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Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)

Nawab Muhammad Amir Khan (1769–1834) was a military general in the service of Yashwantrao Holkar of the Maratha Empire and later became the first ruler of the princely state of Tonk (in present day Rajasthan, India). Amir Khan was a Hindustani Pathan and a North Indian Muslim. Born and bred in Sambhal, Amir Khan was the son of a Zamindar in Uttar Pradesh, Hayat Khan, while his grandfather Taleh Khan was a Pashtun from the Salarzai tribe of District Buner in modern-day Pakistan who had migrated to and acquired land in Rohilkhand.

Amir Khan rose to be a military commander in the service of Yashwantrao Holkar of the Maratha Empire in 1798. In 1806, Khan received the state of Tonk from Yashwantrao Holkar of the Maratha Empire. Amir Khan's troops were composed of Hindustani Pathans from Uttar Pradesh, Afridis of Malihabad in Oudh, and south-country Hindus. The Hindustani immigrants also included Indian Muslims from Hindustan such as Mir Zafar Ali, a Barha Sayyid of Fatehpur Haswa in Oudh.

While the Pindaris tended to concentrate on the east and south central India, Amir Khan and his Pathans concentrated on the north and Rajasthan. At the height of his power, he is said to have controlled a personal following of 8,000 cavalry, 10,000 infantry and up to 200 guns. The largest contingent amongst the Maratha chiefs, by far.

After the defeat of the Rohillas in the Rohilla War of 1774–5 against the British, he fought against them. He had acquired the town and pargana of Tonk and the title of Nawab from Yashwantrao Holkar in 1806, and this area together with some other scattered parganas that he held, was combined with the pargana of Rampura (Aligarh) and erected into a new principality. Ultimately he established his rule in Tonk in 1806.

In 1817, after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Amir Khan submitted to the British British East India Company, the Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, The Marquess of Hastings, resolved to extinguish the Pindaris whom they deemed a menace. The Treaty of Gwalior severed the link between them and Scindia. Moreover, the treaty required the latter to join forces with the British to eliminate the Pindaris and Pathans.

Bowing to the inevitable, Amir Khan assiduously came to terms with the British, agreeing to disband his men in return for a large stipend and recognition as a hereditary ruler. Amir Khan was recognized as hereditary nawab, disbanded his forces and quietly settled down to consolidating his little state. He became a faithful friend to the British, earning praise and consideration from successive pro-consuls.

Amir Khan died in 1834. He was succeeded by his son Muhammad Wazir Khan (r. 1834–1864).

title: Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)


text:
Gutes

The Gutes (Old West Norse: Gotar, Old Gutnish: Gutar) were a North Germanic tribe inhabiting the island of Gotland. The ethnonym is related to that of the Goths (Gutans), and both names were originally Proto-Germanic *Gutaniz. Their language is called Gutnish (gutniska). They are one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with historical Swedes and Geats.

Name
The name of the Gutes in Old West Norse is Gotar (adj. gotneskr), which is the same as that used for the Goths. Old Norse sources such as the sagas do not distinguish between the Goths and the Gutes. In accordance, the Old East Norse term for both Goths and Gutes seems to have been Gutar ( adj. gutniskr). Only the Goths and Gutes bear this name among all the Germanic tribes, even if Geat is closely related.

The fact that the ethnonym is identical to Goth may be the reason why they are not mentioned as a special group until Jordanes' Getica, where they may be those who are called Vagoth (see Scandza). However, Ptolemy mentions the Goutai as living in the south of the island of Scandza; these could be identical to the Gutes, since the "ou"-spelling in Ancient Greek corresponds to the Latin and Germanic "u".

History
The oldest history of the Gutes is retold in the Gutasaga. According to legend they descended from a man named Þjelvar who was the first to discover Gotland. Þjelvar had a son named Hafþi who wedded a fair maiden named Hvitastjerna. These two were the first to settle on Gotland. Hafþi and Hvitastjerna later had three children, Guti, Graipr and Gunfjaun. After the death of their parents, the brothers divided Gotland into three parts and each took one, but Guti remained the highest chieftain and gave his name to the land and its people.

It is related that because of overpopulation one third of the Gutes had to emigrate and settle in southern Europe:

 * Over a long time, the people descended from these three multiplied so much that the land couldn't support them all. Then they draw lots, and every third person was picked to leave, and they could keep everything they owned and take it with them, except for their land. ... they went up the river Dvina, up through Russia. They went so far that they came to the land of the Greeks. ... they settled there, and live there still, and still have something of our language.

Some scholars, as for instance Wessén, Wenskus, Hoffman etc., have argued that this tale might be a reminiscence of the migration of the Goths.

Certain linguists, as for instance Elias Wessén, point out that there are similarities between Gothic and Gutnish that are not found elsewhere in the Germanic languages. One example is the use of the word lamb for both young and adult sheep, which is only seen in Gutnish and Gothic.

Before the 7th century, the Gutes made a trade and defence agreement with Swedish kings, according to the Gutasaga. This seems to have been due to Swedish military aggression. Although the Gutes were victorious in these battles, they eventually found it more beneficial (as a nation of traders) to try to negotiate a peace treaty with the Swedes. "Many kings made war on Gotland while it was heathen, but the Gutes always maintained victory and their rights. Then the Gutes were sending many messengers to Sweden, but none of them succeeded in negotiating a peace, till Awair Strabain from Alva parish. He was the first to make peace with the king of the Swedes.[...] As he was a smooth-tongued man, wise indeed and artful, as the stories of him go, he established a fixed treaty with the Swedish king: 60 marks of silver a year – that is the tax for the Gutes – with 40 for the king, out of that sixty, and the jarls to get 20. This amount had already been decided by agreement of the whole land before he left." "So the Gutes made a trade and defence agreement with the king of the Swedes of their own free will, that they might go anywhere in all areas dominated by the Swedes freely and unfettered by tolls or any duties. So too the Swedes could come to Gotland with no ban on the import of corn, or any other restrictions. The king was to give aid and help whenever they needed it and asked. The king would send messengers to the Gotland national assembly, and the jarls likewise, to collect their tax. These messengers must proclaim freedom to the Gutes to travel in peace over the sea, to all places where the Swedish king held sway. And the same went for anyone travelling there to Gotland." It gives Awair Strabain as the man who arranged the mutually beneficial agreement with the king of Sweden and the event would have taken place before the end of the ninth century, when Wulfstan of Hedeby reported that the island was subject to the Swedes.

Because of Gotland's central position in the Baltic Sea, from early on the Gutes became a nation of traders and merchants. The amount of silver treasure that has been found in Gotlandic soil during the Viking Age surpasses that of all the other Swedish provinces counted together, which tells of a traders' nation of indisputable rank among the North Germanic tribes. The Gutes were the leading tradesmen in the Baltic sea until the rise of the Hanseatic League.

The Gutes were both yeomen farmers and traveling merchants at the same time: so-called farmenn. This was an exceptionally dangerous occupation during the Middle Ages, since the Baltic Sea was full of pirates. The Gutnish farmenn always had to be ready for battle. The division and organisation of the early Gutnish society shows a nation constantly ready for war. The "ram" seems to have been an early symbol for the Gutes, and is still seen on the Gotlandic coat of arms.

Other sources

 * Ferguson, Robert The Vikings: a history (New York City: Penguin Group. 2009)
 * Nerman, Birger Det svenska rikets uppkomst (Stockholm: 1925)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gutes


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Talk:Buddy Bolden

What Bolden Played
Being that Buddy Bolden never recorded, it is most likely that he played ragtime. I have read that several jazz musicians who played with him or heard him play said that he played different music from early jazz, even though there was a tendency for these early jazz musician to refer to jazz and ragtime interchangeably. Pitchka 16:44, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * No doubt arguments could be made as to where exactly to draw the line between "ragtime" and early "jazz". The style wasn't commonly known as "jazz" until years after Bolden was off the music scene. The point that some of the old generation sometimes used "ragtime" to refer to early jazz is valid. However the counter argument to yours notes that a large number of New Orleans musicians old enough to have remembered Bolden credited him with starting the style, such as Bill Johnson, all the surviving members of the Original Creole Orchestra when tracked down (separated around the country) in 1939, Freddie Keppard's older brother Louis, and second hand via Louis Armstrong, Joe Oliver also credited Bolden. Ory said something to the effect that Bolden started jazz, but didn't know what to do with it. Many more less famous musicians also credit him in oral history, black, creole of color, and white. As far as I know, Morton is very unusual if not unique in having extensive memory of Bolden but insisting he played ragtime but not jazz. Of course Morton wished to claim that development for himself. (Nick LaRocca, who also made such a claim, said Bolden was a myth.) I've gone through a fair amount of Bolden related oral history for radio shows and other projects, including a show with Bolden biographer Don Marquis. I'd like to know more about any musicians who played with Bolden who said he hadn't played jazz. -- Infrogmation 22:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * According to Max Jones and John Chilton's book Louis: The Louis Armstrong Story, on page 43 Louis himself says that, "When ever, there was a dance or a lawn party the band of six men would stand in front of the place on the side walk and play a half hour of good ragtime music.... That was the only way us kids could get the chance to hear those great musicians such as Buddy Bolden, Joe Cornet Oliver, my idol, Bunk Cornet Johnson, Freddy Cornet Keppard..." On page 209, Louis also said that Joe Oliver was his main influence, "In my days he was top man, Buddy Bolden was the great man when Joe was a kid'" I am not saying that Bolden wasn't a great player and didn't influence all these musicians. But even after the jazz recordings of 1918 by 1923 the music had totally changed. It was like Elvis in 1957 compared to the Beatles in 1967. The music had changed drastically, yet Elvis was an influence. Also, the 1987 book Sidney Bechet the Wizard of Jazz states on page 4, "the early music improvised by black pioneers such as Charles "Buddy" Bolden was classified as ragtime, even by the musicians themselves." Sideny Bechet saw Bolden's last public performance in 1906. I think that is too early a date for anyone to be playing what is considered trad jazz. But I can't find all info that I've read. But I can say that it can't be proved. Even in the teens Sideny Bechet was playing ragtime in bands abroad. It's interesting to speculate and it's a shame that the legendary wax cylinder of Buddy Bolden that has been reported to exist in this archive or that has never materialized. Pitchka

