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V-model

The V-model is a graphical representation of a systems development lifecycle. It is used to produce rigorous development lifecycle models and project management models. The V-model falls into three broad categories, the German V-Modell, a general testing model, and the US government standard.

The V-model summarizes the main steps to be taken in conjunction with the corresponding deliverables within computerized system validation framework, or project life cycle development. It describes the activities to be performed and the results that have to be produced during product development.

The left side of the "V" represents the decomposition of requirements, and the creation of system specifications. The right side of the "V" represents an integration of parts and their validation. However, requirements need to be validated first against the higher level requirements or user needs. Furthermore, there is also something as validation of system models. This can partially be done on the left side also. To claim that validation only occurs on the right side may not be correct. The easiest way is to say that verification is always against the requirements (technical terms) and validation is always against the real world or the user's needs. The aerospace standard RTCA DO-178B states that requirements are validated—confirmed to be true—and the end product is verified to ensure it satisfies those requirements.

Validation can be expressed with the query "Are you building the right thing?" and verification with "Are you building it right?"

Types
There are three general types of V-model.

V-Modell
"V-Modell" is the official project management method of the German government. It is roughly equivalent to PRINCE2, but more directly relevant to software development. The key attribute of using a "V" representation was to require proof that the products from the left-side of the V were acceptable by the appropriate test and integration organization implementing the right-side of the V.

General testing
Throughout the testing community worldwide, the V-model is widely seen as a vaguer illustrative depiction of the software development process as described in the International Software Testing Qualifications Board Foundation Syllabus for software testers. There is no single definition of this model, which is more directly covered in the alternative article on the V-Model (software development).

US government standard
The US also has a government standard V-model which dates back about 20 years like its German counterpart. Its scope is a narrower systems development lifecycle model, but far more detailed and more rigorous than most UK practitioners and testers would understand by the V-model.

Validation vs. verification
It is sometimes said that validation can be expressed by the query "Are you building the right thing?" and verification by "Are you building it right?" In practice, the usage of these terms varies.

The PMBOK guide, also adopted by the IEEE as a standard (jointly maintained by INCOSE, the Systems engineering Research Council SERC, and IEEE Computer Society) defines them as follows in its 4th edition:
 * "Validation. The assurance that a product, service, or system meets the needs of the customer and other identified stakeholders. It often involves acceptance and suitability with external customers. Contrast with verification."
 * "Verification. The evaluation of whether or not a product, service, or system complies with a regulation, requirement, specification, or imposed condition. It is often an internal process. Contrast with validation."

Objectives
The V-model provides guidance for the planning and realization of projects. The following objectives are intended to be achieved by a project execution:

 * Minimization of project risks: The V-model improves project transparency and project control by specifying standardized approaches and describing the corresponding results and responsible roles. It permits an early recognition of planning deviations and risks and improves process management, thus reducing the project risk.
 * Improvement and guarantee of quality: As a standardized process model, the V-model ensures that the results to be provided are complete and have the desired quality. Defined interim results can be checked at an early stage. Uniform product contents will improve readability, understandability and verifiability.
 * Reduction of total cost over the entire project and system life cycle: The effort for the development, production, operation and maintenance of a system can be calculated, estimated and controlled in a transparent manner by applying a standardized process model. The results obtained are uniform and easily retraced. This reduces the acquirer's dependency on the supplier and the effort for subsequent activities and projects.
 * Improvement of communication between all stakeholders: The standardized and uniform description of all relevant elements and terms is the basis for the mutual understanding between all stakeholders. Thus, the frictional loss between user, acquirer, supplier and developer is reduced.

Systems engineering and verification
The systems engineering process (SEP) provides a path for improving the cost-effectiveness of complex systems as experienced by the system owner over the entire life of the system, from conception to retirement.

It involves early and comprehensive identification of goals, a concept of operations that describes user needs and the operating environment, thorough and testable system requirements, detailed design, implementation, rigorous acceptance testing of the implemented system to ensure it meets the stated requirements (system verification), measuring its effectiveness in addressing goals (system validation), on-going operation and maintenance, system upgrades over time, and eventual retirement.

The process emphasizes requirements-driven design and testing. All design elements and acceptance tests must be traceable to one or more system requirements and every requirement must be addressed by at least one design element and acceptance test. Such rigor ensures nothing is done unnecessarily and everything that is necessary is accomplished.

Specification stream
The specification stream mainly consists of:
 * User requirement specifications
 * Functional requirement specifications
 * Design specifications

Testing stream
The testing stream generally consists of:
 * Installation qualification (IQ)
 * Operational qualification (OQ)
 * Performance qualification (PQ)

The development stream can consist (depending on the system type and the development scope) of customization, configuration or coding.

Applications
The V-model is used to regulate the software development process within the German federal administration. Nowadays it is still the standard for German federal administration and defense projects, as well as software developers within the region.

The concept of the V-model was developed simultaneously, but independently, in Germany and in the United States in the late 1980s:

 * The German V-model was originally developed by IABG in Ottobrunn, near Munich, in cooperation with the Federal Office for Defense Technology and Procurement in Koblenz, for the Federal Ministry of Defense. It was taken over by the Federal Ministry of the Interior for the civilian public authorities domain in summer 1992.
 * The US V-model, as documented in the 1991 proceedings for the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE; now INCOSE as of 1995), was developed for satellite systems involving hardware, software, and human interaction.
 * The V-model first appeared at Hughes Aircraft circa 1982 as part of the pre-proposal effort for the FAA Advanced Automation System (AAS) program. It eventually formed the test strategy for the Hughes AAS Design Competition Phase (DCP) proposal. It was created to show the test and integration approach which was driven by new challenges to surface latent defects in the software. The need for this new level of latent defect detection was driven by the goal to start automating the thinking and planning processes of the air traffic controller as envisioned by the automated enroute air traffic control (AERA) program. The reason the V is so powerful comes from the Hughes culture of coupling all text and analysis to multi dimensional images. It was the foundation of Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications (STOP) created by Hughes in 1963 and used until Hughes was divested by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1985.
 * The US Department of Defense puts the systems engineering process interactions into a V-model relationship.

It has now found widespread application in commercial as well as defense programs. Its primary use is in project management and throughout the project lifecycle.

One fundamental characteristic of the US V-model is that time and maturity move from left to right and one cannot move back in time. All iteration is along a vertical line to higher or lower levels in the system hierarchy, as shown in the figure. This has proven to be an important aspect of the model. The expansion of the model to a dual-Vee concept is treated in reference.

As the V-model is publicly available many companies also use it. In project management it is a method comparable to PRINCE2 and describes methods for project management as well as methods for system development. The V-model, while rigid in process, can be very flexible in application, especially as it pertains to the scope outside of the realm of the System Development Lifecycle normal parameters.

Advantages
These are the advantages V-model offers in front of other systems development models:

 * The users of the V-model participate in the development and maintenance of the V-model. A change control board publicly maintains the V-model. The change control board meets anywhere from every day to weekly and processes all change requests received during system development and test.
 * The V-model provides concrete assistance on how to implement an activity and its work steps, defining explicitly the events needed to complete a work step: each activity schema contains instructions, recommendations and detailed explanations of the activity.

Limitations
The following aspects are not covered by the V-model, they must be regulated in addition, or the V-model must be adapted accordingly:

 * The placing of contracts for services is not regulated.
 * The organization and execution of operation, maintenance, repair and disposal of the system are not covered by the V-model. However, planning and preparation of a concept for these tasks are regulated in the V-model.
 * The V-model addresses software development within a project rather than a whole organization.

title: V-model


text:
User:Dave Hudson

Dave Hudson
I'm originally from Middlesbrough, North East England, but am currently living in Birmingham, Central England.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dave Hudson


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Albert Herring

Albert Herring, Op. 39, is a chamber opera in three acts by Benjamin Britten.

Composed in the winter of 1946 and the spring of 1947, this comic opera was a successor to his serious opera The Rape of Lucretia. The libretto, by Eric Crozier, was based on Guy de Maupassant's novella Le Rosier de Madame Husson, with the action transposed to an English setting.

Composition history
After having composed and staged The Rape of Lucretia, Britten decided he should attempt a comedy, preferably set in England. Crozier suggested adapting the Maupassant short story Le rosier de Madame Husson and transplanting it to the Suffolk landscape already familiar to Britten from his home in Snape. Britten composed Albert Herring at his home, The Old Mill at Snape, in the winter of 1946 and the spring of 1947. He scored the opera for the same instrumental forces he had used in his first chamber opera The Rape of Lucretia, intending it like the earlier opera for performance by the English Opera Group.

Performance history and reception
The opera premiered on 20 June 1947 at Glyndebourne, conducted by the composer. According to one writer, the owner and founder of Glyndebourne, John Christie, "disliked it intensely and is said to have greeted members of the first night audience with the words: 'This isn't our kind of thing, you know'." Some 38 years later Glyndebourne's 1985 production was "one of the most successful the opera has had".

The opera received its U.S. premiere on 8 August 1949 at the Tanglewood Music Festival. In 1949, Britten's English Opera Group toured with both Rape of Lucretia and Albert Herring, giving ten performances between 12 and 23 September in Copenhagen and Oslo. An almost complete recording of one of the Copenhagen performances has been released commercially.

Sviatoslav Richter called it "the greatest comic opera of the century" and in 1983 staged Albert Herring as part of the December Nights Festival at Moscow's Pushkin Museum.

The opera was performed at Buenos Aires's Teatro Colón in 1972. The Chicago premiere was given by Chicago Opera Theater in 1979. In 2008–2010, over 55 performances were given by companies such as those at Glyndebourne and the Portland Opera in Oregon (2008 season); the Opéra-Comique in Paris and the Opéra de Normandie in Rouen (2009);and, for 2010, at the Landestheater in Linz, the Finnish National Opera in Helsinki and the Santa Fe Opera. The Santa Fe production was given by the Los Angeles Opera in 2011. Vancouver Opera presented the work, in a co-production with Pacific Opera Victoria, in 2013.

