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Chagai Hills

The Chagai Hills is a granite mountain range located in the Chagai District in Balochistan, Pakistan. The Chagai Hills are located by facing the border wall at the Durand Line– the official name of Afghanistan–Pakistan border.

The highest peak, Malik Naru, at the Chagai Hills is measured at 7915 ft and is a site of volcanic Koh-i-Sultan.

Location and topography
During its time as part of the India under the British Queen Victoria, the British Geological Survey conducted the geological survey of the Chagai Hills, which was able to provide its coordinates lies between 28.76667°N, 63.3°W in 1908. The more precise coordinates were provided by the extensive geological survey by the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) which provided the coordinates at 29.0099°N, 64.00479°W in 1983.

The Chagai Hills terrain is mostly consists of dry desert and located in the northernmost area of Chagai District at the international Durand Line– the official name of Afghanistan–Pakistan border. The region where Chagai Hills are located is reported by the extremely dry with no prospect of water, which the GSP conducted a survey in search of water in 1975.

The Chagai Hills are stretched over an area that is approximately 130 km and 95 km wide. The highest peak, Malik Naru, at the Chagai Hills is measured at 7915 ft and is a site of volcanic Koh-i-Sultan.

Geology
Since 1901, the geology of Chagai Hills have been studied first by the European geologists and later by Pakistani geologists since 1960. The Chagai Hills are mostly granite mountains, some with average height of 200 m

The Pakistani investigations discovered the occurrences of copper, iron, zinc, molybdenum, sulfur, and limestones, the travertine, which is an interest of economic importance. The geological survey to explore uranium was also conducted in the region in 1957.

The Chagai Hills are continuous subject of interest of Volcanology which the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) has commissioned its studies in a joint venture with the United States since 1997. The Koh-i-Sultan (lit. Mountain of the King) is a prominent site where its activity has provided scientific opportunity to the Pakistani seismologists and volcanologists. The fission carbon dating studies were first conducted on rocks and geological structure in 1997, which provided the age of Chagai Hills in Miocene-Late Pleistocene period.

Climate
The Chagai Hills lie in an arid dry zone, which is outside the main monsoon belt, and lies in a very remote area since the absence of the water. The Chagai Hills receives only an average of 4 in of rain annually.

The temperature in Chagai Hills is noted to be extreme with summer being very hot and very cold winter. In 2019, the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) reported the average minimum temperature 2 C in January, and the average maximum temperature is 45 C in July.

Prominence
The Chagai Hills were relatively unknown area of interests where only scientific studies on its geological structure was carried out by the Pakistan government until 1994. The Chagai Hills received its prominence and significant attention when it was incorrectly mentioned as nuclear test site in a text, Critical Mass, published by American authors William E. Burrows and Robert Windrem in 1994.

With Pakistani administrations following the policy of deliberate ambiguity, the Chagai Hills were continuously suspected as a nuclear test site by the Western media outlets. Despite widely international media reporting and the local anti–nuclear protests being staged, there has been no radioactivity nor any nuclear weapon test activity that has ever taken place in the Chagai Hills albeit scientific studies on volcanology and hydrology.

The Ras Koh Range is the official Ministry of Defense range and designated nuclear test site where the nuclear weapon testing took place in 1998. A structural depression actually separates the Ras Koh Hills from the Chagai Hills— the Ras Koh Hills are actually located on the border of Chagai District and the Kharan District. The confusion is attributed in reporting due to the Pakistan's MoD codenamed the tests as Chagai to maintain secrecy at the actual weapon testing venues.

title: Chagai Hills


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Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band

Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band was the house band for Conan O'Brien's late-night talk show Conan from its debut on November 8, 2010 to the final episode of its 60-minute format October 4, 2018. Guitarist and arranger Jimmy Vivino is the group's leader. The group was originally formed and led by drummer Max Weinberg in 1993, and played under the name The Max Weinberg 7 when it was the house band for Late Night with Conan O'Brien in New York through 2009. The band then played under Max Weinberg and The Tonight Show Band during their brief 2009–2010 stint on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien in Los Angeles. They were then briefly known as The Legally Prohibited Band during their participation with O'Brien in the 2010 The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour.

During The Max Weinberg 7 days, the band included Jimmy Vivino on guitar, Richie "LaBamba" Rosenberg on trombone, Scott Healy on keyboard, Mike Merritt on bass guitar, Mark "Love Man" Pender on trumpet and acoustic guitar, and Jimmy's older brother Jerry Vivino on woodwinds. When the group moved to Los Angeles to become The Tonight Show Band, they added an eighth member, James Wormworth, on percussion. Wormworth had often substituted as drummer when Weinberg toured with Bruce Springsteen as a member of the E Street Band, prior to being made a permanent fixture in the band; Jimmy Vivino had served as the band's leader during those periods. Weinberg did not participate in the Legally Prohibited Tour and his departure from the group and from O'Brien was made official in September 2010.

The band's final regular appearance on Conan was on the show's last hour-long episode on October 4, 2018. With the show switching to a half-hour format, it was announced the band would not be returning in 2019. They appeared on four special episodes recorded at San Diego Comic Con that year, and the final eight episodes of the program in 2021 as Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Four.

The Max Weinberg 7
Max Weinberg was the drummer for Bruce Springsteen as a member of the E Street Band until its dissolution in 1989. Weinberg returned to school, but soon desired to resume drumming. He auditioned to be the principal drummer for the Broadway show Tommy, but was selected as the second substitute. That night, Weinberg had a chance sidewalk meeting outside the Carnegie Deli with newly selected Late Night host Conan O'Brien, where Weinberg spoke about his ideas for music on the show. O'Brien agreed to give Weinberg an audition as bandleader for his forthcoming show. Weinberg quickly put together The Max Weinberg 7, recruiting musicians he had worked with during his career, and got the job.

Rosenberg and Pender had played with The Miami Horns, and had a long joint history with Weinberg from touring or recording together with Springsteen, Southside Johnny, Little Steven, Gary U.S. Bonds, and Darlene Love. In the early 1990s Weinberg and Pender were also in a band together called Killer Joe, which also featured Jimmy and Jerry Vivino. The Vivino brothers were experienced New York session musicians and had been members of various Broadway pit bands. They recruited the final two members of the band, Healy and Merritt, who had played together in various bands such as Jimmy Vivino & The Black Italians and The Vivino Brothers Band. Fill-in James Wormworth was also a member of the Vivino bands, but was initially left out of the ensemble because there was no need for two drummers.

Members of the band have participated in skits on Late Night, particularly fedoraed LaBamba—who rarely speaks on air and is often the punchline of O'Brien's jokes—and bald, bespectacled Mark Pender, who will often sing a tribute to one of the show's guests only to invariably launch into hysterical shrieking as he climbs the scaffolding of the studio's seating area. Pender was also told by O'Brien to imitate soccer player Zinedine Zidane's famous World Cup headbutt due to both Pender and Zidane's lack of hair. O'Brien would tease Wormworth because he drummed barefoot.

Weinberg was often involved in short, awkward, and/or humorous banter with O'Brien. O'Brien often made jokes about Weinberg's supposedly perverse sexual habits. Rosenberg is often the butt of jokes for both his healthy sized mustache and his often awkward demeanor on air, and his sexual orientation is occasionally questioned by O'Brien through monologue jokes and other comedy bits. O'Brien often has Rosenberg participate in potentially humiliating skits, such as dressing up his mustache in Christmas lights, or shaving it off. Additionally, Rosenberg provided the falsetto interludes for the formerly regular skits "In the Year 2000" and "In the Year 3000". A noted incident of ridicule occurred in 2007 when the camera, which had unexpectedly cut to the band for a reaction shot, caught LaBamba consulting his sheet music with a somewhat puzzled look on his face. This caused O'Brien to draw attention to Rosenberg's goof, and to claim that LaBamba could not read music. The others are rarely used in sketches, although Mike Merritt takes part in sketches where O'Brien talks about race, to which Merritt's supposed thoughts are used in a voice-over where he ridicules O'Brien's lack of knowledge about African-American culture and O'Brien's own "abnormally" pale complexion.

The show often features a performance by a musical guest (a band or a solo artist) at the end, and some or even all members of The Max Weinberg 7 perform as backup musicians for the guests when needed, such as Weinberg performing the drums for the last half of the Death from Above 1979 song, "Romantic Rights" while singer and drummer Sebastien Grainger stands on the bass drum.

Weinberg has, in the past, taken long leaves of absence to tour with the E Street Band. During his absences, he has typically been replaced by James Wormworth, and the band is led by Jimmy Vivino, then referred to as "Jimmy Vivino and The Max Weinberg 7".

The band plays an eclectic selection of music on the show, including frequent performances of songs by The Clash, one of O'Brien's favorite bands. Examples of songs by The Clash performed by the group include "Police on my Back", "The Magnificent Seven", "Rock the Casbah", "Spanish Bombs" and "Train in Vain". The band will often play a song to match a holiday or event ("My Funny Valentine" on Valentine's Day), or sometimes play a song that is irrelevant to the event, causing O'Brien to question their choice of song ("Paint It Black" during Christmas).

The band's song "R.C.4" featured in the film Bewitched (2005).

Members of the band performed with Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band at Super Bowl XLIII.

Max Weinberg and The Tonight Show Band
When O'Brien relocated to Los Angeles to become host of The Tonight Show, The Max Weinberg 7 relocated with him, and added an eighth member, James Wormworth, on percussion. Jimmy Vivino and Weinberg reworked the Late Night theme into a "less manic" The Tonight Show theme. The backdrop used for the bandstand depicts the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building set within a Los Angeles skyline, in recognition of the Late Night roots.

As part of his preparation for the move, Weinberg consulted with Doc Severinsen, the Tonight Show band leader during the Johnny Carson days.

As was the case on Late Night, Weinberg temporarily left the Tonight Show on occasion to tour with Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. Jimmy Vivino took over as bandleader in this instance, and Wormworth moved over to drums. Ronnie Gutierrez was also brought in to cover for Wormworth on percussion. In the open, announcer Andy Richter referred to the group as "The Tonight Show Band", and the graphic was changed to acknowledge Weinberg's absence.

