text:
Talk:BMW 3 Series

Untitled
Will need an update from E46 to E90 models now that BMW has announced specifications of the four-door sedan. Stombs 23:38, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

More information
...is available at the link I've just added. I used Fred Brossaud's PDF for building a good deal of the BMW Z1 page, and although the 325i PDF seems to be a bit smaller, I'm sure you'll find lots of obscure facts and production information. --Milkmandan 05:46, 2005 Jan 4 (UTC)

Too much US-centric
I'll start adding more euro-centric related information, especially regarding available versions, and changing the wording of the text so it focuses more on European aspects of the car. --Pc13 17:22, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The association with 'yuppies' and its status as a prestigious range of cars is pretty much exclusive to the US. Throughout most of western europe it's just another small-saloon, albeit with a reputation for high build quality. 81.179.127.7 19:30, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

How to divide info between Series pages and E pages?
Sfoskett and I are wondering how best to split information between the "series" BMW pages (BMW 3 Series, BMW 5 Series etc.) and the E number pages which describe individual generations (e.g. BMW E30, BMW E90). We seem to agree that the term "BMW 3 Series" in Wikipedia should not be seen to give undue prominence to cars that happen to be currently in production, just as the current models of Porsche 911 or Range Rover pages should not dominate their pages. I feel we can make a useful distinction between the "phenomenon" of the 3 Series (etc.), which would talk about a) the place in the market the car tries to cover and the common variations (cabrio, coupé, sporty versions, racing versions) that have been features since 1975, and b) the technical specifics of each generation (model range, length, width, weight, suspension, engines used, photo, etc.). --Hotlorp 18:18, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Because there are so darn many BMW variations (engines, models, markets) and because each series seems to overlap so much, I would be in favor of moving all technical information (engines, sizes, markets) to the E pages and leaving only general prose ("The E39 generation...") in the Series pages. --SFoskett 21:21, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

Grammatical Mechanics
"Consequently, BMW decided to leave well enough alone: while larger BMWs followed a more avant-garde Bangle style, the latest E90 is not a radical departure from the current model." Can someone think of a better way to phrase this? Removed from the article.

Missing Models
I know that there is also a 320Cd, and I'm sure there are other engine size diesel coupes in the E46 range, but none are mentioned in the model lists. i don't have the infomation on them to add them as entries, but either someone should add these models, or an incomplete list disclaimer needs to be added. Davepealing 10:14, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Pictures
There's like 4 pictures of the E90 sedan, but no picture of the E90 coupes or sport wagon

About "Awards"
Top Gear hasn't voted for the E90 as the ulgiest car, in fact in their page you find:

"BMW's compact exec is the must-drive for every management exec and corporate monkey. Got a nice end-of-year bonus? Buy a 3-series. It's the no-brain choice for the social climber.

Which should, by definition, make it a hateful status symbol. The only problem is that it's bloody good. The 3-series is practical and bullet-proof, but more importantly it's still fantastic to drive. "

Here's the link: http://www.topgear.com/drives/A4/E2/new/

And the article about ugliest cars:

http://www.topgear.com/content/news/stories/170/

I'm really disappointed about people misguiding others with the information given. It shows the jealousy of some for this car. Personally I think the E90 is superb aesthetically, tougher if you may. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 205.211.203.200 (talk) 02:56, 28 January 2007 (UTC).
 * That article is horribly outdated. Top Gear awarded the BMW 3 Series the Ugliest Car Of The Year award in its 2005 awards special (beating out the Ssangyong Kyron, the Ssangyong Rodius and the Ssangyong Musso). Kinitawowi 23:42, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

My bad, just researched the information regarding that espisode of Top Gear. Anyhow, please note that in episode 4 season 6 of that same show, the 3 series was hailed as "the most important new car of the year". And the review of the car stated in general lines "a great machine with superb handling".

External Link
Hi-- I have currently made a new exotic car site here. I was wanting to add the relevant pages to relevant wiki pages and wondering if that's ok to do so? Please let me know. Thanks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Richard300187 (talk • contribs).

 * As long as it conforms to all criteria of WP:EL. At this time, I don't see it doing that simply because it doesn't really bring any unique information that the article doesn't already provide. What you could do, though, (and really what everyone should do) is provide the linking to this article through dmoz. Dmoz functionality has been set up with this article and all external links should go through it at this point. I would highly suggest reading up on dmoz. Roguegeek (talk) 18:31, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

Quick Facts
I think this section is redundant. It simply restates info from the short paragraph directly above. If no one has any objections I will remove them tomorrow. --Daniel J. Leivick 05:51, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Objection. A lot of information is confusing to new people who don't spend their life looking up long words in dictionaries. It is easy & quick to just give people some non-confusing facts.
 * What "long words" specifically are the problem? The intro para. is easy to read if you ask me, and if there is a particular part that is confusing it should be fixed.  The quick facts section just rehashes the lead in list form, it isn't any easier to understand. --Daniel J. Leivick 17:30, 26 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Why is the Quick Facts back? Not only is this redundant, it is inaccurate.Qwazywabbit 16:40, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
 * They are back because User:Wjs13 (creator of the BMW Mercedes Benz project) and his anon IPs continue to revert their removal despite multiple editors complaints. --Daniel J. Leivick 20:06, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

history and marketing expansion.
needed to "fill in" gaps on history and social relevance the 3 series has. Mostly U.S. centric. This still needs a Euro perspective to complete. I am working to incorporate the import history of the model to the U.S. beginning in 1968 with Max Hoffmann.(Qwazywabbit 20:59, 26 July 2007 (UTC))

The "History" section is dangerously close to the script from BMW's own film. --Bud 09:44, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * What film, so I can check it out for myself. Qwazy wabbit Msg me 20:32, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

E36 325 TDS
This model isn't listed, sold alongside the 325TD, the TDS has 143 BHP. More info here http://www.topcarguide.com/index.php?token=rWjeYx3Xfv3BlP%2FCmRiYI8gZfGJ0AQpPNSbRO2V%3D —Preceding unsigned comment added by Assimilator1 (talk • contribs) 10:48, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

SI units
All measurements on the page should be in SI units first and any other units second. This isn't an American car so why are the units all in American specific units first?(86.31.177.8 (talk) 02:46, 9 November 2008 (UTC))

SMG Transmission
I noticed the SMG was referred to as an automatic transmission. This is grossly inaccurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.64.149.46 (talk) 22:45, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
 * This has been corrected. Tatrakrad (talk) 00:18, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

BMW 328XI
328XI Performance' BMW 328XI Exterior'
 * 2,996 cc 3 liters in-line 6 front engine with 85 mm bore, 88 mm stroke, 10.7 compression ratio, double overhead cam, variable valve timing/camshaft and four valves per cylinder
 * Premium unleaded fuel 91
 * Fuel economy EPA highway #mpg#: 28 and EPA city #mpg#: 19
 * Multi-point injection fuel system
 * 16.1 gallon main premium unleaded fuel tank
 * Power: 172 kW, 230 HP SAE @ 6,500 rpm; 200 ft lb , 271 Nm @ 2,750 rpm
 * Body side molding
 * Body color front and rear bumpers
 * Chrome/bright trim around side windows
 * Day time running lights
 * Driver and passenger power heated body color door mirrors
 * External dimensions: overall length #inches#: 178.2, overall width #inches#: 71.5, overall height #inches#: 57.3, wheelbase #inches#: 108.7, front track #inches#: 59.1 and rear track #inches#: 59.6
 * Front fog lights
 * Complex surface lens halogen bulb headlights
 * Heat reflective glass
 * Luxury trim leather on gearknob, wood/woodgrain on doors and wood/woodgrain on dashboard
 * Black paint
 * Rear window with defogger and intermittent
 * Roof rails
 * Roof spoiler
 * Glass electric front sunroof
 * Tinted glass on cabin
 * Weights: curb weight #lbs# 3,770
 * Windshield wipers with automatic intermittent wipe and rain sensor

