text:
User talk:Maria Stella

I wish to object to your continuous deleting of the Holocaust from German history. Gidonb 22:29, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And I object to your continuous POV-pushing and flooding of a short history section which is intended to outline the history of Germany as a state with alleged German wrongdoings. It may be your opinion that Germans are evil, but Wikipedia is no place for such propaganda. Using 30 % of the history section for 12 years which cover 0,6 % of the country's history is extremely POV. Maria Stella 06:45, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As far as I can see, 30 % of the Israel history section is not spent on the Nakba. Maria Stella 06:58, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

3RR on Erika Steinbach
Hi. I have listed you and Space Cadet for a 3RR on Erika Steinbach. See Administrators' noticeboard/3RR for details -- Chris 73 | Talk 08:16, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've blocked oyu for WP:3RR. Please take thetimeoff to read up on our policies. William M. Connolley 11:52, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board
Hello! I'd like to make you aware of the recently-created German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board. Feel free to participate with the project. Olessi 01:51, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Polish Nationalists
Hi Maria, I would like to show you a link to the official page of Polish Nationalists:. Maybe it will "learn" you the difference between a nationalist and an encyclopedia editor of Polish origin. Also, please stop calling me a "polish nationalist", because I hate to be compared to these degenerates, and am ashamed to be their countryman. If you continue calling me those names, I will consider it a personal attack. You can call me a patriot if you have to, but if I was a true patriot, I would have stayed in Poland rather than have immigrated from it to USA. If you are so fascinated by encounters with nationalists, perhaps you should write a fan letter to the organization mentioned above. Unfortunately nationalism is not dead in Europe, it is a driving force for many people. Sad, but if we start labeling each other "nationalists" based on differences of our knowledge and culture, we will only help them grow. Sincerely, Space Cadet.
 * Hi Space Cadet;

 * I don't think the "Blood and Honour" are the only nationalists active in Poland. I would certainly consider parties like the League of Polish Families or even the PiS fiercely nationalist. You are however correct that there are also other nationalists around in Europe. Maria Stella 12:36, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Steinbach
Maria, pretty please, take your problems with the new version to talk before you blind revert to the version that caused so much stir. I've really done my best to make that article as NPOV as possible and it hurts me to see that people value my work so low. Halibutt 14:30, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've tried to integrate some of the improvements, but the problems were not solved with your version. Basically, using Polish sources and Polish points of view in a biography on a German politician in English is wrong. The article should rely on mainstream German sources like her official biography. Maria Stella 17:53, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is a based on cooperation and compromise between users. Blindly reverting to your version and throwing out work done by other editors is not productive, especially if you don't even mention the fact that you are reverting in the edit summary.  It seems that some kind of a compromise has been reached on this article.  Please keep that in mind before making drastic changes. Balcer 13:45, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * There is still no compromise reached. Whenever the Poles are ready to discuss actual compromises, I am ready to take part in that conversation. Maria Stella 13:47, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * And once again I would kindly ask you not to delete sources and references. I will not revert the article any more but will guard the dispute tag as long as the article represents purely Nazi German POV. As a sign of good will you might want to add back the references you unilaterally deleted. Halibutt 15:44, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

The article is representing a neutral point of view, based on the actual name and status of her birthplace when she was born, as stated in her own Bundestag biography. That you consider the Bundestag or the BdV "Nazi" isn't my problem. The link to http://szukaj.gazeta.pl/archiwum/1,0,2259930.html?wyr=Tygrysica%2Bwyp%25EAdzonych%2B is leading only to an advertisement page as far as I can see. 17:58, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No, her own POV that makes her believe that the Nazi Germany had the right to annex any territory is irrelevant to the Wikipedia. And Bundestag simply uses the German name of that place. It does not imply any "reannexation" or "liberation" whatsoever. And the link leads to the archives of that newspaper. You have to log in to be able to see the text, but it's the best link I could find. Yet, you deleted also the references in German and English that were easily-accessible to all - for no apparent reason. Halibutt 21:05, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

-

On POV Pushers
Hello Maria, before wikipedia I would have never believed, that this kind of everything distorting group could really exist. I can tell, you are getting an eye full yourself.

You fell into the trap of irritating same group by your innocent attempts at trying to insert some None-Pol POV. How dare you, don't you realise, that anyone not going along with all their POV is going to be ganged up on and declared a Nazi at minimum ? Look at old old wikipedia talk pages and you will find, that this behavior of constant barrages of trash- talk and ganging up on anyone not going along with this massive POV is endless. Once in a while a reasonable person like Jasra, tries wikipedia, but all the reasonable people get soon discouraged and leave.

That is the reason, why Wikipedia, even thought it is pretty good in some parts, is nevertheless nothing more than a type of 'Revolverblatt' (trashy sensationalising propaganda paper), copied, mirrored over and over (see google.com on any subject and wikipedia stuff always comes up first)

I get mad at myself for inserting factual knowledge into wikipedia, even though I realise, that everything soon gets trashed and it really is a waste. My suggestion is 'cool it, (also to myself, it is really not worth it wasting time inputting into Wikipedia). Maybe you want to think of this part of wikipedia and the tedious job of constantly trying to clean up big POV messes as similar to changing diapers or 'pooper scooper', no matter how often you clean up after them, sh.. always happens again and again and again.

Page move: East Germany → German Democratic Republic
You copy & paste moved the page East Germany to German Democratic Republic. I fully support your view that German Democratic Republic is the right place for the article. Pages should however newer be moved manually, but by the Requested moves procedure. Copy & paste moves distort the page history. In this case the damage is even worse; we have completely lost the history before 23 May 2006. Where did you get the material from? -- Petri Krohn 01:09, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Undiscussed page move: Herero and Namaka Genocide to Herero and Namaka Uprising & vandalism template
Please discuss such controversial moves before. Thanks! Lapaz 18:47, 6 August 2006 (UTC) Please do not remove content from Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you would like to experiment, use the sandbox. Thank you. See this nice deletion of 3/4 of the page. Lapaz 18:51, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Negationist vandalism on Lothar von Trotha
Please stop immediately your negationist vandalism, now at. You will be blocked from editing if you don't abide by the rules of the community. Lapaz 16:16, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

3rr on Herero Uprising
You are in danger of violating the three-revert rule on. Please cease further reverts or you may be blocked from further editing. --Birdmessenger 16:52, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Reverting simple vandalism does not count. Maria Stella 16:55, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, you are edit warring. Please consider discussing your changes first.  While I agree with you that some changes to the text to make it more NPOV are in order, I do not believe replacing the text of the article with a photo of a plaque commemorating the Germans killed in the conflict is anything short of POV.
 * Also, please consider not making accusations of "vandalism" against other editors. Clearly, that's not what's going on, and it's not going to resolve issues here any faster.
 * At any rate, if you revert the article again, you will probably be blocked, so think about discussing your issues on the talk page first. Thanks.--Birdmessenger 17:08, 7 August 2006 (UTC) 		:At any rate, if you revert the article again, you will probably be blocked, so think about discussing your issues on the talk page first. Thanks.--Birdmessenger 17:08, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism Lothar von Trotha and Herero and Namaka Genocide
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to Lothar von Trotha, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. + 	Do not remove content without following standard NPOV dispute. Repeatedly deleting contents & engaging in edit war may lead you to be blocked. Furthermore, please do not remove vandalism templates from your talk page as it may also be considered as vandalism. Lapaz 15:47, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Straw poll on Herero and Namaqua Uprising
Hi Maria Stella, I've added a straw poll to the talk page at Herero and Namaqua Uprising regarding the title of the article. Perhaps you could comment. Thanks!--Birdmessenger 15:46, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

3rr on Herero Wars
Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert a single page more than three times in 24 hours. (Note: this also means editing the page to reinsert an old edit. If the effect of your actions is to revert back, it qualifies as a revert.) Thank you.--Birdmessenger 15:34, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Blocking a Move
Adding an edit to prevent a move war may have been done with good intentions, but the better way to have solved the issue would have been to stop moving to your preferred title and to take the issue to the talk page (as was later done). Moving a page to your preferred title and then blocking a page move like that is not a nice thing to do. Thanks. --  tariq abjotu  23:39, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please do not call other people's edits vandalism, as you did in this, this, and in this edit, as well as disingenuously adding a vandal tag to my page in this edit and again here. See WP:VANDAL and look under What vandalism is not. You are calling a content dispute vandalism, which is false and frowned upon. I quote the policy:
 * If a user treats situations which are not clear vandalism as vandalism, then he or she is actually damaging the encyclopedia by driving away potential editors.

