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Titleist

Titleist (pronounced "title-ist") is an American brand of golf equipment produced by the Acushnet Company, headquartered in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1932 by Philip E. Young, it focuses on golf balls, clubs and golf bags.

The name Titleist is derived from the word "titlist", which means "title holder".

History
Philip E. Young, a graduate of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, founded Titleist in 1932. When playing a round of golf with his dentist, Young missed a sure putt that seemed to be caused by the weight of the ball. He then asked his dentist friend to X-ray the ball and the film showed that the rubber core was off-center. After this initial discovery, Young took X-rays of more golf balls and found that most were poorly constructed with off-center cores and prone to erratic shots. This inspired Young to produce his own line of golf balls, which would become known as Titleist.

In 1930, Young developed a machine that could uniformly wind rubber string around a rubber core, making a "dead center" golf ball. He named the ball "Titleist," noting it was the "winner" of the quest to create the best for the game. The golf division of the Acushnet Process Company produced the Titleist golf ball in 1935, which became the company's most successful product.

In 1948, Titleist introduced "Dynamite Thread" to increase the yardage of their balls. A year later, Titleist became the most used ball at the U.S. Open Tournament.

Titleist was purchased by American Brands (later renamed to Fortune Brands) in 1976. In 1985, American Brands sold off the Acushnet Company's Acushnet Rubber division, which was Acushnet's original business (circa early 1900s).

On December 8, 2010, Fortune Brands announced that it would soon sell or spin off Titleist and some other brands. It was then announced on May 20, 2011, that a Korean group associated with Fila Korea, Ltd. and Mirae Asset Private Equity would purchase Acushnet for $1.23 billion in cash.

Pro V1
The Pro V1 ball made its debut on the PGA Tour at Las Vegas on October 11, 2000, the first week it was available to the pros. A longtime Titleist user, Billy Andrade, won that first tournament with the new ball. The Pro V1 was available to the public by December. The Pro V1 was a dramatic change in innovation for the golf ball market as a whole and for the brand, which had traditionally used a wound-ball construction (with a liquid-filled core center) for its top-of-the-line golf balls.

Shortly after its introduction the Titleist Pro V1 became the most played ball on the PGA Tour and has been for the past 20 years, picking up the most worldwide wins from both direct brand ambassadors (meaning they play Titleist equipment) and players who are not directly under contract and considered brand ambassadors from Titleist. Three years after Titleist's initial breakthrough with the Pro V1 came the Pro V1x, a ball with 60 fewer dimples. The combination of a larger firmer core, a thinner cover, and 60 fewer dimples resulted in a ball that retained the same soft feel of the Pro V1 while reducing spin and increasing distance.

In December 2007, Acushnet lost a patent infringement suit brought by Callaway. The following November, Callaway won an injunction in a Delaware court, ruling that sales of the Pro V1 golf balls must be stopped from January 1, 2009, with professionals being able to continue with their use until the end of the year. Acushnet immediately announced that they would be appealing the decision. Acushnet somewhat redesigned the Pro-V1 during the dispute. On August 14, 2009, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit vacated the judgment against Acushnet and ordered a new trial. On March 29, 2010, a federal jury ruled in favor of Acushnet (Titleist), and found that the Callaway patents were invalid.

Endorsements
Titleist has maintained endorsement deals with many leading professional players, including Ludvig Åberg, Wyndham Clark, Max Homa, Danielle Kang, Jessica Korda, Jordan Spieth, Justin Thomas, and Will Zalatoris.

Players previously contracted with Titleist include Tiger Woods and Rory McIlroy, before both moved to Nike and then later TaylorMade, and Phil Mickelson, who switched to Callaway shortly after his 2004 Masters Tournament win.

title: Titleist


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Teaching assistant

A teaching assistant (TA) or education assistant (EA) is an individual who assists a professor or teacher with instructional responsibilities. TAs include graduate teaching assistants (GTAs), who are graduate students; undergraduate teaching assistants (UTAs), who are undergraduate students; secondary school TAs, who are either high school students or adults; and elementary school TAs, who are adults (also known as paraprofessional educators or teacher's aides).

By definition, TAs assist with classes, but many graduate students serve as the sole instructor for one or more classes each semester as a teaching fellow or graduate student instructor, although in some American states, such as Florida, they are called "teaching assistants". Graduate and adult TAs generally have a fixed salary determined by each contract period (usually a semester or an academic year); however, undergraduates and high school students are sometimes unpaid and in the US and other countries with the credit system, receive course credits in return for their assistance.

Graduate
Graduate teaching assistants (often referred to as GTAs or simply TAs) are graduate students employed on a temporary contract by a department at a college or university in teaching-related responsibilities. In New Zealand, Australian, and some Canadian universities, graduate TAs are known as tutors. North American graduate TA positions provide funding for postgraduate research—although the main purpose is to provide teaching support—and it often serves as a first career step for aspiring academics. TA responsibilities vary greatly and may include: tutoring; holding office hours; invigilating tests or exams; and assisting a professor with a large lecture class by teaching students in recitation, laboratory, or discussion sessions. Professors may also use their teaching assistants to help teach discussions during regular class. This gives the graduate student opportunity to use their teaching skills, as many are in pursuit of teaching careers. Some graduate students assist in distance education courses by meeting with the students as professors are not able to. Graduate TAs should not be confused with teaching fellows (TFs) or graduate student instructors (GSIs), who are graduate students who serve as the primary instructors for courses. However, at some universities, such as those in the Florida State University System, there are neither teaching fellows nor graduate student instructors, and "teaching assistant" is the only title used.

Tutorials
In British, Australian, New Zealand, South African, Indian, Italian, Irish and some Canadian universities, a TA is often, but not always, a postgraduate student or a lecturer assigned to conduct a seminar for undergraduate students, often known as a tutorial. At the University of Cambridge, tutors are known as supervisors, and tutorials are supervisions. The equivalent of this kind of tutor in the United States and the rest of Canada is known as a graduate teaching assistant or a graduate student instructor (GSI).

Undergraduate
UTAs or JTAs (Junior Teacher Assistants) usually serve as true assistants to a class; they typically have taken the course with which they are assisting, often with the same professor, and have performed well in it. This case is less common for GTAs, since many would have been undergraduates at other institutions. Unlike professors and GTAs, UTAs generally do not have a fixed salary but instead are paid by the hour, earn credit hours, or volunteer their time.

High school
The term teaching assistant is used in a school setting for students or adults that assist a teacher with one or more classes. The responsibilities, situations, and conditions of these individuals' involvement differ from those in higher education. A less formal position, a TA job in secondary education is generally determined by the supervising teacher. Common tasks include assisting students with their work, and taking attendance. Most of the responsibilities of Teaching Assistants do not require the academic expertise of the professor in charge. Some teaching assistants at this level may teach portions of the class lessons, or teach lessons to small groups of students who need extra instruction. Many TAs work "one-on-one" with special needs students; these TAs shadow their student and assist with classwork, organization, and behavior management. In some parts of the United States it is customary or even required that each classroom have one certified teacher and one or more co-teachers or teaching assistants.

Students attending high school and middle schools can take a course, usually an elective, and perform tasks such as grade and record scores on homework or tests. The teacher in this setting reviews the grading to assign partial credit on tests and uses discretion.

Elementary school
An elementary school teaching assistant is an adult who is hired to help a teacher with class-related duties, which are similar to those encountered in middle and high school settings. They are sometimes referred to as paraprofessionals ("paras" for short) or teacher's aides. Elementary school teaching assistants are generally hired on a contract that lasts the entire academic year. Teaching assistants aide with multiple duties within schools and can be hired in special education as well.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Teaching assistant


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Alex, Haute-Savoie

Alex (Alé) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

Geography
The Fier forms most of the commune's northern border.

title: Alex, Haute-Savoie


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USS LST-558

USS LST-558 was a United States Navy tank landing ship in commission from 1944 to 1946.

LST-558 was laid down on 11 February 1944 at Evansville, Indiana, by the Missouri Valley Bridge and Iron Company. She was launched on 14 April 1944, sponsored by Mrs. Henry Goodman, and commissioned on 8 May 1944.

During World War II, LST-558 was assigned to the Pacific Theater of Operations and participated in the following operations:

 * Capture and occupation of southern Palau Islands — September and October 1944
 * Leyte landings — October and November 1944
 * Lingayen Gulf landing — January 1945
 * Zambales-Subic Bay — January 1945
 * Iwo Jima - Assault and occupation, 19 to 25 February 1945
 * Okinawa Gunto — April 1945

Following the war, LST-558 performed occupation duty in the Far East and saw service in China until early February 1946. She returned to the United States and was decommissioned on 13 February 1946 and struck from the Navy list on 16 September 1947. On 24 May 1948, she was sold to the Bethlehem Steel Company, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, for scrapping.