BMW X3
BMW X3 Performance & Efficiency Standard Features BMW X3 Handling, Ride & Braking Standard Features BMW X3 Exterior & Aerodynamics Standard Features
 * 2,996 cc 3 liters in-line 6 front engine with 85.1 mm bore, 97.9 mm stroke, 10.7 compression ratio, double overhead cam, variable valve timing/camshaft and four valves per cylinder
 * Premium unleaded fuel 91
 * Fuel consumption: EPA urban (mpg): 18, country/highway (mpg): 26 and combined (mpg): 21
 * Fuel economy EPA highway (mpg): 26 and EPA city (mpg): 18
 * Multi-point injection fuel system
 * 17.7 gallon main premium unleaded fuel tank
 * Power: 194 kW, 260 HP SAE @ 6,600 rpm; 225 ft lb , 305 Nm @ 2,750 rpm
 * Four-wheel ABS
 * 3.64:1 axle ratio
 * Brake assist system
 * Cornering brake control
 * Four disc brakes including four ventilated discs
 * Electronic brake distribution
 * Electronic traction control via ABS & engine management
 * Immobilizer
 * Center limited slip differential
 * Spacesaver steel rim under body spare wheel
 * Stability control
 * Strut front suspension independent with stabilizer bar and coil springs, multi-link rear suspension independent with stabilizer bar and coil springs
 * Part-painted front and rear bumpers
 * Chrome/bright trim around side windows
 * Day time running lights
 * Driver power heated body color door mirrors, passenger power heated body color door mirrors with automatic
 * External dimensions: overall length (inches): 179.9, overall width (inches): 73, overall height (inches): 66, ground clearance (inches): 8, wheelbase (inches): 110.1, front track (inches): 60 and rear track (inches): 60.7
 * Front fog lights
 * Complex surface lens halogen bulb headlights
 * Heat reflective glass
 * Luxury trim alloy & leather on gearknob, wood/woodgrain on doors and wood/woodgrain on dashboard
 * Black paint
 * Fixed rear window with defogger and intermittent
 * Roof rails
 * Roof spoiler
 * Glass electric front to rear sunroof
 * Tinted glass on cabin, rear and side
 * Weights: gross vehicle weight rating (lbs) 5,049, curb weight (lbs) 4,012, gross trailer weight braked (lbs) 3,500 and max payload (lbs) 1,036
 * Windshield wipers with automatic intermittent wipe and rain sensor —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.26.186.209 (talk) 05:12, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

have a BMW 320 2.0 diesel on a 05 plate, I have what looks like a timing chain problem, I took the engine head off and found 8 of the rocker fingers broken, but the timing chain don't seams to be damage, But
 * I know some thing is wrong but cant figure it out have never worked on one of these engines so if you know what cause these rocker fingers to be broken and what I need to do to fix the problem please feel to share your comments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.149.128.241 (talk) 15:00, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

New table to summarise model engines over time
I'm thinking a table would be helpful to clarify the model naming/engine choices.

For example, something like:

So, 1. Is this already available elsewhere on the web? Not much point spending time on this if there is. 2. Does anybody else see the use of this? I'm not going to bother finishing it off if it will just get removed from the page. Danio (talk) 22:39, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

folding mirrows
I have a BMW E46 325ci 2004 vin N.PL62403 I would like to know if my side mirrows can be fold manualy or if I can bay a door switch to make them work electrically could you please give me some suggestions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:A570:E400:E1D4:AF41:C362:594 (talk) 01:31, 17 May 2016 (UTC)

Why only US sales?
It seems odd that the only sales information would be for the US. Especially as this is a European car. I'd be interested to see the information for China, as I'm sure the numbers would have grown at a ridiculous pace. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.82.19.50 (talk) 07:05, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

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G20 inclusion
Hi Heatseaker. I believe that the upcoming G20 generation should be included. Spy shots and insider reports are evidence that the model exists. The text is therefore well supported by references. WP:NOTHOWTO states that "if preparation for the event is not already in progress", and BMW have been working on the G20 for at least 5 years now. As per the upcoming 2017 iPhone (which has a weaker case than the G20: it does not yet have a name and the sources don't feature photos of it), the only question is when it will be officially announced. Therefore, I believe that the G20 passes NOTHOWTO. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 21:55, 4 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi, 1292simon. Here's the problem: all of the spyshots, all of the information cited, is speculation. BMW has said nothing about the G20 (I'm not even sure they confirmed the platform code), so everything is speculation. Simply putting "Expected 2018" in the header confirms the speculative nature of the information.
 * I'll give an example. One of the websites cited states definitively that the new 3 Series will have carbon fiber in its construction since the 7 Series does. Similar websites said the same of the G30 5 Series. Guess what? The G30 arrived, but it has not an ounce of carbon fiber.
 * Until BMW says something about the car, it's 100% speculation. Even if one of these media outlets gets a tip from a production supplier of something actually happening, plans change. What's the point in discussing a topic that could still be changing?
 * Oh, and that mention in the iPhone article? It shouldn't be there either. I'll go delete it.heat_fan1 (talk) 16:45, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the explanation. I don't think it should all be dismissed as speculation. There is lots of coverage of prototype sightings and the articles often refer to information from insiders (of course the sources will be anonymous before the model is officially released). So I think there is far more substance to it than just speculation. Of course, not every detail will be 100% correct, but decisions such as the platform and engines need to be locked in years before launch. Why do you think it won't be called G20? I don't think too much should be read into the word "expected" in the title, it is just to fit the structure of the article. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 13:42, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I guess my main objection is based on the fundamentals of Wikipedia (or any encyclopedia). Fundamentally, WP is based on facts. It presents things that are. While "The G20 is expected to include new 3 and 4 cylinder engines" is a factual statement, that statement says nothing about the car itself; it describes, factually, only someone's opinion. Again, "insider" information can only be based on plans, not the released product. And since this isn't an article about the development of the G20 and we don't have any real information from BMW, by definition, we cannot describe the new car. You mention 100% of details won't be correct, but then why present them at all? That's a total violation of WP:CRYSTALBALL. Here's the last sentence of that section: "Speculation and rumor, even from reliable sources, are not appropriate encyclopedic content."
 * I understand the excitement to talk about the newest car. I'm a car nut, so I'm totally there with you. Wikipedia just isn't the place for it, yet. heat_fan1 (talk) 20:42, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Articles are often based on expert opinions. For example, a black hole is not directly observable, but the wikipedia article acknowledges it as a real phenomenon, based on experts interpretations of data. And United States presidential election, 2020 includes discussion of potential candidates when selection of the actual candidates is over 3 years away. The 2020 election article is actually used as an example in WP:CRYSTALBALL, which means the less speculative G20 text must also be ok. I think the CRYSTALBALL line about "speculation and rumour" is being mis-applied here; it is mainly aimed at reducing advertising for future films and games in wikipedia. Instead, I believe the G20 text is supported by CRYSTALBALL's more general statement that "It is appropriate to report discussion and arguments about the prospects for success of future proposals and projects or whether some development will occur, if discussion is properly referenced". Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 04:48, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Except that the example of the election is in a note about "scheduled or expected future events." Sure, you could call the release of the 3-Series an expected future event, except for note 5 about "product announcements and rumors," in which you find the comment that "Speculation and rumor, even from reliable sources, are not appropriate encyclopedic content." I do see in the Talk archive that the line came out of a discussion about video games, but I don't see why it doesn't apply here too. A car release is much closer to a product release than an event. Further, from WP:Automobiles, we have this instruction about unannounced vehicles: "In accordance with WP:CRYSTALBALL, information about future or speculative vehicles that have not been officially announced by their manufacturer should not be discussed. If an article is created or information added to an existing page about a speculative vehicle, it is to be either deleted or redirected to an article whose subject is most relevant to the redirect's subject." I think that about sums it up. heat_fan1 (talk) 03:12, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

 * As you wish. If you want to remove that section, I won't change it until there is information from BMW. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 08:12, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Wiki warriors. SMH. Everyone and their mother knows the G20 exists. BMW won't say anything for marketing purposes. Arguments against its inclusion here are beyond ridiculous. Brout8 (talk) 18:16, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:BMW 3 Series


text:
Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley

Edward John Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, (13 November 1802 – 16 June 1869), known as The Lord Eddisbury between 1848 and 1850, was a British politician. He served as Postmaster General between 1860 and 1866.

