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Nikolaos Plastiras

Nikolaos Plastiras (Νικόλαος Πλαστήρας; 4 November 1883 – 26 July 1953) was a Greek general and politician, who served twice as Prime Minister of Greece. A distinguished soldier known for his personal bravery, he became famous as "The Black Rider" during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, where he commanded the 5/42 Evzone Regiment. After the Greek defeat in the war, along with other Venizelist officers he launched the 11 September 1922 Revolution that deposed King Constantine I of Greece and his government. The military-led government ruled until January 1924, when power was handed over to an elected National Assembly, which later declared the Second Hellenic Republic. In the interwar period, Plastiras remained a devoted Venizelist and republican. Trying to avert the rise of the royalist People's Party and the restoration of the monarchy, he led two coup attempts in 1933 and 1935, both of which failed, forcing him to exile in France.

During the Axis Occupation of Greece in the Second World War he was the nominal leader of the EDES resistance group, although he remained in exile in Marseilles. After the occupation, he returned to Greece and served as a centrist Prime Minister three times, often in coalition with the Liberal Party. In his last two governments, he tried to heal the rift caused in Greek society by the Greek Civil War, but was unsuccessful.

Early life
He was born in 1883, in Karditsa, Greece. Plastiras' parents were originally from Morfovouni (formerly Vounesi), a village in the Agrafa mountains of southwestern Thessaly. The municipality was renamed for General Plastiras and Morfovouni is the present capital of Plastiras Municipality. The family moved to Karditsa before Plastiras was born.

Military career
After finishing school in Karditsa, he joined the 5th Infantry Regiment as a volunteer in 1904. He fought in the Macedonian Struggle, and participated in the military coup of 1909. He entered the NCO School in 1910 and, after being assigned to the rank 2nd lieutenant in 1912, he fought with distinction in the Balkan Wars, where he earned his nickname "The Black Rider". He first rose to wider prominence when, as a major, he supported the Movement of National Defence of Eleftherios Venizelos during the First World War. He fought with distinction with the Archipelago Division at the battle of Skra-di-Legen and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. In 1919, Plastiras commanded the 5/42 Evzone Regiment in the Ukraine, as part of an Allied force aiding the White Army in their ultimately unsuccessful fight against the Red Army. His force was then transferred to Smyrna in Asia Minor via Romania. After the change in power in Greece (November 1920) and the return of king Constantine, he was the only officer, who had participated in the National Defence movement, who was not dismissed from the army. The men of his Regiment warned that they wouldn't fight under another commander.

During the Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922, the Turks called Plastiras Kara Biber ("The Black Pepper"), while the 5/42 Regiment of Evzones became known as the Şeytanın Askerleri ("Satan's Army"). Soon after, at the battle of Sakarya, the Greeks were forced to begin their retreat. After the Turkish breakthrough in August 1922, his unit have been ordered to counterattack at Kamelar mountain to regain Greek's positions. He didn't try on 13 August, but he did try and failed the following day. For this failure he was accused to be responsible for the 4th Greek Infantry Division destruction, supposed to get accusations on a court marshal. His unit, 5/42 Evzones Regiment, was among others withdrawing orderly to the coast, fighting off superior Turkish forces and having serious casualties. The remnants of the Hellenic Army made their way to the islands of the Eastern Aegean.

September 1922 Revolution
The Army's resentment at the political leadership in Athens resulted in the outbreak of the 11 September 1922 Revolution, led by Plastiras, Colonel Stylianos Gonatas and Commander Phokas.

Having the support of the Army and much of the people, the revolutionary officers quickly entered Athens and assumed control of the country. He is reported by Penelope Delta, witness of the events, to have said to the crowd: "Why do you cheer? We lost, we came destroyed".

Plastiras forced King Constantine II to resign, called upon the exiled Venizelos to lead the negotiations with Turkey which culminated in the Treaty of Lausanne, and set about to reorganize the Army of Thrace against any Turkish advance (eastern Thrace was still in Greek hands). One of the most controversial acts of the revolutionary government was the trial and execution of five royalist politicians, including former PM Dimitrios Gounaris, and the former Commander-in-Chief, General Georgios Hatzianestis, on 28 November 1922 as those mainly responsible for the Asia Minor Disaster, in the infamous "Trial of the Six".

Plastiras faced multiple challenges in governing Greece. The 1.3 million refugees from the population exchange had to be catered for in a country with a ruined economy, internationally isolated and internally divided. The Corfu incident, and a botched Royalist coup in October 1923 were evidence of this. After the failed royalist coup, King George II was forced to leave the country. Nonetheless, he managed to restore some order to the state and to lay the groundwork for the Second Hellenic Republic. After the elections of December 1923 for the new National Assembly, he resigned from the army on 2 January 1924, retiring to private life. In recognition of his services to the country, the National Assembly declared him "worthy of the fatherland" and conferred to him the rank of lieutenant general in retirement.

Plastiras was even admired by his greatest enemy, Mustafa Kemal. At the end of the war, during the negotiations that took place regarding the exchange of populations between Greece and the newly formed Republic of Turkey, Atatürk is quoted telling Plastiras, "I gave gold and you gave me copper."

Political career
The Republic that he had helped found proved an unstable one. Coups, counter-coups, the conflict between Venizelists/Republicans and Royalists, and constant economic problems plagued Greece. Plastiras, persecuted during the Pangalos dictatorship, attempted to lead a coup in March 1933, after the anti-Venizelists won the elections, but facing universal reaction (even from Venizelos himself), he was forced to flee abroad. Finally, after the failed Venizelist revolt of 1935, although still abroad, he was condemned in absentia to death. Nonetheless he maintained a high prestige as a war hero and because of his integrity and staunch Republicanism.

He played a role in the creation of the EDES resistance group, whose titular leadership he had despite his will, after discussions with Komninos Pyromaglou.

He returned to Greece in 1945, after his selection as prime minister following the December events of 1944, primarily because he was a commonly accepted personality. Plastiras attempted to tread a middle path between the British, who were supporting the returned government-in-exile and the return of King George II, and the democratic-leftist guerilla of the EAM/ELAS. During his premiership, the Varkiza Agreement was signed. His moderate policies and republican sympathies earned the distrust of the British, and he was dismissed after only three months in office, when the Press published a letter of him during the war, proposing the German intervention to stop the Greco-Italian war.

In 1949, after the end of the Greek Civil War, Plastiras founded a new party, the Progressive Libera Paty which transformed into National Progressive Centre Union (Εθνική Προοδευτική Ένωση Κέντρου, EPEK) for the 1950 Greek legislative election, forming a following of disappointed Liberals and left-leaning democrats. He preached a message of national reconciliation, which put him in conflict with the conservative establishment which sought to punish those who had fought to establish a communist government. Together with Sofoklis Venizelos and George Papandreou, Plastiras formed a coalition government in 1950, which fell, however, when his partners retired. In the September 1951 elections, EPEK emerged as the strongest of the centrist parties. Plastiras formed a coalition government with Sofoklis Venizelos' Liberals, and attempted to address the great problems of the country. His government initiated the economic recovery and the reconstruction of Greece. A monument to this is the construction of the dam at the Tavropos (Megdovas) River to form a lake, a program that he initiated. The lake and dam, both formerly named Tavropos, now bear his name. His policy of conciliation, however, was bitterly assailed from the right, distrusted from the left, and undermined even by members of his own cabinet. A defining moment of his government was the conviction and execution of Nikos Belogiannis in March 1952 despite international protest. After losing the elections of November 1952, his political career, and with it the liberal 'Centrist Intermission', came to an end. He died in poverty in 1953 in Athens.

title: Nikolaos Plastiras


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Sato Kilman

Meltek Sato Kilman Livtuvanu (born 30 December 1957) is a Vanuatuan politician who served as the Prime Minister of Vanuatu on four previous occasions, most recently from 4 September to 6 October 2023. he was previously prime minister from December 2010 to April 2011, from May to June 2011 and June 2015 to February 2016, though his premiership was subsequently annulled by a court of law.

Kilman was elected prime minister again on 26 June 2011, thus beginning his first legally recognised term in the premiership; he served until 23 March 2013. He is also the Leader of the People's Progress Party and an MP from Lakatoro on Malekula Island. On October 6, 2023, he was ousted by a vote of no confidence.

Early life and police career
Kilman was born on 30 December 1957. His home island is Malekula.

In 1977, Kilman joined the British Police Force in New Hebrides as a corporal. Following the independence of Vanuatu in 1980, he underwent training with the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary. Kilman was appointed commander of the Vanuatu Mobile Forces in 1984 and assistant commissioner of the Vanuatu Police Force in 1986. He was promoted to police commissioner in 1992, but was dismissed the following year and controversially replaced with a political appointee who had a criminal record. He subsequently pursued business interests in the logging industry.

Politics
Kilman and Ham Lini led the opposition to the Serge Vohor government when it took office in July 2004. Lini soon joined a coalition government with Vohor as Kilman became the leader of the opposition and a particularly strong critic of Vohor's attempts to establish relations with Taiwan. In December 2004, Kilman filed the no confidence motion which deposed Vohor and made Lini prime minister. In the new cabinet established on 13 December 2004, Kilman was rewarded by becoming Lini's deputy, as well as taking the position of foreign minister.

Kilman was dismissed from the government in a cabinet reshuffle in late July 2007. According to the government, this was due to alleged fraud, involving money stolen from the government, in which Kilman's political secretary was said to be involved.

Following the 2008 general election, the People's Progress Party was in Opposition, as part of the Alliance bloc. In March 2009, Kilman was named leader of the Opposition, because the Alliance bloc had the largest number of seats of any Opposition party or alliance. In November 2009, in a major cabinet reshuffle, Kilman was brought into Natapei's government as deputy prime minister.

First terms as prime minister (2010–2013)
On 2 December 2010 Kilman was appointed prime minister after Edward Natapei was ousted in a vote of no confidence. Kilman was himself narrowly ousted in a vote of no confidence on 24 April 2011 (Easter Sunday), by 26 votes to 25; Serge Vohor succeeded him.

