text:
Talk:DARPA

advertising
This article reads a bit like an advertisement or corporate resume. There has been a great deal of criticism of darpa's role in US technology. Whilst I am not a critic, it was this aspect which I wanted to research when reading this article. That nothing of this nature is mentioned here, is a cause for the dispute of this article's neutrality. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.232.119.136 (talk) 19:34, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * That was then (four years ago) -- Better now? -- AstroU (talk) 15:39, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

Incorrect?
I believe this sentence: "In the area of information processing, DARPA made great strides, initially through the development of time-sharing (all modern operating systems are descendants of the Multics system, which resulted from the work started by DARPA in this area),(...)" is incorrect. Multics was a cooperation between Bell Labs, MIT and General Electric. Bell Labs opted out and created UNIX. The University of California, Berkeley co-develloped UNIX with Bell Labs and signed a contract in 1980 with DARPA. I will look into this further before changing anything.

update: I looked it up and it seems that DARPA funded MIT with a two million dollar grant to participate in the Multics project. The information is not incorrect, just incomplete (duh). Changed it to: "In the area of information processing, DARPA made great strides, initially through its support of the development of time-sharing (all modern operating systems are descendants of the Multics system, a coöperation between Bell Labs, General Electric and MIT, which DARPA supported by funding Project MAC at MIT with a two-million-dollar grant),"

open source
believe it or not, DARPA actually contributed to the existence of the open source concept by 'funding' Berkeley Software Distribution. . will write about it later.

Requested page move
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency → DARPA — Common name, even DARPA calls itself by that name. (Also per [What links here ~ [[User:Trialsanderrors|trialsanderrors]] 06:02, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Support as nominator. ~ trialsanderrors 06:02, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Page moved, per reasonable request, no opposition. -GTBacchus(talk) 00:05, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Found you, TNKS, AstroU (talk) 15:40, 19 February 2016 (UTC)

Request for citation
I removed a "citation needed" from the mission section, because the entire thing is a quote. We can't provide citations for content in block quotes from other sources - if you think the main source is unreliable then paraphrase it or remove the section.

Move issue - again
There was discussion above to move this page to DARPA, because that's the common name, the name used in most media, and the name used primarily by DARPA itself. We have precedence in NASA. There was no objection (silence=consensus), and so the move took place in October 2006. Then, in December, another editor came along and unilaterally decided to move it back with no discussion, and no comment/follow-up to the previous discussion. So, I am here-by again proposing that this page be moved to DARPA. Comments?  AK Radecki Speaketh  21:14, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I reverted it. The protocol is to ask the community to overturn previously discussed decisions rather than to unilaterally revert them. Since there was't much of a discussion before I don't have a problem restating the case (it's pretty simple really), but the status quo is DARPA. ~ trialsanderrors 03:32, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Support I agree that DARPA is the most common and why should anyone care? The redirect from Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency takes care of finding it easily enough. IMO moves should only happen to correct something like when I transposed some letters in a title once. Or for merging pages, not just because someone likes the other name better. Use a redirect. --Colputt 23:02, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Support - should be at DARPA just as NASA is there. - BillCJ 23:16, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Appearance of DARPA in Metal Gear Solid
I added this to the section entitled "DARPA in Fiction", but it was deleted. I don't know why it was deleted. DARPA plays an important role in the game, as the co-inventor of the antagonist machine in that game, and the game is fiction, ergo, that being added to the DARPA in Fiction section, is very much appropriate. You can find the "DARPA Chief"'s (as well as DARPA's fictional plan's)appearance here. C. Pineda 07:10, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * It was deleted because "in Fiction" and "in popular culture" sections are generally considered to be trivia, and are not encyclopedic.  AK Radecki Speaketh  14:21, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * But there is a "in Fiction" section. It already exists, so why not add upon it? C. Pineda 19:19, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * In MGS DARPA plays a major roll twice because in MGS3 the character Sigint(thought to be the fictional Chief Donald Anderson in MGS1 since MGS1 takes place in 1999 and MGS3 in 1960's) is said to be one of the founders at the end of MGS3 and Donald Anderson plays a key roll along with the company of DARPA as the co-developers of Metal Gear with a (I believe fictional)failing company called arms-tech. Meaning in fiction they would have been the ones to make Metal Gear Rex the result of 30 years of technological advancements and thus securing it's place in "in fiction" and not pop culture and plus if that is the case and it still lands under Pop culture A. Make a Pop culture sections since it appears in Metal gear and Ace combat not to mention animes and B.change the aircraft part of that whole warning you guys got before you post something —Preceding unsigned comment added by GasSnake or Poison Oak (talk • contribs) 00:17, August 27, 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree you can't just have a section called "ARPA and DARPA in fiction" and if you don't like something you call it trivia, delete it and still allow what you like to stay. You can't pick and choose what fiction you put in there. Fiction is fiction and what you did was very biased, that's the very reason why I'm still unsteady of the whole Wiki idea of an encyclopedia.  Furthermore you can't just label something trivia and delete it while there is an entire page dedicated to this "trivia". 71.10.168.69 (talk) 03:22, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * A better question would be "is there really a Darpa Chief", I mean is there really a "chief" rank in Darpa? And who holds it at the moment? JayKeaton (talk) 12:50, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The head of DARPA is called the director, and is currently Tony Tether.  LouScheffer (talk) 18:29, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Trivia sections seems relevant here. Squideshi (talk) 03:59, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

What appearances are notable?
Perhaps a good test here would be if only DARPA would do - if you could substitute some other agency just as well, then the appearance was for name only. Also, it only makes sense if the proposed operation was reasonably close to DARPAs charter. Here are my opinions, others welcome
 * The earliest mention of ARPA in fiction may well be in Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X, published in 1961.
 * Makes sense, against an unknown scientific threat DARPA scientists would be ones to consult.

 * DARPA is mentioned in the Matthew Reilly books Temple and Hell Island. In Temple, DARPA plays a role in creating the super thermonuclear missile, the "Supernova". In Hell Island, DARPA is part of the villains testing out a "super trooper" experiment.
 * Not likely, though DARPA might investigate the potential military uses of Thyrium, or genetically enhanced gorillas, actually making weapons and fielding forces would fall to other organizations. For example, DARPA investigates new airplane technologies, but a secret squadron of the air force actually fields the stealth planes.

 * DARPA and ARPA are brought into context in episodes of The West Wing. In one, a DARPA employee, Dr. Max Milkman, discusses the difference between the two, and focuses on some of the organization's operations and projects.
 * This makes sense since it is DARPA specific

 * In James Rollins' books Sandstorm (2004), Map of Bones (2005) and Black Order (2006) some of the main characters are part of a fictional organization called Sigma Force, a covert branch of DARPA, tasked with safeguarding, acquiring, or neutralizing "technologies vital to U.S. security."
 * This makes no sense since DARPA does not field operational branches.

 * In The Patriot Steven Seagal's character was a former DARPA scientist who specialized in biological research.
 * Not notable; the organization could be any one of many.

 * DARPA is the agency that tries to frame Keanu Reeves' character (Eddie) in the 1996 movie "Chain Reaction."
 * Not plausible. The CIA, NSA, and other organizations are responsible for framing.

 * In Executive Decision a fictitious DARPA project that has developed a plane that can link up with a 747 in mid-air is used to board the hijacked plane.
 * This one makes sense. DARPA might sponsor a one-of-a-kind gadget like this, as opposed to a combat force.

