text:
Hlučín

Hlučín (Hultschin; Hulczyn) is a town in Opava District the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. It was the centre of the historic Hlučín Region. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Bobrovníky and Darkovičky are administrative parts of Hlučín.

Geography
Hlučín is located about 6 km north of Ostrava and 20 km east of Opava. The northern part of the municipal territory lies in the Opava Hilly Land within the Silesian Lowlands. The southern part extends into the eastern tip of the Nízký Jeseník range.

Hlučínské Lake is an artificial lake on the outskirts of the town. The Opava River forms the southeastern municipal border.

History
The first written mention of Hlučín is from 1303, when it was part of the Duchy of Opava. The town was probably founded by King Ottokar II in 1256 to ensure peace on the border between Margraviate of Moravia and Duchy of Opole.

Until 1521, Hlučín belonged to the Landek estate within the Duchy of Opava. In 1521, it was acquired by the Piast Dukes of Opole. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the town burned down several times. In 1694 it was liberated of its serfdom. In 1742, after the First Silesian War, the town was given to the Kingdom of Prussia by the Treaty of Berlin. In 1845, the Hlučín estate was bought by the Rothschild family. Four annual fairs were held in the town in the late 19th century.

The town was administered by the Prussian Province of Silesia until 1920, when it became part of Czechoslovakia after World War I. The transferral of the Hlučín Region sparked controversy between Germans, Czechs and Poles. By a biased interpretation of the law, the new Czechoslovak authorities banned schooling in German even though that was the language spoken by the majority in the town.

After the Munich Agreement in 1938, Hlučín was annexed by Nazi Germany and was again made part of the Province of Silesia, and its Germanized name Hultschin was restored. During World War II, the Germans sent prisoners from the military prison in Kłodzko to forced labour in the town. Hlučín was restored to Czechoslovakia in 1945. People identified as German-speaking at the census in 1930 were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, some Germans left voluntarily. People who were labeled Czechs, even though they were actually Czech-speaking Germans, were spared expulsion.

Transport
The I/56 road from Ostrava to Opava passes through the town.

Hlučín is the terminus of a railway line of regional importance heading from Opava.

Sights
The historic town centre is formed by the Mírové Square and its surroundings. The centre was delimited by town fortifications, built in 1534–1535. Most of the town walls were demolished by 1829. Several fragments and seven bastions have been preserved to this day.

Hlučín Castle was built in the late Gothic style in 1526. It is a two-storey building with an irregular floor plan, and includes a small castle park. Today it houses the Hlučín Region Museum.

The second landmark is the parish Church of Saint John the Baptist. It was first mentioned in 1378 and was rebuilt several times in Renaissance, Baroque and pseudo-Gothic styles. The bell tower, 46.7 m high, was built in 1791.

In Darkovičky is the Hlučín-Darkovičky Czechoslovak Fortification Complex. It is an exhibition of a unique military technology from the 1930s.

Notable people

 * Pavel Josef Vejvanovský (c. 1639–1693), composer
 * Emanuel Schäfer (1900–1974), German SS functionary and war criminal
 * Verner Lička (born 1954), football player and manager
 * Jiří Pavlenka (born 1992), footballer
 * Michaela Konečná (born 1998), handball player

Twin towns – sister cities
Hlučín is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Namysłów, Poland
 * 🇩🇪 Nebelschütz, Germany
 * 🇸🇰 Ružomberok, Slovakia

title: Hlučín


text:
Karin Scheele

Karin Scheele (born July 22, 1968 in Baden bei Wien) is an Austrian social democratic politician and was a member of the European Parliament from 1999 till 2008. In December 2008, she entered the regional government of her native Land of Lower Austria to become secretary in charge of Health and Social Affairs.

After graduating from the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration she held various functions in the Austrian Socialist Youth Movement, in the International Union of Socialist Youth and in the Austrian Social Democratic Party.

She has been a member of the Austrian Western Sahara society since 1994 and was a member of the Western Sahara working group of the European Parliament.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Karin Scheele


text:
Fred Harris (British politician)

Frederic Walter Harris (6 March 1915 – 4 January 1979) was a British politician and businessman. He was Conservative Member of Parliament in Croydon between 1948 and 1970.

Fred Harris was born in Balham, South London, and educated at Belmont College, Streatham. After working for a period in local government, he founded his own business with money invested by Sir Sydney Marshall. Marshall's Malted Milk was set up in Clapham but soon moved to Croydon. The company expanded and during World War II making a range of foodstuffs. Harris made his fortune. The company became Marshall's Universal Ltd, then was publicly listed. By 1965, the company had fourteen subsidiaries in Britain and East Africa, working in engineering, vehicles, canning, food manufacture and farming. It had an annual turnover of £5 million; Harris remained Chairman of every company, even as MP.

Harris was active in the local Conservative Party. He stood in the 1945 and 1946 local elections in Broad Green and Addiscombe respectively but was unsuccessful. He was elected to the council of the County Borough of Croydon for Central ward in December 1946 in a by-election, however, and was re-elected in 1947 for a full four-year term. He served as a ratepayers' association representative, which was effectively a cover for the local Conservatives. He was also elected as the youngest councillor on Surrey County Council, representing Godstone.

Croydon had been safe Conservative territory since first electing its own Member of Parliament in 1885. But in the 1945 General Election, the Labour had taken Croydon South and come within 607 votes in Croydon North. In January 1948, Sir Henry Willink resigned as Conservative MP for Croydon North. Labour and the Liberals selected high-profile candidates, Harold Nicolson, while Air Vice-Marshal Don Bennett stood for the Liberal Party. Harris was selected by the local Conservative Association as their candidate for the Croydon North by-election, and had their wholehearted support.

Conservative Central Office were not so sure. They were concerned that a local businessman with little fame or track record would struggle to defeat a former MP and World War II hero. Odds were given of 6:1 against the Conservatives winning. Harris was summoned to see Party leader Winston Churchill, which Harris realised was to dissuade him from standing. He later said, "when he discovered how determined I was to win the seat, he put his arm around my shoulders and said he would help me all he could". Churchill toured the constituency, making speeches from the top of his car. His daughter Mary Soames was then in a Croydon maternity hospital about to give birth (to her son Nicholas), bringing the campaign positive publicity. Harris gained a majority of 11,664. Following the result, a national newspaper ran the headline "Oh what a beautiful morning". The song (from Oklahoma!) became his theme tune when touring Croydon.

Harris never shone in Parliament. He was a moderate Tory and embraced change and democracy. He had no time for the right-wing, predicting that their politics would "die". In Croydon, however, he was extremely popular, working hard especially on casework for individual constituents, which he said was the most rewarding part of the job. He was given the honour to drive the last tram (before Tramlink returned) through the constituency with the Mayor of Croydon. He increased his majority and served as MP for Croydon North, then Croydon North West for 22 years until he stepped down at the 1970 general election. This at that time made him the longest-serving Croydon MP (a record later broken by Bernard Weatherill).

Fred Harris had three children with his first wife – Roger who became an engineer in Kenya, Gillian, who also moved to East Africa, and Jacqueline who worked as secretary to the Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party. His wife died in 1955. In 1957 he married Joan Bagnall. He lived in Woldingham, Surrey and on his farm in Subukia, Kenya.

Harris was very keen on sport. He had held a schoolboy cricket record and played football (soccer) in the Spartan League. He played tennis all his life and was an occasional croc hunter. He campaigned successfully for Croydon Council to build Croydon Sports Arena in South Norwood. He was also a racehorse owner, with Gordon Richards as a regular jockey. In the 1940s he had a considerable lucky streak, with 50 wins out of 90 outings. His horse 'Now or Never' won the Great Metropolitan at Epsom in 1948.

Harris died in January 1979, aged 63, in Kenya, after a long illness.

title: Fred Harris (British politician)


text:
John Cunniff

John Paul Cunniff (July 9, 1944 – May 10, 2002) was an American NHL hockey coach and former professional player who appeared in 65 World Hockey Association regular season games between 1972 and 1976. Cunniff was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2003.

Amateur career
Cunniff was born in South Boston, Massachusetts and attended Boston College, where he was a two-time All-American left wing, and was the 1964 Rookie of the Year, and was the first hockey player ever to be named the Beanpot MVP twice ('64 & '65); a record that lasted for 39 years. He was a dominant scorer, his 71 goals and 82 assists in just 75 games established a Boston College career point record. His 67 points in 1966–67 were the best in the nation, and helped the Eagles reach the NCAA Championship finals.

Twice he won All-America honors, was a three-time All-East selection, and a three-time All-New England choice. He was named to the All-Time Boston Garden Beanpot Tournament Team.

Cunniff wore #2 for the Eagles from 1963 to 1966 and registered 153 points—71 goals and 82 assists—in 75 collegiate games. He earned All-America honors in 1965 and 1966.

He joined the U.S. National team in 1967 for the Ice Hockey World Championship tournament in Vienna and also played for the U.S. at the 1968 Olympics in Grenoble.

Professional career
John Cunniff enjoyed a successful professional playing career with the Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins, and Quebec Nordiques organizations, and as a member of the New England Whalers in the World Hockey Association in 1972–74. Cunniff played on the New England Whalers team that won the WHA's inaugural championship. He returned to the U.S. national team for the 1975 hockey world championship tournament.

Coaching career
Cunniff served as a player/coach in the North American Hockey League and New England Hockey League before joining the Hartford Whalers as an assistant coach in 1981 after his playing career had ended in 1979. He was named head coach of the Binghamton Whalers the following season and coached the Hartford Whalers during the 1982–83 NHL season.

He then joined the Boston Bruins organization as assistant coach of the Bruins with Terry O'Reilly in the 1987–88 Stanley Cup appearance. He was head coach of the New Jersey Devils from 1989 to 1991, coached the Albany River Rats, and his name was engraved on the Stanley Cup with the Devils in 2000.

His involvement in 13 seasons with the Devils organization includes serving as head coach of the NHL club for two seasons (1989–90 and 1990–91). Prior to joining the Devils' organization, he was an assistant coach with the Boston Bruins for three seasons. In addition, he guided the Hartford Whalers for 13 games as head coach in 1982-83.

Cunniff's extensive experience with USA Hockey includes serving as an associate coach during the 1994 Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer, Norway, as an assistant coach for the 1998 U.S. Olympic Men's Ice Hockey Team in Nagano, Japan, and as an assistant coach for the 2002 U.S. Olympic Men's Hockey Team in Salt Lake City, Utah. Cunniff was named assistant coach for the United States team that captured the championship in the 1996 World Cup of Hockey. He was an assistant coach for four U.S. National Teams (1982, 1991, 1992 and 1993) at the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) Men's World Championships, and was an assistant on two U.S. National Junior Teams (1992 and 1993) at the IIHF World Junior Championships. In addition, Cunniff was an assistant coach for Team USA in the 1981 Canada Cup tournament.

Cunniff served as head coach of the Albany River Rats—the top minor-league affiliate of the National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils—for five seasons (1996–2001). He finished in 2000-01 as the AHL's longest-tenured head coach at the time. After posting a record of 187-169-39 as head coach with Albany, Cunniff transitioned to New Jersey's scouting staff in 2001.

