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George Roupell

Brigadier George Rowland Patrick Roupell, (7 April 1892 – 4 March 1974) was a senior officer in the British Army and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life and military career
George Roupell was born into a military family; his father, Francis Frederick Fyler Roupell, having served with the British Army in the 70th Regiment and commanded the 1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment from 1895 to 1899, and was promoted to colonel in 1901. George's father had married Edith Maria Bryden at Kingston in 1887.

Roupell was educated at Rossall School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was commissioned into the East Surrey Regiment, his father's regiment, on 2 March 1912 and was appointed a lieutenant on 29 April 1914, shortly before the outbreak of the First World War.

First World War
At the outbreak of war in the summer of 1914, the 1st Battalion the East Surreys were deployed as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) into northern Belgium. Roupell commanded a platoon in the BEF's first major action, the Battle of Mons, in August 1914. Roupell kept a diary throughout the war, which has since been a, sometimes humorous, source of insight and observation on the events that he witnessed and participated in. In the trenches at Mons he recounted how he had to hit his men on the backside with his sword in order to gain their attention and remind them to fire low as they had been taught.

Soon after, following the retreat from Mons in September 1914, Roupell led his platoon in the first Battle of the Aisne. Once again, he came under heavy fire, this time while crossing the Aisne on a raft. The Surreys' advance was pushed back with heavy casualties.

Early the following year, during the continued fighting around Ypres, Roupell was 23 years old when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). His citation reads:

"For most conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty on 20 April 1915, when he was commanding a company of his battalion in a front trench on "Hill 60," which was subjected to a most severe bombardment throughout the day. Though wounded in several places, he remained at his post and led his company in repelling a strong German assault. During a lull in the bombardment he had his wounds hurriedly dressed, and then insisted in returning to his trench, which was again being subjected to severe bombardment. Towards evening, his company being dangerously weakened, he went back to his battalion headquarters, represented the situation to his commanding officer, and brought up reinforcements, passing backwards and forwards over ground swept by heavy fire. With these reinforcements he held his position throughout the night, and until his battalion was relieved next morning.

This young officer was one of the few survivors of his company, and showed a magnificent example of courage, devotion and tenacity, which undoubtedly inspired his men to hold out till the end."

Roupell was presented with his VC by King George V on 12 July 1915. In addition to his Victoria Cross, he was awarded the Russian Order of St George (4th Class) and the French Croix de Guerre, and was Mentioned in Despatches. He was retrospectively appointed temporary captain with effect from 29 December 1914 to 20 April 1915, inclusive, and again later the same year.

Roupell was aboard TSS The Queen when it was captured and sunk in the English Channel in October 1916. He was appointed acting brigade major on 29 December 1917. On 9 May 1918, he was seconded to the general staff with the rank of temporary major.

Inter-war
Following the end of hostilities in Europe, Roupell, still an acting major, was promoted to acting lieutenant colonel in charge of a battalion from December 1918 to March 1919. His appointment to the general staff was confirmed on 1 July 1919. During this time he was attached to the allied force under Edmund Ironside and sent to support Tsarist Russians as part of the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War. On a visit to a Tsarist unit, they mutinied and Roupell and others were taken prisoner near Arkhangelsk, sent to Moscow, and finally repatriated in 1920.

Early in 1921, Roupell married Doris P. Sant in Paddington. Daughter Phoebe and son Peter were born in 1922 and 1925, respectively.

Roupell's inter-war military career continued with appointments as staff captain (1921), brigade major (1926), and promotion to substantive major (1928). During the inter-war period, Roupell served in Gibraltar, the Regimental Depot, India and the Sudan and he attended the Staff College, Camberley. As major (GSO2), Roupell spent two years from 1929 at the Royal Military College of Canada, and in 1934 a year with the British troops in China. Following his return, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel (1935).

Second World War
At the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, Roupell was promoted to colonel and, made an acting brigadier, placed in command of 36th Infantry Brigade from 7 October 1939. Roupell's brigade was deployed as part of the 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division in April 1940 and became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), taking part in the Battle of France. The German thrust near the Somme river towards Abbeville eventually cut off the BEF, northern French and Belgian forces from the rest of France. Roupell's brigade headquarters near Doullens was attacked by enemy troops and on being told of the threat Roupell is reported to have exclaimed:

"Never mind the Germans. I'm just going to finish my cup of tea."

When the brigade headquarters was overrun on 20 May 1940, Roupell gave the order for the survivors to split up into small groups and endeavour to re-contact Allied troops. Roupell, with a captain and French interpreter, avoided capture, hiding by day and walking at night for over a month. They arrived at a farm near Rouen where the two officers remained for almost two years, working as labourers. With the help of the French Resistance they were moved through unoccupied France into non-belligerent Spain, finally boarding ship in Gibraltar and returning to the United Kingdom.

Following his return he was appointed commanding officer of the 114th Infantry Brigade, part of the 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division, on 18 March 1943, a command he held until 2 November that year. The brigade was not destined to see battle, however, and he was soon appointed as garrison commander at Chatham, where he remained until retirement.

Post-war
In 1946 Roupell was formally retired from the army on retirement pay and granted the honorary rank of brigadier. and, at the age of 58, excused from the reserve list of officers in 1950. He was appointed a Deputy lieutenant of Surrey in 1953.

In 1954 Roupell was appointed Colonel of the East Surreys, succeeding Lieutenant General Arthur Dowler, and was to be the last Colonel of the East Surrey Regiment, relinquishing office in 1959 when amalgamation with the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) took place to form the Queen's Royal Surrey Regiment. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1956.

George Roupell died in Shalford, Surrey, on 4 March 1974, at the age of 81. His body was cremated at Guildford Crematorium,. where his ashes were scattered.

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Maurice Rogers

Sergeant Maurice Albert Wyndham Rogers, VC, MM (17 July 1919 – 3 June 1944) was a British Army soldier of the Second World War and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Rogers was 24 years old, and a sergeant in the 2nd Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment (Duke of Edinburgh's), British Army, during the Battle of Anzio when the following deed took place, at Ardea, for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.

The citation in the London Gazette of 8 August 1944, gives the following details:

"In Italy, a battalion of the Wiltshire Regiment was ordered to attack high ground held by the enemy.

The leading Company had taken their first objective but were unable to reach their final objective, owing to heavy enemy fire and casualties. The Carrier Platoon, dismounted, were ordered to capture the final objective, supported by fire from the Company and a troop of tanks.

The objective was wired and mined and strongly defended by the enemy. The Carrier Platoon advanced through machine-gun and mortar fire until they reached the enemy's wire, which was 70 yards from their objective. At this point the Platoon was under the intense fire of seven machine-guns firing at ranges of from 50 to 100 yards, and sustained a number of casualties. The Platoon, checked by the enemy's wire and the intensity of his machine-gun fire, took cover and returned the fire preparatory to gapping the wire. Sergeant Rogers, the Platoon Sergeant, without hesitation continued to advance alone, firing his Thompson Sub-Machine Gun. He got through the enemy's wire, ran across the minefield and destroyed two of the enemy machine-gun posts with his Thompson Sub-Machine Gun and hand grenades. By now, Sergeant Rogers was 100 yards ahead of his Platoon and had penetrated 30 yards inside the enemy's defences.

He had drawn on to himself the fire of nearly all the enemy's machine-guns and had thrown their, defence into confusion.

Inspired by the example of Sergeant Rogers, the Platoon breached the enemy's wire and began the assault. Still alone and penetrating deeper into the enemy position, Sergeant Rogers, whilst attempting to silence a third machine-gun post, was blown off his feet by a grenade which burst beside him and wounded him in the leg.

Nothing daunted he stood up and still firing his Thompson Sub-Machine Gun, ran on towards the enemy post. He was shot and killed at point blank range.

This N.C.O's undaunted determination, fearless devotion to duty and superb courage carried his Platoon on to their objective in face of a determined enemy in a strongly defended position. The great gallantry and heroic self-sacrifice of Sergeant Rogers were in the highest tradition of the British Army."

Legacy
In 2003 Rogers had a road named after him. A new industrial estate had been built at Hopton, Devizes, Wiltshire (near to the old Le Marchant Barracks) and the road has been called "Sgt Rogers Way". The road sign gives his full name and location and year of the VC award.

In 1947 a new housing estate, comprising two large low rise blocks of flats, in Bethnal Green east London was named 'Rogers Estate' after him. One of the blocks has a bronze plaque attached to the exterior at ground floor level commemorating this. Rogers parents were in attendance at the opening ceremony.

His story was published as the cover story for D.C. Thomson's Victor comic in issue 204 dated 16 January 1965.

His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Rifles (Berkshire and Wiltshire) Museum in Salisbury, Wiltshire.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maurice Rogers


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File:VCHenryHoweyRobson.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Henry Howey Robson, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Bill Norman.

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Henry Howey Robson

Henry Howey Robson VC (18 February 1894 – 4 March 1964) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Robson was 20 years old, and a private in the Second Battalion, The Royal Scots (The Lothian Regiment), British Army during World War I when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Cross.

"For most conspicuous bravery near Kemmel on the 14th December, 1914, during an attack on the German position, when he left his trench under a very heavy fire and rescued a wounded Non-commissioned Officer, and subsequently for making an attempt to bring another wounded man into cover, whilst exposed to a severe fire: In this attempt he was at once wounded, but persevered in his efforts until rendered helpless by being shot a second time."

His Victoria Cross is now displayed at the Royal Scots Museum in the Edinburgh Castle of Scotland.

Robson moved to Canada in 1923 (after selling his medals for the trip), married Alice Maud Martin and served as a Sergeant-at-Arms in the Ontario Parliament in the 1930s in Toronto. He retired as information clerk in 1954 and died at Sunnybrook Hospital in 1964.

title: Henry Howey Robson


text: User talk:194.35.219.117

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File:VCEricGascoigneRobinson.jpg

Photo of Victoria Cross recipient Eric Gascoigne Robinson, migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference site with permission. Photo submitted by Martin Hornby - (Gallaher Cigarette Cards).

