text:
Prigg v. Pennsylvania

Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 539 (1842), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 precluded a Pennsylvania state law that prohibited Blacks from being taken out of the free state of Pennsylvania into slavery. The Court overturned the conviction of slavecatcher Edward Prigg as a result.

Occurring under the presidency of John Tyler, Prigg v. Pennsylvania weakened the enforcement mechanisms of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 by allowing states to forbid their officials from cooperating in the return of fugitive slaves. But, by asserting federal government authority and responsibility over the area of fugitive slave return, it set the stage for future more stringent laws that would bypass individual state decisions about slavery. (Northern states by this time had abolished slavery, and most prohibited slaveowners from bringing slaves to their states, saying they would be considered free if brought in state.) Later, the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (part of the Compromise of 1850) required even free states to support capture and return of fugitive slaves with their law enforcement, increasing penalties for non-compliance.

Also, by refusing to take judicial notice of the problem of free blacks being kidnapped in free states and sold into slavery, the Prigg decision established an implicit precedent that blacks were entitled to fewer procedural protections than were whites.

Federal law
In March 1789, the Constitution of the United States came into force, having been ratified by nine states. Article IV, Section 2 contained two clauses (the Extradition Clause and the Fugitive Slave Clause) related to the legality of fleeing justice, creditors, owners, or other agencies across state borders and to escaped slaves, but it did not mention "slavery" directly:
 * "A person charged in any state with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime."
 * "No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due." (This clause was superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment, ratified on December 6, 1865.)

On February 12, 1793, the Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, the long title of which was "An Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their masters."

State law
On March 29, 1788, the State of Pennsylvania passed an amendment to one of its laws (An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery, originally enacted March 1, 1780): "No negro or mulatto slave... shall be removed out of this state, with the design and intention that the place of abode or residence of such slave or servant shall be thereby altered or changed."

On March 25, 1826, the State of Pennsylvania passed a further law: "If any person or persons shall, from and after the passing of this act, by force and violence, take and carry away, or cause to be taken or carried away, and shall, by fraud or false pretense, seduce, or cause to be seduced, or shall attempt so to take, carry away or seduce, any negro or mulatto, from any part or parts of this commonwealth, to any other place or places whatsoever, out of this commonwealth, with a design and intention of selling and disposing of, or of causing to be sold, or of keeping and detaining, or of causing to be kept and detained, such negro or mulatto, as a slave or servant for life, or for any term whatsoever, every such person or persons, his or their aiders or abettors, shall on conviction thereof, in any court of this commonwealth having competent jurisdiction, be deemed guilty of a felony."

Background
In 1832, a black woman named Margaret Morgan moved to Pennsylvania from Maryland. There she had been born into slavery and held by John Ashmore. In Maryland, she had lived in virtual freedom but Ashmore had never formally manumitted her. After his death, Ashmore's heirs eventually decided to claim her as a slave and hired slavecatcher Edward Prigg to recover her.

On April 1, 1837, Prigg led an assault and abduction on Morgan in York County, Pennsylvania. They took Morgan to Maryland, intending to sell her as a slave (her children, one of whom was born free in Pennsylvania, were also captured and sold). The four men involved in the abduction were arraigned under the 1826 act. Prigg pleaded not guilty and argued that he had been duly appointed by Ashmore heirs to arrest and return Morgan to their estate in Maryland. In a ruling on May 22, 1839, the Court of Quarter Sessions of York County convicted him of violation of the state law.

Prigg appealed to the US Supreme Court on the grounds that the Pennsylvania law was not able to supersede federal law or the US Constitution; the Fugitive Slave Act and Article IV of the Constitution were in conflict with the Pennsylvania law of 1788. The case was Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 41 U. S. 539 (1842).

Prigg and his lawyer argued that the 1788 and 1826 Pennsylvania laws were unconstitutional:
 * First, because of the injunction in Article IV of the US Constitution: "No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due."
 * Second, because the exercise of Federal legislation, such as that undertaken by Congress in passing the act of the February 12, 1793, supersedes any state law.

As a consequence, they argued, the 1788 Pennsylvania law, in all its provisions applicable to this case, should be voided. The question was whether Pennsylvania law violated the constitutional guarantee of fugitive slave return and the 1793 Act of Congress, passed to implement it.

Decision
Writing for the Court, Justice Joseph Story reversed the conviction and held the Pennsylvania law was unconstitutional, as it denied both the right of slaveholders to recover their slaves under Article IV and the Federal Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, which trumped the state law per the Supremacy Clause. Six justices wrote separate opinions.

Although Story ruled the Pennsylvania laws were unconstitutional, his opinion left the door open for the state to forbid state officials to cooperate in the return of fugitive slaves:

"As to the authority so conferred upon state magistrates [to deal with runaway slaves], while a difference of opinion has existed, and may exist still on the point, in different states, whether state magistrates are bound to act under it; none is entertained by this Court that state magistrates may, if they choose, exercise that authority, unless prohibited by state legislation."

However, state laws could not interfere with a slave-owner's right to go to another state and recapture a fugitive slave by private action, as long as no breach of the peace was committed.

Five of the seven Supreme Court justices (including Story) referred to the commonly held view at the time that the Southern states in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 would not have agreed to the U.S. Constitution if the Fugitive Slave Clause had not been included. Since then historians such as Don E. Fehrenbacher have argued that there is little historical evidence for this.

Dissent
Justice John McLean was the sole dissenter in the case. He pointed out that the 1793 fugitive slave act required anyone seizing an accused fugitive slave in a different state to take them before a federal judge or local magistrate to receive certification that the seizure was legal. Prigg had not done this before removing Morgan and her children from Pennsylvania. Therefore, he saw no conflict between Pennsylvania's laws criminalizing the forcible removal of blacks from the state and the 1793 law, which required bringing an accused fugitive slave to a judge or magistrate before removing them from the state. In McLean's view, Congress possessed the authority for enforcing the constitutional fugitive slave provision, and they had used this authority to allow for the return of fugitive slaves from free states only with the approval of a judge or magistrate. By failing to use this method, Prigg had exceeded any authority he could possibly claim for recovering fugitive slaves, and Pennsylvania's laws were consistent with the constitution and the 1793 law in holding him accountable.

McLean felt Pennsylvania's laws against forced removal were particularly important for preventing free blacks from being wrongfully enslaved, as without them, slave catchers could easily kidnap free blacks and remove them from a state's jurisdiction before said state could investigate or arrest them.

Effects
Story's phrase "unless prohibited by state legislation" was a catalyst for a number of personal liberty laws enacted by Pennsylvania and other Northern states. The laws prohibited state officials from interfering with runaway or fugitive slaves in any capacity. Runaways could not be caught or incarcerated by state action, cases could not be heard in state courts, and no assistance could be offered by state officials to those wishing to recapture slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act still stood, but only federal agents could enforce it. That is known as the "anti-commandeering doctrine."

Such an emphatic refusal to uphold the Fugitive Slave Act was viewed in the Southern states as a brazen violation of the federal compact. A constituent complained by letter to South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun that the new personal liberty laws "rendered slave property utterly insecure" and constituted a "flagrant violation of the spirit of the U.S. Constitution".

Increasing sectional tension over slavery resulted in the Compromise of 1850, which covered several issues related to the status of territories acquired in the Mexican–American War. The South allowed California to enter the Union as a free state, but the Northern states would have to agree to a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act, which required law enforcement in free states to cooperate in the capture and return of fugitive slaves within their borders.

The South had been forced to look to the federal government for a national solution. The Supreme Court had pledged itself in advance to support such a solution although aware that many persons in the North would certainly be mobilized against it. In addition, people began to believe that the Court was uniquely qualified to soothe the growing agitation over slavery.

However, the Liberty Party platform of 1843 (which was adopted in advance of the 1844 presidential election) condemned the Prigg v. Pennsylvania decision and said that the ruling nullified habeas corpus protection for free blacks and took away their "whole legal security of personal freedom."

title: Prigg v. Pennsylvania


text:
Airglow

Airglow (also called nightglow) is a faint emission of light by a planetary atmosphere. In the case of Earth's atmosphere, this optical phenomenon causes the night sky never to be completely dark, even after the effects of starlight and diffused sunlight from the far side are removed. This phenomenon originates with self-illuminated gases and has no relationship with Earth's magnetism or sunspot activity.

History
The airglow phenomenon was first identified in 1868 by Swedish physicist Anders Ångström. Since then, it has been studied in the laboratory, and various chemical reactions have been observed to emit electromagnetic energy as part of the process. Scientists have identified some of those processes that would be present in Earth's atmosphere, and astronomers have verified that such emissions are present. Simon Newcomb was the first person to scientifically study and describe airglow, in 1901.

Airglow existed in pre-industrial society and was known to the ancient Greeks. "Aristotle and Pliny described the phenomena of Chasmata, which can be identified in part as auroras, and in part as bright airglow nights."

