text:
Arif (given name)

Arif (عارف also spelled Aref in Pashto, Persian & Urdu, or Arief in Indonesian and Malay) is an Arabic male given name that is common in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. It later spread to other Muslim countries, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iran, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan and Turkey as well as among Muslims in India. In early Islam it can also refer to a man who has been taught customary law and entrusted with certain duties: distributing stipends to the warriors, collecting blood money, guarding the interest of orphans, and assisting in controlling of the markets.

Aarif

 * Aarif Barma (born 1959), Hong Kong judge
 * Aarif Rahman, Hong Kong actor
 * Aarif Sheikh (born 1997), Nepalese cricketer

Aref

 * Aref al-Aref, Palestinian journalist and politician
 * Aref Arefkia, Iranian pop singer
 * Aref al-Dajani, Palestinian politician
 * Aref Durvesh, Indian musician
 * Aref Qazvini, Iranian poet

Arief

 * Arief Budiman, Indonesian political activist
 * Arief Hidayat (born 1956), Indonesian judge
 * Arief Rachadiono Wismansyah (born 1977), Indonesian businessman, politician and mayor of Tangerang
 * Arief Yahya (born 1961), Indonesian businessman, politician and government minister

Arif

 * Arif Alaftargil (born 1973), Turkish alpine skier
 * Arif Aziz, Azerbaijan artist and educator
 * Arif Defri Arianto, Indonesian singer
 * Arif Dirlik, Turkish historian
 * Arif Ekmekçi (1964–1993), Turkish naval special operations officer
 * Arif Erdem, Turkish footballer
 * Arif Heralić, Bosnian metal worker
 * Arif Karaoğlan, Turkish-German footballer
 * Arif Mardin, Turkish-American music producer
 * Arif Mohammad Khan, Indian politician and current governor of Kerala
 * Arif Pašalić, Bosnian military officer
 * Arif Sağ, Turkish singer
 * Arif Şentürk, Turkish singer
 * Arif Bilal Shahid, Ethiopian-American Actor/Comedian
 * Arif Susam, Turkish singer
 * Benjamin Arif Dousa, president of Sweden's Moderata ungdomsförbundet
 * Arif Wazir, Pakistani politician and leader of the Pashtun Tahafuz movement
 * Muhammad Arif Sufi, Muslim alias of Malaysian convicted murderer Micheal Anak Garing
 * Arif Zahir, American actor, rapper, singer, songwriter, and voice impressionist

title: Arif (given name)


text:
Studebaker Land Cruiser

The Studebaker Land Cruiser is an automobile that was produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (United States) from 1934–1954. The Land Cruiser debuted at the World's Fair alongside the Silver Arrow, a product of Studebaker's former premium make Pierce-Arrow. It was also manufactured in Vernon, California.

1933–1942
The Land Cruiser was introduced at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair as an extensively streamlined sedan. Many of the same aerodynamic features of the car were shared with Pierce-Arrow's Silver Arrow show car that also debuted at the fair when Studebaker assumed operations of Pierce-Arrow in 1928. Work on both automobiles was authorized prior to the company being placed in receivership in March 1933, and Pierce being sold to investors.

Production Land Cruisers began to appear in dealer showrooms in the fall of 1933 as 1934 models. The Land Cruiser was designated as a body style, and classified in the President model range (C Series) for the year. It retailed for $1,510.

The body style was shared with the President and Commander series for 1936. From 1937–1940, the car was classified as the Commander Cruiser and President Cruiser. The Land Cruiser name officially returned in 1941 and 1942. In addition to offering its Land Cruisers in the Commander and President lines, for 1941 Studebaker introduced the ultra-luxurious Skyway Land Cruiser which featured a slightly curved single-pane windshield, rear fender skirts and premium details and fabrics.

1947–1952 models
The 1947 Studebaker models were so revolutionary that it had other car builders scurrying back to their drawing boards. While other manufacturers settled for re-chroming their pre-war models, the 1947 Studebaker, touted as "First by Far with a Postwar Car", had a completely new body. The new Land Cruiser exclusively rode the company's longest wheelbase (124 in), which provided additional legroom for rear seat passengers. It featured center-opening, rear-hinged rear doors (called "suicide doors" by some) and was powered by the larger of Studebaker's two straight-6 engines. The Land Cruiser suggested price of $2043 included a one-piece curved windshield, an electric clock and carpeting front and rear. Only minor trim changes for 1948 brought a Land Cruiser price of $2265, and in 1949 it was increased to $2328 ($0 in dollars ).

Since it was a seller’s market after WWII, Studebaker felt no need to change the basic design of the car, even though they knew that other makers would have “new” cars in 1949. Studebaker coasted along with the old bodies until 1952.

But 1950 saw the “Next Look in Cars" — Studebaker’s answer to the other manufacturer's 1949 models. Considered very radical for the era, it had three-point front styling, popularly known as the “bullet-nose”. Over 10,000 more Land Cruisers were sold in 1950 than in 1949. Studebaker Automatic Drive was introduced mid-year and was arguably the most advanced automatic transmission of the day. It featured reverse gear lock-out, hill-holder, anti-creep and a locking torque converter which allowed direct drive with virtually no converter power loss in high gear. The price of the 1950 Land Cruiser went down to $2187.

Sales in 1951 skyrocketed, an increase of almost 12,000 over 1950. This can probably be attributed to the introduction of the lively new Studebaker V8 engine that year. The front styling stayed virtually the same, with a minor redesign of the three points. Once again, the Land Cruiser had its own wheelbase, at 119"; the Commander now shared the 115" wheelbase of the Champion models. The price was raised to $2289.

The 1952 Land Cruiser was the last to use real glass for the tail and parking light lenses. Its grille, designated by some as the "clam digger", was actually a preview of the next generation.

1953–1954 models
The 1953 Land Cruisers were complete departure from the ’47-’52 models. The 1953 model sold retail for $2316 ($0 in dollars ). They were built on the same frame as the new Starliner and Starlight coupe models but, as with many new models, there were some initial problems, primarily with the fit of the front fenders. With the engine out of the car, they fit. With the engine in the car, they didn’t. This was found to be primarily the fault of using a thinner gauge steel for the frame. The theory was that if the frame could flex a little, the car would ride better. The problem was, it flexed too much. If you jacked up one corner of the car, to change a tire, for example, the frame flexed so much that you could either not open the door or could not close it. There were also fewer frame re-enforcements than in subsequent years. As you might imagine, this problem caused many a late night conference and hasty fixes and tended to give the new model a bad name almost immediately.

Then a problem with the new (and revolutionary, for its day) mechanical power steering raised its head. It only required 2 psi of pressure to turn the steering wheel but it was noisy. Only 100 of these units were sold before Studebaker began using GM Saginaw type units.

The Studebaker company had a problem with the Mercedes-Benz company. A few years in the future, Studebaker would be the American distributor for that brand, but in 1953, the M-B tri-star emblem was turned upside down and put on the front and rear of Studebaker cars, minus the encircling ring. (Mercedes-Benz cars were still relatively unknown in America at that time, so most people probably would never have drawn any connection between the two brands.) In the upper part, the Commander had a gold “8” while the Champion a gold “S”. The upside-down tri-star was used elsewhere in the car. The wheel covers, back-up light lenses, radio delete plate, horn button and the rear ashtray on the Starliner/Starlight coupe—all had this emblem. M-B complained and Studebaker hastily re-designed the emblems. On the hood and trunk, they removed the M-B look-alike and on the Commander, replaced it with a large gold “8” in the middle of a chrome “V” (basically they removed one of the three arms of the "star", changing it into a "v".) On the Champion, a gold “S” replaced the “8”. When the other items ran their course, they were replaced by non-tri-star items. These are now collectors items.

The construction problems were corrected in the 1954 Land Cruiser models with heavier metal in the frames and an additional re-enforcing crossmember. The famous designer, Eleanor LeMaire was retained to brighten up the interiors of the new cars. She demanded 4 more colorful interiors than previously, getting away from the one drab gray pin stripe color of the previous year. These new colors included green, blue and tan as well as an opulent silver-gray. The front grille bars had 5 small vertical fins each to differentiate them from the earlier model. New, larger brakes were included in the package, shortening stopping distances by 37 ft according to Motor Trend. Engine horsepower increased to 127 as the result of a 0.5 compression increase (to 7.5).

There was also a smoother looking instrument panel, doing away with the individually hooded gauges of the previous year. The 1954 Land Cruiser sold for $2438.

All in all, many people are of the opinion that the 1954 Land Cruiser was better designed than the 1955 Ultra-Vista wrap around windshield President models. While it was in keeping with most other brands of the era, the large amount of chrome (demanded by the sales department) caused many people to shy away from the ’55 Studebakers. In 1955, the name was changed.

Follow-ups and legacy
Top-trimmed Studebakers from 1955–1958 went by the Studebaker President name (revived from the prewar President models). For 1956, an upscale President Classic sedan was offered. The President Classic used the longer 120.5" wheelbase of the Hawks, and like the 1947–1950 Land Cruisers used the additional length to create a roomier rear passenger area. The President Classic was continued for 1957–1958, though no longer carrying the "Classic" model name. After a four-year run, The President models, in turn, were dropped at the end of 1958 to make way for the new compact Lark model. A longer wheelbase version of the Lark sedan was offered for fleet sales. Dubbed the Economiler, it was marketed for use as a taxicab, again featuring a roomier back seat area than the regular Larks.

For the 1961, Studebaker added a Lark model, the Cruiser, which continued through the 1966 model year. This model was built on the longer wheelbase chassis and was a better equipped and more luxurious version of the 4-door Lark and was designed to harken back to the Studebaker Land Cruiser sedans of the late Forties and early Fifties.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Studebaker Land Cruiser


text:
User talk:Davaclarke

Welcome! And explanation
Hi Davaclarke! I'm sorry for the harsh welcome you recieved for The Gold Bug Variations. The user who nominated it for speedy deletion didn't how the article fit into an encyclopedic context, and I guess didn't have the patience/time to look furthern themselves. User:Jpgordon saw that it didn't qualify under the Wikipedia standards for Speedy deletions at all, and removed that tag.