 * In Metal Gear Solid, DARPA are building the new "Metal Gear", i giant bipedal, nuclear capable tank.
 * Not notable - the DARPA chief would be an unlikely hostage, and unlikely to know details of current weapons. Also, ARPAs budget is relatively small by military standards; you would want to bribe someone else other than the DARPA chief to fund a nuclear robot.  (The NSA is much better known for large black projects, and the chief of the NSA would make a much better hostage, since he knows where more bodies are hidden...) LouScheffer 02:12, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I just watched an episode of the CBS drama "Eleventh Hour" for the second time that centered around a rogue DARPA researcher, and although this show is a bit far-fetched sometimes, I found all the DARPA references to be pretty on-the-mark (except I don't know that the director would actually have as much security as they showed on the show). Actually, it was that episode that lead me to come to Wikipedia and read up, and everything they said on the show -- even the quote about "100 geniuses and a travel agent" -- was on Wikipedia. I was, for once, impressed -- particularly considering how sloppy some shows can get with their facts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.189.165.239 (talk) 04:29, 6 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The security for the director is just for dramatic effect. The real head of DARPA (currently Tony Tether) shows up at public events (such as the DARPA "Grand Challenge" robot car races) without any special protection.  LouScheffer (talk) 13:32, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Von Braun
Someone recently added mention of "the nazi werner von braun" being involved in darpa. It was removed as possible vandalism. From what i know, i think von braun may have been involved but we need sources, people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LinoPop (talk • contribs) 02:20, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, the comment referred to the Defense Department, not DARPA. von Braun worked for the Army at the time. Bongomatic (talk) 02:37, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It's irrelevant to this article whether von Braun was a Waffen-SS officer or not. The addition of questionable comments such as that into the text is typical of vandalism, but is also typical of POV pushing. Sourced or not, it doesn't belong in this article. Von Braun primarily worked with the US Army, and later NASA, if I recall correctly. - BillCJ (talk) 02:40, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

 * He and the other German rocket scientists were in the Army Ballistic Missile Agency at Redstone Arsenal until the team got moved over to NASA in 1960. My von Braun book says ARPA's main role when formed in 1958 was to oversee the space proposals of the military branches with a final veto on defense related applications.  So the team still worked for the US Army. -Fnlayson (talk) 06:53, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Vivek
This page is very biased. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.31.148.203 (talk) 12:30, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Would you mind being more specific as to how it's biased? Mind-reading abilites don't work over the internet. - BillCJ (talk) 17:05, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe DARPA will fix that someday with a research program on internet mind reading. Ketone16 (talk) 19:29, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It's been 6 months since an anonymous user claimed the page was biased, and nobody's coughed up any more detail on how. Time to nuke the flag?Valdis (talk) 22:01, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Former Offices
So are ATO and SPO former offices or not? The heading says they are, but the paragraphs sound as if they're not. Odestiny (talk) 16:03, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

 * They are not. I changed the descriptions to past tense.  Ketone16 (talk) 19:26, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

POV at "DARPA as a model" section
I've added the POV-section, because I think statements like "100 geniuses connected by a travel agent" without a good reference is POV. Also "Outstanding program managers: The best DARPA program managers have always been freewheeling ... The Director’s most important task is to recruit and hire very creative people with big ideas, and empower them.". Where are we here? It seems like a PR hiring advertisement. If the section is not going to be corrected, it should be removed. --  eagle  al   01:47, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Forgot to mention that it is not required to remove the full section, only the POV parts. --  eagle  al   01:50, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * These statements come directly from DARPA: they are the image DARPA itself presents to the outside world. They do not come from a disinterested observer, so it is an open question whether they provide  a realistic description.Fconaway (talk) 23:53, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

99 red luftballoons (from russia with love)
DARPA has just started a 40k USD competiton to find 10 hidden red balloons scattered over CONUS, to celebrate 40 years of the net and to make fun of the "peaceniks", as represneted by the german treehugger pop band NINA.

See: http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/46944

By the way, the GRU Space Command has already won the competition... 82.131.210.163 (talk) 11:14, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I doubt this was intended to make fun of the peaceniks. Ketone16 (talk) 20:17, 8 November 2009 (UTC)

Changed "Red Balloons" pointer
The current (as of December 4-5) balloon competition has a pointer to one of the competitive groups trying for the prize. Since we couldn't seem to get Wikipedians together to try for the prize, I changed the pointer to the DARPA site, to avoid giving the previously-pointed-to group an advantage (No hard feelings, I hope). Bunthorne (talk) 04:26, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Logo Updated
8 January 2009 - This is the most up-to-date logo: DARPAOutreach (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:16, 8 January 2010 (UTC).

Steven Rose
Nice page indeed. I dare to add this section just to ask if reporting a quote from Steven Rose might be useful, and eventually how to report it, from the book "The 21st Century Brain". The book is divided into various sections, one of which dedicated to the study of the brain made by Agencies such as DARPA. Rose is, i believe, a controversal figure, as his declarations were questioned, so the quote is cleary affected by bias against the military way of conducing researches. I'm italian and for languages reasons i don't know to report it well, but in the mentioned section there are a bunch of "relevant", i think, episodes about DARPA. bye —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.14.243.140 (talk) 10:36, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

BusinessWeek resource
Tip for Bad Guys: Burn, Don't Shred; Coders win a Darpa challenge to reassemble shredded documents

99.190.86.5 (talk) 07:59, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

List of DARPA projects
At the moment, the Projects section is an indiscriminate list of wikilinks. I would much prefer an approach like List of SRI International spin-offs that gives more detail about each; and every entry is referenced. Disavian (talk) 07:29, 25 February 2012 (UTC)
 * It is for this reason that I am removing the split tag. Perhaps Improve would be more appropriate? Op47 (talk) 16:40, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I might be so bold to add that a good number of those active projects have only the information made available to the public. Many of DARPA's projects are classified, or at least the details of them are. I think the generic name and description work fine for here.SGT Justin Gregory Blodgett, US Army Infantryman (talk) 20:18, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I am a software engineer, and most of these projects are fascinating. I think other readers will appreciate a very brief description so they can intelligently navigate. I am trying to write brief, direct descriptions for each. The goal is that each project has a date/era, a short sentence describing the project, and if appropriate, its legacy-- for example, for example, ARPAnet became the internet, onion routing is how Tor works under the covers, the Aspen Movie Map led to Google Street View 20 years later. Sometimes, as is the case ARPAnet, the legacy (the internet) is enough to describe it altogether. With this information, a user should get a good idea of what the codename means. Maybe we can convert it to a format like the list you linked to when its fleshed out. Zeldafreakx86 (talk) 19:35, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

Key characteristics = marketing fluff?
The key characteristics in the article seem to be straight out of a marketing flyer handout rather than objective descriptions with relevant sources cited.

Sudiptachatterjee (talk) 17:11, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

Nuclear resopnse robot
I read an editorial (Tech Jewel October 2013 Florida Trend page 144) about a competition to develop a robot capable of responding to a nuclear disaster (or similar event where its unsafe for humans to be used to respond) but I can't find anything in this article on it. Several teams are competing for the prize in the competition being held December, 2013. Seems like it is at least worth coverign here if not in a separate article. Candleabracadabra (talk) 18:47, 14 October 2013 (UTC)

New DARPA news
Headine-1: SPACE DARPA Hopes To Build Plug-In Satellites In Space   —  March 11, 2014 QUOTES: “Imagine self-healing satellites built in space.” ... “Gen. [William] Shelton [who heads Air Force Space Command] says he wants to do more of this, but..." — Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 12:42, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
 * http://breakingdefense.com/2014/03/darpa-hopes-to-build-plug-in-satellites-in-space/?ncid=webmail17

Renaming of article DARPA
I intend to cancel this redirection to proceed with the renaming of article DARPA (acronym) with the title text, easier to understand in other articles (possibly restore after the renaming is effective). Trackteur (talk) 14:43, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

