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North Island Volcanic Plateau

The North Island Volcanic Plateau (often called the Central Plateau and occasionally the Waimarino Plateau) is a volcanic plateau covering much of central North Island of New Zealand with volcanoes, lava plateaus, and crater lakes. It contains the Taupō caldera complex, Ōkataina caldera complex and  Tongariro Volcanic Centre resulting in it being currently the most frequently active and productive area of silicic volcanism on Earth. New Zealand is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Location and description
The plateau is approximately 60 km east–west and the north–south distance is about 125 km.

Extensive ignimbrite sheets spread east and west from the Central Taupō Volcanic Zone, centred on the huge active supervolcanic caldera of Lake Taupō, now the largest lake in New Zealand. This last erupted less than 2000 years ago. The volcanic area includes the three active peaks of Mount Tongariro, Mount Ngauruhoe, and Mount Ruapehu in the south, and extends beyond Rotorua in the north reaching almost to the Bay of Plenty coast. North of Tongariro is the volcanic Mount Pihanga. The western boundary of the plateau forms an escarpment beside the Mamaku and Kaimai Ranges, but further south is less distinct. In the east, the plateau runs up to the foot of the Ahimanawa, Kaweka and the fertile Kaimanawa mountain ranges. West of the plateau stands the volcano Taranaki Maunga (in Egmont National Park).

Two of the country's longest rivers, the Whanganui and the Waikato have their headwaters on the plateau.

Geology
The tallest mountain, Ruapehu, is an andesite cone that was somewhat higher but has been eroded with a 150 km3 cone and 150 km3 ring-plain. It is typical of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre whose landforms are defined by the intermediate properties of its andesite magma, having a moderate amount of silica, making it more viscous than basalt, but much less viscous than rhyolite. Andesite magma in effusive eruptions cools to form dark grey lava if gas-poor or scoria if gas-rich. The explosive eruptions tend to be small or moderate sized phreatomagmatic eruptions where the hot magma turns water into steam and the magma into ash. Northwest of Ruapehu is Hauhungatahi the oldest recorded volcano in the south of the plateau. The other two most prominent volcanic mountains are Tongariro and Ngauruhoe part of a single composite stratovolcano, like Ruapehu made up of layers of lava and tephra.

The ring plain around the central volcanoes is formed from numerous volcanic deposits from slope failure or eruptions, and lahars or mudflows that occur when either the crater lake water is ejected from Ruapehu during an eruption, or snow melt is released by failure of the crater walls such as failure of an ice dam. separate from an eruptive event. In the case of lahars, they run down the mountain, picking up ash, lapilli, blocks and bombs as well as previously eroded rock, forming a thick, dense mud that is capable of picking up car-sized rocks. An old lahar flow is visible from the approach road to Whakapapa ski field. On Christmas Eve 1953 a sudden lahar at night on Mt Ruapehu knocked out the rail bridge at Tangiwai, causing six carriages of the Wellington-Auckland express to plunge into the Whangaehu River, killing 151 people in New Zealand's worst railway disaster.

The percentage of silica is the deciding factor in the thickness or viscosity of the magma and this increases to the north and east of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre where there is a landscape of calderas and volcanic domes making up the Taupō caldera complex (Central Taupō Volcanic Zone) and Okataina caldera complex (Okataina Volcanic Centre). These produced much of the ignimbrite sheet deposits of the plateau. Ignimbrite is formed from very viscous rhyolite magma which is rich in silicon, potassium, and sodium. It is the gas-rich material ejected from the ground at high speed in an explosive caldera-forming event, creating a giant white hot fountain up to 55 kilometres high. When the ignimbrite falls it flows outwards at high speed (600–900 km/h) and can travel many kilometres, even going up and over hills and mountains before it cools, often trapping air inside. Especially around Lake Taupō the eroded ignimbrite includes pieces of quickly cooled pumice, a lightweight rock that floats on water. The top, unwelded layer of the ignimbrite sheet is relatively soft and easily eroded by streams and rivers, which transport the pumice to the lake. The lower, welded layers of the ignimbrite sheets are more dense, though still porous. These lower compressed layers often show the glint of heated silicon specks. North of the plateau this stone, called Hinuera stone (after a quarry of origin), is produced for use for building cladding. An historic eruption at the north west edge of the plateau at Mangakino about 1 million years ago produced ignimbrite that 170 km away in Auckland is up to 9 m thick.

The last massive eruption in the area was the Hatepe eruption from the Lake Taupō volcanic complex 1800 years ago, which ejected lava and especially wind-blown tephra over a wide area to the north and northeast of the North Island. About 30 km3 of material was ejected in the space of a few minutes, in what is thought to be New Zealand's largest eruption in last 20,000 years, but the entire eruption sequence ejected over 120 km3 in a little longer period which might have lasted several years. As is typical after such degassing events which are separated in considerable time, dome building by effusive eruption of low gas viscous rhyolite magma then occurred resulting in this case the formation of the Horomatangi Reefs about 200 years later. Another example in Lake Taupo of such a volcanic dome is Motutaiko Island and towards the north west of the plateau is the lava dome of Mount Tarawera which was split in half by a later relatively small explosive eruption as recently as 1886 with the greatest loss of human life documented from an eruption in New Zealand history. A subsequent risk assessment suggests the Tarawera containing Okataina caldera complex as the highest risk volcanic field in New Zealand to man.

The entire area of the plateau is above 300 metres, with a considerable proportion of it more than 800 metres above sea level.

Climate
The plateau has a mild climate although the temperature regularly falls below freezing in winter and snow can fall between March and October. Of all North Island regions, the Volcanic Plateau is closest to having a continental climate. The period of maximum snow is July to September. Sudden blizzard conditions can be experienced on the volcanoes in winter. Such conditions have killed climbers as recently as 2019. The Desert Road on State Highway 1 is often closed by snow in winter for brief periods.

