text:
Talk:Hokkaido wolf

Notes on kanji etc:

 * The o in the romaji for okami should have a macron (long vowel).
 * The hiragana for the long o are unusual, oo instead of ou.
 * I got zero google hits for 蝦夷狼 because 蝦夷 is unusual and the pronunciation needs to be explained, so there are a lot of hits for 蝦夷(えぞ）狼 (hiragana in the brackets). Kappa 03:44, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Misc page discussion
That's one ugly wolf. It looks more like a Tasmanian Tiger than a real canine... does anyone have a better portrait of the creature? I think this one looks a lot better. http://cbc.amnh.org/crisis/images/wolf.jpg --M.Neko 06:56, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

I just updated this page and I think I screwed up the formatting. I really want to make sure my info about how this animal became extinct to stay here. I can get as many sources as you like (I included one solid one). ...Maybe someone has a good drawing of this animal from ancient Japan? That'd rock. --8r13n 16:27, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I reformatted the page so that the picture is in the taxobox, and I reworded your additions so they fit into the middle of the article. If you'd like more info about how to format stuff can I suggest that you check out the Manual of Style? It's very useful. Cheers, Ziggurat 01:45, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

etymology
Does anyone perchance have the etymology of ookami? 大髪? 大神? It could be a single stem of course, but nothing turns up in Starostin's database as with tanuki and kitsune. --Salleman 20:44, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * As with most (native) Japanese words, the etymology of ookami is unknown and highly debatable. Many have claimed that it is cognate with the honorific title 大神 ookami, literally "great kami," which is applied to certain Shinto deities, such as Sarutahiko.

 * However, there are regions in Japan, especially in Honshu, which is apparently the island where the Japanese wolf held out the longest before finally going extinct, that have distinct dialectal words for "wolf." Some dialects have a form kame, lacking the oo- at the beginning and having a mid-front vowel, e, rather than a high-front vowel, i, at the end of the word. I have once heard a proposal that the kame or kami element in Japanese words for "wolf" might be distantly related to the Korean word for "dog," namely gae (개, //), which descends from Late Middle Korean gahi, (가히, *//). Other Korean lexemes referring to dogs, such as gang'aji (강아지, //) "puppy," contain an element gang- (강, /-/) that appears to be ultimately derived from the same etymon as Late Middle Korean gahi. At present, this does not amount to more than pure speculation, however. Ebizur 10:14, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info Ebizur! --Salleman 21:26, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Extinct?
Canis lupus hattai appears to be extinct, however there is a very remote possibility that it is not. We know that it had a distinct morphology (Kishida 1931, Pocock 1935) and that it was genetically related to North American wolves (Ishiguro 2010, Matsumura 2014). It is clear that it no longer exists on Hokkaido island. We have no information of its status on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Reports from the Kuril islands have been mixed since the 1900s, with some stating that they were in existence there up until the 1960s when a survey at that time could not find any (Heptner 1998). The description of the "Sakhalin wolf" is regarded as "unsatisfactory" (Heptner 1998) and so its description is not clear. It must be kept in mind that the wolf went extinct on Hokkaido in 1889 but was recognized there as a distinct subspecies by Kishida in 1931, or 42 years after it had gone extinct, and prior to that it was assumed to be a larger local variant of the Japanese wolf then later a relative of wolves from Siberia (Walker 2005). Its reporting is also mixed, with one writer stating that it has not been seen since the start of the last century (Heptner 1998) but another reporting that it was there in 1945 (Harper 1945). Confounding this is the report of "Siberian forest wolves" making there way to the island from time to time when the Nevelskoy Strait ices over (Heptner 1998). Which means that these wolves would be coming from the Amur River region of the Russian Pacific coast, and conversely it is possible that samples of hattai could have gone the other way as wolves tend to prefer to expand into very similar habitat, and if pressured they will either go extinct or migrate (Leonard 2015). So, how do we tell a Siberian forest wolf from hattai if the description is not clear? The only way to tell would be by a DNA sample or oestology (what its skull and teeth tell us). The last study that I could find from the Amur region was conducted in the Sikhote-Alin (16,000 square kilometres of UNESCO protected area) that looked at the Amur tiger and wolves as competing predators - the area was so remote and these competitors so wary and stealthful around each other that the study depended on signs of their tracks to estimate their numbers (Miguel 2005). Based on the information available to us at this time, and until a more thorough study is taken, hattai is probably extinct. However, it may have admixed with "Siberian forest wolves" and so one day an analysis of the mDNA of one sample may show it to be the descendent of a female hattai. It then becomes a phenotype/genotype argument as to what name scientists might assign to that specimen. William Harris •   talk •   22:04, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Proposal - change title
Two weeks ago I sought information on Canis lupus hattai and Wikipedia brought me to the "Hokkaido wolf" page, where I learned that the Hokkaido wolf lived on Hokkaido and became extinct in 1889. I was to learn elsewhere that I had been misled about Canis lupus hattai.

I believe that Canis lupus hattai should be WP:MOVEd from the Hokkaido wolf page to the redirect that is titled Ezo wolf. Sometimes Ezo is spelled Yezo or Yeso or Yesso to help English speakers pronounce the name similar to the softer Japanese pronunciation i.e. not as the harder "ee-zo". Expanding the pix in the taxabox will show in the background a sign written in English displaying "Yezo wolf" for visitors. There are two possible reasons for the move offered by WP:MOVE -

The subject of the article has changed its name and the new name has come into majority use The Japanese refer to hattai as the Ezo wolf. Rather than the Ezo wolf being a name used only in Japan, the NCBI/GenBank uses the Ezo wolf as the common name for this subspecies:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=644627 Modern scientific sources refer to the Ezo wolf and two are included in the article - Ishiguro (2010) and Matsumura (2014). Matsumura (2014) explains that: "Two lineages of wolves in Japan, namely, Japanese or Honshu (C. l. hodophilax) and Ezo or Hokkaido (C. l. hattai) wolves..." which confirms that the term Hokkaido wolf is not incorrect but it does appear to be the least preferred term, because Matsumura referred to the Ezo wolf for the rest of the study. The name Ezo wolf appears often in research whereas the Hokkaido wolf does not. However, two authoritative ethno-historical references are not in accord: Waiting for Wolves in Japan: An Anthropological Study of People-wildlife Relations (Knight 2003) refers to the Ezo wolf while The Lost Wolves of Japan (Walker 2005) refers to the Hokkaido wolf. Additionally, a world-wide-web search of book references gives 3 pages of results for searches on each of the Ezo wolf and the Hokkaido wolf

Wikipedia advises:
 * WP:NAMINGCRITERIA "There is often more than one appropriate title for an article. In that case, editors choose the best title by consensus based on the considerations that this page explains."
 * WP:COMMONNAME "When there is no single, obvious name that is demonstrably the most frequently used for the topic by these sources, editors should reach a consensus as to which title is best by considering these criteria directly."

A move under this criterion would require editor consensus, and I do not believe that there are sufficient grounds to persuade a significant majority of interested editors to be able to form a consensus.

The title has been misspelled, does not contain standard capitalization or punctuation, or is misleading or inaccurate Kishida first named Canis lupus hattai in 1931 and published its name in English as the Yesso wolf. The Japanese refer to hattai as the Ezo wolf, and it is unclear when or why the name Hokkaido wolf also came to be used in the English-speaking world.

Ezo is a Japanese word meaning "foreigner" and refers to the historical lands of the Ainu people to the north of Honshu. Western maps from the 16 century referred to "Yezo" as the lands to the north of the Japanese island of Honshu and into the sea of Okhotsk. The Ainu were to be found on Hokkaido, Sakhalin, the Kuril islands, and as far north as the Kamchatka Peninsula. The range of Canis lupus hattai was the Hokkaido and Sakhalin islands, Iturup and Kunashir islands just to the east of Hokkaido in the Kuril archipelago, and the Kamchatka peninsula. It is clear that the name Ezo accurately describes the range of both the Ainu people and of hattai. The wolf went extinct on Hokkaido in 1889, however there have been reports of hattai surviving on Sakhalin and the Kuril islands up until the 1940s. The name Hokkaido wolf is inaccurate when describing the range of hattai. As the range of hattai has now been found to be much wider than just Hokkaido and the date of its final extinction questioned, I believe that the name Hokkaido wolf is both misleading and inaccurate and the name should be changed on Wikipedia to Ezo wolf - as its discoverer had originally named it.

A move under this criterion would require editor consensus, and I believe that there are sufficient grounds to persuade a significant majority of interested editors to be able to form a consensus.

Requested move 23 April 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. this has been here for ages, and with OK arguments on both sides, in equal measure, this is a no consensus. — Amakuru (talk) 20:56, 21 May 2016 (UTC)

Hokkaido wolf → Ezo Wolf – The title is misleading or inaccurate - refer WP:MOVE section Reasons for moving a page.

Kishida first named Canis lupus hattai in 1931 and published its name in English as the Yesso wolf (which is its pronunciation in Japanese): Kishida K (1931) Notes on the Yesso wolf, Lansania 3: 72–75. The Japanese refer to hattai as the Ezo wolf, and it is unclear when or why the name Hokkaido wolf also came to be used in the English-speaking world. The NCBI/GenBank uses the Ezo wolf as the common name for this subspecies:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=644627

