text:
The Adventures of Superman (radio series)

The Adventures of Superman is a long-running radio serial that originally aired from 1940 to 1951 featuring the DC Comics character Superman.

The serial came to radio as a syndicated show on New York City's WOR on February 12, 1940. On Mutual, it was broadcast from August 31, 1942, to February 4, 1949, as a 15-minute serial, running three or, usually, five times a week. From February 7 to June 24, 1949, it ran as a thrice-weekly half-hour show. The series shifted to ABC Saturday evenings on October 29, 1949, and then returned to afternoons twice a week on June 5, 1950, continuing on ABC until March 1, 1951. In all, 2,088 original episodes of The Adventures of Superman aired on American radio.

History
Created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the Man of Steel first appeared in Action Comics #1 in 1938. The following year, the newspaper comic strip began and four audition radio programs were prepared to sell Superman as a radio series. When Superman was first heard on radio less than two years after the comic book appearance, the character took on an added dimension with Bud Collyer in the title role. During World War II and the post-war years, the juvenile adventure radio serial, sponsored by Kellogg's Pep, was a huge success, with many listeners following the quest for "truth and justice" in the daily radio broadcasts, the comic book stories and the newspaper comic strip. Airing in the late afternoon (variously at 5:15pm, 5:30pm and 5:45pm), the radio serial engaged its young after-school audience with its exciting and distinctive opening, which changed slightly as the series progressed. Most familiar today is the television opening, which copied the radio opening from 1945 onward (save for "and the American Way" line, which was an even later addition), but the most often heard radio opening through the mid-1940s was:

By September 5, 1945, the opening (repeated at the close) had morphed into:

Narrative notes
In the first few episodes, Superman's home planet of Krypton is located on the far side of the sun, as opposed to a distant star system as it is in most stories. During the journey to Earth, baby Kal-el grows into an adult and emerges fully grown from his ship after it lands on Earth. He is never adopted by the Kents but immediately begins his superhero career. This was eventually retconned in later episodes to match the narrative of the comic books.

This serial introduced the fictional mineral kryptonite, the radiation from which can weaken and even (in some continuities) kill Superman. Aside from giving Superman's foes a plausible way to fight him, it also allowed Superman's voice actor to take the occasional break: Superman would spend the next episode incapacitated, his groans voiced by a substitute actor.

Ratings
In January 1945, the show was listened to on 3.1% of radios. In January 1946, it was listened to on 4.4% of radios.

Jackson Beck
That well-known signature opening, one of the most famous in radio history, was delivered by Jackson Beck, the announcer-narrator for the program from 1943 to 1950. He also had recurring roles, voicing an occasional tough guy and also portraying Beany Martin, the Daily Planet's teenage copy boy. On Superman episodes featuring Batman, he played Bruce Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth. Decades later, Beck portrayed Perry White, Clark Kent's boss, in Filmation's The New Adventures of Superman (1966–1970), in addition to serving as the show's narrator.

Bud Collyer
Just as Superman's true identity remained a secret, the identity of radio actor Collyer also remained a secret from 1940 until 1946, when the character of Superman was used in a promotional campaign for racial and religious tolerance and Collyer did a Time magazine interview about that campaign.

Since there were no reruns at that time, the series often used plot devices and plot twists to allow Collyer to have vacation time. Kryptonite allowed Superman to be incapacitated and incoherent with pain while the secondary characters took the focus instead. At other times, Batman (Stacy Harris) and Robin (Ronald Liss) appeared on the program in Superman's absence.

The scripts by B. P. Freeman and Jack Johnstone were directed by Robert and Jessica Maxwell, George Lowther, Allen Ducovny and Mitchell Grayson. Sound effects were created by Jack Keane, Al Binnie, Keene Crockett and John Glennon.

Many aspects associated with Superman, such as kryptonite, originated on radio, as did certain characters, including Daily Planet editor Perry White, copy boy Jimmy Olsen and police inspector Bill Henderson. On March 2, 1945, Superman met Batman and Robin for the first time.

Paramount's animated Superman short films used voices by the radio actors, and Columbia's Superman movie serials (1948, 1950) were "adapted from the Superman radio program broadcast on the Mutual Network".

"Clan of the Fiery Cross"
In 1946, the series delivered a powerful blow against the Ku Klux Klan's prospects in the northern United States. Stetson Kennedy, a human rights activist, infiltrated the KKK and other white supremacist terrorist groups. Concerned that the organization had links to the government and police forces, Kennedy decided to use its findings to strike at the Klan in a different way. He contacted the Superman producers and proposed a story where the superhero battles the Klan. Looking for new villains, the producers eagerly agreed. Kennedy provided information, including details of Klan rituals and the like to the writers. The result was a series of episodes, "Clan of the Fiery Cross", in which Superman took on the Klan. The trivialization of the Klan's rituals and natures had a negative impact on Klan recruiting and membership numbers.

Reportedly, Klan leaders denounced the show and called for a boycott of Kellogg's products. However, the story arc earned spectacular ratings, making Superman the most highly rated kids' radio program, and the food company stood by its support of the show.

Superman historian Michael Hayde has cast doubt on whether actual KKK codewords and details were broadcast in the Clan of the Fiery Cross story arc. He wrote: "[O]ne is hard pressed to uncover anything that might be construed as proprietary to the KKK, with the exception of one – and only one – sequence, heard in episode #2".

The story-arc was loosely adapted for a DC Comics limited series, Superman Smashes the Klan by Gene Luen Yang, and was released in October 2019.

Stories
The syndicated series, titled simply Superman, first aired via pre-recorded transcription disks over 11 stations beginning on February 12, 1940, with an origin story, "The Baby from Krypton". The series aired in 15-minute episodes three times a week until May 9, 1941, with the conclusion of the "Nitrate Shipment" storyline. By that time, it had expanded to 63 stations.

Start of run: February 1940
The first 19 episodes had individual titles that told three overall stories:

Multi-part cliffhangers: March 1940 – May 1941
The series then moved to multi-part cliffhanger stories, beginning with "The Mystery of Dyerville". Some stories spanned just a few episodes; others, like "The Last of the Clipper Ships", went on for up to 20 parts.

 * "The Mystery of Dyerville" (March 1940) (2 parts, actually concludes the story begun on March 18)
 * "The Emerald of the Incas" (April 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Donelli's Protection Racket" (April 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Airplane Disasters at Bridger Field" (April–May 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Buffalo Heights" (May 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Alonzo Craig, Arctic Explorer" (May–June 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Horace Morton's Weather Predictions" (June 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Hans Holbein's Doll Factory" (June–July 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Happyland Amusement Park" (July 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Lighthouse Point Smugglers" (July–August 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Pillar of Fire at Graves' End" (August 1940) (3 parts)
 * "The Mayan Treasure" (August 1940) (6 parts)
 * "Professor Thorpe's Bathysphere" (August–September 1940) (12 parts)
 * "The Curse of Dead Man's Island" (September–October 1940) (6 parts)
 * "The Yellow Mask and the 5 Million Dollar Jewel Robbery" (October–November 1940) (15 parts)
 * "The Invisible Man" (November 1940) (6 parts)
 * "The 5 Million Dollar Gold Heist" (November–December 1940) (8 parts)
 * "The Howling Coyote" (December 1940–January 1941) (14 parts)
 * "The Black Pearl of Osiris" (January–February 1941) (11 parts)
 * "The Dragon's Teeth" (February–March 1941) (10 parts)
 * "Last of the Clipper Ships" (March–April 1941) (20 parts)
 * "The Nitrate Shipment" (April –May 1941) (9 parts)

End of run: August 1941 – February 1942
Beginning on August 25, 1941, a second series of transcriptions designed to air five days per week (although many stations continued the previous three-per-week schedule) aired. These concluded after 26 weeks with the final installment of "A Mystery for Superman" airing on February 20, 1942:

 * "The Grayson Submarine" (August 1941) (6 parts)
 * "Dr. Deutsch and the Radium Mine" (September 1941) (12 parts)
 * "The White Plague" (September 1941) (8 parts)
 * "Fur Smuggling" (September–October 1941) (6 parts)
 * "Dr. Roebling and the Voice Machine" (October 1941) (16 parts)
 * "Metropolis Football Team Poisoned" (October - November 1941) (15 parts)
 * "Crooked Oil Association" (November–December 1941) (10 parts)
 * "The Silver Arrow" (December 1941) (7 parts)
 * "The Pan-Am Highway" (December 1941–January 1942) (15 parts)
 * "The Mechanical Man" (January 1942) (10 parts)
 * "Lita the Leopard Woman" (January–February 1942) (12 parts)
 * "The Ghost Car" (February 1942) (8 parts)
 * "A Mystery for Superman" (February 1942) (5 parts)

In February 1942, the syndicated series ceased production. At that time, it was airing in 85 North American markets.

First revival: August 1942 – June 1949
In June, the Mutual Network discovered it would be losing its #1 juvenile show, Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy to NBC's Blue Network at the end of August. To counter, MBS decided to revive the show, now officially titled The Adventures of Superman, on August 31, 1942. The new series aired live, five days a week. The revival began with two individual episodes, and then returned to the cliffhanger serial format.

The stories were of varying lengths—some stories were only five parts, while others could go into the dozens. Some of the longer stories include "Looking for Kryptonite" (25 episodes), "The Hate Mongers' Organization" (25 episodes) and "Superman vs Kryptonite" (33 episodes).

All stories broadcast from August 31, 1942, to September 3, 1945, are either wholly or partially missing. For those stories where some episodes are available in circulation, it will be noted which parts are available.

