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Lester Frank Ward

Lester Frank Ward (June 18, 1841 – April 18, 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. The first president of the American Sociological Association, Ward has been characterized as a pioneering figure in American sociology. His 1883 work Dynamic Sociology was influential in establishing sociology as a distinct field in the United States. However, despite its initial impact his work was quickly sidelined during the institutionalization and development of American sociology.

Childhood: 1841–1858
Most, if not all of what is known about Ward's early life comes from the biography, Lester F. Ward: A Personal Sketch, written by Emily Palmer Cape in 1922. Lester Frank Ward was born in Joliet, Illinois. He was the youngest of 10 children born to Justus Ward and his wife Silence Rolph Ward. Justus Ward (d. 1858) was of New England colonial descent and worked on farms in addition to being an itinerant mechanic. Silence Ward was the daughter of a clergyman; she was educated and fond of literature. The family lived in poverty during Ward's early years.

When Ward was one year old, the family moved closer to Chicago, to Cass, now known as Downers Grove, Illinois about twenty-three miles from Lake Michigan. The family then moved to a homestead in nearby St. Charles, Illinois where Ward's father built a saw mill business making railroad ties. As a child, Ward had to worked in farms, mills, and factories to supplement his family income, giving him little time for his education. Ward first attended a formal school at St. Charles, Kane County, Illinois, in 1850 when he was nine years old. He was known as Frank Ward to his classmates and friends and showed a great enthusiasm for books and learning, liberally supplementing his education with outside reading. Four years after Ward started attending school, his parents, along with Lester and an older brother, Erastus, traveled to Iowa in a covered wagon for a new life on the frontier.

Starting college: 1858–1862
In 1858, Justus Ward unexpectedly died, and the boys returned the family to the old homestead they still owned in St. Charles. Ward's estranged mother, who lived two miles away with Ward's sister, disapproved of the move, and wanted the boys to stay in Iowa to continue their father's work. The two brothers lived together for a short time in the old family homestead they dubbed "Bachelor's Hall," doing farm work to earn a living, and encouraged each other to pursue an education and abandon their father's life of physical labor.

In late 1858, the two brothers moved to Pennsylvania at the invitation of Lester Frank's oldest brother Cyrenus (9 years Lester Frank's senior), who was starting a business making wagon wheel hubs and needed workers. The brothers saw this as an opportunity to move closer to civilization and to eventually attend college.

The business failed, however, and Lester Frank, who still didn't have the money to attend college, found a job teaching in a small country school; in the summer months he worked as a farm laborer. He finally saved enough money to attend college and enrolled in the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute in 1860. While he was at first self-conscious about his spotty formal education and self learning, he soon found that his knowledge compared favorably to his classmates', and he was rapidly promoted.

Civil War service and further studies: 1862–1873
Ward was a "fervent opponent of slavery" and enlisted in the Union Army to fight in the Civil War in August, 1862. He suffered three gunshot wounds in the Battle of Chancellorsville and was discharged from service on November 18, 1864 due to physical disability. After the war, Ward moved to Washington. In Washington, he worked at the Treasury Department from 1865 until 1872. Ward attended Columbian College, now the George Washington University, and graduating in 1869 with the degree of A.B. In 1871, after he received the degree of LL.B, he was admitted to the Bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. However, Ward never practiced law. In 1873, he completed his A.M. degree.

Government work and research in Washington, DC
Ward concentrated on his work as a researcher for the federal government. At that time almost all of the basic research in such fields as geography, paleontology, archaeology and anthropology were concentrated in Washington, DC, and a job as a federal government scientist was a prestigious and influential position. From 1881 until 1888 Ward worked as an assistant geologist at the U.S. Geological Survey In 1883 he was made Geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey. While he worked at the Geological Survey he became friends with John Wesley Powell, the second director of the US Geological Survey (1881–1894) and the director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1892, he was named Paleontologist for the USGS, a position he held until 1906.

According to Edward Rafferty, Ward was part of a group of "Washington intellectuals" who "wanted to place social science within the structure of government and public life itself". Ward believed that centering research activity in government actions would benefit democratic progress, and evade the partisanship, corruption, and conflict of post-Civil War politics. Broadly, Ward's overarching project represented the "monumental exposition of the relation of the state to social progress" Working from the perspective that social research could be used to improve policy and the function of government, Ward was noted by his contemporaries for engaging in "the most advanced views yet taken by an avowed sociologist in the advocacy of a comprehensive program of social reform through the medium of legislation".

During this time, Ward was very productive in writing and circulating works on his interests concerning nature and society. Ward published his Guide to the flora of Washington and vicinity (1881), followed shortly afterwards by the first volume of Dynamic Sociology: Or applied social science as based upon statistical sociology and the less complex sciences (1883), alongside his Sketch of Paleobotany (1885), Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group (1885), and Types of the Laramie Flora (1887).

Gaining notability
Reflecting his growing prominence as a scholar and acceptance in academic circles, Ward was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1889. In 1900, he was elected as the president of International Institute of Sociology in France. Ward was also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the National Academy of Science.

From 1891 to 1905, Ward continued to publish numerous texts on natural history and sociology, with the circulation of his work in both areas contributing to his growing notability. These works included sociological writings on Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism (1891), The Psychic Factors of Civilization (1893), multiple articles in Contributions to Social Philosophy (1895–1897), the second volume of his Dynamic Sociology (1897), and his Outlines of Sociology (1898).

The founding of the American Sociological Association: 1905
In 1905, American sociologists debated the creation of an independent professional association that would be distinct from other existing collectives for historians, economists, and political scientists. C. W. A. Veditz, a professor at George Washington University who admired Ward's work, sought Ward's opinion on the matter, with Ward arguing in favor of an organization that could mirror Paris' International Institute of Sociology.

At a meeting of approximately three hundred sociologists at the December 27th 1905 American Economic Association, Ward made a strong argument for the establishment of the American Sociological Association, with the assembled sociologists passing Ward's motion and forming a committee to establish the association's charter and founding officers. Ward became the first president of the American Sociological Association on December 28, 1905, after his colleauges Ross, Small, and Giddings motioned for him to receive the honor. Ward was chosen for the role out of a belief among the committee that "all sociologists are under a heavy debt of gratitude" to his work, and because of Ward's commitment to raise the discipline's profile and esteem in a society where sociology was "not merely discredited, but almost entirely unknown".

Teaching at Brown and final years: 1906–1913
After becoming the first president of the American Sociological Association, Ward's reputation and prominence as a sociologist in America was at its peak. In 1906, Ward became chair of sociology at Brown University. Previously, Ward had given "extended courses of lectures on sociology" at the University of Chicago and at Stanford University.

Prior to taking up the position at Brown, Ward and his wife travelled to Europe and Ward took part in various presentations and debates. Ward was popular at Brown, as a teacher and colleauge; a fellow professor, Samuel Mitchell, described him as "pre-eminent" among the "many able scholars and teachers" at Brown. One of Ward's students, Sara Algeo, wrote that "studying with Prof. Ward was like sitting at the feet of Aristotle, or Plato ... He was the wisest man I have ever known." In 1910, Ward taught at the University of Wisconsin Madison's sociology department during their summer school

Ward delivered public lectures and seminars in the United Kingdom and across the United States. Towards the end of his life, Ward critiqued the eugenics movement as founded on a "distrust of nature" and "egotism", and instead argued that a program of social welfare (or 'euthenics') would be far more effective in curing social ills than what was proposed by eugenicists.