Ezo is a Japanese word meaning "foreigner" and refers to the historical lands of the Ainu people to the north of Honshu. Western maps from the 16 century referred to "Yezo" as the lands to the north of the Japanese island of Honshu and into the sea of Okhotsk. The Ainu were to be found on Hokkaido, Sakhalin, the Kuril islands, and as far north as the Kamchatka Peninsula. The range of Canis lupus hattai was the Hokkaido and Sakhalin islands, Iturup and Kunashir islands just to the east of Hokkaido in the Kuril archipelago, and the Kamchatka peninsula. It is clear that the name Ezo accurately describes the range of both the Ainu people and of hattai. The wolf went extinct on Hokkaido in 1889, however there have been reports of hattai surviving on Sakhalin and the Kuril islands up until the 1940s. The name Hokkaido wolf is inaccurate when describing the range of hattai. As the range of hattai has now been more accurately reflected in the article and the date of its final extinction questioned, I propose that the name Hokkaido wolf is both misleading and inaccurate and the name should be changed on Wikipedia to Ezo wolf. William Harris •   talk •   09:27, 23 April 2016 (UTC) --Relisted.  — Amakuru (talk) 18:03, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:UCN. RGloucester  — ☎ 13:17, 28 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Needs more sourcing (about what English-language sources call the wolf, not about Japanese or about the Ainu people). Genbank is a tertiary source, and just one. I'm going to bed, but suggest using Google N-grams, and Google Scholar (or other journal search).  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  05:04, 29 April 2016 (UTC) I
 * Hello SMcCandlish, I should have first directed people's attention to the section above that is titled Proposal - change title, my apologies for that. Please look there under "The subject of the article has changed its name and the new name has come into majority use", where the search results had already been provided for consideration. I am not proposing a change of name based on majority usage as one term does not appear to be used more than the other, I am basing it on the title being misleading or inaccurate. (You are correct that Genbank is a tertiary source, but it is the only source that holds the mitochondrial DNA sequence of the Ezo wolf deposited under the name of Source: mitochondrion Canis lupus hattai (Ezo wolf) and the research study that provided it - forever listed - of Osteological and genetic analysis of the extinct Ezo wolf (Canis lupus hattai) from Hokkaido Island, Japan ) Regards, William Harris  •   talk •   05:33, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, WP:COMMONNAME doesn't agree with you; we use the most common name for the subject, regardless of how "inaccurate" it may be by some ill-defined standard. There are many cases where common names of species do not capture subtleties of modern range, historical range, or phylogenity. Doesn't matter, we use them anyway, because we are not here to right great wrongs, nor are we here to draw original conclusions from disparitive sources, which is what you've done here. As such, I oppose the move. "Hokkaido wolf" remains the most common name for this subspecies, regardless of whether or not it fully describes the wolf. oknazevad (talk) 11:48, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Hello oknazevad, I should have first directed people's attention to the section above that is titled Proposal - change title, my apologies for that. Please look there under "The subject of the article has changed its name and the new name has come into majority use", where the search results had already been provided for consideration. I am not proposing a change of name based on majority usage as one term does not appear to be used more than the other, I am basing it on the title being misleading or inaccurate, which WP:MOVE allows. I do not believe there is a common name as both terms are used equally in a search on book literature, with Ezo being used most in a search on the the scientific literature. William Harris  •   talk •   21:07, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Hokkaido wolf


text:
Liberian Kreyol

Liberian Kreyol (also known as Kolokwa or Liberian Kolokwa English) is an Atlantic English-based creole language spoken in Liberia. It was spoken by 1,500,000 people as a second language at the 1984 census which accounted for about 70% of the population at the time. It is historically and linguistically related to Merico, a creole spoken in Liberia, but it is grammatically distinct from it. There are regional dialects such as the Kru and Kpelleh kolokwa English used by the Kru fishermen.

Liberian Kolokwa Language developed from Liberian Interior Pidgin English, the Liberian version of West African vernacular English, though it has been significantly influenced by Liberian Settler English, itself based on American English, particularly African-American Vernacular English and Southern American English. Its phonology owes much to the indigenous Languages of Liberia. It has been analyzed having a post-creole continuum. As such, rather than being a pidgin wholly distinct from English, it is a range of varieties that extend from the highly pidginized to one that shows many similarities to English as spoken elsewhere in West Africa.

Kolokwa originated in Liberia among the Settlers, the free English-speaking African Americans from the Southern United States who emigrated to Liberia between 1819 and 1860. It has since borrowed some words from French and from other West African languages.

Kreyol is spoken mostly as an intertribal lingua franca in the interior of Liberia.

Grammatical features
Kreyol uses no for negation, bi (be) as the copula, fɔ for "to" in verbal infinitives.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Liberian Kreyol


text:
Khadakwasla Dam

Khadakwasla Dam is a dam on the Mutha River 21 km from the centre of the city of Pune in Maharashtra, India. The dam created a reservoir known as Khadakwasla Lake which is the main source of water for Pune and its suburbs.

In the vicinity of Khadakwasla Dam is the National Defence Academy (NDA), the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), the College of Military Engineering, Pune (CME, Dapodi) and Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS). A few kilometres to the south lies Sinhagad Fort; the twin dams of Panshet and Varasgaon, which mainly supply water for irrigation but also feed into Khadakwasla Lake, lie just 8 km due west of the backwaters of Khadakwasla Lake.

Khadakwasla Dam burst at 7:30 am on 12 July 1961, causing the greatest ever disaster to strike Pune. It was not blown up, as some have been led to believe, it simply collapsed at the point of greatest impulsive force, unable to withstand the destructive forces generated by three times the quantity of water gushing in from upstream than it was meant to store at peak capacity as placid water.

Design
The Khadakwasla Dam is 1.9 km long. The dam has been built on the Mutha River, which begins from the confluence of the rivers Ambi and Mose on which the Panshet and Varasgaon Dams are built respectively, and the outflow from Temgarh Lake through Temgarh Dam about 15 km north of Varasgaon Dam into Khadakwasla Lake. Mose river has been referred to as Mutha river and shown as such on some maps. The length of the Khadakwasla backwaters is nearly 22 km and the width varies from 250 to 1000 m. The maximum depth in the lake is 36 m. The dam has 11 radial type sluice gates and six irrigation outlets, flowing into two canals as explained below. Of the three feeder lakes, Varasgaon is the largest, followed by Panshet and Temgarh, in that order. The source of Panshet is close to the base of both Rajgad and Torna Forts and Panshet is the highest of the three, some 30 m higher than Khadakwasla. Varasgaon Lake is at the same level as Khadakwasla, and only water released deliberately moves into the Mutha, and then, on to Khadakwasla. Fort Rajgad does not reach the imposing height of Sinhagad Fort, stopping at 2851 feet above sea level.

The Panshet reservoir has a capacity of 2.70 million cubic meters, with Varasgaon reservoir, a larger body, having even more. The Khadakwasla Dam was founded on hard rock. It had a height of 31.25 m above the river bed, with a 8.37 m depth of foundation. Its crest length was 1.47 m and has a free board of 2.74 m. The dam had a flood capacity of 2,775 m3/s and a reservoir of 2.78 million cubic meters. It cannot accept water from both Panshet and Varasgaon together, unless its sluice gates are fully open, causing an overflow of water into Pune, which would perforce allow the waters to end up in the Bhima River and add to water in reverse flow into the Mula River coming East all the way from Mulshi Lake and Dam south of Lonavla, a hill station some 50 km west of modern Pune. The plan envisaged control of these three dams to benefit the rapidly expanding city of Pune. The original dam, built in 1879 as a masonry gravity dam founded on hard rock was the first of its kind in the world. This dam was designed by Sir M. Visvesvaraya.

Many people come here on weekends and during the monsoon season. Scenic places around the dam include Peacock Bay, Kudje village and Neelakantheshwar (नीलकंठेश्वर), located near Bahuli village just past Kudje. The Sinhagad road, bordering the dam, has become a favourite picnic spot. There is a "Chowpatty" offering snacks, fast food and non-alcoholic drinks. Peacock Bay, however, is out of bounds to the public at large, being part of the NDA, a Defence Forces establishment.

Water Quality
The backwaters of Khadakwasla Lake, right up to Panshet, Temgarh and Varasgaon dams and lakes, as well as the water in the Ambi/Mutha/Mose river/rivulet do not pass through tenanted areas, limiting induction of pollutants to natural levels. There is no discharge of effluents into these water bodies yet. Filtration of such water is therefore easy and the establishments around Khadakwasla Lake get potable water without much effort. In fact, Lavasa minicity, which was being built on the northern fringe of Varasgaon lake had its construction halted by the Bombay High Court on 7 December 2010, due to its proximity to the lake as it was feared that it could lead to progressive contamination of the water supply to Pune. The dams on the lakes are now turning into tourist spots and the outgoing water might suffer a drop in quality, unless controlled.

In a modernisation programme, the two existing canals from Khadakwasla Lake will be upgraded to prevent losses due to evaporation, seepage and theft. The first 32 km outbound of the right bank canal will carry water via a tunnel and the land above used for public amenities. The left bank canal that supplies drinking water will now be replaced by a pipeline. The programme envisions all canals in Pune replaced by pipelines. Put together, there will be a huge saving of relatively less polluted water, which will then be used to meet the vastly increased demand in volume of water consequent to the expansion of Pune City. It is a great source of water supply for pune.

History
The birth of Khadakwasla lake took place due to the severe droughts during the 19th century in East Pune that paralysed crop growth and prompted engineers to take up major irrigation works. Captain Fife RE of the British Army recommended a high level reservoir at Khadakwasla in 1863 and subsequently carried out detailed surveys and investigations. This man-made lake was therefore named after him, Lake Fife. It was renamed Khadakwasla Lake shortly after independence. The work on one of the oldest masonry dams of India began in 1869 and was completed in 1879 at the cost of Rs. 65 lakhs (INR 6.5 million, then the equivalent of US$2 million and GB£600,000). Panshet Dam was nearing completion in July designed to regulate the supply of water to Khadakwasla Lake, in such a manner that the huge reservoir would have more than adequate water for the people of Poona (Pune). The reservoir is the source of water for the two canals referred to above that start at Khadakwasla. The right bank canal is 112 km long and irrigates about 45000 ha of land in Pune district and the villages around Haveli, Daund, Indapur and Baramati, while the left bank canal supplies drinking water to Pune, Kirkee and surrounds.

Panshet Dam was zoned at a height of 51 m with impervious central core outlet gates located in a trench of the left abutment; hoists were not fully installed when floods occurred at the site of construction. The reservoir had a capacity of 2.70 million cubic meters. Between 18 June – 12 July 1961, the recorded rainfall was 71 in, stressing Panshet dam to its limits. The average rainfall for that period is 125 - 130 cm.

Khadakwasla Lake was already 90% full, with water flowing in freely from Varasgaon, besides the abundant rainfall. The people of Pune had no inkling of their fate. The rain caused such a rapid rise of the reservoir water level at Panshet that the new embankment could not adjust to the dangerous loading condition. Water rose at the rate of 9 m per day initially, and 24 m in 12 days. Due to incomplete rough outlet surface, the flow through was unsteady which caused pressure surges. Cracks were formed along the edges of the right angles to the axis of the dam causing a subsidence 9 m wide, leaving the crest of the dam 0.6 m above the reservoir level on 11 July. The failure was attributed to inadequate provision of the outlet facility during emergency. This caused the fateful collapse of the structure above the outlets.

