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Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (bishop)

Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright I (February 24, 1792 – September 21, 1854) was a provisional Episcopal bishop in Manhattan, New York City.

Early life
Wainwright was born in Liverpool, England on February 24, 1792. He was the son of Peter Wainwright and Elizabeth (née Mayhew) Wainwright (1759–1829), who met on a trip to England from the United States and married in 1790. His father was a prosperous English tobacco merchant who emigrated from England to Boston and became a citizen after the American Revolution. His mother was the daughter of Reverend Jonathan Mayhew of Boston. His parents didn't return to Massachusetts until eleven years later, in 1802. Among his siblings was Eliza Wainwright (b. 1794), who married Dr. Walter Channing, a prominent obstetrician. His brother, Robert Dewar Wainwright, was the father of Richard Wainwright, an American Civil War naval officer.

Jonathan graduated from Harvard College in 1812, where he was afterward a tutor. He received the degree of D.D. from Union College in 1823, and from Harvard in 1835. The degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by Oxford University in 1852.

Career
On April 13, 1817, he was ordered deacon in the Episcopal Church in Trinity Church, Boston and on May 29, 1818, he was ordained as a priest in Christ Church, Hartford, Connecticut, of which he later became rector.

In November 1819, he moved to New York and became assistant minister in Trinity Church. He was made rector of Grace Church in 1821, and remained in that charge until 1834, when he became rector of Trinity Church, Boston. In 1837 he returned to Trinity Parish, New York, as assistant in charge of St. John's Chapel, which post he retained until he was elevated to the episcopate with the exception of six months' service in 1850 as rector-elect of Calvary Church in Gramercy Park.

He was for many years secretary of the house of bishops, and was instrumental in the founding of New York University. He was considered one of the first pulpit orators of his day. He wielded great social influence, was a ripe scholar, and was a devoted lover of music, contributing toward its improvement in the churches of his denomination. He was secretary of the board of trustees of the General Theological Seminary in 1828–34, and a trustee or officer of many other institutions and societies.

In 1844, he engaged in a controversy with his friend George Potts, which grew out of an assertion that Rufus Choate made at a celebration of the New England society. The orator said that the Pilgrim fathers had founded a "state without a king and a church without a bishop." At the dinner that followed, Wainwright, in responding to a sentiment, said in reply that "there is no church without a bishop." The subsequent discussion with Potts, which was carried on in nineteen letters in the New York Commercial Advertiser, was published as a book ''No Church Without a Bishop; or, the Controversy between the Rev. Drs. Potts and Wainwright. With a Preface by the Latter, and an Introduction and Notes by an Anti-Sectarian''.

On October 1, 1852, Wainwright was elected provisional bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York.

Personal life
In August 1818, Wainwright was married to Amelia Maria Phelps (1797–1885), the daughter of Timothy Phelps and Janet (née Broome) Phelps. Together, they were the parents of fourteen children:

 * Elizabeth Mayhew Wainwright (1819–1822), who died in childhood.
 * Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright II (1821–1863), who married Maria Page (1822–1854) in 1844. He was killed in action during the Battle of Galveston during the Civil War.
 * Elizabeth Mayhew Wainwright (1824–1882), who married Simeon Henry Remsen in 1844 and William Holley Hudson in 1864.
 * Henry Wainwright (1825–1825), who died in infancy.
 * Henry Phelps Wainwright (1826–1827), who died in infancy.
 * Henry Phelps Wainwright (1828–1846).
 * John Howard Wainwright (1829–1871), who married Margaret Livingston Stuyvesant (1839–1928).
 * Maria Trumball Wainwright (1831–1905), who married Theodore Bailey Bronson in 1851.
 * Daniel Wadsworth Wainwright (1833–1863), a physician who died in New Orleans during the Civil War.
 * Janet Phelps Wainwright (1837–1842), who died in childhood.
 * Amelia Maria Wainwright (1838–1867), who married Col. Henry Cary Bankhead (1828–1894) in 1863.
 * Francis Chetwood Wainwright (1839–1874), who married Frances Mary Davis.
 * Edward Bibby Wainwright (1841–1841), who died in infancy.
 * William Augustus Muhlenberg Wainwright (1844–1895), who married Helena Barker "Nellie" Talcott, the daughter of Sarah and Thomas Talcott.

He died at his residence at 5:00 pm on September 21, 1854, in Manhattan, New York City. He was buried at Trinity Church Cemetery.

Descendants
Through his son John Howard, he was the grandfather of Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (1864–1945), a U.S. Representative and United States Assistant Secretary of War. Through his son Jonathan, he was the grandfather of Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (1849–1870) and Robert Powell Page Wainwright (1852–1902).

Works
Besides the pamphlet mentioned above, he wrote:

 * Four Sermons on Religious Education (New York, 1829)
 * Lessons on the Church (1835)
 * Order of Family Prayer (1845)
 * Short Family Prayers (1850)
 * The Pathways and Abiding-Places of our Lord, illustrated in the Journal of a Tour through the Land of Promise (1851)
 * The Land of Bondage: being the Journal of a Tour in Egypt (1852)
 * Single sermons and papers in periodicals.
 * Book of Chants, adapted to services of the Episcopal church (1819)
 * Music of the Church (1828)
 * The Choir and Family Psalter, with William A. Muhlenberg (1851)
 * John Stark Ravenscroft, Sermons, edited with a memoir (2 vols., 1830)
 * Life of Bishop Heber, edited biography by Heber's widow (2 vols., 1830)

He edited:

 * Book of Common Prayer (1843 illustrated version)

Consecrators

 * The Most Reverend Thomas C. Brownell, Presiding Bishop
 * The Right Reverend George W. Doane, Bishop of New Jersey
 * The Right Reverend Jackson Kemper, Provisional Bishop of Wisconsin
 * William Heathcote DeLancey, I Western New York;
 * William Rollinson Whittingham, IV Maryland;
 * Carlton Chase, II New Hampshire;
 * George Upfold; II Missionary Bishop to Indiana;
 * John Williams, Coadjutor of Connecticut; and,
 * Francis Fulford of Montreal.

title: Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (bishop)


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Joachim Beuckelaer

Joachim Beuckelaer (c. 1533 – c. 1570/4) was a Flemish painter specialising in market and kitchen scenes with elaborate displays of food and household equipment. His development of the genre of market and kitchen scenes was influential on the development of still life art in Northern Europe as well as Italy and Spain. He also painted still lifes with no figures in the central scene. He further added the staffage (i.e. the figures) or the garments in works of other local painters, such as Anthonis Mor.

Life
Details about the life of the artist are scarce. Beuckelaer was born in Antwerp into a family of painters. He was likely the son of the painter Mattheus Beuckeleer and the grandson of the painter Cornelis de Beuckelaer. His brother, known as Huybrecht Beuckeleer, also became a painter. The works of Huybrecht have occasionally been misattributed to Joachim. He possibly learned to paint in the workshop of his uncle, the Dutch painter Pieter Aertsen, who had married his aunt Kathelijne Beuckelaer. Aertsen was best known for his market and kitchen scenes.

Beuckelaer became an independent master in the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1560. He remained active in Antwerp throughout his career and continued to develop themes pioneered in painting by Aertsen, but arguably surpassing his presumed master in skill. Beuckelaer was reportedly not getting high prices for his works during his lifetime. It was only after his death that his works dramatically increased in price. However, the large size of his later works and the number of workshop variants produced likely point to a degree of success at least towards the end of his life.

The date of his death is not known with certainty but fell likely between 1570 and 1574.

Work
Beuckelaer specialised in market and kitchen scenes with elaborate displays of food and household equipment. He also painted some brothel scenes. During the 1560s, especially during the early part of the decade, Beuckelaer painted some purely religious works, possibly because there was little demand for his kitchen and market scenes. For these religious works, unlike for the kitchen and market scenes, drawings are known. Most of these were destroyed in the course of the Calvinist iconoclasm which swept the Low Countries, starting in Antwerp in 1566. His still life of a carcass referred to as Slaughtered pig (Wallraf-Richartz Museum) dated 1563 is likely the earliest dated example of this subject. In the 1560s he also made designs for stained glass.

Many of Beuckelaer’s works, as those of Pieter Aertsen, show in the foreground tables full of bountiful produce which can be interpreted as temptations of earthly satisfactions. Often these works not only reference the pleasures of food but also contain objects and gestures which point to the temptations of sexual desire. For instance, visual representations of men's purses occasionally evoke men's genitals. These purses often had straps or false flaps and smaller pouches for coins on the bag's external side which could be very suggestive as is shown in the Market farmers in the Kunsthistorisches Museum. In the Poultry dealer and a young woman with an array of fruit, vegetables, fish and game on a table before a house, the poultry dealer is holding a large chicken and standing close behind the young woman. As in other cultures, the chicken or rooster was frequently a reference to male genitalia and sexuality, while the Dutch word 'vogel' (bird) was slang for sexual intercourse (as in the verb 'vogelen').

As an antidote to these earthly temptations, Beuckelaer's market scenes, like those of Aertsen, often incorporate biblical episodes in the background. His Four Elements series National Gallery, London are a good example. The painting depicting the element Water, for example, shows a fish market selling 12 kinds of fish, representing the twelve disciples of Jesus. Through an archway in the background the miraculous draught of fishes is depicted, with Christ appearing to his apostles and telling them to cast their nets on the other side of the boat. The scene appearing most frequently in the background is that of Christ in the House of Mary and Martha. It recounts the story of Christ visiting the sisters at their home in Bethany, and reprimanding Martha for busying herself with household matters rather than heeding his message. The moral message of these religious scenes was to encourage viewers to leave behind the temptations of the flesh and move towards the spiritual food offered by the Christian faith.

Both Aertsen and Beuckelaer gradually developed images that detached the world of produce from the religious content of their earlier hybrid images. These later works depict either kitchens or markets and the persons associated with those activities, more often women than men. The later paintings by Beuckelaer show a greater profusion of foodstuffs in the market scenes, together with a more prominent foregrounding of female peasants immersed within these sales items. Beuckelaer also produced several images of fish stalls, often with background religious scenes, but sometimes completely separated from any additional narrative or reference. In the year 1563 Beuckelaer was experimenting with more outspoken landscape settings in an innovative way, which was influential on later artists in Antwerp.

One of the still lives without figures in the kitchen or market scene itself is the Kitchen scene with Christ at Emmaus (c. 1660/65, Mauritshuis, The Hague) which is unique in his oeuvre. In this composition Beuckelaer painted a kitchen with numerous ingredients for a lavish meal: vegetables, fruits, nuts, poultry and a large cut of meat. The table linen and crockery are also in view. In the background, Beuckelaer depicted the biblical story of Christ at Emmaus. This story is pushed into the background while the secondary matter of the dinner preparations for Christ's visit at Emmaus has become the painting’s main subject. This and similar scenes are regarded as the forerunners of the still-lifes of the 17th century, in which the narrative elements vanished entirely.

Beuckelaer was also employed painting the figures or the garments in the work of other artists such as Anthonis Mor and Cornelis van Dalem.

Research into the technique underlying Beuckelaer's canvases has shown that he often recycled his own compositions from one image to the next. He employed patterns of clustered items through tracings to compose new pictures with apparent variety. This kind of technique allowed him to increase production efficiency and cut costs in time and effort.

His work was influential in Flanders and abroad. The Flemish still life and animal painter Frans Snyders developed his Baroque many market scenes by taking inspiration of the work of Aertsen and Beuckelaer. Northern Italian painters such as Vincenzo Campi and Jacopo Bassano were also influenced by his work. Diego Velázquez was influenced by his kitchen scenes with religious scenes in the creation of his bodegones such as the Kitchen Scene with Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (1618, National Gallery). It is very likely that Velázquez had seen engravings of works of Aertsen and Beuckelaer.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joachim Beuckelaer


text:
Khouribga

Khouribga (خريبكة, ) is the capital of Khouribga Province in the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region, Morocco. With a population of 196,196 (2014 census), Khouribga owes its growth to the phosphate deposits nearby.

Geography
Located at 107 km from Casablanca, 154 km from the capital, Rabat, more than 200 km from the city of Marrakesh, and about 99 km from the city of Beni Mellal and 60 km from the city of Settat and 34 km from the city of Oued Zem.

Khouribga is located 820 meters above sea level on the Ouardigha plateau. The city was founded in 1923 by the authorities of the French protectorate when they discovered phosphate in the region, for which Morocco is considered to be the biggest exporter in the world. There are several mines in the province, most notably the mine of Sidi Shennan near the town of Oued Zem, which lies 30 km from the village of Boulanouare (5 km) and the town of Boujniba (10 km) and the village of Hattane.

The Province of Khouribga is bordered by the Province of Beni Mellal in the east, Province of Ben Slimane in the west, the Province of Settat in the south, and Khémisset Province in the north.

Climate
Khouribga has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). In winter there is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Khouribga is 17.2 °C. About 432 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Phosphate
The Province of Khouribga has a large phosphate reserve estimated 35 to 40 billion cubic meters, which has been mined since 1920s and is ranked first at the international level. Also Khouribga is one of the cities that brings hard currency and that is due to its community residents from Italy.

The phosphate mines in the Ouled Abdoun Basin are notable source of fossils, especially Mosasaur and Sharks jaws and teeth.

Industrial activities
In addition to phosphate mining, the province knew the emergence of other industries in economic sectors such as:
 * Electrical and electronics industry
 * Chemical industry
 * Food Industry
 * Mechanical Industry
 * Textiles

Industrial areas
The province has three Industrial zones:
 * The industrial zone of Khouribga (industrial district): 20 hectares (234 partitions) and 13 operating industrial units plus the expansion of the zone.
 * The industrial zone of Oued Zem.
 * The industrial zone of Bejaad.

Services
The province has several services, among them:
 * 25 bank agencies
 * 6 insurance agencies
 * 7 travel agencies
 * 2 railways with daily trips with a project to build a modern station.

Agriculture
The agricultural lands is divided into 50% arable land, 20% forests, 30% unused land. Livestock is the most important source of income for the rural population, the herd is estimated to be:
 * Goats: 30.000-60.000 heads
 * Equidae: 40.000-60.000 heads
 * Cows: 50.000-70.000 heads
 * Sheep: 500.000-600.000 heads

Handicrafts
The handicrafts sector represents a sizable part of the local economy with 9 cooperatives (260 members), and a handicrafts association.

Health
The facilities cover most of the province with:
 * 6 rooms
 * 3 provincial hospitals
 * 20 health centers
 * 7 urban health centers
 * 9 rural clinics

Twin towns – sister cities
Khouribga is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Alcamo, Italy
 * 🇹🇷 Erzincan, Turkey
 * 🇮🇷 Karaj, Iran

Notable people

 * Adam Masina, professional footballer
 * Hicham Mahdoufi, Former international footballer
 * Hindi Zahra, international singer
 * Hind Dehiba, née Chahyd, born on March 17, 1979, in Khouribga, a Moroccan-French middle-distance runner
 * Jawad El Yamiq, professional footballer
 * Mohamed Saïd El Wardi, Former middle-distance runner
 * Otmane El Assas, former professional footballer
 * Rababe Arafi, middle-distance runner
 * Walid El Karti, professional footballer

title: Khouribga


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Queen Elizabeth High School (Halifax, Nova Scotia)

Queen Elizabeth High School (QEH) was a secondary school in Halifax, Nova Scotia. QEH was known for its high academic standards, competitive sports teams and distinguished extra-curricular activities such as its annual model parliament and musical productions. Its Reach for the Top team won the CBC-TV national championship in 1975.

Queen Elizabeth High School was part of the Halifax community for 65 years, and offered many services and facilities including a 1280-seat performance auditorium that opened in 1951. QEH closed in 2007, merging with longtime rival St. Patrick's High School to form Citadel High School.

History
Queen Elizabeth High School was formed by a merger of two former schools, the Halifax Academy and Bloomfield High School, which were considered overcrowded and outdated. It was built during World War II on Camp Hill, facing Robie Street, and opened on 2 September 1942. The new school was named after Queen Elizabeth (popularly known after 1952 as the Queen Mother), who had visited Halifax in 1939 with King George VI.

Queen Elizabeth was registered as a designated school for children of the United States Armed Forces and Diplomatic Corps, and had a long tradition of attracting students from other parts of Canada as well as from overseas.

Live!, the first live album released by legendary Canadian rock and roll band April Wine, was recorded in the QEH auditorium in 1974.

Queen Elizabeth High School was merged with nearby St. Patrick's High School to form Citadel High School. The new school is located across the street from the former site of Queen Elizabeth, adjacent to Citadel Hill. Ground breaking for Citadel High School took place in April 2006, and the final classes at QEH finished in June 2007. Queen Elizabeth closed as the academically top-ranked high school in Nova Scotia (based on the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies annual rankings of high schools).

The building was demolished in 2011, and its former land was transferred to the Province of Nova Scotia. During the demolition, workers discovered an unmarked, sealed copper time capsule behind the school's cornerstone. Opened in September 2011 at Citadel High School, the capsule contained newspapers, school planning documents, and other paraphernalia from 1941.

Over the short term, a community garden has been developed on the site and includes a walking path from Robie Street to Bell Road. In the future, the land is slated to be developed by the Nova Scotia Health Authority as an expansion to the neighbouring Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre.

Queen Elizabeth High School hosted numerous successful reunions in its history and one final reunion, the "Last Chance Reunion" took place from July 27 to 29, 2007.

Campus
Queen Elizabeth High School occupied a sloping site on the corner of Bell Road and Robie Street, popularly known as the "Willow Tree" intersection. The sprawling school building, located opposite the Halifax Common and the Quinpool Road commercial district, was built in phases from the 1940s to 1960s. It had four teaching levels as well as a clock tower.

Though the school was originally planned to include a gymnasium and auditorium, construction of these facilities was deferred due to the war and a lack of funds. Work began in 1950, and the gym and auditorium were opened in 1951. Erminie was the first musical presented in the new auditorium.

The first phase of the school, as well as the subsequent gym/auditorium addition, were designed by architect C.A. Fowler (1891–1950) of Halifax.

More classrooms were added in the late 1950s, but the school remained overcrowded into the 1960s. The authorities discussed a variety of options to deal with the problem including adding another storey to the school, building a new high school in the north end, or building an extension to QEH. They finally settled on the latter option, and in February 1969 the Board of School Commissioners opened an addition along Bell Road that more than doubled the school's size.

Queen Elizabeth High School's facilities included a library, art rooms, music rooms, technology education shops, science laboratories, computer laboratories, family studies rooms, a reading resource room, a learning support centre, an ESL centre, a gymnasium, an auditorium and a full-service cafeteria – all of which were accessible to the physically challenged.

Model parliament
Queen Elizabeth High School had one of the oldest-running high school model parliaments in all of North America, founded in 1952. This became one of the most prized traditions of the school and continues at Citadel High School.

Previous opposition leaders and prime ministers

 * 2007: Edgar Burns (Liberal) and Zephyr Armsworthy (Conservative)
 * 2006: Shenglong Gao (Conservative) and Marc Trussler (Liberal)
 * 2005: Aaron Ingersoll (Conservative), and James Mosher (Liberal)
 * 2004: Kaitlin Pianosi (Conservative) and James Mosher (Liberal)
 * 1994: Neil MacFarlane (PM-Reform) and Jacob Zimmer (LO-NDP)
 * 1990: Michael S. Mahon (PM Conservative) and JA Mahon Party Whip
 * 1989: Brian Macdonald (PM NDP) and Heather Fitzgerald (LO Liberal)
 * 1988: Derek Hall (PM NDP) and Heather Fitzgerald (LO Liberal)
 * 1987: Derek Hall (PM NDP) and Karla Francis (LO Liberal)

Basketball
At the Nova Scotia high school level during the 1980s, QEH was the most dominant high school team in the province, winning several provincial titles as well as other tournaments across Canada. Bob Douglas, who has become a local basketball coaching legend, headed the team. Douglas died in 2008, but his coaching success at QEH spanned three decades and he coached or influenced perhaps most of the best players that came from Nova Scotia over that period. In the 1980s alone, the QEH Lions won four consecutive provincial titles and Douglas was officially recognized by the National Association of Basketball Coaches. The Nova Scotia high school league in general was very competitive, and by the midpoint of the 1980s, basketball had become the most popular sport for both girls and boys at the high school level.

Football
The QEH Lions football team had a storied history, and ranks amongst the most successful high school programmes in Canada. Head Coach Mike Tanner was the 1999 recipient of the NFL Canada Youth Coach of the Year Award. Tanner, a former QEH Lions player himself, also taught High School Physical Education throughout his career as head coach of the football team. Many other former Lions players also returned as coaches including Jeff Lawley, who coached defence from the 1990s until the programme was merged with that of Saint Patrick's at Citadel High. Queen Elizabeth Lions provincial football championships include:

 * 2005: - QEH Lions 49 vs Cobequid Educational Centre Cougars 9
 * 2004: - QEH Lions 32 vs Cobequid Educational Centre Cougars 17
 * 2002: - QEH Lions 12 vs Cobequid Educational Centre Cougars 7
 * 1998: - QEH Lions 39 vs Saint Patrick's High School Irish 6
 * 1995: - QEH Lions 20 vs Prince Andrew High School Panthers 17
 * 1994: - QEH Lions 28 vs Prince Andrew High School Panthers 0
 * 1988: - QEH Lions W vs Cobequid Educational Centre Cougars L
 * 1987: - QEH Lions
 * 1986: - QEH Lions
 * 1985: - QEH Lions
 * 1983: - QEH Lions
 * 1982: - QEH Lions
 * 1981: - QEH Lions
 * 1980: - QEH Lions
 * 1978: - QEH Lions
 * 1973: - QEH Lions
 * 1970: - QEH Lions
 * 1969: - QEH Lions

Musicals

 * 2007: Titanic: A New Musical
 * 2006: Guys and Dolls
 * 2005: My Fair Lady
 * 2004: Jane Eyre
 * 2003: State Fair
 * 2002: Hello Dolly!
 * 2000: Titanic
 * 1999: The Pajama Game
 * 1998: Annie
 * 1997: Oklahoma!
 * 1996: Faust
 * 1995: Damn Yankees
 * 1994: Fiddler on the Roof
 * 1993: Oliver!
 * 1992: Carousel
 * 1989: Now Let's Revue
 * 1988: Kiss Me, Kate
 * 1987: My One and Only
 * 1986: The Music Man
 * 1985: The Pajama Game
 * 1984: Guys and Dolls
 * 1983: West Side Story
 * 1982: Bye Bye Birdie
 * 1981: Bells are Ringing
 * 1980: Brigadoon
 * 1979: Guys and Dolls
 * 1978: South Pacific
 * 1977: Irene
 * 1976: Oklahoma!
 * 1975: Anything Goes
 * 1974: Salad Days
 * 1973: The Music Man
 * 1968: Get Up and Go
 * 1967: Tell it to Sweeney
 * 1966: Our Girls
 * 1963: The Curious Savage
 * 1962: The Red Mill
 * 1961: The Pirates of Penzance   The Happiest Days of Our Life
 * 1960: Life With Father
 * 1959: Four To Go
 * 1958: Father of the Bride
 * 1957: The Solid Gold Cadillac
 * 1956: Robin Hood   Time Out for Ginger
 * 1955: The Winslow Boy
 * 1954: The Fortune Teller   Cheaper by the Dozen
 * 1953: Martha/Julius Caesar
 * 1952: The Romance of Cinderella   The Chimes of Normandy    You Can't Take It With You
 * 1951: Erminie

Notable alumni

 * Rick Black – Canadian Football League (CFL) player
 * Philip Bryden '71 – Alberta deputy minister of justice and deputy solicitor general
 * George Elliott Clarke '78 – poet/professor
 * David Crabbe – Canadian Football League player
 * Melanie Doane – singer/songwriter
 * Ray Downey – Olympic boxer
 * Andy Fillmore '84 – current member of parliament for Halifax and Parliamentary Secretary to Canada's Minister of Infrastructure and Communities
 * Walter Fitzgerald '54 – former mayor of Halifax and first mayor of Halifax Regional Municipality
 * Nancy Garapick '79 – Olympic swimmer (Montreal 1976 - won two bronze medals)
 * Jenn Grant '98 – singer/songwriter
 * Rob Harris '81 – Canadian men's curling champion '04 ("Brier"), world championships bronze medal-winner '04, Canadian mixed curling champion '02
 * Ron James '76 – comedian
 * Stephen Kimber '67 – journalist
 * Labi Kousoulis '89 – Liberal MLA
 * Nancy Lane Perham, OBE, cell biologist at Cambridge University
 * Michael Leir – High Commissioner to Australia
 * Martha MacDonald '68 – economist
 * Alexa McDonough – former leader of the Nova Scotia New Democratic Party (1980–1994) and New Democratic Party (1995–2003)
 * Sarah McLachlan '86 – singer/songwriter
 * Steve Morley '99 – former NFL football player and CFL (1st overall draft pick) offensive lineman
 * Elliot Page '05 – actor (X-Men: The Last Stand and Juno)
 * Roland Arthur Perry – first Chief Medical Examiner of Nova Scotia
 * Ben Proudfoot - film-maker, producer - two-time Oscar winner for The Queen of Basketball and The Last Repair Shop
 * Glenn Sarty (dropped out) – television producer
 * Russell Smith '81 – author and journalist
 * Wade Smith – educator
 * Warren Spicer '96 – Plants and Animals member
 * Don Tremaine (dropped out) – longtime CBC personality
 * Jonathan Torrens '90 – actor, television personality
 * Hetty van Gurp '67 – founder, Peaceful Schools International
 * Tyrone Williams – National Football League and Canadian Football League player
 * Matt Woodley '96 – Plants and Animals member


text:
Wikipedia:Japanese Collaboration/Removed

Kakinomoto no Hitomaro
Called Utano hijiri (Sacred Waka Poet) and the most prominent person among the ancient poets, but now stubby. It could be expanded. See also: ja:& --Aphaea 10:49, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Votes

Comments

 * The one challenge for a good Wikipedia entry on Kakinomoto no Hitomaro is that there is not that much know about his personal life. Still, there is his poetry and perhaps his influence on later poets. gK 11:49, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I think we can give some hypotheses on his biographies such as by Saito Mokichi or Umehara Takeshi. His influence is worthy to have a section ; there are few poets to be deified anyway.--Aphaea 12:49, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Fujiwara no Teika
Also waka people. One of greatest poets in the medieval and greatest critic, known by the editor of Hyakunin Isshu. Although he has no no article dedicated to him now ; see also: ja:& --Aphaea 10:49, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Votes: Comments:
 * He definately deserves more than the stub he has now. He was also involved in compiling two Imperial anthologies, wrote critical essays, and a diary.

Han (Japan)
Just a stub, but one of most important concepts in the Edo period.

Votes

Comments

Siemens scandal
See also: ja:&

Votes Comments
 * 1) J3ff 05:25, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * This seems to have been a major scandal in Japan. I'm curious to learn more about this topic. -- J3ff 05:25, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Agreed. But we have to research. Even ja article is also a stub. :( --Aphaea 02:26, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)

 * Too stubby as same as Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan).

Votes
 * 1) Tomgally 07:06, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

huhuhu

 * Japanese laugh.

Votes

Osaka Dome

 * That is.

Votes
 * 1) Andycjp 8th May 2005
 * 2) Tachitsuteto 14:27, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Mie (pose)
Kabuki technic.

Votes
 * 1) Fuujin 16:42, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Jito

 * Historical office of samurai for taxation. TOO stubby.

Votes
 * 1) Kinori 10:40, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Comment
 * Very important but difficult concept in Japanese history. Does this require a collabolation between who learn Japanese history in Japanese and who learn it in English? Kinori 10:40, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * That's what here we are doing. Perhaps JA WP article can serve us a good startpoint. -- Aphaea *  01:56, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I think ja:& shows the best summary of this subject. There is no equivalent in the www sites in Japanese. But many historical terms stand in our way to the translation. But if we can do it, Jito would be more than the simple translation. --Kinori 01:28, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

JETRO
Listed 17:35, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Votes

Comments

Minamoto no Yoritomo
The founder of Kamakura shogunate & the eldest brother of Minamoto no Yoshitsune (featured now samurai soap of NHK). Rather stub, could be expanded. -- Aphaea *  22:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Votes Comments
 * 1)  Aphaea  *  22:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) LordAmeth
 * 3) JeroenHoek 08:34, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I know I'm not helping by voting for multiple, but there are soooooooo many historical figures that need expansion. Yoritomo's a major figure, but have you seen his brothers' articles? very stubby. LordAmeth

Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
"Dog Shogun" of Tokugawa shogunate. could be expanded. -- Aphaea *  22:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Votes Comments
 * 1)  Aphaea  *  22:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) LordAmeth
 * Never heard of him. Must be obscure. And that means interesting. LordAmeth

Senpai
Votes
 * 1) Fenice 10:13, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Comments

Manju
This article needs cleanup and expansion.

Votes
 * Fenice 4 July 2005 17:02 (UTC)

Fujiwara no Morozane
This article on a regent from the 11th century is on the most wanted article request list, because 22 pages link to it.

Votes
 * Fenice 9 July 2005 18:42 (UTC)
 * William McDuff 13:43, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Grumpy Troll 15:51, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanguard 21:26, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Late Hojo clan
Votes Comment The first version of the article, posted by an IP user, looked like a joke, so I tried to improve it in short order. Thanks to users like LordAmeth, it's a respectable short article, and deserves more detail. Fg2 05:09, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * LordAmeth 22:52, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Comments
 * Another user (User:Fg2) commented on WP:JAWNB that this article needed help. I did what I could, but I'm not sure what else to include, without going too deeply into the histories of individual members of the clan (particularly the founder Hojo Soun).

Great Kanto earthquake

 * 1) With September 1 approaching, we have an opportunity to add more text, improve organization and wording, format, locate photos etc. in time to have a great article for the Selected Anniversaries section of the Main Page. Also, commons:Commons:Picture of the day for September 1 is available. Even if this does not become the Collaboration of the Week, please feel free to contribute! Fg2 05:09, August 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) The upcoming anniversary is a good argument. Fenice 05:55, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Minamoto no Yoshitsune
Current topic because it's the subject of a Taiga drama. Recently featured article on Japanese Wikipedia (here). Fg2 20:47, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

Japanese Wildlife
It seems we are seriously lacking in this area. Andycjp 14th Sept 2005


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Lidia Gueiler

Lidia Gueiler Tejada (28 August 1921 – 9 May 2011) was a Bolivian politician who served as the 56th president of Bolivia on an interim basis from 1979 to 1980. She was Bolivia's first female Head of State, and the second female head of state in a republic in the history of the Americas (the first was Isabel Perón in Argentina between 1974 and 1976).

She was the cousin of American actress Raquel Welch.

Background and earlier career
Gueiler was born in Cochabamba, to Moisés Gueiler Grunewelt, an immigrant from Germany and a Bolivian mother, Raquel Tejada Albornoz. She received a BA degree from Instituto Americano in Cochabamba. In the 1940s, she joined the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR). When that party came to power as a result of the 1952 National Revolution, Gueiler became a member of the Congress of Bolivia, serving in that capacity from 1956 until 1964. In 1964, she went into exile abroad after the MNR was toppled from power by generals Barrientos and Ovando. She spent the next fifteen years out of the country, and joined Juan Lechín's Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left (PRIN).

She also became the vice-president of the Revolutionary Left Front.

Upon returning to Bolivia in 1979, Gueiler again ran for Congress and was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia (the lower house of the Bolivian Congress) as part of the MNR alliance of former president Víctor Paz Estenssoro.

As no presidential candidate in the 1979 elections had received the necessary 50% of the vote, it fell to Congress to decide who should be president. Surprisingly, no agreement could be reached, no matter how many votes were taken. An alternative was offered in the form of the President of the Senate of Bolivia, Dr. Wálter Guevara, who was named temporary Bolivian President in August 1979 pending the calling of new elections in 1980. Guevara was shortly afterwards overthrown in a military coup led by General Alberto Natusch. The population resisted, however, led by a nationwide labor strike called by the powerful Central Obrera Boliviana ("COB") of Juan Lechín. In the end, Natusch was able to occupy the Palacio Quemado for only sixteen days, after which he was forced to give up power. The only face-saving concession he extracted from Congress was the promise that Guevara not be allowed to resume his duties as president.

Interim President of Bolivia
The above condition was accepted and a new provisional president was found in Lidia Gueiler, then leader of the lower congressional house.

As interim President, Gueiler was entrusted with the task of conducting new elections, which were held on 29 June 1980.

Overthrown in bloody coup
Before the winners could take their parliamentary seats, however, Gueiler herself was overthrown in a bloody right-wing military coup by her cousin, General Luis García Meza Tejada. Gueiler then left the country, and lived in France until the fall of the dictatorship in 1982.

Later diplomatic and other activities
Later, she served her country mostly in the diplomatic sphere, having been appointed Bolivia's ambassador to first Colombia, then West Germany, and finally—after joining Jaime Paz's "Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria"—to Venezuela (1989). She retired from public life in the mid-1990s.

Gueiler was involved in various Bolivian feminist organizations throughout her life. She opposed the United States-backed war on drugs in Latin America, particularly the so-called Plan Colombia. In addition, she authored two books, publishing La mujer y la revolución ("The woman and the revolution") in 1960 and her autobiography, Mi pasión de lideresa ("My passion as a leader"), in 2000. She supported the candidacy of Evo Morales in the 2005 election.

In June 2009, Gueiler accepted the role of honorary president of the Human Rights Foundation in Bolivia.

She is the recipient of several awards, including the Order of the Condor of the Andes Grand Cross and the 1979 United Nations Woman of the Year award.

Death
On 9 May 2011, Gueiler died in La Paz following a long illness. She was 89 years old.

title: Lidia Gueiler


text:
Paul Broome

Paul Broome (born June 6, 1976, in Dallas, Texas) is a retired American soccer defender who played eight seasons in Major League Soccer.

Youth and college
Broome graduated from Lake Highlands High School in Dallas, Texas, where he was an All-State soccer and football player. He also played youth soccer with the Dallas Texans Soccer Club. He attended Southern Methodist University, playing as a midfielder and forward on the men's soccer team from 1995 to 1998. He graduated with a degree in business administration.

Professional
Broome was drafted in the first round (12th overall) in the 1999 MLS College Draft by his hometown Dallas Burn. In 1999, Broome appeared in thirteen games, registering one goal and two assists. He saw an enlarged role in 2000, playing a utility role for the Burn in outside midfield and left back. He played in 20 games in 2000 and 22 games in 2001. During the 2000 MLS offseason, Broome trained with Tottenham Hotspur of the English Premier League.

In 2002, Broome started all twenty-five games he played as a left back, registering four assists. However, in 2003, Chris Gbandi returned from a long-term injury and replaced Broome at left back. Broome requested a trade. On July 23, 2003, the Burn traded Broome to the Los Angeles Galaxy along with Ryan Suarez and Antonio Martinez in exchange for Gavin Glinton and Ezra Hendrickson.

In 2003, Broome played as a left midfielder and back for the Galaxy. In 2004, he earned a starting position, starting twenty games. He was traded to Real Salt Lake in June 2005 and played eleven games that season. In 2006, Broome saw no games with the RSL first team and, due to nagging injuries, he retired at the end of the season.

title: Paul Broome


text:
Born Innocent (film)

Born Innocent is a 1974 American made-for-television drama film which was first aired under the NBC World Premiere Movie umbrella on September 17, 1974. Highly publicized and controversial, Born Innocent was the highest-rated television movie to air in the United States in 1974. The movie deals with the physical, psychological and sexual abuse of a teenage girl, and included graphic content never before seen on American television.

Plot
Christine "Chris" Parker (Linda Blair) is a 14-year-old runaway who, after getting arrested many times, is sentenced to spend time in a girls' juvenile detention center. It is revealed that Chris comes from an abusive home. Her father (Richard Jaeckel) beats her on a regular basis, which leads to her repeated flights from home. Her mother (Kim Hunter) is unfeeling, sitting in her recliner, watching television and smoking cigarettes all day, and in complete denial as to what her husband is doing. Chris' older brother Tom (Mitch Vogel) is aware of the abuse, but he is unable to help Chris, as he is absorbed with the care of his own family.

Chris' social worker Emma Lasko (Allyn Ann McLerie) never realizes that her dysfunctional parents are the cause of her troubles, and the juvenile justice system places the blame for her troubles on Chris herself. With the exception of one dedicated counselor named Barbara Clark (Joanna Miles), the reform school personnel are mostly apathetic and allow an unhealthy, destructive culture to fester. Despite Barbara's attempts to help Christine talk about her problems, Chris refuses to open up to her or anyone else about her abuse.

After Chris is attacked in the shower and sexually assaulted by her fellow inmates, as well as witnessing a pregnant resident whom Chris befriends suffer a miscarriage while in isolation, and the pervasive indifference of the staff, Chris – feeling abandoned by the system in addition to her family – becomes angry, cold and bitter. When an argument between Chris and Ms. Lasko turns physical, a riot ensues. Chris is investigated for causing the riot. She calmly maintains that she had nothing to do with it. In the final shot, Barbara looks on helplessly as she sees Chris, an innocent, intelligent, decent girl, transformed into a violent, pathological, manipulative, vengeful and cold person, devoid of guilt or remorse for her actions, who is destined to become a criminal adult when released upon reaching legal age.

Cast

 * Linda Blair as Chris Parker
 * Joanna Miles as Counselor Barbara Clark
 * Allyn Ann McLerie as Emma Lasko
 * Mary Murphy as Miss Murphy
 * Janit Baldwin as Denny
 * Nora Heflin as Moco
 * Tina Andrews as Josie
 * Sandra Ego as Janet
 * Mitch Vogel as Tom Parker
 * Richard Jaeckel as Mr. Parker
 * Kim Hunter as Mrs. Parker
 * Adrienne White as Ria
 * Janice Lorraine Garcia as Child at funeral

Controversial rape scene
The original cut of Born Innocent contained a scene where several girls, led by Moco (Nora Heflin) and Denny (Janit Baldwin), use a plunger handle to rape Chris in the communal showers.

Born Innocent is credited with being one of the catalysts for the National Association of Broadcasters creating a family viewing policy. University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee educator Elena Levine pointed out that the film was advertised in The New York Times alongside the television show Born Free, which she theorized may have encouraged viewers to believe the film to be family friendly.

The film made several negative references to lesbianism. One version of the script implied that the character Moco's lesbianism was a result of her surroundings and prompted her abuse of Chris and others.

The film was criticized by the National Organization for Women, the New York Rape Coalition, and numerous gay and lesbian rights organizations for its depiction of female-on-female sexual abuse; the Lesbian Feminist Liberation dismissed the film, stating: "Men rape, women don't," and regarded the film as "propaganda against lesbians." The shower scene was eventually cut from the film due to multiple complaints.

Lawsuit over copycat crime
The film was blamed for the rape of a nine-year-old child at Baker Beach, San Francisco, by some of her peers using a glass soda bottle. Valeria Niemi, the victim's mother, sued NBC and asked for damages up to $11 million. Her lawsuit cited the facts that one of the perpetrators, Sharon Smith (the only one jailed for the attack, having been sentenced to three years in a federal prison), evoked the movie when she was arrested, and that William Thomas, 14, the boy who provided the bottle, asked if it would be "like it was done in the picture". Two other girls, 10 and 15, and the boy who served as lookout saw charges dropped. In 1981, the California Supreme Court ruled the film was not obscene, and that the NBC network was not liable for the actions of the persons who committed the crime.

Effect on rape awareness
Blair cited what she felt was one positive outcome of the film, saying that she thought it made it easier for rape survivors to come forward.

Subsequent airing
In a response to the incident, re-airings in the late 1970s and 1980s did not air any of the rape sequence. The California rape influenced the establishment of the Family Viewing Hour which became briefly mandatory for the networks in the late 1970s, as the movie's first hour was aired from 8 to 9PM Eastern Time, when some children may not have been in bed.

Home media
After the edited re-airings in the 1980s, the uncut version appeared on VHS in numerous budget-priced editions. In 2004, VCI Entertainment released Born Innocent on DVD with the rape scene included. More recently, a remastered version of the unedited version is available on the Shout Factory Channel via Amazon Prime.

title: Born Innocent (film)


text:
Talk:The Limits to Growth

Lede not covering body, overwhelming opposition by "most economists"
The way this article is written does not follow the style of that of WP:LEDE. The criticism needs to be in the lede and especially "most economists" disagree. Further the UN don't seem to support limits... either.

while the special Club might think it is the UN, it is not. Therefore illuminating to readers what the current opinion is, is vital for the lede. Boundarylayer (talk) 01:03, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * No. What you are saying is that you don't agree with the analysis of Wards et al. Who cares. Find an RS that disagrees and cite that. Do please remember that it was YOU who introduced the Wards paper. How convenient that you should now seek to disavow it when another editor dares to give the full quotation that directly contradicts your 'summary' of it.
 * As far as the lead is concerned, WP:LEAD says that the lead should summarise the main points of the body:
 * the body does not contain a section on the views of [un-named] economists but merely a mention of them in a paper you don't like because that paper goes on to say that they are in error because they have discounted the externalities. But if it is to be included (despite not having significant coverage) then it has to be included in full, including the assessment that the view is inaccurate.
 * the article is about the book, not about your favorite hobby horse. No evidence has been produced that "economists" have criticised the book, its updates, or the modelling on which it is based.
 * But if the views of the [un-named] economists are to be included in the lead (which they should not, as I have explained), then the criticism of their selective blindness must also be included. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 16:50, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

"Most Economists", yet continuous blanking of immediately linked Hatfield-Dodds et. al
In the 2010s the UN released its Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth report. Writing in The Conversation in 2017, a team lead by University lecturer James Wards, noted that "most conventional economists and policymakers now endorse the idea that economic growth can be decoupled from environmental impacts – that the economy can grow, without using more resources and exacerbating environmental problems" and that this is presently ongoing, citing a paper by Hatfield-Dodds et. al published in Nature that incentivizing technology to do so, would suffice alone, with multiple example economies growing upon this trend, without using more resources or exacerbating environmental problems. In 2021 Our World in Data presented data that the countries of Sweden and Switzerland most notably have continued economic growth over the last decade at 50%, yet with declining carbon emissions and energy usage.

If another editor would like to include Lecturer James Wards non-peer-reviewed personal opinions in the supporters section of limits..., or any other papers they may cite, then they may. However the repeated egregious blanking removal, of what is most notable about this reference, is the quote "most economists [disagree with Limits...]" and the Nature paper Wards links to immediately upon these very words. Hatfield-Dodds. That make it WP:NOTABLE and representative of a WP:CONSENSUS in the field.

By contrast the low impact rating of the paper that Wards personally sides with, claiming decoupling hasn't occurred, isn't particularly relevant, notable nor is it supported by either "most economists" nor the very data that has come out of Sweden & Switzerland. So the repeated attempt to shoe-horn it in, between the two, as another editor has repeatedly done, is looking more and more like WP:FRINGE. As our world in data summarizes "decoupling has occurred "even [when] offshoring is taken into account". Boundarylayer (talk) 14:44, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Neither the UN report nor Ward's commentary mention Limits to Growth.  Those views may be relevant to other articles, such as Eco-economic decoupling but they have zilch to do with criticisms directed at Limits to Growth.  Also, you don't mean "notable" because WP:NOTABLE refers to what articles are worthy of existing.   What I think you mean is WP:WEIGHT, which is about what content is worth including. NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 16:56, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Edits by Boundarylayer: Bold, revert, discuss
I have reverted the edits by, because they seem to me be serious NPOV violations. In the past few days, I have had to clean up their report of the study by Wards et al, where they grossly and egregiously misrepresented that study to make it say the very opposite of what it actually said. They also do not appear to understand the scientific method, that distiguishes 'support' or 'opposition' to a hypothesis from research to search for real world evidence that confirms or (preferably) denies it. It is an accusation of bad faith to describe these researchers as 'supporters'. Likewise to note that Gaya Herrington is "an advisor to the Club of Rome" without the qualification that this appointment happened after her research, shows a preference for ad hominem attack rather than produce an RS that demonstrate flaws in her research methods.

So rather than make a third attempt to force through their POV edits again, Boundarylayer needs to use this talk page to explain and secure consensus for the changes they believe should be made. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 09:07, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

 * You are in error, again, there is no need to "explain" or "secure consensus" for matters of fact. The article does not follow WP:Lede, this is a matter of fact. You very curiously have not engaged with this above. Despite your requesting a talk page discussion be opened on it. Something done as seen above, out of courtesy, why have you chosen not to engage nor discuss? On what you had requested? You are also making personal attacks by writing this "shows a preference for ad hominem attack". Claiming an editor is making ad hominem when they are stating a persons affiliations, to the club of rome, which is something that meets WP:RELEVANT and WP:NOTABLE and if you haven't noticed, the reference that was added from day 1, something that is in "use by others" when discussing Herrington's activities. That this, you react with claiming "shows a preference for ad hominem attack" is evidently, utterly absurd.

 * I will not be discussing further here while you, to the diametric opposite of your claim, continue making personal attacks, of another editor, then of "bad faith" included. However it would be interesting for you here to explain, how you have gotten to an ad hominem from including a person's highly relevant affiliations, that are included by others when discussing, an affiliates, publishing activity. Boundarylayer (talk) 13:37, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * FYI I have further tweaked the text and sources re Gaya Herrington. She started a volunteer advisory position with Club of Rome in Nov 2020, and the study was first published online in the very beginning of that month (Nov 3).  Her paid job was (and still is) at KPMG.  I also deleted the editorializing characterization that firm is "controversial", see also WP:CONTENTIOUS.  NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 14:32, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I take it, given the above, you didn't intend to blank the factual statement in the article, that they are a club of rome affiliate ? So both in Nov 2020, the same month, we'll include that then? For no references specify which came first, joining the club of rome during preparations, or after publication, of the anomalously high, orchestrated media campaign for a lowly, non-PhD, published paper. do you claim to have insider information, not in the public domain? As its highly curious your acclaimed familiarity with the chronology of their joining, which is not discussed in the public domain. Would you personally know this individual? That joined the Club.

 * Boundarylayer (talk) 15:24, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Anyone who has prepared similar reports has "insider information" about the publication process, and can tell you that nearly all of the work was done before November of that year.NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 15:31, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Anyone who has prepared similar reports has "insider information" about the publication process, and can tell you that nearly all of the work was done before November of that year.NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 15:31, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Indeed, anyone who recognises that amongst other things, LinkedIn isn't a reliable source, wouldn't rely on it, especially when the curiously nebulous "Nov 2020" is given and not a specific date. That really isn't neither here nor there. We will go with wikipedia policy - what reliable sources state, which is that they are a member and if it is wished, officially joined in the same month of publication? If reliable sources state that. Do you have such?

 * Your entering into what sources of sole pay they receive is also original resource, reliant upon self-published material. Instead, all reliable sources state, is that they are a member, what more than that, is all just opinion and original resource. We sure would like full transparency but we can all recognise that won't be happening by such a club. Reliable sources state they are an "Advisor at the club of rome" and have been for 2 years now and if you wish and have them, were also such during the month of publication.
 * Boundarylayer (talk) 15:58, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * You can SAY LinkedIn is not RS, but has that been tested by the broad Wikipedia community? I'm operating on the belief that it is considere a self published source, and you're right, those are usually not RS.  However, see WP:ABOUTSELF, which explains they are OK to use when the subject is speaking about themself.  So at the moment I'm still of the opinion LinkedIn is a valid source to use for this specific purpose. NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 16:19, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * See WP:Perennial sources for consensus on LinkedIn. Gusfriend (talk) 00:53, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

What "specific purpose" is that exactly? Blanking what's in them, that they are a member? Boundarylayer (talk) 16:49, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Using LinkedIn's self published description of herrington to describe Herrington, as envisioned by WP:ABOUTSELF, which I hadn't read in a long time and I see that in the intervening years LinkedIn was explictly listed as being OK for such use.NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 17:09, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * So you're about to include that she joined/is a member/is an "Advisor" to the club of rome, that both their LinkedIn account(that you added) and the still far more reliable references, explicitly state. Their WP:relevant and WP:notable association (occurring at least as early as the same month of publication, with the club. Or as below, you continuing the blanking of that too, over what you have described as your "relationship" with me. With there now 2 "OK" sources corroborating it? Its not clear, what you're doing?
 * Boundarylayer (talk) 18:21, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Disruptive edits by Boundarylayer
Bl, since you are accusing other editors of "disruptive editing" (below), I suggest you look in the mirror. You have been around here long enough to know that when your bold edits are reverted and a BRD discussion is called, you must NOT simply counter-revert and try to bully your POV through. That is edit-warring. Keep it up and you know where it leads. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 16:56, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * This belongs at WP:ANI. See WP:Focus on content NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 17:02, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

 * "You've been around here long enough" John, that misattributing conduct is a personal attack as is this, suggesting "keep it up and you know where it leads". Anyone caring to look at the article edit history and here, whom started the talk page discussion? That's Me. That John Maynard Friedman has instead chosen not to engage with. Which only they, can tell us why? Rather to instead begin here throwing editor-threats, claiming their very "ad hominem finger pointing mirror looking" edit warring, is occurring... by me? Can you verify that claim?

 * I opened up talk page discussions, with headings on each and every one of your quibbles, took the time to and you throw this? ...What is this?
 * If you think there are grounds for administrative action on your behalf? not on mine? with all these bad faith aspersions, claims of ad hominem and now threats. Why haven't you?

 * Another editor has joined(they are disturbingly WP:FOLLOWING me around for years now) and they don't agree with your preferred edits, the removal of the Lede tag and your preferred "validation" heading in the article, if not more. This is how consensus is built. The only one engaging in combative prose is you John and who's conduct fits the criteria of a combative conduct, edit war.
 * Boundarylayer (talk) 17:52, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * You are well aware that you have changed the names and order of the sections in this "debate". The first invitation to discuss and reach consensus was when I opened a Bold, Revert, Discuss section with, which is an invitation to work on differences in talk space not edit war in live space. As for "where this leads" is not a threat, simply a reminder. ANI sanctions behaviour, it does not get involved in content disputes. It is for us as interested editors to resolve the dispute amicably but I find it difficult to engage with an editor who does not appear to have any interest in doing so. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 19:08, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Disruptive editing by NewsAndEventsGuy
seems unaware that sources don't need to explicitly give the title of a fringe theory from the 1970s, when they are discounting it. See WP:ITA. That permits reliable sources that relevant to this article, specifically mention Growth, economic growth and its allegedly limits and prepetual resource usage, permission into this article. For otherwise what occurs is a stacking of material that is, as you believe, only that which mentions it by explicit name. A major problem amongst WP:FRINGE theory articles.

You may undo your disruptive editting, if it is not based on what looks to be a wholly faulty premise of yours, that on inspection, actually doesn't exist. That every reference must refer specifically to the title of the article. It doesn't. Not in wikipedia. This is not a requirement that you have used/abused multiple times in your WP:HOUNDING activities of me.

Boundarylayer (talk) 16:43, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * This belongs at WP:ANI. See WP:Focus on content. NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 17:01, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

 * It certainly belongs in both now, doesn't it. You're also engaged with further disturbing, distruptive disappearing, of references WP:VANDALISM now. Then tagging the MIT paragraph with "citation needed" tags. As though it wasn't just there before your disappearing of it. This is textbook disruptive and tendentious, vandal editting. You are aware I didn't even add that MIT reference but you took it upon yourself to deface the whole section, merely for the fact I had added to the section. Going on years now, how many, WP:STALKING.
 * Boundarylayer (talk) 18:08, 1 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Hounding means trying to mess with someone just to be a asshole to them.  It does NOT mean watching edits to ensure we present articles following WP:P&G.  So if you want to complain at ANI, by all means, that's what you should do.  You'll need diffs that show me following you for asshole purposes.NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 18:21, 1 June 2022 (UTC)

Robert Solow
I searched the web without success for evidence to support the line added by Boundarylayer, who has a track record in selective quotations to support assertions that say the reverse of what the source says.
 * Robert Solow from MIT argued that prediction in The Limits to Growth was based on a weak foundation of data.

In the circumstances, I think it too close to a WP:BLP violation to assert that somebody said something unless it can be supported by citation, so I have deleted it for now. It may be in, which I will review later. If it is there, I will restore the statement with supporting citation. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 12:50, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * A good approach, thanks NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 14:23, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I've searched that paper, which I suspect is the only creditable source and not found the words claimed.
 * What he did say (and it is a more rational criticism) is "The most glaring defect in the Forrester-Meadows models is the absence of any functioning price system. ... There are several ways that the working of the price system will push our society into faster and more systematic increases in the productivity of natural resources.". [IMO, he has failed to allow for lag effect. By the time the price goes up, the damage is already done.]
 * He also considers dubious the F-M assumption that families will get bigger as they get more affluent (and, given access to contraception, this exactly what does not happen – indeed the reverse. New young families in the countries with historically high fertility (e.g., Nigeria) have ≤ 2 children BUT there is a huge lag effect: the world's population is set to get a lot bigger before it reverses, let alone returns to sustainable levels. In the meantime, access to fresh water and inundation of coastal cities and fertile coastal plains may mean that the question is moot. IMO of course, not his.)
 * Finally he concludes that his criticism of the "Doomsday School" is "that it diverts attention from the really important things that can actually be done, step by step, to make things better." Again IMO, there is little evidence that anything of significance having changed in the subsequent 30 years – either to stop everything before its too late or to work hard on mitigation. It is only in the past ten years that anything has been done (in a very few countries) to introduce emissions trading or carbon tax: the two big emitters [US and China] have done nothing [California partially excepted]. The Internation Panel on Climate Change says that it is already too late to avoid serious effects and that strong action now is needed just to avoid catastrophe.
 * So back to the question at hand: do we have any evidence that Solow used the words in question? No, so we can't in good faith say he did, while that remains the case. Should it be replaced by something he did say? Well his paper is cited in the very first sentence of criticism and it not obvious to me at least that we should cherry-pick quotes from it. Other opinions welcome. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 16:26, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

POV
The article gives the impression that The Limits to Growth is now uncontroversially considered accurate, by only listing criticism from the 70/80s and then listing a bunch of more recent praise for the book. But from what I've seen it's still a very controversial topic. Eldomtom2 (talk) 15:11, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Well let's see your wp:reliable sources then. The article has a "Criticism" section ready and waiting. Go ahead, make our day.
 * For everyone else, Climate change and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provides the evidence that, although TLtG got many of the detailed mechanisms wrong, the current climate trajectory is remarkably close to the predictions it made 50 years ago. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:06, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have no idea why you think the IPCC is relevant. I suggest you read up on the debates on such matters as "degrowth" and "neo-Malthusianism" and realise that the subject matter of The Limits to Growth is still highly controversial.--Eldomtom2 (talk) 17:00, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
 * "still highly controversial" - have you found a scientific source that says so? Yes, I know that there are climate change denialists who believe that it is "woke nonsense" but do you have any evidence-based critics? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 23:35, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's the Google Scholar search for Neo-Malthusianism, knock yourself out. I think you will find that the "woke" thing to do is to strongly dislike people like Paul Ehrlich.--Eldomtom2 (talk) 14:43, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You tagged it, so the WP:burden is on you to make good the deficiency you perceive, by adding a balancing narrative supported by reliable sources. Otherwise it is just a case of WP:IDONTLIKEIT and the tag gets removed.
 * Just to help you get started, I tried your search of Google Books, refined so that it addresses this specific question: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=neo-Malthusianism+%22limits+to+growth%22&btnG=
 * The first books it found were
 * The publisher's blurb reads It is not necessary to let millions of babies die or to murder your own aunt in order to save the trees! Lyndon LaRouche refutes the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth hoax and shows that human creativity expressed as continuous scientific and technological progress is the single prerequisite to both secure the future of humanity and to spread the principle of life through more and more of the Universe. Oh, wait, LaRouche is a convicted fraudster and conspiracy theorist, so that's a guaranteed WP:RS failure
 * The publisher's blurb reads Scarcity is considered a ubiquitous feature of the human condition. It underpins much of modern economics and is widely used as an explanation for social organisation, social conflict and the resource crunch confronting humanity's survival on the planet. It is made out to be an all-pervasive fact of our lives - be it of housing, food, water or oil. But has the conception of scarcity been politicized, naturalized, and universalized in academic and policy debates? Has overhasty recourse to scarcity evoked a standard set of market, institutional and technological solutions which have blocked out political contestations, overlooking access as a legitimate focus for academic debates as well as policies and interventions? Theoretical and empirical chapters by leading academics and scholar-act... The preface is visible on Google Books so surely there is something in there you can use?
 * Either way, the ball is in your court. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:18, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You claim you searched on Google Books but provide a link to Google Scholar, which gives completely different results to the ones you post, including:
 * ‘Green’ Malthus? A Bibliographical Itinerary between neo-Malthusianism and Environmentalism
 * Julian Simon and the “Limits to Growth” Neo-Malthusianism
 * “THE POPULATION QUESTION” IN DEGROWTH AND POST-DEVELOPMENT
 * Malthus’s specter and the anthropocene
 * Population control, public health, and development in mid twentieth century Latin America
 * Growth Critique in the 1970s Crisis and Today: Malthusianism, Social Mechanics, and Labor Discipline
 * Waste in the Limits to Capital: How Capitalism Lays Waste to the Web of Life, and Why It Can’t StopWeb of Life, and Why It Can’t Stop
 * These all make critical comments on The Limits to Growth, from a large variety of angles, perspectives, and political views. I also suggest you look at some of the other articles I've placed POV tags on if you think I'm some sort of climate denialist.--Eldomtom2 (talk) 21:45, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * No, I claim nothing of the sort. What I said was that it shows that the material is there for you to write the balancing material. Drive-by tagging contributes nothing. If you aren't prepared to do the work, then don't complain when the tag is deleted. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 22:46, 30 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That is a ridiculous attitude. You are essentially claiming that the POV tag is useless.--Eldomtom2 (talk) 15:37, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I am just making a passing comment as I do not have scholarly sources available, but I have in all of my *many* years lurking on WP never seen a "validation" section, which is not made better when almost all of the validation comes from authors either directly related to or with an indirect connection to the group that commissioned the study/book in the first place!
 * The debate on Herrington above? Has been rendered entirely moot by time as she is now a full member of the Club of Rome. Ugo Bardi? Is now a full member as well. Mr Graham Turner in Melbourne is the only paper author cited in the "validation" section without any discoverable links, however he has largely ceased publishing and his last paper on this topic from 2014 has really not stood the test of time well as it is very focused on the implications of peak oil (which is what he contends is the core of what LTG got right).. which as the pages on that topic have talked about has been heavily blindsided by unconventional oil sources and a rather successful ongoing fossil fuel phase out.
 * As I said, I don't have scholarly criticism handy, but the validation section is utterly full of people who ended up joining the CoR and the independent guy's papers haven't stood the test of time in any way. I regret not having quality sources to cite to add to criticism, but the "validation" isn't so valid anymore. -- LTSarcasm (talk) 01:52, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * In the six months since the POV tag was attached,there has been very little to substantiate the accusation by the tag poster that "The article gives the impression that The Limits to Growth is now uncontroversially considered accurate". I would suggest that the tag should be removed. DaveApter (talk) 12:17, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have removed it now. DaveApter (talk) 15:56, 4 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Limits to Growth


text:
Souli, Arcadia

Souli (Σούλι) is a village and a community in the municipality of Megalopoli in southwestern Arcadia, Greece. The community consists of the mountain villages Souli and Derveni. Both villages are located in the mountains on the border with Messenia, at about 500 m elevation. Derveni is on the old road from Megalopoli to Kalamata, and Souli is 1 km southeast of it. Souli is 2 km west of Chirades, 4 km southwest of Paradeisia, 15 km southwest of Megalopoli and 30 km north of Kalamata. Souli suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires.

title: Souli, Arcadia


text:
Trevor Baylis

Trevor Graham Baylis (13 May 1937 – 5 March 2018) was an English inventor best known for the wind-up radio. The radio, instead of relying on batteries or external electrical source, is powered by the user winding a crank. This stores energy in a spring which then drives an electrical generator. Baylis invented it in response to the need to communicate information about AIDS to the "people of Africa". He ran a company in his name dedicated to helping inventors to develop and protect their ideas and to find a route to market.

Early life
Baylis was born on 13 May 1937 to Gladys Jane Brown, an artist, and her husband, Cecil Archibald Walter Baylis, an engineer, in Kilburn, London. He grew up in Southall, Middlesex, and attended North Primary School and Dormers Wells Secondary Modern School.

His first job was in a Soil Mechanics Laboratory in Southall where a day-release arrangement enabled him to study mechanical and structural engineering at a local technical college.

A keen swimmer, he swam for Great Britain at the age of 15; he narrowly failed to qualify for the 1956 Summer Olympics. In 1959, Baylis started his National Service as a physical-training instructor with the Royal Sussex Regiment and swam for the Army and Imperial Services during this time. When he left the army he took a job with Purley Pools, the company which made the first free-standing swimming pools. Initially he worked in a sales role, but later switched to research and development.

His swimming skills enabled him to demonstrate the pools and drew the crowds at shows, and this led to forming his own aquatic-display company as professional swimmer, stunt performer and entertainer, performing high dives into a glass-sided tank. With money earned from performing as an underwater-escape artist in the Berlin Circus, he set up Shotline Steel Swimming Pools, a company which supplies swimming pools to schools.

Inventing career
Baylis's work as a stunt man exposed him to the needs of disabled people, through colleagues whose injuries had ended their performing careers. By 1985, this involvement had led him to invent and develop a range of products for the disabled called Orange Aids.

In the late 1980s or early 1990s, Baylis saw a television programme about the spread of AIDS in Africa and realised that a way to halt the spread of the disease would be to educate and disseminate information by radio. Within 30 minutes, he had assembled the first prototype of his most well-known invention, the wind-up radio. The original prototype included a small transistor radio, an electric motor from a toy car, and the clockwork mechanism from a music box. Baylis filed his first patent in 1992.

While the prototype worked well, Baylis struggled to find a production partner. The turning point came in 1994 when his prototype was featured on a film produced by Liz Tucker for the BBC TV programme Tomorrow's World, which resulted in an investor coming forward to back the product. With money from investors he formed a company called Freeplay Energy; in 1996, the Freeplay radio was given the BBC Design Awards for Best Product and Best Design. In the same year Baylis met Queen Elizabeth II and Nelson Mandela at a state banquet, and also travelled to Africa with the Dutch Television Service to produce a documentary about his life. He was awarded the 1996 World Vision Award for Development Initiative that year.

The year 1997 saw the production in South Africa of the new generation Freeplay radio, a smaller and cheaper model designed for the Western consumer market which uses rechargeable cells with a generic crank generator.

During the 1990s, Baylis was also a regular on the Channel 4 breakfast programme, The Big Breakfast.

In 2001, Baylis completed a 100-mile walk across the Namib Desert, demonstrating his electric shoes and raising money for the Mines Advisory Group. The "electric shoes", developed in collaboration with the UK's Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, use piezoelectric contacts in the heels to charge a small battery that can be used to operate a radio transceiver or cellular telephone.

Baylis set up the Trevor Baylis Foundation to "promote the activity of Invention by encouraging and supporting Inventors and Engineers". This led in September 2002 to the formation of the company 'Trevor Baylis Brands PLC' which provided inventors with professional partnership and services to enable them to establish the originality of their ideas, to patent or otherwise protect them, and to get their products to market. The company's primary goal was to secure licence agreements for inventors, but it also considered starting up new companies around good ideas. The company was based in Richmond, Greater London. In 2013 it was reported that the company was financially struggling and was primarily reliant upon Baylis' personal finances to keep itself running. A few months after his death, Trevor Baylis Brands PLC became insolvent, and in early 2019 it ceased trading.

Personal life
For many years, Baylis lived on Eel Pie Island on the river Thames. He regularly attended jazz performances at the Eel Pie Island Hotel. He was a pipe-smoker and in 1999, received the Pipe Smoker of the Year award from the British Pipesmokers' Council. In March 2010, Baylis stated that he was sexually abused at the age of five by a Church of England curate. This was also covered in his 1999 autobiography, Clock This.

In 2013 it was reported that Baylis was in financial difficulties and was living in relative poverty, having made little money from his wind-up power invention's commercialization, having lost legal control of the product after it had been re-engineered by his corporate partners, and he was relying on a small income as a motivational after-dinner speaker.

He died on 5 March 2018 at the age of 80 after a fall on a path on Eel Pie Island, having been afflicted with Crohn's disease in his final years. At the time of his death he was unmarried and had no living next-of-kin. A funeral was held at Mortlake Crematorium on 13 March 2018, where his body was cremated in a novelty coffin fashioned as the wind-up radio that he had invented.

Awards and honours
Baylis was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for humanitarian services in the 1997 Birthday Honours, and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to intellectual property. Baylis was awarded 11 honorary degrees from UK universities. He received honorary doctorates from Heriot-Watt University in 2003, Leeds Metropolitan University in 2005. and the University of Northampton in 2009.

title: Trevor Baylis


text:
Tactical light

A tactical light or weapon light is a flashlight used in conjunction with a firearm to aid low-light target identification, allowing the user to simultaneously aim a weapon and illuminate the target. Tactical lights can be handheld or mounted to the weapon with the light beam parallel to the bore. Tactical lights can also serve as a non-lethal weapon, used to temporarily blind and disorient targets or, in the case of a large handheld flashlight, to be used as a blunt weapon.

Features particularly associated with tactical lights include shock resistance, reliability, lightweight construction and powerful, long-lasting batteries, and high light intensity. Tactical lights may have optional filters to produce colored light, to not attract bugs, or may emit only infrared radiation for use with night vision equipment. A laser sight may also be added to a weapon-mounted tactical light.

Handheld lights
Handheld lights are generally restricted to use with handguns, as long guns such as rifles and shotguns require two hands to operate. While just about any handheld flashlight can serve in the role of tactical light with the proper technique, some features are more readily adapted to the role. Because the flashlight needs to be reliable and rugged, specialized, more expensive tactical flashlights are generally used by law enforcement officers and soldiers, rather than inexpensive consumer-grade units. Some manufacturers sell lights specifically designed for use as handheld tactical lights. Police training programs in shooting while holding a flashlight date back to at least the 1930s.

To use a handheld light as a tactical light, the handgun is held in one hand, and the light in the other. There are a variety of positions that can be used to allow the light and handgun to be held parallel and provide mutual support, or the light can be held off to the side of the body to present a false target to a potential assailant. Since the weapon and light are not attached to each other, the light may be used to illuminate areas that may or may not contain a target, without pointing the weapon at the area. If a target is detected, the handgun can quickly be brought into line to cover the target.

A flashlight intended to be used in this way will have provisions for ease of use when used with a handgun. Some models will have a narrow body and a ring designed to fit through the fingers, allowing the light to be used in a tight two handed grip on a handgun, with the switch controlled by pulling back with the fingers on the ring. More traditional models can be used as well. Some flashlights feature a momentary on switch so that the light is quickly turned off by releasing finger pressure on the button. Another useful feature is the ability to attach a lanyard to the light, allowing the light to be secured to the hand holding it; this allows the light to be dropped if the hand is needed (for a magazine change, for example) and quickly retrieved.

Police often use large flashlights like the classic D cell Maglite, a sturdy metal unit which, when held correctly, can double as a billy club and as a tactical light. The flashlight is held in the weak hand, with the back of the flashlight extending past the thumb. This allows the light to quickly be reversed, swinging the back end of the light forward to strike the target or block a blow. The strong hand can then be used to draw a sidearm, and place the hands back to back to provide support and illumination in the firing position. Smaller tactical flashlights often have crown-like protrusions around the lens to enable its use as a weapon by hammerfist strike.

Weapon-mounted lights
Hand-held flashlights were introduced about 1900 with availability of dry cell batteries and incandescent light bulbs. Early bulbs were often too fragile to survive the acceleration of firearm recoil. A United States patent was issued in 1912 for a night sight for firearms demonstrated on a revolver with a bulb mounted in a shock absorber below the barrel and the grip modified to hold a battery and include a pressure switch.

Weapon-mounted lights (sometimes called "weapon lights") offer hands-free use, leaving the operator free to use both hands to control the weapon. For rifles, two hands are needed to use the weapon. Most models have an on/off switch mounted on a short wire. The switch is then mounted somewhere on the gun within easy reach of the firer's fingers. Weapon-mounted lights are most commonly seen on rifles, shotguns, and submachine guns, but small tactical lights are becoming more common on handguns as well. These lights are often much more expensive than the handheld lights, since they must be sufficiently robust to withstand the recoil of the firearm, and the dedicated mounting hardware also adds to the price. One downside of the weapon-mounted light is that it is always aimed parallel to the bore, so illuminating an object means that it is also targeted. Because of this, weapon-mounted lights may not be appropriate under some rules of engagement.

Weapon-mounted lights used to be specific to particular models of firearm, and to some extent that is still true; for example, SureFire makes dedicated lights that replace the forends of the Mossberg 500 and Benelli M3 shotguns, the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, and the M4 carbine. On the other hand, many modern firearms are incorporating rail integration systems, allowing any appropriately-sized rail-compatible tactical light to be attached. Other mounting systems are simple clamps, designed to mount most cylindrical lights parallel to the barrel of most firearms. Using an infrared light in conjunction with night vision goggles can mitigate concern about revealing the user, so long as the target lacks night vision. Also partially mitigating this risk associated with a visible light tactical light is the ability of the tactical light user to temporarily disrupt the night vision of the target.

Standard form factor and light bearing holsters
On most handgun holsters, the firearm is held in the holster via the trigger guard, either via a locking mechanism or simply by the holster being a bit tight in that area and holds or clicks the firearm in place. On handguns with lights, however, it is often not possible to make a holster that retain the firearm by the trigger guard, and most such holsters therefore retain the firearm firmly via the light. As such, ready-to-use light bearing holsters not only have to be made for a specific handgun model, but also a specific light, or at least for a light which shares the same or roughly the same form factor. One example of this is the SureFire 300 and 400 model series, which have retained the same form factor despite receiving numerous modifications over time. Pistol lights sharing the same form factor gives the possibility to upgrade lights to newer models and continue to use old holsters, as well as giving better aftermarket support for holsters. Some holsters can safely accommodate different types of lights.

Lighting features
Since tactical lights are intended for use in situations where lethal force is likely to be used, reliability is important.

Battery
Primary lithium batteries are commonly used with tactical lights, due to the long shelf life, high specific energy, and gradual voltage decay over the battery's lifetime. Alkaline batteries also provide moderately long shelf life and low initial cost. In powerful lights with high current draw, the high internal resistance of alkaline cells results in decreased effective capacity. As the rate of discharge increases, a greater proportion of the cells' power is wasted in its internal resistance. Because of their low internal resistance, lithium batteries are often the primary cell of choice when a high rate of discharge relative to nominal capacity is required. Lithium cells will also provide better performance in cold weather than alkaline cells. High-quality lithium cells are less prone to leakage of electrolyte than alkalines.

Rechargeable batteries, such as NiMH and Nicad, are economical options for lights with heavy usage. Rapid capacity loss in comparison to alkaline and lithium batteries limits the use of rechargeable cells to lights in frequent use. With a lithium-ion battery or a low self-discharge NiMH battery, rechargeable battery shelf life is extended. Several new models of tactical flashlights incorporate the ability to be recharged from a USB cable.

Bulb
Bulbs are chosen based on the desired light output and battery life. Generally, high performance bulbs are used, such as xenon bulbs or high power LED lights. LEDs provide maximum battery life due to their energy efficiency, and 2000s technology has greatly increased the light output of LEDs. At one time, xenon bulbs offered the brightest light levels, but recent high-power LEDs are brighter and more efficient than comparable xenon-filled incandescent lamps. Most importantly, LED bulbs are not subject to filament breakage due to the shot recoil of a firearm. Recent advances in high-lux, high-efficiency white LEDs have led to a wave of brighter and more energy-efficient tactical lights.

Illumination types
Tactical lights can be fitted with lenses to produce certain colors, Colored lights or filters provide flexibility for different purposes. Red lights are best for preserving night vision for the law enforcement officer, due to their minimal impact on the rod cells in the eye, while blue light provides high contrast for detecting blood. Light in the infrared spectrum is only visible through night vision devices, allowing the operator to see clearly while reducing the visibility to those not equipped with night vision equipment. Tactical lights are sometimes combined with a laser to form a multifunction unit, able to provide low-light targeting, illumination, or both.

title: Tactical light


text:
Wesleyan University (disambiguation)

Wesleyan University and Wesleyan College are the names of educational institutions derived from the adjective Wesleyan.

Colleges and universities named Wesleyan include:

Colleges and universities with Wesleyan in their name include:

Learned societies with Wesleyan in their name include:

Other colleges and universities with a Wesleyan affiliation include:

title: Wesleyan University (disambiguation)