text:
The Morley Academy

The Morley Academy is a mixed secondary school located in Morley, West Yorkshire, England.

The school forms part of the Gorse Academies Trust which also includes The Farnley Academy, The Ruth Gorse Academy and the Elliott Hudson College.

1906–1930: Morley Secondary School
The school was established as Morley Secondary School on 17 September 1906. The school was temporarily situated within the Sunday school premises of St Mary in the Wood Church, before moving to a permanent location on Fountain Street in 1909. The school's foundation stone was laid by Alderman Samuel Rhodes, the Mayor of Morley, in 1907. The first head teacher was John Robinson Airey (1868–1937), a nationally renowned mathematician.

During the First World War pupils at Morley Secondary School raised £5,000 to pay for school uniforms for struggling families in the school. In total, 17 school pupils died during the war. After the war, the school raised over £1,200 to pay for a memorial organ commemorating those who had died.

1930–1975: Morley Grammar School
Morley Secondary School became Morley Grammar School in 1930.

In 1963, the school was extended to include a kitchen, main hall, dining room, and sports changing rooms.

1975–2011: Morley High School
Morley Grammar School became a mixed comprehensive in 1975, under headmaster J. R. (Ralph) Carr.

In 1996, the school's Assembly Hall was destroyed by fire. Two Second World War plaques were saved from the fire, and re-dedicated in 1999.

2011–present: The Morley Academy
In early 2011, Morley High School became The Morley Academy, under the Academies Act 2010.

On 25 June 2012, The Morley Academy hosted the Olympic Torch during its tour of the United Kingdom.

Between 2014 and 2016, The Ruth Gorse Academy operated from temporary facilities within the grounds of The Morley Academy.

In early 2015, the school caused controversy when head teacher Leanne Griffiths announced by letter that the school would withdraw all privileges, such as trips, from pupils where "personal or insulting comments" had been made by their parents on social media, or where there had been any "breakdown in rapport" with the school and that the school was working with police to stop this.

The Morley Academy stopped taking students into its sixth form provision in September 2015 due to the opening of Elliott Hudson College, a dedicated sixth form centre.

Ofsted
An Ofsted inspection in 2006 found the school Grade 3 (Satisfactory) for overall effectiveness, and in 2009, Grade 1 (Outstanding). Ofsted re-evaluated the school with the same Grade 1 rating in 2013.

Awards and recognition
In July 2001, the Arts Council awarded the Morley High School the Silver Level Artsmark. The school was one of three in Leeds and of only thirteen in Yorkshire to be so recognised. The Morley Academy is a Specialist Technology College.

The school is one of only 200 schools in the country that have been awarded Teaching School Status.

The Morley Academy was awarded the British Council's International School Award in 2014, after forming a partnership with Buffelsdale Secondary School in Durban, South Africa.

Notable former pupils
Morley Grammar School
 * Karl Harrison, rugby league footballer and coach.
 * Brian Turner CBE, chef.
 * John R. Womersley, mathematician and computer scientist.

Morley High School
 * Dan Cammish, racing driver.
 * Mark Sewards, Labour politician.

Notable former teachers

 * Jeremy Jackman, choral director, composer and arranger, and formerly a counter-tenor of the King's Singers
 * Adam Priestley Gibraltar football player.

title: The Morley Academy


text:
Flight 191

Flight 191 may refer to:

 * Aeroflot Flight 191 (1963), crashed on final approach to Ashgabat International Airport, killing 12 people
 * X-15 Flight 191 (1967), or X-15 Flight 3-65-97, experimental test plane, broke apart in flight, killing its test pilot
 * Prinair Flight 191 (1972), crashed at Mercedita Airport in Ponce, Puerto Rico, killing five people
 * American Airlines Flight 191 (1979), crashed shortly after takeoff from Chicago O'Hare Airport, killing 273
 * Delta Air Lines Flight 191 (1985), crashed while on final approach to Dallas-Fort Worth, killing 137
 * Comair Flight 191 (2006), crashed on take-off from the wrong runway at Lexington, Kentucky, killing 49; in all ATC communications the call sign was "Comair 191"
 * JetBlue Flight 191 (2012), a flight from New York John F. Kennedy airport to Las Vegas, Nevada; diverted to Amarillo, Texas due to erratic pilot behavior

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Flight 191


text:
Talk:Aramoana massacre

Objection
While tragic, it don't see where this event is uncommon or unique enough to warrant inclusion in Wikipedia. Things like this happen all the time worldwide. Please state a relevant historical significance -- (unsigned by) Outlanderssc, Dec 16, 2004

 * It is a significant feature of New Zealand history, actually. If "things like this happen all the time" I guess Columbine doesn't warrant inclusion either, considering the same number of people were killed, right? -Hn 12:45, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Outlanderssc, I really don't understand the objection. Any time a lone gunman kills 13 people is a notable event. The Aramoana massacre made all the international news. It was (and is) a major event in New Zealand history. -- FP 23:42, Mar 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * A great many New Zealanders associate the word "Aramoana" not with the town, but the massacre. I think this is historically significant, even if only for New Zealanders. -- Aidan 22:28, Jan 8, 2006 (UTC)

 * In a country with far more gun control and far fewer murders than the US, it was a very disturbing event: I think the worst of its kind here (or did Stan Graham kill more?) In any case, it's not something a non-New Zealander is in a position to make judgments on. I remember where I was when I heard the news... Copey 2 13:45, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Even in the United States this doesn't exactly "happen all the time." We're not quite that crazy. It would be significant in the US. In a less trigger-happy place, it would absolutely be noteworthy.71.63.119.49 22:29, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

A massacre is a massacre, no matter where it takes place or how many people they kill. David Gray's actions remain the worst mass murder in New Zealand. And nobody has the right to belittle it by claiming it insignificant.

This sort of thing might be common in America but it is not common in New Zealand. Events like this do not happen here and removing it is a blatant disrespect to those who lost their lives that day. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.123.128.117 (talk) 21:15, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The anti-Americanism is really quite tiresome, and that sort of attitude wouldn't be tolerated if directed at other countries or cultures. Enough already. Boneyard90 (talk) 12:37, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

What anti Americanism? Stating a plain fact is in no way "anti" anything. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.100.130.213 (talk) 10:03, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

Removal of link
I've removed the link to kurtsaxon.com, because I can't see what it has to do with Aramoana, let alone the massacre. This search on google returns no results. Somehow it's been there since very early in the article's life, though, so if anyone knows what that link has to do with it, I'd be interested to know. Izogi 07:12, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If you read the article you would have seen, "It has also been suggested that Gray was influenced by the literature he read, in particular books by American author Kurt Saxon..." Gray read Saxon's work religiously and even had written correpondence with him. Given Saxon's slightly loopy survivalism it does have some relevance to what eventually happened. -- FP (talk)(edits) 20:38, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * "It has been suggested..." Really? Suggested by who? The sentence should be more specific. Otherwise, its deletion was absolutely justified. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.240.61.2 (talk) 02:02, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Literary resemblance
This case reminds me of a character named David Greenwood whose seemingly absurd running amok is a start key in J.G. Ballard's Super-Cannes (2000).

Muttonbirds reference
The Muttonbirds refer to "some oilskins and a .303 for a hunter over in Westland" which is a reference to Stanley Graham, who went on a shooting spree in the 1940s. I think its same to assume the off-handed "and oh yeah, one of those AK47s for some collector down the line" is a reference to Aramoana.

 * To add - I witnessed a performance by The Muttonbirds in Dunedin in which they introduced the song by stating that it related to the incident at Aramona. Excellent song, by the bye.

Opinion
I removed "Sarkies believes that the subject matter makes for a very powerful film subject." Not encylcopedic. Richard75 22:53, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Bizarre tone
The entire "Timeline of events" section reads like it was written by someone who found the whole killing spree thing rather exciting. Douglas Adams would be proud of the last sentence: Gray had claimed 13 victims, leaving the town of Aramoana devastated and with a significantly smaller population than it had had a mere 34 hours before.
 * Ugh. I knew it was complete rubbish at the time, and had vague intentions of returning to fix it up at some point, just never actually did. My apologies. --Hn 03:48, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, the tone is still somewhat 'bizarre' and could do with a rewrite. Also, and most importantly I suggest a 'fact' needs establishing as the way part of it reads is contradictory. Look at the part just after the police officer being shot and killed that says "Minutes later the Armed Offenders Squad began to arrive" ... "In the early hours of the morning of the 14th, the Special Tactics Group began to move into Aramoana, searching houses." Perhaps it is intended to say "Minutes later the AOS was mobilised". From memory they did surround the town to stop Gray's possible escape, but to me it currently doesn't read quite right. Perhaps it would be best for the entire timeline to be reconstructed and rewritten.
 * I guess the article has been rewritten since you wrote that, but while I guess there are still parts which are so confusing or even wrong, it doesn't sounds like the part you are referring to at the end was ever wrong, just perhaps slightly poorly written. The AOS from Dunedin (and possibly elsewhere) arrived significantly before the ATS (our article used to call them the STG, but the name change came up the massacre as per discussion below). Nil Einne (talk) 05:24, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

Suicide by cop?
I've just taken a look at the suicide by cop article, and I'm not really convinced that Aramoana is really an instance of it, as the article claims. I'd be interested to see what other people think, though.

