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Charles Melliss

Major General Sir Charles John Melliss, (12 September 1862 – 6 June 1936) was a British Army officer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. A staff officer in the Mesopotamian Campaign of the First World War, he was captured after the Siege of Kut.

Early life
Melliss was born in Mhow, British India, on 12 September 1862, the son of Lieutenant General George Julius Mellis of the Indian Staff Corps. He was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, being commissioned into the East Yorkshire Regiment in September 1882.

Military career
Melliss transferred to the Indian Army in 1884. He served in East Africa 1895–96 and on the North-West Frontier of India 1897–98. This was followed by operations in the Kurram Valley in Tirah 1897–98. He served with the North Nigeria Regiment in West Africa 1898–1902, and in Ashanti during 1900, including at the relief of Kumassi in the War of the Golden Stool. He was wounded four times during these operations, once severely. It was for his actions while attached to the West African Frontier Force during the Third Ashanti Expedition that Mellis was to receive the Victoria Cross. On 30 September 1900 at Obassa, Ashanti, Captain Melliss gathered together a party of men and charged into the bush at the head of them into the thick of the enemy. Although wounded in a hand-to-hand encounter, his bold rush caused panic among the enemy who were at the same time charged by the Sikhs.

Meliss was promoted major on 10 July 1901, and for the same action that won him the Victoria Cross he was also awarded the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel on the following day. He vacated his appointment as second in command of the Northern Nigeria Forces in late 1902, and reverted to the Indian army, where he was posted to the 1st Bombay Grenadiers. The regiment served in East Africa 1902–04, where he was badly mauled by a lion in 1903. He commanded the 53rd Sikhs (Frontier Force) 1906–10 and served on the North West Frontier operations (Zakka Khel) of 1908. He was promoted major general on 19 March 1912.

First World War
Major General Melliss was attached to the 6th (Poona) Division of the British Indian Army as it moved into what was then the Ottoman province of Basra in 1914. In April 1915, he was instrumental in the British victory at Shaiba. Melliss also fought in the Battle of Ctesiphon, the furthest up the Tigris that the 6th Division would advance.

After Ctesiphon, General Townshend, commander of the 6th Division, ordered a retreat back down the Tigris. Ottoman forces pursued the division to Kut-al-Amara, where, on 7 December 1915, Townshend ordered it to dig in and await relief. Melliss fell ill during the siege; he was in hospital when Townsend surrendered on 29 April 1916.

Transported upriver to Baghdad by steamship, Melliss remained in hospital and unable to travel as the survivors of the 6th Division were marched north toward Anatolia. When Melliss was well enough to travel, he followed the same route north. As he was a general, Melliss was allowed a travelling party and better than average supplies. Along the way, they encountered dead and dying enlisted men who had fallen behind one of the columns of British and Indian prisoners. Melliss took any survivors he found with him; at each stop he insisted that the men he had rescued from the desert be put into hospital.

Melliss spent his captivity at Broussa in northwestern Anatolia. While there, he repeatedly wrote letters to Enver Pasha detailing the sad state of the enlisted prisoners and demanding better treatment. Most of the British other ranks (1,755 out of 2,592) captured at Kut-al-Amara died in captivity.

Later life
He retired from the Indian Army 24 February 1920. He was appointed Colonel of his old regiment, the 53rd Sikhs, Frontier Force on 31 May 1921, a position he held until November 1934.

Melliss is buried at St. Peter's Churchyard, Frimley, Surrey, England. His VC is held by Wellington College.

Family
Mellis married in 1901 Kathleen Walker, youngest daughter of General J. M. Walker.

title: Charles Melliss


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Tiong Hiew King

Tan Sri Datuk Tiong Hiew King PSM PGBK (Hokchew Romanized: Diŏng Hiēu-kĭng; born 1935) is the Malaysian Chinese founder and chairman of the Rimbunan Hijau Group, a timber company founded in 1975. Its overseas timber operations in Papua New Guinea is the largest in that country. He also has interests in logging operations in Russia.

Tan Sri Datuk Tiong resides in Sibu, a town in Sarawak, of Borneo island that is part of Malaysia. , with a net worth of about US$1.1 billion, Tiong is ranked by Forbes as the 1,999th richest person in the world. In April 2017, Tiong's family confirmed that he was hospitalized after suffering a stroke.

Family
Tiong's family is the second largest private landowner in New Zealand. To be confirmed.

Influence in media
Tiong's Rimbunan Hijau Group operates Sin Chew Daily and Guang Ming Daily, two of the major Chinese national dailies in Malaysia. They also operate The National Daily in Papua New Guinea and Ming Pao Holdings Ltd in Hong Kong. He is forging a global Chinese publishing group with his Ming Pao Enterprises; Ming Pao newspaper is also available in San Francisco, New York, Vancouver and Toronto.

Media Chinese International Limited (MCIL) is the holding company for all Tiong's media assets formed after the merger of Ming Pao Enterprise Corporation Limited, Sin Chew Media Corporation Berhad and Nanyang Press Holdings Berhad.

In 2018, Tiong stepped down from the position of executive chairman of MCIL to take up a non-executive, non-independent directorship in the group.

Influence in local politics
Back home in Sibu, Tiong and his family are members of the ruling Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP), a major party of the ruling coalition government in Sarawak. Tiong's younger brother Tiong Thai King has been the Member of Parliament of the Lanang Parliamentary Constituency in Sibu from 1995 to 2013.

Knighthood controversy
In 2009, Tiong was awarded an honorary knighthood of the Order of the British Empire. Following his knighting Environmental groups around the world called for him to be stripped of his title, claiming that his success was built on the destruction of tropical forests by his company, Rimbunan Hijau.

Honours of Malaysia

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia :
 * Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (1999)

 * Sarawak :
 * [[File:MY-SAR Order of the Star of the Hornbill (Bintang Kenyalang) - 3. Commander (PGBK).svg|50px]] Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (PGBK) – Datuk (1990)

Foreign honours

 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom :
 * Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tiong Hiew King


text:
Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean

Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean, VC (13 September 1870 – 17 August 1897) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Hector MacLean was the eldest son of Margaret MacQueen (née Bairnsfather; 1846–1921) and Major-General Charles Smith MacLean CB CIE (1836–1921). Hector was born in a tent on the hill of Sheikh Budin, in the Northwestern Provinces of India, now Pakistan. He was educated at Fettes College in Edinburgh. He was 26 years old, and a lieutenant in the Indian Staff Corps and Corps of Guides, Indian Army during the Tirah Campaign when the following deed took place for which he was posthumously awarded the VC.

On 17 August 1897 at Nawa Kili, Upper Swat, British India, Lieutenant Maclean, with fellow officers Robert Bellew Adams and Alexander Edward Murray, Viscount Fincastle and five men of the Guides, went under a heavy and close fire, to the rescue of a Lieutenant Greaves of the Lancashire Fusiliers who was lying disabled by a bullet wound and surrounded by enemy swordsmen. While the wounded officer was being brought under cover he was killed by a bullet. Lieutenant Maclean was mortally wounded. His citation read: "During the fighting at Nawa Bali, in Upper Swat, on the 17th August, 1897, Lieutenant-Colonel R. B. Adams proceeded with Lieutenants H. L. S. MacLean and Viscount Fincastle, and five men of the Guides, under a very heavy and close fire, to the rescue of Lieutenant R. T. Greaves, Lancashire Fusiliers, who was lying disabled by a bullet wound and surrounded by the enemy's swordsmen. In bringing him under cover he (Lieutenant Greaves) was struck by a bullet and killed—Lieutenant MacLean was mortally wounded—whilst the horses of Lieutenant-Colonel Adams and Lieutenant Viscount Fincastle were shot, as well as two troop horses."

Bruce Bairnsfather was his maternal cousin.

His nephew, Vice Admiral Sir Hector Charles Donald Maclean, was the maternal grandfather of actor Rupert Everett.

The medal
His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London.

title: Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean


text:
Stanley McDougall

Stanley Robert McDougall, (23 July 1889 – 7 July 1968) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award given to British and Commonwealth forces for gallantry in the face of the enemy.

Early life
The son of the sawmiller John Henry McDougall (1854–1910), and Susannah Ann McDougall (1856–1919), née Cate, McDougall was born on 23 July 1889 at Recherche Bay, Tasmania, where he was raised and educated.

In civilian life, he was an amateur boxer, and a blacksmith by trade, and was considered an excellent horseman, an expert marksman, and a competent bushman.

War service
Illness prevented him from enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force to fight in the First World War until 31 August 1915. He was 28 years old and a sergeant in the 47th Battalion, Australian Imperial Force when he performed the actions for which he was awarded the VC.

On 28 March 1918 at Dernancourt, France, when an enemy attack succeeded in securing a foothold in the Allied line, McDougall charged the second wave single-handedly, killing seven men and capturing a machine-gun, which he turned on the attackers, routing them and causing many casualties. He continued his attack until his ammunition ran out, when he seized a bayonet and charged again, killing three men and an officer. Then, using a Lewis gun, he killed many more of the enemy and made it possible for 33 prisoners to be taken. His prompt action saved the line and halted the enemy's advance. The fighting ground where this took place was the location where his younger brother Wallace had been killed some nine months earlier.

Eight days later he repelled another enemy attack at the same spot, for which he was awarded the Military Medal.

Later life
On 19 August 1918, he was invested with the Victoria Cross at Windsor Castle by King George V. He returned to Australia and was discharged on 15 December 1918.

McDougall subsequently worked for the Tasmanian Forestry Department and became an inspector in charge of forests in the north-western part of Tasmania. He returned to London in 1956 for the celebration marking 100 years since the establishment of the Victoria Cross. He died on 7 July 1968 at Scottsdale, Tasmania, and was survived by his wife Martha (née Anderson-Harrison), whom he had married in 1926; they had no children. He is buried at Norwood Crematorium, Canberra.