Description

Airglow is caused by various processes in the upper atmosphere of Earth, such as the recombination of atoms which were photoionized by the Sun during the day, luminescence caused by cosmic rays striking the upper atmosphere, and chemiluminescence caused mainly by oxygen and nitrogen reacting with hydroxyl free radicals at heights of a few hundred kilometres. It is not noticeable during the daytime due to the glare and scattering of sunlight.

Even at the best ground-based observatories, airglow limits the photosensitivity of optical telescopes. Partly for this reason, space telescopes like Hubble can observe much fainter objects than current ground-based telescopes at visible wavelengths.

Airglow at night may be bright enough for a ground observer to notice and appears generally bluish. Although airglow emission is fairly uniform across the atmosphere, it appears brightest at about 10° above the observer's horizon, since the lower one looks, the greater the mass of atmosphere one is looking through. Very low down, however, atmospheric extinction reduces the apparent brightness of the airglow.

One airglow mechanism is when an atom of nitrogen combines with an atom of oxygen to form a molecule of nitric oxide (NO). In the process, a photon is emitted. This photon may have any of several different wavelengths characteristic of nitric oxide molecules. The free atoms are available for this process, because molecules of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) are dissociated by solar energy in the upper reaches of the atmosphere and may encounter each other to form NO. Other chemicals that can create air glow in the atmosphere are hydroxyl (OH),  atomic oxygen (O), sodium (Na), and lithium (Li).

The sky brightness is typically measured in units of apparent magnitude per square arcsecond of sky.

Calculation
In order to calculate the relative intensity of airglow, we need to convert apparent magnitudes into fluxes of photons; this clearly depends on the spectrum of the source, but we will ignore that initially. At visible wavelengths, we need the parameter S0(V), the power per square centimetre of aperture and per micrometre of wavelength produced by a zeroth-magnitude star, to convert apparent magnitudes into fluxes –. If we take the example of a V = 28 star observed through a normal V band filter ( bandpass, frequency ν ≈ $4 W⋅cm^{−2}⋅µm^{−1}$), the number of photons we receive per square centimeter of telescope aperture per second from the source is Ns:
 * $$N_\text{s} = 10^{-28/2.5}\times\frac{S_0(V) \times B}{h\nu}$$

(where h is the Planck constant; hν is the energy of a single photon of frequency ν).

At V band, the emission from airglow is per square arc-second at a high-altitude observatory on a moonless night; in excellent seeing conditions, the image of a star will be about 0.7 arc-second across with an area of 0.4 square arc-second, and so the emission from airglow over the area of the image corresponds to about. This gives the number of photons from airglow, Na:
 * $$N_\text{a} = 10^{-23/2.5}\times\frac{S_0(V) \times B}{h\nu}$$

The signal-to-noise for an ideal ground-based observation with a telescope of area A (ignoring losses and detector noise), arising from Poisson statistics, is only:
 * $$S/N = \sqrt{A}\times\frac{N_\text{s}}{\sqrt{N_\text{s}+N_\text{a}}}$$

If we assume a 10 m diameter ideal ground-based telescope and an unresolved star: every second, over a patch the size of the seeing-enlarged image of the star, 35 photons arrive from the star and 3500 from air-glow. So, over an hour, roughly $0.2 µm$ arrive from the air-glow, and approximately $6 Hz$ arrive from the source; so the S/N ratio is about:
 * $$\frac{1.3 \times 10^5}{\sqrt{1.3 \times 10^7}} \approx 36.$$

We can compare this with "real" answers from exposure time calculators. For an 8 m unit Very Large Telescope telescope, according to the FORS exposure time calculator, 40 hours of observing time are needed to reach V = 28, while the 2.4 m Hubble only takes 4 hours according to the ACS exposure time calculator. A hypothetical 8 m Hubble telescope would take about 30 minutes.

It should be clear from this calculation that reducing the view field size can make fainter objects more detectable against the airglow; unfortunately, adaptive optics techniques that reduce the diameter of the view field of an Earth-based telescope by an order of magnitude only as yet work in the infrared, where the sky is much brighter. A space telescope isn't restricted by the view field, since it is not affected by airglow.

Induced airglow

Scientific experiments have been conducted to induce airglow by directing high-power radio emissions at the Earth's ionosphere. These radiowaves interact with the ionosphere to induce faint but visible optical light at specific wavelengths under certain conditions. The effect is also observable in the radio frequency band, using ionosondes.

Experimental observation
SwissCube-1 is a Swiss satellite operated by Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. The spacecraft is a single unit CubeSat, which was designed to conduct research into airglow within the Earth's atmosphere and to develop technology for future spacecraft. Though SwissCube-1 is rather small (10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm) and weighs less than 1 kg, it carries a small telescope for obtaining images of the airglow. The first SwissCube-1 image came down on 18 February 2011 and was quite black with some thermal noise on it. The first airglow image came down on 3 March 2011. This image has been converted to the human optical range (green) from its near-infrared measurement. This image provides a measurement of the intensity of the airglow phenomenon in the near-infrared. The range measured is from 500 to 61400 photons, with a resolution of 500 photons.

Observation of airglow on other planets
The Venus Express spacecraft contains an infrared sensor which has detected near-IR emissions from the upper atmosphere of Venus. The emissions come from nitric oxide (NO) and from molecular oxygen. Scientists had previously determined in laboratory testing that during NO production, ultraviolet emissions and near-IR emissions were produced. The UV radiation had been detected in the atmosphere, but until this mission, the atmosphere-produced near-IR emissions were only theoretical.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Airglow


text:
Talk:Baugur Group

The company was never called Baugúr, just Baugur.

Too promotional
I think this article needs a major overhaul. The fluffy text about their strategy is like reading a brochure from the company. Every investment company says those things. Wikipedia text should be much more factual. The really interesting things about Bogur and the flamboyant Jón Ásgeir Jóhannesson are basically missing. There is no explanation to the quite astonishing de-listing, and you have to swicth to the page about Jóhannesson to find out about the court case - and even there it is very vaguely described. Finally, the English needs a major overhaul. Thomas Blomberg 01:17, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Well Thomas, I found it very useful, but then i've read a lot of corporate stuff in my time! Just checking up on the company after reports that it might be interested in House of Fraser. For those who will extend the article further, the very high growth into UK retail is worth describing in detail (of which i know little detail - sorry). -thanks - Jon.

Baugur assets
a recent summary by Reuters. No time to add the information by myself. --Michkalas (talk) 01:26, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Baugur Group


text:
Talk:Minneapolis–Saint Paul

"The Cities"
In the 4th paragraph there is an uncited claim that the Twin Cities area being known simply as 'the cities' in the greater Midwest. I have lived in North Dakota, Iowa, and Illinois and have not heard this from anyone, except those from the Twin Cities area. Can anyone substantiate the claim that this is known throughout the Midwest? Otherwise I think the Midwest part should be left out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.31.230.116 (talk) 02:29, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * As a local I can say it’s in common use in Minnesota. But probably not outside of the state. 174.199.38.59 (talk) 17:29, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

I completely agree. I have lived in St. Paul my entire life and have never heard the Twin Cities referred to that. I think unless anyone can find a reliable source for this, then it should be removed. Twinsfan133 (talk) 03:30, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I live in southeast Minnesota and when talking to other people, I've almost always heard the area be called "the Cities". It might not be common throughout the Midwest or inside the Cities themselves, though. 198.174.37.44 (talk) 13:09, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

Volunteerism
Per New Federal Report Shows Greatest Spike in Volunteers Since 2003, a press release issued today by the Corporation for National & Community Service on community volunteerism: "Minneapolis-St. Paul once again ranked number one among large cities at 37.4%, followed by Portland, OR (37.1%), Salt Lake City, UT (35.8%), Seattle, WA (34.9%), and Oklahoma City, OK (33.9%)." Perhaps a place could be found for this. Kablammo (talk) 23:30, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Twins picture
The picture of the Twins at the Metrodome should be replaced by one of them at Target Field. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.219.107 (talk) 20:19, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

The title of this article
The title of this article should be Minneapolis - St. Paul. Some people seem to find it hard to believed how much better this looks to the human eye, and how it is that such things have been written this way for centuries. It is simply more attractive, and easier to read, too. In any case, Minneapolis - St. Paul should redirect to this article. 98.81.21.201 (talk) 05:03, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Lets rename the article to The Twin Cities its more representative of the whole metro area and is the more commonly used phasing. 174.199.38.59 (talk) 17:31, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

Area Highways
Someone put these lists into the Minneapolis article, but since most of these roads don't go through the city, they'd be more appropriate here. Maybe the lists can be worked in eventually. The Minnesota state highways list probably took some effort to compile, so it'd be nice to see that somewhere someday. —User:Mulad (talk) 22:13, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Interstate highways include:
 * Interstate 94
 * Interstate 394
 * Interstate 494
 * Interstate 694
 * Interstate 35W
 * Interstate 35E

U.S. highways include:
 * U.S. Highway 8
 * U.S. Highway 10
 * U.S. Highway 12
 * U.S. Highway 52
 * U.S. Highway 61
 * U.S. Highway 169
 * U.S. Highway 212