Background
Stanley was the son of John Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Alderley, and Lady Maria Josepha, daughter of John Holroyd, 1st Earl of Sheffield. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

Political career
Stanley entered the House of Commons as Whig Member of Parliament (MP) for Hindon in 1831 and was later member for North Cheshire between 1832 and 1841, and between 1847 and 1848. He served under Lord Melbourne as Patronage Secretary to the Treasury from 1835 to 1841, as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1841 and as Paymaster General in 1841 and under Lord John Russell as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between 1846 and 1852. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1841 and in 1848, two years before he succeeded to the barony of Stanley, he was created Baron Eddisbury, of Winnington in the County Palatine of Chester.

Stanley was President of the Board of Trade under Lord Palmerston from 1855 to 1858, and Postmaster-General under Palmerston and then Lord John Russell from 1860 to 1866. In 1861 he established the Post Office Savings Bank.

Family
Lord Stanley of Alderley married Henrietta Maria (21 December 1807 – 16 February 1895), a daughter of Viscount Dillon, in 1826. Lord and Lady Stanley of Alderley had ten children:

 * Henry Edward John, 3rd Baron Stanley of Alderley (1827–1903)
 * Alice Margaret (1828–1910), wife of Augustus Pitt Rivers
 * (Henrietta) Blanche (1830–1921), later Countess of Airlie, wife of David Ogilvy, 10th Earl of Airlie (1826-81); a grandmother of Clementine Churchill, and a great-grandmother of the Mitford sisters
 * Maude Alethea (1832–1915)
 * Cecilia (died 1839)
 * John Constantine (1837–78)
 * Edward Lyulph Stanley, 4th Baron Stanley of Alderley (1839–1925)
 * Algernon Charles (1843–1928), Roman Catholic Bishop of Emmaus (in partibus)
 * Katherine Louisa (1844–74), later Viscountess Amberley, wife of John Russell, Viscount Amberley; mother of the philosopher Bertrand Russell
 * Rosalind Frances (1845–1921), later Countess of Carlisle, became the chatelaine of Castle Howard and a radical temperance campaigner.

Lord Stanley of Alderley died in June 1869, aged 66, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Henry. Lady Stanley of Alderley died in February 1895, aged 87.

In the 1930s his family's letters were published by his descendant Nancy Mitford as:
 * The Ladies of Alderley: Letters 1841–1850 (Hamish Hamilton, 1938)
 * The Stanleys of Alderley: Their letters 1851–1865 (Chapman & Hall, 1939)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carpenter wells 411

Carpenter wells 411
Smells like nonsense. Texas doesn't even have townships. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:41, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. "Carpenter/Wells" is a dorm at Texas Tech in Lubbock. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 23:52, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as prank. Wyss 00:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del Mikkalai 02:37, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, speedy-eligible. Samaritan 08:59, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or speedy as prank. Andris 09:05, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * It is nonsense. All students at Tech know that the most booze is at Gordon Hall anyway. Delete (speedy if possible) for being a prank. Inky 22:40, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Is this still here?? Delete it already. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:25, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: Category:Extinction

title: Category:Extinction


text:
Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)

Arnold Schoenberg's Piano Concerto, Op. 42 (1942) is one of his later works, written during his exile in the United States. It consists of four interconnected movements: Andante (bars 1–175), Molto allegro (bars 176–263), Adagio (bars 264–329), and Giocoso (bars 330–492). Around 20 minutes long, its first performance was given on February 6, 1944, at NBC Orchestra's Radio City Habitat in New York City by Leopold Stokowski and the NBC Symphony Orchestra with Eduard Steuermann at the piano. The first UK performance was on 7 September 1945 at the BBC Proms with Kyla Greenbaum (piano) conducted by Basil Cameron. The first German performance took place at the Darmstadt Summer School on 17 July 1948 with Peter Stadlen as the soloist.

Commission
The concerto was initially the result of a commission from Oscar Levant.

Twelve-tone technique
The piece features consistent use of the twelve-tone technique and only one tone row ("the language is very systematic, it's the true dodecaphonic Schoenberg",) though not as strictly as Schoenberg once required (for example, the ninth, tenth and eleventh tones of the series are repeated before the twelfth tone is first heard). The opening melody is thirty-nine bars long and presents all four modes of the tone row in the following order: basic set, inversion of retrograde, retrograde, and inversion. Both of the inversions are transposed. Four different types of row partitioning are evident: linear, by dyads or tetrachords, free, and by trichords. Linear presentations are ordered, strict presentations of either complete rows or component hexachords, and dominate the Andante and Giocoso movements. The second type symmetrically divides the twelve-tone aggregate into either six dyads or three tetrachords, and is found in the Molto allegro. The third type consists of irregular presentations of segments or fragments of the row, and is used mainly in the Adagio section. The last type, trichordal partitioning, is found throughout the concerto, and is a two-dimensional design created from the discrete trichords of complexes made from pairs of inversionally combinatorial rows.

Programmatic aspects
In order to aid Oscar Levant, for whom the Piano Concerto was originally composed, Schoenberg provided what he called "a few explanatory essays":

"Life was so easy Suddenly hatred broke out A grave situation was created But life goes on"

Although this program was not included in the published score, Schoenberg told his student Marion Bauer that "for sometime [sic] I have not been against program music".

Neoclassicism and form
Former Schoenberg student Lou Harrison said, "One of the major joys ... is in the structure of the phrases. You know when you are hearing a theme, a building or answering phrase, a development or a coda. There is no swerving from the form-building nature of these classical phrases. The pleasure to be had from listening to them is the same that one has from hearing the large forms of Mozart. ... This is a feeling too seldom communicated in contemporary music, in much of which the most obvious formal considerations are not evident at all. ... The nature of his knowledge in this respect, perhaps more than anything else, places him in the position of torch-bearer to tradition in the vital and developing sense". The concerto has been compared with the music of Johannes Brahms by Mitsuko Uchida, Sabine Feisst and AllMusic.

Aimard described the sections as follows:
 * 1) "very Viennese," containing a "waltz"
 * 2) full of, "anxious fragmentation," and the "sort of free Expressionist gestures that fueled his middle period"
 * 3) "very expressive, sombre and tragic," "slow," containing a "Funeral March"
 * 4) "very ironic and very varied in terms of character"

Stravinsky has criticized the piano writing in the concerto. Mitsuko Uchida, describing the work as very difficult for the pianist, points out that Schoenberg did not play the piano very well and that he "had no intention of writing effectively, or comfortably" for the instrument.

First movement

 * Alegant, Brian, and Donald McLean. 2001. "On the Nature of Enlargement." Journal of Music Theory 45, no. 1 (Spring): 31–71.
 * Mead, Andrew. 1985. "Large-Scale Strategy in Arnold Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Music". Perspectives of New Music 24, no. 1 (Fall–Winter): 120–157.
 * Mead, Andrew. 1989. "Twelve-Tone Organizational Strategies: An Analytical Sampler." Intégral 3: 93–169.

First, third, and fourth movements

 * Rothstein, William. 1980. "Linear Structure in the Twelve-Tone System: An Analysis of Donald Martino's Pianississimo." Journal of Music Theory 24: 129–165. Cited in Alegant (2001).

title: Piano Concerto (Schoenberg)


text:
Top Trumps

Top Trumps is a card game first published in 1978. Each card contains a list of numerical data, and the aim of the game is to compare these values to try to trump and win an opponent's card. A wide variety of different packs of Top Trumps has been published.

Gameplay
A pack of cards is based on a theme, such as cars, aircraft, books, boats, dinosaurs, or characters from a popular film or television series. Each card in the pack shows a list of numerical data about the item. For example, in a pack based on cars, each card shows a different model of car, and the stats and data may include its engine size, its weight, its length, and its top speed. If the theme is about a TV series or film, the cards include characters and the data varying from things like strength and bravery to fashion and looks, depending on the criteria.

All the cards are dealt among the players. There must be at least two players, and at least one card for each player. The starting player (normally the player to the dealer's left) selects a category from their topmost card and reads out its value. Each other player then reads out the value of the same category from their cards. The best (usually the largest, but in the case of a sports car's weight or a sprinter's 100m time, for instance, lower is considered better) value wins the "trick", and the winner takes all the cards of the trick and places them at the bottom of their pile. The winner then looks at their new topmost card, and chooses the category for the next round.

