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Ephraïm Inoni

Ephraïm Inoni (born 16 August 1947) is a Cameroonian politician who was Prime Minister of Cameroon from 2004 to 2009. He was a long-time aide of President Paul Biya and is a member of the ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (RDPC). He was appointed to the position of Prime Minister by Biya on December 8, 2004 and was sworn in that day.

Career
Inoni is an Anglophone and a member of the Bakweri ethnic group. He was born in the village of Bakingili, near Limbé, in the Southwest Region of Cameroon. He was Municipal Treasurer of Douala from 1981 to 1982, then treasurer of the Cameroonian Embassy to the United States from 1982 to 1984 and Director of Account Balancing at the Ministry of Finance from 1984 to 1988. He was later named Secretary of State for Finances on April 9, 1992, and then Deputy Secretary General to the Presidency on November 27, 1992, serving in the latter position until his appointment as prime minister in December 2004.

Inoni is a member of the Central Committee of the RDPC. He was part of the campaign team for Biya's election campaign in the 2004 presidential election and was the president of the campaign's support committee in the Southwest Province.

Biya dismissed Inoni from his post as prime minister on June 30, 2009, appointing another anglophone, Philémon Yang, to replace him. The reshuffle was the largest shakeup since Inoni's own appointment as Prime Minister. President Biya stated on state radio that twelve ministers were sacked (including Inoni and the defence minister), six joined and three changed places. It is thought that public anger over rising food prices and the high level of government corruption in conjunction with Biya's attempts to shore up support for the next presidential election led to the sacking, while Inoni had been in the midst of securing $140 million in aid from the International Monetary Fund, although an official explanation was not given.

Suspected of corruption during his time in office, Inoni was arrested on 16 April 2012. This arrest came as part of Operation Epevier (sparrow hawk), an anti-corruption campaign launched by President Paul Biya in 2004. This arrest was in connection with Operation Albatross, over the purchase at great expense in 2003 of the presidential aircraft, which turned out to have serious flaws on its maiden flight with the presidential couple from the Douala International airport to Paris in 2004. He was one of a number of high-level officials arrested during the course of a crackdown on corruption.

Ephraim Inoni has been under interrogation behind closed doors by examining magistrates as part of the judicial process in the case popularly known in Cameroon as the "Albatross Affair". He was placed under pre-trial detention by the Mfoundi High Court in Yaounde. As of June 2024 at least, Mr. Ephraïm Inoni's whereabouts are currently unknown.

An early biographical sketch is given in Njeuma 1999

title: Ephraïm Inoni


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Ice hockey broadcasting

As with most other professional sports, ice hockey is broadcast both on radio and television.

History
The first dissemination of game scores via electronic means was done by telegraph, starting in the 1890s. In Montreal's Victoria Rink, telegraph lines were installed to send game descriptions to operators in Winnipeg for the 1896 Stanley Cup challenge between Montreal and Winnipeg.

On February 8, 1923 the first radio broadcast of an ice hockey game was made. Toronto Daily Star reporter Norman Albert described the third-period action of a game between Midland and North Toronto at Toronto's Arena Gardens. The radio station was CFCA, owned by the newspaper. The station also carried the first NHL radio broadcast on February 14, 1923, with the broadcast of the third-period of a game between the Toronto St. Patricks and the Ottawa Senators at the same arena.

The first complete hockey game carried over the radio was on February 22, 1923 on CJCG out of Winnipeg of a game between the Winnipeg Falcons and the Port Arthur Bearcats. The first complete broadcast of a professional game was made on March 14, 1923 on CKCK out of Regina, Saskatchewan and reported by Pete Parker. The game was not an NHL contest, but rather a Western Canada Hockey League featuring the Regina Capitals. The first hockey game televised in Canada was on October 11, 1952 of a game between the Montreal Canadiens and the Detroit Red Wings, played at the Montreal Forum, a few weeks after television arrived in Canada. However, the 1952 Memorial Cup finals, taking place several months before the inauguration of TV broadcasting in Canada, were televised on a closed-circuit basis to CBC Television's offices, using equipment leased from NBC in New York. Foster Hewitt was play-by-play commentator for the test run, so network and ad executives could see how well hockey could be televised.

As in other sports, television has had a major effect on hockey. The infusion of money has made the major leagues far more professional with vastly higher salaries for players. It has also changed the game as NHL rules now mandate three commercial breaks per period, giving players time to recuperate and allowing the better players to be on the ice longer. However, it also lengthens and slows the games considerably.

Games today are also broadcast over the Internet. The NHL website allows fans to listen to online broadcasts of every NHL game.

Asia
Yes TV's All Sports Network signed a multi-year deal with the NHL to broadcast over 130 regular season games, beginning in the 2008–09 NHL season to broadcast NHL All-Star games, Stanley Cup playoffs and Stanley Cup Finals, as well as NHL highlight programs.

Canada
In Canada, NHL hockey is broadcast every Saturday night on CBC's longest-running television show, Hockey Night in Canada. During the week, other games are shown on cable channels TSN and RDS. Various local channels carry other games as well. During the NHL playoffs, CBC carries four of the Conference Quarterfinals (first, second, fourth, and sixth choice), two of the Conference semifinals (first and third choice), all games of one conference final and games 4-7 of the other (or all games if involving a Canadian team). TSN gets the remainder.

CBC also carries many international tournaments, such as the World Cup of Hockey. The Winter Olympics in 1998, 2002 and 2006 were on CBC, but the 2010 games were on CTV and RDS. Major games like those of the 1972 Summit Series or the 2002 Winter Olympics have received some of the highest ratings in Canadian television history. Other well-known tournaments, like the Spengler Cup or the Memorial Cup, are carried on Rogers Sportsnet. TSN and RDS carry all IIHF events, such as the World Junior Championships and World Championships.

Several Canadian Hockey League (CHL; the umbrella organization for Canada's junior hockey leagues) and American Hockey League (AHL) games are broadcast by local channels in Canada, as is the occasional university game.

Hockey Night in Canada, or HNIC, is by far CBC's most profitable show and supports many of the corporation's other ventures.

United States
According to Foster Hewitt's book His Own Story the first TV hockey broadcasts occurred in the late 1940s in New York and Detroit as Foster was interviewed as a hockey guest in both cities. Hockey hasn't traditionally fared as well on American television compared to the NBA, MLB, or the NFL. In fact, hockey broadcasting on a national scale was spotty prior to 1981; NBC and CBS held rights at various times, but neither network carried anything close to a full schedule, even carrying only selected games of the Stanley Cup Finals. From 1971 to 1995, there was no exclusive coverage of games in the United States.

In 1981, the fledgling USA Network (formerly MSG Network) carried 35 regular-season games a year and a full schedule of playoff games through 1985, supplanted by ESPN in 1985 and SportsChannel in 1989. ESPN regained the national hockey contract in 1993, joined by the Fox network in 1995.

Fox had put much effort into trying to stimulate American interests in the game, but had achieved little success. One of their schemes was to make the hockey puck more visible by highlighting it on television with a blue comet, using FoxTrax. When a slapshot over 70 miles per hour was made, the puck would leave a red comet trail on the television. This idea was met with great derision in Canada, especially to diehard hockey fans, and also met with little success in the United States, often ridiculed by comedians on both sides of the border.

Fox got out of the hockey business in 1999 after being massively outbid - surprisingly, given Fox's low ratings - by ESPN's fellow Disney network ABC. This $600 million contract was signed in 1998 and was regarded as a failure.

Before the 2004–05 lockout, the NHL had reached two separate deals with NBC and ESPN. The NBC deal stipulated that the network would pay the league no rights fees - an unheard of practice to that point. NBC's deal included six regular season windows, seven postseason broadcasts and games 3–7 of the Stanley Cup Finals in primetime. The contracts were to commence when the lockout ended. The NBC deal was to expire after the 2006–07 season, but NBC picked up the option to renew for the 2007–08 season (Just like the AFL/NBC agreement, which the network did not renew in 2006). The NHL and NBC share in revenues from advertising.

ESPN had a two-year deal that they opted out of after the lockout, leaving the NHL without a cable partner. In August 2005, Comcast (who owns the Philadelphia Flyers) paid $70 million a year for three years to put games on the OLN network, now known as Versus. Versus is now known as the NBC Sports Network. Due to the abbreviated off-season, the 2005–06 schedule did not offer OLN exclusivity, which they received in 2006–07. NBC Sports Network will also cover the playoffs and will exclusively air Games 1 and 2 of the Stanley Cup Finals.

On March 10, 2021, ESPN and Turner Sports agreed to seven-year deals to air NHL games, including airing NHL games on ABC, where for the first time, will air the Stanley Cup Finals matches in its entirely, although this only occurs during even-numbered years, while Turner Sports will also the Stanley Cup Finals during odd-numbered years. ESPN will also air up to 75 games

The NHL's American television popularity has been increasing since the debut of the NHL Winter Classic in 2008; the Winter Classic has earned Nielsen ratings on par with those the league had in 1975, when there were far fewer channels and much less audience fracturing.

Minor league hockey has more limited national coverage; the America One network currently holds broadcast rights to select games in the American Hockey League and the ECHL, the two top minor leagues in North America.

Individual teams (both major and minor, though far more common in the major leagues) have long contracted to air their games on local channels, primarily on Regional sports networks and in a few cases on broadcast channels as well.

Collegiate hockey's television coverage has expanded in the late 2000s, with national networks CSTV, and ESPNU carrying numerous regular-season contests. ESPNU airs the NCAA's Division I tournament (with the semifinals airing on ESPN2 and the final game on ESPN), and CSTV carries games from other levels' tournaments. Regular-season games can also be found on specialty channels Big Ten Network and Fox College Sports, along with Midwest regional sports networks FSN North, FSN Wisconsin, and FSN Detroit.

Europe
In 2004, the NHL announced that games would be broadcast across the European continent on the ESPN America as part of a four-year deal that would also include live streaming of games across the Internet. The league previously had agreements with the Galaxie network of the Czech Republic and NTV's TV7 channel in Russia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ice hockey broadcasting


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Nesomyidae

The Nesomyidae are a family of African rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. It includes several subfamilies, all of which are native to either continental Africa or to Madagascar. Included in this family are Malagasy rodents, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat.