Please reconsider what you believe is vandalism in accordance with the actual policy and discuss all policy disputes on the talk page. The version that you are calling vandalism is in fact the one agreed upon by editors on the talk page after much discussion, while you are the only one that supports the other version (in your view, the only "non-vandalized" one). If you continue to falsely use these tags and edit war, it is actually you who will be blocked for violating WP:3RR. — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 22:02, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Adding unrelated "Lebensraum" see also links and garbage about Nazi concentration camps is clearly vandalism. Your version is only supported by vandals (who may in fact be one person). The vandals have declared not to be willing to participate in discussion of their edits, and their edits may thus be reverted on sight. Please stop reinstating the vandalism of User:Lapaz. I am restoring the consensus version in accordance with our most fundamental policy. Maria Stella 22:06, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You did not read my edits, then. I did not revert to Lapaz's version. I reverted to the version before him, because his edits were POV and unsourced. He added a link to Lebensraum and linked Shark Island to Nazi concentration camps. Without a source, the information should not be included. Nevertheless, I did revert your edits because they do not agree with the consensus view on the talk page, which is that the current page should be named Herero and Namaqua Genocide (or some variant including the word "Genocide"), with perhaps a separate page specifically for war aspects. If you search the version I have reverted to, there is not one mention of Nazis or Lebensraum (which you claimed in this edit). Those who have edited the page are not vandals because they do not agree with your POV, and do not make accusations of sockpuppetry without evidence. There are some 6 or 7 diverse editors who agree with this view, not one with extensive sockpuppet accounts, and to call them (and me) vandals is violating Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Your characterization of your version as "consensus" is not based on fact, and any user can see this with a quick perusal of the talk page. You seem to have misunderstood my edits (from your edit summaries, response here, and response on the talk page), so I am going to again revert back to the earlier version, which never included the Nazi links added by Lapaz. — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 22:18, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no consensus view on the talk page. There are two people who are interested in NPOV and a couple of foreign nationalist POV pushers who are probably the same person (but it doesn't really matter because even organized POV pushers are not allowed to disregard the NPOV policy) who do not want to reach consensus or discuss their/his edits, which they have clearly stated and clearly showed. Edits of people who are not willing to discuss may be reverted. I suggest you don't start a new move war, the current title has been agreed on for months. Maria Stella 22:23, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * There has been much discussion, and clearly enough for at least some consensus to be reached. Do not call other people POV-pushers, as the same application would apply better to you, as you have persistently added your own version of events. Be careful not to violate WP:3RR, as you have reverted 3 times now. Without evidence, you cannot call other editors the same person. Feel free to request a checkuser, but I doubt they are the same editor and should not be treated as such until conclusive evidence is provided. No one is allowed to ignore the NPOV policy, including you, so try to work with other editors to get a consensus. The current consensus is that the article should be at Herero and Namaqua Genocide (and not "Wars"), as well as favoring the current article version, not yours, as clearly found in the talk page. The current title has not been agreed on for months, it's just that you edited Herero and Namaqua Genocide here so that the article could not be moved back to where consensus had determined it should be. The result was that everyone would discuss the move and require an administrator to move the page. Unfortunately, no administrator has involved himself or herself yet, which is why the page has remained where it is right now (not the consensus site). — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 22:30, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Anyone reading the talk page may see there is no consensus on using such a POV title. You are lying. Maria Stella 22:35, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Do not call me a liar, remember WP:NPA. The current consensus is on the "Genocide" title, but it is a slim one. Clearly more discussion should take place, but unilaterally reverting to your preferred version is not the way to go. The problem mainly stems between whether the war should be included in the page or whether there should be two separate articles. — ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 22:37, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no consensus on using "genocide". Multiple people have opposed such a ridiculous title for the entire conflict, which started with Herero massacres on German civilians, not the other way round. Just because there are three or something foreign nationalist POV pushers, it does not make a consensus, and a consensus between POV vandals would in any event be irrelevant. No administrator would move the page to a POV title like that, and that's why the article is staying where it is. Maria Stella 22:35, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Seeking cooperative editorial procedure re Herero Namaqua
Dear Ms. Stella,

You have invited work on your effort to make a new version of the article currently but disputedly titled Herero and Namaqua Wars. I am interested in doing such work but would like to avoid provoking you with unexpected changes on your temporary page. Unfortunately it appears that for such a temporary page there is no "talk" page. It may be that the talk page for the main article would be the place for it.

My situation with respect to this article is that I believe the current content of the protected article has considerable misleading and POV material, for instance referring to colonial forced labor as slavery (not the only example). But I also think that your emerging draft has misleading and POV material, for instance calling the large German military movement of 14,000 men or so into the territory "restoring order," which is clearly German POV -- from the POV of the African peoples of the territory, German colonialism, land expropriation, cash taxation, forced labor etc. was a massive disordering of the prior order of their ways of life. To me a phrase like "restoring German rule" or "restoring colonial control" would be more NPOV. Again, just an example.

On the genocide question, I happen to disagree with you and think that in fact a genocide against the Herero did occur -- I have given extensive and I hope substantive arguments for why I think that on the main talk page, in which I have tried to respond to your earlier arguments. I also have tried to avoid personal attacks or aspersions on your motives, which I hope you will recognize. I believe that something like the view I advance is close to a consensus position among historians of Africa (I have a Ph.D. in African history, so this is a professional opinion). My understanding of NPOV would suggest that if that interpretation is disputed say among historians of Germany, the appropriate course would be to describe such dissent after describing the more widely held view of historians of the area under consideration.

A feature of the genocide question that has not really come up that I think should be addressed is that application of the term is retrospective and anachronistic to 1904, when it did not yet exist. That does not mean that it cannot be appropriately used, since we all the time use descriptive terms about the past that were not used then, and genocide actually has a pretty clear definition. But I think an NPOV approach to possible colonial genocides around the turn of the 20th century needs to state that the term didn't exist at the time. General von Trotha pretty clearly intended to destroy the Herero nation in its historical form and historical place, was most open in his intention to use violence on a totalistic scale to achieve that end if necessary, and went a long way to carrying it out. In retrospect this can and should be called genocide -- but it just as clearly is wrong to say that he "intended to commit genocide," because he did not have the idea available to form that specific intention in that way.

I am not motivated by an anti-German animus and do not believe German colonialism in Africa as a whole was particularly different from any other European colonialism of the early colonial era. By the same token, I don't believe General von Trotha's actions in Südwestafrika were typical of German colonialism. Arguably, failure to recognize the distinctive quality of the violence inflicted upon the Herero and to a lesser degree on the Namaqua (though notably not say the Ovambo) within the range of German colonialism may do a disservice to proper comparative perspective on colonialisms in Africa and Germany's place in that perspective.

Also, if you look at my comments on the talk page, you will see that I am critical of genocidal aspects of the history of my own country, the United States of America. I point this out merely to say that any criticisms of German actions don't derive from nationalist self-congratulation.

(As it happens my surname, Lowe, is an Anglicization of a German surname, Löwe. by my paternal grandfather at about the time of the First World War, though possibly a bit earlier; I have cousins whose surname is Loewe, preserving the two syllables though not the sound. I am not certain as to my grandfather's motives, but our family has never been anti-German.  My father was stationed in Germany in the U.S. Army in the 1950s and speaks German tolerably well, as does one of my brothers who did an exchange program in Austria after high school.  I studied French and later Russian in school, and Afrikaans and Zulu/siSwati in graduate school.  Of my two brothers and me, I and one other happened to marry women who came from partly German-American families. My ex-wife's family like mine was pretty deracinated -- the common state of most white Americans with respect to European ancestral cultures by the third generation -- though they lived in a heavily German-descended farm community. My brother's wife's father grew up speaking German and her family had stronger continuing ties to relatives in Germany; I think she like he has school-learned German language).

On the putative connections between Nazism and events in Südwestafrika in 1904-07, I think that the current protected version of the article goes at it wrong way around and is misleading by in effect projecting Nazism back anachronistically, which needs to be changed. On the other hand, I do believe there is a school of German historiography which considers those events as having a significant if subsidiary role as a moment in the distinctive development of German racialism and nationalism from its turn of the century European mainstream situation into the extremes of the Nazi period. I don't know enough to say more, but it does seem worth pointing out.

Please excuse my discursiveness. The main question I have is whether there is a way that I can proceed to make suggested edits that would enable us to have civil discussion and that would not look like vandalism from your point of view? I will watch this page for response.

Cordially,

Chris Lowe (Ngwe 07:53, 17 September 2006 (UTC))

Image:Merkel-steinbach.jpg
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title: User talk:Maria Stella


text:
User:DonQuixote87

DonQuixote87

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:DonQuixote87


text:
Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein

Franz-Joseph Müller, Freiherr von Reichenstein or Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (1 July 1740 or 4 October 1742 – 12 October 1825 or 1826) was an Austrian mineralogist and mining engineer. Müller held several positions in the Habsburg monarchy administration of mines and coinage in the Banat, Transylvania, and Tyrol. During his time in Transylvania he discovered tellurium in 1782. In his later career he became a member of the imperial council in Vienna and was knighted and elevated to the rank Freiherr in 1820.

Place and date of birth
Müller was born in 1740 or 1742 in the Habsburg Empire. While the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie gives 1 July 1740 and Vienna as date and place of birth, the Neue Deutsche Biographie prefers 4 October 1742 and the small town of Poysdorf in Lower Austria. The much older works Neuer Nekrolog der Deutschen and Oesterreichische National-Encyklopädie do not give a place of birth and only the year 1740 for his birth. Even articles by Mary Elvira Weeks on the discovery of tellurium, published in the Journal of Chemical Education in 1932, and 1935 quote two different locations of his birth: one in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria and the other Hermannstadt, Principality of Transylvania (present-day Sibiu, Romania). A newer biography on the topic makes clear that date and place of birth are not definitely known.

Education and career
He studied philosophy and law in Vienna. After finishing his studies he started further studies at the Bergakademie (Mining Academy) in Schemnitz (Selmecbánya), Lower Hungary (today Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) in 1763. He studied mining, mechanics, mineralogy and chemistry and after graduating he became a Markscheider (official mine surveyor) in 1768. In 1770 he joined the Hofcommission für die Regulierung der Banater Berg und Hüttenwerke (royal commission for mining in the Banat) where he gained a lot of knowledge on mining in the Banat. He was promoted to the rank of an Oberbergmeister (senior mining official) and became a mine manager in the same year.

