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Reading Museum

Reading Museum (run by the Reading Museum Service) is a museum of the history of the town of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire, and the surrounding area. It is accommodated within Reading Town Hall, and contains galleries describing the history of Reading and its related industries, a gallery of artefacts discovered during the excavations of Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester Roman Town), a copy of the Bayeux Tapestry, finds relating to Reading Abbey and an art collection.

History of the museum
Reading Town Hall was built in several phases between 1786 and 1897, although the principal facade was designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1875. In 1879, the foundation stone was laid for a new wing containing a library and museum, and the museum duly opened in 1883. The museum displayed a large eclectic collection from the late Horatio Bland. Three art galleries were added in further extension in 1897.

In 1975, the civic offices moved out of the Town Hall to Reading Civic Centre. They were followed in 1985 by the Reading Central Library which left only the museum and the concert hall in use. After some debate, plans to demolish the Town Hall and replace it with a new cultural centre were abandoned, and in 1986 refurbishment of the building started. The museum was closed for renewal in 1989, reopening in stages from 1993 (the Reading: People & Place gallery) to 2000.

Story of Reading Gallery
This documents Reading's history, from its origins as a Saxon settlement in the 6th century up to today, with a mixture of oral history presentations, interactive displays and a mix of real objects from the period. There is an emphasis on Reading Abbey.

The Silchester Gallery
The gallery features many archaeological finds from the excavations conducted at the nearby Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester Roman Town) together with explanatory models and other information on life in the Roman town. This includes the bronze Silchester eagle that was immortalised by Rosemary Sutcliff in her children's book The Eagle of the Ninth, first published in 1954.

The Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum was excavated in the 1860s, unearthing a diversity of finds including jewellery, fine glass and pottery, sculpture, mosaics, iron tools and coins. Many items found during the excavation are displayed in the gallery. Items of particular note include the Silchester eagle, the Silchester Horse and the damaged head of Seraphis. A model of the Roman town is also on display.

Atrium
This space provides seating around a Roman pavement mosaic from the Silchester site, where a 4th-century Christian church is thought to have existed. On the wall are displays of two large mosaics from Silchester. The mosaics are juxtaposed with ceramics of Alan Caiger-Smith produced at his Aldermaston Pottery.

The Bayeux Gallery
Reading Museum's Bayeux Tapestry Gallery exhibits an accurate replica of the Bayeux Tapestry, made by 35 women of the Leek Embroidery Society in 1885. The tapestry is the only known full size woven copy of the original tapestry in existence.

The tapestry is 70 metres long and depicts the events of the Norman Conquest of England by William, Duke of Normandy in 1066. This includes the preamble to conflict, followed by the preparations for war and decisive Norman victory in the Battle of Hastings. Information boards around the exhibit offer a translation of the original Medieval Latin, while providing the visitor with a historical description of the conquest. The final section of the Tapestry, which included William's coronation at Winchester cathedral, was lost before the copy was made. The events have a local significance to Reading, for King William's youngest son Henry I founded Reading Abbey in 1121 and was later buried there in 1136.

The exhibit is complemented by information on the history of Saxon migration and Viking raids in the local area.

The Green Space
The Gallery explains the geology and natural history of the Reading area through a large display of specimens. Exploring the history of the Reading area from 400 million years ago to the present day, it explains what was in the area before people existed and how Reading's landscape and environment have developed and been influenced by human activity since the Stone Age.

The Gallery also shows the animals and plants living in the Reading area today. Highlights in the display include a complete Iron Age dog skeleton discovered and excavated at Blewburton hillfort; and a royal red deer stag which was donated to the museum by George V from the royal herd at Windsor Great Park.

Huntley & Palmers Gallery
This gallery reveals the history of the biscuit-making industry that was once one of the mainstays of the Reading economy, with special emphasis on the Huntley and Palmers company, Reading's world famous biscuit makers. The display charts how Huntley & Palmers pioneered the mass production of biscuits and explains why Reading became known as the 'Biscuit Town'.

The display shows what factory life was like for Huntley & Palmers' thousands of employees explained through oral recordings, photographs and historic film, including the earliest surviving film of a British factory in action. Highlights of the display include about 300 decorative biscuit tins as well as advertising material and other artefacts; an African thumb piano crafted from a Huntley & Palmers biscuit tin; a biscuit supplied to Captain Scott's final Antarctic expedition, and an example of the rude ‘Kate Greenaway’ biscuit tin that continues to embarrass the company today.

The Windows Gallery
This Gallery is named The Windows Gallery as it is a 'window' on the museum's wide collection of sculpture and decorative art, ranging from Romanesque stones from the 12th-century from Reading Abbey to modern pieces by Rodin and Epstein.

Originally, this section of the museum housed the Reading School of Art and as such was designed to be well-lit by natural daylight from the windows on either side. Highlights of the collection include: 12th century Romanesque capitals from Reading Abbey; sculpture by Rodin, Epstein and Gibbings, and Delftware plates and other ceramics.

The Sir John Madejski Art Gallery
This is a recreation of the museum's original Victorian era art gallery and houses changing exhibitions of artworks. It is named after John Madejski, the chairman of Reading F.C.

The Exhibition Gallery
This space is designed to house changing exhibitions, both from the museum's collection and external sources. As an example, in late 2004, the gallery contained an exhibition on the history of the Reading Festival.

Access
The museum is free to visit. As of February 2020, it is open from 10:00 to 16:00 on Tuesday to Friday, 10.00 to 17.00 on Saturdays, and closed all day Monday and Sunday, with exceptions for holidays.

Charitable
Reading Foundation for Art was set up in 1974 with the ambition of building an art collection to enrich the lives of the local residents and enhance the cultural fabric of Reading and the surrounding areas. It now has a collection of over 150 works on permanent loan to Reading Museum and is a registered charity.

title: Reading Museum


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Lockheed Have Blue

Lockheed Have Blue was the code name for Lockheed's proof of concept demonstrator for a stealth fighter. Have Blue was designed by Lockheed's Skunk Works division, and tested at Groom Lake, Nevada. The Have Blue was the first fixed-wing aircraft whose external shape was defined by radar engineering rather than by aerospace engineering. The aircraft's faceted shape was designed to deflect electromagnetic waves in directions other than that of the originating radar emitter, greatly reducing its radar cross-section.

To design the aircraft, the Skunk Works' design team leveraged the mathematics published by Soviet physicist and mathematician Petr Ufimtsev regarding the reflection of electromagnetic waves. A stealth engineer at Lockheed, Denys Overholser, had read the publication and realized that Ufimtsev had created the mathematical theory and tools to perform finite element analysis of radar reflection.

The eventual design characteristically featured faceted surfaces to deflect radar waves away from a radar receiver. It had highly-swept wings and inward-canted vertical stabilizers, which led to it being nicknamed "the Hopeless Diamond"—a pun on the Hope Diamond. The first operational aircraft made its maiden flight on 1 December 1977.

Two flyable vehicles were constructed. Both were lost due to mechanical problems. Nevertheless, Have Blue was deemed a success, paving the way for the first operational stealth aircraft, Senior Trend, or Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk.

Background
In the 1970s, it became increasingly apparent to U.S. planners that, in a military confrontation with Warsaw Pact forces, NATO aircraft would quickly suffer heavy losses. This came as a result of sophisticated Soviet defense networks, which used surveillance radars, radar-guided surface-to-air missiles (SAM), and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) to seek and eliminate enemy aircraft. Consequently, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started a study on low-observability aircraft, seeking to design and produce an operational stealth aircraft. Five companies were initially invited, three of which bowed out early. The remaining two were later joined by Lockheed.

Origins
The Lockheed Have Blue was born out of a requirement to evade radar detection. During the Vietnam War, radar-guided SAMs and AAA posed a significant threat to US aircraft. For this reason, strike aircraft during the war often required support aircraft to perform combat air patrols and suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD). The 1973 Yom Kippur War again highlighted the vulnerability of aircraft to SAMs – the Israeli Air Force lost 109 aircraft in 18 days. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union developed an integrated defense network, central to which were medium- to long-range surveillance radars. SAMs and AAAs would be set up around key locations to defend them from incoming enemy aircraft. If the loss ratio of Israel during the Yom Kippur War was experienced by NATO forces during a military confrontation with the Warsaw Pact, NATO aircraft numbers would be depleted within two weeks.

In 1974, DARPA secretly requested answers from five aircraft manufacturers regarding two considerations. The first was about the signature thresholds at which an aircraft is virtually undetectable. The second point was whether these companies had the capability to design and manufacture such an aircraft. Fairchild and Grumman declined to participate, while General Dynamics insisted on the use of electronic countermeasures. As a result, General Dynamics left the discussion. The remaining two companies, McDonnell Douglas and Northrop, were each awarded $100,000 for further research.

Design effort and early testing
Lockheed, having been absent from the fighter aircraft industry for 10 years, was not approached by DARPA in 1974. Ed Martin, Lockheed California Companies director of science and engineering, became aware of the research into stealth during his work at the Pentagon and Wright-Patterson AFB. Martin and Ben Rich, who at that time had recently become Skunk Works' president, briefed Clarence "Kelly" Johnson on the program. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gave Skunk Works permission to discuss with DARPA the stealth characteristics of the A-12, M-21 and D-21. On behalf of the company, Rich and Martin formally requested permission from DARPA to participate in the program, but the agency initially refused because there were insufficient funds; after much debate, Lockheed was allowed entry, albeit without a government contract.

Preliminary designer Dick Scherrer requested possible shapes upon which he could base his low radar cross-section (RCS) design. He was introduced to Denys Overholser, who recommended an aircraft with flat surfaces. Overholser later recounted his discussion with Sherrer: "When Dick Scherrer asked me ... I said 'Well, it's simple, you just make it out of flat surfaces, and tilt those flat surfaces over, sweeping the edges away from the radar view angle, and that way you basically cause the energy to reflect away from the radar.'" Scherrer subsequently drew a preliminary low-RCS aircraft with faceted surfaces. At the same time, Overholser hired mathematician Bill Schroeder, with whom he had a prior working relationship – in fact, it was Schroeder who trained Overholser on mathematics relating to stealth aircraft. Kenneth Watson was hired as the senior lead aircraft designer.