Characteristics
Nesomyids are small- to medium-sized rodents, with the largest being the size of a rat. Physically, they may resemble mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. Their diets vary from fairly strict herbivory to nearly pure insectivory. Their habits are similarly variable, with some species climbing trees, and others burrowing in the ground. They give birth to up to four young after a gestation period around six weeks.

Classification
Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based clade has been proposed and confirmed on the basis of genetic studies. Such alternate arrangement include the pouched rats in the family Muridae, and the white-tailed rat in the family Cricetidae. Likewise, all members of the Nesomyidae are often placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

Nesomyids are classified in six subfamilies, 21 genera, and 68 species.

FAMILY NESOMYIDAE
 * Subfamily Cricetomyinae - pouched rats
 * Genus Beamys
 * Lesser hamster-rat, Beamys hindei
 * Greater hamster-rat, Beamys major
 * Genus Cricetomys - giant pouched rats
 * Southern giant pouched rat, Cricetomys ansorgei
 * Gambian pouched rat, Cricetomys gambianus
 * Emin's pouched rat, Cricetomys emini
 * Kivu giant pouched rat, Cricetomys kivuensis
 * Genus Saccostomus - pouched mice
 * South African pouched mouse, Saccostomus campestris
 * Mearns's pouched mouse, Saccostomus mearnsi
 * Subfamily Delanymyinae
 * Genus Delanymys
 * Delany's mouse, Delanymys brooksi
 * Subfamily Dendromurinae
 * Genus Dendromus - climbing mice
 * Remarkable climbing mouse, Dendromus insignis
 * Mount Kahuzi climbing mouse, Dendromus kahuziensis
 * Monard's African climbing mouse, Dendromus leucostomus
 * Lovat's climbing mouse, Dendromus lovati
 * Gray climbing mouse, Dendromus melanotis
 * Brants's climbing mouse, Dendromus mesomelas
 * Banana climbing mouse, Dendromus messorius
 * Chestnut climbing mouse, Dendromus mystacalis
 * Kivu climbing mouse, Dendromus nyasae (kivu)
 * Nyika climbing mouse, Dendromus nyikae
 * Cameroon climbing mouse, Dendromus oreas
 * Dendromus ruppi
 * Vernay's climbing mouse, Dendromus vernayi
 * Genus Megadendromus
 * Nikolaus's mouse, Megadendromus nikolausi
 * Genus Dendroprionomys
 * Velvet climbing mouse, Dendroprionomys rousseloti
 * Genus Prionomys
 * Dollman's climbing mouse, Prionomys batesi
 * Genus Malacothrix
 * Gerbil mouse, Malacothrix typica
 * Genus Steatomys - fat mice
 * Bocage's African fat mouse, Steatomys bocagei
 * Northwestern fat mouse, Steatomys caurinus
 * Dainty fat mouse, Steatomys cuppedius
 * Jackson's fat mouse, Steatomys jacksoni
 * Kreb's fat mouse, Steatomys krebsii
 * Pousargues's African fat mouse, Steatomys opimus
 * Tiny fat mouse, Steatomys parvus
 * Fat mouse, Steatomys pratensis
 * Subfamily Mystromyinae
 * Genus Mystromys
 * White-tailed rat, Mystromys albicaudatus
 * Subfamily Nesomyinae - Malagasy rodents
 * Genus Brachytarsomys - Malagasy white-tailed rats
 * White-tailed antsangy, Brachytarsomys albicauda
 * Hairy-tailed antsangy, Brachytarsomys villosa
 * Genus Brachyuromys - Malagasy short-tailed rats
 * Betsileo short-tailed rat, Brachyuromys betsileoensis
 * Gregarious short-tailed rat, Brachyuromys ramirohitra
 * Genus Eliurus - tufted-tailed rats
 * Tsingy tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus antsingy
 * Ankarana Special Reserve tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus carletoni
 * Ellerman's tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus ellermani
 * Daniel's tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus danieli
 * Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus grandidieri
 * Major's tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus majori
 * Lesser tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus minor
 * Dormouse tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus myoxinus
 * White-tipped tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus penicillatus
 * Petter's tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus petteri
 * Tanala tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus tanala
 * Webb's tufted-tailed rat, Eliurus webbi
 * Genus Gymnuromys
 * Voalavoanala, Gymnuromys roberti
 * Genus Hypogeomys
 * Votsovotsa (Malagasy giant rat), Hypogeomys antimena
 * Genus Macrotarsomys - big-footed mice
 * Bastard big-footed mouse, Macrotarsomys bastardi
 * Greater big-footed mouse, Macrotarsomys ingens
 * Petter's big-footed mouse, Macrotarsomys petteri
 * Genus Monticolomys
 * Malagasy mountain mouse, Monticolomys koopmani
 * Genus Nesomys
 * White-bellied nesomys, Nesomys audeberti
 * Western nesomys, Nesomys lambertoni
 * Island mouse, Nesomys rufus
 * Genus Voalavo
 * Eastern voalavo, Voalavo antsahabensis
 * Northern voalavo, Voalavo gymnocaudus
 * Subfamily Petromyscinae - African rock mice
 * Genus Petromyscus
 * Barbour's rock mouse, Petromyscus barbouri
 * Pygmy rock mouse, Petromyscus collinus
 * Brukkaros pygmy rock mouse, Petromyscus monticularis
 * Shortridge's rock mouse, Petromyscus shortridgei

title: Nesomyidae


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User:Turcottem~enwiki

Deleted by request. Mr. Turcotte talk  01:38, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Turcottem~enwiki


text: User talk:69.18.62.202

title: User talk:69.18.62.202


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Category talk:Fictional trains

CfD discussion
The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion, which this category survived. It sounds like some clarification is in order, though. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 00:57, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Category:Fictional trains
Redundant category. Should be merged with Category:Fictional locomotives. Norman Rogers 00:50, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The articles in Category:Fictional trains are trains, not locomotives, and vice-versa. I'm not voting yet, but I don't think this is a simple "redundant". -- Rick Block 04:16, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Few things *&^%$ me off more than people who can't tell the difference between trains and locomotives. [[User:Grutness|Grutness talk [[Image:Grutness.jpg|30px|]]]] 12:26, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep Trains include but are not the same as locomotives, I would make fictional locomotives a subcategory of fictional trains (which will make it easier for the people who *&^%$ off Grutness to find them :) Sortior 15:34, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and explain the difference between a train and what pulls a train on the respective category pages.
 * If this is to be kept, the difference needs to be explained on the category pages, and someone who knows the difference (Grutness?) should monitor the categories. Whether it is correct or not, the two words are often used interchangeably by laypersons, so you can safely guess that there will be mis-categorization. Also, these both should fit into the Category:Fictional scheme somewhere. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 18:16, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

A "train" by definition is a locomotive with zero or more cars and marker lights at the rear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.109.1.136 (talk) 22:30, 21 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Merge both Category:Fictional trains and Category:Fictional locomotives into one category - no vote as to what the category should be called, though. -Sean Curtin 23:58, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * They'd probably both be part of a larger category, Category:Railways in fiction, which would also allow for railway companies, lines, etc. [[User:Grutness|Grutness talk [[Image:Grutness.jpg|30px|]]]] 06:35, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Or, hey, why not just Category:Fictional trains and locomotives? -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 22:15, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fictional trains


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Auerbach

Auerbach, German for "meadow-brook", may refer to the following:

In Austria

 * Auerbach, Upper Austria, Braunau am Inn district

In Germany
Places:
 * Auerbach (Albtal), a village of Karlsbad, administrative area in Baden-Württemberg
 * Auerbach (Elztal), a district of Elztal, a municipality in Baden-Württemberg
 * Auerbach, Erzgebirgskreis, a municipality in Saxony
 * Auerbach (Horgau), a village of Horgau, in Bavaria
 * Auerbach in der Oberpfalz, a town in the Amberg-Sulzbach district, Bavaria
 * Auerbach, Lower Bavaria, a municipality in the Deggendorf district, Bavaria
 * Auerbach (Vogtland), a town in Saxony

Rivers:
 * Auerbach (Günz), tributary of the Günz, Bavaria
 * Auerbach (Kinzig), tributary of the Kinzig, Hesse

See also:
 * Auer Bach, a river of North Rhine-Westphalia

Other:
 * Auerbach Castle, in Bensheim, Hesse
 * Auerbachs Keller, a historic restaurant in Leipzig, made famous by Goethe's Faust I

People

 * Auerbach (surname), a German surname, including a list of people with that surname
 * Auerbach (Jewish family), a family of scholars of the 16th to 19th century

Other uses

 * Auerbach's plexus, a plexus of sympathetic nerve fibers
 * VfB Auerbach, German football club
 * Auerbach Publishing
 * Auerbach basis, in functional analysis

title: Auerbach


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Gay Talese

Gaetano "Gay" Talese (born February 7, 1932) is an American writer. As a journalist for The New York Times and Esquire magazine during the 1960s, Talese helped to define contemporary literary journalism and is considered, along with Tom Wolfe, Joan Didion, and Hunter S. Thompson, one of the pioneers of New Journalism. Talese's most famous articles are about Joe DiMaggio and Frank Sinatra.

Early life and education

Born in Ocean City, New Jersey, the son of Italian immigrant parents, Talese graduated from Ocean City High School in 1949.

Talese's entry into writing was entirely happenstance and the unintended consequence of his attempt as a high school sophomore to gain more playing time in the baseball team. The assistant coach had the duty of telephoning in the chronicle of each game to the local newspaper and when he complained he was too busy to do it properly, the head coach gave Talese the duty. As Talese recalls in his 1996 memoiristic essay "Origins of a Nonfiction Writer":

"On the mistaken assumption that relieving the athletic department of its press duties would gain me the gratitude of the coach and get me more playing time, I took the job and even embellished it by using my typing skills to compose my own account of the games rather than merely relaying the information to the newspapers by telephone."