Minnesota state highways inlcude:
 * MN 5 (Gaylord to Stillwater)
 * MN 7 (Beardsley to St. Louis Park)
 * MN 13 (Albert Lea to St. Paul)
 * MN 21 (Fairbault to Jordan)
 * MN 25 (Belle Plaine to Brainerd)
 * MN 36 (Roseville to Stillwater)^
 * MN 41 (Shakopee to Shorewood)^
 * MN 47 (Minneapolis to Aitkin)
 * MN 50 (Farmington to New Trier)
 * MN 51 (St. Paul to Arden Hills)^
 * MN 55 (Tenney to Hastings)
 * MN 56 (Spring Valley to Hampton)
 * MN 62 (Eden Prairie to Fort Snelling)^
 * MN 65 (Minneapolis to Littlefork)
 * MN 77 (Apple Valley to Minneapolis)^
 * MN 95 (St. Cloud to Cottage Grove)
 * MN 96 (White Bear Lake to Stillwater)^
 * MN 97 (Forest Lake to Scandia)^
 * MN 100 (Bloomington to Brooklyn Center)^
 * MN 101 (Rogers to Elk River)
 * MN 110 (Mendota Heights to Inver Grove Heights)^
 * MN 121 (Richfield to Minneapolis)^
 * MN 149 (Eagan to St. Paul)^
 * MN 156 (Inver Grove Heights to St. Paul)^
 * MN 242 (Coon Rapids to Blaine)^
 * MN 243 (MN-95 to WI-State Line)^
 * MN 252 (Brooklyn Center to Brooklyn Park)^
 * MN 280 (St. Paul to Roseville)^
 * MN 282 (Jordan to Prior Lake)^
 * MN 284 (Cologne to Waconia)^
 * MN 291 (Hastings)^
 * MN 312 (Eden Prairie)^ (Will be US 212 in future)
 * MN 316 (Red Wing to Hastings)
 * MN 610 (Maple Grove to Blaine)^

^Notes that both termini of the highway are located within the 7-county twin cities metropolitian area.

Best-known twin cities
"There are many other places around the world that are considered twin cities, but Minneapolis-St. Paul is the most well-known." Can this be substantiated? If not it should be removed. pomegranate 23:31, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Do a search for "Twin Cities" on google and see how many of them link to Minnesota based sites. The majority of them do. -User:puppetrevolt

University of Minnesota
Region summary stated that both Minneapolis and St. Paul share portions of the University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus. The Twin Cities campus is actually shared between Minneapolis and Falcon Heights, a St. Paul suburb. user Jakeh Oct 25, 2005

 * Substantiating source, from the City of Falcon Heights Web Site http://www.ci.falcon-heights.mn.us/newresidents/maptest.html

 * That is still considered to be Saint Paul, I'm sure to the dismay of those in Falcon Heights. The entire Saint Paul campus uses Saint Paul in its address. Also, the Minnesota Fairgrounds is listed with a Saint Paul address. http://www.mnstatefair.org/pages/geninfo_main.html

 * Just because they use Saint Paul in their address doesn't mean they're in Saint Paul. They're not.  I've lived in several suburbs and I received mail in all three which had my city listed as Minneapolis.  As long as the ZIP code is correct, the USPS will deliver it.  I suspect the campus and the State Fair might choose to use "St. Paul" simply because it's a bigger city that people know about rather than listing themselves as located in Falcon Heights, a fairly obscure suburb. Gopherguy | Talk 20:30, 1 June 2015 (UTC)

Climate
"The lowest temperature ever reported at the station was -34° F on January 22, 1936; the highest, 108°, was reported on July 14 of the same year" what exactly is the station? The airport? Because I know for a fact this is not the coldest temp ever in the state.--Gephart 19:28, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The official National Weather Service station, which is located at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. Local air temperatures may differ, but the readings at the airport are what's used to determine the official records. Iceberg3k 20:26, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
 * It should be common sense: the official weather reports for cities and metropolitan areas are generally measured at the major airports. Why? Aviators have always needed good weather reports and forecasts at the airports.

98.81.21.201 (talk) 04:54, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Photos
I'm planning on taking a day and doing some photography around the Twin Cities. Is there anything in particular editors interested in the Twin Cities would like? I'm hoping to do it this week, probably Thursday. Let me know on my talk page if you have suggestions. Thanks! Rx StrangeLove 01:36, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The weather has been cool and overcast this past week so I waited...I'm planning on going out this week. Maybe Wednesday...so any suggestions will be welcome! Rx StrangeLove 01:36, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Intro: Economy
This parenthetical phrase in the opening section--describing Minnesota's economy--is a bit grandiose to be of a scholarly tone:

"...(many people in the area are drawn from these states by the perpetually healthy economy and flourishing cultural scene)." Nandapanda 03:19, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

History
I adjusted the writing on the history page to be more suitable for Wikipedia from its previous version. However, it seems like a very vague, very general description of the areas' history. If anyone has any other specific resources to add that would be great.

In the History section, there is no mention of the early computer industry. Major companies of the time were Honeywell, Burroughs, Sperry-Univac, Control Data, and IBM. I know that at least three of these had headquarters in the Twin Cities. Also Hazeltine & LSI, which made terminals were located in the Twin Cities. --71.214.223.133 (talk) 04:45, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Intro: Economy
I removed "The Cities are seen as the economic engine of the entire Upper Midwest." Like the above-mentioned economic comment, it is a bit grandiose and it's factually wrong. The wiki definition of Upper Midwest is broad and includes Metro Detroit and Chicagoland, two areas that are both significantly larger in population and economy than the Twin Cities.

Cities in metropolitan area
Hello. Do you think this template is useful or wasteful of space? Townships are omitted. The data comes from the "Cities and towns" section of each county: Anoka, Carver, Chisago, Dakota, Hennepin, Isanti, Pierce (Wisconsin), Ramsey, Scott, Sherburne, St. Croix (Wisconsin), and Wright and could have mistakes (especially in the cases of two possible links: City, State and City (town), State). For now I added the template in the external links for Minneapolis. -Susanlesch 01:09, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I like it, although I think it might be pared down somewhat. In theory it should be limited to towns that are bedroom communities for the Twin Cities and I think some of the outlying towns are more stand-alone communities (e.g. New Richmond, Wisconsin).  What % of the residents commute to the Cities?  --Appraiser 12:49, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * All the "Wisconsin" repeats have been cut so now it is shorter. Do you think it would be fair to include one of either 1) the seven counties, or 2) all thirteen? That would be much easier to do (or is already done). If you need something more detailed maybe someone else will volunteer. -Susanlesch 23:42, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Culture: Arts & Entertainment
I've heard the most theater seats per capita stat both as other than new york and including new york as it is here. Does anyone know of a source for this stat? Currently it is completely unsubstantiated.Arcturus21 17:48, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

I have only visited Minneapolis once, but was most impressed by the fabulous art museums. It would be nice to see someone tackle that subject here. Andrew

 * The articles St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis cover the museums within the city pretty well. This article is the least developed of the three, and attempts to cover metro-area topics that are not appropriate within the other two articles (e.g. all the same headings, but as they relate to suburbia)--Appraiser 19:41, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Wisconsin
Hello. If the U.S. Census counts two counties in Wisconsin, would those sports teams belong in the table? How about TV and radio stations? I added the Wisconsin state template, a photo of Maiden Rock and added History of Wisconsin and Sports in Wisconsin to the templates for now. -Susanlesch 05:41, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Can somebody enlighten me which of the so-called “2 counties” under the jurisdiction of either of these 2 cities fall within the Badger State limits? —Mohd.maaz864 (talk) 19:19, 5 June 2020 (UTC)

What happened?
When I opened the article all I could see was white space. I'll remove the code that made that happen so the page displays correctly, I'm not familiar with how to fix it. What is the intent of it? Gopher backer 19:24, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * No idea what happened but I am glad you fixed it. -Susanlesch 23:49, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

citation needed in lead section
Would this link satisfy that statement? I'm not very familiar on how reliable the information from this site is. http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-Midwest/Saint-Paul-History.html. Gopher backer 19:31, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I think that source confirms what the article says.--Appraiser 21:33, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

St. Cloud
I noticed that the Greater Minnesota article claims St. Cloud too. Is that a conflict that should be sorted out?--Appraiser 14:26, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi. Greater Minnesota has a merge proposal, do you know why? I am not familiar with the term. In case it helps, for reference, Combined Statistical Area and Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas link to Minneapolis-Saint Paul through a redirect for Minneapolis-St. Paul-St. Cloud, MN-WI CSA that appears to have been created in February 2007. -Susanlesch 15:37, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Some of us think the text in Greater Minnesota should just be incorporated into Regions of Minnesota.
 * If St. Cloud is included in the metro area, than I don't think it should also be included in Greater Minnesota, do you?--Appraiser 16:08, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree it makes a difference because so many articles try to cover the same geographical and cultural resources. Minnesota has state, county, city, township, twin city, Metropolitan Council planning area, U.S. census UA, MSA, CSA, plus "Greater" and "Outstate", and Wisconsin. As Red Wing is included, then Minneapolis-St. Paul-Rochester MN-WI could be the next U.S. Census product, then Duluth (just looking at the the map and only partly kidding). I 1) don't feel qualified to make the call and 2) trust your opinion. -Susanlesch 03:41, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

