text:
Talk:Belisarius

White tsar
"beli tsar" mean white emperor. --Anonymous User:217.73.22.12

 * This relates to this edit by Kuralyov... tacked onto

this anonymous edit that wasn't really right. This stuff probably needs checking whether it's more than hypothetical. --Joy [shallot]   02:57, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I find it doubious, as the tsar was first used in the 10th century. I think it is just a coincidence. Is there a single academic reference to support the 'white tsar' name theory? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 11:48, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * While I am ignorant where it comes to byzantine history and language, I would think it equally likely that his name comes from belli (war) and caesar (lord) = warlord. It may just be a nickname that he got later in life.  Then again I'm just whistling in the dark--Ignignot 19:15, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

Re Tzar used only in 10th century... Actually, TZAR is slavicized for Caesar, which, after Julius Gaius Caesar was used by all Roman emperors as a title. True, Russians did not have actual Tzars until centuries later, but the Slavs probably referred to Roman and Bysantine leaders as Caesars (Tzars), just as we refer to German kings "kaisers" (which, by the way, is also Germanized Caesar) or Ottoman kings "sultans". So it is possible that Belisarius actually means White Prince in a Slavic language at the time.

 * I cant remember exactly where i read it, i think in the Oxford History of Byzantium, but they quite clearly dismiss the origins of the name Belisarius as being in any way related to a slavic rendition of "White Tsar" as the latter word was not in use at the time - as highlighted in previous comments. An Siarach

 * Not good enough. The "sar-" root, meaning (roughly) "ruler", has been lurking around the eastern Mediterranean for at least 3,000 years.  It is apparently even the etymological source of the "Caesar" family name, many generations before Julius (or Augustus) came along.  Of course Belisarius' name wasn't constructed from a form of the word that didn't exist at the time!  But it's much too glib to throw out the "sar-" with the bathwater.

 * Having said that: Is there ANYONE who can vouch for anything more about the etymology here? For instance, was "beli" actually in use as a word for "white" in Thrace or nearby regions at the time? Jmacwiki (talk) 01:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Strategy
Given that Belisarius was largely known for his strategic prowess, couldn't there be a little something about it, like perhaps going more indepth into one of his Persian campaigns? --maru 04:06, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Find a source. Link it here so others can do it. Adapt it yourself if others won't. I would also like to see this article expanded, but...it's wiki. If you want something done, you can do it yourself :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 09:26, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * But... I'm lazy. And I do so much work on other articles, is it so much to ask that someone else do it for once? :( --maru  (talk)  contribs 02:08, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

¨¨origin of Belisarius:::
I believe that the elements converge in the opinion that Belisarius was a romanized Greek.Belisarius was born in 500 A.D. in the Byzantine province of Dardania. As we know from the Greek-speaking chronographer - historician of this period Prokopios, the mother of Belisarius was Christian and the father a romanised noble who died when the eminent general was very young.Belisarius took his basic education in Adrianoupolis under the protection of his uncle. He had courses in Greek, his maternal language.As we know from Prokopios great impression to the general made Xenophon's "kathodos ton myrion", as well as the classic masterpieces "Ilias" and "Odyssey".He was also very inderested in logistics.With the acquaintances of his uncle could join the guard of Justinian, who distinguished him between the others.

The Balkan peninsula was southernly (under the Danube) lived from Greek origin Roman citizens. This conclusion we can gather easily from the make that they were given Greek names in all these  regions from prehistoric ages. Also the period that was given birth to Belisarius ,the Slavs were located above the Danube, they were pagans and they did not have any contact with the empire only afterwards the 6th century. It is not possible therefore Belisarius was Slav of origin,even if himself ignored his real national identity. However he was what he represented : A glorius Roman general of an empire that remained acquaintance in the history as Byzantium.

 * I encourage you, whoever you are that wrote this, to add some of this to the article itself. Jmacwiki (talk) 01:51, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

"one of the greatest generals in history"
Isn't that a bit biased and over the top, especially for the first sentence? There is no absolute consensus of the greatest generals of all time, and stating that Belisarius was one as absolute fact seems like too much. Perhaps "is often considered one of the greatest generals in history" or something of the sort. DaBears34 22:27, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not sure. Maybe it is true there is no consensus about a "list of the greatest generals". However, Belisarius is indeed one of the best, if you considered what he achieved with the resources he had. Moreover, he is included in the List of military commanders, which of course can include only a selected subset of all those who commanded military operations.--BlaiseMuhaddib 13:27, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I say it's a clear Peacock term and should be changed. --NEMT 02:27, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I do not agree with you. Under what term he was not "great"?--BlaiseMuhaddib 22:30, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Surely, but "prolific" is just silly. -- Gwern (contribs) 02:30, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * If you take its reproductive connotation, perhaps, but it can also be used to imply great influence and success. --NEMT 02:50, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it's a bit biased. Isn't it better to just let the reader go through the article and let him say "hey, this guy must be one of the greatest generals of all times!"

 * Suggestion (a general rule when peacock terms are in play, if you still want to assert an opinion): Give a published, 3rd-party source. In this case, better than a testimonial from some authority figure would be a citation from the curriculum of a military school that teaches about the strategies and successes of "great generals", including Belisarius. Jmacwiki (talk) 01:58, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Encyclopedia Of Military History (With R.E. Dupuy), New York, 1975, 1986, 1993 (if you can find it in the reference section of a library) contains an assessment of Belisarius career and does, I believe rate him as one of the greatest commanders of all time (or it may have been Heraclius - one of the Byzantine commanders got a surprisingly high rating out of them). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.63.184.212 (talk) 04:20, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

There are enough scholarly assessments of Belisarius to create a separate assessment section. If we made such a section and most scholars referenced there believe him to be among the best commanders in history we could safely refer to it when claiming he is considered one of the best commanders in human history. Regardless of how many sources claim him to be a genius or among the best military leaders ever I think it shouldn’t be mentioned as fact, not even that he is considered to be among the greatest, but something like “he is widely considered to be a military genius by historians” instead of “He is considered to be a military genius”. Dorromikhal (talk) 16:19, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Latin explanation?
What does the current text in successionbox means: Succeeded by: Post consulatum Belisarii (East), Iterum post consulatum Paulini (West)? Without ilinks it doesn't make much sense.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 03:08, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It is the standard way to tell that there were no consuls for that year, so it was the "(first year) after the consulate of Belisarius (in the East), the second (year) after the consulate of Paulini (in the West). Since it is standard, it stays that way. (You claim to be a proconsul, you should know well.)--BlaiseMuhaddib 22:29, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Belisarius' birth date
I have found in other internet sources (like the spanish page http://www.artehistoria.com/frames.htm?http://www.artehistoria.com/historia/personajes/4780.htm) that Belisarius was born at year 500, not 505. In Robert Graves' book "Count Belisarius" it also mentions the year 500 as Belisarius' date of birth.

 * Encyclopedia Britannica says c.505. I'll take their word over that of random Internet sites and novels any day. --Gwern (contribs) 16:59, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The Oxford Classical Dictionary (2003) says c. 500 - not that it really matters either way, circa conveys an unknown exact date, 5 years is within the realm of error either way. -- Stbalbach 12:35, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

question about mosaic
Is Belisarius to my right or Justinian's?   04:10, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

— Justinian's, the bearded one.XVA 05:23, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

cut text from article section notes
I have cut the following text:

 * Robert Graves biographical novel includes the assertion that Belisarius was able to demonstrate his knowledge of the practices of the East by asserting that the Saracens would be starting their Ramadan fast - this despite the fact that Belisarius died some 5 years before the birth of the prophet Mohamed!

My reasoning is that the fast in the month of Ramadan existed prior to Mohammed. In any case, the text belongs elsewhere, whether it stands or not on its own merit. --5telios 11:51, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

General Belisarius
All hail Belisarius, slayer of the Goths, the German scourge! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.148.120.65 (talk) 19:00, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Leptis Magna
Where-ever Blisarius landed in Africa, it wasn't in Leptis Magna. Lepis Magna is 1000km away, and Blisarius walked to Carthago in 10 days. Procopius does mentions passing a city named Leptis, but nothing more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.64.143.57 (talk) 21:35, 18 October 2010 (UTC)

Picture spacing
Could someone with the wiki know-how re-space the pictures? We have an adequately sized article, but they are all clumped together. Maybe some could be left justified? --Pstanton (talk) 23:39, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Eyes put out?
I understand that his eyes were put out, but why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.251.66.123 (talk) 07:59, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

For the pictures next to that section, the captions under the first two look like they are mixed around, because in the second picture there looks like a soldier recognizing him, while in the first caption it says that. If they are mixed around, then could the picture / artist names also be incorrect? MarkoPolo56 (talk) 19:10, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Literature
Dont forget to mention the book of Victor Davis Hanson "The Savior Generals". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.123.156.137 (talk) 14:47, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

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Meaning of the name Belisarius/Belisarios
What's the origin of the name Belisarius/Belisarios ? Latin ? Greek ? Isaurian ? Armenian ? Iranian ? Germanic ? 92.90.20.94 (talk) 19:48, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

