text:
Islington station (Toronto)

Islington is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the north side of Bloor Street West on the west side of Islington Avenue. A central platform serves trains running in both directions.

History
Islington station was opened in 1968 in what was then the Borough of Etobicoke and served as the western terminus for Line 2 Bloor–Danforth for 12 years until the extension to was completed in 1980.

Until 1973, TTC buses and subway trains serving the station were in separate fare zones and so turnstiles and collector booths were placed between the bus bays and the subway platforms. The fare barrier was reconfigured after the zones were abolished to put the bus bays inside the fare-paid zone, and its layout was simplified in a later renovation.

However, the bus bays have also been used by non-TTC buses. In the early years, some Gray Coach long-distance services called at Islington, and the Airport Express, also then operated by Gray Coach, had an Islington station route. Greyhound eventually took over this Gray Coach route in 1992 and transferred to Pacific Western Europe in 1993. MiWay buses from Mississauga, which at first stopped outside the station, began using several of the bus bays in 1980 after they were no longer needed for TTC buses once Kipling station opened. On January 4, 2021, MiWay moved its operations from this station to a new regional bus terminal at Kipling station.

A redevelopment of the bus terminal is planned during the 2020s, as part of upgrade works to make the station accessible.

Station description
The station is located on the northwest side of Bloor Street West and Islington Avenue, and is built on three levels. Street level is where all three parking lots, all three entrances, as well as where the bus platform is located. The entrances to the station can be found at the main parking, and at the east and west sides of Islington Avenue respectively.

Below street level is the concourse and collector, which provides stair access to the bus platforms above it. The subway platforms are underneath the concourse and collector level. There are no elevators in this station, which makes it inaccessible for persons with physical disabilities.

Parking
Three parking lots serve Islington station, providing a total of 977 spaces: The main lot beside the station northwest of Bloor Street at Islington has 534 spaces; the lot at the north end of Lomond Drive has 283 spaces; and the newest lot beside the railway tracks on the south side of Bloor Street off Fieldway Road has 160 spaces. All three of these parking lots are scheduled to be redeveloped in the 2020s, for station upgrade work as well as new residential development.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
There is a both a crossover (used mainly back when the station was a terminus, but still used occasionally to short turn trains) and a centre storage track east of the station, with the crossover being situated directly adjacent to it. The centre track is immediately east of the crossover and is partially underground and on the surface, creating a triple portal unique to the subway system: the Montgomery Portal. The line then crosses Mimico Creek on a bridge and then returns underground at the Aberfoyle Portal, en route to Royal York station.

Nearby landmarks

 * Bloor Islington Place, at 3250-3300 Bloor St. West, has direct access to the station This office complex is a Class "A" asset, totalling 844818 sqft in a location situated at the intersection of Bloor and Islington. Three office towers are linked with a retail concourse of multiple retailers, include Sobeys Urban Fresh, a GoodLife Fitness and food court. This west end office complex also features direct access to the subway. On the east side of Islington Avenue and the neighbourhood of Islington Village is short distance north of the station at Dundas Street West.

Surface connections
The station is served by several TTC bus routes and one MiWay route. All but one of the MiWay system's Toronto-bound bus routes which used to connect at this station were moved to serve a new regional bus terminal which opened on January 4, 2021, at Kipling station.

Toronto Transit Commission
Buses are accessed via the bus terminal. During overnight hours when the subway is not running, an on-street transfer between buses is required. TTC routes serving the station include:

MiWay
MiWay's 26 Burnhamthorpe to South Common Centre route continues to serve this station and is boarded on-street.

Station redevelopment
The deadline to make all Toronto subway stations accessible is 2025, as per the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act. platforms at Islington station are not yet accessible.

In the late 2000s, the TTC planned to renovate and upgrade the station – replacing the existing bus terminal, providing elevators to the subway platform, and completing overall station modernization. An open house was held on April 22, 2008, and the project's stated completion time was given as between 2011 and 2012. The project had not been completed by 2014, and its completion date was being pushed further into the future at that time.

In 2021, MiWay buses, with the exception of route 26 Burnhamthorpe, moved to the new Kipling bus terminal, freeing up the Islington site for redevelopment. Route 26 Burnhamthorpe does not enter the bus terminal and instead utilizes the on-street stop. Plans were subsequently submitted by the TTC to the city government for redevelopment of the station. These would involve replacing the existing bus terminal with a new TTC bus terminal, providing elevators throughout the station and building a new station entrance on Islington Avenue.

The existing commuter parking lots to the south of the station are also proposed to be redeveloped by the city for residential development.

In the second quarter of 2023, the TTC began constructing elevators for the centre platform; the elevators will connect to the street-level concourse. Construction is expected to be completed in 2024. Part of this project would include the station being fully redeveloped and a new TTC bus terminal being built. Work on those improvements is expected to be completed by 2026.

title: Islington station (Toronto)


text:
Acrosin

Acrosin is a digestive enzyme that acts as a protease. In humans, acrosin is encoded by the ACR gene. Acrosin is released from the acrosome of spermatozoa as a consequence of the acrosome reaction. It aids in the penetration of the Zona Pellucida.

Enzyme Mechanism
Acrosin is a typical serine proteinase with trypsin-like specificity.

The reaction proceeds according to the usual serine protease mechanism. First, His-57 deprotonates Ser-195, allowing it to serve as a nucleophile. Deprotonated Ser-195 then reacts with the carbonyl carbon of a peptide, forming a tetrahedral intermediate. The tetrahedral intermediate then collapses, resulting in an H2N-R1 leaving group, which is protonated through His-57. Finally, His-57 deprotonates a water molecule, which can then serve as a nucleophile by similarly reacting with the carbonyl carbon. Collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate then results in a Ser-195 leaving group, which is protonated through His-57, resulting in all residues returned to their pre-catalytic state, and a carboxylic acid where there was previously a peptide bond.

Biological Function
Acrosin is the major proteinase present in the acrosome of mature spermatozoa. It is stored in the acrosome in its precursor form, proacrosin. Upon stimulus, the acrosome releases its contents onto the zona pellucida. After this reaction occurs, the zymogen form of the protease is then processed into its active form, β-acrosin. The active enzyme then functions in the lysis of the zona pellucida, thus facilitating penetration of the sperm through the innermost glycoprotein layers of the ovum.

The importance of acrosin in the acrosome reaction has been contested. It has been found through genetic knockout experiments that mouse spermatozoa lacking β-acrosin (the active protease) still have the ability to penetrate the zona pellucida. Thus, some argue for its role in assisting in the dispersal of acrosomal contents following the acrosome reaction, while others demonstrate evidence for its role as a secondary binding protein between the spermatozoa and zona pellucida. Under the secondary binding protein hypothesis, acrosin could serve a role in binding to molecules on the zona pellucida, tethering the spermatozoa to the egg. This "tethering" would ensure penetration due to the applied motile force of the spermatozoa.

Acrosin regulation has been found to occur through protein C inhibitor (PCI). PCI is present in the male reproductive tract at 40x higher concentrations than in blood plasma. PCI has been demonstrated to inhibit the proteolytic activity of acrosin. Thus, PCI has been hypothesized to have a protective role: if acrosomal enzymes were released prematurely, or if the spermatozoa was degenerated within the male reproductive tract, the high concentrations of PCI would inhibit acrosin from inflicting proteolytic damage on nearby tissues.

Structure
β-acrosin demonstrates a high degree of sequence identity (70-80%) between boar, bull, rat, guinea pig, mouse, and human isoforms. There exists a somewhat similar (27-35%) sequence identity between β-acrosin and other serine proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin. While most serine proteases are activated through one cleavage event, proacrosin requires processing at both the N and C-terminal domains. Proacrosin is first cleaved between Arg-22 and adjacent Valine to create a 22 residue light chain, and an active protease termed α-acrosin. This light chain remains associated with the heavy chain, cross-linked through two disulfide bonds to form a heterodimer. Following these N-terminal cleavage events, three cleavages at the C-terminal domain removes 70 residues, yielding β-acrosin. Acrosin has two sites which have been identified as possible N-glycosylation sites: Asn-2 and Asn-169.

The catalytic triad consists of residues His-57, Asp-102, and Ser-195. These residues are found in a binding pocket that has been termed the "S1" pocket, consistent with the naming scheme that has been adopted for other proteases. The S1 pocket regulates acrosin's specificity for Arg and Lys substrates, with a conserved Trp-215 serving as a "gatekeeper" residue for the binding site entrance.

An important structural element of β-acrosin is a highly charged patch (formed through both amino acids and post-translational modifications) on its surface region, that has been termed the "anion binding exosite." This site consists of an area of excess positive charge, which has been hypothesized to be important in binding to the matrix of the zona pellucida, a heavily glycosylated and sulfated region with excess negative charge. This structural feature is consistent with the secondary binding protein hypothesis, as charge-charge interactions would stabilize a protein-zona pellucida "tethering" complex. Further consistent with this structural hypothesis is the knowledge that suramin - a polysulfated drug (with substantial corresponding negative charge) has been found to inhibit sperm-zona pellucida binding.

Disease and Pharmaceutical Relevance
While one study which utilized mice models indicated that acrosin is not a necessary component of zona pellucida penetration, other studies in humans have shown an association between low acrosomal proteinase activity and infertility. Other research groups have demonstrated a significant correlation between acrosin activity and sperm motility. In rabbit models, an intravaginal contraceptive device that secreted tetradecyl sodium sulfate, a known inhibitor of acrosin and hyaluronidases, had a complete contraceptive effect. Although its exact mechanism of action is not entirely clear, acrosin could thus serve as a novel target for contraceptive agents. Acrosin may represent as a uniquely druggable target due to its location and high cellular specificity. Thus, developing inhibitors of acrosin could provide the basis for safe, reversible male contraceptives, or female contraceptives through the use of intravaginal contraceptive devices.

