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Anthony Fauci

Anthony Stephen Fauci (born December 24, 1940) is an American physician-scientist and immunologist who served as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) from 1984 to 2022, and the chief medical advisor to the president from 2021 to 2022. Fauci was one of the world's most frequently cited scientists across all scientific journals from 1983 to 2002. In 2008, President George W. Bush awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States, for his work on the AIDS relief program PEPFAR.

Fauci received his undergraduate education at the College of the Holy Cross and his Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University. As a physician with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fauci served the American public health sector for more than fifty years and has acted as an advisor to every U.S. president since Ronald Reagan. During his time as director of the NIAID, he made contributions to HIV/AIDS research and other immunodeficiency diseases, both as a research scientist and as the head of the NIAID.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Fauci served under President Donald Trump as one of the lead members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force. His advice was frequently contradicted by Trump, and Trump's supporters alleged that Fauci was trying to politically undermine Trump's run for reelection. After Joe Biden took office, Fauci began serving as one of the lead members of the White House COVID-19 Response Team and as Biden's chief medical advisor. Fauci stepped down on December 31, 2022.

Early life and education
Fauci was born on December 24, 1940, in Brooklyn, New York City, to Stephen A. (1910–2008) and Eugenia Lillian (née Abys; 1909–1965) Fauci as the youngest of two children. His father, a pharmacist, attended Columbia University and owned a drug store. Fauci worked with his mother and sister at the pharmacy's register and also delivered prescriptions. The pharmacy was located in the Dyker Heights section of Brooklyn, directly beneath the family apartment, previously in the Bensonhurst neighborhood. When he was a child, Fauci developed a fascination with World War II, and played basketball and baseball.

Fauci's grandparents immigrated to the United States from Italy in the late 19th century. His paternal grandparents, Antonino Fauci and Calogera Guardino, were from Sciacca, Sicily, and his maternal grandparents were from Naples. His maternal grandmother, Raffaella Trematerra, was a seamstress and his maternal grandfather, Giovanni Abys, was a Swiss-born artist noted for his landscape and portrait painting, magazine illustrations in Italy, as well as graphic design for commercial labels. Fauci grew up Catholic, but also considers himself a humanist who "has faith in the goodness of mankind", stating that he thinks "that there are a lot of things about organized religion that are unfortunate, and [that he tends] to like to stay away from it." In December 2023, Fauci stated that he still considers himself a Roman Catholic, but he does not practice his faith anymore for "a number of complicated reasons"; clarifying his relationship with the Catholic Church, he stated: "I’m not against it. I identify myself as a Catholic. I was raised, I was baptized, I was confirmed, I was married in the Church. My children were baptized in the Church. But as far as practicing it, it seems almost like a pro forma thing that I don’t really need to do."

Fauci attended Regis High School, a competitive Jesuit school on Manhattan's Upper East Side, where he captained the school's basketball team despite standing only 5ft 7in tall. He decided halfway through high school to become a physician. After graduating in 1958, Fauci enrolled in the College of the Holy Cross, graduating in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in classics with a pre-med track. Fauci then attended Cornell University's Medical College (now Weill Cornell Medicine), graduating with a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1966 ranked first in his class. At Cornell, he focused on adult internal medicine, mainly infectious diseases and the immune system. Fauci then did an internship and residency in internal medicine at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center (now Weill Cornell Medical Center).

Career
After completing his medical residency in 1968, Fauci joined the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a clinical associate in the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases's (NIAID) Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (LCI). He became head of the LCI's Clinical Physiology Section in 1974, and in 1980 was appointed chief of the NIAID's Laboratory of Immunoregulation. He became director of the NIAID in 1984. Fauci has been offered the position of director of the NIH several times, but has declined each time.

Fauci has been at the forefront of U.S. efforts to contend with viral diseases like HIV/AIDS, SARS, the Swine flu, MERS, Ebola, and COVID-19. He played a significant role in the early 2000s in creating the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and in driving development of biodefense drugs and vaccines following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Fauci has been a visiting professor at many medical centers and has received numerous honorary doctorates from universities in the U.S. and abroad.

Medical achievements
Fauci has made important scientific observations that contributed to the understanding of the regulation of the human immune response and is recognized for delineating the mechanisms whereby immunosuppressive agents adapt to that response. He developed therapies for formerly fatal diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. In a 1985 Stanford University Arthritis Center Survey, members of the American Rheumatism Association ranked Fauci's work on the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and granulomatosis with polyangiitis as one of the most important advances in patient management in rheumatology over the previous 20 years.

Fauci discovered how to re-dose cancer drugs in a way that turned a 98 percent mortality rate of the disorder vasculitis into a 93 percent remission rate.

Fauci has contributed to the understanding of how HIV destroys the body's natural defense system, progressing to AIDS. He has outlined the mechanisms of induction of HIV expression by endogenous cytokines. Fauci has worked to develop strategies for the therapy and immune reconstitution of patients with the disease, as well as for a vaccine to prevent HIV infection. His current research is concentrated on identifying the nature of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection and the scope of the body's immune responses to HIV.

In 2003, the Institute for Scientific Information stated that from 1983 to 2002, "Fauci was the 13th most-cited scientist among the 2.5 to 3.0 million authors in all disciplines throughout the world who published articles in scientific journals." As a government scientist under seven presidents, Fauci has been described as "a consistent spokesperson for science, a person who more than any other figure has brokered a generational peace" between the two worlds of science and politics.

HIV/AIDS epidemic
In a 2020 interview with The Guardian, Fauci remarked, "My career and my identity has really been defined by HIV." He was one of the leading researchers during the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s. In 1981, he and his team of researchers began looking for a vaccine or treatment for this novel virus, though they would meet a number of obstacles. In October 1988, protesters came to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Fauci, who had become the institute's director in 1984, bore the brunt of the anger from the LGBTQ+ community who were largely ignored by the government.

Leading AIDS activist Larry Kramer attacked Fauci relentlessly in the media. He called him an "incompetent idiot" and a "pill-pushing" tool of the medical establishment. Fauci did not have control over drug approval though many people felt he was not doing enough. Fauci did make an effort in the late 1980s to reach out to the LGBTQ+ community in New York and San Francisco to find ways he and the NIAID could find a solution. Fauci was also praised for engaging with AIDS advocates, and he helped to make experimental AIDS treatments more accessible. Though Fauci was initially admonished for his treatment of the AIDS epidemic, his work in the community was eventually acknowledged. Kramer, who had spent years hating Fauci for his treatment of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, eventually called him "the only true and great hero" among government officials during the AIDS crisis.

Fauci was criticized over what some said was a delayed response from the U.S. government to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, including delays in the promotion of experimental HIV/AIDS drugs. In 2014, Sean Strub of HuffPost criticized Fauci for "delaying promotion of an AIDS treatment that would have prevented tens of thousands of deaths in the first years of the epidemic" and accused him of "rewriting history."

Political commentator Helen Andrews defended Fauci's actions during the epidemic in a 2021 article, writing: "The idea that Fauci was 'wrong' about A.I.D.S., which some of his contemporary opponents repeat, is unfair. His most notorious error was a 1983 paper suggesting 'routine close contact, as within a family household,' might spread the disease, but it was an understandable mistake given what was known at the time and he corrected it within a year, lightning speed by the standards of academic publishing. He behaved more responsibly than some of his peers when it came to speculating about a heterosexual A.I.D.S. epidemic around the corner. He was not one of the hysteria-mongers—though he did benefit from the hysteria when negotiating budgets with Congress."Fauci was the main architect of President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), an HIV/AIDS program responsible for saving over 20 million lives in the developing world.

2009 swine flu pandemic
In a meeting with reporters on September 17, 2009, Fauci predicted that the H1N1 virus causing the 2009 swine flu pandemic could infect as many as one in three Americans, more than the amount of Americans usually infected by the seasonal flu.

Ebola congressional hearing
On October 16, 2014, in a United States congressional hearing regarding the Ebola virus crisis, Fauci, who, as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) had been discussing the importance of screening for weeks, testified that NIAID was still some distance away from producing sufficient quantities of cures or vaccines for widespread trials. Specifically, Fauci said, "While NIAID is an active participant in the global effort to address the public health emergency occurring in west Africa, it is important to recognize that we are still in the early stages of understanding how infection with the Ebola virus can be treated and prevented."

Fauci also remarked in the hearing: "As we continue to expedite research while enforcing high safety and efficacy standards, the implementation of the public health measures already known to contain prior Ebola virus outbreaks and the implementation of treatment strategies such as fluid and electrolyte replacement is essential to preventing additional infections, treating those already infected, protecting healthcare providers, and ultimately bringing this epidemic to an end."

COVID-19 pandemic
According to The Washington Post, before the COVID-19 pandemic, Fauci was "mostly unknown outside the medical community".

Trump administration
Fauci had not met with Trump until three years after he was inaugurated as president.

Fauci was a member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force established in late January 2020, under President Donald Trump, to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. He became a de facto public health spokesperson for the office of the president during the pandemic, and a strong advocate for ongoing social distancing efforts in the United States.

In interviews on January 21, January 26, and February 17, Fauci commented on COVID-19. He said that at the time of the interviews ("right now"), COVID-19 was not a "major threat" to the American public, with the risk to the American public being "low", but that it was "an evolving situation", and that "public health officials need to take [COVID-19] very seriously". In the latter interview, Fauci said that COVID-19 could become a "global pandemic which would then have significant implications for" the United States.

In March 2020, he predicted that the infection fatality rate would likely be close to 1%, which was ten times more severe than the 0.1% reported rate for seasonal flu.

