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Renal artery stenosis

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is the narrowing of one or both of the renal arteries, most often caused by atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia. This narrowing of the renal artery can impede blood flow to the target kidney, resulting in renovascular hypertension – a secondary type of high blood pressure. Possible complications of renal artery stenosis are chronic kidney disease and coronary artery disease.

Signs and symptoms
Most cases of renal artery stenosis are asymptomatic, and the main problem is high blood pressure that cannot be controlled with medication. Decreased kidney function may develop if both kidneys do not receive adequate blood flow, furthermore some people with renal artery stenosis present with episodes of flash pulmonary edema.

Cause
Renal artery stenosis is most often caused by atherosclerosis which causes the renal arteries to harden and narrow due to the build-up of plaque. This is known as atherosclerotic renovascular disease, which accounts for about 90% of cases. This narrowing of renal arteries due to plaque build-up leads to higher blood pressure within the artery and decreased blood flow to the kidney. This decreased blood flow leads to decreased blood pressure in the kidney, which leads to the activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) system. Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II then acts on the adrenal cortex to increase secretion of the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone causes sodium and water retention, leading to an increase in blood volume and blood pressure. Therefore, people with RAS have chronic high blood pressure because their RAA system is hyperactivated.

Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of renal artery stenosis leads to changes in the structure of the kidney that are most noticeable in the tubular tissue. If the stenosis is longstanding and severe, the glomerular filtration rate in the affected kidneys never recovers and (prerenal) kidney failure is the result.

Changes include:
 * Fibrosis
 * Tubular cell size (decrease)
 * Thickening of Bowman capsule
 * Tubulosclerosis
 * Glomerular capillary tuft (atrophy)

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of renal artery stenosis can use many techniques to determine if the condition is present, a clinical prediction rule is available to guide diagnosis.

Among the diagnostic techniques are:
 * Doppler ultrasound study of the kidneys
 * Refractory hypertension
 * Auscultation (with stethoscope) - bruit ("rushing" sound)
 * Captopril challenge test
 * Captopril test dose effect on the differential renal function as measured by MAG3 scan.
 * Renal artery arteriogram.

The specific criteria for renal artery stenosis on Doppler are an acceleration time of greater than 70 milliseconds, an acceleration index of less than 300 cm/sec² and a velocity ratio of the renal artery to aorta of greater than 3.5.

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis
It is initially treated with medications, including diuretics, and medications for blood pressure control. When high-grade renal artery stenosis is documented and blood pressure cannot be controlled with medication, or if renal function deteriorates, surgery may be resorted to. The most commonly used procedure is a minimally-invasive angioplasty with or without stenting. It is unclear if this approach yields better results than the use of medications alone. It is a relatively safe procedure. If all else fails and the kidney is thought to be worsening hypertension and revascularization with angioplasty or surgery does not work, then surgical removal of the affected kidney (nephrectomy) may significantly improve high blood pressure.

Fibromuscular dysplasia
Angioplasty alone is preferred in fibromuscular dysplasia, with stenting reserved for unsuccessful angioplasty or complications such as dissection.

title: Renal artery stenosis


text: User talk:206.172.38.207

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:206.172.38.207


text:
José Calvo Sotelo

José Calvo Sotelo, 1st Duke of Calvo Sotelo, GE (6 May 1893 – 13 July 1936) was a Spanish jurist and politician. He was the minister of finance during the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera and a leading figure during the Spanish Second Republic. During this period. he became an important part of Spanish Renovation, a monarchist movement. Calvo Sotelo's assassination in July 1936 by the bodyguard of PSOE party leader Indalecio Prieto was an immediate prelude to the triggering of the Spanish military coup of July 1936 that was plotted since February 1936, the partial failure of which marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

Early years
Calvo Sotelo was born on 6 May 1893 in Tui, Galicia to Pedro Calvo y Camina, a judge, and Elisa Sotelo Lafuente. He received a degree in Law and moved to the capital, Madrid. In 1913 he joined a maurist circle in the Ateneo where he socialised with other members of the Maurist Youth such as Melchor Fernández Almagro, Pío Zabala, Antonio Ballesteros Beretta, Pío Ballesteros Álava, Quintiliano Saldaña, Manuel Palacios Olmedo, Rogerio Sánchez and Fernando Suárez de Tangil. He became Secretary of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of the Ateneo Mercantil de Madrid and a professor at the Universidad Central. He was a member of Antonio Maura's Conservative Party. In his first post he was an administrative officer in the Ministry of Grace and Justice.

In the 1919 election to the Congress of Deputies, despite Maura having in mind the plan of not putting forward a Maurista in the district of Carballino in exchange for a seat in another district, the 25 year-old Calvo Sotelo put himself forward as a candidate. Challenging mainstream conservative candidate Leopoldo García Durán, a follower of Gabino Bugallal (Count of Bugallal), Calvo Sotelo won the seat in the election. In 1922, he was made Civil Governor of Valencia.

Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
Following the 1923 coup d'état by Miguel Primo de Rivera, Calvo Sotelo lent support to the dictatorship. Appointed Director General of Local Administration in 1923, he was the creator of the 1924 Municipal Statute that, inspired by previous projects of Antonio Maura, sought to reform the structure of the State at a local level and was cemented by the free election of mayors and the councillors. He also promulgated a Provincial Statute in 1925. Neither statute got to be enforced. Primo de Rivera then appointed Calvo Sotelo as finance minister of the Civil Directory of the dictatorship in 1925, and he served from December 1925 until January 1930. During his tenure as Minister of Finance, his programme to achieve economic growth featured protectionist, nationalist and interventionist policies.

Second Republic
After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931, Calvo Sotelo, because of his prior collaboration with the dictatorship and his fear of being subject to trial, went into exile to Portugal and later France along with other politicians. He was welcomed the day after his arrival in Lisbon by António de Oliveira Salazar, then minister of Finance. Calvo Sotelo spent his time in Portugal studying the Ditadura Nacional regime. After being given a passport by the Portuguese authorities, he lived between February 1932 and May 1934 in Paris, where he became connected with the ideas of Charles Maurras. He also befriended Léon Daudet, Jacques Bainville and Charles Benoist in France. Despite his exile he had been elected as member of the parliament for the district of Ourense both in the 1931 and 1933 elections.

After the passing of an amnesty law on 20 April 1934, he returned to Spain with the intention of leaving an imprint on the Alfonsine right, then represented by Renovación Española and led by Antonio Goicoechea. After his return, he had also tried to join the Fascist Falange Española de las JONS, but, albeit endorsed by Ruiz de Alda and Ledesma, his application was vetoed by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who understood his leadership was being challenged and deemed the Galician politician as "reactionary". By the 9 May Calvo Sotelo was in the Cortes.

He stated that the "Restoration" of the prior liberal monarchy was not intended, but the "instauration" of an anti-liberal one. Sotelo had more personal charisma than Goicoechea and eventually eclipsed him. He became the leading figure of the Bloque Nacional ('National Block'), a newly created electoral project that sought to unite the anti-republican right. The foundational manifesto espoused a return to traditional values, through the means of an authoritarian monarchy and the role of the Armed Forces as counter-revolutionary agent. Neither the leader of the CEDA (José María Gil-Robles) nor the leader of the Falange Española de las JONS (José Antonio Primo de Rivera) endorsed the initiative, which, aside from members of Renovación Española, drew most of its support from the ranks of the traditionalist Carlists. It was also supported by the small group headed by the Doctor Albiñana, leader of the Spanish Nationalist Party.

After the victory of the leftist Popular Front in the February 1936 election, José Calvo Sotelo became the leading speaker of the anti-republican forces in the Parliament, preparing the mood of anti-republican supporters for a coup d'état. Sotelo was aware that there was a planned rebellion within the army and while he would welcome such a development, believing only an authoritarian regime would solve Spain's problems, he was not part of the conspiracy and was not sure when the planned rebellion would happen or if it even would, thus he continued his normal political and personal life.

Assassination
After the Guardia de Asalto leader José Castillo was killed by falangists at 10pm on 12 July 1936, a group of Guardia de Asalto and other leftist militiamen led by Civil Guard Fernando Condés went to Calvo Sotelo's house in a government's car in the early hours of 13 July on a revenge mission. While they also planned to kidnap Gil-Robles as well, he was not in Madrid at the time. Sotelo was arrested and later shot dead in a police truck. His body was dumped at the entrance of one of the city's cemeteries. According to all later investigations, the perpetrator of the murder was a socialist gunman, Luis Cuenca, who was known as the bodyguard of PSOE leader Indalecio Prieto. Both Condés and Cuenca later died in the first few days of the civil war.

Trial
Though the government denounced the murder and promised to investigate, it made no effort at conciliation. Censorship was immediately imposed to conceal the truth, nothing was done to apprehend those directly responsible and instead numerous Falangists and rightists were arrested (this was not unusual behavior when members of the political right were murdered by Popular Front members). A judge, Ursicino Gómez Carbajo, did take up the case independently within hours but the case was abruptly taken off his hands by the Guardia de Asalto, seemingly because he was an independent and honest judge. The first political response was from the Communist Party, who decided the assassination represented a time to forward one of their legislative drafts to other Popular Front groups, which essentially called for the banning of numerous right-wing parties, including CEDA, Renovación Española and Falange, the confiscation of their property and the confiscation of several newspapers. Although its presentation before parliament was impossible due parliament's postponement, its provisions were carried out during the civil war in the Republican zone and the Popular Front government seemed to act in its spirit, announcing the decision to close down the centers of both Renovación Española and the CNT in Madrid, despite neither of these groups having anything to do with the killing.

