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Snowshoe Thompson

John Albert Thompson (born Jon Torsteinsson Rue; April 30, 1827 – May 15, 1876), nicknamed Snowshoe Thompson, an early resident of the Sierra Nevada of Nevada and California, was a Norwegian-American considered to be the father of California skiing.

Background
Jon Torsteinsson Rue was born on the Rue farm in Austbygdi, Tinn in Telemark, Norway. He was the son of Torsten Olsen Rue (ca. 1760–1829) and Gro Jonsdatter Håkaland (1781-ca. 1846). His father died when Thompson was 2 years old.

In 1837, at the age of 10, Thompson came to America with his mother, settling first on a farm in Norway, LaSalle County, Illinois at the Fox River Settlement. The family subsequently moved on the Norwegian immigrant settlement in Shelby County, Missouri which was under the leadership of Cleng Peerson. In 1839, they were joined by Thompson's brother Tostein (1819-1880) and sister Kari (born 1822). In 1840, they followed Hans Barlien and moved to the Sugar Creek Settlement in Lee County, Iowa.

In 1846, Thompson and his brother Tostein came to Dane County, Wisconsin. In 1851, Thompson drove a herd of milk cows to California and settled in Placerville. For a short while he mined in Kelsey Diggins, Coon Hollow and Georgetown. With the small amount he saved, he bought a small ranch at Putah Creek, in the Sacramento Valley. In 1860, Thompson homesteaded a 160-acre ranch in Diamond Valley, south of Genoa in California's Alpine County.

Mail delivery
Between 1856 and 1876, he delivered mail between Placerville, California and Genoa, Nevada and later Virginia City, Nevada. Despite his nickname, he did not make use of the snowshoes that are native to North America, but rather would travel with what the local people applied that term to: ten-foot (over 3-meter) skis, and a single sturdy pole generally held in both hands at once. He knew this version of cross-country skiing from his native Norway, and employed it during the winter as one of the earlier pioneers of backcountry skiing in the United States. Thompson delivered the first silver ore to be mined from the Comstock Lode. Later he taught others how to make skis, as well as the basics of their use. Despite his twenty years of service as a subcontractor, he was never paid for delivering the mail.

Thompson typically made the eastward trip in three days, and the return trip in two days. Thompson carried no blanket and no gun; he claimed he was never lost even in blizzards. A rescue attributed to him was that of a man trapped in his cabin by unusually deep snow. Thompson reached him, realized the damage to the man's legs from frostbite was sufficient to kill him, skied out to get chloroform, skied back in with it, and delivered the chloroform in time to save him.

Thompson traveled the Star routes along Old Emigrant Road and later Big Tree Route. The route known as "Johnson's Cutoff" was a pathway first marked by John Calhoun Johnson, an early explorer and first man to deliver mail over the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Today this approximates the route of U.S. Route 50 as it winds its way from Placerville, California to South Lake Tahoe.

Personal life
In 1866, Thompson married Agnes Singleton (1831-1915) who had come to America from England. The Thompsons' only child, Arthur Thomas, was born on February 11, 1867. From 1868 to 1872 Thompson served on the Board of Supervisors of Alpine County, and was a delegate to the Republican State Convention in Sacramento in 1871. In spite of a resolution sent to Washington, D.C. by the Nevada Legislature, the many political contacts he had gathered, and a trip to Washington, D.C. in 1872, Snowshoe Thompson was never paid for his services delivering the United States Mail.

Snowshoe Thompson died of appendicitis which developed into pneumonia on May 15, 1876. His grave can be seen in Genoa, Nevada, in Carson Valley, east of Lake Tahoe. His son, Arthur, died two years later of diphtheria, and was buried next to his father at the cemetery in Genoa.

Legacy

 * In 1885, a marble stone was erected on the site of Snowshoe's grave. Engraved are a pair of crossed skis and the phrase "Gone but not forgotten."

 * In 2001, a statue of Snowshoe Thompson was erected on the grounds of the Mormon Station State Historic Park in Genoa, Nevada.

 * Monuments to the memory of Snowshoe Thompson can also be found at Carson Pass and at the Boreal Ski Resort and Palisades Tahoe.

 * A memorial stone in Austbygdi, Telemark in Norway where he was born.
 * Thompson Peak is a 9,340-ft summit in the Sierra Nevada that is named for him.

Thompson in popular culture

 * In 1954, the character actor Don Kennedy (born 1920) played Thompson in an episode of the syndicated western anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. In the story line, Thompson comes to the aid of Sierra Nevada miners in Placerville and other mining camps to carry the U. S. mail in snowy winters. Despite his enthusiasm for the job, he was never compensated. The lack of funds caused a delay into his planned marriage to Agnes (Jane Hampton).
 * Country and folk singer Johnny Horton in 1956 recorded "Snowshoe Thompson", a song about Thompson's adventures as a mail carrier. The song is track 4 on the compilation: Johnny Horton Makes History.
 * Scottish rocker Alex Harvey covered the song on his posthumous 1982 release, Soldier On The Wall.
 * In 2008 Norwegian author Terje Nordberg wrote a Donald Duck comic strip (Donald Duck & Co), which Norwegian artist Arild Midthun illustrated. The title "Snowshoe Duckson" makes an obvious reference.
 * In 2020, Colorado band Wildfire Stampout recorded “Snowshoe” on their album “Stampout Songstravaganza”. The song is based on Snowshoe Thompson's reliability during his cross-mountain deliveries.