Flora
The natural vegetation of the area includes the podocarp conifers including rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), miro (Prumnopitys ferruginea), matai (Prumnopitys taxifolia), totara (Podocarpus totara) and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) and hardwoods that once covered this whole area before the eruption of Taupō and other volcanoes. To the west of the three large volcanoes, the land is rough forested hill country, while the north close to Lake Taupō is more fertile and undulating and much has been cleared for farming. The forest used to extend to the west coast and there are still patches of natural vegetation in wetlands including the Horowhenua floodplains.

However to the south of Taupō the barren, ash-laden soils and harsh alpine climate leave the high land largely bare and unprofitable, capable of growing only scrubby plants. This area is known as the Rangipo Desert although it is not a true desert as the annual rainfall is over 1,000mm PA and the real reason for the low and sparse vegetation was the mass sterilization of seeds caused by the 26,000-year-old Taupō eruption, which swept white-hot ignimbrite through this valley. Prior to this cataclysmic event this area was forested and stumps of charcoalized trees can be seen where soil has eroded. Around Taupō itself there are geothermal areas with specialised plant life such as the prostrate kanuka (a subspecies of kunzea ericoides).

Further to the east of the plateau lies more rough hill country in the Kaimanawa Ranges, a popular hunting area for wild red and sika deer. The tops of the mountains are open and tussock covered. Helicopters and light aircraft can land on a rough air strip. Hunting range in the bush is often 50 m or less but in the open tops the range can be much further. The area to the south, around Lake Moawhango is richer in plant life. Finally there are areas of beech forest and alpine vegetation at higher elevations throughout the region.

Fauna
The northern side of the plateau especially is home to wildlife including birds such as the North Island kōkako wattlebird (Callaeas wilsoni), New Zealand kaka, and large populations of brown kiwi (Apteryx australis) and blue duck (Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos). The area to the south of the plateau and down to Wellington is home to a variety of lizards including Whitaker's skink (Cyclodina whitakeri), forest gecko (Hoplodactylus granulatus) and Wellington green gecko (Naultinus elegans punctatus). Wetlands throughout the region support waterbirds and fish including the endemic brown mudfish.

Threats and preservation
The lowland areas are quite highly populated and therefore urban development, agriculture and forestry are a major threat to natural habitats there. One block of lowland forest remains in and around Whanganui National Park and large areas of the uplands are protected either by Maori tradition or in national parks of which Te Urewera is the largest. The four North Island national parks, which surround the plateau, are Te Urewera, Whanganui, Egmont and New Zealand's first national park, the World Heritage listed Tongariro National Park. Introduced species and livestock grazing are now major threats to some endemic species. Rats, cats and stoats prey on native reptiles and birds (including the kokako, blue duck and brown kiwi), while imported plants such as old man's beard, banana passionfruit and gorse can take over from indigenous species. Finally grazing by goats and possums can eradicate others such as kamahi, kaikawaka (Libocedrus bidwillii) and mountain tōtara. Therefore, smaller islands off the coast of Wellington have been used as a refuge for North Island birds and reptiles whose habitats may be threatened now or in the future.

Also the Volcanic Plateau region has the largest area of man made forest in the Southern Hemisphere. Nearly all the trees are Pinus radiata which were bought in for trials at Rotorua in 1899 from Kew Gardens, London. The tree, a native of Monterey, California, grew very fast in the poor soils. Mass planting was initially carried out by prisoners in the 1920s and then by the unemployed on a large scale during the Great Depression. After World War II scientists from Norway settled in the region and helped develop ways of treating the soft pine to prevent rotting using pressure treatment with chemicals. They also introduced selective breeding methods which was the standard way of improving the trees until tissue culture was introduced in the 1990s. Trees take 25–30 years to reach full height. Most plantations use growth factor (GF) trees to guarantee very high quality (straight and knot-free) timber, however treatment by chemical salts is still required to stop rotting. This is done by either dipping or more usually, pressure treatment. New Zealand has pioneered the use of Radiata timber and plywood in small craft boatbuilding. Untreated clear timber or plywood is used that is then encapsulated in epoxy resin after construction. The key reason is the low cost of the wood rather than any inherent properties of the wood which is of moderate weight but fractures easily when bent, when dried to 12% moisture. One of the largest ply factories in New Zealand is located on the Volcanic Plateau at Tokoroa. Although planting by hand is still done on steeper land, most seedlings are now planted with the help of machines.

Urban areas in the region include the towns of Taihape in the south, Ohakune the carrot-growing capital of NZ in the west, and Taupō in the north, with Tūrangi a major trout fishing base at the south of Lake Taupō and by the Kaweka Ranges in the east, The majority of the population of the area lives close to the shores of Lake Taupō, with some smaller settlements to the east of the volcanoes. These make their living largely through tourism, including skiing in the winter season, trout fishing, especially on the Tongariro river or by forestry in the plateau's northeast, which includes the Kaingaroa Forest or by working on the extensive hydro electric power system.

History
The Māori population during the Archaic period was sparse. Only two moa hunter period sites have been discovered to date. The best known is the Whakamoenga cave near Taupō. The cave was in use about 600 years ago and three moa bones, obsidian flakes, hollow pumice stone ash holders, pumice floats, a fishing net, bird spears, pieces of hue (gourd) and bracken remains have been found. The other moa hunter site is at Tokoroa.

The tangata whenua are the Ngāti Tūwharetoa. Their paramount chief is Sir Tumu te Heuheu. They moved into this area after splitting away from the Arawa tribe on the east coast. The boundary between Arawa and Tuwharetoa is a small island 400 metres north of Huka Falls on the Waikato River. Their main marae is on the southern shores of Lake Taupō at Waihi near the Tokaanu geothermal area. They still retain ownership of the peaks of the mountains which are considered sacred, as well as the Ketetahi hot springs on the north slope of Mt Tongariro. The Māori people considered the volcanoes sacred and in traditional times wore woven flax eye shields to avoid looking at the peaks.