In a March 8, 2020, interview, Fauci stated that "right now in the United States, people [who are not infected] should not be walking around with masks", but "if you want to do it, that's fine". In the same interview, Fauci said that buying masks "could lead to a shortage of masks for the people who really need" them: "When you think masks, you should think of healthcare providers needing them". When Fauci made this comment, America's top surgical mask maker was struggling to produce enough masks to meet the increased demand. On April 3, the CDC reversed course, quoting recent studies that showed asymptomatic transmission of the virus, thus advocating for the public to wear non-surgical masks to reduce community transmission while Fauci advocated for wearing facial coverings in public. Fauci's shifting advice on wearing face masks drew criticism, which Fauci responded to by arguing that changes in policy were necessary as scientists learned more about COVID-19.

In mid-April, when asked about social distancing and stay-at-home measures, Fauci said that if the administration had "started mitigation earlier" more lives could have been saved, and "no one is going to deny that." He added that the decision-making for implementing mitigation measures was "complicated", and "there was a lot of pushback about shutting things down back then."

Fauci's comments were met with a hostile response from former Republican congressional candidate DeAnna Lorraine. Trump retweeted Lorraine's response, which included the call to "#FireFauci." "Fire Fauci" has also been chanted by anti-lockdown protesters in various locations, including Florida and Texas. As a result, the White House denied that Trump was firing Fauci, and blamed the media for overreacting.

Fauci was criticized by right-wing pundits and received death threats that necessitated a security detail. In an interview with 60 Minutes in 2020, he mentioned that other members of his family, including his wife and daughters, had been repeatedly harassed since the pandemic began.

In June 2020, Fauci said that he was "very concerned" that the ongoing protests against police brutality would cause "surges" in COVID-19 cases, stating that the "large crowds" are a "perfect set-up" for the virus to spread. In July 2020, Fauci advised the public to "avoid crowds of any type".

On July 6, 2020, Fauci spoke on a Facebook livestream, offering his opinion that the country's situation pertaining to COVID-19 "is really not good", pointing to more than 55,000 new cases on July 4, 2020. He said the United States was "still knee-deep in the first wave" of cases, and was experiencing a "resurgence of infections". On July 7, 2020, during a press conference, Fauci stated that it was a "false narrative to take comfort in a lower rate of death" for COVID-19 in the country: "There's so many other things that are very dangerous and bad about this virus, don't get yourself into false complacency." Both Trump and the White House had cited the falling death rate as proof of success of the Trump administration's response. After this appearance by Fauci, the White House cancelled three media appearances that had been scheduled for him later that week. On July 7, 2020, Trump contradicted Fauci's comments describing a dire situation in the country, with Trump saying: "I think we are in a good place. I disagree with [Fauci]." While there were disagreements, Trump also at times praised Fauci.

On July 9, 2020, Trump publicly opined that Fauci "is a nice man, but he's made a lot of mistakes." By July 12, 2020, a White House official told media outlets that "several White House officials are concerned about the number of times Dr. Fauci has been wrong on things", passing to the media a list of purported mistakes made by Fauci during the outbreak. Included were statements Fauci made during a February 29, 2020, interview where he stated that "at this moment, there is no need to change anything that you're doing on a day-by-day basis." However, the White House list neglected to mention that in that same interview, Fauci had stated that the risk could change, "when you start to see community spread", and that the disease could morph into "a major outbreak" in the country.

As late as September 23, 2020, when U.S. coronavirus fatalities exceeded 200,000, conservatives continued to question Fauci's and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) recommendations for responding to the pandemic. In a hearing before the Senate's Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, Kentucky's Senator Rand Paul asked him if he had "second thoughts" about his mitigation recommendations, including keeping six feet of distance from others and mask-wearing, claiming, "our death rate is essentially worse than Sweden's." Fauci stood by the guidelines, indicating Sweden's fatality rate exceeded those of other Scandinavian countries, and said the comparison between Sweden and the U.S. was not legitimate. Fauci said the recommendations remained valid. After Paul then asserted New York's high fatality rate showed that mitigation efforts were insufficient, Fauci replied, "You've misconstrued that, Senator, and you've done that repetitively in the past." Fauci explained further that New York State had succeeded in getting the virus under control by following the CDC's clinical guidelines. Paul had made numerous claims about herd immunity, Sweden's interventions to combat the pandemic, the contention that the populations of Asian countries have greater resilience against COVID-19, and statements about death rates due to the virus. Fauci would have several intense exchanges with Paul. In October 2020, Fauci objected after his words, "I can't imagine that anybody could be doing more" were featured in an advertisement from the Trump campaign touting Trump's handling of the pandemic. Fauci said he did not consent to the ad, his words were taken out of context (he was actually referring to how hard the Coronavirus Task Force was working), and he had never made a political endorsement in his career.

Also, in October, Fauci criticized the Great Barrington Declaration's "focused protection" herd immunity strategy, calling it "ridiculous", "total nonsense" and "very dangerous", saying that it would lead to a large number of avoidable deaths. Fauci said that 30 percent of the population had underlying health conditions that made them vulnerable to the virus and that "older adults, even those who are otherwise healthy, are far more likely than young adults to become seriously ill if they get COVID-19." He added, "This idea that we have the power to protect the vulnerable is total nonsense because history has shown that that's not the case. And if you talk to anybody who has any experience in epidemiology and infectious diseases, they will tell you that that is risky, and you'll wind up with many more infections of vulnerable people, which will lead to hospitalizations and deaths. So I think that we just got to look that square in the eye and say it's nonsense."

On October 18, 2020, Fauci mentioned that he "wasn't surprised" Donald Trump contracted COVID-19. The next day, during a presidential call, Trump called Fauci "a disaster" and said that "people are tired of COVID." During a campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona, on October 19, Trump launched attacks on his political rival Joe Biden, saying that Biden "wants to listen to Dr. Fauci" regarding the handling of the pandemic, upon which Biden merely replied "Yes" on Twitter. On October 31, The Washington Post published an extensive interview with Fauci, in which he voiced a candid assessment of the administration's COVID-19 policies and was critical of the influence of presidential advisor Scott Atlas.

Shortly after midnight on November 2, 2020, Trump insinuated he would fire Fauci "after the election" while on stage at a campaign rally at Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport in Opa-locka, Florida. At the rally, he made false claims that the pandemic was "rounding the turn" and was met by audience chants of "Fire Fauci!", to which he responded, "Don't tell anybody, but let me wait until after the election... I appreciate the advice." Despite the rhetoric, Fauci was not fired.

On December 2, the United Kingdom became the first western country to license a vaccine against the coronavirus (Pfizer-BioNTech). In response, Fauci said that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was proceeding "the correct way" and said the UK "really rushed through that approval". The next day Fauci apologized, telling the BBC "I have a great deal of confidence in what the UK does both scientifically and from a regulator standpoint. Our process is one that takes more time than it takes in the UK... I did not mean to imply any sloppiness even though it came out that way."

On January 3, 2021, President Trump tweeted, "The number of cases and deaths of the China Virus is far exaggerated in the United States because of [the CDC's] ridiculous method of determination compared to other countries". That same morning, Fauci responded in an interview on NBC's Meet the Press, "The numbers are real. We have well over 300,000 deaths. We are averaging two- to three thousand deaths per day. All you need to do... is go into the trenches, go into the hospitals, go into the intensive care units and see what is happening. Those are real numbers, real people, and real deaths."

When asked if the 2021 United States Capitol attack was a COVID-19 superspreader event, Fauci stated: "I think for those people there, they probably put themselves at an increased risk because they essentially did not adhere to the fundamentals of public health and COVID-19 context which is universal wearing of masks, keeping physical distance, avoiding crowds in congregate settings. The fact that it was outdoors is a little bit better than if they were indoors completely. But you can still have a super spreader situation when you do things in a crowded way."

On January 23, 2021, Fauci was quoted saying that letting the science speak on the pandemic got him "into a little bit of trouble" and got "push-back from people in the White House, including the president", during the Trump administration. Fauci was also reportedly blocked from appearing on The Rachel Maddow Show for some time because the Trump administration "didn't like the way [Maddow handles] things and they didn't want me on [the show]."

Biden administration
On December 3, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden asked Fauci, in addition to remaining in his role as director of the NIAID, to serve as the chief medical advisor to the president in the Biden administration. Fauci accepted the offer.

After the inauguration of Joe Biden in January 2021, Fauci said he experienced a "liberating feeling" in being able to speak freely about science without interference from the new administration. He pictured Biden's administration as committed to being "completely transparent, open and honest". Fauci was involved in the development of the Biden administration's plan for a nationwide COVID-19 vaccine rollout.

In early April 2021, Fauci said of the current situation in the United States that "It's almost a race between getting people vaccinated and this surge that seems to want to increase".

In early May 2021, when asked if the CDC's summer camp guidance was excessive, Fauci responded by saying that "I wouldn't call them excessive, but they certainly are conservative" and added that the guidance "looks a bit strict" and "a bit stringent". Also in early May, Fauci said that he is "not convinced" that COVID-19 originated naturally and that "we should continue to investigate what went on in China until we continue to find out to the best of our ability what happened". In mid-May 2021, Fauci said that Americans who are fully vaccinated against COVID-19 no longer need to wear masks outdoors, except for in "completely crowded situations". This guidance was updated in July 2021 to recommend that all people wear masks regardless of vaccination status, in what Fauci said was due to the much more contagious Delta variant.

In May 2021, Fauci denied that the National Institutes of Health supported "gain-of-function research" at the Wuhan Institute of Virology.

In early June 2021, over 3,000 internal government emails sent by Fauci from January to June 2020 were obtained by media outlets through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. These emails contain information about how the United States and Fauci initially responded to COVID-19.

On June 22, 2021, Fauci said that the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant is the "greatest threat" to eliminating COVID-19 in the United States.