 * "Superman Comes to Earth" (August 31, 1942)
 * "Eben Kent Dies in Fire, Clark Goes to Metropolis" (September 1, 1942)
 * "The Wolfe" (September 1942) (11 parts, Parts 4, 5, and 11 available)
 * "The Tiny Men" (September 1942) (9 parts, Parts 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 available)
 * "Mystery in Arabia" (September–October 1942) (10 parts, Parts 1, 3-9 available)
 * "The Black Narcissus" (October 1942) (9 parts, Parts 1-7 available)
 * "The Headless Indian" (October–November 1942) (18 parts, Parts 1-16 and 18 available)
 * "The Midnight Intruder" (November–December 1942) (14 parts, Parts 2, 5–10, and 14 available)
 * "The Lost Continent of Atlantis" (December 1942) (9 parts, parts 1–5, 7, 8 available)
 * "The Mystery Ship" (December 1942) (7 parts, Parts 1, 2, 4–7 available)
 * "The Tin Men" (January 1943) (15 parts, parts 2–15 available)
 * "Trouble in Athabascus" (January–February 1943) (9 parts)
 * "The Island of Ghost Ships" (February 1943) (11 parts)
 * "The Model Plane Mystery" (February–March 1943) (17 parts)
 * "Dr. Cameron's Helicopter" (March 1943) (4 parts)
 * "The Vulture and the Thunderbolt Express" (March–April 1943) (16 parts, Parts 3, 4, 9 available)
 * "The Bainbridge Disaster" (April 1943) (12 parts)
 * "Master of the Dream World" (April–May 1943) (14 parts)
 * "The Ghost Squadron" (May–June 1943) (10 parts)
 * "The Meteor from Krypton" (June 1943) (7 parts, Parts 3, 4 available)
 * "Society of the Flamingo" (June–July 1943) (16 parts)
 * "Mr. Prim and the Dragonfly Adventure" (July 1943) (12 parts, Part 12 available)
 * "The Genie in the Bottle" (July–August 1943) (8 parts)
 * "The World of the Future" (August 1943) (11 parts)
 * "The Civil Air Patrol" (August–September 1943) (14 parts)
 * "Penrose Salvage Company" (September 1943) (8 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Death Plane" (September 1943) (4 parts)
 * "Adventures in the Capitol City" (September - October 1943) (7 parts)
 * "German Submarine Menace" (October 1943) (8 parts)
 * "The New German Weapon" (October 1943) (11 parts, Parts 3–6 available)
 * "The Mystery of Prince Philip" (October–November 1943) (14 parts)
 * "Military Espionage" (November–December 1943) (16 parts)
 * "Stolen War Information" (December 1943 - January 1944) (17 parts)
 * "Lois and Jimmy Disappear" (January 1944) (8 parts, Part 7 available)
 * "The Green Death" (January 1944) (9 parts, Part 4 available)
 * "The Mystery of the $100,000 Stamp" (January–February 1944) (12 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Transport Plane Crashes" (February 1944) (6 parts)
 * "Lighthouse Point" (February–March 1944) (7 parts, one episode is available, but which part it is has not been determined)
 * "The Rocket Plane" (March 1944) (4 parts)
 * "The Mystery of Clifftown" (March 1944) (14 parts)
 * "The Golden Homing Pigeon" (March–April 1944) (21 parts, part 10 available)
 * "The Mystery of Desert Springs and the Birdmen" (April - May 1944) (21 parts)
 * "The Hurdy-Gurdy Man" (May–June 1944) (12 parts)
 * "The North Woods Story" (June 1944) (15 parts)
 * "The Seagull, North Pacific Adventure" (July 1944) (9 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Aviation Freight Lines" (July 1944) (11 parts)
 * "The Society of the Crimson Robe" (July–August 1944) (11 parts)
 * "Ghosts of the Air" (August 1944) (10 parts)
 * "The Scorpion" (August–September 1944) (9 parts)
 * "Der Teufel's Atomic Pistol" (September 1944) (13 parts, Part 4 available)
 * "The Mystery of the Mummy Case" (September–October 1944) (21 parts)
 * "Dr. Roebling and the Voice Machine" (October–November 1944) (14 parts)
 * "Planet Utopia" (November·December 1944) (13 parts)
 * "Lois' Uncle John and the Missing Plans" (December 1944) (11 parts, parts 1, 4, 11 available)
 * "The Missing Santa Claus" (December 1944) (6 parts, part 2 available)
 * "The Man in the Velvet Shoes" (December 1944 – January 1945) (12 parts, parts 1, 5, 6, 10-12 available)
 * "The Mystery of the Sleeping Beauty" (January–February 1945) (20 parts, parts 11, 13, 14, 16-20 available)
 * "The Space Shell" (February 1945) (12 parts, parts 3, 6–10 available)
 * "The Mystery of the Waxmen" (March 1945) (12 parts, parts 2, 3 available)
 * "The Mystery of the Golden Nail" (March 1945) (12 parts, parts 3, 4, 8 available)
 * "The Ghost Car" (April 1945) (9 parts, part 7 available)
 * "The Boy King of Moravia" (April 1945) (9 parts, parts 3, 7 available)
 * "Lair of the Dragon" (May 1945) (14 parts, part 8 available)
 * "The Mystery of the Counterfeit Money" (May 1945) (10 parts)
 * "Valley of the Giants" (May–June 1945) (10 parts)
 * "The Desert Adventure" (June–July 1945) (19 parts)
 * "The Underseas Kingdom" (July–August 1945) (19 parts, parts 16, 17 available)
 * "The Flood" (August 1945) (13 parts, parts 4-6 available)
 * "The Black Market" (August–September 1945) (7 parts)

From September 4, 1945 (part 1 of "Dr. Bly's Confidence Gang") to September 2, 1948 (part 3 of "The Mystery of the Silver Buffalo") all stories are fully available in circulation except for "The Hate Mongers' Organization", "Pennies for Plunder", and "Hunger, Inc." which are all missing a handful of episodes. For these three serials, it will be specified which parts are missing.

 * "Dr. Bly's Confidence Gang" (September 1945) (14 parts)
 * "The Meteor of Kryptonite" (September 1945) (2 parts)
 * "The Scarlet Widow" (September–October 1945) (11 parts)
 * "The Atom Man" (October–November 1945) (19 parts)
 * "Atom Man in Metropolis" (November–December 1945) (19 parts)
 * "Looking for Kryptonite" (December 1945 – January 1946) (26 parts)
 * "The Talking Cat" (January 1946) (14 parts)
 * "Is There Another Superman?" (January–February 1946) (13 parts)
 * "The Radar Rocket" (February–March 1946) (20 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Dragon's Teeth" (March 1946) (10 parts)
 * "The Story of the Century" (April 1946) (12 parts)
 * "The Hate Mongers' Organization" (April–May 1946) (25 parts, Part 6 missing)
 * "Al Vincent's Corrupt Political Machine" (May–June 1946) (14 parts)
 * "Clan of the Fiery Cross" (June–July 1946) (16 parts)
 * "Horatio F. Horn, Detective" (July 1946) (22 parts)
 * "The Secret Menace Strikes" (August 1946) (15 parts)
 * "Candy Meyer's Big Story" (August–September 1946) (8 parts)
 * "George Latimer, Crooked Political Boss" (September 1946) (17 parts)
 * "The Dead Voice" (September–October 1946) (15 parts)
 * "Counterfeit Money" (October–November 1946) (14 parts)
 * "The Disappearance of Clark Kent" (November 1946) (13 parts)
 * "The Secret Letter" (November–December 1946) (7 parts)
 * "The Phony Song Publishing Company" (December 1946) (8 parts)
 * "The Phony Housing Racket" (December 1946) (9 parts)
 * "The Phony Restaurant Racket" (December 1946 – January 1947) (8 parts)
 * "The Phony Inheritance Racket" (January 1947) (8 parts)
 * "Drought in Freeville" (January–February 1947) (16 parts)
 * "The Monkey Burglar" (February 1947) (10 parts)
 * "Knights of the White Carnation" (February–March 1947) (14 parts)
 * "The Man Without a Face" (March–April 1947) (16 parts)
 * "Mystery of the Lost Planet" (April 1947) (13 parts)
 * "The Phantom of the Sea" (April–May 1947) (12 parts)
 * "Superman vs. Kryptonite" (May–June 1947) (33 parts)
 * "The Secret Rocket" (September–October 1947) (19 parts)
 * "The Ruler of Darkness" (October–November 1947) (24 parts)
 * "Pennies for Plunder" (November–December 1947) (21 parts, Parts 19–21 missing)
 * "Hunger Inc." (December 1947 – January 1948) (12 parts, Parts 1–3 missing)
 * "Dead Man's Secret" (January - February 1948) (14 parts)
 * "Batman's Great Mystery" (February 1948) (11 parts)
 * "The Kingdom Under the Sea" (February–March 1948) (15 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Stolen Costume" (March–April 1948) (17 parts)
 * "The Skin Game" (April 1948) (9 parts)
 * "The Crossword Puzzle Mystery" (April–May 1948) (13 parts)
 * "The Ghost Brigade" (May 1948) (11 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Sleeping Beauty" (May–June 1948) (18 parts)
 * "The Secret of Meteor Island" (June–July 1948) (17 parts)
 * "The Voice of Doom" (July 1948) (18 parts)
 * "The Secret of the Genie" (August 1948) (10 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Letter" (August 1948) (11 parts)

The remaining serialized stories are all either wholly or partially missing. For those stories where some episodes are available in circulation, it will be noted which parts are available.

 * "The Mystery of the Silver Buffalo" (August–September 1948) (11 parts, Parts 1–3, 8, 9 available)
 * "The Secret of Stone Ridge" (September–October 1948) (17 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Unknown" (October–November 1948) (17 parts)
 * "Murder Scores a Touchdown" (November 1948) (10 parts)
 * "The Riddle of the Mystery Message" (November–December 1948) (13 parts)
 * "The Vanishing Killers" (December 1948) (11 parts)
 * "Superman's Secret" (December 1948) (8 parts, Part 5 available)
 * "The Return of the Octopus" (December 1948 – January 1949) (16 parts)
 * "The Mystery of the Spellbound Ships" (January–February 1949) (11 parts)

Beginning on February 7, 1949, The Adventures of Superman episodes expanded to 30 minutes each. All were transcribed. Each episode was self-contained and had an individual story title. Only "The Mystery of the $10,000 Ghost", "The Mystery of the Flying Monster", and "The Case of the Double Trouble" are available in circulation.

