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Grape-Nuts

Grape-Nuts is a brand of breakfast cereal made from flour, salt and dried yeast, developed in 1897 by C. W. Post, a former patient and later competitor of the 19th-century breakfast food innovator Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. Post's original product was baked as a rigid sheet, then broken into pieces and run through a coffee grinder.

Marketing
Grape-Nuts was initially marketed as a natural cereal that could enhance health and vitality, and as a "food for brain and nerve centres." Its lightweight and compact nature, nutritional value, and resistance to spoilage made it a popular food for exploration and expedition groups in the 1920s and 1930s. In World War II, Grape-Nuts was a component of the lightweight jungle ration used by some U.S. and Allied Forces in wartime operations before 1944.

A 1939 ad campaign by cartoonist Walter Hoban continued his Jerry on the Job comic strip in Woman's Day magazine and daily newspaper comics pages. General Foods also marketed Grape-Nuts through a comics-style advertising campaign (a trailblazer in this regard) featuring a character named Little Alby, who gained inordinate strength after consuming a bowl of Grape-Nuts.

During the 1940s, comic books from various companies featured one-page comic-strip ads starring Volto from Mars, a finned red helmet-clad alien superhero visiting Earth, who, like all Martians, recharged his magnetic powers (his left hand repels, his right attracts) by eating "cereal grains", with him quickly developing a particular fondness for Grape-Nuts Flakes which he proclaimed "the best I ever tasted!"

In the 1960s, advertising promoted Grape-Nuts as the cereal that "fills you up, not out". Brand users, particularly mother/daughter look-alikes, were shown engaged in fitness activities such as tennis, horseback riding, skiing, and swimming. Also appearing during the "fills you up, not out" campaign were Rob Steffens and Peter Steffens as the characters from The Peter and Bobert Show, as well as Andy Griffith and Don Knotts as Sheriff Andy Taylor and Deputy Barney Fife.

This ad campaign produced one television commercial, which aired on television in 1968, that featured a catchphrase that became a target for numerous sketches and satirical mentions in media. Spanning the ensuing two decades and beyond, "Oh no, Mrs. Burke! I thought you were Dale!" was parodied on television variety show sketches, in the film The Kentucky Fried Movie, and in many episodes of Mystery Science Theater 3000. Fans continue to discuss the origin of this "riff" and have even developed products that feature the text, "I thought you were Dale."

A subsequent ad campaign generated another catchphrase, as Euell Gibbons became the spokesperson for the brand, promoting Grape-Nuts as the "Back to Nature Cereal.” The line "Ever eat a pine tree? Many parts are edible" drew attention to the product from consumers, as well as from comedians.

Grape-Nuts is credited as the first widespread product to use a coupon in sales promotion when C.W. Post Company offered a penny-off coupon to get people to try their cereal in the late 1890s. Until recent years, Grape-Nuts packaging set it apart from other cereals, in that no sealed film bag was used. It was sold in a cardboard box, with perforations similar to cardboard laundry detergent powder boxes, perforations could be broken to form a small opening for pouring, near the intersection of one of the narrow side faces and the top surface, rather than featuring lightly glued interlockable flaps at the top which could be separated to open the top face completely (for flake cereal).

At one time, Grape-Nuts was the seventh-most popular cold breakfast cereal, but sales declined as Post was sold from one company to another. Around 2005, it held less than 1% of the market. About this time, the formula was changed; the husks from milled grain were ground into the flour and the cereal was pitched as "whole grain", albeit at the cost of roughening the cereal's texture and detracting significantly from mouthfeel. The addition of vitamins and minerals allowed it to qualify for food-stamp programs.

History
There are two versions of the Grape-Nuts name's origin. One is that Post thought that what he referred to as “grape sugar” (glucose) was created when the product was baked. Since the product has a nutty flavor, he is said to have combined the two into "grape nuts." The second version is that product resembles grape seeds, or grape “nuts.”

Grape-Nuts sponsored Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd’s 1933 expedition to Antarctica, which resulted in the first two-way radio transmission. Maps of Admiral Byrd's expedition appeared on Grape-Nuts boxes at the time.

During World War II, Grape-Nuts were included in the Allied Forces jungle rations on missions to Panama and various other tropical locations.

In 1953, Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay brought Grape-Nuts along on their trek to the peak of Mount Everest when they became the first to reach the mountain's summit.

Due to production issues caused by the COVID-19 pandemic Grape-Nuts were temporarily discontinued in 2021 before returning in mid-March.

