text:
Lunar orbit rendezvous

Lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) is a process for landing humans on the Moon and returning them to Earth. It was utilized for the Apollo program missions in the 1960s and 1970s. In a LOR mission, a main spacecraft and a smaller lunar lander travel to lunar orbit. The lunar lander then independently descends to the surface of the Moon, while the main spacecraft remains in lunar orbit. After completion of the mission there, the lander returns to lunar orbit to rendezvous and re-dock with the main spacecraft, then is discarded after transfer of crew and payload. Only the main spacecraft returns to Earth.

Lunar orbit rendezvous was first proposed in 1919 by Ukrainian engineer Yuri Kondratyuk, as the most economical way of sending a human on a round-trip journey to the Moon.

The most famous example involved Project Apollo's command and service module (CSM) and lunar module (LM), where they were both sent to a translunar flight in a single rocket stack. However, variants where the landers and main spacecraft travel separately, such as the lunar landing plans proposed for Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, Golden Spike and the 2029/2030 Chinese crewed effort, are also considered to be lunar orbit rendezvous.

Advantages
The main advantage of LOR is the spacecraft payload saving, due to the fact that the propellant necessary to return from lunar orbit back to Earth need not be carried as dead weight down to the Moon and back into lunar orbit. This has a multiplicative effect, because each pound of "dead weight" propellant used later has to be propelled by more propellant sooner, and also because increased propellant requires increased tankage weight. The resultant weight increase would also require more thrust for lunar landing, which means larger and heavier engines.

Another advantage is that the lunar lander can be designed for just that purpose, rather than requiring the main spacecraft to also be made suitable for a lunar landing. Finally, the second set of life support systems that the lunar lander requires can serve as a backup for the systems in the main spacecraft.

Disadvantage
Lunar-orbit rendezvous was considered risky in 1962, because space rendezvous had not been achieved, even in Earth orbit. If the LM could not reach the CSM, two astronauts would be stranded with no way to get back to Earth or survive re-entry into the atmosphere. Rendezvous was successfully demonstrated in 1965 and 1966 on six Project Gemini missions with the aid of radar and on-board computers. It was also successfully done each of the eight times it was tried on Apollo missions.

Apollo Mission mode selection
When the Apollo Moon landing program was started in 1961, it was assumed that the three-man command and service module combination (CSM) would be used for takeoff from the lunar surface, and return to Earth. It would therefore have to be landed on the Moon by a larger rocket stage with landing gear legs, resulting in a very large spacecraft (in excess of 100000 lb) to be sent to the Moon.

If this were done by direct ascent (on a single launch vehicle), the rocket required would have to be extremely large, in the Nova class. The alternative to this would have been Earth orbit rendezvous, in which two or more rockets in the Saturn class would launch parts of the complete spacecraft, which would rendezvous in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon. This would possibly include a separately launched Earth departure stage, or require on-orbit refueling of the empty departure stage.

Wernher von Braun and Heinz-Hermann Koelle of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency presented lunar orbit rendezvous, as an option for reaching the Moon efficiently, to the heads of NASA, including Abe Silverstein, in December 1958. During 1959 Conrad Lau of the Chance-Vought Astronautics Division supervised a complete mission plan using lunar orbit rendezvous which was then sent to Silverstein at NASA in January 1960. Tom Dolan, who worked for Lau, was sent to explain the company's proposal to NASA engineers and management in February 1960. This alternative was then studied and promoted by Jim Chamberlin and Owen Maynard at the Space Task Group in the 1960 early Apollo feasibility studies. This mode allowed a single Saturn V to launch the CSM to the Moon with a smaller Lunar Excursion Module (LEM). When the combined spacecraft reaches lunar orbit, one of the three astronauts remains with the CSM, while the other two enter the LEM, undock and descend to the surface of the Moon. They then use the ascent stage of the LEM to rejoin the CSM in lunar orbit, then discard the LEM and use the CSM for the return to Earth. This method was brought to the attention of NASA Associate Administrator Robert Seamans by Langley Research Center engineer John C. Houbolt, who led a team to develop it.

Besides requiring less payload, the ability to use a lunar lander designed just for that purpose was another advantage of the LOR approach. The LEM's design gave the astronauts a clear view of their landing site through observation windows approximately 15 ft above the surface, as opposed to being on their backs in a Command Module lander, at least 40 or above the surface, able to see it only through a television screen.

Developing the LEM as a second crewed vehicle provided the further advantage of redundant critical systems (electrical power, life support, and propulsion), which enabled it to be used as a "lifeboat" to keep the astronauts alive and get them home safely in the event of a critical CSM system failure. This was envisioned as a contingency, but not made a part of the LEM specifications. As it turned out, this capability proved invaluable in 1970, saving the lives of the Apollo 13 astronauts when an oxygen tank explosion disabled the Service Module.

Advocacy
Dr. John Houbolt would not let the advantages of LOR be ignored. As a member of Lunar Mission Steering Group, Houbolt had been studying various technical aspects of space rendezvous since 1959 and was convinced, like several others at Langley Research Center, that LOR was not only the most feasible way to make it to the Moon before the decade was out, it was the only way. He had reported his findings to NASA on various occasions but felt strongly that the internal task forces (to which he made presentations) were following arbitrarily established "ground rules." According to Houbolt, these ground rules were constraining NASA's thinking about the lunar mission—and causing LOR to be ruled out before it was fairly considered.

In November 1961, Houbolt took the bold step of skipping proper channels and writing a nine-page private letter directly to associate administrator Robert C. Seamans. "Somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt protested LOR's exclusion. "Do we want to go to the Moon or not?" the Langley engineer asked. "Why is Nova, with its ponderous size simply just accepted, and why is a much less grandiose scheme involving rendezvous ostracized or put on the defensive? I fully realize that contacting you in this manner is somewhat unorthodox," Houbolt admitted, "but the issues at stake are crucial enough to us all that an unusual course is warranted."

It took two weeks for Seamans to reply to Houbolt's letter. The associate administrator agreed that "it would be extremely harmful to our organization and to the country if our qualified staff were unduly limited by restrictive guidelines." He assured Houbolt that NASA would in the future be paying more attention to LOR than it had up to this time.

In the following months, NASA did just that, and to the surprise of many both inside and outside the agency, LOR quickly became the front runner. Several factors decided the issue in its favor. First, there was growing disenchantment with the idea of direct ascent due to the time and money it was going to take to develop a 50 ft diameter Nova rocket, compared to the 33 ft diameter Saturn V. Second, there was increasing technical apprehension over how the relatively large spacecraft demanded by Earth-orbit rendezvous would be able to maneuver to a soft landing on the Moon. As one NASA engineer who changed his mind explained: "The business of eyeballing that thing down to the Moon really didn't have a satisfactory answer. The best thing about LOR was that it allowed us to build a separate vehicle for landing."

The first major group to change its opinion in favor of LOR was Robert Gilruth's Space Task Group, which was still located at Langley but was soon to move to Houston as the Manned Spacecraft Center. The second to come over was Wernher von Braun's team at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. These two powerful groups, along with the engineers who had originally developed the plan at Langley, persuaded key officials at NASA Headquarters, notably Administrator James Webb, who had been holding out for direct ascent, that LOR was the only way to land on the Moon by 1969. Webb approved LOR in July 1962. The decision was officially announced at a press conference on July 11, 1962. President Kennedy's science adviser, Jerome Wiesner, remained firmly opposed to LOR.

Other plans using LOR

 * The proposed Soviet lunar landing plan, using the N1 rocket, LK Lander and Soyuz 7K-LOK, would have used a similar LOR mission profile.
 * The Constellation program would have used a combination of EOR and LOR for Moon landing.
 * The Artemis program plans to use LOR to land humans on the lunar south pole region.

In popular culture
Episode 5 of the 1998 television miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, "Spider", dramatizes John Houbolt's first attempt to convince NASA to adopt LOR for the Apollo Program in 1961, and traces the development of the LM up to its first crewed test flight, Apollo 9, in 1969. The episode is named after the Apollo 9 Lunar Module.

title: Lunar orbit rendezvous


text:
Talk:Anarchism and capitalism

Problems with article
The attempts to make this article more balanced were good in theory, but rather poorly applied. The first sentence of this article indicates that its subject matter is the anarchist critique of capitalism. However, many of the passages have been greatly altered to reflect capitalist views of their own economic system, rather than anarchist critiques of it. It is fine to explicate such views here, but they need to be properly labeled as the views of capitalists, not the voice of wikipedia, and the actual critiques of the anarchists need to be put back in where they were replaced. As it stands this article is no longer actually describing anarchist views, but rather a mismash of anarchist and capitalist views which are unattributed and thus come across as incomprehensible when read all the way through. I'm tempted to revert back to an earlier version, because working to make all these passages reflect their subject matter will be silly if it is all going to be re-inserted by folks who apparently aren't willing to simply allow a description of the anarchist critique to stand on its own merits. Kev 10:28, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Okies, I'm rolling up my sleeves and starting on removing arguments that clearly are not those of anarchists and are unattributed. I'm not trying to remove content, to my knowledge all of these arguments are present in other parts of wikipedia.  However, this article is not the place for capitalist conceptions of their own economics, and I don't have time to comb through each part and figure out whose voice is supposedly being used when the editors who copy-pasted this stuff in didn't do it themselves.  Kev 22:52, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * On further analysis, this article has been so horribly gutted that there is nothing left to salvage. I hate to do it, but given the vast content that was removed and the fact that it was all replaced by unattributed POV, I'm reverting to an earlier version.  I'm included the POV warning that was present at one point, because it still needs to be reworked, just not by partisans with an eye for destroying its content.  Kev 23:05, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Surely there is some literature where left anarchists respond to the real capitalist arguments and not just their own strawman versions. Otherwise, perhaps this article's title should be, "Anarcho-socialist's misimpressions about capitalism".--Silverback 04:03, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

One thing at a time, please. If anarchists promote strawman arguments, then so be it, because those are the arguments they make. Rewriting the arguments to your own understanding and speculations of what anarchists would argue is original research. If you wish to update or correct the arguments, please attribute sources -- ie anarchist writers. The changes you've made sound like they're straight off the top of your head.

