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Alice Milligan

Alice Letitia Milligan [pseud. Iris Olkyrn] (4 September 1865 – 13 April 1953) was an Irish writer and activist in Ireland's Celtic Revival; an advocate for the political and cultural participation of women; and a Protestant-unionist convert to the cause of Irish independence. She was at the height of her renown at the turn of the 20th century when in Belfast, with Anna Johnston, she produced the political and literary monthly The Shan Van Vocht (1896–1899), and when in Dublin the Irish Literary Theatre's performed "The Last Feast of the Fianna” (1900), Milligan's interpretation of Celtic legend as national drama.

Family and education
Milligan was one of nine surviving children born to Charlotte Burns, a linen shop assistant, and Seaton Milligan, a commercial drapery salesman in a village outside Omagh, County Tyrone, in 1866. In 1879, promoted by his company to an executive position, her father moved the family to Belfast where Milligan was able to attend Methodist College, Belfast, an early pioneer of secondary mixed-sex education. Her first poems were published in the school magazine Eos.

Her father, a liberal unionist and well-known antiquarian, organized talks and lectures for the local workingmen's institute and drew his daughter into discussion of history, international affairs and literature. Alice also acknowledged the influence of a family servant, Jane, who conveyed the spirit of her previous mistress Mary Ann McCracken (1770–1866). McCracken was the devoted sister of Henry Joy McCracken, the United Irish leader executed in the wake of the 1798 Rebellion and, to the end of her days in Belfast, an advocate for women and for the poor.

As a by-product of their participation together in the Belfast Naturalists' Field Club, Milligan and her father wrote an ethnographic travelogue of Ireland, Glimpses of Erin (1888). In the book her father offered that "patriotism … far from being an irrational sentiment is entirely rational and desirable from a utilitarian point of view. It is as much so from a Christian standpoint. By living in our own land and doing our best to benefit it, we can best carry out the command 'Do unto others as you would that they should do to you'".

The Gaelic League
After a year studying in English history and literature at King's College, London, Milligan trained as a teacher and 1888 secured a position as a Latin instructor at the MacKikkip's Ladies Collegiate School in Derry. It is here that she first became interested in Irish, the once majority language that as a child she had heard spoken only by farm hands. In 1891 she took a further position in Dublin. Unable, until the formation in 1893 of the Gaelic League, to find any school or group to teach Irish, she took lessons privately, while reading Irish literature and history in the National Library.

Milligan's command of Irish was never fluent, and on that basis Patrick Pearse was to object when, in 1904, the Gaelic League hired her as a travelling lecturer. With the help of costumed tableaux vivants evoking Irish historical or literary subjects (a skill she first acquired when commissioned to assist with the Irish exhibit at the 1893 Chicago World Fair), Milligan proved herself by establishing new branches throughout Ireland and raising funds along the way. In the north, in Ulster, she focused on the more difficult task of recruiting Protestants, working with, among other activists, League president Douglas Hyde, Ada McNeill, Roger Casement, Stephen Gwynn, and Seamus McManus.

A Royal Democrat
In Dublin Milligan was witness both to the first stirrings of the Irish cultural renaissance and to the last act in the political career of Charles Stewart Parnell. In June 1891 she saw the beleaguered leader of Irish nationalism at a public meeting "beaten and ashamed" by the furore created by his being named in a divorce case (his affair with Kitty O'Shea). In the poem "At Maynooth" she scathingly contrasts the private life of George V, in 1911 rapturously received at the Catholic seminary by Cardinal Logue, to that of the man once hailed as Ireland's "uncrowned King".

Fascinated by Parnell and his non-denominational nationalism, Milligan followed his appearances across the city, sketching him as she went. This, she conceded, represented a sea-change in her political consciousness. Until then she described herself (despite her father's relative liberalism) as still very much a product of a "Tory and Protestant" upbringing, blinded to the literature and history of her native land by her formal education. In May 1891 she noted in her diary: "While in the tram going up O’Connell Street I turned into a Parnellite."

Writing as "Iris Olkyrn", Milligan's first novel, published the year before Parnell's death in October 1891, A Royal Democrat, had been a neo-Jacobite tale of a future Prince of Wales who, born to an Irish mother, leads "his" people in the struggle for land rights and a restored Irish Parliament. Assuming of the defeat of the existing Irish Home Rule movement, and attempting too many reconciliations, it was not well received in the nationalist press.

Commemorating 1798
In 1893 Milligan returned to Belfast. She lived with Anna Johnston (later to write under the name, Ethna Carbery), the daughter of Robert Johnston, a leading member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Together with their next-door neighbour, the English-born suffragist Mary Ann Bulmer, they founded the Irish Women's Association (IWA) in Belfast both to spread "national ideas among the women" and to sustain the city's national and literary "prestige". Branches were also established in Moneyreagh (where the Presbyterian minister, Richard Lyttle, convened the Gaelic League), and in Portadown. In 1895 Milligan started writing a regular column for the Irish Weekly Independent entitled "Notes from the North" to remind a Dublin readership of these and other contributions of women, and of the North, to the national cause.

Together with Johnston and Bulmer (and her son Bulmer Hobson, later also of the IRB), Milligan was drawn into the orbit of Francis Joseph Bigger. Bigger was a wealthy Presbyterian solicitor; like her father an avid antiquarian (he co-edited the journal of the Irish Folklore Society with Milligan's sister Charlotte); and a celebrated host. To his house, Ard Righ, on the northern shore of Belfast Lough, Bigger attracted the poets and writers of the "Northern Revival" (among them Seumus McManus, Helen Waddell, Herbert Hughes, and Margaret Pender) as well other prominent culturati. It was at Ard Righ that Milligan first met, among the regular visitors, James Connolly, Roger Casement and W. B. Yeats. Walking with her on Cave Hill above Ard Righ ("holy" to Milligan as the site where Wolfe Tone and McCracken pledged themselves to Irish independence), Yeats disappointed Milligan. He failed “to warm to the least mention of '98".

Milligan's passion for "'98" was shared by Bigger (he had a room in Ard Arigh dedicated to the rebellion). Together they sought to organise a Belfast commemoration of the 1798 centenary. Milligan produced a six-penny Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone (Belfast, 1898). However, the descendants of the "Protestant leaders and peasants" who, according to Milligan, had sealed Tone's union of creeds on "the battle field and scaffold", effectively restricted any commemorative display to Catholic districts. A processive outing (organised with help of Lyttle ) to the grave of Betsy Gray, heroine of the Battle of Ballynahinch, ended in a fracas and the destruction by unionists of her memorial stone. Milligan's emphasis upon Belfast's republican past "served to highlight just how different the city was at the end of the nineteenth century".

Meanwhile, attitudes on the nationalist side persuaded Milligan to launch (through the IWA) a separate Women's Centenary Union. As a woman she found that she was being barred from Centenary meetings, and that these were being appropriated by local politicians to solicit Catholic votes. On April 6, 1897, she beseeched readers of The Shan Van Vocht: "Is it too much to ask [...] that the women of Ireland, who are not asked to have any opinion whatever as to who shall have the right to speak for Ireland in the British Parliament, should form the Union which an historic occasion demands".

The two-penny journal
The Shan Van Vocht (The "Poor Old Woman" in Irish, the metaphor for Ireland in a rebellion-era ballad) was produced by Milligan and Johnston in the offices of Robert Johnston's timber yard (and often edited at Ard Righ). They had been editing the paper of another commemorative circle, the Henry Joy McCracken Literary Society, the Northern Patriot, but in December 1895 they were dismissed possibly because in three of their four issues they had supported amnesty for Fenian prisoners.

In a short period, the two-penny monthly achieved a wide circulation. As touring lecturers for the Irish Women's Association, Milligan and Johnston promoted the magazine and the formation of reading circles. Agents were found in Dublin, Derry, Glasgow and New York. Within a year subscriptions were also coming in from the Irish diaspora in South Africa, Canada, Argentina and Australia. Maud Gonne, who described Milligan as "small, aggressive and full of observant curiosity", said that she and her friends were "full of almost envious admiration of some numbers of the Shan Van Vocht, a daring little paper".

The formula was similar to that which had launched the Gavan Duffy's Young Ireland paper in the 1840s. Like The Nation, The Shan Van Vocht offered a mixture of poetry, serialised fiction, Irish history, political analysis and announcements.

The second issue (Belfast, February 1896) contained the following:"'America ... Oh mighty foster land' (poem); 'The Captain’s Daughter' (a serial written by Milligan under the name Iris Olkyrn); 'The Lonely One' (poem); 'The Rise and Fall of the Fenian Movement of ‘67' (serialised history); 'Manus O’Mallaghan and the Fairies' (folklore); 'Irish Football Victory'; 'On Inisheer’' (poem); 'Willie Kane of the “Northern Star”, How He Escaped the Scaffold' (United Irishman); 'Irishmen in the Transvaal' (volunteers with the Boers against the British); 'The Burial-Place of the Sheares' (United Irishmen); 'Our National Language'; 'James Clarence Mangan'; 'Reviews – The life of Owen Roe O'Neill (the rebel Ulster chieftain), The Life and Writings of Fintan Lalor' (prophet of the Land War); 'Our Notebook’' (diary and announcements); 'The Moonlighters Hound' (poem); 'For the Old Land' (review of different agencies advancing the national cause)."

Unity above creed and class
The very first issue, January 1896, had given a platform to James Connolly: "Socialism and Nationalism", his argument that without a creed capable of challenging the rule of the capitalist, landlord and financier, the nationalism of "Irish Language movements, Literary Societies or Commemoration Committees" would achieve little. Connolly was allowed further submissions, and Milligan published appreciative letters from readers. Yet while expressing "full sympathy with Mr Connolly's views on the labour and social questions", Milligan opposed the formation of his Irish Socialist Republican Party and refused their invitation to lecture.

Milligan's editorials "sidestepped" Connolly's proposal to link socialism and nationalism. Instead she took issue with the suggestion that the new party would seek election to Westminster. If successful, she believed that the ISRP would be led into "an alliance with the English labour" no less debilitating than the courtship of English Liberals had proved for the Irish Parliamentary Party. "Freedom's boon" had to be won at home.

