text:
Talk:Ögedei Khan

Ogedai Kahn wouldn't have conquered all of Europe
John Keegan's History of Warfare discusses the strategies and tactics employed by the Khans. One key area was the use of mobile warfare dependent on their large cavalry. His theory was that after leaving the Steppes, this cavalry would have had serious challenges in feeding the horses - less pasture land - and would have gradually lost enough horses to sustain that type of warfare. It was inevitable, according to Keegan, that they would have failed.

For that reason I feel the section discussing their ability to conquer all of Europe needs to be better balanced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.253.81.39 (talk) 03:10, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

i think this european pasture excuse is not enough to doubt the mental toughness of the mongol horde. Mongols have survived the harshest of weathers from the heat of the middle east and the severe winters of kievan rus which btw no other european empire of all time can overcome. If mongols did destroy the fortresses in china, persians and the best knights in eastern europe. They can defenetely destroy the scattered states of the holy roman empire. Europe is just lucky really, that the best commander subotai was unfortunate enough not to finish his winter campaign on the holy roman empire. he knows it and every mongolian knows it the asian folk can beat europe in their own turf. And yes iam mad that whites wont accept they can lose in their own homeland. its just disgusting — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.85.230.82 (talk) 06:18, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
 * The Mongols would have been over-extended in Europe beyond Ukraine. Their military foray into Hungary was "successful" but they wouldn't have been able to maintain a long-term base there. Even the Golden Horde very quickly had to rely on local princes in Russia to keep order. Destroying an army and pacifying/occupying a country are different things.104.169.18.4 (talk) 00:30, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

Machiavellian?
"He was an extremely pragmatic person, much like his father, and looked at the end rather than the means" By pragmatic is machiavellian what's meant here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.41.187.172 (talk) 13:28, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:00, 16 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Genghis Khan and three of his four sons.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:12, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Ogadai Khan.jpg

Hunan201p inserting red hair claims of Odegei Khan without historical sources
He uses a historian who speculates/suggests that Odegei Khan may have had red hair but that is all pure speculation because there is no historical record that had ever described Odegei Khan. Hunan201p never provide a historical record confirming Odegei Khan was red haired, no one had ever described him red hair during his lifetime.

Hunan201p uses this source

The problem with this. First she said "We may know what he looked like", meaning she doesn't confirm it to be 100% sure. And that's "thanks to his well-known portrait, (painted about a hundred years after his death)", how can you used a portrait painted hundred years after his deaths as evidence? Gemmaso (talk) 08:11, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * The obvious answer to your question is that if an expert can publish it in Rowman and Littlefield, we can also post it on Wikipedia. Why'd you remove Chad Garcia's content? - Hunan201p (talk) 08:20, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? Everything must be based on historical facts and CONFIRMED. You do not have any historical confirmation from medieval description or medieval historians and witness that suggest Odegei Khan had red hair. All your sources come from modern speculation. The portrait like your source says is painted hundred years after his death, how can that be considered accurate? It is very manipulative of you to insist he claiming he was red hair using a few historian speculations as facts.
 * Besides the red hair claims on Khans is a proven error. The source from Andrew Boyle https://archive.org/details/Boyle1971RashidAlDin/page/n245/mode/2up
 * "Rashid al-Din's text of red hair referred to ruddy skin complexion, and that Genghis Khan was of ruddy complexion like most of his children except for Kublai Khan who was swarthy. He translated the text as “It chanced that he was born 2 months before Möge, and when Chingiz-Khan's eye fell upon him he said: “all our children are of a ruddy complexion, but this child is swarthy like his maternal uncles. Tell Sorqoqtani Beki to give him to a good nurse to be reared” " Gemmaso (talk) 08:45, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? Everything must be based on historical facts and CONFIRMED ...who told you that? You do not have any historical confirmation from medieval description or medieval historians and witness that suggest Odegei Khan had red hair. All your sources come from modern speculation ...it is perfectly acceptable to use modern scholarship as source. The portrait like your source says is painted hundred years after his death, how can that be considered accurate?...lay off the original research already... Besides the red hair claims on Khans is a proven error. The source from Andrew Boyle ...the only error here is your hallucinatory interpretation of Boyle. That is not the part where Rashid said the Borjigins had red hair. - Hunan201p (talk) 08:56, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * So in your physical appearance, you edited Odegei Khan like he was CONFIRMED a real historical figure with red hair. Is it mainstream history now? The only thing your doing is misleading people and tricking everyone into thinking your edit is authentic and reliable. If you have a historical medieval description, witness, historian than there be no problem. What your doing is no different to Turkish historian claiming Scythians were Turks instead of Indo-Iranian or Afrocentrist claiming ancient Egyptians and Moors who ruled Europe as black based on paintings and a few modern historian interpretation.Gemmaso (talk) 09:09, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * What you're doing is called original research and WP:IDONTLIKEIT. The source clearly says he has a red beard. Don't revert well sourced edits like that. Also explain your removal of Chad Garcia's paper. - Hunan201p (talk) 09:51, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Why you accusing others of original research when is CLEARLY YOU that's doing all that. What source clearly says had red beard? Do you have Medieval descriptions or witness. Your source comes from Pamela Kyle Crossley a women subject to criticism by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and many Chinese scholarshere
 * She said: "We may know what he looked like, thanks to his well-known portrait, (painted about a hundred years after his death), " Does this sound someone that is 100% sure of herself and 100% confirmed in historical facts? No. She is subjectively making a guess that could be true or not, but it would be far more accurate if you had medieval descriptions and records to back it up otherwise it just based on her superficial beliefs to rely on a portrait made hundred years after his death.
 * What Chad Garcia's paper? post the link because I have no idea what your talking about. Gemmaso (talk) 10:03, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for admitting that you had no valid reason at all for removing that perfectly sourced addition to the article. As for the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, their reputation has been sullied as a state-run propaganda arm of the CCP, and I'm not seeing where they criticized her analysis of the Ogedei portrait. If you back and look at your revert, you removed Chad Garcia's paper without explanation. - Hunan201p (talk) 10:34, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * No I have every valid reason to remove your original research but I'm waiting for someone or anyone that finally intervenes. It doesn't have to be me but some else who read what I read and can deal with you ways. Again, your source is based on the interpretation of a historian who is not 100% sure if the hundred years later made portrait was accurate. Yours are not even a authentic portrait of the time of Odegei Khan, it was made 14th century by some unknown person.

 * Here. Learn something about Authentic portraits Historical portraits and pictures
 * " Authentic portraits
 * " Where they exist, authentic portraits, i.e. artistic depictions of a person that purport to provide an individualized, authentic representation of that person's unique looks, based either directly or indirectly on a witness's first-hand experience of their physical appearance, are obviously the best choice for illustrating history and biography articles about that person. Unfortunately, for individuals from most pre-modern cultures, such portraits are unavailable."
 * A good point they made: "Portrait" as a term should be reserved for images intended to accurately depict a real person.
 * and this is a good point too "Images which are used to illustrate later opinions about a person should be carefully placed in the discussion about those views, lest anyone think the image is an accurate image of the person. "Gemmaso (talk) 10:53, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Content is perfectly fine. Verified in WP:RS, clearly identified as opinion of author, etc. Not sure it deserves a seperate section (WP:UNDUE) so I'll move it to the character section. AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 11:34, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I have also removed the duplicated image. AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 11:36, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * AirshipJungleman29 I must ask you again to make sure. There is no first-hand historical records on Odegei Khan physical appearance and no historical description of his red hair. The Odegei Khan painting is made hundred years after his death. How can a modern historian interpretation of that be accurate?

