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List of industrial disasters

This article lists notable industrial disasters, which are disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. They are a form of industrial accident where great damage, injury or loss of life are caused.

Other disasters can also be considered industrial disasters, if their causes are rooted in the products or processes of industry. For example, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was made more severe due to the heavy concentration of lumber industry facilities, wood houses, and fuel and other chemicals in a small area.

The Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents is designed to protect people and the environment from industrial accidents. The Convention aims to prevent accidents from occurring, to reduce their frequency and severity, and to mitigate their effects. The Convention addresses primarily industrial accidents in one country that affect the population and the environment of another country.

Defense industry

 * October 12, 1654: Delft Gunpowder Explosion, Delft, The Netherlands. A gunpowder depot in the center of Delft exploded and killed more than 100 people while destroying a large part of the city center of Delft.
 * July 14, 1847: Faversham Guncotton Explosion. Faversham, United Kingdom. 18 killed during manufacture of guncotton.
 * September 17, 1862: Allegheny Arsenal explosion, Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania. Three individual explosions killed a total of 78 workers. The largest civilian disaster during the American Civil War.
 * June 17, 1864: 1864 Washington Arsenal explosion in Washington, D.C. After flares exploded, some of them entered a nearby building which blew up when a barrel of gun powder exploded, killing 21 women and injuring many others.
 * May 25, 1865: Mobile magazine explosion, Mobile, Alabama. A warehouse containing 200 tons of powder and shells exploded, killing 300 and causing over $720,000 in property damage.
 * August 11, 1871: Stowmarket Guncotton Explosion. Stowmarket, United Kingdom. During manufacture of guncotton, two explosions killed 28 and injured 70.
 * April 2, 1916: Faversham Munitions Explosion. Faversham, United Kingdom. 200 tons of TNT caught fire, killing 115 people.
 * December 6, 1917: The Halifax Explosion. Halifax, Canada. A ship loaded with about 9,000 tons of high explosives destined for France caught fire as a result of a collision in Halifax harbour, and exploded. The explosion killed about 2,000 and injured about 9,000.
 * October 4, 1918: T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion. An ammunition plant in Sayreville, New Jersey, exploded, killing approximately 100 people, destroying 300 buildings and causing $18 million in damages.
 * March 1, 1924: 1924 Nixon Nitration Works disaster. A plant for processing ammonium nitrate in Edison, New Jersey, exploded, killing 24 people, injuring 100 and destroying several buildings.
 * July 10, 1926: Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey. 600,000 lbs. of explosives detonated as a result of a lightning strike. 187 of the 200 buildings in the arsenal were destroyed and debris was found as far as 20 miles away. Damage of close to one billion dollars in 2022 dollars.
 * April 14, 1944: Bombay docks explosion. A British freighter SS Fort Stikine carrying 1400 tons of explosives and 240 tons of weapons (torpedoes and mines) caught fire due to improper storage, resulting in two massive explosions killing some 800-1300 people. The explosion also led to fires in many parts of the city and the docks needed months of repair work to function again.
 * July 17, 1944: Port Chicago Disaster. A munitions explosion that killed 320 people occurred at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California.
 * Nov 27, 1944: RAF Fauld Explosion. Explosion of between 3500 and 4000 tonnes of ordnance in an underground munitions store killed 70 people.
 * August 9, 1965: Searcy missile silo fire, Arkansas. 53 contract workers were killed during a fire at a Titan missile silo. The cause of the fire was determined to be a welding rod damaging a hydraulic hose carrying Aerozine 50 fuel. This allowed the hypergolic fuel vapors to spread throughout the silo, which were then ignited by an open flame.
 * April 13, 1976: Lapua Cartridge Factory explosion. An explosion in a munitions factory in Lapua, Finland, kills 40 workers.
 * May 5, 1983: "6 Martie" Ammunition Factory in Zărnești, Romania. An explosion in the production facilities inside the factory completely destroyed two buildings, killing 37 people and injuring more than 300.
 * April 10, 1988: Ojhri Camp, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A military storage center exploded, killing more than 90 people.
 * July 11, 2011: Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion, Cyprus. The disaster occurred when 98 containers of gunpowder exploded; 13 people were killed, among them the captain of the base, three commanders, twin brothers who were serving there as marines, and six firefighters. 62 people were injured and the explosion knocked out the island's power station for days.

Energy industry

 * October 1957: The Windscale fire, the worst nuclear accident in the United Kingdom's history, released substantial amounts of radioactive contamination into the surrounding area at Windscale, Cumberland (now Sellafield, Cumbria). The incident led to about 100 to 240 cancer deaths.
 * May 1962: The Centralia mine fire in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania began due to a fire on the surface accidentally igniting the mine's shallow coal vein, forcing the gradual evacuation of the Centralia borough. The fire continues to burn underneath the abandoned settlement.
 * October 1963: The Vajont Dam overflow, caused by a massive landslide, leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns, and 1,917 deaths in northern Italy. The accident was anticipated by numerous warnings and signs of dangers disregarded by the electrical company and government.
 * March 4, 1965: The Natchitoches explosion: A 32-inch gas transmission pipeline, north of Natchitoches, Louisiana, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from stress corrosion cracking on March 4, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed. The same pipeline also had an explosion on May 9, 1955, just 930 feet (280 m) from the 1965 failure.
 * March 1967: The SS Torrey Canyon supertanker was shipwrecked off the west coast of Cornwall, England, causing an environmental disaster. This was the first major oil spill at sea.
 * August 1975: The Banqiao Dam failed in the Henan Province of China due to extraordinarily heavy precipitation from the remnants of Typhoon Nina and poor construction quality of the dam, which was built during the Great Leap Forward. The flood immediately killed over 100,000 people, and another 150,000 died of subsequent epidemic diseases and famine, bringing the total death toll to around 250,000 and making it the worst technical disaster ever.
 * March 16, 1978: The Amoco Cadiz, a VLCC owned by the company Amoco sank near the northwest coast of France, resulting in the spilling of 68,684,000 US gallons of crude oil (1,635,000 barrels). This is the largest oil spill from an oil tanker in history.
 * January 8, 1979: The Whiddy Island disaster, also known as the  Betelgeuse incident, occurred around 1:00 am, when the oil tanker Betelgeuse exploded in Bantry Bay, at the offshore jetty for the oil terminal at Whiddy Island, Ireland. The explosion and resulting fire claimed the lives of 50 people (42 French nationals, seven Irish nationals, and one British national).
 * March 28, 1979: Three Mile Island accident. Partial nuclear meltdown near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Mechanical failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed by a stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve in the primary system, allowed large amounts of reactor coolant to escape. Plant operators initially failed to recognize the loss of coolant, resulting in a partial meltdown. The reactor was brought under control but not before up to 481 PBq (13 million curies) of radioactive gases were released into the atmosphere.
 * June 3, 1979: Ixtoc oil spill. The Ixtoc I exploratory oil well suffered a blowout resulting in the third-largest oil spill and the second-largest accidental spill in history.
 * March 1980: The Alexander L. Kielland, a Norwegian semi-submersible drilling rig, capsized while working in the Ekofisk oil field, killing 123 people.
 * November 20, 1980: A Texaco oil rig drilled into a salt mine transforming Lake Peigneur, a freshwater lake before the accident, into a saltwater lake.
 * February 15, 1982: Newfoundland, Canada. The mobile offshore oil rig Ocean Ranger was struck by a rogue wave off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada and sank with the loss of all 84 crew.
 * December 19, 1982: The Tacoa disaster, an immense boilover from a fuel oil tank within the premises of a thermal power plant. It caused about 150 fatalities, including firefighters, media workers and bystanders.
 * January 7, 1983: An explosion in Newark, New Jersey was felt as far away as 100–130 miles from the epicenter, but only claimed 1 life, and injured 22–24 people.
 * July 23, 1984: Romeoville, Illinois, Union Oil refinery explosion killed 19 people.
 * November 19, 1984: San Juanico Disaster. A series of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs) at a liquefied petroleum gas tank farm killed more than 500 and injured thousands in San Juan Ixhuatepec, Mexico.
 * April 26, 1986: Chernobyl disaster. At the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Pripyat, Soviet Union, (modern-day Ukraine) a test on reactor number four went out of control, resulting in a nuclear meltdown. The ensuing steam explosion and radiation killed up to 50 people with estimates that there may be between 4,000 and several hundred thousand additional cancer deaths over time, although this has not yet been observed and was estimated based on the contested linear no-threshold model. Nuclear fallout could be detected as far away as Canada. The Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, covering portions of Belarus and Ukraine surrounding Pripyat, remains contaminated and mostly uninhabited. Pripyat itself was totally evacuated and remains as a ghost town, although teeming with wildlife.
 * May 5, 1988: Norco, Louisiana, Shell Oil refinery explosion. Hydrocarbon gas escaped from a corroded pipe in a catalytic cracker and was ignited. Louisiana State Police evacuated 2,800 residents from nearby neighborhoods. Seven workers were killed and 42 injured. The total cost arising from the Norco blast is estimated at US$706 million.
 * July 6, 1988: Piper Alpha disaster. An explosion and resulting fire on a North Sea oil production platform killed 167 men. The total insured loss was about US$3.4 billion. To date it is rated as the world's worst offshore oil disaster in terms both of lives lost and impact to industry.
 * March 24, 1989: Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker bound for Long Beach, California, hit Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef, dumping an estimated minimum 10.8 million US gallons (40.9 million litres, or 250,000 barrels) of crude oil into the sea. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters ever to occur. 100,000 to as many as 250,000 seabirds died, as well as at least 2,800 sea otters, approximately 12 river otters, 300 harbor seals, 247 bald eagles, and 22 orcas, and billions of salmon and herring eggs were destroyed. Overall reductions in population have been seen in various ocean animals, including stunted growth in pink salmon populations. Sea otters and ducks also showed higher death rates in following years, partially because they ingested prey from contaminated soil and also from ingestion of oil residues on their hair/feathers due to grooming.
 * July 5, 1990: 1990 ARCO explosion. An explosion at a petrochemical plant in Channelview, Texas, killed 17 people and injured five others.
 * April 22, 1992: 1992 Guadalajara explosions. A leak of gasoline into the sewer system caused 12 explosions in downtown Guadalajara, Mexico between 10:05 and 11:16 a.m., killing 206 – 252 people and injuring 1,800. Eight kilometers of streets were destroyed or seriously damaged.
 * March 23, 2005: Texas City refinery explosion. An explosion occurred at a BP refinery in Texas City, Texas. It is the third largest refinery in the United States and one of the largest in the world, processing 433,000 barrels of crude oil per day and accounting for three percent of that nation's gasoline supply. Over 100 were injured, and 15 were confirmed dead, including employees of Jacobs, Fluor and BP. BP has since accepted that its employees contributed to the accident. Several level indicators failed, leading to overfilling of a knockout drum, and light hydrocarbons concentrated at ground level throughout the area. A nearby running diesel truck set off the explosion.
 * July 27, 2005: Mumbai High fire. A major fire struck ONGC's Mumbai High North offshore complex, located approximately 100 km off Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, when a support vessel collided with the production platform. The fire caused 22 fatalities and extensive material damage.
 * December 11, 2005: Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire. A series of explosions at the Buncefield oil storage depot, described as the largest peacetime explosion in Europe, devastated the terminal and many surrounding properties. There were no fatalities. Total damages have been forecast as £750 million.
 * December 19, 2007: T2 Laboratories explosion and fire. Runaway reactor for production of gasoline additives explodes at Jacksonville, Florida, killing four.
 * December 22, 2008: Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill. 1.1 billion gallons of coal ash were released when a dike ruptured at an ash storage pond at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Kingston Fossil Plant in Roane County, Tennessee.
 * August 17, 2009: Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident. Seventy-five people were killed at a hydroelectric power station when a turbine failed. The failed turbine had been vibrating for a considerable time. Emergency doors to stop the incoming water took a long time to close, while a self-closing lock would have stopped the water in minutes.
 * February 7, 2010: 2010 Connecticut power plant explosion. A large explosion occurred at a Kleen Energy Systems 620-megawatt, Siemens combined cycle gas- and oil- fired power plant in Middletown, Connecticut, United States. Preliminary reports attributed the cause of the explosion to a test of the plant's energy systems. The plant was still under construction and scheduled to start supplying energy in June 2010. The number of injuries was eventually established to be 27. Five people died in the explosion. Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit on fire 2010.jpg'' in flames after the explosion]]
 * April 20, 2010: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Eleven oil platform workers died in an explosion and fire that resulted in a massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, considered the largest offshore spill in US history.
 * March 11, 2011: As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami,
 * Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in Japan. Regarded as the largest nuclear disaster since the Chernobyl disaster, there were no direct deaths but a few of the plant's workers were severely injured or killed by the disaster conditions resulting from the earthquake.
 * Fujinuma Dam failure, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The dam failed 20 to 25 minutes after the earthquake as the nearly full reservoir overtopped the dam's crest. Eight people were killed.
 * Ichihara gas tank fire, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. A fire in natural gas containers at the Ichihara oil refinery. Six people were injured, and storage tanks were destroyed.
 * February 24, 2012: Köprü Dam in Adana Province, Turkey. A hydroelectric dam whose diversion tunnel seal was breached. 97 million cubic meters of water flooded the area downstream of the dam. The accident and flood killed 10 workers.
 * October 29, 2012: Hurricane Sandy caused a Consolidated Edison power plant to explode, causing a blackout in most of midtown Manhattan. The blue light emitted from the arc made places as far as Brooklyn glow. No person was killed or injured.
 * July 6, 2013: Lac-Mégantic, Quebec Canada. Lac-Mégantic derailment. Forty-seven people were killed when there was a derailment of an oil shipment train. The oil shipment caught fire and exploded, destroying more than thirty buildings. It was the fourth-deadliest rail accident in Canadian history.
 * July 23, 2018: Laos dam collapse. Part of a hydroelectric dam system under construction collapsed in Champasak Province, Laos. The collapse lead to widespread destruction and homelessness. 40 people were confirmed dead, at least 98 more were missing, and 6,600 others were displaced.
 * June 21, 2019: Philadelphia Refinery Explosion. An explosion at Philadelphia Energy Solutions' refinery destroyed the alkylation unit, where crude oil is converted to high octane gas, and led to the planned closure of the financially troubled plant. While the explosion and fire only led to a few minor injuries, it was catastrophic for the business.

