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Badakhshan Province

Badakhshan Province is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country. It is bordered by Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan in the north and the Pakistani regions of Lower and Upper Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan in the southeast. It also has a 91-kilometer (57-mile) border with China in the east.

It is part of a broader historical Badakhshan region, parts of which now also lie in Tajikistan and China. The province contains 22 districts, over 1,200 villages and approximately 1 055 000 people. Fayzabad serves as the provincial capital. Resistance activity has been reported in the province since the 2021 Taliban takeover of Afghanistan.

Etymology
During the Sassanids' reign it was called "bidix", and in Parthian times "bthšy". In Sassanid manuscripts found in Ka'ba-ye Zartosht it was called "Bałasakan". In Chinese sources from the 7th century onwards it was called "Po-to-chang-na".

Geography
Badakhshan is bordered by Takhar Province to the west, Panjshir Province to the south west, Nuristan Province to the south, Tajikistan to the north and east (that nation's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province and Khatlon Province), China through a long spur called the Wakhan Corridor to the east, and Pakistan to the south-east (Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan). The total area of Badakhshan is 44059 km2, most of which is occupied by the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountain ranges.

According to the World Wildlife Fund, Badakhshan contains temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, as well as Gissaro-Alai open woodlands along the Pamir River. Common plants found in these areas include pistachio, almond, walnut, apple, juniper, and sagebrush.

Montane grasslands and shrublands are existent in the province, with the Hindu Kush alpine meadow in the high mountains in the northern and southwestern regions.

The Wakhan corridor contains two montane grassland and shrubland regions: the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe and in the Pamir Mountains and Kuh-e Safed Khers in Darwaz region.

South of Fayzabad the terrain becomes dominated by deserts and xeric shrublands. Common vegetation includes thorny bushes, zizyphus, acacia, and Amygdatus. Paropamisus xeric woodlands can be found in the province's northwestern and central areas. Common vegetation includes almond, pistachio, willows, and sea-buckthorn.

History
Badakhshan was an independent country until late 18th century before it was ruled by the Durranis followed by the Barakzai dynasty, and was untouched by the British during the three Anglo-Afghan Wars that were fought in the 19th and 20th centuries, which allowed the Emanzai Tribe to rise in regional control. It remained peaceful for about 100 years until the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War at which point the Mujahideen began a rebellion against the central Afghan government.

During the 1990s, much of the area was controlled by forces loyal to Burhanuddin Rabbani and Ahmad Shah Massoud, who were de facto the national government until 1996. Badakhshan was the only province that the Taliban did not conquer during their rule from 1996 to 2001. However, during the course of the wars a non-Taliban Islamic emirate was established in Badakhshan by Mawlawi Shariqi, paralleling the Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan in neighboring Nuristan. Rabbani, a Badakhshan native, and Massoud were the last remnants of the anti-Taliban Northern Alliance during the peak of Taliban control in 2001.

Badakhshan was thus one of the few provinces of the country that witnessed little insurgency in the Afghan wars – however, during the 2010s Taliban insurgents managed to attack and take control of several districts in the province.

On 26 October 2015, the 7.5 Mw Hindu Kush earthquake shook northern Afghanistan with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). This earthquake destroyed almost 30,000 homes, left several hundred dead, and more than 1,700 injured.

Transportation
Fayzabad Airport serves the province with regular direct flights to Kabul.

Healthcare
The percentage of households with clean drinking water increased from 13% in 2005 to 21% in 2011. The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 1.5% in 2003 to 2% in 2011.

Education
Badakhshan University is located in Fayzabad, a city which also has a number of public schools including an all-girls school.

The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) fell from 31% in 2005 to 26% in 2011. The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 46% in 2005 to 68% in 2011.

Economy
Despite massive mineral reserves, Badakhshan is one of the most destitute areas in the world. Opium poppy growing is the only real source of income in the province and Badakhshan has one of the highest rates of maternal mortality in the world, due to the complete lack of health infrastructure, inaccessible locations, and bitter winters of the province.

Lapis lazuli has been mined in the Sar-e-Sang mines, located in the Kuran wa Munjan District of Badakhshan, for over 6,000 years. The mines were the largest and most well-known source in ancient times. Most recent mining activity has focused on lapis lazuli, with the proceeds from the lapis mines being used to fund Northern Alliance troops, and before that, anti-Soviet Mujahideen fighters. Recent geological surveys have indicated the location of other gemstone deposits, in particular rubies and emeralds. It is estimated that the mines at Kuran wa Munjan District hold up to 1,290 tonnes of azure (lapis lazuli). Exploitation of this mineral wealth could be key to the region's prosperity.

On 5 October 2018 in Washington, D.C., Afghan officials signed a 30-year contract involving a $22 million investment by investment group Centar and its operating company, Afghan Gold and Minerals Co., to explore and develop an area of Badakhshan for gold mining.

Sport
The province is represented in Afghan domestic cricket competitions by the Badakhshan Province cricket team BORNA Cricket Club which belongs to BORNA Institute of Higher Education is coming up with its own team and will be groomed by the experts in the field of cricket.

Demographics
As of 2020, the population of the province is about 1,054,087, constituting a multi-ethnic rural society. Dari-speaking Tajiks make up the majority followed by a few Uzbeks, Hazaras, Pashtuns, Kyrgyz, Qizilbash, and others. There are also speakers of the following Pamiri languages: Shughni, Munji, Ishkashimi, and Wakhi.

The inhabitants of the province are mostly Sunni Muslims, although there are also some Ismaili Shia Muslims.

60.1% of the population lived below the national poverty line, one of the higher figures in the country.

Notable people from Badakhshan

 * Zoroaster, Zarathustra, Avestan prophet of zoroastrianism who lived in a land that was very likely modern day badaxšân.
 * Makhfi Badakhshi, Persian poet, lived and died in Badakhshan
 * Nūr al-Dīn Jaʿfar Badakhshī, 14th-century disciple of the eminent Central Asian Ṣūfī shaykh Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī
 * Mullah Shah Badakhshi, 17th-century Muslim Sufi of the Qadiri order, from Araska in Rustaq area in Badakhshan
 * Tahir Badakhshi, political activist
 * Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī Balkhi, 11th-century Persian poet, philosopher and Isma'ili scholar, died in Yamgan, Badakhshan
 * Bairam Khan, 16th-century important military commander, and later commander-in-chief of the Mughal army, a powerful statesman and regent at the court of the Mughal Emperors, Humayun and Akbar
 * Fawzia Koofi, noted Afghan women's rights activist, member of Parliament and 2014 presidential candidate
 * Qamaruddin Maziar Kouhyar, professional footballer, and the first Afghan to play professionally in Great Britain
 * Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, Chief architect of the Taj Mahal
 * Miri Maftun, Afghan musician from Badakhshan.
 * Zulmai Mujadidi, Member of Parliament representing Badakhshan
 * Latif Pedram, political activist and candidate for Afghanistan's presidency
 * Burhanuddin Rabbani, leader of the Jamiat-e Islami political party and former president of Afghanistan
 * Qari Fasihuddin, Army Chief, Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

title: Badakhshan Province


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Category:0-6-0 locomotives

Locomotives classified 0-6-0 under the Whyte notation of locomotive axle arrangements.
 * The equivalent AAR wheel arrangement and UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements is C.

title: Category:0-6-0 locomotives


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Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien) is a public art school in Vienna, Austria.

History
The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna was founded in 1688 as a private academy modelled on the Accademia di San Luca and the Parisien Académie de peinture et de sculpture by the court-painter Peter Strudel, who became the Praefectus Academiae Nostrae. In 1701, he was ennobled by Emperor Joseph I as Freiherr (Baron) of the Empire. With his death in 1714, the academy temporarily closed.

On 20 January 1725, Emperor Charles VI appointed the Frenchman Jacob van Schuppen as Prefect and Director of the Academy, which was refounded as the k.k. Hofakademie der Maler, Bildhauer und Baukunst (Imperial and Royal Court Academy of painters, sculptors and architecture). Upon Charles's death in 1740, the academy at first declined, however during the rule of his daughter Empress Maria Theresa, a new statute reformed the academy in 1751. The prestige of the academy grew during the deanships of Michelangelo Unterberger and Paul Troger, and in 1767 the archduchesses Maria Anna and Maria Carolina were made the first Honorary Members. In 1772, there were further reforms to the organisational structure. In 1776, the engraver Jakob Matthias Schmutzer founded a school of engraving. This Imperial-Royal Academy of Engraving in the Annagasse soon competed with the Court Academy.

