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Vidiians

The Vidiians are a fictional alien race in the Star Trek franchise. Developed by Star Trek: Voyager series' co-creators Rick Berman, Michael Piller, and Jeri Taylor, they serve as recurring antagonists during the show's first two seasons. They are represented as a nomadic species suffering from a pandemic known as the Phage, which destroys their tissue. A society with highly developed medical technology, the Vidiians harvest organs from corpses and living beings to stall the progression of the Phage, and experiment on other alien species in an attempt to develop a cure. Vidiian storylines frequently revolve around the aliens' attempts to take its Voyager crew members' organs, though a Vidiian scientist named Danara Pel serves as a love interest for The Doctor. The alien species have made minor appearances in the show's subsequent seasons, and have been included in novels set in the Star Trek universe.

Inspired by the Maya civilization, the bubonic plague, and Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, the Vidiians were seen by the show's co-creators as a way to honor Gene Roddenberry's approach to portraying well-developed antagonists in the Star Trek franchise. The Vidiians were presented as one of three new alien species that could be expanded as recurring antagonists; the other two were the Kazon and the Sikarians. The concept for the Phage as a bacteriophage was decided through a collaboration between science consultant André Bormanis and the show's producers. Michael Westmore was the primary make-up supervisor involved in the creation of the Vidiians' appearance. The make-up and prosthetics for the Vidiians were extensive, requiring actors to wear head masks, contacts, and dentures. The Vidiians received a generally positive response from critics who praised them as successfully bringing horror themes to the series. Susan Diol garnered positive reviews for her performance as Danara Pel.

Star Trek: Voyager
The Vidiians appear as recurring antagonists during Star Trek: Voyager first two seasons. The crew of the USS Voyager first encounters the alien species in the season one episode "Phage", in which the Talaxian Neelix (Ethan Phillips) has his lungs stolen by two Vidiians, Dereth (Cully Fredricksen) and Motura (Stephen Rappaport). After Captain Kathryn Janeway (Kate Mulgrew) pursues the Vidiians to recover Neelix's organs, the Vidiians explain that their entire species has been infected by a pandemic known as the Phage. They have developed advanced medical technology to remotely harvest organs directly from living humanoids in order to stop the progression of the Phage, which causes tissue to disintegrate on a cellular level. Motura informs Janeway that he has already implanted Neelix's lungs into his own body, but these cannot be removed without killing him, to which he agrees. Faced with a moral dilemma, Janeway refuses his offer and allows both Dereth and Motura to leave. She instructs them to tell the other Vidiians that any attempt to take another organ from Voyager's crew will be met with deadly force. Dereth and Motura perform an operation and adapt a lung from Kes (Jennifer Lien), an Ocampa and Neelix's romantic partner, to make for a compatible donation aligned with Neelix's physiology. They are able to successfully implant the lung into Neelix's body.

In "Faces", Lieutenants Tom Paris (Robert Duncan McNeill), B'Elanna Torres (Roxann Dawson), and Peter Durst (Brian Markinson) are kidnapped by the Vidiians. Paris and Durst are forced to work in mines while waiting to have their organs harvested. Vidiian Chief Surgeon Sulan (also played by Markinson) experiments on Torres to find a cure for the Phage, since her Klingon genetic structure has an immunity to the disease. The procedure splits Torres into two bodies (a full-blooded Klingon and a full-blooded human); Sulan conducts further experiments on the Klingon Torres while the Human Torres is forced to work in the mines. Sulan kills Durst and grafts his face on top of his own. Commander Chakotay (Robert Beltran), Lieutenant Commander Tuvok (Tim Russ), and Ensign Harry Kim (Garrett Wang), who had formed a search party to locate the missing crew members, but upon encountering armed guards are forced to turn back. Chakotay, however returns, now disguised as a Vidiian guard with the help of Tuvok and The Doctor (Robert Picardo), helps to rescue Torres; the Doctor combines both versions of Torres back together.

During "Lifesigns", the crew responds to a distress call and attempts to help a Vidiian scientist Danara Pel (Susan Diol). The Doctor creates a holographic body for Pel in order to work with her to develop a cure for the Phage. Despite the Vidiians' mistreatment of Torres in "Faces", she eventually agrees to provide a sample of her Klingon DNA for their experiments. During their collaboration, the Doctor develops romantic feelings for Pel, and the pair go on a date in the holodeck. When Pel's condition deteriorates rapidly, she decides to stay in her new holographic body so that she can remain alive for several days with the Doctor, rather than return to her own Phage-ravaged body. The Doctor convinces Pel to transfer her consciousness back into her body and the couple dance before Pel departs Voyager.

Vidiians make minor appearances in "Deadlock" and "Resolutions". In "Deadlock", Janeway orders Tom Paris to direct Voyager into a nebula to prevent detection from two nearby Vidiian planets. The starship and its crew are duplicated due to a space-time rift. Several Vidiians attack one of the copies of Voyager and harvest vital organs from members of its crew. The Janeway captaining the invaded ship stops the invasion by self-destructing the Voyager in question. This kills the Vidiians and the crew of that Voyager, excepting Harry Kim and the newborn Naomi Wildman; their counterparts having died, they change ships before the self-destruct completes. Pel returns in "Resolutions" to provide a cure for Janeway and Chakotay, who are infected with a terminal illness. Other Vidiians launch an ambush attack during the exchange, but Voyager manages to escape with the serum for Janeway and Chakotay.

The Vidiians are referenced and seen in several subsequent episodes. In "Coda", Janeway finds herself caught in a time loop after a group of Vidiians kill her during an away mission. All of Janeway's experiences in the time loop, as well as her death, are explained to be the result of hallucinations caused by an alien disguised as the spirit of her dead father, Admiral Janeway (Len Cariou). In "Think Tank", Janeway learns that a cure for the Phage has been developed by a committee of alien intellectuals. The Vidiians make their final appearance during an alternative timeline in "Fury". During this episode, Kes returns to Voyager (she had left at the beginning of the fourth season when the development of her psionic powers threatened the starship and its crew). Kes has forgotten the reason for her earlier departure, blaming the crew for abandoning her. After traveling to the past, she contacts the Vidiians and tells them that she will help them commandeer Voyager if they escort her past self back to her home planet. The future version of Kes is killed by Janeway during the Vidiians' attack, and her past version makes a holographic message to prevent the events from occurring. The final mention of the Vidiians occurs in the season six episode "Good Shepherd" as one of the various alien species that have threatened Voyager in the past.

Other appearances
The Vidiians have appeared in original fiction based on the Star Trek franchise. For example, in Shadow of Heaven, Danara Pel is captured by an alien species, who desire vengeance against the Vidiians for their past organ-harvesting operations. Kes rescues Pel by using her psionic powers. In the alternative universe presented in the short story "Places of Exile", the Doctor and Pel are the ones who have created the cure for the Phage. In this interpretation, the Vidiians form a more diplomatic bond with Voyager crew and promise to help expedite their return to the Alpha Quadrant.

Several pieces of merchandise related to the Vidiians were also released following their debut. In 1996, an action figure of a Vidiian was released as part of a second wave of Playmates Toys' Star Trek merchandise. A figure of a Vidiian starship was also released by WizKids. The Vidiians have not been featured in Star Trek Online, a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG), but a writer from Cryptic Studios presented in a 2013 article that they may be one potential alien species to be included in future updates.

History and culture
In the Star Trek universe, roughly 2,000 years prior to the arrival of Voyager in the Delta Quadrant, the Vidiian Sodality was a culture driven by "educators, artists, and explorers". The book Star Trek: Star Charts identifies the Vidiians' homeworld as Vidiia Prime, the central planet of the Vidiia system and a Class M planet. The spread of the Phage, resulting in thousands of Vidiians dying every day, pushed the alien race to harvest organs and tissue from corpses as well as living beings.

The Vidiians developed advanced medical technology to counteract the spread and progression of the disease, such as their use of a "combined weapon, medical scanner, and surgical instrument" and knowledge of immunogenicity. They also experimented on other alien species in an attempt to find a cure for the Phage. The Vidiians developed methods for interspecies organ transplants. Despite their technological advancements, this alien species is shown to be unfamiliar with holographic technology and engines powered by dilithium.

The Vidiians' culture also shifts as a result of the Phage. In Vidiian society, an individual would hire a specialist, or a honatta, to find the required organs or tissues. Extended periods of contact or group meetings are strongly discouraged to prevent the further spread of the Phage, and those infected are shunned by healthy Vidiians out of fear of contamination. The Vidiians also capture other species to work for them as slaves doing manual tasks, such as mining. In the years following Voyager encounters with the Vidiians but prior to their return to Earth, a committee of alien intellectuals known as the Think Tank claimed to have cured the Phage.