Despite gaining recognition for his work and professional esteem, Ward felt increasingly isolated in this later stage of his career as his focus on systematization was at odds with the work of other social scientists who were more focused on policy and legislation. During his later years, Ward remained a productive writer. In 1906 Ward published Applied Sociology: A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society, and in 1908 an article on Social Classes in the Light of Modern Sociological Theory followed in the American Journal of Sociology. Ward's final major work, Glimpses of the Cosmos, was published posthumously, with the help of Sarah Comstock and Sarah Simons, in six volumes beginning in 1913 and continuing until 1918.

Death: 1913
After several weeks of sickness, Ward died on April 17, 1913 at his home on Rhode Island Avenue. Prominent social scientists including Emile Durkheim, Ferdinand Tonnies, Patrick Geddes, Thorstein Veblen, and Albion Small mourned his death. His colleagues at Brown University eulogized Ward as a "profound student, and an original investigator in the most abstruse problems which the human mind can grapple", describing him as "a genial associate" and "an inspiring teacher". In a eulogy in the Washington Herald, C. W. A. Veditz remarked that "his death marks the disappearance of a scientists who will unquestionably rank as one of the half-dozen greatest thinkers in his field that the world has produced"

Ward was first buried at Glenwood Cemetery in Washington, but was later moved to Brookside Cemetery, Watertown in Jefferson County, New York to be with his wife. The only surviving public memorial commemorating Ward is in the Pennsylvania village of Myersburg, where a state historical sign describes Ward as "the American Aristotle".

Marriages
While attending the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute, Ward met Elizabeth "Lizzie" Carolyn Vought and fell in love. They married on August 13, 1862. Shortly afterward, he enlisted in the Union Army and was sent to the Civil War front. After the war he successfully petitioned for work with the federal government in Washington, DC, where the couple moved.

Lizzie assisted him in editing and contributing to a newsletter called The Iconoclast, dedicated to free thinking and critiquing organized religion. She gave birth to a son, but the child died when he was less than a year old. Lizzie died in 1872 at the age of thirty. Lester Frank Ward went on to marry Rosamond Asenath Simons (1840–1913) as his second wife in the year 1873.

Personal Character
Reflecting after his death, James Q. Dealey, one of Ward's friends, wrote that Ward "had a deeply emotional nature" which was "suppressed by his close devotion to intellectual pursuits", while he was "really fond of social life" he became "so absorbed in his work that to a quite large extent he lived a lonely life during his last years" and rarely socialized away from his university connections. Dealey described Ward as a committed teacher who "was seldom absent from his classes" and "was most systematic in the preparation of his lectures", even towards the end of his life when "he could barely put one foot before another and could hardly carry the weight of his books", Ward cherished teaching.

Emily Palmer Cape wrote that Ward "always stressed the power of an education which teaches a knowledge of the materials and forces of nature, and their relation to our own lives." Cape noted that Ward "loved nature, and to be out of doors" and enjoyed giving "a long and beautiful description of the earth" whenever possible.

Family
Ward's immediate family were politically active and involved in various social causes. Lester Ward's older brother, Cyrenus Ward, was "heavily involved in the politics of labor unions and working-class reform" and in the middle of the 1860s he became a leading member of the socialist movement in New York City. Cyrenus Ward went on to join Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the International Workingmen's Association, to which he was elected a council member, before being arrested as a spy during the Franco-Prussian War. Lester Ward detailed Cyrenus' activities in The Iconoclast, and went on to secure jobs for him at the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Statistics via his network in Washington. Lester Ward's other brothers, Lorenzo and Justin, were both politically active in the cooperative movement and the prohibitionist movement respectively.

Works and ideas
Ward hoped to use his scientific literacy to contribute an American version of historical-materialist Sociology, opposing the then popular work of Herbert Spencer with critique inspired by Karl Marx. Working in the Enlightenment tradition, Ward associated his project with the advancement of democratic principles in the United States. As Ward explained in the Preface to Dynamic Sociology: Or Applied Social Science as Based Upon Statistical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences, it was his belief that: "The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils."

Political beliefs
Ward approached society through the lens of producerism, or the celebration of productive workers, for example artisans, skilled laborers, merchants, and craftspeople, as opposed to nonproducers who simply accumulated capital and resources., Ward believed that government should provide society with understanding of socioeconomic conditions to ensure that the state progressed as a whole. Ward was critical of "privilege, monopoly, and the evils of financial capitalism", and supported abolitionism, temperance, and public education.

Nature, evolution and conservation
Ward had a lifelong interest in nature, beginning in childhood and extending throughout his time as a government clerk active in local biological societies, and as a formally trained paleobiologist. Ward engaged with Lamarckian ideas, or the theory that the natural environment shapes organisms. Ward wrote on the topic in Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism, and was enthusiastic in his support of Darwin's findings and theories.

Reflecting a popular trend at the time, Ward made connections between evolution, patterns in the natural world, and his perspectives on society. Ward wrote that "the process of evolution is organization", reflecting that in his opinion "the process is the same" across biological, chemical, physical, and social forms of organization. Ward believed that "the universal comprehension of nature" would lead to a situation where "every human could do his part", stressing that recognising this interconnectedness and interdependence "should inspire one to add to the whole" and to "contribute one's share ot life's great continuous flow."

Ward understood human conflict and war as evolutionary forces responsible for progress. From Ward's perspective, conflict enabled the rise of Homo Sapiens over other creatures, and saw the expansion of what he considered to be more technologically advanced races and nations. Ward saw war as a natural evolutionary process that could be painful, slow, and ineffective. He argued to recognize these characteristics of war, but to replace it with a more progressive system which minimized harm.

He wrote: "Darwin has taught us that the chief barrier to the advance of any species of plants or animals is its competition with other plants and animals that contest the same ground. And therefore the fiercest opponents of any species are the members of the same species which demand the same elements of subsistence. Hence the chief form of relief in the organic world consists in the thinning-out of competitors. Any species of animals or plants left free to propagate at its normal rate would overrun the earth in a short time and leave no room for any other species. Any species that is sufficiently vigorous to resist its organic environment will crowd out all others and monopolize the earth. If nature permitted this there could be no variety, but only one monotonous aspect devoid of interest or beauty. Whatever we may think of the harsh method by which this is prevented, we cannot regret that it is prevented, and that we have a world of variety, interest, and aesthetic attractiveness."

Alongside George  Perkins  Marsh,  John  Wesley  Powell, and  W  J  McGee, Ward's ideas concerning conservation and the management of natural resources helped to inform the conservation movement of the early 20th century. However, the extent of Ward's contributions to scientific understandings of nature has been debated, with John Burnham writing that "Ward's unbelievable egotism and his ostentatious display of technical terminology misled many writers into believing he was a "great" or "distinguished" natural scientist." Ward's desire to "prove his knowledge of all scientific subjects", and his "habit of creating difficult neologisms in his books" proved to be "particularly bothersome to many readers of his work".

Welfare state and laissez faire
Ward was a supporter of the concept of the welfare state. Ward argued that those critical of the development of a social safety as 'paternalistic' were hypocritical for themselves receiving "relief from their own incompetency" in their private enterprise as capitalists and industrialists. Ward's ideas influenced a rising generation of progressive political leaders, such as Herbert Croly, and his ideas came to help shape early welfare policy in the United States. However, there are few demonstrable direct links between his writings and the actual programs of the founders of the welfare state and the New Deal.

