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Jewish studies

Jewish studies (or Judaic studies; מדעי היהדות) is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism. Jewish studies is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of history (especially Jewish history), Middle Eastern studies, Asian studies, Oriental studies, religious studies, archeology, sociology, languages (Jewish languages), political science, area studies, women's studies, and ethnic studies. Jewish studies as a distinct field is mainly present at colleges and universities in North America.

Related fields include Holocaust research and Israel studies, and in Israel, Jewish thought. Bar-Ilan University has the world's largest school of Jewish studies; while Harvard was the first American university, and perhaps the first in the world, to appoint a full-time scholar of Judaica to its faculty.

History

The Jewish tradition generally places a high value on learning and study, especially of religious texts. Torah study (study of the Torah and more broadly of the entire Hebrew Bible as well as Rabbinic literature such as the Talmud and Midrash) is considered a religious obligation.

Since the Renaissance and the growth of higher education, many people, including people not of the Jewish faith, have chosen to study Jews and Judaism as a means of understanding the Jewish religion, heritage, and Jewish history.

The term Wissenschaft des Judentums (Science of Judaism) first made its appearance among young Jewish intellectuals in Berlin during the 1810s and 1820s. The first organized attempt at developing and disseminating Wissenschaft des Judentums was the Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft der Juden (Society for Jewish Culture and Science of the Jews), founded around 1819 by Eduard Gans, (a pupil of Hegel), and his associates, among them Leopold Zunz, Moses Moser, and later Heinrich Heine. Its principal objective, as it was then defined in the Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (1822), was the study of Judaism by subjecting it to criticism and modern methods of research. With the development of the "Science of Judaism" throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and its ramification into many spheres and subjects (Bible criticism, Talmud, Jewish literature of all periods, history and archaeology, religious philosophy, and the like), "Science of Judaism" came to signify the totality of studies concerning the Jewish people and Judaism. In English speaking countries these studies came to be referred to by such terms as Judaistica, Judaica, and Jewish studies or Judaic studies.

Religious instruction specifically for Jews, especially for those who wish to join the rabbinate, is taught at Jewish seminaries, and in Orthodox Judaism, yeshivas. Among the most prominent outside of Orthodox Judaism are the Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary and the Reform Hebrew Union College. See List of rabbinical schools. For the majority of Jewish students attending regular academic colleges and universities there is a growing choice of Jewish studies courses and even degrees available at many institutions.

The subject of antisemitism and the Holocaust, as well as the establishment of the modern State of Israel and the revival of the Hebrew language have all stimulated unusual interest in greater in-depth academic study, research, reading and lecturing about these core areas of knowledge related to current events. In the United States, the unique position that Jewish Americans have held within the nation's complex social structure has created substantial scholarship, especially with regards to topics such as interfaith marriage, political activism, and influence on popular culture.

In a 1966 article published in the American Jewish Year Book, the Hebrew literature scholar Arnold J. Band was among the first to call attention to the "spread of Jewish studies as an accepted academic discipline in the American liberal arts colleges and universities since the Second World War". In his article Band offered a definition of Jewish (Judaic) studies as "the discipline which deals with the historical experiences, in the intellectual, religious, and social spheres, of the Jewish people in all centuries and countries".

The political situation in the Middle East, especially the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, has raised the profile of Jews, Judaism, and Zionism on campuses, spurring many on to study this subject for non-degree as well as for credits in obtaining a Bachelor of Arts or Master of Arts degree. A growing number of mature students are even obtaining Ph.D.s in Jewish studies judging by the quantity of courses and programs available. Many hope to obtain employment in the field of Jewish education or in Jewish communal service agencies.

Some Christians search for an understanding of the Jewish background for Jesus Christ and Christianity and for the source of monotheism that sprang from Judaism. There are those who are seeking an understanding of the complex and volatile relationship between Islam and Judaism. Others are searching for spirituality and philosophy and therefore seek classes in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) and Jewish philosophy. There are also those who have a genuine concern and attachment to modern Israel as Christian Zionists and therefore seek to learn more about the subjects related to their beliefs.

Jewish studies have been offered at universities around the world. The following are only a few significant examples of places where Jewish studies are offered and flourish in an academic setting:

Colleges that offer Jewish studies
Several colleges in the United States and Israel offer Jewish studies or Judaic studies as a major.

Hebrew University of Jerusalem
The Institute of Jewish Studies of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem was established in 1924, a few months before the official opening of the university. Widely considered to be the world's premier center of Jewish studies, the institute includes eight teaching departments and 18 research institutes, oversees the publication of a wide variety of journals and periodicals and has a student body of over 1200 students pursuing undergraduate, graduate and doctoral degrees in Jewish studies. In addition, the university has several institutes dedicated to specific subjects of Jewish studies, such as the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, the Institute for Research in Jewish Law, the Institute of Archaeology, the Center for Jewish Art, the Jewish Music Research Center, the Center for Jewish Education, and the Department of Jewish Thought. The Jewish National and University Library, which serves as the library of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, houses the world's largest collection of Hebraica and Judaica. The university also benefits from Jerusalem's unparalleled concentration of resources, which include: some 50 museums, most of which are dedicated to, or contain significant exhibits pertinent to, Jewish studies; dozens of independent research institutes and libraries dedicated to Jewish studies; over 100 rabbinical colleges representing all streams of Judaism; and the city of Jerusalem itself, the ancient and modern center of Jewish life, thought and study.

Bar-Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan, Israel, has the world's largest school of Jewish studies, which includes 14 teaching departments, 21 research institutes, some 300 faculty members and over 2,000 students. The school publishes 11 journals and the only internet journal in Jewish Studies — Jewish Studies. Flagship projects of the Faculty of Jewish Studies include: the Responsa Project which is the largest database of classical Jewish sources throughout the ages; The "Mikraot Gdolot Haketer" which is the most accurate edition of the Mikraot Gdolot; The Ingeborg Rennert Center of Jerusalem Studies; and the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project, the excavations of the site of biblical Gath of the Philistines under the auspices of Prof. Aren Maier.

Tel Aviv University
Tel Aviv University's Department of Hebrew Culture Studies is the single largest integrative Jewish studies department in the world today. It covers a wide range of periods, methodologies, and scholarly interests. The Jewish Studies International MA provides tools and skills for further graduate studies in Jewish studies and other fields involving text work. It attracts Humanities graduates from all over the world. Its graduates are equipped for work in many branches of education, in Jewish and other communities, Jewish cultural institutions, synagogues and churches and charities.

American Jewish University
The American Jewish University, formerly the separate institutions University of Judaism and Brandeis-Bardin Institute, is a Jewish, non-denominational and highly eclectic institution. Its largest component is its Whizin Center for Continuing Education in which 12,000 students are enrolled annually in non-credit granting courses. A prominent program of the Center is the university's annual speaker series. AJU's academic division includes the College of Arts and Sciences, leading to a B.A. degree in majors such as Bioethics (pre-med), Business, Communication Arts & Advocacy, Jewish Studies, Political Science, and Psychology. In addition, AJU offers graduate degrees through the Fingerhut School of Education, The David L. Lieber Graduate School, and the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies, a Conservative Jewish rabbinical seminary. AJU is host to two "think tanks," the Center for Israel Studies (CIS) and the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust. Through the Brandeis-Bardin Institute, the University has oversight over Camps Ramah, Alonim, and Gan Alonim.

American University
The American University, located in Washington, D.C., is a private university that offers degrees in Jewish studies (both BA and minors). American University's Jewish Studies Program emphasizes the rich tradition of Jewish heritage in Western Civilization. The interdisciplinary Jewish Studies Program encompasses more than a dozen award-winning faculty from a variety of departments across the University. AU's Jewish studies professors and scholars include prize-winning authors; internationally renowned experts in the humanities, social sciences, and the arts; and several recipients of the Scholar/Teacher of the Year Award, AU's highest faculty honor. In addition to spending time in the classroom, these faculty make frequent media appearances and work with a wide range of scholarly and cultural institutions in our nation's capital and beyond dedicated to advancing knowledge of Jewish civilization to a wider public. Internships and other opportunities enable AU students to join with the faculty as they reach out to the wider community. A degree in Jewish studies enables students to analyze the civilizations of the Jewish people and their various cultural and religious expressions from the antiquity to the present. The Jewish Studies Program offers a major in Jewish studies, and minors in Jewish studies and in Israel studies.

Binghamton University
Binghamton University (SUNY) offers a major and a minor in Judaic studies (JUST). The department offers two concentrations: 1) Jewish history and culture and 2) Hebrew language and literature. There are a wide variety of courses offered. Internship credits are available. It also is home to a new Center For Israel Studies.

Brandeis University
The Lown School of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies is a comprehensive center for Judaic studies. It houses the department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, "one of the oldest and largest programs of its type outside of the State of Israel, with the largest faculty in Jewish Studies of any secular American university." The department's founding chairman was Simon Rawidowicz. The graduate program grants MA and PhD degrees in Bible and Ancient Near East, Jewish Studies, and Arab and Islamic Civilizations. The building also houses the Maurice and Marilyn Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies, the Steinhardt Social Research Institute, the Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry, the Jacob and Libby Goodman Institute for the Study of Zionism, the Bernard G. and Rhoda G. Sarnat Center for the Study of Anti-Jewishness, and the Benjamin S. Hornstein Program in Jewish Communal Service. The National Center for Jewish Film and the American Jewish Historical Society are associated with the Lown School.

