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Eisenstein series

Eisenstein series, named after German mathematician Gotthold Eisenstein, are particular modular forms with infinite series expansions that may be written down directly. Originally defined for the modular group, Eisenstein series can be generalized in the theory of automorphic forms.

Eisenstein series for the modular group

Let $q$ be a complex number with strictly positive imaginary part. Define the holomorphic Eisenstein series $G_{6}$ of weight $G_{6}$, where $G_{2k}(τ)$ is an integer, by the following series:

 * $$G_{2k}(\tau) = \sum_{ (m,n)\in\Z^2\setminus\{(0,0)\}} \frac{1}{(m+n\tau )^{2k}}.$$

This series absolutely converges to a holomorphic function of $q$ in the upper half-plane and its Fourier expansion given below shows that it extends to a holomorphic function at $2k$. It is a remarkable fact that the Eisenstein series is a modular form. Indeed, the key property is its $k ≥ 2$-covariance. Explicitly if $τ = i∞$ and $SL(2, $\mathbb{Z}$)$ then

 * $$G_{2k} \left( \frac{ a\tau +b}{ c\tau + d} \right) = (c\tau +d)^{2k} G_{2k}(\tau)$$

Note that $a, b, c, d ∈ $\mathbb{Z}$$ is necessary such that the series converges absolutely, whereas $ad − bc = 1$ needs to be even otherwise the sum vanishes because the $ad − bc = 1$ and $$\mathbb{Z}$^{2} → $\mathbb{Z}$^{2}$ terms cancel out. For $ad − bc = 1$ the series converges but it is not a modular form.

Relation to modular invariants
The modular invariants $G_{2k}$ and $2k$ of an elliptic curve are given by the first two Eisenstein series:

 * $$\begin{align} g_2 &= 60 G_4 \\ g_3 &= 140 G_6 .\end{align}$$

The article on modular invariants provides expressions for these two functions in terms of theta functions.

Recurrence relation
Any holomorphic modular form for the modular group can be written as a polynomial in $k ≥ 2$ and $SL(2, $\mathbb{Z}$)$. Specifically, the higher order $k = 1$ can be written in terms of $k ≥ 2$ and $k$ through a recurrence relation. Let $(-m, -n)$, so for example, $(m, n)$ and $k = 2$. Then the $τ$ satisfy the relation

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} d_k d_{n-k} = \frac{2n+9}{3n+6}d_{n+2}$$

for all $g_{2}$. Here, $g_{3}$ is the binomial coefficient.

The $G_{4}$ occur in the series expansion for the Weierstrass's elliptic functions:

 * $$\begin{align}

\wp(z) &=\frac{1}{z^2} + z^2 \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac {d_k z^{2k}}{k!} \\ &=\frac{1}{z^2} + \sum_{k=1}^\infty (2k+1) G_{2k+2} z^{2k}. \end{align}$$

Fourier series

Define $G_{6}$. (Some older books define $τ$ to be the nome $G_{2k}$, but $G_{4}$ is now standard in number theory.) Then the Fourier series of the Eisenstein series is

 * $$G_{2k}(\tau) = 2\zeta(2k) \left(1+c_{2k}\sum_{n=1}^\infty \sigma_{2k-1}(n)q^n \right)$$

where the coefficients $G_{6}$ are given by

 * $$\begin{align}

c_{2k} &= \frac{(2\pi i)^{2k}}{(2k-1)! \zeta(2k)} \\[4pt] &= \frac {-4k}{B_{2k}} = \frac 2 {\zeta(1-2k)}. \end{align}$$

Here, $d_{k} = (2k + 3)k! G_{2k + 4}$ are the Bernoulli numbers, $d_{0} = 3G_{4}$ is Riemann's zeta function and $d_{1} = 5G_{6}$ is the divisor sum function, the sum of the $d_{k}$th powers of the divisors of $q$. In particular, one has

 * $$\begin{align}

G_4(\tau)&=\frac{\pi^4}{45} \left( 1+ 240\sum_{n=1}^\infty \sigma_3(n) q^{n} \right) \\[4pt] G_6(\tau)&=\frac{2\pi^6}{945} \left( 1- 504\sum_{n=1}^\infty \sigma_5(n) q^n \right). \end{align}$$

The summation over $p$ can be resummed as a Lambert series; that is, one has

 * $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} q^n \sigma_a(n) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{n^a q^n}{1-q^n}$$

for arbitrary complex $n ≥ 0$ and $n$. When working with the $q$-expansion of the Eisenstein series, this alternate notation is frequently introduced:

 * $$\begin{align}

E_{2k}(\tau)&=\frac{G_{2k}(\tau)}{2\zeta (2k)}\\ &= 1+\frac {2}{\zeta(1-2k)}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{n^{2k-1} q^n}{1-q^n} \\ &= 1- \frac{4k}{B_{2k}}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sigma_{2k-1}(n)q^n \\ &= 1 - \frac{4k}{B_{2k}} \sum_{d,n \geq 1} n^{2k-1} q^{nd}. \end{align} $$

As theta functions
Source:

Given $( n k )$, let

 * $$\begin{align}

E_4(\tau)&=1+240\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {n^3q^n}{1-q^n} \\ E_6(\tau)&=1-504\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {n^5q^n}{1-q^n} \\ E_8(\tau)&=1+480\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {n^7q^n}{1-q^n} \end{align}$$

and define the Jacobi theta functions which normally uses the nome $d_{k}$,

 * $$\begin{align}

a&=\theta_2\left(0; e^{\pi i\tau}\right)=\vartheta_{10}(0; \tau) \\ b&=\theta_3\left(0; e^{\pi i\tau}\right)=\vartheta_{00}(0; \tau) \\ c&=\theta_4\left(0; e^{\pi i\tau}\right)=\vartheta_{01}(0; \tau) \end{align}$$

where $G_{4}$ and $G_{6}$ are alternative notations. Then we have the symmetric relations,

 * $$\begin{align}

E_4(\tau)&= \tfrac{1}{2}\left(a^8+b^8+c^8\right) \\[4pt] E_6(\tau)&= \tfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{\left(a^8+b^8+c^8\right)^3-54(abc)^8}{2}} \\[4pt] E_8(\tau)&= \tfrac{1}{2}\left(a^{16}+b^{16}+c^{16}\right) = a^8b^8 +a^8c^8 +b^8c^8 \end{align}$$

Basic algebra immediately implies

 * $$E_4^3-E_6^2 = \tfrac{27}{4}(abc)^8 $$

an expression related to the modular discriminant,

 * $$\Delta = g_2^3-27g_3^2 = (2\pi)^{12} \left(\tfrac{1}{2}a b c\right)^8$$

The third symmetric relation, on the other hand, is a consequence of $G_{8}$ and $G_{10}$.

Products of Eisenstein series
Eisenstein series form the most explicit examples of modular forms for the full modular group $G_{12}$. Since the space of modular forms of weight $G_{14}$ has dimension 1 for $q = e^{2πiτ}$, different products of Eisenstein series having those weights have to be equal up to a scalar multiple. In fact, we obtain the identities:

 * $$E_4^2 = E_8, \quad E_4 E_6 = E_{10}, \quad E_4 E_{10} = E_{14}, \quad E_6 E_8 = E_{14}. $$

Using the $a$-expansions of the Eisenstein series given above, they may be restated as identities involving the sums of powers of divisors:

 * $$\left(1+240\sum_{n=1}^\infty \sigma_3(n) q^n\right)^2 = 1+480\sum_{n=1}^\infty \sigma_7(n) q^n,$$

hence

 * $$\sigma_7(n)=\sigma_3(n)+120\sum_{m=1}^{n-1}\sigma_3(m)\sigma_3(n-m),$$

and similarly for the others. The theta function of an eight-dimensional even unimodular lattice $q = e^{\piiτ}$ is a modular form of weight 4 for the full modular group, which gives the following identities:

 * $$ \theta_\Gamma (\tau)=1+\sum_{n=1}^\infty r_{\Gamma}(2n) q^{n} = E_4(\tau), \qquad r_{\Gamma}(n) = 240\sigma_3(n) $$

for the number $q = e^{2\piiτ}$ of vectors of the squared length $c_{2k}$ in the root lattice of the type $B_{n}$.