Cunniff was inducted into the Massachusetts Hockey Hall of Fame in 1997; was named the 1998 Walter Yaciuk Award Winner for his outstanding contribution to USA Hockey's coaching education program and in 2002; was posthumously honored with the USA Hockey Distinguished Achievement Award.

A superb strategist, innovative trainer, and excellent coach, he was among the first U.S. hockey coaches to incorporate international (Russian/European) training and open play-making to successfully coach and mentor some of the best NHL players. He was well known for his voracious reading of military strategy, leadership, and motivational training.

He died from esophageal cancer in Albany, New York and is buried at Cedar Grove Cemetery in Dorchester, Massachusetts.

He was inducted into the Massachusetts Hockey Hall of Fame and the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame.

He was inducted into the Boston College Varsity Club Athletic Hall of Fame in 1978, and his number was retired to the rafters of the Conte Forum at Boston College.

NHL Coaching record
1 playoff appearance, 0 Stanley Cups

title: John Cunniff


text:
Central government

A central government is the government that is a controlling power over a unitary state. Another distinct but sovereign political entity is a federal government, which may have distinct powers at various levels of government, authorized or delegated to it by the federation and mutually agreed upon by each of the federated states.

The structure of central governments varies. Many countries have created autonomous regions by delegating powers from the central government to governments on a sub-national level, such as regional, state, provincial, local and other instances. Based on a broad definition of a basic political system, there are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and government through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution or other law.

Common responsibilities of this level of government which are not granted to lower levels are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Essentially, the central government has the power to make laws for the whole country, in contrast with local governments.

The difference between a central government and a federal government is that the autonomous status of self-governing regions exists by the sufferance of the central government and are often created through a process of devolution. As such they may be unilaterally revoked with a simple change in the law. An example of this was done in 1973 when the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 abolished the government of Northern Ireland which had been created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. It is common for a federal government to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independent states and therefore its powers to affect the status of the balance of powers is significantly smaller (as in the United States). Thus federal governments are often established voluntarily from 'below' whereas devolution grants self-government from above.

Unitary states
There are, and have been, many countries which have delegated powers, some include:
 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
 * People's Republic of China – see autonomous administrative divisions of China
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark – see the autonomous regions of the Faroe Islands and Greenland
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 🇫🇮 Finland – devolved powers to governments of Åland.
 * Republic of China
 * Georgia – see autonomous republics
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * Republic of Korea
 * 🇮🇹 Italy – see autonomous province of Italy
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 🇪🇸 Spain – see autonomous communities
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines - see Provinces of the Philippines
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal – see autonomous regions of Portugal
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom – devolved powers to governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
 * Vietnam

Federations
A federal government is the common or national government of a federation. The United States is considered the first modern federation. After declaring independence from Britain, the U.S. adopted its first constitution, the Articles of Confederation in 1781. This was the first step towards federalism by establishing the confederal Congress. However, Congress was limited as to its ability to pursue economic, military, and judiciary reform. In 1787, a Constitutional Convention drafted the United States Constitution during the Philadelphia Convention. After the ratification of the Constitution by nine states in 1788, the U.S. was officially a federation, putting the U.S. in a unique position where the central government exists by the sufferance of the individual states rather than the reverse.

Other states followed suit in establishing federal governments: Switzerland (1848); Canada (1867); Germany (1871 and again 1949); Brazil (1891); Australia (1901); Russia (1917); Austria (1920 and again 1945) and India (1947 and again 1950). Examples include:

 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 🇦🇺 Australia – states and territories of Australia
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium – see communities, regions and language areas of Belgium
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 🇮🇳 India - States and union territories of India
 * 🇨🇦 Canada – see provinces and territories of Canada
 * 🇩🇪 Germany – see states of Germany
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico – see states of Mexico
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan – see administrative units of Pakistan
 * 🇷🇺 Russia – see federal districts of Russia, federal subjects of Russia
 * Soviet Union – see republics of the Soviet Union
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan – see South Sudan, which is now independent
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland – cantons of Switzerland
 * 🇺🇸 United States – see U.S. states
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela – see states of Venezuela

Confederations

 * 🇺🇸 United States Government under the Articles of Confederation
 * Confederate States of America

title: Central government


text:
Talk:Marcus Antonius (orator)

Untitled
Is "Orator" really part of his name? Ardric47 23:22, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Kind of a weird situation - 1911EB apparently treated it as a cognomen, but today's OCD doesn't. A better alternative might be Marcus Antonious (consul 99 BC), using standard WP disambig rules. Stan 07:12, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd treat it as part of his name & leave the article as is. What we're really deciding here is whether or not we should treat Orator as a true addition to his name, like we do any other cognomina/agnomina (like Africanus or Strabo), or just a nickname, but it's a distinction the Romans weren't really capable of making (at least partly because of the lack of a definite article in Latin).  It only looks odd to us in this instance because his cognomen carries the same meaning in English as it does in Latin.  As far as the Romans were concerned, Marcus Antonius spoke extraordinarily well so they started calling him Orator, and at that point his name became Marcus Antonius Orator.  It's the same as Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo ("Cross-Eyed Gnaeus Pompey") or Marcus Antonius Creticus ("Chalky Marcus Antonius"), neither of which we have a problem accepting as perfectly legitimate cognomina. Binabik80 00:29, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Orator was a cognome commonly given to good rethoricians. That was his case. The article should stay as it is. muriel@pt 19:29, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

As a much later addendum, I would point out that the Romans tended to name their sons after themselves and so these additions served as a real life 'disambiguation' Marcus Antonius Orator, Marcus Antonius Creticus ('in this case meaning something like Cretan-fighter', not 'chalky'), and Marcus Antonius Triumvir are sometimes difficult to tell apart in the epigraphic record because their official name doesn't include the third part (even though ancient authors often included it in the literary records). 134.84.238.179 (talk) 19:09, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Marcus Antonius (orator). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100604012202/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0222.html to http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0222.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080618225810/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0223.html to http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0223.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:08, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marcus Antonius (orator)


text:
Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations

The competitive Lotka–Volterra equations are a simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for some common resource. They can be further generalised to the generalized Lotka–Volterra equation to include trophic interactions.

Overview
The form is similar to the Lotka–Volterra equations for predation in that the equation for each species has one term for self-interaction and one term for the interaction with other species. In the equations for predation, the base population model is exponential. For the competition equations, the logistic equation is the basis.

The logistic population model, when used by ecologists often takes the following form: $${dx \over dt} = rx\left(1-{x \over K}\right).$$

Here $x$ is the size of the population at a given time, $r$ is inherent per-capita growth rate, and $K$ is the carrying capacity.

Two species
Given two populations, $x_{1}$ and $x_{2}$, with logistic dynamics, the Lotka–Volterra formulation adds an additional term to account for the species' interactions. Thus the competitive Lotka–Volterra equations are: $$\begin{align} {dx_1 \over dt} &= r_1 x_1\left(1-\left({x_1+\alpha_{12}x_2 \over K_1}\right) \right) \\[0.5ex] {dx_2 \over dt} &= r_2 x_2\left(1-\left({x_2+\alpha_{21}x_1 \over K_2}\right) \right). \end{align}$$

Here, $α_{12}$ represents the effect species 2 has on the population of species 1 and $α_{21}$ represents the effect species 1 has on the population of species 2. These values do not have to be equal. Because this is the competitive version of the model, all interactions must be harmful (competition) and therefore all α-values are positive. Also, note that each species can have its own growth rate and carrying capacity. A complete classification of this dynamics, even for all sign patterns of above coefficients, is available, which is based upon equivalence to the 3-type replicator equation.

N species
This model can be generalized to any number of species competing against each other. One can think of the populations and growth rates as vectors, $α$'s as a matrix. Then the equation for any species $i$ becomes $$\frac{dx_i}{dt} = r_i x_i \left(1- \frac{\sum_{j=1}^N \alpha_{ij}x_j}{K_i} \right) $$ or, if the carrying capacity is pulled into the interaction matrix (this doesn't actually change the equations, only how the interaction matrix is defined), $$\frac{dx_i}{dt} = r_i x_i \left( 1 - \sum_{j=1}^N \alpha_{ij}x_j \right) $$ where $N$ is the total number of interacting species. For simplicity all self-interacting terms $α_{ii}$ are often set to 1.

Possible dynamics
The definition of a competitive Lotka–Volterra system assumes that all values in the interaction matrix are positive or 0 ($α_{ij} ≥ 0$ for all $i$, $j$). If it is also assumed that the population of any species will increase in the absence of competition unless the population is already at the carrying capacity ($r_{i} > 0$ for all $i$), then some definite statements can be made about the behavior of the system.

 * 1) The populations of all species will be bounded between 0 and 1 at all times ($0 ≤ x_{i} ≤ 1$, for all $i$) as long as the populations started out positive.
 * 2) Smale showed that Lotka–Volterra systems that meet the above conditions and have five or more species (N ≥ 5) can exhibit any asymptotic behavior, including a fixed point, a limit cycle, an n-torus, or attractors.
 * 3) Hirsch   proved that all of the dynamics of the attractor occur on a manifold of dimension N−1.  This essentially says that the attractor cannot have dimension greater than N−1.  This is important because a limit cycle cannot exist in fewer than two dimensions, an n-torus cannot exist in less than n dimensions, and chaos cannot occur in less than three dimensions.  So, Hirsch proved that competitive Lotka–Volterra systems cannot exhibit a limit cycle for N < 3, or any torus or chaos for N < 4.  This is still in agreement with Smale that any dynamics can occur for N ≥ 5.
 * 4) *More specifically, Hirsch showed there is an invariant set C that is homeomorphic to the (N−1)-dimensional simplex $$\Delta_{N-1} = \left \{ x_i : x_i \ge 0, \sum_i x_i = 1 \right \}$$ and is a global attractor of every point excluding the origin. This carrying simplex contains all of the asymptotic dynamics of the system.
 * 5) To create a stable ecosystem the αij matrix must have all positive eigenvalues.  For large-N systems Lotka–Volterra models are either unstable or have low connectivity.  Kondoh and Ackland and Gallagher have independently shown that large, stable Lotka–Volterra systems arise if the elements of $α_{ij}$ (i.e. the features of the species) can evolve in accordance with natural selection.

4-dimensional example

A simple 4-dimensional example of a competitive Lotka–Volterra system has been characterized by Vano et al. Here the growth rates and interaction matrix have been set to

$$r = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0.72 \\ 1.53 \\ 1.27 \end{bmatrix} \quad \alpha = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1.09 & 1.52 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0.44 & 1.36 \\ 2.33 & 0 & 1 & 0.47 \\ 1.21 & 0.51 & 0.35 & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$

with $$K_i=1$$ for all $$i$$. This system is chaotic and has a largest Lyapunov exponent of 0.0203. From the theorems by Hirsch, it is one of the lowest-dimensional chaotic competitive Lotka–Volterra systems. The Kaplan–Yorke dimension, a measure of the dimensionality of the attractor, is 2.074. This value is not a whole number, indicative of the fractal structure inherent in a strange attractor. The coexisting equilibrium point, the point at which all derivatives are equal to zero but that is not the origin, can be found by inverting the interaction matrix and multiplying by the unit column vector, and is equal to

$$\overline{x} = \left ( \alpha \right )^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0.3013 \\ 0.4586 \\ 0.1307 \\ 0.3557 \end{bmatrix}.$$

Note that there are always $x_{4}$ equilibrium points, but all others have at least one species' population equal to zero.

