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Antwaan Randle El

Antwaan Randle El (born August 17, 1979) is an American football coach and former player who currently serves as the wide receivers coach for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football as a quarterback for the Indiana Hoosiers, earning first-team All-American honors in 2001. He also played basketball and baseball for the Hoosiers. He was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second round of the 2002 NFL draft. Playing with the Steelers for four seasons as a wide receiver and return specialist, he was active in all 64 regular season games with 23 starts. He was also instrumental in a number of trick plays, including throwing a touchdown pass as a wide receiver for the Steelers in Super Bowl XL.

After the 2005 NFL season, Randle El was signed as a free agent with the Washington Redskins, where he scored ten touchdowns, catching eight and throwing two. In 2007, Randle El was sidelined for a game against the Buffalo Bills with a hamstring injury. This was the only inactive game of his NFL career.

Randle El was released by the Redskins in March 2010, re-signing with the Steelers shortly after. Randle El was also named fifth in USA Today's All-Decade kick returners.

For a time, he was also a sideline reporter for the Big Ten Network for interconference games that the Indiana football team plays.

Early life
Randle El was born in Riverdale, Illinois as the son of Curtis Randle El Sr., a food distributor, and Jacqueline, a day-care provider. Randle El was raised a Pentecostal Christian. A Chicago Bears fan, he attended Thornton Township High School in Harvey, Illinois, where he played football, basketball, and baseball. He was a high school teammate of former NFL linebacker Napoleon Harris, as well as NBA center Melvin Ely and former NFL wide receiver Tai Streets.

After graduating from Thornton Township in 1997, Randle El was drafted in the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft, selected in the 14th round (424th overall) by the Chicago Cubs. He opted instead to pursue a football scholarship at Indiana University, despite being told he was too small during the recruiting process.

College career
Randle El attended Indiana University Bloomington from 1997 to 2001, playing college football primarily as a quarterback. Due to a low SAT score, he sat out his first full technical year at Indiana as a partial academic qualifier. Playing for the first time in Indiana's 1998 season opener against the Western Michigan Broncos, Randle El completed 22-of-29 passing attempts for 385 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions, as well as rushing for 82 yards on 23 carries for three touchdowns. The Hoosiers would go on to win the game, 45–30, with Randle El's 467 yards breaking the NCAA freshman total offense record in his first collegiate game. His performance was also the third all-time highest passing yards in a single game for Indiana, and would earn Randle El the co-Big Ten Player of the Week award. In the same season, Randle El would lead the team to victory over the Iowa Hawkeyes on October 17, 1998, with a rushing touchdown in the final seconds of the game. The win came after a 62–0 loss to Iowa the previous season, making Indiana the first team in the history of the Big Ten Conference to lose to a team by more than 60 points in one season, and beat them the following year. Randle El would win the Big Ten Player of the Week award for a second time for his performance. On December 1, 1998, Randle El was announced as the winner of the 1998 Big Ten Freshman of the Year award, voted for by both Conference coaches and the media. The award was later re-titled the "Thompson-Randle El Freshman of the Year" award, partly in honor of Randle El's successful college career. Over the course of the 1998 season, Randle El tallied four 100-yard rushing games, against the Minnesota Golden Gophers, the Michigan Wolverines, the Michigan State Spartans, and the Cincinnati Bearcats. He finished the season and his freshman year with 1,745 passing yards and six touchdowns, as well as 873 yards rushing as a quarterback, breaking the Indiana University season record.

While at Indiana, Randle El became the first player in NCAA Division I history to pass for 40 career touchdowns and score 40 career rushing touchdowns. In 2001, he was awarded the Chicago Tribune Silver Football, presented by the Chicago Tribune to the Most Valuable Player of the Big Ten Conference. He finished his collegiate career as fifth on the all-time NCAA total yardage list, and became the first player in college football history to record 2,500 total yards for each of four consecutive years. Tallying 7,469 passing yards, 3,895 rushing yards, and 92 touchdowns running and passing for his college career, he finish sixth in the Heisman Trophy voting in his senior season. Randle El ended his college career with a 26–15 win over the Kentucky Wildcats, passing for two touchdowns.

In 2000, Penn State head coach Joe Paterno said of Randle El, "He is just the whole offense. It is scary to watch him. He is so quick that if you don't get on him and you wait for him to pitch the ball, he will take off on you. He is just an amazing athlete. I don't know how you get ready for him."

While attending Indiana, Randle El also played varsity basketball under Hall of Fame head coach Bob Knight. Randle El joined the 1998–99 Indiana basketball team following the football season. In the 1998–99 season, Randle El played 11 games for the basketball team, averaging 1.5 points and 0.7 rebounds in 6.7 minutes per game. He also played varsity baseball during the 2000 season for Indiana University.

In November 2012, Randle El was inducted into the Indiana Athletic Hall of Fame.

Pittsburgh Steelers (2002–2005)
Randle El was drafted as a wide receiver in the second round of the 2002 NFL draft with the 62nd overall pick by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was the ninth wide receiver to be selected in the 2002 NFL Draft. He earned AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his game against Baltimore in Week 8. As a rookie, he had 47 receptions for 489 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team.

In Week 8 of the 2003 season, Randle El earned AFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his game against St. Louis. He had an 84-yard punt return for a touchdown in the game. In the 2003 season, Randle El finished with 37 receptions for 364 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.

The Steelers made him their top kickoff returner through the 2004 season, and their top punt returner. In Week 15, against the New York Giants, he threw his first professional touchdown pass on a 10-yard catch by Verron Haynes. He finished the 2004 season with 43 receptions for 601 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.

In Week 10 of the 2005 season, against the Cleveland Browns, Randle El threw a 51-yard touchdown pass to Hines Ward. In the 2005 season, he finished with 35 receptions for 558 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. He had a game-clinching 43-yard reverse touchdown pass to Hines Ward in the fourth quarter of Super Bowl XL, his only championship title. He was the third non-quarterback and the first wide receiver in NFL history to throw a touchdown pass in the Super Bowl.

Washington Redskins (2006–2009)
During the free agency period in March 2006, Randle El signed a seven-year deal with the Washington Redskins, worth $31 million with $11.5 million in bonuses. He had initially been in talks to sign a six-year, $18 million contract with the Chicago Bears, but discussions had broken down following the first day of free agency. In the Redskins' Week 7 game against the Indianapolis Colts, he returned a punt 87 yards for a touchdown in the second quarter, his first punt return for a touchdown with the Redskins, then in Week 17, he passed for his first touchdown as a Redskin, completing a 48-yard pass to wide receiver Santana Moss. In the 2006 season, he finished with 32 receptions for 351 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.

In the 2007 season opener against the Miami Dolphins, Randle El recorded five receptions for a career-high 162 yards. In addition, he was the Redskins' emergency quarterback. In December 2007, Randle El was inactive in a loss to Buffalo with a hamstring injury. This was his first game missed in his six-year NFL career, ending a run of 91 consecutive regular season starts. In the 2007 season, Randle El finished with 51 receptions for 728 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. In the Wild Card Round against Seattle, Randle El had ten receptions for 94 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in the 35–14 loss.

In the 2008 season, Randle El recorded 53 receptions for 593 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns. In the 2009 season, Randle El recorded 50 receptions for 530 receiving yards in 16 games. In January 2010, Randle El was named in the Bleacher Report's Pittsburgh Steelers All-Decade team for defense and special teams, as a punt returner. He was also named fifth in USA Today's All-Decade kick returners. Randle El was among ten players released by the Redskins on March 4, 2010. The move came as a result of a number of personnel changes in Washington, with new head coach and executive vice president Mike Shanahan – signed alongside new offensive coordinator Kyle Shanahan - opting to make room in the Redskin's depth chart and salary outgoings in preparation of the 2010 free agency period. Randle El stated that he was "shocked" at the move, commenting that "..with a new GM and a new coach, I thought you'd be given a shot to show them what you can do."

Pittsburgh Steelers (second stint)
On March 8, 2010, Randle El again signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers in a three-year deal worth $7 million, with a $900,000 signing bonus. He was active in all sixteen regular season games, with 22 receptions for 253 yards. In a Week 4 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, Randle El was the team's leading receiver with 50 yards, including a season-longest 34-yard catch. Following the Steelers bye week, Randle El had a twelve-yard receiving touchdown overturned, in a week six loss to the New Orleans Saints. In Week 9, Randle El threw for a touchdown pass to wide receiver Mike Wallace in a win over the Cincinnati Bengals, following a hand-off from Ben Roethlisberger. Randle El threw for a second passing touchdown in the Steelers' final regular season game against the Cleveland Browns, completing a pass to Hines Ward. The pass added to his career passer rating of 157.5 from 21 completed passes of a possible 26, the highest career rating of any player with more than twenty completions. Randle El scored a rushing two-point conversion in Super Bowl XLV to bring the Steelers to within three points of Green Bay in the fourth quarter. He was released by the team on July 28, 2011.

