text:
Catherine Winkworth

Catherine Winkworth (13 September 1827 – 1 July 1878) was an English hymnwriter and educator. She translated the German chorale tradition of church hymns for English speakers, for which she is recognized in the calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. She also worked for wider educational opportunities for girls, and translated biographies of two founders of religious sisterhoods. When 16, Winkworth appears to have coined a once well-known political pun, peccavi, "I have Sindh", relating to the British occupation of Sindh in colonial India.

Early life
Catherine Winkworth was born on 13 September 1827 at 20 Ely Place, Holborn on the edge of the City of London. She was the fourth daughter of Henry Winkworth, a silk merchant. In 1829, her family moved to Manchester, where her father had a silk mill and which city figured in the Industrial Revolution. Winkworth studied under the Rev. William Gaskell, minister of Cross Street Chapel, and with Dr. James Martineau, both of them eminent British Unitarians. Urban historian Harold L. Platt notes that in the Victorian period "The importance of membership in this Unitarian congregation cannot be overstated: as the fountainhead of Manchester Liberalism it exerted tremendous influence on the city and the nation for a generation."

She subsequently moved with the family to Clifton, near Bristol. Her sister Susanna Winkworth (1820–1884) was also a translator, mainly of German devotional works.

Chorale tradition
Catherine Winkworth spent a year in Dresden, during which time she took an interest in German hymnody. Around 1854, she published her book Lyra Germanica, a collection of German hymns which she had chosen and translated into English. A further collection followed in 1858. During 1863, she published The Chorale Book for England, which was coedited by the composers William Sterndale Bennett and Otto Goldschmidt. In 1869 she followed this with Christian Singers of Germany.

According to The Harvard University Hymn Book, Winkworth "did more than any other single individual to make the rich heritage of German hymnody available to the English-speaking world." Four examples of translations by her hand are published in The Church Hymn Book 1872 (Nos 344, 431, 664 and 807).

Among the best-known chorales translated by Winkworth are "From Heaven Above to Earth I Come" ("Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her", Martin Luther, 1534); "Wake, Awake, for Night Is Flying" ("Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme", Philipp Nicolai, 1599); "How Brightly Beams the Morning Star!" ("Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern", Nicolai, 1597); and the Christmas hymn "A Spotless Rose" ("Es ist ein Ros entsprungen", anon, 1599). She translated Gerhardt's "Die güldne Sonne voll Freud und Wonne" into "The golden sunbeams with their joyous gleams".

Women's education
Winkworth was also involved deeply in promoting women's education, as the secretary of the Clifton Association for Higher Education for Women, and a supporter of the Clifton High School for Girls, where a school house is named after her, and a member of Cheltenham Ladies' College. She was likewise governor of the Red Maids' School in Westbury-on-Trym in the city of Bristol.

Winkworth translated biographies of two founders of sisterhoods for the poor and the sick: Life of Pastor Fliedner, 1861, and Life of Amelia Sieveking, 1863.

Winkworth has been described as "an early feminist".

Peccavi

According to the Encyclopedia of Britain by Bamber Gascoigne (1993), it was Catherine Winkworth who, learning of General Charles James Napier's ruthless and unauthorised, but successful campaign to conquer the Indian province of Sindh, "remarked to her teacher that Napier's despatch to the governor-general of India, after capturing Sindh, should have been Peccavi" (Latin for "I have sinned": a pun on "I have Sindh"). She sent her joke to the new humorous magazine Punch, which printed it on 18 May 1844. She was then sixteen years old.

The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations attributes this to Winkworth, noting that it was assigned to her in Notes and Queries in May 1954.

The pun has usually been credited to Napier himself. The rumour's persistence over the decades led to investigations in Calcutta archives, as well as comments by William Lee-Warner in 1917 and Lord Zetland, Secretary of State for India, in 1936.

Death
Catherine Winkworth died suddenly of heart disease near Geneva on 1 July 1878 and was buried in Monnetier, in Upper Savoy. A monument to her memory was erected in Bristol Cathedral. She is commemorated on the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 1 July.

Hymn books

 * Lyra Germanica, Hymns for the Sundays and chief festivals of the Christian Year, Translated from the German, 1855 edition compiled by Catherine Winkworth
 * The Chorale Book for England: A Complete Hymn-book for Public and Private Worship, Catherine Winkworth, William Sterndale Bennett and Otto Goldschmidt (1863)
 * Lyra Germanica: the Christian life, Catherine Winkworth (1868)
 * Christian Singers of Germany, Catherine Winkworth (1869)
 * Songs for the household: Sacred poetry, Catherine Winkworth (1882)

title: Catherine Winkworth


text: User talk:207.69.139.162

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:207.69.139.162


text:
User:Esteves

Esteves' user page. :-)

Major contributions (wrote a good chunk of the content)

 * FN Five-seveN
 * FN Five-seveN

Minor edits

 * 5.7 x 28 mm
 * FN P90

Esteves 21:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Esteves


text:
User talk:Esteves

Esteves' User Talk page. :-)

Esteves 21:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Esteves


text:
Talk:Marti Noxon

Overall tone
The tone of much of this is that of a breathless teen. Avocats (talk) 07:06, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

D.O.B
Anyone know Marti Noxon's Date Of Birth? I can't find it anywhere on the 'net... -Erolos 21:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This American Life
Is this the same Marti Noxon that appears on Episode 298 of This American Life —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 129.22.169.201 (talk • contribs).

 * Sounds like her, but with added annoying Valleyisms, apparently prompted by Ira Glass ("she was all... let's go!"). Glass is a Buffy fan, so presumably he would have disambiguated if his guest happened to be another former Hollywood wannabe with the same (implausibly unchanged) name.

 * chocolateboy 20:47, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Point Unpleasant
Despite Joss's loyalty to her, she is awful and wrecks every show she works on. Touchstone made a mistake. --Blue Tie
 * I completely disagree, I think Marti Noxon is a fantastic writer and has written some of the best episodes of Buffy, like The Wish and New Moon Rising. She's capable of writing the most amazingly emotional scripts and she is extremely creative and original.  I'm so glad she's the executive producer of a popular show like Grey's Anatomy, she really deserves it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.188.181.205 (talk • contribs)

Fair use rationale for Image:Buffy TV logo.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:06, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Harmless sex.jpg
Image:Harmless sex.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 22:56, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect Date
The article says that Noxon was criticized at the end of Buffy season 5, but the source which is cited has a incorrect date. Whedon did not defend Noxon on May 22nd, 2001. He did it in 2002 at the end of the 6th season. The Bronze VIP archive says 2001 but if you check the actual postdate of his comment it says 2002. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.132.96.233 (talk) 03:31, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality issues
This article is written to imply that Noxon is difficult to work with. It goes out of its way to put "creative differences" and similar statements into quotes to describe her departure from various shows. Croctotheface (talk) 08:35, 28 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree 100%. Especially given the nomadic nature of working on many projects for small periods of time if the writer / producer isn't the main showrunner, this isn't uncommon. I am going to add more background, information, and citations to this article, and will only include this information if it is fully substantiated. As it stands right now, though, agree, it's not neutral, not encyclopedic-ally relevant. It also seems wildly unfair, and possibly gender slanted. BrillLyle (talk) 20:13, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

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text:
University of Tennessee system

The University of Tennessee System (UT System) is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is one of two public university systems, the other being the Tennessee Board of Regents (TBR). It consists of four primary campuses in Knoxville, Chattanooga, Pulaski and Martin; a health sciences campus in Memphis; a research institute in Tullahoma; and various extensions throughout the state.

The UT System has a combined student enrollment of more than 49,000 students, over 320,000 living alumni, and a total endowment that tops $1 billion.

History
The University of Tennessee was founded in Knoxville as Blount College in 1794. It became East Tennessee College in 1807, and gained university status in 1840. It was designated as the state's land-grant institution in 1869, and was renamed the "University of Tennessee" in 1879.

The medical campus, the UT Health Science Center, was founded in Memphis in 1911. An adult education extension center was founded in Nashville in 1947.

In 1927, UT founded the University of Tennessee Junior College, and bought the campus of the defunct Hall-Moody Institute, a Baptist institution in the northwest Tennessee town of Martin, to use for the new college. In 1951, the school began awarding bachelor's degrees and became the University of Tennessee Martin Branch. In 1967, the campus was elevated to an autonomous four-year institution under the name of the University of Tennessee at Martin.

In 1968, the UT System was officially formed, with the Knoxville and Martin campuses as primary campuses. That same year, the Tennessee state legislature gave UT permission to establish a campus in Chattanooga, which was the largest city in Tennessee without a public university. The private University of Chattanooga determined that it could not raise enough private capital to compete with a public institution, and agreed to merge with another private school, Chattanooga City College, to form the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga in 1969.