The Rangipo region is largely uninhabited. It is used by the New Zealand Army, based at Waiouru in the south, and by the Rangipo prison farm in the north and Rangipo underground HEP station to the east. During the 1960s the Tongariro Power Scheme redirected the flow of water from many of the streams and rivers that drain the central peaks. The water was channelled into canals, tunnels and storage lakes to provide water for 2 HEP stations at Rangipo and Tokaanu. The water then flowed into Lake Taupō increasing its input by 20%. Most of the Tongariro river flow is not included in the power scheme due to its importance as a breeding area for brown and rainbow trout. The extra water boosted the amount of water available to the 10 other HEP stations on the Waikato River which flows from the north end of the lake and is its only exit.

The productivity of pasture on the plateau was greatly improved in the 1950s once it was realised that the "bush sickness" suffered by local livestock was due to cobalt deficient volcanic soils. The diagnosis and cure for this was discovered by work of New Zealand scientists (Grimmett and Shorland, senior chemists at the Department of Agriculture in 1934) who found that the iron ore which gave the best results contained significant amounts of cobalt, and went against popular wisdom by dosing animals with cobalt, with spectacular results. Australians Underwood and Filmer in 1936 confirmed this and solved a similar issue in cattle in Australia. However the application of cobalt at the rate of 30cc per ha was only possible after World War II making use of war surplus planes and ex WW2 pilots for aerial topdressing. The cobalt was mixed with crushed phosphate rock which was obtained cheaply from Nauru Island in the West Pacific. The resulting mix was called Super Phosphate.

The largest farm - as measured by effective area farmed - in the North Island including 13,800 hectares of land with about 9,500 hectares of developed farm land was established off the Taupō-Napier road and is called Lochinver Station. The station was largely developed by construction millionaire Bill Stephenson and his family using heavy earthmoving equipment in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2015 it was sold to Rimanui Farms after a bid by Chinese interests was blocked by the government. The high country sheep and cattle station has several airstrips, 21 houses and 200 km of roading. It historically carried 100,000 breeding ewes and about 8,000 cattle but now carries about a third of these. It has extensive shelter belts of contorta pine, improved rye-grass pasture and grows crops of swedes and barley. It previously was open to tourist and school group bus tours.

Popular culture
Tourism is an economic mainstay of the region with a wide range of largely outdoor attractions from trout fishing, flyfishing on Tongariro River or harling on Lake Taupō, tramping, Mountain biking centred on National Park, deer or pig hunting, horse riding to snowskiing/boarding on Mt Ruapehu.

The Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre of New Zealand is located on the site of an old Italian tunneling construction camp. Started by mountaineer Graeme Dingle in the 1970s, this centre offers valuable outdoor training experience and skills to secondary school groups and others.

The Raurimu Spiral is a railway spiral traveling upwards 122 m in 1.6 km, via tunnels and 180-degree hairpin bends so the passengers near the head of the train can see the rear carriages heading in the opposite direction. At the time of construction it was considered a masterpiece of engineering. This was the last stage to be built in the main trunk railway line completed in 1908.

Cold Kiwi Motorcycle Rally
The Cold Kiwi Motorcycle Rally, advertised as NZ's longest running motorcycle rally, has been held on the Plateau since 1972. The event is run by The Ruapehu Motorcycle Club in early September each year. Bikers sleep in their own tents despite the average temperature being −8 °C at night, but the club provides hot food and drinks, a bonfire, as well as competitions, souvenirs, live bands and toilet facilities.

Tongariro Alpine Crossing
The one-day Tongariro Alpine Crossing from the Mangatepopo Valley across Mt Ngauruhoe and Mt Tongariro is named one of the greatest one-day walks in the world by the Department of Conservation. The 19.2 km track is well marked in summer and popular but trampers should be quite fit and well equipped as the route is exposed, especially during the winter months (April to September) when the route poles are sometimes hidden by snow or blown away. There are two well equipped huts near the ends of route. Detailed guidance is available from the Mt Ruapehu Department of Conservation Visitors Centre.

title: North Island Volcanic Plateau


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Hi. I'm afraid I had to delete a couple of your articles because of misspellings in the titles. Deb 16:42, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

thanks from India
Hi, thanks for correcting a spelling in Culture of Asia. In case, you want to know anything about ancient India, please post your request on my talk page, I will try to explain. --Bhadani 09:31, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yahoo directory link
Why did you remove the Yahoo directory link from Israeli-Palestinian conflict? Jayjg (talk) 17:37, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * That reference was not inserted by Yahoo. Which main page did you mean? Jayjg (talk) 19:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Turkic languages and Turkish language
These are not the same topics, as you suggested they were. Turkic languages are a family of languages that includes the Turkish language, but also many other languages.

Wilhelm
I suggest you read this, How to rename (move) a page. This is because of your poor job moving the Wilhelm / Wilhelm (Xenosaga) article. Next time respect other peoples' work and fix all the links you break. -- Revolver Ocelot 22:17, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I just realized that you have no idea what you are doing, you did not move the article at all you just did a cut and paste move. That is the wrong way to do it, you should have used the "move" funtion.

image
Your image Image:John maynard keynes.jpg does not have any copyright info. Please add a tag otherwise it may be deleted soon. Enochlau 02:06, 30 September 2005 (UTC) I am sorry

Opps
Sorry I rolled back this page because of blanking. Utilisateur:Axezz/Présentation. What is this page about? Should it be deleted?--Jcw69 17:14, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Utilisateur:Axezz
I have noticed that a couple of pages were created in the "Utilisateur:Axezz" namespace (namely, Utilisateur:Axezz/Trucs et astuces, Utilisateur:Axezz/Boîte à outils, Utilisateur:Axezz/Contributions, and Utilisateur:Axezz/Présentation). I suspect you meant to create them either in User:Axezz namespace, or at French Wikipedia.

