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Măcin Mountains

The Măcin Mountains (Munții Măcin) is a mountain range in Tulcea County, Romania. Part of the Northern Dobruja Massif, they are located between Danube River to the north and west, Taița River and Culmea Niculițelului to the east and Casimcea Plateau to the south. Seen from the Danube, they seem only low hills. However, they are a mountainous region.

The Măcin Mountains are one of the oldest in Romania, being formed in the second part of the Paleozoic, in the Carboniferous and Permian, during the Hercynian orogeny. The predominant rock is granite. Erosion (caused by the difference of temperature) has created steep slopes, with the aspect of ruins.

They are divided in Culmea Măcinului (the southern part) and Culmea Pricopanului (the northern part). The highest peak is Țuțuiatu (also called Greci), which has a height of 467 meters. Other important peaks are Priopcea Hill (410 m) and Muntele lui Iacob (Iacob's Mountain – 341 m).

Vegetation and avifauna
Besides the Balkanic and sub-Mediterranean forests, the Măcin Mountains also have a considerable swathe of steppe, making it a delightful site for birds. The area is a staging point for various migratory bird species, especially raptors, who arrive here in autumn. The region is home to species such as European turtle dove, red-rumped swallow, common and isabelline wheatears, ortolan bunting and several others. Măcin Mountains are also the hunting grounds of the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus), one of Europe's largest buzzards. It shares the mountains with other birds of prey such as short-toed eagle, booted eagle, Levant sparrowhawk and saker falcon.

title: Măcin Mountains


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Julian Scherner

Julian Scherner (23 September 1895 – 28 April 1945) was a Nazi Party official and a high-ranking member in the SS of Nazi Germany. During World War II, he served as the SS and Police Leader of Kraków, Germany-occupied Poland.

Early life
Scherner was born on 23 September 1895, in the town of Bagamoyo in German East Africa, where he lived until the age of two. Scherner attended the cadet schools, Kadettenanstalt, Karlsruhe between 1 October 1905 and 1911 and Berlin-Lichterfield between 1911 and 1914. Scherner was enlisted in the infantrie rgt. 114 between 15 March 1912 and 10 August 1914. During this time, Scherner earned the rank of Fähnrich in April 1914 and received officer rank on 5 August 1914. In 1914, he joined the Reichsheer or Imperial army. Scherner served in World War 1 as a Zugführer, Kompanieführer, company commander and platoon leader. Scherner was injured by shell splinters and rifle fire in the ankle and head respectively and was hospitalized between 1914 and 1915. After Scherner was released from the hospital, in 1915, he returned to his military unit but was captured by the French in May 1915. Scherner was awarded the Iron Cross second class and the Wound Badge in black and subsequently discharged from the military on 30 March 1920, with the rank of Oberleutnant.

After retiring from the military in 1920, he joined the Freikorps Oberland. Following the war, Scherner worked as a bank clerk from 1920 until 1924, then as a shop assistant until 1930 and after that as a partner in a merchant’s business until 1934.

Scherner married Rosita S (born 1 May 1899) on 1 May 1924. Scherner and his wife had two children. In 1923, Scherner took part in the Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch and was ultimately injured and arrested following the failure and ensuing chaos.

SS career
Scherner joined the SS on 28 December 1932, and became a salaried SS officer in June 1934. Scherner commanded the SS training camp at Dachau between October 1937 and March 1940. Scherner eventually relocated to the SS Officer School at Bad Tölz. From September 1939 to 11 November 1939 he was regimental commander of the SS-Gebirgsjäger-Regiment 11 "Reinhard Heydrich". From summer to the winter of 1940, he was commander of the 8 Totenkopf-Standarte. As an SS garrison commander of Prague, between January and September 1941, Scherner supervised preparations for the establishment of a Waffen-SS training camp at Benešov, Bohemia. On 4 August 1941, Scherner was appointed SS and Police Leader in German-occupied Kraków.

Early corruption
Scherner was a close acquaintance of Oberscharführer Heinz Klare, meeting with him on numerous occasions. Scherner aided Klare in receiving extended work leave and enabled Klare's entry into the Waffen-SS while also guaranteeing Klare sick leave for a heart problem. Klare joined Scherner’s staff as ordnance officer and on 15 December 1941, became Scherner's personal adjutant. Scherner borrowed money numerous times from Klare personally and from Klare’s expense account, in violation of standing orders, over the course of 1941–1942. Klare and Scherner were condemned for living indecently and for possession of illegal food and spirits. The following investigation resulted in Klare’s arrest for possible involvement in black market dealings. Klare alleged that Scherner owed him money and had embezzled food stuffs and inappropriately used his service vehicle. The investigation yielded little punishment for Scherner. However, Scherner was reprimanded by the Reichsführer, Himmler, for his luxurious lifestyle. Himmler gave Scherner a serious warning and then tasked the court with investigating Scherner’s dealings. SS-Obergruppenführer Fredrich- Wilhelm Krüger, an acquaintance of Scherner's since childhood, asserted confidence in Scherner saying "[Scherner] is very companionable and helpful towards everyone. He gets close very quickly to every person, but unfortunately does not possess the ability to recognise [sic] and comply with the prescribed boundaries that apply to him in his official position towards subordinates." The judge decided Scherner had inappropriately abused his resources as well as helped Klare avoid the draft. The judge further concluded that Scherner had not been a party to military corruption and did not find Scherner's actions worthy of a court punishment. Scherner was sentenced to 14 days of, Stubenarrest, house arrest but this punishment was postponed until after the war and ultimately never imposed.

Destruction of the Krakow ghetto
Scherner along with Richard Wendler, were supportive of the murder and deporting of Jews as the "solution to the Jewish question". On 28–29 May 1942, Scherner began deportations from Krakow. Police battalions, commanded by Scherner, encircled the ghetto and announced all Jews were to required to register and would be killed if they did not comply. After the initial deportation, in May 1942, Scherner began an extensive murder campaign against the Jews within his jurisdiction. The murder operation moved through Tarnow, Rzeszow, Debica, Przemysl, Jaroslaw, Jaslo, Krosno, Nowy Sacz, Nowy Targ, Sanok and Miechow. Tarnow became the location for numerous mass shootings, the victims of which number approximately 10,000. In June 1942, 6,000 Jews from the Tarnow ghetto including men, women, children and hundreds of orphan children were murdered.

Although, the exact date is unclear, the official agreement to build the Płaszów concentration camp was likely in the autumn of 1942. Scherner gave orders regarding the construction of Płaszów, appointed the camp officers, was responsible for important camp matters and personally visited the camp. In November 1942, Scherner ordered all employed Jews to be congregated into forced labor camps. In 1943, Scherner gave orders to further isolate the working Jews. This was done as a preventative measure after Jewish rebellions.

Scherner was responsible for the deportations to the Bełżec extermination camp, the mass shootings in Tarnów and all 'evacuations' that took place during his time there - including Aktion Krakau. He liquidated Kraków Ghetto by deporting its inhabitants to Auschwitz.

His position afforded him a great deal of authority in many areas, as the title of SS and Police Leader was conferred to high-ranking Nazi Party members, reporting directly to Himmler's deputy. Like Amon Göth, Scherner was far too interested in the confiscated goods from the Płaszów camp. Scherner was transferred to Dachau in April 1944 and appeared before an SS Court (the dreaded Hauptamt SS-Gericht) on 16 October 1944. As a result, Scherner was demoted from SS-Oberführer der Reserve in the Waffen-SS to SS-Hauptsturmführer der Reserve and transferred to the Dirlewanger Brigade (formally the 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS) under SS-Oberführer Dr. Oskar Dirlewanger.

He was found dead shortly before the war ended in a wooded area near Niepołomice in southern Poland, under unknown circumstances.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Julian Scherner


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Peak Practice

Peak Practice was a British drama series about a GP surgery in Cardale — a small fictional town in the Derbyshire Peak District — and the doctors who worked there. It originally starred Kevin Whately as Dr Jack Kerruish, Amanda Burton as Dr Beth Glover and Simon Shepherd as Dr Will Preston, though the roster of doctors would change many times over the course of the series. It ran on ITV from 10 May 1993 to 30 January 2002 and was one of their most successful series at the time.

Series 1 – 1993
Dr Jack Kerruish returns to the UK after setting up a clinic in Africa. He has dreams of being a country GP and heads to Derbyshire for an interview at the Beeches surgery. The Beeches is run by Dr Beth Glover who took the practice over from her father when he died. Beth's partner at the practice is Dr Will Preston who, at this time, would prefer a day on the golf course to a full day's surgery. After initial tensions and despite Will's concerns, Beth invites Jack to be a partner at the practice. Jack and Beth share an instant chemistry and after several misunderstandings they finally get together towards the end of Series 1. Will on the other hand faces marital problems with his wife Sarah. He is broken when he discovers she has been having an affair with Daniel Acres, a doctor from the rival health centre. Pressure to keep her and their two children, Tony and Julien, in a posh house results in Will committing a fraudulent drugs trial. When his scam is revealed, Sarah threatens to leave him, and in turn Will has a nervous breakdown. Meanwhile, after years of trying for a baby, landlords of the local pub Chloe and James White have a daughter named Sarah-Jane.

Series 2 – 1994
Jack and Beth have grown closer during the series break and in the opening episode, Jack asks for Beth's hand in marriage. She turns him down in fear that she hasn't done enough with her life, and although they try to stay together, they later split up. Will and Sarah struggle to make their marriage work and move to a smaller house to help their financial worries. They face further problems when their son Tony is involved in a serious fight at school and also when Sarah continues to attract male attention. Chloe is diagnosed with Hodgkins disease and faces a tough regime of treatment. Mid series, and Jack and Beth both contend with lovers from their past returning to their lives. After a near-death situation, Beth realises she wants to spend her life with Jack and proposes to him. As Jack and Beth marry, Sarah leaves Will and he once again hits rock bottom. Meanwhile, Chloe gets the good news that she is in remission and as the series ends, The Beeches becomes a fund holding practice.

Series 3 – 1995
Jack and Beth have been married for a year and face problems when they each encounter personal difficulties. Beth is rocked by the death of her best friend Isabel De Gines, and Jack feels victimised when a family he tried to help make a complaint against him. Beth decides she wants to start a family but Jack gets an offer to continue his work in Africa. Despite Beth's pleas Jack leaves the practice for a few months. Will and Sarah divorce but find it hard to lead separate lives. On several occasions, they almost give into temptation but Will realises they are better off apart. Whilst in Africa, Jack realises how much he has changed and how much he misses Beth. He returns to Cardale and they try for a family. Beth soon falls pregnant but happiness turns to tragedy when she loses the baby. The Beeches take on trainee GP Andrew Attwood (Gary Mavers) and he moves into the pub whilst completing his exams. Andrew makes Will feel unsettled at the Beeches and he decides to take a job in an inner-city practice. Beth too is looking for a change and finds it hard to shake off her miscarriage. After Will decides to stay on at the Beeches, Jack and Beth decide to take a 6-month sabbatical to Africa.

