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Blaubeuren

Blaubeuren is a town in the district of Alb-Donau near Ulm in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

it had 11,963 inhabitants.

Geographical location
The core city Blaubeuren lies at the foot of the Swabian Jura, 16 km west of Ulm.

Neighboring communities
The city is borders to the north to Suppingen and Berghülen, on the east to Blaustein, in the south to Ulm and Erbach and in the west to Schelklingen and Heroldstatt.

Constituent
The city Blaubeuren consists of the districts Blaubeuren, Gerhausen, Altental, Asch, Beiningen, Pappelau, Beimerstetten, Sotzenhausen, Seißen, Wennenden, Sonderbuch and Weiler with the core city Blaubeuren and 18 other villages, hamlets, farms and (individual) houses.

Castles
Within the town borough are the ruins of a number of castles: Ruck Castle and Blauenstein Castle, Hohengerhausen Castle (in Gerhausen), Günzelburg Castle and Burkartsweiler (both in Seißen), Sirgenstein Castle (in Weiler), and Gleißenburg Castle (in Beiningen).

Coat of arms
The coat of arms for the town shows the so-called Blaumännle (little blue man), a small man dressed in blue on a gold background.

Companies
The Merckle group (pharmaceutical industry) is headquartered in Blaubeuren. Blaubeuren is also the headquarters of Centrotherm Photovoltaics.

Transport
Blaubeuren is located on the Ulm–Sigmaringen railway. Once an hour regional express trains run to Sigmaringen and Ulm, and every two hours to Donaueschingen and Titisee-Neustadt. Blaubeuren belongs to the Donau-Iller-Nahverkehrsverbund (DING). Blaubeuren is located on the Bundesstraße 28 between Reutlingen and Ulm. In the city also begins the Bundesstraße 492 to Ehingen. The next junction of the Bundesautobahn 8 from Stuttgart to Munich is 12 kilometers (7 miles) away.

Religion
Blaubeuren is the seat of the church district Blaubeuren of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg. The Roman Catholic church Mariä Heimsuchung is located in Blaubeuren and has a branch church in Gerhausen. The New Apostolic Church also has here a municipality.

The Muslim community in Blaubeuren is largely Turkish dominated, originated by the migration of workers since the early 1960s from Turkey.

Buildings
Near the Blautopf lies the former Blaubeuren Abbey (founded in 1085).

Blaubeuren also has an old town with many half-timbered buildings.

In 1926 the "Ruckenkreuz" was erected on a rocky mountain, an 8.4 m tall memorial cross made of reinforced concrete with a span of 2.8 m, which commemorates the fallen of the First World War.

Museums
The "Urgeschichtliches Museum Blaubeuren" displays archaeological findings, including the Venus of Hohle Fels, the earliest known undisputed example of a depiction of a human being in prehistoric art. Scientific findings, experimental archeology and modern museum education can be found under one roof.

The former bathhouse of the monks in the monastery presents in the basement historic bathing facilities, and on the upper floors the local museum with furniture and objects from Blaubeuren.

Natural monuments
The most striking sight in Blaubeuren is the Blautopf, a karst spring. The Blautopf is 21 meters deep and one of the deepest and largest sources in Germany, with a flow out of minimum 310 L/s and maximum 32,000 L/s.

Regular events
A unique sled race takes place in Gerhausen every year. In this event, known as the Patenterrennen (Patent Race), teams consisting of 'drivers' and 'brakesmen' compete against each other with their historic sleds.

Points of interest

 * Blautopf, source of the river Blau
 * Ruckenkreuz
 * Blaubeuren Abbey

Notable people from Blaubeuren

 * Christoph Gottfried Bardili (1761–1808), philosopher
 * Karl Philipp Conz (1762–1827), poet and writer, was a pupil of the monastery school in Blaubeuren
 * Matthäus Hipp (1813–1893), watchmaker and inventor
 * Wilhelm Friedrich von Drescher (1820–1897), Württembergian civil servant
 * Gustav Adolph Bockshammer (1824–1882), Württembegian civil servant
 * Hans Gassebner (1902–1966), painter and graphican
 * Wilhelm Schäfer (1902–1979), politician (NSDAP), district administrator in Crailsheim
 * Wolfgang Schürle (born 1941), politician (CDU), district administrator of Alb-Donau-Kreis
 * Rudolf Hausmann (born 1954), politician (SPD), Member of Landtag 1996–2011
 * René Okle (born 1983), footballer

Personalities who have worked in Blaubeuren

 * Adolf Merckle (1934–2009), entrepreneur, founder of the pharmaceutical company Ratiopharm
 * Georg Hiller (born 1946), former mayor and since 2002 honorary citizen of Blaubeuren

title: Blaubeuren


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Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever

Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever is a 2002 action thriller film directed by Wych Kaosayananda (under the pseudonym of Kaos). The film stars Antonio Banderas and Lucy Liu as opposing secret agents who team up to fight a common enemy. It is an international co-production among Canada, Germany and the United States.

Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever was universally panned by critics and has been frequently described as one of the worst films ever made. The film underperformed at the box-office, grossing $20.2 million on a production budget of $70 million. With a total of 119 reviews, the most for a film with a 0% approval rating, Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever is the worst-reviewed film in the history of Rotten Tomatoes.

Plot
Returning home with his mother Vinn from a trip to Berlin, Michael Gant, the son of Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) director Robert Gant, is kidnapped and his security detail is nearly wiped out by the attacker, ex-DIA agent Sever. FBI agent Jeremiah Ecks left the agency after his wife Rayne was killed in a car bombing. His old boss, Julio Martin, asks him to investigate the Gant case. He claims that Vin is still alive and he will give Ecks the information on her whereabouts if he helps take down Sever. Ecks agrees and discovers Sever is an orphaned Chinese girl the DIA adopted to train as a covert operative and assassin with "no fear, no conscience, and no morality." Meanwhile, Robert Gant executes the only survivor of his son's security detail. He then orders his elite agents, led by A. J. Ross, to pursue Sever and rescue Michael.

Ecks joins Martin and CSIS agent Harry Lee in Vancouver, where Sever is hiding out. Ecks learns that Gant stole an experimental weapon codenamed Softkill, a nanorobot which operates in the human circulatory system and can cause heart attacks at will. Gant had implanted Softkill in Michael in order to smuggle it into the United States. Ross and his men surround Sever in a shopping plaza, but she wipes out Ross's forces in a lengthy gun battle. Sever shoots Martin, and Ecks pursues Sever, climaxing with a fight that's cut off when Ross starts shooting at them with an M60 machine gun, giving Sever a chance to escape.

Ecks is arrested by the Vancouver Police Department under the false pretense that he killed Martin. While being transported to jail, his convoy is attacked by Sever, who frees Ecks. After a lengthy car chase, Sever throws a piece of paper at Ecks and tells him to ask Gant about his wife. Ecks meets Rayne at an aquarium and it's revealed that her "death" was orchestrated by Gant. Rayne ended up believing Ecks had died while he believed that she had. Rayne then married Gant under the name Vinn. It ends up that Gant had Sever's family killed; it was initially believed that kidnapping Michael was Sever's revenge. However, Rayne reveals that Michael is actually Ecks' son, and Sever's kidnapping was for his protection.

Ecks, Rayne, and Sever go to Sever's underground bunker in an abandoned trainyard, where Rayne is reunited with Michael. Gant and Ross arrive with an army of heavily armed DIA agents, and a massive battle ensues. Ecks and Sever eventually gain the upper hand and Sever kills Ross in a fight in the bunker. Gant tries to retrieve the Softkill in Michael's arm but is surprised to find it's not there. Sever kills Gant using a Softkill-loaded bullet and escapes as the police arrive. The film concludes with Ecks and Sever looking over the sea and Ecks thanking Sever for reuniting him with his family.

Production
Around 1986 screenwriter Alan B. McElroy wrote a spec script titled Legion, which McElroy said was an action thriller about ex L.A. cop who's called in to help track down a rogue CIA agent code-named Legion who went on a killing spree. After he and director Dwight H. Little made Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988), the next movie they wanted to do was Legion, which by then was re-titled into Gunner, the name of the main hero character in the script. Between 1988 and 1989 they worked on the project at Vestron Pictures, and Dolph Lundgren was going to star in the film, however, due to management changes in Vestron, producer Charles W. Fries stopped the development of the film. McElroy's script was left unproduced until about 1999 when it was picked up for production again, but this time with the new title, Ecks vs. Sever. Originally the film was intended to star Wesley Snipes and Jet Li, and then after them Sylvester Stallone and Vin Diesel were going to star. After the director and cast were finally chosen in pre-production, McElroy's script was completely re-written by Peter M. Lenkov. The main reasons for re-writes included way too big and expensive action sequences, a wish for a more serious, darker, and grittier tone, and the story of McElroy's original script focusing more on themes of family love and loss and revenge. The entire subplot about nanotechnology was one of the things which were added to make the film more like The Matrix (1999). Sever was also changed from a male to a female character. Despite re-writing the entire script, Lenkov was not credited in the final film, and McElroy ended up getting only writing credit, despite very little similarities between his original script and Lenkov's re-write.

On November 12, 1999, The Honolulu Advertiser announced Chris Lee and Franchise Pictures would produce Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever, and that Kaos would direct the film. On July 26, 2001, Entertainment Weekly revealed Liu and Banderas were in discussions about starring in the film, as well as two descriptions of the film's premise: "two competing assassins who unite against a common foe" and "Bad Boys meets The Professional".

Principal photography was scheduled to begin in Bangkok on November 5, 2001. However, Lee changed the filming location to Hawaii, before ultimately settling on Vancouver, due to lower production costs and superior tax incentives. During the filming of Ballistic, Lee advocated in various ways for more government funding for Hawaii's film industry; for example, by appearing at the event Hawaii's Film Industry: Global Impact, Global Challenges, which was held at the Signature Dole Cannery Theatres on February 26, 2002.

All of the pyrotechnics shown in the movie were produced using real explosions rather than computer-generated graphics.

