victor in 1810. He was present at the Battle of Albuera, at Saguntum, and at Valencia, and became a prisoner of war at Valencia. Soon, however, he escaped to Switzerland, and in 1813 he returned to Prussia as a major on the general staff. He served successively under Colonel von Dolffs and General von Kleist as commissioner at the headquarters of the Russian general Barclay de Tolly.

Grolman took part with Kleist in the victory of Kulm and recovered from a severe wound received at that action in time to be present at the Battle of Leipzig. He played a conspicuous part in the campaign of 1814 in France after which he was made a major general. In this rank be was appointed quartermaster-general to Field Marshal Prince Blücher and after his chief and Gneisenau, Grolman had the greatest share in directing the Prussian operations of 1815.

In the decision, on 18 June 1815, to press forward to Wellington's assistance, Grolman actively concurred, and as the troops approached the battlefield, he is said to have overcome the momentary hesitation of the commander-in-chief and the chief of staff; himself giving the order to advance.

After the Peace of 1815, Grolman occupied important positions in the Ministry of War and the General Staff of the new Prussian Army, being dedicated to reforming the latter. His last public services were rendered in Poland as commander-in-chief, and practically as civil administrator of Grand Duchy of Posen, where he did much to promote the extension of German influence. He was promoted general of infantry in 1837 and died on 1 June 1843 at Posen. His two sons became generals in the Prussian army and the Prussian 18th Infantry Regiment bore his name.

General von Grolman supervised and provided much of the material for Damitz's Geschichte des Feldzugs 1815 (Berlin, 1837-1838), and Geschichte des Feldzugs 1814 in Frankreich (Berlin, 1842-1843).

Family
He was the brother of Wilhelm Heinrich von Grolman.

title: Karl von Grolman


text:
Chester Cathedral

Chester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral and the mother church of the Diocese of Chester. It is located in the city of Chester, Cheshire, England. The cathedral, formerly the abbey church of a Benedictine monastery dedicated to Saint Werburgh, is dedicated to Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary. Since 1541, it has been the seat of the Bishop of Chester.

The cathedral is a Grade I listed building, and part of a heritage site that also includes the former monastic buildings to the north, which are also listed Grade I. The cathedral's construction dates from between the 10th century and the early 16th century, having been modified a number of times throughout history, a typical characteristic of English cathedrals; however, the site itself may have been used for Christian worship since Roman times. All the major styles of English medieval architecture, from Norman to Perpendicular, are represented in the present building.

The cathedral and former monastic buildings were extensively restored during the 19th century (amidst some controversy), and a free standing bell tower was added in the 20th century. In addition to holding services for Christian worship, the buildings are a major tourist attraction in Chester and the cathedral is used as a venue for concerts and exhibitions.

History
The city of Chester was an important Roman stronghold. There may have been a Christian basilica on the site of the present cathedral in the late Roman era, while Chester was controlled by Legio XX Valeria Victrix. Legend holds that the basilica was dedicated to Saint Paul and Saint Peter. This is supported by evidence that in Saxon times the dedication of an early chapel on this site was changed from Saint Peter to Saint Werburgh. In 958 King Edgar granted land to the Minster of St Werburgh in Chester.

During the Early Middle Ages Barloc of Norbury, a Catholic Celtic saint and hermit, was venerated at Chester Cathedral with a feast day on 10 September. He is known to history mainly through the hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript; he also occurs in a litany in MS Tanner 169* of the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

In 907 Chester was refortified against the threat from the Vikings, and shortly afterwards the minster was founded or refounded, and Werburgh's remains were transferred there from Hanbury, probably by Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians. The collegiate church, as it was then, was restored in 1057 by Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and Lady Godiva. This church was razed to the ground around 1090, with the secular canons evicted, and no known trace of it remains.

In 1093 a Benedictine abbey was established on the site by Hugh Lupus, Earl of Chester, with the assistance of St Anselm and other monks from Bec in Normandy. The earliest surviving parts of the structure date from that time. The abbey church was not at that time the cathedral of Chester; from 1075 to 1082 the cathedral of the diocese was the nearby church of St John the Baptist, after which the see was transferred to Coventry. In 1538, during the dissolution of the monasteries, the monastery was disbanded and the shrine of Saint Werburgh was desecrated. In 1541 St Werburgh's abbey became a cathedral of the Church of England, by order of Henry VIII. At the same time, the dedication was changed to Christ and the Blessed Virgin. The last abbot of St Werburgh's Abbey, Thomas Clarke, became the first dean of the new cathedral, at the head of a secular chapter.

Although little trace of the 10th-century church has been discovered, save possibly some Saxon masonry found during a 1997 excavation of the nave, there is much evidence of the monastery of 1093. This work in the Norman style may be seen in the northwest tower, the north transept and in remaining parts of the monastic buildings. The abbey church, beginning with the Lady Chapel at the eastern end, was extensively rebuilt in Gothic style during the 13th and 14th centuries. At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries, the cloister, the central tower, a new south transept, the large west window and a new entrance porch to the south had just been built in the Perpendicular style, and the southwest tower of the façade had been begun. The west front was given a Tudor entrance, but the tower was never completed.

In 1636 the space beneath the south west tower became a bishop's consistory court. It was furnished as such at that time, and is now a unique survival in England, hearing its last case, that of an attempted suicide of a priest, in the 1930s. Until 1881, the south transept, which is unusually large, also took on a separate function as an independent ecclesiastical entity: the parish church of St Oswald. Although the 17th century saw additions to the furnishings and fittings, there was no further building work for several centuries. By the 19th century, the building was badly in need of restoration. The present homogeneous appearance that the cathedral presents from many exterior angles is largely the work of Victorian restorers, particularly George Gilbert Scott.

The 20th century has seen continued maintenance and restoration. In 1922, the Chester War Memorial was installed in the cathedral grounds and dedicated to the fallen soldiers of the First World War and later the Second World War. In 1973–75 a detached belfry, the Addleshaw Tower, designed by George Pace, was erected in the grounds of the cathedral. In 2005 a new Song School was added to the cathedral. During the 2000s, the cathedral library was refurbished and relocated. It was officially reopened in September 2007. The cathedral and the former monastic buildings were designated as Grade I listed buildings on 28 July 1955.

In October 2021, the abbey's gateway was one of 142 sites across England to receive part of a £35-million injection into the government's Culture Recovery Fund.

Plan
Chester Cathedral has an east–west axis, common to many cathedrals, with the chancel at the eastern end, and the façade to the west. The plan is cruciform, with a central tower (as is usual in English monastic churches), but is asymmetrical, having a small transept on the north side remaining from an earlier building, and an unusually large south transept. As the plan shows, the asymmetry extends to the west front, where the north tower remains from the Norman building, and the south tower is of the early 16th century. At the eastern end, the symmetrical arrangement of the aisles was lost when the end of the south aisle was demolished and rebuilt in an apsidal shape. The nave, choir and south transept have wide aisles on either side, and are lit by clerestory windows and large multi-light windows in each of the three cliff-like ends. To the north of the cathedral are monastic buildings, including the cloister, refectory and a rectangular chapter house. The façade of the building is abutted on the north by later buildings.

External appearance
Like the cathedrals of Carlisle, Lichfield and Worcester, Chester Cathedral is built of New Red Sandstone, in this case Keuper Sandstone from the Cheshire Basin. The stone lends itself to detailed carving, but is also friable, easily eroded by rain and wind, and is badly affected by pollution. With the other red sandstone buildings, Chester is one of the most heavily restored of England's cathedrals. The restoration, which included much refacing and many new details, took place mainly in the 19th century.

Because the south transept is similar in dimension to the nave and choir, views of the building from the south-east and south-west give the impression of a building balanced around a central axis, with its tower as the hub. The tower is of the late 15th century Perpendicular style, but its four large battlemented turrets are the work of the restoration architect George Gilbert Scott. With its rhythmic arrangement of large, traceried windows, pinnacles, battlements and buttresses, the exterior of Chester Cathedral from the south presents a fairly homogeneous character, which is an unusual feature as England's cathedrals are in general noted for their stylistic diversity. Close examination reveals window tracery of several building stages from the 13th to the early 16th century. The richness of the 13th-century tracery is accentuated by the presence of ornate, crocketted drip-mouldings around the windows; those around the perpendicular windows are of simpler form.