Milligan's ideal remained United Irishmen's appeal to nation above both creed and class. It suffused the journal's literary features and, not least, her own particular genre of "across-the-divide" romances. Her serialised "The Little Green Slippers" "melds patriotic and erotic desire". A young society woman in Protestant Belfast, forced in wake of the McCracken's execution to attend a British Red-Coat ball, secures the devotion of own her beloved rebel, a country Catholic on the run, by scandalously wearing green slippers and black (mourning) crepe.

The Donegal writer Seumas MacManus wrote that The Shan Van Vocht "revived Irish nationalism when it was perishing." Leading literary revivalist Padraic Colum credited "a freshness that came from its femininity" (Milligan and Johnston were joined as the leading contributors by Alice Furlong, Katherine Tynan, Margaret Pender and Nora Hopper) and a nationalism that was northern and never "parliamentarian".

Despite the acclaim, the journal's attempt to unify nationalists across region, class, sex and religion proved untenable: no faction or party was prepared to provide enough financial support to sustain it. In April 1899, Mark Ryan of the IRB persuaded Milligan and Johnston that after forty issues it was time to pass the project on. Shan Van Vocht's subscription list was passed to Arthur Griffith and his new weekly, the United Irishman, organ of Cumann na nGaedheal the forerunner of Sinn Féin.

Irish Republican
Milligan's "romantic visions were of marching soldiers and green flags flying". What others regarded as revolutionary violence, the Fenian dynamite campaign of the 1880s, she rejected. In the October 1896 issue of Shan Van Vocht, she had condemned the use of dynamite methods:"Those who would stoop to suggest, or organise, or carry out anything of the sort, degrade the name of their country, and in the eyes of the whole world render her less worthy of Nationhood. [...] Stern and terrible deeds are often done and may justly be done in such a strife as ours; but this method of bomb throwing and blowing up buildings, without aim or reason other than the mere desire for vengeance is imbecile and wrong."

This was not the light in which she saw the 1916 Easter Rising. Following close upon the death of her parents and her sister Charlotte (whom she had been nursing in London), the insurrection in Dublin, and the executions and loss of Connolly, Tomas MacDonagh and others she had known, affected her deeply. In London she visited Casement in detention. They had been together in Larne in April 1914 after unionists had run German guns through the port, a feat Casement told her nationalists would have to match. On August 3, 1916, she was holding vigil outside Pentonville Prison and heard the applause that signalled his execution. Back in Dublin, she contributed plays and poems to a fund-raising campaign for Irish political prisoners.

Milligan supported Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election, campaigning for the trade unionist and East Rising veteran Winifred Carney in Belfast. While aghast at the civil war that followed, she also sided with Éamon de Valera in rejecting the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, refusing dominion status and Partition in lieu of the republic.

Cultural activism
While her parents were tolerant of her views, Milligan's childhood community excluded her. At the same time she found that in nationalist circles her Protestant background could count against her. What won over many over was her undeniable role in the cultural revival. Milligan's contemporary and fellow poet, Susan Langstaff Mitchell, wrote of her in 1919:"In almost every one of the national and intellectual activities in Ireland now known to everyone – the Gaelic Revival, the dramatic movement, the literary renaissance – this indefatigable Irish girl was there at the start of them. She was lecturing for the Gaelic League all over Ireland, she was writing plays and staging them [...] and she was [repeating the judgement of editor and critic, George Russell]. the most successful producer of plays before the Abbey Theatre started on its triumphant way."

Comparing her to the Young Irelander Thomas Davis, in the Irish Review in September 1914 Tomas MacDonagh described Milligan as "the most Irish of living poets and therefore the best". W.B. Yeats was less convinced. Not least because of the comparison with Davis's heavy-laden patriotic verse, he advised her to stick to drama.

“The Last Feast of the Fianna”
From 1898, in short succession Milligan wrote eleven plays staged by Maud Gonne's Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), the Gaelic League and Irish Literary Theatre. In February 1901, the ILT performed “The Last Feast of the Fianna” in Dublin's Gaiety Theatre. Depicting an episode in the Oisin legend, it was a Greek stage invocation of the twilight of pre-Christian Ireland.

The play's lack of action and use of music (provided by her sister Charlotte) created moments of "picturesque stillness" on stage suggestive of the tableaux vivant which Milligan mounted on tour for the Gaelic League. At one such moment, John O'Leary, provided "an extraordinary uniting of past and present, legendary and historical.". The Freeman's Journal reported that the Fenian chief, veteran of the 1867 Rising, "favoured the authoress by appearing [on stage] amongst the band of warriors [Fianna] feasting at the banquet board".

The reviewer of the Dublin edition of the Daily Express concluded that "if the aim of the Irish Literary Theatre is to create a national drama", it was "obvious" that Miss Milligan's method was "the proper road" to follow. Yeats, who was working with George Moore on a comparable project (Diarmuid and Grania), did allow that the play "touched the heart as some greater drama on some foreign theme would not". But Augusta Gregory, with whom Yeats had established the ILT, was entirely dismissive. She found the language of the long soliloquies "intolerable" and the overall effect "tawdry".

National credo
In 1905 the Cork National Players performed Milligan's “The Daughter of Donagh”. The melodrama (which the ILT's successor, the Abbey Theatre had rejected) is based on her unpublished 1893 novel, "The Cromwellians". Characteristically for Milligan it combines the theme of Irish dispossession with a transgressive relationship: between a Cromwellian soldier and the daughter of the Irish family on which he has been quartered.

Milligan was unapologetic about the continuous nationalist thread in her writing. In 1893 she had written that Irish art could not exist "in some quiet paradise apart" but only "within the noisy field of political warfare". Invoking the memory of Young Ireland, Milligan criticised those in the Literary Revival who "proceeded on purely literary lines" and "lacked the national spirit that had fired the country in [18]48".

Later years
On the eve of the Great War Milligan was living in Dublin with her younger brother William and his family. They collaborated on two works of fiction, an Irish-Norse saga Sons of the Sea King. and The Dynamite Drummer (an American tourist comments on the grim determination of Ulster Protestants in opposing Home Rule "not to rule themselves"). With the outbreak of war, William volunteered and when discharged by the British Army suffered from what might today be recognised as Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Late in 1921 he received notice that, as a former British officer, he had 24 hours to quit Dublin or be shot. Who sanctioned the republican order was not established. Leaving her business, an Irish bookshop in Dawson Street, and all her possessions, Milligan fled with her brother first to Belfast and then to England.

Milligan and her brother returned to Tyrone in what was now Unionist-controlled Northern Ireland in the 1931. She lived with William, who had secured a minor civil-service position, his wife and paralysed son in the village of Drumragh outside Omagh. Her nephew, of whom she was very fond, died in 1934 aged only 26. William died three years later.

Hindered by the regular interception of mail, and obliged to report daily to a police barracks, Milligan described herself to Áine Ceannt as an "interned prisoner". She spoke of the "hostile" "un-Irish" atmosphere of the North at Wexford's commemoration of the United Irishmen in July 1938. That year she was the only woman signatory of a pamphlet issued by the Northern Council for Unity protesting Partition.

During the Second World War, after the death of her sister-in-law, Milligan went to live on a farm in County Antrim with her lifelong friend, Eleanor Boyd. Relieved of the burden of caring for sick family members she again wrote poems for the Nationalist press, including The Irish Press edited by her friend, M.J. MacManus. In 1941, the National University of Ireland granted her an honorary doctorate.

Alice Milligan died in Trichur, County Tyrone, on 13 April 1953, aged 87. She had ended her life in poverty. Her Unionist relatives, she explained to Bigger, were disinclined to give her a helping hand "as they find that my political activities are constrained by financial embarrassment". Visiting her in the late 1940s, the Irish writer and broadcaster Benedict Kiely was saddened "to think that to be poor, lonely and smoke-dried should be the lot of a poet at the end of it all".

In 1914, acknowledging Milligan as "a northern Protestant woman who had denounced the unionist Anglo-centric doctrine of her upbringing", Tomas MacDonagh described hers as "a cultural practice that gave voice to those (like herself) who were so often confined to the footnotes of colonial history".

Commemoration
During 2010/2011 Ulster History Circle mounted plaques for famous Ulster figures. Charlotte Milligan Fox and Alice Milligan have a plaque mounted on Omagh Library, 1 Spillar's Place, Omagh, Co Tyrone.

Plays (in order of journal publication)

 * “The Last Feast of the Fianna”, Daily Express, Dublin (1899)
 * "The Daughters of Donagh", ''United Irishmen" (weekly, December 1903)
 * “Brian of Banba”, in United Irishman (1904)
 * “Oisin in Tir-nan-Og”, Daily Express, Dublin (1899); also as “Oisín in Tír nan Og", in a translation by Tadhg Ua Donnchadha, Sinn Féin (23 Jan. 1909)
 * “Oisin and Padraic: One-Act Play”, Sinn Féin (20 Feb. 1909)

Plays (book publication)

 * The Last Feast of the Fianna: A Dramatic Legend (London: David Nutt 1900), (Chicago: De Paul Univ. 1967), [first printed Daily Express, Dublin 1899]
 * The Daughter of Donagh: A Cromwellian Drama in Four Acts (1905) (Dublin: Martin Lester 1920)

Poetry

 * Hero Lays (Dublin: Maunsel, 1908)
 * Two Poems (Dublin: Three Candles, 1943)
 * with Ethna Carbery & Seumus MacManus, We Sang for Ireland (Dublin: Gill, 1950).
 * Poems by Alice Milligan, ed. with biographical introduction by Henry Mangan (Dublin: Gill, 1954).
 * The Harper of the Only God: A Selection of Poetry by Alice Milligan, Sheila Turner Johnston, ed. (Omagh: Colourpoint, 1993).

Novels

 * A Royal Democrat (London: Simpkin, Marshall/Dublin: Gill, 1892).
 * "The Cromwellians", (United Irishman, 5–26 Dec. 1903, weekly serialisation)
 * with William Milligan, The Dynamite Drummer (Dublin: Lester, [1900] 1918)
 * with William Milligan, Sons of the Sea King Dublin (Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son, 1914).