Other sources

 * Bjork, Kenneth (1956) Snowshoe Thompson: Fact and Legend   (Northfield, MN: Norwegian-American Historical Association, Vol XIV, pg 62–88)

Related reading

 * Stoutenburg, Adrien, Laura Nelson Baker (1957)  Snowshoe Thompson (Scribner; Book Club) ISBN 978-0684209586
 * Tortorich, Frank (2015) John A. "Snowshoe" Thompson, Pioneer Mail Carrier of the Sierra (Pronghorn Press)  ISBN 978-1941052105

title: Snowshoe Thompson


text:
Stereo Type A

Stereo Type A (stylized as Stereo ★ Type A) is the second studio album by Cibo Matto released in 1999. As the group disbanded in 2001, it was their last studio album prior to their 2011 reunion. The album peaked at number 171 on the Billboard 200, and also reached the top spot of CMJ's College charts.

Background
While having a strong focus on atmospheric and ambient sounds and melody (particularly in "Moonchild"), Stereo Type A also contains a broad range of styles, reaching into hip hop territory on "Sci-Fi Wasabi" (with additional vocals by Duma Love), and heavy metal on "Blue Train". Furthermore, "Clouds" and "Mortming" contain heavily vocoded vocals.

In their interview with the band, Barnes & Noble noted the band moving away from writing songs about food, opining the album is a "diverse collection of tracks that includes metal-edged rockers, lounge-influenced pop, pithy hip-hop -- and only one song about culinary delicacies ('Sci-Fi Wasabi')." In the same interview, Yuka spoke about the album's title:

"When we decided to make this record, Miho and I talked about a lot of things that were on our minds: what was happening around us and how we felt about what happened with [the perception of] Viva! La Woman. For three days we were just sitting around talking and talking instead of writing music. And we kept bumping into that subject a lot: how we have to deal with stereotypes so much, and how it can be very hard, because the people who have these stereotypes aren't even aware of it."

Critical reception
Several critics noted the album's difference from the group's debut, regarding it positively as a progression of style and a maturation. The album received positive reviews upon its release, with Melody Maker calling it "album of the year so far. Purely joyous pop." Time Out magazine also named it "pure pop LP of the year so far."

Heather Phares of AllMusic says of the album: "Relying less on samples and more on their latent funk and jazz elements, Stereotype A sounds like summer in New York -- eclectic, hot, and funky. ...Stereotype A's overall sound is more direct and less fanciful than of their debut album Viva! La Woman." Independent publication SOMA Magazine stated: "Stereotype A confirms that the best way to make pop music is by combining multiple styles... Combined with Yuka Honda's style for sampling and Miho's sensual vocals, Stereotype A is a complete success."

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Cibo Matto, unless otherwise specified.

 * 1) "Working for Vacation" – 3:15
 * 2) "Spoon" – 4:06
 * 3) "Flowers" – 2:59
 * 4) "Lint of Love" (Cibo Matto, Duma Love) – 6:10
 * 5) "Moonchild" – 5:13
 * 6) "Sci-Fi Wasabi" – 3:43
 * 7) "Clouds" – 3:27
 * 8) "Speechless" – 4:32
 * 9) "King of Silence" – 4:55
 * 10) "Blue Train" – 5:21
 * 11) "Sunday Part I" – 3:19
 * 12) "Sunday Part II" – 3:38
 * 13) "Stone" – 3:17
 * 14) "Mortming" (Dougie Bowne) – 3:09

The Japanese release includes the bonus tracks "Backseat" and "Country".

Personnel

 * Miho Hatori – vocals, shaker, acoustic guitar, art direction, drawing
 * Yuka Honda – producer, sampler and sequencer, organ, piano, electric piano, synthesizer, harpsichord, vocoder, vocals, mixing (14)
 * Sean Lennon – electric bass, synth bass, drums, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, percussion, synth, vocoder, vocals, twelve-string guitar, delay pedal
 * Timo Ellis – drums, bass, vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, eight-string bass, cymbal, slamming door

Additional musicians ("special guests")
 * Duma Love – vocal, percussion, beat box, turntable
 * Marc Ribot – electric and acoustic guitar
 * Dave Douglas – trumpet
 * Curtis Fowlkes – trombone
 * Josh Roseman – trombone, horn arrangement (4)
 * Dougie Bowne – hi-hat, cymbals
 * Sebastian Steinberg – bass
 * Yumiko Ohno – Moog, backup vocals
 * Vinia Mojica – backup vocals
 * Sequoia – backup vocals
 * Smokey Hormel – acoustic guitar
 * John Medeski – Clavinet
 * Billy Martin – percussion

Recording personnel
 * Chris Shaw – engineer, mixing (1, 3, 10, 12, 13, 14)
 * Tom Schick – engineer
 * The Butcher Bros. – engineer, mixing (2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9)
 * Martin Bisi – engineer
 * Zak – arrangement and mixing (7)
 * Dan the Automator – mixing (11)
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Chaki/CZA – additional engineering
 * Juan Garcia – additional engineering
 * John Riegart – additional engineering
 * Dirk Grobelny – additional engineering
 * Manny Lecuona – additional engineering
 * Mikey Bones Malak – additional engineering

Additional personnel
 * Pascale Willi – art direction, design and photography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stereo Type A


text:
Fewell

Fewell is a Scottish name derived from a word for "people". It has been a family name since the late 5th century, though the Saxon invasions mixed the native Scottish bloodline with conquering noblemen in 1200. The line that was therefore created in Scotland extended later into Western Europe and eventually into the Americas.

One line of the Fewell family became wealthy through seafaring trade in the southern Scottish ports. The family gained repute because they guaranteed protection for the merchants that traveled through their ports. The wealth was lost when that family migrated to the United States during the 1820s. Another branch of the Fewell family may have emigrated to Virginia as early as 1656; US Census records this branch in Faquier County, Virginia, in the 1790 census and every succeeding census although the only males in this line who have living male descendants bearing the name Fewell removed to Washington, DC in the early 20th century and their descendants are to be found in the early 21st century to New York.