Food industry

 * 17 October 1814: The London Beer Flood was an accident at Meux & Co's Horse Shoe Brewery, London, on 17 October 1814. It took place when one of the 22 ft wooden vats of fermenting porter burst. The pressure of the escaping liquid dislodged the valve of another vessel and destroyed several large barrels: between 128,000 and 323,000 imperial gallons (580,000–1,470,000 L; 154,000–388,000 US gal) of beer were released in total.
 * 18 June 1875: The Dublin whiskey fire took place on 18 June 1875 in the Liberties area of Dublin. It lasted a single night but killed 13 people, and resulted in €6 million worth of damage in whiskey alone (adjusted for inflation). People drank the 6 inch deep river of whiskey that is said to have flowed as far as the Coombe. None of the fatalities suffered during the fire were due to smoke inhalation, burns, or any other form of direct contact with the fire itself; all of them were attributed to alcohol poisoning.
 * May 2, 1878: Great Mill Disaster. Six flour mills in Minneapolis were destroyed by a flour dust explosion and subsequent fire coming from the Washburn A Mill, killing 18. The mill was rebuilt with updated technology. The explosion led to new safety standards in the milling industry. A dust explosion is the rapid combustion of fine particles suspended in the air within an enclosed location. Dust explosions can occur where any dispersed powdered combustible material is present in high-enough concentrations in the atmosphere or other oxidizing gaseous medium, such as pure oxygen.
 * August 9, 1919: The Port Colborne explosion at Port Colborne, Ontario was a dust explosion in the Dominion grain elevator on August 9, 1919. The blast killed 10 and seriously injured 16 more.
 * January 15, 1919: Great Molasses Flood. A large molasses tank in Boston, Massachusetts burst and a wave of molasses rushed through the streets at an estimated 35 mph (56 km/h), killing 21 and injuring 150. The event has entered local folklore, and residents claim that on a hot summer day, the area still smells of molasses.
 * February 6, 1979: The Roland Mill, located in Bremen, West Germany, was destroyed by a flour dust explosion, killing 14 and injuring 17.
 * September 3, 1991: Hamlet chicken processing plant fire in Hamlet, North Carolina, where locked doors trapped workers in a burning processing plant, causing 25 deaths.
 * September 3, 1998: Grain elevator explosion in Haysville, Kansas. A series of dust explosions in a large grain storage facility resulted in the deaths of seven people.
 * May 9, 2000: The Wild Turkey Distillery fire   – On May 9, 2000, a fire destroyed a seven-story aging warehouse at the company in Anderson County, Kentucky. It contained more than 17,000 wooden barrels of whiskey. Burning whiskey flowed from the warehouse setting the woods on fire. Firefighters saved Lawrenceburg's water treatment plant from destruction. However, an estimated 20% of the whiskey flowed into the Kentucky River. The river contamination required the temporary shutdown of the water treatment plant. Officials ordered water usage restrictions. Businesses and schools were closed because of the water shortage. The alcohol spill also depleted the oxygen in the river, killing an estimated 228,000 fish along a 66-mile stretch. The EPA and the Coast Guard's Gulf Strike Team aerated the river using equipment mounted on barges. The company paid $256,000 to the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife in an effort to restore the fish population in the river.
 * February 7, 2008: The 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion in Port Wentworth, Georgia, United States. Thirteen people were killed and 42 injured when a dust explosion occurred at a sugar refinery owned by Imperial Sugar.
 * March 12, 2008: Morin-Heights, Quebec, Canada. A roof collapse in the Gourmet du Village bakery warehouse killed three workers.
 * June 9, 2009: The 2009 ConAgra Foods plant explosion, when a natural gas explosion at the ConAgra Foods Slim Jim production facility in Garner, North Carolina, United States killed four people and triggered an ammonia leak.
 * September 2013: The Honolulu molasses spill – In September 2013, 1,400 tons of molasses spilled into Honolulu Harbor. The spill was discovered on 9 September 2013. It was caused by a faulty pipe, for which the shipping company Matson Navigation Co. took responsibility. Molasses is an unregulated product, and neither Matson nor government officials had a contingency plan to respond to a molasses spill. Natural currents and weather were expected to eventually dilute and flush the molasses out of the harbor and a nearby lagoon.
 * 2013 Brunost blaze
 * 23 April 2017: The Pepsi fruit juice flood was a flood of 176,000 barrels (28 million litres; 7.4 million US gallons) of fruit and vegetable juices into the streets of Lebedyan, Russia, and the Don River, caused by the collapse of a PepsiCo warehouse.
 * January 28, 2021: The 2021 Georgia poultry plant accident in Gainesville, Georgia, United States. Six people were killed by asphyxiation when a liquid nitrogen leak occurred at a poultry processing plant owned by Foundation Food Group.

