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Ajinomoto

Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (味の素株式会社) is a Japanese multinational food and biotechnology corporation which produces seasonings, interlayer insulating materials for semiconductor packages for use in personal computers, cooking oils, frozen foods, beverages, sweeteners, amino acids, and pharmaceuticals. "essence of taste" is the trade name for the company's original monosodium glutamate (MSG) product, the first of its kind, since 1909. The corporation's head office is located in Chūō, Tokyo. Ajinomoto operates in 34 countries worldwide and employs an estimated 34,615 people. Its yearly revenue in 2023 is around ¥1.44 trillion JPY or $9.1 billion USD.

1907–1944: Origins and expansion

Ajinomoto Co., Inc. was created in 1908 as a subsidiary of Suzuki Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., which was founded in May 1907 by Saburosuke Suzuki II and Kikunae Ikeda. Ajinomoto was created to let Ikeda, a professor at Tokyo Imperial University, sell monosodium glutamate (MSG) seasoning made from wheat that he invented and patented. He created the seasoning after discovering that MSG was the source of a flavor that he called umami. In April 1909, Ajinomoto presented Ikeda's seasoning under the brand name "AJI-NO-MOTO" at a new product exhibition event in Tokyo, and began selling the product the next month. Ajinomoto primarily marketed the seasoning to housewives by using their trademark, a housewife in an apron, in newspaper advertisements, on signboards, and on-ground stamps.

Output gradually increased from 4.7 tons in 1910 to 23.3 tons in 1913, with sales reaching 400,000 yen. In 1914 Ajinomoto built a new factory in Kawasaki to expand its production of flavoring. Japan's improved economy after World War I resulted in output hitting 84.6 tons and sales reaching 1,563,000 yen in 1918. Despite rising sales, Ajinomoto experienced a deficit during its first ten years due to altering its methods of production and lowering its prices to get its product into ordinary households, among other reasons. Because of rising Japanese exports after World War I, Ajinomoto opened offices in New York and Shanghai in 1917 and 1918, respectively. In 1918 Ajinomoto exported 20.5 tons of its seasoning, accounting for a quarter of its total sales. The company opened new offices in Singapore and Hong Kong in 1927 and in Taiwan in 1929 to distribute its product throughout Southeast Asia. Between 1920 and 1929, revenue from the seasoning's sales rose from 2,799 thousand yen to 10,543 thousand yen, largely due to increased exports of the product to foreign markets.

To lower the cost of mass production, the seasoning's wheat was replaced with soybeans, as the price of the latter at the time was lower than the former's. In the United States, the seasoning, labeled by the FDA as a "Vegetable Protein Derivative", sold poorly on the consumer market, but Ajinomoto expanded their operations in the United States in 1931 due to mass orders of the seasoning by H.J. Heinz, Co. and Campbell Soup Co. Between 1931 and 1937, seasoning production increased from 1,077 tons to 3,750 tons, with revenue rising from 13 million yen to 27 million yen. Due to Japan's increasing isolationism in the late 1930s, the production of AJI-NO-MOTO decreased from 3,750 tons in 1937 to 2,339 tons in 1940. By 1942, production of the seasoning was reduced to 1,000 tons before completely stopping by 1944 due to World War II.

1945–1979: Post-war Japan and diversification
After World War II, Ajinomoto was slow to resume production of its seasoning as it lacked sufficient funds to continue production and its factory had been destroyed. In April 1946, the company changed its name to Ajinomoto Co., Ltd. In 1947 production of the seasoning resumed, in addition to the production of new food products such as nucleic acid-based seasonings and processed foods. In May 1949 Ajinomoto was listed on the Japanese stock exchange. By 1950, exports accounted for 95% of the company's revenue, with exports to Southeast Asia, Europe, and the United States increasing in subsequent years. In Europe, AJI-NO-MOTO was used as a seasoning by many processed food manufacturers, including Maggi and C.H. Knorr AG. In 1950, sales in Japan resumed after the lifting of postwar sales controls, surpassing pre-war sales by 1953.

In the 1960s, Ajinomoto began to diversify its production by securing alliances with international food companies, including the Kellogg Company in 1962, CPC International Inc. in 1963, and Best Foods Company Ltd. in 1964. Because of these partnerships, Ajinomoto began selling Kellogg's corn flakes and Knorr soup in Japan and created its own brand of mayonnaise. During this time period, Ajinomoto modified AJI-NO-MOTO's recipe by using amino acids from sugar cane instead of soybeans, which allowed the seasoning to be produced locally in the countries it was exported to, which reduced shipping costs for the company. Domestic production first began in Thailand in 1962, followed by the Philippines, Malaysia, Peru, Indonesia, and Brazil in subsequent years. By 1979, nearly half of all AJI-NO-MOTO was being produced outside of Japan.

In the 1970s, Ajinomoto diversified further by launching a flavored seasoning called HON-DASHI in 1970 and producing frozen foods in 1972. In 1973 Ajinomoto and General Foods Inc. launched Ajinomoto General Foods Inc., a joint venture between the two companies that would sell instant coffee. In 1978, Ajinomoto launched a brand of Chinese seasonings under the brand name "Cook Do". In Asian and Latin American markets, Ajinomoto created new products for consumers, while the company primarily delivered its products to processed food manufacturers in Europe and the United States.

During this era, the company also expanded into other product markets. In 1956, the company began supplying crystalline amino acids for pharmaceutical use, contributing to the world's first release of amino acids infusion. In the 1960s and 1970s, the company developed feed-use amino acids, pharmaceuticals such as enteral nutrients, and specialty chemicals like surfactants.

1980–2009: Expansion globally
As the Japanese economy worsened in the 1980s, Ajinomoto sought to outsource more of its production overseas, which increased the number of employees the company employed overseas from 4,000 in 1979 to more than 11,000 in 1996. Starting in 1980, Ajinomoto began to refocus its diversification efforts from food products to its amino acid business. Following the US FDA's re-approval of aspartame in 1981, Ajinomoto began producing the sweetener at its Tokai factory in 1982. In 1987, Ajinomoto began researching drug development in the fields of clinical nutrition, anti-cancer drugs, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular drugs. Through this research, the company developed ELENTAL for use in clinical nutrition, LIVACT to fight liver disease, and Lentinan in collaboration with the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research. Ajinomoto later released JINO as a cosmetic and amino acid for athletes, followed by Amino Vital, a supplement to JINO released in 1995. In 2000, Ajinomoto acquired NutraSweet and Euro-Aspartame from Monsanto.

In April 2002 Ajinomoto reorganized itself into food, amino acid, and medicine divisions, and owned subsidiaries for frozen foods, fats, and oils. In February 2003, Ajinomoto and Unilever completed a joint venture agreement in six countries and regions of Asia. Because of this, Ajinomoto launched the brand VONO to replace its use of the Knorr brand, and in the process established its own brand identity. In July 2003, Ajinomoto bought the French company Orsan from the UK-based Tate and Lyle Group, renaming Orsan to AJI-NO-MOTO Foods, Europe. In November 2005, AJI-NO-MOTO Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. was liquidated, and its assets and functions were merged into AJI-NO-MOTO Pharmaceuticals, Europe. In January 2006, Ajinomoto bought the cooking sauce and condiments manufacturer Amoy Food from the French dairy company Groupe Danone. In 2009, the company released "Ajinomoto" to commemorate the 100th anniversary of its foundation.

Since 2010: Expansion and restructuring
In 2010, due to a rise in foreign competition, Ajinomoto began restructuring to focus on several of its products while divesting others. The company divested its Calpis beverage unit in Japan in 2012, the Ajinomoto Sweetener Company (France) in October 2015, and Amoy Food (China) in November 2018. Ajinomoto decided to focus on its food and biomedical divisions, and acquired the contract manufacturing organization Althea Technologies (USA) in 2013, the frozen food company Windsor Quality Holdings, Inc. (USA) in November 2014, and the frozen food company Lavelli・Terrell・Smile (France) in November 2017. In April 2016, Ajinomoto merged its pharmaceutical division with Eisai, launching EAファーマ in Japan. In October 2017, Ajinomoto introduced a "Global Brand Logo" for use throughout the Ajinomoto group. In December 2017, Ajinomoto announced it had begun construction to expand its Kawasaki Plant, along with the construction of a new R&D building. In October 2018, Ajinomoto Althea (USA) and OmniChem (Belgium) merged to form Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services.

In April 2020, the Ajinomoto Group Nutrient Profiling System for Product, which has been developed as a method to scientifically estimate the nutritive value of products such as powdered soup and frozen foods, was introduced globally to about 500 kinds of group products in seven countries. In August, Ajinomoto announced its participation in the international environment initiative RE100 for renewable energy.

