text:
Adrafinil

Adrafinil, sold under the brand name Olmifon, is a wakefulness-promoting medication that was formerly used in France to improve alertness, attention, wakefulness, and mood, particularly in the elderly. It was also used off-label by individuals who wished to avoid fatigue, such as night workers or others who needed to stay awake and alert for long periods of time. Additionally, the medication has been used non-medically as a novel vigilance-promoting agent.

Adrafinil is a prodrug; it is primarily metabolized in vivo to modafinil, resulting in very similar pharmacological effects. Unlike modafinil, however, it takes time for the metabolite to accumulate to active levels in the bloodstream. Effects usually are apparent within 45–60 minutes when taken orally on an empty stomach.

Adrafinil was marketed in France until September 2011 when it was voluntarily discontinued due to an unfavorable risk–benefit ratio.

Medical uses
Adrafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent and was used to promote alertness, attention, wakefulness, and mood. It was particularly used in the elderly.

Available forms
Adrafinil was available in the form of 300mg oral tablets.

Side effects
There is a case report of two patients that adrafinil may increase interest in sex.

A case report of adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia exists. Reports of this side effect also exist for modafinil.

Pharmacodynamics
Because α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists were found to block effects of adrafinil and modafinil in animals, "most investigators assume[d] that adrafinil and modafinil both serve as α1-adrenergic receptor agonists." However, adrafinil and modafinil have not been found to bind to the α1-adrenergic receptor and they lack peripheral sympathomimetic side effects associated with activation of this receptor; hence, the evidence in support of this hypothesis is weak, and other mechanisms are probable. Modafinil was subsequently screened at a variety of targets in 2009 and was found to act as a weak, atypical blocker of the dopamine transporter (and hence as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor), and this action may explain some or all of its pharmacological effects. Relative to adrafinil, modafinil possesses greater specificity in its action, lacking or having a reduced incidence of many of the common side effects of the former (including stomach pain, skin irritation, anxiety, and elevated liver enzymes with prolonged use).

Pharmacokinetics
In addition to modafinil, adrafinil also produces modafinil acid (CRL-40467) and modafinil sulfone (CRL-41056) as metabolites, which form from metabolic modification of modafinil.

Chemistry
Analogues of adrafinil include modafinil, armodafinil, CRL-40,940, CRL-40,941, and fluorenol.

History
Adrafinil was discovered in 1974 by two chemists working for the French pharmaceutical company Laboratoires Lafon who were screening compounds in search of analgesics. Pharmacological studies of adrafinil instead revealed psychostimulant-like effects such as hyperactivity and wakefulness in animals. The substance was first tested in humans, specifically for the treatment of narcolepsy, in 1977–1978. Introduced by Lafon (now Cephalon), it reached the market in France in 1984, and for the treatment of narcolepsy in 1985.

In 1976, two years after the discovery of adrafinil, its active metabolite modafinil was discovered. Modafinil appeared to be more potent than adrafinil in animal studies, and was selected for further clinical development, with both adrafinil and modafinil eventually reaching the market. Modafinil was first approved in France in 1994, and then in the United States in 1998. Lafon was acquired by Cephalon in 2001. As of September 2011, Cephalon has discontinued Olmifon, its adrafinil product, while modafinil continues to be marketed.

Names
Adrafinil is the generic name of the drug and its INN and DCF. It is also known by its brand name Olmifon and its developmental code name CRL-40028.

Athletic doping
Adrafinil and its active metabolite modafinil were added to the list of substances prohibited for athletic competition according to World Anti-Doping Agency in 2004.

Additive in United States dietary supplements
Adrafinil is sometimes included as an ingredient in misbranded or adulterated dietary supplements. One company had attempted to get a New Dietary Ingredient pre-market notification approved for adrafinil in 2017, but the Food and Drug Administration rejected it:

"“For the reasons discussed above, the information in [this pre-market] notification is incomplete and does not provide an adequate basis to conclude that ‘Adrafinil’...will reasonably be expected to be safe. Therefore, [such] product may be adulterated under 21 U.S.C. § 342(f)(1)(B)...Introduction of such a product into interstate commerce is prohibited under 21U.S.C.§331(a) and (v)”."

A position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug was indicated in a warning letter by the FDA in 2019:

"“Your [particular] products [subject to this warning] [including] Adrafinil…are not generally recognized as safe and effective for the above referenced uses and, therefore, these products are 'new drugs' under section 201(p) of the Act. New drugs may not be legally introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate commerce without prior approval from the FDA...”"

A position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug was also indicated by FDA in a press release regarding a criminal action undertaken in 2019:

"“[Defendant in the 2019 enforcement action] falsely represented these drugs as legal to sell in the United States. In fact, these are drugs that were illegally imported into the United States and illegal to sell in the United States because they are not approved for sale by the Food and Drug Administration... Some of the illegal drugs [defendant] was selling include the following...Adrafinil...”"

FDA indicated a position that adrafinil is an unapproved drug in later criminal action undertaken during 2022: “[The defendants in a 2022 enforcement action] also illegally sold multiple other unapproved and misbranded drugs, including adrafinil crystalline powder...” Most recently in 2023, the FDA fined an Arizona company 2.4 million U.S. dollars for introducing misbranded drugs into interstate commerce:

"Between April 2017 and December 2021, [defendant company in 2023 enforcement action] and [its executive] marketed pharmaceutical drugs, including tianeptine, adrafinil, phenibut, and racetams, on [its website] and online platforms...They sold the drugs to customers across the United States. [Company] employees and [the company's executive] also regularly made representations about the company’s drugs through a [online] forum dedicated to [defendant company's products] products. As part of the plea, [the defendant] has agreed to forfeit $2.4 million. [The defendant] has also agreed to forfeit all tianeptine, adrafinil, phenibut, and racetams seized by the FDA and Customs and Border Protection.

FDA has not approved drugs containing tianeptine, adrafinil, phenibut, and racetams for use in the United States. Racetam drugs include piracetam, aniracetam, and coluracetam, and phenylpiracetam.'"

Certain products, formulated with adrafinil in them, have been listed as subject to a May 2023 import alert by Food and Drug Administration because they are considered as containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Adrafinil containing products, purporting to be dietary supplements, are not allowed for use by military service members. This is because the Department of Defense considers adrafinil an unapproved drug.

New Zealand
In 2005 a Medical Classification Committee in New Zealand recommended to MEDSAFE NZ that adrafinil be classified as a prescription medicine due to risks of it being used as a party drug. At that time adrafinil was not scheduled in New Zealand.

Research
In a clinical trial with the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine and placebo as comparators, adrafinil showed efficacy in the treatment of depression. In contrast to clomipramine however, adrafinil was well-tolerated, and showed greater improvement in psychomotor retardation in comparison. The authors concluded that further investigation of the potential antidepressant effects of adrafinil were warranted.

title: Adrafinil


text: Category:The Knack albums

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:The Knack albums


text:
Get the Knack

Get the Knack is the debut album by American rock band the Knack, released in June 1979. At the time, the album was one of the most successful debuts in history, selling over one million copies in less than two months and spending five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart.

The lead single from the album, "My Sharona", was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks and number one on Billboard's Top Pop Singles of 1979 year-end chart. The follow-up single, "Good Girls Don't", reached number 11 on the Hot 100 and followed "My Sharona" to number one on the Canadian Singles Chart. In Billboard magazine's year-end charts, Get the Knack ranked at #16 for 1979, and #72 for 1980.

Background
The Knack formed in Los Angeles in May 1978, and after shopping their demo tape to various record labels without success, the band began playing the local club circuit beginning in June, playing over 50 gigs in the next six months. The band quickly gained a following as word of mouth spread about their energetic shows and musicians such as Ray Manzarek, Tom Petty and Bruce Springsteen came to their shows and joined the group on stage. By December, thirteen record labels, including some that previously rejected them, were offering recording contracts and the group signed with Capitol Records in January 1979.

Recording
Get the Knack was recorded in just two weeks at a cost of only $18,000, an extremely quick and inexpensive recording at a time when many established artists were spending months and several hundred thousand dollars to record an album. The album was produced by Mike Chapman, who had written hits for Sweet in the early 1970s and most recently produced Blondie's breakout album Parallel Lines.

Release and reception
Get the Knack was released in June 1979 and became an immediate success, thanks in part to an intense promotional campaign by Capitol Records. The Knack's image was largely influenced by the Beatles. The album cover imitates the Beatles' first Capitol LP Meet the Beatles!, and the back cover photo depicts a scene from the Beatles' film A Hard Day's Night. To complete the Beatle imagery, the 1960s Capitol rainbow label adorned the LP, a detail the band had written into its contract. The album obtained a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in just 13 days, becoming Capitol Records' fastest selling debut LP since Meet the Beatles! in 1964. In August, the album reached number one on the Billboard 200, where it remained for five weeks, and was certified platinum by the RIAA for one million copies sold. The lead single, "My Sharona", also met with immediate success, becoming Capitol's fastest selling debut single since the Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and staying at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks.

A negative backlash against the Knack's overnight success formed among critics who found the band's image too contrived and their attitude too brash. San Francisco conceptual artist Hugh Brown, who had designed the Clash's Give 'Em Enough Rope album cover, started a "Knuke the Knack" campaign complete with T-shirts, buttons and bumper stickers. Some music writers began to criticize the band for what they perceived as arrogance, hype and a misogynist attitude expressed in their songs. The band's refusal to do interviews was also viewed negatively by the music press. One entertainment weekly, Scene magazine, refused to publish a review of the Knack's concert in Cleveland due to what it called "attempts at censorship" by the band's management.