Unclear, as we know little of his early life and ancestry. Various sources claim that he was an Illyrian, Thracian, or a Goth (of Germanic origin). A suggested etymology is that his name is actually Slavic and that it is connected to the term "Beli-tzar" (white prince), but the idea is considered dubious. See: https://www.behindthename.com/name/belisarius/submitted and http://www.macedoniantruth.org/forum/archive/index.php/t-602.html Dimadick (talk) 21:27, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Or for that matter, just read the comments on this Talk page from several years ago. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmacwiki (talk • contribs) 05:36, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Unsourced opinions about his accomplishments.
Last para. of the intro describes him as a "military genius" who is "often considered to rival Napoleon or Hannibal." Although I buy all of it, it is unsourced opinion. It needs references! (Unfortunately, I do not know how to insert the link for "Unsourced material needing references".) Jmacwiki (talk) 05:40, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

You forgot how to insert templates? The main template for that is Template:Citation needed, so we have several templates with similar scopes. Anyway, I added the citation as you suggested. Dimadick (talk) 08:52, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Thanks, Dimadick. (No, I didn't forget how. I've never known how, but I generally add or subtract textual content, not meta.  This was an exception.) Jmacwiki (talk) 03:32, 24 March 2018 (UTC)

Vandal war
I rewrote the section of the Vandal war. Added everything I know of involving Belisarius, maybe it is too extensive and some information should be removed? I do think it was a good idea to add info of Belisarius’ personal role in battles like at Ad Decimum as it can often be unclear when reading the articles on specific battles what was and what wasn’t a decision of the overall commanders of the forces involved and articles on military leaders from the modern era also often do that. This way a reader can form an opinion on Belisarius’ contribution to the campaign and battle and his of overall skill instead of just listening to what others have to say about it. Dorromikhal (talk) 00:11, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

If you would want to change this piece of the article please either inform me of what you want to be done so I can do it or notify me of what you did and why here. This is so I can take another look in my sources and add simplified version of events or something like that to avoid the section from becoming confusing. I was also planning on creating fully separate sections for the Vandal war and the gothic war. Dorromikhal (talk) 00:52, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

I forgot to say this but let please let me know what you think about creating separate Gothic and Vandal war sections. I think it might be a good idea to do so to make the article easier to navigate when it gets bigger. Dorromikhal (talk) 00:54, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

Bad lead section?
I have read a couple of books on Belisarius and frequently edited this page. What is bothering me is that the lead section of the article makes a number of claims that all or most of the books I’ve read dispute. Firstly it claims that Justinian’s reconquests were an ambitious project instead of just saying that much land was reconquered during Justinian’s rule. Hughes and Heather dispute this (their books can be found in the notes) I’ve gone into more detail on the page about Justinian himself but the point is that Justinian’s policy doesn’t sound logical when putting it into the context of his ambition to reconquer the west. Secondly it claims that Justinian provided only limited support to Belisarius. This is strange as they were (probably) personal friends, Belisarius passed every test of his loyalty and when sent to the east to fight the Persians (in between his Italian campaigns) he was put into a perfect situation to rebel: having the absolute loyalty of the troops in the west, being in the east were his reputation could have turned the troops against Justinian if he revolted, having a possible motive because of his poor treatment lately, having potential allies in the nobility who disliked the “commoner” Justinian and from the people who disliked Justinian’s high taxes. Apart from questioning Belisarius loyalty the only other possibly motive to not support his campaign seems to have been to prevent himself from expanding his power which Justinian certainly wouldn’t do to himself. Then it says he is frequently considered a military genius while there is no citation there nor is there an assessment section. Then it gives a very incomplete overview of his career and claims Belisarius won and as such held command during the battle of Tricamarum which he probably didn’t. I’m honestly not really impressed by this and would like to edit it a bit. Please inform me on what your thoughts on the lead section are here so in can take it into account when I edit it (or not edit it at all). Dorromikhal (talk) 15:10, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

Marching speed in Africa
Both my sources (Hughes and Brogna) on the issue consider the speed of the march from Caput Vada to have been somewhere under ten miles a day. However even at ten miles a day Belisarius would take over 15 days to get to ad Decimum. He reportedly approached the site after ten days. Dorromikhal (talk) 17:05, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

Timeline on iPad
When I view the article from my iPad the timeline doesn’t show up. I suspect this isn’t a problem with just my device. Of course you can just view it via the desktop mode but it would be nice if someone could fix this, I don’t know how to (without replacing the entire thing) myself. Dorromikhal (talk) 19:33, 27 August 2019 (UTC)

voyage to africa
the sequence of events seems to be a bit confused here. Peter Flass (talk) 03:53, 4 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Belisarius


text: User talk:198.234.216.67

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:198.234.216.67


text:
Talk:K Foundation

K Sera Sera
K Sera Sera was released (in Israel) and bootleg MP3s are widely available. A little more info on that recording needs to be in this article I feel. --kingboyk 12:35, 21 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. --kingboyk 23:15, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Song samples
A clip of "K Cera Cera" would be nice. --kingboyk 07:25, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Improvements needed

 * Audio sample
 * Expand sections 2 & 3
 * Get references for uncited facts.

Probably wouldn't take much work at all to get this ready for a peer review and FAC. --kingboyk 18:22, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Agree with your recommended improvements. It won't be a nightmare, but I think there's probably a lot of trawling through the Library to be done, as well as 45, not least because we must mention the "Tenant's Super" incident (which Bill cites as the "final" K Foundation activity and talks about in detail). "K Cera Cera" also needs some composition details. --Vinoir 19:04, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Not so sure this can be a FA, but it could aim for GA. The art award and burning articles certainly will be aiming for FA though. I've trimmed this a bit and added some fact templates; I think it will need some more trimming in the burning section and, yes, a mention of the Tenants Super incident. --kingboyk 13:56, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Now it's taking shape it looks like reaching FA standard might not be unrealistic after all. --kingboyk 20:01, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Earnings funding the next project
A note to myself really.

One of the duo mentioned how they'd always invested their earnings in the next project, and the K Foundation cash was a continuation of that. This is a theme we might want to expand on: AYNIL funded 1987 (we have a quote for that). A quarter of a million or more was spent on The White Room film. And, as they started selling more records, the videos and production started getting more elaborate. --kingboyk 19:59, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

GA passed

 * 1. Well written? Pass
 * 2. Factually accurate? Pass
 * 3. Broad in coverage? Pass
 * 4. Neutral point of view? Pass
 * 5. Article stability? Pass
 * 6. Images? Pass

Nicely written, it looks just like if it came out of an All music guide but NPOVed, nicely done and nice work on giving as much information as possible to the reader. Lincher 12:45, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Peer Review
This article is currently being peer reviewed at WikiProject Biography/Peer review/K Foundation, as a prelude to a possible Featured Article candidacy.

In addition to the peer review, please keep an eye on the todo list, where I will place anything flowing from the PR which is unresolved or which needs further discussion. --kingboyk 18:40, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

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Beguine (dance)

The beguine is a dance and music form, similar to a slow rhumba. It was popular in the 1930s, coming from the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, where, in the local Antillean Creole language, beke or begue means a White man while beguine is the female form. It is a combination of Latin folk dance and French ballroom dance, and is a spirited yet slow, close dance with a roll of the hips, a movement inherited from rhumba.

After Cole Porter wrote the song "Begin the Beguine", the dance became more widely known beyond the Caribbean. The song was introduced in Porter's Jubilee musical (1935).

In 1984, Italian pop music duo Al Bano and Romina Power released the song "Al ritmo di beguine (Ti amo)" from their album Effetto amore.

title: Beguine (dance)


text:
Talk:Ramapough Mountain Indians

New York State Recognition
"New York does not have a separate process of recognition of Indian tribes and never recognized the Ramapough".This is not true. According to NY Legislative Resolution 96 dated 2/82, it states "Whereas, although New York does recognize Indian tribes in order to qualify for state run aide-programs.." http://www.wiki.ramapoughlenapenation.org/wp-docs/NYResolution.pdf Ramapoughnative (talk) 03:31, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

Disagreement on State Recognition
Despite what the NCAI website states, the Ramapough are state recognized by resolution. refer to ACR3031. This is still in effect and we are recognized, or there would no longer be a NJ State Commission of Indian Affairs.

About the Commission The New Jersey Commission on Native American Affairs was created by P.L.1134, c. 295, and signed into law on December 22, 1995, by Governor Christine Todd Whitman. It was placed within the New Jersey Department of State. Later legislation changed the name to the New Jersey Commission on American Indian Affairs. Its first meeting was held on April 18, 1997 and it continues to meet regularly in Trenton, usually on the third Wednesday of the month. The Commission is covered by the Open Public Meetings Act. The Commission serves as a liaison among the tribes and the State and Federal governments. It is empowered to develop programs and projects to further understanding of New Jersey's American Indian history and culture. There are nine members of the Commission: the Secretary of State, serving ex officio, and eight public members. The public members, who are recommended by their tribes and organizations and appointed by the Governor, consist of two members from each of the following: Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indians, Powhatan Renape Indians, Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation, and Inter-Tribal People. Inter-Tribal People refers to American Indian people who reside in New Jersey, but are members of federally and/or State-recognized tribes in other states.