Vohor's election was declared invalid on 13 May 2011, as he only had a relative majority, and not an absolute one.

On 16 June, Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek ruled in a separate case put forward by Edward Natapei, contesting the constitutionality of Kilman's initial election in December 2010. Lunabek ruled that Kilman's election to office had indeed been unconstitutional, as "[t]he speaker of Parliament Maxime Carlot Korman [had] appointed Mr Kilman prime minister without following article 41 of the constitution which required he be elected by secret ballot". Kilman's premiership was annulled, and Natapei was restored as interim prime minister, instructed to convene Parliament for the election of a new prime minister. Ironically, as Natapei's ministers were restored as interim ministers, Kilman reverted to being Natapei's interim deputy prime minister - a position he was expected to hold only for a few days.

On 26 June, Kilman stood for the premiership, and was elected by Parliament, with 29 votes to Serge Vohor's 23.

He retained the confidence of Parliament following the October 2012 general election, forming a broad coalition government.

On 20 March 2013, Minister for Justice and Social Welfare Thomas Laken and Minister for Ni-Vanuatu Business Marcellino Pipite crossed the floor to join the Opposition, along with six government backbenchers. Lacking a majority with which to govern, Kilman announced his resignation the following day, before a motion of no confidence could be brought against him. On 23 March, Parliament elected Moana Carcasses Kalosil to succeed him.

On 15 May 2014, Carcasses was ousted in a motion of no confidence. New Prime Minister Joe Natuman appointed Kilman his Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade. In early June 2015, Natuman sacked him for having said publicly that he could support a motion of no confidence against the government.

Return to office
On 11 June 2015, Kilman again became prime minister. He ousted Joe Natuman through a no-confidence vote, having been sacked as foreign minister by Natuman the previous week.

In October 2015, half of the MPs in Kilman's government, including Deputy Prime Minister Moana Carcasses and several other ministers, were imprisoned for bribery. Kilman refused to comment publicly during the case, and allowed convicted MPs to remain in their positions as government ministers right up until the point of their imprisonment. His perceived lack of leadership during the crisis, and refusal to take responsibility for corruption within his government, was widely criticised and led to calls for his resignation.

On 4 September 2023, he returned as prime minister replacing Ishmael Kalsakau. Kilman told fellow MPs his top concern would be to "review foreign policy so that it benefitted Vanuatu more", also seeking "new export markets". The prime minister election came as a result of a political crisis, leading to former PM Kalsakau's ousting "for actions including signing a security pact with Australia".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sato Kilman


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Belleplates

Belleplates is a brand name of a musical instrument of the percussion family and handbell sub-family. Consisting of a handle attached to a trapezoidal aluminium plate, struck by an attached hammer, they are something of a combination of handbells and handchimes. They are played with the same basic methods as handbells by teams or by individual players. Belleplates are manufactured by Belleplates, Ltd.

History
Belleplates were invented by Maurice Davies when he struck with his knuckles a piece of aluminium he had cut out to make something in his workshop, and was pleasantly surprised that it made a pleasant musical sound much like that of handbells. In March 2003 Belleplates Inc won Best Use of Innovation at the Best of Business Awards 2003. They subsequently went on to win the McNOOT Award at the Midlands Christian Resources Exhibition. McNOOT stands for 'My Church Needs One of Those' and was judged by a panel of clergymen and church elders as the item in the show they would most like to take back to their parishes.

Characteristics
The instrument fills a gap in the market for a inexpensive, durable and lightweight handbell type instrument. Due to these qualities they have been used preferentially to handbells in schools and with elderly or disabled musicians.

Belleplates are not used as a professional instrument, however they blend with handbells and related instruments, allowing them to be used in a concert setting to provide a contrasting melody. Belleplates are generally sold in sets of between 12 (1½ octaves diatonic) and 61 (5 chromatic octaves). Belleplates are made with coloured plastic handles; diatonic bellplates have white handles, and chromatic belleplates have black handles. This colour distinction, as used on Malmark handbells, makes it visually easier to pick up the correct note. They are packaged with clear plastic protective covers and stored in briefcases.

title: Belleplates


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Lahr

Lahr (officially Lahr/Schwarzwald since 30 September 1978) ; Lohr) is a city in western Baden-Württemberg, Germany, approximately 50 km north of Freiburg im Breisgau, 40 km southeast of Strasbourg, and 95 km southwest of Karlsruhe. It is the second largest city in Ortenau (district) after Offenburg, and serves as an intermediate economic centre for the cities and towns of Ettenheim, Friesenheim, Kappel-Grafenhausen, Kippenheim, Mahlberg, Meißenheim, Ringsheim, Rust, Schuttertal, Schwanau and Seelbach.

The population of Lahr passed the 20,000 mark in the mid-1950s. When the new body of Municipal Law for Baden-Württemberg came into effect on April 1, 1956, the city was therefore immediately accorded Große Kreisstadt status. In addition, Lahr cooperates with the town of Kippenheim in administrative matters.

Geography
Lahr is located on the western edge of the Black Forest where the Schutter Valley merges with the Upper Rhine River Plains from the east. The Schutter enters the city from the southeast and runs in a northwesterly direction first through the boroughs of Reichenbach and Kuhbach, then through Lahr (proper) where the Altstadt (historic town centre) is situated on the right bank of the river. It then traverses the borough of Dinglingen where it bends north until it finally leaves the city after traversing the borough of Hugsweier. A canal for emergency relief in times of flooding branches off from the Schutter not far from Dinglingen.

The city of Lahr is made up of Lahr (proper) and the formerly independent communities of Burgheim (merged with Lahr in 1899) and Dinglingen (merged in 1933). Burgheim and Dinglingen have merged with Lahr also in a geographic sense. During the last major district reform in Baden-Württemberg in the 1970s Hugsweier, Kippenheimweiler, Kuhbach, Langenwinkel, Mietersheim, Reichenbach and Sulz joined Lahr as new boroughs.

Several of the boroughs include additional, geographically distinct settlements or neighbourhoods that either have a long history of their own or were created as new developments but with areal boundaries that have not been officially defined. Most of these settlements have only small populations and some have since also merged with their borough in a geographic sense.

Specifically, Brudertal is part of the borough of Kuhbach; Galgenberg, Schutterlindenhof and Waldfrieden are part of Lahr (proper); Eichberg, Gereut, Giesenhof, Langeck, Poche and Schindelhöfe are part of the borough of Reichenbach; and Dammenmühle, Ernethof, Hohberg and Langenhard are part of the borough of Sulz.

Neighbouring communities
The following cities and towns share a border with Lahr. They are listed clockwise starting from the north: Friesenheim, Seelbach, Kippenheim, Kappel-Grafenhausen and Schwanau.

Climate
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Oceanic climate).

The city
Lahr developed around the Storchenturm ("stork tower") owned by the House of Geroldseck around 1220 and received a city charter around 1278. The charter was renewed in 1377 and served as the foundation for municipal independence through to the end of the Old Empire. The significant tax privileges enjoyed by Lahr allowed the city to quickly grow into a centre of trade during the eighteenth century.

The city and surrounding land with the same name remained the property of the Geroldsecks until 1426. Their successor was the House of Moers-Saarwerden, which gave half the land to Baden as collateral for loans and in 1497 legal ownership was transferred to it. The other half was transferred to the House of Nassau-Saarbrücken in 1522. Both Baden and the House of Nassau-Saarbrücken implemented the Reformation in the areas under their control and ruled the city jointly until the Baden half also became the property of the Nassaus in 1629.

The Thirty Years' War reduced the city's population significantly and during the Dutch War in 1677 it was burned to the ground by French troops under the leadership of Marshall de Créquy. Later on, during the eighteenth century, the citizens of Lahr sued the House of Nassau in the "Lahr Law Suits" in 1726 and 1778. The suits were decided in favor of the citizens of Lahr and thwarted Nassau's attempt at absolute rule.

In 1803 Lahr and the surrounding land in Baden became the seat of a court, whose areal boundaries were modified several times. During the 19th century Lahr was highly involved in the printing industry and the Burda Publishing Company, nowadays located in neighboring Offenburg, had its start at least partially in Lahr.

Between 1898 and 1919 and again between 1936 and 1945, the city was home to a garrison. After World War II, Lahr became one of the bases for the French until France left the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1966. After that, from 1967 until 1994, the Canadian NATO forces (CFB Lahr) maintained their European headquarters in Lahr. Following the closing down of the "old" Brigade Area in North Rhine-Westphalia centred around Iserlohn, Hemer, Deilinghofen as well as Werl and Soest (1970–1971)the Land Forces and their families were transferred to the Lahr area to join the existing Air Force contingent. On 6 May 1994, Werner Dietz, Mayor of Lahr/Schwarzenwald presented the Canadian Forces a plaque "The City of Lahr/Schwarzenwald, in the Black Forest, thanks the Canadian Forces for their contribution to Peace, Security and harmonious relations between Canadian and German populations of our city during their presence from 1967 to 1994." After the Canadian Forces left in 1994, a small Canadian contingent of former civilian employees remained in Lahr (approximately 200).

As early as 1939 Lahr was the seat of the rural district of the same name. Its automobile license plates code was "LR" but during the Baden-Württemberg district reform in the 1970s the district was dissolved and its communities were assigned and made part of the newly created Ortenau District.

The boroughs
Lahr's boroughs also enjoy a long history. Hugsweier, Burgheim, Dinglingen, Langenwinkel, Mietersheim and Sulz used to be ruled by the same rulers as Lahr itself and therefore shared a great deal of the city's history. In 1803 they became part of Baden and were communities in a previous district of Lahr until they were merged and became part of the city.

Hugsweier was first mentioned in 1341 as "Hugelswilre", Burgheim in 1035 as "Burcheim", Dinglingen in 961 as "Tuntelinga", Mietersheim in 762 as "Mutherisheim" and Sulz in 1270 as "Sulz".