LST-558 earned four battle stars for her World War II service.

title: USS LST-558


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User:Ice-Soft-Eng

I've been working on the milk fetishism article. Though I'm not particularly attracted to the idea of nursing as an adult, the article needs a bit of work.

I have moved my userboxes to Userboxen

Useful Wikipedia Articles
I've found these links useful when editing wikipedia articles.
 * Cleanup_resources
 * Manual_of_Style_(links)

title: User:Ice-Soft-Eng


text: Talk:Saskatchewan Government Insurance

title: Talk:Saskatchewan Government Insurance


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Warta Poznań

Warta Poznań is a multi-sports club based in Poznań, Poland. The name means the Guard in Polish and also the name of the river Warta on which Poznań is located. As of the 2024–25 season, they compete in the second division, after being relegated from the 2023–24 Ekstraklasa.

Founded in 1912, the association football club are two-time winners of the Polish Football Championship, in 1929 and 1947. In 2020, Warta returned to the Polish Ekstraklasa after being absent for 25 years. The club also played in the top level of the Polish football league system from 1927 to 1939, 1946 to 1950 and 1993 to 1995.

In its history, the club celebrated many successes in disciplines such as boxing (the club won the Polish championship 11 times between 1927 and 1939), field hockey (the club won the Polish championship 12 times between 1963 and 1980) and tennis (Wiesław Gąsiorek of Warta was Polish champion 12 times between 1959 and 1970). In total, Warta teams, sportsmen and sportswomen won almost 800 medals in Polish championship competitions in different sports disciplines.

Beginnings (1912–1918)
On 15 June 1912, the Warta Poznań Sports Club (Klub Sportowy Warta Poznań) was established, which later became known as "the first lady of Wielkopolska". Its founders were young Poles who previously played in the German clubs in Poznań, including Marian Bey, Stefan Malinowski, Stefan Mórkowski, brothers Edmund and Franciszek Szyc and Ludwik Zysnarski. They were included in the first board of the club, whose first president - as the oldest member of the board - became Franciszek Szyc. His brother Edmund was appointed secretary, and Marian Bey was the team captain. At the founding meeting, white and green were chosen as statutory colours. In addition to football, Warta formed an athletics section in 1912 and then a tennis section in 1914.

During German rule, matches involving Polish teams were forbidden, which prompted the decision to organize the first Wielkopolska football championship in 1913, in which three teams participated: Warta Poznań, Posnania and Ostrovia Ostrów Wielkopolski. Warta became the first champion. The results were as follows: Posnania - Warta 1–1, Warta - Ostrovia 3–2, Ostrovia - Warta 3–4, Warta - Posnania 2–2.

The inaugural championship of the region resulted in a surge of football popularity in Poznań. New football teams emerged such as Trytonia founded in Łazarz and a team called Sparta established in Jeżyce. In 1914, despite the start of hostilities related to the outbreak of World War I, efforts were made in Poznań to organize sports events, which was made more difficult by the martial law imposed by the Germans. In general, the regulations did not allow any kind of meeting or assembly to be held without official permits. Despite these difficulties, in 1914 the second Wielkopolska Championships were held, in which only two teams participated: Warta Poznań and KS Posnania. In this two-legged tie, Warta smoothly defeated Posnania 6–3 and 2–1.

There is no reliable information about the 1915 Wielkopolska championship. But Warta also played various friendly matches against Polish and German teams during the war years, including Fever Kościan (1–3 and 5–5) and DSV Posen (2–2) in 1915, and Stella Gniezno (2–2) in 1916. Particularly noteworthy was the 4–0 victory against DSV Posen in 1916 - DSV (Deutscher Sport Verein) was a German football club considered the best football club in Poznań until then. In 1917, Warta celebrated its 5th anniversary year by organising a tournament with the participation of the best football teams from Poznań.

Also in 1917, Franciszek Rotnicki became chairman of the club and, during his chairmanship (1917-1924), he laid the structural foundations for Warta's future successes. It was said at the time: "... A man of great authority, energetic and enterprising. It is he, together with a skilfully selected group of associates, who builds solid foundations for the future size of the club in this difficult period.".

Interwar period (1918–1939)
World War I hostilities caused enormous losses. Out of 100 Warta club members in 1914, 45 fought in the war, and two founding members – Edmund Szyc and Stefan Malinowski – died in the war. During the successful Greater Poland Uprising against German partitioning authorities, many footballers from Poznań volunteered for military service to fight for their country but the restoration of an independent Polish state after 123 years in 1918 also provided new opportunities, as Polish sports clubs were able to function without interference from foreign powers.

In 1919, pre-war sports structures were re-activated, and the first post-war Wielkopolska championship was held. Five teams entered the competition, including four teams from Poznań - Unia, Warta, Posnania, and Pogoń - as well as Ostrovia from Ostrów Wielkopolski. Warta won the championship, after beating Ostrovia 7–1, Unia 3–2, Posnania 7–0 and Pogoń 7–0. In the following year, the regional championship was abandoned because of the Polish-Soviet War.

In 1921, the first Polish national football championship was successfully held (the championship was previously started and then abandoned in 1920 because of the Polish–Soviet War). It was run similar to a cup competition, according to the "spring-autumn" system, until 1927. In the spring, Warta participated in the Klasa A regional district championship (Warta became champion in 1921, 1922, 1923 and 1926, in 1924-1925 no champion was crowned), with football clubs from Wielkopolska such as Warta, Pogoń and Stella Gniezno. In the autumn, the winners from five regional districts played against each other at national level. Under the club chairmanship of Stanisław Broniarz (chairman 1924 to 1927, deputy chairman 1927 to 1929), Warta was a leading proponent and founding member of the Polish football league, which was launched in 1927.

The interwar period was Warta's golden era and Warta was a leading football team in Poland. Between 1922 and 1928, Warta was always in the top three teams in the Polish football championship (there was no championship in 1924). Finally, with the Hungarian coach Béla Fűrst in charge, Warta won its first Polish football championship in 1929. In that season, Warta won 15 out of 24 league matches, it lost fewest goals of all teams (33) and it had - jointly with Cracovia - the best goal difference (+25).

The global economic crisis of 1929 negatively affected Polish sports clubs, including Warta. Despite these difficulties, throughout the 1930s, Warta was again in the top three football clubs in the top division on four occasions. In 1932, Kajetan Kryszkiewicz and Friedrich Scherfke were jointly the top goal scorers in the league, with 15 goals each. Other sports disciplines also fared well. In 1920, the Poznań municipal government handed over large sports grounds to Warta. Warta launched new sports sections, including field hockey (1923), boxing (1924), swimming (1928) and ice hockey (1930). Warta's boxing team won the Polish championship 11 times and Warta's athletics team won the Polish championship five times.

Warta Poznań encouraged innovations in sports in the inter-war period. In 1929, the victorious Warta match against the Dutch champions Philips Eindhoven (today's PSV Eindhoven) was the first football match broadcast on Polish radio (Warta won 5–2). In September 1933, the Warta match against Legia Poznań was the first football match in Poland to be played using artificial lighting.

Polish teams did not yet participate in annual European football club competitions, but the Warta team travelled abroad on many occasions to play friendly games and to take part in football tournaments. Every year, various football teams from Germany, Hungary and elsewhere travelled to Poznań to play Warta. In September 1934, for example, FC Milan (today's AC Milan) travelled to Poznań to play against Warta (Warta lost 1–3).

World War II (1939–1945)
At the start of World War II in 1939, the football season was interrupted and was never completed. The club was forced to suspend its operations. Poles were not permitted to participate in organised sports events during the German occupation, but some Warta football players clandestinely took part in an unofficial Poznań football championship in 1940 and 1941, with games played on football pitches on the outskirts of town.

During the war, the German occupiers destroyed many documents and club mementos. Some former Warta sportsmen and board members were murdered in German concentration camps. For example, former Warta footballers Marian Einbacher and Adam Knioła were murdered in the Auschwitz concentration camp, while former Warta club chairman Stanisław Broniarz was murdered in the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. Three pre-war players, Marian Spoida, Konrad Ofierzyński and Telesfor Banaszkiewicz, were among Poles murdered by the Soviets in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940.