In 1775 he became Oberbergmeister in the Tyrol town of Schwaz. Schwaz was one of the largest centres of silver and copper mining in Austria-Hungary in that time. In 1778 he discovered an occurrence of tourmaline in the Zillertal.

Müller became one of seven Thesaurariats councillor in Transylvania responsible for the supervision of all mining and coinage activities in Transylvania in 1778. After the dissolution of the Thesaurariat Müller became Oberinspector (chief surveyor) of all mining, smelting and salt production in Transylvania.

Discovery of tellurium
Müller as the Austrian chief surveyor of mines in Transylvania was responsible for the analysis of ore samples. He analyzed gold ore from Kleinschlatten (today Zlatna, Romania). This ore was known as "Faczebajer weißes blättriges Golderz" (white leafy gold ore from Faczebaja) or antimonalischer Goldkies (antimonic gold pyrite), and, according to Anton von Rupprecht, was Spießglaskönig (argent molybdique), containing native antimony. Müller concluded that the ore did not contain antimony, but that it was bismuth sulfide. The following year, he reported that this was erroneous and that the ore contained mostly gold and an unknown metal very similar to antimony. After a thorough investigation which lasted for three years and consisted of more than fifty tests, Müller determined the specific gravity of the mineral and noted the radish-like odor of the white smoke which passed off when the new metal was heated, the red color which the metal imparts to sulfuric acid, and the black precipitate which this solution gives when diluted with water. Nevertheless, he was not able to identify this metal and gave it the names aurum paradoxium and metallum problematicum, as it did not show the properties predicted for the expected antimony.

In 1798, the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth isolated the new element from a sample sent by Müller. After a thorough examination of the material he concluded that a new metal was present in the sample. He called it tellurium, but gave the credit of the discovery to Müller.

Later life
In 1788 he was once more promoted and as Gubernialrath he held a powerful position in the administration of Transylvania. Müller was knighted by Leopold II to the lowest title of nobility, Edler, in the same year. From that point on he carried the name Franz-Joseph Müller Edler von Reichenstein. He was elected as a member of the Berlin Society of Friends of Natural Science.

In 1798 Müller became court counsellor and was appointed to the court in Vienna, where he was part of the imperial council. In 1818 Müller retired from his duties but held his position in the council until his death. He became Knight of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary in 1818 and became a noble by receiving the title of a Freiherr in 1820. Both honours were granted by the Emperor Franz I (II). Müller died in his 80s in 1825 or 1826 in Vienna.

title: Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein


text: User talk:81.18.70.153

title: User talk:81.18.70.153


text:
Grace Elliott

Grace Dalrymple Elliott (c. 1754 – 16 May 1823) was a Scottish courtesan, writer and spy resident in Paris during the French Revolution. She was an eyewitness to events detailed in her memoirs, Journal of my life during the French Revolution (Ma Vie sous la Révolution) published posthumously in 1859. She was mistress to the Duke of Orléans and to the future George IV, by whom she is said to have borne an illegitimate daughter. Elliott trafficked correspondence and hid French aristocrats escaping from the French Revolution. She was arrested several times but managed to avoid the guillotine, and was released after the death of Robespierre.

Early life
Elliott was born probably in Edinburgh about 1754, the youngest daughter of Grissel Brown (died 30 September 1767) and Hew Dalrymple (died 1774), an Edinburgh advocate concerned in the great Douglas case. Her parents separated around the time of her birth, and she was most likely brought up at her grandparents' house.

She was educated in a French convent, and on her return to Scotland, was introduced by her father into Edinburgh society. Her beauty made such an impression on John Eliot, a prominent and wealthy physician, that he made her an offer of marriage in 1771. She accepted, although Eliot was about 18 years her senior. They were married on 19 October 1771 in London, when she was 17. The couple entered fashionable society, but eventually grew apart due to their difference in age and interests. In 1774 Elliott met and fell in love with Lord Valentia, with whom she entered into an affair. Convinced of his wife's infidelity, John Eliot had the couple followed and eventually sued Valentia for criminal conversation (adultery). He received £12,000 in damages before successfully obtaining a divorce.

With her social reputation destroyed, Elliott became recognised as a member of the demimonde and forced to earn her living as a professional mistress or courtesan. She was then taken by her brother to a French convent, but she seems to have been brought back almost immediately by Lord Cholmondeley, who became her lover and remained one of her principal protectors throughout her life.

Life in England
Having met Lord Cholmondeley at the Pantheon in 1776, she began a liaison with him that lasted three years. Their friends included the courtesans Gertrude Mahon and Kitty Frederick. Thomas Gainsborough painted two portraits of her in 1778, which are in the Frick Collection and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 1782, she had a short, concealed intrigue with the Prince of Wales (afterwards George IV) and gave birth to a daughter on 30 March 1782, who was baptised at St Marylebone as Georgiana Augusta Frederica Seymour (d. 1813) but used the name Georgina Seymour.

Elliott declared that the Prince was the father of her child and The Morning Post stated in January 1782 that he admitted responsibility. However, the child was dark in complexion, and when she was first shown to the Prince, he is said to have remarked, "To convince me that this is my girl they must first prove that black is white."

The Prince and many others regarded Lord Cholmondeley as the father of the girl, although the Prince's friends said that Charles William Wyndham (brother of Lord Egremont), whom she was thought to resemble, claimed paternity. Yet others thought she might have been fathered by George Selwyn. Lord Cholmondeley brought up the girl, and after her early death in 1813, looked after her only child.

Life in France: French Revolution
George, Prince of Wales, introduced her to the French Duke of Orleans in 1784 and by 1786, she had permanently set up residence in Paris and become one of Orleans' recognised mistresses. In exchange for her companionship, the Duke granted her a home on the Rue Miromesnil and a property in Meudon, to the south of Paris. During this period Elliott also pursued liaisons with the Duke de Fitz-James and the Prince of Conde.

Much of what is known about Elliott's life in France is recorded in her memoirs, Journal of my life during the French Revolution (Richard Bentley, 1859). Although there are a number of inconsistencies in her account, her work has become one of the best-known English-language accounts of The Terror, documenting the movements of the Duke of Orleans and those within his aristocratic Jacobin circle at the Palais-Royal. During her life in Paris, Elliott witnessed the horror of the September massacres and the body of the Princess de Lamballe carried through the streets. Although Elliott was an associate of the Duke of Orleans (who later took the name Philippe Égalité), her royalist sympathies soon became widely known throughout her district, and her home was frequently searched. It has been recently shown that Elliott was trafficking correspondence on behalf of the British government and assisting in the transportation of messages between Paris and members of the exiled French court in Coblenz and in Belgium.

Elliott risked her life several times to assist and hide aristocrats pursued by the Revolutionary government. Shortly after the Assault on the Tuileries Palace, on 10 August 1792, Elliott hid the injured Marquis de Champcentz by physically carrying him to her house on the Rue Miromesnil at great risk. During a search of her home, she placed him between the mattresses of her bed and feigned illness. On another occasion, Elliott agreed to take in and hide at her home in Meudon Madame de Perigord and her two children, who were attempting to flee to England. She helped to arrange false travel documents for several people wishing to escape the Revolution. After hiding Champcentz in the attic of her home in Meudon, she managed to fix his passage out of France. In the spring of 1793, however, she was arrested and imprisoned and spent the rest of the Terror in prisons, including the Recollets and the Carmes, where she claims to have met Joséphine de Beauharnais, although this has been questioned by historians. Her writings detail her harrowing prison experiences, the violent coercion she experienced, and the illness and deprivation endured by her fellow prisoners.

Later life
Although many of her friends met their deaths, including Madame du Barry, Elliott did not. She narrowly avoided death and was released after the Reign of Terror came to an end, not before she had been confined in a total of four different prisons by the Republican government. In later years, there were rumours that she had an attachment with Napoleon Bonaparte, but had rejected his offer of marriage. She died a wealthy woman at Ville d'Avray, in present-day Hauts-de-Seine, in May 1823, while a lodger with the commune's mayor.

She was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Depictions in film and literature
A dramatic portrayal of part of her life is contained in Eric Rohmer's 2001 film The Lady and the Duke. English actress Lucy Russell played Elliott and Jean-Claude Dreyfus played the Duke of Orleans.

Grace Elliott also appears as a major character in Hallie Rubenhold's novel The French Lesson (Doubleday, 2016).

title: Grace Elliott


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Phi Delta Theta

Phi Delta Theta (ΦΔΘ), commonly known as Phi Delt, is an international secret and social fraternity founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, in 1848. It is headquartered in Oxford, Ohio. Phi Delta Theta, along with Beta Theta Pi and Sigma Chi form the Miami Triad. The fraternity has over 200 active chapters and colonies in over 44 U.S. states and five Canadian provinces and has initiated more than 310,000 men between 1848 and 2024. There are over 180,000 living alumni. Phi Delta Theta chartered house corporations own more than 135 houses valued at over $200 million as of summer 2024. There are nearly 100 recognized alumni clubs across the U.S. and Canada.

The fraternity was founded by six undergraduate students: Robert Morrison, John McMillan Wilson, Robert Thompson Drake, John Wolfe Lindley, Andrew Watts Rogers, and Ardivan Walker Rodgers, who are collectively known as The Immortal Six. Phi Delta Theta was created under three principal objectives: "the cultivation of friendship among its members, the acquirement individually of a high degree of mental culture, and the attainment personally of a high standard of morality". These cardinal principles are contained in The Bond of Phi Delta Theta, the document to which each member pledges on his initiation into the fraternity.

