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Skinner's Sense of Snow

"Skinner's Sense of Snow" is the eighth episode of the twelfth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It first aired on Fox in the United States on December 17, 2000. In the episode, a snowstorm traps the students with principal Seymour Skinner and Groundskeeper Willie in Springfield Elementary. When Skinner uses his army skills to control the students, they overthrow him and take over the school. Meanwhile, Homer and Ned set out to rescue the children using Ned's car.

"Skinner's Sense of Snow" was written by Tim Long and directed by Lance Kramer. While the episode's premise is based on an occurrence in Long's childhood, the setpiece came from staff writer Matt Selman. Because the episode takes place in winter, Kramer found it difficult to animate. It features references to Smilla's Sense of Snow, The Deer Hunter and Kristi Yamaguchi, among other things.

In its original broadcast, the episode was seen by approximately 8.8 million viewers, finishing in 33rd place in the ratings the week it aired. Following the home video release, the episode received mostly positive reviews from critics.

Plot
While the Simpson family attends a French Canadian circus called "Cirque de Purée", a violent thunderstorm strikes Springfield and forces an early end to the performance. The storm turns into a snow squall overnight, leading to the closure of nearly every local school and business. Springfield Elementary School remains open, but only a few students and faculty members show up since it is the day before Christmas break. To pass the time, Principal Skinner plays a long, low-budget, poor-quality Christmas film for the children. When class lets out at the end of the day, they discover that they are now trapped in the building by the snow blocking the doors and windows.

With the school's telephone service knocked out by the storm, Skinner tries to keep control over the children and begins to ration the available food. After Nelson tries and fails to escape, Skinner looks through his footlocker of memorabilia from his United States Army service and remembers when he was able to command respect from his subordinates. Hanging Nelson by his vest on a coat hook, Skinner threatens to do the same to the other children and briefly frightens them into submission. However, Bart defies Skinner and tries to tunnel his way out; Skinner stops him, but ends up half-buried in snow when the tunnel caves in. The children take Skinner captive and begin to run amok throughout the school.

Meanwhile, Homer and Ned decide to rescue the children, clearing the roads with an improvised snowplow built by attaching a section of Ned's roof to the front end of his car. The car skids out of control and crashes into a fire hydrant, which sprays water that freezes it in place. Homer attempts to break them loose by gunning the engine, with no success, and the car fills with carbon monoxide that causes both men to hallucinate wildly. Skinner sends out a call for help by slipping a note inside the exercise ball of the school hamster, Nibbles, and pushing the animal out a window. Nibbles finds his way to Homer and Ned, jolting them back to reality and alerting them to the situation. They break the car free of the frozen hydrant and speed toward the school, but again lose control and crash into a silo filled with salt on the grounds of a cracker factory. The salt spills out and melts the snow around the school, freeing Skinner and the children. Superintendent Chalmers arrives unexpectedly, ready to fire Skinner over the crisis, but is mollified by a remorseful Bart's claim that there is a good explanation for it and does not ask for any details; Skinner thanks Bart for saving his job after the mess they were in. The episode closes with Lisa turning into a camel - the product of a fresh round of Homer's hallucinations - and wishing the viewer a merry Christmas.

Production
"Skinner's Sense of Snow" was written by Tim Long and directed by Lance Kramer. It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on December 17, 2000. The idea for the episode came from Long. One winter during his childhood, Exeter, Ontario, where Long lived, was hit by a blizzard. Much to his dismay, Long found out that all schools except Exeter Public School, which he went to, got closed (in the U.S., schools are closed entirely at the county or district level, so the real-life situation did not apply here, as it was shown Principal Skinner had the authority to open the school and even to have Otto work his usual bus route). Eventually, Long and his classmates were snowed in with the school's staff. "It was hellish, but then became a sweet thing", he said. "A couple of the dads braved the cold and brought us food on snowmobiles. So it was sweet." Two years after Long pitched the premise, staff writer Matt Selman pitched the episode's setpiece, which revolves around the Simpsons' visit to Cirque du Purée. "I pitched [the setpiece] to Tim [Long] when we were pitching around ideas", Selman said in the episode's DVD commentary. "And I said, 'What about a Cirque du Soleil parody?'" The staff then decided to combine the two stories, and production on "Skinner's Sense of Snow" ensued.

In order to make a faithful rendition of the circus, director Kramer asked the animators to watch a showing of Cirque du Soleil in Santa Monica, but they declined the offer. Regardless, executive producer and former showrunner Mike Scully found that the animators did an "amazing" job animating the setpiece. Because the episode takes place in winter, the animators faced some challenges that they would not have with any other episode. "It just adds another element", Kramer said about episodes taking place in winter, "People's clothes have to get tugged in the wind if it's windy. And you have to make sure the snow is consistent because [...] It's like a character. If it's a big snowflake in one scene and then tiny ones where it's snowing too hard in the next scene... It's not gonna work." The scratches and bad quality of "The Christmas That Almost Wasn't, But Then Was" were added in by the Post-Production Department, led by Alex Duke. "Our Post-Production Department never gets enough credit," Scully said, "But they'll take a film like ['The Christmas That Almost Wasn't, But Then Was'] and make it all scratchy and make it look really old. They always do a great job." The woman in "The Christmas That Almost Wasn't, But Then Was" was portrayed by Tress MacNeille, while the clown in the Cirque du Purée was voiced by Hank Azaria. The song that plays when Homer and Ned are driving to the school is "Feel Like Makin' Love" by English rock band Bad Company, which Homer claims to have written "as a tribute to Princess Di and Dodi". Originally, the series' staff wanted to use "Rock and Roll All Nite" by American rock band Kiss, but they failed to obtain the rights to use it.

Cultural references
Although the episode's title is a reference to the Danish mystery novel Smilla's Sense of Snow, there are no other allusions to the book in the episode. In the episode's set piece, the Simpsons visit a circus called Cirque du Purée. The circus is a reference to the Canadian entertainment company Cirque du Soleil. The film the students watch, "The Christmas That Almost Wasn't, But Then Was" (the title of which is a reference to the 1966 film The Christmas That Almost Wasn't), is a reference to B-Grade 50s and 60s themed Christmas movies such as Santa Claus Conquers the Martians. Within the film, one of the hobgoblins has a similar singing voice as American singer Nelson Eddy. Having just found out that they are trapped in the school, Skinner says, "I don't care if you're Kristi Yamaguchi - no one leaves the building". According to Long, the line was written by either Dana Gould or George Meyer, both of whom are former staff writers. While wreaking havoc in the school, Milhouse can be seen doodling mustaches on pictures of Woodrow Wilson and Warren G. Harding, the 28th and 29th Presidents of the United States, respectively. Milhouse was also about to draw a moustache on 27th President William Howard Taft until noticing that he already had a moustache. While ordering Skinner to humiliate himself, Bart says "Di, di, mau". This is a reference to the 1978 drama film The Deer Hunter, in which the Vietcong says the line to their captives. One of the books that the children burn in the school's library is the 1944 children's novel Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes.

Release and reception
In its original American broadcast on December 17, 2000, "Skinner's Sense of Snow" received an 8.7 rating, according to Nielsen Media Research, translating to approximately 8.8 million viewers. The episode finished in 33rd place in the ratings for the week of December 11-17, 2000, tying with an episode of the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show.

Since its broadcast, the episode has been released twice on home video. On November 2, 2004, it was released along with "Homer vs. Dignity", "Dude, Where's My Ranch?" and 'Tis the 15th Season" as part of a DVD set entitled The Simpsons - Christmas 2. On August 18, 2009, the episode was again released as part of a DVD set called The Simpsons: The Complete Twelfth Season. Matt Groening, Mike Scully, Ian Maxtone-Graham, Tim Long, Matt Selman, David Mirkin, Max Pross and Lance Kramer participated in the audio commentary for the episode.

Following its home video release, "Skinner's Sense of Snow" received mostly positive reviews from critics.

In his review of The Simpsons: The Complete Twelfth Season, DVD Verdict's Mac McEntire wrote that, while he prefers "down-to-Earth" episodes, the more "outrageous" episodes like "Skinner's Sense of Snow" are the ones that are "standouts". He added that the episode "provides a lot of solid 'cool kids versus dorky adults' comedy", and that the setpiece was the best part of the episode.

Matt Haigh of Den of Geek described the episode as "gold", and considers it to be one of the season's best episodes.

The staff of The Journal, while reviewing The Simpsons - Christmas 2 DVD set, described the episode as "memorable", and John McMurtrie of the San Francisco Chronicle cited it as "great".

Elizabeth Skipper, another reviewer for DVD Verdict, wrote that most episodes that center around Skinner are "a sure thing", and that "Skinner's Sense of Snow" is no exception.

Both Aaron Beierle and Jason Bailey of DVD Talk argued that "Skinner's Sense of Snow" is one of the best episodes of the season.

However, giving the episode a mixed review, Colin Jacobsson of DVD Movie Guide described the episode as "mediocre". Although he found the children's revolt against Skinner amusing, he argued that the premise was not used to its full potential. He concluded his review by calling it "a fairly average program".

title: Skinner's Sense of Snow


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Sikorsky (crater)

Sikorsky is a crater on the far side of the Moon. It is situated behind the southeastern limb of the Moon, just out of sight from the Earth. It lies to the northwest of the huge walled plain Schrödinger. To the northwest is the smaller crater Moulton.