Postwar period (1945–1990)
A formal general meeting was held on 18 March 1945 and the club's operations were revived. Already in the first post-war season of the Polish football league in 1946, Warta finished the season in second place, losing in the final against Polonia Warsaw (for two years after the war, the Polish championship was contested like a cup competition).

A year later in 1947, Warta played outstanding football under the direction of the Hungarian coach Károly Fogl. In the semi-final of the Polish championship competition, Warta won against AKS Chorzów 4–1 and 2–0. In the final, Warta beat Wisła Kraków 2–0 away in Kraków. Interest in the final match in Poznań was enormous and the stadium attendance was higher than nominal capacity (over 20 000 spectators). The exciting match finished with Warta's victory 5–2 and Warta won its second – and so far, last – championship title in its history.

However, the Stalinism era ended the series of Warta's successes, as regional Communist leadership favoured the local rival Lech Poznań. In 1949, Warta was de facto forced to change its name to Związkowiec Poznań, which resulted in the disappearance of the historical name Warta. In 1950, Warta was forced to merge with the sports club HCP, which belonged to the Hipolit Cegielski Poznań works – a leading industrial company in Poznań. The HCP team played under the name Stal and the merged club used the name. In the same year, Warta's football team was relegated from the top division. From 1951 to 1956, the club played under the name Stal Poznań. On 29 December 1956, a general meeting of the club decided to return to the old name Warta. The Hipolit Cegielski Poznań works continued to sponsor the club. Their involvement did not return Warta to its former glory, but it significantly helped to develop the club's logistical base. Warta received funds to re-develop its sports facilities and was able to use the Edmund Szyc Stadium (then called '' 22 July Stadium") with a capacity of 60,000.

During the post-war period, the Warta football team never returned to the top flight. However, Warta celebrated successes in other sports – most notably, in field hockey and tennis. In field hockey, Warta won the Polish championship 12 times between 1963 and 1980 and they were runners-up nine times between 1957 and 1981. Warta participated in the EuroHockey Club Champions Cup (Europe's premier field hockey club competition) six times between 1969 and 1977, coming fifth in Europe in the 1969 EuroHockey Club Champions Cup.

In the Polish tennis league, Warta's tennis team became Polish champions in 1965 and 1970 and were runners-up in 1961, 1964, 1966 and 1969. Warta's tennis section was particularly known for the individual achievements of Wiesław Gąsiorek, who was Polish men's singles champion 12 times between 1959 and 1970.

In 1989, at the end of the Communist period, Warta and Hipolit Cegielski Poznań works parted ways. After some negotiations, the Edmund Szyc Stadium and the sports grounds were transferred to the club.

Post-Communist period (1990–2018)
At the beginning of the 1990s, Warta returned to the top tier of the Polish football league system after 43 years for two seasons 1993/94 and 1994/95.

After relegation in 1995, Warta mostly played in the third tier of the league system over the next decade. The Edmund Szyc Stadium fell into disrepair by 1998. Warta subsequently played its football matches in the Warta Poznań Stadium - former training ground of the Edmund Szyc stadium, nicknamed Ogródek (Little Garden).

In the 2007–08 season, Warta returned to the second tier of the Polish football league system.

In January 2011, former model and new owner Izabella Łukomska-Pyżalska became chairwoman. Debts of the ailing club were repaid and the budget was increased. Warta started to play its games in the Municipal Stadium in Poznań. However, Warta remained in the second tier. After relegation in 2013 and because of club debts, Warta landed in the fourth tier of the league system where it spent two seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/16.

In 2016, Warta was promoted to II liga (the third tier of the league system).

In 2018, Warta was able to advance to I liga (the second tier) again.

However, by the autumn of 2018, the club's finances were in serious trouble. The situation was so desperate that the football team captain Bartosz Kieliba said: "Several months of player wages are in arrears, there is no certainty whether we will ever play another game, which does not help our work in training or our stance in matches".

Period of renewal (2018–present)
In August 2018, businessman Bartłomiej Farjaszewski bought the football section of Warta (under the name: Warta Poznań SA) and repaid the club's debts. Following the legal separation in 2018, there are now two organisations: Warta Poznań SA focuses on all football teams, whereas KS Warta Poznań continues as a multi-sports club (which includes fencing, field hockey and swimming sections, among others).

In June 2019, Piotr Tworek replaced Petr Němec as football coach. In 2020, with experienced players such as Bartosz Kieliba and Łukasz Trałka, Warta surprisingly finished the 2019–20 I liga season in third place. After winning the promotion playoffs, Warta returned to the Polish Ekstraklasa after being absent for 25 years.

At the start of the 2020–21 season, many football pundits predicted Warta's relegation. Defying all expectations, with new players such as striker Mateusz Kuzimski (summer 2020 signing) and winger Makana Baku (on loan from January 2021), Warta finished fifth in the league, missing out on qualification to the Europa Conference League by just one point. This represented Warta football team's best result since winning the football championship in 1947.

Following Warta's poor start to the 2021-22 season (17th place in the league with only eight points in thirteen league games), Dawid Szulczek replaced Piotr Tworek as football coach in November 2021. Under Szulczek, Warta finished 11th in the league in the 2021–22 season and 8th in the 2022–23 season.

They contested the 2023–24 season much in the same way as their recent top-flight campaings, with a below-average budget and limited transfer activity. On 18 April 2024, Szulczek announced he would not extend his contract and would depart Warta at the end of the season. On 25 May that year, the last matchday, Warta suffered a 0–3 loss to Jagiellonia Białystok and were jumped in the standings by Korona Kielce following their away win over Lech Poznań. As a result, Warta finished 16th and were relegated, ending their four-year stay in the top division.

As the Warta Poznań Municipal Stadium (Ogródek) does not conform to Ekstraklasa licensing requirements, the senior Warta football team plays its home games in the Stadion Dyskobolii Grodzisk Wielkopolski. Warta Poznań also has youth teams (both boys and girls) in different age groups in the Central Junior League, a women's football team and an amputee football team. The club is well-known for initiatives to protect the natural environment and its support for social inclusion, and has plans for an eco-friendly new stadium in future. In May and June 2024, they were in talks to host their home games at the Enea Stadion from the start of the 2024–25 season, before Warta's negotiations with the venue's operator ultimately fell through.

Football

 * Polish Football Championship/Ekstraklasa
 * Champions: 1929, 1947
 * Runners-up: 1922, 1925, 1928, 1938, 1946
 * Third place: 1921, 1923, 1926, 1927, 1932, 1935, 1936
 * Polish Football Championship (Prussia):
 * Champions: 1913, 1914
 * Runners-up: 1919

Youth teams

 * Polish U19 Championship
 * Runners-up: 1936, 1975

Amputee football

 * Amp Futbol Ekstraklasa (Polish amputee football championship):
 * Third place: 2023
 * Marcin Oleksy: 2022 FIFA Puskás Award

Field hockey

 * Polish men's championship:
 * Champions: 1963, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1980
 * Runners-up: 1938, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981
 * Third place: 1952, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1982, 2011, 2019
 * Polish indoor men's championship:
 * Champions: 1964, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1979, 1982
 * Runners-up: 1974, 1977, 1978
 * Third place: 1962, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1985

Coaching staff
{| class="wikitable" !Position !Staff
 * Head coach|| Piotr Jacek
 * Assistant coach|| Daniel Ledzion
 * Assistant coach|| Jędrzej Łągiewka
 * Goalkeeping coach|| Jacek Janowski
 * Assistant goalkeeping coach|| Tomasz Plaskaty
 * Fitness coach|| Piotr Kotlarczyk
 * Physiotherapist|| Bartłomiej Kozłowski
 * Team manager|| Karol Majewski
 * Assistant goalkeeping coach|| Tomasz Plaskaty
 * Fitness coach|| Piotr Kotlarczyk
 * Physiotherapist|| Bartłomiej Kozłowski
 * Team manager|| Karol Majewski
 * Physiotherapist|| Bartłomiej Kozłowski
 * Team manager|| Karol Majewski
 * Team manager|| Karol Majewski
 * Team manager|| Karol Majewski

Former players
Notable Warta Poznań players, who played for the Poland national football team:
 * Marian Spoida (14 Poland caps, 1922–1928)
 * Wawrzyniec Staliński (13 caps, 1922–1928)
 * Marian Fontowicz (8 caps, 1930–1935)
 * Friedrich Scherfke (12 caps, 1932–1938)
 * Kajetan Kryszkiewicz (2 caps, 1937)
 * Krzysztof Pawlak (31 caps, 1983–1987)
 * Krzysztof Ratajczyk (16 caps, 1994–2003)
 * Tomasz Iwan (40 caps, 1995–2002)
 * Arkadiusz Onyszko (2 caps, 1997)
 * Grzegorz Rasiak (37 caps, 2002–2007)
 * Piotr Reiss (4 caps, 1998–2000)
 * Maciej Żurawski (72 caps, 1998–2008)