Also, as a result, a skit was born that whenever Weinberg appears on his last show before leaving, O'Brien would note that Weinberg deserves a 'proper send-off' and the band would start playing, as suddenly his pedestal would begin to drive itself outside the studio with Weinberg still playing. The pod would then move into the streets of Los Angeles where usually something absurd would happen such as Weinberg being pulled over or hit by a speeding truck.

The band left The Tonight Show along with O'Brien after O'Brien's last show as host, which aired January 22, 2010.

The Legally Prohibited Band
In April 2010, Conan O'Brien began his The Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour. While the rest of the group was part of the tour under the moniker The Legally Prohibited Band, Weinberg was not, though he did appear at the tour's New York stop. Weinberg later revealed that he had undergone complex open heart valve repair surgery two weeks after the conclusion of The Tonight Show and had taken three months to recover from it.

Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band
It was initially unknown whether Weinberg would be joining O'Brien when his new late night show on TBS began in November 2010. Most or all of the rest of the band were expected to follow O'Brien, alongside his other non-musical staff and crew, to the TBS program. By September 2010, it was clear that Weinberg would not be part of the show, now named Conan. Jimmy Vivino was now the leader of the band, with Wormworth full-time on drums, and the band was firmly ensconced in Los Angeles as a base. Upon announcing Weinberg's split from O'Brien in September 2010, O'Brien said, "Max has been a huge part of my life for the past 17 years and he is an incredible band leader and musician." Weinberg said, "my association with Conan, his staff, and crew has been a deeply rewarding experience for me. And, making music with Jimmy Vivino, Mark Pender, La Bamba, Scott Healy, Mike Merritt, and percussionist James Wormworth enabled me to become a better musician and bandleader. I thank them for their first-rate work on the bandstand. I wish Conan and his show the best and I do look forward to dropping by." Both looked forward to Weinberg occasionally stopping by to sit in on the new show. Weinberg said his health was better than ever but that the "life-changing experience emotionally and spiritually" of the surgery and a desire to remain in New Jersey with his family had played a chief role in his departure from the band and O'Brien.

On October 19, 2010, it was announced that the new band name for the Conan show would be Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band.

Weinberg made a cameo appearance in a monologue bit on the October 28, 2014 episode of Conan, briefly "filling in" on drums for regular drummer Wormworth, who had "gone missing" in the middle of the episode.

On October 4, 2018, with the announcement of the show’s switch to a half-hour format, it was announced that The Basic Cable Band would no longer appear regularly on the program. Members did reunite for four special episodes at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2019, and for the show's final eight episodes (as Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Four) in June 2021.

Discography
Albums
 * The Max Weinberg 7 (Hip-O Records, 2000)

Members
Final lineup: Past members:
 * Jimmy Vivino – bandleader, musical director, guitar, arrangements, vocals
 * Scott Healy – keyboards, occasional guitar
 * Mike Merritt – bass guitar
 * Mark Pender – trumpet, acoustic guitar, vocals
 * Richie "LaBamba" Rosenberg – trombone, percussion, vocals
 * Jerry Vivino – saxophones, flute, clarinet
 * James Wormworth – drums, percussion
 * Max Weinberg – drums, bandleader
 * Ronnie Gutierrez – fill-in percussion

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band


text: Category:Art by year

title: Category:Art by year


text:
Category:Corporate law

Corporate law is a branch of law that examines the nature, creation and operation of legally incorporated businesses. For an overview, see the corporate law article.

title: Category:Corporate law


text:
Talk:SS Edmund Fitzgerald

Lakes Huron and Erie "Missing" (not colored in blue) in interactive map of wreck location
The interactive map of the wreck location is quite confusing because Lakes Huron and Erie are not colored blue, they look like land. Since the ship was bound for the Detroit area, this is especially confusing because it looks like the ship would have had to go hundreds of miles over land to get to Detroit. Gruhl~enwiki (talk) 13:30, 10 November 2022 (UTC)
 * You're right, that is a terrible map. North8000 (talk) 14:41, 10 November 2022 (UTC)
 * It's a long-standing issue with how Wikipedia processes the OpenStreetMap tiles. At certain zoom levels, the tiles for Lake Huron disappear, only to reappear at other zoom levels. They're working on a solution.  Imzadi 1979  →   18:49, 10 November 2022 (UTC)

Clarification, references and ambiguity
This article was written without clear clarification, ex. " a distance it could have traveled in an hour"; what does that even mean? The entire lake or the 17 miles? Also almost no references or proper geographic references in some places. Jcqpoier (talk) 14:04, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
 * ???On the first part of your post, what you quoted is not even in the article, and the most similar quote is well explained. The second part is too vague to respond to, but noting that the article referencing did pass the very tough review in that area during FA review. North8000 (talk) 16:23, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

Did Sault Tribe back an expedition?
The sentence "The Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians backed the expedition by co-signing a loan in the amount of $250,000" uses this as a source. I looked at the source. It does not mention the loan. I may delete that sentence if no one can find a source for it. --David Tornheim (talk) 22:46, 25 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I think it's good to delete it. North8000 (talk) 02:32, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Suggest that instead of "deleting it", you make a revision, identifying the four organizations that sponsored the dive (according to this page. Probably worth verifying the rest of that paragraph, though. Risker (talk) 02:37, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Or change it to the information that's on the page that you provided and change the target of the ref to that page. North8000 (talk) 03:36, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Updated version of last radio transmission
I wonder about the provenance of the additional portion of the last radio transmission. The 1978 NTSB report states that the last transmission was "We are holding our own." Sources as recent as 2020 do not give any more than that, yet some more recent sources are giving the last transmission as "We are holding our own, going along like an old shoe." Does anyone have any insight as to the change?  Imzadi 1979  →   05:17, 16 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It looks like the only source of that extra part is an interview with the other captain, speaking from his memory decades later.  I have and read all the books on the Fitz and none of them had that in the quote. North8000 (talk) 20:49, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's any recording of it. The investigators probably got it from Cooper.  So maybe what we hare is what Cooper said during the investigation at the time conflicting with what Cooper said decades later from memory? North8000 (talk) 20:57, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * In 1993 Cooper himself said just "We are holding our own."  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VXY6tuZ5eU    I think it needs to be removed. North8000 (talk) 21:05, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually the "old shoe" is even weaker than that.  It's what Mark Brush said that Mike Simonson said that Cooper said decades later, and conflicts with what Cooper said in 1993 at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VXY6tuZ5eU  and with what Coope apparently said to the investigators at the time. I'm going to take it out.   North8000 (talk) 21:10, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

Personal note
- personal note by John Eilers - I know a last minute drop out crew member of The Edmund, he was supposed to be an galley mate (an cook) but my grandfather hired this crew member and he became a "Uncle" family friend. If he would have said no to my grandfather the bell would have ring 30 times instead of 29. I'm glad but also sad that it was only my "uncle" that was spared. - end of note by John Eilers - — Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.226.109.10 (talk) 06:16, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:SS Edmund Fitzgerald


text:
Talk:Consolidation of Sweden

Untitled
If you click on the link to the swedish language wikipedia you'll come to: "Sverige under Kalmarunionen", but that article is about the period from the end of the 14:th century to the beginning of 16:th. Shouldn't this article be directed to a more appropriate entry in the swedish wiki, and if such an article couldn't be found, shouldn't the link to the swedish wikipeda be entirely deleted? /15.09, 2005 Sept 16 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.238.5.7 (talk) 13:10, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Explain "ill-ruler"!

Syd1435 09:34, 2004 Dec 4 (UTC)

I don't understand it myself, and I agree that it's not Neutral, so I've tagged it NPOV for it to be reviewed. Bo-Lingua — Preceding undated comment added 16:27, 21 March 2005 (UTC)

I have renamed this article "consolidation of Sweden" because the idea that Sweden was "unified" at a certain time is inherently POV and will probably always be a matter of dispute.--Wiglaf 19:25, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

If you ask me Sweden existed as some kind of lose federation in the late 10th century. Olof Skötkonung was at least formally king of both Svealand and Götaland. (How much power he had outside the province where he was is an other issue.) During the following 3 – 4 centuries Sweden gradually grow together to form an unitary state. Consequently, it is very hard to say a definite year when the kingdom was “unified”.

2007-02-21 Lena Synnerholm, Märsta, Sweden. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.208.93.34 (talk) 18:29, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

A while ago, I moved a substantial section to Early Swedish History, because I don't think this problematic article should represent so much of Swedish history as it previously did.--Wiglaf 30 June 2005 22:16 (UTC)

Åboland missing from map

 * I posted this on the image talk page Image talk:Scandinavia-12th century.png

This image gives a false view of the distribution on the Swedish speaking populations. On of the largest consentrations of Finland-Swedes is in Åboland, the archipelago connecting Åland to mainland Finland. The base map only shows a large gapping sea, where there are in fact are closely linked communities of Swedish speaking farmers and fishermen.

