text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Himizu Ryu

Himizu Ryu
A martial-art, alleged to be a koryu with history claiming to date back to 1609. Only few Google links (not counting Wikipedia mirrors), all clearly copied from same source than this article. Himizu ryu cannot be found from reference works like Bugei Ryuha Daijiten, Nihon Kobudo Soran, or from any *reliable* English language secondary source (Draeger's trilogy, Friday, Skoss, Amdur, Lowry, www.koryu.com, etc.). Delete for being unverifiable, non-notable and for using Wikipedia as a vehicle of promotion. jni 12:59, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Updated: See also this discussion in e-budo.com, or this second one, both highly critical to Himizu ryu. I have not been able to find credible countering views anywhere to this critique presented by several e-budo members. jni 08:24, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Martial arts is a tremendous amount of politics. And, like all politics, many people are so opinionated that they use their anger to voice their issues instead of seeking truth directly from the source.

Mr. JNI uses only initials to represent who he is but spends his time seeking to attempt to debunk certain groups but yet has offered NO reason as to why he should be given credit himself.

Who wishes to respect anyone who refuses to show their face by at least placing their real name and contact information with their wikipedia entries? ANYONE claiming knowledge of anything without proving as to why they should be respected as an authority on a given topic should not be allowed to troll through free encyclopedia's seeking to damage the name of others without first contacting them and making a formal request for information.

I, Kevin Rocha, as a member in good standing with the Himizu Ryu, can verify that Mr. "JNI" has NEVER attempted to contact ANY members of the Himizu Ryu and is therefore only seeking attention. Anyone wishing to contact me directly may do so at kevinrocha@hotmail.com to discuss this matter in its entirety.

Remember, never trust those who play hide and seek by asking others to trust them but yet only using their supposed initials to identifiy themselves and then use VERY POOR internetiquette to discuss historical issues without ANY real knowledge of the topic or anything to verify their "claims".

When Mr. "JNI" would like to be professional and: 1) List his real name  2) List his contact information  3) List as to how it is he should be respected ie-his credentials that give him authority to write ANYTHING on wikipedia (meaning his educational background in history and martial art training), then I will stop questioning his motives and actions.  Until then, he is NOT to be trusted and any of his information is greatly subject to debate as to whether or not it is honest and real. Mr. "JNI" continues to post faulty information on wikipedia and has YET to provide any kind of information that would ligitimately discredit those whom he attacks.  I have provided my name and contact information but "JNI" has NOT contacted myself or anyone else on this matter to formally ask questions but has instead spent his time only attacking others -- without providing answers to our questions:  1. Contact Information & 2. Educational credentials concerning History and the Martial Arts. Therefore, he is only seeking to start a internet flame war with 1. no personal credibility and 2. no qualifications to speak on matters of organizations he doesn't even belong to.

The topic being discussed is to the validity of our ryuha and that information is not able to be found. I have stated that our information IS available to those who contact us and formally request information. Therefore, the disussion as to whether or not the validity of HR exists should cease and not be stated as to whether it is in question any longer.
 * Above is from User:Kevin Rocha, who has been vandalizing this listing. --jpgordon(...) 20:11, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * User:Kevin Rocha, do not continue to remove comments from this list or you will be blocked from the discussion. Fire Star 21:41, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Okay, I formally request your information. Post it here. Guy, you're going to need more than an air of injured innocence to back up your claims of notability. jni backs up his point with copious reference sources: what are yours? Unless claims are verified, delete. --Calton 21:26, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This one will have to be watched. I believe that it is possible to have a worthwhile article on the style if it can stay within the parameters of NPOV. Abstain for now... Fire Star 21:37, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Without citations and in light of vandalism of VfD page, I'll change vote to delete. Convicing provenance in the public domain may change my vote yet again, but I don't think it is forthcoming anytime soon... Fire Star 15:13, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've once again restored the original header here (removed by Kevin Rocha) --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 01:51, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think User:Kevin Rocha already gave a reason for deletion above: ...the validity of our ryuha and that information is not able to be found. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and encyclopedias need to contain information that is verifiable from external sources. Kevin effectually says: "we have a densho (scroll), but it is not available to non-members". He mentioning such a primary source immediately promps some questions, however: 1) name of the document? 2) its author? 3) year written? 4) references to published secondary sources that use scholarly method to derive conclusions from said densho? 5) references to Japanese sources that verify its author is a historical person? 6) references to internal documents of *other* ryūha, that reference the document in question. Primary sources alone, even when they can be validated, are not very helpful for building an encyclopedia. As eminent historian Karl Friday notes in his Legacies of the Sword, materials produced by bugei ryūha are nearly always not objective; he uses term "parochial history" in reference to his own work in cases where secondary scholarship does not support (or does not exist for) the internal documents of Kashima shinryū. In summary, the question of whether himizu-ryu is real or fake is immaterial to this VfD, if it cannot be verified. Furthermore, pseudonym Kevin Rochas repeated vandalism of this page and statements of anger towards me and the deletion process do not cast any credibility to his cause. jni 06:59, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Delete as probable fiction. A search in Japanese-language Google (google.co.jp) for 火水流総合戦闘科学方法 appears to bring a grand total of 14 hits, but when one investigates all turn out to be for pages in which the various individual characters within the string all appear somewhere -- in not one single page does the entire string appear. Even the much shorter 火水流 brings just 8530 hits, and note that here again these are hits for pages that merely happen to have all three of the (very common) characters somewhere. I don't notice a single page that has the string 火水流 in its title.-- Hoary 07:59, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC) ..... PS I did all that earnest research before jni posted the excellent links (in particular this one) that appear near the top of this page; if I'd read them I'd have known that "Himizu Ryu" was merely the invention of a single American and wouldn't have bothered looking for Japanese pages. -- Hoary 09:16, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User:MattDP

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:MattDP


text:
File:MontyPythonsFlyingCircusREB73M.jpg

Original album cover to Monty Python's Flying Circus (Album).

Fair use in Monty Python's Flying Circus (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:MontyPythonsFlyingCircusREB73M.jpg


text:
Western City Gate

The Western City Gate (Западна капија Београда), also known as the Genex Tower (Кула Генекс) is a 36-story skyscraper in Belgrade, Serbia, which was designed in 1977 by Mihajlo Mitrović in the brutalist style. It is formed by two towers connected with a two-story bridge and revolving restaurant at the top. It is 117 m tall (with restaurant 135 - 140 m). It remained the tallest building in Serbia and Belgrade for 42 years, until being surpassed by West 65 Tower in 2021. It was also the tallest building in the Balkans for 14 years, until being surpassed by Akbank Tower in Istanbul, Turkey in 1993.

The building is designed to resemble a high-rise gate greeting people arriving in the city from the West (the road from Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport to the city centre leads this way). Disputed and criticized during the designing and construction process, the building is today a dominant landmark in Belgrade. Construction of its eastern complement, the triple Eastern City Gate at the opposite, eastern end of Belgrade, began later, in 1973, but was finished earlier, in 1976.

One of the towers was occupied by the state-owned Genex Group. The tower got its popular name "Genex" after this group, while its official title remains Western City Gate. The second, taller tower, is residential. The tower formerly occupied by the Genex company is empty, while the residential tower is still home to scores of people. The revolving mechanism under the restaurant on top never became operational.

In November 2021, the building was declared a cultural monument and placed under protection. The declaration refers to the building as an "urban lighthouse" and calls it the most striking motif of New Belgrade, and a visual benchmark for the entirety of the capital. Considered avant-garde at the time when built, by the mid 2020s it was still described as the "more progressive than almost anything new built in Serbia".

Location
The building is located in the municipality of New Belgrade, in the 41-43 Narodnih heroja Street. It is actually situated at the corner of the street and the European route E75. West of the gate are the neighborhoods of Studentski Grad and Tošin Bunar, while Fontana is to the north. In the New Belgrade's blocks numeration system, the building belongs to the Block 33.

