text:
Edward John Trelawny

Edward John Trelawny (13 November 1792 – 13 August 1881) was a British biographer, novelist and adventurer who is best known for his friendship with the Romantic poets Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron. Trelawny was born to a family of modest income but extensive ancestral history. Though his father became wealthy while he was a child, Edward had an antagonistic relationship with him. After an unhappy childhood, he was sent away to a school. He was assigned as a volunteer in the Royal Navy shortly before he turned thirteen.

Trelawny served on multiple ships as a naval volunteer while in his teen years. He traveled to India and saw combat during engagements with the French Navy. He did not care for the naval lifestyle, however, and left at nineteen years of age without becoming a commissioned officer. After retiring from the navy, he had a brief and unhappy marriage in England. He then moved to Switzerland and later Italy where he met Shelley and Byron. He became friends with the two poets, and helped teach them about sailing. He enjoyed inventing elaborate stories about his time in the navy, and in one he claimed to have deserted and become a pirate in India. After Shelley's death, Trelawny identified his body and arranged the funeral and burial.

Trelawny then travelled to Greece with Lord Byron in order to fight in the Greek War of Independence. Byron and Trelawny split up near Greece and Trelawny travelled into Greece to act as the agent of Lord Byron. After Byron died, Trelawny oversaw the preparations for the funeral and the return of his body to England. He also wrote his obituaries. Trelawny joined the cause of the Greek Revolutionary Odysseas Androutsos and helped to provide him with additional arms. He also married Androutsos' sister Tarsitsa. After Androutsos fell out of favour with the Greek government and was arrested, Trelawny took control of his mountain fortress. During this time, Trelawny survived an assassination attempt. After leaving Greece, he divorced Tarsitsa and returned to England, where he was well received by members of London society. He then wrote a memoir titled Adventures of a Younger Son. After the book was published he travelled to America for two years before returning to Britain. He then became politically active but soon remarried and moved to the Welsh countryside.

He then lived the life of a country squire for 12 years and raised a family with his third wife. They eventually separated and he moved back to London with a mistress. He then wrote a well received book about Shelley and Byron. He soon became friends with several prominent artists and writers in London. He was able to share his firsthand experience with Romantic-era writers with the leading Victorian writers of the day. He later retired to Sompting, where he led an ascetic lifestyle. He died in Sompting at the age of 88, having outlived almost all of his friends from the Romantic era.

Early life
Trelawny's birthplace is unknown, although he claimed that he was born in Cornwall. Some of his biographers have contended that he was actually born in London, as he was baptised in Marylebone as John Trelawney on 29 November 1792. His father, Charles Trelawny-Brereton (a descendant of Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 2nd Baronet, who married Mary, daughter of Sir Edward Seymour, 2nd Baronet, a descendant of Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset) was a British military officer who retired after reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel. His mother, Maria Hawkins, was of Cornish descent. She had inherited a small sum of money from her father, but the family soon spent most of the inheritance. When Edward was six years of age, his father inherited a large sum of money from one of his wealthy cousins. The family soon used the inheritance to move to London, where they lived in a large house. As a condition of receiving the inheritance, his father was required to adopt the last name "Brereton". His cousin, Owen Brereton, wished to have his last name continued along with his wealth. They lived in Cheshire while Edward was a young man.

At some point in his youth, he began referring to himself as Edward, which was the name used by most of his friends. Later in his life he referred to himself as "John Edward" for several years. Edward later recalled that his father had a fierce temper. He described his father's disposition as often "tyrannical". His father also tried to calculate the financial worth of all his relatives and kept detailed records of the numbers. In addition to his father, many of Edward Trelawny's other ancestors had strong tempers, as well. His elder uncle on his mother's side, Sir Christopher Hawkins was also wealthy. He held a seat in the House of Commons and in 1809 Trelawny's father also became a Member of the British Parliament. As a child, he was often told of the long history and adventures of his ancestors in the Trelawny family. As an adult, he was proud of having such prestigious ancestors. The recorded history of his family dated back to the reign of Edward the Confessor and included many prominent citizens.

Edward had five siblings who survived to adulthood and several who died as children. Edward shared a disdain for his father with his siblings. Though he hated his father, Edward was close with his mother. His mother worked hard to find wealthy husbands for her daughters, to the extent that her actions were satirised by some. In addition, many people found her to be a disagreeable person as she grew older. Trelawny's parents regarded their children as potential sinners and frequently used harsh measures to try to instill a sense of discipline in them. He resented being treated in this manner.

Edward only had one brother, Harry Trelawny. They were close in age and were close friends during their childhood. Harry was quiet and reserved, which sharply contrasted with Edward's extroverted and confrontational personality.

As an adult, Edward Trelawny often told stories about his childhood that focused on his early willingness to take confrontational positions and conceal things from others. One often used story described the time that he killed a vicious raven which had belonged to his father. He cited this event as an example of his habit of accepting offences up to a certain point before later taking revenge as the offences mounted. He later described the raven incident in his autobiography, Adventures of a Younger Son. In the book he described the fight with the raven as the "most awful duel" that he ever had.

Education
At the age of eight Charles Brereton decided to send Edward to live at the Seyer school, which was located two miles from their home in Bristol at that time. Trelawny later claimed that his father had resisted sending him to the school for some time due to its cost, but decided to enroll him after he caught him stealing apples from an orchard in the back yard. Trelawny hated the school and was angry at his father for sending him there. He often complained that the school served terrible food and subjected him to frequent flogging as a form of punishment. In addition to flogging, one of his classmates recorded that caning was a frequent method of punishment there, as well. The school's treatment of its students was actually comparable to many other schools of that time. He was also bullied and treated cruelly by other students there.

The schoolmaster there frequently condemned the French Revolution. These condemnations may have given Trelawny an early sympathy with revolutionary ideals. He was expelled from the school after two years due to violent behaviour towards teachers as well as starting fires after being confined in his room as punishment.

Naval career
Charles Brereton had originally hoped that his sons would attend Oxford. He became disappointed by the slow pace of Edward's learning as a child. In October 1805, shortly before his thirteenth birthday, he enrolled Edward in the Royal Navy as a first class volunteer. The younger sons of the gentry traditionally entered the military at that time. His family enrolled him as early as they could because seniority was crucial to career advancement at that time.

His first experiences in the navy were serving on ships that had returned from the Battle of Trafalgar with many badly wounded sailors. In November he was transferred to Temeraire and then to Colossus. He later attended a naval school in Portsmouth. In 1806 he served aboard HMS Woolwich. While serving on Woolwich he travelled to the Cape of Good Hope and to St. Helena. In 1808 he moved to the frigate Resistance, and in 1809 to the frigate Cornelia. While serving aboard Cornelia he travelled to Bombay. Trelawny's name was entered on the books of HMS Superb as volunteer first class in October 1812.

Trelawny was initially happy to have joined the navy and enjoyed the rough lifestyle there. He often exaggerated his age while he was in the navy. Some biographers believe he commanded a vessel as a midshipman in an engagement with the French at Mauritius in 1810. Some also believe that he was wounded engaging the French in Java in August 1811. He left the Navy in 1812 at the age of 19; receiving a final settlement of pay in 1815. He had grown to resent the discipline of the Navy due in part to the frequent punishment that he experienced. He was often sent to the masthead for several hours at a time. During that time, he frequently entertained fantasies of mutiny and desertion. Some biographers believe that Trelawny was inspired by hearing accounts of the French pirate Robert Surcouf. He was never commissioned as a lieutenant, though many of his contemporaries were. This disappointed him, although he began referring to himself as Lieutenant Trelawny anyway.

First marriage
Trelawny returned to England in 1812. Soon after he arrived he fell in love with Caroline, daughter of John Addison, of Bengal. She was several years younger than he but as well educated; she had studied French and was a skilled pianist. Though both of their families disapproved of the match they were not dissuaded. Trelawny's father was particularly infuriated by his son's disobedience. They were married in May 1813 and first lived in London before moving to Bristol. After their first daughter was born in 1814, they experienced financial difficulties that forced Trelawny to ask his father for money. Although he had a mutually disdainful relationship with his father, he was able to secure extra funds. Edward and Caroline soon became unhappy, causing Edward to begin leaving home often to spend time with his friends or to travel to the theatre by himself. Their second child was born in 1816.

Caroline soon began having an affair with a much older man, a naval captain named Coleman. They successfully hid the affair from Trelawny for some time; he discovered it long after many others had known. Although he dearly wished to fight a duel with Coleman, he simply filed for divorce instead. The proceedings were well covered in many of London's "penny press" tabloid papers. This publicity caused Trelawny tremendous frustration and humiliation. The divorce order was granted in July 1817, but was not finalised until 1819. Caroline was granted custody of the elder child and Edward kept the younger.

