text:
Talk:O Tannenbaum

Spelling
Shouldn't this be O Tannenbaum without the h?

Since no one has responded to this question, and a search on Google reveals O Tannenbaum to be the more accurate title, I am moving this. Euphoria 23:57, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

What about adding the persiflage of "Oh Tannenbaum" to this article: "Oh Tannenbaum, oh Tannenbaum,/die Oma hängt am Gartenzaun./Der Opa ruft die Feuerwehr,/die Oma ruft: 'Ich kann nicht mehr.'/Oh Tannenbaum, oh Tannenbaum,/die Oma hängt am Gartenzaun."

Modified German version
Even though I thought that the word "treu" (trusting) in "Wie treu sind deine Blätter!" might add some new meaning to the song, I think the original version reads: Wie grün sind deine Blätter! (grün meaning green) I have modified the song accordingly --Ghormax 13:37, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Um, my German isn't great but, I think treu is not so much "trusting" as "trustworthy" (cognate to "true" in the sense of "loyal, faithful"). I remember some of my Italian friends being amused by the feminine form, treue, which souds almost exactly like the Italian word troia, which (in a sexual context) means just the opposite.
 * So treu is appropriate; the idea is that the fir's needles do not desert us in Winter, unlike the leaves of deciduous trees. And in any case the first Google hit has treu. So I'm changing it back. --Trovatore 07:29, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I didn't notice you were German -- obviously you knew what treu meant; maybe not so much what "trusting" meant. Anyway here's a source with the treu lyric: http://german.about.com/library/blotannenb.htm . Do you have a source for the grün lyric? --Trovatore 07:34, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Here is a link explaining (in German) that "treu" is the original version, but "grün" became increasingly popular after the 19th century. —Angr If you've written a quality article... 16:53, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Shouldn't we be using the original treu in the main article? It is the original according to the article Angr points to and it also seems to be the most popular on Google: 3950 hits at the time of writing against 1580 for the grün version. Cybaea (talk) 10:11, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

I changed "grün" to "treu" for three reasons: 1) It is the original. The first strophe was a tragical love song by Joachim Zarnack (1819), so he compared his girlfriends faithlessness with this faithful tree. 5 years later Ernst Anschütz added 2 more strophes. Now this song became popular. 2) Ernst Anschütz didnt change the word "treu" to "green". There is a reason for: If you read the last strophe, the tree shall teach us "Hoffnung" (Hope), "Beständigkeit" (Constancy), "Mut" (Spirit) and "Kraft" (Power) at any time. This is not done by a "green" leave, but by faithfulness. 3) The third reason is the rhyme: There would be a repetition if "grün" would be right, because in the next sentence the tree "grünt" again. But this is an aestethical problem. Many Germans are using "grün", because "treu" is not so simple to understand... But nevertheless I think we should do something for the education :-) ! --- Clarence Tinkerbell 23 December 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.62.100.173 (talk) 00:09, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

I'm not sure if 'O Tannenbaum' should be translated as 'O Christmas Tree' I don't think that the song is really a christmas carol/song.. It surely has more to do with the festival of the Sonnenwende and everlasting life, a life that continues through the dark days of winter. I would suggest that 'O Evergreen' is a better translation. --IsarSteve (talk) 02:08, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Of course there are many connections between Christmas and other kinds of heathen celebrations. The combination was a neccessary part of the Christianization. But I think "Christmas Tree" is not a bad translation, because nobody would sing this song in front of a normal fir tree, but of course in front of a beautiful decorated Christmas tree. --- Clarence Tinkerbell 23 December 2008  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.25.168.194 (talk) 19:16, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

a literal translation:: ??

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum             O Evergreen, o Evergreen

Wie treu sind deine Blätter            With your faithfull foliage

Du grünst nicht nur zur Sommerzeit      You’re not only green in summer

Nein auch im Winter wenn es schneit    But also in winter when it snows

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum             O Evergreen, o Evergreen

Wie treu sind deine Blätter              With your faithfull foliage

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum             O Evergreen, o Evergreen

Dein Kleid will mich was lehren             Your cover(foliage) can teach me something

Die Hoffnung und Beständigkeit            Hope and Consistency

Gibt Mut und Kraft zu jeder Zeit           Give Courage and Fortitude all year round

O Tannenbaum, o Tannenbaum            O Evergreen, o Evergreen

Dein Kleid will mich was lehren            Your cover(foliage) can teach me something

--IsarSteve (talk) 09:10, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Very nice ;-)! Here you can see, that "not only green..." is the explanation for the "faithful". It would make no sense to use "green". But anyway: Marry Christmas to all of you!  --- Clarence Tinkerbell  24 December 2008  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.24.253.77 (talk) 17:37, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

I have read the discussion, i do acknowledge the facts stated, but as a German, I do suggest to at least add a paragraph about the common version, using "grün". Most people sing the "grün"-version, so even though it is not the original, i think one should mention it. i will do so right after writing this comment on the discussion page, i hope it wont get reverted. 84.63.255.71 (talk) 20:38, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

All the modern versions I can find have "nicht" and not "schon" in the second stanza and (more importantly) "Weihnachtszeit" instead of "Winterzeit." Which is the original? Chaifilius (talk) 18:12, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

I have found a book from the early twentieth century that substantiates each of these versions (ironically, on the same publisher in the same year): "Wie oft hat nicht zur Weihnachtszeit" (German Poems for Memorizing, Oscar Carl Burkhard, Henry Holt, 1917) "Wie oft hat schon zur Winterzeit" (Leitfaden der deutschen Sprache, W. H. Gohdes & E. R. Dodge, Henry Holt, 1917) Both of these are available via Google Books. I'll make an appropriate edit to the main document, but I'm still curious if anyone knows the original. Chaifilius (talk) 21:26, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

'''I have looked at the original, which you can find here http://www.archiv.sachsen.de/download/Archivblatt_2_2008.pdf on page 3, and as you see the original manuscript reads TREU, NICHT and WEIHNACHTSZEIT. If someone with a little more wikipedia skills would be kind enough to correct the article accordingly... Best regards B.M.''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.199.253.150 (talk) 15:30, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Another translation
This is the version I learnt in school: Scott Gall 01:29, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree, With faithful leaves unchanging. O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree, With faithful leaves unchanging. Not only green in summer's heat But also winter's snow and sleet, O Christmas tree, O Christmas tree, With faithful leaves unchanging.

 * Yeah, this seems to be the only Christmas carol without a standard English translation. I've seen or heard variant lyrics like "How lovely are your branches", "Thy leaves are so unchanging", "Not only green when summer's here/But also green throughout the year", "...green in summer's glow/...in winter's snow", and almost certainly a few more; I've probably even heard the same set of lyrics in both modern and Old English (different pronouns). B7T (talk) 13:21, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Cantonese Version?
English isn't the only language this has been translated to. In Cantonese (Hong Kong), the song is Tsung Man Tse, and has some unique lyrics that are somewhat unlike any of the other standard versions - including referring to the plastic needles. I don't have a full translation, as I never learned the full song, but this would be a relevant addition if anybody could find a legitimate source (given Wiki's rules on primary research, eh?). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.226.19.232 (talk) 04:09, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Lady Gaga song
"Christmas Tree (song)" redirects here, although Lady Gaga has a song of the exact same name. I added a note to the beginning of the page in case someone searching for her song accidentally ends up here. 76.107.137.39 (talk) 05:23, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

My Woman Done Me Wrong
I have never before seen the second and third verses as given on this page. I have, however, seen the first verse accompanied by three subsequent verses in which the constancy of the evergreen is sarcastically contrasted to the fickleness of the narrator's former lover:

''O Mägdelein, O Mägdelein / Wie falsch ist dein' Gemüte! / Du schwurst mir treu in meinem Glück; / Nun arm ich bin, gehst du zurück!'' (O Madeline, O Madeline, how false is your warmth! You swore me troth when my luck was good; now that I'm poor, you go away again!)

Die Nachtigall, die Nachtigall / Nahmst du dir zum Exempel: / Sie bleibt solang, der Sommer lacht; / Im Herbst sie sich von dannen macht. (The nightingale, the nightingale, you took as your example: It stays as long as summer laughs [sic]; in autumn, it takes off.)

Der Bach im Tal, der Bach im Tal / Ist deiner Falschheits Spiegel: / Er strömt allein, wenn Regen fließt; / Beim Dürr er bald den Quell verschließt. (The valley brook, the valley brook is a mirror to your falsehood: It flows only when the rain falls; in a drought, it quickly exhausts its source.)

According to this source (in German), the above version, by August Zarnack, was written in 1820, antedating Anschütz's holiday carol by four years. --Geenius at Wrok (talk) 04:40, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Is this line really unchallenged?
During the Third Reich "O Tannenbaum" was promoted by the Nazis as part of their program to remove the more Christian parts of Christmas.[1]

I know there's some German source for it. But I'm not fluent in German and therefore cannot check this source, but it sounds like a very contentious claim. Canadianism (talk) 17:45, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. I took out this section as unverifiable:
 * "During the Third Reich "O Tannenbaum" was promoted by the Nazis as part of their program to remove the more Christian parts of Christmas. "