In November 2020, "AJISWEET RA", produced in Japan cooperating with Morita Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., was newly launched to the USA as stevia sweetener reducing bitterness and off-flavors. In December, Ajinomoto Group made a wholly owned supplement company in Ireland by a share purchase agreement with Nualtra Limited in order to enter Europe's oral nutritional supplements market.

In December 2020, Ajinomoto was included by CDP in its "Climate Change A List for 2020" for the first time, as one of the most outstanding companies in terms of climate change-related initiatives and information disclosure for its climate impact. in 2021, Ajinomoto joined WIPO GREEN as an official partner in an effort to address climate change.

In February 2021, Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition Group Inc. transferred all of its 100% equity stake in Ajinomoto Animal Nutrition Europe S.A., a European feed-use amino acid company, to METabolic EXplorer, a French operating company with strengths in R&D of fermentation technologies.

On the Tokyo Nutrition Summit 2021, held on December 7–8, 2021, Ajinomoto announced its Nutrition Commitment, a specific goal for improving nutrition, and registered it on the commitment registration website (Global Nutrition Report) on October 26.

Ajinomoto Co., Inc. has planned and resolved the MediumTerm ASV Management 2030 Roadmap at its Board of Directors Meeting of February 28, 2023.

In May 2023, Ajinomoto signed a letter of intent for a strategic alliance with Solar Foods, a company that developed Solein®, a microbial protein feeding on CO2 as a nutrient source, and obtained a marketing license in Singapore.

In November 2023, Ajinomoto acquired US-based Forge Biologics for $620 million.

In February 2024, Ajinomoto was selected by CDP, an international environmental not-for-profit charity, for its “Climate Change A-List” for fiscal 2023. This is the fourth consecutive year that Ajinomoto has been selected for the A-list.

Seasonings

 * AJI-NO-MOTO●
 * AJI-NO-MOTOPLUS
 * AJI-PLUS
 * AJI-SHIO
 * Chuka-Aji
 * Hapima (India)
 * Hi-Me
 * HON-DASHI●
 * KOJI-AJI
 * RosDee (Thailand)●
 * RosDee Krua Krob Ros (Thailand)
 * Takumi-Aji (Thailand)
 * Aji-Ginisa (Philippines)
 * Aji-ngon (Vietnam)
 * AMOY (Russia)
 * Moslaji (Bangladesh)
 * AJI-SAL (Brazil)
 * DeliDawa (Nigeria)
 * Sazón (Brazil)
 * Doña Gusta (Peru)
 * Ajinomix (Peru)
 * KEMAL KÜKRER (Turkey, Japan, Peru)
 * Aji Savor on Rice (Philippines)
 * Chicken Powder (Philippines)
 * Sarsaya Oyster Sauce (Philippines)
 * Aji-Nua-Super (Thailand)
 * MOCHU (Singapore)
 * Aji-Xốt (Vietnam)
 * Phu Si (Vietnam)
 * SALT ANSWER (Thailand)
 * AJINOMOTO Oyster Sauce (Cambodia)
 * Pure Select Mayonnaise (Japan)
 * Aji-mayo (Vietnam, Cambodia)
 * TUMIX (Malaysia, Singapore)
 * Masako (Indonesia)

Processed foods

 * Cook Do (Japan)●
 * Nabe-Cube (Japan)
 * Steam Me (Japan)
 * Ajinomoto KK Consommé
 * Knorr (Japan, under license from Unilever)
 * Ajinomoto Olive Oil
 * Ajinomoto Canola Oil
 * Ajinomoto Rice Oil (Japan)
 * Ajinomoto Sinigang Mix (Philippines)
 * Rumic Pasta sauce
 * Oyakata (Europe)
 * Samsmak (Europe)
 * Noodle'im (Turkey)
 * BizimMutfak (Turkey)
 * YumYum (Thailand, Indonesia, Europe, Japan, Philippines)
 * Vono (Brazil)
 * A&M (India)●
 * MaDish (Nigeria)
 * Tasty Boy (Philippines)
 * Ajinomen (Peru, Colombia, Chile)
 * Crispy Fry (Philippines)
 * Chicken Savor (Philippines)
 * Pork Savor (Philippines)
 * Flavor Up (Philippines)
 * Just Deli (Poland)
 * Rasa Sifu (Malaysia)
 * Seri-Aji (Malaysia)
 * Sajiku (Indonesia)
 * SAORI (Indonesia)
 * Mayumi (Indonesia)
 * NIKUPLUS (Indonesia)
 * GARLICOPLUS (Indonesia)
 * PILIPLUS (Indonesia)
 * plus+ (Thailand)
 * Banh Ran (Vietnam)
 * Kho Quet (Vietnam)
 * miskísimoo (Peru)

Frozen foods

 * Taipei (USA)●
 * LingLing (USA)●
 * JoseOle (USA)
 * Posada (USA)
 * Bernardi (USA)
 * Freds (USA)
 * Whitley's (USA)
 * Chilli Bowl (USA)
 * Golden Tiger (USA)
 * Ajinomoto Frozen Foods (USA, Europe, Thailand)
 * Gyoza (USA, Europe, Brazil, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand)●
 * Yakitori (France)
 * Ramen (France)
 * Yasaï Men (France)
 * Spring Roll (Russia)
 * Various cakes (China)
 * CRISPY FRIED CHICKEN
 * SHRIMP SHUMAI

Sweetener

 * Pal Sweet (Japan, Malaysia, Singapore)
 * Lite Sugar (Thailand)

Coffee products

 * Maxim instant coffee
 * Blendy●
 * Sen
 * Marim
 * Birdy (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam)●

Powder beverages

 * Prottie (Thailand)
 * Fres-C (Philippines)
 * FIT (Brazil)
 * Mid (Brazil)
 * Prottie (Philippines)
 * Vtox Vinegar drink (Vietnam)
 * KEMAL KÜKRER Vinegar drink (Turkey)

Fertilizer

 * AJIFOL (Brazil, Peru, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, USA)
 * AgriTecno Biostimulant (EU, China, Africa)
 * PEK (Spain)

Ajinomoto animal nutrition

 * L-Lysine
 * L-Threonine
 * L-Tryptophan
 * AjiPro-L●

Sports nutrition

 * amino VITAL[PRO, Gold, Amino Protein, amino shot] (Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Brazil, Malaysia, Taiwan)
 * AjiPure (USA)
 * Fusi-BCAA (USA)
 * aminoVITAL jelly (Thailand)
 * AminoMOF (Thailand)

Food products
In 1909, Ajinomoto Co. Inc. released its umami seasoning AJI-NO-MOTO, made from molasses and tapioca starch derived from sugarcane. In Asia and Latin America, the product was primarily sold to consumers, while in North America and Europe it was mostly sold to processed food manufacturers. In 1970, Ajinomoto launched the bonito flavored seasoning HON-DASHI in Japan, and later adapted the product to other markets with local flavors. In 1978 Ajinomoto released Cook Do, a series of Chinese cuisine seasoning products, and later added other cuisine seasoning flavors to the Cook Do product line. The company entered the frozen food business in 1972, and currently sells a variety of frozen food products, including dumplings, noodles, and cooked rice. In 1982, Ajinomoto Co., Inc. entered the sweetener business by producing aspartame. In 1984 it released a low-calorie consumer sweetener PAL SWEET. By 2021, Ajinomoto was ranked 6th overall and 1st in Asia on FoodTalks' Top 50 Global Sweetener Companies list. Ajinomoto Co., Inc. is the world's largest manufacturer of aspartame, sold under the trade name Aminosweet. Ajinomoto also sells soup, mayonnaise, porridge, pasta sauce, and instant noodles under the "VONO" brand name. Through Ajinomoto AGF Corporation, Ajinomoto sells instant coffee, regular coffee, bottled coffee, stick coffee, and canned coffee, and is the top coffee brand in Thailand with a 70% market share.

Ajinomoto's Yum Yum brand of instant noodles in 2019 held a 20–21% share of Thailand's 17 billion baht instant noodle market.

Animal nutrition
The Ajinomoto Group started an animal nutrition business in 1965 and subsequently established an international production and supply system for amino acids to be used in animal feed. Ajinomoto developed a lysine formula called AjiPro-L for lactating dairy cows, which allows the lysine to reach the intestine without decomposing in the stomach.

Chemicals and semiconductors
Ajinomoto has developed mild cleansing agents such as Amisoft and Amilite, and humectant emollients such as Eldew and Amihop. It also manufactures for companies such as Daiichi Sankyo Healthcare Co., Ltd. to develop products like the moisturizing detergent Minon.

Ajinomoto developed its resin functional materials business using technology obtained through the production of MSG.

