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Pensford

Pensford is the largest village in the civil parish of Publow in Somerset, England. It lies in the Chew Valley, approximately 7 mi south of Bristol, 8 mi west of Bath, and 14 mi north of Wells. It is on the A37 road from Bristol to Shepton Mallet.

Pensford was identified as being of special architectural and historic interest and was designated as a Conservation Area in May 1988.

History
The name Pensford is in all likelihood derived from Brythonic Penffordd, meaning roughly 'top of the road' or 'the highest or furthest point of the road'. Alternatively, it may mean 'The animal pens by the ford' from the Old English pens and ford.

The parish of Pensford was part of the Keynsham Hundred,

During the 14th to 16th centuries Pensford was a cloth centre based on local wool.

On 24 June 1685 rebel forces camped at Pensford during the Monmouth Rebellion.

During the 19th and 20th centuries the main industry was coal mining, with Pensford and the surrounding area forming a major part of the Somerset coalfield. Pensford colliery opened in 1909 and closed in 1955.

The River Chew suffered a major flood in 1968 with serious damage to towns and villages along its route. The flood swept away the bridge over the A37 and damaged the railway viaduct so badly that it never reopened. On 10–11 July, a storm brought heavy rainfall to the valley, with 175 mm falling in 18 hours on Chew Stoke, double the area's average rainfall for the whole of July.

In 2014 the Chew Valley Brewery, a microbrewery, was opened by local resident Dom Lowe and Matt Stalker, after training at Masters Brewery in Wellington. First sales of their Pagan bitter were at the Stoke Inn in Chew Stoke, and after a successful run with retirement looming, the owner closed it down in the summer of 2017.

Government and politics
Pensford and Publow has its own parish council which has some responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.

It is part of the Publow and Whitchurch Ward which is represented by one councillor on the Bath and North East Somerset Unitary Authority which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary, and the Great Western Ambulance Service.

Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in Bath. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Wansdyke district and the City of Bath of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Clutton Rural District.

The village falls within the Publow and Whitchurch electoral ward. From Pensford the ward strikes north to end at Whitchurch on the Bristol border. The total population of this ward taken from the 2011 census was 2,473.

The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of North East Somerset. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Demographics
According to the 2001 Census, the Publow and Whitchurch Ward (which includes Belluton and Publow), had 1,087 residents, living in 429 households, with an average age of 40.8 years. Of these 73% of residents describing their health as 'good', 24% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 2.3% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 26,408 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived.

St Thomas à Becket Church

The St Thomas à Becket Church is a Grade II* listed building and is currently on the English Heritage Heritage at Risk Register, following damage in a flood in 1968. During the 1980s an attempt was made to turn it into an arts centre but this was abandoned when the extent of the repairs required to make the building safe became clear. In 2007 the church was put on the market for redevelopment, and in 2008 purchased for repair and use as a private dwelling. The redevelopment of the church into a private dwelling was featured in the first episode of television series Restoration Home.

The lock-up
Pensford has an octagonal eighteenth-century village lock-up. This is a Grade II listed building and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.

Pubs
Pensford has three pubs: the Travellers Rest, the Rising Sun, and the George and Dragon. During the 17th and 18th centuries Pensford was an important staging post for stage coaches which stopped at the George and Dragon and the Rising Sun. The George and Dragon dates from 1752 and is a Grade II listed building.

Other Grade II listed buildings

 * 149 High Street
 * Bridge House
 * Bridge over the River Chew
 * Gill's G.V. Shoe Shop
 * 129-131 High Street
 * Old Bakery
 * Guy's Farm
 * Viaduct View

The village's war memorial commemorates the seven people from the village who died in each of World War I and World War II. It is a wheel cross, with a Celtic-style carving.

For centuries Pensford has been an important crossing point on the River Chew. The modern road bridge was rebuilt in 1968 after flood damage, but the much older (1839–85) bridge, by the church, survived the flood.

On the western side of the village is Pensford Viaduct on the disused Bristol and North Somerset Railway, built in 1873 but closed to trains in 1968 after the great flood of Pensford, after which it was deemed unsafe. The last passenger train had been earlier: the 9:25 a.m. from Frome to Bristol on 31 October 1959; after that there were only goods trains (mainly bringing coal from Radstock), which ceased in 1964, and very occasional excursion trains. Pensford viaduct is 995 feet (303 m) long, reaches a maximum height of 95 feet (29 m) to rail level and consists of sixteen arches. The viaduct is now a Grade II listed building.

Surrounding area
Nearby is Lord's Wood, Pensford, and the village is on the route of the Monarch's Way long-distance footpath.

Famous residents
Pensford was the home of clarinetist Acker Bilk. Philosopher and physician John Locke FRS 1632-1704, known as the 'Father of Liberalism', lived in John Locke's Cottage in Belluton, in the parish of Publow with Pensford, from shortly after his birth until 1647. Robert Hunter of the Grateful Dead lived in the village from 1979 to 1981. John Perry, guitarist of The Only Ones, lived here between 1972 and 1975.

title: Pensford


text:
Geoagiu

Geoagiu (Algyógy, Gergesdorf) is a town in Hunedoara County, in the historical region of Transylvania, Romania, located on the Mureș River at an altitude of 217 m above sea level. The river with the same name (Geoagiu) flows in this place into the Mureș.

It administers ten villages: Aurel Vlaicu (until 1925 Binținți; Bencenc), Băcâia (Bakonya), Bozeș (Bózes), Cigmău (Csigmó), Gelmar (Gyalmár), Geoagiu-Băi (Feredőgyógy), Homorod (Homoród), Mermezeu-Văleni (Nyírmező), Renghet (Renget), and Văleni (Valény).

History
The first settlements in the area can be found in the time of the Dacians, in the 1st century BC, as shown by archeological discoveries. After the Roman conquest, the Romans built the fort of Germisara in the 2nd century, however, it kept the original Dacian name.

The name of Germisara meant "hot water" (germi = "heat", sara = "waterfall") and it showed that the Dacians already knew of the thermal springs of the area. Another opinion that the name came from the Hungarian name of the Geoagiu River (Gyógy), which means "curative". But more probably, the name is coming from the Hungarian word dió (nut as fruit) with the suffix -d, so, after the first documentary citation, "villa Gyog" from 1291 appeared as Dyod és Dyog (1397), Aldyogh (1407), Algyogh (1412), Aldyod (1439), Alsodyod alio nomine Alsoffalwa (around 1444).

The first documentary citation of Geoagiu (it was written as "villa Gyog") was in the year 1291, when it was used as a land in the vicinity of Binținți (now the village Aurel Vlaicu).

There are remains of the old Roman road from Geoagiu to Geoagiu Băi made of flat stones.

Natives

 * Ion Budai-Deleanu (1760–1820), philologist, historian, and poet
 * Aurel Vlaicu (1882–1913), engineer, inventor, airplane constructor, and early pilot

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Geoagiu


text:
Gmina Czarna Białostocka

Gmina Czarna Białostocka is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. Its seat is the town of Czarna Białostocka, which lies approximately 22 km north of the regional capital Białystok.

The gmina covers an area of 206.54 km2, and as of 2006 its total population is 11,692 (out of which the population of Czarna Białostocka amounts to 9,596, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 2,096).

The gmina contains part of the protected area called Knyszyń Forest Landscape Park.

Villages
Apart from the town of Czarna Białostocka, Gmina Czarna Białostocka contains the villages and settlements of Brzozówka Koronna, Brzozówka Strzelecka, Brzozówka Ziemiańska, Budzisk, Burczak, Chmielnik, Czarna Wieś Kościelna, Czumażówka, Dworzysk, Horodnianka, Hutki, Jesienicha, Jezierzysk, Karczmisko, Klimki, Kosmaty Borek, Krzyżyki, Lacka Buda, Łapczyn, Łazarz, Machnacz, Niemczyn, Ogóły, Oleszkowo, Osierodek, Ośrodek, Podbrzozówka, Podratowiec, Podzamczysk, Ponure, Przewalanka, Ratowiec, Rogoziński Most, Ruda Rzeczka, Rudnia, Wilcza Jama, Wólka Ratowiecka, Zamczysk, Zdroje, Złota Wieś and Złotoria.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Czarna Białostocka is bordered by the gminas of Dobrzyniewo Duże, Janów, Jasionówka, Knyszyn, Korycin, Sokółka, Supraśl and Wasilków.

title: Gmina Czarna Białostocka


text:
Calcot, Berkshire

Calcot, or Calcot Row, is a village in West Berkshire, England. Calcot is within the built-up area of Reading, located about 3 mi out of the town centre, and straddles the historic A4 Bath Road. It sits between the hamlet of Horncastle and Junction 12 of the M4 motorway.