Fewell is also a family name of Austrian origin, derived from "fuer" or its variants and anglicized upon immigration to the United States.

People named Fewell include:

 * John Fewell, English Member of Parliament
 * Perry Fewell (born 1962), American collegiate and National Football League coach
 * Stephen Fewell, British actor
 * Billy Bowlegs III or Billy Fewell (1862–1965), Seminole elder

title: Fewell


text:
User talk:137.164.146.6

January 2023
Hello, I'm Roundish. I noticed that you recently removed content from Dorothea Lange without adequately explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; the removed content has been restored. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Roundish  ⋆  t c) 16:50, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

Please refrain from attempting to make unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been [ disallowed by an edit filter.] If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 02:26, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:137.164.146.6


text:
Viva! La Woman

'Viva! La Woman' is the debut studio album by the band Cibo Matto, released on January 16, 1996, by Warner Bros. Records.

The tracks "Birthday Cake" and "Know Your Chicken" were first released as singles in 1995. Following the release of ''Viva! La Woman'', the latter was reissued as a single in July 1996. Music videos were produced for "Know Your Chicken" and "Sugar Water", directed by Evan Bernard and Michel Gondry, respectively.

Background
Warner Bros. Records signed Cibo Matto after the band's self-titled EP caught the label's attention. The tracks on ''Viva! La Woman'', Cibo Matto's first album for the label, reflected the band's live performances, utilizing pre-recorded samples and loops. Cibo Matto instrumentalist Yuka Honda has expressed regret that she did not stand up for herself when others discouraged her from replacing the samples and loops with new recordings.

Composition
Stereogum's James Rettig classifies ''Viva! La Woman'' as a trip hop album. Throughout the album, vocalist Miho Hatori's alternately sung, rapped, and whispered performances are backed by Yuka Honda's hip hop-inspired sound collages. New York writer Chris Norris described Hatori and Honda as avant-pop musicians who on ''Viva! La Woman'' "weave found sounds, Muzak, and orchestral textures" into "atmospheric" songs. In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, critic Rob Sheffield described the music as a mixture of hip hop, dub, lounge, and pop.

The album's lyrics balance humorous themes in "Beef Jerky", "Birthday Cake", and "Know Your Chicken" with abstract, often emotional narrative-style wording in "Apple", "Sugar Water", and "Artichoke", as well as overall pop music fare in "White Pepper Ice Cream", "Theme", and "Le Pain Perdu". Several songs feature the group's well-known references to food, primarily present on this release. Honda explained: "Food is something you can't escape. It's there every day." The band would often go to restaurants after rehearsals, and according to Honda, "Cibo Matto grew out of those restaurant times."

"Theme", unusual among Cibo Matto's discography for its length, is a track which features a relatively normal song sung in English with several Italian words before shifting into instrumental passages and leading into a second half that contains entire verses in Japanese and French.

Packaging
The album booklet contains illustrations and lyrics accompanying most of the songs. The only tracks for which the booklet features no lyrics are "The Candy Man", a cover of a song from the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (presumably for copyright reasons; the song also has all lyrical references to Willy Wonka changed to "the candy man"), and "Jive", an 18-second hidden track primarily consisting of a recording of Miho Hatori tapping her thighs, for which she is also credited.

Reception
''Viva! La Woman'' was acclaimed by music critics. Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly described Cibo Matto as "sonic savants who go nutty mixing disparate ingredients, like avant-garde trumpet with bossa nova bass lines and sugary non-sequitur lyrics", summarizing the album as "kitschy club music, as kooky and lovable as Hello Kitty." Select writer Andrew Male remarked on the album's playful lyrics, while noting that the band is "far more musically adept than yer average guitar 'n' shouting comedy act." The Guardian's Caroline Sullivan called ''Viva! La Woman'' "an ambitious confection of trickling beats and delicately comatose spoken vocals whose only hint of wackiness is the lyrics", while AllMusic's Heather Phares praised it as "innovative and catchy" and "diverse and entertaining". Spin named ''Viva! La Woman'' the tenth best album of 1996 and later ranked it as the 90th best album of the 1990s. The album spent six weeks at number one on CMJ's college radio charts. Some listeners perceived the album as a novelty, "partly because of the cutesy-pie assumptions attached to Asian women in pop and partly because of the band's propensity for writing songs about food", much to Cibo Matto's chagrin.

Legacy and impact
Writing in The Quietus in 2014, Joe Sweeney regarded ''Viva! La Woman'' as "a food-obsessed avant-rap record that dared to be ridiculous at a time when full-throated earnestness... was shipping millions."

Viva! has been recognized as influential in the years since its release. Drowned in Sound positively discussed its impact within the history of Shibuya-kei music in a 2018 article. The site's Samuel Rosean credited the album with bringing western listeners' attention to the sound, deeming it "one of the genre's first big international crossover moments". He praised Viva! as "a masterstroke of progressive electronic sounds" and called the band's "abstract" fusion of Shibuya-kei with art pop and trip hop "artful and forward-thinking".

Track listing
Sample credits
 * "Beef Jerky" contains samples of "Vivre pour vivre", performed by Francis Lai.
 * "Sugar Water" contains samples of "Hung Up", performed by Paul Weller; and "Sospesi nel cielo", performed by Ennio Morricone.
 * "Theme" contains samples of "Tin Tin Deo", performed by Machito and His Afro-Cuban Jazz Ensemble.
 * "Le Pain Perdu" contains samples of "Caravan", performed by Duke Ellington.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
 * (Where possible, the credits here have been adapted from humorous accreditations in the album's booklet, which are often made to sound sexual or food-related.)