Also in 1968, UT announced plans to expand the Nashville extension center into a full-fledged University of Tennessee at Nashville. Rita Sanders Geier filed a desegregation lawsuit against the state. Geier contended that if UT were allowed to build a campus in Nashville, where Tennessee State University was located, it would perpetuate a dual system of higher education. As a result, the UT Nashville campus was eventually merged with TSU by court order in 1979.

On December 9, 2020, UT's board of trustees unanimously voted in favor of integrating Martin Methodist College into the UT System as UT Southern. This merger is aimed at providing higher education to the residents of rural southern Middle Tennessee. On June 27, 2021 The Tennessean reported that MMC had been fully accepted as a system campus, with the tuition to be adjusted accordingly.

Campuses
There are six educational units of the university system, four of which are separate universities within this statewide higher education system.

University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UT)
UT Knoxville is the flagship campus of the UT System, based in Knoxville. The largest university in the state, it has a current total enrollment of 27,523. UT awarded 6,345 degrees in over 300 programs in the 2009–10 academic year.

While not a separate entity, UT Knoxville operates a campus in Nashville that is part of the UT Knoxville College of Social Work. The Nashville Campus awards the M.S.S.W. in conjunction with UT Knoxville.

University of Tennessee at Chattanooga (UTC)
UTC is a large university located in downtown Chattanooga. The university was founded as a private school in 1886, joined the UT System in 1969, and currently has over 10,000 students.

University of Tennessee at Martin (UTM)
Located in rural northwest Tennessee in Martin, UT Martin began in 1900 as Hall-Moody Institute, a private Baptist school. In 1927, the Tennessee Baptist Convention merged Hall-Moody Institute with Union University. The University of Tennessee System took over the former Hall-Moody campus and the school became known as The University of Tennessee Junior College in Martin. It operated under this name until 1951 when four-year fields of study leading to bachelor's degrees were added. The name was then changed to The University of Tennessee Martin Branch. In 1967, it was designated a primary campus in the UT system and was given its current name, The University of Tennessee at Martin. With approximately 8,000 students, UT Martin comprises the main campus in Martin and four extended campuses located in Parsons, Selmer, Jackson, and Ripley.

University of Tennessee Southern (UTS)
As a consequence of a planned meeting between then-Acting System President Randy Boyd (later named the system's permanent head) and Martin Methodist College President Mark La Branche in 2020 about the plans for UT to open an Agricultural Extension Office in MMC's hometown of Pulaski, a wider-ranging discussion ensued about the low level of affordable higher educational opportunities in Southern Middle Tennessee. MMC was founded as a women's college in 1870, but became co-educational in the 1930s. In December 2020, The University of Tennessee Board of Trustees voted to accept MMC as a primary campus of the University of Tennessee System. On June 27, 2021 The Tennessean reported that the merger had been consummated, with La Branche to serve as the first chancellor of the campus as a unit of the UT system designated the University of Tennessee Southern.

University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC)
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) has its main campus in Memphis. UTHSC offers a wide variety of degree programs among its six colleges: Allied Health Sciences, Dentistry, Graduate Health Sciences, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy. UTHSC also has colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, in addition to an Allied Health Sciences unit in Knoxville, as well as a College of Medicine campus in Chattanooga. In addition, UTHSC has more than 100 clinical and educational sites statewide.

University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI)
The University of Tennessee Space Institute is located in Tullahoma adjacent to Arnold Air Force Base, long a center of research for the United States Air Force. The Institute awards master's and doctoral degrees in conjunction with UT Knoxville.

Other units
The University of Tennessee system has several other units that provide service to the state of Tennessee and to the nation.

University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
The Institute of Agriculture is composed of the Agricultural Experiment Station, UT Extension, and Knoxville's Herbert College of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine. The institute has a presence in all 95 counties through its educational programs in agriculture, home economics, resource development, and 4-H programs.

University of Tennessee Institute of Public Service
The Institute for Public Service was created in 1971 as a part of the university "to provide continuing research and technical assistance to state and local government and industry and to meet more adequately the need for information and research in business and government." Components include the County Technical Assistance Service, the Municipal Technical Advisory Service, the Center for Industrial Services, the Law Enforcement Innovation Center, and the Naifeh Center for Effective Leadership.

UT-ORNL partnership
UT Knoxville and Battelle Memorial Institute are 50–50 partners in UT-Battelle, which manages the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the United States Department of Energy.

Governance
The University of Tennessee system is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Tennessee. After the passage of the UT FOCUS Act in 2018, the board is made up of 12 trustees. These trustees include one ex officio voting member, the Commissioner of Agriculture, 10 voting members appointed by the Governor, and a single non-voting student member appointed by the board as a whole. One of the board's committees includes a single faculty representative. Both the Student Trustee and faculty representative rotate each year between the four main campuses.

Administration
The university system is administered by a president. Beginning in 1970, presidents served the University of Tennessee system. Prior to that, the president served the Knoxville flagship campus. Presidents and interim presidents of the University of Tennessee system, the University of Tennessee, and its predecessor schools are as follows:
 * Randy Boyd, 2019–present (interim)
 * Joseph A. DiPietro, named UT System President on October 23, 2010; served until November 2018
 * John D. Petersen, named the system's 23rd President on July 1, 2004; resigned February 18, 2009
 * John W. Shumaker, 2002–2003
 * Emerson H. Fly, 2001–2002
 * J. Wade Gilley, 1999–2001
 * Joseph E. Johnson, 1991–1999; also served as interim president in 2003–2004
 * Lamar Alexander, 1988–1991
 * Edward J. Boling, 1970–1988
 * Andrew D. Holt, 1959–1970; President of the UT System 1968–1970
 * C. E. Brehm, 1946–1959
 * James Dickason Hoskins, 1934–1946
 * Harcourt A. Morgan, 1919–1934
 * Brown Ayres, 1904–1919
 * Charles W. Dabney, 1887–1904
 * Thomas William Humes, (East Tennessee University), 1865–1879; President of UT 1879–1883
 * J. J. Ridley (East Tennessee University), 1860–1862
 * William D. Carnes (East Tennessee University), 1858–1860
 * George Cooke (East Tennessee University), 1853–1857
 * W. B. Reese (East Tennessee University), 1850–1853
 * Joseph Estabrook, (East Tennessee College), 1834–1840; President of East Tennessee University 1840–1850
 * James H. Piper (East Tennessee College), 1833–1834
 * Charles Coffin (East Tennessee College), 1827–1832
 * David Sherman (East Tennessee College), 1820–1825
 * Samuel Carrick, (Blount College), 1794–1807; President of East Tennessee College 1807–1809

Each of the five campuses is administered by a chancellor. Administrators on each campus report to their respective chancellors, who in turn report to the president. The only exceptions are the athletic directors of the Knoxville campus, who report directly to the president and not the Knoxville chancellor.

title: University of Tennessee system


text: Talk:Susquehanna University

title: Talk:Susquehanna University


text:
AFMC (disambiguation)

AFMC can stand for any of the following names:
 * Air Force Materiel Command, a major command of the U.S. Air Force
 * Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
 * Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India

title: AFMC (disambiguation)


text:
UTK

UTK may refer to:

 * University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States
 * Utkarsh Ambudkar (born 1983), American actor, rapper and singer
 * Special Actions Unit (Malaysia), tactical division of the Malaysian police
 * Utirik Airport, Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean

title: UTK


text:
Martin Kettle

Martin James Kettle (born 7 September 1949) is a British journalist and author. The son of two prominent communist activists, Arnold Kettle (best remembered as a literary critic; 1916–1986) and Margot Kettle (née Gale; 1916–1995), he was educated at Leeds Modern School and Balliol College, Oxford.

Kettle worked for the National Council for Civil Liberties (now known as Liberty) as a research officer from 1973. He then began his career in journalism as home affairs correspondent for New Society (1977–1981) and moved to The Sunday Times in 1981, working as a political correspondent for three years. He has been with The Guardian since 1984 and also wrote regularly for Marxism Today in its later years. He writes a column on classical music in Prospect magazine.

Kettle is best known as a columnist for The Guardian, where he is assistant editor, having worked as the newspaper's Washington D.C. bureau chief from 1997 to 2001. He was formerly a leader writer (1993–1997) and chief leader writer from 2001 onward. He has often defended New Labour and Tony Blair (a personal friend) – though not over the Iraq War. However, soon after the 2010 general election, Kettle wrote that David Cameron's Conservative-led coalition government had had a positive effect on the country. Kettle has been dismissed by John Pilger as Blair's "most devoted promoter".

He has a low opinion of Prime Minister Boris Johnson, writing that "[t]he immediate effect of the judgment [when the Supreme Court declared the prorogation of Parliament invalid] is devastating for Johnson. It is expressed so cogently and unambiguously that it will be difficult for him to wriggle out of it – even though he is certainly foolish enough to try."