Robert Christgau of The Village Voice was critical of the album's misogynistic themes and remarked that if the Knack "felt this way about girls when they were unknowns, I shudder to think how they're reacting to groupies." However, Christgau countered critics who had dismissed the band on "purely technical terms", arguing that "if they're less engaging musically than, say, the Scruffs, they have a lot more pop and power going for them than, say, the Real Kids." Billboard critic Dick Nusser was particularly complimentary of tracks such as "Let Me Out", "Maybe Tonight" and "That's What the Little Girls Do", while noting that the pleading song "Oh Tara" indicates that the Knack "aren't strict girl haters."

Legacy
In a retrospective review, AllMusic critic Chris Woodstra wrote that the Knack's attempt to "update the Beatles sound for the new wave era" was "a good idea that was well executed", describing Get the Knack as "at once sleazy, sexist, hook-filled, and endlessly catchy – above all, it's a guilty pleasure and an exercise in simple fun." Trouser Press noted the negative portrayal of the female protagonists of certain songs and singled out "Maybe Tonight" as "bottom-of-the-barrel sap", but praised "My Sharona", "Let Me Out" and "Frustrated" as "tight guitar pop." In 2016, Paste ranked Get the Knack at number 39 on its list of the 50 best new wave albums. Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain listed Get the Knack as one of his 50 favorite recordings.

Re-issues
When the album was initially released on CD in 1989, the song "(She's So) Selfish" had vocals different from the original release, with lyrics like "coming from the quaalude scene" changed to "...lame'o scene". Capitol Records used a censored, alternate version of the track which was requested in certain countries.

The album was re-issued on CD in 2002 as a remastered version true to the original vinyl release. This version included bonus demos of "My Sharona" and "That's What the Little Girls Do", as well as a rehearsal take of "Maybe Tonight". It also included a cover of Bruce Springsteen's Darkness on the Edge of Town outtake "Don't Look Back", which the Knack recorded in 1979 but was left off the Get the Knack LP, and a cover of Nick Lowe's "I Knew the Bride". A subsequent CD re-issue was remastered by Iconoclassic Records in 2011. Unlike the previous remaster, the 2011 release contains no dynamic range compression.

In April 2017, Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab released an audiophile version of the album on hybrid SACD. This release, like the 2002 Capitol and 2011 Iconoclassic versions, utilizes the original, un-censored mixes.

Track listing
Side one
 * 1) "Let Me Out" (Doug Fieger, Berton Averre) – 2:20
 * 2) "Your Number or Your Name" (Fieger, Averre) – 2:57
 * 3) "Oh Tara" (Fieger) – 3:04
 * 4) "(She's So) Selfish" (Fieger, Averre) – 4:30
 * 5) "Maybe Tonight" (Fieger) – 4:00
 * 6) "Good Girls Don't" (Fieger) – 3:07

Side two
 * 1) "My Sharona" (Fieger, Averre) – 4:52
 * 2) "Heartbeat" (Bob Montgomery, Norman Petty) – 2:11
 * 3) "Siamese Twins (The Monkey and Me)" (Fieger, Averre) – 3:25
 * 4) "Lucinda" (Fieger, Averre) – 4:00
 * 5) "That's What the Little Girls Do" (Fieger) – 2:41
 * 6) "Frustrated" (Fieger, Averre) – 3:51

Personnel
The Knack
 * Doug Fieger – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica on "Good Girls Don't"
 * Berton Averre – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Prescott Niles – bass
 * Bruce Gary – drums

title: Get the Knack


text:
Talk:Get the Knack

Price of the original LP vinyl album? An article that compares the prices of singles and albums/CDs across time?
Does anyone know the prices that were being charged in 1979 and 1980 for the original LP vinyl album?

For the singles (then)?

Also:

Is there an article on Wikipedia that compares the prices of singles and albums/CDs across time?

Especially including valuations of the dollar at the various times, inflation, and all that.

I think that would be a great, and interesting comparison!

Thanks!

Misty MH (talk) 07:19, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, an interesting topic for an article. I don't know of any such article, but there may be one.

 * I've always thought it was interesting that The Clash, when releasing a double album (London Calling), and then a triple album (Sandinista!), negotiated to receive a lower percentage of royalties in return for the record label selling these albums at reasonable prices, closer to a single-album figure. The albums sold At least, this is what's been reported. Not everything the Clash told the media was true.

 * Anyway: You've got a great idea there!
 * --Ben Culture (talk) 23:02, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

Album cover imitates Meet The Beatles? . . . Really??
Our article currently states, "The album cover imitates their first Capitol LP Meet the Beatles! and the back cover photo depicts a scene from the Beatles' film A Hard Day's Night."

I've seen the back cover of Get the Knack, and though I wouldn't recognize a scene from A Hard Day's Night if I saw one, I can't deny they look Beatles-like, bless their hearts. (It's a good look! More bands should imitate it.) My only concern is with the front cover. Like everyone else, I've seen the cover of With the Beatles / Meet the Beatles (same cover photo aside from the coloring), and my response to the above accusation is:

NO, IT DOESN'T. NOT EVEN A LITTLE.

It's a black-and-white cover of four guys. Beyond that, all similarities end.

1. On Meet ... The Beatles are all wearing black turtlenecks (or something), and the light source was placed so that, under high-contrast photography, you could only see half their faces, and none of their clothes or bodies. None of this is true of Get the Knack. You see all of their faces, and a fair amount of their (un-Beatle-ish) clothing. It's a much less "artistic" photo. More like a photo for a demo package than a slick album release. (It's also quite ugly -- Doug Fieger's creepy grin has a distinctly predatory aspect to it -- like that of a madman about to stab a woman to death. I'm not here to promote OR trash the Knack, though. Enough has been done of both, by professionals, so I'm not about to do it for free on Wikipedia!)

2. Meet the Beatles, the specificed album cover, is tinted to a blue color. Get the Knack is not tinted at all. Nor is such high-contrast photography used.

3. Three of the Beatle-heads seem to be floating above a fourth, which sits in the low-end corner (Ringo, naturally). The Knack are all presented on the same level.

4. Two of the Knack are smiling broadly, while the Beatles are showing properly "arty" (vacant) expressions. (It's a damned gloomy-lookin' cover for such an upbeat album!)

5. There is nothing about the titling of Get the Knack that is similar to With/Meet. Neither font, nor layout, is at all similar.

6. You could just as easily make this same overall accusation about certain editions of The Modern Lovers. In fact, more so, because two of the members (Jonathan Richman and David Robinson) are actually wearing black in a black-and-white photo! And none of them are smiling! (Though David looks vaguely cheerful.) But, as with Get the Knack, it doesn't really look a fucking thing like Meet the Beatles!

I think I've convinced myself to edit the article to omit this falsehood. (By the way, I'm not a Knack fan, or even really familiar with their music. Nor am I a big Beatles nut who's insulted by the invalid comparison. As far as the early 1960s are concerned, actually, I'm all about the Beach Boys!) The Knack did imitate the Beatles somewhat, and I won't deny that. The bit about the back cover, and everything else, I will keep. Again, my only concern is the front cover.

If anybody has a problem with this and decides to revert the edit I'm about to make, please explain it here! Please do NOT cite WP:BRD (Bold, Revert, Discuss) unless you are truly following the whole essay to the letter and spirit. Which means you explain yourself here in plain English, and civilly. This is a good-faith edit I'm about to make, and I expect it to be treated as such. Keep in mind, WP:BRD is not policy or a guideline, and WP:ONLYREVERT is exactly equal to it, and a much better collection of ideas. (Sorry I'm so angry and defensive, but I'm fundamentally fed up with WP:BRD, and for once, I have complete confidence that I'm indisputably right. I actually don't expect any objection to the tiny change I'm about to make.)

→Ben Culture (talk) 20:12, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Regardless of your personal opinion, many observers did notice the similarity between the two album covers. This is easily documented, as well as being one of many criticisms of the group which led to their quick exit from the pop spotlight and as such, it is an integral part of their story. Here are some examples:

 * From "The Knack: yesterday ...and today" Rolling Stone October 18, 1979:

"'Perhaps the biggest annoyance has been the many Beatles references—the fact that the group asked Capitol to use its Beatles-era label for the LP; that the title, Get the Knack, is so similar to Meet the Beatles; that the black-and-white cover shot so closely resembles the cover of the first Beatles LP...'"

 * From a couple 1979 newspaper articles:

"'The album cover design is noticeably similar to the Fab Four's first American LP, Meet the Beatles'"

"'...one of several tunes not included on the Capitol album Get the Knack, which bears an affected similarity in packaging to Capitol's Meet the Beatles LP'"

"'We stride boldly into MCA-Whitney, poised to confront the profoundly elusive Knack on their own turf, and yep, there's one of 'em now, big as life: Knack symbol Doug Fieger, easily recognizable from certain controversial album cover photos of recent months, is locked in a consuming kiss with a rather knubile Knack constituent.' (Riegel, Richard. 'Knuking the Knack Inside Their Own Reactor' Creem April 1980: 25)"

 * From The New Rolling Stone Record Guide:

"'Beatles lovers hated the Meet the Beatles imagery being used to sell the Knack as a new Fab Four.' (Marsh, Dave; Swenson, John. The New Rolling Stone Record Guide (1983): 281)"

 * A few more:

"'When a group sets out to deliberately evoke an earlier, hallowed group they had better back it up. This strategy worked for a while with the Knack's Meet the Beatles-type album cover, yet where are they now?'"

"'...the Knack. That groups's Beatles-modeled image and chart-topping debuts—Get the Knack (whose cover photo imitated that of Meet the Beatles) and 'My Sharona' were both number ones' (Bashe, Philip. Heavy Metal Thunder (1985): 167)"

"'Their first album title, Get the Knack was a play on the title of the Beatles' first U.S. album Meet the Beatles. The front cover featured a black and white photograph similar to the one on the first Beatles album' (Reed, Everett. Ovations and Encores (2000): 113)"

 * From trouserpress.com:

"'Beatles purists objected to the Knack tarnishing the Liverpool lads sacred image (the front and back cover of Get the Knack echoes the look of Meet the Beatles).'"