Chancellor Wenzel Anton Kaunitz integrated all existing art academies into the k.k. vereinigten Akademie der bildenden Künste (Imperial and Royal Unified Academy of Fine Arts). The word "vereinigten" (unified) was later dropped. In 1822 the art cabinet grew significantly with the bequest of honorary member Anton Franz de Paula Graf Lamberg-Sprinzenstein. His collection still forms the backbone of the art on display. In 1872, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria approved a statute making the academy the supreme government authority for the arts. A new building was constructed according to plans designed by Theophil Hansen in the course of the layout of the Ringstraße boulevard. On 3 April 1877, the present-day building on Schillerplatz in the Innere Stadt district was inaugurated, the interior works, including ceiling frescos by Anselm Feuerbach, continued until 1892. In 1907 and 1908, young Adolf Hitler, who had come from Linz, was twice denied admission to the drawing class. He stayed in Vienna, subsisting on his orphan allowance, and tried unsuccessfully to continue his profession as an artist. Soon he had withdrawn into poverty and started selling amateur paintings, mostly watercolours, for meagre sustenance until he left Vienna for Munich in May 1913 (see also, Paintings by Adolf Hitler). During the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945, the academy, like other Austrian universities, was forced to purge its staff and student body of Jews and others that fell under the purview of the racially discriminatory Nuremberg Laws. After World War II, the academy was reconstituted in 1955 and its autonomy reconfirmed. Eduard von Josch, the secretary of the Academy, was dismissed for being a member of the NSDAP. The academy has had university status since 1998, but retained its original name. It is currently the only Austrian university without the word "university" in its name.

Structure
The academy is divided into the following institutes:
 * Institute for Fine Arts, which houses thirteen departments: Abstract Painting; Art and Digital Media; Art and Photography; Arts and Research; Conceptual Art; Contextual Painting; Expanded Pictorial Space; Figurative Painting; Graphic Arts and Printmaking Techniques; Object Sculpture; Performative Art – Sculpture; Video and Video-installation; Textual Sculpture
 * Institute for Art Theory and Cultural Studies (art theory, philosophy, history);
 * Institute for Conservation and Restoration;
 * Institute for Natural Sciences and Technologies in Art;
 * Institute for Secondary School Teaching Degrees (craft, design, textile arts);
 * Institute for Art and Architecture.

The Academy currently has about 900 students, almost a quarter of which are foreign students. Its faculty includes "stars" such as Peter Sloterdijk. Its library houses about 110,000 volumes and its "etching cabinet" (Kupferstichkabinett) has about 150,000 drawings and prints. The collection is one of the biggest in Austria, and is used for academic purposes, although portions are also open to the general public.

Other students and professors

 * Karl Aigen (1684–1762), student, director and professor
 * Oz Almog, (born 1956)
 * Alois Arnegger (1879–1963)
 * Joannis Avramidis (1922–2016)
 * Peter Behrens (1868–1940)
 * Sabeth Buchmann (born 1962)
 * Menci Clement Crnčić (1865–1930)
 * Konstantin Danil (1802–1873)
 * Saeed Danosian (1979–1985)
 * Diedrich Diederichsen (born 1957)
 * Andrea Maria Dusl (born 1961)
 * Thomas Ender (1793–1875)
 * Harun Farocki (1944–2014)
 * Anselm Feuerbach (1829–1880), professor (1873)
 * Emil Fuchs (1866–1929)
 * Ernst Fuchs (1930–2015)
 * Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger (1805–1880), professor
 * Richard Gerstl (1883–1908)
 * Edwin Grienauer (1893–1964)
 * Gottfried Helnwein (born 1948)
 * F. Scott Hess (born 1955)
 * Clemens Holzmeister (1886–1983)
 * Friedensreich Hundertwasser (1928–2000)
 * Greta Kempton (1901–1991)
 * Anton Lehmden (1929–2018)
 * Maximilian Liebenwein (1869–1926)
 * Leopold Matzal (1890–1956)
 * Franz Anton Maulbertsch (1724–1796)
 * Ludwig Merwart (1913–1979)
 * Joseph Mössmer (1780–1845)
 * Caspar Neher (1897–1962)
 * Gustav Peichl (1928–2019)
 * Elmar Peintner (born 1954)
 * August von Pettenkofen (1822–1889)
 * Johann Georg Platzer (1704–1761)
 * Roland Rainer (1910–2004)
 * Daniel Richter (born 1962)
 * Rudolph Schwarz (1840–1912)
 * Robert Sedlacek (1881–1957)
 * Nasrine Seraji (born 1957)
 * Tamuna Sirbiladze (1971–2016)
 * Hito Steyerl (born 1966)
 * Paul Troger (1698–1762)
 * Norbert Troller (1900–1984))
 * Rudolf von Alt (1812–1905)
 * Friedrich von Schmidt (1825–1891)
 * Henrik Weber (1818–1866)
 * Kurt Weiss (1895–1966)
 * Albert Zimmermann (1808–1888)
 * Timo Penttilä (1931–2011)
 * Herbert Smagon (1927-????)
 * Herbert Smagon (1927-????)

In fiction
The Academy of Fine Arts in 1908 is the scene of the early chapters of the 2001 alternative history novel The Alternative Hypothesis ("La part de l'autre") by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt. It is based on the assumption that had the young Adolf Hitler been accepted he might have become a recognized painter and never entered politics, and never become the dictator of Nazi Germany. The dramatic tension in the book's plot develops from the Academy staff, deliberating whether or not to admit Hitler, thinking of it as an unimportant matter concerning a single unknown student – while the readers are aware that in fact they are deciding the future of the entire world.

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Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands)

The Evangelical People's Party (Evangelische Volkspartij, EVP) was a minor progressive Protestant political party in the Netherlands. It is one of the predecessor parties of the modern-day GroenLinks.

History
The EVP was founded in March 1981 by members of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), which were united in the group "Not by Bread Alone" (Niet bij Brood Alleen) and members of the Evangelical Progressive Party, which had previously left the Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party. Both groups were opposed to the formation of the CDA and its conservative course.

After winning one seat in the 1982 general election (it was unable to do so in 1981), the party joined the opposition. The party became divided between a left wing and a centrist wing. The left wing wanted to co-operate with the Political Party of Radicals (which had split from the Catholic People's Party in 1968) and its left-wing allies, the Pacifist Socialist Party and the destalinised Communist Party of the Netherlands. The EVP was more reserved towards the CPN. The centrist wing wanted to co-operate with the Labour Party and the CDA. Although some members were willing to co-operate, the party congress rejected the co-operation with the CPN, the PSP and the PPR in the 1984 European Parliament elections.

After the party lost its sole seat in the 1986 elections, co-operation with other parties become more important. For the 1989 elections the Political Party of Radicals (PPR), Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP) and the Communist Party of the Netherlands initiated a common list GreenLeft. The EVP hesitated to join, and only after the talks were concluded did it opt to enter. It got one candidate on an ineligible eleventh place. In 1991, the party officially dissolved itself into GreenLeft in the Moses and Aaron Church in Amsterdam. Prominent EVP-members became involved in the Left (wing) Cheek, a platform for the New Testament and Politics. This platform still exists, but it is only of limited importance within the party.

Ideology and issues
The party combined left-wing ideas with a green program, inspired by the New Testament. The Sermon on the Mount was an important inspiration for the party. The Sermon was seen as an evangelical imperative to create a society where justice, peace and solidarity would rule. Important issues for the party were:
 * A pacifist foreign policy, especially opposition to the placement of nuclear weapons.
 * It sought to formulate an alternative to both capitalism and communism. It proposed the economy of enough, in which incomes would be redistributed, people would get more rest (for instance by a government-financed sabbatical for all) and damage to the environment would be limited.
 * The party was progressive on social and ethical issues, such as gay rights and abortion.

Representation
This table the EVP's results in elections to the House of Representatives, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election; these posts are normally taken by the party leader.