Panshet Dam had been cleared for construction under the aegis of the Bombay State Irrigation Department. When the State split into Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960, Panshet Dam came under the supervision of Maharashtra State Irrigation Department. Mr. SM Bhalerao was the executive engineer in charge of Panshet dam, and Mr. MR Panse (both deceased), the plant engineer. They were running out of time, since this project was their first major assignment and the area of work hostile. Former secretary of the state irrigation department, Madhukar Deshmukh, who had worked as a deputy engineer at Panshet dam till late 1959, explained what actually went wrong. According to him, the dam was planned as a fully earthen one with a height of 200 ft. Given the nature of the dam, an outlet to the downstream Khadakwasla reservoir was created at its base. Deshmukh said, "Ideally, the arch of the conduit should have been made from RCC. However, in those days, steel was in short supply and we were forced to use concrete blocks instead." The force of the water was so great that it managed to dislodge the concrete blocks, which resulted in the earthen portion of the dam giving way. They had made a desperate appeal for help and manpower augmentation, and the Area Commander, Southern Command, Lieutenant-General Chaudhari reacted swiftly, keeping Commandant NDA, Rear Admiral BA Samson in the loop. Assistance was provided using a semi-prepared road from Peacock Bay, NDA to Panshet along the Mutha river/backwaters of Khadakwasla Lake and also via Mulshi Lake. Engineering officers from BEG, College Of Military Engineering (CME) and close to 3,000 personnel moved out just after sunset.

3,000 soldiers from the Bombay Engineer Group and Centre (BEG), the College of Military Engineering (CME) and other units were dispatched by HQ Southern Command, Pune, to help. They formed a human chain at Panshet Dam, as Army and commandeered civil trucks brought sandbags by the tens of thousands to shore up Panshet Dam. The engineers were certain the dam would collapse; they were praying that the Armed Forces personnel's aid would delay the inevitable to dawn, so that the people of Pune could be warned in time and those living on the banks of the rivers Mutha and Mula could be evacuated. Despite their best efforts, Panshet Dam caved in at 0330 hrs on 12 July 1961. Khadakwasla Dam was the last barrier. The dam stood firm till well past dawn, contributing to the safety of residents living downstream in the vicinity of the path of least resistance to the surging freestream water.

It took another four hours for Khadakwasla Dam to breach, causing devastating floods in Pune. A 120 m central section of the dam gave way. Word had been passed around the few people living on the swampy land next to the two canals early in the morning. The authorities started moving out the residents living near the riverside. Many residents fled to higher grounds, some all the way to the Parvati Hill. Apparently, All India Radio did not broadcast any warnings, and was playing a regular scheduled music program when the floods struck. The low-lying areas of the old city were almost completely submerged. Except for the rail bridge of the Sangam Bridges, two adjacent bridges built separately for rail and road traffic and Bund Garden Bridge, all other bridges were under water as well. Water rushed into the old ‘Peths’ and along Karve Road, Deccan Gymkhana areas. For many hours, the high water levels persisted. Roughly speaking, Panshet water reservoir stores enough water for all of Pune's city needs today (today's needs are probably 8-10 times more than the requirements of the 1960s).

After the water receded fully, some three days later, the stench of the aftermath of flooding stayed on for nearly three months. A large number of people sold their land and houses at rock-bottom prices and moved away. Pune's development plans were put on hold till normalcy was achieved. Bhalerao and Panse were blamed for oversight and lack of common sense in not constructing a wide reinforced archway in the centre of the mudwork dam for water to flow through. The old riverside city landscape changed forever. New localities (such as Lokmanya Nagar, Gokhale Nagar, etc.) were set up to resettle some of the flood affected citizens. Most of the bridges were damaged and needed fixing and in some cases complete rebuilding.

The dam was later rebuilt over four years. In this period, residents of Pune and its suburbs had to face water rationing. While Pune city, Camp and Cantonment area were not too severely affected, people in Khadki (Kirkee), Dapodi, Bopodi, Phugewadi, Hadapsar, Shivajinagar and Deccan Gymkhana had limited water supply. At the National Defence Academy (NDA), Peacock Bay, the Naval cadets training section and the lakeside guest rooms were submerged. The view from the NDA Commandant's house, which overlooks the entire lake and dam, was distressing.

title: Khadakwasla Dam


text:
The Wall Street Journal Special Editions

The Wall Street Journal Special Editions is a venture launched in 1994 by The Wall Street Journal to expand its readership abroad, especially in the Americas. It publishes pages, bearing the Journal's banner, within major daily and weekly newspapers around the world featuring selected content from The Wall Street Journal. Its Special Editions are carried in 37 newspapers in 35 countries, translated into 10 languages, with a total combined circulation of 5.2 million.

The Wall Street Journal Americas is the Special Editions' centerpiece, published in Spanish and Portuguese in 18 Latin American nations.

Wall Street Journal Americas

 * (note: the following figures are correct as of December 2004)


text:
Islam in Algeria

Islam is the majority and state religion in Algeria. The vast majority of citizens are Sunni Muslims belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence, with a minority of Ibadi Muslims, most of whom live in the M'zab Valley region. Islam provides the society with its central social and cultural identity and gives most individuals their basic ethical and attitudinal orientation. Orthodox observance of the faith is much less widespread and steadfast than is identification with Islam. There are also Sufi philosophies which arose as a reaction to theoretical perspectives of some scholars.

Arrival of Islam
Islam was first brought to Algeria by the Umayyad dynasty following the invasion of Uqba ibn Nafi, in a drawn-out process of conquest and conversion stretching from 670 to 711. The native Berbers were rapidly converted in large numbers, although some Christian and probably pagan communities would remain at least until Almoravid times. However, as in the Middle East itself, they sought to combine their new Islam with resistance to the Caliphate's foreign rule - a niche which the Kharijite and Shiite "heresies" filled perfectly. By the late 8th century, most of Algeria was ruled by the Rustamids, who professed the strictly puritanical but politically moderate Ibadhi sect and saw the Caliphs as immoral usurpers. They were destroyed by the Shia Fatimids in 909, but their doctrine was re-established further south by refugees whose descendants would ultimately found the towns of the M'zab valley in the Algerian Sahara, where Ibadhism still dominates.

Though it convinced the Kutama, the Fatimids' Ismaili doctrine remained unpopular in most of North Africa, and the Fatimids themselves abandoned Algeria for Egypt as soon as they could, leaving North Africa to a dynasty only nominally subject to them, the Zirids. With the political threat of the Abbasid Caliphate gone, these soon reverted to Sunni Islam - specifically, the Maliki branch, whose popularity had spread widely in the Maghreb. The Fatimids took their revenge by sending the Bedouin Banu Hilal to wreak havoc on the region, but were incapable of controlling it; Shiism rapidly dwindled, and became virtually non-existent in the area.

The Almohads were zealously orthodox, and under their rule Algeria gradually acquired its notable religious homogeneity. Sunni Islam and the Maliki madhhab became virtually universal, apart from the Ibadhis of the M'zab and small Jewish communities.

Islam took longer to spread to the far south of Algeria, whose history is to a large extent separate: only in the 15th century were the Tuareg finally converted to Islam.

During the Regency period, unlike the Maliki Algerian masses, the Ottoman-Algerians remained affiliated with the Hanifi school of Islamic jurisprudence. The judicial system was headed by one mufti for each of the Madhhabs represented in the Regency. Major towns had both Hanafi and Maliki mosques, while the Ibadi community had their own mosques and, especially, cemeteries. The dual Hanafi/Maliki system was maintained under French colonial regime.

French colonization
In 1830, the French conquered Algiers. Their attempts to rule the rest of the country met stiff opposition, often religiously inspired: the Sufi warrior Amir Abd al-Qadir was particularly notable for his campaign to keep the French out. Even after his defeat, rebellions continued to be mounted until at least 1870, notably that of Cheikh Mokrani; again, a religious motivation was notable in most, though not all, of these.

Soon after arriving in Algeria, the French colonial regime set about undermining traditional Muslim Algerian culture. By French law Muslims could not hold public meetings, carry firearms, or leave their homes or villages without permission. Legally, they were French subjects, but to become French citizens, with full rights, they had to renounce Islamic law. Few did so. The land of Islamic charitable trusts (habus) was regarded as government property and confiscated. Much of the network of traditional Qur'anic schools and zaouias - regarded with suspicion as centers of potential resistance - collapsed, and the literacy rate fell.

However, the emergence of the religious scholar and reformer Abdelhamid Ben Badis would go some way to reversing these trends. Beginning in the 1910s, he preached against the traditional marabouts and the saint cults, they believed in voodoo dolls, and urged the importance of Arabic and Islamic education; his disciples founded an extensive network of schools, and rapidly brought the saint cults into widespread disrepute, making Algerian Islam substantially more orthodox.

The discrimination against Islam led it to be a strong element of the resistance movement to the French in the Algerian War of Independence. The independence fighters were termed moudjahidine - practicers of jihad - and its fallen are called chouhada, martyrs, despite the revolution's avowed socialism; even during the revolution, the FLN made symbolic efforts to impose Islamic principles, such as banning wine and prostitution.

After independence
After independence the Algerian government asserted state control over religious activities for purposes of national consolidation and political control. Islam became the religion of the state in the new constitution (Article 2), and was the religion of its leaders. The state monopolized the building of mosques, and the Ministry of Religious Affairs controlled an estimated 5,000 public mosques by the mid-1980s. Imams were trained, appointed, and paid by the state, and the Friday khutba, or sermon, was issued to them by the Ministry of Religious Affairs. That ministry also administered religious property (the habus), provided for religious education and training in schools, and created special institutes for Islamic learning. Islamic law (sharia) principles were introduced into family law in particular, while remaining absent from most of the legal code; thus, for example, while Muslim women were banned from marrying non-Muslims (by the Algerian Family Code of 1984), wine remained legal.

Those measures, however, did not satisfy everyone. As early as 1964 a militant Islamic movement, called Al Qiyam (values), emerged and became the precursor of the Islamic Salvation Front (Islamist party) of the 1990s. Al Qiyam called for a more dominant role for Islam in Algeria's legal and political systems and opposed what it saw as Western practices in the social and cultural life of Algerians. This proved to be the most difficult challenge for the immediate post-independent regimes as they tried to incorporate an Islamic national identity alongside socialist policies. Whereas the new leaders of Algeria saw Islam and Socialism as both compatible and features of Algerian culture and society; radical Islamists saw Islam as the only defining characteristic and in fact incompatible.

Houari Boumediene largely contained militant Islamism during his reign, although it remained throughout the 1970s under a different name and with a new organization. Following Boumediene's death, Chadli Bendjedid became president in 1979. Chadli's regime was much more tolerant with Islamists, and with Algeria in the midst of an socio-economic crisis including unemployment and inflation, social tensions were high. Policies of Arabization (increasing Arabic education and the use of Arabic in professional institutions) had failed to come to fruition: French remained the language of the political elite and French speaking students were prioritised for jobs. Thus, the movement began spreading to university campuses where it was encouraged by the state as a counterbalance to left-wing student movements. By the 1980s, the movement had become even stronger, and bloody clashes erupted at the Ben Aknoun campus of the University of Algiers in November 1982. The violence resulted in the state's cracking down on the movement, a confrontation that would intensify throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.