Concept and creation

Prior to the announcement of a new Star Trek incarnation, Star Trek: Voyager co-creators Rick Berman, Michael Piller, and Jeri Taylor conceived of the basic concepts and characters during secret developmental meetings. Taylor, Piller, and producer Brannon Braga developed the premise behind the Phage and the Vidiians' motives for harvesting organs from discussing ideas that fulfilled the following questions: "Who's interesting? What's interesting? What's an agenda we find interesting?" According to Taylor, the Vidiians were first imagined from an "idea of a culture that was dying of an incurable virus that would go to any lengths to make themselves and their species stay alive".

Taylor originally envisioned the Vidiians as reminiscent of the Maya civilization, especially relative to practices of human sacrifice and cannibalism. Braga, however, has connected the alien species to European history, questioning if Europeans would have pursued similar methods if the bubonic plague had persisted as a pandemic. Braga stated that the Vidiians were partially inspired by Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, emphasizing that he wanted to portray them as sympathetic. In his book Star Trek: Parallel Narratives, Chris Gregory attributes the development of the Vidiians to Braga's affinity for the horror genre.

During the writing and development of the episode "Faces", executive story editor Kenneth Biller had difficulty writing the primary Vidiian character as a sympathetic villain. He looked to Gene Roddenberry's approach to portraying antagonists in the Star Trek franchise: "[A]liens should never be patently evil. They may have a set of values that differ from our own, but be careful of making them mustache-twirling villains." Taylor used the following description to summarize the show's approach to the alien species:"The idea of a race that does really unspeakably horrible things but does them simply because they're trying to survive, we thought was a very complex kind of agenda [....] If you start with a premise like that, it's impossible to make them completely evil because their motivation is completely understandable. If anything, it's more scary if you realize that underneath that grotesque, deformed body there's someone who was once young, strong and beautiful."Initially called the "Phages", the show's producers changed the alien species' name to the "Vaphorans". Following the completion of the script for the debut episode, the species' name was revised again to "Vidiians" to prevent potential pronunciation issues for the cast. Introduced in the first season, the Vidiians were developed as one of three new alien species that could be used as recurring antagonists; the other two were the Kazon and the Sikarians. The Vidiians and the Kazon would be featured in later episodes, while the appearance of the Sikarians was restricted to the episode "Prime Factors".

Through a collaboration with science consultant André Bormanis, the producers established the Phage as a bacteriophage. During a behind-the-scenes feature included on the DVD release of the show's second season, Bormanis explained that the writers and producers paid close attention to imagining a virus that could believably almost exterminate an entire species. Both Piller and Braga responded positively to Taylor's concept of the Vidiians. Piller viewed the idea of "an alien culture who are a civilized people who are forced to do uncivilized things in order to survive" as a compelling plot point. Braga agreed with Piller's assessment, saying: "Very rarely do you stumble on something that has real resonance." Freelance writer Skye Dent, who had helped with the original development of the Vidiians, felt that pride characterized the alien species. She explained: "[E]ven though they knew what they were doing was wrong in terms of the actual action, they were very confident that because they were culturally superior, they were totally justified in killing people and taking their organs".

Design and casting

The series' make-up supervisor Michael Westmore was heavily involved in the creation of the Vidiians' look. Taylor worked closely with Westmore to ensure that the Vidiians bore no resemblance to previous alien species featured in the Star Trek franchise. According to Westmore, the script for the episode "Phage" called for the species to appear like "a race of people whose skin and organs were rotting". The series' make-up supervisors based the Vidiians' design on patchwork quilts, specifically in the way their bodies were composed of various harvested body parts and organs along with their own decomposing skin.

Created as a mask covering the entirety of the actor's head, the prosthetic make-up includes pieces from other alien species, such as Talaxians and the Kazon, to represent the Vidiians' long history of taking organs from humanoids in multiple areas of the Delta Quadrant. Along with the mask, actors portraying Vidiians would wear contact lenses and dentures. Robert Beltran said he felt uncomfortable while acting in the facial mask during the filming of the disguised Chakotay in "Faces". He described the prosthetic as giving him a "raw, wounded face, which made [him] feel very vulnerable as a person", and viewed it as an acting challenge.

Following an extensive casting process, American actress Susan Diol was selected to play Danara Pel. Diol had previously appeared in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Silicon Avatar" as engineer Carmen Davila. Robert Picardo praised her performance, noting that she "miraculously side-stepped all of the pitfalls of that role, which were abject pity". Taylor developed Danara Pel as a way to explore the morality behind treating terminally ill individuals, while Picardo approached the character as a meditation on the role of physical appearance in romantic relationships. He explained his interpretation of the Doctor's romance with Pel:"He falls in love with the real her, the horrifyingly deformed her, not this beautiful, radiant holographic being that is trapped inside her. So there are [...] analogies for life in the Doctor's discoveries – in that particular case, learning to love the inner person and not to be distracted in love by someone's physical exterior."

Cast and crew response
The Vidiians' debut in "Phage" received primarily positive responses from Voyager 's cast and crew. Kate Mulgrew praised the moment in which Janeway had to choose between "sacrificing Neelix's lungs or allowing another species to continue to survive". She viewed Janeway's initial difficulty with approaching the Vidiians about the subject of ethics as showcasing a level of "poignancy". While discussing the alien species introduced in the early seasons of Voyager, Westmore said that he found the Vidiians to have the most compelling design. He described them as "the most interesting ones that we've run into as far as a new concept and look, and something totally different", highlighting their use of horror conventions. Taylor praised Westmore's work representing the Vidiians as "truly grisly-looking people" without turning them into flat or static characters. Skye Dent had a more critical opinion of the episode, saying that alterations made to her first draft of the script weakened the effectiveness of the alien species as antagonists. She felt that they "just seemed very wimpy to me, even though they were saying the same dialogue I had written".

The series' producers and writers also commented on the inclusion of the Vidiians in the episode "Faces". Piller, Braga, and Taylor praised executive producer Rick Berman's decision to reformat the Torres' storyline with the inclusion of the Vidiians. Dent was impressed by the episode's representation of the alien species, and felt it was an improvement over her initial concepts. While discussing the representation of the Vidiians, Biller highlighted the scene in which Vidiian scientist Sulan transplants the face of Lieutenant Peter Durst (also played by Markinson) onto his own, and referred to it as "my classic moment in Voyager first season".

Critical reception
The Vidiians have received positive feedback from television critics. Marc Buxton of the website Den of Geek! included the Vidiians on his list of the 50 best alien life forms in the Star Trek universe, describing them as "Wes Craven nightmares". While commenting on the episode "Lifesigns", TrekToday Michelle Erica Green questioned the show's decision to focus on the Kazon and described the Vidiians as a more suitable and compelling candidate to serve as the primary antagonists for the first two seasons. Today's Ree Hines called the Vidiians one of the greatest Star Trek villains, writing that "their method of organ extraction upped the fear factor" and made them unsympathetic.

Jamahl Epsicokhan of Jammer's Reviews commended the development of the Vidiians in "Faces", writing that they were portrayed as complex villains. Even though he felt that the Vidiians had a compelling premise, he criticized their repeated appearances as distracting from the series' story arc of a lost crew on a journey home. Juliette Harrison of Den of Geek! ranked Susan Diol's performance as Danara Pel as one of the top ten guest performances on Star Trek: Voyager. Pel's storyline was praised by Harrison as portraying "the on-going effects of chronic illness on the sufferer's sense of self"; for Harrison, Diol approached the role through "carefully understated but heartfelt reactions to her situation".

Academic analysis
A number of academics have identified the Vidiians as potentially adversely influencing public knowledge and perceptions of scientific issues, including genetics and organ donation. Clarence Spiger and colleagues, in a study of student perceptions of organ donations, highlighted the Vidiians as an example of a problematic source of information about the topic on television, a medium which many participants had identified as a key source for their understanding. "We can only speculate", they wrote, "that students' responses could have been indirectly or subconsciously influenced through the viewing of such programming."

Literary critic John Kenneth Muir wrote that the Vidiians were an example of the prevalence of organ harvesting story arcs in science fiction, comparing them to characters in the British television shows UFO, Space: 1999, and Blake's 7. He also questioned the connection between storylines such as the Vidiians to the spread of urban legends involving organ trafficking. In his 2016 The Politics of Star Trek, political scientist George A. Gonzalez argued that the Vidiians served as a critique of realpolitik. He described the alien species as built on an "intersubjective agreement that does not recognize the rights of others to their bodies/organs".

Scholar Karin Blair interpreted the Doctor's dance with Pel, which she described as "the Vidiian 'collection of spare parts'", as one example of how Voyager focused on a "more bounded word, a stable dwelling or memories of home" as opposed to the emphasis on "pluralism and open-ended diversity" in Star Trek: The Original Series and Star Trek: The Next Generation. Blair wrote that Pel provided a glimpse into the Vidiians' appearance prior to the Phage, noting that she had a stronger set of morals than the Vidiians featured in previous episodes.

title: Vidiians


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Talk:Franklin (TV series)

Erm...
I think that this article is too short, considering its about double the old file size limit. I suggest that wet up into smaller articles...

