text:
Talk:Gunpo

subway station
there are 3 more subway stations in addition to Dangjeong station, Geumjung station and Gunpo station. 3 more stations' names are respectively Sanbon, Surisan and Dayami station. Sanbon, Surisan, Dayami are line number 4 and Gunpo, Dangjeong are line number 1. and in Geumjung station, people can transfer to both station line no.4 and no.1. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Choi Hyun Hee (talk • contribs) 14:17, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

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Talk:Gwacheon

Sister Cities

 * The article Macon,_Georgia lists Gwacheon as a sister city but this article does not list macon, needs verification. 137.244.215.61 (talk) 14:42, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I saw the same thing, is this good enough for verification? Paragraph 3 of http://www.georgia.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Georgia_Korea_Connection_2013.pdf 137.244.215.55 (talk) 12:28, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

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Sōhei

Sōhei (僧兵) were Buddhist warrior monks of both classical and feudal Japan. At certain points in history, they held considerable power, obliging the imperial and military governments to collaborate.

The prominence of the sōhei rose in parallel with the ascendancy of the Tendai school's influence between the 10th and 17th centuries. The warriors protected land and intimidated rival schools of Buddhism, becoming a significant factor in the spread of Buddhism and the development of different schools during the Kamakura period.

The sōhei shared many similarities with the European lay brothers, members of a monastic order who might not have been ordained. Much like the Teutonic Order, the warrior monks of the Holy Roman Empire, and the crusading orders, sōhei did not operate as individuals, or even as members of small, individual temples, but rather as warriors in a large extended brotherhood or monastic order. The home temple of a sōhei monastic order might have had several, if not dozens or a hundred, smaller monasteries, training halls, and subordinate temples connected to it. A famous sōhei monastery is Enryaku-ji on Mount Hiei, just outside Kyoto, while Kōfuku-ji in Nara also fielded a large sōhei army.

Founding and feuds
Warrior monks first appeared during the Heian period, when bitter political feuds began between different temples, different subsects of Buddhism, over imperial appointments to the top temple positions in the sōkan system (zasu or Buddhist abbot). Much of the fighting over the next four centuries was over these sorts of political feuds, and centered around the temples of Kyoto, Nara, and Ōmi, namely the Tōdai-ji, Kōfuku-ji, Enryaku-ji, and Mii-dera, the four largest temples in the country.

The first armed conflict broke out in 949, when 56 monks from Tōdai-ji staged a protest at the residence of a Kyoto official, over an appointment that displeased them. Protests of this sort continued through the 10th century, often breaking out into brawls in which some participants would be killed. In 970, following a dispute between Enryaku-ji and the Yasaka Shrine of Kyoto, the former established the first standing army of warrior monks. It is not entirely clear whether this standing army consisted of monks from Enryaku-ji or was more like a mercenary army, since Ryōgen, the abbot who established this army, also established a code of monastic conduct that prevented monks from leaving Mount Hiei during their twelve-year training, from covering their faces, and from carrying weapons.

Beginning in 981, there were a number of armed conflicts between Enryaku-ji and Mii-dera, each the head temple of a different sub-sect of Tendai. These disputes were, as before, over political appointments and dishonorable etiquette. More often than not, these were cases of members of one faction being chosen as the abbot of the other faction's temple, and the monks would protest. This continued, on and off, once stopping for as long as 40 years, through the 11th and into the 12th century. The armies became larger and the violence increased, until in 1121 and 1141 Mii-dera was burned to the ground by monks from Enryaku-ji. Other temples became embroiled in the conflicts as well, and Enryaku-ji and Mii-dera united against Kōfuku-ji, and, another time, against Kiyomizu-dera.

Genpei War
At the end of the 12th century, Japan was plunged into the Genpei War and, while the feuds between the temples did not end, they became subsumed by larger events. The warring Minamoto and Taira clans both tried to obtain the aid of the warrior monks of Nara and Kyoto, adding the temples' forces to the clans' already mighty armies of samurai.

Taira no Kiyomori sent generous gifts of rice and silk to Enryaku-ji, ensuring they would not help his enemies, the Minamoto, who had allied themselves with the monks of Mii-dera. In the Battle of Uji in 1180, one of the more famous battles in which sōhei participated, the monks of Mii-dera, along with a force of Minamoto samurai, tried to defend the bridge over the Uji River, and the Byōdō-in, a temple behind it, from an attacking Taira force. The monks pulled up the planks of the bridge to impair the ability of the horse mounted samurai to cross. The warrior monks stood their ground with bow and arrow, naginata, sword and dagger, but were ultimately defeated. Following his victory, Taira no Kiyomori ordered that revenge be taken upon the monks that opposed him. Mii-dera was burned to the ground once again, as were many of the temples of Nara. Only the Enryaku-ji escaped unscathed.

Three years later, when Minamoto no Yoshinaka betrayed his clan by storming into Kyoto, setting the Hōjōji Palace aflame and kidnapping Emperor Go-Shirakawa, he was opposed by many of the monks of Kyoto, including those from Mount Hiei.

13th–14th centuries and the rise of Zen
Following the Genpei War, the monasteries, to a large extent, turned their attention to rebuilding, first physically, and then politically. Their political influence grew stronger through peaceful means, and the warrior monks played only very minor roles in the wars of the 13th and 14th centuries. Violent conflict between the temples still occurred on occasion, once again over political and spiritual appointments, and related matters.

During the wars of the Nanboku-chō period, Mount Hiei took in the rebel Emperor Go-Daigo, and offered him sanctuary. Emperor Go-Daigo, along with his son, and the help of the sōhei of Mount Hiei, launched a brief rebellion against the Kamakura shogunate. The Ashikaga shogunate took power shortly afterwards, and supported Zen over the other Buddhist sects, drawing the ire of the warrior monks. Over the course of the 1340s–1360s a number of conflicts erupted between the Tendai sect temples, and those of Zen, especially Nanzen-ji.

Sengoku-jidai and the rise of the Ikkō-Ikki
The Ōnin War, starting in 1467, was the prelude to over a century of civil war in Japan, and the stimulus for a reorganization of the warrior monks. Unlike the Jōkyū War and Mongol invasions of the 13th century, the Ōnin War was fought primarily in Kyoto, and thus the warrior monks could no longer remain non-violent and neutral.

In addition, a new breed of warrior monks was forming in the countryside. Where the monks of Mount Hiei had subscribed to the teachings of the Tendai sect, these new groups, calling themselves Ikkō-ikki, followed the dictates of the Jōdo Shinshū sect of beliefs. They were essentially coalitions of religious fundamentalist priests, farmers, and families, who were willing to literally fight for their beliefs. Ikkō-ikki translates to something like "devoted league", but also had the connotation of "single-minded riots". In 1488, their leader Rennyo, incited an uprising against samurai rule, and secured Kaga Province for the Ikkō-ikki. From there they spread, establishing themselves in Nagashima, Ishiyama Hongan-ji, and Mikawa Province. Their growing power base was eventually to attract the attention of warlords like Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who recognized their opposition to samurai rule, their determination, their strength, and their numbers.

Tokugawa Ieyasu attacked the Ikkō-ikki of Mikawa in 1564, in the Battle of Azukizaka, and failed to defeat the Ikkō-ikki, but returned shortly afterwards with a contingent of warrior monks from his own religious sect, Jōdo-shū, and, after defeating the Ikkō adherents in battle, burned all their temples to the ground. As Oda Nobunaga rose to power at the end of the 1560s, the monks of Enryaku-ji regained their military might, and fought a number of skirmishes in the streets of Kyoto against a new rival sect, Nichiren Buddhism. They eventually burned all of Kyoto's Nichiren temples to the ground, and then sought allies among the local lords (daimyō). Unfortunately for them, the Azai and Asakura clans they allied with were enemies of Oda Nobunaga. Beginning on September 29, 1571, Nobunaga's army of 30,000 led the Siege of Mount Hiei, destroying Enryaku-ji and massacring thousands. Though it was rebuilt, the standing army of warrior monks would never be reconstituted after this devastation.

Nobunaga then moved on to fighting the Ikkō-ikki in their fortresses of Nagashima and Ishiyama Hongan-ji (see Sieges of Nagashima, Ishiyama Hongan-ji War). In the summer of 1574, with the help of former pirate Kuki Yoshitaka, Nobunaga essentially blockaded the Ikkō fortresses and starved them into submission. The 20,000 inhabitants of the fortress went up in flames along with their home. Two years later, Nobunaga returned to the Ishiyama Hongan-ji, which he had failed to take earlier. At the two Battles of Kizugawaguchi, Nobunaga defeated his enemies, the Mōri clan, who had naval control over the area. The Ikkō were finally forced to surrender in 1580.

In the 1580s and 1590s, various factions of warrior monks sided with either Tokugawa Ieyasu or his rival Toyotomi Hideyoshi, fighting in a number of battles and skirmishes. When Tokugawa Ieyasu finally defeated the last of his enemies and took control of the country in 1603, the time of the warrior monks finally came to an end.