Construction
In the late 1960s, architect Mihajlo Mitrović was given a task of projecting a 12-floor building and the head offices of the local community of Sutjeska, a sub-municipal administrative unit, on Narodnih heroja Street. Mitrović suggested two connected and much taller buildings which would make a recognizable symbol of the capital city. A fierce opposition, disagreements and disputes ensued, but Mitrović was persistent in his idea, giving detailed and exhaustive explanations in front of the numerous commissions. He was finally given the green light and the foundations were laid in 1971. The towers were built by the "Rad" construction company.

Nevertheless, the project met with distrust and was disputed all the time the construction was on. One of the rare colleagues who publicly supported Mitrović was Stojan Maksimović, who several years later designed another Belgrade's landmark, the Sava Centar. Harsh public polemics with architectural engineer Borislav Stojkov, one of the Belgrade's urban planners at the time, and Mitrović caused a rift between the two which was amended only over a decade later. The opposition continued in the next years. Even in the 2010s, a famous caricature by Ivo Kušanić in the daily Politika is still being mentioned and reproduced. It shows a gallows next to the building and the text: Who are these gallows for? For the architect!

Privatization
"Generalexport", the company which owned the building went bankrupt in 2015, which was confirmed by the court in March 2017. The commercial half of the tower, with the related garage space, was offered for sale by the bankruptcy manager on 23 May 2022. Asked price was RSD2 billion (€17 million), but no one made an offer. In July 2022 it was offered again, this time for RSD1.46 billion (€12.4 million), or 35% of estimated worth (RSD4.17 billion or €35.5 million).

By the end of 2022, with the third sale attempt—and the property now listed for RSD834.6 million dinars (€7 million or €400 per m2)—scheduled for 6 February 2023, residents, citizens and public figures began to protest the sale, offering ideas for the building's future. Building manager, and a group of architects and economists, proposed that state takes over the building due to its importance, and to transform it into the Tesla Tower, "oasis of spirit, culture and architecture". Five floors were adapted into the Nikola Tesla Museum, which would move into the building. With added science and technology centers, libraries, concert halls, galleries and bookshops, it would make a cultural and educational "Disneyland", opened non-stop. Proposition includes adaptation of the surrounding plateau, which covers 1 ha, into the urban garden, theme gardens, park of friendship, outdoor gym, with pedestrian footbridge and revitalized fountain and amphitheater.

Coalition Zajedno also suggested that state should use its pre-emption right to purchase the building, converting its use to an academic campus by naming the University of Belgrade as an administrator while also employing students (architecture, interior design, construction) to adapt the building. A group of electrical engineers suggested addition of Mihajlo Pupin to the joint museum with Tesla, creation of experimental labs and recreation of the Wardenclyffe Tower at the top of Western City Gate. Do not let Belgrade drown political party also supported state ownership of the building. Residents announced blockade of the city's central bridge, Gazela, protesting the sale.

After many years, on 12 January 2023, the digital clock display which is located at the top, between two towers, was repaired and became operational.

At the public sale on 6 February 2023, the commercial part of the property was purchased by the Belgrade-based hospitality entrepreneur Aleksandar Kajmaković, nicknamed Aca Bosanac, for RSD2.4 billion (~€20 million), three times its listed price. Kajmaković's company Eureka bar, which reportedly outbid six other entities vying for the property, owns numerous hospitality venues around Belgrade such as the traditional Skadarlija kafanas Tri šešira, Dva jelena, and Zlatni bokal, eatery Boutique, and Lafayette cabaret nightclub Police had to intervene as few members of the opposition hеckled the bidding.

Kajmaković is connected to major criminal clans in Serbia, being a right-hand man of the "controversial businessmen" Predrag Ranković Peconi. He was also apprehended by the police as part of the process against the top Serbian gang kingpin Veljko Belivuk for suspicion of Kajmaković acting as the legal owner of Belivuk's properties which were safeguarded by the Belivuk's gang members, and for money laundering. A bomb was placed under Kajmaković's car in 2002 in Budva, Montenegro. Because of his history, the opposition considers Kajmaković a front for the real owner, and called for the annulment of the sale due to the general infringement of the entire process.

Last day to finalize the purchase was 4 April 2023, but "Eureka Bar" filed an extension motion. This was denied and they made the final payment on the last day, becoming official owners of the building. Otherwise, they would also lose the €7 million deposit they had to pay in order to compete in the selling. Tenants of the residential part of the building announced lawsuit against the purchase.

Architecture
The two towers are not the same height and serve different purposes. The taller tower serves as a residential tower with 30 floors while the shorter tower houses businesses within its 26 floors. A bridge connects the two at the 26th floor. The building is 117.76 m tall.

The building was designed in the brutalist style, with some elements of structuralism and constructivism. It is considered a prime representative of the brutalist architecture in Serbia and one of the best of its style built in the 1960s and the 1970s in the world. The treatment of the form and details is slightly associating the building with postmodernism and is today one of the rare surviving representatives of this style's early period in Serbia. The artistic expression of the gate marked an entire era in Serbian architecture.

Commission which declared the building a cultural monument prized the simplicity of solutions, proportional order of two towers and the cylindrical top extension with the rotating mechanism, located above the central axis of the complex. The commission also described the design as specific and bold architectural creation, commending mural, too. Though the mechanism for rotating the circular restaurant at the top was never installed, the restaurant itself was operational. In time, thanks to its exquisite location, it became an elitist gathering point, much to the dismay of Mitrović.

As the structure with "striking form which affirmed it as the pronounced work of art", the building entered numerous works and encyclopedias, including Larousse. The building was featured in the New York's Museum of Modern Art 2018-2019 exhibition exploring the architecture of the former Yugoslavia, Toward a Concrete Utopia: Architecture in Yugoslavia, 1948–1980. The building was an inspiration for artist Damjan Dobrila and his 2023 exhibition "Geneks 2389", with ideas what the structure might look like 366 years in the future.

However, when the residents moved in, it turned out that despite the supreme quality of the exterior design of the double tower, the building was not much resident friendly. Problems included the capacity and malfunctions of the elevators, clogged garbage chutes, bad thermal and sound isolation, and lack of flexibility of the concrete panels which were the main construction material. Similar problems, even worse so, were in the gate's eastern counterpart. This raised a question whether people should live in the buildings designed as the symbols and landmarks.

Mural
In 1979, Lazar Vujaklija painted a mural at the entrance. The mural covers the façade and the ceiling above the entrance. It was one of the first murals in Belgrade, predated by the 1970 mural painted on a building in the Bulevar Revolucije, also done by Vujaklija. Another work was added in the 2010s, described by the architects as a "graffiti, which is unsuitable and not a work of art". After a reaction from the architects, the author of the graffiti decided to paint it over, in an agreement with Mihajlo Mitrović's daughter who inherited the author's rights.

The mural was commissioned by Mitrović and coincidentally served to commemorate the visit of François Mitterrand, then head of the French Socialist Party, to Yugoslavia. The mural has been described as an "ornament of the tower".

There is another work of art in the building, the sculpture "Bird" by Miloš Šobajić.

Protection
The building is placed under the preliminary protection. It means it should be treated as if it were protected until the final decision about the protection is made. Association of Serbian Architects in 2019 filed a motion for Western City Gate to become a fully protected cultural monument. On 3 November 2021, the building was declared a cultural monument.

Local community
The local community of Sutjeska had a population of 5,067 in 1981 and 5,187 in 1991. By the time of the 2002 census, it was renamed to the Local Community of Western Gate, after the building, and had a population of 4,278. It was later annexed to the neighboring local community of Fontana.

title: Western City Gate


text:
Mayim Mayim

Mayim Mayim (מים מים, "water, water") is an Israeli folk dance, danced to a song of the same name. It has become notable outside the Israeli dancing community and is often performed at international folk dance events.