Critical response
Among the films that hold, or have held, a 0% rating, Ballistic has the most reviews, being to date the only film with such a rating to have over 100 reviews. In March 2007, Rotten Tomatoes ranked the film number 1 on its "The Worst of the Worst" movie list, noting it as "the worst-reviewed movie in our site's history", and remains there as of July 2024. Cinemascore gave the film a "B-" on A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert gave the film half a star out of four, and later listed it on the list of his most hated movies. He said of the film: "Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever is an ungainly mess, submerged in mayhem, occasionally surfacing for cliches, overloaded with special effects and explosions, light on continuity, sanity and coherence. There is nothing wrong with the title Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever that renaming it Ballistic would not have solved. Strange that they would choose such an ungainly title when, in fact, the movie is not about Ecks versus Sever but about Ecks and Sever working together against a common enemy – although Ecks, Sever and the audience take a long time to figure that out."

Lucy Liu was nominated for the 2002 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Actress Award, but lost to Madonna for her performance in Swept Away.

Box office
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $7 million in 2,705 theaters for an average of $2,591 per theater, ranking number 4 at the U.S. box office. The film ultimately earned $14.3 million in the U.S. and $5.6 million internationally for a total of $19.9 million against a $70 million production budget.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack includes these tracks:
 * 1) "Main Title"
 * 2) "The Name of the Game"
 * 3) "Smartbomb" [Plump Dj's Remix]
 * 4) "Heaven Scent" [Original Mix]
 * 5) "The Flow"
 * 6) "I Think of You" [Screamer Remix]
 * 7) "Hell Above Water"
 * 8) "Go"
 * 9) "Bloodlock"
 * 10) "I Need Love"
 * 11) "The Aquarium"
 * 12) "Time"
 * 13) "Anytime"

Video games
A Game Boy Advance first-person shooter, Ecks vs. Sever, was released in 2001, ten months before the film premiered. Unlike the film, the game received very positive reviews, and a score of 9/10 on IGN. The game was considered an impressive technological feat on the Game Boy Advance. A sequel game, Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever, was released six days before the film's premiere and is based on its final cut that was released to theaters.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ballistic: Ecks vs. Sever


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Talk:Government of Ohio

Paper Townships
According to the Secretary of State's Municipal and Township Roster, 1992-1993 (Columbus: The Secretary, 1992), Millcreek Township is "coextensive with the City of Cincinnati." Land may at one time have been in Columbia or other townships but if it's in the city limits of Cincinnati it's in Millcreek Township. These statements about paper townships were deleted from more recent editions of the roster. PedanticallySpeaking 20:00, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Naming convention
I've proposed a standard form for naming articles on Ohio school districts: Naming conventions (Ohio school districts), which could easily be extended to apply to districts in other states. I'd welcome some feedback on this. PedanticallySpeaking 16:39, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Ohio Department of Education
I suggest that a new page be created from this section. What do you think? --DangApricot 13:34, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Suggesting a merge, see Ohio State Board of Education 69.208.8.77 06:55, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:07, 12 July 2019 (UTC)
 * RMD-Official-Headshot.jpg

title: Talk:Government of Ohio


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Miguel Corte-Real

Miguel Corte-Real (c. 1448 – 1502?) was a Portuguese explorer who charted about 600 miles of the coast of Labrador. In 1502, he disappeared while on an expedition and was believed to be lost at sea.

Early life
Miguel Corte-Real was a son of João Vaz Corte-Real and a brother of explorer Gaspar Corte-Real, members of the Corte-Real family.

Exploration
In 1500, Miguel's brother Gaspar reached Greenland, believing it to be Asia, but was unable to land. The following year, Gaspar sailed west again, this time making landfall at what is believed to have been Newfoundland. Only two of the three ships of the 1501 expedition returned to Portugal; the third ship, carrying Gaspar, was lost. Miguel invested significant sums of money into these two expeditions, and in return, Gaspar promised him a share of any new lands he claimed.

In May 1502, Miguel set out from Lisbon with three ships on an expedition to search for his brother. The expedition apparently reached the location where Gaspar's party had landed, at which point the three ships broke off in different directions to search. Later, the ship carrying Miguel failed to appear at a designated rendezvous on August 20. The other two ships made the return voyage to Portugal, while Miguel and his ship were never seen again.

In 1503, the last surviving brother, Vasco Añes Corte-Real, planned another rescue expedition for his two brothers. King Manuel I furnished two ships, but would not permit Vasco himself to sail with them. The expedition returned in the fall without having found any trace of either brother.

Dighton Rock myth
In 1912 and 1928 Edmund B. Delabarre wrote that markings on the Dighton Rock in Massachusetts suggest that Miguel Corte-Real reached New England. Delabarre stated that the markings were abbreviated Latin, and the message, translated into English, read as follows: '' I, Miguel Cortereal, 1511. In this place, by the will of God, I became a chief of the Indians''. Samuel Eliot Morison dismissed this evidence in his 1971 book The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. More recent scholarship by Douglas Hunter has definitively debunked the Corte-Real origin myth.

title: Miguel Corte-Real


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Transmitter Riegelsberg

The Riegelsberg Transmitter (or Schocksberg Transmitter) is a transmitter for FM and TV at Riegelsberg, near Saarbrücken, Germany. The transmitter uses as aerial a 287 m guyed mast.

title: Transmitter Riegelsberg


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Lithium chloride

Lithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl. The salt is a typical ionic compound (with certain covalent characteristics), although the small size of the Li+ ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83.05 g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and its hygroscopic properties.

Chemical properties
The salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides. Mono-, tri-, and pentahydrates are known. The anhydrous salt can be regenerated by heating the hydrates. LiCl also absorbs up to four equivalents of ammonia/mol. As with any other ionic chloride, solutions of lithium chloride can serve as a source of chloride ion, e.g., forming a precipitate upon treatment with silver nitrate:
 * LiCl + AgNO3 →  AgCl + LiNO3

Preparation
Lithium chloride is produced by treatment of lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. Anhydrous LiCl is prepared from the hydrate by heating in a stream of hydrogen chloride.

Commercial applications
Lithium chloride is mainly used for the production of lithium metal by electrolysis of a LiCl/KCl melt at 450 C. LiCl is also used as a brazing flux for aluminium in automobile parts. It is used as a desiccant for drying air streams. In more specialized applications, lithium chloride finds some use in organic synthesis, e.g., as an additive in the Stille reaction. Also, in biochemical applications, it can be used to precipitate RNA from cellular extracts.

Lithium chloride is also used as a flame colorant to produce dark red flames.

Niche uses
Lithium chloride is used as a relative humidity standard in the calibration of hygrometers. At 25 C a saturated solution (45.8%) of the salt will yield an equilibrium relative humidity of 11.30%. Additionally, lithium chloride can be used as a hygrometer. This deliquescent salt forms a self-solution when exposed to air. The equilibrium LiCl concentration in the resulting solution is directly related to the relative humidity of the air. The percent relative humidity at 25 C can be estimated, with minimal error in the range 10-30 C, from the following first-order equation: RH=107.93-2.11C, where C is solution LiCl concentration, percent by mass.

Molten LiCl is used for the preparation of carbon nanotubes, graphene and lithium niobate.

Lithium chloride has been shown to have strong acaricidal properties, being effective against Varroa destructor in populations of honey bees.

Lithium chloride is used as an aversive agent in lab animals to study conditioned place preference and aversion.

Precautions
Lithium salts affect the central nervous system in a variety of ways. While the citrate, carbonate, and orotate salts are currently used to treat bipolar disorder, other lithium salts including the chloride were used in the past. For a short time in the 1940s lithium chloride was manufactured as a salt substitute for people with hypertension, but this was prohibited after the toxic effects of the compound (tremors, fatigue, nausea) were recognized. It was, however, noted by J. H. Talbott that many symptoms attributed to lithium chloride toxicity may have also been attributable to sodium chloride deficiency, to the diuretics often administered to patients who were given lithium chloride, or to the patients' underlying conditions.

title: Lithium chloride


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User:Norbu~enwiki

General Info

 * Born October 21 1969
 * Lived in various places as a child, due to a father in the Navy.

Wikipedia Related
I use this name norbu in a few places, and Golanv in some others. Golanv being Cherokee for Raven and Norbu being Tibetan for Jewel. Mostly I use Tendrel, such as on Twitter and for my blogging.

I used Wikipedia occasionally before joining. Now, I am enjoying taking a break from working (software engineer, I am I am) and do little bitty edits.

lots of fun.

title: User:Norbu~enwiki


text: Category:Literary genres

title: Category:Literary genres


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Judson Memorial Church

The Judson Memorial Church is located on Washington Square South between Thompson Street and Sullivan Street, near Gould Plaza, opposite Washington Square Park, in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA and with the United Church of Christ.

The church sanctuary, its campanile tower and the attached Judson Hall were designated landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1966, and were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

Founding
By the mid-19th century, the village had the largest African-American community in the city, along with joined German, French and Irish immigrants, and to the immediate south a majority of Italian immigrants. Earlier more affluent communities had begun an exodus from the adjacent neighborhoods to the south and east. Judson observed that the "tendency is for the intelligent, well-to-do and church-going people to withdraw from this part of the city". The park and the new church stood at the intersection between the affluence of Fifth Avenue and the poverty of Lower Manhattan.

The church was founded by Edward Judson who had been preaching at the Berean Baptist Church on Downing Street, also in the village, but his efforts at expanding the congregation were so successful that a new sanctuary was required. In 1888, with the backing of John D. Rockefeller and other prominent Baptists, construction of a new church south of the park was begun. Judson had chosen the location because he wanted to reach out to the neighboring communities. It was to be a memorial to Judson's father, Adoniram Judson, one of the first Protestant missionaries to Burma. The church building was designed by architect Stanford White, with stained glass windows by John La Farge. It features Renaissance influences wedded to a basic Italianate form. Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens designed a marble frieze in the baptistery, which was carried out by Herbert Adams; it was completed in 1893.

