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Northern Fleet

The Northern Fleet (Северный флот, Severnyy flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Arctic.

According to the Russian ministry of defence: "The Northern Fleet dates its history back to a squadron created in 1733 to protect the territories of the Russian Empire, sea trade routes and fisheries in the White Sea near the coast of the Kola Peninsula. The order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy of 25 May 2014 determined 1733 as the year of foundation of the Northern Fleet, and June 1 as its annual holiday".

In its modern iteration, the Arctic Ocean Flotilla of the former Imperial Navy evolved into a full fleet of the Soviet Navy in 1933 as the Northern Flotilla. After being awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1965, it was officially known as the Red Banner Northern Fleet. During the Soviet era the Northern Fleet operated more than 200 submarines, ranging from diesel-electric to nuclear-powered ballistic missile classes.

On 1 December 2014 the fleet became the core element of the newly established Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command, including all Russian armed forces located in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk Oblasts and on Russia's offshore islands along its Arctic coast. It is co-equal in status with Russia's Military Districts. The Northern Fleet is tasked with responsibility for operations and defense in the Arctic seas along Northern Russia, including the Barents Sea and Kara Sea, as well as the northwestern maritime approaches to Russia including the Norwegian Sea and Atlantic Ocean.

The Northern Fleet's headquarters and main base are located in Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast, with secondary bases elsewhere in the greater Kola Bay area. The current commander is Admiral Aleksandr Moiseyev, who has held the position since May 2019. In June 2020, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed an executive order making the Northern Fleet an independent military-administrative entity, effective January 1, 2021. That status was abolished on February 26, 2024 by a new presidential decree (effective since March 1, 2024).

Arctic Sea Flotilla and White Sea Flotilla
On June 19, 1916, the Imperial Russian Navy formed the Arctic Ocean Flotilla (Флотилия Северного Ледовитого океана, or Flotiliya Severnogo Ledovitogo okeana) during World War I to safeguard transportation routes of Allied ships through the Barents Sea from the Kaiserliche Marine of the German Empire. After the October Revolution and the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, the Soviet Navy replaced the Imperial Russian Navy and formed the White Sea Flotilla (Беломорская флотилия, Belomorskaya flotiliya) in March 1920, based in Arkhangelsk. The White Sea Flotilla replaced the Arctic Sea Flotilla and was renamed as the Naval Forces of the North Sea, but was later disbanded in January 1923.

Northern Flotilla
The Northern Flotilla was formed on August 5, 1933, by transferring patrol boats Smerch and Uragan, D-class submarines Dekabrist (D-1) and Narodovolyets (D-2) and two destroyers from the Baltic Fleet to Northern Russia. These ships departed from Kronstadt on 18 May 1933 and arrived at Murmansk on 5 August. Another destroyer, another patrol boat, another submarine, and two minesweepers joined the flotilla at Soroka in September 1933. Polyarny became the flotilla's main base, and a flight of MBR-2 flying boats joined the unit at Murmansk in September 1935.

The Northern Flotilla was quickly expanded in the years after it was formed, receiving new ships, airfields, coastal and air defence artillery. On May 11, 1937, the fleet entered its current form when it was renamed to the Northern Fleet (Северный флот, Severnyy flot).

World War II
The Northern Fleet blocked the Finnish military base at Petsamo through the Winter War of 1939 and 1940. By June 1941, the fleet included 8 destroyers, 15 submarines, 2 torpedo boats, 7 patrol boats, 2 minesweepers, and 116 airplanes.

In August 1940, the Soviets created the White Sea Military Base to defend the coastline, bases, ports, and other installations. The White Sea Flotilla was established in August 1941 under the command of Rear-Admiral M. Dolinin. Subsequent commanders were Vice Admiral Georgy Stepanov (in October), Rear-Admiral Stepan Kucherov, and Vice-Admiral Yuriy Panteleyev.

During the German-Soviet War of 1941 to 1945, the Northern Fleet defended the coastlines of the Rybachy and Sredny peninsulas, secured internal and external transportation routes, and provided support to the maritime flank of the 14th Army. Naval Infantry and up to 10,000 Northern Fleet personnel participated in land warfare including the Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation of 1944. Northern Fleet Naval Infantry units caused tens of thousands of German casualties fighting during the Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad, and North Caucasus campaigns.

Among the air units of the Northern Fleet was the 121st Fighter Aviation Regiment. The Northern Fleet was reinforced with naval aircraft and ships from the Pacific Ocean and Caspian Sea. Great Britain and the United States temporarily provided HMS Royal Sovereign and USS Milwaukee (CL-5) to the USSR in exchange for the Italian ships captured during the war and destined to be divided among the allies. During the war, the Northern Fleet secured safe passage for 1,463 ships in external convoys and 2,568 ships in internal convoys.

Its submarines, torpedo boats, and aviation sank 192 enemy transport ships and 70 other hostile military ships. The Northern Fleet also damaged a total of 118 transport, military, and auxiliary ships. Soviet submarine K-21, under the command of Captain Nikolai Lunin, attacked the German battleship Tirpitz at 71° 22' 2"N, 24° 34' 3"E. The К-21 logbook reports observation of two torpedo explosions, but no damage is reported by German sources.

Ships were lost fighting against unequal odds. Patrol boat Tuman, a former trawler, was sunk by three Kriegsmarine destroyers at the entrance to Kola Bay on August 4, 1941. The icebreaker Sibiryakov was sunk on August 25, 1942 by the German pocket battleship Admiral Scheer while defending two convoys. The patrol ship Brilliant (formerly trawler Murmany) was sunk by a submarine.

The Northern Fleet received the following awards:

 * Two airborne regiments, a squadron of submarine hunters, eight submarines, and the destroyer Гремящий (Gremyaschiy, or "Rattler") were awarded "Soviet Guards" status.
 * Many formations, units, and ships were awarded with Order honors.
 * Eighty-five sailors of the Northern Fleet received the title of the Hero of the Soviet Union (with three of them receiving the award twice).
 * More than a total of 48,000 men were awarded medals.

Cold War
The White Sea Flotilla was reestablished under the fleet in December 1945 and the White Sea Naval Base in December 1956.

The Northern Fleet was considered secondary to the Baltic and Black sea fleets until operational responsibility for the Atlantic Ocean was shifted in the 1950s because of more direct access. In September 1955, the Soviet navy became the first to launch a ballistic missile from a submarine. In June 1956, Northern Fleet Zulu-class submarine, (NATO designation Zulu IV 1/2) “Б-67” (B-67) became the first to carry ballistic missiles.

The 2nd Cruiser Division was formed on 31 May 1956 at Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast. Its ships included the Sverdlov-class cruisers (Project 68) SOVIET CRUISER Murmansk, Aleksandr Nevskiy, and Molotovsk, and the 121st Destroyer Brigade, with 11 Gnevny-class destroyer, Ognevoy-class destroyer, and Skory-class destroyer destroyers. On 5 June 1969, the division was reorganised with the 170th Destroyer Brigade (8 Project 56 destroyers) and the 10th Anti-Submarine Warfare Brigade (10 Project 42 and 50 ASW vessels). On 1 April 1961, the division was renamed the 2nd Anti-Submarine Warfare Division.

On 1 July 1958, the Northern Fleet raised the Soviet Navy ensign over the first Soviet nuclear submarine, K-3 Leninskiy Komsomol. Following the 1958 voyage of USS Nautilus, the Leninskiy Komsomol (named for Vladimir Lenin's Komsomol) traveled under the Arctic ice and surfaced at the North Pole on 17 July 1962. Russian submarines have visited the North Pole region more than 300 times since then. Two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet made a journey under the Arctic ice cap and reached the Pacific Fleet for the first time in history in September 1963.

More than 25 Soviet submarines did the same in the following years. The Northern Fleet was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 7 May 1965. Two Northern Fleet submarines made a 25,000 nmi journey "around the world" (actually only between the Kola Gulf and the base at Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy around South America) without surfacing in 1966. The Northern Fleet had almost 50% of the Soviet Navy's submarines by 1986.

From 1968 to 30 November 2005, the was the main Atlantic operational force of the fleet. The Museum of the Air Forces of the Northern Fleet was opened on 20 August 1976, in the closed settlement of Safonovo, Murmansk Oblast. Aircraft carriers began entering service with the Fleet in the 1970s. The lead unit of the Kiev class of heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers, SOVIET AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kiev, became operational in 1977, and SOVIET AIRCRAFT CARRIER Admiral Gorshkov was commissioned in 1987. Large nuclear-powered missile-carrying cruisers, the Kirov-class battlecruiser and SOVIET BATTLECRUISER Kalinin, also entered service from 1980. Fortification of the southern reaches of the Barents Sea during the 1980s marked a Soviet naval strategy shift to an emphasis on bastion defense. Russia has continued to employ that strategy.

In 1982, the 175th independent Naval Infantry Brigade was formed at Tumannyy, in Murmansk Oblast.

In 1990, the 88th Separate Fighter Bomber Regiment, along with the rest of the 36th Air Army, was pulled out of Hungary along with the rest of the Southern Group of Forces. In order to save the unit, which had a distinguished history, from being disbanded under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, defence minister Marshal Dmitry Yazov transferred it to the Northern Fleet, which was not subject to the provisions of the treaty. In May 1990 the aircraft and personnel were moved to Olen'ya Airbase, near Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast where they operated in support of the Soviet Navy.

In May 1994, after the Russian Ministry of Defence had ordered the retirement of the MiG-23/27 family, the unit was re-equipped with the Sukhoi Su-25 and its aircraft were allowed to deteriorate, being stripped for scrap by the locals. It was then renamed the 88th Independent Shipboard Attack Air Regiment.