History
The dance was created in 1937 for a festival to celebrate the discovery of water in the desert after a seven-year search. The choreographer was Else I. Dublon.

The dance is sometimes known as "Ushavtem Mayim", after the first words of the lyrics, or simply just "Mayim", but "Mayim Mayim" is the original and most common name. The movement to the first four counts has become known as the "Mayim step" and is similar to the grapevine step found in other forms of dance.

"Mayim Mayim" is done in a circle formation, facing the center through most of the dance, and holding hands except when clapping.

The song
The music for Mayim Mayim was composed by Emanuel Pugashov Amiran with lyrics taken from the Book of Isaiah, chapter 12 verse 3, "Joyfully shall you draw water from the fountains of triumph".

 * Ushavtem mayim b'sason mimainei hayeshua
 * Ushavtem mayim b'sason mimainei hayeshua

 * Mayim mayim mayim mayim, hey, mayim b'sason
 * Mayim mayim mayim mayim, hey, mayim b'sason

 * Hey, hey, hey, hey
 * Mayim mayim mayim mayim mayim mayim b'sason
 * Mayim mayim mayim mayim mayim mayim b'sason

Appearances in gaming

 * An 8 bit arrangement appears in the Game Boy Camera's Ball minigame.
 * A 16 bit arrangement appears in the Super Famicom port of ClockWerx.
 * A remixed version appears in Konami's Sexy Parodius.

title: Mayim Mayim


text:
Copy Control

Copy Control was the generic name of a copy prevention system, used from 2001 until 2006 on several digital audio disc releases by EMI Group and Sony BMG Music Entertainment in several regions (Europe, Canada, United States, and Australia). It should not be confused with the CopyControl computer software copy protection system introduced by Microcosm Ltd in 1989.

Several types of protection existed. While basically intended as a means of copy-protecting compact discs, Copy Control discs cannot properly be referred to as CDs because the system introduces incompatible data, making the discs non-compliant with the Red Book standard for audio CDs. The system is intended to prevent digital audio extraction ("ripping") from the protected discs, and thus limit the file sharing of ripped music. The techniques used are:

 * Multisession (Blue Book) information is included which effectively hides the audio tracks from most CD-ROM drives;
 * Error-correction codes for the audio data are corrupted, which may introduce audible errors to ripped copies.
 * The data area of the disc usually includes DRM-restricted copies of the audio content, for which a player only exists on the dominant PC operating system, Microsoft Windows.

In the Netherlands, the record labels Sony and Universal experimented with copy control until 2004. EMI kept using it until June 2006, when they dropped it.

In the United States, Universal Music Group experimented with copy control on a few soundtracks in 2001 and 2002, but abandoned it afterwards; Warner Music Group has only used it in Europe on such releases as Red Hot Chili Peppers' Greatest Hits and Madonna's Music. As of September 2006, Cactus Data Shield, the Macrovision technology behind Copy Control, is no longer listed as a product on Macrovision's website and has completely been abandoned in countries such as Australia.

A December 2006 issue of Billboard magazine announced that EMI had decided to abandon Copy Control worldwide. Until then, it had been unclear whether EMI had completely abandoned it. There was no press release.

Background
The Copy Control protections were devised in response to the file sharing and casual CD copying that has become commonplace in recent years, allegedly causing the music industry significant losses, or "ungained" revenues. Neither issue was particularly relevant when the CD standard was introduced in the early 1980s, and thus, unlike the more recent DVDs, the CD standard specifies no inherent form of copy protection or other digital rights management. Copy Control is one of a number of attempts to apply copy protection on top of the CD standard, but since it is merely a modification of the already unrestricted standard that must still yield usable results in most CD players, the efficacy of the system varies significantly. Nevertheless, EMI's labelling of some Copy Controlled discs attempted to override consumers' statutory rights with the disclaimer "except for defective product resulting from the manufacturing process, no exchange, return or refund is permitted".

Circumvention
A Copy Control disc will appear as a mixed-mode disc, with audio and data content. Under Windows, inserting the disc will usually autorun an audio player utility, which plays the DRM-protected audio files provided. This can be temporarily disabled by holding down the shift key while inserting the disc on Windows XP and earlier, users of Windows Vista and 7 may simply choose not to run the DRM content.

The ability to extract the CD-Audio tracks is otherwise largely dependent on the disc drive used. The first obstacle is the "fake" Table of Contents (ToC), which is intended to mask the audio tracks from CD-ROM drives. However CD-R/RW drives, and similar, can usually access all session data on a disc, and thus can properly read the audio segment.

The other major obstacle is the incompatible (and technically corrupted) error-correction data. Again, the effect of this is dependent on the disc drive; some drives will be able to read the data without problems, but others will produce audio files with loud pops every few seconds. As a consequence of having faulty error-correction codes, the discs may be less resilient to anything that might cause a read error, such as dust and scratches resulting from normal use.

Copy Control also does not prevent copying a disc by recording it as analog audio through a computer's sound card, which only causes a slight degradation in audio quality. More substantial is the loss in recording speed. This weakness, inherent in all digital copy prevention systems, is known as the "analog hole". As an alternative that does not rely on the "analog hole", it may be possible to copy the content using a digital link while playing it through a sound card that has a digital audio output.

Usually a CD-R/RW drive will play the disc but with occasional stops (about every 10 seconds) and DVD-R/RW drives will be able to read the data without problems and can be ripped straight to the PC. CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drives in a computer will usually refuse to play the data except in the provided player.

Systems other than Windows can just as easily play Copy Control discs, as many players on Windows are proprietary and respect the copy-restrictions. Similarly, the auto-launchers are only written for Windows and will only ambush Windows users (this can be mitigated by disabling autorun). There is little that can be done to stop a user who is not running Windows or who is using non-Microsoft CD ripping software from ripping a Copy Control disc.

In Linux, Copy Control discs are easily accessed through cdparanoia or any other software that uses it, such as the KDE "audiocd:/" service.

In Mac OS X, these discs are easily accessed through iTunes and QuickTime (When a CDDA track is dragged to a folder other than the CD, QuickTime automatically converts it to AIFF, which is a lossless PCM format).

Content on the CD extra

 * CDS-100 or CDS-200
 * A player and a media file database (a copy of the audio contents in Windows Media). The player will only play the audio contents in the media file database.

 * CDS-300
 * A player and the anti-copy program only. The player can ignore the anti-copy program to read the audio tracks. The player allow users to play the tracks, rip the audio tracks as DRM-enabled WMA files and burn CD for 3 times (The player will rip the CD as 320 kbit/s WMA files, then burn the audio on a CD-R, notice that the volume is lower and the quality is worse on the burned CD).

title: Copy Control


text:
James Webb (historian)

James Charles Napier Webb (13 January 1946 – 9 May 1980) was a Scottish historian and biographer. He was born in Edinburgh, and was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. He is remembered primarily for his books The Harmonious Circle, The Occult Underground (originally titled Flight from Reason), and The Occult Establishment.

Life and career
In 1980 his important biography of G. I. Gurdjieff, titled The Harmonious Circle, was published. He spent 8 years researching the book, making contacts with the Gurdjieff community worldwide. The New York Review of Books described Webb's research and knowledge of the subject as "extremely comprehensive", and Mistlberger described the book as "scholarly and occasionally gossipy" with Webb being "unquestionably a sincere researcher" who became "deeply involved in the matter of his subject" while remaining "fundamentally an outsider, an investigative journalist". Tamdgidi wrote that, amongst all the biographers of Gurdjieff, "only Webb claimed to have been independent and outside the circle of Gurdjieff's followers", and in 2004, in Inventors of Gurdjieff, Paul Beekman Taylor described The Harmonious Circle as "the first systematic biographical account by a writer who hadn't known Gurdjieff personally" Webb established that Gurdjieff's writings revealed substantial evidence of familiarity with the languages and cultures of central Asia, but Webb regarded Gurdjieff more as a self-taught innovator than a member of an esoteric Asiatic group, and, although seeing some of its forms having derived from Asia, saw the content of his teachings deriving from western occult traditions.