Electorate
The EVP's small electorate consisted out of left-wing Protestants, mostly former adherents of the Anti-Revolutionary Party, for whom opposition to the placement of nuclear weapons was an important issue. The party was open to non-religious persons.

Linked organisations
The EVP published a periodical called "EVP info", which was continued after 1990 as "The Leftwing Cheek" within GreenLeft. Its scientific institute was Foundation for Formation and Education, which published "Schering en Inslag"

Relationships to other parties
The party had good relations with the Political Party of Radicals (PPR), which also had its roots in Christian democracy and emphasised green ideals. It also had good relations with the social-democratic Labour Party and the Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP). In 1989 it chose for the PPR and the PSP and merged into the GreenLeft, together with the Communist Party of the Netherlands, a party towards which the EVP was more reserved, because of its atheism, alignment with communist dictatorships and centralised organisation.

International comparison
Internationally the party is comparable to other small parties which combine left-wing politics with religious inspiration, for instance the Swiss Christian Social Party.


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Oratory School

An Oratory School is primarily any of several schools founded or initially operated by the Oratorians (priests of the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri), a congregation of Catholic priests.

The term was also used early in the career of St. John Bosco, who went on to establish his followers as the Salesian priests and Brothers.

List of Oratory Schools

 * The Oratory School, Woodcote, Oxfordshire
 * The Oratory Preparatory School, Pangbourne, Oxfordshire
 * The London Oratory School
 * Oratory Preparatory School, Summit, New Jersey

title: Oratory School


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User talk:DarkNight

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Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Qadri (14 June 1856 – October 1921), known reverentially as A'la Hazrat, was an Indian Islamic scholar and poet who is considered as the founder of the Barelvi movement and the Razvi branch of the Qadri Sufi order.

Born in Bareilly, British India, Khan wrote on law, religion, philosophy and the sciences, and because he mastered many subjects in both rational and religious sciences he has been called a polymath by Francis Robinson, a leading Western scholar of Islam in South Asia.

He was a reformer who wrote extensively in defense of Muhammad and popular Sufi practices. He influenced millions of people, and today the Barelvi movement has around 200 million followers in the region. Khan is viewed as a Mujadid or reviver of Islam by Sufis.

Family background
Khan was born on 14 June 1856 to an Indian Muslim family in the mohallah of Jasoli in Bareilly district, North-Western Provinces, British India.

The family belonged to the Barech tribe of Pashtuns, his ancestor Saeed-ullah Khan, a warrior who accompanied Nader Shah, having migrated from Kandahar (current-day Afghanistan) to Lahore (current-day Pakistan) while the family later settled down in Bareilly.

His father, Naqi Ali Khan, was an Islamic scholar.

The name corresponding to the year of his birth was al-Mukhtar. His birth name was Muhammad. Khan used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" ("servant of the chosen one") prior to signing his name in correspondence.

Teachers
According to the official Biography written by Molana Zafar Uddin Bihari, some of his famous teachers included:
 * Shah AI-i-Rasul (d. 1297/1879)
 * Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297/1880)
 * Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Makki (d. 1299/1881)
 * Abd al-Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1301/1883)
 * Hussayn bin Saleh (d. 1302/1884)
 * Abul-Hussayn Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1324/1906)
 * 'Abd al-Ali Rampuri (d. 1303/1885)

Spiritual order
In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age of 22 years, Ahmed Raza became the Mureed (disciple) of Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi. His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.

Ahl-e-Sunnat Revival movement
Imam Ahmed Raza wrote extensively in defense of his views, countered the Wahabism and Deobandi movements, and, by his writing and activity, became the leader of the Ahle Sunnat movement. The movement is spread across the globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa and Bangladesh. The movement now has over 200 million followers globally. The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when began but is currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians as well as the South Asian diaspora throughout the world.

The efforts of Khan and his associate scholars to establish a movement to counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to in the institutionalization of diverse Sufi movements and their allies in various parts of the world.

Jamat Raza E Mustafa
Khan founded an organization on 17 December 1920 and named it Jamat Raza E Mustafa.

Death
Ahmed Raza Khan died in October 1921 (Safar 1340 AH) at the age of 65. He is buried in his hometown of Bareilly.

Books
Imam Ahmed Raza Khan wrote several hundred books in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razaviyya, and Kanzul Iman (Translation & Explanation of the Qur'an). Several of his books have been translated into European and South Asian languages.

Kanz ul Iman (translation of the Qur'an)
Kanzul Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by Khan. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, and is a widely read version of the translation in the Indian Subcontinent. It has been translated into English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati, and Pashto, and also recently translated into Gojri language by Mufti Nazir Ahmed Qadri.

Husam ul Haramain
Husamul Haramain or Husam al Harmain Ala Munhir kufr wal mayn (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of unbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a treatise which declared infidels the founders of the Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements on the basis that they did not have the proper veneration of Muhammad and finality of prophethood in their writings. In defense of his verdict he obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in South Asia, and some from scholars in Mecca and Medina. The treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and Hindi.

Fatawa Razawiyyah
Fatawa-e-Razvia or the full name Al Ataya fi-Nabaviah Fatwa Razaviah (translates to Verdicts of Imam Ahmed Raza by the blessings of the Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement. It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solutions to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage.

Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish
He wrote na'at (devotional poetry in praise of Muhammad) and always discussed him in the present tense. His main book of poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish.

His poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of Muhammad, often have a simplicity and directness.

His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa Jaane Rahmat pe Lakhon Salaam (Millions of salutations on Mustafa, the Paragon of mercy), are recited in mosques globally. They contain praise of Muhammad, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the awliya and saleheen (the saints and the pious).

Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya
In 1323 Hijri (1905), Ahmad Raza went for his second Haj. Allamah Shaikh Saleh Kamal a Alim of Makkatul Mukarrama, he presented five questions to Ahmad Raza on behalf of the Ulema of Makkatul Mukarrama, this question was asked by Makkatul Mukarrama Wahabi Ulema regarding Knowledge of the knowledge of Unseen (Ilm-e-Ghaib). At that time Ahmed Raza was suffering from a high fever, despite the illness he tried to answer all the questions, he answered in such detail that the answer took the form of a book, and this book was named  Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya.

Beliefs
Khan saw an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India. His movement was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of the Deobandi movement in South Asia and the Wahhabi movement elsewhere.

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan supported Tawassul, Mawlid, Muhammad's awareness of complete knowledge of the unseen, and other practices which were opposed by Salafis and Deobandis.

In this context he supported the following beliefs: This concept was interpreted by Shah Abdul Aziz in Tafsir Azizi in these words: The prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Imaan) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress.
 * Muhammad is a human being made of nur (light) and is omnipresent. This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad was the insan-i-kamil (perfect person), but still a mortal human.
 * Muhammad is haazir naazir (Haazir-o-Naazir on the deeds of his Ummah) which means that Muhammad views and witnesses the actions of his people.

"We do not hold that anyone can equal the knowledge of Allah Most High, or possess it independently, nor do we assert that Allah's giving of knowledge to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) is anything but a part. But what a patent and tremendous difference between one part [the Prophet's] and another [anyone else's]: like the difference between the sky and the earth, or rather even greater and more immense."

Raza Khan was emphatic in opposing the Shia and Hindu influences on Muslim identity. To differentiate between Muslim and infidel he categorically said:

"Presented a choice of giving water to a thirsty infidel or to a thirsty dog, a believer (Muslim) should make the offering to dog."

He reached judgments with regard to certain practices and faith in his book Fatawa-e-Razvia, including:
 * Islamic Law is the ultimate law and following it is obligatory for all Muslims;
 * To refrain from Bid'ah is essential;
 * It is impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to mingle with the misguided [and heretics], and to participate in their festivals.

He wrote many books on science and physics. One of his famous books, Fauze Mubeen Dar Radde Harkate Zameen, using the Holy Qur'an as its guideline, proves that the earth is not rotating but is stationary. In the book he has discussed at length why some of the Newton's arguments are false.

Ahmadis
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Messiah, Prophet, and Mahdi awaited by some Muslims as well as a Ummati Nabi, a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to the pristine form as practiced by Muhammad and early Sahaba. Khan declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a heretic and apostate and called him and his followers disbelievers (kuffar).