A street in Canberra is named after him. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial.

title: Stanley McDougall


text:
C90

C90 or C-90 may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Multiple myeloma and malignant plasma cell neoplasms (ICD-10 code)
 * Caldwell 90 (NGC 2867), a planetary nebula in the constellation Carina
 * C$90$, the conventional electrical unit for the coulomb
 * C90 audio cassette, a blank audio cassette in the very popular 90 (2 x 45) minute length

Computing

 * Cray C90, a supercomputer
 * C90 (C version), a standardized ISO C form of the C programming language, virtually the same as the ANSI C ("C89") standard

Transportation

 * Beechcraft C90 King Air, an aircraft
 * Continental C90, an aircraft engine
 * Honda Super Cub, an underbone motorcycle designated C90 in a 90 cc version
 * Chicago terminal radar approach control, (FAA designation C90); See Air traffic control

Other uses

 * C90-CR (M3), a rocket launcher
 * Ruy Lopez chess openings (ECO code)

title: C90


text:
C89

C89 may refer to:

Science and technology

 * C89 (C version) or ANSI C, a C programming-language revision
 * NGC 6087 (Caldwell catalogue: C89), an open cluster in the constellation Norma

Other uses

 * Ruy Lopez (ECO code: C60–C99), a chess opening
 * Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948, an ILO convention
 * Sylvania Airport (FAA LID), Wisconsin, US

title: C89


text:
Talk:Voiceless velar plosive

disputed
No, they're not always aspirated or unaspirated there. And that doesn't sound like a k. lysdexia 13:51, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The sound is likely intended as a guideline "blended" sound to best represent what has variations in aspiration and VOT (voice onset timing)--there's a question over whether that recording entails voicing in the consonant or not--from language to language, and even within a language. The very reason I'm here is over a first hearing of the Esperanto letters p, t, k . The instructor is either importing his own language's (whatever it is, I don't know) preference for entirely unaspirated stops, or else that's actually the sound that Zamenhof imposed on the constructed language himself. I want to know which, and between that instructor, the Wikipedia article for Esperanto phonetics, and this one for generic "k", I'm none the wiser. JohndanR (talk) 01:38, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

It seems to me that the sound is voiced and sounds like the voiced velar plosive instead.Ijriims (talk) 07:56, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Can someone explain to me what everyone is talking about here? Grover cleveland (talk) 16:08, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * It's complicated. The terminology presupposes having studied phonetics for a few weeks until one has somewhat assimilated the bafflegab. JohndanR (talk) 01:17, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Well, it seems that I had some misunderstanding, the /k/ sound we usually hear like in kitty, is actually aspirated /k/. The /k/ in the audio sample is voiceless but unaspirated, though the vowel has been prolonged.For what aspiration means, look it up in Wiki.Ijriims (talk) 16:15, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. Maybe I'm rusty on my phonetics, but I assume that the term "plain k" means aspirated by convention, but not necessarily in practice. That is to say, it has initial and final allomorphs for the English [k]: "kick" [kʰɪk], which we can phonologically represent as /kɪk/ and be done with it. JohndanR (talk) 00:47, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Two possible sounds?
Are there two possible sounds for the consonants Voiceless velar stop [k]?. The sound of the letter C in the English words car and Cup are different from the sound of the letter C and K in the words Camp and Kill. The same thing with the letter G in the words Got and Give.--Adamsa123 (talk) 16:18, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It's not normally transcribed for English, but proximity to a front vowel does prompt a more advanced pronunciation of and .  One way to represent this is with the palatalization diacritic .  Another way is the advanced diacritic .  It's not as prominent in English as it is in other languages, though.  There's probably also a slightly more uvular pronunciation before  and labialized pronunciations near rounded vowels.  — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  16:27, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

Sound sample
Almost every other consonant has linked a sound sample: An OGG file at Wikimedia Commonst. Is there one for voiceless velar stop? Is the recording missing entirely, or there just isn’t a link? --Glutexo (talk) 20:16, 9 September 2012 (UTC)
 * There is. In the infobox, it was not properly formatted and there was a typo. I've fixed it. --JorisvS (talk) 17:18, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Rewrite the article in common English!
I think whoever is working on this article has forgotten that this is WIKIPEDIA!!!

main reason for Wikipedia to exist is to exist is to impart knowledge in simplified language for people to understand.

This article in its current form is very poorly written. totally nonsense jargon garbage. it should readily explain the basic definition of "Voiceless velar plosive"

why it is called as such and the basic history.

this place is not your excuse to exercise your personal linguistic muscles.

FIX it now or get reported ASAP.

thank you. 119.152.236.216 (talk) 06:57, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

SMS @ 42(talk) 112.215.145.242 (talk) 13:11, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voiceless velar plosive


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Narciso López

Narciso López de Urriola (November 2, 1797, Caracas – September 1, 1851, Havana) was a Venezuelan-born adventurer and Spanish Army general who is best known for his expeditions aimed at liberating Cuba from Spanish rule in the 1850s. His troops carried a flag that López had designed, which later became the flag of Cuba. Following his final failed attempt he was captured and garroted in Havana.

Life in Venezuela, Cuba, and Spain
Narciso López was born in Caracas, Venezuela, to a wealthy merchant family of Basque origin; his father was Pedro Manuel López and his mother was Ana Paula de Oriola (sometimes spelled Urriola). He had one sister, Maria Asunción López. As a young teenager, he was forcibly recruited in 1814 by the ruthless Spanish General José Tomás Boves from the ranks of the defeated independence forces that had been abandoned by a fleeing Simón Bolívar at the city of Valencia.

When still a young man, he fought for the Spanish at the Battle of Queseras del Medio (1819) and Carabobo (1821) against the forces for independence led by Simón Bolívar, José Antonio Páez and others.

When the Spanish army withdrew in defeat to Cuba after the decisive Battle of Lake Maracaibo (1823), López, who had fought in this battle, left with them, as did many other survivors including Calixto García de Luna e Izquierdo, who would be grandfather of Cuban independence Major General Calixto García. In 1825, he married the sister of the Count of Pozos Dulces in Cuba, María Dolores, with whom he had a son. Narciso López, who had earned the rank of colonel of the Spanish Army in Venezuela at only 31, fought in the First Carlist War. After the war, López continued to serve the Spanish government in several administrative posts, including the Cortes for Seville and as military governor in Madrid. López moved to Cuba as an assistant to the new capitan general, but he lost his post when the governorship changed hands in 1843. After failing in a few business ventures, he became a partisan of the anti-Spanish faction in Cuba. In 1848, during a Spanish arrest of Cuban revolutionaries, López fled to the United States.

Filibuster
Once arrived López began planning a filibustering expedition from the United States to liberate Cuba. He made contact with influential American politicians, including John L. O'Sullivan, an expansionist who coined the term "manifest destiny." López recruited Cuban exiles in New York City and other adventurers to his cause, and in 1849, his expedition was poised to embark: a troop of 600 volunteers had gathered on Round Island, Mississippi, with three ships chartered (two in New York and one in New Orleans) to transport them. However, US President Zachary Taylor, who had renounced filibustering as a valid means of US expansion, took steps against López and ordered his ships to be blockaded and seized. By September 9, the "roughnecks" had all been talked into leaving Round Island.

López, his aide-de-camp Ambrosio José Gonzales, and most of the filibuster leadership were Freemasons who relied extensively on the international fraternity to accomplish their plans.

Undeterred by that setback, López decided to plan a new filibuster and to focus his recruiting effort on the Southern United States. As a supporter of slavery himself, López realized the advantages for the South of an independent Cuba. He and some Southerners hoped that Cuba would become a strong partner in slavery and perhaps, like Texas, join the Union as a slave state. He moved his headquarters to New Orleans and tried to gain popular support by recruiting influential men of the South to join his expedition. He solicited the military help of Senator Jefferson Davis, who had distinguished himself in the Battle of Buena Vista, by offering him $100,000 and "a very fine coffee plantation." Davis, to the great relief of his wife, turned him down but recommended one of his friends from the Mexican–American War, Major Robert E. Lee. Lee thought seriously about López's offer but eventually also decided not to become involved.

Although López failed to recruit either rising star, he won the financial and political support of many influential Southerners, including Governor John A. Quitman of Mississippi; former Senator John Henderson; and the editor of the New Orleans Delta, Laurence Sigur. López enlisted about 600 filibusters in his expedition and successfully reached Cuba in May 1850. His troops seized the town of Cárdenas, carrying a flag that López and Miguel Teurbe Tolón had designed, which later became the flag of Cuba. Nevertheless, the local support that he had hoped for failed to materialize when the fighting started. Much of the local population joined the Spanish against López, and he hastily retreated to Key West, where he disbanded the expedition within minutes of landing to avoid being prosecuted under the Neutrality Act of 1794.

In the aftermath of the expedition, López and many of his supporters were indicted by a federal grand jury. Although the indictments did not end in convictions, they forced Governor John Quitman to resign from his office and to face trial. Despite military and legal setbacks, López began planning another expedition, which met with the similar problems and even more disastrous consequences.

In August 1851, López once again departed for Cuba with several hundred men (mostly Americans, Hungarians, Germans and some Cubans). When he arrived, he took half of his expedition to march inland, and the other half, commanded by Colonel William Crittenden (a former US Army lieutenant), remained on the northern coast to protect supplies. As had occurred during his first attempt, the local support that López had counted upon did not answer his appeals. Outnumbered and surrounded by Spanish forces, López and many men were captured. Crittenden's forces shared the same fate. The Spanish executed most of the prisoners and sent others to work in mining labor camps.

Those executed included many Americans, such as Crittenden, and López in Castle La Punta of Havana.