 * If I understand this correctly the proposal is to delete Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to make way for a page move of DARPA to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Judging from Google searches nothing has changed since this was last discussed (see earlier discussions on this talk page) and DARPA is still the WP:COMMONNAME, so I oppose the proposal. -- Sam Sing! 15:54, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * My argument is that, and it is much easier to understand for a not especially knowledgeable reader, especially for all other articles which acronym is used as wikilink. Thank you for them. Trackteur (talk) 16:27, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't understand either message from the OP, but I agree with Sam that DARPA is the COMMONNAME and should be the article title, & therefore oppose any move. --David Biddulph (talk) 22:38, 24 January 2015 (UTC)
 * This is a bit exaggerated because for many readers around the world, DARPA is not a COMMONNAME (exeption made perhaps for all readers using English as native language or Anglo-Saxon culture). Your point of view is not quite international. Trackteur (talk) 14:12, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't think we have to reflect anything but that which is common in English, as this is the English Wikipedia. (Mind you, English is not my native language.) What other Wikipedias might wish to title this article in order to reflect what is common in other languages, that's entirely up to them. You can of course open a Requests for comment on this, if you wish. Best, -- Sam Sing! 14:26, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It is quite simple to understand, for exemple:
 * Italiano: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 * Espagnol: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 * French: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 * German: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 * Best regards. Trackteur (talk) 14:55, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The article, as well as all the other articles involving, ARPA, DARPA ... ARPANET, make it perfectly clear what the acronyms stand for, and this page has a redirect in place from the long version, so I don't understand where such a "confusion" can possibly come from. All of these acronyms are the primary names by which the subjects are addressed, in formal context, as well as media and speech, and not only in the US. Other language WP project may well have other habits. Kbrose (talk) 17:59, 25 January 2015 (UTC)
 * This is not a problem of "confusion" but of "understanding", many readers and contributors are not Anglo-Saxon culture and does not easily understand this acronym. Trackteur (talk) 14:06, 26 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Whether people understand the name is actually irrelevant. These are like names used in official capacities. I would venture to say that more people understand the acronyms than what they stand for. Please stop this non-sensical edit warring. Kbrose (talk) 20:08, 26 January 2015 (UTC)
 * If it matters, I also oppose this move. I understand where you're coming from, and in general, you're right. The article for NSA is, and should be, "National Security Agency." But DARPA is unique in that it has been around for decades and is never referred to by its non-acronym name. It is like NATO or OPEC. (edit: another established example is NASA, as mentioned by another above) (by Zeldafreakx86 (talk) 21:14, 26 March 2015 (UTC)) No one ever refers to NATO as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or OPEC as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. And as others have noted, this being the English Wikipedia, I believe we should appeal to English readers in these exceptional cases. Zeldafreakx86 (talk) 20:42, 26 March 2015 (UTC)

Warp Drive research NASA Harold White
Hoi, isn't DARPA also involved in the warp drive research under Harold White? http://gizadeathstar.com/2014/12/update-dr-harold-sonny-whites-nasa-warp-drive-research/ --Lexikon-Duff (talk) 02:19, 27 January 2015 (UTC)

New NEWS today, unmanned sub dectectors
This is astounding news .!. Headline-1: DARPA's unmanned sub-hunter set to revolutionize naval warfare QUOTE: "A new vessel will patrol the world’s oceans hunting and tracking enemy submarines – and it will execute missions without a single human aboard. ... On Tuesday DARPA tweeted a picture of ACTUV being prepared for sea trials in the spring. ... this drone could hunt the enemy for months. ... How quiet is quiet? Reports suggest that some of these [Iran] subs can be 15 decibels more quiet than a humpback whale. Iran claims to have fleets of these sneaky subs." -- AstroU (talk) 16:03, 19 February 2016 (UTC) -- PS: FYI for future editing, with picture and video.
 * http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2016/02/18/darpas-unmanned-sub-hunter-set-to-revolutionize-naval-warfare.html?intcmp=hphz19
 * This is HUGE! {[({And big, too :-) })]} What is interesting, at several levels, is that DARPA is being very public with their Tweet and April reveal. -- Charles Edwin Shipp (talk) 16:20, 19 February 2016 (UTC) Did you see the picture and watch the video in the article?

2018 film
In Tremors: A Cold Day in Hell DARPA members are involved in the film and a sign (DARPA not a misspelled acronyn) hangs on a fence with constantine wire at the top. I saw that the article was large and had an editing warning so I just thought I would list this and you can decide. Otr500 (talk) 14:33, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

Active projects
The Active projects section is a mess. It's a horribly out-of-date and unencyclopedic section. The section title says these are all "Active projects", yet there is no source evidence that this is true for nearly all of the statements in the various bullets of the section; there is plenty of evidence that many were active some 3 to 10 years ago. Given the way DARPA does projects, most projects never last into their fourth year; they are halted, or morph into something else. Part of this is a result of the way DARPA brings on project leads, which are nearly exclusively short-term for 2-3 years, with the intent to go after a particular project with a particular scope for a few years, and only keeps going if the early project milestones are met.

I initiated today a massive cleanup effort on the section, tagging and identifying some of the issues that need addressed in order to improve the article. Other editors could continue identifying issues, or help by checking sources to see if we can say any more than "project xyz was an active project in year yyyy", or moving the definitely non-active stuff out (deletion or some other section), etc.

There is MUCH more to do. Cheers. N2e (talk) 21:13, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

Early history (1958–1969) contains what I believe to be an error.
I read the sentence beginning: "ARPA at this point (1959)". The second sentence begins "Fast-forward to 1959 when a joint effort between DARPA". So, two points: 1. This sentence appears to be saying we are fast-forwarding from 1959->1959! and, 2. The implication is that DARPA existed in 1959, but later in the article, it is stated that ARPA was renamed DARPA in 1972. This is rather confusing. So, I would contend that the year referenced in the second sentence (also) "1959" is incorrect, and should be modified. Willylang (talk) 14:59, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

DARPA in fiction
DARPA plays a role in The Last Oracle by James Rollins and maybe other novels by him (based on hints in the book. Kdammers (talk) 18:38, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

 * See WP:MILPOP on how to determine if a fictional appearance is noteworthy. Remember, this is not a list of every fictional appearance ever. Per WP:MILPOP: "'In popular culture' sections should be avoided unless the subject has had a well-cited and notable impact on popular culture." BilCat (talk) 19:40, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Conflating ARPA and DARPA is confusing
Please separate entries for ARPA and DARPA. 76.176.34.224 (talk) 05:58, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

 * It is the same agency, just under modified names in certain periods. There's no need too separate them, unless you can cite reliable published sources that they are considered separate agencies. BilCat (talk) 08:17, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

Adding ICE Program to active projects
Another active Darpa project is their ICE program, as referenced in this article: https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2022-08-16 140.194.40.44 (talk) 13:21, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:DARPA


text:
Black-bellied whistling duck

The black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis), formerly called the black-bellied tree duck, is a whistling duck that before 2000 bred mainly in the southernmost United States, Mexico, and tropical Central to south-central South America. It can be found year-round in much of the United States. It has been recorded in every eastern state and adjacent Canadian province. Since it is one of only two whistling duck species native to North America, it is occasionally just known as the "whistling duck" or "Mexican squealer" in the southern USA.

Taxonomy
In 1751 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the black-bellied whistling duck in the fourth volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The red-billed whistling duck". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a live bird kept at the home of Admiral Charles Wager in Chelsea, London. Edwards was told that the bird had come from the West Indies. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the black-bellied whistling duck with the ducks, geese and swans in the genus Anas. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Anas autumnalis, and cited Edwards' work. The black-bellied whistling duck is now placed in the genus Dendrocygna and was introduced in 1837 by the English naturalist William John Swainson to distinguish whistling ducks from other waterfowl. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek dendron meaning "tree" with the genus Cygnus containing the swans that was introduced by François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault in 1764. The specific epithet autumnalis is Latin meaning "autumnal".

Two subspecies are recognised. They intergrade in Panama.
 * D. a. fulgens Friedmann, 1947 – southeast Texas to Panama
 * Larger, with a brown breast and upper back.

 * D. a. autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) – Panama to Ecuador and northern Argentina
 * Smaller, with gray breast and upper back.

Prior to 1978, birds from western Panama north to the southern USA were erroneously referred to as D. a. autumnalis and birds from eastern Panama into South America were referred to as D. a. discolor.

Description
The black-bellied whistling duck is a mid-sized waterfowl species. Length ranges from 47 to 56 cm, body mass from 652 to 1020 g, and wingspan ranges from 76 to 94 cm. It has a long pink bill, long head and longish legs, pale gray head and mostly gray-brown plumage. The belly and tail are black, and the body plumage, back of the neck and cap are a rich chestnut brown. The face and upper neck are gray, and they sport a thin but distinct white eye-ring. The extensive white in the wings is obvious in flight, less so on the ground; it is formed by the secondary remiges while the primaries are black; the wing coverts are brown. Males and females look alike; juveniles are similar but have a gray bill and less contrasting belly.

The wing bar is unique among whistling ducks. When on the ground, it may be hard to discern the light flanks present in many of these waterfowl. The fulvous whistling duck (D. bicolor) is the only sympatric whistling duck that shows such a whitish flank stripe, and it differs from the black-bellied by having dark wings and a lighter belly rather than the other way around. Juvenile D. autumnalis are quite similar to the young of the white-faced whistling duck (D. viduata), which have a darker bill and no white wing patch; even when sitting they never seem to show white along the sides, as their thin white vertical barring on the black flanks is very indistinct.