I happened to notice it on the Special:Recent changes page, and I quickly added the and  tags to get at what seemed to be the problems with the article. And I put it in Category:Novels. You did a great job at addressing the point of view, so it's more like an encyclopedia entry than a book review! Now you can see how I "Wikified" it: identifying the author, linking to related articles as they come up in the text, etc. Now we've got the start of a real encyclopedia article. :)

Now that you've got more of a hang of how we edit here, I hope you stick around! Peace, Samaritan 22:26, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

By the way, to sign your name with the date and time like I just did - the standard way to sign yourself on Talk pages or vote pages or so on here - use four tildes, like so: ~

(Clumsily, I put the above on User:Davaclarke where I should have put it here on User talk:Davaclarke. User:Davaclarke is just for you. - S.)

title: User talk:Davaclarke


text:
Talk:Kabbalistic astrology

Merge
Due to lack of information on the subject, other than astrological associations on the Tree of Life, I think it should have its section in the Astrology page.

Confused
Interesting article, but I must admit that some of the information left me confused. To start with I googled "Iraqi Cabala" (in different spellings of the word cabala, and couldn't find anything. Secondly, the david star has 6 points. The seven pointed star is the pagan wicca star. Ido,

Consequently with my former reply - although this is a very intersting, other problems pop up to mind. How could one say that ancient Hebrew Kaballah (or "cabala" for that matter) was based on seven sefirot when "Sefer Yetzirah", the most ancient kabalistic text states clearly "eser ve lo thesha, eser ve lo achad esre" (ten and not nine, ten and not eleven) regarding the numbers of the sefirot. Also I have serious doubts about the difference of meaning between "Cabala" "Kaballah", since these are words transcriptions from the Hebrew words which means "acceptance", or "tradition".

The article is very interesting, but I am begining to have doubts about its accuracy. I am going to check some of its contents with my Kabbalah Professor this week, and maybe fix it later, unless sombody supplies further evidence for some of the claims about ancient types of kabbalah and other questions raised. Ido Hartogsohn.

cleanup-verify
I agree with the above comments and after reading and re-reading this article, and even trying to edit it, I found that it requires further clarification and verification for accuracy --- any Jewish astrologers out there? --- therefore I have added the template here until we can get some more reliable input. Thank you. IZAK 10:52, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Subject
I noone will be able to explain correctly this article I'll go deep into reserach and correct according best Jewish kabbalah materials. It is intriguing to me. --Fivetrees 07:24, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

cleanup doubley verified
Yeah, this is something proported by the golden dawn. That is to say, that the sepiroths are related to the planets. However, this is not part of normal kabbalahistic doctorines. More-over, the traditional hebraic kabbalah already has associations for the constilations and planets. The 12 Element or Simple letters have associations with the constilations and the 7 Double letters are associated to the 7 planets. (although which letters are associated with which constilation/planet is argued since the various versions of the yetzirah and other kabbalahistic works disagree on which letters are associated with what.)

Alot of the associations given by the golden dawn are not accurately repersented in here either. (I believe Israel Regardie describs the golden dawn associations well).

Yesod: previous incarnations - Incorrect
The Kabbala is rooted in Judaism which in turn is rooted in the Jewish Scriptures (Biblical Old Testament). Nowhere in Judaism or the Jewish Scriptures is there any mention of "previous incarnations" or "past lives". As a student of astrology, I assume the author of the statement, "Yesod indicates what our karmic lessons brought over from previous incarnations...", is referring to the common astrological interpretation of the moon's north node as found in any modern astrological text. This interpretation is acceptable for Western Astrology as it is not derived from any authoritative text serving as a foundation - it is its own discipline and in the end is subject to each practioner's personal interpretaion. The Kabbala, however, does not share this 'luxury'. It owes its very existence to Jewish scripture and therefore is no longer the Kabbala if any part of it contradicts or does not fully support this authoritative text from which it came. If the author does not believe in the Jewish scriptures, that is certainly his or her personal right but to believe in the truths contained in the Kabbalah, he or she must also believe in the absolute truth of the Jewish scriptures from which it came. Therefore, this author must make a decision; either remove all reference to reincarnation (past lives) and accept the Jewish scripture in its entirety or renounce belief in the Kabbala. --Michael 03:30, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

I thought Kabbalah was the hidden tradition that supplements Jewish scripture. Therefore, it doesn't really matter if Jewish scripture says anything about reincarnation. Besides -- this is an encyclopedia which means it doesn't matter what you or I believe -- what matters is what secondary sources say on the subject. I have run across reincarnation in texts on Jewish Kabbalah frequently. A quick google turns up lots as well. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.13.56.253 (talk) 00:27, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

History?
Theres no history of Kabbalistic astrology here? I suspect its more of a modern construction.

-Bill Apr 22,2007 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.98.127.45 (talk) 22:12, 23 April 2007 (UTC).

Redirect
Redirected this to Jewish views on astrology as it's unsourced and seems to belong there if anywhere. I've told editor who has edited this quite a bit most recently and am open to having this reversed if it can be shown it definitely doesn't belong there as a section. If it can be there as a section it should be, with sources, until it is too large for a section. Thanks. Dougweller (talk) 07:35, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:48, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kabbalistic astrology


text:
Talk:Red Planet (novel)

About One Church
Removed unrelated comment about one church. Many churches hold similar or related views and it is not really the place to get into it here. The church didn't even exist when the book was written. Hu 00:17, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

About "Larval Martian?"
As I recall, the theory about Willis's being a larva is expressed in the conversation between Jim's father and the doctor at the end. While the "baby Martian" is certainly the most likely possibility to them, other possibilities are offered (including a lost pet). All that is really known is that Willis is somehow important to the Martians. CFLeon 21:21, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Guess we go to the book. Anyone have it handy? I won't be able to look until I get home from a trip.--Wehwalt 22:00, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * CFLeon is correct. However, the metamorphosis of Martians from a "nymph" form to an adult form is stated as fact in an omniscient-vp section of Stranger in a Strange Land, and Heinlein wrote (in Grumbles from the Grave) that he was using the Martians from Red Planet in Stranger. 205.210.232.62 (talk) 20:49, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * All the same, in the book, it is stated merely as a theory. We can find an appropriate way of rephrasing it if you aren't happy.--Wehwalt (talk) 23:43, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Quite true, it is so stated in the book Red Planet, and while the Martians appear to be the same, the history of Mars and Earth in Red Planet is simply not consistent with the plot of Stranger, so what is said there cannot be safely taken as "proof" about the nature of the Martians in Red Planet. But the evidence for the connection from Grumbles is worth noting, I think. 205.210.232.62 (talk) 00:29, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Concerning Censorship
Accusations of "censorship" are unfounded - the publisher was spending a large amount of its money to publish the book (and they all do), and the publishers have the right to make changes. Any author who doesn't like it is free to pay for the publication out of his own pocket - which would be incredibly expensive, considering that he doesn't have any printing presses, book-binding machines, etc. Someone needs to show some respect for publishers, and all of the responsibility that they carry: if the book loses money, then their stockholders and employees lose money.74.249.79.103 (talk) 21:46, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, a large part of Grumbles From The Grave concerns Heinlein's view that he was being unfairly, or at least incorrectly, censored - and many of the examples given do lead one to agree at least in part that the editor was rather prudish to say the least. Surely the article should reflect that in some way? Please remember also that an author may have all the right in the world to publish themselves but, if they have written a book to a previously agreed contract, they would still have to produce another novel to fulfill that contract. He is therefore somewhat between a rock an a hard place - either throw away several month's work and start afresh or buckle under to what he sees as bowdlerisation.88.105.88.140 (talk) 04:40, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Completely irrelevant to the Wiki project. We go by what the Reliable Sources state.

The FOX-TV cartoon show
Perhaps someone could throw up a page, or a section on this page, about the Fox cartoon miniseries that was based off of this book? I would do it but the problem is I don't remember anything about it. 18:34, 24 July 2006 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 162.40.130.199 (talk • contribs).
 * I don't remember much about it either, but that's why I added the split tag. Redeagle688 02:18, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I see no point in a split, simply because there is no text that you would remove from this article. You would still want a sentence noting that there was an adaptation.  Just go write an article called Red Planet (cartoon series) or something similar.--Wehwalt 02:24, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If someone creates a Red Planet (cartoon) article, we can link to it from here. Until then, I'll go ahead and remove that split tag. -- Jim Douglas (talk)  (contribs)  02:28, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Just as an FYI - the cartoon adaption is wildly different from Heinlein's story, and is a painful experience to watch. Truly cringeworthy.50.111.14.1 (talk) 04:12, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Connections
Rolling Stones refers to Martians very much like the ones in Strangers and in Red Planet, and references an "unfortunate but instructive" incidents 40 years in the past, which is very likely the events in Red Planet though no details are given. -- Nils (talk) 10:44, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Not quite the same. And the history of Red Planet (revolution, resulting in an independent Mars) doesn't seem the same.--Wehwalt (talk) 11:04, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

About grooves on Mars
It might help redeem the reputations of the astronomers of ages past to mention that current imagery of Mars confirms that it contains "grooves", a least one of them bigger than the Grand Canyon.

xanthian. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xanthian (talk • contribs) 01:29, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

Choice of words
"Photographic memory for sounds"? Surely that ought to be "phonographic memory (for sounds)"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.176.193.132 (talk) 13:19, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Links Between Heinlein Juveniles
I've noticed that the "Preceded By" and "Followed By" entries of this page doesn't follow the other pages of the Heinlein "Juveniles." This should be corrected.

"Red Planet" says preceded by "Space Cadet" and followed by "Farmer In The Sky," but "Red Planet" is the Preceded By of the "Between Planets" page.