The rise of Islamism had a significant impact on Algerian society. More women began wearing the veil, some because they had become more conservative religiously and others because the veil kept them from being harassed on the streets, on campuses, or at work. Islamists also prevented the enactment of a more liberal family code despite pressure from feminist groups and associations.

After the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won the 1991 elections, and was then banned after the elections' cancellation by the military, the tensions between Islamists and the government erupted into open fighting, which lasted some 10 years in the course of which some 100,000 people were killed. However, some Islamist parties remained aboveground - notably the Movement of Society for Peace and Islamic Renaissance Movement - and were allowed by the government to contest later elections. In recent years, the Civil Harmony Act and Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation have been passed, providing an amnesty for most crimes committed in the course of the war.

Practice
Sunni Islam is quasi universal, apart for the Mozabite Berbers who are mainly Ibadhi Muslims. The dominant madhhab is Maliki. There are a few followers of the Hanafi rite among people of Turkish descent. Sufi brotherhoods have retreated considerably, but remain in some areas. Algerians have a Muslim tradition of patron saints, although it is viewed as shirk by Salafis and Wahhabis. The most famous saints who remain local patrons of the cities where their tombs are situated are Sidi Abdel Rahman in Algiers, Sidi el Houari in Oran and Sidi Boumediene at Tlemcen.

In Politics
The popularity of Islamism fluctuates according to circumstance; in the 2002 elections, legal Islamist parties received some 20% of the seats in the National Assembly, way down from the FIS's 50% in 1991. Conversely, there is strong anti-Islamist sentiment from secular parties such as the RCD and the Algerian Workers Party. Support for Islamist parties is especially low in the Kabylie region, where the FIS obtained no seats in 1991, the majority being taken by the Front of Socialist Forces, another secular party.

The recent rise of a number of radical religious movements involving Ahmadism, Salafism, Wahhabism and takfiri ideology have raised concerns among officials in the Algerian Ministry of Religious Affairs and Endowments, which has decided to take action by strengthening the monitoring and control of places targeted by the radical Islamists for recruits.

title: Islam in Algeria


text:
BMW New Six

The BMW New Six (also known as the BMW E3) is a line of mid-size luxury sedans and grand tourer coupés produced by the German automaker BMW from 1968 to 1977. All models used the then-new M30 straight-6 engine. It marked BMW's return to the full-size luxury sedan market after a hiatus of 5 years and was introduced as a response to growing market segment dominated by Mercedes-Benz. It was important in establishing BMW's reputation as a maker of sporting luxury sedans.

The BMW New Six coupés (better known as the BMW E9) are built on a shortened version of the E3 platform. The E9 coupés share engines, transmissions, some suspension and many other features with the E3 sedans.

A total of 221,991 sedans and coupés were built.

Development
After a long hiatus, BMW decided to develop a six-cylinder car in the early 1960s. Work on what was to become the E3 commenced in 1965. The engine was based on the existing M10 inline 4s, sharing their overall layout, though not merely adding two cylinders. The design team was led by Wilhelm Hofmeister, with some detail work executed by Italy's Bertone and Michelotti studios. A goal was to offer more passenger space and comfort than the earlier, somewhat smaller New Class saloons had. The new sedan was noticeably a "driver's car", focusing on the front-seat occupants, and the smaller E9 coupé was more of a 2+2 than a full four-seater.

A new feature was the twin headlights, set into the grille, a design which was to define BMW styling for decades. Early mockups of the E3 featured broad rectangular single headlamps with rounded corners, but these never went into production - perhaps as a result of the lukewarm reception of the similarly designed 2000 CS. The new car also required a new welding plant at BMW's Munich site. In spite of the car's all-new construction it only cost 70 million D-mark to develop. This was less than half of what one might have expected at the time.

Nomenclature
Models were given names denoting their engine sizes, and suffixes to indicate the long-wheelbase (L) and fuel injection (i) available on later cars. The coupés were all named CS, followed by i (for fuel injection models) or L (for light-weight models, which also had fuel injection and higher power).

 * 2500/2.5, 2.5CS (2494 cc, 150 PS)
 * 2800/2.8, 2800CS (2788 cc, 170 PS)
 * 3.0S, 3.0L, 3.0CS (2985 cc, 180 PS using twin Zenith 35/40 INAT carburetors)
 * 3.0Si, 3.0Li, 3.0CSi (2985 cc, 200 or 195 PS, depending whether Bosch D-Jetronic or L-Jetronic was installed)
 * 3.3L, 3.3Li (3295 cc, 190 - 197 PS)
 * 3.3Li (3210 cc, 1976-1977)

Models
The two initial models, introduced in 1968 and sold through 1977, were the 2.5 L 2500 and 2.8 L 2800. The airy, large greenhouse design was roomier than BMW's existing range and appeared rather large overall, in spite of being no more than 1 cm longer than Mercedes' midrange sedans, which were generally considered to compete in a lower class than the new E3. They were large six-cylinder cars with fully independent suspension and four wheel disc brakes that handled well and impressed contemporary reviewers. Road & Track called the later Bavaria "delightful" and "superb", concluding that it was "one of the world's best buys". Aside from the larger engine, the 2800 also had bigger tyres and a somewhat sportier suspension, as well as various creature comforts such as a heated rear window, a full tool set, Boge Nivomat self-levelling rear suspension, and a smattering more external chrome. The dual-carbureted 3-litre 3.0 S was introduced in 1971, being a more powerful and expensive model than the 2800; a fuel-injected version was also made. Also produced were long-wheelbase L models (3.0L, 3.3Li, etc.), whose sharp handling was a stark contrast to the large Mercedes-Benz models of the time. Langley Motors in Thames Ditton UK also produced an estate (tourer) version. Surprisingly, considering their respective marketing profiles, the 3.0 Si sedan was faster than the 3.0 coupé; which was a heavier car by 50 kg, with the same drivetrain.

In the UK, some 3-litre cars were used by the police in the 1970s, with the infamous ad "It takes one to catch one". Thames Valley Police bought a 3.0 Si in 1972, followed by Derbyshire Constabulary the same year and the West Mercia Police in 1974. The West Mercia Police's car was in an unusual livery called "truck yellow". Following the success of the 3.0 Si, many police forces in the UK began purchasing BMW cars, next one being the 5 Series (E12) in late 1970s.

The body was surprisingly light for its size, weighing less than the smaller E9 coupé. Vision is also good, with narrow pillars and no less than 2.5 m2 of overall glass area.

At the end of 1973 the new, larger 3.3 L was presented, going on sale in January 1974. It had the longer wheelbase and a bigger engine, although the power was no more than that of the 3.0 Si. Instead, more torque meant to provide a more luxurious rather than BMW's usual sporting feel. This engine was updated to fuel injection in June 1975, with a few more horsepower. Subsequent to the introduction of a 3.2 liter version of this engine in the 1976 BMW 633CSi, this slightly smaller model found its way into the 3.3 Li as well. The E3 Sedan was in production from 1968–1978, with a total of circa 190,000 cars produced. Of these, 71,804 were of the US-only "Bavaria" model.

North America

In the US market, the 2500 and 2800 were introduced in 1969. The 2500 was shy of many of the luxury features included in the 2800, and with the smaller engine, it sold for about $5,600 in 1970-equal to $ today. The 2800 offered full leather interior, power windows, and power sunroof, which its price of $6,874 ($ today) reflected. For the 1971 model year Max Hoffman, the BMW importer for the USA, convinced BMW AG to build the 2500 configuration car but use the 2800 engine — offering more power without the weight and expense of the 2800's luxury features. This new E3 configuration was called the "Bavaria" and was unique to the US market. Priced at about US$6,000 ($ today), the Bavaria came to replace both older models. It is generally considered the forebear of the modern BMW high-performance large luxury sedan as it combined brisk acceleration, sporty handling, plenty of room for four people and a large trunk. An optional three-speed automatic transmission was offered.

For the 1972 model year, the 2500 was dropped while the M30 engine size in the Bavaria was increased to 3.0 liters. The former 2800 was then called the 3.0 S reflecting the 3.0 liter engine. These two models, the 3.0 S and the Bavaria, made up the North American E3 sedan line-up for 1972 through 1974. For the 1974 model year the E3 received the ungainly, federally mandated 5 mph bumpers front and rear, significantly altering its profile. In 1975 BMW introduced fuel injection to the US market M30 motor, replacing the twin two-barrel Zenith carburetors used since its inception. The Bavaria was dropped from the line-up, nominally replaced by the fuel-injected M30 powered E12 530i, and the fuel-injected 3.0 Si became the highest end of the BMW model range. The fully optioned 3.0 Si was sold during the 1975 and 1976 model years.

Bavaria Production:

Coupés (E9)

The CS coupé models were based on the standard 2800 sedans, and looked very similar from the front. But they were also related to the earlier 2000CS, as is evident at the rear. The first model was the well-equipped 2800CS of 1968. The 3.0CS models introduced in 1971. In 1974 the smaller engined 2.5CS was made in small numbers, in response to the fuel crisis. The CSL models were lightweight racing versions.

title: BMW New Six


text:
Hayagriva

Hayagriva (हयग्रीव IAST, lit. 'horse-necked one') is a Hindu deity, the horse-headed avatar of Vishnu. The purpose of this incarnation was to slay a danava also named Hayagriva (A descendant of Kashyapa and Danu), who had the neck of a horse and the body of a human.

Iconography

Hayagriva is an avatara of the god Vishnu. He is worshipped as the god of knowledge and wisdom, with a human body and a horse's head, brilliant white in color, with white garments and seated on a white lotus. Symbolically, the story represents the triumph of pure knowledge, guided by the hand of Divinity, over the demonic forces of passion and darkness.

Vedanta Desika's dhyāna-śloka (meditative verse) on Hayagriva typifies this deity's depiction in Hindu iconography:

He has four hands, with one in the mode of bestowing knowledge; another holds books of wisdom, and the other two hold the Conch and Discus. His beauty, like fresh cut crystal, is an auspicious brilliance that never decays. May this Lord of speech who showers such cooling rays of grace on me be forever manifest in my heart!

In several other sources he is a white horse who pulls the sun into the sky every morning. In others such as the great epic Taraka-battle where the demigods are fallen on and attacked by the Danava's [demons], Vishnu appears as a great ferocious warrior called Hayagriva when he comes to their aid. It says: "Hayagriva appears in his chariot, drawn by 1,000 powerful steeds, crushing the enemies of the gods beneath him!" There are many other references to Hayagriva throughout the Mahabharata.