Tilehurst is to the north, and the village of Theale is to the west, across the motorway. Its named neighbourhoods include Beansheaf Farm, Fords Farm and Calcot Place south of the centre developed in the early 21st century. It is contiguous with Reading and Theale.

Local government
Although now a suburb of Reading, Calcot is not within the Borough of Reading. Rather it is split between the civil parishes of Holybrook and Tilehurst Without, with that part of Calcot north of the Bath Road in Tilehurst parish and that part south in Holybrook parish. The whole of Holybrook parish and the part of Calcot within Tilehurst parish, form the Calcot electoral ward of the unitary authority of West Berkshire. Both parishes have elected parish councils and, together with the unitary authority, are responsible for different aspects of local government. Calcot is part of the Reading West parliamentary constituency.

Statistics
The Calcot ward of West Berkshire has an area of 324 ha and a total population of 9,093 living in 3,554 dwellings.

Schools
Calcot has two primary schools serving pupils aged 4 to 11. Serving the Beansheaf and Fords Farm communities to the south of the A4 Bath Road is Kennet Valley Primary School while north of the A4, both sharing the same grounds, are Calcot Junior School and Calcot Infant School, which incorporates a nursery. When children leave primary school at 11 they attend secondary schools in neighbouring villages.

Places of interest
Calcot Park is a large country house and estate, to the north east of Calcot. Over the years the estate has been the home to Peter Vanlore, Frances Kendrick, and to John Blagrave, a relative of the mathematician John Blagrave, who built the present house in 1759. Today the house has been converted into apartments and the grounds have become a golf course.

Calcot Mill is a former watermill on the Holy Brook. It was built on the site of a mill originally owned by Reading Abbey and has been converted into apartments.

Pincent's Kiln is an Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) on the western border of the area.

Shopping
Calcot is home to two large shopping complexes - the SavaCentre and the Pincents Lane Retail Park and has a car dealers between the two; all close to Junction 12 of the M4 motorway. In September 1981, an 81,000 ft2 hypermarket, a BHS and Sainsbury's joint enterprise, opened up. At the time, it was one of the largest hypermarkets in the United Kingdom. This store featured in the SavaCentre TV adverts in 1983. In 1989, Sainsbury's bought out BHS's 50% share in the partnership, and the following year the right side of the store was extended by 20,000 ft2 to over 101,000 ft2. In August 1998, it was re-modelled, to provide a greater emphasis on food, at a cost £26m. The SavaCentre was downsized and re-branded as Sainsbury's in 2005, with the extension being sold off to Next. A further refurbishment took place in 2008.

At the same time, the SavaCentre site was rebranded as the Calcot Retail Park, with branches of Sports Direct, Boots and McDonald's opening up. In 2015, an Argos in-store concession opened up inside Sainsbury's. However, the SavaCentre name is still more commonly used by the locals. On the other side of the car dealers, was the Pincents Lane Retail Park. This was anchored by a branch of Homebase, but also featuring a branch of Dunelm Mill, Carpetright, Utopia Nightclub and Reading Megabowl bowling alley. In 2015, the retail park was demolished (apart from the Dunelm Mill store) and a new branch of IKEA was opened in its place in July 2016. The original plan was for a three-storey 38,000 m2 store, but in the end a reduced 31,845 m2 store over two floors was built because of the growth in online shopping.

Transport
Calcot is east of the M4 motorway. Local bus services are provided by Reading Buses. The nearest railway stations are Theale, Tilehurst and Reading West.

Notable people
In 1881 the American post-impressionist painter John Singer Sargent spent the summer with his family in the village.

title: Calcot, Berkshire


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Setup (music)

As pertaining to the playing of a single reed woodwind instrument (such as a saxophone or clarinet), a setup is the choice in reeds and mouthpieces a person has made. Players will often have several setups of a selection of these reeds and mouthpieces: one for jazz playing, one for legit playing, etc.

title: Setup (music)


text:
HOS

HOS may refer to:

Military

 * Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia) (Croatian: Hrvatske oružane snage), active during World War II
 * Croatian Defence Forces (Croatian: Hrvatske obrambene snage), the military arm of the Croatian Party of Rights (1991–1993)

Sports

 * Croatian Volleyball Federation (Croatian: Hrvatski odbojkaški savez)
 * Head of the Schuylkill Regatta, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States

Other uses

 * Book of Hosea, part of the Hebrew Bible
 * Head of state
 * Hearts of Space, an American radio program
 * Hellenic Ornithological Society
 * Heroes of the Storm, a multiplayer online video game
 * Higher-order statistics
 * Holt–Oram syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder
 * Home Ownership Scheme, Hong Kong
 * Hornbeck Offshore Services
 * Hours of service, U.S. regulations governing working hours of commercial vehicle operators
 * House of Staunton, an American chess equipment manufacturer
 * Humanistische Omroep, a Dutch broadcaster
 * Saigon Sign Language (ISO 639-3:hos)
 * Sikorsky HOS, a helicopter
 * Hekscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model, an extension of the Heckscher–Ohlin mathematical model of international trade

Places

 * Hostomel Airport

title: HOS


text:
Alabama Midland Railway

The Alabama Midland Railway was incorporated in Alabama and Georgia in 1887, and built a line from Bainbridge, Georgia, to a point near Montgomery, Alabama. The route was completed in 1890. It became part of the Plant System in 1894, and in 1901 it was merged into the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway.

History
On July 2, 1880, the Montgomery and Southern Railway was created to construct a new railroad linking Montgomery to the Florida coast. The company completed around 30 mi of narrow gauge track by September 18, 1882. The company was reorganized as the Montgomery and Florida Railway in May 1886, and reorganized a second time as the Northwest and Florida Railroad in 1888. In November 1888, the railroad reached Luverne, Alabama. Now totaling 51 mi the line was converted to standard gauge by July 1889. The Alabama Terminal and Improvement Company, a subsidiary of the Alabama Midland Railway, controlled the railroad by 1889 and incorporated the line from Montgomery to Luverne into its own network.

In March 1887, the Alabama Midland Railway was chartered in Alabama, and chartered in Georgia in October of the same year as the Alabama Terminal and Improvement Company. The companies were created with the purpose of constructing a line connecting Montgomery and Bainbridge. The company was consolidated on October 28, 1888, and completed the entire 175 mi between the two cities in 1890, including a branch from Sprague to Luverne, Alabama, built by the Northwest & Florida Railroad, a distance of 33.5 mi.

Two subsidiary railroads of the Alabama Midland were tasked with constructing branchlines, the Southwestern Alabama Railway and the Abbeville Southern Railway. The former reached Elba in 1898 and the latter connected Abbeville to Grimes, Alabama, by 1901.

After the completion of the Alabama Midland railroad it was acquired in July 1890 by Henry B. Plant of the Plant System and merged with the Savannah, Florida & Western. Together the railroads formed a continuous mainline from Savannah to Montgomery, colloquially known as the "bow line" due to its distinctive shape.

The Atlantic Coast Line gained control of the Plant System on July 1, 1902 with the line becoming part of their Waycross—Montgomery Line. Ownership would remain with the ACL until its 1967 merger with Seaboard Air Line to form the Seaboard Coast Line and the mergers into the Seaboard System and CSX Transportation in 1983 and 1986 respectively. With the exception of the abandoned Luverne branch, all of the former Alabama Midland remains active today as part of the Dothan Subdivision of CSX Transportation and as part of two shortlines operating former branches, the Wiregrass Central on the remaining Elba branch, and the Bay Line over the Abbeville branch.

title: Alabama Midland Railway


text:
World Trade Center Mexico City

The World Trade Center Mexico City, commonly known by its former name, Hotel de México, is a building complex located in the wealthy neighborhood of Colonia Nápoles in central Mexico City. Its most famous and recognizable feature is the 50-story, 172 m high Torre WTC, the biggest building in the local area. It is the third tallest building in Mexico City when including antenna, and at its roof height, it stands 218 m.

The complex includes a convention center, cultural center, parking facilities, a multi-screen cinema, a revolving 45th-floor luxury restaurant and 44th floor observation gallery, and a shopping center with a supermarket and a Sears (originally opened as a JCPenney, the first location outside of the USA) as an anchor tenant. It also includes a 22-floor hotel, and will share some ammenities with the slighlty taller 48-story Polyforum Tower, currently under construction.

Located on Avenida de los Insurgentes, the complex is served by the Poliforum station of the Metrobús Bus rapid transit system, located a few meters away. The station is named after the Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros, a part of the WTC complex.

History
The WTC México began its existence as the Hotel de México, a building and complex that did not perform as intended.