Brown University
Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island offers an interdisciplinary Judaic studies program that includes an undergraduate concentration and graduate MA and PhD degrees. Faculty areas of focus include the Hebrew language, Jewish thought, modern Hebrew and Jewish literature, ancient Judaism, modern Jewish history, Biblical studies, rabbinics and early Judaism, and Latin American Jewish literature.

Columbia University
The Institute for Israel and Jewish Studies at Columbia University in New York City is supported by access to rare books and over 35,000 Hebrew and Yiddish titles in Columbia's Library. Columbia offers a joint undergraduate degree with the Jewish Theological Seminary. Columbia offers graduate programs in Jewish history, Yiddish studies, Talmud and Judaism.

Cornell University
The Program of Jewish Studies at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York is an interdisciplinary program. The scope of the Jewish studies curriculum covers Jewish civilization from its ancient Near Eastern origins through its contemporary history and culture in Israel and the diaspora communities around the world. Instruction is offered in Semitic languages; the Hebrew Bible; medieval and modern Hebrew literature; ancient, medieval, and modern Jewish history; and Holocaust studies.

Emory University
The Tam Institute for Jewish Studies (TIJS) at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, established in 1999 to bring together students and scholars in the interdisciplinary exploration of Jewish civilization and culture, is the largest Jewish studies program in the southern United States. The Institute’s core endowment was provided by the Arthur M. Blank Family Foundation. The Blank family named the Institute in honor of its spiritual leader, Rabbi Donald A. Tam, the founding rabbi of Temple Beth Tikvah of Roswell, Georgia and a community leader known for his wisdom, compassion, and public service (click here for a full bio of Rabbi Donald A. Tam). TIJS boasts nineteen core faculty members in seven departments across the Emory College of Arts and Sciences, plus one each in the Law School and the Candler School of Theology. In addition, seventeen affiliated faculty members offer occasional courses. Strengths of the program include modern and American Jewish history, Jews in Eastern Europe and in Islamic Civilizations, the Jewish textual tradition, modern Judaism, Jewish ethnography, Holocaust studies, Hebrew and Yiddish literatures and cultures, and Israel studies.

TIJS offers an undergraduate major and minor, graduate fellowships and a graduate certificate program. The Institute also supports undergraduate and graduate students with a wide range of grants for travel and research, study abroad, and intensive language study. In addition to its robust academic program, TIJS engages with the broader community through public events, most notably the Tenenbaum Family Lecture Series in Jewish Studies and the Rabbi Jacob M. Rothschild Memorial Lecture, which bring distinguished visiting scholars to campus.

Fairfield University
The Carl and Dorothy Bennett Center for Judaic Studies at Fairfield University in Connecticut was founded in 1994 with an initial endowment of $1.5 million from Carl and Dorothy Bennett. The Bennett Center's goal is to provide Fairfield University students exposure to and contact with Jewish ideas, culture, and thinking through lectures and other events.

Fairfield University also offers a minor in Judaic studies within the Religion Department. Courses cover the Jewish faith, history, and culture. It seeks to integrate Judaic studies into the curriculum of the Fairfield College of Arts and Sciences.

Florida Atlantic University
The Jewish Studies program at Florida Atlantic University provides an interdisciplinary approach to the academic study of Jewish culture, society and religion. As part of the Dororthy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters, the curriculum emphasizes historical transformations and comparative frameworks among various Jewish communities and with other groups and religions. Students may pursue an undergraduate major or minor in areas such as Jewish Civilization, History, Israel, Holocaust Studies, Arts and Culture, Religion, Politics and Social Issues.

George Washington University
Through the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, the Judaic Studies Program at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C. offers students the ability to study in the proximity to some of the most influential Jewish and Jewish-related institutions in the United States. Because of its location on the Foggy Bottom campus in downtown Washington, D.C., internships with organizations such as the American Jewish Committee, American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), the Embassy of Israel in Washington, the Sixth & I Historic Synagogue, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum are not only easily accessible but also very common.

The Gelman Library also hosts the I. Edward Kiev Collection, one of the largest Jewish academic archives on the East Coast.

Harvard University
The Center for Jewish Studies at Harvard University is the focal point for the study and teaching of Judaica through publications, fellowships, lectures, and symposia on topics of interest to scholars and to the general public. The Center sponsors visiting scholars and post-doctoral research fellows and coordinates undergraduate and graduate studies on an interdisciplinary basis. The Center does not offer degrees but degrees focusing on Judaic studies are available in various departments. See Harry Austryn Wolfson for history.

Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion
HUC-JIR's Pines School of Graduate Studies features a unique community of graduate students from diverse faiths and international backgrounds in a rabbinical seminary environment. Leading scholars guide individualized doctoral programs in Hebrew Bible and History of Biblical Interpretation, Jewish and Christian Studies in the Greco-Roman Period, Rabbinic Literature, and Jewish Thought. Also offered are a joint doctoral program in Modern Jewish History and Culture with the Department of History at the University of Cincinnati. The Pines School provides unlimited access to extraordinary resources at HUC's Cincinnati campus: the Klau Library network (the second-largest Jewish library in the world), the Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, the Archaeology Center, and the Skirball Museum, as well as the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem. Options include a two-year M.A. in Jewish studies in Cincinnati as a foundation for doctoral studies, which provides a mastery of Hebrew languages of all periods, skills to teach seminal Hebrew texts within their historical contexts, and treatment of all areas of Jewish studies as they relate to core academic disciplines, including history, literature, law, philosophy, and religion. The M.A. in Jewish Studies program also offers the opportunity for lay or professional leaders or non-Jewish clergy to expand their Judaic knowledge. The Summer-In-Israel Program for Ph.D. and M.A. students offers an archaeological dig into ancient Israel, coursework, and the opportunity to experience Israel as a modern state. Rabbis ordained at HUC or another accredited Jewish seminary can enroll in the Doctor of Hebrew Letters Program, with opportunities for non-residency independent study and coursework. HUC's New York campus offers the Interfaith Doctor of Ministry Program in Pastoral Counseling, designed for ordained clergy of all faiths. HUC's other graduate programs include the Rabbinical School's Master's in Hebrew Letters/Literature and ordination, the Debbie Friedman School of Sacred Music's Master's in Sacred Music and ordination, the School of Education's Master of Educational Leadership and concurrent option of Master of Arts in Jewish Learning, and the Zelikow School of Jewish Nonprofit Management's Master's in Jewish Nonprofit Management (24 months) and a Master's in Organizational Leadership (14 months), with limited summer residencies that allow students to work or complete another graduate school. The Jerome H. Louchheim School for Judaic Studies, based at HUC-JIR's Jack H. Skirball Campus in Los Angeles, offers courses for undergraduate students at the neighboring University of Southern California. HUC-JIR faculty members offer dozens of courses ranging from ancient history to Hebrew language to sociology. Courses are held on both the HUC and USC campuses, and they are open to all undergraduates at the University of Southern California. The Louchheim School offers a minor in Judaic studies, a minor in Jewish American studies, and a concentration in Jewish studies within a religious studies major.

Indiana University
The Borns Jewish Studies Program offers an undergraduate major (with a Jewish sacred music curriculum in conjunction with the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University); a certificate (8 courses); a minor in Hebrew; an undergraduate and graduate minor in Yiddish studies (via the Department of Germanic Studies); a master's degree; and a PhD minor.

Jewish Theological Seminary of America
The Jewish Theological Seminary of America is a graduate school which describes itself as offering "the most extensive academic program in advanced Judaic studies in North America." The school grants MA, DHL, and PhD degrees in the areas of: ancient Judaism; Bible and ancient Semitic languages; interdepartmental studies; Jewish art and visual culture; Jewish history; Jewish literature; Jewish philosophy; Jewish studies and public administration; Jewish studies and Social Work; *Jewish women's studies; Jewish liturgy; medieval Jewish studies; Midrash; modern Jewish studies; and Talmud and rabbinics. In addition to its graduate school, JTS also runs the Albert A. List College of Jewish Studies (which is affiliated with Columbia University and offers joint/double bachelor's degree programs with both Columbia and Barnard College); the William Davidson Graduate School of Jewish Education; the H. L. Miller Cantorial School and College of Jewish Music; and the Rabbinical School. The school's library "contains 425,000 volumes, making it the largest and most extensive collection of Hebraic and Judaic material in the Western Hemisphere."

Miami University (of Ohio)
The Jewish Studies Program at Miami University offers students a minor, which requires 18 credit hours, and a thematic sequence. The minor requires a balance of pre-modern and modern courses. At Miami, thematic sequence typically consists of three related courses designed with an intellectual or pedagogical progression. Undergraduates must take a thematic sequence outside the department(s) in which they major, according to the Global Miami Plan for Liberal Education.

Miami's program began in 2000, with the support of Thomas Idinopulos (d. 2010 ) and Karl Mattox. The proposal for Miami's Jewish Studies Program was developed partly by Allan Winkler. In 2006 and 2007, Miami University received grants from the Posen Foundation for the study of secular Judaism. Professor Sven-Erik Rose

Michigan Jewish Institute
Michigan Jewish Institute provides academic baccalaureate and other degree granting programs that combine an arts and sciences foundation with concentrations in Education, Leadership and General Judaic Studies for career development in applied Judaic disciplines. The Institute is part of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement.

New York University
The Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies offers one of the most comprehensive Jewish studies programs in North America, encompassing Hebrew language and literature as well as all facets of Jewish history and culture, from the ancient through the medieval to the modern. Courses are taught by faculty whose specialties include ancient Judaism, medieval Jewish history, modern Jewish history, Biblical studies, Middle Eastern studies, Postbiblical and Talmudic literature, Jewish mysticism, Jewish philosophy, and related fields. The school will grant eight elective credits to students who score 75 or more on the Jerusalem Exam Students may also receive credits for approved classes taken at NYU Tel Aviv.