If David Gray was really intent on committing suicide, there were numerous occasions when he could have made himself known to the police and provoked them. He probably could have let Sergeant Guthrie shoot him quite easily, but instead he distracted and proceeded to kill him. When Gray finally did get shot, he'd been asleep in the house, and was only forced out after the tear gas was thrown in. I guess that Gray probably realised he'd be dead by the end of it, and it might just be that he was accepting the inevitable when he ran out of the house, but I can't really see any evidence that this is anything he'd planned. Add to this that even if he had had suicidal thoughts in the past, this incident started as an argument with his neighbour when he supposedly just lost control, and probably wasn't thinking about suicide. If some people regard this as an instance of suicide by cop, then the article should state who the people are. Otherwise I think it should be removed, and the See also link should probably also be removed from the suicide by cop article. Thoughts? Izogi 21:37, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I've always thought that was pretty dubious. It seems a lot like original research.--Limegreen 21:50, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I've gone ahead and removed it.  (It can always be re-added if enough people disagree.) Izogi 02:49, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Gray came running out of his bach, wildly firing a rifle from the hip in no particular direction, screaming "kill me, kill me," knowing that he was surrounded by armed police. The PCA report says as much. It's a classic suicide by cop scenario. (If it's not suicide by cop then what is it? He could have surrendered, or at least stayed in the bach, which had makeshift barricades against the gas grenades.) Any of Gray's thoughts or actions prior to that moment are totally irrelevant. Oh, and if that doesn't convince you, an article in the ODT on 18 November 1990 has an in-depth report on Gray's demise, with the headline Typical 'suicide by cop' — psychologist. So Gray's death was suicide by cop. It is not even remotely dubious; it is not original research; it is what authorities agree actually happened. I can hardly believe anyone is debating this. -- FP (talk)(edits) 21:31, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Now that you've verified that it's not original research, surely it would be appropriate to put those references on the main page rather than leaving them here?--Limegreen 22:51, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * References added -- FP (talk)(edits) 00:14, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It's good that was have a source. In terms of the confusion, think a point some people missed in this discussion is just because he may not have started off the massacre wanting to suicide by cop, and in fact, possibly didn't try it until the end, doesn't mean it wasn't suicide by cop. The info on his actions strongly suggest that was the tactic at the end at least. In fact, while this may not apply to Gray, I'm fairly sure it isn't unheard of for more planned spree killers, who often seemingly don't want to survive, to basically plan to suicide by cop at the end of their massacre. As our current article on the concept suicide by cop at least says (don't know about the 2006 version), it doesn't always mean a case like the unfortunate Slovakian tourist where it appears the primary intention was suicide. Nil Einne (talk) 05:34, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

 * 18 November 1990 is a Sunday - the ODT isn't published on Sunday. I have photos from the DPL microfilm, of ODT articles relating to this, starting from the 14th. I have pages from the 17th and 19th but don't see this article. XLerate (talk) 10:27, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Time and date?
Any reason why the article doesn't start off with the date this incident occured? Usually an important feature of a historical event... -- Yeppoon

 * Not only does it not start with it, it's not contained anywhere in the article. A thousand monkeys... --Golbez 13:07, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually the date details had been removed a few days previously by a vandal and have since been restored. Spare your insults. -- 125.238.206.106 01:41, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

The film is NOT completely veridical
I have noticed that some parts of the narrative in this article seem to be taken straight from the film, Out of the Blue. Do I really need to point out that the film is a fictional interpretation of the real events, not necessarily identical with the events themselves?! There are aspects of the film which do not completely agree with the events, or where artistic licence has been taken — in particular, the depiction of David Gray's last moments.

My message is that an encyclopaedic narrative of events should come from primary sources where possible, not from a film based on the event. -- 125.238.205.80 07:28, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It would be a good if you could remove the parts of the article which are incorrect. --Nick Dowling 00:14, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

 * "Veridical"? I think you mean accurate. Veridical should only be used of linguistics.Royalcourtier (talk) 07:29, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Re. 'gun collector'
Is this the best term to use? It seems like he was the nutty type of survivalist- however, owning several firearms including a cheap Chinese semi-auto AK knockoff doesn't make you a collector. John Nevard 01:45, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. As far as I'm concerned, owning several firearms DOES make you a collector. Do they have to be expensive firearms? Are you not a collector if one of your firearms is Chinese? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.240.61.2 (talk) 02:06, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Dicksons name
Just from reading a bit about the movie "Out of the Blue" the article states "Jim Dickson's mother Eva" but according to many other sources her name is Helen, I'm a bit confused, http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10353715 calls her Eva but many of the movie reviews call her Helen, "Perhaps the most poignant is Helen Dickson (Lois Lawn), an elderly resident who crawls across a street to place a duvet on another of the wounded." is from http://www.lumiere.net.nz/reader/item/1255. Apologies for the formatting (lack thereof) contributing to wikipedia isn't my thing I'm just wondering.(222.154.110.95 10:32, 11 November 2007 (UTC))

Citation needed?
We need a citation for the statement that a scope makes you a more accurate shot? What the fuck people, that's what scopes are made for. Christ, bloody townies.--61.30.11.130 (talk) 07:28, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not needed for being 'a more accurate shot'- that's irrelevant. One is needed for the claim that a scope of some undefined quality would make him accurate 'at long range', especially more so than the police with decent rifles rather than Chinese Kalaskni-ockoffs. John Nevard (talk) 08:01, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Article inaccuracies
Somewhere along the line there seems to have been a 12 hour error introduced to this article. Was the whole incident 22 hours long (8pm to 5.50pm) or 34 hours long (8pm 13th to 5.50am 16th?). I suspect we will have to resort to offline references to resolve this.

22 hours

 * Presumably Bill O'Brian did some proper research before calling his book Aramoana - 22 hours of terror
 * I have a strong memory image of Paul Holmes standing on the hilltop above Aramoana in the evening, giving the breaking news that Gray had been shot.
 * The Time article says 23 hours.
 * The listnener article on the film mentions that Gray was shot just before the start of the 6pm news.

34 hours

 * crime.co.nz - whose research standard isn't that great jusding from some of their other articles.
 * The 6.01a.m (which would make it the 15th, not the 14th) time of death in the article is cited from the Police Complaints authority report, which isn't an online reference.

Most of the online material now relates to the film, so should be treated with caution.

Two other points: 1) I don't think "standoff" is the correct term. Gray evaded police for 20 hours - they weren't sure which crib he was holed up in.

2) Since David Gray is notable ONLY for this incident, should David Gray (murderer) be merged and redirected here? That would be the policy for a living person. dramatic (talk) 00:01, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * herald has an article and says 23 hours. David Gray should be merged, it's unlikely to get any bigger and *if* that does happen can be split off again. - SimonLyall (talk) 10:43, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The article needs a lot of attention. There are factual errors and inconsistencies. For instance the "first" policeman to arrive was actually the first armed policeman, the next sentence stated that another policeman was already there. I have corrected that careless mistake. Then there are references to "the children", what children is not clear, though possibly it means children from a van. But all of these ambiguities make the article rather hard to understand.Royalcourtier (talk) 21:12, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

Crib? and Eva -> Helen?
What's a "crib"? If it's a term specific to NZ for "house" then the more widely used term should be used. If it's something else, perhaps a link to an article or reference describing it. Maybe treat it like an acronym, put the definition in brackets with the first usage.

Also - what's with the change of the one lady's name from Eva to Helen by this one anon IP? http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aramoana_massacre&diff=208293897&oldid=202544097 I haven't been able to find a reference that indicates what her name actually was, only that it was Jim's mother... CraigWyllie (talk) 03:11, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * 1) Crib is a small, usually privately owned dwelling with limited facilities normally used as a holiday home but in some communities such as Aramoana, as permanent residences. Most are close to the sea. The usage (which has a Scottish ancestry) is limited to the southern area of the south island of NZ - the word is synonymous with "bach" which is used in the rest of New Zealand. See, although most of those are fairly upmarket.
 * 2) See the section "Dickson's Name" above... looks as though the anon saw the movie and changed it. I suspect but don't have confirmation that the name was changed for the film.dramatic (talk) 09:20, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Incidentally I see that Chambers English Dictionary gives "hut, cabin" as one of the primary meanings of crib, without regional qualification, as do several online dictionaries. I've wikilinked the first occurrence to bach (New Zealand) anyway. dramatic (talk) 00:47, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I believe you'll find the word 'crib' used in John Buchan books with Scots settings, for example. It's not exactly a common New Zealand term, and I don't remember seeing it used in the media apart from in relation to the massacre, but it is what the sources use, so we do. It's a pretty grouse word anyways. John Nevard (talk) 03:08, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Dudes, I'm a New Zealander and I know what a crib is. But anyone reading this page who's not a Kiwi or a Scot won't know what the hell it refers to. I suggest changing it to "hut" or something like that.