Among the best-known members of the fraternity are Benjamin Harrison, the 23rd President of the United States, Vice President Adlai Stevenson I, Baseball Hall of Fame member Lou Gehrig, actor Burt Reynolds, architect Frank Lloyd Wright, astronaut Neil Armstrong, and John S. McCain Sr., U.S. Navy Admiral and grandfather of John McCain.

Founding
In 1839, Beta Theta Pi was founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. In protest against the president of the university, members of Beta Theta Pi and another fraternity, Alpha Delta Phi, blocked the entrances of the main educational and administrative building in what became known as the Great Snowball Rebellion of 1848.

After the president expelled most of the students involved in the uprising, Phi Delta Theta was formed by six men staying in a dormitory the day after Christmas. Robert Morrison, a senior, proposed to classmate John McMillan Wilson that they form a secret society together; the two subsequently invited juniors Robert Thompson Drake and John Wolfe Lindley and sophomores Ardivan Walker Rodgers and Andrew Watts Rogers to join them. These men are known today as "The Immortal Six." The first meeting was held in Wilson's room at Old North Hall, now called Elliott Hall.

19th century
During the early meetings, the Founders wrote The Bond of Phi Delta Theta, which is the fundamental law of the fraternity. It has remained unchanged ever since, and it is believed to be the only document of any fraternity of such a nature. Morrison designed the shield form of the badge, with the eye as an emblem, while Wilson suggested the scroll with the Greek letters on it. The first branch of Phi Delta Theta was founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, in 1848. Fearing punishment from the university, the activities of the fraternity were sub rosa for its first three years of existence. Phi Delta Theta also took an unusual step, unique among all fraternities, of splitting into two chapters at both Miami and Centre College, so their meetings would be smaller and attract less attention. Eventually, as the organization attracted new individuals into their membership including prominent university officials, members began to openly wear their badges indicating their affiliation.

Phi Delta Theta held its first convention in 1851 in Cincinnati when the organization had only four chapters. The event was attended by seven members. Despite the limited number, positive steps were taken for the establishment of new chapters by forming an expansion committee. It was also during the first convention that the chapter at Miami University was designated as the Grand Chapter whose duties were to oversee the overall fraternity operations. Subsequent conventions were held again in Cincinnati five years later; Bloomington, Indiana in 1858; and Danville, Kentucky in 1860. Another convention was held in 1864 in Bloomington during the American Civil War. The Civil War was difficult for all fraternities. Battles put fraternity brother against fraternity brother. Fifty Phis fought on the side of the Confederacy while 231 Phis fought for the Union Army.

At its convention in Indianapolis in 1868, the first steps were taken to create an overall administrative plan for the fraternity. The convention was regarded as the first "National Convention" as permanent convention rules were adopted during this time. Twelve years later, the most important of all Phi Delta Theta conventions took place. The Indianapolis Convention of 1880 established new rituals, insignia, and customs that are still used today. Moreover, the convention saw the creation of the General Council, the governing body of the fraternity, with Walter B. Palmer, Emory-Vanderbilt 1877, and George Banta, Franklin-Indiana 1876, becoming the president and historian, respectively. The convention also called for the organization of groups of chapters into provinces, which were to be headed by province presidents. A housing movement began to form during this time. The movement arose out of necessity because it was pointed out that chapter meetings were being conducted in rented halls. Even though the housing movement had been gaining momentum, it was not until the 1892 convention that a resolution was passed that advocated that all chapters rent or own at least one house. In the last two decades of the 19th century, over 50 chapter houses were acquired.

For a brief period, a resolution was set forth to allow chapters to initiate women. First proposed in 1869, this was considered a radical idea both from a fraternal standpoint and social one as well since women were not allowed to vote until 1920. Although it was met with strong opposition, the issue would not be settled for several years.

During the two decades from 1870 to 1890, the growth of the fraternity was rapid, due principally to the efforts of Palmer and Banta. The two were given the title "Second Founders" for their work. In the 1870s alone, 34 new chapters were established, but this was also a period of uncertainty because of the anti-fraternity sentiment held by many faculty in schools where Phi Delta Theta had chapters. Several chapters became dormant because of this. Still, the fraternity was aided by the absorption of local fraternities that sought national membership, including a merger that absorbed five chapters of Kappa Sigma Kappa in 1886. The fraternity continued steady growth, and by 1889, there were 66 chapters in 27 states.

20th century
With constant expansion into the Western United States, Phi Delta Theta became an international fraternity when the organization's first chapter in Canada, the Quebec Alpha, was installed at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec on April 5, 1902. Phi Delta Theta was being a founding member of the North American Interfraternity Conference, in 1910. By 1918, there were 78 chapters with a membership of 77,000.

At the outbreak of World War I, college administrators urged its undergraduate members to stay in school. However, many were eager to enlist. The first Phis to fight in the war were members of the chapters at the University of Toronto and McGill University, the fraternity's only Canadian chapters during that period. By the time the United States entered the war in 1917, over 5000 Phis served in the conflict with 155 of them losing their lives. Because many of the undergraduate Phis put their studies on hold, many chapter houses either had limited occupants or none at all. To prevent losing houses pending the return of Phis from the war, many housing corporations consented to have the houses used as barracks or for YMCA programs.

During the 1920s and 1930s, expansion was carefully controlled. Focus was placed on re-activating chapters whose charters were revoked years earlier.

World War II exacted a heavy toll on the membership and operations of the fraternity. Many undergraduate members joined the military, and 13 chapters were closed. As active membership declined, most of the Phi Delt houses were used as women's residence halls or became makeshift military quarters. The fraternity tried its best to maintain up-to-date records regarding the status of members engaged in combat. A newsletter, The Fighting Phi News, was sent to members whose contact information was known to the fraternity.

Over 14,000 Phis were known to have been in active service during the conflict. Of that number, over 800 were killed or missing in action, the largest loss of any fraternity during the war. An additional 8,000 veterans were initiated into the fraternity in the immediate subsequent years. Fifty Phi generals and admirals served in the United States and Canada during the conflict, the most for any fraternity. Prominent among them were General Edward P. King, leader of the U.S. and Filipino forces in Bataan, Philippines; Admiral Robert L. Ghormley, commander of the Guadalcanal campaign; and Admiral John S. McCain Sr., commander of carrier task forces in the Pacific. Members of Phi Delta Theta also received every major military decoration in both the United States and British Commonwealth forces, including the Medal of Honor (MOH) awarded to Leon Vance of the Army Air Corps and the Victoria Cross (VC) to Robert Hampton Gray, a Canadian naval aviator. Vance's MOH was the last to be awarded before the D-Day landings, and Gray was both the last military personnel to receive the VC in the war and the last Canadian to lose his life during the war.

Members of the fraternity also played a crucial role on the homefront. Among those were Elmer Davis, the head of the Office of War Information; Byron Price, the head of the Office of Censorship; and Ted Gamble, the National Director of the War Finance Division.

When World War II ended, the fraternity experienced a surge in membership as many veterans attended college under the GI Bill. On December 15, 1945, the groundbreaking of the present-day General Headquarters building took place. One of the features of the headquarters was a permanent war memorial honoring all Phis who lost their lives during WWII and previous wars.

After the end of World War II, the fraternity was confronted with the social changes sweeping college campuses in the United States. Like many fraternities, Phi Delta Theta had a restrictive clause barring membership to African-Americans, Asians, Jews, and Muslims. Specifically the term "white persons of full Aryan blood" was the subject of strong opposition among many members in light of Nazi ideology in the recently fought war, although there had been dissenting voices regarding this long before the clause became controversial among its members. This clause was added to the Code of Phi Delta Theta in 1910. However, by the 1946 convention, there was an open discussion regarding this topic. Impassioned sentiment from many alumni as well as undergraduates coupled with the changing demographic of the college scene caused Phi Delta Theta to re-examine its membership. Years of debate followed; however, by 1954, Phi Delta Theta eliminated the clause and became one of the first fraternities to eliminate any restriction based on race, color, or creed. Only a year earlier, Phi Delta Theta had suspended its chapters at Amherst and Williams College for pledging minorities.

The 1950s saw a period of rapid growth and an expansion of the internal operations of the fraternity. Twelve new schools were granted chapter status. An important change in leadership also occurred during this time. In 1955, Paul Beam, the executive vice president of the fraternity (the head of the fraternity's daily operations) unexpectedly died. He had succeeded the position of Arthur R. Priest who had served 1923–1937. Beam guided the fraternity through eight conventions and the trials of World War II. Bob Miller, who was Beam's assistant, was eventually chosen to take over by the General Council and assumed the office almost immediately. He would go on to serve for 36 years, which is currently the longest term served in that office.

Two important programs were developed during this period that would profoundly affect the fraternity's services. Before Beam died, he and several province presidents proposed a leadership convention for undergraduate members. These conventions would cover topics ranging from chapter organization to effective leadership. The first such convention was set up in 1956. At the time, it only involved 16 chapters. From 1956 until 1987, these sessions were held on a regional basis. The gatherings would form the basis of the Leadership College founded in 1987. 1958 was an important year for the fraternity because an educational foundation was created, the main purpose of which was to provide scholarships to deserving students.

