text:
User talk:BM/Theodicy

Examples of theodicy

 * Calvinism asserts that all events are part of God's plan, and therefore, though they may appear to be evil to us, God intends them for a higher purpose that only he knows, and they are not evil in God's eyes.
 * Open Theism asserts that although there is a basis for belief in God, there is no basis for belief in God's omnipotence, omniscience, or omnibenevolence; and that although God is the most powerful, most loving, and most knowing, he is not infinite. Evil therefore exists really, tangibly, and in direct conflict with God's will.
 * Maltheism asserts that the "problem of evil" is not a problem at all—the initial question has a simple answer, there is no way that a benevolent omnipotent God would allow evil in the world. Therefore, they reason, God is either not benevolent or not omnipotent.
 * "modified Dualism", since the powers of good and evil are unequal, and the evil power is merely tolerated by the good power, who turns all the acts of the evil power into eventual good. Classical Christianity, i.e, from the Apostolic Fathers to Augustine, has been characterized as "modified Dualism". Sts. Augustine and Basil the Great both explicitly mention this idea. St. John of Damascus proposed that God deliberately leaves some events "in our hands".  In early modern times (1714) a modified Dualism was advocated by St. John (Maximovitch) of Tobolsk.

Holocaust theology
Main article: Holocaust theology

In light of the magnitude of evil seen in the Holocaust, many people have re-examined the classical theological views on God's goodness and actions in the world. How can people still have any faith after the Holocaust? There is a separate entry which discusses the theological responses that people have had in response to the Holocaust.

Against theodicy
The late Mennonite theologian, John Howard Yoder, wrote an unfinished essay entitled "Trinity Versus Theodicy: Hebraic Realism And The Temptation To Judge God" (1996). Yoder argues that "if God be God" then theodicy is an oxymoron and idolatry. As is evident from the subtitle, Yoder is not opposed to attempts to reconcile the existence of a God with the existence of evil; rather, he is against a particular approach to the problem. He does not "deny that there are ways in which forms of discourse in the mode of theodicy may have a function, subject to the discipline of a wider setting."

Anyone with even a passing familiarity with Yoder's life and work would realize that he was deeply concerned and engaged with the problem of evil; specifically, the evil of violence and war and how we resist it. Yoder's "case [is] against garden variety 'theodicy' "--in particular, theodicy as a judgment or defense of God.

Yoder asks:

 * a) Where do you get the criteria by which you evaluate God? Why are the criteria you use the right ones?
 * b) Why [do] you think you are qualified for the business of accrediting Gods?
 * c) If you think you are qualified for that business, how does the adjudication proceed? [W]hat are the lexical rules?

Yoder's argument is against theodicy, strictly speaking. This is the narrow sense Zachary Braiterman mentions in (God) After Auschwitz: Tradition and Change in Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought (1998). He writes, "Theodicy is a familiar technical term, coined by the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz to mean 'the justification of God.' " In his book, Braiterman coins the term "antitheodicy" meaning "refusing to justify, explain, or accept" the relationship between "God (or some other form of ultimate reality), evil, and suffering."

Braiterman uses the term "in order to account for a particular religious sensibility, based (in part) on fragments selectively culled from classical Jewish texts, that dominates post-Holocaust Jewish thought." Braiterman asserts, "Although it often borders on blasphemy, antitheodicy does not constitute atheism; it might even express stubborn love that human persons have for God. After all, the author of a genuine antitheodic statement must believe that an actual relationship subsists between God and evil in order to reject it; and they must love God in order to be offended by that relationship." (Though again, it must be recognized that there is a presumptive bent in this assertion: it is not God that such people would love in order to be thus offended, but rather good. The whole basis of theodicy, if it is to be regarded as a genuine intellectual pursuit and not a rationalizing source of pro-God cheerleading propaganda, is that God just might be distinguishable from good. As a discipline, theodicy by all means ought to logically demonstrate that there is such a distinction or there isn't, and to carefully explain why or why not. It is disappointing that historically it has done neither.)

Two of the Jewish post-Shoah thinkers that Braiterman cites as antitheodicists--Emil Fackenheim and Richard Rubinstein--are also cited by Yoder. Yoder describes their approach as "the Jewish complaint against God, dramatically updated (and philosophically unfolded) since Auschwitz ... The faithful under the pogrom proceed with their prayers, after denouncing JHWH/Adonai for what He has let happen." Yoder sees this as a valid form of discourse in the mode of theodicy but he claims it is "the opposite of theodicy."

The conclusions of such so-called anti-theodicists can be summed up as follows:

 * 1) The contradictions inherent in our universe preclude the possibility that an omnibenevolent God could exist. We can try to build towers of rationalization that "explain" the "real" reasons why bad things happen and assert vainly that our own perspective on what is good is unimportant, but these are not convincing arguments. Those who say plainly that, if God is omnipotent, then he cannot be deemed benevolent because of the evil present in the world, are thus correct.
 * 2) With that in mind, a being or entity that fulfills the criteria established when asking "if God be God" cannot exist.
 * 3) In conclusion, a being or entity claiming to have those characteristics is simply lying.
 * 4) Assuming that lying is by definition not good, such an entity would not qualify as good.

It seems we need to distinguish between two varieties of "antitheodicy":

 * 1) one of which dismisses the very notion that humanity has any right to judge God (but not giving any reason for this assertion beyond "if God be God", which any freshman logic student recognizes as an act of assuming one's conclusion by declaring the nature of God as an a priori),
 * 2) the other of which reaches a conclusion contrary to what the "pro-theodicists" desire to reach.

Given that the nature of objective intellectual pursuit requires that those seeking answers must not have a desired conclusion already mapped out in advance, perhaps we need a new word to describe the objective discipline of determining God's associations (or lack thereof) with good.

Hindu answers to the problem of evil

 * Hindu philosophers, especially those from the Vedanta school have also attempted to craft solutions to the problem of evil. The whole notions of karma and reincarnation were possible explanations. Shri Madhvacharya, with his beliefs of dualism, has crafted his own solutions to the problem of evil that persists in spite of an all-loving omnipotent supreme Being.

 * Events thought to be evil are not really so (such as deaths by natural disaster). God's divine plan is good. What we see as evil is not really evil; rather, it is part of a divine design that is actually good.  Our limitations prevent us from seeing the big picture.

 * God's ultimate purpose is to glorify Himself (which, by definition, He alone is infinitely entitled to, without vanity). He allows evil to exist so that we will appreciate goodness all the more, in the same way that the blind man healed by Jesus appreciated his sight more so than those around him who had never experienced blindness.

 * A perfect God is not only good but also evil, since perfection implies no lacking, including not lacking that which is evil. A lacking of evil would imply that there is something external to his all-encompassing perfection. This is related to monistic philosophies such as advaita, or pantheism.

 * Suffering is educational. It makes us better people.

 * Evil is one way that God tests humanity, to see if we are worthy of His grace.

 * Evil and pain exist in this world only. This world is only a prelude to the afterlife, where no pain will exist.  The scales of justice are balanced in the afterlife.

 * Evil is relative to good; neither good nor evil could exist without both existing simultaneously.

 * Karma: All good is balanced by evil, and it is only when we achieve proper balance that our reincarnation ends. This explains why an infant may be born into misery, due to experiences they will have later in that life, or in previous or later lives.

 * Religions such as Gnosticism and Manichaeism, and even some Christian groups, dispense with the issue by embracing various forms of dualism, in which God is opposed by an evil counterpart, and is therefore not omnipotent.

title: User talk:BM/Theodicy


text:
Emanuel

Emanuel may refer to:

 * Emanuel (name), a given name and surname (see there for a list of people with this name)
 * Emanuel School, Australia, Sydney, Australia
 * Emanuel School, Battersea, London, England
 * Emanuel (band), a five-piece rock band from Louisville, Kentucky, United States
 * Emanuel County, Georgia
 * Emanuel (film), a 2019 documentary film about the Charleston church shooting

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emanuel


text:
Hambledon, Hampshire

Hambledon is a small village and civil parish in the county of Hampshire in England, situated about 10 mi north of Portsmouth within the South Downs National Park.