Funeral
Sotelo was buried in a public funeral attended by thousands of rightists, many of whom gave the fascist salute, which infuriated the police. Several hundred rightists then marched to the city center in a political demonstration. They were stopped by a police barricade and had to show they were unarmed before they were allowed to pass. As the unarmed protesters approached the center, they were fired upon by the Guardia de Asalto and police units, with a few protesters being killed. Three members of Guardia de Asalto who protested this were temporarily arrested, while some police from Castillo's barracks felt their unit's honor had been stained by the assassination and demanded an investigation. Two Guardia de Asalto units were seemingly on the verge of mutiny. The final session of the Cortes before the war on 15 July was dominated by the assassination. Monarchists and rightists accused the government of creating the atmosphere in which Sotelo's killing was made possible. Gil-Robles presented a list of deaths and disorders of the past month. He said that every day he read calls in leftist newspapers for the right to be subject to "extermination" and warned that "the day will come when the violence you have unleashed will be turned against you."

Aftermath
Brian Crozier explains the significance of the killing: "It is hard perhaps to convey the enormity of this deed, for it is almost impossible to transport it to other countries and different circumstances. Sir Alec Douglas-Home kidnapped and murdered by Special Branch detectives? Senator Robert F. Kennedy kidnapped and murdered by the F.B.I.? Unthinkable, one might say. And that is the point: in Spain in the summer of 1936, the unthinkable had become normal."

Anti-republican conspirators led by General Emilio Mola seized the moment, accelerating the military coup that had been plotted since the February election. According to Antony Beevor, Sotelo's assassination inadvertently caused many more people to support the coup than would otherwise have occurred. In 1960, Franco stated that the revolt would never have developed the strength necessary if not for the assassination. The uprising of part of the Army, starting with the Army of Africa in Melilla on 17 July 1936, under the assumed command of Generals Emilio Mola, Francisco Franco, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano and José Sanjurjo, marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

title: José Calvo Sotelo


text:
Atlantis Oil Field

The Atlantis oil field is the third largest oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. The field was discovered in 1998 and is located at the Green Canyon blocks 699, 700, 742, 743, and 744 in United States federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico about 130 mi from the coast of Louisiana. The oil field lies in water depths ranging from 4400 to 7100 ft. The subsea structure of Atlantis has long been the target of safety critics.

Reserves
The Atlantis oil field has estimated ultimate reserves of about 600 Moilbbl. The supermajor BP owns a 56% interest in the field in conjunction with BHP Billiton Petroleum Deepwater which owns a 44% interest.

History
The oil field was discovered in 1998 by the Ocean America semi-submersible, mobile drilling rig operating in a water depth of 1870 m. The discovery was later confirmed by wells drilled by GSF C.R. Luigs and Glomar Explorer. Production started in October 2007.

Production
The field is expected to produce about 200000 oilbbl/d of oil and 180 Mcuft/d of gas.

The Atlantis field has been developed with a semi-submersible production platform, Atlantis PQ, designed by GVA Consultants and built by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in South Korea. In addition to the semi-submersible platform, field development uses a network of wet-tree subsea wells.

The subsea elements of the Atlantis field were designed and fabricated by PS Fabricators. It is one of the largest to undergo systems integration testing (SIT) on land, also at PS Fabricators SIT site. This includes positioning the components as they would be positioned subsea, pressure testing, pig testing, etc. The system itself is rigorously tested to ensure its safety subsea.

Food and Water Watch lawsuit
On 17 May 2010, consumer group Food & Water Watch, with former BP contractor Kenneth Abbott, filed a complaint in the United States district court, seeking to stop production on the platform Atlantis PQ until safety documents are produced. The suit was dropped by the plaintiff and re-file naming BP as a defendant, as required once BP became involved.

According to Food & Water Watch, BP failed to supplement its document production with new information regarding Atlantis's suspension the second quarter of 2012, which caused much of the company's $3.7 billion loss in profits that quarter.

US government scrutiny
The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion has given new impetus to a number of Congressional Representatives to pressure the Minerals Management Service (MMS) to investigate safety practices on BP's Atlantis PQ offshore platform in the Atlantis Oil Field. A whistleblower report to the MMS in March 2009 stated, "over 85 percent of the Atlantis Project's Piping and Instrument drawings lacked final engineer-approval," as legally required. The report further stated, "the project be immediately shut down until those documents could be accounted for and independently verified." BP and other oil industry groups wrote letters objecting to a proposed MMS rule last year that would have required stricter safety measures. The MMS changed rules in April 2008 to exempt certain projects in the central Gulf region, allowing BP to operate in the Macondo Prospect without filing a blowout plan.

title: Atlantis Oil Field


text:
Clipping path

A clipping path (or "deep etch" ) is a closed vector path, or shape, used to cut out a 2D image in image editing software. Anything inside the path will be included after the clipping path is applied; anything outside the path will be omitted from the output. Applying the clipping path results in a hard (aliased) or soft (anti-aliased) edge, depending on the image editor's capabilities

By convention, the inside of the path is defined by its direction. Reversing the direction of a path reverses what is considered inside or outside. An inclusive path is one where what is visually "inside" the path corresponds to what will be preserved; an exclusive path, of opposite direction, contains what is visually "outside" the path. By convention, a clockwise path that is non-self-intersecting is considered inclusive.

A compound path results from the combination of multiple paths (inclusive and exclusive) and the Boolean operations that ultimately determine what the combined path contains. For instance, an inclusive path which contains a smaller exclusive path results in a shape with a "hole" (defined by the exclusive path).

One common use of a clipping path is to cull objects that do not need to be rendered because they are outside the user's viewport or obscured by display elements (such as a HUD).

In 3D graphics
Clipping planes are used in 3D computer graphics in order to prevent the renderer from calculating surfaces at an extreme distance from the viewer. The plane is perpendicular to the camera, a set distance away (the threshold), and occupies the entire viewport. Used in real-time rendering, clipping planes can help preserve processing for objects within clear sight.

The use of clipping planes can result in a detraction from the realism of a scene, as the viewer may notice that everything at the threshold is not rendered correctly or seems to (dis)appear spontaneously. The addition of fog—a variably transparent region of color or texture just before the clipping plane—can help soften the transition between what should be in plain sight and opaque, and what should be beyond notice and fully transparent, and therefore does not need to be rendered.

Clipping path service
Clipping path services are professional offerings provided by companies for extracting objects or people from still imagery, and typically includes other photo editing and manipulation services. Addressees of such services are primarily photography and graphic design studios, advertising agencies, web designers, as well as lithographers and printing companies. Clipping path service companies commonly reside in developing countries such as Bangladesh, Philippine, India, Pakistan and Nepal, which can provide their services at comparatively low cost to developed countries, fostering outsourcing of such activities.

title: Clipping path


text: User:Jiminy Krikkitt/Chars

title: User:Jiminy Krikkitt/Chars


text:
Five Colleges

Five Colleges may refer to:

 * Five College Consortium in Massachusetts
 * Five Colleges of Ohio
 * The Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California.

title: Five Colleges


text:
A.R. Kane

A.R. Kane (sometimes AR Kane or A.R.Kane) was a British musical duo formed in 1986 by Alex Ayuli and Rudy Tambala. After releasing two early EPs to critical acclaim, the group topped the UK Independent Chart with their debut album 69 (1988). Their second album, "i" (1989), was also a top 10 hit. They were also part of the one-off collaboration MARRS, whose surprise dance hit "Pump Up the Volume" was released in 1987. Ayuli is believed to have coined the term "dreampop" in the late 1980s to describe their eclectic sound, which blended elements such as effects-laden guitars, dub production, and drum machine backing.

The group broke up in 1994. Though their work fell into relative obscurity in subsequent years, they have been characterised by critics as among the most innovative and underrated groups of their era, and recognized as an influence on styles such as shoegaze, trip hop, and post-rock. In 2012, One Little Indian released Complete Singles Collection, which compiled the group's single and EP releases.

Tambala briefly reformed A.R. Kane from 2016 to 2018 with Maggie Tambala and guitarist Andy Taylor but without Ayuli. This reformation was later spun-off as its own band, Jübl, which has since released two singles and a studio album.

Origins
Ayuli and Tambala first met as school children in an East London primary school. Ayuli is of Nigerian descent, while Tambala was born to a Malawian father and English mother. Both were involved in formative and culturally diverse music communities as adolescents, with Ayuli part of a dub soundsystem and Tambala part of a jazz-funk scene. In 1983, Ayuli became an advertising copywriter, one of few black creatives working in the London ad business. The two were both inspired by a mid-1980s Channel 4 performance by Cocteau Twins; Tambala explained: "They had no drummer. They used tapes and technology and Liz Fraser looked completely otherworldly with those big eyes. And the noise coming out of Robin [Guthrie]'s guitar! That was the 'Fuck! We could do that! We could express ourselves like that!' moment."

Attending a party in 1986, Tambala was asked how he and Ayuli knew each other; he lied that the two played together in a band, going on to describe their sound as "a bit Velvet Underground, a bit Cocteau Twins, a bit Miles Davis, a bit Joni Mitchell". A week later, the two were contacted by a label on the strength of Tambala's fabrication. The duo recorded their demo without a drummer, using a guitar and two cassette players.