Moreover, as serine proteases are important in the potentiation of HIV, research has found that an acrosin inhibitor, 4'-acetamidophenyl 4-guanidinobenzoate, possess the ability to inhibit HIV infection in virus-inoculated lymphocytes. This suggests the further role of acrosin inhibitors as potentially viable agents in the prevention of HIV transmission.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Acrosin


text:
Belle Plaine

Belle Plaine may refer to a place in North America:

United States
 * Belle Plaine, Iowa
 * Belle Plaine, Kansas
 * Belle Plaine, Minnesota
 * Belle Plaine Township, Minnesota
 * Belle Plaine (Madison County, Virginia), a historic farm property
 * Belle Plaine, Wisconsin, a town
 * Belle Plaine (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Canada
 * Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan

title: Belle Plaine


text:
Elvira de Hidalgo

Elvira Juana Rodríguez Roglán (December 28, 1891 – January 21, 1980), known professionally as Elvira de Hidalgo, was a prominent Spanish coloratura soprano, who later became a teacher and vocal coach. Her most famous pupil was Maria Callas.

Biography
She was born in Valderrobres, Aragon, in the northeast of Spain to Pedro Rodríguez Hidalgo and Miguela Roglán Bel.

She was a pupil of Concepció Bordalba in Barcelona and later studied in Milan under Melchiorre Vidal, who also taught Maria Barrientos, Graziella Pareto, Julián Gayarre, Fernando Valero, Francesc Viñas, and Rosina Storchio.

She made her debut at the age of sixteen, at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, as Rosina in The Barber of Seville, which would become her best-known role. Following her debut, de Hidalgo was quickly engaged for Paris, where she sang Rosina opposite Feodor Chaliapin as Don Basilio. Appearances in Monte Carlo, Prague, and Cairo followed. Her debut with the New York Metropolitan Opera occurred in 1910, as Rosina. With that company, de Hidalgo sang in Rigoletto (with Enrico Caruso) and La sonnambula (with Alessandro Bonci) in the same season. She would return to the Met in 1924-25, for The Barber of Seville (directed by Armando Agnini), Rigoletto (conducted by Tullio Serafin), and Lucia di Lammermoor (with Beniamino Gigli). Following that New York debut, she sang in Florence, in Linda di Chamounix and Don Giovanni (as Zerlina, opposite Mattia Battistini). She also portrayed Rosina in Rome, in 1911. The soprano sang, as well, with Giuseppe Anselmi in Rigoletto, in St Petersburg, in 1913.

In 1916, she made her debut at La Scala, Milan, as Rosina, and returned there in 1921. The following year, de Hidalgo appeared in Buenos Aires at the Teatro Colón, in Rigoletto, La traviata, and The Barber of Seville. In 1924, she appeared in London with the British National Opera Company, at Covent Garden, in Rigoletto. On 17 February 1924, she also appeared at the Royal Albert Hall with the London Symphony Orchestra and Sir Thomas Beecham conducting. That same year, she sang Lakmé and Il barbiere in Chicago. In 1926-27, she appeared opposite Chaliapin again, for a tour of the United States and Canada, with his Universal Artists Incorporation Company, in Il barbiere.

Recordings
Elvira de Hidalgo recorded for Columbia, with arias from Il barbiere, La sonnambula, and I puritani committed to disc in 1907-08. In 1909-10 she made discs for Fonotipia, with excerpts recorded from Il barbiere, Don Pasquale, La sonnambula, Roméo et Juliette, Dinorah, L'elisir d'amore, Don Giovanni, and Mireille. She apparently returned to the Columbia studios, in 1925, to record a performance of the "Mad Scene" from Dinorah, then again to the studio in 1937-38. She is heard in Volume II of EMI's The Record of Singing.

Teaching career
Elvira de Hidalgo began teaching in 1933, and later held a position at the Athens Conservatoire, where the young soprano Maria Callas became her student. In 1957, Callas wrote of the woman who had an "essential role" in her artistic formation:"It is to this illustrious Spanish artist, whom the public and the old subscribers at La Scala will certainly recall as an unforgettable and superlative Rosina and as a splendid interpreter of other important roles, it is to this illustrious artist, I repeat, with a moved, devoted, and grateful heart, that I owe all my preparation and my artistic formation as an actress and musician. This elect woman, who, besides giving me her precious teaching, gave me her whole heart as well ...."

Death
De Hidalgo died in Milan in 1980. She was initially buried in an unidentified grave until 1990 upon expiration, when her pupils and friends paid to relocate her remains to the Cimitero Maggiore di Milano, which expired in 2020. Her remains were exhumed on 26 February 2018 and transferred to Barcelona on 5 March. On 29 July, her remains returned and was re-buried in her hometown in Spain, with a lyrical gala, coinciding the inauguration of the exhibition dedicated to her memory at the Museo de Valderrobres, which featured a screening of Maria by Callas, and the placement of a plaque in her home building.

title: Elvira de Hidalgo


text:
Royal York station

Royal York is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located just north of Bloor Street West on the east side of Royal York Road.

History
The station was opened in 1968 in what was then the Borough of Etobicoke.

The original plan for the Bloor-Danforth extension to Islington had different stations than what was eventually built. The stations were to be at "Montgomery" and "Prince Edward", instead of Islington and Royal York. This was probably because these two streets were the ends of the Kingsway shopping district. However, it was decided to include only one station in the Kingsway, at Royal York.

Until 1973 the buses and the subway trains serving the station were in separate fare zones and so the turnstiles and collector booths were on the mezzanine level between the bus bays and the subway platforms. When the zones were abolished, they were moved to just inside the street entrance, bringing the buses inside the station's fare-paid area.

A local "zone 2" bus service continued to run along Bloor Street west of Jane, paralleling the "zone 1" subway, from the station's opening through the zone abolishment in 1973, and continued to run even after the bus and subway were in the same zone. The success of the bus service may be attributed to the distances between subway stops in Etobicoke; Royal York is over 1 km west of Old Mill, and Islington is over 1 km west of Royal York. (By comparison, stops at Montgomery, Prince Edward and Old Mill would all be within 1 km of each other, as are all stops on the Bloor-Danforth from Old Mill through Main Street, an east-west corridor served almost entirely by the subway line.) The local bus service was discontinued in 1984, although the long station spacing remains; only at night are buses still seen along this stretch.

Construction began in mid-2017 to make the station fully accessible, including the addition of three elevators and accessible fare gates. On December 16, 2019, the station became accessible with the completion of the elevator construction.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include Our Lady of Sorrows Roman Catholic Church in the Kingsway and Mimico Creek.

Surface connections
TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Royal York station


text:
Still's disease

Still's disease can refer to:

 * Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
 * Adult-onset Still's disease

Choroba Stilla

title: Still's disease


text:
Category:Canadian academics

An academic is a person who teaches in post-secondary education, or does peer-reviewed academic research, or is a Chancellor /Vice-Chancellor/President of a college or university. Many work at universities as professors, some work at research institutes, a few work for government agencies, and a few work independently.

''NOTE: Articles for this category should all be sub-categorized. Only those that lack sufficient information to do so are to be found at the bottom of this page.''

title: Category:Canadian academics


text:
Old Mill station

Old Mill is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at 2672 Bloor Street West at Old Mill Terrace and Humber Boulevard in the Kingsway residential neighbourhood. Nearby destinations include the Old Mill Inn and Park Lawn Cemetery. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

History
The station opened in 1968 in what was then the Borough of Etobicoke.

In 2000, the station was damaged by a fire on a waste collection train, just after the subway had closed for the night. This was most likely caused by a lit cigarette disposed of in a garbage can at another station. After this incident, the TTC switched to leaving waste outside stations for collection by truck.

Station access upgrades
The TTC planned to build two elevators at Old Mill Station to make it accessible as soon as the property acquisition process was finalized, and subject to weather, unforeseen site conditions and events. In 2022, the TTC began constructing elevators for the side platforms; they will connect them to the street-level concourse. Construction is expected to be completed by 2026.

Subway infrastructure
The station is built on the west side of the Humber River valley. The west end of the station lies underground with the tunnel continuing toward Royal York. The east end of the platform is elevated on a viaduct that takes the line across the river to re-enter the tunnel on the other side of the valley toward Jane Station.

Glass walls at the train platform's east end provide a view of the riverside park. Bird of prey shaped cutouts have been applied to these large windows to reduce the number of avian fatalities.

From when the station opened in 1968 until 1973, buses and the subway trains serving the station were in separate fare zones and the station's bus loop was located outside the street entrance. Although the bus platforms have still not been integrated into the station's fare-paid area, since only the one bus route is affected, this has a relatively minor impact on the flow of passengers through the turnstiles.

Surface connections

The station's bus platform is not within the fare-paid area.

TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Old Mill station


text:
Afshar experiment

The Afshar experiment is a variation of the double-slit experiment in quantum mechanics, devised and carried out by Shahriar Afshar in 2004. In the experiment, light generated by a laser passes through two closely spaced pinholes, and is refocused by a lens so that the image of each pinhole falls on a separate single-photon detector. In addition, a grid of thin wires is placed just before the lens on the dark fringes of an interference pattern.

