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Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope

The Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) is located near the summit of Mauna Kea mountain on Hawaii's Big Island at an altitude of 4,204 meters (13,793 feet), part of the Mauna Kea Observatory. Operational since 1979, the telescope is a Prime Focus/Cassegrain configuration with a usable aperture diameter of 3.58 m.

CFHT is currently considering a refurbishment to the facility in the 2020s. The facility would be reconstructed with a new 11-m telescope to produce the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer, retaining the same base building and infrastructure. First light is expected no earlier than 2029.

Funding
The corporation is bound by a tripartite agreement between the University of Hawaii at Manoa, in the United States, the National Research Council (NRC) in Canada and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France. CFHT also has partnerships with the National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC), the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA) in Taiwan, the National Laboratory of Astrophysics (LNA) in Brazil and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) in Korea. The contributions from these associate partners help fund CFHT's future instrumentation. Currently, CFHT observing time is offered to scientists from all the seven countries in the partnership. Astronomers from the European Union can also submit proposals through the Optical Infrared Coordination Network for Astronomy (OPTICON) access program.

Instruments
CFHT currently operates five instruments:

 * MegaPrime/MegaCam, a one square degree field high-resolution CCD mosaic of 40 CCDs totalling 378 megapixels
 * WIRCam (Wide-Field Infrared Camera), an infrared mosaic of 4 detectors totalling 16 megapixels, optimized for the J, H, and K spectral bands
 * ESPaDOnS (Echelle SpectroPolarimetric Device for the Observation of Stars at CFHT), an echelle spectrograph/spectropolarimeter
 * SITELLE (Spectromètre Imageur à Transformée de Fourier pour l'Etude en Long et en Large de raies d'Emission), a wide-field Fourier transform spectrograph
 * SPIRou (Spectropolarimètre Infrarouge), a near-infrared spectropolarimeter

Outreach
CFHT, in collaboration with Coelum Astronomia, maintains a public-outreach website called "Hawaiian Starlight" which offers extremely high-quality versions of CFHT images in various formats including a yearly calendar.

title: Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope


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Stroud Green

Stroud Green is a suburb and electoral ward in north London, England, split between the London boroughs of Haringey and Islington. On its south-western side, Stroud Green Road forms part of the boundary between the two boroughs.

Stroud Green Road is the main local hub and shopping area. At its eastern end it intersects Seven Sisters Road and Blackstock Road at a major crossroads. Stroud Green Road is a populous thoroughfare linking Crouch Hill with the major north London transport interchange of Finsbury Park station.

Toponymy
In 1407, the area was called Strode, which is formed from the Old English 'stōd' and means 'marshy ground covered with brushwood'. It is recorded as Stowde Grene in 1546, the 'grene' suffix is Middle English and means 'village green'.

Stroud Green Road
The neighbourhood high street, Stroud Green Road, includes a wide range of restaurants and other mainly independent shops. There are also two high-street supermarkets.

The Finsbury Park end of the road, though different in character to the stretch further north, is currently benefitting from a large regeneration scheme centred on Finsbury Park town centre.

The folk record label Topic Records was based at 48–50 Stroud Green Road and many folk LPs were recorded there. The label has since moved to Uppingham in Rutland.

Library
In the east of the neighbourhood, next to Harringay railway station is the Stroud Green & Harringay Library.

Transport
Stroud Green Road runs north west from the transport hub of Finsbury Park station, and stops just 150 yards south east of Crouch Hill railway station on the Gospel Oak to Barking line. On the eastern border of Stroud Green is Harringay railway station on the Great Northern Line. London bus routes W3, W7, and 210 run the length of Stroud Green Road, terminating at Finsbury Park. The low railway bridge at Finsbury Park prevents bus routes running directly from areas north of Finsbury Park such as Stroud Green Road directly into central London.

Stroud Green railway station closed in 1954. It was on the Finsbury Park to Edgware line, and along with nearby Crouch End railway station had been planned to be added to the Northern line of London Underground, but World War II intervened.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stroud Green


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Sam Williams (journalist)

Sam Williams (born 1969) is an American journalist. He is perhaps best known as the author of a biography of software programmer Richard Stallman, Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software (2002). Prior to beginning Free as in Freedom he met his wife Tracy. She had originally proposed the concept of the book to him.

title: Sam Williams (journalist)


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Tom Knight (scientist)

Tom Knight is an American synthetic biologist and computer engineer, who was formerly a senior research scientist at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, a part of the MIT School of Engineering. He now works at the synthetic biology company Ginkgo Bioworks, which he cofounded in 2008.

Work in electrical engineering and computer science
Tom Knight arrived at MIT when he was fourteen. Even though he only started his undergraduate studies at the regular age of 18, he took classes in computer programming and organic chemistry during high school because he lived close to the university. He built early hardware such as ARPANET interfaces for host #6 on the network, some of the first bitmapped displays, the ITS time sharing system, Lisp machines (he was also instrumental in releasing a version of the operating system for the Lisp machine under a BSD license), the Connection Machine, and parallel symbolic processing computer systems.

In 1967 Knight wrote the original kernel for the ITS operating system, as well as the combination of command processor and debugger that was used as its top-level user interface. ITS was the dominant operating system for first Project MAC and later the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and MIT Laboratory for Computer Science. ITS ran on PDP-6 and, later, PDP-10 computers.

In 1968, Knight designed and supervised the construction of the first PDP-10 ARPANET interfaces with Bob Metcalfe.

Knight developed a system to use standard television sets as a terminal interface to the PDP-10.

In 1972, Knight designed one of the first semiconductor memory-based bitmap displays. This was later commercialized and led directly to the development of the Bedford Computer Systems newspaper layout system and influenced many of the bitmapped display devices available today. That same year, along with Jeff Rubin, Knight designed and implemented a network file system that provided the first transparent remote file access over the ARPANET.

In 1974, Knight designed and implemented the prototype version of the MIT Lisp Machine processor, with the production version following in 1976. The Lisp Machine was a microprogrammed machine, tuned for high-performance emulation of other instruction sets. The design of the Lisp Machine was directly implemented by both Symbolics and LMI and was the basis of all of their computers. Texas Instruments implemented surface mount and single-chip versions of the architecture in 1983 and 1987, respectively.

Knight collaborated with Jack Holloway in designing and implementing the Chaosnet, a re-engineered version of the Xerox 3 Mbit/s Ethernet. In 1975 this network became the first local area network on MIT's campus. Chaosnet's innovation of a preamble bit string for packets was eventually incorporated into the 10 Mbit/s Ethernet standard.

In 1980, Knight participated in the development of the Connection Machine architecture and its original implementation. Other notable and diverse accomplishments during the 1980s included the creation of the first silicon retina in 1981, the creation of a single-chip optical mouse, the design of the Cross-Omega interconnection network architecture, and the design of the Transit multiprocessor interconnection architecture.

During the early 1990s, Knight was involved in the formation of Permabit and of Exa Corporation and the architecture of the latter's initial version of its FX/1 lattice gas parallel fluid flow computer. Advances included using over-relaxation techniques to make 10x algorithmic improvements in lattice gas computations, landmark CFD accuracies, and correction of misconceptions about the origin of fluid turbulence in simple two-dimensional flow situations. Within the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, he led the Abacus SIMD project, worked on VLSI micro displays, and made advances in the field of adiabatic (reversible) computing.

Work in synthetic biology
It was also during this period that Knight's interests in biological systems began. Inspired in part by the work of Harold J. Morowitz, a Yale physicist and biologist, Knight studied biochemistry, genetics, and cellular biology, and set up a biology lab within the MIT AI Laboratory. In this lab he created the concept of the BioBrick plasmid DNA part and began creating a library of BioBricks that could be used to simplify the genetic engineering of Escherichia coli cells. Today, BioBricks form the basis of the enormous annual iGEM (International Genetically Engineered Machine) competition and Knight is sometimes referred to as the godfather of synthetic biology. Knight co-founded Ginkgo Bioworks, a synthetic biology company.

title: Tom Knight (scientist)


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Tupolev Tu-125

The Tupolev Tu-125 was an unrealized project to develop a new long-range supersonic bomber for the Soviet Air Force. Development commenced in 1958 to replace the newest Tu-22. The "Tu-125" designation was an internal one used by the Tupolev design bureau. Since the aircraft was never built, it never received a military designation.

A canard design was chosen for the aircraft, featuring a delta planform for the wing and stabilizer. Two turbojets (Kuznetsov NK-6 or NK-10 (230–240 kN)) were to be installed in nacelles under the wings. A four-turbojet version, powered by Tumansky R-15B-300s in two nacelles also was considered. The fuselage and wings made from titanium and aluminium alloys.

In September 1962, the Soviet Air Force rejected the project and it was stopped. No aircraft were built.

title: Tupolev Tu-125


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WSE

WSE may refer to:

 * Warsaw School of Economics
 * Warsaw Stock Exchange
 * Widescreen Enhanced (16:9 aspect ratio)
 * World Standard English
 * World Stock Exchange
 * Windows Security Essentials, a free antivirus product by Microsoft
 * Web search engine
 * Web Services Enhancements, an add-on to the Microsoft .NET Framework
 * Wall Street English
 * Whiting School of Engineering
 * Work and Social Economy department of the Flemish Government

title: WSE


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Horace Pippin

Horace Pippin (February 22, 1888 – July 6, 1946) was an American painter who painted a range of themes, including scenes inspired by his service in World War I, landscapes, portraits, and biblical subjects. Some of his best-known works address the U.S.'s history of slavery and racial segregation. He was the first Black artist to be the subject of a monograph, Selden Rodman's Horace Pippin, A Negro Painter in America (1947), and The New York Times eulogized him as the "most important Negro painter" in American history. He is buried at Chestnut Grove Cemetery Annex in West Goshen Township, Pennsylvania. A Pennsylvania State historical Marker at 327 Gay Street, West Chester, Pennsylvania, identifies his home at the time of his death and commemorates his accomplishments.