Construction of the Hotel de México was in a lot called "Parque de La Lama" located in the Nápoles neighborhood (Spanish: Colonia Nápoles). The lot was set aside by real estate businessperson, José Jerónimo de La Lama in 1947. However, by 1966, when the project started, the owner and financial sponsor was Manuel Suárez y Suárez.

The Hotel de México project included a hotel building as well as a cultural center housing the Polyforum Cultural Siqueiros and several other facilities aimed at making the complex a hub for business, culture, tourism, and architecture. Plans for the complex were presented at the 13th international architecture contest in Munich.

Projected to be ready for the 1968 Olympics, the project overran and exceeded its budget. Although the main tower was completed in 1972, it did not function as a hotel, due to political and economic reasons. The tower–as well as the rest of the complex–was left in an unfinished state, aside from the Polyforum.

In the mid-1980s, a project was started to turn the Hotel de México complex into an international business center. Mr. Suárez backed the idea, and although he died in 1988, the remodeling began with partial public funding in 1992. In 1995, the complex–now known as World Trade Center México–opened its doors with the tower functioning as an office building and convention center.

Floors 40 and 41 housed TV studios for Corporación de Noticias e Información, which operated XHTVM Canal 40. On May 19, 2005, these floors were evacuated after the beginning of a strike at CNI. Due to the legal cases that have followed CNI since 2005, the facilities have remained untouched since.

The WTC also houses the transmission facilities for XHFO-FM.

Most recently, the World Trade Center added a second theater: the 7,500-seat Pepsi Center WTC, which was completed in 2012. It is used primarily for concerts and stage shows.

Functions
WTC Tower has a seismic detector that monitors land movements to stop elevators during earthquakes.

The tower is managed by a system that controls the facilities and equipment. This includes the electrics, mechanical ventilation, sanitation, elevators and fire protection.

title: World Trade Center Mexico City


text: User talk:81.64.107.115

title: User talk:81.64.107.115


text:
Talk:Solo

Is the Norwegian drink the same as the Australian one?
I notice that in consecutive edits, Cdc has removed the mention of Schweppes Solo (an Australian soft drink) and Profoss has added Solo (a Norwegian soft drink). This leads me to ask two questions: In other words, should there be 1, 2, or no soft drinks in the list? I'm inclined to restore the original (before Cdc's edit), but remove the geographic reference on the assumption that it's marketted in various different places. But I'll wait and see if anyone can clarify first. - IMSoP 19:01, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Why did Cdc remove the ozzie drink from the list? [And why was it summarised as "minor editing"? It seems pretty major to me; maybe the removal was accidental...]
 * 2) Are the "Norwegian" and "Australian" soft drinks actually the same lemon-flavoured concoction, sold by Schweppes (or a subsidiary) in both countries? [And why did the inserters of both items feel that they should mention a location?]

dab
I'm disambiguating some pages which link to this page, and I come across a lot of things like "(artist) began his solo career" or "he released two solo albums." This usage is not mentioned on this page. Right now I'm unlinking them. Any better suggestions? Keppa 18:29, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't unlink them! Sorry for the exclamation, but I don't want you to do too much work going back and making the links.  The appropriate link is to the article solo (music).  If you take a look, it does discuss a solo career/album briefly.  However, you do bring to attention that the disambiguation entry does not do a good job of describing that, which I will correct. -- Nataly a  19:25, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Also, there are apparently two "Solo"s in the comic book world: one is a series by DC, and another is a character created by Marvel. If anyone has more information...Keppa 23:55, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm... thanks for pointing this out. I mistakenly reverted an edit recently because someone repeated the link to solo (comics).  Turned out they were referring to the character, which is different (and just linked to the same article by mistake).  I've added a reference to it to the disambiguation page, but until there's an article about it, I don't know about linking to it.  I could see making it a red link, but with an article already called solo (comics), the parenthetical identifier would have to be different.  Perhaps solo (comic book character)? -- Nataly a  05:15, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Move
Solo (soft drink) should be moved to Solo (Australian soft drink). Solo (soft drink) should then either be a dab-page or redirect to Solo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.55.60.110 (talk) 06:17, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Solo Kleinmotoren GmbH, an German ultralight aircraft engine manufacturer
Does Solo Kleinmotoren GmbH (German Wikipedia: de:Solo Kleinmotoren, Google translation) meet the English Wikipedia's notability guidelines? With less than 200 employees and less than 40M Euro in sales (revenue?) in 2010, at first glance this is a very very weak candidate for a desirable red-link in a disambiguation page. This link fails DABRL on two counts: It is not used in any article (changing it to Solo Kleinmotoren would fix that problem as at least one article red-links to the company under that name), and it does not have a "blue link" (every line on a disambiguation page must have a "blue link"). , as you recently added the link, can you support having this link in this list prior to an article about the company being created? Hopefully, you are working on an article so this will be a moot point within a couple of days. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)  22:29, 25 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Not sure about the time frame, but it should eventually be similar to Rotax. We have articles on individual engine models by other makers for use in aircraft, motorcycles, etc. I was not aware of the MOS:DABRL rule you mention, but if that is widely accepted practice, then wp:RED should say something of the sort. No objection to focussing on the products vice the company with or without GmbH. LeadSongDog come howl!  01:25, 26 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solo


text:
Whitley, Reading

Whitley is a suburb of the town of Reading, in the county of Berkshire, England. It is also an electoral ward of the Borough of Reading.

Geography
Whitley, commonly known as one of the larger suburbs of Reading, is bounded to the north and east by a ridge of high ground carrying the road to Shinfield, to the west by the valleys of the River Kennet and the Foudry Brook, and to the south by an ill-defined boundary with the suburb of Whitley Wood. The former main road to Basingstoke passes just to the west of the centre of Whitley, dividing largely residential areas to its east from a largely industrial zone to its west. The current A33 relief road to Basingstoke passes to the west of the industrial area, as does the parallel railway line. Between the relief road and Bennet Road and railway can be found the recent Green Park business park and the Madejski Stadium.

History
Historically, Whitley was a hamlet outside the Reading borough limits, but within the parish of the church of St Giles in Reading.

Government
The Borough of Reading is responsible for all local government. Whitley is currently covered by parts of the Church, Katesgrove and Redlands wards, within the Reading East parliamentary constituency, and includes all of the Whitley electoral ward, within the Reading West parliamentary constituency. Whitley ward borders Coley, Katesgrove, Church and Southcote wards, together with parts of the local government district of Wokingham Borough. As with all wards, apart from smaller Mapledurham, it elects three councillors to Reading Borough Council. Elections since 2004 are held by thirds, with elections in three years out of four. In the 2016, 2018 and 2019 a Labour Party candidate won each election.

Notable people

 * Ricky Gervais, comedian, actor, film director and producer, musician and writer.
 * Midge Ure, musician, whilst a member of Slik in 1974 lived briefly on Hexham Road.
 * M. L. Emmett, poet, editor, and convenor of Friendly Street Poets Inc.
 * Liam Bridcutt, footballer.

title: Whitley, Reading


text:
Parque da Cascata

The Parque da Cascata (meaning Waterfall Park in Portuguese) is the popular name of Parque Florestal Municipal de Sete Lagoas located at Serra Santa Helena, just 3 km (2 mi) from downtown Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil. It was created by decree on 27 September 1977.

Caves and geology
The gorge of the waterfall in the Parque da Cascata is in fact the collapsed part of a Karst cave. Although the Parque da Cascata is easy to reach by car, the actual gorge is hard to reach. The gorge starts with a waterfall and the best way to enter the gorge is following an erosion gully (because the vegetation is inhabited by dangerous snakes, spiders, scorpions etc.!).

Following the brook one sees a number of horizontal stalactites and stalagmites that clearly demonstrates that part of the cave has collapsed. Further down, the brook enters another system of caves with more stalactites and stalagmites. Unfortunately, vandalists have destroyed a number of them. The place where the brook wells out of the Serra Santa Helena is a place for practices of the Macumba religion.

The limestone area north of Belo Horizonte is called the Sete Lagoas Formation. It is in this limestone that the Lagoa Santa Karst was developed. The area around Sete Lagoas has many caves, of which the Gruta Rei do Mato is the most famous one.

title: Parque da Cascata


text:
Callisthenes (disambiguation)

Callisthenes may refer to:
 * Callisthenes, a Greek historian
 * Callisthenes (Seleucid), a Syrian who was suspected of the burning of the gates of Herod's Temple
 * Callisthenes, a subgenus of ground beetles in the genus Calosoma.

title: Callisthenes (disambiguation)


text:
Avrig

Avrig (Freck/Fryck, Transylvanian Saxon: Freck/Fraek, Felek) is a town in Sibiu County, Transylvania, central Romania. It has a population of 12,815 and the first documents attesting its existence date to 1346. It officially became a town in 1989, as a result of the Romanian rural systematization program.