Afshar claimed that the experiment gives information about which path a photon takes through the apparatus, while simultaneously allowing interference between the paths to be observed. According to Afshar, this violates the complementarity principle of quantum mechanics.

The experiment has been analyzed and repeated by a number of investigators. There are several theories that explain the effect without violating complementarity. John G. Cramer claims the experiment provides evidence for the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics over other interpretations.

History
Shahriar Afshar's experimental work was done initially at the Institute for Radiation-Induced Mass Studies (IRIMS) in Boston and later reproduced at Harvard University, while he was there as a visiting researcher. The results were first presented at a seminar at Harvard in March 2004. The experiment was featured as the cover story in the July 24, 2004 edition of the popular science magazine New Scientist endorsed by professor John G. Cramer of the University of Washington. The New Scientist feature article generated many responses, including various letters to the editor that appeared in the August 7 and August 14, 2004 issues, arguing against the conclusions being drawn by Afshar. The results were published in a SPIE conference proceedings in 2005. A follow-up paper was published in a scientific journal Foundations of Physics in January 2007 and featured in New Scientist in February 2007.

Experimental setup

The experiment uses a setup similar to that for the double-slit experiment. In Afshar's variant, light generated by a laser passes through two closely spaced circular pinholes (not slits). After the dual pinholes, a lens refocuses the light so that the image of each pinhole falls on separate photon-detectors (Fig. 1). With pinhole 2 closed, a photon that goes through pinhole 1 impinges only on photon detector 1. Similarly, with pinhole 1 closed, a photon that goes through pinhole 2 impinges only on photon detector 2. With both pinholes open, Afshar claims, citing Wheeler in support, that pinhole 1 remains correlated to photon Detector 1 (and vice versa for pinhole 2 to photon Detector 2), and therefore that which-way information is preserved when both pinholes are open.

When the light acts as a wave, because of quantum interference one can observe that there are regions that the photons avoid, called dark fringes. A grid of thin wires is placed just before the lens (Fig. 2) so that the wires lie in the dark fringes of an interference pattern which is produced by the dual pinhole setup. If one of the pinholes is blocked, the interference pattern will no longer be formed, and the grid of wires causes appreciable diffraction in the light and blocks some of it from detection by the corresponding photon detector. However, when both pinholes are open, the effect of the wires is negligible, comparable to the case in which there are no wires placed in front of the lens (Fig. 3), because the wires lie in the dark fringes of an interference pattern. The effect is not dependent on the light intensity (photon flux).

Afshar's interpretation
Afshar's conclusion is that, when both pinholes are open, the light exhibits wave-like behavior when going past the wires, since the light goes through the spaces between the wires but avoids the wires themselves, but also exhibits particle-like behavior after going through the lens, with photons going to a correlated photo-detector. Afshar argues that this behavior contradicts the principle of complementarity to the extent that it shows both wave and particle characteristics in the same experiment for the same photons.

Afshar asserts that there is simultaneously high visibility V of interference as well as high distinguishability D (corresponding to which-path information), so that V2 + D2 > 1, and the wave-particle duality relation is violated.

Specific criticism
A number of scientists have published criticisms of Afshar's interpretation of his results, some of which reject the claims of a violation of complementarity, while differing in the way they explain how complementarity copes with the experiment. For example, one paper contests Afshar's core claim, that the Englert–Greenberger duality relation is violated. The researchers re-ran the experiment, using a different method for measuring the visibility of the interference pattern than that used by Afshar, and found no violation of complementarity, concluding "This result demonstrates that the experiment can be perfectly explained by the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics."

Below is a synopsis of papers by several critics highlighting their main arguments and the disagreements they have amongst themselves:

 * Ruth Kastner, Committee on the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Maryland, College Park.
 * Kastner's criticism, published in a peer-reviewed paper, proceeds by setting up a thought experiment and applying Afshar's logic to it to expose its flaw. She proposes that Afshar's experiment is equivalent to preparing an electron in a spin-up state and then measuring its sideways spin. This does not imply that one has found out the up-down spin state and the sideways spin state of any electron simultaneously. Applied to Afshar's experiment: "Nevertheless, even with the grid removed, since the photon is prepared in a superposition S, the measurement at the final screen at t2 never really is a 'which-way' measurement (the term traditionally attached to the slit-basis observable $$\mathcal O$$), because it cannot tell us 'which slit the photon actually went through.'
 * Daniel Reitzner, Research Center for Quantum Information, Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
 * Reitzner performed numerical simulations, published in a preprint, of Afshar's arrangement and obtained the same results that Afshar obtained experimentally. From this he argues that the photons exhibit wave behavior, including high fringe visibility but no which-way information, up to the point they hit the detector: "In other words the two-peaked distribution is an interference pattern and the photon behaves as a wave and exhibits no particle properties until it hits the plate. As a result a which-way information can never be obtained in this way."
 * W. G. Unruh, Professor of Physics at University of British Columbia
 * Unruh, like Kastner, proceeds by setting up an arrangement that he feels is equivalent but simpler. The size of the effect is larger so that it is easier to see the flaw in the logic. In Unruh's view that flaw is, in the case that an obstacle exists at the position of the dark fringes, "drawing the inference that IF the particle was detected in detector 1, THEN it must have come from path 1. Similarly, IF it were detected in detector 2, then it came from path 2." In other words, he accepts the existence of an interference pattern but rejects the existence of which-way information.
 * Luboš Motl, Former Assistant Professor of Physics, Harvard University.
 * Motl's criticism, published in his blog, is based on an analysis of Afshar's actual setup, instead of proposing a different experiment like Unruh and Kastner. In contrast to Unruh and Kastner, he believes that which-way information always exists, but argues that the measured contrast of the interference pattern is actually very low: "Because this signal (disruption) from the second, middle picture is small (equivalently, it only affects a very small portion of the photons), the contrast V is also very small, and goes to zero for infinitely thin wires." He also argues that the experiment can be understood with classical electrodynamics and has "nothing to do with quantum mechanics".
 * Ole Steuernagel, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, UK.
 * Steuernagel makes a quantitative analysis of the various transmitted, refracted, and reflected modes in a setup that differs only slightly from Afshar's. He concludes that the Englert-Greenberger duality relation is strictly satisfied, and in particular that the fringe visibility for thin wires is small. Like some of the other critics, he emphasizes that inferring an interference pattern is not the same as measuring one: "Finally, the greatest weakness in the analysis given by Afshar is the inference that an interference pattern must be present."
 * Andrew Knight, Department of Physics, New York University
 * Argues that Afshar's claim to violate complementarity is a simple logical inconsistency: by setting up the experiment so that photons are spatially coherent over the two pinholes, the pinholes are necessarily indistinguishable by those photons. “In other words, Afshar et al. claim in one breath to have set up the experiment so that pinholes A and B are inherently indistinguishable by certain photons [specifically, photons that are produced to be spatially coherent over the width spanned by pinholes that are thus incapable of distinguishing them], and in another breath to have distinguished pinholes A and B with those same photons.”

Specific support

 * Afshar's coauthors Eduardo Flores and Ernst Knoesel criticize Kastner's setup and propose an alternative experimental setup. By removing the lens of Afshar and causing two beams to overlap at a small angle, Flores et al. aimed to show that conservation of momentum guarantee the preservation of which-path information when both pinholes are open. But this experiment is still subject to Motl's objection that the 2 beams have a sub-microscopic diffraction pattern created by the convergence of the beams before the slits; the result would have been the measuring of which slit was open before the wires were ever reached.

 * John G. Cramer adopts Afshar's interpretation of the experiment to support his own transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics over the Copenhagen interpretation and the many-worlds interpretation.

title: Afshar experiment


text:
Vesdre

The Vesdre (French, ) or Weser (German, ) and Vesder (Dutch, ) is a river in Liège Province, eastern Belgium. A few kilometres of the upper reaches also flow through the German municipality Roetgen and form part of the Belgian–German border. The Vesdre's total length is approximately 64 km. It is a right tributary to the river Ourthe. Its source lies in the High Fens (Hautes Fagnes, Hohes Venn, Hoge Venen), close to the border with Germany near Monschau. It flows through an artificial lake (Lake Eupen), and then through the towns of Eupen, Verviers, Pepinster and Chaudfontaine. The Vesdre flows into the Ourthe a few kilometres from Liège where the Ourthe in turn flows into the river Meuse.

The water of the Vesdre has a high acidity (due to the Hautes Fagnes bogs), which made it very suitable for the textiles industry around Verviers. The Vesdre was the far eastern end of the sillon industriel, the backbone of Walloon industry. Nowadays, the water of the Vesdre is mainly used as drinking water.

title: Vesdre


text:
Jane station

Jane is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located just north of Bloor Street West, spanning the block east of Jane Street to Armadale Avenue, with entrances from all three streets. It opened in 1968 as part of the westerly extension from Keele to Islington Station. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

In 2006, this station became accessible with the addition of elevators between the street and platform level.

Entrances
The station's street entrances lead directly into the bus platform area in a layout that would not allow it to be readily brought into the station's fare-paid area. Until 1973 this was largely irrelevant because the station was on a fare zone boundary and the subway trains and some of the buses serving it were in separate zones.

At the west end, the Jane Street entrance is located just north of Bloor, on the east side of Jane Street. Similarly, at the other end of bus platform, there is an entrance directly from the west side of Armadale Avenue. Additionally, the station is accessible through automatic doors via a pedestrian walkway located mid-block on the north side of Bloor Street, between Jane and Armadale.