Hambledon is best known as the 'Cradle of Cricket'. It is thought that Hambledon Club, one of the oldest cricket clubs known, was formed about 1750. Hambledon was England's leading cricket club from about 1765 until the formation of MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club) in 1787.

The famous Bat and Ball Inn in Hyden Farm Lane is next to the historic cricket ground at Broadhalfpenny Down where the Hambledon club originally played. The inn was run by Richard Nyren, who was also captain of the club. The modern Hambledon Cricket Club's ground is at Ridge Meadow, about 0.5 mi away.

Hambledon is a rural village surrounded by fields and woods. There are about 400 households with just under 1,000 residents. The hamlet of Chidden, 2 mi north of Hambledon, is in the parish. The nearest villages are Clanfield, Denmead and Soberton.

Due to the climate and location Hambledon also has its very own vineyard, producing its own wine.

Education
There is a school, Hambledon Primary School, recently rated as 'Outstanding' by Ofsted.

Religious buildings
The parish church, St Peter's and St Paul's, has elements that date back to the Saxon period. The church was significantly expanded in the 13th century and a tower was added. The tower was rebuilt at the start of the 17th century and most recently in 1794. The church underwent a restoration in the 1870s. Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower, governor of Newfoundland, is buried in the church. The regimental colours of the Hambledon Volunteers during the Napoleonic Wars hang over the south aisle. The Georgian old Vicarage is Grade II listed and noted for its fine Dutch gables.

Notable residents
Hambledon is the place of birth and death of William Lashly (1867–1940), a member of Robert Falcon Scott's Antarctic expeditions. It is also the home of Sir Guy Salisbury-Jones (1896–1985), an Army general and viticulturalist, who founded the vineyard.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nyren

title: Hambledon, Hampshire


text:
Emory

Emory may refer to:

Places

 * Emory, Texas, U.S.
 * Emory (crater), on the Moon
 * Emory Peak, in Texas, U.S.
 * Emory River, in Tennessee, U.S.

Education

 * Emory and Henry College, or simply Emory, in Emory, Virginia, U.S.
 * Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.

Other uses

 * Emory (name), a given name and surname, including a list of people and fictional characters with the name
 * Emory Marketing Institute, an American non-profit innovation research group

title: Emory


text:
Empire Township

Empire Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Empire Township, McLean County, Illinois
 * Empire Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas
 * Empire Township, McPherson County, Kansas
 * Empire Township, Dakota County, Minnesota
 * Empire Township, Leelanau County, Michigan
 * Empire Township, Andrew County, Missouri

title: Empire Township


text:
Enola

Enola may refer to:

Places

 * Enola, Arkansas, USA; a town
 * Enola, Nebraska, USA; an unincorporated community
 * Enola, Pennsylvania, USA; a census-designated place
 * Enola Reef (island), a coral atoll in the Spratley Islands
 * Mount Vernon–Enola School District, Arkansas, USA; a public school board and district

Facilities and structures

 * Enola Branch, a railroad segment in Pennsylvania, USA
 * Enola Low Grade Trail, a wilderness trail in Pennsylvania, USA
 * Enola Post Office, a former Post Office in Chambersburg Township, North Carolina, USA
 * Enola Yard, rail yard in East Pennsboro Township, Pennsylvania, USA
 * Mount Vernon–Enola High School, Mount Vernon, Arkansas, USA; a comprehensive 6-year public secondary school

People

 * Enola (given name), the history and usage of the given name
 * Black Fox, also called Enola, a Cherokee chief
 * Enola Gay Tibbets, namesake of the WWII Hiroshima nuclear bomber Enola Gay
 * Enola Maxwell (1919–2003), American civil rights activist, minister, and community leader
 * Constance Enola Morgan (1935-1996), female baseball player

Fictional characters

 * Enola, fictional character in the 1995 US film Waterworld
 * Enola Holmes, fictional protagonist, sister of Sherlock and Mycroft, created by the U.S. author Nancy Springer in 2006

Literature

 * Enola; Or, Her Fatal Mistake, 1886 novel by Mary Young Ridenbaugh, namesake of Enola Gay Tibbets
 * ENOLA, a Romanian magazine for lesbian and bisexual women, published since 2006

Music

 * "Enola Gay" (song), a song by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark about the WWII Hiroshima nuclear bomber
 * Enola (album), an album from the band I Can Make a Mess Like Nobody's Business, released 2013
 * Enola (Seigmen album), an album from the Norwegian alternative rock band Seigmen, released 2015
 * Electronic Tragedy: Enola (album), a 1997 album by P-Model
 * Enola/Alone, a song from the album Everything Must Go by Manic Street Preachers

Other uses

 * Enola Gay, the aircraft that dropped the world's first atomic bomb, on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945
 * Enola bean, a variety of Mexican yellow bean

title: Enola


text:
Fairdale

Fairdale may refer to one of the following places:

Australia

 * Fairdale, Queensland, a locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland

South Africa

 * Fairdale, Cape Town

United States

 * Fairdale, Illinois
 * Fairdale, Indiana
 * Fairdale, Louisville, Kentucky
 * Fairdale, North Dakota
 * Fairdale, Pennsylvania

title: Fairdale


text:
Talk:Leto I Atreides

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of Dune secondary characters

title: Talk:Leto I Atreides


text:
Farmington Township

Farmington Township may refer to:

Arkansas

 * Farmington Township, Washington County, Arkansas

Illinois

 * Farmington Township, Fulton County, Illinois

Iowa

 * Farmington Township, Cedar County, Iowa
 * Farmington Township, Van Buren County, Iowa

Kansas

 * Farmington Township, Republic County, Kansas, in Republic County, Kansas
 * Farmington Township, Stafford County, Kansas, in Stafford County, Kansas
 * Farmington Township, Washington County, Kansas, in Washington County, Kansas

Michigan

 * Farmington Township, Michigan, now the city of Farmington Hills

Minnesota

 * Farmington Township, Olmsted County, Minnesota

North Dakota

 * Farmington Township, Walsh County, North Dakota

Ohio

 * Farmington Township, Trumbull County, Ohio

Pennsylvania

 * Farmington Township, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
 * Farmington Township, Tioga County, Pennsylvania
 * Farmington Township, Warren County, Pennsylvania

South Dakota

 * Farmington Township, Day County, South Dakota, in Day County, South Dakota
 * Farmington Township, Grant County, South Dakota, in Grant County, South Dakota
 * Farmington Township, Lake County, South Dakota, in Lake County, South Dakota

title: Farmington Township


text:
Doris Ulmann

Doris Ulmann (May 29, 1882 – August 28, 1934) was an American photographer, best known for her portraits of the people of Appalachia, particularly craftsmen and musicians, made between 1928 and 1934.

Life and career
Doris Ulmann was a native of New York City, the daughter of Bernhard and Gertrude (Mass) Ulmann. Educated at the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, a socially liberal organization that championed individual worth regardless of ethnic background or economic condition and Columbia University, she intended to become a teacher of psychology. Her interest in photography was at first a hobby but after 1918 she devoted herself to the art professionally. She practiced Pictorialism and was a member of the Pictorial Photographers of America. Ulmann documented the rural people of the South, particularly the mountain peoples of Appalachia and the Gullahs of the Sea Islands, with a profound respect for her sitters and an ethnographer's eye for culture. Ulmann was trained as a pictorialist and graduated from the Clarence H. White School of Modern Photography. Other students of the school who went on to become notable photographers include Margaret Bourke-White, Anne Brigman, Dorothea Lange, Paul Outerbridge, and Karl Struss. Her work was exhibited in various New York galleries, and published in Theatre Arts Monthly, Mentor, Scribner's Magazine, and Survey Graphic. Ulmann was married for a time to Dr. Charles H. Jaeger, a fellow Pictorialist photographer and an orthopedic surgeon on the staff of Columbia University Medical School and a likely connection for her 1920 Hoeber publication The Faculty of the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York: Twenty-Four portraits. This was followed in 1922 by the publication of her Book of Portraits of the Medical Faculty of the Johns Hopkins University; the 1925 A Portrait Gallery of American Editors, and in 1933, Roll, Jordan Roll, the text by Julia Peterkin. The fine art edition of Roll, Jordan Roll is considered to be one of the more beautiful books ever produced. In an interview with Dale Warren of Bookman, Doris Ulmann referred to her particular interest in portraits. "The faces of men and women in the street are probably as interesting as literary faces, but my particular human angle leads me to men and women who write. I am not interested exclusively in literary faces, because I have been more deeply moved by some of my mountaineers than by any literary person. A face that has the marks of having lived intensely, that expresses some phase of life, some dominant quality or intellectual power, constitutes for me an interesting face. For this reason the face of an older person, perhaps not beautiful in the strictest sense, is usually more appealing than the face of a younger person who has scarcely been touched by life." Ulmann's early work includes a series of portraits of prominent intellectuals, artists and writers: William Butler Yeats, John Dewey, Max Eastman, Sinclair Lewis, Lewis Mumford, Joseph Wood Krutch, Martha Graham, Anna Pavlova, Paul Robeson, and Lillian Gish. From 1927, Ulmann was assisted on her rural travels by John Jacob Niles, a musician and folklorist who collected ballads while Ulmann photographed. In 1932 Ulmann began her most important series, assembling documentation of Appalachian folk art and crafts for Allen H. Eaton's landmark 1937 book, Handicrafts of the Southern Highlands. In failing health, she collapsed in August 1934 while working near Asheville, North Carolina, and returned to New York. Ulmann died August 28, 1934.