Demographics
At the 2011 census, 95.6% of inhabitants were Romanians, 2.1% Hungarians, 1.5% Roma, and 0.5% Germans (Transylvanian Saxons).

Town council
The town's current local council has the following multi-party political composition, based on the results of the votes cast at the 2024 Romanian local elections:

Geography
The town administers four villages: Bradu (Gierelsau; Fenyőfalva), Glâmboaca (Hühnerbach; Glimboka), Mârșa and Săcădate (Sekadaten; Oltszakadát). It is situated in the historical region of Transylvania.

It lies on the left bank of the river Olt (at the mouth of the Avrig River), close to the Făgăraș Mountains, at about 26 km from Sibiu on the road towards Brașov. It is the main starting point for the trekking routes in the western part of the mountains, and also on access point at a great number of chalets in the mountains: Cabana Poiana Neamțului, Cabana Bârcaciu, Cabana Ghiocelul.

Economy
Avrig SA Glass Factory, a company specialized in lime mouthblown glass, started its origins in Avrig in the 17th century.

Mârșa village is the site of the Mecanica Mârșa Works, which manufactures auto-trailers and military vehicles.

Tourism
The most important objective in the town is the Brukenthal Summer Palace built in 1771, a baroque summer residence of baron Samuel von Brukenthal, the governor of Transylvania. Also two old churches can be found there: the evangelical church, built in the 13th century and fortified in the 16th century and the orthodox church, built in the 18th century.

Bradu village features a fortified church first attested in 1315, with the last major modification in 1804.

Natives

 * Romulus Cândea (1886 – 1973), ecclesiastical historian
 * Gheorghe Lazăr (1779 – 1823), founder of the first Romanian-language school
 * Vasile Stoica (1889 – 1959), diplomat

title: Avrig


text:
Weston Point Docks

Weston Point Docks, also known as the Port of Weston, is an inland port on the Manchester Ship Canal in the town of Runcorn, Cheshire, England. It is operated by FLX Logistics.

History
In 1810, the Weaver Navigation Company completed the Weston Canal between Frodsham and the Weston Point area of Runcorn to avoid the difficult entrance to the mouth of the River Weaver, and a dock was established at Weston Point. The Old Basin is still extant but no longer accessible to shipping. The New Basin, built between 1850 and 1856, was filled in between 1963 and 1966.

In 1841, an Anglican church, Christ Church, was constructed on the site of the docks, now redundant but a listed building.

In 1859, a short section of canal called the Runcorn and Weston Canal was built which would link Weston Point Docks on the Weston Canal with Runcorn Docks on the Bridgewater Canal.

Two further docks, the Delamere (1865-1870) and the Tollemache (1885), were built and now form one dock, the Delamache.

The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894. This canal now services the docks as opposed to the Weston Canal and the Weaver Navigation.

Present
In August 2007, the owners of the Port of Weston, The Westbury Property Fund, merged with the Eddie Stobart Group to form the Stobart Group. The group planned to develop the site into an inter-modal port facility to enable freight, currently carried by road, to be transported by rail and water. This would mean increased warehousing, new container handling facilities, an extension to the existing West Coast Main Line rail siding, a new link road, and improved navigable access between the dock and the Manchester Ship Canal. The plans were not implemented, however, and the docks are now operated by FLX Logistics.

title: Weston Point Docks


text:
Talk:Psychedelic era

So what does this have to do with psychedelia?
Lots of this article talks about social trends of the 60s that coincided with the rise of psychedelia, and I would argue that

A: the mentioning of such trends is rather POV... conservatives advocated blind faith?

B: many of these trends really didnt have much to do with psychedelia

I think that the linking of these trends with psychedelia is really only meant to provoke the hardliner anti-60s types who will inevitably react by saying "i hate psychedelia! and wait, it turns out that psychedelia is behind all the liberalism i that i hate as well! so it turns out its all the same beast!" come on, psychedelia is a matter of art and drugs and really nothing else. psychedelia doesnt sum up the "spirit" of the 60s, as this article implies.

--- I think it has everything to do with it. Art and music does not exist in isolation from politics, and the sixties saw a significant amount of work that was politically motivated. Furthermore, the psychedelic experiences brought on by LSD and other substances do enduce a kind temporary of dissolution of the ego which can be condusive to social thinking rather than individual self-interest. While perhaps many of the people leading the civil rights movement were not users or psychedelic drugs, others who may not have ordinarily participated in the socio-political movement of the time were influenced by both drug use and the political music and art which resulted.

71.204.133.1 23:02, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Debatable Article
This article is a mental construction, nothing more. There are very few facts. And what exactly is an era anyway ? Bububu Dec 22 2005
 * An "era" is a period in time identified by a characteristic feature. The "psychedelic era" is a significant enough period in recent history to be worthy of an encyclopedic article.  --Thoric 00:02, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * This so-called " Psychedelic era " refers to a late 60s fad. Cenozoic, now that's an era! This article badly lacks perspective. Bububu Dec 26 2005
 * there's really no quantifiable span of time or significant legacy that defines what an "era" is. The psychedelic trends of the 1960s have had a significant and undeniable impact on American culture. 71.204.133.1 23:06, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Please discuss and justify changes before making them. The term "intellectual retrenchment" is not equatable with a strong shift to conservatism. Political leaning should have absolutely nothing to do with intellect -- and if you want to get picky, the higher someone's IQ is, the more liberal and "free thinking" they tend to be. --Thoric 19:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Thoric, I shouldn't have to discuss and justify stating the obvious, that there are two sides to the issue. You have presented a very one-sided view of the social movement inspired by psychedelic drugs, and the conditions which caused it and might continue to cause a resurgence. You present your own unsupported opinion about politics and sociology (citing no studies) as if it were fact. Your descriptions also contain the hyperbole of a political activist pursuing the shaping of other people's opinions, rather than an objective presentation of the opposing viewpoints. I am restoring my mild corrections to the article.

Since you did specifically mention a "backlash of extreme conservatism" after the psychedelic era, how is it possible that the careers of Madonna, Prince and gangsta rappers flourished in the 1980s? Were they conservative? Or were they rather pushing the envelope against conservative social norms year after year? How is it that the U.S. House of Representives remained in the control of the Democratic Party? Was there welfare reform in the 1980s?

 * BTW, Madonna, Prince and gangsta rappers strongly support the American capitalist consumerism agenda -- Material Girl, glamour, high society, bling, over-indulgence, all drive the economy up.

And how did only conservatism "advocate ignorance and blind faith in the powers that be"? Wasn't there an equal amount of materialism among liberals? And wasn't there blind faith in powerful government welfare programs, the powers of unrestrained sexuality, etc. among liberals? 216.119.143.52 08:28, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

My view may seem one sided to you, but I've been quite careful to word it accordingly. "Intellectual retrenchment" is a little used complex term that doesn't paint a clear enough picture. I'd be fine with it if you care to create an entry (maybe in Wiktionary.org) properly defining it. The "backlash of extreme conservatism" makes it obvious that the powers that be did their best to sweep the social and intellectual aspects of the psychedelic era under the rug. I'd also like to see references George Harrison becoming disillusioned with psychedelics in regards to their promotion of poverty.

As for Madonna, Prince and gangsta rappers, I don't see the relevance... in fact, only in a conservative setting would their antics appeal to the young and repressed. The 80s were ripe with aggressive hard rock music that was either angry, depressed or lustful. Twisted Sister's "We're Not Going to Take It" captured the mentality quite well. The gen-X youth of the 80s was feeling the pressure quite strongly and were rebelling against it. By the time the 90s came along, the next generation of youth (gen-Y) are the most complicated yet. In some ways they've been given more freedoms, but they've also been nailed with things like zero-tolerance in schools where they get suspended for sharing candy, or giving an aspirin to a friend with a headache. Their path is less clear.

I've never claimed that the liberals or democrats have been in the right... maybe a lesser of two evils at best. Serious change is in order. We have to get rid of capitalism before it gets rid of us. The future is uncertain, but the likely eventual goal would be something along the lines of Libertarian Socialism. --Thoric 23:25, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)  (PS - set up an account)

I am sorry Thoric, but reconsider your practice of reverting not only other POVs but also neutralizing edits. That goes directly against Wikiquette. BTW why do you require references while you're pushing your POV which is unreferenced in the same manner. What we can do at least is to neutralize the context.

Emotional terms like "unfortunatelly" are not to be used in connection with social events and processes whose assesment is far from being consensually agreed upon.

What you do is that you require discussion, results of which you in turn completelly ignore and you keep reverting the edits.