The façade of the cathedral is dominated by a large deeply recessed eight-light window in the Perpendicular style, above a recessed doorway set in a screen-like porch designed, probably by Seth and George Derwall, in the early 1500s. This porch formed part of the same late 15th-century building programme as the south transept, central and southwest towers, and cloister. Neither of the west towers was completed. To the north is the lower stage of a Norman tower, while to the south is the lower stage of a tower designed and begun, probably by Seth and George Derwall, in 1508, but left incomplete following the dissolution of the monastery in 1538. The cathedral's façade is abutted on the north by a Victorian building housing the education centre and largely obscured from view by the building previously used as the King's School, which is now a branch of Barclays Bank. The door of the west front is not used as the normal entrance to the cathedral, which is through the southwest porch which is in an ornate Tudor style.

Interior
The interior of Chester Cathedral gives a warm and mellow appearance because of the pinkish colour of the sandstone. The proportions appear spacious because the view from the west end of the nave to the east end is unimpeded by a pulpitum and the nave, although not long, is both wide and high compared with many of England's cathedrals. The piers of the nave and choir are widely spaced, those of the nave carrying only the clerestory of large windows with no triforium gallery. The proportions are made possible partly because the ornate stellar vault, like that at York Minster, is of wood, not stone.

Norman remnants
The present building, dating from around 1283 to 1537, mostly replaced the earlier monastic church founded in 1093 which was built in the Norman style. It is believed that the newer church was built around the older one. That the few remaining parts of the Norman church are of small proportions, while the height and width of the Gothic church are generous would seem to confirm this belief. Aspects of the design of the Norman interior are still visible in the north transept, which retains wall arcading and a broadly moulded arch leading to the sacristy, which was formerly a chapel. The transept has retained an early 16th-century coffered ceiling with decorated bosses, two of which are carved with the arms of Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey.

The north west tower is also of Norman construction. It serves as the baptistry and houses a black marble font, consisting of a bowl on a large baluster dating from 1697. The lower part of the north wall of the nave is also from the Norman building, but can only be viewed from the cloister because the interior has been decorated with mosaic.

Early English
The Early English Gothic chapter house, built between 1230 and 1265, is rectangular and opens off a "charming" vestibule leading from the north transept. The chapter house has grouped windows of simple untraceried form. Alec Clifton-Taylor describes the exterior of this building as a "modest but rather elegant example of composition in lancets" while Nikolaus Pevsner says of the interior "It is a wonderfully noble room" which is the "aesthetic climax of the cathedral". To the north of the chapter house is the slype, also Early English in style, and the warming room, which contains two large former fireplaces. The monastic refectory to the north of the cloister is of about the same date as the chapter house.

The Lady Chapel to the eastern end of the choir dates from between 1265 and 1290. It is of three bays, and contains the Shrine of St Werburgh, dating from the 14th century. The vault of the Lady Chapel is the only one in the cathedral that is of stone. It is decorated with carved roof bosses representing the Trinity, the Madonna and Child, and the murder of Thomas Becket. The chapel also has a sedilia and a piscina.

Decorated Gothic
The choir, of five bays, was built between 1283 and 1315 to the design of Richard Lenginour, and is an early example of Decorated Gothic architecture. The piers have strongly modelled attached shafts, supporting deeply moulded arches. There is a triforium gallery with four cusped arches to each bay. The sexpartite vault, which is a 19th-century restoration, is supported by clusters of three shafts which spring from energetic figurative corbels. The overall effect is robust, and contrasts with the delicacy of the pinnacled choir stalls, the tracery of the windows and the rich decoration of the vault which was carried out by the ecclesiastical designers, Clayton and Bell. The choir stalls, dating from about 1380, are one of the glories of the cathedral.

The aisles of the choir previously both extended on either side of the Lady Chapel. The south aisle was shortened in about 1870 by George Gilbert Scott, and given an apsidal east end, becoming the chapel of St Erasmus. The eastern end of the north aisle contains the chapel of St Werburgh.

The nave of six bays, and the large, aisled south transept were begun in about 1323, probably to the design of Nicholas de Derneford. There are a number of windows containing fine Flowing Decorated tracery of this period. The work ceased in 1375, in which year there was a severe outbreak of plague in England. The building of the nave was recommenced in 1485, more than 150 years after it was begun. The architect was probably William Rediche. Remarkably, for an English medieval architect, he maintained the original form, changing only the details. The nave was roofed with a stellar vault rather like that of the Lady Chapel at Ely and the choir at York Minster, both of which date from the 1370s. Like that at York, the vault is of wood, imitating stone.

Perpendicular Gothic
From about 1493 until 1525 the architect appears to have been Seth Derwall, succeeded by George Derwall until 1537. Seth Derwall completed the south transept to a Perpendicular Gothic design, as seen in the transomed windows of the clerestory. He also built the central tower, southwest porch and cloisters. Work commenced on the south west tower in 1508, but it had not risen above the roofline at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries, and has never been completed. The central tower, rising to 127 ft, is a "lantern tower" with large windows letting light into the crossing. Its external appearance has been altered by the addition of four battlemented turrets by George Gilbert Scott in the 19th century.

Former monastic buildings
The Perpendicular Gothic cloister is entered from the cathedral through a Norman doorway in the north aisle. The cloister is part of the building programme that commenced in the 1490s and is probably the work of Seth Derwall. The south wall of the cloister, dating from the later part of the Norman period, forms the north wall of the nave of the cathedral, and includes blind arcading. Among the earliest remaining structures on the site is an undercroft off the west range of the cloisters, which dates from the early 12th century, and which was originally used by the monks for storing food. It consists of two naves with groin vaults and short round piers with round scalloped capitals.

Leading from the south of the undercroft is the abbot's passage which dates from around 1150 and consists of two bays with rib-vaulting. Above the abbot's passage, approached by a stairway from the west cloister, is St Anselm's Chapel which also dates from the 12th century. It is in three bays and has a 19th century Gothic-style plaster vault. The chancel is in one bay and was remodelled in the early 17th century. The screen, altar rails, holy table and plaster ceiling of the chancel date from the 17th century. The north range of the cloister gives access to a refectory, built by Simon de Whitchurch in the 13th century. It contains an Early English pulpit, approached by a staircase with an ascending arcade. The only other similar pulpit in England is in Beaulieu Abbey.

Restoration
By the 19th century the fabric of the building had become badly weathered, with Charles Hiatt writing that "the surface rot of the very perishable red sandstone, of which the cathedral was built, was positively unsightly" and that the "whole place previous to restoration struck one as woebegone and neglected; it perpetually seemed to hover on the verge of collapse, and yet was without a trace of the romance of the average ruin". Between 1818 and 1820 the architect Thomas Harrison restored the south transept, adding corner turrets. This part of the building served until 1881 as the parish church of St Oswald, and it was ecclesiastically separate. From 1844 R. C. Hussey carried out a limited restoration including work on the south side of the nave.

The most extensive restoration was carried out by the Gothic Revival architect Sir Gilbert Scott, who between 1868 and 1876 "almost entirely re-cased" the cathedral. The current building is acknowledged to be mainly the product of this Victorian restoration commissioned by the Dean, John Saul Howson. In addition to extensive additions and alterations to the body of the church, Scott remodelled the tower, adding turrets and crenellations. Scott chose sandstone from the quarries at Runcorn for his restoration work. In addition to the restoration of the fabric of the building, Scott designed internal fittings such as the choir screen to replace those destroyed during the Civil War; the roof had also been melted down to make musket balls. He built the fan vault of the south porch, renewed the wooden vault of the choir and added a great many decorative features to the interior.

Scott's restorations were not without their critics and caused much debate in architectural circles. Scott claimed to have archaeological evidence for his work, but the Liverpool architect, Samuel Huggins, argued in an 1868 address to the Liverpool Architectural Society that the alterations were less like restoration and more like rebuilding. One of the larger changes was to shorten the south aisle and restyle it as an apse. The changes also proposed the addition of a spire above the existing tower, but this proposal was later rejected. Samuel's further paper of 1871 entitled On so-called restorations of our cathedral and abbey churches compelled the Dean to attempt to answer the criticism. The debate contributed to the establishment of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.

Later in the century, from 1882, Arthur Blomfield and his son Charles made further additions and modifications, including restoring and reinstating the Shrine of St Werburgh. More work was carried out in the 20th century by Giles Gilbert Scott between 1891 and 1913, and by F. H. Crossley in 1939.