Reflecting his overarching engagement with discussions of evolution, Ward critiqued Herbert Spencer and Spencer's theories of laissez-faire and survival of the fittest which were popular in socio-economic thought in the United States after the American Civil War. Ward positioned himself in opposition to Spencer and the American political scientist William Graham Sumner, an advocate for Spencer's ideas, who had promoted the principles of laissez-faire. The historian Henry Steele Commager argued that Ward "trained his heaviest guns" on "the superstitions that still held domain over the mid of his generation", of which "laissez-faire was the most stupefying"

Women's equality
Ward advocated for equal rights for women, at times drawing on metaphors and analogies from his interest in the study of the natural world to support his arguments. He gave a speech on the topic to the Fourteenth Dinner of the Six O’clock Club in Washington on April 26, 1888, at Willard’s Hotel. Ward was of the opinion that "there is no fixed rule by which Nature has intended that one sex should excel the other, any more than there is any fixed point beyond which either cannot develop." Ward summarized his position as "true science teaches that the elevation of woman is the only sure road to the evolution of man." Despite Ward's interest in the topic of equal rights for women, Clifford H. Scott summarised that "practically all the suffragists ignored" Ward.

Legacy in American sociology
As Robert Kessler summarized, "reputation came slowly and faded rapidly" for Ward, while his early work was "epoch-making" and his impact led to Hofstadter naming him the "American Aristotle", by the middle of the 20th century Ward had "passed so completely from the contemporary scene" and is now largely undiscussed in modern American sociology. Eric Royal Lybeck argues that the broadness of Ward's research was responsible for his work being "shunted from the centre of sociological discourse to the margins of posterity" While Ward's work was wide sweeping and attempted to synthesize insights from a broad spectrum of research themes and subjects, the institutionalization of sociology in the United States led to a hyperfocus on discrete and specialized problems which was at odds with the scale of his approach. Albion Small suggested that Ward remained too attached to the positivism of Auguste Comte and the evolutionism of Herbert Spencer at a time when other social scientists were moving towards other social models and methods of analysis. It was Small's assessment that Ward clung to a "pure science" approach in social research, and was more of a "museum investigator" interested in labeling, categorising, and developing schema. Cumulatively, this meant that while Ward was "highly regarded and influential" in the early history of sociology in the United States, his approach and contributions rapidly became redundant as the field changed.

Even during his lifetime, C. W. A. Veditz suggested that due to translation and wide circulation, Ward's works may have been better known in Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, and Japan than they were in the United States.

Ward's diaries, writings, and photographs
All but the first of his voluminous diaries were reportedly destroyed by Rosamond after his death. Ward's first journal, Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870..., remains under copyright. A collection of Ward's writings and photographs is maintained by the Special Collections Research Center of the George Washington University. The collection includes articles, diaries, correspondence, and a scrapbook. GWU's Special Collections Research Center is located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library.

Literature

 * Coser, Lewis. A History of Sociological Analysis. New York : Basic Books.
 * Dahms, Harry F. – 'Lester F. Ward'
 * Finlay, Barbara. "Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work." Gender & Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, 251–265 (1999)
 * Gossett, Thomas F. (1963). Race: The History of an Idea in America.
 * Harp, Gillis J. Positivist Republic, Ch. 5 "Lester F. Ward: Positivist Whig" Positivist Republic: Auguste Comte and the Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1920
 * Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought, Chapter 4, (original 1944, 1955. reprint Boston: Beacon Press, 1992). Social Darwinism in American Thought
 * Largey, Gale. Lester Ward: A Global Sociologist
 * Mers, Adelheid. Fusion
 * Perlstadt, Harry. Applied Sociology as Translational Research: A One Hundred Fifty Year Voyage
 * Rafferty, Edward C. Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841/1913. Apostle of Human Progress: Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841–1913
 * Ravitch, Diane. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms. Simon & Schuster. "Chapter one: The Educational Ladder" Left Back
 * Ross, John R. Man over Nature: the origins of the conservation movement
 * Ross, Dorthy. The Origins of American Social Science. Cambridge University Press The Origins of American Social Science
 * Seidelman, Raymond and Harpham, Edward J. Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984. p. 26 Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis
 * Wood, Clement. The Sociology Of Lester F Ward The Sociology Of Lester F Ward
 * Rafferty, Edward C. Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841/1913. Apostle of Human Progress: Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841–1913
 * Ravitch, Diane. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms. Simon & Schuster. "Chapter one: The Educational Ladder" Left Back
 * Ross, John R. Man over Nature: the origins of the conservation movement
 * Ross, Dorthy. The Origins of American Social Science. Cambridge University Press The Origins of American Social Science
 * Seidelman, Raymond and Harpham, Edward J. Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984. p. 26 Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis
 * Wood, Clement. The Sociology Of Lester F Ward The Sociology Of Lester F Ward

1890–1899

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1900–1909

 * Ward, Lester F. (1903) "Pure Sociology: A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society." (2,625 KB – PDF)
 * With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland
 * With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland
 * Ward, Lester F. (1903) "Pure Sociology: A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society." (2,625 KB – PDF)
 * With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland
 * With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland

title: Lester Frank Ward


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Okotoks Dawgs

The Okotoks Dawgs are a collegiate summer baseball team based in Okotoks, Alberta, Canada. They play in the Western Canadian Baseball League (WCBL). The Dawgs are seven-time WCBL champions.

History
The Dawgs were originally based in Calgary where they were known as the Calgary Dawgs. The roots of the team date to 1996 (as shown in the team's logo) "with the formation of an elite youth travel team". The Dawgs joined the WCBL in 2003, playing at Foothills Stadium. They won the 2004 league championship in front of over 3,400 fans. The arrival of the professional Calgary Vipers in 2005 led to numerous bitter conflicts between the two clubs over use of the stadium, and ultimately forced the Dawgs to suspend operations for the 2006 season.

The franchise resumed operations in 2007 in the town of Okotoks, 18 kilometres south of Calgary, after brothers Don and Doc Seaman funded the construction of Seaman Stadium at the cost of $8 million. The team has been a huge success in Okotoks. Their average of 1,825 fans per game in 2008 was the most of any baseball team in Alberta and made them the top drawing collegiate team in Canada. Attendance steadily increased to an estimated 2,400 per game by 2011, which team director John Ircandia attributed to the community's enthusiastic support, noting that games "kind of became a place to see your neighbours again." In 2019, the team attracted an average of 3,937 fans per game, the third-highest in all of Summer Collegiate baseball.

The organization operates several high performance teams at the under-18 and under-15 levels. Since their arrival in Okotoks, the community has seen a significant increase in participation in minor baseball, growing from 150 registered players in 2006 to over 500 in 2011.

The Dawgs have been equally successful on the field since their move to Okotoks, capturing the 2007, 2008, 2009, 2019, 2022 and 2023 championships.

Alumni

 * Jim Henderson
 * Andrew Kittredge
 * Alejo Lopez
 * Kody Funderburk

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Okotoks Dawgs


text: Category:British diplomats

title: Category:British diplomats


text: Category:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom


text: Category:Television networks in France

title: Category:Television networks in France


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Talk:The Invaders (The Twilight Zone)

Untitled
Hello,were the invaders just one episode or was there a movie (British)? I seem to remember a film or series about a world control type of m.i.b.'s and thier crowd control robots. I've only seen it once as a kid watching t.v. They certianly were not tiny robots as I vaguely recall.It was the seventies and the old flicks were not all bought yet.But late at night they would run stuff that you would have to search for these days. As I recall they were black and white movies. I got a friend who was also spaced out in the middle of NYC to try and figure out the plot, if this was going to be the future (though most people had color t.v. back then). Anyway,it was only a small mystery then among many to this day. It is after all almost dawn and in the shots i remember the streets were empty in the morning except for the invaders waiting yo do thier job and control the masses. It's late and i was just wondering about all the usual wierd stuff that goes on. Was this series(?) a prelude to the Dr.Who show? Were they the freaking Daleks or what? Who was that carrot guy? Jeez the stuff just was on so early here and you thought great but hard to follow.I guess they thought it was kids stuff as usual. The video effects worked great on the old sets as you munched out either real early or really late in those days. So late at night it became a thing to watch for anything different. Those days it was on alright, but nothing with any conspiricy to it. Then one predawn t.v. overdosed morning what I will take as the Invaders came on as an overly loud discussion was in progress, I tried to quiet down the people I was with. So after all these years I'm still wondering if there ever was such a program or series as what I felt the show was about? Complete social control, I'm sure there was a plot of course but it didn't register at that hour. I thought ,crap! This might happen,soon. That was almost thirty years ago. I only saw one episode and cannot recall anything but the empty streets of the city at dawn and the men in black guiding the robots along the city. Is tht what the show was about? Still wondering,F.F.
 * Absolutely not. That has nothing to do with this show. If a moderator drops by, please delete the foregoing comment (how did it get posted without a date, etc?) and this answer. Wastrel Way (talk) 23:47, 29 December 2021 (UTC) Eric

Name of the ship is Space Probe no.1
145.94.73.110 20:40, 22 January 2007 (UTC) (REMOVED LINK) and see for yourself that the ship is called space probe no.1

This and other twilight zones are available (public domain?) on dailymotion.