Ingredients
Modern-day original Grape-Nuts contain whole grain wheat flour, malted barley flour, salt, dried yeast, and the following added vitamins and minerals: iron, vitamin B3, zinc oxide, vitamin B6, vitamin B1, and folic acid. Grape-Nuts Flakes contain sugar as well.

According to the Grape-Nuts website, Grape-Nuts "actually contains neither grapes nor nuts". The name may have come from the cereal's resemblance to grape seeds, or from its nutty flavor; C. W. Post may also have intended it to refer to its content of glucose, which Post called "grape sugar."

Ice cream
Grape-Nuts ice cream is a popular regional dish in the Canadian Maritimes, the Shenandoah Valley, Panama, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and New England. One origin story is that it was created by chef Hannah Young at The Palms restaurant in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, in 1919. She created it when she ran out of fresh fruit to add to ice cream and decided to throw in some cereal. It proved popular at the restaurant and the Scotsburn Dairy company began mass-producing the ice cream variety, and it sold across the region. Variations of ice cream with Grape-Nuts are also called brown bread ice cream.

title: Grape-Nuts


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Ibn al-Shatir

ʿAbu al-Ḥasan Alāʾ al‐Dīn bin Alī bin Ibrāhīm bin Muhammad bin al-Matam al-Ansari  known as Ibn al-Shatir or Ibn ash-Shatir (ابن الشاطر; 1304–1375) was an Arab astronomer, mathematician and engineer. He worked as muwaqqit (موقت, timekeeper) in the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and constructed a sundial for its minaret in 1371/72.

Biography
Ibn al-Shatir was born in Damascus, Syria around the year 1304. His father died when he was six years old. His grandfather took him in which resulted in Ibn al-Shatir learning the craft of inlaying ivory. Ibn al-Shatir traveled to Cairo and Alexandria to study astronomy, where he fell in, inspired him. After completing his studies with Abu ‘Ali al-Marrakushi, Ibn al-Shatir returned  to his home in Damascus where he was then appointed muwaqqit (timekeeper) of the Umayyad Mosque. Part of his duties as muqaqqit involved keeping track of the times of the five daily prayers and when the month of Ramadan would begin and end. To accomplish this, he created a variety of astronomical instruments. He made several astronomical observations and calculations both for the purposes of the mosque, and to fuel his later research. These observations and calculations were organized in a series of astronomical tables. His first set of tables, which have been lost over time, allegedly combined his observations with those of Ptolemy, and contained entries on the Sun, Moon and Earth.

Astronomy
Ibn al-Shatir′s most important astronomical treatise was kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul ("The Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Principles"). In it he refined the Ptolemaic models of the Sun, Moon and planets. His model incorporated the Urdi lemma, and eliminated the need for an equant (a point on the opposite side of the center of the larger circle from the Earth) by introducing an extra epicycle (the Tusi-couple), departing from the Ptolemaic system in a way that was mathematically identical (but conceptually very different) to what Nicolaus Copernicus did in the 16th century. This new planetary model was published in his work the al-Zij al-jadid (The New Planetary Handbook.) Before the kitab nihayat al-sul fi tashih al-usul was made, there was a treatise that Ibn al-Shatir made which described the observations and procedures that lead to him creating his new planetary models.

Drawing on the observation that the distance to the Moon did not change as drastically as required by Ptolemy's lunar model, Ibn al-Shatir produced a new lunar model that replaced Ptolemy's crank mechanism with a double epicycle model that computed a more accurate range of distances of the Moon from the Earth.

Solar Model
Ibn al-Shatir's Solar Model exemplifies his commitment towards accurate observational data, and its creation serves as a general improvement towards the Ptolemaic model. When observing the Ptolemaic solar model, it is clear that most of the observations are not accounted for, and cannot accommodate the observed variations of the apparent size of the solar diameter. Because the Ptolemaic system contains some faulty numerical values for its observations, the actual geocentric distance of the Sun had been greatly underestimated in its solar model. And with the problems that had arisen from the Ptolemaic models, there was an influx of need to create solutions that would resolve them. Ibn al-Shatir's model aimed to do just that, creating a new eccentricity for the solar model. And with his numerous observations, Ibn al-Shatir was able to generate a new maximum solar equation (2;2,6°), which he found to have occurred at the mean longitude λ 97° or 263° from the apogee. As the method was deciphered through geometric ways, it was easy to identify that 7;7 and 2;7 were the radii of the epicycles. In addition, his final results for apparent size of the solar diameter were concluded to be at apogee (0;29,5), at perigee (0;36,55), and at mean distance (0;32.32). This was partially done by reducing Ptolemy’s circular geometric models to numerical tables in order to perform independent calculations to find the longitude of the planets. The longitude of the planets was defined as a function of the mean longitude and the anomaly. Rather than calculating every possible value, which would be difficult and labor-intensive, four functions of a single value were calculated for each planet and combined to calculate quite accurately the true longitude of each planet.

