text:
Norwood Football Club

Norwood Football Club, nicknamed the Redlegs, is an Australian rules football club competing in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) in the state of South Australia. Its home ground is Coopers Stadium (Norwood Oval), which is often referred to as "The Parade". It is one of the two traditional powerhouse clubs of the SANFL, the other being Port Adelaide, who together have won half of all SANFL premierships (see Port Adelaide–Norwood SANFL rivalry). The club has won 31 SANFL premierships and 1 SANFLW premiership.

1878–1899: Nineteenth-century powerhouse
The Norwood Football Club was formed at a meeting held at the Norfolk Arms Hotel in Rundle Street, Adelaide on 28 February 1878: it was resolved that the club colours would be those of the old Woodville Club. At a subsequent meeting with 12 members present at the Norfolk Arms Hotel on 14 March the colours were confirmed as blue guernseys and knickerbockers, and red stockings and cap. The new club gained a number of leading players from the then recently dissolved Woodville Football Club (1868–1877), including its Captain J.R. (Joe) Osborn who would become Norwood's inaugural Captain.

Norwood's first home ground was the current CBC College oval in the east Park Lands near the tramway and opposite the Kent Town Brewery.

Norwood played their first SAFA match against South Adelaide at Adelaide Oval on 16 May 1878, who were the current reigning premiers from the inaugural season: Norwood went on to win the match 1 goal to nil, with future Australian Test cricketer and Captain George Giffen kicking Norwood's goal from a running kick. During this match the players donned distinctive red stockings which gave rise to the nickname 'Redlegs', the moniker which has remained synonymous with Norwood ever since. Norwood won a premiership in its first year of existence and then followed with five more in a row. Only Port Adelaide in 1954–1959 has managed to repeat the feat of winning six premierships in a row. Norwood eventually won 11 pennants between 1878 and 1899 and was the most successful team of the 19th century. In 1883, after winning the pennant for the sixth successive year, Norwood became the first South Australian club to record a win over a Victorian team, when it defeated Essendon. In 1888, Norwood were proclaimed 'Premiers of Australia' when they defeated South Melbourne in three matches at Kensington Oval.

Norwood and Port Adelaide became famous rivals after a particularly tough match in 1894.

Early champions of the club include Alfred 'Topsy' Waldron, who captained the club for nine years; Alby Green, the first player to win the Magarey Medal for the best and fairest player in the competition in 1898; and Anthony 'Bos' Daly, who kicked 88 goals in 1893, including an astonishing 23 goals in one match. Daly's goal tally would not be surpassed for another 37 years, and his tally of 23 goals in one match has only ever been equalled by the great North Adelaide full forward goal kicker Ken Farmer in 1940. Daly was widely regarded as "the greatest South Australian footballer from 1877 to the close of the nineteenth century".

1900–1915: pre-WWI era
The 1904 Grand Final was a memorable one for Norwood who were down by 35 points at three-quarter time against traditional rival Port Adelaide. Norwood then produced an extraordinary burst of football with a goal by centre half forward Dean Dawson followed by two goals each from full forward, Bill Miller and half forward flanker, Stan Robinson. Norwood was only two points down with a minute remaining. Tommy Gibbons held a mark on a seemingly impossible angle. His kick sailed through the goal posts to give Norwood a four-point victory 9.8 to 8.10.

Norwood were proclaimed the Champions of Australia again in 1907 when they defeated the Victorian premier, Carlton, 13.12 to 8.9 after Norwood scored 7 goals in the first 20 minutes of the third quarter. Norwood would beat Carlton again in 1921, but on this latter occasion both clubs were runners up in their respective competitions.

1922–1924: Thomas Leahy success
For his brief coaching stint, Thomas Leahy proved remarkably successful, leading the Redlegs to back to back premierships in 1922 and 1923, a feat that would not be repeated for 90 years.

1925–1929: Walter Scott era
Walter Scott was captain-coach of the Norwood Football Club for five years, leading his team to two grand finals in 1928 and 1929, winning the latter against Port Adelaide.

1945–1956: Jack Oatey era
Over a coaching stint of 12 years, Jack Oatey led the Redlegs to three premierships in 1946, 1948, 1950.

1957–1973: Premiership drought
The period spanning the 1951 and 1973 seasons, totalling twenty three years, was the club's longest without a premiership.

1977: NFL night series premiers
Robert Hammond would lead the Redlegs to two premierships, one in 1975 and the other in 1978.

In 1977, Norwood defeated East Perth for the NFL night series premiership. Both of these clubs would later make bids to enter the VFL: East Perth in 1980 and Norwood in 1986. Norwood would go on to win the game 10.9 (69) to East Perth's 9.7 (61). This would be Norwood's third and last title in a national competition. Norwood were awarded $50,000  for their win.

1978: 100 years of the Norwood Football Club
1978 was Norwood's centenary year and Sturt, heading into the grand final, had lost only one game for the year and was odds-on favourite to win its 8th flag in 13 years. Norwood was 29 points down at three-quarter time but scored seven goals to Sturt's two in the last quarter to win the premiership by one point. Memorable moments in the match include Neil Button's effort in ruck against Sturt's Rick Davies, John Wynne's charge into the Sturt coaches box, Michael Taylor's mark 1 metre out from Sturt's goal with a minute to go, Danny Jenkin's leaping smother of a shot for goal with just seconds left to play and Brian Adamson's five goals from centre half forward. However, the most controversial moment was when field umpire Des Foster awarded a mark to Norwood’s Phil Gallagher in the dying seconds of the final quarter, that resulted in a goal by Gallagher which gave Norwood a 1 point lead that would hold to the final siren.

1980–1990: Neil Balme era
Under the leadership of Western Australian Neil Balme, the Redlegs won two premierships, one in 1982 and a second in 1984. The 1984 premiership was notable as the side came from 5th position at the end of the minor round to win the Grand Final, the first time a team outside the top four had won the competition. Two distinguished Norwood players from this era are Michael Aish and Garry McIntosh.

1991–1995: Neil Craig era
With the formation of the Adelaide Crows, the number of the SANFL's best players leaving the competition skyrocketed. The Norwood Football Club was hit particularly hard just avoiding the wooden spoon in successive years. However to the credit of Neil Craig, he managed to make do with what was at his disposal and in his third year as senior Redlegs coach the side made the 1993 Grand Final. However, timing was to be unfortunate and the Redlegs found themselves up against the recently created Woodville-West Torrens Eagles who were by far the strongest team of the year, losing by a club record 73 points.

1996–1999: Peter Rohde era
The Norwood Football Club entered the 1997 SANFL season, helmed by coach Peter Rohde, with purpose and rage that would see it dominate the years competition. During the home-and-away season, the club lost only three games during the minor round with a percentage of 64.82%, second to only that of Port Adelaide's 1914 season percentage of 68.78%. The dominance of Norwood during this year was highlighted on ANZAC day when Norwood played the second-placed team of the year, Port Adelaide, winning by 122 points. However, during the second semi-final, Norwood lost to Port Adelaide. The loss proved to be a wake-up call for a side seemingly winning with ease.

2000–2009: Tough times
The euphoria of the 1997 grand final victory would be short-lived, with the club only making it to another grand final once in the next decade, losing to Port Adelaide. The decade would see club revenue reduced to its minimum extent as the AFL took an economic hold of football in the state. During this time, the club picked up its 6th wooden spoon and its first for over three decades.

2010–2013: Nathan Bassett and Norwood resurgence
Norwood won their 28th and 29th SANFL premierships in 2012 and 2013 by defeating West Adelaide and North Adelaide respectively and lost only five minor-round games over those two years (two in 2012, three in 2013). It was the first time in 90 years (1922 and 1923) that the club had won back-to-back premierships. By coincidence, Norwood defeated Wests in 1922 and North in 1923.

2014–2016: Ben Warren as coach
In his first season as coach Ben Warren, with recruiting restrictions due to a salary cap breach and the loss of 12 premiership players, managed to guide the club to a Grand Final, in which Norwood defeated its biggest rival by 4 points, Norwood 12.10 (82) Port Adelaide 11.12 (78), in front of the largest Grand Final crowd for 15 years of 38,644. The win was significant given that the Port Adelaide team of 21 included 19 full-time professional AFL-listed players. It was also Norwood's 30th premiership, and completed a hat-trick following on from its 2012 and 2013 flags. The victory left Norwood as the team that won both the last Grand Final at Football Park and the first Grand Final at the newly refurbished Adelaide Oval.

In 2015, Norwood started the season 9–1 despite losing their captain Kieran McGuinness to retirement along with Gavin Hughes over the off-season, Anthony Wilson to the Adelaide Crows and Steven Baldasso suffering a season ending knee injury during the pre-season. The Redlegs were top of the ladder after Round 10 but a loss to bottom side Glenelg in round 11 would prove pivotal as they fell away in the second half of the season to only win 2 of their remaining 9 games with an horrific run of injuries to key players. They finished 4th after the minor round with 11–7, equal third with West Adelaide, but with inferior percentage were sent to an Elimination Final and were bundled out by 44 points by Central District.

The 2016 season saw the Redlegs regain Andrew Kirwan from overseas, Matt Fuller, Anthony Wilson and Jaryd Cachia from AFL duties but this did not cover the losses of James Allan, Michael Newton, Liam Davis and Mat Suckling, all to retirement, with Andrew McInnes and Mitch Wilkins returning to Melbourne after only one year and Kane Murphy returning to Sydney. The Redlegs started well with a win over archrivals, Port Adelaide, at Coopers Stadium by 25 points with Simon Phillips copping a season ending shoulder injury. A shock loss to North Adelaide by 57 points was the start of things to come as the Redlegs struggled with many injuries throughout the year which started with Michael Chippendale missing for the first six weeks and then significant injuries to key players in Bode, Panos, Cachia, Phillips and Webber throughout the year saw the Redlegs struggle without their star players. Norwood managed to win three of their last six games of the season with a shock win over ladder leaders, Woodville-West Torrens, by 24 points at Coopers Stadium which was the Redlegs stand out game in a poor season. This led to the departure of their Senior Coach, Ben Warren, with both parties not being able to come to an agreement over the club's future. Ben Warren ended with a win–loss record of 31–27.

2017–present: Evolution
Norwood were a foundation member of the SANFL Women's (SANFLW) competition in 2017. They claimed their first (and currently only) premiership in the competition in the inaugural 2017 season.

Tradition
The Norwood Football Club is one of two traditional power-house clubs in the South Australian National Football League, the other team being the Port Adelaide Football Club. As a result, their rivalry was the biggest in South Australian sport for over 100 years before the arrival of the Showdown. The two clubs still consistently attract the largest crowds during the SANFL minor round.

It's a grand old flag
"It's a grand old flag, it's a high flying flag

It's the emblem for me and for you

It's the emblem of the team we love

The team of the Red and the Blue.

Every heart beats true for the Red and the Blue

As we sing this song to you (What do we sing?)

Should auld acquaintance be forgot

Keep your eye on the Red and the Blue.

Oh the team played fine in the year twenty nine

The Redlegs that no-one could lick, lick, lick

From the crowds first yell to the final bell

The spirit of old forty six, six, six.

Every heart beats true for the Red and the Blue

As we sing this song to you (What do we sing?)

Should auld acquaintance be forgot

Keep your eye on the Red and the Blue.