Langenwinkel is a village with a fairly short history. It was built starting in 1787 in the area of the Nassau forest, which was cut down to make room for the new village, on land that belonged to Dinglingen. In 1790 the first house was built and in 1797 Langenwinkel became an independent community that was also made part of Baden in 1803. After 1951 the airfield for the Canadian Forces was built in Langenwinkel's immediate vicinity and the associated noise and traffic became a tremendous hardship for the residents of Langenwinkel. In 1965 the German Ministry of Defense decided therefore to move the village and Langenwinkel was recreated between 1968 and 1971 several kilometres southeast of the Hurster Hof.

Kippenheimweiler was first mentioned in 1427 as "Wilre" and then in 1462 as "Kippenwiler". It was an extension of Kippenheim and like Kippenheim it became part of the Baden House of Mahlberg in 1629. In 1810 it was assigned to the Ettenheim court and only íts subsequent dissolution did it become part of the district Lahr.

Kuhbach was first mentioned in 1035 as "Cuobach". Initially it belonged to the Geroldsecks. After the family divided into two in 1278 was it made part of Hohengeroldseck (Vogtei Seelbach). Ecclesiastically, it was first part of the Burgheim parish and was later assigned to the Lahr parish. After the counterreformation the town became Catholic again and was only made part of Baden in 1819 when it was assigned to the district of Lahr.

Reichenbach was first mentioned as "Richenbach" in 1270. The town was divided up between the Houses of Geroldseck and Tiersberg. During the fourteenth century the part owned by the Tiersbergs came after several detours into the possession of Baden and was given to the Röder vassals as a fief. The Hohengeroldseck part eventually became the property of the Counts van der Leyen. Reichenbach was initially Protestant but returned to Catholicism in 1658. The Baden-Röder part was then passed on to the County of Geroldseck in 1806 and with the County came into the possession of Austria in 1815. In 1819 it was returned to Baden and became part of the court of Hohengeroldseck. Only in 1832 was it made part of the Lahr district.

Religion
The region around Lahr initially belonged to the Archdiocese of Strasbourg. The city itself was originally attached to the parishes of Dinglingen and Burgheim. Only the Chapel of Our Lady was located in Lahr. In 1259 the Augustinians founded a monastery which was moved to the outskirts of Dinglingen in 1349 and converted into a collegiate monastery in 1482. In 1492 the parish of Burgberg was moved to Lahr and the Chapel of Our Lady became the parish church. After the Reformation was introduced in 1558 until 1567, the monastery was dissolved and Lahr remained exclusively Protestant for the next several centuries. After Lahr came to Baden, the church became seat of a deanery which serves the entire surrounding area. Two other parishes developed from the original one, Christ Church Parish and Peace Parish, but were merged later on to form a combined parish. The combined parish today also includes John's Parish in Sulz, the Luther, Paul and Melanchton Parishes in Dinglingen and Lahr-West, and St Peter's Parish in Burgheim. Additional Protestant parishes are located in the boroughs of Hugsweier, Kippenheimweiler and Langenwinkel, while Langenwinkel is attached to the parish of Hugsweier and Kippenheimweiler to the parish in neighbouring Kippenheim. Protestants from Kuhbach and Reichenbach belong to the parish of Seelbach and those living in Mietersheim belong to the parish of Lahr. All Protestant parishes belong to the deanery of Lahr within the Evangelical Church in Baden. The Liebenzeller Association is also represented in Lahr.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century Catholics began to return to Lahr and in 1843 the first Catholic parish was founded, its church St. Peter and Paul constructed from 1846. St. Marien became the second Catholic parish in 1960 (its church was built in 1954 through 1956). Additional Catholic parishes exist in Dinglingen (Holy Spirit with church St. Martin in Hugsweier), Kuhbach (Mary Ascension and Chapel of Our Dear Lady), Reichenbach and Sulz (St. Peter and Paul). In Sulz a Simultaneum existed between 1773 and 1959 where Catholics and Protestants used the same church building.

In addition to the two large denominations the following are also represented in Lahr: several independent Protestant churches among them Baptists, Methodists and Pentecostals, and the New Apostolic Church.

District reform
In conjunction with several district reforms the following towns were merged with Lahr:

 * 1899: Burgheim
 * 1933: Dinglingen
 * 1972: Hugsweier, Kippenheimweiler, Kuhbach, Langenwinkel, Mietersheim, Reichenbach and Sulz

Demographics
Figures reflect city limits at the time and are estimates (until 1870), Census data (¹), or official extensions thereof, counting only primary residences.

¹ Census data

Approximately 9,000 of Lahr's citizens are descendants of Germans who settled in Russia, and another 4,000 are descendants of other Soviet nationalities and so every fourth citizen of Lahr currently (as of 2006) lists the former Soviet Union as his or her place of birth.

Government
In connection with the district reform in the 1970s, municipal laws of Baden-Württemberg were amended to introduce borough councils for certain boroughs. Residents of such boroughs elect their borough council at each municipal election and the borough council must be consulted on all matters of significance to the respective borough. The Borough President also presides over the Borough Council. In Lahr the boroughs of Hugsweier, Kippenheimweiler, Kughbach, Langenwinkel, Mietersheim, Reichenbach and Sulz have borough councils.

City council
The elections in 2014 showed the following results:
 * The LEFT: 2 seats
 * SPD: 8 seats
 * The Greens: 4 seats
 * CDU: 8 seats
 * FWG: 7 seats
 * FDP: 3 seats
 * Total: 32 seats

Mayor
Initially Lahr was headed up by four members of the council, referred to as "The Four". From 1377 the council consisted of 12 "Friends of the Council", of them four were considered mayors. In addition, there was an executor and a regal advocate to facilitate matters between the city and the ruling houses. From the 19th century on, there was only one mayor and a council with 11 members. Currently, the mayor is elected by the city's citizens for a term of eight years and he is also the President of the city council. His permanent deputy mayors are the "First councilperson" and "Second councilperson".

Mayors since 1803

Coat of arms
Lahr's coat of arms features a split shield. Displayed on the left is a red beam on golden background and on the right a silver wall on blue background. The wall has three merlons, an open gate and a portcullis that is pulled halfway up. The city colors are blue and white. The symbol in the coat of arms was used in official seals since at least 1305. It originates from the coat of arms of the House Geroldseck, founders of the city, and included the then customary symbol for cities, the wall. The wall was replaced with a parapet in the fifteenth century. Between 1898 and 1958 the coat of arms depicted only the parapet with the head of an angel holding the shield. This version was known since the 18th century but the city returned to the original version in 1958.

Buildings
The Storchenturm (crane tower) is the logo of Lahr. The tower is a remnant of the former castle of the Geroldseck and remains together with parts of the old city wall. Other notables are the City park with museum in the Jamm villa and the foundry in the borough of Reichenbach. The new city hall, which was originally constructed as the home for an entrepreneur, features a facade by Friedrich Weinbrenner.

The main church serving the city is the Lutheran Stiftskirche, formerly Church of Our Lady, which is a late-gothic basilica with three naves and a tower that was built in 1874. Much older is the St. Peter's church in Burgheim, which is one of the oldest churches on the right side of the Rhine. Between 1877 and 1880 a second Protestant church was built, featuring a dome and built in the style of the Italian Renaissance. The Friedenskirche was built in 1956 and the first Catholic church, St. Peter and Paul, was built in 1846 in neo-Roman style and features two towers. The second Catholic church St. Marien was built between 1954 and 1956 and expanded in 1967.

In the boroughs are the Petrus Church in Burgheim (featuring a Roman Choir church with gothic murals), the St Martin's Church in Dinglingen (built in 1784), the Melanchton Church in Dinglingen (built 1979), former St. Margarethen Church in Hugsweier (built between 1755 and 1790), St. Martin's Church in Hugsweier (built in 1966), Kippenheimweiler Church (built in 1902, Chapel of Our Lady in Kuhbach (built in the 14th and 15th centuries), the church of the Assumption of our Blessed Lady in Kuhbach (built in 1956), the Mietersheim Chapel (built in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Reichenbach Church (built between 1846 and 1848 in neo-Roman style), St. Peter and Paul Church in Sulz (built in 1864 in neo-Roman style) and St. John's Church in Sulz (built in 1960).

Events
The Chrysanthema is a three-week-long floral exhibition that takes place annually in the fall. It is visited by thousands from all over Germany and neighboring countries and features a tremendously decorated Altstadt (historic center of town).

Infrastructure
As a former Canadian Forces base (CFB), Lahr owns an airport, the Flughafen Lahr. The runway is 3 km long and 45m wide.

The city is accessible from the A 5 via the Lahr exit and the B 3, B 36 and B415 all intersect here.

Lahr (Schwarzw) station is a stop on the Rhine Valley Railway of the Deutsche Bahn but the former main train station in the heart of town and the tracks of the local railway from Seelbach (Schutter) to Kehl have been completely removed.

Media
In Lahr, the Schwarzwälder Bote, a daily newspaper, publishes a local edition by the name of "Lahrer Zeitung" and the local edition of the Badische Zeitung out of Freiburg (formerly Lahrer Anzeiger). The Offenburger Tageblatt also publishes a daily edition with a very comprehensive local section for Lahr and the surrounding area.

Public service
Lahr is home to the IV. Division of the Bereitschaftspolizei and several regional and state courts and of the Departments of Finance and Labor, as well as a notary public maintain branch locations here. Lahr is also the seat of the Deaconies Lahr of both the Archdiocese Freiburg and the Evangelical Church in Baden.

Education
There is a private university in Lahr and the hospital is a teaching hospital attached to the University in Freiburg.

The City has three college track high schools (Clara-Schumann-, Max-Planck- and Scheffel-Gymnasium), one non-college track high school (Otto-Hahn-Realschule), one school focusing on special education (Gutenbergschule), eight grammar schools (Eichrodt-Grundschule, Geroldseckerschule, Johann-Peter-Hebel-Schule, Luisenschule, Schutterlindenberg-Schule, Grundschule Kuhbach, Grundschule Langenwinkel, Schulhaus Kippenheimweiler and Grundschule Mietersheim), two combined grammar and middle schools (in Reichenbach and in Sulz) and two middle schools (Friedrich-Hauptschule und Theodor-Heuss-Hauptschule Dinglingen).