Russian Navy

An analysis of the Northern Fleet produced by Chatham House in the UK notes that: "After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Kremlin paid little attention to the Arctic. During the 1990s, the Russian Arctic was at best considered a burden fraught with socio-economic problems. Little was done there until an ‘Arctic revival’ began in the 2000s, focused on reinvesting in a region that had previously been abandoned for more than 15 years".

Units were disbanded in the 1990s including the 6th and 3rd Submarine divisions in addition to aviation units. Previous units also included the 1st Submarine Flotilla, and the 7th Submarine Division of nuclear attack submarines. In 1989 the Soviet Navy had nearly 200 nuclear submarines in operation of which two-thirds were said to belong to the Northern Fleet. By 1996, only half were still in service.

The 57th Naval Missile Aviation Division of Tu-22s and electronic warfare Tu-16s from the Baltic Fleet at Bykhov, Mogilev Oblast, in the Byelorussian SSR transferred to the Northern Fleet in December 1991 as the 57th Combined Ship Aviation Division. The division commanded the 830th and 38th Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiments and the 279th Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment from Severomorsk-3 in Murmansk Oblast until disbanded on 1 May 1998.

The 5th Naval Missile Aviation Division commanding the 524th and 574th Naval Missile Aviation Regiments. The 574th Regiment was based at Lakhta air base (Katunino), until disbanded in 2002. The 100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment (in February 1993) and its personnel and equipment absorbed by the 279th Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment.

On 12 August 2000, the Kursk submarine disaster gained international attention when the Oscar-class submarine Kursk of the Northern Fleet perished in a torpedo accident during exercises in the Barents Sea near Murmansk Oblast, resulting in the deaths of 118 sailors.

Beginning in the early 2000s, however, a renewed emphasis was placed on modernizing the Russian Navy, including the Northern Fleet. As argued in the Chatham House analysis: "Moscow's intentions for the Arctic are not Arctic-specific, but are related to the Kremlin's global ambitions for reviving Russia as a great power. Russia's force posture in the Arctic is informed by the changing geopolitical environment around its strained relations with the West".

The importance attached to the Northern Fleet is illustrated by the fact that it constitutes its own district command within the Russian Armed Forces equal to the Armed Forces' other military districts. In January 2016, Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu announced that the 45th Air Force and Air Defence Army had been formed under control of the Northern Fleet in December 2015. Its territorial control center assumed combat duty in July 2018. Today both the 45th Air Force and Air Defence Army, as well as the 14th Army Corps, fall under the Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command, which was established in 2014 and is a military-administered district of equal status to the other four military districts of the Russian Armed Forces. Its jurisdiction is primarily within the northern region of European Russia and the Arctic Ocean. The formal status of the Northern Fleet as a command equal to that of other Russian military districts took effect on January 1, 2021.

The Northern Fleet includes about two-thirds of all the Russian Navy's nuclear-powered ships. The flagship Kirov-class battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy is named after Peter the Great. The Fleet staged a series of major Barents Sea exercises in January 2004 involving thirteen ships and seven submarines including Pyotr Velikiy, Admiral Kuznetsov, with President Vladimir Putin was aboard the Typhoon class ballistic missile submarine Arkhangelsk. The exercise was marred by two RSM-54 SLBM launch failures aboard Novomoskovsk and Kareliya.

Submarines have traditionally been the strongest component of the Northern Fleet. Several new classes of submarines are in production to replace older models including: Borei/Dolgorukiy-class SSBNs, Yasen-class SSGNs, Khabarovsk-class SSGNs and Lada-class conventionally-powered submarines. However, the existing nuclear-powered submarines of the Northern Fleet are also aging rapidly. It is currently unclear whether the new Yasen-class, and other potential follow-on models, can be produced in sufficient numbers, and on a timely basis, to replace aging older nuclear submarines on a one-for-one basis. In this regard, reports suggest that Russian third-generation nuclear submarines have not been modernized to a level to avoid block obsolescence before 2030.

The Northern Fleet has also received attention with respect to technological upgrades. The Fleet has received new combat aircraft (deployed within the 45th Air and Air Defence Army), enhanced shore-based missile assets (both surface-to-surface and surface-to-air) as well as new systems such as the Samarkand electronic warfare systems in 2017 and the Barnaul-T air reconnaissance system in December 2021. Samarkand is designed to assess electromagnetic situation, search, detect and analyze radio emissions and Barnaul-T helps conduct reconnaissance round-the-clock. Russia's Northern Fleet in 2018 resumed regular air patrols of the Arctic by long-range anti-submarine aircraft and its share of modern samples of weapons and equipment exceeded 56 percent. An air defense regiment of the Northern fleet armed with S-400 SAM launchers went on combat duty in Novaya Zemlya in the September 2019.

Ground force modernization has also been a priority focus through the creation of the 14th Army Corps within the fleet and broader equipment modernization. A tank battalion of a Northern Fleet's separate motorized infantry brigade received the final batch of 26 T-80BVM tanks and completed the rearmament procedure in November 2019. The 76th Guards Air Assault Division and the 98th Guards Airborne Division, strategic reserve formations from the Russian Airborne Forces, might be deployed to help protect the Kola Peninsula, in certain circumstances.

While the Northern Fleet has traditionally emphasized the deployment of larger warships and submarines, new missile boats (of the Buyan/M and Karakurt classes) have temporarily been able to deploy into Northern Fleet waters utilizing Russian internal waterways. In 2020, the Buyan-M class corvette Zelenyy Dol and the Karakurt-class corvette Odintsovo trained and conducted trials in Arctic waters having deployed to northern waters via the internal waterways. The deployment illustrated the Russian capacity to reinforce the Northern Fleet with cruise missile-armed light units, potentially drawn from the Russian Navy's two other western fleets or from the Caspian Flotilla. In 2021, the Karakurt-class corvette Sovetsk also made the transit from the Baltic to the White Sea for missile exercises.

In late 2021 it was reported that the Russian Navy was considering the possible creation of a new fleet, termed the Arctic Fleet, which would be oriented to employing "ships and special equipment suitable for the Arctic". The Northern and Pacific fleets would continue to focus on "combat missions". If established, it was envisaged that the Arctic Fleet would maintain infrastructure separate from the Northern and Pacific fleets.

Sites

The Northern Fleet's main base is Severomorsk. There are six more naval bases at Polyarnyy, Olenya Bay, Gadzhiyevo (Yagelnaya/Sayda), Vidyayevo (Ura Bay and Ara Bay), Bolshaya Lopatka (Litsa Guba), and Gremikha. Civilian Arktika nuclear-powered icebreakers are based at Murmansk. Shipyards are located in Murmansk, Severodvinsk, Roslyakovo, Polyarnyy, Nerpa, and Malaya Lopatka. Spent fuel storage sites include Murmansk, Gremikha, Severodvinsk and Andreyeva Bay.

HQ Band
The Military Band of the Northern Fleet (Военный оркестр Северного флота) is a military band unit of the Russian Armed Forces that is a branch of the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia. It is based at the fleet HQ in Severomorsk. The band also takes part in national events and holidays in Russia such as the Victory Day and Defender of the Fatherland Day holidays as well as the Navy Day fleet parade. It has taken part in the ceremonial arrival of ships to the Northern Fleet Headquarters including the Vice-Admiral Kulakov and the USS Nicholas.

It had taken part in the funerals of many of the victims of the Kursk submarine disaster in the fall of 2000. In mid-March 2018, it took part in a competition at the Murmansk Nakhimov Naval School, which was presided by Colonel Timofey Mayakin, the Senior Director of Music of the Russian Armed Forces. In September of that year, the band as well as a band from Tromsø, Norway, where they performed "Norwegian March" and "Farewell of Slavianka" at the Murmansk Regional Philharmonic.

Order of battle
From January 1, 2021 the Northern Fleet command was made a separate command within the Russian Armed Forces having equal status to the other Russian military districts. As such, it consists of naval forces (the Northern Fleet itself), land forces (14th Army Corps, plus naval infantry and coastal defence troops), as well as aviation and air defence assets (45th Air Force and Air Defence Army). That status was abolished on February 26, 2024 by a new presidential decree (effective since March 1, 2024) which transferred the Northern Fleet to the re-formed Leningrad Military District.

Additional capability in Arctic waters is provided by civilian icebreakers operated by the state-owned Rosatom company as well as other companies (Rosmorport, Gazprom Neft) and a Project 21180 vessel built for the Russian Navy. This icebreaker fleet, which includes seven nuclear-powered vessels operated by Rosatom, has been described as "crucial to military access and operations". Additional nuclear-powered Project 22220 (three in service, two more building and two additional ships planned as of early 2023) and Project 10510 (one vessel building) icebreakers have entered service, or are under construction/planned, to augment and replace those in service.

The Navy, in turn, is procuring a new "lightened" class of Project 21180M icebreakers (which are two-thirds the displacement of the existing Project 21180 ship) with the first vessel being deployed with the Pacific Fleet in early 2023. These plans were formalized under the terms of a presidential executive order and Arctic strategy unveiled in October 2020. The icebreakers are designed to ensure the capacity of year-round navigation along the Northern Sea Route.

The Russian Coast Guard provides additional armed patrol vessels in Arctic waters with a further expansion of its capabilities anticipated in the 2020s.

As of early 2023, the Northern Fleet itself comprises about 32 surface warships (including major surface combatants, light corvettes, mine counter-measures vessels and amphibious units), though some units are under repair or otherwise not operational. Additional lighter patrol units, support ships and auxiliaries are also deployed. The Fleet also comprises around 33+ submarines (including ballistic missile submarines, cruise missile submarines, special purpose submarines as well as nuclear and conventional attack submarines). As with the surface fleet, some submarines are not operational; others are in reserve and inactive. Nevertheless, programs to modernize the Russian Navy are continuing with the Northern Fleet traditionally having a priority focus with respect to major combatants.

As of early 2024, the Northern Fleet has formed several new units.