Weapons and dress
Sōhei were quite varied in their armament. The naginata is the weapon most often associated with them, though in legend as well as history many warrior monks are known to have been proficient with everything from yari, yumi, tachi, and tantō. Many fought on horseback, and many with the ō-yoroi armor of the samurai.

Warrior monks, like most other Buddhist monks of related sects, wore a series of kimono-like robes in layers, one over the other, usually white underneath, and tan or saffron yellow on top; this style has changed very little since the introduction of Buddhism to Japan in the 7th century. Footwear traditionally consisted of tabi socks and geta (wooden clogs), or waraji (straw sandals). Warrior monks would often fold and tie the white headcowl to cover more of their head, or would substitute a hachimaki headband. Finally, many warrior monks would wear some form of samurai armor.

The sōhei employed a variety of weapons. The obi, or belt, of the kimono would often be supplemented with a heavier sash, so a sword could be slung from it. The long tachi was probably the most common sword, though many monks may have carried tantō as well. Many monks were also accomplished archers, and used bamboo-and-rattan bows, called daikyū, with bamboo arrows. The most traditional weapon of the monk, however, was the naginata, a weapon much like the Chinese guandao or podao, European glaive or the Russian sovnya. The sōhei were also trained to use the heavy kanabō, which was a large club forged of solid iron. Although deadly, this weapon was generally used to defeat an opponent without bloodshed.

The Ikkō-ikki monks of the 16th century, due largely to their origins as countryside mobs, were far more varied in their armor and armament. Many wore the more traditional monk robes, with varying degrees and types of armor. Many wore various sorts of helmets, while many others opted for the straw hat and cloak of a peasant. Naginata remained very common, along with a variety of swords and daggers, and a limited number of arquebuses (with the Saika Ikki being a notable exception, as they are mainly composed of musketeers and gunsmiths as per Suzuki Magoichi's standard of having an all-musketeer army). Finally, while not truly armor nor armament, a very common item wielded by the mobs of Ikkō-ikki monk warriors was a banner with a Buddhist slogan written upon it. One of the more common slogans was the nenbutsu, "Hail Amitābha!" (Namu Amida Butsu).

title: Sōhei


text:
Talk:Gwangmyeong

Korean Wikipedia Error
Can anyone work out why there are two other language entries for Korean, the first one being wrong? I can't find it at all. JPBarrass 15:54, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gwangmyeong


text: Talk:Hanam

title: Talk:Hanam


text: Talk:Icheon

title: Talk:Icheon


text: Talk:Pocheon

title: Talk:Pocheon


text:
Talk:Namyangju

Gus
Why aren't there any gus? The city has well over 500,000 people — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.63.189.183 (talk) 04:57, 13 October 2011 (UTC) The subsection on the organic museum says it is located west of Seoul. Unless the museum is not in Namyangju, wouldn't the museum have to be located east of Seoul?? And if the museum is not located in Namyangju, why would it be in this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.228.104.10 (talk) 02:12, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Notable person Kim yugyeom
I am curious as to why his info keeps getting deleted even though he is from Namyangju and is considered a notable person. Angel-Devil666 (talk) 05:21, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Just curious that is all. Forgive my poor grammar. Angel-Devil666 (talk) 05:22, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Why exactly is he "notable" if he doesnt even have an own article? Snowflake91  (talk) 10:42, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

That doesn't mean he isn't notable. Just because he doesn't have his own stupid wikipage doesn't mean he's not a famous notable person from namyangju. Snowflake. So stop deleting it Angel-Devil666 (talk) 23:42, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Them nit havING their own page doesn't mean they're not notable. are you really this dim and close minded about a famous kpop member just because he doesn't have hi's own page look him up and you will see he is indeed from namyangju he is part of a kpop group etc. I just feel annoyed because my work that I've added about 10 times in the past 7 days keep getting deleted bease he doesn't have his own "wiki page" Angel-Devil666 (talk) 23:49, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

A wiki article doesn't mean anything tbh. Considering notable by definition means a famous or important person.

"businessmen and local notables"

synonyms:celebrity, public figure, VIP, personage, notability, dignitary, worthy, luminary; More

Angel-Devil666 (talk) 23:52, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

Also I'm not trying to wage war or anything. But even is he doesn't have his own page he is still a notable person. If I could create him a a page I could. But since I lost the password to one of my old accounts I can't. I'm trying to be fair and understanding but when Kim Yugyeom from got7 is from namyangju and it keep getting deleted It gets annoying. That's all I'm trying to say. Even if he doesn't have his own page YET. he should still be in there also sorry not trying to spam Angel-Devil666 (talk) 00:03, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

 * He fails WP:BAND and is therefore not notable, and according to Famous Residents, you need to have an article to be listed as the city's "notable person", being a member of the k-pop group doesnt make you notable to have an own article if he has zero notable solo projects outside the group activities. And you can create an article about him, who is preventing you? You are registered user so you can create a new article, you dont need an old account, but the page will almost certainly be deleted through the AfD process though. Snowflake91  (talk) 10:24, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

He's been in tour with got7 many times ,starred in a drama with his band members called dream knights, has been in hit the stage and wo. Forst place etc, even if he isn't a solo artist yet shouldn't honestly affect his notabLe status. Even if Wikipedia itself says this doesn't mean all users put notable people down bc they've done solo work. But whatever you'll find a way to disprove it no matter what but I hope next time I put him down your Stubborn   personality doesn't delete it. Also to answer your question you have to have an account for 4 days, make ten edits etc, to finally be able to create a page. Angel-Devil666 (talk) 12:22, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Mo r e or less while I respecially your desire to follow rules. Sometime's people will add notable people in general even if not met by the "requirements" Angel-Devil666 (talk) 12:23, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Sorry it's 4 am over here I'm half asleep. Angel-Devil666 (talk) 12:23, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

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Dartford twinning
See Talk:Dartford for a question about the status of Namyangju's twinning (sister cities) arrangement with Dartford in the UK. Beorhtwulf (talk) 05:55, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Namyangju


text:
Talk:Pyeongtaek

Update seriously needed
This is four years old, and some of the text even  still refers to 2008 as the future. 211.225.33.104 (talk) 04:16, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pyeongtaek


text:
Talk:Paju

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text: Category:Italian literature

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Maclaurin (crater)

Maclaurin is a lunar impact crater that is located in the eastern part of the Moon's near side. It lies just to the southeast of the small Mare Spumans, and to the northeast of the prominent crater Langrenus. To the east-southeast is Gilbert.

The rim of this crater is perhaps unusual for the number of lesser craters attached to the exterior. Along the northern rim are the lava-flooded Maclaurin O and Maclaurin K. There are also satellite craters along the northeastern, eastern, and southern walls. The only open stretches of rim are along the western side, and a brief stretch to the southeast. The three craters along the southern rim, which include Maclaurin A and Maclaurin N, have intruded into the formation sufficiently to compress and slightly flatten that end of the crater. But overall it retains a generally circular form.

The inner walls cut down to a gently descending slope that extends toward the flattened midsection. The middle portion of the interior floor has been resurfaced, possibly by basaltic lava, leaving a lower albedo patch with a slightly darkened hue. At the midpoint of the crater interior is a low central ridge.

Satellite craters
By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Maclaurin.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Maclaurin F — See Von Behring
 * Maclaurin R — See Morley
 * Maclaurin S — See Hargreaves
 * Maclaurin Y — See Born

title: Maclaurin (crater)


text:
Talk:Siheung

The pronunciation of this city is not what you'd expect. It's pronounced more like "She-heung". The "Si" in the name is deceptive... it's actually a "ʃ" sound, not a "s" sound. If anyone knows how to write in the phonetics, that'd be great. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.36.81.85 (talk) 04:23, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

====

I tried to add the pronunciation. The sound you were talking about is a "ɕ" sound according to the IPA for Korean. I couldn't get the link to work to IPA for Korean though. Could someone figure this out? — Preceding unsigned comment added by BillSmithinKorea (talk • contribs) 15:34, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

I added administrative districts.
Previous article was not include administrative districts of Siheung. And I suggest future improvement of this article. I think Siheung have many attractive places. For examples, Wolgot and Oido is very beautiful place, I think. Adding this part will enrich the contents.--Donghwan Seong (talk) 17:52, 13 September 2013 (UTC)

Expert needed on the "History" and "Education of Siheung" sections
Hello, this is coming from someone who doesn't know a lot about the city to really add in the REAL nitty gritty, apart from what I search up on Google. I originally just came to this article to copyedit (I tried my best, this is for my first ever GOCE drive I partook in), but I would like for this article to be expanded a bit on the History section (you might see a template left there) with the Education of Siheung section being properly checked for citations. Thank you. — Beetricks  13:45, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Siheung


text: Talk:Uiwang

title: Talk:Uiwang


text:
Talk:Uijeongbu

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aveise.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:55, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
9/18/06 - Got rid of an ad. Strange. 4/28/18 There is a serious problem with the pie chart. All the values add up to ~81% Should be 100%. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:346:403:FAE0:D0CB:7401:74BC:E31A (talk) 11:02, 28 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uijeongbu


text:
David Suzuki Foundation

The David Suzuki Foundation is a science-based non-profit environmental organization headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with offices in Montreal and Toronto. It was established as a federally registered Canadian charity on January 1, 1991. By 2007, it had 40,000 donors. Its mission is to protect nature while balancing human needs. It is supported entirely by Foundation grants and donations and by 2012, 90% of its donors were Canadian. By 2007, the Foundation employed about seventy-five staff members.