Australian television production
Australian television aired a live performance in 1959. This was at a time when Australian TV productions were rare.

Synopsis

 * Time: April and May 1900
 * Place: Loxford, a small market town in East Suffolk, England

Act 1
Housekeeper Florence Pike is run ragged. Her mistress Lady Billows is organising the annual May Day festival and has gathered all the important people of the village to elect the May Queen. But Florence has dug up dirt on every single girl nominated, proving that none is worthy to wear the once-much-coveted crown. Lady Billows is depressed. Superintendent Budd suggests that the solution may be to select, this year, a May King instead. He knows of a young man in town who is as certainly virginal as the girls are not: Albert Herring.

Working at the greengrocer's, Albert is teased for his timidity by the easygoing butcher Sid. Sid's girlfriend Nancy comes in to do some shopping, and the couple shares a tender moment while Albert looks on. The lovers leave, and Albert reflects on his miserable existence under his mother's thumb. The Festival Committee arrives with the news of his selection as May King. Mrs. Herring is thrilled by the prize of £25, but Albert balks at being paraded in swan-white and mother and son quarrel to the mocking commentary of the village children.

Act 2
It is the day of the festival. Sid and Nancy are preparing the banquet tent, and they take the opportunity to slip some rum into Albert's lemonade glass. Together with a crown of flowers and the gruesome but improving Foxe's The Book of Martyrs, Albert is awarded twenty-five pounds in prize money. Asked to make a speech, he is tongue-tied and becomes an object of pity at the feast in his honour, but after draining his lemonade glass (which Britten satirically underlines with a Tristan chord, alluding to the philter in that opera). and having a fit of hiccups he manages a few hip-hip, hurrahs.

That night, Albert arrives home alone and quite drunk. In the street, Sid keeps a rendezvous with Nancy, and the two discuss their sympathetic pity for Albert before going off together. This is the breaking point for Albert, who has overheard. He takes the prize money and heads out looking for adventure.

Act 3
The next morning Albert has not returned, and the village is in a panic. Superintendent Budd is leading the search, while the guilt-stricken Nancy tends to Mrs. Herring. A boy shouts that a "Big White Something" has been found in a well, and the village worthies file in to break the news en masse that Albert's crown of flowers has been discovered, crushed by a cart. A lengthy threnody of grief follows, but is interrupted by the surprise return of Albert. He thanks the Festival Committee for funding his night out. They, in turn, are outraged by his tale of drunken debauchery and leave in a huff. Albert finally stands up to his mother and invites the village children into the shop to enjoy some fruit at his expense.

Musical style and character themes
Albert Herring is a musically complex work, despite its somewhat light-hearted subject matter. The text is genuinely humorous, and the score, while matching the text in character, includes myriad musical quotations as well as some complex forms. Like Peter Grimes and other works by Britten, this opera explores society's reaction to an odd individual, although, in this case at least, it is from a generally humorous and lighthearted perspective. Some of Britten's contemporaries saw in the title character a satirical self-portrait of the composer.

Recordings
There are five audio recordings of Albert Herring and one DVD recording, with the following artists:

title: Albert Herring


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Canada Geographic Information System

The Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) was an early geographic information system (GIS) developed for the Government of Canada beginning in the early 1960s. CGIS was used to store geospatial data for the Canada Land Inventory and assisted in the development of regulatory procedures for land-use management and resource monitoring in Canada.

At that time, Canada was beginning to realize problems associated with its large land mass and attempting to discern the availability of natural resources. The federal government decided to launch a national program to assist in management and inventory of its resources. The simple automated computer processes designed to store and process large amounts of data enabled Canada to begin a national land-use management program and become a foremost promoter of geographic information systems (GIS).

CGIS was designed to withstand great amounts of collected data by managing, modeling, and analyzing this data very quickly and accurately. As Canada presented such large geospatial datasets, it was necessary to be able to focus on certain regions or provinces in order to more effectively manage and maintain land-use. CGIS enabled its users to effectively collect national data and, if necessary, break it down into provincial datasets. Early applications of CGIS benefited land-use management and environmental impact monitoring programs across Canada.

Development
In 1960, Roger Tomlinson was working at Spartan Air Services, an aerial survey company based in Ottawa, Ontario. The company was focused on producing large-scale photogrammetric and geophysical maps, mostly for the Government of Canada. In the early 1960s, Tomlinson and the company were asked to produce a map for site-location analysis in an east African nation. Tomlinson immediately recognized that the new automated computer technologies might be applicable and even necessary to complete such a detail-oriented task more effectively and efficiently than humans. Eventually, Spartan met with IBM offices in Ottawa to begin developing a relationship to bridge the previous gap between geographic data and computer services. Tomlinson brought his geographic knowledge to the table as IBM brought computer programming and data management. The Government of Canada began working towards the development of a national program after a 1962 meeting between Tomlinson and Lee Pratt, head of the Canada Land Inventory (CLI). Pratt was charged with creation of maps covering the entire region of Canada's commercially productive areas by showing agriculture, forestry, wildlife, and recreation, all with the same classification schemes. Not only was the development of such maps a formidable task, but Pratt understood that computer automation may assist in the analytical processes as well. Tomlinson was the first to produce a technical feasibility study on whether computer mapping programs would be a viable solution for the land-use inventory and management programs, such as CLI. He is also given credit for coining the term "geographic information system" and is recognized as the "Modern Father of GIS."

CGIS continued to be developed and operated as a stand alone system by the Government of Canada until the late 1980s, at which point the widespread emergence of commercial GIS software slowly rendered it obsolete. In the early 1990s, a group of volunteers successfully extracted all of the data from the old computer tapes, and the data made available on GeoGratis.

title: Canada Geographic Information System


text:
Spalacidae

The Spalacidae, or spalacids, are a family of rodents in the large and complex superfamily Muroidea. They are native to eastern Asia, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East, and southeastern Europe. It includes the blind mole-rats, bamboo rats, mole-rats, and zokors. This family represents the oldest split (excluding perhaps the Platacanthomyidae) in the muroid superfamily, and comprises animals adapted to a subterranean way of life. These rodents were thought to have evolved adaptations to living underground independently until recent genetic studies demonstrated they form a monophyletic group. Members of the Spalacidae are often placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

Characteristics
Spalacids are mouse- to rat-sized rodents, adapted to burrowing and living underground. They have short limbs, wedge-shaped skulls, strong neck muscles, large incisor teeth, and small eyes and external ears. In the zokors, which dig primarily with their feet, rather than their teeth, the front claws are also massively enlarged. These features are least extreme in the bamboo rats, which spend at least some of their time above ground, foraging for food. They are most highly developed in the blind mole-rats, whose eyes are completely covered by skin, and entirely lack external ears or tails.

All of the spalacid species dig extensive burrows, which may include storage chambers for food, latrine chambers, and breeding nests. They are generally solitary animals, and do not share their tunnel complexes with other individuals. All the species are herbivores, feeding on roots, bulbs, and tubers.

They give birth to litters of up to six young after a gestation period between three and seven weeks, depending on the species. As with many other muroids, the young are born blind, hairless, and helpless. They may stay with the mother for several months before setting off to establish their own burrows, although some species disperse as soon as they are weaned.

Characteristics
Norris et al. listed several characteristics present in all members of this family which distinguish them from the rest of the muroids, (the clade Eumuroida). These are "the reduction or absence of external eyes, reduced pinnae, stocky body, short tail (<50% head and body length), broad rostrum, triangular-shaped braincase, infraorbital canal ovoid shape and does not extend ventrally to the roof of the palate, zygomatic plate absent or much reduced, nasolacrimal canal inside infraorbital canal, incisive foramina small to medium-sized, extensive neck musculature and prominent points of attachment on the occipitum, minimal reduction in M3 relative to M1 and M2, and a distinct orientation of the manubrium of the malleus bone."

Classification
The spalacids are classified in three subfamilies, six genera, and 37 species.

Family Spalacidae
 * Subfamily Myospalacinae - zokors
 * Genus Myospalax
 * Myospalax myospalax species group
 * False zokor, M. aspalax
 * Siberian zokor, M. myospalax
 * Myospalax psilurus species group
 * Transbaikal zokor, M. psilurus
 * Genus Eospalax
 * Chinese zokor, E. fontanierii
 * Rothschild's zokor, E. rothschildi
 * Smith's zokor, E. smithii
 * Subfamily Rhizomyinae
 * Tribe Rhizomyini - bamboo rats
 * Genus Rhizomys
 * Hoary bamboo rat, R. pruinosus
 * Chinese bamboo rat, R. sinensis
 * Large bamboo rat, R. sumatrensis
 * Genus Cannomys
 * Lesser bamboo rat, C. badius
 * †Genus Brachyrhizomys (Miocene to Pleistocene)
 * Tribe Tachyoryctini
 * Genus Tachyoryctes - African mole-rats
 * Ankole African mole-rat, T. ankoliae
 * Mianzini African mole-rat, T. annectens
 * Aberdare Mountains African mole-rat, T. audax
 * Demon African mole-rat, T. daemon
 * Kenyan African mole-rat, T. ibeanus
 * Big-headed African mole-rat, T. macrocephalus
 * Navivasha African mole-rat, Tachyoryctes naivashae
 * King African mole-rat, T. rex
 * Rwanda African mole-rat, T. ruandae
 * Rudd's African mole-rat, T. ruddi
 * Embi African mole-rat, T. spalacinus
 * Northeast African mole-rat, T. splendens
 * Storey's African mole-rat, T. storeyi
 * Subfamily Spalacinae - blind mole-rats
 * Genus Spalax
 * Mehely's blind mole-rat, S. antiquus
 * Sandy blind mole-rat, S. arenarius
 * Giant blind mole-rat, S. giganteus
 * Bukovina blind mole-rat, S. graecus
 * Oltenia blind mole-rat, S. istricus (possibly extinct)
 * Greater blind mole-rat, S. microphthalmus
 * Kazakhstan blind mole-rat, S. uralensis
 * Podolsk blind mole-rat, S. zemni
 * Genus Nannospalax - small-bodied mole-rats
 * Subgenus Nannospalax
 * Middle East blind mole-rat or Palestine mole-rat, N. ehrenbergi
 * Subgenus Mesospalax
 * Lesser blind mole-rat, N. leucodon
 * Anatolian blind mole-rat or Nehring's blind mole-rat, N. xanthodon

