text:
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences

The Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM;, Pazhuheshgah-e Daneshhai-ye Boniadi), previously Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, is an advanced public research institute in Tehran, Iran. IPM is directed by Mohammad-Javad Larijani, its original founder. The institute was the first Iranian organization to connect to the Internet and provide internet service to the nation. It is the domain name registry of .ir domain names.

The institute's activities are directed along several routes:
 * The institute conducts research along the lines that led to its inception, both independently and in cooperation with other research institutes inside the country and abroad.
 * The institute carries out conferences as well as joint research projects, and exchanges researchers to establish links with other research institutes and scientific communities within and outside Iran.
 * The institute provides facilities as well as financial support and opportunity for sabbaticals for researchers belonging to other institutes and universities.
 * The institute tries to provide the atmosphere necessary for attracting Iranian researchers and scientists from around the world.
 * The institute conducts graduate study programs to train researchers in areas where the institute is interested to increase the number of manpower.
 * The institute publicizes its scientific findings of IPM through books, journals, and scientific gatherings.
 * The institute provides scientific and cultural services that fit within the framework of its activities.
 * The institute seeks to recognize the basic needs of the country in fundamental sciences.
 * The institute has established a national scientific network over the intranet in order to connect all scientific and research centers and to develop the corresponding technologies in Iran.

The pillars of the institute are its board of governors, the director of the institute, and the institute's scientific council. The institute has four campuses, all north of Tehran in the Farmanieh district, immediately south of Niavaran. It offers advanced PhD degrees in areas such as mathematical logic, astronomy, particle physics and analytical philosophy, among others. At present the institute comprises nine schools:

 * School of Astronomy
 * School of Biological Sciences
 * School of Cognitive Sciences
 * School of Computer Science
 * School of Mathematics
 * School of Nano Science
 * School of Particles and Accelerators
 * School of Philosophy
 * School of Physics

IPM hosts key science projects namely Iranian National Observatory and the Iranian Light Source Facility

Notable faculty

 * Farhad Ardalan, Physics
 * Mehdi Golshani, Physics
 * Bahram Mashhoon, Physics
 * Reza Mansouri, Physics
 * Hashem Rafii Tabar, Physics
 * Hamid Vahid-Dastjerdi, Philosophy


text:
Brazilian Highway System

The Brazilian Highway System (Portuguese: Sistema Nacional de Rodovias) is a network of trunk roads administered by the Ministry of Transport of Brazil. It is constructed, managed and maintained by the National Department of Transport Infrastructure (DNIT), federal agency linked to the Ministry of Infrastructure, and the public works departments of state governments.

The National Travel System (Portuguese: Sistema Nacional de Viação – SNV) comprises the road infrastructure and the operational structure of the different means of transporting people and goods. As for jurisdiction, the national road system is composed of the Federal Road Traffic System (Portuguese: Sistema Federal de Viação – SFV) and the road systems of the States, the Federal District and the Municipalities.

The Investment Partnership Program (PPI) is a major effort to expand and upgrade the network of highways aside with the Federal Highway Concessions Program (PROCROFE). The Ministry of Infrastructure often uses a public–private partnership model for highway maintenance, and toll-collection. Currently, the longest National Highway in Brazil is BR-116 with 4486 km.

Characteristics

, the system consists of 1,720,700 km of roads, of which approximately 213500 km are paved (12.4%), and about 17000 km are divided highways, 6300 km only in the State of São Paulo. Currently it is possible to travel from Rio Grande, in the extreme south of the country, to Brasília (2580 km) or Casimiro de Abreu, in the state of Rio de Janeiro (2045 km), only on divided highways. The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 215,000 km (133,595 mi) in 2018, with an expansion of 0.5% between 2009 and 2019. In 2009, Brazil had 1.03 km of paved road and 7.35 km of unpaved road per inhabitant.

In 2019, the Federal Highway System had 75,800 km, of which approximately 65,400 km were paved (86.3%), and 10,355 km was under federal concession (PROCROFE). The most important federal highways in the country are BR-101 and BR-116.

Although Brazil has the largest duplicated road network in Latin America, it's considered insufficient for the country's needs: in 2021, it was calculated that the ideal amount of duplicated roads would be something around from 35000 km to 42000 km. The main road axes also have problems because they often have inadequate geometry and constructive characteristics that don't allow quality long-distance flow (non-interference from local traffic and high speed).

The Brazilian Federal Government has never implemented a National Highway Plan at the same level as developed countries such as the USA, Japan or European countries, which specifically aimed at inter-regional travel, and which should preferably be served by highways. The Brazilian State, despite some planning efforts, has been guided by a reactive action to the increase in demand (only duplicating some roads with old and inadequate layout) and not by a purposeful vision, directing occupation and economic density in the territory. Another problem is the lack of directing the Union Budget towards infrastructure works, since there is no law that guarantees funds from the Federal Budget for works on highways and other modes of transport, depending exclusively on the goodwill of the rulers.

Brazil even invested 1.5% of the country's budget in infrastructure in the 1970s, being the time when the most investment was made in highways; but in the 1990s, only 0.1% of the budget was invested in this sector, maintaining an average of 0.5% in the 2000s and 2010s, insufficient amounts for the construction of an adequate road network. For comparative purposes, the average investment of the USA and the European Union was 1% between 1995 and 2013, even though they already have a much more advanced road infrastructure than Brazil.

The country still has several states where paved access to 100% of the state's municipalities has not yet been reached. Some states have 100% of cities with asphalt access, such as Santa Catarina, which reached this goal in 2014; Paraíba, which reached this goal in 2017, and Alagoas, which reached this goal in 2021. In states like Rio Grande do Sul, in 2020, there were still 54 cities without asphalt access. In Paraná, in 2021, there were still 4 cities without asphalt access. In Minas Gerais, in 2016, there were still 5 cities without asphalt access.

As it is in the United States, Canada, and most countries in Europe, larger/wider highways have higher speed limits than normal urban roads (typically between 80 km/h and 120 km/h), although minor highways, unpaved highways and sections of major highways running inside urban areas have a lower speed limit in general. The national speed limit for cars driving in non-urban roads is 110 km/h unless otherwise stated, regardless of the road design, weather or daylight.

Nomenclature
Brazilian Regional highways are named YY-XXX, where YY is the abbreviation of the state where the highway is running in and XXX is a number (e.g. SP-280; where SP means that the highway is under São Paulo state administration).

Brazilian National highways are named BR-XXX. National highways connect multiple states altogether, are of major importance to the national economy and/or connect Brazil to another country. The meaning of the numbers are:

 * 000-099 - it means that the highway runs radially from Brasília. It is an exception to the cases below.
 * 100-199 - it means that the highway runs in a south–north way
 * 200-299 - it means that the highway runs in a west–east way
 * 300-399 - it means that the highway runs in a diagonal way. Highways with odd numbers run northeast–southwest, while even numbers run northwest–southeast.
 * 400-499 - it means that the highway interconnects two major highways.
 * 600-699 - it is a special designation given to highways of national importance but that just interconnect a highway to an important location. There currently are only two such highways in the country, BR-600 which connects the Itaipu Dam to BR-277 and BR-610 which connects the Guarulhos International Airport to BR-116 and SP-070.

Often Brazilian highways receive names (famous people, etc.), but continue to have a YY/BR-XXX name (example: Rodovia Castelo Branco is also SP-280).

See highway system of São Paulo for numbering designation for São Paulo state roads, also used in some other states.