1986–1994: Recordings
In 1986, A.R. Kane released their debut single "When You're Sad" on One Little Indian. The duo were initially grouped with other "noise pop" acts, and were hailed in the press as "the black Jesus and Mary Chain", despite claiming to have never heard the work of that band. The next year the group signed to 4AD to release the follow-up 1987 EP Lollita, which was produced by Robin Guthrie of Cocteau Twins and saw the duo melding dub production, guitar feedback, free jazz and studio experimentation. While at 4AD, label chief Ivo Watts-Russell suggested that Ayuli and Tambala team with roster mates Colourbox, champion mixer Chris "C.J." Mackintosh, and London DJ Dave Dorrell to record a one-off single. Dubbing the collaboration M/A/R/R/S, the resulting single, "Pump Up the Volume" was a breakthrough effort heralding sampling's gradual absorption from hip-hop into dance music and ultimately the pop mainstream, reaching number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in September 1987.

A.R. Kane followed with their highly anticipated debut album, 69 (1988), which topped the independent charts and received rave critical reviews from the UK music press. Writing for Melody Maker, critic Simon Reynolds described 69 as "the outstanding record of '88." A.R Kane's next release was 1989's Love-Sick EP, followed later that year by their second studio album, "i", in which they engaged more overtly with pop, dance and electronic styles. The duo, dismissive of the wildly disparate attempts by journalists to categorize their unique sound, eventually began referring to their music as "dreampop"; the term was widely adopted by music critics thereafter. Like its predecessor, "i" was released to moderate sales figures and topped the independent charts. Also in 1989, Rough Trade released the Pop EP.

In the early 1990s, the band went on hiatus. During this time, Ayuli and Tambala founded the label H.ark and released EPs by acts such as Papa Sprain and Butterfly Child. Rough Trade went bankrupt in 1991. In 1992, US label Luaka Bop released a 15-song US retrospective of the band's work, titled Americana. Greg Kot of The Chicago Times described the compilation as "a chronicle of sonic innovation in which the boundary between melody and noise, pop and the avant-garde, is blurred continually." The duo ended their hiatus thereafter to record a follow-up album, New Clear Child (1994), and then dissolved following its release.

1994–2014: Post-breakup
Following the dissolution of A.R. Kane, Tambala made ambient- and dub-based music with his sister Maggie under the alias Sufi and released the 1995 album Life's Rising on Caroline Records. Tambala serves as head of new media for Ministry of Sound, and previously worked for Virgin Digital in non-musical roles. He has also recorded as MusicOne.

Ayuli was known to be a museum curator in the US. He put out releases under the name Alex!. In 2006, Ayuli contributed vocals to two tracks ("Soulsong" and "Passage") on the album Primario by the Static Discos artist Fax, and also appeared on Fax's album Zig Zag. Ayuli appeared in Beautiful Noise, a documentary on the shoegazing music scene of the 1990s

A.R. Kane's first two albums were reissued in the US by One Little Indian in 2004, and New Clear Child was reissued by 3rd Stone in 2000. Complete Singles Collection, a compilation of the group's EPs and singles, was released in 2012.

2015-present: Reformation and spinoff as Jübl
In 2015, it was announced by Tambala that a quasi-reformation of A.R. Kane, bringing together new and old collaborators, would be taking place that year under the name #A.R.Kane and without the involvement of Ayuli.

In 2018, the revived band (featuring Rudi and Maggie Tambala plus guitarist Andy Taylor) renamed itself Jübl as part of a "forward-thinking rebrand". Rudi commented "I wanted to do something for the 30th anniversary (of 69), to give back to people some of the feeling they have shared with us, and to mark the moment. We discussed remasters, t-shirts, box-sets, re-recording some of the tracks, concerts, re-mixing the entire LP, and so on, but there were ownership and rights issues that became impenetrable barriers, so I just kinda gave up. Then one morning in May I just thought "Fuck it, it's a month away, just get the fuck out of bed and do something." Over coffee I realised that we could only move forward and be free from the nonsense by renaming the band, hence "Jübl". From that moment on everything just clicked into place. The three of us have been performing as A.R. Kane since 2016, and writing new songs too, so the material was there, we just had to make that final push."

Following the name change, Jübl issued two singles - "Thinking Sweet" (in June 2018) and "Quiet Sun Slips Over" (in June 2019), both of which would later appear on their first album under the new name, DNA Cowboys, released independently on 1 September 2019.

In 2023 A.R. Kane released a limited-edition vinyl boxset A.R. Kive containing remastered versions of the 69 and "i" LPs and the Up Home! EP (all originally released by Rough Trade from 1988–89) plus new remixes by artists including Slowdive. Coinciding with this release, Tambala played two live dates as A.R. Kane at The Social and Cafe Oto in London. The lineup for these shows included Maggie Tambala and Budgie on clarinet, credited by Tambala as the player on 'The Sun Falls Into The Sea'.

Legacy and influence
Critic Jason Ankeny described A.R. Kane as "arguably the most criminally under-recognized band of their era" and an important progenitor of such musical developments as shoegazing, trip hop, ambient dub and post-rock. The Guardian has called their work "some of the 80s' most extraordinary music" and noted their influence on subsequent artists such as My Bloody Valentine. The group have been recognized for breaking stereotypes about the styles accessible to black musicians at a time when most popular black artists were relegated to soul, reggae and hip hop. Critic Simon Reynolds tentatively referred to A.R. Kane as "the great lost group of the 80s," while pointing out that the group in fact enjoyed fervent support in certain circles of the press and surrounding music scenes during the period. Reynolds later wrote that "A.R. Kane weren't a rock band in the conventional sense [...they] were more like an experimental guitar pop unit who loved to push the recording studio to its limits." Their work was characterized by frieze as "dreamy experimental pop." Pitchfork wrote that, "embracing dub, soul and paisley pop, A.R. Kane pushed boundaries most of their contemporaries completely ignored."

Bands such as Seefeel, Slowdive, Long Fin Killie, Dubstar, and the Veldt/Apollo Heights have cited A.R. Kane as an influence.

Studio albums

 * 69 (July 1988, Rough Trade; reissued 2004, One Little Indian)
 * "i" (October 1989, Rough Trade; reissued 2004, One Little Indian)
 * New Clear Child (September 1994, Luaka Bop; reissued 2000, 3rd Stone)

EPs

 * Lollita 12-inch EP (July 1987, 4AD)
 * Up Home! 12-inch EP (April 1988, Rough Trade)
 * Love-Sick 12-inch/7" EP (October 1988, Rough Trade)
 * rem"i"xes CD/12" EP (1990, Rough Trade Deutschland)
 * A Love from Outer Space CD/12" EP (1992, Luaka Bop/Sire)

Singles

 * "When You're Sad" 12-inch single (August 1986, One Little Indian)
 * "Baby Milk Snatcher" 7-inch single (June 1988, Rough Trade)
 * "Listen Up!" 12-inch single (October 1988, Rough Trade)
 * "Pop" CD/12"/7" single (July 1989, Rough Trade)
 * "Crack Up" 12-inch single (1990, Rough Trade France/Virgin)
 * "Sea Like a Child" CD single (1994, 3rd Stone)

Compilation albums

 * Americana CD/LP (1992, Luaka Bop/Sire)
 * Complete Singles Collection 2CD (2012, One Little Indian)
 * A.R. Kive 2xLP and 12-inch EP boxset (2023, Rocket Girl)

title: A.R. Kane


text:
Talk:Inigo Jones

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 January 2021 and 11 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hawaiijay.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:32, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- KenWalker | Talk 07:05, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

The name
How many men by the name of INIGO JONES are there?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.224.14 (talk) at 17:56, 10 December 2004

 * Not a very usual combination: Spanish-Welsh. --Wetman 10:00, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Stonehenge
Well, what were his conclusions? --Tothebarricades 22:05, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Charlton House, London
"In between these periods he was thought to have been heavily involved in working alongside architect, John Thorpe, to design Charlton House in South-East London. This is also indicated by the fact that there is a road in his name in the town near the house." In fact, even the attribution of the design to John Thorpe is doubtful: responsible attributions to Thorpe are made on the basis of plans in his book of designs at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, or in connection with Thorpe's work at the royal works. There is no documented connection between Jones and Thorpe whatsoever. This text needs to be an attributed quote from someone before it can be inserted as a sound assertion. --Wetman 18:40, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Freemason
Preston has Indigo [sic] Jones as Grand Master - fact or fiction ?

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 58.167.10.119 (talk) 00:18, 16 January 2007 (UTC).

Copyright violation
Having edited this article on several occasions since 2003, I have seen how the article has progressively been expanded and improved over time. IMHO the text on the Soane Museum page is a copy of text from Wikipedia, not vice versa. Paul W (talk) 14:54, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to agree with Paul. This diff] shows the evolution of part of the wording of the article, which is eventually found on the Soane site. PS - can anyone actually find any informtion regarding copyright on the Soanne site - we should write to them and complain. --Joopercoopers (talk) 15:04, 16 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Checking this, I tend to agree. Ori Redler (talk) 22:43, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Merely "tending" to agree sounds as if wisps of nebulous doubt remain. Perhaps we may have a clearer closing statement. It's often recommended to check development of text at an article's Page History first before applying a Copyright Violation banner and actually removing the page's content. Those actions are disruptive for readers of Wikipedia, and send editors scurrying about, which, though entertaining, might even be thought of as discourteous. --Wetman (talk) 05:19, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Inigo Jones's First Name
As Inigo Jones's family was Catholic, and both father and son bore the name Inigo, perhaps they were named in honor of St. Ignatius Loyola (born Inigo Onaz Lopez) who died in 1556. The Jesuits were a presence in England so would be a known factor to Catholics there.

