text:
Common Development and Distribution License

The Common Development and Distribution License (CDDL) is a free and open-source software license, produced by Sun Microsystems, based on the Mozilla Public License (MPL). Files licensed under the CDDL can be combined with files licensed under other licenses, whether open source or proprietary. In 2005 the Open Source Initiative approved the license. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) considers it a free software license, but one which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL).

Terms
Derived from the Mozilla Public License 1.1, the CDDL tries to address some of the problems of the MPL. Like the MPL, the CDDL is a weak copyleft license in-between GPL license and BSD/MIT permissive licenses, requiring only source code files under CDDL to remain under CDDL.

Unlike strong copyleft licenses like the GPL, mixing of CDDL licensed source code files with source code files under other licenses is permitted without relicensing. The resulting compiled software product ("binary") can be licensed and sold under a different license, as long as the source code is still available under CDDL, which should enable more commercial business cases, according to Sun.

Like the MPL the CDDL includes a patent grant to the licensee from all contributors ("patent peace"). However, in section 2.1(d), the patent grant is lost if the code implementing a patented feature is modified.

History
The previous software license used by Sun for its open source projects was the Sun Public License (SPL), also derived from the Mozilla Public License. The CDDL license is considered by Sun (now Oracle) to be SPL version 2.

The CDDL was developed by a Sun Microsystems team (among them Solaris kernel engineer Andrew Tucker and Claire Giordano ), based on the MPL version 1.1. On December 1, 2004 the CDDL was submitted for approval to the Open Source Initiative and was approved as an open source license in mid January 2005. The second CDDL proposal, submitted in early January 2005, includes some corrections that prevent the CDDL from being in conflict with European Copyright law and to allow single developers to use the CDDL for their work.

In 2006, in the first draft of the OSI's license proliferation committee report, the CDDL is one of nine preferred licenses listed as popular, widely used, or with strong communities.

While the Free Software Foundation (FSF) also considered the CDDL a free software license, they saw some incompatibilities with their GNU General Public License (GPL).

GPL compatibility
The question of whether and when both licenses are incompatible sparked debates in the free software domain in 2004 to 2006. For instance, the FSF considered the CDDL incompatible to their GPL license, without going into detail until 2016.

CDDL is one of several Open Source Licenses which are incompatible with GPL. This characteristic was inherited from the MPL 1.1 (fixed with the MPL 2.0 according to the FSF ) and results from a complex interaction of several clauses; the root of the problem being GPL virality, similar to other cases of GPL incompatibility. Some people argue that Sun (or the Sun engineer) as creator of the license made the CDDL intentionally GPL incompatible. According to Danese Cooper one of the reasons for basing the CDDL on the Mozilla license was that the Mozilla license is GPL-incompatible. Cooper stated, at the 6th annual Debian conference, that the engineers who had written the Solaris kernel requested that the license of OpenSolaris be GPL-incompatible.

"Mozilla was selected partially because it is GPL incompatible. That was part of the design when they released OpenSolaris. ... the engineers who wrote Solaris ... had some biases about how it should be released, and you have to respect that."

Simon Phipps (Sun's Chief Open Source Officer at the time), who had introduced Cooper as "the one who actually wrote the CDDL", did not immediately comment, but later in the same video, he says, referring back to the license issue, "I actually disagree with Danese to some degree", while describing the strong preference among the engineers who wrote the code for a BSD-like license, which was in conflict with Sun's preference for something copyleft, and that waiting for legal clearance to release some parts of the code under the then unreleased GNU GPL v3 would have taken several years, and would probably also have involved mass resignations from engineers (unhappy with either the delay, the GPL, or both—this is not clear from the video).

Later, in September 2006, Phipps rejected Cooper's assertion in even stronger terms. Similarly, Bryan Cantrill, who was at Sun at that time and involved in the release of CDDL licensed software stated in 2015 that he and his colleagues expected in 2006 the fast emergence of CDDL licensed software into the Linux ecosystem and the CDDL being not an obstacle.

cdrtools controversy
The GPL compatibility question was also the source of a controversy behind a partial relicensing of cdrtools to the CDDL which had been previously all GPL. In 2006, the Debian project declared the cdrtools legally undistributable because the build system was licensed under the CDDL.

The author, Jörg Schilling, claimed that smake is an independent project and does not violate the GPLv3. Schilling also argued that even though the GPL requires all scripts required to build the work to be licensed freely, they do not necessarily have to be under the GPL. Thus not causing an incompatibility that violates the license.

He also argued that in "combined works" (in contrast to "derived works") GPL and CDDL licensed code is compatible.

Red Hat's attorneys have prevented cdrtools from being in Fedora or Red Hat Enterprise Linux, arguing that Schilling has an "unorthodox" view of copyright law that isn't shared by their legal counsel or the Free Software Foundation.

ZFS in the Linux kernel
In 2015, the CDDL to GPL compatibility question reemerged when Ubuntu announced inclusion of OpenZFS by default.

In 2016 Ubuntu announced that a legal review resulted in the conclusion that it is legally acceptable to use ZFS as binary kernel module in Linux. (As opposed to building it into the kernel image itself.)

Others followed Ubuntu's conclusion, for instance James E. J. Bottomley argued there cannot be "a convincing theory of harm" developed, making it impossible to bring the case to court.

Eben Moglen, co-author of the GPLv3 and founder of the SFLC, argued that while the letter of the GPL might be violated, the spirit of both licenses is unharmed, which would be the relevant aspect in court.

The SFLC mentioned also that a precedent exists with the Andrew File System's kernel module, which is not considered a derivative work of the kernel by the kernel developers.

On the other hand, Bradley M. Kuhn and attorney Karen M. Sandler from the Software Freedom Conservancy argued that Ubuntu would violate both licenses, as a binary ZFS module would be a derivative work of the kernel. In April 2016, the Ubuntu 16.04 LTS release included the CDDL-licensed ZFS on Linux.

Adoption
Example projects released under CDDL:
 * OpenSolaris (including DTrace, initially released alone, and ZFS)
 * illumos (as OpenSolaris OS/Net, continuation project) and illumos distributions
 * OpenZFS multi platform open source volume manager and file system
 * NetBeans IDE and RCP
 * GlassFish
 * Payara Server
 * JWSDP
 * Project DReaM
 * cdrtools
 * OpenDJ


text:
User talk:Gabriel.Villeda

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 17:25, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Gabriel.Villeda


text:
Michael Giacchino

Michael Giacchino (, ; born October 10, 1967) is an American composer of music for film, television, and video games. He has received many accolades for his work, including an Oscar for Up (2009), an Emmy for Lost (2004), and three Grammy Awards.