Upon Ulmann's death, a foundation she had established took custody of her images. Allen Eaton, John Jacob Niles, Olive Dame Campbell (of the John C. Campbell Folk School in Brasstown, North Carolina), Ulmann's brother-in-law Henry L. Necarsulmer, and Berea schoolteacher Helen Dingman were named trustees. Samuel H. Lifshey, a New York commercial photographer, developed the negatives Ulmann had exposed during her final trip, and then made proof prints from the vast archive of more than 10,000 glass plate negatives. (Lifshey also developed the 2,000 exposed negatives from Ulmann's last expedition, and produced the prints for Eaton's book.) The proof prints were mounted into albums, which were annotated by John Jacob Niles and Allen Eaton, chair of the foundation and another noted folklorist, to indicate names of the sitters and dates of capture.

The primary repository of Ulmann's work is at the University of Oregon Libraries' Special Collections. The Doris Ulmann collection, PH038, includes 2,739 silver gelatin glass plate negatives, 304 original matted prints, and 79 albums (containing over 10,000 Lifshey proof prints) assembled by the Doris Ulmann Foundation between 1934 and 1937. The silver gelatin glass plate negatives are the only known remaining Ulmann negatives. Of the 304 matted photographs, approximately half are platinum prints that were mounted and signed by Ulmann; the others are silver gelatin prints developed by Lifshey. Berea College hosts a collection of over 3100 images, primarily of the Appalachian region and the Berea area. Additional collections can be found at The University of Kentucky (consisting of 16 original signed portraits, and 186 original silver nitrate prints), the North Carolina Collection Photographic Archives (consisting of 5 black and white prints focusing on North Carolina), the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, and the New York Historical Society (primarily of prominent New Yorkers). As art objects, her photographs are also part of many museum collections including the Smithsonian and the J. Paul Getty Museum.

The Georgia Museum of Art at the University of Georgia organized a major retrospective of her work in 2018 and published the largest book on her work to date. The Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division holds more than 150 photographic prints by Ulmann.

Published in Ulmann's lifetime

 * Ulmann, D. (1919). The faculty of the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York. New York, Hoeber.
 * Ulmann, D. (1920). The faculty of the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University in the City of New York: twenty-four portraits. New York, Hoeber.
 * Ulmann, D. et al. (1922). A book of portraits of the faculty of the Medical Department of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press.
 * Ulmann, D. (1925). A portrait gallery of American editors. New York, W.E. Rudge.
 * Ulmann, D. (1928). "Among the Southern mountaineers: camera portraits of types of character reproduced from photographs recently made in the highlands of the South," The Mentor, v.16 pp. 23–32. New York, N.Y., Crowell Pub. Co.
 * Peterkin, J. M., D. Ulmann, et al. (1933). Roll, Jordan, roll. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill.
 * [unattributed] (1930). "The stuff of American drama in photographs by Doris Ulmann," Theatre Arts Monthly, v. 14 pp. 132–146. New York, NY: Theatre Arts, Inc.

Later works

 * Eaton, A. H., D. Ulmann, et al. (1937). Handicrafts of the Southern highlands; with an account of the rural handicraft movement in the United States and suggestions for the wider use of handicrafts in adult education and in recreation. New York, Russell Sage Foundation.
 * Ulmann, D. (1971). The Appalachian photographs of Doris Ulmann. Penland, N.C. Jargon Society.
 * Ulmann, D., R. Coles, et al. (1974). The darkness and the light. [New York] Aperture.
 * Ulmann, D., J. J. Niles, et al. (1976). The Appalachian photographs. Highlands, N.C., Jargon Society.
 * Ulmann, D. (1976). Photographs of Appalachian craftsmen: a retrospective exhibition, April 6-May 1, 1976. Cullowhee, N.C., Western Carolina University.
 * Ulmann, D., et al. (1978). An exhibition for the dedication of the Traylor Art Building, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky: Doris Ulmann's photographs; ritual clay: Walter Hyleck; the Berea College collection. Berea, Ky., Berea College.
 * Ulmann, D. and D. Willis-Thomas (1981). Photographs by Doris Ulmann: the Gullah people [exhibition] June 1-July 31, 1981, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library Astor Lenox and Tilden Foundations. New York, The Library.
 * Banes, R. A. (1985). Doris Ulmann and her mountain folk. Bowling Green, Ohio, Bowling Green State University.
 * Featherstone, D. (1985). Doris Ulmann: American portraits. Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.
 * Curtis, E. S., D. Ulmann, et al. (1986). The last photographs. Haverford, Pa., Comfort Gallery Haverford College.
 * Keller, J. (1988). After the manner of women: photographs by Käsebier, Cunningham, and Ulmann. Malibu, Calif., J. Paul Getty Museum.
 * McEuen, M. A. (1991). Changing eyes: American culture and the photographic image, 1918-1941.
 * Oeltman, M. T. (1992). Doris Ulmann, American photographer, and the Southern Agrarian movement.
 * Lovejoy, B. (1993). The oil pigment photography of Doris Ulmann. Lexington, Ky., [s.n.].
 * Lamuniere, M. C., J. M. Peterkin, et al. (1994). Roll, Jordan, roll: the Gullah photographs of Doris Ulmann. University of Oregon.
 * Sperath, A. (1995). Ceramics Kentucky 1995. Murray, Ky., The Gallery.
 * Ulmann, D. (1996). Doris Ulmann: photographs from the J. Paul Getty Museum. Malibu, Calif., The Museum.
 * Ulmann, D. and J. Keller (1996). Doris Ulmann: photography and folklore. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum.
 * Ulmann, D. et al. (1997). Picture gallery photography by Doris Ulmann. University of Oregon.
 * Rosenblum, N., S. Fillin-Yeh, et al. (1998). Documenting a myth: the South as seen by three women photographers, Chansonetta Stanley Emmons, Doris Ulmann, Bayard Wootten, 1910-1940. Portland, Or., Douglas F. Cooley Memorial Art Gallery Reed College.
 * Ulmann, D. et al. (1999). Myth, memory and imagination: universal themes in the life and culture of the South: selections from the collection of Julia J. Norrell. McKissick Museum. Columbia, S.C., McKissick Museum University of South Carolina.
 * Kowalski, S. (2000). Fading light: the case of Doris Ulmann. University of Oregon.
 * Jacobs, P. W. (2001). The life and photography of Doris Ulmann. Lexington, University Press of Kentucky.
 * Gillespie, Sarah Kate (2018). Vernacular modernism: The photography of Doris Ulmann. Athens, Georgia Museum of Art.

title: Doris Ulmann


text:
Five Forks

Five Forks may refer to:

 * The Battle of Five Forks, a battle of the American Civil War in Dinwiddie County, Virginia

 * Places in the United States
 * Five Forks, Alabama
 * Five Forks, Bartow County, Georgia
 * Five Forks, Gwinnett County, Georgia
 * Five Forks, Thomas County, Georgia
 * Five Forks, North Carolina (disambiguation), multiple places
 * Five Forks, Mann Township, Pennsylvania
 * Five Forks, Franklin County, Pennsylvania
 * Five Forks, Wharton Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania
 * Five Forks, Greenville County, South Carolina
 * Five Forks, Virginia (disambiguation), multiple places
 * Five Forks, West Virginia (disambiguation), multiple places