Manufacturing industry

 * January 10, 1860: Pemberton Mill was a large factory in Lawrence, Massachusetts that collapsed without warning. An estimated 145 workers were killed and 166 injured.
 * March 20, 1905: Grover Shoe Factory disaster. A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire killed 58 people and injured 150 in Brockton, Massachusetts.
 * October 6, 1907: Standard Steel Car Company was a large pressed steel car company in Butler, Pennsylvania. A ladle containing 9,000 lbs. of molten steel exploded in the plant, killing 4 workers instantly, fatally wounding 20 others, and seriously injuring 10 more.
 * March 25, 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City. This was a major industrial disaster in the US, causing the death of more than 100 garment workers who either died in the fire or jumped to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers in that industry.
 * February 20, 1947: O'Connor Plating Works disaster. A chemical explosion killed seventeen people in Los Angeles.
 * May 27, 1983: Benton fireworks disaster. An explosion at an illegal fireworks operation on a farm near Benton, Tennessee killed eleven, injured one, and inflicted damage within a radius of several miles.
 * November 23, 1984: MESIT factory collapse. A part of a factory in Uherské Hradiště, Czechoslovakia collapsed, killing 18 workers and injuring 43. The accident was kept secret by the communist regime, however, the news broke the iron curtain and made it to the western media.
 * December 3, 1984: The Bhopal disaster in India is one of the largest industrial disasters on record. A runaway reaction in a tank containing poisonous methyl isocyanate caused the pressure relief system to vent large amounts to the atmosphere at a Union Carbide India Limited plant. Estimates of the death toll range from 3700 to 16,000. The disaster caused the region's human and animal populations severe health problems to the present.
 * June 25, 1985: The Aerlex Fireworks plant explosion in Hallett, Oklahoma killed 21 people after a chain-reaction occurred.
 * May 4, 1988: PEPCON disaster, Henderson, Nevada. A massive fire and explosions at a chemical plant killed two people and injured over 300.
 * May 10, 1993: Kader Toy Factory fire. A fire started in a poorly built factory in Thailand. Exit doors were locked and the stairwell collapsed. 188 workers were killed, mostly young women.
 * May 13, 2000: Enschede fireworks disaster. A fire and explosion at a fireworks depot in Enschede, Netherlands resulted in 24 deaths and another 947 were injured. About 1,500 homes were damaged or destroyed. The damage was estimated to be over US$300 million in insured losses.
 * January 29, 2003: West Pharmaceutical Services explosion. The West Pharmaceutical Services syringe manufacturing facility was subject to a dust explosion which killed six people.
 * November 3, 2004: Seest fireworks disaster. N. P. Johnsens Fyrværkerifabrik fireworks factory exploded in Seest, a suburb of Kolding, Denmark. One firefighter died; seven from the rescue team as well as 17 locals were injured. In total 2,107 buildings were damaged by the explosion, with the cost of the damage estimated at €100 million.
 * December 6, 2006: Falk Corporation Explosion. A gas leak triggered a large explosion and ensuing fire at a gear manufacturing facility in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Three were killed and 47 injured, with several of the buildings at the facility being leveled.
 * April 18, 2007: Qinghe Special Steel Corporation disaster. A ladle holding molten steel separated from the overhead iron rail, fell, tipped, and killed 32 workers, injuring another 6.
 * February 1, 2008: Istanbul fireworks explosion. An unlicensed fireworks factory exploded accidentally, leaving by some reports at least 22 people dead and at least 100 injured.
 * September 11, 2012: Karachi, Pakistan, 289 people died in a fire at the Ali Enterprises garment factory, which made ready-to-wear clothing for Western export.
 * November 24, 2012: Dhaka Tasreen Fashions fire. A seven-story factory fire outside of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, killed at least 112 people, 12 from jumping out of windows to escape the blaze.
 * April 24, 2013: 2013 Savar building collapse. An eight-story factory building collapsed on the outskirts of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and killed 1129 people. The building contained five garment factories that were manufacturing clothing for the western market.
 * October 26, 2017: Tangerang fireworks disaster, At around 08:30 PM local time, a fireworks factory at Kosambi, Tangerang, exploded, shattering windows as far as 4 kilometres away and igniting a massive fire inside the factory, Then the second explosion occurred 3 hours later. There were 103 workers inside the factory at the time of the explosion, 49 were killed and 46 were injured.

Mining industry

 * December 12, 1866: Oaks Colliery Explosion in Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Caused by the explosion of firedamp. It was the worst mining accident in England, with a death toll of 361.
 * February 16, 1883: Diamond Mine Disaster in Diamond, Illinois, United States. 74 people died, including 6 children.
 * March 10, 1906: Courrières mine disaster, Courrières, France. 1,099 people died, including children, in the worst mine accident in Europe.
 * December 6, 1907: Monongah mining disaster, Monongah, West Virginia. 362 people officially died. The worst industrial accident in American history.
 * October 14, 1913: Senghenydd Colliery Disaster, Senghenydd, Wales. The worst mining accident in the United Kingdom. 439 workers died.
 * June 19, 1914: Hillcrest mine disaster, Hillcrest, Alberta, Canada. 189 workers died due to an explosion within the mine or from exposure to toxic fumes as a result of the same.
 * December 15, 1914: The Mitsubishi Hōjō mine disaster, Kyushu, Japan. A gas explosion at the Hōjō (Hojyo) coal mine killed 687. It was the worst mining accident in Japan.
 * September 10, 1918: Protection Island mining disaster. Hoisting cable frayed causing an elevator car carrying miners to plunge 300 feet causing the death of 16 miners on Protection Island near Nanaimo British Columbia, Canada
 * April 27, 1922: Lupeni mine disaster. A methane explosion occurred at the Aurelia Mine in Lupeni, Romania, killing 82 miners, and leaving 62 widows and 124 orphans.
 * April 26, 1942: Benxihu Colliery disaster, Benxi, Liaoning Province, in the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. 1,549 workers died, making this the worst coal mine accident ever in the world.
 * August 8, 1956: Marcinelle mining disaster. An underground fire killed 262 workers, most of whom were Italian immigrants, in the Belgian town of Marcinelle.
 * October 23, 1958: Springhill mining disaster, Springhill, Nova Scotia, Canada. A "bump," or underground earthquake caused by a collapse, killed 75 miners. The other 99 miners were rescued by a recovery effort. Previous disasters had occurred at the same mine in 1891 and 1956.
 * January 21, 1960: Coalbrook mining disaster at the Clydesdale Colliery near Sasolburg, Orange Free State, South Africa. 435 miners died. It was the worst mining accident in South Africa.
 * May 9, 1960: Laobaidong mining disaster. A methane gas explosion in the Laobaidong coal mine at Datong in the Shanxi province of China killed 684.
 * November 9, 1963: Mitsui Miike Coal Mine disaster. An explosion caused by the ignition of coal dust at the Miike coal mine in Kyushu, Japan. 458 people were killed by the explosion or by carbon monoxide poisoning. 839 others were injured.
 * May 28, 1965: Dhanbad coal mine disaster, Jharkhand, India. Over 300 miners killed.
 * May 1, 1966: Vratsa dam failure, Zgorigrad, People's Republic of Bulgaria. A copper tailings dam failed and flooded the city of Vratsa and the nearby village of Zgorigrad. Between 107 and 480 people were killed.
 * October 21, 1966: Aberfan disaster, Aberfan, Wales. A catastrophic collapse of a colliery spoil-tip killed 116 children and 28 adults.
 * October 30, 1971: Certej dam disaster, Certeju de Sus, Socialist Republic of Romania. A tailings dam failed due to overfilling. The flood destroyed six apartment buildings, a dormitory building and seven individual houses. 89 people were killed.
 * June 6, 1972: Wankie coal mine disaster, Rhodesia (present-day Zimbabwe). 426 people were killed, making it the country's worst-ever mining disaster.
 * November 29, 1980: Livezeni coal mine disaster, Petroșani, Socialist Republic of Romania. An explosion in the Livezeni Coal Mine killed 53 (including 15 military) and injured 27. It was the fourth-worst mining disaster in Romania.
 * July 19, 1985: Val di Stava dam collapse, Stava, near Tesero, Italy. Two tailings dams, used for sedimenting the mud from the nearby Prestavel mine, failed. This resulted in one of Italy's worst disasters, killing 268 people, destroying 63 buildings and demolishing eight bridges.
 * May 9, 1992: Westray mine disaster, Plymouth, Nova Scotia, Canada. A methane explosion killed all 26 miners. Canada's deadliest mining disaster since 1958.
 * May 9, 1993: Nambija mine disaster, Nambija, Ecuador. Approximately 300 people were killed in a landslide.
 * January 30, 2000: Baia Mare cyanide spill, Baia Mare, Romania. The accident, called the worst environmental disaster in Europe since Chernobyl, was a release of 100,000 tons of cyanide-contaminated water into the rivers Someş, Tisza and Danube by the Aurul mining company due to a reservoir breach. Although no human fatalities were reported, the leak killed up to 80 percent of aquatic life in some of the affected rivers.
 * April 5, 2010: Upper Big Branch Mine disaster, West Virginia, United States. An explosion occurred in Massey Energy's Upper Big Branch coal mine. Twenty-nine out of 31 miners at the site were killed.
 * November 19, 2010: Pike River Mine disaster, New Zealand. At 3:45 pm, the coal mine exploded. Twenty-nine men underground died immediately, or shortly afterwards, from the blast or from the toxic atmosphere. Two men in the stone drift, some distance from the mine workings, managed to escape. (Extract from Royal Commission of Inquiry Report on Pike River.)
 * May 13, 2014: Soma mine disaster, Manisa Province, Turkey. An explosion occurred two kilometers below the surface, starting a fire, which caused the mine's elevator to stop working. This trapped several hundred miners, many of whom died of carbon monoxide poisoning. 787 workers were present during the disaster, and 301 of them died during the disaster.
 * November 5, 2015: Mariana dam disaster, Minas Gerais, Brazil. An iron ore tailings dam suffered a catastrophic failure. The resultant flooding destroyed the village of Bento Rodrigues and killed 19 people.
 * January 25, 2019: Brumadinho dam disaster, Minas Gerais, Brazil. An iron ore tailings dam suffered a catastrophic failure. At least 259 people died.
 * June 27, 2019: Kolwezi copper and cobalt mine collapse, Lualaba province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The mine was being worked by illegal artisanal miners, 43 of whom were killed.
 * September 11, 2020: Kamituga gold mine landslides, South Kivu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. More than 50 people died when three artisanal gold mining wells collapsed in landslides.
 * November 2021: the Listvyazhnaya mine disaster took place in Listvyazhnaya, Russia. 40 men died in the accident.