In 1967 the Lunar Orbiter 4 photographed this region in high resolution, discovering a 310-km-long gouge cutting through the middle of Sikorsky. This linear formation is radial to Schrödinger and has since been named the Vallis Schrödinger.

This is a heavily eroded crater formation with a rim that has been worn and rounded by a long history of lesser impacts. In addition to the wide valley mentioned above, there is a lesser cleft that cuts into the eastern rim from the south-southeast. There are also small craterlets along the rim to the east, northeast, and northwest.

Discounting the valley that bisects the floor, the interior surface is relatively level and featureless, with only a few tiny craterlets to mark the surface. At nearly the exact midpoint of the floor, and intruding into the western side of the Vallis Schrödinger, is the almost perfectly bowl-shaped satellite crater Sikorsky Q.

The crater is named after Igor Sikorsky, a Russian-American aviation pioneer.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Sikorsky.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sikorsky (crater)


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Uzbekistan


text: User talk:82.32.38.159

title: User talk:82.32.38.159


text:
Talk:Strasbourg Cathedral

Untitled
I looked at the German page on Notre Dame de Strasbourg, inserted it into google translator and then attempted to make the sentences that sounded correct in English (through either grammar or my previous knowledge of the cathedral from visitting Strasbourg) into the new basis of information about the Cathedral. If someone is a better translator it would be nice if they would take the information I left out and maybe make what I put sound better. user:grenavitar

Tallest church
A section of this article claims that this was the world's tallest church for a period after it had lost the title as the world's tallest building:
 * it was the world's tallest building from 1625 to 1847. It remained the tallest church in the world until 1880

However, the page World's tallest freestanding structure on land states that the building that took the title of world's tallest building in 1847 was St. Nikolai's church. How could St. Nikolai's church be taller than Strasbourg Cathedral in 1847, yet Strasbourg Cathedral still managed to remain the tallest church in the world until 1880? That makes no sense. Is it possible that it was supposed to say "it remained the tallest cathedral in the world until 1880" rather than church? Salmon 13:13, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Work on fr
There has been a lot of work on the French version of this page... any help incorporating it (pictures on commons, etc) would be great. Especially the stuff about the astronical clock. However, their page is still a work in progress as they say. gren グレン 08:36, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

What happened in 1625?
The article contradicts itself a little bit right now; at first it says the Cathedral was the world's tallest building from 1625 to 1847; later on it says it was the world's tallest from the completion of the north tower in 1439 until 1847. I believe the first is correct. There is some discussion of this on the German Talk page which I don't fully comprehend, but seems to refer to a tower in Tallinn. Seems to be St Olav Tallinn, which apparently was the tallest building in the world between 1549 and 1625 "when the spire burnt down after a lightning strike". Actually I now see that this is explained at World%27s_tallest_structures: Lincoln Cathedral in England was tallest at 160 m until 1549, then St Olav in Tallinn from 1549 to 1625, and then Notre-Dame de Strasbourg. So I will change the article accordingly.--Mathew5000

Name of article
Based on the English-language index page of the Official Site, the name in English is just "Strasbourg Cathedral", not "Notre-Dame de Strasbourg" or "Our Lady's Cathedral". --Mathew5000 09:33, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * See move above - and below :-) .--Matthead 21:22, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Move to Strasbourg Cathedral
The article should be named Strasbourg Cathedral, as with most other cathedrals, and given on english version of official website. Personally, I prefer Straßburger Münster though, as it was built under that name, and it is not part of the Catholic Church in France due to the history of Alsace.--Matthead 21:32, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Neutral. We don't have naming conventions for churches. I don't think there is a consensus on the naming, see Category:Cathedrals in France and Category:Cathedrals in Italy. Naming conventions for churches would be a good idea (but not easy). Kusma (討論) 21:40, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Support; although actual data might convince me otherwise. I doubt Münster is predominant English usage, especially since 1918; Cologne Cathedral is normally so called. The present title, on the other hand, leaves out the claim to notability. Septentrionalis 22:52, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Slightly Oppose Cathedrals like other Catholic Churches are dedicated to patron. The great majority are commonly known by this patron rather than by the city name. St. John Lateran is not known as Rome Cathedral. There are some exceptions of course, such as Chartres.  What about "Cathedral of Notre Dame, Strasbourg?"  If you are trying to avoid the French, that may be unrealistic, as the church is best known as N.D. de Stras. I noticed one the site referenced, The "Welcome to Strassburg Cathedral" changed with each language but the  name, Cathedrale de N.D. de Strassburg remained the same on the left regardless of the language.  This suggests to me that the "Strassburg Cathedral" is the familiar term, and N.D. de Strass. is the proper term.   --Vaquero100 06:13, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Comment: The Lateran, which is so known, is an exception; several churches can claim to be the Cathedral of the Roman See. Also, it is general policy to use the familiar term; because it is familiar, and will be searched for and linked to. Septentrionalis 14:22, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. The criterion per WP:NAME is "what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize". Some English speakers are going to look at the title "Notre-Dame de Strasbourg" and say "wtf is that" (even if they had been vaguely aware of an important cathedral in Strasbourg they might not recognize its French name). An article titled "Strasbourg Cathedral", however, makes its subject-matter instantly apparent to any English-speaker. Google searches using the lr=lang_en parameter support "Strasbourg Cathedral" as most common in English by far:
 * notre-dame-de-strasbourg 532 hits
 * notre-dame-de-strasbourg-cathedral 133 hits
 * notre-dame-cathedral-strasbourg 735 hits
 * notre-dame-cathedral-of-strasbourg 213 hits
 * notre-dame-of-strasbourg 1,080 hits
 * strasbourg-cathedral 28,000 hits
 * cathedral-of-strasbourg 669 hits
 * strassburg-cathedral 157 hits
 * strasburg-cathedral 526 hits
 * straßburger-münster 99 hits
 * our-lady-of-strasbourg 234 hits
 * As noted above, the official site uses "the Strasbourg Cathedral" in English (even though the French name is present on every page of the site as part of the logo). The Official Web Site of the Strasbourg Tourist Office refers to it in English as just "The Cathedral" or "The cathedral of Strasbourg". In Wikipedia, the article Strasbourg cathedral bombing plot is not called Notre-Dame de Strasbourg bombing plot (right now there's not even a redirect). --Mathew5000 17:47, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * There's actually something weird about those Google results; if you ask for the results to be shown, searching on strasbourg-cathedral will produce only 758 hits, not 28,000. That's in comparison to 381 for notre-dame-of-strasbourg, 129 for notre-dame-de-strasbourg, 228 for notre-dame-cathedral-strasbourg, and 109 for notre-dame-cathedral-of-strasbourg. --Mathew5000 18:27, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Moved. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 12:22, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

How far can you see from the observation level? 3, 30, or 300 km?
The German-language wiki article says the view is "drei Kilometer", which is what this article used to say. Then an unregistered user changed it to 300 km. That was reverted, but then a user with only two edits changed it to 30 km. That figure is reasonable (a view of three km is not that impressive, hardly worth mentioning) but is it a guess, or is there a source that can be cited? 300 km is implausible; that would be like being able to see New York City from a tall building in Boston. If 30 km is correct we should let them know on the German wiki.--Mathew5000 08:19, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

 * 300 km wouldn't be that implausible; it depends on what can be seen: far-away but high mountains can very well be seen from tall buildings at similar distances. Gestumblindi (talk) 21:13, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Victor Hugo quotation: « Prodige du gigantesque et du délicat »
The article at present translates Hugo's description as "wonder of the grand and the delicate". I think in this case the word "gigantesque" really does mean gigantic. I prefer the quotation on this web page: "a gigantic and delicate marvel." Comments? --Mathew5000 09:23, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Photos of the astronomical clock
Are there any photos of the clock in the Commons? I don't see any. Looking around online, I found several good ones. Figures 22 and 23 in this pdf give a very clear view:. That appears to be a pretty good paper done by students at the National University of Singapore. This German page has a few decent shots. There is a close-up of the gears at about.com as well as a shot of the face. There's also a few nice ones at Flickr:. --Mathew5000 18:46, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

I took out the first couple of links. The photos were of the clock on the southern exterior of the transept. Dudesleeper 19:36, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Oh, no wonder they looked so different! Thanks. --Mathew5000 22:04, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Figure 22 is not of Strasbourg's clock, it is of the model of the clock which is located at Sydney. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 152.81.8.90 (talk • contribs) 2006-06-24.