 * NO! Check the wiki article on public domain and see for yourself. Dailymotion is used to distribute a lot of copyrighted material and should not be linked to on this site Alastairward 21:57, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Please remove the spoiler about the episode "Third from the Sun". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.122.14.184 (talk) 03:55, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Bizarre theme
absolutly Bizarre theme of a US Space probe..astronauths trying to defeat a giant....Ironically one of last shows of the Twilight zone has a woman and a policeman trapped by a big ballon and aliens...to turn out to be small..who deceied not to invvade earth....the show was running out of material............. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.49.142.38 (talk) 18:51, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Invaders (The Twilight Zone)


text:
Angelica pubescens

Angelica pubescens is a plant in the family Apiaceae, native to Japan and Taiwan. The Japanese common name is shishiudo. In Mainland China, the plant under the name Angelica pubescens is actually Angelica biserrata.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1–2 m tall with tripinnate leaves up to 1 m long, the leaflets being 5–10 cm long. The flowers are white, produced in large umbels.

The young stems and leaves are edible. Shishiudo is often mistaken with udo.

title: Angelica pubescens


text:
User talk:Peggy~enwiki

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text:
User talk:B. Bierhoff

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! BTW, you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. Four tildes ( ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Here are some things you can do to get started:
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If you'd like to get even more involved in Wikipedia, such as voting on featured articles or collaboration of the week and much more, you can always visit the community portal. Again, welcome! Johnleemk | Talk 11:03, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of LOVOS

A tag has been placed on LOVOS, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

Stub regarding an online forum Notability

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think that the page was nominated in error, contest the nomination by clicking on the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion" in the speedy deletion tag. Doing so will take you to the talk page where you can explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. You can also visit the page's talk page directly to give your reasons, but be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but do not hesitate to add information that is consistent with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. Nirvana2013 (talk) 08:01, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Ecopsychology for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ecopsychology is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ecopsychology until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Salimfadhley (talk) 13:06, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Education for sustainable development for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Education for sustainable development is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Education for sustainable development until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cordless Larry (talk) 19:37, 21 October 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:B. Bierhoff


text:
User:Pavankumar

Pavan Kumar

title: User:Pavankumar


text:
Talk:Earl De La Warr

Courtesy Title of heir
Is the courtesy title Viscount Cantelupe or Baron Buckhurst? The 9th Earl, born after his father inherited the title, was often called "Buck De La Warr" (e.g. in the diaries of his cousin-in-law Harold Nicolson), clearly after Buckhurst, but the Cantelupe title is a century older. Timrollpickering 11:04, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The courtesy title is indeed Lord Buckhurst. -- Emsworth 17:10, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Abeyance
The fact that two major titles, and therefore the governance of at least three manors, were allowed to remain in limbo for nearly two decades suggests that abeyance, at least in this instance, is not wholly a fiction of the 17th or 18th centurty rulemakers. Robert A West 06:09, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Suggestions for Improvement
Jerry lavoie 17:18, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * This article does not cite its sources.
 * This article may not contain sufficient content to be a stand-alone article. Consider placing the stub-class tag on the page, incorporating this information within a more general article, or adding more encyclopedic content to it.
 * There are also several broken wikilinks in the article. Before inserting a wikilink in an article for a non-existent article for future use, the editor should create a stub article.

Abeyance?
The article says that "In this case, the previous barony was intended to be extinguished (no authority suggests that there is a Baron De La Warr still abeyant)". However, J. Horace Round states in Peerage and pedigree, studies in peerage law and family history, PP67-8 "But it can hardly now be doubted that the Earl inherits a barony under the patent of 1570, while as for the older barony, descendible to heirs-general, the question turns on why the issue of Sir Owen West were excluded. If their exclusion is valid by what is now settled law, the old barony is vested in the Wests, as it was indeed recognised to be in 1597. If, on the contrary, it should prove that their exclusion was not in accordance with such law, the principle asserted in the Norfolk case would seem to involve the admission of their right and the consequent restriction of the earl's right to the later barony alone." I have therefore deleted the words in brackets. Alekksandr (talk) 21:42, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Earl De La Warr


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User talk:Ehsanjoon

Welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy contributing here, and choose to stay for the long term. - Mark 11:09, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ehsanjoon


text: User talk:69.227.172.15

title: User talk:69.227.172.15


text: User talk:158.182.1.36

title: User talk:158.182.1.36


text:
Talk:Juraj Beneš

Moved from Juraj Beneš - š in the title was wrongly encoded as %9A, which is neither ISO-8859-1 nor UTF-8. This breaks tools expecting standard-conforming URLs. See also Invalid article names. -- Naive cynic 11:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Juraj Beneš


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Talk:WJRE

This page is not a copyvio!
Netchris is the copyright owner, so this page is not a copyvio! See the archive. Brianjd 05:38, 2004 Dec 12 (UTC)

Friends of Wikipedia
Because Netchris's site ( http://www.1025wjre.com/ ) links to Wikipedia, it belongs on Friends_of_Wikipedia/Miscellaneous.

Fair use rationale for Image:HoggCountryLogo.jpg
Image:HoggCountryLogo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:20, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:WJRE


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Tablas Island

Tablas is the largest of the islands that comprise the province of Romblon in the Philippines. The name of the island is of Spanish origin. Before the colonization of the Philippines, Tablas was known as the Island of Osigan. At the time of contact with Westerners, Osigan had a population of 256 people living in small villages. Wax was produced in this island.

Odiongan, on the west central coast of the island, is a major port and the largest municipality of Romblon in terms of population. Tablas is administratively subdivided into the municipalities of Alcantara, Calatrava, Ferrol, Looc, Odiongan, San Agustin, San Andres, Santa Fe, and Santa Maria.

Geography
The island lies about 50 km east from the southern part of Mindoro Island. The northern tip of Tablas is about 12 km from Romblon Island. Mount Payaopao (also known as Tablas Summit on old maps) at the northeastern extremity of the island, is the highest peak on the island at 2182 ft high and the second highest in the province (after Mount Guiting-Guiting).

A wooded central range of hills traverses the length of Tablas. The west coast is formed by the western slope of the central mountain ridge, which is narrow and well defined. The summits in the middle of the island are 1,600 to 2,000 feet high. In the center of the island is Bitaogan Peak, 2164 ft high, which appears as a rounded knob from east and west and sharp from north and south. Mount Lunas, at the back of Looc Bay, is a black ridge 1556 ft high, long and rounded from east and west and sharp from north and south; with it the range breaks off to the low pass from Looc Bay to the town of Alcantara on the east coast. The southern part of Tablas is a group of many sharp conical hills, all bare and grassy except Malbug Hill, 904 ft high, and Calaton Point, 835 ft high, on the east coast, which are dark and wooded. The shore line is largely mangrove, with many beaches of coral sand and some limestone cliffs. The shore reef is continuous except off Guinauayan Point.