Early life
Pippin was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, on February 22, 1888, to Harriet Pippin; his father's identity is unknown. He grew up in and around Goshen, New York, but would return to West Chester in adulthood. In Goshen, he attended segregated schools until he was 15, when he went to work to support his ailing mother. As a boy, Horace responded to an art supply company's advertising contest and won his first set of crayons and a box of watercolors. He apparently liked to draw the racehorses and jockeys from Goshen's celebrated, trotter (horse) racetrack. He was a member of church congregations, including St. John's African Union Methodist Protestant Church. Before he enlisted to serve in World War I, he worked in a coal yard in Goshen, as a hotel porter at the St. Elmo Hotel in Goshen, as a mover at a storage warehouse in Paterson, New Jersey, and as an iron moulder in Mahwah, New Jersey.

World War I
In World War I, Pippin served in K Company, the 3rd Battalion of the 369th infantry regiment, known for their bravery in battle as the famous Harlem Hellfighters. The predominately Black unit faced a segregated US Army, especially before they were transferred to the command of the French Army. They were the longest serving U.S. regiment on the war's frontlines, holding their ground against enemy fire almost continuously from early April until the end of the war. The regiment as a whole was awarded the French Croix de Guerre.

In September 1918, Pippin was shot by a German sniper, probably during the capture of Séchault, which was part of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. As he later explained: "'I have three wounds, two flesh wounds and one in the right shoulder and arm, splitting my shoulder blade in two places, and wrecking the socket of the right arm.'" Initially, the injury cost him the use of his arm and earned him a disability pension for life. While he eventually recovered much of his arm's function, he remained unable "to lift my right hand above my head without the aid of my left hand." (Presumably, mischaracterizations of that quote and a photo shoot from December 1940, illustrated above, are the sources of the erroneous, widespread idea that he had to move his right hand with his left to paint.)

He was honorably discharged in 1919. He was retroactively awarded a Purple Heart for his combat injury in 1945. He said of his combat experience:"I did not care what or where I went. I asked God to help me, and he did so. And that is the way I came through that terrible and Hellish place. For the whole entire battlefield was hell, so it was no place for any human being to be."

After the war, Pippin created four memoirs—one illustrated—that describe his harrowing military service in detail. He returned to war subjects periodically throughout the 1930s and 1940s, and later said that WWI "brought out all the art in me".

Postwar life and art career
Immediately after the war, Pippin moved to Bellville, New Jersey, with his brother and worked as a truck driver. The following year, 1920, he married Jennie Fetherstone Wade Giles, who had been widowed twice and had a six-year-old-son, Richard Wade. Pippin moved to his wife's home in West Chester, Pa, where city directories from the mid-1920s list him as a laborer. The 1930 census lists him as a junk dealer, and he also reportedly made deliveries for his wife's laundry business. Pippin took up art in the 1920s and began painting on stretched fabric in 1930 with The Ending of the War: Starting Home. While he later explained his creative process: "The pictures which I have already painted come to me in my mind, and if to me it is a worth while picture, I paint it," he revised his compositions extensively. He addressed a range of themes, from landscapes and still lifes to biblical subjects and political statements. Some draw on his personal experience of the war or turn-of-the-century domestic life.

He was "discovered" when he submitted two paintings to a local art show—the Chester County Art Association (CCAA) Annual Exhibition—reportedly with the aid and encouragement of various locals, including CCAA co-founders art critic Christian Brinton and artist N.C. Wyeth. Brinton immediately organized a solo exhibition, cosponsored by the CCAA and the interracial West Chester Community Center, and then connected him with MoMA curators Dorothy Miller and Holger Cahill and, by 1940, the Philadelphia art dealer Robert Carlen and collector Albert C. Barnes. Pippin attended art appreciation classes at the Barnes Foundation in the spring 1940 semester. Carlen, Barnes, and, starting in 1941, dealer Edith Gregor Halpert played prominent roles in Pippin's career.

In the eight years between his national debut in the Museum of Modern Art's traveling exhibition "Masters of Popular Painting" (1938) and his death at the age of fifty-eight, Pippin's recognition grew exponentially across the country and internationally. During this period, he had solo exhibitions in commercial galleries in Philadelphia (1940, 1941) and New York (1940, 1944), and at the Arts Club of Chicago (1941) and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1942). Private collections and institutions such as the Barnes Foundation, the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum of American Art acquired his works. His paintings were featured in annual or biennials at the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA; and the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, as well as thematic surveys at the Dayton Art Institute, Ohio; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey; and Tate Gallery, London, UK.

In the catalogue for one of his memorial exhibitions in 1947, critic Alain Locke described Pippin as "a real and rare genius, combining folk quality with artistic maturity so uniquely as almost to defy classification."

Artworks
Pippin's oeuvre includes a variety of subjects and compositional strategies. He began in the 1920s by burning designs into wood panels—mostly snow scenes—and adding paint in one or two colors to highlight specific components of the image.

His first oil painting, The Ending of the War, Starting Home (1930–1933), depicts a scene informed by his experience at the Battle of Sechault, where he was shot. (It does not depict the official German surrender on November 11, 1918, which happened as he was recovering in a French hospital.) He also made the frame and decorated it with hand-carved war materiel, including German and French helmets and weapons. He painted World War I several times thereafter in the 1930s and once more in 1945.

Pippin painted several religious subjects, which align with his roles as a Sunday school teacher and member of a church choir in West Chester. Many, including his celebrated Holy Mountain series, depict Bible verses. The three paintings of his Holy Mountain series are reminiscent of the bucolic Peaceable Kingdom paintings of Quaker artist Edward Hicks that depict predators and prey together. He includes in the backgrounds elements from his own time—soldiers, graveyards, war planes, and bombs—that are at odds with the peace depicted in the foreground. In The Knowledge of God and The Holy Mountain III, the tiny brown figure hanging in the trees refers to the ongoing scourge of lynching in the racially segregated southern United States. He inscribes on each a date significant from WWII. The Holy Mountain I is marked with "June 6, 1944", the date of the Allied landings at Normandy, known as of D-Day. The Knowledge of God is marked "Dec. 7 1944", the third anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Lastly, The Holy Mountain III is marked "Aug 9, 1945", the day the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Some have argued that centrally placed shepherd figure resembles the artist. As he did with other aspects of Pippin's career, his dealer Robert Carlen took credit for exposing the artist to Hicks' series as he was a principal advocate for both autodidacts.

Pippin painted two self portraits, including one seated at the easel. His painting of John Brown Going to his Hanging (1942) is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia is part of a trilogy on the abolitionist sometimes credited with igniting the Civil War.

Pippin made Mr. Prejudice in the midst of World War II at the request of an unidentified patron, probably for use as a poster or illustration. Inspired by the Allies' "V for Victory" slogan, the painting is unique in his oeuvre for its experimental composition and symbolic program. The relatively small image—about the size of a magazine cover—sorts the figures by race and scale around the central motif of a giant V that matches the typography used in support of the US war effort. That Pippin does not use the distinctive logo of Black Americans' "Double V" campaign, which advocated for military victory abroad and victory over racism at home, suggests he was aiming to speak to a national—that is, majority White—audience. The upper register is dominated by oversize figures representing symbols or concepts. At center, a White man with a sledgehammer—presumably, Mr. Prejudice himself—drives a wedge into the V. At left, a large, copper-colored Statue of Liberty raises her torch to light the way to freedom. Staring at her from the right is a broad, lighter-skinned figure dressed in red and holding a noose, while a hooded Klansman looms above him. The lower register is filled with smaller scale figures that are segregated by race, reflecting the contemporaneous situation in the military and, to a lesser degree, the war industries. On the left are Black uniformed military, a medic, and a machinist, most of whom face the viewer. Some have read the brown-skinned figure at center left, outfitted in an anachronistic WWI uniform, as a self-portrait. A similar group of White men fill the lower right quadrant, most turned to face their Black counterparts.

Pippin's genre paintings are among his most popular works; see, for example, the Domino Players (1943), in The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C., and several versions of Cabin in the Cotton. Some, including After Supper (c. 1935–1939) and The Milkman of Goshen (1945), relate to his childhood in New York State. Views of the everyday activities of Black families "tended to be relatively invisible to the white masses" before the Great Migration, so Pippin's domestic scenes offered a privileged view.

Pippin also created images related to popular culture, including Old Black Joe, based on the song "Old Black Joe"; Uncle Tom, based on the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin and its many adaptations, and maybe the musical and film Cabin in the Sky. He made two portraits of the celebrated Black contralto Marian Anderson, not long after her famous 1939 concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, and dedicated a painting to Paul Robeson.

Pippin left The Park Bench unfinished in his studio at this death on July 6, 1946. Romare Bearden later said: "the man, I think, symbolizes Pippin himself, who, having completed his journey and his mission, sits wistfully, in the autumn of the year, all alone on a park bench."

Collections and retrospective exhibitions
Pippin painted about 140 works, many held in museum collections, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA; Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA; The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, PA; the Brandywine Museum of Art, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania; the Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.; Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD; and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA.

Pippin was the first Black American artist to be the subject of a monograph, Selden Rodman's Horace Pippin: A Negro Painter in America of 1947. He has since been the subject of three major retrospective exhibitions, several scholarly books and articles, a book of poetry, and several children's books.

 * Horace Pippin. Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C., February 25–March 1977; Terry Dintenfass Gallery, New York, April 5–30, 1977; and Brandywine River Museum of Art, Chadds Ford, Pa., June 4–September 5, 1977.
 * I Tell My Heart: The Art of Horace Pippin. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, January 21–April 17, 1994; Art Institute of Chicago, April 30–July 10, 1994; Cincinnati Art Museum, July 28–October 9, 1994; Baltimore Museum of Art, October 26, 1994 – January 1, 1995; and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, February 1–April 30, 1995.
 * Horace Pippin: The Way I See It. Brandywine River Museum of Art, Chadds Ford, Pa., April 25–July 19, 2015

title: Horace Pippin


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.dd

.dd was the assigned country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It was chosen based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the German Democratic Republic, the letters coming from the German name of the country, Deutsche Demokratische Republik. In accordance with IANA policy, .dd was therefore available to be assigned as the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Germany. However, this was never done, and so .dd was never added to the root nameservers. Its only use was internally in an isolated network among the universities of Jena and Dresden.

With the reunification of Germany, East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), which had already been assigned the ccTLD .de. The ISO 3166-1 code "DD" was withdrawn in 1990.

title: .dd


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Third Derby–Disraeli ministry

The Conservative government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that began in 1866 and ended in 1868 was led by Lord Derby in the House of Lords and Benjamin Disraeli in the House of Commons.