During the turbulent 1960s, Phi Delta Theta along with other social fraternities dealt with a strong anti-fraternity sentiment from people who saw the Greek-lettered communities as old-world-established institutions. This sentiment was not without reason. Although Phi Delta Theta attempted to revise its restrictive membership codes in the wake of World War II, as late as 1961 the national office made headlines by rejecting the pledge of a Jewish student at Lake Forest College. Later that same year the University of Wisconsin banned Phi Delta Theta from campus for barring Jews, African-Americans, and other minorities from membership.

Despite an overall decline in fraternity membership during the late 1960s, Phi Delta Theta continued to expand through a carefully controlled process known as "colonization." In 1968, a historic initiation took place when Robert Wise, Academy Award winning director of The Sound of Music and West Side Story, was initiated in the Franklin College chapter. Wise had completed all membership requirements in 1932 but was forced to withdraw from college due to a lack of funds. Roger D. Branigin, the Governor of Indiana at the time and Phi Delt member, presided over the ceremonies. 1969 was an eventful year for the fraternity as Neil Armstrong, a graduate from the Purdue University chapter, became the first man to walk on the Moon. During the Moon landing, Armstrong carried with him a fraternity badge, which he subsequently donated to the General Headquarters of the fraternity. He also donated a small silk flag of the fraternity, which he carried with him on his Gemini flight in 1966.

As war raged in Vietnam, Phis again served in the armed forces. With the emergence of new technology, a significant percentage opted to become fighter pilots. The Vietnam War saw a small dip in the Fraternity's membership; however, by 1972, the fraternity had 140 active chapters with over 128,000 initiates. An important change was made during the 1970s that gave more autonomy to chapters in terms of membership selection. An amendment was passed wherein the unanimous vote rule to allow a college man to become a pledge was changed to allow individual chapters to decide on their own which method best suited their respective chapters. In 1973, the fraternity celebrated its 125th anniversary. The special occasion was marked by the construction of the university gates at Miami University. To date, nine buildings on the campus were either constructed by Phi Delta Theta or named after members.

The 1980s saw the fraternity deal with issues such as hazing, rising insurance costs, and maintenance of individual chapter operations. The unofficial theme of the 1980 convention was "Eliminate Hazing." The decade was marked by an increase in lawsuits dealing with hazing and alcohol abuse among many fraternities. To deal with this issue, Phi Delta Theta instituted a comprehensive insurance policy to protect its chapters. During the 1980s, an important aspect of the fraternity was created: Leadership consultants. The consultants, who are recent college graduates, travel to assigned provinces and assist various chapters in many aspects of fraternity life and chapter operations. They also report the status of each visited chapter to the general headquarters.

An important leadership change occurred at the beginning of the 1990s when Robert Biggs became the fourth executive vice president of the fraternity after Robert Miller stepped down. During the decade, Phi Delta Theta and many other fraternities experienced a decline in membership. The most important policy to be implemented by the fraternity during the decade was the decision made in 1997 to have all chapter facilities alcohol free by 2000. It was an initiative that was strongly pursued by the 1996–1998 General Council. The policy was in response to the growing insurance claims against the fraternity, 53% of which were alcohol-related, and a return to the core values of the organization.

21st century
In 2002, Phi Delta Theta, along with Kappa Sigma and Phi Sigma Kappa left the North American Interfraternity Conference due to ideological differences. Fraternity officials had been concerned of the direction of the conference for six years before leaving. Phi Delta Theta officials believed that the conference had been placing too much emphasis on individual undergraduates through specific programs such as leadership conferences rather than focusing on the fraternity movement as a whole. Phi Sigma Kappa has since re-joined the NIC.

In 2005, the fraternity issued a progress report. Significant improvements have occurred in many areas of fraternity life and operations. Since the implementation of the alcohol-free housing policy, the undergraduate grade point average rose from 2.77 in 2000 to nearly 3.00 in 2005. The insurance premiums of individual members have also gone down as risk management violations have decreased. Perhaps the most telling area is in membership, where Phi Delta Theta showed an increase in new members. In 2004, Phi Delta Theta had 3,102 new members while other fraternities averaged 2,415. In 1990, chapters of Phi Delta Theta were 18% larger than the typical fraternity chapter. In 2004, they were 30% larger. Also, in 2004, Phi Delta Theta was one of only 13 national/international fraternities to show an increase in total undergraduates from the previous year with an increase of 4.2%. The significance of this is highlighted by the fact that Phi Delta Theta had fewer chapters than other fraternities. Competitively, Phi Delta Theta has remained a constant among others. In terms of new members, it ranked ninth in 1990, eighth in 2000, and ninth in 2004. Many alumni members have credited the alcohol-free housing policy with continuing this trend.

Publications
The Scroll of Phi Delta Theta is the official magazine for members of the fraternity. The award-winning magazine has been published continuously since 1875. It is the second oldest continuously published fraternity magazine behind the official magazine of Beta Theta Pi, which was first published three years before. Members receive lifetime subscriptions to The Scroll. The magazine covers topical issues relating to Phi Delta Theta and the wider fraternity world, news of prominent alumni, alumni club meeting reports, and undergraduate chapter reports. While its focus is Phi Delta Theta, readership is open to non-members. Since its inception, issues have been published 2–4 times a year.

The Palladium was a private magazine specifically for members of Phi Delta Theta. Unlike The Scroll, the Palladium was intended to be read by Phis only. The magazine covered topics such as fraternity policy, reports, and minutes to conventions. It was published only once a year and was a supplement to the winter edition of The Scroll. The first issue was printed in 1894 and the last issue was released in the mid-1960s.

The first three pledge manuals of the fraternity were written by Walter B. Palmer. The idea for the manual was conceived by J. Marshall Mayer (City College of New York, 1884), who at the time was the managing editor of the Scroll. The first pledge manual was printed in 1886 and contained only 56 pages. Since few copies were published and it is the first membership manual of any fraternity, it is regarded as one of the most rare and valuable books of its kind. The 4th–6th editions were authored by Arthur R. Priest. Much of the present-day material is derived from these editions.

Membership
Membership in Phi Delta Theta is open to all qualified men without concern for race, religion, or ethnicity. Initial membership to the fraternity is contingent upon receiving an invitation to an interested individual from members of an active chapter. A pledge of Phi Delta Theta is called a Phikeia. The typical pledge period lasts a minimum of eight weeks, although occasionally it is shortened or lengthened to fit university requirements or by approval of the General Council. The pledge period is a time where the prospective member learns about the fraternity history, structure, traditions, organization as well as social etiquette. Phi Delta Theta has a strict policy against hazing and does not tolerate chapters that violate the policy. Once initiated, a brother is entitled to all rights and privileges of fraternity membership unless he formally resigns or is expelled.

Governance
All powers of the fraternity, both legislative and supreme, rest within the General Convention. The convention is a biennial event attended by representatives of undergraduate chapters, alumni chapters, and various foundations. The purpose of the convention is to discuss and vote on a wide range of issues affecting the fraternity. The convention is held in various cities across North America. It is also during the convention where the General Council is elected.

The General Council is the governing body of Phi Delta Theta. Its all-volunteer members are elected every two years during the fraternity's convention. Their chief responsibility is to act as the executive and administrative board of the fraternity. Their duties include the granting and suspending of charters.

The General Headquarters (GHQ) is responsible for the daily operations of the fraternity. Among its many duties, GHQ collects dues, distributes supplies, and tries to maintain up-to-date information about all its members. Unlike other entities within the fraternity, the staff of GHQ are paid for their services. While the main offices of GHQ are held by members of the fraternity, support staff need not be members. The head of GHQ is the executive vice president, who acts as the secretary to the General Council.

Educational foundation and programs
Phi Delta Theta and many other fraternities have an educational foundation fund. Part of the Phi Delta Theta Foundation's aim is to award scholarships to deserving undergraduate members and those pursuing advanced degrees in various graduate schools. Each year, it provides over $150,000 in scholarships. The foundation is also essential in supporting programs such as the Emerging Leaders Institute, the Leadership Consultant Program, and portions of the General Convention as well as The Scroll, the official magazine of the fraternity. The foundation, which was established in 1962 with only $4,708, has since grown to over $14 million.

The Accolade
In 2004, the fraternity began a member development program for undergraduates called The Accolade. It is designed to enhance a member's collegiate and overall fraternity experience. Some of the program's development activities include goal-setting, time management, and career development. Although the program is intended for new undergraduate members, it is available to all members, including senior members and alumni. Although Phi Delta Theta is no longer part of the North American Interfraternity Conference, the fraternity was recognized by the conference for "Best Use of a Foundation Grant" for its support of The Accolade.

Kleberg Emerging Leaders Institute
The Kleberg Emerging Leaders Institute (Kleberg) is an annual event held at the Fraternity's headquarters during the summer where newly initiated undergraduates are instructed leadership classes, as well as participating in programs that help to improve their respective chapters. It is attended by selected undergraduates from every chapter. It is mainly geared toward newly initiated members. The institute was established after the Leadership College was dissolved. The event was renamed in honor of Tio Kleberg, Texas Tech '69 after a one-million-dollar donation in 2012.

Philanthropy
For many years, Phi Delta Theta had no official philanthropy. The fraternity, however, was long associated with the ALS Association (ALSA) because of Lou Gehrig, an alumnus who died of the disease. Amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating neuro-muscular disease and has since become known as Lou Gehrig's disease. Although there had always existed a relationship between ALSA and Phi Delta Theta, it was not until November 2002 that the General Council made the partnership official. Undergraduate and alumni chapters from all across North America regularly organize events to raise money for research. In August 2017, Phi Delta Theta terminated its partnership with ALSA and elected to proceed with creating its ALS-related charity. But now they have elected to work closely with the LiveLikeLou Foundation to succeed in leaving ALS better than they found it.