 * This opinion...."According to Pamela Kyle Crossley, a posthumous Yuan dynasty portrait of Ögodei depicts him as having a stocky build, a red beard, and hazel eyes.[29] " The opinion of that author itself can easily influenced facts and perception. A comment like that itself would fool almost any beginner. It would blatantly fool wikipedian beginner into thinking it's based real historical facts because there is nothing suggesting that her opinion is wrong because no one is bothered about this historian that almost no one knows about this. This is basically fooling the world by telling us is a historical confirmed fact he had red beard? So if a random person reads this article, nobody needs to take any responsibility for not telling that the portrait of Odegei Khan is possibly not his true representative image?

 * The description of red hair the Khans was already proven to be a historical errors based on legends and myths. The source from Andrew Boyle shows their red hair description was referring to their reddish complexion, skin color https://archive.org/details/Boyle1971RashidAlDin/page/n245/mode/2up

 * Authentic portraits Historical portraits and pictures also authentic representation of that person's unique looks, ''based either directly or indirectly on a witness's first-hand experience of their physical appearance, are obviously the best choice for illustrating history and biography articles about that person"

 * Are you telling me is also okay to edit that in red hair. Just tell me this, your allowed to post portrait of historical figures and claim they have hair color even if the portrait may not be accurate or the historical medieval records show they never had it. As long as a modern historian thinks they had hair color than it's okay?Gemmaso (talk) 12:07, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * , you appear to be wilfully ignoring the According to Pamela Kyle Crossley part of the quote. This clearly signifies that this is an opinion of a modern historian. The opinion is that a posthumous portrait depicts him with certain features. I can see absolutely no evidence for your accusations of "fooling the world". You would do well to take back your numerous unfounded allegations before preventative measures are taken against you. AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 12:14, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * AirshipJungleman29 Well I will take back what I said. Because other administrators said, historical accuracy is very important. Based on that, it's okay to edit Odegei Khan ha red hair in the wiki page of red hair as historical fact? Portraits are artistic and sometimes unreliable. There is other portrait of him black hair and dark eyes dating back Yuan dynasty  https://images.saymedia-content.com/.image/t_share/MTc0NDU4MTIwNTU3MzA3MjQw/the-mongols-kublai-khans-impact-on-china.jpg

 * I mean I heavily dispute her opinion as a source because she said.

 * Now if this content is perfectly fine. Should we now edit Genghis Khan also have red beard and hazel eyes because I don't see any red beard and hazel eyes on Genghis Khan and even odegei Khan other described as light colered, and to me it looks brown.
 * https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg/1612px-YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg

 * Although his real life description and his portrait doesn't show it The only individuals to have recorded Genghis Khan's physical appearance during his lifetime were the Persian chronicler Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani and Chinese diplomat Zhao Hong.[182] Minhaj al-Siraj described Genghis Khan as "a man of tall stature, of vigorous build, robust in body, the hair of his face scanty and turned white, with cats’ eyes, possessed of dedicated energy, discernment, genius, and understanding, awe-striking...".[183] The chronicler had also previously commented on Genghis Khan's height, powerful build, with cat's eyes and lack of grey hair, based on the evidence of eyes witnesses in 1220, which saw Genghis Khan fighting in the Khorasan (modern day northwest Persia).[184][185] According to Paul Ratchnevsky, the Song dynasty envoy Zhao Hong who visited the Mongols in 1221,[186] described Genghis Khan as "of tall and majestic stature, his brow is broad and his beard is long".[184]. Sorry but I was very confused.Gemmaso (talk) 12:37, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it is not okay to claim that Ogedei Khan having red hair was historical fact . However, I have significant doubts about your ability to understand what such a claim would look like. The quote you helpfully provided above shows that you need to pay closer attention to what you write: it is clearly specified that the similarity to Genghis is in Ogedei's stockiness, not his beard, eyes, or helmet preparation. AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 12:45, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * AirshipJungleman29 Okay than I will revert my mistakes. On the red hair page is it okay to remove odegei Khan having red hair? Because that page is supposedly for authentic people who have real read hair as part of the 1-2% of the world population. If I am wrong I would restore it back. It's basically the same portrait but the caption says " Ögedei Khan, son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, is shown with a light-colored[48] reddish beard and mustache." Although the source only says "A portrait of a man with a light-colored beard and mustache and a turquoise cap."

 * This sentence " Showing him as stocky in the same way as Genghis', red bearded, hazel eyed " would fool a lot people. Because there also a physical description of Genghis Khan with false attemtps to claim he too was red bearded too but luckily we have historical physical description. Anyway if that 14th century painting made hundred years after is death of Odegei Khan is reliable than I will restore it back on red hair. This is the whole point all this time. Gemmaso (talk) 13:14, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I have no experience or knowledge of that page, but why not include someone else if there are disputes? AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 13:19, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * AirshipJungleman29I don't know who to ask. Anyway, I want to make a little edit on this current page. I won't remove anything but I want to add just a tiny bit of things. I want to change the current sentence just a little bit.Gemmaso (talk) 14:11, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ögedei Khan


text:
Talk:Leftoverture

Neutrality?
This page has a lot of information that needs to be distilled into a more encyclopedic style. Also, I have some misgivings about the npov. Awesimo 19:33, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

What about the npov are you concerned with? If you're going to tag the article with a disputed neutrality, please at least give some constructive criticism regarding what needs to be improved! Orkybash 17:11, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

I think Awesimo may be talking about how the entire overview section, the first thing you'd read, is totally non NPOV.

☻I am only here because the Vulcans want to know when they should come☻ (talk) 16:05, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

 * And four years on, this is finally fixed. It boggles the mind how few Wikipedia editors follow WP: BOLD. You'd think that would be the easiest Wikipedia rule to obey.--Martin IIIa (talk) 02:13, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Leftoverture title
the album wasn't called leftoverture because it was a collection of leftover songs. The song Magnum Opus was original called Leftoverture because it was a collection of song snippets all stuck together. The album was originally to be titled Magnum Opus, but for some reason (which I can't remember ATM but I know the band has said) the band decided to switch them. This should be changed in the article. DragonsDream (talk) 20:58, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Leftoverture


text: User talk:67.125.232.233

title: User talk:67.125.232.233


text:
Lowell Green

Lowell Green (born 7 July 1936) is a Canadian radio personality, journalist, and author, best known as the host of The Lowell Green Show, a conservative morning talk show that aired on the Ottawa Ontario radio station CFRA. He has written newspaper articles and autobiographical, historical and fictional books.

He was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, to Canadian parents, and immigrated to Canada. He graduated from Macdonald Agricultural College of McGill University in Montreal Quebec in 1956.

Career
Green started his radio broadcasting career in Brantford, Ontario, and subsequently moved to radio stations in Sudbury Ontario and Montreal Quebec. In 1960, he was hired by G. Campbell McDonald at CFRA as a news and farm reporter. In 1966, he began hosting Greenline, and eventually became the longest-running open-line talk show host in North America. He retired briefly from radio in the 1980s, but returned in 1990. Two of his historic broadcasts are being preserved at Library and Archives Canada.

In 1993, he returned to CFRA and hosted The Lowell Green Show until his official retirement on 4 January 2016. He continued contributing to the station's weekly midday program News and Views with Rob Snow until a Bell Media restructuring in mid-November 2019. On occasion, he can be heard calling into The Rob Snow Show, now airing on CIWW.

On 31 December 2019, in an emotional farewell, Green ended his radio career on CFRA with the following final words:"“I believe, that we all have a responsibility, more than that, we have a duty, to do whatever we can, in whatever fashion we can, to make a better world for our children. And CFRA Nation, you have done your duty, and I hope and pray that you'll continue to do so. Thank you all, goodbye.”"On 14 September 2020, Green returned online with The Island of Sanity, a one-hour podcast available on various internet platforms, which was pared down to thirty minutes on 13 October 2020 and featured live on internet radio and the social networking platform Facebook.