Ramapoughnative (talk) 20:10, 22 June 2017 (UTC) Steven Burton, NJ Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

Found a recent link about New Jersey still recognizing the "Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation," so I assume that's the same group. Yuchitown (talk) 23:55, 22 June 2017 (UTC)Yuchitown

Yes sir it is and i am one of the State Commissioners of Indian Affairs in New Jersey as you can see on the page. So, I would know but thank you for following up. Ramapoughnative (talk) 02:15, 23 June 2017 (UTC)

Ancestry
Has their DNA been tested, and, if so, what were the results? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 08:16, 9 September 2020 (UTC)

Multiple issues tag (cleanup template)
I added a multiple issues tag drawing attention to these problems with the article:

 * This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia.
 * This article's text uses more words than are necessary.
 * The neutrality of this article is disputed.

I made an edit (diff) that provides an example of a sentence that was not written from a neutral point of view. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 20:16, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The multiple issues tag was removed (diff) on 20 February 2022. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/him] 15:52, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

BIA acknowledged Ramapough as Indian in Supreme Court Appeal
'The Ramapough Lenape Indian Nation states that their members are descendants of the Lenape, although the Bureau of Indian Affairs did not find evidence of Lenape ancestry,[4][5] a decision subsequently upheld upon appeal.[6]' This is not accurate. The Writ of Centorari- in Supreme Court Appeal - RAMAPOUGH MOUNTAIN INDIANS VS GALE A. NORTON – DOCKET 011703, MAY 16TH, 2002 Page 11, the BIA aknowledged the Ramapough are Indian. I added this yesterday but it has been removed including the history. See the link of the actual docket link below. https://tputaawii-xuwii-pambiilak.org/tribes/supreme-court-of-the-united-states-petition-for-a-writ-of-certiorari/ Ramapoughnative (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 04:12, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I removed it because even if it was a valid and relevant point to make, it does not belong in the lead section. See MOS:INTRO.

 * There is a place for the quote, it seems to me, within the body of the article. Part of an addition/edit in the body of the article should acknowledge that the U.S. Supreme Court denied the writ of certiorari. Then, the quote from the plaintiff's Writ needs to be placed in context.

 * Regarding the context, it seems that a central issue is that just because the government (the Bureau of Indian Affairs) denies a group's request for federal recognition as an Indigenous people, that does not mean the people, in this case the Ramapough Mountain Indians, are not an Indigenous people with continuous existence within the borders of what is now the United States. Some people might think that statement contains an irreconcilable contradiction, but it does not.

 * In other words, one might ask, what evidence is required to declare a group of people as Native Americans? Federal recognition is one type of evidence, with the specific evidence needed derived from numerous U.S. statutes, treaties with Native peoples, Department of the Interior regulations, and case law. However, one can legitimately argue, it seems to me, that scholarly research, genetic studies, oral histories, current ethnic identification of a group, and more, can be marshalled to demonstrate that a group of Native peoples alive today are, in fact, ancestors of Indigenous peoples that lived and thrived on the continent prior to European colonization, oppression, and genocide. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 04:52, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Stated a bit differently, it might be best to not concentrate too much on federal recognition, although that is obviously important, but to draw a distinction between the different types of evidence, which might be categorized as (a) Federal recognition; (b) State recognition; (c) Scholarly recognition; (d) Self-recognition, i.e., the fact that a group of people exists who trace their lineage to Indigenous peoples living in what is now New York, New Jersey, Delaware, etc., who identify as Native peoples, and who exhibit a recognizable and unique culture. ("Unique" might not be the best word, as I understand that many Indigenous peoples believe and experience an interconnectedness with related peoples with Native ancestry.)

 * These are simply my thoughts as I think about these issues. I am sure there has been a lot written about this topic with much greater sophistication and nuance than what I have written. And, relatedly, there are many people who know a lot more about this topic than I do, and I hope they also chime in here. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 05:05, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Examples
Here are some examples of problems with the article, all from the History section:

 * "A number of local historians, genealogists, and archeologists have written about the Ramapough people." → Citations to reliable sources needed.

 * "Accounts have changed related to research that has revealed more archeological, historical, linguistic, and other evidence, as well as because of social attitudes." → Needs copy editing for clarity; citation(s) to reliable source(s) needed.

 * "As with other multiracial peoples seeking recognition as Native American tribes, the Ramapough Mountain Indians have encountered differences of opinion over the significance of ethnic ancestry in contrast to cultural and community identity in being recognized as a distinct culture.: → As written, this sentence constitutes original research.

 * "The Ramapo were a Munsee-speaking band of the Lenape, an Algonquian language-speaking people who occupied a large territory throughout coastal areas of the mid-Atlantic states and along the Delaware River valley." → Does not conform with Wikipedia policy on verifiability.

 * "Bands were typically named after their geographic region. Early European colonists thought they were different peoples, but all were Lenape." → All content must be verifiable. The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds material.

 * "Ramapo villages were recorded in the late seventeenth century in western Connecticut, near present-day Bethel and Ridgefield." → According to whom? As written, this sentences constitutes original research and thus violates Wikipedia policy. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 04:55, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Verifiable Resources
Thank you. Your suggestions are noted. I agree with you about the different ways to be recognized. Unfortunately, most people seem to be hung on Federal Recognition and DNA to prove it. This is what has been addressed in this wiki. We want to be sure the facts are presented. The questions you raise all had verifiable sources at one time but over time other editors have removed much of the sources by rewriting or removing them altogether. I will post all of these resources here again. Ramapoughnative (talk) 11:48, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

Ridgefield Connecticut Ramapo lands
"Ramapo villages were recorded in the late seventeenth century in western Connecticut, near present-day Bethel and Ridgefield." → According to whom? As written, this sentences constitutes original research and thus violates Wikipedia policy. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 04:55, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

'''"Ridgefield is a community of over 25,000 people in west-central Fairfield County. It was founded in 1708 when 24 families from Long Island Sound settlements bought these uplands from the Ramapoo Indians." - https://ridgefieldhistoricalsociety.org/history/ https://tputaawii-xuwii-pambiilak.org/media/ramapo-village-1625/''' Ramapoughnative (talk) 18:33, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 10:20, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Ramapo Munsee speaking band
"The Ramapo were a Munsee-speaking band of the Lenape, an Algonquian language-speaking people who occupied a large territory throughout coastal areas of the mid-Atlantic states and along the Delaware River valley." → Does not conform with Wikipedia policy on verifiability.

'''The late Herbert C. Kraft of Seton Hall University, anthropologist and archaeologist, identified the Lenape Indians  living north of the Raritan river  as Munsee-speaking bands (Kraft, 2001). Today scholars appear to have adopted the name Munsee Indians to describe the Lenape from the lower Hudson and upper Delaware River valleys (Goddard, 2010; Grumet, 2009). -

Goddard, I. (2010). The origin and meaning of the name “Manhattan”. New York History, 4, 277-293. Grumet, R. S. (2009). The Munsee Indians: A History. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Kraft, H. C. (2001). The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage 10:000 BC to AD 2000. NJ: Lenape Books.''' Ramapoughnative (talk) 19:20, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Do you have access to this book?
 * → Grumet, Robert S. The Munsee Indians: A History. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
 * If we can include a quote with the page number(s) in the reference, that would be great.
 * Thanks! Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 10:11, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

Local historians...
"A number of local historians, genealogists, and archeologists have written about the Ramapough people." → Citations to reliable sources needed.

'''William Harlem Jr. 1948 - https://tputaawii-xuwii-pambiilak.org/media/books-media/board-of-regents-of-the-smithsonian-institute/

F.G. Spect 1908 - https://tputaawii-xuwii-pambiilak.org/media/books/amrican-museum-of-natural-history-nyc/ Alanson Skinner

Ed Lenik 1997, 1999 - https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/1246694.Edward_J_Lenik'''

More to come Ramapoughnative (talk) 14:12, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Very helpful. The links by themselves don't meet Wikipedia standards for reliable sources, but if you can find the actual books and cite the book, with page number(s), that would be great. Make sure to include all the required information in the reference. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/his/him] 10:14, 2 April 2021 (UTC)

This will take awhile to gain. I hope you have the patience because this isnt my priority at the moment.

Ramapoughnative (talk) 04:02, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

Writ
What happened to the reference to the Writ and the BIA recognition in court? You mentioned "Stated a bit differently, it might be best to not concentrate too much on federal recognition", but the lack of federal recognition is in the 1st paragraph read?