Retirement
After not playing during the 2011 season, Randle El announced his retirement from professional football on July 13, 2012. In 2013, he became the athletic director at Virginia Academy in Ashburn, Virginia, a Christian high school he helped found.

In a 2016 interview with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Randle El expressed regret over playing professional football due to growing memory problems and difficulty walking up and down stairs that he has faced since retirement. He mentioned that he could still be playing baseball at his age had he pursued that path after being drafted by the Chicago Cubs.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On January 16, 2019, Randle El joined the coaching staff of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an offensive assistant, reuniting with his former wide receivers coach and offensive coordinator Bruce Arians. Randle El was a part of the coaching staff of the Buccaneers team that won Super Bowl LV.

Detroit Lions
On February 9, 2021, it was announced that Randle El was hired by the Detroit Lions as their new wide receivers coach under Head Coach Dan Campbell.

Personal life
Randle El's younger brother, Marcus, was a wide receiver and kick returner for the University of Wisconsin, while his older brother, Curtis, was a defensive back at Indiana University. Randle El is married. The couple have four children. Randle El also has three children from previous relations, totaling seven children. Randle El is a Christian.

Randle El co-hosted Redskins Gameday on WTTG during the 2007 season. Randle El participated in the coverage of the 2008 NFC Divisional playoff game between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles for NFL Network, holding an interview after the game with safety Brian Dawkins. The next week, he traveled to cover the AFC championship game between his former team, the Pittsburgh Steelers, and the Baltimore Ravens. After the game, he held interviews with some of his former teammates, including Ben Roethlisberger, Troy Polamalu, and Hines Ward.

Randle El made several appearances in television commercials for Easterns Automotive Group, a local car dealership group on the DC and Baltimore areas, alongside Chris Cooley, Clinton Portis, Jason Campbell, Chief Zee, Santana Moss, Willis McGahee.

title: Antwaan Randle El


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User talk:Misterrick/Archive2

This page has been created as an archive of previous messages that were left on my talk page. Please DO NOT CHANGE and DO NOT ADD anything new to this page. If you wish to leave me a message or have a question you wish to ask then please do so by Clicking This Link

Sincerely, Misterrick

Power Pack!!
You know when I created the Power Pack stub, I was really curious to see if it would grow at all....back in the days that comic was coming out I was a real Marvel slave. I would buy just about anything they put out. Including Power Pack, which I may have every issue of. At the time I think I even enjoyed it. Anyway, I am just excited to see that Wikipedia is becoming so comprehensive that it even contains info on subjects like this. Happy editing! ike9898 15:35, Oct 10, 2004 (UTC)

Don Imus
Hmmm... It's working, after all. I was getting a 404 message. I was downloading a large file at the time, so in retrospect, I should have first looked to see if the problem was at my end. Thanks for double-checking. --zenohockey 02:37, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your additions on the Disney-MGM Studios page
That's a good bit of information you added on the Disney-MGM Studios page. I didn't know that about the lawsuit. Thanks! JesseW 22:57, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Misterrick/Archive2


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1857 in rail transport

January events

 * January 13 – Thaddeus Fairbanks is awarded for a railroad scale.

February events

 * February 2 – With the approach of the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth line of the Great Western Railway (GWR), the Bristol and Exeter Railway's Yeovil branch line is extended from Hendford across Yeovil to the GWR station at Pen Mill, coinciding with the GWR line from Frome to Yeovil.
 * February 9 – The Central Pacific Railroad is incorporated in Nebraska Territory to build a railroad from the Missouri River through the Rocky Mountains to Washington Territory.
 * February 18 – The Galena and Illinois River Railroad, a predecessor of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, is incorporated in Illinois.

March events

 * March 12 – Desjardins Canal disaster, Ontario, Canada: A faulty axle in a locomotive caused the derailment of a Great Western Railway train at the bridge over the Desjardins Canal and the subsequent collapse of the bridge.

April events

 * April 11 – The Paris-Lyon-Méditerranée railway company (PLM) is formed in France by amalgamation of the Chemin de fer de Lyon à la Méditerranée (LM) and the Chemin de fer de Paris à Lyon (PL) companies.

May events

 * May 7 – Formal opening of Midland Railway Leicester–Hitchin line, England.

June events

 * June 1 – The Crumlin Viaduct is opened to the public in the UK
 * June 4 – The first central connection to the Mississippi River is made when the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad connects Cincinnati, Ohio, to St. Louis, Missouri.
 * June 11 – Norwegian railway director Carl Abraham Pihl is demanded by a Royal Decree to instruct a terrain investigation of the area along the river Drammenselva from Drammen to Randsfjorden.
 * June 28 - The Lewisham rail crash (1857) in England kills 11 people.
 * June 29 – The Cape Town Railway and Dock Company is granted approval to construct a 57 mi railway between Cape Town and Wellington.
 * ca. June – Locomotion No. 1 is placed on display in Darlington, England, the first historic steam locomotive to be publicly preserved.

July events

 * July 21 – Opening of Peterhof railway station in Saint Petersburg (Russia).

August events

 * August 30 – Opening of first railway in Argentina, from Buenos Aires to the suburb of Floresta (10 km of 5 ft 6in (1676 mm) gauge).

October events

 * October – Charles Moran succeeds Homer Ramdell as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * October 12 – Completion of the Milan–Venice railway in Italy with opening of the section between Bergamo and Treviglio, following inauguration of the bridge over the Oglio at Palazzolo.

December events

 * December 15 – George S. Griggs is awarded for a steam locomotive fire arch developed by Matthew Baird.

Unknown date events

 * Wrocław Główny railway station in Silesia is completed.
 * Aretas Blood succeeds O. W. Bayley as superintendent of American steam locomotive builder Manchester Locomotive Works.
 * Daniel Drew joins the Board of Directors for the Erie Railroad.
 * Ginery Twichell becomes president of the Boston and Worcester Railroad in the United States.
 * The first shipment of dressed beef by rail is sent from the Chicago Stockyards; the beef is packed in ice and shipped in conventional boxcars.
 * The first rails made from steel are made by Robert Forester Mushet early in the year and laid experimentally at Derby railway station on the Midland Railway in England. The rails prove far more durable than the iron rails they replace and remain in use until 1873.

January births

 * January 31 – George Jackson Churchward, Chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway of England 1902–1922 (d. 1933).

November births

 * November 17 – William Benson Storey, president of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1920–1933 (d. 1940).

April deaths

 * April 20 – George Hennet, English railway contractor (b. 1799).

May deaths

 * May 8 – Jasper Grosvenor, American financier who partnered with Thomas Rogers and Morris Ketchum to form Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor (b. 1794).

title: 1857 in rail transport


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August Belmont

August Belmont Sr. (born Aaron Schönberg; December 8, 1813 – November 24, 1890) was a German-American financier, diplomat, and politician. He served as Chair of the Democratic National Committee from 1860 to 1872. He was also a thoroughbred racehorse owner and the founder and namesake of the Belmont Stakes, the third leg of the Triple Crown of American Thoroughbred horse racing.

Early life
He was born as Aaron or Aron Schönberg on December 8, 1813, to a Jewish family in the village of Alzey, which was shortly annexed to the Grand Duchy of Hesse after the Napoleonic Wars. His father, Simon Belmont was the owner of a freehold estate and leading citizen of Alzey, serving as president of the local synagogue for many years. His paternal ancestors were Spanish Jews who fled the Iberian peninsula during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. At a young age, his parents began calling him August, the name he used throughout his life. His mother, Frederika Elsass Belmont, died when August was seven.

After his mother's death, he lived with his uncle and grandmother in Frankfurt, where he attended the Philanthropin, a school founded by Mayer Amschel Rothschild, designed to integrate the city's Jewish and Christian communities. When he was fifteen, he was forced to withdraw from the Philanthropin after his father failed to pay tuition. His relatives prevailed upon the Rothschild family, who were relatives by marriage of his grandmother and already leading European financiers, to train him for business. While training as an apprentice and running errands, he was tutored in French, English, composition, and arithmetic. In 1832, his training was rewarded with an appointment as confidential clerk; two years later, he became secretary and traveling companion to one of the firm's partners, which led to his first trip outside Germany to Paris, Naples, and the Vatican City.

Business career
In 1837, the Rothschild branches in Paris and London became concerned with their holdings in the Spanish Empire, which had been destabilized by the Carlist War. They sent Belmont to sail for Cuba via New York City. Reaching New York amid the Panic of 1837, he learned that the Rothschilds' American agent, J.L. and S.I. Joseph & Co., had collapsed under liabilities of $7 million. As the situation called for a response from Europe more rapid than communications technology permitted, Belmont acted on his own judgment to postpone his trip to Cuba and superintend the Rothschild interests in New York, establishing August Belmont & Co. at 78 Wall Street. The Rothschilds eventually approved his decision, making him their permanent agent in the United States.