 * I can't find the source, but in any case, I also don't think it's true: the Nazis were not anti-Christian.  In 1939, the Nazis persecuted non-Christians (especially Jews and atheists).  If the Nazis did promote the song, it would have been to promote German culture, not to remove Christian elements .  I suspect that the source  has been misrepresented.  If I am in error, and the text is appropriate to be restored please post the text of the original German so that the meaning can be verified.  Trishm (talk) 11:39, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The source is easy enough to find (http://www.google.com/search?q=%22Wilhelm+Beilstein%22+%22Wie+wir+Weihnachten+feiern%22&btnI=ec will get you there), and it's in English. It mentions "O Tannenbaum" briefly, so I'm not sure that amounts to "promoting […] as part of their program to remove the more Christian parts of Christmas". In short, this idea seems barely supported by the source and its deletion justified. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 14:09, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I've always wondered if this song isn't a remnant of pre-Christian nature-worship. LADave (talk) 18:06, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It quite sure is. But not the song as such, but the Christmas tree! See there for it's origin. --PaterMcFly talk contribs 20:33, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

contrafactum
Wouldn't it be more accurate to list "O Tannenbaum" and all the songs listed in this section as a contrafactum of the original Latin-language song Lauriger Horatius? Theoretically, there should be an article (or even stub) about Lauriger Horatius, which lists all these songs. --Brendanmccabe (talk) 00:30, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I think the origin of the melody is a 16th-century German folktune; the student song "Lauriger Horatius", from the end of the 18th century, is just one of its many uses. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 06:56, 12 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I do not agree, for several reasons:
 * The tune is firmly based in major tonality, which is highly implausible for a tune from the 16th century. I think this dating is simply a misunderstanding: the lyrics of "O Tannenbaum" may be traced back to the 16th century, but not the melody.
 * Text and music of "Lauriger Horatius" start firmly on a downbeat, whereas for "O Tannenbaum" the melody had to be adapted to start with a pickup. "Maryland, my Maryland" however also starts with the downbeat, therefore it is much more plausible, that this song was adapted from "Lauriger Horatius" directly, rather than from "O Tannenbaum".
 * When "Maryland, my Maryland" was adopted Maryland's state song in 1939, the tune was referred to as "Lauriger Hoartius", not "O Tannenbaum".
 * Furthermore, "Lauriger Horatius" was a well-known students' song in the USA as of 1857/58, whereas "O Tannenbaum" was not as prevalent in 19th-century America as it is today.
 * In Germany, "Lauriger Horatius" was printed together with the notes as of 1843 at least. The tune was also sung to the songs Mihi est propositum and Gott grüß dich, Bruder Straubinger, but these songs also seem to origin in early 19th century, therefore it is hard to tell, which one was actually first.
 * "O Tannenbaum" on the other hand was first printed in 1820 and 1824 to the tune of "Es lebe hoch der Zimmermannsgeselle", which is in fact a different tune! It was only somewhat later adapted to "Lauriger Horatius".
 * --FordPrefect42 (talk) 23:27, 5 September 2021 (UTC)

"Christmas carol"
I can imagine that there are English versions "O Christmas tree" (by whom?), but it is misleading to say that the German song is "a Christmas carol". It is an early 19th century song about how the fir tree is evergreen, based on an older folk song. It had nothing to do with Christmas when it was written, because at the time Christmas trees were an entirely local and eccentric custom limited to the Rhineland. Christmas trees only became the fashion in the second half of the 19th century, and the song must somehow have come to be associated with Christmas during that time. --dab (𒁳) 21:30, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

English versions
The earliest English version I could find so far is this 1913 reference, which has "O Evergreen, O Evergreen, how are thy leaves so verdant?". I.e. "Tannenbaum" is here not rendered "Christmas tree", although the text clearly states the song is "addressed to the Christmas fir-tree".

The translation "O Christmas tree, o Christmas tree, your branches green delight us" seems to be much younger, perhaps dating to the 1970s. --dab (𒁳) 20:56, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

They Might Be Giants version
I object to the recent merge, done without a prior merge notice, of into this article. There are thousands of recordings, and many or most more notable than TMBG – why should that version appear here? Either it goes back to its own article, or gets merged into They Might Be Giants discography or be deleted altogether, following the proper AfD procedure. Me preference is to restore the previous situation. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 20:40, 25 April 2016 (UTC)

It might be interesting to include somewhere that the melody is used repeatedly in the score of the 1915 silent movie "The Birth of a Nation." I have not been able to find any information about the use of the melody, if any, during the civil war. Mandyh501 (talk) 15:51, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

"Faithless lover"
If I am reading this correctly, should I expect to find a version of the lyrics mentioning a story about a faithless lover? --Makkachin (talk) 14:25, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * What makes you think that? The word "faithful" applies to the tree and its leaves (needles), which are green. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 14:46, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I understand your confusion. You can see the version alluded to at this curiously named page. Sparafucil (talk) 21:23, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Versions of Lyrics are Missing
In the included song file by the US Army Band Chorus, the lyrics that are sung do not match any of the included written versions. "How lovely are thy branches" which is one of their lines, are not seen anywhere in the article though it is sung as an example.

Also, shouldn't there be a literal translation of the original German lyrics included?

Thanks, and Merry Christmas.

Wiki nol ege █ [:] ==== ▶ • 05:52, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

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"The lyrics do not actually refer to Christmas"
The first paragraph of the history section claims this, which is completely misleading. The second verse clearly states "Wie oft hat nicht zur Weihnachtszeit". "Weinachtszeit" is German for "Christmastime" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.71.83.141 (talk) 17:16, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

My removal
Hello and  - thanks for the revert here. I had attempted to play it on Chrome and it did nothing, so I incorrectly assumed it was just broken. Indeed it does work on other browsers. (As for this edit summary - indeed, I'm an admin, but that doesn't mean my edits are above scrutiny or that they're somehow better than others'. :) Feel free to revert me whenever you want ;).) — 🦊 18:20, 11 August 2020 (UTC)
 * @User:Fox: Thank you for your message. My Chrome (84.0.4147.89 on Win 7) plays Vorbis files just fine. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 02:05, 12 August 2020 (UTC)
 * – I tend to assume that anyone who's gone through the admin process is far better at wikilawyering and wikipolitics than I am, so therefore I would always back off unless the edit is obviously wrong. It's so easy to fall foul of an obscure guideline and particularly as a white English literate old man I'm usually politically incorrect, out of date or use too wide a vocabulary!  Regards, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 08:24, 12 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:O Tannenbaum


text:
Adobo

Adobo or adobar (Spanish: marinade, sauce, or seasoning) is the immersion of food in a stock (or sauce) composed variously of paprika, oregano, salt, garlic, and vinegar to preserve and enhance its flavor. The Portuguese variant is known as carne de vinha d'alhos. The practice, native to Iberia (Spanish cuisine and Portuguese cuisine), was widely adopted in Latin America, as well as Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia.

In the Philippines, the name adobo was given by colonial-era Spaniards on the islands to a different indigenous cooking method that also uses vinegar. Although similar, this developed independently of Spanish influence.

Characteristics
In the years following the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, meat and fish began to be preserved by new methods. Low temperatures facilitate food preservation, but in higher temperatures, other techniques, such as adobo, became necessary. Animals were usually slaughtered in the coldest months of winter, but surplus meat had to be preserved in the warmer months. This was facilitated through the use of adobos (marinades) along with paprika (a substance that may have antimicrobial properties due to the capsaicin content). Paprika gives a reddish color to adobos, and the capsaicins in paprika dissolve in fats, allowing its penetration beyond the tissue surface.

Applications
Adobo was employed initially as a method of food preservation, but in time—with the advent of refrigeration methods—it came to be used primarily as a method of flavoring foods before cooking. Traditional preparations were created with the intent of flavoring, such as cazón en adobo (dogfish in adobo, made from school shark and originating from Cadiz, a city in the Cádiz province of Spain); berenjenas de Almagro (Almagro aubergine, a pickled aubergine characteristic of "Manchega" cuisine from the Castile-La Mancha region of Spain, specifically from Almagro, a city in the Ciudad Real province of Spain); and lomo en adobo (tenderloin of beef or pork in adobo).

Variations
The noun form of adobo describes a marinade or seasoning mix. Recipes vary widely by region: Puerto Rican adobo, a rub used principally on meats, differs greatly from the Mexican variety. Meat marinated or seasoned with an adobo is referred to as adobado or adobada.

Mexico
In Mexico, adobo refers to a condiment or cooking sauce with a base containing chillies, particularly Chipotle and Ancho peppers. An Ancho pepper is a Poblano chili that is dried after it turns red. These sauces are used as a marinade and to add a smoky, spicy flavor.

Chipotles en adobo
Adobo relates to marinated dishes such as chipotles en adobo in which chipotles (smoked ripe jalapeño peppers) are stewed in a sauce with tomatoes, garlic, vinegar, salt, and spices. The spices vary, but generally include several types of peppers (in addition to the chipotle and most likely those on hand), ground cumin and dried oregano. Some recipes include orange juice and lemon or lime juices. They often include a pinch of brown sugar just to offset any bitter taste.

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican-style adobo is a seasoned salt that is generously sprinkled or rubbed on meats and seafood prior to grilling, sautéing, or frying. Supermarkets sell prepared blends. There are two types of adobo on the island. The wet rub, adobo mojado, consists of crushed garlic, olive oil, salt, black pepper, dry or fresh lippia (Caribbean oregan), citrus juice and vinegar. More widely used on the island is a dry mix, adobo seco. It is easier to prepare and has a long shelf life. Adobo seco consists of garlic powder, onion powder, salt, black pepper, dry lippia, and sometimes dried citrus zest.

Peru
Adobo is a typical dish of Peruvian cuisine, specifically in the area of Arequipa. This is a dish of pork marinated in spices and vegetables, which are cooked in a clay pot until it becomes tender. Bread is served alongside for dipping in the sauce.

Philippines

In Filipino cuisine, adobo refers to a common and indigenous cooking method. In the late 16th century, the Spanish referred to it as adobo due to its superficial similarity.

The main ingredients of Philippine adobo are ingredients native to Southeast Asia, namely vinegar, soy sauce or fish sauce, peppercorns, garlic, and bay leaves. It does not traditionally use chilis, paprika, oregano, or tomatoes. Rather, adobo is characteristically salty and sour, and often sweet taste. Another version is cooking it with coconut milk which turns it into ginataang adobo.

Uruguay
In Uruguay, adobo is a spice mix of the same spices of the Spanish marinade. Also, adobar is the act of using this mix as a condiment. A sauce made of adobo, salt and water is called mojo.