In addition, Ortenau (district) operates several vocational schools, a schools for the speech impaired with attached Kindergarten, and a school for the mentally disabled, also with attached Kindergarten.

Additional public schools are the Clara-Schumann-Gymnasium (where students with a degree from non-college track high schools may obtain a degree equivalent to a college-track high school) with room and board, a specialty school for painters, and the nursing school that is attached to the hospital.

Numerous private and specialty training schools complete the picture, among them the Abendrealschule and Abendgymnasium where students with middle school and non-college track high school diplomas are able to gain college entrance prerequisites on a part-time basis after work.

Notable people

 * Helmut Beinert (1913–2007), biochemist, was born in Lahr
 * Philipp Brucker (1924–2013), journalist, author, mayor of Lahr
 * Ludwig Eichrodt (1827–1892), poet and dramatist, died in Lahr
 * Charles Fingado (1841–1901), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Hans Furler (1904–1975), politician (CDU), president of the European Parliament (1960–1962)
 * Adolf Hitler (1889–1945), chancellor (removed from the list following a municipal council decision in 1947)
 * Jürgen Leonhardt (born 1957), philologist
 * Tommy Mac (born 1971), musician, electric guitarist
 * Christina Obergföll (born 1981), javelin thrower
 * Sascha Riether (born 1983), footballer
 * Oliver Schäfer (born 1969), football player and coach
 * Dieter Schnebel (1930–2018), composer of experimental music and theologian
 * Philipp Jakob Siebenpfeiffer (1789–1845), instigator and main speaker at the Hambach Festival
 * Ludwig Sütterlin (1865–1917), inventor and creator of the Sütterlinschrift
 * Felix Wankel (1902–1988), mechanical engineer, inventor of the Wankel engine
 * Emil Rudolf Weiß (1875–1942), painter and typographer
 * Tabea Zimmermann (born 1966), violist, professor

Twin towns – sister cities
Lahr is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇷 Alajuela, Costa Rica (2006)
 * 🇨🇦 Belleville, Canada (1971)
 * 🇫🇷 Dole, France (1962)

title: Lahr


text:
User talk:T mezza1

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 02:48, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:T mezza1


text:
Dendromurinae

Dendromurinae is a subfamily of rodents in the family Nesomyidae and superfamily Muroidea. The dendromurines are currently restricted to Africa, as is the case for all extant members of the family Nesomyidae. The authorship of the subfamily has been attributed to both Alston, 1876, and (incorrectly) to G. M. Allen, 1939.

Two genera, Dendromus and Steatomys, are relatively common throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa. The remaining genera are relatively rare and have restricted geographic distributions.

The link rat, Deomys ferugineus, has been traditionally placed in this subfamily, but molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that it is more related to the spiny mice, genus Acomys. The link rat is now placed in the family Muridae and subfamily Deomyinae. Only two of the currently recognized dendromurine genera, Dendromus and Steatomys, have been studied in molecular analyses. Considering how distinct these genera are from one another, the placement of all other dendromurine genera should be considered tentative pending closer examination. Another rare genus of "dendromurines", Leimacomys, has recently been placed in a new subfamily (Leimacomyinae) in the family Muridae (Musser and Carleton, 2005).

Fossils attributed to the Dendromurinae are known from Asia as early as 15 million years ago. It has been thought that dendromurines invaded Africa from there and became extinct in Asia due to competition with other muroids. The same may be holding true at present in Africa as the dendromurines have declined there since the invasion of murines and other muroids.

The subfamily Dendromurinae contains 6 genera and 25 species.

Classification
Subfamily Dendromurinae - Climbing mice
 * Genus Dendromus - Climbing mice
 * Remarkable climbing mouse, Dendromus insignis
 * Mount Kahuzi climbing mouse, Dendromus kahuziensis
 * Monard's African climbing mouse, Dendromus leucostomus
 * Lovat's climbing mouse, Dendromus lovati
 * Gray climbing mouse, Dendromus melanotis
 * Brants's climbing mouse, Dendromus mesomelas
 * Banana climbing mouse, Dendromus messorius
 * Chestnut climbing mouse, Dendromus mystacalis
 * Kivu climbing mouse, Dendromus nyasae (kivu)
 * Nyika climbing mouse, Dendromus nyikae
 * Cameroon climbing mouse, Dendromus oreas
 * Dendromus ruppi
 * Vernay's climbing mouse, Dendromus vernayi
 * Genus Megadendromus
 * Nikolaus's mouse, Megadendromus nikolausi
 * Genus Dendroprionomys
 * Velvet climbing mouse, Dendroprionomys rousseloti
 * Genus Prionomys
 * Dollman's climbing mouse, Prionomys batesi
 * Genus Malacothrix
 * Gerbil mouse, Malacothrix typica
 * Genus Steatomys - Fat mice
 * Bocage's African fat mouse, Steatomys bocagei
 * Northwestern fat mouse, Steatomys caurinus
 * Dainty fat mouse, Steatomys cuppedius
 * Jackson's fat mouse, Steatomys jacksoni
 * Kreb's fat mouse, Steatomys krebsii
 * Pousargues's African fat mouse, Steatomys opimus
 * Tiny fat mouse, Steatomys parvus
 * Fat mouse, Steatomys pratensis

title: Dendromurinae


text: User talk:66.81.196.45

title: User talk:66.81.196.45


text:
Talk:Ricardo Semler

Untitled
This article was proposed for deletion December 2004. The archived discussion is available at Votes for deletion/Ricardo Semler. The discussion is over: keep was the verdict.

"Lattice organization"
The article mentions that Semler moved his company from a Gore-inspired "matrix organisation" to a "lattice organization":

 * Attempts to introduce a matrix organisational structure, promoted by Delaware-based consultancy W. L. Gore, failed to achieve desired improvements. Adoption of a lattice structure in 1985 with six to ten workers placed in charge of particular tasks - with a sense of ownership and financial responsibility alike - proved to be very successful as productivity rose and costs fell.

I'm wondering if this terminology is a little confused. Here I found an interview with Gore, wherein he says

 * I THINK THE THING THAT has enabled us to be successful with Gore-tex, and with some other inventions, is that we flattened the organization out, eliminated titles, created what we call a "lattice organization," and made an effort to enlarge the freedom of everyone in the enterprise to the maximum degree.

This suggests that A) Gore's business model is the "lattice" model and "matrix" is something else, and that B) Semler didn't move away from Gore's business model but rather toward it. Can anyone comment on this? --Ryguasu 19:57, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

Untitled.
Hi,

well written and structured article with much information. I like the connection of biographical facts with those of the company. It becomes clear that the Semco way is based on respect for each other (customers,suppliers,colleagues) and the fact that the ten principles got a long tradition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zvo.b (talk • contribs) on 2011-07-15

Does he have a Harvard MBA?
I don't believe he does. More importantly, Ricardo himself doesn't think so either.

He failed to mention it at all in his book "Maverick!", and he even wrote an article for the "Harvard Business Review" in 1989 and it wasn't mentioned there either (which seems odd, since it was the HBR),

The "Strategy + Business" article (referenced in the wiki article) specifically says he has "no advanced business degree".

It is true he speaks regularly at Harvard and MIT (as mentioned in the S+B article) - yet Harvard haven't claimed him as an alumni on their wikipedia page.

Maybe those who think he has a Harvard MBA should provide some evidence to back up that claim? And I don't mean that CNN article (also referenced in the wiki article) - which, by the way, erroneously claims he was 24 when he becaome CEO of Semco. He was 21 (again, this is confirmed in both "Maverick!" and the "S+B" article). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Warnester (talk • contribs) 07:10, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Include more about post-2004?
What about Semler and SEMCO since then until 2014? --77.180.36.22 (talk) 08:31, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ricardo Semler


text:
Lamborghini V10

The Lamborghini V10 is a ninety degree (90°) V10 petrol engine which was developed for the Lamborghini Gallardo automobile, first sold in 2003.

Developed by Lamborghini, for use in the Gallardo, and the first engine developed for Lamborghini after they were acquired by Audi – part of the Volkswagen Group.

This engine has its origins in two concept cars made by Lamborghini, the 1988 P140 and the 1995 Calà. Both were equipped with engines having a 3.9-litre displacement. In the early 2000s, Lamborghini resumed the project and the engine was redesigned by increasing its displacement.

The crankcase and engine block are built at the Audi Hungaria Zrt. factory in Győr, Hungary, whilst final assembly is carried out at Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy. The engine has a 90° V angle and, unusually for a production engine, a dry sump lubrication system is utilised to keep the center of gravity of the engine low.

There was also some speculation that the engine block of the original 5.0-litre Lamborghini V10 was closely based on the Audi 4.2 FSI V8, which Audi produces for its luxury cars. However, this was denied by Audi, in their official documentation for their 5.2 FSI V10 engine, as used in the Audi S6 and Audi S8 – the Lamborghini 5.0 V10 has a cylinder bore spacing of 88 mm between centres, whereas the Audi 5.2 V10 cylinder bore spacing is 90 mm, the same as the Audi 4.2 FSI V8. The cylinder heads use the four valves per cylinder layout favoured by the Italian firm, rather than the five valve per cylinder variation formerly favoured by the German members of Volkswagen Group – including Audi and Volkswagen Passenger Cars. It was later confirmed that the new 5.2-litre Lamborghini V10 is mechanically identical to the Audi 5.2 V10 engine, as is evident by Lamborghini's usage of Audi's Fuel Stratified Injection, and 90 mm cylinder spacing.