 * Since the character section is the largest part of the article, perhaps that could be split off? HalfShadow 04:56, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Hi! I'm Agent0042 and I edit the guide for Franklin at TV Tome. I've just added some very important new info to Wikipeida's page for the show that I think will help out a lot of people. If anyone has any questions, my e-mail's Agent0042@mail2fanatic.om, or you can catch me at the forums at my guide.

Edit --- TV Tome is now TV.com. I and RAMChYLD have been continuing work on the guide and have added a lot of good information. The edits under the IP addresses 172.170.35.157 and 172.156.116.13 are mine --- I was accidentally logged off.

Communism and capitalism?
Greetings, I have edited the guide for an interpretation of Franklin's universe, as well as a sketchy character guide. I welcome dissenting and differing viewpoints, as well as requesting a link to a site that may hold such discussions? If the truth shall come out of the mouth of babes, what of the truth that we create for them? Let us consider this before we dismiss quickly the underlying themes within these programmes! -Citizen0000

 * I've kept the previous poster's character guide in place, which looks like a great addition (pending some edits), but I am pasting the above (anonymous's) 'universe' contribution here for (careful) review. It is a lengthy discussion attempting to determine whether Franklin's universe is capitalist or communist using minutiae in the show. Given there is no way to contact this poster (no wikipedia account) and therefore no meaningful way to discuss with them in any case, I am pasting the contents below, as I don't believe it has a place on the article page, and I am "being bold" in removing it. I'm doing so on the grounds that that section reads like a personal essay and/or 'original research', neither of which is generally accepted on Wikipedia. (See What Wikipedia is not). If a wikipedia user believes this should be in there, it's can be discussed here. Skybunny 23:31, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Begin quoted text

Parallels with communism and capitalism

Please not that this article does not condone Communism in any form and is only one interpretation of the complex and highly enigmatic fictional universe of Franklin

Franklin's world, while not consistent with any singular model, shows itself to be similar with American History in the episode where Franklin and his family take a vacation to a historical pioneer village, complete with horse drawn carriages and lack of electricity. The peaceful existence of differing species and the high sense of community, along with the lack of social divisions and religion, nevertheless establishes the village as possible idealistic vision of communism, thus being a possible stage setting for the natural aftermath and decay of capitalistic excess as envisioned by Karl Marx. Franklin himself is interesting in this regard as he seems to reveal the Capitalistic spirit in spite of his environment.

Franklin is the only character possessing a human name, all of the others being referred to by species. His act of naming his stuffed dog and pet goldfish can represent a slowly realized notion of individuality in a society where individuals are known collectively by their species. In this way, Franklin is the model of Descartes' famous line, "I think, therefore I am", along with the symbol of individual capitalism in the face of collective communism. Unlike in American History, Franklin the "individualist" is no McCarthy, and coexists happily with his "collective" counterparts, and thus is a signal towards greater tolerance and cultural relativism. Franklin's shell, however, distinguishes an armor which may be a hidden symbol of the state of the world, in its quest towards greater understanding but inhibited by its need for defense and security, as Franklin often retreats to it in times of difficulty, or ridicule from his peers. This pure state of the world, it seems, is still far from complete unity. It is notable that Franklin and Snail are the only two characters with shells, and Snail must constantly rely on others for transportation. Thus the evolution of society can be seen in the slow moving Snail hitching a ride on the back of the impressionistically slow, but faster in comparison, Franklin. The old regimes must adapt to a changing world, or be left behind. For a modern analogy, the United States could be compared to Franklin, while his peers could be seen as China; unpolished and somewhat scattered, but with greater collective force than can be overcome by one turtle alone. Hence, the need for diplomacy and acceptance. Other characters also reflect this instance.

Mr. Mole, for example, does not live underground (A highly private and secretive notion), and goes so far as to tend his own garden rather than steal vegetables from others. This reinforces the communist interpretation through its collective resourcing, as in one episode he cheerfully explains to an agitated Franklin that he doesn't mind if the birds eat his cherries, for he enjoys sharing and receiving visitors. Franklin has yet to overcome his Capitalistic selfishness of product for the greater good of his community. Far from being a model of oppression, Mr. Mole shows solidarity to his community and others, as seen in the episode where he is gathering litter in the forest, for no economic gain. Contrast this with Franklin's desire to do good deeds for fame, and the possible lesson here is that the ideals of communism may still have much to teach the capitalistic system, with its emphasis on materialism, which in Franklin's world takes on strange and bizarre connotations.

The schoolbus is the only vehicle consistently seen in the show. The lesser recurring vehicle is the automobile belonging to Franklin's Parents. Aside from the obvious metaphor of a bus ferrying the people towards a common goal vs. private ownership in its own direction, this can be interpreted as an analogy of equalizing handicaps by means of technology and science, with turtles being disproportionately slow to their mammalian counterparts. In one episode, Snail reveals his dream to fly a plane, which reinforces this interpretation, allowing the slowets character or all to take to the skies, equal with those gifted with flight, needing not such mechanical aids. Social darwninism having thus been eliminated with the cohabituation of differing species, technology can be viewed as the key to a new age of equality. In Franklin's universe, technology and nature are not at bounds with each other, excepting the one episode where a fire destroyed Mr. Mole's hardware shop. The analogy of this particular scene is rich indeed. However, it must be remembered that being a children's show, neither is likely to dominate, which demonstrates the ideal condition set forth in many people's mind: the balance between the natural and synthetic, a highly divisive issue to this day.

In Franklin's world, the peaceful coexistence between predator and prey also begs the question of what the characters eat, and how food could be obtained. Franklin has a preference for food with flies, which could be viewed as an introduction for children towards the acceptance of microlivestock as a feasible solution to feeding a growing world population, with the alleged health benefits such staples would provide. That his mammalian counterparts naturally detest such unusual delectables that sour their omniverous/carnivorous tastebuds shows the popular taboo against such notions, at least within the West. Here again, Franklin the individual/capitalist is attempting to introduce his new tastes and ideas to a community comfortable with itself, with the predictable contempt. Ideas are slow to change, especially between systems. But as with Mr. Mole, Franklin this time may have something to teach the communists.

End Quoted text

 * Somebody tried to restore this to the page. I removed it. I agree that it is a personal essay and doesn't belong in the article. Agent0042 (talk) 05:27, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

The issue of merging Franklin the Turtle
I don't mind the idea...as long as the characters in the book series are not substantially changed in the television show - which would mean that the character data is for the most part duplicated. I don't believe the 'fan ships' section is particularly encyclopaedic. It's simply saying what 'some fans like', and there's nothing specific or quantitative justifying the selections. I'd say merge in 'real' verifiable information about the individual characters that isn't simply conjecture, redirect the old article to this one, and call it a day. Skybunny 03:18, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

The 'in-universe' issue
Several sections in this article can use cleanup according to the Wikipedia manual of style, specifically, the section dealing with writing about fiction.

A highlight of that article which could be considered here:

''Wikipedia policy on verifiability requires that articles "rely on credible, third-party sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy." However, articles written from an in-universe perspective are overly reliant on the fiction itself as a primary source. Lacking as they are in any critical analysis of the subject, these articles may invite original research. In other words, lacking critical analysis from secondary sources, Wikipedia editors and fans of the subject often feel compelled to provide such analysis themselves.''

While using some information from the show itself (using the show as its own source) is okay, drawing conclusions that the show never makes obvious is not. Examples:

 * 1) Squirrel - Another mysterious character who only appears twice in the series and with a weird disconnect between his two appearances. Squirrel is a bit younger than Franklin and his friends. In the first season, Squirrel appears in a play being put on by Franklin's class, but does not speak. In the third season, Squirrel shows up while Franklin, Raccoon and Fox are playing and wants to know if they'll play with him. Franklin becomes a sort of surrogate big-brother to him. In this story, Squirrel was voiced by Cole Caplan, who would later assume the role of Franklin beginning with the special "Back to School with Franklin." Squirrel reappears in the sixth season, sitting next to Badger at the very back of the school bus. What he's doing there is completely unknown --- he is not a part of Franklin's class and no further mention is made of his presence.

Nearly this entire paragraph is pure speculation: the assumption the squirrel in the play is the same as the squirrel Franklin is a big brother to (and even the one on the bus); and, discussion of "why he's on the school bus" in the sixth season. If the work of fiction is used as a primary source, only information made obvious can be used, and it should still not be "trivial" information. (Franklin's favorite color or hockey player - even the fact that that changes with the whim of a writer - does not say anything substantiative about his character). These sorts of conclusions need to be backed up with secondary sources, like interviews with writers of the program, or outside reviews of the series. Skybunny 18:00, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * All right, I'm adopting this guide and I'll see what I can do about it... Agent0042 (talk) 18:39, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Weird...should it be mentioned?
It's a fact I noticed the most of the characters have younger siblings with human names, yet the older siblings are named according to their species. That'd be like if I had 2 kids and named one Human and the other Brittany...--I'm Kinda Awesome... 18:26, 25 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, "Kit" is a play on the name of what beaver youngsters are called -- beaver kits. All the others, yeah. I'll look into it. Agent0042 (talk) 18:44, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Updates
I have made some updates and corrections. I have also removed the "in-universe" tag from the "Sports and Games" section. If somebody still believes this item to be "in-universe," please explain why you are adding the tag, and what specifically can be done to correct this issue.