title: Spalacidae


text:
Seongdeok of Silla

Seongdeok Daewang (reigned 702–737) was the thirty-third king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. He was the second son of King Sinmun, and the younger brother of King Hyoso. In 704 Seongdeok married Lady Baeso 陪昭夫人 (Queen Seongjeong 成貞), the daughter of Gim Wontae. In 715 their son, Junggyeong 重慶, was named Crown Prince and heir presumptive. Shortly thereafter, and for reasons unclear but quite likely having to do with a power struggle at court between the king and the clan of the queen, Queen Seongjeong was evicted from the palace in 716. As further evidence of a possible power struggle, the next year Junggyeong died under circumstances that remain unknown. Following the fall from favor of his first wife, King Seongdeog married Sodeok in 720, the daughter of the minister Gim Sun-won. Kings Hyoseong and Gyeongdeok were among the children of Seongdeok and Sodeok.

Despite suggestions of continued power struggles between aristocratic and royal prerogative, the reign of King Seongdeok is seen by most Korean scholars as the apogee of the Unified Silla state. Relations between Silla and Tang China reached unparalleled levels of cooperation. This accommodation following years of confrontation and competition over hegemony in Korea had much to do with Tang‘s realization that Silla would prove more valuable as an ally on its flank than as a rival, during a period when Tang was facing continued challenges to its authority in the far west and on the northern steppes – by Tibet, the Malgal, dynamic Islamic forces emerging out of Central Asia, as well as the state of Balhae, which had emerged in the late 7th century from the ruins of the old Goguryeo state. Indeed, troubled by an increasingly confrontational Balhae (which had actually launched a seaborne attack against Tang in 733), in 733 the Tang emperor Xuanzong enfeoffed King Seongdeok as Military Commander of Ninghai (Ninghai junshi 寧海軍使) with orders to chastise the Balhae/Malgal state. Though King Seongdeok did in fact launch a northern campaign that same year, it was foiled by a blizzard.

Silla, too, was concerned by the Balhae resurgence. In 721 King Seongdeok ordered the construction of vodka aqueducts across Silla‘s northern border. Remnants of this wall can still be seen in what is today South Hamgyǒng province, North Korea. Plagued as well by the raids of Japanese pirates along the southern coast, the following year (and quite likely with the same laborers) Seongdeok also had a large fortress erected near the capital of Gyeongju that extended ten kilometers in circumference. According to the Samguk Yusa, a 13th-century Korean record of history and fable that deals with the period in question, the fortress (known as Mobeol prefectural fortress) required the labor of nearly 40,000 men, a massive mustering of manpower that is testimony of the increasing power of the centralized monarchy. The reign of Seongdeok also bears evidence of continued attempts at reforming the land system of Silla. The dispersal of “able–bodied land” (jeongjeon 丁田) is first mentioned as taking place in the twenty–first year of King Seongdeok (722). The exact nature of able–bodied land is disputed since almost no corroborating evidence remains. However, based on the title, it would seem to be land distributed to able bodied commoners, though whether to work or own outright is unclear. In any case, whatever its precise nature, it would appear to be an attempt to buttress royal authority by nurturing relations with the peasantry at the expense of the land holding aristocracy.

In fitting culmination to Seongdeok‘s reign, and symptomatic of improving relations with Tang, in 735 Tang Emperor Xuanzong formally granted the Silla king the territory south of the Pae River (the modern Taedong River running through Pyongyang), land that had been held at least formally by Tang ever since the 7th century and the Tang–Silla campaigns that had toppled Goguryeo.

Seongdeok‘s reign was one of relative prosperity and peace. As one Korean scholar has contended, during his rule "...the paramount authority of the throne was finally secured, and with this accomplished the kingdom at last was able to enjoy unaccustomed domestic tranquility.".

According to one account in the Samguk Sagi, Seongdeok invented Korea's first water clock, in Korean nugak  漏刻, in 718. However, this is likely a mistaken rendering of Nugakjeon 漏刻典, for elsewhere the Samguk Sagi relates that in 718 was established for the first time the Nugakjeon, or Office of Timekeeping. Regarding the death date of Seongdeok, as period Chinese histories record that in the second month of 737 a Tang envoy was dispatched to confer investiture upon Seongdeok's successor (later King Hyoseong) as King of Silla, it has been posited that King Seongdeok in fact died in 736.

Family
Parents Consorts and their respective issue:
 * Father Sinmun of Silla (r. 681–692) (김정명)
 * Grandfather: Munmu of Silla (626–681; reigned 661–681
 * Grandmother: Queen Jaeui, of the Kim Clan (자의왕후 김씨;d.681)
 * Mother: Queen Sinmok of the Kim clan (신목왕후 김씨;d. 700)
 * Queen Seongjeong (성정왕후 김씨), of the Kim clan, the daughter of Kim Wontae (김원태)
 * Daughther: Queen Saso (사소부인)
 * Son-in-law: Kim Hyo-bang (김효방), a son of Kim Won–hoon (김원훈)
 * Grandson: King Seondeok of Silla–the 37th King of Silla
 * Son: Crown Prince Kim Jung–gyeong (태자였 김중경)
 * Queen Sodeok (소덕왕후 김씨), of the Kim clan, the daughter of the minister Gim Sun-won (김순원)
 * Son: Hyoseong of Silla–was the 34th King of Silla
 * Son: Gyeongdeok of Silla– was the 35th King of Silla
 * Unknown Concubine
 * Son: Prince Suchung (수충)

title: Seongdeok of Silla


text: Talk:Seongdeok of Silla

title: Talk:Seongdeok of Silla


text:
Cessna AT-17 Bobcat

The Cessna AT-17 Bobcat or Cessna Crane is a twin-engine advanced trainer aircraft designed and made in the United States, and used during World War II to bridge the gap between single-engine trainers and larger multi-engine combat aircraft. The commercial version was the Model T-50, from which the military versions were developed.

Design and development
In 1939, three years after Clyde Cessna retired, the Cessna T-50 made its first flight, becoming the company's first twin-engine airplane, and its first retractable undercarriage airplane. The prototype T-50 first flew on 26 March 1939, and was issued Approved Type Certificate 722 on 24 March 1940.

The AT-8, AT-17, C-78, UC-78, and Crane were military versions of the commercial Cessna T-50 light transport. The Cessna Airplane Company first produced the wood and tubular steel, fabric-covered T-50 in 1939 for the civilian market, as a lightweight and lower cost twin for personal use where larger aircraft such as the Beechcraft Model 18 would be too expensive. A low-wing cantilever monoplane, it featured retractable main landing gear and trailing edge wing flaps, both electrically actuated via chain-driven screws. The retracted main landing gear left some of the wheels extended below the engine nacelle for emergency wheel-up landings. The wing structure was built around laminated spruce spar beams, truss-style spruce and plywood ribs, and plywood wing leading edges and wing tips. The fixed tailwheel is not steerable, but can be locked straight. The Curtiss Reed metal fixed-pitch propellers were soon replaced with Hamilton Standard 2B-20-213 hydraulically-actuated, constant-speed, non-featherable propellers. Power was provided by two 225 hp Jacobs L-4MB radial engines rated at 245 hp for takeoff. Production began in December 1939.

US military
On 19 July 1940, United States Assistant Secretary of War Louis A. Johnson ordered 33 AT-8 trainers, based on the T-50 for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Modifications included cockpit roof windows, more powerful 290 hp Lycoming R-680 engines and military radios. The first AT-8 was delivered to the USAAC in December 1940, and in late 1941, the US Army ordered an additional 450 AT-17s, based on the T-50. Modifications included additional cockpit windows and 245 hp Jacobs R-755-9 engines. Production for the U.S. Army Air Corps continued under the designation AT-17 reflecting a change in equipment and engine types. In 1942, the U.S. Army Air Force (the successor to the Air Corps from June 1941) ordered the Bobcat as a light transport as C-78s, which were redesignated as UC-78s on 1 January 1943. By the end of World War II, Cessna had produced more than 4,600 Bobcats for the U.S. Army, 67 of which were transferred to the United States Navy as JRC-1s. The Navy used the aircraft primarily for shuttling crews of ferry flights to and from their home bases. The Bobcat was given the nickname "Bamboo Bomber" in US service. Few Bobcats were still in service with the United States Air Force when it was formed in September 1947, and the type was declared obsolete in 1949.

Royal Canadian Air Force
In September 1940, the Royal Canadian Air Force ordered 180 Crane Mk.I trainers, Cessna's largest order to date. Modifications for the RCAF included Hartzell fixed-pitch wooden propellers, removable cylinder head baffles, and oil heaters. The first Crane Mk.I was delivered to the RCAF in November 1940, and Cessna then received an additional order from the RCAF for 460 more Crane Mk.Is. An additional 182 AT-17A were received by the RCAF through lend-lease, operated under the designation Crane Mk.IA, bringing the total produced for the RCAF to 822, which were operated under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP).

Other operators
In addition to military orders, the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA, precursor to the FAA) ordered 13 T-50s, and Pan American Airways ordered 14 T-50s. Aircraft operated by the US military and by the RCAF were retired shortly after the end of the war and many were exported worldwide including to Brazil and the Nationalist Chinese.

