text:
Electronic Systems Center

The Electronic Systems Center was a product center of Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC) headquartered at Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts. Its mission was to develop and acquire command and control, communications, computer, and intelligence systems. ESC consisted of professional teams specializing in engineering, computer science, and business management. The teams supervised the design, development, testing, production, and deployment of command and control systems. Two of ESC's most well-known developments were the Boeing E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), developed in the 1970s, and the Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS), developed in the 1980s.

The Electronic Systems Center served into five decades as the Air Force's organization for developing and acquiring Command and Control (C2) systems. As of December 2004, ESC managed approximately two hundred programs ranging from secure communications systems to mission planning systems. ESC had an annual budget of over $3 billion and more than eighty-seven hundred personnel. In addition to the Air Force, ESC works with other branches of the United States Department of Defense, the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and foreign governments.

Due to AFMC restructuring ESC was inactivated on 1 October 2012.

History
ESC was originally activated as the Electronic Systems Division (ESD) on 1 April 1961 at Laurence G. Hanscom Field in Bedford, MA. ESD was placed under the newly established Air Force Systems Command.

The Electronic Systems Division had emerged after a decade of efforts to meet a major post-war threat to the North American continent—attack by long-range, nuclear-armed bombers. At Hanscom Field, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s new Lincoln Laboratory (1951) and later the MITRE Corporation (1958) had worked to bring the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) air defense system to completion. The pioneering integrated radar and computer technology that was developed for SAGE also contributed significantly to the development of air traffic control systems.

ESD had an original portfolio of thirteen Command, Control and Communications (C3) systems. The appearance of ballistic missiles to carry nuclear warheads spurred a second wave of defense efforts—the construction of the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) and a survivable new command center for the North American Air Defense Command in the underground Cheyenne Mountain Complex in Colorado. New weapons systems and space platforms led to enlarged ESD C3 programs.

ESD’s first radar systems were ground-based, but in the 1960s, the organization expanded into airborne radar systems. In overcoming the “ground clutter” problem, the 1970s Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) represented a technological achievement for airspace surveillance. It was joined in the later 1980s by the Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (Joint STARS). While still under development, Joint STARS was pressed into service for the Gulf War to monitor movement on the battlefield. Other ESD programs focused on creating secure communications systems, air defense systems for allied nations, command centers, intelligence data transmission, air traffic control systems, and computer-based training systems.

In 1992, the Air Force Systems Command and the Air Force Logistics Command were merged to form the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC). ESD was re-designated the Electronic Systems Center (ESC), and the organization was placed under the new AFMC. Two years later, ESC was enlarged to become the AFMC Center of Excellence for Command and Control, with headquarters at Hanscom. Several geographically separated units were added to the center. At one time, the 66th Air Base Wing, 350th Electronic Systems Wing, 551st Electronic Systems Wing, 554th Electronic Systems Wing, and 653d Electronic Systems Wing all reported to the ESC Commander.

Since the later years of the Cold War, ESC worked to upgrade its key radar, command center, and communications systems. The decade of the 1990s presented new challenges for the expanded Center in the form of regional conflicts, joint and coalition engagements, terrorism, and asymmetric warfare. In response, ESC developed programs to work towards integration and interoperability in C2 systems. By presenting systems in action via several interactive C2 demonstrations, ESC engaged in ongoing dialogue with its customers. The Center then undertook a major restructure of its acquisition processes starting in 1996. “Spiral development” was introduced to achieve state-of-the-art systems in a timely, flexible, and cost-effective approach.

The pace of these initiatives had gained momentum by the start of the 21st century. The ESC developed automated systems for Air Tasking Orders, weather, mission planning, and management information, together with enhanced force protection for Air Force personnel on the ground. For the series of Joint Expeditionary Force Experiments (JEFX) starting in 1998, ESC managed the insertion of new C2 and information technology. At the same time, its work on standardizing C2 infrastructure and creating architectures laid the groundwork for further system integration.

In 2001, the Air Force gave ESC the lead responsibility to integrate its command and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems—the C2 Enterprise Integration. Integrated C2ISR capabilities will enable the development of network-centric warfare and provide an asymmetric force advantage. The ESC pursued a major initiative to standardize and upgrade C2ISR capabilities at Air Operations Centers, with the goal of realizing the Aerospace Operations Center of the future.

Due to a major AFMC restructuring announced on 2 November 2011, ESC was to be inactivated no later than 1 October 2012. The role of ESC, along with the Aeronautical Systems Center (ASC) and the Air Armament Center (AAC), will be consolidated into the new Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (LCMC). This, along with other measures, will save up to $109 million for the Air Force annually. The new LCMC will be headquartered at Wright-Patterson AFB. The highest-ranking officer at Hanscom AFB after the reorganization will be a major general, who will be the Program Executive Officer for the C3I and Networks AFPEO. The main purpose of the reorganization is to eliminate excess headquarter and staff type positions throughout AFMC.

The ESC deactivation ceremony took place on 16 July 2012 and from that point forward Hanscom AFB was part of the AFLCMC.

Fort Franklin
Fort Franklin (42.4729°N, -71.3033°W) was an on-base encampment in the 1990s used for the purpose of testing new technology. The ESC had developed many of the radars and sensors used by military aircraft, and had created many of the command and control systems. However, when these systems were deployed for Operation Desert Storm, many did not work as advertised or communicate information to one another. In October 1993, Lieutenant General Charles E. Franklin took over as Commander of the ESC. ESC was the home of most of the new command and control technologies being sent to the war, but was getting a bad reputation for the lack of quality in the systems sent to the war. He decided to hold a technical exercise to emulate a deployed headquarters using the equipment ESC was producing, and test the reports.

The technical exercise went live in July 1994. The encampment used a patch of grass near the end of the runway. Using tents, trailers, and communication vans inside a guarded perimeter, the area was quickly dubbed “Fort Franklin.” It was staffed by engineers from every program office and a few junior military. Major Steve Zenishek, with recent Gulf War experience, became the installation “commander” and was able to show off that the great capability indeed worked fine alone, but unfortunately didn't work well with others.

Rather than take the failure as a defeat, General Franklin used it to encourage the staff to rebuild the systems under development to interoperate. Subsequently, by the time the second Fort Franklin occurred on 1–16 May 1995, the systems were beginning to communicate. For the first time, the results of calculations performed by one system were transferred automatically to another system for further interpretation or processing.

Not wanting to lose the expertise that had created this success, LtGen Franklin established an ongoing experimentation facility at Hanscom known as the Command & Control (C2) Unified Development Environment (CUBE). CUBE was later renamed the C2 Engineering and Integration Facility (CEIF).

The experience of Fort Franklin was instrumental in development in 1997 of the Air Force's major experiment, the Expeditionary Force Experiment (EFX 98), which became a Joint EFX (JEFX) in 1999.

Lineage

 * Constituted as the Electronic Systems Division on 20 March 1961
 * Activated on 1 Apr 61
 * Redesignated '''Electronic Systems Center on 1 July 92
 * Inactivated on 1 October 2012

Assignments

 * Air Force Systems Command, 1 April 1961
 * Air Force Materiel Command, 1 July 1992 – 1 October 2012 (attached to Air Force Life Cycle Management Center after 16 July 2012)

Components

 * 38th Engineering Installation Wing, c1994
 * 66th Air Base Wing
 * 350th Electronic Systems Wing, 17 December 2004 – 30 June 2010
 * 551st Electronic Systems Wing
 * 554th Electronic Systems Wing
 * 653d Electronic Systems Wing
 * other wings, groups, squadrons, and directorates

Stations

 * Hanscom Air Force Base, 1 April 1961 - 1 October 2012

title: Electronic Systems Center


text:
Émile Coué

Émile Coué de la Châtaigneraie (26 February 1857 – 2 July 1926) was a French psychologist, pharmacist, and hypnotist who introduced a popular method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion.
 * "It was in no small measure [Coué's] wholehearted devotion to a self-imposed task that enabled him, in less than a quarter of a century, to rise from obscurity to the position of the world’s most famous psychological exponent. Indeed, one might truly say that Coué sidetracked inefficient hypnotism [mistakenly based upon supposed operator dominance over a subject], and paved the way for the efficient, and truly scientific." — Orton (1935).
 * "Coué’s method was disarmingly non-complex—needing few instructions for on-going competence, based on rational principles, easily understood, demanding no intellectual sophistication, simply explained, simply taught, performed in private, using a subject's own resources, requiring no elaborate preparation, and no expenditure." — Yeates (2016).
 * "Most of us are so accustomed … to an elaborate medical ritual … in the treatment of our ills … [that] anything so simple as Coué's autosuggestion is inclined to arouse misgivings, antagonism and a feeling of scepticism." — Duckworth (1922).

Coué's method was based upon the view that, operating deep below our conscious awareness, a complex arrangement of 'ideas', especially when those ideas are dominant, continuously and spontaneously suggest things to us; and, from this, significantly influence one's overall health and wellbeing.
 * "We possess within us a force of incalculable power, which, when we handle it unconsciously is often prejudicial to us. If on the contrary we direct it in a conscious and wise manner, it gives us the mastery of ourselves and allows us not only to escape … from physical and mental ills, but also to live in relative happiness, whatever the conditions in which we may find ourselves." (Coué, 1922b, p. 35.)
 * "As long as we look on autosuggestion as a remedy we miss its true significance. Primarily it is a means of self-culture, and one far more potent than any we have hitherto possessed. It enables us to develop the mental qualities we lack: efficiency, judgment, creative imagination, all that will help us to bring our life's enterprise to a successful end. Most of us are aware of thwarted abilities, powers undeveloped, impulses checked in their growth. These are present in our Unconscious like trees in a forest, which, overshadowed by their neighbours, are stunted for lack of air and sunshine. By means of autosuggestion we can supply them with the power needed for growth and bring them to fruition in our conscious lives. However old, however infirm, however selfish, weak or vicious we may be, autosuggestion will do something for us. It gives us a new means of culture and discipline by which the "accents immature", the "purposes unsure" can be nursed into strength, and the evil impulses attacked at the root. It is essentially an individual practice, an individual attitude of mind." (Brooks, 1922, p. 116)

Life and career
Coué's family, from the Brittany region of France and with origins in French nobility, had only modest means. A brilliant pupil in school, he initially intended to become an analytical chemist. However, he eventually abandoned these studies, as his father, who was a railroad worker, was in a precarious financial state. Coué then decided to become a pharmacist and graduated with a degree in pharmacology in 1876.

Working as an apothecary at Troyes from 1882 to 1910, Coué quickly discovered what later came to be known as the placebo effect. He became known for reassuring his clients by praising each remedy's efficiency and leaving a small positive notice with each given medication. In 1886 and 1887, he studied with Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault and Hippolyte Bernheim, two leading exponents of hypnotism, in Nancy.