 * Places elsewhere
 * Five Forks, New Zealand, in North Otago

title: Five Forks


text:
Talk:Britannia Royal Naval College

Nathanel Gibbs, 1893
Is anybody aware of who this guy was? He was presented a miniature sextant, parts carved in ivory. What did he do to get this to be presented to him by "The Royal Navy School Dartmouth". August 3rd 1893. A. H. Mortimore and Son made it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stealthwater (talk • contribs) 14:32, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

[Untitled]
This article, and the Royal Naval College article don't mention earlier British Naval Colleges. But there were earlier Naval Colleges. Sir Philip Broke was a graduate in the 18th Century. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Geo Swan (talk • contribs) 16:18, 22 December 2004

Fact Check
This phrase doesn't make sense "Cadets originally joined the Royal Naval College, Osborne, at the age of 13 for two years before joining Dartmouth, and thereafter cadets spent four years at Dartmouth before starting sea training at 17. " If you start at 13, add two, then you join Dartmouth at 15, four years after that you'd be 19 when you start sea training. Doesn't make sense. Mbisanz (talk) 04:23, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * , you overlooked the possibility that "later" might not include the continuation of both colleges. Osborne closed in 1921, and after that the whole four years were spent at Dartmouth. Moonraker (talk) 08:34, 3 March 2018 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose that St Vincent Squadron be merged with this article. At this stage, neither article is long enough or complex enough to require separate articles. – ukexpat (talk) 21:29, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Andy Mabbett (User:Pigsonthewing); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 22:12, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Hawke Term
While researching someone's bio, I came across "Hawke Term" connected with the entry into Dartmouth and other naval colleges. Can anyone explain its meaning? JMcC (talk) 11:20, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * While talking to a member of a Hawke Term, I came across the answer to my own question. There are intakes at the start of each of the three terms a year. The course lasts 11 terms. Each intake is named after a British Admiral.  The Hawke Term is named after Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke.  JMcC (talk) 15:20, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Campus
I am not really comfortable with the use of the word Campus, having been through BRNC, I have never once heard it described as a "Campus". It is a Naval Training Establishment, it should therefore either be described as a College, or Establishment. 86.140.125.129 (talk) 20:33, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I concur (ditto having been through BRNC). I've altered the wording accordingly.  --  X damr  talk 21:01, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Lord High Admiral and "Commanders" of the College
The Lord High Admiral is now the Duke of Edinburgh. Seperately I find the title "Commanders" of the college confusing as the post of XO within the college is referred to as "The Commander". A more fitting description would be "Commanding Officers", although it should be noted that the post is reffered to as "The Commodore" within the college (as it is currently held by someone of that rank). --109.246.112.162 (talk) 23:43, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Commissioning Course
Unless I have missed it, there is no info (other than varying lengths) given about the course itself - what it comprises of, etc. Could this be added - I was looking for info to compare it with the CC at RMAS Sandhurst 10:51, 21 October 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.234.151.89 (talk)

Closing?
It looks like it might be closing: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/defence/8069437/Navy-to-close-Dartmouths-Royal-Naval-College-as-part-of-defence-cuts.html  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pcrow (talk • contribs) 17:07, 8 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Britannia Royal Naval College. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120315105247/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201900-.pdf to http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201900-.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120315105247/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201900-.pdf to http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201900-.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:06, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Britannia Royal Naval College. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120315105247/http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201900-.pdf to http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201900-.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:14, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Britannia Royal Naval College. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081015032216/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.6253 to http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.6253

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:37, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Britannia Royal Naval College


text:
Gunnison Beach

Gunnison Beach is a beach within the Sandy Hook unit of the Fort Hancock and the Sandy Hook Proving Ground Historic District which is the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area, on the Atlantic coast of New Jersey. It is located in Middletown Township, Monmouth County, but is on federal land managed by the National Park Service. It is New Jersey's only legal clothing-optional beach. It takes its name from adjacent Battery Gunnison, which visitors must pass next to in order to get to and from the beach.

History
Gunnison Beach takes its name purely out of convenience: Battery Gunnison, a Coastal Artillery fortification built by the U.S. Army in 1904 to protect New York Harbor at Fort Hancock, New Jersey. The Battery, which has been undergoing an extensive restoration to its c. 1943 configuration since 2003, sits directly next to the Gunnison Beach walkway that leads out to the ocean. Beach goers and visitors must pass directly next to the Battery's Number 2 Gun Emplacement to walk out to the ocean. Known as Battery Gunnison / New Peck following a weapons conversion in 1943, it is part of Fort Hancock, the largest US Army Coast Artillery fort on the eastern seaboard. The Sandy Hook Proving Ground, the first of its kind in the nation, operated at Fort Hancock / Sandy Hook from 1874 to 1919. The U.S. Army manned Fort Hancock as a Coast Artillery post from 1890 to 1948. It was then armed with conventional anti-aircraft guns from 1950 to 1954,when it became the site of a Nike missile defense installation. The Fort closed in 1974, and was ceded to the National Park Service as a unit of Gateway National Recreation Area. Contrary to popular belief and urban legend, there was no nude bathing en masse on the part of the United States Army garrison that led to the formation of the nude beach. It was the discovery of Gunnison Beach's natural seclusion by park visitors in the late 1970s and early 1980s that led to its inception as a nude beach.

In 1999, New Jersey passed a law that allows municipalities and counties to prohibit all types of nudism on state or local beaches in their jurisdiction. Gunnison Beach, however, is on land owned and managed by the federal government and therefore is not subject to state or local regulations. As a result, Gunnison became the only legal nude beach in the state. Gunnison is the largest clothing-optional recreation area on the East Coast. The clothing optional beach, which offers dramatic views of Brooklyn and the Verrazano Narrows Bridge, attracts nearly 5,000 naturists per weekend in the summer months. From May through September, daily ferry service is available from Manhattan to the Sandy Hook Ferry Landing, with a free shuttle service that stops at all the beaches of Sandy Hook. Gunnison Beach is among the most popular choices, especially on weekends. Part of the beach is shared on a seasonal basis with a reserved breeding ground for the endangered piping plover, a native shore bird.

In the summer of 2020, with no fanfare or request for Public Comment, the National Park Service cut the clothing-optional area of Gunnison Beach in half. The "South Gunnison" section of the beach was made into a clothing-mandatory area.

title: Gunnison Beach


text:
Flagler

Flagler may refer to:

Places

 * Flagler, Colorado
 * Flagler County, Florida, named for Henry Morrison Flagler
 * Flagler Beach, Florida
 * Cape John Flagler, Greenland

People with the surname

 * Adam Flagler (born 1999), American basketball player
 * Henry Morrison Flagler, American businessman responsible for development of much of the Florida East Coast.
 * Terrence Flagler, American football player
 * Thomas T. Flagler, American politician

Other uses

 * Flagler College, a private college in Florida named for Henry Morrison Flagler, located on part of his estate
 * Flagler train or Dixie Flagler

title: Flagler


text:
Flambeau

Flambeau may refer to:
 * A burning torch, especially one carried in procession
 * Flambeau, a multi-flame torch traditionally carried in night parades during New Orleans Mardi Gras, Louisiana
 * Fiesta Flambeau parade, during Fiesta San Antonio, Texas
 * Flambeau River, northern Wisconsin
 * Flambeau, Price County, Wisconsin
 * Flambeau, Rusk County, Wisconsin
 * Flambeau 400, a former Chicago and North Western passenger train
 * Flambeau, one of the founding members of the Order of Hermes in the game Ars Magica
 * Flambeau, a flame fed by natural gas on early natural gas wells to show that the gas was flowing; see Gas flare
 * Flambeau butterfly Dryas iulia
 * Flambeau (character), a character in G. K. Chesterton's Father Brown stories
 * Flambeau (magazine), Saint Vincent magazine
 * FSView & Florida Flambeau, a student newspaper at Florida State University

title: Flambeau


text:
Frankford Township

Frankford Township may refer to:
 * Frankford Township, New Jersey
 * Frankford Township, Mower County, Minnesota

title: Frankford Township


text:
Franklinton

Franklinton may refer to a place in the United States:

Communities

 * Franklinton, Georgia
 * Franklinton, Louisiana
 * Franklinton, New York, a populated place in the town of Broome in Schoharie County, New York
 * Franklinton, North Carolina
 * Franklinton, Columbus, Ohio, a historic neighborhood

Other

 * Franklinton Vlaie, a stream in the U.S. state of New York

title: Franklinton


text: User talk:163.153.97.148

title: User talk:163.153.97.148


text:
David Laibson

David Isaac Laibson (born June 26, 1966) is an American economist and professor at Harvard University, where he has taught since 1994. His research focuses on macroeconomics, intertemporal choice, behavioral economics, and neuroeconomics. In 2016, he became chairman of the Harvard economics department.