Accomplishments
In a late 1960s protest, Green urged his listeners to fill bottles of water taken from the polluted Rideau River, and to ship them to the Ontario legislature at Queen's Park. His listeners shipped many bottles and containers of polluted water. Canada Post objected, and stopped accepting them. According to Green, the uproar led to the creation of the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority and the start of a clean-up effort of the Rideau River and the Ottawa River.

With his 1967 Save The Centennial Flame Campaign, a month of relentless broadcasts, and over three-thousand petitions from listeners, the iconic Centennial Flame remains and continues to shine on Parliament Hill.

In 1975, after the school shooting that occurred at the St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Green and thousands of his supporters joined his Fire Arms Safety Association. It lobbied and petitioned Members of Parliament, while he appeared before parliamentary and senate committees tasked with the process of making policy and enacting new gun law legislation in Canada. In order to encourage Quebecers to vote "No" in the 1995 Quebec Independence referendum, he promoted and helped organize a political Unity Rally which was held in Place du Canada in Montreal Quebec.

With the Reverend Norman Johnston, he founded the Ottawa chapter of the Big Brothers and was founder of the Help Santa Toy Parade in Ottawa. He has contributed to ongoing efforts to help modernize and renovate the Saint Vincent Hospital and the Élisabeth Bruyère Hospital in Ottawa. He was a founder of the Sunday Herald in Ottawa which was in 1988 purchased by the Ottawa Sun.

Green has served on the boards of the United Way, the John Howard Society, the Drug Addiction Research Council, and on the town council in West Hull Quebec.

Honours and awards
Lowell Green has received several awards, including one for his 1958 coverage of the Springhill mining disaster in Nova Scotia, and one from the International Olympic Commission for broadcasts made from the 1976 Summer Olympic Games while working in Montreal. He has received the Friendship Award from the Royal Canadian Legion, the Chief of Defence staff medallion, and the Senate 150th Anniversary Medal. He has been decorated with both the Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal, and the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.

After raising CA$280 thousand during an on-air campaign for a little boy requiring life-saving medical treatment in the United States, he was presented with the Helen Keller Fellowship Award from Lions International. In 2006, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Radio and Television News Director Association. He has also been awarded the Golden Ribbon Award For Outstanding Community Service by the Canadian Association of Broadcasters.

He has received citations from Prime Minister John Diefendbaker, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and Prime Minister Stephen Harper. On 21 November 2017, he was honoured in the House of Commons of Canada by the Honourable Pierre Poilievre. Lowell Green has also received the Community Builders Award displayed at Ottawa City Hall, and has an Ottawa hospital wing and an Ottawa day named in his honour.

Politics
In 1968, Green attempted to win the Liberal nomination for the federal riding of Pontiac during the 1968 federal election, but lost this bid to Thomas Lefebvre. On 13 December 1984, Green ran for the Ontario Liberal Party in a provincial by-election in Ottawa Centre. The by-election was called after NDP Michael Cassidy resigned his seat. He came third, losing to NDP candidate Evelyn Gigantes. Green blamed this loss on his "sharp" personality and a low voter turnout. On 24 October 2020, Green publicly endorsed Matthew Fisher, a former journalist who was a foreign correspondent for The Globe and Mail, Sun Media and Postmedia Network for 34 years, to become the Conservative MP for Kanata—Carleton.

Books
The following is a list of works authored by Lowell Green. His latest book “''Amazing But True! 150 Fascinating Stories About Canada''”, was in 2017 nominated for the Governor General's Pierre Burton Award, presented annually by Canada's National History Society for works celebrating Canadian history. He has also received the Canada Book Award which recognizes and promotes Canadian authors.
 * Death in October. Renfrew, Ontario: General Store, 1996. ISBN 1-894439-19-8
 * The Pork Chop and Other Stories: A Memoir. Carp, Ontario: Creative Bound Resources, 2005. ISBN 1-894439-19-8
 * How the Granola-crunching, Tree-hugging Thug Huggers are Wrecking Our Country! Carp, Ontario: Creative Bound Resources, 2006. ISBN 1-894439-30-9
 * It's Hard to Say Goodbye. Carp, Ontario: Creative Bound Resources, 2007. ISBN 1-894439-37-6
 * Hoodwinked: The Spy Who Didn't Die. Carp, Ontario: Spruce Ridge, 2009. ISBN 978-0-9813149-0-7
 * Mayday. Mayday: curb immigration and stop multiculturalism, or it's the end of the Canada we know. Carp, Ontario: Spruce Ridge, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9813149-1-4
 * Here's proof only we conservatives have our heads screwed on straight. Carp, Ontario: Spruce Ridge, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9813149-2-1
 * Why Now Is The Perfect Time to Wave a Friendly Goodbye to Quebec. Carp, Ontario: Spruce Ridge, 2013.
 * Amazing But True!: 150 Fascinating Stories About Canada! Carp, Ontario: Spruce Ridge, 2017. ISBN 9780981314952
 * Common Sense for a Wounded Nation. Carp, Ontario: Spruce Ridge Publishing Inc, 2020. ISBN 9780981314969

Controversy
Green has been controversial at times. Several complaints have been made against him to the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC). In a 1994 complaint to the CBSC, listeners alleged that Green had been rude and abusive to a caller who identified herself as a Christian. Although the CBSC determined that Green's conduct had contravened its guidelines on discrimination, it also decided that the station had responded appropriately, and the group did not prescribe any further action. In 2006 and 2008, the council censured Green for his treatment of a Muslim man who challenged Green on the way the radio show host portrays Islam. In June 2017, there was controversy as to whether Indigo Books and Music had pulled Green's latest book, Amazing But True!, from its bookshelves in stores in Canada.

title: Lowell Green


text:
Effective action

In quantum field theory, the quantum effective action is a modified expression for the classical action taking into account quantum corrections while ensuring that the principle of least action applies, meaning that extremizing the effective action yields the equations of motion for the vacuum expectation values of the quantum fields. The effective action also acts as a generating functional for one-particle irreducible correlation functions. The potential component of the effective action is called the effective potential, with the expectation value of the true vacuum being the minimum of this potential rather than the classical potential, making it important for studying spontaneous symmetry breaking.

It was first defined perturbatively by Jeffrey Goldstone and Steven Weinberg in 1962, while the non-perturbative definition was introduced by Bryce DeWitt in 1963 and independently by Giovanni Jona-Lasinio in 1964.

The article describes the effective action for a single scalar field, however, similar results exist for multiple scalar or fermionic fields.

Generating functionals
These generating functionals also have applications in statistical mechanics and information theory, with slightly different factors of $$i$$ and sign conventions.

A quantum field theory with action $$S[\phi]$$ can be fully described in the path integral formalism using the partition functional

Z[J] = \int \mathcal D \phi e^{iS[\phi] + i \int d^4 x \phi(x)J(x)}. $$

Since it corresponds to vacuum-to-vacuum transitions in the presence of a classical external current $$J(x)$$, it can be evaluated perturbatively as the sum of all connected and disconnected Feynman diagrams. It is also the generating functional for correlation functions

\langle \hat \phi(x_1) \dots \hat \phi(x_n)\rangle = (-i)^n \frac{1}{Z[J]} \frac{\delta^n Z[J]}{\delta J(x_1) \dots \delta J(x_n)}\bigg|_{J=0}, $$

where the scalar field operators are denoted by $$\hat \phi(x)$$. One can define another useful generating functional $$W[J] = -i\ln Z[J]$$ responsible for generating connected correlation functions

\langle \hat \phi(x_1) \cdots \hat \phi(x_n)\rangle_{\text{con}} = (-i)^{n-1}\frac{\delta^n W[J]}{\delta J(x_1) \dots \delta J(x_n)}\bigg|_{J=0}, $$

which is calculated perturbatively as the sum of all connected diagrams. Here connected is interpreted in the sense of the cluster decomposition, meaning that the correlation functions approach zero at large spacelike separations. General correlation functions can always be written as a sum of products of connected correlation functions.