More updates coming. Agent0042 (talk) 22:48, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

Allusions in Franklin's Name
Both the international name of the turtle, Franklin, and his Canadian French name, Benjamin, are an allusion to the American inventor and scientist Benjamin Franklin.--Luke Elms 22:07, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Certainly, although I do not really see how the character and inventor are related. trainfan01 20:40, August 14, 2010 (UTC)

New Episodes
I wish there was a seventh season of Franklin with the 2 characters of Franklin and the Turtle Lake Treasure his Aunt Lucy and his Godcousin Sam moving in to Woodland. --MikeySalinas17 (talk) 17:25, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I do too, I also wish that they kept the original Franklin on air. It is such a great show. Monkeys 9711 (talk) 23:07, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

Section Removed
I have removed an unsessasary section in this article, and moved sections into proper places in this article, which needs a good clean up. NOTE: The "pets" section might have to be removed as it is written like a personal reflection or essay. Monkeys 9711 (talk) 14:03, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Organization
This page seems to have sections that could be merged together into one heading, to minimize confusion and unessesary sections. I took the "Woodland" and "Sports" headings and merged them with "Characters". The heading is now called "Characters and Neighbourhood". Just to organzize the page more. Monkeys 9711 (talk) 22:59, 16 August 2014 (UTC)

Airdate corrections
Can someone find a source for airdates? Franklin is said to have started in 1997, not 1998. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.135.65.251 (talk) 18:14, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Franklin (TV series)


text:
Category talk:Gay writers

Untitled
James Baldwin, Gore Vidal, Walt Whitman, Oscar Wilde, Adam Haslett. Some who can edits lists, please add them. Ken Ireland

Could DENTON WELCH be added to the list of gay writers? I'm too much of a novice here to have sussed out how to do it yet - Cheers

Hey, is Michael Cunningham gay? If he is, then I think he should be included on this list... --little Alex 04:15, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I added most of the people currently in this category, and as far as I'm concerned, if you can find evidence that he is gay and either there is something in his article mentioning that and its relationship to his work, or if not you add such a paragraph or section or whatever, I'm all for his inclusion. The reason I'd like to see something in the article specifically mentioning his sexuality before he is added is that a consensus was reached elsewhere that, when dealing with categories involving people's sexuality this was the best way to go (because its something people often get upset over, etc.).  -Seth Mahoney 00:03, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

Please add Somerset Maugham. thanks (tn2ak2001) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tn2ak2001 (talk • contribs) 23:34, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Other disciplines
Moved the following text here for the time being:

 * Those who have written in science or other academic disciplines should be placed in other categories (scientists, philosophers, sexologists, etc).

I agree that maybe we should break this up a little more - for instance, many of the people on this list are academics, several of them are philosophers, historians, etc. I'm just not sure its going to be this easy. What do we do with gay men who wrote literature and philosophy, for example? Also, before we add notices like this we should be sure the appropriate categories exist and link to them. Also, rather than an "etc.", we should make a full list of appropriate categories, so people adding articles to these categories know which ones exist and so on. Finally, with writers as a general category, adding people is fairly non-controversial: we have a case for their placement here. We could make similar arguments for philosophers and sexologists. I'm not so sure that's the case with, say, scientists and mathemeticians. -Seth Mahoney 20:20, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Is it possible for Wikipedia to make a category tag that references a sub-topic on a page? Would be nice to have this page with sub-cats for different types of writers. That way, all the writers stay together, but people have more chance of working out which they might be interested in following up the entry on. -Fontgirl 19:38, Mar 01, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not entirely sure I understand what you're getting at, but I think the closest we can do is make, for example, Category:Gay writers a subcategory of Category:Writers (which has already been done). This allows the reader to follow the link to Category:Gay writers and then move up the category tree from there.  Alternatively, we can have multiple categories on a page, for example Category:Gay writers and Category:American writers.  However, in cases where both a subcategory and a parent category fit (like Category:Gay writers and Category:Writers, use of both is discouraged - instead, the consensus is to add only the subcategory.  -Seth Mahoney 06:58, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think Fontgirl just meant that "gay" describes the writer more than the work genre, i.e. Nicola Griffith is a lesbian writer (I think), yes, but that doesn't say anything about what genre her work is in (SF/F and then mystery/thriller/noir).--little Alex 16:54, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

May I suggest an addition?
Bryan Fuller. I'm don't recognise the system of using numbers for the names on the editing page.

 * Please sign your posts by adding -~ at the end.
 * I'm not sure what you mean by "using numbers for the names on the editing page". If you're referring to the method for adding articles to categories, its pretty simple.  For example, if you were adding Latoya Jackson to Category:Gay writers you would edit the Latoya Jackson page and, at the bottom, put  in the list of categories in alphebetical order.  -Seth Mahoney 23:43, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

Ginsberg
The rather famous author/poet of the Beat Generation Allen Ginsberg is not on the list, as he should be. I don't have the capability to edit the page, whoever does should do so. The Way 05:13, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

What about Bret Easton Ellis. Author of american Psycho, Less than Zero, Rules of Attraction.

Sherman Alexie
Is this category exclusively for men who are gay in real life? If this is the case, Sherman Alexie doesn't really belong in it. His article acknowledges that he identifies as straight.Bjones 12:03, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Michael Chabon
...is also a straight writer who deals with gay issues. He's married to a woman.

Chabon is bisexual and he has talked about this in interviews and in an essay he wrote about the mysteries of pittsburgh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.103.102.92 (talk) 04:47, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

For straight writers?
Yeah, this is an interesting issue - there should probably be some discussion on it. Should self-identified straight writers who deal with gay issues be included in this category? My first inclination is to either eliminate this set of categories and replace them with Category: Writers who deal with LGBT issues or something similar, or to make Category: Writers who deal with LGBT issues (or something similar) a parent category of Category: Gay writers, and move all the straight people there. Eve Sedgwick is another interesting person as far as this sort of thing goes - she self-identifies as non-straight, is married to a man, and writes quite a bit about gay issues. Where does she belong? -Seth Mahoney 16:24, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Category:Lesbian_writers
There should be a link to Category:Lesbian_writers, but I'm not sure how to do that without actually adding the page to that category. Njál 15:47, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Listing people on sexual orientation should not be allowed
See Talk:List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people. Political, religious, racial origins & sexual orientations shouldn't be listed on Wikipedia because this constitutes a breach of prviacy. Lapaz 03:36, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * This has already been discussed elsewhere, although that particular point was never brought up. Nonetheless, I can't see how such listings constitute a breach of privacy if the person in question publicly identified as such, which is a requirement for the application of this category (and similar ones).  -Smahoney 19:16, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * For living writers then the guidance of WP:BLP should be followed. If there is a authoritative source with a non-controversial statement that the writer under discussion was gay then there should be no issue.—Ashleyvh (talk) 07:47, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

James Robert Baker
Yet another question about how to edit this page. I wanted to add this article to the list, but can't. Baker not only identified himself as a gay man in numerous articles and interviews, but he also wrote several novels about about gay issues. Jeffpw 10:26, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Category hierarchy
Anyone object to adding a hierarchy map to the category page? Something like: Category:LGBT
 * Category:LGBT culture
 * Category:LGBT literature
 * Category:LGBT writers
 * Category:Gay writers

I have been finding it quite confusing choosing what categories to apply and this sort of map is quite helpful.-- Ashley VH 11:05, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

William S. Burroughs?
Where's he on the list? He was gay. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.63.201.84 (talk) 05:40, 9 March 2007 (UTC).

Girls can be gay.
I know, it's just like this crazy thing I guess. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Banaranaram (talk • contribs) 00:00, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Adrianne Rich
Wonderful poet "rose wet cave" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.235.13.103 (talk) 03:17, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Please add Maurice Sendak per this link: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/10/arts/design/10sendak.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by MsBoyce02 (talk • contribs) 02:31, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Gay writers


text:
White Eyes

White Eyes, named Koquethagechton (c. 1730 – 5 November 1778), was Chief Sachem of the Lenape (Delaware) people in the Ohio Country during the era of the American Revolution. Sometimes known as George White Eyes, or Captain Grey Eyes al. Sir William, his given name in Lenape was rendered in many spelling variations in colonial records.

By 1773 he was Speaker of the Delaware Head Council and known as one of the most important councilors. White Eyes was a war chief and a tireless mediator in turbulent times, negotiating the first Indian treaties with the fledgling United States, and always working toward his ultimate goal of establishing a secure Indian territory. His assassination by an American militia officer is believed to have been covered up by United States officials.

Early life and education
Born in Somerset, Pennsylvania, around 1730. White Eyes was a member of the turtle clan(head) of the Lenape nation. His clan heritage marked him as a man in a position for leadership. Both his mother and father were Lenape leaders. Traditionally, the Lenape had lived in the Delaware River Valley.