The Preceded By and Followed By links should be edited to match the list on the Heinlein Juveniles page.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinlein_juveniles — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.242.53.187 (talk) 09:00, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red Planet (novel)


text:
Talk:Schindleria brevipinguis

Moved to systematic name because "stout infantfish" is not yet universally recognized as a common name (see FishBase entry). —Tkinias 00:18, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Body weight
I removed " The body weight is approximately 1 milligram." I dont believe that. Can anyone confirm the body weight of this fish ? — Soap — 04:35, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Okay there are apparently some really thin fish out there but since this article specifically says it is thicker than others I still think we should find more info. — Soap — 06:28, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * For perspective, one cubic millimeter of water weighs 1 milligram. We can assume fish roughly have about the same density as water or else they wouldnt be able to swim in it.  So this fish would have to be much thinner than 1 millimeter wide in order to weigh 1 milligram, perhaps as thin as 1/8 of a millimeter (if you figure roughly 8 * 1 * 1/8 = 1).  I was suspicious because it says in the article that this fisj is chubby, but there are pictures on the Internet which show they are so thin that they are partly translucent.   — Soap — 22:44, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

The fish should win over the frog, for sure. This edit is to remind myself to find body wgtmeasurments of both fish.Lollipop (talk) 03:24, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Schindleria brevipinguis


text:
Cascade, Seattle

Cascade is an urban neighborhood abutting Downtown Seattle, Washington, United States, located adjacent to South Lake Union. It is bounded by: Fairview Avenue North on the west, beyond which is the rest of the Cascade Neighborhood; the Interstate 5 interchange for Mercer St to the north, beyond which is Eastlake; Interstate 5 on the east, beyond which is Capitol Hill; and Denny Way on the south, beyond which is Denny Triangle. It is surrounded by thoroughfares Mercer Street (eastbound), Fairview Avenue N. and Eastlake Avenue E. (north- and southbound), and Denny Way (east- and westbound). The neighborhood, one of Seattle's oldest, originally extended much further: west to Terry Avenue, south to Denny Hill (regraded away 1929–1931) on the South, and east to Melrose Avenue E through the area now obliterated by Interstate 5. Some recent writers consider Cascade to omit the northern "arm" (east of Lake Union), while others extend it westward to cover most of South Lake Union.

Historic structures in Cascade Neighborhood include St Spiridon's Orthodox Cathedral, Immanuel Lutheran Church, and several defunct laundry blocks. In 2007, a development named Alley24 was built around the New Richmond Laundry Building, a City of Seattle Landmark located between John and Thomas Streets and Yale and Pontius Avenues North. The historic façade was maintained in the new design by architecture firm NBBJ, who also relocated their headquarters to Alley24. The property is jointly owned by PEMCO and Paul Allen's development company Vulcan Inc. Vulcan owns roughly approximately 6 acres in Cascade Neighborhood, a lower percentage of the land than in the rest of South Lake Union.

History
Cascade grew up in the late 19th and early 20th century as a blue-collar neighborhood with a mixture of housing and one of the city's first industrial areas. It was the original home of St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church (built 1919–1921; congregation moved 1963; demolished 1995), and remains the home of St. Spiridon Russian Orthodox Cathedral (established 1895, present church completed 1938) and Immanuel Lutheran Church (established 1890, present church completed 1912).

Pioneers
Like most of Seattle, the Cascade Neighborhood was originally heavily forested. In the 1860s, David Denny and Thomas Mercer first claimed portions of this land. However, initial development was a bit west of Cascade, at southwest Lake Union, which became a transportation nexus and where Denny established the lake's first sawmill. By the 1880s, more mills and more cleared land led to the origin of Cascade as a residential and industrial neighborhood, tied into water transportation.

Another notable pioneer was Margaret Pontius, known for her extensive work as what would now be called a foster parent. She and her husband, Rezius Pontius, lived in the neighborhood by 1885, and by 1889 had built a Queen Anne style mansion, designed by John Parkinson, along Denny Way near what is now Yale Avenue.

Cascade was settled largely by Russians (some via Alaska ), Swedes, Norwegians, and Greeks. In 1894, the Cascade School (also designed by Parkinson ) opened and the neighborhood acquired a name. As the neighborhood grew, the school expanded in 1904 and 1908. Cascade businesses in this era included sawmills, shingle mills, and boat yards along the lake, as well as cabinetry and furniture shops, grocery stores, laundries, and boarding houses.

Both landscape architect John C. Olmsted (in 1903) and city planner Virgil Bogue (in 1910–1911) believed that the neighborhood was best suited for industrial use, although Olmsted unsuccessfully proposed that there also be a small park on the lake. Denny Regrade No. 1 (completed 1911) took out nearly half of Denny Hill, making Cascade more accessible from downtown Seattle. The Ford plant, designed by John Graham Sr. and built in 1914, was the Ford Motor Company's first factory built west of the Mississippi River. When the Lake Washington Ship Canal opened in 1917, maritime and industrial uses intensified. The area also became the center for the city's large laundries, as well as smaller machine shops. Cascade-area laundries played a crucial role in Seattle labor history, with a successful fight for the 8-hour day in the years 1917 through 1918.

Great Depression
When the Great Depression coincided with the decline of the extractive economy in Greater Seattle, Cascade began to decline both economically and in terms of population, with its most stable remaining industries being shipbuilding and other marine activities. Howard Wright General Contractors were operating out of 409 Yale Avenue N, where they are still located as of 2008. There was also a business district between the 300 and 600 blocks of Eastlake, mainly on the west side of the street, including grocery stores, a pharmacy, a meat shop, automobile repair, furniture repair, a cabinetmaker, a beauty parlor, a barbershop, several drinking establishments, and a dye works. Although no buildings remain on the east side of the street, which abuts Interstate 5, many of these west-side buildings survive. However, with the freeway cutting it off from Capitol Hill, this is much less of a business district today.

Postwar period
The decline of the depression years was briefly arrested by World War II, as the U.S. Navy built a reserve center on the site of David Denny's former mill, just west of Cascade and Kenworth expanded a factory on Mercer Street. Decline resumed after the war, and was greatly exacerbated when the April 13, 1949 earthquake caused structural damage to the Cascade School. Controversy ensued over whether or not to repair the school, but it was ultimately demolished since local businesses led by the Seattle Times desired an increasingly industrial rather than residential character neighborhood. The school was replaced by a warehouse for the school district, while its playground remained as a public park.

The year 1949 also saw the first seeds of the "new" Cascade Neighborhood that would emerge almost half a century later: the Washington Teachers Credit Union was established, with quarters on Eastlake Avenue. It would become the Washington School Employees Credit Union (1963), and eventually part of PEMCO Financial Services, still based in the Cascade Neighborhood as of 2008.

New zoning ordinances based on the 1956 Comprehensive Plan of Seattle forbade any new residential uses in Cascade Neighborhood. The plan also recommended two new freeways through the area. On the northern edge, the Bay Freeway would cover roughly nine city blocks between Mercer and Valley Streets, with ramps connecting to the Aurora Freeway which had been constructed in 1932. The city lacked funding for the project and plans were eventually scrapped along with the R.H. Thomson Expressway. The second freeway was Interstate 5, which was constructed in 1962. More than seven blocks of residences and retail businesses on the east side of Eastlake were razed to make way for Interstate 5. The freeway cut Cascade off entirely from neighboring Capitol Hill. Previously they had been tied together by multiple streets and stairways. (The upper half-block of the E. Republican Street Stairway or Republican Hill Climb east of Melrose Ave E. remains east of the freeway, and has status as a city landmark; it once extended two blocks farther, down to Eastlake Ave E. ) Currently, the only remaining direct route between the two is Denny Way at the south border of the neighborhood.

1960s
The Seattle Times Building had been built in 1930 just west of Fairview Avenue.The Seattle Times; in the 1960s, the Times purchased and razed acres of homes near its headquarters for parking lots and future development opportunities. (One building they purchased was, for a time, operated as the Seattle Concert Theater, but even that was "hastily razed" in the early 1980s to "head off a landmarks designation". ) Karin Link remarks: "The relationship between the Seattle Times and the Cascade Neighborhood is still considered problematic."

In the 1960s, the University of Washington's College of Architecture and Urban Planning described the area as "blighted". The 1969 Bay Freeway plan for a proposed elevated freeway to connect Interstate 5 with Seattle Center would have cut off the neighborhood from the Lake, but was voted down in 1972. Cascade struggled on as a blue-collar residential and light industrial neighborhood.

1970s
In the early 1970s, activists including a University of Washington student named Frank Chopp began the Cascade Shelter Project, setting up geodesic domes on vacant lots to live in. A 1975 report by Folke Nyberg and Victor Steinbrueck included Cascade as a historic residential section of Seattle, and in 1977 the Housing In Cascade study by Paul Schell, then Director of Seattle Department of Community Development, recommended a "Special Review District" in Cascade. However, the city council took no action on the proposal.

1980s
As the local economy strengthened in the late 1980s, Cascade's cheap land and central location began to attract new uses. The northwest corner of the neighborhood became the campus of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and at the north tip of Cascade, the old City Light Steam Plant (a decommissioned electrical generation facility) became the headquarters of Zymogenetics. Gentrification had begun. Although a proposal to transform a north–south corridor just west of Cascade into a 74 acre park was twice defeated by the voters (in 1995 and in 1996), gentrification continued apace, largely driven by tech billionaire and developer Paul Allen's Vulcan Northwest group.

1990s
Two large changes in the south part of Cascade in the 1990s were the demolition of the old St. Demetrios Church (along with the Overall Laundry) to build the new REI flagship store, and the demolition of the 1907 wood-frame Lillian Apartments by Vulcan Northwest. The demolition was opposed by low-income housing advocates.

Notable residents
Teamsters labor leader Dave Beck grew up in and around Cascade Neighborhood, attended the Cascade School, and delivered newspapers there. He followed his mother into laundry work, which brought him into labor organizing.