In March 2021, Kettle claimed that the Chancellor Rishi Sunak "wants to deploy the financial heft of the Treasury to reinstate the UK in the heart of Scotland's economic and political conversation."

title: Martin Kettle


text:
Cummingtonite

Cummingtonite is a metamorphic amphibole with the chemical composition, magnesium iron silicate hydroxide.

Monoclinic cummingtonite is compositionally similar and polymorphic with orthorhombic anthophyllite, which is a much more common form of magnesium-rich amphibole, the latter being metastable.

Cummingtonite shares few compositional similarities with alkali amphiboles such as arfvedsonite, glaucophane-riebeckite. There is little solubility between these minerals due to different crystal habit and inability of substitution between alkali elements and ferro-magnesian elements within the amphibole structure.

Name and discovery
Cummingtonite was named after the town of Cummington, Massachusetts, where it was discovered in 1824. It is also found in Sweden, South Africa, Scotland, and New Zealand.

Chemistry
Cummingtonite is a member of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution series which ranges from for magnesiocummingtonite to the iron rich grunerite endmember. Cummingtonite is used to describe minerals of this formula with between 30 and 70 per cent. Thus, cummingtonite is the series intermediate.

Manganese also substitutes for ) within cummingtonite amphibole, replacing B site atoms. These minerals are found in high-grade metamorphic banded iron formation and form a compositional series between (tirodite) and  (dannemorite).

Calcium, sodium and potassium concentrations in cummingtonite are low. Cummingtonite tends toward more calcium substitution than related anthophyllite. Similarly, cummingtonite has lower ferric iron and aluminium than anthophyllite.

Amosite is a rare asbestiform variety of grunerite that was mined as asbestos only in the eastern part of the Transvaal Province of South Africa. The origin of the name is Amosa, the acronym for the mining company "Asbestos Mines of South Africa".

Occurrence
Cummingtonite is commonly found in metamorphosed magnesium-rich rocks and occurs in amphibolites. Usually it coexists with hornblende or actinolite, magnesium clinochlore chlorite, talc, serpentine-antigorite minerals or metamorphic pyroxene. Magnesium-rich cummingtonite can also coexist with anthophyllite.

Cummingtonite has also been found in some felsic volcanic rocks such as dacites. Manganese rich species can be found in metamorphosed Mn-rich rock units. The grunerite end member is characteristic of the metamorphosed iron formations of the Lake Superior region and the Labrador Trough. With prograde metamorphism cummingtonite and grunerite morph to members of the olivine and pyroxene series.

title: Cummingtonite


text:
User talk:Bsdlogical

Regarding your changes to Manual HS article
Just pasting this here as well as the talk page for the article in case you haven't discovered your watchlist yet: There has been quite a bit of deletion of non-notable high schools. I think that because this page hasn't been touched much, it has survived. Hopefully you can include a lot more information about it showing its notability. I didn't go to Manual, but like the majority of former high school kids from Kentucky, I recognize that it's arguably the best magnet school in Kentucky. Since you are a relatively new user, I would urge you to consider other high school webpages. For instance, Dr. Michael M. Krop High School is way over the top (see my comments at Talk:Dr. Michael M. Krop High School). Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology is an example of, in my opinion, a good article that isn't too verbose about a very notable high school. Good luck, and welcome to Wikipedia. CryptoDerk 22:04, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bsdlogical


text:
Oklahoma Gas & Electric

Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company (branded as OG+E or "O-G-and-E") is a regulated electric utility company that serves over 843,000 customers in Oklahoma and Arkansas, including 1.5 million people in the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. It is the leading subsidiary of OGE Energy Corp. (nyse: OGE), with headquarters in downtown Oklahoma City. OGE Energy is also the former parent of Enogex Inc., a natural gas pipeline business which merged with CenterPoint Energy's midstream business to form Enable Midstream in 2013, in 2021 OGE and CenterPoint sold their general partnership in Enable Midstream to Energy Transfer. OGE Energy and its subsidiaries have about 3,100 employees.

History
OG&E was founded in 1902, five years before Oklahoma became a state. It merged with Enogex in 1986. In 1997, OG&E reorganized as a holding company, OGE Energy, with OG&E and Enogex (now part of Enable Midstream) as its operating companies.

OG&E
OG&E Electric Services serves more than 850,000 customers in central and western Oklahoma and western Arkansas, and has no current wholesale power commitments. OG&E, with seven power plants is capable of producing about 6,100 megawatts from fossil fuels, also owns three wind farms and two small solar farms. OG&E also has long-term power purchase agreements with three non-owned wind farms. In 2017 OG&E generated 54% of electricity from low-sulfur Wyoming coal and 39 percent from natural gas with the remaining 7 percent coming from renewables, mostly wind.

OG&E owns roughly 450 megawatts of wind power. Under the plan announced on October 29, 2007, President and CEO Peter Delaney announced that wind power could be increased to about 770 MW.

OG&E is the largest electric utility in the state of Oklahoma. The company delivers all of its electricity across an interconnected transmission and distribution system spanning 30000 sqmi. OG&E is a member of the Southwest Power Pool, a regional transmission operator spanning the Midwest from Texas to North Dakota.

OG&E was the first electric company in Oklahoma to offer wind power as a choice to its retail customers in 2003.

In December 2016, OG&E announced that it gave out $7.5 million in "energy efficiency incentives to businesses, schools and government buildings in 2016." A total of 750 organizations benefited from the project. Secondary schools received around $650,000; universities received around $365,000. In one school district, 1 million kWh were cut down through energy-saving projects.

Enogex
Enogex is engaged in natural gas gathering, processing, transportation, storage and marketing. Enogex operates a natural gas pipeline system with about 8000 mi of pipe, six processing plants, and 23 Gcuft of gas storage capacity, principally in Oklahoma. In 2013, it was decided that Enogex would be merged with a portion of CenterPoint Energy's operations in a limited partnership to be called Enable Midstream Partners.

OGE Energy Resources
OGE Energy Resources conducts the company's energy marketing and related activities. Operating in the national commodities markets for electricity and natural gas, Energy Resources' primary role is to optimize the generation, transmission and pipeline assets of OGE Energy.

title: Oklahoma Gas & Electric


text:
Tanganyika laughter epidemic

The Tanganyika laughter epidemic of 1962 was an outbreak of mass hysteria—or mass psychogenic illness (MPI)—rumored to have occurred in or near the village of Kashasha on the western coast of Lake Victoria in Tanganyika (which, once united with Zanzibar, became the modern nation of Tanzania) near the border with Uganda.

History
The laughter epidemic began on January 30, 1962, at a mission-run boarding school for girls in Kashasha. It started with three girls and spread throughout the school, affecting 95 of the 159 pupils, aged 12–18. Symptoms lasted from a few hours to 16 days, averaging around 7 days. The teaching staff were unaffected and reported that students were unable to concentrate on their lessons. The first outbreak in Kashasha lasted roughly 48 days. The school was forced to close on March 18, 1962. When it reopened on May 21, a second phase of the outbreak affected an additional 57 pupils. The all-girl boarding school reclosed at the end of June.

The epidemic spread to Nshamba of the Muleba District, a village 55 miles west of Bukoba, where several of the girls lived. In April and May 1962, 217 mostly young villagers had laughing attacks over the course of 34 days. The Kashasha school was sued for allowing the children and their parents to transmit it to the surrounding area. In June, the laughing epidemic spread to Ramashenye girls' middle school, affecting 48 girls. Additional schools and the Kanyangereka village were also affected to some degree. The phenomenon died off 18 months after it started. All areas affected were within a 100-mile radius of Bukoba. In all, 14 schools were shut down and 1,000 people were affected.

Causes and symptoms
Symptoms of the Tanganyika 'laughter epidemic' included laughter and crying, beside general restlessness and pain, as well as fainting, respiratory problems, and rashes. Many of the symptoms experienced were stress-induced due to various external factors. The stress and anxiety that provokes mass hysteria outbreaks are reactions to perceived threats, cultural transitions, instances of uncertainty, and social stressors. Due to the majority of the population affected by this epidemic being young and adolescent children, the outbreak has been attributed to the young not having the appropriate coping skills to manage such stresses and anxieties. Coinciding with this, adolescents have a need for acceptance and are eager to blend into a group, making them vulnerable to influence contagion.

External factors
Linguist Christian F. Hempelmann has theorized that the episode was stress-induced. In 1962, Tanganyika had just won its independence, he said, and students had reported feeling stressed because of higher expectations by teachers and parents. MPI, he says, usually occurs in people without a lot of power. "MPI is a last resort for people of a low status. It's an easy way for them to express that something is wrong."