During the next few weeks, the team created a computer program which could evaluate the RCS of possible designs. The RCS-prediction software was called "ECHO 1". As tests with the program proceeded, it became apparent that edge calculations by the program were incorrect due to diffraction. To overcome this, Overholser incorporated elements of research by Soviet engineer Pyotr Ufimtsev into the software. (In 1962, Ufimtsev, as chief scientist of the Moscow Institute for Radio Engineering, published a seminal paper titled Method of Edge Waves in the Physical Theory of Diffraction. The work had been translated by the US Air Force Systems Command's Foreign Technology Division. ) ECHO 1 allowed the team to quickly decide which of the 20 possible designs were optimal, finally settling on the faceted delta-wing design. However, many within the division were skeptical of the shape, giving rise to the name "Hopeless Diamond" – Kelly Johnson said to Rich, "Our old D-21 drone has a lower radar cross-section than that goddamn diamond".

In May 1975, the Skunk Works produced an internal report titled, "Progress Report No. 2, High Stealth Conceptual Studies." Within it was a concept study called "Little Harvey," including Kelly Johnson's drawing of an aircraft with smoothly blended shapes. Johnson advocated for the use of blended shapes as the best way to achieve stealth, while Ben Rich advocated for faceted angles. Rich won the argument with Johnson, a rare occurrence.

The design effort produced a number of wooden models. A 24-inch long model, made of balsa wood, demonstrated placement of internal structure and access doors. An Air & Space article noted "The model shop found it nearly impossible to make all the flat surfaces come to a single point in one corner. Engineers later encountered the same difficulty fabricating the prototype on the factory floor." For early tests of the design, two ⅓-scale wooden mock-ups were constructed. One model, coated in metal foil, was used to verify ECHO 1's RCS calculations, while the other was earmarked for wind tunnel tests. Afterwards, a model was moved to the Grey Butte Range radar-testing facility in the Mojave Desert near Palmdale, which allowed more accurate tests of the aircraft's RCS. In the event, the aircraft's RCS level confirmed ECHO 1's predictions. This meant Ben Rich won a quarter from Johnson, who previously insisted that the D-21 had less RCS than Have Blue.

Experimental Survivable Testbed
In the summer of 1975, DARPA informally invited Lockheed, Northrop and McDonnell Douglas to develop an aircraft under the name "Experimental Survivable Testbed" (XST). McDonnell Douglas, having identified the thresholds at which aircraft were deemed undetectable, was unable to design and produce such an aircraft. Phase 1 of XST would see both Lockheed and Northrop build full-scale models to test their RCS, construct flyable vehicles, and wind-tunnel test their designs. Following Phase 1, a sole contractor would be selected to continue with the construction and flight testing of two demonstrators as part of Phase 2. Northrop's and Lockheed's designs were generally similar, though the former's submission featured more angular and flat surfaces. The company used "GENSCAT", software similar to ECHO 1, to calculate the RCS of its designs.

On 1 November 1975, Lockheed and Northrop were each awarded $1.5-million contracts to proceed with Phase 1 of XST. During a four-month period, the two companies were each required to construct full-scale wooden mock-ups, which would then be evaluated at the USAF's Radar Target Scatter (RATSCAT) test facility at White Sands, New Mexico. To test the design's radar returns, Lockheed erected a $187,000 specially built pole upon which the model would be perched. In March 1976, a Lockheed model was transferred to the range before being tested; the following month Lockheed was pronounced the winner because the Northrop XST had a much higher side hemisphere RCS. DARPA, having realized the progress accumulated throughout the study, urged the Northrop team to remain together. The agency would later initiate the Battlefield Surveillance Aircraft-Experimental (BSAX), which evolved into the Tacit Blue and, ultimately, the B-2 bomber.

Construction and further tests
Skunk Works now had to design, construct and flight test two crewed demonstrators as part of Phase 2, or Have Blue. To build the demonstrators, Ben Rich had to raise $10.4 million from the Lockheed management, which was secured by June. Phase 2 encompassed three main objectives, which were the validation of: reduced visibility in the radio wave, infrared, and visual spectrums and reduced acoustical observability; acceptable flying qualities; and the "modeling capabilities that accurately predict low observable characteristics of an aircraft in flight".

Construction of both Have Blue demonstrators used leftover tools from the C-5 program. Final assembly of HB1001 was originally scheduled to be completed in August 1977, before being ground tested until mid-October. The secret roll-out was envisaged to occur on 23 October, after which the aircraft would be dismantled and transported to the test area. On 1 September, however, with HB1001 partially complete, Lockheed machinists went on a four-month strike. A group of managers took over the job of assembly, which was completed in six weeks, with ground tests beginning on 17 October.

While superficially similar to the later F-117, the Have Blue prototypes were smaller aircraft, about one quarter the weight of the F-117, with a wing sweep of 72.5° and inward-canted vertical tails (inverse V-tail). Radar-absorbent material (RAM), developed in a Lockheed laboratory, was applied to the aircraft's flat surfaces – for the windscreen, special coatings were applied to give them metallic characteristics. The aircraft's gross weight of 9,200–12,500 lb (4,173–5,669 kg) enabled the aircraft to use the landing gear from the Northrop F-5 fighter. The aircraft's powerplants were two 2950 lbf General Electric J85-GE-4As from the T-2C Buckeye. Because stealth took precedence above all else, the aircraft was inherently unstable. As a result, a quadruple redundant fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system was integrated into the aircraft to give it normal flying characteristics. The flight control system was borrowed from the F-16. The overwing engine inlet was covered by a low-RCS grid; blow-in doors were constructed at the upper fuselage to admit additional airflow during takeoffs, when more air is needed.

Throughout the one and a half months after the start of ground tests, HB1001, the first of two demonstrators, underwent tests in preparations for the first flight. Flight instrumentation was checked first, followed by a thorough shakedown of the aircraft. In early November, two semi-trailers were parked parallel to each other outside Building 82; a camouflage net was thrown over the top to cover the demonstrator during outdoor engine runs. During the engine tests, a local resident complained about the noise, but Have Blue retained its secrecy. HB1001 received a layer of iron-coat paint; during the weekend of 12–13 November, the aircraft received a camouflage scheme devised by Alan Brown, Have Blue's chief technical engineer. The scheme, consisting of three colors, each with three tones, was used to deceive any casual onlooker from recognizing the design's characteristic faceting. The aircraft was disassembled, loaded onto a C-5, and on 16 November, the aircraft was flown from Burbank Airport (since renamed Bob Hope Airport) to Area 51 at Groom Lake, Nevada. Upon touchdown, the aircraft was reassembled before undergoing another round of testing prior to the first flight. After four taxi tests, HB1001 was ready for test flights.

HB1001
HB1001 made its first flight on 1 December 1977 at the hands of Lockheed test pilot, Bill Park. He would fly the next four sorties, all chased by a T-38 piloted by Major (later Lieutenant Colonel) Ken Dyson. Dyson, an F-15 Eagle pilot, was previously approached by United States Air Force personnel about the project in 1976. He made his first flight on HB1001 on 17 January 1978, chased by Park. In fact, the two would be the only test pilots of Have Blue, alternating between the demonstrator and the chase plane. Flight test results allowed engineers to refine the FBW system. At the same time, they verified predictions made earlier by aerodynamic engineers on the aircraft's behavior.

Flight tests proceeded fairly smoothly until 4 May 1978, when HB1001 was making its 36th flight. The aircraft pitched up just as it made contact with the ground which forced the pilot, Bill Park, to abort the landing and make a second attempt. The impact had however been so hard that the landing gear had become jammed in a semi-retracted position. Efforts to lower the gear were unsuccessful and Bill Park was forced to climb again, and eject when his fuel ran out. The aircraft was destroyed on impact in the vicinity of the Groom Lake facility. Park survived, but suffered a concussion, forcing him to retire from further test flights. Dyson, who was in the chase plane, recounted: "Just before touchdown the airplane pitched up... It seemed it slammed down on the ground real hard... He [Park] raised the gear on the go around, and when he tried to extend it on approach, only one of the mains and the nose wheel came down. All this time, gas was being consumed... I suggested he climb up to 10,000 feet for ejection... He started climbing, but the engine started flaming out, from the lack of fuel, so he ejected."

HB1002
At the time of the crash, HB1002 was almost complete, with the lessons learned from the HB1001 incorporated into the aircraft, including the rebuilding of the aft fuselage. HB1002 was distinguished from the prototype in having a gray paint coat. It did not have the flight test instrumentation boom present on HB1001's nose. As the aircraft was used to test RCS returns, the unstealthy spin recovery chute was removed, and the aircraft was covered in radar-absorbent material. It first flew on 20 July 1978 with Dyson at the controls, who would be the only pilot to fly the aircraft.

HB1002 was lost on 11 July 1979 during the aircraft's 52nd flight. A hydraulic leak caused an engine fire, resulting in the loss of hydraulic pressure, which in turn caused severe pitch oscillations. The pilot ejected safely, and the aircraft was destroyed. It was later discovered that an engine exhaust clamp had loosened, allowing the hot exhaust to migrate to the right engine compartment. The heat built up there, causing the hydraulic lines to fail. The debris from both aircraft was secretly buried somewhere within the Nellis Air Force Base Complex. Despite the crashes, Have Blue was considered a success.

Senior Trend
In October 1977, just prior to Phase 2 of the XST competition, Lockheed was tasked with exploring possible operational aircraft. Just a month later, on the day HB1001 was transported to Groom Lake, the Air Force awarded the company a contract under the code name Senior Trend. The Air Force wanted to exploit the revolutionary technologies developed during the Have Blue program. Tactical Air Command ordered five full-scale development and twenty production aircraft.

Based on the Have Blue demonstrators, Senior Trend aircraft were different from their predecessors in several aspects. The wings exhibited less sweep to resolve a center-of-gravity problem discovered during tests. The front fuselage was shortened to give the pilot a better view, and the vertical stabilizers were canted outwards from the centerline. Additionally, provisions were made to include two weapons bays, each of which would accommodate a single 2000 lb laser-guided bomb, or the B61 tactical nuclear bomb.

Beset by early construction problems, the first FSD aircraft was transferred to Groom Lake in May 1981 inside a C-5. Further problems, this time with fuel leaks, delayed the first flight. Under the control of Harold Farley, the aircraft took off on 18 June for its maiden flight, eleven months after the July 1980 first flight originally envisaged. The first production F-117A was delivered in 1982, and operational capability was achieved in October 1983; the 59th and last F-117A was delivered in 1990.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lockheed Have Blue


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A Month in the Country (novel)

A Month in the Country is the fifth novel by J. L. Carr, first published in 1980 and nominated for the Booker Prize. The book won the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1980.