Bell tower
Towards the end of 1963 the cathedral bells, which were housed in the central tower, were in need of an overhaul and ringing was suspended. In 1965 the Dean asked George Pace, architect to York Minster, to prepare specifications for a new bell frame and for electrification of the clock and tolling mechanism. Due to structural difficulties and the cost of replacing the bells in the central tower it was advised that consideration should be given to building a detached bell and clock tower in the southeast corner of the churchyard. It was decided to proceed with that plan, and in 1969 an announcement was made that the first detached cathedral bell tower was to be erected since the building of the campanile at Chichester Cathedral in the 15th century. In February 1969, nine of the ten bells in the central tower were removed to be recast by John Taylor & Co as a ring of twelve bells with a flat sixth. The new bells were cast in 1973. Work on the new bell-tower began in February 1973. Two old bells dating from 1606 and 1626 were left in the tower. On 26 February 1975 the bells were rung for the first time to celebrate the wedding of a member of the Grosvenor family. The official opening on 25 June 1975 was performed by the Duke of Gloucester. The belfry is known as the Dean Addleshaw Tower, after the dean of the cathedral responsible for its construction. The tower is built in concrete, faced with sandstone at its base. It is the first detached bell tower to be built for a cathedral in this country since the Reformation. Between the bell tower and the south transept is a garden in remembrance of the Cheshire Regiment (originally the 22nd Regiment of Foot).

Fittings and glass
The treasures of Chester Cathedral are its rare fittings, specifically its choir stalls and the 17th-century furnishing of the bishop's Consistory Court in the south tower, which is a unique survival.

Choir stalls
The choir stalls date from about 1380. They have high, spiky, closely set canopies, with crocketed arches and spirelets. The stall ends have poppyheads and are rich with figurative carving. The stalls include 48 misericords, all but five of which are original, depicting a variety of subjects, some humorous and some grotesque. Pevsner states that they are "one of the finest sets in the country", while Alec Clifton-Taylor calls them "exquisite" and says of the misericords that "for delicacy and grace they surpass even those at Lincoln and Beverley".

Organ
In 1844, an organ by Gray & Davison of London was installed in the cathedral, replacing an instrument with parts dating back to 1626. The organ was rebuilt and enlarged by Whiteley Bros of Chester in 1876, to include harmonic flutes and reeds by Cavaillé-Coll. It was later moved to its present position at the front of the north transept. In 1910 William Hill and Son of London extensively rebuilt and revoiced the organ, replacing the Cavaillé-Coll reeds with new pipes of their own. The choir division of the organ was enlarged and moved behind the choirstalls on the south side. The instrument was again overhauled by Rushworth and Dreaper of Liverpool in 1969, when a new mechanism and some new pipework made to a design by the organist, Roger Fisher, was installed. Since 1991 the organ has been in the care of David Wells of Liverpool.

Stained glass

 * See Gallery below

Chester suffered badly at the hands of the Parliamentary troops. As a consequence, its stained glass dates mainly from the 19th and 20th centuries and has representative examples the significant trends in stained glass design from the 1850s onwards. Of the earlier Victorian firms, William Wailes is the best represented, in the south aisle (1862), as well as Hardman & Co. and Michael O'Connor. Glass from the High Victorian period is well represented by two leading London firms, Clayton and Bell and Heaton, Butler and Bayne. The Aesthetic style is represented by Charles Eamer Kempe. Early 20th century windows include several commemorating those who died in World War I.

There are also several notable modern windows, the most recent being the refectory window of 2001 by Ros Grimshaw which depicts the Creation. The eight-light Perpendicular window of the west end contains mid-20th century glass representing the Holy Family and Saints, by W. T. Carter Shapland. Three modern windows in the south aisle, designed and made by Alan Younger to replace windows damaged in the Second World War. They were donated by the 6th Duke of Westminster to celebrate the 900th anniversary of the cathedral and contain the dates 1092 and 1992 to reflect the theme of "continuity and change".

Nave
The west end of the nave is dominated by an eight-light window in the Perpendicular Gothic style which almost fills the upper part of the west wall. It contains stained glass designed by W. T. Carter Shapland dating from 1961 and depicts the Holy Family in the middle two lights, flanked by the northern saints Werburgh, Oswald, Aidan, Chad and Wilfrid, and Queen Ethelfleda.

The stone nave pulpit was designed by the restorer R. C. Hussey and the lectern, dated 1876, is by Skidmore. The mosaic floor of the tower bay was designed by John Howson (Dean, 1867–1885) and executed by Burke and Co. The same firm installed the mosaics which decorate the wall of the north aisle, depicting the patriarchs and prophets Abraham, Moses, David and Elijah. They were designed by J. R. Clayton of Clayton and Bell, and date from 1883 to 86.

Monuments in the nave include those to Roger Barnston, dated 1838, by John Blayney, to Nicholas Stratford (Bishop, 1689–1707), dated 1708, to George Hall (Bishop, 1662–1668 (d.)), to Edmund Entwistle, dated 1712, to John and Thomas Wainwright who died respectively in 1686 and 1720, to Robert Bickerstaff who died in 1841 by Blayney, to William Smith (Dean, 1758–1787 (d.)) by Thomas Banks, and to William Mainwaring, dated 1671.

Quire
The most famous feature of the quire is the set of choir stalls, dating from about 1380, and described above. The lectern, in the form of a wooden eagle, symbol of John the Evangelist, dates from the first half of the 17th century. The candlesticks also date from the 17th century and are by Censore of Bologna who died in 1662.

With these exceptions, most of the decoration and the fittings of the quire date from the 19th century and are in keeping with the Gothic Revival promoted by the Oxford Movement and Augustus Welby Pugin. The restored vault of the quire is typical of the period, having been designed by Scott and decorated and gilded by Clayton and Bell.

The quire is entered through a screen designed by George Gilbert Scott, with gates made by Skidmore. The rood was designed by Scott, and was made by F. Stuflesser. The bishop's throne or "cathedra" was designed by Scott to complement the choir stalls. It was constructed by Farmer and Brindley in 1876. The reredos and the floor mosaic date from 1876, and were designed by J. R. Clayton. The east window has tracery of an elegant Decorated Gothic design which is filled with stained glass of 1884 by Heaton, Butler and Bayne.

Lady Chapel
The 13th-century Lady Chapel contains the stone shrine of Saint Werburgh which dates from the 14th century and which used to contain her relics. The shrine, of similar red sandstone as the cathedral, has a base pierced with deep niches. The upper part takes the form of a miniature chapel containing statuettes. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries it was dismantled. Some of the parts were found during the 1873 restoration of the cathedral and the shrine was reassembled in 1888 by Blomfield. A carving of St Werburgh by Joseph Pyrz was added in 1993. Also in the chapel are a sedilia and a piscina. The stained glass of 1859, is by William Wailes. The chapel contains a monument to Archdeacon Francis Wrangham, made by Hardman & Co. and dating from 1846. In 1555, George Marsh, Martyr stood trial here accused of heresy.

North quire aisle
The north quire aisle has a stone screen by R. C. Hussey and an iron gate dated 1558 that came from Guadalajara. At the east end of the aisle is the chapel of St Werburgh which has a vault of two bays, and an east window depicting the Nativity by Michael O'Connor, dated 1857. Other stained glass windows in the north aisle are by William Wailes, by Heaton, Butler and Bayne, and by Clayton and Bell. The chapel contains a piscina dating from the 14th century, and monuments to John Graham (Bishop, 1848–1865) dated 1867, and to William Bispham who died in 1685, Other monuments in the north aisle include a tablet to William Jacobson (Bishop, 1865–1884), dated 1887, by Boehm to a design by Blomfield.

North transept, sacristy and chapter house
The small Norman transept has clerestory windows containing stained glass by William Wailes, installed in 1853. The sacristy, of 1200, has an east window depicting St Anselm, and designed by A. K. Nicholson. In the north transept is a freestanding tomb chest monument to John Pearson who died in 1686, designed by Arthur Blomfield and carved by Nicholas Earp, with a recumbent effigy by Matthew Noble. Other monuments in the transept include one to Samuel Peploe, dating from about 1784, by Joseph Nollekens. The wall monuments include cenotaphs to members of the Cheshire (Earl of Chester's) Yeomanry killed in the Boer War and in the First and Second World Wars. At the corner of the transept with the north aisle is a 17th-century Tree of Jesse carved in whale ivory. A niche contains a rare example of a "cobweb picture", painted on the web of a caterpillar. Originating in the Austrian Tyrol, it depicts Mary and the Christ-Child, and is based on a painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder.

The chapter house has stained glass in its east window by Heaton, Butler and Bayne and grisaille windows in the north and south walls, dated 1882–83, by Blomfield. It contains an oak cope cupboard from the late 13th century. The front of the chapter house was rebuilt to a design by Hussey.