Studies
Trelawny's father soon attempted to purchase him a commission in the British Army, but he refused to consider joining the army. His father was furious at his refusal, leading to their estrangement. Brereton became estranged with Harry around the same time, due to a marriage that he entered into against his father's wishes. Edward began staying with a former landlord whom he had befriended. She helped him find someone to take care of his child. Trelawny then began using the name "Edward" rather than "John".

Due in part to the short time he spent in school, Trelawny struggled with spelling as a young man. He often spelled phonetically. This caused him significant difficulties when he tried to correspond with his friends. His spelling indicated a strong Westcountry accent. His parents were concerned about this, particularly his habit of occasionally misspelling his own name. His problem with spelling might have been due to dyslexia, evidence for which has been provided by one of Trelawny's biographers. After he left the Navy he read voraciously. He often read Shakespeare's plays and attended the theatres in Covent Garden. He began incorporating references to Shakespeare in his personal letters. He also enjoyed reading the works of Lord Byron, including Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. During this time he also accompanied his mother and sisters on a trip to Paris.

Switzerland
Even though they often quarrelled, Charles Brereton continued to provide Trelawny with an allowance. He received an allowance of £300 a year, which was roughly the same amount as retired captains received as a pension at that time. He began to present himself as Captain Edward Trelawny, Royal Navy, Retired. He decided to leave England to find a cheaper place to live. After initially considering a move to Buenos Aires, he decided to move to Switzerland. In Switzerland he was not directly affected by the inflation that was occurring in England. After moving to Geneva he soon became bored by the city and spent much of his time on hunting and fishing expeditions. In the summer of 1820, while staying in Lausanne, Trelawny befriended a local bookseller. The bookseller soon recommended to him that he read Queen Mab by Percy Bysshe Shelley. This was the first time that he had heard of Percy Shelley. He read Queen Mab and he greatly enjoyed the work.

He soon met Edward Ellerker Williams and Thomas Medwin at the home of a friend in Geneva. He had served on the same ship as Williams in the navy, although not at the same time. They also introduced him to the work of Percy Bysshe Shelley.

In the fall of 1820 Trelawny learned that his father had died and returned to England from Switzerland. After arriving in England he learned that he only had received a much smaller inheritance than he had expected. He was sorely disappointed and soon returned to Switzerland.

Pisa
In early 1822 he travelled to Pisa to meet Edward Ellerker Williams and his wife Jane, Thomas Medwin, Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley, and Lord Byron. Trelawny greatly enjoyed meeting Percy and Mary Shelley after having looked forward to meeting them for some time. He also met Mary's half-sister Claire Clairmont. Trelawny began spending much of his time with Mary Shelley. He often accompanied her to parties because Percy Shelley refused to do so.

In their age, class origin, and preferences, Trelawny resembled Percy Shelley, whose attitude toward authority figures he began to emulate. Mary Shelley enjoyed his company, and she was fascinated by the stories that Trelawny told of his naval career. Trelawny was a figure of great interest to these Romantic friends, for his lack of wealth and education was offset by the adventurous experiences that he had lived through, and which Byron had only written about. In fact, Byron once described Trelawny as the "personification of my Corsair".

Trelawney often exaggerated his adventures, especially when discussing the details of his naval career. For example, he claimed that he had deserted the navy and formed a band of pirates that traveled throughout Asia and fought the British Navy. Descriptions of his adventures often included duels and romance, such as his marrying an Arab girl name Zella who was later poisoned by a jealous rival. This kind of embellishment or exaggeration was common in his stories about his past, and his biographers have been divided as to whether he intentionally created a persona that he presented to the world, or if he really believed the stories that he created.

Trelawny greatly enjoyed his time in Pisa. He practised boxing and fencing with his friends. He frequently attended theaters with them at night. He also enjoyed listening to Jane Williams sing and play songs with the guitar that Shelley had given to her.

In March, Trelawny was involved in a high-profile confrontation. The incident began when an Italian soldier confronted Count John Taafe, who was travelling with Shelley, Trelawny, Byron, and Byron's entourage. Although Shelley was slightly wounded as he fell from his horse chasing after the soldier, one of Byron's servants later caught the soldier and wounded him severely. The incident was controversial and received a significant amount of publicity in Pisa. This was in part due to the anti-English sentiment that existed there at that time. After a lengthy investigation by the Italian authorities, Trelawny and his friends were cleared of all charges that had been pending against them.

Shelley and Edward Williams had wanted to begin sailing for some time, and Trelawny used his naval experience to help them make plans. Together they decided to have an American-style schooner constructed; he had often observed this type of boat during his time in the navy. After Shelley and Williams had constructed their boat, the Don Juan, Trelawny was hired by Byron to be the Captain of his vessel, the Bolivar. Trelawny also moved into a room in Byron's mansion at that time. Trelawny's friend Daniel Roberts designed and supervised the construction of both vessels. The construction of the Bolivar cost £750, a sum which Byron found irritatingly high.

Trelawny had planned to accompany the Don Juan in the Bolivar during the voyage in which the Don Juan sank. He was held back by the Port Authority because he was not carrying his port clearance with him, though he had sailed without bringing his clearance several times in the past. After Shelley and Williams did not return to their home by the time that they were expected, Jane Williams and Mary Shelley informed Trelawny that their husbands were missing. He began making urgent inquiries and attempted to find news about them. For the next several days, he frequently met with members of the Italian Coast Guard and promised them rewards if they were able to find the boat.

After Shelley's body was found, Trelawny was able to confirm the identity of the body. He then notified their wives and escorted Mary and Jane to Pisa for the funeral. Trelawny made the arrangements for the cremation and oversaw the ceremony. After Shelley's body was cremated, Trelawny removed what he thought was Shelley's unburned heart from the fire. He later wrote a full account of the funeral. He also arranged to have a memorial built at Shelley's final resting place in Rome. Trelawny then reserved a spot for himself in the same cemetery.

After the funeral, Trelawny went on a hunting trip with Daniel Roberts. After he returned, he soon developed tension with Byron, in part due to Byron's habit of leaving bills unpaid. This often put Trelawny in a difficult position as the captain of his boat. Byron sold the Bolivar for 400 guineas in late 1822. This left Trelawny unemployed. He split his time between Genoa and Albaro, and hunted often. He began spending much of his time with Mary Shelley and he supplied the funds for her to return to England. Trelawny soon fell in love with Claire Clairmont. She ultimately spurned his proposals, however. He decided to move after his mother found his address and began sending him letters.

Greece
Shelley had been supportive of the idea of Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire before he died. In June 1823 Byron decided to go to Greece to fight for independence, and Trelawny enthusiastically accompanied him. With the assistance of Captain Daniel Roberts, Byron chartered a boat named Hercules to transport them there. During the voyage, Trelawny and Byron sometimes irritated each other. They often joined in swimming, boxing, and fencing together during the trip. They also practised their aim by shooting ducks for target practice. They initially spent much time together because the rest of Byron's entourage suffered from seasickness and were unable to participate in their activities. On the voyage, "Byron sometimes expressed his intention, should his services prove of no avail to Greece, of endeavouring to obtain by purchase, or otherwise, some small island in the South Sea, to which, after visiting England, he might retire for the remainder of his life, and very seriously asked Trelawny if he would accompany him, to which the latter, without hesitation, replied in the affirmative". After they arrived in the Ionian Islands, Byron decided to stay there for a while in order to consult with the London Greek Committee and other experts regarding the political situation in Greece before proceeding further. They then left him in Kefalonia and traveled to Greece. Byron approved of Trelawny's plan to travel deeper into Greece and presented him with a sword and a letter of introduction shortly before he departed. Byron also asked them to soon return to him with more information.

After initially staying with a shepherd after they arrived in Greece, they travelled to Tripoli. Trelawny wore authentic Souliote dress on the journey. After arriving in Tripoli, Trelawny met with Alexandros Mavrokordatos whom he soon came to strongly dislike. He also met Theodoros Kolokotronis, whom he later came to admire. They traveled together to Salamis, on the journey Trelawny viewed the sites of previous battles. He recorded that he could see the bones of those who had been slain there. He spoke with many Greek leaders after arriving in Salamis. He was well respected as the agent of Lord Byron, whom they held in high esteem. He frequently corresponded with Lord Byron and encouraged him to come to Greece. He was disappointed when Byron did not come for some time, and that when he did come he came to territory that was overseen by Mavrokordatos. Trelawny, however, greatly enjoyed Corinth and Athens. Rumours later emerged that he purchased a harem of twelve to fifteen women while staying in Athens. However, some have maintained that he may have actually redeemed the women from slavery.