Additional note. This picture was migrated from the Victoria Cross Reference at a time when the strict rules concerning copyright notices were not so rigorously enforced. It is very likely that this picture is either used with permission (although the permission was not properly recorded at the time) or that it is in the public domain (possibly Crown copyright). It is used here on the Find A Grave website, which claims that their content does not conflict with the copyright laws of any country, state or other legal entity.

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Eric Gascoigne Robinson

Rear Admiral Eric Gascoigne Robinson (16 May 1882 – 20 August 1965) was a Royal Navy officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross. He earned his award by going ashore and single-handedly destroying a Turkish naval gun battery while a lieutenant commander with the fleet stationed off the Dardanelles during the Gallipoli campaign in the First World War.

After these exploits, he was wounded on the front line on the Gallipoli Peninsula, but recovered and served continuously for the remainder of the war and into the Russian Civil War. In 1939 aged 57, he again volunteered for military service and spent three more years at sea, commanding convoys during the Battle of the Atlantic. In September 1941 he had to retire on health grounds, but in June 1942 he was well enough to be appointed to the post of Naval Officer in Charge, Dundee. which he held until his final retirement in November 1944.

Early life
Eric Gascoigne Robinson was born in 1882 at Greenwich in Kent, to John Lovell Robinson and Louisa Aveline Gascoigne. John was the chaplain of the Royal Naval College at Greenwich and Eric's youth was spent in preparation for a life at sea. Robinson was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead before joining HMS Britannia aged fifteen in 1897 and rapidly progressed to the battleship HMS Majestic (1895) and then the first class protected cruiser HMS Endymion (1891), in which he took part in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China. It was here, aged 18, that he saw his first action with the relief force, being wounded in action, mentioned in despatches and gaining a reputation as a daring and resourceful officer. He remained in China serving on a Yangtze gunboat for several years before returning to England and becoming a torpedo specialist at HMS Vernon (shore establishment), Portsmouth, in 1907.

In 1910, Robinson was promoted to Lieutenant Commander and spent his time between HMS Vernon, the depot ship HMS Thames (1885) and the cruisers HMS Blenheim (1890) and HMS Amethyst (1903) on active service. In 1913, he married Edith Gladys Cordeux, with whom he had three children. Robinson was slightly injured in a train accident shortly after his wedding, but soon recovered and was dispatched to the Mediterranean Sea at the outbreak of the First World War on board the old battleship HMS Vengeance (1899).

Gallipoli campaign and the Victoria Cross
The exploit in his Victoria Cross nomination was the result of Robinson's close friendship and working relationship with another aggressive officer, Roger Keyes, whom he had first met in China fifteen years before. Keyes was asked by his superior, Admiral John de Robeck, to prepare an assault on the Turkish gun battery at Orkanieh (also known as Achilles' Tomb), a position between Kum Kale and Yeni Shehr on the southern shore of the Dardanelles. This position had withstood fire from the battleships of the Allied fleet during the preceding weeks. Robinson was suggested as the leader of a commando force of sailors and Royal Marines tasked with destroying the battery and withdrawing in good order. Robinson accepted the mission without hesitation. His force landed undetected early in the morning of 26 February, destroyed two small artillery pieces and made fast progress towards the main battery before being pinned down by Turkish snipers in the mid-afternoon. The white naval uniforms of the sailors proved an easy target for the Turks and casualties mounted as Turkish reinforcements were brought up to cut off the raiding party. Instead of withdrawing in the face of this threat, Robinson marched his men through gullies and came out close to a small rise behind the main battery. The open ground of the rise was covered by several Turkish snipers, but realising the importance of removing the artillery overlooking the sea passage, Robinson delegated command of the party to a junior officer and made the climb alone, dodging bullets in his white uniform until he crested the rise unhurt, emerging a few minutes later and starting back apparently unconcerned by the increasingly heavy gunfire directed at him. He was said to be "strolling around ... under heavy rifle fire ... like a sparrow enjoying a bath from a garden hose". The battery had been ungarrisoned, and Robinson was able to lay fuses which destroyed the large 9.4" main gun and two anti-aircraft emplacements within the position. Withdrawing in good order, Robinson evaded the Turkish reinforcements and then directed gunfire from the fleet onto their positions, including a force garrisoning an ancient tomb, inflicting heavy casualties. An immediate recommendation for the Victoria Cross was put forward by Admiral de Robeck who had observed proceedings from HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913) offshore.

During March 1915 the Allied fleet attempted to clear the minefields that were preventing the warships from sailing further into the Dardanelles. Trawlers, crewed by civilians, were used in this role but intense gunfire from Turkish shore based batteries meant that they were ineffective. Under pressure from the Admiralty, Admiral Carden put Roger Keyes in charge of minesweeping operations and Keyes again called on Eric Robinson to lead the trawlers, now including naval crews, into the minefields. On one of these sorties, Robinson’s minesweeper was struck 84 times by small calibre shells. Despite the bravery shown during these operations the sweepers were unable to clear the lines of mines. The Allies made a final attempt to force the narrows on the 18th March but this resulted in the sinking of three battleships and serious damage to three more.

E15 mission
Robinson volunteered in April for an even more dangerous mission, following the Turkish capture of submarine HMS E15 which had stranded below the guns of Fort Dardanus near Kepez Point. All efforts to destroy this craft had so far failed and it was considered vital for naval morale that it was not salvaged by the enemy. Robinson took command of two picket boats from the battleships HMS Triumph (1903) and HMS Majestic (1895), each armed with two torpedoes mounted on the gunwales in dropping gear, and entered the Dardanelles under cover of darkness on 18 April. Caught in a blaze of searchlights, and under heavy fire from the Turkish artillery and machine guns, both boats miraculously arrived unscathed. A carelessly-directed Turkish searchlight briefly illuminated E15. The boat from HMS Majestic under the command of Lt Goodwin seized the opportunity and attacked. The first torpedo missed, and seconds later the boat was struck by a shell that blew away much of her stern, mortally wounding one of her crew and causing her irreparable damage. Undeterred, Goodwin went in again and scored a direct hit with his second torpedo, just forward of the conning tower, wrecking the submarine.

Observing his consort's plight, Robinson did not hesitate, steaming to the stricken vessel and rescuing her crew before escaping downstream to Mudros. It was estimated that the Turks fired at least 500 heavy calibre rounds of ammunition at the two boats in just a few minutes. A German officer present noted that "I have never on the course of the war seen an attack carried out with such pluck and fearlessness". It has also been commented that this action should have brought Robinson a second Victoria Cross, but he was promoted to Commander by special decree instead.

Later war service
In August, Robinson was sent to Anzac Cove as a naval liaison officer and on his second day there, was badly wounded near the front line, forcing his evacuation to the UK, where King George V presented him with his medal at Buckingham Palace. Returned to the Mediterranean in December 1915 following his recuperation, he took over the coastal monitor HMS M21, in which he shelled Turkish positions throughout Egypt and Palestine and was awarded another mention in despatches and the Egyptian Order of the Nile, 4th Class. Returning to England in the summer of 1917, he narrowly missed selection for Keyes's operations against Zeebrugge and Ostend owing to his war wounds. In late 1918 he commanded the secret DCB Section of the Royal Signals School, Portsmouth which was developing unmanned remote controlled boats (a variant of Coastal Motor Boats) carrying an explosive payload to destroy enemy ships. The war ended before these could be used in action but in January 1919 Robinson was posted with 12 CMBs to the Caspian Sea under Commodore Norris as part of the Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War. His first action was to force the surrender of vessels of the Centro-Caspian Flotilla, whose loyalty to the White movement was in doubt. He then converted two requisitioned merchant ships to carry CMBs in order to increase their range of operation. On the 21st May. Robinson was present at the Battle of Alexandrovsky Fort but owing to communication problems his CMBs were not brought into action. Two days later, Norris decided to reconnoitre the fort with two armed merchant ships but ran into two enemy destroyers. Fleeing the superior enemy, Norris radioed Robinson who was close by with one of the CMB carriers, to withdraw to safety. Robinson ignored this order and sailed towards the enemy. The Russian commander spotted the smoke of his ship on the horizon and, fearing that he was being led into a trap, turned and fled. The Bolshevik naval forces later withdrew from Fort Alexandrovsky and Robinson led a squadron of CMBs in an attack on the harbour which resulted in the surrender of the garrison. These achievements would later win him the Imperial Russian Order of St. Anne, 2nd Class.

Peacetime and Second World War service
Following this period of extended service, Robinson was brought home, appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire by the King for his Caspian Sea service, promoted again to captain and posted to HMS Iron Duke. Robinson then served in a number of training establishments and dockyards, as well as a brief stint with the Far East Fleet, during which he received the Japanese Order of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class for his services. In 1925, he was inducted into the Freemasons and remained a prominent member of the Navy Lodge for the rest of his life. The organisation still commemorates him in their publications. He retired at age 51 in 1933 as a rear-admiral, but when the Second World War broke out, Robinson immediately offered his services and for three years, commanded convoys across the Atlantic Ocean. A bout of ill-health led to his retirement in September 1941. While awaiting a new posting he learned of the death of his son, Midshipman Edward Cordeaux Robinson, in the sinking of the cruiser HMS Neptune in December 1941, From June 1942 to November 1944 he served as Naval Officer in Charge at Dundee. For this service, he was later presented with the Norwegian King Haakon VII's Freedom Cross. , the Legion d'Honneur and the Croix de Guerre.

Retirement and death
Robinson settled in the village of Langrish, near Petersfield in east Hampshire. He died peacefully at Haslar Naval Hospital, Gosport, on 20 August 1965 and was laid to rest at St John's, the village church he had served for 20 years as warden. For unknown reasons, his grave was without a headstone until 1998, although a large plaque to him was dedicated by his sister in 1969 and surmounts the altar. Following investigations by the Naval VC Association, his grave was discovered and a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone erected. At the dedication ceremony, attended by over 150 friends, relatives, Masons and servicemen, Admiral Derek Reffell gave the eulogy which stated: "The admiral was a hero, but more importantly he was a naval man from the finest mould. Now at last we can accord him the dignity he deserves."