History
Lord Derby became prime minister for the third time, after the fall of Lord Russell's Liberal government, in 1866. His Chancellor of the Exchequer, Benjamin Disraeli, was instrumental in passing the Second Reform Act in 1867.

After the parliamentary session, which produced the Second Reform Bill, Disraeli's eventual assumption of the leadership of the Conservative Party was all but assured. While he was still opposed by elements of the party's right wing (most notably the Marquess of Salisbury, himself a future prime minister), his role in securing the passage of the bill, in particular his showing against William Ewart Gladstone, had won him the adulation of a wide base of the parliamentary party. The only unknown was the health of the Earl of Derby, still very much prime minister, Conservative leader, and Disraeli's colleague.

Derby's health, however, had been in decline for some time, and he finally resigned in February and advised Queen Victoria to send for Disraeli. Thus on 27 February 1868 Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He reportedly said of the event later, "I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole." However, the Conservatives were still a minority in the House of Commons, and the enaction of the Reform Bill required the calling of new election. Disraeli's term as prime minister would therefore be fairly short, unless the Conservatives managed to win the general election.

Although all the cabinet posts were at his disposal, Disraeli made only a few changes: he replaced Lord Chelmsford as Lord Chancellor with Lord Cairns, and brought in George Ward Hunt as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Disraeli and Chelmsford had never got on, and in Disraeli's view, Cairns was a far stronger minister. He also chose the Earl of Malmesbury to succeed Derby as Leader in the House of Lords.

The Irish Church
The principal issue of the 1868 parliamentary session was the Irish Question, manifested this time in the debate over the Anglican Church of Ireland.

Fate
The Conservatives were defeated by the Liberals in the general election of 1868, and the new Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone formed his first government.

Changes

 * March 1867: Lord Carnarvon, Lord Cranborne, and General Peel resign from the cabinet over the Reform Bill. They are succeeded by the Duke of Buckingham, Sir Stafford Northcote, and Sir John Pakington, respectively. Taking their places were three new members of the cabinet: the Duke of Marlborough, the Duke of Richmond, and Henry Lowry-Corry.
 * May 1867: Gathorne Hardy replaces Spencer Walpole as Home Secretary. Walpole remains in the cabinet as Minister without Portfolio. Hardy's replacement as President of the Poor Law Board is not in the cabinet.

Changes

 * September 1868: The Earl of Mayo leaves the cabinet to become Viceroy of India. His successor is not in the cabinet.

List of ministers
Cabinet members are listed in bold face.

 * Notes

title: Third Derby–Disraeli ministry


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Bernard Dillon

Bernard Dillon (1888–1941) was an Irish jockey. Born at Caherina in Tralee, he joined his older brother Joe in 1901, both of them being apprentice jockeys at the famous Druids Lodge training establishment in Wiltshire England. Victory on Lemberg in the 1910 Epsom Derby was his most famous achievement, although he also rode winners in the 1,000 Guineas (Flair, 1906 and Electra, 1909), Lincoln (Uninsured, 1904), Cambridgeshire (Hacklers Pride, 1905), Eclipse Stakes (Lally, 1907 and dead heated on Lemberg in 1910), Coronation Cup (Pretty Polly, 1906) and the Grand Prix de Paris (Spearmint, 1906).

Dillon became the third husband of the Music Hall star Marie Lloyd. They met in 1910 and caused a scandal when, travelling together as "Mr. and Mrs. Dillon" in 1913, she was refused entry to the United States for "moral turpitude". Alec Hurley, Lloyd's true husband at the time, died two months later, and Dillon and Lloyd were married at the British Consulate in Portland, Oregon, on 21 February 1914.

During World War I, Dillon served in the transport lines at Belton Park, Grantham, the Machine Gun Corps training depot. He was not a good soldier, and was often in trouble. However, Marie Lloyd would travel to Grantham to upbraid any officer who had punished her husband. These officers would often go missing when she arrived.

After the war, Dillon began drinking heavily and abusing Lloyd, so that she began drinking as her own escape. In 1920 they separated, but Lloyd continued to slide downhill until she collapsed on stage in October 1922, dying three days later.

He was portrayed by actor Tom Payne in the 2007 BBC drama Miss Marie Lloyd - Queen of The Music Hall.

Bernard Dillon, nicknamed as "Ben" in the horseracing community, died in London in May 1941.

title: Bernard Dillon


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Lenka Reinerová

Lenka Reinerová (17 May 1916 – 27 June 2008) was an author from the Czech Republic who wrote exclusively in German. She was born in Prague.

Life
Reinerová grew up in a German-speaking Jewish family, her mother a German-Bohemian from Saaz (Žatec) and her father an ironware dealer from Prague. Prior to World War II, she worked as a translator, an interpreter and an editor for the Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung. She fled to Paris in 1938 and later travelled to Morocco. She was visiting Mexico with the communist and writer Egon Erwin Kisch in March 1939 and was the only member of her family to survive the Holocaust. She returned to Czechoslovakia after 1948. In the 1950s, she was jailed by Czechoslovak communist authorities and spent 15 months in prison; she recorded this experience in one of her novels, Alle Farben der Sonne und der Nacht. After her release she published sporadically. In 1968, she was the Editor in Chief of the English language publication 'Czechoslovak Life' published by the Orbis Publishing House in Prague. From the summer of 1968, and throughout the period following the Warsaw Pact invasion, Czechoslovak Life continued to support the Action Programme of the Communist Party. She remained as Editor in Chief until at least the end of 1969. Later she was not allowed to publish at all until the fall of communism. Her works are mostly published at Aufbau Verlagsgruppe, Berlin.

On 25 January 2008, a speech Reinerová wrote but could not longer deliver personally due to ill health was read in German parliament in the course of an hour of remembrance for the victims of the Third Reich.

Reinerová had been largely a recluse ever since a spell in hospital in 2007, with the cause of her death not immediately known. Reinerová, the oldest living German-language writer in Prague, died on 27 June 2008 in Prague, in her apartment, at 92. Lucie Cernhousova, head of Literaturhaus, the Prague publisher of German-language writers, disclosed her death.

Awards
In 1999, she was awarded the Schiller Prize. In 2003, she won the prestigious Goethe Medal.

title: Lenka Reinerová


text:
User:Tiontai~enwiki

Born 1978 in Leipzig former GDR. Writing primary for the german Wikipedia and also for the norwegian one.

Articles contributed so far (often only the beginning):

Lenka Reinerová Gianni Rodari Trønder-Avisa

de:Benutzer:Tiontai it:Utente:Tiontai no:Bruker:Tiontai

title: User:Tiontai~enwiki


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Immaculata High School (Ottawa)

Immaculata High School is a Roman Catholic high school in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, operated by the Ottawa Catholic School Board. It is currently located along the Rideau Canal in Old Ottawa East neighbourhood of Ottawa. Like other Catholic schools, it is publicly funded under the Ontario school system.

History
Immaculata High School was founded as an all-girls school in 1928 by Reverend J.J. O’Gorman, acting under the advice of higher ecclesiastical authority. He named the school "Immaculata", and opened it with an initial enrollment of 85 run by a staff of 3 Grey Sisters as an alternative to public school education for girls of moderate income located at 211 Bronson Avenue. The girls paid a monthly fee of one dollar — if their families could afford it. The site for the new school was the former Christie mansion property on Bronson Avenue at the corner of Lisgar Street, which was purchased for $25,000. W.E. Noffke, a well-known Ottawa architect, designed the school with eight classrooms, a science lab, a home economics classroom, a gymnasium and a stage area, and office space. A passageway linked the school to the former Christie mansion, which became the first convent home for the Grey Sisters who taught at the school. During the construction of the school building, the students of the newly formed Immaculata High School attended classes at St. Patrick’s Home, at the corner of Laurier Avenue and Kent Street. Sister Loyola was the first principal and the teachers were Sister Agnes of the Sacred Heart and Sister St. Geraldine.

By 1929, enrollment had increased to 160 students, and a new building with five classrooms, a science lab and a small library was constructed. In 1929, the first commencement was held and a music department was established. In 1930, enrollment was 200 students and a commercial course was provided.

A home economics department and nine new classrooms were added in 1939 to meet the needs of the enrollment of 300 students, taught by nine Sisters.

In 1941, Principal Sister Mary Christine supervised a staff of 11. To meet the needs of the camera club, developing facilities and printing rooms were added. In 1948, the enrolment at Immaculata was 425, and the staff now consisted of 17 Sisters.

The school's Dr. B. Kearns Memorial Wing, which opened in September 1950, added eight classrooms, including a double-sized commercial classroom and space for the Music Department. In 1952, an addition to the Kearns Memorial Wing added three new classrooms, a students’ library and a principal’s office.

In 1954, a new convent was constructed on the north side of the property. The former convent was renovated into 2 classrooms and space for the Music Department, which had a staff of 4. The enrollment was 725 students and the school now had a staff of 22.

In 1962, a chapel/auditorium was built, a project led by principal Sister Mary Christine. In 1967, another building was constructed with 12 classrooms, labs and a gym. Despite this, however, by 1972 the enrollment of Immaculata had dropped to 400 students.

As Immaculata celebrated its golden anniversary in 1978, male students were enrolled for the first time. In 1984, grades 7 and 8 students were added. When Immaculata marked its 60th anniversary in 1988, James J. Shea was appointed as the school’s first lay principal, overseeing an enrollment of 870 students.

After Immaculata celebrated its 65th anniversary in September 1994 (after 2 years of major renovations), the school moved to the current location at 140 Main Street. It has been declared an arts academy.

The high school's current location was originally built in 1929–1930 to house both St. Patrick's High School and St. Patrick's College (Ottawa), a now defunct Catholic post-secondary institution administered by the Oblate Fathers. In 1973, St. Patrick's sold the building to Algonquin College, who operated a satellite campus there until it sold the building to the Ottawa Roman Catholic Separate School Board to house Immaculata in 1994. Edward Cuhaci was the architect for the renovations undertaken in 1994.

In 2000, a satellite classroom site for Immaculata High School was set up in the basement of St. Mary’s Home, to enable an initial enrollment of 10 pregnant teenagers from all schools in the city to continue with their academics during their pregnancies. The school held its first graduation in June 2000. In January 2002, the program, now called St. Mary’s Home Community Outreach, moved into 780 rue de l’Eglise.