Northwestern University
Northwestern University is home to the Crown Family Center for Jewish Studies, which offers both a minor and major in Jewish studies. The center consists of faculty across various departments, and offers courses in Hebrew, Yiddish, Jewish history, rabbinics, Jewish literature, and political science. Notable faculty include Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern, Irwin Weil, Jacob Lassner, Beverly Mortensen and Elie Rekhess.

Portland State University
The Harold Schnitzer Family Program in Judaic Studies at Portland State University (PSU) is located in Portland, Oregon. The program offers both a Bachelor of Arts major and minor in Judaic studies. Majors may choose one of five areas of concentration: Jews in Antiquity; Israel Studies; Judaism; Literature, Culture, and the Arts; or Modern Jewish History. Hebrew language instruction is also available.

Princeton University
The Program in Judaic Studies at Princeton University offers a certificate program. It includes a mandatory course called Great Books of the Jewish Tradition. and four other classes.

Rutgers University
Rutgers University has the largest department of Jewish studies among public research universities in the U.S. The Department serves as the academic home of seven full-time faculty members, who are supported by a dozen associated faculty members from other academic departments, Hebrew and Yiddish language instructors, and visiting fellows sponsored by the Allen and Joan Bildner Center for the Study of Jewish Life Students pursuing a B.A. degree may major or minor in Jewish studies. In addition, the Department offers two specialized minors, one in Modern Hebrew Language and one in the Language and Culture of Ancient Israel.

The M.A. degree in Jewish studies is designed for those seeking to advance their knowledge at the graduate level to prepare for doctoral-level work in Jewish studies or other careers. The Department also offers a Certificate in Jewish Studies to graduate students at Rutgers pursuing master's level or doctoral level work.

The program offers six free, non-credit, online courses in Jewish studies. Topics include Zionism, Rabbinic literature, Bible History, Jews under Islam and more.

San Diego State University
The Jewish Studies Program at San Diego State University (SDSU), located in San Diego, California, is an interdisciplinary program serving the students of SDSU as well as the greater San Diego community. SDSU offers a Major in Modern Jewish Studies and a Minor in Jewish Studies, teaching a broad range of topics related to Jewish history, religion and culture from the biblical through the modern periods. SDSU also offers a minor in Hebrew language within SDSU's Department of Linguistics, Asian/Middle Eastern Languages program In addition, SDSU hosts the Archives of the Jewish Historical Society of San Diego as well as The Lipinsky Institute for Judaic Studies. SDSU is ranked #28 in the country in public universities for Jewish students. SDSU has the largest Jewish student population in San Diego, and the fourth (4th) largest in California.

Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership
Previously Chicago's College of Jewish Studies, the predecessor of Spertus Institute, was founded in 1924. In its first year it offered three courses: Jewish history, religion, and language. By 1948, a Department of Graduate Studies offering bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees had been initiated. Today Spertus Institute offers accredited master's degree programs in Jewish Studies, Jewish Professional Studies, and Doctoral degree programs in Jewish Studies. Distance learning options serve students in 38 U.S. states and nine foreign countries.

State University of New York, Albany
The Judaic Studies (JST) department at UAlbany offers undergraduate courses at elementary and advanced levels in Jewish history and culture, as well as Hebrew. Both a major and a minor in Judaic studies are offered, as well as a minor in Hebrew

Courses range from basic introductory courses on particular topics in Judaic studies to more advanced seminars where students can explore questions and ideas in more depth. Many of the courses, both upper- and lower-level courses, are cross-listed with other departments, providing students with exposure to different disciplinary methods. There are also opportunities for students to earn independent study credit through which they can work on an idea or question particular to their own interests, while also gaining valuable research and writing experience. Practicum credit may also be earned by assisting a professor in a course, and Internship credit is available through community service

Qualified students also have the option of enrolling in the Honors Program to be considered for a BA in Judaic Studies with Honors upon successful completion of an honors thesis.

Hebrew language classes are also available at the elementary, intermediate, and advanced levels, and for students who are advanced in their language studies, Practicum and Independent study credit may also be earned.

The Center for Jewish Studies, which is affiliated with the Judaic studies department, sponsors several talks each semester, which are open to both the local, as well as academic communities, and include lectures and discussions by Jewish studies scholars and writers.

SUNY offers their students an opportunity to study abroad, including in Israel, which is overseen by the Judaic studies department and is open to everyone.

Syracuse University
The Judaic Studies Program at Syracuse University offers an Undergraduate Major in Modern Jewish Studies and a minor in Jewish studies. Additionally, the School of Education offers a minor in Jewish Education to "better prepare SU undergraduates to teach in Jewish congregational schools, camps, community centers, youth organizations." Syracuse University also offers classes in the Hebrew language.

Touro College
Touro College in New York City takes its name from Judah Touro and Isaac Touro, Jewish community leaders of colonial America, who represent the ideals upon which the College bases its mission. The college supports the faith of its Jewish students in addition to offering a variety of degrees.

University of California-Berkeley
The University of California-Berkeley offers the Joint Doctoral Program in Jewish Studies (JDP) in collaboration with the Graduate Theological Union. Graduate students in this interdisciplinary program pick one major and one minor period as well as a discipline. The JDP includes classes in Hebrew and Yiddish literature, rabbinics, cultural studies and critical theory. Professors and graduate students with scholarly interest in Jewish studies can be found across the humanities.

University of California-San Diego
The Judaic Studies Program at UC San Diego offers an undergraduate major in Judaic studies, a minor in Judaic studies, and a minor in Hebrew language and literature. Additionally, the History Department offers a master's degree in Judaic studies and a Ph.D. in ancient history with relevant major fields including the history of Israel in the biblical period and the history of the Jewish people in antiquity. The Anthropology Department, in conjunction with the Judaic Studies Program, offers graduate training in Near Eastern archaeology with a focus on Israel and Jordan. The school is also involved with the USC Shoah Foundation/The Visual History Archive an academic "authority on the study of genocide and personal testimony." Many free interviews and videos may be accessed online or at a partner site.

University of Michigan
The Jean and Samuel Frankel Center for Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan was formed as an independent program under the leadership of Jehuda Reinharz in 1976 and expanded into its current model in 1988. A strong faculty with a variety of expertise has allowed the interdisciplinary program to grow significantly in recent years. Areas of special interest include numerous faculty with strengths in rabbinics, Yiddish literature and modern Jewish history. The current director, Dr. Deborah Dash Moore, is the author of GI Jews, chronicling the role of Jews in the United States military and co-editor of the two-volume Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Other leading faculty members include Zvi Gitelman, Todd Endelman, Anita Norich, Madeline Kochen, Mikhail Krutikov, Elliot Ginsburg, Scott Spector and Julian Levinson. Recent arrivals include Ryan Szpiech (Spanish, Sephardic Culture, Medieval Iberia) and Rachel Neis (rabbinics, Late Antique Judaism).

University of Oklahoma
The University of Oklahoma offers a Bachelor of Arts degree in Judaic studies and minors in Judaic studies and Hebrew. It also offers fellowships to students pursuing graduate degrees in history. The University is home to the Schusterman Center for Judaic and Israel Studies which began in 1993 as the Schusterman Program in Judaic and Israel Studies with the establishment of a Chairmanship by the Schusterman Family Foundation as a memorial to Sam Schusterman and Harold Josey. The program expanded to include a major in 2009. Classes include Hebrew, Jewish Literature, Jewish Mysticism, Israel, the Shoah, and Jewish History. Students can find other Jewish learning opportunities at the OU Hillel.

University of Pennsylvania
The Herbert D. Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at the University of Pennsylvania is the only institution in the world devoted exclusively to post-doctoral research on Jewish civilization in all its historical and cultural manifestations. The Center was created in the fall of 1993 by the merger of the Annenberg Research Institute and the University of Pennsylvania. The library contains vast holdings of Judaica. There are several online exhibits as well.

University of Pennsylvania students can major or minor in Jewish studies in different departments.

Other resources are available at the Weigle Judaica and Ancient Near Eastern Studies (JANES) Reading Room (in the Van Pelt Library). It contains about 6,000 non-circulating resources for study including "...the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (CAD); Biblical and multi-lingual dictionaries; grammars; important facsimiles and transcriptions of Sumerian and Northwest Semitic primary sources; critical Biblical editions and commentaries; Tannaitic, Amoraic, Midrashic, Geonic, and Responsa literatures; sixty-nine scholarly journals, including thirty-nine currently received periodicals." The Freedman Jewish Sound Archive contains over 4,000 Yiddish and Hebrew sound recordings and sheet music.

University of Texas at Austin
The Schusterman Center for Jewish Studies of The University of Texas at Austin, founded in 2007, is the hub for Jewish studies at UT Austin. It offers an undergraduate JS major; a network of graduate students pursuing Jewish research interests is organized through the Center. The Schusterman Center sponsors or cosponsors visiting speakers, film series, performing arts events, and exhibits, among other activities, and hosts visiting Israeli faculty. While it strives to include all Jewish topics, its areas of emphasis are Israel, which is covered by the Institute for Israel Studies within the Schusterman Center, Central and Eastern European Jewish history and culture and the Holocaust, Jewish Life in the Americas (including Latin America, the United States, and Canada), under the aegis of the Edwin Gale Collaborative for the Study of Jewish Life in the Americas, and Jewish Futures. The Schusterman Center houses the Nathan Snyder Memorial Library and a collection of original artwork by Latin American Jewish visual artists. It has close ties to the Latin American Jewish Studies Association (LAJSA) and hosts the LAJSA website.