Giacchino is known for his collaborations with directors J. J. Abrams, Brad Bird, Matt Reeves, Pete Docter, Colin Trevorrow, Jon Watts, Drew Goddard, The Wachowskis, Taika Waititi, and Thomas Bezucha. His film scores include several films from the Mission: Impossible; Jurassic World, Marvel Cinematic Universe, Star Trek reboot series, eight Pixar Animation Studios films, multiple Disney films, Rogue One, The Batman; and several other films. He also composed the score for the video game series Medal of Honor and Call of Duty and the television series Alias, Lost, and Fringe.

In 2018, he ventured into directing beginning with the Marvel Studios Disney+ special Werewolf by Night.

Early life
Giacchino was born in Riverside Township, New Jersey. His father's ancestors were Italians, coming from Sicily, and his mother's ancestors emigrated from Abruzzo (in central Italy). Giacchino grew up in Edgewater Park Township, New Jersey, and graduated from Holy Cross High School in Delran Township, New Jersey in 1986. He holds dual American and Italian citizenship. His brother Anthony Giacchino is a documentary filmmaker.

Giacchino began combining images and music at age 10, when he began creating stop-motion animation with homemade soundtracks in his basement. While in high school, an art teacher who mentored Giacchino recommended to his parents that he attend the School of Visual Arts in New York City. Giacchino describes visiting the school with his parents thus:

"I thought, wow, this is fantastic. They actually have colleges like this? Where I can do the things that I am really interested in doing? That was amazing to me. I loved SVA. I loved the kind of freedom that it provided. It was kind of like this great experiment—okay, you're here because you like something. So let's see how much you like it. We're not going to regulate you too much. We're going to see how passionate and driven you are, and how much you want this thing."

Giacchino enrolled at SVA, majoring in film production and minoring in history. During his final year at SVA, his instructor in film publicity announced an unpaid internship was available at Universal Pictures. Giacchino, who was the only one interested, obtained the six-month position, which he filled at night while attending school during the day and working at Macy's to pay his rent. He graduated from SVA in 1990 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts, after which he took music classes at the Juilliard School, and then at UCLA.

Video games
When Giacchino's internship ended, Universal hired him, giving him a job upon graduation from college. He later moved to Disney, and when Disney relocated to Los Angeles, Giacchino moved with them, working in publicity, while taking night classes in instrumentation and orchestration at UCLA. His work for Disney had him interacting with the various personnel who worked in films, such as the producers who hired composers, so when a job at Disney Interactive opened for a producer, Giacchino obtained the job, thinking he could hire himself to write music for the games he produced.

Giacchino's composition work for Disney Interactive during the 16-bit era included the Sega Genesis games Gargoyles and Maui Mallard in Cold Shadow and the various console versions of The Lion King. However his first major composition was for the DreamWorks video game adaptation of the 1997 movie, The Lost World: Jurassic Park. The video game was one of the first PlayStation (also on Sega Saturn) console titles to be recorded with an original live orchestral score. Giacchino has since continued his relationship with DreamWorks which also included composing the score for the Small Soldiers video game in 1998, providing full orchestral scores for many of their popular videogames. He also worked with Pandemic studios to create the theme for Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction. Giacchino's award-winning compositions covers the first four installments of the Medal of Honor series (Medal of Honor, Underground, Allied Assault and Frontline), Heroes: 2, and also the scores for several other World War II-related video games like Secret Weapons Over Normandy, Call of Duty and Call of Duty: Finest Hour. Additionally, Giacchino composed themes for The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer, and co-wrote the theme of Black with composer Chris Tilton. He also composed the score for Alias, which was based on the television series of the same name. In 2008 Giacchino wrote music for Turning Point: Fall of Liberty. In 2007, he returned to the Medal of Honor franchise as he composed the music for Medal of Honor: Airborne.

Film and television
Giacchino's work on various video games led to his entrance into television.

In 2001, J. J. Abrams, producer of the television series Alias, discovered Giacchino through his video game work and asked him to provide the new show's soundtrack. The soundtrack featured a mix of full orchestral pieces frequently intermingled with upbeat electronic music, a departure from much of his previous work. Giacchino would go on to provide the score for J. J. Abrams's 2004 television series Lost, creating an acclaimed score which employed a unique process of using spare pieces of a plane fuselage for percussion parts. The score for Lost is also notable for a signature thematic motif: a brass fall-off at the end of certain themes. Just like his counterpart Stu Phillips, he worked with the television show creator Abrams on his shows with his music scores while Abrams supplied the show's main themes on certain series such as Alias.

In 2004, Giacchino received his first big feature film commission. Brad Bird, director of Pixar's The Incredibles, asked Giacchino to provide the soundtrack for the film after having heard his work on Alias. The upbeat jazz orchestral sound was a departure in style not only for Giacchino but for Pixar, which had previously relied on Randy and Thomas Newman for all of its films. Director Brad Bird had originally sought out John Barry – perhaps best known for his work on the early James Bond films—but Barry was reportedly unwilling to repeat the styles of his earlier works.

Giacchino was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 2005 for The Incredibles: Best Score Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media and Best Instrumental Composition.

Like his other counterparts Joel McNeely, J. A. C. Redford and Frank DeVol, Giacchino mostly associated with Disney from early in his career up to most recently, ranging from video games such as Mickey Mania and Gargoyles to films such as The Incredibles and eventually collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering in creating two new soundtracks for the updated versions of Space Mountain at Disneyland, Space Mountain: Mission 2 at Disneyland Paris, and Space Mountain at Hong Kong Disneyland.

Giacchino also composed scores for the 2005 films Sky High and The Family Stone, and the television movie The Muppets' Wizard of Oz. Additionally, he wrote the music for Joseph Barbera's final theatrical Tom and Jerry cartoon The Karate Guard, and scored the Abrams-directed 2006 film Mission: Impossible III. Giacchino's next musical achievement was his Paris-inspired score for the Disney-Pixar film Ratatouille, which includes the theme song "Le Festin", performed by French artist Camille. He received his first Academy Award nomination for this score. He also created the score for Abrams' 2009 Star Trek film.