 * The cylinder was recalled by members of Bolden's band, but seems to have already been gone when Bill Russell and the jazzmen writers started looking in the late '30s (there are some notes about it in the external link site). Certainly, exactly how Bolden and other hot New Orleans bands were playing in the dozen years before the ODJB first got to the recording studio remains speculative in absence of actual recordings, and the importance and accuracy of testimonly decades later and other circumstantial evidence can and is debated. From best testimony from multiple sources the playing of Bolden's band included improvisation (or at least "variating the melody" as the old timers called it) and elements of the blues, so in retrospect it seems to have been different from the common ragtime in other parts of the USA at the time. Would we recognize it as jazz if we heard it now? Who knows? If we could hear it, people might well still be disagreeing. The music of the ODJB is distinctly jazz to my ears, but I've known other people to whom it sounds mostly like ragtime. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 21:10, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Commenting on the ODJB's first recording, although some parts of the pieces do have some traces of what I think as ragtime, they most certainly sound like jazz to me also. The CD where I got the wrong info from about the supposed earlier recordings in Jan. of 1917 by Columbia has the two sides they recorded next and they are both out and out ragtime tunes played rather poorly I might add. I don't understand why their second recording session would be ragtime. Makes no sense to me. I have an album of James Reese Europe's recordings from abt 1919 and despite the fact that some of the tunes are named Jazzola and Jazz Baby, they are esentially still ragtime. Pitchka 23:04, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * It seems absurd to me that there is no mention of contemporary musicians labelling Bolden's music "rag-time" in the actual article, so I'm going to place mention of it in the introduction. Rag-time4 06:47, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * (unindent) Thanks, though I'm rewording it some as calling him "a key figure in rag-time" makes him sound to be a composer like Joplin. (He was said to have composed original numbers, but he didn't publish them). Perhaps Sidney Bechet should be described as ragtime as well, as he insisted that was the proper name for the heavily improvised blue note heavy music he played. -- Infrogmation 18:04, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Glad my edit was generally acceptable, though I didn't label him a composer. Bolden's article is very light on sourced information (the introduction is no exception). We should take a few minutes and add some sources because there are many assertions made about his playing style that are not sourced. For example, that Bolden's style of rag-time was distinctive to New Orleans. Not that I disagree, but Bolden is a controversial historical figure so the more sources, the better. I still feel that there needs to be more mention of the fact that some of Bolden's contemporaries disagree on what he played. There is a section for this in the article, but there aren't any quotes from any contemporaries. I think if we could source some quotes about what Bolden played it would enrich the article greatly. Rag-time4 05:38, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for adding blues to the genre section. I looked at Sidney Bechet's page, and noticed that his genres currently are not separated by a /, but are separated by line breaks. I'll change Bolden's page to be consistent with Bechet's page since I think Bechet's page is easier to read. I noticed that Bechet's genres listed are classic jazz which has no page of its own, and dixieland. For Bolden, we have jazz listed, but not dixieland and not classic jazz. What are your thoughts on that?
 * That's also very interesting that Bechet labelled his own music rag-time! Maybe he was brainwashed by Jelly Roll? In all honesty, the labels that these musicians gave their own music are historically important, in my opinion, and should be treated with utmost respect and given mention in various wiki pages. Rag-time4 06:01, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

I also changed the statement about Bolden's band being tops from 1895 to 1900, which seems closer. Some early writing like "Jazzmen" seem to have things a few years too early, in part via Bunk Johnson who misremembered some dates, for example Bunk put incidents with Bolden at Lincoln and Johnson Parks before the Spanish American War whereas from newspaper records the parks didn't open until just after the turn of the century. Louis Jones said when he moved in to Bolden's block, Bolden was playing but not yet good nor famous, and Big Eye Louis Nelson Delisle recalled playing in a band with Bolden the night of the Robert Charles riots (certainly something that would stick in the memory, especially since Nelson Deslile's father was killed in the riot) at which time Bolden was working as a side man not yet a well known bandleader. -- Infrogmation 18:16, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Dixieland
This article is not politically correct. Dixieland is a derogatory term for Southern music. More appropriate terms are New Orleans Jazz and Memphis Jazz. Dixieland demeans the musicians. Musicians from the South who play Traditional Jazz do not like the term Dixieland.

It's not only "Politically Incorrect", but it is of a "Damn-Sight" insulting to both Afric-Americans, and white Americans (specifically Anglo-Saxons of the United States American South, Mid-West, and Western States (except California, and Washington State)! This "breach" of music genres is enough to incite anything from immediate "rebuke" (as I am doing here,) to, in some cases violence to break out. One "camp" does not breach the "other", in these matters!

Also, it must be noted, as both a historical, and cultural reminder, that white Southerners are perennially in "raging", rug-chewing jealous fits because they can't play Jazz, Blues, "Soul\Rhythm and Blues", even though they had mimicked Black music (on both sides of "The Pond"). The reason is that perhaps (and more likely a fact) white Caucasians are incapable of compositional, and thematic improvisation...or, to be fair, they deliberately 'lost' the ability to! As to the reasons, and "why-fors" of this mental\spiritual\cultural disease I decline to explain for now; and it were the cautious thing to do presently, as the cited ethnic category of W.A.S.P.s, (collectively, and globally,) tend to break out in a rageon this topic (sort of like, bibically naming "The Beast"!!! Veryverser

The "Big Four"
I would like to see a citation as to who says Buddy Bolden originated or invented the "Big Four." Aside Wynton Marsalis, in the Ken Burns documentary Jazz, I've never heard this. Certainly those who spoke on the famous Library of Congress recordings in the late 30s never credited him with this, and they knew him and remembered hearing him play. It's also odd that this was "invented" by a trumpeter and not a drummer. Not impossible, certainly, but odd. Marsalis has been accused of saying as "fact" some things in the Ken Burns documentary that as far as anyone knows have no basis in history, but since then claims that Bolden was behind the "Big Four" are uncontested. Hopefully we are not washing away the romanticism and mythology of jazz's origins with more romanticism and mythology. If we can't find a Marsalis-independent citation for this, I strongly feel it should be cut, or at the very least attributed solely to him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:643:8101:6A37:CD29:D91F:25D:E2D2 (talk) 02:46, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Buddy Bolden


text:
Stevie Davies

Stevie Davies is a Welsh novelist, essayist and short story writer. She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1998, and is also a fellow of the Welsh Academy. Her novel The Element of Water was longlisted for the Booker Prize in 2001, and won the Wales Book of the Year in 2002.

Early life
Stevie Davies was born in Salisbury, England, but lived in Wales from when she was a week old. The Davies family lived in Morriston, a large town located within the city of Swansea. The only child of an RAF officer, Davies left Wales at the age of two and spent a nomadic childhood in Egypt, Germany and Scotland in the 1950s. After studying at the University of Manchester, Davies went on to lecture in the English department there.

Career
Davies has published widely in the fields of fiction, literary criticism, biography and popular history. Her non-fiction work includes titles on the Brontë family, John Milton and Henry Vaughan. Davies' first novel, Boy Blue, was published by The Women's Press in 1987, and won the Fawcett Society Book Prize later that year. In 2001, Davies' novel The Element of Water was longlisted for the Booker Prize. It went on to win the 2002 Arts Council of Wales Book of the Year award.

Personal life
Davies has three grown children, a son and two daughters. She is Professor of Creative Writing at Swansea University, and lives in Mumbles.

Fiction

 * 2020: The Party Wall, Honno
 * 1987: Boy Blue, The Women's Press
 * 1990: Primavera, The Women's Press
 * 1992: Arms and the Girl', The Women's Press
 * 1994: Closing the Book, The Women's Press
 * 1996: Four Dreamers and Emily, The Women's Press
 * 1997: The Web of Belonging, The Women's Press
 * 1999: Impassioned Clay, The Women's Press
 * 2001: The Element of Water, The Women's Press
 * 2004: Kith & Kin, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
 * 2007: The Eyrie, Weidenfeld & Nicolson
 * 2010: Into Suez, Parthian
 * 2013: Awakening, Parthian
 * 2016: Equivocator, Parthian
 * 2017: Arrest Me, for I Have Run Away, Parthian

Non-fiction

 * 1978: Renaissance Views of Man, Manchester University Press
 * 1983: Emily Brontë: The Artist as a Free Woman, Carcanet
 * 1983: Images of Kingship in Paradise Lost: Milton's Politics and Christian Liberty, University of Missouri Press
 * 1986: The Idea of Woman in Renaissance English Literature: The Feminine Reclaimed, The Harvester Press (also published as: The Feminine Reclaimed: The Idea of Woman in Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton, The University Press of Kentucky)
 * 1988: Emily Brontë – Key Women Writers Series, Harvester Press
 * 1989: Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse, Penguin Critical Studies
 * 1991: Milton – New Readings Series, Harvester Wheatsheaf
 * 1993: Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Penguin Critical Studies
 * 1994: Emily Brontë: Heretic, The Women's Press
 * 1994: John Donne – Writers and their Work, New Series, Northcote House (in association with the British Council)
 * 1995: Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, Penguin Critical Studies
 * 1995: Henry Vaughan, Seren
 * 1998: Emily Brontë – Writers and Their Work, New Series, Northcote House (in association with the British Council)
 * 1998: Unbridled Spirits: Women of the English Revolution 1640 – 1660, The Women's Press
 * 2001: A Century of Troubles: England 1600 – 1700, Channel 4 Books

As editor

 * 1976: The Brontë Sisters: Selected Poems, Carcanet
 * 2003: Dreams and Other Aggravations: Selected Poems by Carla Lane, Earth Ventures

title: Stevie Davies


text:
Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies

The Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies was a junior Ministerial post in the United Kingdom government, subordinate to the Secretary of State for the Colonies and, from 1948, also to a Minister of State.