Among the notable residents of Cascade were cubist artist Nicolai Kuvshinoff and his wife Bertha Horne Kuvshinoff, who dubbed her ghostly style of painting "phantasism". Both are represented in the permanent collection of the Seattle Art Museum. Kuvshinoff arrived in Cascade from Russia in 1915. His father, the Rev. Vasily Kuvshinoff, brought with him icons and relics given to him by the Romanovs, which he bequeathed to St. Spiridon Orthodox Cathedral, where he officiated. Nicolai Kuvshinoff appears to have painted religious murals in the Cathedral. From 1955 to 1960 Kuvshinoff and his wife lived and worked in Paris, but they returned to Cascade, where they remained until Nicolai's death in 1997 (Bertha lived two years longer). During most of their time in Cascade, they lived in the former Rodgers Tile Company building at 117-121 Yale Ave. N, later the 911 Contemporary Arts Center and now the Feathered Friends outdoor equipment shop.

Cascade Playground
The Cascade Playground (now also known as Cascade Park), originally the playground of the now-demolished Cascade School, has two play areas, a wide field, a picnic table, and restrooms. The park is adjacent to an active community P-Patch (allotment garden). Improvements to the Cascade Playground play areas, field, and entrance were unveiled in spring 2005, financed by the Pro Parks Levy. Sharing a city block with the playground and P-Patch is the Cascade People's Center, a volunteer organization that partners with over 100 businesses, churches, organizations, and community groups to address advocacy for social and economic justice.

By 1931, although most of this block had come to be owned by the City of Seattle or the School Board, a number of houses remained owned by individuals. By the end of 1931, however, the owners of these houses had sold out and the buildings were removed (although some basements may still be intact under the park surface). There was debate in the neighborhood over building the playground; in 1934, the pro-playground group eventually prevailed. Still, as late as 1937, the Fairview-Stewart Improvement Club was protested that the Cascade School was old and out of date, itself not worth preserving, and that the increasingly industrial and commercial neighborhood did not need a playfield.

Between 1934 and 1939, WPA workers built a retaining wall (only part of which survive), the rest rooms at the northeast corner of the park, and a wading pool (which originally was part of a Japanese stone garden).

By the 1970s, according to the Seattle Department of Neighborhoods, "the playground site was somewhat bleak and known by locals as the 'Sahara Desert'". A 1971 renovation included a mural on the retaining wall, funded by the Seattle Arts Commission and designed by Mike Love and George Shayler. This was followed by another round of improvements in 2005.

Landmarks and historic sites
See also the listing of Landmarks and historic sites in the South Lake Union neighborhood, most of which fall within what are considered by some to be the borders of the Cascade neighborhood.

In addition, the surviving portion of the East Republican Street Stairway that once connected Cascade to Capitol Hill is a designated Seattle landmark. However, the portion of it that remains is separated from Cascade by Interstate 5.

Additional references

 * Fiset, Louis (9 April 2001). Seattle Neighborhoods: Cascade and South Lake Union – Thumbnail History. HistoryLink.org Essay 3178, April 9, 2001. Retrieved on 2007-09-09 from Seattle Neighborhoods: Cascade and South Lake Union -- Thumbnail History.
 * . This document discusses many individual buildings, past and present, as well as the people of the neighborhood at various times in its history. It also has an extensive bibliography.

title: Cascade, Seattle


text:
Studebaker Commander

The Studebaker Commander is the model name of several automobiles produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana (United States) and Studebaker of Canada Ltd of Walkerville and, later, Hamilton, Ontario (Canada). Studebaker began using the Commander name in 1927 and, with interruptions in 1936 and 1959-63, continued to use it until 1964. The name was applied to various products in the company's line-up from year to year. The Commander was the company's mainstream product, the Studebaker Champion was the junior model, and other models were short lived or renamed as market conditions required.

1920s

Until the appearance of the inline eight President in January 1928, all Studebaker cars of the 1920s were inline sixes. There were three basic models — the Light Six, the Special Six and the Big Six, developing 40 bhp, 50 bhp, and 60 bhp respectively at 2000 rpm. The first Commander, in 1927, was a continuation of the mid-range Special Six, with a 226 CID engine. Their inbuilt durability and toughness gained them great renown under worldwide conditions. The 1928 GB Commander was a descendant of the Big Six, being powered with the proven 354 CID engine, modified to deliver 75 bhp at 2400 rpm. In October 1928, three Commander sixes lined up at the Atlantic City Speedway to challenge the 15000 mi speed record (64.25 mph) held by the much higher-priced Auburn straight-eight Speedster."They not only accomplished that but then went on to establish new records up to 25000 mi. The two sports roadsters averaged better than 65 mph and the sedan, which had flipped on the icy boards during one of the night runs and had been hurriedly repaired, averaged almost 62 mph." After this, the three cars were closely scrutinised, part by part, and it was established that they were strictly stock automobiles, identical in every respect to those available at any Studebaker showroom.

In Australia, a crew of three drivers led by Norman "Wizard" Smith tackled overland records using a Commander roadster. On a 3,000-mile run from Fremantle to Sydney, they smashed the previous record by 12 hours 23 minutes despite traversing 450 miles through blinding rain, and having to ford a river when a bridge had been washed away. The team rested for a little over three hours before attempting another record on the 600-mile track to Brisbane.

These sixes were the last descendants of rugged cars designed for poor roads in the early 20th century—loaded with torque and strong in construction. They were less well suited to the higher cruising speeds made possible by better roads in later years.

In 1929, Studebaker added an 8-cylinder Commander to the range.

1930s

In 1935, the Commander was dropped from Studebaker’s product line, only to be reinstated in 1937 when the name was applied to Studebaker’s least expensive model, formerly known as the Studebaker Dictator. Studebaker introduced the Champion in 1939, and the Commander line was again repositioned, now as the mid-range vehicle.

1940s
Immediately following World War II, Studebaker dropped its President models, and the Commander again was elevated in the lineup. Studebaker also again rolled out an extended wheelbase model of the Commander, the Land Cruiser.

Raymond Loewy's highly distinctive shape for the 1947 Commander and Champion, spectacular on their Starlight coupe, led if it did not create a boom in America's trunk space.

1950s
The 1950 Champion differed from the Commander, which had a distinctive bumper, carried over from 1949, longer front fenders and large headlight bezels, as well as a distinctive jet-style hood ornament and shared an appearance with the 1949 Ford Sedan. In 1953, the polarizing appearance was updated and shares some appearance features with the Citroen DS that appeared in 1955.

In a 1953 road test done by Popular Mechanics, the Commander got a 0-60 mph of 17.9 seconds and was rated as getting 26.1 mpg at 30 mph.

No convertible was offered in 1953. However, in late 1952 Studebaker produced one prototype of a 1953 Commander convertible to determine if the model could be profitably mass-produced. The car was based on the 1953 2-door Starliner hardtop. The car was later modified to 1954-model specifications, and was occasionally driven around South Bend by engineers. Additional structural reinforcements were needed to reduce body flexure. Even though the car was equipped with the 232 cu. in. V-8, the added structural weight increased the car's 0-60 mph acceleration time to an unacceptable level. In addition, the company did not have the financial resources to add another body type to the model line.

The company's leadership mistakenly thought the 2-door sedans, 4-door sedans, and 1954 Conestoga wagon would sell better than the 2-door coupes, so the company's resources were focused on production of the sedans and the wagon. When the prototype convertible was no longer needed, engineer E. T. Reynolds ordered the car to be stripped and the body sent to the secret graveyard at the company's proving grounds west of South Bend. A non-engineering employee requested permission to purchase the complete car, rather than see it rot away at the proving grounds with other, earlier prototypes of other cars and trucks. Chief engineer Gene Hardig discussed the request with E. T. Reynolds. They agreed to let the employee purchase the car on the condition that the employee never sell it. In the 1970s, the car was re-discovered behind a South Bend gas station and no longer owned by the former employee. After eventually passing through several owners, the car is now in a private collection of Studebaker automobiles.

In 1955, Studebaker reintroduced the President name for its premium models and 'Commander' was applied to the mid-range products. The Commander line was extended with the introduction of a lower-priced Custom sub-series, being basically a Champion with a V8 engine. Studebaker placed the name on hiatus at the end of the 1958 model year.

1960s

In 1963, Studebaker again resurrected the Commander name for the 1964 model year, applying it to the next-to-lowest-priced Lark model, the Challenger being below. 1964 Studebaker Commanders most commonly had a dual headlight arrangement which they shared with the Challenger though quad headlamps were optional. The 1965 Commander shared the quad-headlight system of the Daytona and Cruiser. Commanders reverted to single headlamps in the final model year of 1966. On March 17, 1966, Studebaker shut down production of all vehicles.

title: Studebaker Commander


text:
No free lunch theorem

In mathematical folklore, the "no free lunch" (NFL) theorem (sometimes pluralized) of David Wolpert and William Macready, alludes to the saying "no such thing as a free lunch", that is, there are no easy shortcuts to success. It appeared in the 1997 "No Free Lunch Theorems for Optimization". Wolpert had previously derived no free lunch theorems for machine learning (statistical inference).

In 2005, Wolpert and Macready themselves indicated that the first theorem in their paper "state[s] that any two optimization algorithms are equivalent when their performance is averaged across all possible problems".

The "no free lunch" (NFL) theorem is an easily stated and easily understood consequence of theorems Wolpert and Macready actually prove. It is weaker than the proven theorems, and thus does not encapsulate them. Various investigators have extended the work of Wolpert and Macready substantively. In terms of how the NFL theorem is used in the context of the research area, the no free lunch in search and optimization is a field that is dedicated for purposes of mathematically analyzing data for statistical identity, particularly search and optimization.

While some scholars argue that NFL conveys important insight, others argue that NFL is of little relevance to machine learning research.

Example
Posit a toy universe that exists for exactly two days and on each day contains exactly one object: a square or a triangle. The universe has exactly four possible histories:
 * 1) (square, triangle): the universe contains a square on day 1, and a triangle on day 2
 * 2) (square, square)
 * 3) (triangle, triangle)
 * 4) (triangle, square)

Any prediction strategy that succeeds for history #2, by predicting a square on day 2 if there is a square on day 1, will fail on history #1, and vice versa. If all histories are equally likely, then any prediction strategy will score the same, with the same accuracy rate of 0.5.