This is simply a supposition. It might be something for someone to research. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jayohem (talk • contribs) 22:36, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

 * See dispute re religion below, Quis separabit?  00:06, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

From the trivia department
"The name 'In-I-Go Jones' […] had been given to a boy named Jones, who, in the early years of Queen Victoria's reign, had managed, unperceived by guards and servants, to make his way several times into the private apartments of Buckingham Palace, where he was found more than once found concealed under a sofa."

If we find a more direct source about this boy this might be material for a nice article. ("For the boy who kept walking into Queen Victoria's palace, see In-I-Go Jones.") Otherwise he should perhaps be mentioned here. --Hans Adler (talk) 17:51, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Here is one:
 * In March, 1841, a young lad, named Jones, caused some alarm to the inmates of the palace by making his way into the Queen's private apartments. Unlike the poor demented youth who in more recent times levelled an empty worn-out pistol to Her Majesty as she was leaving her carriage to enter the palace, the only object of "the boy Jones," as he was called, appears to have been notoriety, and this gratification certainly he obtained. Mr. Raikes, in commenting on this incident in his "Journal," says—"A little scamp of an apothecary's errand-boy, named Jones, has the unaccountable mania of sneaking privately into Buckingham Palace, where he is found secreted at night under a sofa, or some other hiding-place close to the Queen's bed-chamber. No one can divine his object, but twice he has been detected and conveyed to the police-office, and put into confinement for a time. The other day he was detected in a third attempt, with apparently as little object. Lady Sandwich wittily wrote that he must undoubtedly be a descendant of In-I-go Jones, the architect." Walford (1878), Old and New London (Vol. 4)

And another one:
 * The recent successful invasion of Buckingham Palace by a midnight intruder brings to mind similar incidents in March, 1841, which had for hero The Boy Jones, who succeeded in reaching the private apartments of Queen Victoria no less than three times. Probably the Palace was less securely guarded in those days. Raikes, in his Journal, relates:
 * A little scamp of an apothecary's errand boy, named Jones, has the unaccountable mania of sneaking privately into Buckingham Palace, where he is found secreted at night under a sofa, or some other hiding-place, close to the Queen's bed-chamber. No one can divine his object, but twice he has been detected and conveyed to the police-office, and put into confinement for a time. The other day he was detected in a third attempt, with apparently as little object. Lady Sandwich wittily wrote that he must be a descendant of In-I-Go Jones, the architect.
 * ''After his third arrest The Boy James was detained, and Charles Dickens interested himself in the enterprising youth's future. He wrote this unpublished letter to Francis Smedley […], who, as High Bailiff of Westminster, presumably had the disposal of the youthful explorer in High Latitudes:—
 * […]
 * Eventually Jones was sent to sea. Punch, then newly born, made great fun of the whole affair. […]
 * Ellis (2007), Mainly Victorian

Looks like material for another article, after all. --Hans Adler (talk) 18:20, 15 December 2008 (UTC) The material from Punch is available [here]. --Hans Adler (talk) 18:34, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

New file File:Inigo Jones by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg
Recently the file File:Inigo Jones by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg (right) was uploaded and it appears to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think it would be a useful addition, please feel free to include it. Dcoetzee 23:59, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Catholic??; I dunno
According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online:"'The origin of the unusual forename shared by father and son remains a puzzle. It is not known to be Welsh, nor can it have been of direct Spanish origin, for the father, in spite of the assertion of the Dictionary of National Biography, seems not to have been a Catholic but to have conformed to the established church.'"

 * If I may, I know that Inigo is the Basque form of Ignatius, and the Basques were and are almost all Catholic. I agree it is extremely odd that they would have been given or taken those names in that time and place. Let's look at the facts re Inigo Jones (architect):

1) He was baptized at a church which would have been Anglican (St. Bartholomew the Less) when he was "received" into the church.

2) There is no evidence, even in the Catholic Dictionary, which is reflinked to the article, of any Catholic devotionalism, activities, etc. on either his or his parents' part. Jones appeares to have been less Catholic than even John Donne, for goodness' sake.

Categories and article text updated accordingly.

Respectfully submitted, Quis separabit?  00:06, 23 January 2013 (UTC)

(or Íñigo)
I removed the Spanish/Basque version of his forename from the lead sentence (inserted anonymously on 20 March 2011). He had no known connection with the region and no one in fact writes his name that way. Andrew Dalby 14:23, 21 January 2014 (UTC)

(of Welsh ancestry)
Is this detail of national pathos really necessary ?Pamour (talk) 11:35, 9 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Missing from Later Career?
The Earl of Essex's article mentions that Inigo Jones designed part of the temporary monument erected for him at the time of his death (1646), if I am reading it correctly. I'm afraid I don't have time to look into this at present, but someone else might? Brianyoumans (talk) 05:59, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inigo Jones


text:
Zobo

 * Stéphane Zobo (born 2000), Cameroonian footballer
 * Zobo is the word in the Hausa language for the edible plant Hibiscus sabdariffa, as well as the drink made from its petals.

Zobo is purple in colour from the plant Roselle (Hibiscus Sabdariffa). It is popular in the Northern Nigeria called Zoborodo.

“Zobo" is the nickname of Abdulkadir Mohamed Adan, a leader of the Somali Democratic Movement, a faction in Somali Civil War
 * Zobo was the project codename for the Triumph Herald
 * A hybrid between the zebu and the yak

title: Zobo


text:
Wikipedia talk:Template index/User namespace

I'm creating multi-licensing templates with spellings in non-American English. I'm doing this as I'm all for spelling diversity on wikipedia and would prefer to have UK English on my UserPage. I am advised that it makes no difference legally. Rather than clog up this page I intend to link to a sub-page containing the templates though. Any thoughts? adamsan 17:58, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sounds like a perfect plan to me. No objections here.    – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)   19:50, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

The various Wikipedia licences were removed. I've added them back. Please give a reason if you have a problem. Thanks, Alphax τεχ 15:34, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem, seems that I accidently overwrote them. I'm sorry and thanks for fixing that up. -- grm_wnr Esc  21:36, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Create template similar to babel for hobbies
I'd like to create some templates similar to babel for user to display what hobbies they have sports, etc.

Could someone point me to where I should start ? And if someone would want to contribute ?
 * There is a template called Template:Userbox, which gives an empty babel-like template for filling in. I have kept a gallery of it's use on my page but I have added some extra information here to make it more known. NSR (talk) 14:26, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

ISP notice
I've noticed that people often misuse the Shared IP box by adding in explanatory information (ie, ). I've created a specialised template for ISPs that includes such information automatically. The above use is thus reduced to, resulting in a much more viewer-friendly message. See: Template:ISP. // Pathoschild 01:57, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Newbie shock
I'm fairly new to Wikipedia as a contributor/user. I just found this page. I have to say that the usage of certain templates listed here is completely unclear to me. Things like and  have no explanation here and no talk page at all. By clicking on the links and typing them into sandboxes, etc., I kind of get an idea for their use, but I really think *some* kind of explanatory text would be a good thing. :) Just a suggestion.  --DragonHawk 17:03, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Those are Special-link shortcuts. Click the links on those templates to figure out what they do. They take an argument for the link text, the last part of the URL is always the current page the template is inserted into (or the template itself, when looking at it directly).
 * Bl is probably short for "Backlink" ("What links here?"), Rlc is probably for "Recent linked changes" ("Recent changes linked"). -- Ashmodai 22:27, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe I/you/somebody should add some informative "suggested usage" text to the "What it makes" column and/or the template talk pages, then? --DragonHawk 18:13, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Busy
Is there a template that one can put on their userpage to denote that they are busy in real life and can't come to the computer right now?-- Akako  |  ☎  22:41, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

"Block" messages - which icon?
I created Image:Octagon-warning.png that I could add to templates containing serious messages. I initially put it into the "Candidates for Speedy Deletion" templates, but it quickly got removed from them. When I later checked up on this graphic, I noticed it was being used in a "user is blocked" message, so I decided to endeavour towards making Image:Octagon-warning.png the de facto standard graphic to denote the act of blocking a user for bad conduct. I applied this graphic to the Blockeduser, Indefblockeduser, Impostor, and SockpuppetProven templates repeatedly, but it kept getting removed.

I figured that since Image:Stop hand.png was getting a bit too cliché, I thought I would add something new to Wikipedia's house style, but I am running into some significant opposition to this. I could use some extra opinions. Denelson83 07:19, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Since the proposed changes are under dispute and encountering opposition, I've reverted to the old icons until we gain consensus. I oppose changing to the new icon; the existing icons are clearer and less ambiguous, in my opinion. --Muchness 16:00, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Less ambiguous? In this context, the "stop hand" would refer to a temporary condition, not a permanent one, as if to say "whoa!"  The cross would mean "you had your chance." Denelson83 16:41, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I associate a cross with a process/technical problem rather than a user conduct issue. --Muchness 16:59, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Conditional Support - I feel that the "X" icon should only be used in the most severe cases, such as indefinate blocks or deleted articles which shouldn't be re-created, since it gives a visual cue of being crossed out or elimiminated. the "hand" would stand for "stop", as if a real hand was held in front of someone to prevent them from moving.--LBMixPro<Sp e ak 09:41, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that a graded sequence of icons indicating increasingly severe warnings is a good idea. --Muchness 21:35, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

New template for your consideration.
Created by my want of a suitable template (if you like it, I'll make it a template, something like user health inactive - or suggest a better name):

Please let me know what you think.