After the war, surplus AT-17s and UC-78s could be converted with CAA-approved kits to civilian-standard aircraft allowing their certification under the original T-50 approved type certificate. They were used by small airlines, charter and bush operators, and private pilots. Some were operated on floats. By the 1970s, the number of airworthy aircraft had dwindled as they were made obsolete by more modern types and by the maintenance required by their aging wood wing structures and fabric covering. Since then, several have been restored by antique airplane enthusiasts.

As of December 2017, FAA records show 52 T-50s, two AT-17s, and five UC-78s listed on its registration database.

Notable appearances in media
It was featured in the popular television series Sky King of the early-to-mid 1950s. The aircraft was replaced in later episodes by the T-50's successor, the all-metal Cessna 310. One also stood in for Japanese twin engine bombers in the low level attack scene on the US PT boat base in the 1963 film, PT-109

Company designations

 * T-50:fitted with Jacobs L-4MB radial piston engines.
 * P-7: experimental T-50 with more powerful 300 hp Jacobs L-6MB engines, and plywood covered tailplane and wings, one built, first flown 2 June 1941.
 * P-10: 1941 advanced bomber trainer with modified fuselage, sliding canopy and 330 hp Jacobs engines, one built.

USAAC/USAAF designations

 * AT-8: Military advanced trainer with two 295 hp Lycoming R-680-9 radial piston engines, 33 built.
 * AT-17: As per AT-8 but powered by 245 hp Jacobs R-755-9 (L-4) engines, 450 built, some later converted to AT-17E.
 * AT-17A: As per AT-17 but with metal propellers and reduced weight, 223 built. 182 to Canada as Crane Mk.IAs and later conversions to AT-17Fs.
 * AT-17B: As per AT-17A but with equipment changes, wooden propellers and reduced weight, 466 built. Subsequent aircraft were built as UC-78Bs.
 * AT-17C: As per AT-17A but different radio equipment, 60 built.
 * AT-17D: As per AT-17C with equipment changes, 131 built.
 * AT-17E: AT-17 with gross weight limited to 5300 lb.
 * AT-17F: AT-17A with gross weight limited to 5300 lb.
 * AT-17G: AT-17B with gross weight limited to 5300 lb.
 * C-78: Transport with variable-pitch propellers, became UC-78 in 1943, 1354 built.
 * UC-78: C-78 redesignated in 1943
 * UC-78A: 17 civilian T-50s impressed.
 * UC-78B: AT-17B redesignated, 1806 built.
 * UC-78C: AT-17D redesignated, 131 AT-17Ds redesignated and 196 built.

US Navy designation

 * JRC-1: Navy light transport version of the UC-78 with two Jacobs -9 engines, 67 delivered.

RCAF designations

 * Crane Mk.I: 640 T-50s with minor equipment changes.
 * Crane Mk.IA: 182 AT-17As delivered to RCAF under lend-lease.

Operators

 * Brazilian Air Force (operated 39 from 1943 to 1956)
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Royal Canadian Air Force (operated 822 from 1941 to 1949)
 * No. 3 Service Flying Training School RCAF (SFTS) — Calgary, Alberta
 * No. 4 SFTS — RCAF Station Saskatoon
 * No. 10 SFTS — RCAF Station Dauphin
 * No. 11 SFTS — RCAF Station Yorkton
 * No. 12 SFTS — RCAF Station Brandon
 * No. 15 SFTS — RCAF Station Claresholm
 * No. 1 Flying Instructor School — RCAF Station Trenton
 * No. 2 Flying Instructor School — RCAF Station Vulcan/RCAF Station Pearce
 * No. 3 Flying Instructor School — RCAF Station Arnprior
 * Central Flying School — RCAF Station Trenton
 * Queen Charlotte Airlines
 * Air Force of Costa Rica (operated one in 1948)
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * Ethiopian Air Force (operated two from 1946 to 1965)
 * French Air Force and French Navy (operated eight from 1943 to 1951)
 * Guatemalan Air Force (received one in 1949)
 * Haiti Air Corps (operated four from 1943 to 1995)
 * Nicaraguan Air Force (received two in 1947)
 * North Yemen
 * Yemeni Air Force (operated three from 1950 to 1958)
 * Republic of China Air Force (operated 15 from 1946 to 1950)
 * Peruvian Air Force (operated nine from 1945 to 1958)
 * LOT Polish Airlines (operated 14 in 1946-1950)
 * Civil Aeronautics Authority
 * United States Army Air Corps/United States Army Air Forces
 * United States Navy
 * Northern Consolidated Airlines
 * Wiggins Airways
 * Wisconsin Central Airlines
 * Friedkin Airlines
 * LOT Polish Airlines (operated 14 in 1946-1950)
 * Civil Aeronautics Authority
 * United States Army Air Corps/United States Army Air Forces
 * United States Navy
 * Northern Consolidated Airlines
 * Wiggins Airways
 * Wisconsin Central Airlines
 * Friedkin Airlines
 * Wisconsin Central Airlines
 * Friedkin Airlines

Surviving aircraft

 * 7729 Crane Mk.I at Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada Winnipeg, Manitoba
 * 7829 Crane Mk.I at Western Development Museum Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan
 * 7862 Crane Mk.I at Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum Hamilton, Ontario
 * 8139 Crane Mk. I N1238N Ser#1632 Wings of War Museum, Palmyra, PA
 * 8676 Crane Mk.I at Canada Aviation and Space Museum Ottawa, Ontario
 * 8778 Crane Mk. IA Reynolds-Alberta Museum, Wetaskiwin, Alberta
 * 8841 Crane Memorial Military Museum, Campbellford, Ontario
 * UC78B Crane AF42-72074 at Bomber Command Museum of Canada Nanton, Alberta
 * Cessna Crane (serial unknown) at Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum Brandon, Manitoba
 * 42-72157 UC-78B Bobcat at Pima Air & Space Museum Tucson, Arizona
 * 42-71626 UC-78B Bobcat at National Museum of the United States Air Force Dayton, Ohio
 * 43-32549 UC-78 Bobcat at the National WASP WWII Museum at Avenger Field in Sweetwater, Texas

title: Cessna AT-17 Bobcat


text:
Rune poem

Rune poems are poems that list the letters of runic alphabets while providing an explanatory poetic stanza for each letter. Four different poems from before the mid-20th century have been preserved: the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem, the Norwegian Rune Poem, the Icelandic Rune Poem and the Swedish Rune Poem.

The Icelandic and Norwegian poems list 16 Younger Futhark runes, while the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem lists 29 Anglo-Saxon runes. Each poem differs in poetic verse, but they contain numerous parallels between one another. Further, the poems provide references to figures from Norse and Anglo-Saxon paganism, the latter included alongside Christian references. A list of rune names is also recorded in the Abecedarium Nordmannicum, a 9th-century manuscript, but whether this can be called a poem or not is a matter of some debate.

The rune poems have been theorized as having been mnemonic devices that allowed the user to remember the order and names of each letter of the alphabet and may have been a catalog of important cultural information, memorably arranged; comparable with the Old English sayings, Gnomic poetry, and Old Norse poetry of wisdom and learning.

English
The Old English Rune Poem as recorded was likely composed in the 7th century and was preserved in the 10th-century manuscript Cotton Otho B.x, fol. 165a – 165b, housed at the Cotton library in London, England. In 1731, the manuscript was lost with numerous other manuscripts in a fire at the Cotton library. However, the poem had been copied by George Hickes in 1705 and his copy has formed the basis of all later editions of the poems.

George Hickes' record of the poem may deviate from the original manuscript. Hickes recorded the poem in prose, divided the prose into 29 stanzas, and placed a copper plate engraved with runic characters on the left-hand margin so that each rune stands immediately in front of the stanza where it belongs. For five of the runes (wen, hægl, nyd, eoh, and Ing) Hickes gives variant forms and two more runes are given at the foot of the column; cweorð and an unnamed rune (calc) which are not handled in the poem itself. A second copper plate appears across the foot of the page and contains two more runes: stan and gar.

Van Kirk Dobbie states that this apparatus is not likely to have been present in the original text of the Cotton manuscript and states that it's possible that the original Anglo-Saxon rune poem manuscript would have appeared similar in arrangement of runes and texts to that of the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems.

Norwegian
The Norwegian Rune Poem was preserved in a 17th-century copy of a destroyed 13th-century manuscript. The Norwegian Rune Poem is preserved in skaldic metre, featuring the first line exhibiting a "(rune name)(copula) X" pattern, followed by a second rhyming line providing information somehow relating to its subject.

Icelandic
The Icelandic Rune Poem is recorded in four Arnamagnæan manuscripts, the oldest of the four dating from the late 15th century. The Icelandic Rune Poem has been called the most systemized of the rune poems (including the Abecedarium Nordmannicum) and has been compared to the ljóðaháttr verse form.

The Icelandic rune poem is shown below with English translation side-by-side from Dickins:

Swedish
The Old Swedish rune poem is possibly the youngest of the four, first being recorded in a letter that was published in 1908. The text may be corrupt and it has received relatively little attention from runologists.

Abecedarium Nordmannicum
Recorded in the 9th century, the Abecedarium Nordmannicum is the earliest known catalog of Norse rune names, though it does not contain definitions, is partly in Continental Germanic and also contains an amount of distinctive Anglo-Saxon rune types. The text is recorded in Codex Sangallensis 878, kept in the St. Gallen abbey, and may originate from Fulda, Germany.

title: Rune poem


text:
File:EchternachGospelsLionImage.GIF

Image of Lion symbol of St. Mark from the Echternach Gospels.

title: File:EchternachGospelsLionImage.GIF


text: User:MacGyverMagic/Ripper victims

title: User:MacGyverMagic/Ripper victims


text:
Dorothy Miles

Dorothy "Dot" Miles (19 August 1931 – 30 January 1993, née Squire) was a Welsh poet and activist in the deaf community. Throughout her life, she composed her poems in English, British Sign Language, and American Sign Language. Her work laid the foundations for modern sign language poetry in the United States and the United Kingdom. She is regarded as the pioneer of BSL poetry and her work influenced many contemporary Deaf poets.