Deobandis
The theological difference with the Deobandi school began when Maulana Ahmed Raza Khan Qadri objected in writing to some of the following beliefs of Deobandi scholars. When Ahmed Raza Khan visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs"). In this work, Ahmad Raza branded Deobandi leaders such as Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi and those who followed them as kuffar. Khan collected scholarly opinions in the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Hussam al Harmain ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese). However, Deobandis claim the evidence provided to the scholars in Arabia were fabricated and that Ahmed Raza Khans takfir of them was unjust.
 * A founder of the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie. This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb. According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying. Gangohi supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets equal to Muhammad.
 * He opposed the doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen (Ilm e Ghaib).

This work initiated a reciprocal series of fatwas between Barelvis and Deobandis lasting to the present.

Shia
Ahmed Raza Khan wrote various books against the beliefs and faith of Shia Muslims and declared various practices of Shia as kufr. He considered most Shiites of his day apostates because, he believed, they repudiated necessities of religion.

Wahabi Movement
Ahmed Raza Khan declared Wahabis as disbelievers (kuffar) and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant in the Arabian peninsula, just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis. Until this day, Khan's followers remain opposed to the Wahhabi and their beliefs.

Permissibility of currency notes
In 1905, Khan, on the request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on the permissibility of using paper as a form of currency, entitled Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.

Political views
Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, Khan and his movement opposed the Indian independence movement due to its leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim.

Imam Ahmed Raza Khan declared that India was Dar al-Islam and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there. According to him, those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under the non-Muslim rule to collect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight Jihad or perform Hijra. Therefore, he opposed labeling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant that waging holy war against and migrating from India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. This view of Khan's was similar to other reformers Syed Ahmed Khan and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy.

The Muslim League mobilized the Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan, and many of Khan's followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts.

Legacy
Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions teach Khan's ideas, which emphasize the primacy of Islamic law along with the adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to Muhammad.

Recognition

 * On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's program Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of Khan and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him.
 * Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi, and philosopher, said: "I have carefully studied the decrees of Ahmed Raza and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam Ahmed Raza forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgments. In another place he says, "Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge."
 * Prof. Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was the head of the department of Mathematics at Aligarh Muslim University, was once unable to find solutions to some mathematic algorithms, even after he took help from the mathematicians abroad. He decided to visit Germany for the solution but at the request of his friend Sayyed Suleman Ashraf who was a professor of Islamic Studies at Aligarh Muslim University and also the mureed (disciple) of Ahmed Raza, Ziauddin visited Ahmed Raza on a special visit to get answers to his difficult questions, and under the guidance of Ahmed Raza he finally succeeded in getting solutions.
 * Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Court of Pakistan: "Maulana Ahmad Raza's grand personality, a representation of our most esteemed ancestors, is history-making, and a history uni-central in his self. ... You may estimate his high status from the fact that he spent all his life in expressing the praise of the great and auspicious Holy Prophet (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), in defending his veneration, in delivering speeches regarding his unique conduct, and in promoting and spreading the Law of Shariah which was revealed upon him for the entire humanity of all times. His renowned name is 'Muhammad' (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم), the Prophet of Almighty Allah. ... The valuable books written by an encyclopedic scholar like Ahmed Raza, in my view, are the lamps of light that will keep enlightened and radiant the hearts and minds of the men of knowledge and insight for a long time."

Societal influence

 * Ala Hazrat Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Bareilly and Bhuj in India.
 * The Indian government issued a commemorative postal stamp in honor of Ahmad Raza Khan on 31 December 1995.
 * Aala Hazrat Haj House Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
 * Aala Hazrat Hospital Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
 * Ala Hazrat Terminal, Bareilly Airport, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
 * Raza Academy

Spiritual successors
Imam Ahmed Raza Khan had two sons and five daughters. His sons Hamid Raza Khan and Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid Raza Khan was his appointed successor. After him Mustafa Raza Khan succeeded his father, who then appointed Akhtar Raza Khan as his successor. His son, Mufti Asjad Raza Khan now succeeds him as the spiritual leader. He had many disciples and successors, including 30 in the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere. The following scholars are his notable successors:
 * Hamid Raza Khan (d. 1875/1943)
 * Mustafa Raza Khan (d. 1892/1981)
 * Amjad Ali Aazmi (d. 1882/1948)
 * Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi
 * Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi
 * Zafaruddin Bihari (d. 1886/1962)
 * Abul Muhamid al-Ashrafi al-Jilani (d. 1894/1961)
 * Hashmat Ali Khan (d. 1901/1960)
 * Maulana Ziauddin Madani (d. 1877/1981)

Educational influence
There are thousands of madrassas and Islamic seminaries dedicated to his school of thought across the Indian Subcontinent.
 * Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is the main educational institute and learning center that provides Islam education.
 * Raza Academy publishing house in Mumbai
 * Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa

title: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi


text:
Medina Valley

Medina Valley, also known as the Medina River Valley, is an area in south central Texas containing the Medina River, Lake Medina, and the Medina Dam. It serves to drain the Balcones Escarpment of the Texas Hill Country and irrigate the crop fields contained therein. It is approximately 120 miles (190 km) long and is named for the Medina River.

Natural features
The geology of Medina Valley has been analyzed for some time, with a prominent feature being the Balcones Fault Zone. There are a number of flora and fauna species associated with the Medina Valley. Some of the species in and close to Medina Valley have their distributional range defined by the Medina Valley and/or the Balcones Fault. For example, the California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera occurs only in the western USA west of the Medina Valley and Balcones Fault.

Counties in Medina Valley

 * Bandera County, Texas,
 * Eastern Medina County, Texas,
 * southwestern Bexar County, Texas,
 * Atascosa County, Texas

Communities in Medina Valley

 * Bandera, Texas
 * Castroville, Texas
 * Mico, Texas
 * Rio Medina, Texas
 * LaCoste, Texas
 * Lakehills, Texas
 * Lytle, Texas
 * Pearson, Texas
 * Somerset, Texas
 * St. Hedwig, Texas
 * Elmendorf, Texas
 * Von Ormy, Texas
 * Medina, Texas

title: Medina Valley


text:
Talk:Home Office

Early comments
Updated to give latest list of ministers, including removing Blunkett - position left "vacant"

-Tom — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.178.213.14 (talk • contribs) 19:44, 15 December 2004 (UTC)

 * Could the names and responsibilities of the leading civil servants in the department be listed as well? --Bonalaw 09:09, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't there be at least a mention of the scandals during the last two years and that it's currently shot to pieces---or in Dr Reid's own terms, "not fit for purpose"? 83.67.217.254 10:04, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

A "large" department?
Is this still true post-2007? 82.36.26.70 —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 10:46, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Draconian Policies
''The Home Office recently announced its involvement and full support of the UK National Staff Dismissal Register, this is an Orwellian database of staff the company has dismissed and it plans to share this information with other companies to stop them being employed again. The register has no legal standing and can include names of anyone the company has employed and dismissed without fair hearing or criminal conviction.''

The Home Office continues through the National ID card, NSDR, National DNA databases of innocent people, fingerprinting of school children to destroy its and the police services relationship with the British public with these idiotic, wasteful and tyrannical projects and attempts to rule the country by decree.

No source reference, subjective viewpoint, should this be removed? —Preceding unsigned comment added by SJRRoth (talk • contribs) 17:47, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The above was added by an anonymous IP on 31 May - I've reveretd it back to the preceeding version. Nick Cooper (talk) 17:54, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * This BBC News story (08/05/2008) referenced in the edit history by Ninetyone says:

 * "The register is an initiative of Action Against Business Crime (AABC), which was established as a joint venture between the Home Office and the British Retail Consortium 'to set up and maintain business crime reduction partnerships'. The Home Office says it stopped funding the scheme last year, having granted it almost £1m during its first three years. A Home Office spokeswoman says the register is a 'commercial scheme' and it was not consulted."