In December 2021, Fauci, along with virologist Jeffery K. Taubenberger and David M. Morens endorsed the development of a universal coronavirus vaccine, advocating in favor of "an international collaborative effort to extensively sample coronaviruses from bats as well as wild and farmed animals to help understand the full "universe" of existing and emerging coronaviruses."

In February 2022, Fauci told the Financial Times that "As we get out of the full-blown pandemic phase of Covid-19, which we are certainly heading out of, these decisions will increasingly be made on a local level rather than centrally decided or mandated. There will also be more people making their own decisions on how they want to deal with the virus."

In March 2022, Fauci said that the United States should expect an increase in COVID-19 cases from the BA.2 subvariant of Omicron, but that it might not lead to a severe increase in hospitalizations and deaths.

On April 27, 2022, Fauci said that the United States was "out of the full-blown explosive pandemic phase" of COVID-19.

On May 15, 2022, Fauci said that he would resign if Donald Trump wins the 2024 U.S. presidential election. In a July 2022 interview with Politico, Fauci had been reported to be "leaving by the end of President Joe Biden's term", though he later clarified he may step down from his role as NIAID director. Fauci also told Politico he is seeking to "help repair the widespread partisan polarization that has divided the nation and politicized science". On August 22, 2022, Fauci announced that he will step down from his position in December "to pursue the next chapter" of his career. He resigned from his position on December 31 of that same year.

Later career
On June 26, 2023, Georgetown University announced that Fauci would join its faculty as a distinguished professor, teaching in both the School of Medicine and McCourt School of Public Policy, effective July 1.

Cultural impact
Owing to his prominent role in the United States response to numerous global pandemics, most notably HIV/AIDS and COVID-19, Fauci has become the subject of tributes and interpretations across various media, including television, literature, merchandising, and internet memes. Brad Pitt's performance as Fauci during the 2020 season of Saturday Night Live earned the actor an Emmy nomination, and praise from Fauci. Author Sally Quinn has credited Fauci as the inspiration for the love interest to the protagonist in her bestselling 1991 romance novel Happy Endings. Larry Kramer based the character Dr. Anthony Della Vida on Fauci in his play The Destiny of Me.

In the spring of 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, bakeries across the United States began selling pastries, particularly donuts, with Fauci's face on them to pay tribute to his work in the public health sector.

In September 2021, Fauci, a documentary film about Fauci's life and career, was released by Magnolia Pictures. The film was produced by National Geographic Documentary Films.

In November 2021, Skyhorse released a book by anti-vaccine activist Robert F. Kennedy Jr. titled The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health. In response, Fauci described the author as "a very disturbed individual".

Personal life
Fauci is a longtime resident of Washington, D.C. The Washington Post reported in 2022 that he has lived in the same "comfortable but modest house since 1977". In 1985, he married Christine Grady, a nurse and bioethicist with the NIH, after they met while treating a patient. Grady is chief of the Department of Bioethics at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Together they have three adult daughters.

On June 15, 2022, Fauci tested positive for COVID-19, experiencing mild symptoms. He is fully vaccinated and has received two booster shots.

At the time of his retirement, Fauci's annual salary was $480,654, making him the highest paid U.S. federal government employee at the time.

Fauci has described himself as "completely nonpolitical". His voter registration shows that he is not affiliated with any political party, although he still votes. Prior to 2020, he had positive relationships with both Democrats and Republicans and considered George W. Bush a close friend: "Obviously there's been appropriate controversy regarding decisions regarding Iraq, but his moral compass about health equity is very strong." Fauci has specifically praised Bush's work to combat HIV/AIDS through PEPFAR, a global health initiative credited with saving over 20 million lives as of 2021 primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to Fauci, "[Bush's] exact words to me were, 'We have a moral responsibility as a rich nation to not have people suffer and die merely because of where they live and the circumstances in which they were born'". Former CDC director and CEO of Resolve to Save Lives, Tom Frieden, said that "I have no idea what his politics are. Reagan and both Bushes liked him. Clinton and Obama liked him".

Memberships
On March 23, 2021, Fauci was admitted as an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland.

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
Fauci has served as one of the principal editors of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, named on the front cover, from the 11th edition published in 1986, and on through the 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th version, and latest (at the time of writing) 21st edition, published in 2022. He was the editor-in-chief of the 14th and 17th editions.

Awards and honors

 * 1979: Arthur S. Flemming Award
 * 1993: Honorary Doctor of Science, Bates College
 * 1995: Ernst Jung Prize (shared with Samuel A. Wells, Jr.)
 * 1995: Honorary Doctor of Science, Duke University
 * 1996: Honorary Doctor of Science, Colgate University
 * 1999: Honorary Doctor of Public Service, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania
 * 2002: Albany Medical Center Prize
 * 2003: Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement
 * 2005: National Medal of Science, President of the United States
 * 2005: American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2007: Mary Woodard Lasker Public Service Award, Lasker Foundation
 * 2007: George M. Kober Medal, Association of American Physicians
 * 2008: Presidential Medal of Freedom
 * 2013: UCSF Medal, University of California, San Francisco
 * 2013: Robert Koch Gold Medal, Robert Koch Foundation, Germany
 * 2013: Prince Mahidol Award, Prince Mahidol Award Foundation, Thailand
 * 2015: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Johns Hopkins University
 * 2015: Honorary Doctor of Public Service, The George Washington University
 * 2016: John Dirks Canada Gairdner Global Health Award
 * 2018: Honorary Doctor of Science, commencement speaker, American University
 * 2018: Honorary Doctor of Science, Boston University
 * 2019: Bertrand Russell Society Award
 * 2020: Federal Employee of the Year, Partnership for Public Service
 * 2020: Presidential Citation for Exemplary Leadership, National Academy of Medicine
 * 2020: Ripple of Hope Award, Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights
 * 2020: Time's Guardian of the Year, along with the frontline health workers, Assa Traoré, Porche Bennett-Bey, and racial justice organizers.
 * 2020: Harris Dean's Award, The University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy
 * 2020: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * 2020: John Maddox Prize, Sense about Science
 * 2021: Blessed are the Peacemakers Award from Catholic Theological Union
 * 2021: Humanist of the Year by the American Humanist Association
 * 2021: Public Welfare Medal of the National Academy of Sciences
 * 2021: Dan David Prize, Dan David Foundation, Israel
 * 2021: President's Medal, The George Washington University
 * 2021: Honorary Doctor of Science, McGill University
 * 2022: Honorary Doctor of Science, Sapienza University of Rome
 * 2022: Honorary Doctor of Science, commencement speaker, University of Michigan
 * 2022: Hutch Award winner, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
 * 2023: JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd Class, Gold and Silver Star
 * 2023: Honorary Doctor of Science, commencement speaker, Washington University in St. Louis
 * 2023: Sheba Global Health Award from Sheba Medical Center
 * 2023: Foreign Member of the Royal Society.

In addition to receiving an honorary degree in 2015, Fauci was invited to deliver guest remarks on May 21, 2020, for the Johns Hopkins University Class of 2020. The College of the Holy Cross renamed its science complex the Anthony S. Fauci Integrated Science Complex on June 11, 2022.

title: Anthony Fauci


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Marlboro Music School and Festival

The Marlboro Music School and Festival is a retreat for advanced classical training and musicianship held for seven weeks each summer in Marlboro, Vermont, in the United States. Public performances are held each weekend while the school is in session, with the programs chosen only a week or so in advance from the sixty to eighty works being currently rehearsed. Marlboro Music was conceived as a retreat where young musicians could collaborate and learn alongside master artists in an environment removed from the pressures of performance deadlines or recording. It combines several functions; Alex Ross describes it as functioning "variously as a chamber-music festival, a sort of finishing school for gifted young performers, and a summit for the musical intelligentsia".

History
Adolf Busch and his son-in-law Rudolf Serkin moved to Vermont in the 1940s as refugees from the Third Reich (Adolf Busch, who was not Jewish, left Germany as he was in opposition to National Socialist rule.) They became close friends of Walter Hendricks, who founded Marlboro College on the site of a former dairy farm. He asked their advice on the formation of a music department. On their advice, he recruited Marcel Moyse, Louis Moyse and Blanche Moyse - also refugees, and ill-situated - to Marlboro. Busch, Serkin, and the Moyse trio are the recognized founders of Marlboro Music, through their association with the college. But it was Busch, writes biographer Tully Potter, who provided the first impetus, as he "had long wanted to create an environment in which professional players and rank amateurs could make music together, studying the chamber literature in depth and giving concerts only when and if they wished to do so." An attempt to realize this wish came in 1950 with a summer school lasting from July 1–13, with few students, that is "not regarded part of the 'official' Marlboro canon". The following year, Busch and Serkin "turned down an invitation to the Edinburgh Festival to concentrate on their own project," says Potter. They attracted 54 "participating artists" (students) in what is now recognized as the first Marlboro summer festival. After Busch's untimely death on June 9, 1952, Serkin devoted great attention to continuing his beloved father-in-law's work; he became its guiding light for the rest of his life. He valued Marlboro's small size and rural environment, inviting colleagues to come to, says Ross, "lose their worldliness, to fall into a slower rhythm."

Marlboro's purpose moved away from Busch's idea of amateur participation; instead leading professionals from both solo and orchestral positions work with young musicians of the highest promise and achievement, who must pass through a rigorous audition process to be accepted. Prominent musicians associated with Marlboro have included Pierre-Laurent Aimard, Emanuel Ax, Joshua Bell, Jonathan Biss, Anner Bylsma, Pablo Casals, Nikki Chooi, Jeremy Denk, Leon Fleisher, Gary Graffman, Hilary Hahn, Mieczysław Horszowski, Gilbert Kalish, Anton Kuerti, Lang Lang, James Levine, Yo-Yo Ma, Mischa Maisky, Viktoria Mullova, Siegfried Palm, Murray Perahia, Lara St. John, Richard Stoltzman, and Sándor Végh.

