text:
User talk:Wyatts

Goodbye, Wikipedia!

In case anybody wonders, I wanted to leave a note explaining why I left Wikipedia. First, I want to make clear that I didn't get mad or feel mistreated in any way. To the contrary, my experience with other editors has always been positive. I think Wikipedia is a great idea, and I tried to make some positive contributions with a few articles. Wikipedia has already achieved critical mass, and I this its success is assured. Although the Wikipedia community is great, I am the type of person who needs more structure in my activities. The total freedom to edit is a Wikipedia strength, but is not for me personnally.

I wish Wikipedia every success and look forward to seeing the one million article milestone soon.

--Wyatts 18:01, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Aww... We'll miss you.  Send postcards.  :-)  — Omegatron 19:02, August 23, 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 23:03, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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Exponential distribution
I wonder if your new "applications" section should be merged with the earlier "occurrence" section? Michael Hardy 03:14, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Exponential applications
I viewed the "occurence" section as discussing some of its mathematical characteristics,e.g. modeling Poisson processes, and the example variables as interesting mathematical tidbits illustrating the flexibility of the exponential. I intended the "applications" section to show ways in which the exponential is actually used in the real world. Even though the "occurences" section lists "lifetime of an incandescent light bulb", which can certainly be viewed as a reliability application, this list doesn't quite get across what I was trying to convey. I agree, however, that these sections are somewhat related. Perhaps reordering the sections so that "occurences" naturally leads into "applications"? Or "applications" as a subsection of "occurences"? The exponential is used so extensively in reliability engineering that I thought it warranted a mention in this article. Wyatts 05:35, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hook echo
Bet you didn't think Image:Tornado radar hook echo.gif was going to get used anywhere else. It now appears on 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, and the newly-written and completely unverified by anyone but myself hook echo. See what you made me do!? -- Cyrius|✎ 04:15, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tornado blanking
To deal with blanking and other forms of vandalism, see How to revert a page to an earlier version. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:01, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Tagline proposal
Hi! Should we modify the official proposal to the shorter "... that anyone can edit. See disclaimer details"? -- Sitearm | Talk 21:39, 2005 August 5 (UTC)

 * That might be a good tagline. I'd give it a while (week or two) to see what else people come up with, and then pick the best one for the official proposal. I haven't noticed any vehement opposition so far, but that may change once we try to actually implement it. --Wyatts 21:53, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Per your lead, people are proposing specific wordings. I added a section to summarize proposed change versions. There was a 7 hour period on August 2nd when Omegatron did add "...that anyone can edit." to the actual tagline. But Blankfaze reverted it. Obviously, admins disagree too! -- Sitearm | Talk 22:36, 2005 August 5 (UTC)

 * Probably not so much a disagreement rather than the fact that the change wasn't discussed before it was made and it is so highly visible. We will have to build consensus among the Wikipedia community before making a change to the tag line. --Wyatts 01:38, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It was discussed on the village pump.
 * Ignore all rules.
 * It's not like it was a very controversial change, and I'm not revert warring it or anything. Just a little extra bold.  ;-) - Omegatron 17:02, August 8, 2005 (UTC)

You said: ''There is much opposition to changing tagline. I think the opposition by Jimbo Wales to changing the tagline effectively kills the idea. As the founder of Wikipedia, his opinion carries exceptional weight (and he can probably make unilateral decisions if he really wants to.) I still want to do something to add a disclaimer statement at the top of every article, but I believe we will have to find a way to do it without modifying the tagline itself.''

 * RESPONSE: I was concerned too. But the more I read Omegatron's comments, the more I think there is merit in capturing the back-and-forth in one place to lead to a likely eventual change.

 * If the text is to be displayed at the top of each page, that is the tagline in the current page template. I see no alternative unless we add another every-page-standard-line entity to the Wikipedia template design, which would be a major structural change. If the text is to be displayed anywhere else but the top, a fair reply is that it is already linked in the footer of every page so why bring up a change at all.

 * Are you proposing putting disclaimer text in the main body of every article? -- Sitearm | Talk 16:26, 2005 August 8 (UTC)

 * I'm proposing something like the original suggestion to put something at the top of every article, but not use the tagline, since there is strong opposition from Jimbo and others. I confess I don't know a good way to do this without using the tagline. Maybe (and I'm thinking out loud here) we could format it such that the disclaimer text is obviously separated from the tagline? e.g.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
 * All articles are user provided
 * in a collaborative effort.

 * --Wyatts 17:21, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

 * RESPONSE: I've 1. Asked Omegatron's input on technicalities at User_talk:Omegatron, and 2. Added version with spacing on the project page. -- Sitearm | Talk 18:04, 2005 August 8 (UTC)

 * "All articles are user provided in a collaborative effort." is very dry-sounding. Surely we can do better. - Omegatron 18:23, August 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * RESPONSE: User_talk:Omegatron

 * I'm not an artist; just a critic. :-)
 * It should at least say "user-provided".
 * Hmmm... It sounds like an apology.  "Where articles are collaboratively created by our users" sounds more optimistic, but kinda stupid.  I'm not really sure... - Omegatron 01:00, August 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, "user-provided" is an option. Here also are terms from the article on collaborative writing:
 * coauthored
 * collaboratively authored
 * cooperatively written
 * group written
 * jointly authored
 * team written -- Sitearm | Talk 13:15, 2005 August 9 (UTC)

 * Has someone mentioned either of these two options yet? Somewhere where it will be obvious yet discrete.
 * My talk Preferences  My watchlist  My contributions  Log out
 * My talk Preferences  My watchlist  My contributions  Disclaimer  Log out
 * Another alternative is:
 * Main Page
 * Community portal
 * Current events
 * Recent changes
 * Random article
 * Help
 * Disclaimer
 * Contact us
 * Donations
 * Either of these two options will be better than the way it is now. What is the big deal with the aesthetics anyway?  David D. (Talk) 06:00, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * RESPONSE: Response is here. -- Sitearm | Talk 16:16, 2005 August 10 (UTC)

Request for article citations supporting adding disclaimer more prominently
Contributers supporting adding the disclaimer more prominently on Wikipedia pages please cite articles and sign at Wikipedia:Proposed_update_of_MediaWiki:Tagline. Thank you for your help! -- Sitearm | Talk 13:51, 2005 August 8 (UTC)

 * If no pages are cited, the case for change will be weakly founded. -- Sitearm | Talk 18:18, 2005 August 8 (UTC)

The proposal has been updated:
 * Leave current top-left text as is ("From WikiPedia the free encyclopedia.")
 * Add new top-right text ("All articles are user-contributed in a collaborative effort.")
 * Interested contributors please comment here. Thank you for your help! -- Sitearm | Talk 02:17, 2005 August 12 (UTC)

PD resources

 * I added a link to the PD page. That page could do with somework, cleaning up, integrating your input, if you're up for it. Pcb21| Pete 21:28, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for your articles!
Defense standard, Failure rate, Reliability engineering are outstanding! -- Sitearm | Talk 17:07, 2005 August 13 (UTC)

Second tagline poll - please follow this link
(This is already announced on Pump and Rfc but I'm adding it here because I know you're interested.) -- Sitearm | Talk 04:49, 2005 August 16 (UTC)

Who writes Wikipedia
What do you think of this page? Read the talk page to learn more about my plans... it's related to the conversation from a few weeks ago about changing the tagline. Mamawrites 09:21, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

I'm sorry to see that you have left the project!
Just in case you come back... would you like to comment on this?

Village pump %28proposals%29

I hope that you are enjoying your WikiBreak, and you might consider coming back at some point! Mamawrites 11:25, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Star Trek Immunity Syndrome.jpg
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File source problem with File:Worm gear.gif
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File source problem with File:Huntsville tornado damage 02.jpg
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File source problem with File:Huntsville tornado damage 03.jpg
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File source problem with File:NOAA weather forecast.gif
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Reliability sequential test plan.png
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Speedy deletion nomination of Technology readiness level

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Proposed deletion of File:Chinook helicopter in flight.jpg

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Proposed deletion of File:Kiowa helicopter in flight.jpg

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title: User talk:Wyatts


text:
User talk:Meldokios

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 23:03, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Meldokios


text:
User talk:Gifkip

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 23:04, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Vandalism
Hey Gifkip. I saw the message you left on Flockmeal's talk page, but he doesn't seem to be around. There's no real way to stop anon vandalism to your userpage. If the vandalism becomes truly severe, you could ask an admin to protect it, but this would also stop you from being able to edit it. The best solution is just to keep an eye on it and revert when you see vandalism; RC patrollers also keep an eye out for anon edits to User pages so hopefully they will be able to catch it. See you around. Christopher Parham (talk) 11:35, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

VWN en WCN
Beste allemaal Al enige tijd is er een Nederlandstalig chapter in oprichting, te vinden op http://nl.wikimedia.org. Dit wordt de Vereniging Wikimedia Nederland (VWN). Je kunt je interesse om lid te worden van deze vereniging hier aangeven.