On another note, presenting the arguments in a technical style point-by-point would make it a lot clearer. Let's also think about how we can break up those huge blocks of rambling text. --albamuth 04:45, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I wasn't stating that the anarchists arguments were strawman, but rather that they selected strawman capitalist arguments to respond to, and then proceeded to argue against and "defeat" those arguments. I've no problem with a reorg, as long as the relative strengths of the arguments are not arbitrarily changed.--Silverback 06:20, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm all for reinstituting the "historical" and "contemporary" critiques format. Do you agree? --albamuth 01:59, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with that format? Since the discussion of the relationship between anarchism and capitalism is current.  Anything historical should perhaps be deep background.  I've never had much interest in invalidated or weak arguments.  If invalid arguments are to be repeated here, there is no reason to allow them the appearance of validity.  They should be thoroughly analyzed, the accepted refutations presented.--Silverback 08:13, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I was thinking that Proudhon, Kropotkin, Bakunin, etc. were working with pre-Keynesian economic analysis, so some of their arguments lack the terminology of contemporary ones and may be obsolete. Showing a chronology/timeline of the arguments might make better sense, I think. --albamuth 15:42, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Neologisms and Unresolved Issues
Because of the ongoing, unsettled debate in Talk:Anarchism, I feel it is premature to start using the neologism anarcho-socialism. However, to avoid spilling the edit war over to this page, I won't change references to "anarcho-socialists" over to "anarchists" just yet. Secondly, it only seems to matter on the section on private property -- the problem seems to be how to distinguish Tucker/Spooner and other individualist-anarchists from previous, traditional anarchists that believed in only having personal property and collective property. Perhaps we should look more closely at the Individualists' definition of private property?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Anarchism and capitalism


text:
Castlebay

Castlebay (Bàgh a' Chaisteil ) is the main village and a community council area on the island of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. The village is located on the south coast of the island, and overlooks a bay in the Atlantic Ocean dominated by Kisimul Castle, as well as nearby islands such as Vatersay. Castlebay is also within the parish of Barra. The village is located on the A888, which serves as a circular road around Barra. In 1971, it had a population of 307.

Community
Castlebay is home to the majority of shops on the island. The main street forms a square with the ferry terminal and the ring road, and features several grocery shops, a bank, post office, and tourist information centre. There is a larger supermarket to the west of the village, having opened in October 2009. There are also several hotels in the village, plus the island's medical centre, a petrol station and the police station.

Church
Our Lady, Star of the Sea, a Roman Catholic church, was opened in 1888 on a mound overlooking the town centre. It was designed by an architect from Oban, G. Woulfe Brenan, along with a house further down the slope for the priest to reside in. The northern gable of the church features a stained glass window depicting the Crucifixion, and the southern gables depict Our Lady, Star of the Sea. Renovation works on the church were completed in early 2007.

Education
The Castlebay Community School (Sgoil Bhàgh a’ Chaisteil), is located on the western side of Castlebay. It is the only source of secondary education on Barra. Since 2007, the school has had responsibility for the Castlebay preschool (both the English and the Gaelic Medium), meaning that with its Primary School division it caters for all ages of school children.

Since 1992 Castlebay High School has provided full secondary school facilities. Until then Barra pupils studying for Highers had to board in Stornoway and attend school there.

In September 2007, the school received an HMIE report negatively criticised relationships among the secondary school's staff and management, but praised those in the primary school.

In September 2022 the Island received £1 million for Gaelic development at the Castlebay education and health hub.

History
Kisimul Castle is located approximately 100 yd away from the ferry terminal in the centre of the bay that Castlebay overlooks. Kisimul was abandoned in 1838 when the island was sold, and the castle's condition subsequently deteriorated. Some of its stone was used as ballast for fishing vessels, and some even ended up as paving in Glasgow. The remains of the castle, along with most of the island of Barra, were purchased in 1937 by Robert Lister MacNeil, the Chief of Clan MacNeil, who made efforts at restoration.

In 2001, the castle was leased by the Chief of Clan MacNeil to Historic Scotland for 1,000 years for the annual sum of £1 and a bottle of whisky.

For the 2011 census the island was classified by the National Records of Scotland as an inhabited island that "had no usual residents at the time of either the 2001 or 2011 censuses".

Media
Castlebay was the main setting for the 1949 Ealing Studios comedy, Whisky Galore!, and its 1957 sequel, Rockets Galore!, which were both filmed on Barra. The earlier film is based on the novel Whisky Galore by Sir Compton Mackenzie, itself a fictionalised telling of the story of the SS Politician, which ran aground with a cargo of some 50,000 cases of whisky on board in 1941. Mackenzie, who lived near the airport and died in 1972, is buried in a grave marked by a simple cross at Cille Bharra cemetery, which is situated a little way up the hillside overlooking Eoligarry jetty.

In the 2010 Channel 4 programme Dom Joly and the Black Island, Joly and Tintinologist Michael Farr identify Castlebay and Kisimul as the locations of Kiltoch and the Ben More Castle used as settings in The Adventures of Tintin comic The Black Island, although the scenes of reaching it by boat and exploring it on foot were filmed at Lochranza Castle on the Isle of Arran.

In 2011, 18 episodes, series 5 and 6, of An Island Parish were screened on BBC2 documenting the arrival and subsequent experiences of a new Catholic priest on the island, Father John Paul.

Transport
Castlebay is home to the main ferry terminal, which is operated by Caledonian MacBrayne. It is known that steam ferries were plying between Castlebay and Oban in the late 1800s, but travelling conditions were poor. The first roll-on-roll-off ferry was the MV Iona in 1974, which could load broadside on, which was necessary until the 1980s, when a purpose-built bow loading ramp for vehicles was built at Castlebay, allowing much larger ferries to dock and resulted in quicker loading times.

Between 1989 and 1998, MV Lord of the Isles travelled daily between Oban, Castlebay and Lochboisdale on the island of South Uist, sometimes stopping on the Isle of Mull. In 1998, MV Clansman replaced Lord of the Isles on the Oban-Castlebay-Lochboisdale run. From April 2016, the former Stornoway ferry MV Isle of Lewis took over the Barra route with a new dedicated service, operating seven return sailings a week between Castlebay and Oban, allowing Clansman to operate dedicated services from Oban to Coll, Tiree and Colonsay.

From summer 2016, Lord of the Isles began a dedicated daily service between Mallaig and Lochboisdale, ending South Uist's link with Oban.

title: Castlebay


text:
Michel Majerus

Michel Majerus (June 9, 1967 – November 6, 2002) was a Luxembourgish artist who combined painting with digital media in his work. He lived and worked in Berlin until his untimely death in a plane crash in November 2002.

Early life and education
Majerus was born in Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg in 1967. In 1986, Majerus began to study at the State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart, graduating in 1992.

Art
In 1992, together with his fellow students from Stuttgart Nader (Ahriman), Stephan Jung, Susa Reinhardt and Wawa (Wawrzyniec) Tokarski, Majerus co-founded the artist group 3K-NH for which they used the initials of their nicknames to form a cryptic name. 3K-NH held exhibitions both in Stuttgart and Berlin. In 1993, Majerus and Jung moved to Berlin.

Painting was Majerus’s preferred medium of expression, but his creative horizon extended to many aspects of popular culture, from computer games, digital art, film, television, and pop music to trademarks and corporate logos and famous artists. His paintings' stylistic quotations included copying aspects of works by Andy Warhol, Willem de Kooning and Jean-Michel Basquiat, video games and other pop-culture sources. In 1996, Majerus began his MoM Block series, comprising more than 170 canvases. MoM is an abbreviation of Modehaus Mitte, a former fashion factory in East Berlin, in which Majerus had his studio for a while.

Majerus did not limit himself to two-dimensional surfaces, but painted installations which surround the viewer. For a 1994 show at his Berlin gallery Neugerriemschneider, he asked that a road be paved inside the modest exhibition space. In 1999, at the invitation of curator Harald Szeemann, he painted the façade of the international pavilion in the Giardini of the Venice Biennale. For his largest work, if you are dead, so it is (2000), Majerus covered the interior surface of a 4000 sqft skateboarders' half-pipe.

After moving to Los Angeles in 2000 through the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Majerus began work on a series of thirty large-format paintings incorporating digital media and animated videos. Completed in Berlin the following year, the series eventually comprised over thirty works. Nine of these works would eventually become the Pop Reloaded exhibition in Los Angeles. Pop Reloaded emphasized the visual confusion of the urban landscapes and the scale of freeway billboards and office towers. It drew on works by Cy Twombly, Mark Rothko and Gerhard Richter. The paintings were accompanied by a video of a constantly changing image of Majerus' signature, to illustrate the idea of celebrity as a constantly changing concept.

In 2002, shortly after his return to Berlin from Los Angeles, Majerus installed a life-size photograph of a Brutalist social housing block directly in front of the East side of Brandenburg Gate; the other side was taken over by a work of Thomas Bayrle. Majerus was working on an exhibition entitled "Project Space" for Tate Liverpool when he died.