Other industrial disasters

 * March 11, 1864: The Great Sheffield Flood. The Dale Dyke Dam, at Bradfield, South Yorkshire, collapsed when its reservoir was being filled for the first time. At least 240 people died, and 5000 properties were flooded. Historian Peter Machan said: "In terms of Victorian England it was the greatest disaster in terms of loss of life, apart from maritime disasters".
 * January 20, 1909: Chicago Crib Disaster. During the construction of a water intake tunnel for the city of Chicago, a fire broke out on a temporary water crib used to access an intermediate point along the tunnel. The fire began in the dynamite magazine and burned the wooden dormitory that housed the tunnel workers. 46 workers survived the fire by jumping into the lake and climbing onto ice floes or the spoil heap near the crib. 29 men were burned beyond recognition, and approximately 60 men died. Most of the remainder drowned or froze to death in the lake and were not recovered.
 * September 21, 1921: Oppau explosion, Germany. Occurred when a tower silo storing 4,500 tonnes of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded at a BASF plant in Oppau, now part of Ludwigshafen, Germany, killing 500–600 people and injuring about 2,000 more.
 * 1927–1932: Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster, near Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, United States. Over several years, 476 workers died from silicosis.
 * 1932–1968: The Minamata disaster was caused by the dumping of mercury compounds in Minamata Bay, Japan. The Chisso Corporation, a fertilizer and later petrochemical company, was found responsible for polluting the bay for 37 years. It is estimated that over 3,000 people suffered various deformities, severe mercury poisoning symptoms or death from what became known as Minamata disease.
 * April 16, 1947: Texas City disaster, Texas. At 9:15 am an explosion occurred aboard a docked ship named the Grandcamp. The explosion, and subsequent fires and explosions, is referred to as the worst industrial disaster in America. At least 578 people lost their lives and another 3,500 were injured as the blast shattered windows from as far away as 25 mi (40 km). Large steel pieces were thrown more than a mile from the dock. The origin of the explosion was fire in the cargo on board the ship. Detonation of 3,200 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer aboard the Grandcamp led to further explosions and fires. The fertilizer shipment was to aid the struggling farmers of Europe recovering from World War II.
 * July 28, 1948: A BASF tank car explosion within the BASF's Ludwigshafen, Germany site caused 207 fatalities. 3,818 were injured, and 3,122 buildings were significantly affected.
 * January 9, 1959: Vega de Tera disaster, Spain. In the midst of heavy rains, a failure of the small Vega de Tera dam at about 1:00 a.m. killed 144 of 532 inhabitants in downriver Ribadelago (Zamora, Spain) some minutes later. The dam was new (1956) but poorly built as usual in that period, when the Francoist regime was prioritizing economic development over construction quality. The town was partially destroyed and never recovered; afterwards, the survivors were moved out of the floodable area to a newly built nearby town (Ribadelago Nuevo, "New Ribadelago.")
 * February 3, 1971:  The Thiokol-Woodbine Explosion at a Thiokol chemical plant in Georgia (United States) killed 29 people and seriously injured 50.
 * June 1, 1974: Flixborough disaster, England. An explosion at a chemical plant near the village of Flixborough killed 28 people and seriously injured another 36.
 * 1972–1976: Dioxin is unknowingly released on the unpaved roads of Times Beach, Missouri, as part of a dust-abatement program, causing the evacuation and disincorporation of the 2,000-strong town starting 1983. It was the largest civilian exposure to dioxin in the United States' history.
 * July 10, 1976: Seveso disaster, in Seveso, Italy, in a small chemical manufacturing plant of ICMESA. Due to the release of dioxins into the atmosphere and throughout a large section of the Lombard Plain, 3,000 pets and farm animals died and, later, 70,000 animals were slaughtered to prevent dioxins from entering the food chain. In addition, 193 people in the affected areas suffered from chloracne and other symptoms. The disaster lead to the Seveso Directive, which was issued by the European Community and imposed much harsher industrial regulations.
 * April 27, 1978: Willow Island disaster. A cooling tower for a power plant under construction in Willow Island, West Virginia collapsed, killing 51 construction workers. The cause was attributed to placing loads on recently poured concrete before it had cured sufficiently to withstand the loads. It is thought to be the largest construction accident in United States history.
 * October 12, 1978: Spyros disaster. The Greek tanker Spyros exploded at Jurong Shipyard in Singapore on October 12, 1978. It killed 76 people, and remains the worst accident, in terms of lives lost, in Singapore's post-war history. It is also Singapore's worst industrial accident.
 * February 24, 1984: Occurred on the night in Cubatao, Brazil around 23:30 a gasoline pipeline exploded in the favela of Vila Sao Jose killing at least 508 people, most of them children. The tragedy turned the eyes of the world to Cubatao and laid bare another problem: industrial pollution, since the 70s, gave the city the nickname "Death Valley".
 * November 1, 1986: The Sandoz disaster in Schweizerhalle, Switzerland released tons of toxic agrochemicals into the Rhine River.
 * June 28, 1988: Auburn, Indiana. Improper mixing of chemicals at Bastian Plating Company killed four workers in the worst confined-space industrial accident in U.S. history; a fifth victim died two days later.
 * October 23, 1989: Phillips Disaster. An explosion and fire killed 23 and injured 314 in Pasadena, Texas and registered 3.5 on the Richter magnitude scale.
 * July 5, 1990: An explosion and fire occurred at the Arco Chemical Company complex in Channelview, Texas. 17 people were killed. Five were permanent employees and the remaining 12 were contract labor employees. An area approximately the size of a city block was completely destroyed; no one in the area survived the explosion.
 * May 1, 1991: Sterlington, Louisiana. An explosion at the IMC-operated Angus Chemical nitro-paraffin plant in Sterlington, Louisiana, killed eight workers and injured 120 other people. There was severe damage to the surrounding community. The blasts were heard more than eight miles away.
 * May 7, 1991: Sungai Buloh fireworks disaster. Around 3:45 PM MYT, the Bright Sparklers Fireworks factory near Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia, caught fire and violently exploded, caused by experimentations with explosive chemicals in the factory's canteen. The disaster claimed 26 lives and injured over 100. Dubbed the Hiroshima of Sungai Buloh, the energy emanated from the explosion was so strong enough to destroy over 200 residential properties in the vicinity of the factory.
 * August 21, 2000: Pingxiang steel plant explosion. An oxygen generator exploded in a steel plant in Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China. At least 19 steel workers were killed.
 * September 21, 2001: Toulouse, France. An explosion at the AZF fertilizer factory killed 29, injured 2,500, and caused extensive structural damage to nearby neighbourhoods.
 * October 19, 2009: Ottawa, Canada. A boiler explosion at the Cliff Central Heating and Cooling Plant killed one person, and three others suffered injuries.
 * October 4, 2010: Alumina plant accident. Ajka, Kolontár, Devecser and several other settlements, Hungary. The dam of Magyar Aluminium's red mud reservoir broke and the escaping highly toxic and alkaline (~pH 13) sludge flooded several settlements. There were nine victims, including a young girl, and hundreds of injuries (mostly chemical burns).
 * January 20, 2012: Burns Lake, British Columbia, Canada. At a wood mill two workers were killed and 20 others injured in a fire and explosion. A combustible dust environment led to the explosion and fire.
 * November 8, 2012: Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. Two people died and 19 were injured in an industrial processing plant belonging to Neptune Technologies & Bioressources, a manufacturer of health care products.
 * April 17, 2013: Fertilizer plant explosion in West, Texas. An explosion occurred at the West Fertilizer Company storage and distribution facility in West, Texas, 18 miles (29 km) north of Waco, while emergency services personnel were responding to a fire at the facility. Fifteen people were killed, more than 160 were injured, and more than 150 buildings damaged or destroyed.
 * June 20, 2013: Coteau-du-Lac, Quebec, Canada. Two women were killed in a fireworks warehouse explosion.
 * July 31 – August 1, 2014: 2014 Kaohsiung gas explosions. From the underground-installed gas pipelines of a petrochemical factory, a large-scale leakage (which had been occurring for more than three hours) led to a series of gas explosions in the streets of Kaohsiung, Taiwan at the midnight between the two days. Thirty-two people were killed and 321 others were injured.
 * August 12, 2015: Binhai, Tianjin, China. Two explosions within 30 seconds of each other occurred at a container storage station at the Port of Tianjin in the Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China. 173 people died as a result.
 * August 23, 2016: Chittagong, Bangladesh. An incident of gas leakage happened at a fertilizer company in port city of Chittagong. The fertilizer company belongs to Chittagong Urea Fertiliser Limited (CUFL) located near the shore of Karnaphuli River. No deaths were reported but 25 people had fallen ill due to toxic ammonia inhalation. The investigation team found that tank was maintained by unskilled workers instead of skilled engineers which resulted in leakage.
 * September 10, 2016: Gazipur, Bangladesh. A boiler explosion in a packaging industry in the town of Tongi, Gazipur, led to the death of 23 workers. The explosion was so powerful that it made part of the four-story building collapse. The explosion also triggered a fire which spread to surrounding areas.
 * May 9, 2018: Patel Milmet Dam failure. An embankment dam in Nakuru County, Kenya, burst during heavy rains, killing at least 48 people.
 * May 7, 2020: Visakhapatnam gas leak. A gas leakage accident at LG Polymers chemical plant in Gopala samudram, Vizag. The leakage had spread over a radius of about 3 km, affecting the nearby areas and villages. 11 were killed and more than 1000 people were injured as of 7 May 2020.
 * 3 June 2020: 2020 Dahej chemical plant explosion. Five deaths and more than fifty people injured.
 * August 4, 2020: 2020 Beirut explosions. A massive explosion of a large cache of ammonium nitrate at the Port of Beirut flattened much of the port and damaged buildings throughout the city. More than 200 people were killed and over 7000 injured.
 * 4 November 2020: Ahmedabad chemical factory blast resulted in twelve deaths and injuries to nine people.
 * 6 January 2022: Surat gas leak: At least six people died and 22 people became sick following gas leak from a tanker in an industrial area in India.
 * 2022.06.04: 2022 Sitakunda fire. A fire and subsequent explosions at a container storage facility in Bangladesh's Chittagong District killed at least 33 people and injured more than 450 others.
 * 27 June 2022: 2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak, at least 10 dead and more than 251 injured by ruptured tank containing 25 tons of chlorine in Port of Aqaba, Jordan.

title: List of industrial disasters


text:
Talk:Free Papua Movement

Moving this page
I'm going to move this from Organisasi Papua Merdeka to Free Papua Movement, in keeping with Naming conventions (use English). Further, that's what it's called in english-language media, based on the number of hits in the past year in LexisNexis: - Cdc 19:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * "papua freedom movement" - 1 article
 * "papuan freedom movement" - no articles
 * "organisasi papua merdeka" - no articles
 * "papuan independence organization" - no articles
 * "free papua movement" - 110 articles
 * "free papua organization" - 47 articles (so I'll make a redir for this one)

Correcting Errors
1. I relay upon Dr John Otto Ondawame that the creation date for the OPM should be 1965.