Migration and career
After the war, when European colonists began settling near the Lenape villages around Fort Pitt in western Pennsylvania, the Native Americans moved further west to Muskingum in the Muskingum River valley in present-day eastern Ohio. By this time, many Lenape had converted to Christianity under the influence of Moravian missionaries and lived in villages led by these missionaries. The missionary towns also moved to Muskingum, so that the Lenape, both Christian and non-Christian, could stay together. Though not a Christian, White Eyes ensured that the Christian Lenape remained members of the larger native community.

Marriage and family
After becoming a chief, White Eyes married Rachel Doddridge (d. 1788), a young English colonist who had been taken captive as a 5-year-old child during a Lenape raid and adopted into the Lenape people, becoming fully assimilated. They had at least one son, named George Morgan White Eyes.

Rachel had been living with her father Philip Doddridge and family at a farm on Chartier's Creek near Statler's Fort (Washington County, Pennsylvania). Her cousin Philip Doddridge reported seeing her later as an adult at a trading post. Thoroughly assimilated by then, she was not interested in a reunion with her British relatives.

Town in Ohio
White Eyes established his own town, known by the colonists as White Eyes' Town, near the Lenape capital of Coshocton, Ohio. By 1773 White Eyes served as Speaker of the Delaware Head Council, an important position and indication of his high reputation in the tribe. In 1774, the Lenape Grand Council, an association of chiefs, named White Eyes as principal chief of the nation.

In the early 1770s, violence on the frontier between whites and Indians threatened to escalate into open warfare. White Eyes unsuccessfully attempted to prevent what would become Lord Dunmore's War in 1774, fought primarily between the Shawnee and Virginia colonists. He served as a peace emissary between the two armies, and helped negotiate a treaty to end the war.

Revolution and death
When the American Revolutionary War began soon after the end of Dunmore's War, White Eyes was negotiating a royal grant with Lord Dunmore to secure the Lenape territory in the Ohio Country. After the American revolutionaries forced Dunmore out of Virginia, White Eyes had to begin anew with the Americans.

In April 1776, he addressed the Continental Congress in Philadelphia on behalf of the Lenape. Two years later he completed an alliance of the Delaware with the United States by a treaty signed in 1778 at Fort Pitt. It promised to establish a Lenape state, with representation in the American Congress, provided that the Congress approved. The treaty provided for the Lenape to serve as guides for the Americans when they moved through the Ohio Country to strike at their British and Indian enemies to the north, in and around Detroit. In early November 1778, White Eyes joined an American expedition under General Lachlan McIntosh as a guide and negotiator.

Soon after, the Americans reported that White Eyes had contracted smallpox and died during the expedition. After his death, the Lenape alliance with the Americans eventually collapsed. The Americans by then had no interest in supporting a state under Lenape control. After his death, Gelelemend of the Turtle Clan became the principal chief of the Lenape as no other leader was qualified by clan.

Assassination claim
Years later, George Morgan, a US Indian agent, trader, and former close associate of White Eyes, wrote a letter to Congress claiming that the chief had been "treacherously put to death" by American militia in Michigan. Later documentation affirmed that White Eyes had been assassinated by an American militia officer on November 5, 1778. (Morgan had helped negotiate with Native Americans in the Fort Pitt area, so was closely involved in these matters.) He also wrote that the murder of White Eyes had been covered up to prevent the Lenape from abandoning the revolutionaries.

White Eyes' British-Lenape wife Rachel Doddridge was reportedly murdered by white men in 1788. Their mixed-race son George Morgan White Eyes (1770?–1798) was cared for by the family friend George Morgan. Later he was educated at the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), where his tuition was paid by the Continental Congress. He graduated in 1789.

Legacy and honors

 * White Eyes Township in Coshocton County, Ohio was named after the chief as a tribute to his leadership and building an alliance with the revolutionaries.

title: White Eyes


text:
Talk:De La Salle Philippines

 * This is the discussion page for De La Salle Philippines. Concerns regarding the member schools and Lasallian related articles can be also discussed here. Discussion pertaining to the Manila university is transferred to Talk:De La Salle University-Manila.

Notable (?) facilities
A significant portion of this article is dedicated to so-called "notable" facilities. But the section does not even discuss why these facilities should be considered notable, especially those which are not particularly popular. For example, there seems to be no explanation why the "Division 1" library of De La Salle Zobel should be placed in the same list as the De La Salle University-Manila Library, or why Hotel Nicole and Chez Avenir should be on the list. Unless there can be a proper justification as to why these facilities are indeed notable (perhaps insofar as they actually penetrate some level of the national consciousness), then perhaps the section must be renamed or the non-notable facilities stricken from the list. Else, this section will be misleading and might even be considered boosterism, which will be quite a shame since this article is already put together quite nicely. Rmcsamson (talk) 07:22, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Move to De La Salle University, Manila De La Salle University-Manila?
Support. --Howard the Duck | talk, 03:40, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The official name according to http://system.dlsu.edu.ph/lasalliana/style_guide.asp, is De La Salle University-Manila. Official documents refer to the school using that name also. Mithril tdd1 05:51, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Lets use the official name(?)--Jondel 05:58, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * How about moving the De La Salle University System article to De La Salle University once DLSU-Manila gets moved? I saw the University of the Philippines article and it refers to the UP System rather than UP Diliman. -- Mithril tdd1 06:10, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Support as per Mithril tdd1, I'd also want to move De La Salle University - College of Saint Benilde to De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde. --Howard the Duck | talk, 08:43, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * With regards to De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde, Akira123323 mentioned that the official university name has the full name of DLSU. However, the System and CSB's website refer to it without the "University" part. The words on the school logo was also changed to "De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde". I think it is the correct name today. --Mithril tdd1 10:00, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd be putting a notice on the CSB talk page on this discussion. --Howard the Duck | talk, 10:14, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * With regards to whether it is DLSU-CSB or DLS-CSB, my aunt showed me my uncle's diploma from DLSU-CSB, which I think dates back to 2001-2002. I'm even presuming that both terms are interchangable, but I also remember seeing the sign at CSB specifically saying "De La Salle University-College of St. Benilde".  --Akira123323 Say what? Track record 17:27, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The last time I passed there, it was "De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde". Although I'd agree that they're interchangable, the website states "De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde", and someone researching on the topic maybe confused, especially if they don't have access to diplomas. --Howard the Duck | talk, 10:22, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I might consider asking some people about the naming controversy, but if St. Benilde really says they're "De La Salle - College of St. Benilde", how about we move it back to there and make DLSU-CSB a redirect? That would affirm the interchangability of the name.  --Akira123323 Say what? Track record 11:53, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That would do. I've read the reports of the DLS system presidents from 2000-2005. For 2000-2003, it was called DLSU-CSB while 2003 onwards it was changed to DLS-CSB. There's also a report regarding the replacement of the facade logo at CSB. I found no report regarding the name change so it might be interchangable or not. I'll try to gather info regarding this once i go to CSB. -- Mithril tdd1 13:36, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * As of now its interchangable, although there's only one official name. DLSU-CSB can redirect to DLS-CSB. --Howard the Duck | talk, 14:41, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Please note that DLSU-Manila is incorporated as De La Salle University, Inc. I am not sure what the DLSU System is incorporated as. Rmcsamson 09:17, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That'll be fine. De La Salle University would be about the system, while De La Salle University-Manila. I've seen it on a lot of university articles already, on the campus or system issue. --Howard the Duck | talk, 09:27, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If the System article gets moved here let's use this talk page to discuss about problems or suggestions to the system member school articles so they can be further improved. What do you guys think? --Mithril tdd1 16:54, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That can work. At least it's more convenient for future editors.  --Akira123323 Say what? Track record 18:16, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Before the system article is moved here, all other links to De La Salle University must be changed to De La Salle University-Manila, to avoid confusion. --Howard the Duck | talk, 10:22, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Will it be De La Salle University-Manila directly rather than De La Salle University where it shows DLSU but actually links to DLSU-M? -- Mithril tdd1 14:02, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * As is. For example in the UAAP Basketball Champions article it simply states "La Salle". --Howard the Duck | talk, 15:39, 17 May 2006 (UTC) P.S.: Can somebody change the color in the template? Its blue hehehe --Howard the Duck | talk,
 * Okay, i think i understood. About the template, since a dark shade would make the text very dark, i've used a lighter shade (#ABF5B5) i've used the shade used in Michigan State University's template so the DLSS title is clearly seen. What do you think? Does it look good? -- Mithril tdd1 16:03, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks much better. About renaming, what links here function may come in handy. --Howard the Duck | talk, 16:29, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, i've managed to replace at least half (i think) of the links in the What links here page. I'll continue replacing them later this day. @_@ -- Mithril tdd1 18:43, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Don't mind if I help. :) --Howard the Duck | talk, 08:56, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * That would be greatly appreciated. Especially on those championship articles. :) --Mithril tdd1 09:32, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Guess what? I lfet out the championship articles. If I've been allowed to download AutoWikiBrowser, then I can do it quickly. --Howard the Duck | talk, 09:41, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Now that all links minus some of the championships articles were replaced we can move the articles now? -- Mithril tdd1 10:23, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know. But IMO lets wait a bit until all of them are linked properly. --Howard the Duck | talk, 13:39, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, some people might revert the modified links and say "they link to the same article anyway" if we wait for long. I'll work on the championship articles one by one. All links have been replaced except for the Lipton ones where the articles have some issues and for articles where DLSU-M isn't exactly the one being mentioned. -- Mithril tdd1 17:05, 18 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Seeing there's no opposition to the move, what we need now is an admin to do the move. --Howard the Duck | talk, 04:06, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Quick, we need to act fast before someone discovers our evil deeds. You guys make the moves, I'll watch if anyone finds out. Just to clarify, we move to 'De La Salle University, Manila' to 'De La Salle University-Manila'?(final confirmation).--Jondel 04:24, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * We move De La Salle University to De La Salle University-Manila, while De La Salle University System will be moved to De La Salle University. You can move De La Salle University, Manila to De La Salle University-Manila, but there nothing to move (its a redirect). Although there's still no consensus to move De La Salle University - College of Saint Benilde back to De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde, so lets maintain status quo on the proposed DLSU-CSB movement. --Howard the Duck | talk, 04:39, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * About CSB again, a booklet that was handed out to freshmen indicates that officialy, there are only two ways to refer to the College: De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde or DLS-CSB. I guess that's enough reason to move the DLS-CSB article back to its original title. -- Mithril tdd1 10:45, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * So is it De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde, with the hyphen not having spaces (such as De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde? Lets wait for Akira first. --Howard the Duck | talk, 12:05, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes. So far i haven't seen any official document with the hyphen having spaces. -- Mithril tdd1 12:19, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I've never seen a document where there are spaces at both sides of the hyphen between DLS-CSB. I always presume people write the full form of DLS-CSB (or DLSU-CSB) without the spaces, so omitting the spaces would be fine with me.  --Akira123323 Say what? Track record 17:16, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * So is it OK for a sysop to move De La Salle University - College of Saint Benilde to De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde? --Howard the Duck | talk, 02:22, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I guess it's OK. After all, DLS-CSB is not a university. -- Mithril tdd1 03:25, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I assume so. It is a college in the first place.  --Akira123323 Say what? Track record 04:37, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * So it's OK to move it now? -- Mithril tdd1 16:04, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yep. We'd just change the wikilinks later, since there would only be one movement. --Howard the Duck | talk, 17:12, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Article moved. I'll work on the links next time. -- Mithril tdd1 18:27, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