The reason I say this is that I really get annoyed when I read articles written by Americans that use lots of US-centric terms, or that assume outsiders know a bunch of stuff about the US. So if I'm going to grumble about how the Yanks write their articles, then it's only fair that us Kiwis make our stories understandable to most English speakers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.249.62.29 (talk) 13:04, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

If readers do not know what a crib is, that is no reason to use an alternative word. Give a definition instead.Royalcourtier (talk) 07:31, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

 * A crib is not a "hut". It is a small holiday home - though in this community some are lived in permanently.Royalcourtier (talk) 21:13, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

Merge of David Gray (murderer)
Following the principle that we cover the events people are notable for and not the people if that is their only notability, I am proceding to merge the article on David Gray with this one. The infobox is the only material which isn't a recap of material already present here, but the bio section on Gray needs some additional background on Gray. None of the online sources have much, but I'm guessing the books will. If anyone already has them avaialble, please add something, otherwise I will try and get hold of a copy. dramatic (talk) 05:38, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Number of deaths edit
I changed the number of deaths from thirteen to twelve as reported here on their website. .`^) Painediss`cuss (^`.  06:58, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Twelve, plus Sergeant Guthrie; see also list killed, other references, e.g. XLerate (talk) 09:50, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, so sorry. The article on the page I referenced seems a bit vague on the point of "twelve plus".    .`^) Painediss`cuss (^`.   13:16, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

No worries, the more checking the better :-). I agree the there's room for improvement in the NZ Police description. XLerate (talk) 14:41, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Total number of deaths is 14! 12 civilian victims of Gray before Police arrived, plus Sergeant Guthrie, plus Gray himself. If the Aramoana massacre were recorded according to the current NZ Police National Recording Standard and Recorded Crime Victim Statistics counting rules there would be 13 murder victims and 1 sudden death (justifiable homicide) spread across 3 separate "criminal incidents". - 210.86.82.145 (talk) 01:48, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

STG --> ATS
According to Zero-Alpha: The NZ Police Armed Offenders Squad official history by Ray Van Beynen, p. 209: "After some discussion it was decided by the Police Administration in 1992 that the name should be changed from the ATS to the STG". The QCBC citation for the 4 personnel who confronted Gray (NZ Gazette 1991/4061) describes them as being "members, of an Anti-Terrorist Squad". Media reports state that the Police Commissioner gave approval for the ATS to be used.

As a result of this - I've changed STG to ATS on this page - and since it is the official history will add the Zero Alpha ref to the STG page to indicate when the squad name was changed. Clarke43 (talk) 20:54, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Citations required
Does anyone have a citation for: "The situation was considered dangerous as Gray had a scoped rifle, making him potentially accurate at long range. By now the police had ordered that Gray was to be shot on sight - without a warning shot."

Since Police use of firearms regs "don't encourage" the use of warning shots this is regular practice. Shooting without challenge however is another kettle of fish... Clarke43 (talk) 09:52, 31 May 2013 (UTC)

Warning shots are not standard or logical practice for police anywhere, I would suggest. Shooting without a verbal warning is however contrary to regulations, and murder.Royalcourtier (talk) 07:41, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Hello!, this is a little late, but the comment above is referring to a message sent to police over their radios (paraphrase) "He is to be warned once and then shot if he does not immediately comply" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.100.130.213 (talk) 10:08, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

Missing details
A first reading of the article shows a few gaps, that need filing in. For instance it is implied that the first attempt to contact the police failed, and that only the second call got through. If that is true it should be stated clearly. When the police arrived they surrounded (as well as two men could do!) Grey's crib. But the last we heard of him he was out shooting neighbours. When did he return home, and how did the police know that he was home? And there is a reference to an armoured car. The police do not have armoured cars. What was the vehicle?Royalcourtier (talk) 07:35, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Crawling back and forth?
I put a dubious-tag by the following text: It seems strange that she would crawl back and forth multiple times. Also, if she called 1-1-1 no sooner than after having crawled the Cole-to-house distance for the third time, who did she call for help the first time she reached inside her house? Mikael Häggström (talk) 18:25, 13 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I've now changed the text to say that she called 1-1-1 the first time she got inside, until someone can explain this. Mikael Häggström (talk) 07:34, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Aramoana massacre


text:
Dighton

Dighton may refer to a location in the United States:

 * Dighton, Kansas
 * Dighton, Massachusetts

Surname

 * John Dighton (1909–1989), British playwright and screenwriter
 * Robert Dighton (1752–1812) English portrait painter, printmaker and caricaturist
 * Robert Dighton (MP), English politician

title: Dighton


text:
Gila Katsav

Gila Katsav (גילה קצב, born 2 July 1948) is an Israeli public figure who served as the First Lady of Israel from 2000 until 2007 as the wife of former President Moshe Katsav.

Biography
Gila Katsav was born in Tel Aviv. She is of Polish-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish ancestry. One of her grandfathers was among the founders of Bnei Brak. In 1969, she married Moshe Katsav. The couple has five children, four sons and a daughter, and two grandchildren.

Katsav is involved in personal volunteer activities for children who come from disadvantaged families as part of the efforts of “The Council for the Sheltered Child. She also volunteered for the Rehabilitation Department of Yad Sarah, a voluntary organization which specializes in providing home care and lending medical equipment without charge.

Katsav served as the First Lady of Israel from 2000 until 2007 during the tenure of her husband. In May 2005, Katsav led U.S. First Lady Laura Bush on a tour of the Yad Vashem and a controversial visit to the Western Wall.

Gila Katsav publicly defended her husband, then-President Moshe Katsav, against allegations of rape and sexual harassment. In September 2006, she told journalists attending an exhibition at the Jerusalem Theater, "I have no doubt that my husband is innocent. I'm certain that the truth will come to light...We are undergoing difficult times, but we're alright and will get through them." President Katsav resigned from office in 2007 as part of a plea deal, but was convicted of rape and obstruction of justice in 2010. She accompanied her husband upon his release from Ma'asiyahu Prison in December 2015.

title: Gila Katsav


text:
Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais

Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. It is situated on the border of the department of Sarthe, 30 km northwest of Tours.

Geography
The railway linking Caen, Le Mans and Tours ensures a regular traffic for goods and passengers at the Saint-Paterne-Racan station located 2 km SE. There are daily buses to Tours. The river Escotais is full of fish and attracts many fishermen. The commune is 18.27 km2, 1.33 km2 are meadows, 16 km2 are farmlands including 14.09 km2 arable lands and 0.7 km2 of orchards are found.

History
The village was founded around the year 1000. It received fortifications in the 13th century. On the other side of the railway, the agglomerated part, Le Faubourg de Vienne had workmen of flourishing industries of the commune. Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais includes the presence of many underground cavities, many slopes that used to be covered with vines add the undeniable charm to the village.

Population
In 2017, 21% of the population were under the age of 15.

Employment
The commune's unemployment rate is 9.5% as of 2020.

title: Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais


text:
User talk:Arca~enwiki

Please go to my discussion page in meta.wikimedia.org

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:10, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arca~enwiki


text:
Ohio Department of Education

The Ohio Department of Education and Workforce (DEW) is the administrative department of the Ohio state government responsible for primary and secondary public education in the state. The Ohio State Board of Education is the governing body of the department and is responsible for overseeing the department. The board employs the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who runs the department. The department is headquartered in Columbus.

The department is responsible for implementing standardized tests required by state and federal law, including the Ohio Achievement Test (OAT), Ohio Graduation Test (OGT), and the Ohio English Language Proficiency Assessment (OELPA, formerly OTELA). The State Board of Education does not have jurisdiction over higher education; Ohio's public colleges and universities are governed as part of the University System of Ohio by the Ohio Board of Regents and by the boards of trustees of each institution.

State Board of Education
The Board of Education consists of 19 members. All serve four-year terms.

Eleven of these are elected from 11 single-member districts, which are formed by combining three contiguous Ohio Senate districts. The governor appoints eight members. All serve four year terms. The elected members' terms are staggered so that half of the board is elected in each even-numbered year. Vacancies in the elected membership are filled by appointment by the governor. The chairman of the Ohio House of Representatives Education Committee and his or her counterpart in the Ohio State Senate are ex officio members.

The chairs of the Ohio House of Representatives and Ohio Senate education committees are ex officio non-voting members of the board. The board is responsible for choosing a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who manages the day-to-day affairs of the Department of Education.

title: Ohio Department of Education


text:
Donnie Munro

Donnie Munro (Scottish Gaelic: Donaidh Rothach /dɔnɪ rɔhəx/) (born 2 August 1953) is a Scottish musician and the former lead singer of the band Runrig.

As a native speaker of Scots Gaelic, much of his work is performed in that language.

Early life
Munro was born in Uig, Isle of Skye, in the Inner Hebrides. He attended Gray's School of Art in Aberdeen and obtained a postgraduate degree in teaching from Moray House in Edinburgh.