Overview
In 1989, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired a radio series by David Suzuki, entitled It's a Matter of Survival which was published in a co-authored 1990 book by the same name. In the series and the book, described how the "first global scientific consensus" that the world was "entering an era of unprecedented climate change" had emerged in the June 1988 international Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere chaired by Stephen Lewis, and with 300 scientists from around the world in attendance. The foundation was formed in response to a 1989 meeting organized by David Suzuki and Tara Cullis with about a dozen invited guests who wanted to work towards reversing global climate change. The Foundation was incorporated on September 14, 1990. Suzuki stepped down from the Board of Directors of the Foundation in April 2012—his wife, Tara Cullis, serves as president of the Board.

According to the Foundation's website its goal is to investigate, communicate and support work that balances "human needs" with the planet's capacity to "sustain all life". While concerned with Canada and Canadians, its focus is on four regions—Ontario and Northern Region, Quebec/Francophone, B.C. and the Western Region. The main areas of concern include the protection of the climate, transformation of the economy, encouraging a reconnection with nature, and community-building.

The Foundation publishes information related to their advocacy work through newsletters, scientific studies, research reports, books, information kits, brochures, and news releases. Some of their major projects included the Trottier Energy Futures Project, Healthy Oceans and Sustainable Seafood which provided a ranking of seafood options published on SeaChoice.org, The Saint Lawrence: Our Living River, the Natural Capital Evaluation, Habitat Protection and Endangered Species, Connecting Youth with Nature, and Living Green (formerly “Queen of Green”).

Funding
The Foundation was established on January 1, 1991, as a federally registered Canadian charity and is supported entirely by Foundation grants and donations. It does not accept any government funding, except from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. It is also not a funding body for other organizations.

All financial and donor information is publicly available on their official website and through the publication of their annual reports. In their 2006 report they said that about 75% of their 40,000 supporters, donated less than $500. In the FY 2012, they reported that 59% of their funding came from individual donors. Foundations and businesses provided another 25% and 13% respectively and that more than 95% of the donors were Canadian.

According to their 2005-2006 annual report, there were 40,000 donors to the Suzuki Foundation including 52 corporations—Bell Canada, Toyota, IBM, McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Scotia Capital, Warner Bros., Canon and the Bank of Montreal.

After the Foundation implemented its Ethical Gift Acceptance Policy, it no longer accepted donations from fossil fuel industry corporate donors as it had in the past. Prior to the Ethical Gift Acceptance Policy, the Foundation had received funding from the EnCana Corporation, a world leader in natural gas production and oil sands development, and ATCO Gas, Alberta's principal distributor of natural gas, and OPG which is one of the largest suppliers of electricity in the world operating five fossil fuel-burning generation plants and three nuclear plants.

It is also a partnership of the Taylor Mitchell Legacy Trust, which was started after Taylor Mitchell's death from a coyote attack in 2009.

Nutreco Aquaculture
The David Suzuki Foundation undertook a "Farmed and Dangerous" campaign about environmental concerns related to the farmed fish industry, with a focus on Nutreco Aquaculture, the largest farmed salmon producer in the world. Vivian Krause, who was hired by Nutreco Aquaculture in 2002 as their North American corporate development manager, actively pursued a public relations campaign to counter criticisms levelled against Nutreco, that had been raised by The David Suzuki Foundation and other environmentalists. Krause accessed publicly available online information related to tax revenue to create spreadsheets on names of donors who funded environmental organizations in Canada, and to publish her findings on her Fair Questions blog. This included the information that the David Suzuki Foundation, had received $44 million from tax receipted donations between 2000 and 2010.

In February 2004, Suzuki met with the Prime Minister of Canada, Paul Martin, to present the Foundation's report on how sustainability could be achieved within a generation."Canada vs the OECD: An Environmental Comparison", a 2001 report published by University of Victoria Eco-Research Chair of Environmental Law and Policy Staff and authored by David R. Boyd, environmental lawyer and coauthor of the forthcoming book David Suzuki's Guide to Helping the Planet, examined 25 environmental indicators, ranks Canada 28th out of the 29 OECD nations. The foundation and Boyd created a separate report, "Sustainability within a Generation", that addresses Canada's capacities to improve sustainability and environmental conservation. The foundation believes this can be best accomplished by improving efficiency, eliminating waste and pollution, and building sustainable cities.

The 2000s Nature Challenge, which was established in consultation with the Union of Concerned Scientists encouraged Canadians to reduce home energy use, using energy-efficient appliances and vehicles, drive personal vehicles less by using public transit, biking or walking and by living closer to work or school, buying locally grown food, eat more vegetarian meals, avoid use of pesticides. over 500 000 individuals had taken David Suzuki's Nature Challenge. Many famous Canadians have taken David Suzuki's Nature Challenge, including Nelly Furtado, Sam Roberts, Margaret Atwood, Robert Munsch, Larry Campbell, and David Miller.

La Rose et al. v. Her Majesty the Queen
On October 25, 2019, The David Suzuki Foundation along with the Our Children's Trust and 15 youth activists including Cecilia La Rose, Sierra Robinson and Sáj Gray-Starcevich, launched a federal lawsuit against the Canadian government claiming that the government has violated the youth's Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The lawsuit asks the Canadian Government to immediately begin reducing Canada's green house gas emissions to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Genetically modified food
By the early 2010s, there was a scientific consensus that at that time, genetically modified food was as safe as conventional food. WHO clarified that each new GM food introduced needed to be tested on a case-by-case basis.

In 2012, the Foundation's 2012 website still allegedly had a page entitled an "Understanding GMO" page which said that at that time, "the safety of GMO foods" was "unproven" and that and a growing body of research" had connected "these foods with health concerns". This page is no longer hosted on their website.

Tax emptions status and political activities
Since at least 2007, concerns have been raised about how much—if any political activity—can charities with tax exemptions undertake. Columnist Licia Corbella, formerly of The Calgary Sun is a long-standing critic of the David Suzuki Foundation and is known for denying the existence of human-caused climate change. Writing about Suzuki meeting with Calgary elementary school students, states that the speech "was essentially urging those listening not to vote Conservative. That makes his message partisan and should exempt the David Suzuki Foundation from receiving tax deductible status." In 2007, Suzuki distinguished between what he says as an individual and what the foundation formally states. His personal opinions have been published, including the statement that Ottawa's plan to fight global warming was a "national embarrassment" and the federal government's energy policy was "not a strategy" but a "shame." According to a 2007 article in Treehugger, in Canadian law, charities are permitted to comment on politics, "Charities have wide latitude to comment on politics, provided they don't endorse parties or candidates and can devote up to 10 per cent of their resources for non-partisan political activities". Charitable organizations can spend funds "to influence law, policy, and public opinion on matters related to its charitable purposes." This includes meeting with elected officials, holding "conferences, workshops, lectures and rallies", and mounting "letter-writing campaigns about issues".

In 2012, when then Prime Minister Stephen Harper was engaged in "scorching attacks on environmental activists and charities." the federal 2012 budget earmarked $8 million to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) to audit selected charities—including seven environmental groups were soon targeted. The CRA budget for these political-activity audits was subsequently increased to $13 million a year which allowed the CRA to audit anti-poverty, foreign aid and human rights groups charities, such as Amnesty International, the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, and the United Church of Canada. An investigation by the Canadian Press reported in Maclean's in 2014, said that the majority of the ten 2012-2013 political-activity audits were "conducted on charities in one narrow category—environmental groups, all of whom opposed" the Harper administration's energy policies." which included the David Suzuki Foundation. In 2015, an investigation undertaken by the journalist, Mike De Souza, published in the Narwhal, showed that a senator who was keenly interested in Krause's research on environmental groups, had "worked to advance Krause's public persona, introducing her to key figures in the Canadian political and energy landscape".

title: David Suzuki Foundation


text:
Herbert A. Hauptman

Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician and Nobel laureate. He pioneered and developed a mathematical method that has changed the whole field of chemistry and opened a new era in research in determination of molecular structures of crystallized materials. Today, Hauptman's direct methods, which he continued to improve and refine, are routinely used to solve complicated structures. It was the application of this mathematical method to a wide variety of chemical structures that led the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to name Hauptman and Jerome Karle recipients of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Life
He was born in to a Jewish family in New York City, the oldest child of Leah (Rosenfeld) and Israel Hauptman. He was married to Edith Citrynell since November 10, 1940, with two daughters, Barbara (1947) and Carol (1950).

He was interested in science and mathematics from an early age which he pursued at Townsend Harris High School, graduated from the City College of New York (1937) and obtained an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939.

After the war he started a collaboration with Jerome Karle at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., and at the same time enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Maryland in 1955 in physics, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. This combination of mathematics and physical chemistry expertise enabled them to tackle head-on the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. His work on this problem was criticized because, at the time, the problem was believed unsolvable. By 1955 he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had laid the foundations of the direct methods in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 monograph, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods through a development of the Sayre equation.