South choir aisle
The south aisle was shortened in about 1870 by Scott, and given an apsidal east end, becoming the chapel of St Erasmus. The stained glass in the apse window is dated 1872 and is by Clayton and Bell. Below this is a mosaic designed by J. R. Clayton and made by Salviati, and a fresco painting by Clayton and Bell, dated 1874. Elsewhere the stained glass in the aisle is by Wailes, and by Hardman & Co. to a design by Pugin. The aisle contains the tomb of Ranulf Higdon, a monk at St Werburgh's Abbey in the 12th century who wrote a major work of history entitled Polychronicon, a monument to Thomas Brassey (a civil engineering contractor who died in 1870), designed by Blomfield and made by Wagmuller, a monument to Samuel Peploe (Bishop, 1726–1752) who died in 1752, and three painted monuments by a member of the Randle Holme family.

South transept
The south transept, formerly the parish church of St Oswald contains a piscina and sedilia in the south wall. On the east wall are four chapels, each with a reredos, two of which were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, one by Kempe and the other by his successor, W. E. Tower. The south window is dated 1887 and was made by Heaton, Butler and Bayne to a design by R. C. Hussey. Other stained glass in the transept is by Clayton and Bell, by C. E. Kempe and by Powell.

The monuments include those to George Ogden who died in 1781, by Hayward, to Anne Matthews who died in 1793, by Thomas Banks, to John Philips Buchanan who died at Waterloo in 1815, to the first Duke of Westminster, designed by C. J. Blomfield, and two memorial plaques to members of the Egerton family. On the wall of the southwest crossing pier are monuments which include a cenotaph to the casualties in HMS Chester in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 who included the 16-year-old John Cornwell VC. The west wall of the south transept has many memorials, including cenotaphs to the Cheshire Regiment, the Royal Air Force and the Free Czech Forces.

Cloisters and refectory
The cloisters were restored in the 20th century, and the stained glass windows contain the images of some 130 saints. The cloister garth contains a modern sculpture entitled The water of life by Stephen Broadbent. The refectory roof is dated 1939 and was designed by F. H. Crossley. The east window with reticulated tracery was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott and is dated 1913. The stained glass in the west window, depicting the Creation, was designed by Ros Grimshaw and installed in 2001 to celebrate the Millennium. On the refectory's west wall there is a tapestry depicting Elymas being struck with blindness which was woven at the Mortlake Tapestry Works in the 17th century from one of the Raphael Cartoons. The heraldic paintings on the north wall represent the arms of the Earls of Chester.

Library
A library has been present since the time of St Werburgh's Abbey, and following the dissolution of the monasteries it became the cathedral library. It continued to grow over the centuries, but by the 19th century it had become neglected. Between 1867 and 1885 it was enlarged and in the 1890s new bookcases were added. A further reorganisation took place in the 1920s but by the 1980s the contents were contained in five separate sites around the cathedral. A programme of repair and re-cataloguing of the contents was instituted. During the 2000s more work was carried out and the refurbished library, housed in three rooms, opened in 2007. The library is available for research and for organised visits by groups.

Dean and chapter
As of 3 January 2024:
 * Dean — Tim Stratford (since 8 September 2018)
 * Canon Missioner & Vice Dean — Jane Brooke (since 11 September 2010 installation; Acting Dean, 2017–2018)
 * Canon for Worship and Spirituality – Rosie Woodall (since 20 May 2023 licensing)

Services
The cathedral is a place of Christian worship, with two services held daily, and four or five each Sunday. There is Holy Communion each day, and Choral Evensong each day except Wednesday. There is a sung service of cathedral Eucharist every Sunday.

Music
The Organist and Master of the Choristers is Philip Rushforth, Head of Music Outreach and Assistant Organist, Dan Mathieson and Sub-Organist, Alexander Palotai. There are lunchtime organ recitals weekly on Thursday at 1:10pm, immediately following Holy Communion. The monthly program of music is available on the cathedral's website.

The hymn-writer William Cooke (1821–1894) was a canon of Chester.

Organists
The earliest recorded appointment of an organist is of John Brycheley in 1541. Notable organists include the composers Robert White and John Sanders, conductor George Guest and the recording artist Roger Fisher.

Choirs
The choral tradition at Chester is 900 years old, dating from the foundation of the Benedictine monastery. In 1741 Handel heard the first recital of his Messiah at Chester. There are usually eight choral services in the cathedral each week. Chester has a cathedral choir of male lay clerks, choral scholars, boy and girl choristers and a Nave Choir which is of mixed voice. They rehearse in the Song School, built on the site of the former Monks' Dormitory. In addition to singing at services, the choir perform in concerts, tour abroad, and make recording on CDs. There is no choir school at Chester, so the choristers come from local schools. The Nave Choir, which sings Compline on Sunday evenings and in other services, also takes part in concerts, and undertakes tours. Having been founded during the 1860s, it is the longest-running voluntary cathedral choir in Britain.

Activities
Apart from services, a variety of events such as concerts, recitals, exhibitions and tours are held at the cathedral. There are weekly lunchtime organ recitals each Thursday, and concerts by the Chester Cathedral Nave Choir.

The cathedral and precinct are open to visits both by individuals and by groups. The former Refectory of the abbey is used as a café. The Refectory, the Cloister Room, the Chapter House, and the Vestibule can be hired for meetings, receptions and other purposes.

Burials

 * Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester (c. 1047 – 27 July 1101), first in the cemetery of Saint Werberg, reburied in the Chapter House
 * Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester (1070–1129)
 * Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester, and his wife Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester
 * Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester
 * Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester (1170–1232)
 * Ranulf Higden (c. 1280–1364), chronicler
 * John Pearson, Bishop of Chester (1673–1686)
 * Samuel Peploe, Bishop of Chester (1725–1752)
 * John Graham, Bishop of Chester (1845–1865) — in the cemetery
 * George Clarke of Hyde, former Colonial Governor of New York, America between 1736 and 1743
 * Frederick Philipse III, a wealthy landowner from New York, America, who was loyal to the British Colonial Government and forced to quit his estates.

References and notes
Notes

Citations

Sources

title: Chester Cathedral


text:
Vale of Rheidol Railway

The Vale of Rheidol Railway (Rheilffordd Cwm Rheidol) is a narrow gauge heritage railway in Ceredigion, Wales, between Aberystwyth and Devil's Bridge; a journey of 11+3/4 mi.

It opened in 1902 and, from the withdrawal of main line steam on British Rail in 1968 until privatisation in 1989, it was the sole steam-operated line on the 1948 nationalised British Rail network. It was one of the first parts of British Rail to be privatised. Unlike most other preserved railways in the United Kingdom, the Vale of Rheidol Railway did not have a period of closure between its being part of the national rail system and becoming a heritage railway, and so has operated a continuous service for residents and tourists.

Vale of Rheidol Light Railway Company
A standard gauge railway in the Rheidol valley to the east of Aberystwyth was planned as part of the Manchester and Milford Railway route from Llanidloes to Strata Florida via Devil's Bridge. Also planned was a branch from this line from Devil's Bridge to Aberystwyth to carry timber (for pit props in the South Wales valleys) and lead ore from the Rheidol Valley to the sea and the main line railway at Aberystwyth. Many lead mines in the Rheidol valley were producing ore at the end of the 19th century, but did not have a means of transporting large quantities of ore to the harbour in Aberystwyth.

Following financial and construction difficulties, the routes from Strata Florida to Llanidloes via Devil's Bridge and branch to Aberystwyth were not built, instead in 1865 the Manchester and Milford Railway built an easier route via the Ystwyth valley to Aberystwyth. This left the Rheidol Valley and lead ore mines without a railway.

Gradually an alternative scheme was planned using a narrow gauge line to serve the Rheidol Valley was developed. Initially a gauge was planned to be used similar to the nearby Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway. Following closure of this tramway, the gauge was changed to instead. After obtaining an act of Parliament, the  (60 & 61 Vict. c. clxxiv), it was not possible to raise finance as quickly as expected, and construction commenced in 1901. To save money, rock was hand-hewn rather than blasted. Construction was overseen by the chief engineer, Sir James Szlumper, although he left day-to-day affairs in the hands of the main contractor employed. It was during construction that the ex-Plynlimon and Hafan Tramway locomotive Talybont, regauged from to  and renamed Rheidol, arrived on the line, where it would remain for the rest of its life.

In the Daily News of 9 August 1901 it was reported that the line was expected to be completed by March 1902 and the directors were hopeful for a free grant from the Treasury for the Aberayron Extension.

By the time the railway was ready to open in 1902, lead mining in Ceredigion was in steep decline. However a significant growth in tourism was under way, and the carriage of passengers soon became the principal traffic of the railway. It opened for mineral traffic in August 1902 and for passengers on 22 December 1902, using two 2-6-2T locomotives built by Davies and Metcalfe and the aforementioned Rheidol, built by Bagnall.