He soon left on a raiding expedition with the warlord Odysseas Androutsos, who controlled much of Eastern Greece. Trelawny thought highly of Odysseas, describing him as a brother and comparing him to George Washington and Simón Bolívar. During this time Trelawny commanded a group of twenty-five Arvanite soldiers. In the winter of 1823–24, Odysseas and his men fought several battles with the Turks and destroyed villages in the Euboea region. Trelawny lobbied Byron to send them more arms, but Byron decided to wait before shipping any to consider the political implications. Some have called into question the effectiveness of Odysseas' campaign and many view Byron's delay as a polite refusal.

After Byron died in April 1824, Trelawny returned from an expedition with Odysseas. Trelawny claimed that upon arriving in Messolonghi, he began overseeing the funeral preparations. In the days before his death, Byron often said he wished Trelawny would return to him. Trelawny then wrote several accounts of Byron's last years and sent them to papers in England. In these accounts he often exaggerated the role he played in Byron's life. Shortly after Byron died, Trelawny reportedly took the opportunity to view his deformed foot with a servant of Byron's.

Mountain fortress

Trelawny then began lobbying members of the London Greek Committee to fully support Odysseas. He also lobbied for a Greek Congress and criticised Mavrokordatos. In a letter to Mary Shelley Trelawny described Mavrokordatos as a "miserable Jew" and said that he hoped to see him beheaded. Trelawny was able to transfer some portions of weapons shipments from London to Odysseas. This was a controversial move among Greek leaders and the London Greek Committee, many of whom saw it as a foolish move. He also suggested that the Greek authorities should hire privateers to harass Turkish ships.

In May 1824 Trelawny brought a load of guns to the fortified cave in which Odysseas was based. He arrived with a British military officer, Whitcomb, and a military engineer, Fenton. Trelawny recorded that Odysseas commanded a force of 5,000 men, who killed over 20,000 people during their campaign. Odysseas and his men retired to Parnassus after they learned the Greek government would not give them more funds. The Greek Government had decided to try to raise a regular army and take power away from the warlords. The size of his force soon diminished.

Trelawny hoped to convince Odysseas to leave with him for the Ionian islands, but Odysseas refused. He also helped Odysseas hide some valuable antiquities; they were never found. Some sources claim that Odysseas was attempting to strike a deal with the Turks at that time. Trelawny soon married Tarsitsa, the half-sister of Odysseas. She was much younger than he, and was probably a teenager. Some have speculated that their wedding was performed by a local Greek Orthodox priest. Tarsitsa then lived with him in the cave. At this point Trelawny's life had actually began to resemble many of the stories that he had previously constructed about his past. Word soon spread to England that Trelawny was working for the Turks with Odysseas now. Trelawny again tried to convince Odysseas to escape with him to the Ionian Islands in order to prevent the Greek government from arresting him. Odysseas was caught on his way to find a boat. He was charged with treason and imprisoned in Athens. Trelawny administered the cave in his absence.

Assassination attempt
Tension between Trelawny and his two English companions Fenton and Whitcomb had been growing. When a shooting match was proposed, Trelawny arrogantly said that even with a pistol he could outshoot the other two with rifles. During the contest, when Trelawny was checking the target, he was shot in the back by Whitcomb, who was urged on by Fenton. Fenton was quickly shot and killed by one of Trelawny's Greek soldiers. Seeing this, Whitcomb tried to flee but was captured by soldiers. The soldiers initially hung Whitcomb off a cliff by his ankles as punishment, but Trelawny asked them to stop and they imprisoned the man. There was no doctor available and Trelawny lived on a diet of raw eggs that was suggested by his wife, who tended to him there. He needed to have a musket ball removed, however. His men soon kidnapped a Klept doctor and forced him to operate at gunpoint. The doctor's efforts were unsuccessful. Although Trelawny was in poor condition for several weeks he eventually recovered. His living assailant was later released. The soldiers wanted to roast Whitcomb alive, but Trelawny insisted on releasing him.

Trelawny was bedridden for five weeks after he was shot. After word spread to England that Trelawny had survived, many of his relatives unsuccessfully lobbied the British government to extract him from Greece. The British Army Major D'Arcy Bacon learned of his situation and came to an agreement with Mavrokordatos to allow Trelawny to leave Greece. Bacon went searching for Trelawny and was captured by some of Odysseas' soldiers. They had mistaken him for a doctor and hoped that he would operate on Trelawny. A British Corvette sailed to Corinth to pick him up, Tarsitsa accompanied him. His story was widely published in English newspapers then. Some biographers believe that Fenton and Whitcomb were bribed by Mavrokordatos to kill Trelawny and give over the cave. Bacon successfully lobbied the Greek government to allow him to leave the country. Odysseas was executed in Athens shortly before the attempt on Trelawny's life. Trelawny regained full use of his arm, but he walked with a slight hunch after recovering from his injury.

Return to England
Trelawny moved to Zante in May 1826 and stayed there for a year. There he lived next to the house of Thomas Gordon. While they were living in Zante, Tarsitsa gave birth to their first child, Zella.

He filed for divorce from Tarsitsa in 1827 in Kefalonia after four years of marriage. There were later rumours that Trelawny had been abusive towards her and had forbidden her to wear non-Greek clothing. Tarsitsa then moved into a nunnery and gave birth to their second child there. The child died at a young age, however. Tarsitsa was awarded a small alimony and soon left the nunnery to remarry. Her second husband was a Greek chieftain.

Trelawny then returned to England to visit his family in Cornwall. He also visited Mary Shelley, and asked her to consider entering a romantic relationship with him. She refused his offers, however. He also briefly visited Claire Clairmont in Italy in 1828. Though he was attracted to her, she too spurned his advances, although they did correspond up until her death in 1879.

In 1828 he began referring to himself as "John Edward Trelawny", but he returned to "Edward John Trelawny" three years later. In late 1828 he returned to England and met with Thomas Jefferson Hogg and Jane Williams. He soon developed a strong dislike for Hogg.

Trelawny then decided to write a book about his life and friendship with Shelley and Byron. He initially had wanted to write about Shelley but abandoned the plan after he was unable to secure the assistance of Mary Shelley. He then decided to write about himself. He discussed many actual events in his life, but greatly embellished many details. He also discussed radical politics in the book.

In 1829 Trelawny made plans to live with his three daughters in Italy. He abandoned this plan after his eldest daughter died and his finances became strained. His financial problems were caused in part by a large gift to the Medwin family after they encountered financial difficulties.

Adventures of a Younger Son
Trelawny wrote Adventures of a Younger Son in Arcetti while staying in a room that he rented from Charles Armitage Brown. Brown was irritated that Trelawny burned furniture for firewood, but agreed to copy-edit the book for him. He began work on the book in 1829 but did not finish it until 1831. He was likely dyslexic and his draft required extensive editing by Brown.

Trelawny then sent his draft to Mary Shelley to arrange publication under the title A Man's Life. Mary insisted on removing some passages from the book that could be viewed as offensive. He decided to publish it anonymously, but it was expected that many would be able to guess his identity. He did not earn as much money from the publisher as he had hoped. In Autumn 1831 his book was finally published.

His book was published anonymously but within a month it had become well known that he was the author. Most contemporary reviewers accepted the book as factual, but subsequent scholarship has demonstrated that most of the book is no more than a fictional account of his life. Writing in the Keats-Shelley Journal of 1956, Anne Hill concluded that "the proportion of truth to fiction in Adventures of a younger son turns out to be small, not more than one tenth." His biography has since been translated into French, German, Swedish, and Gaelic. Trelawny returned to England in 1832 and was famous and well received by London society and was treated like a hero. He began meeting with Godwin regularly.

America
His younger daughter by his first wife was adopted by a British general, and his youngest daughter was adopted by an Italian family. Trelawny's financial condition improved significantly around that time. In 1832, while on a visit to Liverpool, he decided to travel to the United States. He arrived in Charleston, in early 1833. He then travelled to New York in early summer, where he met Fenimore Cooper and Fanny Kemble. They then travelled to Niagara. Wherever they went, he often talked of staying permanently. He repeatedly raised political issues and furiously argued when disagreed with. In August he decided to try to swim across the rapids below the falls. He successfully made it across, but nearly drowned on the way back. He then travelled to Saratoga, New Haven, New York City, and Philadelphia. He returned to Charleston, preferring the climate there. He was disappointed that his atheism was poorly received in the United States. He later claimed to have travelled to California in 1833. He was bothered by the way wealthy Americans tried to copy the habits of Europe. It is unknown exactly what he did in late 1833 and early 1834; some have speculated that he made plans to build a utopian community. He travelled to Philadelphia again by autumn 1834. He was depressed at that time and returned to England in spring 1835.