Similar techniques involving holomorphic Eisenstein series twisted by a Dirichlet character produce formulas for the number of representations of a positive integer $q$' as a sum of two, four, or eight squares in terms of the divisors of $q$.

Using the above recurrence relation, all higher $ζ(z)$ can be expressed as polynomials in $σ_{p}(n)$ and $|q| < 1$. For example:

 * $$\begin{align}

E_{8} &=  E_4^2 \\ E_{10} &= E_4\cdot E_6 \\ 691 \cdot E_{12} &= 441\cdot E_4^3+    250\cdot E_6^2 \\ E_{14} &= E_4^2\cdot E_6 \\ 3617\cdot E_{16} &= 1617\cdot E_4^4+   2000\cdot E_4  \cdot E_6^2 \\ 43867 \cdot E_{18} &= 38367\cdot E_4^3\cdot E_6+5500\cdot E_6^3 \\ 174611 \cdot E_{20} &= 53361\cdot E_4^5+ 121250\cdot E_4^2\cdot E_6^2 \\ 77683 \cdot E_{22} &= 57183\cdot E_4^4\cdot E_6+20500\cdot E_4\cdot E_6^3 \\ 236364091 \cdot E_{24} &= 49679091\cdot E_4^6+ 176400000\cdot E_4^3\cdot E_6^2 + 10285000\cdot E_6^4 \end{align}$$

Many relationships between products of Eisenstein series can be written in an elegant way using Hankel determinants, e.g. Garvan's identity

 * $$ \left(\frac{\Delta}{(2\pi)^{12}}\right)^2=-\frac{691}{1728^2\cdot250}\det \begin{vmatrix}E_4&E_6&E_8\\ E_6&E_8&E_{10}\\ E_8&E_{10}&E_{12}\end{vmatrix}$$

where

 * $$ \Delta=(2\pi)^{12}\frac{E_4^3-E_6^2}{1728}$$

is the modular discriminant.

Ramanujan identities
Srinivasa Ramanujan gave several interesting identities between the first few Eisenstein series involving differentiation. Let

 * $$\begin{align}

L(q)&=1-24\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {nq^n}{1-q^n}&&=E_2(\tau) \\ M(q)&=1+240\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {n^3q^n}{1-q^n}&&=E_4(\tau) \\ N(q)&=1-504\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac {n^5q^n}{1-q^n}&&=E_6(\tau), \end{align}$$

then

 * $$\begin{align}

q\frac{dL}{dq} &= \frac {L^2-M}{12} \\ q\frac{dM}{dq} &= \frac {LM-N}{3} \\ q\frac{dN}{dq} &= \frac {LN-M^2}{2}. \end{align}$$

These identities, like the identities between the series, yield arithmetical convolution identities involving the sum-of-divisor function. Following Ramanujan, to put these identities in the simplest form it is necessary to extend the domain of $q = e^{2\piiτ}$ to include zero, by setting

 * $$\begin{align}\sigma_p(0) = \tfrac12\zeta(-p) \quad\Longrightarrow\quad

\sigma(0) &= -\tfrac{1}{24}\\ \sigma_3(0) &= \tfrac{1}{240}\\ \sigma_5(0) &= -\tfrac{1}{504}. \end{align}$$

Then, for example

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^n\sigma(k)\sigma(n-k)=\tfrac5{12}\sigma_3(n)-\tfrac12n\sigma(n).$$

Other identities of this type, but not directly related to the preceding relations between $n$, $n$ and $L$ functions, have been proved by Ramanujan and Giuseppe Melfi, as for example

 * $$\begin{align}

\sum_{k=0}^n\sigma_3(k)\sigma_3(n-k)&=\tfrac1{120}\sigma_7(n) \\ \sum_{k=0}^n\sigma(2k+1)\sigma_3(n-k)&=\tfrac1{240}\sigma_5(2n+1) \\ \sum_{k=0}^n\sigma(3k+1)\sigma(3n-3k+1)&=\tfrac19\sigma_3(3n+2). \end{align}$$

Generalizations
Automorphic forms generalize the idea of modular forms for general Lie groups; and Eisenstein series generalize in a similar fashion.

Defining $e^{\piiτ}$ to be the ring of integers of a totally real algebraic number field $M$, one then defines the Hilbert–Blumenthal modular group as $θ_{m}$. One can then associate an Eisenstein series to every cusp of the Hilbert–Blumenthal modular group.

title: Eisenstein series


text: Category:460 BC

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:460 BC


text: Category:470 BC

title: Category:470 BC


text: Category:West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference


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Talk:Avoid the Noid (video game)

from VfD:

An ad for an ad game, 10 years old to boot. Orphaned as well. hfool 22:21, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * An interesting footnote to either a new Noid article or Domino's Pizza. I suggest a merge and redirect as appropriate. - RedWordSmith 22:40, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect would be good. -Sean Curtin 23:51, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * A rather well-known ad game though. Keep or Merge+Redirect, either is fine by me. --fvw *  01:14, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * It's famous as a bad ad series. It was a spectacular failure.  Domino's attempted to create a cartoon character villain.  The public was puzzled and annoyed by the Noid, and Domino's dropped the campaign in a hurry.  That's one reason that it's referred to constantly on The Simpsons.  Redirect to Domino's Pizza and merge slightly there. Geogre 05:28, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I was rather young at the time, but it was my impression up till now that they had that particular campaign for years. One particular site I found claims they had Noid ads as late as 1992, starting from 1984; although that seems a bit dubious to me, the USPTO office does have registrations for "avoid the noid" in both 1986 and 1990. Is there any marketing literature that actually looked at the campaign? - RedWordSmith 06:10, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * My information was contemporary, so I don't have a reference. I.e. when they introduced the campaign, complaints and "Heaven's Gate" style sniggering at their failure appeared in the press.  I don't doubt they've kept the copyright going, though.  Part of the coverage, at the time, was Domino's assurance that they were right, that it was going to catch on.  It was sort of like the Pets.com sock puppet dog:  it was so obviously manufactured and weird that it alienated viewers.  Hip folks snorted in derision, and unhip folks just scratched their heads.  Anyway, the use on The Simpsons is pretty clearly derisive.  Homer is very interested in the Noid.  Geogre 13:54, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Either keep, or merge. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 05:50, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Domino's Pizza. —No-One Jones 06:15, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * We need an article on the infamous Noid character, so ideally we'd merge this there, and if someday people wrote a lengthy article on the Noid, then we could break it out again. If no Noid article is created by the end of the VfD period—knowing how these things often work out—then keep it. Everyking 06:31, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. Added a screenshot and refactored slightly.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:36, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Domino's Pizza. Much as I'd like to see more business articles, we do not need separate articles on every single marketing campaign. Rossami (talk) 02:09, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Might have been a weak keep before RaD Man's edits.  ~leif ☺ HELO 05:55, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with prejudice into Domino's Pizza. Gazpacho 10:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep this article and allow for organic growth. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 17:35, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep decent article, interesting cult footnote in gaming history. Ameltzer 01:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I remember the game well and I guess I was one of the few people who thought the character was hilarious.  Until quite recently, a mural of The Noid was on an outside wall of the Domino's in Coachella, California.  Hey, Domino's!  Bring back The Noid!!  You wanna talk about advertising failures?  Don't bring back "Bad Andy."  Domino's market share took it in the shorts over that thing. - Lucky 6.9 02:37, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 07:25, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge into Domino's Pizza. - [[User:KeithTyler|Keith D. Tyler  [ flame ] ]] 19:44, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. "Success" is not equivilent to notability.  And the article is clearly not an ad.  --L33tminion | (talk) 21:27, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