Series 4 – 1996
A year on, and Jack and Beth have still not returned from Africa. They tell Will they wish to open a clinic out there and he is left to look after The Beeches. He is also hit by the news that Sarah is remarrying and taking Tony and Julien to live in America. Andrew continues to work at The Beeches and is joined by his wife Kirsty. She tries hard to settle into Cardale life but the pair have their problems and Kirsty returns to Liverpool. Dr Erica Matthews arrives as a locum and is instantly attracted to Will. They share a kiss but he develops a friendship with Dr Kate Webster from a rival practice. Their relationship becomes serious and Will tries his hardest to play Dad to Kate's son Charlie. Andrew struggles to cope without Kirsty and is unaware when a patient falls for him. When he knocks her back, she makes a complaint against him and Andrew turns to Erica for comfort. They spend the night together but Andrew soon regrets it when Kirsty returns to Cardale. He is honest with her and they decide to move back to Liverpool. Chloe and James become foster parents and she continues to remain in remission. At the end of the series, Kate finds out she is pregnant and despite booking in for a termination, she changes her mind and she and Will decide to settle down together. Erica buys an old cottage and lays her roots in Cardale, and realising they have grown apart, Kirsty decides to return to Liverpool without Andrew.

Series 5 – 1997
Dr David Shearer arrives in Cardale to help out at the Beeches. He is an old friend of Beth and Will's and covers the absence of Andrew, who went missing after his split with Kirsty. David's wife Clare and their children Emma and Tom join him in Cardale and he quickly settles back into country life. Much to the annoyance of Andrew, who returns looking for another chance from Will and Erica. Kate gives birth to a baby girl named Emily. However, she and Will soon find out that their baby is sick and their worst fears are realised when Emily is diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis. A clinic in Bristol offers Emily a place on their programme, resulting in Will and Kate leaving Cardale. Before they go, they get married and leave the Beeches in the hands of Andrew, Erica and David. David faces torment when Claire is diagnosed with manic depression, Andrew is rocked when Kirsty arrives with a child that is not his and Andrew and Erica continue to dance around the idea of having a relationship.

Series 11 – early 2001
Will's friends ignore his professional advice; Sam invests in a controversial new drug; and Will clashes with ex-wife Kate over an alcoholic patient.

Series 12 – late 2001/early 2002
Tom is involved in a climbing accident; new nurse Claire (Eva Pope) wastes little time in making her presence felt at the practice; and a deadly epidemic puts strain on the Beeches.

List of characters

 * Dr Jack Kerruish – Kevin Whately (1993–1995)
 * Dr Beth Glover – Amanda Burton (1993–1995)
 * Dr Will Preston – Simon Shepherd (1993–1997; 2000–2002)
 * Dr Andrew Attwood – Gary Mavers (1995–2000)
 * Norman Shorthose – Clive Swift (1998)
 * Isabel de Gines – Sylvia Syms (1993–1995)
 * Kim Beardsmore – Esther Coles (1993–1999)
 * Ellie Ndebala – Sharon Hinds (1993–1994)
 * Chloe White – Hazel Ellerby (1993–1998)
 * James White – Richard Platt (1993–1998)
 * Alice North – Margery Mason
 * Trevor Sharpe – Shaun Prendergast (Guest 1993; regular 1994–1995)
 * Leanda Sharpe – Beth Goddard (recurring 1993–1995)
 * Sarah Preston – Jacqueline Leonard (recurring 1993–1996)
 * Douglas Hart – Maurice Denham (recurring 1993–1994)
 * Laura Elliott – Veronica Roberts (1995–1998)
 * Erica Matthews – Saskia Wickham (1996–1998)
 * Kate Webster/Preston – Shelagh McLeod (1996–1997; 2000–2002)
 * Kirsty Attwood – Sukie Smith (recurring 1996, guest 1997)
 * Fred Hargrave - Derek Benfield (guest 1996)
 * Dr David Shearer – Adrian Lukis (1997–1999)
 * Clare Shearer – Yolanda Vazquez (1997) / Fiona Gillies (1998–1999)
 * Dawn Rudge – Sarah Parish (guest 1997; 1998–1999)
 * Dr Joanna Graham – Haydn Gwynne (1999–2000)
 * Dr Martin Henderson – Christian Burgess (Recurring 1999)
 * Dr Sam Morgan – Joseph Millson (1999–2001)
 * Carol Johnson – Deborah Grant (2000–2002)
 * Kerri Davidson – Susannah Corbett (2000–2002)
 * Dr Tom Deneley – Gray O'Brien (2000–2002)
 * Dr Alex Redman – Maggie O'Neill (2000–2002)
 * Claire Brightwell – Eva Pope (2001–2002)

Production
It was based in the Derbyshire village of Crich, although certain scenes were filmed at other nearby Derbyshire towns and villages, most notably Fritchley, Matlock, Belper, Duffield and Ashover. In the final series it was filmed in Staffordshire in the village of Longnor.

DVD release
Series 1–7 have been released on DVD. In Australia, Series 8 – 12 has a scheduled release of 19 June 2024 by Via Vision Entertainment.

title: Peak Practice


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orford Castle

Orford Castle
Orford Castle was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

(since rewritten, so vfd request withdrawn) User:Deus Ex says this is a joke (in the edit history). User:Infrogmation removed the speedy delete tag, so I thought I would bring the article here. Thue | talk 14:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Another of the users articles is being deleted as a joke: Votes for deletion/Jesse eisenhour. I am leaning towards a speedy delete. Thue | talk 14:13, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Orford Castle is worthy of an entry, but this is not that article. I am prepared over the next day or so to write up a better entry and replace this. Dabbler 14:19, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Cool :). If the current content is nonsense then it can be speedy deleted so that it won't clutter up the history. Thue | talk 15:38, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete this article as soon as possible, and I'll happily help write a proper article. It is clear nonsense - the real Orford Castle was built in the 12th century by Henry II positioned for coastal defence and to uphold royal authority in a region with a fair number of castles owned by the nobility. Average Earthman 16:46, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: We haven't as a policy bothered to clean up histories in the past, even if the contained copyvios. This was a joke, the picture was of a real estate listing in Minnesota. But the best outcome is a good stub or article about the real castle. No vote as yet. Andrewa 19:07, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Since the article in question is a joke, it falls under the nonsense clause of speedy delete. So we can speedy delete it if we think it is appropriate, no? Of course we hope for a better article there, but that is an unrelated issue. Thue | talk 21:12, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: We certainly can do this, but there's no reason to that I can see. It's far better just to fix it, as Dabbler has offered to do (and so can anyone else). Still no vote. Andrewa 03:08, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * To me it is completely obvious that rewriting and removing the joke from article history is better than just rewriting, though rewriting is far the most important point. Anyway, it has been rewritten now and from this point we can't remove a subset of the article history. Good work Capitalistroadster :). Thue | talk 12:30, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have deleted the nonsense article with an article about the real Orford Castle. It is a significant part of English heritage with a notable history. Dabbler and others are welcome to add to it Capitalistroadster 11:15, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good work. Next, anyone know anything about Framlingham Castle? Andrewa 16:33, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Excellent work.  [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 18:26, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Zucchero Fornaciari

Adelmo Fornaciari (born 25 September 1955), more commonly known by his stage name Zucchero Fornaciari or simply Zucchero, is an Italian singer, musician and songwriter. His stage name is the Italian word for "sugar", as his elementary teacher used to call him. His music is largely inspired by gospel, soul, blues and rock music, and alternates between Italian ballads and more rhythmic R&B-boogie-like pieces. He is credited as the "father of Italian blues", introducing blues to the big stage in Italy. He is one of the few European blues artists who still enjoys great international success.

In his career, spanning four decades, Fornaciari has sold over 60 million records around the world, and internationally his most successful singles are "Diamante", "Il Volo/My Love", "Baila (Sexy Thing)/Baila morena", and the duet "Senza una donna (Without a Woman)" with Paul Young. He has won numerous awards, including four Festivalbar, nine Wind Music Awards, two World Music Awards (1993, 1996), six IFPI Europe Platinum Awards, and a Grammy Award nomination. He has collaborated and performed with many famous artists, including Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Brian May, Miles Davis, Ray Charles, B. B. King, Sting, Buddy Guy, Bono, Bryan Adams, Dolores O'Riordan, Paul Young, Peter Gabriel, Luciano Pavarotti, and Andrea Bocelli.

Early life
Adelmo Fornaciari was born 25 September 1955 in Roncocesi, a frazione (small village) near Reggio Emilia. His father, Giuseppe Fornaciari, and mother, Rina Bondavalli, came from rural families. At a young age, he was the goalkeeper of A.C. Reggiana 1919. He spent most of his childhood in the seaside town of Forte dei Marmi (Province of Lucca, Tuscany). There, he sang in the choir and played an organ in the local church. At the age of 12 or 13, he discovered American soul and blues music thanks to an African-American friend who was studying in Bologna and lived near his home. The first song he played to Fornaciari was (Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay by Otis Redding, and this immediately inspired his interest in soul music. The friend taught Fornaciari how to play on the guitar songs by Redding, Marvin Gaye, and Sam & Dave. Fornaciari then got together with friends to play rhythm and blues, finding his own way to fuse black music and Mediterranean music. He started writing his own songs when he was 13 or 14 years old, and after learning basic instruments, from 16 he moved on to learning the tenor saxophone. In Forte dei Marmi, he finished his technical high school studies, and moved again, this time to the city of Carrara.

1970–1986: early career and first albums
His musical career began in 1970, with several small bands such as I Duca, Le nuove luci, I Decals, Sugar & Daniel, Sugar & Candies. At that time, he was studying veterinary medicine; although he liked animals and the course (taking 39 out of the 51 exams), he wanted to be different from his parents and withdrew from the course in order to pursue his aspirations. In 1975, he went to San Francisco, and there met the then-young Corrado Rustici from Naples, his future record producer. They talked about a future collaboration on a project with Afro-American influences which was then unusual for Italy

In 1979, Zucchero wrote "Tutto di te" by Fred Bongusto, and the hit "Te ne vai" by Michele Pecora. He found initial success with a band named Taxi, with whom he won the Castrocaro Music Festival in 1981. He made his first appearance in the famous Sanremo Music Festival in 1982 with the song "Una notte che vola via" but without success. However, he wrote and produced the festival hit song "Lisa" by Stefano Sani. In the 1983 festival, he had a similar success with "Nuvola", and went on to write four other festival songs, including "Volevo dirti", sung by Donatella Milani, which was placed second. His first album, Un po' di Zucchero, was released the same year with moderate success. Although as a young songwriter, he had great success, his solo career did not initially reach the same level of success that he and producers had expected.