Sociologist Robert Bartholomew and psychiatrist Simon Wessely both put forward a culture-specific epidemic hysteria hypothesis, pointing out that the occurrences in 1960s Africa were prevalent in missionary schools and Tanganyikan society was ruled by strict traditional elders, so the likelihood is the hysteria was a manifestation of the cultural dissonance between the "traditional conservatism" at home and the new ideas challenging those beliefs in school, which they termed 'conversion reactions'.

Connected events
The laughter epidemic was one of three sequential behavioral epidemics that occurred in the vicinity of Lake Victoria. These three major epidemics were classified as events of mass hysteria or mania. According to Benjamin H. Kagwa's observations in the East African Medical Journal, a notable characteristic is the prevalence of typical symptoms within specific ethnic groups, where the occurrence and propagation of comparable symptoms are aligned with tribal boundaries. As with the hysteria epidemic in Tanganyika, these 'manias' are attributed to the radically shifting culture that began to stray away from the traditional cultural beliefs of local tribes and communities.

"We must not, however, think for one moment that this is peculiar to Africans. There is much historical evidence to prove that emotional upheavals associated with hysteria occur whenever a people's cultural roots and beliefs become suddenly shattered" -Benjamin H. Kagwa

title: Tanganyika laughter epidemic


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Talk:Fitzroy, Victoria

NOTES?
None of the direct reference notes work on this article - It thought it was just my incompetence at this, but the older ones don't either! - can anyone help? Cheers, Eyedubya 04:54, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Punters Club
Was the Punters Club forced to close? I thought the owners simply decided to sell up (but I'm probably wrong). If it was forced to close, I'd be curious to find out the reasons and include them here. Cnwb 22:08, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I gathered that it had to do with the landlords putting the rent up and the original venue being unable to afford it. Presumably the coolsie pizza bar that opened in its place has more turnover than a grungy rock venue. Acb 02:11, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Rob Roy
I believe The Rob Roy is no longer a live music venue? mordemur 10:35, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)

I heard that as well some months ago, though have since seen announcements of gigs at the Rob Roy. Perhaps they had a change of heart? Acb 15:18, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * They are having gigs, 3 nights per week --Generica 00:59, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Warehouse conversions and diaspora
The area's manufacturing and warehouse sites were converted into apartments, and the corresponding rising rent prices in Fitzroy saw many of the area's residents move to Northcote and Brunswick.

I am going to take this out as it appears purely anecdotal. 198.208.16.221 07:08, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Fitzroyalty?
No mention of Fitzroyalty? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.140.23.4 (talk) 04:57, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Heritage Places in Fitzroy
Guys can we move Fitzoy heritage places to another article I think its just clogging up the main one?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Australiafelix (talk • contribs) 08:48, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * As the person who put the Heritage places list up there - yes, good idea - lets have an article 'Heritage in Fitzroy'. Every article about a place should have one of these articles about Heritage, because its certainly notable and verifiable and reliably reference-able. Eyedubya (talk) 11:45, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The current list is not very encyclopaedic - is is just the result of a search of the heritage database for all locations in Fitzroy. If the list was removed I am not sure if there are any reasons for it to be added back. I defer to anyone else who knows more. Wongm (talk) 14:47, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * A similar discussion was had some time ago about Brunswick and this is what someone did with Brunswick, they put the heritage page here. While these are indeed lists, the difference between such lists and other kinds of lists is that they are derived from a source that has gone through a clear process to make the list that is external to WP - i.e. all of the items listed would meet WP criteria for notability, verifiability and reliability because of the way that heritage assessments are made. To only feature some of the items on the list is to introduce value judgements outside the process of heritage assessment (i.e. they start to look like 'original research') and opens up the issue of whether WP articles should be written by experts or not. While the list is composed of items to found in the Heritage Register, the register itself is not organised in a way that makes such items easy to locate. So, by providing this information, WP can make a contribution to knowledge by clarifying the location of heritage places on a suburb-by-suburb basis (although it has a long way to go on this score!). Eyedubya (talk) 20:38, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

no offense, but you forgot something -
Why is there no mention of the single phenomenon that Fitzroy is best-known for, across the English-speaking world? AbbyWinters! I'm afraid that leaving this out is a bit like having an article on Liverpool but refusing to mention the Beatles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Justwanderinby (talk • contribs) 01:07, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

Factual error corrected about the Fitzroy Football Club within this article
Since it's a matter of public record that the Fitzroy Football Club is still around in its own right, albeit not in the AFL - now in the VAFA - and is not a part of the Brisbane Lions, any claim that Fitzroy somehow merged with Brisbane is not true and has no province within Wikipedia articles like this one.

What is true is that Brisbane took over the AFL operations. The club clearly states that it was the AFL operations absorbed into Brisbane, not the club itself. As detailed by Fitzroy on the club's website (http://www.fitzroyfc.com.au), and within Wikipedia itself for a long time now in the entry about Fitzroy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club).

And both the club website and that Wikipedia entry clearly show Fitzroy still exists and competes as a club on the field. In fact, this article I just edited already had a sentence immediately after the erroneous merger comment pointing out Fitzroy's continued presence as a club in its own right, thus further contradicting the merger claim.

121.210.232.42 (talk) 02:27, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Fitzroy, Victoria


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User:Pymander

Just your average user, named after the Poemandres of the first book of the Hermetica.

title: User:Pymander


text:
Appendicularia

Appendicularia may refer to:

 * Appendicularia (plant), a genus in the plant family Melastomataceae
 * Larvacean, an animal of the class Appendicularia in the subphylum Tunicata
 * Appendicularia (animal genus), a genus in the larvacean family Fritillariidae

title: Appendicularia


text:
Jevon Kearse

Jevon Kearse (born September 3, 1976), nicknamed "the Freak", is an American former professional football player who was a defensive end for eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the late 1990s and 2000s. Kearse played college football for the Florida Gators, earning All-American honors and was named the SEC Defensive Player of the Year in 1998.

Kearse was selected by the Tennessee Titans in the first round pick of the 1999 NFL draft. He also played for the Philadelphia Eagles for four seasons between his two stints with the Titans. During his first five years with the Titans, he was a three-time Pro Bowl selection and NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year in 1999. His speed (4.43-second 40-yard dash) and 86 in wingspan, coupled with a 37 in vertical leap, greatly impressed coaches and earned him the nickname "the Freak".

Early life
Kearse was born on September 3, 1976, in Fort Myers, Florida. He attended North Fort Myers High School in North Fort Myers, and played high school football for the North Fort Myers Red Knights. He was over 6ft tall and extremely agile, and added muscle without a loss of speed and agility. Kearse began attracting college recruiters under his coach Wade Hummel. He played strong safety and tight end, and in his first season in high school, he returned four kicks for touchdowns.

Following Kearse's senior season in 1994, he was honored as a prep All-American by USA Today. In addition to his demonstrated athletic ability on the playing field, he carried a 3.6 grade point average and was a member of the National Honor Society.

College career
Starting college at 6 feet, 4 inches tall, and 215 pounds, Kearse was projected as either a linebacker or defensive back. He accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Steve Spurrier's Florida Gators football team from 1995 to 1998. He began his college career at safety before shifting to outside linebacker in 1996. Later in his college career, he would occasionally line up at defensive end during obvious passing situations to intensify the Gators' pass rush.

The Gators coaches red-shirted Kearse for the 1995 season, and he watched the Gators' run for the 1995 national championship game from the sidelines. The Gators lost to the Nebraska Cornhuskers 62–24 in the national championship game, marking Florida's only loss of the season. He was nicknamed "the Freak" by Southeastern Conference (SEC) opponents during the Gators' 1996 season. In his debut game against Southwest Louisiana, he accounted for six solo tackles and a sack. The Florida Gators would go on to win the national title, defeating Florida State Seminoles 52–20 in the 1997 Sugar Bowl. For his on-field accomplishments, Kearse was named to the All-SEC Freshman team. In a tragic counterpoint, his younger brother Jermaine was killed in a drive-by-shooting following the season.

Kearse made the All-SEC team in 1997 for the first time by registering a team high 6.5 sacks during the regular season as well as 38 tackles and two forced fumbles. In his 1998 campaign, he once again led the team with 7.5 sacks and also improved his tackles tally to 54. He was named All-SEC again and earned the AP SEC Defensive Player of the Year that season, as well as making the list of several different All-American teams, and was a finalist for the Butkus Award, Lombardi Award, and Chuck Bednarik college defensive player of the year award.

He opted to forgo his final season of eligibility, stating, "I think I've accomplished the four goals I wanted to when I attended the University of Florida: To become a better person, to win a national championship, to get an education and finally to have a chance to play in the NFL."

During his college career, Kearse made 34.5 tackles for a loss, finishing eleventh on the Gators' all-time list. He also compiled 145 total tackles, 16.5 quarterback sacks, six forced fumbles, one interception, one recovered fumble, and 19 pass deflections. In an article series written for The Gainesville Sun in 2006, the Sun sportswriters ranked him as #16 among the top 100 greatest Gators from the first 100 years of Florida football.