It's a grand old flag, it's a high flying flag

It's the emblem for me and for you

It's the emblem of the team we love

The team of the Red and the Blue.

Every heart beats true for the Red and the Blue

As we sing this song to you (What do we sing?)

Should auld acquaintance be forgot

Keep your eye on the Red and the Blue.

 * Based on George M. Cohan's"

Men of Norwood
"All who love the noble game, hear the story I proclaim;

How the Norwoods earned their fame [How they won their glory].

First, against the Souths so strong, Cheers went up, both loud and long;

Forward! Norwoods, red and blue. Fair ones' smiles encourage you.

Chorus

Cheer the bonny red and blue,

Cheer the colours fast and true,

Keep their colours still in view,

Forward! Men of Norwood.

Who will e'er forget that day, Sturdy Mac led on the play,

Giffen dashing through the fray, Kicked first goal for Norwood?

And from thousand throats that cried, Cleft the air up to the skies.

Forward! Norwood, red and blue. Fair ones' eyes are watching you.

(Chorus)

When they met the sprightly Vics, With their little marks and tricks,

People thought would be a fix, Too much for the Norwoods.

Like the Souths the Vics were licked, Traynor for us one goals kicked.

Forward! Norwoods, red and blue, Wiry Vics you did subdue.

(Chorus)

Sturdy Ports and Adelaides, Little Parks [those knowing blades]

Kensingtons, who love the maids, All succumbed to Norwood.

So the first year passed away, And our men still held the sway;

Forward! Norwood, red and blue, Beauty's lips are praising you."

Famous supporters

 * Don Dunstan (Premier)
 * Paul Kelly (musician)
 * Sandy Roberts (television broadcaster)
 * Bruce McAvaney (sports broadcaster)
 * Angela Pippos (television broadcaster)
 * Greg Champion (songwriter)
 * Jim Keays (musician)

Home grounds
The current home ground for the Norwood Football Club is Norwood Oval. It has been the club's home since 1901 and under current naming rights it is referred to as 'Coopers Stadium'.
 * East Parklands (1878–82)
 * Kensington Oval (1882–1897)
 * Jubilee Oval (1898–1900)
 * Norwood Oval (1901–present)

Current playing list

 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Coach = Jade Rawlings
 * Senior Assistant = James Saywell
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll
 * Reserves Coach = Michael Knoll

AFL/VFL players (including Rookies)
There is a list of past and present Norwood players who have played at AFL/VFL:

 * Matthew Ahmat (Brisbane Bears and Sydney Swans)
 * James Aish (Brisbane Lions, Collingwood, and Fremantle)
 * David Armour (Geelong)
 * Craig Balme (Richmond)
 * Neil Balme (Richmond)
 * Nathan Bassett (Adelaide)
 * Scott Bassett (Port Adelaide and Western Bulldogs)
 * Thomas Beacham (1878–1947) (Fitzroy)
 * Percy Bice (1915–1985) (Richmond)
 * Dave Bland (1929–2013) (St Kilda)
 * Jace Bode (Melbourne)
 * Stuart Bown (Adelaide)
 * Peter Brenchley (1936–1991) (Melbourne)
 * Ian Brewer (1936–2010) (Collingwood)
 * Luke Brown (Adelaide)
 * Les Bryant (1896–1965) (Fitzroy)
 * Mark Buckley (Carlton, St Kilda and Brisbane Bears)
 * Jaryd Cachia (Carlton)
 * Bryce Campbell (Adelaide)
 * Phil Carman (Collingwood, Melbourne, Essendon and North Melbourne)
 * Kade Chandler (Melbourne)
 * Harry Clapson (1895–1987) (North Melbourne)
 * Adam Cockshell (Port Adelaide)
 * Sudjai Cook (Adelaide)
 * Jarrod Cotton (Port Adelaide)
 * Jared Crouch (Sydney Swans)
 * Heath Culpitt (Carlton)
 * John Cunningham (Geelong)
 * Clarrie Curyer (1912–2003) (St Kilda)
 * Peter Dalwood (1922–2000) (Fitzroy)
 * Donald Dickie (Port Adelaide)
 * Ross Dillon (Melbourne)
 * Scott Direen (Sydney Swans)
 * Nick Duigan (Carlton)
 * Trent Dumont (North Melbourne)
 * Graeme Dunstan (Collingwood)
 * Nathan Eagleton (Port Adelaide and Western Bulldogs)
 * Simon Eastaugh (Essendon and Fremantle)
 * Orazio Fantasia (Essendon)
 * Geoff Feehan (St Kilda)
 * Jeff Fehring (1955–2008) (Geelong and St Kilda)
 * Dale Fleming (Fitzroy)
 * Alex Forster (Fremantle)
 * Nic Fosdike (Sydney Swans)
 * Tony Francis (Collingwood and St Kilda)
 * James Gallagher (Adelaide)
 * Alex Georgiou (Melbourne)
 * Art Gilchrist (1879–1947) (Melbourne)
 * Daniel Gorringe (Gold Coast and Carlton)
 * Mitch Grigg (Adelaide)

 * Kevin Hardiman (1915–2002) (Essendon)
 * Reg Harley (1925–2014) (South Melbourne)
 * Tom Hart (1896–1971) (Carlton)
 * Anthony Harvey (St Kilda)
 * Tim Hazell (Hawthorn)
 * Neil Hein (Brisbane Bears)
 * Martin Heppell (St Kilda and Melbourne)
 * Adam Heuskes (Sydney Swans, Port Adelaide and Brisbane Lions)
 * Andrew Hill (Collingwood)
 * Ron Hoy (Hawthorn)
 * Nathon Irvin (Sydney Swans)
 * Brett James (Collingwood and Adelaide)
 * Roger James (Port Adelaide)
 * Andrew Jarman (Adelaide)
 * Tom Jonas (Port Adelaide)
 * Aaron Keating (Adelaide)
 * Tony Keenan (Collingwood)
 * Craig Kelly (Collingwood)
 * Matthew Kelly (Adelaide)
 * Bob Kingston (South Melbourne)
 * Brenton Klaebe (Fitzroy)
 * Ed Lower (North Melbourne)
 * Nick Lower (Port Adelaide, Fremantle and Western Bulldogs)
 * Stuart Mangin (Collingwood)
 * Kris Massie (Carlton and Adelaide)
 * Rodney Maynard (Adelaide)
 * Paul McCormack (Carlton)
 * Kieran McGuinness (Western Bulldogs)
 * Andrew McInnes (Carlton)
 * Bob McLean (1914–1989) (St Kilda)
 * John Meesen (Adelaide and Melbourne)
 * Algy Millhouse (1887–1948) (Melbourne and St Kilda)
 * Will Minson (Western Bulldogs)
 * Danny Morton (Fitzroy and Port Adelaide)
 * Glenn Molloy (Melbourne)
 * Graham Molloy (Melbourne)
 * Robert Neill (Sydney Swans and St Kilda)
 * John Nelson (St Kilda)
 * Michael Newton (Melbourne)
 * Mick Nunan (Richmond)
 * Jack Oatey (1920–1994) (South Melbourne)
 * Cristian O'Brien (Geelong)
 * David Palm (Richmond)
 * Greg Parke (Melbourne, Footscray and Fitzroy)
 * Joel Patfull (Brisbane Lions and GWS)
 * Stephen Patterson (Collingwood)
 * Harrison Petty (Melbourne)
 * Darren Pfeiffer (Carlton and Port Adelaide)

 * Simon Phillips (Sydney Swans and Port Adelaide)
 * Martin Pike (Melbourne, Fitzroy, North Melbourne/Kangaroos and Brisbane Lions)
 * Steven Pitt (Collingwood and Melbourne)
 * David Pittman (Adelaide)
 * Matthew Primus (Fitzroy and Port Adelaide)
 * Paul Puopolo (Hawthorn)
 * Harry Ralph (1919–2004) (Essendon)
 * Bert Renfrey (1879–1940) (St Kilda)
 * Brent Renouf (Hawthorn and Port Adelaide)
 * Stephen Richardson (Essendon)
 * Don Roach (1940–2011) (Hawthorn)
 * Neville Roberts (Richmond)
 * Jonathon Robran (Hawthorn and Essendon)
 * Matthew Robran (Hawthorn and Adelaide)
 * Jonathan Ross (Adelaide)
 * Lester Ross (St Kilda)
 * Sam Rowe (Carlton)
 * Stephen Rowe (Adelaide)
 * Kym Russell (Collingwood)
 * Glenn Sandford (Collingwood)
 * Albert Sawley (1915–1983) (St Kilda)
 * Gordon Sawley (1913–1942) (South Melbourne)
 * Ryan Schoenmakers (Hawthorn)
 * Robert Semmens (Richmond and Footscray)
 * Jack Sexton (1900–1935) (Fitzroy)
 * Cameron Shenton (St Kilda)
 * Sam Smart (Carlton)
 * Geoff Smith (Hawthorn)
 * Nick Smith (Melbourne)
 * Ben Speight (North Melbourne)
 * Justin Staritski (North Melbourne and Collingwood)
 * Phil Stephens (1935–2015) (St Kilda)
 * Grant Tanner (Geelong)
 * Jim Taylor (1932–2000) (South Melbourne)
 * Michael Taylor (Collingwood)
 * Dean Terlich (Melbourne)
 * James Thiessen (Richmond and Adelaide)
 * Keith Thomas (Fitzroy)
 * Matt Thomas (Port Adelaide and Richmond)
 * David Trotter (Kangaroos)
 * Alfred Waldron (1857–1929) (Carlton)
 * Tom Warhurst, Jr. (Adelaide)
 * James Wasley (Collingwood)
 * Neville Way (St Kilda)
 * Jim West (Sydney Swans)
 * Ben Wilson (Collingwood and Sydney Swans)
 * Austin Wonaeamirri (Melbourne)

Sponsorship
The club's main sponsors, since guernsey sponsorship was introduced in 1978, have been as follows:

Honour roll

 * Signifies SANFL leading goal kicker

Hall of Fame
In 2006, the Norwood Football Club board wrote a charter to establish a club Hall of Fame and Hall of Fame Committee, with the express purpose of "recognis[ing] and enshrin[ing] players, coaches, volunteers, honorary officials and administrators who have made a most significant contribution to the Norwood Football Club since its inception in 1878." The Hall of Fame Committee were tasked with selecting a maximum of 30 members for the inaugural induction ceremony, with up to 25 players and up to five coaches, volunteers, honorary officials or administrators from across the broad history of Norwood. Like other SANFL clubs, the charter initially adopted the practice of using broad historical eras to categorize members; in the case of Norwood, five eras were outlined: a) 1878 to 1906; b) 1907 to 1941; c) 1946 to 1969; d) 1970 to 1990; and e) 1991 and onwards. The Committee were also tasked with expanding the Hall of Fame by admitting up to five new members each year. There are currently 63 members in the Norwood Hall of Fame. In 2018, five of those members were upgraded to Legend status. The categorization below follows that of the club's history website, Redlegs Museum.
 * Members with names in bold are also in the South Australian Football Hall of Fame
 * Members with an asterisk* next to their names are also in the Australian Football Hall of Fame