Specifications

 * engine configuration: 90° V10 engine; dry sump lubrication system
 * engine displacement etc.
 * 5.0 — 4961 cc; bore x stroke: 82.5 x. Rod length is 154mm. (Rod/stroke ratio:1.65), 496.1 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.5:1
 * 5.2 — 5204 cc; bore x stroke: 84.5 x. Rod length is 154mm. (Rod/stroke ratio:1.65), 520.4 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 12.5:1

 * cylinder block and crankcase
 * 5.0 — cast aluminium alloy with integrated liners with eutectic alloy; 88 mm cylinder bore spacing; forged steel crankshaft with 18° split crankpins to create even 72° firing intervals
 * 5.2 — cast aluminium alloy; 90 mm cylinder bore spacing; forged steel crankshaft with non-split crankpins creating uneven firing intervals of 90° and 54°

 * cylinder heads and valvetrain: cast aluminium alloy, four valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, low-friction roller cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, chain driven double overhead camshafts, continuously variable valve timing system both for intake and exhaust
 * aspiration: two air filters, two hot-film air mass meters, two cast alloy throttle bodies each with electronically controlled throttle valves, cast magnesium alloy variable geometry and resonance intake manifold
 * fuel system
 * 5.0 — two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, electronic sequential multi-point indirect fuel injection with 10 intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
 * 5.2 — fully demand-controlled and returnless; fuel tank mounted low pressure fuel pump, Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI): two inlet camshaft double-cam driven single-piston high-pressure injection pumps maintaining pressure in the two stainless steel common rail fuel distributor rails, ten combustion chamber sited direct injection solenoid-controlled sequential fuel injectors

 * ignition system and engine management: mapped direct ignition with centrally mounted spark plugs and ten individual direct-acting single spark coils; two Lamborghini LIE electronic engine control unit (ECUs) working on the 'master and slave' concept due to the high revving nature of the engine
 * exhaust system
 * 5.0 — five-into-one exhaust manifolds for each cylinder bank
 * 5.2 — 2-1-2 branch exhaust manifold per cylinder bank to minimise reverse pulsation of expelled exhaust gasses

 * 5.0 power and torque outputs and applications
 * 368 kW at 7,800 rpm; 510 Nm at 4,500 rpm (80% available from 1,500 rpm) — Gallardo 2003-2005
 * 382 kW at 8,000 rpm; 510 Nm at 4,250 rpm — Gallardo SE, Spyder, and 2006-2008
 * 390 kW at 8,000 rpm; 510 Nm at 4,250 rpm — Gallardo Superleggera

 * 5.2 power and torque outputs and applications
 * 224 kW at 7,000 rpm; 400 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo Super GT - 2008-2009
 * 404.5 kW at 8,000 rpm; 540 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo LP550/2, Balboni, Spyder, Bicolore, AD Personam, Singapore Limited Edition, Super Trofeo, Tricolore, Hong Kong 20th Anniversary Edition, Malaysia Limited Edition, India Serie Speciale, Indonesia Limited Edition, Edizione Tecnica - 2010-2013
 * 412 kW at 8,000 rpm; 540 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo LP560/4, LP560/4 Spyder, Polizia, Gold Edition, Bicolore, LP560/4 Noctis, LP560/4 Bianco Rosso, Super Trofeo, LP560/4 GT, Reiter Extenso, Edizione Tecnica, LP560/2 50° Anniversario - 2008-2013
 * 419 kW at 8,000 rpm; 540 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo LP570/4 SuperLeggera, Spyder Performante, Edizione Tecnica, SuperLeggera Nero Nemesis, SuperLeggera Bianco Canopus, Super Trofeo Stradale, Squadra Corse, Macau GP Edition - 2010-2013
 * 441 kW at 8,000 rpm; 540 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Gallardo GT3
 * 449 kW at 8,250 rpm; 560 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP610/4 coupé and spyder - 2014-2019
 * 426.5 kW at 8,000 rpm; 540 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP580/2 coupé and spyder - 2016-present
 * 456 kW at 8,250 rpm; 570 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP620/2 Super Trofeo, GT3, Super Trofeo Evo - 2014-present
 * 471 kW at 8,000 rpm; 600 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP640/4 Performaté coupé and spyder - 2017-present
 * 471 kW at 8,000 rpm; 600 Nm at 6,500 rpm — Huracán LP640/4 Evo coupé and spyder - 2019-present

Vehicles
As of 2019, all V10s in the Lamborghini lineup after the first generation Gallardo use the 5.2-litre variant. They are:

Lamborghini
 * Gallardo LP 550–2
 * Gallardo LP 550-2 Spyder
 * Gallardo LP 560–4
 * Gallardo LP 560-4 Spyder
 * Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera Edizione Technica
 * Gallardo LP 570-4 Spyder Performante Edizone Technica
 * Gallardo LP 570-4 Squadra Corse
 * Gallardo LP 550-2 Bicolore
 * Gallardo LP 550-2 Tricolore
 * Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo Stradale
 * Gallardo GT3-R
 * Gallardo LP 600 GT3
 * Sesto Elemento
 * Egoista
 * Huracán LP 610-4 Avio
 * Huracán LP 580–2
 * Huracán LP 580-2 Spyder
 * Huracán LP 610-4 Spyder
 * Huracán LP 610–4
 * Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo
 * Huracán GT3
 * Huracán Super Trofeo Evo
 * Huracán Super Trofeo Omologata
 * Huracán LP 640-4 Performante
 * Huracán LP 640-4 Performante Spyder
 * Huracán LP 640-4 Evo
 * Huracán LP 610-2 Evo RWD
 * Huracán GT3 Evo
 * Asterion LPI 910–4
 * Urus Concept

Audi
 * R8 V10
 * S8 D3
 * S6 C6
 * RS 6 C6

(The Lamborghini V10 has also had a placement in the Audi R8, RS6, S8 and S6. The 5.2 V10 used in the S6 and S8 is different in several important aspects, namely a less robust crankshaft with a split pin design, cast aluminum pistons, and a traditional wet-sump oiling system, as well as differences in the valvetrain - all of which, combined, result in the much higher RPM red line and specific power output of the Gallardo and R8)

Italdesign
 * Zerouno
 * Zerouno Duerta

title: Lamborghini V10


text:
Talk:1750 in music

Untitled
Why does Antonio Salieri and Johann Sebastian Bach not have "composer" listed after their names? Jaberwocky6669 02:52, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:1750 in music


text:
Farnsworth

Farnsworth may refer to:

Places

 * Farnsworth, Indiana, a ghost town
 * Farnsworth, Texas, an unincorporated community in the Texas Panhandle
 * Farnsworth Peak, a mountain located west of Salt Lake City, Utah

People

 * Farnsworth (surname), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Farnsworth Donald (1952), American artist, inventor, papermaker
 * Farnsworth Wright (1888–1940), editor of the pulp magazine Weird Tales

Other uses

 * Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine
 * Farnsworth House (disambiguation), various places
 * Farnsworth Lantern Test, used to screen for color blindness
 * Farnsworth Middle School, Guilderland Central School District, Guilderland, New York
 * Farnsworth Metropark, near Toledo, Ohio
 * Farnsworth method of learning Morse code
 * Farnsworth, a diesel engine in the 1991 movie The Little Engine that Could

title: Farnsworth


text:
Belair, South Australia

Belair is a suburb in the south eastern foothills of Adelaide, South Australia at the base of the Mount Lofty Ranges.

Name
Before European settlement, the Kaurna people called the area of modern-day Belair "piraldi". One early European name for the area was Sleep's Hill, named after Samuel Sleep, a shepherd who came to South Australia in the 1830s. The origin of the modern name "Belair" is uncertain. Gustav Ludewigs, who subdivided the area, may have named the suburb after Bel Air, Martinique, being his wife Maria's birthplace. Another theory is that it was named in 1849 after Eugene Bellairs, a Government surveyor who lived in the area.

History
The area was used by the Kaurna and Peramangk people for seasonal hunting and gathering. The trees provided gum resin for food and bark for shelter construction, and possums and bandicoots were hunted for food and for their skins to be used in cloaks.

Government Farm
The first known European settler in Belair was a squatter named Nicholas Foott. Although he did not own any land, the colonial government allowed him to stay in the area and improve the land until the land was required by the government. Foott built a house on the land some time between 1836 and 1840. In July 1840, Governor George Gawler decided to establish a farm in the area named Government Farm, and Foott was asked to leave. From 1858 to 1860, Old Government House was built on the farm as the summer residence for the Governor of South Australia, which it remained until a new house was built at Marble Hill in 1880.

Two petitions, with 620 signatures between them, were presented to the South Australian Parliament in 1878 calling for a railway line to be constructed into the Adelaide Hills. The first petition desired a railway line so that both the rich and the poor living in the Adelaide Plains would be able to access the hills, viewed as the healthiest part of the Adelaide region. The second petition wanted a railway link to Port Adelaide so that produce could be delivered to markets in the hills at the same price as to markets in North Adelaide, which already had a rail link. After a survey of the Adelaide Hills, the Parliament passed a bill enacting a route from Adelaide to Nairne, which would pass through Belair. Construction work on the line began in 1879 and the section of the line through to Aldgate was opened on 14 March 1883. This included service to the Belair railway station, located in Government Farm.

In 1881, the South Australian government proposed subdividing the land of the farm to meet the increasing demand for land in the Adelaide Hills, but this was met with protests. This led to an Act of Parliament being passed in October 1883 prohibiting the sale of Government Farm without the sanction of Parliament. Further campaigns to protect the land during the 1880s, as well as the greater accessibility to the farm due to the construction of the Adelaide to Nairne Railway line, led to Government Farm being transformed into Belair National Park, proclaimed on 19 December 1891 with the passage of the National Park Act.

Later development

Belair was the location of the first facility for the treatment of alcoholism in South Australia, at the Belair Home for Inebriates. The retreat was partially funded by the government and opened in 1877. The building was renamed Hope Lodge in 1893 and operated as a training centre for missionaries until 1907, and is now part of the St. Johns Senior School campus. Belair was also home to multiple sanatoriums for people suffering from tuberculosis. Kalyra Consumptive Home was incorporated in December 1894 by the James Brown Memorial Trust, with its first patients admitted in February or March 1895. Another sanatorium called Nunyara Tuberculosis Sanatorium was opened in 1902 by Dr Arthur Gault, which operated until his death in 1917.