Deze vereniging gaat eind augustus/begin september een Wikimedia Conferentie in Nederland (WCN) houden, volgend op Wikimania in Boston, gedeeltelijk erop inspelend middels een aantal discussiegroepen. Om iets dergelijks te organiseren is imput erg gewenst. Dus als je wilt meehelpen, of als je interesse hebt om bij een dergelijk evenement aanwezig te zijn, geef dat dan aan op nl.wikimedia. Ik hoop daar snel je imput tegemoet te zien! Met vriendelijke groet, effeietsanders 13:50, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 08:45, 3 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

title: User talk:Gifkip


text:
History of the Jews in Canada

Canadian Jews, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion, form the fourth largest Jewish community in the world, exceeded only by those in Israel, the United States and France. As of 2021, Statistics Canada listed 335,295 Jews in Canada. This total would account for approximately 1.4% of the Canadian population.

The Jewish community in Canada is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews. Other Jewish ethnic divisions are also represented and include Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, and Bene Israel. A number of converts to Judaism make up the Jewish-Canadian community, which manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions and the full spectrum of Jewish religious observance. Though they are a small minority, they have had an open presence in the country since the first Jewish immigrants arrived with Governor Edward Cornwallis to establish Halifax, Nova Scotia (1749).

Settlement (1783–1897)
Prior to the British conquest of New France, Jews lived in Nova Scotia. There were no official Jews in Quebec because when King Louis XIV made Canada officially a province of the Kingdom of France in 1663, he decreed that only Roman Catholics could enter the colony. One exception was Esther Brandeau, a Jewish girl who arrived in 1738 disguised as a boy and remained a year before she was returned for refusing to convert. The earliest subsequent documentation of Jews in Canada are British Army records from the French and Indian War, the North American part of the Seven Years' War. In 1760, General Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst attacked and seized Montreal, winning Canada for the British. Several Jews were members of his regiments, and among his officer corps were five Jews: Samuel Jacobs, Emmanuel de Cordova, Aaron Hart, Hananiel Garcia, and Isaac Miramer.

The most prominent of these five were the business associates Samuel Jacobs and Aaron Hart. In 1759, in his capacity as Commissariat to the British Army on the staff of General Sir Frederick Haldimand, Jacobs was recorded as the first Jewish resident of Quebec, and thus the first Canadian Jew. From 1749, Jacobs had been supplying British army officers at Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1758, he was at Fort Cumberland and the following year he was with Wolfe's army at Quebec. Remaining in Canada, he became the dominant merchant of the Richelieu valley and Seigneur of Saint-Denis-sur-Richelieu. Because he married a French Canadian girl and brought his children up as Catholics, Jacobs is often overlooked as the first permanent Jewish settler in Canada in favour of Aaron Hart, who married a Jew and brought up his children, or at least his sons, in the Jewish tradition.

Lieutenant Hart first arrived in Canada from New York City as Commissariat to Jeffery Amherst's forces at Montreal in 1760. After his service in the army ended, he settled at Trois-Rivières, where he became a wealthy landowner and  respected community member. He had four sons, Moses, Benjamin, Ezekiel and Alexander, all of whom would become prominent in Montreal and help build the Jewish Community. Ezekiel was elected to the legislature of Lower Canada in the by-election of April 11, 1807, becoming the first Jew in an official opposition in the British Empire. Ezekiel was expelled from the legislature with his religion a major factor. Sir James Henry Craig, Governor-General of Lower Canada, tried to protect Hart, but French Canadians saw this as an attempt of the British to undermine them and the legislature expelled Hart in both 1808 and following his re-election in 1809. The legislature then barred Jews from holding elected office in Canada until the passage of the 1832 Emancipation Act.

Most of the early Jewish Canadians were either fur traders or served in the British Army troops. A few were merchants or landowners. Although Montreal's Jewish community was small, numbering only around 200, they built the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal, Shearith Israel, the oldest synagogue in Canada in 1768. It remained the only synagogue in Montreal until 1846. Some sources date the actual establishment of synagogue to 1777 on Notre Dame Street.

Revolts and protests soon began calling for responsible government in Canada. The law requiring the oath "on my faith as a Christian" was amended in 1829 to provide for Jews to refuse the oath. In 1831, prominent French-Canadian politician Louis-Joseph Papineau sponsored a law which granted full equivalent political rights to Jews, twenty-seven years before anywhere else in the British Empire. In 1832, partly because of the work of Ezekiel Hart, a law was passed that guaranteed Jews the same political rights and freedoms as Christians. In the early 1830s, German Jew Samuel Liebshitz founded Jewsburg (now incorporated as German Mills into Kitchener, Ontario), a village in Upper Canada. In 1841 Isaac Gottschalk Ascher arrived in Montreal with his family, including sons Albert (who later in 1856 together with Lewis Samuel a British Orthodox Jew would rent the upper floor of Coombe’s Drug Store at the corner of Yonge Street and Richmond Street in Toronto for High Holy Day services which became only the second temple in Canada), Isidore a highly acclaimed Canadian poet and novelist, Jacob A Canadian Chess Champion (1878, 1883). By 1850, there were still only 450 Jews living in Canada, mostly concentrated in Montreal.

Toronto’s first Jewish prayer services were held on Rosh HaShanah, September 29, 1856, initially with a Sefer Torah borrowed from Canada’s only other synagogue, the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of Montreal. A year later in 1857 a permanent Torah arrived as a gift from Albert Ascher's (Asher) parents in Montreal (Isaac Gottschalk Ascher & Rachel Altmann) inscribed in Hebrew to “The Holy Congregation, Blossoms of Holiness [Pirchei Kodesh], in the city of Toronto.” The name resonated amongst the congregants, and on July 23, 1871, the synagogue officially adopted the name פרחי קדש — Toronto Holy Blossom Temple.

Abraham Jacob Franks settled at Quebec City in 1767. His son, David Salesby (or Salisbury) Franks, who afterward became head of the Montreal Jewish community, also lived in Quebec prior to 1774. Abraham Joseph, who was long a prominent figure in public affairs in Quebec City, took up his residence there shortly after his father's death in 1832. Quebec City's Jewish population for many years remained very small, and early efforts at organization were fitful and short-lived. A cemetery was acquired in 1853, and a place of worship was opened in a hall in the same year, in which services were held intermittently. In 1892, the Jewish population of Quebec City had sufficiently augmented to permit the permanent establishment of the present synagogue, Beth Israel. The congregation was granted the right of keeping a register in 1897. Other communal institutions were the Quebec Hebrew Sick Benefit Association, the Quebec Hebrew Relief Association for Immigrants, and the Quebec Zionist Society. By 1905, the Jewish population was about 350, in a total population of 68,834. According to census of 1871, there were 1,115 Jews living in Canada with 409 in Montreal, 157 in Toronto, and 131 in Hamilton with the rest living in Brantford, Quebec City, St. John, Kingston and London.

Community growth (1862–1939)
With the beginning of the pogroms of Russia in the 1880s, and continuing through the growing anti-Semitism of the early 20th century, millions of Jews began to flee the Pale of Settlement and other areas of Eastern Europe for the West. Although the United States received the overwhelming majority of these immigrants, Canada was also a destination of choice due to Government of Canada and Canadian Pacific Railway efforts to develop Canada after Confederation. Between 1880 and 1930, the Jewish population of Canada grew to over 155,000. At the time, according to the 1901 census of Montreal, only 6861 Jews were residents.

Jewish immigrants brought a tradition of establishing a communal body, called a kehilla to look after the social and welfare needs of their less fortunate. Virtually all of these Jewish refugees were very poor. Wealthy Jewish philanthropists, who had come to Canada much earlier, felt it was their social responsibility to help their fellow Jews get established in this new country. One such man was Abraham de Sola, who founded the Hebrew Philanthropic Society. In Montreal and Toronto, a wide range of communal organizations and groups developed. Recently arrived immigrant Jews also founded landsmenschaften, guilds of people who came originally from the same village.

Most of these immigrants established communities in the larger cities. Canada's first ever census, recorded that in 1871 there were 1,115 Jews in Canada; 409 in Montreal, 157 in Toronto, 131 in Hamilton and the rest were dispersed in small communities along the St. Lawrence River. When elected mayor of Alexandria in 1914, George Simon was the second Jewish mayor in Canada (after David Oppenheimer, who was mayor of Vancouver from 1888 to 1891) and the youngest mayor in the country at the time. He died suddenly in 1969 while serving his tenth term in office.

A community of about 100 settled in Victoria, British Columbia to open shops to supply prospectors during the Cariboo Gold Rush (and later the Klondike Gold Rush in the Yukon). This led to the opening of a synagogue in Victoria, British Columbia in 1862. In 1875, B'nai B'rith Canada was formed as a Jewish fraternal organization. When British Columbia sent their delegation to Ottawa to agree on the colony's entry into Confederation, a Jew, Henry Nathan, Jr., was among them. Nathan eventually became the first Canadian Jewish Member of Parliament. In 1899, the Federation of Canadian Zionist Societies was founded to champion Zionism, and became the first nation-wide Jewish group. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were Ashkenazim who came from either the Austrian empire or the Russian empire. Jewish women tended to be particularly active in Canadian Zionism, perhaps because many of the Zionist groups were secular.