2. the article has stated OPM has "both armed military and more diplomatic branches"; this is misrepresentative IMHO.
 * First of all OPM has only endorsed diplomatic & non-violant efforts for over twenty years.
 * Second, the groups who had maintained the use of traditional weapons for defence only purpose; had also agreed to non-militant efforts as was re-affirmed at the OPM 2004 national summit- and they repeated it in English for the English language observers.
 * Third, Dr Ondawame as the appointed OPM Internation Representative, has never in 25 years gone running through any street with a gun or other weapon; he has instead spent 25 years asking the US & other governments to repay their moral debt to West Papua by supporting its fight for independence and freedom.

3. You remove all mention that it is NOT just the Papuan people who state that a) Indonesia is a colonial power, b) the "Act of Free Choice" was a stage event by the Indonesian & US governments to deny West Papua's independence, c) that genocide and other gross human rights abuses have been and are being conducted by the Indonesian military and government, and d) that the irrelevant claim by Jakarta that Papuans somehow shared some kind of 'link' with Jakarta was both total fiction and insulting.
 * We have NGO & government documents, eye witness accounts, recordings, and extensive research studies confirming each of these; if you wish to dispute any part of #3, specify which item.211.30.95.182 04:04, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Please appreciate I have spent five years checking the facts. Your slapping a 'POV' label which is meant to infer "unreasonned POV" ; is what it is.

I welcome reasoned discussion of any point; however as the tactics of the Indonesian & Corporate interests to discredit the Papuan People is to label them as simple "primitives" and ignorant. . . it is a very emotive and upsetting thing for you to just likewise - even if unintentional.

As I say, I believe I can back up any point you wish to question; happy to certify only the facts are stated. And I will state again what was probably the most bold statement; West Papuans do not share race, religion, ecology, history, language, or culture with Jakarta (before the invasion) (not that any of that would have justified the invasion in any event- it was just insulting to the Papuan people that anyone was allowed to get away with claiming it in the western world).211.30.95.182 04:51, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I am sorry if you felt my revert was offensive in any way -- I did not so intend it. I have no desire to perpetuate any negative stereotypes about the Papuan People (and harbor no such stereotypes myself).  When I called the edit POV, I did not intend to indicate that I see your opinion of the plight of the Papuan people as "unreasoned".  It is probably a very legitimate perspective, and one which, were I better informed, I might share with you.

 * The issue is NPOV. The edit you made replaced language that was neutral with language that clearly indicated a belief that the Papuans are "right" and the Indonesian government is "wrong".  We avoid such characterizations as a policy on this site.  I have no doubt that you have superior facts to what is currently presented in this article -- you certainly know the topic better than I do.  What needs to be done, then, is for you to add information to the article while carefully citing where it comes from.  For example, if you want to make it clear that many non-Papuans believe Indonesia perpetrated genocide, cite an example -- tell us that the UN passed a resolution stating so, or that the New York Times called it genocide, or any similar example.  In that way, Wikipedia does not take a position "Indonesia committed genocide" but merely reflects a neutral, factual position: "these three sources call Indonesia's work 'genocide'".  It is difficult to write this way, but it is necessary to learn it to contribute here.

 * I also want to apologize. Normally when I revert an edit, I leave an explanatory note on a talk page -- I was interrupted after reverting your edit, just as I was coming here to explain myself, and I haven't been able to check back until now.  I assure you I will do what I can to keep that from happening again.  I encourage you to read the article on NPOV and make your edit again with modifications such as those I have suggested.  I promise not to revert it, but rather to make some alterations to it so that we can work together reach a result that tells the truth while remaining neutral.  I hope you will agree to try compromising with me to reach this goal -- I am very interested in the facts you have to offer this article.  Thank you for contributing, and for being so open and polite in your comments here. Jwrosenzweig 06:19, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

[No Title]
First sentence "(...)which is currently under Indonesian control as the provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya"

should be corrected to "(...)which is currently under Indonesian control as the province of Papua (former Irian Jaya)"

 * That's not accurate, because former Irian Jaya province comprised of today's Papua province AND West Irian Jaya province. There was a split. --Khoikhoi 19:10, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

OPM Disarm
I dont have time to integrate the following information into the article, but it's here for anyone who's interested. Papua fighters promise non-violent future http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1699050.htm 130.195.86.37 05:54, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks I hadn't read this. I appreciate the heads-up. -Justin (koavf)·T·C·M 12:20, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Quote
"''The Free Papua Movement (OPM) is not the all-pervasive revolutionary organization some believe it to be. ... anti-government dissidents have virtually no liaison with each other, receive no outside assistance or direction, and are generally incapable of mounting an insurrection in the face of the relatively large Indonesian military establishment in West Irian. Grievances and anti-government of Indonesia (GOI) sentiment are quite real, however, and there is little question that a great majority of the non-Stone Age Irianese favor a termination of Indonesian rule. Opposition to the GOI stems from economic deprivation over the years, military repression and capriciousness, and maladministration. Limited efforts of the GOI to rectify these problems to date are generally "too little and too late," and it is uncertain whether the Indonesians will actually try to ameliorate the sources of local discontent in coming years. ... The Free Papua Movement (OPM) is widely believed to be the core of opposition to the Indonesian Government in West Irian. But it is difficult to track down the OPM as an organization, although not because its security is tight or people unwilling to talk. On the contrary, everyone talks about the OPM; it has few, if any, secrets, and many Irianese proudly proclaim they are "members" of the OPM. A foreigner travelling in West Irian has no difficulty in contacting anti-government activists. They stop you on the street and groups of them gather around when you visit a native village; in short, no one is reluctant to discuss the OPM and their reasons for disliking Indonesians. One American missionary explains this by saying that "the Papuans simply are unable to keep a secret." Of course, information known to foreigners is also available to the Indonesian authorities, the Army, and even to the most casual observer. ... Regarding the magnitude of the opposition to Indonesian rule, probably a decided majority of the Irianese people, and possibly 85 to 90 percent, are in sympathy with the Free Papua cause or at least intensely dislike Indonesians.''" - U.S. Ambassador Francis Joseph Galbraith (1913-1986) June 1969

I don't mind having quotes, but this is simply too long, and is being used instead of writing an article. See WP:Quotation on proper usage. Mostlyharmless (talk) 07:32, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

POV attack
Some of the information deleted on the article during the last edits borderlines vandalism. I understand the article may have some issues of original research, but that is not solved with more original research.

For example,it is a known fact that some entities question the validity of the referendum regarding the integration of Papua. A source is provided for the United Nations views on some irregularities. As long as the challenge is presented as a claim, there is no POV violation. It is in fact a matter of bad faith to justify with a lack of source when one is fairly familiar with the case. This fact was presented with the expression "...many Papuans and representatives of foreign governments, claim the result was rigged by the Indonesian Government."

Other edits are plain wrong in their justification. We are free to point in the external links section to videos on youtube regarding the topic of this case. This is not a documentary. There was no copyvio. The youtube is able to detect such problems by itself. The object in question is some clips taken from the news for the purpose of public discussion.

Also, the question of raising the morning star flag as the sufficient condition to be persecuted by law is well supported by the sources. It is in fact the description of the act as "agitation" that renders the subject POV.

Other edits are more of a question of the editor's style. Describing the organization for Papua as an indigenous rights organization that is fighting for self-determination is perfectly legit. I reverted the edit, given the overall goals of the editor.

I believe these edits were simple done in ill faith, and we need to discuss this further. Maziotis (talk) 23:22, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Please do not accusse good faith editors of vandalism or of "ill faith". Do you need a link to the policy on assuming good faith? If you cannot assume good faith, then there's no point in a "discussion". --Merbabu (talk) 23:42, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Your hard and indiscriminate revert has removed well referenced and cited info. Please restore the removed referenced info as a minimum. --Merbabu (talk) 23:48, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

 * The edits that you reverted did not "solve original research with more original research"; it solved original research with sourcing. The characterization of OPM as a separatist group, an anti-globalization group, and a terrorist group (I intentionally left the last one out because I know such designations can be controversial) were attributed to sources like the Global Terrorism Database and the Federation of American Scientists. Your preferred characterization of OPM as an "indigenous rights organization", by contrast, is definitely not the phrasing of reliable sources. The YouTube uploader of the BBC clip is simply not the BBC, so it does look to be a copyvio. If you have a problem with a word like "agitation", then you can change it to something like "demonstration". All these issues can and should be discussed separately, as the only glue that holds them together are your unfounded aspersions. Quigley (talk) 00:04, 24 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Further, hard reverts of Quigley's edits (which were substantial and far more extensive than what you've described above) are not constructive. If you want to change, then tweak Quigley's edits - preferably with discussion. Don't throw the proverbial baby out with the bathwater - especially, when you are throwing out referenced content and re-adding unreferenced content. --Merbabu (talk) 00:30, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Question
Does this group want to join with Papua New Guinea (and thus unify the entire island of New Guinea under one flag) or do they seek to become an independent country (in which case New Guinea would be a bi-national island, like Hispaniola)? Difluoroethene (talk) 01:54, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

They intend to "refuse all kinds of modern life" and "development" as well as aid from "religious groups, aid agencies, and governmental organizations". They explicitly say "Just leave us alone please". The OPM's fundamental goal is self-rule combined with a return to a traditional mode of life. They doesn't necessarily want to be a part of PNG but as a whole new one. Source: http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4023 Akbararief (talk) 07:43, 4 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Whoa, I'm no expert, but I think that quote was several decades ago. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.170.195.95 (talk) 09:16, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

OR, Citation tags
I've removed the two banner tags from the article as, to a casual reader like myself, this appears to have regular citations to reliable sources, and I saw no explanation on this page for the tags. Perhaps they're just a bit out of date? In any case, the article seems advanced enough that inline "citation needed" tags would probably do the job for remaining dubious claims. If I'm wrong, though, please feel free to revert me. Cheers Khazar (talk) 07:19, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

support from Libya under Gaddafi
Colonel Gaddafi supported the Free Papua Movement.

http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Libyan+terrorism:+the+case+against+Gaddafi.-a014151801

"the time, the Libyan government was reportedly providing military or other support to the East Timor Liberation Movement, the Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front (New Caledonia), and the Free Papua Movement (Irian Jaya) as well as to Muslim guerrillas in the Philippines."