Pre-draft
Kearse, at 262 pounds, ran a 4.58 second 40-yard dash, 4.24 second 20-yard shuttle, and had a vertical jump of 37 inches at the 1999 NFL Combine. Kearse lowered his 40-yard time to 4.43 at the University of Florida Pro Day in the spring of 1999.

Tennessee Titans: 1999–2003
Kearse was drafted by the Tennessee Titans as the 16th pick of the first round. On July 28, 1999, he signed a five-year, $6.1 million contract; however, according to NFLPA records he earned incentives that increased Kearse's compensation in his first five years to nearly $9 million. He was the first player drafted by the Tennessee Titans; who had previously been the Houston Oilers.

In Kearse's debut game with the Titans, he helped them achieve a 36–35 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. Steve McNair had been injured, and with backup quarterback Neil O'Donnell in his place, Kearse helped lead the Titans to win the next four out of five games. In the first month of his NFL career, he was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Month.

For all but one month of the season, he was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Month, and ended up becoming NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year with the help of his rookie record-breaking performance with 14.5 sacks (which led the AFC) that year and forced eight fumbles, which also led the NFL. He also recorded 57 tackles and he batted away nine passes while also making seven of his tackles for losses. He accounted for two sacks (quarterback Rob Johnson) and two forced fumbles in the AFC wild card game vs. the Buffalo Bills. He was also credited with a safety in that game known as the "Music City Miracle." Kearse was also second in the balloting for the AP Defensive Player of the Year, losing out to Warren Sapp. He was a consensus All-Pro and was the first rookie defensive end in AFC history and the first rookie DE in the NFL since Detroit's Al "Bubba" Baker in 1978 to be named a Pro Bowl starter. That year, the Titans made it to Super Bowl XXXIV in which he started; however, they lost to the Kurt Warner-led St. Louis Rams.

The next season, Kearse accounted for fewer sacks (11.5) but stated that he was playing better than his rookie season. The Titans lost their Divisional playoff games to the Baltimore Ravens who ended up winning the Super Bowl that season. Kearse also lost the NFL Defensive Player of the Year award to Ray Lewis of the Baltimore Ravens. In addition, he totaled 53 tackles (six for losses), forced four fumbles, had six pass deflections, and was again voted to the Pro Bowl.

In 2001, Kearse moved from left defensive end to right defensive end as the Titans traded for Kevin Carter. Kearse responded well and recorded 10 sacks, forced three fumbles, batted two passes while recording 36 tackles. Kearse was voted to his third consecutive Pro Bowl with the Titans in 2001. In 2002, Kearse fractured the fifth metatarsal in his left foot on the second play from scrimmage against the Eagles in the season opener and was inactive for the next 12 games. Due to the injury Kearse recorded only two sacks, playing in only four games (starting one), as the Titans returned to the AFC championship game but lost to Oakland.

In 2003, Kearse recorded 9.5 sacks through the first nine games but was shut out the final seven games (he missed two due to a sprained ankle injury). He also played a key role on the 2003 Titans who made the playoffs and won their first-round game against Baltimore before losing a hard-fought divisional match against the eventual world champion New England Patriots.

Philadelphia Eagles: 2004–2007
After his 2003 campaign, Kearse was unable to reach an agreement with the Titans after his contract expired, and thus became an unrestricted free agent. The Philadelphia Eagles signed Kearse to a record-breaking deal for a defensive lineman at the time; in all, the eight-year contract would pay Kearse $65 million, with a $16 million signing bonus.

Kearse played well with the Eagles in 2004, but his tackle and sack totals were not as high as he had previously achieved in his career with the Titans. He was, however, still a defensive force, and figured into the game plans of opposing offenses. During 2004, Philadelphia finished the season with a 13–3 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. After eliminating the Minnesota Vikings and the Atlanta Falcons, the Eagles lost Super Bowl XXXIX 24–21 to the New England Patriots.

In 2005, Kearse had a solid year similar to the year before, yet his team fell to a 6–10 record. During the season, starters like Donovan McNabb, Brian Westbrook, Hank Fraley, Tra Thomas, Lito Sheppard, and others were out with injuries, and star wide receiver Terrell Owens was suspended from the team nine games into the season. He recorded 7.5 sacks for the second season in a row (also leading the Eagles in sacks for the second straight season), but in 2005 he batted down 8 passes and forced 3 fumbles.

2006 would be a short season for Kearse who recorded 3.5 sacks in the first two games of the season before a severe knee injury. It was feared that he tore several ligaments in his knee, as well as dislocating his kneecap, tearing his knee capsule, straining his quadriceps tendon, and injuring his hamstring, during an overtime game against the New York Giants in week 2 of the NFL season. When he went into surgery, however, doctors were surprised to see that almost everything in his knee was intact, except for a tear to the lateral meniscus cartilage and a fracture to his tibia. The injury was downgraded from possibly career-ending to just a 12-week recovery.

However, Kearse did not appear to have regained his burst on the line and, in light of substandard production, he lost his starting job to longtime teammate Juqua Thomas in Week 11 of the 2007 NFL season. Due to this lack of production, along with the expensive contract Kearse carried, many predicted that he would be cut by the start of the 2008 season. This speculation turned out to be well-founded; he was released by the team on February 28, 2008, voiding the final three years of his contract. In his four years with Philadelphia, Kearse earned nearly $29.2 million of his record-setting 2004 contract.

Tennessee Titans: 2008–2009
On March 6, 2008, Kearse returned to the Titans by signing with the team as a free agent. Kearse signed a two-year, $6 million deal, with a $1.3 million signing bonus. He earned a total of $3 million in the first year. Kearse started all 16 games in 2008, finishing with 3.5 sacks. During the 2009 season, Jeff Fisher decided to bench Kearse for William Hayes.

Personal life
Kearse has been a resident of Moorestown, New Jersey.

His nephew, Jayron Kearse, plays football in the NFL.

title: Jevon Kearse


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Amakye Dede

Dan Amakye Dede (born 5 January 1958)  is a Ghanaian musician. He is one of Ghana's premier high-life artists popularly referred to as "Iron Boy", "the high-life maestro" and "Abrantie" (Gentleman). Amakye Dede was born in Agogo, Asante Akim. He attended Agogo Roman School. He is best known for classic songs such as: "Jealousy go shame", "Dabi Dabi Ebeye Yie", "Akwadaa Wesoa", and "Iron Boy."

On 2 January 2016, he was involved in an accident that killed his manager and seriously injured his bodyguard.

Amakye Dede was installed as a sub-Chief at Agogo in the Asante Akim traditional area.

Career
Dede began his career in 1973 when he joined the Kumapim Royals as a composer and a vocalist. This band, led by Akwasi Ampofo Agyei (AAA), had hits such as "Abebi Bewua Eso", "Wanware Me A", "Odo Mani Agyina", and the seminal "Ohohoo Batani". Dede moved to Nigeria, where he had his hit "Jealousy go shame". He then formed his own band, the Apollo High Kings, in 1980. He dominated the high-life scene in the 1980s and 1990s and has continued to have hit songs in the 21st century. He has headlined so many concerts locally and internationally.

He made almost 20 albums. In his later career, he experimented with different genres: soca, calypso, lovers rock and pop music.

He owns a popular bar in Accra called Abrantee Spot, where he and other high-life musicians regularly play live-band music.

His popular songs include "Handkerchief", "Seniwa", "Brebrebe yi", "Mensuro", "Mabre", "Broken Promises", "Nsuo Amuna", "Sokoo na mmaa pe", "Kose kose", "Dabi dabi", "Mefre wo", "Okyena sesei", "Odo nfonii", "Nka akyi", "M'ani agyina", "To be a man na war", and "Iron Boy".

title: Amakye Dede


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Elections in Abkhazia

Abkhazia elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The People's Assembly has 35 members, elected for a five-year term in single seat constituencies.

On 28 February 1996 Abkhazia's Parliament adopted a referendum law according to which referendums may be initiated by Parliament, by the President or by a group of citizens who have collected at least 10,000 signatures. Since then, Abkhazia has held two referendums in 1999 to approve its constitution and declaration of independence, and one in 2016 to hold early presidential elections, but it was declared invalid due to low voter turnout.

2012 parliamentary elections
In early March the 35 seats of Parliament were contested by 150 candidates. It was monitored by some NGOs from countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as by a delegation from Tuvalu.

title: Elections in Abkhazia


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Würzburg Residence

The Würzburg Residence (German: Würzburger Residenz) is a palace in Würzburg, Germany. Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt and Maximilian von Welsch, representatives of the Austrian/Southern German Baroque style, were involved in the construction, as well as Robert de Cotte and Germain Boffrand, who were followers of the French style. Balthasar Neumann, court architect of the Bishop of Würzburg, was the principal architect of the Residence, which was commissioned by the Prince-Bishop of Würzburg Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn and his brother Friedrich Carl von Schönborn in 1720, and  completed in 1744. The Venetian painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, assisted by his son, Domenico, painted frescoes in the building.