Music career
He first witnessed Runrig's performance in 1973 and was approached a year later to join the band. As the lead singer of Runrig, Munro gained recognition as a prominent Gaelic music performer in the 1980s and 1990s.

In 1997, Munro left Runrig to pursue a career in politics. His farewell concert took place at Stirling Castle on 29 August, marking his final performance with the band.

Munro released a solo album titled Heart of America, in collaboration with fellow Skye songwriters Blair Douglas and Richard Macintyre. The album won Album of the Year at the Scottish Trad Music Awards in 2006. Currently, Munro holds the position of Director of Development at Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Scotland's National Centre for the Gaelic Language and Culture, located on the Isle of Skye.

Munro completed a series of live shows titled 'An Turas - The Journey', featuring a forty-piece ensemble. Additionally, he is preparing for the release of a live album recorded at the Royal Concert Hall in Glasgow during Celtic Connections 2008.

For Runrig's 40th anniversary at the Black Isle show ground at Muir of Ord on 10 August 2013, Munro appeared as a special guest and performed three songs. For Runrig's farewell concert, "The Last Dance" in City Park, Stirling, on 18 August 2018, Munro appeared as a special guest, performing two songs.

Politics
Munro was elected as Rector of the University of Edinburgh in 1991, a position he held until 1994. His political aspirations necessitated his leaving the band, which he did in 1997. His reasons for departure occasioned lengthy private discussion over a two-year period but were not made public. He contested the UK Parliamentary seat of Ross, Skye and Inverness West for Labour in the 1997 General Election but was defeated by Charles Kennedy (Liberal Democrat). He then contested the Scottish Parliament seat of Ross, Skye and Inverness West for Labour at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election but was defeated narrowly by John Farquhar Munro, also of the Liberal Democrats, in what was traditionally a Liberal Democrat stronghold. Munro was said to have rejected the offer of a 'safe' Labour seat in Central Scotland in the 1999 election as he had already been adopted as a candidate for his native Highland constituency.

Honours
In 1996 he gave the Sabhal Mòr Lecture.

In 1998 Munro was elected as the first rector of the UHI Millennium Institute, a post that lasted 3 years.

Studio albums

 * On The West Side (1999)
 * Across The City And The World (2002)
 * Gaelic Heart (2003)
 * Heart Of America (Across The Great Divide) (2006)

Live albums

 * Donnie Munro Live (2000)
 * Donnie Munro And Friends (2006)
 * Donnie Munro Live - An Turas (2008)
 * Sweet Surrender - Live Acoustic (2015)

Compilation albums

 * Fields Of The Young (2004)
 * Donnie Munro - Best Of (2005)

title: Donnie Munro


text:
User talk:Totalcynic

Sequence
Dear Totalcynic, thank you for your edits of the sequence page. I have some comments though. You inserted your text in the middle of the definiton of the sequence, right before the intuitive definiton of a sequence, and after the rigurous defintion. I would suggest that you put your text at the very bottom, preferably in a new section, which has to be named appropriately. What do you think? Thanks. --Olegalexandrov 15:52, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Olegalexandrov - you are no doubt correct. I'd not completely considered the organization of the page.  I like the work you've done categorizing it - it's much more comprehensible.  I'm quite new at this - I apologize for my ineptitude in this regard.  The sequence page still needs quite a bit of work - I think monotonicity still needs to be convered *somewhere*, as that is fundamental in analysis.  Additionally, there is no distinction between infinite and finite sequences - something that is certainly of importance to areas of symbolic computation and thermodynamics.  Thanks!  Josh

 * You are right, one needs to mention finite sequences and montone sequences. I will think of this tomorrow. Cheers, --Oleg Alexandrov 04:17, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Just as a quick note - I added in a few of the old revision sentences for monotonicity and finite/infinite sequences. It still needs quite a bit of work - the definition of finite/infinite is definitely unclear, but maybe it's a placeholder for future thought. -- Josh

 * Great! I am still not perfecty happy about some things with that paragraph. I feel it goes into too much detail. Some of that stuff belongs to the real analysis page maybe. Or maybe not. Besides, I looked at the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. It does not use monotonicity in proving the theorem. What if we keep just the definition of monotone sequence, and nothing more? There is a paragraph below which alludes to uses of sequences in real analysis. That is maybe enough. If we want to mention how the sequences get used in real analysis, we will write many pages, because uses are many. What do you think? --Oleg Alexandrov 22:31, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you're probably right. I will disagree up to a point on the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem.  I just looked at the page myself, and the "sketch" of the proof is incomplete, at best and downright wrong at worst.  The B.W. theorem relies fundamentally on the property of sequences that allow us to always find a monotonic subsequence (using peak indices) and bound the sequence on a finite interval.  This isn't clear at all in the current article.  In my opinion, B.W. illustrates a fundamental property of sequences.  However, diatribe aside, I will certainly agree with you that if we open the "real analysis" can of worms we'll be writing for a very long time.  As such, I think you're correct in your assessment that we remove the stuff about real analysis and limit the rest of the properties of sequences solely to the basics.  I've probably just obligated myself to tackle the Bolzano-Weierstrass issue separately .  Maybe we could make a section for "Important theorems about sequences" and just provide links to some of these things?  Thanks for your patience with me on this one! -- Josh

 * I think the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem is correct the way it is. To make the proof complete, one needs to prove that the subsequence obtained after doing all that halving of intervals is indeed convergent, which is easy, and intuitively clear. I know the other proof of the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem using monotone seqences, but the proof given in the Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem wikipedia page does not need monotone sequences. However, you could add your proof as an alternative proof. If you want, putting a page of theorems in Real analysis which use sequences could be a good idea. --Oleg Alexandrov 17:21, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC) By the way, Wikipedia allowes one to leave one's name and modification time (like a signature if you wish) on a page, the way I did it above. You need to click on the second button from the right on the toolbar above the text area when you edit text.

title: User talk:Totalcynic


text:
User:Arca~enwiki

Please see my user page in meta.wikimedia.org

title: User:Arca~enwiki


text:
Vera Weizmann

Vera Weizmann (née Chatzman) (ורה ויצמן; November 27, 1881 – September 24, 1966), wife of Chaim Weizmann, the first president of the State of Israel, was a medical doctor and a Zionist activist.

Biography

Vera Chatzman was born in the town of Rostov-on-Don, in the Russian Empire, the daughter of Isaiah and Feodosia Chatzman. She initially studied music before taking up medical training in Geneva, Switzerland. There she met Chaim Weizmann at the university's Zionist Club.

In 1906 she married Weizmann at Zoppot, Prussia, today called Sopot, in Poland, and later that year they settled in Manchester, England. There they had two sons, Benjamin born in 1907, and Michael born in 1916. The Weizmann family lived in Manchester for thirty years, from 1906 until 1937. In 1913, Vera Weizmann received her English medical license and worked as a doctor in the public health service at clinics for infants, developing advanced techniques for infant supervision and nutrition.

The elder son, Benjamin (Benjie) Weizmann (1907–1980), settled in Ireland and became a dairy farmer. The Weizmanns’ younger son, Michael, served as a pilot in the British Royal Air Force during the Second World War and was killed on active service when his plane was shot down over the Bay of Biscay.

Volunteer work
In 1916, Weizmann gave up her work as a pediatrician when she joined her husband upon his appointment as the scientific adviser in chemistry to the British Admiralty during the First World War. In 1920, she was one of the founding members of the Women's International Zionist Organization (WIZO), and served as its president, alternating with Lady Sieff, for forty years. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, she devoted all of her efforts to Youth Aliyah (Aliyat Hanoar), an organization that she established in England and continued to head as honorary president while living in Israel.

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Weizmann focused on the treatment and rehabilitation of wounded soldiers. Immediately after the war, she established the Association of the War of Independence Handicapped Veterans and served as its president. She also established two centers for the rehabilitation of wounded soldiers, Beit Kay in Nahariya and the Department of Rehabilitation at Sheba—Tel Hashomer Hospital.

In addition to her activity in these organizations, Weizmann gave her support to many voluntary organizations such as ILAN, Magen David Adom, for which she served as president, and dozens of other private and institutional charitable endeavors.

Weizmann House
As first lady, Weizmann had the interior of the house built for the couple at Weizmann Institute redesigned. All of the furniture and art was original, mostly imported from England and France.