University of Toronto
The University of Toronto offers degrees in Jewish studies through the Anne Tanenbaum Centre for Jewish Studies within the Faculty of Arts & Science. It offers undergraduate specialist, major, and minor programs, as well as collaborative programs with other departments at the graduate (MA and PhD) level. Its areas of emphasis are Classical Judaism, Jewish Philosophy and Thought, Jewish History and Social Sciences, and Jewish Cultures, Languages, and Literatures. Courses in Yiddish, Hebrew, Jewish history, philosophy, Bible studies, political thought, art history, and literature are cross-listed with other departments, and the Centre hosts its own seminar courses on a variety of topics. Students at the graduate level regularly publish the University of Toronto Journal of Jewish Thought.

University of Virginia
Jewish studies at the University of Virginia allows students to focus on the history, languages, and literature of the Jewish people; the beliefs and practices of Judaism; and the enduring contributions of Jewish wisdom to human civilization. Courses in Biblical and Modern Hebrew, Yiddish, Bible, Rabbinic literature, Jewish ancient and modern history, Jewish literature and culture, Holocaust studies, Jewish theology, and Jewish communities and cultures worldwide. Study abroad in Israel or in other centers of Jewry beyond North America.

University of Washington
Jewish studies at UW began in the 1970s and today includes two dozen faculty members. Pillars of the program include the Stroum Lecture Series, and the Hazel D. Cole Fellowship.

Yeshiva University
Yeshiva University in New York City has one of the largest departments of Jewish studies outside Israel and is the home of the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, the leading modern-orthodox rabbinical college in the United States. Its Jewish studies library contains over 300,000 volumes. It also houses the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies. Prominent Jewish studies faculty members include Richard C Steiner, Barry Eichler, Debra Kaplan, Haym Soloveitchik, Ephraim Kanarfogel, David Berger, Mordechai Z. Cohen, Shalom Carmy, Steven Fine, Adam Zachary Newton, and Jeffrey S. Gurock.

Youngstown State University
The Center for Judaic and Holocaust Studies at Youngstown State University offers students a minor, which requires 18 credit hours. The minor focuses on the Holocaust, and modern Judaism. The Center for Judaic Studies also organizes various community educational events, talks, and collaboration between Youngstown State University and the Youngstown Area Jewish Federation.

University College London
University College London (UCL) houses the largest department of Hebrew and Jewish studies in Europe. The department is the only one in the UK to offer a full degree course and research supervision in Jewish studies at the BA Honours, MA, MPhil and PhD levels in every subject of Hebrew and Jewish studies—philology, history, and literature—covering virtually the entire chronological and geographical span of the Hebrew and Jewish civilisation from antiquity through the Middle Ages to the modern period. As the first university in England to open its doors to Women, Roman Catholics and Dissenters, UCL was also the first to admit Jewish students. This traditional link of the College with the Anglo-Jewish community is very much alive today. Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid (1778–1859), one of the leading figures in the struggle for Jewish emancipation in England, was among the principal founders of University College and the chief promoter of its Hebrew department. At his instigation, Hyman Hurwitz was appointed as the first Professor of Hebrew in 1828. In 1967 the department was renamed the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies and extended to include, in addition to the established courses in Hebrew language and literature, a much wider range of courses with an emphasis on Jewish history. The department acts as host to both the Jewish Historical Society of England (JHSE) and the Institute of Jewish Studies (IJS), which organises annual public lecture series and international conferences on all aspects of Jewish civilisation.

Oxford University
A nine-month course at Oxford University offers a chance to study Judaism at many different stages in its history – from its roots as the religion of the Israelites to the 20th century – as well as the opportunity to develop skills in a language important to the knowledge, understanding, practice and interpretation of the Jewish faith (or learn a language from scratch).

University of Cambridge
Cambridge has long been a centre for Hebrew and Semitic studies, the Regius Professorship of Hebrew having been founded by Henry VIII in 1540. The Hebrew degree at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (FAMES) takes four years, with the third year spent abroad. Along with general courses on Middle Eastern history and culture, students in the FAMES Hebrew programme study Hebrew language, literature, and culture of all periods (ancient, medieval, and modern). The teaching staff include specialists in each of these periods, including Dr. Aaron Hornkohl, Prof. Geoffrey Khan, Prof. Nicholas de Lange, Dr Yaron Peleg, and Dr. Michael Chaim Rand. A student may officially combine Hebrew with Arabic or a Modern European Language.

Birobidzhan Jewish National University
The Birobidzhan Jewish National University, a Russian university, works in cooperation with the local Jewish community of Birobidzhan. The university is unique in the Russian Far East. The basis of the training course is study of the Hebrew language, history and classic Jewish texts.

In recent years, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast has grown interested in its Jewish roots. Students study Hebrew and Yiddish at a Jewish school and Birobidzhan Jewish National University. In 1989, the Jewish center founded its Sunday school, where children studyYiddish, learn Jewish folk dance, and learn about the history of Israel. The Israeli government helps fund the program.

Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg
The Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg (Hochschule für Jüdische Studien Heidelberg) is a fully recognized and accredited non-denominational institution of higher learning that delves into a broad range of research topics within the field of Jewish Studies. With its ten chairs working in close cooperation with the University of Heidelberg, the Center for Jewish Studies Heidelberg is a point of dynamic scholarly discussion, incorporating all facets of Jewish religion, history, cultures and societies. While the proximity to the historical heritage of Ashkenaz provides decisive impetus for both academic and religious work, its interest invariably extends beyond to all areas of geography and chronology as to consider Jewish cultures at large.

University of Wrocław
The Taube Department of Jewish Studies of the University of Wrocław offers bachelors, masters, and doctoral programs with learning modern Hebrew, Yiddish, biblical Hebrew, and Ladino.

title: Jewish studies


text:
Talk:Hemachandra

Untitled
I've removed all instancaes of the phrase "Gopala-Hemachandra numbers." The article said that the Fibonacci sequence is "called" that, but it doesn't appear that this is true. it might be more just if it were called that, but the facts seem to be that nobody actually does. The cited paper on "The Gopala-Hemachandra numbers and music" does not contain the phrase "Gopala-Hemachandra numbers", and in fact is titled "The Rhythm of Poetry". -- Dominus 15:01, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
One or more portions of this article duplicated other source(s). The material was copied from: http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Muhandes (talk) 22:40, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Acharya Hemchandra आचार्य हेमचन्द्र - मध्यप्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रन्थ अकादमी
Acharya Hemchandra आचार्य हेमचन्द्र - मध्यप्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रन्थ अकादमी

Acharya Hemchandra आचार्य हेमचन्द्र - मध्यप्रदेश हिन्दी ग्रन्थ अकादमी  vkvora2001 (talk) 00:34, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

Change in Name
Change name to Hemachandracharya or Hemacandrācārya ASAP. There is a urgent need to change the name of the article as Hemacahndra is not famously used instead Hemachandracharya is famously used. Citations are as follows–

Rishabh.rsd (talk) 09:09, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) Congress, Library of (1976). Library of Congress Name Headings with References. Library of Congress.
 * 2) Congress, Library of (1976). Subject Catalog. The Library.
 * 3) Gujarat (India) (1984). Gazetteers. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications.
 * 4) Gujarat (India) (1977). Gujarat State Gazetteers: Kheda. Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State.
 * 5) Pollock, Sheldon; Pollock, Arvind Raghunathan Professor of South Asian Studies Sheldon (2003-05-19). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4.
 * 6) Desai, Anjali H. (2007). India Guide Gujarat. India Guide Publications. ISBN 978-0-9789517-0-2.
 * 7) Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
 * 8) Arts (India), National Centre for the Performing (1983). Quarterly Journal.
 * 9) Bombay, University of (1920). The Bombay University Calendar.

 * You removed my comment in your previous edit. --Gazal world (talk) 12:47, 7 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Even in school, I read his name as 'Hemachandracharya' at every point in textbooks. P.S: The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature mention him as Hemachandra, however I believe that we should change to article title to Hemachandracharya. --Gazal world (talk) 12:48, 7 August 2021 (UTC)

 * oh sorry! by mistake i removed the comment thanks for the reply.. So now can we change the article name or we should wait for more responses?Rishabh.rsd (talk) 09:12, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Pinging for opinion. --Gazal world (talk) 09:22, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I think Hemachandra is OK. Postfix Acharya is honorific. Hemachandracharya should be redirected here. There are many more Jain monk articles where we avoid honorifics. We avoid honorifics wherever possible as per WP:NCIN. Only in rare cases honorifics are included if it is an established common name including in academic sources. I don't think it is a case which needs honorific. Nizil (talk) 06:05, 9 August 2021 (UTC)
 * @ The Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University (official website) is named after Hemachandracharya also the Wikipedia page relating to the university has the same name so it is established common name in academic sources. Therefore I think the name should be changed.Rishabh.rsd (talk) 07:52, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh. I see. Most English and German language sources/books refers him by Hemachandra. For example: See,, , , , , ,  and many more. So, I think 'Hemachandra' is OK. --Gazal world (talk) 14:19, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Hemchandracharya already redirects here. It is well known name for sure but we generally avoid honorifics wherever possible. Academic sources also supports Hemachandra name too so we should choose it to do away with honorific. Regards, Nizil (talk) 05:02, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hemachandra


text:
Green Cove Springs and Melrose Railroad

The Green Cove Springs and Melrose Railroad was a narrow gauge common carrier and logging railroad that operated between 1881 and 1899. Its core route ran for 33.5 miles in a southwesterly direction from the city of Green Cove Springs, Florida, United States, to the lakeside town of Melrose.