There is no good natural harbor except Looc Bay, a large indentation on the west side, but sheltered anchorage may be found on either side of the island, according to the season of the year.

Cabalian Point, the southern extremity of Tablas Island, is low and sandy and hard to distinguish at night, a lighthouse was built during the American Colonial period.

Education
Romblon State University is a premier institution for higher education in the Mimaropa Region. The University has a large campus in Odiongan town and a few more around Romblon province.

Economy
Main occupations are fruit and vegetable farming, fisheries, farm animal breeding and fishing. Tablas is one of largest producers of pili nuts.

Tablas was established an economic zone, Tablas Economic Zone Inc. (TEZI), on 2015 under the powers of the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

Language
The Asi language is a Visayan language spoken, along with the Romblomanon and Onhan languages, in the province of Romblon, Philippines. Tagalog is spoken by the locals as the second language. Foreigners are a welcome diversion for college students, who are the main part of the population who can speak English.

Tourism
Due to insignificant commercialization Tablas has been little impacted by tourism and still offers a strong traditional Philippines cultural experience. Accommodations and resorts, though, are available around the island. there are a lot of resorts now, for example Binucot Beach Resort and Bar or Sunset Cove Resort, both located at Binucot Beach which means "hidden beach" in the Philippine language.

Waterfalls

 * Mainit Falls, located about an hour hike north of Poctoy Port, is on a private property and not signposted, but is open to the public.
 * Dubduban-Bita Falls in Brgy. Dubduban, 3 km. from the town proper of San Agustin is a 7-tier cascade amidst dense vegetations and.
 * Mablaran falls, located in Brgy. Linawan San Andres, Romblon at least 8 km from the town proper of San Andres, Romblon.

Lakes

 * Tinagong Dagat in Brgy. Kabibihan in Calatrava are two small, semi-circular saltwater lakes located only about 10 m from the sea. The largest has a maximum diameter of 108 m, the smaller about 35 m. Both are deep and have cave-like formations under. One peculiar thing about Tinagong Dagat is that when it is high tide, Tinagong Dagat is in low tide and vice versa.

Beaches

 * Aglicay and Binay-we beaches in Alcantara
 * Atabay and Guin-awayan beaches in Ferrol
 * Binucot (Dolphin) Beach in Ferrol/Bunsoran
 * Puro Island, just off the coast of Santa Fe
 * Saptos beach in Mabini, San Andres is one of rarest of all because of shoe shaped rock formation. It has also white sand.

Wildlife
The Wildlife and landscape appears untouched as deep-green vegetation is crossed by rivers and streams. A portion of the native forest cover has been removed and converted to coconut plantations, or rough grazing. However, the remaining small areas of watershed forest support several species of endemic wildlife that occur only on Tablas, or on just Tablas and Romblon Island. These include the Tablas Fantail Rhipidura sauli, the Tablas Drongo Dicrurus menagei, the Romblon Hawk Owl Ninox spilonota, and the Tablas Bulbul Hypsipetes (siquijorensis) cinereiceps. The frogs Platymantis_lawtoni and Platymantis levigatus are endangered species endemic to Tablas and other islands of Romblon province. In Ferrol at Malcom's Cove, monkeys, sea turtles and the Philippine eagle. In Santa Fe the whale shark (the earth's largest fish) is known to breed. The waters off Looc teem with numerous species of tropical fish and sea life in the protected sanctuary. Binucot Beach has manatee, dolphin and sea turtles.

Scuba Diving
The diving on Tablas Island is world class and virtually unexplored. The water is a comfortable 26 Celsius and the visibility is generally +20m and as diving tourism is fairly new here crowds are non-existent; on any given day you may be the only person diving on the entire island.

There are numerous walls around the island that go down to +60m and are covered in both soft and hard corals. Caves are commonly found along these walls as they are made of soft rock. Reefs around the island are extensive.

By water
Access to Tablas is usually by ferry from the Port of Batangas City in southern Luzon and disembarking at the Port of Odiongan in Barangay Poctoy.

Montenegro Lines serves Odiongan from the Port of Batangas City six days per week with Roll-on/roll-off vessels, then heading to Romblon Island from Poctoy and returning the next day. Travel time from Batangas to Poctoy takes about 8–10 hours. Travel time from Poctoy Pier to Odiongan town is about 10 minutes by motorcycles. Tricycles are also readily available.

From Caticlan (Sambiray Dock or Tabon plaza) there is pump boats every day leaving around 10 - 11 heading for Santa fe. Leaves Santa fe at 7:30 in the morning. Travel time about 2h depending on sea condition. there is also another pump boat (Boat name: SANOY, phone number to captain +639126356955) going from Tablas south tip (Tabugon) to Caticlan almost every day in the morning, leaves Tabugon around 8 in the morning and goes back from Caticlan (Sambiray Dock or Tabon Plaza) to Tablas around 10 - 11. Price for one way trip 200php. When low tide in Tablas there is a smaller boat (flat boat) sending passengers between the beach and the boat for 10php per passenger.

By air
The main commercial airport of the province of Romblon is Tugdan Airport (IATA: TBH – ICAO: RPVU) located in the southeastern coast of Tablas in Barangay Tugdan, in the town of Alcantara.

From Manila, Philippine Airlines (PAL) serves Tugdan three times a week. Beginning February 2017, Cebu Pacific started flying from Manila to Tablas four times weekly - Monday, Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday, using ATR 72-600 aircraft.

title: Tablas Island


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André Watts

André Watts (June 20, 1946 – July 12, 2023) was an American classical pianist. Over the six decades of his career, Watts performed as soloist with every major American orchestra and most of the world's finest orchestras, including the New York Philharmonic, National Symphony Orchestra, and London Symphony Orchestra. Watts recorded a variety of repertoire, concentrating on Romantic era composers such as Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt, but also including George Gershwin. In 2020, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He won a Grammy Award for Best New Classical Artist in 1964. Watts was also on the faculty at the Jacobs School of Music of Indiana University.

Early life
Born in Nuremberg, Allied-occupied Germany, Watts was the son of a Hungarian mother, Maria Alexandra Gusmits, a pianist; and an American father, Herman Watts, a U.S. Army non-commissioned officer. André spent his early childhood in Europe, living mostly near army posts where his father was stationed.

Watts began to study the violin when he was four. By six he decided the piano was his instrument. When André was eight years old, Herman's military assignment brought the family to the United States. They settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His mother started him with his first piano lessons. As do many children, Watts disliked practicing. For encouragement, his mother would tell stories of the great pianist and composer Franz Liszt, making it clear that Liszt practiced faithfully. Watts found inspiration in Liszt, adopting his theatrical playing style.

At age ten, Watts performed Mendelssohn's G minor concerto at the Robin Hood Dell outdoor amphitheater, where the Philadelphia Orchestra had given summer performances (from 1933 through 1975), and at fourteen, Franck's Symphonic Variations, again with the Philadelphia Orchestra.

After the divorce of his parents in 1959, Watts remained with his mother, who supported them by working as a secretary and later as a receptionist.

Watts enrolled at the Philadelphia Musical Academy (now a part of the University of the Arts), where he studied with Genia Robinor, Doris Bawden, and Clement Petrillo, graduating in June 1963. He entered his first competition at nine, with forty other children, for the opportunity to perform with the Philadelphia Orchestra Children's Concerts. Watts won the competition playing the first movement of Joseph Haydn's Piano Concerto in D.