History section
The question most relevant to any layman (including myself) reading the history section of this article is "How did these two cities merge?" - the history section does not address this point at all. One might want to improve it on that aspect. User:Krator (t c) 23:01, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The two cities are separate, not merged, sorry for confusion. .:DavuMaya:. 17:06, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Revision
This is my new pet project to be revised. Sorry if your watchlists get flooded. .:DavuMaya:. 17:06, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Peculiar Phrasing in Religion sub-section
While browsing through I came across, "The Twin Cities have always had a Jewish population..." I believe I understand what is meant but the phrasing is odd.Fritigern (talk) 06:56, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes most of the text is written in a sensational way. A prev editor wrote in this smarty-pants fashion that seems to indulge in his own text. It reminds me of various books I read in college about the TC. Oh historians! Feel free to rephrase it yourself. I will be tackling from top down so won't get there for a while. .:DavuMaya:. 07:25, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Census Wars
Could something be added to the rivalry section about the so called "Census War" that happend in the late 19th century? 71.34.12.212 (talk) 17:28, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Map at top of page
I noticed that the picture at the top has been changed to just the seven-county map. I know that is the jurisdiction that the Met Council covers, but that jurisdiction was determined in the 1970s and this map excludes six counties that the census department says are part of the metro area (i.e. Sherburne, etc.). Shouldn't the map be of the entire thirteen-county MSA and not just the seven county area? There is even city bus service to Elk River, for example, and that isn't even in the seven county metro so as far as I'm concerned, except for it being the Met Council's jurisdiction that definition is really outdated. I think the map should be changed. Aaporter 87 (talk) 22:33, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh I thought someone would say that, I'll make a 13-county version. But to clarify, there are different levels of classification of metro areas, no one is more outdated than the other. The 7-county urban area is a census definition that the Met Council adopted, not the other way around. And even though the metro area is spilling out, consider that total residential density is a more significant measure, places like Sherburne are growing but in a very low-density way. .:davumaya:. 23:05, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the region can be defined in a number of ways, but the article is written to cover the 13-county area, IMO.--Appraiser (talk) 14:54, 11 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Excellent - thanks--Appraiser (talk) 13:14, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Media
I would like to see a source for this "For much of the last two decades, WCCO has had the most popular evening newscasts of the area channels." My understanding is that WCCO has been second to KARE for the past couple of decades. --BenFranske (talk) 19:06, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

See discussion at
...WT:NCGN about adding spaces around the dash in the name of the metro area. We now have (and always will have) a redirect from the old name, so you can type anything in and get to the page; if we should redirect from other names, I'll be happy to create more redirects. I didn't see any discussion of the name formatting on this talk page, but if there was discussion and I missed it, please point me in the right direction. - Dan Dank55 (send/receive) 17:33, 6 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think it matters. We always go by Census however but I doubt it says anything on proper usage. davumaya 20:08, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Masjid versus mosque
There appears to be some confusion regarding the correct term to use. Currently the article states : "There are several Islamic Masjids in the area ." I remember it used to say something along the lines of “While there are several masjids in the area the area is still without a proper mosque. “ I couldn't gather what the difference is from mosque but it does acknowledge a difference, which it didn't used to. Well a recent article from the Strib says " There are 35 mosques scattered throughout the Twin Cities, he added, but a number of them are small." Strib As it isn't a direct quote I wouldn't be surprised if it is misinterpreted. Now the Pioneer Press says there are three mosques, from the title, but then goes on to say that it is the third mosque of the Islamic Institute of Minnesota. Pioneer Press. I can't tell if the institute runs all of the mosques in the Twin Cities. So what's the ruling on the field? How should this be edited? I can't tell otherwise I would. 97.116.19.76 (talk) 04:10, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

Nicknamed
It says "The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities". However, "nicknamed" seems informal, but the road signs use "Twin Cities" as a collective destination to tack a distance in miles onto, at least in Northern Minnesota. Because governmental usage seems to be one of the ways of determining how official something is, maybe it should be reworded. 198.174.37.44 (talk) 13:15, 20 May 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No move. Cúchullain t/ c 17:58, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Minneapolis–Saint Paul → Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area – While "Minneapolis–Saint Paul" is commonly used to refer to the Twin Cities metropolitan area, this term can be confusing. Does "Minneapolis–Saint Paul" refer to the two cities jointly, or does it refer to the two cities plus the surrounding metropolitan area? Please see Wikipedia talk:Article titles. Buaidh 17:58, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose Sorry, I'm not seeing it. The name obviously refers to a metro area, and I think it's one that's known widely enough as to not be ambiguous. --BDD (talk) 23:02, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose per BDD -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 04:09, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Per WP:COMMONNAME. As the OP stated, "'Minneapolis–Saint Paul' is commonly used to refer to the Twin Cities metropolitan area". Explaining the actual definition of the term is the lead section's job. Zzyzx11 (talk) 04:49, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose And some effort needs to be made for some consistency in this region. Would Twin Cities or The Twin Cities be a better title?  We currently have an article Climate of the Twin Cities so if this isn't changed, that should be changed to Climate of Minneapolis-Saint Paul.  I'd go as far as saying The Cities is a more correct title in terms of WP:COMMONNAME than "Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area", probably more correct than "Minneapolis-Saint Paul". Ryan Vesey 05:00, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Semi-protected edit request on 26 July 2014
under the Examplessection for Asia, and then under the sub-section of Historical add the cities of Ctesiphon and Selucia as an example

75.186.141.236 (talk) 01:52, 26 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Are you sure you're requesting this on the right article?  Anon 126   (notify me of responses! / talk / contribs) 05:40, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

2015 Population
MINNEAPOLIS (WCCO) — The Twin Cities metro region has set a record for population with more than three million residents, according to the latest data from the U.S. Census Bureau.

The census released its population estimates for 2015 on Thursday, and it showed an increase in population by more than 162,000 people for the seven-county Twin Cities metro region since 2010. That region includes Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott and Washington Counties.

As of July 1, 2015, the estimated population for the region is at 3,012,117, which is a 5.7 percent increase from five years ago.

http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2016/03/24/twin-cities-surpasses-3-million-residents/?cid=facebook_WCCO-TV_|_CBS_Minnesota — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.67.101.130 (talk) 19:58, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:08, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

St. Paul
Excuse me, but in Minnesota, where I grew up, everyone and I mean everyone writes it St. Paul, not "Saint Paul." The local daily paper always has been known as the St. Paul Pioneer Press, though in the digital age it has arrogated to itself the online tag twincities.com, which is merely marketing. (Cf. St. Paul Pioneer Press.) I can't imagine any rationale whatever for calling the city Saint Paul on Wiki. It's counter-intuitive and does not correspond to reality. Sca (talk)
 * PS: I'm posting this also at Talk:Minneapolis–Saint Paul, as the Twin Cities' core cities always have been written Minneapolis-St. Paul. Sca (talk) 14:21, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

Climate
"The average annual temperature at the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport is 45.4 °F (7.4 °C); 3.5 °F (−15.8 °C) colder than Winona, Minnesota, and 8.8 °F (−12.9 °C) warmer than Roseau, Minnesota."

It is wrong to convert 3.5 °F and 8.8 °F to centigrade as absolute values in this context, when comparing two measurements. A temperature change in 1 °C is equal to 1.8 °F change, so 3.5 °F colder would be 1.9 °C colder, while 8.8 °F warmer means 4.9 °C warmer. "-12.9 °C warmer" is quite a nonsense. Kind regards, 87.143.214.133 (talk) 14:05, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

✅ Thanks for catching and reporting this. I've fixed the improper template parameter. Mojoworker (talk) 22:50, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Minneapolis–Saint Paul's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "QF": From Benton County, Minnesota:  From Kern County, California:  From Mille Lacs County, Minnesota:  From McLeod County, Minnesota:  From Carver County, Minnesota:  From Hennepin County, Minnesota:  From Ventura County, California:  <li>From Honolulu County, Hawaii: </li> <li>From Washington County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Rice County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Hidalgo County, Texas: </li> <li>From Goodhue County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From San Joaquin County, California: </li> <li>From Ramsey County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Wright County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Dakota County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Lee County, Florida: </li> <li>From Sherburne County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Isanti County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Sibley County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Greater St. Louis: </li> <li>From Chisago County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Madison, Wisconsin, metropolitan statistical area: </li> <li>From Denver: </li> <li>From Le Sueur County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Anoka County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From Pima County, Arizona: </li> <li>From Pierce County, Wisconsin: </li> <li>From Scott County, Minnesota: </li> <li>From San Diego County, California: </li> <li>From St. Croix County, Wisconsin: </li> <li>From Brevard County, Florida: </li> <li>From Stearns County, Minnesota: </li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:46, 20 July 2017 (UTC)