 * "The Frozen Death" (February 7, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Golden Eagle" (February 9, 1949)
 * "The Riddle of the Chinese Jade" (February 11, 1949)
 * "The Curse of the Devil's Creek" (February 14, 1949)
 * "The Lost Civilization" (February 16, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Voice Machine" (February 18, 1949)
 * "The Mystery if the Little Men" (February 21, 1949)
 * "The Story of Marina Baum" (February 23, 1949)
 * "Death Rides the Roller Coaster" (February 25, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Singing Wheels" (February 28, 1949)
 * "The Case of the Poisoned Town" (March 2, 1949)
 * "Mystery of the $10,000 Ghost" (March 4, 1949)
 * "Mystery of the Flying Monster" (March 7, 1949)
 * "Case of Double Trouble" (March 9, 1949)
 * "Superman's Mortal Enemy" (March 11, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Disappearing Diamonds" (March 14, 1949)
 * "The Cat as Big as an Elephant" (March 16, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Walking Doll" (March 18, 1949)
 * "The Return of Terror" (March 21, 1949)
 * "How Time Stood Still" (March 23, 1949)
 * "The World's Greatest Secret" (March 25, 1949)
 * "Crime by the Carload" (March 28, 1949)
 * "Fangs of Fury" (March 30, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Citadel of Doom" (April 1, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Death Train" (April 4, 1949)
 * "Terror Under the Big Top" (April 6, 1949)
 * "The Man of a Thousand Faces" (April 8, 1949)
 * "The Lost King" (April 11, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of Skull Cave" (April 13, 1949)
 * Untitled story (April 15, 1949)
 * "The Secret of the Sahara" (April 18, 1949)
 * "A Voice from the Grave" (April 20, 1949)
 * "The Deadly Double" (April 22, 1949)
 * "The Adventure of the Impractical Joker" (April 25, 1949)
 * "An Experiment in Danger" (April 27, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Phantom Fleet" (April 29, 1949)
 * "The Triangle of Crime" (May 2, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Vibrating Death" (May 4, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of Butte Valley" (May 6, 1949)
 * "The Eye of Balapur" (May 9, 1949)
 * "The Horseman of Doom" (May 11, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the New Face" (May 13, 1949)
 * "The Vengeful Ghost" (May 16, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Flaming Forest" (May 18, 1949)
 * "The Winged Horse" (May 20, 1949)
 * "Death on the Diamond" (May 23, 1949)
 * "The Riddle of the Tapestry" (May 25, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Singing Wheels" (May 27, 1949)
 * "The Speedway of Terror" (May 30, 1949)
 * "Crime at a Bargain" (June 1, 1949)
 * "The Vanishing Ships" (June 3, 1949)
 * "The Case of the Double Double Cross" (June 6, 1949)
 * "The Portrait of Satan" (June 8, 1949)
 * "The Ghost of Shipwreck Island" (June 10, 1949)
 * "Eleven for Death" (June 13, 1949)
 * "Forecast for Crime" (June 15, 1949)
 * "Murder on the Midway" (June 17, 1949)
 * "The Borrowed Corpse" (June 20, 1949)
 * "Killer at Large" (June 22, 1949)
 * "The Mystery of the Frozen Monster" (June 24, 1949)

The series left MBS with the 60th half-hour show, "The Mystery of the Frozen Monster", on June 24, 1949.

Adult themed revival: October 1949 – January 1950
It returned as a mystery program targeted toward adults on Saturday, October 29, 1949, at 8:30pm over the ABC network. ABC aired this adult-themed version for 13 weeks, concluding with "Dead Men Tell No Tales" on January 21, 1950. This broadcast marked the final radio appearance of Bud Collyer as Clark Kent/Superman.

 * "Mystery of the Walking Dead" (October 29, 1949)
 * "One Minute to Death" (November 19, 1949)
 * "Puzzle of the Poison Pomegranate" (November 26, 1949)
 * "Death Rides the Roller Coaster" (December 3, 1949)
 * "Diamond of Death" (December 17, 1949)

Re-used scripts revival: June 1950 – March 1951
On June 5, 1950, ABC revived The Adventures of Superman as a twice-weekly afternoon half-hour series. This version reused the scripts for the 60 MBS half-hour episodes and the 13 "adult" ABC episodes but with new cast members. Michael Fitzmaurice replaced Collyer as Kent/Superman, Jack Grimes replaced Jackie Kelk as Jimmy Olsen, and Ross Martin replaced Jackson Beck as narrator. A total of 78 episodes were produced, with the final broadcast, "The Mystery of the Prehistoric Monster", on March 1, 1951. By then, producer Robert Maxwell was actively preparing Adventures of Superman for television.

Cast

 * Superman / Kal-El / Clark Kent:
 * Bud Collyer (1940–1950)
 * Michael Fitzmaurice (1950–1951)
 * Lois Lane:
 * Rolly Bester
 * Helen Choate
 * Joan Alexander
 * Perry White:
 * Julian Noa
 * Jimmy Olsen:
 * Jackie Kelk
 * Jack Grimes
 * Batman:
 * Matt Crowley
 * Stacy Harris
 * Gary Merrill
 * Robin:
 * Ronald Liss
 * Inspector Henderson:
 * Matt Crowley
 * Earl George
 * Jor-El:
 * Ned Wever
 * Lara:
 * Agnes Moorehead
 * Ro-Zan:
 * Jay Jostyn
 * Professor:
 * Jay Jostyn
 * Jimmy (Professor's son):
 * Junior O'Day
 * The Wolfe:
 * Ned Wever
 * Keno:
 * Arthur Vinton
 * Railroad Conductor:
 * Julian Noa
 * The Yellow Mask:
 * Julian Noa
 * Dr. Dahlgren:
 * Ned Wever
 * June Anderson:
 * Marian Shockley
 * Bartley Pemberton:
 * Ned Wever
 * Captain Anderson:
 * Frank Lovejoy
 * Beany Martin (Daily Planet copyboy):
 * Jackson Beck
 * Alfred Pennyworth:
 * Jackson Beck
 * Narrator:
 * George Lowther (1940–1942)
 * Jackson Beck (1943–1951)
 * Ross Martin (1951)

From 1949 to 1954 there was also an Australian version of the series. This series included 1040 15-minute episodes. It was cast with Australia actors such as Leonard Teale as Superman and Margaret Christensen as Lois Lane.


text:
New Beginning (Tracy Chapman album)

New Beginning is the fourth studio album by singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman, released in 1995. According to Nielsen Soundscan, it is her biggest-selling recording since 1991, with 3.8 million copies sold, and according to the RIAA, it has shipped five million copies in the United States.

The album's sound consists of Chapman's trademark acoustic folk-rock sound and is mainly made up of slow low-key tunes and a few upbeat tracks. One notable exception is the hit "Give Me One Reason", which is a blues piece. Chapman earned the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song for the track, and it was also nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Rock Vocal Performance at the Grammy Awards of 1997.

Aside from the single “Give Me One Reason”, all of the songs are at least 4:56. The song "Unsung Psalm" was originally written and recorded for this album, but was cut. It was later included on her 2000 album Telling Stories. According to Billboard magazine, the "New Beginning" single was the first disc to have a sticker printed on the back of the packaging detailing system requirements to play the multi-media footage.

The use of a didgeridoo in the "New Beginning" track was a source of controversy. Chapman was taught to play at the Didgeridoo University in Alice Springs; however, the use of a didgeridoo by women is taboo in many aboriginal nations. The album also featured an extensive use of backup singers, which was very rare in Chapman's earlier works.

Track listing
All songs written by Tracy Chapman.

 * 1) "Heaven's Here on Earth" – 5:23
 * 2) "New Beginning" – 5:33
 * 3) "Smoke and Ashes" – 6:39
 * 4) "Cold Feet" – 5:40
 * 5) "At This Point in My Life" – 5:09
 * 6) "The Promise" – 5:28
 * 7) "The Rape of the World" – 7:07
 * 8) "Tell It Like It Is" – 6:08
 * 9) "Give Me One Reason" – 4:31
 * 10) "Remember the Tinman" – 5:45
 * 11) "I'm Ready" – 4:56
 * 12) "Save a Place for Me" (hidden track)

Musicians
• Tracy Chapman – organ, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, lead vocals, background vocals

• Rock Deadrick – percussion, drums, background vocals

• Lili Haydn – violin

• Steve Ferrone – drums

• Adam Levy – electric guitar, background vocals

• Eric Rigler – tin whistle, Uilleann pipes

• Scott Roewe – didgeridoo

• Glenys Rogers – percussion, background vocals

• John Philip Shenale – keyboards

• Andy Stoller – bass guitar, background vocals, tamboura

• Cameron Stone – cello

• John Thomas – piano

Production
• Producers: Tracy Chapman, Don Gehman

• Engineer: Don Gehman

• Assistant engineers: John Ewing, Jr., Kevin Scott, Doug Trantow

• Mixing: Don Gehman

• Mastering: Eddy Schreyer

• Production coordination: Diane Medak

• Art direction: Lee Cantelon

• Design: Lee Cantelon

• Graphic layout: Lavonne Murlowski

• Photography: Christine Alicino

Awards
39th Annual Grammy Awards

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Beginning (Tracy Chapman album)


text:
Pagsanjan

Pagsanjan (pronounced PAG-sang-han), officially the Municipality of Pagsanjan, is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 44,327 people.

Situated 4 km from Santa Cruz, 91 km southeast of Manila, and 52 km from Lucena, this town can reach via Manila East Road or SLEX. Pagsanjan is the tourist capital of Laguna and is the home of the Bangkero Festival held every March. The bangkeros are tour guides who steer boats along the river to Pagsanjan Falls (also called Magdapio Falls), for which the town is well known but is actually in neighboring Cavinti.

Pagsanjan was the capital of the province of Laguna for 170 years (1688–1858) during which the town prospered as the commercial, cultural and learning center of the province.

Etymology
Pagsanjan is located in the riparian delta formed by the confluence of the Balanac and Bumbungan rivers. Originally called Pinágsangahán ("branching" or "juncture"), this was shortened to "Pagsanjan" by early Spanish colonists because they found the name very difficult to pronounce.

History
Pagsanjan was originally a barrio of Lumban. In 1668, eight Japanese and Chinese traders, who were highly impressed by the strategic location of the barrio at the juncture of Balanac and Bumbungan, rivers founded the town. They established a trading settlement and engaged in the betel nut industry. In time, the barrio became the flourishing trading center of eastern Laguna and attracted families from the surrounding communities of Cavinti and Pila. On December 12, 1668, then-Governor-General Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz issued a decree elevating its status to a town. In 1688, Pagsanjan replaced Bay as the capital of the province. It remained such until 1858, during which it bloomed as the cultural and commercial center of the province.

List of mayors

 * Juan L. Fabella
 * Fidelino C. Agawin (1959–1963)
 * Quintin Cabrera (1963–1971)
 * Gregorio F. Zaide (1971–1975)
 * Adelina Becina Gabatan
 * Hernando Zaide (1986–1987)
 * Augusto Kamatoy (1988–1998)
 * Abner L. Afuang (1998–2001)
 * E. R. Ejercito (2001–2010)
 * Girlie "Maita" Javier Ejercito (2010–2019)
 * Peter Casius Trinidad (2019–2022)
 * Cesar V. Areza (2022–present)

Geography
Pagsanjan has a land area of 26.4 square kilometres. It is bounded on the east by the Balubad Mountain; on the west by the capital town of Santa Cruz; on the north by the San Isidro Hill and Laguna de Bay; on the north-east by the town of Lumban; on the southeast by the towns of Cavinti and Luisiana; on the south by Mount Banahaw; and on the south-west by the town of Magdalena.