The redirect De La Salle University-Manila was deleted first. I assume we can just leave this discussion page here so that it would be the discussion page of the DLSU (System -not actual part of title ).--Jondel 05:31, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll just leave the DLSU System discussion page, The DLSU System page will become a redirect.--Jondel 05:34, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

De La Salle University System is now De La Salle University--Jondel 05:39, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I've now added/modified the notes at the top. --Howard the Duck | talk, 05:49, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Your welcome.--Jondel 00:28, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Copied sections
The Subsidiaries of De La Salle University System section were taken from http://system.dlsu.edu.ph/services_and_resources/subsidiaries.asp, although a bit modified. The AKIC picture is obviously copied from the CSB Hotel site (http://www.dls-csb.edu.ph/hotel/location.asp). Should that be allowed? --- Mithril tdd1 09:45, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Just rewrite the text. About the pic, a tag will do, or it maybe deleted. --Howard t he Du c k 14:39, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

 * They really have to be rewritten or deleted. The Copyright checking business is strict and horrible.--Jondel 06:16, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

De La Salle Philippines
The DLS System was recently changed into the new "De La Salle Philippines, Inc." which will include the rest of the Lasallian schools in the country. Newsletters from La Salle schools have been referring to the system as the "now defunct De La Salle University System".

It seems that this page will undergo yet another name change in the near future. --Mithril tdd1 13:56, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As long as the new name does not become to be widely used, lets stick to De La Salle University. --Howard t he Du c k 05:08, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I would now agree for to be moved to De La Salle Philippines as long as De La Salle University redirects to the new article. --Howard t he Du c k 10:29, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Some parts of the article have to be modified first. So far, there's no other information about DLSP other than its existence and member schools. --Mithril tdd1 11:49, 1 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Once this article gets moved to De La Salle Philippines, how about turning De La Salle University into a disambiguation page? --Mithril tdd1 09:56, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Update: De La Salle Philippines and corresponding template created. --Mithril tdd1 13:14, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Is it time for this article to become a redirect page? --Mithril tdd1 15:46, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Would the merging of the content from this article to the DLSP article would be beneficial? If yes, I approve of the redirection. Also, should DLSU be deleted? --Howard t he Du c k 07:12, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Most of the content from this article has already been modified and added to the DLSP article. I think it would be better to make it redirect again to DLSU-M or turn it into a disambiguation page for the other DLSUs. And yes, the template should be deleted now that it has no more use. --Mithril tdd1 07:38, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * For me, De La Salle University should redirect to De La Salle Philippines. You can nominate the template for deletion (it's deletion is faster when the creator does it). --Howard t he Du c k 08:14, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not the creator though. --Mithril tdd1 08:32, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you replace it with the DLSU-M infobox you're planning at your sandbox? --Howard t he Du c k 08:42, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Although the required articles must be made first before i put it into use. About the fate of this article, maybe we should ask for the opinion of others. --Mithril Cloud 09:17, 4 July 2006 (UTC) (Mithril tdd1)
 * OK. --Howard t he Du c k 09:31, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Somebody already moved the article ahead of us. He even made a second DLS System article ~_~ --Mithril Cloud 06:38, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh well. What should we do now? --Howard t he Du c k 13:21, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Let it be? After all, there's nothing wrong with it, right? --Mithril Cloud 13:48, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, after all, no one objected(?) to the proposal? Perhaps he agreed also. I;ve also edited the disambig note at the DLSU-Manila page. --Howard t he Du c k 14:04, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * (restarted indent)) Wait, so now, all articles that link to De La Salle University now redirects to De La Salle University-Manila, now all of our rechanging efforts (see above discussion) have been voided... lol. --Howard t he Du c k 10:41, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * If only the DLSU article was changed to a disambig page it would've been okay. But yeah, at this point all of our rechanging efforts were flushed down the drain. XD --Mithril Cloud 11:04, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I have question, is De La Salle Philippines the successor of De La Salle University or is it a completely new company? --Howard t he Du c k 11:12, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It's the successor i think. --Mithril Cloud 12:33, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * If it's a successor, then De La Salle University should redirect to De La Salle Philippines. If it's not a successor, then either De La Salle University be redirected to De La Salle University, or it will become a disambig. --Howard t he Du c k 13:10, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if it's a successor or not. We really won't find out yet until the DLSP website is launched or if someone asks a La Salle staff about it. --Mithril Cloud 16:04, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Well then until everything's clear, lets just abide the status quo. --Howard t he Du c k 16:11, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Definitions of DLSP
I've read the LaSallian, DLSU-Manila's newspaper about the separation of DLSU-M and DLS-PSI because of the implementation of DLSP, which is described as "the new administrative set-up in place of the DLSU System providing for greater autonomy of Lasallian schools". The Executive Vice President of DLSU said "We are now individual, autonomous schools under a corporation called De La Salle Philippines".

I've looked up DLSP on Google and so far nothing has referred to it as a university system, but instead it was referred as a "governing body for Lasallian institutions in the Philippines". Should we change the description of DLSP from a university system to an administrative body? I'm really confused now. o_o --Mithril Cloud 15:47, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Br. Andrew Gonzalez, FSC
Can I move it to Andrew Gonzalez (educator)? --Howard t he Du c k 05:51, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sure, but why? --Mithril Cloud 05:57, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think its awkward to see "Br" and "FSC" in the title name. We don't say Senator Richard Gordon but Richard Gordon (politician). --Howard t he Du c k 06:01, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Okay. then. --Mithril Cloud 06:05, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks.--Howard t he Du c k
 * Wait, should a disambiguation page be necessary? Or is the notice on top fine already? --Mithril Cloud 06:30, 15 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It depends how "sikat" the other Andrew Gonzalez is. But I think the notice at the top will be fine. --Howard t he Du c k 06:32, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Student publications
Somebody added student publication links to the DLSP template. Is it necessary? --Mithril Cloud 15:50, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * As long as they'll have articles I don't see no reason not to include them. HOWEVER, it is better if they're cited at their school's page (I've been pretty lenient on this one at the UST page). --Howard t he Du c k 16:10, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that's much better. I'll take the SP links out of the template and put it in their respective schools. --Mithril Cloud 16:17, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

For reference, here are the two student publications that were recently made. A review would be appreciated. -- Mithril Cloud 12:51, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Heraldo Filipino - DLSU-D
 * The Spectrum - USLS

LSGH
The La Salle Green Hills article has gotten longer with some irrelevant information. Also, the vandalism never seem to stop, especially with the unsourced alumni additions. A review or rewrite of the article would be appreciated. -- Mithril Cloud 11:01, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

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Lasallian Wikipedians
Editors for the various DLSP schools are increasing, which is a good thing.