History
The company was incorporated under Florida state law and approved on February 28, 1881, with construction commencing a short time later. In March 1883, the first section of the route from Green Cove Springs to the community of Sharon was opened. Further construction proceeded gradually, with the railroad finally reaching Melrose in 1890.

During the mid-1880s, the railroad was faced with financial troubles and the company underwent reorganization twice, becoming the Green Cove Springs & Midland Railway in 1885 and then Western Railway of Florida a year later. In 1892, the railroad was sold and the company reorganized for a third and final time to South-Western Railroad.

Land grants
Once construction commenced, the railroad was promised land grants from the state of Florida.
 * Florida state law chapter 3495, approved March 2, 1883, enlarged the area from which they could choose land grants. At the time, their route had been adopted, and most of the land along the route had already been sold off.
 * Florida state law chapter 3644, approved February 11, 1885, further enlarged the area for land grants, and extended the deadline to January 1, 1886.
 * Florida state law chapter 3796, approved June 7, 1887, extended the deadline for land grants to July 1, 1888.

Closure
The beginning of the end came during the late 1890s following a Great Freeze which devastated the local economy and resulted in a loss of passenger and freight traffic. The railroad held on for a few more years to continue serving the logging industry before finally shutting down in 1899.

Portions of the rail bed can still be seen in some places including "Tram Road", an unpaved footpath at Gold Head Branch State Park which follows the old right of way for about a mile or so. In addition, part of the railroad's route through Green Cove Springs is today Melrose Avenue.

title: Green Cove Springs and Melrose Railroad


text:
Talk:Roslagen

Viking and Varjags
The word viking is never mentioned in the Nestor cronicles refering to the varjags, I remove this word. Dan Koehl 15:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The right decision. 83.149.3.92 (talk) 17:07, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

Roslagen and Rus
It is unknown whether Roslagen and Rus have the same background. Goliath74 17:57, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * But is the most accepted theory due to the finnish and estonian names for Sweden. --94.101.217.222 (talk) 13:37, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Don't you see a very weak point of this "theory": Roden-Rodzlagen become "Roslagen" only in XV century, while Rus' (or Rhos) was known at least from IX century. Moreover, why Slavs would borrow finnish word "ruotsi" for sweden, when they knew them as "svei" (свеи), as in Nestor's chronicle: "И пошли за море к варягам, к руси. Те варяги назывались русью, как другие называются свеи, а иные норманны и англы, а ещё иные готы" which is "These varangians was named Rus', as others named svei, and others normanns and angles and other - goths". So, author knows different people - Rus, Sveons, Normanns, Angles and Goths and explicitly points that Rus is not the same as Svei (swedes). 195.62.48.5 (talk) 09:45, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Rus is probably the island of Rügen. Roden - 1296, rodzkarlena, rodzmän, Rodzlagen - XV century. 83.149.3.92 (talk) 17:07, 15 January 2013 (UTC, d

 * Sorry, this not probable. It is only a possibility, but only a very unlikely one. --94.101.217.222 (talk) 13:37, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

"Rowing team"
A "roslag" (lit. "rowing team") was in old-swedish the term used for a boat crew (see leidang ), could this be coincidental or is it infact the same word? I have no expertice on this, so feel free to post comments if you have anything to add. --Njård 12:27, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * This is a usual explanation of the origin of the name Roslagen. Roslagen was the area, from which men were recruited to the fleet rather than to the army. E.G. (talk) 11:39, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * This is a fantastic explanation of the name ("rowing team" - divers). 83.149.3.92 (talk) 17:07, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * No, this explanation is not ,fantastic' but plausible. It should therefore be included here with its reference.--94.101.217.222 (talk) 13:41, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

I

Paleogeography
Hi In the map in english version of Folklands in Svitjod is the north eastern part missing (marked by a white spot on the map) located between Örbyhus hundrade and Frösåkers skeppslag Why that. Is it something I am missing or not understand. But its not explaned in the map.

Jan Österberg från Roslagen   — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.235.46.204 (talk) 09:33, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

Ruslagen first mentioned in chronicles only in the XIII century, and the territory Ruslagen in the IX century was under water as sea levels in the area, according to Swedish researchers, was then at 6-7 meters higher than at present. So Ruslagen nothing to do with Rus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.91.174.14 (talk) 07:10, 5 April 2012 (UTC)
 * These Swedish paleogeographers (Karin Calissendorf, arkivarie vid Ortnamnarkivet i Uppsala, Ortnamn i Uppland. Stockholm, 1986. S.11) 83.149.3.92 (talk) 16:39, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Karin Calissendorff works at "Ortnamnarkivet" in Uppsala as something of an expert at tracing the origins of the names of towns, villages, farms etc. But she's not an expert in the field of paleogeography, and her book, which has nothing to do with paleogeography, can not be used as a reliable source for a claim about water levels in Roslagen more than a thousand years ago. Thomas.W (talk) 17:42, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Total BS. Roslagen is a large geographic area that, like all land in that part of Sweden, is high above the waterline today, far more than 6-7 meters. That certain small parts of what today is along the waterline might have been under water (though not 6-7 m) during Viking times is of no importance what so ever. Roslagen/Roden existed, and was both populated and known under that name long before Viking times. Thomas.W (talk) 17:02, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

 * False. Roden - 1296, rodzkarlena, rodzmän, Rodzlagen - XV century. 83.149.3.92 (talk) 17:12, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

83.149.2.30 (talk) 16:20, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * So? That there has been post-glacial rebound in all of Scandinavia is nothing new, it's even mentioned in the caption of the image in the article. It has just made people move a bit further east. Roden was the area along the coast as it was then, just like Roslagen is the area along the coast as it is now. Or to be precise Roden was a larger area than Roslagen is today, because it stretched along the coast from quite a bit to the north of modern day Roslagen all the way down to S:a Anna Skärgård in Östergötland. Areas where the people were required to provide the king with manned ships in times of war instead of infantry units. Because, believe it or not, there was a coastline even a thousand years ago. Which means that your edits are total rubbish, and will be reverted. Thomas.W (talk) 17:08, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

"lagen" in Roslagen
So what does "lagen" in Roslagen really mean? There is no explanation about it. Komitsuki (talk) 02:17, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

 * All districts had a lagsaga, and were often named after it. A lagsaga was more an area which followed a certain law. The word lag means law. The coast had also something called skeppslag, which indicated a fleet, belonging to the Ledung. why Roslagen, Rodslagen, and Rodzslagen was short for Rodens skeppslag. Dan Koehl (talk) 17:44, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Roden, Sweden
Subject matter identical. Newbiepedian (talk · contribs · X! · logs) 17:18, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

 * ✅ Dan Koehl (talk) 17:45, 2 December 2016 (UTC)
 * ✅ This will perfectively remove the smaller article which, my opinion – is that merging Roden is going to be fine. newroderick895 (talk) 17:11, 16 March 2018 (UTC)newroderick895
 * ✅ The article Roden, Sweden is redundant. Lappspira (talk) 18:13, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * The two articles are not about the same subject, since Roden referred to a much larger area than Roslagen (Roden also included the coast of Östergötland, plus coastal areas on the other side of the Baltic Sea). - Tom | Thomas.W talk 18:43, 16 March 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅If Roden is larger, then Roslagen can move to it a subset, potentially with its own section. Klbrain (talk) 12:33, 6 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Merging Roslagen inte Roden? You must be joking, if a merger is to take place it is Roden that should be merged into Roslagen, since Roslagen is a geographical term that is in current use, while Roden is a historical, no longer used, geographical term. Your proposal is, admittedly slightly exaggerated, like merging the article about Italy into the article about the Roman Empire... - Tom | Thomas.W talk 12:50, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Happy to change my position given such a clear argument, eloquently expressed. Klbrain (talk) 15:14, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

Reversed ethymology
"A person from Roslagen is called a "Rospigg" which means "inhabitant of Ros". Swedes from the Roslagen area, that is "the people of Ros"..."

No, no. I grew up in this area. "Rospigg" is used, occasionally, but it is a playful modern term, meaning "rose thorn", as "ros" means "rose" in Swedish. "Pigg" means "thorn", in this setting. The word certainly not means "the people of Ros", that must be a speculation of someone whose native language isn't Swedish. It is nothing but an awkward attempt to make a connection between Roslagen and Rus.

It is more tempting to accept the explanation Roslagen = rowing crew (or rather "crews", plural). It fits very well with modern Swedish. But the term is not documented early enough for that to be a plausible explanation, at least not as a rowing team for the viking age leidung. Also, the first recorded use, "Rodzlagen" clearly points to the earlier name Roden, which again clearly is connected to another old Swedish word, "rote" which means part, in early times meaning "[small] administrative part of the country, particularly in military use. Roden/ Roslagen is a far too large area to be a "rote", though. It makes good sense to assume it is plural of rote, meaning "The rotes" (to anglify the term). As opposed to the inland, which was administratively divided into hundreds.

The connection between these coastal areas and rowing is particularly tempting, but unfortunately "rote" has firm roots in other european languages, germanic as well as latin ... and finnish. This is really interesting, as "rote" (Swedish) is "ruotu" in Finnish, which very much resembles the Finnish name for Sweden: Ruotsi. And remember that Roden was the eastern-most part of Sweden (closest to nowadays-Finland). It is plausible that the Finnish name originally meant something like "The country of rotes" - it's either that, or referring to Roden, which in turn refers to rotes.