Regards, Mike Rosoft 17:23, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, if that's you, and you didn't mean any vandalism by it, I apologize. However, be careful - not everyone pays attention to details like this (as you can clearly see!)DS 17:39, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Utilisateur:Axezz/Présentation
This user page (in French) has been nominated for speedy deletion. It should probably be transferred to the French wikipedia. Better hurry, before it is deleted. JoJan 18:44, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Will to power
How's this will to power today? Again an excuse for the lousy effort in helping widening the web. I just want to thank the human curiosity and cooperating ability which must have been some of the driving forces behind the creation of this genious community. The space is there, it just needs filling. Keep that desire of learning going guys...

Axezz 11:43, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Towards polyglocy
Look at my babel distinction under presentation from my main page. I speak norwegian fluently, english almost fluently, french intermediate and german intermediate. I am learning Spanish and russian and am starting to understand italian and portugese. I also write and can understand swedish, danish, "new norwegian" and some icelandic. I want to focus on some languages though, and through Wikipedia's acces a natural choice is this english version. For those of you who may speak several languages, check out the left frame on these pages, espescially the main page, and you'll find almost the same content in other languages. Have a nice and interesting day!

Axezz 11:03, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Method of avoidance
As Jürgen Habermas criticized John Rawls for using the method of avoidance, in one of the biggest debates in political philosophy in the 20th century, so could he have criticized me at the moment: I am doing everything, but my duties as they give me claustrophobia. Well, at least my user page enjoys the benefit of the avoidance. Check out the picture galleries, the contribution list and the user page in other languages (left marge on the main page). I wish you all, as you can see on my main page an interesting new year! That's all folks! Axezz 08:23, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Hey Comrade!
I don't know of any off hand (Marxism was in bad shape a long time ago, but seems to have cleaned up), but you might keep an eye on the articles in Category:Marxism. The articles in there are of varying quality, and tend to be vandalized too frequently. But anyway, thanks for the greeting and whatnot, and best of luck to you. -Seth Mahoney 18:08, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi!
Just thought you might appreciate it if I told you that I took the liberty of copying your great navigational thingy at the top of your user page. Really well done. Cheers! — Nightstallion (?) 09:06, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Wallerstein.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Wallerstein.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the image qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Admrb♉ltz (T | C) 23:44, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

COMMUNISM ROCKS! -RyMonster92

Wikipedia_talk:Censorship
A revised version of the proposed policy against censorship is now open for voting. Will you kindly review the policy and make your opinions known? Thank you very much. Loom91 11:33, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Kjetil Teige Ulbaasen.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kjetil Teige Ulbaasen.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 13:48, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There is no such thing as a "private" template. Even a photo of yourself has to be under a free license if it is to kept on Wikipedia. Stan 22:15, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Kjetil Teige Ulbaasen.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kjetil Teige Ulbaasen.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 23:10, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Image:Bertrand Russell.jpg
Hello, Axezz. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Bertrand Russell.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Axezz/Presentation. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 06:06, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Art of War Movie.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Art of War Movie.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:53, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Jerry Springer.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Jerry Springer.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:20, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Yo!
Your usepage is like wikipedia's main page!!!!!! ShakespearesZombie (talk) 17:14, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Kjetil Teige Ulbaasen.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Kjetil Teige Ulbaasen.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. ▫  Johnny Mr Nin ja  18:47, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Tigergutt.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Tigergutt.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. ▫  Johnny Mr Nin ja  01:38, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of The Supernatural

The article The Supernatural has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Appears to not be notable per the guidelines of notability in books. Please add reliable 3rd party sources to prove otherwise.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the Proposed Deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The Speedy Deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and Articles for Deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tim1357 (talk) 20:21, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Axezz! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot notifying you on behalf of the the unreferenced biographies team that 1 of the articles that you created  is currently tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 00:49, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Robert Henry Cox -

Nomination of Robert Henry Cox for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Robert Henry Cox is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Robert Henry Cox until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article.  Jujutacular  talk 23:06, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Commonism listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Commonism. Since you had some involvement with the Commonism redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Sideways713 (talk) 16:53, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Iljitsj listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Iljitsj. Since you had some involvement with the Iljitsj redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. The Theosophist (talk) 10:14, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Illjitsj listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Illjitsj. Since you had some involvement with the Illjitsj redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. The Theosophist (talk) 10:15, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

Ilyitsch listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Ilyitsch. Since you had some involvement with the Ilyitsch redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. The Theosophist (talk) 10:15, 22 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Norwegian Joint Staff College

The article Norwegian Joint Staff College has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * fails verification, no sources found for a college with this name

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Gab4gab (talk) 17:49, 10 July 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Manifest (convention) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Manifest (convention) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Manifest (convention) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cjhard (talk) 09:21, 10 August 2017 (UTC)

"Cosialism" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Cosialism. Since you had some involvement with the Cosialism redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. feminist (talk) 14:08, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

"Cosialicm" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Cosialicm. Since you had some involvement with the Cosialicm redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. feminist (talk) 14:08, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

"Cocialism" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Cocialism. Since you had some involvement with the Cocialism redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. feminist (talk) 14:08, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

"Cocialicm" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Cocialicm. Since you had some involvement with the Cocialicm redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. feminist (talk) 14:08, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Cummunism

Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, the introduction of inappropriate pages, such as Cummunism, is considered vandalism and is prohibited. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism may result in the loss of editing privileges. Under section G3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, the page has been nominated for deletion.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Firestar464 (talk) 21:49, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

"Cummunism" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cummunism&redirect=no Cummunism] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Di (they-them) (talk) 00:00, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Axezz


text:
Sydenham River (Lake Huron)

The Sydenham River is a river in Grey County in southern Ontario. The river flows north from a source near Williamsford (Williams Lake), drops over the Niagara Escarpment at Inglis Falls and empties into Owen Sound harbour on Georgian Bay. It was named after Lord Sydenham, governor of Canada from 1839 to 1841. The river was formed from pre-glacial river along the Niagara Escarpment.