Ajinomoto developed the Ajinomoto build-up film (ABF) substrate for insulating materials in semiconductor packages in high-performance CPUs. It was developed from the basic research on applications of amino acid chemistry to epoxy resins and their composites. ABF holds 90% of the market for this product. The project is started in 1996 under the directory of Shigeo Nakamura.

Healthcare
The Ajinomoto Group's healthcare business is based on using the fermentation technology of amino acids. In 1956, Ajinomoto began producing the world's first amino acid infusion, enteral nutrition products, and crystalline amino acids that could be used as raw materials in pharmaceutical products. Currently, Ajinomoto manufactures around twenty kinds of amino acids at various factories overseas, including plants in Japan, the United States, Europe, and India. In 1995, Ajinomoto began selling an amino acid supplement called Amino Vital for professional sports athletes. In 2011, Ajinomoto began offering an "Amino Index" health checkup, which statistically analyzes the difference in amino acid concentrations between healthy individuals and adults suffering from cancer and other serious diseases to aid the early detection of cancer and other diseases. In addition to glutamates as a seasoning, the company also produces other amino acids such as L-Leucine, L-Tyrosine, Glycine, and L-Phenylalanine, which it markets as dietary supplements under the brand name AjiPure.

Representative directors

 * Taro Fujie, President & CEO
 * Hiroshi Shiragami, Representative Executive Officer & Executive Vice President, Chief Innovation Officer (CIO)

Divisions and global locations
Ajinomoto currently operates separate divisions for North America, Latin America, and Asia, with Europe, the Middle East, and Africa being combined into the EMEA division. Ajinomoto also owns dozens of subsidiaries globally for its food, biochemical, and healthcare businesses.

Lysine price fixing
In 1986, the Ajinomoto Group produced lysine at its Iowa factory of Heartland Lysine Co. U.S.A., followed by production in its Pathum Thani factory in Ajinomoto, Thailand in 1986, and Bio Italia, BioPro in Italy in 1992, gradually upgrading its worldwide production bases. In the United States, competitors increased their own lysine production, which resulted in lower prices due to an overabundance of lysine on the market. To raise prices again, several companies including Ajinomoto price fixed lysine in the 1990s. Along with Kyowa Hakko Kogyo and Sewon America, Inc., Ajinomoto admitted to price fixing and settled with the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division in September 1996. Each firm and an executive from each pleaded guilty as part of a plea bargain to aid in further investigation. Their cooperation led to Archer Daniels Midland settling charges with the US government in October 1996 for $100 million, a record antitrust fine at the time. Cartels were able to raise lysine prices 70% within the first six months of cooperating.

MSG
In 1996, the FDA commissioned the Federation of American Society for Experimental Biology (FASEB) to study the effects of MSG, who concluded that MSG is safe for most people. At the time, Ajinomoto also noted the possibility that asthma patients and carriers with symptoms of Chinese restaurant syndrome symptoms may be affected, but ultimately, the safety of this group was also confirmed by subsequent test results in the United States and Australia.

In 2020, Ajinomoto along with other activists launched the #RedefineCRS campaign to combat the myth that MSG is harmful to people's health, which highlights both the underlying xenophobic biases against Asian cuisine and scientific evidence that the myth is false.

The FDA Food Code 2022 removed MSG from the table of common chemical hazards and associated food and control measures in retail establishments.

Low-sodium salt substitutes are considered to be formulations where sodium is reduced – usually by partial or full replacement of NaCl with other chloride and non-chloride salts such as KCl, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride or potassium lactate. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was also considered a low-sodium salt substitute.

Indonesian pork incident
In early 2001, Ajinomoto was involved in an incident in Indonesia, a predominantly Muslim country, when it was revealed that a pork-based enzyme had been used in its MSG production. According to Islamic dietary laws, pork is a haram (forbidden) meat, and is regarded as unclean. Immediately after the incident, the Food and Drug Administration of the Indonesian government stepped up to announce that Ajinomoto's end product did not contain pig-derived substances. Additionally, Ajinomoto also announced that its products were derived from soybeans.

Aspartame
In 2008, Ajinomoto sued British supermarket chain Asda, part of Walmart, for a malicious falsehood action concerning its aspartame product when the chemical was listed as excluded from the chain's product line along with other "nasties". In July 2009, a British court found the case in Asda's favor. In June 2010, an appeal court reversed the decision, allowing Ajinomoto to pursue a case against Asda to protect the reputation of its aspartame. At that time, Asda said that it would continue to use the term "no nasties" on its own-label products, but the suit was settled out of court in 2011 after Asda removed references to aspartame from its packaging.

title: Ajinomoto


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Sam Berger (lawyer)

Samuel Berger,  (January 1, 1900 – July 24, 1992) was a Canadian owner of the Canadian Football League's Ottawa Rough Riders and Montreal Alouettes and president of the CFL.

Life
A lawyer by profession, he was an early football fan who became involved with the Ottawa Rough Riders team as its legal advisor, president, and as an owner. He served three, three-year terms as the club's president during which time the team made it to the Grey Cup seven times, winning the championship on four occasions.

He loved football, and played for Ottawa Collegiate Institute’s team. After high school, he worked as a reporter for the Ottawa Citizen, Ottawa Journal and Toronto Star. In 1925 he started at Osgoode Hall Law School and two years later started his own law firm in Ottawa.

Active in the Ottawa community, Berger twice ran for mayor of the city, losing to Charlotte Whitton in the 1960 and 1962 elections.

Ottawa Rough Riders
Highlights of his Rough Rider career include:
 * 1930 hired by the Rough Riders as legal adviser.
 * late 1930s founded real estate company, Ottawa Commercial Realties Ltd. when he was the Rough Riders’ vice-president. Without Sam Berger, the Grey Cup might have remained tucked away for years in the basement of an east Ottawa apartment; discovered it stored in a locker underneath The Strathcona apartments on Laurier Avenue East, a building he owned and lived in at the time.
 * 1940 became Rough Riders’ president.
 * Second World War service as an RCAF officer in London.
 * 1955 He and several colleagues bought Rough Riders.

Montreal Alouettes
In 1969 Sam Berger sold his shares in the Ottawa club and donated the proceeds to charitable causes. He then purchased the troubled Montreal Alouettes franchise and in the ensuing twelve years built it into a powerhouse that made six Grey Cup appearances and won it three times.

He retired in 1976 as the active owner of Alouettes, handing over the presidency to his eldest son, David. On March 6, 1981, Berger sold the Alouettes to Vancouver businessman Nelson Skalbania.

CFL Administration
He was President of the Canadian Football League in 1964 and 1971 and as an attorney and owner played a key role in putting together the League's first television contract.

Honours
In 1986, Sam Berger was made a Member of the Order of Canada, one of Canada's highest civilian honours, for "his commitments to the sport and to the City of Montreal". In 1993 he was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sam Berger (lawyer)


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User talk:Jnc/2004A

If you go to Hypoteneuse, and click on "What links here", some "C" pages still link to it. (Perhaps in other languages? I don't quite understand what's going on.) I'd delete it for you, but not as long as some pages link to it. Noel 12:57, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Noel, thanks for your quick reaction. I was expecting a week-long voting period. Should I have put the vfd on the [|speedy deletions] page?

 * Those three links are all "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C", so it must mean the English article C. But the current English C article doesn't link to hypoteneuse; I checked. Could it be some kind of database corruption, especially since there are three of the same bogus links?

 * The links to hypoteneuse are new, by the way. They weren't there before. I think that deletion would be safe; there cannot be anything useful there.

 * —Herbee 13:36, 2004 Mar 6 (UTC)

You asked on the village pump about the banning of anonymizing proxies. I don't know about on Wikipedia, but it was definitely discussed on the mailing list recently... you could try searching the archives if you are still interested. Pete/Pcb21 (talk)

The link to the mailing list post enacting this policy is now available at Bans and blocks. (Tim Starling provided the link at Wikipedia talk:Bans and blocks.) -- Cyan 23:56, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Cheers! Mark Richards 23:25, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I could use your deletion services again though, since I inadvertantly uploaded I file I should not have - thanks - see Mark Richards 00:14, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Mark Richards 04:48, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Vandalism:

Hi there - I blanked a load of pages this afternoon because of vandalism, but could not delete them - could you do me a favour and go through and delete the? The all have clear title lines - Thanks! Mark Richards 21:55, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you Noel, you're very kind. I went back and tried to find them, but couldn't, I may have been delusional... Mark Richards 23:45, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

JNC, We had an exchange on the Talk page about alternative theories not too long ago. I have a sense of the other shoe not yet hitting the floor about it. Did my reply address your concern(s)? Need I still think about a shoe in free fall? ww 16:54, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Noel, The 'other shoe' was merely a timer in the back of my head which had gone higher than a preset alarm value. Nothing else intended. As for an article on conspiracy theories, I'm fine with it, but am insufficiently well versed in variety and details of the species to feel I'm the best (or even reasonable) person to do it. I'll contribute as I can. The primary question just now would seem to be what to leave on the Attack page. That is, how brief can the coverage be to 1) still be fair to the 'looking for an overview' reader w/o 2) leaving the alternative believer feeling slighted. I invite ideas as I see no reasonable path through this sticky wicket (sorry about what I think is a misuse of cricket terminology, but I'm a Red Sox fan).