BR-010

The BR-010 is a radial highway that connects the national capital Brasília, to the city of Belém, in the state of Pará. It has the official name of Rodovia Bernardo Sayão (the name of its chief engineer, who died in an accident during the construction of the highway, when a tree fell on him), and is also called Belém–Brasília Highway or as Transbrasiliana Highway, in the stretch between the city of Estreito, in the state of Maranhão, and the city of Belém. This is due to the fact that between Brasília and Estreito, the highway has many incomplete and unpaved stretches, especially in the state of Tocantins. Between Brasília and Estreito, the original route of the Belém-Brasília Highway follows the BR-060, the BR-153 and the BR-226 highways, which are completely paved in this stretch. The BR-010 passes through the Federal District, and the states of Goiás, Tocantins, Maranhão and Pará.

BR-020

The BR-020 connects Fortaleza in Ceará to the federal capital Brasília. Like other BRs that start with the number 0, it leaves Brasília to an extreme point in Brazil. The highway is important because passes through the MATOPIBA region (in the south of Piauí and in the west of Bahia), which is an important producer of soybeans, corn and cotton, among other products. It connects the interior of the Northeast to the Port of Mucuripe, in Fortaleza.

BR-040
BR-040 runs radially from near the national capital Brasília (beginning 100 km south of the beginning of BR-050, in Brasília), in a northwest–southeast way, to Rio de Janeiro city.

BR-040 is the modern way of the so-called "Caminho Novo", opened in the 18th century that linked Ouro Preto, the main center of gold mines of Minas Gerais to the Rio de Janeiro harbor.

In 1861 the road was paved from Petrópolis to Juiz de Fora, becoming the first road paved in Latin America until the 1920s. In 1928, Petrópolis was connected to Rio de Janeiro with a paved road.

In the 1930s the route was changed to pass by the new capital of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, although it was unpaved until 1957, when the road was extended to Brasília, the new capital of Brazil.

From 1951 to 1973 BR-040 was called BR-3 and was famous for its dangerous bends, such as the Viaduto das Almas, near Belo Horizonte, disabled in 2010. In the 1970s the part from Rio de Janeiro to Juiz de Fora was modernized and became a two-laned road.

Cities where the BR-040 runs or passes by: Luislândia, Belo Horizonte, Juiz de Fora, Rio de Janeiro.

BR-050

BR-050 runs radially from the national capital, Brasília, in a north–south way, to Santos city, passing in São Paulo. It's one of the most important highways in the country: being close to being fully duplicated in 2021, it passes through some of the richest regions of Brazil. It links areas of large agricultural and industrial production to Port of Santos, the largest in the country. Brasília is the city with the highest average salary per inhabitant. Goiás is one of the largest national producers of sugarcane, soy, corn and tomatoes, in addition to having a large cattle ranching. The area between Uberaba and Uberlândia, in Minas Gerais, has the largest milk production in Brazil. The state of São Paulo holds 30% of Brazil's industrial GDP and a gigantic agricultural sector. In Ribeirão Preto there is the largest production of sugarcane in the world. In Franca, there is the largest national production of men's shoes. The highway also drains the gigantic production of coffee from Minas Gerais and orange juice from São Paulo. In the area around Campinas there is a great technological production. 40% of the cars produced in the country come from the cities of Greater São Paulo. Not to mention the production of chicken meat and all industrial production in São Paulo, which is basically exported via Santos.

BR-060

This road connects Brasília to Bela Vista, on the Paraguayan border. The highway is important because helps in the flow of agricultural production in the Center-West Region, which specializes in: soybeans, corn, sugarcane, tomatoes, beans, in the planting of eucalyptus for the production of cellulose and paper, and in cattle raising. Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul also have considerable mineral exploration, producing a lot of iron ore, nickel and copper, in addition to gold, manganese and niobium. The BR-060 will in the future serve as a link with the Bioceanic Corridor that is being built with 3 other South American countries, connecting Campo Grande to Antofagasta, passing through Paraguay, northern Argentina and northern Chile.

BR-101
BR-101 runs in a north–south way, along Brazil's eastern coast. It is Brazil's second major highway, and the longest in the country (nearly 4800 km long). It connects more states capitals than any other "rodovia" in the country, in the total, 12 capitals are directly connected by BR-101. It's considered one of the most important highways in the country, along with BR-116: as it is a highway with a trans-coastal nature, it allows the connection between ports, major consumer centers and tourist areas. Used both by tourists who explore the coast, and for the transport of local and regional road loads such as those destined for or coming from ports and industries.

The Rio–Niterói Bridge is part of the BR-101.

Cities where the BR-101 runs or passes by: Natal, João Pessoa, Olinda, Recife, Maceió, Aracaju, Feira de Santana, Itabuna, Ilhéus, Porto Seguro, Linhares, Vitória, Guarapari, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Barra Mansa, Santos, Curitiba, Joinville, Florianópolis, Criciúma, Osório.

BR-116
BR-116 runs in a north–south way, near, but not on Brazil's coastline. It is considered one of the most important highways in the country, along with BR-101. It's also the second longest of the country, although, in practice, it is currently the one with the greatest extension built (4486 km). The highway is one of the main connections for the transport of loads, receiving thousands of trucks every day. Numerous parts of the long path taken by the BR-116 have other official names, such as Régis Bittencourt, Presidente Dutra, Santos Dumont, among others.

Cities where the BR-116 runs or passes by: Fortaleza, Salgueiro, Feira de Santana, Vitória da Conquista, Teófilo Otoni, Governador Valadares, Rio de Janeiro, Volta Redonda, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Curitiba, Lages, Caxias do Sul, Canoas, Porto Alegre, Pelotas.

BR-153

Also known as Transbrasiliana Highway, as Belém–Brasília Highway or even as Bernardo Sayão Highway, the BR-153 is one of the longest highways in South America and runs in the north–south direction, connecting the city of Marabá, in the state of Pará, and the city of Aceguá, in the boundary with Uruguay. It passes through the states of Pará, Tocantins, Goiás, Minas Gerais (Triângulo Mineiro region), São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The BR-153 is one of the main highways of the central region of Brazil, mainly in the states of Goiás and Tocantins, and also in the Triângulo Mineiro region. The highway works as an important channel for the flow of agricultural production (mainly soy, corn, sugar cane, cotton and tomato) and livestock (mainly beef and pork) in the Midwest, transports milk production from Minas Gerais and coffee from São Paulo, and agricultural products (rice, wheat, barley, soybeans, corn, grapes, apples, oats), livestock (chicken, pork, fish, and milk) and industrial (furniture, footwear, textiles, machinery, etc.) of the Southern region.

BR-277
BR-277 runs east–west, starting from the Friendship Bridge, which connects Brazilian city Foz do Iguaçu to Paraguayan Ciudad del Este, and going up to the port city of Paranaguá. It is approximately 650 km long. The highway is of great economic importance for both Brazil and Paraguay, as it connects the Brazil-Paraguay border to the Port of Paranaguá (which exits into the Atlantic Ocean).

It is one of the most important highways in the Southern Region of Brazil, as it connects Curitiba (the capital city of the state of Paraná and the third highest city GDP in Brazil) to the city of Paranaguá and to the international border city of Foz de Iguaçu, one of the most-frequented touristic destinations in Brazil (mainly due to border trade, to the presence of the Iguaçu Falls and the Itaipu Dam). In Paraná, there is a large production of soybeans, corn, chicken, milk, cellulose and fish, among other products, which are exported through the Port of Paranaguá (among other international connections).

For Paraguay, BR-277 is also of economical significance as it has a direct connection with Asunción through Route PY-02 and serves as an exit to the Atlantic Ocean. On the Brazil-Paraguay border there is intense trade between the two countries. and Paraguay uses the port to carry out part of its exports through the Atlantic Ocean.