Few of the islands are more then one kilometres from their neighbours. In preindustrial times the archipelago has the main traffic route between Finland and Sweden. Now the island communities are connected by the Archipelago Ring Road. In the 12th century this was one of the most densely populated parts of Finland. These people most likely spoke Swedish. -- Petri Krohn 01:29, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Consolidation of Denmark
This article states that there is no date for Sweden, but there is for Norway and Denmark. I'd like to know those dates. Cause even the article for Denmark states that the Consolidation of Denmark is prehistoric. -- [ Svippong - Talk ]  15:54, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think Harald Bluetooth consolidated Denmark, as he wrote so himself in public on the Jelling stones. Also, a system of Viking ring fortress was built in Denmark during his reign. /Pieter Kuiper 15:59, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Debate on sources
User:Fred J submitted this page to the WikiProject League of Copyeditors. The debate over sources that followed its completion requires a separate section on the talk page. --Kenneth M Burke 13:42, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Your efforts are appreciated, but this article is a bit of a problem. Nothing is known about petty kingdoms in Sweden. Still, some people have strong opinions. /Pieter Kuiper 16:50, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, some people have so strong opinions that they manage to get themselves blocked for edit-warring on the subject. If you believe that "nothing is known about petty kingdoms in Sweden", I suggest books by the archaeologist Mats G. Larsson (e.g. Götarnas riken, 2002).--Berig 20:00, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That book by Larsson has had exceedingly negative reviews by historians. Some archelogists find a petty king in every other grave with a sword in it. /Pieter Kuiper 20:50, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Please, provide links or references to these "exceedingly negative reviews". They sound interesting.--Berig 10:32, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Historisk tidskrift had a review of Göternas riken (page 140-142) by Lars Hermanson. (In Swedish). /Pieter Kuiper 12:24, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It does not sound very critical. Lars Hermanson merely says that he prefers a different approach where the commonality and the networking of medieval aristocracy is the centre of attention rather than tribal warfare.--Berig 13:36, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * In the introduction Hermanson is ironic about Larsson's "trained eye" of an archeologist. Futher on he says that Larsson gives a rehash of Birger Nerman's nationalistic way of writing history. Hermanson says that Larsson reminds of history writing in terms of Herrenvolk that spread culture by conquest. He says that Larsson emphasizes cultural differences between the Svea-people and the Göta-people, and that he tends to interpret everything in terms of conflict. He states that Larsson's methods do not differ much from that of Västgötaskolan, that he seems to respond to it by constructing (or restoring) an equally chauvinistic Svea-school.
 * Hermanson's review, published in a scholarly journal, suggests that Larsson is hopelessly old-fashioned, stuck in a 1930's semi-fascist way of thinking. /Pieter Kuiper 14:03, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * He does not express himself in as harsh words as you do (rehash, chauvinistic, etc.), but it is true that Lars Hermanson seems to position himself in a different ideological camp from Larsson. Since Iron Age northern Europe hardly was a permanent haven of "peace and harmony", I do not see the problem in Mats Larsson writing about tribal warfare, which should have taken place occasionally.--Berig 14:10, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

But historians do, Berig. For what it is worth, rehash is hardly harsher than "dammat av", neither is chauvinistic any more damning than what Hermanson alludes to when he writes words like "Storsvitjod" and "herrefolk". Mats G. Larsson represents right wing provincialism and not what main stream historians are saying. It is as simple as that.

mvh, Marcus — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.224.199.253 (talk) 17:07, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_I1_Y-DNA.shtml Scandinavian invasion of Great Britain and Rome can still be seen in the genes. The goths probably had 45 ish percent Scandinavian genes before the conquered Rome and mixed with the local population. Which can bee seen Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA) spread. Clearly if the goths had been from the Germanic south the frequency would probably be lower due to genetic mixing and the gene getting spread out. Rather the strong presence around Rome suggest North Germanic/Scandinavian origins for the Goths. I love that modern Swedish historians refuse the fact that Goths were originally from Scandinavia when even the DNA points to that conclusion. Why is it so important to disprove the obviously Scandinavian origins of the Goths? It is because many Swedish historians have a political agenda to disregard all sources. Lets ignore the fact that Norway united with war. Somehow the unification went peaceful in Seden — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.227.81.54 (talk) 09:03, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

Genetics provides evidence of strong Scandinavian ancestry in modern Romans. This shows that a population with strong Scandinavian genes invaded with a high percentage of DNA from Norway, Sweden and Denmark or similar. It is Nazism to suggest that the East Germanic people that lived in Southern Scandinavia go either assimilated by conquest. Or moved to the Roman empire. War was very common among Germanic peoples. They even sacrificed human beings to the gods. Ibn Fadlan reports in his only eye witness account. Romans also describes East Germanic peoples in Eastern Scandinavia. DNA evidence and a strong presence of Scandinavian DNA in Rome suggest that a group with Scandinavian DNA came and took over Rome. According to genetic analysis the idea of goths originating in Scandinavia is true. But of course modern day Swedish historians will disregard DNA analysis that supports the thesis of Goths originating in Scandinavia. Gothia was the Roman name for Geatland. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43183-w — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.227.81.54 (talk) 18:51, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

Svithiod
While an article on this subject definitely could and should include a discussion of the term Svithiod, what it should not have is a long paragraph that identifies it with the modern concept of Sweden (it is etymologically equivalent of the modern English "Sweden", but that's another matter). "Svithiod" means "land of the Swedes", but its extent vary between sources (see Nationalencyklopedin). It has even been argued that one of the signs that modern Sweden was born was when "Svitjod" was replaced by "Sverige". Thus, the fact that it appears as distinct from areas in modern Götaland doesn't have to mean anything.

The removed paragraph also suffered from other problems - Swedish sources from 9th-11th century? Really? I'm sure historians would love to hear what those would be.

Andejons (talk) 13:35, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

"scholars differ in characterizing early Sweden as a country, state or kingdom by definition"
Isn't any kingdom a state, and any state a country? СЛУЖБА (talk) 02:21, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

First king of Sweden
Allow me to clarify the issue of who's the first known king of Sweden. Eric the Victorious is the first reasonably historically documented person who was king of some part of modern Sweden. Specifically, he was king of Svealand, the part where the Svear tribe lived. However, modern Sweden is unthinkable without the adjacent Götaland area, and Eric was never king there. His son Olof Skötkonung is the first historically attested person who achieved rulership of both Svealand and Götaland. As Andejons has been pointing out. Martin Rundkvist (talk) 20:13, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I was under the impression that we don't really know what, if any, sway Eric had in Götaland, but otherwise I agree.
 * Andejons (talk) 20:47, 11 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Your impression is the correct one. We do not know, and there is not one reliable source that gives us anything definite to cite. Eric, today, is universally usually considered the first king of Sweden, for better or for worse, that's a fact. Once, popularly/politically, it was Gustav Vasa, then Birger Jarl's sons, today Eric. Let's not confuse readers with too much conjecture, proclaimed as facts, on Swealand and Gothenland - please! --SergeWoodzing (talk) 04:52, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * No Serge, Eric is not universally considered the first king of Sweden. Lars Gahrn, for instance, doesn't think so. Martin Rundkvist (talk) 14:40, 13 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I have no idea who Lars Gahm is and find nothing on him here or or svWP. In any case, Eric is usually (changed my entry above; "universally" not many people care or cover the subject at all) considered the first king of Sweden, and changing that (to suit your own POV) to of the Swedes isn't going to provide less confusion, and more clarity, which is what we need. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 02:41, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Also, when writing Wikipedia text, try to avoid using words like "reasonably" when they do not coincide with cited sources. Reflecting our own personal POV with that kind of judgemental wording really isn't what we're here for. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 02:47, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Serge, your opinions here would be fully relevant if we were discussing an overview of the history of Sweden. We're not. We are discussing a specific argument made by some historians, one that claims that "Sweden" was formed when Svear and Götar were united in one kingdom. In this context, Olof is important because it is during his reign we can say for sure that Götar and Svear had a common king. Eric is mostly irrelevant when discussing this particular aspect of history, because there is nothing explicit in the sources about how big his realm was. If he must be mentioned in this context, it is better to call him "Swedish king" than "King of Sweden", because the argument claims that "Sweden" possibly did not even exist during his reign.
 * Andejons (talk) 08:13, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Your latest edit is fine. Eric does not need to be mentioned, especially not tendentiously. --SergeWoodzing (talk) 04:40, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Consolidation of Sweden


text:
Dujiangyan City

Dujiangyan is a county-level city of Sichuan Province, Southwest China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengdu. Its north-west region forms a border with southern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. It has an area of 1208 km2 and had a population of 710,056 in 2020.

Dujiangyan was formerly a county named Guanxian or Guan County. The county became a county-level city in 1988 and was renamed after the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, in the city's northwest, famous for providing Chengdu with water for over two millennia, since around 250 BC.

History
Around 250 BC during the Warring States period, Li Bing, a governor of Shu (present Sichuan Province) in the Qin state with his son directed the construction of Dujiangyan. Li Bing gave up the old ways of dam building, which were simply directed at flood control, employing a new method of channeling and dividing the water of the Min River. He accomplished this by separating the project into two main parts: the headwork and the irrigation system. The whole system has functioned for 2,000 years, preventing floods and providing substantial irrigation and facilitating shipping and wood drifting. It has contributed greatly to the richness of Chengdu Plain with its reputation as "The Land of Abundance".

On 12 May 2008, the city was the closest to the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the city suffered severe damage. Xinjian Primary School, Juyuan Middle School, and Xiang'e Middle School collapsed in the earthquake.

Climate
Dujiangyan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with cool, dry winters and hot, very wet summers.

Administrative divisions
Dujiangyan has 6 subdistricts and 5 towns:

 * Kuiguangta Subdistrict 奎光塔街道
 * Xingfu Subdistrict 幸福街道
 * Guankou Subdistrict 灌口街道
 * Yinxing Subdistrict 银杏街道
 * Yutang Subdistrict 玉堂街道
 * Puyang Subdistrict 蒲阳街道
 * Juyuan Town 聚源镇
 * Tianma Town 天马镇
 * Shiyang Town 石羊镇
 * Qingchengshan Town 青城山镇
 * Longchi Town 龙池镇

Transport

 * China National Highway 317
 * Chengdu–Dujiangyan High-Speed Railway
 * Dujiangyan railway station

A tram system with two lines and 17.3km of track opened in 2024.

title: Dujiangyan City


text: User talk:80.43.81.140

title: User talk:80.43.81.140


text:
C. E. Ruthenberg

Charles Emil Ruthenberg (July 9, 1882 – March 1, 1927) was an American Marxist politician who was the founder and first head of the American Communist Party (CPUSA). He is one of four Americans to be buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.

Early years
Charles Emil Ruthenberg was born July 9, 1882, in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Wilhelmina (née Lau) and August Charles Ruthenberg. Ruthenberg's parents were ethnic Germans and Lutherans who emigrated from Prussia in 1882. In America, young "Charlie's" father first worked in America on the docks of the Cuyahoga River as a longshoreman. In later years the elder Ruthenberg went into business for himself with a son-in-law, tending bar at a saloon frequented evenings by those who worked on the docks.

Ruthenberg graduated from the parochial Lutheran school in June 1896. He went to work in a bookstore, attending Berkey and Dyke's Business College in the evenings for a ten-month course in bookkeeping, accounting, and typing. Ruthenberg married Rosaline "Rose" Nickel, also of German descent, in June 1904. The couple had a son named Daniel in 1905, the only child the pair would have. Ruthenberg worked as the bookkeeper and sales manager for the Selmar Hess Publishing Company in this period, overseeing more than 30 salesmen throughout the Middle West.