Commemoration
On 26 February 2015, one hundred years after his VC-winning deed, a commemorative paving stone was laid outside Robinson's former home at 1 Diamond Terrace, Greenwich. At the event Commander Operations, Rear Admiral Matthew Parr said he was in awe of Lt Cdr Robinson’s "selfless actions" and added: "His courage, determination and fortitude in the face of overwhelming enemy action remain an example to us all; this commemorative stone will serve as a permanent memorial to a remarkable man."

title: Eric Gascoigne Robinson


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William Robertson (VC)

Lieutenant-Colonel William Robertson VC CBE (27 February 1865 – 6 December 1949) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Robertson was 34 years old, and a sergeant-major in the 2nd Battalion, The Gordon Highlanders, British Army during the Second Boer War when the following action took place at the Battle of Elandslaagte for which he was awarded the VC. "At the Battle of Elandslaagte, on the 21st October, 1899, during the final advance on the enemy's position, this Warrant Officer led each successive rush, exposing himself fearlessly to the enemy's artillery and rifle fire to encourage the men. After the main position had been captured, he led a small party to seize the Boer camp. Though exposed to a deadly cross-fire from the enemy's rifles, he gallantly held on to the position captured, and continued to encourage the men until he was dangerously wounded in two places."

Further information
Robertson was later commissioned into the Gordon Highlanders as a quartermaster with the rank of lieutenant. He was promoted captain in 1910, major in 1915, and lieutenant-colonel in 1917. In 1911 he is listed as "William Robertson VC", recruiting officer, living at 21 Lee Crescent in Portobello, Edinburgh.

He retired in 1920. After his retirement he became honorary treasurer of the Royal British Legion Scotland.

He died at home on 6 December 1949. He is buried in Portobello Cemetery with his family. The grave lies against the eastern boundary wall.

Family
He was married to Sarah Ferris (d.1950). Their children included William J Robertson (1892-1964), Marion Robertson (1895-1971), and 2nd Lt. Ian Gordon Robertson (1897- Nov 13, 1916 Beaumont Hamel).

The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National War Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland.

Freemasonry
He was a Scottish Freemason having been Initiated in Lodge Union, No.332, (Glasgow) on 20 March, Passed on 10 April and Raised on 1 May 1895. At a regular meeting of the Lodge on 20 March 1900 it was announced, to much applause, that Robertson had been awarded the VC.

title: William Robertson (VC)


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James Peter Robertson

James Peter Robertson (26 October 1883 – 6 November 1917) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for valour in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Details
Born in Albion Mines (now called Stellarton), Pictou County, Nova Scotia, "Pete", as he was known, lived most of his life in Medicine Hat with his mother.

Robertson enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in June 1915. He became a private in the 27th (City of Winnipeg) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force. Robertson was 34 years old, during the Second Battle of Passchendaele when he performed the following deed for which he was awarded the VC.

"For most conspicuous bravery and outstanding devotion to duty in attack. When his platoon was held up by uncut wire and a machine gun causing many casualties, Pte. Robertson dashed to an opening on the flank, rushed the machine gun and, after a desperate struggle with the crew, killed four and then turned the gun on the remainder, who, overcome by the fierceness of his onslaught, were running towards their own lines. His gallant work enabled the platoon to advance. He inflicted many more casualties among the enemy, and then carrying the captured machine gun, he led his platoon to the final objective. He there selected an excellent position and got the gun into action, firing on the retreating enemy who by this time were quite demoralised by the fire brought to bear on them.

During the consolidation Pte. Robertson’s most determined use of the machine gun kept down the fire of the enemy snipers; his courage and his coolness cheered his comrades and inspired them to the finest efforts.

Later, when two of our snipers were badly wounded in front of our trench, he went out and carried one of them in under very severe fire.

He was killed just as he returned with the second man." (London Gazette, no.30471, 11 January 1918)

Further information
Robertson is buried at Tyne Cot Cemetery, Passchendaele, Belgium, located 5 miles north east of Ypres. (Plot LVIII. Row D. Grave 26).

The medal
His medal is now located in the Canadian War Museum.

Legacy
On 10 February 2011, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans announced that the nine new vessels in a new class of midshore patrol vessels would be named Hero-class patrol vessels. One of the new vessels will be named the CCGS Private Robertson V.C..

Robertson Lake near Wood Buffalo National Park is named after him.

A CPR station in Calgary was named Robertson Railway Station when established around 1917. It no longer exists.

title: James Peter Robertson


text: User talk:83.130.140.52

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West of Scotland F.C.

West of Scotland Football Club is a rugby union club based in Milngavie, Scotland. Founded in 1865, West of Scotland are one of the oldest rugby clubs in the world, and one of the founding members of the Scottish Rugby Union. West have enjoyed a long and successful history, winning numerous Scottish Championships and producing an incredible number of international players, and a strong contingent of British and Irish Lions.

During the 1960s and 1970s, West were a true powerhouse of British rugby – regularly fielding up to ten internationals. Indeed, West famously developed a pack featuring Gordon Brown, Peter Brown, Sandy Carmichael (2 Lions and the Scotland Captain), all of whom are considered amongst the best rugby players ever produced by Scotland.

In the 'Open Era' of professionalism, West have produced a significant number of players who have progressed to the professional and international levels. The most notable of these luminaries is Gordon Bulloch, who enjoyed sparkling professional career with playing Glasgow and Leeds, captaining Scotland, and playing for the British and Irish Lions, before reportedly rejecting a contract offer from the famous French Champions Stade Toulousain to make a triumphant return to the even-more-famous 'Red and Yellow'.

A number of other professional players – such as Rob Harley – have emanated from West before going on to higher honours; and a number of current international players pulled on the red and yellow jersey having played for the club through the SRU's Pro-player draft.

Formation
Formed in 1865, West of Scotland played a founding role in establishing international rugby in Scotland, and have provided a number of SRU presidents and players. The club originated at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, Glasgow as an offshoot of the Cricket Club. The bye laws of West of Scotland Football Club were agreed on 15 October 1865.

First Match
Initially, West games were 20-a-side intra-club affairs. However, In November 1867, West took to the field against live opposition for the first time – beating Edinburgh Academicals, in one of the first ever rugby matches ever played. West lost the return game at Raeburn Place in December 1867. This remains one of the oldest fixtures in world rugby, and the sides have clashed regularly over the years.

Club colours
West have played in red and yellow coloured strips since 1871, having elected to discard their old navy strips. The local football club Partick Thistle decided to copy in the 1930s when they also switched from dark blue strips.

Founding of the Scottish Rugby Union
In 1872 the formation of the Scottish Rugby Union took place at a meeting at Glasgow Academy on Elmbank Street, and the first members were Edinburgh Academicals, West of Scotland, Royal High School FP, Glasgow Academicals, Merchistonians, Glasgow University, St Andrews University and Edinburgh University.

Experiment with association football
In April 1873, eleven members of the club - using the name Glasgow Wanderers - played Queen's Park F.C. under association football laws, at the original Hampden Park. Although the Wanderers only lost 1–0, their defensive play being particularly praised, and over 1,000 spectators attended, the experiment was not repeated.

Early Success
West twice won the Scottish Unofficial Championship in 1883 and 1885, and provided several players – including captains – to the National side. The club also won four consecutive Scottish Unofficial Championship titles in 1899, 1890, 1891, 1892 (joint), before once more taking the trophy in 1895.

However, despite this outstanding on-field success, the club experienced some off-field strife at this time; largely pertaining the West of Scotland cricket club's incessant demands for more money.

The first world war (1914–18) not only curtailed the club's playing activities – they also decimated many of the local club sides, many of whom never recovered. Nonetheless, despite further issues with the cricket club over the lease, West thrived during this era, fielding up to 4XV's, and featuring many players who play at district and international level.

In 1929 one of rugby's great personalities, W. H. Kidston died. He was responsible, with others for introducing the kicking code to Scotland, in his early days had played for West and, was Honorary Secretary for 18 years, and the first President of West of Scotland FC. Kidston went on to become the President of the SRU. These years also saw people like Bill Nicholson, W. A. Burnet, H. Stewart Mackintosh (later Director of Education for Glasgow ) and Arthur Ferns becoming involved both in playing terms and later in the transfer of West to Burnbrae. Although the club had limited success on the playing field at this time it had a large membership.

West's Odyssey
At the outset of the World War Two (1939–1945), after years of simmering tension, the cricket club cancelled West's lease in Partick – stating that they saw no avenue for the rugby club's return post WWII. It would be 15 years before West found a new permanent home, and this period therefore represented somewhat of an odyssey for the club.

West's first attempted solution was a ground and team-share with Kelvinside Academy FP at Balgray. This was successful for a number of years, but the sheer volume of players rendered it untenable. Therefore, in 1951, West once more began looking for a new home – with club officials A.D. Ferns, M.D. Ballantyne, H.S Mackintosh, W Nicholson, J.A.D. Thom, W.A. Burnet and President Hugh Harper all playing critical roles. The committee considered grounds in Bishopbriggs, Kirkintilloch, Pollok Estate, Stepps, and Whitecraigs, none of which were deemed desirable.

In this period West played their games at a variety of grounds over this period; namely at Old and New Anniesland, Balgray, Glasgow University, and St Aloysius College. Nonetheless, the club continue to thrive – often putting out 6 XV's,

Later history (1960–present)
In 1952 after some 15 years in the wilderness, West purchased the now hallowed ground at Burnbrae in Milngavie – though it would take a further 8 years, and significant effort and expenditure before the first game was played at Burnbrae. The first game was played against local rivals Glasgow High School FP.