Submarines

 * 11th Squadron, Zaozersk
 * Oscar II-class SSGNs:
 * Orel (K-266) (active as of 2021)
 * Smolensk (K-410) (active as of 2022)
 * Voronezh (K-119) (reported in reserve; may be in process of decommissioning)
 * Yasen-class SSGNs:
 * Severodvinsk (K-560) (active; reported deployed to the Mediterranean as of October 2022)
 * Kazan (K-561) (active)
 * 7th Division, Vidyaevo
 * Sierra II-class SSNs:
 * Nizhniy Novgorod (B-534) (active as of 2019)
 * Pskov (K-336) (active as of 2019)
 * Victor-III-class SSNs:
 * Obninsk (K-138) (active as of 2017)
 * Tambov (K-448) (reported as "received" in early 2023 after seven-year refit)
 * 12th Squadron, Gadzhiyevo
 * 31st Submarine Division (Yagelnaya Bay, Sayda Inlet)
 * Delta IV-class SSBNs: (Delta IVs reported to be incrementally withdrawn from service through the 2020s)
 * Karelia (K-18) (active as of 2022)
 * Verkhoturye (K-51) (active as of 2021)
 * Tula (K-114) (active as of 2022; refit completed 2017)
 * Bryansk (K-117) (reported in refit as of 2022)
 * Novomoskovsk (K-407)
 * Borei-class SSBNs:
 * Yury Dolgorukiy (K-535) (active)
 * Knyaz Vladimir (K-549) (active as of 2021)
 * 24th Submarine Division (Russia) (Yagelnaya Bay, Sayda Inlet), traditionally operating Akula-class SSNs:
 * Pantera (K-317) (in reserve)
 * Gepard (K-335) (active as of 2021)
 * Tigr (K-154) (in refit until 2023; to be equipped with 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missiles)
 * Volk (K-461) (inactive; reported in 2020 as scheduled for "medium-overhaul" refit and arming with Kalibr cruise missiles)
 * Vepr (K-157) (active as of 2022; returned to the fleet in 2020 post-refit)
 * Leopard (K-328) (laid up since 2011 but medium-overhaul refit progressing as of 2020; being armed with 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missiles; projected as likely to begin post-refit sea trials in 2022)
 * 4th Submarine Flotilla (Polyarny (ru))
 * 161st Submarine Division:
 * Kilo-class (diesel/electric) submarines (SSK):
 * Kaluga (B-800) (active as of 2022)
 * Vladikavkaz (B-459)
 * Magnitogorsk (B-471)
 * Lipetsk (B-177)
 * Lada-class conventional propulsion (diesel/electric) submarines:
 * Kronshtadt (B-586) (Entered service in the Baltic in January 2024)
 * 29th Special Submarine Squadron (Special operations submarines deployed with the Northern Fleet but under the command of the Main Directorate of Deep-Sea Research ):
 * Podmoskovye (BS-64) (active as of 2021; ex-Delta IV-class SSBN with missile tubes removed in "special purpose" role; "mothership" for smaller special operations submarine Losharik )
 * Belgorod (K-329) (Entered service July 2022;   reported in 2022 as expected initially to operate in an "experimental role" with the Northern Fleet and then as likely to transfer to the Pacific Fleet;  likely to also act as mothership for mini-submarines)
 * Sarov (B-90) (active; hybrid conventional/nuclear-propulsion; intelligence collection/technology demonstrator)
 * Losharik (AS-12/or 28/or 31) (hybrid conventional/nuclear propulsion; incapacitated after major fire July 2019; major repair work underway as of 2021 but may not return to service until 2024 or 2025;   intelligence/special operations role)
 * Orenburg (BS-136) (active; ex-Delta III-class SSBN; experimental role)
 * Paltus-class submarine (special purpose mini-submarines; hybrid conventional/nuclear propulsion):
 * AS-21
 * AS-35
 * Project 1910 Kashalot-class (nuclear-powered special operations submarine)
 * AS-13
 * AS-15

Surface warships

 * 43rd Missile Ship Division
 * Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier (CV) Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov (063), Navy flagship. (Severely damaged by fire, December 2019. Not likely to return to active operations until at least 2024).
 * Kirov-class battlecruisers (CGN):
 * Pyotr Velikiy (099), Fleet flagship (active as of 2022)
 * Admiral Nakhimov (085) (in refit; date of return to service uncertain; may begin sea trials in 2024   and then replace "Pyotr Velikiy" during her planned refit )
 * Slava-class cruiser (CG) Marshal Ustinov (055) (active; deployed in the Mediterranean February to August 2022)
 * Sovremennyy-class destroyer (DDG) Admiral Ushakov (474) (returned to service in 2021 post-refit)
 * Admiral Gorshkov-class frigates:
 * Admiral Gorshkov (417) (on long-term deployment in the Atlantic/Indian Ocean/Mediterranean in early 2023).
 * Admiral Kasatonov (461) (deployed in the Mediterranean in 2022)
 * Admiral Golovko (456)

 * 2nd Anti-Submarine Ship Division
 * Udaloy-class destroyers (DDG):
 * Vice Admiral Kulakov (626) (active as of 2024)
 * Severomorsk (619) (active as of 2023)
 * Admiral Levchenko (605) (active post-refit as of 2022)
 * Admiral Chabanenko (650) (inactive; reported in refit as of 2020)

 * Small Missile Ships (Light Missile Corvette)
 * Nanuchka III-class corvette
 * Rassvyet (520) (active as of 2021)

 * Small Anti-Submarine Ships (ASW Corvette)
 * Grisha III-class corvette
 * Brest (199) (active as of 2022)
 * Yunga (113) (active as of 2022)
 * Onega (164) (active as of 2021)
 * Naryan-Mar (138) (active as of 2021)
 * Monchegorsk (190)
 * Snezhnogorsk (196) (active as of 2022)
 * Amphibious Warfare Vessels
 * Ivan Gren-class landing ships
 * Ivan Gren (135) (active as of 2022)
 * Petr Morgunov (117) (active; deployed to the Black Sea and participating in the invasion of Ukraine)
 * Ropucha-class landing ships
 * Olenegorskiy Gornyak (012) (damaged; deployed to the Black Sea and participating in the invasion of Ukraine; refit completed 2019)
 * Kondopoga (027) (active as of 2021)
 * Georgiy Pobedonosets (016) (active; deployed to the Black Sea and participating in the invasion of Ukraine)
 * Aleksandr Otrakovskiy (031) (active as of 2022)
 * Project 02510 BK-16E high-speed assault boats: 4 vessels (D-308, D-2110, RVK-703, D-321)
 * Mine Countermeasures Ships:
 * Sonya-class: 7 vessels (BT-21, Polyarny, Kotelnich, Yadrin, Kolona – latter four all reported active as of 2020 -, Elnya reported active as of 2022, and Solovtskiy yunga reported active as of 2023)
 * Gorya-class: 1 vessel (Vladimir Gumanenko (811) – active as of 2022)
 * Patrol/Anti-saboteur Boats:
 * Grachonok-class anti-saboteur ship: 4 vessels (P-340 Yunarmeets Zapolyarya; P-421 Yunarmeets Belomorya; P-429; P-430 Valery Fedyanin)
 * Icebreakers:
 * Project 21180 icebreaker Ilya Muromets (active)
 * Patrol ships:
 * Ivan Susanin-class patrol ship Ruslan
 * Intelligence Vessels (operated by the Main Directorate of Deep-Sea Research):
 * Vishnya-class intelligence ships:
 * Kurily
 * Viktor Leonov
 * Tavriya
 * Balzam-class intelligence ship Pribaltika
 * Yury Ivanov-class intelligence ship Yuriy Ivanov (active as of 2021)
 * Project 7452-class intelligence ship Chusuvoy
 * Project 22010-class intelligence ship Yantar (active as of 2022)
 * Project 02670-class 'Oceanographic research vessel' Evgeny Gorigledzhan (sea trials in the Baltic as of 2022)
 * Fleet Oilers:
 * Boris Chilikin-class: 1 vessel (Sergey Osipov; active as of 2021)
 * Dubna class: 1 vessel (Dubna)
 * Kaliningrad Neft class: 2 vessels (Vyazma and Kama (former Argun); Vyazma accompanied Marshal Ustinov and Vice Admiral Kulakov on their Mediterranean and Atlantic deployment in 2022; Kama accompanyied Admiral Gorshkov in 2023 long-range deployment; detached and operating in the Atlantic as of May 2023)
 * Akademik Pashin class: 1 vessel (Akademik Pashin; deployed to the Mediterranean as of August 2022)
 * Logistic Support Ships:
 * 1 Elbrus-class (Project 23120) ice-capable logistics support vessel (entered service 2018)
 * Project 304-class Repair Ships: 3 vessels (PM-10, PM-69, PM-75)
 * Hydrographic Survey Vessels: 4 Yug-class (Project 862) vessels
 * Vizir
 * Temryuk (formerly Mangyshlak)
 * Gorizont (active as of 2021)
 * Senezh