Non-fiction

 * with Seaton F. Milligan, Glimpses of Erin: An Account of the Ancient Civilisation, Manners, Customs, and Antiquities of Ireland (London: Marcus Ward, 1890).
 * The Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone (Belfast: J. W. Boyd, 1898).
 * "Tribute to AE" [George Russell], Dublin Magazine (October 1935)
 * Harper of the Only God, selected writing, Sheila Turner Johnston ed. (Newtownards: Colourpoint, 1993).

Journals edited with Anna Johnston

 * The Northern Patriot (Belfast: October 1895 – December 1895)
 * The Shan Van Vocht (Belfast: January 1896 – April 1899)

title: Alice Milligan


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Deputy Prime Minister of Spain

The deputy prime minister of Spain, officially vice president of the Government (Vicepresidencia del Gobierno), is the second in command to the Prime Minister, assuming the responsibilities of the premiership when the prime minister is absent or incapable of exercising power.

The deputy prime minister is usually handpicked by the Prime Minister from the members of the Council of Ministers and appointed by the Monarch before whom they take an oath. The deputy prime minister may be the head of a government department, but it depends on the will of the prime minister, who may have a deputy premier without a portfolio.

When there are more than one deputy prime minister, this position is called First Deputy Prime Minister (Vicepresidente Primero/Vicepresidenta Primera del Gobierno). Since 2023, there are four deputy prime ministers; Nadia Calviño serves as first deputy prime minister since 12 July 2021 and as minister of Economy since 2018.

History
The office of Deputy Prime Minister, like the premiership, dates back to the 19th century. A Royal Decree of 1840 appointed Joaquín María Ferrer as Vice President of the Council of Ministers. However the office was not used again until 1925 when Miguel Primo de Rivera transitioned from a military to a civil government, reestablishing the Council of Ministers, the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and re-creating the Vice Presidency. The vice president's function was to  replace the president in cases of absence or illness. This vice-president, said article 3 of the Royal Decree, was appointed by the president from among the members of the Council of Ministers. The Vice Presidency was vested in the Under Secretary of the Interior, Severiano Martínez Anido, who combined the position with that of Interior Minister.

With the resignation of Primo de Rivera and the fall of the monarchy, the Second Republic was established in Spain, which did not initially consider a deputy prime minister necessary. However, in December 1933, Prime Minister Lerroux appointed Diego Martínez Barrio Vice President of the Council of Ministers, a position from which he resigned only three months later.

The Law of January 30, 1938, changed the title to Vice Presidency of the Government and, with the formation of the first Franco government, this position was granted to general Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa. From 1938 to 1981 the position was occupied by military officials, with the exception of the vice presidents Torcuato Fernández Miranda (1973-1973) and José García Hernández (1974-1975). Since 1981, with a democracy markedly established in society, Prime Minister Calvo-Sotelo appointed a civilian as Deputy, definitively separating the military power from the executive power, a situation that remains today.

Responsibilities
As of 2024, the First Deputy Prime Minister responsibilities are:
 * Advising the Prime Minister.
 * To replace the Prime Minister in the cases of vacancy, absence or illness.
 * The exercise of the responsibilities entrusted by the Prime Minister.
 * To chair the Government Delegated Committee for Economic Affairs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Deputy Prime Minister of Spain


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File talk:Pavo constellation map.png

This image was released under GFDL by its uploader, per user's talk page. SWAdair | Talk 11:11, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

There's a hi-res version under the same name on commons: helix84 04:59, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Why do Pavo and Indus appear to share a star? Nik42 01:32, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

title: File talk:Pavo constellation map.png


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Arms-to-Iraq affair

The Arms-to-Iraq affair concerned the uncovering of the government-endorsed sale of arms by British companies to Iraq, then under the rule of Saddam Hussein. The scandal contributed to the growing dissatisfaction with the Conservative government of John Major and the atmosphere of sleaze that contributed to the electoral landslide for Tony Blair's Labour Party at the 1997 general election. The whole affair also highlighted the weakness of the constitutional convention of individual ministerial accountability, leading to its codification as the Ministerial Code by the Blair Government.

Following the first Gulf War of 1991 there was interest in the extent to which British companies had been supplying Saddam Hussein's administration with the materials to prosecute the war. Four directors of the British machine tools manufacturer Matrix Churchill were put on trial for supplying equipment and knowledge to Iraq, but in 1992 the trial collapsed, when it was revealed that the company had been advised by the government on how to sell arms to Iraq. Several of the directors were eventually paid compensation.

Matrix Churchill
Matrix Churchill was an engineering company based in Coventry, with expertise in both the design and manufacture of precision machine tools. Established in 1913 by Walter Tattler and his brother in law Sir Harry Harley, the company had its origins in gauge and tool manufacture, the original company being known as Walter Tattler Ltd.

In 1989, as the result of a debt settlement, it was acquired by "Iraqi interests" for nothing. New directors were appointed including two who worked for the Iraqi security services and the company began shipping components for Saddam Hussein's secret weapons programme. According to the International Atomic Energy Authority, its products found in Iraq were among the highest quality of their kind in the world. They were "dual use" machines that could be used to manufacture weapons including artillery shells and parts for medium range missiles.

As one of the other directors claimed to have been working for the British intelligence services, the Ministry of Defence advised Matrix Churchill on how to apply for export licences of materials that could be used to make munitions in such a way that would not attract attention. When Alan Clark admitted under oath that he had been "economical with the actualité" in answering questions regarding what he knew about the policy on arms exports to Iraq, the trial collapsed and triggered the Scott Inquiry, which reported in 1996.

This case also raised the issue of public interest immunity, the process by which information believed to be highly sensitive is kept outside the public domain. In order to prevent information being public the relevant government minister must issue a public interest immunity certificate.

title: Arms-to-Iraq affair


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Kamianets-Podilskyi

Kamianets-Podilskyi (Кам'янець-Подільський, ) is a city on the Smotrych River in western Ukraine, to the north-east of Chernivtsi. Formerly the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Oblast, the city is now the administrative center of Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion within the oblast. It hosts the administration of Kamianets-Podilskyi urban hromada. Population:

Kamianets-Podilskyi is a historical center of Podolia region, serving as a capital of the Duchy of Podolia, Podolian Voivodeship, Podolia Eyalet, Podolia Governorate, and Podolian District. During the Ukrainian–Soviet War, the city officially served as the temporary capital of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 1919 to 1920.

Name
Originally known as Kamianec, its name was changed to the current following the partitions of Poland and occupation by the Russian Empire in 1795.

The first part of the city's dual name originates from kamin' (камiнь) or kamen, meaning 'stone' in Old Slavic. The second part of its name relates to the historic region of Podilia (Подíлля), of which Kamianets-Podilskyi is considered to be the historic capital. Therefore, the town name literally means ' The Stones of Podilia '.

Equivalents of the name in other languages are: Kamieniec Podolski; Camenița Podoliei; Camenecium; كامانىچه; Kamenyeck-Podolszk; קאָמענעץ ,קאמיניץ; Каменец-Подольский; English: Kamenets-Podolsk.

Geography
Kamianets-Podilskyi is located in the southern portion of the Khmelnytskyi Oblast, located in the western Ukrainian region of Podillia. The area where the city is located is part of the Podolian Upland which is notable for its elevated places known as Tovtry (see Podilski Tovtry National Nature Park) and creating a canyon-like relief feature.

The Smotrych River, a tributary of the Dniester, flows through the city. The total area of the city comprises 27.84 km2. Among other notable neighboring cities, Kamianets-Podilskyi is located about 101 km from the oblast's administrative center, Khmelnytskyi and across Dniester in southwestern direction 88 km from Chernivtsi, an administrative center of the neighboring Chernivtsi Oblast.

Classical antiquity
Several historians consider that a city on this spot was founded by the ancient Dacians, who lived in what is now modern Romania, Moldova, and portions of Ukraine. Historians write that the founders named the settlement Petridava or Klepidava, which originate from the Greek word petra or Latin lapis 'stone' and Dacian dava 'city'.

Kyivan Rus and the Tatars (11th c.–1241)
Modern Kamianets-Podilskyi was first mentioned in 1062, when it belonged to smaller principality of Terebovlia, then Halych principality and Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, as a town of the Kyivan Rus' state. In 1241, it was destroyed by the Mongolian invaders.

Polish rule (1352–1672)
In 1352, it was inherited by the Polish King Casimir III. In 1374 the city was granted Magdeburg Law. In 1370, the Dominican monastic order began to function in Kamianets, a monastery was founded, and soon the Franciscans founded their own monastery in the city. Later, monks of other orders moved: Jesuits (1608), Discalced Carmelites (1623), Trinitarians (1699). In 1378 it became seat of a Roman Catholic Diocese. In 1432 King Sigismund I the Old granted Kamieniec Podolski city rights. It was an important royal city of Poland. In 1434 it became the capital of the Podolian Voivodship and the seat of local civil and military administration. The ancient castle was reconstructed and substantially expanded by the Polish kings to defend Poland from the southwest against Ottoman and Tatar invasions, thus it was called the gateway to Poland. In 1510, a peace treaty was signed in the city between Poland and the Principality of Moldavia.

During the free election period in Poland, Kamianets-Podilskyi, as one of the most influential cities of the state, enjoyed voting rights (alongside Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Gdańsk, Lwów, Wilno, Lublin, Toruń and Elbląg).

Ottoman rule (1672–1699)
After the Treaty of Buchach of 1672, Kamianets-Podilskyi was briefly part of the Ottoman Empire and capital of Podolya eyalet. It was also sanjak of pasha (central sanjak) of this eyalet with nahiyas of Kropotova, Satanova, İskala, Kitayhorad, Kırıvçe, Zhvan (It was known as Ijvan during Ottoman rule) and Mıhaylov. To counter the Turkish threat to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, King Jan III Sobieski built a fortress nearby, Okopy Świętej Trójcy (now Okopy, Ternopil Oblast; meaning "the Entrenchments of the Holy Trinity"). In 1674, local Armenians, who made up one of the main Armenian communes in Poland up to that point, were expelled by the Ottomans. Most, after about three years of exile in the Balkans, moved to the territories remaining within Poland, chiefly Lwów and Stanisławów.