The eigenvalues of the system at this point are 0.0414±0.1903i, −0.3342, and −1.0319. This point is unstable due to the positive value of the real part of the complex eigenvalue pair. If the real part were negative, this point would be stable and the orbit would attract asymptotically. The transition between these two states, where the real part of the complex eigenvalue pair is equal to zero, is called a Hopf bifurcation.

A detailed study of the parameter dependence of the dynamics was performed by Roques and Chekroun in. The authors observed that interaction and growth parameters leading respectively to extinction of three species, or coexistence of two, three or four species, are for the most part arranged in large regions with clear boundaries. As predicted by the theory, chaos was also found; taking place however over much smaller islands of the parameter space which causes difficulties in the identification of their location by a random search algorithm. These regions where chaos occurs are, in the three cases analyzed in, situated at the interface between a non-chaotic four species region and a region where extinction occurs. This implies a high sensitivity of biodiversity with respect to parameter variations in the chaotic regions. Additionally, in regions where extinction occurs which are adjacent to chaotic regions, the computation of local Lyapunov exponents revealed that a possible cause of extinction is the overly strong fluctuations in species abundances induced by local chaos.

Background
There are many situations where the strength of species' interactions depends on the physical distance of separation. Imagine bee colonies in a field. They will compete for food strongly with the colonies located near to them, weakly with further colonies, and not at all with colonies that are far away. This doesn't mean, however, that those far colonies can be ignored. There is a transitive effect that permeates through the system. If colony A interacts with colony B, and B with C, then C affects A through B. Therefore, if the competitive Lotka–Volterra equations are to be used for modeling such a system, they must incorporate this spatial structure.

Matrix organization
One possible way to incorporate this spatial structure is to modify the nature of the Lotka–Volterra equations to something like a reaction–diffusion system. It is much easier, however, to keep the format of the equations the same and instead modify the interaction matrix. For simplicity, consider a five species example where all of the species are aligned on a circle, and each interacts only with the two neighbors on either side with strength $2^{N}$ and $α_{−1}$ respectively. Thus, species 3 interacts only with species 2 and 4, species 1 interacts only with species 2 and 5, etc. The interaction matrix will now be $$\alpha_{ij} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & \alpha_1 & 0 & 0 & \alpha_{-1} \\ \alpha_{-1} & 1 & \alpha_1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \alpha_{-1} & 1 & \alpha_1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \alpha_{-1} & 1 & \alpha_1 \\ \alpha_1 & 0 & 0 & \alpha_{-1} & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$$

If each species is identical in its interactions with neighboring species, then each row of the matrix is just a permutation of the first row. A simple, but non-realistic, example of this type of system has been characterized by Sprott et al. The coexisting equilibrium point for these systems has a very simple form given by the inverse of the sum of the row $$\overline{x}_i = \frac{1}{\sum_{j=1}^N \alpha_{ij}} = \frac{1}{\alpha_{-1} + 1 + \alpha_1}.$$

Lyapunov functions
A Lyapunov function is a function of the system $α_{1}$ whose existence in a system demonstrates stability. It is often useful to imagine a Lyapunov function as the energy of the system. If the derivative of the function is equal to zero for some orbit not including the equilibrium point, then that orbit is a stable attractor, but it must be either a limit cycle or n-torus - but not a strange attractor (this is because the largest Lyapunov exponent of a limit cycle and n-torus are zero while that of a strange attractor is positive). If the derivative is less than zero everywhere except the equilibrium point, then the equilibrium point is a stable fixed point attractor. When searching a dynamical system for non-fixed point attractors, the existence of a Lyapunov function can help eliminate regions of parameter space where these dynamics are impossible.

The spatial system introduced above has a Lyapunov function that has been explored by Wildenberg et al. If all species are identical in their spatial interactions, then the interaction matrix is circulant. The eigenvalues of a circulant matrix are given by $$\lambda_k = \sum_{j=0}^{N-1} c_j\gamma^{kj}$$

for $f = f(x)$ and where $$\gamma = e^{i2\pi/N}$$ the Nth root of unity. Here $k = 0_{N − 1}$ is the jth value in the first row of the circulant matrix.

The Lyapunov function exists if the real part of the eigenvalues are positive ($c_{j}$ for $Re(λ_{k}) > 0$). Consider the system where $k = 0, …, N/2$, $α_{−2} = a$, $α_{−1} = b$, and $α_{1} = c$. The Lyapunov function exists if $$\begin{align} \operatorname{Re}(\lambda_k) &= \operatorname{Re} \left ( 1+\alpha_{-2}e^{i2 \pi k(N-2)/N} + \alpha_{-1}e^{i2 \pi k(N-1)/N} + \alpha_1e^{i2 \pi k/N} + \alpha_2e^{i4 \pi k/N} \right ) \\ &= 1+(\alpha_{-2}+\alpha_2)\cos \left ( \frac{4 \pi k}{N} \right ) + (\alpha_{-1}+\alpha_1)\cos \left ( \frac{2 \pi k}{N} \right ) > 0 \end{align}$$ for $α_{2} = d$. Now, instead of having to integrate the system over thousands of time steps to see if any dynamics other than a fixed point attractor exist, one need only determine if the Lyapunov function exists (note: the absence of the Lyapunov function doesn't guarantee a limit cycle, torus, or chaos).

Example: Let $k = 0, …, N − 1$, $α_{−2} = 0.451$, and $α_{−1} = 0.5$. If $α_{2} = 0.237$ then all eigenvalues are negative and the only attractor is a fixed point. If $α_{1} = 0.5$ then the real part of one of the complex eigenvalue pair becomes positive and there is a strange attractor. The disappearance of this Lyapunov function coincides with a Hopf bifurcation.

Line systems and eigenvalues

It is also possible to arrange the species into a line. The interaction matrix for this system is very similar to that of a circle except the interaction terms in the lower left and upper right of the matrix are deleted (those that describe the interactions between species 1 and N, etc.).

$$\alpha_{ij} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & \alpha_1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \alpha_{-1} & 1 & \alpha_1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \alpha_{-1} & 1 & \alpha_1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \alpha_{-1} & 1 & \alpha_1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \alpha_{-1} & 1 \end{bmatrix}$$

This change eliminates the Lyapunov function described above for the system on a circle, but most likely there are other Lyapunov functions that have not been discovered.

The eigenvalues of the circle system plotted in the complex plane form a trefoil shape. The eigenvalues from a short line form a sideways Y, but those of a long line begin to resemble the trefoil shape of the circle. This could be due to the fact that a long line is indistinguishable from a circle to those species far from the ends.

title: Competitive Lotka–Volterra equations


text:
On a Plain

"On a Plain" is a song by American rock band Nirvana, written by vocalist and guitarist, Kurt Cobain. It is the 11th track on their second album, Nevermind, released in September 1991.

The song was released as a promo single in 1992, peaking at number 25 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart.

Early history
Written in 1990, "On a Plain" was first recorded in the studio on January 1, 1991, at Music Source Studios in Seattle, Washington, by the band's audio engineer, Craig Montgomery. The private session, the band's first with drummer Dave Grohl, led to the versions of "Even in His Youth" and "Aneurysm" that were released as B-sides on the "Smells Like Teen Spirit" single in September 1991. However, the other five songs recorded during the session all featured unfinished lyrics and scratch vocals, such as "On a Plain", or were instrumental.

Nevermind
The song was re-recorded for the band's second album, Nevermind, by Butch Vig in May 1991 at Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, California. Vig later called it "a great pop song," remembering it as "a really new one" that "took a few takes" to complete. The final lyrics were written at Sound City shortly before the vocals were recorded, which led to the line, "What the hell am I trying to say?"

The recording features wordless backing vocals by Grohl. Vig had wanted to end the recording with Grohl's harmonies repeated four times a capella, and originally mixed the song that way, but upon hearing the mix, Cobain decided the song should end after only one pass of the harmonies. Cobain's lead vocals were done in one take.

"On a Plain" was debuted live on May 29, 1991, at Jabberjaw in Los Angeles, California, the show at which Nirvana also debuted the future Nevermind single, "Come As You Are", before "an astonished audience," according to author Charles R. Cross. The show was Nirvana's first since completing work on Nevermind.

Cobain ultimately expressed dissatisfaction with the Nevermind recording, telling Flipside, "That song came out way too clean. I'm not happy with the way that came out at all. It should have been a lot rawer; we play it a lot better live I think."

"On a Plain" was released as a promo single in the summer of 1992, and became a moderate hit.

Post-Nevermind
"On a Plain" was performed during Nirvana's MTV Unplugged appearance at Sony Music Studios in New York City on November 18, 1993. This version featured Pat Smear on second guitar and Lori Goldston on cello.

The song was performed for the final time live at Nirvana's last concert, at Terminal Einz in Munich, Germany on March 1, 1994.

Music
"On a Plain" was recorded in the key of E major, with Cobain's guitar tuned to drop D. The song starts with a noise intro played by Cobain, with an audible handclap. After a short pause the main riff comes in with the power chords D5-G5-F5-E5-F5-E5-D5 played twice then followed by the power chords D5-C5-B5-A5 followed by the first progression again. The chord progressions are played twice for all verses followed by the power chords D5-Gsus2-Bbsus2 for all choruses. After the second chorus a bridge is played with the power chords F5-E5-A5-G5. The song then goes onto the third verse followed by a final chorus which is treated as the outro with the words, "I'm on a plain/I can't complain" being repeated multiple times until all instruments and main vocals start fading out until the last thing that's heard is the repeating, wordless vocal harmony from the chorus.

Lyrics
In a July 1993 interview in New York City, Cobain told English journalist Jon Savage that "On a Plain" was about "classic alienation, I guess," although he then noted he had to change his explanation every time he was asked about the meaning to his songs, saying that his lyrics were largely taken from "pieces of poetry thrown together," and that his poetry was "not usually thematic at all."

The lyric "Don't quote me on that" was a reference to a recurring joke at Sound City around the time it was written. As Grohl explained to biographer Michael Azerrad, "Someone would say something like, 'Where's the mayonnaise?' And someone else would answer, 'It's in the fridge, but don't quote me on that.

In his 1993 book Come As You Are: The Story of Nirvana, Azerrad wrote that the lyric "My mother died every night" was a reference to an abusive relationship Cobain's mother was in while Cobain was a teenager. Azerrad also suggested that the "black sheep" in the song was a reference to Cobain himself.

The lyric "One more special message to go" referred to the fact that "On a Plain" was the last song on Nevermind that Cobain had to complete lyrics for.