I'll risk a question on another subject in which you have an interest. There is, is there not, a B minor prelude and fugue for organ? I've been racking my brain to recall the piece I heard Anton Heiler perform live many years ago. It was a profound experience -- one of whom I was convinced the details would never dim -- but the gray matter has been leaking of late... ww 15:00, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It is with some embarrassment (sp? -- no variant looks right) that I tell you that the piece in question is the passacaglia and fugue in C minor (BWV 582, I think). It bothered me so much that I chased down someone from years ago and asked about it. He remembered my reaction to Heiler's performance and also remembered the name of the piece. I still remember vividly leaving the church, sittting at the base of a tree, and resuming breathing about 15 minutes later. Most extraordinary experience I've ever had. Maslovian, even. Anyway, that's the piece.
 * On the PH alternate theory business, you may find the most recent addition at Talk:PH of interest. The constellation of perceptions in those two paragraphs are not untypical of the genre. It was for that sort of reason that I thought (think) there's no real solution in WP terms. ww 17:22, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

In response to your comments on my Duane Allman edits:
 * I removed "tragically" because it is redundant (of course it's tragic - what other kind of unexpected death is there for a young man?) but you are right, this isn't worthy of an edit war.
 * Putting intial-capitals in the quotes is Associated Press style even if the quote isn't the start of a sentence from the original speaker, but that is not universal style so I didn't need to push it.
 * I changed the "Duane" because sometimes we use it and sometimes we use "Allman" to refer to the same person, which might confuse people into thinking that the "Allman" somehow refers to somebody else, such as Greg - or at least make them stumble over the matter. (First names sound fannish, too.) A.P. style in this case is to use both names if confusion is possible. I would like to do that, although perhaps a bit of rewriting can minimize how often it happens. I would say that in any paragraph where Greg is mentioned, we need to use both names when referring to either brother after Greg comes up, but in a new paragraph we can call Duane just "Allman," since he's the topic of the article. How does that sound? DavidWBrooks 17:06, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I think we have reached a fine compromise on Duane Allman - if I was King of Wikipedia, I would tone it down a little more, but you were right about the use of "Duane" - it works fine.
 * Speaking of toning down, though, what about the Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs page - what do you think about toning it down a bit, too? (I speak as a man who has worn out two vinyl copies of the album, and own all of Clapton's pre-Lay Down Sally output, so no disrespect intended). Adjectives like "hopelessly" falling in love seem like overkill, as does the too-long description of the first meeting with Duane Allman. Let the facts speak for themselves - if we need to beat the reader over the head with adjectives, we've done something wrong. DavidWBrooks 18:42, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jnc/2004A


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Rajaraja I

Rajaraja I (Middle Tamil: Rājarāja Cōḻaṉ; Classical Sanskrit: Rājarāja Śōḷa; 947 – 1014), also known as Rajaraja the Great, was a Chola emperor who reigned from 985 CE to 1014 CE. He is known for his conquests of South India and parts of Sri Lanka, and increasing Chola influence across the Indian Ocean.

Rajaraja's empire encompassed vast territories, including regions of the Pandya country, the Chera country, and northern Sri Lanka. He also extended his influence over strategic islands such as Lakshadweep, Thiladhunmadulu atoll, and parts of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. His conquests weren't limited to the south; he also launched successful campaigns against the Western Gangas and the Western Chalukyas, extending Chola authority as far as the Tungabhadra River. In the east, Rajaraja faced fierce opposition from the Telugu Chola king Jata Choda Bhima over control of Vengi. This region held significant strategic importance due to its access to resources and trade routes. The conflict between the two rulers intensified as they vied for dominance in the region, resulting in significant battles and shifting allegiances.

Rajaraja I also left a significant mark through his architectural and cultural achievements. He commissioned the construction of the Rajarajeshwaram Temple in the Chola capital of Thanjavur, which is revered as one of the most prominent examples of medieval South Indian architectural style. Additionally, during his reign, important Tamil literary works by poets such as Appar, Sambandar, and Sundarar were gathered and compiled into a single collection known as the Thirumurai. This earned him the title of 'Thirumurai Kanda Cholar,' meaning The One Who Found Thirumurai. He initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganisation of Tamil country into individual units known as valanadus. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE, and was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I.

Early life
Rajaraja was a son of the Chola king Parantaka II (alias Sundara) and queen Vanavan Mahadevi. According to the Thiruvalangadu copper-plate inscription, his birth name was Arulmoḻi (also transliterated as Arulmozhi) Varman, literally "blessed tongued". He was born around 947 CE in the Aipassi month, on the day of Sadhayam star. The Government of Tamil Nadu recognizes his birthdate as 3 November 947. He had an elder brother – Aditha II, and an elder sister – Kundavai.

Rajaraja's ascension ended a period of rival claims to the throne, following the death of his great-grandfather Parantaka I. After Parantaka I, his elder son Gandaraditya ascended the throne. At the time of Gandaraditya's death, his son Madhurantakan was a minor, so the throne passed on to Parantaka I's younger son Arinjaya. Arinjaya died soon and was succeeded by his son Parantaka II, also known as Sundara Chola. It was decided that the throne would pass on to Madhurantakan after Sundara: this decision was most probably that of Sundara himself, although the Thiruvalangadu inscription of Rajaraja's son Rajendra I claims that it was made by Rajaraja.

Aditha died under mysterious circumstances; inscriptions hint at him being assassinated. Sundara died soon after, clearing the way for Madhurantakan to be king under the title Uttama Chola. After the death of Uttama, Rajaraja finally ascended the throne in June–July 985. Known as Arumoḷi Varman until this point, he adopted the regnal name Rajaraja, which means "King among Kings".

Military conquests
When Rajaraja came into power, he inherited a kingdom that was only centered around the Thanjavur-Tiruchirappalli region, which was the heart of traditional Chola territory. However, this kingdom was not very large, and it was still recovering from attacks by the Rashtrakutas in previous years. Rajaraja changed this by transforming the kingdom into a well-organized empire with a powerful army and navy. Under his rule, the northern kingdom of Vengi became closely allied with the Cholas, and their influence expanded along the eastern coast all the way up to Kalinga in the north.

In the Thanjavur inscriptions, various regiments are noted. These regiments were organized into units of elephants, cavalry, and infantry. Each of these units operated independently and had the authority to give gifts or construct temples as they saw fit.

Against Kandalur Salai
Rajaraja's earliest inscriptions commemorate a significant triumph at Kandalur Salai, located in present-day Kerala, around 988 CE. He is acclaimed as "Kāndalūr śālai Kalam-arutta," which translates to 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai.'.

He is hailed as "Kāndalūr śālai Kalam-arutta," meaning 'the one who destroyed Kandalur Salai.' Originally, this area was under the control of the Ay chief, who served as a vassal to the Pandya king of Madurai. However, it remains uncertain whether warriors from the Chera or Pandya dynasties were involved in this conflict. The Thiruvalangadu inscription suggests that Rajaraja's general captured Vizhinjam (Viḷinam), which could have been part of the Kandalur Salai campaign. It appears that this engagement involved the Chola navy, or possibly a joint operation involving both the navy and the army.

Conquest of Kerala and the Pandyas
Rajaraja's inscriptions begin to appear in Kanyakumari district in the 990s and in Thiruvananthapuram district in the early 1000s. The Chola subjugation of Kerala can be dated to the early years of the 11th century. The Senur inscription dated to 1005 CE, attributed to Rajaraja, records his military achievements. It mentions the destruction of the Pandya capital, Madurai, as well as the conquest of several regions. These include defeating the formidable rulers of Kollam (Venad), Kolla-desham (Mushika), and Kodungallur (the Chera Perumals of Makotai).Certain triumphs in the region of Malainadu were possibly achieved by Prince Rajendra Chola I on behalf of his father, Rajaraja Chola.