Origin
Wolpert and Macready give two NFL theorems that are closely related to the folkloric theorem. In their paper, they state:

"We have dubbed the associated results NFL theorems because they demonstrate that if an algorithm performs well on a certain class of problems then it necessarily pays for that with degraded performance on the set of all remaining problems."

The first theorem hypothesizes objective functions that do not change while optimization is in progress, and the second hypothesizes objective functions that may change.

$$

The theorem can be equivalently formulated as follows:

$$

Here, blind search means that at each step of the algorithm, the element $$v \in V$$ is chosen at random with uniform probability distribution from the elements of $$V$$ that have not been chosen previously.

In essence, this says that when all functions f are equally likely, the probability of observing an arbitrary sequence of m values in the course of optimization does not depend upon the algorithm. In the analytic framework of Wolpert and Macready, performance is a function of the sequence of observed values (and not e.g. of wall-clock time), so it follows easily that all algorithms have identically distributed performance when objective functions are drawn uniformly at random, and also that all algorithms have identical mean performance. But identical mean performance of all algorithms does not imply Theorem 1, and thus the folkloric theorem is not equivalent to the original theorem.

Theorem 2 establishes a similar, but "more subtle", NFL result for time-varying objective functions.

Motivation
The NFL theorems were explicitly not motivated by the question of what can be inferred (in the case of NFL for machine learning) or found (in the case of NFL for search) when the "environment is uniform random". Rather uniform randomness was used as a tool, to compare the number of environments for which algorithm A outperforms algorithm B to the number of environments for which B outperforms A. NFL tells us that (appropriately weighted) there are just as many environments in both of those sets.

This is true for many definitions of what precisely an "environment" is. In particular, there are just as many prior distributions (appropriately weighted) in which learning algorithm A beats B (on average) as vice versa. This statement about sets of priors is what is most important about NFL, not the fact that any two algorithms perform equally for the single, specific prior distribution that assigns equal probability to all environments.

While the NFL is important to understand the fundamental limitation for a set of problems, it does not state anything about each particular instance of a problem that can arise in practice. That is, the NFL states what is contained in its mathematical statements and it is nothing more than that. For example, it applies to the situations where the algorithm is fixed a priori and a worst-case problem for the fixed algorithm is chosen a posteriori. Therefore, if we have a "good" problem in practice or if we can choose a "good" learning algorithm for a given particular problem instance, then the NFL does not mention any limitation about this particular problem instance. Though the NFL might seem contradictory to results from other papers suggesting generalization of learning algorithms or search heuristics, it is important to understand the difference between the exact mathematical logic of the NFL and its intuitive interpretation.

Implications
To illustrate one of the counter-intuitive implications of NFL, suppose we fix two supervised learning algorithms, C and D. We then sample a target function f to produce a set of input-output pairs, d. The question is how should we choose whether to train C or D on d, in order to make predictions for what output would be associated with a point lying outside of d.

It is common in almost all of science and statistics to answer this question – to choose between C and D – by running cross-validation on d with those two algorithms. In other words, to decide whether to generalize from d with either C or D, we see which of them has better out-of-sample performance when tested within d.

Since C and D are fixed, this use of cross-validation to choose between them is itself an algorithm, i.e., a way of generalizing from an arbitrary dataset. Call this algorithm A. (Arguably, A is a simplified model of the scientific method itself.)

We could also use anti-cross-validation to make our choice. In other words, we could choose between C and D based on which has worse out-of-sample performance within d. Again, since C and D are fixed, this use of anti-cross-validation is itself an algorithm. Call that algorithm B.

NFL tells us (loosely speaking) that B must beat A on just as many target functions (and associated datasets d) as A beats B. In this very specific sense, the scientific method will lose to the "anti" scientific method just as readily as it wins.

NFL only applies if the target function is chosen from a uniform distribution of all possible functions. If this is not the case, and certain target functions are more likely to be chosen than others, then A may perform better than B overall. The contribution of NFL is that it tells us that choosing an appropriate algorithm requires making assumptions about the kinds of target functions the algorithm is being used for. With no assumptions, no "meta-algorithm", such as the scientific method, performs better than random choice.

While some scholars argue that NFL conveys important insight, others argue that NFL is of little relevance to machine learning research. If Occam's razor is correct, for example if sequences of lower Kolmogorov complexity are more probable than sequences of higher complexity, then (as is observed in real life) some algorithms, such as cross-validation, perform better on average on practical problems (when compared with random choice or with anti-cross-validation).

However, there are major formal challenges in using arguments based on Kolmogorov complexity to establish properties of the real world, since it is uncomputable, and undefined up to an arbitrary additive constant. Partly in recognition of these challenges, it has recently been argued that there are ways to circumvent the no free lunch theorems without invoking Turing machines, by using "meta-induction". Moreover, the Kolmogorov complexity of machine learning models can be upper bounded through compressions of their data labeling, and it is possible to produce non-vacuous cross-domain generalization bounds via Kolmogorov complexity.

title: No free lunch theorem


text:
User talk:Dirtyfoot

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:21, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dirtyfoot


text:
Green Flats Reef

Green Flats is a reef in City Island Harbor, between City Island and Rat Island. It is part of the Pelham Islands.

The reef is composed of mostly small round glacial alluvial rocks and a number of glacial erratics made of granite. It is covered in green seamoss and kelp. Like all true reefs, it is completely underwater (and a hazard to navigation) at high tide and visible at low tide.

Seagulls take mussels from the shallows and fly about 30 feet above the reef and drop them and smash the shells on the rocks and then eat the broken up mussels there. Great blue herons may be seen there hunting at low tide.

title: Green Flats Reef


text:
V-Rock

V-Rock may refer to:

 * WSTB, a radio station in Streetsboro, Ohio which used the "V-Rock" brand during the 1990s
 * V-Rock, the name of a fictional radio station featured on the Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories soundtracks

title: V-Rock


text:
Talk:Peter Kormos

Drainville
Should we class Dennis Drainville with the "left opposition?" He voted against same-sex adoption, as I recall, and much of his concern with the government came over his opposition to gambling. On the other hand, there was the fairly defining social contract vote... Samaritan 00:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC) (creator of the article in my anon days, btw)

Thomas Walkom lists Drainville as an ally of Morrow and Kormos, and I've chosen to follow his example. Beyond which, I'd argue that his decision to break with the party over casino gambling was basically a reflection of his left-wing/social-gospel approach to political activism.

I wasn't aware that he voted against same-sex adoption ... and, in fact, I believe that he left parliament in 1993, before the bill came before the house for final reading (though I suppose he may have voted against it on second reading).

I also believe that he's still involved with the federal NDP.

Given that "left opposition" is a pretty vague term in this context, I don't see a problem with retaining Drainville in the list. CJCurrie 00:35, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Drainville became president of the federal NDP in Quebec subsequent to his service in the Ontario legislature. AndyL 02:04, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

*nods* Sounds good. Sorry for the trouble! I just wasn't sure. Samaritan 02:41, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A follow-up:

(i) Drainville left the legislature in 1993, whereas the same-sex benefits bill did not come up until 1994. Obviously, he wasn't around to vote on it.

(ii) Drainville seconded a 2004 motion by the Anglican Church in Canada to affirm same-sex unions within the church. We can probably assume he would have voted for the bill, had he been there. CJCurrie 01:47, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Kormos DID NOT throw his support to Howard Hampton at the leadership convention,he relased his delagates. Many of his supporters either abstained from the final vote, or spoiled their ballots72.136.138.164 13:40, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

Please fix the link to social contract, I don't know if Kormos has any problem with Rousseau, but I'm pretty sure that's not why he left the cabinet.

Kormos' Personal Style
Normally, it's a superficial topic, but his fashion sense is noteworthy. For one, he has survived several attempts to pass a legislative dress code. Second, in the current election campaign, he has also promised to dress more formally if more NDP members are elected, "a small price to pay" in his words. What I have added, stands on the record.Toddsschneider 14:08, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Wonderful. Can you cite sources for this? Rebecca 14:11, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

"He was later educated at Kingston Penetentiary"
This could be a smear. Can anyone cite a credible source? Otherwise it should be reverted to read "Niagara College" as it has done.

title: Talk:Peter Kormos


text:
Studebaker Champion

The Studebaker Champion is an automobile which was produced by the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana, from the beginning of the 1939 model year until 1958. It was a full-size car in its first three generations and a mid-size car in its fourth and fifth generation models, serving as the junior model to the Commander.

Background
The success of the Champion in 1939 was imperative to Studebaker's survival following weak sales during the 1938 model year. Unlike most other cars, the Champion was designed from a "clean sheet" and had no restrictions caused by necessarily using older parts or requiring the subsequent use of its components in heavier vehicles. Market research guided the selection of features, but a key principle adhered to was the engineering watchword "weight is the enemy". For its size, it was one of the lightest cars of its era. Its compact straight-six engine outlasted the model itself and was produced to the end of the 1964 model year, with a change to an OHV design in 1961.

The Champion was one of Studebaker's best-selling models because of its low price (US$660 for the 2-door business coupe in 1939, equal to $ today), durable engine, and styling. The car's ponton styling was authored by industrial designer Raymond Loewy, who had been under contract with Studebaker for the design of their automobiles. Champions won Mobilgas economy runs by posting the highest fuel efficiency tests. During World War II, Champions were coveted for their high efficiency at a time when gas was rationed in the United States. From 1943 to 1945, the Champion engine was used as the powerplant for the Studebaker M29 Weasel personnel and cargo carrier, which also used four sets of the Champion's leaf springs arranged transversely for its bogie suspension.

The Champion was phased out in 1958 in preparation for the introduction of the 1959 Studebaker Lark. Prior to this, Studebaker had been placed under receivership, and the company was attempting to return to a profitable position.

First generation
The Champion was introduced in 1939. Following the design trends of the time, the grille and headlights were partially integrated. Deluxe models came with arm rests and dual wipers. The 164.3 CID I6 engine produced 78 hp. In 1940, Studebaker claimed 27.25 mpgus. In 1941, the bodies were given a more streamlined look with a wider, lower grille.