By 1911, there were Jewish communities in all of Canada's major cities. By 1914, there were about 100,000 Jews in Canada with three quarters living in either Montreal or Toronto. The overwhelming majority of Canadian Jews were Ashkenazim who came from either the Austrian or Russian empires. There were two competing strands of Jewish nationalism in Eastern Europe in the early 20th century, namely Zionism and another tendency that favoured forming separate Jewish cultural institutions with a focus on promoting Yiddish. Institutions such as the Montreal Jewish Library with its collection of Yiddish books were examples of the latter tendency.

The Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) was founded in 1919 and would be the major representative body of the Canadian Jewish community for 90 years. Much of its work was focused on lobbying government around issues of immigration, human rights and anti-Semitism. One of the terms of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles were the so-called "minorities treaties" that committed Eastern European states with substantial Jewish populations such as Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia to protect the rights of minorities with the League of Nations to monitor their compliance. The CJC was founded in part to lobby the government of Canada to use its influence at the League of Nations to ensure that the Eastern European states were abiding by the terms of the "minorities treaties".

On August 16, 1933, one of the most famous anti-Semitic incidents in Canada took place, known as the Christie Pits Riot. On that day after a baseball game in Toronto a group of young men using Nazi symbols started a massive melee, arguably the largest in Toronto's history, on the ground of racial hatred, involving hundreds of men.

In 1934, another anti-Semitic incident occurred when the first medical strike in a Canadian hospital was held in response to the appointment of a Jewish doctor to Montreal's Notre-Dame Hospital. Dr Sam Rabinovitch would have been the first Jew appointed to the a French-Canadian hospital. The four day strike, nicknamed the "Days of Shame", involved interns refusing to "provide care to anyone, including emergency patients". The strike was called off after Dr Rabinovitch resigned after he realised that no patients would be treated otherwise.

Westward expansion

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, through such movements as the Jewish Colonization Association, 15 Jewish farm colonies were established on the Canadian prairies. Few of the colonies did very well, partly because the Jews of East European origin were forbidden to own farms in the old country and thus had little experience in farming. One settlement that did do well was Yid'n Bridge, Saskatchewan, started by South African farmers. Eventually the community grew larger as the South African Jews, who had gone to South Africa from Lithuania invited Jewish families directly from Europe to join them, and the settlement eventually became a town, whose name was later changed to the Anglicized name of Edenbridge. The Jewish farming settlement folded in the first generation. Beth Israel Synagogue at Edenbridge is now a designated heritage site. In Alberta, the Little Synagogue on the Prairie is now in the collection of a museum.

At this time, most of the Jewish Canadians in the west were either storekeepers or tradesmen. Many set up shops on the new rail lines, selling goods and supplies to the construction workers, many of whom were also Jewish. Later, because of the railway, some of these homesteads grew into prosperous towns. At this time, Canadian Jews also had important roles in developing the west coast fishing industry, while others worked on building telegraph lines. Some, descended from the earliest Canadian Jews, stayed true to their ancestors as fur trappers. The first major Jewish organization to appear was B'nai B'rith. Till today B'nai B'rith Canada is the community's independent advocacy and social service organization. Also at this time, the Montreal branch of the Workmen's Circle was founded in 1907. This group was an offshoot of the Jewish Labour Bund, an outlawed party in Russia's Pale of Settlement. It was an organization for The Main's radical, non-Communist, non-religious, working class.

Organization
By the outbreak of World War I, there were approximately 100,000 Canadian Jews, of whom three-quarters lived in either Montreal or Toronto. Many of the children of the European refugees started out as peddlers, eventually working their way up to established businesses, such as retailers and wholesalers. Jewish Canadians played an essential role in the development of the Canadian clothing and textile industry. Most worked as labourers in sweatshops; while some owned the manufacturing facilities. Jewish merchants and labourers spread out from the cities to small towns, building synagogues, community centres and schools as they went.

As the population grew, Canadian Jews began to organize themselves as a community despite the presence of dozens of competing sects. The Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) was founded in 1919 as the result of the merger of several smaller organizations. The purpose of the CJC was to speak on behalf of the common interests of Jewish Canadians and assist immigrant Jews. The largest Jewish community was in Montreal, at the time the largest, wealthiest and most cosmopolitan city in Canada. The vast majority of Montreal's Jews who arrived in the early 20th century were Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazim but their children chose speak English rather than French. Until 1964, Quebec had no public education system, instead having two parallel educational systems run by the Protestant churches and the Catholic church. As the Jewish community was too poor to fund its own educational system, most Jewish parents chose to enrol their children in the English-speaking Protestant school system, which was willing to accept Jews unlike the Catholic school system. The CJC had its headquarters in Montreal while the Jewish Public Library of Montreal and the Montreal Yiddish Theatre were two of the largest Jewish cultural institutions in Canada. The Jews of Montreal tended to be concentrated in several neighbourhoods, which gave a strong sense of community identity.

In 1930 under the impact of the Great Depression, Canada sharply limited immigration from Eastern Europe, which adversely impacted on the ability of the Ashkenazim to come to Canada. In a climate of anti-semitism where the Jewish immigrants were seen as economic competition for Gentiles, the leadership of the CJC was assumed by the whisky tycoon Samuel Bronfman who it was hoped might be able to persuade the government to allow more Jews to come. In view of worsening situation for Jews in Europe, allowing more Jewish immigration became the central concern of the CJC. Through many Canadian Jews voted for the Liberal Party, traditionally seen as the friend of minorities, the Liberal Prime Minister from 1935 onward, William Lyon Mackenzie King, proved to be extremely unsympathetic. Mackenzie King adamantly refused to change the immigration law, and Canada accepted proportionally the fewest Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany.

World War II (1939–1945)

About 17,000 Jewish Canadians served in the Canadian Armed Forces during World War II. Major Ben Dunkelman of the Queen's Own Rifles regiment was a soldier in the campaigns of 1944–45 in northwest Europe, highly decorated for his courage and ability under fire. In 1943, Saidye Rosner Bronfman of Montreal, the wife of the whiskey tycoon Samuel Bronfman was appointed MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) for her work on the home front. Saidye Bronfram had organized 7, 000 women in Montreal to make packages for Canadian soldiers serving overseas, for which she was recognized by King George VI. Most Jewish Canadian who joined the Armed Forces at this time became members of the Royal Canadian Air Force.

In 1939, Canada turned away the MS St. Louis with 908 Jewish refugees aboard. It went back to Europe where 254 of them died in concentration camps. And overall, Canada only accepted 5,000 Jewish refugees during the 1930s and 1940s in a climate of widespread anti-Semitism. A most striking display of antisemitism occurred with the 1944 Quebec election. The leader of the Union Nationale, Maurice Duplessis appealed to anti-Semitic prejudices in Quebec in a violently anti-Semitic speech by claiming that the Dominion government of William Lyon Mackenzie King together with Liberal Premier Adélard Godbout of Quebec had secretly made an agreement with the "International Zionist Brotherhood" to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees left homeless by the Holocaust in Quebec after the war in exchange for the "International Zionist Brotherhood" promising to fund both the federal and provincial Liberal parties. By contrast, Duplessis claimed that he would never take any money from the Jews, and if he were elected Premier, he would stop this alleged plan to bring Jewish refugees to Quebec. Though Duplessis' claims about the alleged plan to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees in Quebec was entirely false, his story was widely believed in Quebec, and ensured he won the election.

In 1945, several organizations merged to form the left-wing United Jewish Peoples' Order which was one of the largest Jewish fraternal organizations in Canada for a number of years.

As in the United States, the community's response to news of the Holocaust was muted for decades. Bialystok (2000) wrote that in the 1950s the community was "virtually devoid" of discussion. Although one in seven Canadian Jews were survivors or their children, most "did not want to know what happened, and few survivors had the courage to tell them". He argued that the main obstacle to discussion was "an inability to comprehend the event". Awareness emerged in the 1960s, as the community realized that antisemitism remained.

Post war (1945–1997)
From the 1940s to the 1960s, the man generally recognized as the chief spokesman for the Canadian Jewish community was Rabbi Abraham Feinberg of the Holy Blossom Temple in Toronto. In 1950, Dorothy Sangster wrote in Macleans' about him: "Today American-born Rabbi Feinberg is one of the most controversial figures to occupy a Canadian pulpit. Gentiles recognize him as the official voice of Canadian Jewry. This fact was aptly demonstrated a few years ago when Montreal's Mayor Houde introduced him to friends as Le Cardinal des Juifs—the Cardinal of the Jews". Feinberg was very active in various social justice efforts, campaigning for laws against discrimination against minorities and to end the "restrictive covenants".

In March 1945, Rabbi Feinberg wrote an article in Maclean's charging that there was rampant antisemitism in Canada, stating: "'Jews are kept out of most ski clubs. Sundry summer colonies (even on municipally owned land), fraternities, and at least one Rotary Club operate under written or unwritten “Gentiles Only” signs. Many bank positions are not open to Jews. Only three Jewish male physicians have been admitted to non-Jewish Hospital staffs in Toronto. McGill University has instituted a rule requiring in effect at least a 10% higher academic average for Jewish applicants; in certain schools of the University of Toronto anti-Jewish bias is being felt. City Councils debate whether Jewish petitioners should be permitted to build a synagogue; property deeds in some areas bar resale to them. I have seen crude handbills circulated thanking Hitler for his massacre of 80,000 Jews in Kiev.'"