—   nath a(?) nrdotcom (T • C • W) 04:26, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I haven't seen any objections so I'll just go ahead and add that template as user health inactive. — [[Image:Flag_of_Ottawa%2C_Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Ontario.svg|20px]] [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]]  nath a  nrdotcom  ( T •  C  • W) 05:25, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Categories
I noticed that this page is included in all the categories that come with the templates displayed here. Any way to prevent this, as this is definitely not a user page? — SheeEttin {T/C} 20:19, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Lack of templates for Graphics Abilities like Commons?
I realized (or at least could not find) templates similar to the Graphics abilities boxes on Commons. I'm currently importing the templates form common so we have the same sets for consistency. Pr0phacy 23:50, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

New Template
Please add this template (as I'm not sure how)

Microchip08 14:31, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Also, can someone set it up so that you can have  {{User:Microchip08/Test_template|May|2007 ?

Microchip08 16:36, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

The template is at User:Microchip08/Test_template

Couple more templates
One that was created some time ago and one I just created today. Helpful with IPsock administrative stuff.

Would like to see them added to the list if ok. Nobody of Consequence (talk) 17:41, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Attempt to fix the Barnstars repeating problem
I removed the barnstar general and barnstar topical templates as these seemed to already be included in the remaining barnstar category template. This fixed the problem of the Barnstar categories repeating twice on the page, but I am posting this here in case someone more familiar with this page (and the barnstars) recognizes a problem with this fix. Thx, -- caveman  80  (my 2 cents) 08:01, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Proposal to improve uw-userpage template
I've shamelessly stolen some text another user uses (unfortunately I forget who it was) to educate people who misuse the user page, as I find the current warning to be vague. The changes are at. Comments? Should I edit the uw-userpage template to be this? It shows up as:

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. I noticed that your user page may not meet Wikipedia's user page guideline. It is intended for basic information about yourself, your interests and goals as they relate to editing Wikipedia; as well as disclosures of conflicts of interest and paid editing. Although a lot of freedom is allowed in personalizing your user page, it is not: The user page guidelines have additional information on what is and what is not considered acceptable content. Thank you. — rsjaffe 🗣 16:52, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * an encyclopedia article (and should not be styled to look like one)
 * a workspace for a draft article
 * a personal website, blog, or social media site
 * a space for self-promotion or other advertising
 * a CV/resumé
 * a lengthy autobiography
 * Moved this discussion to Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Templates. — rsjaffe 🗣 17:08, 19 October 2022 (UTC)


text:
Just Be Free

Just Be Free is a demo album released by Warlock Records featuring music recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera. After finishing her run on The All-New Mickey Mouse Club, a then fifteen-year-old Aguilera began recording the album with New Jersey-based producers Robert Allecca and Michael Brown. The pair gave Aguilera the opportunity to use a recording studio and presented her with demo music.

Musically, the album consists of dance style tracks as well as ballads, and saw Aguilera performing Spanish-language songs. The record was conceived to showcase Aguilera's vocals in an effort to reach out to record labels, a venture which actually backfired after the recordings were not very well received among critics. Six years after the completion of the album and Aguilera had achieved mainstream success, Brown and Allecca released the record. Just Be Free has sold over 129,000 copies in the United States.

Background
After news that The New Mickey Mouse Club would be filming its final season, Aguilera sought out a record deal. She spent time in Philadelphia to record demo tracks with various producers, hoping to have an album released by the time she had finished high school. While taping the final season of the show, she began working with New Jersey based producers Roberts Allecca and Michael Brown. The pair eventually built a relationship with Aguilera and her family, offering her studio time. According to biographer Pier Dominguez, they told her that the demo recordings they would produce would be their property, but also that they would never commercially release the material. She recorded eleven "rough and unfinished" tracks which then went on to become the Just Be Free studio sessions.

Musical style
The early tapes were conceived as a way of introducing Aguilera to the music industry, described as a "foot in the door" attempt to build interest in her musical abilities. During the recording sessions, Aguilera experimented with different languages, recording songs such as the title track "Just Be Free" in Spanish. Although the rightful writers of the content have been disputed, the recording sessions have been described as influential on future recordings from Aguilera. Musically the album generally consisted of ballad material which was created in an effort to showcase Aguilera's vocal talents although in addition to the ballads recorded in these sessions, dance music became a prominent theme throughout the eleven tracks she recorded during this time.

Lawsuit and release
After discovery that Allecca and Brown would be releasing the album, Aguilera started developments to sue the pair in an effort to stop the release. Aguilera filed a suit against Warlock Records and the affiliates Platinum Recordings and JFB Music for "improper use of her name and license on the upcoming album Just Be Free". Carla Christofferson, her lawyer at the time, explained that "We're trying to stop them from releasing these early recordings which is not the quality she is associated with right now." However, Warlock Records president Adam Levy felt that despite Aguilera disliking the material, he found it to be a look into her life at the time of recording. He stated "It's a great look at what she was doing, We're pleased [to be putting the record out]. I'm more pleased for the album's producers who wanted to get it out. I hope the fans can appreciate it." Christofferson responded by alleging that Warlock Records tried to "boot strap" on Aguilera's success. In response to the lawsuit, Warlock Records filed their own lawsuit in an attempt to ensure the release of the record. During the proceedings, Aguilera agreed to let Warlock Records release Just Be Free after reaching a settlement with the company and its affiliates. She allowed the release under the condition that the label would have to include a letter written by Aguilera in each album released. Since November 13, 2015, the album is available to stream on Spotify and Deezer.

Just Be Free was recorded when I was 14 and 15 years old. At that young age, I made the recordings as a possible stepping stone to a career in music, which is my ultimate passion. They were made just so that I could get my foot in the door of the music business. I did not intend that the recordings would be widely released, especially after I signed with a major record label. I have not updated or finished the versions recorded in my childhood, and they are being released "as is," although I tried to prevent the release for several years. The recordings do not in any way reflect my current musical taste and where I am as an artist. The growth and vocal development I experienced as I matured into young adulthood is not reflected in the recordings. The album of new recordings that I intend to release this fall will be the album that truly reflects my artistry, my vision, and my passion. The Just Be Free recordings will hopefully be a footnote in a musical career that I dream will last for many years to come.

Critical reception
The album received generally negative reviews from critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic understood why Aguilera was dissatisfied with the release of the material, calling the songs "pre-professional" and "generic early-'90s dance-pop". He noted that Just Be Free did not match the quality of her self-titled debut album due to its "bland" production. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a D-rating, citing the album's production and describing the content as "teen-jailbait" due to lyrics such as "Why don't you stay with me tonight".

Pier Dominguez, author of A Star Is Made, commented that the sessions demonstrated "Christina's raw vocal agility" despite calling the content "dull", adding "Christina's hunger for success actually comes through in these songs, as she sings her heart out with strained emotion, trying to sound as if she's letting all her inhibitions run free. If she did in fact co-write the songs then they were also a demonstration of Christina's songwriting dexterity, because the album's lyrics could be called unoriginal and perhaps even cheesy, it could not be said that they were not catchy". Similarly, Stephanie McGrath from JAM! Music also saw why Aguilera would not want the album released. Although she recognized Aguilera's potential as a vocalist, she wrote "The songs themselves are terrible, dated club tracks, overwhelmed by poor effects and mundane beats." Despite the negative critical reception, the album has sold over 129,000 copies in the United States and peaked at number 71 on the Billboard 200.

Track listing
All tracks are written by Bob Allecca, Michael Brown and Christina Aguilera, except where noted.

Personnel

 * Christina Aguilera – vocals, background vocals
 * Bob Allecca – executive producer
 * Michael Brown – executive producer
 * Amy Knong – art direction and design
 * Eliud "Liu" Ortiz – mixing engineer
 * Greg Smith – assistant mix engineer
 * Chris Gehringer – mastering engineer

title: Just Be Free


text:
Oggy and the Cockroaches

Oggy and the Cockroaches (Oggy et les Cafards) is a French animated television series created by Jean-Yves Raimbaud for Gaumont Multimedia and Xilam Animation. The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of Oggy, a blue cat whose life is constantly interrupted by three cockroaches – Dee Dee, Marky, and Joey respectively – who love to cause mischief within his home. The show employs silent comedy: characters either do not speak or use unintelligible vocalizations and gestures. The show premiered in September 1998 on France 3, and later expanded internationally. The series ended in January 2019, having released seven seasons in over two decades.

In September 2020, a reboot series was announced, entitled Oggy and the Cockroaches: Next Generation, in which Oggy takes care of Piya, a young elephant from India. It was released worldwide on Netflix on 28 July 2022. Although it differs noticeably from the original in terms of its visuals and tone, Gulli labels it as Oggy's eighth season.

Synopsis
Oggy, an anthropomorphic cat, would prefer to spend his days watching television and eating but is continually pestered by three roaches: Joey, Marky and Dee Dee. The cockroaches' slapstick mischief ranges from plundering Oggy's refrigerator to hijacking the train he just boarded. In many situations, Oggy is also helped by Jack, who is more violent and short-tempered than him and is also annoyed by the cockroaches. Bob, a short-tempered bulldog, also appears in the show and is Oggy's neighbor.

Characters
Some of the characters make a cameo in Xilam's other shows, such as Zig & Sharko and The Daltons and in the film, Go West! A Lucky Luke Adventure. The eponymous characters make a debut in the Space Goofs episode "Venus Junior", where they are seen on the aliens' television (before the pilot episode was officially posted online, in 2016). In the second season, "Space Sailors" has a gag where the cockroaches greet Etno (in the aliens' now-flooded house), as they row by. Oggy, the cockroaches and Jack appear as drawings in "Doodle", and Oggy and Monica make a cameo in the episode "The Alien Show".