Giacchino scored the Pixar film Up (and its accompanying animated short Partly Cloudy), for which he collaborated with director Pete Docter. This marked the first time Giacchino worked with a Pixar director other than Brad Bird. This work gained Giacchino his first Academy Award for Best Original Score: the first-ever win for Pixar in that category. Giacchino notes that he won on the same night as his SVA classmate Joel Harlow won for Best Makeup Oscar for Star Trek.

Giacchino has continued his collaboration with J. J. Abrams. For the Abrams-produced monster film Cloverfield, Giacchino wrote an homage to Japanese monster scores in an overture titled "ROAR!", which played over the credits, and constituted the only original music for the film. He composed the score for J. J. Abrams' feature Super 8 in 2011. He also composed for the pilot of the Abrams-produced American television series Fringe, after which Giacchino gave scoring duties to his assistant Chad Seiter, who scored the first half of season one. The task was then passed on to Chris Tilton, who scored the latter half of season one and all subsequent seasons.

In 2016, Giacchino composed the score for the Marvel film Doctor Strange, as well as the score for the Disney film Zootopia. Giacchino also composed the fanfare for the new Marvel Studios logo, which debuted with Doctor Strange. In September 2016, it was announced that Giacchino had been chosen to replace composer Alexandre Desplat as the composer for the Star Wars anthology film Rogue One after Desplat was unavailable following reshoots. Giacchino then scored four more Marvel films: 2017's Spider-Man: Homecoming, 2019's Spider-Man: Far From Home, 2021's Spider-Man: No Way Home, and 2022's Thor: Love and Thunder.

Giacchino returned to Pixar to score Coco (2017) and Incredibles 2 (2018). He also composed the score for Taika Waititi's 2019 film Jojo Rabbit. In 2022, Giacchino composed the score for  The Batman, and the score for the Pixar film Lightyear.

In 2018, Giacchino wrote, directed and scored Monster Challenge. The short film is a satirical take on Japanese game shows, starring Patton Oswalt, Ben Schwartz, Dermot Mulroney, Amy Brenneman, Benedict Wong, Tom Everett Scott, Taishi Mizuno, Ann Madox, and Teruko Nakajima. Monster Challenge originally premiered at Fantastic Fest in 2018 and premiered on YouTube on March 20, 2020. He continued with his directorial efforts with a Star Trek: Short Treks episode "Ephraim and Dot" in 2019.

On March 7, 2022, Variety reported that Giacchino was directing an upcoming as-of-yet untitled Marvel Studios television project for Disney+. Four days later, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that he would be directing Werewolf by Night, which was released on October 7, 2022.

Additional compositions
In addition to his long list of soundtracks, in 2005 Giacchino collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering in creating two new soundtracks for the updated versions of Space Mountain at Disneyland, Space Mountain: Mission 2 at Disneyland Paris, and Space Mountain at Hong Kong Disneyland. Giacchino was also contracted by Sarah Vowell, who played character Violet in The Incredibles, to compose the score to the audio version of her book Assassination Vacation. Michael Giacchino's music can also be heard in "Star Tours: The Adventure Continues" during the "travel log videos" shown in the queue for both the Disneyland and Walt Disney World versions of the attraction.

In 2009, he was asked to conduct the Academy Awards orchestra for the 81st Academy Awards. For this project he rearranged many famous movie themes in different styles, including a 1930s Big Band treatment of Lawrence of Arabia and a bossa nova of Moon River. Giacchino also composed the fanfare for the 100th Anniversary logo of Paramount Pictures, which debuted with Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol on December 7, 2011, at the Dubai International Film Festival, which it carried onto the logos of Paramount's other divisions, as well as the new fanfare for Marvel Studios, which debuted alongside its logo with Doctor Strange on October 13, 2016, in Hong Kong, in which he also composed an arrangement of the theme song of the 1967 Spider-Man cartoon series, in Spider-Man: Homecoming, replacing his work on the fanfare of the Marvel Studios logo for that film, and he rearranged the fanfare in Thor: Love and Thunder to make a more rock style, and Werewolf by Night, in which he directed the special. On top of that, he also composed the fanfare for the Marvel Studios Special Presentation and Marvel Spotlight logos, which debuted in Warewolf by Night and Echo, respectively.

Acting
In 2015, Giacchino played an It's a Small World operator in the film Tomorrowland which he scored. Additionally, the same year, he played First Order Stormtrooper FN-3181 in J. J. Abrams' Star Wars: The Force Awakens. He reprised the role in the 2018 animated film Ralph Breaks the Internet. In 2019, he cameoed as a Sith trooper in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker, also directed by Abrams.

Directing
Giacchino grew up with an immense love for filmmaking, often spending time making short films in his youth. He made his professional directorial debut in 2019 with an episode of Star Trek: Short Treks during its second season. In 2020, Giacchino directed in his own short film, Monster Challenge starring Patton Oswalt. In 2022, Giacchino directed and scored the Marvel Studios Halloween special Werewolf by Night to critical acclaim. In January 2023, it was announced that Giacchino would make his feature directorial debut with a remake of Them! for Warner Bros. Pictures. He is expected to score the film as well.

Style
Giacchino is noted for using humorous titles filled with puns on his soundtrack albums. Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and Jurassic World in particular had many ape- and dinosaur-related double entendres such as "Gorilla Warfare" and "Raptor Your Heart Out". Many of those have references to previous works of his, both in style and naming. Giacchino used themes from the track "U-Boat" from the Medal of Honor soundtrack in the tracks "Sawyer Jones and the Temple of Boom" and "Sub-Primed" from the 5th and 6th season Lost soundtracks as the submarine motif. In terms of naming, the score for The Incredibles contains a piece named "100 Mile Dash", and subsequently Ratatouille had "100 Rat Dash", Up had "Three Dog Dash", and Coco had "Shrine and Dash". Another series of examples: "World's Worst Beach Party" from the first Lost album, "World's Worst Last 4 Minutes To Live" from the Mission: Impossible III soundtrack, "Galaxy's Worst Sushi Bar" from Star Trek (2010 deluxe release), "World's Worst Landscaping" from the second Lost album, "World's Worst Car Wash" from the soundtrack album Lost: The Final Season, and "World's Worst Field Trip" from the soundtrack of Super 8. The soundtrack for Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol also has a track titled "World's Worst Parking Valet", and the score for Zootopia contains a track titled "World's Worst Animal Shelter" as well as the score for Incredibles 2 including a track called "World's Worst Babysitters". Inversely, the score for Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction has a track titled "World's Best Carpool Lane"; the Speed Racer score has tracks titled "World's Best Autopia" and "World's Worst Road Rage"; the soundtrack for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has a track titled "World's Worst Bedtime Storyteller"; the soundtrack for Tomorrowland has a track titled "World's Worst Shop Keepers"; the Doctor Strange score has a track titled "Astral World's Worst Killer"; the Rogue One: A Star Wars Story score has an alternate title for "Cargo Shuttle SW-0608" which is "World's Worst Vacation Destination"; the Spider-Man: Far From Home score has a track titled "World's Worst Water Feature"; the Spider-Man: No Way Home score has a track titled "World's Worst Friendly Neighbor"; The Batman score has a track entitled "World's Worst Translator"; the Lightyear score has a track entitled "World's Worst Self-Destruct Sequence".