Nearby landmarks
The station serves the local communities of Bloor West Village, Swansea, Runnymede, Old Mill and Baby Point and nearby destinations such as the Bloor West Health Centre, St. Pius X Catholic School, St. Olave's Anglican Church, Windermere United Church and Jane/Dundas Public Library.

Surface connections
The station's bus platform is not within the fare-paid area.

TTC routes serving the station include:

Transit City LRT plan
The now-cancelled Transit City proposal called for a new LRT line known as the Jane LRT line, running along Jane Street from Pioneer Village station to Jane station.

title: Jane station


text:
Spoons

Spoons may refer to:

 * Spoon, a utensil commonly used with soup
 * Spoons (card game), the card game of Donkey, but using spoons

Film and TV

 * Spoons (TV series), a 2005 UK comedy sketch show
 * Spoons, a minor character from The Sopranos
 * Spoons (Gobots), a fictional character

Music

 * Spoons (band), a Canadian new wave synth-pop band
 * Spoons (musical instrument)
 * Spoons (album), 2007 debut album of Wallis Bird
 * "Spoons", a track from the 2002 album Mali Music by Damon Albarn

Other uses

 * Spoons sex position
 * Spoons, common abbreviation for Wetherspoons, a UK chain of pubs
 * Spoons, as a disability metaphor in spoon theory — how much energy you have left to complete tasks before becoming exhausted
 * Spoon Oar (sport rowing), one with a curved blade

title: Spoons


text:
Minami Osaka Line

The Minami Osaka Line (南大阪線) is a railway line operated by Kintetsu Railway. It runs between Ōsaka Abenobashi in Osaka and Kashiharajingū-mae in Kashihara, Nara Prefecture. The line connects Osaka to southern part of the Nara Basin, running through Osaka's southern suburb cities of Matsubara, Fujiidera and Habikino in Osaka Prefecture, and Katsuragi and Yamato-Takada in Nara Prefecture. Via the Yoshino Line, it also provides access to the Yoshino refuge of Emperor Godaigo, a popular tourist destination, especially during the spring.

The line and its network of branch lines use narrow gauge tracks, the only lines in the Kintetsu network with this gauge. Other Kintetsu lines use standard gauge.

History
The first section of the line opened in 1898 between Kashiwara Station and Furuichi Station by Kayō Railway Co., Ltd. (河陽鉄道). The next year Kanan Railway Co., Ltd. (河南鉄道) took over the line, before renaming itself Osaka Railway Co., Ltd. (大阪鉄道). The railway then constructed its own access line to Osaka center, completed in 1923 and electrified at 1,500 V DC, then the highest voltage in Japan. An extension to Nara Prefecture to what is now Kashiharajingū-mae station was built in 1929 and through service began to the Yoshino Railway, now the Yoshino Line.

The entire route competed with the existing Osaka Line, operated by Kansai Kyūkō Electric Railway, or Kankyū. In 1943, Osaka Railway was merged with Kankyū and the Minami Osaka Line continued to operate as part of the Kankyū network. Kankyū would later rename itself in 1944 to the Kinki Nippon Railway, or Kintetsu, after merging with the Nankai Electric Railway.

Operations
Some trains go through to the Nagano Line or the Yoshino Line, some operate between Furuichi and Gose Station on the Gose Line, and some from Gose run through to Osaka Abenobashi. Local trains run between Osaka Abenobashi and Fujiidera or Furuichi, and between Furuichi and Kashiharajingū-mae (including conductorless trains between Furuichi and Kashiharajingū-mae).

Rapid service
●Local train (普通 Futsu)

Running all day, but the operation is divided at Furuichi station except in the early morning and late night.

Osaka-Abenobashi-Furuichi Osaka Abenobashi - Fujiidera or Furuichi is the basic operating pattern, with four trains per hour between Osaka-Abenobashi and Fujiidera during the day, along with two additional trains between Osaka Abenobashi and Furuichi. A few trains run from Kawachi-Amami to Osaka Abenobashi in the early morning and back to Kawachi-Amami station late at night. Local trains are overtaken by Semi express trains at Imagawa, and by Limited Express or express trains at Kawachi Amami.

Furuichi-Kashiharajingu-Mae or Yoshino Normal operation is between Furuichi and Kashihara Jingu-mae. Some trains continue to Yoshino on the Yoshino Line in early morning and late nights.

In this section semi-express trains make all stops, but few trains operate here as most run on the Nagano Line after Furuichi. Local and semi-express trains to Osaka Abenobashi twice per hour alternate to provide constant daytime service. There is a direct connection from the Gose Line at Shakudo, and some trains run between Shakudo and Kashihara Jingu-mae only on weekday mornings.

 * ●Semi-Express (準急) (SmE)

Semi-express trains operate between Osaka Abenobashi - Kashihara Jingu-mae or Kawachinagano. Two trains per hour run to Kashihara Jingu-mae and four to Kawachinagano. During morning rush hours, some trains operate from Gose to Osaka Abenobashi. A few trains also continue from Kashihara Jingu-mae to Yoshino as well.

 * ●Suburban Express (区間急行) (SbE)

One train on weekday mornings from Kashihara Jingu-Mae to Osaka Abenobashi and two trains on weekday evenings and one on weekend evenings in the reverse direction.

 * ●Express (急行) (Ex)

Two trains per hour from Osaka Abenobashi, through to Yoshino on the Yoshino line. Unlike other trains on this line, they are not overtaken by limited express trains at intermediate stations.

 * ●Rapid Express (快速急行)

Rapid express trains are operated in spring, and the stops on the Minami Osaka Line are the same as for express trains. It waits for up to 12 minutes at Kashihara Jingu-mae Station where it is overtaken by limited express trains, taking longer than normal express trains.

 * ●Limited Express (特急) (LE)

Limited express trains operate between Osaka Abenobashi and Kashihara Jingu-mae or Yoshino, one to two trains per hour on weekdays and two per hour on weekends. Some trains are operated by dedicated Sakura Liner rolling stock. To board limited express trains, a limited express ticket is needed in addition to a regular ticket.

●Limited Express Blue Symphony (特急　青のシンフォニー) (LE)

Operates twice a day except Wednesdays (a normal limited express train operates instead, but without the dedicated name or train set). Stations are the same as regular limited express trains. Limited Express. To board the Limited Express Blue Symphony, a limited express ticket and special car ticket are needed in addition to a regular ticket.

Stations
For distances and connections, see route diagram.
 * 〇: All trains stop.
 * △: Some limited express trains stop at Furuichi (Osaka-bound trains until 9:34 a.m. or 9:35 a.m., and Kashihara-bound and Yoshino-bound trains departing Osaka Abenobashi after 8 p.m.).
 * Local trains (普通) stop at every station.

title: Minami Osaka Line


text:
Runnymede station

Runnymede is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located just north of Bloor Street West, spanning the block east of Runnymede Road to Kennedy Avenue, with bus platforms at the surface level and entrances at both ends. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

History
The station opened in 1968 as part of the westerly extension of the subway line from Keele to Islington station.

Extensive rehabilitation of the concrete station structure was undertaken in 2010. This work involved replacing the concrete slab and columns of the bus platform, and the bus driveway structural paving.

Installation of three elevators to make the station fully accessible commenced in late November 2018. The construction took two years to complete.

Description
The station has two entrances, one on Runnymede Road and the other at Kennedy Avenue. The station is barrier free from the street to the bus platforms. The bus platforms are not in a fare-paid area. The station has three levels: street, concourse and platform.

Runnymede station features public art by artist Elicser Elliott titled Anonymous Somebody. The artwork consists of images of people that one may see in Bloor West Village, the neighbourhood where the station is located.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
The line is tunneled westward toward Jane station. About halfway east towards High Park station, just after at Kennedy Park Road, the line comes to the surface at the Clendenan Portal and crosses over Clendenan Avenue.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include the former Runnymede Theatre in Bloor West Village, the Runnymede branch of the Toronto Public Library, Runnymede Junior & Senior Public School, Western Technical-Commercial School, and Runnymede United Church.

Surface connections
The station's bus platform is not within the fare-paid area.

TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Runnymede station


text:
High Park station

High Park is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located just north of Bloor Street West, spanning the block east of Quebec Avenue to High Park Avenue. It opened in 1968 as part of the westerly extension from to Islington station. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

Station description
The station is mostly underground, lying behind the properties which face on to the north side of Bloor Street. The main entrance is from Quebec Avenue at the westerly end of the surface bus transfer area, with the ticketing mezzanine one level below, above the east end of the train platforms. The station has escalators here, but despite having ramps at the street entrance it does not have elevators to provide access to the platforms for those with physical disabilities. A second entrance from High Park Avenue is at the east end of the bus platform, which is convenient for those needing to cross Bloor Street at the traffic lights to get to and from High Park.

The west end is at ground level, with an apartment building constructed partially over the station and along the south side. Just west of the station, Parkview Gardens is divided by the surface subway tracks and there are two entrances; one on the north side leading to Clendenan Avenue and another on the south leading to Bloor Street. Admission and exit at this end of the station is underground through unstaffed turnstiles.

The original external signage and trim has a unique bright blue background colour, whereas standard stations are red. In 2009 the station title nameboard over the entrance on Quebec Avenue was converted to the current style of a black background, white lettering and a stripe of green to signify the Bloor–Danforth line, but the other entrances still retain the old ones.

Rehabilitation of the station has included repairs to the roof slab and repaving. Original deteriorating walls and fences were replaced with sound barriers along the bus transfer area and beyond the west end of the station platforms.