In 1970 he joined the crystallographic group of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo of which he was research director in 1972. During the early years of this period he formulated the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following decades.

In 2003, as an atheist and secular humanist, he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.

Works
Hauptman has authored over 170 publications, including journal articles, research papers, chapters and books. In 1970, Hauptman joined the crystallographic group of the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute (formerly the Medical Foundation of Buffalo) of which he became research director in 1972. Until his death, he served as president of the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute as well as research professor in the department of biophysical sciences and adjunct professor in the department of computer science at the University at Buffalo. Prior to coming to Buffalo, he worked as a mathematician and supervisor in various departments at the Naval Research Laboratory from 1947. He received his B.S. from City College of New York, M.S. from Columbia University and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, College Park.

Awards and titles

 * Belden Prize in Mathematics, City College of New York, 1936
 * Scientific Research Society of America, Pure Science Award, Naval Research Laboratory, 1959
 * President, Philosophical Society of Washington, 1969–1970
 * President of the Association of Independent Research Institutes, 1979–1980
 * Patterson Award in 1984 given by the American Crystallographic Association
 * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1985 (jointly with Jerome Karle)
 * Honorary degrees from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1985
 * Honorary degree from CCNY in 1986
 * Citizen of the Year Award, Buffalo Evening News, 1986
 * Norton Medal, SUNY, 1986
 * Schoellkopf Award, American Chemical Society (Western New York Chapter) 1986
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1986
 * Cooke Award, SUNY, 1987
 * Establishment of the Eccles-Hauptman Student Award, SUNY in 1987
 * Election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1988
 * Humanist Laureate Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union in 1988
 * Honorary degree from the University of Parma, Italy in 1989
 * Honorary degree from the D'Youville College, Buffalo, New York in 1989
 * Honorary degree from Bar-Ilan University, Israel in 1990
 * Honorary degree from Columbia University in 1990
 * Honorary degree from Technical University of Lodz, Poland in 1992
 * Honorary degree from Queen's University, Kingston, Canada in 1993
 * Honorary degree from SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York in 2009

title: Herbert A. Hauptman


text:
Ur (rune)

Ur is the recorded name for the rune, found as the second rune in all runic alphabets (futharks), i.e. Elder Futhark, Anglo-Saxon Futhark and Younger Futhark. It corresponds to the letter U in the Latin alphabet, but also carries other sound values, especially in Younger Futhark, were its sound values correspond to U, O, Y, Œ, W and V in the Latin alphabet.

It may have been derived from the Raetic alphabet character u as it is similar in both shape and sound value. It is also found as the 16th letter in the Gothic alphabet (𐌿), the corresponding name being urus.

Elder name
The rune is recorded in all three rune poems (Old English, Norwegian, Icelandic), and it is called Ur in all, however with different meanings in each.

Because of this, it is difficult to reconstruct a Proto-Germanic name for the Elder Futhark rune. It may have been *ūruz "aurochs" (see also Bull worship), based on the Old English rune poem, the oldest recorded of the three, or *ūrą "water", based on the Icelandic rune poems (and to some extent the Norwegian rune poem), with both Proto-Germanic words, however, possibly stemming from the same root.

The aurochs name is preferred by authors of modern runic divination systems, but both seem possible, compared to the names of the other runes: "water" would be comparable to "hail" and "lake", and "aurochs" to "horse" or "elk" (although the latter name is itself uncertain). The Gothic alphabet seems to support "aurochs" as the prior name, though: as the name of the letter 𐌿 u is urus.

Old English rune poem
In the Old English rune poem, recorded in the 8th or 9th century, the rune is named Ūr, Old English for “aurochs” (compare with úrr), stemming from a Proto-Germanic word: *ūruz.

Norwegian rune poem
In the Norwegian rune poem, recorded in the 13th century, the rune is named úr, with the Old Norwegian meaning of “dross, slag”. This sense is obscure, but may be an Iron Age technical term derived from the word for water (compare the Kalevala, where iron is compared to milk).

Icelandic rune poem
In the Icelandic rune poems, recorded in the 16th century, the rune is named úr, an Old Norse word describing some type of precipitation weather (related to ēar, “wave, sea”, potentially also “urine”). It stems from a Proto-Germanic word: *ūrą, possibly begun by a w-, as found in related words (var, “pus”, Old English: wær, “sea”) and historical variants of úr (Old Swedish: vur), as Proto-Germanic words starting with a w, followed by o or u, generally lost the w-sound when evolving from Proto-Norse into Old Norse (compare wulfaz, “wolf”, ulfr).

There are several Icelandic manuscripts with rune poems, all varying to some degree. The oldest manustript, catalogued as AM687d, is from around 1500. The second oldest, catalogued as AM461, is from around 1550. These have been noted to be hard to read, thus the transliterations might be incorrect.

In Old Icelandic, the word (úr) is recorded as meaning “drizzle”, “light rain” and thereof (in the sense of “cold and damp weather”). In Old and Contemporary Swedish, the word (ur) essentially means “blustery and profuse snowfall, sleet or rain” etc, if not outright “bad weather”. In Danish and Norwegian, the word (ur) means “northern rainclouds”, or just “rainclouds”, but also “cold, biting draft” and thereof etc. There is also a variant, ýr (yr), in all Nordic languages, meaning “drizzle” in Old Icelandic, including “fine dense snowfall” and “snowstorm” in Norwegian and Swedish. A derivative, yra (a verb), also exist, meaning “to drizzle” and thereof in Old Icelandic, and “swirl, whirl, drift”, in the sense of snow, sand, dust affected by the wind, in Swedish, etc.

title: Ur (rune)


text:
Anyang University

Anyang University is a private university in Korea. Courses consist of undergraduate, graduate, doctoral and research programs. The main campus is located in Anyang City, south of Seoul in Gyeonggi province and the second campus is located on Ganghwa Island, Incheon. It has a student body of about 5,500. It has colleges of Humanities, Social Sciences, Science & Engineering, Theological Studies, Music, and Liberal Arts & Sciences, and offers graduate programs in General Studies, Theology, Education, and Business Administration & Public Administration.

History
The school opened in 1948 as a theological college in Seoul.

When the campus moved from Seoul to Anyang in 1980s, the school expanded to Liberal Arts and, later, to engineering, technology, and business as well. With such expansion, the school changed its name to "DaeShin University" in 1990, and the current name was adopted in March 1995. Dr. Youngsil Kim became the first president of the university since its conversion to university system. He was succeeded by Dr. Seung Tae Kim. In June 2014, Dr. Suk-Joon Kim became the president of the university.

Schools and departments

 * Undergraduate
 * College of Humanities
 * College of Social Science
 * College of Engineering
 * College of Theology
 * College of Music
 * College of Liberal Arts & Science

 * Graduate
 * General Graduate School
 * Graduate School of Engineering
 * Graduate School of Theology
 * Graduate School of Education
 * Graduate School of Business & Public Administration

 * Departments
 * Business Administration
 * Chinese Language
 * Christian Culture
 * Christian Education
 * Computer Science & Engineering
 * Cosmetology
 * Digital Media Design
 * Digital Media Engineering
 * Early Childhood Education
 * Electrical & Electronic Engineering
 * English Linguistics & Literature
 * Environmental Engineering
 * Food Science & Nutrition
 * International Relations
 * Information & Communications Engineering
 * Information & Statistics
 * Korean Linguistics & Literature
 * Marine Biotechnology
 * Music (Composition, Instrumental Studies, Piano, Voice)
 * Performing Arts
 * Public Administration
 * Russian Language
 * Social Welfare
 * Theology
 * Tourism English Interpretation
 * Tourism Management
 * Trade & Distribution
 * Urban Administration
 * Urban Information Engineering

Resources and institutes

 * Subsidiary institutions
 * Academia-Industrial-Research Consortium Center
 * Anyang University Broadcasting Station(
 * Anyang University Newspaper (English & Korean)
 * Anyang University Medical Clinic
 * Business Incubation Center
 * Center for Teaching & Learning
 * Computing & Information Center
 * Illwoo Central Library
 * Office of International Relations
 * Student Human Resources Development Center
 * Student Life Counseling Center
 * Student Service Center

 * Research institutes
 * The Brightening One Corner Institute
 * CReDI Capital Regional Development Institute
 * The Institute of Humanities Science
 * The Institute of Social Sciences
 * The Center for Theological Research
 * The Institute for Welfare Administration
 * West Costal Area Development Institute

 * Auxiliary educational centers
 * Lifelong Education Center
 * Foreign Language Education Center
 * Wooli Children's Daycare Center

Scholarships
Anyang University offers scholarships for domestic and international students according to matriculation status, school and department affiliation, financial need, academic achievement, and grade point average from its funds, sponsors and research institutes.