Disappointed with his solo career, in 1984 he temporarily moved to San Francisco in California, where he collaborated with his old friend Corrado Rustici. The result of these sessions, with a backing band that included bassist Randy Jackson, was the 1985 album Zucchero & The Randy Jackson Band, and the song "Donne" (in English, "Women"). He again played at the Sanremo festival and, although the song "Donne" ended up in a disappointing penultimate place (due to the festival critics), it became a hit single and one of the classic Italian songs. After the relative success of Zucchero & The Randy Jackson Band, Fornaciari joined Rustici again in California to work on a follow-up album. Rispetto (1986) (in English, "Respect") included several Italian hit singles, including the title track and "Come il sole all'improvviso" (in English, "Suddenly, like the sun"). It went platinum and sold over 300,000 copies.

1987–1994: breakthrough in Italy and first international successes
Although Zucchero & The Randy Jackson Band and Rispetto were commercially successful, it was the 1987 album Blue's that went on to become the highest selling album in Italian history (until his following album in 1989), selling 1.5 million copies in 1987 alone; it made Fornaciari a household name in Italy, and neighbouring countries. The album, again produced by Rustici and featuring musical performances by Clarence Clemons, The Memphis Horns and David Sancious, included the Italian hit singles "Con Le Mani" (in English, "With the hands"), with lyrics by Gino Paoli, the controversial "Solo una sana..." (in English "Only a healthy...."), and the original version of "Senza una donna" (in English, "Without a woman") which later became an international hit in a duet version with Paul Young. During the following Blue's Tour Fornaciari shared the stage with Joe Cocker (for a cover of "With a Little Help From My Friends"), Ray Charles and Dee Dee Bridgewater. In the same year, he also composed the soundtrack for the film Snack Bar Budapest, written and directed by Tinto Brass.

In 1989, Fornaciari and his band recorded the album Oro Incenso & Birra in Memphis. The album, which was greatly influenced by American soul music, included guest appearances by Ennio Morricone, Eric Clapton, and blues singer Rufus Thomas; Fornaciari's band by that time included former E-Street Band member David Sancious. The album still stands as not only one of Fornaciari's, but also Italian most successful albums, outselling even Blue's and includes the Italian hit singles "Diamante" (lyrics written by Francesco De Gregori, dedicated to Zucchero's grandmother Diamante), "Overdose (d'Amore)", "Il Mare" and "Wonderful World". The single "Diamante" included new version of the song "Dune Mosse" recorded along Miles Davis. Davis himself insisted to re-record the song with Zucchero, describing it "interesting Mediterranean type of blues". As of 2015 are reported sales of over 8 million copies. By the Rolling Stone Italia it was included among the most beautiful Italian music albums of all time.

After the million selling success of Blue's and Oro Incenso & Birra in Italy, and his live collaborations with Joe Cocker, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eric Clapton (whom supported on tour and performed at Royal Albert Hall in London) and Miles Davis, Fornaciari from 1990 on attempted to conquer the rest of Europe. The album Blue's was released the following year in the United Kingdom, and in 1990 Zucchero Sings His Hits in English, an album that featured songs from the Blue's and Oro Incenso & Birra albums, some of which translated to English by Frank Musker, was released worldwide.

Fornaciari's best known hit "Senza una donna" ("Without a Woman"), in a duet with Paul Young, is from this album. The first pressing of the album didn't feature the duet: the song was performed by Fornaciari only. The duet was a great success worldwide, it topped the European Hot 100, Italian, Belgian, Norwegian, and Swedish charts, and reached the top 3–5 in other international charts in 1991 including UK and US. Other European singles from the Hits album include English versions of "Diamante", and "Wonderful World" (with Eric Clapton). Diamante was later released as a duet with Randy Crawford, a variant not available on any album until the special edition of Zu & Co. (2004). Although advised to record in English to achieve international popularity he expressed doubt; "unfortunately, the only songs you can translate easily into English are the ballads, the love songs. That is a shame".

Between 1991 and 1993 Fornaciari continued duetting with some of the world's most famous artists, such as Sting, Luciano Pavarotti, a young Andrea Bocelli (who after the Zucchero's collaboration on "Miserere" started to get growing popularity ), Peter Maffay, Elton John, Brian May and Eric Clapton. Many of these duets would later be included in the compilation Zu & Co. (2004). The 1991 was released Fornaciari's first live album Live at the Kremlin, recorded in Moscow Kremlin 1990 (being the first Western artist to perform there after the fall of Berlin Wall ) and featuring guest appearances by Randy Crawford (on John Lennon's "Imagine") and Toni Childs. In 1992 was invited by Brian May to perform at The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, with the remaining three members of Queen - Brian May, John Deacon and Roger Taylor, singing "Las Palabras de Amor". He admitted having been 'terrified' before hitting the Wembley Stadium stage, as this was his first time performing live at a worldwide broadcast event. In 1993 was invited by Dan Aykroyd to perform at House of Blues in celebration of 46th birthday of John Belushi, playing "Diavolo in me" and "You are so beautiful" supported by The Blues Brothers Band.

Between 1992 and 2003 was the regular cast of the charity concerts Pavarotti & Friends organized by Luciano Pavarotti, where also performed along Pavarotti and B.B. King, for the children in Bosnia, Liberia, Guatemala, Kosovo, Cambodia, Tibet, Angola and Iraq.

In 1992 Fornaciari released the million selling album Miserere. Again produced by Corrado Rustici, it was a much darker album than Fornaciari's previous works, which was made clear by the title track "Miserere" (Have Mercy), a duet with Luciano Pavarotti. The "darkness" reflects his intimate personal life from the time when lived in solitude and depression after the divorce. Elvis Costello co-wrote the track "Miss Mary", U2's Bono was responsible for the English version of the "Miserere", and Paul Buchanan of The Blue Nile co-wrote two tracks. On the album and during the tour, Fornaciari was accompanied by former Santana drummer Michael Shrieve. The English version of the title track "Miserere" peaked at number 15 in UK. The compilation album Diamante was released in Mexico and other Latin American countries in 1994, and was an attempt to use the same method of Zucchero sings his hits in English for the Spanish and Latin American market. In 1994 Zucchero was the only Italian artist to perform at the 25th anniversary edition of the Woodstock festival.

1995–2008: peak of musical career
The 1995 album Spirito DiVino, that included the smash European hits "Il Volo", "Papà perché?" and "X colpa di chi", is one of Fornaciari's most successful up to date, selling over 2,5 million copies in Europe alone (until 1996) and ending up on the first place in the Italian year charts, and Top 5 in France and Switzerland, the album proved a huge commercial success. On the album Fornaciari adds a certain New Orleans blues feeling to his music (especially on songs like "Voodoo Voodoo") and is accompanied by musicians such as David Sancious, Jeff Beck (on "Papa Perché?"), Sheila E. (on "Alleluja", written by Italian rapper Jovanotti) and former Chuck Berry pianist Johnny Johnson. It, with the upcoming compilation, was promoted with over 150 concerts, an estimated audience of 1.4 million people.

The compilation The Best of Zucchero Sugar Fornaciari's Greatest Hits was released in 1996, shooting into all European charts, up to the number one position in France and Italy, and selling over 3 million copies in Europe. The CD, released in an Italian and an English version, contained 13 of Fornaciari's greatest hits (excluding the Miserere period) and three new songs including the hit single "Menta e rosmarino" ("I feel so lonely tonight"). The re-redition in 1997 included Continental hit cover of "Va pensiero" by Giuseppe Verdi. During the sold-out tour Fornaciari sang with Buddy Guy in Milan, and played "My Love" (the English version of "Il Volo") and "Un piccolo aiuto" (together with Eric Clapton) during the '96 Pavarotti and Friends show. The Best of Tour also brought Fornaciari to the US for the first time playing to four sold out consecutive concerts at House of Blue in Los Angeles. He performed for the fundraising Rainforest Foundation in New York, and Zoological Society of Florida, Miami.

On the 1998 album Bluesugar, Fornaciari moved from Spirito DiVino's New Orleans feeling to a more British rock style, like of Robert Johnson and Radiohead. The band recording it included Santana bassist Benny Rietveld and bluesharp player Mark Feltham. Steve Winwood played Hammond on two songs, while Bono wrote the lyrics to the English version of lead single "Blu". The album went on to sell over 1 million copies in several months. In February 1999 in UK was released a duet of "Va Pensiero" along Sinéad O'Connor. The world tour included for the first time Australia and Asia. In 1999 was invited by Bono to participate at charity NetAid event, where at Giants Stadium in New Jersey performed "Il volo", along Bono U2's One, and with various artists the single song "New Day".

Following a lengthy tour to promote Bluesugar, Fornaciari took some time off to work on new music. In the 2001 production of the Sanremo Festival, Zucchero co-wrote the songs "Luce (Tramonti a nord est)" by Elisa, and "Di sole e d'azzurro" by Giorgia, which charted as first and second respectively, both winning the festival awards. He reappeared in the summer of 2001 with the European hit single "Baila morena" (re-released in 2006), described as "swinging track densely populated with crunching electric guitars, thick piano and organ vamps, and soaring bluesy female vocals over Zucchero's trademark rasp". The album Shake, that followed two months later, ended up being another European million selling album. The album is described as "multi-layered blend of acoustic and electric guitars, and the interplay of various vocal ranges and languages set the tone for a stunning album with unfailingly excellent material". On the album blues musician John Lee Hooker appears on the ballad "Ali D'Oro", his last recording before his death in June 2001. In 2002 and 2003 Fornaciari and his band toured throughout Europe and Canada with the sold-out Shake tour. In December 2002 at the Italian Music Awards received by FIMI the "Special Award — Italian Artist in the World".

Zucchero performed the Italian versions of the songs from the DreamWorks animated drama Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002). On 29 November 2003, participated in the 46664 charity (AIDS) concert at Green Point Stadium, Cape Town, as well again in 2005, organized by Nelson Mandela. At the concerts, he was invited by Brian May to become the new singer for Queen replacing Freddie Mercury, but he declined, and they continued forming Queen + Paul Rodgers.

The spring of 2004 saw the release of the duet album Zu & Co., top five success in Europe. On the album, which had been sixteen years in the making, Fornaciari duets with international stars. On 6 May 2004 the album was presented during a concert in London's Royal Albert Hall, where many of the album's gueststars appeared to perform with Fornaciari. The American 2005 album edition was released in partnership with the Starbucks Hear Music label and Concord Records, and managed to enter the Billboard 200 and top the World Albums chart. They included cover "Indaco Dagli Occhi Del Cielo" ("Everybody's Got to Learn Sometime" by The Korgis). In July 2005, Fornaciari took part in the Live 8 concerts in both Rome and Paris.

In September 2006 was released million selling studio album Fly, certified 5× Platinum in Italy. Produced by Don Was, it included the European hit singles "Bacco perbacco" and "Occhi", and features collaborations with artists such as Ivano Fossati and Jovanotti. The album's track "L'amore è nell'aria", borrows the instrumental backing to the B-side "Broken" by UK rock band Feeder, as was co-written by their lead singer Grant Nicholas. The Fly Tour, kicking off in May in Paris, France, has included dates in most European countries, as well as the U.S. (including a show in Carnegie Hall in New York), and Latin America, with over 100 concerts worldwide.