Magarey Medallists

 * 1898 – Alby Green
 * 1915 – Charlie Perry
 * 1921 – Walter Scott
 * 1924 – Walter Scott
 * 1925 – Alick Lill
 * 1930 – Walter Scott
 * 1936 – Bill McCallum
 * 1951 – John Marriott
 * 1966 – Ron Kneebone
 * 1981 – Michael Aish
 * 1994 – Garry McIntosh
 * 1995 – Garry McIntosh
 * 1997 – Andrew Jarman
 * 2013 – Matt Thomas
 * 2017 – Mitch Grigg
 * 2018 – Mitch Grigg

Fos Williams Medallists

 * 1983 – Michael Aish
 * 1984 – Garry McIntosh
 * 1990 – Andrew Jarman
 * 1992 – Garry McIntosh
 * 1994 – Scott Burns
 * 1995 – Garry McIntosh
 * 1997 – James Thiessen
 * 1998 – Paul McCormack
 * 1999 – Anthony Harvey
 * 2005 – Scott Borlace

Jack Oatey Medallists

 * 1982 – Danny Jenkins
 * 1984 – Keith Thomas
 * 1997 – John Cunningham
 * 2012 – Dean Terlich
 * 2013 – Brett Zorzi
 * 2014 – Matt Panos
 * 2018 – Mitch Grigg
 * 2022 – Harry Boyd

Ken Farmer Medallists

 * 1997 – Jim West

All-Australians
Sporting Life Magazine Interstate carnivals
 * 1947 – Sam Gallagher
 * 1950 – John Marriott, Doug Olds
 * 1951 – John Marriott
 * 1952 – John Marriott
 * 1954 – John Marriott
 * 1955 – Jim Taylor, John Marriott
 * 1953 – John Marriott
 * 1961 – Kingsley Wedding
 * 1969 – Graham Molloy
 * 1983 – Michael Aish
 * 1986 – Michael Aish (vice-captain)

Attendances

 * Coopers Stadium: 20,280 v Port Adelaide, 1971 round 8
 * Adelaide Oval: 58,924 v Port Adelaide, 1957 SANFL Grand Final
 * AAMI Stadium: 53,283 v Glenelg, 1975 SANFL Grand Final

Most games

 * 371 – Garry McIntosh (1982–1998)

Most goals in a season

 * 111 – Neville Roberts (1983)

Most goals

 * 669 – Bruce Schultz (1933–1941)

Most years as coach

 * 12 – Jack Oatey (1945–56)

Most premierships as coach

 * 3 – Jack Oatey (1946, 1948, 1950)

Most years as captain

 * 9 – Alfred Waldron (1881–84, 1887–90, 1892)
 * 9 – Garry McIntosh (1990–98)

Most premierships as captain

 * 6 – Alfred Waldron (1881, 1882, 1883, 1887, 1888, 1889)

Most best and fairest awards

 * 6 – Walter Scott (1920–21, 1923, 1926, 1928, 1930)
 * 6 – Michael Taylor (1973–74, 1978–80, 1986)

Highest score

 * 33.21 (219) v North Adelaide 10.9 (69) at Norwood Oval in Round 6, 1977

Most state games

 * 39 – Walter Scott, 1920–32

title: Norwood Football Club


text:
User:LenoreIshida

`._                    _.'      ( @ : `.                 .' : @ )      \  `.  `.  ._     _.  .'  .'  /       \;' `.  `.  \   /  .'  .' `;/        \`.  `.  \  \_/  /  .'  .'/         ) :-._`. \  / .'_.-: (         (`.....,`.\/:\/.',.....')          >--._|:::|_.--<         / .'._>_.-|:::|-._<_.'. \         |o _.-'_.-^|:|^-._`-._ o|         |`'   ;_.-'|:|`-._;   `'| ".o_.-' ;."|:|".; `-._o." ".__."  \:/   ".__."                     ^

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:LenoreIshida


text:
Stanford Stadium

Stanford Stadium is an outdoor college football stadium on the west coast of the United States, located on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford, California. It is the home of the Stanford Cardinal and hosts the university's commencement exercises. Opened 103.64695849648022 years ago in 1921 as a football and track and field stadium, it was an earthen horseshoe with wooden bleacher seating and flooring upon a steel frame. Its original seating capacity was 60,000, which grew to 89,000 by 1927 as a nearly enclosed bowl.

Immediately following the 2005 season, the stadium was demolished and rebuilt as a dual-deck concrete structure, without a track. Today, it seats 50,424. The natural grass playing field runs northwest to southeast, at an approximate elevation of 60 ft above sea level.

Early history
Stanford Stadium was built in five months in 1921 and opened its gates on November 19, replacing Stanford Field. The first game was against rival California, who defeated Stanford 42–7 in the Big Game. Seating capacity was originally 60,000, with a 66-row, U-Shaped structure second only to the Yale Bowl in size at the time.

In 1925, 10,200 seats were added to the stadium, nearly enclosing the horseshoe while still keeping the overall height of the facility intact. In 1927, fourteen additional rows of seating were added, increasing the stadium to its maximum capacity of 85,500, with eighty rows of seating. In 1932, the stadium hosted the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. In 1935, Stanford Stadium set a record (for the time) for single-game attendance, with 94,000 spectators filling it for a 13–0 victory over California.

NFL
In January 1985, Super Bowl XIX was held in Stanford Stadium, with the Bay Area's own San Francisco 49ers defeating the Miami Dolphins, 38–16.

As of 2021, Stanford Stadium is one of two venues (the Rose Bowl being the other) to host a Super Bowl without previously serving as the home stadium of a National Football League (NFL) or American Football League (AFL) team, and Super Bowl XIX is one of only three Super Bowls where the host region saw its team win (the others being Super Bowl LV and Super Bowl LVI, where the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Los Angeles Rams respectively became the first two teams to play and win a Super Bowl at their home stadiums).

On October 22, 1989, the San Francisco 49ers played a home game at the stadium against the New England Patriots, as Candlestick Park had suffered serious damage following the Loma Prieta earthquake five days earlier.

Soccer
The stadium has hosted soccer matches for the 1984 Summer Olympics as one of three venues outside southern California for that Olympics, the 1994 FIFA World Cup, and the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Major League Soccer's San Jose Earthquakes have hosted one match at the stadium each year since 2011. The first year's opponent was the New York Red Bulls; since 2012, the Earthquakes have used the stadium to host their home leg of the California Clásico versus the Los Angeles Galaxy.

 * 1994 FIFA World Cup matches

 * 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup match

Other notable events
Other high-profile events hosted at Stanford Stadium include Herbert Hoover's acceptance speech for the 1928 Republican Presidential nomination and the 1962 edition of the long-running (1958–1985) series of track meets between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Modern renovations
The stadium has undergone a number of significant renovations since the 1920s. In 1960, a press box was added, while the first, and last synthetic athletics track was installed in 1978 (replacing the cinder track that had been used for many years).

In 1985, prior to Super Bowl XIX, the press box was renovated, new locker rooms were installed, a ticket complex and dressing room for game officials were added, and the number of restrooms were increased.

In 1994, prior to the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the lower level of the press box was expanded and aluminum benches were installed throughout the stadium. The crown of the playing surface was also reduced.

In 1995, a $10 million gift from Los Angeles insurance executive and 1935 Stanford graduate Louis W. Foster enabled further updates to the stadium, including widening the concourse, improving the restrooms, and replacing the remaining wooden seats. In honor of his gift, Stanford named the playing surface the Louis W. Foster Family Field at Stanford Stadium.

2005–2006 demolition and reconstruction
In June 2005, the university board of trustees authorized plans for the stadium's demolition and reconstruction that would remove the track, reduce the stadium capacity, and bring it up to date with present standards for sporting venues. Various justifications for the renovation included poor sightlines in the existing stadium (rendering the bottom 14 rows unusable), long stairways, and lack of adequate restroom facilities. The track around the stadium had previously created a large distance between the field and the spectators.

The capacity of the new stadium was set to be approximately 50,000 seats, which were made by Ducharme Seating. The reduction in capacity was a strategic decision by Stanford's Athletics Program to boost season ticket sales and create a more intimate playing atmosphere without sacrificing the ability to host large world-class events, such as the FIFA World Cup, in the future. This was partially the result of San Francisco's failure to secure a bid for the 2012 Olympics, which would have featured a renovated Stanford Stadium as the main Olympic Venue.

Construction began minutes after the Cardinal's last home game of the 2005 football season, a 38–31 loss to Notre Dame on November 26. Bulldozers began tearing out the natural field turf in a ceremony held while attendees were still in the stadium for the game. Construction proceeded quickly through the winter and spring with the goal of opening in time for Stanford's game against San Jose State on September 9, 2006, but the game had to be relocated to San Jose State's Spartan Stadium due to an unusually wet winter and resulting construction delays. In the summer of 2006, a construction worker fell 23 ft to his death.

The stadium opened on September 16, 2006 with Stanford losing to Navy 37–9. The Stanford Band was not present at the stadium opening since they were not permitted to play at any athletic events in the month of September due to accusations of vandalism to a temporary trailer which formerly served as their rehearsal facility. Instead, the Navy band performed at halftime and played throughout the game.

The facility now has a rectangular shape, occupies 18.4 acre with a footprint of 601128 sqft, and has a playing surface 29 ft below ground level. The stadium has 43 rows on the sides, 22 rows on the ends, and 30 rows below the skybox. The skybox also has 437 spectator seats, more than double the number of the previous press box.

In 2013, Stanford upgraded their scoreboards with twin HD video boards. Also, a 1673 foot ribbon board was added, which displays out-of-town scores and real-time statistics.

title: Stanford Stadium


text:
User talk:Vampyre

Looking for articles to work on?
Hello, Vampyre. I'm SuggestBot, a Wikipedia bot that helps new members contribute to Wikipedia. You can learn more about ways you can contribute and find articles you might like to work on by going to the Community Portal. I hope you find this useful. -- SuggestBot 13:41, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vampyre


text:
Tooth & Nail Records

Tooth & Nail Records is a record label founded by Brandon Ebel in California in November 1993. The label later moved to Seattle where it is today. Tooth & Nail has an imprint Solid State Records. BEC (Brandon Ebel Company) Recordings is Christian rock record label that is an imprint of Tooth & Nail Records. The label was formed in 1997 in partnership with EMI Christian Music Group.

Tooth & Nail's first album released was Wish for Eden's Pet the Fish, which was produced by Michael Knott and originally slated to be released by Blonde Vinyl. Releases from The Juliana Theory, MxPx, and Starflyer 59 made Tooth & Nail known in music circles, as well as a niche underground subculture in itself. Prior to forming Tooth & Nail, Ebel worked for Frontline Records.

Overview
Eight Tooth & Nail-affiliated albums have been RIAA-certified as gold for sales of 500,000 or more copies. The label had one of its greatest successes when Underoath's Define the Great Line debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 in 2006.

The label also released a limited edition hard cover book; the proceeds went to benefit Music Cares.

NPR described the label as having "altered the course of the Christian rock industry by launching and legitimizing the careers of MxPx, The O.C. Supertones and Underoath."

Structure
Tooth & Nail contains multiple imprints, each catering to a different genre of music:

 * BEC Recordings mostly includes artists in the mainstream sect of commercial Christian rock such as Kutless and Jeremy Camp, with some exceptions (such as hip hop artists KJ-52 and Manafest).
 * Solid State Records distributes metal and hardcore albums
 * Plastiq Musiq (founded by Ronnie Martin of Joy Electric) primarily signed electronic music artists. Tooth & Nail entered a partnership to distribute Plastiq Musiq albums in 1998 and 1999. Plastiq Musiq continues to release albums independently.
 * The label acquired Takehold Records, an independent record label, in 2002.