Published work

 * The Impossible Takes Longer: The Memoirs of Vera Weizmann

title: Vera Weizmann


text:
Talk:Conrail

Ann Arbor Railroad
Needs more details of the Ann Arbor Railroad --SPUI (talk) 07:11, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Final system plan notes
See also User:SPUI/Amtrak lines acquired from Conrail

Railroads offered lines

 * Amtrak
 * Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad
 * Boston and Maine Railroad
 * Burlington Northern Railroad
 * Central Vermont Railway
 * Chessie System
 * Chicago and North Western Railway
 * Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad
 * Delaware and Hudson Railway
 * Detroit and Mackinac Railway
 * Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad
 * Grand Trunk Western Railroad
 * Illinois Central Gulf Railroad
 * State of Indiana
 * Louisville and Nashville Railroad
 * Commonwealth of Massachusetts
 * State of Michigan
 * State of New Jersey and New Jersey Department of Transportation
 * State of New York
 * Norfolk and Western Railway
 * Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
 * Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad
 * Providence and Worcester Railroad
 * State of Rhode Island and Rhode Island Department of Transportation
 * Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority
 * Southern Railway
 * Toledo, Peoria and Western Railway
 * Union Railroad
 * Western Maryland Railway

Need to split Conrail from Conrail Shared Assets
For clarity's sake, the two need to be kept distinct, as the infobox (for one thing) is grossly inaccurate in describing what most people think of as Conrail. Mangoe 23:11, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree RR325 (talk) 16:50, 12 November 2014 (UTC)RR325

TWP importance assessment
Okay, I'll concede that Conrail was basically THE railroad in the US northeast in the late 20th century. My rule of thumb in assigning importance ratings so far has been that former Class I railroads should generally be listed as Mid importance because we're looking at articles in relation to their importance to rail transport history worldwide. Someone trying to learn the history of American railroading in the 20th century definitely needs to know about Conrail, but I don't think it necessarily holds true for a worldwide view of railroad history. Seeing the rating assigned by an anonymous IP first, my first thought was that the anon user may not have had the Trains WikiProject importance scale in mind, so I deferred to the rating strategy that I've been using so far.

That said, now that another user has stated his agreement with the High importance rating, I'm having a hard time finding an argument against leaving this article with a High importance rating.

Now, there are about 6,000 other articles (and that's not an exaggeration, I counted them yesterday) in to look at... B-) Slambo (Speak)  19:05, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, that anon user was actually me. One of my computers has trouble keeping me logged in. Thanks for aggreeing with my rational. 3D jonny 19:56, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

I'd assess this as "High" too. The bankruptcy of Penn Central and all the other Northeast US railroads is *the* event in 20th Century railroad history. The transfer of commuter service and commuter track, as well as Northeast Corridor track to public ownership, followed by the revival of freight profitability, are the key factors in the late-20th-century reorganization of American railroads. And the histories of these events are covered almost entirely in the Conrail article. (Separate articles for the 3Rs and 4Rs Acts, the purchases by the commuter systems, and the transfers to Amtrak, would be nice, but would be too detailed for general use.) Just for Future Reference. :-) 69.202.76.231 (talk) 02:29, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Removal of neutrality dispute label?
I'm not seeing a dispute here in the talk pages. Is the neutrality of the article still being questioned? ```` —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alloy (talk • contribs) 01:10, 31 May 2008 (UTC) Not sure why typing four tildes is not signing this post. Alloy (talk) 01:16, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * agreed a section neutrality tag is here as of 2012, seems unjustified to me also, and i'm removing it 208.100.189.155 (talk) 06:46, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

The Conrail Mercury
Conrail Mercury redirects to this article, and it's linked from the Mercury (disambiguation) page. Can someone add some text to this article that describes what the Conrail Mercury is/was, or can we delete the redirect? Thanks. -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:49, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Map issues
The map on the article has a severe issue. It's obviously missing the Southern Tier Line, the former main line of the Erie Lackawanna. Seems like an egregious oversight to me. Alas, I have no way to fix it myself, else I would, but I felt it must be mentioned. oknazevad (talk) 04:11, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * The map is also missing the Delmarva Secondary and the Indian River Secondary on the Delmarva Peninsula.  Dough 48  72  01:54, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Signals
What are "tri-light" signals? Are they the same as vertical color light signals? Most of the old EL signal photos I've seen are searchlights; I've seen one or two with vertical color lights. Caseyjonz (talk) 17:31, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * They are different, here is a picture
 * http://history.gsmrrclub.org/history5.html
 * RR325 (talk) 16:54, 12 November 2014 (UTC)RR325

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move per request.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 02:10, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Consolidated Rail Corporation → Conrail – Should be moved as "Conrail" is the subject's common name, and is the name that appears in the organization's logo. Similarly, Amtrak is the common name for the National Passenger Rail Corporation. – Dream out loud (talk) 18:40, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per common name. 65.94.47.63 (talk) 04:05, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support Conrail would be more recognizable to the average commuter. Marcus   Qwertyus   20:23, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Article unclear: is Conrail a defunct or not a defunct entity?
My comment may be a reiteration of Need to split Conrail from Conrail Shared Assets, above.

The first sentence of this article says Conrail was a railroad. The inset says Conrail ceased operation in 1999, and that it has successors. All that tells me Conrail is a defunct entity.

Then, without explanation, that fact is undone.

First of all, the second paragraph begins The old company remains a ... That wording is unacceptable. This is an encyclopedia article. You begin every paragraph by naming the entity you will discuss in that paragraph. Besides, the paragraph before it, the first paragraph, named many entities, some of them defunct too. Hence, what entity does The old company denote? The same remark goes for the inset, which says:

Successor: CSX, NS (company still exists as a jointly owned terminal/switching railroad)

Your word company here has no referent. It is ambiguous. For me it denotes NS. If you do not mean to denote NS, then state the company's name. In addition, nix the abbreviated grammar, including that mid-20th-century, amateur, sub-English, colloquial cop-out, the slash (/). What part of speech is slash? Whatever English word you mean by it, state that word. Hence (assuming that by company you mean Conrail), the item should read something like:

''Successor: CSX and NS. (Conrail still exists as a jointly owned terminal and switching railroad.)''

Second, the article states on the one hand that Conrail was an old company, that its operations ended in 1999, etc., all the while stating that it is a railroad, that it still exists, and the like. It's all contradictory and inconsistent.

This article is typical of many Wikipedia efforts: In fact it's excellently written, and has a ton of information, but the definition and scope of the topic are not clearly stated.

So, the intro and inset need revamping.

I don't know if all of this is subsumed by the aforementioned comment. (If that comment is suggesting that this article be split into the defunct and extant incarnations of Conrail, that would indeed solve everything.)

Also, in the inset, the caption of the map is unacceptable. It doesn't state the map's date. Does it illustrate Conrail's system, say, in 1999, at the time it ceased operation? In 1976, when it started operation? During some other year in which the system reached its maximum extent? Or does it show the system today, as operated by Conrail's successors?

--Jim Luedke Jimlue (talk) 19:05, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

I placed up one of those ugly tags on the history, because I doubt that a University of Chicago Press account of why US railroads were in trouble in the early 1970s is unbiased. (It's all the workers or "high labor costs" for instance.) Does someone more knowledgeable than me know another source which presents a more mainstream view? I these situations articles should read something like, "one account of the difficulty was.... another view said..." etc. Thanks.  Wik idea  16:42, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

Wikidea, while I get your point about the distinction between workers and "high labor costs" (or think I do), I am not sure why you think that University of Chicago Press would not produce an unbiased account, or that the account would not be "mainstream." Kimwell (talk) 18:46, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Umm... perhaps you should focus on the author rather than the publisher. If you happened to look at this so-called "University of Chicago Press account" reference, which can be previewed on Google books, you would learn that the author was John F. Stover (d. 2007), a Professor Emeritus of History at Purdue University. He taught at Purdue for 31 years and wrote a number of books on railroad history. He was not an economist, nor was he affiliated with the Chicago school of economics. The U. Chicago Press happened to be the publisher for this particular book, which is a general survey of U.S. railroad history. Stover's other books were published by a variety of university presses including Purdue, Oxford, and Columbia. Caseyjonz (talk) 05:39, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

2 separate articles for Conrail railway and Conrail company
This article should be called Conrail (railroad) and the company be called Conrail (company). In the current article you put a link to the new article that explains about the company that operates conrail shared assets operations and that the company is owned by ns and CSX.

I see my vision of these articles as

 * Conrail (company) is a company that is owned by both CSX which operates CSXT and by NS which operates the NS Railway. Conrail (company) use to operate a railroad by the same name which is now part of both CSXT and NS Railway which in turn those railroads are owned by either CSX or NS, the company's owners. Conrail (company) now operates a switching railway called Conrail Shared Assets Operations which serves as a local switch carrier for both NS Railway and CSXT the company's owners' railroads.

I always thought that conrail shared assets operations as a small railroad that serves as a carrier between NS railway and CSXT which is operated by conrail (company) which in turn is owned by NS and CSX which both owners operate the railroads that conrail shared assets operations serves as a local carrier between.

Rail companies have their own article and their railroads have a separate article so why can't conrail have 2 separate articles for the company and it's former railroad. 71.188.58.225 (talk) 01:49, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

Conrail existing beyond the years given for its life?
In all the reportage of the time, 2012, the railroad involved in the Paulsboro, NJ derailment is indicated as involving a train run by Conrail. Yet, this article states that Conrail was finished in 2012. Please assist in resolving this discrepancy.Dogru144 (talk) 02:37, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I think you're looking for Conrail Shared Assets Operations. Mackensen (talk) 03:31, 25 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conrail


text:
Talk:Balkans campaign (World War II)

romania ?
why is romania included in the combatants section? as far as i know it wasn't involved in any fighting in the balkans in ww2.