History
One of the earliest references to adobo is found in the Manual del Cocinero, Repostero, Pastelero, Confitero Y Botillero by Mariano de Rementeria y Fica in 1850.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adobo


text: Talk:Shipping (fandom)

title: Talk:Shipping (fandom)


text:
HMS Herald

Five ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Herald:

 * HMS Herald (1806) was an 18-gun ship sloop launched in 1806, re-classed as a 20-gun sixth rate in 1810 and 24-gun in 1817, and broken up in 1817.
 * HMS Herald (1824) was a 500-ton, 28-gun sixth-rate, launched as HMS Termagant in 1822 and renamed in 1824. She served as a survey ship under Henry Kellett and Henry Mangles Denham and was sold in 1864.
 * HMS Herald (1890) was a paddle river gunboat launched in 1890 and sold in 1903.
 * HMS Herald (1923) was a 24-class sloop minesweeping sloop launched as HMS Merry Hampton in 1918, renamed in 1923 and converted to a survey ship. She was scuttled in 1942 at Seletar, Singapore Naval Base, raised by the Japanese, renamed Heiyo, and sunk by a mine on 14 November 1944.
 * HMS Herald (H138) was a hydrographic survey ship launched in 1973 and sold in 2001.

title: HMS Herald


text:
Loewy (crater)

Loewy is a small lunar impact crater that lies along the eastern rim of Mare Humorum, in the southwest part of the Moon's near side. It was named after French astronomer Maurice Loewy. This is a lava-flooded formation that lies to the southwest of the larger, lava-flooded crater Agatharchides. To the southeast is an even larger lava-flooded formation, Hippalus.

The rim of Loewy is worn and eroded, with a break in the southwest where lava may have flooded into the interior from the surrounding lunar mare. The formation is not quite circular, being somewhat elongated towards the southeast. There is a small craterlet, Loewy A, along the northeastern rim. The interior floor is level and nearly featureless. Attached to the northern exterior of the rim is Agatharchides C, a bowl-shaped crater.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Loewy.

title: Loewy (crater)


text: User:Ihavenolife/reviews

title: User:Ihavenolife/reviews


text:
Judicial Circuits Act

The Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 (ch. 210, ) reorganized the United States circuit courts and provided for the gradual elimination of several seats on the Supreme Court of the United States. It was signed into law on July 23, 1866, by President Andrew Johnson. It in effect denied him the opportunity of appointing any justices to the Supreme Court. It was the first major legislation dealing with the judiciary following the American Civil War.

The Act redrew the boundaries of the judicial circuits and reduced the number of circuits from ten to nine. It also provided for the gradual reduction in the number of seats on the Supreme Court from the ten that had been authorized in 1863 to seven and established in large measure the geographical outlines of the circuits ever since.

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That no vacancy in the office of associate justice of the supreme court shall be filled by appointment until the number of associate justices shall be reduced to six; and thereafter the said supreme court shall consist of a chief justice of the United States and six associate justices, any four of whom shall be a quorum; and the said court shall hold one term annually at the seat of government, and such adjourned or special terms as it may find necessary for the despatch of business. (bold added)"

As it happened, only two seats, those of John Catron and James Moore Wayne, were abolished during the brief three-year interval of the Act's efficacy, before being superseded by the Judiciary Act of 1869. Thus, it never actually happened that the Court was reduced to seven in accordance with the language of the 1866 Act; rather, while it was in effect the Court comprised first nine and then eight justices. With the 1869 Act, Congress set the size of the Supreme Court at a total of nine justices once again. However, because the death of Robert Cooper Grier created another vacancy in 1870 before a ninth justice could be appointed to the Court, the Court's de facto strength was actually reduced to the seven that had been stipulated by the 1866 Act, albeit shortly after that Act was no longer in force. Eventually, Grier was replaced by William Strong, and Joseph P. Bradley was installed in the lately created seat, restoring the Court to its new de jure strength of nine.

The subsequent stability in circuit organization ended a period of frequent rearrangement of the states within the circuits. After establishing nine circuits in 1837, Congress in 1842 shifted several southern states in order to accommodate transportation routes used by the justices when traveling on circuit. In 1862 Congress incorporated six additional states into a restructured system of nine circuits, and within another year had abolished the California Circuit, placed California and Oregon in a Tenth Circuit, and reorganized the mid-western states. The 1866 Act ended a period in which the arrangement of the states into circuits was frequently reorganized. Since then, the geographical outline of the circuits has only been altered by the addition of new states to circuits and the division of two large circuits in the twentieth century.

The geographical reorganization of the circuits in 1866 coincided with the broader effort of the Republican majority in Congress to reduce what it considered the disproportionate influence enjoyed by the southern states before the Civil War. Between 1837 and 1862, five of the nine circuits comprised exclusively slave states. The tradition of appointing a justice from each circuit allowed Southern slaveowners to dominate the Supreme Court. After reducing the number of all-southern circuits in 1862, Congress in 1866 left only two circuits that comprised only former slave states, and only one that comprised only former Confederate states.

The reduction in the size of the Supreme Court nullified the pending nomination of Henry Stanbery to the tenth seat on the Court and prevented President Andrew Johnson from appointing a justice during the remainder of his term. The legislation owed less to the Republican opposition and to Johnson, who signed the act, than to the efforts of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase. The first draft of the bill proposed a return to nine justices, thus preventing tie votes on the Court and providing a justice for each circuit. In private communication with influential members of Congress and fellow justices, Chase urged a further reduction in the number of seats in hopes of winning approval for an increase in the justices' salaries. Congress did not approve an increase in judicial salaries until 1871, after it had returned the size of the Court to nine seats.

title: Judicial Circuits Act


text:
Tiki Barber

Atiim Kiambu "Tiki" Barber (born April 7, 1975) is an American former professional football player who spent his entire 10-year career as a running back for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Virginia Cavaliers. Barber was selected by the Giants in the second round of the 1997 NFL draft. Barber retired from the NFL at the end of the 2006 NFL postseason as the Giants' all-time rushing and reception leader. He is one of only four players with 5,000 rushing yards and 5,000 receiving yards. Barber was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2011.

Following his playing career, Barber became a national media presence, notably joining NBC's The Today Show as a correspondent in 2007 and Football Night in America/Sunday Night Football. He has published multiple books.

He is the identical twin brother of NFL Hall of Fame former Tampa Bay Buccaneers cornerback and safety Ronde Barber.

College career
Barber attended the University of Virginia on an academic scholarship to major in commerce. While he maintained his focus on his studies, Barber also became an accomplished college athlete; he broke the University of Virginia's long jump record on his first jump, and put the University of Virginia's football program back on the map.

Barber rushed for almost 1,400 yards in his junior season, helping lead the Cavaliers to a share of the ACC title.

During his senior year, he rushed for over 1,300 yards and was named ACC Player of the Year.

Barber finished his college career with 651 carries for 3,389 yards and 31 touchdowns, and 64 receptions for 602 yards with two touchdowns.

During Barber's time at UVa, he was a member of the IMP Society, one of the university's secret societies.

Professional career
Originally he was considered a third-down, "change of pace" back, but Barber became a standout starting running back and the all-time leader in rushing yards in New York Giants history. In 2005, he was the NFL's top yardage gainer from the line of scrimmage. Barber was voted by his peers to three Pro Bowls. From 2003 to 2006, Barber gained the most yards from scrimmage by any NFL running back in that four-year period.

1997–1999
Barber was selected by the New York Giants in the second round of the 1997 NFL draft, out of the University of Virginia. He was originally intended to be a third-down running back until Rodney Hampton had disappointing years in 1996 and 1997. Hampton retired after the 1997 season, giving Barber the starting nod. He began his career with a mediocre rookie campaign, in which he started at running back and rushed for 511 yards and three touchdowns. Barber missed four games with a knee injury, but returned to the starting lineup for the final two games of the year. In 1998, he was replaced as a starter and went through a disappointing, injury-riddled year before rebounding in 1999, when he accumulated 1,639 all-purpose yards, utilizing his punt return and receiving skills.

2000–2004
Barber and the Giants represented the NFC in Super Bowl XXXV in 2001, but lost the game to the Baltimore Ravens. Established as a starter and playmaker, Barber was rewarded with a six-year contract from the Giants following the 2000 season. Following the signing, he called himself "the happiest man in New York right now."

Over the next four years, Barber would become an integral part of the Giants' offense. In the last regular season game of 2002, Tiki exploded for 203 yards against the Philadelphia Eagles, at that time one of the league's best defenses. His performance helped the Giants clinch a playoff berth, but the team fell to the San Francisco 49ers in the wild-card round. He ended the season with 1,984 yards from scrimmage.

The 2003 NFL season saw the Giants finish 4–12.

During the 2004 NFL season, Barber reached the end zone for a career-high 15 touchdowns. He also rushed for 1,518 yards and notched 578 receiving yards for 2,096 total yards from scrimmage. On January 2, 2005, in the 2004 season finale, at home versus the Dallas Cowboys, Barber broke Rodney Hampton's Giants' all-time rushing record and Joe Morris's single-season rushing record in the same game. Poignantly, Barber broke the record on the final offensive play of the game, when he scored a game-winning touchdown to end an otherwise dismal 6–10 season for the Giants on a high note.

2005 season
The 2005 season was a rebound year for the Giants and for Barber's career year in terms of rushing yards. Led by Eli Manning and Barber, they finished 11-5 and won the NFC East title for the first time since 2000. On December 17, 2005, Barber broke the Giants' single-game rushing record against the Kansas City Chiefs, rushing for 220 yards; he would break his own record the following year. It was his second (of three) 200-yard rushing games during the 2005 season, as he ran for 206 yards in week 8. The Giants promptly shut out the Washington Redskins 36-0 two days after Wellington Mara was buried, proper homage to their beloved owner, to whom Tiki himself was especially close.

He finished the 2005 regular season with 1,860 rushing yards (second in the league to Shaun Alexander and a career-high for Barber) and 2,390 all-purpose yards with a performance of 203 rushing yards against the Oakland Raiders in the final game of the season. Barber's 95-yard touchdown run set a Giants' team record for longest touchdown run, previously held by Hap Moran for a 91-yard run on November 23, 1930, vs the Green Bay Packers.

His 960 yards from scrimmage in December 2005 was an NFL record until it was broken by Chris Johnson, who had 968 from scrimmage in November 2009.

The Giants were shut out 23–0 to the Carolina Panthers in the wild-card round of the playoffs.

Barber's 2,390 total yards for 2005 was second highest in NFL history, at the time, behind Marshall Faulk's 2,429 total yards in 1999. It is also the highest total for a running back 30 years of age or older. He was named to the NFC Pro Bowl squad for the second time in his career, and was voted an All Pro. Barber placed fourth in the voting for the 2005 MVP award. Seattle Seahawks running back Shaun Alexander won the Award, followed by Peyton Manning (second place) and Tom Brady (third place).