Kenneth Noid
Sources: ''I remembered reading this in a book somewhere (can't remember the title I'm afraid), so I just Googled for "Kenneth Noid"
 * Am I Annoying? .com
 * Bizarre Crimes and Criminals - scroll down to "Paranoid Pizza".
 * part of an article in Time Magazine Feb 13th 1989

-=# Amos E Wolfe #=- 01:55, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avoid the Noid (video game)


text:
The Hurting

The Hurting is the debut studio album by British new wave band Tears for Fears, released on 7 March 1983 by Mercury Records distributed by Phonogram Inc. The album peaked at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart in its second week of release and was certified Gold by the BPI within three weeks of release. The album also entered the Top 40 in several other countries including Canada, Germany, and Australia. It was certified Platinum in the UK in January 1985.

The Hurting is a loose concept album focusing on themes of child abuse, psychological trauma and depression. Despite its dark subject matter, the album was a huge commercial success. It contains Tears for Fears' first three hit singles – "Mad World", "Change", and "Pale Shelter" – all of which reached the top five in the UK and the Top 40 internationally. It also contains a new version of the band's first single, "Suffer the Children", which had originally been released in 1981, while the album version of "Pale Shelter" is also a new recording. The album initially received mixed reviews but attracted retrospective critical acclaim.

The album was remastered and reissued in 1999, and included four remixes as bonus tracks and an extensive booklet with liner notes about the album's creation. A 30th anniversary reissue was released on 21 October 2013, in both double-CD and deluxe four-disc boxed set editions. For the album's 40th anniversary, new Dolby Atmos and 5.1 surround sound Blu-ray remixes by Steven Wilson, as well as a remastered vinyl edition of the original mix, was released in June 2023.

Writing and recording
The songs were written by Roland Orzabal inspired by his own childhood traumas and the primal theories by Arthur Janov. Most of the songs were heavily inspired by the writings of Janov. "Ideas as Opiates" was named after a chapter in his 1980 book "Prisoners of Pain", which also was a direct influence on the song "The Prisoner". Musical influences included Gary Numan, Talking Heads, Peter Gabriel and Joy Division.

Having worked with different producers on their first two singles, they recruited Chris Hughes to produce the album. The core of the band Orzabal and Curt Smith worked in a close and democratic collaboration with producers Hughes and Ross Cullum, only using ideas all four of them agreed on. Prior to the album "Mad World", originally thought of as a single b-side, was released and became a hit single. The first two singles "Suffer the Children" and "Pale Shelter" were re-recorded for the album.

Contemporary
Contemporary reviews of the album were mixed. In Smash Hits magazine, Fred Dellar gave the album a positive review and stated that "there's no doubting the talent on display."

In the NME Gavin Martin was scathing, stating that "this record and others like it are a terrible, useless sort of art that makes self pity and futility a commercial proposition", and that "Tears for Fears and their listeners sound like they've given up completely, retreating from the practical world into a fantasy". He described the album's music as "just the sort of doom laden dross you'd expect from the lyrics: rehashed and reheated hollow doom with a bit of Ultravox here, diluted Joy Division poured everywhere, and the title track sounding suspiciously like one of the old pompous outfits with a welter of mellotrons – Barclay James Harvest per chance?"

Melody Maker's Steve Sutherland felt that "Tears for Fears's pop primal therapy tends to luxuriate in the attention it attracts, sounds ironically happy to wallow inspirationally instead of seeking exorcism". However, he observed that "the Tears for Fears formula – to translate childhood traumas into adult romance with Freudian fanaticism – is ludicrously laboured but, crucially, their lyrical lethargy is salvaged by what really sells them; their structural invention... sensibly, their suffering's usually controlled to sound smooth", and that this was the strength of the record: "The success of The Hurting lies in its lack of friction, in its safety and, for all their claims that coping with relationships has been warped beyond their ken, Tears for Fears have contrived an assured masterpiece of seduction".

In the US David Fricke of Rolling Stone said that "Tears for Fears stand out among the current crop of identikit synth-pop groups by virtue of their resourceful, stylish songwriting and fetching rhythmic sway. Granted, the adolescent angst and bleak, pained romanticism of singer-instrumentalists Curt Smith and Roland Orzabel [sic] sometimes come off as an adequate imitation of Joy Division, at best. But for every lapse into sackcloth-and-ashes anguish on The Hurting, the duo's debut album, there is a heady, danceable pop tune like 'Change'... Tears for Fears may be too concerned with their own petty traumas, but it is a testimony to their refined pop instincts that they manage to produce this much pleasure from the pain."

Retrospective
Retrospective reviews regarded the album more highly. Reviewing the 1999 reissue for Q, Andrew Collins said, "Despite its occasional bum note, The Hurting remains a landmark work... a highly emotional pop record, at its simplest". Bruce Eder of AllMusic noted that the album's success was due to "its makers' ability to package an unpleasant subject – the psychologically wretched family histories of Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith – in an attractive and sellable musical format" and said "the work is sometimes uncomfortably personal, but musically compelling enough to bring it back across the decades".

For the 30th anniversary edition in 2013, Danny Eccleston of Mojo pondered, "Has there ever been a more thoroughly miserable mainstream pop album than The Hurting?... Even when it is uptempo it is sombre, and at its most musically adventurous, in the cavernous minimalism of 'Ideas as Opiates' and gnarly dissonances of 'The Prisoner', it's almost unbearably bereft... But in essence, it was pop."

Tom Byford of Record Collector summarised the album as "a surfeit of complex ideas reflecting troubled upbringings married with immediate, infectious, hummable tunes". John Bergstrom of PopMatters said that "at times, the unflinching approach works to the album's detriment, as Orzabal's songwriting skirts cliché and the obtuse, teenage poetry that some critics seized on at the time of The Hurting's release... But part of the brilliance of Hurting is that such histrionic moments are so seldom. Rather, time after time, as rendered by Orzabal and co-vocalist Curt Smith, the words connect at gut level and in sincere fashion." Calling the record "simply one of the strongest, most fully-realized albums of the early-to-mid-1980s", Bergstrom noted its influence on later acts such as Trent Reznor, Smashing Pumpkins and Arcade Fire, and concluded, "The albums that prove to be special, influential, and groundbreaking in their own time, and then in subsequent eras as well, are far and few between. Thirty years on, there is little doubt where The Hurting stands."

At least three of the songs from this particular album were sampled by one of the most mainstream R&B artists. "Memories Fade" was reworked by Kanye West on his 808s & Heartbreak album into "Coldest Winter". "Pale Shelter" was sampled by The Weeknd on the song "Secrets" on his Starboy album. "Ideas as Opiates" was sampled by Drake on the song "Lust for Life", from his So Far Gone mixtape.