Plot
The plot concerns Tom Birkin, a World War I veteran employed to uncover a mural in a village church that was thought to exist under coats of whitewash. At the same time another veteran is employed to look for a grave beyond the churchyard walls. Though Birkin is an unbeliever, there is prevalent religious symbolism throughout the book, mainly dealing with judgement. The novel explores themes of England's loss of spirituality after the war, and of happiness, melancholy, and nostalgia as Birkin recalls the summer uncovering the mural, when he healed from his wartime experiences and a broken marriage.

Critical reception
In an essay for Open Letters Monthly, Ingrid Norton praised the novel's subtlety:

The happiness depicted in A Month in the Country is wise and wary, aware of its temporality. When he arrives in Oxgodby, Birkin knows very well life is not all ease and intimacy, long summer days with "winter always loitering around the corner." He has experienced emotional cruelty in his failed marriage. As a soldier, he witnessed death: destruction and unending mud.

But the edges are brighter for it. Birkin's idyll in the country is brought into relief by what Birkin has gone through in the past and the disappointments that, it is implied, await him. Carr's great art is to make it clear that joy is inseparable from the pain and oblivion which unmake it.

Background
Many of the incidents in the novel are based on real events in Carr's own life, and some of the characters are modelled on his family. The jacket illustration shows Tintagel Parish Church in Cornwall, but the story is set in Yorkshire. The grave outside the churchyard wall was suggested by Tintagel, where a number of early graves were encountered at Trecarne Lands and excavated.

The text finishes with the words "Stocken, Presteigne, 1978". Although the book is set in North Yorkshire, Carr wrote early drafts while staying in his caravan in the top orchard at Stocken Farm, just outside Presteigne in Powys, Wales.

Dramatisation
With a screenplay by Simon Gray, the novel was made into a 1987 film, directed by Pat O'Connor and starring Colin Firth, Kenneth Branagh, Natasha Richardson and Patrick Malahide. Shortly before his death, Dave Sheasby completed a radio adaptation of the book, which was first broadcast on the BBC Radio 4 Saturday Play in November 2010 and repeated in May 2012.

title: A Month in the Country (novel)


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Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis

The abortion–breast cancer hypothesis posits that having an induced abortion can increase the risk of getting breast cancer. This hypothesis is at odds with mainstream scientific opinion and is rejected by major medical professional organizations; despite this, it continues to be widely propagated as pseudoscience, typically in service of an anti-abortion agenda.

In early pregnancy, hormone levels increase, leading to breast growth. The hypothesis proposes that if this process is altered by an abortion, then more immature cells could be left behind, and that these immature cells could increase the risk of breast cancer over time.

The abortion–breast cancer hypothesis has been the subject of extensive scientific inquiry, and the scientific community has concluded that abortion does not cause breast cancer; and that breast cancer should not be a concern for women who are having a miscarriage or considering having an abortion. This consensus is supported by major medical bodies, including the World Health Organization, the U.S. National Cancer Institute,  the American Cancer Society, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the German Cancer Research Center, and the Canadian Cancer Society.

Some anti-abortion activists have continued to advance a discredited causal link between abortion and breast cancer. In the United States, they have advanced state legislation that in several states requires health care providers to present abortion as a cause of breast cancer when counseling women who are seeking abortion. This political intervention culminated when the George W. Bush administration altered the National Cancer Institute website to suggest that abortion might cause breast cancer. In response to public concern over this intervention, the NCI convened a 2003 workshop bringing together over 100 experts on the issue. This workshop concluded that while some studies reported a statistical correlation between breast cancer and abortion, the strongest scientific evidence from large prospective cohort studies  demonstrates that abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk, and that the positive findings were likely due to response bias.

The ongoing promotion of a link between abortion and breast cancer is seen by others as part of the anti-abortion "woman-centered" strategy against abortion. Anti-abortion groups maintain they are providing information necessary for legally required informed consent, a concern shared by some politically conservative politicians. The abortion–breast cancer issue remains the subject of political controversy.

Views of medical organizations
Major medical organizations which have analyzed data on abortion and breast cancer have uniformly concluded that abortion does not cause breast cancer. These organizations include the World Health Organization, the U.S. National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the German Cancer Research Center, and the Canadian Cancer Society.

 * The World Health Organization concluded in 2012 that "sound epidemiological data show no increased risk of breast cancer for women following spontaneous or induced abortion", updating their earlier finding that "induced abortion does not increase breast cancer risk".
 * The American Cancer Society concluded: "At this time, the scientific evidence does not support the notion that abortion of any kind raises the risk of breast cancer or any other type of cancer."
 * The U.S. National Cancer Institute, which is part of the National Institutes of Health, found that "induced abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk", assigning this conclusion the strongest possible evidence rating.
 * The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists found that "early studies of the relationship between prior induced abortion and breast cancer risk were methodologically flawed. More rigorous recent studies demonstrate no causal relationship between induced abortion and a subsequent increase in breast cancer risk."
 * The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists reviewed the medical literature and concluded that "there is no established link between induced abortion or miscarriage and development of breast cancer." The college recommended in its official clinical practice guidelines that "Women should be informed that induced abortion is not associated with an increase in breast cancer risk."
 * The German Cancer Research Center concluded in 2013 that abortion and miscarriage pose no risk of breast cancer.
 * The Canadian Cancer Society stated in 2013: "The body of scientific evidence does not support an association between abortion and increased breast cancer risk."

Proponents
Joel Brind, a faculty member at Baruch College in the Department of Natural Sciences, is the primary advocate of an abortion–breast cancer ("ABC") link. Brind is strongly anti-abortion and began lobbying politicians with the claim that abortion caused breast cancer in the early 1990s. Brind found that his lobbying efforts were not taken seriously because he had not published his findings in the peer-reviewed medical literature. He therefore collaborated with two anti-abortion physicians and a statistician to publish a 1996 article in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, arguing that induced abortion was a risk factor for breast cancer. The statistician who collaborated with Brind later stated of their findings: "I have some doubts. I don't think the issue has been resolved. When we were talking about the conclusions, he [Brind] wanted to make the strongest statements. I tried to temper them a little bit, but Dr. Brind is very adamant about his opinion."

Brind's paper was criticized in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute for ignoring the role of response bias and for a "blurring of association with causation." The amount of attention the study received prompted a cautionary editorial by a JECH editor. With the appearance of larger studies contradicting Brind's finding, Brind failed to convince the scientific community that abortion caused breast cancer. In 2003, Brind was invited to the NCI workshop on abortion and breast cancer, where he was the only one to formally dissent from the workshop's finding that there is no link between the two. Brind blames the lack of support for his findings on a conspiracy, arguing that the NCI and other major medical organizations are engaged in a "cover-up" for the purpose of "protecting the abortion industry".

Proposed mechanism

In early pregnancy, levels of estrogen, progesterone, and estradiol increase, leading to breast growth in preparation for lactation. Proponents speculate that if this process is interrupted by an abortion or miscarriage—before full maturity (differentiation) in the third trimester—then more immature cells could be left than there were prior to the pregnancy. These immature cells could then be exposed to carcinogens and hormones over time, resulting in a greater potential risk of breast cancer. This mechanism was first proposed and explored in rat studies conducted in the 1980s.

Breast tissue contains many lobes (segments) and these contain lobules which are groups of breast cells. There are four types of lobules:

 * Type 1 has 11 ductules (immature)
 * Type 2 has 47 ductules (immature)
 * Type 3 has 80 ductules (mature, fewer hormone receptors)
 * Type 4 are fully matured (cancer resistant) and contain breast milk

During early pregnancy, type 1 lobules quickly become type 2 lobules because of changes in estrogen and progesterone levels. Maturing into type 3 and then reaching full differentiation as type 4 lobules requires an increase of human placental lactogen (hPL) which occurs in the last few months of pregnancy. According to the abortion–breast cancer hypothesis, if an abortion were to interrupt this sequence then it could leave a higher ratio of type 2 lobules than existed prior to the pregnancy. Russo and Russo have shown that mature breast cells have more time for DNA repair with longer cell cycles, accounting for the slightly reduced risk of breast cancer for parous women against the baseline risk for women who have never conceived and those who have conceived and terminated their pregnancies.

Later on, Russo et al. found that placental human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induces the synthesis of inhibin by the mammary epithelium. Bernstein et al. independently observed a reduced breast cancer risk when women were injected with hCG for weight loss or infertility treatment. Contrary to the ABC hypothesis, Michaels et al. hypothesize since hCG plays a role in cellular differentiation and may activate apoptosis, as levels of hCG increase early on in human pregnancy, "an incomplete pregnancy of short duration might impart the benefits of a full-term pregnancy and thus reduce the risk of breast cancer."

History
The first study involving statistics on abortion and breast cancer was a broad study in 1957 examining common cancers in Japan. The researchers were cautious about drawing any conclusions from their unreliable methodologies. During the 1960s several studies by Brian MacMahon et al. in Europe and Asia touched on a correlation between abortion and breast cancer. Their 1973 paper published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute inaccurately concluded that "where a relationship was observed, abortion was associated with increased, not decreased, risk." Research relevant to the current ABC discussion focuses on more recent large cohort studies, a few meta-analyses, many case-control studies, and several early experiments with rats.

Rat models
Russo & Russo from the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia conducted a study in 1980 examining the proposed correlation between abortion and breast cancer. While analysing the effects of the carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) on the DNA labeling index (DNA-LI) in terminal end buds (TEBs), terminal ducts (TDs) and alveolar buds (ABs) of Sprague-Dawley rats in various stages of reproductive development, they found that rats who had interrupted pregnancies had no noticeable increase in risk for cancer. However, they did find that pregnancy and lactation provided a protective measure against various forms of benign lesions, such as hyperplastic alveolar nodules and cysts. While results did suggest that rats who had interrupted pregnancies might be subject to "similar or even higher incidence of benign lesions" than virgin rats, there was no evidence to suggest that abortion would result in a higher incidence of carcinogenesis. A more thorough examination of the phenomenon was conducted in 1982, confirming the results. A later study in 1987 further explained their previous findings. After differentiation of the mammary gland resulting from a full-term pregnancy of the rat, the rate of cell division decreases and the cell cycle length increases, allowing more time for DNA repair.

