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Peter J. Tobin

Peter J. Tobin (born 1944 in Bronx, New York) is an American businessman and philanthropist, affiliated with the Republican Party. He has a wife Mary, a son Peter, and a daughter Kristin. He graduated with his Bachelor of Business Administration at St. John's University in 1965. Tobin was most recognized as the chief financial officer of Chase Manhattan Bank and CFO of Chemical Bank. He donated a generous amount to St. John's University, where the business school was renamed in his honor. He has led several companies through successful mergers and acquisitions and has had a very successful career.

Early life
Peter J. Tobin was born and raised in the Bronx borough of New York City by his two Irish immigrant parents. After graduating from St. Nicholas of Tolentine in the Bronx, he planned to work during the day and attend school at night at Manhattan College. He was offered a full tuition scholarship from St. John's University through his local parish and decided to attend school there. He was unsure at the time about a field of study, but a quick influence from one of his professors made him enroll as an accounting major at the College of Business Administration. Tobin graduated with a bachelor's degree from St. John's University in 1965. In 1966, Tobin married Mary Gamble of the Bronx, who he met at a dance in Yonkers and felt instantly in love.

Corporate life
After graduating from St. John's University in 1965, Tobin brought the school's Vincentian values to the corporate world. He began his career at Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Company, where he stayed until 1972 when he moved to Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank. There, he quickly moved up the corporate ladder, making it to senior Vice President by 1981, and named the CFO in 1985.

In 1991, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Branch Bank merged with Chemical Bank, and he remained the CFO. Five years later, Tobin played a pivotal role in the purchase of Chase Manhattan Bank. It was decided to drop the name Chemical Bank because Chase was better known around the world. At Chase, he remained the CFO for one year and then retired.

After his retirement in 1997, he became one of the most sought after banking professionals in the world. He became a dean at St. John's University, and continued his business role by serving on multiple corporate boards.

St. John’s University
In 1998 Tobin assumed the deanship at the College of Business at St. John's. During his time there he added 13 new programs, hired new faculty and renewed AACSB accreditation by the Internal Association for Management Education.

In 1999, Tobin and his wife Mary made a substantial donation of $10.25 million to St. John's University. The business school was then renamed to Peter J. Tobin College of Business for his generosity. This was the largest donation in the school's 129-year history. He was honored with the Spirit of Service Award and the honorary degree of Doctor of Commercial Science. He was also awarded the highest award that can be given to alumni, the Medal of Honor in 2000 by Donald J. Harrington, President of St. John's University.

Current
Tobin continues to be active in the business community, philanthropy. He has been a director at AllianceBernstein since 2000, AXA Financial since 1999, and CIT Group since 2002. In addition to being on these boards Tobin is a member of the New York City Independent Budget Office Advisory Board and on the board of the H.W. Wilson Company.

title: Peter J. Tobin


text:
Patrick J. Hearden

Patrick J. Hearden (born September 17, 1942) is the Professor of History at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. He specializes in the history of American foreign policy. He received a Ph.D. degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1971

Published works

 * Wealth, Power and Inequality in World History Vol. II with James R Farr, Cognella Academic Publishing, 2021
 * Wealth, Power and Inequality in World History Vol. I with James R Farr, Cognella Academic Publishing, 2021
 * Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order During World War II,  Fayetteville:  The University of Arkansas Press, 2002.
 * The Tragedy of Vietnam, New York: Pearson Longman, 1991.
 * Roosevelt Confronts Hitler: America’s Entry into World War II, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1987.
 * Independence and Empire: The New South’s Cotton Mill Campaign, 1865-1901, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1982.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Patrick J. Hearden


text:
City Life

City Life may refer to:
 * Urban culture, the culture of cities
 * CityLife (Milan), a 2004 urban project in Milan
 * City Life (The Blackbyrds album), 1975
 * City Life (Boogie Boys album), 1985
 * City Life (magazine), a Manchester-based listings magazine
 * City Life (music), a 1994 musical composition by Steve Reich
 * City Life (TV series), a New Zealand soap opera
 * City Life (video game), a 2006 city building video game developed by Monte Cristo

title: City Life


text:
Topical stamp collecting

Topical or thematic stamp collecting is the collecting of postage stamps relating to a particular subject or concept. Topics can be almost anything, from stamps on stamps, birds, trains and poets on stamps, to famous physicians and scientists, along with historical people and events on stamps, which is often a standard theme for many stamp issuing countries.

Background

The earliest stamps simply depicted busts of reigning monarchs, important figures, or coats of arms, but as time went on stamps started to have a wider range of designs. Bears appeared on provisional stamps of St. Louis in 1845, while the beaver was featured on the earliest stamps of Canada. More than 150 years later, the variety of designs on stamps is enormous, giving topical collectors plenty of scope to find stamps for their chosen theme. In fact, so many stamps have been issued that some popular themes, such as ships or birds, have become nearly impossible to complete, and topical collectors may specialize further, such as by looking for only square-rigged sailing ships, or only flightless birds.

Collecting
Since most types of stamp designs are commonly available and inexpensive, acquiring them is mostly a matter of poring over the stamp catalog looking for relevant types, and learning enough about the topic to recognize subtle connections. The American Topical Association and others have published handbooks and lists of larger topics.

Online marketplaces and trade platforms are the most common way of collecting new stamps.

Competitions
Topical collecting is a recognized category for competitive exhibitions and has its own Commission with the FIP (Fédération Internationale de Philatélie).

Topics
Some topics include:
 * Bicycles on stamps
 * Birds on stamps
 * Fish on stamps
 * Insects on stamps
 * Dinosaurs on stamps
 * People on stamps
 * Presidents on stamps
 * Ships on stamps
 * U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps
 * Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
 * Stamps on stamps
 * Art Deco stamps
 * Leniniana

Stamps with an anarchist theme were issued during the Spanish Civil War by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo.

title: Topical stamp collecting


text: User talk:69.201.103.174

title: User talk:69.201.103.174


text:
Stinson Aircraft Company

The Stinson Aircraft Company was an aircraft manufacturing company in the United States between the 1920s and the 1950s.

History
The Stinson Aircraft Company was founded in Dayton, Ohio, in 1920 by aviator Edward “Eddie” Stinson, the brother of aviator Katherine Stinson. After five years of business ventures, Eddie made Detroit, Michigan the focus of his future flying endeavors while still flying as a stunt pilot, earning $100,000 a year for his efforts — a huge sum in those days.

Stinson found Detroit's business community receptive to his plans to develop his own airplane. Alfred V. Verville and a group of local businessmen — the Detroit Board of Commerce's Aviation Committee — supported Stinson's plans to establish the Stinson Aircraft Syndicate in 1925, and provided $25,000 to design and build a prototype, an enclosed cockpit, 4-place biplane, powered by a Wright Whirlwind J-4 air-cooled radial engine test flighted at Packard Field in Roseville, Michigan, a northeast suburb of Detroit. Packard Field was the first commercial air field in Michigan, opened in 1919, site of Packard Aviation and the Michigan State School of Aviation, making it a natural location for Stinson to launch his business in the Detroit area.

The Stinson Detroiter SB-1 (for "Stinson Biplane model 1") made its maiden flight from Packard Field on January 25, 1926. The plane not only had a rare (for the period) enclosed cabin, it also had heat (which was a big plus given the cold Michigan winter), upholstered seats and side panels, and even an electric cigar lighter. It became an overnight success, and flights were offered in February to 70 riders thus enabling Stinson to raise $150,000 in public stock capital to go into production. Stinson incorporated in Michigan as the Stinson Aircraft Corporation. On May 4, 1926, Eddie acquired the Stimson (no connection to Stinson and no typo error) Scale Mfg. building in Northville, Michigan, just across the pond from the locally famous Ford Valve Plant, and the first production model SB-1 rolled out just three months later in August 1926. Stinson employed over 250 workers at the Northville factory in 1926. )

The aircraft were too large to be completely assembled in the Northville plant, so the wings were attached to the fuselage just west of town at the new, local Northville Airfield, a land project owned by a group of village entrepreneurs established to support the Stinson factory. Aircraft were then flown and delivered from here to buyers. Stinson Aircraft Corp. sold a remarkable 18 SB-1 Detroiters by the end of 1926, completing manufacture of 10 aircraft, while the prototype SB-1 was sold to Horace Dodge, son of one of the Dodge Motor Cars founders.

Northwest (today Delta Airlines) sold its first passenger ticket in July 1927, on their first of several SB-1s (and later SM-1s). By this time, the Stinson Corp. had erected their own concrete-floored steel hangar at the airfield, where they could complete the aircraft assembly process of attaching the wings. The finished superstructure fuselages were simply pulled through the center of town to the airfield behind Ford Model TT trucks, while the wings were put on trailers.

Toward the end of 1926, Stinson Aircraft Corp. began developing their next generation SM-1 (Stinson Monoplane type 1), a six-place monoplane initially powered by the more powerful Wright J-5. The maiden flight took place in the spring of 1927. Coincidentally, the new monoplane had nearly the same wing dimensions and many similar design elements of the Ryan monoplane flown in Lindbergh's famous transatlantic flight of May 1927. This model eventually replaced the biplane completely, and by 1928 the SB-1 was out of production by the time the FAA finally got around to officially certificating it. The early SM-1s were built and flown out of Northville, but the company outgrew its facilities and left Northville by 1929, moving to Wayne, Michigan, which was next to the site of the Detroit Industrial Airport.

Business was steadily increasing, and Stinson delivered 121 aircraft in 1929.

Automobile mogul Errett Lobban (E.L.) Cord acquired 60 percent of Stinson's stock in September 1929, and his Cord Corporation provided additional investment capital to permit Stinson to sell its aircraft at a competitive price while still pursuing new designs. At the height of the Depression in 1930, Stinson offered six aircraft models, ranging from the four-seat Junior to the Stinson 6000 trimotor airliner.