As well as worship and religious education, the church offered health-care and outreach ministries to non-members as well as members. However, the church was not able to attract sufficient support from its wealthy neighbors on the north side of square, and by 1912, the church found itself in financial difficulties. The Baptist City Society (metropolitan association of Baptist churches) was persuaded to take over the property and financial responsibility, which it ended up holding until the congregation was again able to resume ownership and control in 1973.

Early 20th century
In 1921, under the leadership of its pastor, A. Ray Petty, the church offered first its basement and then rented its parish house on Thompson Street to Dr. Eleanor A. Campbell, a pioneering female physician who ran the Judson Health Center, a free medical and dental clinic. The center operated at 237 Thompson Street from 1922 to 1950, when the clinic moved to its present location on Spring Street in SoHo, the neighborhood to the south. During the 1920s, the church, with aid from the national American Baptist denomination, also ran the Judson Neighborhood House, a settlement house, at 179 Sullivan Street.

During the Great Depression in the early 20th century, Laurence Hosie served as pastor. Although the congregation dwindled, the church remained active in various social causes, including allowing homeless men to sleep on the pews at times. In 1937, the Baptist City Society appointed Renato Giacomelli Alden as pastor.

After World War II, with the rush of new students the former parish house and health center was turned into a residence for international students and students of various races, led by Dean R. Wright, the Baptist chaplain to New York University, the church's neighbor. At the same time, a new pastor, Robert Spike, began theological explorations with veterans and the artists then working in the village, which brought a new group of congregants and led to a change in the church's worship style to a more modern sensibility.

Late 20th century
In 1956, Howard Moody became the senior minister, continuing the church's outspoken advocacy on issues of civil rights and free expression, as well as breaking with the confessedly evangelical understandings of the past by speaking out for issues once universally considered to be immoral by Christians (such as abortion and the decriminalization of prostitution), a policy that continues under the present leadership of the congregation. Al Carmines, the associate pastor 1962 to 1979, focused his ministry on the arts (see below). The congregation expanded during this period, allowing the church to take back control of its property from the citywide Baptist organization that had been acting as trustee until 1973. Following Moody's retirement in 1990, Peter Laarman became senior pastor. Coming from a background in union organizing, Laarman led the church into ministries dealing with economic issues, while continuing work with the arts and other social issues, and starting a multi-year program of restoration and renovation of the church's aging buildings.

Since becoming senior minister in 2005, senior pastor Donna Schaper has created a pioneering program to train future clergy in how to do "public ministry" from a congregational base, by providing part-time apprenticeships to seminarians and recent graduates. Also under her leadership, the church has taken a leadership role in the New Sanctuary Movement for immigrant rights.

Mission
The church's mission has long been self-described as being devoted to social outreach, and establishing programs designed to help those perceived to be in need, despite the controversial or sometimes, unpopular, nature of that help.

In the 1950s, the church was the first institution in the village to create a counseling program for drug addicts; in the 1960s, it led in helping to found the Clergy Consultation Service on Abortion, a nationwide network of Protestant and Jewish clergy who aided women who needed abortions before abortion became legal. In the 1970s, the church operated a residence for runaway teens and established a Professional Women's Clinic for women engaged in prostitution; in the 1980s, it helped provide medical resources for people with AIDS.

In the first decade of the 21st century, the church's clergy operated a relief fund for the families of restaurant workers who were killed during the September 11, 2001, attacks of New York City's World Trade Center. Now, the church is active in the New Sanctuary Movement for immigrant rights.

Early community outreach
Verne E. Henderson joined the Judson staff in 1952 as its first Director of Community Service. A program for youth of the village – started originally by the Police Athletic League of New York City – blossomed under Henderson's leadership with more than two hundred youth attending one or more weekly events. Many youth were hard-core delinquents and drug users. Henderson appeared in courts on behalf of those facing legal action and began summer youth programs in upstate New York and Vermont. Henderson also inaugurated programs for local artists, remodeling the sanctuary for art shows and refurbishing abandoned offices as living quarters for resident artists. Henderson once invited Martha Graham to use the sanctuary for dress rehearsals, which eventually led to formation of the Judson Dance Theatre.

Sponsorship of the arts
Beginning in the 1950s, the church supported a radical arts ministry, first led by associate pastor Bernard Scott and subsequently by associate pastor Al Carmines. The church made space available to artists for art exhibitions, rehearsals, and performances. The church also assured that this space was to be a place where these artists could have the freedom to experiment in their work without fear of censorship. In 1957, the church offered gallery space to Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine and Robert Rauschenberg, who were then unknown artists. In 1959, the Judson Gallery showed work by pop artists, Tom Wesselmann, Daniel Spoerri, and Red Grooms. Yoko Ono also had her work exhibited at the gallery. The gallery space housed Fluxus happenings, including Some Manipulations (1969), a series of performances at the Judson Church by Fluxus artists Jean Toche, Steve Young, Nam June Paik, and Al Hansen, and work by Nye Ffarrabas.

The Judson Dance Theater, which began in 1962, provided a venue for dancers and choreographers including Trisha Brown, Lucinda Childs, Steve Paxton, Deborah Hay, David Gordon and Yvonne Rainer to create and show their work. Among others, these dancers and choreographers shaped dance history by creating postmodern dance, the first avant-garde movement in dance theater since the modern dance of the 1930s and 1940s. For the past several decades, Movement Research has presented concerts of experimental dance at the church on Monday evenings during the academic year.

In the 1970s, the church hosted various art shows and multimedia events. Most notable among these multimedia events was the People's Flag Show in November 1970, a six-day exhibition of painting and sculpture on the theme of the American flag. The exhibit and the accompanying symposium, featuring speeches by Abbie Hoffman and Kate Millett, attracted widespread attention from the public, the press and the police. During the final days of the exhibit, three of the contributing artists were arrested, both pastors (Moody and Carmines) were issued summons (not followed up), and the District Attorney closed the exhibit on charges of desecration of the American flag.

The Judson Poets' Theatre started in November 1961 – with a play by poet Joel Oppenheimer – as one of three off-off-Broadway venues (the others were Caffe Cino and La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club). Experimental plays and musicals by later-famous authors and directors, including Sam Shepherd, Lanford Wilson and Tom O'Horgan, were presented in the church's main Meeting Room. Starting in the late 1960s, Carmines began writing and producing his own musicals, and later, "oratorios" that used large volunteer choruses. Especially notable were several shows using texts by Gertrude Stein, music by Carmines, with direction by the Judson Poets Theatre director Lawrence Kornfeld.

In the 1980s, the church sponsored various Politically intended dramatic performances, such as those by the Vermont-based Bread and Puppet Theater. These performances included Insurrection Opera and Oratorio, performed in February and March 1984. In this performance, the Bread and Puppet Theater, under the direction of its founder, Peter Schumann, used opera and the company's now signature oversized puppets to convey an anti-nuclear message. The church has recently become the home of the West Village Chorale, directed by Dr. Colin Britt. The Chorale's former home was St. Luke's in the Fields on Hudson Street.

The church celebrated its centennial in 1990 with performances and symposia involving many of the artists who had been involved with the arts ministry in the 1960s and 1970s. It continues both its support of the arts and its social outreach to the community.

Building
The church building is located at 54–57 Washington Square South. In addition to La Farge's stained-glass windows and Saint-Gaudens's marble frieze, it features Italian Renaissance influences wedded to a basic Italianate form, and has notable examples of scagliola, a very convincing handcrafted imitation of marble made of highly polished pigmented plaster. Overall, the exterior and shape of the building is said to resemble the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, Italy, while the entrance is said to be inspired by the Renaissance church San Alessandro, built in Lucca, Italy, in 1480. The fourteen stained glass windows in the church's main sanctuary are the largest collection of major LaFarge windows in any one place in the U.S.

The campanile tower, located at 51–54 Washington Square South to the west of the church itself, was built in 1895–96, after the sanctuary had been completed, and was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. The adjacent Hall, however, predates the church, having been built in 1877, and was designed by John G. Prague.

In 1999, facing financial difficulties, the church's board of trustees sold the Judson House, the parish building behind the church, to New York University School of Law, which used the site for its new Furman Hall. At eleven stories tall, the new building now towers over the church and Washington Square Park beyond, causing considerable controversy in the community at the time of its construction. The church's offices and a small assembly hall now occupy a condominium suite in one corner of the new building, adjacent to the main church, at 239 Thompson Street.

From 1990 to 2006, the church building was repainted, reroofed; the stained glass windows were cleaned and reinstalled by Cummings Studio; an elevator was installed to make the building accessible and air conditioning was added. These projects exhausted all the proceeds from the sale of the back lots, plus approximately $1 million additional (equivalent to million in ), raised from contributions of arts patrons and the congregation.

Ministers and staff

 * Rev. Edward Judson (minister, 1890–1914)
 * Rev. A. Ray Petty (minister, 1915–1926)
 * Rev. Laurence T. Hosie (minister, 1926–1937)
 * Rev. Renato Giacomelli Alden (minister to Italian-speaking congregation, 1937–1946; sole minister after Hosie's departure)
 * Rev. Elbert R. Tingley (City Society's appointed executive director for Judson, 1946–1948)
 * Rev. Dean Wright (Director, Judson House Student Program, 1948–1952)
 * Rev. Robert Spike (minister, 1949–1955)
 * Verne E Henderson, Director of Community Service during Spike's ministry (1952–1955)
 * Bernard (Bud) Scott (seminary intern under Spike; associate minister under Moody, 1957–1960), serving as missionary to the surrounding artistic community
 * Rev. Howard Moody (minister, 1956–1992)
 * Rev. Al Carmines (associate minister, 1961–1981)
 * Arthur A. Levin (Director of The Center for Medical Consumers, since 1976; also, administration for many church-related projects since 1966, including the Judson Teenage Arts Workshop, Judson mobile health project, and Judson Runaway House)
 * Arlene Carmen ("administrix" 1967–1994; "administrix" over those years encompassed first being Moody's secretary, then Church Administrator, and finally, in the mid-1980s, Program Associate was added to the Administrator title)
 * Roland Wiggins (sexton, mid-1970s-2016)
 * Rev. Dr. Lee Hancock (associate minister, 1981–1985)
 * Rev. Dr. Bill Malcomson (interim minister, 1992–1994)
 * Andrew Frantz (Sunday School Director, since 1993)
 * Rev. Peter Laarman (minister, 1994–2004)
 * Ryan Gillam (Special Program Associate for theatre, 1994–1996)
 * Aziza (Special Program Associate, 1993–2002) (producer for Licks 'n Licks, Single Mothers' Workshop, Dance of African Descent Downtown)
 * Rev. Louise Green (associate minister, 1996–1998)
 * Rev. Karen Senecal (associate minister; sole minister after Laarman, 2000–2005)
 * Rev. Dr. Donna Schaper (senior minister, 2006-2021)
 * Rev. Michael Ellick (assistant minister, 2008–2014)
 * Rev. Dr. Valerie Holly (assistant minister, 2015-2020; associate minister, 2020-2023)
 * Rev. Julie Johnson Staples (transition minister, 2021-2023)
 * Rev. Micah Bucey (minister since 2011; senior minister since 2023)

title: Judson Memorial Church


text:
Academy and College of Philadelphia

The Academy and College of Philadelphia (1749–1791) was a boys' school and men's college in Philadelphia in the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania.