Socialist years (1908–1918)
Ruthenberg's first political attraction was to Tom L. Johnson, a Single Taxer and reform mayor of Cleveland from 1901 to 1909. Ruthenberg was drawn to more radical left-wing politics, and in mid-1908 began calling himself a socialist. Ruthenberg entered Columbia University in 1903. During his time at the university, he would first become involved with anarchist groups. He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1909, and joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in the same year.

Ruthenberg was an organizer for and, later, secretary of Local Cuyahoga County from 1909 to 1919. In addition he was on the Ohio State Executive Committee of the SPA from 1911 to 1916, where he edited the newspapers The Cleveland Socialist (1911–1913) and Socialist News (1914–1919). Ruthenberg also contributed material to the official organ of the Socialist Party of Ohio, The Ohio Socialist. He was elected to the National Committee of the Socialist Party in 1915 but was defeated by Arthur LeSueur at the annual meeting for election to the party's governing National Executive Committee.

During this time Ruthenberg traveled to many cities throughout the American Northeast and Midwest, speaking to labor groups, trade union organizations, and anti-war groups, building a network of contacts. Ruthenberg was associated with the far left so-called "Impossibilist" wing of the SPA, which had little hope for the efficacy of ameliorative reform, seeking instead revolutionary socialist transformation.

Ruthenberg was a frequent candidate on the ticket of the Socialist Party. His first electoral failure came in 1910, when he ran for Ohio's state treasurer on the Socialist ticket. In 1911 he ran for mayor of Cleveland, in 1912 for Governor of Ohio, for U.S. Senate in 1914. In 1915 he ran again for mayor of Cleveland and in 1916 he ran for United States Congressman. In 1917 he made his third run for mayor of Cleveland (receiving 27,000 votes of 100,000 cast), followed by his second run for Congress in 1918. His final fourth and final run for mayor of Cleveland came in 1919.

Ruthenberg was a delegate to the seminal 1917 Emergency National Convention of the SPA. There he was elected to the Committee on War and Militarism and was one of three primary authors of the aggressively antimilitarist St. Louis program, along with Morris Hillquit and Algernon Lee.

After American entry into World War I, Ruthenberg continued to publicly attack the imperialist conflict and America's participation in it. He was charged with violating the Espionage Act, accused of obstructing the draft in connection with a speech given at a rally on May 17, 1917. Also charged at the same time were Alfred Wagenknecht and Charles Baker. They were tried together in July 1917 and sentenced to one year in the Ohio State Penitentiary, a decision upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court on January 15, 1918. Informed of this decision, issued a statement declaring The Supreme Court has decided we must spend a year in jail. The crime for which we are convicted is truth telling. We believe in certain principles; we fought for those principles, and we go to jail ostensibly for inducing a certain Alphones Schue not to register. The charge is merely an excuse.... The important fact is that the ruling class feared our message to the workers and tried to silence that message. That fact should make a hundred willing workers take up the work we lay down....

Ruthenberg, Wagenknecht, and Baker served almost 11 months of their sentence and were released on December 8, 1918.

1919 Cleveland May Day Riot

Freed from prison in December 1918, Ruthenberg dove in with both feet to the burgeoning left wing movement rocking the Socialist Party. May Day of 1919 was an event of enormous enthusiasm and great fear. A gigantic assembly was planned in Cleveland, in which four parades of marchers, many waving red flags, would come together in the public square to hear speeches and rally for freedom for Eugene V. Debs and Tom Mooney and the adoption of the 6-hour day and the $1 minimum wage. As many as 20,000 people are said to have participated in the march, with 20 to 30,000 more people lining the streets to watch. Ruthenberg later described the events that followed: When the head of the line was within a block of the Public Square the first trouble occurred. An officer in the uniform of the Red Cross jumped from a "Victory" Loan truck and endeavored to take a red flag which a soldier in uniform was carrying at the head of the procession. A scuffle followed in which other soldiers from the truck and some businessmen joined. During the scuffle one of these businessmen drew a revolver and wildly threatened the workers in the procession. In five minutes, however, the struggle was over. The lieutenant and his supporters were driven back to the sidewalk, the head of the line reformed, and with the red flag still flying, marched on to the Public Square. Suddenly, the police made their appearance: They came down Superior Ave., which divides the "Square" into northern and southern sections, headed by the mounted squad, followed by auto load after load. The newspapers later reported that 700 men had been concentrated at the Central Station, who now descended upon the marchers.... The first thousand or so of workers marched onto the square and took possession of the "Victory" Loan speakers' stand, which had been built over the stone blocks placed on the Public Square for the use of speakers at public meetings... The chairman was about to introduce [me] as the first speaker when an officer and a few soldiers tried to climb to the platform, demanding that the soldier that held the red flag give it up... [Then], without warning, a squad of mounted police dashed into the audience, driving their horses over the assembled workers and clubbing them as they went."

A riot ensued, pitting the police and their supporters (backed by tanks) against the marchers. Two marchers were killed in the fighting, hundreds injured, and about 150 arrested in this Cleveland May Day Riot. Ruthenberg was charged for incitement to murder in connection with this event but no conviction was obtained.

Formation of the CPUSA
Ruthenberg was an early endorser of the Left Wing Manifesto written by Louis C. Fraina and around which the formal Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party congealed. He was a Left Wing-supported candidate for the Socialist Party's governing National Executive Committee in the party election of 1919, the result of which was overturned by the outgoing NEC ostensibly on the grounds of election fraud carried out by some of the branches associated with the party's language federations.

Ruthenberg was a delegate to the June 1919 Convention of the Left Wing Section and was elected there as a member of the faction's governing National Council. Ruthenberg was initially supportive of the tactic of continuing to fight "to win the Socialist Party for the Left Wing" at its forthcoming 1919 Emergency National Convention in Chicago, but in the face of federation pressure for immediate formation of a Communist Party USA and the apparently hopeless task faced by Wagenknecht & Co., Ruthenberg shifted his support to the Federations and their call for an immediate Communist Party.

Dominated as it was sure to be by the Russian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Latvian language federations, the anglophonic Ruthenberg was a valuable commodity to federation leaders like Alexander Stoklitsky, Nicholas Hourwich, and Joseph Stilson. Nor did Ruthenberg owe any allegiance to the idiosyncratic Socialist Party of Michigan, led by John Keracher and Dennis Batt. Therefore, the ambitious Ruthenberg made an ideal candidate to head the new organization, which was established in Chicago on September 1, 1919, as the Communist Party of America (CPA). While decisive authority on the floor of the convention and on the Central Executive Committee which it elected remained in the hands of the so-called "Russian Federations," Ruthenberg was elected by the Chicago conclave as the first Executive Secretary of the new organization. Ironically, it was his old Ohio party comrade and prison mate, Alfred Wagenknecht, who was elected to head the rival Communist Labor Party of America in the aftermath of the failed effort to win control of the Socialist Party at its August 1919 Convention.

A period of bitter and acrimonious rivalry followed, in which both of the competing American communist organizations sought to win the favor (and financial support) of the Communist International (Comintern). Adding to the complexity of the situation, the Socialist Labor Party of America and the Socialist Party of America sought affiliation with the Comintern as well. The Comintern was adamant about its structure, however, and it sought one and only one centralized organization in each country. Merger between the CPA and CLP was demanded.

The fulfillment of the Comintern's demand for unity proved to be no simple task, however, and the history of the next three years are a complex tale of splits, mergers, secret conventions, organized caucuses, and parallel organizations that lies outside of the scope of this presentation. In outline terms, a fight erupted among the leadership of the CPA in 1920 and Ruthenberg, together with a group of his English-speaking adherents such as Isaac Ferguson and Jay Lovestone as well as the Chicago-based section of the Russian federation, exited the organization (along with a major part of the group's funds) in April 1920 and joined with the Communist Labor Party to form the United Communist Party (UCP) in May.

Wagenknecht headed this new joint organization with Ruthenberg placed in charge of the party press. This still left a divided Communist movement, however, with the major part of the old CPA, now headed by Charles Dirba still remaining in increasingly bitter opposition. It was not until the end of 1922 — after another merger, split, and merger — that this rift was finally resolved, with the establishment with a new unified Communist Party of America and its parallel "Legal Political Party," the Workers Party of America (WPA).

During much of this complicated dance, Ruthenberg was in jail. In October 1920, Ruthenberg was tried together with his associate Isaac Ferguson in New York for alleged violation of the state's criminal anarchism law, said to have been breached by the Left Wing Section when it published Fraina's Left Wing Manifesto the previous year. The pair were tried and sentenced to five years' confinement in the State Penitentiary on October 29, 1920. The pair sat in Dannemora Prison until finally released on a $5,000 bond on April 24, 1922. Ruthenberg was immediately made Executive Secretary of the WPA upon his release on bail, with Abram Jakira in charge of daily operations of the parallel and underground CPA.

The above-ground WPA headed by Ruthenberg grew rapidly, boosted by the addition of the massive Finnish Federation to its ranks, while the underground party withered and died, put to bed for good in 1923. Thereafter Ruthenberg was the sole Executive Secretary of the American Communist Party (still calling itself the Workers Party of America) — a position which he retained for the rest of his life, despite spending much of the 1920s as a leader of a minority faction within the party.

The criminal anarchism convictions of Ruthenberg and Ferguson were ultimately overturned by the New York Supreme Court In July 1922, just in time for another round of prosecutions, this time related to ill-fate August 1922 Unity Convention of the CPA held at Bridgman, Michigan.

1922 Bridgman Convention and its aftermath
A secret conclave had been arranged at the Wolfskeel Resort on the wooded shore of Lake Michigan to finally unite the CPA with a parallel organization maintained by its dissident Central Caucus faction. The site was regarded as relatively safe, having previously been used for a secret convention of the United Communist Party in the spring of 1920. This time, however, an informant of the US Department of Justice had managed to win election to the gathering as a delegate and the authorities had been notified.

The forced merger did not, however, end the rivalries between the two groups. Ruthenberg and his supporter Jay Lovestone were at odds with a rival faction led by William Z. Foster, who had strong ties to organized labor and who wanted to direct the party's work toward organizing within the American-born working class, and James P. Cannon, who led the International Labor Defense organization.