In 1910, Coué sold his business and retired to Nancy, where he opened a clinic that continuously delivered some 40,000 treatment-units per annum (Baudouin, 1920, p. 14) to local, regional, and overseas patients over the next sixteen years. In 1913, Coué and his wife founded The Lorraine Society of Applied Psychology (La Société Lorraine de Psychologie appliquée). His book Self-Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion was published in England (1920), and in the United States (1922). Although Coué's teachings were, during his lifetime, more popular in Europe than in the United States, many Americans who adopted his ideas and methods, such as Elsie Lincoln Benedict, Maxwell Maltz, Napoleon Hill, Norman Vincent Peale, Robert H. Schuller, and W. Clement Stone, became famous in their own right by spreading his words.

Considered by Charles Baudouin to represent a second Nancy School, Coué treated many patients in groups and free of charge.

The Coué Method: General
The application of his mantra-like conscious autosuggestion, "Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better" (Tous les jours à tous points de vue je vais de mieux en mieux) is called Couéism or the Coué method. Some American newspapers quoted it differently, "Day by day, in every way, I'm getting better and better." The Coué method centered on a routine repetition of this particular expression according to a specified ritual—preferably as many as twenty times a day, and especially at the beginning and at the end of each day. When asked whether or not he thought of himself as a healer, Coué often stated that "I have never cured anyone in my life. All I do is show people how they can cure themselves." Unlike a commonly held belief that a strong conscious will constitutes the best path to success, Coué maintained that curing some of our troubles requires a change in our unconscious thought, which can be achieved only by using our imagination.

Although stressing that he was not primarily a healer but one who taught others to heal themselves, Coué claimed to have effected organic changes through autosuggestion.

Self-suggestion
Coué identified two types of self-suggestion: (i) the intentional, "reflective suggestion" made by deliberate and conscious effort, and (ii) the involuntary "spontaneous suggestion", that is a "natural phenomenon of our mental life … which takes place without conscious effort [and has its effect] with an intensity proportional to the keenness of [our] attention". Baudouin identified three different sources of spontaneous suggestion:
 * A. Instances belonging to the representative domain (sensations, mental images, dreams, visions, memories, opinions, and all intellectual phenomena);
 * B. Instances belonging to the affective domain (joy or sorrow, emotions, sentiments, tendencies, passions);
 * C. Instances belonging to the active or motor domain (actions, volitions, desires, gestures, movements at the periphery or in the interior of the body, functional or organic modifications).

Two minds
According to Yeates, Coué shared the theoretical position that Thomson Jay Hudson had expressed in his Law of Psychic Phenomena (1893): namely, that our "mental organization" was such that it seemed as if we had "two minds, each endowed with separate and distinct attributes and powers; [with] each capable, under certain conditions, of independent action".

Further, argued Hudson, it was entirely irrelevant, for explanatory purposes, whether we actually had "two distinct minds", whether we only seemed to be "endowed with a dual mental organization", or whether we actually had "one mind [possessed of] certain attributes and powers under some conditions, and certain other attributes and powers under other conditions".

The Coué Method: Development and origins
Coué noticed that in certain cases he could improve the efficacy of a given medicine by praising its effectiveness to the patient. He realized that those patients to whom he praised the medicine had a noticeable improvement when compared to patients to whom he said nothing. This began Coué's exploration of the use of hypnosis and the power of the imagination.

Coué's initial method for treating patients relied on hypnosis. He discovered that subjects could not be hypnotized against their will and, more importantly, that the effects of hypnosis waned when the subjects regained consciousness. He thus eventually turned to autosuggestion, which he describes as "... an instrument that we possess at birth, and with which we play unconsciously all our life, as a baby plays with its rattle. It is however a dangerous instrument; it can wound or even kill you if you handle it imprudently and unconsciously. It can on the contrary save your life when you know how to employ it consciously."

Coué believed in the effects of medication. But he also believed that our mental state is able to affect and even amplify the action of these medications. Coué recommended that patients take medicines with the confidence that they would be completely cured very soon, and healing would be optimal. Conversely, he contended, patients who are skeptical of a medicine would find it least effective. By consciously using autosuggestion, he observed that his patients could cure themselves more efficiently by replacing their "thought of illness" with a new "thought of cure". According to Coué, repeating words or images enough times causes the subconscious to absorb them. The cures were the result of using imagination or "positive autosuggestion" to the exclusion of one's own willpower.

The Coué Method: Underlying principles
Coué thus developed a method which relied on the principle that any idea exclusively occupying the mind turns into reality, although only to the extent that the idea is within the realm of possibility. For instance, a person without hands will not be able to make them grow back. However, if a person firmly believes that his or her asthma is disappearing, then this may actually happen, as far as the body is actually able physically to overcome or control the illness. On the other hand, thinking negatively about the illness (ex. "I am not feeling well") will encourage both mind and body to accept this thought. Likewise, when someone cannot remember a name, they will probably not be able to recall it as long as they hold onto this idea (i.e. "I can't remember") in their mind. Coué realised that it is better to focus on and imagine the desired, positive results (i.e. "I feel healthy and energetic" and "I can remember clearly").

Willpower
Coué observed that the main obstacle to autosuggestion was willpower. For the method to work, the patient must refrain from making any independent judgment, meaning that he must not let his will impose its own views on positive ideas. Everything must thus be done to ensure that the positive "autosuggestive" idea is consciously accepted by the patient; otherwise, one may end up getting the opposite effect of what is desired.

For example, when a student has forgotten an answer to a question in an exam, he will likely think something such as "I have forgotten the answer". The more they try to think of it, the more the answer becomes blurred and obscured. However, if this negative thought is replaced with a more positive one ("No need to worry, it will come back to me"), the chances that the student will come to remember the answer will increase.

Coué noted that young children always applied his method perfectly, as they lacked the willpower that remained present among adults. When he instructed a child by saying "clasp your hands and you can't open them", the child would thus immediately follow.

Self-conflict
A patient's problems are likely to increase when his willpower and imagination (or mental ideas) are opposing each other, something Coué would refer to as "self-conflict". In the student's case, the will to succeed is clearly incompatible with his thought of being incapable of remembering his answers. As the conflict intensifies, so does the problem: the more the patient tries to sleep, the more he becomes awake. The more a patient tries to stop smoking, the more he smokes. The patient must thus abandon his willpower and instead put more focus on his imaginative power in order to succeed fully with his cure.

The Coué Method: Efficacy
Thanks to his method, which Coué once called his "trick", patients of all sorts would come to visit him. The list of ailments included kidney problems, diabetes, memory loss, stammering, weakness, atrophy and all sorts of physical and mental illnesses. According to one of his journal entries (1916), he apparently cured a patient of a uterus prolapse as well as "violent pains in the head" (migraine).

C. (Cyrus) Harry Brooks (1890–1951), author of various books on Coué, claimed the success rate of his method was around 93%. The remaining 7% of people would include those who were too skeptical of Coué's approach and those who refused to recognize it.

Criticism

 * "That Coué's formula could be applied with a minimum of instruction was challenging; and the accounts of Coué's method curing organic disease were just as threatening to the conventional medicine of the day, as they were inspiring to Coué's devotees."

Some critics, such as Barrucand and Paille (1986), argue that the astonishing results widely attributed to Coué were due to his charisma, rather than his method. In contrast, Barcs-Masson (1962, p.368), observes that Coué was the complete opposite of Jules Romains' character, Dr. Knock "whose exceptional commercial success came from his ability to convince healthy individuals that they had a heretofore-unrecognised ailment"  and rather than, as Knock did, find unrecognized disease within the healthy, Coué activated dormant health within the ailing.

Although Coué never produced any empirical evidence for the efficacy of his formula (and, therefore, his claims have not been scientifically evaluated), three subsequent experimental studies, conducted more than half a century later, by Paulhus (1993), "seem to offer some unexpected support for Coué's claims".

The psycho-medical establishment
According to Yeates (2016a, p. 19), the protests routinely made by those within the psychomedical establishment (e.g., Moxon, 1923; Abraham, 1926) were on one or more of the following grounds:
 * (1) "Healing of organic disease by 'self-mastery' was impossible! Aside from 'spontaneous remissions' of authentic disease (efficacious vis medicatrix naturæ!), reported 'cures' were either due to mistaken diagnosis (it was never that disease!), or mistaken prognosis (it was always going to get better!). Anyway, even if it had been diagnosed correctly, there was no compelling evidence to suggest that Coué's approach had been in any way responsible for the cure."
 * (2) "Even if it was true that, in some extraordinary circumstances, healing by 'self-mastery' was possible, Coué's failure to immediately eliminate those with counterproductive limitations — such as, for example, those lacking the required dedication, mind-set, talent, diligence, persistence, patience, etc. — resulted in many (clearly unsuited) individuals mistakenly postponing (otherwise) life-saving operations and delaying (otherwise) radical medical treatment far beyond any prospect of recovery or cure."
 * (3) "Despite the obvious fact that each 'disease' had a unique cause, a unique history, and a unique (and idiosyncratic) personal impact, Coué treated a wide range of disparate individuals in the same, single group session, in the same way; and, moreover, he treated them without any sort of detailed examination or differential diagnosis."
 * (4) "The method's central 'magical incantation' — a specific formula, uttered a specific number of times, in a special way, using a knotted string — aroused strong opposition, as it reeked of outmoded superstitious practices and beliefs."

The press
While most American reporters of his day seemed dazzled by Coué's accomplishments,  and did not question the results attributed to his method, a handful of journalists and a few educators were skeptical. After Coué had left Boston, the Boston Herald waited six months, revisited the patients he had "cured", and found most had initially felt better but soon returned to whatever ailments they previously had. Few of the patients would criticize Coué, saying he did seem very sincere in what he tried to do, but the Herald reporter concluded that any benefit from Coué's method seemed to be temporary and might be explained by being caught up in the moment during one of Coué's events. Whilst a number of academic psychologists looked upon his work favourably, others did not. Coué was also criticized by exponents of psychoanalysis, with Otto Fenichel concluding: "A climax of dependence masked as independent power is achieved by the methods of autosuggestion where a weak and passive ego is controlled by an immense superego with magical powers. This power is, however, borrowed and even usurped".

Memorials
On 28 June 1936, a monument erected to the memory of Coué, funded by worldwide subscription, and featuring a bust of Coué created by French sculptor Eugène Gatelet, was dedicated in St Mary's Park, in Nancy. The bust was stored for safe-keeping during World War II and, post-war, was restored to its former position in 1947.