http://books.google.com/books?id=i4h0AAAAMAAJ&q=Hassan+di+Tiro+himself+makes+the+crucial+decisions,+and+runs+a+personal+network+of+contacts+with+the+liberation+movement+leaders+Libya+supports,+among+them+Jacob+Prai+of+the+OPM+(Free+Papua+Movement)+of+West+Papua+and+Yann+Ce-+tene&dq=Hassan+di+Tiro+himself+makes+the+crucial+decisions,+and+runs+a+personal+network+of+contacts+with+the+liberation+movement+leaders+Libya+supports,+among+them+Jacob+Prai+of+the+OPM+(Free+Papua+Movement)+of+West+Papua+and+Yann+Ce-+tene&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eUUKUvjwA8HCywH26IG4Dg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA

Page 18

"COLONEL GADDAFI'S shadowy international revolutionary organisation Mathaba, established in the Libyan capital of ...Hassan di Tiro himself makes the crucial decisions, and runs a personal network of contacts with the liberation movement leaders Libya supports, among them Jacob Prai of the OPM (Free Papua Movement) of West Papua and Yann Ce- tene Uregei of New Caledonia's Kanak radical faction,"

http://books.google.com/books?id=aDgnAQAAIAAJ&q=In+the+past+year+Gaddafi's+agents+have+offered+arms+and+cash+to+rebels+in+Papua+New+Guinea,+encouraged+an+aboriginal+separatist+movement+in+Australia,+shipped+weapons+to+dissidents+in+New+Caledonia+and+tried+to+open+an+office+in+the&dq=In+the+past+year+Gaddafi's+agents+have+offered+arms+and+cash+to+rebels+in+Papua+New+Guinea,+encouraged+an+aboriginal+separatist+movement+in+Australia,+shipped+weapons+to+dissidents+in+New+Caledonia+and+tried+to+open+an+office+in+the&hl=en&sa=X&ei=okUKUvzFJsSEyAGW2YCQDA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA

Page 120

"In the past year Gaddafi's agents have offered arms and cash to rebels in Papua New Guinea, encouraged an aboriginal separatist movement in Australia, shipped weapons to dissidents in New Caledonia and tried to open an office in the"

More sources
http://books.google.com/books?id=ArvtbBOPwGIC&pg=PT177&dq=mathaba+libya&hl=en&sa=X&ei=swcNU6CtMK_JsQTug4CwCA&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mathaba%20libya&f=false

http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Libyan+terrorism:+the+case+against+Gaddafi.-a014151801

"the time, the Libyan government was reportedly providing military or other support to the East Timor Liberation Movement, the Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front (New Caledonia), and the Free Papua Movement (Irian Jaya) as well as to Muslim guerrillas in the Philippines."

http://books.google.com/books?id=i4h0AAAAMAAJ&q=Hassan+di+Tiro+himself+makes+the+crucial+decisions,+and+runs+a+personal+network+of+contacts+with+the+liberation+movement+leaders+Libya+supports,+among+them+Jacob+Prai+of+the+OPM+(Free+Papua+Movement)+of+West+Papua+and+Yann+Ce-+tene&dq=Hassan+di+Tiro+himself+makes+the+crucial+decisions,+and+runs+a+personal+network+of+contacts+with+the+liberation+movement+leaders+Libya+supports,+among+them+Jacob+Prai+of+the+OPM+(Free+Papua+Movement)+of+West+Papua+and+Yann+Ce-+tene&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eUUKUvjwA8HCywH26IG4Dg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?id=i4h0AAAAMAAJ&q=COLONEL+GADDAFI'S+shadowy+international+revolutionary+organisation+Mathaba,+established+in+the+Libyan+capital+of+Tripoli+and+dispensing+funds+to+liberation+movements+around+the+world,+is+run+by+a+most+unlikely+radical.+Tunku+Mohammed+Hassan+di+Tiro,+a+Sumatran+prince,+fervent+Muslim+and+bitter+opponent+of+Indonesia,+is+the+chairman+of+Mathaba's+political+committee&dq=COLONEL+GADDAFI'S+shadowy+international+revolutionary+organisation+Mathaba,+established+in+the+Libyan+capital+of+Tripoli+and+dispensing+funds+to+liberation+movements+around+the+world,+is+run+by+a+most+unlikely+radical.+Tunku+Mohammed+Hassan+di+Tiro,+a+Sumatran+prince,+fervent+Muslim+and+bitter+opponent+of+Indonesia,+is+the+chairman+of+Mathaba's+political+committee&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BVQhU4y3K-PD0QG0g4GwDg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA

Title	Pacific Islands Monthly, Volume 59 Publisher	Pacific Publications., 1988 Original from	the University of Michigan Digitized	Sep 15, 2008

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=COLONEL+GADDAFI'S+shadowy+international+revolutionary+organisation+Mathaba,+established+in+the+Libyan+capital+of+Tripoli+and+dispensing+funds+to+liberation+movements+around+the+world,+is+run+by+a+most+unlikely+radical.+Tunku+Mohammed+Hassan+di+Tiro,+a+Sumatran+prince,+fervent+Muslim+and+bitter+opponent+of+Indonesia,+is+the+chairman+of+Mathaba's+political+committee.+In+an+exclusive+interview+with&dq=COLONEL+GADDAFI'S+shadowy+international+revolutionary+organisation+Mathaba,+established+in+the+Libyan+capital+of+Tripoli+and+dispensing+funds+to+liberation+movements+around+the+world,+is+run+by+a+most+unlikely+radical.+Tunku+Mohammed+Hassan+di+Tiro,+a+Sumatran+prince,+fervent+Muslim+and+bitter+opponent+of+Indonesia,+is+the+chairman+of+Mathaba's+political+committee.+In+an+exclusive+interview+with&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uTdDU8u6FqPu2gXHhIH4Dg&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=In+an+exclusive+interview+with+Pacific+Islands+Monthly,+at+his+headquarters+in+Tripoli,+he+outlined+Mathaba's+organisation+and+aims+for+the+Asia+Pacific+region.+The+Mathaba+Against+Imperialism,+Racism,+Zionism+and+Fascism,+to+give+the+front+its+...&dq=In+an+exclusive+interview+with+Pacific+Islands+Monthly,+at+his+headquarters+in+Tripoli,+he+outlined+Mathaba's+organisation+and+aims+for+the+Asia+Pacific+region.+The+Mathaba+Against+Imperialism,+Racism,+Zionism+and+Fascism,+to+give+the+front+its+...&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1DdDU4jIBqLn2AX23YDoDA&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Mathaba+Against+Imperialism,+Racism,+Zionism+and+Fascism,+to+give+the+front+its+rather+inclusive+full+title,+is+%22the+Libyan+way+of+supporting+liberation+movements,+either+morally+or+financially,+depending+on+the+situation+but+not+militarily,%22+...&dq=The+Mathaba+Against+Imperialism,+Racism,+Zionism+and+Fascism,+to+give+the+front+its+rather+inclusive+full+title,+is+%22the+Libyan+way+of+supporting+liberation+movements,+either+morally+or+financially,+depending+on+the+situation+but+not+militarily,%22+...&hl=en&sa=X&ei=p2ZLU_qcL8rmsATY54HQDA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=...+with+the+liberation+movement+leaders+Libya+supports,+among+them+Jacob+Prai+of+the+OPM+(Free+Papua+Movement)+of+West+Papua+and+Yann+Ce-+lene+Uregei+of+New+Caledonia's+Kanak+radical+faction,+FUI.K+(United+Kanak+Liberation+Front).&dq=...+with+the+liberation+movement+leaders+Libya+supports,+among+them+Jacob+Prai+of+the+OPM+(Free+Papua+Movement)+of+West+Papua+and+Yann+Ce-+lene+Uregei+of+New+Caledonia's+Kanak+radical+faction,+FUI.K+(United+Kanak+Liberation+Front).&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qWdLU6fqLubisATU-4LABA&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=the+various+independence+movements+active+across+the+Indonesian+Archipelago,+including+his+own+Aceh+Sumatra+Liberation+Front.+%22We+are+making+advances+against+Indonesia,+both+on+the+ground+and+diplomatically,+with+Fretilin+(East+Timor+Liberation+Front),+the+OPM,+the+Republic+of+the+South+Moluccas;+we+are+all+one.&dq=the+various+independence+movements+active+across+the+Indonesian+Archipelago,+including+his+own+Aceh+Sumatra+Liberation+Front.+%22We+are+making+advances+against+Indonesia,+both+on+the+ground+and+diplomatically,+with+Fretilin+(East+Timor+Liberation+Front),+the+OPM,+the+Republic+of+the+South+Moluccas;+we+are+all+one.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2jdDU6-JLaK92gWL5YCwDQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?ei=2jdDU6-JLaK92gWL5YCwDQ&id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&dq=the+various+independence+movements+active+across+the+Indonesian+Archipelago%2C+including+his+own+Aceh+Sumatra+Liberation+Front.+%22We+are+making+advances+against+Indonesia%2C+both+on+the+ground+and+diplomatically%2C+with+Fretilin+%28East+Timor+Liberation+Front%29%2C+the+OPM%2C+the+Republic+of+the+South+Moluccas%3B+we+are+all+one.&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Fretilin