After only seven sports articles, Talese was given his own column for the weekly Ocean City Sentinel-Ledger in Ocean City. By the time he left for college in September 1949, he had written some 311 stories and columns for the Sentinel-Ledger.

Talese credits his mother as the role model he followed in developing the interviewing techniques that he would during his career. He relates in "Origins of a Nonfiction Writer":

"I learned [from my mother] ... to listen with patience and care, and never to interrupt even when people were having great difficulty in explaining themselves, for during such halting and imprecise moments ... people are very revealing—what they hesitate to talk about can tell much about them. Their pauses, their evasions, their sudden shifts in subject matter are likely indicators of what embarrasses them, or irritates them, or what they regard as too private or imprudent to be disclosed to another person at that particular time. However, I have also overheard many people discussing candidly with my mother what they had earlier avoided—a reaction that I think had less to do with her inquiring nature or sensitively posed questions than with their gradual acceptance of her as a trustworthy individual in whom they could confide."

Talese graduated from the University of Alabama in 1953. His selection of a major was, as he described it, a moot choice. "I chose journalism as my college major because that is what I knew," he recalls, "but I really became a student of history." At university, he became a brother of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.

It was there that Talese would begin to employ literary devices more well known for fiction, such as establishing the "scene" with minute details and beginning articles in medias res. During his junior year, Talese became the sports editor for the campus newspaper, The Crimson White, and started a column he dubbed "Sports Gay-zing", for which he wrote on November 7, 1951:

"Rhythmic 'Sixty Minute Man' emanated from the Supe Store juke box and Larry (The Maestro) Chiodetti beat against the table like mad in keeping time with the jumpy tempo. T-shirted Bobby Marlow was just leaving the Sunday morning bull session and dapper Bill Kilroy had just purchased the morning newspapers."

Newspaper reporter
After graduation in June 1953, Talese relocated to New York City, yet could only find work as a copyboy. The job, however, was at The New York Times. Talese was eventually able to get an article published in the Times, albeit unsigned. In "Times Square Anniversary" (November 2, 1953), Talese interviewed the man, Herbert Kesner, Broadcast Editor, who was responsible for managing the headlines that flash across the famous marquee above Times Square.

Talese followed this with an article in the February 21, 1954 edition concerning the chairs used on the boardwalk of Atlantic City. However, his budding journalism career would have to be put on hold, as he was drafted into the United States Army in 1954.

Talese had been required (as were all male students at the time owing to the Korean War) to join the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and had relocated to New York awaiting his eventual commission as a second lieutenant. Talese was sent to Fort Knox, Kentucky, to train in the Tank Corps. Finding his mechanical skills lacking, Talese was transferred to the Office of Public Information where he worked for an army newspaper, Inside the Turret (known today as The Gold Standard), and soon had his own column, "Fort Knox Confidential".

When Talese completed his military service in 1956, he was rehired by The New York Times as a sports reporter. Talese later opined, "Sports is about people who lose and lose and lose. They lose games; then they lose their jobs. It can be very intriguing." Of the various fields, boxing had the most appeal for Talese, largely because it was about individuals engaged in contests and those individuals in the mid to late 1950s were becoming predominately non-white at the prizefight level. He wrote 38 articles about Floyd Patterson alone.

Talese was then assigned to the Times' Albany Bureau to cover state politics. It was a short-lived assignment, however, as his exacting habits and meticulous style soon irritated his new editors so much that they recalled him to the city, assigning him to write minor obituaries. Talese puts it, "I was banished to the obituary desk as punishment – to break me. There were major obituaries and minor obituaries. I was sent to write minor obituaries not even seven paragraphs long." After a year working for the Times obituary section, he began to write articles for the Sunday Times, which was then managed as a separate organization from the daily Times by editor Lester Markel.

Magazine reporter
Talese's first piece for the magazine Esquire – a series of scenes in New York City – appeared in a special New York issue in July 1960. When the Times newspaper unions had a work stoppage in December 1962, Talese had plenty of time to watch rehearsals for a production by Broadway director Joshua Logan for an Esquire profile. As Carol Polsgrove indicates in her history of Esquire during the 1960s, it was the kind of reporting he liked to do best: "just being there, observing, waiting for the climactic moment when the mask would drop and true character would reveal itself."

In 1964, Talese published The Bridge: The Building of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, a reporter-style, non-fiction depiction of the construction of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 1965, he left The New York Times to write full-time for editor Harold Hayes at Esquire. His 1966 Esquire article on Frank Sinatra, "Frank Sinatra Has a Cold", is one of the most influential American magazine articles of all time, and a pioneering example of New Journalism and creative nonfiction. With what some have called a brilliant structure and pacing, the article focused not just on Sinatra himself, but also on Talese's pursuit of his subject.

Talese's celebrated Esquire essay about Joe DiMaggio, "The Silent Season of a Hero" – in part a meditation on the transient nature of fame – was also published in 1966.

For his part, Talese regarded his 1966 profile of obituarist Alden Whitman, "Mr. Bad News", as his finest.

A number of Talese's Esquire essays were collected into the 1970 book Fame and Obscurity; in its introduction, Talese paid tribute to two writers he admired, citing "an aspiration on my part to somehow bring to reportage the tone that Irwin Shaw and John O'Hara had brought to the short story."

In 1971, Talese published Honor Thy Father, a book about the travails of the Bonanno crime family in the 1960s, especially Salvatore Bonanno and his father Joseph. The book was based on seven years of research and interviews. Honor Thy Father was made into a TV movie in 1973.

Talese signed a $1.2 million contract with Doubleday in 1972 to write two books, with the first, Thy Neighbor's Wife, due in 1973. Paperback rights to Thy Neighbor's Wife were sold to Dell Publishing for $750,000 in 1973. He missed Doubleday's initial deadline and spent 8 years researching the book, including managing massage parlors in New York and running a sex shop. In 1979 United Artists paid Talese a record $2.5 million for the film rights. The book was eventually published in 1981 but no film was produced.

In 2008, The Library of America selected Talese's 1970 account of the Charles Manson murders, "Charlie Manson's Home on the Range", for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime.

In 2011, Talese won the Norman Mailer Prize for Distinguished Journalism.

Personal life
In 1959, Talese married writer Nan Talese (née Ahearn), a New York editor who manages the Nan A. Talese/Doubleday imprint. Their marriage is being documented in a non-fiction book he has been working on since 2007. They have two daughters, Pamela Talese, a painter, and Catherine Talese, a photographer and photo editor.

Talese was a close friend of fellow journalist and author Tom Wolfe.

Views
Talese is a lifelong Democrat. Despite this, he was a fierce critic of President Barack Obama and has defended President Donald Trump on several occasions. In an February 2017 interview with Haaretz, Talese said, “This crazy Trump, hustler, real estate tycoon, I think he’s better than Obama. We love to say Obama is Frederick Douglass, Obama is Booker T. Washington, Obama is Paul Robeson, the enlightenment. Well it didn’t work."

Controversies
In April 2016, Talese spoke at a panel at a Boston University journalism conference. During the panel, Talese was asked what nonfiction women writers he found inspiring, to which he responded, "I didn't know any women writers that I loved." In response, a Twitter hashtag was created under #womengaytaleseshouldread.

In June 2016, the credibility of Talese's book The Voyeur's Motel, whose subject was Gerald Foos, was questioned when it came to light Foos had made false statements to Talese which Talese did not verify. When news of the credibility broke, Talese stated, "I'm not going to promote this book. How dare I promote it when its credibility is down the toilet?" In subsequent interviews and on an appearance on Late Night with Seth Meyers, Talese recanted this disavowal, stating that his story was still accurate despite the discrepancies found by the Washington Post.

In a November 2017 interview with Vanity Fair at the New York Public Library's Literary Lions Gala, Talese made comments about the sexual assault accusations against Kevin Spacey that had surfaced over the previous weeks. Talese stated, "I would like to ask [Spacey] how it feels to lose a lifetime of success and hard work all because of 10 minutes of indiscretion 10 years or more ago. I feel so sad, and I hate that actor that ruined this guy's career. So, OK, it happened 10 years ago... Jesus, suck it up once in a while! You know something, all of us in this room at one time or another did something we're ashamed of. The Dalai Lama has done something he's ashamed of. The Dalai Lama should confess... put that in your magazine!" CNN reported the "backlash on social media was almost immediate." Jenavieve Hatch of the Huffington Post called the remarks "disrespectful to survivors of sexual trauma." The Daily Beast's Tom Sykes wrote "chastising an alleged child sexual harassment victim is a terrible look." The Washington Post called his statements a "bizarre, rabid defense of the actor."

In popular culture

 * Talese appeared as a character in several strips of the comic Doonesbury.

title: Gay Talese


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City region

City region is a term used by urbanists, economists and urban planners to refer to how one or more core cities are linked to a hinterland by functional ties, such as economic, housing-market, commuting, marketing or retail catchment factors. This concept emphasizes the importance of these functional relationships in understanding urban areas and their surrounding regions, often providing more insightful perspectives than the arbitrary boundaries assigned to administrative bodies.

Global perspective
Using Geographic information system (GIS) technology, city-regions have been mapped globally, revealing significant interconnectedness among urban centers and their surrounding areas. The Nature Cities article “Worldwide Delineation of Multi-Tier City–Regions” classified over 30,000 urban centers into four tiers—town, small, intermediate, and large city—based on population size and mapped their catchment areas based on travel time rather than administrative boundaries. Travel time is used to reflect daily commuting patterns within a 1-hour limit and less frequent activities up to a 3-hour limit. This publicly available dataset shows that 3.2 billion people have physical access to multiple tiers within an hour, and 4.7 billion within three hours. It also distinguishes between primary and secondary city-regions; in secondary ones, catchment areas of urban centers overlap with those of larger centers. This approach highlights how people rely on multiple urban centers for different needs, with larger centers offering a wider range of activities. For example, a person might shop in a nearby town, work in an intermediate city, and use an airport in a large city, thus belonging to the catchment areas of several urban centers. The City–Regions System Toolbox (CREST) allows to check out any country's distribution in population access to cities of different sizes based on travel time.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the city regional agenda began to be seen as an alternative to the regional assemblies in England that were favoured as a partial answer to the West Lothian question but rejected in a referendum by voters in North East England in November 2004. The concept of city regions and their development features heavily in The Northern Way, a collaborative development plan between the three northernmost English regional development agencies. An embryonic city regional framework exists in the form of the Passenger Transport Executive and the Core Cities Group. The October 2006 Local Government White Paper did not contain firm proposals for city-region-wide authorities however.