Exhibitions
Majerus' artwork first came to international attention in 1996 with an exhibition at the Kunsthalle in Stuttgart, and then with subsequent exhibitions in Munster and Dundee (Colour Me Blind! - Painting In The Age of Computer Games And Comics, 2000). In 1996 the Kunsthalle Basel organized a mid-career museum retrospective.

In 1998, Majerus was invited to participate in Manifesta 2. He participated in the Venice Biennale in 1999, where he covered the facade of the main Italian Pavilion with a mural he designed.

Since his death in 2002, several museums have organized exhibitions of Majerus’ work, including the Hamburger Bahnhof (2003), the Tate Liverpool (2004), the Kunsthaus Graz (2005), and the Kunstmuseum Stuttgart (2011). A posthumous exhibition of his works was featured at the Kunstmuseum of Wolfsburg (Germany) in 2003. Entitled “Painting Pictures”, the exhibition was a celebration of Majerus' genre and was dedicated to his memory. Other painters represented in “Painting Pictures” included Takashi Murakami, Sarah Morris, Franz Ackermann, Matthew Ritchie, Torben Giehler and Erik Parker. Commencing in 2005, approximately two hundred of Majerus' works have been displayed as the "European Retrospective" travelling exhibition. The exhibition was a collaboration between the Majerus family and the Galerie Neugerriemschneider, Berlin. It included works usually displayed at the Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin, the Kunsthaus - Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz and from private collections throughout the world (Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Spain, Germany, Great-Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, Portugal, USA)..

In 2018, the Institute of Contemporary Art Boston included a painting by Majerus in a survey of art after the internet, placing it within the context of works by Jon Rafman, Cao Fei, Avery Singer, and others. His first museum survey in the United States opened at the ICA Miami in 2022. Opening twenty years after the death was the exhibition series called Michel Majerus 2022 which was presented at the KW Institute for Contemporary Art, Neuer Berliner Kunstverein, Kunstverein in Hamburg.

Death
In November 2002, Majerus was killed aboard Luxair Flight 9642 while travelling from Berlin to Luxembourg.

Influence
In 2013, artist Thomas Bayrle played with elements from two of Majerus’s paintings to create a silk-screened wallpaper called Majerus (Smudge Tool/XXX) I (2013). In 2020, Takashi Murakami made paintings that borrow from some of Majerus’s imagery. In 2024, The Michel Majerus Estate presented a project calledLet’s Play Majerus G3 based on the G3 Apple computer from Majerus’s archive that was organized by artist Cory Arcangel in cooperation with the digital art organization Rhizome.

title: Michel Majerus


text:
Talk:Gastritis

Copyrighted
Please stop adding that copyrighted block of text (already linked to in external link) to the article. I have given you multiple pointers to relevant pages like Copyrights and Manual of Style. Articles with copyright violation text are regularly deleted from Wikipedia. Users who continue to post copyright violation material after warnings may be blocked from editing. -- Infrogmation 23:17, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC) I was diagnosed with Gastritis. While in the hospital a tube was put down my nose into my stomach where blood was present. An endoscopy was done the next day and although there was no blood in the asophogus I was told this was the reason for the blood and vomiting.this does not sound right to me.any info. that someone could give me would be appreciated.

gastric mucus gel layer and gastritis
Has anyone come across evidence that colonization by a microorganism in the mucus gel layer of the stomach induces infiltration of immune cells in the mucus gel? I've seen reports on the in vivo distribution of H. felis in the mucus gel of mice and that it induces mild gastritis, but it is unclear in the document where these immune cells are. Gludwiczak 21:48, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

adding link
I add link for granulomatous gastritis since this article havent been written on wikipedia Kuplukjaya (talk) 07:01, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Student Input
Potential References

Sorry about the late references...I didn't think the references where due until next Monday.--Llamoedu (talk) 01:33, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Graded --JimmyButler (talk) 21:22, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

I don't mind if other people edit this page, but if you do, PLEASE CITE IT.

Also, I have put this article up for peer review, so if you would like to review the article, I encourage you to do so. Thanks!--Llamoedu (talk) 23:27, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Classification and a review
The article breaks down gastritis into erosive vs non erosive. The issue is much more complicated than this. "CLASSIFICATION OF GASTRITIS AND GASTROPATHY — Several classifications of gastritis and gastropathy (such as the Sydney system) [5] have been proposed [5-10]. However, classification remains controversial because of gaps in knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis, variation in nomenclature, and the coexistence of more than one type of gastritis or gastropathy in individual patients. Thus, comparisons across studies using different nomenclature can be difficult. Most classification systems distinguish acute, short-term from chronic, long-term disease. The terms acute and chronic are also used to describe the type of inflammatory cell infiltrate. Acute inflammation is usually associated with neutrophilic infiltration, while chronic inflammation is usually characterized by mononuclear cells, chiefly lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. A practical clinicopathologic framework for the classification of gastritis and gastropathy based upon these factors can be proposed (show table 1) [8]."http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=acidpep/7980&selectedTitle=2~150&source=search_result

It then adds H. Pylori to the non erosive category. The ref however says "H. pylori bacteria grow in the protective mucus layer of the stomach lining, where they are less exposed to the highly acidic juices produced by the stomach. Virtually all people who have H. pylori infection have gastritis, which may affect the entire stomach or only the lower part (antrum). Infection can sometimes lead to erosive gastritis. H. pylori contributes to ulcer formation by increasing acid production, interfering with the normal defenses against stomach acid, and producing toxins."http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch121/ch121b.html

This page is dealing with a medical disease which mean the data on the topic is huge. And many of the references should refer to peer reviewed and published academic papers. Pubmed is a great source for abstract and will sometime give you the whole copy free. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

"Other medicine" in the lead is very vague... Are we talking antibiotics? Are we taking H2 blockers, PPI...

No mention is made about cancer. "Metaplasia is highly relevant to the pathogenesis of atrophic gastritis and to its complications (eg, pernicious anemia, gastric ulcer, and gastric cancer)." -- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:41, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Tool for formatting references
http://diberri.dyndns.org/cgi-bin/templatefiller/index.cgi?ddb=&type=pubmed_id

Section on history and how this intersects with culture
The little purple pill http://www.purplepill.com/ is one of the most highly advertised drugs in the would.

The term is also often know as heart burn and Acid indigestion and is closely related to GERD.-- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:41, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Ah, yes, esomeprazole. How-to-market-a-stereoisomer-and-suggest-it-is-much-better-than-the-racemic-mixture. JFW | T@lk  14:45, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Exactly :-) My main point is that there is history and culture here to discuss.-- Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:34, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

POV
One needs to write from a neutral POV. When one says "doctors may recommend". This is from the patients POV and should be avoided. One should rather say for example that PPI have been found to help however many people they help, but there are concerns about C. dif for example.-- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:41, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Sections the article should contain
As per Manual_of_Style_(medicine-related_articles) these are the section the article is currently missing.

 * 1) Classification
 * 2) Signs
 * 3) Pathophysiology or Mechanism
 * 4) Prevention or Screening
 * 5) Prognosis
 * 6) Epidemiology
 * 7) History (not patient history)
 * 8) Society and culture (e.g., stigma, economics, religious aspects, awareness, legal issues)

Cheers. -- Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 18:48, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

 * These are the requirements for FA, they can be added as the article is expanded, but they are not part of the GA criteria. Graham Colm Talk 12:19, 17 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Graham, I agree but James' comment does indicate that there are some significant shortcomings to the article. JFW | T@lk  14:43, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I consider that for a topic to be covered broadly, which is a GA criteria, one must touch on all of these to some degree.  There is a great deal of good sources  available.  I have commented on other concerns above.-- Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:38, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Not currently suitable
I would strongly advise against this article being made GA. For one thing, the references are completely unsuitable per WP:MEDRS. Some of the language employed is overly lay-oriented (e.g. the use of "B12 shots" for vitamin B12 injections). Essential topics and terms are not covered, e.g. the concept of melaena is alluded to but the term is not identified. JFW | T@lk  14:42, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * About the reliability of the sources, if someone could tell me which ones, I will try and look for a more reliable source, such as from PubMed or a government site, that restates the information, or even if contradicts it. Thanks!--Llamoedu (talk) 04:03, 29 January 2009 (UTC) 04:02, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh, it would be important to discuss whether chronic gastritis predisposes to gastric cancer. JFW | T@lk  14:46, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Agree and as this article still requires significant work I will have to fail at this point in time. -- Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:40, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Free full-text references
Here are some references, mainly reviews, from PubMed Central. They are free and full text copies can be downloaded.
 * Helicobacter species
 * Gastric cancer
 * Gastric cancer
 * Gastric cancer
 * Reflux disease
 * Gastric adenocarcinoma a review
 * Dyspepsia in primary care: review of the literature
 * Helicobacter pylori and functional dyspepsia: review of previous studies and commentary on new data
 * Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
 * Smoking, alcohol, and analgesics in dyspepsia and among dyspepsia subgroups Large File
 * The use of proton pump inhibitors for gastric acid suppression in critical illness
 * Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: a review
 * The morphology of gastritis
 * Erosive gastritis. with special reference to the role of aspirin and bile
 * Campylobacter pyloridis, gastritis, and peptic ulceration

Graham Colm Talk 17:08, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Citation Help
Could someone tell me how to make one citation used multiple times in an article not look like two or three different citations? I believe I have done this once or twice in my article. I have one citation listed multiple times in my Citations section. Thanks!--Llamoedu (talk) 04:14, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi, sorry for the delay in replying. This is a good question, it took me ages to discover the trick. It is done like this:

 * Give the reference a name e.g.