Golden Era (1960s and 1970s)
West were an 'open club', meaning that in contrast to the restricted approach of the School's FP clubs, they were open to all players, regardless of background.

This approach means that during the 1960s and 1970s some of the best players in the world graced the Burnbrae turf. West teams in this era featured many Scottish internationals, some of whom went on to star for the British and Irish Lions. Notable players from this era include Sandy Carmichael, Gordon Brown, Peter Brown, and Alastair McHarg, all of whom are considered to be amongst Scotland's best ever players; whilst Lionel Weston was capped for England. West teams were littered with international players in all positions at this time, and not withstanding the outstanding pack noted above, Burnbrae crowds were dazzled by outstanding international backs such as David Sheddon, Chris Rea, and Quintin Dunlop, as well as England's scrum-half Lionel Weston.

During this golden era the club enjoyed much on-field success, jointly-shared Championship honours with Hawick in 1965, before once more lifting the trophy in 1971.

Decline
However, this wasn't to last, and West's fortunes somewhat decline when the FP teams opened their clubhouses to non FP's. Indeed. when the official SRU leagues were established however West were in Division 1, fell back to Division 2, before collapsing eventually to Division 3.

Rejection of Hawks Amalgamation
In the 1990s, faced with the Border and Edinburgh teams' domination of Scottish rugby, the great old clubs of Glasgow met to discuss amalgamating so as to compete at a higher level. This led to the origination of Glasgow Hawks, an amalgamation of the Glasgow Academy, High School of Glasgow, and Kelvinside FP clubs (the latter two already having merged into GHK) – each of whom 'donated' letters to the Hawks acronym. The 'W' in Hawks is therefore a vestige of West's potential involvement – although the club decided to reject the move, thus maintaining its independence and history.

Resurgence and Return to Premiership
West's fortunes showed signs of revival when they won the Scottish Shield in 2006. This led to an old-field resurgence for the club, who enjoyed successive promotions from Premiership Division Three, and then Premiership Division Two.

Indeed, it was on Saturday 29 March 2008 that West won Premiership Division Two, thus securing their promotion to Premiership Division One as champions. The 2nd XV and 3rd XV teams also won their leagues, making 2007–08 a historic season for the club.

West of Scotland played in Premiership Division One in 2008–2009, 2009–2010, and 2010–2011. This marked a strong era for the club, with former players such as British and Irish Lion Gordon Bulloch electing to return to club, alongside brother Alan Bulloch, Rory Kerr, and former Glasgow professional Guy Perrett These 'stars' were augmented by a strong crop of West players including Robert Harley, Robert McAlpine, Murray McConell, all of whom progressed to professional rugby, as well as a selection of young Glasgow professional players, selected in the SRU draft (including Peter Horne, Jon Welsh, Richie Vernon, and Richie Gray).

West played in Premiership Division Two in season 2011–12 following relegation at the end of the 2010–11 season.

Facility Upgrade
In August 2014, work started on a new Waitrose supermarket, on land purchased from the club. West of Scotland received a new state of the art artificial all-weather pitch from this deal. The supermarket was opened in June 2015, with the new pitch being completed and opened soon after.

150th Anniversary Season (2015)
In 2015, West celebrated the 150th year of their existence with a stellar season, which saw all three senior men's teams gain promotion. The First XV, captained by rotund flanker Jamie McAuley, gained promotion to National 2, the third highest league in Scotland.

A West team – augmented by players from the SRU's other founding clubs – also played in an invitational game against fierce local rivals Glasgow Academicals, to commemorate the 150th anniversary of both clubs. The match ended in victory for West in the First XV match, which was precursed by a 'golden oldies' game between FP's of both teams – including British and Irish Lion John Beattie – in which Accies were triumphant.

Current Teams and Leagues
West of Scotland's Men's First XV currently play in ; the Women's XV play in the.

The Second XV play in the BT National Reserve League Division 2 – and the 2A XV play in BT West Reserve League Division 1.

The club also have an occasional 'golden oldies' team, known as the Burnbrae Bulls.

Youth Section
West's youth section was founded in the 1980s, and is now a thriving development centre with over 200 players – and an excellent track record of success, both on and off the field. The club's youth development programme's ethos is to 'look at the individuals and develop the person, not just the player'. Notable recent graduates of West's youth programme include: Rob Harley (Glasgow Warriors and Scotland), Robert McAlpine (Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby), and Murray McConell (Glasgow Warriors and Nottingham Rugby).

West's midi sides (S1 – Under 18) play in the 'Presidents Conference', the top division in Scottish Youth Rugby. West's youth set up is therefore extremely well regarded, and West's youth team's have regularly competed for (and won) silverware, including the Scottish Cup on several occasions.

West of Scotland Sevens
The club run the West of Scotland Sevens tournament. The West of Scotland side hold the trophy, after their 'A' side won the trophy in 2022.

Distinguished Players
Alexander Robertson, who played in the first ever international, 1871 was the first West of Scotland international cap. Between 1871 and 1914, the club provided over 42 players to the national side. Since then, many other players who have pulled on the famous red and yellow jersey have gone on to represent Scotland, with a number reaching the pinnacle as British and Irish Lions. A selection are listed below:

British and Irish Lions

 * Gordon Brown (30) Caps 1969–1976
 * Gordon Bulloch 75 caps; Scottish captain and Lion.
 * Bill Scott, British and Irish Lions and Barbarian F.C.
 * Sandy Carmichael (50 caps – and Lion)
 * Richie Gray (58 Caps, and 1 Lions Cap) Present

English Internationals

 * Lionel Weston

Professional Players

 * Guy Perrett – Edinburgh Rugby
 * Murray McConnell – Glasgow Warriors and Nottingham Rugby
 * Robert McAlpine – Glasgow Warriors and Edinburgh Rugby

Presidents of the Scottish Rugby Union
 * William Hamilton Kinston 1876–77 – and first President of West of Scotland football club.
 * Ian McLauchlan
 * Bill Nicholson.

Honours

 * Scottish National League Division One
 * Champions (2): 1991–92, 2007–08
 * Scottish National League Division Two
 * Champions (1): 2006–07
 * Scottish National League Division Three'''
 * Runners-up (1): 2015–16
 * Scottish Rugby Shield
 * Winners (1): 2005–06
 * Scottish Unofficial Championship
 * Winners (8): 1883, 1885, 1899, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1895, 1965, 1971
 * West of Scotland Sevens
 * Champions: 2022
 * Glasgow City Sevens
 * Champions (1): 2000
 * Earlston Sevens
 * Champions (1): 1999
 * Kelso Sevens
 * Champions (1): 2000
 * Hyndland Sevens
 * Champions: 1967
 * Ardrossan Sevens
 * Champions: 1973, 1974
 * Highland Sevens
 * Champions: 1966
 * Hillhead HSFP Sevens
 * Champions: 1978, 1979, 1980
 * Kilmarnock Sevens
 * Champions: 1982
 * Ayr Sevens
 * Champions: 1959, 1962, 1965, 1971, 1973, 1977, 1978
 * Glasgow University Sevens
 * Champions: 1959, 1961, 1968, 1976
 * Clarkston Sevens
 * Champions: 1965, 1966, 1991
 * Strathendrick Sevens
 * Champions: 1989, 1991
 * Glasgow Academicals Sevens
 * Champions: 1997

title: West of Scotland F.C.


text:
Whangaparāoa Peninsula

The Whangaparāoa Peninsula is a suburban area about 30–50 km north of Auckland, New Zealand. It had 33,390 residents in 2018. It stretches from Red Beach, where it connects to Kingsway, Orewa and Silverdale, and extends to Army Bay in the Hauraki Gulf. It is part of the Hibiscus Coast. The area is populated by residents who work on the peninsula, or commute from the area to other parts of the Hibiscus Coast, the North Shore, Rodney district, Auckland CBD and beyond for work. They travel by vehicle, or via the Gulf Harbour ferry at Gulf Harbour Marina, or the Hibiscus Coast Bus Station at Silverdale. There is one main road (Whangaparāoa Road) along its entire length, which is accessible from State Highway 1 via Hibiscus Coast Highway at Silverdale, or from Hibiscus Coast Highway at Orewa via Red Beach. It is popular as a tourist destination for catching a ferry to Tiritiri Matangi Island, and for visiting Shakespear Regional Park. It has one open (Whangaparāoa Golf Club) and one closed (as of 20 July 2023) (closed) golf club (Gulf Harbour Country Club), beaches, sporting and recreation facilities, a library, shops, businesses and public and private primary and secondary schools. The median age of the population is in the 30s-40s.

History
The Kawerau hapū Ngāti Kahu traditionally inhabited the peninsula, prior to the arrival of Europeans. Ngāti Kahu's major focuses of settlement were around Te Haruhi Bay and Army Bay. A waka portage existed between Tindalls Beach and Matakatia, allowing travellers to bypass the Whangaparāoa Peninsula, who otherwise would have needed to travel around the entire peninsula.

Whangaparāoa Peninsula was purchased by the government in 1853, after which settlers began developing the land for grazing. Ngāti Kahu continued to live on the land until the 1890s. The Shakespear family acquired many of the landholdings, and farmed the area until 1967, when they sold their land to the Auckland Regional Council, who established the Shakespear Regional Park at the far end of the peninsula.

Geography
The peninsula is in the northern North Island, close to the base of the North Auckland Peninsula. The Māori language name Whangaparāoa means "Bay of Whales", and pods of orca and dolphin are regularly spotted in the waters off the peninsula. The peninsula is mostly urbanised and is in the Northern Auckland Zone of the Auckland urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand. Since 2010, it has been part of the Albany Ward and the Hibiscus and Bays Local Board of the Auckland Region. It is part of the General Electorate of Whangaparāoa.

A quickly growing area with new subdivisions being built, it is to be connected to State Highway 1 via a tolled bridge known as Penlink.