The New Local Government Network proposed the creation of city regions as part of on-going reform efforts, while a report released by the IPPR's Centre for Cities proposed the creation of four large city-regions based on Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Greater Manchester. The strong economy of Edinburgh and its hinterland (Forth Valley, Fife, West Lothian, Midlothian and East Lothian) means it has been named as one of Europe's fasting growing city-regions.

Also in 2006, the OECD published a number of studies on city regions, including an assessment profile of the Newcastle-Gateshead city region and a review of numerous city regions across the world.

In July 2007, HM Treasury published its Review of sub-national economic development and regeneration, which stated that the government would allow those city regions that wished to work together to form a statutory framework for city regional activity, including powers over transport, skills, planning and economic development. Under the government's Transport Innovation Fund, city regions can band together to pilot forms of road pricing, such as the Greater Manchester congestion charge considered by councils in Greater Manchester (but later rejected by referendum). In the April 2009 Budget, the government announced that Greater Manchester and Leeds would be the first two city regions with formal powers. While this was later discontinued as a result of the May 2010 general election, the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government did agree to the creation of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority in 2011, with all other proposals and the regional development agencies being subsumed into the local enterprise partnerships.

France
Since January 2010 municipalities, departments and cities can combine into a larger body known as a Metropole. The first Metropole in France, Nice-Cote-d'Azur was created in 2011. In 2014 the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault passed a bill that moved away from the voluntary nature and made it mandatory for all Metropolitan areas of over 600,000 inhabitants to become Metropoles as of January 1, 2015. The first 3 mandatory Metropoles are;
 * Greater Paris
 * Aix-Marseille-Provence
 * Lyon

Metropoles take over certain determined responsibilities from the State, other sub-national bodies or quasi-public bodies. Once devolved to the Metropole these responsibilities are the sole responsibility of the Metropole. In addition to assuming responsibility for certain policy Metropoles also take over responsibility for tax collection.

Poland

 * Metropolis GZM

Spain

 * Community of Madrid

Italy
Metropolitan cities of Italy, previously Provinces of Italy, including Metropolitan City of Rome

Netherlands
A plusregio (also called stadsregio) is a regional public body of several Dutch municipalities in an urban area which statutory tasks are assigned under Chapter XI of the "Wet gemeenschappelijke regelingen".

Afghanistan
Five major city regions have been identified in Afghanistan based on functional relationships. These center around Kabul and the four regional hub cities of Herat, Kandahar, Mazari-i-Sharif and Jalalabad. It is estimated that the five city regions comprise approximately one third of the total Afghan population.

title: City region


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Mississaugas of Scugog Island First Nation

Mississaugas of Scugog Island is a First Nation and reserve for the Mississaugas of Scugog Island band government in south-central Ontario, Canada. It is located near Lake Scugog in Durham Region.

Governance
Scugog Island's leadership consists of a chief and two councillors, elected under the Indian Act Electoral System. The First Nation is a member of Ogemawahj Tribal Council, a regional Chiefs' council.

Demographics
According to the Canada 2001 Census:
 * Population: 51
 * % Change (1996-2001): N/A
 * Dwellings: 28
 * Area (km2): 2.58
 * Density (persons per km2): 19.7


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Silent mutation

Silent mutations are mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. They are a specific type of neutral mutation. The phrase silent mutation is often used interchangeably with the phrase synonymous mutation; however, synonymous mutations are not always silent, nor vice versa. Synonymous mutations can affect transcription, splicing, mRNA transport, and translation, any of which could alter phenotype, rendering the synonymous mutation non-silent. The substrate specificity of the tRNA to the rare codon can affect the timing of translation, and in turn the co-translational folding of the protein. This is reflected in the codon usage bias that is observed in many species. Mutations that cause the altered codon to produce an amino acid with similar functionality (e.g. a mutation producing leucine instead of isoleucine) are often classified as silent; if the properties of the amino acid are conserved, this mutation does not usually significantly affect protein function.

Genetic code
The genetic code translates mRNA nucleotide sequences to amino acid sequences. Genetic information is coded using this process with groups of three nucleotides along the mRNA which are commonly known as codons. The set of three nucleotides almost always produce the same amino acid with a few exceptions like UGA which typically serves as the stop codon but can also encode tryptophan in mammalian mitochondria. Most amino acids are specified by multiple codons demonstrating that the genetic code is degenerate–different codons result in the same amino acid. Codons that code for the same amino acid are termed synonyms. Silent mutations are base substitutions that result in no change of the amino acid or amino acid functionality when the altered messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated. For example, if the codon AAA is altered to become AAG, the same amino acid – lysine – will be incorporated into the peptide chain.

Mutations are often linked to diseases or negative impacts but silent mutations can be extremely beneficial in creating genetic diversity among species in a population. Germ-line mutations are passed from the parent to the offspring. Scientists have predicted that people have approximately 5 to 10 deadly mutations in their genomes but this is essentially harmless because there is usually only one copy of a particular bad gene so diseases are unlikely. Silent mutations can also be produced by insertions or deletions, which cause a shift in the reading frame.

Because silent mutations do not alter protein function they are often treated as though they are evolutionarily neutral. Many organisms are known to exhibit codon usage biases, suggesting that there is selection for the use of particular codons due to the need for translational stability. Transfer RNA (tRNA) availability is one of the reasons that silent mutations might not be as silent as conventionally believed.

There is a different tRNA molecule for each codon. For example, there is a specific tRNA molecule for the codon UCU and another specific for the codon UCC, both of which code for the amino acid serine. In this instance, if there was a thousand times less UCC tRNA than UCU tRNA, then the incorporation of serine into a polypeptide chain would happen a thousand times more slowly when a mutation causes the codon to change from UCU to UCC. If amino acid transport to the ribosome is delayed, translation will be carried out at a much slower rate. This can result in lower expression of a particular gene containing that silent mutation if the mutation occurs within an exon. Additionally, if the ribosome has to wait too long to receive the amino acid, the ribosome could terminate translation prematurely.

Primary structure
A nonsynonymous mutation that occurs at the genomic or transcriptional levels is one that results in an alteration to the amino acid sequence in the protein product. A protein's primary structure refers to its amino acid sequence. A substitution of one amino acid for another can impair protein function and tertiary structure, however its effects may be minimal or tolerated depending on how closely the properties of the amino acids involved in the swap correlate. The premature insertion of a stop codon, a nonsense mutation, can alter the primary structure of a protein. In this case, a truncated protein is produced. Protein function and folding is dependent on the position in which the stop codon was inserted and the amount and composition of the sequence lost.

Conversely, silent mutations are mutations in which the amino acid sequence is not altered. Silent mutations lead to a change of one of the letters in the triplet code that represents a codon, but despite the single base change, the amino acid that is coded for remains unchanged or similar in biochemical properties. This is permitted by the degeneracy of the genetic code.

Historically, silent mutations were thought to be of little to no significance. However, recent research suggests that such alterations to the triplet code do affect protein translation efficiency and protein folding and function.

Furthermore, a change in primary structure is critical because the fully folded tertiary structure of a protein is dependent upon the primary structure. The discovery was made throughout a series of experiments in the 1960s that discovered that reduced and denatured RNase in its unfolded form could refold into the native tertiary form. The tertiary structure of a protein is a fully folded polypeptide chain with all hydrophobic R-groups folded into the interior of the protein to maximize entropy with interactions between secondary structures such as beta sheets and alpha helixes. Since the structure of proteins determines its function, it is critical that a protein be folded correctly into its tertiary form so that the protein will function properly. However, it is important to note that polypeptide chains may differ vastly in primary structure, but be very similar in tertiary structure and protein function.

Secondary structure
Silent mutations alter the secondary structure of mRNA.

Secondary structure of proteins consists of interactions between the atoms of the backbone of a polypeptide chain, excluding the R-groups. One common type of secondary structures is the alpha helix, which is a right-handed helix that results from hydrogen bonds between the nth amino acid residue and the n+4th amino acid residue. The other common type of secondary structure is the beta sheet, which displays a right-handed twist, can be parallel or anti-parallel depending on the direction of the direction of the bonded polypeptides, and consists of hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl and amino groups of the backbone of two polypeptide chains.

mRNA has a secondary structure that is not necessarily linear like that of DNA, thus the shape that accompanies complementary bonding in the structure can have significant effects. For example, if the mRNA molecule is relatively unstable, then it can be rapidly degraded by enzymes in the cytoplasm. If the RNA molecule is highly stable, and the complementary bonds are strong and resistant to unpacking prior to translation, then the gene may be under expressed. Codon usage influences mRNA stability.

Furthermore, since all organisms contain a slightly different genetic code, their mRNA structures differ slightly as well, however, multiple studies have been conducted that show that all properly folded mRNA structures are dependent on the primary sequence of the polypeptide chain and that the structure is maintained by dinucleotide relative abundances in the cell matrix. It has also been discovered that mRNA secondary structure is important for cell processes such as transcript stability and translation. The general idea is that the functional domains of mRNA fold upon each other, while the start and stop codon regions generally are more relaxed, which could aid in the signaling of initiation and termination in translation.

If the oncoming ribosome pauses because of a knot in the RNA, then the polypeptide could potentially have enough time to fold into a non-native structure before the tRNA molecule can add another amino acid. Silent mutations may also affect splicing, or transcriptional control.