In the event of a draw the cards are placed in the center and a new category is chosen from the next card by the same person as in the previous round. The winner of that round obtains all of the cards in the center as well as the top card from each player.

Players are eliminated when they lose their last card, and the winner is the player who obtains the whole pack. Some variants of the rules allow 'three card pick', whereby a player who has only 3 cards remaining is allowed to choose any of their three cards to play with. Typically, this lengthens the game considerably.

History
German company Altenburg-Stralsunder launched their own brand of trumps known as Ace Trumps in 1976/77. The Dubreq Top Trumps was a card game popular with adults and children in the United Kingdom in the 1970s and 1980s, especially among boys, for whom it was a popular playground pastime. The topics tended to reflect this, and included military hardware, modes of transport and racing cars. The packs tended to be priced so that children could collect new packs by saving pocket money for a few weeks.

The original Top Trumps was launched in 1978, with eleven different packs selling at 50p each, published by a company named Dubreq. Dubreq was also known for the Stylophone. Dubreq was taken over by Waddingtons in 1982, and they continued manufacturing packs until the early 1990s. The packs from this period are now collectable.

Modern relaunch
In 1992 the rights to the game were purchased by Winning Moves UK, who relaunched the game. The topics covered are more diverse, and include:
 * Vehicles: Supercars, Racing Trucks, Motorbikes and Scooters
 * Military Hardware: Warships, Ultimate Military Jets
 * Scientific: Space Phenomena, Dinosaurs
 * Engineering: Skyscrapers
 * Wildlife: Predators, Sharks, Wildlife/Sealife in Danger, Deadly 60
 * Pets: The Dog, Dogs Trust
 * Sports: Football, Cricket, Lacrosse, Rugby, WWE Wrestling, NBA
 * Entertainment: Movie Stars, Punctuation, Smash Hits Pop Stars (x3), The X Factor
 * Book Characters: The World of Roald Dahl: Goodies and Baddies, Jacqueline Wilson
 * Comics: The Beano, Marvel Super Heroes & Villains (x17), DC Super Heroes (x2)
 * Television Series: The Simpsons (x4), 24, Top Gear, Little Britain, Buffy, Angel, Doctor Who (x4), Star Wars: Clone Wars, Power Rangers (x4), Merlin, Only Fools and Horses
 * Films: The Lord of the Rings (x3), Star Wars (x5), Chronicles of Narnia, Harry Potter (x6), Transformers (x2), Disney Pixar
 * Themed: Horror, Halloween

In these new packs a description or biography of the item on each card is included, as well as the statistics and numerical data. The cards may deliver camouflaged learning, or learning through play, as reading about the facts on the cards, and enhancing memory and maths skills through the use of comparing the data, adds an educational benefit.

Many of the packs are, like their predecessors, becoming collectable, especially those sold for limited times (such as those associated with films), or which were specially commissioned as promotional packs.

Winning Moves UK split their packs into categories based on licenses and the age range they are aimed at. The categories used include Classics (packs not requiring a license and those before Winning Moves UK started categorising their packs), Specials (sold for more for reasons such as needing a license), Juniors (aimed at a younger audience, with only 24 cards instead of the 30 and cases of a different shape) and Limited Editions (packs which have a limited stock and are 'For Big Kids'). They have also introduced a new range called Very Specials which has had two packs so far, the Royal Wedding pack and the upcoming Festivals pack.

Winning Moves UK have also released some Collectors Edition packs including multiple packs in a set. The Collectors Editions include "The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Gift Set" including the three Lord of the Rings decks and nine exclusive Super Top Trumps cards. A "Doctor Who 45 Years of Time Travel" pack has also been released.

A "Wedding Pack" created for the director of Winning Moves, Tom Liddell, was distributed at his wedding. A very small number was produced, and the sentimental value to the limited owners renders the Wedding Pack the rarest pack.

There are multiple football packs released each year, for clubs including Manchester United, Arsenal, Chelsea and Liverpool. One-off packs for Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, Hull City, and Everton have also been released.

Winning Moves UK also released two Politicos packs, one in 2007 and one in 2008. These were given out at political party conferences, and featured politicians such as Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.

There have been two Ultimate Packs released by Winning Moves UK. These are the Red and the Black packs. The red one is older than the black and is now out of print. These were not available in shops and were only available by winning the Monthly Prize Draw on the Top Trumps website.

Many of the newer packs (late 2008 onwards) have a "Summit Challenge" game on the reverse of the bar code card. These cards have questions with boxes to put answers in on the information about the pack.

A special 'Cool Christmas' pack was given out to members of the Top Trumps forums. This had 19 playing cards and a 10% discount for cultandcool.com inside as well as a message from Top Trumps.

Since 2017, the manufacturing of Top Trumps packs has taken place at St Austell Printing Company, St Austell, Cornwall.

Exclusives
Different countries sometimes make exclusive packs for that country or others that speak the same language. Some of these are for TV shows or other things exclusive to that country although there are some packs that would be popular elsewhere, such as the French Scooby-Doo and French, German, Italian and Belgian Asterix pack.

English-speaking countries have sold some of their packs through the online Top Trumps shop and were unavailable elsewhere. These are the All Blacks pack, only available in New Zealand and the Cricket Australia pack, only available in Australia. Only 500 of each were imported and sold in the shop.

These two packs were exclusive to the US until they proved to be quite popular so they were sold in the UK. There are some variations to the cards in the packs between the American ones and the English ones. There were 300 of the US Wildlife in Danger pack imported and sold in the PTT Shop. The American Sealife pack was never sold in the shop. An English version of the pack was printed and sold, along with the Wildlife in Danger pack.
 * Sealife in Danger available in the US.
 * Wildlife in Danger available in the US.

UK
5000 Limited Edition 'Borderlands 2' packs were created in August 2012. These cards were offered to independent video game retailers who let customers pre-order the Borderlands 2 video game. They will never be available to purchase as a stand-alone item.

Japan
A number of packs have now been released in Japan. These are sold through vending machines, as are most Japanese cards. They come in Booster Packs from the vending machines, or you can buy boxes of the cards. The packs are:
 * Kamen Rider
 * Disney All Stars
 * Super Sentai
 * Trains
 * Ultraman

These cards are unique as some of them are horizontal and some vertical. There are also 55 cards in each set instead of the normal 30. These cards are co-owned by Carddas.

Iceland
Iceland's Top Trumps are owned by Nordic Games which is the sales department within Iceland. These packs are the same as the Winning Moves releases.

Scotland
The Scottish packs are exactly the same as other UK packs. There have been some promotional packs given out in the Daily Record, a Scottish newspaper. The packs so far are: Scottish Football The Club Collection (2007), Heroes of Scottish Football (2008), Max Speed Supercars (2009) and Marvel Ultimate Villains (2010). There are 39 cards given away as well as a tuck box in the first giveaway and a 'How To Play' card. Four cards were given away each time. The Marvel Ultimate Villains only had 40 cards to collect.

United States
Two formerly exclusive packs were printed in the United States, which later became available around the world: "Wildlife in Danger" and "Sealife in Danger". Several booster packs of cards have been exclusively released in the United States, including two "Bugs" packs, which are due to become a standalone pack, "Incredible Instruments", "Mysteries", "Bronx Zoo" and "Oakland Zoo". These were sold in eight-card booster packs, with a front title card. The two zoo packs were released in limited numbers as promotional materials for their namesake zoos. Another US exclusive was the "New York" pack. They also had two Soccer packs, Soccer Stars and Soccer Stadiums.

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates has released a pack based on the animated TV series Freej. This was only available in the UK through an occasional free gift. They are distributed by Pluto Games but are still Winning Moves packs.

Malta
Malta Winning moves had made a pack on Politics from Malta. This came with a special Smart Santa collector card, which did not have stats on and was not a Top Trumps card. There is also a promotion with the pack for the first person who gets all cards in the pack signed by the people on each card to win six free flights, courtesy of Air Malta, to any European destination.

Other countries
Other countries that Winning Moves make Top Trumps for are: Canada, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Iran.

Many countries only sell packs online and not in shops. A common place to buy these packs online is Amazon. A few countries have got Top Trumps shops online. These countries are: USA which delivers to Canada as well, France which delivers to Belgium and Germany as well, and also New Zealand.