Auckland's Northern Motorway (State Highway One) was extended to Orewa at the end of the 1990s, reducing journey time into the city and making it more popular for commuters. The under construction Penlink road (including a bridge over the Weiti River from Stanmore Bay to Stillwater) will provide a quicker route between the peninsula and central Auckland.

The peninsula stretches east for 11 kilometres into the Hauraki Gulf, to the north of East Coast Bays. Tiritiri Matangi Island is three kilometres off its eastern tip.

Communities include Red Beach, Stanmore Bay, Manly, Tindalls Beach, Army Bay, Gulf Harbour, Matakatia, and Arkles Bay. At the end of the peninsula is Shakespear Regional Park.

The New Zealand Defence Force owns part of this area. The base has been used as a resettlement camp for refugees, such as in 2001 when 130 refugees lived there. In 2020 it was being used to quarantine New Zealanders who left Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Climate
Whangaparāoa is a warm temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) on the Köppen Climate Classification System.

Whangaparāoa Town Centre and Coast Plaza
In the past twenty years the township has developed on the high land above Stanmore Bay, including a shopping centre (Coast Plaza), a movie theatre, a bowling alley, a library and community centre.

Coast Plaza has 350 carparks,and is anchored by Countdown.

Stanmore Bay Shopping Complex
The Stanmore Bay shopping complex opened in 2015, replacing the previous complex. The new centre includes 16 retail spaces and is anchored by New World When completed, the Stanmore Shopping complex will mark the end of the Penlink motorway connection.

Manly Village
The Manly Village is home to many of the coast's restaurants and shops. Plans were lodged for upgrades to part of the complex in 2017 which would have increased retail spaces and added more apartments but have not progressed.

Gulf Harbour Marina, shops and restaurants
Opening in the late 1980s the Gulf Harbour Marina is home to a variety of boat maintenance services, and retail. The marina provides for vessels up to 55 metres and has in excess of 1050 berths.

Sport
The peninsula is home to the Silverdale Seahawks rugby union and also Hibiscus Coast Raiders rugby league, that are a part of Auckland Rugby League and compete in the Fox Memorial Championship. The peninsula is also home to football (soccer) club Hibiscus Coast AFC, which competes in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Division 2.

Transportation
Hibiscus Coast is served by Auckland Transport bus routes operated by AT Metro to destinations including Hibiscus Coast Bus Station and central Auckland. Commuter ferries operated by Auckland Transport and Fullers360 run between Gulf Harbour and central Auckland on week days. Tourism services operate from Auckland City via Gulf Harbour to Tiritiri Matangi Island on select days.

Education
Whangaparāoa College is the main college. It was formed from Hibiscus Coast Intermediate School in 2005, and first had all years 7 to 13 attending in 2009. Other schools:
 * Wentworth College and Primary (Gulf Harbour)
 * Whangaparāoa Primary
 * Stanmore Bay Primary
 * Gulf Harbour School
 * Red Beach Primary
 * Orewa College
 * KingsWay School

title: Whangaparāoa Peninsula


text: User talk:195.10.181.161

title: User talk:195.10.181.161


text: User talk:213.18.248.23

title: User talk:213.18.248.23


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Talk:Madhuri Dixit

This isn't a fansite
Okay, the article's lead is being edited time and again to turn this page into a fansite of sorts with language that would better suit a film magazine at best. , you've edited the page recently. Maybe you could weigh in on the matter here. Shahid •  Talk 2 me  17:44, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I try to keep it stable, but as is increasingly the case with Indian-film related pages, it's become exhausting! Krimuk2.0 (talk) 18:04, 30 November 2022 (UTC)
 * @Krimuk2.0: Indeed, it has. This is the latest addition by . Can't think of words I have less tolerance for than "influential". A group of new users are trying to turn Bollywood-related BLPs into no less than a fansite. Shahid  •  Talk 2 me  12:12, 4 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I do agree though that Dixit's phenomenal stardom has place in the lead. There should be a way to express it without all this puffery. We could mention her achievements in the 1990s, her being the top-earning star and so on. Shahid  •  Talk 2 me  12:16, 4 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi there, my friend. Actually it was me who added "Dixit attained nationwide stardom that allowed her to lead star vehicles and singularly challenged her male contemporaries" - I spent time filtering out the puffery added by other users ("influential" and stuff), but after listening to their claims did agree to an extent that the article should reflect Dixit's stardom, which was indeed immense and in many ways never-before-seen. Having read some articles, even scholarly literature, over the past few days, I see that one of the credits she received is the fact that she challenged her male stars in terms of both salary and status, which wasn't quite common before in such a male-dominated industry, and that her stardom allowed her to be a single lead in her films where the male star was secondary to her, also unusual for those days. The article by The Guardian backs it up quite well. I also just learned that she wasn't just "one of" but the highest-paid actress in the country in her prime, culminating in a Guinness entry in 2000. That's what I tried to bring to the fore in the lead. I do believe that instead of writing how greatly popular she is, it is her achievements, which are often cited in the press, that should be reflected in the lead, and that's why I came up with this sentence which is a somewhat factual representation of sources, even if I agree it needs work. I agree that "challenged" could be switched with a better, less bombastic term, like "paralleled". Maybe "Dixit was credited for singularly paralleling her male contemporaries and leading star vehicles in a male-dominated industry". Let me know what you think. Shahid  •  Talk 2 me  14:41, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Oh, my bad. I thought it was Rahil again adding fancruft. "Dixit was credited for singularly paralleling her male contemporaries and leading star vehicles in a male-dominated industry." This is much better than the use of "challenged" (which honestly sounds like she’s in a battlefield) and than phrases like "the most successful leading actress", which essentially adds nothing to the article. FrB.TG (talk) 14:53, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @FrB.TG: Totally agreed. Thank you. Shahid  •  Talk 2 me  15:17, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * You can see other Star's Wikipedia pages and then you may compare and talk! Almost every Bollywood Actor's pages have been exaggerated. Dixit's long successful career is a fact AIL601 (talk) 01:44, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Madhuri Dixit


text:
Trevor Benjamin

Trevor Junior Benjamin (born 8 February 1979) is a former professional footballer and manager who played as a forward.

He is famed for being a prime example of a journeyman footballer, having represented 29 teams in his career, and making over 350 appearances in the Football League between 1995 and 2008. He also holds the record for the most league clubs played for, which is 16. He most notably spent time in the Premier League with Leicester City, who he joined in 2000 from Cambridge United. He was capped by England U21 but went on to feature for Jamaica as a full international, where he earned two caps. Benjamin has also played as a professional in the Football League for Crystal Palace, Norwich City, West Bromwich Albion, Gillingham, Rushden & Diamonds, Brighton & Hove Albion, Northampton Town, Coventry City, Peterborough United, Watford, Swindon Town, Boston United, Walsall and Hereford United.

At the age of 28, Benjamin dropped out of the professional game and firstly signed for Conference North side Gainsborough Trinity. He went on to play for Northwich Victoria, Hednesford Town, Wellingborough Town, Kidsgrove Athletic, Tamworth, Harrogate Town and Woking. In 2010, he briefly joined Australian semi-pro side Sunshine George Cross, but failed to make an appearance and returned to the English Non-league game where he went on to feature for Bedlington Terriers, Wroxham and Morpeth Town. Having initially been on loan at Morpeth from Bedlington, he was later appointed player-manager of the club in November 2010 and managed the club until the end of the 2010–11 season.

Cambridge United
Benjamin grew up in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, supporting Arsenal with Ian Wright as his idol. His first club was Wellingborough Colts where he excelled as a striker, gaining representative honours with Northamptonshire. His potential was recognised and he played a friendly for Kettering Town, with his brother Richard. Trevor played in their youth team then started scoring regularly for the reserves.

He then signed as a trainee for Cambridge United where he made his professional début as a 16-year-old, against Gillingham in a 0–0 draw, during his time there he scored 46 goals in 146 appearances. He also scored both goals (one in the first leg and one in the second leg) as Third Division Cambridge knocked Premier League Sheffield Wednesday out of the League Cup 2–1 on aggregate in September 1998. He also scored as Cambridge knocked second tier Crystal Palace out of the FA Cup in December 1999.

Leicester City
Following some impressive displays for Cambridge United, Benjamin signed for Leicester City (where his work rate and goal celebrations saw him become something of a cult figure). He was signed for a fee of £1.3 million by manager Peter Taylor, who snapped up Benjamin as a replacement for the departed Emile Heskey who had joined Liverpool.

He made his debut for Leicester City, as a substitute, in a 0–0 draw with Sunderland, on 1 October 2000. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 win at Middlesbrough on 18 November 2000, however this proved to be his only goal that season. Benjamin holds the record of most appearances made from the bench by any Leicester City player.

Benjamin then went on loan to three clubs in the 2001–02 season. His first loan spell was at Crystal Palace, where he scored once against Bradford City in six league appearances. He then joined Norwich City making six appearances again before joining West Bromwich Albion, where he scored on his debut against Barnsley and helped them get promoted to the Premier League. Benjamin spent the whole of the 2002–03 season back at Leicester. His next loan spell was at Gillingham in September 2003, where he scored on his debut against West Ham United. In November 2003 he was loaned out to Rushden & Diamonds, scoring once against Port Vale. His next loan was at Brighton & Hove Albion in January 2004. At Brighton he scored five goals in ten league appearances and manager Mark McGhee was keen to extend his loan to the end of the season. However he returned to his parent club in March 2004 and Brighton were promoted in his absence. In January 2005 new Leicester City manager Craig Levein made the decision to cancel Benjamin's contract.

Northampton Town and Coventry City
Benjamin joined Northampton Town permanently on 19 January 2005, after a few weeks on loan to the club. Trevor was later signed up by Coventry manager Micky Adams (under whom he had played at Leicester) until the end of the season, scoring once against Watford.