August Belmont & Company
From 1837 to 1842, Belmont experienced instantaneous success, serving as disbursing agent, dividend collector, and newsgatherer for the Rothschilds and their customers. The new financial house also invested in foreign exchange markets, commercial and private loans, commercial paper, and handled deposits. Belmont's European connections attracted private investment from corporations, railroads, and state and local governments. In the wake of the Panic of 1837, Belmont was able to use Rothschild credit to buy up wildcat bank notes, securities, commodities, and property at severely depressed rates, sometimes as low as ten cents to the dollar. Using early modern securitization techniques, he was a pioneer on Wall Street, rapidly shifting money and commodities in complex international spirals of credit New York City had not seen before. He was also considered a skilled arbitrageur, earning him the nickname "King of the Money Changers." Within three years of his arrival in the city, he had amassed a personal fortune of $100,000 ($ in ), making him one of the richest men in New York and one of the three most important private bankers in the United States. He was still only twenty-six.

In the later half of the 1840s, Belmont's autonomy from the Rothschilds grew, and their relationship declined somewhat. In 1847, the United States government granted Belmont & Co. the right to transfer $3 million to Mexico as part of an indemnity paid for land seized in the Mexican-American War. He handled the transaction without taking a commission, hoping to generate goodwill with the government. However, when the government sought a $5 million loan soon after, Belmont won only half the amount he had bid in syndication with Corcoran & Riggs. When he further lent the new California Territory 5 million pesos, the Rothschilds hinted they might publicly dissociate the transaction and discredit Belmont, but ultimately did not. When Belmont was tasked with mentoring Alphonse James de Rothschild on a visit to America in 1849, he privately told his sister he feared he was training his replacement; Alphonse ultimately returned to Europe to lead the family's Parisian holdings.

During Belmont's time abroad as a diplomat in the Netherlands, the business was operated by Charles Christmas and Erhard A. Matthiessen under the name Christmas, Matthiessen & Company.

Diplomatic and early political career
Belmont was a lifelong member of the Democratic Party who first engaged in political campaigning in 1844, the same year he was naturalized as a citizen, by supporting James K. Polk for president in the hotly contested presidential election. The same year, he became the consul general of the Austrian Empire in New York City, representing the Habsburg family in diplomatic matters throughout the Mid-Atlantic States. He resigned the position in 1850 over objections to the regime's policies towards Hungary, which had become a major cause célèbre in the United States, and his growing interest in American politics.

1852 presidential campaign
Around 1849, Belmont met John Slidell, a leading member of the Democratic Party in Louisiana, through the Union Club of the City of New York. By 1850, Slidell encouraged Belmont to enter politics. Belmont had voted for Democratic candidates since his naturalization in 1844, although most of his business acquaintances were nominal or active Whigs.

With Slidell, Belmont backed the nomination of former United States Secretary of State James Buchanan for president in 1852, hoping to unite New York in a coalition with the South. To avoid the appearance of Southern interference, Slidell chose Belmont to manage the New York campaign. At the time, New York Democrats were deeply divided into various factions over slavery, with anti-slavery "Barnburners" having bolted in 1848 to support the Free Soil Party candidacy of Martin Van Buren. Throughout 1851 and the spring of 1852, Belmont and Slidell worked to rally the factions to Buchanan, including by the purchase of the New York Morning Star newspaper, but they failed to overcome favorite son William L. Marcy or Lewis Cass in the New York delegation. Efforts to unite behind Marcy or Stephen A. Douglas at the 1852 Democratic National Convention also failed; Franklin Pierce was nominated as an unexpected dark horse. Belmont lent financial and political support to Pierce's campaign, bringing sustained attack from the city's Whig newspapers, which accused Belmont of using "Jew gold" from abroad to buy votes and maintaining "dual allegiance" to the Habsburg and Rothschild families. Belmont demanded a retraction of at least one Tribune story, but after he was rebuffed by Horace Greeley, he enlisted the Democratic Herald and Evening Post in his defense. The journalistic war of words became known within New York City as the "Belmont affair."

Minister to the Netherlands (1853–57)
Pierce won the 1852 election easily and appointed Buchanan and Belmont to diplomatic posts in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, respectively. Belmont held the title of Charges d'Affairs at The Hague from October 11, 1853, until September 26, 1854, when the position's title was changed to Minister Resident. He continued as Minister Resident until September 22, 1857. In this role, Belmont successfully negotiated two treaties with the Dutch government: a new commercial treaty permitting American access to the Dutch East Indies in 1855 and an extradition treaty in 1857.

Ostend Manifesto
Shortly after Pierce's election, Belmont proposed to Buchanan a plan to purchase and annex Cuba through military and diplomatic pressure on the unstable Kingdom of Spain, along with financial pressure from the Rothschilds and other European banking houses which held Spanish government bonds and could threaten the government with bankruptcy. In the letter, Belmont proposed that President-elect Pierce could, through his ministers to London and the Bourbon monarchies in Paris and Naples, create a diplomatic climate favorable to Spanish capitulation. For Naples, he recommended himself; Buchanan endorsed the plan and proposed it to Pierce, omitting Belmont's name. Belmont proposed the plan again to William Marcy upon learning that Marcy would become Secretary of State, adding that he was on good terms with the lover of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. He continued to lobby Buchanan, Marcy, and Pierce, directly and through friends, for the appointment to Naples, but it was ultimately given to Robert Dale Owen, and Belmont reluctantly accepted appointment to The Hague.

En route to The Hague, Belmont visited Buchanan and Lionel de Rothschild in London and "several gentlemen of influence" in Madrid. He reported to Washington that Spain was unstable and desperate for financial relief, but also proposed rebellion in Cuba as an alternative to a direct sale, if blocked by "Castilian pride." In October 1853, Belmont requested from Marcy a "secret fund of $40,000 to $50,000" to bribe Spanish officials to support Cuban independence, and he opened backchannel negotiations with the Spanish Minister to The Netherlands, a personal friend who favored the sale. However, Spain–United States relations soured quickly, driven by the bellicosity of Pierre Soulé, the United States Minister to Spain, and the Spanish Revolution of 1854, which installed a government less disposed to sell Cuba. Under sustained pressure from Belmont and other expansionists, President Pierce proposed that Buchanan, Soulé, and John Y. Mason (the three leading American diplomats in Europe) deliver a report on the Belmont plan. Though Slidell proposed that Belmont participate "on account of the Rothschild influence at Madrid and Paris," he was not present at their meeting in Ostend, Belgium on October 9, 1854. Their report to Secretary Marcy, which favored an invasion of Cuba in the even that Spain refused to sell the island, became known as the Ostend Manifesto. The Manifesto was swiftly doomed by its leak to the New York Herald and the victory of Pierce's opponents in the 1854 elections.

Gibson affair
As chargé d'affaires, Belmont was tasked with negotiating a trade agreement which would allow American shipping in the Dutch East Indies; his efforts were diverted by an international incident over the arrest of American citizen and adventurer Walter M. Gibson for fomenting rebellion in the East Indies. Gibson had been arrested in 1851 for conspiring with the Sultan of Djambi to overthrow Dutch authority on the island of Sumatra. After he was acquitted on a technicality, the Dutch Minister of Justice overturned the colonial court's decision and sentenced him to twelve years imprisonment. Gibson fled the East Indies for Washington, where he arrived in 1853 and appealed to the Pierce administration for protection. He also sought support in pursuing an indemnity claim against the Dutch government for his arrest and destruction of his ship. Secretary Marcy and American public opinion backed Gibson.

After initial resistance from the Dutch foreign ministry, the affair was inflamed in summer 1854 when Gibson, impatient with the State Department's handling of the case, arrived in The Hague personally to pursue his claims, falsely representing himself to Belmont as a special diplomatic agent appointed by Marcy. Gibson's presence undermined Belmont's negotiating position and riled Dutch public opinion, which demanded he be arrested as a fugitive from justice. Belmont's position was further weakened when he left the city for the mineral baths in Bohemia, citing rheumatism. While Belmont was on leave, Gibson stole his dossier on the case and left for Paris, where he further told American minister John Y. Mason that Belmont had appointed him special attaché. Gibson in turn represented himself around Paris as Mason's first secretary, leaking stories to Horace Greeley's New York Tribune which attacked Pierce's foreign policy by suggesting that Belmont utilized his diplomatic post as a banking house and was underwriting the Russian Empire in the Crimean War.

Though Marcy thereafter dropped the issue and proceeded to ignore Gibson's claims, and both Marcy and President Pierce praised Belmont's handling of the affair, the entire incident did further damage to Belmont's public reputation in the United States. In addition to the Tribune, the Democratic New York Herald (which had turned on the Pierce administration politically, as the result of a patronage dispute) joined in anti-semitic and xenophobic attacks on Belmont for the remainder of his tenure.