Construction started in 1176? or 1190?
Right now, the history section of this article follows that of the French wiki (fr:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) in using the heading "Construction of the cathedral (1176–1439)". But did they really begin construction in 1176—the same year the old cathedral burnt down? That strikes me as unlikely for two reasons: (1) they would have needed a fair bit of time to draw up the plans for the new Gothic-style cathedral before beginning construction, not to mention time to raise money for it, and (2) the article says, translated from the French, that it was Bishop Heinrich von Hasenburg who made the decision to build a new cathedral, but according to this article, Heinrich didn't even become bishop until 1181. There are lots of sources on the Internet that give 1176 as the start date of construction of the current cathedral, but they might all be traceable back to an incorrect single source. There are a few web pages that give 1190 as the start date, which is more plausible. I asked about this on the French talk page (fr:Discuter:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg) but nobody has responded. --Mathew5000 22:18, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * When the old one burned down, the "construction" of the new likely started with cleaning up the mess. It would be noteworthy if they would have left the place intentionally alone for some time, though, or considered building elsewhere. Surely they had no finished plans in 1176, but some ideas on how it might become bigger and nicer than the old one. As is took centuries anyway, a few years more or less are not that big difference. Heinrich v. Hasenburg might have been involved prior to becoming a bishop, too, and have made an official committment when in office.--Matthead 23:54, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Height
The height of the Cathedral seems to oscillate constantly on this site. Unless proven otherwise, it is 142m, not 144m. It is not because some site claims that it is 144m that it is true. If you doubt that it is 142m, ask the OEuvre Notre Dame, do not believe a site with no references.Schwilgue 19:27, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Expansion of the article
Anybody here to assist me a little? --RCS (talk) 09:47, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Strasbourg's cathedral is, indeed, the highest still standing medieval structure in the world
After a quite comical exchange with a thoroughly well-meaning Wikicolleague, I feel necessary to repeat this: Thus, ergo, the tower of Strasbourg cathedral is the highest still standing medieval structure in the world. --Insert coins (talk) 09:53, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) The tower of Strasbourg's cathedral was achieved in 1439 and hasn't changed one bit since in height, aspect and consistence.
 * 2) All higher church towers built in the Middle Ages have collapsed long ago (Lincoln Cathedral, Beauvais Cathedral, St. Mary's church, Stralsund, St. Olaf's church, Tallinn)
 * 3) All church towers built in the Middle Ages that are still standing are less high (St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, Freiburg Minster and St. Martin's Church, Landshut come close)
 * 4) The highest structures built in the Middle Ages were church towers.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081117142110/http://cathedrale-strasbourg.fr/files/art_histoire/Les_grandes_dates_de_lhistoire_de_la_Cath%EF%BF%BDdrale.pdf to http://www.cathedrale-strasbourg.fr/files/art_histoire/Les_grandes_dates_de_lhistoire_de_la_Cath%EF%BF%BDdrale.pdf
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://dombaumeisterev.de/?dom=strassburger-muenster
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Expansion of article
Dear fellow Strasbourg editors: I would like to expand the article to make it comparable in length and content to those of other major cathedrals, such as Amiens, Reims, Rouen, Chartres, Troyes, etc. The history section will remain about the same length, but new sections will be describing the different parts of the Cathedral, each with a gallery of images. These will be packed horizontal galleries, like the articles on the other cathedrals mentioned above, which doesn't interfere with the text above or below, and gives you the maximum number of images without wasting space, roughly like the articles mentioned above. As with the other articles, there will be separate sections on the stained glass, art, the organ, the bells, the clock, and other distinctive features. Comments and suggestions are of course welcome, Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 10:23, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Bravo. (I wouldn't say that Troyes is in the same league as Amiens, Reims, Rouen, Chartres, and Strasbourg, though.) --Edelseider (talk) 11:02, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right, Troyes isn't in the same league, but it has some nice things. Bourges Cathedral also has some really nice features.SiefkinDR (talk) 15:55, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Of course. And don't forget Metz, Soissons, Clermont-Ferrand, Coutances, Laon, Le Mans, Albi... And also Tours, Orléans, Senlis, Sens, Toul, Angers... But never mind Notre-Dame de Paris! ;)o --Edelseider (talk) 16:59, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * your work is really appreciable and was well needed. But you over-reliance on Alain Villes is becoming a problem. The man has apparently never been in Strasbourg. This is not a statue of Saint Stephen, but of Saint Peter. The key is an unmistakable attribute. Villes has obviously never seen it! --Edelseider (talk) 19:30, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

The infobox
I agree that the infobox at the beginning should include some information about the religious aspects of the cathedral, but is it really necessary to have two separate boxes with two  pictures, two maps and so much repetition? No other cathedral does that. I think the two boxes can fairly easily be consolidated into one. Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 10:42, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * It is not my fault that there are two different templates with two different parameters available - infobox building, and infobox church. Some information such as the dedication, the denomination, the (number of) bells, the diocese and the bishop are essential for a church building, but irrelevant for any other kind of building. If you look closely at the content of the boxes, you will notice that there are not that many repetitions. The height of the spire, yes, but not the height of the dome, the total length, etc. This data is of the greatest importance concerning a building. Once the map is removed from the second box, this will appear even more clearly. And finally, "No other cathedral does that" only means that no other cathedral has been given so much editorial TLC, maybe. :) --Edelseider (talk) 10:56, 29 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Addendum: the map cannot be removed from the second infobox. But I removed some other lines. Now it looks better. --Edelseider (talk) 10:59, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * You're right, this is tricky with the maps. Eventually I think wee should combine the two boxes, like other cathedrals. Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 11:18, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * If it's technically possible. I'm not sure it is. Bien à toi, --Edelseider (talk) 11:45, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

 * It would probably be simpler to take an infox from a different cathedral, such as Amiens, and fill it in. Amiens is probably better, since it uses a map of France rather than map of the city, and not everybody reading the English Wikipedia knows where Strasbourg is.  Some things can also probably be shortened; I think the list of architects could be put in a separate section, so it doesn't stretch out the infobox. What do you think? Cordially SiefkinDR (talk) 16:40, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Well, yes, why not? Cheers, --Edelseider (talk) 17:04, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Gustave Klotz
I think it might be a good idea to do a small article on Gustave Klotz, since he doesn't have one. It can be translated from the French article. What do you think? Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 16:22, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * It might be a very good idea. But I'll tell you what would be an even better idea: seriously to expand the article Soissons Cathedral. Now that's a cathedral about which one learns literally nothing here, especially not how large and architecturally important it is. Cordially, Edelseider (talk) 17:02, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * That's an excellent idea. I'll have to check and see if there are any books about it. Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 18:59, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Courtesy
Courtesy toward other editors is an important part of Wikipedia. Please don't use expressions like "Don't change it again," it' not necessary or appreciated. Cordially SiefkinDR (talk) 21:07, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * , you moved a picture to a wrong section and assumed you were right, and then, you changed that picture's title and again assumed that you were right. In both cases, you were dead wrong. Courtesy also means not to correct what was never incorrect in the first place. You actually made it appear as if I did not know what I was doing, although in that specific case, it's the opposite that is true. --Edelseider (talk) 08:02, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

I did remove the picture, but put it back. My apologies, cordially SiefkinDR (talk) 10:41, 3 February 2021 (UTC)

Proposal to move image of apse-chevet
If you agree, I would like to move the picture of the chevet/apse from the Romanesque section to the section on the chevet. There are already a number of pictures of Romanesque features, but this is the only picture of the apse-chevet I could find in Wikimedia Commons. Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 14:30, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * In fact, you can also see it very well here, but this (superb) picture is already in use for the section on the crossing dome. Go ahead, then, I will find a replacement for that specific picture. Cordially, --Edelseider (talk) 14:41, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I have found a replacement picture: Commons:File:Figure 3 la tour de croisée en forme de mitre, dessin de la cathédrale en 1671, détail.jpg. :) --Edelseider (talk) 14:59, 4 February 2021 (UTC)

Plan of the cathedral?
Have you seen a plan of the cathedral anywhere that we can upload? All the other cathedral articles have them, but I can't seem to find one. There's a good one in the Villes book, but it's copyrighted. There might be one lurking in some old book or guidebook somewhere. Cordially SiefkinDR (talk) 16:15, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

.  I found this, but it's kind of small and doesn't label anything. SiefkinDR (talk) 16:33, 5 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Also, the proportions are wrong. In reality, the tower is higher than the facade on which it sits. I will look. Cordially, --Edelseider (talk) 16:39, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

 * We don't need an image of the facade, we have some of those already, but the floor plan. Maybe there's a way to edit the image and keep just the floor plan. SiefkinDR (talk) 17:59, 5 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Shall we upload this one? The licence is correct: CC BY-SA 4.0 --Edelseider (talk) 19:24, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, this looks very good. Do you want to upload it, or should I? I think it should go, as in most of the other cathedral articles, after the history and at beginning of the section on the interior. It could go at the top as well, but at the moment its rather overcrowded up there.  Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 09:18, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * You can go ahead and upload it, I am not jealous! :) --Edelseider (talk) 09:50, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I tried, but I wasn't able to download the file into Commons. You're probably better at this sort of thing than me.  Cordially SiefkinDR (talk) 15:40, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Et voilà. --Edelseider (talk) 15:50, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Wow! Thanks very much, you're a wizard.  SiefkinDR (talk) 17:41, 6 February 2021 (UTC)
 * LOL, no wizardry involved (although the upload software is called "Upload Wizard"), it's really very easy. I uploaded that very helpful image too, you've probably already seen it. ;) --Edelseider (talk) 19:03, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

Crypt
Have you seen anywhere a good picture of the crypt? I apologise that stole the one from the top because I couldn't find any other. The picture of the arches doesn't actually show the crypt. SiefkinDR (talk) 14:03, 8 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Nope, zis is ze best photograph. But you can...