In 1915, quarries were opened at Sleep's Hill at the western end of Belair by Burt and Timms, who were contracted to build houses and roads in the nearby suburb of Colonel Light Gardens. Adelaide Quarries Ltd was formed in 1919 to better exploit the quarries, and by the 1950s the total production in the quarries had reached 7 million tonnes. In the 1920s, the Belair Progress Association was established to advocate for the development of Belair. They made efforts to stop blasting in nearby quarries and pushed the district council to repair Belair's roads. They also lobbied for Windy Point (then called Observation Point) to be set aside as a reserve, which led to the District Council of Mitcham acquiring the land in 1930. At this time, Belair was still a small country town with a population under 200. The population did not begin to grow until the late 1930s, when the population increased from 165 to 398 in three years up to 1940.

Geography
Belair is located 10 km south of Adelaide's city centre. The suburb includes residential areas, but the majority of suburb's area of 14.58 km2 is taken up by Belair National Park, which has an area of 8.35 km2. To the north, the suburb is bounded by the neighbouring suburbs of Lynton and Torrens Park, Randell Park in Mitcham, and the localities of Brown Hill Creek and Crafers West. To the east it is bounded by Sheoak Road and the eastern edge of Belair National Park. To the south it is bounded by Upper Sturt Road. To the west it is bounded by Laffers Road, Gratton Street, Neate Avenue, Gum Grove, Watiparinga Reserve, and the Belair railway line.

Parks and recreation
Belair National Park the second-oldest national park in Australia and the oldest in South Australia, established in 1891. After pressure from the Native Fauna and Flora Protection Committee, it was decided in 1923 that all future plantings would consist only of native species of plants. The facilities in the park include walking and mountain biking trails, tennis courts, and ovals with cricket pitches and Australian rules football goalposts. It is also home to Old Government House and State Flora, the oldest plant nursery in South Australia. Other reserves in Belair include Sleeps Hill Reserve, at the former site of the Sleeps Hill quarries and Sleeps Hill railway station, and Windy Point, which has a lookout over the city and coastline.

There are many shared use cycling and walking trails throughout Belair and the surrounding suburbs as part of Mitcham's Shared Use Trails network and Belair National Park. This includes the Randell Park Trails, the Lynton Reserve Trails (which goes through Sleeps Hill reserve), and the O'Deas Reserve, Saddle Hill and Ashby Reserve Trails.

Demographics
At the 2021 census, Belair had a population of 4,896, up from 4,411 at the 2016 census and 4,390 at the 2011 census. Only 26 people identified themselves as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, making up just half a percent of the suburb's population, well below the national average of 3.2%. Belair is also an older suburb, with a median age of 47 compared with the national median age of 38. 89.6% of people only spoke English at home, and 75.0% reported that they were born in Australia. These were the most commonly nominated ancestries:

 * English (47.3%)
 * Australian (35.9%)
 * Scottish (13.0%)
 * Irish (10.7%)
 * German (8.5%)

Religion
As of 2021, a majority of Belair residents don't identify with a religion, with 59.2% of residents falling into the census category of "Secular Beliefs and Other Spiritual Beliefs and No Religious Affiliation". The most commonly stated religious affiliations in the 2021 census were Anglican (11.1%), Catholic (9.5%), and the Uniting Church (5.9%). Churches in the suburb include Holy Innocents Anglican Church Belair and Belair Uniting Church, both on the same road (Sheoak Road).

Transport

The Adelaide-Wolseley railway line runs through Belair, with the Pinera and Belair railway stations being serviced by the Belair railway line, operated by Adelaide Metro.

The suburb is also serviced by regular bus routes, such as the 195, 196 and 197.

Education
Belair falls within the catchment area of Belair Jean Bonython Kindergarten, which is in the neighbouring suburb of Glenalta. It is a preschool providing education for children aged 3 to 5.

The suburb includes Belair Primary School, which originally opened in 1957. Belair Schools used to include two separate schools: Belair Primary School and Belair Junior Primary School. The two schools co-located in 1997 and amalgamated into a single school in 2013. Since 2013 the schools have catered to students from Reception to Year 6. The school follows the IB Primary Years Programme, and it is a member of the Eco School Network.

There are no public high schools in Belair. The suburb is part of the catchment area for Blackwood High School in Eden Hills. The suburb does, however, include the private school St John's Grammar School, which teaches students from pre-school through to Year 12.

title: Belair, South Australia


text:
Music of the Northern Mariana Islands

The music of the Northern Mariana Islands is dominated by the folk music of the Chamorros, which remains an important part of the islands' culture, though elements of music left by American, German, Spanish and Japanese colonizers are also in evidence. There are both Carolinian and Chamorro traditional chant styles. A variant of the Spanish cha-cha-chá is popular, as is a Carolinian "stick dance" which combines improvised percussion and foot stomping. A well-known stick dance group is the Talabwog Men Stick Dancers.

The national anthem of the Northern Mariana Islands is "Gi Talo Gi Halom Tasi" (in Chamorro, "Satil Matawal Pacifico" in Carolinian), which was adopted in October 1996. The song's melody comes from a German tune, "Im Schoensten Wiesengrunde".

Music festivals in the Northern Mariana Islands include the Fiestan Luta, an annual celebration.

title: Music of the Northern Mariana Islands


text: Talk:Music of the Northern Mariana Islands


text:
Talk:List of Shinto shrines in Japan

untitled
There is one shrine, Tsubaki Grand Shrine of America, near Seattle Washington. I've heard that there are others outside of Japan, can anyone get more information?
 * There are dozens in Hawaii, several in California, one in New York City, several in South America. Basically places where there are Japanese diaspora.  Although I do agree there should be a section for Shinto shrines outside of Japan as well.--Mitsukai 14:11, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Shinto Shrines in Hawaii
http://www.e-shrine.org/ <- here is a link to information about Hawaii's Shinto Shrines. I think there is also one shrine in Netherlands. The shrines in Brazil the other guy was talking about are probably from a religion that's based on Shinto. There are really very few shrines that are Shinto proper outside of Japan

I concur...
I concur with the others - there are several Shinto shrines outside Japan. There is even one in Colorado that is not well known.

I'm a member of the Yahoo group - there is a comprehensive list there, I'll fix this page after my finals (if nobody else hasn't already)....

 * Is there a shrine in Los Angeles as well?

Internationalized
Okay, I've taken the initiative to include the notable Shinto shrines outside Japan (there are some minor ones in Colorado, etc. I've not included). If there's anything I've missed, be sure to add it!

Shadowlink1014

International shrines now listed
I've added the last batch of shrines to this list from France, Brazil, and more from Hawaii and also added weblinks to many of the shrines in the list. There was a proposal in an code comment that suggested a separate page be created for Inari shrines. I don't think this would be a good idea as it would just create confusion - people know little about Shinto enough and we don't need them thinking that Inari is somehow a different religion.

By the way, the source of my additions was from the Shinto Online Network Association Mailing List ("ShintoML"). Links: and

Shadowlink1014

Reorganized List
I reorganized the list based on divisions given in the Japanese version of Wikipedia. Some of the placements seem a little odd, so it wouldn't bother me at all if someone adjusted them. Douggers (talk) 02:09, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Rename page?
This list is essentially a List of Shinto shrines in Japan, as there are other lists for shrines located in other countries. Shouldn't the article be named to reflect this? --TorsodogTalk 05:39, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree that the page should probably be moved, since it only focuses on Japan and other countries have individual pages. I would have no problem, however, if "List of Shinto shrines" redirected to "List of Shinto shrines in Japan" until someone made a page that combined all the lists in some way. Douggers (talk) 00:56, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Notability question
This seems as good a place as any to ask: What are the notability criteria for shrines? VsevolodKrolikov (talk) 10:01, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * There are little article about Shinto shrines in English Wikipedia now, so I think the word well know on the first definition of this article is should be deleted.--Bukubku (talk) 10:12, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Can I take as a rule of thumb that if Japanese wiki has it, we can too? VsevolodKrolikov (talk) 10:14, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Japanese wiki have ja:日本の神社一覧 and ja:神社一覧. 神社一覧 is list of well known shrine. According to their talk page discussion, the shrine list is mostly rely on this book series and this book series um.. Should we rely on this books? I don't know well.--Bukubku (talk) 10:39, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

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Questionable shrines
Very few of these shrines seem to actually have Japanese translations provided. I tried to link up a lot of them and made or am in the process of making a lot of draft articles, so if you click a red link and find an informative draft (such as one mentioning it’s a Beppyo Shrine) I’ve identified it, but my impression is many of them may never be identified. I made some draft articles such as Draft:Myojin Shrine on unidentified ones.

I think in about a year we should seriously trim this article and remove any unidentified shrines. Immanuelle ❤💚💙 (talk to the cutest Wikipedian) 17:27, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I did the trimming. Some existed but were not notable Immanuelle ❤💚💙 (talk to the cutest Wikipedian) 23:13, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

Merger discussion
I want to merge this article with List of Shinto shrines in Taiwan and List of Shinto shrines in the United States and move the new article to List of Shinto shrines. Although they are of different formates and I think maybe merging the two to List of Shinto shrines outside Japan Immanuelle ❤💚💙 (talk to the cutest Wikipedian) 19:41, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Shinto shrines in Japan


text:
Talk:Persian name

Untitled
To me, it seems that a great deal of these names are from the arabic language:

 * 1) hadi
 * 2) sajjad
 * 3) bagher: a Shiite Imam
 * 4) sadegh: a Shiite Imam
 * 5) jafar:  a Shiite Imam
 * 6) akbar:  Great in Arabic
 * 7) abbas:  The name of one of the early Caliphs
 * 8) abol-fazl: The brother of Imam Hussain
 * 9) zeynab(Female): Another member of the Imam family
 * 10) khadijeh(F): The name of the Prophet Muhammad's wife

Now some persian names are:

 * 1) Setareh
 * 2) Xerxes
 * 3) Keeyanoosh

etc. --- A lot of Arabic names are listed because they ARE used as Iranian personal names. That is because of the Islamic conquest of Iran. Therefore, they should be kept on the list, as they are used in Iran. Shining oblivion 06:11, 21 April 2006 (UTC)Shining oblivion

Redundant
This article is pretty much redundant given the existence of the article List of Persian given names, unless I'm missing something. Has this article got something that the other article hasn't? --Popeyedoyle 23:40, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Persian Names and Names used by Persians
I think we should merge the two articles. However, I suggest to list all names used by Persians but somehow distinctly tag the name with pure Persian origins.