 * Then just  from then on. Graham Colm  Talk 16:01, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Improvement needed!
I was using the gastritis page for study (in Medicine), but unfortunately I seriously think this page requires much more detailed information. At the moment, it just doesn't seem to be very useful for a medical student level. Many parts are written very ambiguously, and the "Causes" do not explain each type properly. If I ever find enough free time to rewrite this article, I would, but before then please help improve! Harrison's is always a good reference book to start with.

Shower link
Ref 13 links to the MSNBC site presumably espousing that a shower can mask the pain but the article doesn't seem to be there 10 months later, so is there a way to find where it's moved? Tyciol (talk) 17:51, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

gastritis
hello this is rake i would like to ask if with gastritis is possible to have childrens and Can i eat young food? Is not dangerous for my stomach? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.237.78.214 (talk) 19:01, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Intro sentence needs some work.
The sentence which introduces this article reads "Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, sike. It doesnt and has many possible causes."

Reads fine up to the word "stomach". Don't understand how the word "sike" fits into the context of this subject, and following with the sentence "it doesn't (which needs an apostrophe BTW) and has many possible causes", comes across as unprofessional and in any case, given the use of the word "sike" in the previous sentence, doesn't make sense anyway.

Something appears to be missing here, i.e., a description as to the possible causes of Gastritis or something that would provide context for the statement "....and has many possible causes". Otherwise I would omit everything after the word "stomach", and then follow that with the sentence that discusses possible causes.

Ronb1224 (talk) 10:43, 15 January 2012 (UTC)Ron

Coffee as an irritant.
This article states that coffee would be an irritant to people with gastritis but the article does not clarify what elements of coffee would cause the problem. Is it the caffeine that is problematic? Can caffeine be taken in another form (not as coffee)? Please could someone clarify this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.195.240.74 (talk) 10:45, 16 September 2013 (UTC)

Refs
Our text said "In 2013 there was about 90 million new cases of disease. "

The support is in this table http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561509/table/T3/

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 07:44, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

how about adding a link to 'duodenitis' under the 'see also' section?
this seems like a logical addition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.255.32.192 (talk) 05:38, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

Community
I deleted the new section Gastritis because Wikipedia is not a directory of links to other places on the web that are, to varying degrees, somehow related to the topic of an article. Editor Walidou47 reverted me with the edit summary Why can't it be a directory ?

It is not the purpose of the encyclopedia to recommend or endorse, in Wikipedia's own voice, any external site. Because it exists, this, or any, 'community' section bestows credibility on a particular social media site which Wikipedia is not qualified to do.

The section should be deleted.

—Trappist the monk (talk) 18:26, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree it should be deleted. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:16, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

Hi I undid your deletion becouse of the following points: First, I disagree with ur claim, Wikipedia is in part a directory of links to other places on the web which are related 100% to an article. Secondly I did not add a link, I added a useful information and wikipedia's articles principal goal is to give useful information to readers. My add is not about recommendation or endorsement. Finally, I disagree when you say that any "'community' section bestows credibility", this has nothing to do with credibility in my own process of tought but to the contrary useful information for readers only add to the credibility of an article. Walidou47 (talk) 19:31, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Replying to your points:
 * Sure, Wikipedia has a lot of links to a lot of external sources in reference lists that support text in en.wiki articles. A reference list is not a directory of links.  Articles may have an external links section; see WP:EL for details about the use of that and, for this particular case, note item 10 at WP:ELNO.
 * You did add a link as a malformed reference template (it was this malformed template that drew my attention to Gastritis):
 * I suppose that some people might think that there is value to be gained from a subredit but it is highly doubtful that a subredit constitutes a reliable authoritative source for a complex medical topic. A mention in en.wiki where all relevant information is supposed to be sourced to reliable sources will suggest to readers that en.wiki judges the subredit to be as reliable and authoritative as a peer-reviewed academic journal.  It is not.
 * The section should be deleted.
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 23:58, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * —Trappist the monk (talk) 23:58, 22 November 2019 (UTC)

secondary sources on asymptomatic gastritis
Hello dear wikipedians, I'm interested in asymptomatic gastritis secondary sources but I can't find any, only a lot of primary sources. Can you please help on that matter? thanksWalidou47 (talk) 22:57, 25 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Is not really a medical condition in and of itself. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 00:22, 26 November 2019 (UTC)

How do we define a medical condition ? Walidou47 (talk) 00:26, 26 November 2019 (UTC) And even if asymptomatic gastritis is not a medical condition why should'nt we find a secondary source to add a more detailed reference to it ?Walidou47 (talk) 00:33, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * If you can find a secondary source... Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:22, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

acute and active gastritis
Hi folks, so I'm reading in some papers and reviews that the two terms coincide and others negate that saying for exemple that: "The term acute gastritis is not specific for an etiology but is used to indicate gastritis with an acute clinical presentation, with symptoms that promptly resolve if the underlying condition is corrected. This term should not be confused with active gastritis, with the latter term indicating the presence of neutrophils." ref= Torbenson M. (2019) Common Types of Gastritis. In: Zhang L., Chandan V., Wu TT. (eds) Surgical Pathology of Non-neoplastic Gastrointestinal Diseases. Springer, Cham p122 I agree with making the two term distinct, and therefore changing the body text of acute gastritis and maybe adding something on active gastritis. Thanks Walidou47 (talk) 11:33, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * https://www.google.com/books/edition/Surgical_Pathology_of_Non_neoplastic_Gas/UgGfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PP122 Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 17:22, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * You must paraphrase not copy and paste from the source.... Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 18:26, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

Editing
User:Walidou47 the source does not say Helicobacter heilmannii sensu lato and yet you added it as such... The source specifically says it is uncommon. Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 16:14, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

Should we keep urinanalysis in diagnosis section ?
The source doesn't say why it is an adequate diagnosis ... thanksWalidou47 (talk) 22:23, 15 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree to removing it. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 23:53, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Same question for X-Rays and "stool test to check for blood" Walidou47 (talk) 02:10, 16 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The source discusses why stool tests are done. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 05:15, 18 December 2019 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. Moneytrees🌴Talk🌲Help out at CCI! 21:38, 29 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I didn't like doing that big revert, but there wasn't much of a choice. Moneytrees🌴Talk🌲Help out at CCI! 21:38, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

Cause
A classification of the gastritis could be great. Depending on the severeness, there is two types of gastritis. Knowing that is kinda important for the diagnosis and the treatments.Nandie2705 (talk) 11:22, 25 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gastritis


text:
Spanglish (film)

Spanglish is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by James L. Brooks, and starring Adam Sandler, Téa Leoni, Paz Vega and Cloris Leachman.

The film was released in the United States on December 17, 2004, by Columbia Pictures. It was a box office bomb, grossing $55 million worldwide on an $80 million production budget. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the performances of Sandler and Vega, but criticism for the plot.

Plot
For Cristina Moreno's Princeton University application essay, she tells the story of a year from her childhood, and how it shaped the person she is today.

In 1992, Flor Moreno, a poor Mexican single mother moved to the U.S. ("economy class", according to Cristina’s letter) seeking a better life for her and her daughter, Cristina. They settle in a Latino community in Los Angeles, Flor works two jobs to support her and her daughter, while never needing to learn English. Flor soon realizes she needs to spend more time with her daughter, so her cousin helps her get work as a housekeeper for the Claskys: John and Deborah, their children Bernice and Georgie, and Deborah's mother Evelyn Wright.

John is a chef and an easygoing family man. Deborah was a businesswoman who lost her job due to downsizing and is now a stay-at-home mother, and Evelyn is an alcoholic retired singer. Uptight and neurotic, Deborah upsets everyone, psychologically abuses and body-shames Bernice, and bullies John, demanding he always back her up. John is torn between defending his kids' mental well-being, and his domineering wife.

Flor gets on well with the Claskys, despite the language barrier. When Deborah rents a house for the summer, she tells Flor she expects her to live in while they're there, since Flor travels by bus and commuting from Los Angeles to Malibu isn't feasible. Faced with losing her job, Flor agrees to bring Cristina and live with the Claskys for the summer.

Deborah quickly becomes attached to the beautiful and personable Cristina, ignoring Bernice; Flor does not approve of the attention. John unwittingly angers Flor when he offers to pay the children a set amount for each bit of sea glass they find on the beach. Cristina earnestly searches for hours, earning $650 for her efforts. Flor and John argue, with Cristina as interpreter; Flor wants to leave because of the awkward family dynamic. He convinces her to stay, to Cristina's delight, and Flor starts an English course to better communicate with the Claskys.

When John's restaurant receives an amazing review, John begins worrying about the added pressure, while Deborah begins an affair. Deborah also secures Cristina a scholarship to Bernice's private school, upsetting Flor, who wants Cristina to maintain her Mexican roots and working-class values. Since Cristina passionately wants to attend the school, Flor agrees. Flor feels Deborah is overstepping her bounds and voices her concerns to John, who tells her he empathizes as Bernice has no support from her own mother. Flor tries to build Bernice's self-confidence with small acts of kindness, especially when Deborah is harsh.

Deborah allows Cristina to bring her friends from the private school over for a sleepover, telling Flor it is a study session, even though Cristina is expected home for a family event. The now-sober Evelyn, knowing about her daughter's affair, warns Deborah that her marriage is in trouble. She pleads with Deborah to end the affair, telling her she will never get another man as good as John.

Deborah tells John about the affair, begging him to talk it out. However, a dejected John walks out, encountering Flor, who has finally had enough of Deborah and wants to quit and retrieve her daughter. Since Cristina is asleep with her friends, John takes Flor to his restaurant, where he cooks for her and they admit their feelings for each other. They acknowledge that they cannot have a relationship. A desperate Deborah continuously tries to contact John and blames Evelyn's failings as a parent for the way she is. They have a frank conversation during which they admit their faults and become closer.