Under-Secretaries of State for the Colonies, 1768–1782
In 1782, following the loss of the American colonies, the office was abolished, and its duties given to the Home Secretary. From there it passed to the War Office, which was later renamed the War and Colonial Office. In 1854 this office was split, and the Colonial Office reestablished.

Parliamentary Under-Secretaries of State for the Colonies, 1854–1966
For earlier office-holders see Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies.

''Abolished 1966. Thereafter, see Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs.

Minister of State for the Colonies, 1948–1964
''Abolished 1964. Thereafter, see Minister of State for Commonwealth Affairs.''


text:
Bow Church DLR station

Bow Church is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in Bow, London, England. It is between Devons Road and Pudding Mill Lane stations. It is interlinked by an out of station interchange (OSI) within 300 m walking distance via Bow Road with Bow Road station on London Underground's District and Hammersmith and City lines. The two Bow stations are classed as a single station for ticketing purposes as well as on tube maps but both managed separately. Opened with the original system on 31 August 1987, the station takes its name from the nearby 14th century Bow Church, which is a Church of England church.

There is a crossover south of the station which allows trains from Stratford and Poplar to reverse here. One example of this is when the new platforms at Stratford were being constructed – trains were suspended between Bow Church and Stratford and trains from Poplar terminated here. The station is accessible via lifts to both platforms and it has ticket machines and Oyster pads.

Services
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour from Bow Church is:
 * 12 tph to Stratford
 * 12 tph to Canary Wharf

Additional services call at the station during the peak hours, increasing the service to up to 16 tph in each direction, with up to 8 tph during the peak hours extended beyond Canary Wharf to and from Lewisham.

Connections
Five London Buses routes serve this station: 25, 108, 205, 425, N25 and N205. Additionally 108 have a 24-hour service. Also routes 8, 276, 488 and the D prefix route D8 (towards Poplar only) serve the station indirectly by Bow Church.

title: Bow Church DLR station


text:
A Prison Diary

A Prison Diary is a series of three books of diaries written by Jeffrey Archer during his time in prisons following his convictions for perjury and perverting the course of justice.

Each volume is named after a part of Dante's The Divine Comedy. The volumes become progressively longer due to his stay being longer and longer at each prison in which he was confined.

Volume 1: Belmarsh: Hell
This book, written under the nom de plume FF 8282, documents Archer's introduction to the prison system. He was to spend the first 22 days and 14 hours in HMP Belmarsh, a double A-Category high-security prison in South London. Although Archer spent less than a month there, Belmarsh is described as a real hell-hole. Despite this, many of the inmates are extremely kind to him and regale him with anecdotes, which he duly records. One such prisoner apparently spoken of is the inspiration to one of his short stories from Cat O'Nine Tales, "It Can't Be October Already". On the other hand, some of the information Archer learns in his three weeks at Belmarsh is extremely disturbing, and he makes great play of imagining that the then Home Secretary, David Blunkett, ought to be reading it and asks for his attention. One theme is the fact that some inmates are thrown into cells for first time offences even though the cellmate is a hardened criminal or murderer and/or drug addict. Further, it seems there are more heroin addicts coming out of prison than going in. This is because of both random and compulsory checks in which the inmates have discovered cannabis does not leave the system any time soon, but heroin is flushed out of the body in 24 hours providing large quantities of water have been consumed. They want a drug and this is the one they can obtain. Other inmates he talked with include an experienced Listener (for the Samaritans), who had been sexually abused through much of his childhood, existing as a sex-slave, and only knew crime. The very people set up by the institutions to protect him like social workers and magistrates, judges and policemen, let him down, and also paid to abuse him. He also describes how an inmate who professed to love his books casually offered to arrange for the witness whose testimony was the main factor in Archer's conviction to be murdered in revenge. Archer learned this man was serving two life sentences for murdering a man he'd caught his wife in bed with, before raping and murdering her afterward. He comes away from the encounter very disturbed.

Volume 2: Wayland: Purgatory
Published: 2003

This book is much longer than the previous one and charts Archer's time in HMP Wayland, a C-Category prison near Thetford in Norfolk. The rules are more relaxed, but as the title suggests, boredom is the main enemy for all prisoners, not just Archer. He charts each day in varying levels of detail depending on whether anything of interest happens. His friends and family remain constantly faithful and carry on his appeal case while he is incarcerated. It was here that he apparently encountered another character inspiring a short story in Cat O'Nine Tales, Maestro. Archer interacted more in this prison with those inmates who could obtain for him goods and services not formally permitted by the authorities, like extra BT phone-cards. He emphasizes how ineffective prison bureaucracy is, especially how the hierarchy works or rather does not work, for example a number of personnel each claiming to be governor.

Volume 3: North Sea Camp: Heaven
Published: 2004

This details his time in North Sea Camp near Boston, Lincolnshire a D-category open prison. More privileges, a more relaxed regime and of course, more anecdotes from his time in prison. Archer spent almost a year in this prison and some weeks, once eligible, working in the local theatre. A minor breach of conditions during a home visit resulted in Archer being sent to B-Category HMP Lincoln for 22 days, described in a section of the book subtitled "Back to Hell". An investigation reversed the decision and he finished his sentence inside D-category HMP Hollesley Bay without opportunity for outside work, summarised in an epilogue.

title: A Prison Diary


text:
PA Consulting Group

PA Consulting Group (formerly Personnel Administration) is a professional services firm that works with public, private and third-sector organisations. It was founded in 1943 by Ernest E. Butten, Tom H. Kirkham and Dr David Seymour, who used a new approach to people management to increase productivity in munitions factories during World War 2. PA grew to become the world’s largest management consultancy by headcount in 1970.

Today, PA employs more than 4,000 people globally.

PA works with organisations in seven industries: consumer and manufacturing; defence and security; energy and utilities; financial services; public services; healthcare and life sciences; and transport. It operates in these industries from offices in the UK, US, Ireland, Nordics and Netherlands. It is also a member of the United Nations Global Compact, a non-binding UN pact that encourages businesses to adopt sustainable practices, and the WePROTECT Global Alliance, a network of governments and companies aiming to tackle online child exploitation and abuse. PA produced the first two Global Threat Assessments for WePROTECT.

The company is privately held, with 65% of shares owned by Jacobs Solutions and the remaining 35% owned by current and former employees. Staff can buy shares during an annual share-trading period.

1940–1950
PA was founded in 1943 as Personnel Administration by Ernest E. Butten, Tom H. Kirkham and Dr David Seymour. Britain's war effort created great demand for munitions and goods, which had to be produced by a relatively unskilled workforce. Butten and his colleagues formed Personnel Administration Limited to provide advice to industry as to how to improve the productivity of their workers. PA was an offshoot of the pre-war Bedaux Company. Bedaux in turn had been developed based on the 'scientific management' theories of Frederick Winslow Taylor and Frank Gilbreth. Butten sought to take the mechanistic and task-orientated concepts of scientific management and add a human dimension to them. The chief idea, along the lines of Douglas McGregor's 'Theory Y', was that by involving the worker in the process of change and a suitable form of ownership, greater gains could be made both by the worker and the organisation.

PA's first assignment was to train volunteer women to assemble the tail gun section of Avro Lancaster bombers, as part of Britain's policy of bringing women into the factories to free up male workers for the armed forces.

1950–1970
By 1964, PA had dropped the name Personnel Administration and was known as simply PA Consulting Group. PA expanded and, by 1970, was the world’s largest management consulting firm by headcount. PA had also expanded geographically, mostly along the lines of the Commonwealth, with its operations in Australia providing about a third of the firm's revenue.

Butten retired from PA in 1970, having earlier sold his 100% shareholding in PA to the Butten Trust in 1958. The Trust was intended as a long-term guardian of PA's fortunes and an assurance that the company would be 'owned by the employees'.

1970–1992
During this period, PA found success in advising companies on potential applications of technology to business issues. This led to them building technology centres in Melbourn, UK, and Princeton, USA.

Towards the end of the '80s, PA's management took the firm public. The Butten Trust, after an application to the courts in the UK, agreed to give 15% of its shares to its employees. However, the company changed its strategy after 1992 to one of staff ownership.

1992–2015
Between 1991 and 1994, PA reduced its workforce by almost half. In 1992, Jon Moynihan was appointed as chief executive of PA.

Jeremy Asher became group CEO in 1998. The firm acquired Hagler Bailly Inc. in 2000 for around $96 million in cash.

Government figures released in 2010 showed that PA was the second largest beneficiary of UK Government contracts to consulting firms, receiving £11million over the first year of the coalition. It has gained publicity for its work on analysing what it has called the zombie economy. Other work includes its annual survey of opinion in higher education, and ongoing technological innovations, including a new type of round kitchen towel.

On 31 December 2013, Jon Moynihan retired as executive chairman, and was replaced by Marcus Agius, the former chairman of Barclays Bank. In March 2014 the company launched a new logo (the third in its history), a new visual identity and redesigned website. Also in March 2014, Health Select Committee member Sarah Wollaston MP questioned PA Consulting's uploading of a pseudonymised extract of Hospital Episode Statistics to Google BigQuery. The Health and Social Care Information Centre confirmed that PA had used the data in accordance with the information sharing agreement in place.

2015–present
In 2015, The Carlyle Group bought a majority stake in the company, giving it a value of USD $1 billion.

In October 2017, PA relocated its global corporate headquarters.

In April 2018, PA's Chairman, Marcus Agius, announced he would step down and assume the role of Deputy Chairman, with John Alexander replacing him. Alexander made the move from environmental and sustainability consultancy ERM, where he took the company through two rounds of private equity funding. In December 2018, PA announced it was appointing a new head of its Americas business, Ken Toombs. The group announced Ken Toombs as CEO in October 2020, following on from Alan Middleton who stepped down after 13 years as CEO of the consultancy.

In November 2020, PA’s Board announced its recommendation to accept a proposal by Jacobs Solutions to acquire a 65% stake in PA. Following a vote by PA shareholders and UK Court approval, the deal was finalised on 2 March 2021, valuing PA at £1.825 billion.