Notably - this tradition of pun names was omitted from the soundtrack of Society of the Snow, likely out of respect for the victims of the disaster.

Personal life
He has a son named Mick Giacchino.

title: Michael Giacchino


text:
Pinus cembroides

Pinus cembroides, also known as pinyon pine, Mexican pinyon, Mexican nut pine, and Mexican stone pine, is a pine in the pinyon pine group, native to western North America. It grows in areas with low levels of rainfall and its range extends southwards from Arizona, Texas and New Mexico in the United States into Mexico. It typically grows at altitudes between 1600 and 2400 m. It is a small pine growing to about 20 m with a trunk diameter of up to 50 cm. The seeds are large and form part of the diet of the Mexican jay and Abert's squirrel. They are also collected for human consumption, being the most widely used pine nut in Mexico. This is a common pine with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Distribution
The range extends from westernmost Texas, United States (where it is restricted to the Chisos and Davis Mountains), south through much of Mexico, occurring widely along the Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre Occidental ranges, and more rarely in the eastern Eje Volcánico Transversal range. It lives in areas with little rainfall, which fluctuates between 380 mm to 640 mm, the subspecies orizabensis (Pinus orizabensis) is found farther south in the state of Veracruz. There is also a disjunct population in the Sierra de la Laguna of southern Baja California Sur. It occurs at moderate altitudes, mostly from 1600 m to 2400 m, which some authorities consider a separate species (Pinus lagunae).

Description
Pinus cembroides is a small to medium-size tree, reaching 8 m to 20 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 50 cm. The bark is dark brown, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk. The leaves ('needles') are in mixed pairs and threes, slender, 3 cm to 6 cm long, and dull yellowish green, with stomata on both inner and outer surfaces.

The cones are globose, 3 cm to 4 cm long and broad when closed, green at first, ripening yellow-brown when 18–20 months old, with only a small number of thick scales, with typically 5-12 fertile scales. The cones open to 4 cm to 5 cm broad when mature, holding the seeds on the scales after opening. The seeds are 10 mm to 12 mm long, with a thick shell, a pink endosperm, and a vestigial 2 mm wing; they are dispersed by the Mexican jay, which plucks the seeds out of the open cones. The jay, which uses the seeds as a major food resource, stores many of the seeds for later use, and some of these stored seeds are not used and are able to grow into new trees. Abert's squirrel also feeds on the seeds in preference to those of the ponderosa pine.

History
Mexican pinyon was the first pinyon pine described, named by Zuccarini in 1832. Many of the other pinyon pines have been treated as varieties or subspecies of it at one time or another in the past, but research in the last 10–50 years has shown that most are distinct species. Some botanists still include Johann's pinyon and Orizaba pinyon in Mexican pinyon; the former accounts for records of "Mexican pinyon" in southern Arizona and New Mexico.

Mexican pinyon is a relatively non-variable species, with constant morphology over the entire range except for the disjunct population in the Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests of Baja California Sur; this is generally treated as a subspecies, Pinus cembroides subsp. lagunae, although some botanists treat it as a separate species, P. lagunae. This subspecies differs from the type in having slightly longer leaves, between 4 cm and 7 cm and longer, narrower cones, up to 5.5 cm long.

The seeds are widely collected in Mexico, being the main edible pine nut in the region. While palatable when raw, their flavor is considered to be improved when roasted.

title: Pinus cembroides


text:
User:Sk19842

Biographical Information

 * Born 6/21/84 in Lawrence, Kansas
 * Student at Carleton College
 * Student of Political Science/IR and Classical Studies
 * Former Capitol Hill intern
 * Former roommate of GenkiNeko

Interests

 * Economics
 * Political economy

Languages

 * English - Native
 * Latin - Good
 * Greek - Some
 * Linear B Syllabary - Some

title: User:Sk19842


text:
Talk:Spruce

Range?
Hi, I was wondering where the spruce comes from.(China,Eurpe,America) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.254.226.203 (talk), 17 May 2007

 * Spruces are found in high altitude, temperate, and boreal areas of North America and Eurasia. Click here for a range map as well as more detailed information on the range. --Schzmo 21:32, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Ecology
Spruce forest dominate much of the northern temperate (or is that sub-arctic?) region, and basically define many of the ecosystems there. The article should have a long section on such things. JöG 10:20, 30 September 2006 (UTC)                       umm whats there product??????

hi is spruce hardwood or softwood?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.161.202.162 (talk) 17:41, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

what are the properties of spruce???
what do black hills spruce and have uncommin

what are the properties of spruce?

Christmas Trees?
The article says they are used as Christmas trees. People never use them for that since they smell like cat piss when you bring them in the house. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.222.11.162 (talk) 15:30, 27 December 2006 (UTC).
 * I don't know how it is in the US, but it's widely used as Christmas tree in Europe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.153.99.178 (talk) 23:07, 17 March 2007
 * Ibid. Spruce smell is very similar to pine. I would wager to say that most people find that smell very much not like cat piss. NiklasBr (talk)

Spruce
Apparently the name "spruce" comes from Polish "z Prus" - meaning "from Prussia" as Polish speaking sailor were trying to explain origin of imported trees to Britons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.243.97.79 (talk) 00:30, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

 * If you could find a source for that, that'd be great. --  the Great   Gavini  18:12, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

I was just about to write what SineBot wrote; yet I will try and find a source. Here's what I wrote already anyway ;)

In the late Middle Ages England was importing spruce mainly from Poland. To be more specific - from Prussia, which was a Polish fief in those days. When the English were asking: "where is that tree coming from?", the Polish were saying: "from Prussia". However, theye were saying thia in Polish: "z Prus"; prenounce: "spruce". That explains the etimology of the tree's name in English.