It is said that Vishnu comes from battle as a conqueror in the magnificent mystic form of the great and terrible Hayagriva:

"The great Hayagriva having been praised in this way by the different saints and ascetics, assumes a great white horses head. The verda’s [mantras] made up his shape, his body built of all the great demigods; in the middle of his head was Shiva, in his heart was Brahmā; the rays of sun (Marichi) were his mane, the sun and moon his eyes; the Vasus and Sadhyas were his legs, in all his bones were the demigods. Agni [Ka-ten; god of fire] was his tongue, the goddess Satya his speech, while his knees were formed by the Maruts and Varuna. Having assumed this form, an awesome wonder to behold to the demigods, he vanquished the asura, and cast them down, with eyes that were red with anger."

Invariably, Hayagriva is depicted seated, most often with his right hand either blessing the supplicant or in the vyākhyā mudrā pose of teaching. The right hand also usually holds a akṣa-mālā (rosary), indicating his identification with meditative knowledge. His left holds a book, indicating his role as a teacher. His face is always serene and peaceful, if not smiling. Unlike his Buddhist counterpart, there is no hint of a fearsome side in the Hindu description of this deity.

Hayagriva is sometimes worshiped in a solitary pose of meditation, as in Thiruvanthipuram Devanathasvami Temple. This form is known as Yoga-Hayagriva. However, he is most commonly worshipped along with his consort Lakshmi and is known as Lakshmi-Hayagriva. Hayagriva in this form is the presiding deity of Mysuru's Parakala Matha, a significant Sri Vaishnavism monastic institution.

Legend
According to legend, during the period of creation, two demons Madhu and kaitabha stole the Vedas from Brahma, and Vishnu assumed the Hayagriva form to recover them. Yet another legend has it that during the creation, Vishnu compiled the Vedas in the Hayagriva form.

Hayagriva is listed as one of the ten incarnations of Vishnu in canto 10, chapter 40 of the Bhagavata Purana. In the text, Akrura's prayer contains Hayagriva's name when he had a vision while bathing in the Yamuna.

The Mahabharata also features the legend of Hayagriva:

"'Having compassed the destruction of the two Asuras and restored the Vedas to Brahma, the Supreme Being dispelled the grief of Brahma. Aided then by Hari and assisted by the Vedas, Brahma created all the worlds with their mobile and immobile creatures. After this, Hari, granting unto the Grandsire intelligence of the foremost order relating to the Creation, disappeared there and then for going to the place he had come from. It was thus that Narayana, having assumed the form equipped with the horse-head, slew the two Danavas Madhu and Kaitabha (and disappeared from the sight of Brahma).'"

Worship
Origins about the worship of Hayagriva have been researched, some of the early evidences dates back to 2,000 BCE, when people worshipped the horse for its speed, strength, intelligence. Hayagriva is one of the prominent deities in Vaikhanasas, Sri Vaishnavism, and the Dvaita Vedanta traditions. His blessings are sought when beginning study of both sacred and secular subjects. Special worship is conducted on the day of the full moon in August (Shravana-Paurnami) (the day of his incarnation) and on Mahanavami, the ninth day of the Navaratri festival.

A verse originally from the Pancaratra Agama, but is now popularly prefixed to the Hayagriva Stotram of the 13th-century poet-philosopher Vedanta Desika is popular among devotees of Hayagriva:

"jñānānandamayaṃ devaṃ nirmalasphaṭikākṛtiṃ ādhāraṃ sarvavidyānāṃ hayagrīvaṃ upāsmahe"

Acoording to legend, a Dvaita philosopher named Vadirajatirtha is regarded to have offer cooked horse gram (kollu) to Hayagriva, and the deity is regarded to have appeared to consume his offerings. Vadirajatirtha would recite the following shloka:

"naḥ hayagrīvat paraṃ aṣṭi maṅgalam naḥ hayagrīvat paraṃ aṣṭi pāvanam naḥ hayagrīvat paraṃ aṣṭi daivatam naḥ hayagrīvam praṇipatya siddhati"

Hayagriva is also amongst the deities present at the Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam.

Assam

 * Hayagriv Madhav Dol at Hajo, Assam

Tamil Nadu
Most of the major Vishnu temples in Tamil Nadu have a separate shrine for Lord Hayagriva.
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, Thiruvaheendrapuram, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
 * Sri Hayagreevar Temple, adjacent to Sri Koodal Alagar Perumal Koil, Madurai
 * Sri Hayagreevar Swamy, Sri Chidambara Vinayagar Thirukoil, A. Vellalapatti (7 km from Alagarkoil or Melur), Madurai.
 * Lakshmi hayagrivar temple in chithambara Nagar, near Ganapathi mill, at Tirunelveli
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagreevar perumal, at Sri Kothandaramaswamy Devasthanam, Perumudivakkam, near Kannigaipair (Chennai - Periyapalayam Highway), Thiruvallur District - 601103.
 * Yoga Hayagreevar and Gnana Saraswathi in Vaitheeswaran Koil, Munusamy St, Amrithammal Colony, Perambur, Chennai - 600 011
 * Chettypunyam Hayagriva Temple, near Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, Nanganallur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
 * Lord Hayagriva Sannidhi in Thooppul Vilakoli (Deepa Prakasar) Perumal Koil in Kanchipuram.
 * Vedanta Deshika Alayam, Mylapore
 * Lakshmi Hayagreeva Temple, Moovar Nagar, Pozhichalur, Chennai-74

Pondicherry

 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple in Sri Ramakrishna Nagar, Muthialpet, Pondicherry

Karnataka

 * Parakala Mutt, Mysuru - The Hayagriva idol handed down from Vedanta Desika

 * Hayagreeva temple, Satyagala kollegala taluk chamarajanagar district karnataka
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, Tank Bund Road, Gandhi Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka
 * Sodhe Mutt, Sirsi, Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh

 * Tirumala Hayagriva temple on North Mada street of Srinivasa/ Balaji Temple, Tirumala, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Swami Temple, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva Temple, Thotlakonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva temple, siddhashramam, Narasimhakonda, near jonnawada, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
 * Shri Lakshmi Hayagriva Swamy, installed in birthplace of Kethanda patti Swamy at Lakshmipuram, near Kuppam, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh.
 * Sri Lakshmi Hayagriva temple, MF Road, Hindupur Mandal, Anantapur

Telangana

 * Hayagriva Swami Temple Beechupalli Telanganaa
 * Shri Lakshmi Hayagreeva Swamy Temple, Vangapalli Road, Yadagirigutta, Yadadri District, Telangana, 508115

Influence on other cultures
In the 2015 documentary series, The Creatures of Philippine Mythology, the spread of Hinduism and the imagery of Hayagriva is tracked through Southeast Asia. It is speculated that Hayagriva influenced the present imagery of the horse-headed Philippine mythological spirit, the Tikbalang.

An extinct genus of basal neornithischian dinosaur known from Mongolia has been named Haya griva. This name refers to the elongate horse-like skull of Haya and the appearance of this deity in the Buddhist art of Mongolia.

Demon Hayagriva
The demon Hayagriva was a son of Kashyapa and Danu. He became the first ruler of the Danavas. In Hindu texts, it is stated that when Vishnu had created the Vedas and given them to Brahma, Shiva had decided to wipe out all of humanity except for Manu and his wife, as the rest of humanity was too corrupt to obtain the Vedas. When Hayagariva learnt that humans would be greater than the Danavas, he set out to stop the humans from obtaining the Vedas. Hayagriva visited the Satyaloka when Brahma was absent, and turned into a horse to get the attention of the Vedas (who were in the form of 4 children). He asked them why Brahma has brought them to his realm rather than taking them to humanity. After hearing their tale, Hayagriva laughed and deceived them regarding the intentions of Brahma, stating that the deity wished to keep them for himself. The Vedas were then subsequently imprisoned by the demon. Soon, Vishnu assumed his Matsya avatar and instructed Manu the manner by which he should survive the oncoming flood that Shiva would shortly send to vanquish all evil. Vishnu then slew Hayagriva in his Matsya form and freed the Vedas to bequeath them to Manu after the passage of the flood.

title: Hayagriva


text:
Lord Lansdowne

Lord Lansdowne may refer to:

 * George Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne (1666–1735), English poet, playwright and politician
 * Marquess of Lansdowne, a title in the Peerage of Great Britain
 * William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (1737–1805), former British prime minister
 * Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845–1927), the fifth Governor General of Canada, former Viceroy of India, former Secretary of State for War, and former Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

title: Lord Lansdowne


text:
Talk:Flag of Ontario

"Defaced" better than "Altered"
"Defaced" better than "Altered"

I object to the revision of May 31. "Defaced" is the proper term used in vexillology (the study of flags) for this situation. "Altered" makes it sound like the flag was castrated, since it is a euphomism for "fixing" an animal. Jonathan David Makepeace

The Ontario Flag was around since 1868 AD
Ontario Coat-of-Arms Granted 1868 AD

http://www3.sympatico.ca/goweezer/canada/coaONT.htm

The Coat-of-Arms of the Province of Ontario was granted in 1868 AD. The Red Ensign of Ontario has been in existance since 1868 AD.

Please correct your page accordingly AndyL.

ArmChairVexillologistDonArmchairVexillologistDon 03:49, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Just because the Coat of Arms was created in 1868 doesn't mean the use of a red ensign flag with the Ontario COA was used then. --Saforrest 20:34, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Ontario had no official flag until the legislative assembly passed the Flag Act in 1965.AndyL 07:59, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Makepeace link
this link has been the subject of a low intensity edit war for some time now. I'd be more inclined to keep it if the website were more interesting, as it is I can take it or leave it. But why are some individuals so intent on removing it? I'd like to know your reasons?AndyL 17:23, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The site seems to be more a political statement for a new flag than any information on the flag we do have, and is not NPOV. Spinboy 17:36, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It's the article that needs to be NPOV, not the external links (though the description of those links must be NPOV). If we banned links to POV sites we'd probably have to get rid of most of the external links we have on wikipedia (at least those no political and controversial topics). What matters is not whether the linki is POV but whether it is relevant and it seems to be. AndyL 17:50, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I am loath to agree with AVD, but the link should go unless some evidence, such as media coverage, is presented to show that this is an important proposal. - SimonP 18:00, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

There's not. It's just one guy's site. If it goes it should go for that reason, not because of its POV. AndyL 18:08, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

But wikipedia isn't the place to link to every guy's site. Spinboy 21:19, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I removed the link a few hours ago. My point is simply that your reasons for wanting it removed were incorrect and that it was necessary to have a better reason for removing the link. It would be a mistake for us to go around wikipedia and start removing external links because the sites linked to were POV. AndyL 21:36, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

-I completly dissagree with removing a link simply because we cant prove that it contains vital information. I found the link interesting. the idea may be only one persons. but so was every idea at one time. if it is relative to the subject and not unreadable I can't see why it should be censored. NPOV is not an issue. as stated earlier, the article must be NPOV not the links. what is the problem? --Olsdude 03:33, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed, I find it amusing that the link has never been controversial on the French-language page for the province. The Ontario flag pages are by far the most popular on my Website, surpassing even the Res Publica pages that have links from all over Wikipedia.  They also generate more mail than the rest of my site combined.  --Jonathan David Makepeace

Hello SimonP
Hello,

 * I am loath to agree with AVD, but the link should go unless some evidence, such as media coverage, is presented to show that this is an important proposal. - SimonP 18:00, Dec 24, 2004 (UTC)

SimonP, why would you be loathe to agree with me?