Managers

 * 🇭🇺 Béla Fűrst (1921 – 1922)
 * 🇭🇺 Gyula Bíró (June 1924 – November 1925)
 * 🇭🇺 Béla Fűrst (March 1929 – July 1930)
 * 🇵🇱 Zygfryd Kosicki (August 1930 – December 1930)
 * 🇵🇱 Marian Spoida (March 1931 – August 1931)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Śmiglak (August 1931 – September 1931)
 * 🇵🇱 Marian Spoida (September 1931 – April 1932)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Śmiglak (May 1932 – June 1932)
 * 🇵🇱 Józef Waxmann (July 1932 – June 1933)
 * 🇵🇱 Zygfryd Kosicki (July 1933 – November 1934)
 * 🇦🇹 Adolf Riebe (March 1935 – November 1937)
 * 🇭🇺 Károly Fogl (April 1938 – June 1939)
 * 🇵🇱 Fryderyk Scherfke (August 1939)
 * 🇵🇱 Mieczysław Balcer (? – November 1946)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Śmiglak (March 1947 - May 1947)
 * 🇭🇺 Károly Fogl (May 1947 - April 1948)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Śmiglak (May 1948 – July 1948)
 * Vaclav Križek (July 1948 – April 1949)
 * 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Śmiglak (April 1949 – November 1949)
 * 🇭🇺 Károly Fogl (February 1950 – 1951)
 * 🇵🇱 Edward Nowicki (1952 – ?)
 * 🇵🇱 Michał Matyas (1955 – November 1956)
 * 🇭🇺 László Fenyvesi (March 1957 – June 1958)
 * 🇵🇱 Edward Nowicki (June 1958 – November 1959)
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Kaźmierczak (February 1960 – November 1960)
 * 🇵🇱 Jerzy Godek (? – June 1971)
 * 🇵🇱 Stefan Żywotko (? – June 1974)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Błażejewski (June 1974 – December 1974)
 * 🇵🇱 Zbigniew Kazmucha (January 1975 – June 1975)
 * 🇵🇱 Bogdan Dzięgielewski (July 1975 – December 1976)
 * 🇵🇱 Roman Komasa (January 1977 – May 1979)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Łuczak (May 1979 – ?)
 * 🇵🇱 Jan Stępczak (July 1983 – January 1984)
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Żurawski (? – September 1991)
 * Andreas Mparmperis (October 1991 – November 1991)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Wąsikiewicz (February 1992 – June 1993)
 * 🇵🇱 Eugeniusz Samolczyk (July 1993 – April 1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Łuczak (May 1994 – June 1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Wąsikiewicz (July 1994 – September 1994)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Pawlak (October 1994 – September 1995)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Giese and Mirosław Myśliński (September 1995)
 * 🇵🇱 Włodzimierz Jakubowski (September 1995 – April 1996)
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Żurawski (May 1996 – ?)
 * 🇵🇱 Mariusz Niewiadomski (? – October 1997)
 * 🇵🇱 Andrzej Żurawski (November 1997 – March 1999)
 * 🇵🇱 Jarosław Szuba (March 1999 – June 1999)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Wichniarek (June 1999 – August 1999)
 * 🇵🇱 Antoni Pluskota (August 1999 – September 1999)
 * 🇵🇱 Tadeusz Łuczak (January 2000 – July 2001)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Wąsikiewicz (July 2001 – July 2002)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Pancewicz (July 2002 – June 2003)
 * 🇵🇱 Wojciech Wąsikiewicz (June 2003 – June 2004)
 * 🇵🇱 Jarosław Araszkiewicz (July 2004 – April 2007)
 * 🇵🇱 Ryszard Łukasik (April 2007 – September 2007)
 * 🇵🇱 Bogusław Baniak (September 2007 – December 2009)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Czerniawski (December 2009 – October 2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Ryszard Łukasik (October 2010 – December 2010)
 * 🇵🇱 Bogusław Baniak (January 2011 – June 2011)
 * 🇵🇱 Czesław Jakołcewicz (June 2011 – August 2011)
 * 🇵🇱 Artur Płatek (August 2011 – November 2011)
 * 🇵🇱 Jarosław Araszkiewicz (November 2011 – April 2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Czesław Owczarek (April 2012 – August 2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Ryszard Łukasik (August 2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Czesław Owczarek (August 2012 – December 2012)
 * 🇵🇱 Waldemar Przysiuda (January 2013)
 * 🇵🇱 Maciej Borowski (January 2013 – April 2013)
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Pawlak (April 2013 – June 2013)
 * 🇵🇱 Marek Kamiński (June 2013 – March 2014)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Kowal (March 2014)
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Bekas (July 2014 – November 2016)
 * 🇨🇿 Petr Němec (November 2016 – May 2019)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Tworek (June 2019 – November 2021)
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Szała (caretaker) (November 2021)
 * 🇵🇱 Dawid Szulczek (November 2021–June 2024)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Jacek (July 2024–current)

title: Warta Poznań


text:
Talk:Woman/Archive 1

Original picture vs. Frau's picture
I suggest reverting to the original picture. Any objections?? 66.245.121.70 01:56, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I am for the new one, is's more female. AshSert

 * But are you the person who took the photo? The same user as the German original? That could bias your opinion. - Vague | Rant 03:59, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

I don't see any reason to have a nude in this article. I think we should remove the "frau" image. Rhobite 02:23, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

There is also no reason not to have both images, as far as I can see. Dysprosia 03:33, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You know, it was harder to write this comment than I thought it would be. It's hard to put my objection into words. I simply don't think a nude photograph of a woman is necessary or beneficial here. Whether or not we agree with it, nudity is a taboo and I don't think we should use it where it's not necessary. I think many would see the image as flaunting Wikipedia's "open-mindedness" or "liberalness" or whatever. I have no problem with using images on Clitoris or Penis. But when I picture the "perfect encyclopedia" in my head, it uses nudity judiciously, and doesn't have a female nude in its "woman" article. Rhobite 04:06, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Then, this is an issue with the amount or appropriateness of nudity which I personally do not wish to get into. My point of view above is strictly on the amount of images, regardless, their appropriateness is of course a different issue. Dysprosia 04:16, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Just a thought, apart from the nudity issue: The Voyager image is a good choice because it is fairly abstract. Image:Frau.jpg is of a woman of very definite race, age, and body type. Why not have an image of a very young, thin East African woman? Or one of a stooped, elderly Japanese woman? Image:Human-woman.png is probably as abstract as we can get and still be identifiably human and female, and has the advantage of being a very famous image which is in the public domain. Just by €0.02... —Tkinias 05:42, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * America, ok we try it again in 10 years.. AshSert

 * Ah, blame it all on America. Such a rational response. Rhobite 05:57, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * Huh? What on earth does America have to do with my comment? *confused* —Tkinias 06:04, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

15:20 < Engla> even though most of our visitors come to wikipedia to look for naked women, we should image an audience (since the existing is not real) that's looking for information. And people looking for info on a               woman probably don't want to see them naked Therefore, I think we should use the pioneer image only. ✏ Sverdrup 14:22, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Use your words, people! Let's not have another edit war. Please remember that this talk page is here for a reason. Also, decisions shouldn't be made in IRC without consulting talk pages. Rhobite 16:09, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

In order to be truely encyclopedic we need to demostrate what makes a woman a woman. The bangladeshi lady is fine for the gender roles section, but she is far from the archtype of womanhood. Lets not be prudes, humans look a certain way, and we need to demonstrate that. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 16:16, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Another thing to consider: I formerly worked in a university computing site where having a page displaying Image:Frau.jpg would get a user thrown out of the site for violation of the sexual harrassment policy, because display of a naked women was considered implicit sexual harrassment. IMO this was draconian, but it was the policy. —Tkinias 16:22, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The standard which was proposed (I think on Talk:Clitoris) was that we should only have nudity or pictures of genitalia on pages where they are expected. I don't think it's too much of a burden to accommodate those who are viewing Wikipedia from public labs, libraries, and schools, by refraining from using nudity on pages where nudity isn't expected. Obviously someone viewing vagina should expect to see a vagina. Viewing woman, I wouldn't expect to see a nude woman. Rhobite 16:37, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)