Webb's theories of Gurdjieff's identity as a Russian foreign agent in Central Asia, and theories on where he actually travelled before 1917, are considered controversial points in The Harmonious Circle.

Webb's work challenges theories of secularism, theories of decline in organised religion and spirituality. Webb argued that the 19th and 20th centuries had also been marked by a revolt against the Enlightenment, and that the rise of irrationalism was much more marked than the rise of rationalism, especially before, during and after the First World War and the Second World War. Webb traced the influence of occult and mystical groups and writers on literature, philosophy and politics.

Webb was generally ignored in his lifetime, but with the increasing rise of New Age spirituality in later years, his work now seems increasingly prescient. After increasing mental health difficulties, Webb committed suicide in 1980.

His major works The Occult Underground and The Occult Establishment were translated into German and published in 2009 and 2008 respectively.

Trinity College established the "James Webb Prize for the History of Ideas" in his memory.

Influence
Webb's work has been recognised as a precursor to the academic study of esotericism which would later be inaugurated by historians Antoine Faivre and Wouter Hanegraaff in the 1990s.

Historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke argued that "By focusing on functional significance of occultism in political irrationalism, Webb rescued the study of Nazi occultism for the history of ideas."

Webb's notion of "rejected knowledge" was influential on the work of Hanegraaff.

Selected works

 * Flight from Reason (1971) MacDonald & Co., London ISBN 0-356-03634-0
 * 2nd ed.: The Occult Underground (1974) Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-8126-9073-7
 * The Occult Establishment: The Dawn of the New Age and The Occult Establishment (1976) Open Court Publishing. ISBN 0-87548-434-4
 * The Harmonious Circle: The Lives and Work of G. I. Gurdjieff, P.D. Ouspensky, and Their Followers (1980) Putnam Publishing. ISBN 0-399-11465-3
 * Das Zeitalter des Irrationalen: Politik, Kultur und Okkultismus im 20. Jahrhundert – German translation of The Occult Establishment (2008) Marix Verlag. ISBN 978-3865391520

title: James Webb (historian)


text:
British Rail regional multiple unit numbering

 * Southern Region units are excluded from this page, as they perpetuated the four-digit numbering series commenced by the Southern Railway - see SR Multiple Unit Numbering and Classification.

Prior to the introduction of TOPS, electric multiple unit numbers were allocated by British Rail regions in their own series. Diesel multiple units did not carry unit numbers at first, but the Scottish and Western Regions later adopted their own series for these units, whilst elsewhere individual depots allocated unit numbers, often prefixed by their two-letter TOPS depot code (e.g. TS for Tyseley).

When TOPS numbers were applied to multiple units, the unit numbers were prefixed by the class number to make the new six-digit unit numbers. These regional series have been perpetuated since TOPS because it eases the description of individual units and avoids potential confusion if there is only one unit with a particular identifier working in a certain area.

London Midland Region
There was no regional number series for DMUs: individual depots had their own series, prefixed by their two-letter TOPS depot code. The table below shows the series used by Tyseley depot (in the Western Region until 9 September 1963).

Scottish Region
The table below shows the broad arrangement of numbers, though a couple of Class 104 units took numbers in the 3xx series. Class 107 units were later renumbered twice, first to 7xx following introduction of the Class 156 with 4xx unit numbers in the Regional Railways Sprinter series, and then to 0xx following introduction of the Class 158 with 7xx unit numbers in the same series.

Western Region
Unit numbers were prefixed by a letter (letters prior to 1970) to indicate which area (or depot) the unit was allocated to. The table below lists the prefixes used; Tyseley had transferred to the London Midland Region by the time the 1971 changes took place so was not included, though it did shorten its prefix to TS.

The unit number ranges used were: Before 1970 unit numbers were not generally painted on the ends of the units, but at some depots were carried on boards visible through the driver's cab windows. Also, each depot used its own number range within the overall scheme outlined above, so that there could be (and was) a Bristol-based Cross-Country set BL516 and a Cardiff-based set CDF516 at the same time! Inter-depot transfers meant frequent renumbering of sets, so that in about 1970 the fleet was renumbered into a common Region-wide series and from about 1972 permanent set numbers began to be painted (or applied by transfers) onto the ends of units, beneath the right-hand driver's cab window (as viewed looking directly at the front of the unit).

Network SouthEast
NSE adopted the former Western Region series, and expanded it to include diesel multiple units used on the former London Midland Region, which took unit numbers in the 7xx series. This included units from classes 101, 104, 108 and 117.

Regional Railways
Sprinter (Class 15x) units carried the last three digits of their carriage numbers in the 52xxx and 57xxx series. The 6xx series was reserved for the aborted Class 157, and was adopted by refurbished Class 143 601-625 and 101 651-695. Refurbished class 117 and 122 kept their Tyseley 3xx and Laira (Western Region) 1xx unit numbers respectively.

Eastern Region
When introduced, Class 306 were numbered 01-92 and Class 307 01s-32s. These numbers were amended as they were converted from 1500 V DC to 25 kV AC operation. Parcels and departmental units in the 99x series have included Classes 308/4, 302/9, 316 and 937.


text:
Rolf Maximilian Sievert

Rolf Maximilian Sievert (6 May 1896 – 3 October 1966) was a Swedish medical physicist whose major contribution was in the study of the biological effects of ionizing radiation.

The sievert (Sv), the SI unit representing the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, is named for him. He has been called the "Father of Radiation Protection".

Biography
Sievert was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His parents were Max Sievert and Sofia Carolina Sievert, née Panchéen. In 1881, his father founded the Max Sievert Company in Stockholm.

Sievert served as head of the physics laboratory at Sweden's Radiumhemmet from 1924 to '37, after which he was appointed head of the department of radiation physics at the Karolinska Institute. He played a pioneering role in the measurement of doses of radiation especially in its use in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In later years, he focused his research on the biological effects of repeated exposure to low doses of radiation.

He was a founder of the International X-ray and Radium Protection Committee (IXRPC) in 1928, and served as it first chairman; this later became the ICRP. He also chaired the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR).

Sievert invented a number of instruments for measuring radiation doses, the most widely known being the Sievert chamber.

Legacy
In 1979, at the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (General Conference on Weights and Measures or CGPM), the SI unit for ionizing radiation dose equivalent was named after him and given the name sievert (Sv).

Sievert had an extensive insect collection and his specimens can be found in the Entomological Museum of Lund University in Sweden.

title: Rolf Maximilian Sievert


text:
Category talk:Dictionaries

I think "Deutsches Wörterbuch" (Das Deutsche Wörterbuch?) should be added, although the entry is merely a small stub, by now...