References in fiction

 * 1922: In the same year as the English translation of Self-Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion is published, the song I'm Getting Better Every Day (words by Percy Edgar, music by Mark Strong) is released.
 * 1923: A Swedish translation of Strong's "I'm Getting Better Every Day" is released by entertainer Ernst Rolf, Bättre och bättre dag för dag (Better and better day by day). It is still a popular refrain in Sweden almost a century later.
 * 1923: The Coué Method is taught in Elsie Lincoln Benedict's How to Get Anything You Want to train the subconscious mind.
 * 1924: In the Broadway musical "Sitting Pretty" (music by Jerome Kern), in the song "Tulip Time in Sing-Sing", P. G. Wodehouse's lyrics include "I'd sit discussing Coué With my old pal Bat-eared Louie".
 * 1926: The Coué Method is mentioned in P. G. Wodehouse's short story, "Mr. Potter Takes a Rest Cure".
 * 1928: Coué and Couéism are referred to frequently in John Galsworthy's novel The White Monkey from his Modern Comedy trilogy. Fleur Mont (née Forsyte), expecting what her husband (the tenth baronet) keeps referring to as the eleventh, repeats daily "every day in every way my baby's becoming more and more male". Other characters in the novel are also Coué followers, including, rather improbably, the strait-laced and sensible Soames (although he remains sceptical).
 * 1930: Miss Milsome, in The Documents in the Case, written by Dorothy L. Sayers and Robert Eustace, dabbles in all sorts of self-improvement schemes, including using "In every day ..."
 * 1934: in Louis-Ferdinand Céline's novel Journey to the End of the Night The protagonist Bardamu thinks "In her despair I sniffed vestiges of the Coue method".
 * 1946: In Josephine Tey's novel Miss Pym Disposes, the title character, herself a psychologist, refers to Coué with apparent scepticism.
 * 1948: In Graham Greene's novel, The Heart of the Matter, the narrator dismisses the Indian fortune teller's reading of Inspector Wilson's hand: "Of course the whole thing was Couéism: if one believed in it enough, it would come true."
 * 1969: In the film The Bed Sitting Room Room (1969), the character "Mate", played by Spike Milligan, repeatedly utters the phrase "Every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better" while delivering a pie.
 * 1970: Brief mention in Robertson Davies' book Fifth Business; the passage ends with a criticism of Couéism:
 * "So Dr. Coué failed for her, as he did for many others, for which I lay no blame on him. His system was really a form of secularized, self-seeking prayer, without the human dignity that even the most modest prayer evokes.  And like all attempts to command success for the chronically unsuccessful, it petered out."

 Before you go to sleep Say a little prayer Every day in every way It's getting better and better.
 * 1973: The leading character, Frank Spencer (played by Michael Crawford), in the BBC's situation comedy Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, often recites the mantra, on occasion when trying to impress the instructor during a public relations training course.
 * 1976: In the film The Pink Panther Strikes Again, the mentally-ill Chief Inspector Charles Dreyfus, repeatedly uses the phrase "Every day and in every way, I am getting better, and better" as directed by his psychiatrist.
 * 1980: The chorus in the song "Beautiful Boy" — which John Lennon wrote for his son, Sean — makes a reference to Coué's mantra:
 * 1981: The protagonist in Emir Kusturica's 1981 film Do You Remember Dolly Bell? often recites the mantra as a result of studying hypnotherapy and autosuggestion.
 * 1992: In Kerry Greenwood's novel, Death at Victoria Dock, investigative detective Phryne Fisher recites the mantra during a particularly trying case.
 * 1994: In the film Barcelona, Fred Boynton, making light of his cousin Ted's commitment to various business-efficiency techniques, recites the mantra. Ted quickly dismisses Fred's quote stating that Coué and autosuggestion is today considered "unserious".
 * 1998: In Nest Family Entertainment's animated children's film The Swan Princess III and the Mystery of the Enchanted Treasure, a character uses the mantra while training for a competition.
 * 2005: In the HBO drama Six Feet Under (Season 5, episode 4), George Sibley repeats the mantra to Billy Chenowith in discussing the effectiveness of the former's treatment.
 * 2012: In Boardwalk Empire (season 3, episode 1) the fugitive Nelson Van Alden (played by Michael Shannon), now a salesman, looks into a mirror and repeats to himself the mantra: "Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better".

Coué's publications and other material (in chronological order)

 * [CGC] 78 RPM recordings (four sides; total approx. 12 mins) of Coué teaching his method: recorded at the Columbia Gramophone Company, New York, 10 February 1923.
 * (Serial nos. A-3840 and A-3841): Coué, E., "Emile Coué’s Own Method of Self-Mastery".
 * (Serial nos. A-3842 and A-3843): Coué, E. (1923b), "La Maîtrise de Soi-Même par L’autosuggestion Consciente". : "La Maîtrise de Soi-Même par L’autosuggestion Consciente" (MP3).
 * [COICC] Coué-Orton Institute (1926), Correspondence Course, London: Coué-Orton Institute.
 * (I): Coué, E., The World’s Greatest Power, How to Make the Most of It.
 * (II): Coué, E., Conscious Auto-Suggestion in Everyday Life.
 * (III): Coué, E., The Key to Complete Living.
 * (IV): Orton, J.L., Personality: Its Nature, Operation & Development.
 * (V): Coué, E. & Orton, J.L., The Coué-Orton System of Vocal Culture.
 * (VI): Coué, E. & Orton, J.L., Hygienic Therapy.
 * [COIM] Coué-Orton Institute (1926), The Marvels of Couéism, London: Coué-Orton Institute promotional literature; see, for instance, advertisement at: The International Psychic Gazette, 13(150), (March 1926), p. 96.
 * [EFI] Single-Reel short film (approx. 12 mins) of Coué teaching his method, directed by Earl Hurd (1884-1940), and released in the USA by Educational Films, Inc. on 18 February 1923.
 * The Message of Emile Coué (1923). The film is now lost. (See, for instance, 1923 newspaper report, at M. Coue personally puts his Message of Screen to benefit All, The St. Maurice Valley Chronicle , (Tuesday, 27 February 1923), p. 2; and a typical 1923 advertisement, at The Calgary Daily Herald, (Saturday, 3 Mar 1923), p. 6.)
 * Coué, E. (1912), "De la suggestion et de ses applications ('Suggestion and its Applications')", Bulletin de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle et de Palethnologie de la Haute-Marne, 2(1), pp. 25-46.
 * [//fr.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=La_Ma%C3%AEtrise_de_soi-m%C3%AAme_par_l%E2%80%99autosuggestion_consciente&oldid=3070054 Coué, E. (1922a), La Maîtrise de soi-même par l’autosuggestion consciente: Autrefois de la suggestion et de ses applications ('Mastery of One’s Self through Conscious Autosuggestion: Formerly "Suggestion and its Applications"'), Nancy: E. Coué.]
 * Coué, E. (1922b). Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion. New York, NY: American Library Service. (A complete translation, by unknown translator, of Coué (1922a).)
 * Coué, E. (1922c), "Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion", pp. 5-35 in Emile Coué, Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion, New York, NY: American Library Service.
 * Coué, E. (1922d), "Education as It ought to Be", pp.50-54 in Emile Coué, Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion, New York, NY: American Library Service.
 * Coué, E. (1922e). Self Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion. New York, NY: Malkan Publishing Company. (A partial translation of Coué (1922a) by Archibald S. Van Orden).
 * Coué, E. (1923a), How to Practise Suggestion and Autosuggestion, New York, NY: American Library Service.
 * Coué, E. (1923b), My Method: Including American Impressions, London: William Heinemann, Ltd.
 * Coué, E. & Orton, J.L. (1924), Conscious Autosuggestion, New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company.

The American Correspondence Course and associated material

 * Neal, E.V. & Clark, C.S. (eds.) (1900a),  Hypnotism and Hypnotic Suggestion: A Scientific Treatise on the Uses and Possibilities of Hypnotism, Suggestion and Allied Phenomena by Thirty Authors, Rochester, NY: New York State Publishing Co.
 * Neal, E.V. & Clark, C.S. (eds.) (1900b), Hypnotisme et suggestion hypnotique. Traité Scientifique sur l’Emploi et les Ressources de l’Hypnotisme, de la Suggestion et des Phénomènes qui les accompagnent, par Trente Auteurs, Rochester, NY: New York State Publishing Co.
 * Neal, E.V. & Clark, C.S. (eds.) (1900c), Hypnotism and Hypnotic Suggestion: A Scientific Treatise on the Uses and Possibilities of Hypnotism, Suggestion and Allied Phenomena by Seven Authors, Rochester, NY: New York State Publishing Co.
 * Sage, X.L. (1899), Hypnotism: As It Is: A Book for Everybody (Second Edition), Rochester, NY: The National Publishing Co.
 * Sage, X.L. (1900a), A Correspondence Course in Personal Magnetism, Hypnotism, Magnetic Healing, Suggestive Therapeutics, Psycho-Therapeutics, Self-Development, Development of the Will, Success-Thought, Etc., Etc, by X. LaMotte Sage. A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. (Revised Edition), Rochester, NY: New York Institute of Science.
 * Sage, X.L. (1900b), Un Cours Par Correspondance Sur Le Magnetisme Personnel, Hypnotisme, Mesmérisme, Calmánt Magnétique, Thérapeutiques Suggestives, Psycho-Therapeutique, Etc, Etc. par by X. LaMotte Sage, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D., Rochester, NY: New York Institute of Science.
 * Sage, X.L. (1900c), A Higher Course in Personal Magnetism, Hypnotism, Suggestive Therapeutics and Magnetic Healing by X. LaMotte Sage, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D., Rochester, NY: New York Institute of Science.
 * Sage, X.L. (1900d), Cours Supérieur Traitant du Magnétisme Personnel, de l'Hypnotisme, de la Thérapeutique Suggestive, et de la Guérison pour le Magnétisme, par X. LaMotte Sage, AM, Ph.D., LL.D., Rochester, NY: New York Institute of Science.
 * Sage, X.L. (1902), Philosophie de l’Influence Personnelle: Traité scientifique sur les usages et possibilités du Magnétisme Personnel, Hypnotisme, Mesmérisme, Thérapeutique Suggestive, Soulagement Magnétique et Phénomènes y ayant rapport: ainsi qu’un chapitre sur la "Manière d’Acquérir la Puissance", Illustré de scènes actuelles d'hypnotisme, Rochester, NY: New York Institute of Science.
 * Sage, X.L. (1907), The Philosophy of Personal Influence: A Scientific Treatise on the Uses and Possibilities of Personal Magnetism, Hypnotism, Mesmerism, Suggestive Therapeutics, Magnetic Healing and Allied Phenomena: Together with a Chapter on "How to Acquire the Power", Rochester, NY: New York Institute of Science.
 * Sage, X.L. & Adkin, T.F. (1900a), Instruction for Entertainments: Scenes in Hypnotism: With Thirty Illustrations Giving Positions and Costumes Worn by the Subjects, Rochester, NY: New York State Publishing Co.
 * Sage, X.L. & Adkin, T.F. (1900b), Scènes d’Hypnotisme et Comment Les Produire, Rochester, NY: New York State Publishing Co.