Tertiary structure
Silent mutations affect protein folding and function. Normally a misfolded protein can be refolded with the help of molecular chaperones. RNA typically produces two common misfolded proteins by tending to fold together and become stuck in different conformations and it has a difficulty singling in on the favored specific tertiary structure because of other competing structures. RNA-binding proteins can assist RNA folding problems, however, when a silent mutation occurs in the mRNA chain, these chaperones do not bind properly to the molecule and are unable to redirect the mRNA into the correct fold.

Recent research suggests that silent mutations can have an effect on subsequent protein structure and activity. The timing and rate of protein folding can be altered, which can lead to functional impairments.

Research and clinical applications
Silent mutations have been employed as an experimental strategy and can have clinical implications.

Steffen Mueller at the Stony Brook University designed a live vaccine for polio in which the virus was engineered to have synonymous codons replace naturally occurring ones in the genome. As a result, the virus was still able to infect and reproduce, albeit more slowly. Mice that were vaccinated with this vaccine and exhibited resistance against the natural polio strain.

In molecular cloning experiments, it can be useful to introduce silent mutations into a gene of interest in order to create or remove recognition sites for restriction enzymes.

Mental disorders can be caused by silent mutations. One silent mutation causes the dopamine receptor D2 gene to be less stable and degrade faster, underexpressing the gene.

A silent mutation in the multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1), which codes for a cellular membrane pump that expels drugs from the cell, can slow down translation in a specific location to allow the peptide chain to bend into an unusual conformation. Thus, the mutant pump is less functional.

Deviations from average pain sensitivity are caused by both an ATG to GTG mutation (nonsynonymous), and a CAT to CAC mutation (synonymous). These two mutations are both shared by the low pain sensitivity and high pain sensitivity gene. Low pain sensitivity has an additional CTC to CTG silent mutation, while high pain sensitivity does not and shares the CTC sequence at this location with average pain sensitivity.

Multi-Drug Resistance Gene 1
Around 99.8% of genes that undergo mutations are deemed silent because the nucleotide change does not change the amino acid being translated. Although silent mutations are not supposed to have an effect on the phenotypic outcome, some mutations prove otherwise like the Multi-Drug Resistance Gene 1. MDR1 codes for the P-glycoprotein which helps get rid of drugs in the body. It is located in the intestines, liver, pancreas, and brain. MDR 1 is located in the same places that CYP3A4 is located in, which is an enzyme that helps get rid of toxins or drugs from the liver and intestines. Silent mutations like MDR 1 do express a change in phenotypic response. A study done on mice showed when they did not have enough of the MDR 1 gene, their body did not recognize the ivermectin or cyclosporine drug, leading to the creation of toxins in their bodies.

MRD1 has over fifty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) which are changes in the nucleotide base sequence. In MDR1 the gene exon 26 which represents 3535C can mutate to 3535T which then changes the transfer RNA into one that is not often as seen, leading to changes in the outcome during translation. This is an example of how some silent mutations are not always silent. The multi-drug resistance genes at Exon 26 C3435T, exon 21 G2677T/A, and exon 12 C1236T have been studied to have SNP's that occur at the same time, therefore making the phenotypic "function "change. This suggests a haplotype dependency between exon 26 and other exon that have polymorphisms. For example, efavirenz and nelfinavir are two types of drugs that help decrease the HIV infection in a person's body. When the SNP from exon 26 is coupled with other SNP exons, the drugs have a lower chance of maintaining the HIV infection. Although, when the TT nucleotides in exon 26 are expressed the patient has a lower concentration of the virus but when the genotype morphs into CC or CT the infection is able to spread like normal leaving the MDR 1 gene almost defenseless. These changes in bases of exon 26 for MDR 1 show a correlation between the MDR 1 gene mutations and the ability of the antiretroviral drugs to suppress the HIV infection.

Exon 26 has also been studied as to whether it is haplotype dependent or not. The presence of the SNP of exon 26 changes phenotypic functions when it is paired with the presence of mutations from exons 12 and 21. But when acting alone, it does not affect the phenotypic outcome as strongly. An example of exon 26’s haplotype dependency is seen when looking at chemotherapy. Since MDR 1 removes drugs from our cells, inhibitors have been used to block MRD 1's ability to remove drugs, thus letting beneficial drugs like chemotherapy and immunosuppressants aid the body in recovery more efficiently. MDR1 has different proteins that help exile these specific drugs from cancer cells. Verapamil and cyclosporine A are common inhibitors for MDR 1. Unfortunately, when C3435T is mutated with a mutation from either exon 12 or exon 21 (or if all three mutations occur at the same time creating a haplotype), the inhibitors are less likely to weaken the function of MDR1. Multiple silent mutated genes tend to be more resistant against these inhibitors.

Looking at the molecular level, the reason why C3435T in exon 26 of MDR 1 gene is not silent is because of the pace at which the amino acids are being translated to proteins. mRNA’s secondary structures can fold which means different codons correspond to different folding's of the mRNA. For example, when exon 26 changes ATC to ATT both codons produce the same amino acid but ATC is seen more often than the mutation codon. As a consequence, the amount of time it takes for the ribosome to produce its protein confirmation is changed. This leads to a protein structure different from the usual shape of the protein which leads to different functions of the protein.

Other reasons behind MDR1’s “silent mutation” occurs in messenger RNA. In mRNA, codons also work as exon splicing enhancers. Codons decide when to cut out introns based on the codon it is reading in mRNA. The mutated codons have a higher risk of making a mistake when splicing introns out of the mRNA sequence leading to the wrong exons being produced. Therefore, making a change to the mature messenger RNA. Mutations in the Multi-Drug Resistance Gene 1 show how silent mutations can have an effect on the outcome of the phenotype.

title: Silent mutation


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User:Whkoh/Copyrights

Dual-licensing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Whkoh/Copyrights


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Hyperventilating

Hyperventilating and variants may refer to:

 * Hyperventilation, the act of hyperventilating
 * Hyperventilation syndrome, a medical condition involving hyperventilating
 * Cheyne–Stokes respiration, the breathing disorder
 * Hypocapnia, a physiological result of hyperventilating
 * "Hyperventilating" (song), a 2006 song by Tami Chynn

title: Hyperventilating


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Category:2-10-4 locomotives

Locomotives classified 2-10-4 under the Whyte notation of locomotive axle arrangements.
 * The equivalent UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements is 1E2 or 1'E2'.

title: Category:2-10-4 locomotives


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Irish colonization of the Americas

Irish colonization of the Americas
Ireland never had any American colonies. No article needed. Rmhermen 01:04, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC) 02:36, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Probable spoof. At least, I hope it's a spoof... P Ingerson 01:49, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or rename to Irish immigration to the Americas - SimonP 03:26, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not a spoof, but a misnomer -- or possibly a POV vardiation on the term colonization, since it's linked to an article (European colonization of the Americas) does exactly that. --219.101.137.3 03:58, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC) (Huh. How did I get logged out? That's me over there. --Calton 04:26, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article begins with: "Ireland itself did not take part in the colonization of the Americas." --MarkSweep 07:15, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * One delete vote from an Irish American. JamesMLane 07:53, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Bad title, but I can imagine a perfectly good article on Irish role in the colonization of the Americas. And in its decolonization: Bernardo O'Higgins. -- Jmabel | Talk 08:13, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Something like Irish diaspora, Irish American, Irish Canadian, Irish Quebecers? Rmhermen 15:45, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but (except for Irish Canadian) those are pretty stubby. I suppose that Irish diaspora could be the top-level article and this material could go there for now, with a possibility of later sectioning things out. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:38, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * delete in this incarnation. There is a good bit of history there (same goes for Welsh and Scots) but this is a substub and not worth keeping. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 10:04, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it is a stub which was just created last night. Its not even a day old yet. Having this is better then having nothing in the Irish entry for European colonization of the Americas, as I said it just needs something written about te history of Irish Americans. --Josquius 19:23, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * People have mentioned what should be in the article yet no one has done anything, is that not what stubs are meant to be for? Since Ireland is listed on the colonization of the Americas series there is meant to be a article of some kind here, I merely made a stub to draw attention to it. --Josquius 18:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The topic is valid enough to be expanded upon, perhaps as part of Immigration to the United States of America or a link therefrom, but the title is horrible. Colonization is commonly understood to mean conquest by a state. Immigration is the proper phraseology, if I'm understanding your intent correctly.  Delete, then start again with a better title and more information. Katefan0 19:57, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hello? Bernardo O'Higgins? First president of Chile, not exactly part of the United States? -- Jmabel | Talk 20:47, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep: I don't particularly care strongly one way or another on this, but it's important to note that Irish colonization might mean one of two things, either colonization done by the government of Eire or colonization by groups of non-government-affiliated Eires. It may be accurate that this is poorly named -- perhaps someone can figure out a better name for the article. --Improv 20:08, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Supplemental: This vote is meant to also pertain to contiguous XX colonization of the Americas articles. --Improv 20:09, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * If you mean colonies like Jamestown, started by a group of private citizens under British patent, Ireland did not start any. If you are talking about "enclaves" of settlement, I don't see why that wouldn't be discussed in an article like Irish Diaspora or more generally, perhaps a title like Irish emigration or Irish emigration to the Americas if we want to be that specific. Rmhermen 21:49, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I would encourage you then to be bold and move the pages to a better title. --Improv 03:15, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I was hoping to see an article on the theories of the Celtic tribes from Ireland that people like amateur historian Barry Fell think were on the North American contintent several thousand years ago (proving this through rock artifacts with various, obscure Celtic scripts carved into them). But this is just bad. Thus, DELETE with all the fury an Irish man possesses when chugging Guinness. —ExplorerCDT 00:21, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - no Irish colonies in the Americas. -- Cyrius|✎ 01:07, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete article about nothing Gazpacho 02:17, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but rename into something less strange. Irish immigration into the Americas? History of Irish people in the USA? Mikkalai 08:53, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The article explains exactly what it's about and it's in compliance with the names of the other colonization of the Americas articles. --Dante Alighieri | Talk
 * Well, no, it doesn't really, since no government of Ireland that I'm aware of has established any sort of colony anywhere in the Americas. Colonization is different from emigration. --Calton 07:11, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Cdc 06:12, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. See below. --Mononoke 21:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. There is no need to have articles about things that did not happen. Martg76 00:22, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


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User talk:Morcelu

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:05, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Morcelu


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Eugen Baumann

Eugen Baumann (12 December 1846 – 3 November 1896) was a German chemist. He was one of the first people to create polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and, together with Carl Schotten, he discovered the Schotten-Baumann reaction.