Station access upgrades
Construction at High Park station began on June 20, 2022, to install two new elevators, improve signage, install security cameras along the accessible pathway, and build a new main entrance structure and automatic sliding doors. The Quebec Avenue entrance is closed for duration of construction. The station will be accessible by the end of 2024.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include High Park and Humberside Collegiate Institute. The High Park Mineral Baths was demolished in 1962 to make way for the subway line. It was opened in 1913 as part of a sanatorium but eventually became a public pool.

Surface connections
The station's bus platform is not within the fare-paid area.

TTC routes serving the station include:

title: High Park station


text:
Richard Taverner

Richard Taverner (1505 – 14 July 1575) was an English author and religious reformer.

He is best known for his Bible translation, commonly known as Taverner's Bible, but originally titled The Most Sacred Bible whiche is the holy scripture, conteyning the old and new testament, translated into English, and newly recognised with great diligence after most faythful exemplars by Rychard Taverner.

Life and works
Taverner was born at Brisley (about 20 miles northwest of Norwich). In his youth at Christ Church, Oxford, Taverner got into trouble for reading William Tyndale's New Testament, which was being circulated and promoted there by Thomas Garret. In February 1528, Cardinal Wolsey attempted to apprehend Garret, who escaped temporarily with the help of his friend Anthony Dalaber. After being brought back to Oxford, Garret and Dalaber participated in a public act of penance along with Taverner and others who would play a significant part in the Reformation. He studied at Corpus Christi College and Cardinal College at the University of Oxford, later earning at an MA at Cambridge University. He entered the Inner Temple to study law in 1534.

Later, under Thomas Cromwell's direction, Taverner became actively engaged in producing works designed to encourage the Reformation in England, which included the publication of his translation of the Bible in 1539, and a commentary published in 1540 with Henry VIII's approval. Taverner's Bible was largely a revision of the Matthew Bible. Taverner brought strong Greek scholarship to the task, but his Hebrew was not as good as his Greek, so that the revisions of the New Testament are considered better than those of the Old. In 1539, Taverner published Proverbs or Adages by Desiderius Erasmus Gathered out of the Chiliades and Englished, which was reprinted several times.

Cromwell's fall (and subsequent execution) in 1540 put an end to Taverner's literary output and endangered his position. On 2 December 1541 he was sent to the Tower of London by Henry VIII for failing to pass on a report that Anne of Cleves was pregnant with the King's child after their divorce. Soon after, he was released again. He submitted to the King and was restored to royal favour. In 1544 he both served in the French campaign and acquired the manor of Wood Eaton in Oxfordshire and a house at Norbiton, Surrey.

Under Edward VI, when preachers were scarce, Taverner obtained a licence as a lay preacher. He was also listed as the Member of Parliament for Liverpool in 1547. Though an ardent supporter of the Reformation, Taverner had no intention of becoming a martyr. When Queen Mary came to the throne in 1553, he welcomed her with An Oration Gratulatory. After losing his position at court, he quietly disappeared from public life during her reign. Upon the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, he addressed a congratulatory epistle to her, refused a knighthood she offered him, and preached regularly at St. Mary's Church, Oxford. He served as Justice of the Peace for Oxfordshire from 1558 until his death and was appointed High Sheriff of Oxfordshire for 1569–70.

Richard Taverner died on 14 July 1575 and was buried in the chancel of the church at Wood Eaton near Oxford.

Family
The eldest of Richard's younger brothers, Roger Taverner (d. 1572), was a surveyor and writer, and Richard's second son Peter, who established himself at Hexton, Hertfordshire, fathered John Taverner (1584–1638), an Anglican clergyman. Anthony Wood, a great-grandson, was an antiquarian.

title: Richard Taverner


text:
Dundas West station

Dundas West is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located just north of Bloor Street West at the corner of Dundas Street and Edna Avenue. The station is about 200 metres west of Bloor GO Station on the GO Transit Kitchener line and the Union Pearson Express.

The station, which is the northwestern terminus of the 504A King and 505 Dundas streetcar routes, has two streetcar platforms and five bus bays to allow riders to transfer between connecting routes. Wi-Fi service is available at this station. A McDonald's restaurant serves the station, with access from both the fare-paid and non-fare-paid areas of the station's upper level, and there is a Gateway Newstand on the mezzanine level.

Overview
To the east of the station, the subway runs in a twin-bored tunnel until just before the next station (Lansdowne). This allowed the tracks to pass underneath nearby railway lines without disturbing them during construction. To the west, the tracks follow a short "cut and cover" tunnel before emerging outside at the Dorval Portal. Trains run in the open air until they enter Keele Station.

The four tunnels comprising the Vincent Subway Yard are underground and south of the subway platforms. This station also houses the Subway Track Maintenance Office, which is located on the Mezzanine level.

Nearby landmarks include The Crossways residential and retail complex, Bishop Marrocco/Thomas Merton Catholic Secondary School, The Lithuanian House banquet hall, Roncesvalles and The Junction neighbourhoods.

History
Dundas West station opened in 1966 as a part of the initial segment of the Bloor–Danforth line between and.

In 2002, as part of a scheduled reconstruction of the streetcar tracks on Dundas Street, a second streetcar track and platform were added to improve reliability on both the 504 King and 505 Dundas streetcar routes. Until the completion of the second track, a streetcar waiting in the station on either route could hold up vehicles on the other. At the same time, elevators were added, making the station wheelchair-accessible.

Following controversy over the namesake of Dundas Street – Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who delayed the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade – Toronto City Council voted in 2021 to rename Dundas Street and other civic assets named after Dundas, such as Dundas West station. A new name was to be chosen in April 2022. In December 2023, citing costs, Toronto ultimately decided to keep Dundas' name for the street but to rename Yonge-Dundas Square and the two subway stations named after him, Dundas and Dundas West.

In April 2022, the streetcar loop was closed for two months to replace track and to extend the 505 streetcar platform to accommodate two Flexity Outlook streetcars.

Surface connections

TTC routes serving the station include:

Connection to Bloor GO station
Metrolinx has contracted to build a connection between Dundas West station and the nearby Bloor GO Station via a new pedestrian tunnel at the east end of the subway platforms. Customers transferring from the TTC to GO/UPX need to walk 500 m east along city streets from the only station entrance at the west end of the subway platforms. The new tunnel will shorten that distance to 200 m. The work includes:
 * a new concourse in the lower level of The Crossways’ building
 * elevator access to the TTC platform level
 * two elevators and a stairwell to connect GO’s Bloor tunnel to a new TTC concourse
 * an electrical backup system in case of power outages

Metrolinx began proceedings to expropriate necessary properties for a pedestrian tunnel in September 2017. Metrolinx intended to start construction in 2018, but this was delayed when the ownership of the Crossways changed hands. Metrolinx expected property within the Crossways' parking garage necessary for tunnel construction to be transferred to Metrolinx in 2019. By August 2023, the contract to construct the pedestrian connection between the two stations was awarded to Kenaidan Contractors Ltd. Construction on the tunnel began in May 2024.

In 2011, Metrolinx predicted there would be 2,000 transfers between the two stations by 2031. , there were approximately 600 daily transfers.

title: Dundas West station


text:
Payakumbuh

Payakumbuh (Payokumbuah, Jawi: ) is the second largest city in West Sumatra province, Indonesia, with a population of 116,825 at the 2010 Census and 139,576 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 144,830 - comprising 72,840 males and 71,990 females. It covers an area of 80.42 km² and is in the Minangkabau Highlands, 120 km by road from the West Sumatran capital city of Padang and 180 km from the Riau capital city of Pekanbaru.

The whole area is surrounded on all sides by (but administratively independent from) the Lima Puluh Kota Regency, making it an enclave. It is located near the volcanoes of Mount Merapi, Mount Sago, and Bukit Barisan. Payakumbuh means "grassy swamp" in the Minangkabau language., suggesting that the area was originally swampy.

In 2011, Payakumbuh had the highest economic growth of any city in West Sumatra. Innovations in sanitation, waste management, healthy traditional markets, street vendors coaching, and urban drainage resulted in this city being awarded the "Urban Innovation Management" in 2012. In 2013, Payakumbuh received the "Adipura" ('cleanest city') award in the category of small city for the seventh time.

Payakumbuh is known for flying duck races, foods like batiah (small sweet rice cookies), gelamai (a sweet coconut palm sugared snack) and rendang. Payakumbuh produces a wide range of agriculture products including rice, milk, cattle and palm sugar.

Payakumbuh and its surrounding villages, namely Mungka, Simalanggang and Batuhampar are the origin of the Negeri Sembilan people of Malaysia.

Transportation
Payakumbuh is connected to Padang and Pekanbaru by road; a dysfunctional railway line also exists. For inner-city transport, Payakumbuh employs a public transportation system known as "Sago", taken from name of a nearby volcano (Mount Sago) in Payakumbuh. In addition, transport within the city occurs in the form of horse-drawn carts known as bendi.

Administrative districts
The city is administratively divided into five administrative districts (kecamatan), 8 kanagarian, and 47 villages (kelurahan). A mayor (walikota) leads the city administration. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the administrative centres and the number of urban villages (kelurahan) in each district.