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22We+are+making+advances+against+Indonesia,+both+on+the+ground+and+diplomatically,+with+Fretilin+(East+Timor+Liberation+Front),+the+OPM,+the+Republic+of+the+South+Moluccas;+we+are+all+one.+%22They+come+to+Tripoli+sometimes,+but+we+are+always+in+touch,+above+ground+and+underground,+inside+and+outside,+and+I+shall+see+to+it+when+Aceh+wins+so+do+OPM+and+the+Moluccans.%22+Hassan+di+Tiro's+alliance+with+...&dq=%22We+are+making+advances+against+Indonesia,+both+on+the+ground+and+diplomatically,+with+Fretilin+(East+Timor+Liberation+Front),+the+OPM,+the+Republic+of+the+South+Moluccas;+we+are+all+one.+%22They+come+to+Tripoli+sometimes,+but+we+are+always+in+touch,+above+ground+and+underground,+inside+and+outside,+and+I+shall+see+to+it+when+Aceh+wins+so+do+OPM+and+the+Moluccans.%22+Hassan+di+Tiro's+alliance+with+...&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oGZLU4aCN5W_sQSB2oDICw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=Although+Hassan+di+Tiro+is+predictably+coy+about+the+details+of+Libyan+support+for+radical+movements,+claiming+Mathaba+only+provides+money,+reliable+reports+suggest+arms+shipments+have+gone+to+groups+such+as+the+Philippines+Muslim+Moro+rebels.+More+common+are+the+%22training+courses%22+provided+in+past+years+to+cadres&dq=Although+Hassan+di+Tiro+is+predictably+coy+about+the+details+of+Libyan+support+for+radical+movements,+claiming+Mathaba+only+provides+money,+reliable+reports+suggest+arms+shipments+have+gone+to+groups+such+as+the+Philippines+Muslim+Moro+rebels.+More+common+are+the+%22training+courses%22+provided+in+past+years+to+cadres&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VmhLU7X3Gau_sQSEvIKoAg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA http://books.google.com/books?id=XtNBAAAAYAAJ&q=Hassen+di+Tiro's+way+of+operating+the+Mathaba+Front+seems+to+rely+on+close+personal+links+between+key+leaders.+Of+radical+Kanak+leader+Yann+Celene+Uregei,+he+says.+%22We+are+so+close+they+make+me+their+spokesman+when+they+are+not+here.&dq=Hassen+di+Tiro's+way+of+operating+the+Mathaba+Front+seems+to+rely+on+close+personal+links+between+key+leaders.+Of+radical+Kanak+leader+Yann+Celene+Uregei,+he+says.+%22We+are+so+close+they+make+me+their+spokesman+when+they+are+not+here.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mWdLU_S4KKLesAT8p4LYBw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA

Page 18

"COLONEL GADDAFI'S shadowy international revolutionary organisation Mathaba, established in the Libyan capital of Tripoli and dispensing funds to liberation movements around the world, is run by a most unlikely radical. Tunku Mohammed Hassan di Tiro, a Sumatran prince, fervent Muslim and bitter opponent of Indonesia, is the chairman of Mathaba's political committee.... Hassan di Tiro himself makes the crucial decisions, and runs a personal network of contacts with the liberation movement leaders Libya supports, among them Jacob Prai of the OPM (Free Papua Movement) of West Papua and Yann Ce- tene Uregei of New Caledonia's Kanak radical faction,"

"In an exclusive interview with Pacific Islands Monthly, at his headquarters in Tripoli, he outlined Mathaba's organisation and aims for the Asia Pacific region. The Mathaba Against Imperialism, Racism, Zionism and Fascism, to give the front its"

"the various independence movements active across the Indonesian Archipelago, including his own Aceh Sumatra Liberation Front. "We are making advances against Indonesia, both on the ground and diplomatically, with Fretilin (East Timor Liberation Front), the OPM, the Republic of the South Moluccas; we are all one."

Title	Pacific Islands Monthly: PIM., Volume 59, Issues 1-10 Publisher	Pacific Publications, 1988 Original from	the University of Virginia Digitized	Apr 8, 2009

http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964515,00.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=aDgnAQAAIAAJ&q=In+the+past+year+Gaddafi's+agents+have+offered+arms+and+cash+to+rebels+in+Papua+New+Guinea,+encouraged+an+aboriginal+separatist+movement+in+Australia,+shipped+weapons+to+dissidents+in+New+Caledonia+and+tried+to+open+an+office+in+the&dq=In+the+past+year+Gaddafi's+agents+have+offered+arms+and+cash+to+rebels+in+Papua+New+Guinea,+encouraged+an+aboriginal+separatist+movement+in+Australia,+shipped+weapons+to+dissidents+in+New+Caledonia+and+tried+to+open+an+office+in+the&hl=en&sa=X&ei=okUKUvzFJsSEyAGW2YCQDA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA

Page 120

"In the past year Gaddafi's agents have offered arms and cash to rebels in Papua New Guinea, encouraged an aboriginal separatist movement in Australia, shipped weapons to dissidents in New Caledonia and tried to open an office in the"

Rajmaan (talk) 19:05, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Political POV
I am removing the word "secede" which is a political POV. I am instead using the description of being "decolonisation" movement which is factual. Logically the OPM or Free West Papua movement formed in 1965 could not be a succession movement from the 1969 Indonesian political claim of sovereignty. The movement continues and appears to have always demanded decolonization and self-determination; there does not appear to be credible evidence that the movement views its intent as secession. Please note that I refer to the Indonesian assertion as a "political claim" because the Republic has never made a claim of sovereignty to the Court (ICJ) or inside the United Nations since 1962 when it legally abandoned all claims to the territory by signing a trusteeship agreement and voting in support of General Assembly resolution 1752 to approve said agreement.Daeron (talk) 17:22, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120411004451/http://us.nasional.vivanews.com/news/read/302631-ditembaki-opm--pesawat-trigana-tabrak-rumah to http://us.nasional.vivanews.com/news/read/302631-ditembaki-opm--pesawat-trigana-tabrak-rumah

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"trans migrant"
"On 21 January 2012, armed men, believed to be members of OPM, shot and killed a civilian who was running a roadside kiosk. He was a trans migrant from West Sumatra." What is a "trans migrant"? This possibly implies something that is not meant. The word "trans" does not appear in the linked article (which is in English, not Indonesian). --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 16:06, 25 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi. A participant in this scheme: Transmigration program. Regards Davidelit (Talk) 23:58, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

Papua New Guinea is an opponent to Free Papua?
I've never seen them express a desire for West Papua to stay with Indonesia. vap (talk) 12:42, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

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2021 Resistance to Indonesia heating up
Sept 9 2021 reported in newspaper Link label Pro-Independence fighters from the West Papua Independence Liberation Army (WPILA) killed four Indonesian soldiers in a military post in Maybrat last week. Other regencies where WPILA have attacked Indonesian soldiers since 2018 are Intan Jaya, Puncak Jaya and Nduga. Seems like a slowburn going on here, I wonder if the WPILA gain enough power to shut down Indonesian power stations and mines ?

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infobox "supporters" and "allies"
I don't think that these countries/others should be listed in the infobox without description of their support (or otherwise) in the main article. And certainly not without a reliable source. --Merbabu (talk) 10:20, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Free Papua Movement


text:
Culture and Anarchy

Culture and Anarchy: An Essay in Political and Social Criticism is a series of periodical essays by Matthew Arnold, first published in Cornhill Magazine 1867–68 and collected as a book in 1869. The preface was added in 1869.

Arnold's famous piece of writing on culture established his High Victorian cultural agenda which remained dominant in debate from the 1860s until the 1950s.

According to his view advanced in the book, "Culture [...] is a study of perfection". He further wrote that: "[Culture] seeks to do away with classes; to make the best that has been thought and known in the world current everywhere; to make all men live in an atmosphere of sweetness and light [...]".

His often quoted phrase "[culture is] the best which has been thought and said" comes from the Preface to Culture and Anarchy:

 * The whole scope of the essay is to recommend culture as the great help out of our present difficulties; culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world, and, through this knowledge, turning a stream of fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits, which we now follow staunchly but mechanically, vainly imagining that there is a virtue in following them staunchly which makes up for the mischief of following them mechanically.

The book contains most of the terms – culture, sweetness and light, Barbarian, Philistine, Hebraism, and many others – which are more associated with Arnold's work influence.

title: Culture and Anarchy


text:
Bopal

Bopal is an area in Ahmedabad City, located in the state of Gujarat, India. In 2015, Bopal and its neighbouring area, Ghuma, were merged and granted municipality status.

For electoral purposes, it falls under the Ghatlodiya election-area.

Demographics
In the 2001 Census of India, Bopal had a population of 12,181. Males and females constituted 53% and 47% of the population, respectively. Bopal had an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 84% and female literacy of 75%.

The population of Bopal-Ghuma together in 2001 was 18,553, which increased to 55,068 in 2011. As of 2023, the total population in Bopal-Ghuma Nagarpalika is more than 100,000. This rise has been attributed to BRTS and AMTS connectivity alongside affordable real-estate prices.

Infrastructure
Bopal has experienced a growth in infrastructure in the past decade. The Bopal-Ghuma Nagarpalika has rolled out schemes for several development works.

The multiplex theatre City Gold was built during this time. BRTS route has end-mile connectivity to Ghuma that goes from Iskon to Bopal-Ambli road to Ghuma via Bopal Cross Roads.This route includes a direct line from the Shivranjini cross-roads to the Bopal roundabout. The government was criticized for spending Rs 50 million for building a road and then 6 months later, digging it up all over again for laying the BRTS route.

Since 2005, many new properties have come up around Basant Bahar Road (some people call it Gala Gymkhana Road) as well as the Bopal-Ghuma 4 km stretch. The villages Ghuma and Bopal are very close – it is hard to differentiate. The South Bopal area (popularly known as SoBo) has become a hotspot of the Bopal area. The well-known road of North Bopal area is the 'Chocolate' road which passes through Bopal Lake, DPS, ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) colony, GEB Electrical supply office, and connects with Shela Road.

There are a high number of private and public sector banks in the area, including HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, State Bank of India, Dena Bank, Bank of Baroda, Axis Bank, Kalupur Bank, Punjab National Bank, Bank Of India, and most recently the Oriental Bank of Commerce.

Drinking water has high total dissolved solids. A 2005 study of 10 residential areas in Ahmedabad city found that Bopal has the highest SC (Specific Conductivity), fluoride content and chloride content in groundwater, making it necessary for most of the dwellers to use reverse osmosis purified water. In early 2019, the government announced a 60 million per day capacity Narmada Canal based water project for the area.

Drainage line was a big problem, but now the local authority, AUDA (Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority), has completed drainage facilities and most of the properties in Bopal are now connected with drainage line. Also, the rainwater pipeline has been constructed and the roads were widened by AUDA in Bopal. The main road connecting Ghuma and Bopal with S.P. Ring Road nowadays observes very high traffic during office hours in the morning as well as the evening. AUDA has declared that a flyover will be constructed on S.P. Ring Road at the Bopal Cross Roads. This will surely ease traffic flow at the junction in the coming years. The flyover construction work commenced after a monsoon in 2014 and is currently underway.