From 1957 to 1977, Miles lived as an expatriate in the United States. In 1967, she joined the National Theatre of the Deaf. She then returned to the United Kingdom, where she became a key member of the British Deaf Community. By the early 1990s, Miles was experiencing manic depression. In 1993, Miles died by suicide, falling from a second-floor window.

Biography
Miles (née Squire) was born 19 August 1931 in Holywell, Flintshire, North Wales, daughter of James and Amy Squire (née Brick). She was the youngest of five surviving children. In 1939 she contracted cerebrospinal meningitis, which left her deaf. She was educated at the Royal School for the Deaf and the Mary Hare School. In 1957, at the age of 25, she went to the United States to take up a place at Gallaudet College, sponsored in part by the British Deaf and Dumb Association. During her time at the college she became the first member of a junior class to be a member of the Gallaudet Phi Alpha Pi honour society, was in the 1961 edition of "Who's Who in American Colleges and Universities", edited the student magazines and won prizes for both her prose writing and poetry and for acting. Some of her work was published in The Silent Muse, an anthology of selected writings by deaf authors of the last 100 years. She also wrote the Bison's song.

She married a fellow student, Robert Thomas Miles, in September 1958. They separated in 1959. She graduated in 1961 receiving a BA with distinction. She worked in the United States as a teacher and counsellor for deaf adults. In 1967, she joined the newly founded National Theatre of the Deaf and began to create sign language poetry that deaf people – as well as hearing people – could appreciate.

In 1975, Miles left the NTD to work with the campus service for the deaf at California State University, Northridge. She returned to live in England in the autumn of 1977, after twenty years in the United States. Miles was soon involved in the National Union of the Deaf's Open Door (BBC TV) pioneering television programme (in which she performed her poem Language for the Eye) and was involved in discussions that led to the See Hear television series. She took work with the British Deaf Association, working on various projects. She compiled the first teaching manual for BSL tutors and became involved in setting up the Council for the Advancement of Communication with Deaf People (CACDP). She also worked on the BDA dictionary.

For a while she worked as a self-employed writer, lecturer and performer, becoming involved in promotion of sign language teaching and training of tutors and deaf theatre. She was involved in setting up and then teaching on the British Sign Language Tutor Training Course – the first university course for training deaf people to become BSL tutors. She also wrote the best-selling BBC book BSL – A beginner's guide, which was published to complement the television series.

Suicide
By the early 1990s, Miles was a key figure in the British Deaf Community. She died on 30 January 1993 when she fell from the window of her second-floor flat. The inquest at St. Pancras Coroner's Court concluded that she killed herself while experiencing manic depression.

Legacy
Miles is regarded as a key figure in the literary heritage of sign language and the deaf community. It has been suggested that she is the source of most of the sign language poetry performed today. She was passionate about deaf issues, culture and sign language and longed to bridge the gap between deaf and hearing people. The Dorothy Miles Cultural Centre was established by a group of both Deaf and hearing friends in her memory. She features as one of a series of portraits of notable deaf artists painted by Nancy Rourke.

The Dorothy Miles Cultural Centre was a well-loved organisation based in Surrey, spreading British Sign Language and raising Deaf Awareness in the community. This mantle was taken up by Dot Sign Language, which took over when the Cultural Centre closed. Dot Sign Language continues to teach qualifying British Sign Language courses in Woking and Guildford, as well as Deaf Awareness workplace training. They spend many hours working in the community, in Schools, Scout troops, Brownies and all other youth groups, so that all youngsters can see BSL in action, in real life and interact with Deaf people. They have such a high pass rate and such outstandingly successful teaching methods that they were shortlisted for award and recognition in January 2017 by the examining body 'Signature'.

In April 2024 a Purple Plaque (celebrating Remarkable Women in Wales) was unveiled outside Dorothy's childhood home, 27 Westbourne Avenue, Rhyl by her niece, Liz Deverill.

title: Dorothy Miles


text:
Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius

The Criticize Lin (Biao), Criticize Confucius Campaign (also called the Anti-Lin Biao, Anti-Confucius campaign) was a political and intellectual campaign started by Mao Zedong and his wife, Jiang Qing, the leader of the Gang of Four. It lasted from 1973 until the end of the Cultural Revolution, in 1976.

The campaign continued in several phases, beginning as an academic attempt to interpret Chinese history according to Mao's political theories. In 1974 the campaign was joined with another, pre-existent campaign to criticise Lin Biao, who had allegedly attempted to assassinate Mao in a failed coup before his death in 1971. In early 1975 the campaign was modified to indirectly criticise China's Premier, Zhou Enlai, and other senior Chinese leaders. In mid-1975 the Gang of Four introduced debate on Water Margin as a tool for criticism of their opponents. The campaign ended in 1976, when the Gang of Four were arrested.

Stages of the campaign
The events that occurred during the "Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius" campaign were "complex and often confusing", but can be identified as occurring through four main phases. The first phase of the campaign began after the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, in 1973. Following this session, Mao encouraged public discussions focused on criticizing Confucius and Confucianism, and on interpreting aspects of historical Chinese society within a Maoist theoretical perspective.

These initial debates focused on interpreting the issues of slavery, feudalism, and the relationship between Confucianism and Legalism according to the social theories published by Mao and Karl Marx. Confucius himself was condemned as a defender of slavery and a denigrator of women who had hindered China's development by resisting historical progress.

In late 1973 to early 1974 the second phase of the campaign began, when the Chinese public were encouraged to adopt criticism of Confucius in a great "study campaign". The universities were mobilized to deliver special courses to workers and peasants, State propaganda photographs depicted Chinese farmers supposedly carrying on "intense debates".

The criticisms of Confucius merged with a pre-existent campaign to criticize Lin Biao, who was condemned as a "capitalist roader" by his enemies among a radical faction of the Party led by Jiang Qing. With the deployment of the campaign it became clear that "criticism of Lin Biao and Confucius" was directed not so much against the "enemies of the past," as against the "enemies of today." During this phase, Mao's image was identified with that of China's first emperor, Qin Shihuang (glossed as an anti-Confucian Legalist). Praise was given to Qin based on his popular association with Mao.

The revolutionary operas (yangbanxi) were used as an ideological tool during the campaign, and their promotion through official state channels surged in 1974.

The third phase began after Zhou Enlai reorganized the State Council during the 4th National People's Congress, in January 1975. At the People's Congress, Zhou brought many cadres back to work who had been forced out of power during the 1966–1969 phase of the Cultural Revolution. In comparison with the first stage of the Cultural Revolution, the rehabilitated leaders led by Zhou were able to exercise significant influence.

Feeling strong support from his supporters on 31 January 1974 at the enlarged meeting of the Politburo, Zhou was able to strongly request not to involve the armed forces in a campaign for "four great freedoms", namely, writing, free expression of opinions and extensive discussion, and general criticism. Deng Xiaoping, who was among those rehabilitated under Zhou, sought to turn the campaign back against the radical faction by linking Confucius to resistance to modernisation and better education – goals that Deng was pursuing at the time, against the radicals' opposition.

Because they had supported the purging of many career Communist Party veterans during the early Cultural Revolution, the radical faction, now dominated by the Gang of Four, opposed Zhou's efforts and began to subtly criticize him and his policies. In particular, they used the ongoing anti-Confucius campaign to attack the 12th century BC Duke of Zhou, a major figure in Confucianism, whose name recalled that of Zhou Enlai.

The fourth and final phase of the campaign coincided with Zhou's illness and hospitalization. After 1974, the campaign against Lin Biao and Confucius reached its climax, and soon subsided. However, beginning in the summer of 1975 the Gang of Four started a new campaign, introducing public debates on The Water Margin and the "war on empiricism" as a tool to criticise Zhou and their other enemies, notably Deng, which sidelined "criticism of Confucius." Deng Xiaoping then took many of Zhou's responsibilities, acting as premier in Zhou's absence until Deng was again forced out of power, in 1976.

After Mao died, the Gang of Four also directed a campaign against Hua Guofeng, who was named Mao's successor. The campaign ended with Hua's arrest of the Gang of Four, in October 1976. The Anti-Lin, Anti-Confucius campaign was the last campaign of the Maoist era, and with the demise of the Gang of Four, such campaigns were largely abandoned as a feature of Chinese politics.

Theoretical focus
A main theoretical focus of the campaign was to advance the principle articulated by Mao that the masses are the motive force of history.

Although the campaign was used as a political tool by the Gang of Four, it did produce a genuine attempt to interpret historical Chinese society within the context of Mao's political theories. Maoist theorists attempted to use what they knew about the stone-age Dawenkou culture to produce evidence that a slave society had existed in Chinese history, just as Mao had described. These Maoist theorists used the recurrent patterns of peasant revolts, which have occurred throughout Chinese history, as evidence that the common people had consistently rejected both feudalism and the Confucian ideology that supported it. After their vitriolic denunciations of Confucianism, radical theorists attempted to interpret all of Chinese history as a long episode of conflict between the forces of Confucianism and Legalism, and attempted to identify themselves as modern Legalists.

During the campaign, critique groups formed at Tsinghua University and Peking University; they produced commentaries under the name "Liang Xiao," a pseudonym that sounds like a person's name but which is a homophone for "two schools."