Marlboro has had enormous influence on American chamber music. The Guarneri Quartet was formed at Marlboro in 1964; Yo-Yo Ma and Emanuel Ax, a long-standing duo, concertized together as a duo for the first time at Marlboro, on August 3, 1973. (Ma, incidentally, met his wife Jill there, one of many musical couples to meet at Marlboro.) Other groups associated with Marlboro in various ways have included the Emerson Quartet, Juilliard Quartet, Orion String Quartet, St. Lawrence Quartet, and Beaux Arts Trio.

Since 2018, the Marlboro Music School and Festival has been led by Artistic Co-Directors Mitsuko Uchida and Jonathan Biss.

During non-summer months, the festival runs the Musicians From Marlboro national touring program, with performances in many U.S. cities each year.

A tradition Serkin began of ending the summer with a performance of the Beethoven Choral Fantasy (Beethoven) - in which most participants, even non-singers, joined in the chorus - was discontinued with his death in 1991, but was reinstated a few years later. As then co-director Richard Goode told Alex Ross, "Many people felt that Serkin playing the Choral Fantasy was a unique experience that could never be duplicated. After he died, the work was retired, and I thought that was the right decision. To my surprise, a few years later people said, 'You know, I think we have to have a Choral Fantasy.' We needed the catharsis."

Also, the Festival still commemorates Busch's birthday, August 8, with a special concert.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marlboro Music School and Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xf

Xf
I doubt if there's any more to be said on this subject. Deb 18:06, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Neutral, leaning toward keep. This would be an interesting concept if it weren't confined to a single university (apparently).  Could be merged with grade (education), a nonexistent article on academic misconduct, or plagiarism. --MarkSweep 22:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it´s funny that the students who got Fs the regular way wish to distance themselves from those who got Fs for cheating. You know, because you´re so much better if you WORKED for that failing grade.  XF for unimportance.  delete  --Handel 22:25, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * If you cheated, that's a strike against your personal character that could come back to haunt you--not the sort of thing you'd want known. If you just got a regular F, it just means you had some problems that semester, or that's what you can tell people--it's much easier to justify. Anyway, delete but mention on the university page; until there's proof that this concept is more widespread, doesn't deserve its own article or mention in the "grade" article. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 22:43, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, or merge without redirect to one of the destinations suggested by MarkSweep. Cdc 00:23, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I may be going against the flow here, but I say keep. The interesting nature of the concept seems to outweigh the fact that it's only present at one university. The information is verfiable (the proposal is on the University's site, and it should be mentioned in the next printing of their catalog too), and the article, while a stub, is fairly well written. - RedWordSmith 23:46, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Trivia. Merge with Wichita State University. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway Talk]] 00:06, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep because it's an interesting phenomenon. It might be or become more widespread, so this information shouldn't be lost Kappa 00:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The article is inaccurate, though. According to http://www.uwrf.edu/esis/NonAttendanceGradeReporting.htm, XF is given as the failing grade for non-attendance, to differentiate for the purposes of Title IV funding (whatever that is.) --jpgordon{gab} 00:36, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Note that many other universities have distinct Fail / Fail Absent grades. In Australia though it is often called FA, not XF. You get an F if you fail your final exam, but you get an FA if you don't show up for your final exam. Really, this sort of info belongs in a general article on university grading practices.
 * That could be added at the bottom of the article. --Idont Havaname 00:39, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That's for a different university? o_O - RedWordSmith 01:59, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Not exclusive to Wichita. The University System of Maryland uses it too (I know that because I'm a UM student), and I would think it is in use elsewhere too. Honor pledges and permanent consequences on students for cheating/plagiarizing/facilitating have become pretty popular in the last few years. I certainly think that there should be an article on academic misconduct or academic dishonesty, since it is a big problem. --Idont Havaname 00:37, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Quite an interesting article indeed. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 00:46, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If verified, merge to Wichita State University. If it's in use elsewhere, then merge it to the other places, too.  No one is going to look up A to see the grade explained, nor WF nor Inc.  The innovation of a scarlet letter on the student's transcript is interesting, but not in isolation.  In isolation, the information is lost.  Those who say that they're all about saving information ought to give some thought to the usefulness of the information.  Geogre 04:04, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ. Indeed, in A, we find In education, a grade of A typically represents the highest score that students can achieve. (sometimes coupled with a plus/minus sign - i.e., A+ or A-, or a number - e.g., A1)'. --jpgordon{gab} 04:11, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * (sigh) Duplicate information, then.  I suppose I'm not surprised, although I ought to be.  (We have the articles on grading systems.)  I still think this is so far from a uniform grade that it should be merged where appropriate, rather than given an article.  If it is a national (US) grade, then it should be merged into the grading system article.  At any rate, the claim that it was developed at Wichita State U. seems to be wrong, and so the whole slant of the present article would have to be ripped up.  Geogre 15:06, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge into some article on grading. Title is terrible, concept is notable. --Improv 06:12, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Cookiemobsta 06:13, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep, encyclopedic and notable. Jpgordon makes a compelling argument as well.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 07:42, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep, but move to XF (two capital letters). With the concern over academic plagiarism at an all-time high, it is reasonable to foresee that the XF grade will be adopted at universities throughout the United States. Robert Happelberg 16:14, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep as short article. their should also be article about academic dishonesty, but simply redirecting XF to academic dishonesty would be confusing. Numerao 23:05, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree with Meelar, by the way. [[User:Neutrality|Neutrality/talk]] 23:26, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. If it was only one university, I'd say merge. - Lifefeed 15:00, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - learned something from reading it. Do move to XF.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 19:51, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete or extend into an article the US grade system. Notice how none of the other grades have their own articles, and how one grade can have different meanings in different countries. --Regebro 11:55, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Anton Mravcek 20:42, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Xf


text:
File:VCGeorgedeCardonnelElmsallFindlay.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient George de Cardonnel Elmsall Findlay, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Gerald Napier - (from the Royal Engineers Library with permission).


text:
Donald Haines

Donald Haines (May 9, 1919 – February 20, 1943) was an American child actor who had recurring appearances in the Our Gang short subjects series from 1930 to 1933. He appeared in Our Gang during the early sound days along with Norman "Chubby" Chaney, Allen "Farina" Hoskins, Jackie Cooper, Matthew "Stymie" Beard, Bobby "Wheezer" Hutchins, and Dorothy DeBorba.

Early years
Haines was born in Seward County, Nebraska, the son of Karl and Nola Haines. Their family moved to California when he was 9 years old.

Our Gang
Haines's tenure began during the early talkies up through the "Miss Crabtree episodes," and then the early Spanky episodes. He would leave with Jackie Cooper for feature films at Paramount only to return a few months later. He was 11 years old when he joined the gang in 1930. His association with the Our Gang series lasted through 1933.

Haines's first short was Shivering Shakespeare, which featured him giggling his way through his lines. He was intended to originally be a full-time character playing the tough guy and was cast as such in The First Seven Years, opposite Jackie Cooper. After that, he played a recurring character with occasional lines of dialogue until 1931. At that time he was offered a contract with Paramount that began with a role in a feature called Skippy. Cooper also was offered a role on that feature along with a contract. Both Jackie and Donald are missing from the final scenes of the second-to-last short made in the 1930-31 season, Bargain Day, owing to their beginning work at Paramount.

Haines left Paramount to return to Hal Roach Studios just in time for the 1931-32 season. Haines would resume his role as a recurring character with occasional dialogue for the next two seasons. Haines left the Our Gang series at the age of 15 after appearing in the 1933 short Fish Hooky.

Later career
Haines left the Our Gang series in 1933 but continued working as an actor at Hal Roach Studios on many shorts and features until 1940. His work during this time included appearances in the East Side Kids films East Side Kids and Boys of the City as "Pee Wee" and then in That Gang of Mine, Pride of the Bowery, Flying Wild, Bowery Blitzkrieg, and Spooks Run Wild as "Skinny." He also played Jerry Cruncher Jr. in the film version of A Tale of Two Cities.

Death
Haines enlisted as an aviation cadet in the United States Army Air Forces on December 10, 1941, to serve in World War II. On February 20, 1943, first lieutenant Haines was flying a Bell P-39 Airacobra on a strafing mission against Erwin Rommel's forces during the Battle of Kasserine Pass in Tunisia. His fighter group, the 93rd Fighter Squadron, destroyed a locomotive and train cars, and 34 enemy trucks. Haines failed to return from the mission, and was listed as killed in action. Haines is buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.

Our Gang

 * Shivering Shakespeare (1930, Short) as Donny (film debut)
 * The First Seven Years (1930, Short) as Speck (uncredited)
 * Teacher's Pet (1930, Short) as Don (uncredited)
 * School's Out (1930, Short) as himself
 * Helping Grandma (1931, Short) as Donald
 * Love Business (1931, Short) as Donald
 * Little Daddy (1931, Short) as Donald
 * Bargain Day (1931, Short) as Donald
 * Big Ears (1931, Short) as Donald
 * Readin' and Writin' (1932, Short) as Donald
 * Free Eats (1932, Short) as Kid Wanting Cake
 * Choo-Choo! (1932, Short) as Donald, an orphan
 * Birthday Blues (1932, Short) as Boy with mousetrap on lip
 * A Lad an' a Lamp (1932, Short) as Toughie
 * Fish Hooky (1933, Short) as Donald

Film

 * Skippy (1931) as Harley Nubbins
 * When a Feller Needs a Friend (1932) as Fatty Bullen
 * No Greater Glory (1934) as Csonakos
 * Manhattan Melodrama (1934) as Spud - as a Boy (uncredited)
 * Little Man, What Now? (1934) as Emil Kleinholz Jr.
 * Now I'll Tell (1934) as Messenger Boy (uncredited)
 * Murder in the Private Car (1934) as Boy in Front of Theatre (uncredited)
 * Kid Millions (1934) as Kid Band Member (uncredited)
 * I'll Fix It (1934) as Boy (uncredited)
 * Music in the Air (1934) as Peanut Vendor at Munich Zoo (uncredited)
 * The Winning Ticket (1935) as Stubby (uncredited)
 * Straight from the Heart (1935) as Neighbor Boy (uncredited)
 * Vagabond Lady (1935) as Spear Office Boy (uncredited)
 * Ginger (1935) as Butch (uncredited)
 * The Nitwits (1935) as Hal - Office Boy (uncredited)
 * His Night Out (1935) as Office Boy (uncredited)
 * Annie Oakley (1935) as Boy at Shooting Gallery (uncredited)
 * A Tale of Two Cities (1935) as Jerry Cruncher Jr.
 * Exclusive Story (1936) as Office Boy (uncredited)
 * Little Lord Fauntleroy (1936) as Fighting Boy (uncredited)
 * Love Before Breakfast (1936) as Boy on Bicycle (uncredited)
 * Little Miss Nobody (1936) as Harold Slade
 * Bunker Bean (1936) as Jones & Co. Office Boy (uncredited)
 * Daniel Boone (1936) as man Being Burned at The Stake (uncredited)
 * Two Wise Maids (1937) as Schoolboy (uncredited)
 * Rhythm in the Clouds (1937) as Office Boy (uncredited)
 * Public Wedding (1937) as Boy Selling Confetti (uncredited)
 * Super-Sleuth (1937) as Second Newsboy (uncredited)
 * Love and Hisses (1937) as Newsboy (uncredited)
 * Kidnapped (1938) as Ransome
 * Three Comrades (1938) as Jupp - Boy Running for Help (uncredited)
 * Reformatory (1938) as Inmate (uncredited)
 * Boys Town (1938) as Alabama (uncredited)
 * Down on the Farm (1938) as Boy in Drug Store (uncredited)
 * Sergeant Madden (1939) as Milton
 * Never Say Die (1939) as Julius - Bellhop (uncredited)
 * On Your Toes (1939) as Elevator Operator (uncredited)
 * East Side Kids (1940) as PeeWee
 * Seventeen (1940) as Joe Bullitt
 * The Return of Wild Bill (1940) as Bobby
 * Boys of the City (1940) as Peewee
 * That Gang of Mine (1940) as Skinny
 * Fugitive from a Prison Camp (1940) as Burly Bascomb
 * Melody Ranch (1940) as Callboy (uncredited)
 * Pride of the Bowery (1940) as Skinny
 * Flying Wild (1941) as Skinny
 * Bowery Blitzkrieg (1941) as Skinny
 * Spooks Run Wild (1941) as Skinny (final film)

title: Donald Haines


text:
List of automobile races in France

Grand Prix and other major automobile races in France.

 * Grand Prix d'Albi or Grand Prix de l'Albigeois
 * Grand Prix de la Baule
 * Grand Prix de Bordeaux
 * Grand Prix de Cadours
 * Grand Prix de Caen
 * Grand Prix du Comminges
 * Grand Prix de Dieppe
 * Grand Prix de France
 * Grand Prix de la Marne
 * Grand Prix de Marseille
 * Grand Prix de Nice
 * Pau Grand Prix
 * Grand Prix de Picardie
 * Grand Prix de Rouen
 * 24 Hours of Le Mans

title: List of automobile races in France


text:
Retezat

Retezat can refer to:
 * Retezat National Park, Romania
 * Retezat Mountains, Romania

title: Retezat


text:
Triploblasty

Triploblasty is a condition of the gastrula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Germ cells are set aside in the embryo at the blastula stage, and are incorporated into the gonads during organogenesis. The germ layers form during the gastrulation of the blastula. The term triploblast may refer to any egg cell in which the blastoderm splits into three layers.

All bilaterians, which are the animals with bilaterally symmetrical embryos, are triploblastic. Other animal taxa, namely the ctenophores, placozoans, and cnidarians, are diploblastic, which means that their embryos contain only two germ layers. Sponges are even less developmentally specialized, because they lack both true tissues and organs.

The earliest triploblasts are thought to have evolved from the diploblasts at some time during the Proterozoic era, establishing themselves as a group prior to their diversification during the Cambrian explosion.

title: Triploblasty


text:
National Association for Bilingual Education

The National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE) is an American advocacy group that provides teacher training and educational leadership regarding individuals learning English as a second language. They oppose Structured English Immersion and favor bilingual education. They also persuade bilingual students to express their feelings in many ways, such as writing and artwork. Teachers and counselors can also be a part of it if they are connected to bilingual networks. NABE publishes the Bilingual Research Journal.


text:
Dorothy DeBorba

Dorothy Adele DeBorba (March 28, 1925 – June 2, 2010) was an American child actress of Portuguese descent who was a regular in the Our Gang series of short subjects as the leading lady from 1930 to 1933.

Early life
Dorothy Adelle DeBorba was raised in Livermore, California. Of Portuguese Azorean ancestry, she came from a show business background. Her mother was a singer-dancer-actress, and her father was a drummer in Paul Whiteman's band.

Our Gang
Dorothy DeBorba began her career at age five. She impressed Hal Roach with her ability to cry on cue. Her debut was an auspicious one: in Pups Is Pups (1930), she plays Jackie Cooper's younger sister.

With her trademark curls and elaborate hair bows, Dorothy quickly became an audience favorite. Her mother made those bows and would spend two hours every night brushing and putting Dorothy's hair up in curlers. Her natural energy and mischievousness added to her appeal. Although she stated that "the boys [in the series] were given all the best lines," in Love Business Dorothy has some of the funniest lines in the entire series, delivered while Chubby is practicing his seductive patter on an oversized cutout poster of Greta Garbo in front of a movie house:

 * Chubby: Darling, can you hear the pleas in my whispers?
 * Dorothy: Darling, can you hear the fleas in my whiskers?

 * Chubby: If love is like a rose, I will pick my rose in the bud.
 * Dorothy: If love is like a rose, I will stick my nose in the mud.

 * Chubby: My heart is filled with joy. I want to trip and dance.
 * Dorothy: My heart is filled with joy. I want to rip my pants.

This "smart-alecky compulsion" earned her the nickname "Echo" at the Hal Roach Studios.

In 1931 Dorothy became the female star after Mary Ann Jackson left the series.

She appeared in twenty-four Our Gang comedies over three years with her last appearance coming in 1933's Mush and Milk. "It was like we had the biggest playhouse in the world," she said. "We were always playing when we weren't working or going to school. 'Uncle' Bob McGowan had a real terrific way with children." She stated, however, "It wasn't really much fun, working every day and going to school besides. By the age of ten, of course, the movie careers of most of us were finished."

Later life
DeBorba graduated from Van Nuys High School and then worked at Republic Pictures as a secretary. In later years she was a senior clerk in the School of Journalism at UC-Berkeley. She married twice and had two children.

Death
DeBorba died in 2010 of emphysema at the age of 85 in Walnut Creek, California.

Filmography

 * Pups Is Pups (1930)
 * A Royal Romance (1930)
 * Teacher's Pet (1930)
 * School's Out (1930)
 * Helping Grandma (1930)
 * Love Business (1931)
 * Little Daddy (1931)
 * Bargain Day (1931)
 * Fly My Kite (1931)
 * The Stolen Jools (1931)
 * Big Ears (1931)
 * Shiver My Timbers (1931)
 * Dogs Is Dogs (1931)
 * Readin' and Writin' (1932)
 * Free Eats (1932)
 * Spanky (1932)
 * Choo-Choo! (1932)
 * The Pooch (1932)
 * Hook and Ladder (1932)
 * Free Wheeling (1932)
 * Birthday Blues (1932)
 * A Lad an' a Lamp (1932)
 * Fish Hooky (1933)
 * Forgotten Babies (1933)
 * The Kid from Borneo (1933)
 * Mush and Milk (1933)

Photos

 * Our Gang Autographed Photos
 * Dorothy DeBorba photo #1
 * Convention Photos

title: Dorothy DeBorba


text:
James MacKenzie (VC)

Private James MacKenzie VC (2 April 1889 − 19 December 1914) was a British Army soldier and a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

MacKenzie was born in New Abbey, Kirkcudbrightshire in 1889 and enlisted in the Scots Guards on 16 February 1912. He embarked for France on 5 October 1914. He was 25 years old, and a private in the 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

"For conspicuous bravery at Rouges Bancs on the 19th December, in rescuing a severely wounded man from in front of the German trenches, under a very heavy fire and after a stretcher-bearer party had been compelled to abandon the attempt.

Private Mackenzie was subsequently killed on that day whilst in the performance of a similar act of gallant conduct."

Private MacKenzie has no known grave but his name is listed on panel 1 the Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing in Berks Cemetery Extension near Ploegsteert in Hainaut, Belgium. There is a memorial tablet at Troqueer Parish Church, Maxwelltown. His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters (Scots Guards RHQ), London, England.

title: James MacKenzie (VC)


text:
Talk:Sociative case

[Untitled]
Finnish dialect and slang -nkaa - isn't that only a genetive + clitic, from kanssa, because it doesn't agree with the root in vowel harmony? (E.g. kissankaa, käyränkaa)

According to, Kashmiri also has a sociative case. Anyone know more about this? PruneauT 17:05, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

What is the difference between this and the Comitative case? They have the exact same meaning, but they're called by different names and are on different sections of the "Grammatical cases" box. --Wtrmute (talk) 12:19, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Dravidian languages seem to have sociative as well The Dravidian social ablative, as some have called it, or rather, as it should be termed, the conjunctive case, though it takes an important position in the Dravidian languages, has been omitted in each dialect from the list of cases, or added on to the instrumental case, simply because Sanskrit knows nothing of it as separate from the instrumental. The conjunctive, or social, stands in greater need of a place of its own in the list of cases in these languages than in Sanskrit, seeing that in these it has several case-signs of its own, whilst in Sanskrit it has none. (Caldwell 1961:278).

and http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Dravidian.html

213.168.13.206 (talk) 17:17, 28 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sociative case


text:
George Findlay

Colonel George de Cardonnel Elmsall Findlay VC MC & Bar (20 August 1889 – 26 June 1967) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Findlay was commissioned into the Royal Engineers in January 1910. He was awarded a Military Cross for gallantry at the Battle of Passchendale after which he took command of 409 (Lowland) Field Company, a territorial company in June 1917.

VC details
He was 29 years old, and an acting major in the 409 (Lowland) Field Company, Corps of Royal Engineers, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place during the second battle of Sambre for which he was awarded the VC.

On 4 November 1918 during the forcing of the Sambre-Oise Canal at the lock south of Catillon, France, Major Findlay was with the leading bridging and assaulting parties which came under heavy fire and the advance was stopped. Nevertheless, he collected what men he could and repaired the bridge, under incessant fire. Although wounded he continued with his task and after two unsuccessful efforts managed to place the bridge in position across the lock and was the first man across, remaining at this dangerous post until further work was completed. The family story goes that the reason Major Findlay crossed safely was because he was a slow runner. The Germans overcompensated their aim and thus missed him as he led his men across the bridge.

Further information
Findlay was educated at St Ninian's Prep School, Moffat and Harrow School.

He later achieved the rank of colonel and served in World War II. He became Deputy Lieutenant of the County of Dumbarton in 1957.

Findlay is buried at Kilmaronock Church, near Gartocharn, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland in his family plot.

The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Engineers Museum, Chatham, Kent.

title: George Findlay


text:
Talk:Badge Man

Untitled
The Moorman #5 polaroid captured simultaneously with Zapruder frame 315 to 316 (precisely 315.6), only 0.14 second after President Kennedy's head exploded (do you know where the "badge man" and HSCA-determined grassy knoll assassins were located?) ''Used with the personal permission of Mary Moorman, one of three dozen Dealey Plaza ''witnesses I have personally interviewed. Anyone who claims to know anything about'' ''the assassination should personally interview the living witnesses. They are relatively easy to'' locate, and most will share the details of what he/she saw, heard, felt, touched, and/or smelled.   Moorman #5 showing inverted shades displaying the evident damage to the head top and head rear of President Kennedy.   The HSCA acoustically-determined the location of the grassy knoll assassin when the HSCA had an 11-22-63 Dallas police motorcycle escort radio tape scientifically analyzed and compared to an HSCA shooting recreation recorded in 1978. The HSCA never tested the "badge man" location because the "badge man" was not discovered until 1982.   The "badge man" cropped, contrasted and brightened only.   (left to right, and colorized) supposedly Gordon Arnold filming, "badge man" assassin, the railroadman construction-hard-hatted accomplice.   The "badge man" assassin colorized.  Badgeman 18:17, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the photos. Seems like wiki-software does not display them as clear and crisp as they actually are. In your opinion, IF badgeman was a real assassin who appears to have just fired a shot, do you think that bullet hit JFK? 205.188.117.9 20:18, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * The "badge man" assassin's shot, fired within a micro-second of the HSCA-determined assassin's shot, did not strike President Kennedy. (since the president was facing nearly in profile to the "badge man," if a "badge man" fired bullet had hit the president in the right side of his head, the bullet, most-likely, would have exited on the left half of the president's head). There is evidence of where the "badge man" missed shot went to. On 11-22-63, within an hour of the assassination, Jean Hill, who was very close to the president at 313, stated on tv that some shots were fired from the grassy knoll. Jean Hill further testified to the Warren Commission that on 11-22-63 she was told by one of the "agents" who questioned her and Mary Moorman that a second "agent" -who Hill testified the first agent told her this second "agent" had been stationed in Dealey Plaza- saw a bullet strike close to her feet in the ground and that bullet kicked up debris. (officially, there were no "agents" documented to be stationed in/near Dealey Plaza at any time, even though several other witnesses are documented to have encountered "agent(s)" within Dealey Plaza within 25 minutes of the assassination) The trajectory line of a shot fired from "badge man" just missing President Kennedy from Z-310 to 314, leads directly at the immediate ground surrounding Jean Hill. Additionally, there is 1968 documented grand jury testimony from a Dealey Plaza witness that he observed a gunman fire from within the open trunk of a car parked with its trunk up close to the picket fence line.

Some notes on the latest revert
Gamaliel 00:57, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) There is no reason to restore the old quotation marks.  See Manual_of_Style.
 * 2) It is rude to accuse another editor of vandalism over a content dispute.
 * 3) Your opinions on this McAdams person are irrelevant and do not belong in this article or in the edit summary.
 * 4) This is not the HSCA article and is not the place for their conclusions.
 * 5) The idea that the HSCA "scientifically determined to better than a 95% probability" the exact spot of a second shooter based on dubious acoustic evidence is utter nonsense.

 * Thanks, Gamaleel, for your "lone nut" Warren Commission apologist opinion. Obviously your (liberally over-emotional) opinion is only a non-neutral opinion, and, just as transparent, you have not kept yourself current with (and/or, you are living in denial about) the research since 1982 (over 23+ years), nor have you, apparently, read, and/or you have not comprehended, the acoustics dictabelt tape research from 2001 onward that further supports the second, grassy knoll/picket fence-determined assassin. Here are external links, freely available for all to read and make his/her own determination, to the up-to-date acoustics dictabelt research from 2001 to present that scientifically determines to better than a 95% probability, and further supports the second, grassy/knoll picket fence assassin that was also determined scientifically by the HSCA to a 95% probability:
 * Dr. Thomas study of the grassy knoll shot, March 2001
 * Dr. Thomas study of the grassy knoll shot, November 2001
 * Dr. Thomas study of the grassy knoll shot, September 2002
 * Dr. Thomas study of the grassy knoll shot, November 2002
 * Dr. Thomas study of the grassy knoll shot, December 2003; Court-tv rebuttal
 * Badgeman 00:04, 29 Jan 2005(UTC)

Your edit removed some of my earlier comments, which I have restored. I assume this was accidental, but however it happened, please take care not to do this again. If you want a productive discussion, please take a more polite tone with those who disagree with you. Note Civility and No personal attacks. Comments like "liberally over-emotional" and "living in denial" are unproductive and uncivil. Also, please spell my user name correctly. Gamaliel 01:36, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Gamaliel, you do agree, do you not, that a "productive discussion," (and by direct inference, productive, accurate Wikipedia-disseminated information) also, absolutely, includes discussing and disseminating ALL of the related documented evidence, right? Badgeman 14:04, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Question of POV
I am tempted to add a sentence saying that the purported badge man could not have been "the" assasin since the retaining wall would have blocked him from the President for that fatal shot. I know some will claim that is POV, but I've been to Dealey Plaza and I can tell you that that shot is impossible.

Here is a proposed sentence: ''Visitors to Dealey Plaza will quickly realize however that any person standing in the location of "badge man" could not have fired a fatal shot at President Kennedy, since the retaining wall would block their line of sight. This is so even if the person stands on the bumber of a car''.Ramsquire 21:03, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Not true, Ramsquire. As with most "lone nut" apologists, Ramsquire is not knowledgeable of, and/or, he "forgot" to mention something.... he "forgot" to mention that it has, in fact, been scientifically proven that in the Moorman polaroid #5 the line-of-sight from Mary Moorman to the "badge man" head top proves that the "badge man" head top is above the ground some 8', therefore, as seen in the Moorman #5 polaroid the "badge man" feet if just 0.5' northwest of the picket fence line were elevated above the car parking lot ground (given an average human male height of 5'10"). Because it has been scientifically determined that the "badge man" head top was elevated above the ground some 8', that, of course, then did make it entirely possible for a "badge man" fired bullet to pass above the upper corner of the cement retaining wall. The "badge man" assassin's shot, fired within a micro-second of the HSCA-determined assassin's shot, did not strike President Kennedy. (since the president was facing nearly in profile to the "badge man," if a "badge man" fired bullet had hit the president in the right side of his head, the bullet, most-likely, would have exited on the left half of the president's head). There is evidence of where the "badge man" missed shot went to. On 11-22-63, within an hour of the assassination, Jean Hill, who was very close to the president at 313, stated on tv that some shots were fired from the grassy knoll. Jean Hill further testified to the Warren Commission that on 11-22-63 she was told by one of the "agents" who questioned her and Mary Moorman that a second "agent" -who Hill testified the first agent told her this second "agent" had been stationed in Dealey Plaza- saw a bullet strike close to her feet in the ground and that bullet kicked up debris. (officially, there were no "agents" documented to be stationed in/near Dealey Plaza at any time, even though several other witnesses are documented to have encountered "agent(s)" within Dealey Plaza within 25 minutes of the assassination) The trajectory line of a shot fired from "badge man" just missing President Kennedy from Z-310 to 314, leads directly at the immediate ground surrounding Jean Hill. Additionally, there is 1968 documented grand jury testimony from a Dealey Plaza witness that he observed a gunman fire from within the open trunk of a car parked with its trunk up close to the picket fence line.Badgeman 00:04, 29 Jan 2005(UTC)
 * Isn't it odd that Jim Garrison didn't use that witness in his trial? Do we have any corroborating evidence that Jim Hicks was in Dealey Plaza that day? Why did no one hear from him before 1968? As for "Badgeman", don't you think witnesses Emmett Hudson, Abraham Zapruder, and Marilyn Sitzman, standing only a few yards from that fence, would have noticed someone standing eight feet off the ground firing a rifle? Or that Lee Bowers, who had an unobstructed view of the back of the fence from a two-story tower in the parking lot, would have seen this? You have to do a lot of explaining away of other eye- and earwitness testimony to make "Badgeman" possible. — Walloon 05:11, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Merger
Mary Moorman's only claim to fame is that she has taken a photo that some claim contains Badgeman. It seems fairly obvious to me that a merger would be appropriate here. JChap2007 01:52, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree - She is mildly famous as a witness to the assassination. There is quite a bit of information on her on the Internet.  She made statements to the FBI and others about it.  She was played by Sally Nystuen in the movie JFK.  Fanra 03:20, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Disagree — Mary Moorman was a witness, Badgeman is a theory held by conspiracy theorists. "Badgeman" is not Mary Moorman's theory, it is an inference drawn by others. The two are not joined at the waist. — Walloon 04:25, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

"Badge man" image colorization
In colorosation I gather the settings of what areas of a B&W image are what particular color are set by an operator. Is this the case? Has the color of that image been absolutely determined by algorithm? The colorisation seems too good to be true; to fit what the coloriser wants to see in the image. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.3.188.27 (talk) 18:25, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Where is the "Badge Man in the photograph?
I can't figure out where in the photo the Badge Man is. Could someone please circle this area with a pen or with software? Thank you. Risssa (talk) 04:06, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * This is it, more or less. SteveStrummer (talk) 04:15, 22 November 2013 (UTC)
 * I also can't tell where in the picture that section is actually located. Would it be possible for a version of the photo currently in the article to be uploaded pointing out the appropriate section within the picture as a whole....? -- ChrisTheDude (talk) 21:28, 27 January 2014 (UTC)
 * This was bothering me for longer than it should have. I finally found where he's supposed to be in the larger image. In the center of the image, just up the hill a bit, you'll see the corner of a wall. The left (from our perspective) side of the fence is an over-exposed white, and the right side is a shaded gray. The "badge man" is supposed to be just above the wall, right at that corner. In the image on this page you can make out two white dots a little above this corner and a grayish blob at the top of the right side of the wall. The left white dot is supposed to be the "muzzle flash", and the right white dot is supposed to be the background behind badge man's left shoulder. The lower gray blob is supposed to be the background underneath his left arm. This looks nothing like the "enhanced" badge man photo (not even like the non-colorized one). Note that you can't make out his head, nor the famous "badge". I loaded the image into gimp and raised the brightness to 73 (I don't know what unit this is, it's just what the brightness tool shows) and I could just barely make out what is supposed to be his head. Still no sign of the badge though. It looks nothing like a person, but guess what it does look exactly like... light filtering through tree leaves. Which is exactly what's going on all around that spot. I really don't believe this garbage should be on wikipedia. I thought reliable sources was the name of the game here. Especially that horrendous colorized version. Someone just picked the colors they wanted where they wanted them. You may as well accept someone's original painting as evidence. Onlynone (talk) 15:06, 2 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The location of the enlargement area is described in the article text as well as the first photo caption. As for that new enlargement, I've removed it: You can't possibly find the same detail in a JPEG that you can in the original photograph. The Mack/White enlargement comes from that original, and the colorized version was White's way of conveying their theory. It's a threadbare theory, perhaps even "garbage", but there it is. SteveStrummer (talk) 03:54, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

Introductory sentence
Good work on this. I understand that this will be a featured article on May 5, 2023. I did have one more comment that may have been touched on in Featured article candidates/Badge Man/archive1. I am mentioning it here in the event others would like to chime in.

The first sentence of the article currently states:
 * The Badge Man is an unknown figure that is purportedly present within the Mary Moorman photograph of the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dealey Plaza on November 22, 1963.

Is "unknown" necessary? It begs the question, "Unknown to whom?" The alleged person is unknown to some conspiracists, but other conspiracists believe they know who it is. And given that everyone who thinks it is an actual person also thinks it is an assassin (not just an observer standing behind the fence), I propose:
 * The Badge Man is an assassin that is purportedly present within the Mary Moorman photograph of the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dealey Plaza on November 22, 1963.

Thoughts? Should I open an Rfc on this? -Location (talk) 15:58, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Maybe I have a paranoid mindset, but your alternative could be read to mean that The Badge Man is an assassin who may be in the photo. I think the first one does a good job of making it clear that even the existence of the badge man is in doubt. Rjjiii (talk) 03:32, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * If that is the impression that most people would receive from my suggestion, then we definitely should not use it! I'm still not sure why we use "unknown" as it implies to me that there is a figure (i.e. person) but we just don't know who it is. -Location (talk) 05:04, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I’d go further than this: “the badge man is an unknown figure…” emphasises that a figure is in the picture. I would say something weaker than this, that such a figure is supposedly in it. I’d also make it clearer sooner that the consensus amongst experts is there is no such figure. FOARP (talk) 05:54, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed with both here that the wording "an unknown figure" gives off wrong vibes. "figure" as a word can occasionally refer to non-humans or objects, but "unknown" suggests the most common definition (a human silhouette) by way of implicature. IMO, it's better to simply state "a figure", which leaves the epistemological burden on conspiracy theorists to prove that it's a human figure. This is also the approach taken by John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories (and the subsequent section on "Black dog man"). Ceconhistorian (talk) 07:06, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I have removed "unknown" per the above. I assuming doing so may draw others to this thread who will follow WP:BRD. -Location (talk) 16:31, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree with the removal of "unknown" to describe a purported figure. Besides making the sentence simpler and more direct, it avoids implying there is someone's figure but their identity is unknown. - LuckyLouie (talk) 17:24, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I like it, Rjjiii (talk) 01:15, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

Tag
At the end of the following sentence...
 * The examined photo was the original copy, which had greatly degraded by that point.

...I saw that you placed a tag with the note "Did HSCA send a negative or the original positive to RIT?" A few sentence earlier in the paragraph there is a sentence that states:
 * The HSCA then sent a negative version of the Moorman photo to the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) for enlargement, enhancement, and analysis.

The HSCA report says "a high quality negative copy" was made at the RIT. This seems to me to mean that the HSCA sent the original and that RIT made the negative. -Location (talk) 05:34, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * So RIT made a negative copy, but didn't use it in the analysis? I don't have a copy of Bugliosi to check what he says. GA-RT-22 (talk) 13:53, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that the original photographs is relatively small (i.e. less than 3" wide), so RIT used the original to make a negative then used the negative to make larger images.
 * Bugliosi only states: "But the image of the retaining wall area is so blurred that enlarging the photo and seeking to enhance it at the Rochester Institute of Technology 'produced no significant increase in detail and no evidence of any human form.' And since the 'fence region of the photograph was of even poorer quality than the retaining wall area, no enhancement' was even attempted." -Location (talk) 16:50, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you think the tag could be removed or do you think there is still something that needs clarification? -Location (talk) 17:26, 5 May 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:37, 5 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Badgeman coloured.jpg

title: Talk:Badge Man


text:
T-square (fractal)

In mathematics, the T-square is a two-dimensional fractal. It has a boundary of infinite length bounding a finite area. Its name comes from the drawing instrument known as a T-square.

Algorithmic description

It can be generated from using this algorithm:

 * 1) Image 1:
 * 2) Start with a square. (The black square in the image)
 * 3) Image 2:
 * 4) At each convex corner of the previous image, place another square, centered at that corner, with half the side length of the square from the previous image.
 * 5) Take the union of the previous image with the collection of smaller squares placed in this way.
 * 6) Images 3–6:
 * 7) Repeat step 2.

The method of creation is rather similar to the ones used to create a Koch snowflake or a Sierpinski triangle, "both based on recursively drawing equilateral triangles and the Sierpinski carpet."

Properties
The T-square fractal has a fractal dimension of ln(4)/ln(2) = 2. The black surface extent is almost everywhere in the bigger square, for once a point has been darkened, it remains black for every other iteration; however some points remain white.

The fractal dimension of the boundary equals $$\textstyle{\frac{\log{3}}{\log{2}}=1.5849...}$$.

Using mathematical induction one can prove that for each n ≥ 2 the number of new squares that are added at stage n equals $$4*3^{(n-1)}$$.

The T-Square and the chaos game
The T-square fractal can also be generated by an adaptation of the chaos game, in which a point jumps repeatedly half-way towards the randomly chosen vertices of a square. The T-square appears when the jumping point is unable to target the vertex directly opposite the vertex previously chosen. That is, if the current vertex is v[i] and the previous vertex was v[i-1], then v[i] ≠ v[i-1] + vinc, where vinc = 2 and modular arithmetic means that 3 + 2 = 1, 4 + 2 = 2:

If vinc is given different values, allomorphs of the T-square appear that are computationally equivalent to the T-square but very different in appearance:

T-square fractal and Sierpiński triangle
The T-square fractal can be derived from the Sierpiński triangle, and vice versa, by adjusting the angle at which sub-elements of the original fractal are added from the center outwards.

title: T-square (fractal)


text:
Talk:Blitz Kids

Moved from the article
COMMENT ON THE ABOVE ENTRY & THE WIKIPEDIA ETHOS: As somebody who was at the Blitz, I can asssure readers that the above entry is substantially misguided, and though it is unsigned, the names checked betray the bias of its writer and the fact that he or she was a late follower of the influential Blitz scene. As an example, here's one error of fact: Leigh Bowery had not even landed in Britain from Australia by the time the Blitz closed. So Wikipedia becomes rather self-defeating if entries remain anonymous and unverified. I may return to write a more accurate account of the Blitz, after I've checked out the accuracy of a few other entries on Wiki. There is no point in my changing the wording above, because readers have no way of knowing whether my account is any better. Entries are only as good as the last person to edit them. Have you spotted my own typo? (4 Oct 2004)

I've removed Leigh Bowery from the list. --90.203.17.163 (talk) 17:32, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

The Blitz Relaunch
We need to add the recent relaunch of The Blitz club in London's east end. Someone please help!! --78.86.147.3 (talk) 21:55, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

A reunion clubnight was held on 25 Sept 2008 at the Tabernacle, well short of the 30th anniversary, billed as follows: Bolongaro Trevor, Rusty Egan and Steve Strange bring the fabled Blitz club night back in the build up to it's 30th anniversary. Dj's : Rusty Egan (Blitz 79-81, Club for Heroes) Drew McConnell (Babyshambles). 8pm - 2 am Cube@ The Tabernacle, 55 - 61 Tabernacle St, Shoreditch. Probably 70 people turned out, of which about a dozen were Blitz diehards such as myself, Steve Norman of Spandau Ballet and Robert Pereno, but the cutest touch was that it was the junior Neo Romantics who'd made the effort to come dressed weird. As this event lasted one night only, it hardly constitutes a re-launch! - 23 March 2009, 217.155.200.241—Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.155.200.241 (talk) 02:04, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Bias against straight talk
Who is 79.214.115.54 and on what authority has he/she removed my comment from the article, as below? The editing process on Wikipedia seems massively biased against ordinary folk who are not geeky enough to beat the gobbledegook but who do have something of worth to say...

{ * COMMENT ADDED 9 DEC 2008 - THIS ENTRY is pitifully inadequate since the Blitz was one of Britain's two most important clubs, along with the Cavern Liverpool, in terms of its subcultural influence on the pop and fashion scenes which the world associates with the Swinging Londons of both the 1960s and 1980s. It lacks insight, it lacks the names of at least 30 truly regular Blitz Kids and fails to identify the central trio whose creativity inspired the rest, while some mentioned remain wrongly spelt.

{ At least Leigh Bowery's name was eventually removed - after all, Sue Tilley's biog reported a decade ago that he landed in Britain in the very month the Blitz closed (the year of which even she gets wrong, Sue, 1981, really?!) saying on page 20 that Leigh "was too scared to go to the Blitz as he thought he might not get in".

{ As somebody who was actually there, I can't see any point in participating in the Wikipedia ethos when Sugarfish, the originator of the first entry in 2003 - a woefully ill-informed ex-pat who clearly still hasn't read Sue's 1997 book - is now a Wikipedia administrator! None of your contributors can even provide the opening and closing dates for the club that in fact proved a deal more significant than the Cavern. Entries can be only as accurate as the last person to touch the page. }

23 March 2009

Daft amendments
To suggest Isabella Blow was a Blitz Kid is pure fantasy, whatever her other distinguished achievements in fashion journalism. A picture of her was added by somebody who clearly knows nothing of the New Romantic style. Equally daft was to insert full points into "Eg" which is the name of a performer and not a grammatical abbreviation. Capslockoff (talk) 03:07, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

a Who's Who of nothing
While I'm not about to shoot down the relevance of the Blitz club as part of early 80s pop culture, the endless names on this article about who was or wasn't a "Blitz kid" is getting quite ridiculous. Despite how relatively shortlived the club was, this article should focus on the club itself rather than an endless list of patrons (half of whom nobody has heard of). Obviously, prominent regulars who are notable enough to have their own Wikipedia articles can be named (Steve Strange, Boy George, Marilyn, etc) but the Blitz is only notable for its part in the New Romantic scene and so perhaps the article should be merged into that one. 94.4.195.168 (talk) 12:40, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. Thanks.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 15:21, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

+ Agree that a list of Blitz "footsoldiers" could stretch to infinity, but disagree about a merger with the ill-informed Wiki entry on New Romantics, penned substantially from American sources (what IS the point?). To dismiss the Blitz as being "only notable for its part in the New Romantic scene" is to underestimate its catalytic role in the UK's revolution in music and fashion that transformed the 1980s. In 1979 London boasted only one influential nightclub in any given season and the revolution that set youth culture ablaze came indisputably out of the Blitz and was spread through the UK's clubland, not the rock circuit, nor the record industry. This entry on the single most important nightclub since the 1960s itself deserves to be better written up, fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.155.200.241 (talk) 03:14, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that the New Romantic article has certainly had its problems over the years, often perpetuating the myth that it was a musical genre and that anyone who had a synth in the early 80s was automatically part of it. But I don't think a separate article on "people who went to a certain nightclub at a certain time" is particularly ingenious either. Perhaps this article could be changed to be about the club itself rather than an endless list of irrelevant pseudo-celebs who frequented it. 88.104.9.185 (talk) 04:34, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Totally agree with the last comment. Why was this Wiki article given the heading BLITZ KIDS, rather than the title of the venue itself BLITZ CLUB? The true movers and shakers who attracted the media and pioneered its ethos of "one look lasts a day" numbered no more than about 60. Right now Facebook is awash with "foot-soldiers" claiming to have been there when in fact the youthquake that erupted was driven by a focussed collaboration between a very small group of talented and ambitious fashionistas. Music was only one part of the chemistry. 217.155.200.241 (talk) 13:45, 11 March 2019 (UTC)

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Attention Wikipedia Admins
As was suggested ages ago: Why was this Wiki article given the heading BLITZ KIDS, rather than the title of the venue itself BLITZ CLUB? The true movers and shakers who attracted the media and pioneered its ethos of "one look lasts a day" numbered no more than about 60. Within the past month the user 90.241.132.72 deleted three of the most prominent Blitz Kid names because they are uncited here at Wikipedia. To say they are "unsourced" is untrue. They are certainly named in the definitive Smith/Sullivan book mentioned here, along with other regular movers and shakers at the club. It's a major oversight that their 2011 book We Can Be Heroes: London Clubland 1976-1984 remains unfeatured here in its own right. 217.155.200.241 (talk) 12:52, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blitz Kids


text:
Coppa Ciano

The Coppa Ciano was an automobile race held in Italy. Originally referred to as Coppa Montenero or Circuito Montenero, the Coppa Ciano name was officially in use between 1927 and 1939.

History
During the years immediately following World War I several road circuits were created in Italy. These included the Montenero Circuit at Livorno, which became home for the annual Coppa Montenero from its inauguration in 1921. In the beginning it was only a local affair and the organizers quickly found themselves in financial troubles. In 1923 the event was taken over by the Automobile Club of Italy and the future was secured.

In 1927, the Livorno-born politician Costanzo Ciano donated a victory trophy: the Coppa Ciano. At first, this was awarded to the victor in a separate sports car race, run within a week of the Coppa Montenero. In 1929, however, the Coppa Ciano was merged into the main event and at the same time became the name most often used.

The driver Emilio Materassi won 4 years in a row 1925-1928 and earned the nickname "King of Montenero".

In the 1930s, Italian Hall of Fame driver Tazio Nuvolari won this race five times, more than any other driver. In his 1936 victory he made his way through the field, beating the otherwise superior German cars. This victory was one of the reasons leading to the Italian Grand Prix being held at the Montenero circuit in 1937, instead of the usual venue, Monza.

The 1939 race was run to Voiturette regulations and became the last before World War II stopped all racing for many years. In 1947 the 20th and final edition of the Coppa Montenero was run, with 1500 cc unsupercharged cars. At that point, due to Costanzo Ciano's connections with the now abolished Fascist regime, it was no longer called Coppa Ciano.

title: Coppa Ciano


text:
Jerry Tucker (actor)

Jerry Tucker (born Jerome Harold Schatz, November 1, 1925 – November 23, 2016) was an American child actor, most notable for having played the "rich kid" in the Our Gang short subjects series semi-regularly from 1931 to 1938.

Life and career
Tucker was born Jerome Harold Schatz in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Ruth (Keno) and Leonard Schatz. His German Jewish surname was changed to "Tucker" for his acting career. Tucker first appeared in the 1931 Our Gang short Shiver My Timbers. He appeared in seventeen Our Gang comedies through 1938's Three Men in a Tub.

In addition to his Our Gang appearances, Tucker appeared in the Marie Dressler film Prosperity, again as a spoiled rich kid. He also appeared as one of Mother Peep's children in the Laurel & Hardy feature film Babes in Toyland (1934). He also appeared with Shirley Temple in Captain January in 1936, playing the "know-it-all" boy who forgets his answers on the test. On radio, Tucker played "the juvenile lead" on Jones and I, which was broadcast on CBS in the early 1940s and Roy Barry on the soap opera Hilltop House.

Tucker went on to serve in the United States Navy during World War II and the Korean War. He served aboard the USS Sigsbee (DD-502). During World War II, he sustained an injury that caused him to limp, when his ship was hit by a Japanese kamikaze. Afterwards he married Myra K. Heino and had a successful career as an electrical engineer with RCA before retiring. His wife died in August 2012.

Tucker died on November 23, 2016, of natural causes at Long Island State Veterans Home in Stony Brook, New York. He was 91.

title: Jerry Tucker (actor)


text:
File:VCPercyHowardHansen.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Percy Howard Hansen, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Martin Hornby - (Gallaher Cigarette Cards).

title: File:VCPercyHowardHansen.jpg


text: User talk:164.116.80.206

title: User talk:164.116.80.206