As the name implies, these are noisy birds with a clear whistling waa-chooo call.

Distribution and habitat
The species is widely distributed in the American continent, to the north it includes the southern part of the United States (Texas, Arizona and Louisiana) and Mexico (mainly along the Pacific and Atlantic slopes, Yucatan Peninsula, southern Mexico and Baja California). Its distribution continues to Central and South America. In Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

The black-bellied whistling duck is mainly non-migratory, although they are listed on the List of Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA). At the heart of their range, there is a tendency to travel in flocks over the winter months, though this behavior is not a true long-range migration but rather local dispersal.

In the 21st century, small numbers have been observed nesting in the Midwestern U.S., including Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; the species has also strayed to the eastern U.S. and Canada.

Behavior and ecology
The black-bellied whistling duck is a common species that is "quite tame, even in the wild". It is highly gregarious, or social, forming large flocks when not breeding, and is largely resident apart from local movements. It usually nests in hollow trees (in South America many times in palm trees). The habitat is quite shallow freshwater ponds, lakes, and marshes, cultivated land or reservoirs with plentiful vegetation, where this duck feeds mainly at night on seeds and other plant food.

Breeding
The black-bellied whistling duck is quite unique among ducks in their strong monogamous pair-bond. Its pairs often stay together for many years, a trait more often associated with geese and swans. Both parents share all tasks associated with the raising of the young, from incubation to the rearing of ducklings. The ducks, primarily cavity nesters, prefer the confines of a hollow tree but will nest on the ground when necessary. They also make use of chimneys, abandoned buildings, or nest boxes, the latter having been increasingly provided to them over recent decades, especially in southeast Texas and Mexico. Ducklings leap from nest cavities within two days of hatching, can feed themselves immediately, and stay with the parents for up to eight weeks.

Food and feeding
Feeding often occurs nocturnally, but they can be encountered eating at any hour of the day. Black-bellied whistling ducks ingest a wide variety of plant material (including corn, rice, millets, several types of weeds, and other grasses), but also consume arthropods (such as insects and spiders), aquatic invertebrates (such as snails and other molluscs) and tadpoles when available. They often feed on submerged vegetation by wading through shallow water. As its Latin name (autumnalis) implies, it is commonly seen gleaning recently harvested fields for leftover seeds and invertebrates brought up by the harvesters disturbing the soil.

Status and conservation
The black-bellied whistling duck is listed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); its global population is estimated at 1,100,000–2,000,000 birds and increasing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Black-bellied whistling duck


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aircraft Resource Center

Aircraft Resource Center
Wikipedia is not a web directory. --Rlandmann 13:36, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is not a web guide, and the website is extremely slight. Geogre 16:15, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Include link to this external site in "plastic model aircraft" related page, then delete. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:00, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)


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Spotted whistling duck

The spotted whistling duck (Dendrocygna guttata) is a member of the duck family Anatidae. It is also referred to as the "spotted tree duck". This duck can be found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia and the Philippines. Spotted ducks are also held in captive populations.

Description
The Spotted whistling duck is one of the smaller species in the genus Dendrocygna. This duck grows to 43–50 cm tall. Males can weigh anywhere from 590g to 650g while females weigh 610g to 860g. White spots on their flanks and breasts gave these ducks the spotted name. The sides of the neck, faces, and eyebrows are all grey. Black or dark brown coloring stretches from the crown nape to the hindneck. This dark coloring is also found in the eyepatch. Their coloring resembles a cape with a thick collar. This cape starts as a light brown then fades into a darker brown closer to the tail. Their underbelly is mostly brown, sometimes spotted, and significantly lighter than the wings and the “collar.” A white bar on the upper tail coverts can be seen during flight aiding in identification. They have dull pink legs with black webbed feet and sharp nails. The bill is dark, yet often seen with portions of red and a small white mark on the lower mandible. Spotted whistling ducks look as though they are raised from the ground, as though they are standing up tall. (look more into this). Their wings pressed strongly against the body. Inner vanes of the outer primaries are jagged and can be seen in flight (check on this). While flying, the head is positioned down causing the whole bird to look hunched. The tail stays pointed and looks long when in flight. Juveniles are seen with white streaks on flanks instead of spots and have significantly duller coloring. Spotted whistling ducks are visually similar to D. arborea, yet many scientists believe its closest relative is D. eytoni. After gaining their adult plumage at the age of 6 months,. the spotted whistling duck has a single annual molt. Like other ducks, swans, and geese, the spotted whistling duck molts synchronously. Synchronous molting is common within Anseriformes because waterfowl have the ability to avoid terrestrial predators. Unlike other birds, waterfowl float in ponds lakes while they molt, safe from predators. Other more evolved ducks have two molts, whistling ducks only molt once.

Taxonomy and Systematics
The spotted whistling duck, Dendrocygna guttata, was first reported in 1866. Like all other birds, it is an animal in the phylum Chordata and the class Aves. The spotted whistling duck is a part of the order Anseriformes, which includes all waterfowl. Swans, geese, and ducks are all a part of the family Anatidae. Within Anatidae, the family Dendrocygna encompasses all whistling ducks. Bird phylogenies are difficult to determine due to massive adaptive radiations throughout history. Scientists change phylogenetic trees often as new genetic information becomes available. In Australia philogonies are especially difficult, due to visually similar endemic and monotypic genera. Before genetic information was available, the Dendrocygna was classified within Anserinae by Delacour and Mayr. Within Anserinae, the Dendrocygna and Thalassornis were combined into one by Monrow in 1990 using DNA-DNA hybridization data. This genus then stayed consistent. Using mitochondrial DNA in 1996 Swaml et al. discovered Dendrocyna diverged first following Anseranatidae. This genus is the most basal group after the magpie goose. Whistling ducks are more closely related to swans and geese than the “true ducks” such as mallards. Then, in 2002 a study using sequenced DNA from the complete mitochondrial control region supported the 1996 conclusion. Within Denrocygna, the Spotted Whistling Duck was the most recent species discovery. In 1995 Livezey partitioned clades within the Dendrocygna, one clade including the Fulvous Whistling-Duck, Lesser whistling, D. arcuata and D. eytoni. D. arcuata and D. javanica are sister species. Outside this clade, the spotted whistling duck and the West Indian whistling duck are sister species.

Distribution
Whistling ducks are found all over the world. The spotted whistling duck is distributed throughout the Philippines, Australia, and New Guinea. These ducks live in the southern part of the Philippines and several islands of Indonesia. In Indonesia spotted whistling ducks stretch from the Eastern Lesser Sundas islands to new guinea. Spotted whistling ducks are also found in Weipa and Iron ranges of Australia, but have also been seen at Wonga Beach. Scientists hypothesize the Indonesian population was introduced due to a storm blowing the birds off course.

Habitat
Spotted whistling ducks live around bodies of water, like many other ducks. These ducks specifically live around small ponds and marshes surrounded by trees. They prefer humid and low altitude habitats. Spotted whistling ducks build hollows within the trees surrounding their habitats.

Diet and Feeding
The Diet of the spotted whistling duck contains grass seeds, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic plants, and small fish. These ducks obtain their food by dabbling and diving. The ducks dabble at the surface of the ponds, filtering the water through their bills. The birds bounce on the surface to enter the water headfirst, after being underwater for a maximum of 15 seconds they emerge with another bounce. Scientists never observed food in the bill after the diving behavior. They concluded the birds consume the food while underwater. (Beruldsen) The majority of feeding occurs at night.

Breeding
The genus Dendrocygna has strong pair bonds. Male and female birds are visually similar, females are slightly heavier than males. Without weighing the bird sex is difficult to determine. Breeding season begins in September with active nests found as late as April. Their nests are found in hollowed-out trees. Both parents participate in nest building at the same time. One pair can have several clutches a year consisting of 10-11 eggs. Both parents incubate the eggs for 18–31 days and when hatched the chick weighs 17.5g. In captivity, the chicks fledged at 7 weeks, yet in the wild scientists have observed chicks flying at 45–50 days old. The spotted whistling duck has a breeding system described as ‘primitive,’ which is consistent with other basal groups in Anseriformes.