The State of New Jersey declared us as remnants of the Algonquin and Iroquois nations, so why does it say, "The Ramapough state they are descendents", instead of "The Ramapough are descendents"? "Be it resolved by the general assembly of the state of new jersey that the Ramapough Mountain People of the Ramapogh Mountains of Bergen and Passaic counties, descendants of the Iroquois and Algonquin nations, are hereby designated by the state of new jersey as the Ramapough Mountain Indians". reference is above. Ramapoughnative (talk) 04:33, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

NPOV
Um What happened to talking on the talk page BEFORE tagging it in dispute as NPOV? The NPOV rules state "Simply being of the opinion that a page is not neutral is not sufficient to justify the addition of the tag. Tags should be added as a last resort." Either we can talk about it or it goes. Ramapoughnative (talk) 21:11, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

Multiple issues tag removed
I removed the multiple issues tag (diff) with the following edit description: "The article has improved since I placed the multiple problems tag. Thank you to all the Wikipedians who have contributed. The article still needs editing, but progress has been achieved." Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/him] 15:49, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * None of these issues have been addressed. The recent edits were minor copy-editing and removal of these statements: "Their president was listed as Duane Perry in 2016. Their treasurer was listed as Dwaine Perry in 2018," presumably obsolete. Yuchitown (talk) 01:18, 21 February 2022 (UTC)Yuchitown
 * Actually I was referring to edits made over the last 10 months since I placed the multiple issues tag on the article. But I'm not going to "tag war". I'll leave it to others to decide when and how to improve the article. Mark D Worthen PsyD (talk) [he/him] 05:29, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Updating nonprofit information
you can discuss the article here on its talk page. I found the 990s on GuideStar and can update later. Everything added needs a wp:reliable, published secondary source. Read wp:cite for more info. Yuchitown (talk) 23:23, 12 September 2022 (UTC)Yuchitown

title: Talk:Ramapough Mountain Indians


text:
Talk:Wojciech Rostafiński

Untitled
Wiecej informacji na temat Wojciecha Rostafińskiego - Powstanie 44, strona 706 i 799. More infos about Wojciech Rostafinski, see: Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw, pages 706 and 799 (Polish version)--Emax 14:07, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wojciech Rostafiński


text:
User talk:194.82.168.3

October 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute to the encyclopedia, but when you add or change content, as you did to the article Gillingham F.C., please cite a reliable source for your addition. This helps maintain our policy of verifiability. See Citing sources for how to cite sources, and the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. - David Biddulph (talk) 11:55, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

November 2011
This is your only warning; if you vandalize Wikipedia again, as you did at Cyclone Nargis, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. S W H talk 15:50, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

January 2018
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Engineering fit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. - Arjayay (talk) 12:26, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Engineering fit, you may be blocked from editing. - Arjayay (talk) 12:27, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:194.82.168.3


text:
User:Rahulg2

hi, i am rahul, from a small town called 'banda' situated at eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. currently i am located in bangalore, india. see my homepage for more details:

www.ncb.ernet.in/~rahul

thanks.

title: User:Rahulg2


text:
Warlord: Saga of the Storm CCG

Warlord: Saga of the Storm is a collectible card game designed by Kevin Millard and David Williams. It was produced by Alderac Entertainment Group since its introduction in April 2001 until January 2008, when they announced they were ceasing its production. In place of AEG, German company Phoenix Interactive has licensed the rights to produce the game and printed their first set, Fourth Edition, in July 2008. The longer official name is almost always shortened to Warlord and the subtitle "Saga of the Storm" is often used informally to refer to the original base set of cards. The game is unrelated to an earlier, similarly named CCG, Warlords.

Warlord is based on the Rank & File system which in turn borrows basic elements from the d20 system. Originally intended as an easy-to-learn second game for players already familiar with d20 fantasy role-playing games, Warlord is often marketed with the tagline, "The game you already know how to play". Warlord was permanently discontinued by AEG and Phoenix Interactive in early 2012, approximately one decade after its initial release.

Introduction
Warlord differs from many other collectible/customizable card games in that, in gameplay, there is no specific "resource" required to bring cards into the playing field. In order to balance the gameplay, instead of separate "resources" being required, the game relies on its "Rank and File" system, using character level and location to determine whether items of a given level may be equipped, character level and class to determine whether a given action may be performed, and the number of "ranks" present in the player's formation to determine whether a given character can be brought in to play. Furthermore, characters themselves are often used as "resources" to perform certain actions in the game.

In 2002, Alderac Entertainment Group announced that "fans and industry professionals would design a set named Call to Arms of at least 300 cards to be released in February 2003. Among the people designing a card would be: the winners of Warlord tournaments at the 2002 Origins Game Fair and the 2002 Gen Con Game Fair; and the staff at InQuest Gamer magazine, which would include a copy of the card as a magazine insert in early 2003. The company also asked a number of "well-known industry personalities" to design a card, including Peter Adkison, Ryan Dancey, Tracy Hickman, and Margaret Weis. The company also offered a prize to the individual that submitted the greatest number of ideas to be printed on published cards.

Warlord's first reset was near the beginning of 2004, and was called Campaign Edition. The limited format was introduced in an attempt to bring more balance to the environment.

The next reset, called Epic Edition, was released in August 2006.

The card pool for Warlord currently has more than 2000 unique cards.

Warlord was officially discontinued by Alderac in mid-January, 2008 and ownership was transferred to Phoenix Interactive later that year.

Fourth Edition was released in late July 2008, followed by the first expansion for the new edition "Shattered Empires" in late 2008/ early 2009.

Early in 2023, it was revealed that the game would return, this time being developed and published by Kingswood Games with a kickstarter to raise money for the project set for a quarter four 2023 start date.

Game play
In Warlord every player takes control of an army with the single objective of killing all the opposing leaders or Warlords. Once that is achieved, the game is won. The simplicity of Warlord comes from the fact that most everything is tested with a single d20 roll. Every check has a target number (TN) which defines how easy the task is to succeed. The player must surpass that TN with a single die roll plus any modifiers.

Terms

 * Faction: All armies are aligned with one of the 7 factions. A Warlord's faction defines which characters they can use in their starting army, and is a guideline for which characters they are likely to use in their deck. Each faction has a different play style. The factions are Elf, Dwarf, Deverenian, Free Kingdoms, Nothrog, The Chosen, and Mercenary. Mercenaries have the unique characteristic of being able to be recruited in to any army. The Chosen were not introduced until the release of the 4th Edition.
 * Warlord: The leader and most important character in a player's army. Each Warlord belongs to a faction, so once a Warlord is chosen, a deck is built around that warlord's abilities and faction. Barring a few exceptions, the game is lost if they die.
 * Ranks: Warlord is based on a Rank & File system. That means that a player's army must follow some simple guidelines to stay in formation. This is created by building ranks.
 * Order: An Order is also known as a Decree. Decrees happen during the Decree Phase. After initiative has been determined, the game play goes around the table, with each player giving one Decree at a time until all players pass. The player who won initiative gives one (and only one) Decree. When that decree is done, the player to the left gives a Decree, and so on. The Decree phase continues, with each player giving one Decree in turn, until all players pass consecutively. When this happens, the Decree phase ends. When it is a player's turn to give a Decree, they may do one of the following:

 * - Put a character into play from their hand.

 * - Have one of their characters perform an Order

 * - Pass

 * React: Separate from Orders, Reacts are played in response to a particular occurrence within the game. Reacts will state when and under what conditions they can be played.
 * Spend: Some Orders or Reacts require a card to be spent. To spend a card, turn it 90º so that it is horizontal to the player. When a card is turned sideways it is considered spent and "used up" for the turn. Spent cards cannot spend again. A card that is spent becomes ready at the beginning of the next turn.
 * Stun: Sometimes a card is pushed beyond its limits, either by a player's own actions or by an opponent's. To stun a card, it is turned upside-down. Stunned cards cannot perform actions. A card that is stunned becomes spent at the beginning of the next turn, meaning it takes two full turns to "ready" a stunned character.
 * Wounds: Wounds are a measure of the damage a character has suffered. Whenever a character is suffering a number of wounds equal to or greater than its hit points, it is removed from the playing area and placed in the discard pile.
 * Trait: A bold faced word at the start of a text-box classifying a card as something specific (monster, paladin, etc.) or giving it an ability. Factions are specified as traits.

Types of cards
Warlord uses just four types of cards. Characters, Items, Dungeons and Actions.

Characters are the basic building blocks in Warlord. Their main function is to attack opponents and use the cards in hand and sometimes they may be used just as expendable fodder to slow opponents down. Players usually place the maximum number of characters allowed in their decks. Characters have a colored border depending on their faction and all five stat slots filled out.
 * Characters

Each character has some statistics which are based on D20 system's terms. Players of Dungeons & Dragons may find them familiar.
 * Attack (ATK): How easily this character may hit with a melee strike and how many melee strikes he may perform.
 * Armor Class (AC): How difficult it is for a melee or ranged strike to hit this character.
 * Level: This is a generic rating of a card's power. Level start from 1 and have no upper limit, though there have been only a few cards that exceed level 9, most of which are related to a special tiered challenge system. Warlords are usually level 5 and cards over level 5 are usually reserved for very powerful characters like Dragons or Overlords.
 * Alignment: Shows whether a character is good or evil (there is no neutral alignment). Alignment is only used as a restriction or target clause.
 * Class: There are 4 main classes in Warlord: Fighter, Rogue, Wizard and Cleric. Each class has a specific symbol (Gauntlet, Glove, Scroll and Starburst, respectively) along with the simple circle of the classless characters. Classes are used to define what cards a character can use.
 * Skill: This is a measure of a character's non-combat abilities. Skill is used to perform feats and succeed at saves and checks.
 * Hit Points (HP): All characters have a damage threshold. Once a character has a number of wounds equal to or higher than their HP they are killed.