 * So it is something the Home Office was involved with, but not anymore, and it certainly doesn't have their "full support". Recommend removing it if it appears again. Annexed (talk) 10:41, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

"Allegations of discrimination" section
User:Sansonic, may I just draw your attention to the text of WP:UNDUE, particularly the following: "generally, the views of tiny minorities should not be included at all". The stated opinion of one LibDem MP is most definitely a tiny minority and as such does not merit inclusion in the article. ninety:one  18:54, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Added the Home Office Drugs Inpectorate
Should be there, I think, I will be expanding this 'stub' 2829  VC 10:33, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Duplication of list
I note that another version of the list "Permanent Under Secretaries of State of the Home Office" exists in Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department under Permanent under-secretaries, 1782-present. The lists have been structured and updated differently. Maybe some bureaucrat would like to investigate this. Cheers, Bjenks (talk) 01:07, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

ID cards referred to in opening paragraph
but UK doesn't really have an ID card system [at least for most citizens] and Gov has no plans to introduce one.

86.176.209.213 (talk) 09:56, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

Woefully Inadequate Cyber-Security -Anonymous Attack 07/04/2012
See BBC report  titled Home Office website blocked; 'Anonymous' hackers blamed.  The hacking group Anonymous is alleged to have blocked access to the Home Office website, apparently in response to government plans for e-mail surveillance. The website has been blocked; earlier a message was posted blaming a high volume of traffic. A message on Twitter claiming to be from Anonymous said it was responsible. The tweet said: For your draconian surveillance proposals! Earlier in the week the Home Office said it planned to "legislate as soon as parliamentary time allows" to bring in email surveillance measures. Ministers say change is needed to help fight crime and terrorism, but critics warn it is an attack on privacy. Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg said on Tuesday the government would not "ram legislation through Parliament" to increase monitoring of emails and web usage, Nick Clegg has said. A Home Office spokesman said: "We are aware of some reports that the Home Office website may be the subject of an online protest. We have put all potential measures in place and will be monitoring the situation very closely.If a successful denial of service attempt does occur tonight, we will liaise with the technical team and update as necessary," he added.  Somewhat worrying that security can be breached this easily - should be included in the main article under a 'controversies' section? 80.42.233.107 (talk) 22:12, 7 April 2012 (UTC)cypherdelic80.42.233.107 (talk) 22:12, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

More like a complete overreaction. Taking their website offline for a couple hours just has no significance in the history of the Home Office - which goes back hundreds of years. If you were charting a year-by-year history then it's noteworthy, but when you have a small section dating back to 1700's, and almost more mention of a website being unavailable for a few hours on 1 day....not forgetting that for 99.8% of it's history, the internet did not exist.

Brutalist architecture

 * Your point apropos this page being? Nick Cooper (talk)

Withdrawn. Sca (talk) 13:28, 28 July 2014 (UTC)

Remove part of history section
Suggest removing the 'Anonymous attack' and 'Union Action' from the history section. In the almost 350 year history of the Home Office, some silly DDOS attack for a couple of hours on one day does not count a significant history. Neither does the PCS calling yet another strike, something they typically do multiple times each year - in this case it didn't even happen.

Anyone against this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.157.229.184 (talk) 19:20, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Public Accounts Committee: Home Office 'bases immigration policies on anecdotes and prejudice'
This seems important to include but not sure where

 * https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/sep/18/home-office-policies-based-anecdotes-prejudice-damning-report

John Cummings (talk) 08:59, 18 September 2020 (UTC)

Changes I made to the 'Organisation' section
Hi all, new editor here

I wanted to dust off this article and bring it up to date a bit, as I see that a lot of things are out of date. I've just published the following changes in my edit.

 * Added 'Organisational structure' to show the directorates the Home Office has - this was taken from the old 'Divisions' section and updated to include more up-to-date information
 * Added the 'Other related public bodies' header above the list of organisations (this was previously not there)
 * Updated list to official records in GOV.UK
 * Deleted 'Operations' section as it includes information about the very defunct National Policing Improvement Agency and the responsibilities that were handed over. This is now 12 year-old info and is not relevant to this section as much of it has now changed and might be better suited to the 'History' section. A lot of things have also now been taken over by the Police Digital Service.
 * Updated financials to the latest official info which is 2022-2023
 * Deleted 'Contractors' section after much deliberation, because the list is out-of-date and the Home Office has too many contractors to put in a list. I thought about putting the biggest contractors only but I'm not sure where to find this information

Let me know what you think, and any feedback is appreciated as this is my first non-minor edit :) Mogliw (talk) 01:43, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

Home Office vs Department
Given the Home Office is strictly and officially referred to as the Home Department (as specified in the article), I propose that the first sentence be altered to “The Home Department, also

known as the Home Office (HO)…” in order to better reflect this.

With respect to the page name, I do not propose it be changed given how widely used the ”Home Office” name is. ZElsb (talk) 19:34, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Home Office


text:
Ianca

Ianca is a town in Brăila County, Muntenia, Romania. With a population of 8,969 people as of 2021, it is the second-largest urban locality in the county. The town's area is 186 km2, of which 10.9 km2 have the status of residential area. The town administers six villages: Berlești, Gara Ianca, Oprișenești, Perișoru, Plopu, and Târlele Filiu.

Geography
The town is situated at the northern edge of the Bărăgan Plain, at an altitude of 40 m. It is located in the central part of the county, 44 km southwest of the county seat, Brăila.

History
The first mention of the settlement dates to 1834. At the end of the 19th century, it comprised two villages (Ianca and Niculești); with a population of 1,483, it was the residence of plasa Ianca of Brăila County. In 1950, Ianca commune became part of the Făurei raion of Galați Region. It became again part of Brăila County in 1968, and it officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.

From 1941 to 2001 Ianca was the home of the 49th Air Base of the Romanian Air Force; since July 2022, the airfield is owned by the Romanian Aeroclub.

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Ianca had a population of 8,969; of those, 88.77% were Romanians and 2% Roma.

Natives

 * Virgil Huzum (1905 – 1987), poet
 * Ion Theodorescu-Sion (1882 – 1939), painter

Transportation and economy
Ianca is crossed by the national road DN2B, which runs from Buzău to Galați. The Ianca and Ianca Sat train stations serve the CFR Main Line 700, which connects Bucharest to Brăila, Galați, and the Moldova border at Giurgiulești.

The Oprișenești oil field is located on the administrative territory of the town.

Sports
The football club Viitorul Ianca is based here; the home ground of the club is the Ștefan Vrăbioru Stadium.

International relations
Ianca is twinned with La Chapelle-sur-Erdre, France since 2005.

title: Ianca


text:
User talk:Lexie67

Hi, My name is Lexie67... i have helped to write a few articles...
 * Hmm helped write a few articles? I think tried to vandalise would be a more accurate description of you activities. I've temp blocked you for page move vandalism. The block will last a day. When you come back, please try to make productive edits only. cheers Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 20:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Really? That's funny, I blocked him for 3 weeks. I'm sick of move vandals. - Ta bu shi da yu 14:33, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lexie67


text: Category:Braila

title: Category:Braila


text:
Second Salisbury ministry

The Marquess of Salisbury formed his second ministry, in an alliance with the Liberal Unionist Party, following the 1886 general election and his reappointment as the British prime minister by Queen Victoria.

Changes

 * In 1887 a Liberal Unionist, George Goschen, joined the ministry as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
 * February 1888 – Sir Michael Hicks Beach succeeds Lord Stanley of Preston as President of the Board of Trade.
 * September 1889 – Henry Chaplin enters the Cabinet as President of the Board of Agriculture.
 * October 1891 – Arthur Balfour succeeds the late William Henry Smith as First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons. William Jackson succeeds him as Chief Secretary for Ireland.

title: Second Salisbury ministry


text:
Ardwold

Ardwold was the residence of Sir John Craig Eaton and Lady Eaton of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Sir John was the youngest son of Timothy Eaton, the founder of the T. Eaton Company Department Store, or Eaton's, and he inherited the business and became its president upon his father's death in 1907. Sir John was one of the wealthiest men in Canada, and in 1909 he commissioned a home to be built on "The Hill", a name used to describe the neighbourhood on the Davenport Hill in Toronto where many wealthy families built their homes. Casa Loma, built by Henry Pellatt and the largest private house ever constructed in Canada, was near Ardwold, as were Spadina House, the mansion of James Austin, and Glenedyth, the estate of Samuel Nordheimer.