In 1687, Poland attempted to regain control over Kamianets-Podilskyi and Podolia, when the fortress was unsuccessfully besieged by the Poles led by Prince James Louis Sobieski.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1699–1793)
In 1699, the city was given back to Poland under King Augustus II the Strong according to the Treaty of Karlowitz. The fortress was continually enlarged and was regarded as the strongest in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The preserved ruins of the fortress still contain the iron cannonballs stuck in them from various sieges.

During this period, Bishop Dembowski, at the instigation of the Frankists, convened a public disputation at Kamieniec Podolski, in November 1757, and ordered all copies of the Talmud found in his bishopric to be confiscated and burned. Accounts of the Talmud burning differ—contemporary sources say that up to a thousand copies of the Talmud were destroyed, though other reports say only one copy was burned. Dembowski himself died days after the events. A plague broke out and the local priests exhumed his body and cut the head off to prevent any further disaster.

Russian rule (1793–1915)
After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the city belonged to the Russian Empire, where it was the capital of the Podolia Governorate. The Russian Tsar Peter the Great, who visited the fortress twice, was impressed by its fortifications. One of the towers was used as a prison cell for Ustym Karmeliuk, a prominent peasant rebel leader of the early 19th century, who managed to escape from it three times. In 1798, Polish nobleman Antoni Żmijewski founded a Polish theater in the city. It was one of the oldest Polish theaters. In 1867 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi was abolished by the Russians authorities. It was re-established in 1918 by Pope Benedict XV.

According to the Russian census of 1897, Kamianets-Podilskyi remained the largest city of Podolia with a population of 35,934.

In 1906, the local society "Prosvita" was established in the city, thanks to its activities, the study of the Ukrainian language was introduced in primary and parish schools. On July 1, 1910, more than 48 percent of the city's residents were Jews. The city was located in the settlement zone that the Russian Empire had set aside for Jews. In 1914, a direct railway line linked the city to Proskurov.

World War I and Ukrainian People's Republic
During World War I, the city was occupied by Austria-Hungary in 1915.

After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, the city was briefly controlled by the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Hetmanate before ending up as part of the Ukrainian SSR when Ukraine fell under Bolshevik power. During the Directorate period, the city was chosen as de facto capital of Ukraine after the Russian communist forces occupied Kyiv.

During the Polish-Soviet War, the city was captured by the Polish Army on the night of 16–17 November 1919 and was under Polish administration from 16 November 1919, to 12 July 1920 as capital of the Podolian District.

In July 1920 battles between units of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and the Red Army took place in the village Veliki Zozulintsi and surrounding villages nearby Kamianets-Podilskyi. On 7 July 1920 soldiers of the 6th Reserve Rifle Brigade of the UPR Army were taken prisoner by the Bolsheviks. After refusing to join the Red Army, captured UPR soldiers were executed. In Veliki Zozulintsi a mass grave of 26 UPR soldiers is located.

===Soviet occupation (1921-1991)=== After the defeat of the Ukrainian People's Republic in the Ukrainian-Soviet war, the city was occupied by the Red Army. The area including Kamianets-Podilskyi was ceded to Soviet Ukraine in the 1921 Treaty of Riga, which determined its future for the next seven decades as part of the Ukrainian SSR.

Poles and Ukrainians have always dominated the city's population. However, as a commercial center, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been a multiethnic and multi-religious city with substantial Jewish and Armenian minorities. Under Soviet rule it became subject to severe persecutions, and many Poles were forcibly deported to Central Asia. Massacres such as the Vinnytsia massacre have taken place throughout Podillya, the last resort of independent Ukraine. Early on, Kamianets-Podilskyi was the administrative center of the Ukrainian SSR's Kamianets-Podilskyi Oblast, but the administrative center was later moved to Proskuriv (now Khmelnytskyi).

In December 1927, TIME Magazine reported that there were massive uprisings of peasants and factory workers in southern Ukraine, around the cities of Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tiraspol and others, against Soviet authorities. The magazine was intrigued when it found numerous reports from the neighboring Romania that troops from Moscow were sent to the region and suppressed the unrest, causing no less than 4,000 deaths. The magazine sent several of its reporters to confirm those occurrences which were completely denied by the official press naming them as barefaced lies. The revolt was caused by the collectivization campaign and the lawless environment in the cities caused by the Soviet government.

The Holodomor of 1932-1933, a terrible crime of the totalitarian system, did not escape the city. Although the situation was somewhat better than in other regions, this was largely due to the proximity of the border with the modern western Ukrainian territories. Given the border status of Kamianechchyna, the population, especially from the villages located on the Zbruch River, tried to move to the modern western regions. There, Podolians exchanged their belongings for bread and grain. There were many cases when people were hired for the opportunity to eat or worked for bread. However, not everyone was able to do this: along the border with Poland along the Zbruch River and the border with Romania along the Dniester River, barricading lines were set up in many places, and Soviet punitive bodies were guarding the borders. The situation was also difficult in the city, according to data in 1932-1933, 585 people died of hunger.

During the years of the Great Terror, namely 1937-1938, 9,009 people of various nationalities and professions were convicted in Kamianets-Podilskyi, 62 people were arrested on charges of espionage, and hundreds of people were evicted from the city by the families of "enemies". people", for example 101 families of Polish nationality (see Polish Operation of the NKVD). For example, on the territory of the Roman Catholic Church of Archangel Michael, in the former monastery of the Dominican sisters, the Soviet authorities set up a prison, and in its dungeon - a torture chamber. In the 1930s, most of all, in 1937, people were shot in the basements of the monastery. According to some memories, for example, up to a hundred people were brought in a day. Twenty were sent to camps in the north, the rest disappeared. During this period, 11,634 Polish and German families, or at least 46,500 citizens, were evicted from Podillia.

World War II
Following the Soviet invasion of Poland at the start of World War II, the administrative center of the oblast was moved from the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi to the city of Khmelnytskyi.

Kamianets-Podilskyi was occupied by the German troops on 11 July 1941 in the course of Operation Barbarossa. German, Ukrainian, and Hungarian police massacred 23,000 Jews 27–28 August 1941.

On 26 March 1944 the town was occupated by the Red Army after German occupation in the battle of the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. After the capture of the city by the Soviet army, the population's disloyalty to the Soviet government was manifested not by a desire to continue the fight against the Nazis, but people were tired of the difficult periods of the German-Soviet war. But the Red Army launched active mobilization measures from the very first days of entering the city. Such measures significantly reduced the quality of the selection of conscripts, and also negatively affected the level of their training. The pernicious practice of their immediate use in hostilities began from the first days of mobilization, therefore a significant number of mobilized residents of Kamianets and local villages died in the subsequent phases of the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive in the territory of neighboring regions. Sending poorly trained, and most often poorly dressed and armed people into battle was more reminiscent of a cruel act of revenge for the disloyalty to the Stalinist government shown in 1941, for such units a conventional name appeared - «Chornopidzhachnyky». Thereafter Kamianets remained in Soviet Ukraine until the Dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Ukrainian Insurgent Army

A structural network of the OUN functioned on the territory of the city: Kamianets-Podilsky District, which belonged to the UPA-South. During the German occupation, Ukrainian national forces formed local self-government bodies: the regional administration, the regional department of education. Hryhoriy Kybets was appointed the head of the regional administration.

In January 1942, the Nazis began mass arrests and executions of people from Bandera in Kamianets-Podilskyi, more than 150 Ukrainian nationalists were shot.

In 1944-45, the 19th tactical division of the Kamianets UPA, the Lysonya military district, and the UPA-West military group operated on the territory of Kamianechchyna in 1944-45. The department was later divided into two parts in the summer of 1945. And self-defense bush units of the UPA from Ternopil Oblast also went on raids.

Soviet occupation after 1944

In 1986, the population of the city reached 100,000 people, according to this indicator, Kamianets moved from the category of medium to large cities.

On October 16, 1990, a rally was held in the city in support of the students of Kyiv, who announced a hunger strike as a sign of protest against the government's policies. In the central square of the city, the demands of the students to the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR regarding the adoption of laws on local self-government and the non-signing of the Union Treaty, and to the City Council regarding the raising of the blue-yellow flag were approved. On October 16, the presidium of the city council satisfied the students' demand and was the first in Khmelnytskyi to raise the national flag.

Independent Ukraine
On 16 July 1990, the new Ukrainian parliament adopted a declaration of sovereignty.

On 16 January 1991, Pope John Paul II re-established the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi, which was dissolved under Soviet occupation.

Since August 24, 1991, Kamianets-Podilskyi has been part of independent Ukraine and is a significant economic, cultural, educational and tourist center of the state.

In 2004, residents of the city actively participated in the Orange Revolution, people held rallies on the Renaissance Square.

On December 1, 2013, city students from the Ivan Ohienko National University, Podilsk State Agrarian and Technical University and other educational institutions protested in the city, marching in a column through the streets and forming a viche near the city council, they expressed their anger at the authorities for their arbitrariness.

In the future, many residents of the city gathered every day for vigils under the city council to express their protests against the regime and to support the Euromaidan in Kyiv. The largest rally in terms of numbers took place on January 26, 2014, about 2,000 people took part in it.

, Kamianets-Podilskyi was the third-largest city of Podolia after Vinnytsia and Khmelnytskyi. In 2015, the city center completed the construction of the European Square, where the flags of the European Union countries fly, according to officials, this will be a confirmation of the European choice of the city and Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Kamianets-Podilskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi was merged into Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine began on the morning of 24 February 2022, during rocket fire.

European integration of the city and cooperation with the European Union
In 2015, the construction of the European Square was completed in the city center, where the flags of the European Union countries fly, according to officials, this will be a confirmation of the European choice of the city and Ukraine.

Thanks to the EU program "Measures for Economic Growth" and cooperation with the public organization "Eidos", the city received a grant of 1.8 million hryvnias to support small and medium-sized enterprises, conduct seminars, business trainings, and promote products.