It joined in the invasion of Jugoslavia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:5882:8201:9DFC:B593:FC87:E369 (talk) 12:57, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
 * No it didn’t. The invasion was launched from its territory, but Romanian troops did not cross the border. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 17:07, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
 * They did. 2A00:23C7:5882:8201:A5EA:52CC:F2EB:18CD (talk) 20:59, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Causes of the Greek invasion
It says "The German Invasion of Greece (...) was the direct result and continuation of the Greco-Italian War."

However, the Greeks had pushed the Italians back far behind the Albanian border already by January 1941, four months before the German invasion.

According to Lidell Hart's History of the Second World War, the German invasion was a direct result of the British sending their contingent to Greece in March 1941 - a threat to their southern flank they couldn't ignore, and more so in view of the fact that the 50,000 troops couldn't hope to fend off a serious German effort.

If you subscribe to his view, the above statement is wrong and should read "The German Invasion of Greece (...) was the direct result of Churchill's ill-advised attempt at uniting the Balkan states against Germany" or something like that.--Cancun771 (talk) 19:58, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * No. The Germans had decided upon intervention already in November 1940, when it became clear that the Italian invasion had failed. Partly that was because of the fear that the British would establish a foothold in Europe through Greece, but largely it was a decision necessitated by the need to salvage Italian and Axis fortunes in the area. The Greek government for many months refused to let British troops land in the mainland, unless they came in force (10+ divisions), able to withstand a German offensive. When they finally were let in in March 1941, it was because the Greeks were desperate, knowing that the German attack was impending with German troops massing in Romania and Bulgaria. There was therefore no longer a reason to keep the British out. Churchill's error was sending too little, too late, while pinning his hopes on Yugoslavia and Turkey entering the war, creating a "Balkan Front". But the Germans would have attacked Greece, regardless of the presence of British troops on its soil. Cheers, Constantine  ✍  14:10, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Fallschirmjaeger Kreta 1941.jpg
The image Image:Fallschirmjaeger Kreta 1941.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --03:22, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Panzer divisions involved
In another wikiarticle it is mentioned that 5 Panzer Divisions participated in this campaign. However, in the Balkan Operations Order of Battle (created and maintained by Dr. Leo Niehorster) the following are mentioned: 5th, 11th, 16th; 8th, 14th; 13th. Can anyone confirm this with a different verifiable source? Thanks, DPdH (talk) 07:52, 10 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Well, I can tell you that the 8th and 14th (XLVI Panxer Corps), 9th (XL Panzer Corps), 5th and 11th (First Panzer Group) all participated in the Invasion of Yugoslavia. There are plenty of reliable sources, see Axis order of battle for the invasion of Yugoslavia (an A-Class List article) for details. Several of the sources used in that article also mention the divisions that attacked only Greece. Regards, Peacemaker67 (send... over) 08:02, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

Scope
The tito resistance and the subsequent soviet invasion shouldn't be included here? Uspzor (talk) 23:09, 10 November 2014 (UTC)
 * The Balkan Campaign is about the two major invasions, Marita and 25, rather than the ongoing fighting in Yugoslavia (or Greece). For Yugoslavia, see World War II in Yugoslavia. Regards, Peacemaker67 (crack... thump) 10:21, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
 * How was this decided exactly? Uspzor (talk) 22:24, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with Uspzor. Limiting this two the events of April–May 1941 seems somewhat arbitrary insofar as the Greek war had been ongoing since the previous fall and Operation Marita was impending before the Yugoslav invasion was even contemplated. In other words, this seems to be a Germanocentric interpretation: the Balkan campaign is the German Balkan campaign. Srnec (talk) 23:18, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Which reliable sources refer to the invasions plus the ongoing guerilla/civil wars across Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece as the "Balkan Campaign"? The suggested approach would mean that this article would then combine essentially separate guerilla campaigns with what were three largely separate invasions. What reliable sources do that? There is also the issue that we already have a separate article for the ongoing fighting in dismembered Yugoslavia. What problem are we trying to resolve here? Peacemaker67 (crack... thump) 08:45, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I can't speak for Uspzor, whose motives might be entirely different, but the problem I want to solve is the bad shape of this article and its redundancy to our other, much better articles on the individual invasions. Given the decent state of our other articles, what purpose does this interposing level of coverage add? Reliable sources do not demand a placeholder article with one citation! If this article were actually in good shape, and primarily dealt with German strategy, planning and preparations, then I would be appeased.
 * Here is one source that uses "Balkan campaign" à la Churchill (i.e., for the Allied "front" in occupied Yugoslavia, mainly). Anyway, I'm not disputing that sources mainly use the phrase "Balkan campaign" in a WWII context to lump together Hitler's two invasions of April 1941. But just because they do it, doesn't mean we have a reason to create an article for it. I think similarly about Western Front (World War II). —Srnec (talk) 12:39, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * If that's the case, AfD it. Peacemaker67 (crack... thump) 12:43, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Do you think this article should be slimmed down to just the German involvement in Spring 1941? Srnec (talk) 14:00, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with Snerc, why is the German Balkans Campaign any difference from the Soviet Balkans Campaign? Nether Western Front (World War II) or any other article I'm aware of made this distinction.
 * I don't see how Western Front is relevant. Regardless, this article is so poorly sourced that we could rather brutally trim it down. But it would need to be based on the reliable sources, ie what grouping of operations is included. On face-value, the Greco-Italian War seems out of place to me. But I haven't really look at the literature to determine a position. I'll have a look at the sources and drop back here over the weekend with some ideas. Peacemaker67 (crack... thump) 06:16, 13 November 2014 (UTC)

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Edit warring over FYROM/Republic of Macedonia
There has been some edit-warring recently over the use of the term Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). All editors should be aware that this article falls under the ARBMAC discretionary sanctions regime, meaning that any admin can impose discretionary sanctions on editors breaching Wikipedia policies on this article. Please read the naming convention guideline for the Republic of Macedonia at WP:MOSMAC, which reflects the current community consensus is Republic of Macedonia for the state as it exists now, not FYROM except in very specific circumstances which are not met in the context of the edits being made recently, as they are about the current name of the state. Further edit warring will result in a block. No doubt there will be a change to the MOSMAC once the new name of the country is ratified, but until then, we stick with Republic of Macedonia. Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 23:20, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

The sentence “including... republic of Macedonia” is redundancy. It is also vague because it contains the phrase “most of” and before that the word “areas”. The first editor if he is not from FYROM (biased intention to use disputed name) he tried to describe territory or geographical area. The whole article is a description of the invasion from north to south. For that reason I suggest two solutions. According to WP:MOSMAC a clear disambiguation has to be made using FYROM as country name so the reader is not confused that Yugoslavian invasion included the whole geographical Macedonia which is mostly Greek. In reality Bulgarians took control of some vague territories (or use a map if you like to use Republic of Macedonia) within modern day FYROM. I don’t find the reason to make such a distinction for a region of Yugoslavia since other regions are clearly described and this one is very poorly explained. Second and favorable solution for me is to take out the whole sentence “eastern areas of Yugoslavia, including most of modern-day Republic of Macedonia.” and replace it with “areas of south eastern Yugoslavia.”Vagr7 (talk) 00:23, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Providing the current country (with its current correct name, Republic of Macedonia, not FYROM) as a point of reference is completely legitimate, and is used in many articles to provide context and indicate locations within now defunct countries like Yugoslavia. A word of warning, this is an area that will quickly get you blocked if you persist with edit warring about the country name. The Wikipedia position is that this country is referred to as Republic of Macedonia. Until the change to Republic of North Macedonia is ratified, I suggest you stay away from this area if you have strong views about the name. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 00:37, 23 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Who is “Wikipedia” who decided that Republic of Macedonia should be used almost everywhere? There was a vote of editors or simple dictation of a sole paid editor ? I don’t have illusions that Wikipedia endorses free speech, I just try to make it better place to read something. I am not terrorized of blocking threats. Vagr7 (talk) 07:46, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * WP:ARBMAC, WP:ARBMAC2, and a generalized index and list of links to the various discussions here. --Taivo (talk) 08:02, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks Taivo. If you read the links that Taivo and I have provided, you will understand that it was a community decision. And we do such things as a community, not as individuals, because they are contentious. Blocks are quickly handed out when editors ignore community consensus and are disruptive to make a point. So, as I say, best to take a break from this area if you feel passionately about it. There is no deadline, and when the new name is ratified, it will be revisited. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 08:12, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The guidelines provided on WP:MOSMAC over Macedonia name use are biased and fully inline with oficial Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia thesis and propaganda over the name dispute. The decision over name use is not clear because it was decided by a bunch of arbiters in closed doors with the mask of open discussion page. Keep dragging down Wikipedia guys Vagr7 (talk) 10:25, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Whatever. You've been amply warned. Mind how you go. Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 10:30, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * "Whatever" that a solid answer. 4 replies with 4 threats, that's what I call structural discussion in civilized world according to Wikipedia guidelines on interactions between editors. I know who is the top dog so start doing some more big-brothering also guys, something you may have missed for sure.Vagr7 (talk) 13:12, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * You clearly didn't read any of the links that I provided if you think that the decision was made by "a bunch of arbiters in closed doors". You're completely ignorant of the process and refuse to become educated about it.  The answers are there and if you weren't so lazy and so blinded by your nationalism then you would find them easily.  As User:Peacemaker67 has said, proceed at your own peril, but pushing your POV is going to eventually result in your being banned from Wikipedia.  You might as well go away now if that's your ultimate goal.  --Taivo (talk) 14:33, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * what is the blue box peacemaker added to my page? Do you think I can be threatened?Vagr7 (talk) 07:21, 24 January 2019 (UTC)
 * It is not a threat, it is a notice drawing your attention to the fact that admins can impose discretionary sanctions on anyone breaching Wikipedia policies on articles associated with the Balkans. This includes disrupting Wikipedia over the naming conventions regarding the Republic of Macedonia. For such discretionary sanctions to be imposed, you must have had them brought to your attention. Which is what I have done, via your talk page. Cheers, Peacemaker67 (click to talk to me) 07:44, 24 January 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Balkans campaign (World War II)