He was nominated for the 2005 FedEx Ground Player of the Year Award, along with LaDainian Tomlinson and Shaun Alexander. Barber also signed a contract extension in September 2005 which extended his contract through 2008 and increased his pay.

2006 season
In the 2006 season, Barber continued his fine play in his final season and final games as an NFL player, a rarity for running backs who often break down late in their careers. His total yardage on the season was higher than any other running back in history in their last season.

Barber rushed for 1,662 yards and five touchdowns in his 2006 campaign. During week 14 at Carolina, Barber rushed for 112 yards to help the Giants end a four-game losing skid. Tiki's best game in 2006 was in Week 17 at Washington, where he rushed for 234 yards and 3 touchdowns in the Giants 34–28 victory against the Redskins, a win that gave the Giants a playoff berth. In that game, Tiki set a new team record for rushing yards in a single game by breaking his own record, which he had set the previous year versus Kansas City. His 234 rushing yards are the most ever by a player over 30 years old. He also holds the record for most 200-yard rushing games by a player over 30 years old with four. Only three other players have one.

In his final game with the Giants, a playoff loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, Barber rushed for 137 yards on 26 carries. After the game, Eagles safety Brian Dawkins embraced Barber and told him, "You're a warrior."

As a Pro Bowler in his final season, Barber's last official game was the 2007 Pro Bowl on February 10, 2007, in Hawaii.

NFL retirement
In October 2006, Barber revealed his intention to retire at the end of the 2006 NFL season. Barber had previously indicated his desire to retire at some point and pursue a broadcasting career. When questioned why a player at the peak of his game would retire, Barber cited the toll the physical nature of football takes on a person's body and that he "simply couldn't take it anymore". Tiki was highly criticized for his decision to retire at his prime. He declined a reported $50 million, two-year contract with the New York Giants.

During his career with the Giants, the team never won a championship, a top goal of Barber's that he spoke publicly about in 2005. When announcing his retirement, Barber seemed at peace to leave the game without a Super Bowl ring. He said, "I used to think my career was defined by not winning a Super Bowl. But I think looking back on my career, they'll see someone who was a competitor, someone who always played hard and never gave up." He officially filed his retirement papers with the Players Association on February 12, 2007.

In the very next NFL season following Barber's retirement, the New York Giants went on to defeat the previously undefeated 18–0 New England Patriots to win Super Bowl XLII in one of the greatest upsets in sports history. Barber was present to cover the event, but was not well received by most of his former teammates and Giants' fans, after his disparaging remarks about his former teammate and Giants quarterback, Eli Manning.

Attempted NFL return
On March 8, 2011, Barber filed paperwork to come out of retirement. Although the New York Giants still retained the rights to Barber, the Giants planned to release him once the NFL and the NFLPA reached a collective bargaining agreement.

On April 28, 2011, Barber said that his comeback was "not about the money;" however, the New York Post ran a contradictory news story in 2010, reporting that Barber was seeking to return to the NFL because he was not financially solvent. The story said that he was unable to pay his divorce settlement with his ex-wife.

On July 28, 2011, the Giants officially removed Barber from the retired list, allowing him to sign with any team. On August 2, 2011, Barber began working out with the Miami Dolphins.

On September 5, 2011, Barber's agent, Mark Lepselter, confirmed that no NFL team was interested in signing him.

Giants franchise records
, Tiki Barber held at least 22 Giants franchise records, including:
 * Most Rush Attempts (career): 2,217
 * Most Rush Attempts (season): 357 (2005)
 * Most Rush Yards (career): 10,449
 * Most Rush Yards (season): 1,860 (2005)
 * Most Rush Yards (game): 234 (2006-12-30 @WAS)
 * Most Rush Yds/Att (career): 4.71
 * Most Rush Yds/Att (playoff season): 5.27 (2006)
 * Most Rush Yds/Game (career): 67.9
 * Most Rush Yds/Game (season): 116.3 (2005)
 * Most Rush Yds/Game (playoff season): 137 (2006)
 * Most Yds from Scrimmage (career): 15,632
 * Most Yds from Scrimmage (season): 2,390 (2005)
 * Most Yds from Scrimmage (game): 258 (2006-12-30 @WAS)
 * Most Yds from Scrimmage (playoff career): 671
 * Most All Purpose Yds (career): 17,359
 * Most All Purpose Yds (season): 2,390 (2005)
 * Most All Purpose Yds (game): 258 (2006-12-30 @WAS)
 * Most Punt Ret Yds (season): 506 (1999)
 * Most 100+ yard rushing games (career): 40
 * Most 100+ yard rushing games (season): 9 (2004 and 2006; tied with Joe Morris)
 * Most 100+ yard rushing games (playoffs): 2 (tied with Ottis Anderson and Joe Morris)
 * Most 1000+ rushing yard seasons (career): 6

Running style
Starting from his breakout season in 2000, Barber was known for his exceptional cutback running, quick feet, and running vision. He also was an adept receiver out of the backfield with over 450 receiving yards and over 50 receptions every season from 2000 to 2006.

After the 2003 year, in spite of his rushing yard totals, Barber had a tendency to commit fumbles. He committed nine fumbles and six lost fumbles in the 2002 and 2003 seasons, respectively. This also includes three lost fumbles in a game against the Philadelphia Eagles on December 28, 2002. When head coach Tom Coughlin arrived, he taught Barber to hold the ball vertically instead of horizontally, a practice taken from rugby football. After making this change, his fumbles went down significantly. In 2004, he only had two lost fumbles and proceeded to commit only four lost fumbles in his three years with Coughlin.

Barber began to focus on strength training and lifting in 2004 upon the suggestion of his new running backs coach, Jerald Ingram. Barber began to work with a strength coach, Joe Carini, in New Jersey. His added upper-body strength allowed him to break more tackles and improve as a running-back. Barber improved in other ways over the course of his career. He refined upon his patience during game-play, which is needed in football to wait for blocks to set and formed holes to emerge in the offensive line before accelerating forward. Barber also improved upon his physical toughness and blocking ability, as he was not known for being skilled in them earlier in his career. Barber additionally benefited from an improved offensive line and Coughlin's emphasis on the Giants' new strategic running game.

New York Giants franchise records

 * Longest Touchdown Run: 95 yards, December 31, 2005, vs. the Oakland Raiders
 * Most Rushing Attempts, Season: 357, 2005 season
 * Most Rushing Attempts, Career: 2,217
 * Most 100 Yard Games, Season: 9, 2004 season
 * Most 200 Yard Games, Season: 3, 2005 season
 * Most Rushing Yards, Single Game: 234 yards, December 30, 2006, vs. the Washington Redskins
 * Most Rushing Yards, Season: 1,860 yards, 2005 season
 * Most Rushing Yards, Career: 10,449 yards
 * Most Total Yards, Season: 2,390 yards, 2005 season
 * Most 1,000 Yard Seasons: 6
 * Yards Per Carry, Career: 4.7
 * Most Total Yards, Game: 276 (203 rushing yards, 73 receiving yards), December 28, 2002 vs. the Philadelphia Eagles
 * Most Total Yards (Rushing, Receiving, Returns and Fumble Yardage), Career: 17,359
 * Most Yards From Scrimmage (Rushing and Receiving), Career: 15,632
 * Highest Average 100+ yards from scrimmage per game, Career (min: 150 games): 101.5
 * Most Fumble Recoveries, Game: 3, October 29, 2000, vs. the Philadelphia Eagles

Strahan contract controversy
In 2002, All-Pro Giants defensive end Michael Strahan was negotiating a new contract, and Tiki Barber publicly criticized Michael Strahan's negotiating stance. He felt Strahan should have agreed to the contract the Giants offered and remarked that Strahan was greedy. The contract impacted the team as Strahan's cap number exceeded $12 million and the new contract would have lowered Strahan's cap number, greatly helping the team get under the 2002 Salary Cap. "I don't know if he realizes how much $17 million is," Barber told the NY Post. "That is absolutely ridiculous, to turn that down. He's already the highest-paid defensive player in the league. He's already making more than most quarterbacks...Michael is not thinking about the team; he's thinking about himself".

Keith Hamilton, a teammate of Strahan and Barber at the time, then responded with comments critical of Barber. Players generally believe that they should not speak about the contracts of other players. Beyond that, some members of the Giants defense harbored resentment of the offense, which was lackluster and unproductive in the 1990s. "The defense has carried the offense, carried the team, since I've been here," Hamilton told The Star-Ledger. " [Barber] hasn't been here long enough or done enough to say anything. For him to shoot his mouth off, acting like he's Mr. New York, yeah, I'm ticked off. Strahan is the single-season sack record-holder. He's the AP Defensive Player of the Year. He's one of the best—if not the best—defensive ends in the game. And you tell me this guy is being greedy? That's a bunch of crap. I've heard enough. Who is Tiki Barber to shoot his mouth off? What has he done? He talks like he's acting in the best interest of the team. Tell him to give his $7 million (signing bonus) back. Since he's so charitable, why doesn't he volunteer his $7 million? He says all the politically correct things. Ask him if he's giving up some of his money." Despite this incident, Strahan and Barber are currently friendly with each other in public.

Coaching criticism
Although Barber's statistics improved greatly after Tom Coughlin became the Giants' head coach, Barber disliked and criticized Coughlin's coaching style. During the coach's tenure, Barber publicly questioned the team's coaching on two occasions. After being shut out at home in the first round of the 2005 playoffs by the Carolina Panthers, Tiki made a post-game comment that he felt the Giants had been outcoached by their former defensive coordinator, the Panthers' head coach John Fox. Heavy sports media attention was placed on the comment; Tiki apologized for it shortly afterwards, saying he only meant to convey the Giants' performance was 'unacceptable.'

After a loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars during the 2006 season, Barber criticized the playcalling for abandoning the running game too soon.<ref name="WSLS%2FMGArticle%2FSLS_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1149191834676&path=!sports Tiki Barber upset with lack of carries], Associated Press News Service. Retrieved January 11, 2007 Tiki Barber upset with lack of carries , Associated Press News Service. Retrieved January 11, 2007 Both times Coughlin and Barber met to discuss the comments.