The next day, Flor comes to take Cristina home and informs her that she has quit her job, upsetting Cristina. As they are leaving, John tells Flor he will envy whoever ends up with her. On the way home, Flor further upsets Cristina after telling her she cannot attend private school anymore, leading her to have a public meltdown while accusing Flor of ruining her life.

After she asks her mother for "space", Flor, having lost patience, tells Cristina she needs to answer an important question at such a young age: "Is what you want for yourself to become someone very different than me?" Cristina considers this on their bus ride home before they make up and embrace. The voiceover from Cristina tells the Princeton committee that while she would be thrilled by their acceptance, she would not let it define her, as she is already her mother's daughter.

Cast

 * Adam Sandler as John Clasky
 * Paz Vega as Flor Moreno
 * Téa Leoni as Deborah Clasky
 * Cloris Leachman as Evelyn Wright
 * Aimee Garcia as the narrator (Adult Cristina Moreno)
 * Shelbie Bruce as 12-year-old Cristina
 * Victoria Luna as 6-year-old Cristina
 * Sarah Steele as Bernice "Bernie" Clasky
 * Ian Hyland as George "Georgie" Clasky
 * Jake Pennington as Young George
 * Cecilia Suárez as Monica
 * Thomas Haden Church as Mike the Realtor
 * Antonio Muñoz as Mexican at Family Dinner
 * Spencer Locke as Sleepover Friend
 * Sarah Hyland as Sleepover Friend

Production
Brooks cast Sandler after seeing his more dramatic performance in Punch-Drunk Love.

Vega could not speak English when filming began and a interpreter was on set during filming so that she could communicate with the director.

Leachman replaced Anne Bancroft, who dropped out of the part after four weeks of shooting because of illness.

According to cinematographer John Seale, over two million feet of film was shot; Kodak sent him two bottles of champagne out of appreciation. This was the most footage Seale ever shot on a film, and it wasn't surpassed until Mad Max: Fury Road.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 54% based on reviews from 168 of critics, with an average rating of 6/10. The critical consensus reads, "Paz Vega shines, and Adam Sandler gives a performance of thoughtfulness and depth, but Spanglish is ultimately undermined by sitcommy plotting and unearned uplift." On Metacritic it has a score of 48% based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F.

Its proponents claim it is a moving portrayal of the difficulty of family problems and self-identity (and perhaps to a lesser extent the difficulties and rewards of cross-cultural communication). Some critics described the film as "uneven", "awkward," for example, when "John and Flor attempt to bare their souls to one another... [with] lots of words coming out of their mouths, but there doesn't seem to be a context", and "The supporting performers deserve better, especially ... Cloris Leachman, who's consigned to a demeaning role...[and] the butt of rather mean-spirited jokes."

title: Spanglish (film)


text:
Gulargambone

Gulargambone is a small town in the central-west plains of New South Wales, Australia, on the banks of the Castlereagh River, in Coonamble Shire. It is 382 km (and 490 km by road) north-west of Sydney. At the 2016 census, Gulargambone had a population of 400.

Its name is derived from the local Wiradjuri people's word for "Watering place of many birds" or Gillahgambone for "place of galahs". Gulargambone was first occupied by Europeans in the mid-19th century and gazetted as a village in 1883.

The town came to national attention in 2000, when the local government attempted to close down the post office, leading to the opening of the first community-owned post office in Australia, which has been followed by a number of other community-led initiatives. These include the improvement of the local hospital, creating a multi-purpose health centre, the opening of a new cinema and the transformation of the old cinema, Simmo's Bazaar, into 2828, the community centre, featuring a café and a gift shop. It has also adopted a town logo, the galah. This has led to Gulargambone becoming the model for self-sufficiency for other small towns in Australia. Gulargambone has won several awards since its revival and most importantly was awarded the 2005 NSW Tidy Towns State winner.

Population
According to the 2016 census of population, 400 people were in Gulargambone.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 45.0% of the population.
 * About 79.8% of people were born in Australia and 80.8% of people spoke only English at home.
 * The most common responses for religion were Anglican 27.8% and no religion 26.8%.

Transport
Driving by car from Sydney to Gulargambone is 490 km and takes about seven hours. Driving by car from Dubbo to Gulargambone is 114 km and takes roughly 1.25 hr.

NSW TrainLink operates coaches between Dubbo and Lightning Ridge, which stop at Coonamble Street, Gulargambone. The coach to Lightning Ridge stops daily at 15:45. The coach to Dubbo stops at 09:00 from Tuesday to Thursday, and 12:00 from Friday to Monday.

Sport
Gulargambone has a rugby union club playing in the Western Plains Rugby Union competition called the Gulargambone Galahs. The town formerly had a rugby league club of the same name, who played in the Castlereagh League and made the 2004 Grand Final.

Notable residents

 * Peter Andren – independent parliamentarian

 * Alexander Henry Buckley – First World War Victoria Cross recipient

 * Harry Chandler – farmer at Gulargambone, pilot navigator with the RAAF stationed first in the Middle East, then Malta and finally in England and 1944 recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross in WWII. Chandler was a crew member in a Lancaster on many tours out of England flown by RAAF pilot Frank Morris from the neighbouring town of Gilgandra, who was also a 1944 recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross.

 * Neil Lambell – grazier raised on "Weenya", Gulargambone, 1944 recipient of Distinguished Flying Cross in WWII

 * Sam Irwin – current utility back for the rugby union club Uni-Norths Owls in the John I Dent Cup

 * Alan Ridley – Australian Rugby League test player

title: Gulargambone


text:
Miguel Hernández University of Elche

The Miguel Hernández University (UMH, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Universitat Miguel Hernández, ), is a Spanish Public University offering education, research and services facilitating the comprehensive development of its students. It is located in the province of Alicante and was established in 1996. Its name commemorates the Spanish poet Miguel Hernández.

The UMH offers bachelor's degrees, Master's and PhD programs adapted to the European Higher Education Area in the fields of the arts, experimental and technical sciences, engineering, and health and social sciences at its four university campuses (Elche, Altea, Orihuela and Sant Joan d'Alacant).

Elche Campus
The Office of the Rector and the University's central services, as well as four schools, four research institutes and twelve departments are located in the city of Elche. In particular, the degree programs taught here include law, journalism, business administration, labor relations and human resources, sports science, psychology, biotechnology, business statistics, environmental science, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, telecommunication technologies engineering and computer engineering in information technology, in addition to various masters and postgraduate courses. The campus contains sporting facilities including a golf course, paddle tennis courts, a pool, and a sports hall.

Sant Joan d'Alacant Campus
In Sant Joan d'Alacant, beside the university hospital, the UMH campus is dedicated to the health sciences. Housed here are two schools, two research institutes, six departments and several laboratories for training students. Degrees in medicine, physiotherapy, podiatry, occupational therapy, pharmacy and various postgraduate courses are taught on this campus. The Institute of Neuroscience and the Drug Dependence Research Institute have their headquarters at the Sant Joan d'Alacant Campus.

Orihuela Campus
In Orihuela, there are two schools and five UMH departments distributed between two university locations (Desamparados and Salesas), where technical and social science education, respectively, are offered. The courses taught at Desamparados, in addition to various masters, include food science and technology, agri-food and agri-environmental engineering. At Salesas, the degrees offered include business administration, political science and public management.

Altea Campus
In Altea is an educational center dedicated to the arts. Offered here is the degree in fine arts, and the campus contains a multi-sport court as well. This campus has workshops and studios for painting, sculpture, illustration, design, drawing, modeling, and dance for students in a fine arts curriculum. The master's degree of planning and landscape research is also taught here.

Facts and Figures
 Campuses
 * Elche, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Orihuela, Altea
 * Buildings: 75
 * Total surface area of the 4 campuses (in square meters): 947,635 m2
 * Total constructed surface area (in square meters): 209,876 m2

 Personnel
 * Full-time Faculty: 560
 * Part-time Faculty: 464
 * Administration and Services Personnel: 389

 Research
 * Average annual research income (previous 5 years): €10,939,846
 * Annual scientific production (publications per faculty member) ranking among Spanish universities: 3rd place
 * Journal publications indexed in ISI Web of Knowledge in 2010: 464

 Students
 * Full-time students: 14,500
 * 17,000 alumni since university creation (1996)

 Employability
 * Agreements with more than 7,000 collaborating entities (80% within the private sector)
 * 13,700 student internships in the last three years
 * 98% business and 95% student satisfaction with the internship program

 Internationalization
 * International agreements with other universities: 318 (282 with European universities and 36 with non-European universities)

 Annual budget
 * €95,463,970

Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) aims for a multidisciplinary approach of excellence on a molecular and cellular level in the areas of biotechnology and health. Research at the IBMC is developed through two main lines of research: Molecular and Cellular Design and Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy. The Institute carries out intense translational and transferable technology research programs that have led to more than 20 registered patents and the creation of spin-off companies.

Institute "Center of Operations Research"
The University Research Institute "Center of Operations Research" (CIO) was established to support R&D activities in statistics, optimization and information technologies. The CIO comprises researchers from different fields (statistics, mathematics, computer engineering and marketing), forming a qualified interdisciplinary group capable of solving problems currently found in the business environment. The CIO continually searches for ways to improve the quality, efficiency and productivity in both public institutions and private companies.