Emily Parker of NME described "On a Plain" as "Kurt's most meta moment: a song written about writing a song."

Reception
In her review of Nevermind for Spin, Lauren Spencer cited the "beautifully harmonic" "On a Plain" as one of the songs "you be humming...for the rest of your life."

Legacy
"On a Plain" was listed at number 26 on Rolling Stone's 2015 ranking of 102 Nirvana songs.

In 2017, to mark what would have been Kurt Cobain's 50th birthday, the Phonographic Performance Limited released a list of the top 20 most played Nirvana songs on the TV and radio in the United Kingdom in which "On a Plain" was ranked at number 10.

Nakano Sunplaza version
A live version, recorded at the Nakano Sunplaza in Tokyo, Japan on February 19, 1992, was released as a streaming single in November 2021, to promote the release of the 30th anniversary reissue of Nevermind. The full Nakano Sunplaza performance appeared on the "Super Deluxe" versions of this release.

Reading 1992 version
Another live version, recorded during the band's headlining appearance at the 1992 Reading Festival in Reading, England on August 30, 1992, was released as a promotional single in 2009, to promote the release of the live CD and DVD Live at Reading, released in November 2009. The single was released in the United Kingdom on CD-R.

Personnel
Personnel adapted from Nevermind liner notes
 * Kurt Cobain – guitar, vocals
 * Dave Grohl – drums, backing vocals
 * Krist Novoselic – bass

Other releases

 * A boombox-recorded, full-band demo version, recorded in the spring of 1991 at a barn in Tacoma, Washington the band had converted to a rehearsal space, appeared on disc two of the 20th anniversary "Deluxe" and "Super Deluxe" versions of Nevermind, released in September 2011.
 * Video of another full-band demo version, recorded during the same period and at the same location, was released as after-credits bonus material on the DVD release of Live! Tonight! Sold Out!! in November 2006.
 * An early "Devonshire" mix of the Nevermind version was released on the 20th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of the album.
 * A live version, recorded at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle on October 31, 1991, appeared on the live video, Live at the Paramount, released on DVD and Blu-ray in September 2011.
 * Another live version, recorded at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, the Netherlands on November 25, 1991, appeared on the bonus disc included with the DVD release of Live! Tonight!! Sold Out!! The full concert was released on CD and Blu-ray on the 30th anniversary "Deluxe" and "Super Deluxe" versions of Nevermind in November 2021.
 * The 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" version of Nevermind also featured the band's full performance at The Palace in Melbourne, Australia on February 2, 1992, which featured a version of "On a Plain".
 * A live version, from the band's appearance at the Roskilde Festival in Roskilde, Denmark on June 26, 1992, appeared on Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!, released in November 1994.
 * The MTV Unplugged version of the song appeared on the live album MTV Unplugged in New York, which featured the full show, in November 1994. The performance was released on DVD in November 2007, which featured both an unedited version of the performance and the original MTV broadcast, which was first broadcast in December 1993.
 * Two live versions of "On a Plain," from the band's concerts at the Great Western Forum in Inglewood, California on December 30, 1993, and at the Seattle Center Arena in Seattle on January 7, 1994, appear on the 30th anniversary "Super Deluxe" reissue of Nirvana's final studio album, In Utero, released in October 2023.

Unreleased versions

 * The studio version recorded at Music Source in Seattle on January 1, 1991, remains unreleased.

title: On a Plain


text:
Talk:The Outsiders (novel)

Sodapop's age
Sodapop is a 16 almost 17 small> — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lkz9799 (talk • contribs) 06:55, 16 October 2012 (UTC) \

Socs
I think that "pronounced by the author" is a bit strange wording here, since the book itself says "I'm not sure how you spell it, but it's the abbreviation for the Socials, the jet set, the West-side rich kids." I think this explanation makes it pretty clear that the pronunciation is that of the first syllable of "social" by the text alone; the author's pronunciation is less relevant. 75.72.7.108 (talk) 03:11, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree to this. Perhaps another wording could be, "As clarified by the author..." (13thehappykid (talk) 03:31, 6 June 2016 (UTC))

How old is Bob Sheldon? :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.244.203.48 (talk) 21:45, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Gone with the Wind
I'm not confirmed here, so I can't edit the article, but there's an obvious error with Gone with the Wind having a trailing quotation mark. 75.72.7.108 (talk) 03:11, 25 October 2011 (UTC) gone with the wind old meve — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.255.25.57 (talk) 02:24, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Too short
216.36.17.218 (talk) 02:56, 7 November 2009 (UTC)
 * I feel for an article which covers the film and the novel that this article is far too short and sub-standard in quality. The article should at least include a section for characers, and it's lacking alot of necessary information in the infobox, at least a picture of the book's cover would be a good start. In addition, there's only one source used for this article! I liked the article much better when it looked like . Sure, the plot section is lengthy, but we've improved it since then. If we just return the characters section to this article and make the infobox on the right look more acceptable, I think the article would be perfect.
 * I'm placing an expansion request template on this article until something can be done to expand it.
 * This needs to be divided into different sections... Plot, Characters, Setting... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.125.51.6 (talk) 19:28, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

Too many unnessesary edits

 * This is a post for the people who edit "the outsiders", too many unnessesary edits are happenning. Please use the sandbox for testing.
 * Also please randomly revert other edits.>:O Katsuuu!! (talk)

First line of the novel

 * I edited this to replace a scatalogical reference with the true first line of the novel. In the subsequent vandalism repairs, my first line was also stricken.  Just curious as to why?  A stylistic thing?  - Ddsilver
 * Why do we need the "The book was followed by the 1971 That Was Then, This Is Now" at the bottom? It makes it look like a sequel, which it isn't. Should this be deleted?
 * I believe it should be deleted, because it misleads readers to thinking that it was a sequel. Some people already believe it is, we can't have more thinking so, too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by MargaretMary23 (talk • contribs) 16:43, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

Dystopian novel?

 * I do not agree with The Outsiders being listed as a dystopian novel. It is not set in the future and is not science fiction related at all. I think we should remove it from the list of dystopian novels. - Milk 22:33, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I too think we should remove the Dystopian Novel heading. The only characteristic the book could share with a dystopian novel is that it takes place in a rough neighborhood, but if you actually read the wierdest book the neighborhool actually isn't that bad as Ponyboy explicitly states that most of the gang members don't lock thier doors. Deathawk 20:02, 2 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In some ways, it is a dystopian one in that Dallas dies and is pretty well beyond redemption even before that. As well, just because by Ponyboy's standards the neighborhood isn't "that rough" doesn't mean someone else wouldn't perceive it that way. --24.80.119.229 03:53, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Um, out of curiosity, isn't this a book, not a film? As such, I believe it should go under the WikiProject Novels instea of WikiProject Films...  Amalas 21:51, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
 * There's both a book and a movie. epsilon 04:59, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure, but this Wiki article is "The Outsiders (novel)," not "The Outisders (novel+ film)." (13thehappykid (talk) 02:59, 6 June 2016 (UTC))

Plot summary

 * The Older brothers name is Darryl. Not Darry.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:189:102:72C0:509E:C598:10C1:FC5D (talk) 00:50, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Should this summary be so detailed? It's not very encyclopedic and goes into much more detail than one would expect. --Westendgirl 03:56, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. but it is benefitical for stupid people who don't want to read it. plus, its not that detailed. Well, I like how it's detailed. Ace Fighter 02:24, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Can some one tell me what I'm missing? The section on differences between the book and movie mentions things that I have never seen in the film.  For one, Sodapop's girlfriend.  I've seen the movie dozens of times and never picked this up.  Also Two-Bit's confrontation about (or is it with) Johnny's mother.  Are these extended version details or what? Koth93 20:22, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it's okay for this article to be detailed. It's on the internet so it's not wasting paper and it's useful for people that research these things. Jedi feline 10:16, 20 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Instead of "researching" it, how about actually reading the book? It's not that long. 64.132.218.4 18:37, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It is long, but I read the plot and very important details are left out. Someone had edited it earlier to add these details but they have already been deleted: Darry is seen as just being an angry person who hits his kid brother for no reason (when he certainly isn't) and the part about the trial is completely left out, which is an important part to the ending of the story. I was wondering if there was a reason for this edit by the original writer/another person? As it seems already, the plot is long, but I don't think it would take too much more to make sure the details that count are included.
 * This reads like a 14 year old wrote it for English class. It's full of spelling mistakes and badly-constructed sentences. If I get a chance I'll edit it, but of course everyone else can help a little too.
 * I would have flunked English if I'd written like that at 14 :) But the lovingly detailed physical description of Sodapop is worse. 64.132.218.4 18:36, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It does because it was. S.E. Hinton wrote this book when she was 15 and it was published when she was 16
 * Better now? Good! Spent about half an hour going through everything. You guys are evil, sticking me with that job! Toanyroc (talk) 03:18, 2 April 2009 (UTC)
 * "When he points is empty gun..." should be "When he points his empty gun..." Can a registered user please fix it?*  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.228.76.162 (talk) 03:22, 9 October 2012 (UTC)
 * "Ponyboy runs away after Darry strikes him and meets up with Johnny to run away. Ponyboy calms down and wonders if running away would be a good idea." Too many "run away"s. Also, since the sentence has one subject, namely Ponyboy, and the clause ("Darry strikes him") has a different subject, namely Darry, there is some ambiguity in who meets up with Johnny. Suggestion: "Darry strikes Ponyboy, who runs out and meets up again with Johnny. The two start to plan to run away, but Ponyboy then calms down and wonders if that would be such a good idea." 128.101.152.244 (talk) 19:43, 11 May 2015 (UTC)Scot Adams.

Book scan

 * Any chance of replacing the image of the book with a true scan rather than this rip from Amazon.com? The 66% off mark is very distracting. --Geopgeop 10:11, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. --Cbrown1023 01:58, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
temporary, not sure what's the rule with copyright (but anyway its better than what was before)
 * Pornographic image on the cover as well as some remarks —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Abanamat (talk • contribs) 04:05, 20 March 2007 (UTC).
 * I put another picture instead (there was a pornographic one before)
 * I have deleted the vandalism in the article also. Maybe we should ban PRChinaMan as he is the main culprit of the vandalism. Check here for the history. Aranho 11:16, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * So much vandalism over the last few days: I have got it back to the correct version, as far as I can see, but it could do with soeone familiar with the book going through it and checking. Jomunro (talk) 15:18, 30 October 2008 (UTC)
 * The vandalism levels are getting stupid: we may need to make the page semi-protected Jomunro (talk) 17:10, 8 November 2008 (UTC)
 * This article recieves too much Vandalism, thus I recogmend a weekly checkup on this article. I personally keep a Vandalism-free of the article from the year 2008. I will recover this article when neccesary  —Preceding unsigned comment added by KatsuSan (talk • contribs) 04:31, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Yup, I totally agree. I'm just looking at the past week's history right now, geez that's a lot of vandalism. Thanks Dbratland for restoring it! '''Maximz2005 (Talk) 06:38, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Motorcycling

 * Anyone know why it has a "motorcycling" tag at the bottom? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.233.107.187 (talk) 19:18, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but it doesn't seem to me at all that this novel is somehow related in any way, shape, or form, to motorcycling. Why is it categorized under WikiProject Motorcycling? I may be missing something, but I just read the book, nothing even close to the topic of motorcycling. I hope this isn't vandalism. '''Maximz2005 (Talk) 03:05, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I've removed the category from the article. If this was an incorrect move on my part, please inform me and revert my edit. Sorry for any inconveniences! '''Maximz2005 (Talk) 06:30, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

15 years old?