Interiors considered masterworks of Baroque/Rococo or Neoclassical architecture and art include the grand staircase, the chapel, and the Imperial Hall. The building was reportedly called the "largest parsonage in Europe" by Napoleon. It was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II, and restoration has been in progress since 1945. Since 1981, the Residence has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site in recognition of its outstanding Baroque art, design, and architecture.

18th century
The Prince-Bishops of Würzburg resided in the Marienberg Fortress on a hill west of the Main river until the early 18th century. Johann Philipp Franz von Schönborn (1719–24) moved the court to a palace erected in 1701–4, the predecessor of the Residence. However, the rather small palace did not, in his opinion, measure up to his position as an absolute monarch – he was looking for something comparable to the Palace of Versailles or Schönbrunn Palace. Having won a sum of 600,000 florins (a fortune at the time) in a court case in the year of his accession, he used the funds to undertake a building project that would proclaim his political standing to all.

In this, he was eagerly supported by two relatives, his uncle the Archbishop of Mainz and Elector of Mainz, Lothar Franz von Schönborn (who confessed to having been possessed by a "Bauwurm", a building bug) and his brother Friedrich Carl von Schönborn, from 1704 to 1734 Imperial Vice-Chancellor in Vienna. Both supplied ideas and, crucially, artists from their circles. Friedrich Carl had met Hildebrandt in Vienna during the construction of the Belvedere. The foundation stone was laid on 22 May 1720. The construction started with the north block.

However, Johann Phillip Franz' successor, Prince-Bishop Christoph Franz von Hutten (1724–9) had no great interest in building such an enormous palace. He only wanted the northern block to be finished. This construction was concluded in the year of his death. All other works ceased.

In the year 1730, however, under Prince-Bishop Friedrich Carl von Schönborn (1729–46), work on the south block began once more. In 1732–33, the front of the Cour d'honneur was completed. From 1735 onwards, the work on the central building took place with the participation of Lucas von Hildebrandt. In 1737, the main staircase by Balthasar Neumann was constructed. The garden front was completed in 1740 and the whole shell in December 1744. Neumann was mostly responsible for the Residence's town front, while Hildebrandt's work dominated the garden side. The four interior courts of the side wings were an idea of von Welsch.

The completion of the vaulted ceilings over the Emperor's Hall and the White Hall took place in 1742; the vault over the staircase in 1743. At the same time, the decorations of the Court Chapel were realized and its consecration was performed in 1743. From 1740 to 1745, the southern Kaiserzimmer (Imperial Apartments) and the Mirror Cabinet (Spiegelkabinett) were decorated by ornamental carver Ferdinand Hundt, by Johann Wolfgang van der Auvera, and Johann Rudolf Byss. Bossi also created the stucco-work in the White Hall during the years 1744–45.

Under the rule of Prince-Bishop Anselm Franz von Ingelheim (1746–49), all building work on the Residence ceased once again. After his death, once Karl Philipp von Greifenclau zu Vollraths (1749–54) became Prince-Bishop, he ordered a resumption of construction. In the same year, Antonio Bossi completed the stucco-work in the Garden Hall, the painting of which was finished in the next year. In 1750, Lorenz Jakob Mehling, a merchant at Venice, sent Giovanni Battista Tiepolo to the bishopric residence, after the painter Giuseppe Visconti had failed. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, assisted by his sons, decorated the Imperial Hall and the ceiling above the staircase with frescoes in the early 1750s. In 1753, Balthasar Neumann died.

Under Prince-Bishop Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim (1755–79), and Ludovico Bossi created the stucco-work decoration over the staircase and in the first and second guest rooms of the northern Kaiserzimmer (Imperial Apartments) between 1769 and 1772. At the same time, the Green Lacquered Room and the Neoclassical Fürstensaal (Princes' Hall) were finished. From 1776 to 1781, the Ingelheimer Räume (Ingelheim Rooms) were decorated, including stucco-work by Materno Bossi.

The total construction cost came to over 1.5 million guilders, at a time when a day labourer could expect a weekly wage of one guilder.

19th and early 20th centuries
The episcopal principality of Würzburg was abolished with secularization in 1802/03. An eight-year interregnum by Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany (reigned 1806–1814) followed, during which he had several rooms of the south block, the so-called Toskanaräume (Tuscany Rooms), decorated in Empire style. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte slept in the Residence when he stopped in Würzburg three times between 1806 and 1813. On 2 October 1806 he signed the declaration of war against Prussia here. A Neoclassical double bed and bedside tables were installed in the sleeping room of the northern Imperial Apartments for him and his wife Marie Louise in 1812.

In 1814, Würzburg became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. The wrought-iron gates across the Cour d'honneur, which had effectively separated this inner area from the large Residence Square, were demolished in 1821. In their place today is the Frankoniabrunnen (fountain) created by Ferdinand von Miller the Younger. This was unveiled in 1894 as a tribute by the city of Würzburg and the whole of Franconia to Prince Regent Luitpold, who was born in 1821 in the Würzburg Residence itself.

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert stayed at the Residence on their way to Schloss Rosenau, Coburg, in August 1845. In 1921, the Residence was opened to the public.

Destruction in World War II
As a result of a devastating air raid on 16 March 1945, the residence was almost completely burnt out and only the central building with the Vestibule, Garden Hall, Staircase, White Hall and Imperial Hall survived the inferno, their roofs destroyed. From the attic the fire ate down through wooden ceilings and floors, and all the furnishings and wall panelling which had not been stored elsewhere were devoured by the flames.

Much of the furnishing and large sections of the wall panelling of the period rooms had been removed in time and thus escaped destruction. Neumann's stone vaults withstood the collapse of the burning attic. However, because the roofs had gone, further damage was incurred in the ensuing period due to dampness. In the Court Chapel, for example, most of the ceiling frescoes by Byss succumbed to the subsequent consequences of the fire, in spite of the intact vault, and had to be laboriously reconstructed.

Post-war rebuilding
From 1945 to 1987, the building and its interiors were reconstructed to their current state. The rebuilding cost about €20m.

Inclusion in UNESCO World Heritage List
The Würzburg Residence with its Court Gardens and Residence Square was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1981. According to the Advisory Body Evaluation, the inclusion in the List was a "measure... so clearly desirable that the proposal of the Federal Republic of Germany does not require lengthy justification... The Residence is at once the most homogeneous and the most extraordinary of the Baroque palaces... It represents a unique artistic realization by virtue of its ambitious program, the originality of creative spirit and the international character of its workshop."

Exterior
The Residence was constructed on a baseplate of 92 × 167 meters. The main structure consists of a central wing with two side wings, the north and south blocks, each with two interior courts. On the town side the side wings extend 55 m from the main structure, partially enclosing the Cour d'honneur. Beneath the mansard roof there is a cornice, decorated with vases and trophies. The façade around the main portal in the Cour d'honneur is particularly richly decorated. It lacks the lower mezzanine floor (see below) but sports a large balcony above the three portals accessible from the Weisser Saal (White Hall). Above the entrance a large coat-of-arms of Friedrich Carl von Schönborn is located. The Hofkirche (court chapel) is completely integrated into the western part of the southern wing and barely distinguishable from the outside.

Originally, the Cour d'honneur was limited by a wrought-iron enclosure. This masterpiece of ironworks by Joh. Georg Oegg was demolished in 1821 and sold at auction, because a member of the family of the King of Bavaria did not like them.

The square in front of the Residence today measures around 200 meters by 100 meters and is mostly used for parking. The de:Frankoniabrunnen from 1894 is located in the square.

Interior
The Residence has four floors, a high-ceiling ground and upper floor with a mezzanine floor above each. These served to enliven the façade and offered room for servants' quarters, kitchens and administrative offices.

The residence has almost 400 rooms.

Staircase

In Baroque style, the staircase gained importance as part of a formal reception room. The staircase of the Würzburg Residence spans its vault, an area of 18 × 32 meters, without pillars. Beneath an unsupported trough vault, a masterpiece of construction with a maximum height of 23 meters.

The lowest part of the stair leads away from the reception hall, towards a blank wall and then splits into two stairs which double back. Thus, the host on the upper landing was able to see his visitors first who initially walked away from him. When the guests turned and approached, the vast ceiling fresco above was increasingly revealed to them.