Ruthenberg ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 20th congressional district (now abolished) as the candidate of the Workers Party of America, as the CPUSA's legal organization was then known, on his return to the United States.

In 1925, Comintern representative Sergei Gusev ordered the majority Foster faction to surrender control to Ruthenberg's faction; Foster complied. The factional infighting within the CPUSA did not end, however; the communist leadership of the New York locals of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union lost the 1926 strike of cloakmakers in New York City in large part because of intra-party factional rivalries, as neither group wanted to take the responsibility for accepting a strike settlement that appeared insufficiently revolutionary.

In 1926–27 his First Amendment case, Ruthenberg v. Michigan, was pending in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court had voted 7–2 (with Brandeis joined by Holmes dissenting) against Ruthenberg. But Ruthenberg died shortly before the Court rendered its ruling, rendering the case moot; thus the opinions in the case were never published.

Death and legacy
Ruthenberg died on March 1, 1927, in Chicago after undergoing surgery for acute peritonitis. He was cremated and an urn containing his ashes was transported to Moscow and carried in an April 26 Comintern funeral procession where it was placed in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, not far from the burial place of his former factional rival John Reed.

Works
As the head of the American Communist Party, Ruthenberg was essentially an administrator rather than a theoretician. His early journalism is scattered, he wrote relatively few pamphlets, and he published no books in his lifetime, save for a slim volume gathering his 1920 New York trial testimony with that of Isaac Ferguson, who also served as attorney in his case. A small volume of excerpts of speeches was also published by the Communist Party in 1928, shortly after his death. Nor has the CPUSA, despite Ruthenberg's iconic status in party history, published any significant portion of his work in subsequent years. This paucity of available material has been mitigated to some extent in the internet age, with an appreciable slice of his journalism gradually becoming available online. Interested readers are referred to the Marxists Internet Archive, the URL of which is cited below.

Books and pamphlets

 * Are We Growing Toward Socialism? Cleveland: Local Cleveland, Socialist Party, Spring 1917.
 * Guilty? Of what?: Speeches Before the Jury in Connection with the Trial of C. E. Ruthenberg, Alfred Wagenknecht, Charles Baker. (1917).
 * After the War — What? December 1918. —Pamphlet edition lost, recovered from first publication as article series.
 * A Communist Trial: Extracts from the Testimony of C. E. Ruthenberg and Closing Address to the Jury by Isaac E. Ferguson (1920).
 * The Bridgman Trial. Late 1923. —Ruthenberg and Foster trial speeches. Oakley Johnson claims entire edition confiscated or lost.
 * The Farmer-Labor United Front (1924).
 * Why Every Worker Should Be a Communist and Join the Workers Party by Charles E. Ruthenberg Chicago, Ill. : Workers Party of America, 1923
 * From the Third Through the Fourth Convention of the Workers (Communist) Party of America (1925).
 * The Workers (Communist) Party: What It Stands For, Why Workers Should Join (1925).
 * Voices of Revolt: Charles E. Ruthenberg. Vol. 10 of the "Voices of Revolt" series. New York: International Publishers, 1928.
 * Ruthenberg, Communist Fighter and Leader. Introduction by Jay Lovestone New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928.

Articles and leaflets

 * "You Will Pay in Blood and Suffering," April 1, 1917. —Anti-war leaflet.
 * "This is Not a War for Freedom," May 27, 1917. —Anti-war speech.
 * "Greeting to the October Revolution," November 1917. —Leaflet.
 * "On the Threshold of the New World," Socialist News [Cleveland], April 27, 1918.
 * "Forward, March!" January 1919. —Leaflet.
 * "The Bolshevists: Grave-Diggers of Capitalism," Ohio Socialist [Cleveland], whole no. 53 (Jan. 29, 1919), pg. 4.
 * "The Bankruptcy of Democracy," Socialist News [Cleveland], February 1, 1919.
 * "Who Are the Murderers?" May 1919. —Leaflet.
 * "The Communist Party and Its Tasks," The Communist [New York], July 1921.
 * "The Need for Open Work," The Communist [New York], August 1921.
 * "Communism in the Open Again," The Liberator [New York], February 1923.
 * "An Open Challenge," The Liberator [New York], March 1923.
 * "The Second Round at St. Joseph," Labor Herald [Chicago], vol. 2, no. 4 (June 1923), pp. 7–8, 32.
 * "Role of the Workers Party," The Liberator [New York], July 1923.
 * "The Revolutionary Party," The Liberator [New York], January 1924.
 * "Progressive, But Not Labor," Workers Monthly [Chicago], vol. 4, no. 1 (November 1924), pp. 21–23, 31.
 * "Is the Movement Toward Class Political Action Dead?" Workers Monthly [Chicago], vol. 4, no. 2 (December 1924), pp. 77–79.
 * "The Session of the Enlarged Executive Committee of the Communist International," Workers Monthly [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 8 (June 1926), pp. 339–342, 373.
 * "The Tasks of the party in the Light of the Comintern," Workers Monthly [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 9 (July 1926), pp. 401–405.
 * "Capitalism Mobilizes Against the Workers," Workers Monthly [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 1 (September 1926), pp. 5–9.
 * "Seven Years of the Communist Party," Workers Monthly [Chicago], September 1926.
 * "Socialist Party Fights Unity of Action of Workers," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. 207 (September 15, 1926), pg. 6.
 * "What Is the Election About?" Workers Monthly [Chicago], vol. 5, no. 13 (November 1926), pp. 579–581.
 * "Eugene V. Debs and the Revolutionary Labor Movement," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. 252 (November 6, 1926), pg. 6.
 * "Two Supreme Court Decisions," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. ? (November 9, 1929), pp. ?,
 * "Many Opportunities for Building the Revolutionary Movement," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. 269 (November 27, 1926), pg. 6.
 * "The Achievements of the Party," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. 270 (November 28, 1926), pg. 6.
 * "Organization of the Unorganized and Work in the Trade Unions," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. 271 (November 30, 1926), pg. 6.
 * "The Campaign for the Labor Party," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. 272 (December 1, 1926), pg. 6.
 * "Reorganization of the Workers (Communist) Party," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. 274 (December 3, 1926), pg. 6.
 * "First Signs of a Downward Trend in Industry," Daily Worker, vol. 3, no. ? (February 5, 1927), pp. ?.

title: C. E. Ruthenberg


text:
Time-out (sport)

In sports, a time-out or timeout is a halt in the play. This allows the coaches of either team to communicate with the team, e.g., to determine strategy or inspire morale, as well as to stop the game clock. Time-outs are usually called by coaches or players, although for some sports, TV timeouts are called to allow media to air commercial breaks. Teams usually call timeouts at strategically important points in the match, or to avoid the team being called for a delay of game-type violation, such as the five-second rule in basketball.

Association football
With very few exceptions (such as the defunct North American Soccer League's experimentation with TV timeouts) timeouts have never been permitted in association football. Moreover, the game clock runs continuously in each half, even if extenuating circumstances compel the referee to halt play for an extended period of time, unless and until the match is abandoned. However, the referee adds stoppage time at the end of each half to ensure roughly 45 minutes of actual play is completed in each half after accounting for the amount of time play is interrupted.

Baseball
Baseball players and managers of both the offense and defense can request time out for a number of purposes, such as for a batter to step out of the batter's box to better prepare for a pitch, a foreign object entering a batter's eye such as dust or a bug, for a manager to speak with a player or umpire, or to replace one player with another (for which a time-out is required by the rules), etc. The requested time out is not effective unless an umpire grants it verbally or by hand signal (both hands raised). The umpire also has the ability to call time out for his/her own purposes, or for purposes of the game, such as replacing a worn ball. Since there is no clock in baseball, the main effect of a time out is to temporarily prevent the defensive team from tagging base runners out or delivering a pitch as well as to prevent base runners from advancing. However, the catcher may also request timeout once the pitcher has stepped on the rubber, usually with the intention of either "resetting" the play, or to deliver some information to the pitcher via either signals or a visit to the mound. Under certain (uncommon) circumstances specified by the rules, umpires are required to call time out, even while a play is in progress, such as certain cases of interference. Unlike many other sports, the rules of baseball do not limit time outs, either by number or duration. The end of the time out is indicated by an umpire verbally declaring "Play!" and/or by pointing at the pitcher while he is holding the ball (these umpire signals are identical to those used to start a game or resume play after the ball has become "dead", for example due to a half-inning ending). Since baseball provides natural breaks in the action when teams exchange offensive and defensive roles between half-innings (two minutes, five seconds normally; two minutes and twenty-five seconds for nationally televised games ), TV timeouts are not necessary.

Other than coaching visits, which the umpires ensure stay brief, timeouts theoretically have no time limits. However, when no runners occupy a base, a pitcher must deliver the pitch within twelve seconds of receiving the ball from the catcher or else a "delay of game" is called, resulting in a ball. Also, any relief pitcher is limited to eight warm-up throws before play resumes, except in special circumstances (such as a pitcher substitution due to injury).

Though not officially recognized as a "timeout", a stoppage in play can also be requested by the defense. This can be accomplished in several ways. First, once in his "set" position, the pitcher may stop play by stepping off the rubber prior to his windup. Secondly, the catcher may visit the pitcher at any point before he steps on the rubber. Finally, the manager or pitching coach may also visit the pitcher before he steps on the rubber (called a "coaching visit"). Under Major League Baseball (MLB) rules, a team is limited to one visit per inning and a maximum of three per game. Under NFHS (high school) rules, a team receives three mound visits for the game and can use more than one an inning. If a team exceeds the limit in either MLB or high school ball, the pitcher must be removed immediately.

NCAA
In the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), there are two systems of timeouts used. In games that are not broadcast, each team is allowed four 75-second and two 30-second timeouts per regulation game. In games which are being broadcast, as of the 2015-16 season, each team is granted one 60-second timeout and three 30-second timeouts per game in addition to the media timeouts (at the first dead ball under 16, 12, 8 and 4 minutes remaining in each half). A maximum of two 30-second timeouts may carry over into the second half. Any called timeout that occurs within the 30 seconds prior to a scheduled media timeout break automatically takes the place of the upcoming media timeout, with the only exception to this rule being the first called timeout of the second half. A timeout cannot be called by a coach when the ball is live. Previously, under NCAA rules in prior seasons, teams had a total of five timeouts, and timeouts superseding media timeouts were only used in the women's rules.