 * So, you see, ve are not total losers. Tcheers, --Edelseider (talk) 14:18, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that works nicely. Not too much more to do.  A section on the bells, a section on the Cathedral-related collection at the city museum....the tapestries ... merging the inboxes at the beginning ...anythng else?   Have a good week. SiefkinDR (talk) 18:29, 8 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Don't forget the Mount of Olives, the Astronomical Clock, the altars...
 * Commons:Category:Sculpture of Jesus Christ on the Mount of Olives, Strasbourg Cathedral
 * Commons:Category:Retable de saint Roch, saint Maurice et saint Nicolas de la Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg
 * Commons:Retable de saint Pancrace, saint Nicolas et sainte Catherine de la Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg
 * Commons:Autel de Saint-Laurent (Strasbourg)
 * Commons:Category:Retable du Saint-Sauveur (Notre-Dame de Strasbourg)
 * Commons:Category:Strasbourg Astronomical clock
 * In fact, never ask "anything else?" when writing about one of the most important monuments of Europe! ;) All the best, --Edelseider (talk) 19:08, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

Suggested improvements
There are a couple of things which I think can be improved:

in the 20th Century section, the first paragraph is in the present, rather than past tense, don't know why.

- The main problem, I think, is still double infobox. They not only duplicate the maps, but also run well down into the article, and cause a traffic jam of images in the Romanesque section. An infobox ideally shouldn't go further than the end of the table of contents. Some of the information, like the spire height, is given in both. I don't think it's necessary to have the floor count, or former names, or a list of all the architects. Those could be in separate sections at the bottom, if they're needed at all.

As to the map, I would suggest that it be a map of France, showing where Strasbourg is, rather than a map of the city, A country map is used in a lot of the English-language cathedral articles.

I'd suggest you look around at some of the other major Cathedral articles, and pick the different template that will give a maximum of information but not go past the end of table of contents. Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 15:31, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Nobody owns this article, and you should feel free to make all the changes that you want! Once you are finished with overhauling, I will have another look and add some sources, if necessary. You have done a great job so far (with the caveat that you rely too much on a single and not always correct source, but this is precisely what I am addressing with my contributions). All the best, --Edelseider (talk) 16:09, 12 February 2021 (UTC)

Merging infoboxes
You're right, it's incredibly difficult to merge two infoboxes. I've been trying all afternoon without any success at all. I've been looking at Reims and Metz as possible models, but they have problems too. There may be a better model somewhere. Cordially, SiefkinDR (talk) 17:11, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

New infobox
I'm trying out a new infobox, based on that of Metz Cathedral, which combines both some architectural and religious information. It doesn't have a map, but links to a selection of maps. It also has a link to the homepage of the cathedral, and to the page about the cathedral on the official site of French Historic Monuments. It's main virtue is that it doesn't go below the table of contents, doesn't invade the following sections, and doesn't create a clutter of images. Please let me know if you see any problems with this. Close to finished now! SiefkinDR (talk) 14:49, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not shrieking enthusiastically when I see that box, but I am not sobbing loudly, either, so let's keep it that way. You did a fine job!!!! --Edelseider (talk) 15:26, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I wish I could have done a little better, but templates are tough. cordially,  SiefkinDR (talk) 17:14, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

Completion date: 1439, not 1488
you have persistently added the claim that 1488 should be seen as an alternative date for the completion of the spire. Your own sources, the ones that you have provided, don't say that at all. 1488 was the year when the top of the spire had to be repaired for the first time. A statue of Mary that had been placed there, was struck and destroyed by lightning. It was replaced by a simpler structure of the same height. That is all. Repair work is done all the time on buildings - it doesn't change the year of their completion. --Edelseider (talk) 09:31, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Please look at one of the sources - it says it is considered that 1488 is the completion date due to the replacement of the statue with the fleuron. The source specifically states that, so you are incorrect. mezil (talk) 10:05, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I quote: Une source ancienne évoque la dépose de la statue de la Vierge du sommet en 1488 ce qui permet de supposer que la flèche était terminée à cette date. Translated: An ancient source mentions the removal of the statue of the Virgin from the summit in 1488, which suggests that the spire was finished on that date. mezil (talk) 10:24, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

 * That just means the spire was in place before 1488. The author isn't saying "we must consider this the point of the spire's completion". Seasider53 (talk) 10:39, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

The author says the source considers this. The source says we might consider this as an alternative completion date, literally from the translation. mezil (talk) 10:55, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

 * It isn't very well written/translated, I grant you, but I do think you're misinterpeting the meaning. Seasider53 (talk) 11:10, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Maybe, I wanted to add more nuance to the completion date, but at the end of the day it's not worth arguing about it. 1439 appears to be the accepted date, it is what it is. :) mezil (talk) 11:14, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

 * I am adding my support for 1439. It seems clear to me that the work done in 1488 was a major repair. LynwoodF (talk) 11:32, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you, . One of the sources says explicitly: "Malgré l'hypothèse de l'éventuel achèvement tardif de la flèche (peu avant 1500), la date de 1439 semble la plus objective dans l'état actuel des connaissances." This should have been the last word on that issue. --Edelseider (talk) 12:49, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Tallest building
I suggest someone delete this claim it was tallest in 19th Century, or provide proof. There is no reference, the height is substantially higher than the recorded spires, the height is impossible to varify, and it's been like this for 15 years of this site. 188.28.166.164 (talk) 09:19, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * What are you on, ? The height is impossible to verify? Of course it is possible to verify it - the procedure is called "measuring" and the result is called "measurement". This has been done many times over the last five centuries. I suggest you troll another article, if you feel the urge to do so.--Edelseider (talk) 09:38, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strasbourg Cathedral


text:
Brassard

A brassard or armlet is an armband or piece of cloth or other material worn around the upper arm; the term typically refers to an item of uniform worn as part of military uniform or by police or other uniformed persons. Unit, role, rank badges or other insignia are carried on it instead of being stitched into the actual clothing. The brassard, when spread out, may be roughly rectangular in shape, where it is worn merely around the arm; it may also be a roughly triangular shape, in which case the brassard is also attached to a shoulder strap. The term is originally French, deriving from bras meaning "arm".

Brassards are also used with the uniforms of organizations which are not military, but which are influenced by and styled upon the military, such as police, emergency services, volunteer services, or militaristic societies and political parties.

A brassard is often used:
 * to temporarily attach insignia, such as rank, to clothing not normally bearing insignia (such as civilian clothing or a military mechanic's coveralls); For example, when French police officers work in plainclothes or are off-duty and carrying a firearm, they must wear a red 'Police' brassard.
 * to temporarily attach insignia to a uniform for a limited time, such as the insignia for an "officer of the day" or "duty officer"; or for uniforms expected to have a high turnover of either wearer or insignia borne, such as those of cadets or members of other youth organizations. Brassards worn by Red Cross personnel fall under this category. Brassards are often used in this manner by military police, the brassard being both a badge of authority and identification.

Brassard (also "brassart" or "brasset") is also used to refer to pieces of armour worn to cover the entire arm (encompassing vambrace, rerebrace, and possibly a couter).

title: Brassard


text:
Talk:Action Half-Life

2004-2006 comments
I started Action Quake 2 a while back, but my memory of the game is pretty fuzzy, and I have no idea how it relates to Action Half-life. Does anyone know whether it should it be merged in here, or mentioned, or what? - Lifefeed 01:17, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

I've added a short sentence about AQ2 and AUT being the other mods in the series. 24.249.98.53

I added two articles written about AHL in response to a request to satisfy WP:SOFTWARE. I should point out that's only a proposed policy, but these articles should satisfy it nonetheless. Ruyn 18:06, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Notability
It is unfortunate that there is not much "independent research" on the action line of mods. These mods (and their creators) were the first semi-realistic fps shooters that dominate much of the gaming industry today. It is unfortunate that Wikipedia is not accommodating to such things, and perhaps it will never be measurable in terms of "notability".. Anyway..
 * I have no way to see that this mod is particularly notable among mods. - A Link to the Past (talk) 16:42, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You will not likely find printed or collected material on a non-commercial project. This is not to say that it is not notable, and it would be a mistake to remove it.. The fact that it is still played roughly 7-8 years later should be notable enough (..among mods - obviously not an "internet fad").. and it clearly exists with enough development efforts outside the original creators.. I honestly don't see what isn't notable about it.. not to mention it's creative proximity to Counter-Strike, made by two members of the original action-series team, who happen to have individual articles because of that, almost exclusively.. but, after all.. they went commercial. WarBaCoN 21:23, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

I know it was mentioned in an issue of PCGamer somewhere, sometime. Look it up. SockMonkeh 04:58, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

I know of this mod and I don't even own Half-life. It was definately one of the more popular mods, almost certainly worth inclusion. I see no reason to delete this article.Darkcraft 12:44, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Just a quick thing about notability. If that becomes (still is?) a problem then this link might help. An art project that takes its name from AHL Govtpiggy 20:55, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ahl logo.jpg
Image:Ahl logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:12, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Release date
Does anyone remember when the first beta version was released? --Mika1h (talk) 08:42, 31 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Long enough ago that it was already an established mod when the 1.1 Patch That Broke All Mods was released, and I'm pretty sure that was sometime in 1999. Superslash (talk) 05:34, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050730083047/http://www.ministryofaction.net:80/ to http://ministryofaction.net/
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title: Talk:Action Half-Life


text:
City of Legions

City of Legions may refer to:

 * Caerleon in Monmouthshire, Wales
 * Chester in Cheshire, England
 * León in Castilla y León, Spain

title: City of Legions


text:
Crüger (crater)

Crüger is a lunar impact crater that is located in the western part of the Moon, to the northeast of the much larger walled plain Darwin.