Sorry if I mess up the comments, I'm a Wiki rookie...Bartex77 (talk) 21:41, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

EDIT: I read that Norman Davies wrote about the Polish origin of spruce name in torrent "God's playground". I haven't got this book, may anyone check this?Bartex77 (talk) 21:55, 28 December 2014 (UTC)

Classification
Please add a reference for the classification in the article! It differs from the classifications I am aware. Krasanen (talk) 17:35, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

I actually suggest that the classification by section should be replaced by a simple list of species, because recent classification proposals derived from molecular studies differ totally from traditional classifications (like those of Schmidt (1988) and Farjon (1990)). Krasanen (talk) 07:54, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

I changed classification to the most recent one. Krasanen (talk) 18:32, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

The name.
Some time ago I wrote about the origin of the name "spruce". Now I would like to know how it was called before it got its "Polish" name. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.243.97.79 (talk) 14:13, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

Usage in Music
Spruce is considered a tonewood. Many regions use Spruce for making musical instruments. I would like to see a list, of region and instruments which use Spruce, to give a better overview. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anaccuratesource (talk • contribs) 03:18, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Propagation From Stem Cuttings?
Is it Possible to Propagate by inserting Stem Cuttings into the ground? Obsessions28 (talk) 08:23, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Use in aircraft
While it's true that spruce has historically been used in aircraft, the statement about Howard Hughes' Spruce Goose is wrong. In fact the hyperlinked wiki entry states in the first paragraph "...it was nicknamed the "Spruce Goose" by its critics, despite being made almost entirely of birch, rather than spruce.[1]" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.67.145.90 (talk) 22:05, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

 * After checking it out, 108.67.145.90 is correct - removed. Hamamelis (talk) 02:31, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

I had to check it out too, because birch is a very poor material for construction purposes. A longbow made out of birch would break as soon as you tried to use it, while a longbow made out of spruce would work well. According to your source the spruce goose was made out of "laminated wood, mainly birch". Birch works better when laminated with other types of wood, but is still a poor choice. If I had time I would research why birch was used in the spruce goose at all, and how it was used. Birch is fairly good at holding up against pressure, so beams can be made out of long spruce planks on all sides, laminated with birch in the middle.Roger491127 (talk) 02:20, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

Turkey in the range of Picea breweriana
Looks just as a mistake. Should be removed? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hatifnatter (talk • contribs) 09:46, 3 January 2012 (UTC)

Oldest tree: tasmania
Huon Pine http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/the-oldest-tree/story-e6frg8h6-1226130673929?nk=c0433900859a733596ba17d027688c95 Picea [pɪkˀeʌ]101.171.85.60 (talk) 14:26, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

Etymology
Old French? Spruce is a phonetic record of Polish z Prus (from Prussia). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.23.247.27 (talk) 17:11, 17 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, the name of the tree spruce comes directly from the Polish phrase “z Prus” (from Prussia). In the Middle Ages, the Hanseatic merchants from the region of Praussia (which was part of the Kingdom of Poland at that time) brought goods (including Spruce wood) by ships to many ports around the Baltic and the North Seas. They did not speak the languages of the countries they brought the goods to. They were trying to communicate using the Polish language and the usual phrase they used was “z Prus” to inform the local merchants that they came from Prussia. After a while the English merchants picked it up as the name of the tree the Polish merchants brought and called it „sprews” then “Spruce”, which is pronounced exactly as the Polish “z Prus”. The etymology in the main article is wrong. There is no reason why the name of this tree would come from French. 98.7.12.219 (talk) 19:44, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Correct Etymology
The name of the tree spruce comes directly from the Polish phrase “z Prus” (from Prussia). In the Middle Ages, the Hanseatic merchants from the region of Praussia (which was part of the Kingdom of Poland at that time) brought goods (including Spruce wood) by ships to many ports around the Baltic and the North Seas. They did not speak the languages of the countries they brought the goods to. They were trying to communicate using the Polish language and the usual phrase they used was “z Prus” to inform the local merchants that they came from Prussia. After a while the English merchants picked it up as the name of the tree the Polish merchants brought and called it „sprews” then “Spruce”, which is pronounced exactly as the Polish “z Prus”. The etymology in the main article is wrong. There is no reason why the name of this tree would come from French. 98.7.12.219 (talk) 19:45, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * That is indeed correct. The word "spruce" traces its etymology not from the French word "Pruce," as is commonly and mistakenly believed, but rather from the Polish phrase "z Prus," meaning "from Prussia." This correct origin, emphasized by the esteemed English historian Norman Davies in his authoritative work "God's Playground: A History of Poland," highlights the linguistic journey from the Middle Ages' Hanseatic trade. Polish Hanseatic sailors and traders, when asked about the type of wood, would reply with "z Prus," referring to its Prussian origin. Over time, English adapted and morphed this phrase into "spruce," signifying not just any wood but specifically the spruce tree. This transformation showcases the profound influence of trade on language, debunking the lazy explanation that links the word to French origins. Davies' research offers a more accurate and credible account than commonly referenced sources like etymonline.com, underscoring the importance of historical and linguistic precision in tracing the roots of words in the English language. 46.205.140.25 (talk) 20:48, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, as stated in the main article, the word spruce (spuse, sprws) originally has been the term for all kinds of goods brought to England by Hanseatic merchants from Prussia (part of the Kingdom of Poland at the time), which is a direct evidence that the origin of the word is the Polish phrase "Z Prus" literally meaning "From Prussia". etymonline.com has been known as a not very credible source of etymology, of which this case is a perfect proof. As a side note, etymonline.com is a commercial website having the quantity and not quality of content as its main interest/goal. It shouldn't be a respected practice to use etymonline.com as a source of citations.
 * It is a common notion among Polish and English historians that the Polish Hanseatic merchants did not speak much of English and they used the Polish phrase "Z Prus" to inform potential buyers that they are bringing their goods from Prussia, which was the region in direct vicinity of the Polish Hanseatic port of Gdansk.
 * It's about time someone updates the etymology section of the main article. 46.205.140.25 (talk) 19:26, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spruce


text:
Ear X-tacy

ear X-tacy was a Louisville, Kentucky "alternative record store," owned and operated by John Timmons. The store announced its closing on October 31, 2011, after 26 years in business.