The quantum effective action is defined using the Legendre transformation of $$W[J]$$

where $$J_\phi$$ is the source current for which the scalar field has the expectation value $$\phi(x)$$, often called the classical field, defined implicitly as the solution to

\phi(x) = \langle \hat \phi(x)\rangle_J = \frac{\delta W[J]}{\delta J(x)}. $$

As an expectation value, the classical field can be thought of as the weighted average over quantum fluctuations in the presence of a current $$J(x)$$ that sources the scalar field. Taking the functional derivative of the Legendre transformation with respect to $$\phi(x)$$ yields

J_\phi(x) = -\frac{\delta \Gamma[\phi]}{\delta \phi(x)}. $$

In the absence of an source $$J_\phi(x) = 0$$, the above shows that the vacuum expectation value of the fields extremize the quantum effective action rather than the classical action. This is nothing more than the principle of least action in the full quantum field theory. The reason for why the quantum theory requires this modification comes from the path integral perspective since all possible field configurations contribute to the path integral, while in classical field theory only the classical configurations contribute.

The effective action is also the generating functional for one-particle irreducible (1PI) correlation functions. 1PI diagrams are connected graphs that cannot be disconnected into two pieces by cutting a single internal line. Therefore, we have

\langle \hat \phi(x_1) \dots \hat \phi(x_n)\rangle_{\mathrm{1PI}} = i \frac{\delta^n \Gamma[\phi]}{\delta \phi(x_1) \dots \delta \phi(x_n)}\bigg|_{J=0}, $$

with $$\Gamma[\phi]$$ being the sum of all 1PI Feynman diagrams. The close connection between $$W[J]$$ and $$\Gamma[\phi]$$ means that there are a number of very useful relations between their correlation functions. For example, the two-point correlation function, which is nothing less than the propagator $$\Delta(x,y)$$, is the inverse of the 1PI two-point correlation function

\Delta(x,y) = \frac{\delta^2 W[J]}{\delta J(x)\delta J(y)} = \frac{\delta \phi(x)}{\delta J(y)} = \bigg(\frac{\delta J(y)}{\delta \phi(x)}\bigg)^{-1} = -\bigg(\frac{\delta^2 \Gamma[\phi]}{\delta \phi(x)\delta \phi(y)}\bigg)^{-1} = -\Pi^{-1}(x,y). $$

Methods for calculating the effective action
A direct way to calculate the effective action $$\Gamma[\phi_0]$$ perturbatively as a sum of 1PI diagrams is to sum over all 1PI vacuum diagrams acquired using the Feynman rules derived from the shifted action $$S[\phi+\phi_0]$$. This works because any place where $$\phi_0$$ appears in any of the propagators or vertices is a place where an external $$\phi$$ line could be attached. This is very similar to the background field method which can also be used to calculate the effective action.

Alternatively, the one-loop approximation to the action can be found by considering the expansion of the partition function around the classical vacuum expectation value field configuration $$\phi(x) = \phi_{\text{cl}}(x) +\delta \phi(x)$$, yielding

\Gamma[\phi_{\text{cl}}] = S[\phi_{\text{cl}}]+\frac{i}{2}\text{Tr}\bigg[\ln \frac{\delta^2 S[\phi]}{\delta \phi(x)\delta \phi(y)}\bigg|_{\phi = \phi_{\text{cl}}} \bigg]+\cdots. $$

Symmetries
Symmetries of the classical action $$S[\phi]$$ are not automatically symmetries of the quantum effective action $$\Gamma[\phi]$$. If the classical action has a continuous symmetry depending on some functional $$F[x,\phi]$$

\phi(x) \rightarrow \phi(x) + \epsilon F[x,\phi], $$

then this directly imposes the constraint

0 = \int d^4 x \langle F[x,\phi]\rangle_{J_\phi}\frac{\delta \Gamma[\phi]}{\delta \phi(x)}. $$

This identity is an example of a Slavnov–Taylor identity. It is identical to the requirement that the effective action is invariant under the symmetry transformation

\phi(x) \rightarrow \phi(x) + \epsilon \langle F[x,\phi]\rangle_{J_\phi}. $$

This symmetry is identical to the original symmetry for the important class of linear symmetries

 * $$F[x,\phi] = a(x)+\int d^4 y \ b(x,y)\phi(y).$$

For non-linear functionals the two symmetries generally differ because the average of a non-linear functional is not equivalent to the functional of an average.

Convexity

For a spacetime with volume $$\mathcal V_4$$, the effective potential is defined as $$V(\phi) = - \Gamma[\phi]/\mathcal V_4$$. With a Hamiltonian $$H$$, the effective potential $$V(\phi)$$ at $$\phi(x)$$ always gives the minimum of the expectation value of the energy density $$ \langle \Omega|H|\Omega\rangle$$ for the set of states $$|\Omega\rangle$$ satisfying $$\langle\Omega| \hat \phi| \Omega\rangle = \phi(x)$$. This definition over multiple states is necessary because multiple different states, each of which corresponds to a particular source current, may result in the same expectation value. It can further be shown that the effective potential is necessarily a convex function $$V''(\phi) \geq 0$$.

Calculating the effective potential perturbatively can sometimes yield a non-convex result, such as a potential that has two local minima. However, the true effective potential is still convex, becoming approximately linear in the region where the apparent effective potential fails to be convex. The contradiction occurs in calculations around unstable vacua since perturbation theory necessarily assumes that the vacuum is stable. For example, consider an apparent effective potential $$V_0(\phi)$$ with two local minima whose expectation values $$\phi_1$$ and $$\phi_2$$ are the expectation values for the states $$|\Omega_1\rangle$$ and $$|\Omega_2\rangle$$, respectively. Then any $$\phi$$ in the non-convex region of $$V_0(\phi)$$ can also be acquired for some $$\lambda \in [0,1]$$ using

$$
 * \Omega\rangle \propto \sqrt \lambda |\Omega_1\rangle+\sqrt{1-\lambda}|\Omega_2\rangle.

However, the energy density of this state is $$\lambda V_0(\phi_1)+ (1-\lambda)V_0(\phi_2)<V_0(\phi)$$ meaning $$V_0(\phi)$$ cannot be the correct effective potential at $$\phi$$ since it did not minimize the energy density. Rather the true effective potential $$V(\phi)$$ is equal to or lower than this linear construction, which restores convexity.

title: Effective action


text:
Retrograde signaling

Retrograde signaling in biology is the process where a signal travels backwards from a target source to its original source. For example, the nucleus of a cell is the original source for creating signaling proteins. During retrograde signaling, instead of signals leaving the nucleus, they are sent to the nucleus. In cell biology, this type of signaling typically occurs between the mitochondria or chloroplast and the nucleus. Signaling molecules from the mitochondria or chloroplast act on the nucleus to affect nuclear gene expression. In this regard, the chloroplast or mitochondria act as a sensor for internal external stimuli which activate a signaling pathway. In neuroscience, retrograde signaling (or retrograde neurotransmission) refers more specifically to the process by which a retrograde messenger, such as anandamide or nitric oxide, is released by a postsynaptic dendrite or cell body, and travels "backwards" across a chemical synapse to bind to the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron.

In cell biology
Retrograde signals are transmitted from plastids to the nucleus in plants and eukaryotic algae, and from mitochondria to the nucleus in most eukaryotes. Retrograde signals are generally considered to convey intracellular signals related to stress and environmental sensing. Many of the molecules associated with retrograde signaling act on modifying the transcription or by directly binding and acting as a transcription factor. The outcomes of these signaling pathways vary by organism and by stimuli or stress.