 * She was not 15, she was 17! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 143.238.244.158 (talk) 10:24, 8 April 2007 (UTC).
 * She was 15 when she wrote it (or started writing it), 17 when it was published. See sources such as, , and . Some sources say that she was 16 when she wrote it; specifically the amazon.com page description for the book, which many sites tend to copy. This may refer to when she actually completed the writing. Regardless, she was not 17 when she wrote it. MarphyBlack 11:13, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Pronounciation of "Socs"
we are studing it an thought it wassocks, but our teachertold u the right way, plus its how it is in the film.Blacksmith2talk 06:00, 21
 * I always thought it was "socks", and so did my whole English class when we were reading this book. Do a lot of people say "soashes"?  Jedi_feline | Talk  06:14, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * A quick Google search of non-Wikipedia, third party sources all indicate that it is pronounced "soashes", not "socks". See . I have not seen the movie, but I believe the word "Socs" had to have been used at least once, so it can be used as an official verification if need be. MarphyBlack 06:45, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, because that's the correct pronunciation. But I must admit that when I first read the book in 7th grade, [mumblety-mumble] years ago, I also thought it was pronounced socks.--Shelf Skewed  Talk  06:47, 6 June 2007 (UTC)
 * "Socs" is short for "Socials", so if "Socials" is pronounced "soashels", "Socs" is pronounced "soashes". My teacher was nailing the "soashes" pronunciation into our heads when we read it. Toanyroc (talk) 03:18, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Not good

 * This may be the most pitiful article on Wikipedia. The talk page is full of people saying I love sodapop, obviously forum posts, and the article has multiple mistakes; wow, this almost meets the criteria for speedy deletion. I fixed 7 or 8 errors (the infobox being one!) yesterday, and have a lot more to fix. I will have to delete all the nonsense on this talk page when I get home. Come on guys, it's wikipedia, not the book club. You can debate whether the cigarettes or the gun started the fire somewhere else. NitrogenTSRH (talk) 15:15, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I deleted all the stuff on the talk page like "sodapop is sexy", now I just have to fix the article...jesus, what is wrong with you people. This isn't a bulletin board. NitrogenTSRH (talk) 21:13, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree 100%. For such an important book, the article is atrocious. Plot summary seems OK, but I was expecting an "influence" or "in popular culture" section.69.60.237.3 (talk) 14:55, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Angela, a briefly mentioned character? Do you even read the books?

 * For your info. Angela is Mark's (Main character of TwTTiN) ex-grilfriend and plays a part in the dance part. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.64.121.36 (talk) 01:54, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * No...she's Bryon's ex-girlfriend. Yellowpianokeys (talk) 10:58, 10 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Angela does not exist in the book "The outsiders", please re-read the book before critisizing this sentence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by KatsuSan (talk • contribs) 02:59, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

References?

 * The 2 ALA references are bad links, how do I remove them? 69.14.91.247 (talk) 21:26, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Character sections

 * I tried cleaning up the main character section for Socs, but it's kind of a big job. I tried reformatting and rewording it but it still needs a lot of help. It sounded before like a 12-year-old wrote it and now it sounds like me trying to fix it up quickly. I understand that this book is studied in most middle schools but I think we need to step it up with the quality of the text.
 * Another thing... was Marcia really Randy's girlfriend? I don't remember any mention of that, and it might just be speculation. She was.
 * Maria is Randy's girlfriend. It is proven in the outsiders book. >:O Katsuuu!! (talk) 02:55, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Poorly written

 * Despite the multiple edits, this article is still written poorly. I'm going to copy-paste the whole thing into a word document and start re-writing it. I'm expecting the re-write to take a long while, so it had better not be reverted once I edit the page =D --Thatguykalem (talk) 11:10, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * This book is assigned reading in thousands of US middle and high schools, and students gravitate here to improve the page with what they learned. Short of getting the page protected (unlikely) the most likely way you could prevent degrading the page is to put at least one appropriate citation at the end of every sentence.  Other editors watching for changes are more likely to revert edits made to phrases that have a specific citation backing them up.  Good luck.  --Dbratland (talk) 15:16, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd recommend a translation of the article in the German Wikipedia.87.188.204.139 (talk) 11:32, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

Greasers

 * An issue has been raised about the capitalization of Greaser. I really do not think this is a big deal, but it should be discussed here, rather than in edit summaries or hidden comments in the plot.  Does anyone have any thoughts? ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  13:52, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

 * It isn't that big of deal, but it is true. I just looked it up to make sure, and every mention of greaser is uncapitalized. Personally, I think that if everything on the page is to be correct, it wouldn't hurt to change this. MargaretMary23 (talk) 16:14, 7 April 2010 (UTC) MargaretMary23

 * While it may not seem a big deal to you, RupublicanJacobite, to those that are long time fans of the book, this inaccuracy is really annoying. I can not figure out, for the life of me, why you continually change summary to reflect incorrect facts. ScoodDrew (talk) 03:34, 26 January 2011 (UTC)ScoodDrew

 * The changes you made went far beyond simply changing the capitalization of Greaser. Your edits amounted to changing the article to reflect your interpretation of the book, which is not acceptable.  In addition, you made the plot summary too long, which is also not acceptable.  Please state here, in clear terms, what edits you think need to be made to the plot, so that other editors can respond. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  05:33, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from 72.201.233.2, 26 October 2010
1)The Socs don't find Ponyboy & Johnny in a vacant lot, the boys go to the park to cool down, where they are found by the Socs. 2)The gun from Dally isn't loaded, it's empty.

72.201.233.2 (talk) 00:16, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. Thanks, Stickee (talk)  02:48, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * fixed it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.201.7.54 (talk) 02:10, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

 * In the book, Dallas says "the gun's loaded." (13thehappykid (talk) 03:15, 6 June 2016 (UTC))

Its place in the YA literature field
I'll see what I can do about fixing this oversight, but I'm astonished that there's essentially nothing about the book's place as a landmark in young adult literature. As an English teacher, I've read numerous survey-reviews of the field that identify Maureen Daly's Seventeenth Summer (1942) as the first YA novel — i.e., written for a teen audience rather than being an adult novel that teens also read — and The Outsiders as the first in the modern genre of problem novels that makes up much of contemporary YA literature. I'm a little busy right now doing my job, but by summer, I hope to tackle this crucial omission. Also, I get the impression a lot of editing has happened in the plot summary section, without anyone's removing the "overly detailed summary" tag. If anything, the opening parts of the summary are less developed than they should be, proportionate to their treatment in the novel, but I'll leave that for a while. We'll whip this thing into shape yet. Lawikitejana (talk) 14:46, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Controversy
I replaced the "Controversy" section that was once a part of this article. It had been removed, but I feel that the controversy of this book is extremely important and therefore merits its own small section in the article. I re-wrote the section a bit so that (hopefully) it's more well-written than it was before, and I replaced the old references with new, more reliable sources. Hopefully doing so will help the "Controversy" section remain a part of this article. If not, I tried my best, and I take full responsibility for re-adding it even after someone deleted it. Sweet Brunette (talk) 02:53, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 21 December 2012
The edition listed as the first, with ISBN 0670532576, is NOT the true first edition. ISBNs were not used in the U.S. prior to 1970 (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/In_what_year_were_ISBN_codes_first_placed_upon_books). Later printings often give only the original copyright date, as is the case with this edition.

50.105.152.114 (talk) 19:58, 21 December 2012 (UTC)
 * This is not actualy listed as being the first edition. I have amended the text to make that clearer. Thanks for your suggestion. -- Dianna (talk) 16:28, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 January 2014
The last name of the character Randy Anderson is misspelled "Adderson."

96.255.179.151 (talk) 20:58, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: While the credits of the 1983 film list his name as Randy Anderson, his last name is in fact Adderson in the novel. -- El Hef  ( Meep? ) 00:36, 26 January 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 June 2016
change Johnny's age from 14 to 16

Lucy.mcdd (talk) 14:07, 19 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done st170e talk 13:12, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 September 2016
108.35.228.155 (talk) 23:44, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

The gang isn't called the greasers, the group of people is called the greasers. The gang has no name.
 * If you can back this up with a reliable source (best probably to cite a passage in the book that claims this?), we can make the edit. — Andy W. ( talk ) 23:29, 12 October 2016 (UTC)

Reception/Legacy
It is strange that this entry has nothing on reception and legacy of a book that is really iconic in the field of young adult fiction, assigned reading in classrooms for decades, and a big influence on a lot of writers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.243.147 (talk) 00:52, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I had never heard of this book before today, when I read an article telling about its influence and claiming that it ws the best selling YA novel ever (What about H. Potter books?). I came here to see more; how-ever, almost two years after the above comment, there is nothing about reception/legacy/impact.  The article that led me here is https://timeline.com/outsiders-fifty-years-teenager-9a06e2dc91ba . There is also an article from 2007 in New York Times, which says "Long credited with changing the way Y.A. fiction is written, Hinton’s novel changed the way teenagers read as well, empowering a generation to demand stories that reflected their realities." (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/books/review/Peck-t.html)  It also has a Cliff's Notes book.Kdammers (talk) 06:04, 19 April 2019 (UTC)

Darrell is not 20 years old
Keith Matthews (Two-Bit) is said to be the "oldest of the gang" at 18 and a half years old. Darrell is said to "look like he could be 20" but he isn't directly stated to be. He has to be younger than Two-bit and older than Sodapop, who is sixteen going on seventeen. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.118.112.227 (talk) 22:12, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 January 2019
Plot Ponyboy cutis is the youngest brother of 3 brothers his parents died in a car crash and the oldest brother Darry is left to care for him and the 2nd older brother Sodapop. They are all greasers and are constantly getting into rumbles (gang fights) one-day ponyboy gets into a fight with Darry and runs off with his friend Jonhhy they get into an encounter with some Socs(socials, rich kids) and Jonhy kills one of them they then run off to an old abandoned church where a fire starts and Jonny gets hurt and eventually dies of his wounds Onebigboy (talk) 19:29, 22 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. cymru.lass (talk • contribs) 19:40, 22 January 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 March 2020
bob also tried to kill ponyboy 209.250.178.123 (talk) 15:57, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. — KuyaBriBri Talk 16:44, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 September 2021
The 'In popular culture' section reads quite clumsily and is difficult to understand. I recommend changing 'two factions, The Greasers and the Preppies/Preps, who both have major roles in the game, are based on The Outsiders’ Greaser and Socs factions respectively' to 'the game's two main gangs, the Greasers and the Preppies/Preps, are based on The Outsiders' greasers and Socs factions respectively'.