Founded in 1749 by a group of local notables that included Benjamin Franklin, the Academy of Philadelphia began as a private secondary school, occupying a former religious school building at the southwest corner of 4th and Arch Streets. The academy taught reading, writing, and arithmetic to both paying and charity students. The College of Philadelphia was founded in 1755, when the academy's charter was amended to allow the granting of advanced academic degrees. The Medical School of the College of Philadelphia, founded in 1765, was the first medical school in North America.

In 1791, the College of Philadelphia merged with the University of the State of Pennsylvania, to form the present-day University of Pennsylvania.

History
Benjamin Franklin was the first president of the board of trustees and authored the constitution for the academy, which was notable for its emphasis on modern languages and science in place of Latin and Greek. The academy opened for the secondary schooling of boys on August 13, 1751, with a charity school opening shortly afterwards.

The building that housed the academy had originally been set up in 1740 as a charity school supporting the ministry of George Whitefield with a hall for him to preach in, although Franklin, who had a hand in it, made sure its use was wider: "Both house and ground were vested in trustees, expressly for the use of any preacher of any religious persuasion who might desire to say something to the people at Philadelphia; the design in building not being to accommodate any particular sect, but the inhabitants in general; so that even if the Mufti of Constantinople were to send a missionary to preach Mohammedanism to us, he would find a pulpit at his service."

The college was granted a charter in 1755 and William Smith became its provost in 1756. The school graduated its first class of seven men on May 17, 1757, six with Bachelor of Arts degrees and one with a Master of Arts.

In 1765, physicians John Morgan and William Shippen, Sr. founded the Medical School of the College of Philadelphia, the first medical school in North America. That same year the first dormitory was built.

The college educated many of the future leaders of the United States. Twenty-one members of the Continental Congress were graduates of the school, and nine signers of the Declaration of Independence were either alumni or trustees of the university. Five signers of the Constitution received undergraduate or honorary degrees from the university, and another five were trustees. Some of the soldiers who took part of the Siege of Charleston were also alumnae of the college, including Archibald Thomas.

Despite this record, at the time of the American Revolution, the trustees were seen as Loyalist sympathizers. Thomas Coombe, Jr., who had been a valedictorian, fled to England once the British army arrived in the colonies.

When the revolutionary government of Pennsylvania regained control of the city of Philadelphia after the British occupation of 1777–78, it rechartered the institution as the "University of the State of Pennsylvania", appointed new trustees, and dismissed Smith as provost.

Following repeated lawsuits by Smith and the original trustees, the state restored the college's charter in 1789, but the university continued to operate on the original campus. In 1791, the two competing institutions merged, forming the University of Pennsylvania.

title: Academy and College of Philadelphia


text:
Shaaban bin Robert

Shaaban bin Robert, also known as Shaaban Robert (1 January 1909 – 20 June 1962), was a Tanzanian poet, author, and essayist who supported the preservation of Tanzanian verse traditions. Robert is celebrated as one of the greatest Tanzanian Swahili thinkers, intellectuals and writers in East Africa and has been called "poet laureate of Swahili" and is also known as the "Father of Swahili." He is also honoured as the national poet.

Biography
Shaaban was born to a father of Yao decent and mother of Digo heritage at village of Vibamba, Tangasisi ward of Tanga District, located south of Tanga City in Tanga Region, Tanzania (then German East Africa). The surname Robert is a name of a British colonial officer who requested his parent to name him after him. Thus in real sense, Robert was his second name (not his surname or last name), his first name being Shaaban. Shaaban himself for a time wrote it 'Roberts' rather than 'Robert'. From 1922 to 1926 he was educated in Dar es Salaam, coming in second in a class of 11 to receive the School Leaving Certificate under the then British colonial educational system in Tanganyika.

Career
After receiving the school certificate, Shaaban worked at various posts as a colonial government civil servant. From 1926 to 1944 he was a customs official at different locations throughout the territory including one post at Kwale Island in current day Mkuranga District of Pwani Region. From 1944 to 1946 he worked for the Game Department. From 1946 to 1952 he worked in the Tanga District Office, and from 1952 to 1960 he was in the Survey Office there. He worked very closely with the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) and Julius Nyerere. Many of his civil service experiences are woven into his writings. During his lifetime he received the Margaret Wrong Prize and Medal for African Literature and was honored by the British government as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (M.B.E.).

Intellectual work
Robert contributed to the promotion of the Swahili language and the struggle for the dignity of mankind. He was a celebrated humanist. He worked for freedom and gender equality, and was against racial and religious discrimination in Tanzania. Tanzania's first president, Julius Nyerere, had complete admiration for the late Shaaban Robert, and greatly valued and promoted his intellectual work. His was also equally respectful of both Muslims and Christians. That is reflected in his two unusual names (Shaaban—Muslim name and Robert, a Christian name).[The name Robert was in fact one of his father's several names, the others being Selemani and Ufukwe]

Sheikh Shaaban Robert succeeded in writing essays, books, prose and poems and some of his literature is part of school curricula and higher education reading. Some of his books included Maisha Yangu na Baada ya Miaka Hamsini, Kusadikika, and Wasifu wa Siti binti Saad. His works are still being discovered and published. To date he has 24 known works.

Eponyms

 * Shaaban Robert Secondary School, Dar es Salaam
 * Shaaban Robert Street, a street in the Dar es Salaam CBD

Relevant literature

 * Abdalla, Abdilatif. "Utangulizi". Shaaban Robert: Ukakiki wa Maandishi Yake. Dar es Salaam: Longman Tanzania, 1975
 * Kezilahabi, Euphrase. Ushairi wa Shaaban Robert. 1976. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1982.
 * Ndulute, Clement L. The Poetry of Shaaban Robert. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam UP, 1994.
 * Rosenberg, Aaron L. "Making the case for popular songs in East Africa: Samba Mapangala and Shaaban Robert." Research in African Literatures (2008): 99–120.

title: Shaaban bin Robert


text:
Dudelange Radio Tower

The Dudelange Radio Tower is a 285-meter (935 ft) high freestanding steel framework FM radio and television transmission tower, also called a lattice tower, with a triangular cross section located near Dudelange in Luxembourg. When completed in 1957 the Dudelange Radio Tower was the tallest structure in Luxembourg and the fourth tallest lattice tower in the world after the Tokyo, Eiffel and KCTV towers. It remains the tallest freestanding structure in Luxembourg today and the 5th tallest structure overall in the country.

Plane Crash
On 31 July 1981, a Belgian (Mirage IIIE) military aircraft crashed into the tower at mid-height, tearing down the upper section of the tower. The pilot did not survive the crash, additionally debris from the tower also fell on a nearby house and tragically killed two broadcast engineers who lived there. The tower was reconstructed the following year.

Radio
FM stations that transmit from the Dudelange Radio Tower include the following

title: Dudelange Radio Tower


text:
Talk:Charles Wreford-Brown

Untitled
I was recently told that Charles Wreford Brown was the one who invented the word soccer for football. If there is any confirmation this would be a nice thing to add I think.

Soccer with a sock ball
When I was a kid in primary school, proper footballs were not allowed because they were too big and hard and either caused injury or broke windows (according to the headmaster, anyway). We played Soccer with a 'ball' made of long school socks bundled together 'over and over' to form a ball. I always assumed that this was the root of 'soccer'. Am I misguided? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.85.216.48 (talk • contribs)

 * Definitely. Jooler 20:32, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Notability?
So his primary claim to notability is he invented the word soccer. Except he didn't? Paulbrock (talk) 21:46, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * He is definately notable as a first-class cricketer and as a player for one of the top soccer teams of his time. — Gasheadsteve Talk to me 08:00, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, works for me! Paulbrock (talk) 12:17, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Although it's only a guess I wouldn't mind betting that this Wreford-Brown is related to the Captain of the submarine that sank the ARA General Belgrano in 1982, the HMS Conqueror. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.112.86.117 (talk) 14:08, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Wreford-Brown


text: Category:Soviet ice hockey players

title: Category:Soviet ice hockey players


text:
User:Kyrin

I am Kyrin, hear me roar.

--Kyrin\talk 20:09, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

title: User:Kyrin


text:
Richvale, California

Richvale (also, Richland, Silbys Switch, Silsby) is a small census-designated place (population 244) in Butte County, California, US, south of Chico and west of Oroville. The primary crop grown in the area surrounding Richvale is rice, irrigated from the Oroville Dam on the Feather River. Several farmers in the area are known for organic farming. The population was 244 at the 2010 census.

Richvale is located at 39° 29' 38" North, 121° 44' 41" West, 108 ft above sea level.

The ZIP Code is 95974. The community is inside area code 530.

History
Legend says that the name "Richvale" (meaning "fertile valley") was coined by con men to sell worthless plots of land to wheat farmers from Nebraska and Kansas. The developers (Richvale Land Company) changed the name from Selby Switch (a railroad siding) to Richvale in 1909. The place was settled in 1911, and a post office opened that same year.