Evolution
Retrograde signaling is believed to have arisen after endocytosis of the mitochondria and chloroplast billions of years ago. Originally believed to be photosynthetic bacteria, the mitochondria and chloroplast transferred some of their DNA to the membrane protected nucleus. Thus, some of the proteins required for the mitochondria or chloroplast are within the nucleus. This transfer of DNA further required a network of communication to properly respond to external and internal signals and produce requisite proteins.

In yeast
The first retrograde signaling pathways discovered in yeast is the RTG pathway. The RTG pathway plays an important role in maintaining the metabolic homeostasis of yeast. Under limited resources the mitochondria must maintain a balance of glutamate for the citric acid cycle. Retrograde signaling form the mitochondria initiates production precursor molecules of glutamate to properly balance supplies within the mitochondria. Retrograde signaling can also act to arrest growth if problems are encountered. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, if the mitochondria fails to develop properly, they will stop growing until the issue is addressed or cell death is induced. These mechanism are vital to maintain homeostasis of the cell and ensure proper function of the mitochondria.

In plants
One of the most studied retrograde signaling molecules in plants are reactive oxygen species (ROS). These compounds, previously believed to be damaging to the cell, have since been discovered to act as a signaling molecule. Reactive oxygen species are created as a by-product of aerobic respiration and act on genes involved in the stress response. Depending on the stress, reactive oxygen species can act on neighboring cells to initiate a local signal. By doing this, surrounding cells are "primed" to react to the stress because genes involved in stress response are initiated prior to encountering the stress. The chloroplast can also act as a sensor for pathogen response and drought. Detection of these stresses in the cell will induce the formation of compounds that can then act on the nucleus to produce pathogen resistance genes or drought tolerance.

In neuroscience
The primary purpose of retrograde neurotransmission is regulation of chemical neurotransmission. For this reason, retrograde neurotransmission allows neural circuits to create feedback loops. In the sense that retrograde neurotransmission mainly serves to regulate typical, anterograde neurotransmission, rather than to actually distribute any information, it is similar to electrical neurotransmission.

In contrast to conventional (anterograde) neurotransmitters, retrograde neurotransmitters are synthesized in the postsynaptic neuron, and bind to receptors on the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. Additionally, retrograde signaling initiates a signaling cascade that focuses on the presynaptic neuron. Once retrograde signaling is initiated, there is an increase in action potentials that begin in the presynaptic neuron, which directly impacts the postsynaptic neuron by increasing the number of its receptors.

Endocannabinoids like anandamide are known to act as retrograde messengers, as is nitric oxide.

Retrograde signaling may also play a role in long-term potentiation (LTP), a proposed mechanism of learning and memory, although this is controversial.

Formal definition of a retrograde neurotransmitter
In 2009, Regehr et al. proposed criteria for defining retrograde neurotransmitters. According to their work, a signaling molecule can be considered a retrograde neurotransmitter if it satisfies all of the following criteria:

 * The appropriate machinery for synthesizing and releasing the retrograde messenger must be located in the postsynaptic neuron
 * Disrupting the synthesis and/or release of the messenger from the postsynaptic neuron must prevent retrograde signaling
 * The appropriate targets for the retrograde messenger must be located in the presynaptic bouton
 * Disrupting the targets for the retrograde messenger in the presynaptic boutons must eliminate retrograde signaling
 * Exposing the presynaptic bouton to the messenger should mimic retrograde signaling provided the presence of the retrograde messenger is sufficient for retrograde signaling to occur
 * In cases where the retrograde messenger is not sufficient, pairing the other factors with the retrograde signal should mimic the phenomenon

Types of retrograde neurotransmitters
The most prevalent endogenous retrograde neurotransmitters are nitric oxide and various endocannabinoids, which are lipophilic ligands.

The retrograde neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO) is a soluble gas that can readily diffuse through various cell membranes. Nitric oxide synthase is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of NO in various presynaptic cells. Specifically, NO is known to play a critical role in LTP, which plays an important role in memory storage within the hippocampus. Additionally, literature suggests that NO can act as intracellular messengers in the brain and can also have an effect on the presynaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses.

Utilizing retrograde signaling, endocannabinoids, a type of retrograde neurotransmitter, are activated when they bind to G-protein coupled receptors on the presynaptic terminals of neurons. The activation of endocannabinoids results in the release of particular neurotransmitters at the excitatory and inhibitory synapses of a neuron, ultimately impacting various forms of plasticity.

Retrograde signaling in long-term potentiation
As it pertains to LTP, retrograde signaling is a hypothesis describing how events underlying LTP may begin in the postsynaptic neuron but be propagated to the presynaptic neuron, even though normal communication across a chemical synapse occurs in a presynaptic to postsynaptic direction. It is used most commonly by those who argue that presynaptic neurons contribute significantly to the expression of LTP.

Background
Long-term potentiation is the persistent increase in the strength of a chemical synapse that lasts from hours to days. It is thought to occur via two temporally separated events, with induction occurring first, followed by expression. Most LTP investigators agree that induction is entirely postsynaptic, whereas there is disagreement as to whether expression is principally a presynaptic or postsynaptic event. Some researchers believe that both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms play a role in LTP expression.

Were LTP entirely induced and expressed postsynaptically, there would be no need for the postsynaptic cell to communicate with the presynaptic cell following LTP induction. However, postsynaptic induction combined with presynaptic expression requires that, following induction, the postsynaptic cell must communicate with the presynaptic cell. Because normal synaptic transmission occurs in a presynaptic to postsynaptic direction, postsynaptic to presynaptic communication is considered a form of retrograde transmission.

Mechanism
The retrograde signaling hypothesis proposes that during the early stages of LTP expression, the postsynaptic cell "sends a message" to the presynaptic cell to notify it that an LTP-inducing stimulus has been received postsynaptically. The general hypothesis of retrograde signaling does not propose a precise mechanism by which this message is sent and received. One mechanism may be that the postsynaptic cell synthesizes and releases a retrograde messenger upon receipt of LTP-inducing stimulation. Another is that it releases a preformed retrograde messenger upon such activation. Yet another mechanism is that synapse-spanning proteins may be altered by LTP-inducing stimuli in the postsynaptic cell, and that changes in conformation of these proteins propagates this information across the synapse and to the presynaptic cell.

Identity of the messenger
Of these mechanisms, the retrograde messenger hypothesis has received the most attention. Among proponents of the model, there is disagreement over the identity of the retrograde messenger. A flurry of work in the early 1990s to demonstrate the existence of a retrograde messenger and to determine its identity generated a list of candidates including carbon monoxide, platelet-activating factor, arachidonic acid, and nitric oxide. Nitric oxide has received a great deal of attention in the past, but has recently been superseded by adhesion proteins that span the synaptic cleft to join the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. The endocannabinoids anandamide and/or 2-AG, acting through G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors, may play an important role in retrograde signaling in LTP.

title: Retrograde signaling


text:
Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan

Tini "Whetu" Marama Tirikatene-Sullivan (9 January 1932 – 20 July 2011) was a New Zealand politician. She was an MP from 1967 to 1996, representing the Labour Party and was New Zealand’s first Māori woman cabinet minister. At the time of her retirement, she was the second longest-serving MP in Parliament, being in her tenth term of office. She was one of twenty holders of the Order of New Zealand, the highest honour of the country.