Eddie Stinson did not live to enjoy the success of his company. He died in an air crash in Chicago, Illinois on January 26, 1932, while on a sales trip. At the time of his death at age 38, Stinson had acquired more than 16,000 hours of flight time — more than any other pilot at the time.

The Stinson name did not last for long past the end of World War II. Eddie Stinson's death accelerated the assimilation of Stinson Aircraft Corporation into larger corporate entities: first by Cord Corporation, then by Aviation Corporation (AVCO), and later by Consolidated Vultee. In 1948, the Stinson company was sold to the Piper Aircraft Corporation, which continued to produce 108s for a limited time. Piper transformed an original Stinson design (the "Twin Stinson") into the successful Piper Apache, the world's first general aviation all-metal twin-engined modern aircraft.

title: Stinson Aircraft Company


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Cangjie

Cangjie  is a legendary ancient Chinese figure said to have been an official historian of the Yellow Emperor and the inventor of Chinese characters. Legend has it that he had four eyes, and that when he invented the characters, the deities and ghosts cried and the sky rained millet. He is considered a legendary rather than historical figure, or at least not considered to be the sole inventor of Chinese characters. Cangjie was the eponym for the (c. 220 BCE) Cangjiepian proto-dictionary, the Cangjie method of inputting characters into a computer, and a Martian rock visited by the Mars rover Spirit, and named by the rover team.

Legend of character creation
There are several versions of the legend.

One tells that shortly after unifying China, the Yellow Emperor, being dissatisfied with the "rope knot tying" method of recording information, charged Cangjie with the task of creating characters for writing. Cangjie then settled down on the bank of a river, and devoted himself to the completion of the task at hand. Even after devoting much time and effort, however, he was unable to create even one character. One day, Cangjie suddenly saw a phoenix flying in the sky above, carrying an object in its beak. The object fell to the ground directly in front of Cangjie, and he saw it to be an impression of a hoof-print. Not being able to recognize which animal the print belonged to, he asked for the help of a local hunter passing by on the road. The hunter told him that this was, without a doubt, the hoof print of a Pixiu, being different from the hoof-print of any other beast that was alive.

His conversation with the hunter greatly inspired Cangjie, leading him to believe that if he could capture in a drawing the special characteristics that set apart each and every thing on the earth, this would truly be the perfect kind of character for writing. From that day forward, Cangjie paid close attention to the characteristics of all things, including the sun, moon, stars, clouds, lakes, rivers, oceans, as well as all manner of bird and beast. He began to create characters according to the special characteristics he found, and before long, had compiled a long list of characters for writing.

To the delight of the Yellow Emperor, Cangjie presented him with the complete set of characters. The emperor then called the premiers of each of the nine provinces together in order for Cangjie to teach them this new writing system. Monuments and temples were erected in Cangjie's honor on the bank of the river where he created these characters.

Another version of the legend tells that Cangjie was inspired by observing the network of veins on a turtle. This version is particularly interesting relative to archaeology because turtle shells are one of the most common media on which the earliest known Chinese inscriptions are found, including the Jiahu symbols.

Remains and commemorations
There are tombs dedicated to Cangjie in the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, and Shaanxi. His descendants are said to bear the surname Shǐ (史), in recognition of his service as official historiographer.

title: Cangjie


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Kola Real

Kola Real ("Royal Cola" or "Real Cola") is one of the most popular brands of Ajegroup, a leader in the Latin American beverage market. Started by the Añaños Family es in Ayacucho, Peru on 23 June #1988, the company has grown and expanded not only in Peru, but also in Cuba, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Thailand and Egypt. Kola Real is available in many flavours such as "revolution red" (strawberry), orange, pineapple, lime-lemon, "negra" ("black", similar to Coca-Cola) and "dorada" ("golden", similar to Inca Kola). In Nigeria, Honduras, Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Indonesia, Thailand and Egypt, Kola Real "negra" is known as Big Cola.

title: Kola Real


text:
Pyotr Krasikov

Pyotr Ananyevich Krasikov (Петр Ананьевич Красиков; 17 October [ O.S. 5 October] 1870 – 20 August 1939) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet statesman, as well as a jurist and writer on political and religious affairs. He was the first Procurator General of the Soviet Union, serving from 1924 to 1933.

Career
Pyotr Krasikov was born in Krasnoyarsk, where he was brought up from the age of 12 by his grandfather, an Archpriest, after the early death of his father, a lawyer. He was expelled from the Krasnoyarsk gymnasium for bad behaviour, but reinstated after his grandfather had intervened.

In the years 1892 - 1893, Krasikov visited Switzerland and met with Russian Marxists, met with the leaders of the "Emancipation of Labor" group of Georgy Plekhanov, Pavel Axelrod and Vera Zasulich and joined Emancipation of Labour group in 1892. After returning home in 1894, he was arrested and kept in a solitary confinement cell in the Peter and Paul Fortress until he was bailed out by his sister, and ordered to return to Krasnoyarsk under police supervision. In 1895 despite the police supervision, Krasikov managed to create the first Marxist circle in Krasnoyarsk among students of the paramedic and midwife school.

In 1897, Lenin passed through Krasnoyarsk on his way into exile in a Siberian village, and met Krasikov and became close to each other.

Together with Lenin, he took part in meetings with political exiles who lived in Krasnoyarsk or who stopped here in transit. He saw Lenin's comrades in the Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. And after their departure, he met many party exiles and helped them.

For correspondence and communication with political exiles Krasikov was extended the period of public supervision of the police for another year. He later choose Pskov as his residing place and joined the local Iskra-ist. He was involved in the illegal transportation of Iskra from Germany to Russia. He was on trial in Germany, where Karl Liebknecht defended him. He was convicted but again released on bail.

Later he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party In November 1902, he was a member of the committee set up to organise the II Congress of the RSDLP, and together with Lenin and Plekhanov, he was a member of the Bureau of the Congress. When the split occurred during the Congress between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Krasikov joined the Bolsheviks, and stayed in Switzerland to help Lenin create a separate the Bolshevik organisation

Krasikov returned to Russia during the 1905 Revolution, and was in charge of the agitation department of the Petersburg Party Committee. At the III Congress of the RSDLP he was a delegate with an advisory voice. After the revolution had been suppressed, he drifted out of revolutionary politics to practise as a lawyer

After the 1917 Russian Revolution his positions were related to legal issues and he is considered to be among the principal creators of the Soviet legal system, along with Andrey Vyshinsky. He was Deputy People's Commissar of Justice from 1918. He was the initiator of the first Soviet anti-religious publication, Revolution and Church. Krasikov was Prosecutor General of the Supreme Court from 1924, and Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Court from 1933 to 1938. He was removed from his seat on the Supreme Court during the Great Purge "without explanation."

Krasikov died in 1939 in the city of Zheleznovodsk, where he was being treated for his illness, and was buried there.

Personality
Israel Getzler, in Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (Cambridge U.P., 1967, p. 74), says he was "intensely disliked by all and sundry [with the exception of Lenin]... [Boris Nikolaevsky] sums him up as a drunken brawler... J. Steinberg, Als ich Volkskommisar war (Munich, 1929), has devoted an entire chapter... to Krasikov's misdeeds as co-chairman (together with the notorious M. Iu. Kozlovsky) of the Cheka of the Petrograd Soviet in the winter of 1917-18."

title: Pyotr Krasikov


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Lisa Chappell

Lisa Irene Chappell (born 18 October 1968) is a New Zealand actress and musician. She is known for her roles as Chelsea Redfern in Gloss (1987–1990), and as Claire McLeod in McLeod's Daughters (2001–2003), a performance which earned her two Logie Awards, for Most Popular New Female Talent and Most Popular Actress.

As one of New Zealand's most prominent theatre performers, Chappell made her stage debut in 1991, having appeared in The Merchant of Venice, which led to numerous roles, including Chicago, Hamlet, Design for Living, and The Thirty-Nine Steps. Following the establishment of her own company, Chappell has made appearances in more contemporary works, in addition to producing and writing.

While maintaining her continued success on screen, Chappell has had also appeared in films, such as Desperate Remedies (1993), Jack Brown Genius (1996), and Coffin Rock (2009), and further television roles, in City Life (1996–1998), The Cult (2009), for which she was the recipient of a Qantas Film and Television Award for Best Performance by a Supporting Actress – General Television, and most recently as Michelle Beaufort in the soap opera, Shortland Street (2020–2022).

Early life
Lisa Chappell was born in Takapuna, Auckland, New Zealand and grew up in Mairangi Bay. She has two older siblings, a brother, Mark, and a sister, Catherine. Chappell studied acting in the 1980s, and was educated at Rangitoto College, where she took drama classes and performed in school musicals, as well as singing and dancing tuition.

Television
Chappell's big break came in the late 1980s when she was a student, and while in Christchurch attending a Fringe Festival, she was lodging with Michelle Hine, who was teaching clown at the time, when Chappell was offered to audition for the upcoming television drama, Gloss. Hine coached her for the part, which she eventually received. Chappell made her on-screen debut in 1987 when she was cast as Chelsea Redfern in the TV2 series which lasted three seasons, until 1990. This was followed by a short stint in the police procedural series, Shark in the Park, and guest roles in shows, such as, soap opera Shortland Street, Mysterious Island, and multiple roles on Hercules: The Legendary Journeys. In 1996, she began appearing in a regular role on the short-lived TV2 soap opera, City Life, as Bronwyn Kellett.