Other publications

 * Abbott, E.H. (1923), "The Druggist from Nancy: II. Monsieur Coué in New York", The Outlook, 133(3), pp. 123–124.
 * Abraham, K. (1926). Psycho-Analytical Notes on Coué's Method of Self-Mastery. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 7(2), 190–213.
 * Book review:
 * Aram, G.V. (1923), "Emile Coué and His Method of Healing by Conscious Auto-Suggestion: An Interview with M. Coué", pp. 3-14 in G.V. Aram, E. Towne, & W.E. Towne, The Gist of Coué: Self Healing by Auto-Suggestion, Holyoke, MA: The Elizabeth Towne Company, Inc.
 * Baird, Alice (1923), The Realm of Delight, London: Adlard & Son & West Newman.
 * Barber, T.X. (1984), "Changing "Unchangeable" Bodily Processes by (Hypnotic) Suggestions: A New Look at Hypnosis, Cognitions, Imagining, and the Mind-Body Problem", pp. 69-127 in A.A. Sheikh (Ed.), Imagination and Healing, Farmingdale, NY: Baywood Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8950-3037-5
 * Barcs-Masson M.-L. (1962), "Les grands pharmaciens: Emile Coué ('Great Pharmacists: Emile Coué')", Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie, 50(175), pp. 365–371.
 * Barrucand, D., & Paille, F. (1986), "Thérapeutique et Suggestion ('Therapy and Suggestion'), Annales Medico-Psychologiques, 144(10), pp. 1045-1060.
 * Baudouin, C. (Paul, E & Paul, C. trans.), Suggestion and Autosuggestion: A Psychological and Pedagogical Study Based on the Investigations made by the New Nancy School, George Allen & Unwin, (London), 1920.
 * Baudouin, C. (1923), Emile Coué and his Life-Work, New York, NY: American Library Service.
 * Bernheim, H. (Herter, C.A. trans.) (1889), Suggestive Therapeutics: A Treatise on the Nature and Uses of Hypnotism (De la Suggestion et de son Application à la Thérapeutique, Deuxième édition, 1887), New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
 * Bernheim H. (Sandor R.S, trans.), Bernheim’s New Studies in Hypnotism (Hypnotisme, Suggestion, Psychothérapie: Études Nouvelles, 1891), New York, NY: International University's Press.
 * Brooks, C.H. (1922), The Practice of Autosuggestion by the Method of Émile Coué (Revised Edition), New York, NY: Dodd, Mead and Company.
 * Google Books: London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. Other releases at Google Books: ISBN 978-0-89540-198-4 (ID: JeLmtAEACAAJ), ISBN 978-1-4254-2167-0 (ID: 6XQqEAyXZFwC), ISBN 978-1-258-84891-0 (ID: PhntnQEACAAJ), ISBN 978-1-4940-2568-7 (ID: 4-8NngEACAAJ).
 * Carrer, L. (2002), Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault: The Hypnological Legacy of a Secular Saint, College Station, TX: Virtualbookwork.com. ISBN 978-1-5893-9259-5
 * Centassi, R., & Grellet, G. (1998). Coué Réhabilité: Tous les jours de mieux en mieux ['Coué Rehabilitated: Better and better every day']. Thônex (Switzerland): Vivez Soleil.
 * Duckworth, J.H. (1922). Autosuggestion and its Personal Application. New York, NY: The James A. McCann Company.
 * Glueck, B., "New Nancy School", The Psychoanalytic Review, Vol.10, (January 1923), pp. 109–112.
 * Guillemain, H. (2010), La Méthode Coué: Histoire d'une Pratique de Guérison au XXe Siècle ('The Coué Method: History of a Twentieth Century Healing Practice'). Paris: Seuil. ISBN 978-2-0209-9342-5
 * Hudson, T.J. (1893), The Law of Psychic Phenomena: Systematic Study of Hypnotism, Spiritism, Mental Therapeutics, etc., Chicago, IL: A.C. McClurg & Company.
 * Hudson, T.J. (1900), "The Fundamental Principles of Hypnotism", pp. 140-145 in E.V. Neal & C.S. Clark (eds.),  Hypnotism and Hypnotic Suggestion: A Scientific Treatise on the Uses and Possibilities of Hypnotism, Suggestion and Allied Phenomena by Thirty Authors, Rochester, NY: New York State Publishing Co.
 * Hudson, T.J. (1903), The Law of Mental Medicine: The Correlation of the Facts of Psychology and Histology in their Relation to Mental Therapeutics, Chicago, IL: A.C. McClurg & Company.
 * Huxley, J.S. (1922), "M. Coué: Some General Considerations", The Beacon, 1(3), pp. 192-196.
 * Kirk, Ella Boyce (1922), My Pilgrimage to Coué, American Library Service, (New York). 1922.
 * Kugelmann, R. (2013), "Willpower", Theory & Psychology, 23(4), pp. 479-498.
 * Littell, R. (1923), "Émile Coué", The New Republic, 33(425), pp. 224-225.
 * Macnaghten, H. (1922), Emile Coué: The Man and His Work, New York, NY: Dodd, Mead & Company.
 * Mayo, G. (1923), Coué for Children, New York, NY: Dodd, Mead and Company.
 * Moxon, C. (1923). M. Coué's Theory and Practice of Auto-Suggestion. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 3(4), 320–326.
 * Noble, Lady, of Ardkinglas, M. Coué and Auto-Suggestion. Chatham, Kent: Parrett & Neves. 1924.
 * Orton, J.L. (1935), Émile Coué: The Man and His Work, London: The Francis Mott Company.
 * Orton, J.L. (1942), Hypnotism Made Practical (Third Edition), London: Thorsons Publishers Limited.
 * Paulhus, D.L. (1993). Bypassing the Will: The Automatization of Affirmations, in D.M. Wegner & J.W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of Mental Control (pp.573-587). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
 * Rapp, D. (1987). "Better and Better—": Couéism as a Psychological Craze of the Twenties in England. Studies in Popular Culture,10(2), 17-36.
 * Stowe, L.B. (1923), "The Druggist from Nancy: I. Monsieur Coué at Home", The Outlook, 133(3), pp. 122-123.
 * Waters, R.C. (1924), Auto-Suggestion For Mothers, New York, NY: George H. Doran Company.
 * Westphal, C., & Laxenaire, M. (2012). Émile Coué: Amuseur ou Précurseur? ('Émile Coué: Entertainer or Forerunner?'), Annales Médico-Psychologiques, Revue Psychiatrique, 170(1), pp. 36–38. doi=10.1016/j.amp.2011.12.001
 * Yankauer, A., The Therapeutic Mantra of Emile Coué, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Vol.42, No.4, (Summer 1999), pp. 489–495.
 * Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016a), "Émile Coué and his Method (I): The Chemist of Thought and Human Action", Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis, Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp. 3–27.
 * Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016b), "Émile Coué and his Method (II): Hypnotism, Suggestion, Ego-Strengthening, and Autosuggestion", Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis, Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp. 28–54.
 * Yeates, Lindsay B. (2016c), "Émile Coué and his Method (III): Every Day in Every Way", Australian Journal of Clinical Hypnotherapy & Hypnosis, Volume 38, No.1, (Autumn 2016), pp. 55–79.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Émile Coué


text:
Jean-Claude Pascal

Jean-Claude Villeminot (24 October 1927 – 5 May 1992), better known as Jean-Claude Pascal, was a French comedian, actor, singer and writer.

Early life
He was born in Paris into a family of wealthy textile manufacturers. His mother, Arlette Lemoine, was the great-granddaughter of English fashion designer Charles Frederick Worth. His father, Roger Villeminot, died the year of his birth.

He began his secondary education in 1938 at the Collège Annel, in Compiègne, and concluded it at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris. In 1944, at the age of 17, he enlisted in the 2nd Armored Division of General Leclerc. He was the first French soldier to enter Strasbourg in November 1944, while the German Army was still in the process of evacuating the city. For this, he received the Croix de Guerre in 1945.

Career
After surviving World War II in Strasbourg, Pascal studied at the Sorbonne before turning to fashion-designing for Christian Dior. While working on costumes for the theater production of the play Don Juan, he was exposed to acting. His first acting role was in the film Le jugement de Dieu (1949, released in 1952) and afterwards in "Le rideau cramoisi", 1951, opposite Anouk Aimée, followed by several films including Die schöne Lügnerin (La Belle et l'empereur 1959, 'Beautiful Liar') with Romy Schneider, and Angelique and the Sultan (Angélique et le sultan, 1968) with Michèle Mercier.

Pascal won the 1961 Eurovision Song Contest for Luxembourg with the song "Nous les amoureux" ('We the lovers'), with music composed by Jacques Datin and lyrics by Maurice Vidalin. The song tells the story of a thwarted love between the singer and his lover ("they would like to separate us, they would like to hinder us / from being happy"). The lyrics go on about how the relationship is rejected by others but will finally be possible ("but the time will come. [...] and I will be able to love you without anybody in town talking about it. [...] [God] gave us the right to happiness and joy."). Later, Pascal explained that the song was about a homosexual relationship and the difficulties it faced. As this topic would have been considered controversial in the early 1960s, the lyrics are ambiguous and do not refer to the lovers' gender. This allowed hiding the song's actual message, which was not understood in this way by the general public at the time. Pascal was, himself, gay.

He later represented Luxembourg again in the 1981 contest and finished 11th of 20 with the song "C'est peut-être pas l'Amérique" ('It may not be America'), with words and music he composed together with Sophie Makhno and Jean-Claude Petit. Pascal died in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine in 1992, aged 64, of stomach cancer.