ArmchairVexillologistDonArmchairVexillologistDon 23:00, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Change it?
Hasn't there been any discussion on changing the flag, seeing as how it's only one of two Canadian provinical flags still based on the Union Flag? — Nightst a  llion  (?) 10:11, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, three provinces have flags based on the Union Jack - Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia. You can also throw in Newfoundland, as they used to use the Union Jack as their provincial flag, and their current one is geometrically based on the design of the UJ.--MarshallStack 14:51, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See the discussion on the Makepeace link above. Jonathan David Makepeace

 * It has never garnered significant attention, and likely never will. Ontario is still a loyalist stronghold. WilyD 21:01, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Too bad. The current flag's rather ugly (and contains the Union Jack, but... well, their choice what kind of political statement they want to make with their flag). — Nightst a  llion  (?) 13:23, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Give it time. Half of Toronto was born outside of Canada.  Imperial mentality is rapidly fading. Jonathan David Makepeace 01:04, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That sentiment might work if we were discussing the flag of Toronto, but otherwise I must conclude you've never taken a ride along the loyalist highway ;). The flag of Ontario is a beaut, and she's here to stay, eh? WilyD 13:20, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with preserving Ontario's loyalist heritage with highway designations and historic sites, but the flag has no symbol of loyalism on it (like an oak leaf). Who do we owe allegiance to?  The British crown, or the Canadian crown?  The current Union Jack hadn't even been created when the loyalists fled here.  It's the flag of another country.  The red ensign was rated the worst designed Canadian flag (along with Manitoba's red ensign) by NAVA for very good reasons.  It will inevitably be replaced by something that has a symbol of Ontario on it.  I'd happily vote for an oak leaf flag. Jonathan David Makepeace 22:12, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Mr. J.D. Makepeace, for a transplanted American now living in the Province of Ontario, within the Dominion of Canada, you have presented above one hell of alot of assumptions. Todays Union Jack (since 1801) is "a Flag of Canada". According to the 1965 Flag Statute, the Union Jack is Canada's alternate standard (representing Canada's membership within the British Commonwealth of Nations). All citizens of Canada are allowed to fly the Union Jack. The Red Ensign of the Province of Ontario is a cherished symbol, and frankly it is not likely to replaced anytime soon. Finally, regarding the guidelines that the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA) presently espouses, they are just that GUIDELINES (i.e., a set of suggestions). By the way, if the State Governments of the United States of America actually decided to follow the "NAVA suggestions" they would have to dump ALMOST ALL of their present State Flags. Personally, I feel that the New England Vexillological Association (NEVA) has a more open minded approach to classifying flag designs. It would seem that its leader, Dr. Whitney Smith has a more sensible outlook on topics such as these.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Smith

70.30.193.143 21:41, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm in favour of changing the Ontario flag, its rather boring and doesn't evoke any sense of pride for me. I am proud that I come from Ontario but I'd much rather have a flag that makes me think of Ontario rather than the UK. Something with a trillium perhaps. Basser g 20:10, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

I just have to add here, to "User:70.30.193.143", Canada is no longer called the "Dominion Of Canada", but merely "Canada".

The 1707 and 1801 Union Jack(s) are Canadian Flags
The Union Jack of 1707 and the Union Jack of 1801 are Canadian Flags. The Dominion of Canada founded in 1867, contains today the 4 Northern Loyalist Colonies of the original 19 British Colonies in North America. The 2 Southern Loyalist Colonies (i.e., the Province of East Florida, and the Province of West Florida)of the original 19 British Colonies in North America are today apart of the United States of America. It is interesting to note that the State Flags of the State of Florida, the State of Alabama , and the State of Mississippi all derive from the Cross of St. Andrew, and the Cross of St. Patrick (with the Cross of St. George (England) excluded).

 * (1). During the War of Independence (1775-1783), the United Empire Loyalists of British America fought under the 1707 Union Jack and its 1707 Red Ensign (in all 6 Loyalist Colonies of the original 19 British Colonies in North America).

 * (2). During the War of 1812 (1812-1815), the Loyalists of British North America fought under the 1801 Union Jack and its 1801 Red Ensign.

 * (3). During the Feninan Raids (1866-1870) across the United Province of Canada/State of New York Border, the Loyalists of British North America again fought under the 1801 Union Jack and its 1801 Red Ensign.

Both Union Jacks (1707 and 1801) are quitesental "Canadian" Flags. They are our symbols. Only an un-informed individual (or a Republican) would call them "Foreign Flags".

ArmchairVexillologistDon 22:03, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * AVD, they are foreign flags. Where do we live? Canada, or the United Kingdom? We're not British anymore. Legally, Canadians have been a seperate nationality from British since 1947. Ethnically--the majority of Canadians have no British ancestry whatsoever. This rings true for Ontarians as well. According to the 2006 Census, 24.7% of Ontarians claim full or partial English ethnicity, 17.5% of Ontarians claim full or partial Scottish ethnicity, and 1.5% of Ontarians claim full or partial Welsh ancestry. Add these numbers together, subtract from 100, and... 56.3% of Ontarians have no British ancestry whatsoever. Modern Ontario is home to many ethnic groups--French (11.2% of Ontarians), German (9.5%), Italian (7.2%), Chinese (5.4%), Jewish (1.5%), Greek (1.1%), along with many others. The non-British majority in Ontario are not going to put up with an imperialist, colonialist flag for much longer. Heck, I fully believe that the current flag of Ontario is racist, considering the fact that Brits are a minority in this province.
 * Also, look at other former British colonies that, like Canada, have succeeded in becoming free from British rule. The former British colonial administrations in Israel, Zambia, Cameroon, and Belize all had ensign flags like Ontario and Manitoba. The freedom-loving peoples of Israel, Zambia, Cameroon, Belize celebrated an end to British colonialist rule and adopted new flags symbolizing their own lands. Look at Ontario's flag. Is there a single thing on the Ontario flag that actually represents Ontario (no, Union Jack does not represent Ontario; look at my above paragraph)? The Trillium, Ontario's symbol, doesn't appear on our flag.
 * Also, the current flag of Ontario was adopted as a flag of anger against the Maple Leaf Flag. They hated the new flag because it had no British symbols, so they adopted their own British Ensign Flag for Ontario. Such hatred against our national flag amounts to treason. Why should Ontario continue to use a flag born out of treason? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.106.110.26 (talk) 05:22, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Makepeace
Let me be clear: I have no problem with the content of the link. But the personal nature of the site puts it in violation of WP:ELNO. If you can find a link to an actual organization or a newspaper piece about a movement looking to change the flag, add it by all means. But as near as I can tell, no such movement actually exists outside of a few individuals and linking to their website is giving the proposal undue weight. Look at the external links on the Manitoba flag page... that is what we should have for the Ontario page if any such proposals are actually notable. -- MichiganCharms (talk) 00:49, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree with you about the links. I noticed the Manitoba article also has a photo. It'd be nice to actually see what this flag looks like in real life. Here's one on Flickr that we can use . I'll upload it to the Commons unless a better one can be found.--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 07:03, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

Outdated Sources
The second reference used in this article now 404s. edit: removed claim about the first reference. BaconMaster2 (talk) 18:11, 23 January 2016 (UTC)BaconMaster2

title: Talk:Flag of Ontario


text:
Agency for French Education Abroad

The Agency for French Education Abroad, or Agency for French Teaching Abroad, (Agence pour l'enseignement français à l'étranger; AEFE), is a national public agency under the administration of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France that assures the quality of schools teaching the French national curriculum outside France. The AEFE has 495 schools in its worldwide network, with French as the primary language of instruction in most schools.

The AEFE head office is in the 14th arrondissement of Paris.

Curriculum
Schools are either directly managed (gestion directe), contracted (conventionné) or accredited (homologué). The schools provide an education based on the French national curriculum for pupils of various cultures from preschool through secondary school, and some receive substantial financial support from the French government. The schools provide an education leading to a baccalauréat, and students have access to all other French schools at their own educational level.

In addition, the schools have a curriculum linked to the individual countries in which they are established. The Lycée Français de San Francisco (formerly Lycée Français La Pérouse) and the International School of the Peninsula in San Francisco, for example, include American History and English Literature in its program, and the Lycée Français de Caracas in Venezuela includes History of Venezuela (ICV) from 6th to 9th grade.

Schools are located throughout Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Most of their pupils are children of French expatriates but they also include many regular pupils attracted by the quality of schooling provided. In any given academic year, around 160,000 students study in these schools.

School names
While there are no public guidelines for naming schools in the AEFE network, they tend to have some similarities. A school that follows the French curriculum through secondary school (high school in the United States and sixth form college in Great Britain) is often named a Lycée Français and prepares students for the French baccalauréat. Schools that combine the local and French curricula are often called French-American or Franco-Mexicain schools. Schools that offer the International Baccalaureate are often called International School or Lycée International.