At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards got nominated for Best Traditional R&B Performance for the song "You Are So Beautiful" along Sam Moore Billy Preston, Eric Clapton, Robert Randolph. In November 2007, Fornaciari released a new compilation album All the Best with several new tracks, including a popular cover of Black's "Wonderful Life". In the spring of 2008 Fornaciari began his All the Best Tour, which included stops in Europe, America, and Australia where he was joined on stage by Tina Arena in Sydney. November 2008 also saw the release of Live in Italy, a double boxset with recordings of sold-out Arena performance in Verona in 2007, and Milan in 2008, as well as three new tracks, including the single "Una Carezza", published by Edizioni Larus and Universal Music Group. In June 2008 also performed at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute held in Hyde Park, London. In 2009 at Ischia Global Film & Music Fest received the Global Music Award.

2009–2014: Chocabeck and cuban parenthesis
In November 2010, Fornaciari released a studio album entitled Chocabeck, certified 5× Platinum in Italy. The album was produced by Don Was, Brendan O'Brien, and Zucchero and includes collaborations with Brian Wilson, Roland Orzabal ("God bless the child"), and Bono ("Someone Else's Tears"). The first single in Italy was the song "È Un Peccato Morir", followed by hits "Chocabeck", and "Vedo Nero". In March 2011, after three years, Zucchero started the Chocabeck World Tour, notably with five consecutive concerts at the Arena in Verona.

In the response to the 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes in Emilia-Romagna, Zucchero participated and opened the "Concerto per l'Emilia" (€1-2 million) at Stadio Renato Dall'Ara in Bologna, and "Italia Loves Emilia" (€4 million) at the airport in Reggio Emilia in front of over 150,000 people. He received the premium awards "Premio Pavarotti", and "Giovani di Collisioni".

On 20 November 2012, was released album La Sesion Cubana which was recorded in Cuba with Cuban musicians, including older and newer songs in Latin, Cuban, Tex-Mex rhythm arrangement. It was anticipated in October by the single "Guantanamera (Guajira)", and later was extracted single "Love is All Around" which video was filmed in the streets of Havana. In 2013 the album was certified 3× Platinum in Italy. On 8 December the album was presented with a special free concert at the park of Instituto Superior de Arte in Havana, in front of nearly 70,000 people. The concert was organized in the collaboration with both Cuban and Italian Ministries, cultural institutions, with advanced technology brought from Europe, resulting with the biggest foreigner concert in Cuba up to date. It was recorded and filmed, being released as live album and DVD, Una Rosa Blanca, in 2013. Zucchero became the honorary member of the National Union of Writers and Artists of Cuba, recognition received by the Cuban Minister of Culture, Fernando Rojas.

In February 2013 performed and received a special "L.A. Italia Excellence Award" at the Grammy Museum. In March 2013, on stage in Bologna, he dedicated to Lucio Dalla, who had died a year earlier, his free Italian translation of the piece Ave Maria No Morro by Herivelto Martins, with some fragments of a poem by Gabriele Moreno Locatelli. The sold-out La Sesión Cubana World Tour started on 5 April in Tahiti, French Polynesia, with an audience of 10,000 people. It included three consecutive sold-out performances in the Arena of Verona. In June performed at the protest-against poverty concert Agit8 organized by Bono at the Tate Modern in London.

In March 2014 started the Americana Tour with over 50 concerts in Canada and the United States. A special concert was held on 23 April at a sold-out Madison Square Garden in New York, with many notable guests including Sting, Sam Moore, Jovanotti and Elisa. In 2014 he performed at the Night of the Proms concerts in Europe.

2015–present: back to roots and new experiments
Zucchero and Alejandro Sanz recorded the Italian duet version of Sanz's single "Un Zombie a la Intemperie", and Zucchero performed at his concert in Madrid. For U2's 5 September show in Turin, Zucchero was the special guest and played "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For". In October 2015, Fornaciari performed at the Voices for Refugees concert in Vienna, the Europe's first solidarity concert for refugees, in front of an audience of 120,000. He performed "Love Is All Around", and covered "Everybody's Got to Learn Sometime" and "Va pensiero", the latter with the children choir.

In April 2016 new studio album Black Cat was released: it marks a music comeback to soul & blues roots and sound of Oro Incenso & Birra. On CNN it was announced that the album will include a new song Streets of Surrender (S.O.S) which lyrics written by Bono, dedicated to the victims of November 2015 Paris attacks.

It was presented at a series of 11 consecutive concerts at the Arena in Verona in September, and a subsequent world tour. The Arena concerts, held between 16 and 28 September, were his only concerts in Italy in 2016, and they were characterized by a vast and diverse repertoire of old and new songs, and some special guests. After guesting at Sanremo Music Festival 2017, the Black Cat Word Tour continued during 2017 reaching 137 events in thirteen months, 22 of them at the Arena di Verona. At the end of 2017, in order to celebrate the thirty-five years old career, Wanted (The Best Collection) was released.

In 2018 the Italian bluesman continued touring around Europe. The most important concerts were held in Piazza San Marco and in Hyde Park, London, for the British Summer Time Festival. In October he won his first "Premio Tenco", one of the most important Italian music award.

In 2019 his fourteenth studio album D.O.C. was released while a new acoustic version of the album was released in 2021. Being the subsequent world tour postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic just few weeks after being guest at Sanremo Music Festival 2020, a short reduced capacity acoustic tour was held in Italy and some European festivals during summer 2021. At the end of 2021 the first cover album in Zucchero's career was released, called Discover, and followed by the Word Wild Tour during 2022.

Personal life
Fornaciari currently lives in Pontremoli, Tuscany. He has two daughters Alice and Irene (who is also a singer-songwriter) from his first marriage with Angela Figliè, and son Adelmo Blue born 1998 with current partner Francesca Mozer. He enjoys the Italian countryside lifestyle. In 2012 he adopted from a distance two children who live in Kenya.

He is an atheist.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Un po' di Zucchero (1983)
 * Zucchero & The Randy Jackson Band (1985)
 * Rispetto (1986)
 * Blue's (1987)
 * Oro Incenso & Birra (1989)
 * Miserere (1992)
 * Spirito DiVino (1995)
 * Bluesugar (1998)
 * Shake (2001)
 * Fly (2006)
 * Chocabeck (2010)
 * La Sesion Cubana (2012)
 * Black Cat (2016)
 * D.O.C. (2019)
 * Discover (2021)

 * Compilation albums
 * Zucchero (1990)
 * The Best of Zucchero Sugar Fornaciari's Greatest Hits (1996)
 * Zu & Co. (2004)
 * All the Best (2007)
 * Wanted (The Best Collection) (2017)

Duets
Zucchero has collaborated with a great number of Italian as well as international musicians, singers and authors.

Italian artists

 * Luigi Albertelli
 * Dodi Battaglia
 * Andrea Bocelli
 * Fred Bongusto
 * Brunella Borciani
 * Alberto Borsari
 * Andrea Braido
 * Gabriele Cancogni
 * Beppe Caruso
 * Rossana Casale
 * Maurizio Castelli
 * Mimmo Cavallo
 * Alessandro Chiesa
 * Adelio Cogliati
 * Aida Cooper
 * Andrea Cozzali
 * Joe Damiani
 * Elio D'Anna
 * Francesco De Gregori
 * Vincenzo Draghi
 * Elisa
 * Fiordaliso
 * Ivano Fossati
 * Irene Fornaciari
 * Paolo Gianolio
 * Giorgia
 * Loretta Goggi
 * Massimo Greco
 * Sara Grimaldi
 * Francesco Guccini
 * Jovanotti
 * Luciano Ligabue
 * Luciano Luisi
 * Umbi Maggi
 * Fiorella Mannoia
 * Renè Mantegna
 * Ricky Mantoan
 * Massimo Marcolini
 * Mia Martini
 * Eddy Mattei
 * Lele Melotti
 * Mietta
 * Donatella Milani
 * Mina
 * Mogol
 * Ennio Morricone
 * Nomadi
 * Pasquale Panella
 * Gino Paoli
 * Claudio Pascoli
 * Luciano Pavarotti
 * Michele Pecora
 * Alfredo Rapetti
 * Leonardo Rosi
 * Davide Rossi
 * Enrico Ruggeri
 * Corrado Rustici
 * Alberto Salerno
 * Stefano Sani
 * Mario Tessuto
 * Michele Torpedine
 * Maurizio Vandelli
 * Mino Vergnaghi
 * Giuseppe Vessicchio
 * Betty Vittori
 * Roberto Zanetti
 * Iva Zanicchi
 * Fio Zanotti

International artists

 * 2Cellos
 * Alannah Myles
 * Alejandro Sanz
 * Anggun
 * Ardent Gospel Choir
 * Axelle Red
 * B.B. King
 * Bebe
 * Berliner Philharmoniker
 * Billy Preston
 * Blues Brothers
 * Bono
 * Brendan O'Brien
 * Brian Auger
 * Brian May
 * Brian Wilson
 * Bryan Adams
 * Buddy Guy
 * Cheb Mami
 * Cheryl Porter
 * Clarence Clemons
 * Dan Aykroyd
 * David Sancious
 * Dee Dee Bridgewater
 * Djavan
 * D.J. Fontana
 * Dolores O'Riordan
 * Don Was
 * Eddie Floyd
 * Elvis Costello
 * Eric Bazilian
 * Eric Clapton
 * Eric Daniel
 * Faudel
 * Fher Olvera
 * Frank Musker
 * Haylie Ecker
 * Gérard Depardieu
 * Howard Gospel Choir
 * Iggy Pop
 * Ilse DeLange
 * James Thompson
 * Jeff Beck
 * Jeffrey Foskett
 * Jim Belushi
 * Jim Diamond
 * Jenny Bae
 * Joe Cocker
 * Johnny Hallyday
 * John Lee Hooker
 * Jon Hopkins
 * Jools Holland
 * Keith Reid
 * Lara Fabian
 * Léo Ferré
 * Lester Snell
 * Lisa Hunt
 * Luka Šulić
 * Macy Gray
 * Maná
 * Mark Knopfler
 * Marco Borsato
 * Mike Chapman
 * Miles Davis
 * Mousse T.
 * Nabil
 * New Orleans Gospel Choir
 * Nicky Chinn
 * Noa
 * Nourith
 * Paul Young
 * Patrick Bruel
 * Patrick Fiori
 * Peter Gabriel
 * Peter Maffay
 * Pino Palladino
 * Polo Jones
 * Procol Harum
 * Queen
 * Randy Crawford
 * Randy Jackson
 * Ray Charles
 * Richard Sanderson
 * Robert Randolph
 * Ronan Keating
 * Ronnie Jones
 * Rosana
 * Sam Moore
 * Scorpions
 * Scotty Moore
 * Sergio Dalma
 * Sérgio Mendes
 * Sharon Corr
 * Sheryl Crow
 * Sinéad O'Connor
 * Solomon Burke
 * Stephan Eicher
 * Steve Winwood
 * Stevie Ray Vaughan
 * Sting
 * Stjepan Hauser
 * Texas
 * Tina Arena
 * Tom Jones
 * Tomoyasu Hotei
 * Toni Childs
 * Tyrone Moss
 * Vanessa Carlton
 * Vivaldi Orchestra Moscow
 * Wynonna Judd
 * Youssou N'Dour
 * Yuri Kasparyan

title: Zucchero Fornaciari


text: Category:Finance books

title: Category:Finance books


text:
100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong

100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong is a box set by Bon Jovi, released in 2004 through Island Records. A collection of demos and B-sides, it was released to celebrate the band's twentieth anniversary and their milestone of selling 100 million records worldwide.