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text: User talk:12.151.162.13

title: User talk:12.151.162.13


text:
Peptide synthesis

In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another. Protecting group strategies are usually necessary to prevent undesirable side reactions with the various amino acid side chains. Chemical peptide synthesis most commonly starts at the carboxyl end of the peptide (C-terminus), and proceeds toward the amino-terminus (N-terminus). Protein biosynthesis (long peptides) in living organisms occurs in the opposite direction.

The chemical synthesis of peptides can be carried out using classical solution-phase techniques, although these have been replaced in most research and development settings by solid-phase methods (see below). Solution-phase synthesis retains its usefulness in large-scale production of peptides for industrial purposes moreover.

Chemical synthesis facilitates the production of peptides that are difficult to express in bacteria, the incorporation of unnatural amino acids, peptide/protein backbone modification, and the synthesis of D-proteins, which consist of D-amino acids.

Solid-phase synthesis
The established method for the production of synthetic peptides in the lab is known as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Pioneered by Robert Bruce Merrifield, SPPS allows the rapid assembly of a peptide chain through successive reactions of amino acid derivatives on a macroscopically insoluble solvent-swollen beaded resin support.

The solid support consists of small, polymeric resin beads functionalized with reactive groups (such as amine or hydroxyl groups) that link to the nascent peptide chain. Since the peptide remains covalently attached to the support throughout the synthesis, excess reagents and side products can be removed by washing and filtration. This approach circumvents the comparatively time-consuming isolation of the product peptide from solution after each reaction step, which would be required when using conventional solution-phase synthesis.

Each amino acid to be coupled to the peptide chain N-terminus must be protected on its N-terminus and side chain using appropriate protecting groups such as Boc (acid-labile) or Fmoc (base-labile), depending on the side chain and the protection strategy used (see below).

The general SPPS procedure is one of repeated cycles of alternate N-terminal deprotection and coupling reactions. The resin can be washed between each steps. First an amino acid is coupled to the resin. Subsequently, the amine is deprotected, and then coupled with the activated carboxyl group of the next amino acid to be added. This cycle is repeated until the desired sequence has been synthesized. SPPS cycles may also include capping steps which block the ends of unreacted amino acids from reacting. At the end of the synthesis, the crude peptide is cleaved from the solid support while simultaneously removing all protecting groups using a reagent such as trifluoroacetic acid. The crude peptide can be precipitated from a non-polar solvent like diethyl ether in order to remove organic soluble byproducts. The crude peptide can be purified using reversed-phase HPLC. The purification process, especially of longer peptides can be challenging, because cumulative amounts of numerous minor byproducts, which have properties similar to the desired peptide product, have to be removed. For this reason so-called continuous chromatography processes such as MCSGP are increasingly being used in commercial settings to maximize the yield without sacrificing purity.

SPPS is limited by reaction yields due to the exponential accumulation of by-products, and typically peptides and proteins in the range of 70 amino acids are pushing the limits of synthetic accessibility. Synthetic difficulty also is sequence dependent; typically aggregation-prone sequences such as amyloids are difficult to make. Longer lengths can be accessed by using ligation approaches such as native chemical ligation, where two shorter fully deprotected synthetic peptides can be joined in solution.

Peptide coupling reagents
An important feature that has enabled the broad application of SPPS is the generation of extremely high yields in the coupling step. Highly efficient amide bond-formation conditions are required. To illustrate the impact of suboptimal coupling yields for a given synthesis, consider the case where each coupling step were to have at least 99% yield: this would result in a 77% overall crude yield for a 26-amino acid peptide (assuming 100% yield in each deprotection); if each coupling were 95% efficient, the overall yield would be 25%. and adding an excess of each amino acid (between 2- and 10-fold). The minimization of amino acid racemization during coupling is also of vital importance to avoid epimerization in the final peptide product.

Amide bond formation between an amine and carboxylic acid is slow, and as such usually requires 'coupling reagents' or 'activators'. A wide range of coupling reagents exist, due in part to their varying effectiveness for particular couplings, many of these reagents are commercially available.

Carbodiimides
Carbodiimides such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) are frequently used for amide bond formation. The reaction proceeds via the formation of a highly reactive O-acylisourea. This reactive intermediate is attacked by the peptide N-terminal amine, forming a peptide bond. Formation of the O-acylisourea proceeds fastest in non-polar solvents such as dichloromethane.

DIC is particularly useful for SPPS since as a liquid it is easily dispensed, and the urea byproduct is easily washed away. Conversely, the related carbodiimide 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) is often used for solution-phase peptide couplings as its urea byproduct can be removed by washing during aqueous work-up.

Carbodiimide activation opens the possibility for racemization of the activated amino acid. Racemization can be circumvented with 'racemization suppressing' additives such as the triazoles 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HOBt), and 1-hydroxy-7-aza-benzotriazole (HOAt). These reagents attack the O-acylisourea intermediate to form an active ester, which subsequently reacts with the peptide to form the desired peptide bond. Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate (Oxyma), an additive for carbodiimide coupling, acts as an alternative to HOAt.

Aminium/uronium and phosphonium salts

Some coupling reagents omit the carbodiimide completely and incorporate the HOAt/HOBt moiety as an aminium/uronium or phosphonium salt of a non-nucleophilic anion (tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate). Examples of aminium/uronium reagents include HATU (HOAt), HBTU/TBTU (HOBt) and HCTU (6-ClHOBt). HBTU and TBTU differ only in the choice of anion. Phosphonium reagents include PyBOP (HOBt) and PyAOP (HOAt).

These reagents form the same active ester species as the carbodiimide activation conditions, but differ in the rate of the initial activation step, which is determined by nature of the carbon skeleton of the coupling reagent. Furthermore, aminium/uronium reagents are capable of reacting with the peptide N-terminus to form an inactive guanidino by-product, whereas phosphonium reagents are not.

Propanephosphonic acid anhydride
Since late 2000s, propanephosphonic acid anhydride, sold commercially under various names such as "T3P", has become a useful reagent for amide bond formation in commercial applications. It converts the oxygen of the carboxylic acid into a leaving group, whose peptide-coupling byproducts are water-soluble and can be easily washed away. In a performance comparison between propanephosphonic acid anhydride and other peptide coupling reagents for the preparation of a nonapeptide drug, it was found that this reagent was superior to other reagents with regards to yield and low epimerization.

Solid supports
Solid supports for peptide synthesis are selected for physical stability, to permit the rapid filtration of liquids. Suitable supports are inert to reagents and solvents used during SPPS and allow for the attachment of the first amino acid. Swelling is of great importance because peptide synthesis takes place inside the swollen pores of the solid support.

Three primary types of solid supports are: gel-type supports, surface-type supports, and composites. Improvements to solid supports used for peptide synthesis enhance their ability to withstand the repeated use of TFA during the deprotection step of SPPS. Two primary resins are used, based on whether a C-terminal carboxylic acid or amide is desired. The Wang resin was,, the most commonly used resin for peptides with C-terminal carboxylic acids.

Protecting groups schemes
As described above, the use of N-terminal and side chain protecting groups is essential during peptide synthesis to avoid undesirable side reactions, such as self-coupling of the activated amino acid leading to (polymerization). This would compete with the intended peptide coupling reaction, resulting in low yield or even complete failure to synthesize the desired peptide.

Two principle protecting group schemes are typically used in solid phase peptide synthesis: so-called Boc/benzyl and Fmoc/tert-butyl approaches. The Boc/Bzl strategy utilizes TFA-labile N-terminal Boc protection alongside side chain protection that is removed using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride during the final cleavage step (with simultaneous cleavage of the peptide from the solid support). Fmoc/tBu SPPS uses base-labile Fmoc N-terminal protection, with side chain protection and a resin linkage that are acid-labile (final acidic cleavage is carried out via TFA treatment).

Both approaches, including the advantages and disadvantages of each, are outlined in more detail below.

Boc/Bzl SPPS
Before the advent of SPPS, solution methods for chemical peptide synthesis relied on tert-butyloxycarbonyl (abbreviated 'Boc') as a temporary N-terminal α-amino protecting group. The Boc group is removed with acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This forms a positively charged amino group in the presence of excess TFA (note that the amino group is not protonated in the image on the right), which is neutralized and coupled to the incoming activated amino acid. Neutralization can either occur prior to coupling or in situ during the basic coupling reaction.

The Boc/Bzl approach retains its usefulness in reducing peptide aggregation during synthesis. In addition, Boc/benzyl SPPS may be preferred over the Fmoc/tert-butyl approach when synthesizing peptides containing base-sensitive moieties (such as depsipeptides or thioester moeities), as treatment with base is required during the Fmoc deprotection step (see below).