NFHS
High school basketball allots five timeouts per game, with three 60-second and two 30-second timeouts. In overtime games, each team is given one additional 60-second timeout in each overtime period, and is allowed to carry over any unused timeouts from regulation or – if the case may be – previous overtimes. Media timeouts are typically reserved for televised state tournament games only.

Coaches and players can call timeouts. While the ball is live, only the team in control of the ball can request a timeout.

NBA
In the National Basketball Association (NBA), teams are allowed seven timeouts, each of 1 minute, 15 seconds. There is no limit on substitutions. In overtime periods, each team is allowed two timeouts. A timeout can only be requested by a player in the game or the head coach, and only when the ball is dead or in control of the team making the request. If a request for a timeout is made with none remaining, the offending team is assessed a technical foul and loses possession.

In each quarter, there are two mandatory timeouts. If no team has taken a timeout prior to 6:59 of the period, then the next time the ball is dead, the official scorer calls a timeout and charges it to the home team. If no subsequent timeouts have been taken prior to 2:59 of the period, the official scorer declares it and charges it to the team not previously charged. The first and second timeouts in a quarter are extended to 2:45 for locally televised games and 3:15 for nationally televised games, to accommodate advertising.

A team is limited to a maximum of four timeouts in the fourth quarter, losing any timeouts not yet taken. With three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter, a team is limited to two timeouts. However, if one team has yet to be charged its mandatory timeout, then the limit applies after the mandatory timeout is taken.

With less than two minutes to go in the game or overtime period, if the offensive team takes a timeout prior to inbounding the ball or if it secures the ball from a rebound or turnover but prior to advancing it, the team may choose to inbound the ball at midcourt.

The rules were changed before the 2017-18 NBA season to eliminate the distinction between "full" and "20-second" timeouts (which were actually 60 seconds by rule) and eliminate a third mandatory timeout in the second and fourth quarters. The changes sped up the pace of play and addressed a common fan complaint that the last few minutes of a game dragged due to excessive timeouts. However, some coaches call several timeouts before the three-minute mark to avoid losing them.

FIBA
Under FIBA rules, each team is allowed two time-outs in the first half, three time-outs in the second half, and one time-out in each overtime period. Only two time-outs may be granted to each team during the last two minutes of the fourth quarter.

Unlike in most other rule sets, only coaches are allowed to call time-outs. A time-out request may be made to the scorer's table at any time, but it may only be granted by a referee when the ball is dead and the game clock is not running. A time-out may also be granted after a scored goal, but only to the team that was scored upon. If a time-out is granted to the team in possession of the ball during the last two minutes of the fourth quarter or any overtime, the head coach of the team calling the time-out may choose to have the game resumed with a throw-in either from a designated line in the team's frontcourt or from the place in the backcourt nearest to where the game was stopped.

In televised games, media time-outs may be used at the discretion of the game's organizing body. They may be up to 100 seconds long. One of these time-outs will occur in each quarter, but no media time-outs are allowed during overtime. If a time-out is requested by either team during the first five minutes of a quarter, this time-out will be considered a media time-out and will also be charged to the appropriate team. If neither team has requested a time-out by the first dead ball after the five-minute mark in a quarter, a media time-out shall be taken. This time-out is not charged to either team.

Beach volleyball
In beach volleyball, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) stipulates one 30-second time-out allowed per team, per set. In FIVB World Competitions, there is an additional 30-second technical time-out in sets 1–2 when the sum of both scores is equal to 21.

Cricket
During the 2009 season of the Indian Premier League of T20 cricket, the halfway point of each innings contained a seven-and-a-half minute television timeout, two-thirds of which were devoted to additional advertising time. After complaints by viewers and players (criticizing its commercial purpose and for breaking the flow of the game), the following season replaced them with two sponsored and compulsory two-and-a-half minute "strategic timeouts" that must be taken by each side at certain points during the innings; one must be taken by the bowling team between the 6th to 10th overs, and the batting team between the 13th to 16th overs.

Floorball
In floorball, each team is allowed one thirty-second time-out per game, which may only be taken during a normal stoppage of play. The time-out is measured from when all the players are gathered around the team benches.

Gridiron football

In gridiron football, either team may call for a timeout while the ball is dead. They can be called by players (typically the quarterback or a linebacker) or by the head coach. Importantly, the clock stops if it is running when the timeout is called. Both teams may call one timeout during the same dead ball period. In American football (National Football League (NFL), college, and high school), each team is given three timeouts per half. In Canadian football, each team is given two timeouts per half in amateur leagues and one per half in the Canadian Football League (CFL). In all codes unused timeouts do not carry over between the first and second halves. In the NFL, timeouts are two minutes in length unless the requisite number of commercial breaks in the quarter have been used, or it is the second timeout in the same dead ball period, in which cases the timeout is 30 seconds long.

Common reasons for calling a timeout include:
 * As part of the team's clock management strategy, discussed in detail below.
 * To prevent the team from being assessed a penalty such as delay of game (offense) or too many men on the field (defense)
 * To prevent a play from taking place when the coach is not confident in their team's play call

In the NFL, college football, and CFL, a timeout is assessed against a team if a head coach unsuccessfully challenges a play.

Because timeouts are such important parts of a team's clock management strategy, calling timeouts for other reasons is often seen as unfavorable. An analysis of timeout usage by NFL head coaches conducted during the 2021 season showed that more than half of the head coaches on average used more "unnecessary" timeouts (i.e., those used to prevent a penalty or an unfavorable play, or lost coach's challenges) per game than "time-saving" timeouts (i.e., those used to manage the game clock).

As clock management strategy
The use and rationing of time-outs is a major part of clock management strategy; calling time-out stops the clock (which normally is running between plays except in the case of a penalty, an incomplete pass, officials requiring time to re-spot the ball and/or down markers, or when the ball is run out of bounds), extending the time a team has to score. Timeouts can be called by both players (typically the quarterback or a linebacker) and the head coach. If overtime is required in the NFL, each team is given two timeouts during a ten-minute regular season sudden-death period (overtime periods are fifteen minutes in the playoffs), while in college football each team gets one timeout per possession. In the CFL, overtime is untimed and teams receive no additional timeouts. If a timeout above these limits is called, it is usually ignored and no penalty is assessed (however, in many leagues, a coach attempting to call a timeout when he has no timeouts left can be assessed a 5-yard Delay of Game penalty).

Teams use several methods to stop the clock without exhausting a timeout. These include:
 * Running out of bounds with the ball. In the NFL, this only stops the clock in the final two minutes of the first half and final five minutes of the second half; the rest of the time, the clock stops only temporarily, restarting when the ball is set for the next play. In arena football, the clock stops only for out-of-bounds plays in the final minute of the half.
 * Throwing the ball out of bounds. This is an incomplete pass, and depending on the circumstances risks incurring an intentional grounding penalty, but sometimes, the team may choose to sacrifice a down to stop the clock.
 * Spiking the ball. This act, likewise, is an incomplete pass and sacrifices a down, but when performed immediately after the snap is explicitly permitted without the risk of incurring an intentional grounding penalty.
 * Waiting for the two-minute warning in the NFL, three-minute warning in Canadian football, one-minute warning in Arena football if it is approaching. College and high school football do not have any of these stoppages.
 * Committing an offense for which a minor penalty may be called. In some leagues, late in the game, a 10-second runoff is assessed to discourage such tactics.
 * Feigning the injury of a player. If this occurs more than once in a game, a timeout may be charged, and/or a penalty may be assessed. In some leagues, if time is called because of an injury, the injured player may be ordered to sit out at least the next play as a way of discouraging the feigning of injury.

Icing the kicker
A common practice in gridiron football is to call a timeout right before a potential game-winning or game-tying field goal, a strategy known as "icing the kicker". In theory, this strategy is based on the presumption that the kicker has prepared himself mentally to make the kick only to have the timeout break his concentration. While this strategy has seemingly worked on occasion, statistics suggest that not only is this an ineffective strategy, but is actually counterproductive because kickers are more likely to make a field goal after a timeout is called—possibly because they have come to expect a timeout to be called, if the opposing team still has one. There have also been times when the tactic has directly backfired; for example, in an NFL game played on November 19, 2007, between the Denver Broncos and Tennessee Titans, Broncos head coach Mike Shanahan called a timeout to ice the kicker. It was difficult to hear the whistle and the play continued, with Titans kicker Rob Bironas badly shanking a 56-yard field goal. The play was restarted, this time without a timeout, and the kick was good. Since a team is not allowed to call multiple timeouts between plays, they are prohibited from trying to ice a kicker more than once on the same kick; attempting to do so results in an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, giving the kicking team 15 yards and an automatic first down. It has only happened once in the NFL, in a 2007 game between the Buffalo Bills and the Washington Redskins, when Redskins head coach Joe Gibbs called a timeout just before Bills kicker Rian Lindell attempted a 51-yard field goal. The kick was good, but Gibbs was awarded the timeout. Gibbs then called a second timeout when Lindell was preparing to kick the ball again, because Gibbs was unaware of the rule. Gibbs was issued an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, which narrowed the attempt from 51 yards to 36 yards out. Lindell made the 36-yard field goal to win the game for the Bills, 18–17.

Official timeouts
Game officials also have the authority to call their own time-outs, which unlike the team time-outs are unlimited. Such official time-outs can be used for instant replay reviews, to tend to an injury, to measure the spot of the ball with the chain crew or (in televised contests) to insert television commercials into the telecast.

Ice hockey
In ice hockey, each team is allowed one thirty-second time-out per game, which may only be taken during a normal stoppage of play. In the National Hockey League (NHL), only one team is permitted a time out during stoppage. However, in the International Ice Hockey Federation rules, both teams are permitted a time out during the same stoppage, but the second team must notify the referee before the opponent's time-out expires.

Since each team has only one time-out, they will often reserve it for special situations, such as sudden changes in momentum of the game, resting players who have been on the ice for an extended period of time, and needing to score a goal near the end of regulation time, allowing time to strategize and rest the team's best players.