Pre-Secularization Names
Persian names prior to Reza Shah's secularization were very different. I've found some good notes on their form and style and think that they should go in here. I'll keep a disambiguation link to the "List" article and get the current crop of articles that link here to go there directly. MARussellPESE 01:52, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Surname suffixes
It should be explained what common Persian surname suffixes like "-pour" and "-ian" mean. Badagnani 02:51, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Surname prefixes
What about Sa' ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.79.38.3 (talk) 16:36, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Persian Names in tajkistan
http://books.google.com/books?id=vx3pRr8Y_AgC&pg=PA96#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.rferl.org/content/In_Tajikistan_Islamic_Names_Are_The_New_Fashion/2182689.html

http://muslimvillage.com/2010/10/10/6509/a-breath-of-islam-in-tajikistan/

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62108

http://tajikam.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=37

Rajmaan (talk) 22:58, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Spelling error. The phrase "Of Devine Origin" appears in the article by the name Parizad. I think they meant "Of divine origin". 71.207.179.160 (talk) 19:32, 5 January 2014 (UTC) Richard Pitruzzello

Let's keep this page for persian names, as indicated by the title
- iranian names can be form muslim origin, or pure persian, or zoroastrian, or armenian, or jewish, etc. - this page seems dedicated to persian names, as indicated by the title, this is good - the only discrepancy is the links at the bottom, they are linked to ... muslimnames.info!

Djamchid92 (talk) 17:02, 6 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Persian name


text:
User talk:Anxa

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Anxa


text:
User talk:Myf

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 03:00, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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user pg
It's brilliant thanks Astuishin  (talk) 18:43, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

License tagging for File:WashUShielding.svg
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World Citizen userbox,
Hi, I noticed the message saying you're a World Citizen, I would like to invite you to add to your user page if you wish to proclaim it in a more effective way, and this template will also add you automatically to the Wikipedians with World Citizenship category. :)

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title: User talk:Myf


text: Category:Stellar associations

title: Category:Stellar associations


text:
Sodomite

Sodomite may refer to:
 * A person who practices sodomy
 * A resident of Sodom
 * Sodomites (film), a 1998 short film by Gaspar Noé

title: Sodomite


text:
Chiefdom

A chiefdom is a political organization of people represented or governed by a chief. Chiefdoms have been discussed, depending on their scope, as a stateless, state analogue or early state system or institution.

Usually a chief's position is based on kinship, which is often monopolized by the legitimate senior members of select families or 'houses'. These elites can form a political-ideological aristocracy relative to the general group.

Chiefdoms and chiefs are sometimes identified as the same as kingdoms and kings, and therefore understood as monarchies, particularly when they are understood as not necessarily states, but having monarchic representation or government.

Concept
In anthropological theory, one model of human social development rooted in ideas of cultural evolution describes a chiefdom as a form of social organization more complex than a tribe or a band society, and less complex than a state or a civilization.

Within general theories of cultural evolution, chiefdoms are characterized by permanent and institutionalized forms of political leadership (the chief), centralized decision-making, economic interdependence, and social hierarchy.

Chiefdoms are described as intermediate between tribes and states in the progressive scheme of sociopolitical development formulated by Elman Service: band - tribe - chiefdom - state. A chief's status is based on kinship, so it is inherited or ascribed, in contrast to the achieved status of Big Man leaders of tribes. Another feature of chiefdoms is therefore pervasive social inequality. They are ranked societies, according to the scheme of progressive sociopolitical development formulated by Morton Fried: egalitarian - ranked - stratified - state.

The most succinct definition of a chiefdom in anthropology is by Robert L. Carneiro: "An autonomous political unit comprising a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief" (Carneiro 1981: 45).

Chiefdoms in archaeological theory
In archaeological theory, Service's definition of chiefdoms as “redistribution societies with a permanent central agency of coordination” (Service 1962: 134) has been most influential. Many archaeologists, however, dispute Service's reliance upon redistribution as central to chiefdom societies, and point to differences in the basis of finance (staple finance v. wealth finance). Service argued that chief rose to assume a managerial status to redistribute agricultural surplus to ecologically specialized communities within this territory (staple finance). Yet in re-studying the Hawaiian chiefdoms used as his case study, Timothy Earle observed that communities were rather self-sufficient. What the chief redistributed was not staple goods, but prestige goods to his followers that helped him to maintain his authority (wealth finance).

Some scholars contest the utility of the chiefdom model for archaeological inquiry. The most forceful critique comes from Timothy Pauketat, whose Chiefdom and Other Archaeological Delusions outlines how chiefdoms fail to account for the high variability of the archaeological evidence for middle-range societies. Pauketat argues that the evolutionary underpinnings of the chiefdom model are weighed down by racist and outdated theoretical baggage that can be traced back to Lewis Morgan's 19th-century cultural evolution. From this perspective, pre-state societies are treated as underdeveloped, the savage and barbaric phases that preceded civilization. Pauketat argues that the chiefdom type is a limiting category that should be abandoned, and takes as his main case study Cahokia, a central place for the Mississippian culture of North America.

Pauketat's provocation, however, fails to offer a sound alternative to the chiefdom type. For while he claims that chiefdoms are a delusion, he describes Cahokia as a civilization. This upholds rather than challenges the evolutionary scheme he contests.

Simple category
Chiefdoms are characterized by the centralization of authority and pervasive inequality. At least two inherited social classes (elite and commoner) are present. (The ancient Hawaiian chiefdoms had as many as four social classes.) An individual might change social class during a lifetime by extraordinary behavior. A single lineage/family of the elite class becomes the ruling elite of the chiefdom, with the greatest influence, power, and prestige. Kinship is typically an organizing principle, while marriage, age, and sex can affect one's social status and role.

A single simple chiefdom is generally composed of a central community surrounded by or near a number of smaller subsidiary communities. All of the communities recognize the authority of a single kin group or individual with hereditary centralized power, dwelling in the primary community. Each community will have its own leaders, which are usually in a tributary and/or subservient relationship to the ruling elite of the primary community.

Complex category
A complex chiefdom is a group of simple chiefdoms controlled by a single paramount center and ruled by a paramount chief. Complex chiefdoms have two or even three tiers of political hierarchy. Nobles are clearly distinct from commoners and do not usually engage in any form of agricultural production. The higher members of society consume most of the goods that are passed up the hierarchy as a tribute.

Reciprocal obligations are fulfilled by the nobles carrying out rituals that only they can perform. They may also make token, symbolic redistributions of food and other goods. In two- or three-tiered chiefdoms, higher-ranking chiefs have control over a number of lesser ranking individuals, each of whom controls specific territory or social units. Political control rests on the chief's ability to maintain access to a sufficiently large body of tribute, passed up the line by lesser chiefs. These lesser chiefs in turn collect from those below them, from communities close to their own center. At the apex of the status hierarchy sits the paramount.

Anthropologists and archaeologists have demonstrated through research that chiefdoms are a relatively unstable form of social organization. They are prone to cycles of collapse and renewal, in which tribal units band together, expand in power, fragment through some form of social stress, and band together again. An example of this kind of social organization were the Germanic Peoples who conquered the western Roman Empire in the 5th century CE. Although commonly referred to as tribes, anthropologists classified their society as chiefdoms. They had a complex social hierarchy consisting of kings, a warrior aristocracy, common freemen, serfs, and slaves.

The Native American tribes sometimes had ruling kings or satraps (governors) in some areas and regions. The Cherokee, for example, had an imperial-family ruling system over a long period of history. The early Spanish explorers in the Americas reported on the Indian kings and kept extensive notes during what is now called the conquest. Some of the native tribes in the Americas had princes, nobles, and various classes and castes. The "Great Sun" was somewhat like the Great Khans of Asia and eastern Europe. Much like an emperor, the Great Sun of North America is the best example of chiefdoms and imperial kings in North American Indian history. The Aztecs of Mexico had a similar culture.

Chiefdoms on the Indian subcontinent
The Indus Valley Civilisation (3300 BCE - 1700 BCE) was a hegemony of chiefdoms with supreme chiefs in each and a system of subsidiary chiefs. The ranks of the chiefs included ordinary chiefs, elders, priests or cattle-owners and head chiefs.

The Arthashastra, a work on politics written some time between the 4th century BC and 2nd century AD by Indian author Chanakya, similarly describes the Rajamandala (or "Raja-mandala,") as circles of friendly and enemy states surrounding the state of a king (raja). Also see Suhas Chatterjee, Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom (1995).

Native chieftain system in China
Tusi, also known as Headmen or Chieftains, were tribal leaders recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era Chinese governments, principally in Yunnan. The arrangement is generally known as the Native Chieftain System.

Alternatives to chiefdoms
In prehistoric South-West Asia, alternatives to chiefdoms were the non-hierarchical systems of complex acephalous communities, with a pronounced autonomy of single-family households. These communities have been analyzed recently by Berezkin, who suggests the Apa Tanis as their ethnographic parallel (Berezkin 1995). Frantsouzoff (2000) finds a more developed example of such type of polities in ancient South Arabia in the Wadi Hadhramawt of the 1st millennium BCE.