The most distinctive feature about this crater is very dark interior floor that is one of the lowest albedo features on the Moon. The surface has been covered in basaltic lava and has only been exposed to a minimal amount of deposition from impact ejecta. The floor is nearly featureless, with crater of 2.5 km diameter near the center and few other even more diminutive impacts. The outer rim is low and nearly circular, and has not been significantly reshaped by impacts.

Crüger is a crater of Lower (Early) Imbrian age.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Crüger.

title: Crüger (crater)


text:
Talk:Vanier College

bomb threat
Does anyone have more concrete evidence about the bomb threat? Chitu 18:41, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

politically active
Does anyone have proof that its the most politically active CEGEP, I go to CEGEP in Montreal and I've never heard of them being any more Politically Active than any other CEGEP. Just being close to another CEGEP is not proof. If anyone has a problem with my edit they can change it back, but give substantive proof first.

title: Talk:Vanier College


text:
User:Radicalsubversiv/Chuck F/172ver

This is what I put together a couple of weeks ago. I didn't finish going through everything as I misunderstood and thought both Reithy and Chuck had been banned from Wikipedia indefinitely. It only goes up to about November 15. You are welcome to mine it for any evidence you don't have already. If it has been proven or concluded that Chuck and Reithy are not the same person then the Reithy-only stuff should probably be removed.

6-11 September

 * Chuck F, using the ip 203.112.19.195, deletes a chunk of factual information from Libertarianism: . He then reverts all changes that had been made of the over the previous two days: . Those changes appear to have been good faith edits.
 * The next day, Chuck F continues to delete information from Libertarianism:
 * Over the next three days there are a number of small revert wars on Libertarianism, several involving Chuck F. He shows awareness of the three-revert rule, which he and other users break, here and here.

10-11 October

 * Revert wars between Chuck F and several other users (Reithy, User:Chmod007, anon 24.92.130.139 [who may be Reithy] and User:Seth Ilys) over different edits on Michael Badnarik. This war follows edits by Chuck and Reithy (in his second edit with that username) and failed attempts to discuss these on the Talk page. Chuck refuses to allow certain edits to stand and removes others as a by-product of his reverts. The revert war between Chuck and 24.92.130.139 results in page protection. Edits:, , , , , , . On Talk: , ,.
 * After Reithy edits Michael Badnarik, Chuck places an NPOV notice on Virginia Trioli:, an article created by Reithy on 8 October in his first edit with that username . Reithy objects to the wording on the talk page:
 * Reithy edits United States Libertarian Party: . Although it is broadly agreed that the article suffered from POV problems, it is also felt by other editors that his edits go too far towards the opposing POV. He is reverted by User:Radicalsubversiv. He reverts this revert and then makes more edits. He is reverted by User:Pstudier, and reverts this revert:, . Rapid-fire reverts continue, Reithy's edits descending into vandalism: , , . Reithy vandalises the user page of User:Pstudier: . He is listed on Vandalism in Progress : , . User:1644 appears and begins editing United States Libertarian Party: . These appear to be good-faith edits. This user stops shortly after midnight (and never edits Wikipedia again) and user:Radicalsubversiv and User:Nat Krause work on these edits, reverting where appropriate but accepting some of the additions:

12 October

 * Chuck F, also posting from 203.112.19.195, reverts all of the recent changes on United States Libertarian Party, removing facutal and NPOV information and initiating a revert war in which he is conflict with User:Radicalsubversiv and User:Nat Krause:, . Reithy returns to the article, restoring his edits despite other editors' objections: . Reithy is now involved in a revert war against Chuck and User:Rhobite. The following are example edits: , , , , . Chuck is indiscriminate in his reverts: . The page is eventually protected: . The edit wars do not recommence when it is unprotected on 23 October, even though the disputes have not been resolved on Talk:.

16 October - 2 November

 * Chuck F returns to reverting Libertarianism:
 * User:Guido1970, a sockpuppet of Reithy, edits Michael Badnarik: . Chuck reverts these edits and then makes further edits himself:, . Chuck exchanges several reverts with User:Rhobite: . There follows a revert war between Chuck and User:Lukewilson with User:MunchieRonnie (Reithy sockpuppets), until the page is again protected: , , . Relevant Talk:
 * Reithy (as Lukewilson) edits Libertarianism, Chuck reverts him:, . There follows a series of edits and then an extensive revert war by Chuck against User:Chameleon (briefly, doesn’t break three-revert rule), Reithy and at least two different unregistered users (all of whom break three-revert rule many times over, as does Chuck), until article protected on 2 November (until 15 November): , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.
 * Reithy posts personal information about Chuck on 23 October:, . This information leads to Reithy's subsequent edits on Temple University and Roppongi Hills.
 * Reithy edits Temple University. Chuck initiates a revert war, each reverting at least ten times in the space of eight hours, until another user intervenes:,.
 * Reithy edits Roppongi Hills. Chuck reverts. This is followed by a series of daily edits and reverts over several days, until the page is protected on 2 November, remaining protected until 15 November:, , , , , , , , , ,.
 * On 30 October Chuck F removes NPOV tag from Michael Badnarik, even though there remain unresolved POV concerns on the Talk page: . Chuck, Reithy and several users that appear to be Reithy's sockpuppets, along with other users, make a series of reversions until the page is again protected on 2 November, remaining protected until 4 November:, , , , , , ,.
 * Chuck reverts something Reithy added to Temple University, and then engages in a revert war with User:Sekicho (who does not break three-revert rule), then Reithy (who does break the rule, as does Chuck), until the article is protected on 1 November by User:Michael Snow, remaining protected until 15 November:, , ,.

5 November

 * Chuck F reverts an edit by Reithy on the recently unprotected Michael Badnarik, stating that encyclopedias are "meant to build people up":
 * Reithy trolls Talk:Liberal Democratic Party of Australia:

8-12 November

 * Reithy inserts a POV statement into Michael Badnarik, and is reverted by User:Rhobite and User:Chmod007: ,
 * Chuck makes a number of edits to Michael Badnarik, with a mis-leading edit summary: . Brief revert war between Chuck and User:Chunkycustard, presumed Reithy sockpuppet: . The article is subsequently vandalised by several potential sockpuppets of Reithy: User:Mirvern (immediately reverted by Chuck: ), User:Sentientbeast and User:Sojourn (reverted by User:Rhobite and User:Improv in a timely fashion: , ).

11 November

 * Chuck, as 216.148.246.90 (see ) and possibly 67.81.104.32, vandalises 2004 U.S. Election controversies and irregularities:, ,.

13 November

 * 200.79.91.5, possibly Chuck F (see ), vandalises New user log:
 * That is an open proxy and is probably not Chuck F: spammers use those even more than he does. —No-One Jones (m) 09:45, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Still to look at

 * Arthur Farnsworth
 * Libertarian capitalism
 * Libertarian League
 * Libertarian socialism
 * Wal-Mart
 * User pages?

Avoiding bans, ignoring temporary injunctions
User:Chuck F has broken the Temporary Injunction against him, posting with the following IP addresses:
 * Special:Contributions/User:216.148.246.90
 * Special:Contributions/User:210.142.29.125
 * Special:Contributions/User:203.112.19.195
 * Special:Contributions/User:200.45.71.40
 * Special:Contributions/User:200.79.91.5
 * Special:Contributions/User:80.58.3.235
 * Special:Contributions/User:80.58.23.235
 * Special:Contributions/User:61.132.31.34
 * Special:Contributions/User:61.19.243.11

title: User:Radicalsubversiv/Chuck F/172ver


text: User talk:70.176.140.169

title: User talk:70.176.140.169


text:
Talk:Endonuclease

Untitled
Should the endonuclease page briefly explain the roles of these enzymes, then link to the respective articles (ie separate articles for restriction enzymes, DNases)? Abstraktn 01:29, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Restriction endonucleases - note that Restriction enzyme page already exists.
 * DNases - no info on wikipedia for these yet?
 * Ribonuclease exists.
 * I am suggesting that this link be directly linked to restriction enzymes. Active contributor 05:00, 20 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That doesn't seem like a good thing since only some endonucleases are restriction enzymes; others, such the given UvrABC example, are not. -R. S. Shaw 06:43, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

INTRO THANKS -- What makes a good article opener
My thanks for a truly excellent opening. Several key concepts are mentioned. Each is related in turn to the previous operation/change/fact. The relation is logical and answers questions a curious reader might have. If the reader is thinking, "And then, what?" or "So what, and why does **that** matter?" then the reader will find that the answers flow naturally in the next statement. No vanity, no showing off that we all know there are exceptions to general assertions, just the basics first. Relating one basic concept to another -- even if it takes you beyond the definition of the encyclopedia entry-point -- provides the synthesis and the overview that beginning readers lament the lack of in other science articles, articles that unfortunately plunge too quickly to the contentious, detail-laden forefront of any research area. These concepts that provide synthesis and overview, that answer the beginner's "So what, what next?" concerns, may each have their own Wikipedia page, but that does not mean the concept's relationship cannot be mentioned here. Rather, it confirms the importance of reaching out to tie in a related idea/consequence/effect. In sum, good job. It is impossible to see at a glance from the edit log who the talented (and humane) major contributors are, so I thank the community. Jerry-va (talk) 12:56, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