On the eve of what would be his last game with the Giants, Barber told ESPN that he is "demeaned and talked down to" by Coughlin.

After retiring, Barber attributed his decision to retire to Coughlin's unrelenting style in practice. "(Coughlin) pushed me in the direction (of television)," said Barber. "I don't know if you realize this, but we were in full pads for 17 weeks, and with the amount of injuries that we had, it just takes a toll on you. You physically don't want to be out there, when your body feels the way you do, in full pads."

The Giants went on to win the Super Bowl the year following Barber's retirement.

Broadcasting
After retiring from the NFL, Barber began a second career as a television broadcaster. Barber immediately landed a role with NBC in which he contributed to the Today program, covered sports for NBC Sports, and hosted entertainment events for NBC Universal. Barber was introduced as a correspondent for NBC's Today and analyst for Football Night in America/Sunday Night Football on February 13, 2007. This came after a competition for his services was waged between ABC, FOX, NFL, and NBC. As a Today correspondent, Barber anchored lifestyle segments and reports on news stories.

Barber is unusual among retired athletes in his desire to cover hard news and political stories; in 2006 Barber cited a lunch with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice as the highlight of his year.

While still an NFL player, Barber gained broadcasting experience. On television, he co-hosted the morning news program Fox & Friends on select Tuesday mornings. On radio, he hosted Barber Shop a weekly show on Sirius Satellite Radio with his brother Ronde during the football season. In the offseason, he hosted a political and general interest radio program; Senator John McCain was his first interview. Barber originally began his broadcasting career on WFAN radio and the WCBS local news in New York.

In May 2008, Barber filled the spot of Willie Geist on the MSNBC program Morning Joe while Geist was on vacation.

In August 2008, Barber helped broadcast the 2008 Summer Olympics on MSNBC and was a commentator for Yahoo! sports for the 2010 Winter Olympics.

On Wednesday, June 23, 2010, the New York Post reported that NBC dropped him from his contributor's role on NBC's The Today Show. Barber was quietly let go in May 2010 by the network after his contract was not renewed by NBC earlier that year.

Barber appeared as a studio pundit on the BBC's Super Bowl XLV coverage.

In January 2022, Barber became a radio co-host for WFAN with Brandon Tierney, on weekday afternoons airing 10-2pm (EST). The pair previously hosted a national show on CBS Sports Radio.

In June 2023, the New York Post broke the news that Barber would take the spot of Craig Carton on afternoon drive at WFAN with Evan Roberts beginning in July 2023. As of March 2024, Evan and Tiki currently host the WFAN afternoon drive program.

Miscellaneous TV appearances
Barber is a frequent judge on the Food Network show Iron Chef America, along with the show Chopped.

Barber appeared as a guest judge on Project Runway. The challenge was to design Barber a dress shirt to wear on the Today Show.

Barber appeared with his family on NBC's show Celebrity Family Feud which premiered on June 24, 2008.

Barber appeared as the guest in the "Not My Job" section of the NPR news quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! in November 2008. He answered three questions about Mickey Mouse on the occasion of Mickey's 80th birthday.

Barber was the 'mobile shout out' on an episode of the Discovery Channel game show Cash Cab. The question was "What is the name of the famous John Steinbeck novel that followed the travels of Tom Joad?". Both Barber and the contestant incorrectly answered with Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry; the correct answer was The Grapes of Wrath.

In the 2008 series Knight Rider, Barber played a drill sergeant who was murdered during an underground MMA fight in the episode "Fight Knight". His character was filmed dressing down an unseen private and used by KITT to distract the owner of the illegal club long enough to allow for capture by Michael. He was also spoofed by KITT at the end of the episode.

Barber appears in multiple episodes as himself in the 2009 iteration of The Electric Company. His "character" is adored by women and adolescents alike and is portrayed as a very likable and forthright role model. One episode even puts him in the role of a judge, trying a case of pet negligence towards his bird.

In the Dave Matthews Band music video for their 2001 single "Everyday," Barber was featured as one of the people being hugged.

In 2014, Barber appeared as himself in Orange Is the New Black in the Season 2 episode "It Was the Change" which was the 12th episode of the season.

Barber co-hosted season 2 of Ultimate Beastmaster with Chris Distefano and season 3 with CM Punk.

Barber and his wife Traci appear in Season 12 of The Real Housewives of New Jersey.

Theater
Barber made his Broadway debut as Don in Kinky Boots January 21, 2019, and played a limited run until March 3. Barber said in a statement, "I was very fortunate to be part of the New York Giants for ten years and feel incredibly lucky to be joining another New York institution: Broadway."

Business activities
Barber is pursuing business and investment opportunities, reportedly inking a contract to serve as a partner and investor in O Beverages LLC, the maker of fruit-infused bottled water as well as opening a high-tech cycling gym in NYC.

Barber is co-chairman and co-founder of Thuzio, which provides an online marketplace for athletes to be booked for local speaking appearances, coaching, and personal events.

In 2018 Barber co-founded Grove Group Management, a cannabis-focused investment firm that provides various forms of expertise (finance, marketing, operations, retail, legal issues, and product development) to the businesses it invests in. The company aims to work with small and minority-owned cannabis businesses in particular.

Personal life
Barber and his twin brother were born five weeks premature. Tiki was born seven minutes after his identical twin brother Ronde Barber. He was named Atiim Kiambu, which means "fiery-tempered king" because he was screaming shortly after his birth. Ronde was a cornerback who played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, winning Super Bowl XXXVII against the Oakland Raiders, and was elected to the NFL Hall of Fame in 2023.

Barber is the son of Geraldine Barber and James Barber. James was a star running back at Virginia Tech and later played in the World Football League. Barber's parents divorced when Barber was very young; his father never provided financial support and rarely saw his sons when they were growing up. His mother Geraldine worked two - sometimes three - jobs to support her three sons. He has an older brother, Tarik Barber.

Barber married his University of Virginia sweetheart Virginia Cha Barber on May 15, 1999, and the couple resided on the Upper East Side New York City with Cha's parents living in an en suite. Cha—of Korean and Vietnamese descent—was a fashion publicist for Zegna, a men's designer-clothing label. They have two sons, A.J. (Atiim Kiambu Junior), born July 8, 2002, and Chason, born March 18, 2004; and twin daughters Riley and Ella, born May 24, 2010.

On April 5, 2010, while Cha was seven months pregnant with their twin daughters, it was announced that Barber and his wife were separating after 11 years of marriage. It later became public that Barber had been cheating on Cha with 23-year-old Traci Lynn Johnson, whom he met while she was an NBC intern and he worked on the Today show. Johnson had babysat his and Barber's sons.

In the May 30, 2011 issue of Sports Illustrated, Barber described hiding out with Johnson in his agent Mark Lepselter's attic so that he would not get caught. Barber was quoted as saying that "Lep's Jewish, and it was like a reverse Anne Frank thing." Barber's comments were quickly condemned by New York Post sports columnist Mike Vaccaro.

Just eight days after his divorce from Cha was final, on July 20, 2012, Barber and Johnson married in a simple civil ceremony in a New York courtroom. Johnson gave birth to their daughter Brooklyn on December 27, 2013. In July 2016 their second daughter, and Tiki's sixth child, Teagan, was born.

In 2014, Barber supported CC Sabathia's charity, the PitCCh In Foundation, by running in the 2014 New York City Marathon. He achieved a 5:14:37 running time.

Books
On September 18, 2007, Barber's book, Tiki: My Life and the Game Beyond was published. The autobiography was co-written by Gil Reavill. His second book, Tiki Barber's Pure Hard Workout, which was released on November 13, 2008, by Gotham Books, reveals Barber's intensive lifting program. The book is coauthored by his trainer, Joe Carini.

Barber has authored nine illustrated children's books with his brother Ronde.

 * By My Brother's Side (2004)
 * Game Day (2005)
 * Teammates (2006)
 * Kickoff! (2007)
 * Go Long! (2008)
 * Wild Card (2009)
 * Red Zone (2010)
 * Goal Line (2011)
 * End Zone (2012)

title: Tiki Barber


text:
Pierre-Richard Prosper

Pierre-Richard Prosper (born September 19, 1963) is an American lawyer, prosecutor and former government official. He served as the second United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005.

Early life and education
Prosper was born in Denver, Colorado, to two physicians who emigrated from Haiti. He was raised in Upstate New York, where he graduated from Shenendehowa High School in Clifton Park, New York. He obtained an undergraduate degree from Boston College and a Juris Doctor degree from Pepperdine University School of Law.

Career
Prosper was a Deputy District Attorney for Los Angeles County, California from 1989 to 1994. His last two years in this position were spent in the Hardcore Gang Division of the Bureau of Special Operations, where he prosecuted gang-related murders. From 1994 to 1996, he was an Assistant United States Attorney for the Central District of California in Los Angeles. He was assigned to the Narcotics Section, Drug Enforcement Task Force, where he investigated and prosecuted major international drug cartels.

From 1996 to late 1998, Prosper served as a war crimes prosecutor for the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. He was appointed lead trial attorney and prosecuted Prosecutor vs. Jean-Paul Akayesu, the first-ever case of genocide under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In the 14-month trial, he won additional life-sentence convictions for crimes against humanity and broke new ground in international law by convincing the Tribunal to recognize rape committed in time of conflict as an act of genocide and a crime against humanity. Prosper recounts the trial in the 2015 documentary film, The Uncondemned.

Prosper served as a career prosecutor at the U.S. Department of Justice where he was Special Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division in 1999. From 1999 to 2001, Prosper was detailed to the State Department where he served as the Special Counsel and Policy Adviser to the previous Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues.

Prosper was nominated by President George W. Bush on May 16, 2001 to become the second U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues. He was confirmed by the United States Senate, and sworn in on July 13, 2001, and served until late 2005.