Mad World was covered by Michael Andrews and Gary Jules originally for Donnie Darko soundtrack, but later successfully released as a single, topping UK Singles Charts.

Track listing
All songs written by Roland Orzabal.

Original release
Notes
 * † – The 1999 remastered version of the album incorrectly credits Curt Smith as co-writer and Mike Howlett as producer of "Pale Shelter" (Long Version). As confirmed on the original releases, Smith did not write any of the tracks for The Hurting and this version of "Pale Shelter" is actually the 1983 12" extended version of the song, which was produced by Chris Hughes and Ross Cullum. Howlett produced the original 1982 version.
 * †† – "The Way You Are" was originally a non-album track, although the 12" version was included on the remastered version of The Hurting in 1999.

30th anniversary editions (2013)
Two deluxe editions of the album were released on 21 October 2013. One is a double CD comprising CDs 1 & 2 (as below), and the other is a 4-disc boxed set comprising CDs 1–3 and a DVD (as below), a book containing interviews, a new essay from Paul Sinclair about the album, a replica of a 1983 tour programme, a discography and photos. The first 500 pre-orders from the Universal Music online store also included a vinyl 7" single of "Change" in a rare earlier picture sleeve.

Notes
 * † – Track 4, labeled as "Ideas as Opiates (Alternate Version)", was intended to be the first version of the song (originally released as the B-side to "Mad World") but was mistakenly replaced by a previously unreleased version of the album track.
 * †† – Track 15, although labeled as "We Are Broken", it was intended to be the version found as the B-side to "Pale Shelter", however it was accidentally replaced with the audio track of "Broken Revisited" which is a slightly extended version of the original track and was first included as a bonus track on the limited edition cassette of Songs from the Big Chair in 1985 and later included on the 1999 remastered edition and 2006 deluxe edition of the same album.

40th anniversary editions (2023)
For the 40th anniversary of The Hurting, two editions were released, both featuring a new remaster of the original album by Miles Showell. One is a half-speed vinyl edition, the other a Blu-Ray Audio disc in Paul Sinclair's SDE Surround Series, featuring the album in several formats (the aforementioned remaster; new stereo, 5.1 surround and Dolby Atmos remixes by Steven Wilson and an instrumental mix of the entire album) plus two newly discovered recordings from the aborted sessions with Mike Howlett: early versions of "Mad World" and "Watch Me Bleed".

There had been a previous Blu-Ray Audio disc in the High Fidelity Pure Audio series released in 2014, but this disc didn't feature any audio aside from a high resolution stereo remaster.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Tears for Fears
 * Roland Orzabal – lead vocals (1, 4-7, 10), backing vocals, guitars, keyboards, rhythm programming
 * Curt Smith – lead vocals (1-3, 8-9), backing vocals, bass, keyboards
 * Manny Elias – drums, rhythm programming
 * Ian Stanley – keyboard programming, computer programming

Additional personnel
 * Chris Hughes – rhythm programming, tuned percussion, conducting
 * Ross Cullum – jazz high, dynamic toggle (percussion)
 * Mel Collins – saxophones
 * Phil Palmer – Palmer picking (guitar)
 * Caroline Orzabal – child vocal on "Suffer the Children"

title: The Hurting


text:
Talk:The Hurting

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title: Talk:The Hurting


text: Category:494 BC

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text:
Graffiti 2

"Graffiti 2 Powered by Jot" was introduced in 2003 as a revised version of the original Palm OS handwriting system Graffiti. In January 2003, PalmSource announced the change explaining that Graffiti 2 was based on Jot by Communication Intelligence Corporation (CIC) and would replace the original version of Graffiti. Graffiti 2 made its debut in Palm OS 4.1.2 for Motorola DragonBall-based handhelds and in Palm OS Garnet 5.2 for ARM-based ones.

History
The primary reason for the change was the fact that in April 1997 Xerox had sued PalmSource, Inc. over its use of Graffiti. After a legal fight lasting a number of years, and despite the dismissal of the case by a federal judge, Xerox won a reversal late in 2001 in the U.S. Court of Appeals.

As part of their press for the new handwriting recognition system, PalmSource said that Jot and Graffiti 2 more closely followed the standard ways of drawing letters and numbers than the original Graffiti did; they also said that lowering the learning curve would attract more new users to the platform. The change, on the other hand, alienated many long-time Palm users who were already happy with the previous version of Graffiti which they claimed was much easier to use (though perhaps not to learn).

A prominent issue cited by detractors is the number of stylus strokes required to draw a character. The original Graffiti recognition software required only a single stylus stroke for each alphanumeric character. Graffiti 2, however, required two strokes to draw some commonly used characters. This was perceived as extra work because the default settings for "i" and "t", the fifth and second most frequently-used letters in English, required two strokes. Preferences settings allowed switching variants for letters P, T, Y and $, but none of them could be switched back to single stroke.

title: Graffiti 2


text: File:Lean years.jpg

title: File:Lean years.jpg


text:
Talk:Pressure ulcer

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note
Someone please translate into English understandable to someone with a Master's degree or less! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.227.197.246 (talk) 08:47, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Link to Shear Pressure demonstration
I'm new to posting to Wikipedia and got a nasty gram when I posted a link to a shear pressure video demonstration saying I should ask first...so I'm asking...does anyone have a problem with me posting a link to a shear pressure relief video. Shear pressure is a strong contributory factor to decubitus ulcers.

The link is: Shear Pressure Relief Video Demo

 * I think that'd be fine... considering I haven't found a free-domain picture of a bedsore yet, we need to have links to pictoral information about decubitus and their causes. --Allie 03:47, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

I feel VERY strongly about the posting of a lady whose unfortunate condition left her 'grafted' to a couch. I feel it is wrong medically and ethically to do this. Using the link is one thing (and I'm not sure I'm comfortable (as a physician nor as a human being) with that one. If the intent was educational then the reference would suffice; if the attempt was other than that this part of the page should be deleted. Using reference or signal cases is done in medicine with most references to identity hidden or protected.

Although C.R. is a public figure in all respects, perhaps the reference using his initials would have sufficed (done frequently in medicine). I'm not sure that reference should be used here either but will leave it and defer to others in the ethics field.

It may serve bedsores as a 'subcategory' of ulceration. Thinking about move and change DrGnu 22:27, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * DrGnu, I follow your logic, but the case of G.L.G. is a matter of public record and was extensively reported in international media. I added the reference as perhaps the most extreme public example of pressure sore complications.  I'm not sure why C.R. should be treated any differently; though he made himself a "public figure," the precise circumstances of his demise are much less a matter of public record than those of G.L.G., so it would seem the case is stronger for removing him than it is for removing G.L.G.