 * It's not a good intro in 2023. See my new section below. Polar Apposite (talk) 20:17, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

Peer Review - Section 81F
Group 81A,

I wanted to take a second and offer some suggestions for your article.
 * First, there are some grammatical errors in the section "Functions of the three different categories of endonucleases - Type I, II, and III. In the 4th sentence, there's a misspelling of "endonucleases" and one for "nucleic acids."  In the sentence discussing Type II endonucleases, the sentence structure is improper containing three different thoughts that should be separated by periods, not commas.
 * Second, the discussion pertaining to restrictive endonucleases is somewhat confusing. They're described as a "class" of endonucleases, but are there other classes?  Also, are the "Types" mentioned related only to restrictive endonucleases?
 * Third, and this relates some to the second(above) suggestion, the organization of the section can be more "user friendly." For example, "Functions of the three different categories of endonucleases - Type I, II, and III" can be simplified since it's a section heading.  Maybe something like "Categories of Endonucleases" for a heading and Type I, II, III as subheadings under that?  In any event, leaving the heading as-is doesn't coincide with the discussion, which suggests the types are "restrictive" endonucleases, not endonucleases in general.
 * Fourth, there are organizational issues with the "Common Endonucleases" section that may be better addressed by a table/chart somewhat similar to what's found at the bottom of the page. A chart that has the name, where it's found, others related to it, etc. would be better suited for this type of information.
 * Lastly, the reference added, Principles of Biochemistry, is improperly cited. References should be used after the sentence(s) containing information derived from the reference. That way, the reference is assigned the proper number and isn't listed incorrectly away from the other references.

 * I just want to add that I understand that this is an undertaking that requires a lot of attention. Keep working on it, and make the best of the time you have to work on it.Uplifted1 (talk) 16:20, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Hello Group 81F,
 * Thanks for your feedback and all your points have been well taken. I have made some editing on the contents that I added per your feedback. We will be adding some more contents as we go along. Please continue to review the article as usual and address anything that is incorrect. Thanks. Dgambrah (talk) 11:43, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Final week mini-review
Hi, guys. Here's a final-week mini-review of your page. It is just a few random notes, that I jotted down while skimming the page, and is not intended as a comprehensive review.

Klortho (talk) 16:28, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Second sentence: what is a "restriction site"?  Why are you talking about it?  Terms should be introduced before they are used.
 * Similarly, you start to talk about "restriction endonucleases" without mentioning what that means. Are they the same as "endonucleases", or are they a subset?  I see that you introduce the term under "Categories of Endonucleases", but I think you really should introduce every new term before you use it.
 * In fact, I think this is a major problem with this article: what is the difference between an endonuclease and a restriction endonuclease?  If they are the same, why are there two Wikipedia articles for them?  If they are different, you need to explain the differences somewhere.  Presumably, this would be under "Categories":  you could describe endonucleases that are not restriction endonucleases.
 * Some figures would be nice. Please see some suggestions here, under "Figures and Images".
 * A few more terms in the intro, e.g. "DNA ligase", "recombinant DNA", could be linked.
 * Resolve any "citation needed"s.
 * I don't understand what this sentence means, "A given sample of DNA is likely to contain a recognition sequence for any restriction endonuclease."
 * This article is too short.
 * The section "Categories of endonucleases" is disorganized. There's a lot of material there that has nothing to do with categories.  There is some duplication of content (e.g. in the first paragraph, " there are three categories of restriction endonucleases ", and in the third, "Restriction endonucleases come in several types.")

The opening paragraph contradicts itself.
Here's the beginning of the opening paragraph of intro:

"In molecular biology, endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain (namely DNA or RNA). Some, such as deoxyribonuclease I, cut DNA relatively nonspecifically (without regard to sequence), while many, typically called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, cleave only at very specific nucleotide sequences. Endonucleases differ from exonucleases, which cleave the ends of recognition sequences instead of the middle (endo) portion."

First it implies that some endonucleases cut DNA "without regard to sequence". Then it implies that endonucleases cleave only "the middle (endo) portion". Polar Apposite (talk) 20:16, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Endonuclease


text:
Rat-catcher

A rat-catcher is a person who kills or captures rats as a professional form of pest control. Keeping the rat population under control was practiced in Europe to prevent the spread of diseases, most notoriously the Black Death, and to prevent damage to food supplies. In modern developed countries, such a professional is otherwise known as a pest control operative or pest exterminator.

Anecdotal history
Anecdotal reports suggest that some rat-catchers in Europe would raise rats instead of catching them in order to increase their eventual payment from the town or city they were employed by. This, and the practice of rat-fights, could have led to rat-breeding and the adoption of the rat as a pet—the fancy rat.

A famous rat-catcher from Victorian England was Jack Black, who is known through Henry Mayhew's interview for London Labour and the London Poor.

Techniques

Rat-catchers may attempt to capture rats themselves, or release "ratters", animals trained or naturally skilled at catching them. They may also set a rat trap or other traps.

Modern methods of rat control include traps, poisoned bait, introducing predators, reducing litter, smoke machines, and clearing of current or potential nest sites.

Ratters
A "ratter" usually refers to a dog used for catching or killing rats. This includes specially-bred terriers for vermin-hunting, which may be known as rat terriers, although the latter may refer to a breed that was historically developed in rat-baiting.

Conditions and risks
Rats are rarely seen in the open, preferring to hide in holes, haystacks and dark locations. A rat-catcher's risk of being bitten is high, as is the risk of acquiring a disease from a rat bite.

Folklore

 * A famous fictional rat-catcher was the Pied Piper of Hamelin; different versions of his story have been adapted into a variety of media works.

Comic books

 * In the DC Comics Universe, one of Batman's enemies is the Rat Catcher, alias Otis Flannegan, who was employed as a real rat-catcher for Gotham City. The Rat Catcher occasionally orchestrates rat plagues using his uncanny ability to control rats.

Film

 * Rat catchers make a major appearance in Dario Argento's The Phantom of the Opera (1998 film).
 * Ratcatcher (1999), written and directed by Lynne Ramsay, is her debut feature film.

Television

 * Colin "Chopper" Mozart, rat-catcher, was featured in an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus
 * The character Charlie Kelly from It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was responsible for catching and exterminating rats at Paddy’s Pub.

Literature

 * Rat-catchers appear in George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss (1860).
 * British author Roald Dahl's short story, "The Ratcatcher", was collected in Someone Like You (1953).
 * Serafina, the Chief Rat Catcher of the Biltmore Estate in Asheville, N.C. Serafina is a fictional character created by author Robert Beatty and was first introduced in Serafina and the Black Cloak, a spooky, historical fiction novel. Serafina's mysterious adventures grew into a trilogy (Book 2: Serafina and the Twisted Staff, Book 3: Serafina and the Splintered Heart) and the fourth book in the series is due for release in summer 2019.

Music

 * The humorous ballad "The Famous Rat-Catcher" (c. 1615)--sometimes referenced by the first line, "There was a rare rat-catcher"—evokes both the material culture of contemporary ratting and the verminous conduct of a particular practitioner. A fellow rat-catcher also carries treatments for venereal disease; it is not clear from either the song or the editor's commentary whether this was a common part of the rat-catching trade.

title: Rat-catcher


text:
The J. Geils Band (album)

The J. Geils Band is the self-titled debut studio album by American rock band The J. Geils Band. The album was released on November 16, 1970, by Atlantic Records.

Critical reception
The band had once been known as the J. Geils Blues Band, but its debut album revealed the stylistic range it had long developed. In an effusive contemporary review, a journalist for rock magazine Creem praised the diversity and wrote: "It could be called blues, it could be called R&B, it could be called rock and roll; I prefer to call it good energetic music and leave it at that. They spent their formative years absorbing the best of all these musics and the sound they have distilled is truly their own."

Track listing
Juke Joint Jimmy is a pseudonym used by The J. Geils Band for group compositions.

The J. Geils Band

 * Peter Wolf – lead vocals
 * J. Geils – guitar
 * Magic Dick – harmonica
 * Seth Justman – piano, organ
 * Danny Klein – bass
 * Stephen Jo Bladd – drums, vocals

Technical

 * Dave Crawford, Brad Shapiro – producers
 * Jay Messina, Geoffrey Haslam – engineers
 * Stephen Paley – photography
 * Lloyd Ziff – design
 * Fred Lewis - special assistance

title: The J. Geils Band (album)


text: Talk:The J. Geils Band (album)

title: Talk:The J. Geils Band (album)


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South (lunar crater)

South is a large lunar impact crater that is located in the northwest part of the Moon. Most of the southern wall of this crater is joined to the Sinus Roris bay of the Oceanus Procellarum, with the southeast rim facing Mare Frigoris. Attached to the northwest of the formation is the larger walled plain Babbage. Just to the northeast is the crater Robinson, and farther to the northeast is another walled plain, J. Herschel.