Discography

 * "Lili Marleen" (French and German)
 * "Nous les amoureux"
 * "C'est peut-être pas l'Amérique"

Filmography

 * Great Man (1951), as L'interne Marcillac
 * They Were Five (1952), as Philippe
 * Four Red Roses (1951), as Pietro Leandri
 *  (1952), as Jean-Pierre
 * Judgement of God (1952), as Albert III, Duke of Bavaria
 * The Happiest of Men (1952), as Michel Brissac
 * The Crimson Curtain (1953), as The officer
 * A Caprice of Darling Caroline (1953), as Livio
 * Children of Love (1953), as Doctor Jacques Baurain
 * Alarm in Morocco (1953), as Jean Pasqier
 * Le Chevalier de la nuit (1953), as Chevalier Georges de Ségar
 * Tempest in the Flesh (1954), as Gino
 * Royal Affairs in Versailles (1954), as Axel von Fersen
 * Flesh and the Woman (1954), as Pierre Martel
 * The Three Thieves (1954), as Gastone Cascarilla
 * Caroline and the Rebels (1955), as Juan d'Aranda / de Sallanches
 * Bad Liaisons (1955), as Blaise Walter
 * Lord Rogue (1955), as Lord Henry Seymour
 * The Wages of Sin (1956), as Jean de Charvin
 * The Lebanese Mission (1956), as Jean Domèvre
 * Les Lavandières du Portugal (1957), as Jean-François Aubray
 * Guinguette (1959), as Marco
 * Pêcheur d'Islande (1959), as Guillaume Floury
 *  (1959), as Jacques Moulin
 *  (1959), as Tsar Alexander I
 * The Opportunists (1960), as Philippe Brideau
 * Préméditation (1960), as Bernard Sommet
 * The Crossroads (1960), as Javier
 * Le Rendez-vous (1961), as Pierre
 *  (1962), as Antoine de Montpezat
 *  (TV film, 1964), as Franck
 * Vol 272 (TV miniseries, 1964), as Marc
 *  (TV film, 1965), as Robert
 * The Poppy Is Also a Flower (1966), as Galam Khan
 *  (TV series, 1966), as Commandant Jean Leroy-Dantec
 *  (1967), as Frank Moore
 * Untamable Angelique (1967), as Osman Ferradji
 * Angelique and the Sultan (1968), as Osman Ferradji
 * Under the Roofs of St. Pauli (1970), as Doctor Pasucha
 * Au théâtre ce soir: Les Français à Moscou (TV play, 1972), as Blanchet
 * Le Temps de vivre, le temps d'aimer (TV series, 1973), as Jean Moser
 * Le Chirurgien de Saint-Chad (TV series, 1976), as Doctor Patrick Villaresi
 * Liebe läßt alle Blumen blühen (TV film, 1984), as Marquis de Formentière
 * Au théâtre ce soir: Adieu Prudence (TV play, 1985), as Fred Russel

title: Jean-Claude Pascal


text:
Monkey and banana problem

The monkey and banana problem is a famous toy problem in artificial intelligence, particularly in logic programming and planning.

Formulation of the problem
A monkey is in a room. Suspended from the ceiling is a bunch of bananas, beyond the monkey's reach. However, in the room there are also a chair and a stick. The ceiling is just the right height so that a monkey standing on a chair could knock the bananas down with the stick. The monkey knows how to move around, carry other things around, reach for the bananas, and wave a stick in the air. What is the best sequence of actions for the monkey?

Purpose of the problem
The problem seeks to answer the question of whether monkeys are intelligent. Both humans and monkeys have the ability to use mental maps to remember things like where to go to find shelter, or how to avoid danger. They can also remember where to go to gather food and water, as well as how to communicate with each other. Monkeys have the ability not only to remember how to hunt and gather but to learn new things, as is the case with the monkey and the bananas: despite the fact that the monkey may never have been in an identical situation, with the same artifacts at hand, a monkey is capable of concluding that it needs to make a ladder, position it below the bananas, and climb up to reach for them.

The degree to which such abilities should be ascribed to instinct or learning is a matter of debate.

In 1984, a pigeon was observed as having the capacity to solve a problem.

Software solutions
The problem is used as a toy problem for computer science. It can be solved with an expert system such as CLIPS. The example set of rules that CLIPS provides is somewhat fragile in that naive changes to the rulebase that might seem to a human of average intelligence to make common sense can cause the engine to fail to get the monkey to reach the banana.

Other examples exist using Rules Based System (RBS) a project implemented in Python.

title: Monkey and banana problem


text:
Locomotive Software

Locomotive Software was a small British software house that did most of its development for Amstrad's home and small business computers of the 1980s. It was founded by Richard Clayton and Chris Hall on 14 February 1983.

It wrote or contributed significantly to the ROMs of the Amstrad CPC 464, Amstrad CPC 664 and Amstrad CPC 6128 home computers, the Amstrad PCW wordprocessor and the later Amstrad-manufactured ZX Spectrum +2A, +2B and +3 machines, amongst others. Its Locomotive BASIC for the CPC range was a fast and highly featured implementation of BASIC for the time and later led to the development of Mallard BASIC for Amstrad's CP/M+ machines. Locomotive was also responsible for the ports of the CP/M operating system to Amstrad machines — initially 2.2 for the CPC 464 and CPC 664 and later CP/M 3.0 ("CP/M+") for the CPC 6128, PCW range and Spectrum +3.

A later Locomotive BASIC was BASIC2 for Digital Research's GEM graphical user interface, as supplied with the Amstrad PC1512 and PC1640 range of PC clones.

The company also developed the LocoScript word processor for the PCW, which was a complete bootable environment in its own right with no separate underlying operating system. The company later produced a PC version of this software, but it was not very successful, partly because it was a DOS application, just as the PC market was moving to Microsoft Windows, but also because the program compared poorly to incumbents like WordPerfect in the more competitive environment of PC word processors.

The same team later went on to develop the Turnpike Internet client for Windows, which was for many years distributed as the standard access software by pioneering dial-up Internet access provider Demon Internet. Demon Internet later acquired Locomotive Software.

title: Locomotive Software


text:
Anomalous X-ray pulsar

Anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) are an observational manifestation of magnetars—young, isolated, highly magnetized neutron stars. These energetic X-ray pulsars are characterized by slow rotation periods of ~2–12 seconds and large magnetic fields of ~1013–1015 gauss (1 to 100 gigateslas). , there were 12 confirmed and 2 candidate AXPs known. The identification of AXPs with magnetars was motivated by their similarity to soft gamma repeaters.

title: Anomalous X-ray pulsar


text: User talk:68.224.211.201

title: User talk:68.224.211.201


text:
Elżbieta Izabela Lubomirska

Princess Elżbieta Izabela Czartoryska (21 May 1736 – 11 November 1816), better known under her married name of Izabela Lubomirska, was a politically influential Polish aristocrat, philanthropist and cultural patron.

Life
She was the daughter of August Aleksander Czartoryski, one of the leaders of the Familia, and Maria Zofia Czartoryska. In her youth, she fell in love with her cousin, Stanisław August Poniatowski, later elected King of Poland as Stanislaus Augustus, but was unable to marry him due to the objections of her father, who thought him not sufficiently rich or influential.

Eventually, she married Stanisław Lubomirski on 9 June 1753, later Grand Marshal of the Crown, with whom she had four children: Julia, Konstancja, Elżbieta, and Aleksandra.

She was a member of the Women's Adoption Lodge - Dobroczynność (Charity) - of the Polish Freemasons from 1783. Because of her liking for blue, which she often wore, she was called the "Blue Marquise".

She was one of the biggest and the wealthiest landowners in the Commonwealth. Her properties included the palace in Wilanów (prior royal residence of John III Sobieski) near Warsaw, the palace in Ursynów (then called Rozkosz, translating as Plaisance), which she built for her daughter Aleksandra, and the Mon Coteau palace in Mokotów (today's Szustra Palace). She laid the cornerstone for the building of the National Theatre in Warsaw and initiated the reconstruction of her husband's family estate, the Łańcut Castle, in the Rococo style.

Undoubtedly, she was one of the most outstanding women in Poland in the 18th century. She took a very active part in the politics of her camp, strove both for the acquisition of foreign courts and the masses of the Polish nobility. At first, she was very fond of her youth's presumed lover, Stanislaus Augustus, then she fought him passionately. Embittered by the failure of her actions at court, she moved to Paris, and after the outbreak of the revolution, she escaped to Vienna. Apart from her political activity, she distinguished herself as a progressive protector of peasants - she founded schools and hospitals in her estates.

She died on November 25, 1816, in Vienna. She was buried in the Währing cemetery. On September 23, 1885, due to the liquidation of the cemetery in Währing, the coffin was transported to the parish church in Łańcut, where it was buried again. Earlier, a monument of white Carrara marble was erected in the temple, funded by count Alfred Potocki.

In the Łańcut estate, she founded a distillery which exists today under the name Polmos Łańcut.

title: Elżbieta Izabela Lubomirska


text:
Bimbo

Bimbo is slang for a conventionally attractive, sexualized, naïve, and unintelligent woman. The term was originally used in the United States as early as 1919 for an unintelligent or brutish man. As of the early 21st century, the "stereotypical bimbo" appearance became akin to that of a physically attractive woman. It is commonly employed to characterize women who are blonde, have curvaceous physiques, wear excessive makeup, and dress in revealing attire while being associated with "the dumb blonde" stereotype.

History
The word bimbo derives from the Italian bimbo, a masculine-gender term that means "little or baby boy" or "young (male) child" (the feminine form of the Italian word is bimba). Use of this term began in the United States as early as 1919, and was a slang word used to describe an unintelligent or brutish man.

It was not until the 1920s that the term bimbo began to be associated with women in popular culture. In 1920, Frank Crumit, Billy Jones, and Aileen Stanley all recorded versions of "My Little Bimbo Down on the Bamboo Isle", with words by Grant Clarke and music by Walter Donaldson. The song uses the term "bimbo" to describe an island girl of questionable virtue. The 1930 silent film Desert Nights uses it to describe a wealthy female crook, and in The Broadway Melody, an angry Bessie Love calls a chorus girl a bimbo. The first use of its female meaning cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is dated 1929, from the scholarly journal American Speech, where the definition was given simply as "a woman".

In the 1940s, bimbo was still being used to refer to both men and women, as in, for example the comic novel Full Moon by P. G. Wodehouse who wrote of "bimbos who went about the place making passes at innocent girls after discarding their wives like old tubes of toothpaste".

The term died out again for much of the 20th century until it became popular again in the 1980s and 1990s, with political sex scandals. As bimbo began to be used increasingly for females, exclusively male variations of the word began to surface, like mimbo and himbo, a backformation of bimbo, which refers to an unintelligent, but attractive, man.

In 2017, "The Bimbo Movement" was founded by self-proclaimed bimbo and adult star Alicia Amira, "the woman most responsible for popularizing the idea of reclaiming hyper-femininity" in order to destigmatise women who are bimbos and to reclaim the term "bimbo". The term later re-entered usage by way of some members of Generation Z seeking to further reclaim the pejorative, such as the "BimboTok" community on the social media platform TikTok, where users engaged in stereotypical hyper-femininity to satirise consumerism, capitalism, and misogyny.