Aviation and Air Defence Forces

 * 45th Air Force and Air Defence Army
 * 40th Mixed Aviation Regiment (previously 924th Long Range Air Reconnaissance Regiment?) – HQ at Olenegorsk/Olenya – Tu-22M3 Backfire bombers with Kh-32 long-range supersonic and Kh-47M2 Kinzhal hypersonic anti-ship missiles; – Deployed in the Northern Fleet/45th Air Army area of operations but under command of Russian Long-Range Aviation Forces
 * 98th Separate Mixed Aviation Regiment: Two Squadrons: Su-24M; One Squadron: MiG-31 BM-variant in air defence role; some K-variant reported in anti-ship role with Kh-47M2 Kinzhal hypersonic anti-ship missiles (ASM); Su-24 reported converting to Su-34 (“Fullback”) fighters with Kh-35U ASM (Monchegorsk (air base))
 * 100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment – Severomorsk-3 air base; Two Squadrons: mix of MiG-29K/KUB, Su-27/KUB and Su-25/UTG aircraft reported (MiG-29K elements reported deployed in interim land-based role at Rogachyovo airfield in 2021 )
 * 279th Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment – HQ at Severomorsk-3 – Two Squadrons: Su-33 (Flanker-D)/Su-25UTG (as of 2021)
 * 174th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment reported deployed by end of 2019 with MiG-31BM (K-variant in anti-ship role with Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ASM) (Monchegorsk airfield with additional forward operating bases, including Nagurskoye air field on Alexandra Land, Rogachevo air base, Sredniy in Severnaya Zemlya, Kotelny in the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island)
 * 73rd Independent Air Squadron – HQ at Kipelovo (Fedotovo) – Tu-142MK, Tu-142MR Maritime Patrol/ASW aircraft;
 * 403rd Guards Mixed Aviation Regiment – HQ at Severomorsk-1 – One ASW/ELINT Squadron: Il-38/N ASW aircraft, Il-22 command aircraft (NATO reporting name: Coot B), and Il-20RT electronic intelligence aircraft; One Transport Squadron: Tu-134, An-12, An-26 transport aircraft (2019)
 * 830th Independent Shipborne Anti-Submarine Helicopter Regiment – HQ at Severomorsk-1 – Ka-27/PL/M ASW, Ka-29 attack, Ka-31 airborne radar helicopters (2019)
 * 1st Air Defence Division (Murmansk Oblast)
 * 531st Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Severomorsk-1 and 3 air base region – S-400/Pantsir-S1 surface-to-air missiles)
 * 583rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Olenya region – S-300PM/PS surface-to-air missile system)
 * 1528th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Severodvinsk – S-400 SAMs)
 * 3rd Air Defence Division (created 2019):
 * 33rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (S-400 SAM systems) (Rogachovo air base, Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk Oblast) (as of 2019)
 * 414th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment established in 2019 with S-300V4 and/or S-300PS? surface-to-air missile system at Tiksi
 * S-400 SAM deployments reported in both 1st and 3rd Air Defence Divisions at: Alexandra Land (Nagurskoye air base), Kotelny Island, and Wrangel Island, among others.
 * S-300P SAM (NATO reporting name: SA-10 Grumble) at Rogachovo air base and elsewhere.

Northern Fleet Coastal Troops

 * 14th Army Corps:
 * 80th Arctic Motor Rifle Brigade (Alakurtti) (arctic warfare brigade; equipment includes 122-mm 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzers; re-equipment of both 80th and 200th brigades on BTR-82A APCs was completed in 2016)
 * 200th Motorized Rifle Brigade (Pechenga): deployed assets include Tor-M2DT mobile SAM system deployed on DT-30PM all-terrain vehicles (as of 2019);  (tank battalion reported to have fully re-equipped with T-80BVM MBT in 2020; elements of the Brigade reported deployed on operations in Ukraine as of February 2022 and reserve battalion reported activated for Ukraine as of July 2022)
 * Naval Infantry/Special Forces
 * 61st Naval Infantry Brigade (As of February 2022, elements of the Brigade reported deployed to the Black Sea as part of Russian amphibious task force for operations in Ukraine. In 2023, it is reported that the brigade had conducted combat training with BTR-80)
 * 420th Naval Reconnaissance Spetsnaz Point (Special Forces battalion) (Zverosovkhoz)
 * Coastal Missile & Artillery Troops: 536th Coastal Missile and Artillery Brigade (coastal missile brigades normally deployed with 3–5 K-300P Bastion-P battalions and 1–2 Bal battalions).
 * Bal mobile coastal missile system reported deployed on the Sredny Peninsula and Franz Josef Island (planned to be fitted at strategic locations along the entire Northern Sea Route)
 * Bastion coastal defence missile system with P-800 Oniks supersonic anti-ship cruise missiles reported on Alexandra Land in the Franz Josef Islands and Kotelny Island.

title: Northern Fleet


text:
Stacker

A stacker is a large machine used in bulk material handling. Its function is to pile bulk material such as limestone, ores, coal and cereals onto a stockpile. A reclaimer can be used to recover the material.

Gold dredges in Alaska had a stacker that was a fixed part of the dredge. It carried over-size material to the tailings pile.

Stackers are nominally rated for capacity in tonnes per hour (tph). They normally travel on a rail between stockpiles in the stockyard. A stacker can usually move in at least two directions: horizontally along the rail and vertically by luffing (raising and lowering) its boom. Luffing of the boom minimises dust by reducing the distance that material such as coal needs to fall to the top of the stockpile. The boom is luffed upwards as the height of the stockpile increases. Some stackers can rotate the boom. This allows a single stacker to form two stockpiles, one on either side of the conveyor.

Stackers are used to stack in different patterns, such as cone stacking and chevron stacking. Stacking in a single cone tends to cause size segregation, with coarser material moving out towards the base. In raw cone ply stacking, additional cones are added next to the first cone. In chevron stacking, the stacker travels along the length of the stockpile adding layer upon layer of material.

Stackers and reclaimers were originally manually controlled, with no means of remote control. Modern machines are typically semi-automatic or fully automated, with parameters remotely set. The control system used is typically a programmable logic controller, with a human-machine interface for display, connected to a central control system.

Other than stacking, a stacker has three basic movements:
 * Luffing: This is vertical movement. Stackers use either a winch mechanism with metal wire, or hydraulic cylinders, generally two. Winch mechanisms are highly reliable compared to hydraulic actuators and remain widely used, particularly in large stackers.
 * Travelling: The stacker moves on a rail track, which may be broad or narrow gauge, enabling it to move around the stockyard as required. For this purpose, traction motors powered by direct current (DC) are connected by bevel gears to between 12 and 22 wheels. For manual control, all the controls are in a controller's cabin above the boom conveyor or boom. Modern stackers can be controlled remotely.
 * Slewing: This is rotation of the stacker around its central axis to align or place the stockpile where required. This works mostly by a slew pinion that rotates around a slew base. This type of gear assembly is called a sun and planet gear. The axles may be multiple and are driven by DC-powered axle motors which transmit the torque via bevel or helical gears.

The conveyor belts used in stackers may be made of fabric or metal wire, depending upon the material to be handled. They are driven by pulleys, which in turn are driven by DC motors. The motors and gear are coupled by fluid coupling.

Most stackers are electrically powered by way of a trailing cable. There are basically two types of cable trailing: power cord rotating drum (PCRD) and control cable rotating drum (CCRD). Pendulum adjustments are made to ensure the proper alignment of these cables while the stacker is travelling.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stacker


text:
Sandwiches (song)

"Sandwiches" is a song by American electronic band Detroit Grand Pubahs. It reached number 29 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart.

title: Sandwiches (song)


text:
Denis Maurice O'Conor

Denis Maurice O'Conor (Donnchadh Muirgheas Ó Conchubhair Donn; 24 July 1840 – 26 July 1883) was an Irish barrister and Liberal Party politician who represented County Sligo in the House of Commons.

The second son of Denis O'Conor, O'Conor Don and the brother of Charles Owen O'Conor, O'Conor Don, Denis Maurice O'Conor was educated at Downside School and the University of London, graduating MA in 1861 and LLD in 1866. He was called to the bar by the Middle Temple in Easter Term, 1866. A magistrate for County Roscommon, he was High Sheriff of Roscommon for 1865.

A Liberal and a Home Ruler, O'Conor represented County Sligo in the House of Commons from December 1868 until his death.

Personal Life
On the 5 August 1873 he married Ellen Isabella, the eldest daughter of Rev. William Trevelyan Kevill-Davies of Croft Castle, Herefordshire by his wife Ellen, daughter of Matthew O'Brien of Newcastle, Co. Limerick and had issue;
 * Charles William O'Conor (b. 17 Dec 1878 - d. 13 May 1963); who married Evelyn Lowry-Corry daughter of Admiral Hon. Armar Lowry-Corry (second son of Armar Lowry-Corry, 3rd Earl Belmore) by his wife Geraldine, daughter of James King King of Staunton Park, Herefordshire and had issue;
 * Denis Armar O'Conor, O'Conor Don (b. 13 Jan 1912 - d. 10 Jul 2000)
 * Roderic Charles O'Conor (b. 12 Aug 1913 - d. 6 Apr 1985)

He died on 26 July 1883 at age 43 at his residence in 110 Queen's Gate, Kensington.

title: Denis Maurice O'Conor


text:
User talk:Andrea Parri

Main namespace cleanup
Heya, I've moved Wikipedians/Andrea Parri to User:Andrea Parri/old. There's some edit history, so perhaps you want to keep it. Otherwise just delete it (or ask an admin to do so). --fvw *  20:48, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and history merged that page. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 14:55, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Andrea Parri


text:
Lisa Vidal

Lisa Vidal (born June 13, 1965) is an American actress of Puerto Rican heritage. She starred in the Lifetime crime drama series, The Division (2001–2004), and BET drama series, Being Mary Jane (2013–2019). Vidal also starred in the short-lived series, High Incident (1996–97) and The Event (2010–11), and had major recurring roles on Third Watch (1999–2001) and ER (2001–2004).

Early life
Vidal's parents moved from Puerto Rico and settled in Manhattan, where Vidal and her two sisters, Christina and Tanya, were born. She also has a brother named Christian. After Vidal finished her elementary education, she auditioned and was accepted in the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School. When she graduated, Vidal went to work with La Familia Theater Company, alongside Raul Julia and Julia Roberts. Vidal was 14 years old when she acted in the theatre series Oye Willie and later on made her feature debut with a small role in Delivery Boys. Soon, she was working in television with parts in shows such as The Cosby Show.