Barangays
Pagsanjan is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Anibong
 * Biñan
 * Buboy
 * Cabanbanan
 * Calusiche
 * Dingin
 * Lambac
 * Layugan
 * Magdapio
 * Maulawin
 * Pinagsanjan
 * Barangay I (Poblacion)
 * Barangay II (Poblacion)
 * Sabang
 * Sampaloc
 * San Isidro

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Pagsanjan was 44,327 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

Pagsanjan March
The official song of the town is the "Pagsanjan March". The anthem was composed by Rogel Taiño, a native of Pagsanjan.

Notable personalities

 * Gregorio F. Zaide - historian and author, "Dean of Filipino Historiographers"
 * Pedro Pelaez - educator and priest, considered the "Father of Filipinization of the Church" and "The Godfather of the Philippine Revolution"
 * Leandro H. Fernández - educator, author and historian
 * Francisco Benitez - First Dean of University of the Philippines College of Education, educator and author, husband of Paz Marquez Benitez
 * Conrado Benitez - First Dean of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of the Philippines, educator and author, one of the drafters of the 1935 Constitution.
 * José Fabella - Filipino physician and a public health advocate, Father of Public Health and Social Welfare in the Philippines.
 * Gelia Tagumpay Castillo – National Scientist of the Philippines for Rural Sociology
 * Ernesto Maceda - former councilor of Manila, former senator, columnist and lawyer
 * Mario Montenegro - actor
 * Louie Ignacio - TV director
 * E.R. Ejército - Actor, 17th Governor of Laguna and former Mayor of Pagsanjan

title: Pagsanjan


text:
User talk:Filer~enwiki

Unverified image
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Drumbla01-small.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use : gfdlif you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  Fairuseif you claim fair use, etcetc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page and I'll tag it for you. Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 04:23, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Filer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Filer~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:53, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:53, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Filer~enwiki


text: User talk:63.184.192.87

title: User talk:63.184.192.87


text:
Talk:New Beginning (Tracy Chapman album)

Steve Ferrone - drums
Looking at the physical CD's liner notes, I see no reference to "Steve Ferrone" (listed here as playing drums). — Preceding unsigned comment added by PatMcQ (talk • contribs) 05:13, 6 March 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Ribozyme

Untitled
Does anyone know the size of the smallest known ribozyme? Memenen 05:32, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't know, perhaps ask at the reference desk. --Lexor|Talk 08:10, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * To the best of my knowledge the smallest ribozyme is the leadzyme. It is about 30 nucleotides in size. [Duane(browser)]

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Xikun Liu.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

ATP requirement
Introns don't require ATP for their catalytic activity, but is this a general property of ribozymes? --EnSamulili 19:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't know of any ribozyme that requires ATP for their catalytic function. All of the small naturally occuring ribozymes (HDV, Hammerhead, Hairpin and VS ribozymes) require divalent (or high concentrations of monovalent) cations for their reaction. There are DNAzymes and other ribozymes that have been constructed from in vitro selection (SELEX) experiments that contain aptamer binding domains. The aptamer (could be any particular small molecule) is required for forming the active structure of the DNA/RNA enzyme, but doesn't participate directly in catalysis. There may be a DNA/RNA enzyme containing an ATP binding domain, but I'm not 100% sure (without checking) (Duane - Browser)

 * To the contrary, ligase and polymerase ribozymes require a high-energy phosphate bond. Usually in these reactions, pyrophosphate is the leaving group when the alpha-phosphate of a triphosphate group is attacked by a hydroxyl group.

This is similar to the mechanism of DNA ligase (DNA ligase, however, uses an adenylate as the leaving group, instead of pyrophosphate. Polymerases, of course, use NTPs as the substrates, so their leaving group is pyrophosphate. Phosphodiester bond hydrolysis doesn't require ATP. It is energetically favored.

LinkinPark 20:19, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Creationism
I'm probably opening a huge can of worms here, but the first reference "The RNA World: A Critque" has significant intelligent design undertones (and 'overtones' in the conclusion!). As an undergraduate, I don't know how accurate the information it contains is, but I'm skeptical of its impartiality (a cornerstone of science). As I read through it, I actually thought that it reminded me of irreversible complexity essays I've read. Does biased science belong in a scientific article such as this one - or is this the thin end of the wedge refered to in "The Wedge Document"?

Aaadddaaammm 04:59, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You were quite right, I have replaced that one with the real reference to the original article. Cpt. Morgan (Reinoutr) 12:41, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposal
merge done Anthony Appleyard (talk) 21:40, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * What do people think about merging the content from RNA Biocatalysis with this page? Tim Vickers 15:37, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. Alexbateman 04:05, 31 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. Both articles germane to the same topic JMB-Universidad Complutense de Madrid
 * yes i agree sinharaja2002 —Preceding comment was added at 14:20, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Round 18
I could swear I saw Round 18 somewhere. Incredibly, it is missing from this article. Anyone see it? Cheers --Squidonius (talk) 18:50, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Found it. It was two lines in the intro. sorry --Squidonius (talk) 18:52, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Discovery section needs editing
The text in the "Discovery" section has many typos that makes it very difficult to read. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.100.118.114 (talk) 23:29, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. Tim Vickers (talk) 02:07, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

Quote
How about adding the phrase that first mentions the word 'ribozyme' from Kelly Krugers original article (Cell, 1982) to the discovery section? WKoets (talk) 16:00, 24 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The quote: "Because the IVS RNA is not an enzyme but has some enzyme-like characteristics, we call it a ribozyme, an RNA molecule that has the intrinsic ability to break and form covalent bonds."

 * Sounds a good idea. Tim Vickers (talk) 16:13, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

What's a primer template?
? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.97.15.211 (talk) 05:42, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Does it have anything to do with this? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_(molecular_biology) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.97.15.211 (talk) 05:44, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

If.. then.. could be… (then no citation)
I am leaving in place the speculative sentence in the "Activity" section, about RNA world and origin of life (all good valid stuff in principle)—but only for now, because with such vagaries, it better be take the form of text-with-citation, better, via a quote or other strong attribution. Because for every three PhD's on one side of this, there are three PhD's on another. No one gives two pence for an anonymous WIkipedia editor's ""if… then… could be…" statements.

Le Prof (an Urbana graduate back in the day, and an early archaeworld green jacket wearer)     Leprof 7272 (talk) 02:10, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

Three invalid citations from Activities section moved here
…and tag placed. Here is what were inserted, to appear as three citations (lead brackets omitted for each): Please, ladies and gentlemen. This is neither sandbox nor class or text notepad. Please. Le Prof   Leprof 7272 (talk) 02:14, 4 June 2014 (UTC)
 * ref>
 * ref>
 * ref>invalid reference

Self-cleaving ribozymes are not catalytic
The definition of a catalyst is that it participates in a reaction but is not consumed by it, and can thus participate in multiple turnovers. Self-cleaving ribozymes break their own covalent bonds, and thus are destroyed by the reaction they perform, and cannot perform multiple turnovers. For this reason it is incorrect to say that all rybozymes are catalysts. Antony–22 (talk⁄contribs) 18:50, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * WP:LEAD summarizes the body. pls read last paragraph of 1st section and 1st paragraph of 2nd section.  if you disagree with what is there please change it, with sourcing, then change the LEAD.  Thanks. Jytdog (talk) 20:22, 22 April 2016 (UTC)
 * The first paragraph you mention refers to "self-cleaving RNA or catalytic RNA molecules", implying that they are separate categories. The second paragraph says "in self cleaving ribozyme RNAs, an in-line SN2 reaction is carried out...", not catalyzed.  Later, the article specifically refers to self-cleaving riboswitches as "not true catalysts".  Nowhere in the body of the article is it stated or implied that self-cleaving ribozymes are catalytic.  The revised text does reflect the article body; clearly the prior text does not.  Antony–22 (talk⁄contribs) 05:19, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

looking for consensus
Hello. I added an external link to a presentation at the NIH that is directly relevant to this article. undid it with the explanation "This is technical; not especially accessible for every day people". To my knowledge, wp does not require articles to be written for every day people. Wp articles should be able to be understood by college students. I have taught biology to a large number of college students. I would not expect my freshmen gen ed students to understand NIH seminars. I definitely would expect my upper division undergrad biology students to understand the presentation. Perhaps jytdog isn't as advanced as my upper division students, but that doesn't justify jytdog censoring content that some readers may benefit from. So, I have reinstated the link to the NIH seminar, and I ask for community consensus on whether to include it. Finally, BTW, if that seminar is viewed as too technical for wp, then every single gene and protein infobox I've seen should be deleted, since they are clearly much more technical. Thank you for your time and replies. JeanOhm (talk) 17:10, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've no real opinion about the added content (way beyond my understanding), but I'd like to note that the way the way WP:BRD works is not "you add it and then you seek consensus before it may be removed". If the content is challenged, you seek consensus before re-adding.  Otherwise you may be accused of edit warring.
 * If you want to add this external link, you'd be better explaining why it aids the reader in a way that cannot be done within the article itself. Thanks. -- Escape Orbit (Talk) 17:35, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Since jytdog appears to be intent upon censoring this content, I have included it here. BTW, judging from jytdog's edit history {edits at 2:48, 2:52, two at 2:55 AND THEN at 2:57, in which jytdog judged that the video seminar is inappropriate for wp} there is no indication that jytdog actually viewed the video before censoring it. The video is a verbal review of many research papers, with many great images that cannot be posted on the commons.JeanOhm (talk) 17:45, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * External links, if included at all, belong in the external links section, not in the body of the article. This particular lecture is pretty dense. Boghog (talk) 17:48, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Why then, does the wp external media template exist? I use my own image to make it MUCH less intrusive into the article.JeanOhm (talk) 17:57, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

 * External media is for material or media that cannot be reproduced within Wikipedia, for example, a link to song or movie clip. That is not the case with this lecture.  This Wikipedia article already summarizes the main points of the seminar.  If there is important material that is not covered in the Wikipedia article, then it should be added directly to this article. Finally you are hyping one particular researcher within the article.  This is strongly discouraged. Boghog (talk) 18:19, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Ribozyme. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131104170522/http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/issue-1/tom-cech-discovering-ribozymes.html to http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/issue-1/tom-cech-discovering-ribozymes.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:09, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

deleted text (Oct 30, 2018)
I deleted the following text. It seems to refer to a specific ribozyme, e.g., talks about the "six coordinated Mg2+" -- is this a property of _all_ ribozymes? Also, it's generally not very clear what the text is referring to. There are multiple classes of ribozymes that perform different reactions. Do all of these classes fit into the description?
 * The RNA molecule has a strong preference towards alkali earth metal especially Mg2+, but the six coordinated Mg2+ has low affinity for nitrogen ligands and cannot bind to sulfur. Ca2+ instead is common for coordination number over 6, and Mn2+can bind to both nitrogen and sulfur. The cations can neutralize the negatively charged RNA, and bind to specific sites to stabilize the catalytic active forms of RNA.