Cibo Matto
 * Miho Hatori – vocals ("singing, howling, moaning, sighing"), finger snapping, thigh tapping
 * Yuka Honda – keyboards, programming, beach guitar, coughs, finger snapping

Additional musicians

 * Dougie Bowne – percussion
 * Dave Douglas – trumpet
 * Rick Lee – horns
 * Jay Rodriguez – saxophone
 * Josh Roseman – trombone
 * Marc Anthony Thompson – vocal sounds
 * Bernie Worrell – organ

Production

 * Tchad Blake – production, mixing (also "beneath low end sonics"), recording
 * Cibo Matto – production
 * Yuka Honda – additional recording on "White Pepper Ice Cream" and "The Candy Man"
 * Mitchell Froom – production, assistance ("heavy duty shepherding")
 * Jesse Habkell – assistance
 * Mike Lee – assistance at Electric Lady Studios
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * John Paterno – assistance
 * Mike Piersante – assistance

Design

 * Lance Acord – basement photograph (on CD tray)
 * Dave Aron – back cover photograph
 * Miho Hatori – booklet illustrations
 * Garland Lyn – design assistance
 * Mike Mills – art direction, design
 * Thomas Thurnauer – cover illustration

Additional personnel

 * Tim Carr – A&R ("and street dancing")

title: Viva! La Woman


text:
Talk:Breed club

Start
So, what do you think?

Too partisan?--jdege 19:35, 2004 Dec 2 (UTC)

 * Not bad, I think. I made a few minor edits. Elf | Talk 20:23, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Excellent article!!! MaShiloh 16:08, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Removing cleanup tag
This page had a cleanup tag but no specific comments about why. I addressed some POV comments and merged in the content of another article that had just been jammed at the end of the existing article. Elf | Talk 23:48, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Breed clubs in general
Breed clubs are found in almost all species of domesticated animal. Dog breed clubs in specific has its own article, see Talk:Breed standard.--Hafwyn (talk) 23:54, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Breed club


text: User talk:62.21.123.142

title: User talk:62.21.123.142


text:
Antirrio

Antirrio (Αντίρριο, pronounced, Antirrhium) is a town and a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nafpaktia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 50.794 km2.

It is situated on the north side of the narrow (2.4 km) Strait of Rio, which separates the Gulf of Patras in the west from the Gulf of Corinth in the east. Since August 2004 the Rio–Antirrio bridge connects northwestern Greece with the Peloponnese. The name Antirrio means "opposite Rio".

Subdivisions
The municipal unit Antirrio is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):
 * Antirrio (Antirrio, Karaoulia, Myrtia, Spartorachi)
 * Makyneia (Makyneia, Agios Polykarpos, Agrapidokampos, Riza)
 * Molykreio (Molykreio, Ano Platanitis, Fragkaiika)

Geography
Antirrio is situated at the western entrance of the Gulf of Corinth. It is 3 km northwest of Rio, 10 km north of Patras and 9 km southwest of Naupactus. 8 km to the northwest is the 1,039 m high mountain Klokova (also known as Paliovouna), rising steeply from the Gulf of Patras coast. The Rio–Antirrio bridge, carrying Motorway 5, connects it with the Peloponnese peninsula. Greek National Road 5 connects it with Missolonghi and northwestern Greece, Greek National Road 48 with Naupactus and Livadeia.

The port of Antirrio
The Port of Antirrio is served by ferries that carry traffic between the Peloponnese and northwestern Greece. Its significance has decreased since the opening of the Rio-Antirrio bridge in 2004. It is still in use as a ferry port for hazardous cargo and by users attracted by the scenic route or the lower fare for crossing the Rio-Antirrio strait. Adjacent to the port there is a lighthouse and the fortress of Antirrio.

On the eastern pier of Antirrio port there is the Antirrio RTS (Regional Traffic Service) which is part of the national Vessel traffic service system of Greece (Officially called Vessel Traffic Management and Information System). The RTS of Antirrio includes a building with the necessary electronics/communication equipment and a sensors/radar mast of 20m height. On top of the mast there is a remotely controlled CCTV camera, VHF antennas and the antenna of the coastal surveillance and navigation radar GEM RT02-25D.

title: Antirrio


text:
Tolbachik

Tolbachik (Толбачик) is a volcanic complex on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the far east of Russia. It consists of two volcanoes, Plosky (flat) Tolbachik (3,085 m) and Ostry (sharp) Tolbachik (3,682 m), which as the names suggest are respectively a flat-topped shield volcano and a peaked stratovolcano. As Ostry is the mountain's highest point, the entire mountain is often referred to as "Ostry Tolbachik", not to be confused with Ostry, a separate volcano to the north also on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Activity
Its eruptive history stretches back thousands of years, but the most notable eruption occurred in 1975, commonly known as "The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption". It was preceded by an earthquake swarm, which led to a successful prediction of the eruption by scientists from the Russian Institute of Volcanology. The eruption created several new cinder cones, and in terms of volume of lava emitted, was Kamchatka's largest basaltic eruption in historic times.

On November 27, 2012 a strombolian type eruption started from two fissures. Basaltic lava flows move relatively fast, and quickly flooded buildings 4 km away. The eruption continued for more than a month, as lava continued to flow from the fissures. Lava flowed up to 20 kilometers (12 miles) from the line of fissures on the volcano's southern flank. According to the Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team, the eruption ended September 15, 2013. Several lava caves were formed as a result of the 2012–2013 eruption.