Ardwold is a Gaelic term meaning "high, green hill". The enormous mansion was designed by Toronto architect Frank Wickson of Wickson and Gregg Architectural firm. It was in the Georgian style, and influenced by English and Irish country homes, namely Belton House in Lincolnshire. Ardwold had 50 rooms, 14 bathrooms, and its own hospital. Situated on eleven acres (45,000 m2) of landscaped grounds, which included a half-acre (2,000 m2) glassed area housing a conservatory and swimming pool, Ardwold was one of the largest and most luxurious residences in Toronto and the country.

Sir John Craig Eaton died in 1922, and his widow Lady Eaton kept the home until 1936, when she sold the land. Eaton moved to the enormous chateau named Eaton Hall at King City, Ontario. After an auction of much of its contents, Ardwold was blown up (the walls were too thick to use ordinary demolition methods). The property was divided into an exclusive housing development named Ardwold Gate. Only the gate lodge on Spadina Road near Austin Terrace remains.

title: Ardwold


text:
University of Applied Arts Vienna

The University of Applied Arts Vienna (Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien, or informally just Die Angewandte) is an arts university and institution of higher education in Vienna, the capital of Austria. It has had university status since 1970.

History
The predecessor of the Angewandte was founded in 1863 as the k. k. Kunstgewerbeschule (Vienna School of Arts and Crafts), following the example of the South Kensington Museum in London, now the Victoria & Albert Museum, to set up a place of advanced education for designers and craftsmen with the Arts and Crafts School in Vienna. It was closely associated with the Österreichischen Museums für Kunst und Industrie (Imperial Royal Austrian Museum of Art and Industry, today known as the MAK).

It was the first school of its kind on the continent. In 1941 it became an institution of higher education. 1941–45 it was called "Reichshochschule fuer angewandte Kunst", and in 1948 was taken over by the Austrian state as an academy. In 1970 it was awarded the title of a university and in 1998 it was renamed the Universität für angewandte Künste (University of applied arts).

Famous artists such as Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Koloman Moser, Vivienne Westwood, Karl Lagerfeld, Jean-Charles de Castelbajac, Paul Kirnig, Jil Sander, Pipilotti Rist, Matteo Thun, François Valentiny, Hugo Markl and Stefan Sagmeister were part of the university's staff or student body. Today its faculty includes many distinguished artists and teachers, such as Judith Eisler, Erwin Wurm, Hartmut Esslinger, Hani Rashid (of Asymptote Architecture), Greg Lynn, Wolf D Prix (of Coop Himmelb(l)au), Peter Weibel and the philosopher Burghart Schmidt. This School also rejected the German chancellor Adolf Hitler in 1908, many historians debate what would happen, if he would be accepted.

Present
The university has currently ca. 1,800 students and c. 380 faculty. The students come from 70 different countries to study in the 29 disciplines of the school, structured in 60% Austrians, 25% Europeans and 15% from other countries. The outcome of their processes is made public in ca. 200 exhibitions a year and a multitude of different events and other public presentations.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni from the university are
 * Walter Bosse (1904–1979), modernist brass sculpture
 * Dorrit Dekk (1917-–2014), graphic designer, printmaker and artist
 * Augusta Kochanowska (1868–1927), Polish painter and illustrator
 * Brigitte Kowanz (1957–2022), artist
 * Matthias Laurenz Gräff (born 1984), artist
 * Wiktoria Goryńska (1902–1945)
 * Karl Hagenauer(1898–1956), Austrian designer in the Art Deco style
 * Wolfgang Hoffmann (1900–1969), architect and designer
 * Gustav Klimt (studied 1876 – 1883)
 * Susan Kozma-Orlay (1913–2008), Hungarian–Australian designer
 * Andreas Kronthaler (born 1966), designer for, and husband to Vivienne Westwood
 * Hugo Markl (born 1964), artist
 * Pipilotti Rist (born 1962), visual artist
 * Felice Rix-Ueno (1893–1967), textile artist
 * Stefan Sagmeister (born 1962), designer
 * Stylianos Schicho (born 1977), artist
 * Eva Schlegel (born 1960), artist and professor at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
 * Pola Stout (1902–1984), textile designer
 * Ernestine Tahedl (born 1940), artist
 * Matthias Tarasiewicz (born 1979), curator and researcher
 * Leo Wollner (1925–1995), textile designer
 * Erwin Wurm (born 1954), artist
 * Lisbeth Zwerger (born 1954), illustrator

title: University of Applied Arts Vienna


text:
Inés Suárez

Inés Suárez, (c. 1507 – 1580) was a Spanish conquistadora who participated in the Conquest of Chile with Pedro de Valdivia, successfully defending the newly conquered Santiago against an attack in 1541 by the indigenous Mapuche.

Early life
Suárez was born in Plasencia, Extremadura, Spain in 1507. She came to the Americas approximately in 1537, around the age of thirty. It is generally assumed that she was in search of her husband Juan de Málaga, who had left Spain to serve in the New World with the Pizarro brothers. After a long time of continuous searching in numerous South American locations, she arrived in Lima in 1538.

Suárez's husband had died before she had reached Peru (she told a compatriot that he died at sea) and the next information that is known of her is in 1539, when she applied for and was granted, as the widow of a Spanish soldier, a small plot of land in Cuzco and encomienda rights to a number of Indians.

Shortly afterward, Suárez became the mistress of Pedro de Valdivia, the conqueror of Chile. The earliest mention of her friendship with Valdivia was after he returned from the Battle of Las Salinas (1538). Although they were from the same area of Spain and at least one novelist relates a tale of long-standing love between them, there is no real evidence that they had met prior to her arrival in Cuzco.

Conquest of Chile
In late 1539, over the objections of Francisco Martínez and encouraged by some of his captains, Valdivia, using the intermediary services of a Mercedarian priest, requested official permission for Suárez to become a part of the group of 12 Spaniards he was leading to the South. Francisco Pizarro, in his letter to Valdivia (January 1540) granting permission for Suárez to accompany Valdivia as his domestic servant, addressed the following words to Suárez, "...as Valdivia tells me, the men are afraid to go on such a long trip and you very courageously put yourself in the face of that danger..."

During the long and harrowing trip to the south, Suárez, who was the only white woman on the expedition, in addition to caring for Valdivia and treating the sick and wounded, found water for them in the desert, and saved Valdivia when one of his rivals tried to undermine his enterprise and take his life. The natives, having already experienced the incursions of the Spaniards, (Diego de Almagro, 1535–1536) burned their crops and drove off their livestock, leaving nothing for Valdivia's band and the animals which accompanied them. Suarez was a cook and a nurse for the majority of the expedition. She was personally in charge of growing crops and the maintaining of the group's livestock. Whenever necessary, she would pick up the sword and fight alongside the rest of the men.

In December 1540, eleven months after they left Cuzco, Valdivia and his band reached the valley of the Mapocho river, where Valdivia was to establish the capital of the territory. The valley was extensive and well populated with natives. Its soil was fertile and there was abundant fresh water. Two high hills provided defensive positions. Soon after their arrival, Valdivia tried to convince the natives of his good intentions, sending delegations bearing gifts for the caciques.

The natives kept the gifts but, united under the leadership of Michimalonco, attacked the Spaniards and were at the point of overwhelming them. Suddenly, the natives threw down their weapons and fled. Captured Indians declared that they had seen a man, mounted on a white horse and carrying a naked sword, descend from the clouds and attack them. The Spaniards decided it was a miraculous appearance of Santo Iago (Saint James the Greater who had already been seen during the Reconquista at the battle of Clavijo) and, in thanks, named the new city Santiago del Nuevo Extremo. The city was officially dedicated on February 12, 1541.

First destruction of Santiago
In August 1541, when Valdivia was occupied on the coast, Suárez uncovered another plot to unseat him. After the plotters were taken care of, Valdivia turned his attention to the Indians and he invited seven caciques to meet with him to arrange for the delivery of food. When the Indians arrived, Valdivia had them held as hostages for the safe delivery of the provisions and the safety of outlying settlements. On the September 9, Valdivia took forty men and left the city to put down an uprising of Indians near Aconcagua.