Career
In 1992, Vidal appeared in the crime drama film, Night and the City, alongside Robert De Niro and Jessica Lange, directed by Irwin Winkler. She starred alongside Lauren Vélez and Rita Moreno in the 1994 comedy-drama film, I Like It Like That. From 1994–1995, she appeared in New York Undercover in a recurring role as a reporter named Carmen. In the series she was sister to Det. Eddie Torres, played by Michael DeLorenzo. In 1995, she did some Off-Broadway theatre and worked on The Commish. Vidal has also appeared in a number of other films, such as Mighty Aphrodite (1995), The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit (1998), and Chasing Papi (2003). She played a leading role in the 2007 psychological horror film, Dark Mirror.

Vidal was series regular on the ABC police drama, High Incident (1995–1996), and on The Brian Benben Show in 1998, and later had major recurring roles on Third Watch from 1999 to 2001 as Dr. Sarah Morales and ER from 2001 to 2004 as firefighter Sandy Lopez. From 2001 to 2004, Vidal starred opposite Bonnie Bedelia in the Lifetime drama series, The Division, for which she received the 2002 nomination for the ALMA Award in the Best Actress Category. In 2006, she had a brief role in the short-lived action series Smith as one of the federal agents looking for Ray Liotta's group of thieves. In 2010 she starred in NBC drama, The Event, playing the First Lady of the United States. Vidal also starred in a number of made-for-television movies, including The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1998), Naughty or Nice (2004), and Odd Girl Out (2005).

In 2013, Vidal began starring opposite Gabrielle Union in the BET drama series, Being Mary Jane, playing the role of Kara Lynch, the executive producer of Mary Jane's show. The series ended in 2017, and in 2019 BET released a two-hour film finale. From 2015 to 2017, she also had a recurring role in the Fox comedy-drama series Rosewood. Vidal also guest-starred on American Horror Story, Shameless and Chicago P.D. In 2020, Vidal was cast as Mari Garcia, the lead character’s mother, in ABC romantic comedy-drama series The Baker and the Beauty.

Personal life
Vidal is a breast cancer survivor.

title: Lisa Vidal


text:
Elizabeth Rogers

Elizabeth Rogers (born Betty Jayne Rogers, May 18, 1934 – November 6, 2004) was an American actress.

Life and career
Born in Austin, Texas, she played minor characters in thirty-seven episodes of a dozen different prime-time network series, including Little House on the Prairie, Bewitched, Gunsmoke, The Waltons, Marcus Welby, M.D., Dragnet 1966, Mannix, Dragnet 1967, Bonanza, The Time Tunnel, Land of the Giants, Dr. Kildare, Gunsmoke and Slattery's People.

In the original Star Trek television series, she portrayed Lt. Palmer, a substitute communications officer, in two episodes: "The Doomsday Machine" (1967) and "The Way to Eden" (1969). For Doomsday Machine, Rogers was brought in at the last minute after Nichelle Nichols (the series regular as communications officer Lt. Uhura) informed the producers that she was flying to New York for a concert performance. As Nichols had no standard contract she was legally free to do so, but Rogers' appearance was intended to convince her to keep herself available for Star Trek. Rogers said in a later interview, "I got the part when Uhura [Nichols] had a singing engagement. I was used as an instant 'threat' replacement."

During the 1970s, she also appeared in a string of Irwin Allen produced films including The Poseidon Adventure (1972) and The Towering Inferno (1974). She was a personal friend of Allen and his wife, Sheila Matthews Allen, and was married to actor Erik Nelson (also a regular in Irwin Allen films) in the backyard of Allen's home. Her other film appearances included Bittersweet Love (1976), The Van (1977), Grand Theft Auto (1977), and An Officer and a Gentleman (1982) as David Keith's mother.

Death
She died from multiple strokes and lung cancer on November 6, 2004, in Tarzana, California at the age of 70.

title: Elizabeth Rogers


text: User talk:68.202.78.28

title: User talk:68.202.78.28


text:
Berounka

The Berounka is a river in the Czech Republic, a left tributary of the Vltava River. It flows through the Plzeň and Central Bohemian regions to Prague. It is formed by the confluence of the Mže and Radbuza rivers in Plzeň. Together with the Mže, which is its main source, the Berounka is 244.6 km long, which makes it the fifth longest river in the Czech Republic. Without the Mže, it is 139.4 km long.

Etymology
The river is named after the town of Beroun. Originally, the entire stream was called Mže (Mies) and the name first appeared in the 12th century, among others in Chronica Boemorum. The name was written as Mse, Msa and Misa. From the 17th century, the lower course started to be named Berounka, but the name Mže still appeared as a name for the entire stream at the end of the 19th century. In order to avoid confusion, an initiative was created in 2008 to rename the lower course back to the historical name Mže, but it was unsuccessful due to the strongly adopted current name.

Characteristic
From a water management point of view, the Berounka and Mže are two different rivers with separate numbering of river kilometres. In a broader point of view, the Berounka (as Mže) originates in the territory of Mähring in the Upper Palatine Forest at the elevation of 726 m and flows to Prague-Lahovice, where it enters the Vltava River at the elevation of 189 m. It is 244.57 km long, of which 2.34 km is in Germany. In the Czech Republic, it is 242.23 km long, which makes it the fifth longest river in the country. Its drainage basin has an area of 8854.2 km2. The name Berounka is used from the confluence of the Mže with the Radbuza in Plzeň and from this point to the confluence with the Vltava, the river is 139.4 km long.

The sources and longest tributaries of the Berounka are:

Settlements
There are several large settlements on the river. The Mže flows through Tachov and Stříbro. After its confluence with the Radbuza in Plzeň, the Berounka flows through Beroun, Řevnice, Dobřichovice, Černošice and the edge of Prague.

Bodies of water
There are 7,502 bodies of water in the basin area; the largest of them is the Hracholusky Reservoir with an area of 352 ha, built at the confluence of the Mže and Úterský Stream. There are no bodies of water built directly on the lower course of the Berounka.

Fauna
The river is home to the critically endangered mollusc Unio pictorum. The endemic species Bulgarica nitidosa lives by the river.

Use
There is an artificial slalom course in Roztoky, on the 63rd river km.

Tourism
The Berounka is considered one of the most beautiful rivers in the country and is among the most popular rivers for river tourism. Almost its entire flow from Plzeň is navigable. It is popular thanks to the sections in the protected landscape areas of Křivoklátsko and Český kras, which lead through unspoiled nature. The Berounka belongs to the undemanding rivers suitable for beginner paddlers. An 82 km long educational trail for paddlers runs along the river.

title: Berounka


text:
River Ystwyth

The River Ystwyth (Afon Ystwyth; ; lit. 'winding river' ) is a river in Ceredigion, Wales. The length of the main river is 20.5 mi. Its catchment area covers 75 sqmi. Its source is a number of streams that include the Afon Diliw, located on the west slopes of Plynlimon on the border of Ceredigion and Powys in the Cambrian Mountains. The Ystwyth flows westwards before its confluence with the Afon Rheidol and the estuary at Aberystwyth to drain into Cardigan Bay.

The Ystwyth valley is sparsely populated with villages, namely Ysbyty Ystwyth, Cwm Ystwyth, Pont-rhyd-y-groes, Llanilar and Llanfarian. In previous centuries, the valley was relatively densely populated due to its mineral wealth. Silver, lead and zinc have been mined in the valley since Roman times, an activity that reached its peak in the 18th century. The largest of the very many mines was Cwm Ystwyth Mine. It is reputed that the average age at death of the miners in Cwm Ystwyth was 32, largely because of acute lead poisoning. There is no active metal mining in the Ystwyth valley today.

Hafod Uchtryd was a mansion built by Thomas Johnes from 1783, part of it being designed by John Nash. The landscaped gardens were formed by blasting away parts of hills to create vistas. Roadways and bridges were built and hundreds of thousands of trees were planted. The result was a landscape that became famous and attracted many visitors including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and it is believed to have inspired a passage in his poem Kubla Khan. The house was demolished in 1955, but the landscape remains today.

The River still carries elevated levels of lead, zinc and silver in its water, mostly due to seepage from abandoned mine tailings and discharges from mine adits. At the Frongoch mine near Pont-rhyd-y-groes, Natural Resources Wales has introduced a new technique for reducing the pollution. Water is drawn away from the mine in a leat to a wetland area, where biological processes involving the vegetation immobilise much of the pollutants. A similar approach is being used at Cwm Rheidol mine, near Aberystwyth. These remedies are considered important because the area supports a rich variety of wildlife, as well as bringing anglers and tourists to the area.

title: River Ystwyth


text:
Talk:French International School

from VfD:

A school stub. From what I gathered from their webpage it's an international primary and secondary school with 1200 pupils. I don't think that it's notable enough but I have a bit of deletionism in me when it comes to schools. Jeltz 20:53, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Delete, schools are notable, but this is a stub. Wiki's not a directory. Wyss 22:49, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I am going to change it to an article on the system of French International Schools operated by the Agence pour l'Enseignement Français à l'Etranger later today. I think I know enough about topic to say something. --JuntungWu 00:57, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. There's now a stub on AEFE which is probably more notable. Re-direct to article about parent, with a line about the actual school as may be needed. --JuntungWu 04:03, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * By the way I just noticed that the name of the school is wrong in the article. It should be "Lycée français international Victor Segalen". --JuntungWu 04:06, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to the unique, large and notable school system Agence pour l'Enseignement Français à l'Etranger, and thank you JuntungWu. If it's deleted, at least redirect afterwards. Samaritan 04:08, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: At present, it's a substub that merely gives the name (and the article title is horrible, as there are dozens and dozens of schools by the name) and phone number. No significance or notability provided. Geogre 01:10, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not a yellow pages. -- Cyrius|✎ 03:33, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Aside from notability issues, this is just a yellowpages entry. Indrian 06:30, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * I redirected it and I think that the redirect should be kept. Jeltz 10:26, 2004 Dec 15 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 17:21, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:French International School


text:
Sabarmati River

The Sabarmati River is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India. It originates in the Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Khambhat of Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and Gujarat. 48 km of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km is in Gujarat.