Aftermath and significance
The execution of López and his soldiers caused outrage in both the Northern and the Southern United States. Many who did not support the expedition found the Spanish treatment of military prisoners to be brutal. The strongest reaction occurred in New Orleans, where a mob attacked the Spanish consulate. Despite its failure, López's expedition inspired other filibusters to attack all over Latin America throughout the 1850s, most notably William Walker's invasions of Nicaragua in 1855 to 1860. Had he been successful, López could have profoundly altered politics in the Americas by giving a strong Caribbean foothold to the United States and spurring its further expansion. Instead, the failure of López and other filibusters discouraged Americans, especially in the South, from adopting expansionist strategies. Faced with the inability of slavery to move southward, many Southerners turned away from expansion and talked instead of secession, which led to the American Civil War.

The flag of Cuba is adopted from López's expeditionary banner.

title: Narciso López


text:
User:-lothario-

Hi User:-lothatio-,

I moved your section on the Armenian Genocide to the page History of the Ottoman Empire where I think it fits better. You might be interested to know that there is an entire page on the Armenian Genocide: Armenian Genocide.--Paul 09:27, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: User:-lothario-


text:
Mahāparinibbāna Sutta

The Mahāparinibbāna Sutta is Sutta 16 in the Dīgha Nikāya, a scripture belonging to the Sutta Piṭaka of Theravāda Buddhism. It concerns the end of Gautama Buddha's life - his parinibbāna - and is the longest sutta of the Pāli Canon. Because of its attention to detail, it has been resorted to as the principal source of reference in most standard accounts of the Buddha's death.

Content
The sutta begins a few days before the rainy retreat when Vassakara, the minister, visited the Buddha in Rajgir on the initiative of Ajātasattu, a king of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha. The narrative continues beyond the three months of the rainy retreat and records the passing away of the Buddha, his cremation and the division of relics finally ending with the erection of eight cetiyas or monuments enshrining the relics of the Buddha. This shows the Indian origin of Buddhist funeral customs.

Versions
There are numerous versions of the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta. Among them, the Pali version is of an early date in respect of language and contents. The Mahāparinibbāna Sutta is of utmost historical and cultural value and therefore it has become a sourcebook for students of Buddhism, Buddha biography and history of Buddhist thought and literature. Other versions of the text exist in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese.

Date of Composition
On the basis of philological evidence, Indologist and Pali expert Oskar von Hinüber says that some of the Pali suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350-320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the short chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but also reminds us that such a text was originally intended more as hagiography than as an exact historical record of events).

The contents of narratives about the First Buddhist Council follow closely the narrative presented in the Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, leading scholars like Louis Finot and Erich Frauwallner to conclude that they originally formed a single continuous narrative. These narratives of the First Council and found in part or in whole in all six extant Vinaya traditions, whose organization and basic contents are believed by many scholars to stem from before the earliest schisms in the Buddhist Sangha. In some versions, the contents of the Sutta are included before the narrative of the First Council that ends the Skandhaka section of the Vinaya Pitakas. In other cases, the sutta narrative and the council narrative are divided between the Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka.

title: Mahāparinibbāna Sutta


text:
Philip John Gardner

Captain Philip John ("Pip") Gardner (25 December 1914 − 16 February 2003) was a British Army officer and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was educated at Dulwich College between 1928 and 1932.

Gardner was 26 years old, and an acting captain in the 4th Royal Tank Regiment, attached to the 70th Infantry Division during the Second World War's Siege of Tobruk. During Operation Crusader, an attempt by the Eighth Army to lift the siege, the following deed took place for which Gardner was awarded the Victoria Cross.

On 23 November 1941 at Tobruk, Libya, Captain Gardner was ordered to take two tanks to the rescue of two armoured cars of the King's Dragoon Guards, which were out of action and under heavy attack. While one of his tanks gave covering fire the captain dismounted from the other in the face of heavy fire, hitched a tow rope to one of the cars, then lifted into it an officer, both of whose legs had been blown off. The tow rope broke, so Captain Gardner returned to the armoured car, but was immediately wounded in the neck, arm and leg. Despite this he managed to transfer the wounded man to the second tank and returned to British lines through intense shell-fire.

He was captured after the Battle of Gazala and became a prisoner of war (POW) for the rest of the war. This, unfortunately, resulted in an injury that left him with a deformed toe.

His VC is on display at the Imperial War Museum in London.

title: Philip John Gardner


text:
Euchloe olympia

Euchloe olympia, the Olympia marble, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. Its range is southern Canada and the Midwest, down into the southwestern United States. E. olympia is related to E. guaymasensis, but has a distinctive phenotype and genotype.

Nectar source
Euchloe olympia has been observed to use Lepidium virginicum as its main nectar source as a larval and as an adult the main nectar source was found to be Nuttallanthus canadensis. Based on a study done in a central Illinois sand prairie, Echloe olympia was observed to show consistency on the flowers it visits to obtain its nectar from.

Conservation status
The Olympia marble has been classified globally as G5/G4, meaning that globally it is a relatively stable species. The United States has not placed it under any watch as a country. However, it is in danger due to gypsy moth chemical control.

title: Euchloe olympia


text:
Ha Ki-rak

Ha Ki-Rak (1912–1997) was a professor and major figure in Korean anarchism.

Biography
The political life of Ha Ki-Rak, a Korean anarcho-pacifist academic, writer, and philosopher, began in 1929, when he participated in student demonstrations in Kwangju, pre-dating the mass student demonstrations in 1980 by 51 years.

While a student at Waseda University in Japan, during the Japanese occupation of Korea, Ha Ki-Rak was an anti-imperialist activist and joined the Tokyo Dong-hung No-dong Dong-meng (Workers' League of Tokyo).

After the liberation from Japan in 1945, he helped form the first Korean anarchist organization, Ja-yoo sa-hoi kun-sul-ja yun-meng (League of Free Social Constructors), authoring its founding declaration and political program.

In 1946, when Korean anarchists returning from exile held a meeting at Kum-gang-sa in Kyung-sang Province, Ha Ki-Rak edited their journal, Ja-yu yun-hap (Libertarian Federation), and afterwards participated in the unified organization they decided to create in order to rebuild the country, the Dok-lip no-nong-dang (Independent Workers and Farmers Party).

In 1972, he founded the Han-kuk ja-ju-in yun-meng (Korean Anarchist Federation) in Seoul. In 1978, he published A History of the Korean Anarchist Movement. In 1987, he took part in the congress of the Korean Anarchist Federation, which was established by Korean anarchists Lee Jung-Kyu and Lee Eul-Kyu. In 1995, two years before his death, he was a leading organizer of the World Peace Conference in Seoul.

title: Ha Ki-rak


text:
Thomas James Harris

Sergeant Thomas James Harris VC MM (30 January 1892 – 9 August 1918) was a British Army soldier and an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Son of William John and Sarah Ann Harris of Rochester He was 26 years old, and a serjeant in the 6th (Service) Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, British Army during the First World War. On 9 August 1918 at Morlancourt, France, he performed the deeds for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

Citation
"No. 358 Sjt. Thomas James Harris, M.M., late R.W. Kent R. (Lower Hailing, Kent).

For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty in attack when the advance was much impeded by hostile machine guns concealed in crops and shell-holes. Sjt. Harris led his section against one of these, capturing it and killing seven of the enemy.

Later, on two successive occasions, he attacked single-handed two enemy machine guns which were causing heavy casualties and holding up the advance. He captured the first gun and killed the crew, but was himself killed when attacking the second one.

It was largely due to the great courage and initiative of this gallant N.C.O. that the advance of the battalion was continued without delay and undue casualties. Throughout the operations he showed a total disregard for his own personal safety, and set a magnificent example to all ranks."

The medal
His VC is displayed at The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment Museum, Maidstone, Kent.

title: Thomas James Harris


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John MacGregor (VC)

John MacGregor VC MC & Bar DCM ED (1 February 1889 – 9 June 1952) was a Scottish-Canadian soldier. MacGregor was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. MacGregor served in the Canadian army in both world wars.

Details
Macgregor was born in Cawdor near Nairn, Scotland in 1889 and moved to Canada in 1909. He served in the army from 1915 to 1919. MacGregor was 29 years old, and a temporary captain in the 2nd Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War when the following deed during the Battle of the Canal du Nord took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

During the period 29 September/3 October 1918 near Cambrai, France, Captain MacGregor acted with most conspicuous bravery and leadership. He led his company under intense fire, and although wounded, located and put out of action enemy machine-guns which were checking progress, killing four and taking eight prisoners. He then reorganised his command under heavy fire and in the face of stubborn resistance continued the advance. Later, after a personal daylight reconnaissance under heavy fire, he established his company in Neuville St. Remy, thereby greatly assisting the advance into Tilloy.

Freemasonry
He was initiated into Freemasonry in Tyee Lodge, No.66, (Prince Rupert, British Columbia) on 20 March 1920, Passed on 29 September 1920 and Raised on 8 March 1921. After serving during WWII he joined Westview Lodge, No.133, (Powell River, British Columbia) on 2 May 1950.

Further information
MacGregor served again from 1940 to 1946, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel commanding the 2nd The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's). He is buried at Cranberry Lake Cemetery, Powell River, British Columbia.

His biography was published under the title MacGregor V.C..

MacGregor's Victoria Cross and other medals are on display at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario.

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John Chipman Kerr

John Chipman Kerr VC (January 11, 1887 – February 19, 1963), was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

In 1912, after working as a lumberjack in the Kootenay district of British Columbia, he bought a homestead in Spirit River, Alberta, where he and his brother farmed until war broke out. Immediately they set out for Edmonton, leaving only a single note tacked to the door of their humble shed. It read: "War is Hell, but what is homesteading?"