Decolonization in the city
Until 2022, the fight against the Soviet past began with the removal of the Lenin monument from its pedestal on August 18, 1992. The decommunization of the squares, streets and alleys of Kamianets-Podilskyi partially took place in 1990-1993. In 2016, the process was continued in the city 14 streets and 16 alleys were renamed. The streets were renamed on: Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred, Heroes of the Krut, Andrey Sheptytsky, Ustym Karmaliuk, Roman Shukhevych, Jan de Witte and others.

After the 2022 Russian invasion, scholars of Eastern Europe have renewed awareness of Russian colonialism and interest in decolonizing scholarship.

In the first stage of 2022, 18 streets, five squares and one park were given new names in the city. This is how the streets of Kvitka Cisyk, Yevhen Konovalets, Stepan Bandera, Ivan Mazepa, Pavlo Skoropadskyi, Yaroslav the Wise, Heroes of Mariupol and the fallen participants of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine appeared. A Soviet tank from its pedestal and communist symbols were also dismantled.

In the second stage of 2023, 29 streets and 11 alleys received new names. The streets were renamed on: Heroes of the ZSU, Heroes of the UPA, Sichovykh Striltsiv, Solomiya Krushelnytska, Liubomyr Huzar, Petro Sahaidachny, Volodymyr Ivasyuk, Oleksandr Koshyts, John Paul II, alleys: Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, Myroslav Skoryk, Gustaw Belke (zoologist), Vasyl Stefanyk and others. More than 80 toponyms changed their names in the villages of the hromada.

Jewish history
During the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648–58), the Jewish community of Kamianets-Podilskyi suffered much from Khmelnytsky's Cossacks on the one hand, and from the attacks of the Crimean Tatars (their main object being the extortion of ransoms) on the other.

About the middle of the 18th century, Kamianets-Podilskyi became celebrated as the center of the furious conflict then raging between the Talmudic Jews and the Frankists. The city was the residence of Bishop Dembowski, who sided with the Frankists and ordered the public burning of the Talmud, a sentence which was carried into effect in the public streets in 1757.

Kamianets-Podilskyi was also the residence of the wealthy Joseph Yozel Günzburg. During the latter half of the 19th century, many Jews from Kamianets-Podilskyi emigrated to the United States, especially to New York City, where they organized a number of societies.

One of the first and largest Holocaust massacres carried out in the opening stages of war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, took place in Kamianets-Podilskyi on 27–28 August 1941. The killings were conducted by the Police Battalion 320 of the Order Police along with Friedrich Jeckeln's Einsatzgruppen, the Hungarian soldiers, and the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police. According to Nazi German reports, in two days a total of 23,600 Jews from the Kamianets-Podilskyi Ghetto were murdered, including 16,000 expellees from Hungary. As the historians of the Holocaust point out, the massacre constituted a prelude to the Final Solution conceived by the Nazis at Wannsee several months later. Eyewitnesses reported that the perpetrators made no effort to hide their deeds from the local population.

Population
According to the data of the first all-Ukrainian population census in 2001, the population of the city was 99,610 people.

Language

The city is located on the territory of the Podilian dialect, which belongs to the group of Volhynian-Podilian dialects of the southwestern group. The West-Podilian dialect, which has common features with the Dniestrian Ukrainian dialect, and the South-Podilian dialect, which has common features with the Pokuttia–Bukovina dialect, are common in the city. Kamianets-Podilskyi is included in the "Atlas of the Ukrainian Language".

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:

Religion
All major religious groups in Ukraine are represented in the city, a large part of Kamianets residents are Catholics, many are Orthodox. Throughout history, various Catholic monastic orders have functioned in Kamianets-Podilskyi: Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, Capuchins, Discalced Carmelites, Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God, Trinitarians, and as of 2023, the city has Pauline orders and the Society of Christ.

Climate
Kamianets-Podilskyi is located within a humid continental climate with warm summers.

Main sights

The different peoples and cultures that have lived in the city have each brought their own culture and architecture. Examples include the Polish, Ruthenian and Armenian market squares. Famous tourist attractions include the ancient castle, and the numerous architectural attractions in the city's center, including the cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Holy Trinity Church, the Polish City Hall, and the numerous fortifications.

Ballooning activities in the canyon of the Smotrych River have also brought tourists. In May and October, the city hosts Ballooning festivals. In addition, everyone can book a balloon flight even not during the time of the festival.

Since the late 1990s, the city has grown into one of the chief tourist centers of western Ukraine. Annual Cossack Games (Kozatski zabavy) and festivals, which include the open ballooning championship of Ukraine, car racing and various music, art and drama activities, attract an estimated 140,000 tourists and stimulate the local economy. More than a dozen privately owned hotels have recently opened, a large number for a provincial Ukrainian city.

"Respublica" Festival is a music and art festival for youth featuring modern music, literature, and street art. This festival is held annually, gathering hundreds of young art lovers, musicians, and art enthusiasts. Many of the city's buildings are decorated with murals, created during these festivals. The murals depict historical events, as well as modern concepts.

Twin towns and sister cities
Kamianets-Podilskyi is twinned with:
 * 🇸🇰 Dolný Kubín, Slovakia
 * 🇵🇱 Kalisz, Poland
 * Zalau, Romania
 * 🇨🇦 Brantford, Canada
 * 🇩🇪 Wiesbaden, Germany
 * 🇨🇿 Kutna Hora, Czech Republic
 * 🇸🇪 Mariestad, Sweden

Kamianets-Podilskyi's other sister cities are:

Notable residents

 * Mikhail Alperin (1956–2018), Ukrainian jazz pianist.
 * Maria Berlinska (born 1988), Ukrainian military volunteer and women's rights advocate, born here.
 * Andriy Bondar (born 1974), Ukrainian poet, translator and writer.
 * Andrei Bondarenko (born 1987), Ukrainian operatic baritone, born here.
 * Volodymyr Sichynskyi (1894–1962), Ukrainian emigre architect, graphic artist, and art historian, born here.
 * Yukhym Sitsinskyi (1859–1937), Ukrainian historian, archaeologist, cultural and public figure of Podillia, Orthodox priest, lived and worked here.
 * Ihor Marchuk (born 1969), Ukrainian entrepreneur and politician, born here.
 * Serhiy Hamaliy (born 1979), Ukrainian statesman and entrepreneur and former Governor of Khmelnytskyi Oblast.
 * Victor Deysun (born 1962), Ukrainian abstract expressionist painter.
 * Mykola Bazhan (1904–1983), Ukrainian writer, poet, highly decorated political and public figure.
 * Nikolai Chebotaryov (1894–1947), Russian and Soviet mathematician, best known for the Chebotaryov density theorem.
 * Ustym Karmaliuk (1787–1835), Ukrainian outlaw who fought against the Russian administration and became a folk hero to the commoners of Ukraine. Karmaliuk was conscripted to serve in the Imperial Russian Army in Kamianets-Podilskyi. He was forcibly inducted into the Russian Imperial Army, and served in the Napoleonic Wars of 1812 in an Uhlan regiment, but eventually escaped and organized rebel bands who attacked merchants and landowners, while distributing the booty between the poor. He was captured in 1814, and was sentenced in Kamianets-Podilskyi to run a gauntlet of 500 blows, a typical military punishment.
 * Moisey Gamarnik (born 1936), Soviet and Ukrainian physicist and inventor, born here.
 * Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866–1934), Ukrainian academician, politician, historian and statesman, one of the most important figures of the Ukrainian national revival of the early 20th century, lived and worked in universaty here.
 * Sergey Gorshkov (1910–1988), Russian and Soviet Admiral of the fleet of the Soviet Union, born here.
 * Ilarion Ohienko (1882–1972), Ukrainian Orthodox cleric, linguist, church historian, and historian of Ukrainian culture. In 1919, he was Minister of Education in the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) and first rector of Kamianets-Podilskyi State Ukrainian University.
 * Vladyslav Vanat (born 2002), Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Dynamo Kyiv, born here.
 * Vladyslav Khamelyuk (born 1998), Ukrainian professional footballer, born here.
 * Vasyl Matviychuk (born 1982), Ukrainian long-distance runner.
 * Borys Sulkovskyi (1881–?), Ukrainian colonel of the UNR Army, born here
 * Vasyl Mazur-Lyakhovsky (1889–1949), military sergeant of the UNR Army, born here.
 * Marko Mazurenko (1871–1929), corporal general of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, born here.
 * David Günzburg (Baron de Günzburg; 1857–1910) Russian orientalist and Jewish communal leader, born here.
 * Israel J. Hochman (1872–1940), American klezmer violinist and recording artist, born here.
 * Sergius Ingerman (1868–1943), American physician and socialist, born here.
 * Józef Kallenbach (1861–1929), Polish historian of literature, born here.
 * Yuriy Khimich (1928–2003), a Ukrainian painter, born here.
 * Yelyzaveta Hilyazetdinova (born 1994), Ukrainian handball player, born here.
 * Andrii Klantsa (born 1980), cardiac surgeon, scientist, Merited Doctor of Ukraine, Doctor of Science in Public Administration.
 * Stanisław Koniecpolski (1590 or 1594–1646), Polish military commander, fought here.
 * Yevhen Petrushevych (1863–1940), Ukrainian lawyer, politician, and president of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, lived and worked here, when WUPR government settled in Kamianets-Podilskyi.
 * Myron Tarnavsky (1869–1938), Ukrainian supreme commander of the Ukrainian Galician Army, the military of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, fought here
 * Mark Kopytman (1929–2011), Soviet-Israeli composer, musicologist, and pedagogue, born here.
 * Murray Korman (1902–1961), American publicity photographer.
 * Leib Kvitko (1890–1952), Yiddish poet, author of children's poems, and member of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.
 * Mykola Leontovych (1877–1921), Ukrainian composer, studied and graduated from the city's Theological Seminary.
 * Iryna Merleni (born 1982), female wrestler.
 * Aleksander Michałowski (1851–1938), Polish pianist, born here.
 * Mieczysław Mickiewicz (1879–before 1939), Ukrainian and Polish politician, born here.
 * Szymon Okolski (1580–1653), Polish historian, lived here.
 * Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (1876—1945), Polish writer, explorer, professor, anti-communist and political activist; lived here.
 * Morris Schappes (1907–2004), American educator, writer, radical political activist, historian, and magazine editor.
 * Zvee Scooler (1899–1985), actor and radio commentator, best known as the Rabbi in Fiddler on the Roof; born here.
 * Mendele Mocher Sforim (1836–1917), Jewish author; lived here
 * Moses Wilhelm Shapira (1830–1884), Jewish scholar, antiquarian (alleged forger); born here
 * Leo Sirota (1885-1965), Jewish pianist.
 * Samuel Spielberg, Steven Spielberg's paternal grandfather.
 * Mihail Starenki (1879–?), Bessarabian politician born here.
 * Leonid Stein (1934–1973), Soviet chess Grandmaster, born here.
 * Paul Burman (1888–1932), Estonian painter and graphic artist of Baltic German descent, born here.
 * Moshe Stekelis (1898–1967), Russian-Israeli archaeologist.
 * Arthur Tracy (1899–1997), American singer, born here.
 * Anton Vasyutinsky (1858–1935), painter, coin and medal designer, born here.
 * Mikhail Veller (born 1948), Russian-Estonian writer, born here.
 * Ion Vinokur (1930–2006), Ukrainian archaeologist, historian, lived and worked here.
 * Jan de Witte (1709–1785), Polish architect and commander of the local fortress.
 * Jerzy Wołodyjowski, Polish colonel, prototype for one of Henryk Sienkiewicz's characters, Michał Wołodyjowski; killed here.
 * Oleksandr Zaremba (born 1978), Ukrainian historian, military reenactor, festival organizer, and civic activist.
 * Józef Zajączek (1752–1826), Polish general, born here.
 * Maurice Zbriger (1896–1981), Canadian violinist, composer, and conductor, born here.
 * Isidor Zuckermann (1866–1946), Austrian businessman.
 * Jan Olszanski (1919–2003), Ukrainian Roman Catholic prelate as the first diocesan Bishop of the reestablished Roman Catholic Diocese of Kamyanets-Podilskyi from 16 January 1991 until his retirement on 4 May 2002.