Philosophical Radicals
Upon his return to England, Trelawny became politically active with a group known as the Philosophical Radicals. The group advocated left-wing politics and often focused its efforts on the rights of women. Trelawny began associating with its supporters, many of whom were among the upper-class members of London society. Most of London society was willing to overlook his claims of disloyalty against the British after his claimed desertion and accepted him into society. At this time many women were attracted to him, and there was frequent speculation about his sexual escapades in many London tabloids, such as The Satirist.

He soon had a falling out with Mary Shelley. He was offended in part because she turned to Thomas Jefferson Hogg for advice instead of asking him. He later described Mary as "the blab of blabs" in a letter to Claire Clairmont. Trelawny and Mary Shelley also disagreed about a custody reform bill that was proposed by the Philosophic Radicals.

During this time he published short stories about piracy. In 1839 he disappeared from London society due to a controversial new romance.

Third marriage
He moved into a villa on Putney Hill that was owned by John Temple Leader, a political friend of his. His affair with Augusta Goring began shortly after he returned to England. She claimed to have been badly treated by her husband, who was a member of Parliament. Many people in London society believed that he was practising a strict ascetic routine there. Trelawny then eloped with Augusta. After she separated from her husband she began using a pseudonym. She gave birth to a son in August 1839. Her husband tracked her down, however, and filed for divorce. The divorce was granted in 1841. Trelawny married Augusta and they settled in a small country town of Usk, in Monmouthshire, Wales. They bought a farmhouse and had a daughter named Laetitia. They later moved to a large house on a 440-acre farm two miles outside Usk. He worked hard maintaining the farm and was friends with several leading citizens from the town. He lived in Usk in Wales for twelve years total, which was longer than he had ever lived in one place in his entire life. He planted trees and lawns and flower gardens. Townspeople were offended by his breaking the sabbath. In the mid-1850s he began writing a book about his memories of Byron and Shelley. His marriage split up in 1857 due to his relationship with a young woman who became his mistress and later common-law wife. The girl's name was never discovered; she is only known as Miss B. He frequently had tea with the vicar of Usk on Sunday afternoons. After he separated from his wife in Usk he sold a large amount of the furniture and books and held a well-attended open house for villagers to come in and buy his possessions. After his third divorce, he criticised the institution of marriage in a letter to Claire. He frequently wrote the wrong dates on his letters.

Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron
Trelawny became friends with several artists and writers, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, Joseph Boehm, Edward Lear, and Richard Edgcumb. He became a friend of Rossetti as he was working on a new edition of Shelley's poems. In 1844 Robert Browning met with Trelawny in Italy.

In 1858 Trelawny published Recollections of the Last Days of Shelley and Byron. This book was better received than previous biographies of Shelley, such as The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Although he had known Shelley for only six months, Trelawny was thereafter recognised as the preeminent Shelley expert. His first memoir was republished then, as well. He often edited his letters before they were published. The edits attempted to cover up some of his insecurities and defend his reputation. He frequently characterised himself as a survivor in his writings.

Trelawny was then widely received in society and met Benjamin Disraeli at a meeting that was held about possibly building a statue for Lord Byron. Though he had never met her, Trelawny was often a defender of Percy Shelley's first wife Harriet. He often shocked people by applauding Shelley's atheism and disparaging Browning and Tennyson. At the age of eighty he read On the Origin of Species and welcomed its conclusions. He greatly admired Garibaldi and John Brown, as well.

Trelawny spoke with the French painter Jean-Léon Gérôme after he began work on a portrait of Shelley. In 1878 Trelawny's memoir was reissued and edited by Rossetti under the title Records of Shelley Byron and the Author. This book contained somewhat harsher treatments of poets than the previous edition had, and some have speculated that this may have been due to Rossetti's influence. He was particularly critical of Mary Shelley, the Godwin family, and Leigh Hunt. Lady Shelley was furious, and had Trelawny's relics removed from the Shelley shrine.

As he grew older, Trelawny's guests noted that he told them amazing stories about himself that he purported to be true, such as meeting with Captain Morgan and circumnavigating the globe.

Retirement

Trelawny then adopted a more ascetic life and moved to Sompting, Sussex. As he grew old, he remained active. He did not hire a housekeeper until he was very old. He regularly swam, chopped wood, and dug in his gardens. He remained active into his eighties. He made his garden into a bird sanctuary and did not allow hunters onto his property. He was very friendly with the neighbourhood children and often gave them sweets. He corresponded with Claire regularly from 1859 until 1876. He unsuccessfully tried to persuade Claire to write a biography of him.

He often presented items to his friends and visitors that he claimed to have found on his world travels or during his days with Shelley and Byron. As an old man, he lived with a much younger woman, Emma Taylor. They told people she was his niece.

He closely oversaw his sons' education and taught them foreign languages. They were sent to a military academy in Germany. Frank died a young man while serving as a soldier in the Prussian army. His son Edward converted to Catholicism and told people that he was the son of Sir John Trelawny. They later became estranged. Zella became a housewife in London. Trelawny outlived four of his seven children. The only child whom he enjoyed good relations with was Laetitia, who also lived with him in Sompting. He had chosen to name her Laetitia as several women on Sir Johnathan's side of the family were named Laetitia. Late in his life, he became a teetotaler and vegetarian.

In 1874 he sat as a model for John Everett Millais as he painted the picture The North-West Passage. This picture depicted an old sailor declaring that England would find a way through the Northwest Passage. Millais had seen Trelawny at the funeral of John Leech years before and decided that he would make the perfect figure for the drawing. Trelawny initially liked the picture, but he was angered when he saw that Millais had included a glass of grog in the picture. It was ultimately well received by critics.

Trelawny was able to visit Augusta Draper in 1874. He also visited Jane Williams in 1872. Williams was the only close friend of Percy Shelley to outlive Trelawny. In August 1881 he suffered a fall while out on a walk. He was bedridden and died two weeks later. His ashes were buried in Rome in a plot of ground adjacent to Percy Bysshe Shelley's grave. He had purchased this plot in 1822 at the time he had arranged for Shelley's ashes to be reburied in a more suitable site within the Protestant Cemetery. At his request his grave marker bears a quote from Shelley's poem "Epitaph".

Reception
There have been six biographies written about Trelawny. The characterizations of him vary greatly. Several of the authors were negative in their portrayal of him, others presented a favorable romantic portrait, and some have presented a mixed picture of his character. The authors of the biographies conducted varying amounts of scholarship and often contradicted each other about details of Trelawny's life. Trelawny has been credited with helping Byron and Shelley become recognized as celebrities after their deaths. Jonathan Bate has described him as one of the "key makers of modern celebrity". He was the last major figure of the Romantic era living in Victorian England.

Besides being the subject of numerous biographies, Trelawny is one of the primary characters in the novella "A Time to Cast Away Stones" (Chapbook 2009), collected in The Bible Repairman and Other Stories [Tachyon, 2011] and Down and Out in Purgatory: The Collected Stories of Tim Powers [Baen, 2017]) and the novel Hide Me Among the Graves (William Morrow, 2012), both by Tim Powers, as well as playing a major role in Shelley's Boat, by Julian Roach (Harbour Books, 2005).

title: Edward John Trelawny


text: Category:1974 songs

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1974 songs


text: Category:1996 songs

title: Category:1996 songs


text:
John Trevisa

John Trevisa (or John of Trevisa; Ioannes Trevisa; fl. 1342–1402 AD) was a Cornish writer and professional translator.

Trevisa was born at Trevessa in the parish of St Enoder in mid-Cornwall, in Britain and was a native Cornish speaker. He was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and became Vicar of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, chaplain to the 5th Lord Berkeley, and Canon of Westbury on Trym.

He translated into English for his patron the Latin Polychronicon of Ranulf Higden, adding remarks of his own, and prefacing it with a Dialogue on Translation between a Lord and a Clerk. He likewise made various other translations, including Bartholomaeus Anglicus' On the Properties of Things (De Proprietatibus Rerum), a medieval forerunner of the encyclopedia. It seems likely that he was the translator of the Bible into Cornish, a language, which until recently, was thought not to have possessed a bible translation.

A fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford, from 1372 to 1376 at the same time as John Wycliff and Nicholas of Hereford, Trevisa may well have been one of the contributors to the Early Version of Wycliffe's Bible. The preface to the King James Version of 1611 singles him out as a translator amongst others at that time: "even in our King Richard the second's days, John Trevisa translated them [the Gospels] into English, and many English Bibles in written hand are yet to be seen that divers translated, as it is very probable, in that age". Trevisa does not seem to have been a Wycliffite or Lollard, though he had some views in common about corruption.

Subsequently, he translated a number of books of the Bible into French for Lord Berkeley, including a version of the Book of Revelation, which his patron had written up onto the ceiling of the chapel at Berkeley Castle. Trevisa's reputation as a writer rests principally on his translations of encyclopaedic works from Latin into English, undertaken with the support of his patron, Thomas (IV), the fifth Baron Berkeley, as a continuous programme of enlightenment for the laity.