Behavior
Spotted whistling ducks are found in groups with their own species and often with D. arcata. Compared to others in the genus, these ducks are less vocal. These birds perch on tree branches in groups slightly smaller than flocks. The flocks are often a mix of adults and juveniles. The adults shepard the juveniles keeping them close to the group. In 2000 Beruldsen observed a group consisting of 6 juveniles and two adults, male and female. The juveniles seemed unbothered by the human presence, but the adults made sure there was distance between Buruldsen and the juveniles. The birds kept their distance but seemed to be unaffected. The adult male positioned himself between the juveniles and the humans, protecting the other birds. This behavior was often accompanied by several high-pitched ticking calls.

Threats
The spotted whistling duck is listed as least concern. Their population is stable with populations ranging from 10,000 to 25,000 birds. In captivity they were found to be specifically susceptible to avian tuberculous. Twenty-seven percent of bird species get avian tuberculosis and the disease is usually fatal. Spotted whistling ducks die at a higher rate than other birds. Within one collection of captive birds, the death rate of avian tuberculous reached 70% with the majority of deaths occurring from January to March. The relatively small size of this bird could explain the increased death rate.

Interactions with Humans
The spotted whistling duck is not hunted often. These ducks are found in captivity, like many other duck species.

title: Spotted whistling duck


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Talk:Porter Square

Longest Escalator?
I heard somemwhere that the Porter Square red line station boasts the longest escalator in the Northeast. Any truth to this? I know it is a very deep station. TD

 * Might be longest in Northeast; not longest in the US, see escalator article, and Porter (MBTA station) for length of this one.
 * Coleopterous 15:01, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Tagged for cite: Great Depression Decline?
Many of the commercial buildings in Porter Square were constructed between the end of WWII and prior to the opening of the T station in 1984, rather notably including the landmark Porter Square Shopping Center. The area at that time had many families who had lived in North Cambridge for generations, too. I'm trying to recall one that moved to a "rural area" and I can't. I therefore consider the statement in the article opinion, but if there's anything to back that up it would fascinate me. Cantabwarrior 18:13, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I've deleted that text; your comments casting doubt on it and nobody having been able to back it up in six months make it seem clearly questionable enough that I think it shouldn't be there, and I think somewhere Wikipedia's policy says that questionable, uncited information should be removed sooner rather than later. Obviously, if someone can find a source to cite, putting it back with a citation may be appropriate.  JNW2 (talk) 05:05, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Organizing the businesses in smaller buildings
I think it might make sense to split up businesses that aren't in the larger buildings/complexes as being on Mass Ave (such as Toad and Elephant Walk) vs Somerville Avenue (such as Anna's). JNW2 (talk) 05:05, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Gyms
There's also a gym above CVS, and maintaining a neutral point of view probably requires listing either both gyms or neither of them. JNW2 (talk) 05:09, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Homelessness section relevant?
As a long time resident of Porter Square, I would not say that "chronic homelessness" is one of its defining characteristics. The individual in the picture is the only homeless person seen there on a daily basis. I don't believe one person substantiates a whole section on homelessnesses. It seems that whoever wrote that is just annoyed she takes up space in the bus shelter. Is one person "partially inhibiting its intended use" really relevant to the average wiki reader? I don't think the entire section needs to be included in the article.

Furthermore the panhandling the previous editor is referring to is actually people selling Spare Change Newspaper. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spare_Change If the section does remain, this should be changed to reflect this. None of the sellers take up residence in the station.

However this is just my opinion, I leave it up to fellow citizens to determine how relevant/accurate/impartial the suggested changes would be. Xsometimesx (talk) 05:04, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. It does seem disproportionate to devote an entire section to this topic on the basis of one person seen regularly, if that is the case.  The text reads as if written by someone using WP to editorialize and complain, the citation notwithstanding.  Conflating panhandling with homelessness is unwarranted original research.  I will remove or severely edit the section soon if we have a consensus to do so, or if nothing further is heard. Hertz1888 (talk) 06:56, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Another editor, in apparent agreement with us here, has removed the section, calling it "Irrelevant, untrue". It's gone. Hertz1888 (talk) 01:58, 3 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, it didn't stay gone for long. Hertz1888 (talk) 02:35, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

I agree that the editor who insists on keeping the section seems to have an agenda beyond providing objective, relevant information. I also find it in questionable taste (and ethics, frankly) to include a photo of a homeless individual, taken while she was asleep. I would think that it would be considered a violation of one's rights. It seems particularly egregious when the individual in question has likely little to no recourse, let alone knowledge of the fact that she has become the poster-person for all homelessness in Porter Square. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bhray (talk • contribs) 00:08, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree as to the questionable taste. Back in October, the photo was removed by one editor on grounds of lacking permission for publication, and brought back by another on grounds of permission not being needed. I don't know who is correct as to violation of rights.  However, if a consensus can be reached here, the entire section can be properly removed.  The section may represent disproportionate space given to a minor matter.  Its title may represent tendentious editing or original research unless it is well sourced that chronic homelessness characterizes Porter Square especially. Hertz1888 (talk) 02:35, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I just added a template stating insufficient refs and original research to the section, as well as removed the only ref which, when read, did not back up the sentence it supposedly was a reference for. --Found5dollar (talk) 16:45, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

All the issues from the banner have been addressed. Please verify the referenced materials for yourself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Harvard91 (talk • contribs) 01:08, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The material here is all properly sourced, verifiable, and relevant.  Several editors seem to have researched this issue well.  The designers of Porter's reconstruction, as well as Cambridge Police seem to think it's an important issue.  I'm not sure why a few editors have become very aggressive in attempting to remove this section, but it now seems appropriate that the banner is removed.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.6.41.193 (talk) 01:10, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm going to have to be the tie-breaker here. To be fair, the banner-adding editor requested that the issues be resolved before removing the banner..  As far as I can tell, they have been addressed. Sanborn11 (talk) 02:35, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

It's been almost three years since this debate. Is chronic homelessness still a remarkable characteristic of Porter Square worthy of encyclopaedic mention, or should this section be revised or removed? -- Cantabwarrior 19:57, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * It remains a remarkable fact of Porter Square. Many homeless people pan-handling, especially late at night at the 24 hour CVS.  I'm also aware of a serious assault by a homeless person last year. Lentower (talk) 14:28, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Rand Estate photo
I tried to include a photo of the Rand Estate (which I found on  the Cambridge Historical Society Website) in this article. I believe the photo was in the public domain, and I tried to identify it accordingly. But it seems it's been taken down. I think it helps the article to illustrate the changes of the area where the shopping center is. Can anyone weigh in with an opinion on why the photo wasn't appropriate? Isn't it PD?--Vistawhite (talk) 02:51, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
 * It is certainly appropriate (and was positioned near the most relevant text), but the rules for demonstrating lack of copyright infringement are strict. If you haven't already done so, I would try resubmitting it and indicating that it dates from before 1923. Hertz1888 (talk) 04:31, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia Commons won't let me upload it again even, when I change the name. The source of the photo is http://www.cambridgehistory.org/imagecollection/rand-estate-1899-massachusetts-avenue  If you have any suggestions, I'd love to get it (or a similar suitable image) back in the article.  Thanks, as always.--Vistawhite (talk) 16:39, 13 September 2012 (UTC)
 * You might turn for assistance to the editor who deleted it, or see whether the Cambridge Historical Commission has a suitable view in their collection, or can lead you to one. Their "Northwest Cambridge" book has one (Fig. 335) on p. 163.  Very best, Hertz1888 (talk) 00:24, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Porter Square


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Plumed whistling duck

The plumed whistling duck (Dendrocygna eytoni), also called the grass whistling duck, is a whistling duck that breeds in Australia. It is a predominantly brown-coloured duck with a long neck and characteristic plumes arising from its flanks. The sexes are similar in appearance.

Taxonomy
Described by English naturalist Thomas Campbell Eyton in 1838, its specific epithet honours its namer. Its generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek terms dendron "tree", and kuknos (via Latin cygnus) "swan". Alternate common names include; Eyton's plumed, red-legged or whistling tree-duck, and grey or red-legged whistler.