Additionally, the sentence following the above says 'he' without qualifying who said pronoun is referring to. An article on the Bully Fandom site attributes a quote referencing The Outsiders to the character Norton Williams. Additionally, this page from the Fandom site acknowledges that there are more references to The Outsiders in the game. While not a primary source, I hope both of these pages provide enough evidence, especially considering the 'In popular culture' section has no sources linked yet anyway. As such, the sentence can just be changed from 'On occasion, while starting a fight with a Greaser, he may say "Heads up, Ponyboy"' to 'Additionally, numerous Greasers in the game quote or reference The Outsiders during gameplay.' I do not see a need to be specific but I have seen specific references mentioned on other Wikipedia pages so it is at the editor's discretion.

Lastly, it seems many reports of vandalism are from 2008 and 2009. As many before me have pointed out on this talk page, the article should be longer considering its place in the curriculum of many schools and how influential a novel it is. Perhaps making the article no longer semi-protected would benefit its growth. It might be worth trialling the opening of the article to public edits for a short time and monitoring it for any unwanted changes. 210.50.218.18 (talk) 05:43, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 March 2023
I would like to make changes because some information is wrong Outsiders43106 (talk) 17:24, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

Not done: this is not the right page to request additional user rights. You may reopen this request with the specific changes to be made and someone may add them for you, or if you have an account, you can wait until you are autoconfirmed and edit the page yourself. DonQuixote (talk) 17:31, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Outsiders (novel)


text:
Music of Alaska

The music of Alaska (Iñupiaq: Alaaskam atuutiŋit) is a broad artistic field incorporating many cultures in the U.S. state of Alaska.

History and overview
Alaska's original music belongs to the Inupiaq, Aleut, Tlingit, and other Alaska Native communities. Russian, English and Irish immigrants brought their own varieties of folk music. Alaska was home to some of the United States' renowned performers, such as the singer Jewel (who had two No. 2 Hot 100 hits, including "You Were Meant for Me" and "Foolish Games"), and Hobo Jim, who was legislatively declared "Alaska's state balladeer". Traditional Aleut flautist Mary Youngblood, singer-songwriter Libby Roderick, the traditional performing group Pamyua, and performing artist Karrie Pavish Anderson also identify as Alaskan. Alaska also has a prominent metal and rock scene. Metalcore band 36 Crazyfists originated in Alaska, as did indie rock bands Portugal. The Man and The Builders and the Butchers.

Folk
The Alaska Folk Festival, held in early April in Juneau is among the state's most well-attended music festivals. The Fairbanks Folk Fest annual "Summer and Winter Music Fests" and the Anchorage Folk Festival are also well known in their areas. The Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, also held in Fairbanks (since 1983) is described "a testament to the far-reaching appeal of traditional music" in the Country Music Lover's Guide to the U.S.A.; the festival features Athabascan and Inuit fiddlers.

Classical
The most prominent symphony orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra. The Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra has served the Interior since 1958, and its traveling arm, the Arctic Chamber Orchestra, regularly tours rural Alaska, as well as occasional international trips. The Juneau Symphony is another notable institution which was founded in 1962. Youth orchestras include the Anchorage Youth Symphony.

Alaska also is home to a notable chamber music festivals, including the Sitka Music Festival Alaska's premier chamber music presenter who has presented in over 42 Alaskan communities with the mission of providing the finest classical Music experience in Alaska through performance and education. The festival is led by Grammy-winning cellist, Zuill Bailey and presents over 30 of the world's leading classical musicians in Alaska each year.

Alaska is also home to the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, and the Anchorage Chamber Music Festival. The Juneau Jazz & Classics Festival is a 10-day annual event, offering both formal and informal concerts in classical, jazz and blues music, including workshops for musicians of all ages, youth concerts, outreach activities, and community interaction with the featured artists.

Opera
The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, however there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well. The Juneau Lyric Opera, a volunteer company, was founded in 1974 and presents concerts, choral workshops, and fully staged opera in Juneau and Southeast Alaska.

Country
Country music in Alaska is very popular, in part due to the influx of oilfield employment from the southern US. Popular local groups include the Ken Peltier Band.

Rap
Alaska began to see a flourishing scene of underground rappers in the late 1990s and early 2000s as the state's black population began to grow steadily. Despite the increase in crime and the presence of drug trafficking, numerous artists began to see their music flourish in both Black and Pacific Islander communities as Alaska became a melting pot of urban culture from the influx of residents from the continental United States.

Rock
The Anchorage community organizes several festival shows each summer, usually at Cuddy Family Park's small amphitheater. The festivals typically feature performances by local punk, rock, and metal bands, although groups specializing in other genres such as rockabilly and noise have also made appearances. The shows are loosely organized and community driven. Non-musical attractions have included circus acts, auctions, barbecues, and bike sports. Festivals are typically given a unique nickname, rather than sharing a common title (e.g. "Anchorage Festival of Unpopular Music" or "Bunk Rock Picnic"). Some notable local bands include Nervus Rex, I Like Robots, Danger Money, who, in 2017 and 2020 were voted best cover band in Alaska by readers of the Anchorage Press; and 2019 and 2020 by the Anchorage Daily News. Members of that band also perform as an acoustic-pop duo, Danger & Diva.

Acoustic Pop
Rebel Blues are a 3-piece acoustic blues band whose music is based around acoustic guitar. Danger & Diva perform contemporary pop/rock on acoustic guitar, including unusual arrangements of songs by the likes of Miley Cyrus, Britney Spears, Adele, Lady Gaga, and the like. They are a spin-off of the band Danger Money (Bill Little and Jennifer Brown).

More history
The first big flowering of rock (and specifically punk rock and alternative) was in the early 1980s with the arrival of Skate Death, and their contemporaries The Clyng-Onz and Psychedelic Skeletons. (source here)

In the 1990s the alternative band the Drunk Poets influenced the Alaskan music scene.

Anchorage is home to several over 21 and all ages venues including Chilkoot Charlie's, The Tap Root public house, and The Paddleboat Cafe.

Wasilla also has a thriving night life with several venues to choose from. The Rock Music & Sports Grill features many local bands and draws an interesting mix of performers for open mic shows. New to Wasilla is Club Hydro at The MatSu Resort, where local and out of state bands have been able to bring their talent to Alaska. Four Corners, MugShot, and Chepos also provide live entertainment.

Fairbanks has been the home of a wealth of bands of an incredible variety, especially considering its small population. Bands such as Paper Scissors, Work, Granddad, The Avery Wolves, Rebecca K. File, Joe Ransdell-Green, You're Fired, Slow and Painful, Say Yes, Annie Where the Sun Don't Shine, Eating For Two, Mr. McFeely, 37SCDW and Searching for the Real. Feeding Frenzy and Young Fangs were part of a Paste Magazine 50 States project and received shining reviews. The Scurvies are an Alaska legend and have gone to tour the Lower 48, accumulating a die-hard national following.

The Summer Meltdown festival is an all day, out doors festival in Anchorage featuring mostly local acts in Metal, Rock and occasionally Hip-Hop. The Alaskan band 36 Crazyfists have headlined the festival since its inception in 2005 along with other acts, such as Twelve Tribes and Subconscious, with the exception of 2008 when Poison the Well and MxPx headlined the festival, marking the first time 36 Crazyfists has not headlined.

Ignite Alaska was a music festival in Fairbanks, Alaska. It lasted two days featuring headliners such as Thousand Foot Krutch, RED, and Manafest as well as local bands from Anchorage and Fairbanks. It was a Christ-based festival with speaker, Blaise Foret, and a band leading worship songs. This event was held at the Carlson Center.

Missing in Alaska (2011-2017), a metalcore band in San Antonio, Texas, has based their name on the state.

Clucking Blossom
There have been five Clucking Blossom Festivals held in Fairbanks in May 2005 – 2009. Though not related to the Angry Young and Poor Festival, some individuals who were involved in Angry Young and Poor became associated with the Clucking Blossom Festival because the scene is tightly knit. One of the ideas that fuels Clucking Blossom is to allow all the bands in Fairbanks to share a stage, combining acoustic music, bluegrass, punk, hip hop, metal and rock bands. This also gave people under 21 a chance to see bands that usually only perform in bars, as Fairbanks has an unfortunate few venues for live music. The event is open to everyone and there are events planned specifically for young children, as well as political presentations, a parade, (loosely) organized discussions and public art of all kinds.

Make-a-Scene!
Make-a-Scene! (or MaS!) was an Alaskan music venue located in Wasilla. Make-a-Scene! also held annual summer music festivals for several years. MaS! is also known in the Mat-Su Valley for its publication, ''Make-a-Scene! Magazine'', which focuses on Alaskan musicians, poetry, art, politics and film.

title: Music of Alaska


text:
Craig

Craig may refer to:

Geology

 * Craig (landform), a rocky hill or mountain often having large chasms or sharp indentations

People (and fictional characters)

 * Craig (surname)
 * Craig (given name)

Scotland

 * Craig, Angus, aka Barony of Craigie

United States

 * Craig, Alaska, a city
 * Craig, Colorado, a city
 * Craig, Indiana, an unincorporated place
 * Craig, Iowa, a city
 * Craig, Missouri, a city
 * Craig, Montana, an unincorporated place
 * Craig, Nebraska, a village
 * Craig, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Craig County, Virginia
 * Craig County, Oklahoma
 * Craig Township (disambiguation) (two places)

New Zealand

 * Port Craig, a former logging town in Fiordland, Southland

Other uses

 * Craig (song)
 * Craig Electronics, a consumer electronics company
 * Craig Broadcast Systems, later Craig Media and finally Craig Wireless, a defunct Canadian media and communication company
 * Clan Craig, a Scottish clan
 * Craig tube, a piece of scientific apparatus

title: Craig


text:
Talk:Music of Alaska

Untitled
Several moderately-well-known modern (rock/alternative/etc.) artists are from Alaska, too. If someone with pop culture awareness wants to add that info to this article, I'm sure it would be helpful. cluth 10:54, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music of Alaska


text:
CBS Sports

CBS Sports is the sports division of the American television broadcaster CBS. Its headquarters are in the CBS Building on W 52nd Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, with programs produced out of Studios 43 and 44 of the CBS Broadcast Center on W 57th Street.

CBS' premier sports properties include the WNBA, NFL, Big Ten football, NCAA Division I college basketball (including alternating-year telecasts of the NCAA men's basketball tournament), PGA Tour golf, the Masters Tournament, the PGA Championship, and the UEFA Champions League.

CBS Sports was honored at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Synchronous Enhancement of Original Television Content for Interactive Use for its program March Madness on Demand.