Cities and Suburbs
This section totally leaves out both Duluth and Rochester. Rochester has a population of roughly 114,000 and Duluth has a population of roughly 86,000. Wayne S (talk) 01:54, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Similar to Mankato, Duluth and Rochester were left off because they are not considered part of the Twin Cities area. 2620:160:E708:6:0:0:0:B (talk) 19:02, 6 March 2023 (UTC)

Map
Needs map showing location in context of continental US. · · · Peter Southwood (talk): 10:06, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 2 March 2020
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved to the proposed title at this time, per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 15:17, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

Minneapolis–Saint Paul → Twin Cities – WP:COMMONNAME, by far. Ngrams data "Twin Cities" is consistent with other named metropolitan areas anchored by multiple cities, such as Inland Empire and Hampton Roads. Note how "Twin Cities" capitalized is much more common than the generic twin cities, showing that the Minnesota city pair is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. feminist (talk) 05:29, 2 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose as the current title meets more WP:CRITERIA (especially recognizability and precision) than the proposed one. -- Netoholic @ 14:50, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I'll quote here: People don't say "I live in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area", they'd say instead "I live in/near Minneapolis", or "I live in the Twin Cities", or "I'm from Minnesota". feminist (talk) 05:48, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * That strikes me as extremely anecdotal, and probably only people that are local to that area would use "Twin Cities". But we cannot make a decision on a page name based on what a local calls a topic. Those outside of that immediate region, if we're sharing anecdotes, almost always see it called "Minneapolis–Saint Paul" (or actually more often as "Minneapolis-St. Paul"), especially because that is the name used for the airport, naval vessels, sections of travel and job search sites, and others. I'd rather retain the most recognizable and precise name to aid the non-local readers.  "Twin Cities" is obscure on its own. -- Netoholic @ 09:24, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Minneapolis–St. Paul is obscure as well. feminist (talk) 06:30, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not convinced that Ngrams is reporting that correctly. I've seen other problems with hyphenated terms before. Also, no guarantee that every "Twin Cities" is referencing these specific cities, rather than other twin cities. -- Netoholic @ 08:21, 7 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The locals probably do refer to it as the Twin Cities even when far from home, but for most of us the better name is the current one. Andrewa (talk) 06:12, 9 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:WORLDVIEW, don't assume all Wikipedia readers are US citizens or aware of everything about the US. Twin Cities also fails WP:PRECISE and seems more like a generic name that could be applied to several places across the globe. Bluesatellite (talk) 09:10, 9 March 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. <b style="color:red">Please do not modify it.</b> Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Possible data discrepancy in infobox
I noticed that the urban area is listed as 1,021.8 sq mi, and the density of the urban area is listed as 1,021.8 people per sq km. Seems highly unlikely that those two numbers would be exactly the same, I wonder if the person typing that section looked at the wrong line of data for one of them. The data in the infobox doesn't have a source listed, where should one look to double-check that? Ianrbuck (talk) 14:21, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for catching that! The error seems to have been introduced on 14:33, May 30, 2020 by User:Shandstorm. They appear to have copied from from List of United States urban areas incorrectly. I've added the source from the article List of United States urban areas. -Eóin (talk) 02:52, 27 May 2021 (UTC)

MSA Historical Population
Shouldn't MSA Historical Population be based on the definition of the MSA at that particular Census? DemocraticLuntz (talk) 20:08, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

Population
Where's the population I don't see it! Tramontana 4217 (talk) 22:23, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Minneapolis–Saint Paul


text:
Trnava Region

The Trnava Region (Trnavský kraj, ; Nagyszombati kerület; Tyrnauer Landschaftsverband) is one of the eight Slovak administrative regions. It was established in 1996, before which date, most of its districts were parts of Bratislava Region which was established on the founding of Czechoslovakia in 1923. It consists of 251 municipalities, from which 16 have a town status. It is the second most densely populated region in Slovakia.

Geography
In the lower, west part of Slovakia, the Trnava region forms a territorial band between the Bratislava Region and the rest of Slovakia, between Austrian and Czech borders in the north and north-west and the Hungarian border in the south. The part north of the Little Carpathians is part of the Záhorie Lowland, with its two subdivisions: hilly Chvojnická pahorkatina and flat Borská nížina. In addition to these, the Myjava Hills and the White Carpathians reach into the area. The fertile Danubian Lowland is located south of the Little Carpathians, again with two subdivisions: the Danubian Flat in the south, containing river island of Žitný ostrov (Rye Island) and the Danubian Hills in the north, where it also borders the Považský Inovec range app. on the line Hlohovec - Piešťany - border with the Trenčín Region. Major rivers are the Danube on the Hungarian border, with part of the Gabčíkovo Dam, Little Danube, which creates with Danube the island of Žitný ostrov, Váh in the east, Dudváh in the centre, and Morava River in the north-west, along the Austrian and Czech borders. The region borders: Austrian Lower Austria and Czech South Moravian Region in the north-west, Trenčín Region in the north, Nitra Region in the east, Hungarian Győr-Moson-Sopron county in the south and Bratislava Region in the west.

Demographics
In terms of population, the region is smallest of all Slovak regions. However, the population density is 136 PD/km2 (2020-06-30/-07-01), that is more than Slovak average (110 per km2). Largest towns are Trnava, Piešťany, Hlohovec, Dunajská Streda and Sereď. The level of urbanization is around 49%, represented by inhabitants living in 16 towns. According to the 2001 census, the region had 551,003 inhabitants, with Slovaks forming a majority (73.9%), but there is a significant Hungarian minority in the south (23.7%), forming a majority in the Dunajská Streda District (87%) and are notably represented in the Galanta District (41%). Other minorities are the Czechs and Roma (<1%).

Economy
The region is quite productive in both industry and agriculture. The proximity to the capital city of Bratislava is an asset, as many Trnava residents travel daily to work there. Lately, multinational manufacturing companies such as Peugeot or Samsung settled in the region.

Politics
The current governor of the Trnava region is Jozef Viskupič (OĽaNO). He won with 42,9 % of the vote. In the 2017 elections to the regional parliament the results were as follows:

Administrative division
The Trnava Region consists of 7 districts. There are 251 municipalities in the region of which 16 are towns.

Places of interest

 * Trnava with City Tower, Saint Nicolas Church, city walls, Saint John the Baptist Cathedral, etc.
 * Skalica with its historical centre
 * Holíč and its castle
 * Church of Saint Margaret of Antioch in Kopčany
 * Šaštín-Stráže basilica
 * Piešťany - spa town
 * Galanta neogothic chateau
 * Water wheel mills on Little Danube river in: Jelka, Dunajský Klátov, Tomášikovo, etc.
 * Smolenice Castle
 * Driny cave
 * Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area
 * Dunajské luhy Protected Landscape Area

Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bratislava, Slovakia"

 * Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1701-1896 (parish B)

title: Trnava Region


text:
Louisiana School for the Deaf

The Louisiana School for the Deaf is a state school for deaf and hard-of-hearing students in Louisiana, located in Baton Rouge, the state capital. It was established in 1852 as a joint school for blind students. In 1860, its first purpose-built facility was completed and admired as an elegant monument to philanthropy. The schools were divided in 1898, and in 1908, Louisiana School for the Deaf was renamed.

Construction of facilities has continued over the years. In 1978, black students were absorbed when their school was merged into this one. The expanded school now has 22 major buildings, including a football stadium, on a 116-acre campus south of Louisiana State University on Brightside Lane. In 2009, the Louisiana School for the Visually Impaired (LSVI) was relocated here.

Admission/Enrollment
Louisiana School for the Deaf offers a comprehensive pre-K–12 education for Louisiana's deaf and hard-of-hearing children ages 3–18 at no cost to their families.

Enrolling at the Louisiana School for the Deaf is possible by:
 * Parental application: At each IEP conference, parents have the right to review the choices of educational placements available to their child. Louisiana law (Act 433) empowers parents to choose between the program offered by their local school system and the program offered by LSD. Parents can apply directly to LSD at any time during the school year.
 * State Department of Education (SDE) referral: The local school system can refer a deaf/hard-of-hearing student to LSD through the SDE.
 * The local school system can refer a deaf/hard-of-hearing student to LSD for an evaluation by the LSD Statewide Assessment Center for the Hearing Impaired (SWAC-HI) to determine levels of performance and program needs. The student attends LSD during the evaluation process.

History
Before 1838, wealthy families provided private tutors for their deaf children (as for their hearing children) or paid for the children to attend a school for the deaf outside Louisiana. There was no public education in the state. The 1838 Louisiana legislature passed an act on January 16, 1838, to provide state-supported education of deaf white children by enrolling them at other state schools. As a result, 11 children from Louisiana were enrolled at state cost at the Kentucky School for the Deaf.

In 1852, Francis Dubose Richardson, a member of the General Assembly, introduced a bill to provide $25,000 and empowered a Board of Administrators to oversee the establishment of the Louisiana Institute for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. The bill was passed in March 1852 and approved by the governor. The seven board members were authorized to buy land, make contracts, and do whatever was necessary to begin the school. The first school was held in the former Baton Rouge College (now the Mayflower North campus). The board recruited James Smedley Brown from the Indiana Asylum of the Deaf and Dumb as superintendent. On December 8, 1852, the 11 Louisiana students and Brown arrived in Baton Rouge.