Following his victory over the Pandyas, Rajaraja assumed the title of Pandya Kulashani, which translates to 'Thunderbolt to the Race of the Pandyas.' As a result of his conquest, the territory of the Pandyas became recognized as "Rajaraja Mandalam" or "Rajaraja Pandinadu." When recounting Rajaraja's military expedition in Trisanku Kastha (the southern region), the Thiruvalangadu Grant of Rajendra I mentions the capture of a certain royal figure named Amarabhujanga. However, the specific identity of this individual—whether he was a prince of the Pandya dynasty, a general serving the Pandya king, or a prince of the Kongu Chera dynasty—remains a matter of debate and has not been conclusively resolved. According to the Kongu Desa Rajakkal, a historical record of the Kongu Nadu region, it is suggested that this general eventually changed his loyalty to Rajaraja. He is said to have participated in the ritual of kanakabhisheka, where gold is poured over the Chola king, symbolizing an act of royal anointment or coronation.

Once Rajaraja had consolidated his authority in the southern regions, he took on the title of Mummudi Chola. This title, which means "three Crowned," symbolized his power over three important Tamil kingdoms: the Cholas, the Pandyas, and the Cheras.

Conquest of Sri Lanka

During the reign of King Mahinda V, the Sinhalese kingdom of Anuradhapura experienced a significant military revolt around the year 982 AD, primarily as a consequence of the monarch's economic policies. The armed forces of the Anuradhapura capital predominantly consisted of Tamil mercenaries recruited from coastal regions. By 882 CE, tensions escalated into a full-fledged uprising led by these mercenaries, resulting in a protracted civil conflict. The ensuing turmoil compelled the vulnerable Sinhala ruler to seek refuge in the Rohana principality, thereby plunging the capital city of Anuradhapura into an extended period of civil unrest lasting approximately eleven years, marked by widespread disorder and lawlessness.

The disruption of central governance exacerbated the financial strain on the kingdom, particularly in meeting the obligations to the Tamil mercenaries. Consequently, the mercenaries, feeling aggrieved and disillusioned, turned their allegiance towards the Chola empire. This strategic shift left Anuradhapura vulnerable to the incursions of the Chola forces, who exploited the internal strife to mount invasions in the year 993. These events, documented in historical sources, underscore the intricate interplay of economic policies, military dynamics, and regional power struggles during this period in the history of Anuradhapura.

In 993 CE, Rajaraja achieved the conquest of Anuradhapura, known as Pihiti rata in local context, situated in Sri Lanka. This territory was subsequently designated as Ila-mandalam in Chola historical records. The military campaign led to the sacking of Anuradhapura by the Chola army, resulting in the acquisition of the northern portion of Sri Lanka by the Chola empire. As part of their administrative efforts, the Cholas established a provincial capital at the strategic military outpost of Polonnaruwa, renaming it Jananathamangalam in honor of Rajaraja's title.

Under Chola administration, the official Tali Kumaran oversaw the construction of a significant Shiva temple known as Rajarajeshwara, meaning "Lord of Rajaraja," within the town of Mahatirtha, now recognized as modern-day Mantota. Consequently, Mahatirtha was renamed Rajarajapura in commemoration of the Chola monarch's conquest and establishment of authority in the region.

To commemorate their victory, the Chola administrator Tali Kumaran supervised the construction of a notable Shiva temple named Rajarajeshwara, signifying "Lord of Rajaraja," within the precincts of Mahatirtha. Presently acknowledged as modern Mantota, this temple assumed a pivotal role as a representation of Chola hegemony and religious fervor. The transformation of Mahatirtha into Rajarajapura, in homage to the Chola sovereign, further underscores the symbolic and cultural import of the Chola conquest of Anuradhapura and their subsequent governance in the northern expanse of Sri Lanka.

The Thiruvalangadu Plates directly compare Raja Raja's campaign to the invasion of Lanka by the legendary hero Rama:

In 1017 CE, Rajaraja's successor, Rajendra I, finalized the Chola conquest of Sri Lanka. The Chola reign over Sri Lanka persisted until 1070, when Vijayabahu I successfully vanquished and expelled them from the island.

Chalukyan conflict
In 998 CE, Rajaraja annexed Gangapadi, Nolambapadi, and Tadigaipadi (present-day Karnataka). During this campaign, Raja Chola subdued the Nolambas, who were previously vassals of the Ganga dynasty. These territories were initially under the suzerainty of the Rashtrakutas, who had been defeated by the Western Chalukyas in 973 CE. Consequently, the Cholas found themselves in direct conflict with the Chalukyas. An inscription of Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar describes him as a vassal of the Western Chalukyas and acknowledges the Chola onslaught.

An inscription attributed to Irivabedanga Satyashraya from Dharwar acknowledges his allegiance to the Western Chalukyas and highlights the Chola incursion. He accuses Rajendra Chola of leading a massive force of 955,000 soldiers and causing havoc in Donuwara, blurring the ethical boundaries of warfare prescribed by the Dharmasastras. Historians such as James Heitzman and Wolfgang Schenkluhn interpret this confrontation as indicative of personal animosity between the rulers of the Chola and Chalukya kingdoms, akin to historical conflicts between the Chalukyas of Badami and the Pallavas of Kanchi.

By the year 1004 CE, Rajaraja had successfully conquered the Gangavadi province. He established control over the western part of Gangavadi, ruled by the Changalvas, and over Kodagu, governed by the Kongalvas, who were then made vassals of the Chola Empire. Panchavan Maraya, a Chola general, played a significant role in defeating the Changalvas in the battle of Ponnasoge and was duly rewarded with the territory of Arkalgud Yelusuvira-7000 and the esteemed title of Kshatriyasikhamani. Similarly, in recognition of the valor displayed by Manya, a Kongalva leader, the estate of Malambi (Coorg) was granted to them, along with the title of Kshatriyasikhamani.

Meanwhile, the Vengi kingdom was under the rule of Jata Choda Bhima, a member of the Eastern Chalukyas Dynasty. However, Rajaraja emerged victorious in battle against Bhima, and Saktivarman was appointed as a viceroy under the Chola Dynasty. Despite a brief period of Bhima's recapture of Kanchi in 1001 CE, Rajaraja swiftly restored Saktivarman to power, even expelling and eliminating an Andhra king named Bhima. Notably, Rajaraja cemented an alliance between the Chola Dynasty and the Eastern Chalukya Kingdom by arranging the marriage of his daughter, Kundavai, to the next viceroy of Vengi, Vimaladitya. This strategic union ensured the future succession of Rajaraja's descendants to the throne of the Eastern Chalukya Kingdom.

Hoysala conflicts
There were hostile encounters between the Cholas and the Hoysalas, a group who were vassals of the Western Chalukyas. An inscription from the Gopalakrishna temple at Narasipur, dated to 1006, records that Rajaraja's general Aprameya killed Hoysala generals and a minister identified as Naganna. Additionally, a similar inscription in Channapatna describes Rajaraja defeating the Hoysalas.

Kalinga conquest
The invasion of the kingdom of Kalinga occurred after the conquest of Vengi. This conquest marked the northern boundary of the Chola Empire at that time and established their control over the entirety of South and South-East India.

Conquest of Kuda-malai-nadu
In multiple historical accounts, there are mentions of King Rajaraja's conquest of a place called "Kuda-malai-nadu" around the year 1000 CE. In certain inscriptions found in Karnataka, the term "Kudagu-malai-nadu" is used instead of "Kuda-malai-nadu." Scholars generally believe that this region corresponds to Coorg (Kudagu).

The king's conquest of Malainadu is described in the Vikrama Chola Ula, where it is said that he achieved it in just one day, crossing 18 mountain passes. According to the Kulottunga Chola Ula, King Rajaraja was depicted as beheading 18 people and burning down Udagai. Additionally, the Kalingathupparani references the establishment of Chadaya Nalvizha in Udiyar Mandalam, the seizure of Udagai, and the plundering of several elephants from the area. The Tiruppalanam inscription from 999 CE records the king's offering of an idol obtained as spoils from Malainadu.

Naval expedition
One of the last conquests of Rajaraja was the naval conquest of the islands of Maldives ("the Ancient Islands of the Sea Numbering 1200"). The naval campaign was a demonstration of the Chola naval power in the Indian Ocean.

The Cholas controlled the area around Bay of Bengal with Nagapattinam as the main port. The Chola Navy also played a major role in the invasion of Sri Lanka. The success of Rajaraja allowed his son Rajendra Chola to lead the Chola invasion of Srivijaya, carrying out naval raids in South-East Asia and briefly occupying Kadaram.