John Trevisa is the 18th most frequently cited author in the Oxford English Dictionary and the third most frequently cited source for the first evidence of a word (after Geoffrey Chaucer and the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society).

title: John Trevisa


text:
Batasang Pambansa (legislature)

The Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly; lit. 'National Legislature'), often referred to simply as the Batasan, was the legislature of the Philippines, established as an interim assembly in 1978 and later as an official body in 1984. It was the fourth unicameral legislature in Philippine history. Members of the Batasang Pambansa were referred to as "Mambabatas Pambansa" (English: Member of Parliament, literally "National Lawmaker"), shortened to "MP".

The Batasan was instituted under the 1973 Constitution promulgated by then-President Ferdinand Marcos, replacing the earlier Congress of the Philippines established by the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution. It was abolished immediately after the People Power Revolution in 1986, and Congress was restored with the passage of the 1987 Constitution.

History
The original provisions of the 1973 Constitution, which was ratified on January 17, 1973, provided for the establishment of a unicameral National Assembly. Upon its ratification, an interim National Assembly composed of the president and the vice president, those who served as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention, members of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and the delegates to the 1971 Constitutional Convention, was established and functioned as the legislature. Before the Regular Batasang Pambansa convened, a 120-member interim body served as the national legislature. The body was composed of the incumbent president, representatives elected from different regions and from different sectors, and select Cabinet officials appointed by the president. In 1981, the semi-parliamentary legislature was formally convened as the Batasang Pambansa, and in 1985, some dissident members unsuccessfully tried to impeach President Marcos. On March 25, 1986, Proclamation No. 3, commonly known as the 1986 Freedom Constitution, was promulgated, effectively abolishing the Batasang Pambansa.

title: Batasang Pambansa (legislature)


text:
User talk:Lavdo

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:21, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Lavdo


text:
Frances Milton Trollope

Frances Milton Trollope, also known as Fanny Trollope (10 March 1779 – 6 October 1863), was an English novelist who wrote as Mrs. Trollope or Mrs. Frances Trollope. Her book, Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), observations from a trip to the United States, is the best known.

She also wrote social novels: one against slavery is said to have influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe, and she also wrote the first industrial novel, and two anti-Catholic novels, which used a Protestant position to examine self-making.

Some recent scholars note that modernist critics have omitted women writers such as Frances Trollope. In 1839, The New Monthly Magazine claimed, "No other author of the present day has been at once so read, so much admired, and so much abused".

Two of her sons, Thomas Adolphus and Anthony, became writers, as did her daughter-in-law Frances Eleanor Trollope (née Ternan), second wife of Thomas Adolphus Trollope.

Biography
Born at Stapleton, Bristol, Frances was the third daughter and middle child of the Reverend William Milton and Mary Milton (née Gresley). Frances was five years old when her mother died in childbirth. Her father was remarried to Sarah Partington of Clifton in 1800. She was baptised at St Michael's, Bristol, on 17 March 1779. As a child, Frances read a great amount of English, French and Italian literature. She and her sister later moved to Bloomsbury, London, in 1803 to live with their brother, Henry Milton, who was employed in the War Office.

Marriage and family
In London, she met Thomas Anthony Trollope, a barrister. At the age of 30, she married him on 23 May 1809 in Heckfield, Hampshire. They had four sons and three daughters: Thomas Adolphus, Henry, Arthur (who died in 1824) Emily (who died in a day), Anthony, Cecilia and Emily. When the Trollopes moved to a leased farm at Harrow-on-the-Hill in 1817, they faced financial struggles for lack of agricultural expertise. This was where Frances gave birth to her last two children. Two of her sons and one daughter also became writers. Her eldest surviving son, Thomas Adolphus Trollope, wrote mostly histories: The Girlhood of Catherine de Medici, History of Florence, What I Remember, Life of Pius IX, and some novels. Her fourth son Anthony Trollope became a well-known and received novelist, establishing a strong reputation, especially for his serial novels, such as those set in the fictional county of Barsetshire, and his political series the Palliser novels. Cecilia Trollope Tilley published a novel in 1846.

Despite producing six living children, the Trollopes' marriage was reputedly unhappy.

Move to America
Soon after the move to the leased farm, her marital and financial strains led Frances to seek companionship and aid from Fanny Wright, ward of the French hero Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette. In 1824 she visited La Grange, Lafayette's estate in France. Over the next three years, she made several other visits to France and was inspired to take an American excursion with Wright. Frances thought of America as a simple economic venture and figured that she could save money by sending her children through Wright's communal school, as Wright had planned to reform the education of African American children and the formerly enslaved on their property in Tennessee. In November 1827, Frances Trollope went with some of her family to Fanny Wright's utopian community Nashoba Commune in the United States. She took her son, Henry, and her two daughters, Charlotte and Emily. Her husband, Thomas Anthony, and remaining sons, Tom and Anthony, stayed at home and continued their education. In October 1828, Tom and his father joined Frances in Cincinnati, leaving Anthony at boarding school.(ref.Teresa Ransom, Fanny Trollope, pg.56)They returned to England in January 1829.

Arriving in the United States one year earlier than her husband, she developed an intimate relationship with Auguste Hervieu, a collaborator in her venture. (This is not verified.) After the community failed, Trollope moved to Cincinnati, Ohio with her family. She also encouraged the sculptor Hiram Powers to do Dante Alighieri's Commedia in waxworks.

Nonetheless, all the ways she tried to support herself in America were unsuccessful. She found the cultural climate uninteresting and came to resent democracy. Furthermore, after her venture failed, her family was more in debt than when she had migrated there and they were forced to move back to England in 1831.

Return to Europe
From her return at the age of 50 until her death, Trollope's need of an income for her family and to escape her debts led her to begin writing novels, memoirs of her travels, and other shorter pieces, while travelling around Europe. She became well acquainted with elites and figures of Victorian literature including Elizabeth Barrett, Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, Joseph Henry Green and R. W. Thackeray (a relative of William Makepeace Thackeray).

She wrote more than 41 books: six travelogues, 35 novels, countless controversial articles, and poems. In 1843, Frances visited Italy and eventually moved to Florence permanently.

Writing career
Trollope already gained notice with her first book Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832). She gave an unfavourable, and in the opinions of America's partisans, an exaggerated account. Her novel, The Refugee in America (1832), expressed similar views, prompting Catharine Sedgwick to respond that "Mrs. Trollope, though she has told some disagreeable truths, has for the most part caricatured till the resemblance is lost." She was thought to reflect the disparaging views of American society that were allegedly commonplace at that time among English people of the higher social classes.

Later Trollope wrote further travel works, such as Belgium and Western Germany in 1833 (1834), Paris and the Parisians in 1835 (1836), and Vienna and the Austrians (1838). Among those with whom she became acquainted in Brussels was the future novelist Anna Harriett Drury.

Novels
Next came The Abbess (1833), an anti-Catholic novel, as was Father Eustace (1847). While both borrowed from Victorian Gothic conventions, the scholar Susan Griffin notes that Trollope wrote a Protestant critique of Catholicism that also expressed "a gendered set of possibilities for self-making", which has been little recognised by scholars. She noted that "Modernism's lingering legacy in criticism meant overlooking a woman's nineteenth century studies of religious controversy."

Trollope received more attention in her lifetime for what are considered several strong novels of social protest: Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw (1836) was the first anti-slavery novel, influencing the American Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). It focuses on two powerful families – one that strongly encourages slavery and another that strongly opposes it and provides sanctuary for slave refugees. It antagonizes pro-slavery characters, making them appear foolish and uncultured. Frances also brings out her idea of a stereotypical American by drawing certain characters as shrewd, convincing, sly and greedy.

Published in 1840, Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy was the first industrial novel to be published in Britain, inspired by Frances's visit to Manchester in 1832, where she examined the conditions of children employed in the textile mills. The story of a factory boy who is rescued by a wealthy benefactor at first, but later returns to the mills, illustrates the misery of factory life and suggests that private philanthropy alone will not solve the widespread misery of factory employment. Other socially conscious novels of hers include The Vicar of Wrexhill (1837, Richard Bentley, London, 3 volumes), which took on the issue of corruption in the Church of England and evangelical circles. Possibly her greatest work is the Widow Barnaby trilogy (1839–1855), which includes the first ever sequel. In particular, Michael Sadleir considers the skilful set-up of Petticoat Government [1850], with its cathedral city, clerical psychology and domineering female, as something of a formative influence on her son's elaborate and colourful cast of characters in Barchester Towers, notably Mrs. Proudie.