The campaign was an intense moment in 20th Century Chinese intellectual history, combining both specialist scholarship and with an openness to mass study. There was a spike in new political economy texts produced for a lay audience (as opposed to party members or university students), and mass dissemination of information made thousands of documents and articles available to ordinary Chinese, including worker-formed study "groups for theory" in factories. Workers writing groups also collaborated with specialists on drafting texts, such as the 1976 Political Economy in Front of the Smelting Furnace (Lianganglu qian de zhengzhi jingjixue) by the theory group of Shanghai Number 5 Steel Factory and the Fudan University philosophy and economics departments. The campaign resulted in reprints and new editions of classic Legalist writings as well as historical reconstructions of their debates with the Confucians. It also provided the impetus for archeological excavations.

Local level
Ordinary people in China generally viewed the campaign as an attack on elitism in China's Confucian tradition, particularly given the campaign's denunciation of the Confucian principle shang zun xia yu er bu yi (meaning that it is a general rule that the elites are respectable and the ordinary people are stupid).

During the campaign, some dormant radicals on the local level resumed political activities, one such example was the Hangzhou incident of 1975, which was put down with a massive deployment of troops.

title: Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius


text:
3rd Gorkha Rifles

The 3rd Gorkha Rifles or Third Gorkha Rifles, abbreviated as 3 GR is an Indian Army infantry regiment. It was originally a Gurkha regiment of the British Indian Army formed in 1815. This regiment recruit mainly Magars and Gurung tribes. They were present at a number of actions and wars including the siege of Delhi in 1857 to the First and Second World Wars. After the Partition of India in 1947 the regiment was one of the six Gorkha regiments transferred to the Indian Army as part of the Tripartite Agreement signed between India, Nepal and Britain at the time of Indian independence. Prior to independence, the regiment was known as the 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles. In 1950 the regiment's title was changed to 3rd Gorkha Rifles. Since 1947 the regiment has participated in a number of conflicts including the 1947 and 1971 wars against Pakistan.

Formation to 1885
The regiment was raised during the Gurkha War by Sir Robert Colquhoun on 24 April 1815 as the Kemaoon Battalion. It did not consist entirely of Gurkhas but of men from Kumaon and Garhwal. The regiment adopted the tartan of the Clan Colquhoun.

The regiment was primarily used to police the border with Nepal, doing so for many decades until the Indian Mutiny began in 1857. The battalion was actively involved in the efforts to quell it. During the siege of Delhi—which lasted from March to September 1857—the regiment, part of Colonel Colin Campbell's Third Column, took part in the storming of Kashmiri Gate and gained the Battle Honour "Delhi 1857". The mutiny was quelled by July 1858.

The regiment, having been brought into the line of the Bengal Army, was briefly titled the 18th Bengal Native Infantry in 1861 before the regiment gained its present numeral designation when it became the 3rd Gurkha (The Kumaon) Regiment. The regiment saw service in an expedition to Bhutan shortly after the name change. In 1878 the Second Afghan War began and the regiment, as part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade of the Kandahar Field Force, took part in the march to seize Kandahar. The field force successfully captured the city on 8 January 1879, having experienced great hardship on the march there. The following year the Kandahar Force began the march towards the Afghan capital Kabul to join Major-General Roberts force in an attempt to consolidate their situation in the country. During the journey, near Ghaziri, the force were attacked by a large force of Afghan tribesmen at Ahmad Khel on 19 April 1880. The fighting that ensued was intense and the field force's situation was in the balance until the Afghan forces were successfully repulsed when the 3rd Gurkha formed an infantry square.

1885–1914
The regiment took part in the Third Burmese War after it began in 1885 and operations concluded by the following year under First Brigade. In 1887 the 2nd Battalion was formed, consisting entirely of Garhwalis, but this was separated from the regiment in 1890 to form the 39th (The Garhwal) Regiment of Bengal Light Infantry. A new 2nd Battalion for the 3rd Gurkha was raised that same year and in 1891 the regiment was designated a rifle regiment, becoming the 3rd Gurkha (Rifle) Regiment.

The 3rd Gurkhas took part in numerous campaigns in the volatile North-West Frontier, including the 1st Battalion's participation in the storming of the Dargai Heights on 20 October 1897 during the Tirah Campaign. The battalion was part of the Tirah Field Force intended to put down a large tribal revolt by the Afridi and Orakzais, orchestrated by Afghanistan. The 3rd Gurkhas took part in the advance into the Tirah Region, meeting resistance from tribal forces before moving on to help relieve Fort Lockheart and Fort Gulistan. After this was done the force marched on Dargai where they intended to take the heights above Dargai, controlled by tribal forces.

The heights had originally been taken by the Tirah force on 18 October but they were ordered to withdraw, coming under attack as they did so and allowing the tribal force to return to the heights and strengthen their positions. The operation to retake the heights began with an artillery bombardment at 10:00 am on 20 October. The regiment took part in the initial assault, positioned at the forefront of the attack with the 2nd Gurkha Rifles and the 1st Dorsets. They advanced methodically, moving up the slopes until they charged towards the enemy but sustained heavy casualties and became pinned down. The battle raged on for hours until, after the tribal positions were subject to an artillery bombardment, a final charge was made by the 1st Gordons, followed by the Gurkhas and 3rd Sikhs. The tribal defenders wilted in the face of the charge and the heights were taken later that day.

In 1907 the title was changed to become the 3rd The Queen's Own Gurkha Rifles in honour of Alexandra of Denmark, queen consort of King Edward VII, and the following year the title became more specific when it became the 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles.

First World War
In August 1914 the First World War began and the regiment's battalions actively participated on the Western Front and in the Middle East.

In 1916, a clerical error gave the regiment a 4th Battalion when 4/3rd, instead of 3/4th, was written on the order for the raising of a battalion for the 4th Gurkha Rifles. The following year a 3rd Battalion for the 3rd Gurkhas was formed.

Western Front
The 2nd Battalion, as part of the 20th (Garhwal) Brigade of the 7th (Meerut) Division, was sent to France a few months after the declaration of war in 1914.

The battalion's first large-scale action came at La Bassée that had commenced on 12 October as part of a period known as the "Race to the Sea". The battalion was involved in the defence of Festubert in November and Givenchy in December, during a bitter winter that the Gurkhas were no doubt unaccustomed to having spent the pre-war period on the sub-continent.

The battalion remained on the Western Front until late 1915. At the Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10–13 March) the Garhwal Brigade advanced successfully during the initial offensive and the 2nd Battalion took part in fierce fighting during the battle. In May it was involved in the battles of Festubert and Aubers. In September the battalion took part in the Battle of Loos which saw the regiment awarded its first Victoria Cross. The VC action took place on 25 September when Rifleman Kulbir Thapa of the 2nd Battalion performed with distinction near the village of Fauquissart, becoming the first Gurkha recipient of the award.

The Battle of Loos was the battalion's last action on the Western Front and it left the 7th Division with the rest of the Garhwal Brigade for Egypt in December 1915 after the brigade became an independent unit.

Middle East
After its arrival in Egypt the 2nd Battalion saw active service against the Ottoman Empire and later took part in the Palestine campaign, the second largest campaign by force totals during the First World War. It fought in the Autumn Offensive, seeing their first action during the Battles of Gaza. It was involved in many other actions during the campaign, including the Battle of Mughar Ridge in November 1917 and the capture of Jerusalem in December. On 19 September 1918, just a few months before the conclusion of the war, the Megiddo Offensive, began and the battalion was involved in the capture of Sharon. For its part in the campaign the 3rd Gurkhas gained seven Battle Honours and the Theatre Honour "Palestine 1917–18" after such honours were granted to units in the 1920s.

On 10 April 1918 at El Kefr in Egypt, Karanbahadur Rana of the 2nd Battalion became the regiment's second VC recipient after distinguishing himself in an encounter with Ottoman forces, and was the last VC recipient of the regiment.

Elsewhere the 1st Battalion, from 1917, took part in the Mesopotamian Campaign (now Iraq), gaining only a single Battle Honour in the process. It was achieved at the last battle of the campaign, at the Battle of Sharqat (28–30 October 1918).

Interwar period
The First World War concluded with the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918 but this gave the regiment no respite. It took part in the Third Afghan War in 1919 and spent much of their inter-war years in the North West Frontier and Burma. The post-war reductions saw the regiment reduced to its pre-war establishment. The 3rd Battalion was disbanded in 1920 and the mistakenly raised 4th Battalion followed in 1922.

Second World War
The regiment was actively involved in Second World War and, as had happened during the First World War, the regiment was expanded to meet its commitments. The 3rd Battalion was re-raised in 1940, followed by the 4th Battalion in 1941. During the conflict, the regiment fought in a number of theatres, including North Africa, Italy and Burma. During the North African campaign, the 2nd Battalion fought at Tobruk, where they were brought in as reinforcements at the height of the battle and suffered misfortune almost immediately, when they were partially overrun by the Germans, losing almost two hundred men as prisoners of war, although many of these managed to escape later.

Post Independence

India gained its independence in 1947 and the regiment was one of six Gurkha regiments (out of 10) to be allocated to the Indian Army as part of the Tripartite Agreement between Britain, India and Nepal. The regiment retained its title until 1950 when India was proclaimed a Republic and the regiment became the 3rd Gorkha Rifles. It remains in existence and consists of five battalions.

The Regiment won the Battle Honour 'Pir Kanthi' in the Uri Sector in the war of 1948 and 'Shingo' in the Kargil Sector in war of 1971. 1/3 GR has the distinction of being the first battalion in the post-independence period to carry out amphibious operations during the 1971 Indo-Pak War. Colonel J.R. Chitnis, CO 1/3 GR, was honoured with the Ashoka Chakra posthumously—India's highest peacetime medal for valour—in Nagaland in 1956.

On 3 December 1997, a statue was unveiled in London in honour of the Gurkhas. A quote from Sir Ralph Turner, a former officer in the 3rd Gurkhas, was inscribed on the memorial: "Bravest of the brave, most generous of the generous, never had country more faithful friends than you."