Immaculata High School celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2003. In 2007, Principal Thomas D'Amico was named one of Canada's Outstanding Principals. The school's sports team is the Immaculata Saints, and the school mascot is the saint bernard 'Bernie Mac'.

Principals
All of the Sisters who were principals were Grey Sisters of the Immaculate Conception:
 * Sister Loyola (1928) (while students attended classes at St. Patrick’s Home)
 * Sister Agnes of the Sacred Heart (1928–1935) (first principal at Bronson Avenue site)
 * Sister Patrice Thompson (1935–1937)
 * Sister Darina Fackelman (1937–1941)
 * Sister Thomas Tremblay (1941–54)
 * Sister Cormickie Holland (1954–1967)
 * Sister Lucille Martin (1967–70)
 * Sister Anna Clare (1970–75 and 1976–82)
 * Sister Anne O’Brien (1975–76)
 * Sister Theresa Kelly (1982–87)
 * James J. Shea (1987–89)
 * Mary Durst (1989–95)
 * Evelyn Kelly (1989 (acting) and 1995–1997)
 * Bernard Swords (1998–2001)
 * Thomas Tremblay(2001–03)
 * Thomas D’Amico (2003–2010)
 * Christopher Mes (2010–2016)
 * Norma Mcdonald (2016–2018)
 * Sean Power (2018–2021)
 * Robert Garnett (2022–)

Notable alumni

 * David Azzi, former CFL football player
 * Ben Eager, former NHL hockey player
 * Craig Lauzon, comedian, co-starring on Royal Canadian Air Farce
 * Lynn Nightingale, figure skating champion
 * Andrew Scheer, Canadian Member of Parliament, former Speaker of the House of Commons and former leader of the Conservative Party of Canada
 * Julie Van Dusen, reporter for CBC; covers political events
 * Kaitlyn Alexander, non-binary actor/YouTuber/musician

title: Immaculata High School (Ottawa)


text:
Falling Up

Falling Up may refer to:

 * Falling Up (band), an American Christian rock band, active from 2001–2016
 * Falling Up (book), a 1996 children's poetry book by Shel Silverstein
 * Falling Up (film), a 2009 film
 * Falling Up (Digby album), 2004
 * Falling Up (Falling Up album), 2015
 * Falling Up (Kevin Ayers album), 1988
 * "Falling Up" (song), a 2021 song by Dean Lewis

title: Falling Up


text:
Talk:Daniel Deniehy

Untitled
Adam, it appears to me, as it often does, that your edits are dripping with POV. I am not certain that you are even aware of it; for example, you systematically removed any reference to Deniehy entertaining republican ideas, and replaced it with "democracy," despite the fact that in the quotes from Deniehy (which you deleted -- see below) he uses the term "republicanism." I question your frequent use of the adjective "radical," which in your lexicon seems to be more a pejorative than a scholarly term. I have removed this line: "As a radical democrat, he should have been an effective supporter of the liberal parliamentary leaders Charles Cowper and John Robertson." It is POV speculation on your part; you seem disappointed that Deniehy does not fit the stereotype which you wish to apply to him. You also use the term "conservatives" to describe Wentworth and his clique, which is a rather curious euphemism.

Below are items which you deleted. Kindly explain why:

 * Deniehy became "the first native-born Australian to be admitted to practice as an attorney and solicitor; all previous members of the profession in Australia were English gentlemen."

 * "Deniehy spoke of "our cause - the cause of Australian Republicanism", and wrote that "my eye is fixed on one point - the doing my duty in establishing Republican Institutions and advancing in every genuine method, my native land." He became a close associate of other Australian republicans, including Henry Parkes, Charles Harpur and especially the Rev. John Dunmore Lang. He also formed a lifelong friendship with the Australian painter, Adelaide Ironside."

 * "In a memoir of Deniehy written in 1884, E.A. Martin writes:

 * In 1854, he made his first appearance as a political speaker, on the occasion of the great meeting in the Victoria Theatre, to protest against Mr. Wentworth's Constitution Bill, in which that gentlemant proposed to introduce a Chamber of Peers on the model of the British House of Lords, -- an innovation which was regarded by the colonists with mingled indignation and derision; in case the warm opposition which met wild attempt upon all sides was strongly flavoured with ridicule and contempt.

 * ...Daniel Henry carried the entire assemblage with him, as with fervid, passionate eloquence and scathing satire he analysed the claims of Mr. Wentworth and his followers to titles of nobility, immortalizing the clique as "the shoddy aristocracy of Botany Bay.

 * "Deniehy was the first in New South Wales to call for the creation of a Free Public Library. His own private collection of literature was nonpareil."

--Herschelkrustofsky 16:19, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Daniel Deniehy


text:
Category:Disused London Underground stations

This category includes abandoned stations and those that are now served by other railways.


text: Template:Akita

title: Template:Akita


text:
Composite Health Care System

The Composite Health Care System (CHCS) is a medical informatics system designed by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) and used by all United States and OCONUS military health care centers. In 1988, SAIC won a competition for the original $1.02 billion contract to design, develop, and implement CHCS.

Components and characteristics
CHCS is module based: modules include RAD (radiology), LAB (Laboratory), PHR (Pharmacy), PAS (Patient Appointing & Scheduling), MCP (Managed Care Program; used to support TRICARE enrollees by enrolling them to Primary Care Managers), PAD (Patient Administration): MRT (Medical Records Tracking), MSA (Medical Service Accounting) medical billing, WAM (Workload Assignment Module), DTS (Dietetics), CLN (CLinical: Nursing, Physician, and Allied Health), DAA (Database Administration), ADM (Ambulatory Data Module) Medical Coding of outpatient visits, and TOOLS (FileMan).

Currently all appointments are booked in CHCS, except for Walk-Ins and Telephone Consults, which can now be booked in AHLTA. CHCS is a text based BBS/ANSI like display accessed via DEC VT320 terminal emulation. CHCS supports outpatient Order Entry (LAB, RAD, PHR, Consults (ancillary procedures), one-time and scheduled/multiple appointment consults. CHCS can also support Inpatient charting and Order Entry with multi-paging with a page for each ward the patient is transferred, but this feature is not fielded/enabled at many medical centers.  Instead Clinicomp's Essentris product is deployed at all MHS hospitals and has replaced the use of CHCS Inpatient module for nurse charting.  An interface solution to allow Essentris Orders to be transferred into CHCS order entry is being deployed.

AHLTA
Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application (commonly referred to as AHLTA) is the clinical documentation engine for the Physicians to write their notes, put in orders, document procedures performed and provide the basis of medical coding information. This information is then sent into CHCS and its subsystems (ADM - ambulatory data module) provide the official repository of the medical coding information and handle the transmission of those encounters via the Comprehensive Ambulatory Patient Encounter Record (CAPER) interface. The clinical data is brought into the M2 DataMart for use in research, operational metrics, trend analysis, and many other business intelligence processes/products. AHLTA information is also contained in a Central Data Repository (CDR). This CDR contains information from AHLTA, CHCS, and AHLTA-Theater. The AHLTA CDR is a comprehensive full scale world-wide EHR repository.

CHCS shares its original codebase with the VA's VistA system. Since its inception it has been customized for supporting the Military and their family members.

Security in CHCS works by a number of mechanisms and includes the concept of least privilege. You are assigned the minimum needed for your work duties. This limits your access to sensitive data both protected by the Privacy Act 1974 and PHI protected under HIPAA.

AdHoc reports can be written using the FileMan tools and can be quite powerful if the files are designed with that in mind. Many CHCS files are now more easily accessed with MUMPS routines that can make more efficient use of the internal data structures. More information about FileMan can be found at www.hardhats.org. CHCS, which now runs on InterSystems Caché with the MUMPS globals being converted into Caché objects and the MUMPS routines accessing them, now can be accessed with .NET tools to query the Caché database. Many facilities have developed special queries of CHCS or new tools to facilitate workflow and processes. One such tool is an intranet web application to facilitate printing of lab specimen labels to special printers with formats not possible with the regular CHCS print devices and label printing methods.

CITPO (now known as Defense Health Information Management Systems (DHIMS)) began the implementation of AHLTA, the DoD's Electronic Health Record (EHR) system, in January 2004. The system links the 481 Military Treatment Facilities (MTF) worldwide as well as service members deployed abroad to the EHR, ultimately supporting 9.2 million MHS beneficiaries. The introduction of AHLTA, previously known as the Composite Health Care System II, ushered in a significant new era in health care for the MHS and the nation. AHLTA Version 3.3.3.X with client update 9.1 currently fielded to physician and clinic staff workstations. DHIMS also manages the AHLTA-Theater program that provides EHR capabilities to deployed users with important store and forward capabilities when communications are unavailable.

AHLTA and a significant portion of CHCS are slated to be replaced by a VA/DoD interagency iEHR program. The iEHR will bring together the strong Health IT resources of both the VA and the DoD to acquire the next generation EHR capabilities for both departments.

Record Duplication
As with all large hospital information systems, there are occasions that despite training and best intentions, duplicate patient records are created. CHCS has a function to merge patients, but not to unmerge. AHLTA also has merges performed on patients in its Oracle database and successful attempts are made to un-merge patients and their associated medical/encounter data where diligent research has determined that mistakes were made with the identification of patients and to split off encounter records from patients that are blended into the single AHLTA record. Master Patient Indexing is a feature of the AHLTA Clinical Data Repository (CDR). Over 100 CHCS host systems, DEERS (Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System), and AHLTA Theater (the version being used in Iraq and other areas) all contributed patients into the CDR when it was created from 25 month data pulls back in 2004. Each CHCS patient registration links into AHLTA, some link to existing patients, but others are newly created. Complexity with patient names and methods of identifying them with other demographics can lead to duplication, both in a local CHCS system and in the central AHLTA CDR. There is currently a DHIMS contract working on improving the processes and automating the routines to resolve duplicate patients and prevent their creation in future.

title: Composite Health Care System


text:
Friends' Ambulance Unit

The Friends' Ambulance Unit (FAU) was a volunteer ambulance service, founded by individual members of the British Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), in line with their Peace Testimony. The FAU operated from 1914 to 1919, 1939 to 1946 and 1946 to 1959 in 25 countries. It was independent of the Quakers' organisation and chiefly staffed by registered conscientious objectors.