Campuses

 * Anyang Campus, 708-113, Anyang-5dong, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
 * Ganghwa Campus, San102, Samsung-ri, Buleun-myeon, Ganwha-gun, Incheon, Korea

The Anyang Campus is on the Seoul Subway line no. 1 (blue line) at Anyang Station. There are several buses also.

title: Anyang University


text:
Koichi Kato (politician, born 1939)

Koichi Kato (加藤 紘一) was a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party who held a seat in the House of Representatives in the National Diet for 13 terms between 1972 and 2012. Kato was elected to several districts in Yamagata Prefecture and served as the Director-General of the Japan Defense Agency from 1984 to 1986 and Chief Cabinet Secretary from 1991 to 1992. Kato was a leading member of the Kōchikai faction of the LDP aligned with Prime Ministers Masayoshi Ōhira, Zenkō Suzuki, and Kiichi Miyazawa. Kato lost his seat at the December 2012 general election, and his daughter Ayuko Kato was elected to the seat at the 2014 general election.

Early life
Kato was born on 17 June 1939 in Higashi Ward, Nagoya, and raised in Tsuruoka, Yamagata Prefecture. His father, Seizo Kato (politician), was a politician who served as mayor of Tsuruoka from 1946 before being elected to the House of Representatives in 1952, serving for five terms until 1965. After graduating from the University of Tokyo, Kato joined the Foreign Ministry in 1963, which led to stints at the Japanese embassies in Taipei and Washington, D.C. In 1967 he completed a Master's degree at Harvard University. After continuing his foreign service career in Hong Kong he returned to Japan as an aide in the China Affairs Bureau of the Foreign Ministry. His experience in foreign affairs resulted in fluent English and Chinese, and he remained deeply interested in relations with China.

Political career
Kato was first elected to the National Diet in 1972 as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), representing his native Yamagata and represented that area continuously until 2012, except for a 19-month period following his resignation due to a scandal in April 2002. Kato was aligned with the Kōchikai (then called Ōhira) faction of the LDP, which produced three Japanese Prime Ministers; Masayoshi Ōhira, Zenkō Suzuki, and Kiichi Miyazawa. The power of this faction provided Kato ample opportunity for promotion, and he served in several Cabinet Positions through the 1980s and early 1990s. From 1984 to 1986, he was Director General of the Japan Defense Agency. In 1992, he was elected Secretary-General of the LDP, a time when the traditional dominance of the party was being challenged.

YKK and the 2000 leadership challenge
Always seen as something of a maverick, Kato formed a relationship with two other young LDP reformers, Taku Yamasaki and Junichiro Koizumi, during the Kaifu administration. The three together became known as "YKK" after the initials of their last names. Originally the trio had agreed to sway their factions towards the new generation of LDP leaders, and marginalize the old guard within the Diet. With the election of Miyazawa (then leader of Kato's own faction) in 1991, YKK gained greater prestige and power within the party. From the Miyazawa era onwards, YKK represented the power base of the anti-mainstream faction in the LDP. All three leaders made repeated tilts at the party leadership in the 1990s, but were unsuccessful. In 1998, Kato assumed leadership of the Kochikai faction, taking over from Miyazawa.

In May 2000, upon the sudden illness and death of Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi, Kato did not make a challenge for leadership of the LDP, believing that internal strife would not be healthy for a party in mourning. By November, however, displeased with the slow pace of reform and poor public image of the Mori administration, Kato made his move. After consulting with the opposition parties, Kato realized that with support of his and Yamasaki's factions, a vote of no-confidence against Mori would pass in the Diet. Initial public reaction to Kato's announcement of this vote was good, with Mori's approval ratings diving to 30%. Unfortunately for Kato, the LDP Secretary-General at this time, Hiromu Nonaka, was a strong supporter of Mori. Nonaka launched a harsh round of party discipline, threatening to expel any LDP members that voted against Mori, and his threats had the desired effect: Kato's support dried up even within his own faction. Kato and his remaining supporters abstained from the no-confidence vote as a face-saving measure, knowing that he could not win. However, the damage had been done with Kato and Yamasaki left to bear the full brunt of public humiliation. The aftermath of Kato's rebellion was disastrous as a large segment of his faction split off, weakening his influence in the Diet. Public opinion that had initially supported ousting Mori now blamed Kato for his failure. The opposition parties were frustrated with his unwillingness to break from the LDP. Both Kato and Yamasaki had been considered candidates for Prime Minister, but with the loss of prestige resulting from the Mori affair, they had lost their chance. With Nonaka's resignation shortly after Kato's rebellion, the path was clear for someone to replace Mori. Junichiro Koizumi, the only member of YKK undamaged by the events of November 2001, finally gained control of the LDP. While Kato and Yamasaki had failed, the reformist, anti-mainstream ideals of YKK had finally moved to the forefront of Japanese politics, providing validation for Kato and his views.

Kato and Ichirō Ozawa
Kato had a sometimes difficult relationship with fellow LDP reformer Ichirō Ozawa, a strong advocate for reform within the mainstream Tanaka/Takeshita faction. In 1993, Ozawa chose to split from the party and form the Japan Renewal Party, rather than continue within the LDP. This was seen as a serious betrayal by many, including Kato. When Kato was in a similar position in 2000, he chose party loyalty, despite his chances of considerable influence in the opposition had he crossed over. When the LDP was considering a merger with Ozawa's Liberal Party in the late 90s, Kato was strongly opposed to bringing Ozawa back to the LDP fold. Kato and Ozawa are often portrayed as archenemies, despite their very similar views on economic and political reform (in foreign policy Kato is somewhat less hawkish than Ozawa, advocating a more cautious international role for Japan).

Scandals
Kato was involved in several scandals in Japanese politics during his political career. He was implicated in the Recruit scandal in the late 1980s, tarnishing his reputation for several years. In 2002, he was the centre of a major scandal involving tax evasion, bribery and misuse of political funds. His secretary Saburo Sato had been charging a "Kato Consumption Tax" to companies wanting access to Kato while seeking public contracts. Sato had also failed to declare ¥100 million in taxes. While Kato denied any knowledge of the affair, few believed that such widespread corruption could have occurred in his office without his approval. It was later revealed that he had been using funds earmarked for political use to pay the rent on his Tokyo apartment. Faced with this evidence, he soon acquiesced to demands for his resignation. In November 2003, Kato made his return to the Diet as an independent, having retreated from politics long enough for the scandal to die down, and rejoined the LDP as a high-ranking member.

House fire
On 15 August 2006, Kato's adjoining house and office in Tsuruoka burned to the ground on the 61st anniversary of the surrender of Japan in World War II. The attack was confirmed as arson and the lead suspect was expected to be charged some time in September 2006. Reportedly the suspect was affiliated with a far-right organization and set fire to Kato's house for making remarks critical of then-Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi visiting the Yasukuni Shrine.

Retirement
Kato retired from political office after losing his seat for Yamagata 3rd district at the December 2012 general election to Juichi Abe, an independent and mayor of Sakata.

Death
Kato died from pneumonia at a hospital in Tokyo on 9 September 2016.

title: Koichi Kato (politician, born 1939)


text:
Ulleung

 * Ulleung County – a South Korean county
 * Ulleungdo – a South Korean island
 * Ulleung Basin – an oceanic basin located near Ulleungdo

title: Ulleung


text:
MHM

MHM may refer to:

 * Maritime Heritage Minnesota, historical society
 * Master of Health Management
 * Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C., US accountancy firm
 * Melbourne Holocaust Museum
 * Menstrual hygiene management
 * Mi Hazánk Mozgalom – Our Homeland Movement, a Hungarian political party
 * Mill Hill Missionaries, a society of apostolic life of Catholic missionaries
 * "Mhm", a song by Vince Staples from the album Vince Staples (album)

title: MHM


text: Template:First Barroso Commission

title: Template:First Barroso Commission


text:
Talk:Anyang University

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National Government (1937–1939)

The National Government of 1937–1939 was formed by Neville Chamberlain on his appointment as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by King George VI. He succeeded Stanley Baldwin, who announced his resignation following the coronation of the King and Queen in May 1937.

As a National Government it contained members of the Conservative Party, Liberal Nationals and National Labour, as well as a number of individuals who belonged to no political party. In September 1939, Chamberlain requested the formal resignations of all his colleagues, reconstructing the government in order to better confront Nazi Germany in the Second World War.

Foreign policy
Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany. He said it brought "peace in our time" and was widely applauded. He also stepped up Britain's rearmament program, and worked closely with France. When in 1939 Hitler continued his aggression, taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia and threatening Poland, Chamberlain pledged to defend Poland's independence if the latter were attacked. Britain and France declared war when Germany attacked Poland in September 1939.

Domestic policies
Chamberlain wanted to focus on domestic issues. He obtained passage of the Factories Act 1937, designed to better working conditions in factories, and placed limits on the working hours of women and children. The Coal Act 1938 allowed for nationalisation of coal deposits. Another major piece of legislation passed that year was the Holidays with Pay Act 1938. The Housing Act 1938 provided subsidies aimed at encouraging slum clearance, and maintained rent control. Chamberlain's plans for the reform of local government were shelved because of the outbreak of war in 1939. Likewise, the proposal to raise the school-leaving age to 15, scheduled for implementation on 1 September 1939, could not go into effect.