Encyclopedic style dictionaries
Some references works titled "Dictionary of ..." do not fit the apparent definition here of a dictionary as a conversion between two human languages. They are rather encyclopedias. I am not a contributor to this particular local category structure, so would like to hear from a more experienced expert. However for now I have placed a link to Category:Encyclopedias for such dictionaries. Colin MacLaurin (talk) 02:13, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Dictionaries


text:
Talk:Island Rail Corridor

The name is 'E and N Railway Company'. It was formerly known as 'Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway', thus that name is mentioned early, and that redirects it. But current operations are under the 'E and N Railway' name; there is no 'Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway' any more. --SPUI 20:46, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

acronyms vs. full name
The acronym vs. full name issue seems to be a bit of a mess on this one. I've come across multiple references on both Government of British Columbia, Government of Canada and various industry sites that refer to "Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Company (1998) Ltd." or "E&N Railway Company (1998) Ltd.", and frequently both interchangeably. I would say for the sake of geographic and historical clarification, the article could be placed under "Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway" and readers could find the minutiae of corporate naming issues within the contents should they wish. Cheers,Plasma east 21:16, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The official page on RailAmerica says "E&N Railway". & is virtually identical to 'and', and is used to shorten matters; very few if any railroads actually use & in the legal incorporated name. For example, http://www.railamerica.com/railmaps/AGR.htm is the Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway but uses the &.
 * As for the use of the E and N, none of the other railroads on the RailAmerica site use acronyms like that; the only shortening done is using & and removing Company and similar words. Thus, unless we can find an official incorporation document for the current railroad, we should go with what's on the official company site. My opinion of course. Wikipedia policy says to use the most common name (with conditions), but in this case a lot of people probably do call it by its acronyms, and it appears that that is the official name. --SPUI 22:03, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That's cool with me - E&N Railway, E and N Railway, E&N Railfreight, E and N Railfreight, or Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway - as long as the redirects work, I'm fine with it any one of these being the main article - I had checked back on it after a couple of days and noticed the change and thought it was a typo, thus my move - didn't realize you were editing at the same time. Cheers,Plasma east 07:52, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

History
The paragraph containing:

"Despite the purchase by RailAmerica, freight traffic has continued to decline and the future of the E&N has been in doubt for several years as RailAmerica is seeking to sell this recent acquisition due to unprofitability."

seems to be out of date and need updating. KenWalker | Talk 16:51, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

History - E&N Land Grant - Dunsmuir
This article says:

"In 1883, the British Columbia provincial government, tired of waiting for the federal government to build the railway, signed a contract with Sir Robert Dunsmuir, Nanaimo coal baron and a member of the provincial legislature, to build a railway between Esquimalt and Nanaimo in exchange for $750,000 from the federal government and 800,000 acres (3,200 km²) of land on Vancouver Island."

Reading Terry Reksten "The Dunsmuir Saga" challenges this. It describes Dunsmuir's insistence that his negotiations be with Ottawa but the provincial government (which he esentially controlled) would have its say when it came time for the province to transfer the land he was to recieve. It talks about 2 million acres of land, $750,000 in exchange for building 75 miles or railway. It describes the friendly relationship Dunsumuir built with Sir John A. Once he made his deal with Ottawa, the provincial government confirmed it with the passage of the settlement Act. At the same time Dunsmuir bought the Albion Iron Works in Victoria and allowed other provincial politicians to invest in it including Joseph Trutch who was Sir John's BC advisor having been one of the group that brought BC into confederation and a Lt Gov. After the Settelment Act was passed the land included was to remain open to settlement for 4 years. Preemptors could claim land for $1 per acre but when the railway was done, the land remaining was to be transferred to the railway and then it could sell the land for what it could get. There was suspicion that Dunsmuir was behind the red tape that meant applications for preemptions were often delayed.

So, looks like the idea of the province acting first needs to come out, the number of acres needs to be checked and either here or in Robert Dunsmuir there is some history to add.

Thought I would mention it here first in case there are comments or suggestions.

KenWalker | Talk 05:47, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. KenWalker | Talk 16:43, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Land Grant (more)
I am working on something to show the size of the land grant. For the moment it is at User:KenWalker/sandbox/E and N Land Grant. I suspect the northern boundary did not run east and west as that reaches the east side of the island below Seymour Narrows. Does anyone know of a reference for the actual location of the north east corner of the grant? Also does anyone have a source for the date of the subsequent further grant to the north of the original grant and its coordinates? The Map Coordinates link produces a map showing the corners. It would be better if we had an actual map showing the boundaries. -- KenWalker | Talk 00:06, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I've seen a map of it somewhere, either in print in something like Hayes Historical Atlas of British Columbia & the Pacific Northwest or online somewhere, maybe on one of the www.livinglandscapes.com or digital collections pages. There might be width specifics in Howay & Scholefield but I don't recall seeing a map; though I never really looked at the plates; I know they discuss some of the political issues surrounding the grant and/or the Dunsmuirs over the years.  As I recall its western boundary roughly parallels the overall "strike" of teh rail line, so it's equally twisty/sinuous, albeit in a more angular township-and-rnage kind of way.  Also I think the grant was of similar or identical width to the CPR mainline grant through BC, i.e. so many miles on eithr side of the line.  I'll be poking around back in H&S soon so I'll try to remember to have a look at page refs for info about the grant; and again you might want to look up the E&N on digital collections or maybe one of the railway museum/archive/hobby sites....the land grant was Big Politics in late 19th Cehntury BC, or specifically Vancouve Island especially; I know you know that, just cmomenting by way of how much this article could be eventually enriched.Skookum1 (talk) 03:02, 9 September 2008 (UTC)
 * This report 'Crown-Land-Grants-A-History-of-the-E-and-N" includes a map of Vancouver Island showing the boundaries of the land grant [] D1doherty (talk) 15:18, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Johnson Street bridge and new terminus
There should be some information in this article about the removal of the rail bridge into downtown Victoria due to the construction of the new Johnson Street Bridge.--Skippingrock (talk) 14:23, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Chart
here is a chart layout, all we need is data for E n N
 * updated with data from Via Rail ticket. See also Malahat (passenger train) that should be merged with this.  -- KenWalker | Talk 03:44, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It would be helpful to both articles to have the rail line table in a template that could then be included into both articles (and edited in only one place). The one in the Malahat (train) article does not mention the tunnel nor does it link to station or settlement articles like this one does. 67.86.75.96 (talk) 02:27, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

unsourced text about ICF and WP:DE
184.151.231.205 reverted deletion of unsourced, unverified text regarding the ICF, which is disruptive editing. Please help improve the article by providing reliable sources. Jeandjinni (talk) 12:24, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

Car float
Train ferry Delta, British Columbia – Nanaimo, British Columbia (E&N Railway) No mention of the car float Peter Horn User talk 01:18, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Freight service resumed?
Am I reading this wrong? Has freight service actually resumed on the Island? (It's clear passenger service has not) If so, me thinks this article needs updating. Masterhatch (talk) 10:45, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Freight service has never stopped on the Island Corridor. It reduced to a much smaller portion of the line. Freight operation occurs 5 days a week, and is based in Nanaimo. Virailfan (talk) 21:48, 29 April 2024 (UTC)
 * To be clear, freight service operates within Welcox Yard at the Nanaimo waterfront, and from the yard to Wellington, about 10 track miles away.
 * Multiple customers recieve goods by rail that are transloaded into trucks within Welcox Yard. Most notably and most consistently, Top Shelf Feeds in Duncan receives product this way. In addition, Superior Propane receives loaded tank cars at their facility on McCullough Rd at Dorman Rd in Nanaimo. Trains to Superior Propane continue further north to Wellington (Jingle Pot Rd and Wellington Rd) to allow the locomotives to run around the cars for the trip back to Welcox Yard.
 * Welcox Yard to Stocket, the junction with the main line, is about 3 miles. The distance from Stocket to Wellington is about 7 miles. So, there is a small 10 mile section of the Island Corridor that continues to have regular freight operations. Virailfan (talk) 10:53, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

Island Rail Corporation
Information about the Island Rail Corporation that is repeatedly being added is promotional, using wording from their website and press releases. This includes information that has never been publicly supported. Though it may be factual, it cannot be proven publicly to be factual. More neutral working must be retained. Virailfan (talk) 23:47, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Another user has removed the promotional IRC material due to copyright violations. Virailfan (talk) 00:37, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Island Corridor
The correct name for the line is the "Island Corridor". The owner, the Island Corridor Foundation uses this name, and no other name. "Island Rail Corridor" is incorrect, and has never been used by the owner, nor in any formal documents. All references to "Island Rail Corridor" should have "Rail" removed to be correct, and this includes the title of the page.