First World War
The Unit was founded as The First Anglo-Belgian Ambulance Unit at the start of World War I in 1914 and later renamed the Friends' Ambulance Unit. Members were trained at Jordans, a hamlet in Buckinghamshire, that was a centre for Quakerism. Altogether it sent over a thousand men to France, Belgium and Italy, where they worked on ambulance convoys and ambulance trains with the French and British armies. The FAU came under the jurisdiction of the British Red Cross Society. It was dissolved in 1919.

Second World War and aftermath
It was refounded by a committee of former members at the start of World War II in September 1939 with the establishment of a training camp at Manor Farm, Bristol Road, Northfield, Birmingham. More than 1,300 members were trained and went on to serve as ambulance drivers and medical orderlies in London during the Blitz, as well as overseas in Finland, Norway and Sweden (1940), the Middle East (1940–1943), Greece (1941, 1944–1946), China and Syria (1941–1946), India and Ethiopia (1942–1945), Italy (1943–1946), France, Belgium, Netherlands, Yugoslavia and Germany (1944–1946) and Austria (1945–1946). Its first female member was Angela Sinclair-Loutit, who joined in 1940 after her studies at Somerville College, Oxford were interrupted.

China Convoy
The Sino-Japanese War had led to deteriorating conditions in China and in 1941 agreement was reached for the FAU to deploy 40 volunteers to deliver medical aid (dubbed the "China Convoy"). At first, their job was to secure the delivery of supplies via the "Burma Road", the sole remaining route. When Burma fell to the Japanese in May 1942, the FAU volunteers escaped to India and China. They regrouped and took on the distribution of medical supplies delivered by "The Hump", the air transport route to Kunming. It is estimated that 80% of medical supplies to China were distributed by the FAU.

The FAU's role expanded and they provided a range medical treatments, preventative measures and training of Chinese medical personnel. This expanded further into the reconstruction of medical facilities, notably the hospital at Tengchong in 1944, and into agricultural improvements and training.

The activities in China were international, employing personnel, men and women, from Britain (the largest national group), China, United States, Canada, New Zealand and elsewhere. Around 200 foreigners and 60 Chinese took part, eight died and others had their health permanently damaged. About half of the recruits were Quakers but all had a commitment to pacifism and wished to deliver practical help. Most of the Chinese members were Christian students from the West China Union University of Chengdu.

Responsibility for the relief work in China was passed to the American Friends Service Committee in 1946.

Northern Europe
Two 12-man sections with eight vehicles, FAU Relief Sections Nos 1 and 2, landed at Arromanches, Normandy on 6 September 1944 from a tank landing craft. Attached to the British Army's civilian affairs branch, the FAU sections provided relief to civilians in Normandy. No 2 FAU was then posted to a newly liberated refugee camp at Leopoldsburg, Belgium, managing reception, registration, disinfection, catering, dormitories and departures.

In November 1944, in response to a request from 21st Army Group, a further five more sections were established and arrived in Europe at the end of 1944. One new member was Gerald Gardiner, who subsequently became Lord Chancellor in Harold Wilson's Labour Party government of 1964–1970.

After a period in Nijmegen, assisting local civilian medical organisations during Operation Market Garden, No 2 FAU cared for a colony of the mentally ill near Cleves in Germany which grew to a population of 25,000. By April, the main work had become the accommodation and care of displaced persons until they could return home. No 2 FAU was heavily involved with the care and support of inmates at the newly liberated Stalag X-B prisoner-of-war camp near Sandbostel, between Bremen and Hamburg in northern Germany in May 1945.

The FAU was wound up in 1946 and replaced by the Friends Ambulance Unit Post-War Service, which continued until 1959.

The work of the Friends' Ambulance Unit was referred to in the 1947 award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Quakers worldwide and accepted by the Friends Service Council and the American Friends Service Committee.

Purpose
The original trainees in the 1939 training camp issued a statement expressing their purpose:

We purpose to train ourselves as an efficient Unit to undertake ambulance and relief work in areas under both civilian and military control, and so, by working as a pacifist and civilian body where the need is greatest, to demonstrate the efficacy of co-operating to build up a new world rather than fighting to destroy the old.

While respecting the views of those pacifists who feel they cannot join an organization such as our own, we feel concerned among the bitterness and conflicting ideologies of the present situation to build up a record of goodwill and positive service, hoping that this will help to keep uppermost in men's minds those values which are so often forgotten in war and immediately afterwards.

People associated with the FAU

 * Sir Fulque Agnew, 10th Baronet (1900–1975), university administrator
 * Horace Alexander (1889–1989), barrister and advocate of international arbitration (ODNB entry)
 * Laurie Baker (1917–2007), architect
 * Chris Barber (1921–2012), chair of Oxfam
 * John Henry Barlow (1855–1924)
 * F. Ralph Barlow (1910–1980), General Manager, Bournville Village Trust (1945–1973). Son of John Henry Barlow. Led FAU units in China, India, South Africa, Ethiopia (1939–1944)
 * Frank Blackaby (1921–2000), economist and peace campaigner (ODNB entry)
 * Russell Brain, 1st Baron Brain (1895–1966), physician and medical administrator (ODNB entry)
 * Edgar Kenneth Brown, (1918–1965), architect
 * Sir John Bevan Braithwaite (1884–1973), stockbroker (ODNB entry)
 * Richard Bevan Braithwaite (1900–1990), philosopher (ODNB entry)
 * Laurence John Cadbury (1889–1982), chocolate and food manufacturer (ODNB entry)
 * Cecil John Cadoux (1883–1947), theologian (ODNB entry)
 * Demetrios Capetanakis (1912–1944), poet and literary critic (ODNB entry)
 * Sydney Carter (1915–2004), English poet, songwriter
 * St John Pettifor Catchpool (1890–1971), social worker (ODNB entry)
 * Selby Clewer (1917–2001), architect
 * Alan Clodd (1918–2002), publisher, book collector, and dealer
 * Stephen Pit Corder (1918–1990), university professor (ODNB entry)
 * Ralph Henry Carless Davis (1918–1991), historian
 * John Done
 * Christopher Prout Driver (1932–1997), journalist and writer on food (ODNB entry)
 * Theodore Fox (1899–1989), medical editor (ODNB entry)
 * Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner (1900–1990), Lord Chancellor from 1964 to 1970
 * Roland Johnston Harris (1919–1969), schoolteacher, university lecturer, and poet
 * Ruth Harrison (1920–2000), animal welfare campaigner (ODNB entry)
 * W. F. Harvey (1885–1937), writer of short stories
 * F. R. G. Heaf (1894–1973), physician (ODNB entry)
 * John Hick (1922–2012), philosopher of religion
 * Eric Holttum (1895–1990), botanist (ODNB entry)
 * Kenneth Hudson (1916–1999), industrial archaeologist and museologist (ODNB entry)
 * F. R. Leavis (1895–1978), literary critic
 * Frank Lees (1931–1999), chemical engineer
 * Kingsley Martin (1897–1969), journalist
 * David Elwyn Morris (1920-2015), Solicitor and Author of China Changed My Mind (Cassells, 1948)
 * Christopher Nevinson (1889–1946), artist
 * Henry Woodd Nevinson (1856–1941), social activist and journalist (ODNB entry)
 * George Newman (doctor) (1870–1948), public health physician
 * Donald Nicol (1923–2003), British Byzantinist
 * Philip Noel-Baker (1889–1982), politician, diplomat, academic
 * Wilfrid Noyce (1917–1962), mountaineer and writer (ODNB entry)
 * Robert Nye (1936 – 2016), writer
 * Lionel Penrose (1898–1972), physician (ODNB entry)
 * Roland Penrose (1900–1984), artist, writer, and exhibition organizer (ODNB entry)
 * Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877–1959), economist and mountaineer
 * John Rawlings Rees (1890–1969), psychiatrist (ODNB entry)
 * Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953), mathematician, physicist, meteorologist, psychologist
 * Michael Rowntree (1919–2007), a journalist and Chairman of Oxfam
 * George William Series (1920–1995), spectroscopist (ODNB entry)
 * Angela Sinclair-Loutit (1921–2016), social justice activist, pacifist and nurse
 * Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950), philosopher and author of science fiction
 * Peter Derek Strevens (1922–1989), linguistic scholar and applied linguist (ODNB entry)
 * Donald Swann (1923–1994), composer, musician and entertainer
 * Frederick Tattersfield (1881–1959), agricultural chemist (ODNB entry)
 * Lewis Edgar Waddilove (1914–2000), social reformer (ODNB entry)
 * Richard Wainwright (1918–2003), Liberal MP
 * John Seldon Whale (1896–1997), United Reformed church minister and theologian (ODNB entry)
 * Duncan Wood, Headed up China Convey, son of HG Wood below
 * Herbert George Wood (1879–1963), theologian and historian (ODNB entry)
 * Maurice Woodhead, (1915-1974) electrical retailer
 * Geoffrey Winthrop Young (1876–1958), mountaineer, poet and educator

Records
Much archival material has survived and has been deposited at the Library of the Society of Friends, Friends House, Euston Road, London.

Wartime Civilian Ambulance Organizations

 * American Ambulance Great Britain
 * American Ambulance Field Service
 * Hadfield-Spears Ambulance Unit

Conscientious objection

 * Conscientious objector
 * Conscientious objection throughout the world
 * Military Service Act (United Kingdom)

title: Friends' Ambulance Unit


text:
CBRL

CBRL may refer to:

 * The Council for British Research in the Levant
 * CBRL Group, an American restaurant company
 * CBRL (AM), a radio rebroadcaster (860 AM) licensed to Williams Lake, British Columbia, Canada, rebroadcasting CBTK-FM
 * CBRL-FM, a radio rebroadcaster (100.1 FM) licensed to Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, rebroadcasting CBR

title: CBRL


text:
Eidolon

In ancient Greek literature, an eidolon (εἴδωλον 'image, idol, double, apparition, phantom, ghost'; plural: eidola or eidolons) is a spirit-image of a living or dead person; a shade or phantom look-alike of the human form.