Life and career
Laibson was raised by Ruth and Peter Laibson in Haverford, Pennsylvania. He received an AB (summa) from Harvard in 1988, studying under Benjamin M. Friedman, and went on to win a Marshall Scholarship to study at the London School of Economics (MSc in Econometrics and Mathematical Economics). He received his PhD from MIT in 1994 and joined the faculty at Harvard once he graduated. He has since gained tenure. He is married to the mathematician Nina Zipser, and they have a son, Max.

At Harvard, he teaches Economics 2030: Psychology and Economics. He also co-teaches Economics 10, the year-long introductory economics class at Harvard, together with Jason Furman. His research has been published in prestigious journals such as the QJE, AER, JEP, Econometrica, and Science.

title: David Laibson


text:
User talk:NorseLord

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:21, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

 * This account is not blocked directly, and does not appear to have ever been blocked. If you cannot edit, follow the instructions below:
 * Beeblebrox (talk) 00:43, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Charles Jonasen (January 3)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by 94rain was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Charles Jonasen and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk/New_question&withJS=MediaWiki:AFCHD-wizard.js&page=Draft:Charles_Jonasen Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:94rain&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Charles_Jonasen reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

94rain Talk  01:24, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

AfC notification: Draft:Charles Jonasen has a new comment
 I've left a comment on your Articles for Creation submission, which can be viewed at Draft:Charles Jonasen. Thanks! BeanieFan11 (talk) 18:39, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

John Dunn (NFL owner) moved to draftspace
Thanks for your contributions to John Dunn (NFL owner). Unfortunately, I do not think it is ready for publishing at this time because it has no sources. I have converted your article to a draft which you can improve, undisturbed for a while.

Please see more information at Help:Unreviewed new page. When the article is ready for publication, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page OR move the page back. Pickersgill-Cunliffe (talk) 00:20, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: John Dunn (NFL owner) has been accepted
 John Dunn (NFL owner), which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created.

Congratulations, and thank you for helping expand the scope of Wikipedia! We hope you will continue making quality contributions.

The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on its talk page. Most new articles start out as Stub-Class or Start-Class and then attain higher grades as they develop over time. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article.

Since you have made at least 10 edits over more than four days, you can now create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for creation if you prefer.

If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the  [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk/New_question&withJS=MediaWiki:AFCHD-wizard.js&page=John_Dunn_(NFL_owner) help desk] . Once you have made at least 10 edits and had an account for at least four days, you will have the option to create articles yourself without posting a request to Articles for creation.

If you would like to help us improve this process, please consider.

Thanks again, and happy editing! BeanieFan11 (talk) 00:10, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Charles Jonasen (January 23)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed. Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by MicrobiologyMarcus was:

The comment the reviewer left was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit after they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Charles Jonasen and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you do not edit your draft in the next 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, or have experienced any untoward behavior associated with this submission, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk/New_question&withJS=MediaWiki:AFCHD-wizard.js&page=Draft:Charles_Jonasen Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:MicrobiologyMarcus&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Charles_Jonasen reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

microbiology Marcus (petri dish·growths) 17:25, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Charles Jonasen
Hello, NorseLord. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Charles Jonasen, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 18:06, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:NorseLord


text:
Sam Hill

Sam or Samuel Hill may refer to:

 * Sam Hill (euphemism), an American English slang phrase for "the devil" or "hell" personified

Sports

 * Sam H. Hill (1898–1978), American football coach and sports figure
 * Sam Hill (baseball) (1926–1977), American Negro leagues baseball player
 * Sam Hill (cyclist) (born 1985), Australian downhill mountain bike racer
 * Sam Hill (rugby union) (born 1993), rugby union player

Other people

 * Samuel Hill (1691–1758), English MP for Lichfield
 * Samuel Hill (priest) (died 1716), Anglican priest
 * Samuel Hill (engraver) (c. 1765–c. 1809), engraver who worked in Boston, Massachusetts
 * Samuel Hill (sea captain) (1777–1825), American merchant sea captain and adventurer
 * Samuel W Hill (1815–1889), American surveyor, geologist and mining developer
 * Samuel Hill (VC) (1826–1863), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Samuel Hill (1857–1931), railroad businessman and builder of the Maryhill Museum and Peace Arch
 * Samuel B. Hill (Washington politician) (1875–1958), U.S. Representative from the state of Washington
 * Samuel B. Hill (Ohio politician) (born 1862), educator and state lawmaker
 * Sam Hill (director), American television director and producer

title: Sam Hill


text:
Garber

Garber may refer to:

People
See Garber (surname)

US places

 * Garber, Iowa, a city
 * Garber, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Garber, Oklahoma, a city

Others

 * 3076 Garber, a Main Belt asteroid
 * Garber High School, a public high school in Essexville, Michigan
 * Garber House (disambiguation), several places
 * Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility, a restoration and storage facility for the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum

title: Garber


text:
Genola

Genola may refer to:

Places

 * Italy
 * Genola, Piedmont, a comune in the Province of Cuneo

 * United States
 * Genola, Minnesota, a city in Morrison County
 * Genola, Utah, a town in Utah County

title: Genola


text:
User talk:TimN~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:21, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called TimN. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name TimN~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:21, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:42, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:TimN~enwiki


text:
Glasco

Glasco may refer to:

 * Glasco (surname)
 * Glasco, Kansas, a city in Cloud County, Kansas, US
 * Glasco, New York, a hamlet in Ulster County, New York, US

title: Glasco


text:
Georgetown Township

Georgetown Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 * Georgetown Township, Vermilion County, Illinois
 * Georgetown Township, Floyd County, Indiana
 * Georgetown Township, Michigan
 * Georgetown Township, Clay County, Minnesota

title: Georgetown Township


text:
User talk:Eisfelder~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 16:23, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Eisfelder. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Eisfelder~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:41, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eisfelder~enwiki


text:
Talk:Area (geometry)

comment
The text under the picture is senseless: the limits of the integrals must be the same!

Equal polygons have equal area. Don't you mean "Congruent polygons have equal area."?????

It says "A point, line or plane is thus considered to have no area." Surely plane should be omitted there, right?

 * Do you mean a plane has an area of infinity? I don't think that is usually the case. -- Taku 07:17, Mar 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, let's be precise here. When we say "area," we mean a finite number ascribed to certain regions of R^2.  Therefore, area is not defined on the whole plane (it diverges in some sense).  It is, however, defined on points and lines, and happens to be 0 for those figures
 * Not necessarily. In measure theory, the convention is normally to allow measurable sets S with measure(S) = infinity, i.e. the measure function's target set is [0, ∞]. There are lots of different notions of "area", closely related. You can talk about the area function defined just on nice polygons, e.g., or you can talk about Lebesgue measure on R2 defined on Lebesgue measurable sets. There is no single "area" function.

It is unclear to say "in the Euclidean plane or surface" at the beginning. We should say something like, area describes the size of figures in the Euclidean plane, and more generally, describes the size of surfaces embedded in more than two dimensions.

Somehow, some parallel should be drawn between distance, area, volume, and content in general. The articles do not form a coherent whole -- the distance and volume articles are largely non-theoretical but have theoretical sections; area has a general section and an area (geometry) section. Would it perhaps be possible to make some meta-article involving all of these concepts, or providing links to all of them? Or at least to make the mathematical treatment of these articles more similar?