The term is sometimes associated with men or women who dye their hair blond, indicating that physical attractiveness is more important to them than other, non-physical traits and as an extension to "the dumb blonde" stereotype.

Politics
In American politics, the word was used in the 1990s during Bill Clinton's sexual misconduct allegations, leading to the invention of the term "Bimbo eruptions" to refer to political sex scandals. The expression was also used in a 2014 report in which Colin Powell explained his reluctance to vote for Hillary Clinton in light of her husband's continued affairs with "bimbos".

After the first 2015 Republican Presidential Debate, Donald Trump re-tweeted a message calling debate moderator and Fox News host Megyn Kelly a "bimbo" via Twitter. This took place after Kelly asked Trump a question that referenced his television show The Apprentice from season 6 in 2005. Shortly afterwards, Stephen Richter of The Globalist published an opinion piece in which he accused Trump of being a bimbo, noting the original definition of bimbo as "an unintelligent or brutish male".

In March 2024, the California First Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the lower court's decision to deny a woman's request to change her name to Candi Bimbo Doll, marking a notable legal development in American jurisprudence related to 'bimbofication'.

title: Bimbo


text:
Talk:Roomba

Third Generation & Home Bases
The article repeatedly states that all third generation Roombas are compatible with the homebase. This is untrue. The lowest end of the third generation Roombas (the 510 model) is not compatible with the homebase. This is confirmable both by looking at Irobot's webpage where they list the Home Base accessory as compatible with the 530, 560, and 570 but not the 510 and also by looking at an actual 510 model and noticing that it doesn't have any metal plates on the bottom to use with the homebase charger, so even if it did dock with the base, it wouldn't be able to make use of it. Correcting this involves a larger amount of work than I'm comfortable, as a Wikipedia novice, doing. So I wanted to put this on the talk page. Also, I believe this information merits inclusion in Wikipedia as a person looking to do research before buying a Roomba might mistakenly think that the 510 is simply the 530 packaged with fewer virtual walls, when this is not, in fact, the case. It might also be the case that there are some 2nd generation models that cannot use the Home Base, but I'm not in a position to verify this.

--58.110.167.163 (talk) 08:29, 18 March 2018 (UTC)https://www.googleadservices.com/pagead/aclk?sa=L&ai=DChcSEwi4nKH7ufXZAhWXlL0KHcohAAQYABAHGgJ0aA&ohost=www.google.com&cid=CAASEuRoq4y4Eo1FSCuD7zGooJHqkw&sig=AOD64_3tnhl0hCPZeVGhY04G8r9rdqdIeA&adurl=&q=&nb=0&res_url=https%3A%2F%2Fnortonsafe.search.ask.com%2Fweb%3Fq%3Droomba%2Blowest%2Bprice%26chn%3D1005220%26doi%3D2018-03-11%26geo%3DUS%26guid%3D268B856F-B9B7-41AE-93E2-2D49F3BBA3B4%26locale%3Den_US%26o%3DAPN11910%26p2%3D%255EET%255Ech20au%255Edefzzz%26prt%3DNSBU%26ver%3D22.10.1.10%26tpr%3D4%26ts%3D1521361694875%26ssrt%3D270&rurl=https%3A%2F%2Fnortonsafe.search.ask.com%2Fweb%3Fq%3Droomba%26o%3DAPN11910%26chn%3D1005220%26guid%3D268B856F-B9B7-41AE-93E2-2D49F3BBA3B4%26doi%3D2018-03-11%26ver%3D22.10.1.10%26prt%3DNSBU%26geo%3DUS%26locale%3Den_US%26trackId%3Dnag%26ctype%3D%26tpr%3D121&nm=2&nx=214&ny=9&is=822x777&clkt=337&bg=!MDOlMytEoS86BXlGmYYCAAABA1IAAABWmQE7pzYtHXzR28O_lCJGRmJmCDbe_cE5ntSTmBVP_TwyVpIp8kStqqmvovvDmNJdGxPkhvSOIHYt2Z6hrwU53ci_sRWcne512VMV1ASSRoRBPU7gBekgMpodir3pPSWF6pct-7PvRxMtj9EpTQXFMgQM6-LAMcfMCkWiLRaKFhMB2E4ASZ8U8FvOqjtcTcVBKMirtx2ysTMCgiPq13hTYwBW60SY9o4p3jxJOeH8avpmcHTkNyzc8DpM1n0yaQAWFFYINIsFJWEhSc_G1PGIFZEmUkwbh49F0OmUnHsGxtY9FudY5ZgOK6RGUcSn9lIkEEvIHwZB8CFPis1EQAq706CThrLOp6YLssvxOgnzXTrNK9pPn1AFsYPIxh41RLfLnpyhygf7kVo8hoME3hehUFaD9Oso2Xkp0AEp5WHJ

 * [DATE VERIFYED] :18/3/2018: Not logged in

Request for concensus before making changes to the external links page
Please ask for concensus before making changes to the external links section. An anonymous user came in with a mass delete off all external links (except for iRobot itself), which completely unded the concensus we reached on the Roomba Review forum, so it clearly wasn't a well thought out removal. More bordering on vandalism in the name of cleaning things up. That change was reverted. I absolutely agree that the external links could use some cleaning up. Let's build some concensus first? I'd like to see everything removed except for iRobot, Roomba Review Forums, and perhaps Roomba-Cam. --Jmccorm 16:12, 18 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I removed a spam link that was added by 203.206.110.22. Bad descrption, apparent SPAM site, even an invalid URL. It seems to have met the criteria for vandalism. Odd. --Jmccorm 15:02, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Cbenson1 added some spamish links on 9 July 2008. User Thumperward deleted these as well as all the other external links, excepting the iRobot page itself. I re-added the external links as they were before the additions by Cbenson1. 10 July 2008. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.20.224.46 (talk) 18:55, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Need clarification between models
You've got to admit, iRobot has done a terrible and confusing job of differenting their model numbers. NUMEROUS EXAMPLES: A 401 became the 4000. The 4100 become the 4300. Usually, higher model numbers are more advanced units, but the 4300 is clearly inferior to a 4260. A 4110 is the same Roomba as the 4105, but includes more accessories. All the models are capable of scheduling, but only the scheduling models are bundled with the remote to do it. The lowly Roomba Red has the same cleaning ability as the Scheduler with Intelli-Bin. Okay, I'm ending the examples there. But the point is, if someone could add to this article in a way that would differentiate between the models and educate people on the actual differences, it would be highly useful. --Jmccorm 15:08, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thumperward removed all of the model lists on 27 Oct 2008. Pre-deletion page here. His explanation was, simply "sod it. these lists are only sourced to catalogue opages, so remove them." Not sure that I agree with that logic and feel that the information was valuable. I'd really like to re-add. Any opinions? --Sstrader (talk) 16:20, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * PLEASE return the model differentiations. I can see what Thumperward was referring to when he made the deletion, but messiness is not a good reason to delete content which is probably necessary.  Ideally we can do something like what's being done at ipod and list of ipod models but I don't think it's constructive to just remove everything.  We have to start somewhere, and the list was a good start.  It also appears that there's problems with the clarity of the models, production date, and a lot of other things that even the manufacturer doesn't clarify; perhaps we can provide some clarity.  Please restore it.--Cpt ricard (talk) 20:40, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Removal of See also: MOP
I do not know if MOP is an acronym for some related technological device. There is no such related device listed in the disambiguation page at MOP.

If it is the noun "mop", the relation is too tenuous to justify a "See also" link.

T2X 21:52, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Addition of External Link: Roomba User Community
The Roomba User Community - http://Roombareview.com/chat is a valid external link as per the "External Link Guidelines" of Wikipedia. Much of the information contained in the wikipedia entry was taken without reference from the forum, including the information about the Roomba 2.1 and the OSMO, both of which were first discovered by the roomba community members, and have been discussed almost nowhere else but at this form. The new OSMO //Hacker is not the same as the older OSMO that is referenced in the Wikipedia entry.

Additionally, the site complies with all other external link guidelines, and it contains "other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article, such as textbooks or reviews"

Please do not remove this link, unless you can provide proof that the information referenced in the Wikipedia article was not taken from this source.
 * I disagree. If there is material in the article that cannot be verified via a reliable source, it should be removed as well. Please do not add the link again. OhNo itsJamie Talk 06:47, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I used the helpme feature and got ahold of an editor, User:Xiner to discuss this issue. Xiner says that WP:EL is the official policy. WP:NOT says you may have ONE fan-site link in the external links section. I discussed with Xiner that an incredibly weak forum is already listed (Robot Vacuum Forums -- 27 messages since 2005). I presented the alternate choices of the Roomba Review Forum (largest user forum - 19k messages from 2004, approx 12/day in recent history), or the official iRobot User Group on Yahoo! Groups, which is smaller (13k messages from 2002, approx 2/day in recent history). Xiner recommended going for the largest fan site, so that would be the Roomba Review Forum. Unless there is further objection, I believe we should go forward by replacing the Robot Vacuum Forms with the Roomba Review Forum, with a specific link to the Roomba message board []. --Jmccorm 17:58, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I have made the changes as discussed. --Jmccorm 03:55, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Figuring out the production date of Roomba
I think a common question people have about Roomba is when they were produced and if they have the 2.1 improvements. According to information I found at Roomba Review's forums, the serial number, located on the box or the battery (unless the battery has been replaced), should indicate a production date later than June 6, 2005 in order for the Roomba to have the 2.1 improvements. You can figure out how to interpret the production date from the serial number at iRobot's hacker section. -Unsigned

 * I came here to find out just that, thank you 71.236.147.130 04:27, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Charging Problem seems a bit obscure to be included.
all you would have to do is check the iRobot site support pages to find the solution to this problem. unless i am mistaken this "charging problem" isn't some fundamental or universal flaw in the product... Ordinary 03:24, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * That link doesn;t work any more.