Personal life
Rajaraja married several women, including the following: Vanathi aka Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār, Dantisakti Vitanki aka Lokamadevi, Panchavan Madeviyar, Chola Mahadevi, Trailokya Mahadevi, Lata Mahadevi, Prithvi Mahadevi, Meenavan Mahadevi, Viranarayani and Villavan Mahadevi. He had at least three daughters and two sons. The older son, Rajendra, was born to Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār. The younger son was named Araiyan Rajarajan, and the identiey of his mother is unknown. He had his first daughter Kundavai with Lokamadev who eventually married Chalukya prince Vimaladithan. Rajaraja had two other daughters.. Rajaraja died in 1014 CE in the Tamil month of Maka and was succeeded by Rajendra Chola I.

Administration
Before the reign of Rajaraja I, portions of the Chola territory were ruled by hereditary lords and princes who were in a loose alliance with the Chola rulers. Rajaraja initiated a project of land survey and assessment in 1000 CE which led to the reorganization of the empire into units known as valanadus. From the reign of Rajaraja I until the reign of Vikrama Chola in 1133 CE, the hereditary lords and local princes were either replaced or turned into dependent officials. This led to the king exercising closer control over the different parts of the empire. Rajaraja strengthened the local self-governments and installed a system of audit and control by which the village assemblies and other public bodies were held to account while retaining their autonomy. To promote trade, he sent the first Chola mission to China. Furthermore, his elder sister Kundavai assisted him in the administration and management of temples.

Officials
Rajendra Chola I was appointed as a co-regent towards the end of Rajaraja's reign. He held the position of supreme commander over the northern and northwestern territories. Under Raja Chola's rule, there was a notable expansion of the administrative system, resulting in a greater number of offices and officials documented in Chola records compared to previous eras. Villavan Muvendavelan, one of the top officials of Rajaraja figures in many of his inscriptions. The names of other officials found in the inscriptions are the Bana prince Narasimhavarman, a general Senapathi Krishnan Raman, the Samanta chief Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, the revenue official Irayiravan Pallavarayan and Kuruvan Ulagalandan, who organised the country-wide land surveys.

Religious policy
Rajaraja was a follower of Shaivism sect of Hinduism but he also dedicated several temples to Vishnu.

The Chudamani Vihara, a Buddhist monastery, was constructed in the 11th century CE in Nagapattinam. It was named Chudamani or Chulamani Vihara after King Sri Mara's father. The monastery was built by the Sailendra king of Srivijaya, Sri Mara Vijayattungavarman, with the support of Rajaraja I. According to the small Leyden grant, this Vihara was known as Rajaraja-perumpalli during the reign of Kulottunga I. Rajaraja dedicated the proceeds of the revenue from the village of Anaimangalam towards the upkeep of this Vihara.

Rajaraja called himself Shivapada Shekhara (IAST: Śivapāda Śekhara), literally, "the one who places his crown at the feet of Shiva".

Arts and architecture
Rajaraja embarked on a mission to recover the hymns after hearing short excerpts of Thevaram in his court. He sought the help of Nambi Andar Nambi. It is believed that by divine intervention Nambi found the presence of scripts, in the form of cadijam leaves half eaten by white ants in a chamber inside the second precinct in Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram. The brahmanas (Dikshitars) in the temple opposed the mission, but Rajaraja intervened by consecrating the images of the saint-poets through the streets of Chidambaram. Rajaraja thus became known as Tirumurai Kanda Cholan meaning one who saved the Tirumurai. In his work Nambiyandar Nambi Puranam alias Tirumurai Kanda Puranam, Nambi identifies his patron as Rasarasamannan-Abhayakula-sekharan, that is king Rajaraja, the best of the race of Abhaya. At that time, Shiva temples only had images of god forms, but after the advent of Rajaraja, the images of the Nayanar saints were also placed inside the temple. Nambi organized the hymns of three saint poets—Sambandar, Appar, and Sundarar—as the first seven books. He included Manickavasagar's Tirukovayar and Tiruvacakam as the 8th book, and the hymns of nine other saints as the 9th book. The Tirumandiram of Tirumular was designated as the 10th book, while 40 hymns by 12 other poets constituted the 11th book. Additionally, Nambi added Tirutotanar Tiruvanthathi, the sacred anthathi of the labors of the 63 nayanar saints, along with his own hymns as the 12th book. The initial seven books were later recognized as Tevaram. With the addition of Sekkizhar's Periya Puranam (1135) as the twelfth book, the entire Saiva canon became known as Tirumurai, the holy scripture. Consequently, Saiva literature now encompasses approximately 600 years of religious, philosophical, and literary development.

There are no existing contemporary portraits or statues of Rajaraja. The bronze figure purportedly depicting him at the Thanjavur temple is spurious and of recent origin.

Brihadisvara Temple

During 1010 CE, Rajaraja built the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur and dedicated it to Lord Shiva. The temple, also known as Periya Kovil, RajaRajeswara Temple and Rajarajeswaram, and the capital were centres of both religious and economic activity. The temple, which turned 1000 years old in 2010, is one of the largest temples in India and is an example of Dravidian architecture of the Chola period. Along with Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Airavatesvara temple, Brihadisvara is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples".

The temple tower, called the vimanam, stands at a remarkable height of 216 feet (66 meters), making it the tallest in the world. At the very top sits the Kumbam, a bulbous structure, which is carved entirely from a single rock and weighs approximately 80 tons. At the entrance stands a sizable statue of Nandi, the sacred bull, carved from a single rock, measuring about 16 feet in length and 13 feet in height. The entire temple structure is crafted from granite, obtained from sources located approximately 60 kilometers to the west of the temple. This temple is widely renowned as one of the premier tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu.

Coins
Prior to Rajaraja's reign, Chola coins featured the tiger emblem on the obverse, along with the fish and bow emblems representing the Pandya and Chera Dynasties, while the reverse side displayed the name of the King. However, a new type of coin emerged during Rajaraja's rule. These new coins showcased the figure of the standing king on the obverse side, while the reverse side depicted a seated goddess. The coins spread across much of southern India and were copied by Sri Lankan kings.

Inscriptions

Due to Rajaraja's desire to record his military achievements, he recorded the important events of his life in stone. An inscription in Tamil from Mulbagal in Karnataka shows his accomplishments as early as the 19th year. An excerpt from such a Meikeerthi, an inscription recording great accomplishments, follows:

Rajaraja recorded all the grants made to the Thanjavur temple and his achievements. He also preserved the records of his predecessors. An inscription of his reign found at Tirumalavadi records an order of the king to the effect that the central shrine of the Vaidyanatha temple at the place should be rebuilt and that, before pulling down the walls, the inscriptions engraved on them should be copied in a book. The records were subsequently re-engraved on the walls from the book after the rebuilding was finished.

Another inscription from the Gramardhanathesvara temple in the southern area of Arcot, dating back to the seventh year of the king, mentions the fifteenth year of his predecessor, Uttama Choladeva. Uttama Choladeva is described in the inscription as the son of Sembiyan-Madeviyar.

In popular culture

 * Ponniyin Selvan: I, a 2022 film based on Kalki Krishnamurthy's 1955 novel Ponniyin Selvan, deals with the succession troubles during the reign of Sundara Chola and the death of the elder prince Aditha Karikalan. The role of the younger prince Arulmoli Varman, also known as Ponniyin Selvan (the future Rajaraja I) is played by the Tamil cinema actor Jayam Ravi . The sequel Ponniyin Selvan: II was released in 2023.
 * Rajaraja Cholan, is a 1973 Tamil film starring Sivaji Ganesan.
 * Ponniyin Selvan, a novel by Kalki, revolves around the early life of Rajaraja, the mysteries surrounding the death of Aditha Karikalan and the subsequent accession of Uttama to the Chola throne.
 * Nandipurathu Nayagi    by Vembu Vikiraman revolves around the ascension of Uttama Chola to the throne and Rajaraja's naval expedition.
 * Rajaraja Cholan     by Kathal Ramanathan.
 * Kandalur Vasantha Kumaran Kathai by Sujatha which deals with the situations leading Rajaraja to invade Kandalur.
 * Rajakesari and Cherar Kottai by Gokul Seshadri deal with the Kandalur invasion and its after-effects.
 * Bharat Ek Khoj, a 1988 historical drama in its episodes 22 and 23 depicts Rajaraja Chola. The role was played by late actor Om Puri.
 * Kaviri Mainthan, is a 2007 novel by Anusha Venkatesh.
 * Udayaar, is a book by Tamil author Balakumaran which deals with RajaRaja's later years and Rajendra Chola I's ascension.

title: Rajaraja I


text:
The Other Side of the Sky

For the Memoir by Farah Ahmedi, See The Other Side of the Sky: A Memoir

The Other Side of the Sky is a collection of science fiction short stories by English writer Arthur C. Clarke, originally published in 1958. The stories all originally appeared in a number of different publications.