 * That was a compromise, not a standard. If people have issues w nudity, they need to stay out of the encyclopedia, all encyclopedias have loads of naked pics in em. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 16:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Um, we've got a lot of kids who use Wikipedia for school research (I've had several students cite it in their papers); they could get into trouble with their schools over a nude image if they are working on a school computer. It's not an issue of accomodating prudes; it's an issue of accomodating users who have to work in environments with silly rules.  Saying that students working in school labs "need to stay out of the encyclopedia" is a bit problematic, no? (As Rhobite says, if they are reading Clitoris they brought it on themselves if they get in trouble with their schools.) —Tkinias 17:52, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia should be banned from schools. It contains too much content which isn't suitable for children.  Schools, at least in the US, are generally very strict about what kind of content they allow access to without specific parental permission.  We would have to get rid of far too much to please them.  Personally I think having a nude woman in Wikipedia is borderline.  I see it as a lot less shocking than many of the other photos we have.  anthony 警告 22:38, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I have nothing against the photograph itself, or the woman herself. My opinion is however that the image should go. It's too specific on several counts, these being (a) white people are a small minority of the world's population (b) the image implies that women are born with metal bands around their fingers (c) not all women have that hairstyle (d) not all women look like that. I believe it would be better for the article to have an image of 'Woman' than of a specific woman. If the person who took this photograph can supply me with high-resolution images of this woman I would be more than happy to review them for suitability. Note also the page for penis, which has an erection; in that case, although the erection is also white, it works on a graphic level (the background is dark) and is iconic enough to symbolise the erections of all mankind. - Ashley Pomeroy 22:20, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'd prefer a collage for this reason. anthony 警告 22:38, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Now that is a bloody good idea. A collage of several dozen women - faces, preferably - of as many ages, races and sizes as possible. Think National Geographic, think Time magazine. Perhaps we could have a Wiki-project whereby the female contributers are encouraged to submit photographs of their faces, anonymously, and vice-versa for the men. -Ashley Pomeroy 10:51, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This is so easy: We really don't need a naked photo describe women -- drawings and clothed photos are totally sufficient for this article, as it's even not about anatomy. Pic out. ✏ Sverdrup 01:20, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

1) I don't like the caption "woman with natural proportions." What's the basis for saying that? I happen to agree with the point that's being made, but we shouldn't be trying to make a point.

2) The Pioneer plaque is too abstract. The present picture is too... personal. How about a famous painting?

3) I do think there should be a nude picture of a man and a woman on their respective pages. Let's not be too prudish. All of our pictures of other species are nude. A nude picture gives some racial or ethnic specificity, but if you start putting on clothes, you are suddenly pinning it down to a very small place and time and culture. A picture of a clothed man isn't a picture of a generic man at all; it becomes a picture of (say) a middle-class American man from a specific decade. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 02:54, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I don't see the point of putting a single photo of a clothed woman. Personally I think the best solution would be to put a collage with lots of women in it. As for the "with natural proportions", I've removed that as it is POV. We wouldn't put "natural sex" in an article on hetero sex, would we? anthony 警告 04:35, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've got no problems with nudity, however I think this isn't the right place. Most women don't go running around naked, so if we're to have a picture of a "typical" woman, she should be wearing clothes. Shane King 04:39, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

Keep both pics. Put the clothed one at the top of the page, and put the nude next to a section on anatomy. Tuf-Kat 04:49, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

I prefer the Human-woman.png image over this one. As others have said, this picture of a nude woman is extremely narrow in regards to age, ethnicity, etc. The Voyager image is specific enough without being too specific (or explicit- is nudity really needed to convey the message here? what is the message?). I would support a collage, but I'm not sure how that would work out. Reene (リニ) 08:06, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

I agree w Tuf-Kat's compromise. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 10:24, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I personally prefer Image:Human-woman.png over Image:Frau.jpg, but don't have a problem with including the latter as well. -Sean Curtin 03:03, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

High Schools
Anthony, do you really think 17-year-olds can't handle Wikipedia? Or university students? We've got contributors who are in high school... —Tkinias 19:51, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't imagine why a school would chastise a child for looking at a nude photo in an encyclopedia. Has anybody compared the german wiki article? [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 21:43, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As one recently out of the high school system I can honestly say that if a monitor were to catch someone looking at this article and saw the Frau picture, Wikipedia would be put on the school's network-wide block faster than you could say "censorship". Now, it may well be different for university/college situations (where monitors might actually consider the context) but as far as anybody running a high school network is concerned, nudity == immoral, and immoral == potential lawsuit. Reene (リニ) 21:57, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course, Reene is referring I assume to the United States. Australia I believe has regions with similar ideas about display of the female body.  The (IMO sad) fact is that English Wikipedia operates in a different cultural milieu than German, Swedish, French, etc.; the Anglophone world is pretty much the prudest part of the "West" -- not to mention that the English Wikipedia is the most likely to be used by people in parts of the world where their native-language version is embryonic or nonexistent.  And as I mentioned before, when I was a university computing site monitor as an undergrad, I would have been obligated to throw out anyone looking at Image:Frau.jpg for violating the sexual harrassment policy.  IMO that was stupid, but it was the rule. —Tkinias 22:06, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, my comment was in reference to the 'States. I should have made that clearer, sorry :) Reene (リニ) 22:08, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I personally think most 17-year-olds can handle Wikipedia, but it's not the job of a public high school to make that decision without the permission of the students' parents. anthony 警告 22:33, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Compromise?
When someone suggested a collage, I remembered the an article featured on the main page a while ago and made this:

image deleted from commons for being out of scope

Is this any good as a compromise? The women are White, Black, Hispanic and Asian respectivly. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 22:44, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not bad in principle, but that particular image is not technically of very good quality; the contrast of its components is bad and there is significant compression artifacting. Sorry to be critical... :( —Tkinias 23:06, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That image is unsuitable on this page. I oppose the collage idea generally as well, btw. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 00:11, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * My opinion is that the collage should be a large square grid with several dozen, if not hundreds, of photographs of faces, rather like those clever images which are made up of little photographs. Ideally the faces should be small enough to be recognisable, but not so large as to be obvious people - the message should be 'here is Woman, in all its diversity'. Could this process somehow be automated with Google and a piece of software? -Ashley Pomeroy 14:08, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Automating search for images is really hard since Wikipedia can only use free images. Read more on Copyrights. ✏ Sverdrup 02:34, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Since the truth will evidently not last long in the article, here's my proposed caption:

I think Nunh-huh's caption throws into light the obvious point that this image is not suitable for the article in question. I welcome the Pioneer image, but am open to other solutions. I just don't think Image:Frau.jpg is the right one. - Vague | Rant 04:54, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think Nunh-huh's caption is an obscene insult to people everywhere. I am completely shocked he would say something so awful. Sexually objectified indeed! Go put a naked man on the man article, if it amuses you. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 10:56, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Snort! good thing I wasn't drinking milk. The obscenity is that Wikipedia would choose as its primary exemplification of "woman" a photo which reflects only those attributes which fourteen-year-old boys think matter about women, rather than choose to inform readers that women's contribution to knowledge and society goes well beyond being able to arouse adolescent boys to rock-hard attention. - Nunh-huh 11:39, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Nudity is natural. Your emphasis on what "fourteen-year-old boys think matter about women" is telling, and likely innaccurate. If we were looking to amuse the boys at home, I doubt we'd use a woman of such normal proportions, but rather would place a pornographic image of Pamela Anderson or some such. This image of a woman posing for an artistic photo has nothing to do with "A sexually objectified woman". All this talk about "sexual objectification" is better suited to an article on gender studies or feminism, and is out of place here, especilly in regards to this image. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 15:22, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Of course nudity is natural. Nothing, however, about that picture is "natural"! It's a carefully posed, carefully lit, professional photograph of enormous breasts which happen to be attached to a woman. Any personalizing features, such as her face, are hidden in shadow. It's unfortunate that you can't recognize sexual objectification when you see it, but your inability to recognize it doesn't make this picture any more appropriate an illustration for an article whch purports to be about "woman". - Nunh-huh 19:08, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I find your comments here unfortunate. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 19:25, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As I find the lack of a response with any substance. - Nunh-huh 21:08, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I would like to ask once more in hopes of receiving a response: What is this picture accomplishing that the other images on the page do not? To me it seems to be there for no other reason than the desire to have a carefully posed nude woman adorning the page. Reene (リニ) 22:16, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * The image clarifies the difference between a woman and a man, what makes a woman a woman. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 23:02, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Indeed. There are important biological differences between men and women.  There should be photos on both pages which illustrate what those differences are.  If this particular photo is not ideal for whatever reason, a different nude should be used. Tuf-Kat 23:08, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