The original stations were Aberystwyth (located adjacent to Maesyrafon and Park Avenue), Llanbadarn, Capel Bangor, Nantyronen and Devil's Bridge (Pontarfynach). A branch ran to Aberystwyth harbour passing alongside the river Rheidol beside Riverside Terrace, underneath Trefechan bridge and behind South Road to the harbour. The final construction cost was reported as £60,000.

The line was moderately successful as a tourist railway although local passenger and freight traffic remained limited, to the extent that the harbour branch was very little used throughout its existence. However, efforts were made to develop the tourist service over the summer seasons with the construction of open-sided carriages and such was the level of the tourist trade the locomotive Palmerston had to be hired from the Festiniog Railway over a number of summers pre-war (1912, 1913 and 1914) and again post-war (1921 and 1922).

Towards the end of its life as an independent company, the half-year revenue of the company as reported in February 1911 was £3,660.

As a branch of the Cambrian Railways
In 1912, plans for the use of electric power from the river were considered, but never likely to have taken place due to lack of capital, and were abandoned when the line was absorbed by the Cambrian Railways on 1 July 1913. The Cambrian Railways obtained the company for the seemingly bargain price of £27,311, when compared with the construction cost of £69,267. The onset of war in 1914 closed the lead mine and passenger services were reduced, which put the final nail in the coffin of any planned improvements. The reduction in passenger services and the need for timber for the war effort meant that freight became the principal revenue source for a short while. The line also served Army training camps in the valley.

Great Western Railway years
On 1 January 1922, as part of the Cambrian Railways the line was grouped into the Great Western Railway (GWR). A new station opened next to main standard gauge station in Aberystwyth. The GWR invested quite significantly in its new asset, overhauling one of the two Davies & Metcalfe locomotives and building two brand new locomotives at Swindon, which arrived in 1923. Works records appear to show that the GWR carried out heavy repairs to the original Prince of Wales whereas in reality the locomotive was scrapped and a brand new locomotive built to replace it. Rheidol was withdrawn from traffic in 1924. New open carriages were built to replace the home-made examples used by the VoR and Cambrian, and in 1938 the closed carriages were entirely replaced by high quality modern replacements, all of which are still in service today.

The GWR recognised that traffic outside its tourist operations would be limited. After the end of 1931 the line became a summer operation only. In 1932, the one remaining original locomotive was sent back to Swindon works and put up for sale. A buyer was not forthcoming and so the locomotive was scrapped in 1935. In 1933 the harbour branch was formally abandoned. The entire line was closed for the duration of World War II, though maintenance continued. After closure for over six years, the railway reopened in June 1946.

Nationalisation
The Great Western Railway became part of the Western Region of British Railways on 1 January 1948 and the line continued to operate a tourist service. In the 1950s local managers ensured that the Vale of Rheidol line remained well looked after. The coaches carried British Rail's express livery. The locomotives acquired names in 1956 and fully lined express livery for the following season.

In the 1960s, the ex-Cambrian network of Western Region was transferred to the London Midland Region. A question mark hung over the VoR's future for some time, until the Minister for Transport, Barbara Castle, confirmed that it would remain open and in British Rail's hands. In 1968, the line was rerouted in Aberystwyth to run into the former standard gauge Carmarthen line platforms of the main station, which had been abandoned in 1964. This meant that the route of the line no longer dog-legged and did not have to cross Park Avenue by a level crossing. The former standard gauge locomotive shed was also refurbished and adapted into use for the VoR. The former station site is now occupied by a supermarket and the former route was sold for redevelopment.

In the late 1960s the line's locomotives and rolling stock were (somewhat controversially) painted into British Rail's corporate blue livery with the famous 'coming or going' logo emblazoned on loco and coach sides. This was gradually improved in the 1970s with lining and other embellishments, until in the 1980s a return to historical liveries was countenanced. This, together with occasional visits by Mountaineer of the Ffestiniog Railway and special trains such as Santa specials and even simulated Wild-West style Indian attacks, helped to keep the line's attraction fresh to the public, despite declining investment which resulted in insufficient maintenance – which culminated in an (injury-free) derailment near Aberffrwd in 1986.

Under TOPS the steam locomotives were given the designation Class 98.

Privatisation
In 1989, the line was privatised and sold to Peter Rampton and Tony Hills (the late owner and General Manager of the Brecon Mountain Railway). In 1996, Rampton and Hills split their partnership, with Hills retaining control of the Brecon, and the Rheidol being sold to a trust formed by Rampton, the Phyllis Rampton Narrow Gauge Railway Trust. Unusually, the VoR operated completely without volunteers for approximately the first 20 years of its privatised operation.

Route
Aberystwyth is the main terminus where the company's administrative headquarters and workshop are located. Leaving Aberystwyth, the line travels eastwards towards the village of Llanbadarn Fawr. There is a request stop at Llanbadarn. Trains towards Devil's Bridge pause here briefly to activate the level crossing before proceeding. A short distance from Llanbadarn, the line passes over the River Rheidol on a timber trestle bridge and then passes the Glanyrafon Industrial Estate, before heading out into the open countryside. After 4.5 mi Capel Bangor station is reached. There is a passing loop here and a station building. All trains stop here.

Leaving Capel Bangor the line passes the Rheidol Riding Centre before it begins to climb steeply through the woods at Tanyrallt. After about 10 minutes the train reaches Nantyronen a small country station and request stop. Here locomotives take water from the water column before the train continues on the climb to Aberffrwd.

Aberffrwd station is 7+1/2 mi from Aberystwyth, a journey time of approximately 40 minutes. There is a passing loop here and a station building. All trains stop here. Beyond Aberffrwd the line climbs at a gradient of 1 in 50 all the way to Devil's Bridge. This section of the line is isolated with no road access. The track sits on a ledge known as Pant Mawr and follows the contours of the terrain, passing through two request stops at Rheidol Falls and Rhiwfron before reaching Devil's Bridge. When the lead mines were being worked there was an aerial cableway linking them with the line at Rhiwfron.

The railway had a branch line which ran to Aberystwyth Harbour, principally for freight services. The Harbour Branch became redundant with the predominance of tourist passenger operations and was closed and lifted, parts of the tracked bed can be walked today behind South Road to the harbour.

The railway is promoted as one of The Great Little Trains of Wales, a joint marketing scheme launched in 1970 that encompasses eleven narrow gauge railways, mostly found in Wales. It continues to operate as a tourist railway, operating between Easter and the end of October, with extra services during February half-term and at Christmas. The timetable provides the operating dates. During the summer months, the railway offers a Driver for a Fiver experience on a short demonstration line at Devil's Bridge station.

Station restoration project
The railway carried out a major redevelopment project to enhance the facilities at many of the intermediate stations along the route. Raised platforms were built at the principal crossing and terminal stations, the first time in its history that the railway has had these. Additionally, new waiting shelters have also been provided at some locations in the style of original buildings which had been lost in previous decades.

Engineering workshop
There is a purpose-built restoration workshop at Aberystwyth which maintains the railway's rolling stock and also takes on contract work for other railways.

Operation
The operational base is at Aberystwyth, where there is an engine shed. Heavy overhauls are undertaken in a purpose-built workshop on the south side of the line.

Aberystwyth and Devil's Bridge stations have booking offices. For passengers joining the train at any intermediate station, tickets are issued by the Guard.

The railway is single track with passing loops at Capel Bangor and Aberffrwd which are operated by the train crew. The line is worked by tokens, which authorise the driver to enter a single line section. The whole line was originally worked by Tyer's Electric Staff instruments. Tokens are provided for:-

 * Aberystwyth to Capel Bangor
 * Capel Bangor to Aberffrwd
 * Aberffrwd to Devil's Bridge

A Duty Officer is rostered whenever a passenger service is in operation. The Duty Officer regulates train running, overseeing the token signalling system and giving permission for trains to enter the single line sections, recording train movements on the Train Graph and ensuring trains are formed of an appropriate number of carriages.

Special events
The railway operates a programme of special events throughout the year. These include 1920s Jazz Nights, evening specials, Halloween Ghost Trains, autumn colours trains, Santa Specials at Christmas and Wedding events.

In 2014 the line received its first visiting locomotive since the 1980s, when Palmerston returned from the Ffestiniog Railway for the first time since its original periods of hire around the First World War, and in 2015 the line held its first ever enthusiast-orientated gala event.

Television
The railway has been seen on television on many occasions, including an episode of Great British Railway Journeys filmed in 2012 and the detective series Y Gwyll filmed in 2016.