Literary use
The concept of Helen of Troy's eidolon was explored both by Homer and Euripides. Homer uses the concept as a free-standing idea that gives Helen life after death. Euripides entangles it with the idea of kleos, the one being the product of the other. Both Euripides and Stesichorus, in their works concerning the Trojan Horse, use the concept of the eidolon to claim that Helen was never physically present in the city at all.

The concept of the eidola of the dead has been explored in literature regarding Penelope, who in later works was constantly laboring against the eidola of Clytemnestra and later of Helen herself. Homer's use of eidola also extends to the Odyssey where, after the death of the suitors of Penelope, Theoclymenus notes that he sees the doorway of the court filled with them.

In Dream-Land, an 1844 poem by Edgar Allan Poe, an Eidolon rules over a realm haunted by "ill angels only" and reserved for the ones whose "woes are legion" and who "walk in shadow".

Walt Whitman's poem by the same name in 1876 used a much broader understanding of the term, expanded and detailed in the poem. In Whitman's use of the term we can see the use broaden to include the concept of an oversoul composed of the individual souls of all life and expanding to include the Earth itself and the hierarchy of the planets, Sun, stars and galaxy.

Clark Ashton Smith wrote a story called The Dark Eidolon, which chronicles the life and death of the dread sorcerer Namirrha.

In the Italian Disney comic book PKNA, there is a character named Odin Eidolon who is a body double for the character One.

In The Heroes of Olympus book series by Rick Riordan, entities referred to as eidolons (based on the Ancient Greek understanding of an eidolon) appear as occasional antagonists who take control of the bodies of several of the books' protagonists via their power of spirit possession. They first appear in the opening chapters of The Mark of Athena, the third book of the five-book series. They appear twice more over the course of the book before Piper McLean manages to permanently eject them using her charmspeak power.

Sandeep Parmar's Eidolon won the Ledbury prize for a second collection.

title: Eidolon


text: User talk:82.68.99.241

title: User talk:82.68.99.241


text:
Lamb

Lamb or The Lamb may refer to:
 * A young sheep
 * Lamb and mutton, the meat of sheep

Film, television, and theatre

 * The Lamb (1915 film), a silent film starring Douglas Fairbanks Sr. in his screen debut
 * The Lamb (1918 film), a silent short comedy starring Harold Lloyd
 * The Lamb (2014 film), a 2014 Turkish-German film
 * The Lamb (2017 film), a 2017 American animated film
 * Lamb (1985 film), a 1985 drama starring Liam Neeson
 * Lamb (2015 American film), a 2015 American film by Ross Partridge
 * Lamb (2015 Ethiopian film), a 2015 Ethiopian film
 * Lamb (2021 film), a supernatural drama film starring Noomi Rapace
 * LaMB, a 2009 animated telefilm
 * The Lambs, an American theatrical organization
 * The Lamb, an uncompleted film project by Garth Brooks about the fictional musician Chris Gaines
 * "Lambs", an episode of the television series Teletubbies

Literature

 * The Lamb (poem), a 1789 poem by William Blake
 * Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal, a 2002 novel by Christopher Moore
 * Lamb, a 1980 novel by Bernard MacLaverty

Music

 * Cainon Lamb (1978–), American record producer, known professionally as "Lamb" or "Lambo"
 * Lamb (rock band), a 1969–1973 American rock band
 * Lamb (electronic band), an English electronic music duo
 * Lamb (album), their self titled debut album from 1996
 * The Lamb (album), a 2018 album by Lala Lala
 * The Lamb (Tavener), a 1982 choral work by John Tavener
 * The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway or just The Lamb, a 1974 album by Genesis
 * Love. Angel. Music. Baby., a 2004 album by Gwen Stefani
 * "The Lamb", a song by Aphrodite's Child from 666
 * Edgar Sampson (1907–1973), American composer, saxophonist, and violinist, nicknamed "The Lamb"

Places

 * Lamb (island), East Lothian, an island in the Firth of Forth, Scotland
 * The Lamb, Bloomsbury, a pub in Bloomsbury, London, England
 * The Lamb Ground, a football stadium and home of Tamworth F.C., England
 * Lamb, Indiana, a community in the United States
 * Lamb, Missouri, a ghost town in the United States
 * Lamb County, Texas, a county in the United States
 * Lamb Dome, Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.

Products

 * L.A.M.B., a fashion line by American singer Gwen Stefani
 * Lamb's, a brand of rum

Religion

 * Lamb (liturgy), in the Orthodox Church, a cube of bread offered at the Divine Liturgy
 * Lamb of God, a metaphorical reference to Jesus Christ

Science

 * Lamb (crater), a lunar crater
 * Lamb., the botanical author abbreviation of Aylmer Bourke Lambert
 * LamB porin or Maltoporin, a membrane protein of gram-negative bacteria
 * LAMB syndrome or Carney complex, a medical condition

Other uses

 * Lamb (surname), a list of people with the last name
 * Auto-Moto Society of Latvia (LAMB), an FIA member organization
 * Light Armoured Motor Battery (LAMB), a unit of the British Army's Machine Gun Corps
 * The Lamb, a British racehorse; winner of the Grand National in 1868 and 1871

title: Lamb


text:
Talk:Glossary of golf

par?
"professional average result" sounds like a backronym to me, especially as the word 'par' has a meaning of 'equality' that predates golf. Does anyone have a reference for this supposed acronym? Varitek 16:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thinking about it, 'par' presumably predates professionalism, too. It's gotta be a backronym. Varitek 16:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Golf professionalism predates the first use of "par" (with respect to golf), which, according to the OED, was first used in 1898. Old Tom Morris, among others, was considered a professional some 30 years before, during the 1860's. This acronym has roughly the same legitimacy as the "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden" expression for the word "golf." -turnberry 15 Dec 2004
 * i.e., none whatsoever . . . Varitek 21:34, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

wikilinks
Birdie links to an article about the shuttlecock, chip, drive and shank to disambiguation pages that don't even mention golf, eagle and albatross to articles about the birds, and so on (I haven't tested them all). There seems to be no point in linking most of these terms to anything. Shantavira 17:44, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

I have now checked and removed all the spurious wikilinks as there is never likely to be a whole article about most of these terms. The links were just misleading. Shantavira 13:09, 17 July 2005 (UTC)

Gimmes vs conceded strokes
Can anyone elucidate the precise distinction here? At first wink it looks like terminology, or "formality" thereof or otherwise. Alai 04:08, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

Sandbagging
I don't think that it's a case of "most golfers consider it cheating" I think it's pretty straight forward lying or misrepresentation. The USGA rules of golf describe it at http://www.usga.org/playing/rules/rules_of_golf.html in section 6-2 and 6-6b. Basically giving a handicap that a golfer is not entitled to disqualifies him or her

Nineteenth Hole
Is it appropriate to add a reference to "The Nineteenth Hole" ? This is very common slang, in the UK at least, meaning the club house and specifically the bar in the club house. It is easily citable but may not be appropriate in a Glossary of Terms....? It is not obviously part of the rules but it is a custom that most golfers follow. There are more people who are more familiar with the concept of the nineteenth hole than with the name given to a stroke such as a "banana ball" or varieties of the game such as a "bye", terms which are included in this glossary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Matiu matiu (talk • contribs) 14:41, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

glaring omission
Someone with a command of both concepts and simplified explanation should undertake "Through the green", the most ubiquitous term in the rules of golf

 * Undertaken. Paul M. Parks (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 04:05, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

2007-02-7 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 00:14, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Schreckbagger
"Schreckbagger" looks like a plant to me, and it was also translated to wiktionary. Discussing here because of greater visibility...

Specifically, aside from the form of the definition (ps?), it is above Sandbagger rather than the appropriate alphabetical space.

...And I've never heard it, but I'm sure there are many words that come into that class. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.9.250.6 (talk) 02:43, 15 February 2007 (UTC).

 * This is pretty clearly vandalism. It was added in 23 October 2006 by an anonymous user who also made other unexplained and somewhat odd changes. The "has a swing like a dying octopus" (from his description for "Hack") might somehow mean something concrete in golf, but it looks like a plain insult. (Edit: Was not, in fact, removed. The words "dying octopus" were also still there, literally. I find this hard to believe.)

 * Almost all 56 Google hits for "Schreckbagger" are references or quotes from this article. I think that says it all.

--- Arancaytar - avá artanhé (reply) 15:06, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Don't see why a link to http://www.golfrewind.com/ is necessary. Looks like an easy way to drive traffic.

For the Car Bounce
Anyone really ever heard of this term? I intend to delete it. Also, hardly belongs under 'J'. JJ (talk) 13:17, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Formatting
It would be good if someone would propose a format for these terms that is consistent. The formatting is all over the mat. JJ (talk) 13:35, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

I agree with JJ. The syntax is also all over the place: some definitions are adverbial clauses ("When...," which a professional editor would not allow), noun phrases ("The act of..."), sentence fragments ("Refers to..."), complete sentences (the definition of "All Square"), and on and on. Most definitions in this article are noun phrases so the simplest fix would probably be to make them all noun phrases if someone has the patience and know-how to tackle it. Billfalls (talk) 22:20, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Up and Down
Would the author of this entry, or someone else who knows, fix the last sentence? 'A variation is called "up and in"' makes no sense as a sentence and is also ambiguous: do you mean that the phrase "up and in" means the same as "up and down" or has a slightly different meaning? Depending on the meaning, it would be clearer to say '"Up and in" is an equivalent expression' or 'The related term "up and in" refers to...,' followed by a definition. Billfalls (talk) 22:02, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Hole In One Insurance
Forgive me (first time poster) but I noticed the Hole in One Insurance entry includes this addendum: "Hole in one insurance is also available for individuals to cover the cost of a round of drinks in the event of them achieving a Hole in one."