Zashaw (talk) 10:37, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

"cleavage (or ligation)" Incredibly Mysterious Term(s)
"Cleavage (or ligation)" is used without definition of what it is as if it were some common term. Even when searching Google specifically for what cleavage (or ligation) means with respect to RNA or DNA and ribozymes, all I found were highly technical research papers and websites that also don't define its meaning in a way a layperson could understands. I'm assuming some source somewhere, like an introductory, academic textbook, could be used to bring in more information to help non-academic people glean information from the article rather than think, "Hmm, what?"

It would be fantastic if some biologist with sympathy could beef up this and other articles to attempt making an article useful both to people studying biology in college and those not studying biology outside of a popular science fashion. One boon for the uninitiated would be making some of the jargon hyperlinks that lead to articles that explain different processes way more in-depth, hopefully featuring some explanations for people who haven't studied biology for the last half decade.

My best guess as to the meaning after reading this Wikipedia article and Googling some is that it may mean the ribozyme breaks RNA or DNA at a point when cleaving. Now, even in the best case where I am correct in the interpretation, a few problems remain:

 * I have no way to know if it is right.
 * I have no idea of why biological processes would need a ribozyme to cleave (or ligate) RNA or DNA. Is it the only way to do it?
 * I have no idea if the RNA and DNA is just two examples of the process, or if cleaving (or ligating) have other times when they do something different without relating to the RNA or DNA situation.
 * I'm unclear during which biological processes cleaving (or ligation) play a role, and in doing that role, what the role even is.

While trying to use context clues, nearby sentences just use more jargon that even Google searches cannot clear up:

"The most common activities of natural or in vitro evolved ribozymes are the cleavage (or ligation) of RNA and DNA and peptide bond formation. For example, the smallest ribozyme known (GUGGC-3') can aminoacylate a GCCU-3' sequence in the presence of PheAMP."

So here, I have to know what aminoacylate means, and there is little chance for a person to know that word if they don't know the terms cleavage (or ligation). Same as my previous Google searches, this only pulls up highly specialized resources that I'd imagine only a collegiate student of biology would (maybe) understand. And again, there is no attempt to help a layperson gain any information at all. Is this part of cell reproduction? Is it a way to destroy some faulty DNA or RNA? What is it doing at a high level? Even after figuring that out, I'm left wondering if aminocylating is the primary example of cleavage (or ligation), is just an arbitrary example, or if it is basically the only thing a person does when doing cleavage (or ligation).

This type of issue seems to permeate the biology articles as if it's a competition among the editors to come off as super smart, intentionally leaving out information a layperson might find useful.

The only places I find this type of thing is in advanced mathematics and physics articles, but in these, there is often paragraphs and sections dedicated to simplifying the concepts to a high level for a person who isn't in school for these topics have some chance of understanding something new. 96.60.251.105 (talk) 07:36, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ribozyme


text:
WrestleMania X-Seven

WrestleMania X-Seven (also known as WrestleMania 17) was the 17th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It took place on April 1, 2001, at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas. It was the first WrestleMania held in the state of Texas. Twelve matches were contested at the event, including one broadcast exclusively on the Sunday Night Heat pre-show.

The main event was a No Disqualification match between "Stone Cold" Steve Austin and The Rock for the WWF Championship. The undercard included Triple H versus The Undertaker, the second Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Championship and a Street Fight between Vince McMahon and Shane McMahon with Mick Foley as special guest referee.

A record-breaking attendance for the Reliant Astrodome of 67,925 grossed US$3.5 million. Many in professional wrestling considered WrestleMania X-Seven to be the pinnacle of the company's famous Attitude Era, similar to how WrestleMania III was the pinnacle of the 80's wrestling boom. The WWF bought out rival competition World Championship Wrestling (WCW) the week prior. In addition to its commercial success, the event has received acclaim from critics and fans, and is often regarded as the greatest WrestleMania of all time, and the greatest professional wrestling pay-per-view event ever produced.

Background
WrestleMania is considered the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) first flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It has become the longest-running professional wrestling event in history and is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of the WWF's original four pay-per-views, which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were dubbed the "Big Four", and was considered one of the "Big Five" PPVs, along with King of the Ring. WrestleMania 17, stylized as WrestleMania X-Seven, was scheduled to be held on April 1, 2001, at the Reliant Astrodome in Houston, Texas, the first WrestleMania held in the state of Texas.

Storylines
The main feud leading into WrestleMania X-Seven involved "Stone Cold" Steve Austin challenging The Rock for the WWF Championship. The Rock and "Stone Cold" Steve Austin had fought for the WWF Championship at WrestleMania XV and Backlash in 1999. Stone Cold Steve Austin earned his opportunity to compete for the WWF Championship at WrestleMania X-Seven by winning the 2001 Royal Rumble match when he last eliminated Kane, while The Rock became the first ever six-time WWF Champion when he defeated Kurt Angle at No Way Out. During their feud, Austin's wife Debra, who was trying to get back into managing, was ordered by WWF chairman, Vince McMahon, to be The Rock's manager against her wishes as well as both Rock and Austin's. As a result, Austin would hold The Rock and McMahon responsible if any harm came to her. On the March 12 episode of Raw is War, The Rock was placed in an overlong Ankle Lock hold during his rematch with Kurt Angle. When Debra went to check on The Rock, Angle also placed her into an Ankle Lock hold. Austin soon ran in to save her and knocked Angle out of the ring. Keeping to his word, he immediately gave The Rock a Stone Cold Stunner as punishment. The following week on Raw is War, during a handicap tag team match involving The Rock, Chris Jericho, Kurt Angle, Chris Benoit, and William Regal, Austin made his way down to the ring and ended up getting a Rock Bottom from The Rock in response to the stunner from the previous week. On the March 29 episode of SmackDown!, Debra was relieved from her managerial role by Mr. McMahon after failing to prevent a brawl between Rock and Austin.

The secondary feud leading into the event pitted The Brothers of Destruction (The Undertaker and Kane) against Triple H and The Big Show. After defeating "Stone Cold" Steve Austin in a Three Stages of Hell match at No Way Out, Triple H felt that he deserved to be in the WrestleMania main event having defeated everyone in the WWF, including The Rock and Austin. The Undertaker took exception to that and told him that Triple H had never defeated him. Before WrestleMania X-Seven, the two had never faced each other in a one-on-one match on a pay-per-view event. During his entrance for a Hardcore Championship match against The Big Show, Triple H ambushed Undertaker. Kane ran in and saved the Undertaker from a further attack but was met with his own ambush by The Big Show. On the following episode of SmackDown!, Undertaker tried to break into the limousine of Triple H and his wife, Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley, on arrival but ended up being arrested by the police. As a result, Kane requested a match against Triple H later that night but lost when The Big Show interfered on behalf of Triple H. In retaliation, Kane interfered in The Big Show's Hardcore Championship match against Raven on Raw is War, helping Raven pin Big Show to become the new Hardcore Champion. Undertaker's arrest led to a restraining order from Stephanie. To circumvent this, the Brothers of Destruction interfered in Triple H's match against Test, with Kane ordered to run after Stephanie. With Stephanie held at ransom by Kane on a balcony in the arena, WWF commissioner William Regal gave Undertaker and Kane matches at WrestleMania against Triple H and The Big Show respectively and the Undertaker told Kane to put her down. After being attacked during a Hardcore Championship title defense, Regal would later include Raven into Kane and Big Show's match, making it a Triple Threat Hardcore match for the Hardcore Championship.

Another major feud that was built up in the lead to WrestleMania was the one involving Vince McMahon and his son Shane McMahon. The feud started with Vince's disapproval of Mick Foley's job as then-WWF commissioner as well as Foley's decision of holding a six-man Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon 2000, taking into consideration about the well-being of the wrestlers involved in the match. Despite his attempts Foley was given full support by Linda McMahon, Vince's wife and the WWF's CEO. Not pleased with this result, Vince immediately demanded a divorce from Linda. Shortly after Armageddon, secretly to Vince's delight, it was revealed Linda was rushed to hospital suffering with a nervous breakdown. With Linda hospitalized, the Board of Directors appointed Vince as the new CEO of the WWF, allowing him to fire Foley as commissioner. With Linda in a coma-like state, Vince started to have a public affair with Trish Stratus. Vince's daughter, Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley, was at first far from pleased about the turn of events. At No Way Out, Stephanie and Trish squared off, with Stephanie scoring the victory after a run-in by William Regal. On the February 26 episode of Raw is War, however, during a match that placed Vince and Trish against Stephanie and William Regal, Stratus was turned on by the other participants in the match and had sewage dumped over her. In the following shows, Vince continued to demean Trish by having her do such actions as bark like a dog around the ring and stripping down to her lingerie. Despite this, Trish remained loyal to Vince and begged for his forgiveness. On the March 12 episode of Raw is War, Shane McMahon made his return to the WWF. Angry with his father's actions, Shane started to throw punches at Vince only to be stopped by William Regal. Shane explained his actions on the following episode of SmackDown! as a result of frustrations over the manipulation of his sister, his mother's state and Vince's treatment of Trish. On March 23, World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. purchased the assets of their longtime rival promotion, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from AOL Time Warner. With it, the purchase brought in an extra twist to the storyline. On the March 26 episode of Raw is War (which was held at Gund Arena in Cleveland, Ohio), Vince McMahon made a live speech that was also simulcast on the final episode of WCW Monday Nitro (which was held in Panama City Beach, Florida). In the speech, Vince announced that the signing was not final and that he wanted Ted Turner to come to WrestleMania to hand-deliver the contract for signing. He then promised that with the purchase he was going to bury his rival forever. However, Shane, who was at the venue for Nitro, interrupted the speech and said:

"Because, dad, the deal is finalized... with WCW, and the name on the contract does say 'McMahon'. However, the contract reads 'Shane McMahon'. That's right! I now own WCW! And, dad, just like WCW did in the past, how it kicked your ass in the past and it will again, that's exactly what's going to happen to you this Sunday at WrestleMania!"