Jewish community

 * History of Jewish Community in Kamenets-Podolski
 * The murder of the Jews of Kamianets-Podilskyi during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
 * The Lost Jewish Community of Kamenets-Podolsk
 * Information about the execution of Jewish people in Kamyanets-Podilsky during World War II from Yahad-In Unum

title: Kamianets-Podilskyi


text:
Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain

The second deputy prime minister of Spain, officially Second Vice President of the Government of Spain (Vicepresidencia Segunda del Gobierno de España), is a senior member of the Government of Spain. The office of the Second Deputy Prime Minister is defined in the Constitution but is not a permanent position, existing only at the discretion of the Prime Minister.

The current second deputy prime minister is Yolanda Díaz, who is also minister of Labour and Social Economy.

History
The office was established by the Organic Act of the State of 1967 which allowed for the creation of a Council of Ministers composed of the Prime Minister, one or more Deputy Prime Ministers and the Ministers. However, it was not until 1974, one year after the dictator Francisco Franco split the office of head of government (prime minister) and head of state, that prime minister Arias Navarro appointed Antonio Barrera Irimo, Minister of Finance as second deputy prime minister.

In Arias Navarro's second term, the Finance Minister Rafael Cabello de Alba was also appointed second deputy prime minister in October 1974. During his third term, Arias Navarro appointed Minister of the Interior Manuel Fraga as second deputy prime minister.

Prime minister Adolfo Suárez appointed his Interior Minister, Alfonso Osorio García and Minister of the Presidency as second deputy prime minister. From 1977 to 1981, Suárez appointed his Finance Ministers as Second Deputies and during his short term, Calvo-Sotelo did the same.

Socialist PM González never appointed a second deputy prime minister during his almost 14 years of premiership. José María Aznar and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero however followed the previous pattern of appointing their Finance Minister as second deputy prime minister. However, a cabinet reshuffle in 2011 appointed the Minister of Territorial Policy and Civil Service, Manuel Chaves as second deputy prime minister.

The conservative PM Mariano Rajoy did not appoint a second deputy prime minister. The subsequent prime minister Pedro Sánchez did not appoint in second deputy prime minister in his first government, but he did in his second term. In March 2021, after the resignation of Pablo Iglesias as second deputy prime minister, the tradition of appointing a minister of economic affairs as second deputy PM was resumed. In July 2021, Labour and Social Economy Minister Yolanda Díaz was appointed as second deputy PM.

Powers
The office of second deputy prime minister does not possess special constitutional powers beyond its responsibility as a member of the Council of Ministers. The position is regulated in the Government Act of 1997 and it only specifies that the raison d'être of the office is to replace the Prime Minister when the office is vacant, or the premier is absent or ill. The second deputy prime minister only assumes this responsibility if the first deputy is unable to fill the role.

List of officeholders
Office name:
 * Second Vice Presidency of the Government (1974–1975; 1977–1979; 1981–1982; 1996–2000; 2003–2011; 2020–present)
 * Vice Presidency of the Government for Interior Affairs (1975–1976)
 * Second Vice Presidency of the Government, in charge of the Coordination of the Economic Affairs (1979–1981)
 * Second Vice Presidency of the Government for Economic Affairs (2000–2003)
 * Vice Presidency of the Government for Territorial Policy (2011)

title: Second Deputy Prime Minister of Spain


text:
Kamieniec

Kamieniec may refer to several places:

Poland

 * Kamieniec, Gmina Kłecko in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Gmina Trzemeszno in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Grodzisk Wielkopolski County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Aleksandrów County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Radziejów County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Toruń County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Kamieniec Wrocławski in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Kamieniec Ząbkowicki in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Gostynin County in Masovian Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Siedlce County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Kielce County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Opatów County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Sandomierz County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Staszów County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
 * Kamieniec, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
 * Kamieniec, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)

Historical Polish name in other places

 * Kamieniec Podolski, now Kamianets-Podilskyi, a city in Podolia, Ukraine
 * Kamieniec, now Kamenz, a town in Upper Lusatia, Saxony, Germany
 * Kamieniec Litewski, now Kamyanyets, a town in Belarus

title: Kamieniec


text:
Talk:Geoffrey Boycott

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Domestic violence
Some IPs keep removing information about how conviction for assault from the lead. That information will stay. It is very widely covered in media, a vast amount of reliable and highly notable sources (virtually every British newspaper). This is not a fan page, we don't remove well-source and well-covered information because someone doesn't like it. Jeppiz (talk) 20:26, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It was added by an IP a few days ago. It was then reverted.The IP who added the info to a stable version was reverted and therefore as per BRD consensus should have been sought for inclusion, not deletion. You shouldn't have reverted the revert without discussion. The information shall not stay until consensus is reached to alter the stable version. I certainly oppose its inclusion and agree with the editor who wrote on your talk page.NEDOCHAN (talk) 21:39, 22 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It is weird that it's in the lead though - normally those issues are in the personal life paragraph. If you look for example at Stan Collymore's page, the introduction paragraph doesn't cover the fact he punched his famous girlfriend despite it being a much - on another scale much - bigger news story that Boycott's case. A similar pattern can be observed across multipe articles. So it is hard to avoid the conclusion that the way the article is currently written is designed to try to attack Boycott especially as in the introduction it only covers the negative angle and doesn't include either Boycott's defence or the fact that reputable sources (Yorkshire Post) are now reporting, at least as a possiblity, that the woman made the story up - in other words it is complex and none of that nuance is given in the main introduction.

 * A good contrast is Bill Clinton - a man about whome it is a serious, on-going question as to how he behaved with women and who has faced multiple accusations of rape and indeed paid off one woman who claimed sexual harassment... yet such issues, despite again being far more famous than Boycott's case, don't make the introduction to Clinton's wikipedia entry.

 * To most of the public and most sources Boycott's conviction is a footnote, putting it in his introduction is certainly provocative and without question bucks the trend for wikipedia so you might as well expect it to be consistently edited. The alternative I suppose is to amend all the otehr articles such as those for Collymore and Clinton to make them match the Boycott page.
 * Agreed, furthermore there's now plenty of evidence suggesting his accuser was lying and that Boycott was in fact a victim of false allegations and multiple blackmail attempts.--Shakehandsman (talk) 00:11, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Geoffrey Boycott
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Geoffrey Boycott's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Test high score": From List of international cricket centuries by Ian Bell:  From List of international cricket centuries by Ross Taylor:  From Martin Crowe:

Reference named "1st Test 100": From List of international cricket centuries by Ian Bell:  From List of international cricket centuries by Ross Taylor:  From Martin Crowe:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 02:59, 21 June 2021 (UTC)

 * I addressed this for you! will you marry me? Horsesizedduck (talk) 00:05, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Start of 1974 season
The article currently says "In 1974 Boycott's form dipped, when he scored only 75 runs in the first innings of the season, other than a non-championship century against Cambridge University". I assumed that the problem here was that "first innings" should have said "first 6 innings" or whatever, so I set out to find out how many innings Boycott took to score his first 75 runs. However, I can't find that figure of 75 anywhere using the records of the 1974 English first-class season at Cricinfo (http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1974/ENG_LOCAL/). Yorkshire's first matches in that season were as follows: 1. 1-3 May v Cambridge University (Boycott 140) 2. 8-10 May v Northamptonshire (Boycott 1 and 17) 3. 16-19 May v Oxford University (Boycott 89) 4. 22-24 May v Warwickshire (Boycott 15) 5. 25-28 May v Lancashire (Boycott 41 and 89*)

The only way I can get close to 75 is by omitting the Oxford University match (as well as the Cambridge University match), and also ignoring the 89* in the second innings of the Lancashire match. That would give 1, 17, 17, 41 for a total of 74 and an average of 18.50. But by the end of the Lancashire match his total was 163 with an average of 40.75, which seems quite respectable. And what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander; in the seasons where he averaged over 100 I imagine that his innings against the universities were included, and if we do that here, his average after 5 matches was 65.33.