Little remains of South's original rim, which is now just a disintegrated ring of low ridges. The most prominent surviving section lies to the northwest, while the southern half of the rim barely exists as low rises in the surface.

The interior floor of South has been resurfaced by basaltic lava, and is relatively level with no prominent features. The floor is pock-marked by many tiny craterlets, especially in the southern half. Several small craterlets lie along the remnant of the southern and southwestern rim.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to South.

title: South (lunar crater)


text: Category:J. Geils Band albums

title: Category:J. Geils Band albums


text:
Talk:Świnka coat of arms

Untitled
This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/Swinka Coat of Arms. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 01:26, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Świnka coat of arms


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Uniform Law Commission

The Uniform Law Commission (ULC), also called the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, is a non-profit, American unincorporated association. Established in 1892, the ULC aims to provide U.S. states (plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) with well-researched and drafted model acts to bring clarity and stability to critical areas of statutory law across jurisdictions. The ULC promotes enactment of uniform acts in areas of state law where uniformity is desirable and practical. The ULC headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois.

The ULC consists of approximately 350 commissioners, each appointed by the government of a U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Every ULC commissioner must be an attorney. Commissioners often concurrently serve as legislators, judges, or legal scholars.

Each jurisdiction determines the method of appointment and its number of commissioners. In most states, the governor appoints the state's commissioners to serve a specified term. In a few states, ULC commissioners serve at the will of the appointing authority and have no specific term. ULC commissioners are volunteers who do not receive salaries or other compensation for their public service.

The ULC is best known for its work on the landmark Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), drafted in conjunction with the American Law Institute.

Since the ULC first convened in 1892, it has produced more than 400 uniform acts. These acts focus on commercial law, family and domestic relations law, estates, probate and trusts, real estate, alternate dispute resolution, and many other areas of the law. Among the ULC's most widely adopted acts are the Uniform Commercial Code, the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act, the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act, the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, and the Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act.

The current ULC President is Timothy Berg of Phoenix, Arizona, the Chair of the ULC's Executive Committee is Lisa Jacobs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Chair of the Scope and Program Committee is Steven Willborn of Lincoln, Nebraska. Daniel Robbins of Sherman Oaks, California, is the Immediate Past President.

History
The uniform law movement began in the latter half of the 19th century. The Alabama State Bar Association recognized as early as 1881 that wide variations in law between separate states often created confusion. In 1889, the New York Bar Association appointed a special committee on uniformity of laws. In 1890 the New York Legislature authorized the then-Governor of New York, Roswell Flower, to appoint three commissioners "to examine certain subjects of national importance that seemed to show conflict among the laws of the several commonwealths, to ascertain the best means to effect an assimilation or uniformity in the laws of the states and territories, and especially whether it would be advisable for the State of New York to invite the other states of the Union to send representatives to a convention to draft uniform laws to be submitted for approval and adoption by the several states." The American Bar Association held its 12th Annual Meeting the same year and adopted a resolution recommending each state provide for commissioners to confer with the commissioners of other states on the uniformity of legislation on certain subjects.

In August 1892, the first session of the organization that became the Uniform Law Commission was held at the Grand Union Hotel in Saratoga Springs, New York. The gathering took place before the annual summer meeting of the American Bar Association, a tradition that continues. The gathering brought together delegates from seven states: Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. They titled themselves the "Conference of the State Boards of Commissioners on Promoting Uniformity of Law in the U.S." By 1912, every state was participating in the Commission. The United States Virgin Islands was the last jurisdiction to join, appointing its first commissioner in 1988.

In each year of service, the ULC has steadily increased its contribution to state and territorial law. It quickly became known as a distinguished body of lawyers. In 1901, Woodrow Wilson became a member. Several commissioners later became Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: Louis Brandeis, Wiley Blount Rutledge, and William H. Rehnquist. Several noted legal scholars have also been members, e.g. John Wigmore, Samuel Williston, Roscoe Pound, and John Bogart. The distinguished membership of the ULC has helped to ensure the quality of its work and made it enormously influential.

In 1940, the ULC moved to dispel confusion in U.S. commercial law with a comprehensive solution. This project led the ULC to partner with the American Law Institute to create the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The Code took ten years to complete. After another 14 years, it had been enacted in every state. It remains the signature product of the Commission.

Since its organization, the ULC has drafted more than 300 uniform laws on numerous subjects and in various fields of law, setting patterns for uniformity across the nation. Today, the Commission is recognized primarily for its work in commercial law, family law, real property law, the law of probate and estates, the law of business organizations, health law, and conflicts of law; it rarely drafts regulatory law. Uniform acts include the Uniform Collaborative Law Act, Uniform Probate Code, the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act, the Uniform Partnership Act, the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act, the Uniform Limited Partnership Act, and the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act.

The ULC has also experienced its share of spectacular failures. In the 1970s, the ULC dedicated an enormous amount of time and effort to the cause of comprehensive reform of U.S. real property law, which then and now varies dramatically from one state to the next. The ULC's generous and well-intended efforts were utterly futile; most of its Uniform Acts on the subject were never enacted in any state, and only bits and pieces were enacted in a handful of states. However, the Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act (UPHPA), which addresses one of the most pernicious causes of land loss in low-income communities, has been enacted in 18 states as of 2020, and the Farm Bill passed in 2018 changed the law such that farmers in states that enact the UPHPA have increased access to federal loans and federally funded legal assistance.

The ULC is called both the Uniform Law Commission and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (still the legal name ); the acronym "NCCUSL" was also formerly often used, but the organization itself now uses the acronym "ULC" instead.

Procedure for drafting and promulgating proposed uniform laws
"It must be emphasized that the [ULC] can only propose—no uniform law is effective until a state legislature adopts it." Frequently, a state will make substantial variations when adopting a uniform act.

Proposals for a new uniform act or model act are considered by the Committee on Scope and Program, which welcomes suggestions from the organized bar, state government entities, private interest groups, uniform law commissioners and private individuals. It may assign a suggested topic to a Study Committee, which reviews and researches the proposal and reports back to the Scope and Program Committee. Scope and Program sends its recommendations to the Executive Committee. If a recommendation to create or amend an act is approved, a Drafting Committee is selected and a reporter/drafter – an expert in the field – is hired. Advisors and participating observers are solicited to assist every Drafting Committee.

Draft acts are submitted for initial debate of the entire Commission at the ULC's Annual Meeting. Each act must be considered section by section at no less than two annual meetings by all commissioners sitting as a Committee of the Whole. The commissioners may offer amendments and corrections to the proposed act.

Once the Committee of the Whole approves an act, it is presented for a vote by the states. Each of the 53 state and territory delegations caucuses its members and casts one vote. The proposed act must be approved (1) by no fewer than 20 jurisdictions; and, (2) by a majority of the states and territories present before it is officially approved as a uniform or model act.

At this point, the act is officially promulgated for consideration by the states and territories. Legislatures are urged to adopt uniform acts exactly as written to "promote uniformity in the law among the jurisdictions adopting the act." Model acts are designed to serve as a guideline for legislation that states and territories can borrow from or adapt to suit their individual needs and conditions.

Once an act is adopted by the ULC, it is usually presented to the House of Delegates of the American Bar Association for its endorsement. Upon its endorsement, the ULC Legislative Council advocates adoption of the act in the various states and territories.

The work of the ULC simplifies the legal life of businesses and individuals by providing rules and procedures that are consistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Representing both state and territorial government and the legal profession, it has sought to bring uniformity to the divergent legal traditions of 53 sovereign jurisdictions, and has done so with significant success.

Financial support
The major portion of the ULC's financial support comes from state and territorial government appropriations. Expenses are apportioned among the member jurisdictions by means of an annual assessment based on population. The ULC budget is supplemented by publishing royalties and by grants to support specific projects from foundations or the federal government.

The ULC's minimal budget is sufficient because most of its legal expertise is donated by the commissioners. Commissioners devote thousands of hours—amounting in some cases to millions of dollars worth of time—to the development of uniform and model acts.

Notable U.S. Uniform Law Commissioners

 * Louis Brandeis, (1856 – 1941) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * Alfred M. Cohen, member of the Ohio Senate
 * John W. Davis, Solicitor General, Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Democratic 1924 presidential election nominee
 * Robinson O. Everett, prominent attorney, jurist, and law professor
 * Ernst Freund, law professor
 * Alberto R. Gonzales United States Attorney General
 * Anne Gorsuch, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
 * Judd Gregg, United States Senator
 * Albert E. Jenner Jr., prominent Chicago attorney with the firm of Jenner & Block
 * James M. Landis, Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Civil Aeronautics Board
 * John H. Langbein, law professor
 * Karl N. Llewellyn, American jurist and Chief Reporter for the Uniform Commercial Code
 * James C. Nance, Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate
 * Theodore B. Olson, Solicitor General of the United States
 * Roscoe Pound, law professor
 * Dixon W. Prentice, Associate Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 * William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States
 * Wiley Blount Rutledge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * John G. Sargent, United States Attorney General
 * David H. Souter, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 * Robert Stein (academic), law professor, Executive Director and Chief Operating Officer of the American Bar Association
 * Martha Lee Walters, prominent attorney and Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court
 * Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of Defense
 * John Wigmore, law professor
 * Samuel Williston, law professor
 * Jack L. Wilson, judge
 * Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States

title: Uniform Law Commission


text:
Peter Ewart

Peter Ewart (14 May 1767 – 15 September 1842) was a British engineer who was influential in developing the technologies of turbines and theories of thermodynamics.