Now, Finnish language was widespread in the north-eastern Europe, at the time, and I would say it seems very plausible "Rus" originated from the finnish "Ruotsi", rather than from Swedish/ Norse Roden. Mostly because of the s-sound present in the Finnish term, but not in the Swedish term (of the time; "Roslagen" was coined much later).

So, finally, the ending "-lagen" in Roslagen. What could that mean? In modern Swedish it is straightforward, it means either "the law" or "the crews". As mentioned, it came into use too late for "the crews" to be a plausible root. And the area was too small to ever have its own law (it was part of Uppland, which had Upplands-lagen). Also, the time of it's first recorded use also disqualify the term to refer to "law", by then, even the law of Uppland had lost its relevance. Also, no other area in Sweden has a name that parallel "Danelagen" ("Danish Law") of Great Britain at the time. It is more likely that "Rodzlagen" relates to the modern Swedish word "läge", meaning [geographical] placing, and modern Norwegian "lag" = "area" ("nabolag" = neighborhood). Simply, "the area of Roden" or "the hood of Roden", "Roden-hood". The z-sound is just there to make it easier to pronounce.

All in all, yes, it is plausible there is a connection between Roslagen and Rus, ethymologically as well as historically, but it is not as simple and romantic as one might think at first sight.

VonPalm (talk) 22:37, 7 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Total rubbish. Wikipedia isn't a place for propagating own theories... - Tom | Thomas.W talk 12:52, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roslagen


text:
Shahjahanpur

Shahjahanpur is a municipal corporation, town and district headquarters of Shahjahanpur District in Western Uttar Pradesh, India.

The city is between Bareilly and Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh.

This city was established by Diler Khan Dilzak and bahadur Khan Dilzak son of Darya Khan Dilzak

History
Shahjahanpur was established by Diler Khan and Bahadur Khan, sons of Darya Khan, a soldier in army of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. Darya Khan was originally from Kandahar, in modern-day Afghanistan. Both Diler Khan and Bahadur Khan were dignitaries in the regime of Shah Jahan. Pleased with the services of Diler Khan, Shah Jahan gave him 17 villages with the permission to construct a fort in 1647, following the suppression of the rebellious Katheria Rajputs. The area was then settled by Afghans, brought by Bahadur Khan following one of his campaigns.

On 9 August 1925, the Indian freedom fighters Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad and Rajendra Lahiri conducted a robbery of government funds near Kakori railway station. Both Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla Khan were born in Shahjahanpur.

Geography
Shahjahanpur is located at 27.88°N, 79.91°W. It has an average elevation of 194 metres (600 feet). It is situated at the junction of two river.

Demographics
As per the 2011 census, Shahjahanpur urban agglomeration had a population of 329,736, out of which males were 173,006 and females were 156,730. The literacy rate was 67.25%: 71.49% for males and 62.59% for females. Scheduled Castes make up 8.47% of the population.

Hindi is the most spoken language. Urdu is the second most-spoken language.

Transport
Shahjahanpur is well-connected with major towns and cities in Uttar Pradesh through road and rail network. National Highway 30 links Shahjahanpur with Bareilly and Lucknow. A spur route National Highway 731 too passes through Shahjahanpur, linking it to the eastern UP town of Jaunpur.

Shahjahanpur railway station lies on Lucknow–Moradabad line of Indian Railways. Several through trains from Lucknow to Delhi pass through Shahjahanpur station.

Cultural heritage
Over the years, the Shahjahanpur gharana contributed eminent sarod players such as Enayat Ali (1883 - 1915), Ustad Murad Ali Khan, Ustad Mohammed Ameer Khan, Pandit Radhika Mohan Moitra and Pandit Buddhadev Das Gupta. Present Sarod legend, Amjad Ali Khan also belongs to Shahjahanpur gharana.

Notable people

 * Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri (Pakistani Islamic Scholar)
 * Dil Shahjahanpuri (Urdu Ghazal Writer)
 * Madan Shahjahanpuri (Indian Muslim Theologian)
 * Ram Prasad Bismil (Freedom Fighter)
 * Ashfaqulla Khan (Freedom Fighter)
 * Roshan Singh (Freedom Fighter)
 * Prem Krishna Khanna (Freedom Fighter)
 * Ram Chandra (Babuji) (Indian Spiritual Leader)
 * Rajpal Yadav (Film Actor)
 * Alok Pandey (Film Actor)
 * Hira Thind (Punjabi singer)
 * Jitin Prasada (Former Central Government Cabinet Minister)
 * Vivek Agnihotri (Movie Director)
 * Jitendra Prasada (Former M.P.)
 * Naik Jadu Nath Singh (Param Vir Chakra)
 * Mithlesh Kumar (Former member of parliament)
 * Krishna Raj (Former MP)
 * Suresh Kumar Khanna (UP Government Cabinet Minister)
 * Rammurti Singh Verma (Former Minister of UP)
 * Roshan Lal Verma (MLA Tilhar)
 * Sharad Vir Singh (MLA Jalalabad)
 * Salona Kushwaha (MLA Tilhar)
 * Yunus Samad Khan (Director of Eden Public Inter College Korokuiyan)

Education

 * Gandhi Faiz-E-Aam College
 * Swami Shukdevanand Post Graduate College

 * State medical college shahjahanpur(http://www.smcshah.in)
 * varun arjun medical college shahjahanpur(https://www.vamcrh.com/)

title: Shahjahanpur


text:
Drew Shindell

Drew Shindell is a physicist and a climate specialist and professor at Duke University's Nicholas School of the Environment. He is listed as an ISI Highly Cited Researcher. He was a chapter lead (coordinating lead author) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) October 8, 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C as well as on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report in 2013. He has testified on climate issues before both houses of the US Congress, at the request of both parties. His research concerns natural and human drivers of climate change, linkages between air quality and climate change, and the interface between climate change science and policy. He has been an author on more than 200 peer-reviewed publications and received awards from Scientific American, NASA, the EPA, and the NSF.

He was also a leading scientific contributor to the establishment of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition, a group of now more than 60 nations along with many intergovernmental and non-governmental organization dedicated to implementing actions that simultaneously reduce air pollution and mitigate climate change. He chaired the 2011 Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone produced by the United Nations Environment Programme and World Meteorological Organization that, along with the paper in Science he led in 2012 entitled "Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security" helped to catalyze the Coalition's formation. He has served as Chair of the Science Advisory Panel to the Coalition since 2012.

He has addressed the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the World Bank, federal and state officials, developed a climate change course with the American Museum of Natural History, and made numerous appearances in newspapers, on radio, and on TV as part of his public outreach efforts. In 2023, Dr. Shindell was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

Education and Employment
Shindell is a physicist who got his B.A. at University of California at Berkeley in 1988 and his Ph.D at the State University of New York in Stony Brook in 1995. From 2000 to 2014 he was a climatologist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City. While there, Dr. Shindell taught atmospheric chemistry at nearby Columbia University for more than a decade. In 2014 he was named Professor of Climate Sciences at Duke University, where he was appointed the Nicholas Professor of Earth Sciences in 2016.

Research interests
His research is concerned with global climate change, climate variability, atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. He uses climate models to investigate chemical changes such as air pollution, climate changes such as global warming, and the connections between these two. Among his research interests are:

 * Long-term changes in climate and climate variability patterns
 * Sensitivity of climate change to different drivers
 * Climate and air quality linkages and public policy
 * Interdisciplinary assessment of the impact of policy options on climate, public health, food and the economy
 * Atmospheric composition changes and solar power generation

Selected publications

 * Shindell et al: Quantified, Localized Health Benefits of Accelerated Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reductions. In: Nature Climate Change 8, (2018), 291-291, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0108-y.
 * Bergin et al: Large reductions in solar energy production due to dust and particulate air pollution. In: Environmental Science and Technology 4, (2017), 339-344,.
 * Shindell et al: A climate policy pathway for near- and long-term benefits, In: Science 356, No. 6337, (2017), 493-494,.
 * Shindell et al: The Social Cost of Methane: Theory and Applications. In: Faraday Discussions 200, (2017), 429-451,.
 * Shindell et al: Climate and health impacts of US emissions reductions consistent with 2 °C. In: Nature Climate Change 6, (2016), 503–507,.
 * Bond et al: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. In: Journal of Geophysical Research 118, Issue 11, (2013), 5380–5552,.
 * Shindell et al, Simultaneously Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change and Improving Human Health and Food Security. In: Science 335, No. 6065, (2012), 183-189,.
 * Gray et al, Solar Influence on Climate. In: Reviews of Geophysics 48, Issue 4, (2010),.
 * Lamarque et al, Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application. In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, (2010), 7017-7039,.
 * Steig et al, Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year. In: Nature 457, (2009), 459-462,.
 * Michael E. Mann et al, Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly. In: Science 326, No. 5957, (2009), 1256-1260,.
 * Shindell et al, Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions. In: Science 326, No. 5953, (2009), 716-718,.
 * Hansen et al, Efficacy of climate forcings. In: Journal of Geophysical Research 110, D18, (2005),.
 * Shindell et al, Solar Forcing of Regional Climate Change During the Maunder Minimum. In: Science 294, No. 5549, (2001), 2149-2152,.
 * Shindell et al, Solar Cycle Variability, Ozone, and Climate. In: Science 284, No. 5412, (1999), 305-308,.
 * Shindell et al, Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing. In: Nature 399, (1998), 452-455,.
 * Shindell et al, Increased polar stratospheric ozone losses and delayed eventual recovery owing to increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations. In: Nature 392, (1998), 589-592,.

title: Drew Shindell


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Dorothy Moore

Dorothy Moore (born October 13, 1946) is an American blues, gospel, and R&B singer best known for her 1976 hit song, "Misty Blue".