Tourism
Payakumbuh is considered as one of the most popular cities in West Sumatra for domestic and foreign tourists. The varieties of food, the Muslim clothes stores, and natural scenery are some of the attractions of the city. Attractions within and surrounding the city include:

 * Harau Valley: A karstic valley with immense, steep cliffs and spectacular waterfalls. Rock climbing is quite popular in this area due to the ideal conditions of the precipices.
 * Ngalau Indah Caverns and Caves: Caves with fantastic stalactites and stalagmites and including views of Payakumbuh and its surroundings.
 * Kepala Bonda: Site which can be visited for bamboo river-rafting.
 * Rumah Godang Sungai Baringin, a large and splendid rumah gadang (a traditional home of the Minangkabau people), located between rice fields
 * Koto Nan Ampek Old Mosque: Among the oldest mosques in West Sumatra, characterized by traditional Minangkabau architecture.
 * Museum Rumah Kelahiran Tan Malaka (Museum of Tan Malaka Birthplace): the house in which Indonesian founding father Tan Malaka was born.

title: Payakumbuh


text:
Keele station

Keele is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located just north of Bloor Street West on the east side of Keele Street. The station opened in 1966, and was the western terminus of the line until 1968. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

History
When the Bloor–Danforth line was opened in 1966 from Keele to Woodbine station, the Bloor streetcar line was dramatically shortened. It now traveled east from Jane Loop only as far as Keele station; at the eastern end of the line, a separate Danforth streetcar was established, from Woodbine station to Luttrell Loop. On May 11, 1968, the Bloor and Danforth streetcars were both eliminated when the subway extensions west to and east to  were opened. During this initial two-year period the trolleybuses and streetcars serving the station used separate loops (both within the fare-paid area), one near each of the station's entrances, so that passengers transferring between streetcars and trolleybuses had to walk along the subway platform. While the main (Keele Street) entrance and trolleybus loop had escalators up to the platform, the east (parking lot and Indian Grove) entrance and streetcar loop were provided with a moving ramp leading up to what is now the eastbound subway platform. After streetcar service to the station ended in 1968, the streetcar loop property was redeveloped and the moving ramp was sealed off. The former trolleybus loop is still used, by buses.

Installation of two elevators to make the station fully accessible commenced in August 2019. The construction was completed in July 2021, with Keele becoming the TTC's 53rd accessible station.

Subway infrastructure in the vicinity
Just east of Keele Street, the line emerges from a hillside, changing directly from tunnel to an elevated alignment on an enclosed bridge, then enters the station. The fully enclosed station crosses over both Keele Street and a parallel side street named Indian Grove. Just east of the station the line emerges onto an open viaduct, with a 187 space parking lot located underneath at 400 Indian Road. The line then continues at ground level beside Keele Yard (formerly called Vincent Yard), before descending into the Dorval Portal as it continues to Dundas West station.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include High Park and Keele Junior Public School. The neighbourhood of The Junction is located north of the station.

Surface connections

TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Keele station


text:
Lansdowne station (Toronto)

Lansdowne is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The main station entrance is located just north of Bloor Street on Lansdowne Avenue, with a secondary unstaffed entrance on Emerson Avenue. Opened in 1966, the station lies approximately 561 metres (1,842 feet) from its nearest station to the west, Dundas West. The station is in the Dovercourt-Wallace Emerson-Junction neighbourhood on the edge of the Bloordale Village strip. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

Construction started in June 2019 to install three elevators to make Lansdowne station accessible. One elevator was planned to connect the street level to the station concourse. Two other elevators were planned to connect the concourse to the east- and westbound platforms. In December 2022, the project was completed as planned and the station became accessible. As part of the project, the station received public art.

Under a GO Transit proposal for Regional Express Rail, a new station on their Barrie line (tentatively called ) would be built 200 m west of this station and offer connections between the services.

Surface connections
Transfers to buses occur at curbside stops on Lansdowne Avenue at this station.

TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Lansdowne station (Toronto)


text:
Hindu Mahasabha

Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha (lit. 'All-India Hindu Grand Assembly') is a Hindu nationalist political party in India.

Founded in 1915 by Madan Mohan Malviya, the Mahasabha functioned mainly as a pressure group advocating the interests of orthodox Hindus before the British Raj from within the Indian National Congress. In the 1930s, it emerged as a distinct party under the leadership of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who developed the concept of Hindutva ("Hinduness") and became a fierce opponent of the western, secular nationalism espoused by the Congress.

During the World War II, the Mahasabha supported the British war effort and briefly entered coalitions with the Muslim League in provincial and central legislative councils. After the assassination of Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi by a Hindu Mahasabha activist Nathuram Godse, the Mahasabha's fortunes diminished in post-Independence Indian politics, and it was soon eclipsed by the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.

Name
The organisation was originally called Sarvadeshik Hindu Sabha ("Pan-Country Hindu Assembly"). In 1921, it changed to the present name Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ("All-India Hindu Grand Assembly").

Antecedents
Local forerunners of the Hindu Mahasabha emerged in connection with the disputes after the partition of Bengal in 1905 in British India. Under the then viceroy Lord Curzon, the division of the province of Bengal was into two new provinces of East Bengal and Assam, as well as Bengal. The new province of Bengal had a Hindu majority, the province of East Bengal and Assam was mostly Muslim. The British administration justified the division for religious reasons.

The formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906 and the British India government's creation of separate Muslim electorate under the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 was a catalyst for Hindu leaders coming together to create an organisation to protect the rights of the Hindu community members.

In 1909, Lal Chand and U.N. Mukerji established the Punjab Hindu Sabha ("Punjab Hindu Assembly"). The Sabha stated that it was not a sectarian organisation, but an "all-embracing movement" that aimed to safeguard the interests of "the entire Hindu community". On 21–22 October 1909, it organised the Punjab Provincial Hindu Conference, which criticised the Indian National Congress for failing to defend Hindu interests and called for the promotion of Hindu-centered politics. In this conference, Sabha leaders strongly proposed that Hindus need a separate nation and that Muslims should not be given any rights in that nation. The Sabha organised five more annual provincial conferences in Punjab.

The development of the broad civic framework for Hindu unity that started in the early 20th century in Punjab was a precursor for the formation of the All India Hindu Sabha. Over the next few years, several such Hindu Sabhas were established outside Punjab, including in United Provinces, Bihar, Bengal, Central Provinces and Berar, and Bombay Presidency.

A formal move to establish an umbrella All-India Hindu Sabha was made at the Allahabad session of Congress in 1910. A committee headed by Lala Baij Nath was set up to draw a constitution, but it did not make much progress. Another conference of Hindu leaders in Allahabad also took the initial step to establish an All India Hindu Sabha in 1910, but this organisation did not become operational due to factional strife. On 8 December 1913, the Punjab Hindu Sabha passed a resolution to create an All India Hindu Sabha at its Ambala session. The Conference proposed holding a general conference of Hindu leaders from all over India during 1915 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar.

Establishment
Preparatory sessions of the All India Hindu Sabha were held at Haridwar (13 February 1915), Lucknow (17 February 1915) and Delhi (27 February 1915). In April 1915, Sarvadeshak (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed as an umbrella organisation of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Gandhi and Swami Shraddhanand were also present at the conference and were supportive of the formation of All India Hindu Sabha. The Sabha emphasized Hindu solidarity and the need for social reform.

At its sixth session in April 1921, the Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha formally changed its name to Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha on the model of the Indian National Congress. Presided over by Manindra Chandra Nandi, it amended its constitution to remove the clause about loyalty to the British and added a clause committing the organisation to a "united and self-governing" Indian nation.

Amongst the Mahasabha's early leaders were the prominent nationalists, educationalists and four-time Indian National Congress president Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, who founded the Benaras Hindu University, the Punjabi populist Lala Lajpat Rai and Lajpat Rai's mentor Navin Chandra Rai of the Hindu Samaj who chaired the special Congress session of 1920 held at Lahore which gave the call for non-cooperation. Under Malaviya, the Mahasabha campaigned for Hindu political unity, for the education and economic development of Hindus as well as for the conversion of Muslims to Hinduism.

Indian independence movement
The Hindu Mahasabha did not unconditionally support the Indian independence movement against British rule in India. However, it became part of the movement on its conditions and with regards to protecting the interests of the Hindus. For example, it boycotted the Simon Commission. In the aftermath, it was part of the all-party committee, which came out with the Nehru Report. However, it did not accept the Report as according to Mahasabha, it gave too many concessions to Muslims. Similarly, when Mahatma Gandhi observed a fast against the Communal Award, Mahasabha worked with Gandhi and other parties to ensure Poona Pact was signed and Depressed Classes were given a fair representation.

Hindu Mahasabha under Savarkar's leadership organized Hindu Militarization Boards which recruited for the British Indian armed forces to help the British in World War 2.

Civil disobedience movement
Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress led several nationwide campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience. The Mahasabha officially abstained from participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.

Alliance with Muslim League and others
The Indian National Congress won a massive victory in the 1937 Indian provincial elections, decimating the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal.

In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah's Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words:"Witness the fact that only recently in Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation had taken the responsibility of joining hands with the League itself in running coalition government..." In March 1943, Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan. Despite the Hindu Mahasabha's avowed public opposition to any territorial division of India, the Mahasabha Ministers of the Sindh government did not resign, rather they simply "contented themselves with a protest".

In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister Mehr Chand Khanna.

In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the Krishak Praja Party led Progressive Coalition ministry of Fazlul Haq in December 1941. Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.

Quit India Movement
The Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.

Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942, he wrote:"Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting in internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being." Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:"The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during the emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defence and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister." Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states: "Syama Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter, he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation..."