On March 13, 2013, it was announced that Brandon Ebel had sold the entire Tooth & Nail music catalog to Capitol Christian Music Group (formerly EMI Christian Music Group) and by doing so was able to buy back the 50% stake in Tooth & Nail formerly owned by EMI making it an independent record label. It will retain the rights to all future releases with a new distributor, RED Distribution.

Tooth & Nail Records

 * Current

 * Copeland
 * Emery
 * John Van Deusen
 * My Epic
 * Slick Shoes
 * Tyson Motsenbocker
 * Watashi Wa

source:

 * Former

 * Aaron Sprinkle
 * Abandoned Pools
 * Acceptance
 * Ace Troubleshooter
 * The Almost
 * Anberlin
 * Anchor & Braille
 * And Then There Were None
 * AP2
 * Artifex Pereo
 * As Cities Burn
 * The Blamed
 * Bleach
 * Blenderhead
 * Blessed by a Broken Heart
 * Blindside
 * Bloodshed
 * Bon Voyage
 * Born Blind
 * Brave Saint Saturn
 * The Brothers Martin
 * Capital Lights
 * CHATTERbOX
 * Children 18:3
 * The Classic Crime
 * Craig's Brother
 * Crash Rickshaw
 * The Crucified
 * Damien Jurado
 * Danielson
 * Dead Poetic
 * The Deadlines
 * Death Therapy
 * The Deluxtone Rockets
 * The Dingees
 * Disciple
 * Discover America
 * Dogwood
 * A Dream Too Late
 * Everdown
 * Falling Up
 * Family Force 5
 * Far-Less
 * Fighting Jacks
 * Fine China
 * FM Static
 * Focal Point
 * Focused
 * The Fold
 * For Love Not Lisa
 * Frodus
 * Further Seems Forever
 * Ghoti Hook
 * Aaron Gillespie
 * Halo Friendlies
 * Hangnail
 * Havalina
 * Hawk Nelson
 * Hearts Like Lions
 * Holland
 * Hyland
 * The Huntingtons
 * I Am Empire
 * Icon for Hire
 * Ivoryline
 * Jonezetta
 * Joy Electric
 * The Juliana Theory
 * Kings Kaleidoscope
 * Klank
 * The Letter Black
 * The Lonely Hearts
 * Love & Death
 * Lucerin Blue
 * Luxury
 * Mae
 * Mantric
 * Matt & Toby
 * mewithoutYou
 * Mike Knott
 * Morella's Forest
 * Mortal
 * MxPx
 * Neon Horse
 * New Empire
 * Nine Lashes
 * Ninety Pound Wuss
 * Number One Gun
 * The O.C. Supertones
 * Overcome
 * Pedro the Lion (David Bazan)
 * Plankeye
 * P.O.D.
 * Poor Old Lu
 * Project 86
 * Puller
 * Queens Club
 * Roadside Monument
 * Rocky Loves Emily
 * Run Kid Run
 * Ruth
 * Sainthood Reps
 * Search the City
 * Secret and Whisper
 * The Send
 * Sent by Ravens
 * Seventh Day Slumber
 * Showbread
 * Side Walk Slam
 * Since October
 * Spoken
 * Squad Five-O
 * Starflyer 59
 * Stavesacre
 * Strongarm
 * Swimming with Dolphins
 * Sullivan
 * Terminal
 * Thousand Foot Krutch
 * Twothirtyeight
 * We Are the City
 * The Welcome Wagon
 * Unashamed
 * The Undecided
 * Underoath
 * Value Pac
 * Velour 100
 * Waking Ashland
 * Watashi Wa
 * The Wedding
 * Write This Down
 * XXI

BEC Recordings

 * Current

 * 7eventh Time Down
 * David Dunn
 * Disciple
 * Fearless BND
 * Hunter Plake
 * Jordan St. Cyr
 * Kutless
 * Lion of Judah
 * Rhett Walker
 * Tasha Layton
 * The Young Escape
 * tobyMac

 * Former

 * Aaron Gillespie
 * Ace Troubleshooter
 * Adam Cappa
 * Adie
 * All Things New
 * Among the Thirsty
 * An Epic No Less
 * Ashes Remain
 * Jessa Anderson * Bon Voyage
 * Freddie Bruno
 * Cadet
 * Jeremy Camp
 * Citizens
 * The Cross Movement
 * Deepspace5
 * The Dingees
 * The Echoing Green
 * Everman
 * Falling Up
 * Flight 180
 * Fold Zandura
 * Ghost Ship
 * The Glorious Unseen
 * Hangnail
 * Hawk Nelson
 * iLL Harmonics
 * Kings Kaleidoscope
 * KJ-52
 * Dustin Kensrue
 * Joy Electric
 * The O.C. Supertones
 * Phillip LaRue
 * Jadon Lavik
 * Lost Dogs
 * LPG
 * Mainstay
 * Manafest
 * Andrew Marcus
 * Mars Ill
 * Sarah Masen
 * Matty Mullins
 * The Museum
 * New Breed
 * Nine Lashes
 * Bebo Norman
 * Peace 586
 * Peace of Mind
 * Pivitplex
 * Plankeye
 * Project 86
 * Propaganda
 * Rapture Ruckus
 * Jaymes Reunion
 * .rod laver
 * Ryan Stevenson
 * Seven Places
 * Sev Statik
 * Seventh Day Slumber (active, currently with Rockfest Records)
 * ShineBright
 * Shuree
 * Smalltown Poets
 * Ryan Stevenson
 * Jon Micah Sumrall
 * Sup the Chemist
 * Chris Taylor
 * Telecast
 * Tunnel Rats
 * Ultrabeat
 * Value Pac
 * Adam Watts
 * Josh White
 * Sherri Youngward

title: Tooth & Nail Records


text:
HMS Flint Castle (K383)

HMS Flint Castle (K383) was one of 44 Castle-class corvettes built for the Royal Navy during World War II. Completed at the end of 1943, the ship ran aground while training in January 1944. After repairs were completed the following month, she was briefly assigned to the 39th Escort Group for convoy escort duties in the Atlantic Ocean. Flint Castle was transferred to Escort Group B2 in March and screened convoys to and from Gibraltar until September. That month, she joined Escort Group B3 to escort convoys between Canada and Britain and continued to do so until the end of the war in May 1945. The ship then became an anti-submarine training ship in Rosyth and Campbeltown, Scotland, before moving to Portland at the beginning of 1947. Flint Castle remained there until she was taken out of service in March 1956 and broken up beginning in July 1958.

Design and description
The Castle-class corvette was a stretched version of the preceding Flower-class corvette, enlarged to improve seakeeping and to accommodate modern weapons. The ships displaced 1010 LT at standard load and 1510 LT at deep load. The ships had an overall length of 252 ft, a beam of 36 ft and a deep draught of 14 ft. They were powered by two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines developed a total of 2880 ihp and gave a maximum speed of 16.5 kn. The Castles carried a maximum of 480 LT of fuel oil that gave them a range of 6500 nmi at 15 kn. The ships' complement was 99 officers and ratings.

The Castle-class ships were equipped with a single QF 4 in Mk XVI gun forward, but their primary weapon was their single three-barrel Squid anti-submarine mortar. This was backed up by one depth charge rail and two throwers for 15 depth charges. The ships were fitted with two twin and a pair of single mounts for 20 mm Oerlikon light AA guns. Provision was made for a further four single mounts if needed. They were equipped with Type 145Q and Type 147B ASDIC sets to detect submarines by reflections from sound waves beamed into the water. A Type 272 search radar and a HF/DF radio direction finder rounded out the Castles' sensor suite.

Construction and career
Flint Castle, the only ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy, was ordered on 19 January 1943 and laid down by Henry Robb at their shipyard in Leith, Scotland on 20 April. The ship was launched on 1 September and completed on 31 December. She was damaged by an accidental explosion alongside Barrage Vessel BV 42 on 22 December 1943 and one man killed on each vessel. BV 42 sank.

She arrived at Tobermory, Mull, Scotland, on 12 January 1944 to begin training at the Royal Navy's Anti-Submarine Training School, HMS Western Isles. Flint Castle ran aground while training on 18 January and was refloated. She arrived at Belfast, Northern Ireland, the following day to begin repairs that lasted until 9 February. The ship was then assigned to the 39th Escort Group and escorted one Atlantic convoy in mid-March before being transferred to the Liverpool-based Escort Group B2 to escort convoys to and from Gibraltar. In September 1944, Flint Castle was assigned to Escort Group B3, which protected convoys sailing between St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and Britain. The ship was refitted in Cardiff, Wales, in January–March 1945 and rejoined her group in Liverpool in April.

She was assigned to Rosyth Command in June as an anti-submarine training ship and visited ports in Norway and Germany over the next several months. Flint Castle was transferred to the Rosyth Escort Force in June 1946, which was employed as a training unit; it was redesignated as the Basic Anti-Submarine Training Flotilla in September. The unit was then transferred to Portland and used a variety of names before settling on the Second Training Squadron in January 1952. On 15 June 1953, she took part in the Fleet Review held at Spithead to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. The ship was used to portray a German anti-submarine vessel in the 1955 film The Cockleshell Heroes.

Flint Castle was taken out of service in March 1956 at Devonport Dockyard, until her demolition began, starting on 10 July 1958 at Faslane. While her service was uneventful, Flint Castle was awarded the battle honour of Atlantic 1944–45.

title: HMS Flint Castle (K383)


text:
1702 in music

The year 1702 in music involved some significant events.

Events

 * 13 March – A month after commencing his university education, 17-year-old George Frideric Handel accepts the position of organist at Halle Cathedral, replacing J. C. Leporin, for whom he had acted as assistant.
 * Johann Sebastian Bach concludes his musical education at St. Michael's School in Lüneburg.
 * Georg Philipp Telemann becomes director of Leipzig opera, and founds Leipzig Collegium Musicum.
 * Alessandro Scarlatti leaves Naples and seeks the patronage of Prince Ferdinando de' Medici.
 * Michel de Saint-Lambert publishes Les principes du clavecin.
 * Probable year – German Baroque composer Jakob Greber moves from Italy to London – accompanied by his mistress, operatic soprano Margherita de L'Épine – where he will remain for three years composing incidental music for plays and arias for L'Épine, including those for this year's première of Nicholas Rowe's play The Fair Penitent.