In the NHL, teams lose their time-out if they unsuccessfully challenge a goaltender interference call, and cannot challenge if they are already without their time-out.

Since the 2017–18 season, teams cannot utilize their time-out after an icing, except for the team who was not charged with the icing. In addition, they retain their timeout after every successful goaltender interference challenge; unsuccessful offside challenges result in a minor penalty for delay of game.

Team handball
In team handball, one sixty-second time-out per half per team is allowed. Time-outs are called by the head coach by handing a green time-out card to the match official, and can only be called when the team is in possession of the ball.

Volleyball
In volleyball, the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) stipulates two 30-second time-outs allowed per team, per set. In FIVB World and Official Competitions, there are two additional 60-second technical time-outs in each set when the leading team reaches the 8th and 16th points, however there is no technical time-out in a tie-breaking set (5th set) (though there is a change of ends at 8 points).

Water polo
In water polo, each team is entitled two sixty-second time-outs in regular time, and one extra time-out in extra time. The time-out can only be called if the team is in possession of the ball.

Criticism
Time-outs have been criticized for slowing games down and thus diminishing their entertainment value.

title: Time-out (sport)


text:
Sun Country Airlines

Sun Country Airlines is an ultra-low cost airline in the United States. Based at Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport with headquarters on airport property, Sun Country operates to about 140 destinations in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. The airline also has significant charter operations and is a contract cargo operator for Amazon Air.

Early years and bankruptcies (1983–2008)
Sun Country began flight operations in January 1983 with a single Boeing 727-200 jetliner. The airline's original staff consisted of sixteen pilots, sixteen flight attendants, three mechanics and one office person. A number of the original employees had previously worked for Braniff International Airways, which ceased operations on May 12, 1982. The company's founder and first President/CEO was Captain Jim Olsen, who also acted as Chief Pilot. His wife, Joan Smith-Olsen, acted as Chief Flight Attendant and Head of Inflight Operations.

In 1988, its headquarters were located on the grounds of the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. In 2001, the company suspended operations due to financial troubles. In July 2006, the airline was acquired by Petters Group Worldwide and Whitebox Advisors.

Following the replacement of interim CEO Jay Salmen by Stan Gadek, former CFO of AirTran Airways, Sun Country was nearly finished by the major recession of 2008 and the revelation of financial fraud. The airline furloughed 45 of its 156 pilots and scaled back its summer schedule due to rising fuel costs. Sun Country indicated it had hoped to get up to $50 million in loans or other financial help from the state of Minnesota and the airports commission. In September 2008 the carrier reduced, and in some cases eliminated, flights to San Francisco and Los Angeles. It also began charging for the first checked bag. At the end of September 2008, Gadek called for a 50% pay-deferral to all remaining employees. Tom Petters resigned after an FBI probe discovered that the airline had suffered financial fraud on a massive scale. Following this, the airline filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for the second time, on October 6, 2008.

Rebuilding and Davis brothers ownership (2011–2017)
In July 2011, Sun Country was bought out of bankruptcy for $34 million by the Davis family, owners of Cambria, a Minnesota-based countertop company. Marty Davis, CEO of Cambria, became chairman.

In 2015, the Sun Country board hired Zarir Erani as president and CEO. The airline had a net income of $27 million in 2015, followed by a 41% drop to $16 million in 2016.

In July 2017, after more than a year of missed monthly earnings projections, Davis replaced Erani as interim President and CEO, with Erani moving to other duties within the Davis family of companies. Jude Bricker, previously of Allegiant Air, was appointed as CEO one week after Erani stepped down. As part of its strategy, Sun Country had begun to move towards being a "no frills" airline.

Apollo Global Management ownership (2017–present)
On December 14, 2017, the Davis brothers announced they would be selling the airline to funds affiliated with New York Based Apollo Global Management for an undisclosed amount.

On December 17, 2019, Amazon Air bought a minority stake in Sun Country from Apollo, with plans for the airline to operate cargo flights under the Amazon Air brand. As Sun Country's passenger model is heavily leisure focused, this deal is designed to help stabilize revenues during non-peak seasons. In December 2019 Sun Country announced they would begin operating cargo flights for Amazon. Sun Country will initially operate ten cargo jets for Amazon Air. The airline operated their first cargo flight for Amazon in May 2020.

On March 17, 2021, Sun Country became publicly listed and traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker SNCY.

As of June 2024, Sun Country's cargo fleet operated under contract with Amazon Air has grown to 12 airframes. On June 20, 2024, Sun Country and Amazon Air announced an extension to their contract out to 2030. Under this new contract, Amazon Air will transfer an additional 8 737-800BCF aircraft to Sun Country, increasing the airlines cargo fleet to 20 airframes.

Business trends
Recent key figures for Sun Country Airlines Holdings, Inc. (which include the passenger operations of Sun Country Airlines and its cargo business for Amazon Air) are (years ending December 31):

Services
Sun Country previously offered two classes of service with First Class and Economy seats, but when the airline was sold to Apollo Global Management, they changed the airline to an ultra-low-cost carrier with aircraft operated in an all-economy configuration. Sun Country now offers three variations of economy seats: Best, Exit Row, and Standard.

Sun Country Rewards, the airline's frequent flyer program, was established in November 2018, and replaced an older program called Ufly. In 2023, Sun Country was named the best low cost carrier in North America at the Paris Airshow's World Airline Rankings.

Destinations
, Sun Country Airlines flies to 81 destinations and operates more than 100 routes throughout the Caribbean, United States, Canada, Mexico and Central America. Many Sun Country destinations are seasonally served as demand grows and falls throughout the year.

The airline additionally provides charter service for the United States Armed Forces and NCAA football teams. The airline has provided charter service to Major League Soccer teams since 2020 and became the league's official carrier in 2022. Sun Country has a number of casino charter contracts.

Interline agreements
Sun Country also has interline agreements with the following airlines:

 * China Airlines
 * Condor
 * Emirates
 * EVA Air
 * Hawaiian Airlines
 * Icelandair

Current fleet
, Sun Country Airlines operates an all-Boeing 737 Next Generation fleet composed of the following aircraft:

title: Sun Country Airlines


text:
Homer Litzenberg

Homer Laurence Litzenberg  (January 8, 1903 – June 27, 1963) was a decorated lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps, serving in Haiti, World War II, and the Korean War. His final rank was awarded at his retirement for valor in battle. He retired from the post of Inspector General of the Marine Corps on May 31, 1959, after more than 37 years of service. Litzenberg is best known for commanding the 7th Marine Regiment during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.

Early years
Litzenberg was born in 1903 in Steelton, Pennsylvania. He graduated from high school in Philadelphia and served two years in the Pennsylvania National Guard.

Litzenberg began his Marine Corps career as an enlisted Marine, graduating from the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island on October 5, 1922, as a private. After a tour of duty in Haiti, he was commissioned a second lieutenant on 19 February 1925. He served in expeditionary duty in Nicaragua in 1928 and 1929; and with Marine detachments aboard the USS Idaho (BB-24), USS Augusta (CA-31), USS Arkansas (BB-33), USS Arizona (BB-39) and USS New Mexico (BB-40).

He graduated from the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia in 1933, and subsequently served for two years as Advisor-Instructor of a Marine Reserve battalion in Philadelphia. He then spent two years in Guam as aide to the governor, head of the police department, and inspector-instructor of the Guam Militia. From 1938 to 1943, and again from September 1944 to May 1946, he served in Washington, D.C., in the War Plans Sections of the offices of the Chief of Naval Operations, the commander in chief, United States Fleet, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

World War II
At the beginning of World War II, Major Litzenberg was assigned to Headquarters, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, and served in England during combined planning with the British on the conduct of the war. He also participated in the amphibious assault on Casablanca, French Morocco in November 1942.

After his return to the United States, General Litzenberg organized and commanded the 3rd Battalion, 24th Marines, 4th Marine Division. He later served as regimental executive officer during the assault on Roi-Namur, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, where he earned his first Silver Star. In March 1944, he joined the V Amphibious Corps as assistant operations officer, and participated in the Battle of Saipan and Battle of Tinian.

Post-War years - Korea
In June 1946, the general was assigned to the staff of commander, Seventh Fleet, and served as Seventh Fleet liaison officer with General of the Army George C. Marshall and the Chinese Ministry of Defense in Nanking, China, until February 1947, when he became plans officer and Marine officer on the staff of commander, Naval Forces Western Pacific. He returned to Washington in August 1948 to attend the National War College, and in May 1949 was named commanding officer of the 6th Marine Regiment, 2nd Marine Division, at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. At Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, on August 17, 1950, he formed and assumed command of the 7th Marine Regiment, which sailed for duty in Korea on September 1, 1950. While in Korea, Litzenberg's 7th Marines took part in the Battle of Inchon and the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, for which he was awarded the Navy Cross.

Post-Korean War
General Litzenberg returned to the United States in April 1951 and was assigned duties at Marine Corps Headquarters, Washington. In December of the same year, he was named Legal Aide and Legislative Counsel to the Commandant. Later he served as director of the Marine Corps Development Center at Quantico, Virginia; as assistant division commander, 3rd Marine Division, in Japan; and as assistant to the force commander, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic. In October 1954, he was named Inspector General of the Marine Corps, and held this post at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, for thirteen months.

The general served next as commanding general, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, from December 1, 1955, until May 11, 1956, and then as commanding general, Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, from May 12, 1956, until March 15, 1957, when he returned to Korea. There, he served as senior member of the United Nations Command component of the Military Armistice Commission, negotiating with the Communists at Panmunjom. On his return from Korea, he was assigned his last tour of duty at Headquarters Marine Corps on December 7, 1957, as Inspector General of the Marine Corps, serving in this capacity until his retirement on May 31, 1959.

General Litzenberg completed the following service schools: Marine Corps Basic School, 1925; Infantry School, Fort Benning, Georgia, 1933; Command and General Staff School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1938; and the National War College, 1949.

His various ranks and the dates on which he was promoted are:
 * second lieutenant, February 1925
 * first lieutenant, March 1931
 * captain, March 1936
 * major, June 1940
 * lieutenant colonel, May 1942
 * colonel, May 1944
 * brigadier general, July 1, 1951
 * major general, July 1, 1954 (date of rank: July 1, 1951)
 * lieutenant general on the retired list, May 31, 1959.