Additionally, all characters have a number of traits. The most basic is their Faction but many characters have more traits. The most common traits are:
 * Feats: Feats are special skills the character is trained in (Stealth, Marksmanship). These are described in the rulebook.
 * Subclass: Each class has 3 subclasses that are aligned to it. Characters possessing these subclasses gain access to more cards. Example subclasses are Necromancer, Ranger, and Seer. There are also two subclasses (Monk and Mentalist) that are common to all classes. "Subclass", as of the expansion Hero's Gambit, has become an official term of the game. Before it was just unofficially used by the fans of the game to refer to these types of traits.
 * Unique: Most cards in Warlord allow for multiple copies in play. Players may only bring one copy of a card with the Unique trait into play.
 * Epic: Warlord allows players to include up to three copies of most cards in their decks. A card with the Epic trait may only be included in a deck once.
 * Planar: Planar characters can only be hit if the die roll is even. In Fourth Edition Planar replaced Astral and Ethereal. All characters or cards that give either of those traits now have or give Planar.

All characters in the later sets have some kind of ability. These abilities allow for a wide range of strategies, but some are very common.
 * Ranged Strike: Ranged strikes are the second type of attack available in Warlord. Characters with the ranged strike ability can either attack from the safety of the second rank, or bypass the opponent's defense and strike in his more vulnerable second rank. Many Warlords, especially wizards, rely heavily on ranged strikes.
 * Movement: Many characters, especially dragons, have some kind of movement ability. Due to the game's rank and file system, innate movement can be very helpful.
 * Bonus Granting: Bonuses boost the stats of characters in a player's army in some way.
 * Entering play effect: These characters have a once per game effect that activates as soon as they enter play. This kind of ability became mainstream with the Sneak Attack expansion.
 * Leaving play effect: Leaving play effects activate as soon as the character dies. They become common with the Counter Attack expansion.

These cards are used to enhance players' characters. As the game does not use a resource, items can only be equipped by characters with a sufficient level and rank. Items usually give some kind of stat boost but they are not restricted to just that. Items have a grey border.
 * Items

Items always have a level and a class. The item's level is its relative power while the class restricts who can use it. Classless items can be used by anyone unless they have restrictions in their text box (such as a specific trait only). Items usually have the Attack or AC stat slots filled out with any bonus (or penalty) they may give.

Characters can equip any number of items with two exceptions: he cannot equip two copies of the same item and, when equipping an item with a trait, they must discard any items with the same trait. Traits on items classify them and define what kind of bonuses (if any) they will provide. That is, a Weapon is expected to grant an Attack bonus but AC bonuses, if any are given, will be low. These are the basic item traits:

 * Weapon: These items usually provide an Attack bonus and usually some kind of offensive ability. Lately, Weapons that provide extra melee strikes have been made common for the fighter class.
 * Shield: Shields provide low AC bonuses and some kind of defensive special ability. Original Shields had bug restrictions and as a result players just ignored them. Fortunately, Shields have been fixed in later sets. Shields are commonly combined with weapons to form Two-Handed Weapons. Due to this combination of traits, weapon-shields are usually more powerful.
 * Armor: Armor gives an AC bonus and usually some kind of protective ability.
 * Helmet: These items provide low AC bonuses and their abilities may vary depending on the class of the helmet.
 * Steed: Steeds are the standard way to give movement to characters. Steeds are most common for the Fighter and Rogue classes.
 * Gauntlet: This is a newer trait of items. Gauntlets may grant a stat bonus but it is not expected. Gauntlets usually grant abilities such as feats.
 * Bow: Bows are usually used to provide ranged strikes to characters without the ability.
 * Arrow: Arrows are only used during ranged strikes, enhancing their effect.
 * Trap Traps are used in reaction mostly to targeting. Their effects usually, spend stun or wound the target of the trap. These are so far exclusive to the Rogue class.
 * Stance: Stance is a new item trait. The only one so far is represents the Fighter class ability to make extra melee strikes.
 * Potion Potion is a new item trait. The potion is a disposable item that gives bonuses and temporary use of a feat.

These represent the surprise element of the game. Most actions have restrictions on who may play them (by level and class or trait) which usually gives them focus. For example, fighter actions are usually enhancing reacts to melee strikes while wizard actions are destructive orders. Actions come in two types: Orders and Reacts. Order actions take an entire turn and usually have a more full effect. Reacts are played on specific triggers, such as attacking, moving, or equipping. Actions usually do not occupy a large percentage of the deck because they tend to clutter the hand. However, an action's power is usually greater than a comparable item's or character's because they are use and discard.
 * Actions

Introduced in the Temple of Lore expansion in late 2006, these cards represent various locations which have a global effect on the game. Dungeons are put into play as an order by any player. Each dungeon has a challenge rating. Any player can defeat a dungeon (discard it from play) by spending a number of character levels equal to or greater than the challenge rating of the dungeon. Dungeons typically have challenge ratings between 4 and 10. Dungeons did not return to Warlord in 4th Edition and remain a feature unique to Epic Edition.
 * Dungeons

Deck construction
As in most CCGs, good deck construction is half the path to victory. Warlord has several restrictions on deck construction to ensure balance.

The deck

 * must have a minimum of 50 cards (this includes the starting army).
 * must have a Warlord and a legal starting army (usually) of the same faction as the Warlord.
 * may have no more than 3 copies of a single card.
 * may have no more than a single copy of an Epic card.
 * may not be more than 50% cards of any one card type. (Character, Item, Action, or Dungeon). If the deck is 50 cards, that means it cannot have more than 25 Characters (of which 6 are the starting army).
 * may not have more than one character with the Warlord, Overlord, Daemonlord or Dragon Lord trait, though it may have one of each.

title: Warlord: Saga of the Storm CCG


text:
Coppa Italia

Coppa Italia (lit. 'Italy Cup') is the annual domestic cup of Italian football. The knockout competition was organized by the DDS and the Lega Calcio until the 2009–10 season and by Lega Serie A ever since.

Juventus is the competition's most successful club with fifteen wins, followed by Roma and Inter Milan with nine. Juventus has contested the most finals with 22, followed by Roma with 17 finals. The holder can wear a cockade of Italy (Italian: coccarda), akin to the roundels that appear on military aircraft. The winner automatically qualifies for both the UEFA Europa League league phase and the Supercoppa Italiana the following year.

History
The beginning of the tournament was turbulent, due to the complexity of the participation of the teams in the tournament, since its inception in 1921, the Italian championship was divided into two groups. On the one hand the rich CCI Championship (Italian Football Confederation) and on the other the poor FIGC championship (Italian Football Federation). Losing all its most prestigious clubs, the FIGC tried to enhance its rump season with a new cup. The tournament's first edition held in 1922 was won by F.C. Vado. The following agreement between the contenders did not contemplate a cup that, outside a failed 1926–27 tournament which was cancelled during the round of 32, was not held until 1935–36. The events of World War II interrupted the tournament after the 1942–43 season, and it did not resume again until 1958. Since then, it has been played annually or seasonally.

The eight seasons during the fascist period were contested copying the FA Cup format. There was a different trophy, and the winners were awarded the tricolour scudetto while the championship winners obtained a Savoyard scudetto instead. The present-day cup and cockade were introduced in 1958.

Format
The competition is a knockout tournament with pairings for each round made in advance; the draw for the whole competition is made before a ball is kicked. Each tie is played as a single leg, except a two-legged semi-final stage. If a match is drawn, extra time is played. In the event of a draw after 120 minutes, a penalty shoot-out is contested. As well as being presented with the trophy, the winning team also qualifies for the UEFA Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup). If the winners have already qualified for the UEFA Champions League via the Serie A, or are not entitled to play in UEFA competitions for any reason, the place goes to the next highest placed team in the league table.

There are a total of seven rounds in the competition. The competition begins in August with the preliminary round and is contested only by the eight lowest-ranked clubs. Clubs playing in Serie B join in during the first round with the 12 lowest-ranked teams in Serie A based on the previous league season's positions (unless they are to compete in European competition that year) begin the competition in the first round before August is over. The remaining eight Serie A teams join the competition in the third round in January, at which point 16 teams remain. The round of 16, the quarter-finals and the first leg of the semi-finals are then played in quick succession after the fourth round and the second leg of the semi-finals is played a couple of months later – in April – before the final in May. The two-legged final was eliminated for the 2007–08 edition and a single-match final is now played at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome.

Trophies

 * Notes
 * The 1922 tournament was contested only by smaller clubs who remained associated with FIGC, following the formation of a breakaway league by the larger teams who participated the 1921–22 Prima Divisione.
 * Although 77 tournaments have been contested, only 76 cups have been assigned. The 1926–27 edition was abandoned in the round of 32.

Finals
In bold are the winners of the finals.

 * Notes
 * From 1968 to 1971, FIGC introduced a final group instead of semi-finals and finals. For statistical equity, only champions and runners-up of those groups are counted as finalists.

Most titles
Gianluigi Buffon and Roberto Mancini (6)

Broadcasting
This is a list of television broadcasters and streaming television providers which provide coverage of the Coppa Italia, as well as the Supercoppa Italiana and maybe exclude the Serie A matches (depending on broadcasting rights in selected regions).

Italy
The Coppa Italia and the Supercoppa Italiana has been broadcast by Mediaset since the 2021–22 season. Previously, the tournament was aired by the national public broadcaster RAI up until the 2020–21 edition.