In 1998, Chappell had relocated to Australia and completed "The Journey" program at the Actors Centre Australia in Sydney, Australia, graduating in 2000. After which, she auditioned for the role of Claire McLeod on the Nine Network rural drama series, McLeod's Daughters, a role which was originally intended for actor Laurie Foell during which Chappell was in the process of establishing a theatre company; she successfully secured the role following her audition. During production of the series, Chappell gained the skills in how to ride a horse and sheering sheep, and also made the decision to become a vegetarian. She appeared in the series for three seasons, from 2001 to 2003, before her character was killed off in a car accident. For her performance, Chappell was nominated for several Logie Awards, receiving two, for Most Popular New Female Talent and Most Popular Actress in 2002 and 2004, respectively, and has gained a cult following among both Australian and international audiences.

Chappell continued in Australian television, and would later appear in a recurring role on the police drama, Stingers, as Constable Megan Walsh for its eighth and final season, the television film, Small Claims: The Reunion, the serial drama The Cult, in a role with earned her a Qantas Film and Television Award, and guest appearances in Rescue: Special Ops and Cops L.A.C..

In 2020, Chappell returned to Shortland Street, and was cast in the regular role of Michelle Beaufort.

In 2024, it was announced that Chappell would be appearing in a supporting role in the upcoming television film sequel Zombies 4: Dawn of the Vampires, which is set to premiere on Disney+ and Disney Channel in 2025.

Film
Chappell made her film debut in the 1993 critically acclaimed drama film Desperate Remedies, in a supporting role, alongside Jennifer Ward-Lealand and Kevin Smith. She also appeared in the Jack Brown Genius in 1996, a film written and produced by Peter Jackson, and the 2009 psychological thriller Coffin Rock, with Robert Taylor and Sam Parsonson. Chappell also appeared in the 2017 horror film Out of the Shadows.

Theatre
Chappell is a well established theatre performer, having appeared in numerous stage productions for more three decades, and has worked extensively in New Zealand, particularly with the Auckland Theatre Company. Early in her career, she appeared in classical theatre productions, including William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, the musical, Chicago, and Arthur Miller's All My Sons. She has also directed and performed in two plays at Auckland's Rose Theatre – Up the Garden Path and Girl Talk in 1993 and 1994, respectively.

Following her graduation from the Actor's Centre Australia, Chappell has performed as the titular character in Educating Rita, which toured Australia in 2007, before returning to New Zealand to appear in productions, such as, Design for Living, The Thirty-Nine Steps, The Importance of Being Earnest, The Vagina Monologues, The Wizard of Oz, and Much Ado About Nothing.

Chappell has, more recently, appeared in roles in contemporary works, including Fallen Angels, The Pink Hammer, That Bloody Woman, Bright Star, and Shortland Street – The Musical, and three plays which she wrote and produced – On/Off, Fred, and Bad Day Insurance.

She is a member of Equity New Zealand.

Singing
Chappell's debut album, When Then Is Now, was released on 1 May 2006. She did some minor touring in Australia and New Zealand to support the album's release.

Book
In 2021, Chappell wrote a children's book, Guardian Angel on Purpose Patrol. It was illustrated by Brad Smith and published by Divine Purpose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-94-881221-4.

Personal life
Chappell met Chris Taylor in August 2001 when they both attended her McLeod's Daughters co-star, Rachael Carpani's 21st birthday; they married in December 2001, and divorced in 2005. She currently resides in Puhoi, New Zealand.

Theatre credits

 * The Merchant of Venice (Rose Theatre, 1991)
 * Chicago (Auckland Operatic, 1992)
 * Up the Garden Path (Rose Theatre, 1993)
 * Girl Talk (Rose Theatre, 1994)
 * The Lover (The PumpHouse Theatre, 1995)
 * All My Sons (Maidment Theatre, 1997)
 * The Herbal Bed (Court Theatre, 1998)
 * Hamlet (Actors Centre Australia, 2000)
 * A.R. Gurney's Love Letters (2005)
 * The Homecoming (Auckland Arts Festival, 2007)
 * Educating Rita (toured in Australia, 2007)
 * Design for Living (Maidment Theatre, 2008)
 * The Thirty-Nine Steps (Maidment Theatre, 2009)
 * Don't Hold Your Breath (Maidment Theatre, 2009)
 * The Importance of Being Earnest (Maidment Theatre, 2010)
 * The Vagina Monologues (Basement Theatre, 2010)
 * Mike & Virginia (Herald Theatre, 2011)
 * The Wizard of Oz (Peach Theatre Company, 2011)
 * The Motor Camp (Maidment Theatre, 2012)
 * Much Ado About Nothing (Court Theatre, 2012)
 * Badjelly the Witch (Bruce Mason Centre, 2013)
 * On/Off (Bordello Theatre, 2013)
 * Fallen Angels (Q Theatre, 2014)
 * Fred (The Basement Theatre, 2014)
 * Bad Day Insurance (Old 505 Theatre, 2014)
 * Detroit (Darlinghurst Theatre, 2015)
 * Polo (Sky City Theatre, 2016)
 * The Pink Hammer (The PumpHouse Theatre, 2016)
 * Menopause The Musical (2016)
 * Peer Gynt (ASB Waterfront Theatre, 2017)
 * Two (2017)
 * That Bloody Woman (Centrepoint Theatre, 2018)
 * Bright Star (Herald Theatre, 2018)
 * Shortland Street - The Musical (ASB Waterfront Theatre, 2018)
 * The Next Step (Warkworth Town Hall, 2019)
 * Six Degrees of Separation (ASB Waterfront Theatre, 2019)
 * Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (ASB Waterfront Theatre, 2019)
 * Di and Viv and Rose (The Pumphouse Theatre, 2022)

title: Lisa Chappell


text:
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

The National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NUCES), commonly known as Foundation for Advancement of Science and Technology (FAST), is a private research university with multiple campuses in different cities of Pakistan.

Overview
The university is the first multi-campus university in Pakistan, having five modern campuses based in different cities. These campuses are located in Chiniot-Faisalabad, Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar, providing a standard educational environment and recreational facilities to 11,000 students, out of which 500 are faculty members and a quarter is covered by female students. Founded as Federally Chartered University, it was inaugurated by President Pervez Musharraf in July 2000. It is consistently ranked among the leading institutions of higher education in the country and ranked top in computer sciences and information technology by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan in 2020. Its engineering programs are accredited with the Pakistan Engineering Council. FAST is a not-for-profit educational institution charging subsidized fees from its students. Besides this, FAST offers different financial assistance programs for deserving students in the form of loans.

History
The Foundation of Advancement of Science and Technology was founded and established by the Bank of Credit and Commerce International financier. Hasan Abidi, founder of BCCI, provided a large financial capital for the university to promote research in computer sciences and emerging technologies during the 1980s. Later this foundation established the National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences which was inaugurated by Former President and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf in 2000. It is privileged to be the first private sector university, having multiple campuses set up under the Federal Charter granted by Ordinance No.XXIII of 2000, dated July 1, 2000.

Established in 1980, the sponsoring body of FAST university was registered by the Government of Pakistan as a charitable institution. FAST was a pioneer in Pakistan's IT sector development by offering the country's first undergraduate computer science curriculum, with its headquarters in Islamabad.

Campuses
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences is a university in Pakistan, with a multi-campus setup and its central administration based in Islamabad. The university operates five campuses in Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Faisalabad.

Islamabad Campus
The FAST National University Islamabad campus is situated at A.K Brohi Road, H-11/4 and serves as the university's main hub.

Karachi Campus
The FAST National University Karachi campus has two branches: the main campus, located on the National Highway, and the city campus, located in Block-6 PECHS.

Lahore Campus
The FAST National University Lahore campus is situated in Faisal Town and spans 12.5 acres of land.

At the Lahore campus, students have access to only studies.

Peshawar Campus
The Peshawar campus of the FAST National University is for students seeking an education in technical fields. It is located in the Hayatabad suburb of Peshawar.

Students can pursue degree programs in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Business Administration.

Chiniot-Faisalabad Campus
The Faisalabad campus of the FAST National University is the fifth and newest addition to the university's network of campuses. It is located on 22 acres of land on the Faisalabad-Chiniot Road, approximately nine kilometers from the Faisalabad Motorway interchange.

The Faisalabad campus offers degree programs in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, and Business Administration.

Multan Campus
FAST National University, Multan Campus is located in the city of Multan, in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The campus provides easy access to students from all over the region.

Academic Profile
FAST university offers undergraduate, post-graduate and doctoral programs in business and sciences, at their campuses. The availability of bachelor programs depends on the campuses.

Undergraduate Studies
The undergraduate courses are offered by university in different disciplines for bachelor's in sciences and business, leading to a bachelor's degree.

In Pakistan, a Bachelor's degree in Computer Science from FAST is highly regarded in the field of technology and is often considered equivalent in prestige to a MBBS degree from a reputable medical university in their respective fields.

Faculty of Computing
Dean: Jawwad Shamsi

Degrees offered:
 * BS (Artificial Intelligence)
 * BS (Computer Science)
 * BS (Cyber Security)
 * BS (Data Science)
 * BS (Financial Technologies)
 * BS (Software Engineering)

Faculty of Engineering
Dean: Dr Saima Zafar

Degrees offered:

 * BS (Civil Engineering)
 * BS (Electrical Engineering)

Faculty of Management Sciences
Dean: Dr. Sadia Nadeem

Degrees offered:

 * BBA
 * BS (Accounting and Finance)
 * BS (Business Analytics)

Graduate Studies
The university offers post graduate studies for different disciplines for master's in sciences and business, leading to a master's degree.