Early life
Whetu Marama Tirikatene was born on 9 January 1932, the daughter of Eruera Tirikatene and Ruti Tirikatene (Solomon). Her iwi are Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Kahungunu. She was raised at Rātana Pā by her grandmother, dress designer and tailor Amiria Henrici Solomon. Educated at Rangiora High School and Wellington East Girls' College, she excelled in dancing, winning the New Zealand amateur Latin American ballroom dancing championship with her Australian partner Kevin Mansfield, and was also accomplished in fencing, becoming one of the top four female fencers in the country. She studied for a PhD in political science at the Australian National University, with the topic "Contemporary Maori Political Involvement". While there, she met Denis Sullivan, a physics PhD student who later became an associate professor in physics and astrophysics at Victoria University of Wellington, and they were married in Canberra on 18 March 1967.

Member of Parliament
Her brother Te Rino Tirikatene stood unsuccessfully for the Labour Party in the and  for. When their father Sir Eruera Tirikatene died in 1967 many expected Te Rino to succeed him as MP for Southern Maori. As Te Rino was part-Maori and entitled to choose between being on the Maori and European electoral rolls, at the time of the by-election he was registered on the European roll in Rangiora where he had to remain under the electoral act until the next general election, which made it unlikely he would be eligible as a candidate in Southern Maori. With her brother effectively ruled out, attention turned to Tirikatene (studying in Australia at the time) as the likely Labour candidate for the seat. She was eventually selected as Labour's candidate.

She duly was elected to succeed her father in Parliament at the Southern Maori by-election of 1967. Between 1972 and 1975, she was the Minister of Tourism. In addition, she was Associate minister of Social Welfare from 1972 to 1974. She was Minister for the Environment from 1974 to 1975. She was re-elected by substantial majorities until the 1996 election, when the Southern Maori electorate was abolished in the transition to MMP. Tirikatene-Sullivan then contested the new Te Tai Tonga electorate, which covered much of the same territory as the old Southern Maori electorate, but she was narrowly defeated by Tu Wyllie of New Zealand First. She subsequently retired from politics.

In 1970, Tirikatene-Sullivan became the second woman to give birth whilst an MP. She later became the first (both in New Zealand and the Commonwealth) cabinet minister to give birth to a child.

On 6 February 1993, Tirikatene-Sullivan was appointed a Member of the Order of New Zealand, the highest civilian award given by the New Zealand government. The same year, she was awarded the New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal. She died in Wellington on 20 July 2011.

Legacy
Tirikatene-Sullivan was the youngest Māori woman elected at the time, she was also the first Māori woman to be a cabinet minister, and the first sitting MP to give birth in New Zealand. In 2016, her portrait was raised alongside Iriaka Ratana in the New Zealand Parliament Buildings at Mātangireia. The portraits were hung with a special ceremony held to commemorate them, with extended family attending the ceremony. Tirikatene-Sullivan's 29 years representing Southern Maori was the longest at the time, and was only surpassed by Annette King's 30 years as the longest-serving women in New Zealand's Parliament.

Tirikatene-Sullivan was particularly known for her style of dress, often wearing fashionable outfits rather than the suits many professional women wore at the time. She was a patron of the arts, and she commissioned garments from contemporary Māori artists. These included artists like Sandy Adsett, Para Matchitt, Cliff Whiting, and Frank Davis. The Māori motifs that were incorporated into her outfits was unique for the time, and exposed New Zealanders to a new expression of Māori art. Tirikatene-Sullivan was acutely aware that her style of dress and design choice served as a political statement, and was conscious of the transformative power her style of dress served. As Minister of Tourism, she took her unique style to locations such as Australia's Sydney Opera House, where she exhibited her Tania evening gown featuring a kowhaiwhai motif on a global stage. Her collection of outfits was exhibited at MTG Hawke's Bay at an exhibition titled Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan: Travel in Style.

title: Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan


text:
Taste of Chicago

The Taste of Chicago (also known locally as The Taste) is the world's largest food festival, held in September in Chicago, Illinois in Grant Park. The event is also the largest festival in Chicago. Non-food-related events include live music on multiple stages, including the Petrillo Music Shell, pavilions, and performances. Musical acts vary from nationally known artists like Carlos Santana, Moby, Kenny Rogers, or Robert Plant to name just a few, to local artists. Since 2008, The Chicago Country Music Festival was held simultaneously with the Taste of Chicago but now has its own two-day festival, typically held in the fall. The Taste of Chicago also has rides present which may include a Ferris wheel and the Jump to Be Fit among others.

History
Arnie Morton, creator of the Taste, decided to line up Chicago restaurants to participate and persuaded then-Chicago mayor Jane Byrne and Commissioner of Cultural Affairs Lois Weisberg to block off Michigan Avenue for the first Taste of Chicago on July 4, 1980. Although organizers expected 100,000 people, a crowd of over 250,000 showed up, with food and soda sales grossing $300,000 at the festival's inception. The next year, the Taste of Chicago was moved to Grant Park and grew in size and scope, becoming a 10-day event with more food vendors and musical performers; it also became the world's largest food festival.

ChicagoFest, started by mayor Michael Bilandic, was the precursor to the Taste of Chicago. After Bilandic's tenure in office, newly elected Mayor Jane Byrne attempted to end the festival as well as many other programs associated with the former mayor. Many Chicagoans disapproved of Mayor Byrne's attempt to stop the festivities (although attendance at ChicagoFest had begun to wane). She and her successor, Mayor Harold Washington, dedicated more time and energy to promoting the Taste, slowly phasing ChicagoFest out in the process. Mayor Washington finally put an end to ChicagoFest when in 1983 it was moved from Navy Pier to Soldier Field and attendance continued to wane. The popularity of the Taste of Chicago has prompted other cities to spawn numerous offshoots and equivalents throughout North America such as the Taste of Champaign, CityFest in Detroit, the Taste of the Danforth in Toronto, the Taste of Kalamazoo, Taste of Addison, Taste of Denver, Taste in Dallas, Taste of Madison, Taste of Austin, the Taste of Peoria in Peoria, Illinois, and the Bite in Portland to name a few. The first "taste of" festival was Taste of Cincinnati in 1979.

In 2005, the Taste attracted about 3.9 million people with over 70 food vendors. Foods at the event include Chicago-style pizza, Chicago hot dogs, barbecued ribs, Italian Beef, Maxwell Street Polish Sausage, Eli's Cheesecake, and a variety of ethnic and regional foods. A total of 3.6 million people visited the 2006 Taste of Chicago. Attendance for the previous record 10-day event, in 2004, was 3.59 million, with $12.33 million in revenue. These lackluster statistics prompted several changes. The mayor transferred power over the event from the Chicago Park District to the Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events, and the event was shortened to 5 days. In 2012, the Taste of Chicago ran from July 11 to July 15 and had 36 participating restaurants. In 2013, the Taste of Chicago turned a profit for the first time in six years with sales totaling $272,000. On Saturday, July 12, 2014, the Taste of Chicago closed because of severe weather—the first time the festival was canceled for the entire day because of "excessive rainfall and flooding on the festival grounds".

In June 2020, the event was one of several Chicago events officially cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic; it was replaced by "Taste of Chicago To-Go" programming that included an online directory of vendors, video cooking demonstrations and performances, a food truck procession, and an expansion of the existing Community Eats program that brings free meals to first responders.

2007 salmonella outbreak
On July 12, 2007, city officials reported that an outbreak beginning in the Pars Cove Persian Cuisine booth caused 17 people to fall ill due to Salmonella poisoning. Of those affected, three were hospitalized, including one minor. City officials started to receive reports of sickness on Monday but waited to issue a notice until Wednesday. The notice warned the public about symptoms and causes behind the bacteria that is spread by consuming foods contaminated with animal feces. After a thorough investigation of the Pars Cove Persian Cuisine booth, it was determined that the cucumber, hummus, and pomegranate chicken were the source of the illness. The booth failed a previous routine inspection for serving undercooked dishes but city officials did not file the report until Wednesday. City health inspectors found several violations at the restaurant including unsanitary conditions, improper refrigeration, and mouse droppings.