Content
The box set consists of 4 CDs, and also includes a DVD of the band talking about the tracks and additional archive candid footage of the band. Additionally, the Japanese version of the box set also includes a fifth CD. The box set charted at #53 on the Billboard 200.

Apart from songs released as iTunes singles "The Radio Saved My Life Tonight" was released as a promo CD single for the box set. The song was since played extensively on the bands following Have a Nice Day Tour.

The box set includes the songs "Real Life" and "Good Guys Don't Always Wear White" which were previously released as singles for soundtrack albums but never featured on a Bon Jovi album until now. "Edge of a Broken Heart" was also previously released for a soundtrack album and the Slippery When Wet 2-CD Special Edition Bonus CD (PHCR-90015/6) in 1998.

The album title and the cover art is a play on the 1959 Elvis Presley compilation 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong.

Best of the Boxset (Single disc version)
The Best of the Boxset compilation album (a 10 track sampler) is very rare but available. It features the 10 best tracks from all the CDs of the box set on one single CD.

Personnel
Band members
 * Jon Bon Jovi – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Richie Sambora – lead guitar, backing vocals, talk box
 * Hugh McDonald – bass, backing vocals
 * Alec John Such – bass, backing vocals
 * Tico Torres – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 * David Bryan – keyboards, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 * Bobby Bandiera – rhythm guitar, backing vocals


text:
Grand opera

Grand opera is a genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts, characterized by large-scale casts and orchestras. The original productions consisted of spectacular design and stage effects with plots normally based on or around dramatic historic events. The term is particularly applied (sometimes specifically used in its French-language equivalent grand opéra, ) to certain productions of the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1860; 'grand opéra' has sometimes been used to denote the Paris Opéra itself.

The term 'grand opera' is also used in a broader application in respect of contemporary or later works of similar monumental proportions from France, Germany, Italy, and other countries.

It may also be used colloquially in an imprecise sense to refer to 'serious opera without spoken dialogue'.

Origins
Paris at the turn of the 19th century drew in many composers, both French and foreign, especially those of opera. Several Italians working during this period, including Luigi Cherubini, demonstrated that the use of recitative was suited for the powerful dramas that were being written. Others, such as Gaspare Spontini, wrote works to glorify Napoleon. These operas were composed on a suitably grand scale for the Emperor. Other factors which led to Parisian supremacy at operatic spectacle were the ability of the large Paris Opéra to stage sizeable works and recruit leading stage-painters, designers and technicians, the long tradition of French ballet, and the art of stagecraft. The first theatre performance lit by gas, for example, was Aladin ou La lampe merveilleuse at the Opéra in 1823. The theatre had the innovative designers Duponchel, Cicéri and Daguerre on its staff as well.

Several operas by Gaspare Spontini, Luigi Cherubini, and Gioachino Rossini can be regarded as precursors to French grand opera. These include Spontini's La vestale (1807) and Fernand Cortez (1809, revised 1817), Cherubini's Les Abencérages (1813), and Rossini's Le siège de Corinthe (1827) and Moïse et Pharaon (1828). All of these have some of the characteristics of size and spectacle that are normally associated with French grand opera. Another important forerunner was Il crociato in Egitto by Meyerbeer, who eventually became the acknowledged king of the grand opera genre. In Il crociato, which was produced by Rossini in Paris in 1825 after success in Venice, Florence and London. Meyerbeer succeeded in blending Italian singing-style with an orchestral style derived from his German training, introducing a far wider range of musical theatre effects than traditional Italian opera. Moreover, Il crociato with its exotic historical setting, onstage bands, spectacular costumes and themes of culture clash, exhibited many of the features on which the popularity of grand opera would be based.

What became the essential features of 'grand opéra' were foreseen by Étienne de Jouy, the librettist of Guillaume Tell, in an essay of 1826:

"Division into five acts seems to me the most suitable for any opera that would reunite the elements of the genre: [...] where the dramatic focus was combined with the marvellous: where the nature and majesty of the subject [...] demanded the addition of attractive festivities and splendid civil and religious ceremonies to the natural flow of the action, and consequently needed frequent scene changes."

The first grand operas (1828–1829)
The first opera of the grand opera canon is, by common consent, La muette de Portici (1828) by Daniel François Auber. This tale of revolution set in Naples in 1647, ending with an eruption of Mount Vesuvius into which the heroine precipitates herself, embodied the musical and scenic sensationalism which were to be grand opera's hallmark. The libretto for La muette was by Eugène Scribe, a dominant force in French theatre of the time who specialized in melodramatic versions, often involving extremes of coincidence, of historical topics which were well-tailored for the public taste of the time. This was his first libretto for the Opéra. He was to write or be associated with many of the libretti of the most successful grand operas which followed. La muette's reputation was enhanced by it being the touchpaper for a genuine revolution when it was produced in Brussels in 1830.

In 1829, this was followed by Rossini's swansong Guillaume Tell. The resourceful Rossini, having largely created a style of Italian opera to which European theatre had been in thrall, recognized the potential of new technology which included larger theatres and orchestras and modern instrumentation. He proved in this work that he could rise to meet them in this undoubted grand opera. However, his comfortable financial position, and the change in political climate after the July Revolution, persuaded him to quit the field. Therefore, Guillaume Tell was his last public composition.

The golden age of grand opera: 1830–1850
After the Revolution, the new regime determined to privatize the previously state-run Opéra and the winner of the contract was a businessman who acknowledged that he knew nothing of music, Louis-Désiré Véron. However, he soon showed himself extremely shrewd at discerning public taste by investing heavily in the grand opera formula. His first new production was a work long contracted from Meyerbeer, whose premiere had been delayed by the Revolution. This was fortunate for both Véron and Meyerbeer. As Berlioz commented, Meyerbeer had "not only the luck to be talented, but the talent to be lucky." Meyerbeer's new opera Robert le diable chimed well with the liberal sentiments of 1830s France. Moreover, its potent mixture of melodrama, spectacle, titillation (including a ballet of the ghosts of debauched nuns), and dramatic arias and choruses went down extremely well with the new leaders of taste, the affluent bourgeoisie. The success of Robert was as spectacular as its production.

Over the next few years, Véron brought on Auber's Gustave III (1833, libretto by Scribe, later adapted for Verdi's Un ballo in maschera), and Fromental Halévy's La Juive (1835, libretto also by Scribe), and commissioned Meyerbeer's next opera Les Huguenots (1836, libretto by Scribe and Deschamps), whose success was to prove the most enduring of all grand operas during the 19th century.

Having made a fortune in his stewardship of the Opéra, Véron cannily handed on his concession to Henri Duponchel, who continued his winning formula, if not to such financial reward. Between 1838 and 1850, the Paris Opéra staged numerous grand operas of which the most notable were Halévy’s La reine de Chypre (1841) and Charles VI (1843), Donizetti's La favorite and Les martyrs (1840) and Dom Sébastien (1843, librettos by Scribe), and Meyerbeer's Le prophète (1849) (Scribe again). 1847 saw the premiere of Giuseppe Verdi's first opera for Paris, Jérusalem, an adaptation, meeting the grand opera conventions, of his earlier I Lombardi alla prima crociata.

For production statistics of grand opera in Paris, see List of performances of French grand operas at the Paris Opéra.

Ballet in grand opera
A notable feature of grand opera as it developed in Paris through the 1830s was the presence of a lavish ballet, to appear at or near the beginning of its second act. This was required, not for aesthetic reasons, but to satisfy the demands of the Opera's wealthy and aristocratic patrons, many of whom were more interested in the dancers themselves more than the opera. These individuals also did not want their regular meal-times disturbed. The ballet therefore became an important element in the social prestige of the Opéra. Composers who did not comply with this tradition might suffer as a consequence, as did Richard Wagner with his attempt to stage a revised Tannhäuser as a grand opera in Paris in 1861, which had to be withdrawn after three performances, partly because the ballet was in act 1 (when the dancers' admirers were still at dinner).

Grand operas of the 1850s and 1860s
The most significant development, or transformation, of grand opera after the 1850s was its handling by Giuseppe Verdi, whose Les vêpres siciliennes (1855), proved to be more widely given in Italy and other Italian-language opera houses than in France. The taste for luxury and extravagance at the French theatre declined after the 1848 revolution, and new productions on the previous scale were not so commercially viable. The popular Faust (1859) by Charles Gounod started life as an opéra comique and did not become a grand opera until rewritten in the 1860s. Les Troyens by Hector Berlioz (composed 1856–1858, later revised), was not given a full performance until nearly a century after Berlioz had died, although portions had been staged before, but the spirit of this work is far removed from the bourgeois taste of the grand opera of the 1830s and 1840s.

By the 1860s, taste for the grand style was returning. La reine de Saba by Charles Gounod was rarely given in its entirety, although the big tenor aria, "Inspirez-moi, race divine", was a popular feature of tenor recitals. Meyerbeer died on 2 May 1864; his late opera, L'Africaine, was premiered posthumously in 1865. Giuseppe Verdi returned to Paris for what many see as the greatest French grand opera, Don Carlos (1867). Ambroise Thomas contributed his Hamlet in 1868, and finally, at the end of the decade, the revised Faust was premiered at the Opéra in its grand opera format.

Late French grand operas
During the 1870s and 1880s, a new generation of French composers continued to produce large-scale works in the tradition of grand opera but often broke its melodramatic boundaries. The influence of Wagner's operas began to be felt, and it is a moot point whether these works can be simply called grand opera. Jules Massenet had at least two large scale historical works to his credit, Le roi de Lahore (Paris, 1877, assessed by Grove as "the last grand opera to have a great and widespread success". ) and Le Cid (Paris, 1885). Other works in this category include Polyeucte (Paris, 1878) by Charles Gounod and Henry VIII by Camille Saint-Saëns (Paris, 1883). Ernest Reyer had started to compose his Sigurd years earlier, but, unable to get it premiered in Paris, settled for La Monnaie in Brussels (1884). What may have been one of the last successful French grand operas was by an unfamiliar composer, Émile Paladilhe: Patrie! (Paris, 1886). It ran up nearly 100 performances in Paris, and quite a few in Belgium, where the action takes place, but has since disappeared without a trace.

Decline of French grand opera
The expensive artifacts of grand opera (which also demanded expensive singers)—Les Huguenots was known as 'the night of the seven stars' because of its requirement of seven top-grade artistes—meant that they were economically the most vulnerable as new repertoire developed. Hence they lost pride of place at the Paris Opéra (especially when many of the original stage sets were lost in fire in the late 19th century). However, as late as 1917, the Gaîté-Lyrique devoted an entire season to the genre, including Halévy's La reine de Chypre.