Later life and death
In later years Frances Trollope continued to write novels and books on miscellaneous subjects – in all over 100 volumes. In her own time, she was considered to have acute powers of observation and a sharp and caustic wit, but her prolific production coupled with the rise of modernist criticism caused her works to be overlooked in the 20th century. Few of her books are now read, but her first and two others are available on Project Gutenberg.

After the death of her husband and daughter, in 1835 and 1838 respectively, Trollope moved to Florence, Italy, having lived, briefly, at Carleton, Eden in Cumbria, but finding that (in her son Tom's words) "the sun yoked his horses too far from Penrith town." One year, she invited Theodosia Garrow to be her house guest. Garrow married her son Thomas Adolphus, and the three lived together until Trollope's death in 1863. She was buried near four other members of the Trollope household in the English Cemetery of Florence.

Major works

 * Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832)
 * Belgium and Western Germany in 1833 (1834)
 * Tremordyn Cliff (1835)
 * Paris and the Parisians in 1835 (1836)
 * The Life and Adventures of Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw; or Scenes on the Mississippi (1836) retitled Lynch Law; etc. in 1857 edition
 * The Vicar of Wrexhill (1837)
 * Vienna and the Austrians (1838)
 * The Widow Barnaby (1839)
 * The Widow Married; A Sequel to the Widow Barnaby (1840)
 * The Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong, the Factory Boy (1840)
 * Charles Chesterfield, or the Adventures of a Youth of Genius (1841)
 * A Visit to Italy (1842)
 * The Refugee in America (1842)
 * The Ward of Thorpe-Combe (1842)
 * The Barnabys in America, or Adventures of the Widow Wedded (1843)
 * Jessie Phillips: A Tale of the Present Day (1844)
 * Young Love, A Novel (1844)
 * Travels and Travelers: A Series of Sketches (1846)
 * Town and Country, A Novel (1848)
 * The Young Countess, or, Love and Jealousy (1848)
 * The Old World and the New, A Novel (1849)
 * The Lottery of Marriage (1849)
 * Petticoat Government, A Novel (1850)
 * Mrs. Mathews, or Family Mysteries, A Novel (1851)
 * The Young Heiress, A Novel (1853)

title: Frances Milton Trollope


text:
User talk:Kevin.newman

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:22, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Kevin.newman


text: Category:1982 songs

title: Category:1982 songs


text: Category:1997 songs

title: Category:1997 songs


text:
Abraham Tucker

Abraham Tucker (2 September 1705 – 20 November 1774) was an English country gentleman, who devoted himself to the study of philosophy. He wrote The Light of Nature Pursued (1768–1777) under the name of Edward Search.

Biography
Tucker was born in London of a Somerset family, the son of a wealthy city merchant. His parents died during his infancy, and he was brought up by his uncle, Sir Isaac Tillard. In 1721, he entered Merton College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, and studied philosophy, mathematics, French, Italian and music. He afterwards studied laws at the Inner Temple, but was never called to the bar.

In 1727 he bought Betchworth Castle, near Dorking, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1736 Tucker married Dorothy Barker, daughter of Edward Barker of East Betchworth, cursitor baron of the exchequer. They had two daughters, Judith (died 1794), and Dorothea Maria, who married in 1763 Sir Henry St John, 2nd Baronet of Dogmersfield Park. On his wife's death in 1754, Tucker occupied himself in collecting together all the letters that had passed between them, which, we are told, he transcribed twice over under the title of "The Picture of Artless Love."

He then concentrated on his major work, The Light of Nature Pursued, of which in 1763 he published a specimen under the title of Free Will, Foreknowledge, and Fate, by "Edward Search". The strictures of a critic in the Monthly Review of July 1763 drew from him a pamphlet called Man in Quest of Himself, by "Cuthbert Comment" (reprinted in Samuel Parr's Metaphysical Tracts, 1837), "a defence of the individuality of the human mind or self." In 1768 the first two volumes of his work were published. The remaining volume appeared posthumously. His eyesight failed him completely in 1771, but he contrived an apparatus which enabled him to write legibly enough that the result could be transcribed by his daughter. The final volume was ready for publication when he died.

Tucker took no part in politics, and wrote a pamphlet, The Country Gentleman's Advice to his Son on the Subject of Party Clubs (1755), cautioning young men against its snares.

Work
Tucker's magnum opus is The Light of Nature Pursued, originally published in three volumes:

 * Volume 1: Human Nature (1768)
 * Volume 2: Theology (1768)
 * Volume 3: Lights of Nature and Gospel Blended (1777)

The author's intention is to draw up "a scheme of nature and the fundamentals of natural religion, founded upon the basis of experience and observations resulting therefrom". His work contains many psychological and more strictly metaphysical discussions, but it is chiefly in connexion with ethics that Tucker's speculations are best remembered. In important points he anticipated the utilitarianism of William Paley, who expressed obligations to his predecessor. "Every man's own satisfaction" Tucker held to be the ultimate end of action; and satisfaction or pleasure is one and the same in kind, however much it may vary in degree. This universal motive is further connected, as by Paley, through the will of God, with the "general good, the root where out all our rules of conduct and sentiments of honour are to branch."

The Light of Nature Pursued was republished with a biographical sketch by Tucker's grandson Sir Henry St John-Mildmay, 3rd Baronet (1805, other editions 1831, 1834, &c.), and an abridged edition by William Hazlitt appeared in 1807.

title: Abraham Tucker


text: User talk:68.5.16.239

title: User talk:68.5.16.239


text:
User talk:Pelisteri

Unverified image
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Drimriver.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 04:23, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Also:
 * Image:CoolSk.jpg RedWolf 00:57, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

Image:R.Macedonia.jpg
 — In case you aren't aware, there has been a significant change in policy. Images that do not have proper copyright information may be deleted within 7 days of uploading. I am bringing this to your attention, because you have uploaded an image, Image:R.Macedonia.jpg, which does not have any copyright information. If you do not insert any copyright information within the next few days, this image may be deleted. If you have any questions on how to insert this information, please visit my talk page. Ral 315  21:55, 17 September 2005 (UTC)  Ral  315  22:27, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pelisteri


text:
Orris root

Orris root (Rhizoma iridis) is the root of Iris germanica and Iris pallida. It had the common name of Queen Elizabeth Root. It is commonly used as a fixative and base note in perfumery and as a botanical in gin.

Constituent chemicals
The most valued component of orris root is oil of orris (0.1–0.2%), a yellow-white mass containing myristic acid. Oil of orris is sometimes sold as orris butter.

Other components include fat, resin, starch, mucilage, bitter extractive, and a glucoside called iridin or irisin.

Uses
Once important in western herbal medicine, it is now used mainly as a fixative and base note in perfumery; it is the most widely used fixative for potpourri. Orris is also an ingredient in many brands of gin, including Bombay Sapphire.

Fabienne Pavia, in her book L'univers des Parfums (1995, ed. Solar), states that in the manufacturing of perfumes using orris, the scent of the iris root differs from that of the flower. After preparation the scent is reminiscent of the smell of violets.

In Japan, the roots and leaves of the plant were hung in the eaves of a house to protect the house and occupants from attacks by evil spirits. Other magic uses include using it as a love potion, with the root powder in sachets, or sprinkled around the house or sheets of a bedroom.

Preparation
After an initial drying period, which can take five years or more depending on the use (for potpourri only two to three months ), the root is ground. For potpourri, this powder is used without further processing. For other uses, it is dissolved in water and then distilled. It achieves a highly scented, yellow-brown crystalline form. One ton of iris root produces two kilos of essential oil, also referred to as orris root butter or butter of iris, and it is the most expensive substance used in the fragrance industry. Its fragrance has been described as tenaciously flowery, heavy and woody (paraphrasing Pavia, Dutch translation, page 40). It is similar to violets.

In perfume
Typical iris perfumes (where orris prevails over the other components) include "Orris Noir" by the London-based perfume house Ormonde Jayne Perfumery, "Infusion d'iris" (Prada), "N°15" by Auphorie, "Iris Silver Mist" (Serge Lutens), "Tumulte" (Christian Lacroix), "Aqua di Parma" and "Iris nobile" (Aqua di Parma), "Irisia" (Creed), "Y" (Yves Saint Laurent), "Vol de nuit" (Guerlain), and "Fantasy The Naughty Remix" (Britney Spears). "Orris Noir" contains regular orris root oil, not the oil of Iris nigricans, which is an endangered species.

In cuisine
Orris root is often included as one of the many ingredients of ras el hanout, a blend of herbs and spices used across the Middle East and North Africa, primarily associated with Moroccan cuisine.

Orris root has been used in tinctures to flavour syrups; its taste is said to be indistinguishable from raspberry.