Description
Measuring 42 - 60 cm and weighing around 1 kg, it is a long-necked duck with brown upperparts, paler underparts and a white rump. The chest is chestnut with thin black bars, while long black-margined plumes arise from its flanks. Its bill and legs are pink, and its iris is yellow. The male and female are similar in appearance. The species has a characteristic lowered neck and short, dark, rounded wings while flying.

The call is a characteristic whistle which gives the bird its common name.

Distribution and habitat
The range is eastern, northern and central Australia from the Kimberley across the Top End and Cape York, down to southern Queensland and northern New South Wales on the east coast, although may reach north-western Victoria inland, in the vicinity of the Murray River. It is also found in New Guinea. The preferred habitat is tall grassland and savanna, often near bodies of water.

Feeding
Rather than diving for food in bodies of water like other ducks, the plumed whistling duck feeds by cropping grass on land.

Breeding
The plumed whistling duck breeds during the wet season, generally in January to March, although it can be later in April or, in a few cases, May. One brood is raised per season. The nest is a mattress of grasses or similar material in tall grass, or in or near vegetation as cover. Ten to 12 oval eggs are laid, measuring 48 x; 14 or more have been recorded on occasion. Initially shiny and creamy-coloured, they may become stained. The incubation period is around 30 days.

title: Plumed whistling duck


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Posturography

Posturography is the technique used to quantify postural control in upright stance in either static or dynamic conditions. Among them, Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP), also called test of balance (TOB), is a non-invasive specialized clinical assessment technique used to quantify the central nervous system adaptive mechanisms (sensory, motor and central) involved in the control of posture and balance, both in normal (such as in physical education and sports training) and abnormal conditions (particularly in the diagnosis of balance disorders and in physical therapy and postural re-education). Due to the complex interactions among sensory, motor, and central processes involved in posture and balance, CDP requires different protocols in order to differentiate among the many defects and impairments which may affect the patient's posture control system. Thus, CDP challenges it by using several combinations of visual and support surface stimuli and parameters.

Clinical applications for CDP were first described by L.M. Nashner in 1982, and the first commercially available testing system was developed in 1986, when NeuroCom International, Inc., launched the EquiTest system.

Working
Static posturography is carried out by placing the patient in a standing posture on a fixed instrumented platform (forceplate) connected to sensitive detectors (force and movement transducers), which are able to detect the tiny oscillations of the body. Dynamic posturography differentiates from static posturography generally by using a special apparatus with a movable horizontal platform. As the patient makes small movements, they transmit in real time to a computer. The computer is also used to command electric motors which can move the forceplate in the horizontal direction (translation) as well as to incline it (rotations). Thus, the posturography test protocols generate a sequence of standardized motions in the support platform in order to disequilibrate the patient's posture in an orderly and reproducible way. The platform is contained within an enclosure which can also be used to generate apparent visual surround motions. These stimuli are calibrated relative to the patient's height and weight. A special computer software integrates all this and produces detailed graphics and reports which can then be compared with normal ranges.

Components of balance
Center of gravity (COG) is an important component of balance and should be assessed when evaluating someone’s posture. COG is often measured with COP (Center of pressure) because COG is hard to quantify. According to Lafage et al. (2008) the COG should be located at the midpoint of the base of support if an individual has ideal posture. COP excursion and velocity are indicators of control over COG and are key factors for identifying proper posture and the ability to maintain balance. COP excursion is defined by Collins & De Luca (1992) as the Euclidean*LINK* displacement in the anterior/posterior and medial/lateral directions within the base of support (perimeter around the feet). With poor posture and / or exaggerated spinal curvatures it is possible that the COP excursion would increase which can cause instability as the COP shifts towards the perimeter of the base of support.

Types of tests
The test protocols usually include a Sensory Organization Test (SOT), Limits of Stability Test (LOS), a Motor Control Test (MCT) and an Adaptation Test (ADT). The SOT test was developed by Nashner and is a computerized system that is made up of dual movable force plates and movable visual screen (EquiTest). During the test the patient is instructed to stand still and quietly with eyes open or closed depending on which of the six tests is being administered. The patient performs multiple trials per test; a description of these tests can be found in the table below. The SOT test is based on the fact that there are three sensory systems mainly involved in maintaining balance (vision, vestibular, and proprioceptive). Minute spontaneous body sways are measured as well as reactions provoked by unexpected abrupt movements of the platform and the visual surroundings. Differences in these sways and reactions to system perturbations help to determine the patients ability to effectively use visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive input to maintain posture. Wrisley et al. (2007) found that there are learning effects associated with the SOT test and therefore it could be used clinically to assess, improve and track changes in balance. SOT results are subdivided in an Equilibrium Score, a Sensory Analysis, a Strategy Analysis and COG Alignment. The sensory analysis calculates 4 different scores: somatosensory (SOM), visual (VIS), vestibular (VEST) and visual preference (PREF) (otherwise known as "visual dependence", an excessive reliance on visual information even when it is inappropriate). The scores are respectively calculated as ratios of the 6 different scores of the equilibrium score:

$$\text{Somatosensory (SOM)} = \frac{\text{condition 2}}{\text{condition 1}}$$

$$\text{Visual (VIS)} = \frac{\text{condition 4}}{\text{condition 1}}$$

$$\text{Vestibular (VEST)} = \frac{\text{condition 5}}{\text{condition 1}}$$

$$\text{Visual Preference (PREF)} = \frac{\text{conditions 3 + 6}}{\text{conditions 2 + 5}}$$

MCT results include instead the Weight Symmetry, both for forward and for backward translations, Latency Scores for forward and backward translations, and Amplitude Scaling, which refers to the capacity of the participant to generate a response force adequate to the entity of the perturbation.

The limits of stability (LOS) is defined as the distance outside the base of support that can be traveled before a loss of balance occurs. The LOS test is frequently used to quantify this distance and has been suggested as a hybrid between static and dynamic balance assessment. During this test the patient stands on the platform as directed above in the SOT test. The patient watches their movements on a screen so they can see each of the eight LOS targets. The patient begins with their COP directly in the center of the targets (displayed as a figure as a computerized person). At the onset of the test, the patient attempts to lean in the direction of the indicated perimeter target, without lifting their feet, and hold there until the test is complete.

According to necessity of the diagnostic workup, CDP can be combined with other techniques, such as electronystagmography (ENG) and electromyography.

The main indications for CDP are dizziness and vertigo, and postural imbalances (balance disorders).

title: Posturography


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Spacebus

Spacebus is a satellite bus produced at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center in France by Thales Alenia Space. Spacebuses are typically used for geostationary communications satellites, and seventy-four have been launched since development started in the 1980s. Spacebus was originally produced by Aérospatiale and later passed to Alcatel Alenia Space. In 2006, it was sold to Thales Group as Thales Alenia Space.

The first Spacebus satellite, Arabsat-1A, was launched in 1985. Since then, seventy-four have been launched, with one more completed, and six outstanding orders. The launch of the 50th Spacebus satellite, Star One C1, occurred in November 2007. It was a Spacebus 3000B3, launched by an Ariane 5 rocket flying from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana.

Several variants have been built: the early Spacebus 100 and Spacebus 300; followed by the Spacebus 2000, optimised for launch on the Ariane 4 carrier rocket; and the subsequent modular Spacebus 3000 and 4000 series, designed for use with the Ariane 5 rocket.

History
Aérospatiale had produced a number of satellites, including Symphonie, with the German company Messerschmitt. On 9 December 1983, the two companies signed the Franco-German Spacebus Agreement. The Spacebus designation was first applied to satellites which were under construction by Aérospatiale when the programme started. These included three satellites for Arabsat, which became the Spacebus 100 series, and five further satellites: two for Deutsche Bundespost, two for TéléDiffusion de France, and the Swedish Space Corporation's Tele-X, which became the Spacebus 300 series. Later series' names were followed by a number indicating the approximate mass of the bus in kilograms. Spacebus designations were not retroactively applied to previously launched satellites.

Architecture
Spacebus satellites consist of a satellite bus, which provides power, propulsion, and other subsystems necessary for the satellite's operation, and a payload which is customisable according to the customer's requirements. The bus was designed to be adaptable to perform various missions; however, as of 2009, only communications satellites have been ordered. It was also designed to be adaptable when the capacity of launch systems increased.