Buchanan years (1857–60)
While at The Hague, Belmont strengthened his ties to James Buchanan, maintaining an active and flattering correspondence with his fellow diplomat. As President Pierce's domestic popularity waned over his handling of the crisis in Kansas, Belmont expected Buchanan to be the next Democratic nominee and the likely President. Stateside, John Slidell organized members of Congress and bankers behind Buchanan for the 1856 nomination and lobbied Buchanan to resign from his post to openly stand as a candidate. He did in March 1856 and, after a visit to Belmont at The Hague, sailed home, where he was nominated and elected president. Belmont's role in the 1856 campaign was a matter of historical controversy; major accounts inaccurate imply he was in the United States, contributing thousands of dollars and planning campaign strategy. Biographer Irving Katz notes that Belmont did not return from Europe until November 1857 and, though he certainly committed money to the Buchanan campaign, no evidence exists as to an exact sum. Regardless of his exact role, he was again a subject of scrutiny and attack from the domestic press, who sought to tarnish Buchanan's image through connection to Belmont.

Though Belmont hoped to receive a promotion within the diplomatic corps, Buchanan and Lewis Cass, the new Secretary of State, offered him only another four years at The Hague; he declined and resigned his post. When he arrived in the United States, he found his party embroiled in a feud between President Buchanan and Senator Stephen Douglas, who denounced the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for the Kansas Territory, which Buchanan supported. Belmont, who considered Douglas a personal friend and the likely Democratic nominee in 1860, nevertheless publicly endorsed Buchanan's stance in 1858, circulating a petition which urged Congress to admit Kansas into the Union as a slave state and defending the administration against "'Black' Republicans and Know-Nothings" in an Independence Day speech at Tammany Hall.

In 1858, Belmont lobbied to succeed Augustus C. Dodge as Minister to Spain, but his request was ignored by the White House, in part because Buchanan hoped to appoint John Slidell as Minister to France and felt he could not appoint both men to prominent posts. The decision has also been attributed to Belmont's role in the Ostend Manifesto, which made him unsuitable for the sensitive post. The snub agitated Belmont, who broke with the administration permanently, and then broke with his wife's uncle Slidell, after Slidell refused to relay an angry letter from Belmont to the President. Belmont's switch from Buchanan to Douglas drew him into the more moderate "Softshell" faction of the New York party, which favored a pluralist, democratic approach on the issue of slavery. In October 1859, he joined with Samuel J. Tilden and others to organize the Democratic Vigilant Association, a predominantly mercantile group (especially those engaged in trade with the South) to combat "atrocious disunion doctrines," including the abolition of slavery.

1860 conventions and election
Belmont was elected as a delegate to the 1860 Democratic National Convention. As before, Belmont's presence in the Douglas coalition drew criticism, with placards claiming "the Rothschilds have sent countless millions" to buy the presidency. Even some Douglas supporters opposed Belmont, with Fernando Wood claiming that Belmont intended to betray the Senator, given his connections to Buchanan and Slidell. Belmont allayed any fears in a meeting with Douglas allies and ultimately became leader of the Douglas men in the New York delegation, a pivotal position at the convention.

Belmont attended the April convention in Charleston with his family and Salomon James de Rothschild as his guest. The convention descended into chaos over the party's position on slavery, was disbanded, and was rescheduled for Baltimore six weeks later. In the meantime, Belmont advised Douglas on campaign strategy and gained the candidate's support for a resolution to protect the rights of slaveholders in the territories. Belmont also funded Douglas rallies in New York City, aiming to raise funds and keep the Northern party united behind Douglas. Douglas expressed gratitude and invited Belmont to meet in Washington in advance of the Baltimore convention, where Douglas was easily nominated without Southern participation. Belmont was selected as to represent New York on the Democratic National Committee and then elevated as the Committee's chairman; he would serve in the role for over a decade. Douglas biographer George F. Milton wrote, "the Committee hoped [Belmont] could smite the Manhattan rock and cause campaign funds to flow." Belmont biographer Irving Katz additionally cites Belmont's "organizing ability, his immense energy, his unswerving loyalty to the Douglas standard, and his efforts to diminish intraparty friction."

Belmont is attributed with single-handedly transforming the position of party chairman from a previously honorary office to one of great political and electoral importance, creating the modern American political party's national organization.

American Civil War
He energetically supported the Union cause during the Civil War as a "War Democrat" (similar to former Tennessee Senator Andrew Johnson, later installed as war governor of the Union Army-occupied seceded state), conspicuously helping U.S. Representative from Missouri Francis P. Blair raise and equip the Union Army's first predominantly German-American regiment.

According to one version of events, Belmont also used his influence with European business and political leaders to support the Union cause in the Civil War, trying to dissuade the Rothschilds and other French bankers from lending funds or credit for military purchases to the Confederacy and meeting personally in London with the British prime minister, Lord Palmerston, and members of Emperor Napoleon III's French Imperial Government in Paris. However, the evidence compiled by Mira Wilkins, in The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 (Cambridge, Harvard, 1989) tells another story. She writes: “A Confederacy loan, issued in London in 1863 and marketed in London and Paris, was oversubscribed” (p. 103). Young Salomon de Rothschild was in the United States in 1859–1861 and was captivated by the American South. He wrote home on April 28, 1961, urging the Rothschilds to use their influence to have the Confederacy recognized. He saw the North as totally at fault” (p. 677 n. 90). The Confederacy loan “was also taken up in Liverpool, Amsterdam, and Frankfurt. Stanley Chapman calls the loan to the Confederacy ‘perhaps the most audaciously successful loan of the century.’... John Slidell (the uncle of August Belmont's wife) arranged the Confederacy loan. John Slidell's daughter, Mathilde, married Baron Frederic Emile d’Erlanger who was involved in that loan; their son, Baron Emile Beaumont d’Erlanger would become the senior partner in Emile Erlanger & Co., London (based on a family tree in the Belmont Family Papers, Columbia University)” (677 n. 94). In New York, Belmont helped organize the Democratic Vigilant Association, which sought to promote unity by promising Southerners that New York businessmen would protect the rights of the South and keep free-soil members out of office.

Remaining chairman of the Democratic National Committee after the War, Belmont presided over what he called "the most disastrous epoch in the annals of the Democratic Party". As early as 1862, Belmont and Samuel Tilden bought stock in the New York World in order to mold it into a major Democratic press organ with the help of Manton M. Marble, its editor-in-chief.

According to the Chicago Tribune in 1864, Belmont was buying up Southern bonds on behalf of the Rothschilds as their agent in New York because he backed the Southern cause. Seeking to capitalize on divisions in the Republican Party at the War's end, Belmont organized new party gatherings and promoted Salmon Chase (the former United States Secretary of the Treasury since 1861, and later Chief Justice of the United States in 1864) for president in 1868, the candidate he viewed least vulnerable to charges of disloyalty to the Party during the Republican/Unionists Lincoln-Johnson Administrations, (1861–69).

1868 and 1872 elections
Horatio Seymour's electoral defeat in the 1868 election paled in comparison to the later nomination of Liberal Republican Horace Greeley's disastrous 1872 presidential campaign. In 1870, the Democratic Party faced a crisis when the Committee of Seventy emerged to cleanse the government of corruption. A riot at Tammany Hall led to the campaign to topple William M. Tweed. Belmont stood by his party.

While the party chairman had originally promoted Charles Francis Adams for the nomination, Greeley's nomination implied Democratic endorsement of a candidate who as publisher of the famous nationally dominant newspaper, the New York Tribune, had often earlier referred to Democrats before, during and after the War as "slaveholders", "slave-whippers", "traitors", and "Copperheads" and accused them of "thievery, debauchery, corruption, and sin".

Although the election of 1872 prompted Belmont to resign his chairmanship of the Democratic National Committee, he nevertheless continued to dabble in politics as a champion of U.S. Senator Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware for the presidency, as a fierce critic of the process granting Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in the 1876 election, and as an advocate of "hard money" financial policies.

Personal life
As a young Jewish foreigner in New York, Belmont had few initial avenues for social advancement. The existing "Knickerbocker" elite, composed of older English-Dutch Protestants, disapproved of his extravagant lifestyle and tastes, while the established Jewish community in the city was largely Sephardic, and Belmont himself disfavored associations with the small, lower-class Ashkenazi community. His social companions were largely young rebellious men from well-to-do families; with these connections, he gradually began to introduce European cosmopolitan society to the United States. Belmont's early romantic and social life in the United States also drew controversy and opprobrium. In 1840, he unsuccessfully courted the ballerina Fanny Elssler during her sensational tour of the United States; Elssler's known reputation for promiscuity and her illegitimate child drew disapproval. In 1841, he was publicly accused of an affair with a married woman and responded by challenging the accuser to a duel, in which Belmont was shot in the hip.

On November 7, 1849, Belmont married Caroline Slidell Perry (1829–1892), whom he met that summer through her uncle John Slidell while vacationing at Saratoga Springs. She was the daughter of naval officer Matthew Calbraith Perry, captain and commodore in the U.S. Navy, later famous for his expedition to open the trading ports of Japan in 1853. The two were married in an Episcopal ceremony, and he henceforth no longer acknowledged his Jewish upbringing, though he did not convert, being ambivalent toward religion.