He was 29 years old, and a private in the 49th (Edmonton) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force, during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

On 16 September 1916 at Courcelette, France, during a bombing attack, Private Kerr was acting as bayonet man and noting that bombs were running short, he ran along the parados under heavy fire until he was in close contact with the enemy when he opened fire at point-blank range, inflicting heavy losses. The enemy, thinking that they were surrounded, surrendered: 62 prisoners were taken and 250 yards of enemy trench captured. Earlier, Private Kerr's fingers had been blown off, but he did not have his wound dressed until he and two other men had escorted the prisoners back under fire and reported for duty.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Mount Kerr in the Victoria Cross Ranges in Jasper National Park, Alberta, was named in his honour in 1951, and in 2006 Chip Kerr Park in Port Moody, British Columbia, was dedicated.

After the war he returned to farm in Alberta and also worked in the oil patch and as a forest ranger in Alberta.

He was a great uncle of Greg Kerr, member of Parliament for West Nova 2008–15.

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John McNeill (British Army officer)

Major General Sir John Carstairs McNeill (28 March 1831 – 25 May 1904) was a senior British Army officer and Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Life
McNeill was the son of Anne Elizabeth McNeill née Carstairs, and Alexander McNeill (1791–1850), brother of Duncan McNeill, Lord Colonsay and Sir John McNeill. His brother was Alexander McNeill. He was educated at the University of St Andrews and Addiscombe Military Seminary.

On 18 June 1850, he and Alexander survived the wreck of the Orion, in which their parents and two sisters lost their lives.

McNeill entered the Bengal Army in December 1850 as an Ensign in the 12th Bengal Native Infantry. During the Indian Mutiny, he served at the siege and capture of Lucknow, after which he gained the brevet of major. In 1861 he transferred to the 107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry) – later The Royal Sussex Regiment. Shortly afterwards he travelled to New Zealand as a staff officer, and was promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel in March 1864.

VC action
McNeill was 33 years old, and a lieutenant colonel in the 107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry), while serving as an Aide-de-Camp to Lieutenant General Sir Duncan Cameron during the Invasion of Waikato (a campaign of the New Zealand Wars), when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. "For the valour and presence of mind which he displayed in New Zealand, on the 30th of March, 1864, which is thus described by Private Vosper, of the Colonial Defence Force. Private Vosper states that he was sent on that day with Private Gibson, of the same Force, as an escort to Major (now Lieutenant- Colonel) McNeill, Aide-de-Camp to Lieutenant-General Sir Duncan Cameron. Lieutenant-Colonel McNeill was proceeding to Te Awamutu on duty at the time. On returning from that place, and about a mile on this side of Ohanpu, this Officer, having seen a body of the enemy in front, sent Private Gibson back to bring up Infantry from Ohanpu, and he and Private Vosper proceeded leisurely to the top of a rise to watch the enemy. Suddenly they were attacked by about 50 natives, who were concealed in the fern close at hand. Their only chance of escape was by riding for their lives, and as they turned to gallop, Private Vosper's horse fell and threw him. The natives thereupon rushed forward to seize him, but Lieutenant-Colonel McNeill, on perceiving that Private Vosper was not following him, returned, caught his horse, and helped him to mount. The natives were firing sharply at them, and were so near that, according to Private Vosper's statement, it was only by galloping as hard as they could that they escaped. He says that he owes his life entirely to Lieutenant-Colonel McNeill's assistance, for he could not have caught his horse alone, and in a few minutes must have been killed."

Later career
From 1869 to 1872 McNeill was military secretary to Lord Lisgar, Governor General of Canada, and was on the staff of the 1870 Red River expedition under Sir Garnet Wolseley. He became a colonel in 1872 and served as Wolseley's chief of staff in the Second Ashanti War (1873–4), where he was wounded and invalided home. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in March 1874, by which time he had also been appointed aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief, the Duke of Cambridge. Establishing a close connection with the Royal Family, he was appointed equerry to Queen Victoria in November 1874, and accompanied the Queen's son, Prince Leopold, to Canada – becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1880.

He served in the 1882 Egyptian campaign, after which he was promoted to major-general, and made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in November 1882. Leading a brigade during the 1885 Suakin Expedition, he was in command at the Battle of Tofrek on 22 March, against Mahdist forces led by Osman Digna. The Mahdists attacked in force and, although they were finally driven off with heavy losses, McNeill was initially accused of being taken by surprise by the attack, while his superior, Lieutenant-General Sir Gerald Graham, was criticised for not giving him sufficient mounted troops. While Wolseley's report largely exonerated McNeill, this was his last command in the field. He retired from the army in 1890.

His association with the royal household continued, and he accompanied the Queen's son Prince Arthur on his world tour in 1890. In 1898 McNeill was appointed king of arms to the Order of the Bath and was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 1901, on the accession of Edward VII. He died, unmarried, on 25 May 1904 at St James's Palace, London, and was buried at Oronsay Priory, Argyll.

Honours

 * British honours
 * VC: Victoria Cross – 1864
 * GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
 * KCB: Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
 * KCMG: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
 * Foreign honours
 * Ottoman Empire: 2nd class of the Order of the Medjidie (Ottoman Empire) – 1882.
 * Kingdom of Prussia: Knight 1st class of the Order of the Crown – 1899 – in connection with the visit of Emperor Wilhelm II to the United Kingdom.

McNeill's medals, including his VC, are part of the Lord Ashcroft Gallery held at the Imperial War Museum, London.

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John Dunlay

John Dunlay VC (1831 – 17 October 1890), also known as John Dunley or John Dunlea was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

He was approximately 26 years old, and a Lance-Corporal in the 93rd Regiment of Foot (later The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders), British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed on 16 November 1857 at Lucknow, India, took place for which he was awarded the VC: "Lance-Corporal J. Dunlay. Date of Act of Bravery, 16th November, 1857 For being the first man, now surviving, of the Regiment, who, on the 16th November, 1857 entered one of the breaches in the Secundra Bagh, at Lucknow, with Captain Burroughs, whom he most gallantly supported against superior numbers. Elected by the private soldiers of the Regiment."

Secundra Bagh is a villa and country estate on the outskirts of Lucknow, India.

Dunlea was born in Douglas, County Cork and died in the South Infirmary, Cork on 17 October 1890.

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John Ainsworth-Davis

John Creyghton Ainsworth-Davis (23 April 1895 – 3 January 1976) was a Welsh surgeon and sprint runner who won a gold medal in the 4 × 400 m relay at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

Biography
Ainsworth-Davis studied at Westminster School. During World War I he first served as a captain with the Rifle Brigade and then as pilot in the Royal Flying Corps.

At the 1920 Summer Olympics Ainsworth-Davis ran the third leg for the British 4 × 400 m relay team, which won the event. He also competed in the individual 400 m, to replace Cecil Griffiths who fell ill, and finished fifth.

After graduating from University of Cambridge Ainsworth-Davis studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital and played music at a nightclub to support his family. He could not make time for sport, and retired from competitions after placing fourth in the 440 yards at the 1921 AAA Championships. He became a respected urological surgeon and the Secretary of the Royal Society of Medicine (RSM). During World War II he was head of the surgical division of RAF Hospital Cosford. Later he served as Secretary and President of the Hunterian Society (1958) and Secretary of the RSM.

Ainsworth-Davis married Marguerite C. Wharry in 1920, with whom he had three children: Mary (1923), John Christopher (1924) (an actor/director/author who wrote under the pen name of Christopher Creighton and used the name John Ainsworth in the theatrical world), and Jennifer (1930).

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Pine tar

Pine tar is a form of wood tar produced by the high temperature carbonization of pine wood in anoxic conditions (dry distillation or destructive distillation). The wood is rapidly decomposed by applying heat and pressure in a closed container; the primary resulting products are charcoal and pine tar.

Pine tar consists primarily of aromatic hydrocarbons, tar acids, and tar bases. Components of tar vary according to the pyrolytic process (e.g. method, duration, temperature) and origin of the wood (e.g. age of pine trees, type of soil, and moisture conditions during tree growth). The choice of wood, design of kiln, burning, and collection of the tar can vary. Only pine stumps and roots are used in the traditional production of pine tar.

Pine tar has a long history as a wood preservative, as a wood sealant for maritime use, in roofing construction and maintenance, in soaps, and in the treatment of carbuncles and skin diseases, such as psoriasis, eczema, and rosacea. It is used in baseball to enhance the grip of a hitter's bat; it is also sometimes used by pitchers to improve their grip on the ball, in violation of the rules.

History
Pine tar has long been used in Scandinavian nations as a preservative for wood which may be exposed to harsh conditions, including outdoor furniture and ship decking and rigging. The high-grade pine tar used in this application is often called Stockholm tar since, for many years, a single company held a royal monopoly on its export out of Stockholm, Sweden. It is also known as "Archangel Tar". Tar and pitch for maritime use was in such demand that it became an important export for the American colonies, which had extensive pine forests. North Carolinians became known as "Tar Heels."

Use
Pine tar was used as a preservative on the bottoms of traditional Nordic-style skis until modern synthetic materials replaced wood in their construction. It also helped waxes adhere, which aided such skis’ grip and glide.

Pine tar is widely used as a veterinary care product, particularly as an antiseptic and hoof care treatment for horses and cattle. It also has been used when chickens start pecking the low hen. Applying a smear of pine tar on the hens' wound acts as a natural germicidal/antibacterial agent that discourages continued attacks on the affected hen due to its foreign texture.

Pine tar is used as a softening solvent in the rubber industry, for treating and fabricating construction materials, and in special paints.