It is expected in early 2015 that Bopal may emerge as a key residential location due to its proximity to the business districts in Prahladnagar and along the S.G. Highway, and improving physical infrastructure in the region.

AUDA has proposed to construct 2,500 homes in the Bopal area by 2016 for people from different income groups as a part of social development initiative

The rapid urbanization and growing population have increased criminal activities in Bopal & Ghuma. The Gujarat Police has been inadequate in serving the expanding security needs of these regions and is trying to cope by deploying additional police personnel.

AUDA plans to develop a sewage treatment plant around the residential affordable housing (RAH) zone that will supply treated water to Bopal and Ghuma lakes.

The development has also led to Bopal Crossroads becoming one of the most polluted areas in Ahmedabad city.

South Bopal, popularly known as SoBo, is a newer residential area. In December 2018, the government opened a 6,235 sq. km. park for the residents, featuring special seating arrangements for senior citizens, three gazebos, a walkway for fitness enthusiasts, and a basketball and volleyball court. A library and a fire station are also coming up in the area.

Healthcare
A Community Health Center (CHC) has been functional since June 2015. The state-of-the-art Krishna Heart Center is also located in Ghuma.

Education
Bopal, Ghuma, and nearby areas have many Gujarati & English medium self-financed and grant-in-aid schools.

Self-financed English medium schools include Delhi Public School, Shivashish School, New Tulip International School, St. Ann's School, Shri Ram Vidhyalaya, Little Bard High School, Satyamev Jayate International School, Shri Ram Vidhyalaya, Zydus School of Excellence, Sanskardham.

Self-financed Gujarati medium schools include Shivashish Vidhyamandir, M K Patel High School, Ravi Madhyamik Shala, Sanskardham.

Grant in aid Gujarati medium schools include M A Patel High School, M A Patel Higher Secondary School.

Colleges include the Ahmedabad Homeopathic Medical College, College of Dental Science & Research Center, MICA (Mudra Institute of Communication & Advertising), Anant Institute of Architecture / Planning / Interior design, Ahmedabad Physiotherapy College and Khyati Foundation (Sciences, Law, Nursing, Physiotherapy).

Landmarks
There are two famous landmarks: Umiya Mata Temple and Sarkari Tubewell. The Bopal lake and Ghuma lake were developed in 2014 and a temple in each lake's center was added which attracted local tourists. However, these lakes lack proper maintenance and are at times inaccessible during rainy season.

title: Bopal


text:
User talk:Paglaa

test

title: User talk:Paglaa


text:
The Three E.P.'s

The Three E.P.'s is a compilation album of the first three releases by Scottish musical group The Beta Band, comprising the EPs Champion Versions, The Patty Patty Sound and Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos. The album was released on 28 September 1998 in the United Kingdom by Regal and on 26 January 1999 in the United States by Astralwerks. Its cover art includes the main image from each of the EPs.

The Three E.P.'s was prominently featured in a scene from the 2000 film High Fidelity, in which record store owner Rob Gordon (John Cusack) tells his co-workers that he would sell five copies of the album, and plays "Dry the Rain" in his store for his customers. Astralwerks, the band's American label, reported that sales of The Three E.P.'s had quadrupled within a month of the film's March 2000 release.

Mason later said, "At the time I just thought this is the way all music should be made. I hated the people who were just in bands; who the fuck wants to be in a band with a guitarist and a bassist and a lead singer? All this Britpop shit had been rammed down everyone's throats. Honesty and experimentation were our weapons of choice."

Critical reception
In 2000, Q magazine placed The Three E.P.'s at number 74 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever. Pitchfork placed the album at number 23 in its list of the Top 100 Albums of the 1990s.

title: The Three E.P.'s


text: User talk:83.76.8.78

title: User talk:83.76.8.78


text: User talk:192.210.10.253

title: User talk:192.210.10.253


text:
RC Succession

RC Succession (RCサクセション) was an influential Japanese rock band from Tokyo, formed in 1968. One of Japan's longest-running bands, it went through many line-up changes over the years with front man Kiyoshiro Imawano and bassist Kazuo Kobayashi the only constant members, before disbanding in January 1991.

In 2003, HMV Japan ranked RC Succession at No. 16 on their list of the "Top 100 Japanese Pops Artists". In September 2007, Rolling Stone Japan rated their 1980 live album Rhapsody at No. 2 and their 1988 cover album Covers at No. 41 on its list of the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time". Covers was named number 1 on Bounce's 2009 list of "54 Standard Japanese Rock Albums".

History
In 1966, Imawano formed a band named the Clover with Kenchi Haren. This band broke up the following year, however, the remaining members added some new members and called it the Remainders of the Clover. This band changed members again in 1968, and this time they were renamed to The Remainders of the Clover Succession. The name was shortened and the band RC Succession was born. The group first started as a Tokyo-based folk trio in 1966 when leader Kiyoshiro Imawano was still in junior high school and playing in a Ventures copy band. The group is hard to classify, but in early years their sound was mostly R&B fashioned music played acoustically. Imawano, however, has quite a distinctive high warbling voice that is not typical of soul singers. More than a singer, he is known as a lyricist for his clever and timely lyrics. RC Succession developed a reputation early on as a strong live band, but did not have a hit record until 1972, and then not again for a long time after that. In the late 70s the group took on a more electric sound, as well as an odd glam influenced look, with Imawano in particular often appearing in loud clothing and heavy makeup. The group became part of a hot late 70s scene which included Yellow Magic Orchestra, The Plastics, and Sandii & The Sunsetz, created when these groups began interacting with foreign bands and releasing internationally. RC Succession did not catch on internationally as much as some of the others.

In 1970, RC Succession made its debut as an acoustic trio of Kiyoshiro Imawano (vo., gt.), Wassho Rinko (another name for Kazuo Kobayashi) (b.) and Kenchi Haren (gt.). After guitarist Reichi "Chabo" Nakaido joined the band in 1978 replacing Haren, their popularity grew as they strengthened their rock and roll sound. Since then, they released series of milestone numbers including "Ameagari no Yozora Ni" (1980) and "Transistor Radio" (1980).

in 1982, the band enter in part of a famous concert in 1982 called "The Day of R&B", which took place at a packed baseball stadium and included as headliners Chuck Berry and Sam Moore of Sam & Dave. The event was filmed and released as a video. Another thing in 1982 that helped establish them as a major act was a collaboration with Ryucihi Sakamoto called "Ikenai Rouge Magic". The single's jacket and promotional picture featured Imawano and Sakamoto kissing - quite a shocker at the time. The song was also used in a popular TV commercial. Among the best-known RC Succession songs are "Ameagari No Yozora Ni" and "Toranjisuta Rajio". RC Succession have often collaborated with other artists, and Imawano marks among the highlights of his career working with his heroes Booker T. & The MG's. RC Succession are also unusual in that for a Japanese pop band they are fairly political and outspoken. They are one of the few Japanese bands that regularly play benefits, and Imawano has spoken out against war, nuclear power and in favor of Tibetan freedom.

In 1988, the band recorded an album consisting of cover versions of rock and pop standards (with original Japanese lyrics) aptly named Covers. It was originally intended for a release from the band's record company Toshiba EMI, however, the release was suddenly canceled with small notice by Toshiba EMI on newspapers claiming "The album was too wonderful to be released." Two months later in August 1988, it was released by Kitty Records. Kiyoshiro revealed that there had been pressure from Toshiba to remove some of the anti-war and anti-nuclear songs from the album. The album gained wide attention due to the incident, and debuted at number one of the Oricon album chart.

Members Gee2Woo (keyboards) and Kozo Niida (drums) left the band in 1990. Kiyoshiro, Nakaido, and Kazuo Kobayashi (bass) released the album Baby a Go-Go that September with former Carmen Maki & Oz member Hirofumi Kasuga on drums. Former Vow Wow keyboardist Rei Atsumi also joined soon after. However, RC Succession held their last concert at the Nippon Budokan on December 25, 1990.

After they stopped performing, Kiyoshiro and Nakaido continued as solo artists, while other members (Kobayashi, Niida, and Gee2Woo) resumed their careers as session players. While the band never played together again, Kiyoshiro and Nakaido kept close relationships and collaborated from time to time, including the 1994 album Glad All Over which was credited to Kiyoshiro Imawano & Reichi Nakaido.

Kiyoshiro died of cancer on May 2, 2009.

Members

 * Kiyoshiro Imawano - vocals, guitar (1968–1991)
 * Kazuo Kobayashi - bass (1968–1991)
 * Reichi Nakaido - lead guitar, vocals (1978–1991)
 * Hirofumi Kasuga - guitar, drums (1978, 1990–1991)
 * Rei Atsumi - keyboards (1990–1991)

Past

 * Kenchi Haren - guitar (1968–1977)
 * Kozo Niida - drums (1978–1990)
 * Ginji Ogawa - guitar (1979–1980)
 * Gee2Woo - keyboards (1980–1990)

Original albums

 * 1972 Shoki no RC Succession (Toshiba)
 * 1972  Tanoshii Yube Ni (Toshiba)
 * 1976 Single Man (Polydor)
 * 1980 Rhapsody (Kitty) [live album]
 * 1980  Please (Kitty)
 * 1981 Blue (Kitty)
 * 1982 Beat Pops (London)
 * 1983 OK (London)
 * 1983  King of Live (London) [live album]
 * 1984 Feel So Bad (Toshiba EMI)
 * 1985 Heart Ace (Toshiba EMI)
 * 1986 the TEARS OF a CLOWN (Toshiba EMI) [live album]
 * 1988 Marvy (Toshiba EMI)
 * 1988  Covers (Kitty) [cover album]
 * 1988  Cobra No Nayami (Toshiba EMI) [live album]
 * 1990 Baby a Go Go (Toshiba EMI)

Compilations

 * 1981 EPLP (Toshiba EMI)
 * 1984 EPLP-2 (Toshiba EMI)
 * 1990 Best of RC Succession 1970-1980 (Toshiba EMI)
 * 1990 Best of RC Succession 1981-1990 (Toshiba EMI)
 * 2002 Golden Best (EMI Music Japan)
 * 2005 Wonderful Days 1970-80 (USM Japan)
 * 2005  Greatful Days 1981-90 (USM Japan)

title: RC Succession


text: User talk:208.198.210.253

title: User talk:208.198.210.253