Awards

 * 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 TripAdvisor, Certificate of Excellence
 * 2015 Aber First Awards, Best Customer Service.
 * 2015 Aber First Awards, Best Visitor Experience.
 * 2015, 2018 National Coach Tourism Awards, Finalist, Coach Friendly Heritage Railway.
 * 2016 National Coach Tourism Awards, Winner, Coach Friendly Heritage Railway.

title: Vale of Rheidol Railway


text:
Talk:Little Johnny

In Italy there's a similar joke's character: Pierino - Melaen
 * I don't get the part about "unprinted names". [Wikipedia is not censored for minors.--Orthologist 20:59, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Equivalents in other countries
Why do these keep getting removed? Btyner 01:24, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Little Johnny. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080912160623/http://www.maispiadas.com.br/categoria/joaozinho/ to http://www.maispiadas.com.br/categoria/joaozinho/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070914041636/http://www.risateonline.it/mostrabarze.phtml?c=pierino&p=1&stats=homebarze to http://www.risateonline.it/mostrabarze.phtml?c=pierino&p=1&stats=homebarze
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060514001446/http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/medewerkers/theo.meder/augsburg.html to http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/medewerkers/theo.meder/augsburg.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110724070605/http://www.sloport.net/index.php?action=humor&kat=janezek to http://www.sloport.net/index.php?action=humor&kat=janezek

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:05, 21 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Little Johnny


text:
Interlock (disambiguation)

Interlock can refer to the following:

 * Ignition interlock device
 * Interlock (band) an industrial/alternative metal band
 * Interlock (engineering)
 * Interlocking (railway signaling)
 * Interlock (cinema projection)
 * Interlocking tower
 * an interlocked hutch in a synchrotron radiation beamline protects user from being accidentally exposed to radiation when a beamline is active
 * Interlock Protocol, a cryptographic protocol designed to thwart eavesdropping when using an anonymous key exchange protocol, such as Diffie-Hellman
 * Interlock role-playing system
 * Interlocking spur: landsliding occurring in a river's upper course which modifies the river bed pattern
 * Mechanically-interlocked molecular architectures in Supramolecular chemistry comprises a.o., Catenane and Rotaxane molecules, and Molecular knot
 * Interlock fabric, a double-knitted jersey fabric.
 * Interlocking directorate (business)
 * Hocket and kotekan (musical techniques)

title: Interlock (disambiguation)


text:
Molinari

Molinari is an Italian language occupational surname for a miller. Notable people with this surname include:

 * Adriana Molinari, American (née Argentine) pornographic actress
 * Alberto Molinari (born 1965), Italian actor, producer, and director
 * Alessandro Molinari (1898–1962), Italian first General Director of ISTAT
 * Alexander Molinari (1772—1831), German-born portrait painter of Italian ancestry
 * Anna Molinari, Italian fashion designer, founder of Blumarine and other brands in the Blufin group
 * Antonio Molinari (bishop) (1626–1698), Roman Catholic Bishop of Lettere-Gragnano
 * Antonio Molinari (runner) (born 1967), Italian male mountain runner
 * Bernardino Molinari (1880–1951), Italian composer and conductor
 * Carlos Molinari, Argentinian businessman and real-estate developer
 * Caroline Molinari (born 1986), Brazilian female artistic gymnast
 * Cecilia Molinari (born 1949), former Italian sprinter
 * Dave Molinari (born 1955), American sports journalist
 * Edoardo Molinari (born 1981), Italian professional golfer and brother of Francesco Molinari
 * Elisa Molinari, Italian academic, Fellow in the American Physical Society
 * Emilio Molinari (born 1939), Italian politician
 * Ettore Molinari (1867–1926), Italian chemist and anarchist
 * Federico Molinari (footballer) (born 1979), Argentine footballer
 * Federico Molinari (gymnast) (born 1984), Argentine male artistic gymnast and part of the national team
 * Forrest Molinari (born 1995), American freestyle wrestler
 * Francesca Molinari, Italian economist
 * Francesco Molinari (born 1982), Italian professional golfer and brother of Edoardo Molinari
 * Francesco Molinari-Pradelli (1911–1996), Italian opera conductor
 * Giuseppe Molinari (born 1938), Roman Catholic Archbishop of L'Aquila
 * Guido Molinari (1933–2004), Canadian artist
 * Gustave de Molinari (1819–1912), Belgian economist
 * Guy Molinari (1928–2018), American politician and father of Susan Molinari
 * Jean Baptiste Molinari, French head chef
 * Jean-Claude Molinari (1931–1999), French tennis player
 * Jim Molinari (born 1954), American basketball coach and lawyer
 * Karl-Theodor Molinari (1915–1993), officer in the German Army and later in the Bundeswehr
 * Luciano Molinari (1880–1940), Italian stage and film actor
 * Luigi Molinari (1866–1919), Italian anarchist and lawyer, publisher of the periodical L'Università popolare
 * Luis Molinari (1929–1994), Ecuadorian artist
 * Madeo "Moon" Molinari 1920–2011), American athlete and sports coach
 * Manlio Molinari (born 1964), retired Sammarinese athlete
 * Maurizio Molinari (born 1964), Italian journalist
 * Michelino Molinari da Besozzo (c. 1370 – c. 1455), Italian painter and illuminator
 * Morris Molinari (born 1975), former Italian football defender
 * Renato Molinari (born 1946), Italian powerboat racer
 * Ricardo Molinari (1898–1996), Argentine poet
 * Simona Molinari (born 1983), Italian jazz music singer
 * S. Robert Molinari (1897–1957), American politician from New York
 * Stefano Molinari (born 2000), Italian professional footballer
 * Susan Molinari (born 1958), American politician and daughter of Guy Molinari
 * Susana Molinari Leguizamón, Argentine Spanish, Italian and French language writer active during the 1940s
 * Tina Molinari (born 1956), Canadian politician

title: Molinari


title: File:Metroidprime10101.jpg


text:
User:Captkrob

TODO
 * phosphate page
 * Create page: Up With the White and Gold
 * Get more involved w/ FC Dallas edits
 * Local Tampa politicians

{| style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 1em; width: 250px; border: #c0c0c0 solid 2px; background:royalblue;"

title: User:Captkrob


text:
Nørre Nissum

Nørre Nissum is a village situated in western Jutland, Denmark with a population of 980 (1 January 2024). Nearest larger town is Lemvig with a population of about 7000. This village has Denmark's smallest teachers training college: Nørre Nissum Seminarium and HF.

Notable people

 * Thorkild Fogde (born 18 July 1965) a Danish police officer and current Rigspolitichef
 * Aage Kirkegaard (1914 in Nørre Nissum – 1992) a Danish field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics
 * Marie Jepsen (1940–2018), member of European Parliament
 * Ellen Trane Nørby (born 1980) a Danish politician, brought up in Nørre Nissum

title: Nørre Nissum


text:
Death by boiling

Death by boiling is a method of execution in which a person is killed by being immersed in a boiling liquid. While not as common as other methods of execution, boiling to death has been practiced in many parts of Europe and Asia. Due to the lengthy process, death by boiling is an extremely painful method of execution. Executions of this type were often carried out using a large vessel such as a cauldron or a sealed kettle filled with a liquid such as water, oil, tar, or tallow, and a hook and pulley system. Instances of boiling alive as a legal punishment were quite rare and infrequent compared to other forms of execution, such as drowning.

Europe
In England, the use of boiling alive as a method of execution was rare. The ninth statute passed in 1531 (the 22nd year of the reign of King Henry VIII) made boiling alive the prescriptive form of capital punishment for murder committed by poisoning, which by the same Act was defined as high treason. This arose from a February 1531 incident in which the Bishop of Rochester's cook, Richard Roose, gave several people poisoned porridge, resulting in two deaths. A partial confession having been extracted by torture, the sentence was thus imposed by attainder and without benefit of clergy. His execution took place on April 15, 1532, at Smithfield. A contemporary chronicle reports the following: "He roared mighty loud, and divers women who were big with child did feel sick at the sight of what they saw, and were carried away half dead; and other men and women did not seem frightened by the boiling alive, but would prefer to see the headsman at his work." Boiling to death was employed again in 1542 for a woman, Margaret Davy, who had also used poison. During the reign of Edward VI, in 1547, the 1531 act was repealed.