As a wood preservative
Pine tar is combined with gum turpentine and boiled linseed oil to create a wood preservative. First, a thin coat is applied using a mixture with a greater proportion of turpentine. This allows it to permeate deeper into the oakum and fibre of the wood and lets the tar seep into any pinholes and larger gaps that might be in the planks. The tar weeps out to the exterior and indicates where the boat needs the most attention. This is followed with a thicker standard mix. Such treatments, while effective, must be continually reapplied.

Weatherproofing rope
Traditionally, hemp and other natural fibers were the norm for rope production. Such rope would quickly rot when exposed to rain, and was typically tarred to preserve it. The tar would stain the hands of ship's crews, and British Navy seamen became known as "tars."

Baseball

Pine tar is applied to the handles of baseball bats to improve a batter's grip.

Rule 1.10(c) of the 2002 Official rules of Major League Baseball restricts application to the lower 18 inches of a bat. The most famous example of the rule being applied is the Pine Tar Incident, which occurred during the July 24, 1983 game between the Kansas City Royals and New York Yankees which resulted in a George Brett go-ahead home run in the ninth inning being nullified and the game being protested.

Pine tar is also sometimes used illegally by pitchers to improve their grip on the ball in cold weather. This is not allowed due to a regulation prohibiting the application of any foreign substance to a ball (except grip-improving baseball rubbing mud applied by the umpires).

Medical
Pine tar has historically been used for treating skin conditions, usually as an additive in cold process solid soap or lotions. Due to the high presence of phenol in the early manufacturing of pine tar, it was deemed carcinogenic. However, now much of the phenol has been removed. Pine tar was banned by the FDA along with many other ingredients categorized as over the counter drugs, due to a lack of evidence of safety and effectiveness for the specific uses named. However, clinical tests in Australia in 2017 demonstrated that the greatest risk comes from acute sensitivity for those with severe dermatological conditions, and if it comes in contact with the eyes. The number of positive reactions for wood tars was not significantly greater than those for other common allergens. In addition, the concentration of pine tar in topical products available in Australia is up to 2.3%, which is up to four times less than that tested in these studies.

Pine tar has been used to cover peck wounds in captive bird flocks such as chickens, to prevent continued pecking on a wound and cannibalism. Pine tar is also used in veterinary medicine as an expectorant and an antiseptic in chronic skin conditions.

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Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Charles Augustus Goodfellow, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Gerald Napier - (from the Royal Engineers Library with permission).

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Charles Augustus Goodfellow

Lieutenant General Charles Augustus Goodfellow (27 November 1836 – 1 September 1915) was a British soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Victoria Cross
Charles Augustus Goodfellow was born in Essex on 27 November 1836. On 6 October 1859 Goodfellow was a 22 year old officer of the Bombay Engineers, serving as a lieutenant in 4 Field Company of the Bombay Sappers, during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC: "For gallant conduct at the attack on the Fort of Beyt, on the 6th of October, 1859. On that occasion, a soldier of the 28th Regiment was shot under the walls of the Fort. Lieutenant Goodfellow rushed, under the walls, under a sharp fire of matchlocks, and bore off the body of the soldier, who was then dead, but whom he at first supposed to be wounded only."

Later service
Goodfellow later transferred to the Royal Engineers serving in the British Expedition to Abyssinia where he was mentioned in dispatches as follows: "Captain Goodfellow, next in seniority, whose services at Zoulla in constructing the pier have already been noticed, was the chief engineer on the highlands, and displayed great intelligence and activity in every duty throughout the operations."

Following the successful conclusion of the expedition, Goodfellow was assigned to conduct an archaeological excavation at Adulis, the ancient harbor of the Kingdom of Aksum, on behalf of the British Museum. Goodfellow uncovered the remains of a building and stone columns, fragments of marble and alabaster on which crude drawings had been made, pottery and coins. These items were later sent to the British Museum. Goodfellow later achieved the rank of lieutenant general, and was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. He died at Leamington Spa on 1 September 1915, aged 78.

The medal
Goodfellow's Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum, Gillingham, England.

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Stephen Gregory

Stephen, Steven, or Steve Gregory may refer to:

 * Stephen S. Gregory (1849–1920), Chicago lawyer
 * Stephen Gregory (author) (born 1952), Welsh horror writer
 * Steve Gregory (born 1945), English jazz saxophonist and composer
 * Steve Gregory (American football) (born 1983)
 * Steven Gregory (born 1987), English football midfielder
 * Stephen Gregory, executive with the newspaper The Epoch Times

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Talk:Stephen Gregory

See Talk:Stephen Gregory (actor) for the old discussion that was here before the article on the actor was moved to Stephen Gregory (actor)

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Photo of Victoria Cross recipient William Hackett, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Gerald Napier - (from the Royal Engineers Library with permission).

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William Hackett (VC)

William Hackett VC (11 June 1873 – 27 June 1916) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Biography
Hackett was born 11 June 1873 to John and Harriet Hackett of Nottingham; he worked as a miner for 23 years. He was married to Alice née Tooby who received the medal on his behalf, and left two children, Arthur and Mary W. Hackett. After being rejected three times by the York and Lancaster Regiment for being too old, Hackett enlisted in the British Army on 25 October 1915, despite having been diagnosed with a heart condition. He spent two weeks of basic training at Chatham, joining 172nd Tunnelling Company. He later served with 254th Tunnelling Company, Corps of Royal Engineers. He was 43 years old and a Sapper in British Army during the First World War when he performed a deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross on 22 June/23 June 1916 at Shaftesbury Avenue Mine, near Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée, France. Hackett died in an attempt to help fellow miners when a tunnel collapsed at Shaftesbury Avenue Mine on 26 June 1916.

Citation
"For most conspicuous bravery when entombed with four others in a gallery owing to the explosion of an enemy mine. After working for 20 hours, a hole was made through fallen earth and broken timber, and the outside party was met. Sapper Hackett helped three of the men through the hole and could easily have followed, but refused to leave the fourth, who had been seriously injured, saying,' I am a tunneller, I must look after the others first.' Meantime, the hole was getting smaller, yet he still refused to leave his injured comrade. Finally, the gallery collapsed, and though the rescue party worked desperately for four days the attempt to reach the two men failed. Sapper Hackett, well knowing the nature of sliding earth, the chances against him, deliberately gave his life for his comrade. London Gazette, dated 4 August 1916"

Memorials
Hackett's name is recorded on the Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing in Berks Cemetery Extension near Ploegsteert in Hainaut, Belgium. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum (Chatham, England).

In Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée, the Tunnellers Memorial commemorates the action on 26 June 1916 for which Hackett was awarded the Victoria Cross. The memorial stands at the site of the Shaftesbury Shaft and the Red Dragon Crater. Its dimensions, 120 cm high and 80 cm wide, mirror the standard interior proportions of mine galleries constructed by the tunnelling companies in the Flanders clays. The memorial was designed by Peter Barton and unveiled on 19 June 2010.

In fiction
A tunneller with the same name, also a miner during World War I, is the main character in the 2020 movie The War Below, though his eventual fate is different to that of the real Hackett.

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Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Charles Alfred Jarvis, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Gerald Napier.

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Charles Jarvis (VC)

Charles Alfred Jarvis VC (29 March 1881 – 19 November 1948) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Jarvis was born in the Admiralty Buildings, Saltoun Place, Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire on 29 March 1881. His father was a coastguard and also called Charles Alfred Jarvis. He lived most of his early life in Carnoustie, Angus, where there is now a memorial to him. He was also honoured by Fraserburgh in 2014. He joined the Royal Engineers in 1899 and travelled with his unit to Singapore. He was transferred to the reserve in 1907. In civilian life, Jarvis was a metalworker and a member of the Walthamstow Branch of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers.

At the outbreak of World War I he was recalled to service. He was 33 years old, and a lance-corporal in the 57th Field Company, Royal Engineers, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

Only three weeks into the war on 23 August 1914 at Jemappes, Belgium, Lance-Corporal Jarvis worked for 1½ hours under heavy fire, in full view of the enemy and finally succeeded in firing charges for the demolition of a bridge. He was wounded in the process. Private Samuel Heron of the first battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers was also awarded a DCM for his part in this action.

In 1915 he returned to Britain and was presented with his medal at Buckingham Palace. He was later promoted to second corporal and corporal before being discharged from the Army in 1917. He went on to work at the Naval Dockyard at Portsmouth. He returned to Dundee in 1941.

Early life
Soon after he was born, his father was transferred to Rattray Head Coastguard Station where the family stayed for eight years while Charles went to Crimond School. The family then moved to North Berwick where his father received the Royal Humane Society medal for bravery for rescuing two boys. His father was then transferred to Carnoustie where Charles completed his education in Carnoustie School.

Working life
After leaving school he was an apprentice plumber but was unable to complete due to the death of his mother and sister within a month and two years later his father died.

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John Linton

Commander John Wallace Linton, (15 October 1905 – 23 March 1943) was a Royal Navy submariner and a Welsh recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Nicknamed "Tubby", he was a fine Rugby football forward, playing for the Royal Navy, United Services, and Hampshire County teams.

Naval career
Acting Sub-Lieutenant Linton was promoted to sub-lieutenant on 15 July 1926 and then lieutenant on 15 July 1928, with his seniority in rank subsequently adjusted. Found suitable for further promotion, he was promoted lieutenant commander on 1 July 1936.

In 1940 Linton was commander of the submarine Pandora operating in the Far East and in May 1940 brought her to Alexandria and on to Malta, where she was destroyed in the bombing attacks by the Luftwaffe on 1 April 1942.

Victoria Cross
Linton was 37 years old, and a commander in the Royal Navy during the Second World War, when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

From the outbreak of the war in September 1939 to March 1943, which was the month of HMS Turbulent's last patrol in the Mediterranean, Commander Linton was responsible for sinking over 90,000 tons of enemy shipping, including a cruiser, a destroyer, a U-boat and 28 other ships. In addition Turbulent destroyed three trains by gun fire. In his last year Commander Linton spent 254 days at sea, submerged for nearly half the time, his ship was hunted 13 times and had 250 depth charges aimed at her.