The Island Corridor is not just a railway corridor, but it is also a corridor that is used by walkers, runners, cyclists, and many other rollers. In addition, it is also an information corridor as it has a very significant fibre optic cable running much of the corridor. This fibre optic provides for much needed Internet and long distance phone call communications. Virailfan (talk) 23:51, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

Dates of Operation.
The dates of operation currently have an error, which needs to be fixed when this article is unlocked. It should read as follows:

‐

Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway 1884-1905

Canadian Pacific Railway 1905-1998

RailAmerica 1998-2006

Southern Railway of Vancouver Island (under contract with the Island Corridor Foundation) 2006-present–

‐-

Note that while CPR still owned portions of the E&N rail line (now Island Corridor) up to 2006, they did not operate anything after 1998. Virailfan (talk) 10:36, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Or perhaps:
 * E&N Railway Co. (1998) Ltd. (RailAmerica) 1998-2006 Virailfan (talk) 19:21, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

England?
" It was a matter of Colonial policy and Imperial policy in England that the road should be constructed."

The use of the term "England" in this context is inappropriate and should be replaced with "Great Britain". The province is called British Columbia, not English Columbia. JimRobinBSc (talk) 07:10, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Island Rail Corridor


text:
Tex Rickard

George Lewis "Tex" Rickard (January 2, 1870 – January 6, 1929 ) was an American boxing promoter, founder of the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL), and builder of the third incarnation of Madison Square Garden in New York City. During the 1920s, Tex Rickard was the leading promoter of the day, and he has been compared to P. T. Barnum and Don King. Sports journalist Frank Deford has written that Rickard "first recognized the potential of the star system." Rickard also operated several saloons, hotels, and casinos, all named Northern and located in Alaska, Nevada, and Canada.

Early years
Rickard was born in Kansas City, Missouri. His youth was spent in Sherman, Texas, where his parents had moved when he was four years old. His father died, and his mother then moved to Henrietta, Texas while he was still a young boy. Rickard became a cowboy at age 11, after the death of his father. At age 23, he was elected marshal of Henrietta, Texas. He acquired the nickname "Tex" at this time.

On July 2, 1894, Rickard married Leona Bittick, whose father was a physician in Henrietta. On February 3, 1895, their son, Curtis L. Rickard, was born. However, Leona Rickard died on March 11, 1895, and Curtis Rickard died on May 4, 1895.

Alaska
In November 1895, Rickard went to Alaska, drawn by the discovery of gold there. Thus he was in the region when he learned of the nearby Klondike Gold Rush of 1897. Along with most of the other residents of Circle City, Alaska, he hurried to the Klondike, where he and his partner, Harry Ash, staked claims. They eventually sold their holdings for nearly $60,000. They then opened the Northern, a saloon, hotel, and gambling hall in Dawson City, Yukon, Canada. Rickard lost everything—including his share of the Northern—through gambling. While working as a poker dealer and bartender at the Monte Carlo saloon and gambling hall, he and Wilson Mizner began promoting boxing matches. In spring 1899, with only $35, Rickard (and many others) left to chase the gold strikes in Nome, Alaska.

Rickard was a friend of Wyatt Earp who was also a boxing fan and had officiated a number of matches during his life, including the infamous match between Bob Fitzsimmons and Tom Sharkey in San Francisco on December 2, 1896. Rickard sent Earp a number of letters belittling Wyatt's steady but small income managing a store in St. Michael as "chickenfeed" and persuaded him to relocate to Nome. The two were lifelong friends, although for a brief period of time, they operated competing saloons in Nome. Earp and a partner owned the Dexter Saloon, and Rickard owned the Northern hotel and bar.

In 1902, Rickard married Edith Mae Haig of Sacramento, California. They had a daughter, Bessie, who died in 1907. Edith Rickard died on October 30, 1925, at her home in New York City.

Nevada
By 1906, Rickard was running the Northern saloon and casino in Goldfield, Nevada. In Goldfield, he promoted a professional boxing match between Joe Gans and Battling Nelson. The gate receipt of $69,715 set a record. A year later, Rickard opened the Northern Hotel in Ely, Nevada. Rickard also organized the Ely Athletic club and was the owner of several mining properties in the Ely area.

In December 1909, Rickard and John Gleason won the right to stage the world heavyweight championship fight between James J. Jeffries and Jack Johnson. Rickard planned to hold the fight on July 4, 1910, in San Francisco, however opposition from Governor James Gillett and Attorney General Ulysses S. Webb caused Rickard to move it to Reno, Nevada. Rickard and Gleason made a profit of about $120,000 on the fight, which was won by Johnson.

South America
On February 18, 1911, Rickard announced that he was "through with the business of prize fighting" and set sail for Argentina. There, he acquired between 270,000 and 327,000 acres in Paraguay to start a cattle ranch. Rickard managed the ranch for the Farquhar syndicate, whose land holdings in South America total over 5 million acres. At its peak, the ranch consisted of about 1 million acres and had between 20,000 and 50,000 head of cattle. In 1913, Rickard's ranch was involved in a political controversy between Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Two of his employees were killed by Bolivian soldiers stationed in the disputed territory. That same year, Rickard accompanied Theodore Roosevelt on part of the Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition. The cattle business failed by the end of 1915. Rickard's loss was stated to be about $1 million.

Hockey
According to NHL.com, in 1924, Tex Rickard was the first man to refer to the Montreal Canadiens as "the Habs." Rickard apparently told a reporter that the "H" on the Canadiens' sweaters was for "Habitants". At the time, this was a pejorative term equivalent to redneck in Canadian French.

Return to boxing
In 1916, Rickard returned to the United States. On February 3, Jess Willard agreed to Rickard's offer to fight Frank Moran in New York City. The fight was held on March 17, 1916, at Madison Square Garden, then in its second incarnation, at 26th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhattan. The $152,000 in gate receipts set a new record for an indoor event and the purse was the largest ever awarded for a no decision.

Rickard promoted the July 4, 1919, fight between world heavyweight champion Jess Willard and Jack Dempsey in Toledo, Ohio. The fight only drew 20,000 to 21,000 spectators (the area seated 80,000) and the total receipts were estimated to be $452,000. After expenses, Rickard made a profit of $100,000.

After the Willard–Dempsey fight, Rickard began bidding for a title match between Dempsey and Georges Carpentier. The Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier fight took place on July 2, 1921, in a specially built arena in Jersey City, New Jersey. The bout, which drew a record crowd of 90,000, was the first-ever boxing fight to produce a million dollar gate (at a then record of $1,789,238) as well as the first world title fight to be carried over on radio. Rickard's profit on the fight was reported to be $550,000.

On July 12, 1920, shortly after the Walker Law reestablished legal boxing in the state of New York, Rickard secured a ten-year lease of Madison Square Garden from its owner, the New York Life Insurance Company. He promoted a number of championship as well as amateur boxing bouts at the Garden. His largest gate at the Garden came from the Jack Dempsey–Bill Brennan fight on December 14, 1920. The Benny Leonard–Ritchie Mitchell and Johnny Wilson–Mike O'Dowd fights also drew well. In addition to boxing, Rickard hosted a number of other events, including six-day bicycle races, and constructed the world's largest indoor swimming pool at the Garden.

On February 17, 1922, Rickard was indicted on charges of abducting and sexually assaulting four underage girls. He lost his license to make and promote boxing matches in New York State and gave up control of the Garden. Rickard was found not guilty on one of the indictments on March 29, 1922, and the others were dropped as a result. After the trial, Rickard's attorney, Max Steuer, accused two workers of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children of demanding $50,000 from Rickard in exchange for the girls changing their testimony at trial; however, the district attorney could not find any evidence to corroborate this claim.