Major Brazilian cities connected by BR-277 are Foz do Iguaçu, Medianeira, Cascavel, Guarapuava, Ponta Grossa, Curitiba, and Paranaguá.

BR-369
BR-369 begins in Oliveira, Minas Gerais and ends in Cascavel in the state of Paraná.

This highway is of extreme economical importance as it is used to transport products from agriculture, livestock and industry from the states of Paraná to São Paulo and vice versa - for example, soy, corn, coffee, beef, paper and cellulose, wood, furniture and other important products in the region. It also connects the western states of Paraná and São Paulo to Paraguay. Paraguay imports most of the products it consumes from Brazil (one of the main promoters of the Paraguayan economy). Therefore, trade and tourism with Paraguay are strong in the region. Foz do Iguaçu and Ciudad del Este benefit directly from the highway.

BR-376

The road connects the cities of Garuva, in the state of Santa Catarina, to Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. It has a length of 958,3 km. The road is very important to transport agricultural, livestock and industrial products from the states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. As some examples, we have soy, corn, coffee, beef, paper and cellulose, wood, furniture and other important products. in the region.

BR-386

This highway connects Canoas (in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul) with the municipality of Iraí (in the extreme northwest of the state, on the border with Santa Catarina).

It's called the Production Highway due to its high importance for the state. Through it all the production of soy, corn, wheat, meat, wood, furniture, among other products of the region is drained. In the city of Ametista do Sul, close to Iraí, there is the largest production of amethyst in the world. Close to Lajeado is one of the largest productions of tobacco on the planet. In Santa Catarina, the highway ends near Chapecó, the largest regional hub in the west of the state. In general, cities with significant GDP are on the side of the highway.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brazilian Highway System


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Talk:Culture of Kraków

Cinemas
Some listings in this article are less valuable than others. The listing of "cinemas" - or the movie theatres in Krakow - would have little to do with the actual culture of Krakow since cinemas are not much different from convenience stores. Any comments? Poeticbent 23:45, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Follow up
On July 13, 2004, the same User:83.29.8.73 who, a day earlier, added the above listing of movie theatres to Kraków article chapter on culture, seized to make any further additions to Wikipedia. Please read User talk:83.29.8.73 for further information. Since "Cinemas" could hardly be seen as cultural venues, I'm removing them.

See also, similar articles on other world cities:
 * Culture of London
 * Culture of New York City
 * Culture of San Francisco, California
 * Culture in Toronto

In addition, User:83.29.8.73 on the same day produced a listing of museums - in the original article on Kraków - without citing his sources. The user made all his additions into active links (or Requests for an article), without giving reference points for other Wikipedians to work on. It would be nearly impossible to make use of all of those links.

Also, on July 12, 2004, User:83.29.8.73 added a listing called "Music" with some very confusing entries and a lot of names in red. The sheer volume of additions made by User:83.29.8.73 on that day would indicate a bold paste-up job from a website or websites. Some of his additions have long been reverted. Please read User talk:83.29.8.73 for further explanation.

Poeticbent 19:49, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * PS: I located the source of all of the listings made by User:83.29.8.73. Just like I thought, it is only one website: http://www.krakow-info.com/

 * The article is a work in progress concerning mostly reference. Poeticbent 16:35, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

The article is beginning to look like what I envisioned for it initially. Comments are welcome. --Poeticbent  talk   00:07, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

What is this for?
The articles can be put into a category and looked up there. For all else: WP:NOT WP:NOT -- Matthead discuß!     O       20:57, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

This article is just a copy of the Culture of Kraków section that used to be on Krakow main article. It is mostly a list of internal links, while some of them I removed, like for the cinemas, no need to have them there. I think it would be wise to cut off many of them. And maybe write something more instead of just having this list, but since I don't have the knowledge to do that.-- Martewa 17:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Residence
It became the residence of two Polish Nobel laureates in literature: Wisława Szymborska and Czesław Miłosz. True, but so what ? They are not tourist attractions (one cannot just call at W.S. and have a tea and a chat with her), and the fact that a place has Nobel laureates as residents doesn't make it more (or less) cultural. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jotel (talk • contribs) 14:44, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

This article is ...
More fit for wiki travel - most of the links need double checking and the list astyle and over reliance on ext links embedded in the text is atrocious. The more i read it is not about the culture of krakow - but as my reading polish is zilch - I cannot do much SatuSuro 18:05, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Culture of Kraków


text: User talk:67.173.193.134

title: User talk:67.173.193.134


text: Category:Christianity in Japan

title: Category:Christianity in Japan


text:
File:One pound coin (Gibraltar) obverse.png

Summary
See also File:One pound coin (Gibraltar) reverse.png.


text:
File:One pound coin (Gibraltar) reverse.png

See also File:One pound coin (Gibraltar) obverse.png.


text:
User talk:Clark Perks

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:32, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
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Non commercial
Hi I noticed Image:Sunfishrace.jpg's Copyright Template that no longer exists you may want to change it to Noncommercial or release it under a Commercial licence if it is your, however updating the template would make it a high profile and leave the article without an image if the template attracts people to list the image for deletion. I strongly disagree with the commercial only rule but at lease your image is Grandfathered because it was uploaded before the rule was made.--E-Bod 07:36, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Clark Perks


text:
User talk:VolnaRocket

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:32, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:VolnaRocket


text:
What We Did on Our Holidays

What We Did on Our Holidays (released as Fairport Convention in the United States) is the second studio album by the English folk rock band Fairport Convention, released in 1969. It was their first album to feature singer-songwriter Sandy Denny. The album also showed a move towards the folk rock for which the band became noted, including tracks later to become perennial favourites such as "Fotheringay" and the song traditionally used to close live concerts, "Meet on the Ledge".

History
Following the departure of Judy Dyble, the band conducted auditions for a replacement singer, and Sandy Denny became the obvious choice. Simon Nicol has said "it was a one horse race really... she stood out like a clean glass in a sink full of dirty dishes". According to author Richie Unterberger Denny's "haunting, ethereal vocals gave Fairport a big boost".

The album has been described by Unterberger as "a near-ideal balance between imaginative reworkings of traditional folk songs ... quality covers of contemporary folk-rock singer-songwriters, some quite obscure ... and original folk-rock material by various members". In 2008 Simon Nicol described the album as his favourite, and it was voted number 281 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).

The cover features a sketch of the band performing, drawn on a blackboard by Martin Lamble and Sandy Denny in a classroom at the University of Essex and the reverse of the original sleeve shows a photograph of the band performing. The Island Masters 1990 re-release IMCD 97 also features a portrait of Sandy Denny.

In the USA, the album was released by A&M Records (SP-4185) with an identical track listing but featuring new cover art, and was re-titled Fairport Convention. The album was also released in Australia and New Zealand by Festival Records with the ‘blackboard’ front cover and an entirely different back cover to both the US and UK releases. The Discogs website gives no fewer than 54 different versions of the album.

Reception and influence
In a contemporary review for The Village Voice, American critic Robert Christgau deemed Fairport Convention the "most interesting unknown group" he had listened to in some time, highlighting their take on "Pentangle-style ballads" and Bob Dylan's "I'll Keep It with Mine". Neal Casal, of Ryan Adams & the Cardinals, later listed What We Did on Our Holidays as one of his favourite albums of all time.

Reviewing the 2008 re-issue of the album Pitchfork.com said: "The album mixes new interpretations of traditional ballads like 'Nottamun Town,' here rendered almost as a raga, with much newer songs, such as their soulful take on Dylan's 'I'll Keep It With Mine' and their ponderous version of Mitchell's 'Eastern Rain.' The best material on Holidays, though, may be their own—the stomping blues-rock of 'Mr. Lacey,' the racing 'No Man's Land,' and the stirring afterlife anthem 'Meet on the Ledge.'"