Litzenberg died of cancer on June 27, 1963, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

There is a suite named in his honor at the bachelor officer quarters at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune.

Awards
Litzenberg's decorations include:

title: Homer Litzenberg


text:
Talk:Homer Litzenberg

Comment
Could we copy verbatim the medal list from the USMC page at http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Historical/Whos_Who/Litzenberg_HL.htm ? I don't know if that would be permissible. Sivamo 09:53, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Done per request. The bio is a work of the Marine Corps - and is in the public domain.  —ERcheck @ 16:02, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homer Litzenberg


text:
Beechcraft Musketeer

The Beechcraft Musketeer is a family of single-engined, low-wing, light aircraft that was produced by Beechcraft. The line includes the Model 19 Musketeer Sport, the Model 23 Musketeer, Custom and Sundowner, the Model 23-24 Musketeer Super III the retractable gear Model 24R Sierra and the military CT-134 Musketeer.

The Musketeer line was in production from model years 1963 to 1983, during which time a total of 4,366 were produced. The type certificate for the Musketeer family of aircraft has been owned by Hawker Beechcraft since March 26, 2007.

Model 23 Musketeer and Custom
The first of the line was the Model 23. It was introduced under the "Musketeer" name as a 1963 model at an initial price of $13,300 and was powered by a Lycoming O-320-D2B engine of 160 bhp. The next year this engine was replaced by the Continental IO-346-A engine of 165 bhp. This engine was not a success and was in turn replaced by the Lycoming O-360-A4J engine of 180 bhp starting with the B23 Musketeer Custom of 1968. In 1970 the C23 version was introduced also under the name "Musketeer Custom". In 1972 the C23 was renamed the "Sundowner". When properly equipped, the B23 and C23 are approved for limited aerobatics.

A total of 2,331 Beechcraft 23s of all variants were manufactured by the time production was completed 20 years later in 1983.

Model 19 Musketeer Sport

The Beech 19 was introduced as a 1966 model year. Despite having a lower model number, it was a later variant and was a lower-powered trainer version of the Model 23. It lacked the 23's third side window and had a Lycoming O-320-E2C powerplant of 150 bhp. The Sport was introduced in 1966 with a standard price of $11,500. When properly equipped, the A19, B19, and M19 Sports are approved for limited aerobatics.

The Model 19 was named the "Musketeer Sport" and a total of 922 were built over the 15 years of production which ended with the 1979 model year.

Model 23-24 Musketeer Super III
Along with the introduction of the lower-powered Model 19 in 1966, Beechcraft also introduced a higher-powered version of the Model 23 Musketeer and named it the Beechcraft 23–24 Musketeer Super III. This upgraded model had a Lycoming IO-360 fuel injected powerplant which produced 200 bhp, 35 hp more than the standard Model 23 Musketeer of that year. This model initially sold for a price of $16,350 in 1966.

In 1966 a single demonstration Model 23-24 was equipped with a constant speed propeller. In succeeding years approximately one third of production aircraft were delivered with the constant speed propeller.

The Super Musketeer typically has a useful load of 1050 to 1080 pounds – giving it one of the highest payloads of four-cylinder, fixed gear, simple single-engined aircraft available. Most Model 23-24s were produced in a four-seat configuration. A very small number were produced with a 4+2 configuration with the baggage area convertible to seat two children. This configuration option was more common on the Sierra models that followed the Model 23-24.

One of the few weaknesses of the Model 23-24 was that it had a simple heat distribution system that provided warm air via the firewall to the area under the instrument panel only. This meant heat to the rear seat passengers was less than optimal. Later aircraft featured increasingly better ducting designs that provided heat to all four seating positions.

The fixed-gear Model 23-24 was produced only between 1966 and 1969. A total of 369 Musketeer Super IIIs were completed before it was superseded by the Model 24 Sierra. These were serial numbered MA-1 to MA-369 and were the only models to have a "MA" serial number, making them easier to distinguish than other members of the Musketeer line. In the last few airframes of the series a new instrument panel with the same "vertical tape" gauges that were used in the early Sierras was introduced. These models were known as the A24 and are not to be confused with the first Sierras, which were designated A24R models. Other than the instrument panel these aircraft were mechanically identical to the earlier A23-24 model.

Model 24 Sierra

The Model 23-24 Musketeer Super III proved the utility of the 200 hp engine in the Musketeer airframe, but the fixed-gear configuration prevented using full advantage of the extra power of the injected Lycoming. The obvious solution was retracting the landing gear and this resulted in the Model 24R.

The Musketeer Super R, A24R in 1970 was the first model year for the new retractable version of the Musketeer to compete with the Piper Arrow.

Renamed the "Sierra", in 1972. The initial A24R Sierra was powered by a Lycoming IO-360-A1B of 200 bhp and sold for a standard price of $24,950. The Model 24R completed the Beech line between the fixed gear Musketeers and the much larger, faster, more complex and expensive Beechcraft Bonanza.

1974 saw the introduction of the improved B24R Sierra powered by the Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 engine and new propeller variant as a 1974 model year. The improved C24R in 1977 was powered by the same engine and larger propeller. Beech also did an aerodynamic cleanup on the "C" model making it 6 knots faster than the "B" model it replaced in 1977.

Sierra production ended at the same time as the Model 23 Sundowner assembly line was closed up, during the aviation economic downturn of 1983. A total of 744 Sierras were delivered.

The Musketeer design was further developed into a twin-engined aircraft, the Beechcraft Model 76 Duchess.

CT-134 Musketeer
The Canadian Forces purchased twenty-four 1971 model B23 Musketeers, with the first CT-134 arriving at CFB Portage la Prairie on March 23, 1971. The initial batch of CT-134s was replaced in late 1981 with twenty-four 1982 model Beechcraft C23 Sundowners, which were designated by the CF as CT-134A Musketeer II.

Landing gear
A significant difference between the Musketeer line and other similar light aircraft is the Musketeer's landing gear. While the competitive Cessna 172s use spring-steel main gear, the Piper PA-28 Cherokees use oleo struts and the Grumman American AA-5s use fiberglass-sprung main gear, the Musketeer family use a trailing idler link gear system with compressed rubber pucks for shock absorption. This gives the aircraft quite different landing characteristics compared to the competition; light touchdowns are often accompanied by the idler links skipping and producing a landing that is less graceful than anticipated. Nevertheless, with practice, smooth landings are easy to accomplish.

As a result of this type of landing gear design, Beechcraft did not design or offer wheel fairings for the fixed gear models. Several aftermarket manufacturers have designed and tested wheel fairings for Musketeers.

Operational history
During their production years the Musketeer family of aircraft were popular trainers and were used by many flying schools. Most Musketeers are now privately owned.

Variants

 * 23 Musketeer
 * Four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 160 hp Lycoming O-320-D2B piston engine, gross weight of 2300 lb, first certified February 20, 1962.

 * A23 Musketeer II
 * Four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 165 hp Continental IO-346-A piston engine, gross weight of 2350 lb, first certified June 7, 1963.

 * A23A
 * Four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 165 hp Continental IO-346-A piston engine, gross weight of 2400 lb, first certified November 5, 1965.

 * A23-19 (Model 19)
 * Two or four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 150 hp Lycoming O-320-E2B, E2C or E3D piston engine, gross weight of 2200 lb, first certified December 9, 1965.

 * A23-24
 * Four or six-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 200 hp Lycoming IO-360-A2B or A2D, or when equipped with a constant speed propeller a Lycoming IO-360-A1B or A1D piston engine, gross weight of 2550 lb, first certified March 7, 1966.

 * A24
 * Four or six-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 200 hp Lycoming IO-360-A2B or A2D, or when equipped with a constant speed propeller a Lycoming IO-360-A1B or A1D piston engine, gross weight of 2550 lb, first certified February 5, 1970.

 * 19A
 * Two or four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 150 hp Lycoming O-320-E2B, E2C or E3D piston engine, gross weight of 2250 lb, first certified August 31, 1967, approved in the aerobatic category March 12, 1968.

 * M19A
 * Two-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 150 hp Lycoming O-320-E2B, E2C or E3D piston engine, gross weight of 2250 lb, first certified December 9, 1969, including in the aerobatic category.

 * B19
 * Two or four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 150 hp Lycoming O-320-E2B, E2C or E3D piston engine, gross weight of 2250 lb, first certified February 13, 1970, including in the aerobatic category.

 * B23
 * Four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A2G piston engine, gross weight of 2450 lb, first certified December 13, 1967 and in the aerobatic category November 22, 1968.

 * C23
 * Four-seat light cabin aircraft, fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 180 hp Lycoming O-360-A4G, A2G, A4J or A4K piston engine, gross weight of 2450 lb, first certified February 13, 1970 including in the aerobatic category.

 * A24R Sierra 200
 * Four or six-seat light cabin aircraft, retractable tricycle landing gear, powered by a 200 hp Lycoming IO-360-A1B or A1D piston engine, gross weight of 2750 lb, first certified December 23, 1969.

 * B24R Sierra 200
 * Four or six-seat light cabin aircraft, retractable tricycle landing gear, powered by a 200 hp Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 piston engine and new propeller variant, gross weight of 2750 lb, first certified June 18, 1973 sold as a 1974 model also had a new larger rear baggage door.

 * C24R Sierra 200
 * Four or six-seat light cabin aircraft, retractable tricycle landing gear, powered by a 200 hp Lycoming IO-360-A1B6 piston engine, gross weight of 2750 lb, first certified October 1, 1976 with a new larger prop and aerodynamic cleanup by Beech made it 6 knots faster than the "B".

Military operators

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * Algerian Air Force (4 x B24R Sierra); no longer in service
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Canadian Armed Forces (24 x B23 and 24 x C23 Sundowners, designated as CT-134) until 1992 when they were replaced by Slingsby T67 Firefly
 * 🇭🇰 Hong Kong
 * Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force (2 x B23-19); retired in 1993 with disbanding of RHKAAF with GFS ordering Slingsby T67 Firefly
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * Mexican Air Force (20 x A23-19); all retired
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco
 * Royal Moroccan Air Force (1 x 23); no longer in active service

title: Beechcraft Musketeer