Despite the fact that the Russos' studies found similar risk rates between virgin and pregnancy interrupted rats, their research would be used to support the contention that abortion created a greater risk of breast cancer for the next twenty years. However, because rats do not exhibit naturally occurring breast cancer, the extrapolation of these results to human abortion and breast cancer is viewed as dubious.

Epidemiological evidence
The results of prospective cohort studies on the relationship between abortion and breast cancer have been consistently negative. Such studies are considered more reliable than retrospective studies and case-control studies. The positive association between abortion and breast cancer risk observed in case-control studies may be accounted for by recall bias.

In 1996, Brind et al. published a meta-analysis of 23 studies which reported a positive association existed between induced abortion and breast cancer risk. The authors estimated the relative risk of breast cancer among women who had had an induced abortion to be 1.3, compared to women who had not had an abortion. It was criticized by other researchers for multiple reasons, including allegations that it failed to account for publication bias (positive studies tend to be more likely to be published). The meta-analysis was also criticized because the studies it included were almost all case-control studies, which are susceptible to recall bias, and for which it is difficult to select an appropriate control group.

In 1997, Wingo et al. reviewed 32 studies on the abortion-breast cancer relationship and concluded that the results of studies on this subject were too inconsistent to allow for definitive conclusions, for either induced or spontaneous abortions.

A 2004 analysis of data from 53 studies involving 83,000 women with breast cancer reported no increased risk among women who had had either an induced or spontaneous abortion. The relative risk of breast cancer for women who had a spontaneous abortion in this analysis was 0.98, and that for induced abortion was 0.93.

A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies found insufficient evidence to support an association between induced or spontaneous abortion and an increased risk of breast cancer.

Politicization
By the late 1980s, national politicians recognized that a focus on reducing access to abortion was not a winning political strategy. Some anti-abortion activists grew more aggressive and violent in the face of political abandonment, culminating with the murder of Dr. David Gunn in 1993 and the passage of the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act in 1994. With direct action discredited, anti-abortion organizations, including the National Right to Life Committee, came to the forefront of the movement. These focused on legal tactics, including lobbying against late-term abortions and access to mifepristone and demanding legislation based on the purported ABC link. More recently, anti-abortion organizations have turned to lobbying to increase obstacles to abortion, such as mandated counseling, waiting periods, and parental notification, and some feel that anti-abortion advocates treat ABC as simply another tactic in their campaign against abortion. There have been ongoing and incremental legal challenges to abortion in the United States by anti-abortion groups. In 2005, a Canadian anti-abortion organization put up billboards in Alberta with large pink ribbons and the statement: "Stop the Cover-Up", in reference to the ABC hypothesis. The Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation was concerned by the misrepresentation of the state of scientific knowledge on the subject.

The continued focus on the ABC hypothesis by anti-abortion groups has fostered a confrontational political environment. Anti-abortion advocates and scientists alike have responded with criticisms. The claims by anti-abortion advocates are sometimes referred to as pseudoscience.

During the late 1990s, several members of the United States Congress became involved in the ABC issue. In a 1998 hearing on cancer research, U.S. Representative Tom Coburn accused the National Cancer Institute of misleading the public by selectively releasing data. In 1999, shortly after the House debated FDA approval of the abortion drug mifepristone, U.S. Representative Dave Weldon wrote a "Dear Colleague" letter, enclosing an article from John Kindley. In it, Weldon expressed concern that the majority of studies indicated a possible ABC link and that politicization was "preventing vital information from being given to women."

, abortion counseling materials in Alaska, Kansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas incorrectly assert a possible link between abortion and breast cancer, while Minnesota materials correctly report no link. Similar legislation requiring notification has also been introduced in 14 other states. An editor for the American Journal of Public Health expressed concern that these bills propose warnings that do not agree with established scientific findings.

Bioethicist Jacob M. Appel argues that the mandatory disclosure statutes might be unconstitutional on "rational basis" grounds. Childbirth is significantly more dangerous than abortion, data that is not required in any disclosure law but which is necessary for a meaningful understanding of risks. According to Appel, "[i]f the roughly fifty million abortions that have occurred in the United States since Roe v. Wade had all ended in full-term deliveries, approximately five hundred additional women would have died during childbirth."

In May 2017, President Donald Trump appointed Charmaine Yoest, an anti-abortion activist and proponent of the abortion-breast cancer link, to the post of assistant secretary for public affairs in the Department of Health And Human Services.

National Cancer Institute
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has been a target of the anti-abortion movement for the conclusions presented on its website. A report from the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform found that in November 2002 the Bush administration had altered the NCI website. The previous NCI analysis had concluded that, while some question regarding an association between abortion and breast cancer existed prior to the mid-1990s, a number of large and well-regarded studies had resolved the issue in the negative. The Bush administration removed this analysis and replaced it with the following:

[T]he possible relationship between abortion and breast cancer has been examined in over thirty published studies since 1957. Some studies have reported statistically significant evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer in women who have had abortions, while others have merely suggested an increased risk. Other studies have found no increase in risk among women who have had an interrupted pregnancy.

This alteration, which suggested that there was scientific uncertainty on the ABC issue, prompted an editorial in The New York Times describing it as an "egregious distortion" and a letter to the Secretary of Health and Human Services from members of Congress. In response to the alteration the NCI convened a three-day consensus workshop entitled Early Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer on 24–26 February 2003. The workshop concluded that induced abortion does not increase a woman's risk of breast cancer, and that the evidence for this had been well established. Afterwards, the director of epidemiology research for the American Cancer Society stated, "[t]his issue has been resolved scientifically ... This is essentially a political debate."

Brind was the only attendee at the workshop to file a dissenting opinion as a minority report criticizing the conclusions. He contends the workshop evidence and findings were overly controlled by its organizers and that the time allotted was too short for a thorough review of the literature.

North Dakota lawsuit
In January 2000, Amy Jo Kjolsrud (née Mattson), an anti-abortion counselor, sued the Red River Women's Clinic in Fargo, North Dakota, alleging false advertising. The suit, Kjolsrud v. MKB Management Corporation, alleged that the clinic was misleading women by distributing a brochure quoting a National Cancer Institute fact sheet on the ABC hypothesis. The brochure stated:

Anti-abortion activists claim that having an abortion increases the risk of developing breast cancer and endangers future childbearing. None of these claims are supported by medical research or established medical organizations. (emphasis in original)

The case was originally scheduled for 11 September 2001, but was delayed as a result of the terrorist attacks. On 25 March 2002, the trial began. After four days of testimony, Judge Michael McGuire ruled in favor of the clinic.

Linda Rosenthal, an attorney from the Center for Reproductive Rights characterized the decision as a rejection of "scare tactics". John Kindley, one of the lawyers representing Kjolsrud, highlighted the "individual's right to self-determination". Kindley also wrote a 1998 Wisconsin Law Review article outlining the viability of medical malpractice lawsuits based upon not informing patients considering abortion about the ABC hypothesis.

The decision was appealed and on 23 September 2003 the North Dakota Supreme Court ruled that Kjolsrud did not have standing and affirmed the lower court ruling dismissing the action. The appeal said that Kjolsrud had not read the materials, and that after the lawsuit was filed, the brochures were updated to refute the breast cancer link, citing the National Cancer Institute.

title: Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis


text:
Delia Scala

Delia Scala (born Odette Bedogni; 25 September 1929 – 15 January 2004) was an Italian ballerina, actress and singer who played a leading role in the nascent commedia musicale.

Career
Scala was born as Odette Bedogni in Bracciano, Lazio, Italy. When she was a young girl, her family moved to Milan where she studied ballet at "La Scala" Ballet School for seven years. She performed in numerous ballets until World War II, after which she began appearing in motion pictures using the stage name, Delia Scala. These include Difficult Years (Anni difficili, 1948), Side Street Story (Napoli milionaria, 1950), Rome 11:00 (Roma ore 11, 1952), Touchez pas au grisbi (1954), Gentlemen Are Born (Signori si nasce, 1960).

In 1954 Delia made her theatre debut with Giove in doppiopetto (Double-breasted Jupiter). The show is considered the first "Commedia musicale", an italian musical genre created by playwrights Pietro Garinei and Sandro Giovannini with the collaboration of the musician and songwriter Gorni Kramer. Scala later starred in Buonanotte Bettina (Goodnight Bettina, 1956) with Walter Chiari, L'adorabile Giulio (The Adorable Giulio, 1957) with Carlo Dapporto, Un trapezio per Lisistrata (A Trapeze for Lisistrata, 1958) with Nino Manfredi and Paolo Panelli, Delia Scala Show (1960), Rinaldo in campo (Rinaldo into the Field, 1961) with Domenico Modugno, My Fair Lady (1964) with Gianrico Tedeschi and Mario Carotenuto, and Il giorno della tartaruga (The Day of the Turtle, 1965) with Renato Rascel.

In 1956 Scala appeared in the TV show Lui e Lei (Him and Her, 1956) with Nino Taranto. In 1959–60 she co-hosted Canzonissima with Nino Manfredi and Paolo Panelli.

After twelve consecutive years of performances in Italy and Europe, Scala began to experience fatigue. In 1965, at the height of her success (she had received offers from Broadway), she suddenly decided to drop out from live performances. In 1966 she married and temporarily retired to spend time with her family.

In 1968 Scala made a comeback with Delia Scala Story, a show written by Garinei and Giovannini. This was followed in 1970 by the very successful Signore e signora (Mr. and Madame) with Lando Buzzanca. After a nine-year break, she starred in the show Che combinazione (What a Coincidence) alongside Don Lurio.

From 1980 to 1983, Scala conceived and hosted the show Una rosa per la Vita (A Rose for Life) to raise funds to support cancer prevention and research at the Bussoladomani arena in Lido di Camaiore, together with Raimondo Vianello and Sandra Mondaini,.

In 1982 Scala returned to television with the RAI fiction Casa Cecilia (Cecilia's Home), where she performed for three seasons. Her final TV role was in the sitcom Io e la mamma, (Mum and I) aired between 1996 and 1998 on Canale 5.

Personal life
Scala achieved great professional success, but her personal life was marred by misfortune and tragedy. In 1946, at the age 17, she married a Greek military officer who had come to Italy to join the partisan forces in the fight against the Nazi-fascists. They separated two years later, and she got the marriage voided in 1956.

During the mid-1950s Scala was engaged with Formula One race car driver Eugenio Castellotti. He died in 1957 when his Ferrari crashed while attempting a speed record at the Modena race track.