Mineralogy
The fumarole deposits of Tolbachik are rich in exotic minerals and,, 100 new minerals have been first described here including alarsite and tolbachite.

Other references

 * Plosky Tolbachik volcano and Tolbachik lava field
 * Fedotov S.A. and Markhinin Ye.K. (Eds) (1983). The Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption: Geological and Geophysical Data, 1975-1976. Cambridge University Press, 341 p. ISBN 0-521-24345-9
 * "Fireworks" on Tolbachik - may 2013 on author's project website: "Russia Begins Here"
 * "Fireworks" on Tolbachik - may 2013 on author's project website: "Russia Begins Here"

title: Tolbachik


text: User talk:216.212.93.242

title: User talk:216.212.93.242


text:
Eastern Mountain Sports

Eastern Mountain Sports (or EMS) is an outdoor clothing and equipment retailer in the Northeastern United States headquartered in Meriden, Connecticut.

EMS sells outdoor equipment and clothing from both name brands and its own EMS line. The company also has a set of EMS Schools that offer classes in rock and ice climbing, kayaking, stand-up paddle boarding, trekking, and skiing. The EMS Schools headquarters is located in the White Mountains in North Conway, New Hampshire, and has other locations near the Adirondacks in New York, etc.

History
EMS was founded in 1967 in Wellesley, Massachusetts by two camping enthusiasts, Alan McDonough, who was running the family hotel chain, and Roger Furst, a lawyer whose office was in the McDonough complex. They targeted the outdoor equipment market in Boston. The first store on Linden St. in Wellesley carried the Gerry outdoor equipment line as well as downhill skis.

In 1968, the two enterprises merged and built the 1041 Commonwealth Avenue store – at 10,000 sq. ft. McDonough and Furst sold the company in 1979 to The Franklin Mint, which was acquired by Warner Communications in 1981. Four years later Warner sold the Mint but retained EMS, subsequently selling it to the American Retail Group, owned by the Brenninkmeijer family.

In July 2003 Will Manzer became President and CEO and shifted the company focus back towards specialty outdoors gear. A new logo, store reorganization, and a shift from stores in shopping malls to freestanding community-based stores followed.

American Retail Group sold Eastern Mountain Sports to investors led by J.H. Whitney & Company in 2004.

Bob Mayerson was announced as the new president in March 2010, as Will Manzer continued leading the company.

In 2012, Versa Capital Management bought EMS from J.H. Whitney and Mark Walsh became CEO. In April 2016, Vestis Retail Group, the Versa Capital-owned unit which owned the Sport Chalet and Bob's Stores sporting goods chains as well as Eastern Mountain, announced it had filed for bankruptcy protection and reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Vestis said it would reorganize and focus on the operations of Eastern Mountain and Bob's, while all Sport Chalet stores would close.

On 19 April 2017, Sports Direct International plc (Sports Direct) received permission to acquire Bob's Stores and Eastern Mountain Sports following Eastern Outfitters LLC's Chapter 11 filing.

In May 2022, Bob's Stores and Eastern Mountain Sports was acquired by GoDigital Media Group as part of its strategy to generate synergy between content, community and commerce.

In June 2024, SDI Stores filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, marking Eastern Mountain Sports' third time in bankruptcy protection. The filing came after the company announced that up to 10 stores would close from both brands. SDI Stores owed millions of dollars in unpaid debt to many of its creditors. As a result of the bankruptcy, the Meriden warehouse will close and all future online ordering purchases will be directed to stores.

However, in July 2024, SDI Stores announced that it would permanently close all of its remaining Bob's Stores and a select number of Eastern Mountain Sports locations, with liquidation sales beginning immediately after the announcement. Additional layoffs are also expected to occur by July 5. However, up to 24 Eastern Mountain Sports locations will remain open during the bankruptcy proceedings for now, with 15 Eastern Mountain Sports locations being listed as clearance stores.

title: Eastern Mountain Sports


text:
Battle of Lund

The Battle of Lund, part of the Scanian War, was fought on December 4, 1676, in an area north of the city of Lund in Scania in southern Sweden, between the invading Danish army and the army of Charles XI of Sweden. The Danish had an army of about 13,000 under the personal command of 31-year-old King Christian V of Denmark, aided by General Carl von Arensdorff. The Swedish army, which numbered about 8,000, was commanded by Field Marshal Simon Grundel-Helmfelt and the 21-year-old Swedish king Charles XI. It is one of the bloodiest battles in percent of casualties on both sides ever fought in Scandinavia.

Events leading up to the battle
After the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Fehrbellin and a number of Danish triumphs at sea, the Swedish military was occupied retaining their tenuous hold on dominions in Brandenburg and Pomerania.

The Danes saw this as an opportunity to regain control over the Scanian lands, which had fallen to Sweden with the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde. The Danes invaded via Helsingborg in late June 1676 with an army of 14,000 men, where they found themselves supported by the local peasantry. This made it impossible for the outnumbered Swedish troops to effectively defend the recently acquired province. After a month, only the fortified town of Malmö remained under Swedish control.

In August, a Danish detachment tried to advance north, but Swedish King Charles XI had prepared a new army in the province of Småland, and the Danish advance was halted at the Battle of Halmstad. The Swedes had gathered 14,000 men by October, of which three-fourths were mounted, and felt confident enough to march south. They slowly fought their way in an attempt to break the siege of Malmö. Swedish supply lines were thin due to frequent interceptions by local peasants under the command of Danish officers.