Current programs
XLIV, XLVII, 50, LIII, LV, LVIII, LXII, and LXVI
 * PGA Tour on CBS (1956–present)
 * The Masters (1956–present) (co-production with ESPN since 2008)
 * PGA Championship (1991–present) (co-production with ESPN since 2020)
 * CBS Sports Spectacular (1960–present)
 * NCAA on CBS
 * College Football on CBS Sports (1950–present)
 * Sun Bowl (1968–present)
 * Army–Navy Game (1962–1963, 1982, 1984–1990, 1996–present)
 * Mountain West on CBS (2020–present)
 * Big Ten on CBS (1982–1986, 2023–present) (co-production with Fox Sports and NBC Sports)
 * Big Ten Football Championship Game (2024, 2028)
 * College Basketball on CBS (1981–present)
 * NCAA tournament (1982–present, national championship every other year since 2016) (co-production with TNT Sports and National Collegiate Athletic Association)
 * Semifinals and Finals of Big Ten men's basketball tournament (1998–present)
 * Finals of Big Ten women's basketball tournament (2024–present)
 * NFL on CBS (1956–1993, 1998–present)
 * The NFL Today (1961–1993, 1998–present)
 * Super Bowl: I (shared with NBC), II, IV, VI, VIII, X, XII, XIV, XVI, XVIII, XXI, XXIV, XXVI, XXXV, XXXVIII, XLI,
 * NFL on Nickelodeon (2021–present) (co-production with Nickelodeon and CBS Sports)
 * NFL Slimetime (2021–present) (co-production with Nickelodeon and CBS Sports)
 * PBR on CBS (2012–present)
 * Big3 (2019–present)
 * Tennis on CBS
 * World TeamTennis (2019–2020)
 * Davis Cup (2020–present) (USA matches only for qualifiers)
 * Soccer on CBS Sports
 * NWSL (2020–present)
 * UEFA Champions League (2020–present)
 * UEFA Champions League final (2021–present)
 * UEFA Europa League (2020–present)
 * UEFA Europa Conference League (2021–present)
 * UEFA Super Cup (2020–present)
 * English Football League (2024–present)
 * Championship
 * League One
 * League Two
 * Cup
 * Trophy (final only)
 * Serie A (2021–present)
 * AFC Asian Cup (2024–present)
 * Women's Super League (2022–present)
 * USL Championship (2024-present)
 * WNBA (2020–present)
 * Formula E (2021–present)
 * Combate Global (2021–present)

Former programs

 * Major League Baseball on CBS (1947–1951, 1955–1965, 1990–1993)
 * World Series: (Games 3 and 4), –, –
 * NBA on CBS (1973–1990)
 * NBA Christmas Special (1973–1990)
 * NBA Playoffs (1973–1990)
 * NBA Finals (1973–1990)
 * Thoroughbred Racing on CBS (1952–1985)
 * Kentucky Derby (1952–1974)
 * Preakness Stakes (1960–1976)
 * Belmont Stakes (1960–1985)
 * Little League World Series (1953)
 * College Football on CBS
 * Orange Bowl (1953–1961; 1996–1998)
 * Gator Bowl (1956–1963, 1986–1987, 2007–2010)
 * Cotton Bowl Classic (1958–1992, 1996–1998)
 * Blue-Gray Football Classic (1965)
 * Fiesta Bowl (1974–1977, 1996–1998)
 * Blockbuster/CarQuest Bowl (1991–1995)
 * Peach Bowl (1978–1985)
 * Pac-10 Conference (1982–1986)
 * College Football Association (1982–1990)
 * Big East Conference (1996–2000)
 * Navy–Notre Dame (1996–2018, even-numbered years only)
 * Mountain West Championship Game (2013–2014)
 * Division I-AA Championship Game (1982, 1990–1994)
 * Arizona Bowl (2020)
 * SEC on CBS (First pick of SEC games, 1996–2023)
 * SEC Championship Game (2001–2023)
 * NHL on CBS (1956–1960, 1966–1972, and 1980)
 * Showtime Championship Boxing (1986–2023) (co-production with Showtime Networks)
 * Inside the NFL (2008–2023) (co-production with Showtime Networks)
 * Olympics on CBS
 * Winter Olympic Games (1960, 1992, 1994, 1998)
 * Summer Olympic Games (1960)
 * Olympics on TNT (1992, 1994, 1998) (co-production with Turner Sports)
 * NASCAR on CBS (1960–2000)
 * Daytona 500 (1979–2000)
 * National Professional Soccer League (1967)
 * Tennis on CBS
 * US Open (1968–2014)
 * Dockers / Visa Open (1994–2009)
 * French Open (1980–1982)
 * Miami Open (2000–2013)
 * US Open Series (2004–2014)
 * Soccer on CBS Sports
 * North American Soccer League (1969, 1974–1976)
 * 1974 FIFA World Cup
 * Major Indoor Soccer League
 * NCAA Men's Soccer Championship
 * Formula One (1960-1961, 1977–1981, 1983–1988, 2005–2006)
 * NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship (1982–1995)
 * NCAA Tightrope Championships (1985–2003)
 * Tour de France (1987–2010)
 * College World Series on CBS (1988–2002)
 * Championship Auto Racing Teams (1989–1991, 2002–2003, 2005–2007)
 * Indy Racing League (1997–1998)
 * Superstar Racing Experience (2021–2022)
 * Professional Bowlers Tour (1998–1999)
 * Title Night (1998) (co-production with Turner Sports)
 * PGA Tour on CBS
 * LPGA Championship (1999–2005)
 * Senior Players Championship (2001–2006)
 * Kraft Nabisco Championship (2006–2010)
 * English Open (1996–2009)
 * American Le Mans Series (2005–2006, 2010)
 * Elite Xtreme Combat (2008)
 * Strikeforce (2009–2010)
 * Major League Lacrosse (2013–2017)
 * Arena Football League on CBS (2013–2018)
 * Alliance of American Football (2019)
 * Major League Rugby Finals (2019–2021)

Play-by-play

 * NFL on CBS – Jim Nantz, Ian Eagle, Kevin Harlan, Andrew Catalon, Spero Dedes, Tom McCarthy, Chris Lewis, Beth Mowins
 * PGA Tour on CBS – Jim Nantz, Andrew Catalon
 * College Football on CBS Sports – Brad Nessler, Tom McCarthy, Rich Waltz, Chris Lewis, John Sadak
 * College Basketball on CBS Sports – Ian Eagle, Kevin Harlan, Spero Dedes, Andrew Catalon, Carter Blackburn, Brad Nessler, John Sadak, Tom McCarthy, Rich Waltz, Chris Lewis
 * NCAA March Madness – Ian Eagle, Brian Anderson, Kevin Harlan, Brad Nessler, Spero Dedes, Andrew Catalon, Lisa Byington, Tom McCarthy
 * Soccer on CBS - Clive Tyldesley, Andres Cordero, Chris Wittyngham, Adrian Garcia Marquez, JP Dellacamera, Jacqui Oatley, Jenn Hildreth
 * BIG3 – Brian Custer, Carter Blackburn, Ed Cohen
 * WNBA - Lisa Byington, Jordan Kent

Color commentators

 * NFL on CBS – Tony Romo, Charles Davis, Trent Green, Tiki Barber, Matt Ryan, Adam Archuleta, James Lofton, Jay Feely, Jason McCourty, Ross Tucker, Gene Steratore
 * PGA Tour on CBS – Ian Baker-Finch, Trevor Immelman, Frank Nobilo
 * College Football on CBS Sports – Gary Danielson, Jason McCourty, Ross Tucker, Aaron Taylor, Gene Steratore
 * College Basketball on CBS Sports - Grant Hill, Clark Kellogg, Bill Raftery, Dan Bonner, Jim Spanarkel, Steve Lappas, Gene Steratore, Pete Gillen, Avery Johnson, Jay Wright
 * NCAA March Madness – Grant Hill, Bill Raftery, Jim Jackson, Jim Spanarkel, Dan Bonner, Stan Van Gundy, Brendan Haywood, Debbie Antonelli, Steve Lappas, Steve Smith, Avery Johnson, Gene Steratore
 * Soccer on CBS - Robert Green, Ray Hudson, Matteo Bonetti, Maurice Edu, Marcelo Balboa, Janelly Farías, Kaylyn Kyle, Aly Wagner, Lori Lindsey
 * BIG3 – Jim Jackson, Lisa Leslie (when not coaching), Avery Johnson
 * WNBA - Julianne Viani-Braen, Isis Young

Reporters

 * NFL on CBS – Tracy Wolfson, Evan Washburn, Melanie Collins, A. J. Ross, Amanda Renner, Aditi Kinkhabwala, Tiffany Blackmon, Amanda Guerra, Justin Walters, Jay Feely
 * The NFL Today – Jonathan Jones
 * PGA Tour on CBS – Dottie Pepper, Colt Knost, Amanda Renner
 * College Football on CBS Sports – Jenny Dell, Sherree Burress
 * College Basketball on CBS - Tracy Wolfson, Jamie Erdahl, Dana Jacobson, Evan Washburn
 * NCAA March Madness – Tracy Wolfson, Allie LaForce, Evan Washburn, Lauren Shehadi, Dana Jacobson, A. J. Ross, Jamie Erdahl,
 * BIG3 – Rachel DeMita
 * Soccer on CBS - Jules Breach, Guillem Balagué, Raphael Honigstein, Nico Cantor, Jenny Chiu, Aaron West, Christine Cupo, Marisa Pilla
 * WNBA - A. J. Ross, Tiffany Blackmon, Tina Cervasio, Emily Proud

Studio hosts

 * The NFL Today – James Brown, Nate Burleson
 * College Football on CBS Sports – Adam Zucker, Brent Stover
 * Inside College Basketball – Greg Gumbel, Adam Zucker, Brent Stover
 * Road to the Final Four – Greg Gumbel, Ernie Johnson, Adam Zucker, Adam Lefkoe, Nabil Karim
 * Soccer on CBS – Kate Abdo, Jules Breach, Poppy Miller

Studio Analysts

 * The NFL Today – Bill Cowher, Nate Burleson, J. J. Watt, Matt Ryan, Jonathan Jones
 * College Football on CBS Sports – Brian Jones, Rick Neuheisel, Aaron Taylor
 * Inside College Basketball – Clark Kellogg, Seth Davis, Wally Szczerbiak, Jay Wright
 * Road to the Final Four – Clark Kellogg, Seth Davis, Wally Szczerbiak, Charles Barkley, Kenny Smith, Candace Parker, Jay Wright
 * Soccer on CBS - Thierry Henry, Jamie Carragher, Peter Schmeichel, Micah Richards, Alex Scott, Julien Laurens, Lianne Sanderson, Roberto Martinez, Giuseppe Rossi, Mike Grella, Marco Messina, Clint Dempsey, Oguchi Onyewu, Charlie Davies