International
For countries without broadcasting rights, both Coppa Italia and Supercoppa Italiana also available via Serie A YouTube channel.

title: Coppa Italia


text:
Highland English

Highland English (Hieland Inglis, Beurla na Gaidhealtachd) is the variety of Scottish English spoken by many in Gaelic-speaking areas and the Hebrides. It is more strongly influenced by Gaelic than are other forms of Scottish English.

Phonology

 * The Epenthesis ("helping vowel") that is used in some consonant combinations in Gaelic and Scots is sometimes used in the Hebrides, so that "film" may be pronounced "fillum".

title: Highland English


text:
User:Crobzub

RandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandomRandom

title: User:Crobzub


text:
Schwalm (Eder)

The Schwalm is a river in Hesse, Germany, right tributary of the Eder. It rises on the north side of the Vogelsberg Mountains. It flows north through Alsfeld, Schwalmstadt and Borken. The Schwalm flows into the Eder near Wabern, east of Fritzlar, after a total length of 97 km. The main tributaries are the Efze, the Gilsa, the Grenff and the Antrift.

title: Schwalm (Eder)


text:
Rudolf Hildebrand

Heinrich Rudolf Hildebrand (13 March 1824 – 28 October 1894) was a Germanist, contributor to, and then, editor of the Grimm brothers' Deutsches Wörterbuch. He also wrote on the history of German folksongs, and on the teaching of the German language in schools.

Biography
Rudolf Hildebrand was born in Leipzig to typesetter Heinrich Hildebrand and Amalia, born Porges. He attended the Thomasschule in Leipzig from 1836 to 1843. He went on to study at Leipzig University, where he first studied theology as his father wished him to, but soon switched to classical and German philology. Among his teachers were Moritz Haupt. He wrote his main thesis about Walther von der Vogelweide, which was later published in 1900.

In 1848, he worked for a time as reviewer and translator of the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung and was considering a career as a publisher. However, the same year, he started working as a teacher at the Thomasschule from 1848 and remained there to 1868.

He became professor of newer German language and literature at the University of Leipzig in 1869 ("außerordentlicher Professor" from 1869, "ordentlicher Professor" from 1874).

Selected works

 * Deutsches Wörterbuch (contributor, editor), München 1854–1960.
 * Vom deutschen Sprachunterricht in der Schule und von deutscher Erziehung und Bildung überhaupt, Leipzig 1879.
 * Gesammelte Aufsätze und Vorträge zur deutschen Philologie und zum deutschen Unterricht, Leipzig 1890.
 * Ueber Walter von der Vogelweide, edited by Georg Berlit, Leipzig 1900.

title: Rudolf Hildebrand


text:
MuggleNet

MuggleNet is the Internet's oldest and largest Harry Potter and Wizarding World fansite. MuggleNet was founded in 1999. It has expanded over the years to include a handful of partner podcasts, a separate book blog, over half a dozen published works and live events. At one point, it also ran its own forums, social network and separate fan fiction website. Originally owned by founder Emerson Spartz, MuggleNet became an independently-owned and operated brand in early 2020.

Relationship with the franchise
MuggleNet once benefitted from friendly relations with J.K. Rowling, the author of the Harry Potter books, and the producers of the films. She has praised MuggleNet on her website and awarded it her Fan Site Award. Rowling has recounted on her website that she visited the site and sometimes read comments left by visitors, although she never commented herself. The author stated in a 2004 post on her website that she visited the site's chat room and was snubbed when she anonymously joined a conversation about Harry Potter theories.

In July 2005, Rowling invited Spartz and Melissa Anelli, of the Leaky Cauldron, to Edinburgh, Scotland, for an interview at her home on the release of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. J.K. Rowling mentioned MuggleNet through the interactive Harry Potter website Pottermore in September 2013, saying how proud she was to own the key to La Porte, Indiana, hometown of MuggleNet founder Emerson Spartz.

Warner Bros., the producers of the Harry Potter movies, regularly sent MuggleNet stills taken from the upcoming movies before they were released. The studio also provided MuggleNet staff with advance views of the new official website designs, as well as included staff in a video conference to discuss the Harry Potter theme park at Universal Orlando Resort. Universal has extended invitations to MuggleNet to attend the opening of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Studios Hollywood in addition to the opening of Diagon Alley and Hagrid’s Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure at Universal Orlando Resort.

In July 2020, MuggleNet, together with the Leaky Cauldron, took several steps to distance themselves from Rowling due to comments she made the previous month that they perceived as transphobic. In a joint statement, the sites wrote that her views were "out of step with the message of acceptance and empowerment we find in her books and celebrated by the Harry Potter community". They announced that they would no longer use photos of the author, link to her website, or write about achievements unrelated to the Potterverse. In January 2021, MuggleNet promised to no longer provide news coverage of J.K. Rowling's works set outside of the wizarding world. The next month, that policy was updated to state that MuggleNet would no longer provide editorial coverage of J.K. Rowling's works set outside of the wizarding world "unless related to works set within the wizarding world."

MuggleCast
MuggleCast launched in August 2005 when podcasts were still up and coming. Inspired by the passion within the Harry Potter community, MuggleNet staff members Andrew Sims, Ben Schoen, and Kevin Steck created a short podcast to discuss some of the recent Harry Potter news and the just-released Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Following Sims's departure from the site in summer 2011, MuggleCast separated from MuggleNet to become an independent podcast. The hosts now discuss the Fantastic Beasts films, the Wizarding World of Harry Potter theme parks, and fandom news, along with continued discussion of the original Harry Potter series.

MuggleCast recorded what it announced would be its final regular episode on August 26, 2013. However, on December 27, 2014, it was announced that they would be returning to regular episodes. MuggleCast began posting weekly podcasts again in April 2017. It is currently hosted by Andrew Sims, Eric Scull, Micah Tannenbaum, and Laura Tee. In September 2019, MuggleCast was featured in an article in The Oprah Magazine: "26 of the Best Book Podcasts to Listen to When You're Not Reading".

Published works
In 2006, in advance of the arrival of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, five MuggleNet staff members (Andy Gordon, Jamie Lawrence, Ben Schoen, Emerson Spartz, and Gretchen Stull) coauthored the reference book What Will Happen in Harry Potter 7: Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Falls in Love, and How Will the Adventure Finally End, which was a published collection of unofficial fan predictions. By July 21, 2007, the book had sold 335,000 copies and reached #2 on the New York Times Children's Best Seller list, where it spent six months. In 2009, Emerson Spartz and Ben Schoen penned another book, MuggleNet.com's Harry Potter Should Have Died: Controversial Views from the #1 Fan Site.

In popular culture
In 2010, MuggleNet, along with several groups in the Harry Potter fandom, created a four-hour event called Helping Haiti Heal, with all proceeds going to Partners in Health to help provide health care to areas without reliable medical care following the disastrous earthquake that hit the country that year.

In October 2007, Jimmy Kimmel Live! did a parody of Emerson Spartz's recent interview on the "Geraldo" segment of Fox News. Both the original interview and the parody discussed J. K. Rowling's recent outing of Headmaster of Hogwarts Albus Dumbledore.

title: MuggleNet


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Geul

The Geul (, ; Göhl ; Gueule ) is a river in Belgium and in the Netherlands, where it is a right-bank tributary to the river Meuse.

Geography
The source of the Geul is at about 300 m above sea level in northeastern Belgium near the German border, south of the German town of Aachen. From there, after flowing some 20 km in a northwestern direction, it leaves Belgium and enters the Netherlands at Cottessen in the Vaals municipality. After a further 38 km in a west-northwestern direction through the southernmost part of Limburg, which in its turn is the most southern province of the Netherlands, it flows into the Meuse, north of the city of Maastricht.

A tributary of the Geul is the Gulp.

Places through which the Geul passes are among others Kelmis (Belgium), Valkenburg aan de Geul, including Schin op Geul, and Meerssen (Netherlands).

Pollution
The water of the Geul is polluted seriously with heavy metals zinc and lead and as a result also is a serious source of heavy metal inflow into the Meuse.

This pollution is a result of former zinc and lead mining activities near the Belgian towns of Kelmis (La Calamine) and Plombières (formerly named Bleiberg).

The last one of these mines have closed early in the 20th century. One of the reasons for giving up mining activities in Plombières was the occasional flooding of the mine by the Geul, as the bedrock (mainly Carboniferous limestone) contains many faults and fissures.

Although mine factory buildings have been demolished, old railway dikes still are abundantly present in the area. They provide ideal hiking routes, that are known for the presence of so-called "zinc flora" (zinc-tolerant plants, such as yellow calamine violet and Viola calaminaria).

Significant events

During the 2021 European floods, the banks of the river flooded, including in some of the major population centers such as Valkenburg aan de Geul.

title: Geul


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User talk:Buu

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
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[[User:Whosyourjudas|Whosyourjudas\talk]] 14:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Japanese character 元 (ghen) in 1695
In response to the convincing tone of argument in User:Buu's comments and in acknowledgment of User:Oda Mari's credible criticism, I did move the questionable text to Talk:Japanese yen/Archives/2012. But I'm of two minds here. Almost immediately afterwards, I re-posted two of the three sentences:
 * En literally means "round object" in Japanese, as yuan does in Chinese, referring to the ancient Chinese coins that were circular in shape and widely used in Japan up to the Tokugawa Period. In 1695, the character 元 (ghen), signifying "round or rounded") was placed on the obverse of copper coins.