This fresco, the largest in the world, created from 1750 to 1753 by Venetian painter Giovanni Battista Tiepolo shows paintings of the four continents: Europe, America, Asia and Africa. Each continent is represented by a typical landscape and animals (or the painter's vision of these animals) and a female allegorical figure. Europe holds a sceptre, is symbolized by a bull, and has a boy playing with a cannon. America has natives with feathers, who practice cannibalism of prisoners, and a crocodile. Asia has a tiger and elephant, the crosses of Golgotha are visible in the background. Africans have a camel, and a caravan of turbanned Magi. Tiepolo was helped in his labors by his son Giandomenico and the stuccoist Antonio Bossi. There is also a picture of the Prince-Bishop with Mercury approaching from Olympus while Apollo launches the sun horses, surrounded by incarnations of the stars. The fresco also shows Tiepolo himself (in the southwest corner) and Neumann, in the center of the southern front, leaning on a cannon.

In preparation for his rendering of the large fresco, Tiepolo sketched a scaled-down version of the work; this sketch is on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Court architect Balthasar Neumann had to fight concerns about the dangers of such an enormous vault. Contrary to the vault with its colors, the stairs and the walls have hardly any decoration at all. While the vault is decorated in the Baroque style, the rest of the staircase is already decorated in the following Neoclassical style.

Neumann originally wanted to add a second staircase on the other side of the White Hall, but this was vetoed by the Prince-Bishop's advisers due to the costs involved.

The staircase was depicted on the back of the final version of 50 Deutsche Mark banknotes, which featured Neumann on the front.

White Hall

The Weisser Saal or White Hall in Rococo style was the audience chamber and is dominated by the stucco decorations of Antonio Bossi. The white stucco works on a light gray background are composed of a large quantity of rocailles, mixed with images of real items, especially of military purpose.

The lack of gold and colour allows the eye to rest between the splendours of the staircase and the Kaisersaal beyond. Five crystal chandeliers were used to light the room.

Imperial Hall or Kaisersaal

This hall opens to the east from the White Hall and is located in the center of the garden front. It was used to receive visiting dignitaries, including the Emperors-to-be on their voyage to Frankfurt and on the return trip to Vienna. It was created in 1749–51 at enormous cost.

The walls of the Imperial Hall consist of stucco work marble in shades of red, white and yellow. The dome is painted in white colour, decorated with golden stucco work and also frescoes by Tiepolo, showing an idealized history of the diocese of Würzburg. One picture, Die Trauung Kaiser Barbarossas und der Beatrix von Burgund durch den Würzburger Fürstbischof 1156 shows the marriage of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa and Countess Beatrix of Burgundy, consecrated by Gerold, Bishop of Würzburg. The opposite picture shows Frederick II appointing the Bishop of Würzburg Duke of Franconia. On top of the dome a painting shows the Brautfahrt: Apollo in the sun chariot leads the bride Beatrix surrounded by Venus, Ceres and Bacchus towards the Emperor Frederick II, who is accompanied by the Bishop of Würzburg.

Giovanni's son Domenico created the supraportes: Emperor Justinian I publishes the Corpus Juris Civilis, Emperor Constantine the Great orders the execution of Gallus, Ambrose denies access to the church to Emperor Theodosius I. Bossi's figures show Poseidon and Juno as well as Flora and Apollo.

Southern and Northern Imperial Apartments or Kaiserzimmer
When all the doors are opened between these halls they create an enfilade stretching along the garden front extending a total of 150 meters. These rooms served as reception halls and as accommodation for important guests.

The impact of both apartments is generated by a sequence of rooms of increasing degrees of decoration. The most decorated room of the Southern Apartment is the Spiegelsaal or Mirror Cabinet. Its walls consist entirely of glass panels, decorated on the back using either paintings, or drawings engraved into a gold ground and then underlaid with dark gloss paint. All the paintings and drawings show oriental, especially Chinese, scenes. The southern part also includes the Toskanasaal. The highlight of the Northern Apartment is the Green Lacquered Room. Its multilayered wall coverings consist of a metallic green color decorated with paintings and golden ornaments.

Court Chapel (Hofkirche)

The Court Chapel is a prime example of the sacral Baroque style in Germany. The interior design is dominated by the curving walls and three intergradient oval dome vaults.

It extends upwards through both of the main floors of the Residence. The supporting columns are made from agate-coloured marble. The columns of the two side altars and the six statues are made from white marble, carved at Genoa. The side altars are based on designs by Hildebrandt and were painted in 1752 by Tiepolo (Assumption of Mary to the south, War in Heaven to the north). The high altar is made from stucco created to look like marble by Antonio Bossi. Above the altar is a matroneum with a statue of the Immaculate Conception in the centre and oratories on both sides. Bossi was also responsible for the colourful stucco work on the ceiling (1735) and with painters Högler and Thalhofer created the frescoes in the domes (1735–6): martyrdom of the three Franconian apostles Kilian, Totnan and Kolonat (over the choir), Coronation of the Virgin (in the centre) and War in Heaven (above the organ).

Court Gardens
The Residence was built when Würzburg was still a fortified town. Therefore, the garden had to be planned within the fortifications. The solution included two bastions of the fortified town wall, using its differences in height to create a very special landscape. From west to east there is a rise in ground, until the level of the wall is reached. Near the residence itself, the Hofgarten (or Court Gardens) is designed in a very formal, Baroque style. Farther away, the style changes to an English garden with small forests and meadows. Designs for the former part were made by Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt, Neumann and François de Cuvilliés. It was mainly created in 1759–70. Johann Peter Alexander Wagner added putti, vases, urns and two monumental sculpture groups, the Rape of Europa and the abduction of Proserpina, sited in the central axis between the Orangery and the southern pavilion of the Residence. The figures were added to the park under Prince-Bishop Adam Friedrich von Seinsheim, who had the park at Veitshöchheim similarly decorated. Three monumental gates lead to the Court Gardens, commissioned by Friedrich Karl von Schönborn from Joh. Georg Oegg.

Today
The gardens and representative rooms described above are open to the public. A memorial room is dedicated to the Residence's destruction in March 1945. It also honours Major John Davis Skilton, a "Monuments man" of the U.S. Army who was instrumental in preserving many of the art treasures after his arrival at Würzburg in June 1945.

Most of the rest of the residence is occupied by the Martin von Wagner Museum (moved here in 1963) and organizations of the University of Würzburg.

Some scenes of the 2011 film The Three Musketeers were filmed at Würzburg Residence.

title: Würzburg Residence


text:
University of Tennessee Health Science Center

The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) is a public medical school in Memphis, Tennessee. It includes the Colleges of Health Professions, Dentistry, Graduate Health Sciences, Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy. Since 1911, the University of Tennessee Health Science Center has educated nearly 57,000 health care professionals. As of 2010, U.S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 17th among American pharmacy schools.

Graduate medical education programs are located in Chattanooga, Knoxville, and Nashville; family medicine centers in Jackson, Knoxville, and Memphis; dentistry clinics in Bristol, Jackson, and Union City, as well as public and continuing education programs across the state. The Health Science Center is part of the statewide, multi-campus University of Tennessee system.

The University of Tennessee Health Science Center also runs the Plough Center for Sterile Drug Delivery Systems, which celebrated its 53-year anniversary in 2016. The center educates on sterile product preparation, develops a basis for parenteral medications, and provides services to the pharmaceutical industry and individuals. Hands-on training in aseptic processing is also offered four times a year at the facility.

Areas of emphasis are the university's research efforts, which receive nearly $100 million in yearly grants from the National Institutes of Health and private foundations. The Translational Science Research Building and the Cancer Research Building house collaborative research teams for the UTHSC campus.

In its early years the school was segregated, and it desegregated in the early 1960s. The first black student, Alvin Crawford, graduated in 1964.

Colleges and institutes
The University of Tennessee Health Science Center includes six colleges.

College of Dentistry
Founded in 1878, the college is the oldest dental school in the South. It has more than 7,600 alumni. An estimated 75 percent of practicing dentists in Tennessee are alumni of the UTHSC College of Dentistry. Since Arkansas does not have a dentistry graduate program, several practicing dentists in Arkansas are also UTHSC graduates. The college offers a full range of advanced training in prosthodontics, oral surgery, endodontics, periodontics, orthodontics, and pediatric dentistry, and a two-year program in dental hygiene.

College of Graduate Health Sciences
Founded in 1928, the college offers programs in advanced graduate degrees in programs including biomedical engineering and imaging, dental science (master's only), epidemiology (master's only), health outcomes and policy research, biomedical sciences (master's only), integrated program in biomedical sciences (PhD), nursing, pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacology (master's), and speech and hearing science.

College of Health Professions
Founded in 1972, the college has more than 9,000 alumni. It offers programs of study in audiology and speech pathology on the Knoxville campus and clinical laboratory sciences, health informatics and information management (online program), occupational therapy, and physical therapy on the Memphis campus. The college offers traditional, online, and distance learning.