Career
Moore's parents were Mary Moore and Melvin Hendrex Senior. Her father performed under the stage name Melvin Henderson as a member of the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi. She was raised by her great grandmother and began singing in the church choir at a young age. She was a member of the Poppies with Petsye McCune and Rosemary Taylor when she was attending Jackson State University. The group recorded for Epic Records' Date subsidiary, reaching number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1966 with "Lullaby of Love". Solo singles for the Avco, GSF and Chimneyville labels followed.

Her career took off with several ballads for Malaco Records. "Misty Blue" (1976) reached number 2 on the R&B chart and number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Funny How Time Slips Away" (also 1976) reached number 7 on the R&B chart and number 58 on the pop chart. "I Believe You" was number 5 on the R&B and number 27 on the pop chart in 1977. The album of the same name was rated four and a half out of five stars retrospectively by Bil Carpenter of AllMusic.

After a hiatus, Moore recorded a gospel album, Givin' It Straight to You (1986) for the Rejoice label of Nashville. The album included a cover of "What Is This". She next recorded two albums for Volt Records. She returned to the Malaco label in 1990, for whom she recorded several albums during the ensuing decade and into the new millennium.

Moore has four Grammy Award nominations. Her version of "Misty Blue" appeared on the soundtrack for the 1996 movie Phenomenon, and on the 2005 compilation album, Classic Soul Ballads. Moore serves on the National Advisory Board of the MS Grammy Museum in Cleveland. She has been inducted into the MS Musicians Hall of Fame, Drum Major for Justice MLK Award 2008, Lifetime Achievement Award Monterey Bay Blues Festival, James Brown Heritage Jus' Blues Award 2009, the Blues Foundation Board of Directors Award 2006-2012, nominated for two Blues Music Awards 2013, Mississippi Arts Commission Achievement Award, MS Blues Trail Markers. On June 6, 2015, Moore was inducted into the Official Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame in Clarksdale. Moore continues to sing live at events in and outside of the US in 2018.

Farish Street Records
Moore started the record label Farish Street Records in 2002. The label is named to honor Farish Street, the home to live and juke blues music in the neighborhood where Dorothy was raised.

Moore's albums Please Come Home For Christmas, Gittin' Down Live, I'm Doing Alright and Blues Heart were released on the label.

title: Dorothy Moore


text: Template:Białystok County

title: Template:Białystok County


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Fernandina and Amelia Beach Railway

The Fernandina and Amelia Beach Railway Company, owned by W. Naylor Thompson, Samuel A. Swann, D. E. Maxwell, William B. C. Duryee and Augustus O. MacDonell, officers of the Florida Transit Railroad, was incorporated by Florida state law chapter 3497, approved March 1, 1883, for the purpose of constructing a line of railway from the City of Fernandina Beach to Amelia City on Amelia Beach. The two-mile line was built in 1886 and operated by the Florida Railway & Navigation Company (successor to the Florida Transit Railroad). In 1900 the line was sold and converted to an electric streetcar line.

title: Fernandina and Amelia Beach Railway


text:
User:Auguste~enwiki

fr:User:Octavius Hello! I am a french user so if you want to, you can learn more about me with a click on the linked page.

title: User:Auguste~enwiki


text:
Talk:Newsboys

Talk:Duncan Phillips (musician)
Content below is transcluded from the above talkpage, which is now a redirect to here. The relevant article is a redirect to this article.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 23:23, 8 December 2021 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Duncanphillipsmorroco.jpg
Image:Duncanphillipsmorroco.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:25, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Duncanphillipslive2.jpg
Image:Duncanphillipslive2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:26, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Unreferenced section vs. BLP unreferenced section
I've re-made the change to remove the "BLP " prefix from the unreferenced section tag for the awards. My rationale is that the band article is not a BLP per WP:BLPGROUP, that BLP restrictions apply everywhere in article space anyways, and an awards section is not likely to be a magnet for BLP violations. Having said that, it is of course easiest to deal with if someone just has the time to go through and reference the awards, then we could remove the designation entirely. Jclemens (talk) 16:22, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
 * And I have removed it again. The group of people is not a corporation, it is a band. Walter Görlitz (talk) 16:57, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Please check your facts before reverting other editors who provide a rationale. Jclemens (talk) 04:23, 26 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I give up. You don't know how to link correctly either. It doesn't change the need for the template and you clearly have no clue how to edit. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:36, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newsboys


text:
List of Pittsburgh Penguins head coaches

The Pittsburgh Penguins are an American professional ice hockey team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They play in the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The franchise was established as one of six new franchises of the 1967 NHL expansion. Since their foundation, the Penguins had played their home games at the Civic Arena, which was replaced by the Consol Energy Center in 2010. The franchise is co-owned by Ronald Burkle and Mario Lemieux—the only player/owner in the NHL's modern era. According to Forbes, the Penguins were the 11th most valuable NHL franchise, at US$222 million, in 2009.

There have been 22 head coaches for the Penguins franchise. The franchise's first head coach was Red Sullivan, former New York Rangers captain and coach. Sullivan was replaced by future Hockey Hall of Fame inductee Red Kelly, after two seasons. Kelly was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a player, and head coaches Craig Patrick, Bob Johnson, Scotty Bowman, and Herb Brooks were inducted as builders. Eddie Johnston—who along with Patrick and Ken Schinkel served two tenures as head coach—leads Penguins' coaches in games coached. Bob Johnson led the Penguins to their first Stanley Cup victory in 1991, but was forced to retire due to health problems after the season—he died later that year. Bowman succeeded Johnson and coached the team to its second Stanley Cup victory the following season. Michel Therrien won the Prince of Wales Trophy, as Eastern Conference champion, during the 2007–08 season. Therrien was replaced the following season by Dan Bylsma. Bylsma would lead the Penguins to their third Stanley Cup championship that same season. Bylsma was fired after the 2013-14 season and replaced by Mike Johnston. Johnston was fired during the 2015-16 season and replaced by Michael (Mike) Barry Sullivan. Sullivan led the Penguins to their fourth Stanley Cup victory that season and also their fifth Stanley cup victory in the following season in 2016-17

Coaches
Note: Statistics are updated through the completion of the 2023–24 season.

Notes and references

 * Beginning with the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted a shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five-minute overtime period, which prevented ties.
 * Head coaches with multiple terms are counted once; figures are career totals. For a specific order of the coaches see the Footnotes section.
 * Each year is linked to an article about that particular NHL season.
 * Gene Ubriaco served as the Penguins' head coach to begin the 1989–90 season; the team began with a 10–14–2 record. On December 5, 1989, Craig Patrick replaced Ubriaco as an interim head coach. Under Patrick, the team went 22–26–6 and did not qualify for the playoffs.
 * After starting the 1996–97 season with a record of 31–26–5, the Penguins went 1–8 in nine consecutive games in February and March 1997. Coach Eddie Johnston was replaced by Craig Patrick, under whom the team finished the season 7–10–3 and lost in the first round of the playoffs four games to one.
 * Michel Therrien coached the Penguins to a 27–25–5 record to start the 2008–09 season, at which point he was replaced by Dan Bylsma.
 * Mike Johnston coached the Penguins to a 15–10–3 record to start the 2015–16 season, at which point he was replaced by Mike Sullivan.

 * General

 * Notes


text:
Paul Hawken

Paul Gerard Hawken (born February 8, 1946) is an American environmentalist, entrepreneur, author, economist, and activist.

Biography
Hawken was born in San Mateo, California, and grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area, where his father worked at UC Berkeley in library sciences. He attended UC Berkeley and San Francisco State University. Hawken's work includes founding ecological businesses, writing about impacts of commerce on living systems, and consulting with corporations and governments on economic development, industrial ecology, and environmental policy.

Hawken was the co-founder and executive director of Project Drawdown, a non-profit that describes how global warming can be reversed.

Hawken was active in the civil rights movement. He currently lives in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Writing
Hawken has authored articles, op-eds, and peer-reviewed papers, and seven books, including: The Next Economy (Ballantine 1983), Growing a Business (Simon and Schuster 1987), The Ecology of Commerce (HarperCollins 1993), and Blessed Unrest (Viking 2007).

The Ecology of Commerce was voted the #1 college text on business and the environment by professors in 67 business schools. The businessman and environmentalist Ray Anderson of Interface, Inc. credited The Ecology of Commerce with his environmental awakening. He described reading it as a "spear in the chest experience", after which Anderson started crisscrossing the country with a near-evangelical fervor, telling fellow executives about the need to reduce waste and carbon emissions.

Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution, co-authored with Amory Lovins, wrote about the idea of natural capital and direct accounting for ecosystem services. Natural Capitalism has been translated into 14 other languages. Together with The Ecology of Commerce these books have been described as being "among the first to point the way towards a sustainable global economy".

Blessed Unrest, How the Largest Movement in the World Came into Being and Why No One Saw It Coming, published in 2007, argues that a vast "movement with no name" is forming involving environmental, social justice, and indigenous rights organizations. Hawken conceives of this "movement" as developing not by ideology but rather through the identification of what is and is not humane, and has compared it to humanity's collective immune system.

Growing a Business became the basis of a 17-part PBS series, which Hawken hosted and produced. The program, which explored the challenges and pitfalls of starting and operating socially responsible companies, appeared on television in 115 countries and reached more than 100 million people.