There have only been two generations of Roomba
The first generation being the original Roomba, Roomba Pro Elite, etc. The second generation being the Discovery series (Red, Sage, Discovery, Discovery SE, Scheduler) currently being sold. Roomba "2.1" is a Discovery series robot.
 * I am taking this questions to Roomba Review for a concensus. I'm also checking to see if there is an official iRobot position on this. --Jmccorm 05:45, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
 * A fair idea, though I would also point out that there were two separate releases of the OSMO dongle, and which one a user was supposed to buy based on the serial number. I would presume that implies, at the very least, two different firmware versions, plus the current lineup that doesn't need the OSMO at all. So, three generations, at least. Haikupoet 20:57, 10 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Update: Wikipedia wants information that can be referenced. I can find no official source for the number of generations of Roomba there have been. I have emailed iRobot several times (including Investor Relations) for at least their position on the issue, and if it is documented anywhere that I can reference. As seems to be the problem with iRobot lately, I have not received any reply. Updating an article on Roomba is difficult because the only real authoritative source about Roomba is iRobot itself. But all the good information is in the message boards, which is not a reliable source (per Wikipedia policy). --Jmccorm 04:43, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

There is a third generation: take a look at Roomba's website! --gjsmo 13:13, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm really confused about the Roomba generations issue. Every review of the Discovery (Engadget, etc) claims that it is the "new third generation" (circa 2004), while every review of the 5xx series claims "it is the fifth generation."  I guess there was no fourth?  Not that I have any information about this topic, I'd just love some clarification on the issue!  It would also be nice if there was some more detail about the changes to the units over time...  --SFoskett 15:54, 15 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Update: I guess this has been definitively answered:  There have been three generations, the page is right, and everyone calling the Discovery the third generation (including some references in this article) were wrong.  --SFoskett 16:04, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Should there be a section on known issues with Roomba's
An example of this would be the "Circle Dance" than roomba's do from time to time. You could also include the battery charger problem in this section. Mark1800 00:10, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The problem I see here is finding an authoritative source regarding known issues. Sure, you can find forum postings, and perhaps a person or two with their own web page, but there really isn't a lot to reference out there (that would meet Wikipedia's standards for inclusion, as I understand them). If someone knows better, or perhaps a rule that would lower the threshold of referencing, I know I certainly would like to list some of the known issues with the Roomba. --Jmccorm 04:02, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Circle dance isn't a problem, it's a feature: when a Roomba detects a lart amount of dirt, it does the circle dance (also performed when you push "spot") because it cleans an area more --gjsmo 13:16, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Yes, it does circles in "spot" or when "dirt detect" goes on, but the term has another meaning. When a bumper sensor is stuck in the "bumped" position, the unit spins while backing away from the imagined obstacle. It continues to back and spin for about a minute then stops with a 9-beep error. While this failure (usually the LED or phototransistor in the bumper sensor) seems to have affected quite a few units (500 series?) over time, it doesn't seem to be encyclopedic information. 107.0.6.162 (talk) 16:29, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * This is a bit dated, but the circle dance phenomena is due to dirty or defective (usually dirty) sensors in the wheels, which tell the unit that one wheel isn't spinning. That sends the robot into the circle dance to attempt to free what the unit considers a stuck wheel.Wzrd1 (talk) 10:24, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

Accuracy
I've been asked to clarify the reason for the accuracy tag. Actually, I guess it should have been a self-contradictory tag. The article says both that 2.1s were sold only by HSN, and that all Roombas currently being sold are 2.1s. That doesn't make sense. -- Beland 15:08, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Deleted this contradictory and somewhat trivial paragraph. The original code follows. Atchius 01:06, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Robotic Floorvac redirect?
Currently Robotic Floorvac redirects to Roomba. As there are several different type of robotic floorvacs, shouldn't this be its own article, or at least a redirect to a more generic section on Vacuum Cleaner? It doesn't seem correct to catagorize all robotic floorvacs as Roombas, especially as several different brands are also listed on Wikipedia (see Domestic robot). Thehedgehog 07:04, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that the roomba is the only device marketed and sold as a robotic floorvac. It might not be a trademark (I'm presuming it's not), but it doesn't seem to be a generic term for a robotic vacuum cleaner (not that most of these are really vacuum cleaners evidently but anyway) so I think the redirect is correct. However I have provided a disambig at the top just in case Nil Einne 09:06, 8 March 2007 (UTC)
 * A point of information only. The records available online, as of this date, do not show Robotic Floorvac as a trademark that has been applied for by the iRobot Corporation. But I am not recommending or calling for any different course of action. --Jmccorm 03:58, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I think the disambig works okay. Just wanted to make sure "Robotic Floorvac" didn't become some type of reverse Genericized trademark (such as assuming all DVRs are TiVo). Thehedgehog 08:49, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Features
Can one include the main features of every roomba classes ? This would help to understand the common features and differences.--Altermike 10:37, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

Unclycopedic
This is very easy to put. Reason ?. Why don´t propose the modifications ?. If you delete any text, put it in http://robots.wikia.com/wiki/Roomba --Altermike 09:51, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * "The modifications" are "proposed" in the template itself. This is basic copy-editing work. Chris Cunningham 10:37, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Mention the inventors?
Why does the article not mention the inventors: Rodney A. Brooks, Helen Greiner, Joseph L. Jones, and Paul Sandin?

(Joe Jones: http://www.qrobotics.com/jones.html and http://www.athomaz.com/?m=200612   Paul Sandin: http://www.qrobotics.com/sandin.html Rodney Brooks: http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:JD68GMZh7LEJ:money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/09/19/8272912/index.htm+roomba+inventors&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=us  Helen Greiner: http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/greiner.htm ) ShumDavar 21:05, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Removed two "coined" words: "roombable" and "roombatics"
There were two phrases about words that were coined in conjunction with Roomba:

 * "roombable", meaning "roomba-friendly, yielded 61 Google hits, many of which were WP-related
 * "roombatics", meaning "hacking Roombas", was found 74 times - all uses seemed to relate to either WP or a single blogger trying to popularize the word.

Apparently, someone's trying to use WP to popularize his neologisms. IMHO that's not what WP is for, so I removed the phrases.

--Baumi 03:19, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Removed External Links
From what I can see, RobotShop is the only company listed on the official iRobot website as being a distributor for the Roomba in "Americas" and was the first company to provide servicing and repairs. In the history of the Roomba, this would be notworthy information.--Cbenson1 (talk) 18:02, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Capturing the public's imagination
There ought to be a section about how the Roomba is the first robo-vacuum to take off. See the Woomba parody, the knock-offs, the Roomba hackers, etc. --66.51.187.221 (talk) 02:56, 25 December 2008 (UTC)

Can Roomba Clean everything ?
Can it mop away the sticky stuff, superglue ? Wipe away hard or bigger object ? Will the master step on roomba while returning home when the room is dark ? Will the master step on roomba when he is in a rush, forgetting to take document ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xacrifice (talk • contribs) 01:21, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

IRobot Scooba addition, and accuracy of the term "vacuum"? No criticisms?
Good page, some comments:

1. I recently saw an iRobot ScoobaItalic text for sale on Craigslist. It apparently does for hardwood floors what the Roomba did for carpets. I didn't see any mention of it here. See: http://brunswick.craigslist.org/ele/1660319207.html

2. The Roomba is described as a robotic vacuum cleaner. Does it really use a vacuum? Or is it more like a carpet sweeper, using rotating brushes to pick up debris and deposit it in tray? I assumed the latter. A true vacuum cleaner would have a blower motor, filter, and suction. Does the Roomba have this? If not, maybe the primary entry should be amended to say "robotic carpet sweeper" instead of "vacuum cleaner".

3. I've seen a lot of these for sale, and a lot of times, being sold at closeout. I have had friends buy them and when I ask a year later how it is working, they say, noncommittally, "We haven't used it lately". I see a lot sold at garage sales or on eBay as well. I am curious as to how well these things really work. I would think if they worked as advertised, they would replace vacuum cleaners within a year or two of being on the market. Are they too awkward to use? Not effective enough in vacuuming (or carpet sweeping)? Do they not work well in real-world applications (various rug heights, furniture arrangements, etc.)? Or are people just too set in their ways?

Great page. I think it is an interesting invention and am curious as to why it hasn't sold very well. I would buy one, but the lack of success of the device in the mainstream market gives me pause.

This device, and robotic lawnmowers, sound like they would be huge hits in the marketplace, but neither seems to have caught on very well - just yet, anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joe Patent (talk • contribs) 16:31, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * It isn't a vacuum, it's a broom. They are quite robust and the most common problem is a dead battery, which is easy to fix unless the user doesn't realize that that's the problem. --71.77.0.151 (talk) 18:24, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

 * All Roombas except the Dirt Dog have a vacuum and if you don't have pets, they clean quite well. I don't know why people don't use them more, but here's a couple possibilities: they are high maintenance -- the bin needs to be emptied after just about every use, and the brushes and sensors need to be periodically cleaned. You may have to prepare a room before vacuuming -- I have some pipe frame chairs that Roomba gets caught on unless I pick them off the floor first. They can also get caught up in wires and curtain pulls. You might have to move the virtual walls around to set up to do a particular room. All this means, it's not necessarily just press a button. Also search 'roomba dog poo' and see what trouble an unattended Roomba and incontinent dog got into together. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.174.146.70 (talk) 15:23, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Not really a vacuum
The Roomba is not really a vacuum and it doesn't have suction. It is a sweeper that sweeps up the dirt and dust. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.186.94.222 (talk) 19:49, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Not true. See the article's description of the "Dirt Dog" cleaner, which is a sweeper only.  All "Roomba"s have a vacuum cleaning function, as clearly described in the article. -- Reify-tech (talk) 19:48, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Video
The video on the page doesn't seem to be of the best quality. Could someone maybe upload a better one? Usb10 Let's talk 'bout it! 20:05, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

Virtual Wall/Lighthouse
The description of Virtual Wall/Lighthouse (VW/L) operation on the iRobot website is simplified, and doesn't give a clear picture of how they work, their capabilities, and limitations. Further complicating understanding, iRobot appears to have produced at least 5 variants of the VW/L since the original introduction. The use of infrared (IR) signals with or without radio frequency (RF) signals isn't very clearly explained, either. The best explanation I've found so far is here: http://www.robotreviews.com/chat/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=11048. Has anybody found a better description? If not, should there be a pointer to this explanation from the Roomba article? -- Reify-tech (talk) 02:44, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

Intro needs a citation

 * Part of the success of the Roomba is that it can be easily adapted to perform other robotic tasks when extended with an embedded computer connected to the Roomba Open Interface.

This statement uses weasely weak language, and needs a citation. At first blush it seems non-notable and/or untrue.--70.187.190.211 (talk) 03:34, 22 September 2012 (UTC)

video
http://www.nytimes.com/video/technology/personaltech/100000002663490/roomba-880-a-clean-sweep.html?nl=todaysheadlines&emc=edit_th_20140123 is a video from  the NYT showing a Roomba 880 in action.211.225.34.139 (talk) 02:05, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

DJ Roomba
Why a Roomba in Parks and Recreation is a trivia but in Breaking Bad is not?