The river is obstructed by Mill Dam. At this dam is a fish ladder that allows Chinook Salmon and Rainbow Trout to complete their spawning migrations in this river.

Tributaries and falls
The Spey River is a tributary of this river that forms south of Inglis Falls.

The 18m tall Inglis Falls is named for settler and miller Peter Inglis.

title: Sydenham River (Lake Huron)


text:
Talk:Aupōuri Peninsula

Tombolo?
Could somebody who knows the region confirm the tombolo claim? It's described as a peninsula, which isn't the same thing, repeatedly and none of the description sounds like a tombolo, i.e. the article doesn't even say what island is connected to North Island by the tombolo, or how it was formed and what of. Joe D (t) 11:11, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I agree with Joe D. Tombolos are made of sand or shingle, and connect to an island, and arent usually that wide. Also, this feature seems to have a hook on the end (not an island), and has some sort of marsh to the eastern end. That to me would infer that Aupouri was merely a spit - if it is made of beach material (it looks too green to be made from the effects of deposition). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.138.42.154 (talk • contribs)

 * While the peninsula is fairly old (about 100,000 years), I understand it is a tombolo that connects what was previously an archipelago of small islands to the rest of the North Island. The "hook" at the end was one of these old islands (see North Cape), and is not a depositional landform. I'll add a relevant reference. -- Avenue (talk) 12:05, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Sealed roads
There are few road, and the main one is sealed. The sparse population is not the reason for the road not having been sealed, but the remoteness of the peninsula.Royalcourtier (talk) 03:35, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aupōuri Peninsula


text:
User talk:80.186.164.160

Hey there. I just noticed that your latest article was imported from another source. If you own or have permission to use the copyright for this material, please indicate this on the talk page of your article. Otherwise, we can't accept it here. If you want to rewrite the article in your own words, please do so on the "/Temp" subpage of the article. Also, regardless of whether this article infringes on copyright, we welcome any other original contributions you may wish to make. Thanks! - Vague | Rant 11:12, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.186.164.160


text:
Longwave transmitter Europe 1

The Longwave transmitter Europe 1 was the oldest privately owned radio station in Germany, situated between Felsberg and Berus/Saar, Germany. It transmitted on 183 kHz with a power of 2,000 kilowatts a French speaking programme, Europe 1 toward France. It was the highest power radio broadcasting transmitter in Germany. Longwave transmissions stopped on 31 December 2019.

It was owned by Broadcasting Center Europe (BCE), a subsidiary of RTL Group. In 2020 the last masts were blown up.

Technical details
The transmitter used directional aerials of four guyed, insulated radio masts which are 270, 276, 280, and 282 metres (886', 905', 919' and 925') high. Furthermore, there is a backup aerial, which consists of two guyed insulated radio masts with a height of 234 metres (768').

Due to the strong south-west directional characteristic of the antenna, reception to the northeast of the transmitter (i.e. in the largest part of Germany) is poor or distorted.

The building, in which the transmitters are situated, has a length of 82 metres (270'), a width of 43 metres (141'), and a height of 16 metres (52'). Its surface area is 2,700 square metres (29,000 sq. ft.) and its volume 31,000 cubic metres (40,000 cu. yd.). In front of this building, there is a telecommunication tower, which was used for broadcasting the programme of Telesaar.

A new transmitter house with new 2x750 kW transmitter was built in 2015 next to the backup aerial, that was used until the shutdown in 2019.

On the morning of 8 August 2012 an 80 meters (262') tall part of the 280 meters (919') high transmitter broke down. This was caused by a ragged guy wire. The damaged mast was demolished on 19 November 2012. Mast 1 was demolished on 13 June 2013, because it was useless without mast 2.

History
The longwave transmitter traces its existence to the special state of the Saar Protectorate in the 1950s: Occupied by France in 1946, the French military authorities allowed the people to organize elections and govern themselves, becoming a Protectorate using the French Franc as money. It was integrated to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957 as a compromise between France and Germany, after the Saar people decided by referendum against a "special European district" status they were proposed. The transmitter was built in 1954, broadcasting since 1 January 1955, on land which is now located inside German borders. In 1959, one of its main masts was relocated to vertical.

title: Longwave transmitter Europe 1


text:
Samuel Greg (junior)

Samuel Greg (6 September 1804 – 14 May 1876) was an English industrialist and philanthropist.

Born in Manchester, the son of the elder Samuel Greg, the creator of Quarry Bank Mill, he was brother to William Rathbone Greg and Robert Hyde Greg. Influenced by the religious beliefs of his mother Hannah, he attended a Unitarian school in Nottingham. Further study in Bristol, under Lant Carpenter, and at the University of Edinburgh was interspersed with experience in the family firm and completed by the, then obligatory, Grand Tour.

Already more interested in the consequences of wealth rather than its creation, in 1830 and 1831 he gave lectures on scientific subjects to the workers at Quarry Bank. On his father's retirement in 1832, he took over management of Lowerhouse Mill in Bollington, Cheshire and used it as a basis for further social experimentation.

He published his ideas on the model factory village in Two Letters to Leonard Horner on the Capabilities of the Factory System (1840) and went on to found a number of educational and social institutions in Bollington. However, in 1847, he introduced new machinery in his mills which was so unpopular that it precipitated a strike.