In 1967 she married Piero Giannotti.The marriage lasted until 1982 when Giannotti died of a heart attack while cycling along the beach in Viareggio. She married a third time in 1985 with industrialist Arturo Fremura. The marriage ended with her husband's death of liver cancer in 2001.

In 1974 Delia Scala was diagnosed with breast cancer, and underwent a radical mastectomy. Although she appeared to have made a full recovery, in 2002 she was struck again with the same illness. Scala died in 2004 in Livorno, Tuscany. She rests in the Cimitero della Misericordia in Livorno.

At the time of her death, Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi called her a "model of enthusiasm and rigorous professionalism" and said he rated her among "the most beloved and popular artists in the history of Italian entertainment".

title: Delia Scala


text:
The Grandmother

The Grandmother (Babička) is a novella written by Czech writer Božena Němcová in 1853–1854 and first published in 1855. It is her most popular work and is regarded as a classic piece of Czech literature. This most frequently read book of the Czech nation was published more than 300 times in Czech alone and translated into 21 other languages.

Plot
The book describes, in an idealized form, the childhood of Němcová. The plot weaves together a remembrance of the agrarian calendar and customs of the neighborhood with the love stories of several women, which reveal more of the history and customs of that area. The main action of the novel seems to take place during the first one or two years after the Grandmother has come to live at the Old Bleachery with her daughter's family, to help manage the household. The father is frequently absent due to his job as equerry to the local noblewoman, which takes him away to Vienna during the winter. The principal action of the story is to tell the intertwining tales of Viktorka, Kristla, and the Countess. The author is identified with Barunka, the eldest daughter of the Prošek family; however, the novel is not told from her point of view.

title: The Grandmother


text: Talk:Jody Watley (album)

title: Talk:Jody Watley (album)


text: User:HGB

title: User:HGB


text:
Junior Samples

Junior Samples, born Alvin Samples Jr. (April 10, 1926 – November 13, 1983) was an American comedian best known for his 14-year run as a cast member of the television show Hee Haw.

Early years
A sixth-grade dropout, Samples was a stock car racing driver and carpenter by trade who went on the radio at the age of 40 and told a story about catching the largest fish ever seen in his hometown. The story was a humorous tall tale, and the recording of this radio story became a best-selling novelty record, "World's Biggest Whopper".

Hee Haw
He was asked to become part of the 1969 cast of Hee Haw and created a bumbling personality, often stumbling or slow-talking his way through delivery, messing up jokes, and forgetting lines. One sketch of the show he appeared in regularly was "The Culhanes of Cornfield County" in which Junior, Gordie Tapp, Grandpa Jones and Lulu Roman would sit on a sofa and engage in a comedic deadpan routine: For example, in one episode each would talk about the new color TV set that had just been bought, but that they could not watch it, because they forgot they had no electricity in the house.

His five children also appeared in episodes during the early years of the show, playing the children in the "Schoolhouse" sketches and themselves in quickies.

BR-549
Samples' most famous bit was as a used car salesman, inviting callers to call an older five-digit phone number, BR-549, which in the show's later years was changed to BR-1Z1Z. In 1993, BR5-49 was also taken as a name by an American country music band as an homage to the skit. The BR stands for Brenda Reece. She was friends with several actors on Hee Haw and when they were trying to come up the skit, they had 549, but didn't know what to put with it. She suggested her initials, BR.

Politics
In 1974, Samples announced that he was "seriously considering" running for lieutenant governor of Georgia on a Republican Party ticket with then-Macon mayor Ronnie Thompson, who was seeking the party's gubernatorial nomination. The media at first presented Samples' announcement as a political story. However, Samples was pulling a practical joke for publicity purposes. Thompson remained in the race and was defeated in the general election by the Democrat George D. Busbee.

Personal life and death
Samples was married to Grace Carrie Bolton (April 27, 1927 – July 9, 2015), and they had five children together. Grace occasionally used Bolden as her maiden name and it was an official alias in legal documents. Junior, whose weight periodically neared 400 pounds (180 kg), was on Hee Haw for fourteen years, until he died of a heart attack in 1983 at the age of 57. His funeral was officiated by close friend Rev. Douglas Collins.

Discography
Throughout the years Samples recorded several comedy albums. Although he was best known for his television appearances on Hee Haw, his recordings were often heard on radio. His first break came in 1966 with the recording of "The Whopper". He was nominated for two Comedian of the Year Awards from the Country Music Awards in 1969 and 1970, and made a number of other comedy albums.

 * The World of Junior Samples (1967)
 * Bull Session at Bull's Gap (1968)
 * That's a Hee Haw (1970)
 * Junior Samples and Archie Campbell (1977)

title: Junior Samples


text: User talk:64.26.75.66

title: User talk:64.26.75.66


text:
Baconin Borzacchini

Baconin Borzacchini (born Baconino Francesco Domenico Borzacchini, 28 September 1898 – 10 September 1933) was an Italian racing driver who often competed under the nom de course Mario Umberto Borzacchini.

Biography
Born in Terni in the Umbria region of Italy, at age 14 Borzacchini began working in a garage, training as a repairman. After serving in the army artillery during World War I, he began racing motorcycles before turning to automobile competitions in 1926. During the next two years he won six Italian hillclimbing events driving a Salmson. He earned victories at three significant Italian races including the Etna Cup at Catania and the 1100cc class at the 1926 and 1927 Targa Florio where he beat fellow up-and-comer Luigi Fagioli. Borzacchini's success ultimately led to an offer to join the Maserati racing team and driving for them, he won the 1927 Terni-Passo della Somma and the Coppa della Collina Pistoiese." In 1928 he drove a Maserati to first place in the Coppa Gallenga hillclimb at Rocca di Papa.

On 28 September 1929, Baconin Borzacchini set a new flying 10 km land speed record of 246.069 km/h in a Maserati V4. That same year, he finished second in the Circuito di Alessandria and in the Tripoli Grand Prix.

In 1930, under the fascist government of Benito Mussolini, Borzacchini was pressured into racing under the Italian name, Mario Umberto, rather than his birth name of Baconin, which was based on that of Russian revolutionary anarchist, Mikhail Bakunin, who his parents had admired.

Maserati entered the 1930 Indianapolis 500. Designed with a swept-back aerodynamic front end, a radical innovation uncommon at the time but commonplace today, some felt that Borzacchini had a good chance to capture the prestigious American event. Unfortunately, magneto problems forced him out of the race after just seven laps. Later that year, Borzacchini and his Maserati claimed victory at the 1930 Tripoli Grand Prix and won another hillclimbing event, the Pontedecimo-Giovi at Genoa.

In 1931 he signed to drive Alfa Romeos for Scuderia Ferrari where he became a great friend of team-mate Tazio Nuvolari. Although he won the Circuito di Avellino, Borzacchini's season was dogged by both bad luck and the brilliance of Nuvolari. He finished second at the Targa Florio, the Grand Prix of Monza, and the Italian, Belgian and French Grands Prix.

At the 1932 French Grand Prix and the Coppa Ciano, driving the new Alfa Romeo P3 Borzacchini finished second behind team mate Nuvolari and third at Germany's Großer Preis von Deutschland. However, with co-driver Amadeo Bignami, he won the gruelling Mille Miglia and wound up the 1932 season finishing second overall to Nuvolari for the European Drivers Championship. When Alfa Romeo decided to withdraw from racing after the 1932 season and sold its cars to Enzo Ferrari, Borzacchini rejoined the Maserati team, uniting with Luigi Fagioli and Giuseppe Campari. In March 1933 Borzacchini picked up where he had left off the previous year, finishing second to Nuvolari at the Grand Prix of Tunisia. In April he took another second at the Monaco Grand Prix, this time to the Bugatti of Achille Varzi, and then earned a third-place finish at the Avusrennen in Germany, also won by Varzi. At the 1933 Targa Florio, held at the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, Borzacchini set the pace with the fastest lap before an accident forced him out of the race.

Death
10 September 1933 at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza was one of the blackest days in racing history. The Italian Grand Prix was held in the morning without serious incident, and was won by Luigi Fagioli. In an effort by the organizers to attract the largest possible crowd, another event called the Monza Grand Prix, using only the banked oval circuit, was staged in the afternoon. On a track dampened by a light drizzle, Borzacchini was vying with his team-mate Giuseppe Campari for the lead when Campari's vehicle slid on a patch of oil and crashed over the top of the banking and went into the trees, killing him. Borzacchini tried unsuccessfully to avoid the oil, and his car spun down to the infield and rolled over. Borzacchini was taken to the hospital, where he died later that day. After race officials restarted the event the third tragedy of the day occurred when the car of Polish driver Count Stanislas Czaykowski blew the engine, caught fire and crashed at the same location, burning him to death.

During his years of racing, Borzacchini participated in more than one hundred events. Although his number of victories is considerably less than some of the other Italian racing notables, he was much loved and respected by his countrymen. In his honor, the circuit in Magione in the Province of Perugia in Umbria, not far from where he was born, was named the "Autodromo Mario Umberto Borzacchini".

Borzacchini is interred in the local cemetery in his native Terni.

Major career victories

 * Camaiore Circuit 1926
 * Targa Florio (Junior class, 1100cc) 1926, 1927
 * Etna Cup 1928
 * Tripoli Grand Prix 1930
 * Coppa Principe di Piemonte 1931
 * Mille Miglia 1932

Complete European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
 * Notes
 * – Borzacchini was co-driver with Nuvolari at the Italian GP, Campari at the French GP and Nuvolari at the Belgian GP, therefore rules excluded him from the championship.

title: Baconin Borzacchini


text: Category:Jody Watley albums

title: Category:Jody Watley albums


text:
Simon Spurrier

Simon "Si" Spurrier (born 2 May 1981) is a British comics writer and novelist, who has previously worked as a cook, a bookseller, and an art director for the BBC.

Getting his start in comics with the British small press, he went on to write his own series for 2000 AD, like Lobster Random, Bec & Kawl, The Simping Detective and Harry Kipling, as well as a number of stories for the flagship character Judge Dredd. In recent years he has broken into the American comic book industry, writing mainly for Marvel Comics. He also wrote Marvel's X-Force in 2014 and 2015, which starred the characters Cable, Psylocke, Marrow and Fantomex.

He started co-writing Star Wars: Doctor Aphra from Marvel Comics with Kieron Gillen in November 2017 on issues #14-19, taking over with issue #20 in May 2018.

Simon has also written a number of novels, initially on other people's properties, but in 2006 he signed a two-book contract with Hodder Headline, the first of which was Contract (2007) and the second A Serpent Uncoiled (2011).