Notable achievements during 1852–1860 were completion of the state Administration Building on the campus, just south of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. The building was acclaimed as one of the most elaborate and elegant for that era. The new Administration Building was completed in 1858 and stood for 99 years. It was described by the Daily Gazette and Comet on July 21, 1857, as "the proud monument to the Christian philanthropy of the Sugar Bowl State."

The school hired a woman teacher, and began to include vocational training as part of the program. At the request of the school, the legislature appropriated funds for the purchase of a printing press and fonts. The school taught printing as a vocational skill. A carpenter on campus was enlisted to teach carpentry skills.

In 1860, the school had 60 students. By 1862, there were 72 students. As the fighting of the American Civil War drew closer to Baton Rouge during the Mississippi campaign, parents pulled their children out and only orphans remained at the school. Early in 1862, staff and students spotted gunboats on the Mississippi. The Union army found the school an easy target. A cannonball was said to be shot through the wide first-floor hall, landing at the rear of the school. Principal Martin and matron Mary Dufrocq ran to the riverbank a half-mile away and begged the commander to stop shooting and save the school. The Union Army took over the school as a hospital to care for federal soldiers.

In January 1863, the federal troops again seized Baton Rouge and the school, using it as a temporary hospital. Schooling continued. The soldiers ruined the printing equipment. But there was an advantage to having troops on site; General Augur permitted full rations to the school. From 1863 to 1867, the children had enough food and fuel.

On October 15, 1869, a fire destroyed the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy at Pineville. After the fire, governor Warmoth asked the board and administrators and superintendent J.A. McWhorter to use half of the deaf school for the seminary.

Major John Patton, professor of Greek at Louisiana State University, was appointed superintendent. Among his first tasks was to arrange for the deaf students to be relocated to another location. They used the former Heroman Building, on Church and Florida Streets (opposite the former State-Times and Morning Advocate building), as the third location of the school.

In 1884, the school had 56 students when Dr. John Jastremski was appointed superintendent. On taking office in 1885, he appointed Edith S. Rambo, who was trained at the Clarke School for the Deaf, as the first oral teacher. The student-operated Deaf Mute Pelican, the forerunner of The Pelican, began publication in 1859. In 1892, the print shop and sewing department were enlarging. Carpentry, cabinet making, and glazing were taught. In 1892, another articulation teacher was hired, and a shoe shop installed.

The 1898 act separated the two schools for deaf and blind students and set up two boards. It established goals of both sets of children receiving a good education, instruction in hygiene and physical culture (physical education), and industrial (vocational) training, felt to be the key to the changing industrial society. Basketball was brought for the girls and the boys played football. Superintendent S.T. Walker lobbied to change the institution's name to reflect its mission. On July 8, 1908, a bill changing the name to the Louisiana School for the Deaf became law.

Southern School for the Deaf (SSD) (1938-1978)
The segregated State School for the Blind and Deaf for Blacks, founded by the Reconstruction-era legislature in the late 1860s with other welfare institutions, was later put under the supervision of Southern University, a historically black college. In 1938, it was separated into two schools, as had been done for white children: the School for the Blind and the School for the Deaf. That year, superintendent Dr. J.S. Clark was succeeded by his son, Dr. Felton G. Clark, at the School for the Deaf. In 1978, state of Louisiana merged the Southern School for the Deaf with LSD. Black students were relocated to the Mayflower Campus (North Campus). They occupied this area until 1985, and completion of more of the new buildings on what is now described as the South Campus on Brightside Lane, south of Louisiana State University.

This 116-acre Brightside campus now holds the 22 major working buildings of the school. In 2009, the Louisiana School for the Visually Impaired (LSVI) was relocated here.

Campus
The school has dormitories for students.

Athletics
LSD athletics competes in the LHSAA.

Football and Homecoming was brought back in 2010. Other sports offered include: girls' volleyball, girls' & boys' basketball, girls' & boys track and field, and girls' & boys' powerlifting.

Athletic facilities
LSD has several gyms, an indoor swimming pool, and a racketball court along with tennis courts and bowling lanes.

School mascots

 * Mustangs (1???-1978): the first school mascot.
 * Wolves (1938–1978): Southern School for the Deaf mascot.
 * War Eagles (1978–present): When LSD and SSD merged, school officials asked the students to vote for a new mascot.

Superintendents/Directors
Note: * died in office, # reappointed, ^ longest years in service, @ acting, % superintendent title has been dropped and renamed director to the title as of 2006, **' retired as of October 10, 2008, & interim director

==References==

title: Louisiana School for the Deaf


text:
Monterrey platyfish

The Monterrey platyfish (Xiphophorus couchianus) is a species of freshwater fish in family Poecilidae. A live-bearer, it was native to a very small section of the San Juan River system (itself part of the Rio Grande basin) in the vicinity of the city of Monterrey, Mexico. The specific name refers to the American soldier and naturalist Darius N. Couch (1822–1897) who collected the type on a self financed expedition to Mexico.

Appearance
The Monterrey platyfish is a dull-colored fish, appearing not unlike a female guppy. Another form, sometimes referred to as X. aff. couchianus, was discovered in Apodaca, central Monterrey, in 1983. It has large black blotching, unlike the typical, unspotted form from the Huasteca Canyon. Whether the Apodaca form represents a separate species is presently unclear.

Sexual dimorphism is moderate, the male Monterrey platyfish growing to a maximum overall length of 4 cm and the female 6 cm.

Conservation
IUCN lists the Monterrey platyfish as "extinct in the wild". Although once found more widely in the region of Monterrey, populations have been lost to urban sprawl, with water habitats either drying up (due to land reclamation and water extraction) or being heavily polluted. Introduced species is another threat. "Safety populations" are maintained in captivity by the Centro de Resguardo para Peces en Peligro de Extinción at Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico (maintaining both the typical form and X. aff. couchianus), Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center at Texas State University, United States (maintaining typical form), via the American Livebearer Association that mostly includes private aquarists in the United States (maintaining typical form), and by XNP conservation project members, which include public aquariums, universities and private aquarists in several European countries and the United States (maintaining typical form). The species has proven harder to maintain in captivity than most Xiphophorus species.

The Monterrey platyfish shares the title as northernmost naturally distributed Xiphophorus with the closely related northern platyfish (X. gordoni) and marbled swordtail (X. meyeri), which are two species that also are restricted to northeastern Mexico and seriously threatened.

title: Monterrey platyfish


text: User talk:207.102.176.103

title: User talk:207.102.176.103


text: Category:Argentine attack aircraft

title: Category:Argentine attack aircraft


text:
Handke

Handke is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Johann Christoph Handke (1694–1774), Moravian baroque painter
 * Peter Handke (born 1942), Austrian writer and playwright
 * Rebecca Handke (born 1986), German pair skater

title: Handke


text:
Photoionization

Photoionization is the physical process in which an ion is formed from the interaction of a photon with an atom or molecule.

Cross section
Not every interaction between a photon and an atom, or molecule, will result in photoionization. The probability of photoionization is related to the photoionization cross section of the species – the probability of an ionization event conceptualized as a hypothetical cross-sectional area. This cross section depends on the energy of the photon (proportional to its wavenumber) and the species being considered i.e. it depends on the structure of the molecular species. In the case of molecules, the photoionization cross-section can be estimated by examination of Franck-Condon factors between a ground-state molecule and the target ion. This can be initialized by computing the vibrations of a molecule and associated cation (post ionization) using quantum chemical software e.g. QChem. For photon energies below the ionization threshold, the photoionization cross-section is near zero. But with the development of pulsed lasers it has become possible to create extremely intense, coherent light where multi-photon ionization may occur via sequences of excitations and relaxations. At even higher intensities (around 1015 – 1016 W/cm2 of infrared or visible light), non-perturbative phenomena such as barrier suppression ionization and rescattering ionization are observed.

Multi-photon ionization
Several photons of energy below the ionization threshold may actually combine their energies to ionize an atom. This probability decreases rapidly with the number of photons required, but the development of very intense, pulsed lasers still makes it possible. In the perturbative regime (below about 1014 W/cm2 at optical frequencies), the probability of absorbing N photons depends on the laser-light intensity I as IN. For higher intensities, this dependence becomes invalid due to the then occurring AC Stark effect.

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) is a technique applied to the spectroscopy of atoms and small molecules in which a tunable laser can be used to access an excited intermediate state.

Above-threshold ionization (ATI) is an extension of multi-photon ionization where even more photons are absorbed than actually would be necessary to ionize the atom. The excess energy gives the released electron higher kinetic energy than the usual case of just-above threshold ionization. More precisely, the system will have multiple peaks in its photoelectron spectrum which are separated by the photon energies, indicating that the emitted electron has more kinetic energy than in the normal (lowest possible number of photons) ionization case. The electrons released from the target will have approximately an integer number of photon-energies more kinetic energy.