I am a fairly conservative editor, and I don't like deleting statements outright, but it seems to me that "In 1974 Boycott's form dipped" is not justified, at least by the scores of the first few games of the season. STeamTraen (talk) 18:45, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geoffrey Boycott


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Picket

Picket may refer to:

 * Snow picket, a climbing tool
 * Picket fence, a type of fence
 * Screw picket, a tethering device
 * Picket line, to tether horses
 * "Picket line" is also used in picketing, a form of protest
 * See also: "Crossing the picket line"
 * Picket (military), a soldier or small unit placed ahead of the main formation
 * Radar picket, a radar equipped vehicle on picket duty
 * Picket boat, a small military boat
 * Picket (pikieta), a slang term to describe cruising for sex
 * Picket (punishment), a 16th and 17th century military punishment
 * Picket, a fairy chess piece
 * The Flying Pickets, a British a cappella vocal group
 * Picket (climbing)
 * USS Picket, one of several ships of the United States Navy

Places

 * Picket Hill
 * Picket Piece
 * Picket Post, a road junction and service area in the New Forest National Park
 * Picket Range, a small, extremely rugged subrange of the North Cascades
 * Picket Seamount
 * Picket Twenty

title: Picket


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title: User talk:150.176.140.66


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User talk:Lemmie~enwiki

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USS Drayton (DD-23)

USS Drayton (DD-23) was a Paulding-class destroyer in the United States Navy. She was the first ship named for Captain Percival Drayton.

Drayton was launched on 22 August 1910 by Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, sponsored by Miss E. G. Drayton, niece of Captain Drayton, and commissioned on 29 October 1910.

Pre-World War I
Drayton arrived at Key West, Florida on 21 December 1910, to cruise in Cuban waters and on the east coast in exercises and development problems. She sailed from Key West on 9 April 1914 to serve on blockade duty off Mexico and take refugees out of the troubled areas, returning to New York on 1 June, and to Newport on 1 August.

World War I
Drayton served on neutrality patrol and conducted torpedo and gunnery exercises out of Newport, Rhode Island and in the Caribbean. Calling at Jacksonville, Florida from 5–11 April 1917, she took over the German steamer Frieda Leonhardt and interned her crew in accordance with a Presidential proclamation issued upon American entry into World War I. Drayton arrived at Norfolk, Virginia on 12 April, and the next day reported for duty with the Patrol Force off the east coast serving until 4 May, when she entered Boston Navy Yard to fit out for distant service.

Drayton departed Boston, Massachusetts on 21 May, and sailed by way of St. John's, Newfoundland to Queenstown, Ireland, arriving on 1 June. She patrolled along the coast of Ireland, escorting both inbound and outbound ships. On 20 June, she searched for the submarine which had torpedoed SS Bengore Head, then rescued 42 survivors who were landed at Bantry Ireland. From 26 June-4 July, she escorted a transport convoy to St. Nazaire and took part in a submarine hunt with two French cruisers. On 15 December, with USS Benham (DD-49), she picked up the survivors of SS Foylemore, 39 in all.

Transferred to Brest and United States Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, Drayton left Queenstown on 15 February 1918. She continued her escort and antisubmarine operations out of this port until 16 December, when she sailed for the United States, arriving at Boston on 2 January 1919 for overhaul. Drayton cruised along the east coast on various exercises and maneuvers until 18 July, when she reported to Philadelphia Navy Yard in company with seven other destroyers destined for decommissioning.

Drayton was decommissioned on 17 November. On 1 July 1933, her name was dropped and she was known as DD-23 until sold on 28 June 1935.

title: USS Drayton (DD-23)


text:
Salobre

Salobre is a town and municipality in the province of Albacete, Spain. It also contains the small village of Reolid.

In 2017, the municipality had a population of 523 inhabitants, according to statistics released by the National Statistics Institute of Spain. The inhabitants are distributed between the village of Reolid, with 173 inhabitants, and the town of Salobre, with 350 inhabitants.

title: Salobre


text:
Cleland, North Lanarkshire

Cleland is a village near Motherwell and Wishaw in North Lanarkshire, Scotland,. As of 2018, it has a population of about 3,000. The village has a strong coal mining heritage, and is a typical example of a working class village in North Lanarkshire and the Glasgow area. Due to its location, despite being at the heart of North Lanarkshire, the village is isolated, geographically and culturally, from surrounding towns such as Motherwell, Shotts and Wishaw.

Geography
The village is about 30 miles from Edinburgh and 16 miles from Glasgow by train. Geographically, the village of Cleland is roughly bounded by the junction of Cleland Road and Chapleknowe road (B7029) to the west, the junction of Biggar Road and the B7033 Newhouse to the North, the junction of Bellside Road and Carlisle Road (A73) to the East and the junction of Swinstie road and Wishaw high road to the south.

Schools
Cleland is served by two primary schools. St. Mary's is the larger of the two schools with a roll of around 140 (excluding nursery), compared with Cleland Primary's roll of around 90. St Mary's Primary School also includes the nursery which is non-denominational.

The two secondary schools which serve the community are Taylor High School in New Stevenston, and Coltness High School near Wishaw.

Transport
Cleland is situated in close proximity to the M8 motorway, offering road connections to Glasgow and Edinburgh, between and beyond. It is 6 mi from the M74 motorway, offering road connections to England and the M6 motorway.

Cleland railway station is situated on Bellside Road and is a stop on the Glasgow - Edinburgh via Shotts Line. It is around a 30-minute journey to Glasgow and an hour to Edinburgh. The trains run every day with a limited service on Sundays.

Several bus services operate into Glasgow, Wishaw, Motherwell and the surrounding areas.

Governance
Cleland is in the Scottish parliamentary constituency of Motherwell and Wishaw, in the Scottish Parliament Region of Central Scotland. The current Member of the Scottish Parliament is Clare Adamson of the Scottish National Party.

Cleland's is also in the UK Parliament constituency of Motherwell and Wishaw, and is represented by Marion Fellows of the Scottish National Party.

Cleland falls under Ward 20 Murdostoun of North Lanarkshire Council. The current representation is 2 Labour, 1 SNP and 1 Independent. Louise Roarty of the Scottish Labour Party received the most first preferences votes in Cleland in the 2017 and 2022 Local Elections.

History
The first Cleland on record is Alexander Cleland of that Ilk who married a cousin of Sir William Wallace. Their son, James Cleland joined William Wallace in battle in 1296 at Loudonhill; at Stirling in 1297; Falkirk in 1298; Glasgow in 1300; and in France in 1301. James Cleland and his son John Cleland fought at Bannockburn in 1314. For his loyalty and good service, Robert the Bruce gave James Cleland the lands of Calder-clere, now East Calder. The Cleland line later extends down to James Cleland, son of William Cleland of that Ilk. James married a daughter of Lord Somerville in 1450, and their line branches out to be the Clelands of Faskin, Monkland and Gartness. The Cleland family lands were therefore a number of areas which included the present day Cleland village. There was no defined village of Cleland as it is known today. Rather there was a Cleland House where the Cleland family lived, and the land where present day Cleland stands was part of the Cleland family's estate. In 1596 Timothy Pont produced a map of Scotland, showing what is now Lanarkshire, with the places of Kneelandtou and Kneelandtounhead. Kneeland is an archaic alternative name for the Cleland family surname. Over time, Kneeland would eventually become Cleland (and Cleland used to be pronounced as Clee-land in the same way as Knee-land).

The united Presbytery of Hamilton and Lanarkshire had its first meeting at Cleland on 6 September 1687.

In 1702 Alexander Cleland of Cleland found himself in debt and sold the Cleland Estate to William and Archibald Hamilton, who in turn sold to Gavin Hamilton of Inverdovat in 1711. The link between the Cleland families and the Cleland lands was therefore broken. The sale of the Estate was described as follows:

"All and Haill [whole] the lands Clelandtoun, called the five pund land of Clelandtoun with the tower and fortalice, &c. – in the barony of Bothwell – All and Haill the fortie shilling land of Little Hareshaw, in the parish of Shotts – All and Haill the lands of Newarthill and Whitagreen – All and Haill the Mains and Mill of Carphinc- Excepting threfra the feu ferm rights if Little Hareshaw."

General Roy's military map of 1755 shows Cleland.

By 1763 the first colliery in what is present day Cleland was in operation at Swinstie, and three years later Alexander Inglis Hamilton of Murdostoun sells Cleland Estate to Captain Hew Dalrymple of Fordal. In 1789 Colonel William Dalrymple (the second son of Sir William Dalrymple, third baronet of Cousland, and the nephew of Captain Hew Dalrymple), distinguishes himself by helping to capture both the Fort of San Fernando de Omoa and the port town of Omoa, in Honduras, Central America. On returning to civilian life Colonel Dalrymple established the Omoa Iron Works on Cleland estate. At first there was only one furnace at Omoa, employing about 40 miners, 40 smelters and other workmen, and 12 horses. The furnace consumed nine tons of calcined ironstone per day, with casts every eighteen hours, yielding about two tons of pig-iron each cast. Omoa claimed to be the second oldest iron works in Scotland (after Wilsontown). The Omoa Waggonway was opened in 1813 from Newarthill collieries to Omoa Iron Works by Colonel Dalrymple. The Omoa Works initially prospered enough to create the new community of Omoa Town.

The procurement of ironstone for the Iron Works was reported as follows:

"An interesting circumstance connected with the early history of Omoa, and perhaps applicable to other iron-works at the same period, was the scarcity of ironstone and how it was procured. Any balls found in a stream, or cropping-out by its margin, were carefully collected, and in the case of Omoa, ironstone was collected in streams or otherwise by farmers and others in the neighbourhood, and taken to the ironworks and sold - many a ton went from Shotts parish in this way. The transaction was never called in question, but if practised at the present day, would be called thieving."