 * Perhaps we need someone experienced in Wikipedia ethics to weigh in on whether afflicted individuals should ever be mentioned in connection with their pathologies. Do we strike even the seminal cases, such as removing Phineas_Gage from Traumatic_brain_injury and Yushchenko from Chloracne?  What is the distinction? --Pontifex 21:42, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that including the celebrities name adds absolutely nothing of value to the article. I don't see any reason to include the names of famous patients in the article about a disease.  I know that it is not legally wrong (when something is a matter of public record) but the fact that it is legal, does not make it ethical or moral.  My reasoning is that it is wrong to hurt someone if it serves no value.  I would probably make an exception only if the instance is for some reason news worthy.  For example, maybe I would mention Yushchenko in an article about Chloracne or dioxin.  I would probably mention Lou Gehrig in an article about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, because it is often called "Lou Gehrig disease".  I draw the distinction because although C.R. is a celebrity, there is nothing news worthy about him suffering from bedsores.  The two cases I bring up, the person suffering from the disease is newsworty in an of itself. Morris 00:12, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree about another weigh in from the 'medical ethics' standpoint. There are seminal cases and in the case of Lou Gehrig, the pseudonym for the disease more well known than the disease itself. I found the GLG case more 'sensational' than of any medical value. The C.R. reference is more one of 'commonality' for the public. However, I'm not sure that outside CONUS that he is as well known which of course brings us to the OTHER sets of medical pseudonyms and para-pseudonyms. I'm going to ask the medical people to take a look here. Thanks however for a rather thought provoking set of ideas. DrGnu 03:43, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * My 2 cents: If the sources use the full name, use the full name. If the sources use the initials, use the initials. Same for aliases or not mentioned names. But in generally i'd rather have more information than less. -- Chris 73 Talk 00:14, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Chris. This is not about source and information. I suppose medicine tends to err on the side of the conservative. Exploitative Enquirer type stories, or those which exploit the point being made seem hardly informative. I'm planning to post some pictures for the site. These may cool the ardour but will be more true to the subject matter. DrGnu 02:39, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'm ambivalent. I agree that it is wrong to hurt someone if it serves no value. But since both of these people are dead, I don't see how anyone would be hurt. I only skimmed the article, but it appears to me that if the GLG case is kept, it could be written in a less sensationalistic way. Here's a rough example of what I mean: "Bedsores can cause death. In one case, blah blah ..." Maurreen 05:59, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Minor technicality
The emedicine article "Pressure Ulcers, Surgical Treatment and Principles" by Wilhelmi, listed in external links of this article, mentions that the phrase 'decubitus ulcer' refers only to ulcers gotten from lying supine, so they aren't exactly synonymous with pressure ulcers, as the first sentence suggests. Anyone care to fix this minor detail? Delldot 04:14, 8 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I changed it Delldot 16:25, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Aside from using C.R.'s full name and the ethics surrounding that - does anyone think it's a little over-simplified to say he "died from a heart attack brought on as a result of an infected pressure sore." The public is aware of C.R.'s other healthcare issues, but is every reader aware of the numerous other symptoms associated, namely respiratory disorder directly related to tetraplegia, which (I'm assuming - MD's please correct me if I'm wrong) complicated overall health leading to the MI, thus leading to poor prognosis and death.

Precautions-HOME REMEDY
The very first thought in your brain, when you know a person's condition is such that there is imbobility in the body and may cause bed sores, should be to lay the person on newspaper(s).

To heal bed sores, clean thoroughly with spirit, expose to Infra-red Rays for a few minutes and then apply turmeric powder.

Alternate scales relating to pressure sores
The article already contains details of the NPUAP score of pressure sores. There are other scales as well, for example the Norton Scale. Is there a policy on what scales are mentioned when there are more than one different scales? I don't know how much the Norton Scale is used, so don't know if it justifies mentioning. Ged3000 (talk) 13:52, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's anything as specific as a policy related to that, but probably the way to do it would be to see what gets mentioned in the most reviews. I dealt with the same problem at concussion with concussion grading scales, of which there are dozens: it turned out that there were three main ones that kept getting mentioned in reviews, so I used those.  If they're similar scales, maybe we could do a table or something just to summarize. But yeah, I think that your instinct that not every scale is necessarily worth mentioning is a good one; it seems like scale making is everyone's favorite hobby these days! ;-)   delldot on a public computer   talk  23:22, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Better illustrations needed
Ewwww. That picture of Stage IV- eww. I'm not saying remove it, I'm just saying it's grosser than I expected. 216.170.23.235 (talk) 03:42, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I would like to see a picture of each stage in the section. The ones we have a very nice, but I think the article could be improved even more by having images of the others as well. 66.177.36.135 (talk) 20:30, 27 March 2009 (UTC)Turk
 * Well, then why dont you lay down in your bed for a few months and see how the bedsores evolve, you can take the pictures and then upload them here (=--Josecarlos1991 (talk) 09:32, 29 April 2009 (UTC) [que gracioso eres tio!]
 * It's concerning to think that each of the images on the page are a considerable failing by the care services and/or the individual carers. These things don't just happen, they happen through neglect. Richard Avery (talk) 10:48, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

The pictures shown do not illustrate the stages of pressure ulcers, nor the one labeled "Stage IV decubitus" is representative of most ulcers out there. We need first stages so people know what to look for and maybe a severe one (nor so gruesome as the one that's there now) so they know what could happen if they do not seek treatment. Elazar.Pimentel (talk) 16:55, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

Prevention is all
With regard to the treatment of bedsores I was thinking that the primary treatment should be the removal of the pressure that caused the sore. If action is not taken to prevent this then no amount of 'treatment' will cure the problem. If there are no objections I could fill in the relevant information. I also think there ought to be a section about prevention of bedsores. There is a multimillion dollar/pound/euro industry around this strategy and it seems odd not to be included. The first action in any illness treatment strategy is to prevent. What thoughts? Richard Avery (talk) 08:35, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Stage I from sedentary lifestyle
I have one of these on my buttock from sitting on the PC too much. Hurts like a bitch and I work in an office so relieving the pressure completely isn't really an option. I'll be sure to update here if it turns into a stage IV and death looks imminent. 81.155.143.202 (talk) 09:39, 21 June 2010 (UTC)

Ultrasound in treatment of pressure sores
There is evidence that ultrasound does not have a place in the treatment of pressure sores. , , Comments welcome before a decision is made about editing the article. Richard Avery (talk) 13:33, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Does disturbing graphic image have to show when not wanted?
I was looking for information about this, but don't want to see an image of a gaping ulcer; just wanted to read about how to prevent these. Up pops a horrible image. Can you figure a way to prevent that? Put a reference with a link, or put it low on the page with a warning, or preferably the necessity to click to see it. An image that's on the page itself could be an illustration rather than a photo. I really did not want to have that etched in my memory, reading about it is bad enough. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.58.225.114 (talk) 11:52, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with Unsigned IP. Besides, I don't even recognize which body part is in question. It looks terrible though and gives me the idea of "look, that's the picture with the most gore I could get". Thanks... not. --Stephan Schneider (talk) 21:37, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree with the above. This photo demonstrates little of medical or nursing significance. It is at the very worst end of the pressure sore spectrum of neglect (It is worth remembering that all pressure sores are the result of poor care and/or nursing neglect) and is not typical of the majority of pressure sores. I propose deletion of the image. Richard Avery (talk) 15:26, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Including information about offensive material is part of Wikipedia's encyclopedic mission. Wikipedia is not censored. However, images that can be considered offensive should not be included unless they are treated in an encyclopedic manner. Material that would be considered vulgar or obscene by typical Wikipedia readers should be used if and only if its omission would cause the article to be less informative, relevant, or accurate, and no equally suitable alternative is available. --Wikipedia:Images Typical visitors researching "bedsores" do not expect to see a graphic imagery of its most extreme clinical presentation. Its prominent display does not make the article more informative or relevant. A suitable public-domain substitution is available, and I have replaced the image with it. The offending image has been moved to a text-only hyperlink.  Merely that we can display an image is not an indicator that we should. -- Anonymous Coward 08:46, 26 July 2011 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.5.136.74 (talk)

About the "debridement" paragraph
I suggest the last item (7) be removed as it has no citations. Numbers 5 and 6 are combined and section 4 be removed unless citations can be found for this highly unusual and probably unethical and 'treatment' Richard Avery (talk) 07:48, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