Second generation
The second generation Champion arrived for the abbreviated 1942 model year. In 1946, Studebaker built a limited number of cars based on this body shell in preparation for its new body and design rollout in 1947. All Studebakers built in 1946 were designated Skyway Champion models. Only the Champion series was produced, it being the most popular before the war.

Third generation
In 1947, Studebaker completely redesigned the Champion and the Commander, making them the first new cars after World War II. The styling included a new rear window, flat front fenders in the ponton style which had just gone mainstream, as well as convenience features like backlight illumination for gauges and automatic courtesy lights. The Champion made up 65.08% of the total sales for the automaker in 1947.

The 169.9 CID I6 engine produced 80 hp in 1947. In 1950, output was increased to 85 hp. Also, new styling (new grille, sheet metal, and rear end) was introduced, as well as an automatic transmission by Borg-Warner.

One of the new styling features on the cars was the wraparound, "greenhouse" rear window that was on 2-door, 5-passenger coupes from 1947 to 1951, at first just an option, in 1950 it was given its own trim line, the Starlight coupe. The "spinner" grille was introduced in 1950, similar to that of a 1949 Ford, but was dropped again for the 1952 model year.

A single four-door, wood-bodied station wagon prototype was also designed. It appeared at several car shows, but was never put into production. The car was then driven for several years by employees to run company errands. Around 1955, the body was removed from the chassis and was sent to the secret graveyard in the wooded infield of the high-speed oval at the company's proving ground west of South Bend. In the early 1970s, members of the Studebaker Drivers Club discovered the body of the wagon prototype. Around 1980, members of the club were allowed to remove the wagon prototype for preservation. After a multi-year restoration, the car was put on display at the Studebaker National Museum.

Fourth generation
In 1953, Studebaker was redesigned by Robert Bourke from Raymond Loewy's design studio ("the Loewy Coupe" or "Low Boy"). The 2-door coupe with a central pillar was called the Starlight, while the more expensive hardtop coupe was called the Starliner. In addition to the Loewy Coupe, there was also a 2-door sedan based on a shortened 4-door sedan. The 2-door sedan has a taller profile, and the back side windows in the 2-door sedans are noticeably bigger than the windows in the Loewy Coupe. The Loewy Coupe is substantially more collectible than the 2-door sedans. Although similar, the body pieces on the 2 cars are not interchangeable. The front end of the new Champion was lower than contemporaries and shares an appearance with the Citroen DS.

No convertible was offered in 1953. However, in late 1952 Studebaker produced one prototype of a 1953 Commander convertible to determine whether the model could be profitably mass-produced. The car was based on the 1953 2-door Starliner hardtop. The car was later modified to 1954 model specifications and was occasionally driven around South Bend by engineers. Additional structural reinforcements were needed to reduce body flexure. Even though the car was equipped with the 232 cuin V8, the added structural weight increased the car's 0–60 mph acceleration time to an unacceptable level. In addition, the company did not have the financial resources to add another body type to the model line. The company's leadership mistakenly thought that the 2-door sedans, 4-door sedans, and 1954 Conestoga wagon (described below) would sell better than the 2-door coupes, so the company's resources were focused on the production of the sedans and the wagon.

When the prototype convertible was no longer needed, engineer E. T. Reynolds ordered the car to be stripped and the body sent to the secret graveyard at the company's proving grounds west of South Bend. A non-engineering employee requested permission to purchase the complete car, rather than see it rot away at the proving grounds with other, earlier prototypes of other cars and trucks. Chief engineer Gene Hardig discussed the request with E. T. Reynolds. They agreed to let the employee purchase the car on the condition that the employee never sell it. In the 1970s, the car was rediscovered behind a South Bend gas station and no longer owned by the former employee. It has been through several owners and paint colors.

In 1954, a new 2-door station wagon called the Conestoga was added to the product line. Power of the L-head inline-six remained unchanged at 85 hp, although in 1955 this was replaced by a larger version with 101 hp. Also for 1955 the Starlight/Starliner labels were dropped, and a wraparound windshield was introduced. The 1956 Champion sedans received very different bodywork, with pronounced "eyebrows" over the headlights and large tailfins. The coupes received the new Hawk-style bodywork with a centrally placed square grille reminiscent of a period Mercedes-Benz.

The streamlined shape of the Loewy coupes made them popular with land speed racing competitors, both in their stock configuration and modified with chopped tops and other modifications to make them even more streamlined.

Fifth generation
In 1957, the Champion Scotsman, a stripped-down Champion, was introduced in an attempt to compete with the “Big Three” (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) as well as Nash in the low-price field. Shortly after its introduction, the model was renamed Studebaker Scotsman.

Two engines were available, a 185 CID 101 hp "Sweepstakes" L-head I6, or a 289 CID 210 hp "Sweepstakes" OHV V8.

title: Studebaker Champion


text:
Direction générale de l'armement

The Direction générale de l'armement (DGA; English: Directorate General of Armament), established in 1961, is the French Government defence procurement and technology agency, responsible within the Ministry of Armed Forces for project management, development, and purchase of weapon systems for the French military. The DGA's mission is to prepare the future of French defence systems, equip the French Armed Forces, as well as to promote French defence industry exports.

Armament project coordination
The DGA coordinates armament projects with the industry in France, within Europe, but also with customers for export. Together with the Europe of Defence organisation, the DGA promotes the development of armament projects in co-operation and contributes to the development of the European Defence Agency. Fifteen cooperative armament projects are under way. The OCCAr (Joint Organisation of Co-operation as regards Armament) ensures the control of six projects intended to equip the French force, inter allia: combat Tiger helicopter, ground-to-air missiles short Roland/Frole range, Cobra counter-battery radar, family of ground-to-air systems future (FSAF), A400M military transport aircraft, PAAMS anti-aircraft system.

Testing and expertise
The DGA also undertakes the testing and assessment of equipment and military technologies. Test centres are distributed across France to carry out studies in advanced technologies: DGA Hydrodynamics, DGA Aero-engine Testing, DGA CBRN Defence, DGA Information superiority, DGA Land Systems, DGA Missiles Testing, DGA Naval Systems, DGA Flight Testing, DGA Aeronautical Systems, DGA Engineering & Integration. These services contribute to the validation of industrial equipment, but also to the proving of military systems for the programme directorates. Since 2004 DGA, has been organised into two subdirectorates for the coordination of projects dealing respectively with the inter-systems technical approach (Service of architecture inter-systems) and with technological developments (responsible for domains).

Engineering schools
In addition, the DGA supervises engineering schools that operate under the scrutiny of the Ministry of defence (École polytechnique, ENSTA ParisTech, Supaéro, ENSTA Bretagne, ENSICA). The high-level military staff of DGA, the Corps of Armament whose members are the ingénieurs de l'armement (IA, literally, "Armament Engineers"), are commissioned officers, who are generally graduates of the École polytechnique, then the ENSTA or Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace. The main part of the engineers, the ingénieurs des études et techniques d'armement (IETA, literally, "weaponry studies and technics engineers") are graduates of the ENSIETA or ENSICA.

Naval building
The DGA also formerly had a division for building warships, the Direction des constructions navales ("Directorate of Naval Construction"), now formed into a partly state-owned corporation, initially named DCNS in 2007 and rebranded Naval Group in 2017.

Ranks within the Corps de l'armement
Officers of the Corps de l'armement have a unique rank structure.
 * Ingénieur, (1er échelon) ("Engineer", first level, equivalent to a Sous-lieutenant)
 * Ingénieur, (2e et 3e échelon) ("Engineer", second and third level, equivalent to a Lieutenant)
 * Ingénieur, (4e au 9e échelon) ("Engineer", from fourth to ninth level, equivalent to a Capitaine)
 * Ingénieur principal ("Lead Engineer", equivalent to a Commandant)
 * Ingénieur en chef ("Chief Engineer" equivalent to a Lieutenant-Colonel before serving two years in this rank)
 * Ingénieur en chef ("Chief Engineer" equivalent to a Colonel after serving two or more years in this rank)
 * Ingénieur général de 2e classe ("Engineer-General, Second Class", equivalent to a Général de brigade)
 * Ingénieur général de 1er classe ("Engineer-General, First Class", equivalent to a Général de division)
 * Ingénieur général hors classe ("Engineer-General Beyond Class", equivalent to a Général de corps d'armée). There are at least three (one for each service branch) but usually others are appointed to run the main divisions within the DGA.
 * Ingénieur général de classe exceptionnelle ("Engineer-General, Exceptional Class", equivalent to a Général d'armée). There is usually only one: the titular Délégué Général pour l'Armement (the head of DGA).

Officers of the Corps des ingénieurs des études et techniques de l'armement have also a unique rank structure.
 * Ingénieur, (1er échelon) ("Engineer", first level, equivalent to a Sous-lieutenant)
 * Ingénieur, (2e au 5e échelon) ("Engineer", from second to fifth level, equivalent to a Lieutenant)
 * Ingénieur, (6e au 10e échelon) ("Engineer", from sixth to tenth level, equivalent to a Capitaine)
 * Ingénieur principal ("Lead Engineer", equivalent to a Commandant)
 * Ingénieur en chef de 2e classe ("Chief Engineer, Second Class" equivalent to a Lieutenant-Colonel)
 * Ingénieur en chef de 1er classe ("Chief Engineer, First Class" equivalent to a Colonel)
 * Ingénieur général de 2e classe ("Engineer-General, Second Class", equivalent to a Général de brigade)
 * Ingénieur général de 1er classe ("Engineer-General, First Class", equivalent to a Général de division)

title: Direction générale de l'armement


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Neofolk

Neofolk, also known as apocalyptic folk, is a form of experimental music blending elements of folk and industrial music, which emerged in punk rock circles in the 1980s. Neofolk may either be solely acoustic or combine acoustic folk instrumentation with various other sounds.

History
The term "neofolk" originates from esoteric music circles who started using the term in the late 20th century to describe music made by, and influenced by, musicians such as Douglas Pearce (Death In June), Tony Wakeford (Sol Invictus), and David Tibet (Current 93).