 * It would be nice if you make yourself an account. It will be easier to talk then. Oleg Alexandrov 15:53, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Area of a Rhombus: 1/2 the product of its diagonals (don't know anything really about editing, so someone can add this.)

Definition of area
I was glad to see the discussion of definition of area, since (as mentioned in the article) dumbed-down books used for teaching mathematics these days like to avoid the issue altogether. I was somewhat put off by the comment about non-measurable sets, however: is axiom of choice really necessary to show that area cannot be defined for all sets? On a related theme, using Lebesgue integration for "geometric" areas seems like an overkill. Arcfrk 15:14, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Another ridiculous article by WikiPedia
Your section on how to define area is as vague as most of your other articles. Area is easy to define: It is the product of two averages. Volume is not 'analogous' to area - whoever wrote this, needs to look up the word analogous. Volume is defined as the product of three averages. It is also accurate to say that area has no extent - just like a point or line. Area only begins to take on understandable dimensions once a point or line is assigned extent. As an example: If a line is made up of 3 points of zero extent, it's length is zero. If it is made up of 3 points whose centers are half a unit from the circumference of a circle formed around the same, then the line has length of 3 units. More ridiculous articles: Fundamental theorem of Calculus, Proof that 0.999... = 1 and Infinitesimals. 98.195.24.26 (talk) 13:47, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

surface area
The article talks entirely about area in a two-dimensional sense until the formulae, where it adds in formulae for surface area, with no definition of what surface area is. This should be rectified, probably by explaining surface area mathematically in a separate section. Argyriou (talk) 18:36, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

This post is so funny. How is surface area different from area? You can't even define area properly, and now you are getting all muddled up with surface area? 98.195.24.26 (talk) 13:50, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Area (geometry)


text:
Behind-the-scenes

In filmmaking, behind-the-scenes (BTS), also known as the making-of, the set, or on the set, is a type of documentary film that features the production of a film or television program. This is often referred to as the EPK (electronic press kit) video, due to its main usage as a promotional tool, either concurrent with theatrical release or as a bonus feature for the film's DVD or Blu-ray release.

History
Shorter behind-the-scenes documentaries are often used as a bonus on DVDs, as it offers more insight into the film, how it was made, and to credit the film crew. Occasionally, some films have included a "making of the making-of" as a joke. The making-of is also often released for TV as a part of the promotion of the film.

Feature-length examples

 * Burden of Dreams, the Fitzcarraldo making-of
 * Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse, the Apocalypse Now making-of
 * Lost in La Mancha, a making-of documentary of the failed The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, which was eventually completed more than 15 years later

title: Behind-the-scenes


text:
Double reed

A double reed is a type of reed used to produce sound in various wind instruments. In contrast with a single reed instrument, where the instrument is played by channeling air against one piece of cane which vibrates against the mouthpiece and creates a sound, a double reed features two pieces of cane vibrating against each other. This means, for instruments with the double reed fully exposed, that the air flow can be controlled by the embouchure from the top, bottom and sides of the reed. The term double reeds can also refer collectively to the class of instruments which use double reeds.

Structure and dimensions
The size and shape of the reed depend on the type of double-reed instrument which is of two groups, conical and cylindrical. Even within families of instruments, for example, the oboe family, the reed for the oboe is quite different from that for the cor anglais (English horn).

Oboe reeds are usually 7 mm (0.3 in) in width, while bassoon reeds are wider, from 13.5 to 15.9 mm (0.53–0.63 in). Since the width of a reed affects its sound and response, reed makers experiment constantly to achieve the results they desire. Reed length, which broadly affects pitch, is much less consistent globally, as different orchestras tune to different frequencies. Auxiliary double reeds such as English horn and contrabassoon have their own sets of measurements, which are subject to the requirements of the player.

Materials
For the reeds of European instruments, cane from Arundo donax, a wetland reed species traditionally from southern France, is commonly used. The reeds of non-European instruments can be made from similar wetland grasses, bamboo or young leaves from toddy palm trees. For example, the reed of Japan's hichiriki can be made from either mountain bitter bamboo or Phragmites australis, the latter is a softer cane than Arundo donax. When soft materials are used, adding layers to the reed can increase the stiffness while also maintain suppleness; for example, Myanmar's hne reed can have up to six layers of leaves from the palmyra palm tree which technically transform the double reed into a sextuple reed.

It is also possible to make reeds from synthetic materials such as polypropylene, which tend to last longer because they are less sensitive to temperature and humidity fluctuations. However, since the tone quality is dissimilar to that of a cane reed, synthetic reeds are not favoured by professional musicians.

Construction
A variety of tools are used for splitting, chopping, gouging and shaping the cane in the reed-making process.

Example: Bassoon
For bassoon reeds, tubes of cane are first split lengthwise then gouged to a certain thickness using a gouging machine. The chosen piece of cane is then cut to shape using a flat shaper and the centre portion is thinned (profiled) using a profiling machine which could be as simple as a wooden dowel and scraping knife to sophisticated machines with planes on a rod and a barrel to hold the cane that has accuracy down to .001" . The cane is folded end to end to form the two blades of the reed. The unprofiled end of the cane is shaped into a tube with the aid of a mandrel and bound with three (or four in some reed making techniques) strategically placed wires. A turban made out of thread is added on the third wire. It provides a hand hold for the reed that is not a sharp wire. The folded tip is cut off to allow the blades to vibrate and final adjustments to the interior of the reed using a reamer to precisely finish the tube to fit the bocal dimensions, and to the exterior (blade) using a reed-scraping knife or tip profiler, are carried out. The reed is then ready to fit to the bocal of the bassoon. The parts of the bassoon reed starting at the tip are: tip, blade, collar (where the profiled cane ends and throat begins), throat, 1st wire, 2nd wire (where throat ends and tube begins), 3rd wire, and butt (where the tube ends).

Example: Oboe
The construction of double reeds for the oboe family of instruments is similar in principle: like the bassoon's reeds, they consist of two pieces of cane fastened together with an opening at the tip. However, because the oboe does not have a bocal, the cane must be fastened to a metal tube (the staple), the lower half of which is normally surrounded by a piece of cork. The staple is then inserted into the farrow at the upper end of the oboe.

Ready-made reeds
Players can buy reeds either ready-made, or in various stages of formation, such as part-scraped, reed blanks, or buy the staples and cane separately. Cane is sold in several forms: as tubes, gouged, gouged and shaped, or gouged and shaped and profiled. Bassoon cane has the further option of being profiled before purchase. There are also many options with regard to staples and shaping equipment, which all have a subtle effect on the tone quality a reed will produce.

Reed variability
Differences in reed construction that may be visually minor can have a substantial impact on the sound produced by the reed, and as a consequence professional double-reed players must exercise meticulous craftsmanship in creating a suitable-sounding reed for whatever repertoire they are playing, with yet further considerations such as whether the player is principal or sectional, or whether the reed will be suitable for every item on the program. Environmental factors such as humidity and temperature also affect the performance of a double reed. Adjustments to reeds are, consequently, very frequent among double-reed musicians.

The reedmaking culture varies between countries, cities, and individuals, and the reedmaker accepts that the life of each reed is extremely short. Among oboists, there are several distinct schools of reedmaking, notatably the American and European schools. American, or "long scrape" reeds feature two visible "windows" of removed cane separated by a central spine, whereas European or "short scrape" reeds typically feature a more homogenous, tapered thickness across the entire reed. The construction of the American reed can help facilitate a "darker" timbre, whereas European reeds may foster a "brighter" sound.

Playing
The orchestral double reeds all employ a similar embouchure. Players pull their lips over their teeth to protect the reed from their teeth, and then vibrate the blades of the reed by blowing, while controlling the timbre and pitch with constant micromuscular pressure adjustments from the muscles of the mouth and jaw. Articulation is achieved by occluding the mouth of the reed with the tongue and then releasing it, with extended techniques such as double tongue, flutter tongue and growl all possible as on the other woodwind families.

The principal difference between double-reed embouchures – both between and within instrument families – is in the positioning of the rolled-in lips, and the musculature employed to control a sound. Oboe reeds, being much longer relative to their width, require concentrated pressure near the tip with more pressure from the sides of the mouth, whereas bassoon reeds are played with lips slightly more pouted and not necessarily aligned vertically. Similarly, the Armenian duduk does not require rolled-in lips and the control of the air flow is distributed toward the lower half of the cheeks.