Image II now looks lke a smiley......
Is this intentional? ") — Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.250.62.193 (talk) 23:27, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * One hopes not, but it is difficult to see how it could be any other shape in this schematic representation. At least it doesn't have a couple of eyes! Richard Avery (talk) 11:26, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved to pressure ulcer as the common name (or current common name at least), as indicated by the ngrams given below, and as better encompassing the article's topic per the nom. -- JHunterJ (talk) 17:02, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

Bedsore → Pressure ulcer –
 * Bedsores, decubitus ulcers and pressure ulcers all refer to the same disease process, however the terms bedsore and decubitus ("to lie") ulcer are misleading as they refer only to ulcers caused by prolonged bed rest. Pressure ulcers can form any place on the body where the skin is subjected to continuous pressure, such as in a patient confined to a wheelchair developing ulcerations over their coccyx or ischial tuberosity. relisted - please see comment below -- Mike Cline (talk) 11:20, 18 May 2012 (UTC) relisted --Mike Cline (talk) 20:12, 10 May 2012 (UTC) 68.32.94.54 (talk) 02:32, 1 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I would contest the capitalisation of "Ulcer", for a start. N oetica Tea? 02:44, 1 May 2012 (UTC) [My note on moving this to "contested technical moves"; but I see it is now lower-cased. –N]

 * I support the proposal to move to Pressure ulcer for the reasons given above. Richard Avery (talk) 13:32, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Support this modified proposal with lower-case "u". "Pressure ulcer" does appear to be the more accurate term. N oetica Tea? 00:32, 2 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. "Pressure sores" is the more common term.  Neotarf (talk) 11:54, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Could you please provide some sources to support this? Google scholar gives 22,500 hits for "pressure ulcer", compared to 12,200 for "pressure sore". Jenks24 (talk) 07:14, 4 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes I would agree the term "bedsores" is too specific, and should be moved away from that title; it strikes me that "pressure ulcer" is a medical term that would be understood by anyone working in the medical field, but for the general public the word "ulcer" might be confused with stomach ulcer. In my experience, when health care professionals explain these things to patients and families, they steer away from phrases that sound like medical jargon. But how to show that objectively and not just as my own gut reaction.....

 * If you search on google books for "pressure sores" you find "About 198,000 results", with plain-English descriptive phrases like "prevention", "patient support systems", "chair cushions and other devices", and "helping each of these groups to understand cause and effect". If you search for "pressure ulcer" you get "about 289,000 results", with phrases like "aetiology and pathology", "medico-legal implications", "management of bacterial colonization & infection", and "impaired blood supply". So maybe it's a matter of register, do you want the article's vocabulary on a 10th grade level or a university level. I don't feel that strongly about it personally, in fact, when I speak to medical professionals about my own health, I prefer the medical jargon. Neotarf (talk) 10:29, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 * But this is a medical subject and thus should be titled appropriately, ie. ulcer, There is no reason why there should not be redirects from colloquial names. I don't think an encylcopedia should pander to the lowest common denominator when it comes to topic titles. Richard Avery (talk) 16:10, 4 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Per WP:COMMONNAME "Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it prefers to use the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources." Also from WP:TITLE guideline, "The choice of article titles should put the interests of readers before those of editors, and those of a general audience before those of specialists." BTW, "pressure sores" isn't slang. If you check google books you will see it is a perfectly serious and acceptable name used in reliable sources.  Neotarf (talk) 23:04, 4 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The common name is bedsore, and policy is currently to prefer this for the article title as stated above. Andrewa (talk) 17:18, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment All the comments refer to what the rules say, but what about common sense? That's why there is discussion about these moves, to inject some human thought process instead of deciding blindly by rules that may or not make sense for this topic.  If the rules don't make sense, then short term, ignore them WP:IAR or long term, change the rules. BTW, I would call these "decubiti": a word that does not appear at all in the article.  Neotarf (talk) 19:32, 12 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per WP:COMMONNAME. BTW, presumably guidelines reflect common sense, as I think they do in this case.  I'd say WP:IAR opens the door for challenging conventions with a logical and constructed argument, but simply advocating something under its aegis is itself only following a rule. ENeville (talk) 21:33, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Relisting comment/request - I would have moved this to Pressure ulcer based on common name, but the alternative Pressure sore is also in play for common name. These Ngrams clearly, ,  demonstrate that Bedsore is a distant second to Pressure ulcers/sores.  Please weigh-in on one of these two alternatives: Pressure sores or Pressure ulcers.  --Mike Cline (talk) 11:20, 18 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment responding to Mike Cline's request on relisting. Thanks for your care with this RM, Mike. I submit this summary ngram on bedsores,pressure sores,pressure ulcers to supplement your three. Observations:
 * This ngram starts at 1920 and is extended to 2008 (the current ngram limit), to highlight later and current trends in usage.
 * It uses plurals, since the term is more often and canonically used that way.
 * It ignores variations in the precise form of "bedsore", such as scarcely arise for the alternatives. I present a supplementary ngram on bedsores,bed sores,bed - sores to show that the true curve for all versions of "bedsore" would be higher; but it still ranks clearly in third place. [Note: Yes, that is how a hyphen must be represented in ngram searches.]
 * Given the clear trend of the curves in the summary ngram, and evidence of specialist technical usage, and on a review of the detailed content of the article's content, I maintain my support for Pressure ulcer.
 * N oetica Tea? 00:06, 19 May 2012 (UTC)
 * N oetica Tea? 00:06, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment on "pressure ulcer" vs. "pressure sore". I don't think you could go wrong with either name. The name "pressure ulcer" seems to have gotten a big boost fairly recently, coinciding with the American pressure ulcer bunch issuing new guidelines in 2007, followed by international groups doing the same. See in particular the British usage, . The name "pressure ulcer" particularly irritates me since the difference in staging between Stage 1 and Stage 2 is that Stage 2 is an "ulcer", that is, the skin is broken.  So that leaves Stage 1 as an ulcer that is defined by not being an ulcer. Whether the "ulcer" terminology is here to stay or not is anybody's guess, but if the ngram for the English fiction corpus is any indication,  it looks like it's become a more common name, and not just used by insiders. Neotarf (talk) 19:49, 22 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

This article needs wikifying
This article is full of technical jargon. It would be helpful for nonspecialist readers to understand it if there were a lot more links to other parts of wikipedia. I added a template to encourage someone to improve the wikification. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.66.232.53 (talk) 02:04, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

✅. It appears that an editor has done this and removed your top-of-article flag. 5Q5 (talk) 11:25, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Clarify "non-blanchable redness"
QUOTE from the Classification section: "Stage I: Intact skin with non-blanchable redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence." It would help readers if an expert would add a line "Non-blanchable redness means/is . . ." Does it mean when you press on the red sore it doesn't turn white briefly; it stays red? And if it does turn white, then the red sore is not an early stage pressure ulcer, but something else? 5Q5 (talk) 11:44, 17 May 2013 (UTC)
 * This question is nearly 9 years old now and still has not been addressed, which is terrible. My own understanding of "non-blachable redness" means that when you press on the area the redness does not go away.  In fact, although I am not a doctor, I am certain this is true. I am far less certain, however, about the reciprocal (i.e., that an area of non-blanchable redness over a bony protuberance is indicative of a pressure wound, when such an area could be indicative of a number of other conditions as well) though from a medical standpoint, this certainly seems to be the assumption.  And yes, the statement does suggest that if it does turn white, then the site is not indicative of an early stage pressure ulcer.  A loose necktie (talk) 00:57, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