French grand opera today
Some of these works – Guillaume Tell, La favorite, Les vêpres siciliennes and Don Carlos, for instance – continue to have a place in the operatic repertoire. Even the pieces that are rarely staged are increasingly being resuscitated for compact disc recordings, and many are revived at opera festivals and by companies such as Palazetto Bru Zane.

After virtually disappearing from the operatic repertory worldwide in the 20th century, Meyerbeer's major grand operas are once again being staged by leading European opera houses.

Italy
French grand opera was generally well received in Italy, where it was always performed in Italian translation.

Italian operas with their own ballet started to become relatively common in the late 1860s and 1870s. Some of these, such as Il Guarany by the Brazilian composer Antônio Carlos Gomes were designated as "opera ballo" (i.e. 'danced opera'). Others, such as La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli were not, although they qualified for the description. They constituted an evolution of grand opera.

Verdi's Aida, despite having only four acts, corresponds in many ways to the grand opera formula. It has a historical setting, deals with 'culture clash' and contains several ballets as well as its extremely well known Grand March. It was a huge success, both at its world premiere in Cairo in 1871 and its Italian premiere in Milan in 1872. It led to an increase in the scale of some of the works by other composers that followed it. This was particularly noticeable in works by Gomes (Fosca in 1873, and his Salvator Rosa in 1874); Marchetti (especially Gustavo Wasa in 1875); Ponchielli: (I Lituani in 1874) and La Gioconda (Milan, 1876, revised 1880)); and Lauro Rossi (La Contessa di Mons, premiered in Turin in 1874).

Other operas on this scale continued to be composed by Italian composers during the 1880s and even 1890s, but with less frequency; examples being Marchetti's Don Giovanni d'Austria (1880) and Ponchielli's Il figluol prodigo (also 1880).

Germany

French grand operas were regularly staged by German opera houses; an early article by Richard Wagner depicts German opera managers hurrying to Paris to try to identify the next hit. The Dresden performances of Le prophète (in German) in 1850 were the occasion for a series of articles by Wagner's disciple, Theodor Uhlig, condemning Meyerbeer's style and crudely attributing his alleged aesthetic failure to his Jewish origins, inspiring Wagner to write his anti-Jewish diatribe Das Judenthum in der Musik ("Jewishness in Music").

Meyerbeer himself was German by birth, but directed nearly all his mature efforts to success in Paris. Richard Wagner's Rienzi, the composer's first success (produced Dresden, 1842) is totally Meyerbeerean in style. Wagner was at that time a sincere admirer of the older composer, who assisted him in arranging performances of Rienzi and Der fliegende Holländer in Dresden and Berlin. As described above, Wagner attempted in 1860/1861 to recast Tannhäuser as a grand opera, and this Paris version, as later adapted for Vienna, is still frequently produced today. Götterdämmerung, as noted by George Bernard Shaw, shows clear traces of some return by Wagner to the grand opera tradition, and a case could also be argued for Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

Meyerbeer's only mature German opera, Ein Feldlager in Schlesien is in effect a Singspiel, although act 2 has some of the characteristics of grand opera, with a brief ballet and an elaborate march. The opera was eventually transformed by the composer to L'étoile du nord.

In many German-language houses, especially in Vienna, where Eduard Hanslick and later Gustav Mahler championed Meyerbeer and Halévy respectively, the operas continued to be performed well into the 20th century. The growth of anti-Semitism in Germany, especially after the Nazi Party obtained political power in 1933, spelled the end of the works of these composers on German stages until modern times when La Juive, Les Huguenots, Le prophète and L'Africaine have been revived.

North America
The first American grand opera, Leonora, was written by the American composer William Fry for Ann Childe Seguin to take the title role in the 1840s.

General bibliography

 * Bartlet, M. Elizabeth C.: "Grand opéra" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, 2: 512–517, ed. Stanley Sadie, Macmillan Publishers, London, 1992 ISBN 978-0-935859-92-8
 * Charlton, David: "On the nature of 'grand opera'", pp. 94–105 in Hector Berlioz: Les Troyens, ed. Ian Kemp, Cambridge University Press, 1988 ISBN 978-0-521-34813-3
 * Charlton, David, editor: The Cambridge Companion to Grand Opera, Cambridge University Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0-521-64683-3
 * Crosten, William Loren: French Grand Opera: an Art and a Business, King's Crown Press, 1948.
 * Cruz, Gabriela: Grand Illusion: Phantasmagoria in Nineteenth-Century Opera, Oxford University Press, 2020 ISBN 978-0-190-91505-6
 * Gerhard, Anselm: The Urbanization of Opera: Music Theater in Paris in the Nineteenth Century, University of Chicago Press, 1998 ISBN 978-0-226-28857-4
 * Huebner, Steven: French Opera at the Fin de Siècle: Wagnerism, Nationalism, and Style, Oxford University Press, 1999 ISBN 978-0-19-518954-4
 * Pendle, Karin: Eugène Scribe and French Opera in the Nineteenth Century, UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, 1979 ISBN 978-0-8357-1004-6
 * Soubies, Albert: Soixante-sept Ans a L'Opéra en une Page, 1826–1893, Paris, 1893
 * Warrack, John; West, Ewan, editors: "Grand Opera" in The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, Oxford University Press, 1992 ISBN 978-0-19-869164-8
 * Wolff, Stéphane: L'Opéra au Palais Garnier (1875–1962), Paris, Deposé au journal L'Entr'acte [1962] . Reprint: Slatkine, 1983 ISBN 978-2-05-000214-2

title: Grand opera


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Marek Jurek

Marek Jurek (28 June 1960 in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland) is a right-wing politician and a Member of the European Parliament. Since 20 April 2007 he has been the leader of the aspirant party Right of the Republic. Politically, he is most known for being a Marshal of the Sejm in the years 2005–2007.

Biography
He is a graduate in history from Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. In the 1980s he was an activist in the anti-communist movement in Poland. After the fall of the communism in 1989, he was one of the founders of the now defunct political party Christian National Union. He was a deputy in the Contract Sejm and later in the Sejm of the Republic of Poland from 1991 to 1993.

From 1995 to 2001 he was a member of the National Broadcasting Council.

In 2001, he was elected a deputy of the Sejm again, this time as a member of the Law and Justice party. On 26 October 2005 he was elected a Sejm marshal (parliament speaker) nominated by Law and Justice with 265 votes (133 votes were given to Bronisław Komorowski from Civic Platform). On 13 April 2007 he resigned from the post, following the Sejm's failure to amend the Constitution to protect prenatal life. On the following day, he left Law and Justice to found his own party, now known as the Right of the Republic. His resignation was accepted on 27 April 2007.

In the parliamentary election in 2007 his party did not win any seats in the Parliament as it found itself below the election threshold. On 22 June 2008 Marek Jurek took part in a by-election to the Senate, held in Krosno-constituency following the death of Senator Andrzej Mazurkiewicz. With 10 751 votes, he gained the third place after the winner Stanisław Zając (Law and Justice) and Maciej Lewicki (Civic Platform). As there was only one seat available in the Senate, Marek Jurek remains outside the Parliament.

On 27 September 2009, Jurek was awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta for outstanding contribution to the independence of Polish Republic, for activities on behalf of democratic change, for achievements in undertaken for the benefit of the country and social work.

He was one of the candidates in the 2010 Polish presidential election, but received only 1.06% of votes and failed to get into the second round.

Political positions
Marek Jurek declared full support for the teaching of the Catholic Church as he opposes abortion, euthanasia, same sex unions and in vitro. He supports the traditional family model. He supports the Creighton Model FertilityCare System. Jurek is in favor of bringing the future back to the Polish and European traditions, cultivating a Christian civilization and Latin culture. He is a supporter of the "Tridentine Rite".

title: Marek Jurek


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Rhoma Irama

Raden Haji Oma Irama, better known as Rhoma Irama (born 11 December 1946), is an Indonesian dangdut singer, songwriter and guitarist of Sundanese descent.

Starting in the late 1960s, he began his musical career as Rhoma Irama as a part of the pop band Orkes Melayu Purnama, pioneering several dangdut music elements. He then formed his band, Soneta Group, achieving multitudes of musical successes with groundbreaking dangdut style that incorporates Western, Malay, and Bollywood influences.

From the late 1970s, he began transforming into more Islamic-oriented style, commanding the religiously pious popular music culture. During the height of his stardom in the 1970s, he was dubbed "Raja Dangdut" ("the King of Dangdut") with his Soneta Group. He has also built his career in the film industry.

He has been active as well in the political arena, with a history of joining campaigns for the Islamic United Development Party (PPP) during the New Order era. In 2015, Irama founded Peace and Safe Islamic Party and served as the party chairman until 2018, when he decided to merge the party into the National Mandate Party.

Early life
Irama's parents assigned the priyayi noble title of Raden at birth to follow his Sundanese father, Raden Burdah Anggawirya, and mother, R. Hj. Tuti Juariah.

1960s: Pre-Soneta
Oma Irama's first bands were known as Tornado and Gayhand and covered Western rock and roll music of Paul Anka, Andy Williams, and The Beatles.

In the late 1960s Oma Irama, sang Javanese and also some Indonesian pop music. In 1968 he joined the group Orkes Melayu Purnama in 1968. This group pioneered elements of the dangdut style within Orkes Melayu music – the drum was changed to double drum, the electric guitar's role was expanded, and the suling, or bamboo flute, adopted a style reminiscent of Bollywood music. He also recorded Indonesian pop music during this period with the Zaenal Combo and Galaksi, while the album Ingkar Janji was recorded in 1969 with Orkes Melayu Chandraleka.

Early 1970s: Soneta Group
Once Oma broke off from recording with the Purnama Group, he formed Orkes Melayu Soneta (taken from Indonesian word of sonnet), which became the first dangdut group in 1970. The subtitle, the sound of Moslems was added in 1973.

The group featured Oma Irama and Elvy Sukaesih as singers, both solo, and duets. Their first album, Volume 01, Begadang ("Stay up all night"), released in 1973, featured four songs by Oma Irama, three by Elvy, and three duets. The song featured a topless Oma Irama wearing tight trousers and holding an electric guitar. His choice of pose showed the influence on his music of Western bands, influences which also found their way into his music – Orkes Melayu was in his opinion was too soft, too acoustic, too polite, and unable to compete against the power and energy of rock music, and so the music was electrified, with keyboard, two electric guitars, electric bass, as well as the traditional suling and gendang. He has stated that he took his guitar style from Ritchie Blackmore of Deep Purple. In addition to Western and Malay influences, Hindi composers were credited for some of the band's songs.

The Begadang album ranked No. 11 on Rolling Stone Indonesia's "150 Greatest Indonesian Albums of All Time" list. Furthermore, the main single "Begadang" reached at number 24 on the magazine's "150 Greatest Indonesian Songs of All Time" list.