Life
Baumann was born in Cannstatt, which is now part of Stuttgart. After he attended a gymnasium in Stuttgart, he was educated in the pharmacy of his father. During his time in Stuttgart, he attended the lectures of Hermann von Fehling at the University of Stuttgart.

To broaden his education, he went to Lübeck and Gothenburg to work in pharmacies there. Later, he studied pharmacy at the University of Tübingen. He passed his first exam in 1870 and received his PhD in 1872 for work with Felix Hoppe-Seyler. He followed Hoppe-Seyler to the University of Straßburg where did his habilitation in 1876. The same year, Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond offered him a position as the Head of the Chemistry Department of the Institute of Physiology in Berlin. In 1882, Baumann became professor of medicine at that institute, and subsequently obtained professor position at the University of Freiburg.

In 1895, he took over the management of Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie with Albrecht Kossel.

From 1883 till his death, Baumann was married to Theresa Kopp, the daughter of chemist Hermann Kopp, and they had five children. He died at the age of 49 due to a heart problem.

Work
The organosulfur compounds of urine were his starting point into the physiological chemistry. He identified the source for aromatic compounds in urine being the aromatic amino acids, such as tyrosine. He influenced the organosulfur chemistry by the synthesis of thioacetals and thioketals. These substances were subsequently used by other scientists, for example for anesthesia. Together with his coworkers, he was able to prove that thyroxine was the active ingredient in the thyroid gland.

Schotten-Baumann reaction

During his work at the physiological institute, Baumann, together with Carl Schotten, discovered a method to synthesize amides from amines and acid chlorides; this method is still known as the Schotten-Baumann reaction.

title: Eugen Baumann


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Talk:Communist symbolism

This wikipedia page reflects this talk page, an absolutely biased, ideologically possessed work of propaganda. Any politically neutral volunteers out there, please read below and consider fixing this mess. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.161.67.17 (talk) 05:54, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

Needs work
This needs work, and should be as detailed as Anarchist symbolism--Che y Marijuana 01:06, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Should the red fist not be mentioned here? It's a pretty common symbol among contemporary communist and socialist movements. Sam 89.242.167.25 12:37, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you saying that Black Lives Matter is a Socialist movement? Well, what do we have here, an expert in human psychology! While the fist was appropriated by Socialist causes, it is not a symbol of Socialism. MarioSuperstar77 (talk) 14:09, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Pol Pot
The Pol Pot regime is not considered communist and should not be listed under this article. I personally will not tolerate anti-communism by use of non-neutral tone and vocabulary. -- unsigned comment by TwelveStones 02:38, 29 April 2006

 * Whatever, dude -- I'm not sure that I really care all that much about the more abstruse and esoteric classifications of your own particular political theology, but no matter what these may happen to be, the state emblem of "Democratic Kampuchea" is still a prime example of the more aesthetically negative side of classsic Communist symbolism (have you ever actually seen it??). If you don't like my wording, then try to come up with better wording, but don't delete relevant information. AnonMoos 13:25, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * NO. The Democratic Kampuchea was not communist. It would be the same as classifying a Buddhist symbol under Christian symbolism. I am removing it, and if you do not stop spreading ideological messages I will report this to a moderator. TwelveStones 15:09, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Dude, you're the one who is acting on his personal political theology, and is DELETING RELEVANT INFORMATION. AnonMoos 15:34, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've stated this before. The Democratic Kampuchea is neither considered a socialist state nor a communist movement. It does not belong in this entry. Now as to 'political theology' I am first and foremost here to remove anti-communism, but I support a netural-tone wikipedia. TwelveStones

 * Dude, how many times do I have to tell you that your personal political theology has no relevance to Wikipedia. Trotsky said that Stalin wasn't a "true" communist, Stalin said that Trotsky wasn't a "true" communist, and you've chosen to personally excommunicate the Khmer Rouge from what you consider to be "true" communism.  Unfortunately, that has absolutely no relevance whatsoever to Wikipedia.  Meanwhile, I would appreciate it if you would stop deleting factual information. AnonMoos 21:04, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Again, I will make an analogy. You wouldn't put Gnostic symbols in an article devoted to Christian symbolism. If the state isignia of the Democratic Kampuchea were to be included in this article, it would need to go under 'Other communist symbols'. TwelveStones

 * I really have no interest in your opinions as to whether Pol Pot was a "true" communist, according to your personal political ideology. AnonMoos 16:54, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * But you see, there's this thing called the truth. And what do you know, some opinions can be true! It's amazing, I know. If we were to take a textbook definition of Marxism : class struggle leading to the rise of a worker's state, then we could easily see that Khmer Rouge was not a Marxist movement and would not fall under 'communist symbolism' except perhaps under other communist symbols. TwelveStones

 * You've demonstrated absolutely nothing other than your personal political theology, and your particular individual conclusions about whom you (from your idiosyncratic point of view) choose to regard as being a "true" communicate, or choose to excommunicate from "true" communism -- "true" being relative to your personal opinions, of course. Yawn. AnonMoos 07:24, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If we don't define what 'communism' is first, we can't really have a communist symbolism entry now can we? TwelveStones

 * You haven't made the slightest attempt to "define" it, but have merely displayed your own personal political ideology. AnonMoos 19:28, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Am I right in thinking that Pol Pot was not recognised as communist by the PRC, USSR and other similar states? Personally I would consider that if true, that (universal lack of recognition by peers) would be enough ground to call it not-communist. Leushenko (talk) 05:06, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

A question of political position
User: Political Dweeb here wants to ask a question on how the socialist, social democratic, democratic socialist, communist, left communist, eurocommunist, leninist, Marxist and Trotskyist political parties and movements etc view the red flag in left wing politics.

Do all the political parties and organisations etc of these left wing ideologies see the red flag as representing the blood of the "martyred working-class leaders" that was expressed in the Wikipedia article on communist symbolism? Or to them is the left wing meaning of the red flag not blood but something different like for example change, revolution etc?

I hope someone can help me answer this question, thanks .--Political Dweeb (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 20:19, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

 * "All"? It means whatever they want it to mean. If they want to be popular, "blood of martyrs" hasn't been fashionable since August 2001. Leushenko (talk) 00:14, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Use of 'another' for first listed item
The Article says:

"The hammer and sickle is another symbol of the communist movement."

But the H&S is the first symbol it lists. I think it should say:

"The hammer and sickle is a symbol of the communist movement"The GloriousProletariatRevolution (talk) 08:22, 2 August 2008 (UTC) - Hammer and sickle is not and never was symbol of communist party. It was symbol of labour class in communistical countries and rather symbol of social demococracy in 19 th century. Formally symbol of communist party was only five-pointed red star althought oldest symbol was red flag (but it was not official symbol of communist party in soviet block)

Open Book and Rifle: Commnist of Fascist?
Just read on the article about Italian fascism that a motto of Fascism in Italy was Libro e moschetto - fascista perfetto, "The book and the musket - make the perfect Fascist."

Now perhaps is a coincidence, but the Mozambique flag has an Open Book and an AK-47 rifle in it. Communist or Fascism symbolism? --Pinnecco (talk) 22:00, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Keep in mind that all communist leaders as well as Hitler and Mussolini considered themselves revolutionaries, and rightly so according to most historians. Hence, the similarity in symbols.Biophys (talk) 21:28, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

 * From what I know, fascism is generally considered to be reactionary, not revolutionary, in line with its tendency to glorify the past (The Holy Roman Empire in Nazi Germany, the Roman Empire in fascist Italy) along with its extreme nationalism. However, the issue at hand is not whether both communism and fascism are reactionary, but whether they both used the symbol of the book and gun. It's perfectly possible for it to be both a fascist and a communist symbol, so long as both sides used it. 76.28.97.246 (talk) 17:25, 18 August 2011 (UTC)

Removed reference to Soviet flag
Most socialist/communists movements that isn't Marxist-Leninist (or similar) don't recognize the flag of the U.S.S.R as an symbol for communism, and the red flag or as mentioned a party flag is more commonly used. Variants of just hammer and sickle upon flag however may be used but withouth the star, which characterize the soviet flag). --176.11.20.222 (talk) 21:21, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

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Someone is trying to turn Hop Rock from the tv show Slugterra into a communist symbol, obvious trolling
A troll is attempting to turn the slug species Hop Rock from the tv show Slugterra into a communist symbol out of spite. 2001:12B4:68F:DE01:B0C7:2D47:D492:C7F (talk) 19:23, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Communist symbolism


text:
Category:0-8-8-0 locomotives

Steam locomotives of the 0-8-8-0 wheel arrangement in Whyte notation.

title: Category:0-8-8-0 locomotives


text:
Topa Inca Yupanqui

Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui ('Tupaq Inka Yupanki'), also Topa Inga Yupangui, translated as "noble Inca accountant," (before 1471 –1493) was the tenth Sapa Inca (1471–93) of the Inca Empire, fifth of the Hanan dynasty. His father was Pachacuti, and his son was Huayna Capac. Topa Inca belonged to the Qhapaq panaca (one of the clans of Inca nobles). His qoya (principal wife) was his older sister, Mama Ocllo.

Biography
His father appointed him to head the Inca army before his reign as emperor, granting him the title of Auqui, or crown prince, at a young age. Topa Inca launched multiple large-scale expeditions to the north during his period as Auqui, subduing regions such as Hatun Xauxa, the Bombon Plateau, and Huaylas. Cities and sites the army he commanded besieged and captured at this time include Curamba, Huaylla-Pucara, Canta, and, most importantly, Chan Chan. He extended the realm along the Andes through modern Ecuador, and developed a special fondness for the city of Quito, which he rebuilt with architects from Cusco. During this time his father Pachacuti reorganized the kingdom of Cusco into the Tawantinsuyu, the "four provinces." Topa Inca led extensive military conquests to extend the Inca empire across much of Southern America.