Water Tanks
In many science fiction works patients float in water tanks. In the real world this would surely prevent decubitus ulcers. So why isn't this technique used in the real world? At first I thought it may be too costly to implement but then I read an article that said conventional decubitus ulcer treatment and prevention costs tens of thousands of dollars (or euros) per patient and is barely effective, surely it must be possible to get a better health outcome per unit of currency with water tanks?89.99.122.33 (talk) 17:21, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * An interesting idea. The pressure prevention business is a very competitive market and I am sure that if this were a workable and economic proposition then someone would have tried it. There are several immediate problems that would need to be overcome. The bed/tank/frame would need to be easy to store and accessible at short notice. When a patient needs an anti-decubitus bed then the sooner the better. The amount of water required would exceed a normal bath by a factor of 2 or 3 to allow clearance under the patient, and this water would need to be warmed up before being used, and then thermoregulated while in use. There are issues of bodily stability when you float someone on water, turning to inspect or dress wounds, feeding for example, bearing in mind many of the users are likely to be frail.
 * I would like to see a breakdown of the figures you quote and in my nursing experience there are modern anti-decubitus beds that are very effective. I am not convinced that the better modern low-air-loss anti-decubitus beds which can be rolled up for storage and deployed in minutes with not a huge amount of instruction, could be bettered by a water bed. But I am open to appropriate suggestions. Richard Avery (talk) 14:22, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

 * There's also the concern, I am sure, that putting someone in a water tank to float more or less immobilizes them there, and while it might take the pressure off the wounds, the patient also needs to engage in regular physical movement to increase blood flow and retain and regain muscle mass. Imagine how weak you would be after floating in a tank of water for a week! Now imagine doing it for four weeks.  You would come out unable to to lift your own arms because of atrophy.  So yes, a water tank does seem to offer some significant pressure-related solutions, but it brings on a host of other potential problems for the patient which are related to healing the body generally.   There is a fine balance when dealing with a chronic condition like this.  I know someone who went into the hospital for cancer treatment-- they cured the cancer, but he will soon likely succumb to the pressure wounds he got while lying in the hospital bed recovering from it.  It won't be the cancer that kills him, it will be an infection from his wounds in the hospital.  Oh, the irony.  A loose necktie (talk) 01:04, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

bedridden/ psychological-social (medical) conditions
should a subsection under "treatment" be added to explain the medical/psychological conditions that cause an individual to be bedridden? (and what can be done to alter this...perhaps this ref to start?)--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 17:09, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm all for it. A loose necktie (talk) 01:05, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Technical and Scientific Communication
— Assignment last updated by Asmith157 (talk) 14:34, 21 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pressure ulcer


text:
Talk:Construction

Addition of builder
The addition of builder would be worth a thought under higher education. As in some countries Builder is no longer considered a tried. In Australia a builder now has two more years experience than a tradesperson and normally a certificate four or diploma in construction. Looks forward to your reply Sntmichael (talk) 10:16, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * Such an addition will need to explain the locations/countries where this qualification/experience is required. In some (most?) economies, there are no barriers to anyone setting up as a "builder" (it is not a protected term like "architect"). Paul W (talk) 12:54, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

"Bridgit (software)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Bridgit (software) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 28 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 17:15, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:37, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Roofing-2.jpg

Undue prominence on safety
Hi User:Dustfreeworld. You recently reverted a change I made to keep safety within a section about characteristics of of the construction industry. You assert "Safety is not a “characteristic” of the industry. It’s a big problem caused by and also affecting the construction industry."

Previous edits of the construction article have created a logical hierarchy of four main headings: History, Sectors, Processes, Scale and characteristics. The latter's subsections included Economic activity, Employment, Sustainability, and (until you removed it) Safety. I do not share your view that this should be added to a main section of its own. Indeed, arguably, (a lack of) sustainability is an even greater problem with causes by and impacts upon the construction sector. I think the change you made warrants further discussion here with other editors to establish a consensus for your move. You clearly have a strong interest in air and dust pollution-related matters, but, in my view, your focus on these areas is potentially skewing the construction article by making safety more prominent than other issues (WP:Undue).

I propose to revert the change and invite you to discuss it here on the article Talk page. If there is a consensus for a separate section, all well and good, but if not, safety should remain within the Scale and characteristics section. Thank you for reading (I have also left a similar note on your User Talk page). Paul W (talk) 18:00, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi User:Paul W. May we know more about this 2020 edit of yours, which has no discussion or consensus or edit summary, please?
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construction&diff=prev&oldid=953885006
 * Thanks. -- Dustfreeworld (talk) 07:35, 16 September 2023 (UTC)
 * It was part of a long series of dozens of edits in a major rewrite/reorganisation of the article (aiming to produce a level-3 vital article - see WP:Vital articles - that was consistent in its headings with other high level vital economy articles such as agriculture and manufacturing). The editing process was consciously conducted over multiple days over several weeks to allow other editors to contribute or raise matters via the Talk page (though none did) - so achieving consensus (per WP:CONACHIEVE) through editing.
 * Please note I also tried to draw attention to the improvement process by adding a section - see "Article improvement" above - on this Talk page (started 5 May 2020, updated 26 June 2020) . The process developed an article that has been largely stable for over three years. (And like practically all of my edits, it did have an an edit summary - the words 'health and safety' - indicating the section then being edited). Thanks. Paul W (talk) 21:35, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Inclusion of Recent Developments
Adding information about recent trends, technological innovations, or significant events in the construction companies and industry that might be missing from the article. like https://www.intellectsoft.net/blog/8-emerging-construction-technology-trends/ Jhoncarll (talk) 19:48, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Not sure what you want to add or improve in the construction article. If it's just about adding spammy external links to websites (like this Talk page addition), please refrain. Best wishes. Paul W (talk) 21:28, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Construction


text:
Category:Race and intelligence controversy

This category is meant to hold information related to the academic controversy over race and intelligence. The debate concerns possible explanations of group differences encountered in the study of race and intelligence. Since the beginning of IQ testing around the time of World War I there have been observed differences between average scores of different population groups, though these differences have fluctuated and in many cases steadily decreased over time. Today, the scientific consensus is that genetics does not explain differences in IQ test performance between groups, and that observed differences are environmental in origin.


text:
Schönefeld

Schönefeld (meaning beautiful field) is a suburban municipality in the Dahme-Spreewald district, Brandenburg, Germany. It borders the southeastern districts of Berlin. The municipal area encompasses the old Berlin Schönefeld Airport (SXF) and the new Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER).

Geography
It is located about 22 km southeast of the Berlin city centre, next to Berlin's only airport, Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER).

In the north, Schönefeld adjoins to the Berlin boroughs of Tempelhof-Schöneberg, Neukölln, and Treptow-Köpenick with the localities of Lichtenrade, Gropiusstadt, Buckow, Rudow, Altglienicke, and Bohnsdorf. In the south, it borders Mittenwalde, in the west, Blankenfelde-Mahlow and in the east, Schulzendorf and Zeuthen.

Civil parishes
The Schönefeld municipal area comprises six districts (Ortsteile), former municipalities in their own right which were incorporated in 2003:
 * Schönefeld proper
 * Großziethen
 * Selchow
 * Kiekebusch
 * Waltersdorf
 * Waßmannsdorf

The settlement of Kienberg, part of Waltersdorf, was cleared of residents to permit expansion of the Berlin Brandenburg Airport and is to be developed as a commercial area.