In Southeast Asian history up to the early 19th century, the metaphysical view of the cosmos called the mandala (i.e., circle) is used to describe a Southeast Asian political model, which in turn describes the diffuse patterns of political power distributed among Mueang (principalities) where circles of influence were more important than central power. The concept counteracts modern tendencies to look for unified political power like that of the large European kingdoms and nation states, which one scholar posited were an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century advances in map-making technologies.

Nikolay Kradin has demonstrated that an alternative to the state seems to be represented by the supercomplex chiefdoms created by some nomads of Eurasia. The number of structural levels within such chiefdoms appears to be equal, or even to exceed those within the average state, but they have a different type of political organization and political leadership. Such types of political entities do not appear to have been created by the agriculturists (e.g., Kradin 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004).

title: Chiefdom


text:
St. Lucie

St. Lucie may refer to:
 * St. Lucie County, Florida, Florida county established in 1905
 * St. Lucie County, Florida (1844-1855)
 * St. Lucie Inlet, in Florida
 * St. Lucie Mets, minor league baseball team in Port St. Lucie, Florida
 * St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant, near Port St. Lucie, Florida
 * St. Lucie River, in Florida
 * St. Lucie Village, Florida

title: St. Lucie


text:
Talk:Felix Kersten

Passage needs fixing
Two sentences from the article:
 * In his postwar memoirs Kersten takes credit for saving, among others, the whole Dutch people from forced deportation to East. Even if some of his claims are unverifiable, they are not entirely baseless. Although the details of Kersten’s activities are hard to discern, at least the Dutch government thought highly enough of Kersten to bestow a high decoration to him after the war.

In fact this decoration was bestowed because at that time the Dutch government believed his claim to have saved the whole Dutch people. A later investgation (which is cited in the article - Jong) disproved the claim. So the description here is not right. --Zerotalk 13:02, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposal
Hy there, I'm hereby proposing that we merge the article Dr. Ko into this one. IMHO Dr. Ko might be an interresting subject for an expert, but is simply not a relevant subject for Wikipedia, not needing a full article. He should certainly be mentioned in this article, but little else. Thanks Flamarande (talk) 02:21, 12 June 2011 (UTC)
 * ❌. See Articles for deletion/Dr. Ko. Novangelis (talk) 18:22, 13 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Felix Kersten


text: User talk:202.33.24.61

title: User talk:202.33.24.61


text:
User talk:Drummond

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 03:04, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Hey
Drummond, looks like you're doing a great job. If you're looking for something to do, think about trying to reconcile the spliting of content between intelligence, IQ, and race and intelligence. They obviously overlap a great deal. --Rikurzhen 06:39, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

Correlation
Why must you insist that all probability distributions are discrete? Even the most non-mathematically oriented statistics courses included an account of the bell-shaped curve, i.e., the normal distribution, which is not discrete. Michael Hardy 01:34, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

... and non just discrete, but even having only finitely many possible values? You go on to include a proviso about the two standard deviations being finite. How in the world could they fail to be finite when the probability distributions have finite support? Michael Hardy 01:39, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

... oh, and the formula you gave isn't right even in the finite case unless you divide the numerator by N. Michael Hardy 01:40, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Dear Michael (in case you weren't being rhetorical):

I never insisted anything. Rather, I posted a formula that, as you say, was incorrect (my error) but did not even exist before. 12 hours of wrongness now seem quite justified, as the article is measurably improved by your contribution. Thank you.

I did not include the proviso; it predated my contribution, as you would know if you took the time to read the revision history. Your pedantic tone is merely irritating; your inaccuracy in accusation is damnable. How in the world, indeed. --DAD 02:15, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

As a scientist :

Ask what is right for you, what is right for others and reconsider what is true.

But as a scientist :

If you get conviced that the law of gravity isn't true don't make experiments on yourself.

If you consider what's right for others :

Don't make experiments on anyone else.

Ericd 20:20, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for this. (For what it's worth, my estimation of your character just shot up - way up :-) -- Uncle Ed (talk) July 1, 2005 19:34 (UTC)

Admin action
Hey Drummond, I saw your comment about admin action. Thanks for the support! (and thanks for the excellent work on the R&I article). I agree that the Wikipedia infrastructure hasn't worked very well here, and there's no reason that that has to happen. My own opinion is that Uncle Ed's request of an apology from you and Patrick was very clearly not justified, and ZM simply should have been blocked from editing R&I or its talk page for his many transgressions. I think Uncle Ed was trying to act as a friendly mediator when the situation required an enforcer. Cheers, Nectarflowed T 3 July 2005 03:54 (UTC)

 * Well, it didn't do any harm, either. Uncle Ed July 7, 2005 15:07 (UTC)

The Iowa experiment
I can't believe you never heard of Jane Elliott's Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes Exercise. It's like the Stanley Milgram thing, but with elementary school kids. (Oh, no, don't tell me you never heard of Milgram! I'm going to go out in the garden and eat worms . . . ) Uncle Ed July 7, 2005 15:07 (UTC)

 * No, no -- heard of, just couldn't remember the details. Thanks for the pointer. --DAD T 7 July 2005 15:41 (UTC)

FYI
Votes for deletion/Intelligence and public policy Rikurzhen
 * Thanks. Actually, I'm flattered!  --DAD T 07:02, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

3RR and Davis
I'm at my 3 revert limit on the Davis issue. --Rikurzhen 23:18, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for your persistence in the face of adversity with regard to the Race and intelligence article. I find it both amusing and disheartening how quick the public is to discount science and attempt to undermine and obsfucate it when it gives answers they don't like, while hailing its rigorous logic and impartiality in other fields. Remember that some of us out there are very appreciative and impressed with the quality of the work you are producing. Keep it up! --Malathion 18:34, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

New Arbitration case
Heya,

I have now opened the requested Arbitration case in which you are involved, here; please add any evidence you think would be useful to us in coming to our judgement onto the evidence sub-page.

Thank you very much in advance for your efforts,

James F. (talk) 19:15, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

L.A. Meetup Reminder
Don't forget! L.A's first Wiki meetup is TONIGHT at 7:30 at Philippe's in Downtown. Check out the meetup page for details. See you there! (If you can't make it, come to the next one! - Eric 22:03, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

apa and wsj
people on the talk page are easily distracted, so i thought i'd leave this here. have you seen what we have written on the APA report already?

Zen-master Arbitration case closed
The Zen-master Arbitration case, Requests for arbitration/Zen-master, which you commented on, has been closed, with the following remedies:

 * Zen-master is placed on Probation for one year from the date of closing this case. Should any sysop feel that it is necessary that Zen-master be banned from an article where they are engaged in edit warring, removal of sourced material, POV reorganizations of the article, or any other activity which the user considers disruptive, they shall place a template at the top of the talk page of the article, and notify them on their talk page. The template shall include the ending date of the ban (one year from this decision) and a link to Probation. The template may be removed by any editor, including Zen-master, at the end of the ban. If Zen-master edits an article they are banned from, they may be briefly blocked from editing Wikipedia, up to a week for repeat offenses.
 * Zen-master is banned for one week for making personal attacks.

Yours,

James F. (talk) 16:13, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

source for image?
if you posted, would you please post the source code (I'm guessing it's R)? I want to know how you made transparency, and I also think it's nice if the wikipedia images made in free software have code (but nobody requires this). Pdbailey 17:17, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Race and Intelligence
Once upon a time you contributed to this article. it is now up for mediation - I thought you might wich to check in on the mediation from time to time in case you had a constructive comment. It could be useful to get the perspective of someeone experienced yet who can look at current disputes with a fresh eye. Slrubenstein  |  Talk 01:43, 19 November 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia Meetup
You are invited to "Come Edit Wikipedia!" at the West Hollywood Library on Saturday, July 27th, 2013. There will be coffee, cookies, and good times! -- Olegkagan (talk) — Message delivered by Hazard-Bot at 03:31, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia Meetup
Help build the Wikipedia community in Southern California at "Come Edit Wikipedia!" presented by the West Hollywood Library on Saturday, August 31st, 2013 from 1-5pm. Drop in for some lively editing and conversation! Plus, it's a library, so there are plenty of sources. --Olegkagan (talk) — Message delivered by Hazard-Bot at 02:16, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

Edit-a-thons at UC Riverside
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This Thursday: Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Getty Center
You are invited to join the Women in Architecture edit-a-thon @ Getty Center in LA on October 15! (drop-in any time, 10am-4pm)--Pharos (talk) 18:25, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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7th Annual Los Angeles Wiknic
It's the 7th Annual Los Angeles Wiknic! Sunday, September 30, 11:00-4:00 PM Pan Pacific Park, 7600 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90036 Hang out. Consume crowd-sourced BBQ! Bask in the glory of late September in Los Angeles (and the glory of our new user group, Wikimedians of Los Angeles). RSVP (and volunteer) here. We hope to see you there! JSFarman (talk) 02:50, 9 September 2018 (UTC) Join our Facebook group, or follow us on Twitter! To opt out of future mailings about LA meetups, please remove your name from this list.

Invitation to attend a Southern California Regional mini Unconference
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When: Sunday 3 March 2019, 2:00PM PST / 1400 until 4:10PM PST / 1610

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Please add your username to our attendees list so we know how many will be attending, due to the limited size of the cafe.

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Art + Feminism 2019
- MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:05, 3 March 2019 (UTC)

Southern California Wiknic & Bonfire invitation
 Meetup-San Diego-September 2K19 Who: All members of the public

What: Southern California Wiknic & Bonfire.

When: Sunday 1 September 2019, 2:00PM PDT / 1400 until 10:00PM PDT / 2200

Where: La Jolla Shores

Sponsor: San Diego Wikimedians User Group ( US-SAN )

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Please add your username to our attendees list so we know how many will be attending, and please add your intended potluck contribution to the list.

Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject San Diego at 18:27, 1 August 2019 (UTC). You can unsubscribe from future invitations to San Diego Wikimedians User Group events by removing your name from the WikiProject San Diego mass mailing list, and from the Southern California meet-up group by removing your name from the LA meet-ups mailing list.

Happy New Year from Wikimedians of Los Angeles!
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title: User talk:Drummond