Tunnel ionization
When either the laser intensity is further increased or a longer wavelength is applied as compared with the regime in which multi-photon ionization takes place, a quasi-stationary approach can be used and results in the distortion of the atomic potential in such a way that only a relatively low and narrow barrier between a bound state and the continuum states remains. Then, the electron can tunnel through or for larger distortions even overcome this barrier. These phenomena are called tunnel ionization and over-the-barrier ionization, respectively.

title: Photoionization


text:
Talk:Automatische treinbeïnvloeding

SPAD
For completeness, the ATB should also:
 * d) restrict the speed of the train after passing a signal at danger. This was a factor in the Glenbrook rail disaster.

Syd1435 22:23, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)

The image showing "Equipment for the ATB on a DB class 189 locomotive" is not part of the ATB system. In fact, it is part of the German Indusi system. ATB gets its signals via a change of current between the two rails, not via radio signals given from some device near the rails.

Dick.vd.fluit (talk) 01:34, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

Patent
Can somebody clarify how Alstom (or anyone else) can hold a patent on ATB? ATB was invented 50 years ago and patents expire after 20 years. They may have patents on some modern enhancements (ATB+, ATB-Vv), but those are not necessary to conform to the standard, one does not need them to have functioning ATB-EG equipment. PiusImpavidus (talk) 17:26, 25 May 2012 (UTC)
 * OK, according to the dutch wikipedia this is only the case for ATB-NG. Changing it. Anyway, this article is rather vague on the differences between both major versions. PiusImpavidus (talk) 14:47, 11 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automatische treinbeïnvloeding


text: Category:Argentine military aircraft

title: Category:Argentine military aircraft


text:
User talk:QwertyMIDX

Yo Mike what's up? -Wood Thrush 15:56, August 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:QwertyMIDX


text:
User:Nunh-huh/sandbox

Living "Special Guest Villains" from Batman (1966): Glynis Johns, Julie Newmar, John Astin, Joan Collins, Barbara Rush, Dina Merrill and Zsa Zsa Gabor.

=
Idea for a Julian template (but when I tried it the parameters weren't passed to the footnote): ==== Connecticut Freedom Trail In 1995 the General Assembly of Connecticut established the Connecticut Freedom Trail Committee to "recognize the route taken by slaves in their secret journeys on the Underground Railroad. When the trail opened in 1996 it consisted of 60 sites in 30 towns; in 2005, there were 100 sites in 42 towns. The sites are locations associated with the Amisted case of 1839-42, buildings used by the Underground Railroad, and other sites associated with the freedom of African Americans. THe sites are marked by plaques, but some are privately owned and not open to the public.

Barkhamsted, Connecticut Bloomfield, Connecticut Bridgeport, Connecticut Brooklyn, Connecticut Canterbury, Connecticut Colchester, Connecticut Danbury, Connecticut Deep River, Connecticut East Haddam, Connecticut Enfield, Connecticut Farmington, Connecticut Glastonbury, Connecticut Greenwich, Connecticut Griswold, Connecticut Groton, Connecticut Guilford, Connecticut Hampton, Connecticut
 * Lighthouse Archaeological Site at People’s State Forest
 * Francis Gillette House
 * Mary and Eliza Freeman Houses
 * Walters Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church
 * Friendship Valley
 * Old Windham County Courthouse (Brooklyn Town Hall) in the Brooklyn Green Historic District
 * Samuel May House
 * Unitarian Meeting House
 * Prudence Crandall House
 * Benjamin Trumbull House
 * Old District Schoolhouse for Colored Children Site
 * Marian Anderson House on Marianna Farm Way
 * Marian Anderson Studio at 43 Main Street
 * William Winters Neighborhood
 * Venture Smith Gravesite at First Church Cemetery
 * Paul Robeson House
 * Shaker Village
 * Austin F. Williams House and Carriage House
 * Canal House and Pitkin Basin
 * Elijah Lewis House
 * Farmington Historical Society
 * First Church of Christ, Congregational
 * Norton House
 * Reverend Noah Porter House
 * Riverside Cemetery
 * Samuel Deming House
 * Samuel Deming Store
 * Smith-Cowles House
 * Union Hall
 * Kimberly Mansion
 * First Baptist Church
 * Little Bethel A.M.E. Church
 * Glasgo Village
 * Fort Griswold Battlefield State Park
 * James Davis House
 * Theodore Dwight Weld House

Hartford, Connecticut
Hebron, Connecticut Litchfield, Connecticut Manchester, Connecticut Manchester, Connecticut Meriden, Connecticut Middletown, Connecticut Milford, Connecticut
 * African American Memorial
 * Amistad Center for Art & Culture
 * Boce W. Barlow Jr. House
 * Faith Congregational Church (Talcott Street Congregational)
 * Frank T. Simpson House
 * Freedom Trail Quilts at the Connecticut State Library
 * Harriet Beecher Stowe Center
 * Lemuel R. Custis Gravesite
 * Marietta Canty House
 * Mary Townsend Seymour Gravesite at Old North Cemetery
 * Metropolitan A.M.E. Zion Church
 * Old North Cemetery
 * Old State House
 * Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Bushnell Park
 * Union Baptist Church
 * Wilfred X. Johnson House
 * Cesar and Lowis Peters Archaeological Site
 * Solomon Rowe House
 * Tapping Reeve Law School
 * Walter Bunce House
 * Hart Porter House and Outbuilding
 * George Jeffrey House
 * Martha Minerva Franklin Gravesite in Walnut Grove Cemetery
 * Benjamin Douglas House
 * Cross Street A.M.E. Zion Church
 * Leverett Beman Historic District
 * West Burying Ground (Washington Street Cemetery)
 * First Baptist Church
 * Soldiers Monument

New Haven, Connecticut

 * 29th Colored Regiment Monument in Criscuolo Park
 * Amistad Memorial
 * Battell Chapel in Yale University
 * Center Church on the Green
 * Constance Baker Motley House
 * Dixwell Avenue Congregational Church
 * Edward A. Bouchet Monument in Evergreen Cemetery
 * Freedom Schooner Amistad at Long Wharf Pier
 * Goffe Street School
 * Grove Street Cemetery
 * Hannah Gray House
 * Long Wharf
 * New Haven Museum
 * Roger Sherman Baldwin Law Office Site at 123 Church Street
 * Soldiers’ and Sailors Monument at East Rock Park
 * The People’s Center
 * Trowbridge Square Historic District
 * United Church on the Green
 * Varick A.M.E. Zion Church
 * William Lanson Site

New London, Connecticut
Norfolk, Connecticut North Canaan, Connecticut North Stonington, Connecticut Norwalk, Connecticut Norwich, Connecticut Old Lyme, Connecticut Old Saybrook, Connecticut Oxford, Connecticut Plainville, Connecticut Plainville, Connecticut Putnam, Connecticut Stamford, Connecticut Stonington, Connecticut Stratford, Connecticut Torrington, Connecticut Trumbull, Connecticut Vernon, Connecticut Vernon, Connecticut Waterbury, Connecticut West Hartford, Connecticut Westport, Connecticut Wethersfield, Connecticut Wilton, Connecticut Windsor, Connecticut
 * Flora Hercules Gravesite in the Antientist Burial Ground
 * Hempstead Historic District
 * Joshua Hempsted House
 * U.S. Custom House
 * James Mars Gravesite at Center Cemetery
 * Milo Freeland Gravesite at Hillside Cemetery
 * John Randall House
 * Village Creek Historic District
 * Boston Trowtrow Gravesite
 * David Ruggles Gravesite
 * Jail Hill Historic District
 * Steven Peck House
 * James Pharmacy
 * Washband (Washburn) Tavern
 * Redeemer’s A.M.E. Zion Church
 * West Cemetery
 * Thomas Taylor Gravesite at Grove Street Cemetery
 * Jackie Robinson Park of Fame
 * Charles W. Morgan Whaling Vessel at Mystic Seaport
 * Greenmanville Historic District at Mystic Seaport
 * Asa Seymour Curtis House
 * Isaiah Tuttle House
 * John Brown Birthplace Site
 * Uriel Tuttle House
 * Nero Hawley Gravesite at Riverside Cemetery
 * Porter Family Plot at Grove Hill Cemetery
 * Charles Ethan Porter House
 * Hopkins Street Center
 * Bristol Gravesite
 * Green Farms Burying Ground
 * Henry and Lyzette Munroe House
 * Ancient Burying Ground
 * The Ovals
 * Archer Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church
 * Joseph Rainey House
 * Palisado Cemetery
 * Riverside Cemetery
 * William Best House

=
FR:

Bernadette Peters Lora Lee Gayer Florence Lacey Colleen Fitzpatrick Leslie Donna Flesner Mary Beth Peil Ashley Yeater Jayne Houdyshell Jenifer Foote Michael Hayes Terri White Erin N. Moore Frederick Strother Rosalind Elias Leah Horowitz Susan Watson Danielle Jordan Don Correia Elaine Paige Pamela Otterson Jan Maxwell Kirsten Scott Ron Raines Danny Burstein David Sabin Christian Delacroix Nick Verina Clifton Samuels Kiira Schmidt Jenifer Foote Brandon Bieber

title: User:Nunh-huh/sandbox


text:
Talk:Declarative memory

New proposed merger with Explicit memory
Hello,

I took the liberty to ask for a merger again. I understand that you probably have reasons to keep them distinct, but in this case please explain.