In 2021, John Cala joined PA's business in the Americas. In 2022, PA appointed a new Chief Financial Officer and Chief Information Officer, and created new roles for a Chief Research Officer, Head of Alliances, Platforms and Products, and Head of Markets. Chartered Accountant Will Lambe joined as CFO, moving from KPMG, while Kelly Olsen joined as CIO. Charlene Li, co-author of Groundswell and founder of Altimeter, became Chief Research Officer. Rina Ladva joined the firm as Head of Alliances, Platforms and Products, making the move from Microsoft. And Tracey Countryman took on the role of Head of Markets, joining PA from Accenture.

In 2023, Christian Norris was named as CEO.

Technology and innovation
PA has a strong focus on technology dating back to its work with the earliest computers in the 1950s. Its Global Innovation and Technology Centre, designed by Richard Rogers and founded by Professor Gordon Edge in 1970, helped create the Cambridge Phenomenon where the city became a centre for the UK’s technological companies.

Innovations developed at the centre over the past 50 years include: the original brushless servo motor; medical injectors that mean the patient does not need to see the needle; a self-monitoring device for people with diabetes that measures blood glucose levels; micrometers; and 4G wireless test equipment. During the Iraq War, PA developed the "Panama System" to protect UK troops from improvised explosive devices, winning the Management Consultancies Association's top prize for innovation.

More recently, the Centre designed a prototype electric vehicle charging point that aims to be “as recognisable as the red post box or black cab” with the Royal College of Art for the UK Government; developed the manufacturing equipment needed to mass produce edible water bottles for Notpla; and helped build the world’s biggest battery in California with Vistra Energy.

PA ventures
PA's venture programme (PA Group Ventures) was established in 2000.

Ventures include a third-generation mobile phone business called UbiNetics that was sold for a total of $133 million in 2005; and Meridica – a drug delivery system company – that was sold to Pfizer for $125 million in 2004. PA demerged its venture arm, Ipex Capital, in June 2008.

Other recent ventures include:

Exacsys, which develops solutions to improve Point of Care (PoC) diagnostic systems. One application of this technology is the self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to help people manage their diabetes.

ProcServe, which provides a cloud-based procurement system. The ProcServe Trading Network covers more than 17,000 organisations and is used by central government, and the National Police Procurement Hub, as well as commercial sector customers including Orange and Xerox.

Argenti, a business that innovates telecare technology in partnership with local councils in the UK to improve adult social care.

title: PA Consulting Group


text:
Hugo Heyrman

Hugo Heyrman (born 20 December 1942), known by his artist name Dr. Hugo Heyrman, is a leading Belgian painter, filmmaker, internet pioneer, synesthesia and new media researcher.

Early life and education
Dr. Hugo Heyrman was born in Zwijndrecht, he lives and works in Antwerp. Originally, Heyrman opted for a musical education, but transferred to the visual arts. He graduated from the Royal Academy and became a laureate of the National Higher Institute for Fine Arts in Antwerp. In addition, he studied nuclear physics during one year at the State Higher Institute for Nuclear Energy in Mol. He received a Ph.D. in art sciences, magna cum laude, from the Universidad de La Laguna, in Tenerife with a thesis on Art & Computers: an exploratory investigation on the digital transformation of art.

Career
From his earliest work, Heyrman developed a specific vision on the nature of perception. "Most of my work has to do with contemporary fragility. The works are 'ways of seeing', forms of visual thinking, they make the virtual and mental space of an image real", he declares in his website. His art practice includes painting, drawing, sculpture, photography, video, film and digital media. In his website 'Museums of the Mind' he continues to publish his research, theory and experiments on the telematic future of art, the senses and synaesthesia.

During the sixties, Heyrman profiled himself as an avant-garde artist with happenings, film- and video experiments. Online since 1995, Heyrman became one of the pioneers in Net.art. He also participated in 1988 at the 'First International Symposium on Electronic Art' (FISEA) in Utrecht.

In 1995, Heyrman coined the terms "tele-synaesthesia" and "post-ego". Since 1993 he is a working member of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts, Brussels. As of 2006 he was a professor at the Royal Academy for Fine Arts, Antwerp.

Projects

 * Continental Video & Film Tour with his 'Mobile Museum of Modern Media' through Belgium, Germany, France and the Netherlands. (1970–73)
 * 'Street-life' paintings. Elected laureate of the 'Jeune Peinture Belge' at the Palais des Beaux-arts, Brussels (1974).
 * Monumental painting series on 'Water', 'Light', 'Time', 'A Vision is Finer than a View' and 'New Models of Reality', which Heyrman describes as painting the existential tension between ideas and images; an appeal to several senses at once, and
 * Fuzzy Dreamz series, a work in progress since 1996, which Heyrman describes as the transformation of his painting experiences into digital media and vice versa.
 * Various Internet art projects, including the online exhibitions, Digital Studies: Being In Cyberspace 'ALT-X-site' (1997) New York and 'Revelation' ISEA 2000, Paris.
 * His works have been presented in major international exhibitions ranging from Antwerp, Brussels, Basel, Amsterdam, Paris, Barcelona and Chicago to the Venice Biennale.

title: Hugo Heyrman


text:
John Edward Bruce

John Edward Bruce, also known as Bruce Grit or J. E. Bruce-Grit (February 22, 1856 – August 7, 1924), was an American journalist, historian, writer, orator, civil rights activist and Pan-African nationalist. He was born a slave in Maryland; as an adult, he founded numerous newspapers along the East Coast, as well as co-founding (with Arthur Alfonso Schomburg) the Negro Society for Historical Research in New York.

Early life and education
Bruce was born in 1856 in Piscataway, Maryland, to enslaved parents Robert and Martha Allen (Clark) Bruce. When he was three years old, his father was sold to a slaveholder in Georgia and Bruce never saw or heard from him again. He and his mother fled to Washington, D.C. and later to Connecticut, where Bruce enrolled in an integrated school and received his first formal education. Traveling back to Washington later, he received a private education and attended Howard University for a three-month course. After that, he never pursued formal education again, and was mostly self-taught.

In 1874, at the age of 18, Bruce earned a job as a messenger for the associate editor of the New York Times' Washington office. His duties included getting information for the next day's paper from Senator Charles Sumner, a Republican who supported civil rights for African-Americans.

Career
In Washington, DC, in 1879, Bruce and Charles N. Otley founded the Argus Weekly newspaper. They decided that the paper would "be a fearless advocate of the true principles of the Republican Party, and the moral and intellectual advancement of the Negro American." It was a time of flourishing projects in the black community.

Next, Bruce founded the Sunday Item in 1880, and the Republican in 1882, both in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as the associate editor and business manager of the Baltimore, Maryland, Commonwealth in 1884.

Later that year, he returned to Washington, D.C. to establish the Grit. He earned income as a paid contributor to The Boston Transcript, The Albany Argus, Buffalo Express, Sunday Gazette, and Sunday Republic of Washington under his pen name of "Bruce Grit".

Bruce also became prominent on the lecture circuit, giving speeches that addressed lynching, the condition of southern blacks, and the weak American political system that failed to protect the rights of its black citizens. In 1890, he joined activist T. Thomas Fortune's Afro-American League, the first organized black civil rights group in the nation. He became the organization's new president in 1898 when it reformed as the Afro-American Council.

Bruce was a member of the literary bureau of the Republican National Committee in 1900.

By 1908, he had followed the Great Migration to New York. There, in 1908, he established the Yonkers, New York, Weekly Standard. Beginning in 1910, he served as American Correspondent for the African Times and Orient Review of London, England, edited by Dusé Mohamed Ali. In Yonkers, he also worked as a probation officer in 1910.

Position on armed self-defense
During the American Reconstruction era and after, many black leaders espoused non-violent strategies for social change. Appalled at the rise of lynchings and imposition of legal segregation, Bruce supported armed self-defense against racist attacks. He is quoted as saying: "The Man who will not fight for the protection of his wife and children...is a coward and deserves to be ill treated. The man who takes his life in his hand and stands up for what he knows to be right will always command the respect of his enemy." He supported "organized resistance to organized resistance."

Later career
In Harlem and Yonkers, Bruce became involved with the emerging community of intellectuals, including newly arrived immigrants from the Caribbean. In 1911, with Arthur Schomburg from Puerto Rico, he founded the Negro Society for Historical Research, first based in Yonkers, to create an institute to support scholarly efforts. For the first time it brought together African, West Indian and Afro-American scholars. This later became the foundation for the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, on Malcolm X Boulevard in Harlem.

Bruce also was a mentor to Hubert Henry Harrison, the young migrant from St. Croix who became influential in black socialism and black nationalism.

Bruce's belief in an independent national destiny for blacks in the United States led him in the period around 1919 to embrace Jamaican Marcus Garvey's Pan-African nationalism. As a member of Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), Bruce wrote for the movement's Negro World and the Daily Negro Times.

Despite his productivity, Bruce found that to sustain himself he had for most of his adult life to work for the Port of New York Authority. After he retired in 1922, he received a small pension until his death in New York City's Bellevue Hospital two years later.

Bruce was given an impressive state funeral at the UNIA Liberty Hall in New York City on August 10, 1924, and was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Yonkers. More than 5,000 people attended three services conducted that day honoring him.

Bruce was a Prince Hall Mason, member of the Humane Order of African Redemption and the African Society of London, now the Royal African Society.

Marriage and family
Bruce married Florence A. Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio, on September 10, 1885, in Washington, DC.