Farmers in the Midwest were shown lush pictures of California's Sacramento Valley and San Joaquin Valley and sold land at outrageous prices. The soil near Richvale is nothing like the fertile soil of the San Joaquin Valley, being composed mostly of clay instead of loam. The dominant soil is Esquon clay, a poorly drained vertisol. The locals call the soil "adobe" due to its high clay content. The land is unsuitable for vineyards, orchards, and most other crops. Some buyers took one look at the soil and returned to the Midwest. Those who stayed built a community from the muddy ground up: a post office (1912), roads, an irrigation and drainage district, a hotel (1913), a church (1913), a cooperative (1914 and still operating, the Butte County Rice Growers Association), a school (1914), and a grocery store (1920). During a second wave of migration Dust Bowl farmers came west during the Great Depression.

Due to the adobe soil's ability to retain water and remain flooded, the ground makes a near-ideal rice paddy, and rice has become the primary crop of the area. Irrigation is provided by plentiful surface water from the Feather River.

In 2005, 33500 acre of rice were served by the Butte County Rice Growers Association. Current storage capacity is 3200000 short cwt. With time and a lot of hard work, the town of Richvale lived up to its name as rice farming provided an abundant livelihood for the original settlers and their offspring.

The history of Richvale was recently written by the Richvale Writing Group (with Teresa Ward) and published by The Community Foundation of Richvale in a book (Richvale: A Legacy of Courage, Dedication, and Perseverance) with 364 historical photographs.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Richvale had a population of 244. The population density was 263.2 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Richvale was 216 (88.5%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 11 (4.5%) Native American, 0 (0.0%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 10 (4.1%) from other races, and 7 (2.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27 persons (11.1%).

The Census reported that 244 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 89 households, out of which 29 (32.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 53 (59.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 5 (5.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8 (9.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 11 (12.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 16 households (18.0%) were made up of individuals, and 8 (9.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74. There were 66 families (74.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.11.

The population was spread out, with 64 people (26.2%) under the age of 18, 15 people (6.1%) aged 18 to 24, 56 people (23.0%) aged 25 to 44, 65 people (26.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 44 people (18.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.5 males.

There were 101 housing units at an average density of 108.9 /sqmi, of which 89 were occupied, of which 70 (78.7%) were owner-occupied, and 19 (21.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 192 people (78.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 52 people (21.3%) lived in rental housing units.

Places of interest

 * Richvale Airport, 1764 Richvale Highway
 * Richvale Cafe, 5285 Midway
 * Richvale Community Church, 5219 Church Street
 * Richvale Elementary School, 5236 Church Street
 * Richvale Fire Department, 1236 School Street
 * Richvale Post Office (ZIP Code 95974), 5205 Church Street
 * Lundberg Family Farms, 5311 Midway
 * Butte County Rice Growers Association, 1193 Richvale Highway

Notable people

 * Doug LaMalfa, U.S. Representative of California's 1st congressional district

title: Richvale, California


text: User talk:81.79.90.11

title: User talk:81.79.90.11


text:
The World (archipelago)

The World Islands (Arabic: جزر العالم; Juzur al-Ālam) are an archipelago of small artificial islands constructed in the shape of a world map, located in the waters of the Persian Gulf, off the coast of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The World Islands are composed mainly of sand dredged from Dubai's shallow coastal waters and are one of several artificial island developments in the emirate. The World's developer is Nakheel Properties, and the project was originally conceived by Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai. Construction was done by two Dutch joint-venture specialist companies, Van Oord and Boskalis. The same companies also created the Palm Jumeirah.

Construction of the 300 islands began in 2003, before being halted due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Though 60% of the islands were sold to private contractors in 2008, development on most of the project has not started. As of July 2012, Lebanon Island was completed and was the only island that had so far been developed commercially, being used for private corporate events and public parties. As of late 2013, only two of the islands had been developed. In January 2014, Kleindienst Group announced the launch of "the Heart of Europe" project. By February 2014, JK Properties, one of Kleindienst Group's brands, announced that the project was "well underway". The first of these series of islands will be Europe, Sweden, and Germany, with development led by Kleindienst Group.

The World Project
Islands in the project range from 1.4 to 4.2 ha in area. Distances between islands average 100 m; they are constructed from 321 million cubic metres of sand and 386 million tons of rock. Designed by Creative Kingdom Dubai, the development is an area that covers 6 by and is surrounded by an oval-shaped breakwater island. Roughly 232 km of shoreline has been created. The World's overall development costs were estimated at $13 billion CAD in 2005.

The archipelago consists of seven sets of islands, representing the continents of Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, Antarctica, and Oceania. Each artificial island is named after its representative country, landmark, or region, such as France, California, Rio de Janeiro, Mount Everest, Australia, New Mexico, Upernavik, Buenos Aires, New York, Mexico, St. Petersburg, São Paulo, and India.

History
The project was unveiled in May 2003 by Al Maktoum, and dredging began four months later. By January 2008, 60% of the islands were sold, with 20 being bought in the first four months of 2007. On 10 January 2008, the final stone on the breakwater was laid, completing development of the archipelago. As of July 2012, a second island, the Lebanon Island (1.5 hectares, or 3.7 acres and 482.21 metres of perimeter) was developed and was 'the only island that has so far been developed commercially, is used for private corporate events and public parties'.

Difficulties
The Times reported in September 2009 that work on the World had been suspended due to the effects of the global financial crisis. Nakheel denied 2010 reports that the islands were sinking into the sea as wholly inaccurate. Despite the denial, The Daily Telegraph reported in January 2011 that an independent company, Penguin Marine, provided verification on the erosion of the islands and the silting of the passageways between the islands. Due to financial and technical problems, Penguin Marine, contracted to provide transportation to the archipelago, attempted to get out of the annual fees of $1.6 million paid to Nakheel properties.

Until early 2012, only one of the islands had been occupied by a building (a show home), and commercial or residential properties were not being constructed on any of the other islands. Property prices in the Emirates had fallen 58% from their peak in the fourth quarter of 2008. The world economic recovery from the Great Recession resulted in a rebound for the Dubai real estate market: it was reported that "residential prices [in Dubai] rose by 17.9% from August 2012 to 2013, while rents soared by 14.9% in the same period".

Purchase and development plans

The World was supposed to be serviced by four major transportation hubs linked by waterways. Land parcels were supposedly zoned for various uses: estate, mid-density, high density, resorts, and commercial.

The plan was for utilities to be routed underwater, with pumping stations at each of the hubs pumping fresh water to the islands. Power was to be supplied by the Dubai grid and distributed through underwater cables. However, as of February 2015, no cables had been laid, and developers had to provide their own power using diesel generators. Wastewater and refuse systems are an individual concern for each island.

Nakheel Group is itself further developing a resort named Coral Island, covering over 20 islands that make up the North American part of the World. The low-rise development will include a marina and hotel village. The second largest confirmed development is the purchase of 14 islands that make up Australia and New Zealand by Investment Dar of Kuwait. The islands are being developed as a resort named OQYANA.

The Irish business consortium Larionovo had plans to develop the Ireland island into an Irish-themed resort. The plans included a large internal marina, apartments and villas, a gym, hotel, and an Irish-themed pub. In July 2007, it was announced that the island would feature a recreation of Northern Ireland's Giant's Causeway. However, on 25 November 2008, a provisional liquidator was appointed for Larionovo. As of October 2022, this has not happened.

In April 2008, Salya Corporation announced that it had acquired the islands of Finland and Brunei and planned to develop them into fashion-themed resorts. Salya spent about Dh800 million (US$218 million) to purchase the islands and plans to spend a further Dh2.4 billion (US$654 million) on development. Brunei Island will be turned into a Fashion TV resort and Finland Island into a fashion community called FTV palace.

Safi Qurashi, the seven-time multi-millionaire entrepreneur at the head of Premier, and his business partner Mustafa Nagri, paid an estimated US$64 million for the 11 acre piece of land; he was later convicted for non-payment of cheques and sentenced to seven years in jail. However, on appeal, he was later found not guilty and released from prison in July 2012, when he was declared innocent of two of the three charges.

Josef Kleindienst and his firm JK Properties are developing the Heart of Europe, a collection of seven islands (Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Ukraine, Main Europe, Switzerland, and Monaco) in the European section of the World, into an island luxury resort. It is meant to create a fully immersive European experience, with outdoor snow and stores accepting only the Euro as a currency. It was set to open in 2020 but was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.

In June 2020, a street called Raining Street was being built as part of the Heart of Europe project, with plans to create artificial rainfall once the outdoor temperature exceeds 27 degrees Celsius, with the objective to make a close copy of southern European climate.

In December 2022, it was announced that the first hotel within the project, Cote d'Azur Monaco, had opened.

Timeline of construction

 * May 2003: The World development was announced by Nakheel, total completion scheduled for 2008. It was initially to have 200 islands and an area of 60000000 sqft.
 * February 2004: It was announced that the World would comprise 260 islands, and its area would be 6 km by 9 km, with an area of 250 - 900000 sqft for each island, with 50 - 100 m of water between each island.
 * August 2004: It was announced that land reclamation would cost AED 7.3 billion ($2 billion).
 * April 2005: Sand dredging 55 percent complete, 88 islands completed.
 * 30 March 2006: Richard Branson appeared at a media conference on the Great Britain island. However, this was to announce direct London-to-Dubai flights by Virgin Atlantic and was not related to his investing in the project.
 * October 2006: Seven-time Formula One World Champion Michael Schumacher was presented with one of the islands by Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum on the occasion of his final Grand Prix, in Brazil. Schumacher's manager, Willi Weber, suggested, "Perhaps he'll build a kart racing track on [the island]".
 * December 2006: The World reclamation 90 percent complete.
 * October 2007: Nakheel announced the sale of Ireland and Shanghai in October 2007.
 * January 2008: The World breakwater is completed.
 * 19 February 2008: Cinnovation Group acquired a 37000 m2 island as part of a project valued at $200 million USD. Guest and residential villas and a hospitality complex are planned.