Institute of Neurosciences
The Institute of Neurosciences (IN) is a joint UMH and CSIC research center devoted to the study of the structure, function and development of the nervous system under normal and pathological conditions. The IN is organized into three research units that include Developmental Neurobiology, Molecular Neurobiology and Cellular and Systems Neurobiology. Research groups at the IN use a wide variety of techniques covering the fields of molecular and cell biology, genetics and physiology.

Institute of Bioengineering
The Institute of Bioengineering (IB) focuses on the following areas: cell regenerative therapy, genetics of plant development, cell physiology, biomaterials, biomedical instrumentation, telemedicine, structural and functional genomics, toxicology and chemical safety, neurotoxicity and embryotoxicity, synthesis and design of organic molecules and polymers with biological and electronic applications, cell banks, clinical trials and drug monitoring.

Drug Addiction Research Institute
The Drug Addiction Research Institute (INID) is fundamentally oriented towards the development of research, education and application of programs and resources, through the provision of services and technical assessment for public and/or private entities that may require them in relation to all problems related to drug addiction. The INID approaches the problems of drug addiction through three research blocks: prevention, assistance, and reinsertion.

The Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies
The Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies (CEAM) is an institute of applied research created with the aim of undertaking R&D projects in environmental issues of special relevance for the Valencia Autonomous Community and the Mediterranean region. The CEAM houses the European Photoreactor (EUROPHORE), one of the largest simulation chambers for studying atmospheric chemistry processes. Other areas include the evaluation of plant injuries caused by air pollution, the study and forecasting of extreme weather phenomena, the study of climate change and the carbon cycle, the fight against desertification and the restoration of ecosystems affected by forest fires.

Scientific and Business Park
The Scientific and Business Park at the UMH is managed by the Fundación Quórum. The Park has four areas of specialization: the Biotechnological Business Innovation Centre (CIEB); ILINOVA, ICTs and Consulting; ILITEK, Engineering; and AGROTEC, focusing on the field of agriculture and horticulture.

Residing at the Park are an extensive number of innovative businesses from sectors including biotechnology and health sciences, ICTs and industrial technologies, aeronautics, agro food and socioeconomics. The businesses installed at the park have a series of value-added services at their disposal, like the search for technological partners, assistance in the search for public and private financing, administrative area outsourcing, assistance in business strategy and management and access to the UMH library and databases.

The Park is a member of the Association of Science and Technology Parks of Spain (APTE), the International Association of Science Parks (IASP), and a member of the Network of Valencian Science Parks (rePCV). It actively collaborates with the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI), being a node in the Network of R&D Information Points, as well as with the High Council of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Spain. The Park actively participates in the Assistance Program for the Creation and Growth of Innovative Companies of the Institute for Small and Medium Industry of the Generalitat Valenciana (IMPIVA), and along with the UMH, jointly promotes an entrepreneurial culture.

Internationalization
One of the primary objectives of the UMH is its internationalization. To accomplish this, the University has increased its number of agreements with foreign universities in recent years, which has resulted in an increment of incoming and outgoing students and exchanges of faculty and researchers. UMH is continuously interested in fostering its international relations and expanding its number of foreign partners.

The UMH organizes language courses in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish as a foreign language. Students can take the DELE examination, the Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera (Diploma of Spanish as a Foreign Language), at the UMH, which is a certification from the Cervantes Institute with international recognition.

title: Miguel Hernández University of Elche


text:
USS Preston (DD-19)

USS Preston (DD–19) was a Smith-class destroyer in the United States Navy during World War I. She was the third ship named for Samuel W. Preston.

Construction
Preston was laid down on 28 April 1908 by the New York Shipbuilding Company, Camden, New Jersey, launched on 14 July 1909, sponsored by Miss Katherine Magoun, and commissioned on 21 December 1909, Lieutenant commander George C. Day in command.

World War I
Preston, attached to Destroyer Force, Atlantic Fleet, conducted peacetime patrols and participated in various individual, squadron, and fleet exercises until assigned to neutrality duties prior to the entry of the United States into World War I. At New York on 6 April 1917, she sailed within the week for Boston, Massachusetts, where she continued patrol duties until 12 May. Then reassigned to Destroyer Force, Atlantic, she performed coastal escort and patrol duties for two months. In July, she sailed east, and from 1 August to 5 October she patrolled and performed escort work off the strategically located Azores. Next ordered to Brest, she conducted similar missions along the French coast until the Armistice. On 11 December 1918, she sailed for the United States, arriving at Charleston, South Carolina on 4 January 1919.

Later shifted to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, she decommissioned on 17 July and her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 September. On 21 November, the coal burning "Flivver" was sold to the T. A. Scott Company of New London, Connecticut.

Noteworthy commanding officers

 * Lieutenant commander George C. Day (21 December 1909 – 1910) (Later Rear admiral)
 * Lieutenant Herbert F. Leary (1912-Unknown) (Later Vice admiral)

title: USS Preston (DD-19)


text:
Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch

Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch, also Hermann Schulze, (29 August 1808 – 29 April 1883) was a German politician and economist. He was responsible for the organizing of the world's first credit unions. He was also co-founder of the German Progress Party.

Biography
Schulze-Delitzsch was born at Delitzsch, in Saxony. He studied law at Leipzig and Halle universities and, when thirty, he became an assessor in the court of justice at Berlin. Three years later he was appointed patrimonial-richter at Delitzsch. Entering the parliament of 1848, he joined the Left Centre. At this time, his surname was expanded from Schulze to Schulze-Delitzsch: the name of his birthplace was appended to his surname to distinguish him from other Schulzes in the Prussian National Assembly. Acting as president of the commission of inquiry into the condition of the labourers and artisans, he became impressed with the necessity of co-operation to enable the smaller trades-people to hold their own against the capitalists.

He was a member of the Second Chamber in 1848-1849; but as matters ceased to run smoothly between himself and the high legal officials, he gave up his public appointments in October 1851, and withdrew to Delitzsch. Here he devoted himself to the organization and development of co-operation in Germany, and to the foundation of Vorschussvereine (peoples' banks), of which he had established the first at Delitzsch in 1850. These developed so rapidly that Schulze-Delitzsch in 1858, in Die arbeitenden Klassen und das Assoziationswesen in Deutschland, enumerated twenty-five as already in existence. In these banks, the subscribers made small deposits, obtaining proportional credit and dividends. The management was vested in a board composed of subscribers.

In 1859 the more than 200 such banks were centrally organized under the direction of Schulze-Delitzsch. He promoted the first Genossenschaftstag, a co-operative meeting, in Weimar, and founded a central bureau of co-operative societies.

In 1861 he again entered the Prussian Chamber, and became a prominent member of the Progressist party. In 1863 he devoted the chief portion of a testimonial, amounting to $1,165,567.43 in today's money, to the maintenance of his co-operative institutions and offices. This, however, was only to meet an exceptional outlay, for he always insisted that they must be self-supporting. The next three or four years were given to the formation of local centres, and the establishment of the Deutsche Genossenschafts-Bank, 1865.

The spread of these organizations naturally led to legislation on the subject, and this too was chiefly the work of Schulze-Delitzsch. As a member of the Chamber in 1867 he was mainly instrumental in passing the Prussian law of association, which was extended to the North German Confederation in 1868, and later to the empire. Schulze-Delitzsch also contributed to uniformity of legislation throughout the states of Germany, in 1869, by the publication of Die Gesetzgebung über die privatrechtliche Stellung der Erwerbs- und Wirthschaftsgenossenschaften, etc.

With the legislation in place, his life's work was complete; he had placed the advantages of capital and co-operation within the reach of struggling tradesmen throughout Germany. His remaining years were spent in consolidating this work. He endeavored to accustom the people to rely upon their own initiative to improve their condition, and declared that the function of the state should be limited to assuring industrial and personal liberty.

Both as a writer and a member of the Reichstag his industry was incessant, and he died in harness on 29 April 1883 at Potsdam, leaving the reputation of a benefactor to the smaller tradesmen and artisans, in which light he must be regarded rather than as the founder of true co-operative principles in Germany. At the time of his death, there were in Germany alone 3,500 co-operative banking branches with more than $100,000,000 in deposits, while the system had been extended to Austria, Italy, Belgium and Russia. His work was noteworthy enough to attain mention in Leo Tolstoy's novel, Anna Karenina.

title: Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch


text:
Calauan

Calauan, officially the Municipality of Calauan , is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Laguna, Philippines. The municipality has a land area of 25.25 square miles which constitutes 3.41% of Laguna's total area. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 87,693 people.

Situated at 73 km southeast of Manila, via Calamba and Los Baños, and 26 km from Santa Cruz. Calauan is known for the Pineapple Festival, which is celebrated every 15 May.

The patron saint of Calauan is Isidore the Laborer, the patron of farmers, known in Spanish as San Isidro Labrador.

Calauan's population is expected to rise, as the town is being used as resettlement of informal settlers in Metro Manila through the Bayan ni Juan and the Kapit-Bisig para sa Ilog Pasig project of the ABS-CBN Foundation.

Popular destinations in the area include the Field of Faith situated in Barangay Lamot 2 and the Isdaan Floating Restaurant located along the Calamba–Pagsanjan Road.

Etymology
Calauan, also spelled as Calauang, got its name from the Tagalog term kalawang, which means rust. Folklore has it that during the construction of the Municipal Church, water seeped into the holes dug for its foundation, giving it a brown, rusty hue, hence the name Calauan (Kalawang).

History
The fertile soil of Calauan attracted the attention of Captain Juan de Salcedo, when he passed through Laguna and Tayabas (now Quezon) on his way to Bicol in 1570. Ten years later, Spanish authorities established a town government 2 km from the site of the present Poblacion, in what is now Barrio Mabacan. They called the townsite “Calauan” (Tagalog word for rust). Following in epidemic in 1703, the town was moved to its present site at the fork of three roads—now to the south-west leading to San Pablo, the other southeastward to Santa Cruz, the provincial capital, and the third going North to Manila.