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi
On January 30, 1948, Nathuram Godse shot Mahatma Gandhi three times and killed him in Delhi. Godse and his fellow conspirators Digambar Badge, Gopal Godse, Narayan Apte, Vishnu Karkare and Madanlal Pahwa were identified as prominent members of the Hindu Mahasabha. Along with them, police arrested Savarkar, who was suspected of being the mastermind behind the plot. While the trial resulted in convictions and judgments against the others, Savarkar was released due to lack of evidence. The Kapur Commission said:
 * All these facts taken together were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy to murder (of Gandhiji).

Attempts at rehabilitation of Godse
The Hindu Mahasabha considers Nathuram Godse to be a "real forgotten hero" of the independence struggle of India and criticises Mahatma Gandhi for not having prevented the partition of India. In 2014, following the Bharatiya Janata Party's rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha continued attempts to rehabilitate and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister Narendra Modi to install the bust of Nathuram Godse. It created a documentary film Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse (Patriot Nathuram Godse) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015. There were attempts to build a temple for Nathuram Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a Shaurya Diwas ("Bravery Day"). A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.

Karnataka controversy
In September 2021, the state general secretary for Hindu Mahasabha in Karnataka, Dharmendra, threatened to kill Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai over the demolition of an unlicensed temple in Nanjangud, Mysuru, along with comments about killing Mahatma Gandhi. For these threats, he and two other associates, Rajesh Pavitran and Prem Poolali, were arrested.

Ideology
Although the Hindu Mahasabha did not call for the exclusion of other religious communities from government, it identified India as a Hindu Rashtra ("Hindu Nation") and believed in the primacy of Hindu culture, religion, and heritage. The Hindu Mahasabha was opposed to the Indian caste system and policies that endorsed untouchability, and used to organize all caste dinners in Nagpur and Kanpur. Savarkar was very critical of the Indian caste system and untouchability, and among the social institutions, he saw it as the greatest curse of India.

Hindutva
The Hindu Mahasabha promotes the principles of Hindutva, a Hindu nationalist ideology developed by its pre-eminent leader Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. The Mahasabha identifies India as Hindu Rashtra ("Hindu Nation").

Ideological positions
In 2015, Vice President of All India Hindu Mahasabha, VP Sadhvi Deva Thakur stated that Christians and Muslims must undergo forced sterilization to restrict their growing population in India, which she considered a threat to Hindus. She declared: "The population of Muslims and Christians is growing day by day. To rein in this, Union will have to impose emergency, and Muslims and Christians will have to be forced to undergo sterilization so that they can't increase their numbers".

In April 2015, the general secretary of the Hindu Mahasabha Munna Kumar Shukla claimed that it is not illegal to attack a church and it does not violate any law. He requested the NDA government to give legal and administrative protection to the Hindus who attack churches. He justified his claim by saying that churches were only conversion factories. Shukla also promised the Mahasabha would give protection and awards to those who marry Muslim girls and attack churches. He also said that the Taj Mahal would meet the same fate as Babri masjid as it was a Shiva Temple.

title: Hindu Mahasabha


text:
Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha

Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha, initially called Nikhil Hindu Manipuri Mahasabha, was founded in Manipur in 1934 with the Maharaja Churachand Singh as its president. The organisation was focused mainly on the ethnic interests of the Meitei people and their religious interests as Hindus.

1st Session, NHMM, Imphal, 1934
The NMM was originally known as the Nikhil Manipuri Hindu Mahasabha. It was founded under the patronage of Maharaja Churachand Singh who was the president of the organization. All works were carried out by Hijam Irabot who was the vice-president.

2nd Session, NHMM, Tarepur,1936
The second session was held at Tarepur in Silchar.Maharaja Churachand was the Chairman of the session, Hijam Irabot was selected as the secretary of the Mahasabha.

3rd Session, NHMM, Mandalay,1937
The third session was held at Mandalay in Burma.Hijam Irabot was the chairman of the session.

4th Session, NMM, Chinga, 1938
This session was held at Chinga in Manipur. Maharaja Churachand did not attend the session. Irabot changed the name of the sabha by dropping the Hindu off the original name. He also changed it into a political party. Maharaja Churachand sent a warning to Irabot on the events taking place in his absence.

2nd Nupilal, 1939
A section of the NMM split to join the second Nupilal. They called themselves the Praja Sanmelani which was established on 7 January 1940.

Second World War,1939-1945
During the Second World War, many NMM leaders joined the Indian National Army. They took a minor role in the Battle of Imphal.

title: Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha


text:
Category:Laboratory techniques

Laboratory methods and techniques, as used in fields like biology, biochemistry, biophysics, chemistry, molecular biology, etc.

title: Category:Laboratory techniques


text:
Talk:Umeå Municipality

Pronunciation
Could someone who is familiar with swedish please add pronunciation information to this page? Is it Yoo-mee-ah? Ooh-mee-ah? Ooh-may-ah? Yoo-may-ah? -Sam Walker December 21, 2004

It's prenounced "Ooh-me-oh" 81.172.149.97 19:38, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title
why "Umeå Municpality" instead of just Umeå?
 * See Umeå for comparison. Tomas e (talk) 20:00, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

broken link
The link

http://www.umea.se/umeakommun/byggaboochmiljo/parkerochnatur/parker/vanortsparken/fakta.4.bbd1b101a585d7048000160251.html

doesn't work. Maybe it could be better to use

http://www.umea.se/umeakommun/byggaboochmiljo/naturvardparker/parkerochgronomraden/vanortsparken.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:6B0:E:2B18:0:0:0:79 (talk) 17:03, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Umeå Municipality


text:
Dufferin station

Dufferin is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Dufferin Street just north of Bloor Street West. It opened in 1966 as part of the original segment of the subway line. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

Architecture and art
When the station first opened, the entrance on the west side of Dufferin Street had a tile back wall, a three sided glass and aluminium enclosure entrance at ground level, an opaque flat roof, red signage, and a red accent stripe. In 1974, the Dovercourt Baptist Church constructed the abutting new red brick facility and senior's residence (New Horizons Tower). The entrance on the east side of the street is inset into the westerly facade of the Bloor Dufferin Medical Centre. Inside, smooth, unadorned green-coloured rectangular wall tiles were used, with a strip of narrower black tiles near the ceiling, and terrazzo floor tiles. The 2010 to 2014 modernization of the station significantly modifies the original west entrance, updating signage, adding an elevator for accessibility, adding ceiling height and additional glazed elements, and adding a canopy covering the sidewalk. A canopy has also been added to the Bloor Dufferin Medical Centre to shelter the east side bus stops, and two additional exits have been added to Russet Ave, one block west of the main entrances. A public art component, titled Something Happens Here by Eduardo Aquino and Karen Shanski of spmb was also added, consisting of colourful mosaics of highly pixelated images of activity from the surrounding communities. The mosaics also include numerous metallic tiles featuring local logos, icons and historical references.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include Dufferin Mall, Bloor Collegiate Institute, Dufferin Grove Park, and the Bloor–Gladstone branch of the Toronto Public Library.

Surface connections
Transfers to buses occur at curbside stops on Dufferin Street outside the station.

TTC routes serving the station include:

Station modernization
Dufferin Station was upgraded and modernized under the TTC's Station Modernization program. Work commenced in September 2009 and was fully complete in November 2014, taking over twice the projected time to complete. The "modernization" included the installation of street level elevators for accessibility, the installation of a second entrance from Russett Avenue, two second exits (one on the northwest corner of Russet Avenue and Bloor Street, and the other on the northeast corner, providing direct access from the westbound platform), rebuilding of the bus waiting area, and new and modernized station finishes, art and lighting. The two second exits opened earlier than other improvements, in August 2013.

By January 2024, the TTC and a developer came to an agreement that the developer would construct, maintain and own a new station connection from a new 33-storey, mixed-use development, to be built on the southwest corner of Bloor and Dufferin Streets. The connection will be accessible and underground, and is expected to open in 2026.

title: Dufferin station


text:
Fielding independent pitching

In baseball, fielding independent pitching (FIP) (also referred to as defense independent pitching) is intended to measure a pitcher's effectiveness based only on statistics that do not involve fielders (except the catcher). These include home runs allowed, strikeouts, hit batters, walks, and, more recently, fly ball percentage, ground ball percentage, and (to a much lesser extent) line drive percentage. By focusing on these statistics and ignoring what happens once a ball is put in play, which – on most plays – the pitcher has little control over, DIPS claims to offer a clearer picture of the pitcher's true ability.

The most controversial part of DIPS is the idea that pitchers have little influence over what happens to balls that are put into play. Some people believe this has been well-established (see below), primarily by showing the large variability of most pitchers' BABIP from year to year. However, there is a wide variation in career BABIP among pitchers, and this seems to correlate with career success. For instance, no pitcher in the Hall of Fame has a below-average career BABIP.

Formulae
Each of the following formulae uses innings pitched (IP), a measure of the number of outs a team made while a pitcher was in the game. Since most outs rely on fielding, the results from calculations using IP are not truly independent of team defense. While the creators of DICE, FIP and similar statistics all suggest they are "defense independent", others have pointed out that their formulas involve (IP). IP is a statistical measure of how many outs were made while a pitcher was pitching. This includes those made by fielders who are typically involved in more than two thirds of the outs. These critics claim this makes pitchers' DICE or FIP highly dependent on the defensive play of their fielders.