In consequence, Greg suffered from a nervous breakdown and retired to his Bollington home, The Mount. Thereon, he restricted his philanthropy to scientific lectures for the workers of Macclesfield, becoming president of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

Greg wrote the hymn Stay, Master, stay, based on the gospel story of the Transfiguration of Jesus.

Greg married Mary Priscilla Needham in 1838 and she had two sons and six daughters with him. He died in Bollington in 1876 after a long illness. His daughter Bertha married Hugh Ronalds, brother and business partner of Dr Edmund Ronalds.

title: Samuel Greg (junior)


text:
Arena (magazine)

Arena was a British monthly men's magazine. The magazine was created in 1986 by Nick Logan, who had founded The Face in 1980, to focus on trends in fashion and entertainment. British graphic designer Neville Brody, who had designed The Face, designed Arena's launch appearance.

The headquarters of Arena was in London. The magazine was part of Bauer Media and featured articles on food, films, fitness, sex, music, electronics, and books. It was pitched at a similarly upscale audience to GQ, attempting to offer a more adult read than lad mags like Maxim and FHM, and gearing itself specifically towards the "black collar worker".

Arena launched the careers of British media professionals such as Dylan Jones, the editor of GQ UK who had served as Arena's editor in the late 1980s.

In July 2006, facing competition from the internet, the editorial team behind Arena launched a team blog which features regular posts from its contributors. In spite of this, magazine circulation continued to fall and in 2007, Giles Hattersley, chief interviewer at The Sunday Times was brought in as Editor. Hattersley oversaw a revamp of the publication and in November 2007, the magazine relaunched with a new design and new palate of content, featuring David Beckham on its cover. Hattersley returned to The Sunday Times in March 2008 and was replaced in the interim by deputy editor Mat Smith. Smith left in August 2008 to take over as features director at Esquire UK.

In April 2009, Arena ceased publication. As of April 2009, international editions of Arena outside the UK continued to be published. These editions included Ukraine, Turkey, Korea and Thailand. Arena Singapore, the first English language edition outside the UK, was launched on 27 October 2006 by the publishing division of Mediacorp. Two and a half years later, Mediacorp announced on 30 April 2009 that it was closing the Singapore edition of Arena.

title: Arena (magazine)


text:
User talk:Meestaplu

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Thanks
Thanks for correcting spelling mistake on my user page. utcursch 08:12, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

Articles I Want to Write

 * 13-pointer array mechanism

 * UV mapping
 * vertex normals (used for basic lighting)

Image
Image:Pmos ring oscillator.png looks like it was created from a Jpeg. Do you still have this file? It would be better to use that instead, as all saving it to PNG does is increase the filesize, with no quality benefit.--Drat (Talk) 16:48, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it was created from a JPEG...can't remember though. I think I was trying to keep it from getting recompressed or something -- rather stupid, now that I think about it, especially coming from someone who is pretty anal about what image compression type to use.  If I can find the original image, I'll re-grab it. Matthew Plough 20:19, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Is there a higher resolution or higher contrast version of Image:Pmos ring oscillator.png? — Omegatron 01:49, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, no; that's already at around 5x magnification. The total area of the circuits in that picture is around the size of your thumbnail.  Matthew Plough 05:27, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Meestaplu


text:
Nauni

Nauni is a small village on the Solan-Rajgarh Road about 15 km from the town of Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. The Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry campus is situated there. The ruins of an old Gorkha fort on the hill can be found overlooking the campus and can be reached about an hours climb from the road side. River Giri is about 9 km from here.

title: Nauni


text:
Pulwama district

The Pulwama district is an administrative district of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below). (a) (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories."; (b)  (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; (c)  C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; (d) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." (e) Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; (f)  (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962."; (g)  Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." (h) Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; (i)  Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." It is located to the south of Srinagar. Its district headquarters are situated in the city of Pulwama. It is located in the central part of the Kashmir Valley.

Administration
In 1979 Anantnag district split in two, with one part remaining as Anantnag district, and the other part becoming Pulwama district. When created, Pulwama district had 550 villages, grouped in five subdistricts (tehsils): Shopian, Awantipora, Pampore, Pulwama, and Tral. After Shopian district was created in 2007, Pulwama district had 331 villages and four subdistricts. According to the district administration, the area of the district is 1090 km2.

Pulwama district currently has eight subdistricts, with 327 villages (eight of which are uninhabited):

Tehsils
The Pulwama district contains eight tehsils:
 * Awantipora Tehsil
 * Pampore Tehsil
 * Pulwama Tehsil
 * Tral Tehsil
 * Rajpora Tehsil
 * Aripal Tehsil
 * Shahoora (Litter) Tehsil
 * KakaporaTehsil

This district consists of five development blocks: Tral, Keller, Pampore, Pulwama and Kakapora. Each block consists of a number of panchayats.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Pulwama district has a population of 560,440, roughly equal to the nation of Solomon Islands or the US state of Wyoming. This gives it a ranking of 537th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 598 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 29.18%. Pulwama has a sex ratio of 912 females for every 1000 males (though this varies with religion), and is lower than the national average of 940, and a literacy rate of 64.3%.

At the time of the 2011 census, 91.30% of the population spoke Kashmiri, 3.96% Gojri, 1.38% Punjabi and 1.25% Hindi as their first language.

Healthcare
District has got one of the best health care system in The State/Union Territory. District has 1 DNB Deemed District Hospital Pulwama, 3 Sub-District Hospitals and numerous other health institutions. One tertiary Healthcare institute is under construction in Awantipora Tehsil of the district. It will be the largest hospital in Kashmir province/division.

Pencil District
The district is widely recognized as the leading producer of slates in the country. Approximately 70 percent of the slate production in India originates from this district and is subsequently supplied to various pencil manufacturing companies. This distinctive characteristic has earned Pulwama the reputation of being the primary hub for slate production, making a significant contribution to the pencil industry. The village of Oukhoo in Pulwama district has been bestowed with the title of 'Pencil Village' by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in his "Mann ki Baat" address.