1999 album
The album title was re-used for the 1999 CD release What We Did on Our Holidays - An Introduction to Fairport Convention on Island Records as IMCD 263.

Fairport Convention

 * Sandy Denny (as Alexandra Elene MacLean Denny) – vocals, 6 & 12-string acoustic guitars, organ, piano, harpsichord
 * Iain Matthews – vocals, congas
 * Richard Thompson – electric, 6 & 12-string acoustic guitars, piano accordion, sitar on "Book Song" (uncredited), vocals
 * Ashley Hutchings – bass, backing vocals
 * Simon Nicol – electric & acoustic guitars, electric autoharp, electric dulcimer, backing vocals
 * Martin Lamble – drums, percussion, violin, tabla & footsteps

Additional personnel

 * Bruce Lacey & his robots on "Mr. Lacey"
 * Claire Lowther – cello on "Book Song"
 * Kingsley Abbott – coins on "The Lord Is in This Place...," backing vocals on "Meet on the Ledge"
 * Paul Ghosh, Andrew Horvitch & Marc Ellington – backing vocals on "Meet on the Ledge"
 * Peter Ross – harmonica on "Throwaway Street Puzzle"

Production and other credits

 * Recorded at Sound Techniques, London and Olympic Studio No. 1, London (except "The Lord Is in This Place..." recorded at St. Peter's Church, Westbourne Grove, West London). Further work recorded at Morgan Studios, London
 * Engineered by John Wood, Sound Techniques, London
 * Photography by Richard Bennett Zeff & Annie Brown
 * Design by Diogenic Attempts Ltd.

title: What We Did on Our Holidays


text:
Robert de Ros (died 1227)

Sir Robert de Ros (died c. 1227) was an Anglo-Norman feudal baron, soldier and administrator who was one of the twenty-five barons appointed under clause 61 of Magna Carta to monitor its observance by King John of England.

Origins
Born about 1182, he was the son and heir of Everard de Ros (died before 1184) and his wife Roese (died 1194), daughter of William Trussebut, of Warter. Robert "Farfan" had a sister Alice, who married William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe (d. 1174/5), and left two daughters Maud and Agnes as co-heiresses. The Ros family, from the village of Roos in Yorkshire, had in 1158 acquired the barony of Helmsley, also in Yorkshire, and before 1189 by gift of King Henry II the barony of Wark on Tweed in Northumberland.

Career
Left fatherless, his lands were initially in the keeping of the Chief Justiciar of England, Ranulf de Glanvill. In 1191, though under age, he paid a 1,000-mark fee to inherit his father's lands. In that year he also married a widow who was an illegitimate daughter of King William I of Scotland. Later he inherited from his mother one-third of the Trussebut estates, which included lands near the town of Bonneville-sur-Touques in Normandy, of which he became hereditary bailiff and castellan.

In 1196, during fighting between King Richard I of England and King Philip II of France, Richard captured a French knight worth a significant ransom and put him in the castle of Bonneville. When the keeper of the castle let the knight escape, an angry Richard had the man hanged and imprisoned Ros, fining him 1,200 marks (though he was later let off 275 marks).

Like many magnates, he had an uneasy relationship with King John after 1199. He witnessed the King's charters, served in his armies, went on diplomatic missions for him (one in 1199 to Ros's father-in-law in Scotland), and on one occasion was reported gambling with him in Ireland. Tension arose in 1205, when John ordered his lands to be seized but later relented. It was possibly then that his younger son was taken as a hostage by the King.

In 1206 he was given permission to mortgage his lands if during the next three years he went to Jerusalem, as a crusading knight or as an individual pilgrim. The permission was renewed in 1207, but his record was marred by the escape that year of another prisoner under his supervision, for which he was fined 300 marks. Back in favour in 1209, he was sent again on a diplomatic mission to Scotland but does not seem to have gone to Palestine, for in 1210 he was serving with John in Ireland.

In 1212, on account of him entering a monastic order, John gave custody of his lands to Sir Philip Oldcoates. But he re-entered secular life the next year, when the King made him sheriff of Cumberland and appointed him to a commission investigating grievances in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. In the latter county, he worked for a reconciliation between John and William de Forz, heir to the extensive estates there of Hawise, Countess of Aumale.

In October 1213 he was one of the witnesses when John surrendered England to the authority of the Pope and he was one of the twelve guarantors appointed to ensure John kept his promises. Throughout the disturbances of 1214 and the first quarter of 1215 he remained loyal to John, being rewarded with royal manors in Cumberland and royal support for the election of his aunt as abbess of Barking Abbey. However he then joined the rebel barons as one of the 25 chosen to enforce observance of Magna Carta, being appointed by them to control Yorkshire and possibly Northumberland. For this he was excommunicated by the Pope, and John gave his lands to William de Forz.

Ordered by John to give up Carlisle Castle, he did so but remained on the rebel side after the death of John in October 1216, supporting Prince Louis even after his elder son was captured by the loyalist side in May 1217. He finally submitted later that year, and regained most of his lands. Intermittent unrest in Yorkshire continued, with fighting in 1220 between his men and those of the sheriff, followed in 1221 with him being summoned to help take and destroy Skipsea Castle during the rebellion of William de Forz.

In 1225 he was one of the witnesses to the reissue of Magna Carta and by the end of 1226 had re-entered a monastic order, possibly the Knights Templar. His Helmsley estates, where he had fortified the castle, then went to his elder son, while Wark, also fortified by him, went to the younger. He died that year, or in 1227, and was buried in the Temple Church in London.

Benefactions
He was a supporter of the Knights Templar, giving them lands in Yorkshire that included Ribston, where they set up a commandery. At Bolton in Northumberland, he founded a leper hospital dedicated to St Thomas Becket, endowing it with extensive lands. He was also a benefactor of Rievaulx Abbey, Newminster Abbey and Kirkham Priory.

Family
Early in 1191, at Haddington near Edinburgh, he married Isabella, widow of Robert III de Brus and illegitimate daughter of William I "the Lion", King of Scotland. Her mother was said to be a daughter of Robert Avenel.

Their children included:

 * William (died about 1265), of Helmsley, whose wife was named Lucy, and their son was Robert (died 1285).
 * Robert (died about 1270), of Wark, who married Christina, daughter of William Bertram, of Mitford, and their son Robert (died about 1274) was his heir.

title: Robert de Ros (died 1227)


text:
Sardar Patel University

Sardar Patel University (SPU) is a public state university in Vallabh Vidyanagar, a Anand City Gujarat, India. It is named after the iron man of India Vallabhbhai Patel, and was founded in October 1955 by an Act of the Legislative Assembly of the then-Bombay Province and was UGC recognized under 2(f) of the UGC Act in October 1968. Originally, it had the status of a rural university but now it has diversified with the motto of "Excellence Matters".

History
The Sardar Patel University was the dream of Shri Bhaikaka. In fact, Bhaikaka was at the peak of his career as an engineer, when he sought early retirement from Government Service in 1940 at the behest of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and joined Ahmedabad Municipality as a Chief Engineer. This was the time when his mentor, Sardar Patel, began to visualise what a soon-to-be independent India would require. Patel advised Bhaikaka to give up engineering and help Patel in transforming Charotar into the focal point of India. Serving the rural countryside would control migration of people from villages to towns in search of education, employment, and healthcare. Bhaikaka resigned from this office too in 1942 at the behest of Sardar Patel, and was appointed as Chairman of Charotar Education Society in Anand, a few years before moving on to what we now know as the township of Vallabh Vidyanagar on 3 March 1946, but not before registering Charutar Vidya Mandal as a Charitable Education Trust on 10 August 1945. What was once a wilderness at the tri-junction of Karamsad, Bakrol, and Anand thus became Vallabh Vidyanagar, and the ‘Vallabh’ was prefixed to ‘Vidyanagar’ in recognition of Sardar's advice to work for rural uplift. Containing migration required that the reasons for migration be addressed, and Bhaikaka began to work on a plan together with Shri Bhikhabhai Patel, a dedicated and farsighted educationist, who shared Bhaikaka's vision.