He became Sapa Inca (sole ruler) in his turn upon his father's death in 1471, ruling until his own death in 1493. He conquered Chimor, which occupied the northern coast of what is now Peru, the largest remaining rival to the Incas. He conquered the province of Antisuyu and subdued the Qulla people. He imposed rules and taxes, creating two Suyuyoc Apu (Governor Generals), one in Jauja and the other in Tiahuanacu. The fortress Saksaywaman, established by Pachacuti on the high plateau above Cusco, was constructed throughout Topa Inca Yupanqui's reign.

Topa Inca died about 1493 in Chincheros, leaving two legitimate sons, and 90 illegitimate sons and daughters. Chuqui Ocllo, one of the wives of Topa Yupanqui, convinced him that his son Capac Huari would succeed him, however, Topa Inca Yupanqoi changed his mind and decided on his son Titu Cusi Hualpa (who would later become emperor Huayna Capac). This provoked anger in Chuqui Ocllo and she poisoned Topa Inca. She and her favorite son were both killed soon after Topa Inca's death.

Original account
Topa Inca Yupanqui is also credited with leading a roughly 10-month-long voyage of exploration into the Pacific around 1470, under the reign of his father, reportedly visiting islands he called Nina Chumpi ("fire belt") and Hawa Chumpi ("outer belt", also spelled Avachumpi, Hahua chumpi). The voyage is mentioned in the History of the Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, as well as in the works of Martin de Murúa and Miguel Cabello de Balboa. Pedro Sarmiento described the expedition as follows:
 * …there arrived at Tumbez some merchants who had come by sea from the west, navigating in balsas with sails. They gave information of the land whence they came, which consisted of some islands called Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, where there were many people and much gold. Topa Inca was a man of lofty and ambitious ideas, and was not satisfied with the regions he had already conquered. So he determined to challenge a happy fortune, and see if it would favour him by sea.…

 * The Inca, having this certainty, determined to go there. He caused an immense number of balsas to be constructed, in which he embarked more than 20,000 chosen men.…

 * Topac Inca navigated and sailed on until he discovered the islands of Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, and returned, bringing back with him slaves, gold, a chair of brass, and a skin and jaw bone of a horse. These trophies were preserved in the fortress of Cusco until the Spaniards came. The duration of this expedition undertaken by Topa Inca was nine months, others say a year, and, as he was so long absent, every one believed he was dead.
 * – "¿Viajarón los Incas por Oceanía?" Revista Enraizada. (In Spanish) 2020.

Analysis
Historians and anthropologists such as María Rostworowski, Waldemar Espinoza, José Antonio del Busto Duthurburu and Jean Hervé Daude, believe that the two islands mentioned by the chroniclers are Mangareva and Easter Island,  where oral traditions have claimed that a group of long-eared hanau eepe came to the island from an unknown land. Some historians, however, are skeptical that the voyage ever took place.

title: Topa Inca Yupanqui


text:
List of state highways in New Jersey before 1927

 { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "State highways in New Jersey before 1927.map" }

New Jersey was one of the first U.S. states to adopt a system of numbered state highways. New Jersey's original numbered highway system was first legislated in 1916, succeeding another proposal submitted in 1913 by the State Highway commission. By 1923, 24 routes had been numbered. Due to a lack of central organizing oversight, many routes were legislated, but not numbered. A partial renumbering was proposed in 1926 to eliminate duplicates and give numbers to all routes, and in 1927 a full renumbering was carried out.

History
The earliest efforts for the state of New Jersey to maintain a network of highways dates back to 1891, when law was passed allotting funds for the construction of highways. This was bolstered in 1894 with the creation of a Commissioner of Public Roads, which evolved into the State Highway Commission in 1909. The first highways the commission created were the Ocean Highway and the Delaware River Drive, created in 1909 and 1911 respectively. The first effort at a state-wide highway network was begun by the commission in 1912 and submitted for approval in 1913. This system was never put in place; instead, the first permanent system to define a system of highways in the state was created by the Egan Bill (1916 state laws, chapter 285), which designated the initial system of 13 routes, bolstered by the Edge Bill (L. 1917 c. 14), which went into more detail on funding, maintenance, and similar issues. At this time most primary roads in the state had trail numbers which bore no resemblance to the highway numbers; these were soon obsoleted by the new system.

However, after 1921, the process was less coordinated, as local politicians tried to get their route built without concern for duplication of numbers. The State Highway Commission was not allowed to change the numbers; the best they could do was assign suffixes. Where multiple routes existed with the same number, suffixes of N and S were used for the northernmost and southernmost. Starting in 1923, various unnumbered routes were also assigned; none of these were taken over by 1927.

Construction and maintenance transfers began by 1917 with Route 13 (the Lincoln Highway, now Route 27) north of Kingston; the routes were marked by 1922.

In 1926, a partial renumbering was proposed to eliminate duplicates and assign a number to every route; this would have given the system numbers from 1 to 30. Instead, a total renumbering was adopted in 1927 as public law chapter 319. This system - the 1927 renumbering - assigned numbers from 1 to 12 in northern New Jersey, 21 to 28 roughly radiating from Newark, 29 to 37 from Trenton, 38 to 47 from Camden, and 48 to 50 in South Jersey. Portions of the pre-1927 routes that had been taken over or built, but were not assigned new numbers, kept their old numbers. These four routes - Route 4N, Route 5N, Route 8N and Route 18N - were all assigned the suffix N (as the only suffixed one to remain was 18N, and the others needed to be distinguished from the new routes of the same number).


text:
Frank Parker Day

Frank Parker Day (9 May 1881 – 30 July 1950) was a Canadian athlete, academic and author.

Since Day's father was a Methodist minister who moved to a new congregation every three years, Day spent his youth living throughout Nova Scotia, living in Wallace, Acadia Mines, Mahone Bay, Boylston, and Lockeport.

Early life and education
When he was seventeen, Day attended Lunenburg Academy and from there went on to earn a BA, in 1903 from Mount Allison University. Day was a member of the varsity rugby football team while completing his undergraduate studies. On the school's new athletic field Day scored Mount Allison's first points in the intercollegiate Rugby football in 1900.

He later won a Rhodes Scholarship, studying at Oxford University in 1905. Day was an athlete, and won the Oxford-Cambridge Heavyweight Championship. Returning to Canada, he embarked on an academic career, teaching English at the University of New Brunswick, before being appointed president of Union College in Schenectady, New York.

War service
Having served with the King Edward's Light Horse while at Oxford University, followed by a year with the 28th New Brunswick Dragoons before filling the position of junior major with the 85th Overseas Battalion. Day served in the Canadian Army. where he played a crucial role in recruiting and training of the 185th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Cape Breton Highlanders), CEF.

Details of the 94th Victoria Regiment "Argyll Highlanders" were called out on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties.

The 85th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 12 October 1916. It disembarked in France on 10 February 1917, where it fought as part of the 12th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was subsequently disbanded on 15 September 1920.

The 185th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Cape Breton Highlanders), CEF was authorized on 15 July 1916 with Day as its lieutenant colonel, and embarked for Great Britain on 12 October 1916. There it provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 15 February 1918, when its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF. Day then commanded the 25th Battalion from August to October 1918.

Literary career
He practiced writing poetry, songs, essays, and news items during his student and army days. After the war he wrote stories for the Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine

 * Roses of Mercatel, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, School of Music and Drama, 1920
 * The Hour before Dawn, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, School of Music and Drama, 1921
 * An Epic of Marble Mountain, Harper's Magazine, New York, 1923
 * "The Iroquois", Atlantic Monthly 1923

Writings

 * River of Strangers Doubleday, Page & Co., New York 1926
 * The Autobiography of a Fisherman Doubleday, Page & Co., New York 1927
 * Rockbound Minton, Balch & Co., New York 1928
 * John Paul's Rock Minton, Balch & Co., New York 1932
 * A Good Citizen Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB (Josiah Wood Lectures) 134pp

Awards
His novel Rockbound was chosen for inclusion in Canada Reads 2005, championed by Donna Morrissey. Rockbound eventually won the competition.

Later life
When the Days came back to Nova Scotia to live they still had a struggle to make a living as Frank's medical expenses had been considerable, including the cost of convalescing in the Southern States and the West Indies. Frank was unsuccessful in getting war disability allowance. His arthritis had stemmed from a blow on the back during a battle in World War I. Retiring to the family cottage the Days spend their time at the tiny village of Lake Annis in Yarmouth County. Where Frank spent his time with friends Harry Hamilton and Joe (Jim) Charles, the Mi'kmaq guide in Hectanooga. They spend their season fishing, hunting, paddling the water ways of Yarmouth County.

title: Frank Parker Day


text: User talk:69.192.160.174

title: User talk:69.192.160.174


text:
Camelback locomotive

A camelback locomotive (also known as a Mother Hubbard or a center-cab locomotive) is a type of steam locomotive with the driving cab placed in the middle, astride the boiler. Camelbacks were fitted with wide fireboxes which would have severely restricted driver visibility from the normal cab location at the rear.

Development
The camel and the camelback design were developed separately by two different railroads in different eras. Though the name is often incorrectly used interchangeably, they had little in common other than the placement of the cab. Unlike the later Camelbacks, Camels had cabs that rode atop the boiler. Ross Winans wanted to put as much weight on the driving wheels as possible to increase traction. Camelbacks have a cab that straddles the boiler. While Camelbacks have the same idea of moving the cab forward, they had it for different reasons. Camelbacks were developed to allow for the use of larger fireboxes, such as the Wootten, which would obstruct the engineer's view from a conventionally placed cab. Camelbacks were particularly known for being used on the Central Railroad of New Jersey and the Reading Railroad.