History
ear X-tacy first opened in 1985 in a 500 ft2 (46 m2) building stocked with John Timmons' personal records "and a cash advance on his MasterCard." The store name came from the band XTC, of which owner John Timmons is a fan. As the store grew, it changed location three times over a period of sixteen years; it then remained in the same location, in a former bathroom fixtures showroom on Bardstown Road just south of Eastern Parkway in The Highlands, until late July 2010. It then moved to the Douglass Loop, a former streetcar turnaround point on Bardstown Road about 1 mi southeast of its previous location but still in The Highlands.

ear X-tacy carried a wide variety of CDs, cassettes, and vinyl records, and also carried a large stock of DVDs, including many hard-to-find items. In 1995, Timmons launched the ear X-tacy record label, which released records by Louisville-based musicians such as Tim Krekel.

Due to financial issues, ear X-tacy moved for the final time to a smaller location in 2010, just south of where their previous location was on Bardstown Road. However, the financial issues continued and ear X-tacy owner John Timmons made the decision to permanently close. ear X-tacy officially closed on October 31, 2011, but due to the amount of unsold inventory still remaining after the close, the store held a liquidation sale in December 2011 before officially closing for good.

ear X-tacy also operated a second location in the Eastgate Shopping Center in Middletown from 1992 through 1998.

The store's signature white-on-black logo stickers spawned a local fad wherein people cut up and reassembled the distinctive letters to form other words or phrases, such as "racy aXe" or "area X."

A documentary on ear X-tacy was released in 2012 under the title Brick and Mortar and Love.

title: Ear X-tacy


text:
Talk:John Macleod (physiologist)

Untitled
I have removed the "rumour" that MacLeod did not participate in the discovery of insulin and was on holiday when it occurred. John Waller's Fabulous Science describes the way Charles Best attempted to discount the contributions of the other scientists involved - Best and Banting only obtained good results once MacLeod started advising them on experimental technique, and the crucial use of alcohol in extracting insulin was entirely MacLeod's suggestion. --Andrew Norman 17:28, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * That MacLeod was on vacation in Scotland while Banting and Best did their initial experiments in the summer of 1921 is not a rumour. It's a fact.  However, whether Banting and Best's results from the summer of '21 were good enough to constitute the "discovery" of insulin without MacLeod's input and supervision is a separate question. (JGDo (talk) 08:41, 24 February 2009 (UTC))

There is also a short bio of MacLeod in The Canadian Encyclopedia that states "Contrary to Banting's and Best's later distorted accounts, MacLeod was an active, essential supervisor of a research effort that, by the spring of 1922, had resulted in the discovery of insulin." –panda (talk) 20:01, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Name
Hi does anyone know how to change the spelling in the title? It should read "Rickard" not "Richard". —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lecapitain32 (talk • contribs) 12:50, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * You are right. MacLeod's third name is "Rickard."  (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004986).  I don't know how to edit it, though.  But I wish somebody would.  (JGDo (talk) 08:41, 24 February 2009 (UTC))

I had been bold and moved this page to correct spelling of the gentleman's name as per previous comments and numerous other sources, including the Nobel biography, a memorial plaque in Toronto and the obituary in Exp Physiol. — Yerpo Eh? 16:06, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on John MacLeod (physiologist). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110104165137/http://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/Medals/John-Macleod-Medal-70-years/ to http://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/Medals/John-Macleod-Medal-70-years/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131014000822/http://www.cdnmedhall.org/dr-john-james-rickard-jjr-macleod to http://www.cdnmedhall.org/dr-john-james-rickard-jjr-macleod

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:23, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

"Known for codiscovery of Insulin"
He wasn't supposed to be credited because it's just his laboratory that was used while making experiments.

All he did was judged the experiments but wasn't really present when the discovery was made by Banting and Best. 2001:4453:39F:CF00:A865:9A:A533:1B79 (talk) 10:15, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Not true, as explained in the article and supported by scholarly references cited. Do you have better sources that dispute this? — Yerpo Eh? 20:14, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Macleod (physiologist)


text:
Odishi

Odishi (ოდიში) was a historical district in western Georgia, the core fiefdom of the former Principality of Mingrelia, with which the name "Odishi" was frequently coterminous. Since the early 19th century, this toponym has been supplanted by Mingrelia (Samegrelo).

Geography
Like most historical regions of Georgia, Odishi had fluctuating borders. It was bounded by the Black Sea to the west and the Tskhenistsqali river to the east; to the northwest, Odishi bordered and at times expanded into Abkhazia; to the north were the mountains of Takveri, that is, the letter-day Lechkhumi, and Svaneti; and the Rioni river formed the border between Odishi and Guria to the south. In its narrower sense, Odishi referred to a tract of land between the Inguri and Tekhuri rivers, bathed by the Black Sea. The chief town and largest settlement was Zugdidi. Chqondidi at Martvili served as the principal Christian cathedral. A Georgian demonym for the people of Odishi was odishari.

Etymology
The etymology of Odishi is not clear. According to Georgy Klimov, in Mingrelian the term Odishi breaks down as Od-ish-i, where od- goes back to Proto-Kartvelian *ad- (yellow azalea) and -ish- is a topoformative element. There also is an explanation of this name in Laz, Odi-shi (Odişi) meaning "From Odi". The early-18th-century Georgian scholar Prince Vakhushti, who included a detailed geographical account of the region in his Description of the Kingdom of Georgia, suggested a folk etymology of Odishi as meaning "once [odeshi] this land was ours." A modern hypothesis relates Odishi to a pagan deity from the Mingrelian folklore, named Odi. The name of Odishi survives in those of a plateau in western Georgia, a village in the Zugdidi Municipality, and a broadcasting company based in Zugdidi.

History
Odishi first appears in the Georgian Chronicles under the reign of Queen Tamar (r. 1184–1213) as a fief ruled by the eristavi ("duke") of the dynasty with gentilitial titles of Bediani and Dadiani, derived from the respective localities. The dynasty, henceforth surnamed Dadiani, acceded to the rank of sovereign princes after the dissolution of the Kingdom of Georgia in the 1490s. Natively, and in the early modern Georgian historical literature, Odishi was the name of both the district and the whole Dadiani-ruled principality. The latter came to be known to the Europeans as Mingrelia after the principal group of people inhabiting it, but they were also familiar with Odishi as the name of one of the two principal subdivisions of the Principality of Mingrelia, the other being Lechkhumi. The Georgian equivalent of Mingrelia, Samegrelo, although referenced in much earlier records, did not enter the common usage until after the imposition of the Imperial Russian hegemony in 1804. The Mingrelian signatory to the 1804 treaty with Russia, Prince Grigol Dadiani, referred to himself as the "lawful Lord of Odishi, Lechkhumi, Svaneti, Abkhazia, and all the lands anciently belonging to the ancestors of mine."