Early on the morning of September 10, 1541, a young yanakuna brought word to Captain Alonso de Monroy, who had been left in charge of the city, that the woods around the city were full of natives. Suárez was asked if she thought that the Indian hostages should be released as a peace gesture. She replied that she saw it as a bad idea; if the Indians overpowered the Spaniards, the hostages would provide their only bargaining power. Monroy accepted her counsel and issued a call for a council of war.

Just before dawn on September 11, mounted Spaniards rode out to engage the Indians, whose numbers were estimated first at 8,000 and later at 20,000, and who were led by Michimalonco. In spite of the advantage of their horses and their skill with their swords, by noon the Spaniards were pushed into a retreat toward the east, across the Mapocho River; and, by mid-afternoon, they were backed up to the plaza itself.

All day the battle raged. Fire arrows and torches set fire to most of the city; four Spaniards were killed along with a score of horses and other animals. The situation became desperate. The priest, Rodrigo González Marmolejo, said later that the fight was like the Day of Judgment for the Spaniards and that only a miracle saved them.

All day Suárez had been carrying food and water to the fighting men, nursing the wounded, giving them encouragement and comfort. The historian Mariño de Lobera wrote of her activities during the battle: "...seeing that the business was going to a beaten defeat and victory was being declared by the Indians, she put a coat of mail over her shoulders and in this way, she went out to the square and stood in front of all the soldiers, encouraging them with words of such weight that he was more of a valiant captain than a woman exercised on his pad. And she went among them, she told them that if they felt fatigued and if they were wounded she would cure them with her own hands... she went where they were, even among the hooves of the horses; and she did not just cure them, she animated them and raised their morale, sending them back into the battle renewed... one caballero whose wounds she had just treated, was so tired and weak from loss of blood that he could not mount his horse. This woman was so moved by his plea for help that she put herself into the midst of the fray and helped him to mount his horse."

Suárez recognized the discouragement of the men and the extreme danger of the situation; she offered a suggestion. All day the seven caciques who were prisoners of the Spaniards, had been shouting encouragement to their people. Suárez proposed that Spaniards decapitate the seven and toss their heads out among the Indians in order to frighten them. There was some objection to the plan, since several men felt that the fall of the city was imminent and that the captive caciques would be their only bargaining advantage with the Indians. Suárez insisted that hers was the only viable solution to their problem. She then went to the house where the chieftains were guarded by Francisco Rubio and Hernando de la Torre and gave the order for the execution. Mariño de Lobera tells that the guard, La Torre, asked, "In what manner shall we kill them, my lady?" "In this manner," she replied, and, seizing la Torre's sword, she herself cut off the heads. After the seven were decapitated and their heads thrown out among the Indians, Suárez donned a coat of mail and a helmet and, throwing a hide cloak over her shoulders, she rode out on her white horse. According to an eyewitness, "...she went out to the plaza and put herself in front of all the soldiers, encouraging them with words of such exaggerated praise that they treated her as if she were a brave captain,...instead of a woman masquerading as a soldier in iron mail."

In a second version of these events, Gerónimo de Bibar points out that, on the same occasion, Inés grabbed a sword and, heading towards the location where the Spaniards had some indigenous caciques, killed them. She then goes on to be extremely disappointed in the lack of bravery on the part of the soldiers and commands them to at least move the bodies in the view of the attacking armies. She considered herself to be above these men in masculinity and looked down on the mental weakness of her fellow soldiers. One of the knights, Gil Gonzalez de Avila, suffered a terrible blow that made him bleed a lot. Seeing that he was. unable to mount his horse, Ines went up to the knight and stopped all the blood coming from his veins, allowing him to continue the fight. Seeing her medical expertise in action, the other fighting soldiers saw and were emboldened by her courage. In another version of the recounted events, Ines goes up to the Spaniard and tells him kill the hostages in the way the El Cid would have killed Muslims in the Reconquista.

The Spaniards took advantage of the confusion and disorder engendered among the Indians by the gory heads, and spurred on Suárez, succeeded in driving the now disordered Indians from the town. One historian wrote, "The Indians said afterward that the Christians would have been defeated were it not for a woman on a white horse."

The notion that Ines ordered the killing of the seven Indian leaders in Santiago while the city was under attack is questioned by some scholars. Some say that it is because Valvidia never told King Charles V about this in his letters.

In 1545, in recognition of her courage and valor, Valdivia rewarded Suárez with an encomienda. His testament of dedication said in part: "...in battle with the enemies who did not take into account the caciques who were our prisoners, they that were in the most central place - to which the Indians came, ...throwing themselves on you, and you, seeing how weakened your beleaguered forces were then, you made them kill the caciques who were prisoners, putting your own hands on them, causing the majority of the Indians to run away and they left off fighting when they witnessed the evidence of the death of their chieftains; ...it is certain that if they had not been killed and thrown among their countrymen, there would not be a single Spaniard remaining alive in all this city... by taking up the sword and letting if fall on the necks of the cacique prisoners, you have saved all of us."

Later life
Suárez continued to live openly with Pedro de Valdivia, until the time of his trial in Lima. One of the charges levelled against him was that he, being married, openly lived with her "...in the manner of man and wife". Suarez quickly took action and hired some of the best advisors in the Empire to help Valvidia fight off these charges. She convinced the Viceroy of Peru, Pedro de la Gasca, to use his powers as viceroy give to absolve Valvidia of any crimes in the Viceroyalty. In exchange for being freed, and his confirmation as Royal Governor, he was forced to relinquish her and to bring to Chile his wife, Marina Ortiz de Gaete, who only arrived after Valdivia's death in 1554. He was also ordered to marry Suárez off.

Suárez was married in 1549 to Valdivia's captain, Rodrigo de Quiroga, when she was 42 and the groom was 38. After her marriage, she led a very quiet life, dedicated to her home and to charity. Together with her husband, she contributed to the construction of the temple of La Merced and the hermitage of Monserrat, in Santiago. She was held in great esteem in Chile, as being a valiant woman and a great captain. While she knew that plazas and towns would be named after her, she personally lamented that people would never remember the hundreds of women involved in the founding of Chilean towns. Eventually, after the death of Valdivia, her husband twice became Royal Governor himself, in 1565 and 1575. They both died in Santiago de Chile, within months of each other, in 1580.

Suárez's legacy
Suárez is seen as a symbol of a Chilean woman standing up to authority like Paula Jaraquemada and Javiera Carrera. She is still mentioned as a role model to contemporary protestors against mistreatment.

Suárez is the main character in several historical novels, such as "Inés y las raíces de la tierra", ("Inés and the roots of the land"), by María Correa Morande (ZigZag, 1964), "Ay Mamá Inés - Crónica Testimonial" ("Woe, Momma Inés - Testimonial Chronicle") (Andres Bello, 1993) by Jorge Guzmán, and "Inés of My Soul" (Inés del alma mía) by Isabel Allende (HarperCollins, 2006). In her author's note Allende wrote: "This novel is a work of intuition, but any similarity to events and persons relating to the conquest of Chile is not coincidental". Allende's novel has been adapted as a Spanish-Chilean television series in 2020. Elena Rivera (27-year-old during shooting) plays Suárez.

title: Inés Suárez


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User:Cdh

About myself
Name: Calum Hutchinson Occupation: Systems Administrator and Student Location: Edinburgh, Scotland Mood: uneasy

Wikipedia
I love reading wikipedia - the idea of a collaborative system where anyone and everyone can help create a huge database of human knowledge is fantastic. I plan to write about where I am from in the Highlands of Scotland, and generally be a good Wikipedian :D

title: User:Cdh


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User talk:Cdh

Feel free to contact me!

title: User talk:Cdh


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HMS Odin (N84)

HMS Odin (N84) was an O-class submarine of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by HM Dockyard at Chatham in Kent on 23 June 1927, launched on 5 May 1928 and commissioned on 21 December 1929. The name Odin refers to the 74-gun, Danish man-of-war surrendered to the British in 1807.

She served with the 5th Flotilla at Portsmouth in 1929–1930, with the 4th Flotilla at Hong Kong from 1930–1939, with the 8th Flotilla at Colombo in Ceylon in 1939–1940, and with the 1st Flotilla at Alexandria in Egypt in 1940. Odin was sent to Malta shortly before Italy declared war on 10 June.