Hawken co-created Project Drawdown in 2013 with Amanda Joy Ravenhill, and was the co-creator, author, and editor of Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming, published in 2017. It was collaborative effort involving 200 researchers and advisors who came together to model the most substantive solutions to reverse global warming.

In 2021, Hawken published the New York Times Bestseller, Regeneration: Ending the Climate Crisis in One Generation.

Hawken's books have been published in more than 50 countries in 30 languages.

Business
Hawken founded several companies, starting when he took over a small retail store in Boston in 1967 called Erewhon (after Samuel Butler's 1872 utopian novel) and turned it into the Erewhon Trading Company, a natural-foods wholesaler, and one of the first in the US that relied solely on sustainable agricultural methods. When he left the company in the 1970s, it had over 30,000 acres of organically grown food under contract. Hawken co-founded the Smith & Hawken garden supply company in 1979, a retail and catalog business. In 2009, he founded OneSun, an energy company focused on ultra low-cost solar based on green chemistry and biomimicry.

From 1994 to 1998, Hawken founded and headed up The Natural Step USA. From 1996 to 1998, Hawken was co-chairman of The Natural Step International. The Natural Step was founded in 1989 by Swedish scientist and medical doctor Karl-Henrik Robèrt in order to create shared frameworks for understanding sustainable development. Its purpose is to teach and support environmental systems thinking in corporations, cities, governments, unions, and academic institutions through a dialogue process rooted in basic science.

In 1998, Hawken created the Natural Capital Institute (NCI) located in Sausalito, California. Its main focus was wiser.org, an open-source database of activists and civil society organizations focused on environmental and social justice.

Hawken was previously the executive director of Project Drawdown, which is working towards the drawdown of greenhouse gases to reduce climate change.

Activism
In 1965, Hawken worked with Martin Luther King Jr.'s staff in Selma, Alabama, preparing for the Selma to Montgomery marches. As press coordinator, he registered members of the press, issued credentials, gave dozens of updates and interviews on national radio, and acted as marshal for the final, March, 21, March to Montgomery. That same year, Hawken worked in New Orleans as a staff photographer for the Congress of Racial Equality, focusing on voter registration drives in Bogalusa, Louisiana, and the panhandle of Florida, and photographing the Ku Klux Klan in Meridian, Mississippi, after three civil rights workers were tortured and killed. In Meridian, Hawken was assaulted and seized by Ku Klux Klan members, but escaped due to Federal Bureau of Investigation surveillance and intervention.

Speaking
As a speaker, Hawken has given several hundred talks, including keynote addresses to major associations, companies, government agencies. His University commencement addresses have included:
 * University of California, Berkeley commencement
 * University of Portland 2009 commencement speech ("You Are Brilliant and the Earth Is Hiring")
 * Urban Land Institute
 * Yale University and Yale University commencement

Recognition
Hawken has been awarded six honorary doctorates, and received the Green Cross Millennium Award for Individual Environmental Leadership presented by Mikhail Gorbachev in 2003.

title: Paul Hawken


text:
Goddard Institute for Space Studies

The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) is a laboratory in the Earth Sciences Division of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center affiliated with the Columbia University Earth Institute. The institute is located at Columbia University in New York City. It was named after Robert H. Goddard, American engineer, professor, physicist and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket.

Research at the GISS emphasizes a broad study of global change, the natural and anthropogenic changes in our environment that affect the habitability of our planet. These effects may occur on greatly differing time scales, from one-time forcings such as volcanic explosions, to seasonal/annual effects such as El Niño, and on up to the millennia of ice ages.

The institute's research combines analysis of comprehensive global datasets (derived from surface stations combined with satellite data for sea surface temperatures) with global models of atmospheric, land surface, and oceanic processes. Study of past climate change on Earth and of other planetary atmospheres provides an additional tool in assessing general understanding of the atmosphere and its evolution.

GISS was established in May 1961 by Robert Jastrow to do basic research in space sciences in support of Goddard programs. Formally the institute was the New York City office of the GSFC Theoretical Division but was known as the Goddard Space Flight Center Institute for Space Studies or in some publications as simply the Institute for Space Studies. But even before it opened, the institute had been referred to in the press as the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. It was separated from the Theoretical Division in July 1962. Its offices were originally located in The Interchurch Center, and the institute moved into Columbia's Armstrong Hall (a renovated apartment building previously known as the Ostend apartments and subsequently the Oxford Residence Hotel) in April 1966.

From 1981 to 2013, GISS was directed by James E. Hansen. In June 2014, Gavin A. Schmidt was named the institute's third director.

History of scientific research
In the 1960s, GISS was a frequent center for high-level scientific workshops, including the "History of the Earth's Crust Symposium" in November 1966 which has been described as the meeting that gave birth to the idea of plate tectonics.

At a GISS workshop in 1967, John Wheeler popularized the term "black hole" as a short-hand for 'gravitationally completely collapsed star', though the term was not coined there. Hong-Yee Chiu is credited with introducing the term "quasar" while working at GISS in 1964.

In September 1974, at a seminal meeting led by Patrick Thaddeus at GISS with John Mather (his then post-doc) and others discussions began on the possibility of building a satellite to measure both the spectrum and possible spatial fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background. This led directly to the COBE satellite project and a Nobel Prize for Mather.

GISS personnel were involved as instrument and science team scientists in multiple historic NASA solar system missions, Mariner 5 to Venus, Pioneer 10 and 11 to Jupiter and Saturn, the Voyager program, Pioneer Venus, Galileo to Jupiter, the unsuccessful Mars Observer and Climate Orbiter, and Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn.

Polarimetry has been a speciality of GISS since the Pioneer, Voyager, and Galileo missions, and has been adapted to Earth observing missions as well. Notably, Michael Mishchenko of GISS was project scientist for the Glory mission, which failed to reach orbit after launch in 2011. Glory would have employed the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) developed by GISS scientists had it reached orbit. More recently, Brian Cairns of GISS is one of the deputy project scientists of the PACE mission, which launched in February 2024 and has two polarimeters on board.

Climate change research
A key objective of Goddard Institute for Space Studies research is prediction of climate change in the 21st century. The research combines paleogeological record, analysis of comprehensive global datasets (derived mainly from spacecraft observations), with global models of atmospheric, land surface, and oceanic processes.

Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.

Changes in carbon dioxide associated with continental drift, and the decrease in volcanism as India arrived at the Asian continent, allowed temperatures to drop & Antarctic ice-sheets to form. This resulted in a 75m drop in sea level, allowing our present-day coastlines & habitats to form and stabilize.

Global change studies at GISS are coordinated with research at other groups within the Earth Sciences Division, including the Laboratory for Atmospheres, Laboratory for Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences, and Earth Observing System science office.

Awards
GISS director James Hansen received the Heinz Award in 2001.

In November 2004, climatologists Drew Shindell and Gavin Schmidt were named amongst Scientific American magazine's Top 50 Scientist award.

One-time GISS post-doctoral scientist John C. Mather was years later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006.

Climate impacts researcher Cynthia Rosenzweig was awarded the World Food Prize in 2022.

Alumni
People who have worked at GISS and their periods of employment include:
 * W. David Arnett, (1966-1967), postdoc
 * Norman H. Baker (1962-1965)
 * Alastair G. W. Cameron (1961-1966)
 * Mark Cane (1966-1970, 1975–1976), programmer, postdoc
 * Jérôme Chappellaz (1990-1991)
 * Hong-Yee Chiu (1961-1984)
 * Benjamin Cook (2008-)
 * Thomas M. Dame (1983-1984), postdoc
 * Anthony Del Genio (1979-2019)
 * Dilhan Eryurt (née Ezer) (1964-1966, 1969–1973), postdoc and staff scientist
 * Rhodes Fairbridge (1955-2006)
 * Inez Fung (1986-1993)
 * Michael Ghil (1975-1976)
 * Douglas Gough (1967-1969)
 * Milton Halem (1961-1977)
 * James Hansen (1967-2014)
 * Christine P. Hendon (1998-2000), intern
 * Robert Jastrow (1961-1981)
 * John Knox (1995-2001), postdoc
 * Joel S. Levine (1967-1969), grad student
 * Kuo-Nan Liou (1970-1972), postdoc
 * Leon B. Lucy (1962), postdoc
 * Kate Marvel (2015-2022, 2024-)
 * John C. Mather (1974-1976), postdoc
 * John McAfee (1968-1970), programmer
 * Michael I. Mishchenko (1992-2020)
 * Michael J. Prather (1985-1992)
 * William J. Quirk (1974-1978), postdoc
 * S. Ichtiaque Rasool (1961-1971)
 * Cynthia Rosenzweig (1985-)
 * William B. Rossow (1979-2007)
 * Gavin Schmidt (1996-)
 * Stephen Schneider (1971-1972), postdoc
 * Stephen Self (1977-1979)
 * Drew Shindell (1995-2014)
 * Richard Somerville (1971-1974)
 * Richard Stothers (1961-2011)
 * Patrick Thaddeus (1966-1986)
 * James W. Truran (1965-1967), postdoc
 * Sachiko Tsuruta (c. 1964), graduate student
 * Nadine Unger (2002-2010)

In popular culture

 * The institute is housed at the corner of West 112th St. and Broadway in New York City in Columbia University's Armstrong Hall. The building also houses Tom's Restaurant, which was the exterior for the restaurant in Seinfeld and the subject of the Suzanne Vega song Tom's Diner.
 * WQED made a documentary in the 1960s "The Universe on a Scratch Pad" about the theoretical work being done at GISS.

title: Goddard Institute for Space Studies