Play-by-play

 * NFL on CBS – Marv Albert, Brian Anderson, Gary Bender, Jack Buck, Don Criqui, Bob Costas, Mike Emrick, Dick Enberg, Frank Glieber, Mike Gorman, Greg Gumbel, Gus Johnson, Craig Bolerjack, Verne Lundquist, Bill Macatee, Sean McDonough, Al Michaels, Brent Musburger, Jim McKay, Tim Ryan, Ted Robinson, Ray Scott, Chris Schenkel, Vin Scully, Dick Stockton, Pat Summerall, Chris Schenkel, Dave Sims, Gary Thorne, Steve Zabriskie
 * Thursday Night Football – Jim Nantz, Greg Gumbel, Ian Eagle, Kevin Harlan
 * PGA Tour on CBS – Sean McDonough, Brent Musburger, Vin Scully, Pat Summerall, Bill Macatee, Verne Lundquist
 * College Football on CBS Sports – Gary Bender, Craig Bolerjack, Don Criqui, Frank Glieber, Verne Lundquist, Brent Musburger, Noah Eagle
 * College Basketball on CBS – Gary Bender, Bob Carpenter, Irv Cross, Jim Durham, Mike Emrick, Dick Enberg, Frank Glieber, Mike Gorman, Bill Macatee, Jim McKay, Sean McDonough, Brent Musburger, Jim Nantz, Tim Ryan, Ted Robinson, Ray Scott, Chris Schenkel, Vin Scully, Dave Sims, Pat Summerall, Michele Tafoya, Gary Thorne, Steve Zabriskie
 * Major League Baseball on CBS – Jack Buck, Dizzy Dean, Sean McDonough, Vin Scully, Dick Stockton
 * NBA on CBS – Gary Bender, Bob Carpenter, Irv Cross, Jim Durham, Mike Emrick, Dick Enberg, Frank Glieber, Mike Gorman, Jim McKay, Sean McDonough, Brent Musburger, Tim Ryan, Ted Robinson, Ray Scott, Chris Schenkel, Vin Scully, Dave Sims, Pat Summerall, Gary Thorne, Steve Zabriskie
 * NHL on CBS – Dan Kelly, Bud Palmer
 * Olympics on CBS – Phil Liggett, Brad Nessler, Bud Palmer, Tim Ryan, Chris Schenkel, Al Trautwig
 * NASCAR on CBS – Chris Economaki, Mike Joy, Ken Squier, Bill Stephens
 * Tennis on CBS – Bud Collins, Ian Eagle, Dick Enberg, Frank Glieber, Bill Macatee, Sean McDonough, Ted Robinson, Jim Nantz, Pat O'Brien, Tim Ryan, Brent Musburger, Vin Scully, Ken Squier, Pat Summerall
 * SRX - Allen Bestwick
 * Tour de France – Phil Liggett, John Tesh, Al Trautwig
 * National Professional Soccer League – Jack Whitaker

Analysts

 * NFL on CBS – Terry Bradshaw, Irv Cross, Dan Dierdorf, John Madden, Tom Brookshier, Frank Gifford, Hank Stram, Pat Summerall, Solomon Wilcots, Bruce Arians, Steve Tasker, Dan Fouts, Rich Gannon
 * NFL on Nickelodeon - Gabrielle Nevaeh Green, Iain Armitage, Rob Gronkowski
 * The NFL Today - Irv Cross, Phyllis George, Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder, Jayne Kennedy, Jack Whitaker, Charlsie Cantey, Dan Dierdorf, Ken Stabler, Dan Fouts, Dick Butkus, Will McDonough, Terry Bradshaw, Lesley Visser, Pat O'Brien, Jim Gray, Matt Millen, Marcus Allen, Brent Jones, George Seifert, Michael Lombardi, Craig James, Randy Cross, Jerry Glanville, Mike Ditka, Deion Sanders, Dan Marino, Boomer Esiason, Shannon Sharpe, Tony Gonzalez, Bart Scott, Phil Simms, Jason La Canfora, Jim Rome
 * Thursday Night Football – Tony Romo, Phil Simms, Marshall Faulk, Steve Mariucci, Michael Irvin, Kurt Warner, LaDainian Tomlinson, Bill Cowher, Deion Sanders, Willie McGinest, Trent Green, Dan Fouts, Rich Gannon
 * PGA Tour on CBS – Ken Venturi
 * College Football on CBS – Craig James, Rich Perez
 * College Basketball on CBS – Al McGuire, Quinn Buckner, Stephen Bardo, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Bill Walton, Doug Collins, Rick Barry, Billy Cunningham, Tom Heinsohn, Rod Hundley, Bill Russell, Mendy Rudolph, Sonny Hill, Oscar Robertson, Steve Kerr, Matt Guokas, Larry Conley, Chris Webber
 * Major League Baseball on CBS – Jim Kaat, Tim McCarver
 * NBA on CBS – Al McGuire, Quinn Buckner, Stephen Bardo, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Bill Walton, Doug Collins, Rick Barry, Billy Cunningham, Tom Heinsohn, Rod Hundley, Bill Russell, Mendy Rudolph, Sonny Hill, Oscar Robertson, Steve Kerr, Matt Guokas, Larry Conley
 * NHL on CBS – Fred Cusick
 * NASCAR on CBS – Buddy Baker, Neil Bonnett, David Hobbs, Ned Jarrett
 * Tennis on CBS – Julie Anthony, Mary Carillo, Jim Courier, Julie Heldman, Jack Kramer, John McEnroe, Patrick McEnroe, Tony Trabert
 * National Professional Soccer League – Danny Blanchflower
 * SRX - Willy T. Ribbs, Conor Daly

Reporters

 * NFL on CBS – Lesley Visser, Pat O'Brien, Jim Gray, Irv Cross, Will McDonough, Armen Keteyian, Michele Tafoya, Bonnie Bernstein, Jamie Erdahl, Jenny Dell, John Schriffen
 * Thursday Night Football – Jenny Dell, Tracy Wolfson, Evan Washburn, Jamie Erdahl, Stacey Dales
 * NFL on Nickelodeon – Lex Lumpkin
 * PGA Tour on CBS – Dick Enberg
 * College Football on CBS – Sam Ryan, Tracy Wolfson, Allie LaForce, John Schriffen, Jamie Erdahl
 * College Basketball on CBS – Bonnie Bernstein, Sam Ryan, Michele Tafoya, Solomon Wilcots, Rachel Nichols, Otis Livingston, John Schriffen, Jamie Erdahl, Lisa Byington
 * Major League Baseball on CBS – Jim Gray
 * NASCAR on CBS – Dave Despain,
 * Olympics on CBS – Harry Reasoner, Mary Carillo, Lesley Visser, Michael Barkann, Craig James, Darren Pang
 * SRX - Willy T. Ribs, Matt Yocum
 * Tennis on CBS – Jill Arrington, Bonnie Bernstein, John Dockery, Mary Joe Fernández, Andrea Joyce, Summer Sanders, Michele Tafoya, Lesley Visser, Tracy Wolfson

Studio hosts

 * The NFL Today – Frank Gifford, Brent Musburger, Jack Whitaker, Jim Nantz, Greg Gumbel
 * College Football on CBS – Tim Brando, Greg Gumbel, Brent Musburger
 * NBA on CBS - Jim Nantz, Dick Stockton, Brent Musburger, Pat O'Brien, Sam Ryan
 * College Basketball on CBS – Jim Nantz, Dick Stockton, Brent Musburger, Pat O'Brien, Sam Ryan
 * CBS Sports Spectacular – Jack Whitaker, Dick Stockton, Brent Musburger, John Tesh
 * Thursday Night Football – James Brown, Rich Eisen
 * SRX – Lindsay Czarniak

Behind the scenes

 * Don Robertson

Presidents of CBS Sports

 * Robert Wussler (1976–1978)
 * Frank M. Smith, Jr. (1978–1980)
 * Van Gordon Sauter (1980–1981)
 * Neal Pilson (1981–1984)
 * Peter Lund (1984 –1986)
 * Neal Pilson (1986–1994)
 * David Kenin (1994 –1996)
 * Sean McManus (1996–2013)
 * David Berson (2013–present)

CBS Sports Network
CBS Sports Network is a sports-oriented American digital cable and satellite channel that is operated by Paramount Global through CBS Sports. Launched as the National College Sports Network in 2002, then renamed as College Sports Television in 2003, CBS's then-parent company Viacom acquired the network in 2005 and later renamed it CBS College Sports Network in 2008. The network had always focused on college sports, but in 2011, CBS rebranded the network as CBS Sports Network as a move to reposition the network to include mainstream sports—including coverage of minor professional sports leagues such as the Arena Football League and Major League Lacrosse, although college sports are still aired frequently by the network.

CBS Sports Radio
CBS Sports Radio was a sports radio network that launched on September 4, 2012, with hourly sports news updates. It began offering a full 24-hour schedule of sports talk programming on January 2, 2013. CBS Sports Radio was originally owned by CBS Radio, with Westwood One handling distribution and marketing of the network. Sports radio stations that were owned by Entercom (now Audacy) and Cumulus Media carried part of the full schedule of programming, while eight Entercom-owned stations carry network programming throughout the day. In addition to carriage on terrestrial stations, CBS Sports Radio streamed its programming on the internet. CBS issued a cease and desist order in early April 2024 to all remaining affiliates informing them to cease using the CBS trademark by April 15. Since then, Audacy has owned and operated the remnants of the network under the brand Infinity Sports Network.

CBS Sports HQ
On February 26, 2018, CBS Sports launched CBS Sports HQ, a 24-hour streaming sports news channel modeled after CBS News's streaming news channel.

CBS Sports Digital
The online arm of CBS Sports is CBSSports.com. CBS purchased SportsLine.com in 2004, and today CBSSports.com is part of Paramount Streaming. On February 26, 2018, following up on the success of their online news network CBSN, CBS Sports launched CBS Sports HQ, a 24/7, online only, linear sports news network. The network focuses entirely on sports news, results, highlights and analysis. (CBS Sports college sports and golf programming that it distributes over the air is generally made available for free via separate streams, as are a limited number of NFL national telecasts; the remainder requires a Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access) subscription to be viewed online, with CBS Sports Network programming requiring a TV Everywhere subscription.)

Branding
On August 31, 2013, CBS Sports rolled out its previous graphics and animation package that was first used in the network's coverage of Super Bowl XLVII. Additionally, in compliance with the Active Format Description #10 code, CBS Sports switched to a 16:9 aspect ratio letterbox presentation used for all sports programming, including the SEC on CBS and the NFL on CBS broadcasts.

On November 30, 2015, CBS Sports unveiled a new rectangular logo, which premiered on-air during its coverage of Super Bowl 50, and was intended to provide consistency between the division's platforms. It replaced an existing logo that had dated back to 1981. In October 2020, CBS announced that all of its major divisions would adopt a unified branding scheme built around the components of the CBS eye logo, a new sonic branding, and TT Norms Pro as a corporate typeface. The implementation of the branding by CBS Sports launched during the lead-up to Super Bowl LV, which introduced a new on-air graphics package that conforms to the corporate design language.

Main competitors

 * ESPN
 * ESPN2
 * ESPNews
 * ESPNU
 * ESPN on ABC
 * ACC Network
 * SEC Network
 * Fox Sports
 * FS1
 * FS2
 * Big Ten Network
 * NBC Sports
 * USA
 * Peacock
 * CNBC
 * Warner Bros. Discovery Sports
 * AT&T SportsNet
 * Univisión
 * TUDN

title: CBS Sports