Course
The Sabarmati River originates in the Aravalli Range in the Indian state of Rajasthan. The total length of the river is 371 km. After travelling 48 km in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of Gujarat where it is joined by a left bank tributary, Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari. From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets a right bank tributary, the Sei River. Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the Dharoi dam it meets another left bank tributary, the Hathmati River. From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the Watrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into the Gulf of Khambhat, in the Arabian Sea.

Basin
The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is 21674 km2 out of which 4124 km2 lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining 18550 km2 in Gujarat. The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from 450 to 800 mm in different parts of the basin. The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.

The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers. Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is 308 m3 per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of 1545 m3 per capita.

The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon. An average flow of 33 m3 per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979. Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood, when a flow of 14,150 m3 per second was measured at Dharoi.

Significance in Hinduism
In Rajasthan, it is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on Mount Abu. His penance had pleased Shiva and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the Ganges River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River. In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the goddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused the Sabarmati to come into being.

History
Rajashekhara's Kavya-mimamsa (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati (IAST: Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text Shringara-manjari-katha calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness").

Jain Acharya Buddhisagarsuri has written many poems about the Sabarmati River.

During India's independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi established the Sabarmati Ashram as his home on the banks of this river.

In 2018, an assessment by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among the most polluted river stretches in India.

Dams
There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam is located on the main river. The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of Ahmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.

In 2002, water from the Narmada river was released into the Sabarmati River through the Sardar Sarovar dam.

Sabarmati Riverfront
The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academicians, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods. As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval. KPMG has listed the Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects.

title: Sabarmati River


text:
Antarctic oscillation

The Antarctic oscillation (AAO, to distinguish it from the Arctic oscillation or AO), also known as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), is a low-frequency mode of atmospheric variability of the southern hemisphere that is defined as a belt of strong westerly winds or low pressure surrounding Antarctica which moves north or south as its mode of variability.

It is a climate driver for Australia, influencing the country's weather conditions – It is associated with storms and cold fronts that move from west to east that bring precipitation to southern Australia.

Phases and impacts
Both positive and negative SAM events tends to last for approximately ten days to two weeks, though the timeframe between a positive and a negative event is random. It is usually in the span of a week to a few months, with a negative SAM being more common in the cool months and a positive SAM being more prolonged in the warmer months. Winds associated with the Southern Annular Mode cause oceanic upwelling of warm circumpolar deep water along the Antarctic continental shelf, which has been linked to ice shelf basal melt, representing a possible wind-driven mechanism that could destabilize large portions of the Antarctic ice sheet.

Positive
In its positive phase, the westerly wind belt that drives the Antarctic Circumpolar Current intensifies and contracts towards Antarctica. In winter, a positive phase increases rainfall (including East coast lows) in south-eastern Australia (above Victoria) due to higher onshore flows from the Pacific Ocean, decreases rain in the south-west, and decreases snow in the alpine areas. In spring and summer, a positive phase reduces the chance of extreme heat and increases humid onshore flows, therefore making spring and summer wetter than normal. A positive phase would usually occur more frequently with a La Niña event.

Negative
Its negative phase involves the belt moving towards the equator, whereby decreasing rainfall in the southeast of Australia in the summer and as well as raising the possibility of spring heatwaves. Moreover, winters will usually be wetter than normal in the south and southwest with more snowfall in the alpine areas, but drier in the east coast due to less moist onshore flows from the east and blockage of cold fronts by the Great Dividing Range, which would act as a rain shadow. This phase will usually be more frequent with an El Niño event.

Research
In 2014, Nerilie Abram used a network of temperature-sensitive ice core and tree growth records to reconstruct a 1000-year history of the Southern Annular Mode. This work suggests that the Southern Annular Mode is currently in its most extreme positive phase over at least the last 1000 years, and that recent positive trends in the SAM are attributed to increasing greenhouse gas levels and later stratospheric ozone depletion.

title: Antarctic oscillation


text:
Talk:Reggae genres

"The term "Reggae" is, in a proper sense, only supposed to cover the period in Jamaican music from 1969 to 1979 or 1985 (depending on how you look at it). However, in today's vernacular the term has come to refer to all Jamaican music from the development of Ska in the early sixties up until today. Rather than create a more confusing "List of Genres of Jamaican music but not R&B or Mento" article it is therefore pertinent to keep everything under the Reggae name whether it warrants it or not.

''Reggae, being predominantly confined to a small island, tends not to have too many different genres flourishing at once. Rather than in alphabetical order, therefore, the genres are presented roughly chronologically."'' From original article.

-

Personaly, I am very uncomfortable with calling all modern Jamaican music 'Reggae'. I don't agree that "in today's vernacular the term has come to refer to all Jamaican music from the development of Ska in the early sixties up until today".

Jamaican music has gone through a very fluid progression of styles since the 50's, of which Reggae is ONE style. One would never sub-catagorise Ska (for example) as Reggae, and neither Dancehall or Raga. I feel the term 'Jamaican Music' is both more descriptive and less confusing. Mento would come under Jamaican folk music, and R&B isn't Jamaican music at all.

In general, I find the use of one specific genre to describe a wider range of related but seperate genres (see the confusion some people have with techno music) is confusing and incorrect.

I would like to rename this article to "List of genres of Jamaican music" and include Mento. Does anyone have any thoughts before I do? --AudioPervert 14th December 2004

 * I'd like to at least attempt to defend my original decision to consider Reggae as both an overall descriptor and specific genre in this article.

 * What should be an important consideration here is that what we're refering to is a significant *subset* of Jamaican music, not all of it. Namely, the continuously connected working class popular music styles that have dominated the islands musical output, but not constituted all of it. Tourist steel bands, jazz orchestras, folk songs, classical readings... Excepting the naming issue, which I admit is problematic, it'd be a bit like calling the history of rock that of American music.

 * (AudioPervert's assertion that "R&B isn't jamaican music at all" is, to my mind, rather strange - it may have originated outside the island but significant amounts of it has been recorded there, significantly different from the original genre. Jamaican R&B at least as different from its American counterpart as house is from techno, to carry on that analogy. Same with other borrowed genres - is west coast hip-hop not west coast music?)

 * A second advantage to keeping the reggae name over Jamaican music is the theoretically possible expansion of the article to cover non-jamaican reggae forms (such as two-tone, african reggae, etc.) and mixed forms (seggae, reggaeton, dub house, whatever) which the nation-specific term would exclude.

 * Then of course there's the issue of recognisability, and common use. I'd assert that even most reggae fans would consider the inclusion of ska in a reggae discussion to be no great abberation. Admittedly they probably wouldn't say it *was* reggae, but the inclusion of ska and dancehall in a reggae book, thread, page, etc. surely wouldn't surprise them. There's no problem of clarity here - people should be perfectly able to predict what this is about, and certainly to the general public ska *is* reggae. The iconography, language and style of reggae is so closely associated with the general public's preception of what jamaican music is that it has come to represent all of it. The same can certainly not be said about techno.

 * Reggae as a term is recognisable, brief, distinct, reasonably descriptive and fitting well with the style of other generalised genre descriptors. It's also, technically, false, but I think the other considerations should carry preference. Birdseed 10:37, 2005 Mar 2 (UTC)

- Then what can be called Reggae? Is it the Early Reggae? Is it the Skinhead Reggae? Is it the Roots Reggae? They are all different from eachother and neither are called Reggae alone. Btw Skinhead Reggae should be apart of Early Reggae, it's early reggae made by british and west indian immigrants, it lasted longer then Early Reggae (lasted a few years longer till '74, just look at the last couple of Skinhead Reggae records released).

Also I don't agree what is used for examples of the Reggae styles, sure Bob Marley & the Wailers are the most well known for breaking through to the world with their Roots Reggae songs, but don't we forget the hits they had in the previous periods (In my opinion some of the best Rocksteady). For other example the Ska examples, Laurel Aitken? The guy has been through almost every form of JA music. Derrick Morgan this guy made BIG hits in the Ska, Rocksteady and Early Reggae period, he was even in the Roots Reggae period under the name Jah Morgan and returned for Dancehall under Derrick Morgan again, Prince Buster? idem ditto but his carreer died when Roots Reggae began. The examples are better handles this way:

Ska .... Examples in this genre, Prince Buster - Al Capone (should be putting the big names and the well known songs).

I also don't agree with this line: "It can be distinguished from rocksteady by the slightly faster beat marked out by the drummer" Early Reggae is an all together played in a different Beat then Ska or Rocksteady (the instruments are played with different "rules" too).

I really hate it that some guitar teachers just say to their students that Ska is a faster Reggae skank, how wrong are they...? There are enough Ska songs with a slow beat (Andy & Joe - Your wondering now), Early Reggae with a very uptempo beat (Laurel Aitken - Scandal in the Brixton Market).

Dave --

Jawaiian Genre
I think a mention of the fusion genre of Reggae and Hawaiian Folk music known as Jawaiian should be made in the article. Jawaiian Music is actually very popular in Hawaii - they even have a Jawaiian Music Festival on Oahu. Here's an article about it: http://hawaiireggaemusicproject.blogspot.com/2011/04/jawaiian-hawaiis-reggae-music.html --Saukkomies talk 16:55, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reggae genres


text:
User talk:BrantEaton

Main namespace cleanup
Heya, I've moved [Wikipedians/Brant Eaton] to User:BrantEaton/old. There's some edit history, so perhaps you want to keep it. Otherwise just delete it (or ask an admin to do so). --fvw *  20:54, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:52, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:BrantEaton


text:
User talk:Armillary

''The original version of this page, with complete history, is available at User_talk:Armillary/Old''

Main namespace cleanup
Heya, I've moved [Wikipedians/Armillary] to User:Armillary/old. There's some edit history, so perhaps you want to keep it. Otherwise just delete it (or ask an admin to do so). --fvw *  20:54, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and history merged that page. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 05:05, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

January 15 Seattle meetup
Just wanted to let you know we are planning another Seattle meetup on January 15, 2005. We're trying to get a sense of who will attend, so please drop by that page & leave a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:54, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

User categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Canada page as living in or being associated with Canada. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in British Columbia for instructions. --Doviende 18:40, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Armillary


text:
Thermogravimetric analysis

Thermogravimetric analysis or thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) is a method of thermal analysis in which the mass of a sample is measured over time as the temperature changes. This measurement provides information about physical phenomena, such as phase transitions, absorption, adsorption and desorption; as well as chemical phenomena including chemisorptions, thermal decomposition, and solid-gas reactions (e.g., oxidation or reduction).