 This very article says that they are synonyms, as well as others on related topics (eg Effects of stress on memory). GuitarDemon, you have good points, but if this is true please

 * 1) precise sources;
 * 2) explain it in the article, not in the Talkpage.

Please also see the comment by FrozenMan below.

Cheers, a very interested, although quite confused, reader: Thouny (talk) 01:22, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

I want to chime in, in support of Thouny's new merger proposal. In the seminal publication "The structure and organization of memory", the case is clear: explicit memory and declarative memory are the same thing. All declarative memories are explicit (the idea of a declarative memory being implicit is a contradiction), and all explicit memories are declarative by definition. There is no difference between these, and Wikipedia's separation of these is misleading. Benmotz (talk) 15:59, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merger with Explicit memory
Within biology, the term "explicit memory" is more commonly used than "declarative memory".
 * I think they should be merged into this one.--Jeiki Rebirth 22:17, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Since neurology per definition is referred to the branch of medicine that studies/deals with somatic illness in the nervous system, it is technically wrong to talk about "the neurology of declarative memory" in general. This is why I changed the title to "neuropsychology", which anyway is traditionally the most common branch of science studying biological foundation of memory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.165.60.60 (talk • contribs) 01:41, May 20, 2006

Declarative memory and explicit memory are, while similar, quite different. declarative memory not only deals with experiences but also with facts. for instance, you can remember that something has happened which is basically episodic memory included in explicit memory and declarative) but you can also remember that something can happen as a recalled fact (semantic) which is a type of declarative memory, not explicit. as seperate terms in psychology, declarative and explicit should remain seperate articles on wikipedia, but by all means can each could be mentioned briefly in eachother's articles to help clarify for some people. —Preceding unsigned comment added by GuitarDemon16:36, September 30, 2006 (talk • contribs) |

This merge is a DEFINITE bad idea. They have overlap but are DIFFERENT catagorizationsthuglasT 04:53, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

The problem is, as they stand, neither the explicit memory nor the declarative memory pages tell the difference between the two. The page for declarative memory even goes so far as to say that explicit memory is just another word for declarative memory. Either the pages list the differences between the two, or the two articles, which as of now really talk about the same thing, should be merged. --Mirek2 (talk) 09:25, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

As far as I know, declarative memory IS a synonym for explicit memory, and every book, article, and website I've read on the subject refers to it as such. --Mirek2 (talk) 09:36, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Declarative memory is generally a subdivision of Explicit Memory... Stevenmitchell (talk) 13:24, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

Searching problem
Why don't I find this page when I search for "declaritive memory"? How do I fix this?--Jeiki Rebirth 22:17, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Because you misspelled "declarative memory." Stevenmitchell (talk) 04:46, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Proposed Example
How about using "The apple that I ate during my last visit home was very tasty" (or something like this) an example for episodic memory? This would help the reader understand the difference better. wneo (talk) 07:07, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Hierarchy?
I am a Neuroscience Major at Middlebury College. I am taking a Physiological Psychology class, and I am confused as to the hierarchy of "declarative" and "explicit" memories. The template at the bottom of the page puts them on the same level (along with "procedural" and "implicit" memories), but this is just confusing! I figured I would see what the discussion about merging the two articles was saying, but it appears as though some people use the terms in slightly different ways and are therefore opposed to merging the pages. That having been said, if the two terms are indeed different approaches to explaining memory, then they should not use the same subcategories (i.e. "episodic" and "semantic" memories). If they are part of the same model, however, then people need to agree on where the boundaries of one ends and the next begins. It would be helpful for someone to devise a flowchart to explain the agreed upon hierarchical structure, otherwise one term should be selected and used. —Preceding unsigned comment added by FrozenMan (talk • contribs) 00:40, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

basis for semantic/episodic memory
"Episodic memory is believed by many to be the system that supports and underpins semantic memory" it's the other way around right? Episodic memory has developed from semantic memory?

"The theory holds that episodic memory evolved out of semantic memory: Semantic memory appeared long before episodic memory." -Tuving EPISODIC MEMORY: From Mind to Brain Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2002. 53:1–25

84.49.98.83 (talk) 14:43, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Comprehension issues
The "Types" Section needs to be edited. It just makes no sense.

24.6.133.25 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:30, 4 December 2011 (UTC).

title: Talk:Declarative memory


text:
Michael D. Jones

Michael Daniel Jones (2 March 1822 – 2 December 1898) was a Welsh Congregationalist minister and principal of a theological college, but is best remembered as a founder of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia known as Y Wladfa and as one of the fathers of modern Welsh nationalism.

Jones was born in Llanuwchllyn, Merioneth (Gwynedd) in 1822. After training for the ministry at the Presbyterian College in Carmarthen and afterwards at Highbury College, London, he spent about eighteen months in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he was ordained to the Christian ministry. He returned to Wales and in 1850 he was inducted minister at Bwlchnewydd and Gibeon in Carmarthenshire, before succeeding his father as the principal of Bala Independent College in 1855.

His name is closely linked with the attempt to establish a Welsh settlement in Patagonia, Argentina, in the 1860s where Welsh would be the language of religion, government, trade, and education. The 150th anniversary (28 July 1865) of this Welsh-Argentine settlement in Rawson, Chubut Argentina was celebrated in 2015.

In 1889, Jones became a member of the first Merionethshire County Council, although he had a majority of only eight votes over his Conservative opponent.

Jones is recognised as the first to advocate a political solution to defending Welsh identity and therefore is seen as one of the most significant forerunners of Welsh nationalism.

title: Michael D. Jones


text:
Talk:Sincerity

Untitled
Feelings are qualia and therefore not communicable by ordinary language. Or any language, for that matter. Read Wittgenstein and weep.

The last point in the main article is probably incorrect, and it is also contradicted by the first point under "See Also" as well as the OED and most reputable etymological sources.

Where does the idea that sincerity has been under assault by several modern developments such as psychoanalysis and postmodern developments such as deconstruction? One could view them as ways of getting rid of the barriers that hinder sincerity. Hackwrench 21:42, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Promotion of false etymology
The article seems to want the "without wax" etymology to be true. I've changed the POV "The OED ... sadly informs" to "The OED ... states". The etymologies given seem to be clear that there is no substance to the "without wax" etymology, so why does the article think that the etymology is controversial? "Some people" (these are weasel words) might well believe this false etymology, but that's no reason for the article to be sentimental about it or to promote it as a possibility. — Paul G 08:33, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I went ahead and took out some more things from that section. Calling the first etymology a "story" and "charming" also felt really POV. I figure if the reader gets that far in the article he can make his own judgements about the "without wax" etymology. --Shroom Mage 04:38, 21 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The argument for the OED's statement is never given with source, though. Three citations are given of experts simply stating it's improbable or not correct, but none explaining what evidence ties the word in its Latin form to the earlier Indo-European alternative, or why specifically the "without wax" story is invalid. Wikipedia standards require sources for that sort of definitive statement, so we shouldn't treat an unsourced statement as definitive either. I grew up hearing the "without wax" story, so I probably have a bias, but a source should be found for treating the "one growth" version as definitive. Merennulli (talk) 20:37, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

reference: Digital Fortress
Would it be appropriate to add a reference in the etymology section to Dan Brown's book Digital Fortress, in which one of the characters gives the "without wax" etymology? It is a spoiler and it might not be relevant, so I haven't added it. — Paul G 08:37, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

I think the reference is relevant (and I was just coming over here to post this!) as it shows how many, including an author who prides himself on his research, are easily taken in by this mistaken belief. (I believed it, too, when I read the book, and I bet a lot of other people did as well.) Presumably, the character would have known better than to believe this, so clearly it is the author who did not. 72.131.11.47 19:58, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

The Bad faith article needs help from available editors
The Bad faith article needs help from available editors. HkFnsNGA (talk) 06:16, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Quotations Section
The formatting of the quotations section makes it difficult to read, visually distasteful, aesthetically displeasing, and it sucks.

Actually, I really don't think this section belongs in this article, but maybe that's just me. I'd recommend removing it, or at least cleaning it up somehow or other — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.46.230.101 (talk) 02:56, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sincerity


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/North Carolina subcategories

North Carolina subcategories
North Carolina subcategories was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Delete; nothing more than an unannotated list of all subcategories (and sub-subcategories) falling within Category:North Carolina and a count of how many articles they contained. This can't possibly be accurate for any length of time in light of constant editing; this is already far out of date. Postdlf 22:25, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete not helpful ike9898 01:25, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Isn't the point of category system that is maintains itself ? I mean cat and subcat are automaticaly maintained ? --Gtabary 09:55, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 15:46, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.