title: Odishi


text: User talk:80.56.85.196

title: User talk:80.56.85.196


text: Template:India-stub

title: Template:India-stub


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steeles Royal

Steeles Royal was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Steeles Royal
An article about a massage parlor in Ontario. --Woggly 17:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable Wyss 18:10, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - This should have been speedied! Martin TB 18:17, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  --Randy 19:56, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: My imagination fails me. I wanted to find a speedy criterion for it, but I couldn't.  More wasting of time from Brampton, Ontario, and "a lady from Quebec" bought it. Geogre 21:29, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, article lacks substance anyway. Euphoria 21:36, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Owner is accused of spamming the Toronto Escort Review Board. Samaritan 20:53, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Spinboy 21:00, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertisement. But I do have a sudden urge to get a massage... --MPerel 22:05, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Monty Python literature

title: Category:Monty Python literature


text:
List of metropolitan areas in Sweden

Sweden has three metropolitan areas consisting of the areas surrounding the three largest cities, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. The statistics have been retrieved from Statistics Sweden and the statistics released on 10 November 2014. The official land areas for each municipality have also been retrieved from Statistics Sweden, the agency that defines these areas.

Population centers
, Sweden had 2 metropolitan areas with a population of over 1,000,000 people each.

The following table shows the populations of the top ten metropolitan areas.

Metropolitan Stockholm
Metropolitan Stockholm (also known as Greater Stockholm or, in Swedish, Storstockholm), is a metropolitan area surrounding the Swedish capital of Stockholm. Since 2005, Metropolitan Stockholm is defined by official Swedish Statistics as all of Stockholm County. It is the largest of the three metropolitan areas in Sweden.

Metropolitan Stockholm is divided into 5 areas: Stockholm City Centre, Söderort, Västerort of Stockholm Municipality; and the northern suburbs and southern suburbs, which consists of several municipalities.

km2 Population per km2

Metropolitan Gothenburg
Metropolitan Gothenburg (Storgöteborg or literally Greater Gothenburg), is a metropolitan area surrounding the city of Gothenburg in Sweden. The metropolitan region is located in Västra Götaland County, except for the municipality of Kungsbacka, which is located to the south in Halland County. As of 2005, the municipalities of Alingsås and Lilla Edet were added to the region. The region is often used for statistical measures, and estimates in the 1960s predicted that the region would have about one million inhabitants in the year 2000. The region is the second largest metropolitan area in Sweden after Metropolitan Stockholm.

km2 Population per km2

Metropolitan Malmö

Greater Malmö (Stormalmö), also known as Metropolitan Malmö is the metropolitan area of Malmö in Sweden. The area is located in Southwestern Scania (Sydvästra Skåne), which is often considered synonymous with Greater Malmö, and it is part of the wider transnational Öresund Region. Besides Malmö, large towns in Greater Malmö includes Lund and Trelleborg, the former of which was the seat of the historical Catholic Archdiocese of Lund.

Since the 1970s, improvements in highways and the regional and InterRegio train networks means the commuting area has grown to include Ystad, Skurup, Sjöbo, Eslöv, Höör, Landskrona and Helsingborg, though only some of these are included in official definitions of Greater Malmö. It's not uncommon to live in Malmö and work either in Ystad or Helsingborg, or vice versa, but these towns have kept their mental allegiance with older divisions of Scania. Commuting across the Öresund has become more common, both through the Øresund Bridge and the HH Ferry route, at which car ferries departs every 12 minutes in summer (every 15 minutes in winter).

Statistics Sweden, which sets the official definitions for all metropolitan areas in Sweden, has changed which municipalities are included in Greater Malmö over time. The most recent change to the definition came in 2006, when Eslöv, Höör, and Skurup Municipalities became part of Greater Malmö, bringing the number of municipalities included from 9 to 12.

title: List of metropolitan areas in Sweden


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Russell White

Russell White was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Russell White
Not notable. 64 google hits for "Russell White" chess. Thue | talk 17:33, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable Wyss 18:08, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, Not Notable - however a good idea. There should be a page about chess players, the only one I found was Bobby Fischer (but I didn't search too hard!) Martin TB 18:16, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Anatoly Karpov, Viktor Korchnoi, Boris Spassky, Tigran Petrosian, Yasser Seirawan who took some of my money once when he was young and hustling, and actually an immense which looks offhand like most of the big names are there, although I also didn't look too hard. -- Jmabel | Talk 09:01, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable.  --Randy 19:56, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Vanity page -- he discovered women and alcohol (i.e. he's now in the throes of adolescence). A table of Grandmasters at chess would be cool, but breakouts of every chess player of any strength would be chasing the horizon. Geogre 21:31, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. -- Jmabel | Talk 09:01, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. He's just a strong County-level chess player in a country that rarely has more than one or two Chess Grandmasters at any one time. I suppose he could blame his lack of top form by pointing out that his opponents always insist on playing White.  I'll get me coat... --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 13:05, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No Delete. Shall we decide this with a game of chess? A postal match between the Whitester and the champion of his detractors.  If Russter wins, the article stays, if his detractor wins then the article is gone
 * How about "the article is going to be gone anyway" instead? Delete. - Lucky 6.9 22:16, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Comcat
 * Delete. Vanity page. --MPerel 22:07, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Robert Angus Smith

Robert Angus Smith FRS (15 February 1817 – 12 May 1884) was a Scottish chemist, who investigated numerous environmental issues. He is known for his research on air pollution in 1852, in the course of which he discovered what came to be known as acid rain. He is sometimes referred to as the 'Father of Acid Rain'.

Education and early life
Born at Pollokshaws, Glasgow, Smith was educated at the University of Glasgow in preparation for ministry in the Church of Scotland but left before graduating. He worked as a personal tutor and, accompanying a family to Gießen in 1839, he stayed on in Germany to study chemistry supervised by Justus von Liebig, earning a PhD in 1841.