May 1937 – September 1939

 * Neville Chamberlain – Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Commons
 * The Viscount Hailsham – Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain
 * The Viscount Halifax – Leader of the House of Lords and Lord President of the Council
 * The Earl De La Warr – Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
 * Sir John Simon – Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * Sir Samuel Hoare – Secretary of State for the Home Department
 * Anthony Eden – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
 * William Ormsby-Gore – Secretary of State for the Colonies
 * Malcolm MacDonald – Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
 * Leslie Hore-Belisha – Secretary of State for War
 * The Marquess of Zetland – Secretary of State for India and Burma
 * The Viscount Swinton – Secretary of State for Air
 * Walter Elliot – Secretary of State for Scotland
 * Duff Cooper – First Lord of the Admiralty
 * Oliver Stanley – President of the Board of Trade
 * The Earl Stanhope – President of the Board of Education
 * William Shepherd Morrison – Minister of Agriculture
 * Ernest Brown – Minister of Labour
 * Sir Kingsley Wood – Minister of Health
 * Leslie Burgin – Minister of Transport
 * Sir Thomas Inskip – Minister for Coordination of Defence

For a full list of ministerial office-holders, see National Government 1935-1940.

Key office holders not in the Cabinet

 * The Earl Winterton – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 * The Lord Hutchison – Paymaster General
 * Herwald Ramsbotham – Minister of Pensions
 * George Tryon – Postmaster General
 * Sir Philip Sassoon – First Commissioner of Works
 * Sir Donald Somervell – Attorney General
 * Sir Terence O'Connor – Solicitor General
 * David Margesson – Chief Whip
 * Osmund Somers Cleverly – Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister

Changes

 * February 1938 – Lord Halifax succeeds Eden as Foreign Secretary. Halifax is succeeded as Lord President by Lord Hailsham, who is succeeded as Lord Chancellor by Lord Maugham. Halifax is succeeded as Leader of the House of Lords by Lord Stanhope, who remains President of the Board of Education as well.
 * March 1938 – Lord Winterton, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, enters the Cabinet.
 * May 1938 – Orsmby-Gore inherits the title Baron Harlech. He subsequently steps down from the government and is succeeded by Malcolm MacDonald as Colonial Secretary. Lord Stanley succeeds MacDonald as Dominions Secretary. Kingsley Wood succeeds Lord Swinton as Secretary of State for Air. Walter Elliot succeeds Wood as Minister of Health. John Colville succeeds Elliot as Scottish Secretary.
 * June 1938 – The Earl of Munster succeeds Lord Hutchison as Paymaster-General.
 * October 1938 – Lord Stanhope succeeds Duff Cooper (resigned) as First Lord of the Admiralty, remaining also Leader of the House of Lords. Lord De La Warr succeeds Stanhope at the Board of Education. Sir John Anderson succeeds De La Warr as Lord Privy Seal, with special responsibility for Air Raid Precautions. Malcolm MacDonald succeeds Stanley (deceased) as Dominions Secretary, remaining also Colonial Secretary. Lord Runciman succeeds Lord Hailsham as Lord President.
 * January 1939 – Sir Thomas Inskip succeeds Malcolm MacDonald as Dominions Secretary. MacDonald remains Colonial Secretary. Lord Chatfield succeeds Inskip as Minister for Coordination of Defence. William Morrison succeeds Lord Winterton at the Duchy of Lancaster, who becomes Paymaster General outside the Cabinet. Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith succeeds Morrison as Minister of Agriculture. Lord Winterton leaves the Cabinet and the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, becoming Paymaster-General in succession to the Earl of Munster.
 * April 1939 – Leslie Burgin becomes Minister without Portfolio pending the legislation to create the Ministry of Supply. He is succeeded as Minister of Transport by Euan Wallace.
 * June 1939 – Herwald Ramsbotham succeeds Sir Philip Sassoon (deceased) as First Commissioner of Works and is succeeded as Minister of Pensions by Sir Walter Womersley.
 * July 1939 – Leslie Burgin becomes Minister of Supply.

List of ministers
Members of the Cabinet are in bold face.

title: National Government (1937–1939)


text:
T. P. McKenna

Thomas Patrick McKenna (7 September 1929 – 13 February 2011)  was an Irish actor, born in Mullagh, County Cavan. He had an extensive stage and screen career.

Early years
Thomas Patrick McKenna was born at Mullagh, County Cavan, Ireland, in 1929 and educated at Mullagh School and St Patrick's College, Cavan. He was the eldest of ten children of Raphael McKenna, an auctioneer and merchant, and his wife Mae. There he became a protégé of Fr. Vincent Kennedy, who featured him in the annual productions of Gilbert & Sullivan operas. He was a noted treble and sang in Cavan Cathedral, but later would also become a keen member of the school's Gaelic Football squad, representing St Patrick's in the final of the All Ireland colleges competition in 1948.

After leaving school he joined the Ulster Bank in Granard, Co Longford, and worked in banking for the next five years. However, he remained set on becoming an actor and when he received a posting to Dublin he soon made a mark on the city's amateur scene appearing with the Rathmines and Rathgar Musical Society, and the Dublin Shakespeare Society. His employers were not impressed by his extracurricular activities, and in 1953 he was posted to the remote town of Killeshandra in County Cavan. McKenna refused to go and resigned his position.

Stage
McKenna made his stage debut at the Pike Theatre in Dublin in 1953 as John Buchanan in Tennessee Williams' Summer and Smoke. He played a season at the Gaiety Theatre with Anew McMaster's Shakespearean company, and was a member of The Gas Theatre Company directed by Godfrey Quigley.

Through family contacts, he sought an interview with the managing director of the Abbey Theatre, Ernest Blythe. Despite Blythe's concerns that "his nose was too long, and he would grow fat", he eventually became a permanent member of the company in 1954 and would remain there for the next eight years, performing over seventy roles.

In 1963, he secured a short leave of absence to go to London (St. Martin's Theatre) with the Gate Theatre's production of Stephen D, an adaptation of Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by Hugh Leonard which had been a hit of the 1962 Dublin Theatre Festival. The play was well received by the London critics, leading to offers of further other stage work there including "O'Keefe" in J. P. Donleavy's The Ginger Man (Ashcroft, Croydon), Lindsay Anderson's revival of Julius Caesar (1964) for the English Stage Company and 1965 as the Burglar (Aubrey "Popsy" Bagot) in Shaw's Too True to be Good (Garrick) opposite Alistair Sim and George Cole.

He had not left the Irish stage behind entirely however and would make regular appearances at the Dublin Theatre Festival in A Little Winter Love, Pull Down A Horseman, King of the Castle and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?.

He joined Stuart Burge's company at the Nottingham Playhouse in 1968 playing Trigorin in The Seagull and Sir Joseph Surface in Sheridan's The School For Scandal, both directed by Jonathan Miller. In 1969, he created the role of Fitzpatrick in David Storey's The Contractor directed by Lindsay Anderson at the Royal Court Theatre, London. The production later transferred to the Fortune Theatre and ran for over a year. In 1973, he took on the role of Andrew Wyke opposite his friend Donal Donnelly in the Irish premiere of Peter Shaffer's Sleuth. The production played to acclaim at the Opera House, Cork, and at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin where it broke box office records.

Later that year he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company and took over the role of Robert Hand in James Joyce's only play, Exiles directed by Harold Pinter. In the same season he also appeared in a rare staging of Jean Genet's The Balcony directed by Terry Hands.

He returned to the RSC in 1976 for Shaw's The Devil's Disciple, directed by Jack Gold in a production to mark the American bicentennial celebrations, as the revolutionary pastor Reverend Anthony Anderson.

In the late 1980s and 1990s, he returned to the Dublin stage when he was invited by director Michael Colgan to join the Gate Theatre on a number of occasions, including admired productions of Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard and No Man's Land. It was there he created the role of Dr Rice in Brian Friel's drama, Molly Sweeney (1994), and again at London's Almeida Theatre. Other Friel productions he appeared in were The Communication Cord (Hampstead Theatre, 1984) and Aristocrats (2004) at the RNT in his final stage appearance.

McKenna directed on occasion, and had to his name productions of John Millington Synge's The Playboy of the Western World (Nottingham Playhouse, 1968), Thomas Kilroy's The Death and Resurrection of Mr Roche (Abbey Theatre, 1973) and Seán O'Casey's The Shadow of A Gunman (Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, 1980).

Film and television
During the 1960s and 1970s, McKenna appeared regularly in popular television dramas, including The Avengers (1964, 1965, 1968), Danger Man (1965), The Saint (1966, 1968), Adam Adamant Lives! (1967), Jason King (1972), two episodes of Thriller (1973 and 1976), The Sweeney (1975), Blake's 7 (1978), Minder (1984) and Doctor Who (the serial The Greatest Show in the Galaxy (1988–89)).