Biography
He was son of the Church of Scotland minister of Troqueer near Dumfries, and was one of eleven children. His brother Joseph Ewart became British ambassador to Prussia; John, a doctor, became Chief Inspector of East India Company hospitals in India; and William, father of William Ewart, was business partner of Sir John Gladstone, father of William Ewart Gladstone, whose godfather he was and whom he was named after.

Following graduation from the University of Edinburgh, he was apprenticed to millwright John Rennie. His work with water wheels led him to work with Matthew Boulton and James Watt for whom by 1790 he was agent in Manchester. At the same time as acting as agent he was also trading on his own account as a millwright, enabling him to provide the complementary shafts, gears and other necessities to harness the power of the Boulton & Watt steam engines.

In 1792, frustrated in administering the immature and, as yet, unreliable machinery, he left Boulton and Watt to work in partnership with Samuel Oldknow in a cotton bleaching and calico printing venture. He anticipated this being a profitable concern but the partnership was dissolved within a year and he returned to engineering. In 1798 he went into partnership with Samuel Greg, installing an innovative water wheel at Greg's Quarry Bank Mill on the River Bollin in Cheshire. As a standby, he installed a Watt steam engine.

By 1811, Ewart had abandoned the venture with Greg to concentrate on his own manufacturing business but also his scientific work. He became, along with John Dalton, a vice-president of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and became active in the contemporary controversies about heat, work and energy. Motivated by a paper of John Playfair and encouraged by Dalton, in 1813 he published "On the measure of moving force" in which he defended the nascent ideas of the conservation of energy championed by John Smeaton. The paper was strongly to influence Dalton's pupil James Prescott Joule. A vocal advocate of the application of scientific knowledge in engineering, he was one of the founders of the Manchester Mechanics' Institute.

Ewart took up the post of Chief Engineer and Chief Inspector of Machinery with the Admiralty in 1835 and died on 15 September 1842 at Woolwich Dockyard when a chain snapped as he was supervising the removal of a boiler.

title: Peter Ewart


text:
Gaius Claudius Marcellus

Gaius Claudius Marcellus can refer to:

 * Gaius Claudius Marcellus (praetor 80 BC), Roman governor of Sicily
 * Gaius Claudius Marcellus, son of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, a Catilinarian conspirator, possibly related to the consul in 50 BC.
 * Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 50 BC)
 * Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 49 BC)

title: Gaius Claudius Marcellus


text:
Camillus Cutlery Company

The Camillus Cutlery Company is one of the oldest knife manufacturers in the United States. The Company was founded in 1876 and produced millions of knives until it filed for bankruptcy in 2007. Its brand name and intellectual property rights were purchased by Acme United Corporation, which re-launched the Camillus brand in May 2009 using modern materials.

Adolph Kastor
The 14-year-old Adolph Kastor (1856–1946), son of a Jewish family from Wattenheim, Germany, immigrated to New York in 1870 where he started to work for his uncle Aaron Kastor in his hardware supply business, Bodenheim, Meyer & Company. He was first put in charge of cow chains but gradually worked his way up to the firearms and cutlery department.

In 1873, Bodenheim, Meyer & Company lost one of its founders and restructured as Meyer & Kastor. Due to poor sales figures, Meyer & Kastor had to close its doors in September 1876. Only a few weeks later, Adolph Kastor started his own company, Adolph Kastor & Bros. on Canal Street in New York City, where he imported and distributed German-made knives.

In 1897, when the Dingley Tariff was enacted, the knives became too expensive to import. The only solution Kastor saw was to manufacture knives domestically. Eventually, his search led him to Charles Sherwood and his small knife manufacturing business in Camillus.

1902–1913
With Adolph Kastor in charge, the company started to expand. They bought new machinery, such as steam-driven drop forge hammers and fly presses and they adopted new techniques, like using alumina grinding wheels. By 1910, the Camillus Cutlery Company was producing close to a million knives a year and had about 200 employees, many of them German immigrants. The company even built a dormitory to house its German workers.

1914–1945
During World War I, Camillus shifted production to support the Allied forces. The company also manufactured marlinspikes, surgical scalpels, and a folding knife/spoon combination for the Red Cross in those years.

In the 1920s, the knife manufacturer introduced stainless steel to its production, and started making collectible character knives, which honoured famous people such as George Washington, Babe Ruth, and Buck Rogers. It also began manufacturing private label products for Sears, Craftsman, Woolworth and many others. During World War II, Camillus shipped more than 13 million knives of various styles to the Allied troops. In 1942, U.S. Marine Corps officers Colonel John M. Davis and Major Howard E. America working in conjunction with cutlery technicians at Camillus developed the KA-BAR Fighting Utility Knife. After extensive trials, the KA-BAR prototype was recommended for adoption, and Camillus was awarded the first contract to produce the KA-BAR for the Marine Corps. Camillus made more KA-BARs than any other knife manufacturer producing the model during World War II. During the war, Camillus also made the M3 fighting knives, the M4 bayonets and many other utility knives for U.S. forces, including machetes, multi-blade utility knives, TL-29 Signal Corps pocket knives for signalmen, electrician's mates, and linesmen, and combination knife/marlinspike pocket knives for use by the U.S. Navy in cutting and splicing lines.

1946–1959
After World War II, Camillus was quick to shift back to civilian production. It introduced many new products, and in 1947, Camillus began manufacturing a full line of official folding knives for the Boy Scouts of America (BSA).

During the Vietnam War, Camillus again manufactured a large number of knives for the armed forces, for instance a pilot survival knife, a USMC KA-BAR combat knife and a four bladed utility knife. After the Vietnam War (1975), the company continued its growth by adding more new pieces to their already wide product range.

1960-2005
In the 1960s, Camillus was sold to the Baer family of New York City.

Camillus began using Delrin a synthetic bone from circa late 1960's through at least the 80's.

Camillus produced the Hand Made #89 Rancher Indian Delrin Stag Stockman 3 Triple Blade Pocket Knife with Sword Brand Blades in the 1970's. Highly collectible today. |Knife image provided by Darren Spitzenberger|

In 1991, Camillus acquired Western Cutlery Company. This Boulder, Colorado company had been making knives since 1896.

In 2001, Camillus collaborated with custom Knifemaker Jerry Fisk, the only Knifemaker to be declared a Living National Treasure, to produce a Bowie knife. That same year, Camillus began a partnership with custom Knifemaker Darryl Ralph to produce a line of titanium framed tactical folding knives.

Bankruptcy
Since the turn of the century, Camillus Cutlery saw its revenue decline due to stiff overseas competition and allegedly poor management practices. As a result, employees implemented a four-day workweek after the normal factory shutdown at Christmas 2005. A few months later, Camillus’ management proposed large wage and benefit cuts. Workers didn’t agree and the company was subject to a months long strike. In response, management locked the workers out for several months. In November 2006, the striking employees ultimately accepted the original contract offer but the company only retained 15 of the 78 union members and laid off the rest.

The lock out ultimately took its toll on Camillus as customers dried up and the company subsequently filed for bankruptcy and closed on February 28, 2007. On September 18, 2007, the product brand names and intellectual property of the company were acquired by Acme United Corporation in a bankruptcy auction for $200,000.

After the bankruptcy, the original Camillus factory remained empty until it was partly destroyed by fire on February 11, 2013. The former Camillus Cutlery headquarters have since been turned into apartments and retail space.

Camillus as Acme United brand
In May 2009, Acme United re-launched Camillus at the 2009 National Hardware Show in Las Vegas. The traditional Camillus knives were almost entirely replaced by new modern knives with durable handles and titanium carbonitride bonded blades.

In December 2011, Acme United signed an agreement with Les Stroud to build and sell Camillus survival knives and tools, co-designed and promoted by the outdoor adventurer, known from the TV series Survivorman. Next to Les Stroud, Camillus joined forces with several other so-called Pro Staffers. The Pro Staff team consists of former Green Berets, expert hunters, Special Forces, adventurers, firemen and survival experts. Amongst them is Grady Powell, a former U.S. Army Green Beret who is now the host of Discovery Channel’s Dual Survival. Also part of the Pro Staff is Jared Ogden, a former Navy SEAL who was the star of the National Geographic Television program Ultimate Survival Alaska.

In 2013, Camillus re-launched its knives in Europe. Today, Camillus is being distributed in twelve European countries, as well as in Australia, South Africa and the Philippines.

Since the relaunch, the brand annually introduces new knives. In 2017, for example, Camillus brought a new collection of hunting knives to the market, as well as a new tactical knife family, which was created in collaboration with Camillus Pro Staff members, Jared Ogden and Grady Powell.

In November 2023, Acme United sold the Camillus brand and product line to GSM Holdings Inc, which, under its GSM Outdoors umbrella, comprises over 40 hunting, shooting sports, rugged outdoors and fishing labels.

title: Camillus Cutlery Company


text:
Category:Ornithology

Ornithology is the branch of zoology that studies birds.

title: Category:Ornithology