Peterborough United and Hereford United
In the summer of 2005 Benjamin was released again and later signed for Peterborough United on a three-year deal, stating his main motivation was to gain first team football. Benjamin later made loan appearances for Watford, Swindon Town, Boston United and Walsall. Benjamin went on to sign for Hereford United on 1 August 2007. He made his début for the club in a 0–0 draw against Rotherham United on 11 August 2007. His first goal followed a week later, from the penalty spot, in a 2–1 win away at Barnet. He continued his impressive form in the first half of the season and became something of a fans favourite at Edgar Street, scoring his share of goals. However he did not start another match for the Bulls after the defeat to Cardiff at the end of January, which coincided with the arrival of Gary Hooper on loan.

Non-league
On 19 May 2008, Benjamin was released from Hereford United, being told his services will not be needed in the following season, despite being the club's third top goalscorer that season. He joined Conference North club Gainsborough Trinity on non-contract terms in August 2008, a week later after joining Gainsborough Trinity, the Lincolnshire Echo revealed the player had also been training with Cheltenham Town. Despite this Trevor was released by a 'disappointed' Steve Charles after just three appearances for Gainsborough Trinity, with the Blues noting that the Jamaican International had under performed in his games.

Benjamin had trials with Cheltenham Town, Gillingham and AFC Bournemouth at the start of the 2008–09 season, but failed to earn a contract at any of the three clubs. Bournemouth manager Jimmy Quinn said of the player, "He's not what I'm looking for, he's probably past his sell-by date." On 10 October 2008, Benjamin signed for Northwich Victoria, but was released three weeks later as part of cost-cutting measures. He then made one appearance at Hednesford Town in the Northern Premier League Premier Division, after a few games for the club he was released. A couple of weeks later, Benjamin moved further down the non-league ladder to sign for his home town club Wellingborough Town in the United Counties Football League. He scored on his debut in the 2–2 Boxing Day draw with Raunds Town. Recent speculations have linked him, like in the summer of 2008, to Chester City.

However, Benjamin moved on to Kidsgrove Athletic in the Northern Premier League Division One South, making his debut in a 5–2 win against Brigg Town on 14 February 2009. He made 12 league appearances during the 2008–09 season, and another two appearances in the Staffordshire Senior Cup, helping them win the final on 22 April 2009. But Benjamin has recently stated that he would like a return to league football after fully recovering from his eye infection. He is currently on trial with Rushden & Diamonds in a bid to earn a contract for the new season. On 7 August 2009, Trevor Benjamin signed for Conference National newcomers Tamworth, following a successful trial period with the club.

He made his debut the following day in a Conference National away fixture against Stevenage Borough, Benjamin came on as a 79th-minute substitute for midfielder Tom Shaw. The game finished in a 1–1 draw. He moved on to Harrogate Town in the Conference North, making his debut and scoring two goals in a 3–2 loss against Northwich Victoria on 3 October 2009. In his second appearance, against Droylsden, he scored again with a stunning free-kick in the last few minutes of the game. He departed in November after his rolling month-to-month contract was not renewed.

He made his debut for Woking in a 6–0 win against St Albans City in the FA Trophy competition, on 21 November 2009. After another two games for the Cards, he was released prior to 5 December 2009 match against Bishop's Stortford. He joined Bedlington Terriers in Northern League Division One on a free transfer in February 2010. The next month he joined Wroxham in Eastern Counties League Premier Division for a short loan spell.

In September 2010 he was loaned out again, to Terrier's local rivals Morpeth Town. After two goalless appearances, the 3–0 home defeat by Marske United and the 2–1 away defeat by Newton Aycliffe, he was appointed the club's player-manager following the departure of previous manager Tom Wade. Shortly after his release he signed for Seaton Delaval Amateurs.

International career
Benjamin was selected for the England under-21s, making his only appearance as a substitute against Mexico at Filbert Street on 24 May 2001.

He made his international début for Jamaica on 20 November 2002 against Nigeria, in Lagos.

Personal life
After retiring from competitive football Benjamin has launched his own brand of goalkeeping gloves called Locust UK.

title: Trevor Benjamin


text:
User:Teutonic Knight

I am an Australian Christadelphian, currently living and working in the UK. I am also one of the forum managers for the Bible Truth Discussion Forum.

My chief interests are philosophy, religion, sociology and early Christian history.

Click here to read my confession of faith.

title: User:Teutonic Knight


text:
Epiglottitis

Epiglottitis is the inflammation of the epiglottis—the flap at the base of the tongue that prevents food entering the trachea (windpipe). Symptoms are usually rapid in onset and include trouble swallowing which can result in drooling, changes to the voice, fever, and an increased breathing rate. As the epiglottis is in the upper airway, swelling can interfere with breathing. People may lean forward in an effort to open the airway. As the condition worsens, stridor and bluish skin may occur.

Epiglottitis was historically mostly caused by infection by H. influenzae type b (commonly referred to as "Hib"). With vaccination, it is now more often caused by other bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, or Staphylococcus aureus. Predisposing factors include burns and trauma to the area. The most accurate way to make the diagnosis is to look directly at the epiglottis. X-rays of the neck from the side may show a "thumbprint sign" but the lack of this sign does not mean the condition is absent.

An effective vaccine, the Hib vaccine, has been available since the 1980s. The antibiotic rifampicin may also be used to prevent the disease among those who have been exposed to the disease and are at high risk. The most important part of treatment involves securing the airway, which is often done by endotracheal intubation. Intravenous antibiotics such as ceftriaxone and possibly vancomycin or clindamycin is then given. Corticosteroids are also typically used. With appropriate treatment, the risk of death among children with the condition is about one percent and among adults is seven percent.

With the use of the Hib vaccine, the number of cases of epiglottitis has decreased by more than 95%. Historically, young children were mostly affected, but it is now more common among older children and adults. In the United States, it affects about 1.3 per 100,000 children a year. In adults, between 1 and 4 per 100,000 are affected a year. It occurs more commonly in the developing world. In children the risk of death is about 6%; however, if they are intubated early, it is less than 1%.

Signs and symptoms
Epiglottitis is associated with fever, throat pain, difficulty in swallowing, drooling, hoarseness of voice, and stridor. Onset is typically over a day. The throat itself may appear normal. Stridor is a sign of upper airway obstruction and is a surgical emergency. The child often appears acutely ill, anxious, and will have very quiet shallow breathing often keeping the head held forward and insisting on sitting up in bed, commonly called the "tripod position." The early symptoms are usually insidious but rapidly progressive, and swelling of the throat may lead to cyanosis and asphyxiation.

Adults commonly present with less dramatic breathing symptoms than children due to them having wider airways to begin with, so their main symptoms are usually a severe sore throat and difficulty swallowing. The back of the throat appears normal in 90% of adult patients, so epiglottitis should considered when there is pain out of proportion to exam or when pain is caused by pressing on the external windpipe. Adult epiglottitis is often referred to as supraglottitis. In contrast to children, the symptoms are non-specific, sub-acute and can be unpredictable.

Causes
Epiglottitis is primarily caused by an acquired bacterial infection of the epiglottis. Historically it was most often caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B, but with the availability of immunization this is no longer the case. H. influenzae type B contains a capsule which helps it avoid being destroyed by macrophages and also contains surface proteins that allow it to stick to the lining of the upper respiratory tract. Presently, the bacteria most often causing infection are other encapsulated organisms including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria spread in respiratory droplets or aerosols produced from coughing and sneezing. While the overall incidence of epiglottitis has decreased, the incidence of cases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae has increased in adults. The exact strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are often those that are covered by the PPV-23 vaccine, but there is no evidence that this vaccine prevents epiglottitis.

There have been many cases of epiglottitis reported in immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing cancer treatment and those who are HIV positive. While a variety of different bacteria can cause disease in these patients, cases often involve the Candida species of fungus, though it is unknown if the fungus causes significant disease on its own.

Alternate risk factors and causes associated with infection include burns and other trauma to the area. Medical research has also identified a link between epiglottitis and crack cocaine usage. Underlying disorders of the immune system, such as graft-versus-host disease and lymphoproliferative disorders, have also been identified as contributors of increased risk for developing the infection.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis may be confirmed by direct inspection using a laryngoscope, although this may provoke airway spasm. If epiglottitis is suspected, attempts to visualize the epiglottis using a tongue depressor are discouraged for this reason; therefore, diagnosis is made on basis of indirect fiberoptic laryngoscopy carried out in a controlled environment like an operating room. An infected epiglottis appears swollen and is described as having a "cherry-red" appearance. Imaging is rarely useful, and treatment should not be delayed for this test to be carried out.

Imaging
On lateral C-spine X-ray, the thumbprint sign describes a swollen, enlarged epiglottis. A normal X-ray, however, does not exclude the diagnosis. An ultrasound may be helpful if specific changes are present, but its use (as of 2018) is in the early stages of study.

On CT imaging, the "Halloween sign" describes an epiglottis of normal thickness. It can safely exclude the acute epiglottitis. Furthermore, CT imaging can help to diagnose other conditions such as peritonsillar abscess or retropharyngeal abscess which have similar clinical features.

Necrotizing Epiglottitis
If there is visual or radiologic evidence that the infection has caused tissue destruction, the disease is called "necrotizing epiglottitis" (NE). The feared complication of NE is the bacteria spreading to the surrounding neck muscles and causing cervical necrotizing fasciitis which is a surgical emergency.

Differential Diagnosis
The differential diagnosis includes other infectious causes of acute airway obstruction, as well as acute or subacute mechanical causes. It includes, but is not limited to, the conditions below.
 * Retropharyngeal abscess
 * Peritonsillar abscess
 * Croup
 * Infectious mononucleosis
 * Diphtheria
 * Pertussis
 * Bacterial tracheitis
 * Ludwig's angina
 * Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
 * Foreign body obstruction
 * Obstructing tumor
 * Allergic reaction, including angioedema
 * Inhalation injury
 * Laryngospasm
 * Congenital structural defects in pediatric patients, including laryngomalacia

Prevention
An effective vaccine, the Hib vaccine, has been available since the 1980s. Modern Hib vaccines are mainly conjugate vaccines, with the key component being the polysaccharide found in the bacteria's capsule which is its primary virulence factor. Currently, the CDC recommends that children receive a two or three-dose primary series with an additional booster dose. The countries of the world who have included the Hib vaccine in their immunization schedules typically begin the series at the age of two or three months with subsequent doses administered at four or eight week intervals. Routine vaccination in these nations has led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of invasive diseases caused by H. influenzae type b such as epiglottitis, meningitis and pneumonia. It has been reported that epiglottitis cases have decreased by 95% since the 1980s following the introduction of the first Hib vaccine.