At the turn of the 18th century, when Bay was designated as the provincial capital of Laguna, Calauan became a sitio of Bay. Merchants going to Southern Luzon passed through Bay and Calauan. One of them, an opulent Spaniard by the name of Iñigo, bought large tracts of land in Calauan in 1812. The landholdings of Iñigo and, later, of his heirs were so vast that many portions were still unsettled. The property was and still is, known as Hacienda Calauan. About a century later, the people of Calauan fought a “guardia civil” during the Philippine Revolution. Basilio Geiroza (better known as Cabesang Basilio) and his men routed a battalion of “guardia civiles” in a five-hour battle in Bario Cupangan (now Lamot I) in December 1897. During the subsequent Philippine-American hostilities, Calauan patriots fought numerically superior forces of General Otis in Barrio San Diego of San Pablo. With the establishment of civilian authority in Calauan in 1902, the Americans assigned Mariano Marfori as first “presidente”. Hacienda Calauan financed the construction of a hospital in 1926, and Mariano O. Marfori Jr. son of the first municipal presidente, as hospital director and the resident physician, respectively.

In 1939, by the request of President Manuel L. Quezon, Doña Margarita Roxas vda. de Soriano, granddaughter of the Spaniard, Iñigo., subdivided Hacienda Calauan and sold it to the tenants, part of what remained was converted into a rest house and a swimming pool and it became one of the tourist attractions until 1956.

In 1993, the town became the focus of media attention when Antonio Sanchez, who was serving as mayor at the time, got involved into a rape and double murder case involving two University of the Philippines Los Baños students. Sanchez and several other men were given a life sentence in March 1995.

Geographical landmarks
Barangay Lamot 2 in Calauan is the site is the site of Mount Kalisungan, known for being site where retreating Japanese soldiers made their last stand in Laguna at the end of World War II. The 760 MASL mountain is sometimes also known as Mount Nagcarlan or Mount Lamot, and is a traditional during holy week hiking site among locals. It is considered a hiker's favorite because it offers a clear view of Talim Island, Mount Tagapo, the Jalajala peninsula and Mount Sembrano to the north, the Caliraya highlands to the east, the seven lakes of San Pablo, Mount San Cristobal and Mount Banahaw to the south, and Mount Makiling to the west.

Barangays
Calauan is politically subdivided into 17 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Balayhangin
 * Bangyas
 * Dayap
 * Hanggan
 * Imok
 * Lamot 1
 * Lamot 2
 * Limao
 * Mabacan
 * Masiit
 * Paliparan
 * Pérez
 * Kanluran (Poblacion)
 * Silangan (Poblacion)
 * Prinza
 * San Isidro
 * Santo Tomas

Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Calauan, Laguna, was 87,693 people, with a density of undefined PD/km2.

title: Calauan


text:
Special-purpose entity

A special-purpose entity (SPE; or, in Europe and India, special-purpose vehicle/SPV; or, in some cases in each EU jurisdiction, FVC, financial vehicle corporation) is a legal entity (usually a limited company of some type or, sometimes, a limited partnership) created to fulfill narrow, specific or temporary objectives. SPEs are typically used by companies to isolate the firm from financial risk. A formal definition is "The Special Purpose Entity is a fenced organization having limited predefined purposes and a legal personality".

Normally a company will transfer assets to the SPE for management or use the SPE to finance a large project thereby achieving a narrow set of goals without putting the entire firm at risk. SPEs are also commonly used in complex financings to separate different layers of equity infusion. Commonly created and registered in tax havens, SPEs allow tax avoidance strategies unavailable in the home district. Round-tripping is one such strategy. In addition, they are commonly used to own a single asset and associated permits and contract rights (such as an apartment building or a power plant), to allow for easier transfer of that asset. They are an integral part of public private partnerships common throughout Europe which rely on a project finance type structure.

A special-purpose entity may be owned by one or more other entities and certain jurisdictions may require ownership by certain parties in specific percentages. Often it is important that the SPE is not owned by the entity on whose behalf the SPE is being set up (the sponsor). For example, in the context of a loan securitization, if the SPE securitization vehicle were owned or controlled by the bank whose loans were to be secured, the SPE would be consolidated with the rest of the bank's group for regulatory, accounting, and bankruptcy purposes, which would defeat the point of the securitization. Therefore, many SPEs are set up as 'orphan' companies with their shares settled on charitable trust and with professional directors provided by an administration company to ensure that there is no connection with the sponsor.

Ireland remains a popular jurisdiction for incorporating Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) for the purpose of issuing debt securities.

Uses
Some of the reasons for creating special-purpose entities are as follow:
 * Securitization: SPEs are commonly used to securitize loans (or other receivables). For example, a bank may wish to issue a mortgage-backed security whose payments come from a pool of loans.  However, to ensure that the holders of the mortgage-backed securities have the first priority right to receive payments on the loans, these loans need to be legally separated from the other obligations of the bank.  This is done by creating an SPE, and then transferring the loans from the bank to the SPE.
 * Risk sharing: Corporates may use SPEs to legally isolate a high risk project/asset from the parent company and to allow other investors to take a share of the risk.
 * Finance: Multi-tiered SPEs allow multiple tiers of investment and debt.
 * Asset transfer: Many permits required to operate certain assets (such as power plants) are either non-transferable or difficult to transfer.  By having an SPE own the asset and all the permits, the SPE can be sold as a self-contained package, rather than attempting to assign over numerous permits.
 * To maintain the secrecy of intellectual property: For example, when Intel and Hewlett-Packard started developing IA-64 (Itanium) processor architecture, they created a special-purpose entity which owned the intellectual technology behind the processor. This was done to prevent competitors like AMD accessing the technology through pre-existing licensing deals.
 * Financial engineering: SPEs are often used in financial engineering schemes which have, as their main goal, the avoidance of tax or the manipulation of financial statements. The Enron case is possibly the most famous example of a company using SPEs to achieve the latter goal.
 * Regulatory reasons: A special-purpose entity can sometimes be set up within an orphan structure to circumvent regulatory restrictions, such as regulations relating to nationality of ownership of specific assets.
 * Property investing: Some countries have different tax rates for capital gains and gains from property sales. Letting each property be owned by a separate company can mean a lower tax bill.  These companies can then be sold and bought instead of the actual properties, effectively converting property sale gains into capital gains in order to pay less tax.

Securitization

 * A real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC), used for the pooling and securitization of mortgage loans for mortgage-backed securities.
 * A financial asset securitization investment trust (FASIT), a defunct entity used for securitization of any debt for asset-backed securities.
 * An Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) (S110 SPV), the largest SPV in the EU for securitisation.

Investment

 * A real estate investment trust (REIT), a tax designation for a corporate entity investing in real estate for the purpose of reducing or eliminating corporate tax.

Establishment
Like a company, an SPE must have promoter(s) or sponsor(s). Usually, a sponsoring corporation hives off assets or activities from the rest of the company into an SPE. This isolation of assets is important for providing comfort to investors. The assets or activities are distanced from the parent company, hence the performance of the new entity will not be affected by the ups and downs of the originating entity. The SPE will be subject to fewer risks and thus provide greater comfort to the lenders. What is important here is the distance between the sponsoring company and the SPE. In the absence of adequate distance between the sponsor and the new entity, the latter will not be an SPE but only a subsidiary company.

A good SPE should be able to stand on its feet, independent of the sponsoring company. This does not always happen in practice. One of the reasons for the collapse of the Enron SPE was that it became a vehicle for furthering the ends of the parent company in violation of the prudential norms of corporate financing and accounting.

Abuses
Special-purpose entities were one of the main tools used by executives at Enron, in order to hide losses and fabricate earnings, resulting in the Enron scandal of 2001. They were also used to hide losses and overstate earnings by executives at Towers Financial Corporation, which declared bankruptcy in 1994. Several executives of the company were found guilty of securities fraud, served prison sentences, and paid fines. Evergrande has also been accused of  using off book SPE to hide debt.

Accounting guidance
Under US GAAP, a number of accounting standards apply to SPEs, most notably FIN 46R that sets out the consolidation treatment of these entities. There are a number of other standards that apply to different transactions with SPEs.

Under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the relevant standard is IAS 27 in connection with the interpretation of SIC12 (Consolidation—Special-Purpose Entities). For periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013, IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements supersedes IAS 27 and SIC 12.

title: Special-purpose entity


text:
User talk:Batholith~enwiki

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Good to argue with you a bit on the Creation vs. evolution debate page. Hope all is well. See you around.

Here are some useful links. But I have a feeling you already know about them. :))

---Rednblu | Talk 23:23, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Batholith. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Batholith~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:25, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:55, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Batholith~enwiki


text:
Scire facias

In English law, a writ of scire facias (Latin, meaning literally "make known") is a writ founded upon some judicial record directing the sheriff to make the record known to a specified party, and requiring the defendant to show cause why the party bringing the writ should not be able to cite that record in his own interest, or formerly why, in the case of letters patent and grants, the patent or grant should not be annulled and vacated. Largely withdrawn by 1947, its use in the administrative court remains one of the two ways in which a Royal Charter can be involuntarily revoked, the other being primary legislation in Parliament. In the United States, the writ has been abolished under federal law but may still be available in some state legal systems.

History
The writ of scire facias was created in 1285 during the 13th year of the reign of Edward I by the English Parliament in the Second Statute of Westminster. The writ of quo warranto was created during this same period.