On May 12, 1923, Rickard promoted the first boxing card at Yankee Stadium. It drew 60,000 spectators (a then-record crowd for a boxing bout in New York state) and made $182,903.26, which was donated to Millicent Hearst's Milk Fund.

On September 14, 1923, Rickard promoted his second million dollar gate when around 100,000 people attended the Jack Dempsey vs. Luis Ángel Firpo fight at the Polo Grounds.

In September 1924, Rickard promoted the fight between Luis Ángel Firpo and Harry Willis in Jersey City. The fight was attended by 60,000, but the paid attendance was only 48,500. Rickard lost $5,005 on the bout.

On March 19, 1925, Rickard was convicted of violating a federal law that prevented the interstate transportation of fight films. He faced jail time, but was instead fined $7,000.

In 1926, Rickard promoted the Jack Dempsey–Gene Tunney fight at Sesquicentennial Stadium in Philadelphia. The bout attracted a world record crowd of 135,000 and brought in a record gate of $1.895 million. He also promoted the rematch, now known as The Long Count Fight, which was held on September 22, 1927, at Soldier Field in Chicago. This fight brought in the first $2 million gate ($2.658 million) and was the first to feature a $1 million purse. Rickard reported that between 1924 and 1926 his gate receipts totaled $7.79 million, of which he kept 80% after taxes.

Madison Square Garden
On May 31, 1923, Rickard filed incorporation papers for the New Madison Square Garden Corporation, a company formed for the purpose of building and operating a new sports arena in New York City. In 1924 he purchased a car barn block on Eighth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets. He acquired the rights to the name Madison Square Garden, as the building's owners planned on tearing it down and replacing it with an office building. Thomas W. Lamb was selected to design the new building. Destruction of the car barns began on January 9, 1925. The new arena opened on November 28, 1925. The first event was the preliminaries for the annual six-day bicycle race. It hosted its first major event on December 11, 1925, when a record indoor crowd of 20,000 attended the Paul Berlenbach-Jack Delaney fight. The $148,155 gate broke the record for an indoor boxing event.

In January 1926, Rickard purchased WWGL radio, which he moved to the Garden and renamed WMSG.

Following the success of the New York Americans in the Garden's first year, the Madison Square Garden Corporation decided to establish a second team, this one controlled by the corporation itself. The new team was nicknamed "Tex's Rangers" and later became known as the New York Rangers.

Other ventures
Rickard sought to repeat the success of the Madison Square Garden by building seven "Madison Square Gardens" around the country. In 1927, a group led by Rickard signed a 25-year lease for a sports arena at the new North Station facility in Boston. The Boston Garden opened on November 17, 1928.

In 1929, Rickard and George R. K. Carter opened the Miami Beach Kennel Club greyhound track. They also planned a number of other ventures, including a jai-alai grounds adjacent to the kennel club and a horse track on an island in Biscayne Bay. Rickard also hoped to someday to build a hotel and casino that would rival those in Monte Carlo.

Personal life
Rickard met Maxine Hodges, a former actress 33 years his junior at the Dempsey–Firpo fight. The couple married on October 7, 1926, in Lewisburg, West Virginia. On June 7, 1927, the couple's daughter, Maxine Texas Rickard, was born.

On December 26, 1928, Rickard left New York for Miami Beach, Florida, where he was completing arrangements for a fight between Jack Sharkey and Young Stribling and attending the opening of the Miami Beach Kennel Club. On New Year's Eve, Rickard was stricken with appendicitis and was operated on. Rickard died on January 6, 1929, due to complications from his appendectomy. He was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, NY.

title: Tex Rickard


text:
User talk:MykReeve/Japan

Interesting pictures of Japan, but in one case, misleading: if Frank Lloyd Wright designed the JR NIkko station building I'll eat my hat, notwithstanding the claims of the Nikko tourism board. I find no independent evidence that Wright had anything to do with the building. --Calton 13:34, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:MykReeve/Japan


text:
Bryndza

Bryndza or brynza is a sheep milk cheese made across much of East-Central Europe, including in Ukraine and Slovakia. Bryndza cheese is creamy white in appearance, known for its characteristic strong smell and taste. The cheese is white, tangy, crumbly and slightly moist. It has characteristic odor and flavor with a notable taste of butyric acid. The overall flavor sensation begins slightly mild, then goes strong and finally fades to a salty finish. Recipes differ slightly across countries.

Brynza is an essential ingredient in preparing Ukrainian cornmeal dish called banosh.

Etymology
Bryndza or Brynza, a word borrowed from Romanian brânză ("cheese"), is used in various European countries, due to its introduction by migrating Vlachs. The word brânză is simply the generic word for "cheese" in Romanian.

According to the Romanian Explanatory Dictionary the etymology of ”brânză” is unknown. It is a word presumably inherited by the Romanian language from Dacian, the language of the pre-Roman population in modern-day Romania. Alternatively, it is possibly related to Albanian brëndës (“intestines”). Originally it referred to cheeses prepared in a sheep's stomach by reacting with the rennet inside. Outside Slovakia, Romania and the flanking regions of southern Poland, it is still popular nowadays in the Czech Republic under the Czech spelling "brynza".

Other regional names for the product include juhtúró in Hungarian, брынза in Russian, brenca in Serbian, Brimsen in German, бринза and бринзя in Ukrainian and ברינזע in Yiddish.

History
The word was first recorded as brençe, described as "Vlach cheese", in the Croatian port of Dubrovnik in 1370. Bryndza was first recorded in the Slovak counties of Hungary in 1470 and in the adjacent Polish region of Podhale in 1527. In Slovakia, bryndza is regarded as a typically Slovak product and it is one of the main ingredients in the national dish bryndzové halušky. The modern version of the soft spreadable bryndza is believed to have been developed by entrepreneurs from Stará Turá (Western Slovakia) toward the end of the 18th century. They founded bryndza manufactures in mountainous regions of Central and Northern Slovakia, where local sheep cheese manufacturing had deep roots. They traded bryndza and popularized it all around the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In Austria, it was called Liptauer, after the northern Slovak Liptov region. The Viennese speciality Liptauer, a savoury cheese-based spread, has replaced bryndza with common cows' milk cottage cheese because the original Slovak bryndza disappeared from Austrian market after the Dissolution of Austria-Hungary.

Geographical indications

 * Slovak bryndza from Slovakia was registered in the EU's Register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications on 16 July 2008 as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). The geographical indication was requested on 4 October 2007. Slovak bryndza must contain at least 50% of sheep milk. Sheep (ovčia) bryndza contains 100% sheep cheese.
 * Bryndza Podhalańska from Poland has been registered in the EU's Register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications on 11 June 2007 as a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO). The geographical indication was requested on 23 September 2006.

title: Bryndza


text:
Short punt formation

The short punt formation is an older formation on both offense and defense in American football, popular when scoring was harder and a good punt was itself an offensive weapon. In times when punting on third down was fairly common, teams would line up in the short punt formation and offer the triple threat of punt, run or pass. Harper's Weekly in 1915 called it "the most valuable formation known to football."

The formation is similar to the single wing and modern shotgun by including the possibility of a long snap from center. However, it is generally a balanced formation, and there are backs on both sides of the tailback, offering better pass protection. As a result, it was considered a much better passing formation than running, as the premiere running formation was the single wing. That said, it was regarded as a good formation for trap plays.

History
The formation was invented by Amos Alonzo Stagg in 1896. Andy Smith, coach of California's "Wonder Teams" summed up the short-punt philosophy with his motto of "Kick and wait for the breaks." In the early days of the sport the ball was often moved up the field, not through offensive plays, but rather through punting. Once the opposing team got the ball, the defense was relied upon to make the other team's offense lose yards or fumble. To confuse the opponent and attain longer punts, the punting was often done on first or second downs and it was not uncommon for a team to kick more than 40 times in a game.