Orris root powder also had a use as the base in the making of nonpareils.

title: Orris root


text: Category:1999 songs

title: Category:1999 songs


text:
Joey Wong

Joey Wong Cho-Yee (AKA Joey Wang, Wang Tsu Hsien) (, born 31 January 1967) is a Hong Kong based Taiwanese former actress and singer. Along with Maggie Cheung, Rosamund Kwan and Cherie Chung, she was widely regarded as one of the ‘Four Flowers’ of Hong Kong cinema.

Biography
Wong was born on 31 January 1967 and raised in Taipei, where she completed her secondary school. She has an older brother, a younger brother and a sister. Her father was a basketball player and encouraged her to become a professional basketball player when she was fourteen. Shortly thereafter she shot a TV commercial for sport shoes which drew the attention of a film producer who made her the leading lady of film It'll Be Very Cold by the Lakeside This Year. Her appearance in the film attracted the attention of producer Mona Fong of Shaw Brothers who invited Wong to come to Hong Kong. In 1985, Wong then appeared in the Hong Kong film Let's Make Laugh II, opposite Derek Yee Tung Sing.

In 1987, she portrayed a beautiful ghost in A Chinese Ghost Story. Her portrayal led to her becoming a film idol in Japan and South Korea. In the following years, Wong continued to star in a dozen more movies playing similar characters, such as a ghost or a vixen.

In 1989, she starred in the Japanese TV series A Woman From Hong Kong, later also starring in commercials and publishing photo albums.

In 1992, she made her singing debut with the Japanese and Mandarin CD single, "Hold You In My Arms Forever". In 1993, she appeared as the White Snake in Tsui Hark's Green Snake, a revision of the Madame White Snake legend told from the perspective of the younger Green Snake.

In 1994, Wong expressed a desire to retire from film making, staying away from the limelight until 1997 when she returned to the silver screen in the Japanese movie Peking Genjin (Peking Man) and released the companion CD single "Who Are You?".

In 1998, she released the extended Japanese CD Angelus and her first and only full CD, in Mandarin, Isolation a.k.a. Isolated From The World.

She returned to semi-retirement after the release of Isolation, but returned once again to films in 2001 with Peony Pavilion, then once again announced her retirement in 2002 after leaving Chyi Chin.

In 2004, she appeared in Shanghai Story and reportedly appeared in a Taiwanese TV series with on again, off again beau Chyi Chin. It was reported that she enjoyed her return to films and reportedly signed a multi-film contract. However, the unexpected suicide of her friend and former movie co-star Leslie Cheung caused her to withdraw once again from the limelight.

In September 2005, coinciding with the worldwide release of Shanghai Story, she once again announced her formal retirement. She currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and is studying English.

Joey Wong was also very well known for her relationship with Chyi Chin, a Taiwanese singer. Their relationship lasted about 16 years, from 1987 to 1991 and 1993 to 2002.

title: Joey Wong


text:
Talk:Kwangmyŏngsŏng program

Split
This material badly needs to be reorganized. We currently have the following related articles:
 * Kwangmyŏngsŏng, which discusses three launches and the program
 * Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 which discusses only the third launch
 * North Korean ballistic missile program, badly writyten and out-of-date
 * Korean Committee of Space Technology, almost empty

The normal organization would be: Compare for example Apollo, Apollo program, Apollo 11. In this specific case, it might be possible to skip the Kwangmyŏngsŏng program article and put that detail into Korean Committee of Space Technology (until they start multiple follow-on programs), with links and some duplication in North Korean ballistic missile program. Rmhermen (talk) 17:08, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Kwangmyŏngsŏng, a disambiiguation page
 * Kwangmyŏngsŏng program discussing the background, technology etc. of all the launches
 * Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, discussing the first launch
 * Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2, discussing the second launch
 * I would prefer leaving the background article here (ie Kwangmyŏngsŏng rather than Kwangmyŏngsŏng programme or such), but other than that I agree. -- G W … 17:30, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh, and the second launch should be split to Gwangmyeongseong-2, the third to Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2. -- G W … 17:33, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I know in other some other cases, failures are only discussed on the program page and not given their own article. Mars 4 in the Mars probe prgram appears to be one such. A number of Explorer program failures do not have individual articles - but neither do a number of successful launches on that list. Rmhermen (talk) 17:41, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, the de facto project attitude is that all satellites qualify for articles. This would be no exception. Mars 4 is on my to do list. -- G W … 19:04, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and split Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1. It shouldn't be controversial as we've been splitting articles like this off for months. -- G W … 21:44, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

It's a year and a half later, and the news item has calmed down, but this issue hasn't been resolved. As discussed about, I think many details on the individual launched should be moved to the relevant articles; at the moment it looks like there is a lot of unnecessary duplication. Mlm42 (talk) 23:48, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree. It should mirror other space programs' formatting. Annihilatron (talk) 15:14, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I have made a start on the clean up, and created a disambiguation page. More work will need to be done, and links to Kwangmyŏngsŏng will need to be checked to find out which article they should be aimed at.  SilkTork  *YES! 11:27, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Kwangmyŏngsŏng program
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Kwangmyŏngsŏng program's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "BMD": From Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1:  From India:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 20:56, 21 March 2011 (UTC)

Juche Korea!
Imperialists's NORAD admits the 100th anniversary DPRK satellite has just reached orbit on top of a 4-stage rocket. All over on CNN and BBC. Russians claim to track its "Sputnik beeps" already.87.97.103.62 (talk) 07:01, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

Did the failed launch of the Taepodong-2 in 2006 carry a satellite?
Concerning reports that the maiden launch of the Taepodong-2 in 2006 may have been a satellite launch attempt, it's not surprising that North Korea has not commented on the disastrous end to the Taepodong-2's first flight, nor have foreign government officials provided independent confirmation the rocket was carrying a satellite. The possibilities of the failed launch being a satellite launch attempt and a suborbital flight of a sounding rocket to test the airframe for the Unha rocket are equally likely because the launch took place from a fixed position on a launch pad (not a mobile platform as is the case with operational ICBMs) and North Korea still has not mastered the technology to make a nuclear warhead small enough to fit on the Taepodong-2. 68.4.28.33 (talk) 05:14, 19 January 2013 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian

Article update
The section "Tenth anniversary" should be deleted to reflect the fact that South Korea's Naro-1 had two failures and one success in 2009, 2010, and 2013 respectively and that the Sohae launch site has been mentioned in official statements. In this sense, South Korea was already beaten to the punch in the space race between the two Koreas. 68.4.28.33 (talk) 20:43, 4 July 2013 (UTC)Vahe Demirjian

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Kwangmyŏngsŏng program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090121015818/http://www.amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/ko25.html to http://www.amsat.org/amsat/sats/n7hpr/ko25.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090330061005/http://www.janes.com:80/media/releases/pc090220_1.shtml to http://www.janes.com/media/releases/pc090220_1.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:15, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Kwangmyŏngsŏng program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080914033015/http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/sat_summary/ko23.php to http://www.amsat.org/amsat-new/satellites/sat_summary/ko23.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121017015121/http://www.northcom.mil/News/2009/040509.html to http://www.northcom.mil/News/2009/040509.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120524163414/http://www.russiatoday.ru/Top_News/2009-04-06/UN_Security_Council_split_over_North_Korean__satellite__launch.html?fullstory to http://www.russiatoday.ru/Top_News/2009-04-06/UN_Security_Council_split_over_North_Korean__satellite__launch.html?fullstory
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090601194358/http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-04-05-voa12.cfm to http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-04-05-voa12.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080515212718/http://www.qlstamp.com/news/0008/2004616103040.htm to http://www.qlstamp.com/news/0008/2004616103040.htm
 * Added tag to http://shop307.ocnk.net/zoom/79

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:37, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kwangmyŏngsŏng program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090331175448/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/kwagsong.htm to http://www.astronautix.com/craft/kwagsong.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:24, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kwangmyŏngsŏng program. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141012070311/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1998/9809/news09/04.htm to http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/1998/9809/news09/04.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090408021058/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/06/content_11138713.htm to http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/06/content_11138713.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:33, 23 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kwangmyŏngsŏng program


text:
Talk:Quantum Hall effect

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment - March -> June 2020
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 30 March 2020 and 5 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): EddySu98.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:34, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Missing Contents
Ther term 'hall conductivity' is never defined. The direction of magnetic field and that of the applied voltage is never mentioned. People use terms like longitutal conductivity and horizontal resistance in QHE studies. None of these terms are defined in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.60.19.4 (talk) 02:17, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

Question
The fractional quantum Hall effect says that σ is a multiple of a fraction with an odd denominator of e2/h. Take a large enough denominator and you can make the "quantized" steps as small as you want?!?!