Location
Anand-Vidyanagar is on the Vadodara-Ahmedabad Railway line of the Western Railway in the heart of the Anand District of Gujarat. It is well connected with the rest of the country by railway network and roads. It is flanked by the two major airports of Gujarat: Sardar Patel International Airport at Ahmedabad and the Vadodara Airport, Vadodara. Vidyanagar is considered as Gujarat's education hub. Vidyanagar is also known for a student friendly environment and student diversity.

Jurisdiction
At the time of the enactment of the Sardar Patel University Act 1955 the area of the jurisdiction of the university (known as Sardar Vallabhbhai Vidyapeeth at that time) was limited to the 5 miles of Vallabh Vidyanagar. As of now till the latest amendment (Guj. 26 of 2015) the university has its jurisdiction over 2 districts.

Faculties and Departments under them

 * 1) Arts
 * 2) Department of Communication and Media Studies
 * 3) Department of English
 * 4) Department of Economics
 * 5) Department of Gujarati
 * 6) Department of Hindi
 * 7) Department of History
 * 8) Department of Library and Information Science
 * 9) Department of Political Science
 * 10) Department of Psychology
 * 11) Department of Sanskrit
 * 12) Department of Social Work (MSW)
 * 13) Department of Sociology
 * 14) Business Studies
 * 15) Department of Business Studies
 * 16) Education
 * 17) Department of Education
 * 18) M B Patel College of Education (B Ed) (Constituent College)
 * 19) Engineering and Technology
 * 20) Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
 * 21) Home Science
 * 22) Department of Home Science
 * 23) Law
 * 24) Department of Law
 * 25) Management
 * 26) Department of Business Management
 * 27) Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * 28) Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * 29) Sciences
 * 30) Department of Biosciences
 * 31) Department of Computer Science and Technology
 * 32) Department of Chemistry
 * 33) Department of Electronics
 * 34) Department of Materials Science
 * 35) Department of Mathematics
 * 36) Department of Physics
 * 37) Department of Statistics

Arts

 * Anand Arts College, Anand
 * Anand Institute of P.G. Studies in Arts, Anand
 * H.M. Patel Institute of English Training & Research, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Institute Of Language Studies & Applied Social Sciences(ILSASS), Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Institute of Studies & Research in Renewal Energy, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Nalini Arvind & T.V. Patel Arts College, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * N.S. Patel Arts College, Anand
 * Paionner Arts College, Anand
 * Shri Bhaikhabhai Patel Arts College, Anand
 * Shri Bhikhbhai Patel Institute of PG Studies in Research and Humanities, Anand
 * Shree J.M. Patel Arts College, Anand

Architecture

 * D C Patel School Of Architecture (APIED), Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Shantaben Manubhai Patel Institute of Architecture & Interior Design, New Vallabh Vidyanagar

Commerce

 * B.J. Vanijya Mahavidyalaya (BJVM), Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * AIMS College Of Management And Technology, Bakrol
 * Anand Commerce College, Anand
 * Anand Institute of Business Studies (AIBS), Anand
 * Anand Mercantile college of science, management & computer technology, (AMCOST)
 * C.P. Patel and H.F. Shah Commerce College, Anand
 * C.Z. Patel College Of Business & Management, New Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Shri D N Patel Institute of P.G. Studies Commerce, Anand
 * Shri D N Institute of Business Administration, Anand
 * Gordhandas Jamnadas Patel College of Management & Technology, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Jivkaran Group Of Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Sant Stifan Institute of Business Management & Technology, Anand
 * Sardar Gunj Mercantile Co-operative (Anand) English Medium College Of Commerce & Management, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Sardar Patel College of Administration & Management, Anand
 * Shri P.M. Patel Institute of Business Administration, Anand
 * Shri V.Z. Patel Commerce College, Anand
 * Takshishila College of Management & Technology, Bakrol

Education

 * Anand Education College, Anand
 * Christian College of Education, Anand
 * M.B. Patel College of Education, Anand
 * N.H. Patel College of Education, Anand
 * Waymade College Of Education, Anand
 * I J Patel B.Ed College, Mogri
 * I J Patel M.Ed Course, Mogri

Fine Arts

 * IPCowala Santram College of Fine Arts, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Kala Kendra College of Music and Dance, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Rama Manubhai Desai College Of Music And Dance, Anand
 * CVM College of Fine Arts, Vallabh Vidyanagar

Home Science

 * S.M. Patel College of Home Science, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Smt. Kamlaben P. Patel College of Home Science, Anand

Law

 * Anand Law College, Anand
 * P.M. Patel College Of Law And Human Rights, Anand
 * R N Ipcowala School of Law & Justice, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Vinayak college of law and justice

Medical and Paramedical

 * Anand Homeopathic Medical College & Research Institute, Anand
 * G.H. Patel School of Nursing, Anand
 * K. M. Patel College of Physiotherapy, Karamsad
 * Institute of Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology, Anand
 * Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad
 * Shree Dr. V.H. Dave Homeopathic Medical College, Anand
 * Shree P.M Patel College of Paramedical Science & Technology, Anand
 * Shri Babubhai G. Patel College of Physiotherapy, Anand
 * Smt. Kamlaben P. Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Anand
 * Smt. L. P. Patel Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology, Karamsad

Science
B.N.Patel science College, Anand
 * Anand Mercantile College Of Science And Computer Technology (AMCOST), Anand
 * Ashok And Rita Patel Institute Of Integraterd Study & Research In Biotechnology And Allied Science (ARIBAS), New Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Institute Of Science And Technology For Advance Studies & Research (ISTAR), Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * M.B. Patel Science College, Anand
 * M.B. Patel Applied Science College, Mogri
 * N.V. Patel College Of Pure And Applied Sciences (NVPAS), Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Shri A.N. Patel P.G. Institute, Anand
 * Shri P.M. Patel Institute Of Biosciences, Anand
 * Shri P.M. Patel Institute of Integrated M.Sc. in Biotechnology, Anand
 * Shri P.M. Patel Institute Of P.G. Studies And Research In Applied Sciences, Anand
 * V.P. & R.P.T.P. Science College, Vallabh Vidyanagar

Social Work
N.S.Patel Institute of Social Work, Anand IILYAS Institute of Social Work, Vallabh Vidyanagar Jeevkiran Institute of Social Work, Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Institute Of Language Studies & Applied Social Sciences (ILSASS), Vallabh Vidyanagar
 * Anand Institute of Social Work, Anand
 * Shree J.M. Patel Institute of Social Work & Applied Arts, Anand
 * Shree J.M. Patel College of P.G. Studies & Research in Huminities, Anand
 * Center for Studies & Research on Life & Works of Sarkar Vallabhbhai Patel, Vallabh Vidyanagar

Computer Science

 * D N Institute of Computer Application, Anand
 * St. Stephen Institute of Business Management & Technology, Anand

title: Sardar Patel University


text:
User talk:Cchunder

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Sollog
Cchunder, I don't think you're an Ennis sock, nor a troll, but I'm trying to figure out where you're coming from. I'd prefer to discuss this on either the Sollog talk page, or our individual pages for now. Whatever links or other information you can provide about your interest in Ennis would be helpful... thanks for your patience with me! Wyss 15:02, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Why not post that link to the talk page? :) Wyss 15:38, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Ennis etc
'