Affiliations
Phi Delta Theta has the distinction of having close connections with two sororities: Delta Gamma and Delta Zeta. George Banta Sr., a Phi Delt from Franklin-Indiana, was instrumental in expanding the Delta Gamma sorority. For his efforts, he was the only man ever initiated into Delta Gamma. Banta would later perform initiation ceremonies for new members of the sorority, including Lillian Vawter, his fiancée. Guy Potter Benton, a graduate of the Phi Delt chapter at Ohio Wesleyan University, was president of Miami University in 1902 when he helped with the founding of Delta Zeta. Dr. Benton aided in the preparation of a ritual, badge, and colors. He was a great assistance to Delta Zeta and at one point chased down a man who stole the newly formed ritual of the sorority. For his work, Delta Zeta named him the Grand Patron of the sorority, and is the only man to ever wear the Delta Zeta badge. To this day, an amiable friendship exists between Phi Delta Theta and these two sororities.

Famous firsts
Phi Delta Theta instituted several policies and traditions that are not only still used by the fraternity today, but have also become standard among almost all fraternities, as well as sororities.

 * First fraternity to adopt a pledge pin – adopted by the 1894 convention in Indianapolis, Indiana
 * First fraternity to adopt an alumnus pin – adopted by the 1894 convention in Indianapolis, Indiana
 * First fraternity to adopt a pledge manual – authored by Walter B. Palmer in 1886
 * First fraternity to adopt a National Day of Celebration – adopted by the General Council in 1889
 * First fraternity to adopt life subscriptions to the fraternity magazine – instituted by William Bates, the first editor of The Scroll in 1875
 * First national fraternity to expand west of the Mississippi River – a charter was given to Austin College in 1853
 * First fraternity to have a member walk on the Moon – Neil Armstrong

19th century

 * In 1852, the Kappa chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon (DKE) was formed at Miami University after a disagreement among Phi Delta Theta members over prohibiting alcohol. In 1854, two years later, another disagreement in this group led to another break-away. A schism over who would become a Poet for the Erodelphian Literary Society led to the founding of Sigma Chi in 1855.

20th century

 * In 1924, Charles Lamkin, a former international president of Phi Delta Theta, was instrumental in the formation of a new national fraternity called Theta Kappa Nu, and in recruiting some 30 local fraternities to become chapters of Theta Kappa Nu during its first two years. No mention was made in print of his work at the time (obviously a sensitive issue); but he was listed, along with the Four Founders of Theta Kappa Nu, as one of the first five to have a lifetime subscription to the fraternity's magazine. Having chartered 55 chapters, Theta Kappa Nu merged with Lambda Chi Alpha in 1939.

21st century

 * In June 2000, when Phi Delta Theta announced the inception of an alcohol-free housing policy, the announcement was met both with hope and skepticism. While some saw the banning of alcohol in housing facilities as a welcome return to the principles on which the fraternity was founded, others felt the drastic cultural shift would hurt social dynamics. The General Council and GHQ had expected resistance from both alumni and undergraduate members when it was first proposed. Among the most vocal chapters against the policy were the University of Virginia chapter, where a faction split off from Phi Delta Theta and chose to form a separate local fraternity known as the Phi Society, and the University of the South chapter, which formed the Phi Society of 1883 rather than adopt the policy. Phi Delta Theta returned to the University of Virginia one year later and formed a new chapter that operates alongside the still active Phi Society Chapter. Phi Delta Theta has not returned to the University of the South.

 * In 2012, a new member at Northwestern University was hospitalized with a broken nose fractured in four places as a result of being forced by the fraternity to participate in a fight as hazing. After an investigation of this and other hazing incidents, the fraternity chapter was placed on deferred suspension until June 17, 2016.
 * In 2013, Emory University voted to ban the fraternity from the campus for four years due to repeated hazing violations and misconduct. New members were forced to participate in "fight club", and "successfully" consume high amounts of alcohol to prove their masculinity and sleep on the floor in the fraternity house's basement in only their underwear.
 * In 2016, the chapter at the University of Chicago was sued by a former new member who alleged hazing.
 * In 2016, the chapter at Baylor University was suspended after its president, Jacob Walter Anderson, was charged with sexual assault and rape of a woman who was unconscious at a party the fraternity hosted. The fraternity was cited for providing alcohol to underage students.
 * In 2017, the chapter at Louisiana State University was suspended, along with all Greek life at LSU (per university president), after a new member was rushed to the hospital where he later succumbed to alcohol poisoning and died. Suspected hazing; alcohol abuse in addition to THC was found in his urine. Later, ten people were arrested and charged with hazing, and one was charged with negligent homicide in the death.
 * In 2018, the chapter at Washington University in St. Louis was permanently suspended after an AR-15 semi-automatic weapon was found in the house. They had previously been temporarily suspended because of a hazing incident and had repeatedly violated this suspension by hosting unsanctioned social events.
 * In 2022, the chapter at University of Kansas was suspended for several years due to extreme verbal, emotional, and physical abuse of pledges. One of several disturbing incidents reported included a pledge being strong-armed into watching a video with a gruesome scene of a dolphin's slaughter. That pledge's name, from then on, became “Dolphin.”

Notable members

 * See List of Phi Delta Theta members

Members of Phi Delta Theta have held numerous political positions in the United States, including the presidency, vice presidency, and speakership of the House of Representatives. In Canada, fraternity members have served in many levels of government. Members have won major awards in science and entertainment, and have also gained prominence in areas such as architecture, medicine, and sports. Throughout the years, many prominent members have kept a vested interest in the events and operations of Phi Delta Theta. President Harrison, for example, participated in three Phi Delt banquets during his presidency while Medal of Honor recipient General Frederick Funston was the guest speaker at certain chapter installations.

By the numbers
The number of members who have either been involved in armed conflict or have achieved prominence in their respective professions has been documented throughout the years. As of November 2014, the following statistics are the involvement of its members in various fields:

Sports awards named after members

 * Grantland Rice Trophy – presented by the Football Writers Association of America to the National Champions of college football
 * Doak Walker Trophy – presented to College Football's top Running Back by The Southern Methodist University Forum.
 * John Outland Trophy – first presented in 1946 by the Football Writers Association of America, honoring the nation's outstanding interior lineman
 * Lou Gehrig Memorial Award – presented to the Major League Baseball player best exemplifying the giving characteristic of Lou Gehrig both on and off the field
 * The Davis Cup – named after Dwight F. Davis; the largest annual international team competition in tennis; one of the cornerstones of the tennis year, this prestigious event gives players the chance to represent their country in an otherwise individual sport

Undergraduate chapters

 * See List of Phi Delta Theta chapters

Since 1848, Phi Delta Theta has granted more than 285 charters across the United States and Canada. Today, there are over 191 active chapters and colonies. To be granted a charter, a colony must complete certain requirements set forth by the General Council. Chief among these are recruiting a certain number of members and achieving a respectable cumulative grade point average among its members. Phi Delta Theta also has the longest continuous chapter of any fraternity in the United States, that chapter being the Kentucky Alpha Delta chapter at Centre College, which was established in 1850 and is still active today. The largest chapter of Phi Delta Theta is at Indiana University with, on average, 160 active brothers and has been active since 1849.

Alumni chapters
Currently, Phi Delta Theta has over 100 active alumni clubs. Although all the clubs are currently in North America, alumni clubs have been found all over the world throughout its history. At one point, there were over 165 alumni chapters, some as far away as China. The most Phis to ever assemble on foreign land for an alumni club meeting, before the fraternity became international in 1902, was in Manila, Philippines when 30 Phis gathered in 1899. The alumni club in the Philippines lasted for nearly 40 years.

title: Phi Delta Theta


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James Mason (neo-Nazi)

James Nolan Mason (born July 25, 1952) is an American neo-Nazi. Mason is an ideologue for the Atomwaffen Division, a neo-Nazi terrorist organization. After growing disillusioned with the mass movement approach of neo-Nazi movements, he began advocating for a white supremacist revolution through terrorism. He was referred to as the "Godfather of Fascist Terrorism" in the Fair Observer. He has been convicted of assault and weapons charges, as well as charged with sexual exploitation and possession of pornographic images of a minor. In 2021, Mason is one of only two individuals sanctioned by the Canadian Government on its list of terror-related entities.

Early life and activism
Mason grew up in Chillicothe, Ohio. In SIEGE, Mason recounted having been interested in politics at a young age, describing how his father once took him to a Richard Nixon rally in 1960. He would continue to support mainstream conservative politicians like Barry Goldwater and eventually populist ones like George Wallace. Sometime after supporting the latter, Mason would describe this as the last instance of himself supporting mainstream political parties. In 1966, when he was 14 years old, he joined the youth movement of George Lincoln Rockwell's American Nazi Party (ANP). In 1968, when he was 16, Mason planned to murder the principal and other staff members at his high school. Instead, following the advice of William Luther Pierce, he quit school and began working at the ANP headquarters in Virginia.

After the assassination of Rockwell in 1967, Mason aligned himself with the National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP) and Joseph Tommasi's National Socialist Liberation Front (NSLF). Mason was one of the younger members of the American Nazi Party in 1966, taking inspiration from George Lincoln Rockwell's leadership. In 1970, at the age of 18, Mason became a full-fledged member of the NSWPP and returned to Chillicothe.