Partial bibliography

 * The Blot of the Scutcheon
 * Bruce Grit: The Black Nationalist Writings of John Edward Bruce, Seraile, William (2002) ISBN 1-57233-210-7
 * The Nation, the Law, the Citizen: Their Relation Each to the Other;
 * The Awakening of Hezekiah Jones: A Story Dealing With Some Of The Problems Affecting The Political Rewards Due The Negro, 1916. ISBN 0-548-59036-2; ISBN 978-0-548-59036-2. Full Text.
 * No Heaven for the Black Man
 * The Black Sleuth, 2002 (first published in serial form in 1907–09)
 * Prince Hall, the Pioneer of Negro Masonry. Proofs of the Legitimacy of Prince Hall Masonry. New York: Hunt Printing Company, 1921.
 * The Selected Writings of John Edward Bruce: Militant Black Journalist, Gilbert, Peter (ed.), 1971.
 * Prince Hall, the Pioneer of Negro Masonry. Proofs of the Legitimacy of Prince Hall Masonry. New York: Hunt Printing Company, 1921.
 * A Tribute for the Negro Soldier. 1918.
 * The Making of a Race. 1922.
 * Was Othello a Negro?  1920.

title: John Edward Bruce


text:
Devons Road DLR station

Devons Road is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station located in Bromley-by-Bow. The station takes its name from the B140 Devons Road and is between Langdon Park and Bow Church stations and is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is on the Stratford to Poplar branch of the DLR with services continuing on to Canary Wharf and Lewisham.

Services
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour from Devons Road is:
 * 12 tph to Stratford
 * 12 tph to Canary Wharf

Additional services call at the station during the peak hours, increasing the service to up to 16 tph in each direction, with up to 8 tph during the peak hours extended beyond Canary Wharf to and from Lewisham.

Connections
London Buses routes 108 and 323 serve the station.

title: Devons Road DLR station


text:
University of San Agustin

The University of San Agustin – Iloilo, also known as UniSAg or San Ag, is a private Roman Catholic institution in Iloilo City, Philippines. It is operated by the Augustinian Province of Santo Niño de Cebu, Philippines, belonging to the Order of Saint Augustine. Founded in July 1904, it started as a school for boys with 40 students. In 1917, it became Colegio de San Agustin and later achieved university status in March 1953, becoming the first university in Western Visayas and the first Augustinian university in the Asia-Pacific region.

The University of San Agustin offers a wide range of academic programs, starting from Basic Education up to post-graduate studies. These programs cover various fields such as Law, Business, Education, Computer Studies, Arts and Sciences, Performing Arts, Music, Engineering, Medical Technology, Nursing, and Pharmacy. In 2013, the university celebrated its 60th year as an institution of higher learning. It is recognized as a Center of Development in Teacher Education by the Commission on Higher Education.

Founding
The Spanish Augustinians were the first Christian missionaries of any religious order to enter the Philippines and begin its conversion to Catholicism. Later after the revolution, Spanish Augustinian friars were removed from 194 parishes and left the Philippines in 1899, eventually turning over their churches and mission stations to secular clergy. The Order retained only a few parishes, including their main foundations in Cebu, Manila, and Iloilo, with American friars taking over them.

On 15 July 1904, American members of the order along with Filipino friars belonging to the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines, founded the university and established it with assistance from their confreres from the Augustinian U.S. Province of St. Thomas of Villanova. It began as a preparatory school for boys during the American colonial period. On 12 December 1912, it was granted government recognition for its various course offerings. Later on 5 February 1917, it was formally incorporated under the name Colegio de San Agustín de Iloilo. In 1928, one of the country's oldest campus publications, The Augustinian Mirror, was established, producing some of the country's well-known writers. The 1930s saw rapid growth with the opening of three colleges in quick succession: College of Liberal Arts in 1935, College of Commerce in 1936 and College of Law in 1937. In 1940, the college began admitting female students.

During the Second World War (1941–45), the college was temporarily closed as the Philippines fought a guerrilla war against the Japanese. The war led to the destruction of all the buildings, except for Urdaneta Hall, which at present houses the university theatre and the College of Pharmacy and Medical Technology. With almost the entire college in ruins, some friars advocated closing the school altogether while others pushed for its immediate rehabilitation. American Augustinians came on loan after the War to help the Order run the University of San Agustin for a couple of years while young friars from Spain of the Philippine Province were studying their master's degrees and learning English in the United States or Australia.

It was eventually reopened in 1945, followed by a decade of expansion that ushered in both the College of Pharmacy and the College of Technology (1945), the Normal (Teacher's) College (1947), the Graduate School (1950), and the College of Dentistry (1953). The school was granted university status on 1 March 1953, a year before its 50th anniversary, making it the first university in Western Visayas.

The following year, the Rev. Angel Dulanto, OSA arrived from Spain after completing his studies at Villanova University, an American sister school of San Agustin. As an impresario, he introduced the yearly velada, characterized by a weeklong festivity of artistic, religious, and cultural events. A zarzuela, staged by both professors and students, is the centerpiece of University Week from 14 to 20 February.

In 1965, the Rev. Nicanor Lana, OSA became rector of the university. His term was marked by vast improvements in the school's infrastructure. The same year he started his term as rector, he inaugurated DySA, the official radio station of the university, to help expand the reach of the university through mass media. The University of San Agustín Press, known today as Libro Agustino, came a year later. In the months leading to the centenary of San Agustín in 2004, it began publishing book titles by Augustinian authors, with an eye at producing a total of 100 different volumes over several years.

Poor enrollment forced the administrators to phase out the College of Dentistry in 1967. But a flowering of cultural and artistic activities on campus led to the founding of the famous Kawilihan-USA Dance Troupe, the USA Troubadours, and the Conservatory of Music. The Rev. Santiago Ezcurra, OSA, a Spanish musician who studied music in Rome, was formally installed as its first dean. In 1969 the USA Clinical Laboratory was opened, followed a few years later by the introduction of the College of Nursing in 1974. In 2010, the university announced the establishment of a new extension campus in Mati, Davao Oriental, Philippines.

1984 to present

The university maintains a Level III accreditation status granted by the PAASCU and is one of the two schools in the region having an autonomous status granted by CHED in early 2000. The university's campus, situated in the very heart of the city on General Luna Street, has a modern gymnasium, an auditorium, various conferences and seminar rooms, science, computer and speech laboratories, a museum, a bookstore, a library, an instructional media center, an Olympic size swimming pool and tennis and badminton courts.

In 1984 the all-Filipino Augustinian Province of Santo Niño of Cebu was formed, separating from the mother Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of the Philippines based in Madrid, and ownership of the university was handed over to the latest circumscription of the Augustinian Order. A succession of rectors were appointed, including Bernardino Ricafrente, Eusebio Berdon, Mamerto Alfeche, and Rodolfo Arreza. During Arreza's term, he pursued linkages with various universities abroad and focused on research development.

San Agustín promotes literature in the region through the Fray Luis de Léon Creative Writing Institute, sponsor of the annual national writers workshop of the same name. The workshop awards a number of writing fellowships to writers in English, Hiligaynon, and other Philippine languages. Its official student publication, The Augustinian Mirror, has won various journalism awards and has produced some of the Philippines' highly respected literary minds, notably Augustinian poet Gilbert Luis R. Centina III, OSA. Recent developments in 1980s to early 2000s of the university include the establishment of various research and communication centers, namely: The Institute for Augustinian Studies, Villanova Institute for Social Science Research and Cultural Studies, Mendel Institute for Natural Science and Technology Research, and Institute for Social Development Issues and Initiatives.

Over the years, school enrollment has increased, resulting in the decision to move the high school department to a new campus in the suburbs of Sambag, Jaro in June 1995.

In contrast to the Philippine government's implementation of the K+12 basic education program, which adds an additional two years of senior high education after a student graduates from high school, the university has reorganized and merged its tertiary schools and colleges. The College of Nursing and the College of Pharmacy and Medical Technology merged to become the College of Health and Allied Medical Professions (CHAMP). The College of Architecture and Design and the College of Engineering merged to form the College of Technology (COT). The College of Arts and Sciences and the College of Education merged into the College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education (CLASE). Meanwhile, the College of Law maintained its structure, and the College of Business Administration and Accountancy was renamed the College of Commerce.

Research and extension

Concurrent to the academic undertakings of the faculty and students, as a small-size research university, the University of San Agustin has adequate research centers each with their own focus of scientific and fields of studies. Several of such said centers were established in consortium with Philippine government agencies like the Department of Science and Technology (Philippines).

 * USA Institute for Augustinian Studies
 * USA Villanova Institute for Social Science Research and Cultural Studies
 * USA Mendel Institute for Natural Science and Technology Research
 * USA Institute for Social Development Issues and Initiatives
 * USA Center for Informatics (CFI)
 * Center for Advance New Materials Engineering and Emerging Technologies (CANMEET)
 * USA Center for Heritage and Indigenous Cultures (CHIC)
 * USA Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2)
 * USA Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3)
 * USA DOST-PCHRD Tuklas Lunas National Magnetic Resonance Laboratory Visayas
 * USA Mass Spectrometry Imaging Laboratory

Patron Saint

The university is named in honor of fourth century saint Augustine of Hippo, a key figure in the doctrinal development of Western Christianity and a Doctor of the Church. Two of his surviving works, "The Confessions" (his autobiography) and "The City of God," are regarded as Western classics. Augustine is often considered to be one of the theological fountainheads of the Reformation because of his teaching on salvation and grace. Martin Luther, perhaps the greatest figure of the Reformation, was himself an Augustinian friar.

Other English speaking Augustinian Schools with the same patron saint include Colegio San Agustin-Makati, Colegio del Santo Niño (Cebu), Colegio San Agustin-Bacolod, Colegio San Agustin-Biñan, St. Augustine's College, Brookvale in Sydney, Australia, St. Augustine College Preparatory School, Richland, New Jersey; St. Augustine High School, San Diego, California; and Agustin Preparatory School in Reading, Massachusetts – all three in the United States; and St Augustine College in Malta.

University seal
Symbols and meanings in the University of San Agustin's seal:
 * The Eagle represents the lofty intellect of St. Augustine as the soaring "Eagle of Hippo."
 * The Heart symbolizes love and charity—the first rule of St. Augustine.
 * The Crosier and the Mitre These are the symbols of the Bishopric of Saint Augustine.
 * The Book stands for the attributes lavished on St. Augustine as a profound and prolific writer and the greatest Doctor of the Church.
 * Tolle Lege, Tolle Lege (Take up and read) were the words heard from the void by St. Augustine, leading to his conversion to Catholicism in Milan in 387.
 * Colors: Red stands for courage and gold for victory over evil in this world.
 * Virtus et Scientia (Virtue and Knowledge) is the traditional motto of the Augustinians, representing the two pillars of the Augustinian way of education.
 * University of San Agustin. The University of San Agustin, which is emblazoned in the Seal, is an institution of learning dedicated to the education of the youth in the Augustinian way of life.