That's why I reverted myself. I didn't think you were him, in particular, I just saw the beginning of the text "some psychics claim the money doesn't exist" or whatever and it looked like something he might say. Pakaran (ark a pan) 18:50, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Postdiction and Retroactive clairvoyance
Hi Cchunder, the two articles Postdiction and Retroactive clairvoyance cover basically the same topic. It looks to me like they should be merged. You're probably the best person to do it, so I'm dropping you this line. Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 01:39, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cchunder


text:
User talk:Kitambi

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Wikimania in Atlanta!
Mike H. I did "That's hot" first! 09:39, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

= Rocking Good Articles ! =

 REDYVA just wanted to say some of your articles really rock! +

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:The Duhks - Migrations (album cover).jpg
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Confused...
...as to why you are requesting unblocks for accounts that are not yours. See User talk:208.53.139.121. You are clearly not affected by this block. Additionally, if you are concerned that the open proxy block is in error, see WP:OP and request that it be rechecked there. --Jayron32. talk . contribs 03:02, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

About the unblock
I am the owner-operator of 208.53.139.121 (epicsol.org) and it is hosted at FDC Servers, an ISP which is in strong disfavor here at wikipedia because of their lax policies about abusive hosts. Kitambi is one of my shell login users. My users might their password-authenticated ssh login accounts to edit wikipedia. -- JFN -- 09 July 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jfn (talk • contribs) 16:02, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kitambi


text: User talk:81.208.74.185

title: User talk:81.208.74.185


text:
Talk:Joseph Gallieni

Untitled
Although some English WP references use "é", I find no reference in my print sources that do so, nor in the French WP. A couple places give his first name as "Joseph-Simon", dunno how authoritative though. Stan 17:38, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"The actual effects of the "taxicab army" on the French victory at the Marne may have been more modest than the myth." Any citation for this, or shall we just chalk it up to yet another wikipedia page determined to minimize French military accomplishments?204.195.156.74 (talk) 21:02, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Any serious student of the First World War knows that the French contribution was very much greater than tends to remembered in Anglo-Saxon history. However, the "taxicab army" was a mere five battalions in a battle involving four or five armies on the Allied side, and in an attack which did not itself succeed. I've no evidence that it was planned as propaganda, but it was certainly used that way. Paulturtle (talk) 03:45, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Gallieni


text:
Everard de Ros

Everard de Ros (c. 1145 - c. 1183) was the lord of Hamlake, modern version: Helmsley.

Life
Originally a ward of Ranulph de Granville, he seems to have been wealthy as in 1176 he paid the then large sum of five hundred and twenty-six pounds as a fine for his lands, and other large amounts subsequently. He was the son of Robert de Ros and Sybil de Valoines. Everard de Ros married Rose Trusbut (in 1170 or 1171 ) with whom he had two sons, the oldest of which, Robert de Ros, became a Magna Carta surety. After 1170-71, he assumed the arms of Trussebut of Warter.

Death
He died around 1186; he and his wife (both apparently great benefactors to various religious institutes) are buried in the church of Hunmanby.

title: Everard de Ros


text:
Marten Toonder

Marten Toonder (2 May 1912 – 27 July 2005) was a Dutch comic strip creator, born in Rotterdam. He was probably the most successful comic artist in the Netherlands and had a great influence on the Dutch language by introducing new words and expressions. He is most famous for his series Tom Puss and Panda.

Tom Puss/Oliver B. Bumble series
In 1931 after his final exams, Marten Toonder went to Buenos Aires with his father. Here he got acquainted with the work of the well-known Argentine artist and editor Dante Quinterno, who ran a studio producing comics. Quinterno's creations impressed him to such a degree that he decided to become an artist himself. His most famous comic series were the Tom Puss (Tom Poes in Dutch) and Oliver B. Bumble (Olivier B. Bommel in Dutch) series that appeared in a Dutch newspaper from 1941–86. It has a very characteristic format. Every day there were three drawings and an accompanying text (about a book-page long). It started out as a children's cartoon, but gradually became more relevant to adults. Nowadays his texts are considered literature by some critics, and Toonder received several literary prizes for them. He invented many new words and expressions and some of those are now widely used in the Dutch language. Many personalities in his comics have their own peculiar dialect of Dutch, for instance Prlwytzkofsky language of professor Prlwytzkofsky, an innovative mixture of Dutch and German. Due to this emphasis on language play, Toonder's work is difficult to translate. His drawing style is very detailed and might be compared to Pogo, with more room for background drawings, since there are no text balloons in the drawings. Apart from his eccentric use of language Toonder is also praised for satirical approach.

Personal details
Toonder was born in Rotterdam on 2 May 1912. He lived in Ireland from 1965 until the early 1990s. He was married to the cartoon artist Phiny Dick (1912–1990), who collaborated with her husband and on whose earlier created characters Ollie B Bumble and Tom Puss were based. In 1996, at the age of 84, he married the composer Tera de Marez Oyens, who died the same year. Together with his brother, author Jan Gerhard Toonder, he assisted his father, (Captain) Marten Toonder Sr., a seaman born in the Dutch northern province Groningen, to write a book about his life, in which Toonder Sr. describes many details about the closing era of professional cargo sailing, the Rotterdam Lloyd (Line to East Indies), the Holland America Line, and about pre-war Rotterdam.

Marten Toonder died in his sleep on 27 July 2005.

The Marten Toonder Prize (award of the 'Stichting Fonds voor Beeldende kunsten, Vormgeving en Bouwkunst') was an oeuvre prize awarded from 2009 to 2013 to a cartoonist who had made a contribution to Dutch culture. An amount of € 25,000 was attached to the prize.

Autobiographical material

 * Vroeger was de aarde plat (1992). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 90-234-3258-4.
 * Het geluid van bloemen (1993). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 90-234-3330-0.
 * Onder het kollende meer Doo (1996). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 90-234-3562-1.
 * Tera (1998). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 90-234-3825-6.
 * We zullen wel zien (2001). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 90-234-6241-6.

Biography

 * Wim Hazeu: Marten Toonder Biografie (2012). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 978-90-234-7318-3.

Awards

 * 1982: Stripschapprijs, Netherlands
 * 1992: Tollensprijs, Netherlands
 * 1997: Adamson Gold Award for Lifetime Achievement, Sweden

title: Marten Toonder


text:
Paysandu Sport Club

Paysandu Sport Club, commonly referred to as Paysandu, is a Brazilian professional club based in Belém, Pará founded on 2 February 1914. It competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, the second tier of Brazilian football, as well as in the Campeonato Paraense, the top flight of the Pará state football league.

History
On February 2, 1914, members of Norte Club protested against a decision of the football federation of Pará benefiting Remo by terminating the team and refounding another team. Unanimously, the assembly chose Hugo Leão to chair the meeting. As the leader of the movement, he proposed the name of Paysandu Football Club for the new club. The name was chosen as a tribute to the unfortunate event in Paysandú, an Uruguayan city, which would take the start of the war against Paraguay.

That year, the Norte Club held a good campaign and needed to beat Guarany to force an extra match against Grupo do Remo. After the match finished in a draw, the members of the Norte Club asked the Pará state League to cancel the match due to various irregularities. However, the league board dismissed the appeal. The decision did not please members of the Norte Club, who then started a movement, under the leadership of Hugo Leão, for the foundation of a stronger, new association. This movement bothered the members of Grupo do Remo, who tried to persuade Hugo Leão to abandon the idea.