Published popular music

 * Tavern Bilkers, burlesque by John Weaver

Classical music

 * Giovanni Henrico Albicastro – Sonate a violino solo col basso continuo
 * Tomaso Albinoni
 * Lontananza crudel, mi squarci il core, T.204.04 (Op. 4)
 * Poiché al vago seren di due pupille, T.205
 * Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns – St John Passion (formerly attributed to Reinhard Keiser)
 * Marc-Antoine Charpentier
 * Extremum Dei judicium, H.401
 * Judicium Salomonis, performed for the opening of the French parliament
 * François Couperin
 * Quatre versets d'un motet composé et chanté par ordre du roy
 * Qui dat nivem sicut lanam
 * Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer
 * Ariadne musica
 * Tafelmusik
 * Louis Marchand – Pièces de clavecin, Livre 1
 * James Paisible
 * 6 Sonatas of Two Parts
 * Airs for the play King Edward the Third
 * Airs for the comedy She Would and She Would Not
 * Alessandro Scarlatti – Mottetti sacri ad una, due, trè, e quattro voci con violini
 * Francesco Scarlatti – Dixit dominus (Psalm 110)
 * Johannes Schenck – Le nymphe di Rheno, 12 sonatas and suites for 2 violas da gamba, Op. 8 (Amsterdam)
 * Johann Speth – Ars Magna Consoni et Dissoni
 * Francisco Valls – Missa Scala Aretina
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow – Danksaget dem Vater

Opera

 * François Bouvard – Médus
 * André Campra – Tancrède
 * Pietro Torri – Torneo

Births

 * January 6 – José de Nebra, composer (died 1768)
 * February 7 – Carl August Thielo, composer (died 1763)
 * February 27 – Johann Valentin Görner, composer (died 1762)
 * March 5 – Michael Mietke II, German harpsichord maker (died 1754)
 * March 13 – Burkat Shudi, Swiss-born harpsichord maker (died 1773)
 * March 27 – Johann Ernst Eberlin, composer (died 1762)
 * July 22 – Alessandro Besozzi, oboist and composer (died 1793)

Deaths

 * July 6 – Nicolas Lebègue, French harpsichordist, composer and organist (born 1632)
 * July 16 – Étienne Loulié, musician, pedagogue and musical theorist (born 1654)
 * September 17 – Olaus Rudbeck, composer (born 1630)
 * December – José de Cascante, organist and composer (born 1646)

title: 1702 in music


text:
Heather Harper

Heather Mary Harper (8 May 1930 – 22 April 2019 ) was a Northern Irish operatic soprano. She was active internationally in both opera and concert. She performed roles such as Helena in Benjamin Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Royal Opera House, Elsa in Wagner's Lohengrin at the Bayreuth Festival, and the Countess in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro at the Metropolitan Opera. She became known internationally when she stepped in for the world premiere of Britten's War Requiem in 1962, and remained associated with the composer's work, but also sang other premieres.

Early life and education
Heather Harper was born on 8 May 1930 in Belfast, the daughter of Mary (née Robb) and Hugh Harper, a lawyer. She and her three siblings received early musical training. She studied piano at the Trinity College of Music in London on a scholarship, with viola and cello as additional subjects. When the opportunity to study voice came up, she won another scholarship.

She initially sang as a mezzo-soprano. She was a member of the Ambrosian Chorus, where her fellow altos included Jean Allister, Pamela Bowden and Helen Watts, the BBC Chorus and the George Mitchell Singers. Her voice at this time was characterised by its "bright, flexible coloratura", more typical of a soprano. She studied with Helene Isepp, and retrained as a soprano with Frederick Husler and Yvonne Rodd-Marling, the authors of Singing: The Physical Nature of the Vocal Organ.

Career
Her professional debut came in 1954, singing Lady Macbeth in Verdi's Macbeth at the Oxford University Opera Club, produced by Jack Westrup. Her performance was a critical success, and she was subsequently given the role of Violetta in a 1956 television production of La traviata. She was a member of the English Opera Group from 1956 to 1975. Her first role at the Royal Opera House (ROH) Covent Garden was Helena in Benjamin Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1962. Later roles there included the title role in Arabella by Richard Strauss, Blanche in Poulenc's Les dialogues des Carmélites, Antonia in Offenbach's Les contes d'Hoffmann, Gutrune in Wagner's Götterdämmerung, Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen, Eva in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Hecuba in King Priam, Chrysothemis in Elektra, the Empress in Die Frau ohne Schatten and the title role in Ariadne auf Naxos. She appeared at the ROH in 1975 as Ellen Orford in Britten's Peter Grimes in a new production staged by Elijah Moshinsky, alongside Jon Vickers in the title role. She also created Nadia in Tippett's The Ice Break and Mrs Coyle in the stage premiere of Britten's Owen Wingrave at the ROH; she had previously sung in the television premiere of Owen Wingrave in 1970: a "high point" in her many performances for television, according to her obituary in The Guardian. Her farewell performance at the ROH was Ellen in Peter Grimes in 1981. A critic noted in an obituary: "Her sympathy for the character drew a near-definitive portrayal."

At the Bayreuth Festival, Harper appeared as Elsa in Lohengrin in 1967 and 1968, conducted by Rudolf Kempe. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Contessa Almaviva in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro in 1977. She also sang Charlotte in Massenet's Werther for the San Francisco Opera. She appeared as a regular guest at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, including roles such as Marguerite in Gounod's Faust and Vitellia in Mozart's La clemenza di Tito. In 1982, the soprano debuted with the New York City Opera in the name part of Gluck's Alceste.

Harper also had an extensive concert career. She sang in the premiere of Britten's War Requiem at Coventry Cathedral with Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau and Peter Pears in 1962, substituting for Galina Vishnevskaya at ten days' notice. In 1965, she was the soprano soloist in the second UK performance of Delius's Requiem in Liverpool, conducted by Charles Groves. She sang in it again in 1968 in London, conducted by Meredith Davies, and appeared in the first recording with the same participants. In 1975, she was the soprano soloist in Verdi's Requiem at London's Kingsway Hall with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Carlos Païta. At the Belfast Last Night of the Proms in 1985, she gave the world premiere of Malcolm Williamson's song cycle Next Year in Jerusalem to international critical acclaim. She sang the soprano solo in the world premiere of Tippett's Third Symphony in 1972.

She retired from her singing career in 1994. Her final performance was at the BBC Proms, singing Alban Berg's Altenberg Lieder and Ralph Vaughan Williams's Serenade to Music.

Recordings
Her recordings include Peter Grimes in both audio and video formats. In 1957, she took part in first recordings, conducted by Antony Hopkins, of sacred works by Michel Richard Delalande for the L'Oiseau-Lyre label. Some 1970s recordings, conducted by Sir Georg Solti, were reissued, notably Mahler's Eighth Symphony with Lucia Popp, Arleen Augér, Yvonne Minton, Helen Watts, René Kollo, John Shirley-Quirk and Martti Talvela; and Die Frau ohne Schatten by Richard Strauss with Helga Dernesch, Ruth Hesse, James King and Walter Berry (Covent Garden, 1976, Fiori). Two of her recordings won the Grammy Award, Peter Grimes in 1979 and Songs Of Maurice Ravel in 1984. In 1964, the soprano sang in the first recording of Schoenberg's Von heute auf morgen (released in 1971), conducted by Robert Craft.

She recorded Britten's War Requiem in 1991 in an award-winning CD conducted by Richard Hickox. Alan Blyth wrote, comparing the recording to earlier ones: "Heather Harper has at last recorded the "role" she created – indeed it is her farewell to her many admirers as she has now retired. I heard her sing it in St Paul's not long ago and thought then that her peculiar accents, her inevitable shaping of so much of the part simply had to be preserved for posterity. Her perceptions are superior to those of both Haywood (Shaw) and Söderström (Rattle) by virtue of her longer association with the piece, and her tone shows very few signs of the advancing years. Of course, Vishnevskaya's hieratical utterance (Decca) is something unique and inimitable, but for a comprehensive understanding of what Britten wanted, Harper is hard to equal." In 2005, a live concert performance of Britten's Our Hunting Fathers was issued on the London Philharmonic Orchestra's own label.

Personal life
Harper married twice. Her first marriage to Leonard Buck ended in divorce in 1972. She married Argentinian scientist Eduardo E. Benarroch in 1973.

Harper's sister was a cellist in the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and her brother was a hornist with the ROH, the Royal Philharmonic and the English Chamber Orchestra.

Heather Harper received the CBE in 1965. She died on 22 April 2019, aged 88.

title: Heather Harper


text:
Mike Kreidler

Myron Bradford Kreidler (born September 28, 1943) is an American physician and politician serving his sixth term as the eighth Washington Insurance Commissioner. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served one term in the Congress, representing Washington's 9th congressional district.

Education and early career
Kreidler holds a bachelor's degree and a doctor of optometry from Pacific University in Forest Grove, Oregon. After his US Army service as an optometry officer, he earned a master of public health degree in health administration from the UCLA School of Public Health.

He was employed as an optometrist by Group Health Cooperative of the Puget Sound in the Olympia clinic for twenty years. In 1973, he won a seat on the North Thurston School Board. He also served in the Washington State Legislature for 16 years.

Political career
Kreidler served 16 years in the Washington Legislature. He was in the Washington House of Representatives from 1976 to 1984 and then the Washington State Senate from 1984 to 1992. He was elected to the United States Congress as a Representative from the Washington's 9th congressional district of Washington in 1992. He was defeated by Republican Randy Tate in 1994.

Following his re-election defeat to Congress in 1994, he was appointed to the Northwest Power Planning Council in 1995 by Washington Governor Mike Lowry and subsequently re-appointed by Governor Gary Locke. He served on the NWPPC until 1998 when he was appointed Regional Director for the United States Department of Health and Human Services's Region 10 office in Seattle, Washington, serving in that post until 2000, when he resigned in order to seek election to the office of Washington State Insurance Commissioner.

Kreidler is Washington's eighth insurance commissioner. He was first elected as insurance commissioner in 2000. He was re-elected to a sixth term in 2020.

He retired as a lieutenant colonel from the Army Reserves with 20 years of service.

Health care
Kreidler has focused on health reform most of his career and worked to implement the Affordable Care Act in Washington state. He was the first insurance commissioner to reject President Obama's proposal to give insurers another year to sell pre-Affordable Care Act plans and testified before Congress on the law's impact on Washington state.

He has opposed efforts by the Trump administration to dismantle the Affordable Care Act, including coverage for pre-existing conditions and limiting the sale of short-term medical plans.

Surprise billing
In 2019, Kreidler proposed legislation banning the practice of surprise medical billing. After several extreme cases were highlighted in the news, support for his proposal increased and the bill was signed into law later that year.

Health care sharing ministries
Kreidler has taken action against fake health sharing ministries and in 2019, he fined one company and its affiliate more than $1 million for selling sham health sharing ministry memberships in Washington state to thousands of consumers.

Climate change
Since 2007, Kreidler has chaired the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' Climate Change and Global Warming Work Group. He led a successful push for insurers to disclose if and how they are preparing for the potential risks associated with climate change.

Controversies

 * The Seattle Times editorialized that Kreidler was "slow to stand up for the tens of thousands of families struggling to get necessary care for loved ones with mental illness. Astoundingly, his office has not taken a single enforcement action on the law, and a proposed rule to strengthen enforcement has languished in his office for two years." It took class-action attorneys to win a judgment at the Washington Supreme Court for those with autism being denied care by insurers, with no help from Kreidler.
 * Taxpayers paid a $450,000 settlement to whistleblower after State Auditor Troy Kelley refused to investigate her complaint against a Kreidler chief deputy—there was no discipline for the chief deputy.
 * Taxpayers paid $50,000 settlement, following a $20,000 investigation, after a Kreidler chief deputy allegedly harassed a worker who was forced to borrow sick leave from co-workers while the chief deputy enjoyed two months of paid leave before finally being dismissed.
 * Kreidler had a chief deputy quit following a 2013 hallway argument over a plant Kreidler wanted to accept as a gift from a special interest. Most executive staff followed.
 * In June 2017, Washington's health insurers announced that they were increasing rates for 2018 by an average of over 22 percent. Kreidler had, just days before his 2016 re-election, dismissed 2017 increases averaging 13.6% as "a one-time adjustment."  A July 2017 Seattle Times article described Kreidler as "sympathetic to insurers" despite their huge surpluses.