Together, they were the parents of six children, with three of his sons becoming involved in politics:
 * Perry Belmont (1851–1947), U.S. Representative from New York (1881–88) and Minister to Spain (1888–89)
 * August Belmont Jr. (1853–1924)
 * Jane Pauline "Jennie" Belmont (1856–1875), who died aged 19
 * Fredericka Belmont (1856–1902), who married Samuel Shaw Howland (1849–1925), son of Gardiner Greene Howland
 * Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont (1858–1908), U.S. Representative from New York (1901–03)
 * Raymond Rodgers Belmont (1863–1887), a champion polo player

Belmont died in Manhattan, New York City on November 24, 1890, from pneumonia. His funeral was held at the Church of the Ascension in New York City.

The Letters, Speeches and Addresses of August Belmont was published at New York in 1890. Belmont left an estate valued at more than ten million dollars (equivalent to $ million in ). He is buried in an ornate sarcophagus in the Belmont family plot (along with other Belmonts, Perrys and Tiffanys) in the Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island. His widow died in 1892.

His home, By-the-Sea in Newport, Rhode Island, was demolished in 1946.

Sportsman
He was an avid sportsman, and the famed Belmont Stakes thoroughbred horse race is named in his honor. It debuted at Jerome Park Racetrack, owned by Belmont's friend, Leonard Jerome (the maternal grandfather of Winston Churchill). The Belmont Stakes is part of thoroughbred horse racing's Triple Crown and takes place at Belmont Park racetrack, just outside New York City. Belmont was heavily involved in Thoroughbred horse racing. He served as the president of the National Jockey Club from 1866 to 1887 and owned the Nursery Stud (a horse-breeding farm near Babylon, New York, on Long Island), which in 1885 was replaced by a stud farm of the same name near Lexington, Kentucky.

Legacy
Belmont, New Hampshire, is named in his honor, an honor he never acknowledged.

The Liberty ship SS August Belmont was named in his honor.

In 1910, sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward completed a bronze statue of a seated Belmont. The statue was originally installed in front of a small chapel adjacent to the Belmont burial plot in the Island Cemetery. It was later moved to a park between Washington Square and Touro Street in Newport. It was replaced by a marker dedicating the park as Eisenhower Park in 1960, to honor President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The statue was loaned by the city of Newport to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1985. It was eventually installed, about 1995, in front of the headquarters building for the Preservation Society of Newport County at the corner of Bellevue and Narragansett Avenues in Newport.

In popular culture
Author Edith Wharton reputedly modeled the character of Julius Beaufort in her novel The Age of Innocence on Belmont.

In The Impeachment of Abraham Lincoln by Stephen L. Carter, August Belmont appears as a character.

title: August Belmont


text:
Combahee River

The Combahee River is a short blackwater river in the southern Lowcountry region of South Carolina formed at the confluence of the Salkehatchie and Little Salkehatchie rivers near the Islandton community of Colleton County, South Carolina. Part of its lower drainage basin combines with the Ashepoo River and the Edisto River to form the ACE Basin. The Combahee empties into Saint Helena Sound near Beaufort, which in turn empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

History
The river is named for its first inhabitants, the Combahee tribe of Native Americans. Europeans occupied the area as early as the 1680s, and so the Combahee and others of the Cusabo group are also known as Settlement Indians. Land was set aside for the Yemassee people along several rivers, including the Combahee. The Yemassee War of 1715–1717 saw skirmishes in the area.

On August 27, 1782, one of the last fights in the Revolutionary War took place along the Combahee River. The British made an attempt at foraging, which the Americans, headed by General Mordecai Gist and Colonel John Laurens, opposed. Laurens, the son of Henry Laurens, a former president of the Continental Congress, died in the action.

The Combahee River bordered and supplied the water for some of the largest, most productive rice plantations prior to the Civil War. It was the site of an important military incident during that conflict, the Raid at Combahee Ferry. This was a Union raid into the interior of South Carolina, which freed over 750 slaves. Harriet Tubman, an escaped slave herself, well known for leading others hundreds of miles to safety on the Underground Railway, led this endeavor on June 2, 1863. The bridge across the Combahee on US Highway 17 is the location today.

Cultural legacy
The Combahee River Collective was a Black feminist lesbian organization, formed in 1974 and named after the Combahee River Raid, where Harriet Tubman led 750 freed slaves to safety. The Collective was instrumental in highlighting that the white feminist movement was not addressing the particular needs of black women. They are perhaps best known for developing the Combahee River Collective Statement, a key document in the history of contemporary Black feminism and the development of the concepts of identity as used among political organizers and social theorists.

title: Combahee River


text:
Talk:Slacker

Don't reinvent the wheel
The piece about "Don't reinvent the wheel" is irrelevant. That is not a term that identifies the slacker mentality. The concept of reinventing the wheel is just about avoiding waste. As the term relates to programming concepts, it is an absolute necessity, because an employer is not likely to want to pay high programmer salaries for work that has already been accomplished. Therefore, code re-use is simply being a responsible employee, not a slacker. In addition, such re-use reduces the possibility of additional programming errors and inaccuracies. So I don't think this should be considered exemplary of the slacker mentality. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.247.4.180 (talk) 13:19, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Racist myth
I am kind of bothered by the "Hard work for its own sake is a fairly modern phenomenon, becoming culturally acceptable during the Protestant Reformation. A positive view on work was not a cultural norm for Hebrew, Classical antiquity, or medieval cultures.", passage. This idea, the so-called "protestant work ethic", first gained popularity in the 19th century to give a semi-rational justification for anglo-saxon racism and the manifest destiny doctrine. Protestants certainly didn't work anywhere near as hard as the African-american slaves they owned before abolition, and Asian had hard work ethics for centuries before any European came up with the idea. I think those two sentences should be erased.

 * Obviously all sorts of people throughout history have worked hard. but it's because they had to, or wanted to be rich etc, not "for its own sake". LDHan 14:39, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Slacker Example
I removed "(such as writing in Wikipedia instead of getting a "real" job)" from In Defense of Slackers because it seemed rather trollish. If you feel contrary please respond :) --Hoovernj 03:51, 12 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm a latecomer, but I disagree. The phrase is an old joke, and one that has been discussed before (see below) and found funny. It's also genuinely a good example, as everyone here knows. --Kizor 14:16, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Is the unit conversion really necessary for li? The phrase doesn't have the same oomph that way. I mean, people never say "Give him 2.54 cm and he'll take 1.14 meters," right? :) --Uttaddmb 21:13, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

How else would anyone know it was a measure of length?68.71.35.93 01:28, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

question: how in particular is the tone of the article inappropriate? sure its a tad casual, but i think its pretty good. --ColdFeet 14:10, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

"...slackers may in fact be very active, though not always in activities that society deems to be most important, (like writing in a wikipedia instead of getting a real job that renders income)."

I just want to say that that's the greatest thing I've ever read at Wikipedia :)

 * Yeah, that's definitely better than what's there now.

Stereotype
Should mention 1990sff stereotype (use in extensive revision). --Daniel C. Boyer 17:29, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Defense of Slackers
I don't think this section is appropriate for an encyclopedia article. You can talk about the history of the term, how it's used, who it applies to... whatever... but "defending" these people should be done elsewhere. (Also, "People who are good at doing what is important to them" is certainly not a definition of slacker... You ever heard someone call Mother Teresa a slacker?

No but i have heard her called the "Ghoul of Calcutta"

"Some people consider Beck's 1994 #1 hit "Loser" even if the author was not slacking at all when he wrote it." This sentence is incomplete. Consider what?

Richard Linklater quote
Does this require a [sic] after the withdrawl? There seem to be significantly more googleable versions with the withdrawl than with withdrawal. A citation would resolve this tiny and trivial uncertainty ;-)

 * "Withdrawl in disgust is not the same as apathy." - Richard Linklater

or
 * "Withdrawl [sic] in disgust is not the same as apathy." - Richard Linklater

Politepunk 15:52, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, I found fewer instances of "withdrawl" than of "withdrawal" when I added "Linklater" to the search.
 * As for the "sic":
 * If it's a verbal quote (i.e. Linklater said it), then "withdrawal" should be spelled correctly, and no "sic" needed. ELSE...
 * If it's a written quote, and it is indeed misspelled "withdrawl", then it should be marked "[sic]" to show that the spelling error is Linklater's, not Wikipedia's. SigPig 06:49, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Either way, how is it at all appropriate to start a Wikipedia article with an epigram? 68.80.111.166 08:29, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Wrong Idea?
Slackers in Information Age is oxymoron.Wikipedia illustrates this. People who contribute to knowledge are not slackers.A website admin is not a slacker,a moderator on forums is a job.people can't see past their Industrial Age paradigms. To be a real Slacker you need to sever links from society,stop contributing anything productive and only consume.Sort of leisure class without work.A slacker who writes fanfics,or creates fansubs,draws/modifies pictures etc is productive force.This term is suggesting we need all to become wage slaves and work like Workaholic Japanese(yes,i'm aware they aren't all like that). the expression "cut some slack" and "slacking off" should be exlained. Looks like a loaded term. see Loser

How can sentences
such as "(such as writing in Wikipedia instead of getting a "real" job)." or "however their relative apathy precludes their involvement in any movement, as the work involved in being involved in anything at all is against the slacker way of life" be considered a part of serious Wikipedia article?