In February 1914, the newspaper O Estado do Pará made the call for the meeting of a new club. The call by the newspaper had a large effect, causing 42 athletes to attend the meeting, many of whom had been part of the Norte Club, in addition to other different associations. With the name now decided, the assembly elected the first president, Deodoro de Mendonça. The committee to draft the Statutes of the club was also chosen, with the ones elected being: Deodoro de Mendonça, Eurico Amanajás and Arnaldo Morais. The second meeting was held on February 10, 1914 at the same location of the first. More than 15 new members joined Paysandu, with the number of members being increased to 100 and all of them considered founding partners. At the third meeting, on February 19, 1914, Paysandu's status was revised from "Foot-Ball" to "Sport Club" after a vote in the assembly, with the aim of requesting Paysandu's affiliation within the Pará State League. So Paysandu Sport Club was officially founded on February 2, 1914.

In 1991 and 2001, Paysandu was the champion of Série B. In 2002 the club was champion of Copa Norte, and later, champion of Copa dos Campeões, beating powerhouse Palmeiras in the semi-finals, and then edging Cruzeiro on penalties after a 5-5 draw on aggregate, which qualified them to the 2003 Copa Libertadores as cup winners. Paysandu also won the Campeonato Paranaense that year, for a record third year in a row.

Despite winning three trophies that year, in the 2002 Serie A Paysandu struggled, finishing 20th and only two points from relegation. The following season was very similar, with the club struggling in the league, and only avoiding relegation through goal difference.

However, the 2003 Copa Libertadores was a lot different. This was Paysandu's first participation in the competition, and they began by finishing the group stage undefeated (four wins, two draws), including a famous 6-2 victory over Cerro Porteño in Paraguay. In the round of 16, the club was faced with powerhouse Boca Juniors, who eventually won the competition and then the Intercontinental cup. In the first leg at La Bombonera, Paysandu won 1-0 with a goal from Iarley. Boca came back and won the second leg 4-2 in Belém, eliminating the Brazilians. Their 2004 Série A campaign was a lot better, with the club finishing comfortably in mid table, even though they started the season winless in the first nine matches. However in the 2005 Série A the team was relegated, finishing second to last and losing 25 out of 42 games, the most of any team that season. In 2006 the club was relegated from Serie A, until reaching promotion back to the second division in 2012. Since then, the club has been yoyoing between Serie B and C.

The club also has four titles of the Copa Verde, as well as being the largest state winners with a record 50 titles.

Crest
The crest is blue and white, with the initials PSC, in reference to the name Paysandu Sport Club. At the bottom, there is a winged foot. Crest creator Mário Bayma explained its meaning: "The team's goal of speed would never be equaled or surpassed by its opponents, because it would reach the limit of the flight." Above the shield are three stars, two silver stars symbolizing the Série B titles of 1991 and 2001, and one gold star (central) symbolizing the title of Copa dos Campeões in 2002.

Anthem
The official anthem of Paysandu was composed in 1916 by the poet José Simões, while the music was made by Professor Manuel Luís de Paiva. There is also the "popular" hymn, composed by Francisco Pires Cavalcanti, excited about the victory of Paysandu against Peñarol in 1965, which is better known than the official team anthem.

Traditional home kit
The uniform was proposed by Hugo Leão, first president of Paysandu, at the meeting held on February 10, 1914. The proposal was only approved by the general assembly, by unanimous vote of the members, on February 19, 1914, seventeen days after the foundation of the club. The uniform follows the same model to the present day.

Rivalries
Paysandu's biggest rival is Remo, with whom it plays the Clássico Rei da Amazônia (Amazon King derby) or Re-Pa. The first game took place on 14 June 1914, with Remo winning 2–1. On 26 July 1945, the biggest score in the derby took place. Paysandu won 7–0 in a match valid for the Campeonato Paraense of that year. In 2016, the derby was declared intangible cultural heritage of the Pará state, being qualified as a cultural expression of the people of Pará.

A further minor rivalry exists between Paysandu and Tuna Luso. The first match happened on 11 December 1932, a friendly that ended tied at 3–3.

Stadium
Paysandu's stadium is Curuzu, which has a maximum capacity of 16,200 people. Mangueirão also held several Paysandu matches, such as Copa Libertadores matches and Campeonato Brasileiro matches against high-profile clubs.

National league record
(C): Champion; (P): Promoted; (R): Relegated.

 * 20 seasons in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
 * 19 seasons in Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
 * 13 seasons in Campeonato Brasileiro Série C

National

 * Copa dos Campeões
 * Winners (1): 2002

 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série B
 * Winners (2): 1991, 2001

Regional

 * Copa Verde
 * Winners (4): 2016, 2018, 2022, 2024

 * Copa Norte
 * Winners (1): 2002

State

 * Campeonato Paraense
 * Winners (50): 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021, 2024

title: Paysandu Sport Club


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BBC Japan

BBC Japan was a short-lived subscription television channel co-owned by BBC Worldwide and SKY PerfecTV! subsidiary Japan Mediarc that was available via satellite in Japan. The channel's aim was to showcase the BBC's programming to the Japanese market, but it suffered from financial issues from its co-owner that led to the channel's closure a year later.

History
The channel was announced by the BBC on 8 October 2004 for a launch on 1 December. The channel launched as planned on that day, broadcast on Sky PerfecTV! satellite channel 110. The channel launched with solid figures, with reports at the BBC citing that the audience was mainly Japanese. On 14 June 2005, the channel was added to Online TV Company's IPTV service.

On 20 March 2006, BBC Worldwide announced that the channel would cease operations in April, citing that financial problems at Japan Mediarc emeant they could no longer honour it contractual commitments to distribute the network. On 24 April 2006, the closure date of 30 April was announced, and the channel closed as planned on that day.

Programming
Being the Japanese counterpart to BBC Prime, BBC Japan aired programmes normally sourced from BBC Worldwide or the mainstream BBC archives, as well as third-party content from companies like Granada Media. With BBC Japan being a commercial network; programs were edited to fit the time slot, meaning a normal hour-long production would be shortened to 42 minutes on the channel.

While some shows were dubbed or voiced over, the majority of the channel's content was broadcast in English with Japanese subtitles.
 * Absolutely Fabulous
 * Angelmouse
 * Bargain Hunt
 * Binka
 * Blackadder
 * The Catherine Tate Show
 * Casualty
 * Changing Rooms
 * Doctors
 * Fawlty Towers
 * Friends Like These
 * Ground Force
 * Holby City
 * Keeping Up Appearances
 * Miss Marple
 * My Family
 * Only Fools and Horses
 * Parkinson
 * Ready Steady Cook
 * Red Dwarf
 * Shooting Stars
 * Sounds of the 60s
 * Sounds of the 70s
 * Top Gear
 * Top of the Pops
 * Tweenies
 * The Vicar of Dibley
 * The Weakest Link

title: BBC Japan


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Huaca del Sol

The Huaca del Sol is an adobe brick pyramid built by the Moche civilization (100 AD to 800 AD) on the northern coast of what is now Peru. The pyramid is one of several ruins found near the volcanic peak of Cerro Blanco, in the coastal desert near Trujillo at the Moche Valley. The other major ruin at the site is the nearby Huaca de la Luna, a better-preserved but smaller temple.

By 450 AD, eight different stages of construction had been completed on the Huaca del Sol. The technique was additive; new layers of brick were laid directly on top of the old, hence large quantities of bricks were required for the construction. Archeologists have estimated that the Huaca del Sol was composed of over 130 million adobe bricks and was the largest pre-Columbian adobe structure built in the Americas. The number of different makers' marks on the bricks suggests that over a hundred different communities contributed bricks to the construction of the Huacas.