Does this present a problem for you? If so, what would propose as a better strategy for the near term?

 * See Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Japan
 * See corollary thread at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Numismatics

What do you think? --Ooperhoofd (talk) 18:59, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Giesecke & Devrient
A tag has been placed on Giesecke & Devrient requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a company or corporation, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for companies and corporations.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Vianello (talk) 23:07, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buu


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Fluid Science Laboratory

The Fluid Science Laboratory is a European (ESA's) science payload designed for use in Columbus built by Alenia Spazio, OHB-System and Verhaert Design and Development. It is a multi-user facility for conducting fluid physics research in microgravity conditions. It can be operated in fully or in semi-automatic mode and can be controlled on board by the ISS astronauts, or from the ground in the so-called telescience mode.

The major objective of performing fluid science experiments in space is to study dynamic phenomena in the absence of gravitational forces. Under microgravity such forces are almost entirely eliminated thereby significantly reducing gravity-driven convection, sedimentation and stratification and fluid static pressure, allowing the study of fluid dynamic effects normally masked by gravity. These effects include diffusion-controlled heat and mass transfer.

The absence of gravity-driven convection eliminates the negative effects of density gradients (inhomogeneous mass distribution) that arise in processes involving heat treatment, phase transitions, diffusive transport or chemical reaction. Convection in terrestrial processes is a strong perturbing factor, the effects of which are seldom predictable with great accuracy and which dominate heat and mass transfer in fluids.

The ability to accurately control such processes remains limited, and their full understanding requires further fundamental research by conducting well-defined model experiments for developing and testing related theories under microgravity. This should facilitate the optimisation of manufacturing processes here on Earth and improve the quality of high value products, such as semiconductors.

The Fluid Science Laboratory fully occupies one International Standard Payload Rack. The Facility Core Element consists of the Optical Diagnostics Module and Central Experiment Module into which the experiment containers are sequentially inserted and operated. The Optical Diagnostics Module houses the equipment for visual and interferometric observation, their related control electronics and the attachment points and interfaces for Front Mounted Cameras. The Central Experiment Module is divided into two parts:
 * The first part contains the suspension structure for the Experiment Containers, including all the functional interfaces and optical equipment, and is designed to be pulled out from the rack to allow insertion and removal of the Experiment Container.
 * The second part contains all the diagnostic and illumination equipment and its control electronics to command and monitor the electromechanical and opto-mechanical components. The Facility Core Element is complemented by the functional sub-systems for power distribution, environmental conditioning and data processing and management.

Experiments must be integrated in an FSL Experiment Container (FSL EC). With a typical mass of 25 - 30 kg, a maximum mass of 40 kg, and standard dimensions of 400x270x280 mm (15.7x10.6x11.0 in), the EC provides ample space to accommodate the fluid cell assembly, including any necessary process stimuli and dedicated electronics.

For observation of experiments the Fluid Science Laboratory includes:
 * Two-axis visual observation with electronic imaging and photographic back-up via Front Mounted Cameras which provide high speed imaging together with high resolution and colour recording;
 * Background, sheet and volume illumination with white light and monochromatic (laser) light sources;
 * Particle image velocimetry, including liquid crystal tracers for simultaneous velocimetry and thermometry;
 * Thermographic (infrared) mapping of free liquid surfaces;
 * Interferometric observation in two axes by convertible interferometers with active alignment:
 * Holographic interferometer;
 * Wollaston - shearing interferometer;
 * Schlieren mode combined with shearing mode;
 * Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer.

Flight Support Equipment such as spare parts, special tools and consumables (e.g. cleaning agents), Front Mounted Cameras and Optical Reference Targets for experiment and diagnostic calibration will also be available on board to support customer experiments.

A number of upgrades, partly resulting from new technological developments, have been implemented recently into the Fluid Science Laboratory. Most notable among these are a new Video Management Unit (VMU) and the Microgravity Vibration Isolation Subsystem (MVIS) developed by the Canadian Space Agency. Scientists may choose to activate MVIS to isolate (via magnetic levitation) the experiment and optical diagnostics from space station g-jitter perturbations. The VMU has already provided remarkable good scientific data during the recent CompGran Mission, installed by Alexander Gerst in June 2018. The MVIS system will first be exploited with the upcoming Reference Multiscale Boiling Mission starting in August 2019.

FSL is operated according to ESA's decentralised payload operation concept. The Facility Responsible Centre (FRC) for FSL was MARS, located in Naples, Italy and now is BUSOC Belgian User Support and Operations Centre, located in Brussels, Belgium.

Related publications

 * Dewandre T, Mundorf H, Tacconi M, Allegra A, Pensavalle E, Winter J. The Fluid Science Laboratory and Its Experiment Container Program on Columbus. 54th International Astronautical Congress. Bremen, Germany, September - October. . 2003
 * Dewandre T, Dubois F, Callens N, Dupont O, Bascou E. Digital Holographic Microscopy fr Emulsions on the Fluid Science Laboratory. International Conference on Space Optics. Toulouse, France. March - April, . 2004
 * Dewandre TM, Winter JL. Experiment Containers for ESA's Fluid Science Laboratory. ISPS and Spacebound 2003, Toronto, Canada . 2003

title: Fluid Science Laboratory


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User talk:Adityad

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 14:23, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Sankranti
Hi. Sankranti is a Sanskrit astronomy term defined as entry of Sun into a zodiac. There is a sankranti, roughly on the 14th of every month, when the sun passes from one sign of the zodiac to the next. There are twelve signs of the zodiac, and thus there are twelve sankrantis as well (from Mesh Sankranti (April 14) to Meen Sankranti (March 14)). On Makar Sankranti the Sun starts travelling north, while on Karka Sankranti, the Sun starts travelling south on the celestal sphere. I hope that helps. deeptrivia (talk) 23:56, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adityad


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Nasenbluten

Nasenbluten were an Australian electronic music group, formed in Newcastle in 1992. The group was made up of Aaron Lubinski, David Melo, and Mark Newlands, and released six studio albums before disbanding in 2001. They have been described as a significant influence on the breakcore genre.

History
The group was formed in Newcastle in 1992 by Aaron Lubinski (a.k.a. Xylocaine), David Melo (a.k.a. Disassembler), and Mark Newlands (a.k.a. Mark N, Overcast). They took their name from the German word Nasenbluten, meaning nosebleed, in reference to the phrase "nosebleed techno", used to describe the harder and faster variants of the techno genre. Early in 1993, Lubinski founded the Dead Girl Records label (initially typeset as dEAdGirL) in Swansea.

The group began playing house parties in Newcastle and creating music on Amiga personal computers using tracker software in the MOD format. They self-released a number of cassettes on the Dead Girl label starting with their debut album, Transient Ischemic Attack, which appeared in March 1993. On 31 July that year they recorded a live performance, which was released as Live at Wobble. In late October they recorded another album, You're Going to Die. In mid-1994 following their Dead Girl cassettes they signed to New York City-based hardcore techno label Industrial Strength Records. In August that year, Newlands founded Bloody Fist Records for local releases. Shortly after the release of Transient Ischemic Attack a Bloody Fist sampler featuring two tracks from Nasenbluten was released internationally by other record labels, including Industrial Strength.

Nasenbluten inspired local musicians, leading to a thriving hardcore techno scene in Newcastle. In 2005, Luke Collison (a.k.a. Dsico) acknowledged that his major influences were "probably Nasenbluten and the Newcastle Hardcore scene. I grew up around there ... the radio show that Mark N used to do on 2NUR. Amiga 500 Hardcore was probably what got me into electronic music and especially making it". United Kingdom DJ, Loftgroover declared "there's too much niceness in the rave scene ... Gabba is how I really feel – hard, angry". He described "Nasenbluten-style extreme noise terror: 'punkcore', 'scarecore' and 'doomtrooper'".

The band's emphasis on breakbeats, ironic audio samples and gangster rap samples became influential in the hardcore scene, most prominently with Australian artists signed to Bloody Fist. Due to their influence and the relatively small numbers of records that were pressed for earlier releases (including limited self-distributed cassettes), they have become popular with collectors. Bloody Fist Records provided "horrifically high-tempo electronic music that quickly became a thing of international legend. Specialising in breakcore, gabba and referential sample alchemy/exploitation", comments Shaun Prescott of Mess+Noise, going on to describe the band's 1995 double LP 100% No Soul Guaranteed as a "nasty marriage of power electronics shock tactics with vaguely danceable and purely psychotic electronic beats" making "one of the few genuinely sickening music experiences you're likely to have in your life".

In 1996, Nasenbluten released a limited edition single, "Show Us Yor Tits" (often referred to as "Anna Wood" or "Fuck Anna Wood", from its sampled lyrics), on the Dead Girl label. In October of the previous year Sydney schoolgirl Anna Wood died after using ecstasy at a dance club; she was given copious amounts of water upon her collapse and later lapsed into a coma. Media reports sparked a moral panic surrounding rave parties and drug use at venues. This brought about a hard-line approach from governments to rave and dance parties in Australia. Jack Marx of The Age described how Wood's friends may have been influenced by the prevailing zero tolerance attitude and hence they were too afraid to take her directly to hospital.