Transport
District Pulwama is well connected with various transport modes.

National Highway 44 and National Highway 444 pass through Pulwama District.

There are 4 railways stations and 1 halt station located in the district. The district railway Headquarter is located at Awantipora Railway Station.

Educational institutions
Some of the notable educational institutions of Pulwama district:
 * AIIMS Awantipora
 * Boys Government Degree College, Pulwama
 * Islamic University, Awantipora
 * Women's College, Pulwama
 * Paramount Institute of Education
 * Govt. GNM Nursing College, Pulwama
 * Phoenix Paramedical College, Pulwama
 * Dolphin Paramedical College, Pulwama

Kashmir's First Synthetic hockey turf
Pulwama district in the southern Kashmir valley has achieved a significant milestone with the installation of the first synthetic hockey turf in the entire valley. This state-of-the-art stadium has been constructed to meet the growing demand for hockey facilities in the Kashmir division. The stadium has been constructed at Government Boys Higher Secondary School Pulwama, with an investment of Rs 5 crore, as part of the sports facilities enhancement plan by the government of Jammu and Kashmir. This initiative aims to improve the sporting infrastructure in the region and provide better opportunities for athletes to excel in their respective disciplines.

Anand of Kashmir
The district stands out in milk production, and is the top milk producing district in Jammu and Kashmir, which has earned it the nickname "Anand of Kashmir". According to official data, Pulwama recorded milk production of 31 crore litres in 2020, which was distributed throughout Jammu and Kashmir. In the year 2017-18, Pulwama produced 28.04 crore litres of milk. On a daily basis, Pulwama currently produces 8.5 lakh litres of milk.

Land use
The "reporting area" is the area for which data on land use classification are available. When Pulwama district was created in 1979 it had a "reporting area" of 98,000 ha. After the creation of Shopian district in 2007, the "reporting area" of Pulwama district was reduced to 61,000 ha.

title: Pulwama district


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Talk:Bob Graham Round

Untitled
Need to check the Joss Naylor attempt (60 peaks in 36 hours at age 60), which is from memory. 80.177.213.144 11:16, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Also a reference to Harry Griffin's article (as Lakes writer for the Guardian?) at time of Dr Barbara Moore's John o Groats/Lands End walk, pointing out that Graham's then unbeaten record was a much bigger challenge. Linuxlad 09:02, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

NB - This is NOT (intended to be) a bio-stub! Linuxlad 15:13, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

The distance and total height gained stated in the article are dubious. GPS data from 3 bob graham attempts and leg recces suggest the length to be 66 miles with a height gained of 27500 feet. I dont understand how the larger figures are arrived at, the smaller figures probably are deduced from mapping software. (unsigned post by IP 88.211.97.22 on 5th Oct 2006) Linuxlad

The link to Native Trekker appears to be dead and should possibly be removed or updated REWightman (talk) 15:07, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Removed Native Trekker --Eddie | Talk 11:11, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Added a link to the new (as of Feb 2008) site of the BGR 24hr club REWightman (talk) 11:02, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Included Graham's route and worked up a bit. Please be bold and improve. --Eddie | Talk 10:34, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Usual annual updates regarding numbers. Corrected the actual date of Bob Graham's round - these come from the original schedule held by Fred Rogerson. Added a little more history, completed list of record holders, rewrote one or two sentences that didn't read correctly. The comment about not being attempted until 1960 was incorrect, there were at least two attempts prior to Alan Heaton attempting the round. REWightman (talk) 20:18, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Corrected three of the external links as their locations have changed. Removed the previous edit about the length of the round and reworded what was there to make it plain that the figure of 72 miles is incorrect even in the official booklet. REWightman (talk) 16:27, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Tidied up the English in the opening paragraphs - who uses "promulgate" or "actuality"?? Added links to pages on the Paddy Buckley and Ramsay Rounds REWightman (talk) 12:10, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Pretty well a complete rewrite to make it more factual. The main section is now chronological in its order. Needs more references in the text. Amalgamated the notes about the BGR club in to their own section and included the acceptance rules. REWightman (talk) 14:50, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Graphs of the records
I have created and added graphs of the two main records (time for the standard 42-peak BGR, number of peaks within 24 hours). This is really trying to fit too much information onto each graph. I have done my best but am very open to suggestions for improvement or to correct any errors I have made. I have treated, for this purpose, the original Bob Graham round and the Heaton and subsequent repeats as being directly comparable, despite the small variations in peaks included, because otherwise the progression of the records doesn't really make sense.Johnstoo (talk) 15:02, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bob Graham Round


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Eastchurch

Eastchurch is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Sheppey, in the English county of Kent, two miles east of Minster. The village website claims the area has "a history steeped in stories of piracy and smugglers".

Aviation history
Eastchurch is styled the "home of British aviation" as Eastchurch airfield saw the first controlled flight by a British pilot on British soil.

The Eastchurch airfield played a significant role in the history of British aviation from 1909 when Frank McClean acquired Stonepits Farm, on the marshes across from Leysdown, converting the land into an airfield for members of the Aero Club of Great Britain.

The Short Brothers, Horace, Eustace and Oswald, built aircraft at Battersea to be tested at the site; later Moore-Brabazon, A. K. Huntington, Charles S. Rolls and Cecil Grace all visited and used the flying club's services. Wilbur Wright and his brother Orville came to the Isle of Sheppey to visit the new flying grounds of the Aero Club. In 1909, Moore-Brabazon made the first live cargo flight by fixed-wing aircraft, tying a waste-paper basket to a wing strut of his Shorts-built Wright aircraft. Then, using it as a "cargo hold", he airlifted one small pig.