To make matters worse for Vince, Mick Foley appeared shortly afterward that night and revealed that prior to his firing, Linda had made multiple contracts for him to sign, one of them was for Foley to referee a match of his choice at WrestleMania. Foley then chose the match between Vince and Shane, which was designated a street fight.

At the Royal Rumble, Chyna (kayfabe) injured her neck during a match with Ivory, causing her to lose the match and fail to capture the Women's Championship. In order for Chyna to again challenge for the title, Ivory required the match contract to include a "hold harmless" clause, stating that if Ivory injures Chyna's neck again, there could be no legal recourse against Ivory. In doing so, the contract also included a provision to ban Ivory's Right To Censor (RTC) stablemates from ringside.

Event
Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, a Sunday Night Heat match was aired with Steve Blackman and Grand Master Sexay squaring off against X-Factor members X-Pac and Justin Credible. Near the end of the match, fellow X-Factor member Albert interfered by pulling Sexay out of the ring, allowing X-Pac and Credible to hit their X Marks the Spot finisher on Blackman for the win.

The first match of the event was the WWF Intercontinental Championship match between Chris Jericho and WWF commissioner William Regal. During the match, Regal exposed one of the top turnbuckles to throw Jericho's shoulder into it before giving him a double underhook superplex. Jericho attempted the Walls of Jericho submission hold but had it reversed into a Regal Stretch. After Jericho managed to grab a ring rope to break the hold, he retaliated with numerous chops before throwing Regal into the exposed turnbuckle and finishing him off with a Lionsault to retain the Intercontinental Championship.

Tazz and The APA (Bradshaw and Faarooq) took on Right to Censor (The Goodfather, Val Venis, and Bull Buchanan) next in a short match that ended with Bradshaw pinning the Goodfather after a Clothesline from Hell.

The third match was the triple threat hardcore match between Raven, Kane and The Big Show for the WWF Hardcore Championship. Raven came out with a shopping cart full of weapons. Kane and Raven began fighting before Big Show made his entrance. During the match, the three wrestlers fought their way out of the ring and through the crowd into the backstage area. Big Show tried to lock himself, Raven and the referee in a security cage but Kane broke the padlock and afterward threw Raven through a glass window. Big Show and Kane continued to brawl ending with the two throwing each other through a wall. Raven tried to escape by driving off in a golf cart, but Big Show stopped him and caused him to crash. The golf cart also ran over some cords that allegedly almost knocked the power out of the building. Kane shortly followed with another golf cart, accompanied by the referee, and ran into Raven. The fight headed back into the stadium with Big Show attempting to press slam Raven off the entrance stage but both were kicked off it by Kane. Kane followed this with a diving leg drop off the stage onto Big Show, pinning him to become the new Hardcore Champion.

The fourth match was the WWF European Championship match between Test and Eddie Guerrero. During the match, Test went over the top rope but got his foot caught between the top two ropes, forcing the referee and Guerrero to have to untangle him. With the help of his fellow Radicalz members Dean Malenko and Perry Saturn, Guerrero hit Test in the face with the European Championship belt while the referee was distracted and pinned him to become the new champion.

The fifth match pitted Kurt Angle against Chris Benoit. The match started with mat wrestling between the two but Angle soon punched Benoit out of frustration and threw him out of the ring, so he could throw him into the broadcast table and the steel steps. Back in the ring, both men tried to submit their opponent using the other's signature hold with Benoit using the ankle lock on Angle, and Angle using the Crippler Crossface on Benoit. Benoit eventually succeeded in forcing Angle to tap out to the Crippler Crossface but the referee was knocked down and didn't see it. Near the end of the match, Benoit tried to pin Angle after a diving headbutt but was met with a two-count. Angle then quickly rolled-up Benoit, using the tights for leverage to win the match.

The following match saw Chyna challenge the WWF Women's Champion Ivory. After an early bit of offense from Ivory, Chyna performed a Chynabomb and looked to have the pinfall, but picked Ivory up after the 2-count. Chyna then performed a gorilla press drop and nonchalantly pinned Ivory to win the Women's Championship.

The seventh match was the street fight between Shane McMahon and Vince McMahon with Mick Foley as the special guest referee. Shane dominated his father during the earlier part of the match by attacking him with various weapons such as a kendo stick and monitors from the Spanish broadcast table. Shane laid Vince on said table and performed a diving elbow drop off the top rope but his sister, Stephanie, pulled Vince out of the way, causing Shane to crash through it. Trish Stratus came towards the ring, pushing Linda McMahon out in a wheelchair, and then slapped Vince, causing her and Stephanie to get into a fight that led them out of the stadium. As referee Foley tried to wheel Linda out to safety, Vince hit him with a steel chair, and then pulled Linda into the ring to make her watch as he beat down Shane with a garbage can. However, Linda stood up and low-blowed Vince, allowing Foley to recover and attack him. With Vince prone in the corner, Shane placed a garbage can in front of Vince's face and hit a Coast-to-Coast dropkick, pinning his father to win the match.

The eighth match, dubbed "TLC II", was the Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Championship between the Hardy Boyz, Edge and Christian and the Dudley Boyz, the defending champions. Respective associates of each tag team, Spike Dudley for the Dudley Boyz, Rhyno for Edge and Christian, and Lita for the Hardy Boyz, interfered during the match. With Spike (who had just taken a chair shot to the head from Lita) and Rhyno (who had already been dispatched by Jeff Hardy) both laying on two tables outside the ring, Jeff Hardy set up a huge ladder beside them and performed a Swanton Bomb onto them through the tables with most of his body landing on Spike, taking him out of the match. Lita was taken out of the match when Bubba Ray and D-Von Dudley performed a 3-D on her. Jeff tried to unhook the belts but had the ladder beneath him pulled away by Bubba Ray, leaving him hanging in the air, and allowing Edge to jump off another ladder and spear Jeff to the ground at a height of 12 feet. Bubba Ray and Matt Hardy climbed the same ladder but Rhyno tipped the ladder over, sending Bubba Ray and Matt through four stacked tables at ringside and taking them out of the match. D-Von then set the ladder up again and attempted to grab the titles, but was held back by Edge. With Edge holding onto D-Von's legs, Christian sat on Rhyno's shoulders as he climbed up the ladder and unhooked the belts, making him and Edge the new Tag Team Champions. A total of 9 tables were destroyed in this match, and every performer involved except D-Von and Lita went through at least one table.

The ninth match was a gimmick battle royal, involving nineteen WWF alumni famous for their outlandish gimmicks. To further increase the nostalgia, former announcers "Mean Gene" Okerlund and Bobby "The Brain" Heenan handled commentary for the match. The Iron Sheik won the match by throwing Hillbilly Jim out of the ring. In revenge for being eliminated, Sgt. Slaughter reentered the ring and put him in the Cobra Clutch.

The penultimate match was between The Undertaker and Triple H. For his entrance, Triple H had British heavy metal band Motörhead perform his theme song, "The Game", live. The match started with the two fighting outside of the ring with Triple H quickly being put through the replacement Spanish announcers' table. Later on, referee Mike Chioda accidentally had Triple H catapulted into him and was then attacked by Undertaker due to his dissatisfaction over a two-count. With Chioda knocked out, the two brawled outside the ring, through the crowd, and into the technical area. On top of scaffolding, Triple H used a steel chair to attack Undertaker's legs, but Undertaker retaliated with a chokeslam off the scaffolding, followed by a diving elbow drop. Back in the ring, Undertaker hit Triple H with a Tombstone piledriver and went for the pin but Chioda was still unconscious. Later in the match, Triple H tried to pin Undertaker after hitting him in the head with a sledgehammer while in the Last Ride position but only gained a two-count. Triple H sent Undertaker into the corner and stood on the second rope to hit him with more punches, but Undertaker countered with a Last Ride, allowing him to pin Triple H and increase his WrestleMania winning streak to 9–0.

The final contest of the night was the WWF Championship match between The Rock and Stone Cold Steve Austin, which had a surprise no disqualification stipulation added just before the superstars were introduced. During the match, the two brawled inside and outside of the ring, with both men bleeding after hitting each other with the ring bell. The Rock attempted to place Austin in a Sharpshooter hold, but Austin reversed it into a Sharpshooter of his own. After Rock reached the ropes to force a break, Austin applied the Million Dollar Dream, a submission hold best known from his former gimmick, The Ringmaster. Shortly after, Rock used Austin's own finishing maneuver on Austin by executing a Stunner. Vince McMahon then came to ringside to observe the match. When Rock tried to pin Austin after the People's Elbow, McMahon seized Rock's leg and pulled him off Austin, breaking the pin attempt. After chasing McMahon around the ring, Austin responded by using Rock's signature move, the Rock Bottom. Later, Rock executed a Rock Bottom for a near fall. After Rock attacked McMahon, he was given a Stunner by Austin for a near fall. After Rock kicked out of the Stunner, McMahon handed Austin a steel chair to hit Rock with at Austin's request, revealing that Austin had sided with McMahon, a man he once considered his nemesis. With this, Austin turned heel. Austin attacked him with the steel chair, hitting him sixteen times, before pinning him and becoming the new WWF Champion. The show ended with Austin and McMahon shaking hands and sharing beers.

Reception and legacy
The event was met with universal acclaim from fans and critics alike. John Powell of Canadian Online Explorer's professional wrestling section rated the event a perfect 10 out of 10 stars, with the main event between The Rock and Stone Cold Steve Austin in a No Disqualification Match for the WWF Championship rated 10 out of 10 stars. The Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Championship between The Hardy Boyz, Edge and Christian, and The Dudley Boyz also received a perfect 10 out of 10 stars, the Street Fight between Vince and Shane McMahon rated 7 out of 10 stars, the match between Triple H and The Undertaker rated 6 out of 10 stars and the match between Kurt Angle and Chris Benoit rated 8 out of 10 stars.