Numerous people have been boiled to death in Scotland. For example, with the consent of Jon Haraldsson, the "Bloody Earl" of Orkney, the bishop of Caithness, Adam of Melrose, and a monk named Surlo are said to have been boiled to death by angry husbandmen in 1222 over the bishop's aggressive means of collecting tithes. Alexander II is said to have executed upwards of eighty persons as a punishment for killing the bishop and monk, and the earl fled his lands. But according to the Melrose Chronicle, Adam of Melrose was "burned alive", rather than boiled, and Alexander II executed up to 400 for the crime against the clergy. William de Soules, a nobleman involved in a conspiracy against Robert the Bruce, was reputed to be a sorcerer consorting with evil spirits, and was boiled alive in 1321 at Ninestane Rig. Around 1420, Melville, the sheriff of the Mearns and laird of Glenbervie, who was resented for his strictness, was apprehended by some other nobles and thrown into the kettle. The nobles are said to have each taken a spoonful of the brew afterwards.

Boiling as an execution method was also used for counterfeiters, swindlers and coin forgers during the Middle Ages. In the Holy Roman Empire, for example, being boiled to death in oil is recorded for coin forgers and extremely grave murderers. In 1392, a man was boiled alive in Nuremberg for having raped and murdered his own mother. Coin forgers were boiled to death in 1452 in Danzig and in 1471 in Stralsund. Even as late as 1687, a man in Bremen was boiled to death in oil for having been of valuable help to some coin forgers who had escaped justice.

In the Dutch town of Deventer, the kettle that was used for boiling criminals to death can still be seen.

Asia
In 16th-century Japan, the semi-legendary Japanese bandit Ishikawa Goemon and his son were boiled alive in the 1590s by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In 1675, a Sikh martyr called Bhai Dayala was boiled to death in Delhi after he refused to convert to Islam. He was put into a cauldron full of cold water which was then heated to boiling point. Sikh scriptures record that Dayala recited the Japji of Guru Nanak and the Sukhmani of Guru Arjan as he died.

Americas
Thomas Ewbank relates in his 1856 book Life in Brazil that he was told of an enslaved Afro-Brazilian being publicly boiled to death by a plantation owner as punishment for acts of insubordination.

Modern times
The government of Uzbekistan under Islam Karimov (1991–2016) has been alleged to have boiled suspected terrorists.

In a United States Department of State document from 2004, the following is written:"During the year, there were no developments or investigations in the following 2002 deaths in custody: Mirzakomil Avazov and Khusnuddin Olimov, members of Hizb ut-Tahrir who were tortured to death in Jaslyk Prison in Karakalpakstan resulting in extensive bruises and burns, the latter reportedly caused by immersion in boiling water."Former ISIS commander Abu Abboud al-Raqqawi referred to ISIS's brutal execution methods, among which was boiling prisoners alive in engine oil: "Some people were boiled alive in oil. Engine oil. They burned wood on a fire for an hour before throwing the victim into boiling oil. It's the Tunisians who were responsible for that."

In the 2010 documentary El Sicario, Room 164, the masked sicario interviewee claims that the Mexican cartels boil in oil those found to be working for the police.

Depictions in Western culture
Early reports of cannibals from places in the Pacific, such as Fiji and Papua New Guinea, killing Western Christian missionaries were assumed to involve some form of boiling alive. This became a fertile ground for film makers and especially cartoonists, whose clichéd depiction of tourists or missionaries sitting restrained in a large cauldron above a wood fire and surrounded by bone-nosed tribesmen was a staple of popular magazines and films for decades. Examples include the 1980 television miniseries Shōgun and its 2024 remake, the 1985 film adaptation of King Solomon's Mines and the dream sequence in the film Bagdad Café.

Fromental Halévy's 1835 opera La Juive ends with Rachel (the title character) being boiled alive in a vat of oil after her relationship with the Christian prince Léopold is discovered by antisemitic state and church authorities.

title: Death by boiling


text:
Maison de Soul

Maison de Soul is a Louisiana-based Zydeco and blues record label. It was founded in 1974 in Ville Platte, Louisiana by Floyd Soileau and remains under his ownership. It is one of four record labels under Soileau's Flat Town Music Company umbrella, and combined the Flat Town labels make up "the largest body of Cajun, zydeco, and swamp music in the world". Living Blues magazine has called Maison de Soul "the country's foremost zydeco label".

Founding
By 1974, Floyd Soileau had already established two other record labels, Jin Records and Swallow Records. Maison de Soul was founded in 1974 after a conversation between Soileau and zydeco star Clifton Chenier. Chenier had just finished recording a 1950s style album, when he shook his finger at Soileau and said "You know, Floyd Soileau, zydeco is where it's at. It's coming on strong, and you better get with it." Soileau took Chenier's advice and founded Maison de Soul, which was the first record label dedicated to producing zydeco music. Some of the early 45 RPM single releases featured New Orleans rhythm and blues artists such as Professor Longhair, Dr. John, and Johnny Adams, but after the label began producing LPs and CDs, the artist roster was comprised almost exclusively of zydeco musicians.

As a small, independent record label, Maison de Soul shares some of the same problems as other similar labels: getting the product to distributors and on the shelves of record stores, as well as getting their acts known. As a form of ethnic music, many potential buyers of zydeco aren't always familiar with the artists or their musical styles, so Maison de Soul has had success with issuing compilation albums by various artists, the best-selling one titled Zydeco Festival (1988). Some of these compilation albums have included a few Cajun musicians, although they are primarily focused on zydeco.

Soileau said that zydeco music sales in general and for Maison de Soul in particular were enhanced by the popularity of the 1987 film The Big Easy, which was set in and shot on location in New Orleans. The film's soundtrack was released on Island Records and featured several zydeco and Cajun music artists, as well as New Orleans R&B and gospel groups.

In addition to the market in Louisiana, Maison de Soul has exported its zydeco sound to the US East Coast and California, as well as Australia, Canada, and Europe. Soileau says sales are enhanced in areas where alternative radio stations have Louisiana "gumbo" type of programming.

Some of the top names in the Maison de Soul catalog are Clifton Chenier, Rockin' Dopsie, Boozoo Chavis, John Delafose, the band Zydeco Force, Willis Prudhomme, Lynn August, and Rockin' Sidney.

"My Toot Toot"
Maison de Soul had its biggest hit with the Rockin' Sidney song "My Toot Toot", released on Sidney's 1984 album My Zydeco Shoes Got the Zydeco Blues. The song was subsequently released as a single in January 1985 in Louisiana and Texas, and became a regional hit. The original recording was later leased to Epic Records who released it nationally, and made it to the Country Top 40 charts where it remained for 18 weeks. It was the first zydeco song to receive major airplay on pop, rock and country radio stations. Later in 1985, "My Toot Toot" was certified platinum and won the 1986 Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording. The song has been covered by artists as varied as Fats Domino, Rosie Ledet, Jean Knight, Terrance Simien, Doug Kershaw, Denise LaSalle, Jimmy C. Newman and John Fogerty. A Spanish version titled "Mi Cu-Cu" by La Sonora Dinamita sold over a million copies in Mexico, Central America, and South America and was a top-played song in the Latino radio market as late as 2011. A German beer company licensed it to use in their radio and television commercials. Decades after "My Toot Toot" debuted, it continued to draw royalties from commercial use in Europe, as well as earnings from cover versions in several languages by dozens of musicians.

Roster
The list below includes singles, studio or live albums, or appearances on MdS various artist compilation albums.

 * Johnny Adams
 * Donna Angelle
 * Corey Arceneaux
 * Chris Ardoin
 * Lawrence Ardoin
 * Morris Ardoin
 * Lynn August
 * Bad Weather
 * Dewey Balfa & The Balfa Brothers
 * Beau Jocque & Zydeco High Rollers
 * Beau Michael
 * BeauSoleil
 * Big Red
 * Eddie Bo
 * Jeffery Broussard
 * Angie Brown
 * J. J. Caillier
 * Roy Carrier
 * The Carriére Brothers
 * Gregg Chambers
 * Boozoo Chavis
 * Clifton Chenier
 * Wilfred Chevis
 * Creole Junction
 * The Creole Zydeco Farmers
 * John Delafose
 * L.C. Donatto & the Drifters
 * Michael Doucet
 * Dr. John
 * Thomas "Big Hat" Fields
 * Morris Francis
 * Keith Frank
 * Preston Frank & His Zydeco Family Band
 * Ann Goodly
 * Gumbo Cajun Band
 * Peppermint Harris
 * Clarence "Frogman" Henry
 * Jabo
 * Donnie Jacobs
 * Jambalaya Cajun Band
 * Jean Pierre and the Zydeco Angels
 * Jeremy & the Zydeco Hot Boyz
 * Al "Carnival Time" Johnson
 * Earl King
 * Kuumba
 * Wilfred Latour
 * The Lawtell Playboys
 * Morris Ledet
 * Rosie Ledet
 * Lil' Bob and the Lollipops
 * Lil' Malcolm & the House Rockers
 * Lil' Pookie
 * Major Handy
 * Chuck Martin
 * Nathan & the Zydeco Cha Chas
 * Olympia Brass Band
 * J. Paul, Jr.
 * Al Prince
 * Professor Longhair
 * Willis Prudhomme
 * Rebirth Brass Band
 * Jo Jo Reed
 * Zachary Richard
 * Tommy Ridgley
 * Rockin' Dopsie
 * Rockin' Sidney
 * Roddie Romero
 * Sam Brothers Five
 * Terrance Simien
 * Warren Storm
 * T-Lou & His Los Angeles Zydeco Band
 * Irma Thomas
 * Leo Thomas
 * Leroy Thomas
 * Tabby Thomas
 * Horace Trahan
 * Frank Turner
 * Walter "Wolfman" Washington
 * Buckwheat Zydeco
 * Zydeco Brothers
 * Zydeco Force
 * Zydeco Joe
 * Zydeco Warriors
 * Marc Zydiac