Faculty of Computing
Dean: Jawwad Shamsi

Degrees offered:

 * MS (Artificial intelligence}
 * MS (Computer Networks & Security)
 * MS (Computer Science)
 * MS (Data Science)
 * MS (Software Engineering)
 * MS (Software Project Management)

Faculty of Engineering
Dean: S.M Sajid

Degrees offered:

 * MS (Civil Engineering)
 * MS (Electrical Engineering)

Faculty of Management Sciences
Dean: M. Ayub Siddiqui

Degrees offered:

 * MBA
 * MS (Accounting and Finance)
 * MS (Business Analytics)
 * MS (Management Sciences)

Faculty of Science & Humanities
Dean: Dr.Summaira Sarfraz

Degrees offered:

 * MS (Applied in linguistics)
 * MS (Mathematics)

Doctor of Philosophy
Degrees offered:

 * PhD (Civil Engineering)
 * PhD (Computer Science)
 * PhD (Electrical Engineering)
 * PhD (Management Sciences)
 * PhD (Mathematics)
 * PhD (Software Engineering)

Notable alumni

 * Farhan Saeed - singer, actor
 * Fawad Khan – singer, actor
 * Hania Amir – actress, model, singer
 * Mir Zafar Ali – visual effects artist who won an Academy Award for the animated film Frozen (2013)
 * Osman Khalid Butt – actor
 * Xulfi – musician, singer, music producer, song composer

Research labs
FAST-National university encourages the growth of research in university. It has its research labs in four campuses, Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi. It is further accredited as one of the leading research institutions of computer science in the country.


text:
Kill box

In weaponry, a kill box is a three-dimensional target area, defined to facilitate the integration of coordinated joint weapons fire. The space is defined by an area reference system, but could follow terrain features, be located by grid coordinates or a radius from a center point.

Definition
It is a joint forces coordination measure enabling air assets to engage surface targets without needing further coordination with commanders and without terminal attack control. Such a joint coordination measure can help commanders focus the effort of air and indirect fire assets, and also restrict the trajectories and effects of surface-to-surface fires. There may be no-fire areas (NFAs), restricted operations areas (ROAs), and airspace coordination areas (ACAs) included. No friendly ground forces should go into a kill box unless covered by a no-fire area.

A type of fire support coordinating measure (FSCM), a kill box is often defined by a grid reference system based on lines of latitude and longitude, superimposed upon a map of an area of operation. Each square of the grid may be sub-divided into smaller boxes, each of which may carry its own level of permission or restriction on the use of air-to-surface or surface-to-surface weapons.

First developed by the U.S. Air Force in the late 1980s, the technique gained notoriety through its use during the first Gulf War (1991). The U.S. Air Force further refined tactics, techniques, and procedures of kill box employment throughout the 1990s, leading to more efficient prosecution of targets. During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, they were once again used in support of the initial invasion.

Use of kill boxes is now part of Joint U.S. Doctrine and is used by many of the U.S.'s allies.

Types

 * Blue: Permits air-to-surface fires in the Kill Box without further coordination or deconfliction with friendly forces.
 * Purple: Reduces the coordination requirements for air-to-surface fires, while still allowing surface component commanders to employ surface-to-surface fire. It allows the maximum use of joint fires, creating a synergistic effect and maximum potential for neutralizing enemy forces.

Misconceptions
While engagement authority is automatically granted by the establishment of a kill box, it does not relieve weapons system operators of the responsibility for complying with requirements such as commander's designated target priority, positive identification (PID), collateral damage assessments, rules of engagement (ROE), and special instructions (SPINS).

title: Kill box


text:
Douglas Gracey

General Sir Douglas David Gracey, (3 September 1894 – 5 June 1964) was a British Indian Army officer who fought in both the First and Second World Wars. He also fought in French Indochina and was the second Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army. Gracey held this latter office from 11 February 1948 until his retirement on 16 January 1951. Born to English parents living in India, he was educated in English schools before returning to India to serve in the military there.

Early life and military career
Born to English parents living in India, Gracey was educated in English schools before returning to India to serve in the military there. Gracey's initial education was at Blundell's School before moving on to the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, from where he was commissioned into the Unattached List, Indian Army on 15 August 1914 as a second lieutenant. By early 1915 he had been attached to the 5th Extra Reserve Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers. He served in France from 11 January to 2 May 1915 when he was wounded.

In September 1915, Gracey was appointed from the unattached list of the Indian Army into the 1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) with the rank of second lieutenant. With his Indian Army regiment he saw active service in Mesopotamia and Palestine and was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in 1917 and a Bar to the award in 1919. The citation to his first MC read:"'For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty when commanding two companies in the attack. He succeeded in leading the two companies to the objective in spite of a determined opposition, and by his untiring energy and resource was largely responsible for the success of the operation.'"

As is often the case in wartime he held postings at various times with more senior acting rank, but was formally promoted lieutenant in August 1917 and captain with effect from August 1918.

Between the wars
Between the wars Gracey became an instructor at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1925, commanding one of the cadet companies. After this he attended the Staff College, Quetta, from 1928 to 1929, and his fellow students included Colin Gubbins, John Crocker, Eric Goddard, Lionel Cox, and Henry Davies, among many others, who were destined to achieve general officer rank. In peacetime, promotion came slowly and brevet ranks were used as an interim step to the next rank up for officers who performed well. In 1930, Gracey received a promotion to brevet major. In late 1931 he was appointed as GSO2 at GHQ India and by the time this appointment finished in late 1935 he had received his promotion to major. In early 1937 he was given another GSO2 posting at Western Command in India. Having waited so long to be raised from captain to major, his next advancements to brevet lieutenant-colonel and lieutenant-colonel came quite quickly, in January 1938 and February 1939.

Second World War
At the start of the Second World War in September 1939, Gracey was commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles on the North West Frontier of India. In March 1940, upon his promotion to full colonel, he became assistant commandant of the Staff College, Quetta, with the Commandant then being Philip Christison, a British Army officer. In May 1941 he was promoted brigadier and given command of the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade which, as part of the 8th Indian Infantry Division, was sent shortly thereafter to Basra in Iraq but took no significant part in the Anglo-Iraqi War. In June 1941 the brigade was ordered to northwest Iraq to the Bec du Canard region in northeast Syria, part of the Syria-Lebanon campaign. After this Gracey and his brigade remained in Iraq as part of Iraqforce (subsequently Paiforce), protecting the Middle East from a possible Axis thrust south of the Caucasus. For his service, Gracey was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)

In April 1942 Gracey was promoted to acting major-general and given the task of forming and then commanding the Indian 20th Infantry Division. The division concentrated in Ceylon for training and in August 1943 was sent to join Fourteenth Army's Indian XV Corps in northeast India to take part in the Burma campaign.

Shortly thereafter the division was moved to IV Corps based at Imphal on the India-Burma border. From early April to late July 1944 the division was in almost constant combat during the Battle of Imphal, latterly as part of Indian XXXIII Corps. There was then a four-month period of rest and recuperation before the division was back in the front line with XXXIII Corps which launched an attack across the Chindwin river in December and thrust south. In February 1945 the division created a bridgehead across the Irrawaddy and broke out in mid-March to cut the Japanese communications and supplies to the battles being fought at Mandalay and Meiktila. The Fourteenth Army commander Lieutenant General "Bill" Slim was later to write about this action: "[The] break-out of the 20th Division was a spectacular achievement which only a magnificent division, magnificently led, could have staged after weeks of the heaviest defensive fighting."Driving rapidly south the division captured Prome on 2 May, by which time the campaign was effectively over.

In February 1945 Gracey had been appointed a Commander of the order of the British Empire (CBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in Burma and on the Eastern Frontier of India" and in May his rank of major-general was made permanent. In July 1945, Gracey was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB), and he was mentioned in despatches. There were further mentions in despatches for services in Burma in September 1945 and May 1946.

Because of Gracey's close relationship with his men, afforded by his long service as commander, the 20th Division had a reputation as a happy and confident unit. Field Marshal Slim said of them:"I have never seen troops who carry their tails more vertically."

Indochina
In September 1945, Gracey led 20,000 troops of the 20th Indian Division to occupy Saigon. During the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Allies had agreed on Britain taking control of Vietnam south of the 16th parallel (then part of French Indochina) from the Japanese occupiers. Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the communist Viet Minh, proclaimed Vietnamese independence from French rule and big pro-independence and anti-French demonstrations and strikes were held in Saigon. The French, anxious to retain their colony, persuaded Gracey's Commander in Chief, Lord Mountbatten, to authorise Gracey to declare martial law. Fearing a communist takeover of Vietnam, Gracey decided to rearm French citizens who had remained in Saigon and allowed them to seize control of public buildings from the Viet Minh. In October 1945, as fighting spread throughout the city, Gracey issued guns to the Japanese troops who had surrendered and used them to occupy the city. According to some socialist and communist commentaries, this controversial decision furthered Ho Chi Minh's cause of liberating Vietnam from foreign rule and precipitated the First Indochina War. Other authors such as Peter Dunn and Timothy Smith reach a different, more sympathetic conclusion – that his orders were essentially to maintain essential services and prevent the slaughter of the civilian population. Marston reviews the military position Gracey found himself in. French General Leclerc arrived in Saigon in October 1945 to assume authority but it was not until well into the first half of 1946 that enough French troops had arrived to allow Gracey to return with the bulk of his troops in March 1946 to India where the 20th Indian Division was disbanded.

After Second World War
Promoted acting lieutenant-general in May 1946, Gracey successively commanded Northern Command and Indian I Corps in India. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in January 1948 and served in the honorary capacity of Colonel Commandant of the Indian Signal Corps between March 1946 and October 1948.

Pakistan
When British India was partitioned in 1947 Gracey became Chief of Staff in the newly created GHQ, Pakistan before succeeding Frank Messervy as the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1948.

When the Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir began on 22 October 1947, Messervy was away in London, and Gracey was acting as the Army Chief. He declined to send Pakistani troops to the Kashmir front as ordered by Mohammad Ali Jinnah (the Governor General) but referred the issue to Claude Auchinleck, the Supreme Commander of Indian and Pakistani forces. Both the armies were under joint British command at this stage, and Auchinleck had already issued Standdown instructions to the effect that all British officers would stand down in the event of a military conflict between the two countries. After hearing Auchinleck's reasoning, Jinnah rescinded his order.