 * From theknack.com:

"'Critics of the band fixated on the stark, black and white photo of the album’s cover and performance photo on the back as obvious send ups of the Beatles' first album Meet the Beatles.'"

More importantly, the similarities were not coincidental or the product of someone's imagination, they were intentional. According to Doug Fieger, "For Get the Knack, the concept was to appropriate the Beatle image much as Andy Warhol had appropriated the Campbell's Soup can in his paintings. As a cultural icon. As an ironic statement." (Fieger, Doug. liner notes to Retrospective (The Best of the Knack) 1992) Piriczki (talk) 16:24, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Regardless, it really doesn't look much like Meet the Beatles, and if you read my comment, you'll see that is a factual statement, not a "personal opinion". If the Knack were trying to "appropriate the Beatle image" on their front album cover, they failed spectacularly. Did you look at my The Modern Lovers link? That makes my point for me all by itself ("Four guys in B&W" ≠ Meet the Beatles). Moreover, it's a shame you took the trouble to quote all this and not cite one source in the actual article, reverting the sentence under debate here. A simple re-write of the sentence in question could have left us both satisfied.

 * Editors and readers who aren't already steeped in 1970s pop-culture history & myth are going to find their way to this page, and they're going to read that sentence you re-inserted, and they'll take a look at the Meet the Beatles cover, and when they see how far apart the two album covers are, that will only reflect poorly on Wikipedia ... which already has a public image as unreliable, personality-driven nonsense. In other words, that we'll let a bunch of Rolling Stone or Trouser Press articles, or the late Doug Fieger himself, tell us that two album covers look a great deal alike when they really do not. That we perpetuate myths.

 * For example, until recently our Metal Machine Music article stated that each track lasted "exactly 16:01", simply because that's the amusing lie Lou Reed had put on the record labels. It isn't a fact at all; the tracks all last different amounts of time. But it's a fun, wide-spread lie that many critics have repeated (you can cite a "reputable source" for a falsehood), that few have bothered to check up on. Only the advent of the CD release . . . some 20-odd years ago . . . makes it easy to check without listening to the wretched thing. That would be a popular myth that we were perpetuating for years after the truth came out. This is another one. Rock critics spread the myth of "16:01"; why should we trust them about the album cover?

 * Again: I'm not saying the Knack didn't try to look like the Beatles in general. I'm saying the front covers aren't very much alike, and rock journalists are lazy. We shouldn't let them tell us what our own eyes can see is false.

 * --Ben Culture (talk) 22:04, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

 * BTW, "a couple of 1979 newspaper articles" are not acceptable sources, and I don't appreciate you throwing them in to inflate your list. And the Trouser Press quote is patently false, since, according to our article, the back cover of Get the Knack imitates a scene from A Hard Day's Night (film) and not Meet the Beatles, doesn't it? The back cover of Meet the Beatles is mostly text, with a small picture of the Beatles that I don't see the Knack imitating anywhere. Citing vague, inaccurate, and/or dishonest sources to make it look like "everybody knows this is true" can only tarnish your own reputation. --Ben Culture (talk) 23:19, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Why is the St. Pertersburg Independent not an acceptable source? I agree that Trouser Press made an error in descibing the back cover, but that doesn't refute the many sources (including Trouser Press) describing the front cover as resembling Meet the Beatles. Rlendog (talk) 14:54, 21 July 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Get the Knack


text:
Talk:Kinjite

Hey, I remeber a movie I saw in the 80's with Charles Bronson. The movie was called "Kinjite - The forbiben Object" It was about kidnapping a little girl and Charles had to rescue her. But that's not what this definition in the dictionary says! What is the real maening of this Japanses word?

It means...
"forbidden technique/move/hand"

The first character 禁じ means 'forbidden' and you most often see it on signs that say 'no trespassing' or 'no smoking.' The second character means 'hand' which could also be considered 'move' I suppose. The second character 手 does not solely represent the actual hand or arm of a person, but also to indicate skill, technique, or various other things.

If you have Japanese support enabled on your browser, you can go to this page to get a list of all kanji compounds that include the hand character. As you can see, it has lots of different uses.

Biting
Is biting forbidden? I would expect it to be banned, since it is normally in the same category as eye gouging and "below the belt" attacks, which are banned in sumo wrestling. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.108.67.97 (talk) 17:54, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Other sumo no-nos
I think the list in the article is not complete. I'm pretty sure that sumo wrestlers are not allowed to spit at each other (spitting in the opponent's face could be used to disorient him if it were allowed), and not allowed to grab the loose knot of the mawashi if it comes un-knotted-- you're only allowed to grab the part of the mawashi which actually encircles your opponent's waist. HandsomeMrToad (talk) 01:05, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

Another no-no
This is not an actual Kinjite but more of a minor breach of etiquette: after you push your opponent out of the ring, you're supposed to stop, not push him again to make him go flying off the platform into the front row of the audience. The great Yokozuna Hakuho often does this, and has been reprimanded, and publicly apologized for it. HandsomeMrToad (talk) 23:31, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kinjite


text:
Gmina Choroszcz

Gmina Choroszcz is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Choroszcz, which lies approximately 13 km west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 163.5 km2, and as of 2011 its total population is 14,127 (out of which the population of Choroszcz amounts to 5,732, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 8,395).

Villages
Apart from the town of Choroszcz, Gmina Choroszcz contains the villages and settlements of Babino, Barszczewo, Czaplino, Dzikie, Dzikie-Kolonia, Gajowniki, Gajowniki-Kolonia, Izbiszcze, Jeroniki, Klepacze, Kolonia Czaplino, Konowały, Kościuki, Krupniki, Kruszewo, Łyski, Mińce, Ogrodniki Barszczewskie, Oliszki, Pańki, Porosły, Porosły-Kolonia, Rogówek, Rogowo, Rogowo-Kolonia, Rogowo-Majątek, Ruszczany, Sienkiewicze, Sikorszczyzna, Śliwno, Turczyn, Zaczerlany, Zaczerlany-Kolonia, Złotoria, Złotoria-Kolonia, Złotoria-Podlesie, Żółtki and Żółtki-Kolonia.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Choroszcz is bordered by the city of Białystok and by the gminas of Dobrzyniewo Duże, Juchnowiec Kościelny, Kobylin-Borzymy, Łapy, Sokoły, Turośń Kościelna and Tykocin.

title: Gmina Choroszcz


text: Category:Members of the North Dakota House of Representatives


text:
Evelyn Ay Sempier

Evelyn Margaret Sempier (née Ay; March 8, 1933 – October 18, 2008) was winner of the 1954 Miss America beauty pageant.

Early life
Ay was born the daughter of German immigrants in Ephrata, Pennsylvania.

Pageantry
She had a short but successful career in smaller beauty contests. As Miss Ephrata Fair and Tobacco Queen of Lancaster County in 1950, she wore a crown that looked like tobacco leaves. After graduating from Ephrata High School in 1951, she won the titles of Miss Pennsylvania AMVET and the Miss National AMVET in 1952, as well as the Miss Pennsylvania title in 1953. She was selected Miss America at the last year before the pageant was televised.

In a 1993 interview, "Evvy" said she was surprised at her victories. "That was the ultimate role model, like being Doris Day in real life." She embarked on her career as a favor to a friend who was trying to promote a pageant for the Junior Chamber International (JayCees). She traveled 270000 mi during her yearlong reign, and remained active with the pageant for many years, judging many local pageants and the national Miss America contest in 1981.

Career
Sempier officially introduced the Nash Metropolitan at the 1954 Chicago Auto Show. She was a spokesperson for Nash Motors in promoting the first American car that was marketed specifically to women. She described her marketing for Nash as the finest among her 40-years of commercial relationships, and the company was "most generous in sponsoring Miss America in many parts of America."

Between the 1960s and 1990s, she made frequent appearances as a motivational speaker to women's and business groups.

Personal life
Shortly after passing on the Miss America crown, she married Carl G. Sempier, a Navy veteran and corporate executive on November 13, 1954, and had two children. Carl Sempier died in 2007. Sempier died on October 18, 2008, of colorectal cancer.

Evelyn Ay Sempier Quality of Life Award
The Evelyn Ay Sempier Quality of Life Award was established to honor the 1954 pageant winner. The award was introduced in 1988, and is given to select Miss America contestants involved with the Children's Miracle Network, as well as to "recognize contestants who excel in their commitment to community service".

title: Evelyn Ay Sempier


text: Category:North Dakota Legislative Assembly


text: Category:Government of North Dakota

title: Category:Government of North Dakota


text: Category:North Dakota state senators

title: Category:North Dakota state senators


text:
Talk:McKenzie River dory

new info added 11-2009
Hi all, have added some new info based on research we are doing on McKenzie River type watercraft being introduced to the Colorado River in the southwestern United States (Fulmer's MOJA, San Juan 1947). As for Grand Canyon, the first McKenzie type craft was Fulmer's GEM in 1955, and the first Rogue River craft was PT Reilly's SUSIE TOO and Martin Litton's PORTOLA, both on Reilly's self guided 1962 river trip. tomhazel@grand-canyon.az.us 11-2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by RRFWTommartin (talk • contribs) 16:27, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

references added 12-2009
Hi all, I have added some references from Fletcher. One of these days when I get the book on Fulmer written, there will be more references on this page. So much to do, and so little time! Yours, Tom —Preceding unsigned comment added by RRFWTommartin (talk • contribs) 21:26, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

History
This source covers some of the boat's history. It credits Veltie Pruitt with building one of the early functiona boats of this design and Pat Barnes with bringing them to Montana. Candleabracadabra (talk) 16:34, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I believe that this article should be merged with Drift_boat. The content is 99% the same and from my (admittedly layman's) perspective the McKenzie River dory is simply one local version of the common drift boat. If there are enough distinguishing features and history to really set the McKenzie River dory apart, it would probably be sufficient to have a section devoted to it (and any other significant variations).