 * Yep. -- CYD

 * Then what's the difference to the classical Hall effect? 193.171.121.30 05:12, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Small quantum numbers correspond to low temperatures or high field strengths. As the temperature increases or the field becomes weaker, the quantum Hall effect merges into the classical effect. For example, see here. -- CYD

 * Yep, but I mean the fractional quantum Hall effect: If ν can take take any values of the form x/(2y+1) then there are no discrete steps which make the quantum Hall effect different from the classical effect. 193.171.121.30 21:55, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, okay. It turns out that "primary" fractions like 1/3 are easy to see, but other fractions like 3/5 and 5/3 are barely distinguishable from the background unless the sample is very pure and the magnetic field is very strong. See here, looking at the roughly 45 degree sloping line, which shows the Hall resistance as a function of the magnetic field. The plateaus are the quantum Hall steps. By "less significant", I'm referring to something called the "hierachy of quantum Hall states" -- excitations like 3/5 are actually built up from the anyon gas of "primary" fractional excitations like 1/3. It's a remarkably beautiful topic. -- CYD

The difference between the fractional and the integer quantum Hall-effect is the difference between integer and fractional numbers. The fractional Hall-effect proves that charges smaller than e kan be found in a 2D electron field (low temperature and a very strong magnetic field), which basically means that this field consists out of quasi-particles, formed by the quantized magnetix flux and the electrons.

Missing science content
Seems very strange to include content on photonic quantum Hall effect (very few experiments exist and it is rather off-topic) but not chern insulators! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.1.18.5 (talk) 14:52, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

The article appears to be much more about the history of the QHE than about the underlying physics. To me the explanatory science content is a bit skimpy. Nothing about Landau levels, Dingle temperatures, composite fermions, Wigner crystals? The QHE is a pretty deep topic about electrons in solids. This is more helpful to the general physics reader I imagine. Alison Chaiken 21:47, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

I added a video that I made. Please let me have feedback. I haven't had a chance to update the text, but I think some updates to the text along the lines of the above warwick uni link would be in order. Perhaps referring to the video where necessary. I was expecting the video to be a bit smaller and on the right. It's a bit vulgar how big it is right now, but maybe someone can change that? Otherwise I'll try to look up how to do it when I get the chance. The "thumb" option was a little extreme, such that you couldn't see anything. Grj23 (talk) 04:41, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Also, I suppose the same video could be used for the fractional quantum hall effect. It's basically the same thing, except that the lowest landau level splits up because it's composite fermions (electrons bonded to magnetic flux quanta) instead of electrons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Grj23 (talk • contribs) 04:45, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Can you modify the video so that the energy of Lowest Landau level also changes with magnetic field ($$E_0 = 1/2 \hbar \omega$$)? In the present form, the Fermi energy can't lie inside the Lowest Landau level states. Prashant

missing image
The article currently mentions "the Azbel-Harper-Hofstadter model whose quantum phase diagram is the Hofstadter butterfly shown in the figure." However, there are currently no diagrams in the article. Was the diagram accidently deleted?

Graphene: QHE at room temp.
The beginning of this article states that QHE is observed in 2d electron systems "subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields". Recent developments (e.g. []) have shown the QHE in room temperature conditions. Perhaps a good replacement would be the following:

"The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall effect. It is observed in two-dimensional electron systems usually subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall conductivity σ takes on the quantized values

\sigma = \nu \; \frac{e^2}{h},

where e is the elementary charge and h is Planck's constant. Recently, the quantum hall effect has also been observed at room temperature in graphene."

Any comments before changing? Or anybody have a better/more apt place to put the graphene developments? -One Son of Ole (talk) 17:56, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

Not simple
The statement that the integer effect can be "simply explained" is false. Simple Landau quantisations would p[roduce precisely quantised plateaus of precisely zero width. The finite width of plateaus requires disorder (and inherently electron scattering, in the face of which precise quantisation is surprising. This article does not explain the origin of this precision nor the not infinitesimal width of plateaus.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.67.70.191 (talk) 20:12, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

Prediction - removed
Quantum Hall effect was not predicted by Ando et al in 1975. I have removed that statement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.86.83.158 (talk) 11:24, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

I remember it differently
It's been a long time, but I remember it differently. I seem to remember, however. When the Nobel Prize was awarded, there was always spoken of resistance, not of the conductivity. Ok, I'll look it up again. --Franz Scheerer (Olbers) (talk) 12:00, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

Sorry, correction
No, the conductance (one divided by the resistance) is 1,2,3, ... times {(1/Rk) = (h/e²)}, according to Nobellecture

"Hall conductivity"?
The so-called "Hall conductivity" in the first sentence should really be "Hall conductance", right? Its units are 1/ohms, not 1/(ohm cm). Or am I misunderstanding? Or is this the usual terminology, even though it's inconsistent with the usual definition of conductance/conductivity? By the way, is it 1/ohms or 1/ohms per square? Thanks! --Steve (talk) 19:32, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

 * The Hall Voltage is measured orthogonally to the current. I would say, the ratio is neither a resistance nor a conductivity. Yes, certainly not conductivity, but conductance, if at all. --Franz Scheerer (Olbers) (talk) 20:16, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Actually, because all these systems are 2D, Hall conductivity and conductance have exactly the same units. They are also exactly equal independent of the system size and aspect ratio.

Animation nice but wrong
The animation of the Landau levels as a function of B is nice but wrong. The fermi energy oscillates with them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.27.161.141 (talk) 07:48, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Several people have pointed out problems with the animation. However, I feel it is still useful despite the issues, and I think we should leave it in place until someone develops a better version. SPattalk 23:09, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

Bellisard - not the only one
Can I mention once again that, although the noncommutative work by Bellisard is nice, it is not generally considered to be the only explanation of the quantum hall effect. Indeed no one doubted the physics was correct once the original Laughlin gauge argument was in place and Halperin gave a few more details. Few people even know of this work, and to have it feature so prominently in this wikipedia page is just a misrepresentation that keeps re-appearing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.110.91.126 (talk) 20:12, 13 July 2016 (UTC)

Article Organization
At present this article looks highly unorganized. It is unclear exactly what topics this article should cover. For example, the mathematics section looks out of place. The IQHE section doesn't talk about role of disorder at all although the video shows DOS with disorder. There should be separate section for experiments. I propose the following organization.

1. History.

2. Experiments: This section can show the data for IQHE and then say that with purer samples FQHE was also discovered. Further experiments on fractional charges can be mentioned as well.

3. IQHE: This section can talk about Landau levels and how disorder leads to broadening of Landau levels with extended states at the center and localized states at the tails of each Landau level. Laughlin's gauge argument can also be alluded to here to explain why this leads to quantization of Hall conductivity.

4. FQHE: A small section with hyperlink to the full FQHE article. Composite Fermion approach can also be mentioned here.

5. Topological order: Some stuff about Chern number in the current Mathematics section can be moved here. Also, this section can say more things about anyons.

6. Standard of resistance: The applications section can be moved here.

7. Relation to other systems: There can potentially be multiple but short subsections about Quantum Anomalous Hall effect, Quantum Spin Hall Effect, Graphene etc.

What do you think? Let's discuss it further.

Really bad article
The introductory paragraphs are really technical and don't explain anything.

What's the experimental setup? Picture? Geometry? Particles? Participants? Definitions?

Incoherent.

2001:67C:10EC:5787:8000:0:0:8A7 (talk) 10:05, 19 February 2019 (UTC)

Modification of the section Integer Quantum Hall Effect
I am part of a group of Physics students who are finishing the degree this year. We have been asked to modify a Wikipedia article and we have chosen quantum hall effect topic. We have made some brief notes related to the integer quantum hall effect and we would like to add them to the article. In this notes it is explained the explicit derivation of the landau energy expression from Schrödinger’s equation and it is derived explicitly the formula for the conductance that appears at the beginning of the article. Moreover, it is explained how the density of states is related to the number of Landau occupied levels (which may help to understand the video in the article) and it also contains an explanation, not only on the transverse resistivity but also on the longitudinal one. The notes are based on the book: The physics of low-dimensional semiconductors. J. H. Davies. Cambridge University Press. 1998. It would be a pleasure to contribute to this article and I think the modification will make the article more complete in the sense that it lacks mathematical derivations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Anappzz (talk • contribs) 14:16, 18 May 2020 (UTC)

 * What happened ? Were the notes added ? Where can they be seen ? Was the article modified ? - Rod57 (talk) 19:26, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Error in figure
The figure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhoxy.jpg is a problem:

 * wrong caption: there are no inset
 * wrong \rho_xy axis: these are normalized values not kOhms
 * the \rho_xx axis should just be considered "arbitrary units" for simplicity — Preceding unsigned comment added by Scharleb (talk • contribs) 01:07, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quantum Hall effect


text:
User talk:VanishingBlue

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 04:28, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:VanishingBlue