In 1945, in the Re Drummond Wren case, a Jewish group, the Workers' Education Association (WEA) challenged the "restrictive covenants" that forbade the renting or selling of properties to Jews. Through the case was something of a set-up as the WEA had quite consciously purchased a property in Toronto known to have a "restrictive covenant" in order to challenge the legality of "restrictive covenants" in the courts, Justice John Keiller MacKay struck down "restrictive covenants" in his ruling on 31 October 1945. In 1948, MacKay's ruling in the Drummond Wren case was struck down in the Noble v Alley case by the Ontario Supreme Court, which ruled that "restrictive covenants" were "legal and enforceable". A woman named Anna Noble decided to sell her cottage at the Beach O' Pines resort to Bernard Wolf, a Jewish businessman from London, Ontario. The sale was blocked by the Beach O'Pines Resort Association which had a "restrictive covenant" forbidding the sale of cottages to any person of "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood". With the support of the Joint Public Relations Committee of the Canadian Jewish Congress and B'nai B'rith headed by Rabbi Feinberg, the Noble ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, which in November 1950 ruled against "restrictive covenants", albeit only on the technicality that the phrase "Jewish, Hebrew, Semitic, Negro or colored race or blood" was too vague.

After the war, Canada liberalized its immigration policy. Roughly 40,000 Holocaust survivors came during the late 1940s, hoping to rebuild their shattered lives. In 1947, the Workmen's Circle and Jewish Labour Committee started a project, spearheaded by Kalmen Kaplansky and Moshe Lewis, to bring Jewish refugees to Montreal in the needle trades, called the Tailors Project. They were able to do this through the federal government's "bulk-labour" program that allowed labour-intensive industries to bring European displaced persons to Canada, in order to fill those jobs. For Lewis' work on this and other projects during this period, the Montreal branch was renamed the Moshe Lewis Branch, after his death in 1950. The Canadian arm of the Jewish Labor Committee also honored him when they established the Moshe Lewis Foundation in 1975.

In the post-war era, universities proved more willing to accept Jewish applicants and in decades after 1945, many Canadian Jews tended to move up from a lower-class group working as menial laborers to a middle class group working as bourgeois professionals. With the ability to obtain a better education, many Jews become doctors, teachers, lawyers, dentists, accountants, professors and other bourgeois occupations. Geographically, there was a tendency for many Jews living in the inner cities of Toronto and Montreal to move out to the suburbs. The rural Jewish communities almost vanished as Jews living in rural areas decamped to the cities. Reflecting a more tolerant attitude, Canadian Jews became active on the cultural scene. In the post-war decades Peter C. Newman, Wayne and Shuster, Mordecai Richler, Leonard Cohen, Barbara Frum, Joseph Rosenblatt, Irving Layton, Eli Mandel, A.M. Klein, Henry Kreisel, Adele Wiseman, Miriam Waddington, Naim Kattan, and Rabbi Stuart Rosenberg were individuals of note in the fields of arts, journalism and literature.

Since the 1960s a new immigration wave of Jews started to take place. A number of French-speaking Jews from North Africa ended up settling in Montreal. Some South African Jews decided to emigrate to Canada after South Africa became a republic in 1961, and was followed by another wave in the late 1970s, which was precipitated by anti-apartheid rioting and civil unrest. The majority of them settled in Ontario, with the largest community in Toronto, followed by those in Hamilton, London and Kingston. Smaller waves of Zimbabwean Jews were also present during this period.

In 1961 Louis Rasminsky became the first Jewish governor of the Bank of Canada. Every previous governor of the Bank of Canada had been a member of the prestigious Rideau Club of Ottawa, but Rasminsky's application to join the Rideau Club was turned down on the account of his religion, a rejection that deeply hurt him. Through the Rideau Club changed its policies in response to public criticism, Rasminsky only joined the club after he retired as bank governor in 1973. In 1968, the Liberal MP Herb Gray of Windsor became the Jewish federal cabinet minister. In 1970, Bora Laskin became the first Jewish justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and in 1973, the first Jewish Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1971, David Lewis became the leader of the New Democratic Party, becoming the first Jew to head a major Canadian political party.

In 1976, the Quebec provincial election was won by the separatist Parti Québécois (PQ), which sparked a major flight of Montreal's English-speaking Jews to Toronto with about 20,000 leaving. The Jewish community of Montreal has been a bastion of federalism, and Quebec separatists with their ideal of a creating a nation-state for French-Canadians have tended to be hostile to Jews. In both the 1980 and 1995 referendums, Montreal's Jews voted overwhelmingly for Quebec to remain in Canada.

It was official Canadian policy after 1945 to accept immigrants from Eastern Europe as long they were anti-communist even if they had fought for Nazi Germany. For an example the veterans of the 14th Waffen SS Division Galizien, which was mostly recruited from Ukrainians in Galicia, settled in Canada. The fact that the men of the 14th Waffen-SS division had committed war crimes was ignored because they were felt to be useful for the Cold War. In Oakville, Ontario, a public monument honors the men of the 14th SS Division as heroes. Starting in the 1980s, Jewish groups began to lobby the Canadian government to deport the Axis collaborators from Eastern Europe whom the government of Canada had welcomed with open arms in the 1940s-1950s. In 1997, a report by Sol Littman, the head of Simon Wiesenthal Center operations in Canada charged that Canada in 1950 had accepted 2,000 veterans of 14th Waffen-SS Division with no screening; the American news program 60 Minutes showed that Canada had allowed about 1,000 SS veterans from the Baltic states to become Canadian citizens; and the Jerusalem Post called Canada a "near-blissful refuge" for Nazi war criminals. The Canadian Jewish historian Irving Abella stated that for Eastern Europeans the best way of getting into postwar Canada "was by showing the SS tattoo. This proved that you were an anti-Communist". Despite pressure from Jewish groups, the Canadian government dragged its feet on deporting Nazi war criminals out of the fear of offending voters of Eastern European background, who make up a significant number of Canadian voters.

Modernity (since 2001)
Today, the Jewish culture in Canada is maintained by practising Jews and secular Jews. Nearly all Jews in Canada speak one of the two official languages, although most speak English over French. Most Ashkenazi Jews speak English as a first language, including most Ashkenazi Jews in Quebec.

In terms of Jewish denominations, 26% of Canadian Jews are Conservative, 17% Orthodox, 16% Reform, 29% are "Just Jewish", and the remaining 12% align themselves with smaller movements or are unsure. Intermarriage is relatively low amongst Canadian Jews, with 77% of married Jews having a Jewish spouse.

Most of Canada's Jews live in Ontario and Quebec, followed by British Columbia, Manitoba and Alberta. While Toronto is the largest Jewish population centre, Montreal played this role until many English-speaking Jewish Canadians left for Toronto, fearing that Quebec might leave the federation following the rise during the 1970s of nationalist political parties in Quebec, as well as a result of Quebec's Language Law.

The Jewish population is growing rather slowly due to aging and low birth rates. The population of Canadian Jews increased by just 3.5% between 1991 and 2001, despite much immigration from the Former Soviet Union, Israel and other countries.

Politically, the major Jewish Canadian organizations are the Centre for Israel and Jewish Advocacy (CIJA) and the more conservative B'nai Brith Canada both claim to be the voice of the Jewish community. The United Jewish People's Order, once the largest Jewish fraternal organization in Canada, is a left-leaning secular group established in 1927 with current chapters in Toronto, Hamilton, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Politically, UJPO opposes the Israeli Occupation and advocate for a two-state solution but focus primarily on Jewish cultural, educational and social justice issues. A smaller organization, Independent Jewish Voices (Canada), characterized as anti-Zionist, argues that the CIJA and B'nai B'rith do not speak for most Canadian Jews. Also, many Canadian Jews simply have no connections to any of these organizations.

The birth rate for Jews in Canada is much higher than that in the United States, with a TFR of 1.91 according to the 2001 Census. This is due to the presence of large numbers of Orthodox Jews in Canada. According to the census, the Jewish birth rate and TFR is higher than that of Christian (1.35), Buddhist (1.34), Non-Religious (1.41), and Sikh (1.9) populations, but slightly lower than that of Hindus (2.05), and Muslims (2.01).

In the 21st century, anti-Semitism has become a growing concern, with reports of anti-semitic incidents increasing sharply in recent years. This includes the well publicized anti-Semitic comments of Ernst Zündel. In 2009, the Canadian Parliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism was established by all four major federal political parties to investigate and combat antisemitism, namely new antisemitism. The League for Human Rights of B'nai B'rith monitors the incidents and prepares an annual audit of these events. There was an increase of the scope of anti-Semitic incidents in Canada with a number of cases of anti-Semitic vandalism and spraying Nazi symbols in August 2013 in Winnipeg and in the greater Toronto area.