Career
At sixteen, Watts auditioned at Carnegie Recital Hall in a competition to play in conductor Leonard Bernstein's televised Young People's Concert series with the New York Philharmonic. Watts' performance of the Liszt Piano Concerto No. 1 in E-flat at a Young People's Concert on January 12, 1963, was videotaped and nationally televised on CBS on January 15, 1963. Before the concert, Bernstein introduced Watts to the national television audience, stating that he "flipped" when he first heard Watts play.

On January 31, 1963, Bernstein asked the 16-year-old Watts to fill in for the ailing Glenn Gould, the scheduled soloist for the New York Philharmonic's regular subscription concert. Watts again played the Liszt E-flat Concerto. At its conclusion, the orchestra joined the audience in a thundrous standing ovation. Watts' first LP, The Exciting Debut of André Watts, was shortly thereafter released on Columbia Masterworks records and included the Liszt Concerto with Bernstein and the Philharmonic.

Following graduation, Watts enrolled at the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, where he studied part-time for a Bachelor of Music degree with pianist Leon Fleisher. The following year, he appeared at New York City's Lewisohn Stadium with conductor Seiji Ozawa, and the New York Philharmonic, performing Camille Saint-Saëns' Concerto No. 2 in G minor. In September 1963, he again performed the Liszt concerto at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles. He opened the 1964–65 season of the National Symphony Orchestra in Washington, D.C., again performing the Saint-Saëns concerto. He returned to New York in January 1965 to perform Chopin's Concerto No. 2 in F minor. Watts made his European debut in a London performance with the London Symphony Orchestra in June 1966.

By 1969, he was on a full-scale concert schedule, booked three years in advance. Watts made his Boston debut in 1969 for the Peabody Mason Concert series. He graduated from the Peabody Institute in 1972. He signed a long-term exclusive contract with Columbia Masterworks Records on his 21st birthday. The contract ended in 1977.

In February 1973, Watts was selected as Musical America's Musician of the Month. His other honors and awards included doctor honoris causa degrees from Albright College and Yale University, the Order of Zaire, a University of the Arts Medal from the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, and the National Medal of Arts.

By the mid-1970s, Watts was giving 150 concerts, recitals, and chamber performances per season, performing about eight months out of the year. In 1976, at age thirty, he celebrated his tenth consecutive appearance in the Lincoln Center Great Performers Series at Avery Fisher Hall. The PBS Sunday afternoon telecast was the first solo recital presented on Live from Lincoln Center and the first full-length recital to be aired nationally in prime time.

In 1985, he signed a recording contract with EMI, with whom he recorded until the early 1990s. He also recorded for Telarc.

In November 2002, Watts suffered a subdural hematoma and underwent emergency surgery. In 2004, he also had surgery for a ruptured disc which was affecting the use of his left hand. He continued performing regularly after recovering from the aforementioned surgeries.

In 2004, Watts joined the faculty at Indiana University, where he held the Jack I. and Dora B. Hamlin Endowed Chair in Music.

In 2019, Watts underwent surgery for a nerve injury to his left hand resulting in the cancellation of several performances. He reworked the Ravel Concerto for Left Hand to perform with his right hand and was planning to perform the work with the Detroit and Atlanta Symphony Orchestras. Ultimately, however, he was unable to perform the concerto due to the pandemic and continuing health issues.

Personal life and death
Watts was married to Joan Brand, and had two stepchildren, as well as seven step-grandchildren. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in July 2016, and died of the disease at home in Bloomington, Indiana, on July 12, 2023, at age 77.

Awards and recognitions

 * 1964 Most Promising New Classical Recording Artist
 * 1973 Honorary Doctorate, Yale University
 * 1975 Honorary Doctorate, Albright College
 * 1984 Distinguished Alumni Award, Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University
 * 1988 Avery Fisher Prize
 * 1988 University of the Arts Medal, Philadelphia
 * 2011 National Medal of Arts
 * 2013 American Classical Music Hall of Fame
 * 2014 Cincinnati MacDowell Society's MacDowell Medal
 * 2018 The Luise Vosgerchian Teaching Award from Harvard
 * 2020 Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 * 2021 Honorary Doctorate, Boston Conservatory at Berklee
 * 2022 American Liszt Society Medal

title: André Watts


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Middle age

Middle age, or middle adulthood, is the age range of the years halfway between childhood and old age. The exact range is subject to academic debate, but the term is commonly used to denote the age range from around 45 to around 65 years. Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage. This phase of life is marked by gradual physical, cognitive, and social decline in individuals as they age.

Overall
This time span is generally referred to as "middle age" and can be defined as the time of ages about 40–45 to about 60–65. Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage. There is no universal consensus on what the exact definition of middle age is, but usual characteristics include the beginning of rapid decline of fertility, graying of hair, and lessening of opportunities.

Those in middle age continue to develop relationships and adapt to changes in relationships. Such changes are highly evident in the maturing relationships between growing or grown children and aging parents. Community involvement is fairly typical of this stage of adulthood, as is continued career development.

Physical characteristics
Middle-aged adults may begin to show visible signs of aging. This process can be more rapid in women who have osteoporosis. Changes might occur in the nervous system. The ability to perform complex tasks remains intact. In the normal range of 45 to 55, women experience menopause, which ends natural fertility. Menopause can have many side effects. Changes can occur to skin, and other changes may include a decline in physical fitness, including a reduction in aerobic performance, a decrease in maximal heart rate, and graying and loss of hair. Sensory sensitivity in middle-aged adults has been shown to be one of the lowest. These measurements are generalities, and people may exhibit changes at different rates and times.

Mortality rates can begin to increase, due mainly to health issues like heart problems, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes. Still, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into old age.

Starting around age 35, pregnant women are considered to be of advanced maternal age, and significant declines in fertility begin to occur that usually end with menopause around age 50.

Cognitive
Erik Erikson refers to this period of adulthood as generativity versus stagnation, the seventh of eight stages of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. People in middle age may experience some cognitive loss, which usually remains unnoticeable because life experiences and strategies get developed to compensate for any decrease in mental abilities.

During this stage, adults often strive to have things that will outlast them. Generativity, which is the concern and the commitment middle-aged people have for future generations, is a big part of development during this stage.

Social and personality characteristics
For some, marital satisfaction remains intact, but other family relationships can become more difficult. Career satisfaction focuses more on inner satisfaction and contentedness and less on ambition and the desire to advance. Even so, career changes occur often. Middle age can be a time when people reexamine their lives by taking stock and evaluating their accomplishments. Morality may change and become more conscious. The perception that those in this stage of development of life undergo a so-called midlife crisis is a largely false one. Personality characteristics remain stable throughout this period, and relationships in middle age may continue to evolve into connections that are stable.

title: Middle age


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Vecuronium bromide

Vecuronium bromide, sold under the brand name Norcuron among others, is a medication used as part of general anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation. It is also used to help with endotracheal intubation; however, agents such as suxamethonium (succinylcholine) or rocuronium are generally preferred if this needs to be done quickly. It is given by injection into a vein. Effects are greatest at about 4 minutes and last for up to an hour.

Side effects may include low blood pressure and prolonged paralysis. Allergic reactions are rare. It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby.

Vecuronium is in the aminosteroid neuromuscular-blocker family of medications and is of the non-depolarizing type. It works by competitively blocking the action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscles. The effects may be reversed with sugammadex or a combination of neostigmine and glycopyrrolate. To minimize residual blockade, reversal should only be attempted if some degree of spontaneous recovery has been achieved.