 * 25 February 2008: Dubai Multi Commodities Centre announced that it will establish a 6000 m2 pearling and marine entertainment center in association with Paspaley Pearling Corporation. It will be located on an island in the Antarctic region of the World.
 * September 2008: Dubai's Limitless announced plans to develop a $161 million USD wellness resort on an island in "Siberia". Pearl Dubai paid US$27.2 million for a 1600000 sqft island nearby.
 * 28 December 2008: Turkey Island was bought by MNG Holding in June 2008 for US$19 million.
 * 28 December 2008: China's Zhongzhou International announced that it will be developing a hotel resort on Shanghai island.
 * 28 December 2008: Nakheel said 70 percent of the World had been sold.
 * October 2009: An Emirates Business report on 13 October 2009 stated that two islands were sold in July and August 2009.
 * December 2009: Dubai-based Kleindienst Group said they would start construction of the Heart of Europe in early 2010. Islands include Austria, Germany, Netherlands, Ukraine, Sweden, and Switzerland.
 * January 2010: On 28 January 2010, Emirates Business reported that Major Trade had started development of their projects on an island in the Greenland area, a villa and hotel resort.
 * 23 February 2010: Kleindienst Group started work on the Germany island of the World.
 * 17 July 2012: The Royal Island Beach Club opened on Lebanon Island.
 * 6 May 2013: Nakheel announced that an out-of-court settlement had been reached between itself and Kleindienst Group, allowing construction on "The Heart of Europe" to resume.
 * 10 June 2013: Construction began on "Taiwan".
 * 2 July 2013: Nakheel announced that settlements "with São Paulo Development Ltd for São Paulo Island and a GCC investor for the purchase of Nord Island", totaling "AED 185 million", along with the earlier settlement with Kleindienst Group (valued at AED 622 million), have "put The World back on the map".

 * 10 December 2013: Nakheel announced plans to connect the islands with a road.
 * January 2014: Kleindienst Group's JK Properties announced that "work has commenced on The Heart of Europe".
 * January 2014: Website "The Heart of Europe" publishes monthly construction updates for the project.
 * February 2014: JK Properties announced that the "Heart of Europe" islands construction is "well underway".
 * 7 December 2016: The Heart of Europe project makes major progress when the Dubai-based company JK Bauen, part of the Kleindienst Group, appointed Chinese-based companies Wuchang Ship Building Industry Group and Sino Great Wall International Engineering in a joint venture to develop facilities on the six islands.

title: The World (archipelago)


text:
Oroville Dam

Oroville Dam is an earthfill embankment dam on the Feather River east of the city of Oroville, California, in the Sierra Nevada foothills east of the Sacramento Valley. At 770 feet (235 m) high, it is the tallest dam in the U.S. and serves mainly for water supply, hydroelectricity generation, and flood control. The dam impounds Lake Oroville, the second-largest reservoir in California, capable of storing more than 3.5 e6acre.ft.

Built by the California Department of Water Resources, Oroville Dam is one of the key features of the California State Water Project (SWP), one of two major projects passed that set up California's statewide water system. Construction was initiated in 1961, and despite numerous difficulties encountered during its construction, including multiple floods and a major train wreck on the rail line used to transport materials to the dam site, the embankment was topped out in 1967 and the entire project was ready for use in 1968. The dam began to generate electricity shortly afterwards with completion of the Edward Hyatt Power Plant, then the country's largest underground power station.

Since its completion in 1968, the Oroville Dam has allocated the flow of the Feather River from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into the SWP's California Aqueduct, which provides a major supply of water for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley, as well as municipal and industrial water supplies to coastal Southern California, and has prevented large amounts of flood damage to the area—more than $1.3 billion between 1987 and 1999. The dam stops fish migration up the Feather River and the controlled flow of the river; as a result, the Oroville Dam has affected riparian habitat. Multiple attempts at trying to counter the dam's impacts on fish migration have included the construction of a salmon/steelhead fish hatchery on the river, which began shortly after the dam was completed.

In February 2017, the main and emergency spillways threatened to fail, leading to the evacuation of 188,000 people living near the dam. After deterioration of the main spillway largely stabilized and the water level of the dam's reservoir dropped below the top of the emergency spillway, the evacuation order was lifted.

The main spillway was reconstructed by November 1, 2018, and water releases were successfully tested, up to 25000 cuft/s, during April 2019.

Planning
In 1935, work began on the Central Valley Project, a federal water project that would develop the Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems for irrigation of the highly fertile Central Valley. However, after the end of World War II in 1945, the state experienced an economic boom that led to rapid urban and commercial growth in the central and southern portions of the state, and it became clear that California's economy could not depend solely on a state water system geared primarily towards agriculture. A new study of California's water supplies by the Division of Water Resources (now California Department of Water Resources, DWR) was carried out under an act of the California State Legislature in 1945.

In 1951, California State Engineer A. D. Edmonston proposed the Feather River Project, the direct predecessor to the SWP, which included a major dam on the Feather River at Oroville, and aqueducts and pumping plants to transfer stored water to destinations in central and southern California. The proposed project was strongly opposed by voters in Northern California and parts of Southern California that received water from the Colorado River, but was supported by other Southern Californians and San Joaquin Valley farmers. However, major flooding in the 1950s prompted the 1957 passage of an emergency flood-control bill that provided sufficient funding for construction for a dam at Oroville – regardless of whether it would become part of the SWP.

Construction
Groundbreaking on the dam site occurred in May 1957 with the relocation of the Western Pacific Railroad tracks that ran through the Feather River Canyon. The Burns-Porter Act of the California Legislature, which authorized the SWP, was not passed until November 8, 1960, and only by a slim margin. Engineer Donald Thayer of the DWR was commissioned to design and head construction of Oroville Dam, and the primary work contract was awarded to Oro Dam Constructors Inc., a joint venture led by Oman Construction Co.

Two concrete-lined diversion tunnels, each 4400 ft long and 35 ft in diameter, were excavated to channel the Feather River around the dam site. One of the tunnels was located at river level and was to carry normal water flows, while the second one was only to be used during floods. In May 1963, workers poured the last of 252000 yd3 of concrete that comprised the 128 ft high cofferdam, to protect the construction site from floods. This structure later served as an impervious core for the completed dam. With the cofferdam in place, an 11 mi rail line was constructed to move earth and rock to the dam site. An average of 120 train cars ran along the line each hour, transporting fill that was mainly excavated from enormous piles of hydraulic mining debris that was washed down by the Feather River after the California Gold Rush.

On December 22, 1964, disaster nearly struck when the Feather River, after days of heavy rain, reached a peak flow of 250000 cuft/s above the Oroville Dam site. The water rose behind the partially completed embankment dam and nearly overtopped it, while a maximum of 157000 cuft/s poured from the diversion tunnels. This Christmas flood of 1964 was one of the most disastrous floods on record in Northern California, but the incomplete dam was able to reduce the peak flow of the Feather River by nearly 40%, averting massive damage to the area.

Ten months later, four men died in a tragic accident on the construction rail line. On October 7, 1965, two 40-car work trains, one fully loaded and the other empty, collided head-on at a tunnel entrance, igniting 10000 gal of diesel fuel, completely destroying two locomotives. The burning fuel from the collision started a forest fire that burned 100 acre before it could be extinguished. The crash delayed construction of the dam by a week while the train wreckage was cleared. Overall, 34 men died in the construction of the dam.

Oroville Dam was designed to withstand the strongest possible earthquake for the region, and was fitted with hundreds of instruments that serve to measure water pressure and settlement of the earth fill used in its construction, earning it the nickname "the dam that talks back". (A ML 5.7 earthquake in the Oroville area in 1975 is believed to have been caused by induced seismicity from the weight of the Oroville Dam and reservoir on a local fault line. ) The embankment was finally topped out on October 6, 1967, with the last of 155 e6ST of material that took over 40,000 train trips to transport. On May 4, 1968, Oroville Dam was officially dedicated by the state of California. Among the notable figures present were California governor Ronald Reagan, who spoke, Chief Justice (formerly California governor) Earl Warren, Senator Thomas Kuchel, and California Representative Harold T. "Bizz" Johnson. The dedication was accompanied by a week of festivities in nearby Oroville, attended by nearly 50,000 people.

2005 dam relicensing
On October 17, 2005, three environmental groups filed a motion with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) urging federal officials to require that the dam's emergency spillway be armored with concrete, rather than remain as an earthen spillway, as it did not meet modern safety standards. "In the event of extreme rain and flooding, fast-rising water would overwhelm the main concrete spillway, then flow down the emergency spillway, and that could cause heavy erosion that would create flooding for communities downstream, but also could cause a failure, known as 'loss of crest control'." FERC water agencies responsible for the cost of the upgrades said this was unnecessary and that concerns were overblown.

In 2006, a senior civil engineer sent a memorandum to his managers stating, "The emergency spillway meets FERC's engineering guidelines for an emergency spillway", and "The guidelines specify that during a rare flood event, it is acceptable for the emergency spillway to sustain significant damage."

2009 river valve accident
At around 7:30am on July 22, 2009, several workers were deep below the reservoir operating flow controls to test a river valve chamber in the Oroville Dam. When the flow reached 85%, suction pulled a breakaway wall downstream into a 35 ft diversion tunnel, cutting lights and nearly sending three workers to their deaths in the roaring current.

One of the workers who was badly injured survived by clinging to a bent rail, where he was struck by tools and equipment being sucked into the tunnel. He was hospitalized for four days with head trauma, a broken leg and arm, cuts, and bruises.

The California Division of the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (Cal OSHA) concluded opening the valves without an energy-dispersion ring, which reportedly was absent, "created water flow with such great turbulence that it blocked an air vent and created a vacuum". It sanctioned the DWR with six citations, including five classified as serious, and the department was initially fined $141,375. Two of the "serious" citations were overturned on appeal.