As the President's envoy and senior diplomat, Prosper traveled worldwide conducting diplomatic negotiations and consultations with heads of state, foreign ministers, and senior government officials from over 60 different countries. He also engaged foreign parliaments and multilateral and international organizations to build support for U.S. policies. He regularly visited conflict zones in efforts to secure peace, stability, and the rule of law. In this capacity, Prosper formulated and coordinated U.S. government policy responses to atrocities and attacks against civilians throughout the world. He reported to U.S. Secretaries of State Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice and advised the President of the United States, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, National Security Advisor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, White House Counsel, and other senior U.S. government officials.

After the September 11 attacks, Prosper played a role in developing policy to confront terrorism. He was also the chief US negotiator and lead diplomat responsible for engaging nations regarding their nationals held in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and captured by US forces in combat. From 2008-2012, Ambassador Prosper was elected to the United Nations' Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, where he served as Vice-Chairman for the last two years of his service.

Currently, Prosper holds the position of Partner in the Los Angeles office of ArentFox Schiff LLP, where he has handled several high-profile cases. These include advising and representing the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste on matters related to the Petroleum sector, investment and infrastructure development; successfully negotiated the release of an American citizen detained in the Islamic Republic of Iran through repeated travels to Iran and engagement with senior Iranian officials; and advises and represents the government of Rwanda on a range of matters including international arbitration, litigation, and contract negotiation, among others. Prosper also serves as a trustee on the Boston College Board of Trustees.

In September 2013, he became a member of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Panel of Arbitrators and of Conciliators, where he will be asked by disputing parties or by the ICSID to serve on conciliation commissions seeking to resolve international investment disputes commenced under the ICSID Convention or the ICSID Additional Facility Rules.

In September 2018, Prosper was appointed to the Pepperdine University School of Law Board of Trustees.

Sometime between October 2018 and May 2019, Chinese video surveillance company Hikvision retained Prosper to advise the company regarding human rights compliance according to an emailed statement from a Hikvision spokesman. Hikvision cameras were used in Uyghur internment camps.

title: Pierre-Richard Prosper


text:
James Taggart

James Taggart may refer to:

 * Sir James Taggart (1849–1929), lord provost of Aberdeen, 1914–1919
 * James Gordon Taggart (1892–1974), Canadian civil servant and politician
 * General James Taggart (Wing Commander), fictional character in the video game Wing Commander
 * James Taggart (Atlas Shrugged), fictional character in the novel Atlas Shrugged
 * Jim Taggart, lead character in British detective drama series Taggart
 * Jim Taggart (Eureka), character in US science fiction series Eureka

title: James Taggart


text:
Steven Jackson

Steven Rashad Jackson (born July 22, 1983) is an American former football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 12 seasons, primarily with the St. Louis Rams. He played college football for the Oregon State Beavers and was selected in the first round of the 2004 NFL draft by the Rams, where he spent his first nine seasons. In his final three seasons, he was a member of the Atlanta Falcons from 2013 to 2014 and the New England Patriots in 2015. Named to three Pro Bowls and two All-Pro teams during his Rams tenure, Jackson is the franchise's all-time leading rusher.

Early life
Jackson was born in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was a running back for Eldorado High School. He was named the Sunrise Regional MVP and rushed for 6,396 yards and 81 touchdowns for the Sundevils. Eldorado lost in the state final his senior year to McQueen High School (Reno, Nevada). He also lettered four years in track and field, recording a 10.6 in the 100 meters as a junior, and was a member of the 4 × 100 m (42.64 s) relay squad.

Jackson's subsequent success has been credited with prompting college football programs to take more interest in players in the Las Vegas area. This success also led to Jackson's induction into the Southern Nevada Sports Hall of Fame in 2011.

College career
Jackson attended Oregon State University, where he played for the Beavers for three seasons (2001–2003). In 36 games, he carried 743 times for 3,625 yards for a 4.9-yard average and 39 touchdowns while adding 680 yards and six touchdowns on 66 catches and 240 yards with a touchdown on seven kickoff returns. His 4,545 all-purpose yards rank second in school history, while he ranks third on the school's all-time scoring list with 276 points. In his sophomore season, Jackson led the Pac-10 Conference in rushing and finished the season eighth nationally with 1,690 yards; an average of 130 yards per game. As a junior, he ranked tenth in the nation in rushing, ninth in all-purpose yardage, and fourth in scoring; he carried the ball 350 times for 1,545 yards and 19 touchdowns, adding 44 receptions for 470 yards and three touchdowns. When his collegiate career ended, Jackson's 2,015 all-purpose yards set an Oregon State school record.

Pre-draft
Jackson was overlooked by several teams in 2004, most likely due to a knee injury suffered during his last year at Oregon State that kept him from participating in drills at the 2004 NFL Combine. Jackson had surgery on the knee after the college season, but required additional surgery after his rookie year to ensure its complete rehabilitation. In an interview with CBS Sports' Pete Prisco on how the knee injury had affected his play, Jackson said, "I never felt right. Now it does."

St. Louis Rams
Jackson was drafted in the first round with the 24th overall pick in the 2004 NFL draft by the St. Louis Rams. He was the first running back to be selected that year. The Rams traded picks with the Denver Broncos and Cincinnati Bengals to get Jackson. Denver traded Deltha O'Neal to Cincinnati for their first round pick. Then, St. Louis traded up to Cincinnati's selection to grab Jackson while the Bengals chose Chris Perry to replace the departed Corey Dillon, who was traded to the New England Patriots.

2004 season
On July 30, 2004, Jackson signed a five-year, $18.73 million deal with the Rams, which included a $2.5 million signing bonus. In his 2004 rookie season, he was a backup under Marshall Faulk. He made his NFL debut in the season opener against the Arizona Cardinals and had seven carries for 50 yards in the 17–10 victory. He scored his first professional touchdown on a two-yard rush against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 4. He saw an increased role toward the end of the season. In Week 13 against the 49ers, he had 26 carries for 119 yards for his first 100+-yard game. In Week 16, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had his best performance of the season with 24 carries for 148 yards and a touchdown. As a rookie, he rushed 134 times for 673 rushing yards and four touchdowns, and had 19 receptions for 189 yards.

2005 season
With Faulk aging, Jackson was named the Rams' starting running back for the 2005 season. In Week 4, against the New York Giants, he had his first receiving touchdown on a 13-yard pass from Marc Bulger. In Week 7, against the New Orleans Saints, he had his first multi-touchdown game with two rushing in the 28–17 victory. In Week 8, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had 25 carries for 179 rushing yards to go with two receptions for 21 yards and receiving touchdown. Jackson had 1,046 rushing yards and eight rushing touchdowns on 254 attempts, and caught 43 passes for 320 yards and two receiving touchdowns.

2006 season
After the dismissal of head coach Mike Martz and the departure of Faulk, 2006 became Jackson's breakout season. With Scott Linehan as the new head coach, the Rams had a more balanced offensive attack. He started the season off strong with 121 rushing yards in an 18–10 victory over the Denver Broncos. After rushing for 103 yards in Week 2 against the San Francisco 49ers, Jackson did not top 100 rushing yards until later in the season. However, there was a four-game stretch where he scored a rushing touchdown in each game from Week 6 to Week 10. In the second divisional game against the 49ers in Week 12, he had 121 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, nine receptions, and 71 receiving yards. He had 127 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against the Oakland Raiders in Week 15. He had 150 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, six receptions, 102 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown against the Washington Redskins in Week 16. He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week for Week 16. He closed the year with 142 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns against the Minnesota Vikings in Week 17. For his productive end to the season, he was named NFC Offensive Player of the Month for December. Overall, Jackson ran 346 times for 1,528 yards and 13 rushing touchdowns and led all running backs when he caught 90 passes for 806 yards, and adding three receiving touchdowns. He led the NFL in total yards from scrimmage with 2,334. For his efforts, Jackson was named to his first Pro Bowl and received one vote for the 2006 NFL Offensive Player of the Year award.

2007 season
Jackson started the 2007 season with 58 rushing yards in a 27–17 loss to the Carolina Panthers. In Week 3, against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he had 30 carries for 115 rushing yards. In Week 15, against the Green Bay Packers, he had a season-high 143 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. During the Rams' dismal 2007 season, Jackson lashed out at fans and expressed distaste with the music played in the Edward Jones Dome. Overall, he finished the 2007 season with 1,002 rushing yards, five rushing touchdowns, 38 receptions, 271 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown.

2008 season
After the season, with one year left on his rookie contract, Jackson believed he was underpaid and held out of training camp. On August 21, 2008, Jackson officially ended his holdout by signing a six-year contract worth a maximum of $49.3 million, including a $11.4 million signing bonus and $21 million guaranteed. Because the final two years of the deal (2012 and 2013) can be voided based on Jackson's performance, it could become a three-year extension worth $29.3 million instead. Either way, signing the contract made him the highest-paid running back in the NFL. In Week 7, against the Dallas Cowboys, he had 25 carries for 160 yards and three rushing touchdowns. His performance against the Cowboys gave him his second NFC Offensive Player of the Week award. He closed out the season with 161 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against the Atlanta Falcons. Overall, he finished the 2008 season with 1,042 rushing yards, seven rushing touchdowns, 40 receptions, 379 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown.

2009 season
After recording 67 rushing yards in a 28–0 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the season opener, Jackson had 104 rushing yards against the Washington Redskins in a 9–7 loss and 117 rushing yards against the Green Bay Packers in a 36–17 loss. In Week 7, against the Indianapolis Colts, he started a four-game stretch with over 100 rushing yards in each game with a rushing touchdown in the latter three against the Detroit Lions, New Orleans Saints, and the Arizona Cardinals. Overall, he finished the season with 1,416 rushing yards, four rushing touchdowns, 51 receptions, and 322 receiving yards. He was named to his second Pro Bowl.

2010 season
Jackson started the 2010 season with 81 rushing yards in a 17–13 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. He rushed for over 100 in three consecutive games against the Detroit Lions, San Diego Chargers, and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Jackson surpassed Eric Dickerson as the Rams' all-time leading rusher, with a 110-yard effort against the Buccaneers game. On November 21, 2010, he recorded his 10,000th career yard from scrimmage on a first quarter run against the Atlanta Falcons. Jackson rushed for 1,145 yards during the 2011 regular season, marking the seventh consecutive season he has surpassed 1,000 yards. He earned his third Pro Bowl nomination for the 2010 season. He was ranked 38th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.