Career
Simon Spurrier writes mainly for the British comic 2000 AD but has also written comic-strips for the anthology Warhammer Monthly, as well as contributing written articles, stories and reviews to the Judge Dredd Megazine. He is the creator of Lobster Random (with Carl Critchlow), The Simping Detective (with Frazer Irving), From Grace (also with Irving), Zancudo (a belated follow-up to Ant Wars) with Cam Kennedy and Bec & Kawl (with Steve Roberts).

Spurrier has done a number of work for hire books, writing one 2000 AD themed novel for Black Flame press, and three science fiction novels for the Black Library, as well as an upcoming book for Abaddon Books. In May 2006 he signed a two-book contract with Hodder Headline. The first novel, a "post-pulp" occult-crime-comedy, is titled Contract. A limited edition hardback was released in May 2007, and the mass-market paperback is published on 4 October 2007.

He has created Gutsville with Frazer Irving and Silver Surfer: In Thy Name.

His other projects include more work for Marvel like Ghost Rider Annual #2, the one-shot "Wolverine: Dangerous Game," Danny Ketch: Ghost Rider mini-series with Javier Saltares,  "Conqueror" a newuniversal one-shot, Punisher War Journal Annual #1, and X-Men Legacy vol.2, starring the character Legion. He also wrote a short story for Dark Horse Presents called "In Fetu."

In July 2019, it was announced that Spurrier would be writing DC's Hellblazer relaunch as part of The Sandman Universe line of comics. The relaunched series, written by Spurrier and illustrated by Aaron Campbell, begins after the events of the 1990 miniseries The Books of Magic. Hellblazer began with a one-shot on Halloween 2019, before becoming a regular series in November that same year. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the series was prematurely canceled after 12 issues. However, during New York Comic Con 2023, it was revealed that the series would getting a revival miniseries called John Constantine, Hellblazer: Dead in America, with Spurrier and Campbell returning and publication set to begin in January 2024.

In March 2023, it was announced that Spurrier would becoming the writer of The Flash when the book relaunches in September as a part of the Dawn of DC initiative. In April 2023, Spurrier was revealed to be writing Uncanny Spider-Man, as a part of Fall of X, and focuses on Nightcrawler donning a Spider-Man costume and defending New York City following the events of the 2023 Hellfire Gala.

Comics

 * Mega-City One:
 * "The Burning Red" (with PJ Holden, in Zarjaz vol. 1 #1, 2001)
 * "Catching the Rads" (with Darren Chandler, in Zarjaz vol. 1 #1, 2001)
 * Tharg's Future Shocks:
 * "Old Red" (with Staz Johnson, in 2000 AD #1232, 2001)
 * "Given to Fly" (with Cam Smith, in 2000 AD #1257, 2001)
 * "Alpha Team" (with PJ Holden, in 2000 AD #1262)
 * "Sex Machine" (with Boo Cook, in 2000 AD #1264)
 * "Spare Parts" (with Richard Elson, in 2000 AD #1267)
 * "Hormones" (with Nigel Raynor, in 2000 AD #1279, 2002)
 * "Celestial Bodies" (with Shaun Bryan, in 2000 AD #1294, 2002)
 * "Tadfraggers" (with Gary Crutchley, in 2000 AD #1369, 2003)
 * "Hacked" (with Jon Davis-Hunt, in 2000 AD #1754, 2011)
 * Tharg's Terror Tales: "Snacks of Doom" (with Neil Edwards, in 2000 AD #1282, 2002)
 * Bec & Kawl (with Steve Roberts):
 * "and the Mystical Mentalist Menace!" (in 2000 AD #1290–1291, 2002)
 * "Beccy Miller's Diary" (in 2000 AD #1292–1293, 2002)
 * "Enlightenment" (in 2000 AD #1327, 2003)
 * "eeevil.com" (in 2000 AD #1328–1330, 2003)
 * "Pest Control" (in 2000 AD #1351–1354, 2003)
 * "Toothache" (in 2000 AD #1383–1386, 2004)
 * "Hell To Pay" (in 2000 AD #1401–1404, 2004)
 * "Attack of the Cones" (in 2000 AD #1437–1440, 2005)
 * "Freakshow" (in 2000 AD #1477–1481, 2006)
 * The Scrap (with Richard Elson, in 2000 AD #1308–1312, 2002)
 * Past Imperfect:
 * "Red Man Rising" (with Ian Richardson, in 2000 AD #1314, 2002)
 * "Warts 'n all" (with David Roach, in 2000 AD #1317, 2002)
 * Lobster Random (with Carl Critchlow):
 * "No Gain, No Pain" (in 2000 AD #1342–1349, 2003 ISBN 1-904265-63-4)
 * "Tooth and Claw" (in 2000 AD #1411–1419, 2004)
 * "The Agony & The Ecstasy" (in 2000 AD #1482–1490, 2006)
 * "The Forget-Me-Knot" (in 2000 AD #1601-1610, 2008)
 * From Grace (with Frazer Irving, in 2000 AD #1357–1361, 2003)
 * "Work Experience" (with Steve Roberts, in 2000 AD #1403–1407, 2003)
 * PlagueBringer (with Frazer Irving, in Warhammer Monthly, #84–85, 2004)
 * The Simping Detective (with Frazer Irving):
 * "Crystal Blue" (in Judge Dredd Megazine #221–223, 2004)
 * "Innocence: A Broad" (in Judge Dredd Megazine #224–226, 2004)
 * "Dorks of War" (in Judge Dredd Megazine #227, 2004)
 * "Playing Futsie" (in Judge Dredd Megazine #234–236, 2005)
 * "Fifteen" (in Judge Dredd Megazine #237, 2005)
 * "Petty Crimes" (in Judge Dredd Megazine #238–239, 2005)
 * "Jokers to the Right" (in 2000 AD #1804–1811, 2012)
 * "Trifecta" (in 2000 AD #1812, 2012)
 * The Dark Judges: "Judge Fear's Big Day Out" (text story, with an illustration by Cam Smith, in Judge Dredd Megazine #224, 2004)
 * Zancudo (with Cam Kennedy, in Judge Dredd Megazine #231–233, 2005)
 * Daemonifuge: Heretic Saint (with co-writers: Gordon Rennie and Jim Campbell, Art: Kev Walker, Karl Richardson, Chris Quilliams and Tim Trevellion; Black Library, 2005 ISBN 1-84416-251-6)
 * Judge Dredd:
 * "Cursed Earth Rules" (with John Ridgway, in Judge Dredd Megazine #236, 2005)
 * "In the Stomm" (with Boo Cook, in Judge Dredd Megazine #236, 2005)
 * "Dominoes" (with pencils by Lawrence Campbell and inks by Kris Justice, in 2000 AD #1482, 2006)
 * "Splashdown" (with pencils by Laurence Campbell and inks by Kris Justice, in Judge Dredd Megazine #245, 2006)
 * "Neoweirdies" (with Paul Marshall, in 2000 AD #1496–1498, 2006)
 * "Versus" (with Peter Doherty, in 2000 AD #1499, 2006)
 * "Gutshot" (with Anthony Williams/Rob Taylor, in 2000 AD #1708, October 2010)
 * "The Beast in the Bay" (with Patrick Goddard, in 2000 AD #1709, November 2010)
 * Harry Kipling (with Boo Cook):
 * "Prologue" (in 2000 AD #1476, 2006)
 * "Mad Gods & Englishmen" (in 2000 AD #1481–1483, 2006)
 * "Whetting the Whistle" (in 2000AD #1492–1493, 2006)
 * "Something for Nothing" (in 2000AD #1497–1499, 2006)
 * "The Hitman and Hermoth" (in 2000AD #1509-ongoing, 2006)
 * Beneath (with Frazer Irving, in The Telegraph Magazine 2006-02)
 * London Falling (with Lee Garbett, in 2000 AD #1491–1495, 2006)
 * Tales From the Black Museum: "Ruddler's Cuddlers" (with Graham Manley, in Judge Dredd Megazine #246, 2006)
 * Chiaroscuro (with Smudge, in 2000 AD #1507–1517, 2006)
 * The Angel Gang: "Before they wuz dead" (with Steve Roberts, in Judge Dredd Megazine #258-262, 2007)
 * Gutsville (with Frazer Irving, Image, 2007, ongoing)
 * Silver Surfer: In Thy Name (with Tan Eng Huat, 4-issue mini-series, Marvel Comics, November 2007)
 * Ghost Rider:
 * Ghost Rider Annual #2 (with Mark Robinson, Marvel Comics, 2008)
 * Danny Ketch: Ghost Rider (with Javier Saltares, 5-issue mini-series, Marvel Comics, 2008)
 * The Vort (as G. Powell, with D'Israeli, in 2000 AD #1589–1596, 2008)
 * "Wolverine: Dangerous Game" (with Ben Oliver, one-shot, Marvel Comics, June 2008}
 * newuniversal: "Conqueror" (with Eric Nguyen, one-shot, Marvel Comics, October 2008)
 * Punisher War Journal Annual #1 (with Werther Dell’Edera, Marvel Comics, November 2008)
 * "The One Who Got Away" (with Paul Davidson, in Dark X-Men: The Beginning #3, Marvel Comics, October 2009)
 * "The Ghost of Asteroid M" (with Leonard Kirk, in Nation X #1, February 2010)
 * "In Fetu" (with Christopher Mitten, in Dark Horse Presents, Dark Horse Comics, 2010)
 * X-Men: Blind Science (with Paul Davidson/Francis Portela, one-shot, Marvel Comics, July 2010)
 * X-Men: Curse of the Mutants – Smoke and Blood (with Gabriel Hernandez Walta, one-shot, Marvel Comics, November 2010)
 * X-Men Legacy vol. 2 (with Tan Eng Huat #1–24, Marvel Comics, 2012–2014)
 * Extermination (with Jeffrey Edwards and V Ken Marion, 8 issue TPB, Boom studios, 2013)
 * Six-Gun Gorilla (with Jeff Stokely, 6 issue TPB, Boom studios, 2013)
 * X-Men Legacy #300 (co-written with Mike Carey and Christos Gage, drawn by Tan Eng Huat, Steve Kurth and Rafa Sandoval, Marvel Comics, March 2014)
 * X-Force vol.4 (with Rock-He Kim, #1-#15, Marvel Comics, February 2014)
 * The Spire #1-8 (with Jeff Stokely, #1-#8, Boom Studios, July 2015)
 * Cry Havoc #1-6 (with Ryan Kelly, Image Comics, January 2016)
 * Godshaper #1-6 (with Jonas Goonface, #1-#6, Boom Studios, April 2017)
 * Angelic #1-6 (with Caspar Wijngaard, Image Comics, September 2017)
 * Star Wars: Doctor Aphra #14-#19 (with Kieron Gillen, Marvel Comics, November 2017)
 * Star Wars: Doctor Aphra #20-#40, Annual #2 (Marvel Comics, May 2018)
 * Coda (with Matías Bergara, Boom Studios, May 2018)
 * The Dreaming (with Bilquis Evely, #1-20, DC Black Label, September 2018)
 * John Constantine, Hellblazer (with Aaron Campbell and Matias Bergara, #1–12, DC Black Label, November 2019)
 * Way of X #1-5 (with Bob Quinn, Marvel, April 2021)
 * X-Men: The Onslaught Revelation One-Shot (with Bob Quinn, Marvel, September 2021)
 * Death of Doctor Strange: X-Men/Black Knight One-Shot (with Bob Quinn, Marvel, January 2022)
 * Step by Bloody Step #1-4 (with Matias Bergara, Image Comics, February 2022)
 * Legion of X #1-10 (with Jan Bazaldua, Marvel, May 2022)
 * Damn Them All #1-10 (with Charlie Adlard, Boom! Studios, October 2022)
 * Sins of Sinister: Nightcrawlers #1-3 (Marvel, February 2023)
 * X-Men: Before the Fall - Sons of X #1 (with Phil Noto, Marvel, May 2023)
 * Coda Vol. 2 #1-5 (with Matias Bergara, Boom! Studios, September 2023)
 * Uncanny Spider-Man #1-5 (with Lee Garbett, Marvel, September 2023)
 * The Flash #1-ongoing (with Mike Deodato Jr., DC, September 2023)
 * X-Men Blue: Origins #1 (with Marcus To and Wilton Santos, Marvel, November 2023)
 * John Constantine, Hellblazer: Dead in America #1-8 (with Aaron Campbell, DC Black Label, January 2024)