Many countries have different cards in the packs that are also available in England. For example, in the US edition of horses, Morgan, Crillo and Mustang replace the cards Exmoor, Paso Fino and Unicorn in the UK edition. The US horses pack also has a totally different style compared to the UK pack. Also, front covers of packs are different. The Skyscrapers pack has a different cover in Germany, the USA and the UK.

Super Top Trump Cards
A number of Top Trumps packs have Super Top Trump (STT) cards issued for them, also known as Supercards in the United States. These cards are not available with the original pack, but are found in related merchandise, events or promotions, and sometimes made available in booster packs of 2–10 cards. For example, the popular US television series 24 has a Top Trumps pack available, but its STT card is only available with the purchase of special-stickered season 4 of 24 DVDs. STT cards for the Doctor Who deck were only available with the purchase of season 2, 3 and 4 DVDs. One other Doctor Who Super Top Trump card was released with a very special edition of the Beano magazine. A number of STT cards were made available free of charge to members of the Top Trumps club through its website, prior to 2006.

Some STT cards are rarer than others. Most of the STT cards made available via the web tend to be relatively common, although some earlier ones from popular pack titles, such as the Nazgûl (from the Lord of the Rings series) can attract relatively high prices. Cards made available in other promotional ways can be exceptionally rare. An example is the "Grandmamma" STT card for the Roald Dahl pack. It was given out, free, to Scouts at a charity sleepover event in 2004. Very few of these are in circulation and they are difficult to obtain even through online auctions.

Recently, several UK Super Top Trumps have been branded as "Supercards" as well.

Top Trumps books
In 2006, and working in conjunction with the Haynes publishing group, Winning Moves launched a line of books under the Top Trumps brand, based around the design and concept of the card game. The Books are often written by experts in their appropriate field. Subjects included sharks, Star Wars, Indiana Jones, Racing cars, Motorbikes, Fighter Aircraft, Cars, Doctor Who (Series 1 and 2 together, and Series 3 & 4), Dinosaurs, Airliners, Marvel Heroes, Animals, Tanks, Transformers and Football.

Top Trumps LIVE
A number of card sets can be played online against a computer opponent at the Winning Moves web sites, including two sets which is unavailable in shops. Games made include: Horror, Skyscrapers, ODI Stars (Unavailable as packs), World Football Stars, NBA 2K9, Sharks and Star Wars, Armchair General (Unavailable as packs) and Bratz.

Two LIVE games appeared on other websites. NASCAR appeared on the NASCAR website and The Boat That Rocked appeared on Facebook. Both are not available as packs. You have to log into both websites to play though.

There is also a German Star Wars: Clone Wars game and upcoming Sealife in Danger and Wildlife in Danger.

Mobile Top Trumps
Top Trumps is available through a mobile gaming service, in which users can play single player against the computer, compete against up to three friends on one mobile, or with a single opponent via a bluetooth connection. Games made include: Football Legends, Star Wars, Gumball 3000 and Moto GP and Doctor Who.

Top Trumps Adventures
A series of Top Trumps video games were released in 2007, under the title Top Trumps Adventures. Some of the packs that have been turned into games are "Horror", "Predators, "Dogs", "Dinosaurs" and "Doctor Who".

In 2012, GMG Play released "Top Trumps: NBA All Stars" for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS. Unlike the vast majority of Top Trumps products, it was only released in the US.

Top Trumps TV
Top Trumps TV is a UK television programme based on Top Trumps, shown on Five in late 2008. It is hosted by Robert Llewellyn and Ashley Hames.

Other merchandise

Winning Moves UK has released other Top Trumps–related items. These include:

 * Top Trumps Displayers, which can display up to ten packs. These came in a choice of four colours: purple, green, grey, and clear
 * Top Trumps Ultimate Football Challenge DVD game which contains two packs; Football Legends 1 and World Football Stars as playable packs on the DVD. The DVD game comes with two video pack, trivia quizzes, a video countdown and a football Managers Top Trumps game. This last item proved to be a popular pack, and Winning Moves released it as a standalone deck.
 * Lunar Jim Top Trumps cover card, released for the Space and Space Phenomena decks which was given away at the Alliance Atlantis/BBC Worldwide Lunar Jim themed promotion, 2007.
 * Gunmetal Holder, a metal Top Trumps case only available to club members who win the monthly prize draw.
 * 24 Gunmetal Holder. 24 of these 24 Gunmetal Holders were given out in a competition on the main website. These had the inscriptions 24 and a number out of 24 (e.g. 1/24) on the back. Only 24 of these were made.
 * A Top Trumps pen was made. It had the words 'Top Trumps' and the old website, www.playaday.com written on it.
 * A Top Trumps mug was also made that was yellow and had the words 'Top Trumps' written in red on it. A new mug was released with the World Football Top Trumps promotional pack.
 * Top Trumps pop art prints reworking images from retro football packs including World Cup and Soccer Stars editions.

Pack exclusives
A few exclusive items came with packs. These are:

 * TARDIS case which came with the Doctor Who 45 Years of Time Travel pack.
 * Reversible title card which came with the original Star Wars: Clone Wars pack. On one side was Jedi and the other side was Sith.
 * Glow-In-The-Dark cases which came with: The Simpsons Horror, Horror and Star Wars Clone Wars.
 * Glow-In-The-Dark writing and images on the actual cards, in the Ben 10, Horror, Star Wars: Clone Wars and The Simpsons Horror packs.
 * In many packs the backs of the cards can be put together as a puzzle. Some examples of this are in the Skyscrapers, Space, Wonders of the World, and many sports pack. These can form pictures of football stadiums, landmarks, maps, sports teams and a scale between different objects (such as skyscrapers, and planets, in the Space pack).
 * Some of the card backs give extra information about subjects in the pack. For example, the All Blacks pack has information about the history of the team and the Haka, while the Skyscrapers pack gives information about French 'Spiderman' Alain Robert.
 * In The X Factor pack, there are eight cards (Alexandra Burke, Austin Drage, Daniel Evans, Diana Vickers, Eoghan Quigg, JLS, Laura White, Rachel Hylton, Ruth Lorenzo and Scott Bruton) that have white discs in their X Factor score category that allow you to fill in what you think their score should be.
 * The Prince of Persia pack came with two bonus cards for the Top Trumps Tournament. Alice in Wonderland and Prince of Persia.
 * The Cretin pack came with Regret. When accompanied by Steve Drew, also Jägermeister.

Top Trumps 3D
At a toy fair, Winning Moves UK revealed that it had started to make a Top Trumps 3D version with cards whose pictures became 3D. A number of titles have been scheduled for such a release. To work, the appropriate software must be downloaded and the cards must be displayed before a Webcam. This projects a 3D image of the image on the card, which displays once questions are answered. A number of packs were released in this format, the first of which was Bugs released in May 2009.

The 3D image has other features in addition to the user being able to make it making it move. For example, the 3D tarantula from the Bugs collection can also be made to dance, slide on ice, and hunt among other things. In the Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen collection, Optimus Prime can be driven in truck mode and transformed into robot mode. From the SpongeBob SquarePants collection, SpongeBob can be made to flip patties.

There are various Top Trumps Showcase cards released as part of the Hamleys 3D announcement event that can display images. These include the spider (non-moveable), Optimus prime (robot mode only, non-moveable) and Wrestling arena with a fist coming through it (WWE). These can be used with content downloaded from the Hamleys Showcase main site.

Winning Moves has been often criticised for releasing the pack but not releasing the 3D content until several weeks later. This has led to outrage from buyers of the pack as they expect the 3D content to be available at the same time as the pack.

Another common feature for the 3D cards is to feature video clips. For example, the Marvel Ultimate Villains pack, released with the Daily Mirror and the Daily Record, has previews of Iron Man 2.

Winning Moves originally required a different programme to be downloaded for each 3D pack. However, in 2010, they introduced a 3D hub which updates when they updated it with new packs.

Activity packs
Activity packs are another version of Top Trumps that have now replaced the old Juniors range. They have 24 cards, two of each, with one with stats and one with information. There are differences between the two pictures to play spot-the-difference with. There are also word searches, mazes and other activities based on the pack. They come in a tuck box instead of the plastic cases. They are based on things that young children would like to play with as young children is the primary market for these products.