List of musical performers
The festival hosts a wide variety of performers.

title: Taste of Chicago


text:
Daniel Hernández (soccer, born 1976)

Daniel Demetrio Hernández (born July 23, 1976, in Tyler, Texas) is an American former soccer player.

Youth and college
Hernández was a student at John Tyler High School and played youth soccer for the Dallas Texans Soccer Club. He played college soccer and college football as a placekicker at Southern Methodist University from 1994 to 1997, where he was a First Team All-American as an attacking midfielder.

Professional
Upon graduating from SMU, Hernández was drafted in the second round of the 1998 MLS College Draft by the Los Angeles Galaxy of Major League Soccer. He saw little playing time in the Galaxy, appearing mostly a substitute, before being traded to the Tampa Bay Mutiny in exchange for Jorge Salcedo. Hernández hardly played for the Mutiny either, appearing in only four games, and was traded the next year to the MetroStars for the rights to Daniel Alvarez.

With the MetroStars, Hernández finally came into his own, earning a starting position, first in central defense, and then becoming one of the league's most dangerous defensive midfielders. He stayed with the MetroStars from 2000 to 2002, but was a part of a blockbuster trade in the middle of 2002, which sent him along with Brian Kamler and Diego Serna to the New England Revolution for Mamadou Diallo, Andy Williams, and Ted Chronopoulos. Despite being a starter for the Revolution, Hernández expressed displeasure with his situation, requesting a trade to his home state Dallas Burn. The Burn, however, were unwilling to make such a trade, and upon the emergence of an adequate replacement for him in Shalrie Joseph, Hernández was transferred to Mexican club Necaxa mid-season 2003. In six seasons in MLS, he totalled four goals and 15 assists in league play.

To the surprise of many, Hernández – called Demetrio in Mexico – earned a starting position as a central defender on the club. According to Hernández, his profile in his hometown of Tyler has increased enormously since his arrival in the Primera División. However, in 2005, he came back to MLS, re-signing with New England. In 2007, he was waived by the Revolution.

After brief stints back in Mexico with Puebla and Chiapas F.C. in 2007 and 2008, Hernández signed with FC Dallas in September 2009. With Dallas, Hernandez has been a key player playing as the team's primary defensive midfielder. Following the 2011 season, Hernández signed an extension with the club that saw him also become an assistant coach as part of a transition out of his playing career.

Hernández announced his retirement from playing professional soccer on November 21, 2012.

Coaching
Upon retiring as a player, it was announced Hernández would have a full-time coaching role, also with FC Dallas. However, just a few weeks after being hired Hernández was fired from his coaching job with FC Dallas.

Los Angeles Galaxy

 * Major League Soccer Supporters' Shield (1): 1998

MetroStars

 * Major League Soccer Eastern Conference Championship (1): 2000

New England Revolution

 * Major League Soccer Eastern Conference Championship (3): 2002, 2005, 2006

FC Dallas

 * Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship (1): 2010

title: Daniel Hernández (soccer, born 1976)


text: User talk:219.93.211.74

title: User talk:219.93.211.74


text:
User talk:Siraaj

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:46, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Talk:Western Asia
Hi Siraaj, I fully agree with your comments here. :) Izzedine 08:34, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Thank you. :-) --Siraaj (talk) 07:56, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Siraaj


text:
User talk:Rosegarden

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:46, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Europe 10,000 Challenge invite
Hi. The WikiProject Europe/The 10,000 Challenge has recently started, based on the UK/Ireland The 10,000 Challenge. The idea is not to record every minor edit, but to create a momentum to motivate editors to produce good content improvements and creations and inspire people to work on more countries than they might otherwise work on. There's also the possibility of establishing smaller country or regional challenges for places like Germany, Italy, the Benelux countries, Iberian Peninsula, Romania, Slovenia etc, much like The 1000 Challenge (Nordic). For this to really work we need diversity and exciting content and editors from a broad range of countries regularly contributing. If you would like to see masses of articles being improved for Europe and your specialist country like WikiProject Africa/The Africa Destubathon, sign up today and once the challenge starts a contest can be organized. This is a way we can target every country of Europe, and steadily vastly improve the encyclopedia. We need numbers to make this work so consider signing up as a participant and also sign under any country sub challenge on the page that you might contribute to! Thank you. --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:08, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

title: User talk:Rosegarden


text:
Ethel T. Wead Mick

Ethel Theresa Wead Mick (March 9, 1881 – February 21, 1957) is the founder of the Masonic girls' organization The International Order of Job's Daughters (now known as Job's Daughters International) and served as its first Supreme Guardian.

History
She was born in Atlantic, Iowa to William Henry Wead and Elizabeth Delight Hutchinson Wead, the youngest of four siblings. She was brought up in a close-knit, very religious family. Her mother read stories from the Bible every evening and often made reference to the Book of Job, hoping that her daughters would become "as fair as the daughters of Job". This influence eventually resulted in the founding of the Order of Job's Daughters in 1920, so named in honor of her mother. The group became International in 1931 when a bethel opened in British Columbia, Canada. Job's Daughters International now exists in the US, Canada, Brazil, Australia and the Philippines.

Wead met William Mick while attending Creighton Medical College in Omaha, Nebraska. They were married in May 1904 and had two daughters, Ethel and Ruth. She enjoyed a variety of hobbies including oil painting, singing, reading, traveling and participating in several different fraternal organizations and civic clubs. She died in Cleveland, Ohio, and is buried in Omaha.

title: Ethel T. Wead Mick


text:
File:Kansas - Point of Know Return.jpg

Cover for album Point of Know Return by Kansas.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright

title: File:Kansas - Point of Know Return.jpg


text:
CJAX-FM

CJAX-FM (96.9 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Vancouver, British Columbia. Owned by Rogers Radio, a division of Rogers Sports & Media, it broadcasts an adult hits radio format branded as Jack 96.9. Its studios are at 2440 Ash Street in the Fairview neighbourhood of Vancouver. CJAX was the first conventional radio station in North America to adopt the "Jack" branding, officially classified as "variety hits" or "adult hits". Most "Jack" stations play a wide mix of music from the late 60s through the 90s, as well as some current and recent adult contemporary and hot adult contemporary singles.

CJAX-FM is a Class C station with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 32,000 watts (70,000 watts maximum). The transmitter is atop Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver. Programming is simulcast on a 1,430-watt repeater, 96.9 CJAX-FM-1 in Whistler.

Jazz and Urban AC
The station signed on the air on March 1, 1980. Its original call sign was CJAZ-FM and it broadcast on 92.1 FM in Vancouver. It was owned by Selkirk Communications, airing an all-jazz format. It transmitted from Salt Spring Island at 100,000 watts. Although overall regional coverage was very good, poor stereo reception in the key Vancouver area led the station to make some changes in 1984. It switched its frequency to 96.9 MHz and it relocated its transmitter to Mount Seymour.

Low ratings for its jazz format led to a format change on September 15, 1985, when the station adopted an urban adult contemporary format, the first in Canada. It rebranded as FM 97 and the call sign was changed to CKKS-FM.

Adult contemporary
In 1986, CKKS began playing adult contemporary music with an on-air rebranding to 97 Kiss FM. Four years later, the station was sold to Maclean-Hunter Ltd., and in 1994, it became a part of Rogers Broadcasting. Rival station CHQM-FM dropped its easy listening format in 1992, also switching to an adult contemporary format. Its ratings surpassed CKKS as Vancouver's leading AC station, becoming Vancouver's most-listened-to FM station later on.

In 1988, the West Coast Community T.V. Association received CRTC approval to add a low-power transmitter at 102.7 MHz in Ucluelet to rebroadcast the programming of CKKS-FM. The call sign for the Ucluelet transmitter (currently dark) is CIWC-FM.