X-Seven was also awarded Best Major Show for 2001 by Dave Meltzer's Wrestling Observer Newsletter. The Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the WWF Tag Team Championship between The Hardy Boys, Edge and Christian and The Dudley Boyz was also placed #5 on IGN's list of Top 20 Matches in WrestleMania History and noted that the match included "some of the most memorable bumps wrestling fans have ever witnessed." D-Von Dudley expressed his belief that the match should be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, stating: "In my opinion, I think that we should — you know, the n.W.o got inducted into the Hall of Fame and those guys were already in it. How about a TLC induction? How about recognizing how special that match was? Because think about it, not only was the match special, but they actually named a pay-per-view after it. So, you know, it has some relevance to it to be special, so why not put that match in the Hall of Fame?" Matt Hardy said it was his favorite career TLC match.

In 2013, WWE released a list of their "15 best pay-per-views ever", with WrestleMania X-Seven ranked at number one. In 2019, Troy L. Smith of cleveland.com released a list of the "50 greatest wrestling pay-per-views of all time" from every professional wrestling promotion in the world, with WrestleMania X-Seven again ranked at number one.

The promotional match preview video package for the main event, set to Limp Bizkit's "My Way", is widely considered one of the greatest wrestling video packages of all time.

Aftermath
The following night on Raw, Austin and The Rock faced each other in a rematch held in a steel cage which Triple H entered the cage and teased a fight with Austin before turning on The Rock. For several minutes Austin, Triple H, and Vince McMahon triple-teamed the outnumbered Rock forging an alliance with Triple H and Austin called The Two-Man Power Trip. The Rock was written out of the WWF's storylines with McMahon giving him a suspension. This allowed The Rock time off to begin filming The Scorpion King. The Rock returned on the edition of July 30 of Raw and chose to fight for Team WWF over Team WCW/ECW. Three weeks later at SummerSlam, The Rock won his first WCW Championship by defeating Booker T. The Rock and Austin would face each other again at WrestleMania XIX in a rematch with The Rock winning.

Following The Rock's suspension, Triple H's feud with the Brothers of Destruction continued with Austin now on his side. On the edition of April 5, 2001, of SmackDown!, Triple H challenged Intercontinental Champion Chris Jericho for his title and after interference from Commissioner William Regal and his wife Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley defeated Jericho to win his third Intercontinental Championship. The feud with Undertaker and Kane was temporarily put on hold after Triple H and Austin entered a brief rivalry with the Hardy Boyz, which resulted in Jeff Hardy beating Triple H for the Intercontinental Championship the following week and Triple H promptly regaining the title the next Monday on Raw.

Meanwhile, the Brothers of Destruction defeated Edge and Christian to become the new WWF Tag Team Champions on the edition of April 19, 2001, of SmackDown! in a no-disqualification match. Austin and Triple H decided to challenge Undertaker and Kane for their newly won titles, but due to some wrangling by Linda McMahon the match between the teams signed for Backlash forced the two to put up their singles titles against the tag team titles in a "winner-take-all" match. Triple H scored the pin after attacking Kane with his sledgehammer and the Power Trip became the second team in WWF history to hold both major singles titles and the tag team titles at the same time. The feud came to a climax at Judgment Day when Austin defeated Undertaker to retain the WWF Championship while Kane defeated Triple H for the Intercontinental Championship. The next night Austin and Triple H lost the tag team titles to Chris Jericho and Chris Benoit; during the course of the match Triple H tore his quadriceps tendon and would miss the remainder of the year, leaving Austin to feud with the tag team champions alone. The feud culminated in a Triple Threat Match at King of the Ring, where Austin pinned Benoit to retain the WWF Championship. Ten years later in 2011, Undertaker and Triple H would once again renew their rivalry, went on to face each other in a rematch at WrestleMania XXVII with The Undertaker defeating HHH via submission, to set his WrestleMania winning streak to 19–0. A year later, they faced each other a third time at WrestleMania XXVIII in a Hell in a Cell match with Shawn Michaels as the special guest referee. The Undertaker once again won the match to extend his WrestleMania winning streak to 20–0.

Due to the acquisition of WCW, Vince's feud with Shane would later spiral into The Invasion storyline that dominated the WWF in the latter half of the year. It consisted of WCW wrestlers "invading" the WWF's televised shows in an attempt to "take over" the WWF. The Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion would also be involved with Stephanie as its new owner, merging WCW and ECW into The Alliance. Despite giving her own demands for a divorce shortly after WrestleMania, Linda would eventually reconcile with Vince in the wake of the Alliance's threat to the WWF.

Shane McMahon's next feud would involve Kurt Angle as he would crash Angle's Olympic Gold Medal Ceremony reenactment on the May 21 edition of Raw. Angle was celebrating the return of his Gold Medal from Chris Benoit which he won back the previous night at Judgment Day. Shane mocked him while declaring the return of WCW, and he got an Angle slam for his efforts. Shane would return the favor on the June 11 edition of Raw with an assist from The Undertaker. The two would eventually meet in a streetfight at King of the Ring, which was the third of three matches for Kurt Angle on the night.

The other two matches were the Semifinals and Final of the King of the Ring tournament which Angle was the defending champion. He would lose to Edge thanks to interference from Shane. Following King of the Ring, Edge let success go to his head and this led to Christian becoming jealous of Edge's success. They would break up on the September 3, 2001, edition of Raw following Christian's loss to The Rock in a WCW title match. After a brief feud for the WWF Intercontinental Championship, both would go on to become successful singles wrestlers in their own right with Edge being best known as the "Rated R Superstar."

This would be the only WrestleMania for Paul Heyman as a commentator. However he has served in a variety of roles for the WWE for the better part of the time since, including creative team member and manager of his longtime friend and client Brock Lesnar.

title: WrestleMania X-Seven


text:
Language Spoken at Home

Language Spoken at Home is a data set published by the United States Census Bureau on languages in the United States. It is based on a three-part language question asked about all household members who are five years old or older. The first part asks if the person speaks a language other than English at home. If the answer is "yes", the respondent is asked what that language is. The third part of the question asks how well the person speaks English ("Very well", "Well", "not well", "Not at all").

The three-part question was first asked in 1980; It replaced a question about mother tongue. In 2000, the language question appeared on the long-form questionnaire which was distributed to 1 out of 6 households. After the long form census was eliminated (after the 2000 census), the language question was moved to the American Community Survey (ACS). The language questions used by the US Census changed numerous times during 20th century. Changes in the language questions are tied to the changing ideologies of language in addition to changing language policies.

Data published
The published data varies in the amount of detail provided each year.

In 2000 and 1990, language spoken was a part of Summary File 3. For the 2000 census, data was published for 30 languages, chosen for their nationwide distribution, and 10 language groupings (see list below). Data from households which report languages other than the 30 are reported under the language groupings. Thus, languages which are widespread in certain areas of the country but not nationally get put together, even in block level data. Lithuanian, and Welsh are simply "Other Indo-European languages," Yoruba and Swahili are simply "African languages," and Indonesian and Hakka are simply "Other Asian languages." Several locally very well represented languages, such as Punjabi and Pennsylvania German, are collated into smaller groupings. Native North American languages besides Navajo are also collated, though they are reported on several geographic levels in another data set.

For the 2009-2013 ACS data, detailed information was provided on over 300 languages. In addition to the number of speakers reported for each language, the count of speakers whose English speaking ability is less than "very well" is also reported.

Updated information is available via the Census Bureau's American Fact-finder.

Data usage
Statistics on English-speaking ability and language spoken at home are used by the Justice Department in the implementation of the Voting Rights Act and to allocate funds for to schools for programs for English Language Learners. Federal and local governments, as well as non-governmental and private interests also use these statistics.

Languages and language groupings

 * English
 * Spanish or Spanish Creole
 * French (incl. Patois, Cajun)
 * Nepali
 * German
 * Italian
 * Portuguese or Portuguese Creole
 * Romanian
 * Yiddish
 * Dutch (and Afrikaans) (West Germanic languages)
 * Scandinavian languages
 * Greek
 * Russian
 * Polish
 * Albanian
 * Croatian
 * Serbian
 * Other Slavic languages
 * Armenian
 * Persian
 * Bengali
 * Gujarati
 * Hindi
 * Urdu
 * Kurdish
 * Marathi
 * Other Indic languages (besides Gujarati, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu and Marathi)
 * Other Indo-European languages (besides the above 20 languages and 3 groupings)
 * Tamil (South Indian - Dravidian)
 * Malayalam (South Indian - Dravidian)
 * Kannada (South Indian - Dravidian)
 * Telugu (South Indian - Dravidian)
 * Chinese (all varieties, including "Formosan" (i.e. Taiwanese Hokkien))
 * Japanese
 * Korean
 * Mon-Khmer, Cambodian
 * Miao, Hmong
 * Filipino, (including Tagalog and Ilocano)
 * Thai
 * Laotian
 * Vietnamese
 * Other Asian languages (besides the above 11 languages)
 * Navajo
 * Other Native North American languages
 * Hungarian
 * Arabic
 * Hebrew
 * African languages
 * Assyrian language (including Suret and Turoyo)
 * Other and unspecified languages

title: Language Spoken at Home


text: User talk:84.66.51.128

title: User talk:84.66.51.128


text: User talk:61.246.227.138

title: User talk:61.246.227.138


text:
2004 Saxony state election

The 2004 Saxony state election was held on 19 September 2004 to elect the members of the 4th Landtag of Saxony. The incumbent Christian Democratic Union (CDU) government led by Minister-President Georg Milbradt lost its majority. The CDU subsequently formed a grand coalition with the Social Democratic Party (SPD), and Milbradt was re-elected as Minister-President.

The Far Right National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) won 12 seats. This is the first time since the 1960s that the party had seats in a state parliament.

Parties
The table below lists parties represented in the 3rd Landtag of Saxony.