Bottomline : I don't have time to race with you so now on I abstain from any modifications. I just don't understand your motivation.--Rachotilko 17:53, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article is just as bad as the last time I visited it 6 months ago. But I do admire your perseverance Thoric. Frankly, I don't think there's ANYTHING objective or neutral about it. Sorry Bububu 22:37, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Disputed
Article is written from a single point-of-view, as fact, and makes numerous unreferenced assertions regarding social trends which are again one person's opinion 119 02:41, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * If you can cite references to other POVs, then go ahead and add them. --Thoric 19:08, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do YOU not cite references to YOUR POV ?

Neutrality resolved-
Hi, folks. Michael 15:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC) here. I removed "unfortunately", and changed "gay" marriage to "same sex" marriage. Hope that resolves the neutrality... Now to the factual content... Michael 15:10, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * This whole article is still just original research and supposition - terrible 207.6.31.119 12:04, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Based on what? How about a specific complaint?  --Thoric 18:51, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * First of all, the article asserts as fact things which cannot be proven and are inherently pov. For instance:

 * Psychedelic drug use encouraged unity, oneness, the breaking down of boundaries, the heightening of political awareness, empathy with others, and the questioning of authority.

 * The above is opinion, unattributed and unsourced opinion to boot. It needs to be worded much more neutrally. The heightening of political awareness?? On what planet? What did the hippies do to confront the sectors of power in society that they couldn't have done better without being stoned. Most people who use psychedelics ARE NOT very engaged in politics. What do you think the term "tune in, turn on, drop out" meant? Drug use was a rejection of the need to directly deal with material and social reality. It was a turning inward. All of what I've just said is my own pov, of course, but at least I admit it.

 * I can most certainly find references for said opinion, not to worry. You may also want to note that psychedelic drugs mean LSD and shrooms, not marijuana.  The term for using psychedelics is "tripping", not being "stoned".  The rejection of modern society was a political statement.  The 60s was ripe with grassroots political movements.  The Vietnam war protests were the first time ever that citizens questioned the validity of a war instead of pledging blind patriotism.  If that isn't hightening of political awareness and questioning authorize, I don't know what is.  Don't worry, I'll add some attributed sources.  --Thoric 22:41, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * There are other things wrong with the article, but fixing/deleting that paragraph would be a start. 207.6.31.119 21:36, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, of course there was heightened political awareness during the sixties, the problem is that you seem to attribute this awareness to the use of psychedelics. Incidentaly, Vietnam was not the first war opposed by large numbers of Americans; there was a quite large anti-war movement among the American left during the first world war. In fact, the government went so far as to throw people in jail who spoke out against conscription. 207.6.31.119 22:51, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

This article sstates "The drug of choice switched from LSD (a drug that dissolves the ego) to cocaine (a drug which boosts the ego, and leads to escapism)." These are personal interpretations, not facts. At best, it's original research. Wikipedia is not the place for personal creation. U should consult the articles on LSD and Cocaine. Roger
 * Not citing references does not imply they are personal interpretations. If you consult the LSD article you will find information on ego dissolution.  Both of the above statements are common knowledge.  One could easily find thousands of references to support them.  --Thoric 20:18, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey Thoric matey, I agree with you that psychedelics can reduce ego, whereas stimulants like cocaine can increase ego, but does cocaine really lead to escapism? I always thought it lead to people enjoying material experiences, but I guess they could be escaping from the problems of their 'real' life.  Either way its hard to say either way.  Some people would say that psychedelics are about escapism as they are about experiencing reality differently.  Maybe any drug can be used for escapism?  I generally agree with what you've written but it does seem to be POV. Mostly Zen 16:55, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * People may try to use psychedelics to "escape real life", but by their very nature, psychedelics force you to face issues within yourself. By the removal of emotional filters you are forced to face your inner demons.  Depressants such as alcohol and opiates (i.e. heroin) help to block out both physical and emotional pain, drowning your sorrows so to speak, blocking our your cares and worries.  Strong stimulants such as the amphetamines and cocaine stimulate your ego -- sense of self, reduce your empathy for others, and strengthen the filters between your subconscious and conscious mind.  --Thoric 18:13, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Original research
I added the tag to this article. Most of my objections seem to have been already brought up (and ignored) on this talk page. Looking through the history, it seems clear that there has been an unwillingness to proactively deal with any of the concerns raised. In addition to the article's unprovable assertion that "Psychedelic drug use encouraged unity, oneness, the breaking down of boundaries, the heightening of political awareness, empathy with others, and the questioning of authority.", and its broad and stereotyped characterization of various generations and what they were about, the article is also completely U.S. centric. Serpent-A 07:33, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The text in question is a paraphrase of several 60s documentaries specific to the psychedelic era. It's not an "unprovable assertation" as there are piles of books stating and citing evidence for this.  I can cite references for you if you like, but it seems a little strange to complain that a statement about a particular era is too broad or sterotyped.  --Thoric 15:16, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

So Thoric, after years of believing you are the only one who has right to determine the contents of this article, provide the citations you claim you can provide. Provide citations BEFORE reverting the edits. BTW. 60s were about respect and tolerance. Your behaviour is in complete contrast with those values, you want to rule and to exercise power over others. Shame.--212.81.23.195 10:48, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The proper course of action is to add Fact tags to questionable content. So thus I shall revert, and add these tags myself, thank-you very much.  --Thoric 15:22, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

not objective, unproffesional description of 1980's
This was the articles description of the 1980's "A backlash of extreme conservatism advocated ignorance and blind faith in the powers that be." I took this out because it is totally biased and not proffesional at all and is simply one persons highly subjective controversial opinion.

 * Just one name to answer that... Reagan. Both Mr. and Mrs. (especially Nancy).  Here's a nice quote from Ronald: A Hippie is someone who walks like Tarzan, looks like Jane and smells like Cheetah., and another from Nancy: The Sixties, of course, was the worst time in the world to try and bring up a child. They were exposed to all these crazy things going on.  --Thoric 16:28, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Psychedelic era
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Psychedelic era's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "AllmusicPsych": From Psychedelic music: V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1322–3. From Psychedelia: V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), ISBN 0-87930-653-X, pp. 1322-3.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 04:10, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Good bot LCU ActivelyDisinterested ∆transmission∆ °co-ords° 18:06, 8 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psychedelic era


text: Category:Kings of Burundi

title: Category:Kings of Burundi


text:
Doc Martin

Doc Martin is a British medical comedy-drama television series starring Martin Clunes as Doctor Martin Ellingham. It was created by Dominic Minghella developing the character of Dr Martin Bamford from the Nigel Cole comedy film Saving Grace (2000). The programme is set in the fictional seaside village of Portwenn and filmed on location in the village of Port Isaac, Cornwall, United Kingdom, with most interior scenes shot in a converted local barn. Fern Cottage is used as the home and surgery of Doctor Ellingham.

Nine series aired between 2004 and 2019, with a television film airing on Christmas Day in 2006. The ninth series aired on ITV premiered in September 2019. The tenth (and final) series aired from 7 September 2022 to 26 October 2022; one last installment, a Christmas special that aired on 25 December 2022, was the programme's final episode. On 29 December 2022 a documentary entitled “Farewell Doc Martin” aired on ITV, featuring behind-the-scenes interviews with the cast and crew as they filmed the final series. It also looked back at highlights from the 18 years of the show.

Plot
Dr Martin Ellingham (Martin Clunes), a brilliant and successful vascular surgeon at Imperial College London, develops haemophobia – a fear of blood – forcing him to stop practicing surgery. He obtains a post as the sole general practitioner (GP) in the sleepy Cornish village of Portwenn, where he had spent childhood holidays with his Aunt Joan (Stephanie Cole) and Uncle Phil, who owns a local farm. Upon arriving in Portwenn – where, to his frustration, the locals address him as "Doc Martin" – he finds the surgery in chaos and inherits an incompetent receptionist, Elaine Denham (Lucy Punch). In series 2–4, she is replaced by Pauline Lamb (Katherine Parkinson), a new receptionist, and later also a phlebotomist. In Series 5, Morwenna Newcross (Jessica Ransom) takes up the post.

The programme revolves around Ellingham's interactions with the local Cornish villagers, and a psychologist's attempts to diagnose Doc Martin with Asperger syndrome or schizoid personality traits. Despite his medical excellence, Ellingham is grouchy, abrupt, and lacks social skills. His direct, emotionless manner offends many villagers, made worse by his invariably unpleasant responses to their ignorant, often foolish, comments. They perceive him to be hot-tempered and lacking in a bedside manner. In contrast, he feels he is performing his duties professionally and by-the-book, not wasting time chatting. Ellingham is very deadpan and dresses formally in a business suit and tie, regardless of the weather or the occasion, and he never takes off his jacket, even when delivering babies. He has no hesitation in pointing out the risks of unhealthy behaviours (eg. smoking), both in private and in public gatherings.