Is that an example of someone vandalizing the page in jest? I lack the expertise to amend it myself, so I'm offering it to all of you. Alt-3 (talk) 17:55, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

No - it's true. I just fixed the link to Amex's Hole in One insurance product which specifically mentions this. GXDruid (talk) 20:18, 19 June 2011 (BST)

Plunk?
I can't find "plunk" mentioned anywhere except here and sites that quote the entry here. Zyxwv99 (talk) 23:08, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

Hanging lie
I don't see an entry here for "hanging lie." The OED defines it as a downhill lie sloping in the direction of play, dating from 1909, but most online golf dictionaries have it as "feet above the ball" or "feet below the ball." Google gives both of the last two definitions. One discussion board mentions the last two conflicting definitions, and says they are used with nearly equal frequency, slightly favoring the former. Probably the OEDs definition was the original, then the meaning shifted. Even though the term is now worse than ambiguous, a clarifying entry might be helpful. Zyxwv99 (talk) 23:16, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

Obsolete terms
I have added a link to "Obsolete golf clubs", but IMHO a good glossary should include terms that, while they may not be in common use (esp. in North America), are part of the literature and history and may still be in use in some places. I'll bet that at St. Andrews they still speak of "mashies". Most glossaries include some words marked as "old", "obsolete", "archaic", etc., and it would be good to have them all in one place so someone looking up a golfing word in a 1920s novel can find it here. I am an amateur philologist but not a golfer, so over to you golf aficianados! D A Patriarche (talk) 17:12, 27 February 2014 (UTC)

Green card
That's a thing, right? --Palosirkka (talk) 08:13, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

Template broken in A category
I cannot provide sources for Apron, it will not allow me to edit the text! Does anyone know how to repair the template data? Dengamlapotatisen (talk) 18:48, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Found a solution to add sources: Template talk:Defn - Wikipedia Dengamlapotatisen (talk) 08:41, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of golf


text:
J Harlen Bretz

J Harlen Bretz (2 September 1882 – 3 February 1981) was an American geologist, best known for his research that led to the acceptance of the Missoula Floods and for his work on caves.

Early life and education
Bretz was born on 2 September 1882, in the small town of Saranac in Ionia County, Michigan. He was the first of Oliver Joseph Bretz and Rhoda Maria Howlett's five children. His father was a farmer, and proud descendant of early German settler in Ohio, John Bretz.

The county's birth registry recorded his name as "Harlan J Bretz" at birth, but he was listed as "Harland J Bretz" on the 1900 United States Census. When he entered college in 1901, he applied as "J Harlen Bretz". At around the time he completed his graduate studies in 1913, he stopped using a point after the initial at "J". According to his two children, his given name was actually "Harley". Bretz's daughter Rhoda Bretz Riley went on to explain that "he invented the Harlen thing, just as he had invented the J in front of his name", though this contradicts official records. Most friends and associates just called him "Doc" in his later life.

Bretz earned an AB degree in biology from Albion College in 1905, then started his career as a high school History and Physiography (study of the physical features of the Earth's surface) teacher in Seattle. During this time, he became interested in the geology of Eastern Washington, and began studying the glacial geology of the Puget Sound area. He continued his studies at the University of Chicago where he earned his PhD in geology in 1913. He became an assistant professor of geology, first at the University of Washington and then the University of Chicago.

The Spokane floods: an outrageous hypothesis
In the summer of 1922, and for the next seven years, Bretz conducted field research of the Columbia River Plateau. Between the Summer of 1922 through 1931 he wrote 15 papers.

Since 1910 he had been interested in unusual erosion features in the area after seeing a newly published topographic map of the Potholes Cataract. Bretz coined the term Channelled Scablands in 1923 to describe the area near the Grand Coulee, where massive erosion had cut through basalt deposits. The area was a desert, but Bretz's theories required cataclysmic water flows to form the landscape, for which Bretz coined the term Spokane Floods in a 1925 publication.

Bretz published a paper in 1923, arguing that the Channelled Scablands in Eastern Washington were caused by massive flooding in the distant past. This was seen as arguing for a catastrophic explanation of the geology, against the prevailing view of uniformitarianism, and Bretz's views were initially discredited. However, as the nature of the Ice Age was better understood, Bretz's original research was vindicated, and by the 1950s his conclusions were also vindicated.

Bretz encountered resistance to his theories from the geology establishment of the day. The geology establishment was resistant to such a sweeping theory for the origin of a broad landscape for a variety of reasons, including lack of familiarity with the remote areas of the interior Pacific Northwest where the research was based, and the lack of status and reputation of Bretz in the eyes of the largely Ivy League-based geology elites. Furthermore, his theory implied the potential possibilities of a Biblical flood, which the scientific community strongly rejected. The Geological Society of Washington invited the young Bretz to present his previously published research at a meeting on 12 January 1927, where several other geologists presented competing theories. Bretz saw this as an ambush, and referred to the group as six "challenging elders". Their intention was to defeat him in a public debate, and thereby end the challenge his theories posed to their conservative interpretation of uniformitarianism.

Another geologist at the meeting, Joseph Pardee, had worked with Bretz and had evidence of an ancient glacial lake that lent credence to Bretz's theories. Pardee, however, lacked the academic freedom of Bretz, as he worked for the United States Geological Survey, so did not enter the fray.

Bretz defended his theories, kicking off an acrimonious 40-year debate over the origin of the Scablands. As he wrote in 1928, "Ideas without precedent are generally looked upon with disfavour and men are shocked if their conceptions of an orderly world are challenged".

Both Pardee and Bretz continued their research over the next 30 years, collecting and analysing evidence that eventually identified Lake Missoula as the source of the Spokane Floods and creator of the Channelled Scablands. Research on open channel hydraulics and NASA satellite images in the 1970s further vindicated Bretz's and Pardee's theories.

National Geographic observes: "As philosopher Thomas Kuhn observed, new scientific truths often win the day not so much because opponents change their minds, but because they die off. By the time the Geological Society of America finally recognized Bretz’s work with the Penrose Medal, the field’s highest honour, it was 1979 and Bretz was 96 years old. He joked to his son, "All my enemies are dead, so I have no one to gloat over."

Caves and karst
Bretz wrote an extremely influential paper on the morphology and origin of limestone caves in 1942, followed by detailed studies of the caves of Missouri in 1956, and Illinois with Stanley Harris, in 1961.

Later life
Bretz and his wife Fanny Belle Challis (1881–1972), whom he had met at Albion College, married in 1906, and had two children, Rudolf Challis Bretz and Rhoda Bretz Riley. The Bretz family settled in Homewood, Illinois where they bought property and constructed a Sears Catalog Home on it in 1921. Bretz nicknamed the property "Boulderstrewn" because of all the rocks and minerals he collected and was given that were placed around the property. He donated a portion of this collection to Albion College in the 1970s. Boulderstrewn was renowned for being an active place, where Bretz hosted many parties with students and faculty from the University of Chicago. His post-retirement body of work includes Geology of the Chicago Region (1955), The Caves of Missouri (1956), Washington's Channeled Scabland (1959), Caves of Illinois (1961), and Geomorphic History of the Ozarks (1965), in addition to his 1949 Incomplete Genealogy of the Family of John Bretz Of Fairfield Co, Ohio, with a Partial History of One Line of Descent in this Family.

Awards and honours
The National Speleological Society made Bretz an honorary member in 1954.

Bretz received the Penrose Medal, the Geological Society of America's highest award, in 1979, at the age of 96. After this award, he told his son: "All my enemies are dead, so I have no one to gloat over."

Each year at Albion College, the J Harlen Bretz Award is given to the most outstanding senior in the geology department.

A plaque was dedicated to Bretz in 1994 outside the Dry Falls Visitor Center at Dry Falls State Park in Coulee City, Washington that reads "Dedicated to J Harlen Bretz who patiently taught us that catastrophic floods may sometimes play a role in nature's unfolding drama".

title: J Harlen Bretz


text: User talk:193.198.140.76

title: User talk:193.198.140.76


text:
Oga

Oga or OGA may refer to:

Places

 * Oga, Akita, Tōhoku, Japan
 * Oga Peninsula, Japan
 * Oga, a frazione of Valdisotto, Italy

People

 * Oga Atsushi, a Japanese sumo wrestler
 * My Oga at the top, Nigerian Pidgin English term for "boss" or "leader"
 * Aragami Oga, a virtual YouTuber affiliated with Hololive Production

As an acronym and initialism

 * Office Genuine Advantage in Microsoft Office
 * Oil and Gas Authority, regulator of oil and gas operations in the United Kingdom
 * Old Gaffers Association
 * Open Genealogy Alliance
 * OGA, the IATA airport code for Searle Field airport, Ogallala, Nebraska
 * Other government agency, an initialism used in certain United States military contexts to refer to the Central Intelligence Agency or other governmental organizations embedded with military units

Other uses

 * Oga (Gojoseon), a political structure in the ancient Asian kingdoms of Gojoseon and Buyeo
 * .oga, an Ogg file containing audio
 * Protein O-GlcNAcase, an enzyme that removes the post-translational modification O-GlcNAc

title: Oga


text:
Talk:BRCA1

Untitled
Hypertechnical, not useful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 47.144.147.73 (talk) 18:44, 2 September 2018 (UTC)

Faulty gene
Some text in this article was originally taken from http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene=brca1 (public domain)

I altered this article by adding "faulty" into the sentence "Women and men who inherit a copy of this gene...". This is because it is not the gene which causes an increased risk of cancer, but the presence of a faulty copy of the gene. A faulty copy means the gene's tumour-suppressing abilities cannot be expressed.

It is good that at least a stub is present on the BRCA genes. However, it would be best if both of these were extensively modified. As a first pass, I'd like to see the following: 1. Differential between genetic/familial breast csncers in age of onset (BRCA mutations are far more common in early onset disease) 2. Discussion of associated risks including recurrence on the other side, risks to males carrying mutations, and risks to first degree relatives. 3. Discussion of other cancers at increased risk in BRCA mutaion carriers 4. discussion of differences in clinical presentation of BRCA1 vs BRCA2 carriers 5. Increased prevalence of mutations in Ashkenazi jews This is not my specific field, and it would be great for a specialist to edit these.

adding ProteinBoxBot content
Anyone have any thoughts on how/if we should merge the existing infobox with the one generated using the ProteinBoxBot (shown at right)?