Thanks!

T. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.6.23.141 (talk) 18:17, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

References Updated 12-2014
Sorry to be so late. Here it is in 2014 and I am finally adding those citations as requested and I promised to do back in 12-2009! Might as well add a photo!RRFWTommartin (talk) 06:13, 22 December 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:McKenzie River dory


text: Talk:Bernard Williams

title: Talk:Bernard Williams


text: Category:Justices of the North Dakota Supreme Court


text:
Altenstadt an der Waldnaab

Altenstadt an der Waldnaab is a municipality in the district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the river Waldnaab, 2 km southeast of Neustadt an der Waldnaab, and 5 km north of Weiden in der Oberpfalz. Bundesautobahn 93 (Regensburg - Hof) passes west of Altenstadt. It has a railway station on the Weiden–Oberkotzau railway.

title: Altenstadt an der Waldnaab


text:
Category talk:Indology

Indology
What's Indology? Alren 23:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Indology


text:
Baumgarten an der March

Baumgarten an der March (Croatian: Pangort na Moravi) is a small subdivision of the municipality of Weiden an der March in Lower Austria, Austria. It has only 192 inhabitants.

Significance for the energy sector
Baumgarten has an important role in the European energy sector. The Baumgarten gas distribution centre developed from the central production facility of the spent Zwerndorf gas field, and came online in 1959. The first gas shipment from Russia was received in 1968. Over the past few decades, Baumgarten has become one of Europe's most important gas distribution stations. Every year around 40 billion cubic metres of gas are distributed from the Baumgarten gas station to Eastern Austria and to Western, Southern and South-Eastern Europe. The gas reception facilities run by Gas Connect Austria and by TAG GmbH, the operator of the Trans Austria Gasleitung (TAG) pipeline, are located on an 18 hectare (ha) site. The facilities include equipment like filter separators, gas dryer units, several compressor units (some of them electric), gas coolers and metering sections. Incoming gas deliveries are compressed and then pumped into the West-Austria-Gasleitung (WAG) and TAG pipelines. Part of the gas is also transported to Hungary via the Hungaria Austria Gasleitung (HAG).

Gas reserves are stored in the underground facilities in Tallesbrunn and Schönkirchen, both of which are depleted gas fields. Imported gas is pumped into these storage plants. There are also underground storage facilities in Thann and Puchkirchen in Upper Austria, and in Haidach bei Strasswalchen on the border between Salzburg and Upper Austria. The storage facilities in Puchkirchen and Haidach are operated by Rohöl-Aufsuchungs Aktiengesellschaft (RAG). The total volume of gas at Austria's storage plants is sufficient to cover the annual consumption of Austria.

2017 explosion
On 12 December 2017, an explosion on the premises of the gas distribution center left one person dead and 21 injured. The blast cut off supplies from the hub to southern Europe for a short period, prompting Italy to declare a state of emergency.

title: Baumgarten an der March


text:
Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940. It is one of 113 identified cannabinoids in cannabis plants, along with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and accounts for up to 40% of the plant's extract. , clinical research on CBD included studies related to the treatment of anxiety, addiction, psychosis, movement disorders, and pain, but there is insufficient high-quality evidence that cannabidiol is effective for these conditions. CBD is also sold as a herbal dietary supplement promoted with unproven claims of particular therapeutic effects.

Cannabidiol can be taken internally in multiple ways, including by inhaling cannabis smoke or vapor, oral, and as an aerosol spray into the cheek. It may be supplied as CBD oil containing only CBD as the active ingredient (excluding THC or terpenes), CBD-dominant hemp extract oil, capsules, dried cannabis, or prescription liquid solution. CBD does not have the same psychoactivity as THC, and can modulate the psychoactive effects of THC on the body if both are present. CBD heated to 250–300 °C may partially be converted into THC.

In the United States, the cannabidiol drug Epidiolex was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2018 for the treatment of two epilepsy disorders. While the 2018 United States Farm Bill removed hemp and hemp extracts (including CBD) from the Controlled Substances Act, the marketing and sale of CBD formulations for medical use or as an ingredient in dietary supplements or manufactured foods remains illegal under FDA regulation,.

Medical uses
Cannabidiol is the generic name of the drug and its INN.

Research
, there was little evidence for cannabidiol having a neurological effect in humans.

In the United States, federal illegality has made it difficult historically to conduct research on CBD.

Epilepsy
In the United States, the FDA has indicated only one brand of prescription cannabidiol called Epidiolex for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis complex in people one year of age and older. While Epidiolex treatment is generally well tolerated, it is associated with minor adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal upset, decreased appetite, lethargy, sleepiness and poor sleep quality.

In the European Union, cannabidiol (Epidyolex) is indicated for use as adjunctive therapy of seizures associated with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome, in conjunction with clobazam, for people two years of age and older. In 2020, the label for Epidiolex in the US was expanded to include seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. Epidiolex/Epidyolex is the first prescription formulation of plant-derived cannabidiol approved by regulatory bodies in the US and Europe.

Other uses
Research on other uses for cannabidiol includes several neurological disorders, but the findings have not been confirmed to establish such uses in clinical practice. In October 2019, the FDA issued an advisory warning that the effects of CBD during pregnancy or breastfeeding are unknown, indicating that the safety, doses, interactions with other drugs or foods, and side effects of CBD are not clinically defined, and may pose a risk to the mother and infant.

Many claims are made for the therapeutic benefit of cannabidiol that are not backed by sound evidence. Some claims, such as treatment of cancer, are pseudoscience.

In 2020, the label for Epidiolex in the US was expanded to include treatment of seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Acclaimed for relieving chronic pain, some researchers conclude that the evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of CBD in pain relief, primarily due to the challenging access to pure CBD.

Non-intoxicating effects
Cannabidiol does not appear to have any intoxicating effects such as those caused by ∆$9$-THC in cannabis, but it is under preliminary research for its possible anti-anxiety and anti-psychotic effects. As the legal landscape and understanding about the differences in medical cannabinoids unfolds, experts are working to distinguish "medical cannabis" (with varying degrees of psychotropic effects and deficits in executive function) from "medical CBD therapies", which would commonly present as having a reduced or non-psychoactive side-effect profile.

Various strains of "medical cannabis" are found to have a significant variation in the ratios of CBD-to-THC and are known to contain other non-psychotropic cannabinoids. Any psychoactive cannabis, regardless of its CBD content, is derived from the flower (or bud) of the genus Cannabis. As defined by US federal law, non-psychoactive hemp (also commonly termed "industrial hemp"), regardless of its CBD content, is any part of the cannabis plant, whether growing or not, containing a ∆$9$-tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of no more than 0.3% on a dry-weight basis. In the United States, certain standards are required for legal growing, cultivating, and producing the hemp plant, but there are no federal standards for quality being enforced in the hemp industry. Certain state regulations are in place, but vary state to state. For instance, the Colorado Industrial Hemp Program registers growers of industrial hemp and samples crops to verify that the dry-weight THC concentration does not exceed 0.3%.

Side effects
Research indicates that cannabidiol may reduce adverse effects of THC, particularly those causing intoxication and sedation, but only at high doses. Safety studies of cannabidiol showed it is well tolerated, but may cause tiredness, somnolence, sedation, diarrhea, or changes in appetite as common adverse effects with the most common being somnolence and sedation. Side effects of CBD are dose related. Epidiolex documentation lists sleepiness, insomnia and poor quality sleep, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and fatigue.

In November 2019, the FDA issued concerns about the safety of cannabidiol, stating that CBD use has potential to cause liver injury, interfere with the mechanisms of prescription drugs, produce gastrointestinal disorders, or affect alertness and mood. Over 2020–23, the FDA updated its safety concerns about CBD, acknowledging the unknown effects of protracted use, how it affects the developing brain, fetus or infants during breastfeeding, whether it interacts with dietary supplements or prescription drugs, whether male fertility is affected, and its possible side effects, such as drowsiness.

, 1,085 people contacted US poison control centers about CBD-induced illnesses, doubling the number of cases over the 2018 rate and increasing by 9 times the case numbers of 2017. Of cases reported in 2019, more than 33% received medical attention and 46 people were admitted to a hospital intensive care unit, possibly due to exposure to other products, or drug interactions with CBD.

In 2022, the FDA stated that "scientific studies show possible harm to the male reproductive system, including testicular atrophy, harm to the liver, and interactions with certain medications. The FDA has not found adequate information showing how much CBD can be consumed, and for how long, before causing harm. This is particularly true for vulnerable populations like children and those who are pregnant."

Potential interactions
Laboratory evidence indicated that cannabidiol may reduce THC clearance, increasing plasma concentrations which may raise THC availability to receptors and enhance its effect in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, cannabidiol inhibited the activity of voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels, which may affect neural activity. A recent study using X-ray crystallography showed that CBD binds inside the sodium channel pore at a novel site at the interface of the fenestrations and the central hydrophobic cavity of the channel. Binding at this site blocks the transmembrane-spanning sodium ion translocation pathway, providing a molecular mechanism for channel inhibition, which could contribute to a reduced excitability. A small clinical trial reported that CBD partially inhibited the CYP2C-catalyzed hydroxylation of THC to 11-OH-THC. Little is known about potential drug interactions, but CBD mediates a decrease in clobazam metabolism. Work with human liver microsomes shows that cannabidiol inhibits CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 to some degree.

Research
The number of research projects and scientific publications on cannabidiol and other cannabinoids in pets surged in the late 2010s; nonetheless,, there were no hemp-derived, cannabinoid-rich registered veterinary medicinal products in any of the major regions (see ).

In the US and other territories there are, however, numerous veterinary nutraceutical products available over the counter (OTC). The lack of clarity in the regulations governing veterinary hemp food supplements allows for products of questionable quality to flood the market, which may pose a risk to the wellbeing of pets and owners.