The villagers eventually discover his fear of blood and the frequent and debilitating bouts of nausea and vomiting it causes. Despite this handicap, Ellingham proves to be an expert diagnostician and responds effectively to various emergencies in his medical practice; thus, he gradually gains grudging respect from his neighbours.

Ellingham does not get on with his parents but has a warm relationship with his aunt Joan, who provides emotional support. When she dies after a heart attack, her sister Ruth (Eileen Atkins), a retired psychiatrist, comes to Portwenn to take care of her affairs and eventually decides to use the village as a permanent retreat, offering Martin the support Joan had provided.

A major theme throughout the series is Ellingham's relationship with a primary school teacher (eventually school headmistress) Louisa Glasson (Caroline Catz). Due to his difficulty in expressing feelings and his insensitive nature, the relationship has many ups and downs, though they eventually have a baby and later marry.

Other series regulars are father and son duo Bert and Al Large, who are always trying to run a small business of some type; pharmacist Sally Tishell who is infatuated with Martin; and Mark Mylow, a quirky police officer who is replaced in Series 3 by the bumbling and inept Joe Penhale.

Regular cast members have characterised Ellingham's personality thus:
 * Joe Absolom: "The Doctor is ... slightly autistic, probably, on the spectrum."
 * Martin Clunes: "Lots of people say that he is Aspergic or something to some degree—which, yes, I think he is." He has also said, "He's wired the way he's wired, but growing up being loathed by both your parents is going to leave a footprint. That's why he's so dysfunctional with relationships, 'cause there's gaps in his makeup. A sad little boy in there comes out a lot, and that's what a lot of that frowning is."
 * Eileen Atkins: "He's unable to connect with people. He can't understand why people can't just take the truth, in a rather rough manner. If your parents have been very cold towards you and just factual, then that's very hard for you to grow up being—'loving' is too strong a word—an affectionate person."

Final main cast

 * Martin Clunes as Martin Ellingham – village GP "Doc" Martin has no bedside manner. He despises small talk and is straightforward with patients, delivering his diagnoses and advice without trying to protect their feelings, though he is genuinely concerned about their health. Clunes also plays Martin's father in a flashback to Martin's childhood in one episode.
 * Caroline Catz as Louisa Ellingham (née Glasson) – teacher at Portwenn Primary School, later becomes school headmistress.
 * Ian McNeice as Bert Large – plumber and local entrepreneurial businessman who tries and fails at numerous get rich quick schemes.
 * Joe Absolom as Al Large – Bert's son, who works in a variety of jobs during the series.
 * Selina Cadell as Sally Tishell – a pharmacist, who overtly displays unrequited romantic feelings for Ellingham.
 * John Marquez as Joe Penhale (series 3–10) – police officer Penhale greatly admires Ellingham, and believes they have a great working relationship, an optimistic assessment not shared by the doctor. Penhale has proudly referred to Ellingham and himself as "The Dynamic Duo". Ellingham focuses on Penhale's bumbling manner, but Penhale often shows surprising insight into the town's interpersonal dynamics.
 * Eileen Atkins as Ruth Ellingham (series 5–10) – retired forensic psychiatrist, who is also one of Martin's aunts.
 * Jessica Ransom as Morwenna Large (née Newcross) (Series 5–10) – surgery receptionist.

Previous main cast

 * Stephanie Cole as Joan Norton – Martin's aunt (series 1–4)
 * Stewart Wright as Mark Mylow – police constable, later promoted to sergeant (series 1–2, one episode in series 9)
 * Lucy Punch as Elaine Denham – the original surgery receptionist (series 1)
 * Katherine Parkinson as Pauline Lamb – surgery receptionist (series 2–4)

Original character
Martin Clunes originally played a character called Dr. Martin Bamford in the comedy film Saving Grace (2000)—written by Mark Crowdy and Craig Ferguson—and its two made-for-TV prequels, Doc Martin and Doc Martin and the Legend of the Cloutie, which were made by British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB). The prequels show Bamford as a successful obstetrician, rather than a surgeon, who finds out that his wife has been carrying on extramarital affairs behind his back. After confronting her with his discovery, he escapes London and heads for Port Isaac, a small coastal town in Cornwall that he remembers fondly from his youth. Shortly after he arrives, he is involved in the mystery of the "Jellymaker" and, following the departure of the village's resident GP, decides to stay and fill the vacancy. In these three films the village is not known as Portwenn.

The Martin Bamford character is friendly and laid-back, seeming to enjoy his retreat from the career pressures and conflicts he left behind in London. He drinks and smokes carelessly, including a mild illegal drug, and has no problem getting his hands and clothes dirty by temporarily working as a lobster and crab fisherman aboard a local boat.

The original deal had been to produce two television films per year for three years, but Sky Pictures folded after the first two episodes were made, so Clunes's company tried to sell the franchise to ITV. The new network felt that the doctor character should be portrayed as a "townie", a fish out of water who is uncomfortable in the countryside. They also wanted something darker, so Clunes suggested that the doctor be curmudgeonly, socially inept, and formal. The new doctor's surname was changed to Ellingham, an anagram of the last name of the new writer, Dominic Minghella, who was brought in to rework the doctor's background and create a new cast of supporting characters.

Apart from Clunes, the only actors to appear in both versions of Doc Martin are Tristan Sturrock and Tony Maudsley.

Episodes
Ten series, totalling 79 episodes, aired on ITV in the UK between 2004 and 2022. Episodes are just under 50 minutes long, except for the 2006 TV film which is 92 minutes, and the 2022 Christmas special. In the US, American Public Television provided the 2006 TV film as a two-part episode, with the second episode airing a week after the first. In April 2020 director Nigel Cole confirmed plans for a tenth and final series, which aired in Autumn 2022.

Ratings
In the UK, Doc Martin has been a ratings success for ITV, with the third series achieving ITV's best midweek drama performance in the 9pm Monday slot since December 2004. The final episode of the third series was watched by 10.37 million viewers, which is the programme's highest-ever viewing figure for a single episode.

In 2009, Doc Martin was moved to a 9pm Sunday time slot for the broadcast of Series 4. That change meant that it followed ITV's The X Factor programme. Series 4 ratings were adversely affected by STV not screening the majority of ITV drama productions in Scotland. The final episode of Series 4 had ratings of 10.29 million viewers. STV went back on its decision not to screen ITV dramas in Scotland. Series 4 of Doc Martin was broadcast on Sunday afternoons in August 2011.

Accolades
In 2004, Doc Martin won the British Comedy Award for "Best TV Comedy Drama", having also been nominated for "Best New TV Comedy". In the same year, Martin Clunes won the "Best TV Comedy Actor" award, primarily for his portrayal of Doc Martin.

Czech Republic and Slovakia
In 2014, Czech Television and RTVS began filming their own TV series starring Miroslav Donutil, which is heavily inspired by the original British series. The series started to air on 30 August 2015 in Slovakia and from 4 September 2015 in Czechia. The Czech version is set in the Beskydy mountains, which is a picturesque area in the east of the Czech Republic on the border with Slovakia; like Portwenn, it is a long way from the capital, Prague, and dependent on the tourist industry.

France
French television producers Ego Productions, in cooperation with TF1, have produced a French version of the series starring Thierry Lhermitte as Dr Martin Le Foll, with the series based in the fictional Breton town of Port-Garrec and filmed in Finistère. The series was broadcast on TF1 from 10 January 2011 to 27 April 2015.

Germany
In Germany, Doktor Martin, an adaptation of the original series, airs on ZDF with Axel Milberg as Doktor Martin Helling, a surgeon from Berlin. The counterpart of Portwenn was the real North Sea coastal village of Neuharlingersiel in East Frisia.

Greece
In Greece, Kliniki Periptosi, an adaptation of the original series filmed in the Ionian Seaside town of Kardamyli, was aired in November 2011 on Mega Channel with Yannis Bezos as Markos Staikos, a surgeon from New York.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands Dokter Tinus based on the original series began airing in late August 2012 on SBS6, with the main role being played by actor Thom Hoffman. The series was shot in Woudrichem on the Waal riverside.

Spain
Notro Films produced a Spanish version under the title Doctor Mateo for Antena 3 Televisión. The lead role of Dr. Mateo Sancristobal was played by Gonzalo de Castro. It aired in 2009 and was shot in Lastres, Asturias, called the fictional village of San Martín del Sella.

Home media
Series 1, 2 and 3 and "On the Edge" were released separately in Region 1 and 2 and in the "complete Series 1 to 3" box set. Series 3 was released on 2 February 2010 and Series 4 was released in Region 1 and 2 on 6 July 2010. Series 5 was released in Region 1 on 5 June 2012 and Region 2 on 5 March 2012. A complete box set of Series 1-5 is also available in Region 2. Series 6 of Doc Martin was released in Region 1 in December 2013 and in the UK (Region 2) on 24 March 2014.