2011 season
Jackson started the 2011 season with two carries for 56 yards and a rushing touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 8, against the New Orleans Saints, he had 25 carries for 159 yards and two touchdowns. He followed that up with 130 rushing yards against the Arizona Cardinals and 128 rushing yards against the Cleveland Browns. Overall, Jackson recorded 1,145 rushing yards, five rushing touchdowns, 42 receptions, 333 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown. He was ranked 37th by this fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.

2012 season
The 2012 draft saw the Rams select two running backs, Daryl Richardson and Isaiah Pead, indicating a potential future running back by committee scenario. With the retirement of LaDainian Tomlinson, Jackson became the NFL's active leader in career rushing yards, where he remained for over three years until passed by Frank Gore in October 2015. In Week 12, against the Arizona Cardinals, he had a season-high 139 rushing yards. In Week 15, Jackson became the 27th running back in NFL history to rush for over 10,000 yards, and the sixth running back in league history to compile eight consecutive 1,000-yard rushing seasons. Jackson ended the 2012 season with 1,042 yards rushing and four touchdowns. At the conclusion of the season, Jackson chose to opt-out of the final year of his contract, to pursue a starting job on a contender.

Atlanta Falcons
On March 14, 2013, Jackson signed a three-year contract with the Atlanta Falcons. Jackson failed to rush for 1,000 yards for the first time since his rookie season in 2004, finishing the 2013 season with 543 rushing yards on 157 attempts. He had two games on the season with two rushing touchdowns, against the Buffalo Bills and Washington Redskins. In the 2014 season, Jackson's rushing numbers improved with 707 rushing yards in 15 games. Jackson was released by the Falcons on February 26, 2015.

New England Patriots
On December 21, 2015, Jackson signed with the New England Patriots. He scored his first touchdown of the season in the Patriots' 20–10 loss to the Miami Dolphins on January 3. He scored his first career playoff touchdown in the AFC Championship 20–18 loss to the Denver Broncos. The loss to the Broncos ended up being Jackson's final professional game.

Retirement
On July 29, 2019, Jackson signed a ceremonial one-day contract with the by-then Los Angeles Rams to officially retire as a member of the team.

Rams franchise records

 * Most career rushing yards (10,138)
 * Only Rams player to record 150 rushing yards and 100 receiving yards in same game (December 24, 2006, against the Washington Redskins)

NFL records

 * Most consecutive seasons with 4+ rushing touchdowns (11) – tied with Emmitt Smith
 * Most consecutive seasons with a 40+ yard run (11)
 * Most rushing attempts by a player without a 60+ yard run (2,764)
 * Most consecutive touches without a fumble (unofficial) – (870) from November 13, 2011, through end of career
 * Only player with 1,400 yards rushing and 800 yards receiving in a single season (2006)

Personal life
Jackson wore the #39 for the number of books in the Old Testament.

title: Steven Jackson


text:
Mount Upton, New York

Mount Upton is a hamlet on the Unadilla River in the town of Guilford in Chenango County, New York, United States.

Notable people

 * E. J. Richmond (1825-1918), author

title: Mount Upton, New York


text:
West Side Nut Club Fall Festival

The West Side Nut Club Fall Festival is an annual event held the first full week of every October on Franklin Street in Evansville, Indiana, and is organized by the West Side Nut Club. The festival features over 137 food booths run and operated by not-for-profit groups in the region. It features an eclectic variety of food, particularly both traditional and unique fried food. The festival also includes numerous forms of entertainment, carnival attractions, amateur talent competitions, and a parade.

Attendance
In 2014, festival chairman Tom Moore, had estimated that 30,000 people visit the festival a day, with other members estimating 70,000 on the busiest days. In 2023, the West Side Nutclub had estimated 200,000 people had visited the festival leading up to the weeks end, with around 15,000 to 40,000 visiting a day. Although he lacked statistics to support his claim, radio host Paul Harvey once called it the second-largest street festival in the U.S. in terms of attendees, behind only the New Orleans Mardi Gras. It is important to note that New Orleans Mardi Gras is not a street festival. The closest comparisons are New York City's street festivals, such as the Atlantic Antic, New York's Village Halloween Parade, and Taste of Buffalo festivals.

History
After three successful years of holding Halloween type Festivals, a handful of West Side businessmen decided, in 1921, to form an organization that would handle the duties of putting together successful Fall Festivals and “to initiate, promote, and support any and all movements which are for the betterment of the West Side of Evansville, Indiana; also for the betterment of Evansville as a whole.” The first West Side Nut Club Fall Festival was billed as a Halloween Night, Halloween Carnival, and masked ball. The event was a one night affair and consisted of a parade of costumed people followed by a Halloween Mask Ball. The crowd was estimated at 25,000.

After the first Festival, the Nut Club continued with the one or two night affairs until after World War II. During most of those Festivals, the Nut Club coordinated the decorations, agricultural exhibits, and parades while the Burdette Post of the American Legion sponsored street dances. In 1940, organizers incorporated three rides (Ferris wheel, merry-go-round & mini autos) and an exhibit of caged animals, concessions, and circus acts. In 1942 the rides were moved to the library park on Franklin Street.

Due to World War II, the Festival was halted from 1943 to 1945. In 1946, the festival commenced again and for the first time extended most of the week from Monday through Saturday. During the 1950s the festival experienced substantial growth. Non-profit organizations began selling food in booths on Franklin Street. In 1952, Howell Baptist Church put up its first booth which, according to church sources, served the festival's first Pronto Pups. The 1950s also ushered in larger rides and more well known entertainers.

2020 marked the first cancellation in 75 years. The next year will be its centennial anniversary, its 97th overall. Instead they just held a half-pot drawing.

The Nut Club holds a half-pot drawing each year during the fall festival since 2019. 2022's half-pot was the largest to date with a total pot of $1.64 million.

Entertainment
The Fall Festival commences on a Sunday and runs all week. Each day includes several music and dance performances by local bands and youth. Saturday, the last day of the festival, is marked by a large parade. The parade is large and draws substantial crowds each year. In 2016, Evansville native Lilly King, a two-time Olympic Gold medalist in the same year, asked to be grand marshal of the parade; the request was granted. King noted, "When you make the Olympic team you get to grand marshal the Fall Festival parade . Fall Festival is a holiday. It’s my favorite holiday. As a Westsider, I have to love Fall Festival."

Fried brain sandwich
The fair features fried brain sandwiches, a local speciality consisting of battered and deep fried calf or pig brains served on a bun.

title: West Side Nut Club Fall Festival


text:
Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Trademarks

MOS:TM
There are many problems with the guidance "Regardless of the page title, the lead sentence of an article on a company or other organization should normally begin with its full legal name (the current one or, if defunct, the final one)"
 * Firstly there are far more many Trademarks referring to goods and services than "an article on a company or other organization"
 * Secondly the lead sentence on an article might not start with the full legal name especially if there are multiple products or services under a singular topic like a product line or even the organization.
 * Thirdly there are instances where "its full legal name" "the current one" or "the final one" is bad advice particularly with the ongoing discussion about Twitter. It is not currently "the current one" or even "the final one" and to the extent that it might be split there will still be a page about the historic twitter before it was acquired and transmigrated.
 * This new Trademark guideline section is full of so many incorrect statements that I would feel strongly enough to revert its addition and remove it in its entirety. But I do not like edit warring and I am going to assume good faith that the editor who changed this will be willing to make further changes in order to accomodate the dilemmas that I have politely raised. Jorahm (talk) 18:11, 17 December 2023 (UTC)
 * To run down these in the same order:
 * First: Everyone knows that. There does not appear to be any recurrent confusion or disputation about how to write the lead sentence on a product or service with a trademarked name, so there is no reason for MoS to address it (see: MOS:BLOAT).
 * Second: Again, this is not about products or services. To the extent that a company article might not start with the company's present legal name for some exceptional reason, that's why it says "normally". Cf. WP:P&G: "Editors should attempt to follow guidelines, though they are best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply."
 * Your side point about split articles is immaterial. If an article about a subsidiary or a former business entity that was merged exists as its own article, then the entitity that is the subject of that article the subject. Names that only pertain to some other larger entity that owns or owned the smaller one have no bearing on how to write the name in lead sentence on the smaller entity. I'm skeptical anyone would ever possibly be confused about that.
 * Third: This is again already covered by "normally". But Twitter is not about a company but a service; the company article is X Corp.. So, there is no company-legal-name issue at Twitter whatsoever. The real disputation there appears to be a WP:COMMONNAME policy question of whether and when to move the article to X (social network). It's just not an MoS matter.
 * You haven't actually made a case that anything is wrong with the summary material in this section at all. You seem to be looking for (and upset not to find) a rule you can wield in an article-title dispute, and perhaps in a lead-writing dispute about how exactly to refer to a service that has changed names (completely, not just a stylization tweak or a swap of corporation-type designators). But there isn't any such MoS rule to wield, and such a matter is really going to pretty much always come down to coverage in current independent sources. Sources are what determine the WP:COMMONNAME analysis (and WP:OFFICALNAMEs don't count for much in it), meanwhile COMMONNAME determines the article title, and the article title usually tells us what to put first in the lead sentence.