Core Augustinian Values

 * CARITAS (Charity)
 * UNITAS (Unity)
 * VERITAS (Truth)

Kasanag sa Paskwa
"Kasanag" (KaSANAG), a portmanteau of words "Ka" and "SanAg" (a colloquial of San Agustin), which also means bright or light in Hiligaynon language, and sa "Paskwa" (Hiligaynon translation of Christmas), which if combined is translated as Light in Christmas in English language, is a yuletide festival of lights which happens every December on the main campus of University San Agustin. The said holiday event include carnival rides fair, musical plays, Christmas variety shows and singing contests and concerts held by the university's schools and colleges. A fireworks display and traditional switching on of Christmas lights are showcased on its opening night.

The Augustinian Mirror

The Augustinian Mirror is the official student magazine of the University of San Agustin in Iloilo City, Philippines. It was also adopted as the official name of the student publication of the elementary department of Colegio San Agustin-Makati (founded 1969), a sister school of the University of San Agustin in the nation's metropolitan capital region.

It is published twice a year (once every semester) by the USA Publications. Founded in 1928, it is one of the country's oldest and most prestigious campus magazines. Among its chief goals are to nurture young literary minds and social achievers in the fields of literature, journalism, philosophy, theology, law and governance. The plan to establish a school publication was initiated in 1927. Although it was officially founded in 1928, the maiden issue first came out in 1929. It started as a news-oriented tabloid that covered annual events and activities of the university in English and Spanish. Being one of the earliest post-colonial Catholic publications in the Philippines, it was exhibited in the exposition of the Catholic Press at the Vatican in 1936. During World War II, it ceased operation as school authorities decided to close the university at a time of great uncertainty.

The post-war volume of 1945 saw the gradual change to its present format as a news magazine complemented with works of fiction, column writing and poetry in four subdivided sections: English, Filipino, Hiligaynon and Spanish. In 1946, the publication gained its first female editor. A complementary newspaper, The Augustinian, was established in 1954 focusing on news events in the university. It became a vehicle for students and faculty members to express their opinions on campus and socio-political issues. In 2006, a literary journal, Irong-Irong, was launched as a student medium for creative writing.

Over the years, The Augustinian Mirror has evolved into a theme-oriented publication. It has won countless awards and distinctions for excellence in news writing, human rights, tourism and travel in the past decades. It is a three-time recipient of the Gawad Lopez Jaena Award for "excellence in campus journalism," the highest distinction given by the government-run Philippine Information Agency (PIA). It has also won nine times the distinction of being adjudged the "best college magazine" in Western Visayas by COPRE (College Press Conference) and has been cited by the National Collegiate Press as one of the three best campus magazines of the Philippines in the 1970s. It has produced outstanding writers who later went on to become recipients of the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature. After numerous journalism awards for nineteen consecutive years, it was granted in 2006 the right to hand out its own awards known as the SanAg Campus Press Awards.

The Junior Augustinian
(Official Publication of Junior High School Department)

The Eaglet
(Official Publication of Grade School/Elementary Department)

Notable alumni

People who are alumni, professors, and others associated with the University are called as Augustinians, Agustinians or Agustino. Notable alumni of the university include:

 * Raul Gonzalez – Chief Presidential Legal Counsel, and former Secretary of Justice of the Philippines.
 * Edgar Sia – Chinese Filipino businessman who founded the fast food restaurant chain, Mang Inasal (dropped out)
 * Rogelio M. Florete – businessman, founded and owns the Florete Group of Companies and Bombo Radyo Philippines, one of the largest radio networks in the Philippines
 * Wilfredo Segovia – former College Editors Guild of the Philippines national president and founder of The Segovia Group, a civil-structural consultancy firm in the Asia-Pacific region
 * Jobert Peñaflorida / Jobert Yap – former news anchor of TV Patrol Panay and host of Sikat Ka! Iloilo.
 * Zaldy Trespeses – Associate Justice, Sandiganbayan.
 * Evalyn Ursua – women's rights advocate and lawyer for Suzette Nicolas during the Subic rape case.
 * Isidoro Cruz – Palanca Memorial Award for Literature recipient.
 * Miriam Defensor-Santiago – Filipino Senator, first female agrarian reform secretary of the Philippines, first female Commissioner of Immigration and Deportation of the Philippines, and first Asian to be elected as judge of the International Criminal Court.
 * John Iremil Teodoro – Filipino writer and Palanca Memorial Award for Literature recipient and awardee.
 * Jed Madela – television presenter, and singer-songwriter.
 * Henry O. Chusuey – Chinese-Filipino hotel and resort business magnate (Hennan Hotels and Resorts).
 * Carolina Griño-Aquino – former presiding justice of the Court of Appeals of the Philippines. She served on the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice from 2 February 1988 until 22 October 1993. Griño-Aquino was also the fourth woman who served as an Associate Justice of Supreme Court of the Philippines.
 * Resurreccion Borra – former commissioner and acting chairman of the Philippine Commission on Elections and National Judicial Excellence Awardee during the Supreme Court's Centenary in 2001
 * Richard Garin Jr. – Congressman.

title: University of San Agustin


text:
Messer Street Grounds

Messer Street Grounds, also known as Messer Park or Messer Field, was a former baseball park located in Providence, Rhode Island. It was home to the Providence Grays of the National League from 1878 to 1885 and of the minor league Providence Grays of the Eastern League in 1886.

In 1878, the Providence Base Ball Association formed and began scouting around the city for a good location for "the best baseball plant in the country". Team directors visited the old Josiah Chapin farm on city's west side and decided that it fit all of the requirements for a baseball park. It was close to level, it was raised up a few feet from the surrounding roads, and it was easily accessible by street car.

Construction on Messer Park began on April 1 and took exactly one month to complete; the final nail was hammered a mere five minutes before the opening game got underway on May 1.

Ballpark Description
The new ballpark opened to the public on May 1, 1878. The following account from the Providence Morning Star captures the excitement and provides a very detailed description of the park:

"The large grandstand held twelve hundred people, among them hundreds of ladies. The long semi-circular tiers of seats were black with men and boys, and hundreds were standing, unable to get seats. The commodious space for carriages was completely filled, and one or two May Day riding parties also graced that part of the grounds...Two registering turnstiles gates admit the patrons to the grounds, and as each ticket holder passes through the gate he steps on a raised platform, and by a mechanical arrangement is registered, and only one person can pass through the gate at a time. Near the gate are two ticket offices, and a large entrance through which the crowd can pass at the end of the game. At the southeast corner there is a large gate to admit carriages to the park. The ground, which contains nearly six acres of land, is enclosed by a fence twelve feet high. The diamond is as level as constant rolling by heavy stone and iron rollers can make it. Inside of the base lines is turfed, except a space nine feet in width, reaching from the pitcher's position to the home plate. Twenty-two feet are sodded outside of the diamond. Paths leading to and from the bases have been rolled hard, and the out-field is sown with grass seed. The grand stand which will seat nearly 1200 people, is 151 x 40 ft, and in the rear is raised 34 ft. The stand is reached by steps at both ends. It will be covered by canvass, requiring nearly 7000 ft. Seats are arranged in a circle at the eastern and western sides of the field. A platform 60 x 8 ft has been erected for the reporters, scorers and invited guests, seating nearly 60 persons. Under the grand stand for the visiting and local clubs are rooms 20 ft square and fitted up with wardrobes, dressing rooms 20 ft square, a wash room supplied with Pawtucket water, closet, etc. The Western Union Telegraph Company have a room 8 x 10 ft. There is a stockholders' room 20 ft square, and a refreshment saloon 40 x 20 to be managed by caterer Ardoene. A fence with gateways has been erected in front of the club rooms, thereby preventing the crowd from having any talk with the players. The grounds are without doubt as fine as any in the country, and Harry Wright said yesterday, 'They are beautiful."

The left field fence was apparently quite close to home plate. One reporter complained that "a hit made in Providence near that foul line post is not a long hit; in fact that same hit in the right field seldom gives more than one base." Despite the allegedly short fence, the Messer Street Grounds was not a friendly home run park. Only eight home runs were hit there in National League games all year long, compared to about two hundred at Chicago's tiny park. Those eight included four over the left field fence, an inside-the-park home run by Paul Hines, and one smash by Jerry Denny that landed in the carriage driveway in right-center field, which was called "the longest ever made upon the grounds." Just beyond the short left field lay a building where fans could sit on the roof and watch the game for the discounted rate of 25 cents, probably to the chagrin of the team management. One particularly powerful home run by Jerry Denny "sailed away like a hawk, rising and rising until long after it passed the left field fence, and until it was far above the housetops, finally dropping in a garden near the street."

The Grays were the first professional team to install a backstop in their park. The screens were installed in 1878 along the grandstand section directly behind the catcher, an area known as the "slaughter pens" for all the foul ball injuries that occurred there.

Renovations
Before the 1884 season, a few minor improvements on the park were made. The reporters' area of the grand stand was supplied with comfortable cushions by former team president Flint, which all of the reporters noted with gratitude. A score slate was also placed in left field to show the Boston scores by inning as they came in over the telegraph. Finally, "some elaborate pictures have been obtained by Director Allen, measuring 7 x 13 ft, giving a life-size illustration of the diamond and a game in progress, which will be displayed on prominent boards on schedule days."