The bus is made of carbon fibre with a composite honeycomb structure. It contains fuel tanks, equipment to interface with a carrier rocket, and other critical systems. External panels contain equipment such as solar panels, payload, and engine. The payload, developed separately from the bus, takes up three panels. Once it has been outfitted with transponders or other equipment, it is transported to Cannes-Mandelieu, where it is integrated onto the bus.

The satellites are powered by rigid solar panels. Several configurations are used depending on the amount of power the satellite requires. Batteries to store this power are produced by the Belgian company ETCA. Early satellites used nickel-hydrogen batteries, while later spacecraft use lithium-ion batteries.

Spacebus satellites use bipropellant, liquid-fuelled chemical engines to achieve orbit and subsequently perform station-keeping. Electric propulsion was used on the Stentor and Astra 1K satellites, both of which were subsequently involved in launch failures. Spacebus Neo will be an electric propulsion satellite. A three-axis stabilisation system is used for attitude control.

Models
Spacebus satellites are compatible with a large number of carrier rockets, particularly the Ariane family. As the Ariane's performance has increased, the satellites' capacities have increased accordingly.

Spacebus 100
Three Spacebus 100 satellites were produced for Arabsat to serve the 22 members of the Arab League.

One of the solar panels on the first satellite, Arabsat-1A, failed to deploy, resulting in reduced power. This, combined with gyroscope issues, caused it to spend most of its operational lifespan as a reserve satellite.

Spacebus 300
Five direct-to-home television satellites were built using the Spacebus 300 bus, which provided 4.3 kW of power.

Spacebus 2000
The Spacebus 2000 series was developed to use additional capacity provided by the Ariane 4. Its solar panels generated 3.5 kW.

Spacebus 3000
The Spacebus 3000 was introduced around the time the Ariane 5 entered service. Spacebus 3000 satellites have masses from 2 to 6 t and produce between 5 and 16 kW. Increasingly larger payload fairings allowed larger spacecraft to be produced. In 1991, Aérospatiale, Alenia and Space Systems/Loral joined to form the Satellite Alliance.

The first version of the Spacebus 3000 was the Spacebus 3000A, originally developed for Arabsat. They were also ordered by Shin Satellite of Thailand and China's Sino Satellite Communications Company.

Twelve 3000B2 satellites were ordered, five of them by Eutelsat for their W Series, one of which later became Eutelsat 28A. A sixth order from Eutelsat was for Eutelsat 8 West A. Nordic Satellite AB, a Scandinavian company that later became SES Sirius, ordered Sirius 2, a replacement for the Spacebus 300-based TeleX satellite. Spanish satellite operator Hispasat ordered two satellites, and Arabsat ordered one satellite, Arabsat-3A. The final two were ordered by the German Bundeswehr and were launched on 1 October 2009, and in May 2010, respectively.

Nine B3 satellites were ordered, three for Eutelsat, two for Star One of Brazil, GE-12 for GE Americom, Turksat 2A for Turksat, and the Stentor experimental communications satellite for CNES. Stentor was lost in a launch failure on the maiden flight of the Ariane 5ECA. Galaxy 17 was successfully launched in 2007 for Intelsat.

Spacebus 4000
The Spacebus 4000 series was derived from the 3000 series but featured upgraded avionics. The voltage of the electrical system was increased from 50 volts to 100 volts, and an integrated onboard computer, designed to be more flexible than previous versions, was added. It was also the first satellite bus to be equipped with an attitude and orbit control system with star trackers designed for use in geostationary orbit.

The B series used the same basic structure as the 3000 series. The C version had a base measuring 2.2 x.

Eight Spacebus 4000B2 satellites have been ordered: Bangabandhu-1 for Bangabandhu-1 of Bangladesh, Turksat 3A for Turksat, Thor 6 for Telenor of Norway, Nilesat 201 for Nilesat of Egypt, Athena-Fidus for the French and Italian space agencies CNES and ASI, and Sicral-2 for the Italian Ministry of Defence and the French Defence Procurement Agency (DGA), a contract worth about €295m in total, Koreasat-5A and Koreasat-7 for KTSAT and Telkom-3S for PT Telkom Indonesia.

Spacebus 4000B3 satellites are 3.7 m in height and generate 8.5 kilowatts of power. So far, five have been ordered, including two for the French Délégation Générale pour l'Armement and two for RascomStar-QAF.

The fifth, Palapa D1 for Indosat, uses the ITAR-free configuration, and was launched by a Long March 3B in September 2009, but was initially placed in a low orbit. Thales Alenia Space made corrections allowing the satellite to reach the planned geostationary transfer orbit on 3 September. It finally reached geostationary orbit on 9 September. It is now undergoing on-orbit testing upon its arrival at 113° East about mid-September, where it will be used to provide communications to Asia and Australia. It has enough fuel for 10 years of service, according to Reynald Seznec, President of Thales Alenia Space, instead of the planned 15 years due to the orbit-raising maneuvers.

The first Rascom satellite, Rascom-QAF1, suffered a propulsion system failure during its first apogee manoeuvre on 21 December 2007. It was confirmed to have reached its final geostationary orbit at a longitude of 2.85° east on 4 February 2008, but with only two years of expected operational life, compared to the fifteen expected prior to launch. On 9 September 2008, the Rascom-QAF1R satellite was ordered to replace it, also based on the 4000B3 bus.

The Spacebus 4000C1 has a height of 4 m, and is capable of generating 8.5 kilowatts of electricity. The only C1 to have been ordered so far is Koreasat 5 for Korea Telecom of South Korea. It was launched by a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL from the Ocean Odyssey platform on the equator, at 03:27 GMT on 22 August 2006.

The Spacebus 4000C2, which has a height of 4.5 m, generates 10.5 kilowatts of power. Five have been ordered, all using the ITAR-free option, by companies in the People's Republic of China. Chinasat, a state-owned company ordered two satellites, whilst the APT Satellite ordered three. All were launched by Long March 3B rockets from Launch Area 2 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre.

Eight Spacebus 4000C3 satellites, each of which has a height of 5.1 m and generates 13 kilowatts of power, have been ordered. SES Americom and Eutelsat ordered two spacecraft each. The Eutelsat spacecraft are being built using ITAR-free parts, and one of the satellites, Eutelsat W3B launched on an Ariane 5 on 2010-10-28 and was declared lost on 2010-10-30 due to a fuel leak. Eutelsat 21B was ordered by 9 June 2010.; and launched 10 November 2012; Eutelsat W3D ordered on 3 December 2010;, launched 2013-05-14; Russian satellite operator Gazprom also ordered two satellites for its Yamal (satellite constellation) programme —the first time it had procured Yamal spacecraft that were not manufactured in Russia. Only one will be a Spacebus, the second one is based on an Express-2000 platform.

The Spacebus 4000C4 bus is 5.5 m high and can generate 16 kilowatts of power with its solar panels. Four have been ordered so far: Ciel 2 for Ciel Satellite of Canada, which was launched on 10 December 2008, and three spacecraft for Eutelsat, W2A, W7, launched by Proton on 23 November 2009. and Eutelsat-8 West B, ordered on 11 October 2012.

Ekspress-4000
On 6 December 2007, Thales Alenia Space signed an agreement with NPO PM of Russia to jointly develop the Ekspress-4000 bus, based on the Spacebus 4000. The Ekspress-4000 is designed for direct injection into geostationary orbit by a Proton-M rocket.

Spacebus NEO

In 2014, Thales Alenia Space started the development of a new family - Spacebus NEO. These new platforms will be available in various propulsion versions, including an all-electric one. The all-electric Spacebus NEO, capable of carrying payloads weighing over 1,400 kg, and with power exceeding 16 kW, will be available starting in mid-2015.

title: Spacebus


text:
Wandering whistling duck

The wandering whistling duck (Dendrocygna arcuata) is a species of whistling duck. They inhabit tropical and subtropical Australia, the Philippines, Borneo, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands.

Taxonomy
There are three subspecies associated with this bird, D. a. arcuata (Indonesian wandering whistling duck), D. a. australis (Australian wandering whistling duck), and D. a. pygmaea (New Britain wandering whistling duck).