Gracey left the Pakistan Army in April 1951 to retire, having attained the rank of full general. However, his permanent rank in the British Army had never advanced beyond major general so on retirement he was granted the honorary rank of general, having also been advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in January 1951 at the request of the Pakistan government.

Final years
After his retirement Gracey settled in Surrey. He was a keen cricketer and a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and served as Chairman of the Royal Hospital and Home for Incurables at Putney in the years before his death, which occurred on 5 June 1964, at the age of 69.

Army career summary

 * Commissioned into 1st King George's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Malaun Regiment) (1915)
 * Brigadier General Staff Western Command, India – 1938
 * Commanding Officer 2nd Battalion 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles – 1939 to 1940
 * Assistant Commandant of Staff College Quetta, India – 1940 to 1941
 * Commanding Officer 17th Indian Brigade, Iraq and Syria – 1941 to 1942
 * General Officer Commanding 20th Indian Division, Burma – 1942 to 1946
 * Commander in Chief Allied Land Forces French Indochina – 1945 to 1946
 * General Officer Commander in Chief Northern Command, India −1946
 * General Officer Commanding Indian I Corps – 1946 to 1947
 * Chief of Staff, Pakistan Army – 1947 to 1948
 * Commander in Chief Pakistan Army – 1948 to 1951
 * Retired with honorary rank of general – 1951

title: Douglas Gracey


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Jimmy Boyd

Jimmy Devon Boyd (Born James Devon Boyd, January 9, 1939 – March 7, 2009) was an American singer, musician, and actor known for his 1952 recording of the song "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus."

Early years
Jimmy Boyd was born in 1939 in Mississippi into a musical family, with father Leslie Boyd and mother Winnie Boyd. His father, in turn, was from a family of 21 children of musician Bill Boyd. The family relocated to the San Fernando Valley of Southern California when Jimmy was a pre-schooler. Jimmy briefly sang with "Texas Jim Lewis and his Lonestar Cowboys". At an early age, he won a local talent show that led to television appearances, including The Ed Sullivan Show, as well as The Frank Sinatra Show on CBS-TV.

"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
Boyd recorded the song "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" for Columbia Records in 1952, when he was 13 years old. It became a hit, selling over two and a half million records in its first week's release and Boyd's name became known internationally. Boyd was presented with two gold records. Boyd's record went to number one on the charts again the following year at Christmas, and continues to sell as a Christmas song. Cumulative disc sales by 1966 amounted to over 11 million copies.

Boyd owned horses, so Columbia presented him with a silver mounted saddle. Inscribed in the silver plate on the back of the saddle were the words, Presented by Columbia Records to Jimmy Boyd commemorating his 3,000,000 record of "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus". When first released, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston condemned the song for implying even a tenuous link between sex and the religious holiday, and radio stations in several markets banned it. Boyd made worldwide news when he went to Boston to explain that, of course, Santa Claus and Daddy were the same man. The following Christmas the ban was lifted.

Other recordings
Boyd's next-biggest hit was "Tell Me a Story," a duet with Frankie Laine, which peaked at number 4 on the charts during 1953. The same year, he recorded "Dennis the Menace," a duet with Rosemary Clooney, which peaked at number 23 on the charts.

One of his surviving performances available online is with Betty White on The Betty White Show in the mid-1950s.

Acting career
Boyd was a regular cast member on the situation comedy Date with the Angels, starring Betty White, playing the role of Wheeler. After the show was cancelled midway through its only season (1957–58), he went on to become a regular on Bachelor Father for the remainder of its five-year run (1957–62). The popular situation comedy starred John Forsythe and featured Noreen Corcoran and Sammee Tong. Boyd played the role of Howard Meechum, awkward classmate and sometime boyfriend of Corcoran's character Kelly.

During the same period, Boyd appeared in several films, often in dramatic roles. These included the role of schoolboy Howard in Inherit the Wind (1960), a drama starring Spencer Tracy, based on the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925.

Boyd's acting career was interrupted by military service when he was drafted into the US Army in 1960. Later in the 1960s, he went to Vietnam, but as a celebrity rather than a soldier, appearing alongside other actors and singers in two USO tours.

Personal life and death
In 1960, Boyd married actress Yvonne Craig (later TV's Batgirl). The marriage ended in divorce in 1962. Boyd married a second time in 1980 to Anne Forrey. They had a son together, but divorced in 1984. He remained single for the rest of his life. When asked, "What's the most exciting thing that ever happened to you?" his reply was, "The birth of my son."

Jimmy Boyd died of cancer in 2009 at the age of 70.

Awards
For his contributions to the recording industry, Boyd was awarded a star (located at 7021 Hollywood Blvd.) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1959. It made Boyd (at age 20) the youngest-ever recipient of the honor for 45 years, until actress twins Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen (then 18) jointly received a star in 2004.

title: Jimmy Boyd


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Reinhold Sadler

Reinhold Sadler (January 10, 1848 –January 30, 1906) was an American politician who was the 9th Governor of Nevada. He was a member of the Silver Party.

Biography
Sadler was born on January 10, 1848, in Czarnikau, Posen Province, Prussia (modern-day Czarnków, Wielkopolska Province, Poland). His education was limited to the common schools of his native country. He immigrated to the United States first moving to Virginia City, and later Eureka. He married Louise Zadow in Hamilton, Nevada on May 26, 1874, and the couple had six children, Wihlemina, William Arthur, Bertha, Edgar, Alfred and Clarence.

Career
Sadler settled in Eureka, Nevada and worked as a miner, a miller, and a merchant. He was elected treasurer of Eureka County in 1880.

After two unsuccessful campaigns for state offices, he was elected the tenth lieutenant governor of Nevada in 1895. After the death of Governor John E. Jones, Sadler became Acting Governor, making him only the third foreign-born governor of Nevada,; he was elected Governor in his own right in 1898. During his tenure, the Farmer's Institute was launched and the State Board of Assessors was established.

After finishing out his term Sadler returned to Eureka, and resumed his various business enterprises. He was a Stalwart Silver candidate for U.S. Representative at large in 1904, but was not successful.

Death
Sadler died in Eureka on January 30, 1906, at the age of 58. He is interred at Lone Mountain Cemetery, Carson City, Nevada.

title: Reinhold Sadler


text:
Talk:Filial piety

Comment
I think this article should be redirected to Confucianism, its already expounded in more detail than this in the main article.
 * Unfortunately you can't redirect to a section of a page, only to the page itself. If you think that would be more convenient for users, go right ahead and redirect it, like this:

Kappa 09:44, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) REDIRECT Confucianism

The article was recently edited to begin: "In Confucian and Buddhist thought". Is there any evidence that filial piety ever occurs independently in Buddhist thought? - Nat Krause 8 July 2005 09:34 (UTC)

 * Ideas about childrens obligations to their parents are universal I guess. In the Chinese tradition, even the Daoists used the concept of xiao, as did and do indeed also Chinese muslims and christians. /Bero

Is the current third reference, "^ Walker, Byrne (2007)" valid? I am not someone researching in this particular field, so I do not know what significance is something this person said/wrote in 2007 can/would support argument made in the article. - 96.48.114.204 (talk) 17:17, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

CopyVIO
i was duped by the copyvio accusation of another user. and added a copyvio tag by mistake. please ignore the addition of the tag, and i apolagize for any inconvenience this may have caused. --jonasaurus 21:34, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Copy editing needed
This is a decent article but there's some issues with the translation. I've gone ahead and added a copyedit tag and listed it on WP:Cleanup. I'll try to come back and have a look at it myself, but am busy fixing disambiguation links at the moment. -- Daduzi  talk  18:08, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

My Editing Efforts
I just wanted to let you all know that I have attempted to give this article more structure, and also made some sentence structure/phrasing/word choice changes. I'll be the first to admit that (1) I'm a newbie, and (2) I know very little about this topic. I hope that my efforts helped, please feel free to leave me any criticism or comments. I'm sure that someone who knows more about this topic could more effectively edit it. Thanks! Sonrisasgrandes 16:56, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Indian Buddhism
The section on Indian Buddhism is blatantly at odds with numerous Pali scriptures which explicitly encourage filial piety as a very high virtue to be encouraged. That the decision to live the "higher life," of a monk is regardly even more highly than the fulfillment of filial vows does not make filial piety itself any less of a virtue. Verses 331-333 of The Dhammapada express this explicitly. This section needs obvious reworking.Good4allpeople 07:17, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Filial Piety (Western Version)
This entry for Filial piety seems very narrow. Japan has a slightly different version of filial piety that is engrained in the culture and is not based in Confucianism. So the focus on Buddhism certainly would help a great deal. But there is more.

In Western philosophical thought, there is an alternative concept that is often referred to as "filial piety". The focus is not on individual lineage and ancestry, but on national and/or ethnic identity. Filial piety, in this case, refers to promotion of members of one's own ethnic or national group to the top of a revered category, e.g., scientists, politicians, artists, writers, etc. For example, a Nobel Prize laureate who emigrated from Hungary to the USA, might be heavily promoted as a Hungarian scientist by Hungarians, particularly in government-sponsored textbooks or official propaganda, while Americans consider him to be one of their own. If the scientist in question happens to be Jewish, he will also be identified by many Jews as a pinnacle of Jewish achievement as well. At least for the Hungarians and the Jews, and perhaps for Americans as well, identifying with this successful individual would be an example of filial piety.

In this case, the national identification is relatively benign. However, this is not always the case. Filial piety is quite often an outgrowth of malignant nationalism. In Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, native scientists and thinkers were heavily promoted as having primacy in their field, often ignoring or outright suppressing, historical facts.