The End of Messer Street Grounds
The park housed the minor league Providence Grays of the Eastern League in 1886, but the park was too large for the pitiful attendance that the team drew, and by early June the park was once again empty. Rumors began circulating about the sale of the park in September 1886. On February 16, 1887, trustee Greene finally sold off the property that the Messer Street Grounds sat on, in a deed to the Franklin Institute for Savings. The exact demolition date of the park is unknown, but must have been at some point during the next few months. By the end of the year, the subdivided plots were selling off at a rapid clip, and houses started to spring up where the old ball park used to stand.

title: Messer Street Grounds


text:
Talk:Degree (temperature)

°C vs C° for differences
I've changed it to "the usage is sometimes seen reversed" because the usage is not universal and doesn't appear to be part of the SI definitions. A Celsius temperature itself is a difference to a reference temperature. All I found at http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/2-1-1/kelvin.html is that "A difference or interval of temperature may be expressed in kelvins or in degrees Celsius". C° or F° seem to be used chiefly in meteorology, right? Somebody who knows please elaborate on the history and where or where not this convention is followed. Femto 16:54, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree this should be mentioned in the article. Let's put it on the to-do list. Donama (talk) 02:38, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Degree unit (A)
In an old book on electronics, thermionic valves etc ( Henry Jacobowitz, Leslie Basford, Electronics made simple, Made Simple Books, Heinemann, 1982 ) I found temperature given in degrees denoted with unit (°A) and referred to as "absolute temperature". The following pairs of numbers are given:

 * 1000°A = 727°C
 * 1150°A = 877°C
 * 1600°A = 1327°C
 * 1900°A = 1627°C
 * 3200°A = 2927°C

This looks like temperature in Kelvins, but does anyone know why unit (A) is used instead of (K)? Zureks (talk) 14:42, 11 January 2009 (UTC)
 * This is already dealt with in the article. Donama (talk) 02:39, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

history?
I was hoping to find some historical background as to why the idea of degree is used as a unit to describe temperature. I'm coming to this from the perspective of circular/angular degree... what's the relationship between 50 degrees celcius and a 50 degree angle? 142.58.83.96 (talk) 23:09, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

I have no concrete information to provide, and I actually came here for the same reason. Perhaps if I say more, someone will at least debunk me. I thought the idea of "degree" was related to the idea that a "degree" is usually not a "unit" (despite calling them units) and is adopted mainly for human convenience. A unit is something where scalar multiplication works meaningfully, in relation to what's being measured. Hence the term "unit", meaning "one". So 0(1K) = 0K which is absolute zero, but 0(1°C) = 0°C, which cold but is not absolute zero (as last winter proved). 300(1K) is 300 times as hot as 1K. 300(1°C) is not 300 times as hot as 1°C. Similarly, in navigational direction, 2(200°) is not 400°, and it's not even 40°; you can multiply a rotation, but scalar multiplication of direction isn't even defined. Radians are the best measures of angles, but degrees are there for human convenience. 24.57.210.141 (talk) 01:56, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

kelvin?
There reads: '''The Kelvin (°K) is a former name for the SI unit of temperature on the thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale. Since 1967 it has been known simply as the kelvin, with symbol K.'''

So "simply" means with a lower case letter, and that is the only difference? The name was kelvin and it still is kelvin, actually. 85.217.14.230 (talk) 18:56, 29 May 2013 (UTC)
 * That line has been fixed. The text was originally correctly written as The degree Kelvin (°K) is a former name, but someone misunderstood it and removed the word "degree".  In other words, prior to 1967, kelvin used the term "degree" just like the other temperature scales (and yes, capitalized Kelvin).  Thunder Wolf (talk) 07:48, 2 December 2014 (UTC)

"degrees kelvin"?
 Unlike the degree Fahrenheit and degree Celsius, the kelvin is not referred to or written as a degree

A quick Google or Google Scholar search reveals that this statement is simply not true. Kelvin is frequently referred to as 'degrees kelvin', even in scientific literature. Perhaps this should be rephrased? Getting into IS/SHOULD territory here.

While this technically does not follow the definition in the standard, there is no real possibility of ambiguity. This use generally appears in prose, with data and formulas using K as a unit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.203.100.20 (talk) 11:46, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Degree (temperature)


text:
Heat (disambiguation)

Heat is energy in transfer to or from a thermodynamic system by mechanisms other than thermodynamic work or transfer of matter.

Heat or HEAT may also refer to:

Science and technology

 * Heat wave, a period of excessively hot weather
 * HEAT repeat, a solenoid protein domain found in a number of cytoplasmic proteins
 * Heat, in metallurgy, one batch of molten metal processed in a converter or open hearth furnace
 * In forging, one cycle of heating material and working it before returning it to a heat source
 * High Elevation Auger Telescope, at the Pierre Auger Observatory, Argentina

Medicine

 * Fever, a body temperature above the normal range in response to internal physiological conditions
 * Heat illness, a spectrum of disorders due to environmental exposure to heat:
 * Heat cramps, muscle spasms that result from loss of large amount of salt and water through exercise
 * Heat edema, swelling of the hands and/or feet due to over-expansion of the blood vessels in the extremities in response to heat
 * Heat exhaustion, caused by the loss of water and electrolytes through sweating
 * Heat rash, skin irritations caused by excessive sweating or blocked sweat glands
 * Heat stroke, with a body temperature greater than 40.6 C
 * Heat syncope, fainting or dizziness as a result of overheating
 * Heat tetany, cramps and seizures caused by calcium and/or magnesium loss due to excessive sweating in short periods of stress in high heat
 * Hyperthermia, elevated body temperature due to failed thermoregulation that occurs when a body produces or absorbs more heat than it dissipates
 * Malignant hyperthermia, a type of severe reaction that may occur to susceptible patients during general anesthesia
 * Hot flash or hot flush, a feeling of heat, with sweating and increased heart rate, usually experienced by menopausal women due to low estradiol

Computing

 * HEAT (software), help desk software by FrontRange Solutions
 * Highly Evasive Adaptive Threat, cybersecurity attack type
 * OpenStack Heat, the orchestration component of the OpenStack infrastructure-as-a-service software platform

Games

 * Need for Speed: Heat

Films

 * Heat (1963 film), a Soviet drama film directed by Larisa Shepitko
 * Heat (1972 film), an American drama film directed by Paul Morrissey, starring Sylvia Miles and Joe Dallesandro
 * Heat (1986 film), an American action-thriller film directed by Dick Richards and Jerry Jameson, starring Burt Reynolds
 * Heat (1995 film), an American crime drama directed by Michael Mann, starring Al Pacino, Robert De Niro and Val Kilmer
 * Natural Justice: Heat (1996), an Australian television film, sometimes referred to as Heat, directed by Scott Hartford-Davis
 * Heat (2006 film), a Russian comedy film directed Rezo Gigineishvili
 * The Heat (film), a 2013 comedy film directed by Paul Feig, starring Sandra Bullock and Melissa McCarthy

Literature

 * Heat (Buffy/Angel novel), a 2004 original novel based on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel
 * Heat (Goldman novel), a 1985 novel by William Goldman
 * Heat (Lupica novel), a 2006 sports novel written by Mike Lupica
 * Heat, a 2006 book on climate change by George Monbiot
 * Heat, a 2006 book on cooking and food by Bill Buford
 * Heat & Other Stories, a 1991 collection by Joyce Carol Oates
 * Heat, a 1994 novel by Stuart Woods
 * Heat (manga), a 1999 manga written by Yoshiyuki Okamura

Fictional characters

 * Heat, a character in the Bust a Groove and Bust a Groove 2 video games
 * Heat, a protagonist in the Digital Devil Saga video game series

Music

 * H.E.A.T (band), a Swedish rock band

Albums

 * Heat (Colder album), 2005
 * Heat (Jimmy Barnes album)
 * Heat (Soul for Real album), 1999
 * Heat (soundtrack), score for the 1995 film Heat
 * The Heat (Toni Braxton album), 2000

EPs

 * Heat (Beyoncé EP), 2011
 * Heat ((G)I-dle EP), 2023
 * Heat, by SG Lewis and Tove Lo, 2024
 * Heat EP: All Pain Is Beat by Combichrist, 2009

Songs

 * "Heat" (50 Cent song)
 * "Heat" (Brockhampton song)
 * "Heat" (Chris Brown song)
 * "Heat" (Kelly Clarkson song)
 * "Heat" (Kim Hyun-joong song)
 * "Heat", a song by David Bowie from The Next Day
 * "Heat", a song by Eminem from Revival
 * "Heat", a song by Loona from + +
 * "HEAT", a song by Tigers Jaw from Tigers Jaw

Periodicals

 * Heat (magazine), a British magazine
 * HEAT (magazine), an international Australian literary magazine

Television

 * Heat (TV channel), a British television channel
 * Heat (Irish TV series), an Irish prime time reality television series broadcast on RTÉ One
 * Heat (2023 TV series), an upcoming action-thriller television series
 * "Heat" (Dark Angel), an episode of the television series Dark Angel

Food

 * Pungency or piquantness ("Heat" or "hotness"), the spiciness of foods such as black pepper, chili peppers, garlic and onions, ginger, mustard, and horseradish
 * Heat, the traditional and most common means of cooking food
 * Heat, applied post-preparation to food with a heat lamp, to prevent the growth of microorganisms before the food is consumed

Military and law enforcement

 * Firearm (slang: heat), usually a pistol
 * High-explosive anti-tank, a warhead with a shaped charge
 * Heat, slang for police surveillance or attention

Sports

 * Heat, a preliminary race or match in a sports tournament
 * Fastball (colloquialism: heat), in baseball

Wrestling

 * Heat (professional wrestling), applause or booing given by fans to a professional wrestler
 * ECW Heat Wave, a professional wrestling pay-per-view event
 * WWE Heat, a professional wrestling television program
 * Heat (wrestler), ring name of Japanese professional wrestler Minoru Tanaka

Teams

 * Abbotsford Heat, an ice hockey team that plays in the AHL
 * Brisbane Heat, a Big Bash cricket team
 * Laredo Heat, a United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League soccer team

Basketball

 * Guildford Heat, a British Basketball League team
 * Kurasini Heat, a Tanzanian basketball team
 * Miami Heat, a National Basketball Association team
 * Saigon Heat, a Vietnamese team

Other uses

 * Heat (perfume), or Beyoncé Heat, a women's cologne endorsed by singer Beyoncé Knowles
 * Heat, one of the eight principles in Chinese medicine

title: Heat (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Helmholtz coil

Comments
As stated by User:Michael_Hardy the page Helmholtz coil should be merged with Helmholtz Coils. I create the page Helmholtz Coil following a link from requested page.