All double-reed players employ and develop muscles at the back of the mouth to control their intonation via adjustments to the shape and pressure of the oral cavity surrounding the reed.

Period
There are three main groups of instruments based on the methods of playing: blowing directly into the reed, partially blowing into the reed, and not blowing directly into the reed.

Double-reed societies

 * International Double Reed Society
 * Asian Double Reed Association
 * Australasian Double Reed Society
 * British Double Reed Society
 * New Zealand Double Reed Society

title: Double reed


text:
Deadlift

The deadlift is a weight training and strength training exercise in which a loaded barbell or bar is lifted off the ground to the level of the hips, torso perpendicular to the floor, before being placed back on the ground. It is one of the three powerlifting exercises, along with the squat and bench press, as well as a frequent lift in strongman. It is also occasionally used in armlifting (sport of grip strength).

Two styles of deadlift are commonly used in competition settings: the conventional deadlift and the sumo deadlift. While both of these styles are permitted under the rules of powerlifting, only the conventional stance is permitted in strongman.

Form
The conventional deadlift can be broken down into three parts: the setup, the initial pull or drive, and the lockout.

Setup: When performing a deadlift, a lifter sets in a position that eccentrically loads the gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus while the muscles of the lumbar contract isometrically in an effort to stabilize the spine.
 * Set behind the bar with it nearly touching the legs (roughly 1 inch away from the shin), with feet pointed forward.
 * Begin by hinging at the hips and bending the knees, maintaining flat feet, let the shins move forward to touch the barbell but not push it away.
 * Grip the bar outside of the legs, roughly at shoulder width. Deadlifts are conducted with varying grips based on the objectives of the lifter.
 * Raise the chest to position for a neutral spine, it is important to maintain a neutral spine throughout the lift.
 * Pull the slack out of the barbell

Drive: The next section of the deadlift produces the greatest amount of force. By pushing down through their heels while simultaneously pushing up and forward with their hips and maintaining a depressed scapula and a long tense spine, an individual can remain safe during this motion. This is considered the most difficult part of the entire movement due to the amount of work required to drive the bar off the ground initially.

 * Take a deep diaphragmatic breath and hold it in during the movement, creating an outward pressure on the core to further stabilize the lumbopelvic hip complex and core throughout the motion.
 * Keep the muscles of the back contracted tightly in order to maintain a neutral spine throughout the motion.
 * Drive up and forward with the hips and legs to stand erect and lift the bar.

Lockout: The finish is the most critical aspect of the motion. This requires being totally erect with a neutral spine and forceful hip extension to engage the muscles of the lumbar spine and abdomen in unison with the glutes.

 * Drive the hips completely into the bar.
 * Contract the glutei and the rectus abdominis to finish the movement with the pelvis in a neutral position. Contracting the glutes as well as the abdominal muscles is critical for lower back health and safety.

Lowering the weight: Performing the above steps in reverse order. As the muscles of the back and core must remain tight throughout the motion, one should simply hinge at the hips and knees to bring the weight down. Lowering the chest towards the knees while keeping the bar close is the safest way to complete the motion.

Common errors
There are a few common errors during the performance of the deadlift. Protracting the shoulders disengages the back muscles which stabilize the spine. Slack should be taken from the bar prior to the lift, by squeezing the back muscles first and straightening the arms; the bar should then be lifted in a smooth motion without jerking. As the objective of a deadlift is to hinge the hips, the knees should not be bent so deeply as to form a squat. If the bar is too far from the lifter, the lifter may compensate by rounding the back or shifting the weight to the front of the foot. Both result in shifting which muscles are used and could cause injury. Rounding the back in general is controversial; it is often recommended that during the lift, the back is flat with a spine neutral. Some lifters prefer to slightly round their back; but an excessively rounded back may result in the load being lifted awkwardly and placing too much stress or pressure on the back, which may lead to injury. The knees should be bent more fully on the descent of the bar to preserve a neutral spine.

Weights

Deadlifts can be performed using dumbbells, barbells, or kettlebells with one hand or two hands, and with one leg or two legs. Other variations are the side deadlift or suitcase deadlift, rack pulls, deadlift lockouts, deficit deadlift or deadlift from a box (pulling from the floor while standing on a built or improvised low platform).

Each of these variations is called for to address specific weaknesses in a lifter's overall deadlift. For instance, if the athlete has difficulty breaking contact at max weight, deficit deadlifts are performed to strengthen the gluteus maximus and hamstrings due to the greater range of motion required by standing on the low platform or low box. On the other hand, if the lifter has no problem with breaking contact with the floor but has difficulty locking out, they should perform rack pulls to strengthen their upper back, posterior deltoids, and trapezius muscles while de-emphasizing the gluteus and hamstrings.

Grips
Typically, there are three grips used: overhand (pronated), a mixed overhand-underhand (supinated) (sometimes called "offset," "staggered," "alternating", or "mixed") grip, or a hook grip. Depending on forearm strength, the overhand grip may result in the bar potentially rolling about. Mixed grip is capable of neutralizing this through the "physics of reverse torsion." The mixed grip allows more weight to be held for this reason.

In order to prevent the bar from rolling out of the hands, some lifters have been known to use an Olympic weightlifting technique known as the hook grip. This is similar to an overhand grip, but the thumbs are inside, allowing the lifter to "hook" onto them with the fingers. The hook grip can make it easier to hold heavier weights using less grip strength, and keeps both shoulders and elbows in a symmetrical position. While it theoretically takes much of the stress off the joints which might be created by the twisting of a mixed grip, it has the disadvantage of being extremely uncomfortable for the thumbs, something which those who advocate it says will pass once a lifter becomes accustomed to it. Another, but rarely used method is a combination of the mixed overhand-underhand grip and the hook grip, preferred by people who lift heavier weights than their grip can handle, but who don't want to rely on lifting straps or other supportive gear.

Many powerlifters adopt the overhand grip for their lower weight sets and move to the mixed grip to lift larger weights so they can achieve their one rep max.

A neutral grip can be achieved by the use of a trap bar; which is a hexagonal shaped bar which the lifter stands inside whilst holding the two side handles. The neutral grip provides the lifter with slightly different posturing which can help reduce the risk of injury.

Muscles involved
A barbell deadlift is a compound exercise and works the gluteus maximus with further work on the quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, trapezius, lats, and erector spinae. The quadriceps, hamstrings, adductor magnus, and soleus serve as synergists during the exercise. For the powerlifting deadlift (where lifting straps are not allowed), the grip strength is also a decisive factor.

Deadlift variations
There are numerous variations of the deadlift.

Partial deadlift- This is where the range of movement (ROM) of the lift is reduced in order to train a particular part of it. Usually, this involves lifting from a higher starting position. This may be facilitated through the use of blocks or pins in a power rack. When considered in regard to the ROM of a normal deadlift, this means that the lift begins in a higher and stronger phase, avoids a lower and weaker phase, and thereby allows for more weight to be lifted. This can lead to increased strength gains. A partial repetition deadlift may also only involve working in the lower weaker phase, in order to improve the amount if strength that can be applied there and help to overcome any sticking points.

Single leg deadlift- This is a deadlift where one foot is on the ground and the other is raised. The grounded leg is primarily used to lift the weight and power the movement. The raised leg is roughly parallel with the straight grounded leg when the weight is lifted, and moves behind when the weight is lowered and the person bends over. As a unilateral, single leg exercise, it utilises the hips more so than if it was performed in a bilateral manner. It also means that the balance and core stability requirements are increased and this can lead to improvements in this regard.

Trap bar deadlift- This involves the use of a trap bar (a.k.a. hex bar) which is a hexagonal or octagonal bar within which the user stands. The handles are positioned at the side, which means that a neutral grip, with the palms of the hand turned inward, can be used. This alters the ROM of the lift and generally makes it less taxing on the lower back and reduces the risk of injury. Usually, there are two pairs of handles with one pair positioned higher, making the lift relatively easier, and the other lower, making the lift relatively harder. The ROM of the trap bar deadlift means that a greater level of power can be generated in comparison to a traditional deadlift or squat. A similar exercise which also involves enhanced levels of power production is the trap bar jump i.e. a vertical jump while holding a trap bar.