Awards
Maison de Soul recordings that have been nominated for awards include:

title: Maison de Soul


text:
ICTV

ICTV may stand for:

Television programs

 * ICTv (Italy), an Italian Web video program focused on technology
 * ICTV (TV), a content distribution network for delivering the web-media experience through television
 * ICTV (UK), a television service company covering the south of England
 * ICTV (Ukraine), a television network of Ukraine
 * Indigenous Community Television (see List of Australian television channels)
 * Ithaca College Television, the official television production organization of Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York, United States

Other

 * International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, an organisation that governs the taxonomy of viruses

title: ICTV


text:
George Cardenas

George A. Cárdenas (born October 9, 1964) was Alderman of the 12th Ward of the City of Chicago. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected to his first term on the Chicago City Council in 2003. He was elected commissioner of the 1st district of the Cook County Board of Review in the 2022 election, and subsequently resigned from the City Council.

Early life
Cardenas was born in Santiago Papasquiaro in the mountains of northern Mexico. Cardenas and his family moved to Chicago in 1978 where he attended Lane Tech High School. After graduation, he joined the United States Navy for four years. He earned his bachelor's degree from Northeastern Illinois University and went on to work as an auditor and a substitute teacher in public schools. Cardenas later became a tax and business consultant and went back to school to earn his master's degree in political science from Northeastern Illinois University.

Election
Cardenas first ran for alderman in 2003. Cardenas was supported by the powerful Hispanic Democratic Organization, a group with strong ties to Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley. In a 3-way race in February 2003, Cardenas and incumbent Alderman Ray Frias were the top two vote-getters, but neither earned a majority, forcing a run-off election scheduled for April 2003. Frias withdrew his candidacy prior to the run-off, cancelling the run-off, and leaving Cardenas as the winner.

Aldermanic career
Cardenas has won reelection in 2007, 2011, 2015, and 2019. Cardenas currently serves as the City Council Deputy Floor Leader and Chair of the Committee on Environmental Protection and Energy. He is also a member of eight committees: Committees, Rules & Ethics; Finance, Budget, Contracting Oversight and Equity, Economic Capital and Technology Development, Immigrant and Refugee Rights, License and Consumer Protection and Pedestrian and Traffic Safety.

In 2006, Cardenas lost to Ald. Ricardo Muñoz in the race for state central committeeman for Illinois' 4th Congressional District, a Democratic Party post.

In the runoff of the 2019 Chicago mayoral election, Cardenas endorsed Lori Lightfoot.

Cardenas served as a delegate to the 2012 Democratic National Convention.

Cook County Board of Review
He was elected commissioner of the 1st district of the Cook County Board of Review in the 2022 election, and subsequently resigned from the City Council to assume his seat.

Professional career
Before joining government, Cardenas accumulated over a decade of experience working for Fortune 500 companies, including Centel Corporation, McDonald's Corporation, Andersen Worldwide, Tenneco Corporation, Ameritech/SBC Corporation.

Personal life
Cardenas lives with his wife and three daughters in McKinley Park.

title: George Cardenas


text:
List of Toronto subway stations

The Toronto subway is a system of three underground, surface, and elevated rapid transit lines in Toronto and Vaughan, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). It was the country's first subway system: the first line was built under Yonge Street with a short stretch along Front Street and opened in 1954 with 12 stations. Since then, the system has expanded to become Canada's largest in terms of number of stations and its second-busiest, with an average of 915,000 passenger trips each weekday recorded during the fourth quarter of 2017. There are a total of 70 operating stations with an additional 60 under construction – 28 of which will be street-running light rail transit (LRT) stops – and 5 former stations.

Description
The subway system encompasses three lines and 70 stations on 70.5 km of route. , 55 of the 70 stations are accessible, with plans to ensure all stations are accessible by 2025. Line 3 Scarborough, a light metro line with six stations, was permanently closed in July 2023.

three new lines are under construction, two light rail lines and one light metro line:

 * Line 5 Eglinton, a 25-station, 19 km line along Eglinton Avenue, scheduled to open in 2024. A 9.2 km extension of the line westwards is also under construction, scheduled to open in the early 2030s.
 * Line 6 Finch West, a 18-stop, 11 km line along Finch Avenue West, scheduled to open in 2024.
 * Ontario Line, a 15-station, 15.6 km line from Exhibition station to Science Centre station, scheduled to open in the 2030s.

title: List of Toronto subway stations


text:
Henry Nelson Carroll

Henry Nelson Carroll (born December 21, 1937, in St. Boniface, Manitoba and died June 19, 2015) was a lawyer and politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1981 to 1986, initially as a New Democrat but subsequently as an independent.

Carroll was educated at the University of Manitoba, and practiced as a lawyer after being called to the bar in 1964. He first ran for the provincial legislature in the election of 1973 as a New Democrat, finishing second to Progressive Conservative Edward McGill in Brandon West. He ran for the seat again in the provincial election of 1977, with the same result.

McGill did not seek re-election in the provincial election of 1981, and Carroll was able to take the seat on his third try, defeating Tory candidate John Allen by about 400 votes. The NDP under Howard Pawley won a majority government in this election, and Carroll entered the legislature as a government backbencher.

Soon after, he announced his decision to leave the NDP (on August 19, 1982) and subsequently opposed the Pawley government's intentions to re-entrench French language services in provincial law. He did not seek re-election in 1986.

In the federal election of 1988, Carroll ran as a candidate of the Reform Party in the riding of Brandon—Souris. He finished in fourth place, well behind victorious Progressive Conservative candidate Lee Clark. He has not attempted to re-enter provincial or federal politics since then.

Carroll was disbarred as a lawyer in Brandon in 2008.

title: Henry Nelson Carroll


text:
Talk:Elias Howe

Dedication
I don't know if it is relevent enought to add, but the Beatles' film Help! was dedicated to "Elias Howe, who, in 1846, invented the sewing machine". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.12.13.154 (talk) 21:32, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I would second this suggestion. The movie is the only reason I know Mr. Howe's name, and I strongly suspect there are more than two of us. 63.87.201.114 (talk) 20:51, 25 November 2013 (UTC) jalp
 * Yes check.svg Done I found an excellent reference for this fact, and have added a brief sentence noting it. Jusdafax (talk) 00:56, 20 March 2020 (UTC)

Siblings
Did he have any siblings? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.176.177.10 (talk) 21:39, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
 * An elder brother is named in the article. There is a record here of a younger sister: http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/AF/family_group_record.asp?familyid=204555 Piperh (talk) 19:10, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Actual inventor
See here and here for John Brooks Nichols, whose adaptations to the Singer machine made it work on shoe leather, revolutionizing production in Lynn and the rest of New England. At least according to those sources, he just happened to be extraordinarily modest and decent. Realizing Howe had patented what he considered the main innovations in sewing machines, he yielded and worked out a licensing arrangement by which his adapted machine would be sold with appropriate royalties to Howe... which then funded the court cases that actually established the greater validity of his patent against Singer and the rest. — Llywelyn II   14:42, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elias Howe


text:
Imputation

Imputation can refer to:

 * Imputation (law), the concept that ignorance of the law does not excuse
 * Imputation (statistics), substitution of some value for missing data
 * Imputation (genetics), estimation of unmeasured genotypes
 * Theory of imputation, the theory that factor prices are determined by output prices
 * Imputation (game theory), a distribution that benefits each player who cooperates in a game
 * Imputed righteousness, a concept in Christian theology
 * Double imputation, a concept in Christian theology
 * Imputation of sin, a theory for the transmission of original sin from Adam to his progeny

title: Imputation