Early use

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad began to look into developing high-powered steam locomotives in the early 1840s, and in 1844–1847 built a series of locomotives nicknamed "muddiggers". As with many early B&O locomotives, a spur gear drive was used to connect the main shaft to the driving wheels. The long 0-8-0 wheelbase pushed this connection to the back of the locomotive and caused the floor of the cab to be lifted up above the whole assembly.

In 1853 Ross Winans, who had designed the "muddiggers", built the first of a series of 0-8-0 camel locomotives. These had long cabs that ran from the back of the smokebox to the front of the firebox. The firebox itself sloped back on the earliest models. The fireman worked from a large platform on the tender, and in some cases had a chute to allow him to deliver coal to the front of the grate.

Also in 1853, Samuel Hayes, the Master of Machinery for the railroad, had built a series of camel 4-6-0 locomotives for passenger service. The layout of the locomotive was roughly the same as for Winans' freight locomotives, except for the addition of the four-wheel leading bogie. Copies and variations on these locomotives were built into the 1870s, with the last retirements coming in the 1890s. These were called the "Hayes Ten-Wheelers". Many camelback locomotives used anthracite. The B&O examples burned conventional bituminous coal. The large fireboxes of these locomotives were made obsolete by better boiler design.

The B&O Railroad Museum has recently restored their Camel Locomotive and returned it to display. It now is in its original colors and markings for the first time since it left the Mt. Clare Shops in 1869. The Museum also has a Central of New Jersey Camelback, the No. 592, which was donated to the Museum in the 1950s.

The Wootten firebox

John E. Wootten developed the Wootten firebox to effectively burn culm, anthracite waste, which was a plentiful, cheap source of fuel. Wootten determined that a large, wide firebox would work best. As the successful trailing truck used to support large fireboxes had not yet been developed, Wootten instead mounted his huge firebox above the locomotive's driving wheels.

First Camelbacks
Originally Wooten firebox engines were built with the cab sitting upon the top of the firebox, in the rear. The first Wooten firebox locomotives 4-6-0 "Ten Wheeler" types were built in early 1877 by the P&R's Reading, Pennsylvania shops. However they were not a "camelback" design. The Wooten firebox proved a success; the fuel cost saving was about $2,000 a year (approx. $30,000 now). A Wooten firebox engine, P&R 412 was exhibited at the 1879 International Technological Exhibition in Paris, where it won a silver medal. Following the exhibition it toured Europe, first to sell anthracite coal and later to sell Wooten firebox engines. The engine could not demonstrate on European lines because, due to the cab sitting on top of the firebox, it was too tall to fit under bridges and through tunnels. The 412's engineer C. Gilbert Steffe came up with a solution. In a French railroad yard, he had the cab removed from the firebox and placed forward of the firebox on the running boards, creating the first camelback locomotive. The engine demonstrated in France and Italy through 1879 and was returned to the U.S. in 1880. Because the camelback design allowed for a taller firebox, the design was used by many of the railroads operating in the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania. By the time of World War 1, the diameter of locomotive boilers had increased to the point the cab astride the boiler was no longer practical and railroads stopped building camelbacks and subsequent Wooten firebox engines were built with conventional end cabs. Camelback engines were constructed with many different wheel arrangements, 0-4-0, 0-6-0, 0-8-0, 2-6-0, 2-8-0, 2-8-2, 4-4-0, 4-4-2, and 4-6-0 were the most common wheel arrangements. The largest ones had a 0-8-8-0 arrangement and were the only articulated Camelbacks built.

Later Camelbacks
By the 1920s, many Camelback Ten Wheelers with boiler pressure at 200psi were in daily use pulling passenger trains on the Lehigh Valley, the Philadelphia and Reading, and the Central Railroad of New Jersey, particularly the last two. For their relatively small size, they were powerful, quick to accelerate, very stable at speed, and could be operated as fast as 90 miles per hour such as on the Reading's Atlantic City line. Some continued in service into the 1950s.

Safety concerns

The Camelback's cab astride the boiler design raised concerns for its crew. The separation of engineer and fireman limited their ability to communicate with each other. Also, the engineer was perched above the side-rods of the locomotive, vulnerable to swinging and flying metal if anything rotating below should break; in many cases, the fireman was exposed to the elements at the rear.

The Philadelphia and Reading's crews referred to these locomotives as Mother Hubbards. The B&O crews, who had co-use of the Reading's line from Philadelphia to Bound Brook NJ (the Reading's junction with the Central RR of New Jersey's line to Jersey City across from New York City) called the Camelbacks "Snappers" in reference to a possible side rod snapping and flailing into the cab. Many Camelbacks were converted into end-cab locomotives. The advent of the mechanical stoker which moved coal from the tender to the locomotive and its associated underfloor machinery placed cab floors and tender decks higher, and from that vantage point the engineer was safe.

Survivors
There are five known Camelback locomotives to survive today:

 * Central Railroad of New Jersey 4-4-2 No. 592, at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland.
 * Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 4-6-0 No. 173, at the National Museum of Transportation, St. Louis.
 * Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 4-6-0 No. 305 (formerly No. 217), at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland.
 * Delaware, Lackawanna & Western 4-4-0 No. 952, at the Museum of Transportation in St. Louis, Missouri.
 * Reading Company 0-4-0 No. 1187, at the Age of Steam Roundhouse Museum in Sugarcreek, Ohio. (cosmetic restoration)

Owning railroads

 * Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
 * Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
 * Canadian Pacific Railway
 * Central Railroad of New Jersey
 * Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad
 * Chicago and Indiana Coal Railroad
 * Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad
 * Delaware and Hudson Railway
 * Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
 * Bath & Hammondsport Railroad
 * Erie Railroad
 * Hecla and Torch Lake Railroad
 * Huntingdon & Broad Top Mountain Railroad
 * Lehigh and Hudson River Railway
 * Lehigh and New England Railroad
 * Lehigh Valley Railroad
 * Long Island Rail Road
 * Maine Central Railroad
 * Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad
 * Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway
 * New York, Ontario and Western Railway
 * New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway
 * Pennsylvania Railroad
 * Reading Railroad
 * St. Clair Tunnel Company
 * Staten Island Rapid Transit
 * Southern Pacific Railroad
 * Union Pacific Railroad
 * Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad

title: Camelback locomotive


text:
The Dancing Girl of Izu

The Dancing Girl of Izu or The Izu Dancer (伊豆の踊子) is a short story  (or, accounting for its length, a novella)   by Japanese writer and Nobel Prize winner Yasunari Kawabata first published in 1926.

Plot

The narrator, a twenty-year-old student from Tokyo, travels the Izu Peninsula during the last days of the summer holidays, a journey which he undertook out of a feeling of loneliness and melancholia. His paths repeatedly cross with a troupe of five travelling musicians, one man and four women, while heading for Mount Amagi tunnel. He is impressed by the beauty of the youngest looking woman in the troupe, who carries a heavy drum, and decides to follow them.

After traversing the tunnel, Eikichi, the troupe's male leader, starts a conversation with him, telling him that he and his companions are from Ōshima Island and on a short tour before the cold season sets in. In Yugano, where the group rests for the night, the narrator learns from Eikichi that the young woman, Kaoru, is his 14 year old sister. The other troupe members are Eikichi's wife Chiyoko, his mother-in-law, and a maid. In the evening, the musicians entertain guests in another inn in the village. The student hears Kaoru playing her drum, worrying if she might be harassed by her listeners.

The next day, the narrator witnesses the naked Kaoru coming out of the bath house, waving at him. The sight makes him laugh, realising that she is still a young, innocent girl. Although the day of his return to Tokyo is approaching, he accepts the musicians' offer to keep them company for another day. During a walk, the student overhears Kaoru and Chiyoko saying what a nice person he is, which enlightens him and distracts him both from his melancholia and from the fact that the group are poor, uneducated people. Eikichi's mother-in-law invites him to their home during his winter holidays, but later forbids Kaoru to accompany him to the cinema.

The next morning, the student enters a boat in Shimoda which takes him back to Tokyo, seen off by Eikichi and the grieving Kaoru. On the boat, he starts to cry, saddened by the parting but at the same time sensing a feeling of relief.

Publication history
The Dancing Girl of Izu was first published in Bungei Jidai magazine in two parts in 1926 and in book form by Kinseido in 1927 together with nine other stories.

Reception and legacy
Reviewing the 1997 American publication, Mark Morris in The New York Times called The Dancing Girl of Izu a "deceptively simple story […] about cleansing, purification", pointing out for one the "effacement of adult female sexuality and its replacement by an impossible white void of virginity", a common theme with Kawabata, as well as the protagonist's "personal absolution", received from people constantly living with the "stigma of social exclusion".

In his review of a 2000 anthology, Donald Richie rated The Dancing Girl of Izu as Kawabata's most famous and popular work, an autobiographical and "seemingly artless […] evocation of first love itself".

Translations
The Dancing Girl of Izu was first translated into English by Edward Seidensticker, being the first story by Kawabata which saw an English translation, and published in an abridged form as The Izu Dancer in The Atlantic Monthly in 1955. Later publications contained Seidensticker's complete translation of the story. A new English translation was provided by J. Martin Holman in 1997.

Films

 * The Dancing Girl of Izu (1933), starring Kinuyo Tanaka and Den Obinata, directed by Heinosuke Gosho
 * Izu no odoriko (1954), starring Hibari Misora and Akira Ishihama, directed by Yoshitarō Nomura
 * Izu no odoriko (1960), starring Haruko Wanibuchi and Masahiko Tsugawa, directed by Yoshirō Kawazu
 * Izu no odoriko (1963), starring Sayuri Yoshinaga and Hideki Takahashi, directed by Katsumi Nishikawa
 * Izu no odoriko (1966), starring Yōko Naitō and Toshio Kurosawa, directed by Hideo Onchi
 * Izu no Odoriko (1974), starring Momoe Yamaguchi and Tomokazu Miura, directed by Katsumi Nishikawa

Television
Kawabata's story has also been dramatised for Japanese television numerous times, including a 1993 version starring Takuya Kimura.

Popular culture
The story is well known in Japan, and today, Odoriko (lit. "dancing girl") is used as the name of express trains to the Izu area.

title: The Dancing Girl of Izu