Notice my question includes "that the other images don't". If you are attempting to illustrate the sexual differences between men and women (which is the only thing the image does, and even then it does so poorly) the Pioneer image does this sufficiently. My question has still not been answered sufficiently. Reene (リニ) 23:22, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * The Pioneer image is a drawing, and is thus inferior to a photo, especially a high quality photo such as this one. If you have a better photo, please provide it. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 23:34, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I might agree except that a drawing acheives several things a photograph cannot: it (relatively) neutrally presents the female form, it's not based upon the narrow appearance of one person, and it can be anything the person creating it wants it to be- including a way to clearly illustrate the differences between males and females without bias and without (what I consider to be) excess sexuality. I would also disagree that this is high quality. Her face is hidden in shadow for goodness' sake, whereas her midsection is thrust forward and illuminated. It's high quality only if you're looking for wank material. And unless something better can be found I would rather we remove it from the article altogether.
 * If you think the current drawing is insufficient, I'd be glad to do up something else and upload it. Just tell me exactly what you want the drawing to look like. Reene (リニ) 23:47, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Firstly the current drawing is superb, for a drawing. It should not be removed or replaced for any reason, its cultural context (of having been sent into space to represent mankind) is too high. Secondly, unless a superior nude is provided, I strongly object to the removal of the current image. If you dislike it, and (as at least one other) envision it as "wank material", please provide a superior image. Otherwise, I can see no value in its removal (indeed, were a superior image provided, I may still question it's removal, albeit far less vigorously). [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 09:59, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You mischaracterize my argument. I object to the inclusion of this photograph because it is inappropriate an an illustration for "woman": its inclusion suggests that we endorse, envision as unobjectionable, or consider as a defining characteristic of womanhood the sexual objectification of women. As there is now a reasonably secure concensus on the talk page about the inappropriateness of its use in this article, I would ask that you use your persuasive powers here to convince others that it should be added, rather than simply re-adding it yourself. - Nunh-huh 10:39, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Caption
That woman is not particularly young, and making comments about her ethnicity is completely unneccessary, and presumptuous (how do you know what her family tree contains? Has she been interviewed on the subject? [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 15:15, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Making comments about her gender is obviously unnecessary as well, but you see fit to make the groundbreaking statement "a woman" in the caption. Why not be more specific? It's obvious she's not asian, black, or hispanic, and in that respect her background is unnecessary as "white" refers only to skin colour. And she is a young woman. I would say she's in her mid-late 20s or early 30s at most. Does young == teenager to you or something? I would appreciate it if you would clarify your statements. Reene (リニ) 22:13, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * She is a woman. That’s a fact. It’s also what this article is about. The other details are subjective. What is young? Is caucasian what this woman chooses to call herself? Is it technically what she is (most scientists now feel the only accurate measure of "race" is blood type and language group... what are hers)? Who knows? It isn't what this article is about even if we did, but if we knew for sure, I'd be ok w adding it. See my caption on the collage image for example. I gave the factual info. I didn't speculate about how the woman described as black looked like she might be mixed-race, or how they were probably all in their early thirties. I just put down the facts as I knew them, and left the rest up in the air. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 23:11, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OT, but... Young == "mid-late 20s or early 30s" -- you have a refreshing prespective for a just-out-of-high-school person, Reene. I agree, but a decade ago I would have said 30 was pretty old... :/ —Tkinias 02:27, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Does it matter what she chooses to call herself? I could call myself a male african-american but that wouldn't make it true (and indeed, looking at your FBI example, it matters not to them what a person calls themselves or what their breeding is either, as it is based on appearance). I say once more, "white" refers to skin colour, not ethnicity or her breeding, and such things are irrelevant. "Young" may be subjective but it is still a fair assessment- she is either a child, young, middle-aged, or elderly- they're all very broad ranges and it is very easy to see this person would be placed in "young". If you don't agree with that, pick one. Let's not get silly about this. Reene (リニ) 23:30, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * We could, of course, make a reasonable assumption that the woman is German, since she is named Gabi (a distinctively German form of Gabrielle) and is a colleague of de:Benutzer:Wikibär. Most people consider ethnic Germans to be white, no?  —Tkinias 02:20, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

But we are an encyclopedia, and thus should focus on precise data, not opinion (especially not our own opinions). [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 10:02, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Collage
I placed the collage in the article, as it does demonstrate differences amongst women. I clarified it as being faces of female felons wanted by the FBI however, and placed it low in the article for that reason. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 21:03, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Yuck! the collage looks horrible, very low quality photographs. I have no problem with a nude woman I don't think the frau photo is ideal - IMO the most important feature of a person in the face, so any photo should clearly show the face. A collage is good - but not this one. Perhaps a photo of an older woman would be seen as less sexual? Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 10:47, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree w theresa, the collage is awful (they are criminals as well, I believe 2 are murderers), but it is important to show women of various types. I think it should be replaced w a different series of women of different ages and ethnicities. We also need girls, since this article is not only about adult women. As far as the nude, I could care less how "sexy" people think it is (sexy is subjective, people have diverse tastes), so long as it shows obvious breasts, hips, and facial features. I do agree that the shadow on her face is bad, mainly because women have some distinct facial features which are hard to see in this image. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 11:19, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * TBH, the collage was done in two minutes in Mac Preview. I agree the photos are of bad quality, and they are criminals, but I feel it helps to show race difference (something the other two images lack). Also, the people at the Race article seem to be OK with it. J OHN C OLLISON [ Ludraman] 23:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The collage is poor quality, that is true. More disturbing is the caption currently being used. Repeated mentioning of the FBI is a) pointless as it's in no way related to the article; and b) a possible violation of the FBI's terms of use of the image. I suggest a better quality collage be made, or at the least, the caption be reworded to remove all references to the FBI. Shane King 10:48, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

Offensive image
Sam, I don't think the image should be added back to the article when it has already offended so many. If it offends our users, then how many readers is it offending? - Vague | Rant 12:23, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * If this image is offensive, how about the image @ Pan (mythology)? [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 13:06, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That's an article about Pan, for Pete's sake. You look Clitoris, you get a clitoris.  You look at Pan, you get Pan doing what Pan does.  (I would also note that that image is of an ancient sculpture, which—rightly or wrongly—has a different impact on viewers than a contemporary photograph does.) —Tkinias 13:11, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

OK, here's what seems to be the breakdown of pros and cons to Image:Frau.jpg: I fail to see how the pros outweigh the cons here. —Tkinias 13:22, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Pro:
 * It is a photograph, and photographs are supposed to be inherently better than drawings
 * It prominently features large breasts and large hips, which are supposed to be the markers of "woman"
 * It makes a statement that Wikipedia will not tolerate prudishness
 * (Implicit:) It is sexy—"woman" == "sexy"
 * Con:
 * It is a photograph, and a photograph is supposed to be inherently inferior for this purpose to an abstracted drawing
 * It is understood as presenting "woman" as a sexual object
 * It can offend readers with certain religious views
 * It can cause legal problems for unsuspecting readers (who would not expect to find it here) in some jurisdictions or work environments
 * It can get student readers in administrative trouble with their schools
 * (My own opinion, and just that:) It is not a particularly attractive photograph; if we must have a nude, there are better ones available