Series 7 of Doc Martin was released on DVD/Blu-ray in Region 1 on 8 December 2015 and in the UK (Region 2) on 16 November 2015.

In Region 4, Series 1, 2, 4, and "On the Edge" were released separately and in a nine-disc box set entitled "Doc Martin: Comedy Cure", as well as an earlier seven-disc box set not including Series 4. The two Sky Pictures telefilms were individually released in Region 4 (as "Doc Martin: Volume 1" and "Doc Martin: Volume 2, the Legend of the Cloutie") on the Magna Pacific label.

In Region 1, Series 1 was released in June 2007 by Image Entertainment of Chatsworth, CA as a 2-DVD set (Catalog No. ID3505PKDVD) simply titled Doc Martin.

Region 4 (Australia) Releases:

Airings beyond the UK
This series is popular around the world, both as itself and as a model for shows made in other nations.

As of 2018, Doc Martin was aired in New Zealand on TVNZ 1, in Iceland on RUV, in Italy on the Hallmark Channel from September 2007 (seasons 1-3), Rai 3 from May 2010 and various reruns. The series was streaming on RaiPlay, in Australia on Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) network and Foxtel pay-television subscription network via its UK-TV channel. The show airs and streams on various public broadcasting stations around the US and Canada; this was arranged through the distributor American Public Television. As of 2021, it was streaming on Netflix, PlutoTV and Tubi.

Novelisations
Two novels by Sam Hawksmoor, using the byline "Sam North", were published by Ebury in 2013. The first, Practice Makes Perfect, adapts the teleplays of series one; the second, Mistletoe and Whine, adapts the teleplays of series two. The author employs some timeline shifting, linked to character internalisation and point of view, so the narratives are not always as linear as in the teleplays.

title: Doc Martin


text:
Mason Williams

Mason Douglas Williams (born August 24, 1938) is an American classical guitarist, composer, singer, writer, comedian, and poet, best known for his 1968 instrumental "Classical Gas" and for his work as a comedy writer on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, and Saturday Night Live.

Early life
Williams was born in Abilene, Texas, the son of Jackson Eugene (a tile setter) and Kathlyn (née Nations) Williams.

Williams grew up dividing his time between living with his father in Oklahoma and his mother in Oakridge, Oregon. He graduated from Northwest Classen High School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1956. It was in Oklahoma that he began his lifelong friendship with artist Edward Ruscha.

He attended Oklahoma City University (1957–60) and North Texas State University for one semester, and served in the United States Navy from 1961 to 1963.

Music
In 1968, Williams won three Grammy Awards for his guitar instrumental "Classical Gas". "Classical Gas" was released as a single from The Mason Williams Phonograph Record in 1968. "Classical Gas" won three Grammys that year for "Best Instrumental (theme) Composition", "Best Instrumental (theme) Performance", and "Best Instrumental Orchestra Arrangement", Mike Post, arranger. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. He also wrote songs for The Kingston Trio. For both Handmade and Sharepickers, Mason received two more Grammy nominations for "Best Album Cover Design". Together with Nancy Ames, he wrote "Cinderella Rockefella", a 1968 number one hit for Esther and Abi Ofarim in the United Kingdom.

In 1970, Williams made a television appearance on a variety show, Just Friends, which reunited regulars of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. To create a visual element for his performance, he used a special playable classical plexiglass guitar built for him by Billy Cheatwood and a prop designer for ABC. For the performance, Williams filled the guitar with water and added a couple of goldfish. He then used the plexiglass guitar to finger-sync his hit version of "Classical Gas".

Williams has recorded more than a dozen albums, five on the Warner Bros. label (The Mason Williams Phonograph Record, The Mason Williams Ear Show, Music, Handmade, and Sharepickers). The LP cover for the 1968 Music was painted by pop artist Edward Ruscha. The credit reads "Sorry, Cover by Edward Ruscha."

In December 1970, Williams performed benefit concerts for the Pala Indian Reservation Cultural Center hosted by Clairemont High School. Sponsored by the nonprofit Americans for Indian Future and Tradition, with the help of Ken Kragen and Friends, Williams performed two shows. The event raised enough funds to pay for the construction of the block walls.

In 1987, he teamed with Mannheim Steamroller to release a new album on the American Gramaphone label. The album, titled Classical Gas, included a remake of the 1968 composition. Another track from the album, "Country Idyll", was a 1988 nominee for a Grammy in the country music category for "Best Instrumental Performance by a Soloist, Group or Orchestra". The album went gold in 1991. Williams' plexiglass guitar appears on the cover of the album. He released an acoustic instrumental album of Christmas and holiday music, A Gift of Song, on the Real Music label, featuring arrangements of traditional carols and original compositions.

In 1992, the Vanguard label released Music 1968–1971, a compilation of tracks from his five Warner Bros. albums recorded in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Williams relates that when compiling the album he went to Warner Bros. and asked "Where's that painting that Ed Ruscha did for that old [Music] cover?" and was told it had been thrown away; a probable loss of 3–5 million dollars.

In conjunction with the release of this album, Williams added a "Holiday Concert Program" to his repertoire, featuring music from the album as well as other traditional music of the season. In 1994, he played six sold-out concerts with the Oregon Symphony in Portland, Oregon. In the 1990s he also performed with the Eugene Symphony with friend Ken Kesey.

Williams then concentrated on a variety of programs for his concert appearances. His "Concert For Bluegrass Band And Orchestra", also titled "Symphonic Bluegrass", has been performed with over 40 symphony orchestras, including the Colorado Symphony Orchestra, Kansas City Symphony, Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra, Oklahoma City Philharmonic, Louisville Orchestra, and the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra.

In 1984, Williams released an album, Of Time & Rivers Flowing, on his own Skookum label, containing 14 of the approximately 35 songs performed in the concert. In 1993, the title cut from the album was used as the soundtrack for a ninety-second public service announcement (PSA) created by the American Rivers Council on the home video release of A River Runs Through It. The PSA was also on the 1995 home video release of The River Wild. That same year, in 1995, Williams was invited to play for Oregon governor John Kitzhaber's inauguration and in 1996, Williams received an honorary Doctorate of Music from his alma mater, Oklahoma City University.

In 1998, BMI, the performance rights organization that tracks air play performances on radio and television, presented Williams with a Special Citation of Achievement in recognition of the great national and international popularity of "Classical Gas". By 2008, the song logged over six million broadcast performances, to become the all-time number-one instrumental composition for air play in BMI's repertoire.

In 1999, Williams played again for the Kitzhaber's second inauguration. In February, Williams' "Bus" art piece was included in the Norton Simon Museum exhibition "Radical Past", in Pasadena, California. In the spring he played his Of Time and Rivers Flowing concert with the Oregon Children's Choral Festival, a two-day event involving 3,000 elementary school children singing water and rivers songs with Williams and his band. Williams received the Distinguished Service Award from the University of Oregon in honor of his contribution to the arts in Oregon. In late 1999, he and the Bluegrass Band played for Byron Berline's Oklahoma International Bluegrass Festival in Guthrie, Oklahoma, with the Oklahoma City Philharmonic.

Williams' music has been featured in several movies including The Story of Us, Cheaper by the Dozen, The Dish, The Heidi Chronicles, and Heartbreakers. His compositions also have been played on the television series The Sopranos.

In 2003, Williams released an EP, Music for the Epicurean Harkener, and again was nominated for a Grammy in 2004 for best instrumental album. In 2005, he collaborated with UK guitarist Zoe McCulloch on the album Electrical Gas.

In June 2006, Williams performed at his 50th high school reunion at Northwest Classen High School in Oklahoma City. He performed with other musicians as 'Mason Williams and Friends' at concerts in Eugene and Springfield (Oregon) and at the opening gala at the Richard E. Wildish Community Theater in Springfield.

In January 2007, he was reunited with long-time friend and artist Edward Ruscha, performing at the Getty Center in Los Angeles.

In October 2007, he was inducted into the Oregon Music Hall of Fame. and co-headlined a concert with Everclear and Paul Revere and the Raiders.

In 2022, BGO Records announced the release of a 2-cd collection of five of his early albums.

Comedy
Like many writer-performers, Williams was also a stand-up comedian. He set most of his comic ideas to music and sang or recited the jokes in lyric form with guitar accompaniment. In 1964, Vee-Jay Records released Them Poems, a record album on which Williams entertains a live audience with "them poems about them people", covering such varied topics as "Them Moose Goosers", "Them Sand Pickers", and "Them Surf Serfs". A typical "them poem" is "Them Banjo Pickers", which begins: "Them banjo pickers! Mighty funny ways. Same damn song three or four days!" Several other "them" poems, along with many ditties, song lyrics, odd and amusing photographs from around the country, and assorted bits of visual and verbal silliness are collected in The Mason Williams Reading Matter (Doubleday, 1969), and the Them Poems record album was reissued (also in 1969, on the heels of the success of "Classical Gas") as The Mason Williams Listening Matter.