His 1973 hit "Terajana", one of the best-known dangdut songs of all time, was the first to use the newly coined, and arguably derogatory, term dangdut, distinguishing the Javanese Orkes Melayu music, heavily influenced by Indian Bollywood records, henceforth dangdut, from the established Orkes Melayu, associated with North Sumatran Malays.

Once Soneta was established in the early 1970s, Oma changed his name to Rhoma and went on a decade-long run of successful hit records and films, all of which starred Rhoma playing himself while performing all of his hits. He wrote the classics "Kereta Malam" (night train) and "Kuda Lumping" which were sung by Elvy Sukaesih.

Performing live, he adopted many of the props of stadium rock, including large audiences, powerful sound systems, complex sets, fireworks, flashing lights, and smoke machines. He is also notable with the use of some notable musical instruments including various models of Steinberger guitars. This particular guitar was shown off in his posters, leaflets, movies, and pin-ups.

Late 1970s onward: Islamic pious music
Following his 1975 hajj, he took the name Rhoma Irama, which is an abbreviation of "Raden Haji Oma Irama" (Raden is an aristocracy title for Javanese and Sundanese cultures). Following this pilgrimage, he took on a more explicit Islamic moral tone, adopting Islamic dress, shorter hairstyles, and ejecting band members who consumed alcohol or had extra-marital sex. He also resolved that his music should instruct, and not merely entertain, a form of devotion waged through music. Themes in his music included extra-marital sex, government corruption, drugs, and gambling. The song "Haram" for instance, warns against both drugs and gambling, while the song "Keramat" asserts the instructions in Islam to honor mothers.

His 1982 movie Perjuangan dan Doa (Struggle and Prayer) was described as the world's first Islamic rock musical movie.

During Suharto-era
Rhoma Irama campaigned for the Islamic party PPP from 1977 to 1982, and as a result he was banned from state television and radio by the Suharto regime, which was at that time enforcing separation of religion and state, and some of his songs were also banned from sale. The ban was lifted in 1988, and with Suharto himself moving towards Islam in the 1990s, dangdut became of the establishment.

Indonesian presidential election, 2014
At the end of 2012, Rhoma Irama, stated his intention to contest the 2014 presidential election. The Wasiat Ulama association and the Indonesia Malay Musicians Association (PAMMI) have endorsed him.

By December 2013 Rhoma Irama is proposed as one of the Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) presidential candidate along with Jusuf Kalla and Mahfud MD.

Peace and Safe Islamic Party
On 14 October 2015, Rhoma declared the Peace and Safe Islamic Party (Partai Islam Damai Aman), abbreviated as Idaman. Idaman Party's attempt to participate in the 2019 Indonesian general election failed after its registration was declined by the General Elections Commission (KPU) and its initial attempt to appeal to the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) was defeated. The party attempted their second appeal to the State Administrative Court, and was defeated as well. After Idaman Party exhausted all possible appeal methods and failed to overturn the rejection, Rhoma declared the party merged to the National Mandate Party (PAN) on 12 May 2018.

Regarding religious issues
In 2000s Rhoma was known to be a vocal critic of moral vice. His criticism often targeted fellow dangdut artist Inul Daratista over her dance style.

In 2003, neighbors followed by journalists caught both Rhoma Irama and Angel Lelga, an actress, in the latter's apartment at midnight. Rhoma and Angel first stated that they were discussing religion. After several revisions including Rhoma's picking up movie scripts, Angel confirmed that Rhoma had married her on siri ground (unregistered at the official record but permissible by Sharia) and later divorced her on the same day.

Allegation of racism and bigotry
During the 2012 Jakarta gubernatorial election, Rhoma Irama was videotaped giving a political speech in a West Jakarta mosque. Rhoma Irama warned his audience against voting for candidate pair Joko Widodo and Basuki Cahaya Purnama because according to him, the former had Christian parents and the latter is Chinese and Christian. Some of his statements were: Muslims would see their reputation sink if they elected non-Muslims, calling people by their SARA (acronym for ethnic, religion, race) characteristics is justified when defending pribumi's interest, Joko Widodo is just a step for Basuki and Chinese to assume power. In his closing words, he alleged "ethnic Malay would face subjugation by Chinese in Jakarta as they did in Singapore when it gained independence from Malaysia should Basuki be allowed to govern" (Singapore did not gain independence from Malaysia but was expelled from Federation of Malaysia).

In Indonesia, attacking a person's race or religion in a political campaign is punishable by fines and prison time. Further added to the controversy was the fact that campaigning in a place of worship violates the law. On 6 August, the Election Observer Commission (Panwaslu) presided by Ramdansyah summoned him to begin the investigation. The initial investigation ended with Rhoma Irama shedding tears in front of journalists saying "to Joko Widodo and Basuki Purnama, I love them all" but insisted he did nothing wrong. Subsequent investigation saw Rhoma Irama and Fauzi Bowo (incumbent governor) denying that Rhoma was campaigning or working as Fauzi Bowo's campaigner despite Rhoma's own statement in June 2012 that he and his family had become one and Rhoma's appearance in Fauzi Bowo's official campaign video.

Rhoma was eventually cleared of all charges by Panwaslu. However Ramdansyah was relieved from his post after another investigation into his neutrality concluded he was unfairly siding with Fauzi Bowo re-election team. Later, Rhoma met face to face with Joko Widodo in an episode of Indonesia Lawyers Club show albeit through teleconference medium. He refused to apologize to Joko for falsely stating to his audience about the religion of Joko's parents.

Filmography

 * Oma Irama Penasaran (1976)
 * Gitar Tua Oma Irama (1977)
 * Darah Muda (1977)
 * Rhoma Irama Berkelana I (1978)
 * Rhoma Irama Berkelana II (1978)
 * Begadang (1978)
 * Raja Dangdut (1978)
 * Cinta Segitiga (1979)
 * Camelia (1979)
 * Perjuangan dan Doa (1980)
 * Melody Cinta Rhoma Irama (1980)
 * Badai di Awal Bahagia (1981)
 * Sebuah Pengorbanan (1982)
 * Satria Bergitar (1984)
 * Pengabdian (1984)
 * Kemilau Cinta di Langit Jingga (1985)
 * Menggapai Matahari I (1986)
 * Menggapai Matahari II (1986)
 * Nada-nada Rindu (1987)
 * Bunga Desa (1988)
 * Jaka Swara (1990)
 * Nada dan Dakwah (1991)
 * Tabir Biru (1992)
 * Dawai 2 Asmara (2010)
 * Sajadah Ka'bah (2011)

title: Rhoma Irama


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Crich

Crich is a village and civil parish in the English county of Derbyshire. Besides the village of Crich, the civil parish includes the nearby villages of Fritchley, Whatstandwell and Wheatcroft. The population of the civil parish at the 2001 census was 2,821, increasing to 2,898 at the 2011 census.

The village is home to the National Tramway Museum and, at the summit of Crich Hill above, a memorial tower for those of the Sherwood Foresters regiment who died in battle, particularly in World War I.

History
In 1009 King Æthelred the Unready signed a charter at the Great Council which recognised the position and boundaries of Weston-on-Trent and several other manors including Crich. The charter shows that Weston controlled the nearby crossings of the Trent. The land was listed as eight hides at Weston upon Trent, and a hide at Crich, Morley, Smalley, Ingleby and Kidsley. This land was then given to Morcar, the King's chief minister, and he was unusually given rights that were normally reserved for the King alone. He was given the responsibility for justice and exemption from the Trinoda necessitas, he alone could decide a fate of life or death without the need of the authority of the King or his sheriff. Morcar was given further lands in Derbyshire. Weston (and Crich?) again come under the control of Æþelræd Unræd, when Morcar and his brother were murdered by Eadric in 1015.

Parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint Mary are Norman, with later Decorated Gothic and Perpendicular Gothic alterations from the 14th century. Crich has also a Wesleyan Chapel that was built in 1770.

A workhouse was opened in 1734 on the edge of Nether Common. It could accommodate 40 inmates, and accepted paupers from other parishes, including Melbourne, Pentrich, Willington, Mercaston and Denby.

Chase Cliffe is a Tudor Revival house on the road from Crich to Whatstandwell. It was designed by Benjamin Ferrey and built in 1859–61.

Quarrying
Geologically, Crich lies on a small inlier of Carboniferous limestone (an outcrop on the edge of the Peak District surrounded by younger Upper Carboniferous rocks).

Quarrying for limestone probably began in Roman times. In 1791 Benjamin Outram and Samuel Beresford bought land for a quarry to supply limestone to their new ironworks at Butterley. This became known as Hilt's Quarry, and the stone was transported down a steep wagonway, the Butterley Company Gangroad, to the Cromford Canal at Bullbridge. Near there they also built lime kilns for supplying farmers and for the increasing amount of building work. Apart from a period when it was leased to Albert Banks, the quarry and kilns were operated by the Butterley Company until 1933. The gangroad, descending some 300 feet in about a mile, was at first worked by gravity, a brakeman "spragging" the wheels of the wagons, which were returned to the summit by horses. However, in 1812 the incline was the scene of a remarkable experiment, when William Brunton, an engineer for the company, produced his Steam Horse locomotive.

In 1840 George Stephenson, in building the North Midland Railway, discovered deposits of coal at Clay Cross and formed what later became the Clay Cross Company. He realised that burning lime would provide a use for the coal slack that would otherwise go to waste. He leased Cliff Quarry and built limekilns at Bullbridge. They were connected by another wagonway including a section known as "The Steep", a 550 yard self-acting incline at a slope of 1 in 5.

Cliff Quarry closed in 1957, though it restarted at the western end until 2010 when it was mothballed. The eastern end was bought by the Tramway Museum in 1959.

Hilt's Quarry closed in 1933 and is derelict. For 38 years, Rolls-Royce used it for dumping low-level radioactive waste such as enriched uranium, cobalt-60 and carbon-14. Following a campaign and blockades by villagers in the Crich and District Environment Action Group, dumping ceased in 2002. In 2004 the Government backed an Environment Agency document banning further dumping, and Rolls-Royce will be required to restore and landscape the site.

Memorial tower

The memorial tower ('Crich Stand') was completed in 1923 as a memorial to the 11,409 soldiers from the Sherwood Foresters Regiment who died in World War I, a dedication that was later extended to include World War II. It was built on an limestone outcrop above the village, at an altitude of 1000 ft above sea level. The location is symbolic because it is widely visible across, and gives views of, both of the two counties from which the regiment was raised (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire). It is the destination of an annual pilgrimage on the first Sunday in July.

Besides the main dedication, two further plaques dedicate the memorial to those who died serving in the Sherwood Foresters regiment from 1945 to 1970, and to those who died serving the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment from 1970 to 2007 and the Mercian Regiment since 2007. A nearby small plaque is dedicated to Brigadier J.H.M. Hackett, 'Last Colonel The Sherwood Foresters 1965 – 1970 and First Colonel The Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment'.