On February 26, 2014, and for the first time in Canadian history, B'nai Brith Canada led an official delegation of Sephardi community leaders, activists, philanthropists and spiritual leaders from across the country visiting Parliament Hill and meeting with the prime minister, ambassadors and other dignitaries. Since the beginning of the 21st century Jewish immigration to Canada has continued, increasing in numbers with the passing of the years. With the rise of antisemitic acts in France and weak economic conditions, most of the Jewish newcomers are French Jews who are mainly looking for new economic opportunities (either in Israel or elsewhere, with Canada one of the top destinations chosen by French Jews to live in, particularly in Quebec). For the same reasons, and due to cultural and linguistic proximity, several members of the Belgian-Jewish community choose Canada as their new home. There are efforts by the Jewish community of Montreal to attract these immigrants and make them feel at home, as well as those from other parts of the world. There is also some immigration of Argentine Jews and from other parts of Latin America. Argentina is home to the largest Jewish community in Latin America and the third largest in the Americas after the United States and Canada.

A population of Israeli Jews emigrate to Canada to study and work. The Israeli Canadian community is growing and it is one of the largest Israeli diaspora groups with an estimate of 30,000 people. A small proportion of Israeli Jews who come to Canada are Ethiopian Jews.

Afghan Jews
Following the Fall of Kabul in August 2021, the final Afghan Jew still in Afghanistan, Tova Moradi, fled to Canada. This marked the end of Afghanistan's 2,700-year Jewish history.

Provincial and territorial
Jewish Canadian population by province and territory in Canada in 2011 according to Statistics Canada and United Jewish Federations of Canada

Yiddish
Yiddish is the historical and cultural language of Ashkenazi Jews, who make up the majority of the Canadian Jewry and was widely spoken within the Canadian Jewish community up to the middle of the twentieth century.

Montreal had and to some extent still has one of the most thriving Yiddish communities in North America. Yiddish was Montreal's third language (after French and English) for the entire first half of the 20th century. The Kanader Adler (The Canadian Eagle), Montreal's daily Yiddish newspaper founded by Hirsch Wolofsky, appeared from 1907 to 1988. The Monument National was the centre of Yiddish theatre from 1896 until the construction of the Saidye Bronfman Centre for the Arts, inaugurated on September 24, 1967, where the established resident theatre, the Dora Wasserman Yiddish Theatre, remains the only permanent Yiddish theatre in North America. The theatre group also tours Canada, US, Israel, and Europe. In 1931, 99% of Montreal Jews stated that Yiddish was their mother language. In the 1930s there was a Yiddish language education system and a Yiddish newspaper in Montreal. In 1938, most Jewish households in Montreal primarily used English and often used French and Yiddish. 9% of the Jewish households only used French and 6% only used Yiddish.

In 1980 Chaim Leib Fox published Hundert yor yidishe un hebreyishe literatur in Kanade ("One Hundred Years of Yiddish and Hebrew Literature in Canada") – a compendium on the history of literature and culture of the Jewish diaspora in Canada. The comprehensive volume covered 429 Yiddish and Hebrew authors who published in Canada in 1870–1970. According to Vivian Felsen, it was "the most ambitious attempt to preserve Yiddish culture in Canada."

Press
The Canadian Jewish News was, until April 2020, Canada's most widely-read Jewish community newspaper. It had suffered from financial shortfalls for years, which were exacerbated by the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in Canada on its finances. CJN president Elizabeth Wolfe stated that "The CJN suffered from a pre-existing condition and has been felled by COVID-19."

Shortly thereafter, two new Jewish community newspapers made their debuts, with the Canadian Jewish Record and TheJ.ca beginning publication in May 2020. These two papers sought to fill the void left by the CJN, but unlike the CJN, had politically partisan editorial stances. The left-leaning Canadian Jewish Record was noted by its CEO as "not an anti-Zionist outlet, but rather that the newspaper will periodically provide legitimate criticism of the State of Israel. TheJ.ca, by contrast, has emphasized that its stance on the question of Israel is right-leaning, with staff journalist and co-founder Dave Gordon saying "we’re very pro-Israel, very Zionistic [sic] …" while Ron East, a publisher of TheJ.ca, has voiced opposition to progressive Jewish activism, claiming that right-wing Zionist viewpoints are "drowned out," thereby necessitating "a platform that would allow for those voices".

In May 2021, the Canadian Jewish News relaunched as a digital-only publication at thecjn.ca. In December 2020, the Canadian Jewish Record announcing it would end its run with a post titled "A Note from the Publisher: The Bridge is Now Completed", stating that it had intended "to be a bridge between the recently shuttered Canadian Jewish News and its hoped-for return," and given that the CJN had managed to relaunch, it (The Canadian Jewish Record) would cease publication. The CJN resumed its journalistic reporting, and now also hosts an email newsletter, as well as several weekly podcasts.

Museums and monuments
Canada has several Jewish museums and monuments, which focus upon Jewish culture and Jewish history.

Education
There are numerous Jewish day schools throughout the country, as well as a number of Yeshivot. In Toronto, around 40% of Jewish children attend Jewish elementary schools and 12% go to Jewish high schools. The figures for Montreal are higher: 60% and 30%, respectively. The national average for attendance at Jewish elementary schools is at least 55%.

The Jewish community in Canada is amongst the country's most educated groups. In 1991, four out of ten doctors and dentists in Toronto were Jewish and nationally, four times as many Jews completed graduate degrees as Canadians generally. In the same study, it was found that 43% of Jewish Canadians had a bachelor's degree or higher while the comparable figure for persons of British origin is 19% and just 16% for the general Canadian population as a whole.

In 2016, 80% of Canadian Jewish adults aged 25–64 had a Bachelor's Degree while only 29% of the general Canadian population did. An additional 37% of Canadian Jews in this age range had post-graduate or professional degrees.

Jewish Canadians comprise approximately one percent of the Canadian population, but make up a significantly larger percentage of the student body of some of the most prestigious universities in Canada.

Employment
Before the mass Jewish immigration of the 1880s, the Canadian Jewish community was relatively affluent compared to other ethnic groups in Canada, a distinguishable feature that still continues on to this day. During the 18th and the 19th centuries, upper class Jews tended to be fur traders, merchants, and entrepreneurs.

At the turn of the 20th century, most Jewish heads of household were self-employed wholesalers, retailers, or peddlers, though large numbers of Jews began to enter the blue-collar labour force in the early 1900s and 1910s, particularly in the garment sector. By 1915, half the Toronto Jewish community was self-employed, and divided the other were blue-collar workers employed, mostly by non-Jews, in the secondary segment of the labor market. By the early 1930s, there were approximately 400 Jewish-owned garment shops and factories in Toronto, and white Anglo-Saxon manufacturers' control on this sector was no longer total. Geographer Daniel Hiebert wrote that "Jewish entrepreneurs were successful because they could rely upon resources within their ethnic group, such as the large number of Jewish-owned clothing retail stores and, more particularly, the presence of a skilled co-ethnic labor force." In 1930, fully half of all Canadians working in pawn-shops were Jewish. That year, only 2.2% of Jews were working in law or medicine (though this was double the overall Canadian rate of 1.1%).

Canadian Jews' participation in labour and trade union activism through the 1940s and into midcentury is noteworthy. The Canadian Jewish Labour Committee, whose membership peaked at 50,000, represented trade unions with a large Jewish membership, including the International Ladies Garment Workers Union, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers’ Union, and the United Cap, Hat and Millinery Workers’ Union. Following WWII, Jewish Canadians turned their attention to combating structural antisemitism in the employment: many Canadian universities, boardrooms, banks, educational institutions, professional associations and businesses discriminated against Jewish applicants, or restricted participation and advancement through quotas as a matter of policy.

In the early 1950s, popular support for anti-discrimination legislation increased, and by the 1960s, multiple provinces had created human rights commissions and enacted legislation proscribing discrimination on the basis of race or religion in employment, enabling Jews to participate more fully in a variety of sectors and industries.

It became possible for Jewish lawyers to practice law outside their community beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s, ultimately resulting in a considerable increase in the number of Jewish lawyers employed in large Canadian law firms in the 1990s. A 1960 study found that although 40% of Jews had grades in the top 10% of their class, only 8% of Jewish lawyers surveyed were employed in large law firms, which resulted in lower wages. By the 1990s, the numbers of Jews and non-Jews employed in large firms had more or less equalized.

Economics
According to a 2018 study of the Canadian Jewish community by the Environics Institute for Survey Research, annual household income was reported as follows:

Wealth
While the majority of Canadian Jews fall into the middle class (defined as an income between $45,000 and $120,000 ) or upper-middle class, some Canadian Jewish families have achieved extraordinary economic success. Prominent Canadian Jewish families such as the Bronfmans, the Belzbergs, the Diamonds, the Reichmanns, and the Shermans represent the pinnacle of extreme wealth among Jews in Canada. Canadian Jews comprise roughly 17% of Canadian Business's list of the 100 Richest Canadians.

Poverty
Poverty exists in the Canadian Jewish community. As of 2015, the median income among Canadian Jews over the age of 15 years is $30,670, and 14.6% of Canadian Jews live below the poverty line, with poverty concentrated among Jews in the Toronto area. (By comparison, the percentage of non-Jewish Canadians living below the poverty line is 14.8%.) Slightly more Jewish women than Jewish men live in poverty, and poverty is most concentrated among Canadian Jews ages 15–24 and those over the age of 65. There is a strong correlation with level of education attained, with poverty most concentrated among Canadian Jews who had only a secondary education, and the lowest levels of poverty among those who had attained a postgraduate degree.

title: History of the Jews in Canada


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Vetala

A vetala (वेताल) is a class of beings in Hindu mythology. They are usually defined as a knowledgeable (fortune telling) paranormal entity said to be dwelling at charnel grounds. Reanimated corpses are used as vehicles by these spirits for movement. A vetala may possess and leave a dead body at will.