The formation was used extensively by Fielding Yost's "point-a-minute", hurry up Michigan Wolverines in their early history, as well as his disciple Dan McGugin's Vanderbilt Commodores. Bill Roper used the short punt at Princeton.

Pro football
The short punt was the base formation for the Benny Friedman-led New York Giants in 1931. In the 1956 NFL Championship, the Chicago Bears shifted into a short punt formation in the third quarter, after falling way behind.

title: Short punt formation


text:
Talk:Chicken soup

Needs sources
I propose to remove all subsections without appropriate sources. --Nuujinn (talk) 17:28, 1 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose - It's more functional to source content rather than blanket-remove it. Northamerica1000(talk) 05:45, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

Wrong photo?
Are you sure that second photo (homemade chicken soup) isn't a still from Alien? 84.92.32.221 (talk) 13:54, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Doubtful. I zoomed in and couldn't see Sigourney, anyway. Would you like to suggest a better image? Rivertorch (talk) 16:13, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Fair point, perhaps I'm confusing it with Gach. (From "Klingon recipes for the desperate")  I'll try and take a snap of the next bowl I make. .... Chicken soup not Gach.   Should be next week.  84.92.32.221 (talk) 16:36, 20 November 2013 (UTC)

Japan section
Actually, chicken carcasses stripped of meat are available frozen in Japanese supermarkets. They are called "torigara," where "tori" (鳥) is the chicken and "gara" (殻) means a husk or shell. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MikieSimon (talk • contribs) 04:01, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chicken soup


text:
OCW

OCW may refer to:

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title: OCW


text:
Talk:Great Smog of London

Causes of deaths
It says that because of the smog, ambulance services had to be suspended. What is the proof that many of these supposed deaths weren't attributable to people who were injured or ill from unrelated diseases who were unable to seek medical care because of lack of ambulances? Or people who were injured in traffic accidents due to the reduced visibility? There must have been many, which would either mean that a substantial number of the reported deaths were not due to actual lung conditions caused by the smog, or that there must have been even more death that are not included in the count. I'd like a breakdown of the information they base these claims on. It's kind of like when there is a big blizzard, some people may freeze to death, but many more die because they have a heart attack or something and can't make it to a hospital, or starve to death because they are trapped, or asphyxiate due to snow clogging ventilation or faulty heating equipment, or are killed in traffic accidents due to the bad roads. All of these deaths are typically considered as part of the blizzards "death toll", but the blizzard didn't directly kill most of them. I see no reason that this "Great Smog" wouldn't have a similar effect..45Colt 20:09, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

 * It does say that 100,000 people who were in the area "were made ill by the smog's effects on the human respiratory tract."
 * 2600:6C4E:1200:1E85:984E:F9AE:AD6D:15AC (talk) 03:24, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

 * for solid figures showing that an atypical increase in mortalities occurred in the months after the event see the extensive references in the article itself, particularly Stone, R. 'Counting the Cost of London's Killer Smog' Science 13 Dec 2002: Vol. 298, Issue 5601, pp. 2106-2107 DOI: 10.1126/science.298.5601.2106b

Jamesmcardle 02:45, 22 June 2016 (UTC)

Great Smog, Smoke, or Fog. London or 1952
I changed the lede from "Great Smog of 1952" to the article title: "Great Smog of London" or "Great Smog of 1952". What is the wp:COMMONNAME for this event? Going by dubious Google wp:OR. Quotes included in search, first number is "about" hits from search: Anyone which to chime in or open a wp:Request for comment? Jim1138 (talk) 07:58, 5 May 2017 (UTC)
 * 89,000 "great smog of london"
 * 36,600 "great smoke of london"
 * 45,400 "great smoke" london

 * I have never known this event referred to by the article name until seeing it here. I've always known it as the 'great fog/smog of 1952’ (I was born in 1955). I wonder if 'great smog of London' is what Americans called it, which would account for the large number of Google hits? --Ef80 (talk) 11:52, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

Should the title include the year 1952?
I've read the various discussions/opinions above about using the words smog/fog etc in the title. Another question is whether, for consistency, the title should contain the year 1952? Consider the other articles about 20th-century pollution disasters commonly grouped with the Great London Smog of 1952:

 * 1930 Meuse Valley fog
 * 1939 St. Louis smog
 * 1948 Donora smog
 * 2013 Eastern China smog

So, smog or fog, wouldn't it make sense for this one to be "1952 Great London *****"?

45154james (talk) 10:39, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

There was the usual Covid/Climate Change type scepticism - this time about the role of industrial pollution
e.g. The Times newspaper argued that the phenomenon was both natural and well precedented. “The fogs are ancient Britons,” it opined. “They met the boat when the ancestors of Boadicea landed. Taking advantage of a northern island, rich in rivers and diversity of soils, they roam about on their little cat feet as freely as they did before anyone had heard of smoke abatement.” - www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/countryside/9727128/The-Great-Smog-of-London-the-air-was-thick-with-apathy.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.99.210.174 (talk) 10:47, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Very interesting. There is a very long history of "air-pollution denial", both before the Great London Smog (when people used to argue that coal-caused air pollution had disinfecting properties, which is documented in one of the recent books about air pollution - Fuller, Smedley, Woodford et al - can't remember which one) and since (see for example https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/16/modern-air-is-too-clean-the-rise-of-air-pollution-denial). It might make a very interesting article all of its own, if it meets all the usual criteria (WP:GNG etc). 45154james (talk) 11:10, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It's Woodford's book, p.74: "... dogged air-pollution denial by the coal industry – the idea that soot particles were a disinfectant – typified by one magnate, Colonel W.P. Rend of Pittsburgh, who went so far as to declare coal ‘a benefit to public health’. (That was, in fact, a widely held view well into the 19th century, and its origins can be traced back to the ancient Greek miasma theory.)" 45154james (talk) 11:18, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

Cleaning up of external links/refs
I've cleaned and tidied up the "Further reading" and "External links" sections per the edit summaries in the article. There is one remaining "External link" (Edinburgh) that I am minded to delete. It seems a useful page, but it was written as part of a student project, it lacks citations, and it seems to me to fail on WP:ELNO - specifically, that if the info is that useful, it should also be in the article. Would welcome further thoughts on whether this should be kept or ditched (or someone please ditch it if they feel it is definitively out of place). 45154james (talk) 06:17, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm going to be bold and remove this Edinburgh link for the reasons I gave above. It seems to me the only really useful bits are the quoted material from the classic Wilkins research (the famous three-peak chart showing correlation of deaths with sulphur dioxide and smoke and the table showing pollution concentrations from Wilkins, 1954) - and that should be included in our own article, copyright issues permitting. But I'll save the URL here just in case.

45154james (talk) 07:05, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * During further cleaning up of citations, I came across this one as a support for the statement that London suffered with dirty air since the 13th century.

"Graunt, John, 1620–1674; Petty, William, Sir, 1623–1687 (1662), Natural and political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the bills of mortality [microform] / by John Graunt ... ; with reference to the government, religion, trade, growth, ayre, diseases, and the several changes of the said city, Printed by Tho. Roycroft for John Martin, James Allestry, and Tho. Dicas"

Unclear to me how that supports the statement it was linked to, since I believe it's a record of deaths in the 17th century [see https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k5014]. So I've deleted it. If whoever introduced that would like to restore it, perhaps they could also kindly make clear how it supports the text it attaches to? Thank you. 45154james (talk) 08:07, 2 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Smog of London


text:
User:Juntas

pt:Usuário:Juntas

title: User:Juntas