In Germany, this took on the character of purging Jews from the history of science and cultural history, sometimes going so far as to purge not only the individuals, but also the ideas that they brought into the field. At the same time, historical revisionism allowed such figures as Georg Cantor to be adopted as German, in order to hide their Jewish heritage.

In Soviet science, filial piety took on the character of crediting ostensibly Russian scientists and inventors with ideas and inventions usually credited to others. Even where the credit can be in dispute, because of the independent nature of discovery by two or more individuals or simultaneous work conducted in different parts of the world, Soviet literature, particularly official textbooks, suppressed all information about non-Russian aspects, making it appear that the credit should be given entirely to the Russian. For examples, consider the credit of invention of radio to Alexander Stepanovich Popov (cf. Guglielmo Marconi, who was often omitted from Soviet textbooks and history books) and of incandescent light bulb to Pavel Yablochkov (cf. Thomas Edison). The absurd nature of Soviet filial piety was not left unnoticed in the folklore. A fairly common joke among the Soviet intelligentsia was the comment, "Lomonosov discovered the law of Lavoisier," that referred to the usual Soviet textbook claim that Mikhail Lomonosov was first to discover the chemical law of conservation of mass, while making no references to Lavoisier at all. It is important to note, however, that credit to filial piety should not serve as an excuse to discount any such claims. For example, Lomonosov's claim to primacy in case of conservation of mass may have some credit.

It is important to distinguish the Eastern tradition of filial piety from the filial piety of Western nationalism.

 * [citation needed]. Thank God you didn't put that stuff into the article bro. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.195.250.2 (talk) 02:06, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The term "filial piety" is used by Catholics to describe such things like the proper manner in which to address bishops who have erred and now require correction (e.g., we criticize the bishop in a spirit of filial piety and respect). Please refer to CCC 2215 for an example (https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a4.htm) --2604:2000:1240:C799:6805:C82A:845D:CC0A (talk) 15:44, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Filial piety the first virtue in China?
"Filial piety is considered the first virtue in Chinese culture" -- It's that important? I'd like to see a cite, please. -- 201.50.254.243 11:19, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

We also need a citation for: "These traditions were sometimes enforced by law; during parts of the Han Dynasty, for example, and those who neglected ancestor worship could even be subject to corporal punishment." Bao Pu (talk) 01:49, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Filial piety the first virtue= 万恶淫为首，“百善孝为先”.--刻意(Kèyì) 10:53, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

"hyo" redirects here...
Why does hyo redirect to this page? It's not mentioned a single time. Could anyone add what hyo means in this context? Thanks, Ibn Battuta 03:28, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * hyo (효) is a Korean word which means Filial piety. The fact that Korean filial piety is not mentioned in the article is an obvious ommision given that hyo redirects to the page. Filial piety is just as strong (if not stronger) in Korea as in China. I thought that this whole topic was rather strange, given that it pretty much just seems to talk about how Buddhism was introduced to China, dispite the lack of filial piety in some of its teaching... DeanHarding 05:05, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Rome
In Rome there was filial piety (lares).

 * Yes, and there was filial piety in ancient Greece as well (read the Aeneid), there should be more mention of these as well. From what I can tell, although it's not exactly the same as Chinese xiao, it is very much the same idea (distinct from the nationalism type mentioned elsewhere in the discussion page). Chunlong (talk) 11:52, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Why do you think Filial piety is declining in Japan somewhat?
As I think its kinda a sad thing, and i may like to know excatly why or something like that. it seem that japanese society is in some form or another destroying itself, especially that Filial piety is in decline as the population is getting older and older or Aging and so. But i may know the reason but i like to have your full explainations or Theories. So please tell me then and such, please. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.242.15.121 (talk) 03:09, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * One theory is the influence of Western culture. Another, perhaps more accurate one, is that people have always shirked these duties expected by society, it's just that they covered it up in public. Only now do people examine their lives and the lives of others and see how little we live up to the standards we set ourselves. --86.146.162.13 (talk) 19:10, 7 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Heh. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/01/top-japanese-official-urges-elderly-to-hurry-up-and-die/ BillyTFried (talk) 18:59, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * There may be a number of causes. There is certainly such a thing as an excess of filial piety bordering on idolatry and perhaps of a narcissistic variety where the parent dominates the child and uses him or her for his or her own satisfaction. Or perhaps a failure on the part of the parents to instill such piety. The education system and the media can also become tools for social engineering where traditional norms are corrupted in the service on a political ideology (it certainly has been the case in the West). --2604:2000:1240:C799:6805:C82A:845D:CC0A (talk) 15:38, 22 December 2020 (UTC)

Irpa Ling?
The last lines of the introduction are confusing. What is the two year rule? Who is Irpa Ling? There's not even a wikipage on that philosopher and it's not explained anywhere in the text. EverGreg (talk) 11:25, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Leaving the text below, until it can be made sense of. It might be genuine. EverGreg (talk) 09:29, 26 February 2010 (UTC)
 * A newer interpretation of ancient Chinese literature has shed new light on the filial piety tradition. Professor Wai Qin Liang of the university of Shanghai philosophy department argues that obedience to the power of government is sometimes held higher than obedience to family in the ancient texts. His paper titled "Filial Piety Versus the Residency Obligation in Ancient Philosophy" (China Daily (English Edition), 17 November 2009, page 12) makes the case that only in the most exceptional circumstances should humanitarian and compassionate ideals trump the generous two year rule set out by ancient philosopher Irpa Ling.

''In reality it is rarely practiced in the West as most children from a Judeo-Christian background do not honor and care for parents to the extent of those from Eastern backgrounds. This is because in the West, the individual is more important than the family and when an elderly parent becomes a burden to the adult child, the needs of the adult child to be burden-free supersedes any feeling of obligation to care for the elderly parent.[2]''

This needs a heck of a lot more support than one source. This claim is absurd. Even if it is relatively less, that hardly means it does not exist or is superseded by needing to be "burden free". 76.91.21.207 (talk) 10:09, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

The last section exhibits the casual racism that I find very common in Chinese people. No, this is not a bigoted generalisation, I've had long term relationships with Chinese and lived with them, many believe that Westerners don't love their parents as much as Chinese. In reality, many Chinese seem to value status and material success above almost all else, and seek to achieve this through the achievements of their children. For the final paragraph to claim that Westerners will not care for ill or elderly parents is an absolute disgrace, and has no place in wikipedia. 115.64.9.69 (talk) 22:21, 5 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.64.9.69 (talk) 22:15, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

First Sentence?
I'm going to be blunt. The first sentence of this article sucks. Isn't there a wiki-world rule on more general definitions in the first few sentences? Using "In Confucian ideals" feels like a specification for later elaboration rather than a general definition. "is one of the virtues to be held above all else" should most certainly not lead this article. 184.77.189.134 (talk) 05:08, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Buddhism and piety
"Buddhism

Hinayana Buddhism did not have a strong notion of filial piety. Buddhism in India involved many men leaving or abandoning their families, parents, wives, and children to become monks (Buddha himself was said to have done so). The true Buddhist had to reject all family ties, just as they had to reject social and class ties if they were to pursue Nirvana. Family was viewed as just another encumbrance of mortal life that had to be dealt with. Sorrow and grief were said to be "born of those who are dear."[5] Buddhist monks were obligated to sever all ties with their family and to forget their ancestors. Theravada Buddhism stressed individual salvation, and had little room for the interdependent society that Confucianism had created in China, which stressed the good of the community more than the good of the individual. In India, Buddhism also advocated celibacy among its monks which was unacceptable in the Confucian world view, given that it was viewed as the child's duty to continue the parental line.[6]"

That can not be called right, there are plenty of Buddhas teachings (suttas) which are very similar to those of Confucius. It's just that he also teaches a way out of worldly relationships, but he never had pressed on that. For those who prefer to keep on being in the circle of duties the laws and the teachings are nearly similar. One might look at the Sigalovada Sutta: The Discourse to Sigala - The Layperson's Code of Discipline http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.31.0.nara.html Where all layman's relations and duties are listed. Or look the Iti § 106 http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.4.100-112.than.html You can also look at the Mangala Suta

My english skills are to less to rewrite this article, maybe somebody likes to put some effort into it, as it s simply wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hanzze (talk • contribs) 04:02, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It's "right" for "Buddhism", which in English generally means the things Siddhartha taught. Of course it gets a lot messier once they tried to market it to China and had to add in filial piety to avoid being considered immoral barbarians. — Llywelyn II   06:35, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Why was the pic of the statue of the Japanese guy carrying his mother on his back removed?
I thought that was a really good graphical representation of filial piety. BillyTFried (talk) 19:02, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * See the deletion request at commons . --Cold Season (talk) 14:31, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

Filial piety in the Bible
The Ten Commandments from the Hebrew Bible has this: "Honour thy father and thy mother", could it be counted as an example of filial piety? --EPN-001GF IZEN བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས། 10:25, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I've seen some Chinese christians connected the commandent "Honour thy father and thy mother" with filial piety, and even cited "Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right."(Ephesians 6:1) as an reference of filial piety in the Bible, so I came to ask about your opinions.--EPN-001GF IZEN བཀྲ་ཤིས་བདེ་ལེགས། 10:29, 30 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Indeed, Catholics actually use the term "filial piety" themselves, for example, to describe the manner in which criticism ought to be directed toward bishops who have erred in some way that requires correction. The Cathechism of the Catholic Church uses terms like "filial piety" and "filial respect"(CCC 2215 is such an example; see https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a4.htm). --2604:2000:1240:C799:6805:C82A:845D:CC0A (talk) 15:33, 22 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Of course there was that one guy who specifically told everyone to completely ignore their parents and would've gone completely apeshit over the idea of protecting bishops instead of holding them to stricter account. If only he were somehow related to modern Christianity, it might be topical... — Llywelyn II   06:39, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