Top Trumps tournament
Top Trumps Tournament is a new type of Top Trumps that comes with 6 new Classics packs and a spinner to choose the pack to play. You put 6 packs of your choice into it and spin the spinner to decide which pack to play. The packs are: Movies, TV, Pop Stars, Top Toys, Sporting Heroes and WOW. The WOW pack is wonders of the world. All of the packs come in tuck boxes instead of plastic cases. It was released in October 2009.

There is also a Star Wars version of this featuring all of the Star Wars packs created by Winning Moves up until the point of release. This is available at HMV only until January 2010. It has, however, appeared on play.com as well, whether Winning moves allowed this or not is unknown. The Star Wars Tournament also comes with a new Star Wars pack, Star Wars: 30 Greatest Moments with a card for each greatest moment in the films.

A FIFA World Cup tournament was also released in May 2010 and a Marvel tournament is also scheduled for release in 2011, featuring 6 exclusive packs each.

There are also exclusive cards given out in special circumstances for the original tournament games. A list can be seen here.

iPhone Top Trumps
Mid 2009, it was announced that Winning Moves UK have been in discussions with parties to try and create a version of Top Trumps for the iPhone. A Ben 10 version was released February 2010, available for download off the App Store.

Mini Top Trumps
Mini Top Trumps were packs of football cards sold at newsagents. They contained 18 playable cards for the packs and 2 extra bonus cards for the Top Trumps Tournaments. There were 8 different cards in these packs.

Six new football Mini Top Trumps packs are to be released, available in the Top Trumps online shop and an X Factor pack were also released. These contain Predict and Win cards instead of the bonus Tournament cards that the original Mini pack had. These allowed the winner to either see a football team of their choice or, in the case of the X Factor pack, see the X Factor Live show. The X Factor finalists pack has also been released.

There is also a Super Mini Top Trumps of Disney Pixar, Cars, SpongeBob SquarePants, Star Wars and Baby Animals. These are exclusive to Poundland. The cards are similar to the main decks but there are only 20 cards, 14 of which are playable, 1 instruction card, 4 advert/trivia cards and a title card. The cards also have one less stat than the main pack.

Shop-exclusive packs
There are some packs that are only exclusive to one shop. These are:
 * Cars only available in the Disney Store. This is a full deck compared to the other Activity Pack by Winning Moves.
 * Ultimate Supercars only available to H.R. Owen customers
 * Michael Jackson only available at HMV.
 * Top Trumps Tournament Star Wars edition only available at HMV until 1 January 2010.
 * British Wildlife only available at National Trust shops or on the online National Trust shop.
 * 30 Great Days Out only available at National Trust shops or on the online National Trust shop.
 * Everton F.C. 2011–2012 – Only available from the Everton F.C. shop or online store.
 * West Ham United 2011–2012 – Only available from the West Ham United store or online megastore.
 * West Ham United Legends (Series 2) 2013 – only available from the West Ham United store or online megastore.
 * Merlin Entertainments Thrill Rides(2011–2013), Alton Towers, Thorpe Park Top 30 Attractions And Chessington World Of Adventures(2018)- Only Available From The Gift Shops Of The Individual Theme Parks

Royal Wedding 2011
For the 2011 Royal Wedding, Winning Moves UK produced a new pack of Top Trumps based on the Royal Family and guests coming to the wedding. This pack was classed as a "Very Specials" pack, the only one of its kind. This also led to a few promotions including giving a couple getting married a chance to get into their own wedding pack and a special WOW card was made to be played with the Top Trumps Tournament was in the packs of Top Trumps. They were also giving out giant Top Trumps cards to people who were camping out to see the wedding and giving out free packs of Royal Wedding Top Trumps to those caught on TV showing the giant cards. A special commemorative card was also handed out at the wedding itself.

Non-Winning Moves UK packs
Several unofficial copies of the game have been made, both as commercial card games and online gaming sites. The BBC web site has Top Trumps variants with themes of snooker, Buffy, Doctor Who and EastEnders. Citadel Combat Cards were a similar card game from the early 1990s with photographs of various Games Workshop models. Originally based on Warhammer Fantasy Battle models, later included Warhammer 40K cards as well. A top trumps style card game called "Outrage" was also included in The Mighty Boosh Future Sailors Tour Deluxe DVD set.

There are also at least four educational variations of the game: Cell Trumps from Centre of the Cell, Scotland's Suffragette Trumps (from Protests and Suffragettes, featuring 44 suffrage activists who campaigned across Scotland), Tree Trumps from the Forestry Commission (as an interactive exhibit in the Glenmore Visitor Centre and as a card game available in some Forestry Commission Scotland giftshops) and Timber Trumps from Napier University. Timber Trumps was, for the first few days, originally called Tree Trumps and was listed under this name on Channel 4's Games website.

Other variations include card games that include data about specific topics. Safari Pals packs include animal data on each card so that trump style games can be played in addition to other traditional game variations includk\ing Rummy, Quartets and Go Fish. The Royal Society of Chemistry has produced a pack of Visual Elements Trumps, using element data for play. Outset Media released a themed version for animal poop called "Dung Deck" where players can battle statistics for frequency, hardness, length, width, smelliness, and yuck factor of an animal's 'business'.

There have been lots of other packs before Winning Moves UK took over. These have been made by Waddingtons, Dubreq, Ace and many other companies up until 1999. These packs are usually rarer than the newer Winning Moves packs as they are much older.

Companies sometimes create their own decks of cards based on their areas of expertise using the same style as Top Trumps. This is often used as promotional material or free gifts.

In 2019 a special one-off #wnf special was produced to commemorate the founders 50th Birthday.

title: Top Trumps


text:
Portage la Prairie (provincial electoral district)

Portage la Prairie (Portage-la-Prairie) is a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It has existed since the province's creation in 1870.

Portage la Prairie is located in southern Manitoba. It is bordered to the north by Lake Manitoba, to the south by Carman, to the west by Turtle Mountain, and to the east by Lakeside and Morris.

Portage la Prairie itself is in the central part of the riding. Other communities in the riding include Oakville, Newton, St. Marks, and Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation.

The riding's population in 1996 was 18,785. In 1999, the average family income was $45,302, and the unemployment rate was 7%. The health and service sector accounts for 18% of the riding's industry, followed by agriculture at 13%.

Thirteen per cent of Portage la Prairie's residents are aboriginal, while a further 6% are German.

Portage la Prairie has been held since by the Progressive Conservative Party for most of its history, although the New Democratic Party has increased its standing in the riding in recent years.


text:
Charlie Maxwell

Charles Richard Maxwell (born April 8, 1927) is an American former professional baseball outfielder who played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball with the Boston Red Sox (1950–52, 1954), Baltimore Orioles (1955), Detroit Tigers (1955–62) and Chicago White Sox (1962–64).

Career overview
Maxwell was an agile left fielder who led all American League outfielders in fielding percentage in 1957 (.997) and 1960 (.996). He had only one error in both years. He was also one of the top power hitters in baseball during his peak years with the Detroit Tigers from 1956 to 1960, finishing four times among the league leaders in home runs. Maxwell was elected to the American League All-Star team in 1956 and 1957. He batted and threw left-handed, and was listed as 5 ft tall and 185 lb.

Maxwell's nicknames included "The South Paw From Paw Paw," (given by the Detroit Tigers announcer Van Patrick because of Maxwell's unusually-named hometown of Paw Paw, Michigan), "Smokey," "Sunday Charlie", and "the Sabbath Smasher," the latter two given in recognition of his propensity for hitting home runs on Sundays.

Early career
Born in Lawton, Michigan, in 1927, Maxwell played baseball for Western Michigan University in 1945 before being drafted into the U.S. Army. After two years in the military, Maxwell played parts of seven seasons in the minor leagues (1947–53) before reaching the majors on a full-time basis. Signed by the Boston Red Sox, Maxwell spent three years (1947–49) playing for the Red Sox minor league team in Roanoke, Virginia. In 1949, Maxwell won the Triple crown in the Class B Piedmont League, with a .345 batting average, 29 home runs, and 112 RBIs. On May 25, 1949, Maxwell capped a comeback from 13–4 deficit with a two-out, three-run homer in the ninth inning.