 * I agree better photos could be found. If its so easy, ple''ase find one. We could also use images of females of various ages, races, etc... [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 13:28, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Why should we have to find one? We've all expressed our objections to the image being there. If you're so gung-ho about there needing to be a nude woman on the page, why don't you find one? And find a nude man while you're at it, since the man article is lacking nudity. This is something I find funny, because the physical differences between women and men are more obvious in clothed females than clothed men. Yet this article is the one featuring nudity. Hmmm. Suddenly the "showing differences between men and women" argument isn't holding much water. After all, what are the naive kiddies that (allegedly) have absoloutely no idea as to the differences between men and women supposed to compare it to?
 * I liked the idea someone offered about featuring a painting of some kind here instead. Perhaps The Birth of Venus or something similar? Reene (リニ) 21:28, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * A painting might be nice as long as it's reasonably realistic - the venus woman is out of proportion. I suggest we all stop jabbering away and everone goes off and see if they can find some images that they think are possibilities. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 21:36, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * @User:Reene : The onus is on the person making the objection to make the repair, this is a group editing process, after all. I am under no obigation to edit anything, no matter how much you sass me, I'm a volunteer. I decided to edit this page because it was listed on WP:RfC. Man is not. The reason why there is a naked lady on this page and not one on the male article is simple to me as a psyche major, and possesser of common sense: both men and women prefer looking at pictures of naked women to naked men, on average (its easy to measure by pupil dialation). The presence of such things as Featured pictures makes it clear we are far from spartan in regards to artistic value here. We may insist on factual accuracy and NPOV, but we also accentuate the beautiful and neglect the unappealing. If you like pics of naked men, feel free to ad one to the man article. I doubt I'll be the one to revert you. [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 21:57, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not trying to "sass" anyone. All I was intending to do was point out flaws in past arguments for the inclusion of this particular picture. That said, what do you think of replacing it with a painting? Reene (リニ) 22:27, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * I find it odd that the only vocal proponent of the image has no response whatsoever to my outline of the principal objections to it, responding only to my (relatively unimportant) aesthetic objection that I just don't the image is beautiful or technically well executed. All of the other objections would stand equally for most or all photographic nudes, except those he would reject as not sufficiently emphasizing huge breasts as woman's primary attribute.  Please explain why all of these objections should be ignored. I don't get it. —Tkinias 23:15, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't find your outline insightful, so I didn't comment on it. As I have said to others, if you know of a better nude photo, bring it. :) [[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 01:33, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A few thoughts: Just some thoughts. I'd be fine with a better picture or painting/photograph/etc., but let's not do something because some kid might get in trouble at an elementary school. Wikipedia as a whole already isn't appropriate for little kids, even if we took out all nude pictures. Timbo 00:03, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Here's what I don't get: Why should "sexiness" factor into our choosing between pictures that illustrate a woman? Nudity being sexy should not be a pro, nor should its perceived unattractiveness be a con in and of itself.
 * I agree with Sam on the point that, if you don't like this particular picture, find a better one. We already have a drawing of the female form, and there is something to be said for an actual photograph being included as well. Thus, although there may be better pictures out there, simply removing Frau detracts from the article.
 * It seems that the presence of a nude photograph is the real issue at stake here. The point that one would not expect to find a nude woman at this article and thus be surprisingly offended is a valid one. However, altering content to conform to a reader's expectations and offenses is conforming to a perceived POV. The fact that some people might be offended is not a reason to change the article. And, IMHO, what's the difference between a realistic painting of a nude woman and Frau, besides "style" or "quality"?
 * Why the hell would a kid in elementary school look up woman on wikipedia? Hell, I expected a nude picture on this, its the natural form, but we should downsize pictures and add more variations of women instead of 1 big specific picture. Zach 23:31, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Woman/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Gregory Bateson

Picture for the article
I have found this webpage http://www.interculturalstudies.org/resources.html Where there are links to material (and some photos) of G. Bateson and M. Mead. I got it through the picture of the couple in the book Conway, F., and Siegelman, J., 2005. Dark Hero of the Information Age: in search of Norbert Wiener, the father of cybernetics. Basic Books, New York. 423pp. ISBN 0-7382-0368-8. In the book there is a really nice picture of the two of them. Maybe The authors can be contacted to find out how to get that picture, since, apparently the library of congress has put some of the material in public domain: http://www.interculturalstudies.org/resources.html#rights

Kakila (talk) 08:48, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Cybernetic epistemology
Cybernetic epistemology redirects here, at the page Gregory Bateson but there is no explanation of it. I'm not knowledgeable enough to write about Cybernetic epistemology so I leave this note for someone else. Thanks! --phauly (talk) 09:23, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Excuse me the question. did bateson smoke cigarettes?
lets say its kind of biographical question and i am _just_ curious. 2006.11.23

Bateson smoked. I have no idea for how long. One of his graduate students during his time teaching at Stanford, described to me how Bateson would get lost in thought developing some idea during seminar, and they would watch the cigarette in his hand burn his skin.

During the quarter I spent studying with him at UC Santa Cruz, his absent mindedness while lecturing or driving a car were legendary.

The article is quite short and I intend to expand it.
The article is quite short and I intend to expand it.

For example the definition of "double bind" does not explain what is not banal about this concept and overvalues its importance in the etiology of schizoprenia, while neglecting its value as na example of the way diferent levels of comunicution lead to paradox.

Time allowing I will provide more extented descripition of double bind.

I have edited some of the text explainig why Bateson still sems hard to understand. I am very tired just now and wil continue, hoping to attract more attention to this article. Georgius 22:34, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Not to take anything away from Bateson Or Korby, but a search of Ari's quotes turned up an analogous statement to the map/territory thing. Thanks for the work. wblakesx

Is the defintion of knowledge really by bateson?
I doubt that the definition "knowledge is a difference that makes a difference that makes a difference" is really by Bateson. I have read most of "Steps to an Ecology of Mind" and have never found it. I know that he wrote "information is a difference that makes a difference" in the article "Form, Substance and Difference" (p459 of the 6th ed. of Steps to an Ecology of Mind)and I know that it makes sense to define knowledge that way, I just am not shure that Bateson himself did it.

BTW what about this gem: "No man can go to bed with the same girl for the first time twice." (Bateson paraphrasing Heraclitus. in: The Logical Degrees of Learning and Communication. p288 of the above edition) Or would you consider this rude/off topic? --KoenigChristoph

I think you should check "mind and nature" (1979) for the difference stuff. It might be in steps as well, but in M&N it is even in the glossary. And I liked the quote about the girl even though I don't really understand the passages where occurs completely, to be honest. Pete

The particular quote is in Steps to an Ecology of Mind on pg 318 "a difference which makes a difference is an idea or unit of information". It is in the section "Epistemology of Cybernetics" in the Essay The Cybernetics of Self: A Theory of Alcoholism". Hope that helps :/

Robin Bennet —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.215.2.6 (talk) 20:21, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

A Little Bit Of Difference
Gregory Bateson :"Mind and Nature, a necessary unity" (1979):
 * Part III, Multiple Versions of the World.
 * 1) The Case of Difference :
 * " To produce news of difference, i.e. information, there must be two entities (real or imagined) such that the difference between them can be immanent in their mutual relationship; and the whole affair must be such that news of their difference can be represented as a difference inside some information-processing entity, such as a brain or perhaps, a computer." (my copy, Bantam New Age Books -am I giving anything away here?- April,1980 pg 76)

 * ...on discussing a chalkmark on a blackboard ( Part IV, Criteria of Mental Processes/Criterion 2):

 * "Kant argued long ago that this piece of chalk contains a million potential facts (Tatsachen) but that only a very few of these become truly facts by affecting the behaviour of entities capable of responding to facts. For Kant's Tatsachen, I would substitute differences and point out that the number of potential differences in this chalk is infinite but that very few of them become effective differences (i.e., items of information) in the mental process of any larger entity. Information consists of differences that make a difference" (op.cit.pg 110)

I'm sorry to say I know ZILTZ about computers.
 * I virtually shake your hand(s), (Lunarian 11:57, 16 August 2006 (UTC))

Difference in Information or Bit?
I believe Bateson was giving a definition for 'bit' rather than 'information' based on this quote from Steps to an Ecology of Mind that is repeated in (emphasis mine): "what we mean by information - the elementary unit of information - is a difference which makes a difference" According to Classification and Categorization: A Difference that Makes a Difference, the original reference is Mind and nature: A necessary unity, perhaps it sheds some light on what Bateson intended? Vagary 21:14, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that he is talking about the elementary unit, and that can be understood as a "bit". But it depends on the perciever as well. Which difference "out there" triggers a change on the inside. (here he was maybe inspired both by cybernetics and maturana/varelas thoughts about autopoiesis, I think). Anyway, he seems to use this "difference that makes a difference" as a minimum definition for something to be information. So I think it is both a definiton of the elementary unit of information, and at the same time a definition of a elementary characteristic of all information. And as for refernces, I quote page 212 from the hampton press version of Mind and nature: "Information: Any difference that makes a difference." This is probably what we should quote. But he also writes, to support your case, in the defintion of Idea: "In the epistemologi offered in this book, the smallest unit of mental process is a difference or distinction or news of a difference. "

 * I think maybe a bit can be considered the distinction or "news of a difference" in the mind that is relased/created as a result of a difference (outside the mental process) that makes a difference (for the mental process).
 * What do you think?
 * pertn 08:47, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Bateson's style
If it was the unconventional nature of "Bateson's style" which led to misunderstanding, I wonder whether it was his writing style (which certainly makes sense, and ought to be made explicit), his lifestyle, or some other sort of style, and what sort of confusion resulted therefrom. D021317c 10:48, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

What probably frustrates most intellectuals about Bateson was his style of circling around the edge of major ideas, developing fascinating and plausible insights, but then lacking the patience or interest to develop the conventional volume of proof common in modern science. His legacy is largely that of a series of fascinating realms and concepts worth exploring. He was just too peripatetic to stick around and do the grunt work.