Anglo-American folk music with similar sounds and themes to neofolk existed as far back as the 1960s. Folk musicians such as Vulcan's Hammer, Changes, Leonard Cohen, and Comus could be considered harbingers of the sound that later influenced the neofolk artists. Also the later explorations of Velvet Underground's band members, specifically those of Nico, have been called a major influence on what later became neofolk.

Culture
A majority of artists within the neofolk genre use archaic, cultural and literary references. Local traditions and indigenous beliefs tend to be portrayed heavily as well as esoteric and historical topics. Various forms of neopaganism and occultism play a part in the themes touched upon by many modern and original neofolk artists. Runic alphabets, heathen European sites and other means of expressing an interest in the ancient and ancestral occur often in neofolk music. The sociologist Peter Webb describes this as a legacy from romantic poetry and a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Webb writes that for bands like Sol Invictus, this leads to "a type of esoteric spirituality where paganism comes to the fore because of its respect for nature, its openness about sexuality, and its rituals and ceremonies guided by the seasons". Aesthetically, references to this subject occur within band names, album artwork, clothing and various other means of artistic expression. This has led to some forefathers of the genre and current artists within the genre attributing it to being an aspect of a broader neopagan revival. David Tibet of Current 93, one of the most influential neofolk bands, regards himself as a Christian, but believes that truth always is hidden and is more interested in apocalyptic and apocryphal literature than any Christian canon. During a period of heavy amphetamine and LSD use in the 1980s, he began to revere the children's character Noddy as a Gnostic deity.

Many bands use metaphors, sometimes borrowing terms such as Ernst Jünger's Waldgänger and using fascist symbols and slogans, which has led to an association of the genre with the far-right, though this is contested by fans. References to occult, pagan and politically far-right figures and movement are often intentionally ambiguous. Stefanie von Schnurbein has described the genre's approach to these types of material as an "elitist Nietzschean masquerade" which expresses a "(neo-)romantic art-religious attitude". Some bands have stated opposition to the perceived fascist apologia and themes in the genre and the related genre of martial industrial.

Apocalyptic folk
As a descriptor, apocalyptic folk predates neofolk and was used by David Tibet to describe the music of his band Current 93 during a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Initially, Tibet did not intend to imply connection with the folk music genre; rather, that Current 93 was made by "apocalyptic folk[s]": in other words, apocalyptic people. Tibet and Current 93 produced some covers of traditional English folk songs, and Tibet himself was a great advocate for reclusive English folk singer Shirley Collins.

Folk noir
Other vague terms sometimes used to describe artists of this genre include "dark folk" and "pagan folk". These terms are umbrella terms that also describe various other forms of unrelated music.

Martial industrial
Martial industrial or military pop is a genre that shares a lot in common with neofolk and developed very close to it.

title: Neofolk


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Institute for Propaganda Analysis

The Institute for Propaganda Analysis (IPA) was a U.S.-based organization operating from 1937 to 1942, composed of social scientists, opinion leaders, historians, educators, and journalists. Created by Kirtley Mather, Edward A. Filene, and Clyde R. Miller, because of the general concern that increased amounts of propaganda were decreasing the public's ability to think critically. The IPA's purpose was to spark rational thinking and provide a guide to help the public have well-informed discussions on current issues. "To teach people how to think rather than what to think." The IPA focused on domestic propaganda issues that might become possible threats to the democratic ways of life.

 * For the IPA, Nazism, communism, the conservative anti-communist movement, England’s foreign policy, and Latin American dictatorships were all undemocratic. By labeling these group as such, the IPA promoted a democratic society based on freedom of speech and citizen participation in government, and also attempted to accomplish concrete goals such as preventing the rise of Nazism in America.

 * The IPA's great strength stemmed from its particular fusion of academic and practical progressivism into an organized anti-propaganda critique that institutionalized the tradition of muckraking and also applied this characteristically American critical approach to the discontents of the Depression.

Genesis
Edward A. Filene had amassed a fortune in meeting a mass demand, but he feared that democracy was threatened by propaganda preying upon the unsuspecting citizenry, so he asked Kirtley Mather to help him endow an effort to save democracy. A meeting on "education for democracy" was held March 29, 1937, at the University Club in Boston which attracted Alfred Adler, Lyman Bryson, Edward L. Bernays, and Clyde R. Miller among others. At a second meeting in New York City, Filene provided Miller with a check for $10,000, presumably to finance the Institute in the first year. Filene's Good Will Fund agreed on June 9 to continue the funding for three years.

The institute was incorporated on September 23, 1937. The initial board of directors was Clyde R. Miller, Robert S. Lynd, E. Ernest Johnson, James E. Mendenhall, and Robert K. Speer. Added to the board later were Charles A. Beard, Hadley Cantril, Ernest O. Melby, James T. Shotwell, and Percy S. Brown. The board elected its officers as follows: President: Cantril, V.P.: Melby, Sec.: Miller, Tr.:Speer

In October 1937 the IPA distributed 3,000 copies of an Announcement edition of the Propaganda Analysis bulletin, soliciting subscriptions. The first two weeks produced 750, and there were 2,500 subscribers in the first year.

Father Coughlin’s radio talks were selected by the IPA for analysis since they represented "a fairly typical borrowing of foreign anti-democracy propaganda methods by an American propagandist." Seven tricks of the propagandist were outlined and illustrated by reference to the radio talks in a book The Fine Art of Propaganda, edited by Alfred McClung Lee and Elizabeth Briant Lee. As Clyde Miller explained in the Preface, "So far as individuals are concerned, the art of democracy is the art of thinking and discussing independently together." The book is presented as a "candid and impartial study of the devices and apparent objectives of specialists in the distortion of public opinions." Chapters four through ten described the following propaganda tricks:
 * 1) Name-calling
 * 2) Glittering generalities
 * 3) Transfer
 * 4) Testimonial
 * 5) Plain folks
 * 6) Card stacking
 * 7) Bandwagon

Publications
To get their message across, the IPA distributed flyers, wrote several issues of the Propaganda Analysis Bulletin, and published a series of books, including:

 * Violet Edwards (1938) Group Leader's Guide to Propaganda Analysis
 * Alfred McClung Lee & Elizabeth Briant Lee (1939) The Fine Art of Propaganda
 * James A. Wechsler & Harold Lavine (1940) War Propaganda and the United States, reprinted 1972 by Garland Publishing
 * Propaganda Analysis
 * Propaganda: How To Recognize and Deal With It

The bulletin Propaganda Analysis indirectly targeted the mass public through newspapers, educators, public officials, and thought leaders. The IPA directly targeted the presidents and deans of national colleges, bishops and ministers, educational and religious periodicals, and education students by sending out flyers.

These "ABCs of Propaganda Analysis" encouraged readers to understand and analyze their own views on propagandistic material in order to promote informed, thought-provoking discussions:
 * Ascertain the conflict element in the propaganda.
 * Behold your own reaction element.
 * Concern yourself with today's propaganda associated with today's conflicts.
 * Doubt that your opinions are "your very own".
 * Evaluate, therefore, with the greatest care your own propaganda.
 * Find the facts before you come to any conclusion.

Dissolution
The IPA faced many allegations that undermined its purpose. These suggested that the IPA created "more of a destructive skepticism than an intelligent reflectiveness." The IPA lost support from many of its publishers and also faced internal conflicts through resignations by its board members and its troubled teachers. The approach of World War II also posed a problem. It would force the IPA not only to examine and criticize the enemy's propaganda, but assess America's use of propaganda as well. The IPA maintains the reason it suspended its operations in 1942 was due to lack of sufficient funds and not the war.

After war was declared on Nazi Germany the neutral stance of propaganda analysis was untenable and the IPA folded in January 1942 with the final issue of its bulletin:
 * The publication of dispassionate analyses of all kinds of propaganda, 'good' and 'bad', is easily misunderstood during a war emergency, and more important, the analyses could be misused for undesirable purposes by persons opposing the government’s effort. On the other hand, for the Institute, as an Institute, to propagandize or even appear to do so would cast doubt on its integrity as a scientific body.

Assessment
While the IPA existed many people sought assistance from the organization through the many publications that were available. The process includes teaching the audience to avoid emotion while being deceived by tainted propaganda. In order to get the facts, the institute's authors wanted the public to "adopt scientific attitudes towards all questions of fact and to accept the conclusions to which they lead as a basis for action whether he [the student of propaganda] likes them or not." The IPA encouraged students to think intelligently and independently on topics which they discussed. While many hailed the IPA for its guidance, others argued that the approach was "too simplistic because many messages fell into more than one category, and they do not account for differences between members of the audience, and do not discuss the credibility of the propagandist." Despite controversy, the IPA was a resource available to American citizens in hopes of enlightening and activating minds to think freely and independently.

In 1940 Edgar Dale and Norma Vernon wrote an Introduction to an annotated bibliography noting the IPA contribution:
 * Widespread teaching of propaganda analysis in the schools is due in large measure to the founding of the Institute for Propaganda Analysis in the summer of 1937. ¶ The articles annotated in this bulletin testify to the effect of the bulletins and worksheets of the Institute on the work of teachers throughout the country. Indeed, this very focusing on usable materials for the schools is one secret of the success of the institute.

title: Institute for Propaganda Analysis


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Carman (electoral district)

Carman was a provincial electoral division in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It was created by redistribution in 1999, with territory from Lakeside, Morris, and the now-defunct riding of Gladstone.

Carman was located in the southern region of Manitoba. It was bordered to the north by Portage la Prairie, to the west by Turtle Mountain, to the east by Morris, and to the south by Pembina and Emerson.

The riding was mostly rural. It included the communities of Carman, Somerset, Treherne, St. Claude, Notre Dame de Lourdes, Miami and Elm Creek. Carman also included the Long Plain Reserve, the Dakota Reserve, the Swan Lake Reserve and the Spruce Woods Provincial Park.

The riding's population in 1996 was 18,867. In 1999, the average family income was $43,401, and the unemployment rate was 3.00%. Agriculture accounts for 38% of all industry in the riding, followed by health and social services at 9%. Sixteen per cent of Carman's residents are francophone, the fourth-highest total in the province. Twelve per cent of the population is German, and a further 7% are aboriginal.