To understand better the benefits of CBD and associated compounds for the quality of life of animals, companies specialized in CBD products for animals have been funding research projects.

Canine osteoarthritis
CBD's ability to help regulate the endocannabinoid system  and reduce the release of excitatory neurotransmitters could result in a retrograde inhibitory signal that lessens chronic pain responses. Studies in dogs with chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis showed an increase in level of activity in animals receiving CBD-rich food supplements.

Epilepsy
From the results seen in humans with drugs such as Epidiolex and Sativex in scientific studies and reviews, it could be expected that CBD-based products would be helpful to manage seizures in dogs. However, despite the numerous case reports presented by veterinary neurologists supporting the benefits of CBD as adjunctive therapy,, published controlled studies have not shown a statistically significant decrease in the number of seizures across the groups receiving CBD.

Pharmacokinetics
The oral bioavailability of CBD varies greatly across species and it is linked to the presentation and the time of administration. A 24-hour kinetic examination in dogs showed that the absorption of the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) does occur, and that this molecule is absorbed least twice as well as CBD post oral ingestion.

It was found that the major metabolites of CBD in humans (7-OH-CBD and 7-COOH-CBD) are not prevalent in dogs, while 6-OH-CBD was found to be the primary metabolite in dogs receiving a CBD-enriched cannabis-derived herbal extract, suggesting that canine and human CBD metabolic route might be somewhat different.

Possible mechanisms
As of 2024, the cellular effects and mechanisms of cannabidiol in vivo are unknown, as research to date has been inconclusive and based on laboratory studies. The anticonvulsant effects provided by cannabidiol (Epidiolex) in people with certain forms of epilepsy do not appear to involve cannabinoid receptors. A possible mechanism for the effects of cannabidiol on seizures is by affecting the neuronal movement of calcium in brain structures involved in the excessive electrical activity of seizures.

Pharmacodynamics
In vitro, cannabidiol has low affinity for, and acts as a negative allosteric modulator on the CB$9$ cannabinoid receptor

Cannabidiol may be an antagonist of GPR55, a G protein-coupled receptor and putative cannabinoid receptor shown by in vitro studies to be widely distributed in the brain. Cannabidiol may interact with various neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and GABA.

Pharmacokinetics
The oral bioavailability of cannabidiol is approximately 6% in humans, while its bioavailability via inhalation is 11 to 45% (mean 31%). The elimination half-life of cannabidiol in blood is 56 to 61 hours after oral doses twice per day over 7 days. Cannabidiol is metabolized in the liver as well as in the intestines by cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Pharmaceutical preparations
Nabiximols (brand name Sativex), an oromucosal spray made of a complex botanical mixture containing cannabidiol (CBD), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and additional cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid constituents from cannabis sativa plants, was approved by Health Canada in 2005, to treat central neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis, and in 2007, for cancer-related pain. In New Zealand, Sativex is "approved for use as an add-on treatment for symptom improvement in people with moderate to severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis who have not responded adequately to other anti-spasticity medication."

Epidiolex (Epidyolex in Europe) is an orally administered cannabidiol solution. It was approved in 2018 for treatment of two rare forms of childhood epilepsy, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, and seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. In the US, it is approved in these indications for people one year of age and older.

Chemistry
At room temperature, cannabidiol is a colorless crystalline solid. In strongly basic media and the presence of air, it is oxidized to Cannabinodiol (CBND) and a quinone called HU-331. Under acidic conditions it cyclizes to THC, which also occurs during pyrolysis, and during smoking. The synthesis of cannabidiol has been accomplished by several research groups.

Biosynthesis

Cannabis produces CBD through the same metabolic pathway as THC, until the next to last step, where CBDA synthase performs catalysis instead of THCA synthase.

Pyrolysis
In the typical operating temperature range of e-cigarettes (250–400 C), 25–52% of CBD is transformed into other chemical substances: Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, cannabinol and cannabichromene as predominant pyrolysates. From a chemical point of view, CBD in e-cigarettes can be considered as a precursor of THC.

Synthetic derivatives
Numerous synthetic derivatives of CBD are known, and have been researched for generally similar applications as CBD itself.

 * 4'-Fluorocannabidiol
 * 7-Hydroxycannabidiol (occurs naturally as metabolite of CBD)
 * 8,9-Dihydrocannabidiol
 * Cannabidiol diacetate
 * Cannabidiol dimethyl ether
 * HU-320
 * KLS-13019
 * Tetrahydrocannabidiol

Labeling and advertising
Studies conducted by the FDA from 2014 through 2019 have determined that a majority of CBD products are not accurately labeled with the amount of CBD they contain. For example, a 2017 analysis of cannabidiol content in oil, tincture, or liquid vape products purchased online in the United States showed that 69% were mislabeled, with 43% having higher and 26% having lower content than stated on product labels. In 2020, the FDA conducted a study of 147 CBD products and found that half contained THC.

From 2015 to November 2022, the FDA issued dozens of warning letters to American manufacturers of CBD products for false advertising and illegal interstate marketing of CBD as an unapproved drug to treat diseases, such as cancer, osteoarthritis, symptoms of opioid withdrawal, Alzheimer's disease, and pet disorders. Chemical analysis of CBD products found that many did not contain the levels of CBD claimed in advertising.

In December 2020, the Federal Trade Commission initiated a law enforcement crackdown on American companies marketing CBD products as unapproved drugs. The warning also applied to hemp CBD capsules and oil that were being marketed illegally while not adhering to the federal definition of a dietary supplement.

History
Efforts to isolate the active ingredients in cannabis were made in the 19th century. Cannabidiol was studied in 1940 from Minnesota wild hemp and Egyptian Cannabis indica resin. The chemical formula of CBD was proposed from a method for isolating it from wild hemp. Its structure and stereochemistry were determined in 1963.

Plant breeding
Selective breeding of cannabis plants has expanded and diversified as commercial and therapeutic markets develop. Some growers in the US succeeded in lowering the proportion of CBD-to-THC to accommodate customers who preferred varietals that were more mind-altering due to the higher THC and lower CBD content. In the US, hemp is classified by the federal government as cannabis containing no more than 0.3% THC by dry weight. This classification was established in the 2018 Farm Bill and was refined to include hemp-sourced extracts, cannabinoids, and derivatives in the definition of hemp.

Foods and beverages
Food and beverage products containing cannabidiol were widely marketed in the United States as early as 2017. Hemp seed ingredients which do not naturally contain THC or CBD (but which may be contaminated with trace amounts on the outside during harvesting) were declared by the US Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in December 2018. CBD itself has not been declared GRAS, and under US federal law is illegal to sell as a food, dietary supplement, or animal feed. State laws vary considerably as non-medical cannabis and derived products have been legalized in various jurisdictions. Despite once having a promising market, the industry for CBD stalled out during the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020, and, by 2024, it collapsed due to withdrawal of investors, the absence of a FDA ruling on efficacy and safety, inconsistent state-by-state legislation, and consumer ambivalence.

Similar to energy drinks and protein bars which may contain vitamin or herbal additives, food and beverage items can be infused with CBD as an alternative means of ingesting the substance. In the United States, numerous products are marketed as containing CBD, but in reality contain little or none. Some companies marketing CBD-infused food products with claims that are similar to the effects of prescription drugs have received warning letters from the FDA for making unsubstantiated health claims. In February 2019, the New York City Department of Health announced plans to fine restaurants that sell food or drinks containing CBD, beginning in October 2019.

Sports
Cannabidiol has been used by professional and amateur athletes across disciplines and countries, with the World Anti-Doping Agency removing CBD from its banned substances list. The United States Anti-Doping Agency and United Kingdom-Anti-Doping Agency do not have anti-CBD policies, with the latter stating that, "CBD is not currently listed on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. As a result, it is permitted to use in sport, though the intended benefits are unclear and not backed by clinical evidence. All other cannabinoids (including but not limited to cannabis, hashish, marijuana, and THC) are prohibited in-competition. The intention of the regulations is to prohibit cannabinoids that activate the same receptors in the brain as activated by THC."

In 2019, the cannabis manufacturer Canopy Growth acquired majority ownership of BioSteel Sports Nutrition, which is developing CBD products under endorsement by numerous professional athletes. The National Hockey League Alumni Association began a project with Canopy Growth to determine if CBD or other cannabis products might improve neurological symptoms and quality of life in head-injured players. Some sports leagues have announced sponsorships with CBD companies, such as Major League Baseball (Charlotte's Web) and Ultimate Fighting Championship (Love Hemp). Numerous professional athletes use CBD, primarily for treating pain.

Australia
Prescription medicine (Schedule 4) for therapeutic use containing two percent (2.0%) or less of other cannabinoids commonly found in cannabis (such as ∆$1$-THC). A Schedule 4 drug under the SUSMP is a Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal Remedy – Substances, the use or supply of which should be by or on the order of persons permitted by state or territory legislation to prescribe and should be available from a pharmacist on prescription.

In June 2020, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) published a consultation on a proposal to pave the way to make "low dose" CBD available to consumer/patients via pharmacists only through moving products from Schedule 4 to 3. Any products sold would need to have their safety, quality and efficacy pre-assessed by the TGA and be formally approved for sale (details to be outlined by TGA). They would be made available to over 18s only, with the maximum daily dose of 60mg/day, up to 2% THC finished product allowed, 30-day maximum supply, plant-derived or synthetic. This proposal is based on an initial literature review on the safety of low dose CBD published by the TGA in April 2020. Epidyolex was approved for the adjunctive therapy of seizures associated with Lennox–Gastaut syndrome or with Dravet syndrome in September 2020.

Bulgaria
In 2020, Bulgaria became the first country in the European Union to allow retail sales of food products and supplements containing CBD, despite the ongoing discussion within the EU about the classification of CBD as a novel food. However, there exists a legal gap because of the lack of a legally-permissible minimum amount of THC in the products containing cannabinoids.