Novels
Spurrier has written a number of Warhammer 40,000 and 2000 AD-related novels:

Awards

 * 2002: Nominated for the "Best New Talent" National Comics Award
 * 2007: Nominated the "Favorite Newcomer Writer" Eagle Award
 * 2020: Won the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comic Book

title: Simon Spurrier


text:
Thomas H. Patterson

Thomas Harmon Patterson (May 10, 1820 – April 9, 1889) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy.

Early life
Patterson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on May 10, 1820. He was the second son of Commodore Daniel Todd Patterson (1786–1839), a War of 1812 U.S. Navy hero, and George Ann (née Pollock) Patterson (1787–1851). Among his siblings were Carlile Pollock Patterson (superintendent of the United States Coast Survey); Eliza Catherine Patterson, who married George Mifflin Bache Sr. (brother of Alexander Dallas Bache), and George Ann Patterson, who married fellow Naval officer David Dixon Porter.

His maternal grandparents were George Pollock and Catherine (née Yates) Pollock and his paternal grandparents were John Patterson and Catherine (née Livingston) Patterson. His grandfather was the younger brother of Walter Patterson, the first British colonial Governor of Prince Edward Island. Through his paternal grandmother he was a great-grandson of Robert Livingston, the 3rd Lord of Livingston Manor.

Career
Patterson saw action in the American Civil War and later served as commander of the Asiatic Squadron (1877–1880). While in this latter post, he participated in the lengthy 1879 visit of former president and general Ulysses S. Grant to Japan at the conclusion of Grant's around-the-world tour that started in 1878.

Patterson's commands included Chocura, Currituck and James Adger. Richmond served as his flagship in the Asiatic Squadron. From 1873 to 1876 he commanded the Washington Navy Yard, as his father had done in 1836–1839. On January 2, 1868, Patterson was elected as a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.

Patterson retired from the U.S. Navy in 1883.

Personal life
On June 5, 1847, Patterson was married to Maria Montresor Wainwright (1823–1881). Maria was the daughter of U.S. Marine Corps Colonel Robert Dewar Wainwright and Maria Montresor (née Auchmuty) Wainwright, the sister of U.S. Naval officer Richard Wainwright, and cousin of Commander Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright. They were the parents of one daughter and three sons who survived to adulthood, including:

 * Robert Harmon Patterson.
 * Thomas Wainwright Patterson (1854–1858), who died in childhood.
 * Daniel Walter Patterson (1858–1912)
 * Capt. Samuel Achmuty Wainwright Patterson (1859–1933), USN, who commanded the Great White Fleet battleship USS Kentucky (BB-6) in 1905. He married Margaret Sprague Davis (1860–1936), daughter of General William Watts Hart Davis, in 1886.
 * Georgeanne Pollock Patterson.

After a long and painful illness, Patterson died on April 9, 1889, at his residence, 2100 G Street in Washington, D.C. His remains were interred in the Wainwright vault of Congressional Cemetery, with his wife, father-in-law, and other Wainwright relatives. His father and mother are also buried in Congressional Cemetery but under a separate Patterson monument.

title: Thomas H. Patterson


text:
Talk:Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis

"Criticism of Media Coverage" section
What does the "Criticism of Media Coverage" section contribute to the article? The fact that the issue is politicized and subject to misrepresentation in the media has already been covered in previous sections. The "CoMC" section merely highlights some not-very-notable comments on the subject.

I propose removing the "CoMC" section. Can anyone cite a good reason not to do so? Goblinshark17 (talk) 02:48, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

UPDATE: It's been two days since I posted the above. I will give it until the end of the weekend, then, if there are no responses, I will delete the "CoMC" section. Goblinshark17 (talk) 22:43, 25 September 2014 (UTC)

FURTHER UPDATE: It's Sunday night and no one has posted any good reason (or any reason at all) to keep the CoMC section. Accordingly, I have deleted it. It's gone! RIP. Goblinshark17 (talk) 00:23, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

 * That's pretty bold. Undone. Clarify to me how "misrepresentation in the media" is covered elsewhere? Just to expedite the conversation a bit, how liberal media treats the ABC issue and Brind. - RoyBoy 21:33, 8 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Per talk? Yeah, I know, I wrote a reply. Don't see anything from you here... The ABC issue is repeatedly misrepresented in the media, John Carroll points it out. There is plenty in this article about pro-life propaganda, inaccuracies, etc, as well there should be. On the flip side, it is crucial to understand bias in presenting the ABC issue runs both ways. Removing the section removes this aspect, and IMO whitewashes the article. - RoyBoy 01:26, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Undone again, section explicitly demonstrates bias in the treatment of the subject with basic journalistic principles being violated. - RoyBoy 23:20, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Unclear how it is "not-very-notable comments" for a well respected Editor to point out poor journalism on the ABC topic. I guess small picture, that individual item isn't large, but its a blatant example of wider (and less obvious) misrepresentation of the ABC topic. - RoyBoy 23:25, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Is tangential trivia, of no value to us. Alexbrn (talk) 23:30, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Please clarify tangential; it is on topic and unfair media treatment shows how this subject is kinda interesting. Moreover it speaks to political biases, which has value. - RoyBoy 23:44, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * It's too far off topic, and it's trivial. Adding it gives too much weight and so there's a NPOV problem. Alexbrn (talk) 23:48, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with Alexbrn and with Goblinshark17. This "Criticism of Media Coverage" section is extraneous and distracting.  It's not our job to track media bias, only to report mainstream consensus on the issue.  The mainstream professional medical organizations all say the same thing, and that's enough for a Wikipedia article to report in an article about the hypothesis itself.  HandsomeMrToad (talk) 00:54, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

New review

 * Association between abortion and breast cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis based on prospective studies It seems to have a generally negative conclusion. Perhaps once the "epidemiological studies" section or something resembling it is restored we can add this source. Everymorning   talk  16:13, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I've been working on it slowly here. Typically Chinese studies find little / no effect, they have abortion quicker (more available) and tends to be after first pregnancy because of the One child policy. Actually one of the memes removed from the current draft. It would be interesting to see the sample size of nulliparous women they had. - RoyBoy 19:36, 22 August 2015 (UTC)

 * See the comments by editor "2/0" in the "Weight" section earlier on this TALK page. We do not rely on primary sources and Wikipedia is not the place for a scientific literature review.  HandsomeMrToad (talk) 10:53, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't understand "not rely on primary sources", Identifying_and_using_primary_sources. As bias has been demonstrated in the media on the treatment of the topic, it may be necessary to use them "more" for this topic rather then less, or not at all. But certainly has to be done with care to provide appropriate context and weight. - RoyBoy 23:17, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Identifying reliable sources (medicine) specifically says: "Primary sources should generally not be used for medical content." That is a direct quotation which you can easily verify. As I understand it, a "primary source" is any article which directly analyzes data, which would include meta-analyses (which pool, and re-analyze, data from previous sources), such as the meta-analyses in the new "Epidemiological Evidence" section (as opposed to a REVIEW ARTICLE, which lists and summarizes other articles, including primary articles.  So: Meta-analysis = BAD; Review article = GOOD.) HandsomeMrToad (talk) 00:11, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Meta-analyses are secondary sources (if they're of others' data, which they almost always are). Alexbrn (talk) 00:25, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I can understand thinking that, but I'm not sure it's true. Seems to me that if you author a meta-analysis by pooling data from several primary papers, and then analyzing the pooled data in a way which the original primary papers which published the data did not do, then your new analysis of the pooled data would be your own original interpretive work, which would make your meta-analysis a primary source.  In contrast, a review article would list the original primary articles, including their conclusions, and synthesize a "big picture" summary from the collected primary articles, without going and re-analyzing the data in those articles.  Anyway, that's how I see it.  Does Wikipedia have any official policy on meta-analyses and whether Wikipedia considers them to be primary or secondary sources?  Please advise, if you know.  HandsomeMrToad (talk) 00:37, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I am sure it's true, and so is WP:MEDRS (e.g. "It is normally best to use reviews and meta-analyses where possible"). Alexbrn (talk) 00:40, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. You seem to be right.  Thanks!  HandsomeMrToad (talk) 00:43, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Not quite what you said, but ur more right. Thanks for reminder... may be why I slowed down / gave up on Epidemiological re-write in Jun 2015. Looking at it now I was trying to summarize a narrative of the primary sources and their effect on the topic and notable personalities. Guessing that will be a no-go as well, if I can pull elements of this from meta-analyzes (they provide retrospective of previous studies usually in Discussion) would that be good?