I do not know now what is the correct name to use.

Helmholtz Coils is not correct that the second word is uppercase.

The rules state that singular is to be preferred unless the word is generally plural in English (like scissors).

Now in English the word coil exist in singular but only one coil in a Helmholtz coil is not enouth to make the system, so there no exit a Helmoltz coil in singular. A way of giving out of this problem would be to named the article Helmholtz coils system. But I do not like this solution. This name is never used in Physics.

For the moment I will merge Helmholtz Coils into Helmholtz coil and I will create a redirect from Helmholtz Coils to Helmholtz coil and another from Helmholtz coils to Helmholtz coil AnyFile 16:55, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Who invented Helmholtz coils? The article states it was named 'in his honor'. I've searched the web to try and find an answer, but so far without success. DFH 18:51, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Just checking on the math--if "n" represents the "number of coils," it is incorrect. Number of coils is denoted by "N" (the lowercase "n" means "number of coils per unit length"). Someone with more knowledge of the theory could change this, please. Ken 16:51, 26 May 2006

tag
someone add the tag for :article needs to be clarified or simplified.(cleanup?) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.197.38 (talk • contribs) 23:36, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Contour plot is incorrect
Hi folks. The magnetic field contour plot is not correct - the field configuration shown there corresponds to two coils with reverse direction current; it's generated by quadrupole coils. I believe that Helmholtz coils are by definition set up with currents in the same direction. At the very least, I'm changing the caption to warn people that the plotted contours are for reverse-current coils. I'm working on replacing the picture with one for real Helmholtz field contours. --Bmk 20:45, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Ah, sorry - I see now that the plot is of the magnetic field MAGNITUDE - sorry for the mixup - the plot looks fine. I undid my revision. --Bmk 20:48, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Well, the countour plot is correct, but quite misleading. The field inside the "octopus" does have nearly constant magnitude, but the direction changes appreciably, especially in the "legs of the octopus", thus it is not homogeneous. A more appropriate quantity to be plotted would be the magnitude of the field error |ΔB| = |B-$$B_0$$|=√{$$(B_z-B_0)^2+(B_r)^2$$}. The shapes of the contours are then much more realistic... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zdeden (talk • contribs) 11:04, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Incorrect or misleading terminology
In the UK the symbol B is used to designate the physical quantity known as 'Flux Density', measured in Tesla. The term 'Magnetic Field' is reserved for the quantity symbolised by H, and measured in amps/metre. Ambiguity can be avoided and correct technical language preserved if the terms 'Field' and 'flux density' are rigorously used when their precise meaning is intended. I think that this is a problem relating to differences in scientific terminology as used in the USA and Britain, but such differences should be minimised in a web article which has international availability. Another possible reason for use of confusing language in this context is that 'magnetic field' is itself ambiguous. It can mean either H (as described above) or, in more general discourse 'a region of magnetised space'. So great care is needed in using this term. Clearly insufficient care has been taken here -

'A simple calculation gives the correct value of the field at the center point. If the radius is R, the number of turns in each coil is n and the current flowing through the coils is I, then the magnetic flux density, B at the midpoint between the coils will be given by..'

where 'field' should be replaced by 'flux density'. Similarly, this caption to the contour plot is incorrectly worded, and the same substitution should be made.

'Inside the central 'octopus' the field is within 1% of its central value B0.'

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.32.50.77 (talk) 09:52, 5 June 2009 (UTC)

 * This is not correct. Magnetic field is a universal terminology. It is not correct to say it is a density; densities have units per-length or per-area or per-volume etc. I don't know why you think UK colloquialisms should be supported on wikipedia. SI unit of magnetic field is Tesla, represented by B. This is an international standard. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.54.75.211 (talk • contribs) 23:46, 26 January 2016

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the page, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 01:25, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

Helmholtz coil → Helmholtz Coils –
 * Proper terminology is "Helmholtz Coils", since there are two coils, not one. 129.252.70.97 (talk) 15:45, 6 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Lowercase 'c':: there are many such coils in the world, not one. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 04:58, 7 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I don't believe that this is a proper noun.--199.91.207.3 (talk) 17:35, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Oppose both issues. (1) The terminology is not fixed. Some sources use Helmholtz coil (e.g., Wolfram, "A Helmholtz coil consists of two circular coils of radius ....", http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/HelmholtzCoil/) and some sources say Helmholtz coils. Some websites use both HC and HCs interchangeably. (http://physicsx.pr.erau.edu/HelmholtzCoils/) To me, Helmholtz coil is precise and refers to a composite coil that consists of a pair of coils; each single coil is just an air solenoid with width and height much less than the radius; the orientation of the component coils is fixed; there isn't such a thing as a "single-coil Helmholtz coil".  Well, http://www.phys.utk.edu/labs/Helmholtz_Coils_Uniform_Magnetic_Fields.pdf refers to "a pair of Helmholtz coils", but its title says "ROUGH DRAFT".  See also WP's Maxwell coil (not "Maxwell coils" even though it consists of 3 coils) that is an improvement of the Helholtz coil.  It would also be odd to say that a Maxwell coil consists of 3 Helmholtz coils. Using "Helmholtz coils" to refer to one instance has the same awkwardness as "scissors". (2) Agree that "Helmholtz coil" is a class and not a proper noun: compare Bailey bridge (a type of bridge) and Pegasus Bridge (a specific bridge in France). Glrx (talk) 20:48, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Sources modified on Helmholtz coil
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External links modified
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Diagram labels
The diagram showing the dimensions of a coil pair shows two different dimensions both labeled `R`. The text describing the dimensions uses the letter `h` for one of these dimensions (the spacing between the coils), but that letter doesn't appear on the diagram. I understand that the text says for a Helmholtz coil, `h = R`, but for that statement to make sense, the diagram needs to include the `h`. I've no idea how such diagrams get edited, but replacing the upper `R` with `h` would improve the overall understandability. Burt Harris (talk) 16:59, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Helmholtz coil


text:
Salvadori's teal

Salvadori's teal (Salvadorina waigiuensis) or Salvadori's duck, is a species of bird endemic to New Guinea. It is placed in the monotypic genus Salvadorina.

It has a dark-brown head and neck, and its body is barred and spotted dark-brown and off white, with orange legs and a yellow bill.

It is a secretive inhabitant of fast-flowing highland streams and lakes. It is an omnivore. It locates its nest near water, and lays two to four eggs in the dry season. The IUCN has listed the bird as least concern, and the total population may be slowly declining.

Taxonomy
When Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert first described Salvadori's teal in 1894, they placed it in the concurrently created monotypic genus Salvadorina. It has no subspecies. Initially, it was generally placed with South America's torrent duck and New Zealand's blue duck—two species of similar ecological niches—in a tribe called Merganettini. In the 1940s, Ernst Mayr moved the species to the dabbling duck genus Anas, based on several anatomical features.

The duck's common and genus names both commemorate 18th-century Italian ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori. The species name waigiuensis refers to Waigeo (also known as Waigiu), an island near New Guinea.

Description
Measuring 38 – in length, with a wingspan of 56 –, and a mass of 342 g, Salvadori's teal is a small duck. The sexes are similar in plumage, with males averaging slightly larger than females.

Range and habitat
Salvadori's teal is endemic to New Guinea; although the type specimen was reportedly collected on the Indonesian island of Waigeo, there is some doubt over the veracity of that claim, as the species is not now found there. Resident at elevations ranging from 500 to 4000 m, Salvadori's teal prefers swiftly flowing rivers and streams, though it is also occasionally found in stagnant lakes.

Food and feeding
Salvadori's teal is an omnivore, and feeds by both dabbling and diving. It eats plants and insects, and possibly small fish.

Breeding
It locates its nest near water, and lays two to four eggs in the dry season.

Conservation and threats
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed Salvadori's teal as least concern. The total world population, currently estimated to be between 2,500 and 9,999 mature individuals, is thought to be declining at a moderate rate. Hunting, habitat degradation and predation by dogs are among the threats this species faces, and competition with introduced sport fish may also cause problems.

title: Salvadori's teal


text:
Helios 2 (satellite)

The Helios 2 system, which consists of the Helios 2A and Helios 2B, is a French-developed military Earth observation satellite program. Financed at 90% by France, the development also involved minor participation from Belgium, Spain, Italy and Greece. Helios 2A was launched on 18 December 2004 by an Ariane 5 rocket from French Guiana.

Helios 2B was launched five years later, on 18 December 2009, carried also by an Ariane 5. The two satellites are identical. They carry a Thales-built high-resolution visible and thermal infrared instrument with 35 cm resolution, and an Airbus-built medium-resolution instrument. The Helios 2 satellite bus is nearly identical to the platform built by EADS Astrium for the Spot 5 civil-commercial optical observation satellite.

The Helios 2 will be replaced by the Composante Spatiale Optique (CSO), a new French program of three military observation satellites. The first satellite (CSO-1) was launched on 15 December 2018, the second (CSO-2) on 29 December 2020, with the final launch (CSO-3) being scheduled for 2022.

title: Helios 2 (satellite)


text:
Talk:Helmholtz Coils

As stated by User:Michael_Hardy the page Helmholtz coil should be merged with Helmholtz Coils. I create the page Helmholtz Coil following a link from requested page.

I do not know now what is the correct name to use.

Helmholtz Coils is not correct that the second word is uppercase.

The rules state that singular is to be preferred unless the word is generally plural in English (like scissors).

Now in English the word coil exist in singular but only one coil in a Helmholtz coil is not enouth to make the system, so there no exit a Helmoltz coil in singular. A way of giving out of this problem would be to named the article Helmholtz coils system. But I do not like this solution. This name is never used in Physics.

For the moment I will merge Helmholtz Coils into Helmholtz coil and I will create a redirect from Helmholtz Coils to Helmholtz coil and another from Helmholtz coils to Helmholtz coil AnyFile 16:56, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Helmholtz Coils