Description
In Hindu folklore, the vetala is an evil spirit who haunts cemeteries and takes demonic possession of corpses. They make their displeasure known by troubling humans. They can drive people mad, kill children, and cause miscarriages, but also guard villages.

They are hostile spirits of the dead trapped in the 'twilight zone' between life and afterlife. These creatures can be repelled by the chanting of mantras. One can free them from their ghostly existence by performing their funerary rites. Being unaffected by the laws of space and time, they have an uncanny knowledge about the past, present, and future and a deep insight into human nature. Therefore many sorcerers seek to capture them and turn them into slaves.

There is also a strong Vetala cult in the Konkan region, under the names of Betal, Vetal, Vetoba. Since Betal is said to be the husband of the goddess Shantadurga, there will be a temple dedicated in honour of Betal either within the temple complex of Shantadurga or somewhere in the sylvan surroundings. There is a Betal temple in Amona, Goa. Betal is a form of Bhairava and is the head of all spirits and ghouls and vampires and all kinds of pisachas.

Literature
The Vetala Panchavimshati is a collection of twenty-five stories, featuring a vetala as one of the two central characters. It is a part of the Kathasaritsagara, a work that was compiled no later than the 11th century. It features a frame story of a sorcerer who asks King Vikramaditya to capture a corpse hanging on a tree that stands in the middle of a cremation ground. The corpse is possessed by a vetala, who proposes to tell the king a story along the journey. After the vetala finishes the story, he would ask the king a question, which he would have to answer. After Vikramaditya answers the question, the vetala would return to the tree, the corpse hanging upon it once more. This event occurs twenty-four times, after which the king is unable to answer the question posed by the vetala. Impressed with the king, the vetala informs him of the evil designs of the sorcerer, and grants him a gift that would allow him to acquire the powers of witchcraft and defeat the sorcerer.

In popular culture
Vikram Vetal, a 1986 Indian fantasy film directed by Shantilal Soni was based on the Baital Pachisi about King Vikramaditya and the Vetala.

Vikram Aur Betaal was a television programme based on the Baital Pachisi produced by Ramanand Sagar and directed by his son Prem Sagar that aired on DD National channel. It was remade as Kahaniya Vikram aur Betaal Ki in 2009 and aired on Colors TV. Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha (2018), an Indian mythological serial based on Baital Pachisi aired on &TV. Indian animator Rajiv Chilaka directed Vikram Betal, a television film for Cartoon Network in 2004 which was produced by his Green Gold Animations. Vicky & Vetaal (2006–2007) and Vicky Aur Vetaal (2015–2016), which aired on Disney Channel India, also featured Vetala as the main character.

title: Vetala


text:
Talk:West End Games

Current Status of West End Games
As of 9-28-2010 West End Games is working to sell the rest of their games and close operations. This came directly from the owner. The owner wants the name to die, thus its the end of the West End Games Era. Sad

Does anyone have a citation for the above? I'd love to see it verified. rjbs (talk) 23:31, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, West End Games is still owned by Eric Gibson, and as a still existing and not-yet-disbanded company. The name of one of them, the man's name or the company's name, is still the official owner of the Junta game and may be the owner of other games aswell, those that as Junta weren't sold by Gibson. Junta hasn't been published since 2005, ok, but we currently have a man, a company and the property of a game. No commercial activity, ok, but even in that case, there is an officially existing company being the recipient of a game's patent. West End Games sleeps, that's all, and we simply can not pretend it's definitely dead. Kintaro (talk) 02:35, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

Various Talk
For the record as of 8-11-2008 WEG is still in business, they are simply selling the products they have and are not creating any new product. Anyone saying they are out of business is incorrect.

Isn't West End Games out of business?

 * They went into bankruptcy in 1998, but they restructured and are back in business. --Wingsandsword 06:52, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Yesterday I picked up WEG's Lightsaber Dueling Pack and played w' friends again... Still fun. WEG is the BEST BOARD GAME MAKER EVER!!! Actually I am named BNJ representing Benjamin Jones. But that name is occupied. 12:46, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

-- Donald Albury 11:21, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on West End Games. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160118172059/http://www.westendgames.com/forum/showpost.php?p=30187&postcount=200 to http://www.westendgames.com/forum/showpost.php?p=30187&postcount=200

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:03, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

New Owner and more details
WEG was recently acquired by Stewart Wieck, thus ending the rather toxic ownership of Eric Gibson. Could someone write up a section on this and perhaps expand information on how WEG originally collapsed under its (first) bankruptcy and lost the Star Wars RPG license? ABCoLD (talk) 01:56, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:West End Games


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Benji Rowe

Benji Rowe
A hoax? This kid is apparently 11 years old and has supposedly broken every record in the OHL, which he is too young to be in. Might be a simple typo, but google returns only three hits, all of which refer to NASCAR, not hockey. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 23:11, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)  Talk page appears to pre-date the article, so it may have been deleted before. -- Scott $e^{i \pi} \,\!$ 23:42, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Joke by anon with no other contributions. It was speedied of 5 December, same content, same anon. Andrewa 01:14, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. See above.  --Randy 02:31, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Deleted again, by a different admin... and I think there will be no shortage of volunteers for a third time if necessary. Andrewa 05:31, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:130.15.245.165

title: User talk:130.15.245.165


text:
A. J. Croce (album)

A. J. Croce is the self-titled debut album by American singer-songwriter A. J. Croce, released in 1993.

Track listing
All songs written by A.J. Croce, except where noted

 * 1) "He's Got a Way with Women" (Rodney Lay, Hank Thompson) – 3:31
 * 2) "Which Way Steinway" – 3:21
 * 3) "I Wonder" (Cecil Gant, Raymond Leveen) – 5:01
 * 4) "How'd We Get So Good at Sayin' Good-Bye" – 4:06
 * 5) "I Found Faith" – 2:45
 * 6) "Keep on Lookin'" – 4:09
 * 7) "She Wouldn't Give Me None" (Minnie McCoy, Joe McCoy) – 3:15
 * 8) "I Know Better Now" – 3:11
 * 9) "Back Where I Began" – 3:00
 * 10) "Smokin' Good Time" – 3:15
 * 11) "Stuff You Gotta Watch" (Tom Dowd, Dan Greer, George Jackson) – 2:32
 * 12) "If I Could Be with You (One Hour Tonight)" (Henry Creamer, James P. Johnson) – 2:03

Personnel

 * A. J. Croce – piano, vocals
 * Bob Boss – electric guitar
 * Garnett Brown – trombone
 * T-Bone Burnett – acoustic guitar
 * Armando Campion – acoustic bass
 * Ron Carter – bass, acoustic bass
 * Evan Christopher – clarinet, tenor saxophone
 * Armando Compion – bass, electric bass
 * Dave Curtis – electric bass
 * Tim Drummond – electric bass
 * Sally Dworsky – background vocals
 * Chuck Findley – trumpet
 * Robben Ford – acoustic guitar, guitar, electric guitar
 * Gary Herbig – baritone saxophone
 * Dick Hyde – tuba
 * Jim Keltner – drums
 * Paul Kimbarow – drums
 * Mitch Manker & his Brass Section – trumpet
 * Arnold McCuller – background vocals
 * Carolyn Perry – background vocals
 * Lori Perry – background vocals
 * Sharon Perry – background vocals
 * Greg Prestopino – background vocals
 * Bill Reichenbach, Jr. – trombone, bass trombone
 * Jim Self – tuba
 * Paco Shipp – harmonica, tenor saxophone
 * John Simon – conductor
 * Fred Tackett – acoustic guitar, dobro
 * Benmont Tench – organ
 * Snooky Young – flugelhorn

Production

 * Producers: T-Bone Burnett, John Simon
 * Engineers: Steve MacMillan, Joe Schiff, Allen Sides
 * Assistant engineers: Jim Champagne, Noel Hazen
 * Mastering: Chris Bellman
 * Production coordination: Joe Henry
 * Arrangers: Evan Christopher, Mitch Manker & his Brass Section, John Simon
 * Art direction: Melanie Penny
 * Design: Kurt DeMunbrun
 * Photography: William Claxton

title: A. J. Croce (album)


text:
HC Dynamo Moscow

HC Dynamo Moscow (ХК Динамо Москва) is a Russian professional ice hockey club based in Moscow. It is a member of the Tarasov Division in the Kontinental Hockey League.

Dynamo has won the Gagarin Cup twice, in 2011–12 and 2012–13 seasons, and have won the regular season championship once, in 2013–14, winning the Continental Cup.

The club is one of the most successful teams in Russia.