text:
Kenji Hatanaka

Major Kenji Hatanaka (畑中 健二) (28 March 1912 – 15 August 1945) was a Japanese military officer and one of the chief conspirators in the Kyūjō incident, a plot to seize the Imperial Palace and to prevent the broadcast of Emperor Hirohito's surrender speech to mark the end of World War II.

Military career
Hatanaka served in the Military Affairs Section of the Japanese Ministry of War at the end of World War II. As one of the leaders of a group of Japanese officers determined to prevent the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration and therefore the surrender of Japan, Hatanaka attempted a coup d'état on 14–15 August 1945. Failing to obtain the support of the War Minister, General Korechika Anami, Hatanaka organised a number of other officers and succeeded in occupying the Imperial Palace and Imperial Household Ministry.

Still needing high-level support for his cause, he tried to enlist Lieutenant General Takeshi Mori, commander of the 1st Imperial Guard Division. Mori was non-committal and a frustrated Hatanaka shot and killed him. Hatanaka and his men then spent several hours searching for the recording that had been made of the Emperor's speech announcing the surrender of Japan, and which was meant for public broadcast. When he failed to locate the recordings, he occupied the NHK Building in an attempt to prevent the speech from being broadcast. However, still without high level support and the recordings, Hatanaka abandoned his coup after receiving direct orders to do so from Eastern District Army Headquarters.

Following the failure of the coup, Hatanaka traveled to the plaza fronting the Imperial Palace. Along with his fellow conspirator, Lieutenant Colonel Jirō Shiizaki, he shot himself. In Hatanaka's pocket was found his death poem:

In popular culture

 * In the 1967 film Japan's Longest Day, Hatanaka was portrayed by actor Toshio Kurosawa
 * In the 2015 film The Emperor in August, Hatanaka was portrayed by actor Tori Matsuzaka

title: Kenji Hatanaka


text:
Lexis

Lexis may refer to:
 * Lexis (linguistics), a term for a language's lexicon in the abstract, or a synonymous expression
 * Lexis (Aristotle), in philosophy
 * Lexis diagram, in demography

Publications

 * LexisNexis, a database of legal and public records and its publisher
 * Lexis Journal in English Lexicology published by OpenEdition.org

People with the name

 * Wilhelm Lexis (1837–1914), German statistician, economist, and social scientist

title: Lexis


text:
Bunker Tragedy

The Bunker Tragedy was an atrocity committed by the staff at the Herzogenbusch concentration camp (also known as Kamp Vught) in the Netherlands, in January 1944 during World War II.

Events
When one woman from barrack 23B was locked up in the camp prison (the 'bunker'), other women protested against it. At the encouragement of Hermann Wicklein, the commandant Adam Grünewald, as a punishment, had as many women as possible incarcerated in one cell. Eventually, 74 women were pressed together in cell 115, which had a floor area of 9m2 and hardly any ventilation. After 14 hours of confinement, the inmates were released from the cell. Ten women did not survive the night.

The incident soon became known outside the camp and was written about in resistance newspapers. The occupying power was not pleased with the fact that the news had leaked. Grünewald and Wicklein were both court-martialed for excessive cruelty. They were both convicted of manslaughter; Grünewald was sentenced to 3.5 years in prison and Wicklein was sentenced to six months in prison. They were both pardoned after serving a month in prison. However, Grünewald was then demoted and ordered to fight on the Eastern front, where he was killed in combat in January 1945.

Tineke Wibaut, one of the bunker victims, wrote: 'When the lights went off, a great panic rose among the women. It was a strange swelling sound, which sometimes would diminish, but soon swell up again. It was caused by praying, screaming and yelling women. Some tried to yell over it to calm the women down, so they could save oxygen. Sometimes it would help a bit, but then it would start again. It would not stop, it continued the whole night. It diminished, though, because the heat was suffocating.'

This event is being remembered annually in closed circle.

title: Bunker Tragedy


text:
2000 in rail transport

January events

 * January 10 – The Tama Toshi Monorail Line extension from Tachikawa-Kita Station to Tama-Center Station in Japan opens.
 * January 28 – Amtrak extends electric train operation on the Northeast Corridor from New Haven to South Station, Boston.
 * January 29 – The renovated Termini station in Rome opens as part of the Great Jubilee.

February events

 * February 4 – German railway saboteur Klaus-Peter Sabotta is sentenced to life imprisonment for attempted murder and extortion.
 * February 29 – In Seoul, South Korea, the southern section of Line 7 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is opened between Onsu and Sinpung (9.2 km).

March events

 * March 4 – San Francisco Municipal Railway F Market & Wharves streetcar line is extended to Fisherman's Wharf.
 * March 13 – Buenos Aires Underground operator Metrovías inaugurates Fátima station on the Buenos Aires Premetro.

April events

 * April 10 – In Ireland, the Dublin Area Rapid Transit system is extended southwards from Bray to Greystones and northwards from Howth Junction to Malahide.
 * April 11 – CSX chairman and CEO John W. Snow succeeds Ronald J. Conway as president of the railroad.
 * April 20 - The section of the Toei Oedo Line between Shinjuku and Kokuritsu-Kyōgijō opens for service in Tokyo, Japan.
 * April 20–28 – 3801 and 3830 head to Melbourne, Victoria called the Millennium Aurora by the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum during the Easter Long Weekend. This would be the last time that NSW steam will ever visit Victoria.

May events

 * May 11 –Tramlink opens in London, the first trams in London since 1952, largely on former heavy rail or reserved track formation.
 * May 23 – Electro-Motive Division delivers to the Union Pacific the first five EMD SD70M diesel locomotives in the largest single order (1,000 locomotives) for diesel locomotives ever by a single railroad.

June events

 * June 1 – The Amtrak California San Diegan is extended further north to San Luis Obispo and the service is renamed to Pacific Surfliner.
 * June 7 – The Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, originally built for rail traffic in 1943, opens for combined rail/highway traffic, making it the longest combined rail/highway tunnel in North America.
 * June 30 - The Texas Transportation Company closed.

July events

 * July 1 – Opening of the Øresund Bridge bridge-tunnel carrying road traffic and the Øresund Railway between Denmark and Sweden.
 * July 4 – Amtrak's new Bakersfield Station opens.
 * July 9 – Metro-North Railroad restored service on the Harlem Line between Dover Plains and Wassaic, a move the railroad billed as its first service expansion since it was created in 1983.
 * July 11 – Via Rail announces that it will use five sleeping cars leased from Amtrak for runs between Winnipeg and Churchill, Manitoba.
 * July 14 – The United States Surface Transportation Board's temporary moratorium on railroad mergers is upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit; the ruling contributes to the failure of the proposed BNSF/CN merger.
 * July 20 – The Manila Line 3 commenced full commercial operations by opening the remaining segment from Buendia station to Taft Avenue station.
 * July 21 – Manchester Metrolink, in Manchester, England, is extended to Eccles.

August events

 * August 1 – In Seoul, South Korea, the central section of Line 7 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is opened between Sinpung and Koknuk University (18.7 km), enabling services to operate fully between Jangam and Onsu.
 * August 7 – In Seoul, South Korea, the first section of Line 6 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is opened between Bonghwasan and Sangwolgok (4.2 km).

October events

 * October 2 – Via Rail operates a funeral train for Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau between Ottawa and Montreal; the train's journey, which was frequently slowed through towns for the numerous well-wishers, was documented by a CBC news helicopter.
 * October 29 – Amtrak upgrades service on the California Zephyr to daily.

September events

 * September 26
 * The final 4.0 km section of the Toei Mita Line in Tokyo, Japan, opens between Meguro and Mita stations.
 * The final 5.7 km section of the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line in Tokyo, Japan, opens between Meguro and Tameike-Sanno stations.