Main

 * Oggy is a cat with a light blue body, green eyes, red nose, grey tummy and white feet. Oggy also has a black "cap" (shaped to include his ears) over the top of his head. Oggy usually spends his time either watching TV or doing housework, when he's not chasing the cockroaches. Despite the constant mayhem caused by the cockroaches, Oggy has developed a sort of love–hate relationship with them, having lived with them for a long time. Whenever he finds himself alone in his house, he will eventually begin to miss the cockroaches along with their pranks (as seen in the episode "Priceless Roaches" and "So Lonely"/"Alone at last") followed by nothing interesting happening in his life. According to executive producer Marc du Pontavice and France Info, Oggy was named after punk rock musician Iggy Pop and the rock album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars. In the first three seasons, Oggy, like his Tom and Jerry counterpart was the main punching bag in the series, though that was phased out in the fourth and fifth seasons. He also has a fear of heights, as shown in "The Rise & the Fall"/"Vertigo" – however, it only applied for Jack's construction site.
 * The Cockroaches are a trio of cockroaches named Dee Dee, Marky and Joey (who are implied to be named after members of the rock band The Ramones), who love playing tricks on Oggy and the other characters, like Jack. However, if the cats left, they would miss each other, as seen in "Moving Out". The cockroaches have wide heads, vibrantly-colored sclerae with long, pointy black noses and black feet. They also have black "caps" with their antennae, like Oggy.
 * Dee Dee is the youngest cockroach with a dark blue body, orange head and green eyes. Always hungry, his appetite sometimes reaches insane proportions, often resulting in the consumption of larger animals or other things that would otherwise be inedible (such as hyenas in one case and, due to the effects of a poisonous mushroom in another case, an insect; other instances include the fish on the wallpaper in "Oggy's Clone"/"Oggy's Costume" and a clownfish in "Scuba Diving"). He is known to like opera in "Night at the Opera", wanting to publicly perform on-stage. Sometimes it is shown that his feet are so foul-smelling that the juice they produce is toxic and can melt objects, as seen in "Caught in a Trap"/"High Security Fridge". He is named after bassist Dee Dee Ramone.
 * Marky is the tallest cockroach with a silver body, green head and pink eyes (originally red). Although Marky originally used to love causing mischief just like Dee Dee and Joey, he has grown to be more laid-back as the series progressed and has a generic role. In most episodes, he is shown with Dee Dee as his partner-in-crime. He sometimes is a hopeless romantic (as seen in "Jealousy" and "Baby Doll"), and his hobbies consist of dating puppets and reading books (which are never shown). He also has bad breath as revealed in "It's a Small World"/"Itsy-Bitsy Oggy". While his eye color changed, they turn red again at one point in "Teleportation". He is named after drummer Marky Ramone.
 * Joey is the smallest cockroach with a purple-pink body, pink right eye (originally red), a yellow left eye, and a lavender head. Even though he is the shortest roach in the group, he is the most intelligent, always being the brain for their plans – but is sometimes forced to go alone, because Marky and Dee Dee often think that his ideas are stupid. He also loves money (which is shown in several episodes), but his efforts always fall short, usually ending with him getting swatted or beaten up. He is named after lead singer Joey Ramone.

Recurring

 * Jack is a cat with an olive green body, yellow eyes, red nose, pale pink stomach, and white feet. In contrast to Oggy, he is more short-tempered, violent, and arrogant than him. He can be seen as greedy, as shown in a few episodes where he goes against Oggy or teams up with him (such as Tour De France) for money. He often finds himself building huge machinery, such as roach-catching contraptions, and is very interested in physics and chemistry (that is, the more explosive parts of it), though this has been phased out in later seasons. Jack has an excellent relationship with Oggy, as he cares about him a lot, especially in the episode "Happy Birthday" where he tries to stop Oggy from committing suicide. Jack mostly visits and sleeps at Oggy's house, and owns a green jeep; in which he and Oggy go for a variety of journeys and in mundane cases, for trips to the beach or going fishing. He is sometimes seen trying to propose to Monica, but the cockroaches' pranks always stop it. In one episode ("Don't Rock the Cradle"/"Oggy the Babysitter"), Jack and Monica seem to have a baby together and ask Oggy to babysit their child. In "Just Married", Jack plans to marry a poodle, but it got cancelled at the end due to the cockroaches sneaking in and causing trouble.
 * Bob is a fierce brown bulldog and Oggy's neighbor, who has severe anger issues with him – especially when Oggy, Jack or the roaches do something that accidentally crushes Bob, shaves his fur or destroys his house, with him proceeding to pummel Oggy or Jack off-screen. Despite this, he has some sort of friendship with them, as notably seen in some episodes like "Olivia", "Steamed Out", "Oggy Splits Hairs", "Back To The Past", etc. Even though Bob is tough, he also has a comically sensitive side, as shown in "Oggy's Teddy Bear", where it's also revealed he's a toy collector. In addition, Bob also works as a police officer in several episodes. However, in one episode ("Back To School"), he was presented as a teacher to Oggy and Jack.
 * Olivia is a white cat with a yellow bow on her head who debuts in the fourth season's first episode, and becomes Oggy's girlfriend. She is happy-go-lucky and polite, being fond of nature and finding any sort of opportunity for fun. In spite of her optimistic outlooks, though she is aware of the cockroaches' mischief; so she stops them when they are around by using some aggressive methods (however, in "Oggy and the Not-So-Smart Bracelet", she outright retaliates at Marky). Olivia also cares a lot about her appearance, as seen in the episode "Olivia's Pimple", where she refuses to leave her house when she saw a pimple on her face. In "Oggy Is Getting Married!", as the episode title implies, Olivia and Oggy marry after a trip to Venice, Italy and she currently is Oggy's wife. However, their life after said marriage is not shown later in the series.

Other

 * Oggy's grandma is the least known member of Oggy's family who appears in several episodes, including "Granny's Day" and "Oggy's Grandma" (where she appears to be very strict with Oggy's mannerisms). She also makes a cameo in "Deep Trouble" where she supports Oggy and Jack, along with Monica. In "Granny's Day", she decides to attack the cockroaches, but eventually spared the cockroaches at the end. She is then actually attacked by them in "Oggy's Grandma", once getting her head flattened by the lid of Oggy's toilet. She also gets frequent, short-lasting bursts of energy from coffee, which aids her in defeating the cockroaches. In "Granny's Day", she successfully captures Joey and Marky – but later feels sympathy for them when Dee Dee cries on a picture of the trio, with the other two crossed out.
 * Monica is Oggy's twin sister and Jack's love interest, the latter of whom she has a child within "Don't Rock the Cradle"/"Oggy the Babysitter". A sporty tomboy compared to Oggy, she's known for being active and taking on physical challenges such as sky diving and bungee jumping. She sometimes is seen rollerskating, and wears a pair of them casually. Out of all the characters, Monica appears the least – however, she makes a brief cameo in "Oggy Is Getting Married!", where she sits next to Bob. She later plays a major role as Olivia's rival in the episode, "Sharing Oggy", although they later become friends.
 * Lady K is a light yellow female cockroach who debuted in the episode of the same name (also in the fourth season), as the cockroaches' new love interest (mainly Joey's) – to which she takes advantage of. She lives in Olivia's house which Olivia is not aware of, and hates her for unknown reasons. She frequently attempts to use the cockroaches as her pawns to get what she wants or her job done.
 * Pit is a gray dog living in the same neighborhood as Oggy, who debuted in the fourth season. Like Bob, he is also strong.
 * Bobette is Bob's daughter who debuted in the fifth season. She is Jack's love interest, as seen in the episodes "Marky's Tournament" (where Marky also had a crush on her) and "Jackromeo and Bobette". She is seen in the episode "Emperor for a Day" as Napoleon's love interest.
 * The Policeman is an unnamed human policeman who is normally seen in traffic, or sometimes wherever Oggy has traveled to. Sometimes Oggy or Jack accidentally annoy him, due to the cockroaches' mischief. He appears in every season, except for the fifth.
 * The Doctor is an unnamed human doctor who sometimes visits Oggy's house when Oggy gets sick, or in other cases, when another character (like Jack) assumes Oggy has gone mad. He sometimes wears a nurse's outfit. In the episodes "A Dog Day's Afternoon"/"Cute Little Puppy", it is revealed that he has a pet puppy (which Oggy took care of). He is also shown in "Missing In Action"/"Where is the Exit?" as an artist (specifically, a painter). The Doctor is later absent in season 5.

Production
The project dates back to 1997, shortly after the success of Space Goofs, when Marc du Pontavice asked Jean-Yves Raimbaud to create an animated series in order to "counter the surge of superheroes, mangas and Franco-Belgian comic book heroes. After his death, Olivier Jean-Marie, director of the series, decided not to modify the design of Oggy, in particular his blue color. The first name of each of the three cockroaches, Joey, Dee-Dee and Marky, refers to three of the members of the punk rock group called the Ramones Oggy, for his part, owes his first name to the famous singer Iggy Pop as well as the character of Ziggy Stardust created by David Bowie. Iggy Pop also sang for the theme song of Space Goofs.

After a four-year gap in production, season 5 was released in late 2017 with two more seasons coming later. Season 6 episodes began airing on K2 while Season 5 was previewed on Gulli.

Broadcast
Oggy and the Cockroaches originated from France, and the series originally aired on France 3 (seasons 1 and 2 with reruns of seasons 3 and 4), Canal+ Family (seasons 3 and 4), Gulli (seasons 5-present, who also reran older episodes from November 2005 to May 2009 on the GRRR!!!, GulliGulli, GulliGang and GulliGood blocks), with reruns airing on other French networks like Canal J, Canal+, Télétoon+, France 4, and Tiji.