"Come here little grandson, and pull up a chair, ol' grandpa has to say something to you."
If you get that, you spend too much time online. KATMAKROFAN (talk) 04:00, 15 March 2017 (UTC)

Filial piety is also used for Buddhism
First of all, congratulations to all editors with this nice and beautiful article. I have an improvement to make though, which will make it even better: the Buddhist perspective was removed from this article in previous edits. I don't believe this is justified. The term filial piety is widely used in Buddhist studies, e.g. here and here. Though the term is mostly associated with Confucianism, many scholars study it from a social-cultural angle in East-Asian culture, without specifying the roots. I believe the lead and short description should be modified.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 19:58, 24 August 2018 (UTC) Edited.--  Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 21:46, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 13 March 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus to move the pages to the proposed titles at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 07:08, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

– A. In social studies, the term filial piety is used in a general sense to indicate respect and care expressed by a child toward a parent, whether among Latin Americans, Asians, or any other culture—parental respect is used far less. B. Thus, the term filial piety is not limited to Confucianism-based cultures in East Asia, as the the current article filial piety is. C. The term was at first used in studies about ancient Roman culture, though, and I believe it should still be used for that, but as a separate article under a specific title among the ancient Romans. Pietas is harder to search for and thus less desirable. Farang Rak Tham (Talk) 21:34, 13 March 2019 (UTC) --Relisting.   SITH   (talk)   22:39, 23 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Filial piety → Filial piety in East Asia
 * Pietas → Filial piety among the ancient Romans
 * Parental respect → Filial piety

 * Oppose all - These are distinct and specific terms which in this move are in danger of being conflated. Pietas, in particular, is the name of a goddess that represents a virtue, and the name of the virtue itself - and is the WP:COMMONNAME (if obscure). The current state of Parental respect is unworthy to take over the primary topic for that title, since usage of Filial piety is generally specific toward Asia and is not WP:RECOGNIZABLE in a western context. -- Netoholic @ 18:52, 14 March 2019 (UTC)
 * specific terms ... are in danger of being conflated No, these are all phenomenon described in secondary, reliable sources as filial piety, as I have conclusively shown in the references and links above. Have you looked at any of these?--  Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 12:42, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The current state of Parental respect is unworthy ... No, the current state of an article has nothing to do with how content should be organized under certain titles in Wikipedia. Even if Michael Jackson is a terrible article, it is still the common name, and thus should be the title.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 12:42, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * usage of Filial piety is generally specific toward Asia ... No,this is just not true, as I have shown above. You have not provided any evidence for your arguments. Filial piety is used in a range of contexts, not just East Asia. Furthermore, since there is already a general article called parental respect, it makes much more sense to call this article filial piety, to prevent confusion. If somebody wants to find some information about the specific subject of East Asian filial piety, they will be able to find filial piety in East Asia just as likely. Just looking at this talk page, you can already see many responses throughout the years of people expecting to find a general article, yet finding only information about East Asia. Nobody searches for a title like parental respect, as I have already shown in the above link. Finally, filial piety is recognizable, as it used by scholars as a a general term, also in a Western context, as I have shown in the sources above.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 12:42, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Support move Filial piety → Filial piety in East Asia because this corresponds to the content of the article. Support move Parental respect → Filial piety (common term, see links above) with redirect. Oppose move Pietas → Filial piety among the ancient Romans.  JimRenge (talk) 13:54, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose all - "Filial piety" is primarily an East Asian concept, see Google books results for the term. Parental respect is the proper term for the broader concept, as it does not usually reach the level of "piety" in other cultures. And Pietas covers much more than parental respect. -Zanhe (talk) 08:26, 16 March 2019 (UTC)
 * "Filial piety" is primarily an East Asian concept True, but as proven above, not entirely. Right now, filial piety is entirely about East Asia, without any general disambiguation page to point at other pages.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 22:05, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Zanhe. Srnec (talk) 02:46, 30 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:38, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Filial piety, a son and his mom in Zhengzhou.jpg

filial piety among vampire bats
I find this paper which explains about filial piety among vampire bats

"Experimentally starved mothers will typically be fed by sons or daughters [who were] often a mother's primary food donor" #filialpiety https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eth.13146 Kaveinthran (talk) 15:27, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * This Wiki article is about East Asian filial piety. Perhaps you can create a section with this content in the more general Wiki article called Parental respect.-- Farang Rak Tham   (Talk) 18:21, 8 August 2022 (UTC)
 * But it shouldn't be. "Filial piety" should cover all cultures, not just China. That said, there's probably a better zoological term for 'caring about your progeny'. — Llywelyn II   06:33, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * This is what I got from a search from perplexity.ai
 * The proper zoological term for caring for one's own progeny is "parental care"[1][5]. Parental care is any behavior that contributes to the survival of offspring, such as building a nest, provisioning offspring with food, or defending offspring from predators[1]. Patterns of parental care are widespread and highly diverse across the animal kingdom, and there is great variation in different animal groups in terms of how parents care for offspring and the amount of resources invested by parents[1]. In some animal groups, such as reptiles, offspring may be self-sufficient and require no parental care, while in other groups, such as birds, offspring may be helpless at birth and rely on their parents for survival[1]. Parental care is beneficial if it increases the parent's inclusive fitness, such as by improving offspring survival, quality, or reproductive success[1][6].
 * Sources
 * [1] Parental care - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_care
 * [2] Alloparental Care | SpringerLink https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1400-1
 * [3] Alloparenting - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloparenting
 * [4] Fecundity - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/fecundity
 * [5] Parental Care and Investment - Gonzalez‐Voyer - Wiley Online Library https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0021907
 * [6] What are the benefits of parental care? The importance of parental effects on developmental rate - PMC - NCBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203283/
 * By Perplexity at https://www.perplexity.ai/?s=m&uuid=471ee9a6-aa75-4fd3-b50e-7ae32e8e6224 Kaveinthran (talk) 08:02, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Hair
As long as this is only about East Asia, there needs to be much more about the impact on traditional Han hair styles. — Llywelyn II   06:33, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Filial piety


text:
Patton Oswalt

Patton Peter Oswalt (born January 27, 1969) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. His acting roles include Spence Olchin in the sitcom The King of Queens (1998–2007) and narrating the sitcom The Goldbergs (2013–2023) as adult Adam F. Goldberg. After making his acting debut in the Seinfeld episode "The Couch", he has appeared in a variety of television series, such as Parks and Recreation, Community, Two and a Half Men, Drunk History, Reno 911!, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Archer, Veep, Justified, Kim Possible, Modern Family, and Brooklyn Nine-Nine. He portrayed Principal Ralph Durbin in A.P. Bio (2018–2021) and Matthew the Raven in the TV series The Sandman (2022–present).

Oswalt has voiced Remy in the animated film Ratatouille (2007), various characters in the animated series BoJack Horseman (2014-2020), Max in the animated film The Secret Life of Pets 2 (2019) where he replaced Louis C.K., Jesse (male) in the game Minecraft: Story Mode, and M.O.D.O.K in the 2021 animated series of the same name. Other film credits include Man on the Moon (1999), Zoolander (2001), Blade: Trinity (2004), All Roads Lead Home (2008), Big Fan (2009), A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas (2011), 22 Jump Street (2014), and The Circle (2017). In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) multimedia franchise, Oswalt guest starred as the Koenigs on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2014–2020) and voiced Pip the Troll in Eternals (2021). He was also in the web series Best of the Worst in 2019. As a stand-up comedian, Oswalt has appeared in six stand-up specials and won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album for the album of his Netflix special Patton Oswalt: Talking for Clapping (2016).

Early life
Oswalt was born on January 27, 1969, in Portsmouth, Virginia,  the son of Carla and Larry J. Oswalt, a career United States Marine Corps officer. He was named after General George S. Patton. He has one younger brother, Matt Oswalt, a comedy writer best known for writing and starring in the YouTube web series Puddin'. While he was a military brat, his family lived in Ohio and in Tustin, California, before settling in Sterling, Virginia. He is a 1987 graduate of Broad Run High School in Ashburn, Virginia. He later attended the College of William & Mary where he majored in English and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1991. and was initiated into the Alpha Theta chapter of the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. In May 2023, Oswalt was made an honorary Doctor of Arts by William & Mary. He lived in San Francisco in the 1990s where he said "It was cheap, so, so cheap, and I was a young, hopeful comedian."

Career
Oswalt began performing stand-up comedy on July 18, 1988. After writing for MADtv and starring in his own 1996 comedy special for HBO, he went on to garner notable roles in films and television shows with his film debut coming in the 1996 military comedy film Down Periscope alongside Kelsey Grammer. His television debut was on the Seinfeld episode "The Couch". His most prominent and longest running role was as Spence Olchin on The King of Queens. His first starring film role was as the voice of Remy, the lead character in the 2007 Academy Award-winning Pixar film Ratatouille. He has also appeared in smaller roles in such films as Magnolia and 22 Jump Street.

Oswalt wrote the comic book story "JLA: Welcome to the Working Week", a backup story in Batman #600; a story for Dwight T. Albatross's The Goon Noir #01 and a story for Masks: Too Hot for TV. Expanding his voice artist repertoire, he began voicing the villainous character Tobey on PBS Kids GO! series WordGirl in 2007. He also appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of William Shatner. He appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav in August 2007. That same year, he appeared on an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, "The Original Fry Cook", as Jim. Oswalt moderated a reunion panel of the Mystery Science Theater 3000 cast at the San Diego Comic-Con International in 2008.