National Tramway Museum

Beneath Crich Stand, at the northern end of Crich village, is the National Tramway Museum (also known as Crich Tramway Village) which is the UK's largest and most comprehensive museum of trams and tramways. The museum contains over 80 trams built between 1873 and 1982 and includes several exhibitions and a recreated period street containing a working pub, cafe, shop and various pieces of period street furniture.

Many of the museum's collection of trams are operational, and carry passengers on journeys through the period street and out into the local countryside on a 1.6 km long running track. Along the way are the preserved 1763 facade of the Derby Assembly Rooms, a recreated Victorian public park, a woodland sculpture trail and a display on the local lead mining industry.

Archives
A collection of title deeds relating to land and property in Crich is held at the Cadbury Research Library of the University of Birmingham.

In popular culture
The village was a location for the setting for the ITV drama series Peak Practice (along with Ashover for a time). Images of the village also appear in the 2007 film And When Did You Last See Your Father? starring Colin Firth. In the film Firth is seen riding a motorbike up Chapel Lane.

title: Crich


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Boundin'

Boundin' is a 2003 American animated short film, which was shown in theaters before the feature-length superhero film The Incredibles. The short is a musically narrated story about a dancing lamb, who loses his confidence after being sheared. The film was written, directed, narrated and featured the musical composition and performance of Pixar animator Bud Luckey.

Plot
In the American North, a lamb’s elegant dancing is popular with the other animals. One day lamb-shearers arrive and shear him for wool. The other animals mock his skinny, bare state and he becomes shy and loses the confidence to dance. As the lamb mourns, a benevolent jackalope comes across him, and teaches him the merits of "bounding", not just dancing (that is, getting up whenever you fall down). The lamb is converted and his joy in life is restored. The lamb's wool eventually grows back in the winter, only for it to be cut again, but his confidence is now completely unshaken and he continues to "bound."

Voice cast

 * Bud Luckey as Lamb, Jackalope and Narrator

Production
Writer-director Bud Luckey designed and voiced all the characters, composed the music and wrote the story. According to the director's commentary for The Incredibles, Brad Bird wanted to introduce the animated short by having Rick Dicker, (the superhero relocator from The Incredibles, also voiced by Luckey) enter a room, sit down, and pull out a bottle of "booze" and a banjo.

This is the first Pixar short with a theatrical release that included vocal performances with words (Bobby McFerrin did an acapella song for Knick Knack). All prior films included only music and sound effects.

The Cars DVD contains a version of Boundin' with Mater as the jackalope, Lightning McQueen as the lamb, and Guido as the gophers as an Easter egg.

Theatrical and home media release
To qualify for the 76th Academy Awards, Pixar debuted in December 2003 special screenings of the short at the Laemmle Theatres in Los Angeles.

Boundin' was released on March 15, 2005, on The Incredibles two-disc DVD collector's release, including commentary from Bud Luckey and the short clip titled Who is Bud Luckey?. The film was also released as part of Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 in 2007.

Awards

 * 2004: Annie Award — Best Animated Short Subject (Won)
 * 2004: Academy Award — Best Animated Short Film (Nominated)

title: Boundin'


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Talk:Ursa Major

Photograph for article

I tried to integrate this photograph into the article but it caused trouble with the text around the ursamajor-guide image. I hope someone in the future can find a way to integrate this into the article with out it causing damage to the article. Triddle 23:46, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, nice photo. How's it look now? I put it in the notes field of the infobox. If it could be cropped on the right, it would make the fainter stars look better. -Wikibob | Talk 00:18, 2005 Apr 1 (UTC)
 * Nice! Thanks =) I cropped the photo to just Ursa Major now and it sure looks better. Triddle 04:16, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Is the given IPA pronunciation British? I ask because it doesn't have any R sound in it.
 * I had assumed that it would be Oor-sah My-or. If you're going to speak Latin, well, speak Latin! WHPratt (talk) 16:36, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Mythology - Javanese
Mythology section, listing Javanese name as Bintang Kartika, further mentions Sanskrit origin krittika कृत्तीका. Can someone verify this. In Indian astronomy, Saptarshi (Ursa Major) and Krittika Kṛttikā (Pleiades) are two different constellations.

The history section
What should qualify to be included in this section by virtue of mentioning the constellation? I'm removing the reference by a 2009 rock band album that seems wildly out of place; in general I feel that the significance of a mention is heavily determined by its age. Otrebus (talk) 20:29, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

"84 Ursae Majoris" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect 84 Ursae Majoris and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. PopePompus (talk) 21:31, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ursa Major


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Lake Claire, Atlanta

Lake Claire is a neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, comprising approximately 1,200 homes. It is situated entirely in the DeKalb County side of the city, east of Candler Park, north of Kirkwood, west of Decatur, and south of Druid Hills.

There was never an actual body of water known as Lake Claire; rather, it was a shorthand for the intersection of Lakeshore and Claire Drives. The closest thing to a commercial district is the small strip bordering Candler Park at McLendon and Clifton.

Part of the neighborhood lies with the Candler Park Historic District, which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Education
Residents in Lake Claire are within Atlanta Public Schools.

Zoned schools include :
 * Mary Lin Elementary School
 * Samuel M. Inman Middle School|David T. Howard Middle School
 * Midtown High School

title: Lake Claire, Atlanta


text:
Category:Judaic studies

Articles about people should go under Category:Judaic scholars, or in one of its subcategories.

title: Category:Judaic studies


text:
Talk:Sylvester Sim

Untitled
"A lazy and naughty boy during his youthful days, Sylvester used to roam hang out with his friends, never to return home to study. His Bad Boy image has caused him many a time nearly to drop out of the Singapore Idol voting contest." - Is this true, and does anybody have any edvidence backing this? Also, please add some positive information about him. A.K.R. 14:25, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Appeared on several bullentin boards, not to be concurred, but the image is infront of us to see. He do not appear to be a right candidate for Singapore Idol. Slivester 02:40, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Protection
An anoinymous editor insists on removing one of the links, and replacing it with one of his own. he offers no edit summary, and has refused to reply to my request for an explanation. As he edits from a variety of IP addresses, I've protected the page in an attempt to force him to explain himself here. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 28 June 2005 10:26 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sylvester Sim


text:
Gherla

Gherla (Szamosújvár; Neuschloss) is a municipality in Cluj County, Romania (in the historical region of Transylvania). It is located 45 km from Cluj-Napoca on the river Someșul Mic, and has a population of 19,873 as of 2021. Three villages are administered by the city: Băița (formerly Chirău, and Kérő in Hungarian), Hășdate (Szamoshesdát) and Silivaș (Vizszilvás).

The city was formerly known as Armenopolis (Հայաքաղաք Hayakaghak; Armenierstadt; Örményváros) because it was populated by Armenians.

History

A clay tablet containing a fragmentary Old Persian cuneiform of the Achaemenid king Darius I was found at Gherla in 1937. It may be connected to Darius I's epigraphic activities in relation to his Scythian campaign of 513 BC as reported by Herodotus.

The locality was first recorded in 1291 as a village named Gherlahida, (probably derived from the Slavic word grle, meaning "ford"). The second name was Armenian (Հայաքաղաք) meaning "Armenian city"; it took the Medieval Latin and Greek official name Armenopolis, as well as the German alternative name Armenierstadt. Later, the name Szamosújvár was used in official Hungarian records, meaning "the new town on the Someș".

The modern city was built in the early 18th century by Armenians, successors of the Cilician Armenian diaspora, who had originally settled in Crimea and Moldavia, and moved to Transylvania sometime after 1650. After a two years' campaign by the Armenian-Catholic Bishop Oxendius Vărzărescu, they converted from the Armenian Apostolic Church to the Armenian Catholic Church; an Armenian Catholic cathedral in Gherla was consecrated in 1748.

Gherla is the seat of the Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Romania, as well as that of a Greek-Catholic diocese – the Cluj-Gherla Diocese (suffragan to the Greek-Catholic Archbishop of Alba Iulia and Făgăraș-Blaj, who resided in Blaj). In the center of the city lie the Saint Gregory the Illuminator and the Holy Trinity Armenian Cathedral. The main Armenian-Catholic church was built in 1792. The Greek Catholic diocese was created by the Papal Bull Ad Apostolicam Sedem of November 26, 1853, and the first bishop was Ioan Alexi.

A Habsburg fortress was built here and converted to a prison in 1785. During the Communist regime, the prison was used for political detainees. Today it is a Romanian high-security prison.

During the Years of Revolution of 1848 and 1849, Gherla was the stage for numerous battles between the warring parties, changing hands several times. The Austrian commander Karl von Urban and his Romanian Regiment liberated the city three times from Hungarian revolutionary forces, winning the Battle of Szamosújvár on 13 November 1848, a landmark of the stormy period. Starting in 1867, Gherla was no more part of the Principality of Transilvania and was annexed until 1918, to the Kingdom of Hungary comitatus of Szolnok-Doboka.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, and the declaration of the Union of Transylvania with Romania, the Romanian Army took control of Gherla in December 1918, during the Hungarian–Romanian War. The town officially became part of the territory ceded to the Kingdom of Romania in June 1920 under the terms of the Treaty of Trianon. During the interwar period, the city was the headquarters of plasa Gherla, within Someș County, after which it became part of Ținutul Crișuri.

In the wake of the Second Vienna Award of August 30, 1940, the territory of Northern Transylvania (of which the city of Gherla was part) reverted to the Kingdom of Hungary. In early September, the Hungarian administration was installed, and proceeded to take discriminatory measures against Romanians and Jews, forcing many Romanians to take refuge in Romania. Gherla had a significant Jewish population which was decimated during the Holocaust, due to Horthyst regime and the policies of Ferenc Szálasi after September 1, 1944. Towards the end of World War II, however, the town was taken back from Hungarian and German troops by Romanian and Soviet forces in October 1944. After 1950, the city became the headquarters of Gherla raion within the Cluj Region. Following the administrative reform of 1968, Gherla became part of Cluj County.

After the war, most of the remaining Jewish population left the city. The Gherla Synagogue and the Holocaust Memorial Monument are visited by tourists from many countries. The town is also often visited by Orthodox pilgrims on their way to the nearby village of Nicula and Nicula Monastery.

Demographics
According to the 2021 Romanian census, Gherla has a population of 19,873, a decrease of 5.3% from the previous census. At the 2011 census, there were 20,982 people living within the city; of those, 15,952 (76.0%) were Romanians, 3,435 (16.4%) Hungarians, 735 (3.5%) Roma, and 61 (0.3%) others, including 16 Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons).

Natives

 * Tamás Aján (born 1939), President of the International Weightlifting Federation and member of the International Olympic Committee
 * Laur Aștilean (born 1973), footballer
 * Mihai Chezan (born 1935), volleyball player
 * Cristian Coroian (born 1973), footballer
 * Cyrill Demian (1772–1849), inventor, organ and piano maker
 * Nechita-Adrian Oros (born 1965), veterinarian and politician
 * Gergely Pongrátz (1932–2005), veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956
 * Silviu Prigoană (born 1963), businessman and politician

title: Gherla