Vecuronium was approved for medical use in the United States in 1984 and is available as a generic medication. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Mechanism of action
Vecuronium operates by competing for the cholinoceptors at the motor end plate, thereby exerting its muscle-relaxing properties, which are used adjunctively to general anesthesia. Under balanced anesthesia, the time to recovery to 25% of control (clinical duration) is approximately 25 to 40 minutes after injection and recovery is usually 95% complete approximately 45 to 65 minutes after injection of an intubating dose. The neuromuscular blocking action of vecuronium is slightly enhanced in the presence of potent inhalation anesthetics. If vecuronium is first administered more than 5 minutes after the start of the inhalation of enflurane, isoflurane, or halothane, or when a steady state has been achieved, the intubating dose of vecuronium may be decreased by approximately 15%.

Vecuronium has an active metabolite, 3-desacetyl-vecuronium, that has 80% of the effect of vecuronium. Accumulation of this metabolite, which is cleared by the kidneys, can prolong the duration of action of the drug, particularly when an infusion is used in a person with kidney failure.

Reversal of vecuronium can be accomplished by administration of sugammadex which is a γ-cyclodextrin which encapsulates vecuronium preventing it from binding to receptors. Reversal can also be accomplished with neostigmine or other cholinesterase inhibitors, but their efficacy is lower than that of sugammadex.

History
As long ago as 1862, adventurer Don Ramon Paez described a Venezuelan poison, guachamaca, which the indigenous peoples used to lace sardines as bait for herons and cranes. If the head and neck of a bird so killed was cut off, the remainder of the flesh could be eaten safely. Paez also described the attempt of a Llanero woman to murder a rival to her lover's affections with guachamaca and unintentionally killed 10 other people when her husband shared his food with their guests. It is probable that the plant was Malouetia nitida or Malouetia schomburgki.

The genus Malouetia (family Apocynaceae) is found in both South America and Africa. The botanist Robert E. Woodson Jr comprehensively classified the American species of Malouetia in 1935. At that time, only one African species of Malouetia was recognized, but the following year Woodson described a second: Malouetia bequaertiana, from the Belgian Congo.

In 1960, scientists reported the isolation of malouetine from the roots and bark of Malouetia bequaertiana Woodson by means of an ion exchange technique. Optimization of the aminosteroid nucleus led to a sequence of synthesized derivatives, ultimately leading to pancuronium bromide in 1964. The name was derived from p(iperidino)an(drostane)cur(arising)-onium.

A paper published in 1973 discussed the structure-activity relationships of a series of aminosteroid muscle relaxants, including the mono-quaternary analogue of pancuronium, later called vecuronium.

Society and culture
Vecuronium bromide has been used as part of a drug cocktail that prisons in the United States use for execution by lethal injection. Vecuronium is used to paralyze the prisoner and stop his or her breathing, in conjunction with a sedative and potassium chloride to stop the prisoner's heart. Injections of vecuronium bromide without proper sedation allow the person to be fully awake but unable to move in response to pain.

In 2001, Japanese nurse Daisuke Mori was reported to have murdered 10 patients using vecuronium bromide. He was convicted of murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment.

In 2022, Vanderbilt University Medical Center nurse RaDonda Vaught was convicted of two felony charges in the death of a patient who was mistakenly administered vecuronium bromide, rather than the sedative midazolam, also known as Versed.

title: Vecuronium bromide


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Johannes Scherr

Johannes Scherr (3 October 1817 – 21 November 1886) was a German-born cultural historian, writer, literary critic, educator and politician who spent most of his working life in Switzerland.

Biography
Scherr was born in Hohenrechberg (today part of Schwäbisch Gmünd), Württemberg on October 1817. After studying philosophy and history at the University of Tübingen (1837–1840), he became master in a school conducted by his brother Thomas in Winterthur. In 1843 he moved to Stuttgart, and, entering the political arena with a pamphlet Württemberg im Jahr 1843, was elected in 1848 a member of the Württemberg House of Deputies; became leader of the democratic party in south Germany and, in consequence of his agitation for parliamentary reform in 1849, was obliged, to take refuge in Switzerland to avoid arrest. Condemned in contumaciam to fifteen years hard labor, he established himself in Zürich as Privatdozent in 1850, but moved in 1852 to Winterthur. In 1860 he was appointed professor of history and Swiss literature at the Polytechnicum in Zürich, in which city he died on 21 November 1886.

Personal life
In 1845, Scherr married the Swiss writer Maria Susanna Kübler who is remembered for her early cookbooks and household guides.

Works
Scherr was a voluminous writer in the field of historical investigation into the civilization, literature, and manners and customs of his country. His works, characterized by their caustic wit and many peculiarities in point of diction, have largely a political bias, but are characterized by clearness of exposition and careful research. Noteworthy among his books are the following: Scherr also wrote the humorous Sommertagebuch des weiland Dr Gastrosophiae, Jeremia Sauerampfer (1873); as a novelist he published the historical novels, Schiller (1856), and Michel, Geschichte eines Deutschen unserer Zeit (1858) which have passed through several editions.
 * Deutsche Kultur-und Sitten-Geschichte  ("History of German culture and customs," 1852–1853, new ed. 1897)
 * Schiller und seine Zeit ("Shiller and his times," 1859, new ed. 1876)
 * Geschichte der deutschen Frauenwelt ("History of German women," 1860, 4th edition 1879)
 * Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur ("A history of literature," 1851, 9th edition 1895–1896)
 * Geschichte der englischen Literatur ("History of English literature," 1854, 2nd edition 1883)
 * Blücher, seine Zeit und sein Leben ("Life and times of Blücher," 1862, 4th edition 1887)
 * Germania. Zwei Jahrtausende deutschen Lebens ("Germania. Two millennia of German life," 1879, 6th edition by Hans Prutz 1905)

With the exception of some of his stories (Novellenbuch, 10 volumes, 1873–1877) Scherr's works have not appeared in a collected edition.

title: Johannes Scherr


text:
Religious organization

Religious activities generally need some infrastructure to be conducted. For this reason, there generally exist religion-supporting organizations, which are some form of organization that manages:

 * the upkeep of places of worship, such as mosques, churches, temples, synagogues, chapels and other buildings or meeting places.
 * the payment of salaries to religious leaders, such as Roman Catholic priests, Hindu priests, Protestant ministers, imams and rabbis.

In addition, such organizations usually have other responsibilities, such as the formation, nomination or appointment of religious leaders, the establishment of a corpus of doctrine, the disciplining of leaders and followers with respect to religious law, and the determination of qualification for membership.this is not realigios

Public organizations
Some countries run the activities of one or more religions as part of their government, or as external organizations closely supported by the government. See state religion.

Private organizations
In some countries, the government is prohibited by law from establishing or supporting religions by separation of church and state, though there may be exceptions to such rules. Religions are thus necessarily supported by private organizations, generally funded by those who attend their services.

France
The French Republic is constitutionally laïque (roughly, secular). It is prohibited by a 1905 statute for the state to subsidize or recognize any religion, or to pay stipends; for historical reasons, this statute does not apply to the Alsace-Moselle area (where four religions are state-subsidized under the local law), to French Guiana (Catholic priests are employed by the local government, although this situation is likely to change) and to military chaplains (, there are indications that the statute of religious services to the military will be changed).

Religious organizations are not required to register, but may if they wish to apply for tax-exempt status or to gain official recognition. The French government defines two categories under which religious groups may register: associations cultuelles (associations of worship, which are exempt from taxes) and associations culturelles (cultural associations, which are not exempt from all taxes). Associations in these two categories are subject to certain management and financial disclosure requirements. An association of worship may organize only religious activities, defined as liturgical services and practices. A cultural association may engage in a profit-making activity. Although a cultural association is not exempt from taxes, it may receive government subsidies for its cultural and educational operations, such as schools. Religious groups normally register under both of these categories; the Mormons, for example, run strictly religious activities through their association of worship and operate a school under their cultural association.