Description
Formerly named tree ducks, the wandering whistling duck has its new name because of their loud whistling calls and the whistling noise their wings make during flight. They have long necks and legs and look like a cross between a goose and a duck. They have a strong head and neck with a darker crown and hindneck. The breast contains black spotting and the feathers are mostly dark brown. They range in size from 54–60 cm in height and weigh on average 750 grams. They mainly feed on grasses, waterlilies, water plants and occasionally insects and aquatic vertebrae.

Habitat
The wandering whistling duck lives in deep lagoons, flooded grasslands or dams. They enjoy the water and rarely leave the shore. They can swim and dive with ease.

Breeding
Breeding occurs during the tropical wet season usually between December and May. During this time six to fifteen eggs are laid in a nest not far from water and usually in high grass or a sheltered area.

In Aboriginal language and culture
The Bininj people of western Arnhem Land call this animal djilikuybi in the Bininj Kunwok language, and hunt it for food. In the Kundjeyhmi dialect, it is known as djirrbiyuk, and there is an Aboriginal outstation in Kakadu National Park which is named Djirrbiyuk after this bird. In Yolŋu languages it is known as guyiyi or walkuli.

title: Wandering whistling duck


text:
Rockhampton (disambiguation)

Rockhampton is a city in Queensland, Australia.

Rockhampton may also refer to related topics:
 * Rockhampton City, Queensland, the central suburb of Rockhampton, Queensland
 * Rockhampton Region, the local government area surrounding Rockhampton, Queensland
 * Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, newspaper published in Rockhampton, Queensland
 * Rockhampton Airport, an airport serving Rockhampton, Queensland
 * Rockhampton Correctional Centre, a prison near Rockhampton, Queensland
 * City of Rockhampton, a former local government area in Queensland
 * Town of North Rockhampton, a former local government area in Queensland
 * Electoral district of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
 * Electoral district of Rockhampton North, Queensland, Australia
 * Electoral district of Rockhampton South, Queensland, Australia
 * Anglican Diocese of Rockhampton, Queensland
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockhampton, Queensland
 * West Rockhampton, Queensland, a suburb of Rockhampton, Queensland

Alternatively, it may refer to:
 * Rockhampton, Gloucestershire, a village in South Gloucestershire, England

title: Rockhampton (disambiguation)


text:
Coolangatta (disambiguation)

Coolangatta is the southernmost suburb of Gold Coast City, Queensland, Australia.

Coolangatta may also refer to:

 * Town of Coolangatta, Queensland (1914-1949), former town in South East Queensland
 * Coolangatta, New South Wales, a region on the New South Wales South Coast
 * Gold Coast Airport, airport on the Queensland Gold Coast known as Coolangatta Airport until 1999

title: Coolangatta (disambiguation)


text:
Tyers

Tyers may refer to:

People

 * Angus Tyers (born 1987), Australian rower
 * Charles Tyers (1806–1870), explorer of Australia
 * Joe Tyers (born 2000), English boxer
 * Jonathan Tyers (1702–1767), owner of Vauxhall Gardens and the Denbies estate
 * J.H. Tyers, English swimmer dominant in 1890s
 * Kathy Tyers (born 1952), American author
 * Máiréad Tyers (born 1998), Irish actress
 * Pádraig Tyers (1925–2010), Irish Gaelic footballer
 * Thomas Tyers (1726–1787), English playboy and dilettante author
 * William H. Tyers (1870–1924), American musician and conductor

Places

 * Tyers, Victoria, a small town in Australia named after Charles Tyers.
 * Tyers River, river in West Gippsland, Victoria, Australia
 * Mount Tyers, a low peak of Mount Baw Baw, Australia

title: Tyers


text:
Fremantle (disambiguation)

Fremantle is a port city proclaimed in 1929 in Western Australia.

Fremantle or Freemantle, may also refer to:

Australia

 * Places related to Fremantle, the port city of Perth, the capital of Western Australia, Australia
 * City of Fremantle, a local government area (LGA)
 * Fremantle (suburb), a suburb in the LGA called City of Fremantle
 * Division of Fremantle, a federal division of the Australian House of Representatives
 * Electoral district of Fremantle, a state lower house electoral district
 * Fremantle Harbour, the port of Fremantle
 * Fremantle Prison, in Fremantle, Western Australia

 * Fremantle Peak, Heard Island, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Southern Ocean (Indian Ocean)

United Kingdom

 * Freemantle, a suburb and electoral ward of Southampton, a city in Hampshire, United Kingdom

People and characters

 * Fremantle (surname), including a list of people
 * Freemantle (surname), including a list of persons and characters
 * Fremantle baronets of the British aristocracy
 * Baron Fremantle of the Austrian Empire

Transportation and vehicles

 * Fairey Fremantle, a British seaplane of the 1920s
 * Fremantle-class patrol boat, class of 15 Australian patrol boats in service from 1979 to 2007
 * HMAS Fremantle, two ships of the Royal Australian Navy
 * MV Fremantle Highway, Japanese RO-RO car carrier ship that burned in 2023

Groups, companies, organizations

 * Fremantle Football Club, an Australian Football League team also known as the '"Fremantle Dockers"', based in Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
 * Freemantle F.C., a now defunct English football club, based in Freemantle, Southampton, England, UK
 * Fremantle (company), a multi-national media corporation producing many major TV shows, formerly known as FremantleMedia
 * Fremantle Australia, an Australian production and entertainment company of Fremantle

Other uses

 * Fremantle, the code name for Maemo 5, a mobile Linux distribution developed by Nokia for the N900 phone

title: Fremantle (disambiguation)


text: Category:Operation Overlord

title: Category:Operation Overlord


text:
Talk:Jeremy Clarkson

Semi-protected edit request on 6 May 2024
In the last paragraph of the "Likes" section, change "had he had not driven" to "had he not driven". Pdgessler (talk) 03:40, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 06:49, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 May 2024
Please edit the section Environment. Sorry, it seems outdated. Once, Clarkson did not believe in anthropogenic climate change. Nowadays, he does, though. Please cite https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jeremy-clarkson-clarksons-farm-climate-change-b2535794.html. You could add that he thinks, the issue of climate change will not be solved politically. However, he believes, it is important to solve it in other ways. Thanks. Hh2409 (talk) 19:33, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jeremy Clarkson


text:
Henry Jackson (colonial administrator)

Captain Sir Henry Moore Jackson, (bapt. 13 August 1849 – 29 August 1908) was a British Army officer and colonial governor.

Biography
Jackson was born in Barbados to Walrond Jackson, who became the Anglican Bishop of Antigua, and Mary Shepherd. He received his education in England at Clifton College and the Royal Military Academy. After his education, Jackson went into the military, serving for the Royal Artillery from 1870 to 1885, reaching the rank of captain. In 1880, while still in the Royal Artillery, he was also appointed commandant of the Sierra Leone police.

It was after his military service that he became involved in the rule of British colonies. Starting with his appointment as commissioner for Turks and Caicos Islands from 1885 to 1890 and later Colonial Secretary of the Bahama Islands from 1890 to 1893. His next appointment came in 1894, when he was appointed as Colonial Secretary of Gibraltar, from 1894 to 1901. Here his education in science proved useful in implementing a plan to construct a new harbour. In August 1901, he was appointed Governor of the Leeward Islands, but his tenure there was short as in June the following year he was appointed Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner of the Western Pacific, combined with the position of Consul-General for the Western Pacific Islands.

He arrived in Fiji to take up the position in September 1902, and is credited as having promoted the idea of British rule to the natives of Fiji. Australian Methodists protested against his appointment as he was a Catholic, provoking counter-protests in Fiji. The last position he held was Governor of Trinidad and Tobago, which he held until his death on 29 August 1908.

Jackson received several honours, including: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1899, promoted to Knight Grand Cross in 1908, and member of the Order of St. Gregory the Great in 1904.

Jackson died in London on 29 August 1908 and was buried at St Mary Magdalen Church, Mortlake.

Family
In 1881, Jackson married Emily Shea, daughter of Sir Edward Dalton Shea. He was the father of Basil Jackson, chairman of BP. In 1880, Jackson converted to Catholicism.

title: Henry Jackson (colonial administrator)