College of Medicine
With more than 16,000 alumni, 25 departments on the Memphis campus, nine departments on the Knoxville campus, ten departments on the Chattanooga campus, and 84 Graduate Medical Education training programs, the UTHSC College of Medicine is the largest medical school in the state of Tennessee. Students train on the Memphis campus in their first two years and then rotate across the three campuses during their clinical training. The College of Medicine also trains Physician Assistants. The University of Tennessee Health Science Center currently is the only state-supported Physician Assistant program in the state of Tennessee.

The UTHSC pediatric residency program is affiliated with Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, and residents in pediatrics, radiology, and other fields spend time working at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis.

Areas of excellence include the Center for Addiction Sciences, which was named in 2016 as the first center of excellence in addiction medicine in the country by the Addiction Medicine Foundation, three trauma centers, a burn center, a transplant institute, and a maternal-fetal medicine institute. The college also operates the UTHSC College of Medicine Mobile Stroke Unit, the world's first mobile stroke unit with advanced CT imaging capabilities, including CT angiography imaging for the brain and blood vessels. The college also has a clinical practice, University Clinical Health.

College of Nursing
Tracing its history to 1898, making it the oldest nursing college in the state of Tennessee, the UTHSC College of Nursing offers three degree programs: BSN, DNP, and PhD.

The college also offers RNs the option to earn the BSN degree online. The college has more than 5,400 alumni and an estimated 2,000 practicing nurses in the state of Tennessee.

College of Pharmacy
U.S. News & World Report has ranked the college as one of the top 20 pharmacy schools in the country as of 2010. It is the top-ranked school in the state of Tennessee. Founded in 1898, the college has campuses in Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville. Degrees offered are the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Sciences (PhD), dual PharmD/PhD, dual PharmD/Master of Health Informatics and Information Management, and dual PharmD/Master of Business Administration.

Hamilton Eye Institute
The Hamilton Eye Institute, located in Memphis, is the department of ophthalmology. It opened in 2004 in an eight-story building donated to the University of Tennessee by Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis. The capital campaign to establish the institute was initiated by department chair Barrett G. Haik, MD, FACS, and led by Robert B. Carter, chief information officer and executive vice-president of FedEx Information Services. The institute was named for the family of Ralph S. Hamilton, MD, a professor, and physician with the department, who contributed $6 million toward its construction. The mission of the institute is to provide advanced treatments for eye care, foster interplay of ideas among researchers, and transfer skills and knowledge to the next generation of ophthalmic physicians and researchers.

Accreditation
The Health Science Center is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, master's, and doctoral degrees. Each of the professional colleges or programs is accredited by the appropriate agency for the profession or program.

Notable alumni

 * Winfield C. Dunn, DDS, Class of 1955, Tennessee Governor 1971–1975
 * Christopher Duntsch, neurosurgeon sentenced to life in prison for intentionally botching 32 surgeries that killed two patients and paralyzed two others
 * William E. Evans, PharmD, Class of 1975, director and CEO of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital from 2004 to 2014.
 * Deborah Ferguson, DDS. American politician and member of the Arkansas House of Representatives representing District 51 since January 14, 2013
 * Randy McNally, MPharm, Class of 1969, Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee 2017–present.
 * Rhea Seddon, MD, Class of 1973, former NASA astronaut and eighth woman inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame

Notable faculty

 * Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, professor of medicine; director of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and director of the Clinical Research Center; leader in diabetes research; past president of the American Diabetes Association
 * Lori Stewart Gonzalez, 23rd president of Ohio University


text:
James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007

James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007 (laterJames Bond: The Authorised Biography) by John Pearson, is a fictional biography of James Bond, first published in 1973; Pearson also wrote the biography The Life of Ian Fleming (1966).

The Authorized Biography of 007 was not commissioned by Glidrose Publications. It originated as a spoof novel for publisher Sidgwick & Jackson. However, Pearson knew Peter Janson-Smith, the Glidrose chairman, who gave permission for the work to be published. Consequently, this is the only James Bond book from Glidrose, between 1953 and 1987, not first published by Jonathan Cape, additionally, it is the only Bond novel with a shared copyright credit; Pearson is the only Bond novelist so recognised.

Plot summary
The premise of James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007 is that James Bond is based upon a real MI6 agent. Fleming hinted so in You Only Live Twice, in Bond's obituary, that his adventures were the basis of a series of "sensational novels"; illustrating this contention, that novel's comic strip adaptation used covers from Fleming's James Bond novels.

Writing autobiographically, Pearson begins the story with his own recruitment to MI6 and meeting Sir William Stephenson and a fifty-something Bond in Bermuda. Already, the department had assigned Ian Fleming to write novels based upon the real agent; Fleming was to be truthful about the agent's adventures. The idea was to hide the truth, of Bond's exploits, in plain sight; along the way, Fleming created fictional tales, such as Moonraker, to keep the Soviets guessing what was fact and what was not. Pearson's also incorporates Fleming's flippant claim to not having written The Spy Who Loved Me, but that Vivienne Michel mysteriously sent him the manuscript.

Based upon the success of his Fleming biography, The Life of Ian Fleming (1966), MI6 instruct Pearson to write 007's biography; he is introduced to a retired James Bond — who is in his fifties, yet healthy, sun-tanned, and married to Honeychile Ryder, the heroine of Dr. No. Most of James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007 is Bond telling his life story, including school and first MI6 missions, referring to most every novel and short story and, briefly, to Colonel Sun, the Robert Markham series-continuation novel. At conclusion, as Bond rushes to another mission (contrary to mandatory retirement), John Pearson is invited to assume Ian Fleming's scribal duties, like Dr. Watson assumed with Sherlock Holmes.

Publication history

 * UK first hardback edition: 1973 Sidgwick & Jackson
 * U.S. first hardback edition: 1974 William Morrow & Company
 * UK first paperback edition: 1975 Pan Books
 * U.S. first paperback edition: March 1975 Pyramid Books
 * UK hardcover reprint: 1985 Granada
 * UK paperback reprint: 1986 Grafton
 * U.S. paperback reprint: 1986 Grove Press

Out of print since the 1990s, a reprinting of the book was released in 2008. The reprint shortens the book's title to James Bond: The Authorised Biography.

Reception
The novel's canonical status as biography is debatable. Some fans consider it canon with Ian Fleming's James Bond novel series, while other aficionados consider it apocryphal. Elements of the biography are contradicted by "official" Bond fiction, notably Charlie Higson's Young Bond series, which suggests that James Bond was born in Switzerland, as opposed to Pearson's suggestion that Bond was born in Wattenscheid, Germany. Unlike the later Bond novels by John Gardner and Raymond Benson, which are not of (although still based upon) Fleming's continuity, such is not the case with Pearson's book, along with the continuation novel Colonel Sun, by Kingsley Amis, (to which Pearson refers). As those books occur in the same time as Fleming's Bond novels, their being canonical with Fleming's books is debatable, yet Pan Books, one British publisher of Bond novels, includes Pearson's book, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, as an official series entry of their first paperback edition series.


text:
Flor y Canto

Flor y Canto (first edition) is a hymnal published by Oregon Catholic Press in 1989. The book is typically used in the Hispanic Catholic community for worship and liturgies in churches throughout the year. Recordings were made by the group Flor y Canto in the church of St. Michael Catholic Church, in Cary, North Carolina.

Flor y Canto Segunda Edición is a hymnal which includes 737 hymns and songs in Spanish in a variety of styles, representing music from the Americas, Mexico, Spain, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Puerto Rico. 'Flor y Canto' is Spanish for 'flower and song'. Flor y Canto Segunda Edición was compiled by Rodolfo López. The second edition was published in 2001, the third in 2011, and the fourth in 2023.

Partial list of composers
Antonio Alcalde, Eleazar Cortés, Jaime Cortez, Carmelo Erdozáin, Juan Espinosa, Cesáreo Gabaráin, Bob Hurd, Miguel Manzano, Emilio Vicente Matéu, Alejandro Mejía, Br. Alfredo Morales, FSC, Mary Frances Reza, Carlos Rosas, Juan J. Sosa, Alberto Taulé, Aldo Blanco, José Luis Castillo, Roger Hernández, Dolores Martínez, Mauricio Centeno, Lourdes Montgomery, Tony Rubi, Rogelio Zelada, Padre Zezinho, SCJ,. . . and many others

title: Flor y Canto


text:
Chenab (disambiguation)

Chenab may refer to:

Places

 * Chenab River, a river in India and Pakistan
 * Chenab Valley, Jammu and Kashmir, India
 * Chenab Rail Bridge, rail bridge in Jammu and Kashmir, India; highest such bridge in the world
 * Chenab, Iran

Other

 * SS Chenab, a ship
 * Chenab Express, Pakistan Railways
 * Chenab College (disambiguation), several colleges
 * Chenab Group, Pakistani company
 * The Chenab Times, news media outlet in India

title: Chenab (disambiguation)


text: Template:Spanish royal sites

title: Template:Spanish royal sites