Omoa Works changed proprietors several times, the last being to Robert Stewart, Esq., of Murdoston. Stewart reconstructed the works, and acquired a lease to an extensive mineral field, which was found to contain an excellent seam of blackband ironstone, he in the course of a few years acquired a considerable fortune, to which after years of great success were to make great additions. He became a member of Glasgow Town Council in 1842, becoming Lord Provost, 1848–1854, and drove the initiative to supply Glasgow with a freshwater supply from Loch Katrine. In 1856 Mr. Stewart acquired from Mr. Baillie Cochrane, now Lord Lamington, at a cost of £55,000, the estate of Murdostoun, situated in the parish of Shotts, and immediately began to improve it upon an extensive scale. The Omoa Works suffered a downturn through a slump in trade following the outbreak of Civil War in America in 1861. Two years after the death of Robert Stewart in 1866, operations ceased, with the furnaces eventually becoming ruins. Collieries around the present village included Knowenoble, Greenhill, Windyedge, and Spindleside, extracting thick-bedded coals and black-band ironstone

The Coltness Iron Company was established in Newmains by Henry Houldsworth in 1837. It was estimated that the 2000 acre site at Newmains could produce 18,000 tons of coal and 1,000 tons of ironstone per acre. Henry Houldsworth had no difficulty, therefore, in attracting experienced labour from the iron works of Yorkshire as well as from Omoa and Wilsontown in Lanarkshire. The Iron Company, needing coal, was also aware of the coal mines in Ireland. When coal was being mined in Shotts, Cleland and the surrounding areas, the Iron Company sent representatives over to Ireland to hire miners for the Scottish mines. This is a primary reason why so many Irish families came to the area. Many came from County Donegal, and the Castlecomer coal fields in what is now north County Kilkenny and south County Laois. The population of Omoa and Cleland was recorded as 1,233 in 1861: Cleland had 190 males and 175 females; Omoa had 509 males and 359 females.

In 1869 the Omoa and Midcalder Line (Caledonian Railway) was opened. The Omoa and Midcalder Line (Caledonian Railway) to Addiewell followed in 1882. Cleland was served with two railway stations. The first was Omoa Station (across from what is now Cleland Hospital), and the second was Cleland Station (behind what is now Cleland Cross). After Cleland Station was closed, Omoa Station was then renamed Cleland Station.A list of mines under Holytown in this year includes Cleland Collieries owned by Wm. Dixon, Monkland Iron Co., Trustees of late Robert Stewart; Wyndedge owned by Robert Dick. The Omoa Fireclay Works, a brickworks, opened in 1870.

In 1871 the population of Cleland and Omoa had fallen to 819, but by 1881 it was 1,626. The Cleland and Omoa Public School opened in 1876, and in 1877 St Mary's Roman Catholic Church, a Free Church, and a Chapel of Ease were all established.

In 1885 the Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland recorded:

"Cleland, a village of N Lanarkshire, chiefly in Shotts parish, but also partly in Bothwell. With a station on the Morningside branch of the Caledonian, it stands near the left bank of South Calder Water, 3¾ miles [6 km] ESE of Holytown, 7 [miles; 11 km] E of Bothwell village, and 3½ [miles; 5.6 km] E by N of Motherwell, under which it has a post office. It mainly depends on the large neighbouring collieries of the Omoa and Cleland Coal and Iron Company; at it are an Established chapel of ease (1877), a Free church, and St Mary's Roman Catholic church (1877), to the last of which, designed by Messrs Peyin, a presbytery was added in 1881. Cleland and Omoa public school and Cleland Roman Catholic school, with respective accommodation for 300 and 254 children, had (1880) an average attendance of 199 and 240, and grants of £190, 7s. 2d. and £182. Pop. (1861) 1233, (1871) 819, (1881) 1626."

As the Gazetteer suggests, Omoa and Cleland were separate villages, and parts of Omoa and Cleland villages came under the District of West Shotts, and the remainder came under the District of Bothwell. However, both were within the Parish of Cleland.

Further industrial ventures included the Omoa Greenhill Works brickworks (1889-1915), and the Cleland Pottery (1895–1911), the latter across the small gorge from Lithgow Drive. An inspection report for 1896 records the following coal mines in Cleland and Omoa:
 * Beggarford, Omoa owned by Robert Young's Trustees, Greenhill, by Holytown;
 * Brownhill, Cleland owned by Barr and Higgins, 75, Bothwell St., Glasgow;
 * Greenhill, Omoa owned by Robert Young's Trustees, Greenhill, by Holytown;
 * Hareshaw, Omoa owned by Hareshaw Coal Co., Cleland;
 * Knownoble, Cleland owned by Kerr and Mitchell, Glencleland, Wishaw;
 * Knownoblehill, Cleland owned by Robert Dick, Cleland;
 * Murdostoun, Cleland owned by John McAndrew and Co., Cleland; and
 * Sunnyside, Cleland owned by Coltness Iron Co. Ltd., Newmains.

Cleland Poorhouse opened in 1905. Cleland streets were named and houses numbered in 1906. When built, Lithgow Drive was named after Dr Lithgow, and Gibb Street was named after the mid-wife Mrs Gibb, who both served Omoa and Cleland.

The Annual Report of the County & District Medical Officer for Lanarkshire, 1910, describes Omoa Square:

"This group of 114 single-apartment and 24 two-apartment houses, is situated in the Parish of Shotts. These houses were inspected by the Committee on 27 September, and have since been the subject of considerable correspondence and several meetings. A specification, showing the repairs necessary to make the houses reasonably fit for human habitation, was prepared and submitted to the proprietors' agents, who replied that the suggestions were extremely expensive and far beyond any reasonable requirement, and asking a meeting at the property. At this meeting the proprietor was strongly urged to provide domestic and sanitary conveniences of an approved type for the front one-storey block as an experiment in the first instance, but his agent objected very strongly to these proposals, on the ground that the expense was not warranted and the class of tenants would not make proper use of the conveniences. He, however, promised to consider the matter further. No definite proposals were put forward for the improvement of the housing conditions, and to facilitate matters I was afterwards instructed by the Committee to submit a Representation under the Housing Acts."

"The Housing Condition of Miners" Report by the Medical Officer of Health, Dr John T. Wilson, 1910, summarises the Square as:

"''Originally built by Omoa Iron and Coal Co, but now privately owned. The houses are occupied by miners employed at Cleland, Howmuir, Westwood, Murdostoun and quarrymen employed at Auchinlea – 114 houses of one apartment, rental, £5 4s. and £6 10s; and 24 houses of two-apartments, rental £7 16s and £10 8s – one story, brick – erected about 70 years ago – no damp - roof course – plastered on solid – brick floors, some floors cement – internal surfaces of walls and ceilings irregular, broken and patched – walls mostly damp – several houses unoccupied.
 * ''No overcrowding – apartments large.
 * ''No gardens – one wash house in centre of square – coal cellars recently erected for each house, but many have been broken down by tenants.
 * ''7 privy midden, in centre of square, in rear and in front, at distances of 20 ft to 30 yd; doors and windows of these have been destroyed.
 * No sinks – drainage by surface channels.
 * ''Gravitation water from standpipes in centre and back of square, from 2 to 10 yd distant.

These houses have been frequently inspected, and sanitary improvements have been carried out with no satisfactory results.

Notes on Omoa Square - Closing order made under Section 17 of Housing &c Act, 19. Partly demolished."

By 1910, the Square's houses were semi-abandoned and considered not properly fit for human habitation, with a recommendation for demolition. In the 1920s, hardship led to many Cleland families leaving for other mining areas or emigrating to America and Canada. In 1930 a police census records a population of 4,274, made up of 2,240 males and 2,030 females, though this shows a reduction of 552 compared with the census taken in 1928. In 1930 the Wishaw and Coltness Railway was closed to freight between Newmains and Cleland Junction, and to passengers between Morningside and Holytown (Cleland Junction). What is now Cleland Station collapsed, due to a local mine running under it caving in. It required major repairs before re-opening.

In 1934 Cleland War Memorial was erected after public subscription, to the memory of the men of Cleland and District who fell in the Great War 1914–1918. Electricity was supplied to Cleland in 1934–35. Cleland Public Park opened to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V in May 1935. Further railway closures included the Airdrie and Newhouse Line (Caledonian Railway) Chapelhall to Bellside (1966), and the Cleland (previously Omoa) and Midcalder Line (Caledonian Railway) Polkemmet Colliery line, which was lifted in 1986.

title: Cleland, North Lanarkshire


text:
Talk:Digital Ash in a Digital Urn

Chronology with I'm Wide Awake...
I am going to put the album I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning as releasing at the same time as this album in the chronology, instead of before it. They came out the same day so I don't think you can put one before the other. --Andland 20:25, Feb 8, 2006

Recording Date
It says it was recorded Feb 2005, but the album came out Jan 2005. I Assume someone meant Feb 2004 because that is what it says for I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning. --Andland 20:40, Feb 8, 2006

Album Cover
I've got the Digital Ash in a Digital Urn/I'm Wide Awake, it's Morning promo, and it shows both album covers scaled down on the front, but the cover for "Digital Ash" is in completely different colors, (The backgroud is sky blue, the bee is dark blue, and the flowers are white). Does anybody know anything about the alternative cover, and if it was just quickly changed right before it's release? Underwater 00:31, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Wait! Scratch that! On AMG the cover shows a flower on a toilet seat, and a man standing behind another flower... . No bee at all. So, the two covers are even more different than I thought they were.... anybody know what's up with that? Underwater 00:35, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The cover uses odd colors with black as a background, so I think that it is hard to see it all at once, and especially hard to distinguish it on a jpeg. The AMG version has all the elements, but that's not the impression you actually get from it. --Andland 09:58, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Digital Ash in a Digital Urn


text:
Nizatidine

Nizatidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, and is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease.

It was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1988. It was developed by Eli Lilly.

Medical use
Nizatidine is used to treat duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD/GORD), and to prevent stress ulcers.

Adverse effects
Side effects are uncommon, usually minor, and include diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, drowsiness, headache, and muscle aches.

History and development
Nizatidine was developed by Eli Lilly, and was first marketed in 1988. It is considered to be equipotent with ranitidine and differs by the substitution of a thiazole ring in place of the furan ring in ranitidine. In September 2000, Eli Lilly announced they would sell the sales and marketing rights for Axid to Reliant Pharmaceuticals. Subsequently, Reliant developed the oral solution of Axid, marketing this in 2004, after gaining approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, a year later, they sold rights of the Axid Oral Solution (including the issued patent protecting the product) to Braintree Laboratories.

Brand names
Brand names include Tazac and Axid.

title: Nizatidine