Oswalt played Paul Aufiero, the leading role in Robert D. Siegel's 2009 directorial debut, Big Fan. He was set to star in a 2010 Broadway revival of Lips Together, Teeth Apart. The show was postponed, then eventually canceled, when Megan Mullally left the production after the director denied her request to replace Oswalt due to his lack of stage experience.

He starred in the Showtime drama The United States of Tara as Neil, an employee of Four Winds Landscaping. He also provided the voice of Thrasher, a robot protagonist from the Cartoon Network show Robotomy.

Oswalt emceed the 2010 BookExpo America, promoting his then-upcoming book Zombie Spaceship Wasteland and introducing the evening's panelists: Christopher Hitchens, William Gibson, and Sara Gruen. Oswalt released Zombie Spaceship Wasteland in 2011.

Oswalt played the role of Hurlan Heartshe in the 2011 surrealist comedy miniseries The Heart, She Holler on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim. Oswalt appeared in the 2011 film A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas. Oswalt played Matt Freehauf in Jason Reitman's 2011 black comedy Young Adult. He played Billy Stanhope, ex-best friend of Ashton Kutcher's Walden Schmidt on Two and a Half Men in 2012.

From September 2013 to May 2023, Oswalt narrated all 10 seasons of the TV series The Goldbergs. He also had a recurring role as Constable Bob Sweeney in the fourth season of the FX series Justified.

Patton played the role of Agent Koenig on the TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. He later appeared in separate episodes as brothers Eric and Billy Koenig. He continued to appear in the second season as Billy and a third brother named Sam. In season four, he also played a fourth brother, Thurston.

Oswalt's memoir Silver Screen Fiend: Learning About Life from an Addiction to Film was published by Simon & Schuster in 2015. He also voiced the male version of Jesse in Minecraft: Story Mode, which was released in October 2015.

Oswalt played Max in the reboot of Mystery Science Theater 3000, as the son of Frank Conniff's character TV's Frank. The program premiered on Netflix in 2017.

Also in 2017, lifelong film fan Oswalt provided the voice of horror icon Boris Karloff in several episodes of film critic Karina Longworth's podcast You Must Remember This, for the season entitled "Bela and Boris".

Oswalt had a voice-over role in science fiction comedy film Sorry to Bother You, which was released in theaters on July 6, 2018.

Oswalt replaced Louis C.K. in the 2019 animated film The Secret Life of Pets 2, as the voice of main character Max. In addition, he reprised his role as Professor Dementor in the Disney Channel Original Movie Kim Possible, a live-action adaptation of the 2002-2007 animated series.

On April 15, 2019, Oswalt joined a host of other writers in firing their agents as part of the WGA's stand against the ATA and the practice of packaging.

Oswalt's stand-up comedy covers topics ranging from pop culture frivolity, such as comic book supervillains and 1980s glam metal, to deeper social issues like American excess, materialism, foreign policy, and religion. He also discusses his atheism in his stand-up. He recorded his third comedy album at the Lisner Auditorium at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., on February 28, 2009. It premiered on Comedy Central as Patton Oswalt: My Weakness Is Strong on August 23, 2009, and was released on DVD August 25, 2009.

An animated video of Patton's take on New Song's Christmas Shoes was posted on YouTube in November 2009. The track does not appear on any albums. The audio is claimed to be recorded at Lisner Auditorium in Washington DC.

Oswalt's album Patton Oswalt: Finest Hour was released on September 19, 2011. The extended and uncensored DVD of this special was released in April 2012, a few days after its television premiere on Comedy Central.

Oswalt's comedy special Tragedy Plus Comedy Equals Time was to be released on January 16, 2014, via online streaming website Epix, but was pushed back by the company for unknown reasons. However, it did premiere on Comedy Central on April 6, 2014, and became available for purchase on April 8, 2014, in both DVD and CD format.

Oswalt's comedy special Talking for Clapping was released on Netflix on April 22, 2016. For the album, he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.

Oswalt's comedy special Annihilation was released on Netflix on October 17, 2017.

In an episode of Hiking with Kevin Nealon on YouTube, posted November 14, 2019, Oswalt confirmed a new special, I Love Everything, recorded three weeks prior to the recording of the hike. It is currently airing on Netflix and was nominated for another Primetime Emmy Award.

He was featured in an ad campaign for Caesars Sportsbook in 2021, playing a character named Carl.

He was featured on the celebrity version of Jeopardy! on January 26, 2023.

On March 24, 2023, it was confirmed that Oswalt had joined the cast of the upcoming Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire.

In May 2024, Oswalt began hosting the FOX game show The 1% Club.

Personal life
Oswalt married true crime writer and journalist Michelle McNamara on September 24, 2005. Their daughter Alice was born in April 2009.

McNamara died in her sleep in the family's Los Angeles home on April 21, 2016. Her death was attributed to a combination of a previously undiagnosed heart condition and complications from ingested medications, including Adderall, Xanax, and Fentanyl. The season-three finale of The Goldbergs was dedicated to her memory.

On August 1, 2016, Oswalt announced that he had been working to complete McNamara's unfinished nonfiction book about the Golden State Killer. In September 2017, Oswalt announced that the book, titled I'll Be Gone in the Dark, was scheduled for release on February 27, 2018, and was subsequently available for preorders. Less than two months after the book's release, on April 25, 2018, the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department announced they had made an arrest in the Golden State Killer case. Oswalt posted a brief video to Instagram, saying: "I think you got him, Michelle." He also posted on Twitter that same day, saying that he hoped to visit the suspect if he was indeed the Golden State Killer, "not to gloat or gawk - to ask him the questions that [McNamara] wanted answered in her 'Letter to an Old Man'" at the end of her book.

Oswalt is a longtime comic book fan, particularly a DC Comics fan, which he has discussed in his stand-up. He has written a few issues for comics. He is also a cinephile, having watched 4,000 films, including 720 films from 1995 to 1999 at the New Beverly Cinema.

Oswalt has been diagnosed with clinical depression, which he has dealt with throughout his adult life. He has incorporated these experiences into his comedy routines.

In July 2017, he and actress Meredith Salenger confirmed their engagement. They were married in November 2017.

In 2013, he teamed up with PETA, spoke out against chaining pet dogs, and sent a letter to the mayor and members of the city council of Newport News, Virginia, urging them to ban the practice.

Oswalt is an outspoken atheist and has referred to his atheism in his comedy specials: No Reason to Complain, Feelin' Kinda Patton, My Weakness Is Strong, and Finest Hour.

Oswalt's influences include Jonathan Winters, Richard Pryor, Emo Philips, Blaine Capatch, Jim Goad, Bill Hicks, Bobcat Goldthwait, Sam Kinison, Steve Martin, and Louis C.K.

Oswalt is a progressive and a supporter of the Democratic Party, having endorsed Barack Obama for re-election as president in 2012 and Joe Biden in 2020. Oswalt was an outspoken critic of former President Donald Trump. In January 2019, following an intense Twitter feud with a Trump supporter, he donated $2,000 to the man's GoFundMe fund created to help cover his medical expenses.

Stand-up comedy specials
EPs
 * Patton vs. Alcohol vs. Zach vs. Patton (2005) with Zach Galifianakis
 * Melvins/Patton Oswalt split 7 (2006) with Melvins ''
 * Comedians of Comedy Tour (2006)
 * The Pennsylvania Macaroni Company (2006) with Brian Posehn, Maria Bamford, and Eugene Mirman
 * Frankensteins and Gumdrops (2008) - available during the WFMU pledge drive

Compilation album appearances
 * Beth Lapides's Un-Cabaret – The Un & Only (2002)
 * Beth Lapides's Un-Cabaret – The Good, The Bad, and the Drugly (2006)
 * Comedy Death-Ray (2007)

Nonfiction

 * The Overrated Book (co-author with Henry H. Owings, Last Gasp (publisher), San Francisco, 2006) ISBN 0867196572
 * Justice League of America: The Lightning Saga (foreword, DC Comics, 2008)
 * The Rock Bible: Unholy Scripture for Fans & Bands (co-author with Henry H. Owings, Quirk Books, Philadelphia, 2008) ISBN 1594742693
 * Zombie Spaceship Wasteland (Scribner, 2011)
 * Silver Screen Fiend: Learning About Life from an Addiction to Film (Simon & Schuster, 2015)

Comics

 * JLA: Welcome to the Working Week (DC Comics, 2003)
 * The Goon: Noir (co-author with Thomas Lennon, Steve Niles, and Eric Powell, Dark Horse Comics, 2007)
 * Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror 13 (contributor to anthology comic) (Bongo Comics, 2007)
 * Serenity: Float Out (Dark Horse Comics, 2010)
 * Better Days and Other Stories (co-author with Will Conrad, Dark Horse Comics, 2011)
 * Sky Cake! (co-author with Kona Morris, Jon Olsen, Chris Henry. Godless Comics, 2012)
 * M.O.D.O.K.: Head Games (co-writer with Jordan Blum. Marvel Comics, Dec 2020)
 * Black Hammer: Visions #1 (Dark Horse Comics, February 2021)
 * Minor Threats (co-writer with Jordan Blum. Dark Horse Comics, 2022)
 * From the World of Minor Threats: The Alternates (co-writer with Jordan Blum and Tim Seeley. Dark Horse Comics, 2023)

title: Patton Oswalt


text:
Update

Update(s) or Updated may refer to:

Music

 * Update (Anouk album), 2004
 * Update (Berlin Jazz Orchestra album), 2004
 * Update (Jane Zhang album), 2007
 * Update (Mal Waldron album), 1987
 * Update (Yandel album), 2017
 * Updated (M. Pokora album), an English-language version of Mise à jour, 2011

Other uses

 * Update (SQL), a statement for changing database records
 * Updates, a program broadcast by CNN Philippines
 * Bayesian inference, a type of reasoning also described as updating

title: Update