Jack-FM
In early December of 2002, the station switched to Christmas music for the holidays. On Boxing Day, at 8 a.m., CKKS flipped to adult hits as Jack FM. The first song on "Jack" was "You Shook Me All Night Long" by AC/DC. The change ended the ten-year AC war in Vancouver, which meant that CHQM-FM became the only mainstream AC station in the Vancouver market.

Given the "attitude" inherent in the "Jack" brand, management felt that the call letters "CKKS" would maintain an undesirable association with Kiss-FM's "soft favourites" identity. As it turned out, in 2001, Corus Entertainment had abandoned the old CKLG call sign formerly assigned to one of its Vancouver AM stations (Mojo AM 730). Rogers applied to transfer these letters to Jack FM, and the station's call sign became CKLG-FM shortly thereafter. This was in part an attempt to trade on CKLG-AM's history as a popular Vancouver music station in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The move was successful, as Jack-FM's ratings increased dramatically, at one point briefly surpassing traditional market leader CKNW before settling into the upper rankings in the Vancouver market. (The CKKS call sign was subsequently given to a Sechelt rebroadcaster of CISQ-FM in Squamish, British Columbia.)

In July 2012, the station adopted the "Playing Whatever! Whenever!" slogan. The station also added in more recent adult contemporary and hot adult contemporary songs. In 2014, the call letters were changed again, this time to CJAX-FM to reflect the "Jack" branding.

Controversy
In 2005, some members of Vancouver's Indo-Canadian community accused the station of racial insensitivity. They objected to 96.9 Jack-FM's advertising strategy.

The ads in question featured Vijay Chandra, a Fijian radio engineer for the station with a strong South Asian accent, singing to promote Jack-FM's "Larry and Willy show". The complaints stemmed from a perception that viewers are intended to laugh at Chandra's accent, rather than at the ad copy itself, and that similar lyrics performed without an accent would not be considered humorous.

HD Radio
In May 2016, CJAX began broadcasting using HD Radio technology. On June 23, 2016, CJAX added a simulcast of all-news sister station CKWX on its HD2 digital subchannel. On August 28, 2017, CJAX added a simulcast of co-owned sports radio station CISL to its HD3 subchannel.

title: CJAX-FM


text:
User talk:Aesha

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:53, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aesha


text:
User talk:Heida Maria

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:53, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Introduction
Hi, Heidi. I am very new to WP and am interested in working on the psychology section. I wanted to get an idea of who are the current contributors, their backgrounds, etc. so I know the layout a bit. And I wanted to introduce myself, as well. I am quite impressed with the breath of your contributions and am intriqued from whence they come. I am not sure exactly the social proprieties are but if you have any advice about contributing to the psychology section, might you drop me a short note. Thanks.

rsugdenphd a t yahoo d o t com Rsugden 06:13, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

History - the unconscious mind is controversial, at best
I wonder if you aren't confusing Freud's dynamic unconscious with unconscious processes in the mind? I think the section you deleted needs to be rewritten but the historical connection to Freud is essential. However, I think this whole section needs an overall edit for clarity and organization. I propose to try to do some of it but am not sure if it will be worth the effort, i.e., whether it won't just be deleted because of it sounding too academic. What do you think?

History - the unconscious mind is controversial, at best
I wonder if you aren't confusing Freud's dynamic unconscious with unconscious processes in the mind? I think the section you deleted needs to be rewritten but the historical connection to Freud is essential. However, I think this whole section needs an overall edit for clarity and organization. I propose to try to do some of it but am not sure if it will be worth the effort, i.e., whether it won't just be deleted because of it sounding too academic. What do you think? Rsugden 15:29, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Psst
I'm trying to build support for this nomination in its last few days. Please check out this page. Pass it along. Nudge nudge. -- evrik 20:36, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Can you help me?
Hi Heida Maria, you'r Icelandic, I wonder if you could help me? I try to find out how to pronounce the name of the island Surtsey. Do you know how to notate that in IPA, or could you describe to me how to pronounce it? Is the "u" pronounced like "u" in "you" or like "r" in "sir"? The "ey" like "ey" in Reykjavík or like "I" in "Iceland" (or like the "Í" in "Íceland")? Thanks for any hints! --Wirthi 18:49, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your last reply. We were able to create an IPA-transcription of how to pronounce Surtsey.
 * I have another two questions for you. First, perhaps easier to explain: What is the real name of the sports club Breidablik Kópavogur. Quite a few sources on the internet call this club Breidablik Kópavagur (not the difference of using a or o in Kópavogur). The city is called Kópavogur so I guess the first version is correct, or is this some kind of grammar issue?
 * The other question is about politics. Iceland seems to have quite an active political landscape. Especially the social democrats seem to have "a few different parties". This creates some misunderstandings; on the german wikipedia we have de:Sozialdemokratische Partei Islands (Social Democratic Party (Iceland), Alþýðuflokkurinn) and de:Sozialdemokratische Volkspartei ("socialdemocratic people's party"). For the second one we neither have a link to the english wikipedia nor an icelandic name. There is a party Socialist Party (Iceland) though, that ceased to exist in 1968 (was merged into AlÞýðubandalag, "peoples alliance"). The article in the german wikipedia claims the party still exists. Can you confirm the englisch WP-Articles (Social Democratic Party (Iceland), Socialist Party (Iceland) and People's Alliance (Iceland)) are correct and i can use the data there to correct the german ones? Thanks for your help! --Wirthi 07:44, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Rating the ToK
Hi. I'm trying to get members of the Psychology Project to get together and rate the both the quality and importance of the Tree of Knowledge System. Hope you're interested. Have a great day! EPM 19:23, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Request for peer review
The article Clinical psychology has just been listed for peer review. You are invited to lend your editing eyes to see if it needs any modifications, great or small, before it is submitted to the Featured Article review. Then head on over to the peer review page and add your comments, if you are so inspired. Thank you!! Psykhosis 20:25, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Not rods and cones
Dear Heida Maria,

In the discussion on the article on afterimages, you said: There is not universal agreement about wheither a negative afterimage results from adaption of cones; increasingly people are looking at adaption in ganglion cells in the retina and cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the brain.--Heida Maria 14:46, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

I replied:

 * But I thought one can rule out LGN neurons' being primarily responsible for afterimages by showing that pressure blinding abolishes afterimages. That would be consistent with afterimages' being mediated by the photoreceptors or by the retinal ganglion cells. Robert P. O'Shea 07:06, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Actually I think you would be good to rewrite the entire article to address some of the problems I found with it. Robert P. O'Shea 07:11, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland
Maybe you are interested in this project... --Michkalas 14:06, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

last.fm
Hi Heida, I was looking at your last.fm page, and noticed that it contained a link to some personal information. If I may, I suggest that you either remove the link to your last.fm page, or remove the other link from you last.fm page. I've seen more than one case of an editor being stalked/harassed in real life because of Wikipedia, so it's probably best not to have any personal info available here. Either way, I'd recommend removing this from your talk page after reading it, just so no one gets any ideas. Cheers, faithless   (speak)  04:26, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. :) faithless   (speak)  04:36, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Wikimania 2010 could be coming to Stockholm!
I'm leaving you a note as you may be interested in this opportunity.

People from all six Nordic Wiki-communities (sv, no, nn, fi, da and is) are coordinating a bid for Wikimania 2010 in Stockholm. I'm sending you a message to let you know that this is occurring, and over the next few months we're looking for community support to make sure this happens! See the bid page on meta and if you like such an idea, please sign the "supporters" list at the bottom. Tack (or takk), and have a wonderful day! Mike H. Fierce! 09:48, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Heida Maria