In the early 1980s, Mason began corresponding with Sandra Good and Lynette Fromme, two followers of Charles Manson. In 1982, along with Manson, Mason founded Universal Order, an organization that encouraged terror with notoriety, similar to that achieved by the Manson Family. In this correspondence with Manson's associates, Mason began to venerate the work of Charles Manson. This obsession was inspired by, "the Manson Family's attempt to start a race war which they would wait out in the desert; their leader's racism, antisemitism, and female following; and his popularity among rebellious young people, whom Mason hoped to recruit."

Criminal charges and convictions
In 1973, Mason and fellow neo-Nazi Greg Hurles deployed tear gas against several black teenagers in the parking lot of a Dairy Queen. Mason was convicted of assault and sentenced to six months in a Cincinnati workhouse.

In 1988 and 1991, police raided Mason's home in Ohio and seized pornographic photos of a 15-year-old girl. In 1992, he pleaded guilty to two counts of "illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material", for which he was sentenced to a $500 fine and a suspended sentence.

In May 1994, Mason was arrested and charged with two counts of sexual exploitation of a minor and two counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. His relationship with the 15-year-old girl began after his book release in 1993. He was connected to this girl in December of 1993, having met her father through his neo-Nazi affiliations in 1977. The relationship ended with Mason's arrest in March of 1994. Mason threatened his ex-girlfriend, who was then 16 years old, and a Latino man whom she had been dating, with a firearm. Mason struck a plea bargain and was convicted of weapons charges, for which he was sentenced to three years of incarceration before being released in August 1999.

Time in prison
While in prison, his neo-Nazi writings continued, now centering on what can be described as "racist UFO-Christian spiritual beliefs" until 2004. Mason was published by the Resistance in spring of 1995 while in prison. He subsequently wrote 24 articles for WAR from 1995 to 1997, a neo-Nazi organization founded by Tom Metzger. One of Mason's supporters ultimately created a website Universal Order to consolidate his writings and display them on the internet in 1997.

Mason recounted his time in prison as follows: "Basically I had a good time because the Colorado prison system is one of the most advanced in the country. You can meet quite a few interesting people."

Atomwaffen Division
Mason's writings in the Siege newsletter, which have been compiled into a book, have been credited with forming a large part of the Atomwaffen Division's ideological foundation. In an interview with Frontline, Mason claimed he was approached by members of the Atomwaffen Division who wished to recruit him as an ideological advisor to which he obliged. He asserts that he has no role in orchestrating plots connected to the group, but simultaneously refuses to condemn attacks linked to them. Mason would later mention in a separate interview with MSNBC that members have often disclosed to him their intentions to commit acts of violence, including Sam Woodward, who was later charged with the murder of Blaze Bernstein.

On March 14, 2020, Mason claimed that the Atomwaffen Division had disbanded. However, the group was believed to be on the cusp of being designated a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the State Department, and the Anti-Defamation League concluded "the move is designed to give members breathing room rather than actually end their militant activities". According to SITE Intelligence Group, Atomwaffen and its offshoots remain clandestinely active.

Mason has also been known to receive foreign admirers in his Denver home, including members of the Nordic Resistance Movement, a proscribed Finnish terrorist organization, and affiliated neo-Nazi music collective "Bolt of Ukko".

Political views
Mason believes that the neo-Nazis cannot take power as long as the existing U.S. government remains in place, and has advocated murder and violence to create chaos and anarchy, thereby destabilizing the government. In his publication Siege, Mason would argue that the death of American Nazi Leader, George Lincoln Rockwell was crucial in the adoption of terror tactics. He claims that without Rockwell's leadership, National Socialism could no longer function as a legitimate political party, making what he describes as "revolutionary tactics" the only viable option.

Mason considers the terrorists Timothy McVeigh and James Fields Jr. to be "heroes" and promulgates anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. He expressed that the election of Donald Trump gave him hope, commenting that "in order to Make America Great Again, you have to make it White again".

Writing
Mason's writings are considered influential among radical right-wing and neo-Nazi movements. Between 1978 and 1980, he worked with the NSWPP and edited The Stormer, their newsletter.

In 1980, Mason took over writing Siege, the newsletter of the NSLF. He continued publishing until 1986. In the newsletter, Mason paid tribute to Adolf Hitler, Joseph Tommasi, Charles Manson, and Savitri Devi, and advocated random attacks and murders in order to destabilize society. In 1992, the newsletters were edited and published in book form as Siege: The Collected Writings of James Mason by Michael Jenkins Moynihan. The book acquired a neo-Nazi following and is now required reading for initiates of the Atomwaffen Division. Since August 2023, Siege is banned in the Russian Federation as extremist material.

In 2000, he published The Theocrat, a comparison of Bible passages and passages in Mein Kampf.

Designation as a terrorist
On June 25, 2021, it was announced that James Mason had been added to the entities designated as terrorist by Canada. Mason is only the second individual to be specifically added to the list.

title: James Mason (neo-Nazi)


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Johann Schiltberger

Johann (Hans) Schiltberger (1380 – c. 1440) was a German traveller and writer. He was born of a noble family, probably at Hollern near Lohhof halfway between Munich and Freising.

Travels
Schiltberger joined the suite of Lienhart Richartinger in 1394, and he then went to fight under Sigismund, King of Hungary (afterwards emperor), against the Ottoman Empire on the Hungarian frontier. At the Battle of Nicopolis on 28 September 1396, he was wounded and taken prisoner; when Schiltberger had recovered the use of his feet, Sultan Bayezid I (Yıldırım) took him into his service as a runner (1396–1402). He was factually a military slave for over twenty years. During this time of enslavement he seems to have accompanied Ottoman troops to certain parts of Asia Minor and to Egypt.

On Bayezid's overthrow at the Battle of Ankara (20 July 1402), Schiltberger passed into the service of Bayezid's conqueror Timur: he now appears to have followed Timur to Samarkand, Armenia and Georgia. After Timur's death (17 February 1405) his German runner first became a slave of Shah Rukh, the ablest of Timur's sons; then of Miran Shah, a brother of Shah Rukh; then of Abu Bekr, a son of Miran Shah, whose camp roamed up and down Armenia.

Schiltberger next accompanied Chekre, a Tatar prince living in Abu Bekr's horde, on an excursion to Siberia, of which name Schiltberger gives us the first clear mention in west European literature. He also probably followed his new master in his attack on the Old Bulgaria of the middle Volga, answering to the modern Kazan and its neighborhood. Wanderings in the steppe lands of south-east Russia; visits to Sarai, the old capital of the Kipchak Khanate on the lower Volga and to Azov or Tana, still a trading centre for Venetian and Genoese merchants; a fresh change of servitude on Chekre's ruin; travels in the Crimea, Circassia, Abkhazia and Mingrelia; and finally escape (from the neighborhood of Batum) followed.

Arriving at Constantinople, Schiltberger stayed in hiding there for a time; he then returned to his Bavarian home (1427) by way of Kilia, Akkerman, Lemberg, Kraków, Breslau and Meissen. After his return he became a chamberlain of Duke Albert III, probably receiving this appointment in the first instance before the duke's accession in 1438. The date of his death is unknown, but sources give tentatively suggest he died around 1440.

Writings
Schiltberger's Reisebuch contains not only a record of his own experiences and a sketch of various chapters of contemporary Eastern history, but also an account of countries and their manners and customs, especially of those countries which he had himself visited. First come the lands "this side" of the Danube, where he had travelled; next follow those between the Danube and the sea, which had now fallen under the Turk; after this, the Ottoman dominions in Asia; last come the more distant regions of Schiltberger's world, from Trebizond to Russia and from Egypt to India. In this regional geography the descriptions of Brusa; of various west Caucasian and Armenian regions; of the regions around the Caspian, and the habits of their peoples (especially the Red Tatars); of Siberia; of the Crimea with its great Genoese colony at Kaffa (where he once spent five months); and of Egypt and Arabia, are particularly worth notice. His allusions to the Catholic missions still persisting in Armenia and in other regions beyond the Black Sea, and to (non-Roman ?) Christian communities even in the Great Tatary of the steppes are also remarkable.

Schiltberger is perhaps the first writer of Western Christendom to give the true burial place of Muhammad at Medina: his sketches of Islam and of Eastern Christendom, with all their shortcomings, are of remarkable merit for their time: and he may fairly be reckoned among the authors who contributed to fix Prester John, at the close of the Middle Ages, in Abyssinia. Schiltberger also recorded one of the first European sightings of Przewalski horses. (Manuscript in the Munich Municipal Library, Sign. 1603, Bl. 210). His work, however, contains many inaccuracies; thus in reckoning the years of his service both with Bayezid and with Timur he is off unaccountably in multiples of two.

His account of Timur and his campaigns is misty, often incorrect, and sometimes fabulous: nor can von Hammer's parallel between Marco Polo and Schiltberger be sustained without large reservations. Four manuscripts of the Reisebuch exist: (i) at Donaueschingen in the Fürstenberg Library, No. 481; (2) at Heidelberg, University Library, 216; (3) at Nuremberg, City Library, 34; (4) at St Gall, Monast. Library, 628 (all of fifteenth century, the last fragmentary).