History
The team was founded in 1946 and belonged the Dynamo Moscow sports club, a part of Dynamo sports society sponsored by the Soviet Ministry of Interior and the national security structures including the KGB. It won the first Soviet hockey championship in 1946–47, beating Spartak Moscow in the finals. Helmed by Arkady Chernyshev during the first decades of its history, Dynamo established itself as one of the top teams of the Soviet hockey league. Throughout the Soviet era, Dynamo was among the top three teams almost every season, winning five championships and three USSR Cups. The last years of the Soviet hockey championship and the beginning of the IHL period were marked with Dynamo winning fours seasons in a row and ending CSKA Moscow's dominance that had lasted for decades.

Merger with HC MVD
In 2010, Dynamo Moscow merged with HC MVD, a KHL team from Balashikha owned by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The team continued the history of the Dynamo club, with the majority of its roster and executives from HC MVD. The new club was officially called United Hockey Club (UHC) Dynamo Moscow, and for one season the new club was referred to as UHC Dynamo, then for a couple years as UHC Dynamo Moscow, but in 2012 the official name of the club was reverted to Hockey Club Dynamo Moscow.

In 2013 Dynamo Moscow had tried to recruit Alexander Ovechkin who played for them from 2001 to 2005, but switched to the Washington Capitals soon after.

Debt problems/KHL sanctions
Under the guidance of director and president, Andrei Safronov, HC Dynamo was reported to have amassed a debt of 2 billion rubles (US$33 million) following the 2016–17 season. With concerns from the governing body of the KHL, Dynamo were ordered to give a presentation as to how they would be funded in the following season on 24 May 2017.

As a branch of the Dynamo Moscow sporting club, the parent company board opted to remove Safronov, citing a breach of trust with sponsors and took control of the hockey club. Dynamo then refused to pay back the debt, citing it wasn't their responsibility, putting the onus on former CEO Safronov to repay the debt due to his mismanagement. With allegations of embezzlement, HC Dynamo's offices were raided by police in order to retrieve accounting documentation on 2 June 2017. With the players having not been paid in three months, former HC Dynamo board led by Safronov declared bankruptcy in order to escape the debt.

On 4 July 2017, at a KHL board meeting, the Disciplinary Committee took action with Dynamo's failure to meet contractual obligations by declaring all 42 players under contract with Dynamo as free agents.

Domestic competitions
Soviet League Championship (5): 1946–47, 1953–54, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92

USSR Cup (3): 1953, 1972, 1976

IHL Championship (2): 1992–93, 1994–95

IHL Cup (1): 1996

Russian Superleague (2): 1999–00, 2004–05

Kontinental Hockey League
Gagarin Cup (2): 2011–12, 2012–13

Continental Cup (2): 2013–14,2023–24

Opening Cup (3): 2010–11, 2012–13, 2013–14

Europe
IIHF European Champions Cup (1): 2006

IIHF Continental Cup (1): 2004–05

Spengler Cup (2): 1983, 2008

Lugano Cup (1): 1991

Ahearne Cup (2): 1975, 1976

Tampere Cup (2): 1991, 1992

Season-by-season KHL record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime/shootout losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

IIHF Hall-of-Famers
Players
 * Aleksandr Maltsev, LW, 1967–84, inducted 1999
 * Vladimir Yurzinov, C, 1957–72, inducted 2002
 * Valeri Vasiliev, D, 1967–84, inducted 1998

Builders
 * Arkady Chernyshev, Coach, 1946–74, inducted 1999
 * Vladimir Yurzinov, Coach, 1974–79, 1989–92 inducted 2002

Honoured members

Dynamo Moscow has honoured 25 players and one coach in its history.

Notes
 * 1 Russian clubs tend to hang a banner of honour with a player's jersey number (sometimes multiple players per number), while still keeping the number in circulation.

Head coaches

 * Arkady Chernyshev, 1946–74
 * Vladimir Yurzinov, 1974–79
 * Vitaly Davydov, 1979–81
 * Vladimir Kiselev, 1981–83
 * Igor Tuzik, 1983–84
 * Yuri Moiseev, 1984–89
 * Vladimir Yurzinov, 1989–92
 * Petr Vorobiev, 1992–93
 * Igor Tuzik, 1993–94
 * Vladimir Golubović, 1994–96
 * Yuri Ochnev, 1996–97
 * Alexander Volchkov, 1996–98
 * Zinetula Bilyaletdinov, 1997–00
 * Vladimir Semenov, 2000–02
 * Zinetula Bilyaletdinov, 2002–04
 * Vladimir Krikunov, 2004–07
 * Vladimir Vůjtek, 2007–09
 * Sergei Kotov, 2009
 * Andrei Khomutov, 2009–10
 * Oleg Znarok, 2010–14
 * Harijs Vītoliņš, 2014–15
 * Sergei Oreshkin, 2015–17
 * Vladimir Vorobiev, 2017–18
 * Vladimir Krikunov, 2018–21
 * Alexei Kudashov, 2021–

Franchise records

 * Most championship titles: Igor Dorofeyev, 5
 * Most games, career: Sergei Vyshedkevich, 657
 * Most points, career: Alexander Maltsev, 633
 * Most goals, career: Alexander Maltsev, 329
 * Most assists, career: Alexander Maltsev, 304
 * Most penalty minutes, career: Sergei Vyshedkevich, 745
 * Most points, season: Nikita Gusev, 89
 * Most goals, season: Alexander Maltsev, 36
 * Most assists, season: Nikita Gusev, 66
 * Most penalty minutes, season: Petr Čajánek, 123
 * Most goals, game: Alexander Uvarov, 6
 * Most assists, game: Sergey Yashin, 4
 * Most penalty minutes, game: Alexander Zhurik, 34
 * Fastest goal from start of a game: Alexei Kalyuzhny, 0:08

title: HC Dynamo Moscow


text:
Demon City Shinjuku

Demon City Shinjuku (魔界都市〈新宿〉) is a novel by Hideyuki Kikuchi that was adapted into an original video animation (OVA) in 1988, directed by Yoshiaki Kawajiri. The title has also been translated as Hell City Shinjuku and Monster City. It was also released as two manga by ADV Manga in 2003 and 2004. The novel was also released in English in 2011 by Digital Manga Publishing, compiled with its sequel Demon Palace Babylon.

The film was released in North America by Central Park Media in 1994. Portions of the opening fight scene were featured in the 1995 cyberpunk film Johnny Mnemonic.

Plot
Demon City Shinjuku begins with a battle between former friends, the evil Rebi Ra (also pronounced Levi Ra) versus the short-lived hero Genichirou. Rebi Ra has allowed himself to be possessed in order to gain the incredible powers of evil and plans to summon demons to conquer the world. Defeating Genichirou and destroying Shinjuku, a part of Tokyo, with a devastating earthquake, the area becomes a demon-haunted wilderness. The novel doesn't have a fight scene between Genichirou and Rebi Ra. It opens with a quiet time in Shinjuku and then in a sudden change the Demon Quake hits only Shinjuku.

Ten years later, the World President, put in place to uphold world peace, is attacked by Rebi Ra with cursed plants indirectly to keep his old master, Aguni Rai, as the protector of the president, occupied. However, Rebi Ra did not know that Genichirou had a son who inherited his powers and more. After an emotional plea from the president's daughter, Sayaka Rama, the unlikely hero Kyoya Izayoi follows her deep into the heart of the evil city, finding new allies and terrifying enemies along the way. In the novel Aguni Rai asks the Information Bureau Japan Section Chief to look for Kyoya as the only one who could stop Rebi Ra.

The Section Chief tests Kyoya with a commando cyborg and then relates to Kyoya that the president is in a life-threatening curse and only has three days to defeat Rebi Ra before the president is killed as the ritual sacrifice to bring the Demon Realm to Earth, which he failed to do years prior, causing the Demon Quake. During the course of explanation Aguni Rai uses a doppelganger to communicate to Kyoya from New York in hopes of convincing him to save the world. Sayaka soon enters and pleads with him to do so as well. Kyoya finally decides to help because of Sayaka's pleas.

Production
The film took two years to produce and had a budget of 130 million yen. It was also additionally screened in movie theaters in Hong Kong.

Reception
Hyper Daniel Wilks criticised the film for having "only vaguely interconnected action scenes punctuated by some rather dull talkiness marred by horrible accents (the heroine is unconvincingly British and the childish sidekick speaks with a mangled Mexican drawl)".

Related works
Demon Palace Babylon is the direct sequel to Demon City Shinjuku written six years later in 1988 and follows Kyoya, Sayaka, and Mephisto as they battle against King Nebachanezzar and his four knights. This was released in the United States in a complete edition with Demon City in 2011. It was also released as two manga by ADV Manga back in 2003 and 2004. 7 novels have been published in Japan as of 2017.

Demon City Hunter is a series of 17 manga released in Japan that follows Kyoya, Mephisto, and Sayaka after the events of Demon City Shinjuku. ADV Manga published two of these in English but did not finish them.

Demon City Blues is a set of five novels that is based in the Demon City universe and has Mephisto reappearing but with a new hero, Setsura Aki. Setsura is a P.I. specializing in missing persons, but now he and Mephisto must go up against a group of vampires led by "Princess" who plan on making Shinjuku a vampire metropolis. The last novel will be released in English in March.

The Demon City Shinjuku Role-Playing Game was published by Guardians of Order in 2000. It uses the Tri-Stat System and was written by David L. Pulver.

title: Demon City Shinjuku


text:
John Tatham

John Tatham (fl. 1632–1664) was an English dramatist of the mid-17th century. He was a strong Cavalier.