In 1950, Maxwell hit .320 with 25 home runs for Birmingham in the Double-A Southern Association. After hitting four home runs in the post-season for Birmingham, Maxwell was called up to the big leagues for the last week of the 1950 season. Maxwell went hitless in nine plate appearances for the Red Sox in 1950. In 1951, Maxwell remained with the Red Sox but saw limited playing time as the backup left fielder for Ted Williams. His batting average in 1951 was .188. Things went from bad to worse in 1952, as Maxwell managed only one hit in 15 at-bats. In 1953, Maxwell turned things around, playing the full season for Louisville of the Triple-A American Association, and finishing the year with a .305 batting average, 23 home runs and 107 RBIs. Maxwell's strong performance in Louisville and Williams' broken collarbone resulted in Maxwell being the Red Sox starting left fielder at the start of the 1954 season. In mid-May, Williams returned to the lineup, and Maxwell to the bench. In the off-season, the Red Sox sold Maxwell to the Baltimore Orioles, but Maxwell had only four at-bats for the Orioles before being sold to the Detroit Tigers on May 9, 1955.

Peak years with Detroit (1956–1960)
Maxwell remained with the Tigers from 1955 to 1962, serving as the teams' regular left fielder from 1956 to 1960. After being platooned in Detroit's outfield in 1955, the 1956 season was Maxwell's first as an every-day player, and his performance won him a spot on the 1956 American League All-Star team. Maxwell played 141 games for the Tigers in 1956 and finished among the American League leaders in most batting categories with a .534 slugging percentage (3rd in the AL behind Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams); a .326 batting average (4th in AL); a .414 on-base percentage (4th in the AL); 96 runs (4th in the AL); 28 home runs (5th in the AL); and 87 RBIs (5th in the AL). Maxwell also excelled in the field in 1956, with a .987 fielding percentage. He often gave a pregame show for the fans, especially on Saturdays when the Tigers hosted kids from the "Knothole Gang." "Shagging fungoes in left field, Maxwell would grin, clown around, and catch the ball behind his back or between his legs." ("Charlie Maxwell," by Jim Sargent)

At age 30, Maxwell followed up with another strong season in 1957, winning a spot on the American League All-Star team for the second straight year. Having committed only four errors in 1956, Maxwell improved his performance in 1957, committing only one error in over 300 chances. He led all AL outfielders with a .997 fielding percentage. And his 2.36 Range factor in left field was 0.39 points above the average for all outfielders. Maxwell also continued his strong hitting in 1957. Though his batting average dipped by 50 points to .276, he finished with a .377 on-base percentage (8th in the AL), .482 slugging percentage, 24 home runs (7th in the AL). "I was a tougher clutch hitter late in the game," Maxwell recalled. "Sportswriter Hal Middlesworth told me that I led the team in game-winning hits in 1956 and 1957, even though other guys hit for higher averages." ("Charlie Maxwell," by Jim Sargent)

After a less than stellar performance in 1958 (13 home runs and 65 RBIs), the Tigers acquired Larry Doby to replace Maxwell for the 1959 season. Doby fizzled with the Tigers (.218 in 18 games), however, and was traded on May 13, leaving the left field spot open for Maxwell to reclaim. Maxwell posted career-highs in 1959 with 31 home runs (4th in the AL) and 95 RBIs (5th in the AL). Maxwell hit home runs in four consecutive at-bats during a Sunday afternoon doubleheader in May and hit 12 of his 31 home runs in 1959 on Sundays—leading fans, writers and broadcasters to refer to him as "Sunday Charlie" and "the Sabbath Smasher." In 1960, Maxwell's batting average dropped to .237, though he still hit 24 home runs and batted in 84 runs. Maxwell's defensive performance remained strong in 1960, as he led all American League outfielders in fielding percentage for the second time in his career. He committed only one error in over 1,000 innings in left field, for a .996 fielding percentage.

Later years (1961–1964)
In 1961, slugger Rocky Colavito took over Maxwell's spot in left field. Colavito hit 45 home runs and 140 RBIs, and Maxwell was relegated principally to a pinch hitting role. After batting .194 in 30 games in 1962, the Tigers traded Maxwell to the Chicago White Sox on June 25, 1962. Maxwell had a late season revival with the White Sox in 1962. By the third week of August, Maxwell was batting .352 for Chicago, and had a 13-game hitting streak, the team's longest that year. Maxwell wound up hitting .296 for the White Sox in 1962 with nine home runs. Maxwell also continued his "Sunday Charlie" tendencies with the White Sox, hitting five of his nine home runs in 1962 on Sundays, including 3 home runs during a Sunday doubleheader in July.

Maxwell's batting average dropped to .231 in 1963, and he managed only three home runs. The White Sox released Maxwell in April 1964 after Maxwell went hitless in two pinch-hitting appearances. In a 14-season career, Maxwell was a .264 hitter with 148 home runs and 532 RBIs in 1,133 games. Excellent defensively, Maxwell posted a .988 fielding percentage playing at first base and left and right field.

title: Charlie Maxwell


text: Category:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo


text:
Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

The State Anthem of the Georgian SSR was the regional anthem of Georgia between 1946 and 1990 when it was part of the Soviet Union.

Background
The music was composed by Otar Taktakishvili, and the words were written by Grigol Abashidze and Alexander Abasheli. All three stanzas (not including the refrain) in the original lyrics have references to Joseph Stalin, a native Georgian and leader of the Soviet Union at that time. These words were completely removed after Stalin's death as part of Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization program. It is then replaced with new lyrics with no reference to Stalin. The last line of the refrain on the original version (აყვავდი, ტურფა ქვეყანავ - ილხინე, ქართველთ მხარეო), which once existed on all refrains, was removed completely and replaced with new lyrics.

It is one of three Soviet republic national anthems that does not mention the Russian people, the others being the anthems of the Estonian SSR and the Karelo-Finnish SSR. With the latter integrated into the autonomous within Russian SFSR in 1950s, it and Estonia are the only Soviet republics didn't mention them in anthem.

Lyrics
The original version was used between 1946 and 1956, and the post-Stalinist version was used from 1956 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991.


text:
Otar Taktakishvili

Otar Vasilisdze Taktakishvili (ოთარ თაქთაქიშვილი; Отар Васильевич Тактакишвили; 27 July 1924 – 21 February 1989) was a prominent Georgian composer, teacher, conductor, and musicologist of the Soviet period. Although in the West Taktakishvili is perhaps best known for his 1968 Sonata for Flute and Piano, his works include two symphonies, four piano concertos, two violin concertos, two cello concertos, and operas (Mindia, First Love, The Abduction of the Moon, Mususi, Three Tales). He also wrote several symphonic poems and oratorios, as well as adaptations of Georgian folk songs and a multitude of compositions for instruments and voice.

While still a student at the Tbilisi State Conservatory, Taktakishvili composed the Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. By 1949 he became a Professor of the Conservatory, as well as the conductor and artistic director of the Georgian State Chorus. In 1951, he received his first Stalin Prize (USSR State Prize) for his First Symphony. In 1962, Taktakishvili became Chairman of the Georgian Composers' Union; and in 1965, the Minister for Culture of the Georgian Republic, until 1983. He was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR in 1974, the Lenin Prize in 1982, and the USSR State Prize in 1951, 1952 and 1967. Throughout his career, he also served as a member of the international musical committee of UNESCO, and twice headed the electoral committee for the International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.

Biography
Otar V. Taktakishvili was born and grew up in Tbilisi, Georgia, in a musical family. He was raised by a single mother, noblewoman Elisabed Mikhailis asuli Taktakishvili, who worked as an artist at the Georgian Opera House. As a result of his mother's background Otar had a childhood rich in music. He was also strongly influenced by his uncle Shalva Taktakishvili, who was a composer and a professor at the Tbilisi Conservatory. Shalva was one of the founders of the “Association of Young Georgian String Orchestra", and had authored operas, ballets and chamber works. Otar's other uncle, Giorgi Taktakishvili was a cellist and director of a music school. His uncles were young Otar's first musical guides and influences. From a young age, the composer showed great musical promise, and as a child was able to correctly guess notes played on the piano while blindfolded.