The work was first edited at Augsburg, about 1460; four other editions appeared in the 15th century, and six in the 16th; in the 19th the best were K. F. Neumann's (Munich, 1859), P. Bruun's (Odessa, 1866, with Russian commentary, in the Records of the Imperial University of New Russia, vol. i.), and V. Langmantel's (Tübingen, 1885); "Hans Schiltbergers Reisebuch," in the 172nd volume of the Bibliothek des literarischen Vereins in Stuttgart. See also the English (Hakluyt Society) version, The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger ..., trans. by Buchan Telfer with notes by P. Bruun (London, 1879); Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, "Berechtigung d. orientalischen Namen Schiltbergers," in ''Denkschriften d. Konigl. Akad. d. Wissenschaften (vol. ix., Munich, 1823–1824); R. Röhricht, Bibliotheca geographica Palaestinae (Berlin, 1890, pp. 103–104); C. R. Beazley, Dawn of Modern Geography'', iii. 356–378, 550, 555.

title: Johann Schiltberger


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TU Wien

The Vienna University of Technology (Technische Universität Wien) is a public research university in Vienna, Austria.

The university's teaching and research are focused on engineering, computer science, and natural sciences. It currently has about 28,100 students (29% women), eight faculties, and about 5,000 staff members (3,800 academics).

History
The institution was founded in 1815 by Emperor Francis I of Austria as the k.k. Polytechnisches Institut (Imperial-Royal Polytechnic Institute). The first rector was Johann Joseph von Prechtl. It was renamed the Technische Hochschule (Technical College) in 1872. In 1975, it was renamed Technische Universität Wien (Vienna University of Technology).

Academic reputation
As a university of technology, Vienna University of Technology covers a wide spectrum of scientific concepts from abstract pure research and the fundamental principles of science to applied technological research and partnership with industry.

The Vienna University of Technology is ranked #190 by the QS World University Ranking, #406 by the Center of World University Rankings, and it is positioned among the best 251-300 higher education institutions globally by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The computer science department has been consistently ranked among the top 100 in the world by the QS World University Ranking and The Times Higher Education World University Rankings respectively.

Organization
The Vienna University of Technology has eight faculties led by deans: Architecture and Planning, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Computer Sciences, Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Mathematics and Geoinformation, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, and Physics.

The university is led by the Rector and four Vice Rectors (responsible for Research, Academic Affairs, Finance as well as Human Resources and Gender). The Senate has 26 members. The University Council, consisting of seven members, acts as a supervisory board.

Research
Development work in almost all areas of technology is encouraged by the interaction between basic research and the different fields of engineering sciences at Vienna University of Technology. Also, the framework of cooperative projects with other universities, research institutes and business sector partners is established by the research section of Vienna University of Technology. TU Wien has sharpened its research profile by defining competence fields and setting up interdisciplinary collaboration centres, and clearer outlines will be developed.

Research focus points of Vienna University of Technology are introduced as computational science and engineering, quantum physics and quantum technologies, materials and matter, information and communication technology and energy and environment.

The EU Research Support (EURS) provides services at Vienna University of Technology and informs both researchers and administrative staff in preparing and carrying out EU research projects.

Notable faculty and alumni

 * Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen (1903–1992), Austrian locomotive designer and engineer
 * Alexander Meissner (1883 – 1958), Austrian engineer and physicist, co-inventor of the Electronic oscillator
 * Alfred Preis (1911–1993), designer of the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor
 * Benno Mengele (1898–1971), Austrian electrical engineer
 * Camillo Sitte (1843-1903), Austrian architect
 * Christian Andreas Doppler (1803–1853), Austrian mathematician and physicist
 * Edmund Hlawka (1916-2009), Austrian mathematician
 * Edo Šen (1877–1949), Croatian architect
 * Elfriede Tungl (1922-1981) civil engineer, first Austrian woman to earn a doctorate in civil engineering, in 1973 became the first female associate professor at Vienna University of Technology.
 * Ernst Hiesmayr (1920-2006), architect, artist and former rector of Vienna University of Technology
 * Ferdinand Piëch (1937-2019), Austrian business magnate, engineer and executive who was the chairman of the supervisory board of Volkswagen Group
 * Ferenc Krausz (born 1962), Hungarian–Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics 2023
 * Franz Pitzinger (1858–1933), Constructor General of the Austrian Navy
 * Gottfried Ungerboeck (1940), inventor of trellis modulation, IBM Fellow
 * Günter Blöschl (born 1961), Austrian hydrologist
 * Hannspeter Winter (1941-2006), Austrian plasma physicist
 * Heinz Zemanek (1920-2014), Austrian computer pioneer
 * Hellmuth Stachel (born 1942), Austrian mathematician
 * Herman Potočnik (1892–1929), Slovene space pioneer
 * Hermann Knoflacher (born 1940), Austrian engineer
 * Hubert Petschnigg (1913–1997), architect (completed his studies at TU Graz)
 * Hugo Ehrlich (1879–1936), Croatian architect
 * Ignaz Sowinski (1858–1917), architect
 * Ina Wagner (born 1946), Austrian physicist, sociologist, professor of computer science 1987 – 2011, TU's second ever female professor
 * Ingeborg Hochmair (born 1953), electrical engineer, developed the first microelectronic, multi-channel cochlear implant
 * Irfan Skiljan, author of the image viewer software Irfanview
 * Jörg Streli (1940–2019), Austrian architect
 * Karl Gölsdorf (1861–1916), Austrian engineer and locomotive designer
 * Leon Kellner (1859–1928), grammarian, Shakespearean, and Zionist
 * Marie-Therese Hohenberg (born 1972), Austrian architect
 * Milan Vidmar (1885-1962), Slovene electrical engineer
 * Milutin Milanković (1879–1958), Serbian geophysicist and civil engineer
 * Ottó Titusz Bláthy (1860–1939), Hungarian mechanical engineer
 * Paul Eisler (1907–1992), inventor of the printed circuit
 * Paul Schneider-Esleben (1915–2005), visiting professor of architecture
 * Peter Schattschneider (1950), Austrian physicist
 * Peter Skalicky (born 1941), rector of Vienna University of Technology from 1991 to 2011
 * Richard von Mises (1883–1953), scientist
 * Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), Austrian philosopher and transdisciplinary researcher
 * Rudolph Michael Schindler (1887–1953), early Modern architect
 * Siegfried Becher (1806–1873), professor of economics
 * Silke Bühler-Paschen, professor of physics
 * Tillman Gerngross, Professor of Engineering at Dartmouth College, leading entrepreneur and bioengineer, founder of GlycoFi and Adimab
 * Ulrike Diebold (born 1961), Austrian–American physicist, vice president of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
 * Viktor Kaplan (1876–1934), inventor of the Kaplan turbine
 * Vinzenz Bronzin (1872-1970), Italian mathematics professor, and pioneering finance theorist
 * Yordan Milanov (1867–1932), one of the leading Bulgarian architects from the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century
 * Zvonimir Richtmann (1901–1941), Croatian physicist, philosopher, politician and publicist

Library
The TU Vienna Bibliothek, the university library, was founded in 1815. The main library building was designed by the architects Justus Dahinden, Reinhard Gieselmann, Alexander Marchart, Roland Moebius, and partners. Completed in 1987, it features owl sculptures by the Swiss artist Bruno Weber. The main library has six floors of open access areas and reading rooms, with around 700 study desks.

Sports
The university hosted the IFIUS World Interuniversity Games in October 2007.

title: TU Wien


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Talk:DB drag racing

Earlier stat
Based on the radio report, the article contained this statement "A competitive vehicle might be a van weighing 33,000 pounds, with twelve 1,000 watt amplifiers, 72 speakers, dozens of car batteries." It was amended after reading the CNN article. Hu 22:38, 2004 Dec 11 (UTC)

 * I don't think something like that ^^ should be listed as a "typical" competitive vehicle...There are all sorts of different types of vehicles that are used in the contests. A Honda CRX is a very popular vehicle in competitions because if the extremely small space, where people believe that since the subwoofers are closer to the windshield (where the microphone is placed for testing), they can get a higher dB reading.  Alma Gates has a Ford Bronco with 48 Kicker subwoofers and 48 Kicker amps, which is usually one of the more "famous" competition vehicles.  I feel that the article should not specify a "typical" vehicle because, as I stated before, there are such a wide variety of types of vehicles used in the competition, it's impossible to list a "typical" vehicle.  I will wait for some additional input.  Sumnjim 15:19, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I decided to go ahead and change the page slightly. If you view the history, I moved one sentence up to the top, as it made the article flow more smoothly, and extended the sentence a bit.  I also updated the articles definition for "typical" competition vehicle so it's not generalized to one type of vehicle. Sumnjim 17:36, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Perceived Loudness
A doubling of the amplifier power results in a 3dB increase. However, this does not equate to a perceived doubling of volume. With how human hearing is weighted, a roughly 10dB increase is required for something to be twice as loud. Stephonovich 21:17, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Decibel level of volcano
400 dB for a volcano? Did someone just make that up? -76.6.75.159 (talk) 20:13, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Driven while unoccuipied?
Wait, so how can the vehicles be driven 20ft during the competition if people aren't allowed to be inside? Did they mean with the sound off, just to demonstrate that it still functions as a car? 209.89.219.242 (talk) 07:05, 18 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, the vehicle still needs to function as a car, but not while the speakers are active. §everal⇒|Times 20:34, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

First time-ever wikipedia pun?
"Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of 155 dB can be reached, and it is not unheard of to see more than 160 dB as well. " I see what you did there. ;) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.229.202.60 (talk) 14:46, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:DB drag racing