Thermogravimetric analyzer
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is conducted on an instrument referred to as a thermogravimetric analyzer. A thermogravimetric analyzer continuously measures mass while the temperature of a sample is changed over time. Mass, temperature, and time are considered base measurements in thermogravimetric analysis while many additional measures may be derived from these three base measurements.

A typical thermogravimetric analyzer consists of a precision balance with a sample pan located inside a furnace with a programmable control temperature. The temperature is generally increased at constant rate (or for some applications the temperature is controlled for a constant mass loss) to incur a thermal reaction. The thermal reaction may occur under a variety of atmospheres including: ambient air, vacuum, inert gas, oxidizing/reducing gases, corrosive gases, carburizing gases, vapors of liquids or "self-generated atmosphere"; as well as a variety of pressures including: a high vacuum, high pressure, constant pressure, or a controlled pressure.

The thermogravimetric data collected from a thermal reaction is compiled into a plot of mass or percentage of initial mass on the y axis versus either temperature or time on the x-axis. This plot, which is often smoothed, is referred to as a TGA curve. The first derivative of the TGA curve (the DTG curve) may be plotted to determine inflection points useful for in-depth interpretations as well as differential thermal analysis.

A TGA can be used for materials characterization through analysis of characteristic decomposition patterns. It is an especially useful technique for the study of polymeric materials, including thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, composites, plastic films, fibers, coatings, paints, and fuels.

Types of TGA
There are three types of thermogravimetry:

 * Isothermal or static thermogravimetry: In this technique, the sample weight is recorded as a function of time at a constant temperature.
 * Quasistatic thermogravimetry: In this technique, the sample temperature is raised in sequential steps separated by isothermal intervals, during which the sample mass reaches stability before the start of the next temperature ramp.
 * Dynamic thermogravimetry: In this technique, the sample is heated in an environment whose temperature is changed in a linear manner.

Thermal stability
TGA can be used to evaluate the thermal stability of a material. In a desired temperature range, if a species is thermally stable, there will be no observed mass change. Negligible mass loss corresponds to little or no slope in the TGA trace. TGA also gives the upper use temperature of a material. Beyond this temperature the material will begin to degrade.

TGA is used in the analysis of polymers. Polymers usually melt before they decompose, thus TGA is mainly used to investigate the thermal stability of polymers. Most polymers melt or degrade before 200 °C. However, there is a class of thermally stable polymers that are able to withstand temperatures of at least 300 °C in air and 500 °C in inert gases without structural changes or strength loss, which can be analyzed by TGA.

Oxidation and combustion
The simplest materials characterization is the residue remaining after a reaction. For example, a combustion reaction could be tested by loading a sample into a thermogravimetric analyzer at normal conditions. The thermogravimetric analyzer would cause ion combustion in the sample by heating it beyond its ignition temperature. The resultant TGA curve plotted with the y-axis as a percentage of initial mass would show the residue at the final point of the curve.

Oxidative mass losses are the most common observable losses in TGA.

Studying the resistance to oxidation in copper alloys is very important. For example, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is conducting research on advanced copper alloys for their possible use in combustion engines. However, oxidative degradation can occur in these alloys as copper oxides form in atmospheres that are rich in oxygen. Resistance to oxidation is significant because NASA wants to be able to reuse shuttle materials. TGA can be used to study the static oxidation of materials such as these for practical use.

Combustion during TG analysis is identifiable by distinct traces made in the TGA thermograms produced. One interesting example occurs with samples of as-produced unpurified carbon nanotubes that have a large amount of metal catalyst present. Due to combustion, a TGA trace can deviate from the normal form of a well-behaved function. This phenomenon arises from a rapid temperature change. When the weight and temperature are plotted versus time, a dramatic slope change in the first derivative plot is concurrent with the mass loss of the sample and the sudden increase in temperature seen by the thermocouple. The mass loss could result from particles of smoke released from burning caused by inconsistencies in the material itself, beyond the oxidation of carbon due to poorly controlled weight loss.

Different weight losses on the same sample at different points can also be used as a diagnosis of the sample's anisotropy. For instance, sampling the top side and the bottom side of a sample with dispersed particles inside can be useful to detect sedimentation, as thermograms will not overlap but will show a gap between them if the particle distribution is different from side to side.

Thermogravimetric kinetics
Thermogravimetric kinetics may be explored for insight into the reaction mechanisms of thermal (catalytic or non-catalytic) decomposition involved in the pyrolysis and combustion processes of different materials.

Activation energies of the decomposition process can be calculated using Kissinger method.

Though a constant heating rate is more common, a constant mass loss rate can illuminate specific reaction kinetics. For example, the kinetic parameters of the carbonization of polyvinyl butyral were found using a constant mass loss rate of 0.2 wt %/min.

Operation in combination with other instruments
Thermogravimetric analysis is often combined with other processes or used in conjunction with other analytical methods.

For example, the TGA instrument continuously weighs a sample as it is heated to temperatures of up to 2000 °C for coupling with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry gas analysis. As the temperature increases, various components of the sample are decomposed and the weight percentage of each resulting mass change can be measured.

title: Thermogravimetric analysis


text:
Helen Delich Bentley

Helen Bentley (née Delich; November 28, 1923 – August 6, 2016) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland from 1985 to 1995. Before entering politics, she had been a leading maritime reporter and journalist.

Early life
Bentley was born in the copper-mining town of Ruth, Nevada. Her parents were immigrant Serbians, and her father was a miner. When Bentley was eight years old, her father died of silicosis, a common miner's disease, and Bentley took a part-time job in a dress shop while her mother took in boarders to support the family.

While at high school, she had her first experiences of journalism and politics while working on the weekly newspaper of Ely, Nevada, which was published by Republican state legislator Charles Russell. She won scholarships to study journalism at the University of Missouri, graduating in 1944 after earning a BA degree with honors. While at college, she worked on the Senate campaign for Democrat James D. Scrugham, and was appointed his Senate secretary.

Journalism
Following her graduation, Bentley worked for small-town newspapers in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Lewiston, Idaho, but she wanted to report hard news for a larger publication; at the time, most women journalists were limited to writing society news. She wrote to all the main East Coast newspapers and eventually, in 1945, The Baltimore Sun offered her a reporting position. She initially reported on labor and union matters, but was subsequently allocated maritime and waterfront news, a significant beat in a city and state whose port contributed heavily to the economy. She became a widely respected maritime reporter, dealing with people from dock workers to state politicians, and also writing for port agencies and shipping companies.

Beginning in 1950, Bentley hosted a local Baltimore TV program on WMAR, The Port That Built a City, presenting maritime and transportation-related news. Later retitled The Port That Built a City and State, the series was produced by Bentley until 1965 and included then-novel live remotes from the decks of ships in Baltimore harbor during the early years of television.

During the Vietnam War, Bentley became aware of the congestion in the port of Saigon, and traveled there to report on the problems of supplying American troops. President Johnson became aware of her report, and subsequently improvements were made to port facilities in Cam Ranh Bay to relieve pressure on Saigon.

Politics
In 1969, Bentley was offered a seat on the Federal Maritime Commission. However, she declined and asked for the position of chair instead. She was appointed and chaired the commission from 1969 to 1975. The position made her the highest-ranking woman in President Nixon's administration. During her tenure, Bentley advocated for federal support for American shipbuilding yards.

Bentley challenged Democratic incumbent Clarence Long in MD's 2nd congressional district in 1980 and 1982. She defeated Long on her third attempt in 1984, and was elected to the 99th Congress and to the four succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1985, to January 3, 1995.

During her time in office, Bentley was a strong advocate for protectionist trade policies in support of U.S. manufacturing and the U.S. Merchant Marine fleet. She also introduced legislation which enabled the Chesapeake Bay to be dredged, allowing larger cargo ships to access the port of Baltimore. In the 1990s, she was sympathetic towards Serbians during the civil war in Yugoslavia, and opposed U.S. military involvement in that conflict. Bentley was not a candidate for reelection to the 104th Congress in 1994, but was an unsuccessful candidate for nomination for Governor of Maryland. Despite an endorsement from the incumbent Democratic governor William Donald Schaefer, she was defeated in the Republican primary by the more conservative Ellen Sauerbrey.

When her successor in Congress, Bob Ehrlich, gave up his seat, Bentley sought to take the seat back in 2002. However, the district had been made significantly more Democratic in redistricting and included a large slice of Baltimore City, an area Bentley had never represented. She lost to Baltimore County Executive Dutch Ruppersberger.

In 1995, Bentley founded Helen Bentley & Associates, Inc., and provided consultancy services on international trade, business and government. She was also a consultant for the Maryland Port Administration and the Port of Baltimore, and served on the Board of Trustees for both the Baltimore Museum of Industry and the Maritime Industries Academy High School.

Recognition
In 2004, Bentley was inducted into the International Maritime Hall of Fame. In 2006, as part of the Port of Baltimore's 300th anniversary celebrations, the port was renamed the Helen Delich Bentley Port of Baltimore.

Bentley was a member of the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame, and a recipient of the Speaker's Medallion, First Citizen Award, and Governor's International Leadership Award from the state government of Maryland.