Contents

 * Bibliographical Note
 * "The Nine Billion Names of God"
 * "Refugee"
 * The Other Side of the Sky (vignettes):
 * "Special Delivery"
 * "Feathered Friends"
 * "Take a Deep Breath"
 * "Freedom of Space"
 * "Passer-by"
 * "The Call of the Stars"
 * "The Wall of Darkness"
 * "Security Check"
 * "No Morning After"
 * Venture to the Moon (vignettes):
 * "The Starting Line"
 * "Robin Hood, F.R.S."
 * "Green Fingers"
 * "All That Glitters"
 * "Watch This Space"
 * "A Question of Residence"
 * "Publicity Campaign"
 * "All the Time in the World"
 * "Cosmic Casanova"
 * "The Star"
 * "Out of the Sun"
 * "Transience"
 * "The Songs of Distant Earth"

Reception
Floyd C. Gale wrote that "too many [trick endings] are more than enough", but that there were "several superlative items", citing the "Venture to the Moon" and "The Other Side of the Sky" story headings. He described the paperback edition as "A double dozen of Clarke's best short-shorts, all tricky". Damon Knight, although dismissing the vignettes as "without exception remarkably trivial," reported that the other stories "include some of Clarke's best work."

title: The Other Side of the Sky


text:
Takashi Nagai

Takashi Nagai (永井 隆) was a Japanese Catholic physician specializing in radiology, an author, and a survivor of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. His subsequent life of prayer and service earned him the affectionate title "saint of Urakami".

Early years
Takashi (meaning "nobility") Nagai had a difficult birth that endangered his and his mother's life. His family was highly educated. His father, Noboru Nagai, was trained in Western medicine; his paternal grandfather, Fumitaka Nagai, was a practitioner of traditional herbal medicine; and his mother, Tsune, was the descendant of an old family of samurai.

Nagai was born in Matsue and grew up in the rural area of Mitoya, raised according to the teachings of Confucius and the Shinto religion. In 1920, he commenced his secondary studies at Matsue High School boarding at his cousins' home close by. He became increasingly interested with the surrounding atheism but was curious about Christianity.

Life in Nagasaki
In April 1928, he joined the Nagasaki Medical College where he joined the Araragi, a poetry group founded by Mokichi Saito and the university basketball team (he measured 1.71 m and weighed 70 kg).

In 1930 his mother died from a brain hemorrhage, which lead him to ponder the works of philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal. He began to read the Pensées which influenced his later conversion to Christianity and boarded with the Moriyama family, who for seven generations had been the hereditary leaders of a group of Kakure Kirishitans in Urakami. Takashi learned that the construction of the nearby Immaculate Conception Cathedral in Nagasaki was financed by poor Christian farmers and fishermen.

He graduated in 1932 and was supposed to deliver an address at the ceremony. However, five days before he became intoxicated at a farewell party and had returned home completely soaked with water from the rain. He slept without drying himself and found the next morning that he had contracted a disease of the right ear (signs of meningitis), which made him depressed and partially deaf. He could not practice medicine and agreed to turn to radiology research.

On 24 December, Sadakichi Moriyama invited Nagai to participate in a midnight Mass. In the cathedral, Takashi was impressed by the people in prayer, their singing, their faith and the sermon. He would later say:

The next night, Sadakichi's daughter Midori was struck down by acute appendicitis. Nagai made a quick diagnosis, telephoned the surgeon at the hospital and carried Midori there on his back through the snow. The operation was successful; Midori survived.

Upon his return from Manchuria, he continued his reading of the Catholic catechism, the Bible, and the Pensées of Blaise Pascal. He met with a priest, Father Matsusaburo Moriyama, whose father had been deported to Tsuwano (Shimane Prefecture) for his faith, along with many other Christian villagers in Urakami by the Government of Meiji Japan from the 1860s to the 1870s (Urakami Yoban Kuzure). Eventually, Nagai's spiritual progress took a decisive turn when he thought about Pascal's words:"'There is enough light for those who only desire to see, and enough obscurity for those who have a contrary disposition.'"

Conversion to Catholicism
On 9 June 1934, Nagai received baptism in the Catholic faith. He chose the Christian first name Paul and proposed to Midori. They married in August and had four children: a boy, Makoto (誠, born 3 April 1935 – 4 April 2001), and three daughters, Ikuko (郁子, born 7 July 1937 – 1939), Sasano who died shortly after her birth, and Kayano (佳也乃, born 18 August 1941 – 2 February 2008).

Takashi received the sacrament of confirmation in December 1934. Midori was president of the association of the women of the Urakami district. Takashi became a member of the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul (SSVDP), discovered its founder, Frédéric Ozanam, and his writings, and visited his patients and the poor, to whom he brought assistance, comfort and food. From 1931 to 1936, Father Maximilian Kolbe lived in a suburb of Nagasaki, where he started a monastery. Takashi met Kolbe through involvement with his parish St. Vincent de Paul Society in Nagasaki.

Military service
In January 1933, Takashi began his military service with the 11th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army) of Hiroshima. In Manchuria, Nagai cared for the wounded and served in the sanitary service as a medic. He was strongly shaken in his faith in Japanese culture when he saw for himself the exactions of the Japanese soldiers and their brutality towards the Chinese civilian population. While serving in Manchuria, Nagai had received a Catholic Catechism as a gift from his to-be wife Midori. The book immediately raised concerns with his commanding sergeant, who had it examined for "subversive ideas." Though his sergeant found the Catechism to make no sense to him, he determined that it was not "particularly socialist," returning the book to Nagai.

On 7 July 1937, the same day as the birth of his first daughter Ikuko, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out and he was mobilized as a surgeon in the service in the Medical Corps of the 5th Division. He was affected by the harsh winter in China, and the distress of the civilians and soldiers, both Chinese and Japanese. On 4 February 1939, he received news of the death of his father and that of his daughter Ikuko. He remained in China until 1940. Upon his return, he continued his studies at the college.

World War II
After the Japanese declaration of war on the United States on 8 December 1941, Nagai had a somber presentiment: His city could be destroyed during this war.

He obtained his doctorate in 1944. On 26 April 1945, an air raid on Nagasaki left numerous victims. The hospital was overwhelmed. Takashi spent his days and nights serving the wounded in his radiology department. In June 1945, he was diagnosed with leukemia and given a life expectancy of three years. This disease was probably due to his exposure to X-rays during radiological examinations which he performed by direct observation, since films were not available during the war period. He spoke to Midori about his disease, and she said to Nagai,

In the evening of 6 August, Nagai learned that an atomic bomb had been dropped by the Americans on Hiroshima. With Midori, he decided to take their children away to Matsuyama, 6 km away in the countryside, accompanied by Midori's mother.

Relief activities
On 9 August 1945, at 11:02 am, the second atomic bomb struck Nagasaki. At the time of the atomic bombing, Dr. Nagai was working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital. He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in dedicating themselves to treating the atomic bomb victims. He wrote a 100-page medical report about his observations detailing the "concentric circles of death" around the epicentre of the blast.

On 11 August, he found his house destroyed and his wife dead. Months later, Nagai was found to be seriously affected by his head wound. He was confined to bed for a month, with death for a time seeming close as he began suffering from Cheyne–Stokes respiration. According to Nagai, when he drank water taken from Lourdes in Honkawachi, where Fr. Kolbe had founded a monastery, he heard a voice urge him to ask an intercession from the priest.

Postwar years
He returned to the district of Urakami (the epicenter of the bomb) on 15 October 1945 and built a small hut (about six tatami) from pieces of his old house. He remained there with his two surviving children (Makoto and Kayano), his mother-in-law, and two other relatives.

In 1947, the local Society of Saint Vincent de Paul (SSVDP) built a simple two-tatami teahouse-like structure for him. Nagai named it "Nyokodo" (如己堂, Nyoko-dō to, literally "As-Yourself Hall", after Jesus' words, "Love your neighbor as yourself." He styled it as a hermitage and spent his remaining years in prayer and contemplation. For six months, he observed mourning for Midori and let his beard and hair grow. On 23 November 1945, a mass was celebrated, in front of the ruins of the cathedral, for the victims of the bomb. Takashi gave a speech filled with faith, comparing the victims to a sacred offering to obtain peace.

In the following years, Nagai resumed teaching and began to write books. The first of these, The Bells of Nagasaki, was completed by the first anniversary of the bombing. Although he failed to find a publisher at first, eventually it became a best seller and the basis for a top box-office movie in Japan. In July 1946, he collapsed on a station platform. Now disabled, he was henceforth confined to bed.