I don't believe any objective viewer can view this article as non-humoristic.

Cleanup tag added.

Biased As All Hell
Whomever edited this thing originally certainly didn't spare any chance to lavish praise. As currently written it is one-sided and barely above being a propaganda piece. I'll slice and dice it later when I have time and restore some neutrality to it, or at least the opposing viewpoint. 206.169.197.221 21:11, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * You aren't Hmoul are you? I had just started reading the article and thought it sounded biased as hell in the opposite direction.  A quick look in the history reveals that the user I just mentioned basically wrecked the fucking article, removing massive chunks of relevant information and inserting in obviously POV statements such as "In general use there is no non-pejorative use of the term except in joking terms. A slacker is perceived to be a loser of no redeeming value."  I don't want to end up babysitting the article or get involved in some ridiculous edit war, so I'm just gonna slap a POV tag on the article and hope that someone else can come along and clean it up.  Until then I think I'll read the older version instead. - 81.179.69.230 13:25, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, I just did it myself after all. - 81.179.69.230 16:31, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Sounds like Hmoul is like I was 10 to 15 years ago: are you a student of Neo-Tech? I have gradually mostly "back-slidden" from the philosophy/politics of it's creators, and have came to realize that I really don't like the prospects of being a total workaholic, forever. Now, I can't hardly stand those secular "South Park Republican"/Libertarian amoral "tech geek" types (well, their only morals seem to be an absolute, total abhorance of the initiation of government force, but they're also keen on promoting/praising competitive market-driven workaholism) By the way, I'm not too big on politically-correct, anti-free speech liberals or sex-hating (sex-negative) radical feminists either. I'm not really a slacker, but I'm sick and tired of people bashing them (and NOT bashing the hypocritical, force-initiating conservatives). Do they really think it is rational to prefer enslavement by "busy" capitalists/theocrats than to merely tolerate (or be slightly regulated and taxed by) "slacker" liberal arts types? How is being taxed and regulated, even ever-so-slightly (compared to just about every other country in the world) by the government such a unfathomable evil, while allowing moralistic conservatives to ban consentual adult behavior (and abuse their children) the "lesser" of the two evils? Shanoman 18:11, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Six steps to being a slacker
http://enbris.blogsome.com/2006/03/13/6-stegsguide-till-ett-liv-som-slacker/

Swedish Steg 1: Ge upp tankarna om att vilja bli rik. Steg 2: Gör dig fri från skulder. Steg 3: Köp inte massa skit du inte behöver. Steg 4: Dumpa pensionen. Steg 5: Arbeta deltid. Steg 6: Gör det du alltid drömt om.

Quick translation to english. Step 1: Give up the thoughs of wanting to be rich/wealthy. Step 2: Make you free from mortages. Step 3: Don't buy lots of crap you don't need. Step 4: Dump the pension (insurance). Step 5: Work part-time. Step 6: Do the things you always dreamt about.

-thanks, man Here's another step, edit wikipedia

Sex?
Should there be something in the article outlining the sexual practices of slackers? (ie, masturbation, sex without ejaculation to prevent offspring thus preventing responsibility, pornography addiction/aversion, raping road cones, and the like?

Reference collecting
In the interest of re-writing the bulk of this with solid references, I'm going to start a list of potential references here. scot 20:52, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * http://condor.depaul.edu/~dweinste/rock/ironicyth.html
 * http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/13/sunday/main1890235.shtml
 * http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/04/books/chapters/0604-1st-lutz.html?ex=1170997200&en=ea9a2b5851244b40&ei=5070 (chapter 1 of Tom Lutz's book, Doing Nothing, registration required)
 * http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0865476500/ref=sib_dp_pt/002-7506948-4494437#reader-link (Amazon.com's Look Inside for Lutz's book)

Article Blows
This article reads like something from everything2.com. It's also totally unsourced. I think it should be deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.131.209.14 (talk) 17:20, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree. This is not an encyclopedia article, it's a dictionary article. Fleebo (talk) 03:37, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Bart Simpson
I don't think he can be described as a slacker. He's supposedly 10 and still at school. I think one becomes a slacker upon leaving school with no ambitions to do anything except be a pot-head. Although he is on good terms with Otto, a definite slacker. SteveRamone 17:20, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Causes of “slacking”
People who suffer from depression or post-traumatic stress disorder are not “slackers.” Bwrs (talk) 16:41, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

I removed this undocumented and offensive material. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 22:15, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Removed this citation
I removed the citation to: Dudley B. Dawson, "The seven habits of highly effective slackers" at examiner.com because it was not associated with any text that actually used it and also because the entire article is ironic and therefore really not suitable as a citation/source. It argues that people who work quietly without promoting their own achievements are the true workhorses of society. It uses the term "slacker" as a gimmick. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 22:20, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Merge "goofing off" into this article
Should the article goofing off be merged into this article, since they are about the same topic? Jarble (talk) 20:39, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Church of the SubGenius
How can an article on slackers not contain a single reference to the Church of the SubGenius? 151.200.242.189 (talk) 02:42, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slacker


text:
1872 in rail transport

March events

 * March – John Adams Dix succeeds Jay Gould as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * March 1 – Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing Company, one of the constituent companies of American Car and Foundry Company, is incorporated in Pennsylvania.
 * March 5 – George Westinghouse receives a patent for the Westinghouse air brake.
 * March 11 – The 3/4 mi long Bristol Harbour Railway opens from the junction of the Bristol and Exeter Railway and Great Western Railway at Temple Meads to the Floating Harbour in Bristol.

April events

 * April 1 – The Midland Railway (Great Britain) admits Third class passengers to all trains, a move which other British railway companies follow.
 * April 6 – Wallkill Valley Railroad opens Rosendale Trestle, at this time the highest bridge in the United States, to rail traffic in Rosendale, New York.

May events

 * May 1 – The Buckfastleigh, Totnes and South Devon Railway, in England, opens.
 * May 1 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad begins construction westward from Newton, Kansas, toward Colorado.
 * May 18 – The Delaware and Raritan Canal, New Jersey Railroad and the Camden and Amboy Railroad, the first railroad built in New Jersey, are merged into the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company.
 * May 28 – The Columbus and Toledo Railroad is incorporated.

June events

 * June 12 – First section of railway in Japan opens, from Yokohama to Shinagawa, Tokyo.
 * June 17 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Newton, Kansas, reaches Hutchinson.

July events

 * July – Peter H. Watson succeeds John A. Dix as president of the Erie Railroad.
 * July 1 – Schenker, predecessor of global freight forwarder DB Schenker, is founded in Vienna.
 * July 2 – Baltimore and Potomac Railroad opens its line from Baltimore, Maryland, to Washington, D.C., via Huntington.

August events

 * August 5 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Newton, Kansas, reaches Great Bend.
 * August 12 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Newton, Kansas, reaches Larned.

September events

 * September 5 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Newton, Kansas, reaches Dodge City, Kansas.
 * September 13 – The first section of the planned railroad connection between Vârciorova and Roman, Romania, opens, connecting Piteşti, Bucharest, Galaţi and Roman.

October events

 * October 1
 * The Denver, South Park and Pacific Railway is incorporated.
 * The first meeting of the Time Table Conventions, an organization that later became the American Railway Association, is held in Louisville, Kentucky.
 * October 2 – The Kirtlebridge rail crash in Scotland kills 10 people.
 * October 10
 * First passenger service on the Transcaucasian Railway (later Georgian Railway) in the Russian Empire, between the capital, Tbilisi, and the Black Sea port of Poti.
 * Shimbashi Teishajō, the original Tokyo terminus of Japan's first railway, opens.
 * October 14 (September 12 in Tenpō calendar) – Official inauguration of first Japanese railway between Shimbashi, Tokyo (modern-day Shiodome) and Yokohama (modern-day Sakuragichō) (provisionally in June)

November events

 * November 1 – Ensign Manufacturing Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry Company, is incorporated in West Virginia.

December events

 * December 28 – The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Newton, Kansas, reaches the border between Kansas and Colorado.

Unknown date events

 * Strasburg, Colorado – joining of rail over river completes transcontinental railway.
 * American steam locomotive builder Manchester Locomotive Works purchases the fire engine manufacturing business of Amoskeag Locomotive Works.
 * At the age of 29, William Cornelius Van Horne becomes the youngest superintendent of Illinois Central Railroad.
 * Buffalo Car Manufacturing Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in Buffalo, New York.
 * The Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta Railroad leases North Carolina's Wilmington and Weldon Railroad.

September births

 * September 20 – Death Valley Scotty (born Walter Edward Scott), con man who chartered the Scott Special record-breaking run on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1905.

January deaths

 * January 6 – Jim Fisk, American financier who worked with Daniel Drew for control of the Erie Railroad (b. 1834).

February deaths

 * 8 February – Joseph Pease, English railway promoter (b. 1799).