Canada
In October 2018, cannabidiol became legal for recreational and medical use by the federal Cannabis Act. , CBD products in Canada could only be sold by authorized retailers or federally licensed medical companies, limiting their access to the general public. Nonetheless, with online delivery services and over 2,600 authorized cannabis retail stores, accessibility has steadily increased over time. The Canadian government states that CBD products "are subject to all of the rules and requirements that apply to cannabis under the Cannabis Act and its regulations." It requires "a processing licence to manufacture products containing CBD for sale, no matter what the source of the CBD is, and that CBD and products containing CBD, such as cannabis oil, may only be sold by an authorized retailer or licensed seller of medical CBD." Edible CBD products were scheduled to be permitted for sale in Canada on October 17, 2019, for human consumption.

, it was still illegal to carry cannabis and cannabis-derived products (including products containing CBD) across the Canadian border. If one carries any amount of cannabis for any purpose (including medical), it needs to be declared to the Canada Border Services Agency. Not declaring it is a serious criminal offence.

Czech Republic
As of May 2023, the State Agricultural and Food Inspection of the Czech Republic is putting together broad regulations regarding a ban on CBD products. They will make it illegal to sell products containing cannabidiol and other cannabinoids derived from hemp, as a result of EU Novel Food Regulation. In case of Czech Republic, European Industrial Hemp Association has submitted an official request to the Czech Republic to recognize natural hemp extracts with cannabinoids as traditional food.

European Union
In 2019, the European Commission announced that CBD and other cannabinoids would be classified as "novel foods", meaning that CBD products would require authorization under the EU Novel Food Regulation stating that because "this product was not used as a food or food ingredient before May 15, 1997, before it may be placed on the market in the EU as a food or food ingredient, a safety assessment under the Novel Food Regulation is required." The recommendation – applying to CBD extracts, synthesized CBD, and all CBD products, including CBD oil – was scheduled for a final ruling by the European Commission in March 2019. If approved, manufacturers of CBD products would be required to conduct safety tests and prove safe consumption, indicating that CBD products would not be eligible for legal commerce until at least 2021. In December 2020, the European Commission concluded that CBD should not be considered as drug and can be qualified as food.

Cannabidiol is listed in the EU Cosmetics Ingredient Database (CosIng). However, the listing of an ingredient, assigned with an INCI name, in CosIng does not mean it is to be used in cosmetic products or is approved for such use.

Several industrial hemp varieties can be legally cultivated in Western Europe. A variety such as "Fedora 17" has a cannabinoid profile consistently around 1%, with THC less than 0.3%.

Hong Kong
In 2022, the HKSAR Government proposed a ban on any use of cannabidiol (including for academic research and by medical professionals) within the Hong Kong territory, making Hong Kong the first jurisdiction in the world to have complete prohibition of cannabidiol, starting from February 1, 2023, in part due to the possible presence of THC which is illegal in Hong Kong, according to a research subsidized by the Hong Kong SAR Government.

New Zealand
In 2017, the New Zealand government made changes to the regulations so that restrictions would be removed, which meant a doctor was able to prescribe cannabidiol to patients.

The passing of the Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Act in December 2018 means cannabidiol is no longer a controlled drug in New Zealand, but is a prescription medicine under the Medicines Act, with the restriction that "the tetrahydrocannabinols (THCs) and specified substances within the product must not exceed 2 percent of the total CBD, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other specified substances."

Russian Federation
According to a document received in response to an appeal to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, measures of state control in the Russian Federation regarding CBD have not been established. However, there is also a response from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation indicating that CBD can be considered as an isomer of restricted THC. The "isomer" argument is nonetheless vague, as  progesterone, which is freely sold in pharmacies, is also an isomer of THC, all three being. On February 17, 2020, the deputy of the Moscow City Duma Darya Besedina sent an official request to the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Mikhail Mishustin with a request to eliminate that legal ambiguity by publishing official explanations and, if necessary, making required changes in the corresponding government decree.

Singapore
Singapore allows medical cannabis on a case-by-case basis, usually as a last resort drug. Each case is evaluated by the government, and largely comes in the form of Cannabidiol. However, the country is flexible to what is required for patient treatment, despite having some of the strictest drug laws in the world.

Sweden
Cannabidiol is classified as a medical product in Sweden. However, in July 2019, Supreme Court of Sweden ruled that CBD oil with any concentration of THC falls under the narcotic control laws.

Switzerland
While THC remains illegal, cannabidiol is not subject to the Swiss Narcotic Acts because it does not produce a comparable psychoactive effect. Cannabis products containing less than 1% THC can be sold and purchased legally.

Ukraine
On 7 April 2021 the Ukrainian government legalised use of isolated cannabidiol. Additionally, it approved Nabiximols, a cannabidiol-containing drug, for medical use.

United Kingdom
Cannabidiol, in an oral-mucosal spray formulation combined with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is a product available by prescription for the relief of severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis (where other anti-spasmodics have not been effective) in the United Kingdom.

Until 2017, products containing cannabidiol marketed for medical purposes were classed as medicines by the UK regulatory body, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), and could not be marketed without regulatory approval for the medical claims. , cannabis oil is legal to possess, buy, and sell in the UK, providing the product does not contain more than 1 milligram of THC and is not advertised as providing a medicinal benefit. Individual police officers and others who are ill-informed of the exact legislature pertaining to cannabidiol, however, may erroneously consider it of dubious legality, reflecting lack of awareness.

In January 2019, the UK Food Standards Agency indicated it would regard CBD products, including CBD oil, as a novel food having no history of use before May 1997, and stated that such products must have authorisation and proven safety before being marketed. The deadline for companies with existing products to submit a full and validated novel foods application with the FSA was 31 March 2021; failure to do so before this date would exclude those companies from selling CBD. New products containing CBD after this deadline would require a fully approved application.

In February 2020, the UK FSA advised vulnerable people, such as pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and those already taking medication for other medical concerns not to take CBD. The FSA further recommended that healthy adults should not consume more than 70mg CBD per day.

United Nations
Cannabidiol is scheduled under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs as cannabis. International Narcotics Control Board reminds Member States that, at the reconvened sixty-third session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, in December 2020, the States members of the Commission rejected the recommendation of WHO that a footnote be added to the entry for cannabis and cannabis resin in Schedule I of the 1961 Convention as amended to exempt from international control preparations containing predominantly CBD and not more than 0.2 per cent of delta-9-THC.

United States
, cannabidiol extracted from marijuana remains a Schedule I Controlled Substance, and is not approved as a prescription drug or dietary supplement or allowed for interstate commerce in the United States. CBD derived from hemp (with 0.3% THC or lower) is legal to sell as a cosmetics ingredient or for other purposes not regulated by the FDA, but cannot be sold under federal law as an ingredient in food, dietary supplement, or animal feed. It is a common misconception that the legal ability to sell hemp (which may contain CBD), and hemp extracts and derivatives (including CBD), makes CBD legal for sale as a supplement or medicine.

In September 2018, the GW Pharmaceuticals drug Epidiolex was placed in Schedule V of the Controlled Substances Act by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), following its approval by the FDA for rare types of childhood epilepsy. It was then removed from the Controlled Substances Act by the DEA in April 2020. Epidiolex is available for prescription use in all 50 states.

In 2013, a CNN program that featured Charlotte's Web cannabis brought increased attention to the use of CBD for the treatment of seizure disorders in children. A number of states passed laws over the next few years to allow the use of low-THC, high-CBD cannabis oil in such situations. These states were in addition to the states that had already legalized cannabis for medical or recreational use. Many states further relaxed their laws regarding CBD following the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill.

The 2014 Farm Bill legalized the sale of "non-viable hemp material" grown within states participating in the Hemp Pilot Program which defined hemp as cannabis containing less than 0.3% of THC. The 2018 Farm Bill removed the hemp plant and all "derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis," including CBD, from the Controlled Substances Act, making them legal to manufacture in the United States. The FDA retains regulatory authority over hemp-derived CBD, while the DEA is not involved in the regulation of legally-compliant hemp and hemp products. The 2018 Farm Bill requires that research and development of CBD for a therapeutic purpose would have to be conducted under notification and reporting to the FDA.

title: Cannabidiol


text:
Project X (1987 film)

Project X is a 1987 American science fiction drama film produced by Walter F. Parkes and Lawrence Lasker, directed by Jonathan Kaplan, and starring Matthew Broderick and Helen Hunt. The plot revolves around a USAF Airman (Broderick) and a graduate student (Hunt) who are assigned to care for chimpanzees used in a secret Air Force project.

Plot
University of Wisconsin graduate student Teri MacDonald has trained a chimpanzee named Virgil to use sign language. When her National Science Foundation research grant is not renewed, she is forced to sell Virgil. He is taken to an Air Force base in Lockridge, Florida, to be used in a top-secret research project involving flight simulation, though she's told that he's been sent to the Houston Zoo.

Airman Jimmy Garrett is assigned to the same chimpanzee project. Virgil and Jimmy quickly bond, and Jimmy discovers that Virgil has been taught sign language. Unbeknownst to Jimmy, once the chimpanzees reach a certain level in operating the flight simulator, they will be exposed to a lethal pulse of radiation to determine how long a pilot may survive after a nuclear exchange in carrying out a second-strike.

When Jimmy becomes aware of the chimpanzees' fate, he contacts Teri, who comes to the base. Teri tells Jimmy that she will inform the NSF of the deception, but Jimmy explains that she does not have enough time because Virgil is scheduled to die soon.

Jimmy challenges Dr. Carroll and others about the project's value by noting that the hypothetical pilot, knowing the implications of the second-strike scenario, would know that he is dying, and would, therefore, be affected by that knowledge. However, the chimpanzees would not be as aware; thus, the project is flawed. Enraged, Dr. Carroll promises Jimmy that his military career is finished.