Uniforms
In its early years as the Kemaoon Battalion, the regiment wore green uniforms with white (after 1828 black) facings. As the 3rd Gurkhas from 1861, rifle green uniforms with black cuff facings were adopted to be worn with the round peakless Kilmarnock cap common to all Gurkha regiments. As was the practice with all Gurkha rifle regiments, black metal buttons and insignia were to remain features of the dress uniforms of the 3rd GR. Khaki drill was worn for active service and hot-weather dress from 1878 on. Shorts were adopted by the 3rd GR in 1900, at the same time as the wide brimmed "Kashmir" slouch hat came into general use. The latter had a green edged "pugri" (wide khaki band) as a regimental distinction. While the historic dark green ceased to be worn after World War I, except as part of officers' mess uniforms and a few other limited categories, the Kilmanock cap survived as a dress item until modern times.

title: 3rd Gorkha Rifles


text:
Talk:Iron(III) oxide

JMOL 3D image
Does not look right, 3D image is flattened, has no third dimension? Not sure how to change that section, it should be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.151.5.169 (talk) 18:25, 5 December 2012 (UTC) gdgdvdgdvgddddhddhf2ibhtiuhuj2ohy8uhn4iurh3bhuwvrhgfbf wgfefffghfvfg fgvgfyvfyfgyfgfyfbfhfveffefsfuyegegfvfgf gffvffhgvvhvbfhfbngjbbfjbfjfnfnjfnffjmfnjnnfffnffjhfbhfbfjhfbfhfhffbjhfbvvvbhjbvvghbhfenmbjnfffffffffffffffffffffffffff≈ffffffffff — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:4041:55BD:DB00:4CDD:60DC:336F:FE9C (talk) 00:10, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Thermite
Why does this page say that Iron(III) oxide is used in thermite, when it actually seems more likely that the oxidation state of 2 for Iron would be used in this reaction(because it is combustible)? See the article on Iron(II) oxide.

 * In the thermite reaction the iron oxide NOT burning in oxygen, so combustibility is not an issue. Rather, the iron oxide is an oxidising agent, which oxidises aluminium metal to aluminium oxide.  For this purpose the more strongly oxidising iron(III) oxide is preferred, though iron(II) oxide probably still works.  Also, iron(III) oxide is much commoner, and that is probably a factor as well.

 * Believe me this does work! When I was in high school we had a student doing Al/Fe2O3 thermite reactions on Parents Day.  He was grinding up his mixture (about 250 grams!) when the headmaster + several parents were in the lab, and the whole lot went up, destroying the boy's shirt and filling the lab with thick smoke.  No one hurt, but rather embarrassing, and rather dramatic.....! Walkerma 22:15, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I have added a reference to back this up, sorry it's from 1945! Most modern books shun descriptive chemistry like this, unfortunately. I have removed the disputed notice.  There was a (hidden) comment disputing a bold claim about Fe2O3 magnetic storage being #1, I have hidden this section because there are no refs to back it up.  I suspect that it was true at one time, but in the days of CDs and DVDs it may well no longer be true. If someone has a reference to back it up then it is there ready to put back in.  Walkerma 22:43, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Iron(II) oxide will work in a thermite reaction, but it is rarely available in a lab! It will slowly oxidise in air to magnetite. Physchim62 (talk) 04:44, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm a physist, and my comment might therefore be misplaced. However, it seems to me that the article confuses two  iron oxide minerals (hematite and magmhemite), which in fact have the same chemical formula, but which differ widely in properties and applications. For instance hematite is antoferromagnetic or weakly ferromagnetic and has a hexagonal structure, whereas maghemite is ferrimagnetic and has a cubic/spinel structure. jarihj

29 December 2005

HELP
okay, so we know that Iron Oxide is Fe2O3 ... but whats the actually Balanced Equation????? I know the wording equation (Iron + Oxygene = Iron Oxide), but what is the balanced equation. Fe02 ... but how much of Fe? I cant work it out. I'm a yr9 student, and i really need to know to finnish my corrosion and risting project. Thanks - Lilly Harrington --124.178.99.18 12:09, 30 July 2006 (UTC)Lilly Harrington

 * Sorry, we can't do your homework for you. It's aFe + bO2 → cFe2O3, and you have to figure out what a, b, and c are so that both sides have the same number of both kind of atoms. —Keenan Pepper 22:44, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

What about Body disposal? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.181.210.112 (talk) 03:09, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Poop
Is poop really the term? the article mentioned a very fine poop used in rouge, but this really didn't make sense to me. Could it be vandalism or am I missing a really technical term? I substituted "precipitate" RSido 00:48, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No it isn't the term - if you look the previous edit was an anon changing "powder" into "poop". How hilarious of them, I've never seen anything so funny on Wikipedia before.  If you see something like that, look at the history and check the recent edits - words like "gay" and "poop" or obscenities are nearly always vandalism.  Fortunately the bots usually find them. Thank you for catching that, which obviously slipped through!  Walkerma 07:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

The three Is
Hi. I don't know how I ended up here, but the only thing I was interested in finding out isn't mentioned on the page. Could someone add a short paragraph explaining what the three IIIs in iron(III) oxide mean for those initiates such as I? Thanks. Dennywuh 01:00, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It is a Roman numeral 3, and it indicates that the oxidation state of the iron here is +3. If you write it as an ionic structure, that means the iron has a charge of +3.  There is another iron oxide where the iron has a +2 oxidation state, and that is called iron(II) oxide. Walkerma 02:55, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

iron(III) solutions
Anyone got any ideas on how to make iron(III) solutions??

Decomposition
Can someone add the decomposition for iron (III) oxide? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.255.7.186 (talk) 13:50, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Phase name flatchantala
What is this? I think it is the epsilon-phase. Waht means flatchantala, I never heard it before. Jürgen (07 March 2012)153.96.149.2 (talk) 13:41, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Qdiderot (talk • contribs) 10:39, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

 * This was vandalism from Jan. 2012. The vandalism has been reverted.Ggpauly (talk) 02:23, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

thermite casting
Is there really a need for citation at the end of this paragraph from the article?

This process is used to weld thick metals such as rails of train tracks by using a ceramic container to funnel the molten iron in between two sections of rail. Thermite is also used in weapons and making small-scale cast-iron sculptures and tools.[citation needed]

I assume the doubted claim is the one about thermite being used to make sculptures and tools. I have used thermite to cast jewelry - I used the commercially available cadwelding material to produce a pair of copper alloy rings for my wife and I. I even took pictures if there's any doubters. The rings were nice enough but not really what the wife wanted and the copper turned my skin green. the point is though that metal casting can be and is done with thermite. Qdiderot (talk) 10:46, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

oxides in oxygen busters ?
Hi, I found out from the technical sales guy at Dessicare that the oxygen busters that they use in food products have iron in them which oxidises over time and then becomes Iron Oxide II and Iron Oxide III - I would like to know if this can be added to soil in my garden (and everyone's gardens) and if it is fine to do so. The main purpose is to promote some reuse of the oxygen busters (but cutting them open to get the iron out) as the are so prolific now and I hate that they cannot be recycled at all. Any help appreciated. Plmoknqwerty (talk) 10:43, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Hematite melting point
The article claims that hematite doesn't melt, it decomposes at 1566 degrees C. Decomposes to what? Further, other websites give a melting point for hematite of around 1566 degrees:

http://www.reade.com/Products/Oxides/hematite.html, http://eprints.ru.ac.za/252/3/PUBLICATIONS/JTAC65.pdf, http://www.reade.com/home/704, http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/150-iron-oxide-red-fe2o3, http://www.pestell.com/msds/Red%20Iron%20Oxide.pdf. The 2011-2012 Rubber Handbook gives a melting point of 1539 deg. C. In line with the first reference I've listed, I suspect that someone confused melting point and boiling point information.

However, I'm not certain of this. While I'm going to change the article, I hope someone with more chemical knowledge will check into this.Saintonge235 (talk) 08:17, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Restored as your edit made it invisible - the infobox syntax is touchy that way. As to the specific temp, don't know. I would be dubious of the boiling point w/out specifics, and likely decomposes well below a bp depending on containing atmosphere ... Vsmith (talk) 11:39, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Infobox flag
The Chemspider identifier is flagged in the infobox, however the number seems to be correct - see http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14147.html

Perhaps this has already been corrected but the flag has not changed. Is the flag supposed change automatically? If the flagged item is corrected without removing or changing the flag it will waste the time of other editors. The "verify" link at the bottom of the infobox goes to this page: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464185021&page2=Iron%28III%29+oxide, however it's not clear to an uninitiated editor how to indicate on this page that the Chemspider identifier seems OK and the flag should be changed or removed.

Really, this flag business seems like inside baseball. If the flags are not publicly changeable, why make the flag links and instructions publicly visible? Isn't this against the spirit of a publicly editable encyclopedia? Ggpauly (talk) 02:26, 7 June 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ggpauly (talk • contribs) 02:19, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

magnetic properties (or structure) of gamma-Fe2O3
afaik maghemite is actually ferrimagnetic and not ferromagnetic 132.187.16.195 (talk) 20:05, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

"🜞" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect 🜞 and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 June 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 18:17, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Indian red which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:03, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

Does it dissolve in water?
No 202.55.188.93 (talk) 06:12, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iron(III) oxide


text:
Brahma beer

Brahma is a Brazilian beer, originally made by the Companhia Cervejaria Brahma, which was founded in 1888. In 1914, Brahma produced their national Malzbier. After that, the company began expanding internationally. The company bought the license for distribution of the Germania brand, which later was known as Guanabara, and was one of the earliest of the Brazilian beer brands.

In 1934, Brahma introduced the new bottled draft Brahma Chopp, and it became a Brazilian bestseller. In 1989, Jorge Paulo Lemann, Carlos Alberto Sicupira and Marcel Telles bought Companhia Cervejaria Brahma for $50 million.