Williams has written more than 175 hours of music and comedy for network television programming and was a prime creative force for CBS' controversial Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. His experience in folk music gave him the background for many of Tom and Dick Smothers' comedy routines and with co-writer Nancy Ames, also composed the show's musical theme.

It was on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour that he created and perpetuated the 1968 "Pat Paulsen for President" campaign, an elaborate political satire. Williams also helped launch the career of entertainer Steve Martin. Martin was hired by Williams as a writer on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, for which his contributions were initially paid out of Williams' own pocket. In 1968, he won an Emmy Award for his work as a comedy writer on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.

Other television personalities he has written for include Andy Williams, Glen Campbell, Dinah Shore, Roger Miller, and Petula Clark. In 1980, Williams briefly served as head writer for NBC's Saturday Night Live, but left after clashing with producer Jean Doumanian. In 1988, Williams received his third Emmy nomination as a comedy writer for his work on The Smothers Brothers 20th Reunion Special on CBS.

In February 2000, Williams participated in the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado. The sixth annual festival honored The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and its contribution to television. Williams performed a concert with Tom and Dick Smothers, and again on a late night show with performers that included Catherine O'Hara, Martin Short, Andrea Martin, Steve Martin, Robin Williams, and Marc Shaiman.

Other artistic work
Also a photographer, Williams published a life-sized photo print of a Greyhound bus in the 1960s.

Williams also created a book titled "THE MASON WILLIAMS READING MATTER" which was published by Doubleday & Company with copyrights ranging from 1964 to 1969. In this opus, he included original poetry, many with comical lyrics, and original photographs some of which are funny.

In 1967 Williams attempted a filming of drawing the world's biggest sunflower. As Williams remarked, "the film was to be a slow-motion aerial ballet in which an old bi-wing aeroplane skywrites “draws” the stem and leaves of a flower in the sky beneath the sun, the sun itself thereby becoming the blossom of a “Sun“ flower." Due to technical difficulties dealing with filming photographing directly into the sun, the film did not turn out. Nevertheless, the completed flower measured 2 miles wide by 3 miles high, and lasted 40 seconds.

He appeared with the print on the cover of his first album, The Mason Williams Phonograph Record.

Environmentalism
After becoming involved in protests against a Willamette River hydroelectric power project, Williams eventually collected over 400 songs about rivers.

He created a program called Of Time and Rivers Flowing. that encompasses classical, folk, minstrel, gospel, jazz, country, pop & contemporary rock.

Personal life
Williams married Sheila Ann Massey on April 22, 1961; they had one daughter, Kathryn Michelle, before divorcing.

He remarried, to Katherine Elizabeth Kahn, in February 1994; the couple divorced after ten years.

He lives in Eugene, Oregon, with his Canadian-born wife, Karen, an attorney.

Albums

 * Them Poems, Rel. 1964
 * The Mason Williams Phonograph Record, Rel. 2/1968
 * The Mason Williams Ear Show, Rel. 11/1968
 * Music, Rel. 3/1969; #27 Canada, June 23, 1969
 * The Mason Williams Listening Matter (Them Poems re-release), Rel. 3/1969
 * Handmade, Rel. 3/1970
 * Sharepickers, Rel. 10/1971
 * Of Time & Rivers Flowing, Rel. 12/1984
 * Music 1968-1971, Rel. 7/1992
 * A Gift of Song, Rel. 9/1992
 * Of Time & Rivers Flowing, Re-rel. 5/1997
 * Classical Gas, at the Wildish Theater, Rel. 12/2006

Singles

 * "Love Are Wine" / "The Exciting Accident", April 1966
 * "Classical Gas" / "Long Time Blues", April 1968
 * "Baroque-a-Nova" / "Wanderlove", August 1968
 * "Saturday Night at the World" / "One Minute Commercial", October 1968
 * "Greensleeves" / "$13 Stella", March 1969
 * "A Gift Of Song" / "A Major Thing", June 1969
 * "José's Piece" / "Find a Reason To Believe, June 1970
 * "Train Ride in G" / "Here I Am Again", August 1971

EPs

 * EP 2003: Music for the Epicurean Harkener, Rel. 12/2003
 * O Christmas Three, Rel. 12/2009

For others

 * Folk Baroque, producer/arranger, Rel. 10/1963
 * Introducing Jayne Heather, arranger/musician, Rel. 12/1965
 * Tour de Farce, The Smothers Brothers, sideman/songwriter, Rel. 1965
 * The Smothers Brothers Play It Straight, co-producer, Rel 1966
 * Jennifer (Jennifer Warnes), guest vocalist, Rel. 1969
 * Fiddle & A Song, Byron Berline CD, sideman, Rel. 9/1995
 * 1995 Sony Disc Manufacturing Holiday Choir, producer, Rel. 12.1995

With others

 * Little Billy Blue Shoes b/w Run Comeun See, The Wayfarers Trio, Rel. 1960
 * Folk Music as Heard at the Gourd, unknown group name, Rel. 8/1960
 * Songs of the Blue and Grey, The Wayfarers Trio, Rel. 4/1961
 * Away All Boats (EP), unknown group name, Rel. 4/1962
 * More Hootenanny (LP), The Hootenaires, Rel. 8/1963
 * Fresh Fish (LP), as Mason Williams & the Santa Fe Recital, Rel. 1978
 * Classical Gas, with Mannheim Steamroller (LP), Rel. 10/1987
 * Electrical Gas, with Zoe McCulloch (CD), Rel. 7/2005
 * Classical Gas, with Craig Einhorn, Rel. 9/2006

Compilation appearances

 * The Big Hootenanny, Rel. 1963
 * I Am an American, Rel. 3/1963
 * The Twelve-String Story Vol. 1, Rel. 1963
 * The Twelve-String Story Vol. 2, Rel. 1963
 * The Banjo Story, Rel. 1963
 * 5-String Banjo Greats, Rel. 4/1964
 * Rock Instrumental Classics Vol. 2 - The Sixties. Rel. 1994
 * 1968 Billboard Top Pop Hits (CD)
 * Cascadia (1996 Oregon Governor's Arts Awards) Rel. 4/1996

Misc.

 * 40th Anniversary of Classical Gas, Rel. 4/2008

title: Mason Williams


text:
Talk:San Cristóbal Province

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Indica

Indica is classical Greek and Latin for "of India".

Historical ethnographic accounts of India

 * Indica (Arrian), Arrian's account of Nearchus' voyage from India
 * Indica (Ctesias), a recording of the beliefs of the Persians about India by the classical Greek author Ctesias
 * Indica (Megasthenes), his account of his travels in India
 * Indica, Al-Biruni's account of his travels in India

Arts

 * Indica (Argentine band)
 * Indica (Finnish band)
 * Indica Gallery, a London art gallery in the 1960s
 * Indica Watson, English actress

Brands and companies

 * Indica Records, an independent record label founded by the band GrimSkunk
 * Tata Indica, an automobile by Tata Motors, India

Other

 * Cannabis indica
 * Azadirecta indica
 * Dillenia Indica
 * Fromia indica

title: Indica


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User talk:Fonzo~enwiki

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Bodhimaṇḍa

Bodhimaṇḍa (Sanskrit and Pali) or daochang is a term used in Buddhism meaning the "position of awakening". According to Haribhadra, it is "a place used as a seat, where the essence of enlightenment is present".

Bodhimaṇḍas are regularly visited by Buddhist pilgrims, and some have gone on to become popular secular tourist destinations as well. In many forms of Buddhism, it is believed that bodhimaṇḍas are spiritually pure places, or otherwise conducive to meditation and enlightenment.

Famous bodhimaṇḍas in India

 * The Vajrasana, Bodh Gaya: Gautama Buddha
 * Mount Potalaka: Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva

Famous bodhimaṇḍas in China

 * Mount Putuo: Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva
 * Mount Emei: Samantabhadra Bodhisattva
 * Mount Wutai: Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva
 * Mount Jiuhua: Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva

title: Bodhimaṇḍa


text:
International Engine of the Year

The International Engine of the Year is an annual competition for automotive industry internal combustion engines and electric motors, judged by a panel of automobile journalists from around the world. It is organised by UKi Media & Events' Automotive Magazines. The competition was started in 1999.

The award is determined by the panellists using "subjective driving impressions and technical knowledge, and took into account characteristics such as fuel economy, noise, smoothness, performance and driveability".

Rankings
Number of times the following makes have received the award:

title: International Engine of the Year