April deaths

 * April 9 – Erastus Corning, established railroads in New York and was instrumental in the formation of New York Central (b. 1794).

August deaths

 * August – Asa Whitney, one of the first backers of an American Transcontinental Railway

title: 1872 in rail transport


text: Talk:Corporate finance

title: Talk:Corporate finance


text:
Theodor Rosetti

Theodor Rosetti (5 May 1837, Iași or Solești, Moldavia – 17 July 1923, Bucharest, Romania) was a Romanian writer, journalist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between 23 March 1888 and 22 March 1889, with two cabinets formed. Over his life, he also served several other roles within the judicial and government.

He was brother-in-law of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the former ruler of Romania and was considered to be on the conservative pro-monarchy side of the government. Rosetti was one of the most important members of the Junimea literary society.

title: Theodor Rosetti


text:
1897 in rail transport

March events

 * March 24 – Construction begins on the Sierra Railway of California, now known as the Sierra Railroad, between Oakdale and Jamestown, California.

May events

 * May 4 – The Rio Grande Junction Railway sells the Colorado Midland out of bankruptcy to private investors.

June events
June 11 – The Welshampton rail crash in England kills 12.

July events

 * July – The Railway Magazine is first published, in London.
 * July 1 – The Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad is reorganized as the Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway Company (later to become the Monon Railroad).
 * July 12 – The Kansas, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway, a predecessor of the St. Louis - San Francisco Railway, is incorporated in the Oklahoma Territory.
 * July 22 – At the railroad's first stockholder meeting, the Toledo and Milwaukee Railroad. a predecessor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, officially changes its name to Detroit, Toledo and Milwaukee Railroad.

August events

 * August 17 – W. B. Purvis is awarded a patent for an electric railroad switch.
 * August 23 – Groundbreaking ceremonies are held for the construction of the Ottawa and New York Railway.
 * August 27 – Whirlpool Rapids Bridge wholly replaces the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge on the U.S.–Canadian border.
 * August 28 – Construction begins on the Chinese Eastern and South Manchurian lines of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
 * August 31 – Charles Sanger Mellen succeeds Edwin Winter as president of Northern Pacific Railway.

September events

 * September 1 – The Tremont Street Subway tunnel in Boston, the oldest subway tunnel in North America, opens.

October events

 * October 3 – The Loop Elevated (1.79 miles/2.88 km) in downtown Chicago is opened for service. Lake Street Elevated trains are routed around the Loop, Metropolitan West Side Elevated train began using the Loop on October 11, and South Side Elevated trains began using the Loop on October 18.
 * October – Construction begins in Djibouti City on the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway.

November events

 * November 2 – The Highland Railway's Kyle of Lochalsh Line is completed throughout to the west coast of Scotland.
 * November 23 – Andrew J. Beard invents the "jerry coupler".

December events

 * December 27 – The first train is operated on the Randsburg Railway between Kramer and Johannesburg, California.

Unknown date events

 * Several smaller railroads in South Carolina are merged to form the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of South Carolina, a predecessor of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad.
 * First successful class of 2-8-2 steam locomotives built by Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia for the gauge Nippon Railway of Japan (hence the class name Mikado).
 * The Ottawa, Arnprior & Parry Sound Railway begins full service between Ottawa, Ontario and Parry Sound, Ontario.
 * Narrow gauge Ferrocarril Cazadero la Torre y Tepetongo begins passenger service to Nado, Estado de México.
 * Narrow gauge railway in Estonia is built to connect Viljandi with the Valga–Pärnu line in Mõisaküla. Later the line is extended from Viljandi to Paide and then to Reval (Tallinn) harbour.

February births

 * February 14 – Robert R. Young, chairman of Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and New York Central (d. 1958).

November births

 * November 16 – Harold W. Burtness, president of Chicago Great Western Railway 1946–1948, is born (d. 1978).

Unknown date births

 * Wayne A. Johnston, president of Illinois Central Railroad 1945–1966 (d. 1967).

April deaths

 * April 3 – Albert Fink, German American civil engineer and railroad manager (b. 1827).

May deaths

 * May 20 – John Ramsbottom, superintendent of the Manchester and Birmingham Railway (b. 1814).

July deaths

 * July 17 – Charles Frederick Crocker, son of Charles Crocker of California's Big Four railroaders, president of San Joaquin and Sierra Nevada Railroad, vice president of Southern Pacific Railroad, dies (b. 1854).

September deaths

 * September 14 – Carl Abraham Pihl, Norwegian civil engineer and director of the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) 1865–1897 (b. 1825).

October deaths

 * October 19 – George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist, founder of the Pullman Company (b. 1831).

December deaths

 * December 1 – William Dudley Chipley, president of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1873–1876 (b. 1840).

Unknown date deaths

 * Aretas Blood, second superintendent of American steam locomotive builder Manchester Locomotive Works (b. 1816).

title: 1897 in rail transport


text:
Municipality of Lenart

The Municipality of Lenart (Občina Lenart) is a municipality in northeastern Slovenia. It has just over 11,000 inhabitants. It is considered the centre of the Slovene Hills (Slovenske gorice). The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included in the Drava Statistical Region. The seat of the municipality is Lenart v Slovenskih Goricah.

Settlements
In addition to the municipal seat of Lenart v Slovenskih Goricah, the municipality also includes the following settlements:

 * Črmljenšak
 * Dolge Njive
 * Gradenšak
 * Hrastovec v Slovenskih Goricah
 * Lormanje
 * Močna
 * Nadbišec
 * Radehova
 * Rogoznica
 * Selce
 * Šetarova
 * Spodnja Voličina
 * Spodnje Partinje
 * Spodnji Porčič
 * Spodnji Žerjavci
 * Straže
 * Vinička Vas
 * Zamarkova
 * Zavrh
 * Zgornja Voličina
 * Zgornji Žerjavci

title: Municipality of Lenart


text:
Talk:Steel River Blues

Untitled
It is nothing like londons burning, and name one character with a geordie accent!

Some of the locals spoke with Geordie accents - strange, considering that it is set in Middlesbrough and not Geordie-land - nobody Middlesbrough-born should have a Geordie accent - being from Middlesbrough myself, I should know!

Arthurvasey (talk) 23:54, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Nothing like the last series of London's Burning, but very similar to classic LB. Bonalaw 09:02, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Really?
In What way?

title: Talk:Steel River Blues


text:
Wikipedia:Meetup/London 3

The third London Wikimeet took place on Saturday the 26th of March 2005 from 14:00 GMT at a pub called "The Cock" just to the North of Oxford Circus and East of Broadcasting House in central London. The main topic of discussion was creating a UK chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation.

Location
Location: The Cock on 27 Great Portland Street, near Broadcasting House, located a few dozen metres from Oxford Circus tube station.

Attendance
Obviously, if you're not listed, or mis-listed, please correct.

Made it
in order of sitting around the tables and writing their name in James F.'s notebook (which bears no resemblance to actual arrival time)

 * David Gerard
 * Arkady Rose
 * Theo
 * SGBailey
 * Warofdreams
 * snoyes
 * Angela
 * Eloquence
 * Thryduulf
 * rbrwr
 * Acb
 * Nile Hef
 * nsh
 * MykReeve
 * James F.
 * sannse
 * Morwen
 * VampWillow

Didn't make it
The below expressed interest, but didn't manage to make it.

 * Charles Matthews
 * Enchanter
 * OwenBlacker
 * JFW
 * Lumos3
 * Oldak Quill
 * San de Berg
 * Susvolans
 * Nick04
 * Kaihsu
 * Dan100
 * Camembert
 * Dbiv
 * Harel, a guest from Hebrew wikipedia
 * IulianU
 * EAi

Couldn't make it
The below sent their regrets.

 * Jimbo (too expensive to stop off on his journey home this time round)
 * Theresa Knott
 * Xed - I would only go to meet the luverly Theresa. XED . talk  13:03, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Noisy - Family event, I'm afraid.
 * Rje (work commitments)
 * User:Solipsist I was hoping to be able to make it, but I've got various things coming up next weekend and a trip down to London isn't part of the picture at the moment. -- Solipsist 00:29, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Brookie
 * G-Man - Sorry cant afford the train tickets, I'm skint at the moment. Maybe next time (hopefully outside London). Good luck to you all.
 * max rspct - Sorry .. I've bailed out..not coming. I have missed 2 coaches already. - max rspct 13:15, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC) (ran after and missed coaches- then too late...)
 * JFW | T@lk  - next time please a Sunday evening.