Misconduct allegations
In April 2022, The Seattle Times reported that several former employees or interviewed candidates for positions in the Office of the Insurance Commissioner had described racist or derogatory terms used by Kreidler from 2017 to 2022. The report also alleged that he had asked for "unusual favors" from non-white employees and that Kreidler had been "demeaning or rude" in interactions. Governor Jay Inslee and the majority and minority leaders of both legislative chambers asked Kriedler to resign due to the allegations, his admittance of fault, and the firing of an aide who had been critical of Kriedler's behavior. Kriedler stated in June 2022 that he would not resign; on May 1, 2023, he announced that he would not run for a seventh term in the 2024 elections.

Personal life
Kreidler resides in Lacey, Washington with his wife, Lela. They have three grown children and three grandchildren. He is a member of several professional and fraternal organizations. He retired from the United States Army Reserve as a Lieutenant Colonel, after serving on active duty as an optometrist during the Vietnam and first Persian Gulf wars.

title: Mike Kreidler


text:
HERA (particle accelerator)

HERA (Hadron-Elektron-Ringanlage, Hadron–Electron Ring Accelerator) was a particle accelerator at DESY in Hamburg. It was operated from 1992 to 30 June 2007. At HERA, electrons or positrons were brought to collision with protons at a center-of-mass energy of 320 GeV. HERA was used mainly to study the structure of protons and the properties of quarks, laying the foundation for much of the science done at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN particle physics laboratory today. HERA is the only lepton–proton collider in the world to date and was on the energy frontier in certain regions of the kinematic range.

To collide protons with either electrons or positrons, HERA used mainly superconducting magnets, which was also a world first. At HERA, it was possible to study the structure of protons up to 30 times more accurately than before. The resolution covered structures 1/1000 of the proton in size, facilitating many discoveries concerning the composition of protons from quarks and gluons.

The HERA tunnel runs 10 to 25 m below ground level and has a circumference of 6.3 km and an inner diameter of 5.2 m. For the construction, the same technology was used as for the construction of subway tunnels. Two storage rings were located on top of each other inside the tube. One accelerated electrons to energies of 27.5 GeV, the other one protons to energies of 920 GeV in the opposite direction. Both beams completed their circle nearly at the speed of light, making approximately $$ revolutions per second.

There are four interaction regions around the ring, which were used by the experiments H1, ZEUS, HERMES and HERA-B. All these experiments were particle detectors run by international groups of researchers. These groups developed, constructed and ran the multi-storey, complex measurement devices in many years of cooperative work and evaluated enormous amounts of data.

HERA accelerators
Leptons (electrons or positrons) were pre-accelerated to 450 MeV in the linear accelerator LINAC II. From there, they were injected into the storage ring DESY II and accelerated further to 7.5 GeV before their transfer into the storage ring PETRA, where they were accelerated to 14 GeV. Finally, they were injected into their storage ring in the HERA tunnel and reached a final energy of 27.5 GeV. This storage ring was equipped with warm (non-superconducting) magnets keeping the leptons on their circular track by a magnetic field of 0.17 tesla.

Protons were obtained from originally negatively charged hydrogen ions and pre-accelerated to 50 MeV in a linear accelerator. They were then injected into the proton synchrotron DESY III and accelerated further to 7 GeV. Then they were transferred to PETRA, where they were accelerated to 40 GeV. Finally, they were injected into their storage ring in the HERA tunnel and reached their final energy of 920 GeV. The proton storage ring used superconducting magnets to keep the protons on track.

The lepton beam in HERA became naturally transversely polarised through the Sokolov–Ternov effect. The characteristic build-up time expected for the HERA accelerator was approximately 40 minutes. Spin rotators on either side of the experiments changed the transverse polarisation of the beam into longitudinal polarisation. The positron beam polarisation was measured using two independent polarimeters, the transverse polarimeter (TPOL) and the longitudinal polarimeter (LPOL). Both devices exploit the spin-dependent cross section for Compton scattering of circularly polarised photons off positrons to measure the beam polarisation. The transverse polarimeter was upgraded in 2001 to provide a fast measurement for every positron bunch, and position-sensitive silicon strip and scintillating-fibre detectors were added to investigate systematic effects.

On 30 June 2007 at 11:23 pm, HERA was shut down, and dismantling of the four experiments started. HERA's main pre-accelerator PETRA was converted into a synchrotron radiation source, operated under the name PETRA III since 2009. Today, a section of the HERA tunnel and 24 former superconducting dipole magnets are being used for the new ALPS experiment, which looks for axion-like particles.

International project HERA
The construction of HERA was one of the first truly internationally financed projects of this magnitude. Previously, the construction of scientific facilities was always financed by the country in which they were located. Only the costs for the experiments were borne by the conducting national or foreign institutes. Due to the enormous scope of the HERA project, many international institutions agreed to participate already in the construction.

More than 45 institutes and 320 corporations participated in the construction of the facility with donations of money or materials, and more than 20% of the costs were borne by foreign institutions.

Following the example of HERA, many large-scale scientific projects have since then been financed jointly by several countries. This model has become established and international cooperation is moderately common in the construction of those facilities.

H1
H1 was a universal detector for the collision of electrons and protons, located in the HERA Hall North. It measured 12 m × 10 m × 15 m, weighed 2800 tons and was operated from 1992 to 2007. It was designed for probing the inner structure of the proton, the exploration of the strong interaction as well as the search for new kinds of matter and unexpected phenomena in particle physics.

ZEUS
Like H1, ZEUS was a detector for electron–proton collisions, located in the HERA Hall South. It measured 12 m × 11 m × 20 m, weighed 3600 tons and was operated from 1992 to 2007. Its tasks were similar to those of H1.

HERA-B
HERA-B was an experiment in the HERA Hall West, which collected data from 1999 to February 2003. By using HERA's proton beam, researchers at HERA-B conducted experiments on heavy quarks. The detector measured 8 m × 20 m × 9 m and weighed 1000 tons.

HERMES
The HERMES experiment in the HERA Hall East was operated from 1995 to 2007. HERA's longitudinally polarised electron beam was used to explore the spin structure of nucleons. For this purpose, the electrons were scattered at energies of 27.5 GeV at an internal gas target. This target and the detector itself were designed especially with a view to spin-polarised physics. The detector measured 3.5 m × 8 m × 5 m and weighed 400 tons.

title: HERA (particle accelerator)


text:
User:NashCarey

Nash Carey is the owner of Real World Gaming, an IRG publishing house. He is actively involved in the running and funding of Immersive Reality Games.

title: User:NashCarey


text:
Redbreast sunfish

The redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus) is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (family Centrarchidae) of the order Perciformes. The type species of its genus, it is native to the river systems of eastern Canada and the United States. The redbreast sunfish reaches a maximum recorded length of about 30 cm.

The species prefers vegetated and rocky pools and lake margins for its habitat. Its diet can include insects, snails, and other small invertebrates. A panfish popular with anglers, the redbreast sunfish is also kept as an aquarium fish by hobbyists. Redbreast sunfish are usually caught with live bait such as nightcrawlers, crickets, grasshoppers, waxworms, or mealworms. They can also be caught using small lures or flies. Most anglers use light spinning tackle to catch redbreast sunfish. It is popular with fly anglers in the winter because it will more readily strike a moving fly than will bluegills in cooler water.

As is typical for the sunfishes, the female redbreast sunfish lays her eggs (about 1000) in a substrate depression built by the male. The male guards the eggs and fry.

The specific epithet, auritus, is Latin for big-eared.

Description
The average length of the redbreast sunfish is around 11 cm with a record 30.5 cm. The record weight for the fish is 0.79 kg. The redbreast sunfish is characterized by a long black opercular flap, which is longer than those of most other sunfish in its range. There are a few blue iridescent vermiculations on the head. Small teeth may be appreciated, mostly on the roof of the mouth. There are faint vertical bars present on the olive-green bodies of both sexes, which may become more apparent as the background coloration changes to blue-green near the lateral line. Males have darker ventral coloration than that of females, ranging from orange-yellow to orange-red. The caudal fin has a shallow fork and may have orange to red pigmentation. It is common within the redbreast sunfish's native and introduced range for hybridization with other sunfish species to occur.

Distribution
The species' native range is in the eastern United States and Canada, in rivers emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. The redbreast sunfish tends to be more of a cool-river species, but also inhabits freshwater lakes and streams. The species has been introduced as far west as Louisiana and West Texas. Lepomis auritus has been transplanted to and become established in Germany, Italy, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. The effects of introduced populations of redbreast sunfish on native species are not well studied.

Ecology
Redbreast sunfish mainly consume immature aquatic insects. Mayflies, small fish, and dragonfly larvae consist of the majority of the sunfish's diet based on stomach content. Small crayfish may also be consumed. Being an opportunistic feeder, the fish competes with other sunfish and larger predatory fish that prey on the same food they do.

Larger piscivorous fish are the main predators of smaller redbreast sunfish. Micropterus species are a major threat to sunfish because of their shared habitat and the availability of the sunfish. The sunfish prefers structures around banks and overhanging branches that provide food, shade, and protection. Lepomis auritus survives best in water with a current and a pH between 7.0 and 7.5. Lack of current, overly acidic, or basic water can dramatically affect the sunfish's survival rate.

Human influence on abiotic factors, such as sunlight, and biotic factors, such as predator numbers, can have a major influence on sunfish. Clearing debris from the bank can increase the amount of sunlight that reaches the water, thus increasing water temperature, while also decreasing the number of hiding places along the bank that sunfish can use. Decreasing the number of larger predatory fish by harvesting them will increase the survival rate of the redbreast sunfish.

Life history
The redbreast sunfish is a spring spawner on sand-gravel substrate, depending on location or when water temperature reaches 16 - 26 C. According to Stanley Sharp, "The mature male generally builds a nest in shallow water or may simply use the abandoned nest of another Centrarchid. The female eventually enters the nest, releases her adhesive eggs for fertilization while swimming with the male, and then leaves. The male remains to guard and fan the eggs, and possibly even to guard the young for a brief period. The male and female will then move out of the shallow water after spawning and into deeper water. A male sunfish will breed with more than one female, just as a female sunfish will breed with more than one male. Average egg production for the sunfish is around 3000, depending on the age of the female. Mature ova are around 2.1 mm in diameter. Reproductive maturity is reached in the second year of life. They have been known to have a maximum lifespan of around eight years. Currently, humans do not play a large role in influencing life history due to large populations and secluded areas.

Management
Currently, the redbreast sunfish is not on the federal or state endangered or threatened species list. The species is thriving in its natural habitat.

Angling
The IGFA all tackle world record for the species stands at 0.79 kg caught from the Suwannee River in Florida in 1984. A Georgia state record fish caught in the Satilla River in May 2022 tied the world record. A North Carolina state record fish caught on the Lumber River in 2019 weighed 2 lb.

title: Redbreast sunfish


text:
Mantra Recordings

Mantra Recordings was a subsidiary of Beggars Banquet Records.