He played Richmond in the Thames Television series Callan (1972) and made ten appearances in Crown Court (1974–1982), mainly as barrister Patrick Canty, while also appearing in the popular ATV anthology drama series Love Story (1965–1968). He also featured prominently in other television dramas including The Duchess of Malfi (1972), Napoleon and Love (1974), The Changeling (1974), Fathers and Families (1977), Holocaust (1978), the Blake's 7 episode "Bounty" (1978), The Manions of America (1981), To the Lighthouse (1983), The Scarlet and the Black (1983), Bleak House (1985), Strong Medicine (1986), The Play on One: Unreported Incident (1988), Jack the Ripper (1988), Shoot to Kill (1990), TV series Lovejoy - Irish Stew (1993), and the final episode of Inspector Morse - The Remorseful Day (2000).

He had prominent film roles in Ulysses (1967), and A Portrait of the Artist As A Young Man (1977). Other film credits include The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), Perfect Friday (1970), Villain (1971), Straw Dogs (1971), All Creatures Great and Small (1975), Memed, My Hawk (1984), Pascali's Island (1988), A Caribbean Mystery (1989), Monarch (2000) and The Libertine (2004).

He narrated the Emmy award-winning documentary on the life of James Joyce Is There One Who Understands Me (RTÉ).

His performance as Henry VIII in the film Monarch was re-released in cinemas in 2014.

Radio and Audiobooks
McKenna's wonderfully rich voice featured in over thirty original drama productions for the BBC and the World Service along with readings of short stories and poetry for a variety of programmes. He took the role of Phonsie Doherty in Christopher FitzSimon's Radio 4 comedy series, Ballylenon, and later appeared opposite David Threlfall in the radio drama Baldi. On CD and download he has recorded the audiobooks poetry of W. B. Yeats, Joyce's short story collection Dubliners and Somerville and Ross's Tales of an Irish R.M.

Personal life
McKenna was married to May White, literally the girl next door, from 1956 until her death in 2007. They had five children. His son Breffni McKenna had a long running role in the UK TV soap Crossroads and appeared in the 1992 movie The Crying Game.

Death
McKenna died on 13 February 2011 at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, London, at the age of 81 following a long period of illness. He was buried alongside his wife at Teampall Cheallaigh Cemetery in his native County Cavan.

Following his death, tributes were paid by President of Ireland Mary McAleese, Prince Charles, and Ireland's Culture Minister Mary Hanafin, who said that McKenna was "one of a great generation whose talents on the screen and stage both at home and abroad gave us all great pride in his accomplishments". In County Cavan, he is commemorated by the T. P. McKenna Drama Scholarships (VEC) and the T. P. McKenna Perpetual Trophy presented as part of the Millrace Annual Drama Festival.

Selected filmography

 * 1959 Broth of a Boy as Holmes
 * 1959 Home Is the Hero as Young Man At Dance
 * 1959 Shake Hands with the Devil as Unknown (uncredited)
 * 1960 A Terrible Beauty as A McIntyre Boy (uncredited)
 * 1960 The Siege of Sidney Street as Lapidos
 * 1960 Das schwarze Schaf as (uncredited)
 * 1961 Freedom to Die as Mike
 * 1961 Johnny Nobody as Officer Garda
 * 1964 Girl with Green Eyes as The Priest
 * 1964 Ferry Cross the Mersey as Jack Hanson
 * 1964 Downfall as Martin Somers
 * 1965 Young Cassidy as Tom
 * 1967 Ulysses as Buck Mulligan
 * 1968 The Charge of the Light Brigade as William Russell
 * 1969 Anne of the Thousand Days as Sir Henry Norris
 * 1970 The Beast in the Cellar Chief Superintendent Paddick
 * 1970 The Fifth Day of Peace as Nick
 * 1970 Perfect Friday as Smith
 * 1971 Straw Dogs Major John Scott
 * 1971 Villain as Frank Fletcher
 * 1971 Percy as Meet The People Compere
 * 1973 A Warm December as Minor Role (uncredited)
 * 1974 Percy's Progress as London News Editor
 * 1975 All Creatures Great and Small as Soames
 * 1975 Looking For Clancy as Marcus Selby
 * 1977 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as Simon Dedalus
 * 1980 The Outsider as John Russell
 * 1980 Silver Dream Racer as Bank Manager
 * 1982 Britannia Hospital as Theatre Surgeon
 * 1984 Kurtuluş, TRT as Lloyd George
 * 1984 Memed, My Hawk as Dursan
 * 1985 The Doctor and the Devils as O'Connor
 * 1988 The Play on One: Unreported Incident as Michael Flynn
 * 1988 Pascali's Island as Dr. Hogan
 * 1988 Jack the Ripper as O'Connor
 * 1988 Red Scorpion as General Oleg Vortek
 * 1989 Valmont as Baron
 * 2000 'Monarch' as Henry VIII
 * 2000 'Longitude' as Edmund Burke
 * 2002 The Boys from County Clare as The Announcer
 * 2004 The Libertine as Black Rod

title: T. P. McKenna


text:
File:Pedesclaux label.bjb.png

Licensing
Label from a bottle of Pedesclaux wine.

title: File:Pedesclaux label.bjb.png


text:
Abstraction (sociology)

Sociological abstraction refers to the varying levels at which theoretical concepts can be understood. It is a tool for objectifying and simplifying sociological concepts. This idea is very similar to the philosophical understanding of abstraction. There are two basic levels of sociological abstraction: sociological concepts and operationalized sociological concepts.

A sociological concept is a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form. An example of a mental construct is the idea of class, or the distinguishing of two groups based on their income, culture, power, or some other defining characteristic(s). An operational definition specifies concrete, replicable procedures that reliably produce a differentiated, measurable outcome. Similarly, concepts can remain abstract or can be operationalized. Operationalizing a sociological concept takes it to the concrete level by defining how one is going to measure it. Thus, with the concept of social class one could operationalize it by actually measuring people's income. Once operationalized, you have a concrete representation of a sociological concept.

Levels of analysis
In addition to the basic levels of sociological abstraction, sociological concepts are often understood at multiple levels as a result of sociological theorizing. Sociological theories postulate relationships between sociological concepts. It is generally understood that there are three levels of sociological theorizing, also known as levels of analysis:

Micro level
The smallest level of analysis is the micro level of analysis, also referred to as Microsociology. It concerns the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale: face to face. Microsociology is based on interpretative analysis rather than statistical or empirical observation, and shares close association with the philosophy of phenomenology. Methods include symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology; ethnomethodology in particular has led to many academic sub-divisions and studies such as micro-linguistical research and other related aspects of human social behaviour. Examples of micro levels of analysis include, but are not limited to, the following individual analysis type approach:
 * Alien, stateless person, asylum seeker, refugee
 * Person
 * Citizen
 * Partnership, marriage
 * Families
 * Household
 * Neighborhood

Meso level
In general, a meso-level analysis indicates a population size that falls between the micro and macro levels, such as a community or an organization. However, meso level may also refer to analyses that are specifically designed to reveal connections between micro and macro levels. It is sometimes referred to as mid range, especially in sociology. Examples of meso-level units of analysis include the following:
 * Clan
 * Tribe
 * Community
 * Village, town, city
 * Formal organization
 * State

Macro level
Macrosociology is a large-scale approach to sociology, emphasizing the analysis of social systems and populations at the structural level, often at a necessarily high level of theoretical abstraction. Though macrosociology does concern itself with individuals, families, and other constituent aspects of a society, it does so in relation to larger social system of which such elements are a part. The approach is also able to analyze generalized collectivities (e.g. "the city", "the church"). Examples of macro-level units of analysis include, but are not limited to, the following:
 * Nation
 * Society
 * Civilization
 * International
 * Global

Origins
The issue with associating a concrete definition to the term sociological abstraction, is that there is no universally accepted definition. Although the earliest form of abstraction in sociology was discussed by sociologist Talcott Parsons in the 1950s, his work in The Social System (1951) failed to identify an exact definition. Rather, he emphasized the abstract element of sociological theory and made the distinction between what constitutes a theory, on one hand, and the object it refers to, on the other. He also argued that something becomes a fact first when it has been incorporated into an abstract conceptual scheme. In the following years, the topic was discussed by Robert K. Merton, C. Wright Mills, Paul Lazarsfeld, along with other theorist, who criticized parson work on abstraction in a variety of ways. During its peak of discussion in the 1950s, the debate over the concept became so intricate, it risked being disembedded and artificial type of analysis along the lines of Parsons.

Contemporary abstracting
While previous studies emphasize the importance of organization, little is said about organization itself. Sociologists today focus on how organization is discerned, represented, and explained. Organization is a matter of interactions between casually differentiated parts within a complex system. The article Abstraction and the Organization of Mechanisms, goes into detail with a variety of models which represent the organization of abstraction. They visually represent the interaction between different factors and highlight casual connectivity between mechanisms. As an example, the FFL model clarifies an important aspect of abstraction. Omitting detail permits one to distinguish those underlying factors that matter from those that do not. In other words, it is easier to capture the relevant aspects and connections of the abstracted concept, when other less relevant details, are absent from the model.

title: Abstraction (sociology)


text:
Elastic Planet

Elastic Planet is a six-part radio comedy series, first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 1995, taking the form of a surreal documentary reminiscent of Connections. It was written by Ben Moor, narrated by Oliver Postgate and produced by Jon Naismith.