The antibiotic rifampicin may also be used to prevent the disease among those who have been exposed to the disease and are at high risk.

Management
The most important part of treatment involves securing the airway. Nebulized epinephrine may be useful to improve the situation temporarily. Corticosteroids are also typically used. However, there is poor evidence for whether steroids actually improve patient outcomes. Epiglottitis may require urgent tracheal intubation to protect the airway. Tracheal intubation can be difficult due to distorted anatomy and profuse secretions. Spontaneous respiration is ideally maintained until tracheal intubation is successful. A surgical airway opening (cricothyrotomy) may be required if intubation is not possible. The management of epiglottitis is different in adults compared to children. Emergent tracheal intubation with general anesthesia (inhalational induction to preserve spontaneous ventilation) in the operating theater is standard. However only 10% of adults require airway intervention, which means a selective approach is required. Tracheal intubation is a high risk scenario with a 1 in 25 failure rate in adults. Multiple airway management techniques have described for adults and include: awake tracheostomy, awake fibreoptic intubation, general anesthesia with spontaneous breathing preserved or ablated with paralysis. The optimal technique is controversial and likely determined by contextual factors such as the severity of epiglottitis and the clinical location (ie emergency department or intensive care or the operating room). Ideally airway intervention should occur in the operating room with an otolaryngology surgeon present to perform an emergency tracheostomy in the event of complete airway obstruction or failed intubation.

Intravenous antibiotics such as ceftriaxone and possibly vancomycin or clindamycin are given once the airway is secure. A third-generation cephalosporin such as ceftriaxone is usually sufficient since it is usually effective against H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. If S. aureus is suspected to be causing the disease, then the treatment should include ceftaroline or clindamycin as these would provide coverage against antibiotic resistant strains of that bacteria (MRSA). Vancomycin can also be considered for its MRSA coverage, but it may be less safe than ceftaroline in children older than two months. If the patient has a penicillin allergy, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, or levofloxacin may be appropriate choices.

Necrotizing epiglottitis is treated similarly to uncomplicated epiglottitis, but usually requires intubation in addition to standard IV antibiotic therapy. If the tissue damage continues to spread and necrotizing fasciitis of the neck is suspected, patients are taken to the operating room for emergency debridement.

Prognosis
With appropriate treatment, the risk of death among children with the condition is about one percent and among adults is seven percent. Elsewhere, it has been reported that only one percent of adults diagnosed with epiglottitis die from the disease. Some people may develop pneumonia, lymphadenopathy, or septic arthritis.

Between 1998 and 2006, there were an average of 36 deaths per year in the United States attributed to epiglottitis, giving a case-fatality rate of 0.89% during that time period.

Patients who recover from necrotizing epiglottitis often regain their ability to swallow foods and liquids despite the tissue damage.

Epidemiology
While, historically, young children were mostly affected, it is now more common among older children and adults. Before Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) immunization children of two to four were most commonly affected. With immunization about 1.3 per 100,000 children are affected a year. It has been reported that only 0.5 per 100,000 American children are diagnosed every year, while the incidence in American adults is about 1 to 4 per 100,000. A 2010 retrospective study revealed the average age of patients admitted to American hospitals for epiglottitis was about 45, but patients under the age of 1 and over the age of 85 are also particularly vulnerable.

Notable cases
Bill Bixby's 6-year-old son Christopher died of the condition in 1981.

Jeannie Mai spent some time in an ICU with epiglottitis.

Sarah Silverman spent a week in the ICU at Cedars Sinai Hospital with epiglottitis.

George Washington is thought to have died of epiglottitis. The treatments given to Washington, such as severe bloodletting, an enema, vinegar, sage, molasses, butter, blistering his throat with Spanish fly, requiring him to swallow mercurous chloride and antimony potassium tartrate, and applying wheat poultices to various parts of the body, are no longer used.

Jin announced in a 2022 video that he had been diagnosed with epiglottitis.

Wes Moore's father died of epiglottitis when Moore was four years old.

title: Epiglottitis


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Jules Breton

Jules Adolphe Aimé Louis Breton (1 May 1827 – 5 July 1906) was a 19th-century French naturalist painter. His paintings are heavily influenced by the French countryside and his absorption of traditional methods of painting helped make him one of the primary transmitters of the beauty and idyllic vision of rural existence.

Early life and training
Breton was born on 1 May 1827 in Courrières, a small Pas-de-Calais village. His father, Marie-Louis Breton, supervised land for a wealthy landowner. His mother died when Jules was four and he was brought up by his father. Other family members who lived in the same house were his maternal grandmother, his younger brother, Émile, and his uncle Boniface Breton. A respect for tradition, a love of the land and for his native region remained central to his art throughout his life and provided the artist with many scenes for his Salon compositions.

His first artistic training was not far from Courrières at the College St. Bertin near Saint-Omer. He met the painter Félix De Vigne in 1842 who, impressed by his youthful talent, persuaded his family to let him study art. Breton left for Ghent in 1843 where he continued to study art at the Academy of Fine Arts with de Vigne and the painter Hendrik Van der Haert. In 1846, Breton moved to Antwerp where he took lessons with Egide Charles Gustave Wappers and spent some time copying the works of Flemish masters. In 1847, he left for Paris where he hoped to perfect his artistic training at the École des Beaux-Arts.

In Paris he studied in the atelier of the Michel Martin Drolling. He met and became friends with several of the Realist painters, including François Bonvin and Gustave Brion and his early entries at the Paris Salon reflected their influence. His first efforts were in historical subjects: Saint Piat preaching in Gaul then, under the influence of the revolution of 1848, he represented Misery and Despair. The Salon displayed his painting Misery and Despair in 1849 and Hunger in 1850–51. Both paintings have since been destroyed. After Hunger was successfully shown in Brussels and Ghent, Breton moved to Belgium where he met his future wife Elodie. Elodie was the daughter of his early teacher Félix de Vigne. In 1852, Breton returned to France. But he had discovered that he was not born to be a historical painter, and he returned to the memories of nature and of the country which were impressed on him in early youth. In 1853 he exhibited Return of the Reapers, the first of numerous rural peasant scenes influenced by the works of the Swiss painter Louis Léopold Robert. Breton's interest in peasant imagery was well established from then on and what he is best known for today. In 1854, he returned to the village of Courrières where he settled. He began The Gleaners, a work inspired by seasonal field labor and the plight of the less fortunate who were left to gather what remained in the field after the harvest. The Gleaners received a third class medal, which launched Breton's career. He received commissions from the State and many of his works were purchased by the French Art Administration and sent to provincial museums. His 1857 painting Blessing of the Wheat, Artois was exhibited at the Salon the same year and won a second class medal.

Breton married Elodie de Vigne in 1858.

Fame during his lifetime
He continued to exhibit throughout the 1870s and into the 1880s and 1890s and his reputation grew. His poetic renderings of single peasant female figures in a landscape, posed against the setting sun, remained very popular, especially in the United States. Since his works were so popular, Breton often produced copies of some of his images. He was extremely popular in his own time, exhibiting numerous compositions at the Salons that were widely available as engravings. He was one of the best known painters of his period in his native France as well as England and the United States.

In 1886, Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, bid $45,000 at a New York auction for Breton's work The Communicants (1884). At that time, the price was the second highest price paid for a painting by a living artist. The painting changed hands again in 2016 and commanded $1.27 million. That figure is very close to the 1886 auction price after adjusting for inflation. Also in 1886, Breton was elected a member of the Institut de France on the death of Baudry.

In 1887 New York art dealer M. Knoedler ordered two paintings from Breton, commissioned Charles Albert Waltner to etch the grand Salon work the Recall of the Gleaners (1859) and then held a special exhibition of his works in 1888.

In 1889 Breton was made commander of the Legion of Honor, and in 1899 foreign member of the Royal Academy of London. His brother Emile, an architect by training, and his daughter Virginie were also painters. He also wrote several books, and was a recognized writer who published a volume of poems (Jeanne) and several editions of prose relating his life as an artist and the lives of other artists that he personally knew; among them Les Champs et la mer (1876), Nos peintres du siècle (1900), Delphine Bernard (1902), and La Peinture (1904). Breton died in Paris on 5 July 1906.

Breton was essentially a painter of rustic life, especially in the province of Artois, which he quit only three times for short excursions: in 1864 to Provence, and in 1865 and 1873 to Brittany, whence he derived some of his happiest studies of religious scenes. His numerous subjects may be divided generally into four classes: labour, rest, rural festivals and religious festivals. Among his more important works may be named Women Gleaning, and The Day after St Sebastian's Day (1855), which gained him a third-class medal; Blessing the Fields (1857), a second-class medal; Erecting a Calvary (1859), now in the Lille gallery; The Return of the Gleaners (1859), now in the Luxembourg; Evening and Women Weeding (1861), a first-class medal; Grandfather's Birthday (1862); The Close of Day (1865); Harvest (1867); Potato Gatherers (1868); The Weeders (1868); A Pardon, Brittany (1869); The Fountain (1872), medal of honour; The Bonfires of St John (1875); Women mending Nets (1876), in the Douai museum; A Gleaner (1877), Luxembourg; Evening, Finistère (1881); The Song of the Lark (1884); The Last Sunbeam (1885); The Shepherd's Star (1887); The Call Home (1889); The Last Gleanings (1895); Gathering Poppies (1897); The Alarm Cry (1899); Twilight Glory (1900).