Procedure
Proceedings in scire facias were regarded as a form of action, and the defendant could plead his defense as in an action. They were analogous to quo warranto proceedings.

In 1684, the royal charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was rescinded by a writ of scire facias for the colony's interference with the royal prerogative in founding Harvard College and other matters.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the writ was of little practical importance. Its principal uses were to compel the appearance of corporations aggregate in revenue suits, and to enforce judgments against shareholders in companies regulated by the Companies Clauses Act 1845, or similar private acts, and against garnishees in proceedings in foreign attachment in the Lord Mayor's Court. It was not used in Scottish law.

Proceedings by scire facias to repeal letters patent for inventions were abolished by the Patents, Designs and Trademarks Act 1883, and a petition to the court substituted.

The writ in most situations was abolished on 1 January 1948 by the Crown Proceedings Act 1947.

U.S. significance
The actual writ of scire facias has been suspended in the federal district courts by Rule 81(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, but the rule still allows for granting relief formerly available through scire facias by prosecuting a civil action. Some American legal scholars, including William Rehnquist, Saikrishna Prakash, and Steven D. Smith, have suggested that impeachment may not be the sole method to remove a federal judge from office, pointing to scire facias as an alternative.

Under the law of many states, Arkansas, Georgia, New Hampshire, Tennessee, and Texas for example, an action in scire facias may be used to revive a dormant judgment if brought in a timely fashion. An action on debt, reciting that the dormant judgment remains unpaid, may be used for the same purpose. The defendant of the scire facias writ would generally need to prove that the debt was paid in order for the court to invalidate the writ. See O.C.G.A. § 9-12-61; Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 31.006.

title: Scire facias


text:
Michael Maier

Michael Maier (Michael Maierus; 1568–1622) was a German physician and counsellor to Rudolf II Habsburg. He was a learned alchemist, epigramist, and amateur composer.

Early life
Maier was born in Rendsburg, Holstein, the son of a specialist in beadwork in embroidery named Peter Maier. He studied philosophy and medicine at Rostock (1587–1591), Frankfurt (Oder) (M.A. 1592), and Padua (1595–1596). Maier left Padua abruptly after getting involved in a fight, injuring the other party, and being arrested. He went on to the University of Basel, where he attained a doctorate in medicine in October 1596. His doctoral thesis, De epilepsia was dedicated to Matthias Carnarius. Maier then returned to Holstein to practice medicine. Around 1599, he became interested in alchemy and attempted to create an alchemical concordance, synthesizing the works of different authors. For Florian G. Calian, Maier is " an alchemist who over-spiritualized his discipline."

In the service of Rudolf II (1609-1611)
In 1608, he went to Prague, and on 19 September 1609, he formally entered the service of Rudolf II as his physician and imperial counsellor. Ten days later, Rudolf raised him to the hereditary nobility and gave him the title of Imperial Count Palatine. He was granted a coat of arms which depicted a bird, bonded together with a frog by a golden chain. Around this time, Maier published an extremely limited print run of De Medicina Regia et vere Heroica, Coelidonia (1609), including in it his autobiography. The interest of the emperor in the occult was the reason of his high esteem for Maier. However, by April 1611, Rudolf's political position had substantially deteriorated, and he was more or less imprisoned in his castle in Prague. Maier left the city that month. He corresponded with Moritz of Hessen-Kassel, and visited Hessen-Kassel's brother-in-law, Count Ernst III of Holstein-Schauenburg. He was also a guest of Christoph Reinhard, Doctor of Laws and town syndic of Mühlhausen, to whom he later dedicated his book Atalanta Fugiens.

In England 1611-1616
First Maier visited the Netherlands where he stayed with Petrus Carpenterius in Rotterdam. Carpernterius had previously been the rector of a Walloon school in Norwich in 1598. From there he continued on to London arriving in 1611 or 1612. Whether he had arrived in person or not by Christmas 1611 is unknown, but he did send Christmas cards to both James I and his son Prince Henry.

He composed a wedding song for the nuptials of Frederick V of the Palatinate to Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I. He was in London on 6 November 1612, attending the funeral of Prince Henry in the retinue of Frederick of the Palatinate.

His first well-known book, Arcana arcanissima, was published in London in 1613 or 1614, originally dedicated to the head of the Royal College of Physicians at that time, William Paddy. He also personally dedicated copies to a number of notables, including the Bishop of Ely and Sir Thomas Smith of the East India Company. Other, less notable friends included Francis Anthony.

Maier returned to Germany in September 1616, settling in Frankfurt am Main. His Atalanta Fugiens, an alchemical emblem book, was published in 1617. Alongside images, poems, and discussion, it included fifty pieces of music in the form of fugues, the form itself being a pun on Atalanta "fleeing". In 1619, Maier became the physician of Landgrave Moritz of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). In 1620, he moved to Magdeburg to practice medicine, where he died at the age of 54, leaving a noteworthy quantity of unpublished works.

A devout Lutheran all his life, Michael Maier had a strong influence on Sir Isaac Newton. He was also involved in the Rosicrucian movement that appeared around this time, which afforded part of the matter of his Themis aurea.

Influence
The 1656 English translation of Themis Aurea appeared as Themis Aurea: The Laws of the Fraternity of the Rosie Cross, and was dedicated to Elias Ashmole. Under the initials N.L.T.S. and H.S. the dedicators justified their dedication over three pages; they are now identified as Nathaniel Hodges, and Thomas Hodges (either his father or his brother, both of that name). Ashmole, they said, began to learn seal engraving, casting in sand, and goldsmith's work when living in Blackfriars, London, at which time he was initiated into Rosicrucian "secrets" by William Backhouse of Swallowfield in Berkshire. While illustrating the chain of Rosie Cross links from Michael Maier and Robert Fludd, via Backhouse to Ashmole, the details given about Ashmole's training as a craftsman could illustrate the background of the latter's acception in operative masonry.

James Brown Craven, who gave detailed descriptions of the works above in his catalogue raisonné (1910) of Michael Maier, also included the 1654 English translation of ''Lusus Serius: or, Serious Passtime. A Philosophical Discourse ...wherein Hermes or Mercury is declared King of all Worldly things''. The copy from the Bodleian Library described by Craven was dedicated "To the Honourable Cary Dillon, Esq., Son to Robert, late Earle of Roscommon by J. de la Salle" [i.e., John Hall of Durham]. This is a fair example of the intellectual circle in which Maier's work circulated contemporary with the association of Rosie Cross with Elias Ashmole.

Works

 * De Medicina Regia et vere heroica, Coelidonia. 1609.
 * Hymnosophia.
 * Arcana arcanissima, hoc est, Hieroglyphica Ægyptio-Graeca: vulgo necdum cognita, ad demonstrandam falsorum apud antiquos deorum, dearum, heroum, animantium, et institutorum pro sacris receptorum, originem, ex uno Ægyptiorum artificio, quad aureum animi et Corporis medicamentum peregit, deductam: unde tot poetarum allegoriae, scriptorum narrationes fabulosae et per totam encyclopaediam errores sparsi clarissima veritatis luce manifestantur, suaque tribui singula restituuntur, sex libris exposita. London: Creede, 1614.
 * De Circulo physico, quadrato: Hoc est, de Auro ejusque virtute medicinali, sub duro cortice instar nuclei latente, an et qualis inde petenda sit tractatus haut inutilis. Oppenheim: Lucas Jennis, 1616.
 * Lusus Serius. Oppenheim, 1616.
 * Silentium Post Clamores, 1617.
 * Symbola aureae mensae duodecim nationum, hoc est Hermaea seu Mercurii festa ab heroibus duodenis selectis, artis chymicae usu, sapientia et authoritate paribus celebrata, ad Pyrgopolynicen seu adversarium illum tot annis jactabundum, virgini Chemiae injuriam argumentis tam vitiosis quam convitiis argutis inferentem, confundendum et exarmandum, artifices vero optime de ea meritos suo honori et famae restituendum. Frankfurt a. M: Lucas Jennis, 1617.
 * Atalanta Fugiens. Oppenheim, Johann Theodori de Bry, 1617.
 * Examen Fucorum Pseudo-Chymicorum. 1617.
 * Jocus Severus. Frankfurt, 1617.
 * Tripus Aureus, Frankfurt, 1618.
 * Viatorium. Frankfurt, 1618.
 * Themis Aurea, hoc est, de Legibus Fraternitatis R. C. tractatus, quo earum cum rei veritate convenientia, utilitas publica et privata, nec non causa necessaria, evoluntur et demonstrantur. 1618.
 * Tractus de Volugri Arborea. 1619.
 * Verum Inventum. 1619.
 * Septimana Philosophica: Qua Aenigmata Aureola de omni Naturae genere a Solomone Israelitarum Sapientissimo Rege, et Arabiae Regina Saba, nec non Hyramo, Tyri Principe, sibi invicem in modum Colloquii proponuntur et enodatur, 1620.
 * Civitas Corporis Humani. 1621.
 * Cantilenae Intelectuales de Phoenice Redivivo; or Chansons Intelectuelles sur la resurection Du Phenix. 1622.
 * Ulysses. Sapientia seu intelligentia, tanquam coelestis scintilla beatitudinis, quod si in fortunae et corporis bonis naufragium faciat, ad portum meditationis et patientiae remingio feliciter se expediat. 1624. (Posthumous)

title: Michael Maier


text:
Instituto Abel

Instituto Abel is a 1st through 12th grade school in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil established in 1950. The Institute follows the philosophy of Jean-Baptiste de la Salle, the French patron saint of Christian teachers.

title: Instituto Abel


text: Template:Meetup

title: Template:Meetup