This river valve system was one of the first parts of the dam to be built when the dam project started in 1961, because its initial purpose was to divert the river while the dam was under construction. After that, it served various purposes, including as a possible emergency release valve. Since the accident, DWR had implemented a standing order that prohibited the operation of the river outlet system and significantly limited access to the river valve chamber. Following the accident, DWR entered into a 2012 agreement with Cal OSHA to hire a third-party expert to improve the safety of the river valve outlet system (RVOS) and make it operational again. In 2014, DWR embarked on an accelerated refurbishment program to respond to concerns about operational needs during the ongoing drought. The system was mostly refurbished and was used during 2014 and 2015 to meet Endangered Species Act temperature requirements for the Feather River. Some additional refurbishments were being made to portions of the RVOS and were expected to conclude in early 2017.

2013, 2015 spillway cracks and inspection
The spillway cracked in 2013. A senior civil engineer with the DWR was interviewed by the Sacramento Bee, and explained, "It’s common for spillways to develop a void because of the drainage systems under them", and "There were some patches needed and so we made repairs and everything checked out."

In July 2015, the state Division of Safety of Dams inspected the dam spillway visually "from some distance" and did not walk it.

Initial spillway damage
The rainy season of 2016–2017 was Northern California's wettest winter in over 100 years. Heavy rainfall resulted in record inflows from the Feather River, and the spillway was opened in January to relieve pressure on Oroville Dam. After a second series of heavy storms in February, the spillway flow was increased to 50000 cuft/s, and on February 7, DWR employees noticed an unusual flow pattern. This halted spillway outflow, and DWR brought engineers onto the spillway to inspect its integrity. The engineers found a large area of concrete and foundation erosion. This erosion feature was too massive to repair without diverting water to the emergency spillway, and halted outflow along the main spillway for a period to fix the hole. High inflows to Lake Oroville forced dam operators to continue using the damaged spillway, causing additional damage. The spillway hole continued to grow. Debris from the crater in the main spillway was carried downstream, and caused damage to the Feather River Fish Hatchery due to high turbidity.

Although engineers had hoped that using the damaged spillway could drain the lake enough to avoid use of the emergency spillway, they were forced to reduce its discharge from 65000 cuft/s to 55000 cuft/s due to potential damage to nearby power lines.

Emergency spillway use and evacuation
Shortly after 8:00 pm on February 11, 2017, the emergency spillway began carrying water for the first time since the dam's construction in 1968. The water flowed directly onto the earthen hillside below the emergency spillway, as designed. However, headward erosion of the emergency spillway threatened to undermine and collapse the concrete weir.

On February 12, an evacuation was ordered for low-lying areas, due to possible failure of the emergency spillway. The flow over the main spillway was increased to 100000 cuft/s to try to slow erosion of the emergency spillway.

By 8:00 pm on the evening of February 12, the increased flow had lowered the water level, causing the emergency spillway to stop overflowing. On February 14, the sheriff of Butte County lifted the mandatory evacuation order.

Investigation and reconstruction
On May 19, 2017, the spillway was shut down for the summer, to allow demolition and repair work to begin. The total cost of the repair was projected to exceed $400 million, with the $275 million primary contract awarded to Kiewit Construction. FEMA was expected to cover a large portion of the expenses.

According to an independent forensics team led by John France, the exact cause of the spillway failure remains uncertain, though they identified "24 possible causes for the spillway failure, including a faulty drainage system, variations in concrete thickness, and corrosion in the structure's rebar".

For 2018 the DWR planned to demolish and reconstruct the portion of the spillway which was undamaged by the flood, but which also has been identified as structurally defective. In addition, crews worked to extend a cutoff wall under the emergency spillway to prevent erosion should that structure be used again in the future.

On November 1, 2017, DWR director Grant Davis said, "Lake Oroville's main spillway is indeed ready to safely handle winter flows if needed". While this completes phase 1 of the construction, there remained a phase 2 to be completed in 2018. The second phase would include rebuilding the top section of the spillway (which was not rebuilt this season), putting slabs over the roller compacted concrete section, and constructing a concrete secant cutoff wall for the emergency spillway. The cost estimate at this point is over $500 million. In October 2017, hairline cracks were found in the rebuilt spillway. Things that added to the cost included relocating power lines, dredging the river downstream of the dam, as well as the discovery that the bedrock under the spillway was weak, necessitating deeper excavations and more concrete.

The DWR commissioned an independent board of consultants (BOC) to review and comment on repairs to Oroville Dam. Memoranda (reports) prepared by the BOC are posted at the DWR web site. The independent forensic team (IFT) was selected to determine the cause of the spillways incident, including effects of operations, management, structural design and geological conditions.

According to its 2017–18 operations plan, the DWR maintained Lake Oroville at a lower-than-normal level to reduce the possibility that the spillway would have to be used the following winter.

In a second phase of spillway repairs in 2018–19, temporary repairs on the main spillway done during phase one were being torn out and replaced with steel-reinforced structural concrete.

On April 2, 2019, due to heavy rainfall upstream, the DWR began releasing water over the newly reconstructed spillway at a rate of 8,300 cuft/s. Releases were increased to 25,000 cuft/s on April 7 to test how the spillway performed in higher flows. They were decreased to 15,000 cuft/s on April 9.

2020 Safety assessment
The DWR released an assessment, dated October 1, 2020, concluding that Oroville Dam was suitable for continued safe and reliable operation.

Meanwhile, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has demanded that California submit a plan by September 2022, for addressing the issue of greater amounts of rain predicted in the future.

2020–21 drought
Due to the low precipitation in the catchment area, water levels were below normal beginning in 2020. In August 2021, the Hyatt power plant had to be shut down because the water level fell below its water inlets. After falling to a record low of 22% capacity by September 30, winter storms increased the lake level by December and the plant was restarted on January 4, 2022.

Hydroelectricity
Construction of the underground Edward Hyatt Pump-Generating Plant was finished shortly after the completion of Oroville Dam. At the time, it was the largest underground power station in the United States, with three 132-megawatt (MW) conventional turbines and three 141 MW pump-generators for a total installed capacity of 819 MW. The Hyatt Powerplant is capable of pumping water back into Lake Oroville when surplus power is available. The pump-generators at Hyatt can lift up to 5610 cuft/s into Lake Oroville (with a net consumption of 519 MW), while the six turbines combined use a flow of 16950 cuft/s at maximum generation.

Since 1969, the Hyatt plant has worked in tandem with an extensive pumped-storage operation comprising two offstream reservoirs west of Oroville. These two facilities are collectively known as the Oroville–Thermalito Complex. Water is diverted into the upper Thermalito reservoir (Thermalito Forebay) via the Thermalito Diversion Dam on the Feather River. During periods of off-peak power use, surplus energy generated at Hyatt is used to lift water from Thermalito's lower reservoir (the Thermalito Afterbay) to the forebay, which releases water back into the afterbay to generate up to 114 MW of power at times of high demand. The Hyatt and Thermalito plants produce an average of 2,200 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity each year, about half of the total power produced by the SWP's eight hydroelectric facilities.

Water supply
Water released from Oroville Dam travels down the Feather River before joining with the Sacramento River, eventually reaching the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where the SWP's California Aqueduct diverts the fresh water for transport to the arid San Joaquin Valley and Southern California. Oroville–Thermalito hydroelectric facilities furnish about one-third of the power necessary to drive the pumps that lift the water in the aqueduct from the delta into the valley, and then from the valley over the Tehachapi Mountains into coastal Southern California. Water and power from the dam contribute to the irrigation of 755000 acre in the arid San Joaquin Valley Westside and municipal supplies to some 25 million people. At least 2.8 e6acre-ft of water is released.

Flood control
During the winter and early spring, Lake Oroville is required to have at least 750000 acre feet, or a fifth of the reservoir's storage capacity, available for flood control. The dam is operated to maintain an objective flood-control release of 150000 cuft/s, which may be further reduced during large storms when flows below the Feather's confluence with the Yuba River exceed 300000 cuft/s. In the particularly devastating flood of 1997, inflows to the reservoir hit more than 331000 cuft/s, but dam operators managed to limit the outflow to 160000 cuft/s, sparing large regions of the Sacramento Valley from flooding.

Feather River Fish Hatchery
Oroville Dam completely blocks the anadromous migrations of Chinook salmon and steelhead trout in the Feather River. In 1967, in an effort to compensate for lost habitat, the DWR and the California Department of Fish and Game completed the Feather River Fish Hatchery. The Fish Barrier Dam, built in 1962, intercepts salmon and trout before they reach the base of the impassable Thermalito Diversion Dam and forces them to swim up a fish ladder to the hatchery, which is located on the north bank of the Feather River. The hatchery produces 10 million salmon smolt, along with 450,000 trout smolt, to stock in the river each year. The salmon smolt are released in two runs, with 20% for the spring run and 80% for the fall run. This facility has been successful enough that concern exists that salmon of hatchery stock are outcompeting remaining wild salmon in the Feather River system.

title: Oroville Dam


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Talk:Astrometeorology

Naming
Shouldn't this be astrological meteorology? Bantman 20:11, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There are many names for this practice...meteorological astrology, astrometeorology, astrological meteorology, meteoroastrology, weather and astrology, etc.  --Wassermann 05:41, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * This is often considered a subset of astrologia naturalis (natural astrology) "the theory and practice of prophecy relating to the influence of the heavenly bodies on weather, on physical matter, on the birth, growth and decay of all living things on earth." Shakespeare and the Astrology of His Time, Moriz Sondheim, Journal of the Warburg Institute, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Jan., 1939), pp. 243-259 I'll look for some more recent references to improve this page. --mikeu talk 16:33, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

I've moved the page from meteorological astrology to astrometeorology as that seems the most concise and commonly used. --mikeu talk 18:21, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Astrometeorology


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Talk:Battle of Kings Mountain

Patriot POV
I noticed that in this article, American troops are referred to as Patriots. While it is generally accepted that the term for the Americans revolting against the British be called Patriots to discriminate from the Americans who were loyal to the crown, is this not a violation of POV? In nearly every other article, battles in which Americans won are simply called American victories. Conversely in battles which Loyalist militia won, it is not called a Tory victory, but Loyalist victory. Should "Patriot" in articles be altered to American? It also saves confusion amongst people who don't know much about this era; they may view Patriot as another faction. (Trip Johnson (talk) 15:47, 3 September 2009 (UTC))
 * We had this discussion during my FA nom of Isaac Shelby, who was ironically one of the major players in this battle. As you can see, I made the decision there to change "patriot" to "colonist", although "revolutionary" was also suggested. I might suggest consulting a user who specializes in this period of history. (Kevin Myers comes to mind.) Acdixon (talk • contribs • count) 16:41, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Not every Colonist rebelled though. Hmm, this could open a bag of worms --AW (talk) 17:31, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

"Colonist", as the user above notes correctly, isn't appropriate. Neither is "American", since all the troops in the battle but Ferguson were Americans. So it's "Patriot" or "Rebel", with "Loyalist" or "Tory" to describe those loyal to George III. I have read many books about the Revolution and "Patriot" is exclusively used to refer to those Americans fighting for independence. Vidor (talk) 06:54, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
 * note the dictionary definitions: The Oxford English Dictionary" #3 definition of "Patriot" is "A person actively opposing enemy forces occupying his or her country; a member of a resistance movement, a freedom fighter. Originally used of those who opposed and fought the British in the American War of Independence."'' Rjensen (talk) 04:34, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

 * this article apparently hasn’t received any attention for more than a decade. The issue of terminology remains. Patriot and Loyalist have become established. However, it would be incorrect to refer to American Patriots because the Loyalists were also Americans, and they probably considered themselves to be patriotic as well. However, I am not going to change every occurrence of American Patriot without some discussion. What do you think?