The Huaca del Sol was composed of four main levels. The structure was expanded and rebuilt by different rulers over the course of time. It is believed to have originally been about 50 meters in height and 340 m by 160 m at the base. Located at the center of the Moche capital city, the temple appears to have been used for ritual, ceremonial activities and as a royal residence and burial chambers. Archaeological evidence attests to these functions.

During the Spanish occupation of Peru in the early 17th century, colonists redirected the waters of the Moche River to run past the base of the Huaca del Sol in order to facilitate the looting of gold artifacts from the temple. The operation of the hydraulic mine greatly damaged the Huaca del Sol. In total, approximately two-thirds of the structure has been lost to erosion and such looting. The remaining structure stands at a height of 41 meters (135 feet).

Looting and erosion due to El Niño continue to be major concerns to this day.

title: Huaca del Sol


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Antonio Francesco Grazzini

Antonio Francesco Grazzini or Antonfrancisco Grazzini (March 22, 1503 – February 18, 1584) was an Italian author.

Biography
He was born at Florence or in Staggia Senese (he wrote of himself: Io sono a Staggia, ch'è la patria mia, e de' miei primi l'antica magione… ) of a good family, but there is no record of his upbringing and education. He probably began to practise as an apothecary as a youth; and owned the then famous Farmacia del Moro near the Cathedral. In 1540 he was among the founders of the Accademia degli Umidi, which was soon renamed Accademia Fiorentina. He later took a leading role in the establishment of the more famous Accademia della Crusca, which published his Vocabulario of words accepted as the purest Italian. To both societies he was known as Il Lasca or Leuciscus, a pseudonym which is still frequently substituted for his proper name.

Grazzini was temperamental, his life consequently enlivened or disturbed by various literary quarrels. His Umidi brethren expelled him for a time, because of his ruthless criticism of the Arameans, a party of academicians who maintained that the Florentine language was derived from Hebrew, Aramaic, or some other branch of the Semitic. He was readmitted in 1566, when his friend Salviati was consul.

II Lasca ranks as one of the great masters of Tuscan prose. His style is flexible and abundantly idiomatic, but without affectation. It has the force and freshness of popular speech, whilst retaining a flavour of academic culture.

Main works

 * Le Cene (1549), a collection of stories in the manner of Boccaccio, and a number of prose comedies. One of the stories is The Story of Doctor Manente, translated and with an introduction by D.H. Lawrence (G. Orioli, 1929).
 * La Spiritata (1561)
 * I Parentadi
 * La Arenga
 * La Sibilla
 * La Pinzochera
 * L'Arzigogolo

A number of miscellaneous poems, a few letters and Four Orations to the Cross complete the list of Grazzini's works.

He also edited the works of Francesco Berni, and collected Tutti I trionfi, larri, mascherate o canti carnascialeschi, andati per Firenze dal tempo del Magnifico Lorenzo vecchio de 'Medici fino all'anno 1559 (the latter influenced Goethe's "Faust"). In 1868 Adamo Rossi published in his Ricerche per le biblioteche di Perugia three novelle by Grazzini, from a manuscript of the 16th century in the Comunale of Perugia; and in 1870 a small collection of those poems which have been left unpublished by previous editors appeared at Poggibonsi, Alcune poesie inedite.

title: Antonio Francesco Grazzini


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Lužnice (river)

The Lužnice (Lainsitz) is a river in the Czech Republic and Austria, a right tributary of the Vltava River. It flows through Lower Austria and the South Bohemian Region. It is 197.9 km long, of which 157.7 km is the Czech Republic, which makes it the 11th longest river in the Czech Republic.

Etymology
The name of the river is derived from the Czech word luh (i.e. 'riparian forest'), meaning "the river that flows through riparian forests". The first written mention of the river is from 1179.

Characteristic
The Lužnice originates in the territory of Bad Großpertholz in the Gratzen Mountains at the elevation of 970 m and flows to Hosty, where it enters the Vltava River at the elevation of 352 m. It is 197.9 km long, of which 157.7 km is in the Czech Republic. About 2.2 km of the river forms the Austrian-Czech border. Its drainage basin has an area of 4234.7 km2, of which 3256.4 km2 is in the Czech Republic.

The longest tributaries of the Lužnice are:

Flow
The most notable settlement on the river is the town of Tábor. The river originates in the territory of Bad Großpertholz (Austria), then it crosses the Austrian-Czech border and flows through Pohorská Ves, then it returns to Austria and flows through Sankt Martin, Weitra and Unserfrau-Altweitra before it creates the Austrian-Czech border between the territories of Gmünd and České Velenice.

After that, the river definitely turns north into the Czech Republic and flows past the towns of Suchdol nad Lužnicí, Třeboň, Veselí nad Lužnicí, Soběslav, Planá nad Lužnicí, Sezimovo Ústí, Tábor (where the river turns back to the southwest), Bechyně and Týn nad Vltavou.

Bodies of water
The Lužnice flows through the Třeboň Basin, which is known for its fishponds. There are 6,408 bodies of water in the basin area. The largest of them is the largest fishpond in the world, Rožmberk Pond with an area of 489 ha, which is located directly on the Lužnice. A small water reservoir, Kořensko, is built in the area of the confluence of the Lužnice and Vltava. In the area of the Třeboň Basin, the river meanders significantly and beside the fishponds, the area around the river in this area is rich in small oxbow lakes.

Nature
A long section of the river forms the axis of the Třeboňsko Protected Landscape Area. Within this area, the nature reserve of Horní Lužnice is delimited in the immediate vicinity of a 16-km long stretch of the river. It has an area of 395.1 ha. The subject of protection is the river and its floodplain with various types of wetland and meadow species. It is one of the last extensive locations in Central Europe of this type. The territory is important mainly for the integrity of the hydrological regime and for many rare, endangered or otherwise important wetland species.

The riverbed in the section between Veselí nad Lužnicí (where Třeboňsko PLA ends) to the mouth of the river is protected as Lužnice Nature Monument with an area of 432.2 ha. The reason for protection is the occurrence of rare and endangered species, especially thick shelled river mussel, weatherfish and Eurasian otter.

The most common fish in the river is common chub. Other numerous fish include common roach, common bleak, gudgeon and in fast-flowing sections common barbel. Rare is the occurrence of burbot.

Bridges
The Lužnice is spanned by the rare Stádlec Suspension Bridge, which connects Stádlec with the village of Dobřejice (a part of Malšice). The bridge is protected as a national cultural monument.

At Bechyně, the river is spanned by the Bechyně Bridge, a unique reinforced concrete arch bridge. For its value, it is also protected as a national cultural monument.

At the village of Stará Hlína (part of Třeboň), the river is spanned by a stone inundation bridge. It is a valuable twelve-arch bridge from 1799, protected as a cultural monument.

Tourism
The Lužnice is among the most popular rivers for river tourism in the country. It it suitable for beginner paddlers. Both the upper course and the lower course are navigable.

title: Lužnice (river)


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Talk:Paysandu Sport Club

 Help to improve articles related to Brazil in Simple English Wikipedia. If you are not fluent in English, that is the right place.

I translated this article from the Portuguese language Wikipedia. PMLF 17:48, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Paysandu Sport Club


text:
Sangh

The term Sangh or Sangha means an assembly or congregation. The usage of the term includes:

 * Sangha (Buddhism), the monastic community in Buddhism
 * Sangha (Jainism), the fourfold community of pious followers of Jainism
 * Tamil Sangams, a legendary literary assembly in ancient Tamil Nadu
 * Sangh Parivar, a group of Indian nationalist organizations
 * Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Hindu revivalist organization in India
 * Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu cultural organisation in many countries

title: Sangh


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User talk:Quibble

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 17:50, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Quibble