Besides that, I thing the Hufftington post is an appropriate source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doomsday290 (talk • contribs) 19:02, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, you didn't cite any source. Breaking Bad should probably be removed too.  See also WP:OTHERSTUFF.  —EncMstr (talk) 19:07, 28 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I was in the process of putting the citation but accidentally hit enter and it got published. So, should I put back the DJ Roomba bit or erase the Breaking Bad one? — doomsday290 (talk) 8:07, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Roomba model comparison tables
The Roomba model comparison tables are incomplete. This may be confusing to readers. It appears that the tables have not been edited for some time, so I propose their deletion. I also propose that the size of the tables should be decreased, as they contain lots of unnecessary information (such as whether or not spare brushes are included in the box.)

A Nebraska Cornhusker (talk) 21:27, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

Roomba 900 Series
I would like to suggest an edit to the section on Roomba models. The 900 series is one of the most significant improvements to the Roomba, as it introduces a new method of navigation and cloud integration. Thus, it definitely should be mentioned on this page.

A Nebraska Cornhusker (talk) 21:46, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Roomba. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110915171122/http://www.businessweek.com:80/technology/content/aug2007/tc20070821_419619.htm?technology+product+review to http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2007/tc20070821_419619.htm?technology+product+review
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.roombadevtools.com/ProductCart/pc/viewCat_P.asp?idCategory=8

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:36, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

"15 million units sold"
The citation to this claim in the start of the article does not actually support the claim. It proves that iRobot has sold 15 million robots, but iRobot produces far more than just the Roomba (including industrial and military applications). It is not clear how many of these are the Roomba. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.38.180.209 (talk) 09:53, 15 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Removed. Thanks for pointing that out. Dlthewave (talk) 12:21, 15 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230831/http://www.irobot.com/images/consumer/hacker/Roomba_SCI_Spec_Manual.pdf to http://www.irobot.com/images/consumer/hacker/Roomba_SCI_Spec_Manual.pdf
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Domestic vacuum robot
It would be interesting an article about domestic vacuum robots, including Roomba and Xiaomi.--BoldLuis (talk) 13:14, 10 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Robotic vacuum cleaner —Darxus (talk) 13:39, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

1969?
The first paragraph says the Roomba was introduced in September 1969, but I don't see that on the cited page ([]). Is this right? 187.99.245.246 (talk) 22:36, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

 * That date is no longer in the article. —Darxus (talk) 13:38, 17 July 2020 (UTC)

What about the i6 and m series?
Those two (see official screenshot) are completely missing from the list of models in the article. -Cardace (talk) 06:35, 3 June 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:41, 10 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Робот пылесос Roomba 780.jpg

title: Talk:Roomba


text:
USS Hartford

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Hartford, named in honor of Hartford, the capital of Connecticut.

 * USS Hartford (1858), was a sloop-of-war, commissioned in 1859 and finally disposed of in 1957.
 * USS Hartford (SSN-768), is a Los Angeles-class submarine, commissioned in 1994 and currently in service.

title: USS Hartford


text:
Rose State College

Rose State College is a public community college in Midwest City, Oklahoma.

History
Rose State College was originally named Oscar Rose Junior College in memory of Oscar V. Rose, a former Mid-Del School District school superintendent.

The school was renamed Rose State College by Senate Bill Number 9 in April 1983 that went into effect on November 1, 1983.

Rose State College offered its first classes on September 21, 1970. Voters in Midwest City, Del City, and portions of southeastern and northeastern Oklahoma City approved the college district in 1968. This vote followed passage of Senate Bill Number 2 in 1967, a law enabling district-operated community colleges to receive state aid. Voters then passed a $1.75 million general obligation bond issue, a two-mill levy for operating expenses in 1969, and a three-mill levy for operations in 1970. In December 1973, the junior college became a member of The Oklahoma State System of Higher Education, after approval from the Rose State College Board of Trustees. Rose State College exists as a publicly created and sustained, open-admissions, associate degree-granting college to provide comprehensive lower-division programs of higher education and related community services. To meet enrollment growth, the Communication Center was built in 1998, providing art, music, and journalism classrooms as well as a home for theatrical and musical performances. Part of the college was destroyed by a tornado on May 3, 1999; some of the damage in this area was rated high-end F4 on the Fujita scale, although F5 was considered. Popularity of the dental hygiene and dental assistant programs led to the construction of the Health Sciences Annex, completed in 2001. Rose State College has grown from an initial enrollment of 1,700 in 1970 to a regular fall enrollment of approximately 8,200. The campus now includes twenty-two buildings on approximately 116 acre.

Academics

The college has a regular enrollment of more than 8,000 students and covers over 116 acre. Rose State offers scholarships to students including Leadership Scholarships and the Ticket to Rose Program. Ticket to Rose provides free tuition and mandatory fees for graduates of Midwest City High School, Carl Albert High School, Choctaw High School, Del City High School, and Star Spencer High School.

Student life
Rose State's colors are blue and gold, and their mascot is the Raider, based on Doolittle's Raiders, best known for leading a bombing run on Tokyo on April 18, 1942, shortly following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, marking the U.S. entry into World War II. The college serves hundreds of military personnel each year due to its proximity to Tinker Air Force Base. The college runs a student newspaper, entitled The 15th Street News, and hosts a number of community events throughout the year. On the campus of Rose State is "The Village," a complex of apartment-style housing capable of accommodating up to 180 students.

title: Rose State College


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Stuart Heintzelman

Major General Stuart Heintzelman (19 November 1876 – 6 July 1935) was an American soldier. He was a grandson of Civil War general Samuel P. Heintzelman.

Military career
He was commissioned as a second lieutenant of cavalry from the United States Military Academy in 1899. For the first five years of his career, he served with the 6th Cavalry in Kansas and Idaho, the 4th Cavalry in the Philippines, and as part of the international force putting down the Boxer uprising in China. In 1904, Heintzelman began what would become a long and distinguished association with Fort Leavenworth when he was selected as the Infantry and Cavalry School honor graduate. After service in the Philippines, Heintzelman returned to Fort Leavenworth as an instructor followed by another academic assignment as the Professor of Military Art and Science at Princeton University.

During World War I, as a general staff officer with the American Expeditionary Force, Heintzelman was responsible for planning the St. Mihiel Offensive. He also served with the French in the Chemin des Dames offensive in October 1917, and in winter operations in northern Italy with the French Tenth Army. He concluded his tour in France as chief of staff for both IV Corps and later Second Army.

From 1921 to 1929, he held numerous command and staff positions, including command of the 22nd Infantry Brigade, commander of the Eastern Defenses of New York, and Assistant Chief of Staff for War Plans. In 1929, he again returned to Fort Leavenworth to serve as the commandant of the Command and General Staff College and was promoted to major general in 1931. As commandant, Heintzelman was influential in updating the curriculum and actively participated in the classroom.

Death
Following complications from a gall bladder operation at the Army-Navy Hospital at Hot Springs, Arkansas, Heintzelman died on July 6, 1935, at the age of 58. At the time, he was in command of the Seventh Corps Area, at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. He is buried in the Arlington National Cemetery with his wife, who had died a few months before.

Awards
Heintzelman's awards include the Commander of the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre with palm from France, the Commander of the Order of the Crown by the Italian Government, and the Distinguished Service Medal. He was also holder of the Philippine, China, Mexican border and Victory campaign badges.

Legacy
The USS General Stuart Heintzelman (AP-159), named in his honor, was launched in April 1945.

title: Stuart Heintzelman


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American Staffordshire Terrier

The American Staffordshire Terrier, also known as the AmStaff, is a medium-sized, short-coated American dog breed  recognized by the American Kennel Club, but not the United Kennel Club, which instead allows American Staffordshire Terriers to be registered under the American Pit Bull Terrier breed.

The height of an American Staffordshire Terrier is 18 – tall and weighs between 40 –. The American Kennel Club (AKC) describes the breed as "confident, smart and good-natured". American Staffordshire Terriers are not to be confused with American Pit Bull Terriers, though the American Pit Bull Terrier has similar ancestry they are two distinct breeds. It also should not be confused with the "Staffy" Staffordshire Bull Terrier of the United Kingdom.

History

Some varieties of bull-and-terrier from the British Isles began to find their way into America as early as 1850. The name Staffordshire Terrier was approved because the ancestors of the breed originally came from Staffordshire, England. The name of the breed was revised on January 1, 1969, to American Staffordshire Terrier to distinguish it from the British Staffordshire Bull Terrier, which is a completely different type of purebred show dog that was recognized in England in 1935.

The AKC opened the AmStaff Stud Book to UKC dogs a few more times until the 1970s. Since then, both parents had to be AKC registered in order to register the offspring. Breed selection was based entirely on conformation and established breed standards that, for decades, has transformed the American Staffordshire Terrier into a much different breed from the American Pit Bull Terrier.

Temperament
According to the American Kennel Club, these dogs are "smart, confident, good-natured companions. Their courage is proverbial. A responsibly bred, well-socialized AmStaff is a loyal, trustworthy friend to the end."

Description
According to AKC's published breed standard which was approved June 10, 1936, the "American Staffordshire Terrier should give the impression of great strength for his size, a well put-together dog, muscular, but agile and graceful, keenly alive to his surroundings. He should be stocky, not long-legged or racy in outline. His courage is proverbial." His head should be medium in length with a broad skull, a distinct stop, and pronounced muscles in the cheek. The ears should be set high on their head and can be cropped or uncropped, but the latter is preferred. Height and weight should be in proportion. A height of about 18 to 19 in at shoulders for the male and 17 to 18 in for the female is to be considered preferable. The nose should always be black. Many coat colors are accepted. However, dogs with liver or black-and-tan coat, and dogs with more than 80% white are discouraged.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 12.5 years compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

The breed is predisposed to allergic skin disease and demodicosis. An American study found 20% of juvenile (under the age of two) American Staffordshire Terriers to suffer from demodicosis compared to 0.58% overall.

A North American study of 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found 24.4% American Staffordshire Terriers to have hip dysplasia and 16.1% to have elbow dysplasia. Another North American study found 1.84% of American Staffordshire Terriers to have the condition, half of the overall rate of 3.52%.

Breed-specific legislation and restrictions
Worldwide, the American Staffordshire Terrier has often been included in breed bans that target pit bull–type dogs and/or fighting dog breeds. Such breed-specific legislation (BSL) may range from outright bans on possession to restrictions and conditions of ownership. Breed Specific Legislation has been enacted in various countries including the United States, France, Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Kanpur, Ireland, Norway, and Turkey.

Popularity
In 2017, the breed was the eighth most popular dog according to the Australian National Kennel Council. According to Société Centrale Canine, it is the sixth most popular dog in France. According to the American Kennel Club, it was the 85th most popular dog in 2020.

title: American Staffordshire Terrier