Schools operated by or receiving funding from AEFE

 * Abu Dhabi, Lycée Louis-Massignon
 * Abu Dhabi, Lycée Français Théodore-Monod
 * Accra, Lycée Français Jacques Prevert d’Accra
 * Alicante, Lycée Français d'Alicante Pierre Deschamps
 * Alexandria, Lycée Français d'Alexandrie
 * Amman, École Française d'Amman
 * Amsterdam, École Française Amsterdam
 * Andorra la Vella, Lycée Comte de Foix
 * Ankara, Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle, Ankara
 * Antananarivo, Écoles et Lycée Français de Tananarive
 * Antananarivo, Lycée La Clairefontaine
 * Asunción, Lycée Français International Marcel Pagnol
 * Athens, Lycée Franco-Hellénique Eugène Delacroix
 * Austin, Austin International School
 * Bali, Lycée Français de Bali
 * Bangkok, Lycée Français International de Bangkok
 * Barcelona, Lycée Français de Barcelone
 * Beijing, Lycée Français International de Pekin
 * Beirut, Grand Lycée Franco-Libanais
 * Beirut, Lycée Franco-Libanais Verdun
 * Beirut, Lycée Abdel Kader
 * Berlin, Collège français-Lycée français
 * Berlin, Collège Voltaire
 * Berkeley, California École Bilingue de Berkeley
 * Bilbao, Lycee Francais de Bilbao
 * Bobo Dioulasso, École Française André Malraux
 * Bogotá, Lycée Français Louis Pasteur
 * Bonn, École Charles de Gaulle - Adenauer
 * Boston, International School of Boston
 * Brussels, Lycée Français Jean Monnet
 * Bucharest, Lycée Français Anna de Noailles Bucarest
 * Budapest, Gustave Eiffel French School of Budapest
 * Buenos Aires, Lycée Franco-Argentin Jean Mermoz
 * Cairo, Lycée Français du Caire
 * Calgary, Lycée Louis Pasteur
 * Cali, Colombia Lycée Français Paul Valéry de Cali
 * California, International School of the Peninsula
 * Cape Town, École François Le Vaillant
 * Caracas, Lycée Français de Caracas
 * Casablanca, Lycée Lyautey
 * Chicago, Lycée Français de Chicago
 * Concepción, Lycée français Charles de Gaulle
 * Conakry, Lycée français Albert Camus
 * Copenhagen, Lycée Français Prins Henrik
 * Curicó, Lycée français Jean Mermoz
 * Dakar, Lycée français Jean Mermoz de Dakar
 * Dallas, Dallas International School
 * Damascus, Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle
 * Dhaka, École Française Internationale de Dacca
 * Delhi, Lycée Français de Delhi
 * Doha, Lycée Français de Doha
 * Doha, Lycée Franco-Qatarien Voltaire
 * Douala, Lycée Français Dominique Savio
 * Dubai, Lycée Français Georges-Pompidou
 * Dubai, Lycée Français International
 * Dublin, Lycée Français d'Irlande
 * Düsseldorf, Lycée français de Düsseldorf
 * Greenville, The International School of Greenville SC
 * Guadalajara, Lycée Français de Guadalajara - Colegio Franco Mexicano
 * Guatemala, Lycée Jules Verne
 * Habbouch (Lebanon), Lycée Franco-Libanais Habbouche-Nabatieh
 * Frankfurt, Lycée Français Victor Hugo
 * Hamburg, Lycée Français Antoine de Saint-Exupéry de Hambourg
 * Hanoi, Lycée français Alexandre Yersin
 * Heidelberg, Ecole Pierre et Marie Curie Heidelberg
 * Hong Kong, Lycée Français International Victor Segalen
 * Houston, Awty International School
 * Houston, Lycée International de Houston
 * Islamabad, École Française Alfred Foucher
 * Istanbul, Lycée français Pierre Loti
 * Jakarta, Lycée Français de Jakarta
 * Jerusalem, Lycée Français de Jérusalem
 * Johannesburg, Lycée français Jules Verne
 * Kyiv, Lycée français Anne-de-Kiev
 * Košice, Lycée bilingue M.R. Štefánik
 * Kuwait City, Lycée Français de Koweït
 * Kuala Lumpur, Lycée Français LFKL
 * La Paz, Lycée Franco-Bolivien Alcides D'Orbigny
 * Lagos, Lycée Français Louis Pasteur de Lagos
 * Lima, Lycée Franco-Péruvien
 * Lisbon, Lycée Français Charles-Lepierre
 * London, Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle
 * London, Lycée International de Londres Winston Churchill
 * Los Angeles, Lycée International de Los Angeles (LILA)
 * Los Angeles, Lycée Français de Los Angeles
 * Luxembourg, Lycée français Vauban
 * Madrid, Lycée Français de Madrid
 * Málaga, Lycée Français de Málaga
 * Bamako, Lycée Français Liberté de Bamako
 * Bamako, Groupe Scolaire Les Angelots
 * Managua, Lycée Franco-Nicaraguayen Victor Hugo
 * Manama, École Française de Bahreïn
 * Mauritius, Lycée Labourdonnais
 * Mauritius, Lycée des Mascareignes
 * Meknes, Lycée Paul-Valéry
 * Mexico City, Lycée Franco-Mexicain
 * Milan, Lycée Stendhal de Milan
 * Montevideo, Lycée Français de Montevideo
 * Montreal, Collège International Marie de France
 * Montreal, Collège Stanislas Montréal
 * Mumbai, Lycée Français International de Mumbai
 * Munich, Lycée Jean Renoir de Munich
 * Murcia, Lycée français André-Malraux de Murcie
 * Muscat, École Française de Mascate
 * Nairobi, Lycée Denis Diderot
 * New Orleans, Lycée Français de la Nouvelle-Orléans
 * New Jersey, The French American Academy
 * New York, French-American School of New York (located in suburban Westchester County).
 * New York, Ecole Internationale de New York
 * Nicosia École Franco-Chypriote de Nicosie
 * Oslo, Lycée français René Cassin
 * Osorno, Lycée français Claude Gay
 * Ottawa, Lycée Paul Claudel
 * Ouagadougou, Lycée français Saint-Exupéry
 * Philadelphia, French International School of Philadelphia
 * Phnom Penh, Lycée français René Descartes de Phnom Penh
 * Pondicherry, Lycée français de Pondichéry
 * Porto, École Française Marius Latour
 * Pretoria, École Miriam Makeba Annexe du lycée français de Johannesburg
 * Port-au-Prince, Lycée Alexandre Dumas
 * Port Vila, Lycée Français Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
 * Princeton, New Jersey, French American School of Princeton
 * Providence, Rhode Island, French-American School of Rhode Island
 * Quebec City, Collège Stanislas Annexe de Québec
 * Rabat, Lycée Descartes
 * Rio de Janeiro, Lycée Molière
 * Rome, Lycée Chateaubriand
 * San Francisco, French American International School
 * San Francisco, Lycée Français La Pérouse
 * San José, Costa Rica, Lycée Franco Costarricien
 * Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Ecole Française de Santa Cruz
 * Santiago (Vitacura commune), Lycée français Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
 * Santo Domingo, Lycée Français de Saint domingue,
 * Seoul, Lycée Français de Séoul
 * Shanghai, Lycée Français de Shanghai
 * Sharjah, Lycée francais international Georges Pompidou
 * Singapore, French School of Singapore,
 * Sofia, Lycée Victor Hugo de Sofia,
 * Stockholm, Lycée Français de Stockholm
 * Sydney, Lycée Condorcet The French School of Sydney
 * Taipei, Taipei European School
 * Tangier, Lycée Regnault
 * Tegucigalpa, Lycée Franco-hondurien
 * The Hague, Lycée Français Vincent van Gogh,
 * Thessaloniki, École Française de Thessalonique
 * Toamasina, Lycée Français de Tamatave
 * Tokyo, Lycée Franco-Japonais de Tokyo
 * Toronto, Lycée Français de Toronto
 * Toronto, Toronto French School
 * Tunis, Lycée Pierre Mendès France
 * Tunis (La Marsa), Lycée Gustave Flaubert
 * Valencia, Lycée Français de Valence
 * Vancouver, Cousteau École Française Internationale de Vancouver
 * Vienna, Lycée Français de Vienne
 * Vilnius, Lycée International Français de Vilnius
 * Viña del Mar, Lycée français Jean d'Alembert
 * Yaoundé, Lycée Français Fustel de Coulanges
 * Warsaw, Lycée français de Varsovie René Goscinny
 * Washington, D.C., Lycée Rochambeau
 * Zürich, Lycée Francais Marie Curie de Zurich

title: Agency for French Education Abroad


text:
RCM

RCM may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * Royal College of Music, London
 * Royal College of Midwives
 * Royal Cornwall Museum

Canada

 * Royal Canadian Mint
 * The Royal Conservatory of Music
 * Rassemblement des citoyens et des citoyennes de Montréal (Montreal Citizens' Movement), a former municipal political party in Montreal, Quebec

Science and technology

 * Reliability-centered maintenance, a maintenance planning approach based on reliability and safety system assessment
 * Reciprocating Chemical Muscle, a mechanism that takes advantage of the superior energy density of chemical reactions
 * Resonant Clock Mesh, technology used in the AMD Piledriver (microarchitecture)
 * Restrictive cardiomyopathy
 * Revenue cycle management, the process used by healthcare systems in the United States to track revenue from patients
 * Reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm, an algorithm to reduce the bandwidth of sparse symmetric matrices
 * Ring-closing metathesis, a variation on olefin metathesis
 * Rotor current meter, a mechanical current meter used in oceanography
 * RADARSAT Constellation Mission, three-spacecraft fleet of Earth observation satellites operated by the Canadian Space Agency
 * Reflection Contrast Microscopy, or Interference reflection microscopy, a type of optical microscopy
 * Regulatory Compliance Mark, an Australian conformity mark

Other uses

 * Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, a scientific journal
 * Regimental Corporal Major, a warrant officer appointment in the British Household Cavalry
 * Regional county municipality, a territorial subdivision of Quebec
 * Rockefeller Capital Management, an American wealth management company
 * RCM, IATA code for Richmond Airport, Australia
 * Refugee Children's Movement, the organization which carried out the Kindertransport of children from Nazi Germany

title: RCM


text:
Lamborghini V12

The Lamborghini V12 refers to the flagship V12 engine used by Lamborghini. Lamborghini has had two generations of V12 engines through their history, both of which were developed in-house. The first-generation Lamborghini V12 was a sixty degree (60°) V12 petrol engine designed by Lamborghini, and was the first internal combustion engine ever produced by the firm.

It entered production in 1963 as a 3.5 litre displacing 3465 cc fitted on Lamborghini's first car, the Lamborghini 350GT. The engine remained in use for almost fifty years; the final version of 6.5 litre displacement was installed in the Lamborghini Murciélago. Lamborghini discontinued their first-generation V12 after the Murcielago, opting for a brand-new V12 that first saw use on the Lamborghini Aventador.