In the Philippines, the series aired on TV5 in 2010. In late 2011, it was welcomed on Cartoon Network line-up and adored by the channel, and still airs due to the said show being one of the network's top-viewed programs. It also aired on Disney Channel from 2009 to 31 December 2013. It moved on GMA Network on 3 September 2022, under the network's Astig Authority Saturday morning block.

In Arab countries, it aired on Ajyal TV, MBC3, and Basma Channel. It also airs on 2M in Morocco and local Tunisian channels. (i.e. Tunis 7)

In Italy, it was broadcast on Italia 1, Hiro, Boing, K2, and Frisbee.

It also aired in India from 2009 to 2012 on Nickelodeon. In 2012, the series was taken by Cartoon Network which broadcast the show until its fourth season. In 2015, Nickelodeon started rebroadcasting the show's older episodes, from seasons 1 to 3. Later, the series was also picked up by Sonic Nickelodeon which broadcast the same seasons as Nick. Season 5 started airing on Cartoon Network from 14 August 2017. Seasons 3 and 6, 7 aired later, during 2018–19 in Cartoon Network India. In 2020, Sonic Nickelodeon started airing season 4 again. Cartoon Network aired seasons 5 to 7 until March 2022. From 2021, Sony YAY! took over the rights of all seven seasons.

Due to licensing issues in India, the Indian studio Toonz Animation made a Flash-animated adaptation, titled Pakdam Pakdai.

Home media
Five DVDs came out in 2003 in the United States, with 12 episodes each. In 2005, several VHSs were released in New York City.

On 8 October 2008, a French DVD box-set of the complete first season, plus the pilot and the episode "Working Cat", was released. On 6 September 2010, three French DVD box sets of the complete first, second, and third seasons were made available. In July 2011, a French DVD box-set containing all episodes from seasons 1, 2 and 3 became available. Seasons 4 to 7 are yet to be available. Multiple VHSs were sold in Italy.

Magazine
A magazine called Oggy et les Cafards, le mag came out in France in 2009 (two issues), then again in 2011.

 * n°1: 11 July 2009
 * n°2: 21 October 2009
 * n°3: 14 January 2011

Music
A music album titled Oggy et les Cafards: Le Show du Chat was released in France on CD and for digital download on 6 September 2010.

Comics
A French comic series was adapted from the series, which first started out in 2010. It is published by Dargaud, written by Diego Aranega, and drawn and colourised by Frévin, also known as Sylvain Frécon.

 * 16 April 2010: Plouf, prouf, vrooo !
 * 5 November 2010: Crac, boum, miaouuuuu !
 * 23 September 2011: Bip...bip...bip...

An American comic was planned to be released in summer 2019. The first issue was released on 11 December 2019, after being delayed two times. It is published by American Mythology Productions. The comic was released on a bi-monthly schedule, but was on a hiatus for four months after two issues were published due to the COVID-19 pandemic's effect on the comic book industry. Issue #3 was published on 24 June 2020. It is currently on hiatus as of 23 October 2020.

CD drama
A CD drama, Oggy et les Cafards Volume 1, was released in France on CD and for digital download in October 2012. It contains narrations of five episodes by Anthony Kavanagh.

Film
The film Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie (originally Oggy et les Cafards, Le Film) was released to theatres on 7 August 2013.

Video game
A video game for the Game Boy Advance based on the television show was planned and developed by Xilam, but was cancelled.

Spin-off
Oggy Oggy which centers on a kitten version of Oggy released on 24 August 2021. It is CG-animated. The series was released on Netflix and is the first French Netflix Original series.

Reboot
It focuses on the wacky antics of Oggy and the trio of mischievous cockroaches that inhabit his house.

Controversy
In 2015, a young viewer had pointed out a brief image of a poster in the background with a woman's exposed breasts, which was broadcast on Nickelodeon in the United States on the same day, with some parents complaining about the incident to the network.

Reception
As of November 2023, the show holds a 7.5/10 rating on IMDb. The show holds a cult classic status in India as well as in many Southeast Asian countries. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the show 2/5 stars, saying that the show "lays up slapstick comedy and physical violence among its mutually contentious characters to get laughs".

title: Oggy and the Cockroaches


text:
User:Wesley/temp

This is another version of New Testament Views of Jesus' life that I wasn't able to save during a wikislowdown.

This article presents a description of Jesus' life, as based on the four gospels. Other related articles present different descriptions and perspectives of Jesus.

Childhood and family background

Jesus was born in Bethlehem, while Nazareth in Galilee was his childhood home.

Jesus' mother was Mary. Two of the Gospels (Matthew and Luke), say that Jesus' father was God, whose Holy Spirit miraculously caused Mary to conceive, giving rise to a virgin birth, meaning that Joseph was Jesus' foster father. The other two Gospels, Mark and John, make no mention of Joseph at all, but in their first chapters refer to Jesus as the Son of God. The focus of each of the gospel accounts is primarily found in his later life with special emphasis on the three year period of ministry prior to the crucifixion; events following his baptism; his teachings and ministry; and the events leading up to his death.

Mark 6:3 reports that Jesus was "Mary's son and the brother of James, Joseph, Judas and Simon," and also states that Jesus had sisters. The Jewish historian Josephus and the Christian historian Eusebius (who wrote in the 4th century but quoted much earlier sources now unavailable to us) refer to James the Just as Jesus' brother (See Desposyni). However, Epiphanius argued that they were Joseph's children by his (unrecorded) first wife, while Jerome argued that they were Jesus' cousins, which the Greek word for "brother" used in the Gospels would allow. These alternatives support the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition that Mary remained a perpetual virgin, thus having no biological children before or after Jesus.

The Acts of Thomas, from a collection of Gnostic texts, identifies the Apostle Thomas as Jesus' twin brother. The Protevangelion of James, traditionally ascribed to James the Just and dating to the late 1st and middle of the 2nd century, supports Epiphanius' theory.

Works and miracles
According to the Gospels, Jesus began his public ministry of preaching, teaching, and healing soon after he was baptized by John the Baptist. Jesus' precise relationship to John, a major figure whose activities required the intervention of King Herod Antipas, is not clearly established in the gospels. Though the gospel of Matthew portrays John attempting to decline baptizing Jesus, the earlier gospel of Mark says nothing of his reluctance. The Mandaeans look to John as their founder, which indicates their belief that John continued to maintain his own group of disciples and that he did not believe Jesus' prophetic career superseded his own.

The Gospel of John mentions three separate Passovers during Jesus' ministry, so most scholars conclude that it was a period of approximately three years. However, the other Gospels only mention one, and a few scholars suggest that a ministry of more than three years is possible.

Jesus used a variety of methods in his teaching. He made extensive use of illustrations in his teaching. (Compare Matthew 13:34, 35.) The detailed nature of Jesus' spiritual teaching cannot be fully agreed upon because accounts are fragmentary and because he made extensive use of paradox, metaphor and parable, leaving it unclear how literally he wished to be taken and precisely what he meant.

According to the Bible, Jesus performed various miracles in the course of his ministry. These ranged from cures to exorcisms, with several others that show a dominion over nature. Scholars in mainstream Christian traditions as well as many secular scholars view these as claims of supernatural power. Scholars employing various methods of higher criticism have sought to explain biblical events without recourse to supernatural occurrances, such as explaining the text as allegory.

Jesus also preached the imminent end of the current era of history, in some sense a literal end of the world as people of his time knew it; in this sense he was an apocalyptic preacher bringing a message about the imminent end of the world the Jews knew.

Jesus generally opposed stringent interpretations of Jewish law, and preached a more flexible understanding of the law. His teachings show an inclination to following a teleological approach, in which the spirit of the law is more important than the letter of the law, and the Gospels record him as having many disagreements with the Pharisees and Sadducees. In other places, Jesus suggests that the Pharisees were not strict enough in their observance of the law.

Among the various discussions with religious leaders are question and answer debates common between religious teachers of the period. In a conversation with a group of Sadducees, Jesus makes use of the Law of Moses to answer a question posed by the Sadducees regarding the resurrection of the dead (in which they did not believe). A few modern scholars thus believe that Jesus may have been a liberal Pharisee in some respects, or an Essene (a sect with whom he shared many views). In this view Jesus was later cast as an enemy of the Pharisees because by the time Christians transcribed the Gospels, the Pharisees had become the dominant sect of Judaism. This view receives some support in the Acts of the Apostles, where Jesus' apostles were generally attacked by Sadducees but were sometimes protected by Pharisees with more liberal interpretations of Jewish law. Evidence against this view is found in the understanding that some of the gospel materials were compiled before the destruction of the temple in 70. It was around this time in which the Pharisees came to power.

Jesus had by the time of his death taught a number of his disciples or apostles to preach his teachings and perform healing to both Jews and Gentiles alike after they had been empowered by the Holy Spirit which he was to send to them following his Ascension.

In his role as a social reformer Jesus threatened the status quo. He was unpopular with many Jewish religious authorities, though following his death the book of Acts and some of the Epistles say that numerous members of the priests and the Pharisees became followers of his teachings. According to the Gospels, his unpopularity among the leadership of the area was because he criticised it, and, moreover, because Jesus' followers held the controversial and inflammatory view that he was not only the Messiah but God Himself.