Odin was depth charged and sunk in the Gulf of Taranto, most probably by the Italian destroyers ITALIAN DESTROYER Strale and ITALIAN DESTROYER Baleno on 14 June 1940.

title: HMS Odin (N84)


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User talk:Stan Daniel

JFW | T@lk  19:51, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Stan Daniel


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HMS Odin (S10)

HMS Odin was a British Oberon-class submarine submarine operated by the Royal Navy.

Design and construction
The Oberon class was a direct follow on of the Porpoise-class, with the same dimensions and external design, but updates to equipment and internal fittings, and a higher grade of steel used for fabrication of the pressure hull.

As designed for British service, the Oberon-class submarines were 241 ft in length between perpendiculars and 295.2 ft in length overall, with a beam of 26.5 ft, and a draught of 18 ft. Displacement was 1,610 tons standard, 2,030 tons full load when surfaced, and 2,410 tons full load when submerged. Propulsion machinery consisted of 2 Admiralty Standard Range 16 VMS diesel generators, and two 3,000 shp electric motors, each driving a 7 ft, 3-bladed propeller at up to 400 rpm. Top speed was 17 kn when submerged, and 12 kn on the surface. Eight 21 in diameter torpedo tubes were fitted (six facing forward, two aft), with a total payload of 24 torpedoes. The boats were fitted with Type 186 and Type 187 sonars, and an I-band surface search radar. The standard complement was 68: 6 officers, 62 sailors.

Odin was laid down by Cammell Laird on 27 April 1959, and launched on 4 November 1960. The boat was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 3 May 1962.

Decommissioning and fate
Odin was decommissioned on 18 October 1990. She was sold for scrap in Greece in October 1991.

title: HMS Odin (S10)


text: User talk:80.8.134.118

title: User talk:80.8.134.118


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Techirghiol

Techirghiol (, historical name: Tekirgöl) is a town in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.

Etymology
The name is derived from the Turkish Tekirgöl which means "the lake of Tekir". According to a legend, a blind and crippled old man named Tekir and his old donkey reached the shore of the lake by mistake. Trying to pull his stubborn animal out of the mud, Tekir was miraculously healed so he could see and walk normally again. Since then the lake has become famous for its healing properties. Tekir and his donkey are featured in a statue located in the center of the town.

The name also means (in Turkish) "Striped Lake" (tekir - striped, and göl - lake). This is because of the salinity of the lake; when the wind blows, white salt stripes appear on the surface of the lake.

Location
Town is in the south east extremity of Romania (Constanța County), situated on the north west shore of Lake Techirghiol (11.6 km2), elevation 15–20 m, 18 km south of the municipality of Constanța and very close to the Black Sea (3 km).

In Techirghiol the winters are mild and the summers are warm, dominant being the clear skies (the sun shines for more than 2,400 hours every year).

History
Techirghiol was first marked on the country's map in 1893, but developed steadily after 1912, establishing itself as a spa town. In 1891, Hagi Pandele opened its doors, the first hotel and cold baths establishment in the town. In 1900 the extraction of therapeutic mud initiated and this led to the construction of many bathing establishments and hotels.

After World War I, in 1920, Techirghiol started to become a very popular tourist attraction due to its famous therapeutic mud.

Techirghiol Balneotherapy Center
The sapropelic mud from the Techirghiol Lake is the jewel of the resort. In 1924, at the Universal Exposition from Paris, the Techirghiol mud received the golden medal. Alphons Saligny was the first to study the therapeutic use of the mud; after this the Romanian Institute of Balneology approved it and during the 1930s the studies realized by Alphons Saligny and the Institute were the base for solid scientific proof regarding the therapeutic actions of the sapropelic mud of Techirghiol and the methodology of those treatments.

The sapropelic mud of Techirghiol is used warm for different kind of procedures:
 * Wraps
 * Cataplasm
 * Water mixed, for baths in bathtubs
 * Massage

Places of interest

 * Lake Techirghiol
 * "Saint Mary" Monastery
 * Techirghiol Balneotherapy Center
 * Catholic Church dedicated to St. Conrad of Parzham
 * Bronze Statue of Saint Pantelimon
 * Romanian Nautical Club

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Techirghiol had a population of 8,061. At the 2011 census, the town had 6,845 inhabitants; of those, 5,646 were Romanians (82.48%), 8 Hungarians (0.12%), 27 Roma (0.39%), 336 Turks (4.91%), 615 Tatars (8.98%), 6 Lipovans (0.09%), 17 Aromanians (0.25%), 184 others (2.69%), and 6 with undeclared ethnicity (0.09%).

Notable natives

 * Jean Constantin, Romanian actor

title: Techirghiol


text: User talk:216.125.36.3

title: User talk:216.125.36.3


text: User talk:84.65.7.247

title: User talk:84.65.7.247


text: User talk:66.2.65.6

title: User talk:66.2.65.6


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Topoloveni

Topoloveni is a town in Argeș County, Romania on the Cârcinov River. The town administers four villages: Boțârcani, Crintești, Gorănești, and Țigănești. It is situated in the historical region of Muntenia.

The oldest document in which Topoloveni is mentioned is dated 19 June 1421, during the rule of Radu II Chelul. Its name is derived from a Slavic word, topol, meaning "poplar".

The town is known for the Magiun of Topoloveni, a traditional plum-based spread, which has held a Protected Geographical Status from the European Union since 2011.

The Topoloveni Airfield has one runway; it has no ICAO airport code, but the designation RO-0025 is used as reference.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, 10,219 inhabitants were recorded as residents of the five component localities of Topoloveni, as follows: Topoloveni – 4,023, Țigănești – 418, Gorănești – 344, Crintești – 394 and Boțârcani – 361. More recent demographic data accounts for a total of 9,232 residents of Topoloveni. At the 2021 census, the town had a population of 9,373.

Natives

 * Dan Ghica-Radu (born 1955), lieutenant general, chief of the Romanian Land Forces Staff (2009–2011)
 * Ion Mihalache (1882–1963), politician, the founder and leader of the Peasants' Party and a main figure of its successor, the National Peasants' Party

title: Topoloveni


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Deadline (band)

Deadline (band) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was

Deadline (band)
Non-notable band. "Deadline" seems to be a pretty common name for punk bands; there's one in the UK, one in NZ (maybe?), and was one in the US for a brief period in the early 80s. deadline "ethan taylor" gets us a few articles about this Deadline; they probably put on good shows, but they seem far from notable - no contract, no releases that I can discern. Cdc 20:00, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep-they have released two albums, "See You At the End" (2001) and "Mission Statement" (2003). What makes a band "notable"?
 * So they're signed to which label? They've sold a significant number of albums? They got where in the charts? Unless you can answer these questions, they're not notable. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 21:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You forgot to add "in my view", David. Keep this band. Dr Zen 01:00, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete unless someone can demonstrate that they are notable. [[User:David_Johnson|David Johnson [ T|C ] ]] 21:14, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. The UK punk band appears to be highly notable.  Not much mention of this USA band by the same name, though.  That should be clarified.  Just use google!    [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 21:18, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. If there's another band called deadline that deserves the page, change the article and write about it. You can keep it then. This particular deadline doesn't deserve an article though. Shane King 23:50, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete if it's still an article about an American band and doesn't establish notability for the British band by the end of VfD. Geogre 05:09, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Abstaining for the time being. Will watch to see how this develops.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:52, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete for now. Wyss 11:15, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep--for now. Theoretical question: If a previously-unknown tribe were to be discovered in South America, would they be worthy of an entry? Even if no one had ever heard of them (or bought their album?)  What about their local deity?  Would They be worthy of an entry?  If so, why?  If no one outside of the tribal community had ever heard of this deity, would they be notable?  In Warrensburg, the community that Deadline is from, they are very well known and "notable".  Just an interesting thought. EricLong 13:51, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)EricLong
 * If 50 almost entirely the same previously-unknown tribes where discovered in South America every day... --fvw *  19:27, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Delete, this article is no useful basis for the article about the english band of the same name, if they should be notable. --fvw *  19:27, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)
 * Del. Mikkalai 21:29, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Tuf-Kat 08:22, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.