History and monuments
The first preserved mention of Schönefeld in the Mittelmark territory dates back to 1242. Sconenfelde, then a possession held by the Lords of Selchow, is documented in the 1375 Landbuch (domesday book) of Emperor Charles IV, when he also ruled as Elector of Brandenburg. The village church, rebuilt in 1904/05 according to plans designed by Franz Heinrich Schwechten, includes a large Baroque altar. Waltersdorf and Waßmannsdorf also have village churches dating to the first half of the 13th century.

From 1933 onwards the Henschel aircraft company moved from Johannisthal Air Field to Schönefeld and had three runways laid out next to the village. More than 14,000 warplanes were built at the site until 1945, when the premises were occupied by the Red Army. In the Großziethen cemetery is a memorial to 200 prisoners of war and forced laborers who died during World War II. The Soviet Air Forces used the air field from 1946, one year later the Soviet Military Administration ordered the buildup of a civil air service supplying East Berlin.

Before German reunification, Schönefeld shared its borders partly with boroughs of former West Berlin (present-day Neukölln and Tempelhof-Schöneberg ), and so from 1961 to 1990 it was separated from it by the Berlin Wall.

Transport

 * Berlin Brandenburg Airport
 * Schönefeld (bei Berlin) station, opened in 1951 on the Berlin outer ring, is currently served by the Berlin S-Bahn lines S45 and S9
 * Berlin Brandenburg Airport railway station beneath the airport Terminal 1 served by S-Bahn, Regional Express "Airport Express" and long distance IC trains, and an S-Bahn station at Waßmannsdorf, between there and the existing Schönefeld station served only by the S-Bahn.
 * The Schönefled interchange connects the autobahns A13, A113 with its A117 branch-off, and A10 (Berliner Ring).
 * Bundesstraßen B96A and B179

Business
The Airport-Center, an industrial area in Waltersdorf, and Berlin Brandenburg Airport are important sources of revenue for Schönefeld.

The head office of Private Wings is located in the General Aviation Terminal (Allgemeine Luftfahrt) on the property of Schönefeld Airport. Before its disestablishment, the East German airline company Interflug had its head office on the grounds of the airport. Bremenfly also had its head office in Schönefeld.

Politics
Seats in the municipal council (Gemeinderat):
 * Alle für Eine voters' association: 5
 * Christian Democratic Union (CDU): 7
 * Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD): 3
 * The Left: 2
 * Schönefeld citizens' initiative (BIS): 1
 * Pro Schönefeld citizens' association: 4

Twin towns — Sister cities
Schönefeld is twinned with 🇲🇳 Bayangol, a district of Ulaanbataar, since 1999.

Education
Primary schools in the municipality:
 * Astrid-Lindgren-Grundschule Schönefeld
 * Paul-Maar-Grundschule Großziethen

There is a private secondary school, Evangelische Schule Schönefeld.

Notable people

 * Rosemarie Clausen, theatrical photographer, born in Großziethen in 1907
 * Rudi Dutschke, prominent spokesperson of the German student movement of the 1960s

title: Schönefeld


text:
Sarah Johnson (poet)

Sarah Johnson (born 1980) is a South African poet.

Sarah Johnson was born in Cape Town. She completed her MA in creative writing at the University of Cape Town, and published her first work, a collection of poetry, in 2004. Personae was described by Stephen Watson as 'one of the best debut volumes in recent years'.

After a hiatus of nearly a decade, she began writing again in 2018.

Personal life
As of 2018, she lives in Cape Town with her husband and two children.

Poetry

 * Personae. (University of Cape Town, 2004) review

title: Sarah Johnson (poet)


text: User talk:81.153.129.142

title: User talk:81.153.129.142


text:
Anna Zofia Sapieha

Princess Anna Zofia Sapieha (17 October 1799 – 24 November 1864) was a Polish noblewoman, notable as a philanthropist.

In France she was active in the Polish emigree community (Hôtel Lambert). She was particularly known for her charity activities.

She married Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski on 25 September 1817 in Radzyń.

title: Anna Zofia Sapieha


text: Category:496 BC

title: Category:496 BC


text:
User:Kram~enwiki

Ecstatica II
I had a lot of fun playing Ecstatica 2 in days gone by, so I was pleased (ecstatic?) to find that it runs fine under Microsoft Vista. I was not quite so pleased to find that there is no music available. Having unsuccessfully scoured the web for a fix to this problem (DosBox works, but I had some random program hangs/crashes, YMMV), I resorted to fixing it myself.

In short, the problem is with the MIDI support in Vista (possibly XP too, but I haven't tried it there) which has changed since windows 95/98. In geek talk, Ecstatica 2 enumerates the MIDI device capabilities using midiOutGetDevCapsA but discards any device with wTechnology bit 0 set (wTechnology&1) ie. MOD_MIDIPORT, thus excluding pass-through devices. Unfortunately Vista returns wTechnology==7 (MOD_SWSYNTH) which has bit 0 set, so is incorrectly discarded too. So a simple (crude) fix is to bypass the test which is achieved by patching the executable replacing the instruction "test dh,1" with "test dh,0".

Given the vagaries of finding reliable, free web hosting, I am not going to supply a patch online. But I will supply some instructions for you to roll your own :-) You will need a hex editor (of which there are many) and (optionally) MD5 which you can get from http://www.fourmilab.ch/md5/

Locate the folder in which Ecstatica 2 is installed, typically "C:\Program Files\Ecstatica II" and check the date for the file e2win95.exe - if its 21-May-1997 then you're in luck. From a command window, run "md5 e2win95.exe" (you will need to copy md5.exe to the folder if you don't have it in your PATH), you should get a signature of 88B5D0A3634BF6BBE2A8FCB8594C3E91. If you don't then do not attempt to patch it, as its not the same as my version. Using your favourite hex editor, change the byte at address 0004994B from 01 to 00 (you will probably need to change the file permissions on e2win95.exe first - right click on it then Properties/Security/Edit and change Users to Full Control). Then re-check the MD5 signature which should now be 4D6B7C555A5D1D22C62CDD6933BEA87F. Voila, music should now work (otherwise you can restore the original e2win95.exe from the CD-ROM).

If you have Amazon Clearing Bug Patch installed, the MD5 signature is 803AC07436A0BB3C317D451A673D9882, and you should instead change the byte at address 00049B6B from 01 to 00. The patched MD5 signature should be 6800E9842A18029347E5893DFE8E541E.

I'm not going to link from Ecstatica II to here as it violates WP:OR and I don't want to get a ticket. I've put a note on the talk page though.

title: User:Kram~enwiki


text:
User talk:Spookalicious

BOO!

title: User talk:Spookalicious


text:
File:Edie Brickell - Ghost of a Dog.jpg

Cover for album Ghost of a Dog by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Edie Brickell - Ghost of a Dog.jpg


text:
Talk:Snoqualmie River

Untitled
I took some pictures of the Snoqualmie River yesterday. Choose which ones you want.

The source of the Middle Fork
Is Williams Lake the source of the Middle Fork? Does anyone know? AndrewEnns (talk) 01:28, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

 * According to the USGS GNIS page and the topo maps linked to from that page, the Middle Fork continues a bit beyond Williams Lake to one of the Chain Lakes. They give the source coordinates as 47.5584457, -121.2375967. I don't know how to link to the topo maps directly, which is annoying, but from the GNIS page if you click "GNIS in Google Map" and then zoom in and click the "Topo" option you can view topo maps with icons indicates river sources and such. Of course the USGS GNIS information is not always correct, and their coordinates can be a bit rough--but pretty good. Pfly (talk) 05:25, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Snoqualmie River