 * Same could be said of Wittgenstein or Nietzsche couldn't it? --RichardVeryard (talk) 18:00, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Lutterer
This was posted by NewtonSpeed: "According to Lutterer (2000:281) Bateson was condemned as a fringe New-Age-Apostle, his cybernetic communications theory and epistemology was either ignored or reinterpreted in major parts, as, for example, within the pragmatic communications theory of Watzlawick or the pseudoscientific neurolinguistic programming of Bandler and Grinder. - Lutterer (2000) Gregory Bateson. Eine Einführung in sein Denken (Taschenbuch) ISBN-10: 3896702378"

If this view is reputable then it should be available in an english source. --Comaze 16:32, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * A quick check on Amazon.de indicates that Lutterer has written two books on Bateson, and appears to be a reputable source. However, the quote is taken from page 281 of the second book, and it is unlikely that Lutterer himself shares such a negative view of Bateson - he is perhaps merely reporting some vague criticism by people unidentified in this quote. It is possible that the quote is either taken out of context or mistranslated. Criticizing Bateson for his association with New Age thinking is grossly unfair, since Bateson himself criticized New Age thinking; the German Wikipedia entry on Bateson mentions this, but doesn't cite the source. The quote and the POV it contains should not be reinstated unless we can verify the original German quote IN CONTEXT, and unless there is some verifiable substance to the criticism reported by Lutterer. --RichardVeryard 09:20, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I think other sources will confirm that some critics may have asscosiated with New Age movements, though I agree that the inserted quote is not very good. Though GB critizised NA, he actually did have some relations with the movement in the last years. Didn't he die in a some kind of an american zen monastary, or someting, for example?
 * I think I have something written by himself commenting this. Some of his last speeches or something. I'll check it out. Also I think the part about him being ignored sadly is quite true, at least compared to the importance of his writing. In anthropology for instance he is barely mentioned in many summarizing historical and encyclopedical works. I think the inserted Lutterer passage may essentially have some truth in it, but it places undue weight on a not very important source referring to some vague critizism. Also: It is interesting to note that the german WP has a lot more extensive GB entry. Here it is stated that GB influenced NA, but that he was critical of the movement. (And I would like to note that this is unsurprising to anyone familiar with his work. He was in many ways a very rigorous scientist, for instance basing lot of his thought on matemathical set theory and logical types... anyway.) I'll check some sources and see if I can find a good Bateson-quote on this. pertn 19:21, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Zen is not New Age! And Bateson was very much an agnostic of movements.  Bateson died at the San Francisco Zen Center, perhaps a place where natural death was allowed to occur (this was before hospice systems were developed for end of life care).  He also lived for a time before then at the Esalen Institute--see Mary Catherine Bateson's account of his death, Six days of dying under External links on the article page.Margaret9mary (talk) 01:46, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

Parts moved from the article
The following parts are removed from the article for the moment:

 * In academic circles he is something of a cult figure whose appeal includes his obscurity, eccentricity and diversity of accomplishment. (Fact) Still, the rise of interest in holism, systems, and cybernetics have naturally led educators and students to Bateson's published work. (Fact|date=July 2007)
 * Bateson worked with Margreth Mead
 * Mead readily acknowledged that she had been devastated when Bateson left her and that she remained in love with him to her life's end, keeping his photograph by her bedside wherever she traveled.(fact)
 * By his own admission Bateson is widely misunderstood, and the unconventionality of his style might be largely at fault. Bateson did not have much respect for contemporary academic scientific standards of writing (Fact|date=July 2007), his works have often the form of an essay rather than a scientific paper, he used a lot of metaphors and his choice of sources tended to be unusual (for example citing old poets and ignoring recent scientific sources).(Fact|date=July 2007) At the same time, he wrote on a very abstract level.  However, many scholars consider his works to contain a great deal of original thought and to reward careful reading.(Fact|date=July 2007) He has been a very important inspiration in the field of family therapy, and Neuro Linguistic Programming, having served as a mentor to both Richard Bandler and John Grinder and introducing them to medical hypnotist Milton Erickson, and a strong influence on Bradford Keeney.(Fact|date=February 2007)

When references are available, these remarks can be placed back. - Mdd 22:57, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

Template Content: Notable ideas versus Influenced
A number of items were added into the template under "Notable Ideas", including NLP and Brief therapy. I think this is a little misleading. These are essentially practical applications of Bateson's ideas by other people - Bandler and Grinder in the case of NLP, Haley and others in the case of brief therapy. I have therefore moved these items into the "Influenced" section, and put in a couple of Bateson's own ideas into the "Notable Ideas" section, namely double-loop/deutero learning (there ought to be an article on this - it is widely used by later writers such as Chris Argyris) and Schismogenesis. --RichardVeryard 09:28, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, thanks for this explanation. - Mdd 17:34, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:04, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

The map
"# The map is not the territory, and the name is not the thing named. Coined by Alfred Korzybski." purloined from AristotleWblakesxwblakesx —Preceding comment was added at 02:26, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Nothing about Bateson's anthropological work
I can't believe that this entry so utterly scants Bateson's time in New Guinea and Bali, which must have been crucial to his intellectual development. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Purslane (talk • contribs) 18:16, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. A couple factual errors in this section detract from the importance. The Baining, and the Sulka were and are groups residing in East New Britain, a district of the Territory of New Guinea, the Sulka were not far from the town of Rabaul. The Iatmul were certainly living in the Sepik River Region, on the north coast of the main island of New Guinea. After the relative 'failure' or at least the disappointments of East New Britain, Bateson traveled to the Sepik to pursue his questions, which were focused critically against Radcliffe Brown's structural functionalist theory that the expressive features of social life enabled the integration of society. The themes of Bateson's work in New Guinea are, of course, continuous with his thoughts on both the twentieth century and cybernetics. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jabezclegg (talk • contribs) 07:56, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Moved Epigrams section
I have moved the Epigrams section to a new wikiquote article, see here -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 21:33, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Great. The section was much too large and needed to go to wikiquote. --Gwern (contribs) 13:46 14 September 2009 (GMT)

Criticism
Don't this subject deserve a section about the criticisms voiced against his theories? Marius 193.75.62.253 (talk) 14:06, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * A neutral, well-sourced section on the public reception of Bateson's ideas would be appropriate. — goethean ॐ 15:08, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

Double bind
No citation for this statement "The perceived symptoms and confusing statements of schizophrenics were therefore an expression of this distress, and should be valued as a cathartic and transformative experience." Suspect author slipped in catharsis and transformative from a non-Bateson transpersonal psychological framework for understanding schizophrenia. Suggest this be deleted. Wiltonhall (talk) 04:35, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

See WP article Double bind under the History heading quoting Bateson on the complexity of communication.Margaret9mary (talk) 03:12, 25 February 2011 (UTC) WP has an article titled The Way of All Flesh. Why doesn't it go through as an internal link? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Margaret9mary (talk • contribs) 03:48, 25 February 2011 (UTC)Margaret9mary (talk) 03:50, 25 February 2011 (UTC)

'Philosophy' section
Hi all. Just created a section on "Philosophy" that I hope can grow into a clear overview of Bateson's outlook. The article could use a description of Batesons patterns of thought, treated separately from the chronology of his work. At first I wanted to call the section "A philosophy of relationships", but I decided this was limiting and discouraged expansion. I invite people to come up with better/different names, and to contribute to an overview of Bateson's thinking. love, groupuscule (talk) 09:16, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

In Pop Culture
Hiroki Kikuta was heavily inspired by Bateson's work (specifically Mind and Nature) and named several of the tracks on the Seiken Densetsu soundtrack after his ideas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.201.242.106 (talk) 22:44, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

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Sources in section: "Ecological anthropology and cybernetics"
The sources cited in this section have little or no value, since they all refer to "Steps to an Ecology of Mind," without ever giving page numbers. Since "Steps..." is a long and complex book, and since the section in question often uses different phrasing and terminology than Bateson himself, it is virtually impossible to trace the statements in the wikipedia text back to their source(s). Filursiax (talk) 16:11, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The same seems to be true with the section "The role of somatic change in evolution": all sources are the same article, without any page numbers Filursiax (talk) 16:19, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gregory Bateson