Posthumous fame
Arguably, Breton's fame peaked posthumously in 1934 at The Chicago World's Fair. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt unveiled The Song of the Lark as the winner of the Chicago Daily News contest to find the "most beloved work of art in America". Further, she declared the painting as being her personal favorite painting. "At this moment The Song of the Lark had come to represent the popular American artistic taste on a national level." Of course, since The Song of the Lark was recently given to the Art Institute of Chicago this particular work of Breton had an advantage over Breton works at other American museums. Breton, however, was not universally appreciated. The American art establishment of the 1930s considered works of Breton to be lowbrow and the director of the Art Institute of Chicago itself argued for the removal of the work from display. It was not until the later half of the twentieth century, that Breton's social realism became more respectable again.

To a degree, one can argue that posthumously Breton's fame fell victim to the success during his lifetime. His most detailed works either went straight into museums or were collected by the likes of Henry Clay Frick, Catharine Lorillard Wolfe, the Morgan family, Henry Huntington and the Field family. These were collectors of such great wealth that they tended to either donate their collections to their favorite local museum or founded their own museum such as the Huntington. Meanwhile, the exponential increase in printmaking in the 19th century flooded the market with inexpensive prints of Breton's works. In 2019, dozens of these 19th century prints are available on websites like EBay beginning at under $10.

Breton's change in fame can be contrasted with his contemporary the artist Vincent van Gogh. During their lifetimes, Breton was a celebrated and highly paid successful artist. He spent months creating some of his works. Whereas, in 1880 Vincent van Gogh was so poor he walked on foot 85 kilometers to Courrières to pay a visit to Breton, whom he greatly admired, but turned back, put off by Breton's high wall. No great collectors flocked to purchase van Gogh's works during his lifetime, he received no commissions to paint from New York City, no prints were made while he lived, and he died in poverty. However, at a 2015 auction van Gogh's work, painted at a time he generated one work per day, commanded $54 million. Ironically, in a letter to his brother Theo, van Gogh mentions he viewed Breton's painting The Song of the Lark and considered it to be "fine".

Prints and reproductions
In 1898 Knoedler published a catalog of their prints and listed 8 prints after Jules Breton including The Evening etched by Charles Waltner, 4 prints etched by Lionel Aristide Lecouteux, The Song of the Lark by Charles Louis Kratke, and Last Ray by Paul-Adolphe Rajon. Other publishers of his prints included Arthur Tooth & Sons of London, Detroit Publishing Co, and Morris & Bendien of New York. Other etchers include Charles Koepping and W. S. Lathrop and Leopold Joseph Flameng. Most prints tended to be rather small and unsigned. A few have survived to this day that were signed by both Jules Breton and the etcher. Works by Breton are still popular today and are being reproduced in giclée framed and unframed as well as everything from shopping bags to pillows and bed covers as well as tee-shirts and coffee mugs.

Homages
In 1912, rue Jules Breton in the 13th arrondissement of Paris was given his name.

Willa Cather's 1915 novel The Song of the Lark takes its name from Breton's 1884 painting.

In February 2014, actor Bill Murray disclosed at a press event for the film The Monuments Men, that a chance encounter with Breton's The Song of the Lark at the Art Institute of Chicago helped him at a low point in his early career.

title: Jules Breton


text:
Bretton

Bretton may refer to:

England

 * Bretton, Derbyshire
 * Bretton, Peterborough in Cambridgeshire
 * Monk Bretton in South Yorkshire
 * West Bretton in West Yorkshire
 * Bretton Hall College of Education
 * Bretton Hall, West Yorkshire
 * Monk Bretton Priory, South Yorkshire

Wales

 * Bretton, Flintshire

Other uses

 * Bretton (name), list of people with the name
 * Bretton (EP), a 2008 record by Lower Than Atlantis
 * Bretton's, former Canadian high-end department store

title: Bretton


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Frank Arnesen

Frank Arnesen (born 30 September 1956) is a former Danish footballer and sporting director at Dutch football club Feyenoord. Arnesen was the Director of Football at English football clubs Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea, and was Sporting Director at Hamburger SV, Metalist Kharkiv and PAOK.

As a player, he most notably played with Dutch clubs Ajax and PSV Eindhoven, winning the 1988 European Cup with PSV. Arnesen was capped 52 times and scored 14 goals for the Danish national team, and participated in the Euro 1984 and 1986 FIFA World Cup tournaments.

Playing career
Arnesen moved from his childhood club Fremad Amager, in the lower leagues of Danish football, to the big Dutch team Ajax in November/December 1975. At the time he was only 19, and made the move together with Fremad Amager teammate Søren Lerby, who was only 17. Arnesen got his debut with Ajax three or four months later, on 7 March 1976, in a 1–1 draw with Utrecht. It was also in his time at Ajax that Arnesen debuted for the Danish national team, in a 1977 friendly 1–0 loss against Sweden, in Malmö. In Arnesen's six seasons at Ajax, he won three Dutch Eredivisie championship titles in 1977, 1979, and 1980, and won the KNVB Cup in 1979, beating Twente 3–0 in the final. In 1978, 1980 and 1981, Ajax also reached the KNVB Cup finals, but lost. In 1980, Arnesen and Ajax reached the semi-final of the European Cup, before they were eliminated by English team Nottingham Forest, the European Cup winners in the 1978-1979 and 1979–1980 seasons (2–0 away loss, 1–0 home win, 31 goals for and eight goals against in the 1979-80 tournament).

In the summer of 1981, Arnesen was bought by the Spanish football club Valencia, and two years later he went to Belgium to play for Anderlecht. In November 1985, Arnesen returned to the Netherlands to play for Ajax' rivals PSV Eindhoven. Here, he saw three extremely successful seasons, winning the Eredivisie three years in a row, in 1986, 1987 and 1988, with fellow Danes Jan Heintze, Søren Lerby and Ivan Nielsen. Arnesen stopped his international career in 1987, after the Danish team qualified for the Euro 1988. In 1988, he won the KNVB Cup once more, and he was part of the PSV team that conquered the European Cup, though he did not play in the final match due to an injury.

Management career
After his active career, Arnesen was first appointed assistant coach at PSV under Bobby Robson from 1991 to 1993, and in 1994 he became the club's general manager. Arnesen spent ten years as director of football at PSV Eindhoven, and was credited with discovering major talents, such as Brazilian striker Ronaldo and Dutch players Jaap Stam, Ruud van Nistelrooy and Arjen Robben. In May 2004, Arnesen was brought to Tottenham Hotspur, replacing David Pleat. Arnesen was to function as the manager responsible for player transfers and scouting for new talent, while coach Jacques Santini handled the daily training sessions and match setups - an arrangement identical to Arnesen's days as PSV manager. Things didn't work out well, and Santini left within months, citing "personal problems" as his reason for leaving. Arnesen's original hire for assistant coach, Martin Jol, was put in charge of the club.

Arnesen was suspended by Spurs on 4 June 2005 for expressing a desire to move to rival club Chelsea, after Chelsea allegedly made an illegal approach to sign him as manager. Arnesen was photographed aboard one of Roman Abramovich's three luxury yachts on 22 June 2005, thus reinforcing Tottenham's compensation claim. Arnesen was recommended to Abramovich by Piet de Visser. Later on, one of the reasons to end José Mourinho's contract would have been that Mourinho did not want to engage with Abramovich's football consultants. On 24 June, both clubs announced that they had reached a financial settlement, later disclosed to be £5 million, but widely reported to be closer to £8 million, and Arnesen would move to Chelsea, filling in the role of head talent scout, in charge of discovering footballing talents. Arnesen has since played a key role in bringing Salomon Kalou, Florent Malouda and Mikel John Obi to Chelsea. But the club has still pursued expensive purchases of established international players, rather than unearthing and developing young talent as hoped. On 27 November 2010, Chelsea announced that Arnesen had resigned as sporting director, and would be leaving the club at the end of the 2010–11 season. On 20 February, he decided to join Hamburger SV for the foreseeable future as sporting director, instead of returning to Ajax.

As sporting director of Hamburg, Arnesen took Chelsea youngsters to Hamburg like Jacopo Sala, Michael Mancienne, Gökhan Töre, Slobodan Rajković (all permanent) and Jeffrey Bruma (on loan). On 10 October 2011, Arnesen took over the additional task of the head coach of Hamburger SV for just one match, before hiring and installing a permanent new coach with Thorsten Fink.

On 22 May 2013, Hamburg confirmed that Arnesen had agreed to depart from his role as Sporting Director at the club. Arnesen was with the club for two years, including a spell as interim manager.

On 30 January 2014, Metalist Kharkiv announced that Arnesen will take over the role of Sporting Director from 1 February 2014. This position was only held for a month, as Arnesen and Metalist agreed that Arnesen could leave the club, due to the ongoing violent political situation in Ukraine.

Speaking on the official Metalist Kharkiv website, Arnesen said:

"I want to thank everyone in "Metalist". I got acquainted with all staff during this short period and realized that true professionals and very nice people work in the club. Also I would like to apologize to the fans, but the circumstances were stronger than me. The situation in Ukraine forced me to make this choice. I want to wish everyone at Metalist and throughout the Ukraine all the best in these difficult times".

On 27 May 2015, PAOK announced that Arnesen would be the new Sporting Director of the club for the next three years. After nine months, it was announced that his contract was terminated.

Honours
Ajax
 * Eredivisie: 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80
 * KNVB Cup: 1978–79

Anderlecht

 * Belgian First Division A: 1984–85
 * UEFA Cup: 1983–84 (runners-up)
 * Jules Pappaert Cup: 1983, 1985

PSV
 * Eredivisie: 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88
 * KNVB Cup: 1987–88
 * European Cup: 1987–88

Individual
 * UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 1984
 * Danish Football Hall of Fame: Inductee

title: Frank Arnesen