In early November, the Danish king and his army had taken post at Lund, south of the Kävlinge River. The Danes controlled all the river crossings, and the Swedish army was forced to camp on the north side. For one month this situation endured, but snow arrived in late November, and the river surface began to freeze. On the morning of December 3, the Swedish General of Fortifications Erik Dahlberg reported to the king that the ice would hold their weight. The Danes assumed that the Swedes had gone into winter camp and that they would not attack until spring.

Swedish forces
Supreme Commander: Karl XI Commander in chief: Field Marshal Simon Grundel-Helmfelt Head of cavalry: General Rutger von Ascheberg Quartermaster general: Colonel Erik Jönsson Dahlberg.

Unit sizes
Squadron: 2 cavalry companies. Battalion: 4 infantry companies. Cavalry company: ca 75 riders. Infantry company: ca 50 soldiers. On average a squadron had 150 riders and a battalion 200 soldiers. Because of detachments, disease and desertions the units were rarely at full strength.

Danish forces
Supreme Commander: Kristian V Commander in chief: General Carl von Arensdorff

Battle
Before daybreak the Swedish army broke camp and made preparations to cross the river. The Swedes had 2,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry at their disposal; their Danish opponents had more than 5,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, in addition to a few hundred Dutch sailors—in all, about 13,000 men. Under the cover of a moonless night, between 04:00 and 05:30, the entire Swedish force successfully crossed the river and reached the southern bank without alarming the Danes. The Swedes planned to attack the sleeping Danish camp with cavalry from the southeast. Reconnaissance patrols reported that the ground between the two armies was unsuitable for mounted troops, so King Charles XI and his generals gathered to discuss the new situation. Most advisers pointed out that it would be foolish to attack by foot as the Danish army possessed much more infantry and the Swedish main strength lay in its cavalry. Additionally, the Swedes would likely lose the element of surprise during the long march towards the Danish camp. The king was eager to attack at once, but was swayed by his advisers. He ordered the troops to advance towards the hills just outside the north wall of Lund, to seize a tactical advantage. The hills would mean better terrain for the cavalry and the town itself would cover the Swedish southern flank. By then the Danes had woken, and soon recognised the Swedish intentions. The Danes quickly broke camp and started to race the Swedes for control of the hills. The first skirmish was between the Swedish right wing and the Danish left wing, and ended in a draw. However, the hills were secured under Swedish control, and the Danes were pushed to the east.

The main battle began at 09:00, at sunrise. The front now stretched one kilometer from north to south, with the Danes to the east and the Swedes to the west. The Danish army was supported by 56 cannon of various calibers, while the Swedes brought only eight six-pounders and four three-pounders. Once the fighting commenced, Charles XI personally led a flanking maneuver to overwhelm the Danish left flank. During the fighting, the Danish commander Carl von Arensdorff was badly wounded, and the entire left wing was forced to retreat at 10:00, severely crippling the Danish army. von Arensdorff would later die from gangrene after amputation. Charles XI and Field Marshal Simon Grundel Helmfelt used their cavalry to pursue fleeing Danish troops and cut down any who lagged behind. The pursuit continued eight kilometers, right up to the river. Some officers at the Danish camp attempted to ward off the Swedes, but many Danes were forced onto the ice. The ice did not hold, and a great number of the remaining Danish left wing drowned. While the Danish left wing fled, the right wing pushed the Swedes back until the Swedish left wing scattered with its commander lieutenant general Johan Galle killed. With the absence of Danish King Christian V and with General Arensdorff wounded, Friedrich von Arensdorff, the general's brother, had assumed command of the Danish army. The Danish front was now facing south and the Swedish forces found themselves under constant attack with their backs against the town wall. The situation for the Swedes was desperate, as there had been no sign of the king, the Household cavalry, or the Field Marshal for hours. The Swedes were also greatly outnumbered, with approximately 1,400 infantry and 2,500 cavalry, as the Danes approximately counted 4,500 infantry and 2,100 cavalry. However, instead of forcing the attack, Friedrich von Arensdorff ordered the army to regroup at noon, halting the battle.

At the river, the Swedish king was contemplating his next move. Available intelligence from the town was scarce, and suggested that the whole Danish army was on the run. Although he was tempted to rout the fleeing Danish cavalry all the way to Landskrona, he decided to return to his army instead.

The battle at Lund renewed, and the Swedes were forced back once more. At sunset (about 15:00) the Swedish king returned from the north with his cavalry, combined with some cavalry units from the scattered Swedish left wing. He decided to try to circle the Danish army to the west to join the remains of the Swedish center. Danish commander Arensdorff made the decision to halt the offensive on the Swedish center and instead tend to the enemy cavalry in the northwest.

Charles XI, two generals, and three guards broke through the Danish lines to join the diminished Swedish center. While Arensdorff was still attacking the cavalry in the north, the return of the Swedish king inspired the exhausted troops, who attacked the Danish forces in the back. Though the Danes still outnumbered the Swedes, by approximately 4,500 to 4,000, Arensdorff had lost the initiative and after half an hour his army disintegrated. Charles XI wanted to clear the field of Danish soldiers. The remaining Danish cavalry quickly disappeared into the night. Although Danish General Siegwert von Bibow protected the infantry retreat, many of the Danes were massacred until Field Marshal Helmfelt ordered the killing to stop and the surrendering Danish soldiers were spared. At 17:00 a ceasefire was sounded.