December events

 * December 11 – Amtrak's Acela Express makes its first run.
 * December 12 – The final 25.7 km section of the Toei Oedo Line between Kokuritsu-Kyōgijō and Tochomae opens for service in Tokyo, Japan.
 * December 15 – In Seoul, South Korea, Line 6 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is extended from Sangwolgok to Eungam (30.9 km).

Accidents

 * January 4 – The Åsta accident, a northbound BM92 multiple unit and a southbound passenger train headed by a Di 3 locomotive collided on Norway's Rørosbanen line near Åsta station, killing 19 people.
 * February 6 – The Brühl train disaster; in Brühl, Germany killed 9 when a train negotiated a low speed turnout at three times the correct speed and derailed, on the West Rhine Railway.
 * March 8 – Tokyo train disaster: a sideswipe collision of two Tokyo Metro trains kills 5 people near Naka-Meguro Station.
 * October 17 – The Hatfield rail crash, south of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK, occurs when a train traveling at 115 mph derails due to a rail that breaks under it. Four people are killed, and there is considerable disruption to the national rail network as the infrastructure is reviewed.
 * November 11 – A faulty heater aboard a funicular train in Kaprun, Austria, starts a fire in the train's brake fluid while the train is in a tunnel; only twelve of the train's 155 passengers survived the fire in the Kaprun disaster.
 * December 2 – The Sarai Banjara rail disaster in the Punjab, India killed 46 and injured at least 150 when a freight train derailed into the path of a passenger train.
 * December 30 – The Rizal Day bombings occurred around Metro Manila in the Philippines leaving 22 dead.

Japan

 * Awards presented by Japan Railfan Club:
 * 2000 Blue Ribbon Award: JR East E26 series Cassiopeia sleeping car
 * 2000 Laurel Prize:
 * Hiroden 5000 series Green Mover tramcar
 * JR Central/JR West 700 Series Shinkansen
 * JR East 209-950 series (now E231-900 series) EMU

North America

 * 2000 E. H. Harriman Awards

 * Awards presented by Railway Age magazine
 * 2000 Railroader of the Year: The railroad worker (the award for 2000 was changed to "Railroader of the Century")
 * 2000 Regional Railroad of the Year: Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad
 * 2000 Short Line Railroad of the Year: Arkansas Midland Railroad

title: 2000 in rail transport


text:
Pseudo-transparency

Pseudo-transparency is a term used for X Window System clients that simulate the appearance of translucency or transparency by manipulating the same pixmap that has been drawn on the root window, or by instructing the X Server that the Background Pixmap should be inherited from the window's parent.

Purpose
Traditionally, the X Window System has lagged behind other windowing systems in adding purely eye candy or aesthetic features, such as window translucency. This has encouraged developers to develop kludges to overcome this limitation.

This pseudo-transparency, so called as the background pixmap of the root window is visible (analogous to desktop wallpaper) rather than any obscured windows, allows users to make windows look less imposing (such as Terminal emulators, which usually comprise large chunks of text), and to integrate the appearance of windows with their desktop themes.

Implementation
There are three common methods for achieving pseudo-transparency using Xlib, each with its own advantages and drawbacks.

Parental-relative
The "parental-relative" method uses  to inherit the parent window's background image. Unfortunately, using this method, the X server permits very few operations to be performed on the background pixmap (such as XOR), preventing clients from implementing any sort of advanced image filtering.

_XROOTPMAP_ID and ESETROOT_PMAP_ID properties
These properties are used to inform the window where it can find the pixmap used on the root window. Using this information, a client can paint a section of the image (corresponding to the size and position of the window) onto its background, achieving the effect of transparency. This method uses the most memory, but has the advantage of allowing clients to perform any operation, such as tinting or shading, on the image data.

XCopyArea
XCopyArea can achieve a more realistic transparency effect in that it can include obscured windows, but with the significant disadvantage that it is only usable with modal windows. This method simply uses the  function to take a partial screenshot for use as the window's background pixmap.

Future
Recent technologies such as DirectFB, Direct Rendering Infrastructure, and hardware compositing via OpenGL allow X client applications to utilize true alpha transparency.

title: Pseudo-transparency


text:
Talk:Citadelle of Quebec

Citadel or Citadelle?
A disambiguation page will likely be necessary as there are many "citadelles" in France (see French Wikipedia). Citadelle is the French noun for a citadel (look in any English or French dictionary). They mean exactly the same thing. Probably the article heading should be "Citadel of Quebec" in English just as the French article is "Citadelle de Québec". The Citadel was always known by the English name as any search in Google will show. Every other place name in this article is anglicized e.g. Quebec City, Plains of Abraham, etc. so why not Citadel of Quebec.

The second paragraph needs rewriting to put more emphasis on the fortifications, and drop the mention of nearby buildings. The photo clearly shows the buildings looming over the site. Who cares? It is the fortress people are interested in. Someone with knowledge of 19th century British fortifications should improve this article and explain how Artillery Park is related to the Citadel.--BrentS 16:01, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It really should be called some form of La Citadelle, since this name is used in both English and French. Examine the federal government website linked to. I propose Citadelle of Quebec, which is the form used by the Governor General's website.- Montréalais 05:47, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

(The following was posted on User talk:Montrealais)

 * I am puzzled by your claim that Citadelle is used in both English and French. If you consult many of the gc.ca sites including http://www.pc.gc.ca/voyage-travel/pv-vp/itm5-/page5_E.asp you will see that the government continues to use the correct English word "citadel". Halifax also has an impressive British-built citadel. A capital letter is not really required since citadels were built all over the place and the word is in every English dictionary. Understandably in Quebec the complex will be referred to as a citadelle, but not elsewhere in the English speaking world when a perfectly good English word exists. This complex was built by the British and it is more than ironic that it should be presented to the rest of the world outside Quebec as somehow French. By this reasoning, every powder magazine in Quebec will have to be termed a poudrière in English. French Wikipedia should correctly use Citadelle de Québec but English Wikipedia should use Citadel of Quebec. Insert non-formatted text here (User:BrentS)

 * I was referring to the Governor General's website, which seems to be the most appropriate authority for a viceregal residence; it refers to the Citadelle of Quebec throughout. A capital letter is required because it is a proper noun, referring to that specific building. There's nothing unusual about saying "The Citadelle of Quebec is a citadel and vice-regal residence in Quebec City." - Montréalais

 * While I disagree with Citadelle of Quebec, I can live with it as long as the correct English word "citadel" is used elsewhere in the text. The citadel is one part of the Quebec fortifications, just as the Halifax citadel is one part of the Halifax fortifications. The GG and the federal government are bound by the Official Languages Act; that is why it is easier to use Citadelle in Quebec for the GG's residence. It is doubtful that Citadelle is proper when referring to the British fortifications in English (the GG only occupies a part of the complex). If you check French wikipedia, there are lots of citadelles there, which we would call citadels, just we call palais de justice as court house.--BrentS 20:23, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I have altered the first paragraph to include a link to citadel and to emphasize the fact that the Citadelle is only part of the fortifications of Quebec. - Montréalais 03:46, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Quebec is not the only walled city in north-america, the mexican city of Campeche is another example of a fortified city.-- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.67.14.61 (talk) 19:40, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

tours
Does anyone know when La Citadelle was opened up to public tours ? I know that Jeanne Sauvé has security conserns which led to limited access of Rideau Hall (later overturned by Hnatyshyn, Leblanc and Clarkson). I believe, however, that La Citadelle remained off limits for some time Dowew 22:46, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Map?
So apparently this thing still exists. Can someone post a map. Even if it was hand-drawn by a 5 year old, it would be better than nothing at all. I have NO idea what the shape or layout of this thing is. Stephen Charles Thompson (talk) 04:32, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Québec or Quebec
Québec (with the acute accent) is the city's official name in both French and English.--Gilbertus (talk) 19:29, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Does the Citadelle really contain the oldest military building in Canada?
I'm referring to the first clause of the third sentence in the introduction: "The citadel contains the oldest military building in Canada..."

Firstly, this needs a citation, as there's no indication of which building it refers to. Secondly, if it refers to the Royal 22e Régiment Museum (Building 15), which was built in 1750, then the assertion is not accurate: there are several notable examples of older surviving military buildings in Canada, including Nova Scotia's Fort Anne powder magazine (1709), Quebec's Fort Chambly (1711), and Manitoba's Prince of Wales Fort (1731). Even the Citadelle's surviving New French bastions, which are not buildings and were incorporated into the British constructions during the 1820s, only date to 1720.

If you have contrary information, let me know – otherwise I'll correct the sentence. Cheers --Bay & Gables (talk) 15:18, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

Removal of cited material and sources without consensus - 28 March 2024
As per WP:SBRD, the BOLD edit was reverted, and so "is an objection that should be viewed as a stop sign and immediate detour pointing to the DISCUSSION page where the involved editors can vet the edit and work out their differences. .... All editing of that content in the article should be stopped during this time, leaving the status quo version in place." trackratte (talk) 23:54, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

& . I'm not going to push for the inclusion or exclusion of the monarch to/from this page or the Rideau Hall page. But, shouldn't both pages be consistent? GoodDay (talk) 19:33, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Citadelle of Quebec