In 1948, he used 50,000 yen paid by the Kyushu Times to plant 1,000 three-year-old sakura (cherry) trees in the district of Urakami to transform this devastated land into a "Hill of Flowers". Although some have been replaced, these cherry trees are still called "Nagai Senbonzakura" ("1,000 cherry trees of Nagai"); their flowers decorate the houses of Urakami in spring. By 2010, the numbers of these cherry trees were reduced to only about 20 due to aging and other causes.

On 3 December 1949, he was made freeman of the city of Nagasaki. He received a visit from Helen Keller in October 1948. He was visited, in 1949, by Emperor Hirohito and by Cardinal Norman Gilroy of Australia, a papal emissary.

Death
On 1 May 1951, he asked to be transported to the college hospital in Nagasaki so that the medical students could observe the last moments of a man preparing to die from leukemia. He prolonged the day of hospitalization to wait for the statue of Our Lady, a gift from the Italian Catholic Medical Association.

Until the evening, his condition seemed stable. However, around 9:40pm, Nagai complained of dizziness and became unconscious. After two injections of cardiotonics, he regained his consciousness and prayed:

Then he took the cross from the hand of his son Makoto, who rushed into the room, and shortly after he shouted the words "Please pray!" Nagai breathed his last at 9:50 pm. He died at the age of 43. On the following day, his body underwent an autopsy at the hospital according to his will. His spleen had swelled to 3,410g (normal weight: 94g), and his liver weighed 5,035g (normal weight: 1,400g).

On May 3, his funeral Mass was celebrated by Bishop Paul Aijirō Yamaguchi in front of the cathedral. On May 14, an official ceremony took place in memory of Nagai. An estimated 20,000 people attended. The city of Nagasaki observed one minute of silence while the bells of all the religious buildings rang. His remains were interred in the Sakamoto International Cemetery.

Legacy
His "Nyokodo", with the addition of a library, became a museum in 1952: the Nagasaki City Nagai Takashi Memorial Museum. After undergoing restoration in 2000, it is managed today by Tokusaburo Nagai, the grandson of Takashi Nagai and son of Makoto Nagai.

The Dr. Takashi Nagai Memorial Museum is in Unnan, Shimane Prefecture, where he spent his childhood.

His name was added to the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations erected in Hamburg, Germany.

In 1991, the Takashi Nagai Peace Award was founded. In Nagasaki, with the purpose of annually awarding individuals and/or organizations, both domestic and overseas, for their contributions to world peace through the improvements and developments of medicare for hibakusha and related social welfare, the Takashi Nagai Memorial Nagasaki Peace Award was founded.

On April 1, 2003, for the succession of Nagai's spirit and a center to offer medical care for domestic and overseas hibakusha, the Nagai Takashi Memorial International Hibakusha Medical Center was founded at Nagasaki University Hospital.

Shunichi Yamashita, the director of the center, who was appointed as an adviser to Fukushima Prefecture on radiation exposure after the Fukushima nuclear accident, wrote:"'I myself [am] just a younger alumnus of the same university, I found Nagai Takashi Memorial International Hibakusha Medical Center at Nagasaki University Hospital. Furthermore, by founding the Takashi Nagai Memorial Nagasaki Peace Award as an international activity of Nagasaki Association for Hibakushas' Medical Care, I am making an effort in order to honor the doctor for a long time succeeding the last wishes of those who [know] the doctor like the late Soshino Hisamatsu, the director of [the] nursing service department.'"

In Korea in 2004, the Most Rev. Paul Ri Moun-hi, then Archbishop of Daegu, founded the Korean Association of "Love Your Neighbor as Yourself".

Nagai has been designated a Servant of God by the Catholic Church.

Use of nuclear power
Although Nagai opposed the use of nuclear weapons, he hoped atomic energy might be used for peaceful purposes. At the end of the Atomic Bomb Rescue and Relief Report, he writes: "'We should utilize the principle of the atomic bomb. Go forward in the research of atomic energy contributing to the progress of civilization. A misfortune will then be transformed to good fortune. The world civilization will change with the utilization of atomic energy. If a new and fortunate world can be made, the souls of so many victims will rest in peace.'"

Works
Nagai left behind a voluminous output of essays, memoirs, drawings, and calligraphy on themes including God, war, death, medicine, and orphanhood. These enjoyed a large readership during the American occupation of Japan (1945–52) as spiritual chronicles of the atomic bomb experience. His books have been translated into various languages, including Chinese, Korean, French, and German. Four of his literary works are currently available in English: We of Nagasaki, a compilation of atomic-bomb victim testimonies edited by Nagai; The Bells of Nagasaki (trans. William Johnston); Leaving My Beloved Children Behind (trans. Maurice M. Tatsuoka and Tsuneyoshi Takai); and Thoughts from Nykodo (trans. Gabriele di Comite). His works were recently republished in new Japanese editions by Paulist Press.

Much of Nagai's writing is spiritual, consisting of Christian reflections on the experience (or, just as often, imagined future experience) of himself and the people around him, especially his children, in the aftermath of the war. His intensely personal meditations are often addressed to his children or to God, and he works out his own spiritual issues on the page as he writes in a visceral and uncensored prose. Nagai's more technical writings, in the Atomic Bomb Rescue and Relief Report (Nagasaki Idai Genshi Bakudan Kyuugo Houkoku), were discovered in 1970.

Writing
NOTE: Dates of publication do not reflect the order in which the works were written; some were published posthumously, and all have been subsequently re-compiled for the Paulist editions.
 * The Bells of Nagasaki (長崎の鐘 Nagasaki no Kane), August 1946.
 * Records of the Atomic Wasteland (原子野録音 Genshiya Rokuon), a series in the Japanese journal "The Knights of the Immaculata" (聖母の騎士 Seibo no Kishi), 1947–1951.
 * For That Which Passeth Not Away (亡びぬものを Horobinu Mono O), 1948.
 * The Rosary Chain (ロザリオの鎖 Rozario no Kazari), 1948.
 * Leaving These Children Behind (この子を残して Kono Ko o Nokoshite), 1948.
 * The River of Life - The Stories of Radiation Disease (生命の河-原子病の話 Seimei no Kawa- Genshibyō no Hanashi), 1948.
 * The Flower-Blooming Hill (花咲く丘 Hana Saku Oka), 1949.
 * My Precious Child (いとし子よ Itoshi Ko Yo), 1949.
 * The Otome Pass (乙女峠, Otometōge), 1951.
 * Nyokodō Essays (如己堂随筆 Nyokodō Zuihitsu), 1957.
 * Village Doctor (村医 Son-i), 1978.
 * Tower of Peace (平和塔 Heiwa no Tō), 1979.
 * Flowers of Nagasaki (長崎の花 Nagasaki no Hana), Daily Tokyo Times series, 1950.
 * The New Morning (新しき朝 Atarashiki Asa), 1999.
 * Atomic Bomb Rescue and Relief Report (長崎医大原子爆弾救護報告Nagasaki Idai Genshi Bakudan Kyuugo Houkoku) Nagasaki Association for Hibakusha's Medical Care (NASHIM)

Translation

 * (世界と肉体とスミス神父 Sekai to Nikutai to Sumisu Shinpu) Original Title: The World, the Flesh, and Father Smith by Bruce Marshall
 * (野鼠―フアンタジイ Nonezumi - Fantaji)

Editing and Writing

 * Living Beneath the Atomic Cloud: The Testimony of the Children of Nagasaki. (原子雲の下に生きて Genshigumo no Shita ni Ikite)
 * We of Nagasaki; The story of survivors in an atomic wasteland (私達は長崎にいた: 原爆生存者の叫び Watashitachi wa Nagasaki ni Ita: Genbaku Seizonsha no Sakebi)

Unpublished Writing
A Bright Port (輝やく港 Kagayaku Minato)
 * An Introduction of Takashi Nagai's Kagayaku Minato（A Bright Port） from the Original Manuscript (Part1)
 * An Introduction of Takashi Nagai's Kagayaku Minato （A Bright Port） from the Original Manuscript (Part 2)

Media
In July 1949 a song titled "Nagasaki no Kane" ("The Bells of Nagasaki") was released by Columbia Records. It was sung by Ichiro Fujiyama with lyrics by Hachiro Sato. Yuji Koseki was the composer for the song.

Nagai's "The Bells of Nagasaki" was used as the basis for a film of the same name produced by Shochiku movie studios and directed by Hideo Ōba. It was released on 23 September 1950. Leaving These Children Behind was filmed by Keisuke Kinoshita in 1983.

The British film production company Pixel Revolution Films released the film All That Remains based on the life of Nagai in 2016. The film is directed by Ian and Dominic Higgins and stars Leo Ashizawa as Dr. Nagai and Yuna Shin as his wife, Midori.

title: Takashi Nagai