This will probably be open for another 10 years Humphrey Tribble (talk) 09:58, 15 February 2023 (UTC)
 * In general, the terms "Patriot" and "Loyalist" are both understood to refer to people residing in America. It's not inaccurate to say "American Patriots", although the "American" part is not necessary. It gets more complicated if the term "American Loyalists" is used, but that term is not used in the article. I don't have a problem with changing "American Patriot" to "Patriot" because it is not incorrect. Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms "American" and "loyalist". The number of possible terms is substantial. We don't need to be splitting hairs about whether Loyalists were patriotic (patriotic to whom, Great Britain or the future United States??). We should stay with the commonly used terminology, "Patriots" and "Loyalists", to avoid confusion. This is an encyclopedia article, not a dissertation. This wouldn't necessarily apply to other articles about battles of the American Revolution because many of them involved British troops (with or without Loyalists). Note that when this article achieved Good Article status in October 2010, the term "American Patriot" was not used, just "Patriot". Someone unilaterally decided to insert "American". That's a good enough reason to keep it just "Patriot". Sundayclose (talk) 17:36, 15 February 2023 (UTC)

Mistreatment of prisoners?
Lieutenant Anthony Allaire..."endured the forced march and mistreatment of prisoners."

What mistreatment did he receive? His diary states that he went through some marching but makes no complaint of real prisoner mistreatment that I have found. His complaints that I did find are:

 * p. 510 entry for Thursday, 12th. "Those villains divided our baggage, although they had promised on their word we should have it all."

 * Friday 13th, "In the evening their liberality extended so far as to send five old shirts to nine of us, as a change of linen — other things in like proportion."

 * p. 511 Sunday 15th, "All the men were worn out with fatigue and fasting — the prisoners having no bread or meat for two days before. We officers were allowed to go to Col. McDowell's, where we lodged comfortably."

The longest anyone seems to have been without some food is two days which contrasts sharply from what is stated in the article that they came close to starvation. It doesn't appear to have applied to officers anyway. I don't see any mistreatment really. Quite the contrary, he and others get credit for good behavior and are given incredible liberties.

 * Sunday, 22d. "Obtained liberty to go forward with Col. Shelby to Salem, a town inhabited by Moravians. Rode ten miles, and forded Yadkin river at Shallow Ford. Proceeded on fourteen miles farther to Salem. Went to meeting in the evening; highly entertained with the decency of those people, and with their music. Salem contains about twenty houses, and a place of worship. The people of this town are all mechanics ; those of the other two Moravian settlements are all farmers, and all stanch friends to Government."

 * Monday, 23d. "One Mr. Simons, a Lieutenant of Col. Washington's dragoons, was exceeding polite..."

 * "Tuesday, 24th. Moved at ten o'clock in the morning ; marched six miles to the old town called Bethabara. Here we joined the camp again. This town is about as large as the other ; but not so regularly laid out. The inhabitants very kind to all the prisoners. This night Dr. Johnson and 1 were disturbed by a Capt. Campbell, who came into our room, and ordered us up in a most peremptory manner. He wanted our bed. 1 was obliged to go to Col. Campbell, and wake him to get the ruffian turned out of the room ; otherwise he would have murdered us, having his sword drawn, and strutting about with it in a truly cowardly manner."

 * "Wednesday, 25th. The men of our detachment, on Capt. DePeyster passing his word for their good behavior, were permitted to go into houses in the town without a guard."

That's it. He complains about not getting enough clean shirts and not being given all of their baggage and almost having a bed taken from him. Most of the entries show that he was doing pretty well and lodging in homes.

I placed "alleged" and I left a citation needed tag in case someone could point out where he claims to have been mistreated. I don't see it. My actions were misinterpreted. I am removing the uncited portion with rewording that may resolve this. 71.31.110.150 (talk) 02:40, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Kings Mountain


text: Category:Poetry awards

title: Category:Poetry awards


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Pyrometric cone

Pyrometric cones are pyrometric devices that are used to gauge heatwork during the firing of ceramic materials in a kiln. The cones, often used in sets of three, are positioned in a kiln with the wares to be fired and, because the individual cones in a set soften and fall over at different temperatures, they provide a visual indication of when the wares have reached a required state of maturity, a combination of time and temperature.

Pyrometric cones give a temperature equivalent; they are not simple temperature-measuring devices.

Definition
The pyrometric cone is "A pyramid with a triangular base and of a defined shape and size; the "cone" is shaped from a carefully proportioned and uniformly mixed batch of ceramic materials so that when it is heated under stated conditions, it will bend due to softening, the tip of the cone becoming level with the base at a definitive temperature. Pyrometric cones are made in series, the temperature interval between the successive cones usually being 20 degrees Celsius. The best known series are Seger Cones (Germany), Orton Cones (USA) and Staffordshire Cones (UK)."

Usage
For some products, such as porcelain and lead-free glazes, it can be advantageous to fire within a two-cone range. The three-cone system can be used to determine temperature uniformity and to check the performance of an electronic controller. The three-cone system consists of three consecutively numbered cones:
 * Guide cone – one cone number cooler than firing cone.
 * Firing cone – the cone recommended by manufacturer of glaze, slip, etc.
 * Guard cone – one cone number hotter than firing cone.

Additionally, most kilns have temperature differences from top to bottom. The amount of difference depends on the design of the kiln, the age of the heating elements, the load distribution in the kiln, and the cone number to which the kiln is fired. Usually, kilns have a greater temperature difference at cooler cone numbers. Cones should be used on the lower, middle and top shelves to determine how much difference exists during firing. This will aid in the way the kiln is loaded and fired to reduce the difference. Downdraft venting will also even out temperatures variance.

Both temperature and time and sometimes atmosphere affect the final bending position of a cone. Temperature is the predominant variable. The temperature is referred to as an equivalent temperature, since actual firing conditions may vary somewhat from those in which the cones were originally standardized. Observation of cone bending is used to determine when a kiln has reached a desired state. Additionally, small cones or bars can be arranged to mechanically trigger kiln controls when the temperature rises enough for them to deform. Precise, consistent placement of large and small cones must be followed to ensure the proper temperature equivalent is being reached. Every effort needs to be made to always have the cone inclined at 8° from the vertical. Large cones must be mounted 2 inches above the plaque and small cones mounted 15/16 inches. With the cones having their own base, "self-supporting cones" eliminate errors with their mounting.

Pyrometric cones can be used in a "kiln sitter", a device which senses the softening of a cone and produces a mechanical output through a trigger assembly, typically to switch off the kiln.

Control of variability
Pyrometric cones are sensitive measuring devices and it is important to users that they should remain consistent in the way that they react to heating. Cone manufacturers follow procedures to control variability (within batches and between batches) to ensure that cones of a given grade remain consistent in their properties over long periods. A number of national standards  and an ISO standard have been published regarding pyrometric cones.

Even though cones from different manufacturers can have relatively similar numbering systems, they are not identical in their characteristics. If a change is made from one manufacturer to another, then allowances for the differences can sometimes be necessary.

History
In 1782, Josiah Wedgwood created accurately scaled pyrometric device, with details published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1782 (Vol. LXXII, part 2). This led him to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

The modern form of the pyrometric cone was developed by Hermann Seger and first used to control the firing of porcelain wares at the Royal Porcelain Factory, Berlin (Königliche Porzellanmanufaktur, in 1886, where Seger was director. Seger cones are made by a small number of companies and the term is often used as a synonym for pyrometric cones. The Standard Pyrometric Cone Company was founded in Columbus, Ohio, by Edward J. Orton, Jr. in 1896 to manufacture pyrometric cones, and following his death a charitable trust established to operate the company, which is known Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation, or  Orton Ceramic Foundation.

Pyrometric cones are often referred to as Orton Cones within the United States, but in his lifetime Orton preferred calling them Seger cones. "I hope no one will ever apply my name to the cone system in any way, because Dr. Seger deserves all the glory which there is in having brought us this most convenient system. My cones are labeled Standard pyrometric cones. I have hesitated to print the term Seger cones on my output because the German cone makers...might feel I was attempting to cut under or defraud them...The name Seger cone will then become a sort of monument to that prominent man, who must always be recognized as the first scientific ceramist of all history."

Ceramic art
A biennial ceramic art exhibition for small work, the Orton Cone Box Show, took the Orton Cone company's pyrometric cone box as the size constraint for submissions.

Temperature ranges
The following temperature equivalents for pyrometric cones were retrieved from references in the External Links section.

title: Pyrometric cone


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User:Ericthered

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title: User:Ericthered


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User talk:568

Please keep in mind Wikipedia has a no personal attacks policy. --fvw *  20:14, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

title: User talk:568