Discussion
Discussion was wide-ranging, and took in (non-comprehensive listing)

 * The nature of the Arbitration Committee w.r.t. the community
 * What's wrong with Commons
 * ... and what to do about it
 * Coding suggestions
 * ... and admonishmonts for not getting on with coding something but just whining about it
 * Wonderous praise of devs
 * What the nature of "counties" entails, exactly (in traditional, ceremonial, postal, administrative and imaginary forms), including interactive multi-editor diagrams
 * Whether countries that take the definite article should have their article on Wikipedia be named as such
 * Call to arms for Wikinews
 * Anticipation of various features
 * Magnus' sifter code, and how it will help with 1.0
 * The sustainability of open editing as the ratio of idiots to enlightened users forever increases
 * Ponderances on the ratio of British English- to American English-writing editors, why is has fallen of late, and whether it is likely to fall further or reverse
 * Licensing laws in the United Kingdom. Not that we have an article on that. Indeed, discussion included that we do not have an article.
 * That Wikimedia.eu is worthwhile registering for, when registering opens (for institutions with trademarks) in a few months' time.
 * The need for an additional text entry field in the use of the sysop 'rollback' function for clarity of reasoning

Oh, and:
 * Setting up Wikimedia UK

Photographs
I took lots of photos, the best 29 of which are in a gallery at User:Thryduulf/Wikimeets/London3. Thryduulf

title: Wikipedia:Meetup/London 3


text:
1832 in rail transport

May events

 * May 23 – The Festiniog Railway Company Incorporated by Act of Parliament to build a railway from Festiniog to Portmadoc in North Wales for the carriage of slate and other minerals.

June events

 * June 9 – The Strasburg Rail Road, today the oldest short-line railroad in the United States, is incorporated.

July events

 * July 25 – A cable snaps on an incline of the Granite Railway causing the first rail transport related fatality in the United States.

November events

 * November 23 – After assembling Delaware, Matthias W. Baldwin builds his first entirely new steam locomotive, named Old Ironsides.
 * November 26 – The New York and Harlem Railroad opens in New York City.

December events

 * December 5 – First rail carriage of United States mail, to West Chester, Pennsylvania, according to some sources.

Unknown date events

 * Matthias W. Baldwin assembles an English-built steam locomotive, the Delaware, for the Newcastle and Frenchtown Railroad; this is the first railroad locomotive that Baldwin works on.
 * The Jefferson Works in Paterson, New Jersey, is reorganized as Rogers, Ketchum and Grosvenor (later to become Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works).
 * Ross Winans patents the 8-wheel railroad car, but the patent is soon disputed by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad who call on Gridley Bryant as an expert witness.

January births

 * January 13 – Zerah Colburn, locomotive designer and railroad author (suicide 1870).

May births

 * May 16 – Philip Armour, founder of Armour and Company and subsidiary Armour Refrigerator Line (d. 1901).

December births

 * December 6 – Thaddeus C. Pound, president of Chippewa Falls and Western Railway and St. Paul Eastern Grand Trunk Railway (d. 1914).

July births

 * July 25 – Franz Josef Gerstner, Austrian physicist and pioneering railway engineer (b 1756).

November deaths

 * November 14 – Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence (United States) and co-founder of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (b. 1737).

title: 1832 in rail transport


text:
Talk:Kilan

Please add a caption to the image and also add image(s) showing nature of the region. --Pouya 20:15, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Bernahesht
Bernehesht or Bernehesht or برنهشت as said by the natives, is a place located in the west of Tehran, Iran. 35°33'29.05"N, 52° 7'54.38"E

It has been a historical location lasting since ancient ages of Arians. It used to be covered by fruite gardens till 1960s but got dry and lost it's nature for some years. Recently a project has started to rebreed civilization and life in the area. Since 2003, the grounds got pavemented, plants and villas are covering the bare ground to produce spectacular views of mountains. SAE™

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kilan


text:
Category:Variety television series

A variety show is a show with a variety of acts, often including music and comedy skits. Variety shows arguably developed from the Vaudeville musical comedy which flourished in North America from the 1880s through the 1920s.

title: Category:Variety television series


text:
Killinure

Killynure is a townland in County Down, Northern Ireland, lying on the south-east border of Carryduff.

The townland is approximately 770 acres (3.1 km²) in area, and still consists mostly of farmland, although since the 1990s, the housing developments of Carryduff have begun to encroach on its north-west corner (including the Killynure Estate).

The 'Church of the Yew' which gave the townland its name possibly existed in the 9th century, with the most probable site being at Flowe Farm on Killynure Road West. Local records record that a schoolhouse was constructed in 1795 on the site, re-using existing stone from a ruin in the field, which also contained several yew stumps. A couple of 3rd century Roman coins were also found nearby.

Killynure Road runs north-south through the townland, connecting Carryduff and Saintfield, passing close to the summit of Ouley Hill. Use of the road is attested as far back as the 17th century, and it formed part of the main stagecoach route between Belfast and Downpatrick. However, horses struggled ascending Ouley Hill, and in the latter half of the 19th century, a new road between Carryduff and Saintfield was constructed, bypassing the hill: this is still in use today as the modern A7.

Killynure Road West leaves the Killynure Road at Ouley Hill and runs westward, to meet the A24 road (which connects Carryduff to Ballynahinch).

Killynure Avenue, a small road which runs between the Killynure Road and the A7, leading to Lisdoonan townland, is lined with numerous ash trees.

The townland contains a few small streams which join the Carryduff River, ultimately flowing into the Lagan some miles north at Minnowburn.

title: Killinure


text:
Suspensory muscle of duodenum

The suspensory muscle of duodenum (also known as suspensory ligament of duodenum, Treitz's muscle or ligament of Treitz ) is a thin muscle connecting the junction between the duodenum and jejunum (the small intestine's first and second parts, respectively), as well as the duodenojejunal flexure to connective tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries. The suspensory muscle most often connects to both the third and fourth parts of the duodenum, as well as the duodenojejunal flexure, although the attachment is quite variable.

The suspensory muscle marks the formal division between the duodenum and the jejunum. This division is used to mark the difference between the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts, which is relevant in clinical medicine as it may determine the source of gastrointestinal bleeding.

The suspensory muscle is derived from mesoderm and plays a role in the embryological rotation of the gut, by offering a point of fixation for the rotating gut. It is also thought to help digestion by widening the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rare abnormality caused by a congenitally short suspensory muscle.

Structure
The duodenum and the jejunum are the first and second parts of the small intestine, respectively. The suspensory muscle of the duodenum marks their formal division. The suspensory muscle arises from the right crus of the diaphragm as it passes around the esophagus, continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk (celiac artery) and superior mesenteric artery, passes behind the pancreas, and enters the upper part of the mesentery, inserting into the junction between the duodenum and jejunum, the duodenojejunal flexure. Here, the muscles are continuous with the muscular layers of the duodenum.

Variation
Considerable anatomic variation exists, in terms of length and point of attachment. Despite the classical description, the muscle only solely attaches to the duodenojejunal flexure in about 8% of people; it is far more common, 40 to 60% of the time to attach additionally to the third and fourth parts of the duodenum; and 20 to 30% of the time it only attaches to the third and fourth parts. Moreover, separate multiple attachments are not that uncommon.

According to some authors, who use the original description by Treitz, the muscle may be divided into two sections: a ligamentous portion attaching the right crus of diaphragm to the connective tissue surrounding the coeliac artery and superior mesenteric artery; and a lower muscular portion from the connective tissue attaching to the duodenum. The superior portion is also described as the Hilfsmuskel. These two parts are now considered anatomically distinct, with the suspensory muscle referring solely to the lower structure attaching at the duodenum.

Function
The ligament contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. When it contracts, by virtue of connections to the third and fourth parts of the duodenum, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, allowing movement of the intestinal contents.

Embryology
Embryologically, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum is derived from mesoderm. It plays an important role in the embryological rotation of the small intestine as the superior retention band.

Clinical significance
This ligament is an important anatomical landmark of the duodenojejunal flexure, separating the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. For example, bloody vomit or melena, black tarry stools, usually indicate a gastrointestinal bleed from a location in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, hematochezia, bright red blood or clots in the stool, usually indicates gastrointestinal bleeding from the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is an especially important landmark to note when looking at the bowel for the presence of malrotation of the gut, a syndrome often suspected in young children when they have episodes of recurrent vomiting. Visualising a normal location of the ligament of Treitz in radiological images is critical in ruling out malrotation of the gut in a child; it is abnormally located when malrotation is present.

During a Whipple's procedure, commonly used to treat pancreatic cancer by removing the pancreas, duodenum, and part of the jejunum, the ligament of Treitz is separated from the duodenum and preserved. When the remaining jejunum is anastamosed with the pylorus of the stomach, it may be passed through the ligament.

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA) is an extremely rare life-threatening condition that can either be congenital and chronic, or induced and acute. SMA Syndrome is characterised by compression of the duodenum between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery, and may—when congenital—result from a short suspensory muscle. One surgical treatment is Strong's operation, which involves cutting the suspensory muscle, though this is not often carried out.

History
The suspensory muscle of the duodenum was first named in 1853 by Václav Treitz, as the musculus suspensorius duodeni (in Latin), and described as consisting of a lower muscular portion with a broad base, and an upper tendinous portion blending with connective tissue around the origins of the superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries. It is commonly termed the ligament of Treitz by clinicians and as the suspensory muscle of the duodenum by anatomists. It has also been likened to "a polar ice cap ... a structure that many refer to but few have seen."

title: Suspensory muscle of duodenum