While attending the No42 School on Barnov St. in Tbilisi, Otar started his piano lessons with Tamara V. Bagrationi. He subsequently studied with several piano educators including Militsa K. Korius, Anastasia D. Virasladze, and Evgenia Vasilievna Cherniavskaia, where he met his future wife, Irina Giorgienvna Chirakadze, with whom he lived until the end of his life in 1989. Their romance started at the piano while practicing a piano piece for four hands. At the end of high school, he attended and received a diploma from the Air Force Technicuum until he began his studies at the Tbilisi conservatory.

Soon after entering the conservatory in 1942, while Georgia was at war with Nazi Germany, Taktakishvili composed the Anthem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. According to the composer's own report, his mother had urged him to enter the contest for the National Anthem after seeing the words to the anthem published in the newspaper. The 19-year-old composer wrote the music “in one try”, submitted his entry and forgot about the contest. He only found out that his music had been selected when he stood outside the concert hall and heard his anthem being played.

Taktakishvili studied at the Tbilisi Conservatory under Aleksandr Gauk, Sergei V. Barchudarian and Andria Balanchivadze. The composer's early influences were Georgian folk music, composers of the classical era, e.g. Mozart, J.S. Bach and Beethoven, and more modern composers, including Alexander Scriabin, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich. In his senior year, Taktakishvili had the opportunity to study with Dmitri Shostakovich, and that led to a long-standing collaboration and friendship.

Taktakishvili was survived by his spouse, Irina Chirakadze, who resided in the same apartment on 6 Taktakishvili street (former Riga street) where the composer lived from 1964 until 1989, as well as his son Mikhail O. Taktakishvili, who was a professor of Chemistry, and grandson Otar M. Taktakishvili, who is a physician and a composer, living in New York, And his Great Grandson Otar W. Taktakishvilli living in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Operas

 * Mindia (based on works of Vazha-Pshavela, 1961)
 * Award (Tele-opera, 1964)
 * Three Tales, operatic triptychon from three short operas.
 * The Abduction of the Moon (Based on the novel of Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, 1977)
 * Mususi (The Lady Killer), comic opera (Based on the novel of Mikheil Javakhishvili, 1977)
 * First Love (1979)

Filmography

 * 1957 — I Will Say the Truth
 * 1982 — The Law of Eternity
 * 1984 — Monday - Usual Day

Awards

 * People's Artist of Georgia (1961)
 * People's Artist of the USSR (1974)
 * USSR State Prize третьей степени (1951) for first symphony
 * USSR State Prize второй степени (1952)
 * USSR State Prize (1967)
 * Lenin Prize (1982) — For opera: "The Abduction of the Moon" (1977)
 * Shota Rustaveli Prize (1984)
 * Order of Lenin (1966)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1971)
 * Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1958)
 * Medals
 * Albert Schweitzer Prize (1986)
 * Honoured citizen of Tbilisi (1985).

title: Otar Taktakishvili


text:
Jerry Mitchell

Jerry Mitchell is an American theatre director and choreographer.

Early life and education
Born in Paw Paw, Michigan, Mitchell later moved to St. Louis where he pursued his acting, dancing and directing career in theatre. Although he did not graduate from the Fine Arts college at Webster University in St. Louis after attending for a year, he later received an honorary degree from Webster University in 2005.

Career
Mitchell's early Broadway credits were as a dancer in The Will Rogers Follies and revivals of Brigadoon and On Your Toes.

Mitchell's first professional credit as a choreographer was for the 1990 Alley Theatre world premiere of the musical Jekyll & Hyde. Mitchell's first Broadway production as sole choreographer was the 1999 revival of You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, which he followed with The Full Monty.

Mitchell created and for many years directed the annual Broadway Bares benefit for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS. In addition to the theatre, he has choreographed for films such as Camp, In & Out and Drop Dead Gorgeous. He garnered an Emmy Award nomination for his work on The Drew Carey Show.

In 2003 Mitchell was named one of Dance Magazine's "25 to Watch". He directed and choreographed Legally Blonde: The Musical, which opened in April 2007, and served as a mentor on Bravo's reality competition Step It Up and Dance in 2008.

Mitchell created, directed, and choreographed a stage show for Las Vegas, Peepshow, which opened at Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in 2009. He was involved in workshops for the stage musical adaptation of the film Catch Me If You Can.

In 2013, Mitchell directed and choreographed the Broadway musical Kinky Boots. He won the Tony Award for Best Choreography and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical. He is the director of the new musical On Your Feet!, about the lives of Gloria and Emilio Estefan. The musical premiered in Chicago in June 2015 and opened on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre on November 5, 2015.

He is the director and choreographer of the new musical Half Time, based on the film Gotta Dance, which began performances on December 13, 2015 at Chicago’s Bank of America Theatre, and ran through January 17, 2016. The musical has the book by Chad Beguelin and Bob Martin, music by Matthew Sklar and lyrics by Nell Benjamin, with additional music by Marvin Hamlisch. The musical opened at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn, New Jersey on May 31, 2018.

Stage work

 * Jekyll & Hyde (World Premiere)
 * Three Men on a Horse (1993 revival)
 * Grease (1994 revival)
 * Jekyll & Hyde (1999 Second National Tour)
 * You're A Good Man, Charlie Brown (1999 Revival)
 * The Rocky Horror Show (2000 revival)
 * The Full Monty (2000)
 * Hairspray (2002 Broadway) (2007 & 2020 West End)
 * Imaginary Friends (2002)
 * Gypsy (2003 revival)
 * Never Gonna Dance (2003)
 * La Cage aux Folles (2004 revival)
 * Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (2005 Broadway) (2014 West End)
 * Legally Blonde: The Musical (2007 Broadway) (2009 West End)
 * Peepshow (2009 Las Vegas)
 * Catch Me If You Can (2009 Seattle, 2011 Broadway)
 * Love Never Dies (2010 West End)
 * Kinky Boots (2013 Broadway) (2014 US Tour) (2015 West End)
 * On Your Feet! (2015 Chicago and Broadway) (2019 West End)
 * Becoming Nancy (2019 Atlanta, Alliance Theater) (2024 Birmingham, Birmingham Repertory Theatre)
 * Pretty Woman: The Musical (2018 Chicago and Broadway) (2020 West End)
 * Boop! The Musical (2023 Chicago)

Awards and nominations

 * Drama Desk Awards

 * Laurence Olivier Awards

 * Tony Awards

title: Jerry Mitchell


text:
Ethyl oleate

Ethyl oleate is a fatty acid ester formed by the condensation of oleic acid and ethanol. It is a colorless oil although degraded samples can appear yellow.

Additive
Ethyl oleate is used by compounding pharmacies as a vehicle for intramuscular drug delivery, in some cases to prepare the daily doses of progesterone in support of pregnancy. Studies that document the safe use of ethyl oleate in pregnancy for both the mother and the fetus have never been performed. It is regulated as a food additive in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration. Ethyl oleate is used as a solvent for pharmaceutical drug preparations involving lipophilic substances such as steroids. It also finds use as a lubricant and a plasticizer. Louis Bouveault used ethyl oleate to demonstrate Bouveault–Blanc reduction, producing oleyl alcohol and ethanol, a method which was subsequently refined and published in Organic Syntheses.

Occurrence
Ethyl oleate has been identified as a primer pheromone in honeybees.

Precursor to other chemicals
By the process of ethenolysis, the methyl ester of oleic acid, converts to 1-decene and methyl 9-decenoate:
 * CH3(CH2)7CH\dCH(CH2)7CO2Me + CH2=CH2   →   CH3(CH2)7CH= CH2  +  MeO2C(CH2)7CH= CH2

Medical aspects
Ethyl oleate is produced by the body during ethanol intoxication. It is one of the fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) produced after ingestion of ethanol. Some research literature implicates FAEEs such as ethyl oleate as the toxic mediators of ethanol in the body (pancreas, liver, heart, and brain). Ethyl oleate may be the toxic mediator of alcohol in fetal alcohol syndrome. The oral ingestion of ethyl oleate has been carefully studied and due to rapid degradation in the digestive tract it appears safe for oral ingestion.

title: Ethyl oleate