Hatreds
Little is known of Tatham personally. He was a Cavalier, with a hatred of the Puritans and of the Scots – he went so far as to invent a dialect that he claimed was the Scots vernacular.

Poems and stage works
Fancy's Theatre, a collection of his poems, was published in 1640. It included an elegy on the dramatist John Day. In the years 1657–64, Tatham produced eight pageants for the annual London Lord Mayor's Show, seven of which were entitled London's Triumph). He also wrote London's Glory, an entertainment to celebrate the return of King Charles II to London at the Restoration. This was performed on 5 July 1660.

Among the known plays by John Tatham are:
 * Love Crowns the End (1632; printed 1646)
 * The Distracted State (1641; printed 1651)
 * The Scots Figgaries, or a Knot of Knaves (printed 1652)
 * The Rump (printed 1660).

Legacy
In 1682, Aphra Behn adapted The Rump as a play of her own, The Roundheads.

title: John Tatham


text:
User talk:Zonzhal

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 23:15, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Zonzhal


text: Talk:A. J. Croce (album)

title: Talk:A. J. Croce (album)


text:
Mannlicher M1901

The M1901 Mannlicher Self-Loading, Semi-Automatic Pistol was an early semi-automatic pistol design. The Bundeswehr Museum of German Defense Technology in Koblenz has one of these specimen in its collection.

General features
This pistol is one of the most simple of blow-back semi-automatic pistols ever designed. The lockwork is essentially that of an elementary single action revolver. While technically listed as a 'hesitation' lock because of a delaying cam which has some theoretical tendency to slow down the opening of the breech, in actual practice it functions as an unlocked pistol.

According to the Steyr factory records this arm, patented in 1898, was originally introduced as the "Model 1900" and used a special 8 mm cartridge.

When introduced commercially in 1901 it was chambered for a special straight-case cartridge listed in Austria as "7.63 mm Mannlicher", designated in Germany as "7.65mm Mannlicher" (Note: There is also another 7.65 mm Mannlincher cartridge, M.1903, similar to 7.65 mm Borchardt), and described in the U.S. as "7.65 x 21 mm". The Mannlicher "straight sided" cartridge actually has a straight taper to help in extraction.

The cartridge for this pistol was manufactured in Europe until the beginning of WWII. The cartridge has a bullet weighing approx. 85 grains (5.5 g) which may be steel or cupro-nickel jacketed. The powder charge varies with the type of powder used, the European standard being about 3.5 grains (227 mg) of DWM standard powder, producing a muzzle velocity in the neighborhood of 1070 ft/s (326 m/s).

While this is a cartridge of considerable power to use in a blow-back action, the pistol design itself is so sturdy that it tends to be very reliable through the years.

The firing chamber in this design is part of the receiver proper. The fixed magazine is housed in the grip, and is loaded with a stripper clip through the top of the open action. Because of the extremely simple lock work employed, the pistol has a minimum bulk for an arm of its type.

Breechblock design
The moving breechblock of this pistol was designed as a slide with two rails extending forward beneath the stationary receiver/barrel where they are connected by a cross beam which is also part of the single breechblock forging. The barrel is screwed into the chamber section of the receiver and has a front sight top rib which is part of the barrel forging.

A spiral recoil spring is positioned horizontally, directly below the barrel between the parallel guides of the receiver and rails of the breechblock. An illustration of this spring is shown in the drawing from page 216, Mannlicher Rifles and Pistols, Smith, 1947. When the pistol is discharged, as the breechblock moves to the rear and the slide rails travel back in the receiver guides, the cross-beam at the forward end serves to compress the recoil spring against the frame.

The lockwork is incorporated on the left side of the frame where it is covered by a removable side cover housing of unusual design, being wrapped around at the forward end and serving also as a cover of the recoil spring. An illustration of this cover is shown in the below drawing from page 218 of the same work. This cover is installed on the frame from the front, and is retained by a spring catch forward of the trigger-guard.

The trigger is connected on the left side of the frame to a trigger bar, which, as the trigger is pulled, moves rearward, pushing against the sear tail, which is under the control of the V-spring that serves as both trigger spring and sear spring. The sear nose engages in a notch in the left fork of the hammer (which is external) to provide a smooth trigger pull that is very unusual in an automatic pistol.

Mounted on the frame under the right portion of the side cover housing is the mainspring, a heavy V-spring. Its greater arm (lower) engages a notch in the right fork of the hammer to drive it forward when released by the sear. Its lesser arm (upper) continuously presses a cam upward that engages a slot in the under-surface of the breechblock slide when the action is closed.

To load the pistol, the breechblock is grasped on the serrated gripping surfaces on the sides, and is pulled straight to the rear. The magazine follower rises to hold the action open, while the cross beam at the forward end of the slide compresses the recoil spring. A loaded stripper clip is inserted into the clip guide in the face of the breech block, and then the cartridges are stripped into the magazine, compressing the spring below the follower. An illustration of this process is shown in the drawing from page 214 of the above-mentioned work. The spring lip at the top of the magazine serves to hold the cartridges. The cam on the right side of the frame, being forced up by the lesser arm of the mainspring, pushes the cam into the slot in the under-surface of the breechblock slide, holding the action open.

Because of this cam hold-open, the pistol does not close when the clip is removed. However, drawing back slightly on the breechblock will ride it over the cam, and releasing it will permit the recoil spring to close the action.

As the breechblock goes forward, the extractor mounted in the top of the block will snap over the extracting groove of the cartridge as it is chambered.

Discharging
Movement of the trigger, linked to the trigger bar, releases the sear from the hammer notch. The compressed arm of the mainspring pushes against the hammer notch, rotating the hammer on its axis to strike the firing pin, discharging the cartridge.

The breechblock starts back at the instant of discharge, carrying the empty cartridge case with the assistance of the extractor. The empty cartridge case is brought sharply against the ejector, which is a bar at the back of the magazine. The underside of the breechblock is slotted to travel over the ejector.

The recoiling slide riding over the hammer causes the hammer to rotate on its axis, locking the sear in the notch of the left hammer fork.

The magazine spring forces the next cartridge up into line. At the apex of the recoil stroke, the recoil spring acts to reverse the direction of the breechblock, chambering the fresh cartridge. Until trigger pressure is released, another discharge is not possible.

Magazine unload lever
A unique feature of this pistol is the unloading device. While the breechblock is held open, pulling down on the serrated lever on the right side at the top of the grip panel will withdraw the lip which is holding the cartridges in the magazine, enabling the magazine spring to move the platform up, forcing all the cartridges out of the magazine.

Developmental versions
After the disappointing reception of the Mannlicher M1894, the more conventional Mannlicher M1896 appeared, externally resembling the Mauser C96. The M1896 had a fixed magazine ahead of the trigger holding six or seven cartridges. However, most production of this design was an improved M1897/01 which used a detachable six-shot magazine in the same location. Both the M1896 and M1897/01 were chambered for the 7.65×25mm Mannlicher, and both could be fed from the top with a stripper clip. Fewer than 1,000 M1896s and M1897/01s were manufactured, in several variations including a detachable shoulder stock model, a carbine version, and a trial model tested by the Swiss military.

The Mannlicher M1898 was a complete redesign, moving the magazine back, into the location of the later M1901, for loading from an 8-round stripper clip. The M1899 had a large safety lever mounted on the left side of the frame. Embellished pistols were presented to German Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm, and to Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II, but production of the M1898 and M1899 was less than 350, following which the design was improved to the M1901, with its slide-mounted, hammer-blocking safety, and convenient lever lock for easier disassembly.

Users

 * 🇦🇷 argentina: As "Modelo 1905".
 * undefined: Was purchased privately by many officers of the Austro-Hungarian army, though rejected officially after trials in 1904–1905.

title: Mannlicher M1901


text:
Mazarin (album)

Mazarin is the fourth studio album by Swedish pop musician Per Gessle, released on 16 June 2003.

Per Gessle thought of this album as his little side project from Roxette, but it turned out to be a huge success, subsequently being certified 5× platinum status in Sweden. He also played some of the songs from it on the Gyllene Tider's Finn 5 fel! tour in 2004, despite the fact that they were not Gyllene Tider songs.

Critical reception
Mazarin was well received by Swedish publications, with Aftonbladet and Expressen both highly praising the album.

Track listing

 * 1) "Vilket håll du än går" — 3:18
 * 2) "Om du bara vill" — 3:47
 * 3) "På promenad genom stan" — 3:21
 * 4) "Smakar på ett regn" — 3:27
 * 5) "Gungar" — 3:37
 * 6) "Födelsedag" — 3:13
 * 7) "Sakta mina steg" — 2:35
 * 8) "Tycker om när du tar på mej" — 3:27
 * 9) "Spegelboll" — 3:31
 * 10) "För bra för att vara sant" — 3:29
 * 11) "Här kommer alla känslorna (på en och samma gång)" — 2:43
 * 12) "Jag tror du bär på en stor hemlighet" — 3:59
 * 13) "Varmt igen" — 4:21
 * 14) "Mazarin" (instrumental) — 3:23

title: Mazarin (album)


text: Category:Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines