text:
Talk:Asmodeus

Untitled
Unsure of how to fix this: It mentions in the first paragraph that the Book of Tobit is deuterocanonical, but then proceedes in the Asmodai in Judaism section to mention (elaborate?) the Book of Tobit. Is this not a kind of mismatch?

http://www.piney.com/ApocTobit.html

I am new here so I didn't want to go moving too much around, but if any more experienced editors could clean this up that would be good. -- user:Goosey

FYI I just met this demon unexpectedly for the first time while helping a teen break their pact with Satan, thanks to wikipedia I know what it is about Keith Hodges (talk) 03:38, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Not really. The fact that this particular book is not part of the Hebrew Biblical canon doesn't change the fact that it is a Jewish religious text. -- Naive cynic 19:50, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Job: A comedy of Justice-he is mentioned there
Towards the end of the Robert A. Heinlein novel, Job: A Comedy of Justice, he is mentioned by at least one name-A.S. Modeus, and perhaps by a slightly altered version of the the name Asmodai. Worth a look. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.221.145.119 (talk) 05:23, 2006 February 1 (UTC)

Asmodai in the Lesser Key of Solomon
It is stated that in the Lesser Key of Solomon he is ranked only 32nd. I don't pretend to be an expert on this, but to me it doesn't appear that the numbering of demons in this work reflects their actual rank. Indeed, Asmoday is described to be "first and choicest under the power of Amaymon, he goeth before all other". (This is the Mathers/Crowley edition.) After the list of the demons, it is said: "These be the 72 mighty kings and princes which king Solomon commanded into a Vessel of Brass, together with their legions, of whom Belial, Bileth, Asmoday and Gaap were chief."

http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks07.htm

He is actually called Asmoday in the Lesser Key of Solomon, and he is a King, his seal is gold. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.181.159.137 (talk) 13:38, 2006 February 9 (UTC) S — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.88.68.5 (talk) 19:41, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

Additions
I added some things, moved some around, and formated a bit. More citations are going to be needed if this article is to go anywhere. I may work the demonology section into the section I called Asmoday soon. But seeing as how my additions were the only ones cited, I seperated it from the rest for now, but will try to find sources for the demonology section. Zos 04:33, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Asmodeus in fiction
The list is getting out of hand. Way too many entries and trivia, so I moved it to the talk page where hopefully we can integrate some of its content into the article body as stated in WP:TRIV.

Asmodeus in fiction

 * In Dungeons & Dragons, Asmodeus currently resides in Fortress Malsheem, located in Nessus, the ninth layer of Baator. He is acknowledged by all baatezu as the king of Baator, essentially making him lord of the nine layers of Hell. In earlier publications, Asmodeus was the Lord of the Nine Hells, having overthrown Baalzebub (now Baalzebul), who himself overthrew Satan (who walks the Earth).  Asmodeus was Lawful Evil and overlord of the (lawful) devils (as opposed to Demogorgon who was Chaotic Evil and overlord of the (choaotic) demons).
 * In David Allen's video game, Mordor: The Depths of Dejenol, as Asmodeus, the Prince of Devils and the game's ultimate boss.
 * El Diablo Cojuelo (The Cripple Devil), by Luís Vélez de Guevara
 * Paradise Lost, by John Milton
 * In Redwall, by Brian Jacques, he is a giant adder (see Asmodeus Poisonteeth).
 * In the Wheel of Time books by Robert Jordan as Asmodean, one of the thirteen Forsaken, near-immortal men and women of magical might and political influence who serve the Dark One.
 * In Nomine as Asmodeus, one of the Demon Princes.
 * Shadow Hearts: Covenant as Asmodeus, a demon. He was summoned by Rasputin.
 * Terranigma as Asmodeus, the disease that ravaged the surface world.
 * Megatokyo webcomic as Asmodeus, archenemy to Seraphim
 * In the Japanese comic Angel Sanctuary, Asmodeus was once a member of the cherubim and represents the sin of Lust as one of the Seven Satans.
 * Gene Roddenberry's Spectre has a fictional cult devoted to the worship of him. In addition, the animated Star Trek episode The Magicks of Megas-tu features a resident of Megas-tu who claims he was known, on Earth, as Asmodeus.
 * In the arcade/Nintendo 64 fighting game Mace: The Dark Age, Asmodeus is a demon who wields an unholy relic called the Mace of Tanis. Drawing on its netherwordly power, he supports the Covenant of Seven, an alliance of vicious rulers in the medieval world. In return, these sovereigns constantly war on their neighbouring countries and subject their lessers to the worst kinds of torture imaginable, thus satisfying the dark cravings of the Mace and its master.
 * The first Star Ocean video game features the Demon King Asmodeus as the source of the virus that ravaged the planet of Roak.
 * In the Ogre Battle Saga, as both Asmodeus and Asmodee, the god of Bane.
 * In Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned, Asmodeus is the demon the titular character must defeat in the Temple of Solomon.
 * In the comic series RFU, Asmodai is the leader of the Pointy Hat Guys, responsible for orchestrating many of the series' events.
 * In the PC game Diablo, referred to as Azmodan, the Lord of Sin.
 * In Anne Perry's Tathea, Asmodeus is the evil counterpart to God.
 * In Linda Haldeman's Esbae: A Winter's Tale, Chuck Holmes summons the demon Asmodeus to help him pass his college classes.
 * In Robot Alchemical Drive, Asmodeus is the Leader of an evil robot race, and the final boss.
 * In a Role-Playing Story called the "Yoshi Bodyguards" (formerly located in the Nintendo Nsider Forums, now in a private forum), Asmodeus is a Titan made of fire. The story's main character was named Asmodeus as well.
 * In a series of novels by Richard Harland called the Heaven and Earth Trilogy, Asmodai is a fallen angel who pretends to repent. He is welcomed back into Heaven, but secretly continues to plot Heaven's fall.
 * In the video game Painkiller, Asmodeus is the leader of Lucifer's armies. In the expansion, he usurps the throne of Lucifer.
 * In Charmed the leader of the demonic group, the Triad, is named Asmodeus.
 * Asmodai is also the name given to the Interrogator-Chaplain of the Dark Angels Space Marine chapter in the Warhammer 40,000 fictional universe.
 * In Raven's Gate, by Anthony Horowitz, Jayne Deverill, a witch, has a cat called Asmodeus.
 * In the action videogame Max Payne, the psychotic mafia goon Jack Lupino mentions Asmodeus in his deluded worship of various demons and other malevolent figures.
 * Asmodaios was the name of a Greek satirical newspaper published by writer Emmanouel Roidis between 1875 and 1876.
 * Asmodeus is the name of the demon who is about to be raised by his followers demons in the Playstation 2's game Shadowman 2 Second Coming.
 * Asmodeus is the name of the demon of lust in the film Demon hunter (2005) portrayed by the actor Billy Drago.
 * In the book Dora, Doralina by Rachel De Queiroz, Asmodeus is the name of the main character's second husband/true love. His father named him Asmodeus in order to spite a local Catholic priest.

Orphu of Io 10:50, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As a Wikipedia user, i would have wanted this on the page itself -- i am editing a book and needed THESE references, not the article. Also, over the past ten years, the list has been re-asserting itself on the article page anyway, and i wasted time editing the article for chronology, not knowing a better version of the list had been moved here to the talk page. I really dislike the fact that someone moved the list here. it is not "trivia." Far from it. Insofar as Asmodeaus is a cross-culturally multiversal shared LITERARY character, the list is important information. I have removed the below adventitious attempts to restore the list at the article page and am dropping them here. I dislike doing this, because i believe strongly that the list is valuable, but consistency precludes splitting the data across two pages:

 * Asmodeus is a character in the entire Forgotten Realms Dungeons and Dragons campaign setting, which is the setting for Erin M. Evans' Brimstone Angels book series where he is depicted as a Devil-god and the King of the Nine Hells. The character is utilized by Evans but was not created by the author.

 * In the film Gabriel, Asmodeus is shown as a very handsome owner of a brothel in Purgatory, where a fallen angel is forced to work. He's disfigured one of the workers until she looks like him. He also blows up the soup kitchen, just before the final confrontation between Gabriel (Andy Whitfield) and Sammael/Michael (Dwaine Stevenson). He's portrayed by the Australian actor Michael Piccirilli.

 * In Larry Miller's Just Words, Miller makes a reference to Asmodeus in describing one of his "friends," also making a reference to Goethe's Faust-Mephistopheles.

 * Asmodeus (under the name Asmoday) plays a significant role in Alan Moore's book 'Jerusalem' 2A00:23C4:4B95:9000:D5E2:97A3:7D8C:CC6B (talk) 03:31, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

 * 75.101.104.17 (talk) 21:10, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

 * In the TV series "Shadowhunters". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:22F1:7010:6C51:EC9D:67FB:C38A (talk) 02:47, 13 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Some discernment of taste would have helped: 101 mentions in forgettable trash culture, with exhaustive in-work explanations; but one measly mention of Paradise Lost by John Milton, without which the pop-culture references would not exist! Nuttyskin (talk) 20:03, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

Jewish Encyclopedia material
Would recommend simply using this material as a source and integrating it into the appropriate sections of the article and citing rather than keeping intact. The Jewish Encyclopedia's view of Asmodai in Zoroastrianism should go in the Zoroastrianism section, for example. --Shirahadasha 04:20, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * >> Would recommend simply using this material as a source and integrating it into the appropriate sections of the article and citing rather than keeping intact.
 * done.
 * >> The Jewish Encyclopedia's view of Asmodai in Zoroastrianism should go in the Zoroastrianism section, for example.
 * The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906!) is hardly a legitimate source of information on Zoroastrianism. In any case, Asmodai is not a Zoroastrian entity. Aeshma(-Daeva) is, and there are articles on both halves of that compound term.
 * -- Fullstop 16:58, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Asmodeus/Asmodai in the Christian Bible
Has Asmodeus/Asmodai ever been mentioned in any translation/version of the Christian Bible? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.181.168.245 (talk) 09:35, 2008 May 25 (UTC)

 * Yes, in the Catholic and Orthodox versions. See Book of Tobit thx1138 (talk) 18:14, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Requested move
Move Parsecboy (talk) 12:13, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Asmodai → Asmodeus — Asmodeus, the graeco-latinised form, is most widely used name to refer to the entity. — Casliber (talk · contribs) 09:40, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Support as proposer. Casliber (talk · contribs) 10:03, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Oppose Why not use a redirect? Phil_burnstein (talk) 13:38, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment: done. -- Fullstop (talk) 16:35, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support it is the accepted English name as far as I can discern. Epson291 (talk) 21:01, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The Jewish and Catholic Encyclopedias, and Britannica Support the proposal. I'll explain some of the issues in discussion below. Alastair Haines (talk) 21:02, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. This, with s for Shin, is neither Greek, Latin, nor Hebrew. Use the conventional form in English. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:56, 6 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Support I think the policy in question here is WP:Use English; "Use the most commonly used English version of the name of the subject as the title of the article, as you would find it in verifiable reliable sources". Google News, Books and Scholar searches all bring back more results for Asmodeus; it appears reliable encyclopedias use the term too. I see no obvious counterarguments and so support the move. To the person who says "Why not use a redirect", of course both names should point at the article; currently Asmodeus is a redirect: The question is, which of the candidate titles is most appropriate here; I argue that WP:UE means it should be Asmodeus. --Rogerb67 (talk) 11:06, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * We are being asked to choose between the Hebrew transliteration and the Christian usage. Why choose? Phil_burnstein (talk) 13:50, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment: Asmodai isn't even the correct transliteration. Epson291 (talk) 21:04, 4 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Hey yeah...I thought it was Ashmedai anyway....Casliber (talk · contribs) 23:17, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

(outdent) Many articles are at anglicised or otherwise derived terms, thus we have Saturn and not Saturnus, and Cronus and not Kronos, and Thoth and not ḏiḥautī for instance. The rule for all of these is the more widely used name, which Asmodeus is. Casliber (talk · contribs) 23:16, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Isn't it remarkable that a word with more vowel sounds than consonants (and with only one explicitly declared vowel) would -- in a script with highly ambiguous vowel characters -- be considered to have a "correct transliteration"? In phonetics the term is "wishful thinking". -- Fullstop (talk) 00:07, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Thinking aloud
 * I think the etymology section of the current article helps point out why we can relax about the spelling here.
 * The name is believed to derive from the Avestan language (which is a long lost cousin of English, Greek and Latin), but is first attested in the Greek-second-language writing of the Aramaic-speaking, second-temple Jewish people. The Jewish Encyclopedia considers that the name "cannot" be derived from the Semitic language three consonant root system, in this case Sh-M-D (שמד, "destroy"). {It would be good to have more information on why they think that.}
 * It would appear that a Persian name was adapted to suit Aramaic, then readapted to Greek and eventually into Latin. All these languages were dominant world languages in their day, rather like English at the present time. The name has adapted with the times, why should it stop changing? How can we privelege any one time from the past over the others in selecting a "correct" transliteration?
 * In the current case I'd suggest it would be unwise to go back to the Avestan, because we are not exactly sure that is the source, and the Zoroastrian and Rabbinic traditions have substantial differences.
 * On the other hand, there are many cute things about running with common English usage. The common English form is just a Latin form, which fits with the fact that the Roman Catholic church holds to the accuracy of the book of Tobit (whereas Jews and Protestants don't). Also a Latin form takes us back into an Indo-European language expression of the word, which could give us echoes of the original Avestan after all. For example, Asmo-deus, if from Avestan Aeshma-devi, does actually pick up that Latin deus (God) and devi (or devi) are well-known Indo-European cognates.
 * Against my own view is that of the turn of the 20th century German scholars (see Wolf Wilhelm Graf von Baudissin, "Asmodi", below), who were perfectly comfortable with Latin, but prefered the Semitic form of the name; but they were writing for a different audience.
 * Look up Tobit 3 in any Catholic Bible and you will find Asmodeus, spelled just like that. He's not in Jewish or Protestant Bibles though, 'cause they don't include that book.
 * Alastair Haines (talk) 23:24, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The full form of the King James Version includes the Apocrypha, complete with Tobit, and Asmodeus, here. (I suppose this raises the question of whether the Anglican Communion is Protestant; let's not go there ;->) Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:00, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Any relation to Samael? They seem to be wife-swapping. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.39.212.101 (talk) 19:13, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

See also?
The article 'Rennes-le-Château' included in the See Also section does not mention demons at all, much less ashmodai. Did I miss something? Phil_burnstein (talk) 09:17, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * No idea. removed. Casliber (talk · contribs) 10:23, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

Additional sources
Just dropping in refs as I poke about a bit. Alastair Haines (talk) 21:17, 5 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Crawford Howell Toy, "Evil Spirits in the Bible", Journal of Biblical Literature 9 (1890): 17–30.
 * Charles Cutler Torrey, "'Nineveh' in the Book of Tobit", Journal of Biblical Literature 41 (1922): 237–245.
 * Henry A. Redpath, "Mythological Terms in the LXX", The American Journal of Theology 9 (1905): 34–45.
 * Wolf Wilhelm Graf von Baudissin, "Asmodi", in Albert Hauck and Johann Jacob Herzog (eds.), Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche, (Leipzig: Johann Conrad Hinrichs, 1896-1913), vol. 2, p. 142.
 * Erik Stave, Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judentum, (Haarlem: E.F. Bohn, 1898).
 * Nathaniel ben Jehiel (of Rome), Aruch Completum, 8 volumes, edited by Alexander Kohut, (Vindobona: Hebräischer Verlag "Menorah", 1926), vol 1, p. 318.

Dungeons and Dragons ref
It doesn't belong. Every other example in that section is cited to an independent source, which indicates that particular depiction's impact on the general popular perception. The monstrous manual and DMG "references" do not do that, and there is no indication they are important to the general perception. They belong at the IPC article, not here. Mintrick (talk) 07:04, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Sourcing to primary, secondary or tertiary sources is a guideline, not a rule. But in the interests of avoiding an edit war, I will procure secondary sourcing. Casliber (talk · contribs) 10:20, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

English please

 * Asmodeus would thus seem to be a demon characterized by carnal desire; but he is also described as an evil spirit in general: 'Ασμοδαίος τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον or τõ δαιμόνιον πονηρόν, and πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον (iii.8, 17; vi.13; viii.3).

This is English Wikipedia not a lit journal. Readers cannot be expected to read other languages. --Tysto (talk) 02:34, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

 * So a translation would be helpful, e.g. 'Ασμοδαίος τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον: Asmodeus the wicked demon.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 20:20, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The Greek term "πονηρός" is still in use and does not mean "wicked". The following Greek to English translation gives the equivalent English terms as "sly", "crafty", "devious", "cunning", "shrewd", and "astute". As a native Greek speaker, I have never heard πονηρός associated with wickedness. It is often used to describe foxes and the trickster god Hermes. Dimadick (talk) 18:47, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

sources are incomplete
A source needs to be added for Rudwin, mentioned in the references but otherwise undefined. Rwflammang (talk) 00:49, 6 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The reference is ref #11 - I added others with the other page numbers. I'll split out. Casliber (talk · contribs) 12:15, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

Talmud and Qur'an
I added a needed reference to Asmodeus in the Talmud. GITTEN 68a & 68b.. where you can find the story of capturing him using the magic ring of Solomon and a magic chain (much like Frodo & Gollum actually!!) There is a mention in the Qur'an of Demons helping Solomon (Sulaiman) build stuff & get marbles from under the sea. Sura (Sad 38:37) "Then We subjected the Wind To his power, to flow Gently to his order, Whithersoever he willed,— As also the evil ones, (Including) every kind Of builder and diver,— As also others bound Together in fetters."

Salama

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.46.17.105 (talk) 07:03, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Problems with former references
It seems confusion arises between the former poster's views who claims the Jewish encyclopedia would have said that there are no links whatsoever between AEshma Daeva and Ashmodai, yet he posted only the link to the reference in the encyclopedia "Aeshma" http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/873-aeshma-asmodeus-ashmedai while I looked up "Asmodeus" http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2019-asmodeus I came to believe both articles were from different sites but no it comes from the same website which has the unedited full text 1906 version of the Jewish Encyclopedia. Still in the Aeshma article in the encyclopedia, there is a chapter called "Influence of Persian Beliefs on Judaism." : "However, it is not impossible that Æshma-dæva, too, may have had other qualities analogous, point for point, to those of Asmodeus and Ashmedai. It is probable that the belief in the existence of a number of carnally minded and lascivious spirits, which was prevalent among the Parsees as among other peoples with whom the people of Israel came in contact, exercised an influence not merely on the Hebrew conceptions of an Asmodeus or Ashmedai, but also on Jewish ideas in general with regard to the qualities of evil spirits."

"Not the least was the influence of Parseeism."

"the depiction of Ashmedai in the Talmud, show that the popular beliefs of the Persians have likewise had a bearing, presumably in the first instance, on popular beliefs, and later, through them, on their theological modes of thought."

More, in the article "Asmodeus" in the encyclopedia, the etymological connection is refuted: "A consideration of the linguistic arguments does not support the hypothesis of an identification of Ashmedai with Æshma-dæva, as "dai" in Ashmedai hardly corresponds with the Persian "dæva," in view of the Syriac form "dawya" (demon) with the consonant "w"; nor is there any instance of the linking of "Æshma" and "dæva" in Persian texts."

yet, in the same chapter of the same article comparing AEshma with Ashmodai there is a part denoting that in some texts their roles and appearance are somehow similar: "Asmodeus of the Apocrypha, and Æshma, however, seem to be related. In the Testament of Solomon Asmodeus appears as seducing man to unchaste deeds, murder, and enmity, and thus reveals many points in common with Æshma. The "Bundehish" (xxviii. 15-18) furnishes the most striking resemblance: "There, wherever Æshm lays a foundation, many creatures perish." " — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.240.163.245 (talk) 21:59, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

what's an introvet? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.167.213.118 (talk) 22:24, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

Correcting Bad Reference (#42)
It appears as though reference #42 has a bad link. Based on a search at the Library of Congress website, I believe the proper link should be .

Apologies if I am mistaken or have not suggested this edit properly.

Larryleveen (talk) 02:17, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

Flazrael here ...
Hey, this is https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Damonthesis signing back in with a new account -- I really hope you all give second chances because this is my "first attempt" I never really had any "sock puppets" or other accounts, it's just that one and I was using it just to make "silly little edits" and ensure the history linked a set of mind control related pages to religion and myself.

This is that, continuing. Forever in the Swiki "permalog" of the Wikipedia DVD's and "our English idea" the series on how and where:

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_image_rule - https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CABBMB_enUS988US988&sxsrf=AOaemvKOVzk5Mjc0HVVfnzIJg7fI5ytXqw%3A1642366913912&lei=wYfkYaCKN6WbwbkPr8SyqAc&q=mirror%20image%20rule&ved=2ahUKEwjg7vnDlbf1AhWlTTABHS-iDHUQsKwBKAB6BAg7EAE&biw=1517&bih=702&dpr=0.9

We have some other issues to deal with, I think this specific page is missing information related to the length of time Azmogod was "left in Hell" and it was something on the order of millions of years if I remember correctly. It could have been hundreds, that's my best effort at recollection, I'll search the logs for "years" in a little bit.

I am very concerned. Obviously this "is me" ... this specific page, and it should definately link directly to Damonthesis and ... "Adam"

I have some work to do.

The mirror list and tunneling or gophering through the series discusses a significant issue. There are a number of broken German mirrors and no other country appears interested in saving the information on Wikipedia. Nobody is "doing the right thing" and attempting to help us build a better moderation system and ensure that we have a compilation of the world's knowledge on par with World Book and Brittanica.

- https://www.britannica.com/

That's basically today's Merck manual on the illogical idiocy regarding the DSM-V and DSM-IV ... and I mean, it hasn't really been kept up. I personally believe I have a 90's era World Book that I read from regarding Clinton and Oxford; so those things are concrete, I was reading about Rhodes scholarship as he was the sitting president--and is a Rhodes scholar (afaik).

21:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lazraegrailf (talk • contribs)

A s o d e u s
Research 2600:6C42:6D7F:A0FA:D937:BB45:F29F:7E4C (talk) 10:04, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Islam Template?
Do you think Asmodeus is eligible for the "People and things in the Quran" template? He appears, but isn't mentioned by name, only the exegesis links the name to this figure, the figure itself, however, appears. I am undcided- VenusFeuerFalle (talk) 22:28, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

In popular culture
Two movies, both widely released across the world, are "pop culture." There is nothing wrong with including them here. -- 75.7.111.216 (talk) 20:23, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Asmodeus


text:
Steponas Darius

Steponas Darius (known as Stephen Darius in the US; born Steponas Jucevičius-Darašius; January 8, 1896 – July 17, 1933) was a Lithuanian American pilot, who died in a non-stop flight attempt in the Lituanica from New York City to Kaunas, Lithuania, in 1933.

Biography
Born in Rubiškės, in the Kovno Governorate of the Russian Empire, Darius immigrated to the US with his family in 1907. In 1917 he joined the United States Army, after the United States entered World War I, and changed his name to Darius. He served as a telephone operator in the 149th Field Artillery Regiment, fought in France, was wounded and received the Purple Heart medal. In 1920, he returned to Lithuania and joined the Lithuanian Army, graduating from War School of Kaunas in 1921. He participated in the Klaipėda Revolt of 1923. While living in Lithuania he completed pilot training. In 1927 he returned to the United States and started working in civil aviation. He initially formed South Bend Airways in partnership with Carl G. Jordan of South Bend, Indiana. Their fleet consisted of a Pheasant H-10 and an Eaglerock Long Wing, both powered by OX-5 engines of World War I vintage. He lived for a while in the Jordan household prior to moving to Chicago.

While living in Lithuania he actively promoted various sports. He initiated the building of the first stadium in Kaunas; it was later named after him – the S. Darius and S. Girėnas Stadium. He played basketball, baseball, ice hockey, and practiced boxing and athletics, while also being an international footballer, having played for Lithuania national football team in its first competitive game against Estonia on June 23, 1923. He was also part of Lithuania's squad for the 1924 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches. Since he was the first to publish booklets about basketball and baseball, he is considered to have brought those sports to Lithuania. He was also the first chairman of Lithuanian Physical Education Union, and a founder of Sporto Žurnalas (Sports Magazine).

Death
On July 15, 1933, along with Stasys Girėnas, he attempted a nonstop flight from New York City, United States to Kaunas, Lithuania – a total of 7186 km, in a Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker airplane named Lituanica. After successfully crossing the Atlantic Ocean in 37 hours and 11 minutes, they crashed on July 17, at 0:36 am (Berlin Time), by the village of Kuhdamm, near Soldin, Germany (now Pszczelnik, near the Myślibórz area, Poland), most probably because of difficult weather conditions combined with engine problems. Both aviators were killed in the crash. They had covered a distance of 6411 km without landing, and were only 650 km short of their destination.

Awards and honors

 * On 18 May 1934, Lithuania issued a set of six airmail stamps, in honor of Captains Darius and Girėnas, and the Lituanica.
 * A monument to Darius and Girėnas is located in the northeast corner of Marquette Park in Chicago.
 * The World War II Liberty Ship SS Stepas Darius was named in his honor.
 * Asteroid 288960 Steponasdarius, discovered by Kazimieras Černis and Justas Zdanavičius in 2004, was named in his memory. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on June 9, 2017 (M.P.C. 105279).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steponas Darius


text:
Hasdai ibn Shaprut

Hasdai (Abu Yusuf ben Yitzhak ben Ezra) ibn Shaprut (חסדאי אבן שפרוט; حسداي بن شبروط, Abu Yussuf ibn Shaprut) born about 915 at Jaén, Spain; died about 970 at Córdoba, Andalusia, was a Jewish scholar, physician, diplomat, and patron of science.

His father, Isaac ben Ezra, was a wealthy and learned Jew of Jaén. Hasdai acquired in his youth a thorough knowledge of Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin, the latter being known only to the higher clergy of Spain at the time. He also studied medicine, and is said to have discovered a panacea, called Al-Faruk. Appointed physician to Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III (912-961), he, by his engaging manners, knowledge, character, and extraordinary ability, gained his master's confidence to such a degree that he became the caliph's confidant and faithful counselor. Without bearing the title of vizier he was in reality minister of foreign affairs; he had also control of the customs and ship-dues in the port of Córdoba. Hasdai arranged the alliances formed by the caliph with foreign powers, and he received the envoys sent by the latter to Córdoba. In 949 an embassy was sent by Constantine VII to form a diplomatic league between the hard-pressed Byzantine empire and the powerful ruler of Spain. Among the presents brought by the embassy was a magnificent codex of Pedanius Dioscorides' work on botany, which the Arabic physicians and naturalists valued highly. Hasdai, with the aid of a learned Greek monk named Nicholas, translated it into Arabic, making it thereby the common property of the Arabs and of medieval Europe.

As minister
Hasdai rendered important services to the caliph by his treatment of an embassy headed by John of Gorze, sent to Córdoba in 956 by Otto I. The caliph, fearing that the letter of the German emperor might contain matter derogatory to Islam, commissioned Hasdai to open the negotiations with the envoys. Hasdai, who soon perceived that the letter could not be delivered to the caliph in its present form, persuaded the envoys to send for another letter which should contain no objectionable matter. John of Gorze said that he had "never seen a man of such subtle intellect as the Jew Hasdeu".

Hasdai secured a great diplomatic triumph during the difficulties which arose between the kingdoms of León and Navarre, when the ambitious Queen Toda of Pamplona sought the aid of Abd ar-Rahman in reinstating her deposed grandson, Sancho I of León. Hasdai was sent to the court of Navarre; and he succeeded after a long struggle in persuading the queen to go to Córdoba with her son and grandson, in order to prostrate herself before the caliph, her old enemy, and implore the aid of his arms (958). The proud Navarrese allowed herself to be convinced by Hasdai – as a Jewish poet of the time expressed himself - "by the charm of his words, the strength of his wisdom, the force of his cunning, and his thousand tricks."

Hasdai retained his high position under 'Abd ar-Rahman's son and successor, al-Hakam II, who even surpassed his father in his love for science.

Jewish activity
Hasdai was very active on behalf of his co-religionists and Jewish science. Allegedly, when he heard that in Central Asia there was a Jewish state with a Jewish ruler, he desired to enter into correspondence with this monarch; and when the report of the existence of the Khazar state was confirmed by two Jews, Mar Saul and Mar Joseph, who had come in the retinue of an embassy from the Croatian king to Córdoba, Hasdai entrusted to them a letter, written in good Hebrew addressed to the Jewish king, in which he gave an account of his position in the Western state, described the geographical situation of Andalusia and its relation to foreign countries, and asked for detailed information in regard to the Khazars, their origin, their political and military organization, etc. (See also the Khazar Correspondence.) Historian Shaul Stampfer has questioned the authenticity of the letter said to have been received from the Khazar king, citing numerous linguistic and geographic oddities amid a flourishing of pseudo-historiographic texts and forgeries in medieval Spain.

Hasdai sent a letter to Empress Helena of Byzantium in which he pleaded for religious liberty for the Jews of Byzantium. He pointed to his own warm relations with the Muslim Caliph in Córdoba as well as his benevolent attitude towards the Christians of Spain.

Hasdai sent rich presents to the yeshiva of Sura and that of Pumbedita in Babylonia, and corresponded with Dosa, the son of Saadia Gaon. He was also instrumental in transferring the center of Jewish theological studies from Babylonia to Spain, by appointing Moses ben Hanoch, who had been captured by pirates and sold to Spanish Jewry and was brought to Córdoba, director of a school, and thereby detaching Judaism from its dependence on the East, to the great joy of the caliph, as Abraham ibn Daud says (Sefer ha-Kabbalah p. 68). Ibn Abi 'Usaybi`a writes of him: "Hasdai b. Isaac was among the foremost Jewish scholars versed in their law. He opened to his co-religionists in Andalusia the gates of knowledge of the religious law, of chronology, etc. Before his time they had to apply to the Jews of Baghdad on legal questions, and on matters referring to the calendar and the dates of the festivals" (ed. Müller, ii. 50).

Hasdai marks the beginning of the florescence of Andalusian Jewish culture, and the rise of poetry and of the study of Hebrew grammar among the Spanish Jews. Himself a scholar, he encouraged scholarship among his coreligionists by the purchase of Hebrew books, which he imported from the East, and by supporting Jewish scholars whom he gathered about him. Among the latter were Menahem ben Saruq of Tortosa, the protégé of Hasdai's father, and Dunash ben Labrat, both of whom addressed poems to their patron. Dunash, however, prejudiced Hasdai to such a degree against Menahem that Hasdai caused Menahem to be maltreated.

Personal life
There is no record of Shaprut having a wife. The family came from either Byzantium or Armenia (now Turkey or Armenia) that has the surname Chiprut claims descent from Hasdai. In addition, several families throughout the Jewish Diaspora carry variations of the Hasdai name which came about when moving from one country to another [i.e.: Hazday, Hazdai, Hasday, Hazbay]

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography

 * Filosseno Luzzatto, Notice sur Abou-Jousouf Hasdai ibn-Shaprout, Paris, 1852;
 * Reinhart Dozy, Geschichte der Mauren in Spanien, ii.53;
 * Rios, Hist. i.145;
 * Geiger, Das Judenthum und Seine Gesch. ii.82;
 * Carmoly, Histoire des Médecins Juifs, p. 30 (very inadequate);
 * Cassel, in Miscellany of Hebrew Literature, i.73;
 * Grätz, Gesch. v.360.

title: Hasdai ibn Shaprut


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William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme

William Hesketh Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme, (, ; 19 September 1851 – 7 May 1925) was an English industrialist, philanthropist, and politician. Educated at a small private school until the age of nine, then at church schools, he joined his father's wholesale grocery business in Bolton at the age of fifteen. Following an apprenticeship and a series of appointments in the family business, which he successfully expanded, he began manufacturing Sunlight Soap, building a substantial business empire with many well-known brands such as Lux and Lifebuoy. In 1886, together with his brother, James, he established Lever Brothers, which was one of the first companies to manufacture soap from vegetable oils, and which is now part of the British multinational Unilever. In politics, Lever briefly sat as a Liberal MP for Wirral and later, as Lord Leverhulme, in the House of Lords as a Peer. He was an advocate for expansion of the British Empire, particularly in Africa and Asia, which supplied palm oil, a key ingredient in Lever's product line. His firm had become associated with activities in the Belgian Congo by 1911.

A patron of the arts, Lever began collecting artworks in 1893 when he bought a painting by Edmund Leighton. Lever's rival in the soap industry, A & F Pears, had taken the lead in using art for marketing by buying paintings such as Bubbles by John Everett Millais to promote its products. Lever's response was to acquire similarly illustrative works, and he later bought The New Frock by William Powell Frith to promote the Sunlight soap brand. In 1922 he founded the Lady Lever Art Gallery at Port Sunlight in Cheshire which he dedicated to his late wife Elizabeth.

Biography
William Lever was born on 19 September 1851 at 16 Wood Street, Bolton, Lancashire, England. He was the eldest son and the seventh child born to James Lever (1809–1897), a grocer, and Eliza Hesketh, daughter of a cotton mill manager. From age six to age nine William attended a small private school run by the Misses Aspinwall in a house on Wood Street, not far from the Lever family home. At the age of nine he was sent to another of Bolton's private schools before finishing his formal education at Bolton Church Institute from 1864 to 1867. Not a particularly bright scholar, he was nevertheless keen to acquire academic learning. His mother wanted him to enter the learned professions, ostensibly medicine, and William himself was very interested in becoming an architect. His father, however, had other, somewhat less erudite plans for his eldest son and thus, not long after his fifteenth birthday, he started work in the family grocery business. By then, the Lever family had moved from Wood Street to a larger house adjacent to the grocery business. In the celebrated Victorian manner, the boss's son was, initially at least, shown no preferential treatment, being required to sweep the floor and tidy up before the staff arrived. Other tasks included various practical assignments more to do with the fundamentals of the wholesale grocery trade, almost certainly designed to prepare the youth for management in later years. His remuneration was "a shilling a week all found" which meant that his board and lodgings were provided, making the financial aspect of the contract more-or-less pocket money.

At some stage, William was moved to the administration department where he learned about and subsequently reorganised the firm's accounting and bookkeeping systems. Perhaps in order to escape the shackles of his father's close supervision, he eventually petitioned to take the place of a retiring sales representative; in those days, being a "rep" meant a great deal of travelling by horse and carriage and spending nights away from home, as well as a measure of independence and some leeway in making decisions and brokering deals with the canny retailers on his route.

The Lever family were Congregationalists and James Lever, a teetotaller and a non-smoker, applied its principles in his business life as well as in his personal life. In accordance with nonconformist tenets, the Lever family held frequent Bible readings at home, and were regular worshipers at the local chapel. Thus, William's circle of friends tended to comprise children of similar backgrounds and beliefs. Among these was Elizabeth Ellen Hulme (Dec 1850 – 24 July 1913) whose family also resided on Wood Street. In the tradition of the nineteenth-century well-to-do middle classes, William paid court to Elizabeth over several years and, when the financial circumstances allowed, he formally proposed marriage. On 17 April 1874, after a two-year engagement, they were married at the Church of St Andrew and St George (then Congregational, now United Reformed) on St Georges Road, Bolton.

In 1879 the Lever family business acquired a failing wholesale grocer in Wigan, affording young William an opportunity to prove his ability as a quasi-autonomous administrator. The expanded activity necessitated a search for new suppliers, taking William to Ireland, France and other parts of Europe, appointing local agents to safeguard the firm's interests. At this time, his flair for advertising and branding began to emerge as he successfully differentiated the Lever brand from generic commodities. By the end of 1879, the business' prospects were good enough to convince William and Elizabeth to invest in a new home in Bolton and by 1881 the expanding Wigan business warranted the commissioning of new premises; Lever and Company was expanding steadily.

Freemasonry
In 1902, when he became the first initiate of a lodge bearing his name (William Hesketh Lever Lodge No. 2916 in Port Sunlight) Lever involved himself in Freemasonry. In 1907 he became Worshipful Master, going on to found many Lodges and hold various offices at national level. In 1907, while sitting as an MP, he was a founder of the Phoenix Lodge 3236, and in May 1912 he founded St. Hilary Lodge No. 3591. He then became Past Pro-Grand Warden (P.P.G.W) and Immediate Past Master (I.P.M). In 1919, he was appointed Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Mark Master Masons of England. He was Provincial Senior Grand Warden of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Cheshire, and founded many other Lodges.

Sunlight soap
In 1884, having developed Lever and Company to a point where it was virtually self-governing, William resolved to capture a large share of the international soap trade. In essence, he planned to manufacture and market a range of high quality, price differentiated products, using a strategy based upon his experiences with butter and other commodity products. Thus, instead of selling soap by weight, he had it cut into small, manageable tablets which were individually wrapped. The Trade Mark Registration Act 1875 protected trade names from counterfeiters and imitators, and this opened the way for brand name recognition and consumer loyalty. Within 12 months, Lever had registered a series of trade marks, among them Sunlight, a house style that was later applied to a range of household soaps.

The Lever soap campaign began with a range of Sunlight branded soaps differentiated mainly by colour: Pale, Mottled and Brown, with a fourth variant presented as a product that was especially formulated for washing clothes. This 'Sunlight Self-Washer Soap' was widely advertised using billboards and posters located at public places throughout northern England. But at that time, Lever had to rely for supplies on "soap-boilers" – independent firms that specialised in producing soap to order – who were expected to work to his proprietary formula. The reliability of these suppliers was however apparently questionable, as variations in the end product gave rise to complaints about the effectiveness, and even the smell, of Self-Washer.

After much consideration, William began to consider the possibility of taking control of the manufacture, and thus the quality, of Sunlight soaps. He had discovered a small producer based in Warrington that badly needed to increase its output in order to become profitable and although Lever could probably have solved its problem though placing orders for most of his soap, he clearly wanted complete control. Having persuaded his father and younger brother that it would be a beneficial strategy, William raised sufficient capital for the takeover to take place and in August 1885 Lever and Company, wholesale grocers, added soap manufacturing to its range of activities.

The success of the Sunlight brand, especially after Lever assumed full responsibility for the product's quality, was exceptional; so much so that by the end of 1887 it had become impossible to squeeze any more capacity from the Warrington plant. Having failed to either extend the site or find more space in the areas, Lever eventually decided to move the whole manufacturing facility to an 11 acre green-field site near Birkenhead.

Port Sunlight
Lever was the founder of 'Port Sunlight'. In 1887, Lever bought 56 acre of land on the Wirral in Cheshire between the River Mersey and the railway line at Bebington. This site became Port Sunlight where he built his works and a model village to house its employees. From 1888, Port Sunlight village offered decent living conditions in the belief that good housing would ensure a healthy and happy workforce. The community was designed to house and support the workers. Life in Port Sunlight included intrusive rules and implied mandatory participation in activities. The tied cottages meant that a worker losing his or her job could be almost simultaneously evicted.

In some matters, Lever was keen to allow the residents of Port Sunlight a degree of democratic control, and this seems to have led to a common conviction that he was in favour of women's suffrage: a belief that possibly stems from a situation arising in connection the Bridge Inn, a Port Sunlight temperance "pub" that was opened in 1900. Lever was a lifelong teetotaller, and he naturally assumed that the Bridge would be "dry". Within two years of its opening, however, representations were made to change its status to a licensed house. Lever promptly announced that he would not impose his own views, and that the issue would be decided by a referendum; insisting somewhat unconventionally for that time that women would take part. With the added proviso that the Bridge would only become a true British "pub" if a supermajority of 75% was in favour, Lever probably felt confident that the outcome would support his abstemious sentiments, but in the event more than 80% voted for an alcohol licence and even though some people petitioned Lever urging him to use his absolute authority in Port Sunlight and ignore the referendum, he refused to do so.

In reality, workers' social lives were policed from the head office, and some of Lever's employees clearly resented his paternalism. However well intentioned, the power it afforded the company, even though it was rarely exercised, was viewed as an attack on workers' liberty and human rights. Although many such people preferred to find their own accommodation, there were others who, for whatever reason, were never given an opportunity to reside in Port Sunlight. Perhaps Lever's observations on this matter are revealing:

"The private habits of an employee have really nothing to do with Lever Brothers providing the man is a good workman. At the same time, a good workman may have a wife of objectionable habits, or he may have objectionable habits himself, which make it undesirable to have him in the (Port Sunlight) village. . .."

Advertising
It is clear that skilful advertising and favourable publicity were major positive factors in the early success of Lever's enterprise. Much of the Sunlight brand "message" focussed on the alleviation of drudgery in the lives of working class housewives, targeted no doubt because of the increased spending power and improved education of that large section of the British population, the skilled workers. For inspiration, Lever turned to the United States and he seems to have had no reservations in adopting American methods in Above The Line (ATL) and Below The Line (BTL) advertising. One subtle proposition introduced from America was designed to persuade women that the toil of housework was responsible for an accelerated aging process, and that Sunlight Soap offered a form of liberation. This, and other similarly cautionary messages, were posted on hoardings and on the sides of buses together with pictures that underscored the slogans. Promotional literature, in the form of instructions about the best ways of using the company's products, was widely distributed, as well as allegorical accounts of their successful adoption by stylish – and totally fictional – upper-class ladies.

One of the more remarkable Below The Line projects was the Sunlight Year Book, which was a type of almanac first introduced in 1895. These were quite substantial (the 1899 version had 480 pages) publications which evolved into a hard-backed and 'Profusely Illustrated' volume, described by the publisher as:

"A Treasury of Useful Information of value to all Members of the Household. Including Calendar and Kindred Matter, British Colonies and Dependencies, Geography, Literature, Science, Fine Arts, Commerce, Architecture, Agriculture, Army and Navy, Sports and Pastimes, Cycling Maps, The Household, Medical, Port Sunlight, etc. Also Specially Written Story by Sir Walter Besant."

These books were distributed widely, and many were given to the head teachers of schools, causing protests from members of the Soap Makers Association. Other schemes adopted from the USA included competitions with cash prizes, coupons and tokens included in soap packaging, and sponsorship of worthy causes such as a lifeboat named Sunlight. The success of these schemes soon led to their adoption by Lever's competitors, although they eventually became difficult to sustain as raw material costs began to increase during the first decade of the twentieth-century, inducing most soap makers to phase them out.

Lever's desire to directly influence the consumer led to the employment of "District Agents" whose tasks involved engaging directly with members of the public in order to advance the merits of the company's products, as well as to act as undercover agents who reported on anything they observed that could be useful to Port Sunlight. The success of this aspect of Lever's marketing strategy led to the first overseas manufacturing plant being established in Switzerland. 'Savonneries Helvetia' was the inspiration of the somewhat charismatic François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke, Lever's District Agent in Switzerland who used the fledgling cinema industry as an advertising tool. The success of this venture led, by 1900, to the establishment of factories in Switzerland, Germany, Canada, the United States, Holland, and Australia with several others planned, while the Sunlight brand had been strengthened by the addition of Lifebuoy, Vim and Lux.

Soap combine
By 1905, many of the raw materials used in the manufacture of soap were being used by makers of margarine and other new products, and in early 1906 it was clear that this increased demand was not temporary, and prices rose sharply. Concern in the soap-making industry was widespread and, in some cases, acute, competition became fierce, leading to increases in advertising expenses which served only to exacerbate an already critical situation. Lever himself considered, and then rejected, some rather drastic alterations to the Sunlight formula; eventually deciding on reducing the weight of the standard bar. In July 1906 he was asked to attend a meeting in Liverpool, called by a group of soap-makers based in the north of England. The result was an accord to put in motion changes that would effectively cartelise the industry by stifling competition and controlling prices to the consumer.

Lever attempted to rationalise the formation of the Soap Trust by claiming that the industry would become more efficient, thus making cost savings that could be passed on to the consumer; assertions that could never be realised. Financial manoeuvres made by Lever were designed to maximise the Lever Brothers position within the cartel included takeovers and share issues, but as more people became aware of their plans, it was inevitable that information would be leaked to the press. Nevertheless, retrenchments were set in motion, including the cancellation of several substantial press advertising campaigns. By October, several newspapers were publishing articles about the Soap Trust, and some began to represent Lever as the leading character in an infamous conspiracy.

Headlines in the Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, and Evening News proclaimed: "Soap Trust Arithmetic – How 15 ounces make a pound", "Dismissal of employees begins", and "Trust Soap Already Dearer". Other allegations included claims that the Trust was trying to control the available supplies of raw materials and that it was preparing to use 'unsavoury substances' in its soaps. Port Sunlight, parodied as 'Port Moonshine', was portrayed as a sweatshop, reports by disgruntled retailers were given prominent positions and readers were urged to buy products made by non-Trust manufacturers.

Lord Northcliffe took a personal interest in the anti-Soap Trust campaign. While extending assurances of "the strictest impartiality" to Lever, Northcliffe's close friendship with Theodore Roosevelt revealed his support for the American's activities as a 'trustbuster'. Roosevelt's investigations of dishonest dealings among many American companies had been fully reported in Britain, eliciting a pious chorus of disapproval and claims that any similar wrongdoing by British firms would be unimaginable but Northcliffe, pointing to the existence of a British Tobacco Trust, was not convinced. He set in motion a campaign of investigative journalism, some of which seems to have verged upon persecution; the clear objective of which was to smash Lever's soap combine.

The campaign had a surprisingly rapid and strikingly negative impact on the member companies, particularly on Lever Brothers' businesses. By November 1906, Lever sales had fallen by sixty per cent compared with the previous year and Lever Brothers shares had lost around twenty-five per cent of their value; other members of the Combine experienced similarly devastating declines. Such conditions inevitably led to a reassessment of the position and, following a meeting of all firms involved in the alliance, but without the wholehearted approval of Lever himself, a decision was made to bring the organization to an end. Most of the members of the failed cartel found their reputations seriously tarnished, and none escaped financial damage; Lever estimated his losses at "considerably over half a million". For Northcliffe, this was clearly a victory of liberty over iniquity, a view reflected in the Daily Mail's headline, "Public Opinion Smashed the Soap Trust".

Daily Mail libel case
Perhaps naturally, Lever felt that the failure of the soap combine was the result of animosity and resentment directed at him personally, rather than as a consequence of its members' dishonesty. Having sought several opinions on the authority of his suit, he retained Sir Edward Carson and two juniors, one of whom was Frederick Edwin Smith, later Lord Birkenhead. For the defendants, Rufus Isaacs, later Marquess of Reading and Viceroy of India, assisted by another K.C. and two juniors, acted for Associated Newspapers Ltd. Lever's legal team were in no doubt of the outcome; as F.E. Smith reportedly observed "There is no answer to this action for libel and the damages must be enormous." On 15 July 1907 the case came up at Liverpool before Mr Justice Lawrence.

The circumstances in which the trial took place were unusual in that, while Lever's legal team were accommodated at Thornton Manor, Lord Northcliffe, the principal witness for the defence, was overseas and, according to Jolly, "had no intention of returning within range of any writ server while the case was on." It seems clear, therefore, that Northcliffe was in the wrong and, moreover, he knew that he would most probably lose the case: he reportedly offered Lever a public apology shortly before the start of the trial. For the plaintiff, Carson accused Associated Newspapers of conducting a malicious campaign "with the object of smashing up Lever Brothers". Speaking for more than five hours, he listed a number of complaints and asked the jury to award punitive damages. He then called Lever as his first witness, inviting the leader of the defence team to "cross-examine him to his heart's content, and, when his time comes, I hope he will be able to follow my example and do the same, and call as his first witness his own client, Lord Northcliffe..."

Such was the impression of Lever's demeanour and testimony on the defence team that, as soon as the court was assembled on the following day, they capitulated completely. They also stated that, on behalf of their clients that they wished to retract completely "every imputation made upon Mr Lever's honour and integrity" and express their deepest regrets for having made such malicious attacks upon him. There followed a scene on the floor of the court wherein the legal teams literally haggled over the size of the financial settlement. In the end, the sum agreed to was £50,000, plus around £40,000 which was eventually awarded from individual newspapers. This victory was celebrated with a day's holiday at Port Sunlight, where Lever blithely addressed the employees and other spectators who cheered and applauded their hero.

Lever Brothers had indeed been seriously damaged by the press, as well as by rises in the costs of raw materials, but Lever hesitated to use the court awarded cash to bolster the company. Instead, he presented it all to Liverpool University, bestowing significant sums to the faculties of Town Planning, Tropical Medicine, and Russian Studies, while making sure that an enduring record of the litigation was ensconced in the University library.

Africa
In the early 1900s, Lever was using palm oil produced in the British West African colonies. When he found difficulties in obtaining more palm plantation concessions, he started looking elsewhere. In 1911, Lever signed a treaty with the Belgian Government to gain access to the palm oil of the Belgian Congo and opened his operation under a subsidiary of the Lever consortium named Huileries du Congo Belge (HCB) after buying a concession for 750,000 ha of forest for palm oil production. The main coordinating base was established at Leverville in what was then the district of Kwango, later part of the Province of Léopoldville.

The company town of Leverville was a project born out of the shared desire of the Belgian Government and of Lever Brothers to build a 'moral' form of capitalism in Central Africa. For Belgium, Lever Brothers was an ideal partner, a company hailed for the social policies it had put in place in Great Britain. For Lever, HCB was expected to become the crowning achievement of his own brand of "moral capitalism". A few months before his death, Lord Leverhulme, as he then was, wrote in a private letter that the Huileries were "a business like none other we have. Perhaps Port Sunlight comes nearest to it in social work". By 1923, a Lever soap factory was built there, and by 1924 SAVCO (Savonneries Congolaises) was established.

Lever's attitudes towards the Congolese were paternalistic and his views were much more progressive than most industrialists of the time. Malcolm Hardman writes that "Lever observed and respected the intelligence and integrity of the Congolese he was allowed to meet". Sir William Lever, Baronet, as he had become in December 1911, firmly believed that paid labour alongside the schools, hospitals and rations his company promised to provide would attract workers. However, "the harshness and danger of the labour demanded from them, living in camps away from their homes, as well as the poor remuneration HCB offered, failed to interest them."

Failing to find sufficient voluntary workers, HCB turned to the Belgian colonial authorities, a brutal regime notorious for their use of a system of travail forcé (forced labour). The Belgians were "grateful to have a partnership with an enlightened entrepreneur to help salvage their battered reputation" and it allowed Lever to recruit the Congolese workforce he needed. Leverhulme's participation in this system of formalised labour has been documented by Jules Marchal, who contends that, "Leverhulme set up a private kingdom reliant on the horrific Belgian system of forced labour, a program that reduced the population of Congo by half and accounted for more deaths than the Nazi holocaust". The archives show a record of Belgian administrators, missionaries and doctors protesting against the practices at the Lever plantations. Formal parliamentary investigations by the Belgian Parliament were called for by members of the Belgian Socialist Party.

The company's former Congo plantations today operate under the control of Feronia Inc, employing approximately 4,000 people, acquired by the firm in 2009.

Lewis & Harris
In May 1918, by then in semi-retirement, Baron Leverhulme, as he was now, bought the Isle of Lewis for £167,000. And in late 1919 he bought the estate of South Harris for £36,000; both in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. His plans for their future prosperity centred upon the application of modern science and his own business skills in establishing a large and thriving fishing industry. Although Stornoway had a good harbour, there were many disadvantages to Lord Leverhulme's plans for the port. Its remoteness led to additional transport costs for ice, fuel, packaging, and anything else that had to be imported, as well as for the fish products, almost all of which was sold on the Scottish mainland. The place itself was, for various reasons, unpopular with sailors, and the local population's strict Presbyterian observance of the Sabbath had a negative effect on fishing operations, while catches of varieties of fish other than herring were unfeasibly small.

Lord Leverhulme intended that the port should be improved and enlarged to attract landings of fish from visiting vessels to supplement catches made by local boats and his own fleet of modern drifters and trawlers. There would be an ice-making factory, and cargo vessels with refrigerated holds to take the fresh fish to a depot on the British mainland at Fleetwood, Lancashire, which was well placed to serve the industrial towns of the North of England. Leverhulme also expanded the herring-curing capacity and enlarged the fish processing facilities with the installation of a canning factory, and a plant to make fishcakes, fishpaste, glue, animal feed, and fertiliser, with similar equipment being established at Fleetwood.

Vertical Integration was apparently one of Leverhulme's main strategies for the island fisheries venture, and to this end he acquired retail fishmonger's shops in most of the UK's larger towns and cities: all were modernised and refitted, and their previous proprietors were installed as managers. This aspect of Lever's Hebridean venture was named Mac Fisheries; the fleet of fishing vessels the MacLine Company. Mac Fisheries was a success, and it grew rapidly until there were over four hundred shops all purchasing fish from many different wholesale suppliers. Other food industry enterprises were acquired including Wall's, a manufacturer of ice-cream and sausages, and various companies specialising in different segments of the fish business, as well as several fishing fleet owners and operators. Although these developments brought tangible benefits to the people of Lewis, Leverhulme's plans did not suit everyone, and this anomaly created severe obstacles for his ambitious plans for the Western Isles.

Typically, Leverhulme's business strategies were comprehensive and meticulously set out. His plans for the island called for a reliable workforce, but although the inhabitants of Stornoway were generally well educated and hardworking, they were for the most part regularly employed and well paid. The largely Gaelic-speaking crofters, on the other hand, were mainly subsistence farmers and many of them were squatters; and it was this section of the population that Leverhulme hoped to develop and recruit. The crofters were poor, but they were used to an independent lifestyle that was both long established and deeply ingrained in their psyche. Nevertheless, Leverhulme planned to entice them into becoming carbon copies of his Lancashire artisans by offering them an attractive alternative to their meagre smallholdings. He did not actively oppose the crofter's way of life, but neither did he support it as some thought he, as their patron, ought to have done. When the crofters learned about the money that was being expended on other projects, they began to resent his lack of support for them.

Leverhulme did his utmost to woo the population of Lewis and to make himself – as well as his schemes – popular among all the islanders. This seems to have worked to some extent, but there were other sceptics whose voices were heard in government circles. Robert Munro, the Secretary of State for Scotland, and Donald Murray, the MP for the Western Isles, as well as a number of supporting characters including most of the House of Commons, were anxious to redress past oppression of the Highlanders who had so recently served with outstanding bravery in the First World War.

The Small Landholders (Scotland) Act 1911 had empowered the Scottish Secretary, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, to acquire certain farms in the Highlands and Islands by compulsory purchase and to have them divided up to provide more crofts. In 1913, four farms on Lewis had been scheduled for take-over, but the action had been opposed by the proprietor at that time, and when the war with Germany broke out it was left in abeyance. Towards the end of the war, in the summer of 1918, the Scottish Office first proposed to Leverhulme that under the Small Landholders Act, the Board of Agriculture should take possession of certain of his farms and create something fewer than a hundred and fifty crofts. He was against this, even though some local politicians believed that Leverhulme's project and the provision of more crofts were not mutually exclusive, but Leverhulme firmly believed that he could greatly improve living standards to an extent that crofting would become a forgotten way of life. He was also impatient with politicians' machinations and the laborious indolence of the political system that persisted with the "futile land reform" instead of adopting what he considered the most sensible course of action; to forget about new crofts and allow him, in the interests of expediency, to behave like the 'monarch' of the Western Isles.

Thus, by the beginning of 1919, the positions taken up by those involved were fairly well defined. Robert Munro, himself a Highlander, believed passionately in the reinstatement of the crofts and he also felt strongly that the Imperial Parliament at Westminster was unlikely to tolerate any departure from the implementation of land reform, but he saw no reason why Lewis should not have Leverhulme's industrial schemes as well as more crofts. Leverhulme refused to budge, believing that the break-up of his farms would lead to seriously inefficient, probably unsustainable, and ultimately abandoned smallholdings as crofters moved away in search of better incomes. Ranged against this at least ostensibly reasonable prediction was the formidable influence wielded by prospective crofters away fighting in France, as well as by supporters of the Highland League which was politically dedicated to land reform.

In early March 1919, men started to take over Leverhulme's farms on Lewis. They drove off the farmers' livestock, demolished boundary walls, and staked out six-acre plots: by the summer sixteen out of the twenty-two farms on the island had been affected. Expecting Leverhulme's approval, the raiders were taken aback when he voiced his complete condemnation of their actions and asked them to withdraw from his land. Some left, but others erected shelters for their families on the stolen plots. Leverhulme was evidently not willing to prosecute ex-servicemen who were trying to secure homes for their families, and it seems unlikely that, under the circumstances, legal action would have succeeded. Instead, he toured Lewis trying to persuade them that their future lay with him and not in the crofting system. They were, however, extremely reluctant to abandon old ways and most of them continued to espouse the crofting way of life.

Attitudes began to harden and polarise, culminating in politicians pressing ahead with land reform and Leverhulme demanding a ten-year moratorium coupled with a thinly veiled threat to withdraw from his schemes. In early 1920, upon his return from a business trip to the US, Leverhulme learned that raiding had continued during his absence. By then, serious financial difficulties were besetting Lever Brothers concerning the disastrous Niger Company, making his decision about the Western Isles project relatively straightforward. With a pressing need to make significant savings, he announced his intention to concentrate his efforts on Stornoway and on Harris, and that all work in the country areas of Lewis would be abandoned forthwith.

The population of Harris was smaller in size and more scattered than that of Lewis. Consequently, Leverhulme's plans advanced there with very few problems. With permission from the locals, the fishing village of Obbe was renamed Leverburgh. On 3 September 1923, Viscount Leverhulme, as he had become the previous year, addressed the Stornoway Council and the Lewis District Council at a meeting which he had asked to be specially convened on that date. Lord Leverhulme asked them to take the land and make their system work, but only Stornoway, always on Leverhulme's side, accepted the gift, set up the Trust, and to a large extent made it work for the benefit of the town. Left with so much of the Island he no longer wanted, Leverhulme sold off as much as he could, but many of the buyers were interested principally in shooting and fishing. Leverhulme died in May 1925. Very soon thereafter, the Board of Lever Brothers gave orders for all development on Harris to stop, and so Leverhulme's scheme for the Western Isles perished with almost nothing achieved there.

Politics
Prior to serving in cabinet, Lever unsuccessfully contested Birkenhead (UK Parliament constituency) in 1892, 1894, 1895, and also lost at Ormskirk (UK Parliament constituency) in 1910. Lever was a lifelong supporter of William Ewart Gladstone and Liberalism. He was invited to contest elections for the Liberal Party. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Wirral constituency between 1906 and 1909 and used his maiden speech in the House of Commons to urge Henry Campbell-Bannerman's government to introduce a national old age pension, such as the one he provided for his workers. On the recommendation of the Liberal Party, he was created a baronet in 1911 and raised to the peerage as Baron Leverhulme on 21 June 1917, the "hulme" element of his title being in honour of his wife, Elizabeth Hulme.

Lever had been justice of the peace for Cheshire, he was also High Sheriff of Lancashire in 1917. In November 1918 Lord Leverhulme was invited to become Mayor of Bolton though he was not a councillor because the council wanted to honour a "Notable son of the Town" as a mark of the high regard the citizens of Bolton had for him. He was elevated to the viscountcy on 27 November 1922. Also, Lever received the Order of Leopold II.

Lever's homes
According to W.P. Jolly, "Of the dozen or so houses that Lever lived in, and upon which he stamped his own mark of reconstruction, the three most important were Thornton Manor, The Hill at Hampstead in London, and The Bungalow at Rivington." A further building he purchased was Rockhaven in 1899 in Horwich. It was built in 1820 by Richard Brownlow, a lawyer, who later became a recluse. It was acquired by Lever after Brownlow's death and was rented out until demolition in 1942, its land was used for coal mining.

Thornton Manor, Cheshire
In 1888, shortly after the birth of William, his only surviving child, Lever first rented then bought Thornton Manor in Thornton Hough in the Wirral, Cheshire. He subsequently acquired more land in the village and many of its picturesque, but outdated, houses were demolished and replaced with modern homes which were rented to Port Sunlight employees. The village was later provided with community amenities including a school, shops, social establishments and a church. Thornton Manor was restructured, and the gardens greatly extended.

The Hill at Hampstead
In 1904, Lever purchased The Hill, an Edwardian mansion at Hampstead. It was renamed Inverforth House in 1925 after his death. He rebuilt the house and made additions including a wing on each side of the house, a ballroom and art gallery. In 1911 and 1914 he acquired two neighbouring properties to expand his garden. This led to a dispute with Hampstead Borough Council over Lever's intentions to take over a public right of way to join the two plots; an issue that was not resolved to his satisfaction. The Hill was his main home from 1919.

The Bungalow at Rivington
Suffragette Edith Rigby claimed to have set fire to Leverhulme's bungalow at Rivington on 7 July 1913, although it is suspected her confession was false. The property contained a number of valuable paintings and the attack resulted in damage costing £20,000.

Legacy
Lever died at 73 of pneumonia at his home in Hampstead on 7 May 1925. His funeral was attended by 30,000 people. He is buried in the churchyard of Christ Church in Port Sunlight in what was then Cheshire, now Merseyside. He was succeeded by his son, William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme.

Lever was a major benefactor to his native town, Bolton, where he was made a Freeman of the County Borough in 1902. In 1899, he bought Hall i' th' Wood, one time home of Samuel Crompton, and restored it as a museum for the town. He donated 360 acre of land and landscaped Lever Park in Rivington in 1902. Lever was responsible for the formation of Bolton School after re-endowing Bolton Grammar School and Bolton High School for Girls in 1913. He donated the land for Bolton's largest park, Leverhulme Park, in 1914. In 1920 he donated £50 to the Selborne Society campaign to purchase land in west London, as the "Gilbert White Memorial" - it is now known as the Perivale Wood Local Nature Reserve.

Lever endowed a school of tropical medicine at Liverpool University, gave Lancaster House in London to the British nation and endowed the Leverhulme Trust set up to provide funding for education and research, the trust in 2017 became benefactor to Rivington and Blackrod High School and Harper Green School, both becoming Leverhulme Church of England Academies in Bolton. The garden of his former London residence 'The Hill' in Hampstead, designed by Thomas Mawson, is open to the public and has been renamed Inverforth House. A blue plaque at Inverforth House commemorating Lever was unveiled by his great-granddaughter, Jane Heber-Percy, in 2002.

Lever built many houses in Thornton Hough which became a model village comparable to Port Sunlight and in 1906 built Saint George's United Reformed Church. The Lady Lever Art Gallery opened in 1922 and is in the Port Sunlight conservation area. In 1915 Lever acquired a painting entitled Suspense by Charles Burton Barber. The painting was previously owned by his competitor, A & F Pears, who used paintings such as Bubbles by John Everett Millais to promote its products.

In literature and popular culture
Lord Leverhulme's Hebridean venture was satirised by Neil Munro in his Erchie MacPherson story "The Coal Famine", first published in the Glasgow Evening News of 12th January 1920.

Honours and arms

 * Lever Baronetcy, of Thornton Manor (1911)
 * Baron Leverhulme, of Bolton-le-Moors in the County Palatine of Lancaster (1917)
 * Viscount Leverhulme, of The Western Isles in the Counties of Inverness and Ross and Cromarty (1922)
 * High Sheriff of Lancashire, 1917

title: William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme


text:
Javed Akhtar

Javed Akhtar (born 17 January 1945) is an Indian screenwriter, lyricist and poet. Known for his work in Hindi cinema, he has won five National Film Awards, and received the Padma Shri in 1999 and the Padma Bhushan in 2007, two of India's highest civilian honours.

Akhtar came to recognition in the duo Salim–Javed, and earned his breakthrough as a screenwriter with 1973's Zanjeer. He went on to write the films Deewaar and Sholay, both released in 1975; they earned a cult following, and had a significant impact in popular culture. He later earned praise for his work as a lyricist, winning the National Film Award for Best Lyrics five times and the Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist eight times.

Akhtar notably campaigned for the Communist Party of India (CPI) and their candidate in the 2019 Indian general election, and was a member of parliament in Rajya Sabha. For his work, he received the Richard Dawkins Award in 2020.

Early life
Javed Akhtar was born in 1945 in Gwalior. His father Jan Nisar Akhtar was a Bollywood film songwriter and Urdu poet. His paternal grandfather Muztar Khairabadi was a poet as was his grandfather's elder brother, Bismil Khairabadi, while his great great grandfather, Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi, was a religious scholar of Islam who declared the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the colonies. Javed Akhtar's original name was Jadoo, taken from a line in a poem written by his father: "Lamha, lamha kisi jadoo ka fasana hoga". He was given the official name of Javed since it was the closest to the word jadoo. He spent most of his childhood and was schooled in Lucknow. He graduated from Saifiya College in Bhopal.

Career as scriptwriter
Initially, in the 1970s, there was generally no concept of having the same writer for the screenplay, story and dialogue, nor were the writers given any credits in the titles. Rajesh Khanna is credited with giving Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar their first chance to become screenplay writers by offering them work in Haathi Mere Saathi. Javed Akhtar stated in an interview that one day, he went to Salimsaab and said that Mr. Devar had given him a huge signing amount with which he could complete the payment for his bungalow, Aashirwad. But the film was a remake and the script of the original was far from being satisfactory. "He told us that if we could set right the script, he would make sure we got both money and credit."

Their first big success was the script for Andaz, followed by Adhikar (1971), Haathi Mere Saathi and Seeta Aur Geeta (1972). They also had hits with Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973), Zanjeer (1973), Haath Ki Safai (1974), Deewaar (1975), Sholay (1975), Chacha Bhatija (1977), Don (1978), Trishul (1978), Dostana (1980), Kranti (1981), Zamana (1985) and Mr. India (1987). They have worked together in 24 films including two Kannada films – Premada Kanike and Raja Nanna Raja.

Of the 24 films they wrote, 20 were hits. The scripts they wrote, but which were not successful at box office include Aakhri Dao (1975), Immaan Dharam (1977), Kaala Patthar (1979) and Shaan (1980). Though they split in 1982, due to ego issues, some of the scripts they wrote were made into hit films later, such as Zamana and Mr. India. Salim-Javed, many a time described as "the most successful scriptwriters of all-time", are also noted to be the first scriptwriters in Indian cinema to achieve star status.

Personal life
Akhtar was nominated to the Parliament upper house Rajya Sabha on 16 November 2009. Akhtar was married to Honey Irani, with whom he had two children, Farhan Akhtar, a film actor, producer, director and Zoya Akhtar, a film writer, director and producer. The father-and-son duo have worked together in films such as Dil Chahta Hai, Lakshya, Rock On!! and Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara with Zoya. Farhan was married to Adhuna Akhtar, a hair stylist. Despite having an Islamic upbringing, Akhtar declared himself to be an "equal opportunity atheist" who is against all faiths, and also brought up his children Farhan and Zoya Akhtar as atheists.

Akhtar married Shabana Azmi, the daughter of Urdu poet, Kaifi Azmi and later divorced Irani. Akhtar's uncle, Asrar-ul-Haq "Majaz" was also an Urdu poet. His uncle, Ansar Harvani, was a member of the Indian independence movement and an elected Member of Parliament. Akhtar's aunt, Hamida Salim, was an Indian author, economist and educator as well.

Awards and nominations
Javed was awarded the civilian honour of Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1999, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2007. In 2013, he received the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu, India's second highest literary honour, for his poetry collection Lava. In 2019, he was conferred with an honorary doctorate (Doctor of Letters) by the Jamia Hamdard University. In 2020 he was awarded the Richard Dawkins Award for being a "powerful force for secularism, reason, and human rights, challenging superstition and intolerance through his work in poetry, screenwriting, and political activism".

Work as lyricist

 * Silsila (1981)
 * Saath-Saath (1982)
 * Duniya (1984)
 * Mashaal (1984)
 * Saagar (1985)
 * Arjun (1985)
 * Mr. India (1987)
 * Tezaab (1988)
 * Jaadugar (1989)
 * Joshilaay (1989)
 * Mil Gayee Manzil Mujhe (1989)
 * Sailaab (1990)
 * Jamai Raja (1990)
 * Hafta Bandh (1991)
 * Narsimha (1991)
 * Khel (1992)
 * Drohi (1992)
 * Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993)
 * Yugandhar (1993)
 * Gardish (1993)
 * 1942: A Love Story (1994)
 * Papa Kehte Hai (1996)
 * Dastak (1996)
 * Sardari Begum (1996)
 * Diljale (1996)
 * Minsara Kanavu (1997)
 * Border (1997)
 * Virasat (1997)
 * Mrityudand (1997)
 * Saaz (1997)
 * Yes Boss (1997)
 * Darmiyaan: In Between (1997)
 * Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997)
 * Jeans (1997)
 * Wajood (1998)
 * Kabhi Na Kabhi (1998)
 * Bada Din (1998)
 * Duplicate (1998)
 * 1947 Earth (1999)
 * Godmother (1999)
 * Baadshah (1999)
 * Arjun Pandit (1999)
 * Laawaris (1999)
 * Dillagi (1999)
 * Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (2000)
 * Refugee (2000)
 * Karobaar (2000)
 * Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai (2000)
 * Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya (2000)
 * Champion (2000)
 * Gang (2000)
 * Dil Chahta Hai (2001)
 * Zubeidaa (2001)
 * Lagaan (2001)
 * Abhay (2001)
 * Moksha (2001)
 * Pyar Ki Dhun (2002)
 * Agni Varsha (2002)
 * Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai (2002)
 * Badhaai Ho Badhaai (2002)
 * Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai? (2002)
 * Satta (2003)
 * Love at Times Square (2003)
 * The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (2003)
 * Armaan (2003)
 * Chalte Chalte (2003)
 * Kuch Naa Kaho (2003)
 * Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003)
 * L.O.C. Kargil (2003)
 * Tehzeeb (2003)
 * Main Hoon Na (2004)
 * Veer-Zaara (2004)
 * Lakshya (2004)
 * Charas (2004)
 * Kyun! Ho Gaya Na... (2004)
 * Dobara (2004)
 * Swades (2004)
 * Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2004)
 * Kisna: The Warrior Poet (2005)
 * Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005)
 * Dil Jo Bhi Kahey... (2005)
 * Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006)
 * Don (2006)
 * Traffic Signal (2007)
 * Namastey London (2007)
 * Ta Ra Rum Pum (2007)
 * Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal (2007)
 * Welcome (2007)
 * Om Shanti Om (2007)
 * Jodhaa Akbar (2008)
 * Rock On!! (2008)
 * Luck by Chance (2009)
 * What's Your Raashee? (2009)
 * Wake Up Sid (2009)
 * My Name is Khan (2010)
 * Karthik Calling Karthik (2010)
 * Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey (2010)
 * Aisha (2010)
 * Red Alert: The War Within (2010)
 * Prem Kaa Game (2010)
 * Don 2: The King is Back (2011)
 * Ekk Deewana Tha (2012)
 * Talaash (2012)
 * Vishwaroop (2013)
 * Dil Dhadakne Do (2015)
 * Rock On 2 (2016)
 * Mohenjo Daro (2016)
 * Raees (2017)
 * Gold (2018)
 * Paltan (2018)
 * Namastey England (2018)
 * Gully Boy (2019)
 * Panipat (2019)
 * Panga (2020)
 * Toofaan (2021)
 * The Archies (2023)
 * Dunki (2023)
 * Kho Gaye Hum Kahan (2023)

title: Javed Akhtar


text: User talk:161.185.1.100

title: User talk:161.185.1.100


text:
Osram

OSRAM Licht AG is a German company that makes electric lights, headquartered in Munich and Premstätten (Austria). OSRAM positions itself as a high-tech photonics company that is increasingly focusing on sensor technology, visualization and treatment by light. The company serves customers in the consumer, automotive, healthcare and industrial technology sectors. The operating company of OSRAM is OSRAM GmbH.

Osram was founded in 1919 by the merger of the lighting businesses of Auergesellschaft, Siemens & Halske and Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG). Osram was a wholly owned subsidiary of Siemens AG from 1978 to 2013. On 5 July 2013, Osram was spun off from Siemens, and the listing of its stock began on Frankfurt Stock Exchange on 8 July 2013. Osram's business with conventional light sources was spun off in 2016 under the name Ledvance and sold to a Chinese consortium. After a bidding war with Bain Capital, Osram was taken over by Austrian company AMS in July 2020. Since then, the company has operated under the name AMS Osram.

The name is derived from osmium and Wolfram (German for tungsten, also used in English). Both elements were commonly used for lighting filaments at the time the company was founded.

History

In 1906, the Osram incandescent lamp was developed by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The brand name of Osram was first used in 1906 and registered by the Deutsche Gasglühlicht-Anstalt (also known as Auer-Gesellschaft). The British General Electric Company imported Osram filaments for their own production of light bulbs. In 1919, Auergesellschaft, Siemens & Halske and Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG) combined their electric-lamp production with the formation of the company Osram.

Following the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, co-founder William Meinhardt and the other Jewish members of the managing board were forced to step down. During the rule of his successor, Hermann Schlüpmann, organisations close to the Nazi Party, such as DAF, became increasingly influential among the company's workforce. In March 1933, Osram funded for a secret campaign fund of German industrialists in support the Nazi Party.

During World War II, Osram used forced labour in their plants in Berlin. Due to the bombing of Berlin, production was partially relocated to East German cities from 1942 onward. The production of molybdenum and tungsten products, which were classified as important for the war effort, was outsourced to the city of Plauen. Following arrangements between Osram officials and members of the SS, two subcamps of Flossenbürg concentration camp were installed next to the factory site to secure the company's supply of slave labourers. In a subcamp in Leitzmeritz, prisoners were used to build underground facilities as part of the secret project Richard II to secure the production of molybdenum and tungsten during air raids. At least 4,500 prisoners died in the camp, while Osram never moved into the space due to the course of war.

In 1993, Osram Sylvania, a North American division, was established with the acquisition of GTE's Sylvania lighting division. Osram Sylvania manufactures and markets a wide range of lighting products for homes, business, and vehicles and holds the largest share of the North American lighting market. In fiscal year 2006, the company achieved sales of about 2 billion euros, which comprised 43% of total Osram sales. In 2019, Osram sold Sylvania to Wesco International, Inc.

In 1998, Osram acquired the lamp business of ECE Industries India for $9.55 million. In 2009, Osram acquired Traxon Technologies. In 2011, Osram acquired Siteco.

On 8 July 2013 Siemens spun Osram off, and Osram listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

On 3 March 2021, ams AG announced that the Domination and Profit and Loss Transfer Agreement (“DPLTA”) between AMS Offer GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of AMS AG, the parent company of AMS Group, and Osram Licht AG (“Osram”), became effective on that day. The combined company focuses on optical systems and serves the entire value chain including sensing, visualization and illumination, with products ranging from emitters to sensors and software.

Operations
Osram is a multinational corporation with headquarters in Munich, with around 34,000 employees throughout the world. Osram has operations in over 120 countries.

In fiscal year 2019, Osram's business model was operationally implemented in three business units: Opto Semiconductors, Automotive and Digital.

Opto Semiconductors

The Opto Semiconductors Business Unit provides opto semiconductors, which are crucial elements in lighting, visualization, and sensor technology. Osram Opto Semiconductors offers a wide range of LEDs in the low-power, mid-power, high-power, and ultra-high-power classes that are used in general lighting, automotive, consumer, and industrial applications as well as infrared, laser and optical sensors. The main market for these components are the automotive sector, smartphones, wearables, general lighting, lighting for plants, industrial lighting, and projection.

Automotive
The Automotive Business Unit develops and produces lamps; light modules; and sensors for auto makers and their suppliers and the spare parts aftermarket.

Up to the beginning of the fiscal year 2019, the automotive and other areas of business comprised the Specialty Lighting Business Unit. As part of a reorganization and the subsequent renaming of the business unit as AM, these other areas of business have been incorporated into the Digital Business Unit.

Digital
The Digital Business Unit was established at the start of the fiscal year 2019. It handles all of Osram's business activities that use digital technologies.

The former Lighting Solutions Business Unit was dissolved at the start of the fiscal year 2019. Traxon's business was incorporated into the new Digital Business Unit. The European luminaire business (Siteco) and the North American luminaire service business are reported as discontinued operations.

In popular culture

 * German football manager Jupp Heynckes was nicknamed "Osram" because his face would sometimes redden under the stress of matches.

title: Osram


text:
Alfred Grenander

Alfred Frederik Elias Grenander (26 June 1863 – 14 March 1931) was a Swedish architect, who became one of the most prominent engineers during the first building period of the Berlin U-Bahn network in the early twentieth century.

Biography
Grenander was born at Skövde in Västra Götaland County, Sweden. He was raised in Stockholm and began studying at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in 1881. He changed to the Royal Technical College of Charlottenburg in 1885. After his final degree in 1890 he became a site engineer at the construction of the new Reichstag building under the direction of Paul Wallot and continued his career in the architectural office of Alfred Messel.

In 1896 Grenander set up his own business and worked as a designer of the Hochbahngesellschaft, an affiliate of Siemens & Halske established in 1897 to build the first U-Bahn elevated railway of Berlin, opened in 1902. Up to 1931, he constructed about 70 U-Bahn stations, many of which have landmark status today. While the first stations were designed in an Art Nouveau (Jugendstil) or Neoclassical style, he later preferred a Modern architecture.

Alfred Grenander died in Berlin; he was buried in Skanör med Falsterbo, Sweden. In 2009, the public area in front of Krumme Lanke station in Berlin-Zehlendorf was named in his honour.

Berlin U-Bahn Stations designed by Grenander

 * 1902: Ernst-Reuter-Platz (Knie)
 * 1906: Deutsche Oper (Bismarckstraße), Wilhelmplatz – demolished
 * 1907: Potsdamer Platz (Leipziger Platz)
 * 1908: Sophie-Charlotte-Platz, Kaiserdamm, Theodor-Heuss-Platz (Reichskanzlerplatz); Mohrenstraße, (Kaiserhof), Stadtmitte (Friedrichstraße), Hausvogteiplatz, Spittelmarkt
 * 1912: Wittenbergplatz – entrance hall
 * 1913: Märkisches Museum (Inselbrücke), Klosterstraße, Alexanderplatz – U2; Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz (Schönhauser Tor), Senefelderplatz, Eberswalder Straße (Danziger Straße), Schönhauser Allee (Nordring); Uhlandstraße
 * 1922: Neu-Westend
 * 1924: Mehringdamm (Belle-Alliance-Straße), Gneisenaustraße, Südstern (Hasenheide)
 * 1926: Hermannplatz – U7, Rathaus Neukölln, Karl-Marx-Straße; Platz der Luftbrücke (Kreuzberg)
 * 1927: Boddinstraße, Hermannplatz – U6, Schönleinstraße; Paradestrasse (Flughafen)
 * 1928: Kottbusser Tor (reconstruction), Heinrich-Heine-Straße (Neanderstraße)
 * 1929: Leinestraße; Onkel Toms Hütte, Krumme Lanke; Tempelhof; Olympia-Stadion (Stadion) – reconstruction, Ruhleben
 * 1930: Jannowitzbrücke, Alexanderplatz – U8, U5, Weinmeisterstraße, Rosenthaler Platz, Gesundbrunnen; Schillingstraße, Strausberger Platz, Weberwiese (Memeler Straße), Frankfurter Tor (Petersburger Straße), Samariterstraße, Frankfurter Allee, Magdalenenstraße, Lichtenberg, Friedrichsfelde

title: Alfred Grenander


text:
Moiseev (crater)

Moiseev is a lunar impact crater that is located just on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the south-southwest of the slightly larger crater Hertz, and north of Saenger. To the southeast lies the irregular crater Al-Khwarizmi.

Moiseev overlies the southern rim of the larger satellite formation Moiseev Z. The crater is not significantly worn, and is marked only by a few tiny craterlets in the interior. The rim is generally circular, but has an outward bulge and a wider interior wall to the west-southwest. There are some terrace structures around the inner eastern wall, while the western inner wall has more of a slumped appearance. At the midpoint of the flattened interior is a formation of low hills forming the crater's central peak complex.

Naming
The crater is named after Soviet astronomer Nikolay Moiseyev. Prior to naming in 1970 by the IAU, Moiseev was known as Crater 198, and Moiseev Z was known as Crater 197.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Moiseev.

title: Moiseev (crater)


text:
Talk:Indian musicians and their music

Needs major re-write. —iFaqeer (Talk to me!) 19:44, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

I'm not sure of the point of this article. Why not fold into Music of India? Tuf-Kat 17:53, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Indian musicians and their music