Turbulent had sunk a huge amount of enemy shipping and endured numerous attacks. The Royal Navy states that: "Turbulent sank over 90,000 tons of enemy shipping. She was depth charged on over 250 occasions by enemy forces hunting her."

In recognition of this achievement, and the gallantry of Turbulent's crew, Linton was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross on 25 May 1943. The citation read: "Commander Linton has been in command of submarines throughout the War. He has been responsible for the destruction of 1 cruiser, 1 destroyer, 20 merchant vessels, 6 schooners and 2 trains. A total of 81,000 tons of enemy shipping sunk. From 1st January 1942 to 1st January 1943 he spent 254 days at sea, including 2,970 hours diving. During this period he was hunted 13 times and had 250 depth charges dropped on him. His career has been one of conspicuous gallantry and extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy."

Linton was killed in action in La Maddalena Harbour, Italy, on 23 March 1943.This has not been proved and the wreck of the submarine has never been found. Until it is the cause and location of his death can only be surmised.

Honours and awards
On 6 May 1941 Lieutenant-Commander John Wallace Linton of HMS Pandora was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross:

On 15 September 1942 Commander John Wallace Linton, DSC, was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order:

On 25 May 1943 Commander John Wallace Linton, DSO, DSC, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for valour in command of HM Submarines:

The convoy attack specified in the citation occurred off Libya on 28/29 May 1942.

Legacy
Linton's body was not recovered and his name appears on the Portsmouth Naval Memorial, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. Panel 72. Column 3. His Victoria Cross is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London. A JD Wetherspoon's public house has been renamed in his honour in his hometown of Newport.

Linton was not the only member of his family to be lost aboard a Royal Navy submarine. His eldest son, Sub-Lieutenant William F. Linton, was among the 75 men who perished when the A-class submarine HMS Affray (P421) was lost in a training exercise on 16 April 1951.

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Cara Pifko

Cara Pifko (born March 15, 1976) is a Canadian actress known primarily for her work on television shows produced by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Life and career
Pifko was born in Toronto, Ontario. A graduate of the National Theatre School of Canada, she started acting at the age of 8 and worked all through the 1990s, but it was in 2000 that she landed her first starring role, in the series Our Hero, which was aimed at young teens. Her first acting role was The Elephant Show hosted by Sharon, Lois, and Bram in which she was present in all seasons.

In 2004 she showed her dramatic range by appearing as a foreign aid worker in the acclaimed mini-series Human Cargo. Pifko then landed the lead role in the legal drama This is Wonderland, which garnered her a Gemini Award in 2005 for best actress. In early 2006, she appeared as Isolda in Tarragon Theatre's production of Léo. In 2007 she starred in the Lifetime TV movie I Me Wed. In 2009, she joined the soap opera General Hospital as the recurring character of Louise Addison.

In 2010 Cara lent her voice to Suu, a pink Twi'lek in the "Deserter" episode, and as scientist Sionver Boll in "The Zillo Beast" and "The Zillo Beast Strikes Back" episodes of Star Wars: The Clone Wars. She also voiced Yeoman Kelly Chambers in the video games Mass Effect 2 and Mass Effect 3.

In 2016 she joined the Season 2 cast of Better Call Saul as recurring character Paige Novick, senior legal counsel for Mesa Verde Bank and Trust, and friend of Kim Wexler.

Cara also voiced Suu Lawquane in Star Wars: The Bad Batch.

Personal life
She has been married to Gareth Bennett since 2004. She has two children.

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Robert MacTier

Robert "Bob" Mactier, VC (17 May 1890 – 1 September 1918) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was one of 64 Australians to receive the award for their actions during the First World War, receiving it as a result of deeds performed during the Battle of Mont St Quentin on 1 September 1918. That day, Mactier was a battalion runner serving with the 23rd Battalion, Australian Imperial Force. He was sent forward by an officer to determine the cause of a delay in the battalion moving into its jumping off position. The cause was a well placed enemy machine gun. On his own initiative, Mactier jumped out of the trench and charged the gun, killing its crew of six. He then charged two other machine guns, killing more crews and causing at least 40 enemy to surrender. He was killed by fire from a fourth machine gun, but not before enabling his battalion to form up on time.

Early life
Robert Mactier was born at Tatura, Victoria, on 17 May 1890, the seventh of ten children of Robert and Christina Mactier of "Reitcam" ("Mactier" spelt backwards), a nearby property. In his formative years, he was a keen sportsman. He went to school locally, and later worked on his father's properties until he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force at Seymour on 1 March 1917. He sailed from Melbourne with the other 151 Victorians of the 23rd Battalion's 19th Reinforcements aboard HMAT A11 Ascanius  on 11 May. He arrived in France on 14 November, and joined the battalion on 23 November. Posted to B Company, he fought in all of the battalion's subsequent battles until his death, including at Hamel, the August Offensive and Albert, where he was gassed. His brother, David, served with the 37th Battalion.

Victoria Cross action
He was 28 years old, and a private in the 23rd Battalion when the following deed took place for which he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. The full citation for the Victoria Cross appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette on 13 December 1918:

"War Office, 14th December, 1918

His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to award the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers, Warrant Officer, Non-commissioned Officers and Men:-

No. 6939 Pte. Robert Mactier, late 23rd Bn., A.I.F.

'For most conspicuous bravery and devotion to duty on the morning of the 1st September, 1918, during the attack on the village of Mt. St. Quentin. Prior to the advance of the battalion, it was necessary to clear up several enemy strong points close to our line. This the bombing patrols sent forward failed to effect, and the battalion was unable to move. Private Mactier, single handed, and in daylight, thereupon jumped out of the trench, rushed past the block, closed with and killed the machine gun garrison of eight men with his revolver and bombs, and threw the enemy machine gun over the parapet. Then, rushing forward about 20 yards, he jumped into another strong point held by a garrison of six men, who immediately surrendered. Continuing to the next block through the trench, he disposed of an enemy machine gun which had been enfilading our flank advancing troops, and was then killed by another machine gun at close range. It was entirely due to this exceptional valour and determination of Private Mactier that the battalion was able to move on to its 'jumping off' trench and carry out the successful operation of capturing the village of Mt. St. Quentin a few hours later.'"

Mactier was buried nearby at Clery but in 1924, he was reinterred in the Hem Farm Military Cemetery near Péronne, France. Mactier's actions have been described as "a remarkable one-man offensive". He was unmarried.

Legacy
Mactier has been commemorated in numerous ways. In his home town of Tatura there is a stained glass window in St Andrews Church dedicated to the memory of Mactier and his parents. The Robert Mactier VC Memorial Garden, commonly known as Mactier Park, is also named after him. In 1956, his two sisters represented him at the Victoria Cross centenary in London. The soldiers' club at Simpson Barracks, Watsonia was later named the "Mactier VC Club" in his honour. It also holds a bust of him by Wallace Anderson. Mactier's Victoria Cross was presented to the Australian War Memorial, in Canberra by his family in 1983, where it is now on display. His name is recorded on panel 99 of the Roll of Honour in the Commemorative Area at the Australian War Memorial.

title: Robert MacTier


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Gelato

[[Media:Gelato.jpg|Gelato]]
Beautiful, for more work by Lightmatter, see here. A great deal of his work is already in WikiCommons.
 * Support. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 09:47, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. -- The lighting is a bit flat, but the real problem is that my eye is still drawn to the pint of beer in the background (its blurred, but that's the way a pint of beer often looks :) -- Solipsist 19:10, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Background is very distracting, and lighting is too directional. Denni ☯ 20:21, 2004 Nov 30 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Interesting piece. But as mentioned background distracting, and the centerpiece still looks a bit off (fuzzy/noisy?) to me.--ZayZayEM 09:35, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While I don't find beer distracting in photos or in real life :), the bit that annoys me is that on the left of the gelato, the focus is not as good as the right hand side. Also, the entire picture is way too grainy. If it was taken on a digital camera, use a higher quality jpeg setting; if it was scanned, perhaps blur it a little? Enochlau 20:34, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 00:21, 06 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * NOT Promoted, +1/-5. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:08, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Fire breathing

[[Media:Lightmatter firebreath.jpg|Fire Breathing]]
Another image by Lightmatter, especially effective at illustrating the topic I think.
 * Support. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 09:48, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Not bad, but the arm on the left and the photographer distract a bit. Also, i think the image would be better from the front Support the picture after the magic touch of Solipsist. Great retouching! -- Chris 73 Talk 12:40, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment -- Nice enough to try a retouched version. -- Solipsist 18:44, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Nice work! Although I'm in doubt which version I like best now, I agree with Matthewcieplak that firebreathing kinda needs a crowd, mmmm, can't you paint Evil Bert or Jar Jar in there? -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:43, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually there is still a crowd there in the shadows. I could put the lady on the right back in, but she has her back turned, or I might be able to put the less obvious, lefthand photographer back in. -- Solipsist 10:07, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Oppose. The picture has a snapshot quality and is not special enough to compensate for that. Janderk 22:17, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. The retouched version is much better. [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] 04:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support original version - firebreathing is not something you do without people watching. Or maybe it is, but we don't see them doing it. Matthewcieplak 06:16, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * No you are right, once you've had your lungs converted for fire-breathing, you have to breath it all the time. Normally this is disguised by chain smoking. But sometimes, particularly when you have a chest infection, you just have to go outside and let one rip.... :) -- Solipsist 10:07, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As Janderk said, snapshot quality. I've seen much better fire breathing/juggling/poi photography. ed g2s  •  talk  02:18, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support retouched version. Andre ( talk )A| 22:19, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Definite support (of retouched version). J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 22:34, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support (retouched) - but couldn't you have just removed the arm and left the onlookers?--ZayZayEM 09:41, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 00:20, 06 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support.   – Quadell (talk) (help)   14:03, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose Both. The arm is too much of a distraction and I am not a fan of retouched photos in an encyclopedia. Lorax 00:59, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * No real consensus for either of the images, NOT promoted, +7/-4. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:10, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)


text:
John Golding

John Golding may refer to:

 * John Golding (artist and writer) (1929–2012)
 * John Golding (British politician) (1931–1999), British politician and activist
 * John Anthony Golding (1920–2012), administrator of the Turks and Caicos Islands
 * John Golding (surgeon), British orthopaedic surgeon
 * Jon Golding (born 1982), British rugby player
 * John Golden (pirate) or Golding (died 1694), English pirate and privateer

title: John Golding


text:
Talk:Chicken egg

from VfD:

All the sparse information on this page can already be found in egg (food). The page would be better served as a redirect, as I do not believe it can become encyclopedic on its own. There is only one other page that links to chicken egg, and it's a user page, not an article. --PJF (talk) 09:51, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Repeat article.  I doubt there's any information that isn't on egg (food) but if there is, it should be transferred.  --Randy 12:22, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't we have an article about the embryonic development of chickens? That should be at chicken egg in my opinion. There's lots more to chicken eggs than just eating them... [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 12:38, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: (There's getting them down from the roof, chasing them down when you need to behead them, and then the plucking.) Embryology can be discussed in the chicken article.  I don't really think that this article title is a logical spot for the information, though it isn't awful.  Regardless, that would require starting over anyway, so delete.  Geogre 16:24, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep if expanded. Egg (food) doesn't cover the topic fully. Grue 17:31, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 17:41, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 20:14, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Or redir to Chicken, which has plenty of room for a discussion on embryology-- Chicken embryology can be broken-out later, if/when needed. Or, possibly make it a disamb page between Chicken and egg (food). Niteowlneils 20:55, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Chicken embryology. Good idea, Niteowlneils.  But keep a disambig notice at the top.  --Idont Havaname 23:48, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I don't think you can "keep a disambig notice" on a redirect page. The redirect wouldn't work.  Redirect to egg (food) for now because that's the most similar content.  It can be moved to Embryology if/when someone has content to put there.  Rossami (talk) 02:58, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I typed in "chicken egg" looking for information on the chicken egg paradox (which came first etc.). Perhaps the page could be expanded with information on that subject? Nick04 21:16, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Expand or redirect. Either way I see no reason for VfD. anthony 警告 23:53, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Which should we direct to, the chicken or the egg. I think clearly the chicken, as details of eggs specific to chicken eggs should be there, not in the article on eggs (and certainly not in egg (food)).  In any case, I'm off to watch Ken lose. anthony 警告 23:58, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Chicken egg


text:
Tarpeia

In Roman legend, Tarpeia (mid-8th century BCE), daughter of the Roman commander Spurius Tarpeius, was a Vestal Virgin who betrayed the city of Rome to the Sabines at the time of their women's abduction for what she thought would be a reward of jewelry. She was instead crushed to death by Sabine shields and her body cast from the southern cliff of Rome's Capitoline Hill, thereafter called after her the Tarpeian Rock (Rupes Tarpeia).

Legend
The legend tells that while Rome was besieged by the Sabine king Titus Tatius, Tarpeia, a Vestal Virgin and daughter of the commander of the citadel, Spurius Tarpeius, approached the Sabine camp and offered them entry to the city in exchange for "what they bore on their left arms". Greedy for gold, she had meant their bracelets, but instead the Sabines threw their shields—carried on the left arm—upon her, crushing her to death. Her body was then hurled from (or, according to some accounts, buried at) a steep cliff of the southern summit of the Capitoline Hill. The Sabines were however unable to conquer the Forum, its gates miraculously protected by boiling jets of water created by Janus. The legend was depicted in 89 BC by Sabinus following the Civil Wars as well as on a silver denarius of the Emperor Augustus in approximately 20 BC. Tarpeia would later become a symbol of betrayal and greed in Rome. The cliff from which she was thrown was named the Tarpeian Rock, and would become the place of execution for Rome's most notorious traitors. Traitors and murderers were reported to have been thrown off the Tarpeian Rock, which extended over a steep drop from the Capitol. The exact positioning of the rock is debated. Varro asserts that it was near the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, whereas Dionysius of Halicarnassus asserts that it was located in the southeast above the Roman Forum.

Livy
Livy’s account uses information from Fabius, Dionysius, and Piso, all of which had existing accounts of Tarpeia prior to Livy. The previous writers form the base story of the myth which is told in the legend. A unique detail that Livy adds is the suggestion that Tarpeia was not greedily looking for gold, but was trying to trick the Sabines into giving up their weapons once she let them in. Livy writes:

 * There are some who say that, from the agreement of handing over what was on their left hands, what she really sought was their weapons and that, having appeared to act in fraud, she was undone by her own “wage”.

Varro
Varro’s account of Tarpeia is nearly the same as Livy’s, however, Varro includes that Tarpeia was a Vestal. Varro added this detail when Plutarch wrote that one of the first four Vestals was named Tarpeia. This added detail is significant since it is now accepted in the myth that Tarpeia was a Vestal. It also paved the way for writers such as Propertius to expand on this detail and add themes of Tarpeia being unchaste, hence why she was greedy.

Propertius
Propertius’ account is considered to be a production of art. The poem most notably introduced the love affair between Tatius and Tarpeia. This was used because of Varro's addition of Tarpeia being a Vestal Virgin. Since Tarpeia was a Vestal Virgin, love (and therefore sexual desire) could be used as foreshadowing Tarpeia's greed and betrayal to the city of Rome. This artistic approach to the myth makes the story more relatable to Romans and served as a greater symbol of what happens when greed overtakes someone.

Plutarch
Plutarch's account offers a version of the story which is longer than Livy’s account but closely details the same events. However, compared to Livy, Plutarch only provides one version in which Tarpeia betrays Rome to the Sabines out of her lust for gold and subsequently dies under the weight of the Sabine shields placed upon her.

Piso
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, a 2nd century BCE Latin Historian, wrote a more favorable account of Tarpeia which reported that she had no intention of betraying Rome. However, Piso’s actual account of the event does not survive. Piso’s version survives through Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s work. Dionysius of Halicarnassus reports that Piso portrayed Tarpeia as innocent of any treachery, greed, or love for Tatius. He includes the untraditional detail that Tarpeia alerted Romulus about her deal with Tatius to demand the Sabines of their shields. Additionally, Tarpeia subsequently asked Romulus to send troops to the Capitol to correspond with her plan to capture their shields. Piso regarded Tarpeia’s public sacrifice at her tomb as a way to display her position as a national heroine, rather than traitor.

Simylos
Simylos (Σιμύλος), a Greek 4th century BCE poet, wrote about Tarpeia as well. Eight lines were preserved by Plutarch in which Plutarch criticizes Simylos’ version which details that Tarpeia betrayed Rome to the Gauls, rather than to the Sabines.

Antigonos
Antigonos (Ἀντίγονος), a 3rd century BCE Greek author, portrays Tarpeia as innocent of treacherous behavior and a model of filial virtue. She was identified as the daughter of Tatius who had been unwillingly made Romulus’ concubine and therefore betrayed Rome for her father.

Other Accounts
Roman historians Fabius Pictor and Lucius Cincius Alimentus also formulated their own versions of the story of Tarpeia.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, rather than retelling his own version of the Tarpeia story, compares existing versions from Fabius Pictor, Cinicus, and Piso. In the end, he appears to show the most preference for Piso’s more positive and patriotic account.

Tarpeia as a Vestal Virgin
Varro and Propertius most notably identify Tarpeia as a Vestal Virgin. However, her status as a Vestal Virgin is only explicitly established in the works of Varro and the Breviarium Vindobonense from the early 4th century CE. Livy does not explicitly call Tarpeia a Vestal, but he does call her a “virgo”. Roman historians typically say that this translates to her being a Vestal.

The Vestals performed the Parentalia or dies parentales ("ancestral days") on February 13/Ides of February at the tomb of Tarpeia since she herself was considered to be a Vestal. Tarpeia’s status as a Vestal Virgin both positions her as a physical embodiment of religious protection and chastity of the Roman state. Additionally, treason committed by a Vestal Virgin appears to be even more sinful than if committed by an ordinary Roman. Therefore, scholars have debated if Tarpeia’s identity as a Vestal Virgin was invented to symbolically represent the unchaste nature of her act and was not actually an integral part of the story/legend.

Iconography
Only three icons of Tarpeia survive from antiquity: the Basilica Aemilia (c. 1st century BCE), a Republican denarii minted by L. Titurius Sabinus (89 BCE), and an Augustan denarii issued by P. Petronius Turpilianus (c. 19 BCE). (See images above of "Denarius 89 BCE," "Denarius 18-19 BCE," and "Basilica Aemilia")

The Basilica Aemilia provides the most complex portrayal out of the three. The frieze depicts Tarpeia in the center, surrounded by a soldier on each side of her preparing to overwhelm her with their shields. The two outer figures on each side are said to possibly be Titus Tatius and Mars Ultor, or alternatively Romulus himself.

The Sabinus Denarii closely resembles the Basilica Aemilia with an image of Tarpeia being surrounded by two Sabine soldiers with raised shields. The Turpilianus Denarii differs slightly from the prior two depictions. Tarpeia is the central and only figure on the reverse side of the coin. The shields have already been piled on top of her and her hands are lifted up in a stance which evokes surrender.