Aftermath

Although the bodies were counted the next day, the original notes have been lost and the exact death toll is unknown. Contemporary Swedish sources indicate that between 8,300 and 9,000 were buried, excluding the Danes that drowned and soldiers that died from their wounds over the following weeks; however, it is likely that the peasants burying the bodies inflated the reported numbers for economic reasons, as suggested by author Gustaf Björlin, or that they include soldiers that had died of sickness and other reasons prior to the battle. One contemporary Danish source talks about a total of 9,300 dead. More realistically, the total deaths on the battlefield amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000 men, of which about 1,000 or slightly more were Swedes. The Swedes also had 2,000 men severely wounded after the battle, and perhaps 500 or so lightly wounded. According to Danish sources, their army had but 5,000 combat-ready men after the battle. Swedish sources, on the other hand, estimates that only 400 infantry and 2,500 Danish cavalry made it out unharmed; this number does not include artillery personnel or officers. At least 1,500 Danes had been captured and another 500 or so had been dispersed (of which many were subsequently killed or captured). The Dutch sailors had been exceptionally unfortunate; according to various sources, only a few dozen out of the 1,300 survived. The battle severely crippled both armies, seeing as it was extremely bloody when taking into consideration the casualties in comparison to the total number of combatants.

The Swedish victory is often attributed to the composition of their army, as it contained far fewer mercenaries than the Danish army. The Swedish mix of cavalry and infantry made it possible for the Swedes to mount swift counterattacks as soon as a friendly infantry unit buckled. The Danish still used the caracole tactic, undermining the speed and agility of their cavalry.

The victory at Lund boosted the morale of the Swedish army. Charles XI was criticized for getting carried away by his success on the right flank, but the battle made him popular with his troops. The remaining Danish forces were forced to retreat to the fortress of Landskrona. Reinforced by their Austrian and German allies, they would once again meet the Swedish army at the Battle of Landskrona.

title: Battle of Lund


text:
User talk:216.120.184.66

Syrthiss 14:57, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

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title: User talk:216.120.184.66


text:
Order of St. Gregory the Great

The Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great (Ordo Sancti Gregorii Magni; Ordine di San Gregorio Magno) was established on 1 September 1831, by Pope Gregory XVI, seven months after his election as Pope.

The order is one of the five orders of knighthood of the Holy See. The honor is bestowed upon Catholic men and women (and certain notable non-Catholics) in recognition of their personal service to the Holy See and to the Catholic Church, through their unusual labors, their support of the Holy See, and the examples they set in their communities and their countries.

History and appointment
The inaugural brief states, in part, that "gentlemen of proven loyalty to the Holy See who, by reason of their nobility of birth and the renown of their deeds or the degree of their munificence, are deemed worthy to be honored by a public expression of esteem on the part of the Holy See". The end of the brief states that they must progressively maintain, by continued meritorious deed, the reputation and trust they had already inspired, and prove themselves worthy of the honor that had been conferred on them, by unswerving fidelity to God and to the sovereign Pontiff.

The awarding of the Order of St. Gregory the Great presents no particular obligations on the recipients toward the Catholic Church – except for the general ones stated above.

Insignia

An eight-pointed cross, the insignia of the order, bears a representation of St. Gregory on the obverse and on the reverse the motto Pro Deo et Principe ("For God and Ruler"). The cross is suspended from a red and gold ribbon. In ecclesiastical heraldry, laymen awarded the high rank of Grand Cross can display a red and gold ribbon surrounding the shield in their personal coats of arms, but the recipients of the lower ranks place an appropriate ribbon below the shield. The difference between the civilian and military insignia is that the former group wears the cross hanging from a green crown of laurel, whereas the latter group wears the cross hanging from a trophy of arms.

Vestments and accoutrements
The Order comprises four classes:

 * Knight/Dame Grand Cross (GCSG)
 * Knight/Dame Commander with Star (KC*SG/DC*SG)
 * Knight/Dame Commander (KCSG/DCSG)
 * Knight/Dame (KSG/DSG)

A green uniform was later prescribed by Pope Pius IX. The uniform contains a black beaver-felt hat decorated with black silk ribbons, silver metallic twisted rope, buttons and black ostrich feathers. The jacket, made of green wool, is trimmed with silver metallic thread, and has a tail, nine yellow metal buttons in the front and three buttons on the cuffs and is lined with black satin. Finally, the costume contains suspenders, several yellow and red rosettes, white leather gloves, and a short sword with a handle made of mother of pearl with a medallion of the order at the end.

Knights Grand Cross wear a sash and a badge or star on the left side of the breast; Commanders wear a cross around the neck; and Knights wear a smaller cross on the left breast of the uniform:

Knight/Dame Grand Cross

 * Frederick Blakeney, 1964, Australian diplomat, Knight Grand Cross
 * Dominique, Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel, 2023, Knight Grand Cross
 * Sir George Bowyer, 6th Baronet, Knight Grand Cross
 * General Sir Peter Cosgrove, 2013, Knight Grand Cross, Governor-General of Australia
 * João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha, Knight Grand Cross of the First Class
 * Rodrigo Augusto da Silva, Knight Grand Cross of the First Class
 * Baron Henry Delvaux de Fenffe, 1921, Governor of Liège
 * Duke Carl Ludvig Fouché d'Otrante (1930)
 * George Forbes, 7th Earl of Granard, Knight Grand Cross
 * Frank Hanna III, American entrepreneur and philanthropist, Knight Grand Cross
 * Alice von Hildebrand, 2013, Dame Grand Cross
 * Charles von Hügel, 1852, Knight Grand Cross
 * Johno Johnson, 2015, Australian politician
 * Dina Kawar, previous ambassador of Jordan to France
 * Riccardo Muti, 2012, Italian conductor, Knight Grand Cross
 * Gilbert Levine, 2016, American conductor, Knight Grand Cross
 * Count Christopher de Paus (1930)
 * Count Hippolyte d'Ursel
 * Count Léo d'Ursel, ambassador
 * Count Charles Woeste