 * Another topic that needs proper re-introduction "recall bias". The claim of up to 50% effect of bias reinserted into live article is based on bad science (refers to Lindefors-Harris 1991), this is from my Sandbox:

Recall or response bias occurs when women intentionally "underreport" or deny their abortion history. Women in control groups are less likely to have serious illnesses, and for personal reasons have less motivation to be truthful than those trying to diagnose their problem.[7] If this occurs it artificially creates an ABC risk where none exists. The Lindefors-Harris (1991) study was the first major study to examine response bias.[29] Using data of two Swedish induced abortion studies it concluded there was a 1.5 (1.1 – 2.1) margin of error from recall bias. However, eight women in this error margin "overreported" their abortions, meaning they reported having an abortion that was not recorded, so the researchers concluded it did not happen.[29] The 1994 Daling study found it "reasonable to assume that virtually no women who truly did not have an abortion would claim to have had one."[28][30] With the overreporting removed the error margin went from 50% to 16%. Brind believes the remainder may be from the Swedish fertility registry[31] – where women were interviewed as new mothers – which could have increased underreporting.[32]

 * I'm not aware of any reliable secondary sources that repeat Daling's common sense observation. IMO this is how primary sources should be used for this challenging topic. Of course, without the Media bias section, even an above average reader wouldn't be aware of this need. Can you explain why the "overreported" subset wasn't more widely reported / corrected? I sincerely can't, but I believe Carroll does indirectly. - RoyBoy 00:17, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I really don't think we should be trying to make this kind of analysis ourselves. It's too close to original research or "synthesis".   We are not here to analyze media bias, and, although meta-analyses are considered acceptable reliable sources, we are not here to make a comprehensive list of meta-analyses or analyze what they say or why.  We are here to report the prevailing consensus in the scientific/medical community on the Abortion-Breast-Cancer hypothesis. Whether or not the consensus is correct, and why it may or may not be correct, it not for us to decide or discuss in an article on this.

 * Roy, RE: "I was trying to summarize a narrative of the primary sources and their effect on the topic and notable personalities. Guessing that will be a no-go as well,..."

 * I think that's a pretty good guess.

 * RE: "if I can pull elements of this from meta-analyzes (they provide retrospective of previous studies usually in Discussion) would that be good?"

 * I think NO that would NOT be good. You are (IMHO) putting too much of yourself, too much of your own originality into the slant of the article.  As I understand it, Wikipedia editors are not even supposed to come with an opinion and then find reliable sources to support that opinion, nor to "pull elements" of a personal impression from sources.  See No original research and What SYNTH is not.  HandsomeMrToad (talk) 06:07, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I am Wiki rusty, but above is not my analysis, it is Daling's and Brind's, not a "personal impression" but facts and common sense directly from a primary source speaking to the 1991 50%. Yes, primary sources 'should' not be used to avoid synthesis, unclear how you see "therefore C" above.
 * Consensus need not exclude noting reality for ABC recall bias. You did a good job of switching Melbye ref, however "susceptible to recall bias" is the consensus opinion, but remains opinion, keeping "is accounted for by recall bias" synthesis statement of fact from consensus opinion, I corrected it. At minimum the Science on ABC recall bias is mixed, unclear, even refuted (re: 50%). The ref to support it is an OpEd piece that isn't accessible, so I added Cancer.org ref from above for support / ease of access.
 * I re-read NPOV specifically on minority positions with a focus on Undue weight, reminding me that just because my recall bias position is true, that doesn't warrant automatic inclusion given its lack of "prevalence in reliable sources" (aka. media bias / merely repeating consensus). You're a solid Wikipedian HandsomeMrToad, and I know if we tweak something together it 'should' hold up to the Wiki sands of time. But I am discouraged again, likely as I was years ago. :| - RoyBoy 15:44, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Nothing authored by Daling and/or Brind on this subject is a reliable source. Just as Michael Behe would not be a reliable source for information on biological evolution, and Peter Duesberg would not be a reliable source for info on HIV or AIDS.  See WP:FRINGE   HandsomeMrToad (talk) 00:07, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Who do you think Dr. Daling is? On what basis do you compare her published, peer reviewed scientific studies, relating directly to her expertise in Breast Cancer to the likes of Behe. For Brind it's closer but not precise; as he's also published on the topic and was invited (likely begrudgingly) to the NCI workshop on the ABC topic. Which is a far sight more than Behe, regardless of your view of Brind's meta-analysis. While some of Brind's views would likely quality on Fringe; I doubt that allows carte blanche. Especially when he sometimes simply points to caveats, clarifications and retractions of ABC study by scientists upholding the consensus. - RoyBoy 22:36, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

User:HandsomeMrToad can you redo my edit to "is accounted for by recall bias", it's an opinion stated as fact from here, but even its referenced study considers it Fair evidence of no ABC association. - RoyBoy 16:17, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

"Epidemiological evidence" section
The "Epidemiological evidence" section is starting to read like a review of the scientific literature, not an encyclopedia article. Most of the studies described appear to be meta-analyses, so OK as sources (not "primary sources"), but, should a Wikipedia article be a list of meta-analyses? Shouldn't it be more of a big-picture summary as defined by the leading professional authorities? HandsomeMrToad (talk) 05:42, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

 * The authoritative narrative of Cancer.org etc is easier reading; but not an easy subject. Besides, aren't they one and the same anyway? Said authorities pick the elements of the meta-analyzes (and some studies) they deem relevant / want to critique. For clarity I think pulling findings from meta-analyzes directly and response from authorities is best, as is currently the case. To do otherwise, we may end up over relying on one source? - RoyBoy 16:04, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

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Move
This article should be moved to Abortion–breast cancer myth. It was never a hypothesis, in the scientific sense, it was a case of policy-based evidence making, a conjecture developed in service of a pre-existing agenda. Guy (Help!) 21:31, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Wrong given the topic has received extensive scientific study / debate and even epidemiological journal opinion pieces on historic mixed results; which was the main driver of study. Not pro-life claims or anti-abortion politicians, although their propaganda did its bit on the public discourse. Given the article has been gutted of this context, guess you deserve a mulligan.

 * Recall bias explanation of history mixed results is also mixed in itself.

 * The ABC mechanism remains scientifically plausible (has never been refuted) and aligns with why nuns have higher breast cancer risk. - RoyBoy 22:55, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis


text:
Clickteam

Clickteam is a French software development company based in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine. Founded by Francis Poulain, François Lionet and Yves Lamoureux, Clickteam is best known for the creation of Clickteam Fusion, a script-free programming tool that allows users to create video games or other interactive software using a highly advanced event system. They are most known for publishing the first seven titles in the Five Nights at Freddy's series.

History
Before founding Clickteam, François Lionet was the programmer of STOS BASIC, a programming language released in 1989 for the Atari ST, and AMOS BASIC, a more advanced language released in 1990 for the Commodore Amiga. Both of these have since been released in open-source form on the Clickteam organisation website. Yves Lamoureux was also a successful game developer prior to co-founding Clickteam, working with multiple companies on games.

Clickteam's debut software was Klik & Play, released in 1994 as commercial, proprietary software. A version for educational use, dubbed Klik & Play For Schools, was also released as freeware, to be used exclusively for school activities. Klik & Play For Schools was available for download in Clickteam's website during the course of 2006, now being available for the public in general. Subsequent releases included, released in 1996, Clickteam's second product, Click and Create later renamed Multimedia Fusion Express which included more advanced features which the original Klik & Play lacked, such as scrolling, and a timeline editor, 3D game-making tool Jamagic; The Games Factory; The Games Factory 2; and Multimedia Fusion.

Clickteam's most recent application is Clickteam Fusion 2.5 (CF 2.5). This title is the successor to Multimedia Fusion 2, the company's most well-received software application to date.

In September 2016, Clickteam partnered with the Humble Bundle and offered a Fusion 2.5 centered bundle. Around ten games and Fusion 2.5 with various export modules were offered in the "Clickteam Fusion 2.5 Bundle". Notably, for several games the source code was included.

In 2019, Clickteam released a new DLC for Clickteam Fusion 2.5, named Clickteam Fusion 2.5+. It introduced new features such as child events, which only run if their parent events are true, support for DirectX11, new output window in the debugger, a profiler, and more. The aim of Clickteam Fusion 2.5+ was to make it easier to manage and organize large projects, as well as to improve performance of games created with the software.

Products
The Fusion series was designed to be a user-friendly yet powerful drag-and-drop game and application creation program, easily accessible to either those well-versed or inexperienced in programming.

Software and video game development software

 * Klik & Play (KnP) - originally created by Europress Software (Francois Lionet/Yves Lamoureux 1994)
 * Click and Create - later renamed Multimedia Fusion Express
 * The Games Factory
 * The Games Factory 2
 * Multimedia Fusion
 * Multimedia Fusion 2
 * Clickteam Fusion 2.5

Runtime export modules for Clickteam Fusion 2.5 are available for Adobe Flash, iOS, XNA, Android, HTML5, UWP and MacOS.

Other products

 * Install Creator (previously Install Maker)
 * Patch Maker
 * SynchronX (directory synchronization)
 * Jamagic

Vitalize! was another product offered by Clickteam and discontinued in 2012, functioning as a browser plugin similar to Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Shockwave Player and Microsoft Silverlight.

Games made with Clickteam tools
Some of the most notable games made using Clickteam's software are:
 * Various Five Nights at Freddy's titles, including:
 * Five Nights at Freddy's (2014)
 * Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (2014)
 * Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (2015)
 * Five Nights at Freddy's 4 (2015)
 * Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location (2016)
 * Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator (2017)
 * Ultimate Custom Night (2018)
 * Trap Adventure 2 (2016)
 * The Sea Will Claim Everything (2012) - made in Clickteam Fusion Developer 2.5 by Jonas Kyratzes
 * Mr. Hopp's Playhouse 1 & 2
 * Freedom Planet (2014)
 * I Wanna Be the Guy (2007) – made in Multimedia Fusion 2
 * Environmental Station Alpha (2015)
 * The Escapists (2015) - early versions, further development was continued on Unity
 * Spark the Electric Jester (2017)
 * Baba Is You (2019) – made in Multimedia Fusion 2
 * Angry Video Game Nerd Adventures (2013)

title: Clickteam