Meanwhile, in the vivarium, some of the chimpanzees have unlocked their cages and have stacked crates and boxes to attempt an escape through a skylight. Jimmy, Teri, Dr. Carroll and the authorities walk in the vivarium to see the chimpanzees loose. Virgil is at the top of the stack and attempts to break the skylight with a crowbar. Teri sees Virgil up top and convinces him to come down. Dr. Carroll attempts to control the chimpanzees with an electric prod, but Goliath the chimpanzee overpowers Dr. Carroll and the authorities, forcing them to flee. Many chimpanzees escape the vivarium and cause havoc throughout the base, while Goliath and two other chimpanzees Winston and Spike reach the flight chamber. Inside, Goliath and the other two chimpanzees wreck the simulator and short the reactor's wall control panel, causing the radiation reactor to go up. Jimmy, Teri and Virgil arrive and see the chimpanzees continue to wreck the flight chamber. Jimmy gets Winston and Spike out and barely escapes, however, Goliath's refusal to leave despite Jimmy's pleas traps him in the flight chamber just as the reactor's wall panel short-circuits and generates a radiation blast. A fire extinguisher left by the chimps jams the reactor on its way down, posing a risk of a possible meltdown. Jimmy and Virgil convince Goliath to yank out the jammed fire extinguisher and succeed, but Goliath later dies from radiation exposure.

Jimmy and Teri steal a military plane to help the chimpanzees escape, but are stopped by the military police. While the police are holding them, Virgil pilots the plane, and the chimps fly away. They eventually crash in the nearby Everglades and evade a search. Just as the search is being abandoned, Jimmy and Teri see Virgil hiding in the bush with his chimpanzee girlfriend Ginger. Teri signs to Virgil that he and the others are now "free", and the chimpanzees disappear into the Everglades.

Cast

 * Matthew Broderick as Jimmy Garrett
 * Helen Hunt as Teri MacDonald
 * William Sadler as Dr. Carroll (credited as Bill Sadler)
 * Johnny Ray McGhee as Robertson
 * Jonathan Stark as Sgt. Krieger
 * Robin Gammell as Col. Niles
 * Stephen Lang as Watts
 * Jean Smart as Dr. Criswell
 * Daniel Roebuck as Hadfield
 * Marvin J. McIntyre as Cellmate
 * Harry Northup as Congressman
 * Michael Eric Kramer as Lt. Voeks
 * Dick Miller as Max King
 * Jules Sylvester as Airman
 * Richard Cummings Jr. as Lt. Hayes
 * Robert Lee Minor as Air Policeman
 * Ken Lerner as Finley
 * Michael McGrady as Wilson
 * Deborah Offner as Carol Lee
 * Lance E. Nichols as Hamer
 * Ken Sagoes as Patrolman
 * Richard Paul as Lead Ape

Production
Lawrence Lasker began pre-production of the film at Warner Bros. Pictures with John Badham directing, but switched to 20th Century Fox after Warner Bros insisted on using small actors in chimpanzee suits instead of real chimpanzees. The film was shot in Los Angeles and at Camarillo Airport and at Van Nuys Airport.

Critical reception
The movie received generally positive reviews from critics. , it holds a 75% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 20 reviews with an average rating of 6.1/10.

In his review for The New York Times, Walter Goodman described the film as a "young folks' story, a sweet-natured boy-and-his-chimp tale (even the bad guys aren't all that bad - that's very arguable), with a dose of Animal Liberation to give the impression that something of current significance is going on."

On 5 February 1989, it was the first film ever shown on Sky Movies in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Controversy
TV personality Bob Barker and the United Activists for Animal Rights accused the film's producers of animal cruelty. The American Humane Association, which consulted during production, filed a $10 million defamation lawsuit, arguing that the animal cruelty claims were based on hearsay. In 1994, over Barker's objections, his insurance company settled the lawsuit for $300,000.

Aftermath
According to a 2011 newsletter, Virgil was portrayed by "Willie", who at the time of the newsletter's publication resided at Primarily Primates wildlife refuge. Willie was sent there along with Harry, who played his "girlfriend". They were retired from the entertainment industry and lived with other males in a tightly knit group at the refuge in Bexar County, Texas.

title: Project X (1987 film)


text:
Yehudi lights

Yehudi lights are lamps of automatically controlled brightness placed on the front and leading edges of an aircraft to raise the aircraft's luminance to the average brightness of the sky, a form of active camouflage using counter-illumination. They were designed to camouflage the aircraft by preventing it from appearing as a dark object against the sky.

The technology was developed by the US Navy from 1943 onwards, to enable a sea-search aircraft to approach a surfaced submarine to "within 30 seconds of flying time" before becoming visible to the submarine's crew. This in turn enabled the aircraft to engage the submarine with depth charges before it could dive, to counter the threat from German submarines to allied shipping. The concept was based on earlier research by the Royal Canadian Navy in its diffused lighting camouflage project.

Yehudi lights were unused in the war and were made obsolete by advanced postwar radar. With 1970s improvements in stealth technology, they again attracted interest.

Etymology
A US National Defense Research Committee report on the history of the project explains in a footnote that the name "Yehudi" in then-contemporary slang meant "the little man who wasn't there". The slang may perhaps allude to the popular catchphrase and novelty song "Who's Yehudi?" or "Who's Yehoodi?". The catchphrase is said to have originated when violinist Yehudi Menuhin was a guest on the popular radio program of Bob Hope, where sidekick Jerry Colonna, apparently finding the name itself humorous, repeatedly asked "Who's Yehudi?". Colonna continued the gag on later shows without Menuhin, turning "Yehudi" into a widely understood late 1930s slang reference for a mysteriously absent person.

Canadian origins
The use of Yehudi lights to camouflage aircraft by matching their luminance with the background sky was developed, in part, by the US Navy's Project Yehudi from 1943 onwards, following pioneering experiments in the Canadian diffused lighting camouflage project for ships early in the Second World War. A Canadian professor, Edmund Godfrey Burr, had serendipitously stumbled upon the principle when he saw an aircraft coming in to land over snow suddenly vanish. He realized that the reflected light had increased its brightness just enough to match the background sky.

The ships were fitted with ordinary projectors mounted on small platforms fixed to their sides, with the projectors pointing inwards at the ship's side. The brightness was adjusted to match the brightness of the sky. The Canadian experiment showed that such counter-illumination camouflage was possible, arousing interest in both Britain and America, but the equipment was cumbersome and fragile, and neither the Royal Canadian Navy nor their allies brought it into production.

Active camouflage in animals

An equivalent active camouflage strategy, known to zoologists as counter-illumination, is used by many marine organisms, including fish, shrimps, and cephalopods such as the midwater squid, Abralia veranyi. The underside is covered with small photophores, organs that produce light. The squid varies the intensity of the light according to the brightness of the sea surface far above, providing effective camouflage by painting out the animal's silhouette with light.

Goal
Yehudi lights were developed by the US Navy to help counter the "menace" of German submarines to Allied shipping in the North Atlantic. The United States Army Air Force's Director Of Technical Services (DTS) asked the camouflage section of the National Defence Research Committee (NDRC) to develop a camouflage method that would allow a radar-equipped, sea-search aircraft to approach a surfaced submarine to within 30 seconds' flight time before being seen. This was to enable the aircraft to drop its depth charges before the submarine could dive.

British researchers had found that the amount of electrical power required to camouflage an aircraft's underside in daylight was prohibitive; and that externally mounted light projectors (following the Canadian approach) unacceptably disturbed the aircraft's aerodynamics.

The DTS, and through him the NDRC, were informed, in line with the Canadian findings, that even a white aircraft would normally appear dark against the sky. They were further told that while "floodlighting" the aircraft (in the manner of diffused lighting camouflage for ships) could in theory make it bright enough to match its background, that would require an impossibly large amount of electrical power: but a less power-hungry option was available, namely to use forward-facing lights, and to require the aircraft to fly within 3 degrees of the line directly towards the submarine, so that only its counter-illuminated front would face the enemy.

Pilots noted that if they chose a straight-line heading to compensate for a crosswind, the nose of the plane would not point directly at the enemy, but could be, say, 20 degrees off. Since making the beams bright enough at such a wide angle was impracticable, pilots were instructed to keep the nose pointed directly towards the target at all times, resulting in a curving approach path.

The NDRC estimated that lights could be spaced up to about 4 feet apart without becoming visible as individual objects at a distance of 2 mile. On this basis, it calculated that a large aircraft like a B-24 Liberator bomber could be camouflaged against the sky for a power consumption of under 500 watts. The key technology investigated under Yehudi was therefore the use of forward-facing lights to anti-submarine and attack aircraft.

Ground prototyping

To improve confidence in the approach, the project made a prototype in the form of a counter-illuminated plywood silhouette of a Liberator at life size, suspended from towers 100 feet at a point where it could be seen from a point a little above sea level 2 mile away across Oyster Bay, Long Island, so that it was seen mainly over water as a sea search aircraft would be from a submarine's conning tower. It was fitted with sealed beam lamps made by General Electric.

The lamps had reflectors to give them a narrow beam of 3 degrees horizontally, 6 degrees vertically, to minimise power consumption for the required brightness. The lamps' brightness was controllable with a variable resistor. During a test in the winter of 1943, selecting a day when the visibility was above 2 mile and the wind not so strong as to destroy the prototype, the observers could clearly see the 1 inch thick cables used to hold up the model, but the silhouette itself was "completely invisible" with the lamps correctly adjusted.

Aircraft trials
The Yehudi project therefore used forward-pointing lamps mounted in the aircraft's nose and the leading edges of the wings, or suspended beneath the wings, their brightness controlled by a circuit containing a pair of photocells to match the brightness of the sky. One photocell pointed at the sky, the other at an auxiliary lamp; the circuit adjusted lamp brightness to make the output from the two photocells equal. It was trialled in Liberators, Avenger torpedo bombers and a Navy glide bomb from 1943 to 1945.