Knight/Dame Commander with Star

 * Bob Hope, 1998, American entertainer (convert to Catholicism)
 * Francis Martin O'Donnell, 2007, Ambassador and Knight of Malta, previously in UN service for 32 years
 * G. K. Chesterton, 1934, English writer, philosopher, lay theologian, and literary and art critic (convert to Catholicism)
 * Gloria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis, 2008, Dame Commander with Star
 * Albert Gubay, 2011, founder of Kwik Save supermarket chain and Total Fitness

Knight Commander and Dame Commander

 * Roy E. Disney, 1998
 * Sir Patrick Duffy, 2017, British politician
 * Hendrik Samuel Houthakker, 2003, Knight Commander with Silver Star, Member of Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers, husband of Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka.
 * John Hume, 2012, Northern Irish politician and co-recipient of the 1998 Nobel Peace Prize
 * Ignazio Jacometti, sculptor, appointed by Pope Pius IX.
 * Saunders Lewis, 1975, Welsh nationalist politician, founder of Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru and prominent figure in Welsh-language literature (convert to Catholicism)
 * Maurice Gerard Moynihan, 1959, Secretary of the Government of the Irish Free State and Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland
 * Rupert Murdoch, 1998, Australian-American publisher and media entrepreneur
 * Oscar Niemeyer, 1990, Brazilian modernist architect
 * Nikkyō Niwano, 1992, Japanese Buddhist practitioner who founded the Buddhist organization Risshō Kōsei Kai.
 * James O'Donnell, 1999, organist and Master of the Choristers, Westminster Abbey
 * Lilianne Ploumen, 2017, Dutch politician
 * Charles Poletti, 1945, Governor of New York, Army officer in charge of post World War II civil affairs in Italy
 * John J. Raskob, American financial executive and businessman (DuPont, General Motors); financed the building of the Empire State Building
 * Carlo Emanuele Ruspoli, 3rd Duke of Morignano, 2004
 * Paul Salamunovich, 1969, American choral conductor and expert on Gregorian chant.
 * Sir Jimmy Savile, 1990, English radio DJ and television presenter-broadcaster (In 2012, after Savile's death, an annulment of the honor was requested by the Archbishop of Westminster. This was declined on the basis that the life honor died with the individual.)
 * Roger Wagner, by Pope Paul VI, American choral conductor
 * Mordecai Waxman, 1998, Rabbi (Conservative Judaism)
 * Kevin McNamara, British Politician

Knight/Dame

 * Walter Annenberg, who created TV Guide
 * Mariano Armellini, Italian archaeologist
 * Thomas Bodkin, lawyer, art historian, art collector and curator
 * Joanna Bogle, 2013, British Roman Catholic writer and broadcaster
 * Phyllis Bowman, 1996, British journalist and anti-abortion campaigner
 * Henry Cooper, 1978, champion heavyweight boxer (convert to Catholicism)
 * John A. Creighton, 1898, businessman and philanthropist in Omaha
 * John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute
 * Ralph Downes, 1970, English organist, organist of the London Oratory, organ teacher and organ designer (including organ of the Royal Festival Hall London)
 * Jude Patrick Dougherty, 1999, American philosopher, Dean Emeritus of the School of Philosophy at the Catholic University of America
 * Eamon Duffy, 2017, Irish historian and Emeritus Professor of the History of Christianity at the University of Cambridge
 * Joseph Esposito, 2002, Chief of the New York City Police Department.
 * Yuri Nikolayevich Jobbers, teacher of Russian language and literature
 * Bambang Soegeng, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army
 * Emanuele Luigi Galizia, Maltese architect and civil engineer
 * Joe Gladwin, British actor and comedian
 * Sheilagh Kesting, 2016, former Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and former Ecumenical Officer of the Church of Scotland
 * Ilyas Khan, British businessman and philanthropist, Chairman of Leonard Cheshire Disability
 * George Malcolm, English choral conductor, harpsichordist and organist; former Master of the Music, Westminster Cathedral
 * Colin Mawby, 2006, English choral conductor and composer former Master of the Music, Westminster Cathedral
 * John A. McCone, 1955, US Industrialist, former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, and former head of the Atomic Energy Commission
 * George Menachery, 2008, Editor of the St Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India and Director of the SARAS, philanthropist
 * Jean Migneault, former Deputy Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus
 * Patrick Millen, 1991, New Zealand public servant
 * Ricardo Montalbán, 1998, Mexican / American actor
 * Paul Victor Obeng, 2009, Ghanaian mechanical engineer and statesman
 * Isabel Piczek, 1998, artist
 * Joseph Ryelandt, Belgian composer
 * Jovan Sundečić, 1886, Serbian Orthodox priest and Montenegrin official
 * John Van Hengel, 1994 Creator of St. Mary's Food Bank in 1967 and America's Second Harvest (now Feeding America).
 * Ann Widdecombe, 2013, British politician,
 * Michael Williams, 2001, English actor
 * Sebastian Kyalwazi, 1968, Ugandan surgeon, researcher and academic.
 * Alfred Grünberger, 1924, Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs.
 * J. L. P. Roche Victoria (Former State Minister from Tamil Nadu).
 * James Carine, Royal Navy officer.

title: Order of St. Gregory the Great


text:
User talk:65.68.200.238

Please don't create lots of articles for the different state republican parties containing just the URLs, it doesn't really give any useful information. If you're willing to write full articlse or stubs, that would be great though. --fvw * † 19:39, 2004 Dec 2 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.68.200.238


text: User talk:66.210.60.165

title: User talk:66.210.60.165


text: Talk:Launceston, Cornwall

title: Talk:Launceston, Cornwall


text: User talk:130.65.222.202

title: User talk:130.65.222.202