Personal life
Bentley was married to William Roy Bentley, who died in 2003 from a stroke. The couple had no children. She died at the age of 92, at her home in Timonium, Maryland, from brain cancer.

title: Helen Delich Bentley


text:
Lord Alfred Paget

Lord Alfred Henry Paget (26 June 1816 – 24 August 1888 ) was a British soldier, courtier and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1837 and 1865.

Early life
Paget was the sixth son of William Paget, the 1st Marquess of Anglesey and the former Hon. Charlotte Cadogan. Among his siblings were Lady Emily Paget (wife of John Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney), Lord Clarence Paget, Lady Mary Paget (wife of John Montagu, 7th Earl of Sandwich), Lord George Paget, and Lady Adelaide Paget (wife of Frederick William Cadogan).

From his father's first marriage to Lady Caroline Villiers (a daughter of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey and later, Duchess of Argyll), he had several older half-siblings, including Lady Caroline Paget (wife of Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond), Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey, Lady Jane Paget (wife of Francis Conyngham, 2nd Marquess Conyngham), Lady Georgina Paget (wife of Edward Crofton, 2nd Baron Crofton), Lady Augusta Paget (wife of Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Templemore), Lord William Paget, Lady Agnes Paget (wife of George Byng, 2nd Earl of Strafford). From his mother's first marriage to Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley, he had four half-siblings, including Henry Wellesley, 1st Earl Cowley, William Henry George Wellesley, Hon. Charlotte Wellesley (wife of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Baron Ebury), and Gerald Valerian Wellesley.

Career
He became a lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards. In 1837 he was elected Member of Parliament for Lichfield and held the seat until 1865, when he was defeated by the Conservative Richard Dyott.

Paget was Chief Equerry and Clerk Marshal to the Queen from July 1846 to March 1852, from December 1852 to March 1858, and from June 1859. The office ceased to be a political one from 1866.

He was the Commodore of the Royal Thames Yacht Club, 1846–1873, and Vice-Commodore, 1845-1846 and 1874–1888.

On 1 August 1874, he resigned the Chief Equerryship only. He became a Lieutenant-Colonel (unattached) in 1854.

Paget was a director of the North Staffordshire Railway Company between January 1854 and February 1875.

Personal life
In 1847, Paget was married to Cecilia Wyndham (1829–1914), second daughter and co-heiress of George Thomas Wyndham, of Cromer Hall, Norfolk. Their children were:

 * Victoria Alexandrina Paget (1848–1859)
 * Evelyn Cecilia Paget (1849–1904)
 * Sir Arthur Henry Fitzroy Paget (1851–1928), who married American heiress Mary Fiske “Minnie” Stevens In 1878.
 * Alfred Wyndham Paget (1852–1918)
 * George Thomas Cavendish Paget (1853–1939), raised Paget's Horse for service in the Boer War.
 * Gerald Cecil Stewart Paget (1854–1913), grandfather of Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon.
 * Violet Mary Paget (1856–1908)
 * Sydney Augustus Paget (1857–1916)
 * Amy Olivia Paget (1858–1948)
 * Alberta Victoria Paget (1859–1945)
 * Almeric Hugh Paget, 1st Baron Queenborough (1861–1949), who married Pauline Payne Whitney in 1895. After her death in 1916, he married Edith Starr Miller in 1921.
 * Alice Maud Paget (1862–1925)
 * Alexandra Harriet Paget (1863–1944), who married Edward Colebrooke, 1st Baron Colebrooke.
 * Guinevere Eva Paget (1869–1894)

He lived at 42 Grosvenor Place, London, and at Melford Hall, Sudbury, Suffolk. He died in 1888 unexpectedly, on his yacht off Inverness.

In popular culture
In the television series Victoria, Lord Alfred is played by Jordan Waller. In the second series, he was depicted having a same-sex romantic relationship with Sir Robert Peel's secretary, Edward Drummond. There is no historical evidence that this took place. In the same series, Lord Alfred marries Lady Wilhelmina Coke (the niece of the Duchess of Buccleuch); but in real life, Lord Alfred married Cecilia Wyndham.

title: Lord Alfred Paget


text:
File:Golden Earring - Switch.jpg

Album cover for Switch by Golden Earring

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Golden Earring - Switch.jpg


text:
Switch (Golden Earring album)

Switch is the tenth album by Dutch rock band Golden Earring, released in 1975.

Track listing
All songs written by George Kooymans and Barry Hay except where noted.

 * 1) "Intro: Plus Minus Absurdio" – 3:08
 * 2) "Love Is a Rodeo" – 3:37
 * 3) "The Switch" – 5:27
 * 4) "Kill Me (Ce Soir)" (Kooymans, Hay, John Fenton) – 6:22
 * 5) "Tons of Time" – 4:20
 * 6) "Daddy's Gonna Save My Soul" – 4:15
 * 7) "Troubles and Hassles" – 4:20
 * 8) "Lonesome D.J." – 4:36

Personnel
Additional personnel
 * George Kooymans - guitar, vocals
 * Rinus Gerritsen - bass, keyboards
 * Barry Hay - flute, vocals
 * Cesar Zuiderwijk - drums
 * Robert Jan Stips - keyboard
 * Bertus Borgers - saxophone
 * Eelco Gelling - guitar

Production

 * Producer: Golden Earring
 * Executive producer: Fred Haayen
 * Engineer: Andy Knight, John Kriek, Jan Schuurman
 * Mixing: Andy Knight, John Kriek
 * Arranger: Golden Earring
 * String arrangements: Robert Jan Stips
 * Art direction: George Osaki
 * Concept: Barry Hay
 * Photography: Paul Gerritsma, Graham Hughes

Trivia
Kill Me (Ce Soir) was covered by Iron Maiden as a B side on their 1990 single "Holy Smoke"

On the Dutch pressing, MCA-2139, that was marketed in Europe, the Side 2 label has the song lists double printed. A slight offset is very noticeable. It is unknown how many of these 'double prints' were sold before the manufacturer caught the error.

title: Switch (Golden Earring album)


text: Category:Computer-aided design

title: Category:Computer-aided design


text:
Stan Williams

Stanley or Stan Williams may refer to:

Sports

 * Stan Williams (American football) (1929–2015), American football player
 * Stan Williams (Australian footballer) (1891–1966), Australian rules footballer
 * Stan Williams (baseball) (1936–2021), American baseball player
 * Stan Williams (soccer, born 1919) (1919–2007), South African association football player
 * Stanley Williams (rugby union, born 1886) (1886–1936), Wales-born England international rugby union player
 * Stanley Williams (rugby union, born 1914) (1914–?), Wales international rugby union player
 * Stan Williams (speedway rider) (1917–2002), English speedway rider

Others

 * Stanley Thomas Williams (1888–1956), American literary critic and scholar of Herman Melville.
 * Stanley Williams (1953–2005), founder of American gang The Crips
 * Stanley Williams (dancer) (1925–1997), 20th century dancer and instructor
 * R. Stanley Williams (born 1951), HP Labs scientist

title: Stan Williams


text:
Morgenblätter

Morgenblätter (Morning Journals), Op. 279, is a Viennese waltz composed by Johann Strauss II in 1863 and first performed on 12 January 1864 at the Sofiensaal in Vienna. The work's genesis was attributed to the composition of a waltz by Jacques Offenbach later titled "Abendblätter" when Offenbach dedicated his work to the influential Vienna Authors' and Journalists' Association (Presseclub Concordia). The association had earlier intended the "Abendblätter" waltz (untitled by Offenbach when first dedicated) to be played at their Concordia Ball on 12 January 1864.

Strauss and his orchestra were engaged to provide music for the festivity and he was also obliged to dedicate a new composition of his own. Since he was clearly aware of Offenbach's dedication, he similarly left it to the association to decide the title of his own work. The committee, in a mood for a musical joust, titled Offenbach's work as "Abendblätter" (Evening Papers) and Strauss' work as "Morgenblätter" (Morning Papers). Friendly rivalry was top of their intentions though as Strauss dutifully premiered Offenbach's work as well as his own because the latter was not present on the day in question. Despite many later claims that Strauss' work was initially ignored, first night press reviews do not proclaim in favor of either work although posterity seemed to pronounce in favor of Strauss' uplifting work with the "Abendblätter" waltz being equally impressive.

Introduction

"Morgenblätter" is another of Strauss' more inspired waltzes, during the time where the development of the waltz has been rapid, with varying moods immortalised amongst the 5 two-part sections. The quiet introduction in the key of D major begins the work, with repeated chords in the bass-line. A sharp series of loud chords interrupts the playful mood and a long clarinet passage ushers in the first waltz theme in G major. Waltz 1B (in D major) carries on the exuberant mood before a repeat of waltz 1A quickly proceeds to the tranquility of waltz 2A in C major. Waltz 3A and 3B (F major) is more robust and quicker than the previous sections whereas waltz 4A in B-flat major is quiet and brooding. Waltz 4B erupts in joy for a brief section and proceeding to repeat waltz 4A. Waltz 5A is the climax of the work, in E-flat major and is punctuated with the brass instruments, particularly the trombones. A more peaceful-sounding waltz 5B is played but the brash 5A makes another appearance.

A tense coda would be quickly replaced with a reprise of waltz 2A. A furious passage of chords brought in waltz 1A again before sweeping into a joyous conclusion complete with a snare drumroll and orchestral flourish.

Thomas Hardy's poem "A Seaside Town in 1869" (in Moments of Vision, 1917) suggests that the waltz was popular in England in the late 1860s.

Recordings

 * Michael Lanner with his orchestra. Recorded in Berlin on March 20, 1953. It was released by Electrola as catalog number EG 7897.

In popular culture
In The Simpsons season 34 episode "Bartless", the waltz is played while Lisa dances in a dream sequence.

title: Morgenblätter


text:
Rosario (disambiguation)

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title: Rosario (disambiguation)