Symbolism
A common metaphor used in ancient times was the association of water vessels and female sexuality. The female body is the container while the water inside represents her fertility. Since Tarpeia was a Vestal Virgin, it is very significant that she dropped her water vessel when first seeing Tatius in Propertius' account. Vestal Virgins were the embodiment of a perfect citizen of Rome. Their "unpenetrated skin" was a metaphor for Rome's walls remaining standing. The dropped water is interpreted as Tarpeia not being chaste, connecting her greed with "erotic transgression".

In Propertius’ version, the symbolism of water also occurs in Tarpeia’s dream where she sees herself as both an Amazon and Bacchante. The image of an Amazon refers to the river Thermodon in the mythical Amazon land in Pontus. The image of a Bacchante refers to the Strymon river in Thrace which is associated with Dionysius.

The myth of Tarpeia has been widely read as a cautionary tale about the evil of treachery, greed, and lust. Images of Tarpeia and the myth were later used during the Augustan age as exempla for the incorrect type of Roman woman and trickery. The Basilica Aemilia from the 1st century CE prominently features Tarpeia being overwhelmed by shields. The use of this image in the Augustan Age is tied to Augustan laws on sexual morality and his attempts to restore the empire. Therefore, the myth and image of Tarpeia was politically used to display the "wrong" kind of sexuality. Tarpeia is represented as the epitome of a traitorous Roman woman who betrayed her body to the state and was overcome by lust and greed. Additionally, the story of Tarpeia also points to the two-way loyalty that Sabine women had during this time in Roman history.

title: Tarpeia


text:
File:VCCecilJohnKinross.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Cecil John Kinross, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Greg Ward.

title: File:VCCecilJohnKinross.jpg


text:
Cecil John Kinross

Cecil John Kinross VC (17 February 1896 – 21 June 1957) was a Canadian soldier in World War I. Kinross was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was only nineteen when it was awarded to him, making him the second youngest Victoria cross recipient ever.

Early life
Kinross was born on 17 February 1896 at Dews Farm, Harefield, Middlesex. His father's family originated in Perthshire. He moved to Lougheed, Alberta with his parents and siblings in 1912.

Military career
Kinross volunteered in Calgary, Alberta, on October 21, 1915, as a private in the 49th (Edmonton) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force. On 30 October 1917, at the Battle of Passchendaele during the First World War, Kinross performed an act of bravery for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

"No. 437793 Private Cecil John Kinross, Can. Inf.

For the most conspicuous bravery in action during prolonged and severe operations.

Shortly after the attack (on Passchendaele Ridge) was launched, the company to which he belonged came under intense artillery fire, and further advance was held up by a very severe fire from an enemy machine gun. Private Kinross, making a careful survey of the situation, deliberately divested himself of all his equipment save his rifle and bandolier and, regardless of his personal safety, advanced alone over the open ground in broad daylight, charged the enemy machine gun, killing the crew of six, and seized and destroyed the gun. His superb example and courage instilled the greatest confidence in his company, and enabled a further advance of 300 yards to be made and a highly important position to be established."

Kinross was wounded in the arm and head in 1917 and hospitalised in Orpington, England. He was subsequently presented with the Victoria Cross by King George V in March 1918.

Later life
Kinross returned to Alberta after the war and was given a plot of land in Lougheed. He never married and died at the Lougheed Hotel in on 21 June 1957. He is buried in the Soldier's Plot in Lougheed.

Legacy
Mount Kinross, 2560m, 24 km NW of Jasper, Alberta, in the Victoria Cross Ranges in Jasper National Park, was named after him in 1951.

His Victoria Cross medal is held by his family while the miniature is on display at The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum in Edmonton, Alberta.

title: Cecil John Kinross


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Snow Leopard

[[Media:Lightmatter snowleopard.jpg|Snow Leopard]]
The last Lightmatter picture for now, although I feel like nominating half his gallery. I think it's great this gifted photographer has chosen to license almost all of his images under the Creative commons license.
 * Support. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 09:53, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - Chris 73 Talk 12:41, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support - Tricky one when put alongside Belizian's Black Puma. The cat is not looking at us, its not by a Wikipedian, its in a zoo and no-one's life was put at risk whilst taking the photograph. These things shouldn't matter, but they do a bit. Still good enough to support though. -- Solipsist 19:04, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I don't see a featured image in a bored looking animal in a zoo. Plus, Snow Leopards look much better in the show with their white winter fur. Janderk 22:15, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. What Janderk said. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 04:12, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose, would be better if he looked at us. The composition of the shot isn't really brilliant. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 09:59, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It is a real shame that it isn't facing the photographer... even though, maybe at a great deal of personal risk.  It is a very good quality photo however. --[[User:AllyUnion|AllyUnion (talk)]] 07:20, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 00:20, 06 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * NOT Promoted, +3/-5. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:10, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Kylie Tennant

Kathleen Kylie Tennant AO (12 March 1912 – 28 February 1988) was an Australian novelist, playwright, short-story writer, critic, biographer, and historian.

Early life and career
Tennant was born in Manly, New South Wales; she was educated at Brighton College in Manly and Sydney University, though she left without graduating. She was a publicity officer for the Australian Broadcasting Commission, as well as working as a journalist, union organiser, reviewer (for The Sydney Morning Herald), a publisher's literary adviser and editor, and a member of the Commonwealth Literary Fund advisory board. She married L. C. Rodd in 1933; they had two children (a daughter, Benison, in 1946 and a son, John Laurence, in 1951).

Her work was known for its well-researched, realistic, yet positive portrayals of the lives of the underprivileged in Australia. In a video interview filmed in 1986, three years before her death, for the Australia Council's Archival Film Series, Tennant told how she lived as the people she wrote about, travelling as an unemployed itinerant worker during the Depression years, living in Aboriginal communities and spending a short time in prison for research.

Two of Tennant's novels, Battlers and Ride on Stranger, set in the 1930s, have been made into television mini-series.

"Kylie's Hut", the author's retreat in Crowdy Bay, was destroyed during the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season.

Awards

 * 1935: S. H. Prior Memorial Prize awarded by The Bulletin magazine, for Tiburon
 * 1940: S. H. Prior Memorial Prize (run by the Bulletin), for The Battlers, shared with Eve Langley, The Pea-Pickers, and Malcolm Henry Ellis's "John Murtagh Macrossan lectures".
 * 1942: Australian Literature Society Gold Medal for The Battlers
 * 1960: Children's Book Council Book Award for All the Proud Tribesmen
 * 1980: Officer of the Order of Australia for services to literature

Commemorations
Two streets are named for Tennant:
 * Kylie Tennant Street, Franklin, ACT
 * Kylie Tennant Close, Glenmore Park, NSW

Novels

 * Tiburon (1935. Sydney: Endeavour Press) — first published in serial form in The Bulletin
 * Foveaux (1939. London: Gollancz; 1946. Sydney: Sirius)
 * The Battlers (1941. London: Gollancz; New York: Macmillan; 1945. Sydney: Sirius)
 * Time Enough Later (c.1942. New York: Macmillan; 1945. London: Macmillan). A humorous coming of age story about a young woman and her relationship with an artistic older man.
 * Ride on Stranger (1943. New York: Macmillan; London: Gollancz; Sydney: Angus & Robertson)
 * Lost Haven (1946. NY: Macmillan; Melbourne: Macmillan; London: Macmillan)
 * The Joyful Condemned (1953. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press)
 * The Honey Flow (1956. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press)
 * Tell Morning This (1967. Sydney: Angus & Robertson) — complete version of The Joyful Condemned
 * The Man on the Headland (1971. Sydney: Angus & Robertson)
 * Tantavallon (1983. Melbourne: Macmillan) ISBN 0-947072-02-0

Short stories

 * Ma Jones and Little White Cannibals (1967. London)

For children

 * Long John Silver (1954. Sydney: Associated General Publications) — adapted from the screenplay by Martin Rackin
 * All the Proud Tribesmen (1959. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press; 1960. Melbourne: Macmillan) — illustrated by Clem Seale. Children's Book Award (1960)
 * Come and See: social studies for Third Grade (1960. Melbourne: Macmillan)
 * We Find the Way: social studies for Fourth Grade (1960. Melbourne: Macmillan)
 * Trail Blazers of the Air (1965. Melbourne: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press) — illustrated by Roderick Shaw

Plays

 * Modern Plays for Schools 3 (John o' the Forest, Lady Dorothy and the Pirates, The Willow Pattern Plate, The Laughing Girl, Christmas at the Old Shamrock Hotel) (1950. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press)
 * Tether a Dragon (1952. Sydney: Associated General Publications) — Commonwealth Jubilee Stage Play Prize
 * Modern Plays for Schools 15 (The Bells of the City, The Magic Fat Baby, The Prince Who Met a Dragon, The Ghost Tiger, Hamaguchi Goh Ei) (1955. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press)
 * The Bushrangers' Christmas Eve and other plays (The Tribe of the Honey Tree, The Ladies of the Guard, A Nativity Play, The Play of the Younger Son, The Emperor and the Nightingale) (1959. London: Macmillan; New York:St Martin's Press)
 * Nex' Town (1957) - book for musical

Biography and history

 * Australia: Her Story (1953. London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press)
 * Speak You So Gently: Lives among the Australian Aborigines (1959. London: Gollancz) — about the Rev Alf Clint
 * Evatt: Politics and justice (1970. Sydney: Angus & Robertson)
 * The Missing Heir (1986. Melbourne: Macmillan) — her autobiography

Criticism

 * The Development of the Australian Novel (1958. Canberra: CLF)
 * (with L.C. Rodd) The Australian Essay (1968. Melbourne: Cheshire)

title: Kylie Tennant


text:
Talk:Guy Butler (athlete)

Untitled
Died at age 80? The dates of birth and death do not agree with that!

title: Talk:Guy Butler (athlete)