Preaching the kingdom of God
According to the Bible, the theme of Jesus' preaching was: "Repent, for the kingdom of the heavens has drawn near." (Matthew 4:17) Jesus' commission from God was to preach about his father's Kingdom, and he trained his disciples to do the same work. "Let us go somewhere else," he told his first disciples, "that I may preach there also, for it is for this purpose I have gone out." (Mark 1:38; Luke 4:43) Later, after extensively training twelve apostles, Jesus instructed them: "As you go, preach, saying, 'The kingdom of the heavens has drawn near.'" (Matthew 10:7) Some months later, after training 70 others, he sent them forth with the command: "Go on telling them, 'The kingdom of God has come near to you.'" (Luke 10:9) Clearly, Jesus wanted his disciples to be preachers and teachers.

Then Jesus "designated seventy others and sent them forth by twos in advance of him into every city and place to which he himself was going to come." These were not just to preach in public places but were also to contact people at their homes. Jesus instructed them: "Wherever you enter into a house say first, 'May this house have peace.'" (Luke 10:1-7)

And toward the end of his ministry, he explained: "For this I have been born, and for this I have come into the world, that I should bear witness to the truth." (John 18:37) So he occupied himself with preaching the kingdom of God.

Sexuality and love
Jesus praised the value of celibacy, saying that some have made themselves "eunuchs" for the Kingdom of Heaven (Matthew 19:12). This was not uncommon at the time; although most Jews married (including those who were Pharisees), others, like the Essenes, promoted celibacy. Jesus also opposed divorce and adultery, so much so that he taught that even lusting after another was morally equivalent to adultery or fornication. He also supported marriage, by opposing divorce; through his first public miracle at the wedding at Cana; and several parables involving weddings or the surrounding preparations or festivities.

Final days

According to the Bible, Jesus came with his followers to Jerusalem during the Passover festival. He was involved in a public disturbance at the Temple in Jerusalem when he overturned the tables of the moneychangers there. At some point later, he was betrayed to the Jewish religious authorities of the city — either the full council (Sanhedrin) or perhaps just the High Priest — by one of his apostles, Judas Iscariot. The High Priest of the city was appointed by the government in Rome and the current holder of the post was Joseph Caiphas. The Romans ruled the city through the High Priest and Sanhedrin, so often the Jewish authorities of the city had to arrest people in order to obey Roman orders to maintain the peace. Jesus' disciples went into hiding after he was arrested.

Jesus was crucified by the Romans on the orders of Pontius Pilate, the Roman Prefect of Judea in Jerusalem. The Gospels state that he did this at the behest of the Jewish religious leaders, but it may have been simply that Pilate considered Jesus' ability to incite public disturbance as a potential Messiah to be a threat to Roman order. Pilate was known as a harsh ruler who ordered many executions for lesser reasons during his reign; he had also been in trouble twice with his Roman superiors for being too harsh in his rule. Furthermore, the plaque placed on the cross was used by the Romans to detail the crime of the crucified individual. In the case of Jesus the plaque reads IESVS NAZARENVS REX IVDAEORVM (INRI) — meaning either "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" or "Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews", indicating that Jesus was crucified for the crime of rebelling against the authority of Rome by being declared the "King of the Jews". In the Aramaic it would have been Yeshua HaNazarei v Melech HaYehudim: Jesus the Nazarei, King of the Jews.

All the Gospel accounts agree that Joseph of Arimathea, variously a secret disciple or sympathiser to Jesus, and possible member of the Sanhedrin, arranged with Pilate for the body to be taken down and entombed. According to most accounts Jesus' mother, Mary, and other women, notably a female follower of Jesus, Mary Magdalene, were present during this process. John the Apostle is the only one of the twelve disciples mentioned as being present at the crucifixion itself.

The resurrection
Main article: Resurrection of Jesus

According to the Christian Gospels, Jesus' disciples encountered him again on the third day after his death, raised to life. No one was a witness of the actual resurrection event, though all four Gospels report that women who went to anoint the body found the tomb empty. After the resurrection, the Gospels give various accounts of Jesus meeting various people in various places over a period of forty days before "ascending into heaven".

In addition to the Gospels, the resurrection is mentioned briefly again in Acts. In Galatians, Paul makes special mention of Jesus' appearance to him after his resurrection, as well as referring or assuming the resurrection took place in his other epistles. The Book of Revelation also gives an account of Jesus appearing to the author in a vision and testifying to his resurrection. (Revelations 1:18) These other mentions of the resurrection are generally much less detailed than that found in the gospels; in the case of Paul's epistles, many of them are generally believed to have been written earlier than the gospels.

This belief is the basis of Christianity, and so has been frequently challenged. For example, the Qur'an says "they did not kill him nor did they crucify him, but it appeared to them so" (Qur'an 4:156). Furthermore, various problems with the Gospel narrative have been pointed out by critics. For example, the resurrection narrative in Mark (thought to be the oldest Gospel - see Markan priority) is taken by some to be a late addition (see Mark 16). Also, various details in the resurrection narratives are difficult to reconcile from Gospel to Gospel. Finally, the Gospels indicate that the disciples were unable to recognize Jesus at first after the resurrection. Some Christians consider this a validation of authenticity because they say a manufactured report would have the disciples recognise him immediately. There have also been a number of theories disputing the historicity of the resurrection, which are discussed in the article Resurrection of Jesus.

title: User:Wesley/temp


text:
User talk:RenaRF

Welcome to my Talk Page. All comments are welcome as long as you're prepared for a response. :-)

Soliel images
I'm not much of an expert on copyrights and image use, but I imagine they would fall in the same category as images used on some of the TV and movie articles, which many Wikipedians claim falls under "fair use (and all the sections under "Image guidelines" following that paragraph)(see also fair use). Another option is to write for permission, as I did for Image:PerthZooMalleefowl.jpg (used on Malleefowl). Also, most works of US government employees are public domain, so you might do a google/yahoo/whoever search for "Cirque du Soleil" .gov and see if there are any that are public domain, as that is, by far, preferable.

Since you haven't received the standard Wikipedia welcome yet:

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * Quick tutorial on editing, formatting, and other tips
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
 * (PS A better place for your note would have been my my talk page, as that way I get notified immediately that I have a message waiting, but no big deal. Niteowlneils 01:34, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * PPS I am concerned that Dralion seems to be entirely a cut&paste from their Website. Wikipedia cannot use copyrighted text. Please use your own words for articles. Thanks. Niteowlneils 01:42, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Great. I was hoping you'd take care of it. I'm only on for another hour or so tonight, but if they were unchanged and I hadn't heard from you by the time I started editing tomorrow I felt I was going to have to put tags on them, but would rather avoid entangling them in that process (it has to stay that way for a week, even if re-written, etc.). Your comment did remind me of one other thing I was going to suggest about images--I try to get them from a "press kit" or 'media center' or something like that, as it seems clear anything offerred to the media is intended to be re-distributed. Niteowlneils 03:57, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That seems like a reasonable solution for now, at least. Niteowlneils 04:50, 12 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Texas Chainsaw Horns

The article Texas Chainsaw Horns has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Long unreferenced Band article, no claim to notability, no significant sourcing.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Sadads (talk) 03:06, 8 August 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:RenaRF


text:
Maunder (lunar crater)

Maunder is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon, just beyond the western limb. This region is sometimes brought into view during favorable librations, but not much detail can be seen. The crater lies at the northern end of the Mare Orientale, within the ring of mountains named Montes Rook, and it is the largest crater on this lunar mare. To the southeast is the crater Kopff, and due south is the small Hohmann.

The rim of Maunder is roughly circular, with a sharp edge that has not been significantly eroded. The inner walls are somewhat terraced, and slump down to a rough but level interior floor. At the midpoint of the crater is a double central peak, with the northeastern peak being the larger of the two. Surrounding the crater is a rough outer rampart that mixes with the rugged terrain along the northern half of the rim. Secondary impacts are visible in the surface to the south.

Maunder is a crater of Eratosthenian age.

Name origin
The crater was named after Annie Maunder, a Northern Irish astronomer who worked alongside her husband, Edward Walter Maunder, at the end of the 19th century. Edward Maunder identified the period of colder climate from 1645 to 1715 that is now known as the Maunder Minimum. The name of the crater was approved by the IAU in 1970.

Satellite craters
By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Maunder.

The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
 * Maunder Z — See Couder (crater).

title: Maunder (lunar crater)


text:
User talk:LunaticFringe

If you think I'm klutzing up the Wikipedia or if you just wanna say hi, let me know here. --Jeff 18:34, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hi
Just thought I'd say "hi"!

So, er..........Hi!!!

 * Wow, I asked for random hellos and I got them. Awesome! --Jeff 03:33, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

yeah, you never know! Hi!

wow!
quite a few people have said that actually, personally i think he adds all the cuteness!! Selphie 09:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) **

Thanks for the edits in my talk page...
I totally forgot some of those bands could have several pages on them (IE thursday, iron maiden).

-[[User:GregNorc| GregNorc  ( talk )G| ]]

 * Hey, my pleasure. Your user page said not to edit it, so naturally I had to find something on it that needed fixing :P --Jeff 00:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

proxytest2
What the heck is the deal with this page? --Jeff 15:37, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * For the full story, see Wikipedia talk:Bots. The short version is I'm scanning for open proxies which I then block, to stem the anonymous proxy vandalism. I don't think I'll get all of them, but I think blocking the majority will slow down certain vandals, and also pretty much stop vandalbots like Wik's. (Actually, the blocking phase has been delayed slightly as it turns out having 1k entries in the block table hurts Wikipedia's performance. I've submitted a patch for this though, so as soon as wikipedia gets updated again I'll start blocking them.) --fvw *  18:57, 2005 Feb 6 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:Bigolgrin.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 13:26, 6 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Another one of your uploads, File:Busybeaver.gif, has also had some information automatically added. If you get a moment, please review the bot's contributions there as well. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 14:54, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:LunaticFringe