Artists

 * China Drum
 * The Delgados
 * Dot Allison
 * Gorky's Zygotic Mynci
 * Natacha Atlas
 * Parva
 * Saint Etienne
 * Six by Seven
 * Pure Essence

title: Mantra Recordings


text:
Locked On Records

Locked On Records is a British record label, concentrating on UK garage and grime music. Founded in 1996 in London by Tarik Nashnush who was working at the record shop Pure Groove at the time, it is a subsidiary of XL Recordings. Among the artists signed to the label are the Streets, Todd Edwards, Zed Bias, Dem 2, Tuff Jam, and Artful Dodger.

Notable artists

 * Artful Dodger
 * Danny J Lewis
 * Dem 2
 * Doolally
 * El-B
 * Leee John
 * Michael Watford
 * Monsta Boy
 * Nu-Birth
 * Phuturistix
 * The Streets
 * Todd Edwards
 * Tuff Jam
 * Wideboys
 * Zed Bias

title: Locked On Records


text:
Talk:John Isaac Guion

Year of death
While this page says he died in 1855, the old table version of the List of Governors of Mississippi page (as seen here) says he died in 1856. Can anyone confirm the year? --[[User:Ricky81682|Ricky81682 (talk)]] 21:15, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Isaac Guion


text: User talk:193.207.168.126

title: User talk:193.207.168.126


text:
Talk:Deuterostome

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): KoreanBobsledder.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:24, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Miscellaneous text
In the page on Chordata I find
 * Kingdom: Animalia
 * Subkingdom: Deuterostomia
 * Phylum: Chordata

How does that work with the box shown on this page where it's shown as a Superphylum? I don't really know how these things work. Should the boxes link to articles explaining the terms?

KayEss 21:16, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

In general, the high level classification of animals is not standard. Subkingdoms and superphyla vary from author to author, so probably shouldn't be used on phylum pages. Josh

The classification here does not match that shown in the pages for Bilateria or Xenacoelomorpha, both of which place Xenacoelomorpha as the sister group to Nephrozoa, citing recent support. This point is clearly not beyond doubt, but the other pages seem to reflect the current consensus view — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anropa (talk • contribs) 09:58, 11 September 2022 (UTC)

Vetulicolia
Vetulicolia was erected by Shu, et.al. in 2001 as a phylum of deuterostomes. Are there any objections to adding it to the list of phylums here? --  Dalbury ( Talk )  20:58, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Protostomes and deuterostomes are fundamental divisions of the animals. What would be the advantage of merging the articles into eumetazoa? I would prefer to have an article for each clade, at least at the higher levels for now, and eventually down to lower levels. --  Dalbury ( Talk )  01:23, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Deuterostomes and parasites
This site says "[n]one of the deuterostome phyla are truely parasitic". --  Dalbury ( Talk )  22:14, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

I was talking about deuterostome species, not phyla. Maybe there arn't any endoparasites, but there are still specialised parasites such as "vampire fish" which sucks blood from other fishes.

 * It depends on how you define parasite. For instance, the Wikipedia article Parasite includes the statement, Classically, the distinction between parasites and other symbionts was methodological: parasites were symbionts that could not be kept alive outside the host, unlike bacteria, for example, which could be cultured in a laboratory. Blood sucking fish and vampire bats are specialized feeders. As long as they leave their "hosts" after feeding, I don't consider them parasites. I would also note that some human groups consume blood drawn from living animals, but they are not called parasites.

There are cases of male parasitism on females in the Ceratioidei (anglerfishes), and maybe some other fishes, but that is a rather specialized type of parasitism. Can you cite any other deuterostomes that have become obligate parasites? --  Dalbury ( Talk )  18:49, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

yunnanozoans
i am taking a evolution class now and we have talked about yunnanozoans. they are dificult to fit anywhere it seems. perhaps someone should have a look at nature 430:426 (2004) and nature 402:44 (1999).
 * See Yunnanozoon. As many of us don't have access to Nature, listing article titles and authors would help us search for abstracts, comments, etc. -- Donald Albury 10:42, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Bourlat et al. (2006) paper
Should the article be updated with reference to ? Bondegezou 10:55, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Why not. The abstract for the article is at, so that can be included in the citation. -- Donald Albury 20:57, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Porcellio: I agree. The citation of Stach et al is neither the first mention of ambulacraria nor does it give strong support for the clade. I replaced it with the Bourlat et al article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Porcellio (talk • contribs) 19:13, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

diagrams
some diagrams on the embryonic development of protostomes vs. deuterostomes would be a nice addition. --66.32.146.72 (talk) 21:41, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Chordata
Phylum Chordata is not all vertebrates. There are invertebrates in Chordata. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.126.240.243 (talk) 17:56, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

Tentaculate Fossils Interpreted as Primitive Deuterostomes
See recent article

http://www.ploscollections.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009586 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.95.148.217 (talk) 00:29, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Breaking News of earliest-yet discovered Deuterostome
The following has appeared on the BBC website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-38800987 Googling Saccorhytus finds a number of other news reports, but an article might need someone qualified in the field rather than an interested layman like myself. The actual Letter in Nature is at http://www.nature.com/articles/nature21072.epdf?referrer_access_token=O7fr6S2uCrl0bSEaJoRfhtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Oz0VvtJ3OoBhIW1AQ7Cw_oSd6iCVf7msxw6fhyZLzYDmGcrdwhwTwE9VuvaIh0-hffANoXxPBjgU-bVMuzO5lfnqH8wIm5zntid0qYiX8smFu4qQl-5n3RRRUjcennrHJvD76n8j3Ofdelp7QfNRFHz2mfF3e5GgBYIrKTf2IF7g%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=www.bbc.co.uk – {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 94.12.94.189 (talk) 17:05, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm not an expert either, but I've added a reference to the discovery where I thought was most suitable ("Origins and evolution"). It can be expanded/moved by an expert as necessary. – TastyChikan (talk) 22:27, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

Saccorhytus as a phylum
Edit https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deuterostome&diff=prev&oldid=763010945 added Saccorhytus as one of the phyla of deuterostomia. I don't know what the convention is on references for information in these taxonomy boxes, but I can't see where this is coming from (it's certainly not anywhere else in the article). The reason I'm brining it up is that the Wikipedia page for Saccorhytus lists it as a genus (again, without a reference), not as a phylum. My guess is that genus is the correct one (therefore, the revision I mentioned should be undone), but I'm not an expert, so we should wait for an expert opinion, ideally with some references. – TastyChikan (talk) 22:44, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
 * You're correct that Saccorhytus is the genus, not phylum. My reading of the Saccorhytus description paper is that the authors didn't want to go further than erecting a new genus (Saccorhytus) and family (Saccorhytidae) at this stage, pending searches for more specimens of it and of related early Deuterostome organisms (now they have a better idea of what they're looking for), but there seems little doubt that this new genus must also represent a new phylum, because it's too different from any previously known phyla: hence their suggestion of the as-yet unranked name of Saccorhytida as a "new stem group", which will become the phylum if further discoveries corroborate it. {The poster formerly known as 87.81.230.195} 90.203.118.169 (talk) 04:02, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Added a part sentence and a reference on the very uncertain position of Saccorhyntus, which now seems to be a very basal Ecdysozoan, the suppused body pores that were its only link to deuterostomes appear to be the stump of hollow spines. Reading some of the articles on this very hyped animal, one does wonder how anyone could really believe this to be an ancestor of us, as it is clearly a very simplified live form in a time the ancestors of fish were probably already swimming around (their first fossils are present some 20 mY later). So it lived some 100 mY too late to claim any such position.
 * Considering all this, it might be best to delete this animal from this section, since it seems to have lost its relevance. Also as a site note: the proposed split between prostomes and deutorestomes in the diagram is here way to late, considering Kimberella moving around 555 mY ago. That should be around 600 mY and the split between Echinodermata and Hemichordata must also have been way earlier in the Ediacaran, considering Arkarua moving around in the same deposits. Codiv (talk) 12:27, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I have now deleteted this, since my remark has been unupposed for a year Codiv (talk) 14:10, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

Combining 'Classification History' section with 'Classification' section
After looking at this page, it seems a little unnecessary to have the two sections 'Classification History' and 'Classification' separate from each other, as well as in different places (the beginning and end) of the Wikipedia article. The section containing 'Notable Characteristics' would be a better first section to have listed after the introduction, as it defines what Deuterostomes are and how they are all related to each other. A way to implement both of these changes could be seen as how the Chordate 'Classifcation' section and subsections are organized.

Also, the section on the 'Formation of the Mouth and Anus' could also be included as a subsection of 'Notable Characteristics' as it is already commented upon first in that section. A way to implement both of these changes could be seen as how the section and subsections are organized. KoreanBobsledder (talk) 05:23, 18 February 2017 (UTC)

Human development
In reference 5 of Embryological origins of the mouth and anus, the human mouth forms at 4 weeks and the anus at 8 weeks, which seems to contradict its classification as a deuterostome. I'm confused. Can an expert help clarify this? -- SpareSimian (talk) 20:49, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

Deleted a dubious statement
Deleted this bit While protostomes as a monophyletic group has strong support, research has shown that deuterostomes may be paraphyletic, and what was once considered traits of deuterostomes could instead be traits of the last common bilaterian ancestor. This suggests the deuterostome branch is very short or non-existent. The Xenambulacraria's sister group could be both the chordates or the protostomes, or be equally distantly related to them both. This is very much opposed by much research, see for instance the chapter on Deuterostomes in "The invertebrate tree of life". I do notice that quite often a single publication is cited as proof of a totally different opinion, but let's use the "exceptional claims need exceptional good proof" as a sort of good sence in matters like this and not try to cry wolve to quickly. Codiv (talk) 16:13, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deuterostome


text:
1719 in music

This article lists the most significant events and works of the year 1719 in music.

Events

 * February – George Frideric Handel leaves his employment at Cannons (the seat of the Duke of Chandos) to become musical director of the Royal Academy of Music (1719). Giovanni Bononcini is brought to London to compose for the Academy.
 * August 20 – Francesco Veracini performs at the palace of Moritzburg for the wedding of the Crown Prince to Maria Josepha of Austria.
 * November 29 – Domenico Scarlatti arrives in Lisbon to take up his post as kapellmeister to João V of Portugal.
 * Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf founds the firm of Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig, the world's oldest music publisher.
 * Alessandro Scarlatti arrives in Rome.
 * Johann Mattheson becomes kapellmeister to the Duke of Holstein.
 * Giuseppe Pitoni becomes choirmaster of St Peter's in Rome.
 * Antonio Stradivarius makes the "Duke of Marlborough" cello.
 * In Japan, the Kumiodori dance form is created by Chokun Tamagusuku.
 * Jean-Baptiste Morin becomes "maître de musique" to Louise-Adélaïde, daughter of the Duke of Orléans.