AndrewGNF 22:47, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and replaced the existing protein box with the GNF_Protein_box. The later contained all the information in the former with the exception of information domains and motifs.  The the domain and motif information has been included in a new structure section.  Cheers.  Boghog2 (talk) 18:34, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Hispanics
JAMA - Hispanics in Northern California have a lot of BRCA1. JFW | T@lk  18:49, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Well, according to a forward article, those Hispanics are descendents of conversos who fled the Spanish Inquisition. Further, it refers to BCRA1 is a Jewish marker. See http://www.forward.com/articles/how-do-sephardic-jews-figure-into-the-genetic-equa/ Mulp (talk) 04:11, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Demographic distribution
The prevalence rates in different parts of the world, and among different ethnicities, should be stated on the article. F W Nietzsche (talk) 16:09, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Interactions
May I suggest that section be turned into a table? E.g. BRCA1 is know to interact with a number of molecules. They are: etc...Calaka (talk) 03:02, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Some of the interactions have been controversial (BRCA1 interacting with Xist comes to mind). Perhaps going over the list is in order.--Pjlmac (talk) 14:07, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yikes, what a mess. I second changing it to a table, and perhaps reviewing it (does each one really need 6 or 7 references?)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.155.40 (talk) 06:42, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I have converted the interaction list into a bulleted list and wrapped in a div col template specifying a fixed column width such that the number of columns dynamically adjusts to the width of the browser window. Does it look OK  now?  Boghog (talk) 21:17, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

This article would be easier to read and edit if we move this list of interactions (and their many references) to a separate article (BRCA1 interactions ?) ? Rod57 (talk) 14:45, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I am not sure that spliting out an interaction article is a good idea. For one thing, this creates extra work in creating and maintaining the new article with little if any benefit.  One of the justifications for adding lists of known protein-protein interactions to Gene Wiki pages was to reduce the number of orphan articles.  BRCA1 is an extreme example that interacts with many other proteins.  The interaction section is confined to its own section in the article, therefore I don't see how including this section in the BRCA1 article interferes with editing of the rest of the article. The readability problem may be a problem, especially when viewing with Internet Explorer before version 8 where the list is not displayed in columns.  The reference list on the other hand is very long.  This could be condensed somewhat by grouping citation and perhaps restricting the citation to review articles. Boghog (talk) 20:28, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

A general discussion of this topic is found at: Portal:Gene_Wiki/Discussion. Mikael Häggström (talk) 06:29, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

breast cancer
I have a lump behind my nipple which very painful itchy, and leaking substance. I have already had 1 course of antibiotics and it hasnt cleared, could this be just an abyss or breast cancer —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kazzies123 (talk • contribs) 21:37, 2 May 2010 (UTC)

Create BRCA_mutations_overview?
I am contemplating creating something like that for following purposes:
 * easy entry/link point for articles such as breast cancer
 * gathering epidemiologic and treatment relevant information as much of the available publications deal with all variants or do not distinguish them
 * giving pointers to stuff like jewish ashkenazi inteligence theory that would seem somewhat offtopic in either BRCA1/2 articles

Thoughts? Richiez (talk) 14:30, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * User:Mikael H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m was quicker and created BRCA mutation :) Richiez (talk) 20:27, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Virus Regulation Help?
Frank Ryan claims in Virolution, p. 142, that endogenous retroviral sequences help in the expression of BRCA-1 (and other human genes). Supposedly demonstrated by a Roy J Britten in 1996. Not sure if this useful in this context, though.

Effect on Gene Testing Edit
I am adjusting the wording in the 3rd paragraph of the "Effect on Gene Testing" section because it is lacking depth and, more importantly, citations.

The old paragraph read:
 * "However, the patents have yet to be enforced in Europe, where BRCA research and testing is becoming more widely available, and several laboratories are currently offering their own BRCA testing. The UK firm NewGene offers the test at a very competitive price, to the NHS, its owner, only."

The new Paragraph will read:
 * "However, the patents have yet to be enforced in Europe, where BRCA research and testing is becoming more widely available, and several laboratories are currently using their own genetic tests rather than pay expensive fees to Myriad.  Controversial issues surrounding European laboratories operating in violation to Myriad’s patents are absent because it seems that Myriad is not interested in actively enforcing their patents in Europe. Peter Meldrum, CEO of Myriad Genetics, affirms his stance that Myriad has “other competitive advantages that may make such [patent] enforcement unnecessary.” Jwalkfour (talk) 04:28, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Sourcing
just a heads up... there are way too many primary science papers used as sources for this article. It looks like a scientific review article instead of a wikipedia article. As per WP:PSTS secondary and tertiary sources are "go to" - primary sources are "to be avoided". I am going to try to scrape together some time to properly source this doggy.Jytdog (talk) 21:54, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I think secondary sources are more critical for the clinical parts of this article (Mutations and cancer risk and Germ line mutations and founder effect) than the scientific (gene, function, structure, interactions) (compare WP:MEDRS with WP:SCIRS). Please keep in mind that a secondary source is not automatically better than a primary source (e.g., a superficial review article published in an obscure journal vs a highly cited primary source in a peer reviewed journal). Of course, if relevant high quality review articles published in high impact journals are available, those should be used in preference to primary sources. Boghog (talk) 05:42, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks BogHog. I will source it well - we have no need to get into a pre-fight.   Quick note, though.  WP:SCIRS is an essay, not a policy or guideline.  The policies in WP:PSTS govern sourcing in all articles;  the guidelines in WP:MEDRS are within WP:PSTS and add additional requirements to WP:PSTS.  I'm guessing that one reason that WP:SCIRS only has essay status is because of the way it would promote primary sources beyond what policy allows.Jytdog (talk) 14:02, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Agree with Boghog - MEDRS is relevant for the clinical aspects but much less for underlying biology or etiology and pathogenesis sections. Even for the clinical aspects we need primary sources from time to time. Secondary sources are preferred but not when they are clearly outdated or insufficient. The clinical aspects should be in BRCA mutation though. Richiez (talk) 23:27, 26 February 2013 (UTC).
 * This is really not the place to have a sourcing debate; nor is it time yet b/c I haven't done anything. I will apply WP:PSTS and we will see what happens!Jytdog (talk) 23:55, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Just FYI, it wasn't me who deleted that citation. :) Jytdog (talk) 13:51, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * That is clear. :-) Boghog (talk) 14:02, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

Interactions list
I think that the Interactions list would look better without commas at the end, see |Wikipedia Manual of Style for bulleted lists, if the items on the bulleted list aren't sentences then they aren't necessary Mightyhansa (talk) 23:40, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

 * According to MOS:BULLETLIST, As a matter of style, list items should ... not have final punctuation unless they consist of complete sentences. The entire interaction list is a complete sentence (albeit a very long one). Also per Bulleted Lists, it is traditional to include a comma at the end of each fragment of a bulleted list. Boghog (talk) 00:17, 4 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Is reference to the APA style guidelines irrelevant here? Thousands of organisations have their own style manuals, with differing rules for bullet punctuation, but for Wikipedia content, surely only Wikipedia style manual should be consulted? The 'complete sentence' element of the wikipedia guidelines is refering to individual items within the whole list. None of the individual items in this list are complete sentences, so my interpretation of Wikipedia style is that no final punctuation is required. If this section is indeed one complete sentence, then should it not be written in continuous prose form with the necessary punctuation to seperate the list items? It is much easier for the reader to digest the list in its current bulleted form, this is also why I removed the final punctuation without consultation, because I felt they didn't help the reader in evaulating the list as well as being contrary to Wikipedia style. This isn't a massive deal, I'm sure the article will survive either way, it was only because a message was left on my user talk page, which I felt was better discussed here. Mightyhansa (talk) 21:30, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Sorry for being so insistent here, but the Wikipedia and APA style guides are in complete agreement. To reiterate, the Wikipedia guideline states unless they consist of complete sentences.  The entire interaction list is a complete sentence. Boghog (talk) 22:37, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
 * For background, the original list was added as a single comma delimited sentence here. I then converted this sentence to a bulleted list preserving the commas in this edit. Boghog (talk) 23:00, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia guidelines do indeed state unless they consist of complete sentences, but this is refering to list items. The individual items in this list are not complete sentences, just abbreviations, ergo, they don't need to have final punctuation. In the same section of the MOS, the examples provided also do not have final punctuation. Mightyhansa (talk) 22:14, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

Oncogene or Tumorsuppressorgene?
The introduction states BRCA1 is a proto-oncogene. To my knowledge however it is a tumor suppressor gene. This is also stated in the german version of this article.

A proto oncogen is defined as inducing tumor when activated. A tumor suppressor gene is preventing tumorigenesis as long as it is active.

Can anyone else comment on that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.246.2.54 (talk) 08:46, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note. The first paragraph of this article also states that BRCA1 us a tumor suppressor gene. The second paragraph doesn't state that BRCA1 is a proto-oncogene, but rather BRCA1 has been described as a breast cancer susceptibility gene. So far so good as there are reliable sources that support that claim (e.g., ).  The paragraph then goes on to state that cancer susceptibility genes in turn have been described as proto-oncogenes and then disputes this claim (first introduced in this edit).  To me, this sounds like a straw man argument.  As far as I can tell, a cancer susceptibility gene are not restricted to proto-oncogenes (where gain of function mutations cause cancer) but also include tumor suppressor genes (where loss of function mutations cause cancer).  This makes for rather confusing reading and should be simplified. Boghog (talk) 09:51, 23 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I have tried to remove the confusion in this edit. I hope it is clearer now. Boghog (talk) 10:35, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

link to brcaexchange.org
Please see Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Molecular_and_Cell_Biology -- Jytdog (talk) 19:38, 11 July 2017 (UTC)

Risk graphic
The UniProt database on P38398_1 (see ref. 28) states:"Mutations in BRCA1 are thought to be responsible for 45% of inherited breast cancer. Moreover, BRCA1 carriers have a 4-fold increased risk of colon cancer, whereas male carriers face a 3-fold increased risk of prostate cancer." The range given in the graphic is 50% to 65% (for females). It should be OBVIOUS that if 45% of *inherited* BC is caused by inherited BRCA1 mutations, then it is simply *impossible* that the entire "absolute risk" is greater. (Males' risk is 1/800 and can be ignored here). It's a huge flaw that the graphic mentions ovarian cancer but ignores colorectal cancer (4th most common, 2nd most fatal). (Uterine and pancreatic cancers are 8th & 9th in frequency (US Data)). The basic problem I have with the graphic is that there's likely to be 100's or 1000's of gene variants, some of which will be very dangerous, some of which may be protective. That is, the range of absolute risk should include 0% (and relative risk possibly negative). I think the current graphic should be removed and a better one used, if one can be found.40.142.183.146 (talk) 22:07, 25 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:BRCA1