DICE
A simple formula, known as Defense-Independent Component ERA (DICE), was created by Clay Dreslough in 1998:

 * $$DICE=3.00 + \frac{13HR + 3(BB + HBP) - 2K}{IP}$$

In that equation, "HR" is home runs, "BB" is walks, "HBP" is hit batters, "K" is strikeouts, and "IP" is innings pitched. That equation gives a number that is better at predicting a pitcher's ERA in the following year than the pitcher's actual ERA in the current year.

FIP
Tom Tango independently derived a similar formula, known as Fielding Independent Pitching, which is very close to the results of dERA and DICE.

 * $$FIP=\frac{13HR + 3BB - 2K}{IP}$$

In that equation, "HR" is home runs, "BB" is walks, "K" is strikeouts, and "IP" is innings pitched. That equation usually gives a number that is nothing close to a normal ERA (this is the FIP core), so the equation used is more often (but not always) this one:

 * $$FIP=\frac{13HR + 3BB - 2K}{IP}+C$$

where C is a constant that renders league FIP for the time period in question equal to league ERA for the same period. It is calculated as:

 * $$C = lgERA - $$

where lgERA is the league average ERA, lgHR is the number of home runs in the league, lgBB is the number of walks in the league, lgK is the number of strikeouts in the league, and lgIP is the number of innings pitched in the league.

The Hardball Times, a popular baseball statistics website, uses a slightly different FIP equation, instead using 3*(BB+HBP-IBB) rather than simply 3*(BB) where "HBP" stands for batters hit by pitch and "IBB" stands for intentional base on balls.

xFIP
Dave Studeman of The Hardball Times derived Expected Fielding Independent Pitching (xFIP), a regressed version of FIP. Calculated like FIP, it differs in that it normalizes the number of home runs the pitcher allows, replacing a pitcher's actual home run total with an expected home run total (xHR).

 * $$xFIP=\frac{13(xHR) + 3BB - 2K}{IP}+ C$$

where xHR is calculated using the league average home run per fly ball rate (lgHR/FB) multiplied by the number of fly balls the pitcher has allowed.

 * $$xHR = Fly Balls * lgHR/FB$$

Typically, the lgHR/FB is around 10.5%, meaning 10.5% of fly balls go for home runs. In 2015, it was 11.4%.

SIERA
Baseball Prospectus invented this statistic, which takes into account balls in play and adjusts for balls in play. For example, if a pitcher has a high xFIP, but also induces a lot of ground balls and popups, his SIERA will be lower than his xFIP. The calculations for it are as follows:

 * $$SIERA=6.145 - 16.986(SO/PA) + 11.434(BB/PA) - 1.858((GB-FB-PU)/PA) + 7.653((SO/PA)^2) +/- 6.664(((GB-FB-PU)/PA)^2) + 10.130(SO/PA)((GB-FB-PU)/PA) - 5.195(BB/PA)*((GB-FB-PU)/PA)$$

where SO is strikeouts, PA is plate appearances, BB is bases on balls, GB is ground ball, FB is fly ball, and PU is pop-up

Origins
In 1999, Voros McCracken became the first to detail and publicize these effects to the baseball research community when he wrote on rec.sport.baseball, "I've been working on a pitching evaluation tool and thought I'd post it here to get some feedback. I call it 'Defensive Independent Pitching' and what it does is evaluate a pitcher base[d] strictly on the statistics his defense has no ability to affect..." Until the publication of a more widely read article in 2001, however, on Baseball Prospectus, most of the baseball research community believed that individual pitchers had an inherent ability to prevent hits on balls in play. McCracken reasoned that if this ability existed, it would be noticeable in a pitcher's 'Batting Average on Balls In Play' (BABIP). His research found the opposite to be true: that while a pitcher's ability to cause strikeouts or prevent home runs remained somewhat constant from season to season, his ability to prevent hits on balls in play did not.

To better evaluate pitchers in light of his theory, McCracken developed "Defense-Independent ERA" (dERA), the most well-known defense-independent pitching statistic. McCracken's formula for dERA is very complicated, with a number of steps. DIPS ERA is not as useful for knuckleballers and other "trick" pitchers, a factor that McCracken mentioned a few days after his original announcement of his research findings in 1999, in a posting on the rec.sport.baseball.analysis Usenet site on November 23, 1999, when he wrote: "Also to [note] is that, anecdotally, I believe pitchers with trick deliveries (e.g. Knuckleballers) might post consistently lower $H numbers than other pitchers. I looked at Tim Wakefield's career and that seems to bear out slightly".

In later postings on the rec.sport.baseball site during 1999 and 2000 (prior to the publication of his widely read article on BaseballProspectus.com in 2001), McCracken also discussed other pitcher characteristics that might influence BABIP. In 2002 McCracken created and published version 2.0 of dERA, which incorporates the ability of knuckleballers and other types of pitchers to affect the number of hits allowed on balls hit in the field of play (BHFP).

Controversy
Controversy over DIPS was heightened when Tom Tippett at Diamond Mind published his own findings in 2003. Tippett concluded that the differences between pitchers in preventing hits on balls in play were at least partially the result of the pitcher's skill. Tippett analyzed certain groups of pitchers that appear to be able to reduce the number of hits allowed on balls hit into the field of play (BHFP). Like McCracken, Tippett found that pitchers' BABIP was more volatile on an annual basis than the rates at which they gave up home runs or walks. It was this greater volatility that had led McCracken to conclude pitchers had "little or no control" over hits on balls in play. But Tippett also found large and significant differences between pitchers' career BABIP. In many cases, it was these differences that accounted for the pitchers' relative success.

However, improvements to DIPS that look at more nuanced defense-independent stats than strikeouts, home runs, and walks (such as groundball rate), have been able to account for many of the BABIP differences that Tippet identified without reintroducing the noise from defense variability.

Despite other criticisms, the work by McCracken on DIPS is regarded by many in the sabermetric community as the most important piece of baseball research in many years. As Jonah Keri wrote in 2012, "When Voros McCracken wrote his seminal piece on pitching and defense 11 years ago, he helped change the way people—fans, writers, even general managers—think about run prevention in baseball. Where once we used to throw most of the blame for a hit on the pitcher who gave it up, McCracken helped us realize that a slew of other factors go into whether a ball hit into play falls for a hit. For many people in the game and others who simply watch it, our ability to recognize the influence of defense, park effects, and dumb luck can be traced back to that one little article".

DIPS ERA was added to ESPN.com's Sortable Stats in 2004.

title: Fielding independent pitching


text:
Ossington station

Ossington is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located at Ossington Avenue just north of Bloor Street West and opened in 1966 as part of the original segment of the subway line. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

Description
The main station entrance is on the west side of Ossington Avenue, just north of Bloor. In December 2016, elevators were installed at this station, thus making Ossington station a fully accessible station. There is a second automatic entrance, with entry only by Presto card, on Delaware Avenue, beside a TTC electrical substation.

As part of the 2016 renovation, the station acquired the artwork Ossington Particles by Scott Eunson. The artwork uses 800 stick-on coloured acrylic tiles arranged in clusters near stairways on the platform and mezzanine levels. Plaques in the station provide an artist's message: "The Particles inhabit the tile grid of Ossington Station to tell a story of the natural and human history of this site, mapping the local Garrison Creek watershed and recalling the ancient landscape and geology of this neighborhood."

Surface connections

TTC routes serving the station include:

Easier access program
In the summer of 2014, work has begun on the station to make it accessible to all customers. Improvements to the station include two new elevators to access the subway platforms, automatic sliding doors, barrier free access to the platform, security upgrades, and signage improvements.

title: Ossington station


text:
User:Ianking

Hey -- I've been reading for a couple of years, and dabbed and copy-edited a few articles along the way when there were some egregious errors.

I divide my time between the study of biology and genetics and the bizarre and occasionally sleazy world of freelance journalism; lately, it's been dominated by the latter. I was news editor at Vancouver alt-weekly Terminal City (magazine) until it folded in late 2005; now, I write a city-beat column in the Vancouver edition of 24 Hours. Oh yeah, and I also blog about stuff from time to time.

title: User:Ianking


text:
Christie station

Christie is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the east side of Christie Street just north of Bloor Street West, and opened in 1966 as part of the original segment of the subway line. Wi-Fi service is available at this station.

History
Christie station opened in 1966, as part of the first phase of the Bloor–Danforth line.

The station was damaged in 1976 when a fire was set on board a late-evening train. Nobody was hurt, but four cars of the train were destroyed and part of the station's platform area, including the tiled wall, suffered severe damage. During the repair parts of the trim were replaced with a different colour; red-brown instead of the original green tile.

Christie Street is named after Christy McDougall, wife of Peter McDougall, a landowner in the area. Historical documents indicate that the street was given her name by as early as 1835.

Station access upgrades
Construction to make the station's main entrance wheelchair accessible by adding two elevators had begun by the fourth quarter of 2021. One elevator will link the street level, the concourse level, and the westbound platform; the other elevator will link the concourse level and the eastbound platform. Construction is scheduled to be completed by the end of 2025.

Nearby landmarks
Nearby landmarks include Korea Town and Christie Pits.

Surface connections
Transfers to buses occur at curbside stops on Christie Street at this station.

TTC routes serving the station include:

title: Christie station


text:
Manipur Peoples Party

The Manipur Peoples Party (MPP) is a political party in the Indian state of Manipur. MPP was founded on 26 December 1968 by a group of dissidents from the Indian National Congress. At the February 2007 Manipur state elections, the party received 5 of the 60 seats.

Currently, it is a part of North-East Regional Political Front; the front consists of political parties in the northeast which has supported the National Democratic Alliance (India).

title: Manipur Peoples Party