Brands

 * Brahma – a 4.3% abv pale lager with a global distribution launched in 2004. It is based on the locally successful Brahma Chopp.
 * Brahma Chopp – a 4.8% abv pale lager. Brahma's main brand in Brazil.
 * Brahma Extra
 * Brahma Malzbier – a 5% abv schwarzbier
 * Brahma Black
 * Brahma Fresh
 * Brahma Light
 * Brahma Ice (sold only in Venezuela and the Dominican Republic)
 * Extra Light Brahma (Venezuela)
 * Brahma Morena
 * Brahma Bock
 * Brahma Bier – special FIFA World Cup 2006 edition released in Brazil
 * Brahma Porter
 * Brahma Stout
 * Brahva – a 4.8% abv pale lager sold in Guatemala and other Central American countries
 * Brahva Beats
 * Brahma Malta – non-alcoholic carbonated drink sold in Venezuela
 * Brahma Malta con Chocolate – Brahma Malta with chocolate. It is sold in most supermarkets in Latrobe Valley.
 * Brahma 0,0% – Alcohol-free beer.

Brahma
An interfaith coalition is pressing the world's largest brewer to remove the name of a Hindu god (Brahma) from its beer brand. Brahma is a beer produced primarily for the Brazilian domestic market. Brahma was named after Brahma, the Hindu god of creation. Controversially, Brahma is now brewed in the Czech Republic.

Literature

 * Edgar Helmut Köb: Die Brahma-Brauerei und die Modernisierung des Getränkehandels in Rio de Janeiro 1888 bis 1930, Stuttgart 2005.

title: Brahma beer


text:
Roke Manor Research

Roke, legally Roke Manor Research Ltd, is a British company based at Roke Manor near Romsey, Hampshire, which conducts research and development in the fields of communications, networks, electronic sensors, artificial intelligence, machine learning, data science, Military decision support consultancy and operational analysis, information assurance, and human science. In addition to supporting its parent Chemring, Roke undertakes contract research and development, and product development work for both public and private sector customers. Products developed from research at Roke Manor include the Hawk-Eye ball tracker, which is now used widely in sports such as tennis, football, and cricket.

Roke has been part of the Chemring Group since 2010, having been founded as part of the Plessey company to operate as a dedicated research and development centre, with mass production elsewhere, and later owned for almost 20 years by Siemens where it had a similar research role.

History

 * 1956 – Founded as Plessey Research Roke Manor Limited by the Plessey company. The first managing director was Harold J. Finden, an electrical engineer at Plessey.
 * 1990 – Passed to GEC-Siemens AG in a joint takeover.
 * 1991 – Became wholly owned by Siemens AG when GEC sold their 50% shareholding to Siemens Plessey Electronic Systems.
 * 2010 – Acquired by the Chemring Group PLC.
 * 2021 – Roke made its first acquisition since the founding in 1956, acquiring Cubica Technology Ltd. and their holding company Cubica Group.

Sites
The company's head office is at Roke Manor, Hampshire. It also has facilities in the Barnwood area of Gloucester and at MediaCityUK, Salford, Greater Manchester.

The Roke Manor site is based around a manor house which dates in part from 1653. The 22 acre grounds had a walled garden, stable block and cottages when bought by Plessey in 1956, and initially these were re-used for laboratory space and meeting rooms, but in various modernization programmes, many of the original buildings have been demolished and much of the grounds covered by purpose-built facilities and car parking. The main house, entrance lodge and walled garden remain.

Technology timeline

 * 1960 – Working prototype memory systems developed for the supercomputer, Atlas.
 * 1975 – Designed and developed the world's first monolithic gallium arsenide microwave circuit.
 * 1995 – Work began on the Hostile Artillery LOcation system (HALO), an acoustic locator of guns and mortars. HALO was developed to monitor ceasefire violations in the Yugoslav wars, and is in use with the British Army and other nations.
 * 2000 – Won the 2000 Worldaware Innovation Award for work on land mine clearance.
 * 2001 – Developed the Hawk-Eye vision-based ball tracking system.

Selected products

 * RESOLVE – an electronic warfare manpack system for the intercept, geolocation and exploitation of tactical communications signals within the HF to SHF bands. In 2011 RESOLVE won a Queen's Award for Enterprise and Innovation.
 * Vigilance – a wide area multilateration system for tracking aircraft. Users include Eurocontrol, in support of RVSM.
 * Miniature Radar Altimeters (MRA) – a range of MRA products primarily designed for use on airborne targets and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
 * Epsilon – a software tool designed to predict the radar cross section (RCS) of a target directly from its geometrical description.
 * IRIS – Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) equipment.
 * LOCATE – a suite of products for spectrum monitoring, direction finding, adaptive beamforming and geolocation of HF signals.
 * LOCATE-T – team-based mobile version of the LOCATE system.
 * VIPER – electronic warfare planning and data triage.
 * DAMARC – data science in policing.
 * NELSON – driving Royal Navy digitisation.
 * gekko – surface wave sensing.
 * RESOLVE – bespoke lightweight dismounted close quarter Electronic Surveillance pack.
 * HMEWC – High Mobility Electronic Warfare Capability (HMEWC) with integrated Command & Control, Electronic Surveillance and Electronic Attack, capable of operating in complex and contested RF environments.
 * Media Miner.

title: Roke Manor Research


text:
Haneuljae

Haneuljae, also known as Gyerimnyeong (계립령/鷄立嶺) is a mountain pass in the Sobaek Mountains of central South Korea. It runs between Chungju city in North Chungcheong province and Mungyeong city in North Gyeongsang province. Haneuljae rises to about 530 m above sea level, between the peaks of Poam Mountain (963 m) and Juheul Mountain (1106 m).

During the Silla and Goryeo periods of Korean history, it played a role of critical importance, as the principal pathway between southeastern and southwestern Korea, and in particular between the valleys of the Han and Nakdong rivers. In the Joseon period, this role was taken over by the pass of Mungyeong Saejae, and Haneuljae fell into disuse. Today only a minor country road traverses the pass.

Seo (2001) contends that the pass played a particularly critical role in the diffusion of Buddhism into Silla from Goguryeo. The first monks bearing Buddhism to Silla came by land from the north, and Haneuljae would have been their most likely route. In addition, the area around Sangju; which would have been the first major city a traveler from the north would come to after crossing Haneuljae, became an early center of Buddhism, in contrast to the rest of Silla, which put up stiff resistance to the new faith.

The Chungju side of Haneuljae is currently protected as part of Woraksan National Park.

title: Haneuljae


text:
Tonda Traditional Bunraku Puppet Troupe

Tonda Puppet Troupe (冨田人形共遊団), founded in the 1830s, is one of the most active groups performing traditional ningyō jōruri or Bunraku puppetry in Japan, and has been officially designated an Intangible Cultural Treasure.

In 2016, the current emperor, Naruhito visited Nagahama and the Tonda Puppet Troupe performed for him and his wife.

They are in possession of some of the oldest bunraku puppet heads after the National Bunraku Theater burned down. Their oldest heads are 250 years old and have a stamp branded into the handle.

Based in the northern part of the city of Nagahama near the shore of Lake Biwa, in Shiga Prefecture, northeast of Kyoto, the Tonda Puppets have made international performance tours to Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Germany, and thirteen times to the United States. The Tonda Troupe performs regularly at their own theater in Nagahama and on tour within Japan. The Tonda Puppet Troupe also instructs elementary school students in bunraku puppetry and hosts training sessions for local citizens interested in pursuing the art of the traditional puppet theater. The Tonda Troupe has also been active in training American college and university students in traditional Japanese puppetry in academic programs sponsored by such institutions as Berea College in Kentucky and the University of Massachusetts Amherst, as well as the Japan Center for Michigan Universities, which is located in the nearby city of Hikone. In 2012 they also hosted a group of A-Level Theatre Studies students from Abingdon School and The School of St Helen and St Katharine, two independent schools in Abingdon, Oxfordshire.

History
The Tonda Troupe traces it origins to the 1830s, when an itinerant puppet troupe that had been traveling through the area was snowbound in the village of Tonda, where they had intended to offer a performance. Unable to continue their journey home to Tokushima or to draw a paying audience because of the snow, the members of the itinerant troupe fell further and further into debt to the villagers for food and shelter. When the weather broke, the unfortunate troupe left their puppets behind as collateral for a loan for the boat fare necessary to travel to the southwestern end of Lake Biwa and beyond. When years passed and the Tokushima puppeteers never returned to pay the debt and reclaim the puppets, the villagers finally formed their own puppet troupe, and by the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Tonda Puppet Troupe had itself become a semi-professional troupe that gave performances locally and on the road. Today, the Tonda Puppet Troupe still uses in performance many of the same puppet heads abandoned by the original snowbound troupe. Some of these puppet heads are over 200 years old, though the bodies and costumes, which wear more quickly, have been remade over the years.

For generations, membership in the Tonda Troupe was restricted to men from the four families who had been traditionally associated with the theater, but in the 1970s the troupe began to welcome both men and women from outside those families, and in 1993, the Tonda Puppets became the first traditional puppet troupe in Japan to admit a non-Japanese member. A theater building, the Tonda Puppet Hall (pictured above right), containing a full stage, as well as rehearsal and meeting spaces, was built for the Troupe in 1991 by the government of Shiga Prefecture. The Tonda Troupe is currently headed by Hidehiko Abe, who traces his ancestry back seven generations to one of the founding members of the troupe.

title: Tonda Traditional Bunraku Puppet Troupe


text:
Talk:Sound logo

Didn't Harley-Davidson try to trademark their motorcycle sound and loose? That would be very appropriate to this article. It would be nice to have more examples too. gK ¿? 16:58, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sound logo