History
When Ferruccio Lamborghini set out to compete with Ferrari, he contracted Giotto Bizzarrini to design the engine for his car and, according to some accounts, paid him a bonus for every horsepower over what Ferrari's V12 could produce. The finished 3.5 litre V12, with minor improvements, went on to become the 6.5 litre powering the Lamborghini Murciélago LP 640, and completed its service for Lamborghini with the final version of the Murciélago, the Murciélago LP 670-4 SuperVeloce.

Technical overview
The engine was designed from the start to be a quad cam 60 degree V12 - as an intentional snub to Ferrari's single overhead camshaft per-bank design. When the 3464 cc prototype was tested in 1963, it was able to produce 370 bhp at 9,000 (rpm), or almost 107 bhp per litre. Bizzarrini insisted the engine was mechanically capable of reaching 400 bhp at 11,000 rpm with an uprated fuel system, but the design was judged adequate, and when fitted with production carburettors, all the auxiliary systems, and detuned for road use, the engine still made 280 bhp.

Over the years, this V12 engine has nearly doubled in displacement - first to 6192 cc, and later to 6496 cc. It has seen the modification of the cylinder heads to allow four valves per cylinder, the replacement of Weber carburettors with electronic fuel injection, and the re-engineering of the lubrication system from a wet to a dry sump design. However, the engine that powers the Murciélago LP 640 can trace its lineage directly to the F1-inspired design of Bizzarrini and his team more than forty years ago.

Audi ownership and V12 successor
When Automobili Lamborghini was purchased in 1998 by the German Volkswagen Group subsidiary Audi AG, the V12 engine continued undergoing constant upgrades, growing its displacement from 5.7 litres (Diablo VT ) to the final displacement of 6.5 litres in the Murciélago LP670-4 Superveloce. It took years to decide that a new engine was needed to be built from scratch, finally an all-new engine codenamed L539 having a displacement of 6.5 litres for the 2011 Aventador was developed. The new engine has a maximum power output of 700 PS, is 18 kg lighter, is over-square (95mm bore, 76.4mm stroke) and has a different firing order: 1–12–4–9–2–11–6–7–3–10–5–8 instead of 1–7–4–10–2–8–6–12–3–9–5–11.

First generation

 * engine configuration — 3.5 & 3.9: 60° V12 engine; wet sump lubrication system
 * engine configuration — 6.2 & 6.5: 60° V12 engine; dry sump lubrication system
 * engine displacement etc.
 * 3.5: 3465 cc, bore x stroke: 77x62 mm (stroke ratio: 1.24:1 - 'oversquare/short-stroke engine'); 288.7 cc per cylinder
 * 3.9: 3929 cc, bore x stroke: 82x62 mm
 * 4.8: 4754 cc, bore x stroke: 85.5 mm x 69 mm (3.37 in x 2.72 in).
 * 5.2: 5167 cc, bore x stroke: 85.5x75 mm, compression ratio 9.5:1 and downdraft 6X2 barrel Weber carburetors.
 * 5.7: 5707 cc, bore x stroke: 87x80 mm
 * 6.0: 5992 cc, bore x stroke: 87x84 mm
 * 6.2: 6192 cc, bore x stroke: 87x86.8 mm (stroke ratio: 1.00:1 - 'square engine'); 516 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.7:1
 * 6.5: 6,495.71 cc, bore x stroke: 88x89 mm (stroke ratio: 0.99:1 - 'square engine'); 541.3 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.2:1

 * cylinder block & crankcase: cast aluminium alloy; pressed-in cylinder liners
 * cylinder heads & valvetrain — 3.5, 3.9, 4.8: cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 24 valves total, chain-driven double overhead camshaft
 * cylinder heads & valvetrain — 6.2 & 6.5: cast aluminium alloy; 4 valves per cylinder, 48 valves total, chain-driven double overhead camshaft
 * aspiration, fuel system & ignition system — 3.5: six twin-barrel side-draught 40 DCOE 2 Weber carburetors; one or two ignition distributors
 * aspiration, fuel system & ignition system — 3.98: six twin-barrel down-draught carburettors; one or two ignition distributors
 * aspiration, fuel system & ignition system — 6.2 & 6.5: two air filters, four cast alloy throttle bodies each with Magneti Marelli electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valves, cast magnesium alloy intake manifold; two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, electronic sequential multi-point indirect fuel injection with intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; centrally positioned spark plugs, mapped direct ignition with 12 individual direct-acting single spark coils
 * exhaust system — 6.2 & 6.5: two 3-branch exhaust manifolds per cylinder bank, connected to dual-inlet catalytic converters, heated oxygen sensors (lambda) monitoring pre- and post-catalyst exhaust gasses

Second generation

 * Type: 60° V12 fuel feed by Multi Point Fuel Injection
 * Displacement: 6,498.48 cc
 * Bore x stroke: 95x76.4 mm 541.54 cc
 * Valvetrain: Variable valve timing electronically controlled
 * Compression ratio: 11.8 (± 0.2) : 1
 * Maximum power: 700 PS at 8,250 rpm
 * Maximum torque: 690 Nm at 5,500 rpm
 * Emission class: Euro 6 – LEV 2
 * Emissions control system: Catalytic converters with lambda sensors
 * Cooling system: Water and oil cooling system in the rear with variable air inlets
 * Engine management system: Lamborghini Iniezione Elettronica (LIE) with Ion current analysis
 * Lubrication system: Dry sump
 * Weight: 235 kg

Formula One
Lamborghini made the move to Formula One in when the FIA outlawed turbocharged engines. Former Scuderia Ferrari designer / engineer Mauro Forghieri was commissioned to design and build a new, 3.5 litre V12 engine for use by the French Larrousse team in 1989. Dubbed the Lamborghini LE3512, (Lamborghini Engineering 3.5 liters 12 cylinders) the 3493 cc, 80° V12 engine was reported to be the best sounding engine of the new 3.5L naturally aspirated formula. Lamborghini representatives stated at the engines début race, the 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix in Rio de Janeiro, that they chose a lower ranked team to join Formula One (Larrousse was in its third season using Lola chassis') as it was felt at the early stage of its development the 3512 would not be able to do justice to one of the teams usually closer to the front of the grid. Also, the front running teams already had existing engine suppliers in place (McLaren with Honda, Williams with Renault, Benetton with Ford, and Ferrari who made their own V12 engines).

The Lamborghini V12 did impress many in 1989 despite its unreliability, and the engines best result in its first year came thanks to fast but accident prone Larrousse driver Philippe Alliot when he qualified his Lola LC89 in 5th position for the Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez, only 1.417 seconds slower than the V10 McLaren-Honda of pole winner Ayrton Senna. Alliot then backed up that performance by scoring the engine's first point in Formula One by finishing 6th in the race and setting the 4th fastest race lap in the process. Unfortunately, Alliot's teammate for the second half of 1989, former Ferrari driver Michele Alboreto, never came to grips with either the Lola or the Lamborghini. In his eight races for Larrousse he recorded four DNF's, two failures to pre-qualify, one failure to qualify, and a single 11th-place finish in Portugal.

The Lamborghini V12's best finish came when Larrousse driver Aguri Suzuki finished 3rd in the infamous 1990 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka. Its time in Formula One (1989-1993) would prove to be frustrating though as poor reliability became the norm for the engine, despite being used by Grand Prix winning teams such as Lotus and Ligier who could boast driving talent such as Derek Warwick (Lotus - 1990), and Thierry Boutsen (Ligier - 1991). In a 2014 interview, Warwick said of the 3512 that it was "All noise and no go".

In 1993 after four years in Formula One with only one significant result for the engine, Bob Lutz of Lamborghini's parent company Chrysler, did a hand-shake deal with McLaren boss Ron Dennis for the team to test the LE3512 to evaluate its potential as a race winner. McLaren made a modified version of their race car, the McLaren MP4/8 dubbed the MP4/8B, to test the engine (the test car took three months to modify to fit the longer and heavier V12 ). Testing was completed by triple World Champion Ayrton Senna, and future dual World Champion Mika Häkkinen at both the Silverstone Circuit in England and the Estoril circuit in Portugal. After his first drive of the car at Silverstone, Senna suggested certain changes to Forghieri (a less brutal 'top end' and a fatter mid-range), and he complied with engine power increased from 710 bhp to approximately 750 bhp and both drivers were very impressed despite the engine still being somewhat unreliable (Häkkinen reported a massive engine blow up while testing at Silverstone, though he did manage to lap the 5.226 km (3.260 mi) circuit some 1.4 seconds faster than the teams MP4/8 race car powered by a 680 bhp Ford V8 engine). According to reports, Senna even wanted to race the engine at the Japanese Grand Prix believing that while reliability might be a problem, at least he would be quicker than with the Ford powered race car (ironically Senna would win in both Japan and the last race in Australia with the existing MP4/8). Despite this however, Ron Dennis decided to go with Peugeot V10 engines in due to a better commercial agreement that would give long term stability to the team and at the end of the 1993 season, the Lamborghini LE3512 was retired from Grand Prix racing after the company was sold by Chrysler to an Indonesian investor group led by Tommy Suharto.

The Lamborghini, which on all cars it powered carried the words "Chrysler powered by Lamborghini" (other than the McLaren MP4/8B which was all virgin white, though the test engines were badged as Chrysler), was one of only five V12 engines used in the naturally aspirated era from 1989–2013, the others being from Ferrari (1989-1995), Honda (1991-1992), Yamaha (1991-1992), and Porsche (1991). The only other 12 cylinder engines in Formula One during this time were disastrous efforts by Life Racing Engines with their W12 engine and Subaru who reintroduced the Flat 12 to the sport, both appearing in the first half of 1990.

LE3512 power output

 * - 600 bhp
 * - 640 bhp
 * - 640 bhp
 * - 700 bhp
 * - 710 bhp
 * 1993 - 750 bhp (McLaren tests)

F1 statistics 1989-1993

 * Races - 80 (49 starts)
 * First Race - 1989 Brazilian Grand Prix at Jacarepaguá
 * First Chassis - Larrousse Lola LC88C
 * Last Race - 1993 Australian Grand Prix at Adelaide
 * Last Chassis - Larrousse LH93
 * Wins - 0
 * Pole Positions - 0
 * Podiums - 1 (3rd - 1990 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka, Aguri Suzuki, Larrousse Lola LC90)
 * Points - 20
 * Teams - Larrousse, Lotus (1990), Ligier , Modena Team (1991), Minardi
 * Best Qualifying - 5th, Philippe Alliot, Larrouse Lola LC89, 1989 Spanish Grand Prix at Jerez
 * Best Constructors' Championship - 6th, Larrousse, 1990 (11 points)
 * Best Drivers' Championship - 12th, Aguri Suzuki, 1990 (6 points)

title: Lamborghini V12