By directing the light forwards towards an observer (rather than towards the aircraft's skin), the system provided effective and efficient counter-illumination camouflage, more like that of marine animals such as the firefly squid than the Canadian diffused lighting approach. The system never entered active service.

Results
In 1945 a Grumman Avenger with Yehudi lights got within 3000 yd of a ship before being sighted, when under the same conditions an uncamouflaged plane was detected at a range of about 12 mi. It was noted at the time that this would force the enemy either to give up radar silence, making submarines easy to locate but harder to approach, or for observers to use binoculars continually. Since 8x binoculars at the time had a field of view of only 5 degrees, whereas enemy submarines at the surface kept watch with three observers each assigned a 120 degree arc, the camouflage was considered effective.

Later developments

The ability to approach a target unseen was rendered obsolete by advances in radar in the 1940s and 1950s. Since the development of stealth technology, Yehudi lights have attracted renewed interest, first in 1973 when McDonnell Douglas researched a "Quiet Attack" aircraft for the Office of Naval Research, modifying the F-4 Phantom with Yehudi lights on its underside, and later in the 1970s when Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works was contracted to develop a stealth aircraft prototype Have Blue, which helped to guide the development of the F-117A stealth attack aircraft and the B-2 stealth bomber.

The Have Blue prototype was disruptively camouflaged to disguise its shape from casual onlookers, as well as being constructed of angled facets to reduce its radar cross-section. The use of any form of active camouflage, whether Yehudi lights or microwave emissions, was rejected.

title: Yehudi lights


text:
Zwerndorf

Zwerndorf may refer to the following places in Austria:
 * Zwerndorf (Sankt Pölten), part of Sankt Pölten
 * Zwerndorf (Weiden an der March), part of Weiden an der March

title: Zwerndorf


text: Category:North Dakota culture

title: Category:North Dakota culture


text: Category:Television stations in North Dakota


text:
Meyer lemon

Citrus × meyeri, the Meyer lemon, is a hybrid citrus fruit native to China. It is not a lemon, but is instead a cross between a citron and a mandarin/pomelo hybrid.

Mature trees are around 6 to 10 ft tall with dark green shiny leaves. The flowers are white with a purple base and are fragrant. The fruit is rounder than a true lemon, deep yellow with a slight orange tint when ripe, and has a sweeter, less acidic flavor. The lemons contain a highly acidic pH of between 2 and 3. This acidity level allows for these lemons to be used as antibacterial and antiseptic cleaners.

It was introduced to the United States in 1908 as S.P.I. #23028 by the agricultural explorer Frank Nicholas Meyer, an employee of the United States Department of Agriculture who collected a sample of the plant on a trip to China. Though it is given his name, this variety was likely established thousands of years before he introduced it to America.

The Meyer lemon is commonly grown in China in garden pots as an ornamental tree. It became popular as a food item in the United States after being rediscovered by chefs such as Alice Waters at Chez Panisse during the rise of California cuisine starting in the 1970s. Popularity further climbed when Martha Stewart began featuring them in some of her recipes.

Description
Citrus × meyeri trees are around 6 to 10 ft tall at maturity, though they can be pruned smaller. Their leaves are dark green and shiny. The flowers are white with a purple base and are fragrant.

The Meyer lemon fruit is yellow and rounder than a true lemon. The skin is fragrant and thin, colored a deep yellow with a slight orange tint when ripe. Meyer lemon fruits have a sweeter, less acidic flavor than the more common Lisbon or Eureka supermarket lemon varieties. The pulp is a dark yellow and contains up to 10 seeds per fruit.

Cultivation
The Meyer lemon is popular as an ornamental plant for its compact size, hardiness, and productivity. It is decorative and suitable for container growing. It is one of the sweetest lemons and even the skin is edible. Growing a Meyer lemon tree can either be done in a pot or straight from the ground, but the plant requires plenty of sunlight. However, too much sunlight is possible and can burn the plant if exposed for long periods. This is why summer sun, morning sunlight, and some afternoon shade are ideal for taking the best care of the lemon tree. The tree is reasonably hardy and grows well in warm climates. It is fairly vigorous, with a plant grown from a young graft usually beginning to fruit in four years, yielding thousands of lemons over its lifetime. These plants require an adequate amount of water but well-drained soil is crucial. However, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between watering keeps the plant moist enough, but not too moist or dry. Along with watering and sunlight, Meyer lemon trees need high nitrogen fertilizer that is slow-releasing. These plants should only be given fertilizer within the growing season (spring-fall) and never in the winter unless the leaves are yellowing; then, they should be given water and fertilizer. While fruit is produced throughout the year, the majority of the crop is harvest-ready in winter. Trees require adequate water, but less in the winter. For maximum yield, they should be fertilized during growing periods. New branches are thorny to protect the young shoots, but the thorns transform into secondary branches with age. Pruning plays a very important role in growing the most successful tree; this keeps the plant in shape and avoids unnecessary overcrowding plants to leave room for the lemons. It allows the plant to receive the proper airflow, which enhances the plant to grow strong and well while also preventing the plant from any potential diseases. .

Culinary uses
The Meyer lemon is sweeter than other lemons with only a slight tartness, and is said to taste a bit like a tangerine, or a navel orange. It is used often to season fish and seafood.

Improved Meyer
By the mid-1940s, the Meyer lemon had grown widely in California. However, at that time, it was discovered that most of the Meyer lemon trees being cloned were symptomless carriers of the Citrus tristeza virus, which had killed millions of citrus trees all over the world and rendered other millions useless for production. After this finding, most of the Meyer lemon trees in the United States were destroyed to save other citrus trees.

A virus-free selection was found in the 1950s and was certified and released in 1975 by the University of California as the 'Improved Meyer lemon' – Citrus × meyeri 'Improved'.

title: Meyer lemon


text:
Gmina Dobrzyniewo Duże

Gmina Dobrzyniewo Duże is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Dobrzyniewo Duże, which lies approximately 14 km north-west of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 160.67 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 7,933.

Villages
Gmina Dobrzyniewo Duże contains the villages and settlements of Bohdan, Borsukówka, Chraboły, Dobrzyniewo Duże, Dobrzyniewo Fabryczne, Dobrzyniewo Kościelne, Fasty, Gniła, Jaworówka, Kobuzie, Kopisk, Kozińce, Krynice, Kulikówka, Leńce, Letniki, Nowe Aleksandrowo, Nowosiółki, Obrubniki, Ogrodniki, Podleńce, Pogorzałki, Ponikła, Rybaki, Szaciły and Zalesie.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Dobrzyniewo Duże is bordered by the city of Białystok and by the gminas of Choroszcz, Czarna Białostocka, Knyszyn, Krypno, Tykocin and Wasilków.

title: Gmina Dobrzyniewo Duże


text:
Talk:American Juniors

Knowledge of the show
Hey Dudes, These people don't know anything about this show. 23:44, 1 December 2004 66.143.35.49

 * Whoever wrote this site needs to look at the 3000 kids and parents that signed a petition to bring back a second installment of American Juniors.  14:40, 1 January 2005 Yesopenilno

Was their album released
Regarding whether their album was released, yes it was in Oct 2004, as an Amazon check will show. 23:22, 15 May 2005 68.197.107.71

Mike Love and the Juniors?
Can someone please go into more detail about the American Juniors kids "morphing" into Mike Love and the Juniors? The page links to Mike Love of the Beach Boys, and I doubt he cares about getting involved with them. There also is not enough detail provided about Stacie Orroco, Hillary Duff, etc. and their ties to this group. Jewel, Jackson Brown, AND Stacie Orroco from the same group? Did the AJ group join some large group of singing kids, like the old Kids Incorporated troupe? I think this needs to be elaborated on or cut out entirely. If it's just a dumb joke, then someone should have had more fun and included Big Mama Thornton or Liberace. --JamesB3 3 July 2005 12:52 (UTC)

 * I believe it's all a prank, being done for the second time around by User:69.221.158.187. I told him/her to stop.  Little effect, that seems to have.   Wasted Time R 3 July 2005 13:04 (UTC)

Merge into American Idol article?
15:58, 6 December 2005 User:UrineForGas proposed that this article be merged into American Idol.

 * This would be totally inappropriate. American Juniors was a different series, with a different set of rules, a different kind of contestant, different judges, etc.  Standard Wikipedia usage is to create new articles for spinoff TV series. See the Law & Order articles, the CSI articles, etc. for examples. I've removed the merge proposal tag.   Wasted Time R 16:30, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Lucy Hale has been nominated for deletion
For the discussion, see Articles for deletion/Lucy Hale. --Rob 04:48, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

American Juniors has been sabotaged
The page features incorrect information and many topics without sources

Fair use rationale for Image:Americanjuniors2.jpg
Image:Americanjuniors2.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 19:20, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Americanjuniors3.jpg
Image:Americanjuniors3.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 19:22, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Juniors


text:
Category:Echinoderms

Echinoderms (sea urchins, sea lilies, sea stars, crinoids, ...) are animals in the phylum Echinodermata. There are 5 subphyla, some of them being extinct: †Homalozoa, Crinozoa, Asterozoa, Echinozoa and †Blastozoa.

title: Category:Echinoderms


text: Talk:Hot Rocks, 1964-1971

title: Talk:Hot Rocks, 1964-1971


text:
User:Mattl

I'm Dr. Matt Lee, founder of Libre.fm, GNU social and GNU FM.

Photos that are my own work on Mastodon, Twitter (no longer used) or my personal website are BY-SA 4.0.

title: User:Mattl


text: Category:Ohio culture

title: Category:Ohio culture


text:
User:Alexandre.tp

Top
Top is a man that looks like Hamtaro. But he is a good guy.

He loves programming, he loves Python, but keep it quiet, and he loves Role-playing_games.

title: User:Alexandre.tp