Romanian deadlift (RDL)- Unlike conventional deadlifts where the barbell starts on the floor, in RDLs, the barbell is lifted from a standing position, and the movement focuses on hinging at the hips while maintaining a slight bend in the knees. The emphasis is on keeping the back flat and engaging the hamstrings and glutes to lift the weight as the hips are pushed back. RDLs are particularly effective for improving hip hinge mechanics, strengthening the hamstrings and glutes, and enhancing overall posterior chain development. They are often used in strength training and sports performance programs to improve functional movement patterns and athletic performance. RDLs can also be performed with implements like dumbbells and kettlebells.

B Stance Romanian Deadlift (B-Stance RDL) - A b-stance RDL replicates the movement of a standard RDL and a single leg RDL. Using either a dumbbell or barbell the weight starts at a standing position and the movement focuses on the hip hinge movement while maintaining a flat back and slight bent at the knees. Taking your standard RDL form you slide one leg back with the front leg acting as the working leg and taking most of the lead the back leg is for stabilization. While not a complete unilateral movement as the supporting leg provides assistance it still targets glutes, hamstrings and erector spine.

Stiff leg deadlift (SLDL)- This emphasizes hamstring development and lower back resilience. Similar to the conventional deadlift setup, it requires standing with feet shoulder-width apart, hinging at the hips. Contrary to its name, the legs are not fully straightened during the movement. Instead, the emphasis lies on minimizing knee bend while pushing the hips back, creating a parallel alignment of the torso to the ground. SLDL reduces quad engagement, intensifies the demand on the lower back, and challenges the hamstrings from a lengthened position. While it may not accommodate heavy loads like standard deadlifts, it serves as a valuable exercise for individuals seeking targeted hamstring engagement and lower back resilience within their routine.

Equipment
A deadlift suit is a special piece of powerlifting assistance clothing. The suits are made from very tight material. The material tightens on the squat on the way down, storing energy, that gives an extra boost with the stored tension to lift up. Thus, records are recorded with and without the suit. The suits are also of two different types: single ply (one layer) and multi ply (two or more layers). The assistance increase as the number of layers increase. The starting position with a suit is slightly different to maximize use, so training with a suit is different. Wrist wraps are sometimes used to provide support, not necessarily to increase the weight lifted, as a suit does.

Straps can help in a deadlift in case of a weak grip. Figure 8 straps are allowed in some strongman competitions. They allow the lifter to hold the bar in their fingertips and can reduce the distance travelled by over an inch.

Chains and thick elastic bands can be attached to either end of the barbell in order to increase or decrease resistance at different phases of the lift. This is known as a variable resistance deadlift.

World Records
Men:
 * Standard Bar Deadlift (with deadlift suit & straps) – 501 kg by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson 🇮🇸 (2020)
 * Standard Bar Deadlift (no deadlift suit & with straps) – 465 kg by Jerry Pritchett 🇺🇸 (2016)
 * Standard Bar Raw Deadlift (no deadlift suit or straps) – 460.4 kg by Benedikt Magnússon 🇮🇸 (2011)
 * Standard Bar Raw Sumo Deadlift (no deadlift suit or straps) – 487.5 kg by Danny Grigsby 🇺🇸 (2022)
 * Elephant Bar Deadlift (no deadlift suit & with straps) – 474.5 kg by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson 🇮🇸 (2019)
 * Hummer Tire Deadlift (from 15" height) (with deadlift suit & straps) – 549 kg by Oleksii Novikov 🇺🇦 (2022)
 * Silver Dollar Deadlift (from 18" height) (with deadlift suit & straps) – 580 kg (1,279 lb) by Rauno Heinla 🇪🇪 (2022)

Women:
 * Standard Bar Deadlift (no deadlift suit & with straps) – 317.5 kg by Lucy Underdown 🇬🇧 (2023)
 * Standard Bar Deadlift (with deadlift suit & no straps) – 315 kg by Becca Swanson 🇺🇸 (2005)
 * Standard Bar Raw Deadlift (no deadlift suit or straps) – 291.5 kg by Denise Herber 🇩🇪 (2024)
 * Standard Bar Raw Sumo Deadlift (no deadlift suit or straps) – 293 kg by Brianny Terry 🇺🇸 (2024)
 * Elephant Bar Deadlift (no deadlift suit & with straps) – 302 kg by Lucy Underdown 🇬🇧 (2024)
 * Hummer Tire Deadlift (from 15" height) (with suit & straps) – 363 kg by Andrea Thompson 🇬🇧 (2022)

title: Deadlift


text:
Official Language Act (Quebec)

The Official Language Act of 1974 (Loi sur la langue officielle), also known as Bill 22, was an act of the National Assembly of Quebec, commissioned by Premier Robert Bourassa, which made French the sole official language of Quebec, Canada. Provincial desire for the Official Language Act came after the repeal of Bill 63. It was ultimately supplanted by the Charter of the French Language (also known as Bill 101) in 1977, which imposed French as the only language for advertising and education (with many exceptions).

Contents
The legislation was drafted in an attempt to follow the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec. The act made French the official language in a number of areas:

 * Language of services (had to be primarily offered in French)
 * Language of commercial signing (the use of French was required)
 * Language of labour relations and business (businesses wanting to deal with the state had to apply for francization programs, French had to be included in all labels and communications, and products and services needed French marketing materials).
 * Language of instruction (English-language public school was restricted to children who had a "sufficient" knowledge of this language)
 * Language of legislation and justice (priority was given to French texts in case of ambiguity).

Opposition
That English was an official language in Quebec as well was declared on July 19, 1974, by McGill University law faculty's most expert counsellors, disputing Bill 22. The testifiers were Dean Frank R. Scott; John Peters Humphrey, the chief planner of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Irwin Cotler; and four additional legal teachers:

"Section 1, which provides that French is 'the official language of the province of Quebec,' is misleading in that it suggests that English is not also an official language in Quebec, which it is by virtue of Section 133 of the BNA Act and the federal Official Languages Act. ... No legislation in the National Assembly proclaiming French the sole official language in the province can affect these bilingual areas protected by the BNA Act."

John Ciaccia and George Springate were suspended from the Liberal caucus for almost two months in 1974 for voting with the Opposition when the Robert Bourassa government passed Bill 22.

title: Official Language Act (Quebec)


text:
User:Foant

And then I initiated writing on Economy of SFRY and some other SFRY-related articles. I also wrote The Bambi Molesters, Opanci, Radikal Dub Kolektiv, The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum and something else, small stuff I forgot about. I help maintain Anarchism-related articles from the vandalism... I fix spelling errors and smaller stuff... I also add some spelling errors...

.student of history, religion and computer-technology.

"svit je sranje i globalno stanje diktiraju oni sto placaju kampanje".. "egendom är stöld" blahblabla ;^p

title: User:Foant


text:
Macrocell array

Macrocell arrays in PLDs
Programmable logic devices, such as programmable array logic and complex programmable logic devices, typically have a macrocell on every output pin.

Macrocell arrays in ASICs
A macrocell array is an approach to the design and manufacture of ASICs. Essentially, it is a small step up from the otherwise similar gate array, but rather than being a prefabricated array of simple logic gates, the macrocell array is a prefabricated array of higher-level logic functions such as flip-flops, ALU functions, registers, and the like. These logic functions are simply placed at regular predefined positions and manufactured on a wafer, usually called master slice. Creation of a circuit with a specified function is accomplished by adding metal interconnects to the chips on the master slice late in the manufacturing process, allowing the function of the chip to be customised as desired.

Macrocell array master slices are usually prefabricated and stockpiled in large quantities regardless of customer orders. The fabrication according to the individual customer specifications may be finished in a shorter time compared with standard cell or full custom design. The macrocell array approach reduces the mask costs since fewer custom masks need to be produced. In addition manufacturing test tooling lead time and costs are reduced since the same test fixtures may be used for all macrocell array products manufactured on the same die size.

Drawbacks are somewhat low density and performance than other approaches to ASIC design. However this style is often a viable approach for low production volumes.

A standard cell library is sometimes called a "macrocell library".

title: Macrocell array