The Eastchurch airfield was also the site, in July 1911, of the competition for the Gordon Bennett Trophy for powered air racing, attended by flyers from all over the world and won that year by the American pilot C. T. Weymann. During the Battle of Britain, it was one of the notable bases of the Polish Air Force.

A stained glass window by Karl Parsons in the south side of All Saints' Church, Eastchurch (built in 1432), was dedicated to Rolls and Grace, who were killed in July and December 1910 respectively. The Memorial to the Home of Aviation was unveiled in 1955, in the centre of the village opposite the church.

In July 2009, Eastchurch celebrated 100 years of aviation history associated with the Island. SkySheppey brought together a number of associations and joined with many visitors to recognise the importance of British aviation history which started in Eastchurch. The organisers, the Eastchurch Parish Council, planned the event for 25 and 26 July 2009. Eastchurch is also home to many forms of aircraft and is where they were originally developed in the early 1900s, notably by Short Brothers.

Buildings
The gatehouse is now all that remains of Shurland Hall, connected with many families including the Cheneys who were there in 1274; and Sir John Stanley, who was Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in the 15th century. It was also rumoured to have housed Henry VIII and his wife, Anne Boleyn, for a few nights. For a short period before it was acquired by the Spitalfields Trust in 2006, it was owned by Violet Searle, a business woman who developed an early house within the village in Warden Road. The gatehouse is now in the care of the Spitalfields Trust and in the process of being renovated and restored.

In Hidden Kent by Alan Major (Countryside Books, 1994), there is a note from the 1847 gazetteer commenting on the scarcity of fresh water which "makes the inhabitants very careful to preserve such falls from the clouds" and tells of spouts from the church designed to fill large tubs around it in the churchyard.

Royal Navy Shore Station HMS Pembroke II was RNAS Eastchurch, Sheppey, Kent. An accounting base, it was operational from June 1913 to 1 April 1918 when it was turned over to the RAF. Also known as HMS Pembroke 2, it moved to Chatham as an accounting base from 1940 to 1957. The Shore Station was named after the nearby main base, HMS Pembroke I at the royal Dockyard in Chatham.

Eastchurch is also home to three prisons, HMP Elmley, HMP Standford Hill and HMP Swaleside. The prisons complex is known as the Sheppey Prisons Cluster.

All Saints’ Church
All Saints Church is in the centre of the village, it is a large and extravagant church. Currently, the parish is in interregnum as of June 2016, the previous Parish Priest, Rector Chris Shipley, retired. He took the Parish from the Reverend Father Barry Birch SSC, who had been there since October 2008. His predecessor, Father Francis Searle, was the parish priest from September 2000 until his death in 2007. Father Searle was the grandson of Violet Searle.

The church has undergone the "Jubilee Project", also known as the "tower appeal". This involved bringing down the bells and restoring them (for the first time in 100 years). The tower itself has been modernised and a new floor and room added. This is now known as the "Jubilee Room" and is funded by sponsors such as the Shurland Hotel.

title: Eastchurch


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Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry (YSP UHF), known by the abbreviation Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, is a state university located in district Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India. It has exclusive mandate of education, research and extension in horticulture and forestry.

It covers 5.5 km2 and is situated in Nauni on the Solan-Rajgarh Road. The campus lies 15 km from the town of Solan.

History
The Himachal Agricultural College, Solan was established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University.Dr. S.S.Jain, Mycologist & Plant Pathologist was the Officer on Special duty appointed by the HP State Government Department of Agriculture to set it up. In 1970 the Himachal Pradesh University was established and the college became one of its campuses. In 1978 it became the horticulture complex of the recently established Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya. Finally, on 1 December 1985 it was upgraded to a State University and named after Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. It was inaugurated on 30 April 1988 by the late Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India.

Academics
It offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral courses in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines.

Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has three colleges: the College of Horticulture, the College of Forestry, and the College of Horticulture and Forestry Neri, India (Hamirpur), College of Horticulture and Forestry Thunag (Mandi, Himachal Pradesh) which are subdivided into 14 departments and are looked after by a faculty of over 500 scientists and teachers. It has a school specialised in the study of apples, called Apple School, Nauni. The department of management is under the college of horticulture providing degree in three basic courses: Marketing, Finance, and Human Resources with agribusiness.


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Nine Mile River

Nine Mile River may refer to:

 * Canada
 * Nine Mile River, Nova Scotia
 * Nine Mile River (Ontario)

 * United Kingdom
 * Nine Mile River, Wiltshire

 * United States
 * Nine Mile Creek (Utah), in Ninemile Canyon

title: Nine Mile River


text:
User talk:Vanillacreem

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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Lärabar
I have tagged your Lärabar for speedy deletion as it reads like corporate spam. If the company really does satisfy WP:CORP then please consider rewriting the article accordingly. Rklawton 19:06, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Survey
Hi Catherine!

I have put together a survey for female editors of Wikipedia (and related projects) in order to explore, in greater detail, women's experiences and roles within the Wikimedia movement. It'd be wonderful if you could participate!

It's an independent survey, done by me, as a fellow volunteer Wikimedian. It is not being done on behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation. I hope you'll participate!

Just click this link to participate in this survey, via Google!

Any questions or concerns, feel free to email me or stop by my user talk page. Also, feel free to share this any other female Wikimedians you may know. It is in English, but any language Wikimedia participants are encouraged to participate. I appreciate your contributions - to the survey and to Wikipedia! Thank you! SarahStierch (talk) 03:12, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vanillacreem


text:
User talk:Thearyan

Hey there. I just noticed that your latest article was imported from another source. If you own or have permission to use the copyright for this material, please indicate this on the talk page of your article. Otherwise, we can't accept it here. If you want to rewrite the article in your own words, please do so on the "/Temp" subpage of the article. Also, regardless of whether this article infringes on copyright, we welcome any other original contributions you may wish to make. Thanks! - Vague | Rant 11:28, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thearyan