Carman was last held by Progressive Conservative MLA Blaine Pedersen, who was elected as a Progressive Conservative.

For the 2011 election, Carman was dissolved into Portage la Prairie and the newly created riding of Midland.

title: Carman (electoral district)


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Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)

The Symphony No. 38 in D major, K. 504, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in late 1786. It premiered in Prague on January 19, 1787, during Mozart's first visit to the city. Because it was first performed in Prague, it is popularly known as the Prague Symphony. Mozart's autograph thematic catalogue records December 6, 1786, as the date of completion for this composition.

Other works written by Mozart roughly contemporary with this symphony include the Piano Trio in B♭, K. 502 (completed November 18, 1786), the Piano Concerto No. 25, K. 503 (completed December 4, 1786), and scena and rondò Ch'io mi scordi di te?, K. 505, for soprano and orchestra (completed December 26, 1786).

Prague
Although Mozart's popularity among the Viennese waxed and waned, he was consistently popular among the Bohemians and had a devoted following in Prague. In spite of the fact that the Symphony No. 38 was first performed in Prague, it is not certain that it was actually written for Prague. Much of the confusion surrounds the chronology of its inception. It is clear that Mozart was invited to Prague on the strength of the reception of his opera Le nozze di Figaro during the 1786–87 winter season of the National Theatre (now called the Estates Theatre) in Prague. It is not known, however, when the run started, possibly in November 1786, possibly in December. No mention of the overwhelming success of Le nozze di Figaro is recorded in the Prague press until December 11, 1786, five days after the symphony was completed. It is certain that the opera's run began before that week, but there is no documentation to confirm when. It is known from a letter of Leopold Mozart written in January 1787 that Mozart was invited to Prague by a group of musicians and patrons. It is possible that this invitation came through long before Le nozze di Figaro was actually performed in Prague, perhaps during the time of rehearsals, when the brilliance of the music would have been recognized already by the musicians playing it. It is also possible that the Prague Symphony was intended to be performed for the Advent instrumental concerts given in Vienna in December 1786 along with the Piano Concerto No. 25, but all that can be established for certain is that it was not performed in Vienna before it was performed in Prague.

The lavish use of wind instruments might offer a clue that the Prague Symphony was fashioned specifically with the Prague public in mind. The wind players of Bohemia were famed throughout Europe, and the Prague press specifically attributed the great success of the operas Die Entführung aus dem Serail and Le nozze di Figaro partially to their skillful deployment of wind instruments. It is also possible that the extensive use of winds in the Prague Symphony was simply the result of experiments with orchestration that Mozart had been cultivating in the orchestral accompaniments for his piano concertos for the previous two years and the new experience he had of writing for winds would have shown up in his symphonies regardless. No matter, the use of wind instruments in the Prague Symphony represents a major advance in Mozart's symphonic technique that was imitated in his last symphonies, and also by Haydn, Beethoven, and Schubert. Indeed, it would be difficult to identify any earlier symphony by any composer not of a special type that contains so many passages in which no stringed instruments play at all, only various types of wind ensembles.

Form
The early classical symphonies of the eighteenth century were originally cast in three movements (fast–slow–fast) following their origins in Italian overtures. Then, starting in the 1750s, it was normal in Germany and Austria to include a minuet to create the format fast–slow–minuet–fast. The Prague Symphony has no minuet, however, something that would have been extraordinarily unusual for a symphony written in Vienna in the late 1780s. Mozart himself, who wrote many more symphonies in the old-fashioned fast–slow–fast format than Haydn did (because of his closer connections with Italy), never before wrote a three-movement symphony for Vienna, not even as a child in the 1760s, when three-movement symphonies were still common in many parts of Europe. Daniel E. Freeman has suggested that the three-movement format might have been chosen as a means to appeal to the musical public of Prague. It so happens that the only symphonist from Prague that Mozart ever knew well was Josef Mysliveček, a close associate of the Mozart family between 1770 and 1778. As it happens, almost all of Mysliveček's symphonies are cast in the three-movement pattern favored in Italy, where he mainly worked throughout his adult life. Nonetheless, a definitive explanation for the three-movement format of the Prague Symphony is still lacking.

The Prague Symphony is scored for two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings.

It has three movements, each in sonata form:

 * 1) Adagio – Allegro,
 * 2) Andante in G major,
 * 3) Finale (Presto),

The first movement begins with a slow introduction (he does this in only two other symphonies, No. 36 ["Linz"] and No. 39). Daniel E. Freeman has noted that it is probably the longest and most sophisticated slow introduction written for any major symphony up to that time, perhaps to compensate for the length of the missing minuet in order to help bring the entire work into closer alignment with the customary length of a standard four-movement symphony. The introduction gives way to the main portion of the movement, in which six melodies are developed and recapitulated in a very contrapuntal example of sonata-allegro form. Certain phrases in the first movement bear a resemblance to the overture to Die Zauberflöte. The allegro proper opens in a complicated manner with the "first theme" traded off between the second violins (who start it) and the first violins (who finish it off).

The second movement's structure is typical of Mozart symphonies dating from this period, although the music shifts to a minor key in a movement of contrasting moods. It is in the subdominant key of G major.

The third movement is a lively Presto in which the flute plays a prominent role, especially in counterpointing the main melody in the development section. This movement "shows Mozart in an unusual mood, nearer to Beethoven's boisterousness than his fastidious taste normally allowed him to go."

title: Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)


text:
Category:Usenet people

The categories contains articles about notable Usenet personalities.

title: Category:Usenet people


text:
User talk:AGT II

Welcome readers and comments.

Please do not add link to your blog into unrelated article. Pavel Vozenilek 04:00, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:AGT II


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John Hughes-Hallett

Vice-Admiral John Hughes-Hallett CB DSO (1 December 1901 – 5 April 1972) was a British naval commander and politician. He was the Naval Commander during the Dieppe Raid of 1942.

Early life and career
Hughes-Hallett was born in December 1901, to a distinguished armed services family. His father was Colonel Wyndham Hughes-Hallett, his mother Clementina Mary Loch (25 Mar 1869 – 8 Dec 1948). They were relatively old at 56 and 31 years old, respectively, at the time of his birth.

Educated at Bedford School, Hughes-Hallett had a distinguished career in the Royal Navy, beginning as a Midshipman on HMS Lion, May 1918. He was promoted to staff rank and during the Second World War served in a variety of roles. During the Norwegian campaign of 1940 he saw active service on HMS Devonshire and was mentioned in despatches.

Later naval career
In 1940 to 1941 Hughes-Hallett played a key role in cross-Channel raids. He assisted in planning raids under Mountbatten and was the Naval Commander during the misconceived Dieppe Raid of 1942. Although the raid itself was not successful and cost many lives, it did lead to new strategies for cross-Channel operations. The actual proposer of the idea of the Mulberry Harbour is disputed, but it is believed by some to have been Hughes-Hallett. At a meeting following the Dieppe raid, he declared that if a port could not be captured, then one should be taken across the Channel. Although this was met with derision at the time, the concept of Mulberry Harbours began to take shape when Hughes-Hallett moved to be Naval Chief of Staff to the Operation Overlord planners.

Hughes-Hallett became Commodore commanding the Channel Assault Force and Naval Chief of Staff (X) from 1942 to 1943. Of the five Assault Forces, Hughes-Hallett's Force "J" started its training with a decided advantage over the other four; its nucleus having been formed as far back as October 1942, with headquarters at Cowes. On 1 May 1943, Commodore Hughes-Hallett succeeded Rear Admiral Philip Vian as the head of the Naval Branch at Supreme Allied Command. He served as Captain of HMS Jamaica from December 1943. After the war, he was in command of HMS Vernon, (1946-8). Vernon in Portsmouth was the navy's Torpedo training centre and he had to cope with the problems arising from the recent creation of the Electrical branch. Until this a ship's electrics had been looked after by torpedomen but they had become so complex a new separate branch was deemed necessary. He then commanded HMS Illustrious'(1948–1949) and after that was Vice-Controller of the Navy in Bath, 1950–1952, and then Flag Officer, Heavy Squadron, Home Fleet, 1952–3. A strict disciplinarian, he was sometimes known as 'Hughes-Hitler'.

Political career
Hughes-Hallett retired from the Royal Navy in 1954 as Vice-Admiral on his adoption as a Conservative Parliamentary candidate. A problem arose when he enquired of the Secretary of the Admiralty what pension he could expect, at that time MPs got no pension, and the Secretary erroneously gave him a figure that was far too high. When he discovered this he threatened legal proceedings and as he was now an MP this was very embarrassing to the Government; it was discussed at Cabinet level on at least two occasions. (Cabinet Minutes in National Archives). First elected in September 1954, he served as the Member of Parliament for Croydon East, later Croydon North East, until the 1964 election, defeating Labour's Walter Wolfgang at the 1959 general election. He was a British Representative at the Council of Europe between 1958 and 1960 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport for Shipping and Shipbuilding, 1961 to 1964. In the 1958–59 parliament, he successfully piloted his private members bill through parliament, although only tenth in the ballot. It became the Road Traffic (Driving of Motor Cycles) Act. He was very popular among the Young Conservatives and always interested in their activities.

Later years
In the late 1960s he suffered a serious stroke which hampered further activities. In his last years he lived in Slindon, near Arundel, Sussex, England and died in 1972. He never married. His brother, Charles Hughes-Hallett was a Rear Admiral. He had drafted memoirs, but they have not as yet been published.

Film portrayals
Captain Hughes-Hallett was a major character in the Canadian CBC miniseries Dieppe, in which he was played by actor Robert Joy.

Homage
Around 1990, a street in Caen (France) was named after Commodore Hughes-Hallett, linking avenue Amiral Mountbatten to avenue Maréchal Montgomery and rue Colonel Rémy, in a district close to the Mémorial pour la Paix museum, where a majority of streets commemorate personalities linked with the Second World War, the Résistance, and the subsequent making of the European Community. Unfortunately, the surname is misspelt: rue Commodore J.H. Hallet.

title: John Hughes-Hallett