Election result
! colspan="2" | Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! Seats % ! colspan=8| ! align=right colspan=2| Total ! align=right| 2,080,135 ! align=right| 100.0 ! align=right| ! align=right| 124 ! align=right| 4 ! align=right| ! align=right colspan=2| Voter turnout ! align=right| ! align=right| 59.6 ! align=right| 1.5 ! align=right| ! align=right| ! align=right|
 * colspan=8 align=center| SN Landtagswahl 2004.svg
 * colspan=8 align=center| SN Landtagswahl 2004.svg
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=right| 855,203
 * align=right| 41.1
 * align=right| 15.8
 * align=right| 55
 * align=right| 21
 * align=right| 44.4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)
 * align=right| 490,488
 * align=right| 23.6
 * align=right| 1.4
 * align=right| 31
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 25.0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=right| 204,438
 * align=right| 9.8
 * align=right| 0.9
 * align=right| 13
 * align=right| 1
 * align=right| 10.5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | National Democratic Party (NPD)
 * align=right| 190,909
 * align=right| 9.2
 * align=right| 7.8
 * align=right| 12
 * align=right| 12
 * align=right| 9.7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=right| 122,605
 * align=right| 5.9
 * align=right| 4.8
 * align=right| 7
 * align=right| 7
 * align=right| 5.6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=right| 106,771
 * align=right| 5.1
 * align=right| 2.5
 * align=right| 6
 * align=right| 6
 * align=right| 4.8
 * align=right| 106,771
 * align=right| 5.1
 * align=right| 2.5
 * align=right| 6
 * align=right| 6
 * align=right| 4.8
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutz)
 * align=right| 34,068
 * align=right| 1.6
 * align=right| 1.6
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left | Others
 * align=right| 75,652
 * align=right| 3.6
 * align=right|
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * align=right| ±0
 * align=right| 0
 * }

Outcome
The most striking result of the election was the entrance of the far-right National Democratic Party (NPD) into the Landtag with 12 seats. This gained international attention. The party's support was concentrated in the rural areas; commentators attributed its success to alienation stemming from economic depression. The continuing strength of the SED successor party, the Party of Democratic Socialism, which again was the second largest party, was also notable.

The CDU remained the largest party with 55 of 124 seats, but lost its majority, forcing it to find coalition partners. The most logical was the classical liberal Free Democratic Party, who entered the Landtag in the election, but a CDU–FDP government would be one seat short of the necessary majority. Cooperation with the PDS or The Greens was ideologically unfeasible. A theoretical alliance between the CDU and NPD would hold a majority, but this was out of the question. The result was a grand coalition CDU and SPD. This government outcome was later mirrored in the 2005 federal election. The CDU's Georg Milbradt remained in office as Minister-President. Notably, the NPD received two more votes on the ballot for Minister-President than it had members in the Landtag. It is presumed that two CDU Landtag members backed the NPD as a protest against the grand coalition.

title: 2004 Saxony state election


text:
Tobacco Road (rivalry)

Tobacco Road is a term used in college sports, mainly basketball, for the four rival universities of North Carolina that play in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The term refers to the area's history as a major tobacco producer. The Tobacco Road teams represent the following universities: North Carolina, Duke, and NC State lie in the Research Triangle and are separated by no more than 25 miles (40 km). Before moving to Winston-Salem in 1956, Wake Forest University was located in the town of Wake Forest within the Triangle region, to the northeast of Raleigh. The schools are historical and present powerhouses among college sports, especially basketball. The universities' proximity and membership in the ACC, coupled with their reputation for academic prestige and as hubs for research and innovation, has created a natural rivalry among students, fans, and alumni.
 * North Carolina Tar Heels (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill)
 * Duke Blue Devils (Duke University in Durham)
 * NC State Wolfpack (North Carolina State University in Raleigh)
 * Wake Forest Demon Deacons (Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem)

Men's basketball
These four universities are also known in the state as the "Big Four" and competed in the Dixie Classic men's basketball tournament from 1949 to 1961, in which the four schools won all 13 tournaments played. They also played in the Big Four Tournament in Greensboro, North Carolina, from 1971 to 1981. The Wake–Duke rivalry is the oldest basketball rivalry among the four schools in that it dates back to the 1905–06 season and was the first intercollegiate basketball game in North Carolina. The Wake-Duke rivalry is just ahead of the more well known UNC-Duke rivalry in terms of games played by two games. The rivalries between the four schools also account for six of the most frequently played men's basketball rivalries in the ACC. The four schools have a combined 13 men's national basketball championships (UNC has 7 (6 NCAA), Duke has 5, NC State has 2). The four schools also won 2 NIT titles (UNC won 1, and Wake won 1). In the men's tournament they have combined to have 11 runners-up (Duke has 6 and UNC has 5) and 39 Final Fours (UNC has 20, Duke has 16, NC State has 4, and Wake has 1). At least one Tobacco Road team has made the NCAA Tournament every year since 1974. Since the NCAA Tournament started in 1939, all four teams have missed the same tournament eleven times. The years in which none of the teams were in the tournament was 1940, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1958, 1971, and 1973. All four teams have made the same tournament 4 times (1991, 2003, 2004, 2005). Prior to the 2014 NCAA Tournament, at least one of the teams had made the Sweet 16 since 1979.

Aside from the ACC Tournament, the four schools have only played each other in the postseason four times, only twice in the NCAA tournament. The first two times came in the NIT Tournament: Wake beat NC State in a semifinal game of the 2000 NIT Tournament and went on to win the tournament, and UNC beat Duke in a semifinal game of the 1971 NIT Tournament, also winning the tournament. The third time was UNC’s victory over Duke in the Final Four of the 2022 NCAA Tournament in New Orleans. The fourth time was NC State’s win over Duke on Easter Sunday in the Elite Eight of the 2024 NCAA Tournament in Dallas.

Furthermore, in 1991 in Indianapolis, Duke and UNC came within one game of playing each other for the national championship. North Carolina lost 79–73 to Kansas, coached by former Tar Heel assistant and future head coach Roy Williams, while Duke upset previously undefeated UNLV 79–77 in a rematch of the previous year's championship game, which UNLV had won by 30 in Denver.

The four schools have combined to win 71 men's conference tournaments with 21 SoCon tournaments and 50 ACC tournaments (UNC won 26, Duke won 24, NC State won 17, and Wake Forest won 5). While in the Southern Conference they won or shared 17 SoCon regular season titles between the 1922–23 and 1952–53 seasons. They have also dominated ACC regular season play, having won or shared 52 regular season titles between them, including all but seven since the 1980–81 season.

Women's basketball
While the women's basketball teams have not been as successful, one team from the region has won the NCAA championship with North Carolina, who did so in 1994. They have reached the Final Four on three occasions, reaching in 1994, 2006, and 2007. They have won the Atlantic Coast Conference tournament nine times while winning the regular season title four times. Duke has made the NCAA Tournament Championship twice, losing in 1999 and 2006. They made the Final Four on four occasions (1999, 2002, 2003, 2006). They have won eight ACC tournament championships and twelve regular season titles. NC State has advanced to the Final Four twice, doing so in 1998 and 2024. They have won the ACC Tournament seven times and the regular season six times. Wake Forest has had the least amount of success, as they have only reached the NCAA Tournament on two occasions (1988, 2021). At least one of the four schools has made all but 10 of the 46 combined CIAW, AIAW, and NCAA tournaments since 1969, and all since 1980.

Football
Though the Tobacco Road rivalry predominantly relates to basketball, football between these programs is also competitive. As of the 2014 season, the four schools have combined to appear in 82 bowl games (Duke has 14, UNC has 33, NC State has 32, Wake has 13) and a 46–45–1 record in those games (Duke won 6, UNC won 14, NC State won 17, Wake won 9). They have also shared or won outright a combined 32 conference championships (20 ACC and 12 SoCon). As of the 2015 game, NC State is the only school out of the four to not appear in the ACC Championship Game since the ACC went to a divisional format in 2005. The format divided the four schools in which Wake Forest and NC State were put in the Atlantic Division, while Duke and UNC were put in the Coastal Division. Wake Forest and Duke are "permanent cross-division" rivals, meaning that they play every year regardless of division. The same can be said about UNC and NC State. The Wake–UNC game, as well as the Duke–NC State game, is played two of every twelve years, excluding additional matchups played as non-conference games. In football, the four schools have produced 5 players and no coaches in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. They have also produced 15 players and 6 coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame. The oldest of the football rivalries between the four schools belongs to the UNC-Wake rivalry, which dates back to October 10, 1888 and was the first intercollegiate football game in North Carolina.

† indicates tiebreakers are determined by who won head-to-head matchup. With no trophy, it is possible to split the title 3 or 4 ways

* Indicates years where not all contests were held
 * The 2020 UNC-Wake Forest Game did not count as an ACC Conference Win

Baseball
In baseball, the four schools won a combined 15 ACC Baseball Tournaments (UNC won 6, NC State and Wake won 4, Duke won 1). In the College World Series, Wake Forest held the only national championship of any ACC school while a member of the ACC in 1955 until Virginia won it in 2015. Other schools have national championships, but all came before joining the ACC, or since leaving the ACC in the case of South Carolina. Wake was the runner-up in 1949, while UNC was the runner-up in 2006 and 2007.

Soccer
In men's soccer, the four schools have won a combined four national titles (UNC has 2, Wake has 1, Duke has 1), three NCAA runners-up (Duke with 2, UNC with 1), 11 ACC Tournament titles, and won or shared 7 ACC regular season titles. Women's soccer has produced much more success among the four schools. On the national level, they have combined for 21 national championships (UNC won all 21), six NCAA runners-up (UNC with 3, Duke with 2, NC State with 1). Tobacco Road teams have won 22 ACC tournaments since its inception in 1987. The years not won by a Tobacco Road team are 1987, 2004, 2011, 2012, and 2013. They have also won or shared 20 ACC regular season titles since 1987. UNC's 21 national titles in women's soccer are the most among Division 1 schools.

Lacrosse
Only Duke and North Carolina currently compete in men's and women's lacrosse, though NC State had a program in the 1970s and 1980s. The current two Tobacco Road competitors have had a significant presence on the national stage, as the Blue Devils have won three national titles (2010, 2013, 2014), while the Tar Heels lay claim to five (1981, 1982, 1986, 1991, 2016). Duke and North Carolina have met 75 times, with UNC leading the rivalry 42–33 through 2020. However, Duke leads the ACC and NCAA postseason series by records of 9–4 and 4–0 respectively. For further information, see Duke–North Carolina lacrosse rivalry.

Overall team national championships
As of 2020, the four schools have combined to win 73 NCAA team national championships in both men's and women's sports.

title: Tobacco Road (rivalry)


text:
Performing Arts Training Center

The Performing Arts Training Center (PATC) was opened in 1967 in East St. Louis, Illinois by world-renowned African American dancer Katherine Dunham who was then Artist-in-Residence at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Dunham partnered with SIUE's Experiment in Higher Education to add educational resources to the program and give the youth of East St. Louis a better educational experience.

The PATC (later known as the Katherine Dunham Center for the Performing Arts) offered credit and non-credit courses in such arts as dance, martial arts, and crafts. At times, its company of dancers has toured widely. Now known as the Performing Arts Program, it is a part of SIUE's East St. Louis Center,

title: Performing Arts Training Center


text: User talk:128.175.135.220

title: User talk:128.175.135.220


text: User talk:68.71.1.203

title: User talk:68.71.1.203