"Show Us Yor Tits" was not commercially available, only distributed by the band at gigs. They made 50 vinyl copies, each individually numbered. The label had a picture of Wood with the phrase "I'm having the best night of my life!" and a picture of Dutch DJ Paul Elstak on the B-side with the words "I wanna see the rainbow high in the sky", a reference to the happy hardcore scene, its links to ecstasy, and to the song "Rainbow in the Sky" by Elstak. Cat Hope described "Fuck Anna Wood" as featuring "controversial, sampled snippets from current affairs programs composed to form conversations, laid over with a gabba-style hard beat". "Show Us Yor Tits" appeared on Nasenbluten's next album for Bloody Fist, N of Terror, a double cassette which had been recorded in April 1996.

Nasenbluten continued to issue material and toured Europe from November 1996 to February 1997 on their Christ This Is Dragging on a Bit tour. While in Germany they recorded an EP, Cheapcore, for the local Strike Records label, which was issued in 1997. The group played their last gig on 30 September 2001, and issued a triple LP, Dog Control, in November before disbanding.

Side and later projects
Aaron Lubinski made several releases on the Dead Girl and Bloody Fist imprints as Xylocaine. David Melo created several tracks as Disassembler, including one record on the Bloody Fist label that was mis-pressed and was not commercially available. Mark Newlands recorded under the alias Overcast, also on the Bloody Fist. The Overcast album 3PM Eternal was the last double 12" album release from the label. The 1994-2004 12" split album by Aftermath / Epsilon is the final vinyl release by Bloody Fist before it shutdown.

Albums

 * Transient Ischemic Attack – dEAdGirL Records (cassette DG001) (March 1993)
 * Live at Wobble – dEAdGirL Records (live album, cassette DG002) (1993)
 * You're Going to Die – dEAdGirL Records (cassette DG003) (1993)
 * I'll Make Them Pay – dEAdGirL Records (2× LP DG004) (May 1994)
 * We've Got the Balls – Bloody Fist Records (2× LP FISTC-04 ) (February 1995)
 * 100% No Soul Guaranteed – Industrial Strength Records (IS030) (1995)
 * N of Terror – Bloody Fist Records (2× cassette FISTC-12) (April 1996)
 * Dog Control – Bloody Fist Records (3× LP FIST27) (November 2001)

Extended plays

 * 200 Plus - dEAdGirL Records (cassette DGL001)

 * Football – dEAdGirL Records (cassette DGL002) (1993)
 * Jimmy Barnes Pressure Sores – dEadGirL Records (cassette DGL003)
 * Cowpox – dEadGirL Records (cassette DGL004)
 * The Nihilist – Mouse Records (TRAP 2) (1994)
 * 500 / 600 / 1200 – Bloody Fist Records (FIST-03) (November 1994)
 * Really Nasty Violent Sex – Storm Records Scotland (WAR 001) (1995)
 * Brick Shithouse – Industrial Strength Records (IS038) (1996)
 * Cheapcore – Strike Records (STRIKE 020) (1997)
 * Not as Good as 100% No Soul Guaranteed – Industrial Strength Records (IS044) (1997)
 * Nightsoil – Atomic Hardcore Recordings (AR005) (1998)

title: Nasenbluten


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Göhl

Göhl is a municipality in the district of Ostholstein, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

Geography
Göhl lies around three kilometers east of Oldenburg in Holstein on the Wagrian peninsular. The municipality is part of the collective municipality of Oldenburg-Land and the district of Ostholstein.

The southern border of Göhl runs along the Oldenburger Graben through the marshy lands of the former Gruber sea. Göhl borders the municipalities of Heringsdorf to the northeast, Gremersdorf to the northwest, Oldenburg in Holstein to the west, and across the Oldenburger Graben, Riepsdorf to the south.

Göhl is connected to Oldenburg in Holstein, the nearest city, via the road Göhler Chaussee, which allows connectivity of the municipality to the Bundesautobahn 1. The Lübeck–Puttgarden railway runs through the municipality but does not stop for passenger transport. However, a small decommissioned train station still exists in Göhl.

The municipality consists of the settlements Antoinettenhof, Christianstal, Gaarz, Gaarzerfelde, Gaarzermühle, Göhl, Giebelberg, Kremsdorf, Lütjendorf, Neuschwelbek, Plügge, Quals, and Schwelbek.

History
The Oldenburger Graben, which now forms the southern border of Göhl, used to be part of a fjord before and during the times of Slavic settlement in the area, its connection to the Baltic Sea would later be severed through natural processes however, leaving behind several marshy inland seas, the biggest of which being the Gruber sea directly south of what is today the municipality of Göhl. Due to the marshy waters of the inland seas no longer being traversable and lacking any sea access, local farmers considered the draining of the seas to avoid future flood damage and expand their farmland in the early 20th century. The first pumps to drain the seas were commissioned in 1926, and state support was attained through first Weimar, and later Nazi agricultural policy.

Göhl was first mentioned under the name Gola, a Slavic word meaning heather, in 1317.

The areas which today make up Göhl have been part of the Gut Schwelbek zu Putlos since the start of the 15th century. During this time, Göhl was known by multiple names, including Ghoele and Ghole. On the 15th November 1910, at the time Gutsbezirk Schwelbek, which encompassed the village of Göhl, was transformed into the municipality of Goel. This new municipality grew with the addition of first the Gutsbezirk Kremsdorf in 1928, and then the municipality of Plügge in 1939. The spelling of Goel was standardized to the modern version of Göhl in 1937.

The Kreis Oldenburger Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (KOE) rail company commissioned the Oldenburg - Heiligenhafen railway line, which ran trains through the Göhl station, in 1898. During 1976 however, all passenger transport was ceased, which left the train station decommissioned to this day.

A commercial area of 2.5 ha was created in the north of the settlement of Göhl in 1995.

The current coat of arms and flag were adopted in June 2010.

Demographics
As of December 31, 2021, Göhl has a population of 1,118 with 560 (50.1%) being male, and 558 (49.9%) being female. The median age was 45.4 as of 2021.

Göhl had the highest percentage of under 18 years olds at 24% (293) in Ostholstein as of 2003. This population has since shrunken to 17.3% (193) in 2021 however.

Citizenship
In the 2011 census, 1,156 people (98.4%) in Göhl possessed only German citizenship, 7 people (0.6%) possessed Polish citizenship, and 3 people (0,3%) possessed Dutch, Austrian, and Russian citizenship respectively.

Religion
In the 2011 census, 789 people (67.1%) were members of the Evangelical Church in Germany, with 38 (3.2%) belonging to the Catholic church, and 348 (29.6%) being either irreligious or belonging to another confession.

The only church in the municipality is the evangelical-lutheran Marco chapel (Marco-Kapelle) opposite of the kindergarten in the village of Göhl.

Politics
The current mayor of Göhl is Thomas Bauer (BGG), who had been the deputy mayor from 1998 to 2006, he has since continuously been reelected as the mayor of Göhl.

Elections
The most recent election in Göhl were the 2023 Schleswig-Holstein municipal elections, where the BGG was reelected as the strongest faction despite losing one seat. The SPD last participated in the 2013 election. ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 3,038 ! 99.4 ! 0.5 ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 18 ! 0.6% ! 0.5 ! ! ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 597 ! 62.3 ! 6.1 ! !
 * bgcolor=#63B8FF|
 * align=left| Thomas Bauer
 * align=left| Bürgergemeinschaft Gemeinde Göhl (BGG)
 * 1,791
 * 59.0
 * 11
 * 7
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Mechthild Friederichsen
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU)
 * 1,170
 * 38.5
 * 8.5
 * 4
 * 1
 * bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
 * align=left| Udo Tornow
 * align=left| Independent
 * 77
 * 2.5
 * New
 * 0
 * ±0
 * New
 * 0
 * ±0
 * colspan=8| Source: Statistical Office of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein
 * }
 * }

List of mayors

 * since 2006 Thomas Bauer (BGG)
 * 1990 - 2006 Johann Höper (BGG)

Coat of Arms and Flag
The coat of arms and flag of Göhl were created by Henning Höppner, who had created multiple insignia in Wagria. It was registered with the state of Schleswig-Holstein in 2010. The heather plant in the center is in reference to the origin of the municipality's name, stemming from the Slavic word "Gola" ("heather"). The bottom sections of the shield represent the green land, and the Oldenburger Graben which forms the southern border of the municipality. "Blazon: 'Shield Or a heather plant Vert with three branches and 22 blossoms Gules, in base two bars of Vert and Azure parted by a barrulet Argent, all three countersunk in centre.'"The flag of Göhl is a heraldic flag, and shares the same design as the coat of arms.

Culture and associations
The local sports association, SV Göhl, was founded in 1970 and has around 500 members.

The German Red Cross in Göhl acts as not only a medical service focusing on senior care, but also a cultural association; organizing, among other things, flea markets, game nights, and trips.

In the southernmost settlement of Göhl, Gut Gaarz, is a historic estate under family ownership that was built in 1690 and currently acts as a family resort as well as farm.

Education
Göhl is home to a elementary school called Grundschule Göhl and a kindergarten.

title: Göhl