Permanent side-chain protecting groups used during Boc/benzyl SPPS are typically benzyl or benzyl-based groups. Final removal of the peptide from the solid support occurs simultaneously with side chain deprotection using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride via hydrolytic cleavage. The final product is a fluoride salt which is relatively easy to solubilize. Scavengers such as cresol must be added to the HF in order to prevent reactive cations from generating undesired byproducts.

Fmoc/tBu SPPS

The use of N-terminal Fmoc protection allows for a milder deprotection scheme than used for Boc/Bzl SPPS, and this protection scheme is truly orthogonal under SPPS conditions. Fmoc deprotection utilizes a base, typically 20–50% piperidine in DMF. The exposed amine is therefore neutral, and consequently no neutralization of the peptide-resin is required, as in the case of the Boc/Bzl approach. The lack of electrostatic repulsion between the peptide chains can lead to increased risk of aggregation with Fmoc/tBu SPPS however. Because the liberated fluorenyl group is a chromophore, Fmoc deprotection can be monitored by UV absorbance of the reaction mixture, a strategy which is employed in automated peptide synthesizers.

The ability of the Fmoc group to be cleaved under relatively mild basic conditions while being stable to acid allows the use of side chain protecting groups such as Boc and tBu that can be removed in milder acidic final cleavage conditions (TFA) than those used for final cleavage in Boc/Bzl SPPS (HF). Scavengers such as water and triisopropylsilane (TIPS) are most commonly added during the final cleavage in order to prevent side reactions with reactive cationic species released as a result of side chain deprotection. Nevertheless, many other scavenger compounds could be used as well. The resulting crude peptide is obtained as a TFA salt, which is potentially more difficult to solubilize than the fluoride salts generated in Boc SPPS.

Fmoc/tBu SPPS is less atom-economical, as the fluorenyl group is much larger than the Boc group. Accordingly, prices for Fmoc amino acids were high until the large-scale piloting of one of the first synthesized peptide drugs, enfuvirtide, began in the 1990s, when market demand adjusted the relative prices of Fmoc- vs Boc- amino acids.

Benzyloxy-carbonyl
The (Z) group is another carbamate-type amine protecting group, discovered by Leonidas Zervas in the early 1930s and usually added via reaction with benzyl chloroformate. It is removed under harsh conditions using HBr in acetic acid, or milder conditions of catalytic hydrogenation.

This methodology was first used in the synthesis of oligopeptides by Zervas and Max Bergmann in 1932. Hence, this became known as the Bergmann-Zervas synthesis, which was characterised "epoch-making" and helped establish synthetic peptide chemistry as a distinct field. It constituted the first useful lab method for controlled peptide synthesis, enabling the synthesis of previously unattainable peptides with reactive side-chains, while Z-protected amino acids are also prevented form undergoing racemization.

The use of the Bergmann-Zervas method remained the standard practice in peptide chemistry for two full decades after its publication, superseded by newer methods (such as the Boc protecting group) in the early 1950s. Nowadays, while it has been used periodically for α-amine protection, it is much more commonly used for side chain protection.

Alloc and miscellaneous groups
The allyloxycarbonyl (alloc) protecting group is sometimes used to protect an amino group (or carboxylic acid or alcohol group) when an orthogonal deprotection scheme is required. It is also sometimes used when conducting on-resin cyclic peptide formation, where the peptide is linked to the resin by a side-chain functional group. The Alloc group can be removed using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).

For special applications like synthetic steps involving protein microarrays, protecting groups sometimes termed "lithographic" are used, which are amenable to photochemistry at a particular wavelength of light, and so which can be removed during lithographic types of operations.

Regioselective disulfide bond formation
The formation of multiple native disulfides remains challenging of native peptide synthesis by solid-phase methods. Random chain combination typically results in several products with nonnative disulfide bonds. Stepwise formation of disulfide bonds is typically the preferred method, and performed with thiol protecting groups. Different thiol protecting groups provide multiple dimensions of orthogonal protection. These orthogonally protected cysteines are incorporated during the solid-phase synthesis of the peptide. Successive removal of these groups, to allow for selective exposure of free thiol groups, leads to disulfide formation in a stepwise manner. The order of removal of the groups must be considered so that only one group is removed at a time.

Thiol protecting groups used in peptide synthesis requiring later regioselective disulfide bond formation must possess multiple characteristics. First, they must be reversible with conditions that do not affect the unprotected side chains. Second, the protecting group must be able to withstand the conditions of solid-phase synthesis. Third, the removal of the thiol protecting group must be such that it leaves intact other thiol protecting groups, if orthogonal protection is desired. That is, the removal of PG A should not affect PG B. Some of the thiol protecting groups commonly used include the acetamidomethyl (Acm), tert-butyl (But), 3-nitro-2-pyridine sulfenyl (NPYS), 2-pyridine-sulfenyl (Pyr), and trityl (Trt) groups. Importantly, the NPYS group can replace the Acm PG to yield an activated thiol.

Using this method, Kiso and coworkers reported the first total synthesis of insulin in 1993. In this work, the A-chain of insulin was prepared with following protecting groups in place on its cysteines: CysA6(But), CysA7(Acm), and CysA11(But), leaving CysA20 unprotected.

Microwave-assisted peptide synthesis
Microwave-assisted peptide synthesis has been used to complete long peptide sequences with high degrees of yield and low degrees of racemization.

Continuous flow solid-phase peptide synthesis
The first article relating to continuous flow peptide synthesis was published in 1986, but due to technical limitations, it was not until the early 2010's when more academic groups started using continuous flow for the rapid synthesis of peptides. The advantages of continuous flow over traditional batch methods is the ability to heat reagents with good temperature control, allowing the speed of reaction kinetics while minimising side reactions. cycles times vary from 30 seconds, up to 6 minutes, depending on reaction conditions and excess of reagent.

Thanks to inline analytics, such as UV/Vis spectroscopy and the use of Variable Bed Flow reactor (VBFR) that monitor the resin volume, on-resin aggregation can be identified and coupling efficiency can be evaluated.

Synthesizing long peptides
Stepwise elongation, in which the amino acids are connected step-by-step in turn, is ideal for small peptides containing between 2 and 100 amino acid residues. Another method is fragment condensation, in which peptide fragments are coupled. Although the former can elongate the peptide chain without racemization, the yield drops if only it is used in the creation of long or highly polar peptides. Fragment condensation is better than stepwise elongation for synthesizing sophisticated long peptides, but its use must be restricted in order to protect against racemization. Fragment condensation is also undesirable since the coupled fragment must be in gross excess, which may be a limitation depending on the length of the fragment.

A new development for producing longer peptide chains is chemical ligation: unprotected peptide chains react chemoselectively in aqueous solution. A first kinetically controlled product rearranges to form the amide bond. The most common form of native chemical ligation uses a peptide thioester that reacts with a terminal cysteine residue.

Other methods applicable for covalently linking polypeptides in aqueous solution include the use of split inteins, spontaneous isopeptide bond formation and sortase ligation.

In order to optimize synthesis of long peptides, a method was developed in Medicon Valley for converting peptide sequences. The simple pre-sequence (e.g. Lysine (Lysn); Glutamic Acid (Glun); (LysGlu)n) that is incorporated at the C-terminus of the peptide to induce an alpha-helix-like structure. This can potentially increase biological half-life, improve peptide stability and inhibit enzymatic degradation without altering pharmacological activity or profile of action.

On resin cyclization
Peptides can be cyclized on a solid support. A variety of cyclization reagents can be used such as HBTU/HOBt/DIEA, PyBop/DIEA, PyClock/DIEA. Head-to-tail peptides can be made on the solid support. The deprotection of the C-terminus at some suitable point allows on-resin cyclization by amide bond formation with the deprotected N-terminus. Once cyclization has taken place, the peptide is cleaved from resin by acidolysis and purified.

The strategy for the solid-phase synthesis of cyclic peptides is not limited to attachment through Asp, Glu or Lys side chains. Cysteine has a very reactive sulfhydryl group on its side chain. A disulfide bridge is created when a sulfur atom from one Cysteine forms a single covalent bond with another sulfur atom from a second cysteine in a different part of the protein. These bridges help to stabilize proteins, especially those secreted from cells. Some researchers use modified cysteines using S-acetomidomethyl (Acm) to block the formation of the disulfide bond but preserve the cysteine and the protein's original primary structure.

Off-resin cyclization
Off-resin cyclization is a solid-phase synthesis of key intermediates, followed by the key cyclization in solution phase, the final deprotection of any masked side chains is also carried out in solution phase. This has the disadvantages that the efficiencies of solid-phase synthesis are lost in the solution phase steps, that purification from by-products, reagents and unconverted material is required, and that undesired oligomers can be formed if macrocycle formation is involved.

The use of pentafluorophenyl esters (FDPP, PFPOH ) and BOP-Cl are useful for cyclising peptides.

History
The first protected peptide was synthesised by Theodor Curtius in 1882 and the first free peptide was synthesised by Emil Fischer in 1901.

title: Peptide synthesis