Career and research
On returning to England the same year, he again considered Holy Orders but instead was attracted to Manchester to join the chemical laboratory of Lyon Playfair at the Royal Manchester Institution. Here he became involved in some of the environmental issues of the world's first industrial city (see History of Manchester). Playfair left for greener pastures in 1845 and Smith worked at making a living as an independent analytical chemist. After some initial alarming experiences, Smith refused to take on expert witness work which was a staple of consulting scientists of the day and which he saw as corrupt. Consequently, when the Alkali Inspectorate was established by the Alkali Act 1863, Smith's integrity made him the natural candidate. As Queen Victoria's Inspector of Alkali Works, he was the prototype of the scientific civil servant. He held the post until his death. He is buried in the graveyard of St Paul's Church on Kersal Moor, Salford

In 1872 Smith published the book Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology, which presents his studies of the chemistry of atmospheric precipitation. These studies include the discovery, in 1852, of acid rain in northern British cities, a consequence of the burning of coal rich in sulfur. He was conferred with Honorary Membership of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1884. After his death his collection of about 4,000 books was acquired by the library of Owens College, Manchester. They are now in the John Rylands University Library, the successor of the college library.

Spiritualism
Smith with his friend William Crookes, attended a séance on 21 April 1870 in London. He sent Crookes 15 letters on spiritualism between April 1869 and 1871. Smith did not choose to write widely about spiritualism as he believed it might damage his scientific reputation. He was a member of the Society for Psychical Research from 1882 to 1884. After he died, 89 books on the occult were discovered in his library.

Awards and honours
Smith was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1857.

Publications

 * On Sewage and Sewage Rivers (1855)
 * Disinfectants and Disinfection (1869)
 * Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology (1872)
 * Chemical and Physical Researches (1876)
 * Loch Etive and the sons of Uisnach: With Illustrations (1879)
 * A Centenary of Science in Manchester (1883)

title: Robert Angus Smith


text:
Joel Garten

Joel Garten (born 1981) is a pianist and improviser known for his innovative improvisations. His music is influenced by classical music and jazz, but mostly by modern composers such as Morton Feldman, jazz improviser Keith Jarrett and modern artists such as Jackson Pollock and Clyfford Still. Most of his piano works are entirely improvisational and reflect a remarkably personal connection to his music. His work is noted by critics as being deeply reflective and heartfelt. There are those who also draw comparisons to the music of Cecil Taylor. Joel Garten has created a number of innovative works for prepared piano using paint brushes and other hardware on the strings of the piano.

He studied experimental music under the tutelage of Toronto composer Martin Arnold. Garten's music was first produced by Jaymz Bee, a popular music producer and radio personality on JAZZ.FM91. He has performed in a number of cities in North America, as well as in the Registan in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. He was also invited by rock musician Bryan Adams to perform at his studio The Warehouse, where Garten performed an hour-long concert of his solo piano improvisations in 1999. Garten was also commissioned to write a work for Toronto's 200th birthday which he performed at Toronto's Casa Loma.

Garten was a curator in 2006 at an exhibit in the Echigo Tsumari Triennial in Japan, the largest international art exhibit in Japan. In addition to his art curation at the Triennial, he wrote compositions that were inspired by his study of local folk music, which he performed in a solo piano concert in Hachi, Japan. He later performed these works in another solo piano concert at the Japan Foundation, Toronto. Garten performed an hour-long solo piano improvised concert at the Tenri Cultural Institute in 2010. He was also a member of the Board of Directors of The Music Gallery, one of Toronto's premier New Music performance venues.

"Joel’s multi-layered music sweeps you away. He paints rich and mysterious mental landscapes and magically creates awesome sculptural shapes in your mind’s eye that continually transform and mesmerize... This is like NOTHING you’ve ever heard!" - Jeanne Beker, Fashion Television

title: Joel Garten


text:
Tiger! Tiger! (Kipling short story)

"Tiger! Tiger!" is a short story by Rudyard Kipling. A direct sequel to "Mowgli's Brothers", it was published in magazines in 1893–94 before appearing as the third story in The Jungle Book (1894), following "Kaa's Hunting". The title is derived from William Blake's poem "The Tyger".

The story focuses on Mowgli's alienation from wolf and human society, which both reject him.

Story
After driving out the tiger Shere Khan, Mowgli leaves the wolf pack that has raised him and makes his way to a human village to be with his own (biological) kind. There he is adopted by a bereaved couple, Messua and her husband, due to his resemblance to their long-lost son Nathoo. The village priest agrees to this because it will keep Messua's rich husband happy.

For three months Mowgli learns human language and customs such as wearing clothes, ploughing, money and caste divisions, few of which impress him. He is also disrespectful to the village elders when they tell fanciful tales of the jungle, such as claims of the tiger being the reincarnation of a lame money-lender, since he has first-hand experience of what the jungle is really like. What is not fanciful is the 100-rupee reward for the tiger's skin.

During this period, Mowgli regularly sneaks out of the village to meet his wolf friend Grey Brother who brings him news of the jungle.

To keep Mowgli out of trouble the village elders decide to put him to work herding buffalo. One day while taking a break from this task he meets Grey Brother again. The wolf tells him that Shere Khan has returned and is planning to kill Mowgli.

For the next few weeks Grey Brother keeps watch on Shere Khan while Mowgli goes about his tasks in the village. Eventually he meets Mowgli again and tells him that Shere Khan is hiding in a nearby ravine in preparation to attack. Mowgli learns that Grey Brother obtained this information from Shere Khan's accomplice Tabaqui the jackal, before killing him.

With the aid of Akela, Mowgli and Grey Brother divide the buffalo herd in two and stampede them from opposite ends of the ravine, trampling the tiger to death between them.

Mowgli, who has promised to lay Shere Khan's skin on the wolf pack's Council Rock, sets about skinning the tiger. The village hunter Buldeo has been told of the stampede by the other village boys, and soon arrives to chastise Mowgli. Buldeo demands that Mowgli hand the skin over to him for the reward. Mowgli refuses, and summons Akela to restrain him.

When Mowgli and Akela let him go, the frightened hunter returns to the village and tells the villagers Mowgli is a shapeshifting sorcerer. By the time the unsuspecting Mowgli returns with the buffalo, the entire village except Messua has turned against him and they drive him away.

Confused and disgusted by their behaviour, Mowgli fulfils his promise to lay out Shere Khan's hide on Council Rock and dances upon it, singing of his emotional confusion. The pack offers to take Mowgli back, but he refuses to forgive them for casting him out earlier. Instead he decides that from now on he will hunt alone, except for his four wolf-brothers who refuse to be parted from him. The story ends with the statement that Mowgli will eventually grow up and get married, "but that is a story for grown-ups". This is clearly a reference to Kipling's earlier story "In the Rukh" (collected in Many Inventions), which was indeed aimed at adults, in which the adult Mowgli does marry.

title: Tiger! Tiger! (Kipling short story)