Under the 1905 statute, religious groups must apply with the local prefecture to be recognized as an association of worship and receive tax-exempt status. The prefecture reviews the submitted documentation regarding the association's purpose for existence. To qualify, the group's purpose must be solely the practice of some form of religious ritual. Printing publications, employing a board president, or running a school may disqualify a group from receiving tax-exempt status. A common method is to run such activities in another financially separate association ("cultural association" or other similar denomination).

According to the 1905 law, associations of worship are not taxed on the donations that they receive. However, the prefecture may decide to review a group's status if the association receives a large donation or legacy that comes to the attention of the tax authorities. If the prefecture determines that the association is not in fact in conformity with the 1905 law, its status may be changed, and it may be required to pay taxes at a rate of 60 per cent on present and past donations.

According to the 100 Catholic associations that are tax-exempt; a representative of the Ministry of Interior reports that the number of non-tax-exempt Catholic associations is too numerous to estimate accurately. More than 50 associations of the Jehovah's Witnesses have tax-free status.

United States
In the United States, a faith-based organization (FBO) is an organization that has its mission based on a faith system. The U.S. IRS designates tax exemptions for those legal entities that qualify. To be a legal entity in America each organization must file the required documents in the U.S. states in which they operate.

Croatia
The legal status of religious organizations (religious communities in Croatia) is determined by the Law on the Legal Status of Religious Communities. The Ministry of Justice and Administration keeps records in which all religious communities in Croatia are registered.

In Croatia, religious communities are non-profit legal entities. The Croatian government established the Commission for Relations with Religious Communities in order to regulate legal relations between the state and religious organizations.

In Croatia, religious communities have the right to establish religious schools and preschool education institutions, and in accordance with the contract between the religious community and the Government of the Republic of Croatia.

Religious communities have the right to organize religious education classes in public primary and secondary schools, in accordance with the contract between the religious community and the Government of the Republic of Croatia and at the request of the student's parents.

Every religious community has the right to pastoral care of their believers who are in health and social welfare institutions, as well as in penitentiaries and prisons, in accordance with the contract between the religious community and the Government of the Republic of Croatia.

Religious communities can acquire funds through income from their property, from the profits of commercial companies, by providing religious services, by inheritance and by gifts, from voluntary contributions, through charitable, educational and other generally useful activities.

Religious communities in Croatia can receive funds from the state and local budgets under special conditions, depending on their contribution to the national culture and in accordance with the generally beneficial activities of the religious community.

In Croatia, religious communities do not pay tax on real estate transactions, and tax on contributions made by citizens. Also, religious communities do not pay customs duties and taxes on items they receive from foreign religious communities.

The basic conditions for registering a new religious community in Croatia are that the religious community has at least 500 believers and proof that the newly founded religious community has existed as an association for at least 5 years before submitting the application.

title: Religious organization


text:
Higashi-Kakogawa

Higashi-Kakogawa is the south-east region of Kakogawa City in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It consists of Hiraoka-cho, Befu-cho, Noguchi-cho. Occasionally it includes Onoe-cho. Higashi-Kakogawa Station is located there.

Institutions
It has various institutions such as a welfare facility for the aged, Hyogo University, a Multiplex (movie theater), the Kakogawa Synthetic Cultural Centre (加古川総合文化センター).

title: Higashi-Kakogawa


text:
User talk:Karpada

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
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Reinhart Maurer
Your addition of this philosopher cannot be accepted at "List of German-language philosophers" without confirmation of a reputable source. Please read the criteria at the top of that page for list inclusion. Your entry will be blanked until citation is provided. Thanks.Amerindianarts 15:13, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Correspondence law school
Hi, thanks for globalizing the Correspondence law school article. Can you provide more information about Germany, South Africa, and Australia? I am not familiar with legal education in those countries. Wl219 20:45, 10 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I will try, I will also try to add other countries, because on that site with the list of schools, there was a comment about a correspondence law school in Lebanon. --Karpada 06:22, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Karpada


text:
User talk:Suomi-morner

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
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 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
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I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:Suomi-morner


text:
User talk:Rainer21~enwiki

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
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 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

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Unspecified source for Image:Tony.jpg
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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title: User talk:Rainer21~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/I Want To Hold Your Hand

I Want To Hold Your Hand
Every time I nominate this, it goes down because only one or two people support, even though there aren't any objections. Here's hoping the third time's the charm for this self-nom. Johnleemk | Talk 11:28, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Object for now. I'd like to see more critical response and info on awards the song won, if any.     The article says that the song did great in sales, but not much about what the music critics of the time were saying (just Bob Dylan). Did it get nominated for a grammy? Why or why not? There also isn't much about the song itself (two short paragraphs), and if possible, I'd like to see more there. Spangineer 13:54, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Fixed. I couldn't find any opinions on why the song didn't win a Grammy, though. Johnleemk | Talk 18:02, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the updates, it looks alot better. I took the liberty to combine and rearrange the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs of the section about the song itself to improve the flow, and with your changes and my minor change, I will support. Spangineer 18:00, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Evil Monkey → Talk 08:14, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Good stuff, except of course I worry that fair use images will be a problem someday. Also, did you really consult all of those references?  Where were all of those for some of the other Beatles song articles that still have little to none? - Taxman 02:52, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, I took bits and pieces of information from here and there. The reason for this is that literature on this song (or literature that at least has a paragraph or two on it) is much easier to locate than others. The bulk of material was still gathered from my usual references, though. Johnleemk | Talk 03:10, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, though shouldn't it be "I Want to Hold Your Hand" (lower-case 't')? Tuf-Kat 04:26, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Brilliant. By which I mean, support. Fascinating, and I'm not even the biggest Beatles fan you'll ever meet (though I do love the Beatles)! - Ta bu shi da yu 06:00, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, one of the best single-song articles I've seen. Filiocht 08:39, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support, love it. Fascinating reading. The only thing I'd say is I'd like to see a few inline references, especially when you quote someone. For example, when you quote Marsha Albert, the fan (what a great story that is), you say she said this "later," but don't say when or to whom. It would be good to see in brackets what the source is, or else as part of the text (Marsha later told xxx). But regardless, I support this article. Slim 11:17, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Another great Beatles article from Johnleemk. --Szyslak 11:45, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support Giano 11:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Scamilli impares

Scamilli impares (unequal steps, Fr. escabeaux inegales; Ger. Schutzstege), in architecture, is a term quoted by Vitruvius when referring to the rise given to the stylobate in the centre of the front and sides of a Greek temple.

His explanation is not clear; he states (iii. 4) that, if set out level, the stylobate would have the appearance of being sunk in the centre, so that it is necessary that there should be an addition by means of small steps (scamilli impares). In book v. chap. 9, he again refers to the addition on the stylobate. The interpretation of his meaning by Penrose and other authorities is generally assumed to be the addition which it was necessary to leave on the lower frustum of the Doric column, or on the lower portion of the base of the Ionic column, so as to give them a proper bearing on the curved surface of the stylobate; when levelling ground, however, it is sometimes the custom to fix at intervals small bricks or tiles which are piled up until the upper surfaces of all of them are absolutely level.

If, as an alternative, these piles were so arranged as to rise towards the centre, instead of a level a slightly curved surface might be obtained, and the term unequal steps would apply to them. This was the opinion of M. Bernouf, a French author, who points out that scamilus is a diminutive of scamnum, a small step (Fr. petit banc), which in some parts of France is employed when levelling the surface of areas or courts. According to Penrose, the rise of the curved stylobate of the Parthenon had already been obtained in the stereobate carrying it, long before the problem of bedding the columns on the curve had arisen.

title: Scamilli impares