What this section actually about is ususally (not mandatorily) giving the full name of a company or other organization in the lead sentence even if the article title is shorter, just as we do with invididuals' names. It is not a "new rule" imposing anything, it's simply an observation of actual practice. E.g. PBS begins with "The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) ..." just like D. H. Lawrence begins with "David Herbert Lawrence ...", and Sony begins with "Sony Group Corporation ...", just as Bob Odenkirk begins with "Robert John Odenkirk ...". There is nothing controversial about this and it really doesn't have anything to do with product/service names. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  20:55, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I have learned that people on Wikipedia throw accusations about things they themselves are doing. You asked to move Disney to The Walt Disney Company and was rejected completely by every other editor replying. Talk:The_Walt_Disney_Company. You accuse me of being upset but you seem far more defensive about the rejection and by your own standards of evidence should we discuss whether you are are looking for a rule to wield (and upset that you could not find one) in your own discussions?
 * Let us just WP:AGF because it seems like we actually agree on the things that "everybody knows that" and just need to make this more clear. This is a page about all trademarks including products and services and not just corporate names so the page should reflect that. I will attempt to modify it based on the elements that you appear to agree on and let us try to find a constructive way forward. Jorahm (talk) 18:06, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, your attempt to do that actually made it read to be about company names only, but I think the compromise version discussed below will resolve it. Disney: it was the other way around; I proposed moving the long-named article to the short name. Yes, the RM proposal was rejected; I've never said otherwise. And there is no "defensive" (or other) discussion of Disney here. You seem to be trying to spin my comments on the matter somewhere else as a means of implying something about me and about what I'm saying here, which doesn't seem to suit your "Let us just AGF" message. But whatever.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  17:44, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

In light of revisions worked out below, it might be worth re-reviewing the original stuff above (in the same "Firstly," etc. order) to make sure this is entirely resolved: Hopefully this is all resolved. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  19:50, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) The section (now named "Multiple, changed, and former names") has an opener about using in the lead sentence the full legal name of the company or other organization (which would include a subsidiary or a parent holding company with its own article, a nonprofit/not-for-profit/NGO, a university, a partnership, a state-owned enterprise, whatever; it's not limited to commercial corporations). This line-item is intentionally specific to organizations. Products/services don't have "legal names" with official corporation-type designators and other stuff we need to account for, so there is no reason to mention anything but organizations in that guideline sentence. (One of the later sentences, about former names and their lead pertinence was over-specific to entities; this has been fixed.)
 * 2) It's hard to parse the second item you raised, but if the article is about the company, then the full-legal-name provision applies (see, e.g., Meta Platforms and its lead sentence, starting with "Meta Platforms, Inc."; this is a perfect example of using the WP:COMMONNAME as the title and as the name we use in most running text, but using the full legal company name in the lead sentence of its own article). If it's about a service then this legal-name stuff simply isn't applicable, thus the Meta Platforms service Facebook and our article on it. Even when the company was called "Facebook, Inc.", that was a separate article (since moved to the Meta Platforms one). A complication could theoretically arise if a service/product and the company owning it were at the same article. Exactly how to write the lead would vary on a case-by-case basis, depending on whether the focus was more on the company or on its offering (usually the latter, or there would be separate articles; companies are not generally notable simply for existing, but for what they produce/do). Even in such a case, however, the first mention of the company at an article doubling as a service-and-company article would have the full name of the company. The guideline doesn't explicitly state this. It could, with something like: When a service/product and the company producing it share an article and the lead sentence is about the former, give the full legal name of the company at first mention. But if there's no evidence anyone is confused on this point, then adding it would be WP:MOSBLOAT and we don't need to do it. It's already implicit. That is, trying to deny use of the full company at first mention simply because it was in the article's second sentence instead of first, despite the obvious intent of the MOS:TM material that the full company name is encyclopedically crucial, would be patently a bunch of ridiculous WP:WIKILAWYERing and no one would buy it. That said, the sky would not fall if we added that caveat. It's just not a good idea to add a line-item to MoS, which is already over-long and too-complicated, unless there's a proven need for it to resolve recurrent editorial strife. Cf. also WP:AJR: we do not need to add rules that address one-off brainfarts by some random individual if the community already rejects their brainfarting. :-)
 * 3) The third part seems to have conflated several different kinds of issues. Using the Twitter example, the article is currently Twitter, and one would expect it to change some time this year, after more sources are writing "X (formerly Twitter)" or just "X" than are writing "Twitter (now X)" or just "Twitter". (It certainly doesn't help the cause of fans of the move that if you go to https://x.com or https://about.x.com they still redirect to https://twitter.com and https://about.twitter.com ! The company is not anywhere near consistent with or insistent on its own branding ID change, yet.) It's a service, not a company, so the legal-name provision isn't applicable. The company article is X Corp. (the "official" name they use; in theory it could have been at X (company), but that is a disambiguation page, probably for good reason, so usurping it would be a debate, and it's easier to just use their official name, since it's also the WP:COMMONNAME anyway.) They appear as X Corp. in the lead, and this is compliant with the full-official-name guideline in TM (though in this case it coincidentally is also the page title). I can't find any reliable sources that have this company name with an additional corporation-type identifier tacked onto it, such as "Incorporated", "Inc.", "LLP", etc. Nor does its official or common name appear to be the longer "X Corporation". (One of the related holding companies, X Corp. Solutions, Inc., does have such a designator, and if it warranted its own article it would be at X Corp. Solutions and its lead would start with "X Corp. Solutions, Inc." I've raised this and other holding-company names at Talk:X Corp.) In short, there's not a problem to resolve at such articles, and the guideline isn't broken (and wasn't even before the recent tweaks, though it is clearer now than it was).  Anyway, it is possible that there would be an article on the "historical Twitter", perhaps not, but that won't have any implications for any of this, since it was a service not a corporate entity.
 * 4) (Unnumbered in your original.) There aren't any demonstrable "incorrect statements" in the guideline (before or now).

"Lead section" changes
I mean the section titled "Lead section", not the actual lead section of the guideline. made undiscussed and quite substantive changes to it. Rather than just revert, I applied the WP:PRESERVE principle and tried to integrate what was salvageable from that edit into the material already present (including a line Jorahm deleted without any rationale). Here's a combined diff showing the before-and-after change (from original wording to new blended wording). Anyone should feel free to just revert to the previous stable version for further discussion of any such changes if the compromise attempt doesn't seem viable. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  17:27, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The changes read much much better and thank you for working towards a constructive version with viable writing. I have a minor criticism which is that the section is titled "lead section" but is really just about how to cover organizations with multiple legal names. You can see it is already confusing just by how you started this thread but the essential reason why this is a little oddity is because this entire guideline page is really about trademarks in all cases which in many cases refers to products and services and not just companies or organizations. This would be easy to fix with a different title talking about companies who change their names or some other similar title for the section. Another small criticism is that the section does not properly emphasize the guidance at WP:NAMECHANGE but it at least mentions it and that is good enough I guess. Jorahm (talk) 17:51, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Poring over it after some rest, I agree that the section in question had come to cover more than lead material strictly and is focused on names of various types (not just legal ones, though). Meawhile, the MOS:TMSTYLE section also covers some lead material. And I didn't actually see a WP:NAMECHANGE ref explicitly in there, but it is clearly pertinent to cross-reference and to summarize as it applies here. And there was one line in there that was written as if only applicable to companies when it's not. I think this will resolve it all, assuming no one has some kind of objection to it.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  18:34, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

Partially capped abbreviations with multiple letters from a word
Do MOS:TM or MOS:ABBR or other MoS sections have any examples like "YAStrA" as an abbreviation for "yet another strange abbreviation"? Would the MOS prefer something like "YASTRA" or "Yastra" for that, if we assume sources are mixed? — BarrelProof (talk) 18:46, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

 * The first example article I thought of, ExCeL London (from Exhibition Centre London) consistently uses the mixed capitalisation, looking at a random selection of independent sources cited in the article there is an approximate 50/50 split between "ExCeL" and "Excel", there were no instances of "EXCEL". The article is tagged as needing cleanup for (among other things) being written like an advert though so it's best not to treat that as definitive.
 * The only featured article I spotted of potential relevance is AdS/CFT correspondence but that's from anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence (so not quite the same) and it seems clear that that is the universally agreed correct capitalisation, so also of limited use to this question.
 * The Camel case article led me to National Novel Writing Month, which consistently uses capitalises the abbreviation as "NaNoWriMo", but so do pretty much all the sources (one of the hits on the first six pages of a google search for "nanowrimo" used it in all lowercase, everything else used the mixed case).
 * This is too small a sample to give a definite answer beyond use mixed capitalisation if that's what sources consistently do. Thryduulf (talk) 12:42, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
 * One that came to my mind is IMDb, but as far as I know, sources use that form (and that site itself dominates the search results rather than independent sources). I want to know what should happen if the sources are mixed. The topic that caused me to ask the question is ULTra (rapid transit), but I prefer to ask the more general question rather than focus on that one topic. After further digging, that one has its own specific evolution (see Talk:ULTra (rapid transit)). — BarrelProof (talk) 23:02, 18 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I had an idea and put a list of some possibly relevant titles in my sandbox (all those in the 23 November article titles dumb that start with the letter case pattern AAaAa and contain no spaces). I've started to look through the list, most are redirects that are completely irrelevant that I'm just deleting to keep the list manageable (e.g. ASoIaF → A Song of Ice and Fire) and I've made notes on the others. So far I've not found any where the sources are inconsistent, but please feel free to use and edit that page. Thryduulf (talk) 01:40, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @BarrelProof I've looked at some more from that list and found exactly one article that is directly relevant - FLiBe. The article consistently uses that capitalisation, but sources are mixed with "Flibe" being more common among the first few sources. I didn't find any examples of "FLIBE" or "flibe". The article is rated start class and has a cleanup tag for bare URLs so it seems unlikely this should be regarded as definitely conforming to the manual of style. Thryduulf (talk) 15:34, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It sounds like ExCeL London is the best example so far. With the independent sources being mixed between "ExCeL" and "Excel", would Wikipedia have a preference? — BarrelProof (talk) 18:17, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * My gut feeling is that where there is a clear predominance in independent reliable sources for one form we should use that, where usage is more mixed than that we should probably prefer whatever the official styling is. Where there isn't an official styling or it's unclear what it is, then treat it like we do Engvar issues - i.e. any form consistently found in reliable sources is fine, but be consistent within an article and don't change without good reason. Where usage is mixed in reliable sources or where our article differs from the official stylisation we should default to noting the multiple forms in the lead. Obviously we should not be using a form not found in reliable sources (e.g. EXCEL, FLIBE). Thryduulf (talk) 18:40, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * — BarrelProof (talk) 00:27, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

"Mos:TM" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mos:TM&redirect=no Mos:TM] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 21:48, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

In quoted text?
Should text containing, or  be quoted verbatim, or should ©, ® and ™ be removed from the quoted text? -- Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 09:02, 5 May 2024 (UTC)


text: Category:212 BC deaths

title: Category:212 BC deaths