The series deals with subjects such as the decline of the British dust industry, bad spelling rings and cheese sculpture.

The series has been repeated on BBC 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra on various occasions.

Cast
Various roles in the show are taken on by the cast members Ben Moor, Dan Strauss, Kerry Shale, and Michael Troughton. Others appearing included Neil Mullarkey, Geoffrey McGivern, Miriam Margolyes, Rebecca Front, Fiona Allen, Doon Mackichan and Alexander Armstrong

Episode guide

 * 1) The Babies
 * 2) The Train
 * 3) The Shape
 * 4) The Zoo
 * 5) The Objects
 * 6) The Travel

title: Elastic Planet


text:
Chamberlain war ministry

Neville Chamberlain formed the Chamberlain war ministry in 1939 after declaring war on Germany. Chamberlain led the country for the first eight months of the Second World War, until the Norway Debate in Parliament led Chamberlain to resign and Winston Churchill to form a new ministry.

History
On 3 September 1939, Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, reconstructed his existing government so as to be suited for the Second World War. The most dramatic change to the ministerial line-up saw the return of Winston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty. Other changes included Lord Caldecote replacing Lord Maugham as Lord Chancellor, Sir John Anderson replacing Sir Samuel Hoare as Home Secretary (Hoare became Lord Privy Seal with a wide-ranging brief) and the return of Anthony Eden to the government as Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs. However, the administration was not a true national unity government as it was made up primarily of Conservatives with support from some National Labour and National Liberal members. There were no representatives from the Labour Party or Liberal Party

The government was notable for having a small war cabinet consisting of only the principal and service ministers, with most other government positions serving outside the Cabinet. The War Cabinet included Chamberlain, Hoare, Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon, Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax, Churchill, Secretary of State for Air Sir Kingsley Wood, Minister for Coordination of Defence Lord Chatfield, Lord Hankey (as Minister without Portfolio), and Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore-Belisha. Oliver Stanley replaced Hore-Belisha in January 1940 while Chatfield left the war cabinet in April 1940.

The government ended on 10 May 1940 when Chamberlain resigned and was succeeded by Churchill who formed the War Coalition.

War Cabinet, September 1939 – May 1940
Upon the outbreak of the war, Chamberlain carried out a fullscale reconstruction of the government and introduced a small War Cabinet who were as follows:
 * Neville Chamberlain – Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Commons
 * Sir Samuel Hoare – Lord Privy Seal
 * Sir John Simon – Chancellor of the Exchequer
 * Lord Halifax – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
 * Leslie Hore-Belisha – Secretary of State for War
 * Sir Kingsley Wood – Secretary of State for Air
 * Winston Churchill – First Lord of the Admiralty
 * Lord Chatfield – Minister for Coordination of Defence
 * Lord Hankey – Minister without Portfolio

Changes

 * January 1940 – Oliver Stanley succeeds Leslie Hore-Belisha as Secretary of State for War.
 * April 1940 – Hoare swaps Lord Privy Seal with Wood for Secretary of State for Air. Lord Chatfield leaves the government and the office of Minister for Coordination of Defence is abolished.

Key office holders not in the Cabinet

 * Lord Caldecote – Lord Chancellor
 * Lord Stanhope – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords
 * Sir John Anderson – Secretary of State for the Home Department
 * Malcolm MacDonald – Secretary of State for the Colonies
 * Anthony Eden – Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
 * Lord Zetland – Secretary of State for India and Burma
 * John Colville – Secretary of State for Scotland
 * Oliver Stanley – President of the Board of Trade
 * Lord De La Warr – President of the Board of Education
 * Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith – Minister of Agriculture
 * Ernest Brown – Minister of Labour and National Service
 * Walter Elliot – Minister of Health
 * Euan Wallace – Minister of Transport
 * Leslie Burgin – Minister of Supply
 * William Shepherd Morrison – Minister of Food and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
 * Herwald Ramsbotham – First Commissioner of Works
 * Lord Macmillan – Minister of Information
 * Ronald Cross – Minister of Economic Warfare
 * Sir Walter Womersley – Minister of Pensions
 * George Tryon – Postmaster General
 * Lord Winterton – Paymaster General
 * Sir Donald Somervell – Attorney General
 * Sir Terence O'Connor – Solicitor General
 * David Margesson – Chief Whip

Changes

 * October 1939 – The position of Minister of Shipping is created, with Sir John Gilmour the first holder.
 * November 1939 – Lord Winterton resigns as Paymaster General and no successor is appointed.
 * January 1940 – Oliver Stanley becomes Secretary of State for War and a member of the War Cabinet in succession to Leslie Hore-Belisha (resigned) (see above) and is succeeded as President of the Board of Trade by Andrew Duncan. Lord Macmillan resigns as Minister of Information and is succeeded by Sir John Reith.
 * April 1940 – Robert Hudson succeeds Sir John Gilmour (deceased) as Minister of Shipping. Lord De La Warr exchanges President of the Board of Education with Herwald Ramsbotham for First Commissioner of Works. William Shepherd Morrison swaps the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster for the Postmaster General with George Tryon and is succeeded as Minister of Food by Lord Woolton.
 * May 1940 – Sir Terence O'Connor dies and no new Solicitor General is appointed before the government falls.

List of ministers
Members of the Cabinet are in bold face.

title: Chamberlain war ministry


text:
Template talk:MultiLicenseMinorPD

You can't really licence something into the public domain. You can release it into the public domain at which point anybody (including you yourself) can slap any licence on it you want, however people can still use the unlicenced public domain version: Licencing is something you can only do with stuff which has copyright on it, the public domain is the body of works which has no copyrights on it. Could someone adapt the wording a little? Thanks. --fvw* 17:03, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

 * I admit the wording is a bit awkward, but it may not be quite as bad as you think. When one makes an edit, such as what I am doing now, you at that point own the copyright to it, until you specifically state otherwise.  Of course you are agreeing that you will release it into the GFDL, which is a license.  Then you say that you are releasing your copyright and putting your contribution into the public domain.  So it is not a multi-license in the traditional sense, but I can't think of a better term to use.  It's more like a multi-license into every license.  I'd welcome anyone who can come up with a better wording. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk) 18:54, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

 * How about
 * I release my minor edits into the public domain, unless otherwise stated in the edit summary. Please be aware that other contributors might not do the same, so if you want to use my minor edit contributions in the public domain, please check the multi-licensing guide.
 * ? No need to mention the GFDL, though if you wanted to you could point out that all wikipedia contributions are at least licensed under the GFDL, or that anyone is free to stick whatever license they want on it. --fvw* 21:16, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)

 * Jameday has said that there is a purpose to licensing public domain text under the GFDL as well. I'm not sure of the details, so talk to him.  Meanwhile I'm going to request that this page be unprotected so that we can fix it.  anthony 警告 14:45, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I've unprotected the page. The reason is probably legal in nature.  I imagine that not all countries may accept the public domain as does the U.S., so specifically choosing a license avoids this point by having a fallback option.  Besides until you release your contributions into the public domain, you own the copyright and can choose to license them into the GFDL, so this is perfectly valid. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk) 15:51, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't see the point of mentioning the GFDL, since all contributions have to be licensed under the GFDL, but I'll leave it in if you want it. anthony 警告 16:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't feel that strongly about it, but I'd as soon just leave it in. As for "unless otherwise stated in the edit summary", this is not a compatible change from "unless otherwise stated", because users may not use edit summaries exclusively for this kind of disclaimer.  I personally use my user page to list exclusions.  A large number of people do the same.  Having a disclaimer of that nature is important, but it should not be limited to edit summaries because the text of the banner is not fine enough for some uses. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk) 17:37, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think that you can use the GFDL if it's in the public domain, because once it's in the PD, there's no copyright, and the GFDL is based on someone having a copyright. I also like fvw's suggestion (above).  Peter T.S. 21:14, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The image public-domain template has a good idea.  The clause "In cases where this is not legally possible..." covers the times when the GFDL would otherwise have to be used.

Retiring
Because it's actually legally impossible to grant one's own works into the public domain in the U.S. and U.K., and this creates serious potential legal problems, I will deprecate this tag if there is no dissent for 4 days. Please see You can't grant your work into the public domain for a full explanation along with some authoritative sources, including the U.S. Copyright Office. I have created the tags {{TextLicenseMinorFreeUse}}, which reflects the intent of this template. Deco 03:34, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Please ignore the above. This template has not been retired and there was considerable dissent over the accuracy of my statements. I no longer contend that it is impossible to release one's works into the public domain - I am not a lawyer and there is no legal precedent in this matter. The link above should redirect to relevent discussion. Deco 05:34, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Wikimedia licensing update
Please replace the text in this template with, per Licensing update/Result. Thanks. Anomie⚔ 20:29, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 13:51, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 26 July 2021
I request that this template be moved to Category:Wikipedia copyright templates. It doesn't belong in Category:Copyright user templates it should only be for userboxes. Catfurball (talk) 17:59, 26 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ❌ see central discussion at Template talk:TextLicenseFreeUse. — xaosflux  Talk 18:47, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:MultiLicenseMinorPD