Published popular music

 * Thomas Fleet – Mother Goose's Melodies For Children

Classical music

 * Johann Sebastian Bach – Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 (presumed date of original composition)
 * Johann Joseph Fux – Gesù Cristo negato da Pietro
 * Christoph Graupner – Ich bleibe Gott getreu, GWV 1106/19
 * George Friedrich Handel
 * Di godere ha speranza il mio core (Oh my dearest, my lovely creature), HWV 288-7
 * Pièces à un & deux clavecins (published); Contains Keyboard Sonata in G major, HWV 579
 * Johann David Heinichen – Diana sull'Elba (Serenade; premiered Sept. 18 in Paris)
 * Jacques-Martin Hotteterre – L'Art de préluder sur la flûte traversière, Op. 7 (published in Paris)
 * George Philipp Telemann
 * Violin Concerto, TWV 51:B1 (composed Sept. 14)
 * Machet die Tore weit, TWV 1:1074 (premiered Mar. 12 in Frankfurt)
 * Antonio Vivaldi – 6 Concerti, Op.6 (RV 324, 259, 318, 216, 280, 239)

Opera

 * Antonio Caldara – Lucio Papirio dittatore, premiered Nov. 4 in Vienna
 * Francesco Gasparini
 * L'Astianatte, premiered in Rome during Carnival
 * Lucio Vero, premiered January in Rome
 * Antonio Lotti – Teofane, premiered Sept. 13 in Dresden
 * Alessandro Scarlatti
 * Cambise, premiered Feb. 4 in Naples
 * Marco Attilio Regolò
 * Antonio Vivaldi
 * Tito Manlio, premiered January in Mantua
 * Il Teuzzone

Births

 * April 2 – Vincenzo Legrenzo Ciampi
 * April 17 – Christian Gottfried Krause, composer (died 1770)
 * by May 4 – Antoine Mahaut, composer (died c. 1785)
 * July 16 – William Walond Sr., composer (died 1768)
 * September 3 – Ferdinand Zellbell the Younger, Swedish composer (died 1780)
 * October 12 – Ignaz Franz, Kapellmeister and composer (died 1790)
 * November 9 – Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani, polymath (died 1796)
 * November 14 – Leopold Mozart, baroque composer (died 1787)
 * November 23 – Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf, music publisher (died 1794)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Joachim Tielke, German instrument-maker (born 1641)
 * May – John Lenton, violinist, singer and composer
 * June 11 – Johann Abraham Schmierer, composer (born 1661)
 * July – Johann Valentin Meder, organist, singer and composer (born 1649)
 * July 26 – Johann Georg Christian Störl, organist and composer (born 1675)
 * July 28 (buried) – Arp Schnitger, organ builder (born 1648)
 * date unknown
 * Michael Mietke, maker of harpsichords and harps (born c.1656/1671)
 * Juan de Navas, harpist and composer (born c.1650)
 * André Raison, organist and composer (born 1650)
 * probable
 * Johann Speth, composer
 * Francesco Antonio Urio, composer (born 1631)

title: 1719 in music


text:
Tablet (confectionery)

Tablet (taiblet in Scots ) is a medium-hard, sugary confection from Scotland. Tablet is usually made from sugar, condensed milk, and butter, which is boiled to a soft-ball stage and allowed to crystallise. It is often flavoured with vanilla and sometimes has nut pieces in it.

Tablet differs from fudge in that it has a brittle, grainy texture, where fudge is much softer. Well-made tablet is a medium-hard confection, not as soft as fudge, but not as hard as hard candy.

Commercially available tablet often uses fondant instead of the milk products. This produces a slightly less granular texture compared to the traditional home-made tablet, and is supposedly easier to prepare on a commercial scale.

History
According to The Scots Kitchen by F. Marian McNeill, tablet is noted in The Household Book of Lady Grisell Baillie in the early 18th century. The traditional recipe uses just sugar and cream. More modern recipes substitute condensed milk and butter for the cream, as cream has a tendency to burn when boiled.

Names
Tablet is sometimes referred to as Swiss Milk tablet (Swiss Milk being a term used by some for condensed milk) or butter tablet.

title: Tablet (confectionery)


text:
Talk:Corporate abuse

 * Previous deletion debate

title: Talk:Corporate abuse


text:
Phyllis Curtin

Phyllis Curtin (née Smith; December 3, 1921 – June 5, 2016) was an American soprano and academic teacher who had an active career in operas and concerts from the early 1950s through the 1980s. She is known for her creation of roles in operas by Carlisle Floyd, such as the title role in Susannah and Catherine Earnshaw in Wuthering Heights. She was a dedicated song recitalist, who retired from singing in 1984. She was named Boston University's Dean Emerita, College of Fine Arts in 1991.

Education and early career
Phyllis Smith was born in Clarksburg, West Virginia, and studied singing with Olga Averino at Wellesley College where she earned a bachelor's degree in Political Science. She pursued graduate studies in vocal performance under Boris Goldovsky at the New England Conservatory. In 1946 she made her professional opera debut with Goldovsky's opera company, the New England Opera Theater, as Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's Eugene Onegin. She took the surname Curtin from her first husband, whom she divorced after nine years.

She performed several other roles with the company over the next seven years, including Countess Almaviva in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro (1947). In 1950, Curtin performed in the inaugural year of the Peabody Mason Concerts in Boston. In 1953 she joined the roster of principal sopranos at the New York City Opera (NYCO) at the invitation of Joseph Rosenstock. She made her debut with the company on October 22, 1953, portraying three roles (Fräulein Bürstner, Frau Grubach, and Leni) in the U.S. premiere of Einem's The Trial.

She remained committed to the NYCO through 1960, where her roles included Alice Ford in Verdi's Falstaff, Antonia in Offenbach's The Tales of Hoffmann, Countess Almaviva, Cressida in Troilus and Cressida, Fiordiligi in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Frau Fluth in Nicolai's The Merry Wives of Windsor, Katharina in Vittorio Giannini's The Taming of the Shrew, Konstanze in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Mélisande in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, Norina in Donizetti's Don Pasquale, Rosalinde in Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss, and the title roles in Verdi's La traviata and in Salome by Richard Strauss. She sang two roles in operas by Carlisle Floyd with the NYCO that she had previously created in their world premieres: the title role in Susannah (which she sang at Florida State University for its 1955 world premiere) and Catherine Earnshaw in Wuthering Heights (which she sang at the Santa Fe Opera for its 1958 premiere).

She appeared as Thérèse in the American premiere of Poulenc's Les mamelles de Tirésias at Brandeis University in 1953. She returned to Brandeis two years later to portray the title role in Milhaud's Médée.

In 1956 she toured the U.S. with the NBC Opera Company as Countess Almaviva with Walter Cassel as the Count, Adelaide Bishop as Sussana, and Frances Bible as Cherubino. In 1957 she appeared as Elena in Gluck's Paride ed Elena with the American Opera Society. In 1958 she portrayed Floyd's Susannah at the Brussels World's Fair. In the 1959–1960 season she sang two roles with the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company: Rosalinde and Susannah. In 1959 she made her debut at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. She also made appearances at the Aspen Music Festival, the Cincinnati Opera, the Tanglewood Music Festival, and appeared in concerts with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and The Little Orchestra Society during the 1950s.

Later career
After the close of the 1959–60 season, Curtin left the employ of the NYCO, although she would continue to perform as a guest artist with the company up through 1964; she returned for performances in 1975 and 1976. She sang Fiordiligi for the NBC Television Opera Theatre in 1960. She sang several roles at the Vienna State Opera from 1960–61, including the title role of Puccini's Madama Butterfly, Fiordiligi, Salome, and Traviata. In 1961 she made her debuts at the Oper Frankfurt, the Staatsoper Stuttgart, and the Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi. She made her first appearance at the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 1965 and her debut at the Seattle Opera in 1969. In the same year she appeared as Donna Anna in Mozart's Don Giovanni at the Glyndebourne Festival.

Curtin appeared at the La Scala in Milan in 1962, in Cosí fan tutte opposite Teresa Berganza. In 1966 she appeared in the world premiere of Milhaud's La mère coupable at the Grand Théâtre de Genève. In 1968 she appeared as Mimì in Puccini's La Bohème at the Philadelphia Grand Opera Company with Richard Tucker as Rodolfo and Ron Bottcher as Marcello. Other guest appearances included performances at the Scottish Opera (as Marguerite in Gounod's Faust and Ellen Orford in Britten's Peter Grimes) at La Scala.

Curtin made her Metropolitan Opera (Met) debut on November 4, 1961, as Fiordiligi to the Ferrando of George Shirley, Dorabella of Rosalind Elias, Guglielmo of Theodor Uppman, Despina of Roberta Peters, and Don Alfonso of Frank Guarrera. She returned frequently as a guest artist at the Met, appearing in such roles as Alice Ford, Countess Almaviva, Donna Anna, Ellen Orford, Eva in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Rosalinde, Salome, and Violetta. Her last Met appearance was on July 6, 1973, in the title role of Puccini's Tosca with Enrico Di Giuseppe as Cavaradossi and Ignace Strasfogel conducting.

Teaching
Curtin was a professor of voice at the School of Music at Yale University from 1974-1983. She was Artistic Advisor at the Opera Institute at the Boston University College of Fine Arts School of Music, where she held a Deanship of the Schools for the Arts, as well as Artist-in-Residence at the Tanglewood Music Center where she taught voice for more than fifty years. Some of her former students, such as Cheryl Studer, Simon Estes and Dawn Upshaw, became world stars of opera and song repertoire.

From 1979–83 she was the master of Yale's Branford College, making her that college's first female master, despite Branford fellows asking Yale to choose a "real master" instead. Curtin was dean of Boston University’s College of Fine Arts from 1983 to 1991, and founded its Opera Institute in 1987. As professor Emerita at Boston University's Opera Institute, Curtin taught a series of masterclasses at the school each semester.

Personal life
She married Philip Curtin, a history professor, in 1946. In April 1954 Life Magazine devoted three pages to pictures of her, describing her "long-limbed, lush-voiced and intense" account of the Dance of the Seven Veils in Strauss's Salome. Soon afterwards her marriage was dissolved. In 1956 she married Gene Cook, a photographer with Life Magazine. He died in 1986. The couple had one child, Claudia Madeleine, born 1961.

Curtin died at her home in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, on June 5, 2016, aged 94, having suffered from rheumatoid arthritis and circulatory ailments.

Video and audio recordings
In 1995, VAI released, on compact discs, the 1962 performance of Susannah, from New Orleans, which co-starred Norman Treigle and Richard Cassilly. VAI and other record companies have released other CDs featuring Curtin. In 1988, Kultur published a video cassette recording of the 1968 The Bell Telephone Hour program, "Opera: Two to Six".

She can be seen in staged excerpts from Faust and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. VAI later released several Bell Telephone Hour DVDs featuring Curtin. In 2007 VAI released a DVD featuring Curtin in the soprano role (i.e., the Latin text) in Britten's War Requiem. This 1963 performance by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Erich Leinsdorf at Tanglewood was the work's American premiere.

Tributes

 * In 1976, President Gerald Ford invited her to sing for a White House dinner honoring West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt.
 * Curtin served on the National Council for the Arts, and in 1994 was designated a U.S. Ambassador for the Arts, a new honor given former council members.
 * She received Wellesley College's Alumnae Achievement Award and BU's College of Fine Arts Distinguished Faculty Award. She also held a number of honorary degrees in music and the humanities, including an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from West Virginia Wesleyan College awarded in 1985.
 * The Paley Center for Media in Manhattan showed the 1956 NBC-TV production of Così fan tutte on January 19, 2008, 50 years after its original 1958 airing. Curtin sang Fiordiligi in this production. The screening was followed by a conversation with the soprano and music critic Martin Bernheimer.
 * In 2017, a portrait of her was unveiled at the dining hall in Branford College, which previously only had portraits of men.

title: Phyllis Curtin