To calculate the true longitude of the moon, Ibn al-Shatir assigned two variables, η, which represented the Moon's mean elongation from the Sun, and γ, which represented its mean anomaly. To any pair of these values was a corresponding e, or equation which was added to the mean longitude to calculate the true longitude. Ibn al-Shatir used the same mathematical scheme when finding the true longitudes of the planets, except for the planets the variables became α, the mean longitude measured from apogee (or the mean center) and γ which was the mean anomaly as for the moon. A correcting function c3' was tabulated and added to the mean anomaly γ to determine the true anomaly γ'. As shown in Shatir's model, it was later discovered that Shatir's lunar model had a very similar concept as Copernicus. Ibn al-Shatir never gave motivation towards his two epicycles to be adopted, so it was hard to tell the difference between his model and the Ptolemaic model.

Possible influence on Nicolaus Copernicus
Although Ibn al-Shatir's system was firmly geocentric (he had eliminated the Ptolemaic eccentrics), the mathematical details of his system were identical to those in Copernicus's De revolutionibus. Furthermore, the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus paralleled the work of Ibn al-Shatir one century earlier. Ibn al-Shatir's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus. Copernicus also translated Ptolemy's geometric models to longitudinal tables in the same way Ibn al Shatir did when constructing his solar model. This has led some scholars to argue that Copernicus must have had access to some yet to be identified work on the ideas of Ibn al-Shatir. It is unknown whether Copernicus read Ibn al-Shatir and the argument is still debated. The differences between the two can be seen in their works. Copernicus followed a heliocentric model (planets orbit the Sun) while Ibn al-Shatir followed the geocentric model (as mentioned earlier). Also Copernicus followed the inductive reasoning while Ibn al-Shatir followed the Zij traditions. A Byzantine manuscript containing a solar model diagram with a second epicycle, was discovered to have been in Italy at the time of Copernicus. The presence of this eastern manuscript containing the ideas of Islamic scholars in Italy provides potential evidence of transmission of astronomical theories from the East to Western Europe.

Instruments
The idea of using hours of equal time length throughout the year was the innovation of Ibn al-Shatir in 1371, based on earlier developments in trigonometry by al-Battānī. Before the Islamicate scholar created the improved sundial, he had to understand the sundial created by his predecessors. The Greek had sundials too, but they had nodus-based with straight hour lines which meant that the hours in the day would be unequal (temporary hours) depending on the season. Each day was split into twelve equal segments which meant that the hours would have been shorter in the winter and longer in the summer due to the activity of the sun. Ibn al-Shatir was aware that "using a gnomon that is parallel to the Earth's axis will produce sundials whose hour lines indicate equal hours on any day of the year." His sundial is the oldest polar-axis sundial still in existence. The concept later appeared in Western sundials from at least 1446.

Ibn al-Shatir also invented a timekeeping device called "Sandūq al‐Yawāqīt li maʿrifat al-Mawāqīt" (jewel box), which incorporates both a universal sundial and a magnetic compass. He invented it for the purpose of finding the times of prayers. The "Sandūq al‐Yawāqīt li maʿrifat al-Mawāqīt" had a moveable hole in it which allowed the user to find the hour angle of the sun. If this angle was suitable with the horizon, then the user could use it as a polar sundial. This device is preserved in the museum of Aleppo (largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria). He also created a sundial which was placed on top of the Madhanat al-Arus (The Minaret of the Bride) in the Umayyad Mosque. The sundial was created on a slab of marble which was approximately 2 meters by 1 meter. The sundial being engraved on the marble was so that Ibn al-Shatir could read the time of the day in equinoctial (equal times) hours for the prayer times. This sundial was later removed in the eighteenth century and a replica was put in its place. The original sundial was placed in the Damascus archeology museum. He also created another sundial but in smaller dimensions (12 cm x 12 cm × 3 cm) to find out the prayer times of midday and the afternoon. This sundial was able to tell the local meridian and the direction of the mecca (located in Saudi Arabia). Other notable instruments made by him include a reversed astrolabe and an astrolabic clock. The astrolabe that he created was called the al‐āla al‐jāmiʿa (the universal instrument). This astrolabe was created by Ibn al-Shatir when he wrote on the ordinary planispheric astrolabe and when he wrote on the two most common quadrants (the astrolabic and the trigonometric varieties). These two common quadrants were modified versions of the sine quadrant. He also created a set of tables that had values of spherical astronomical functions for prayer times. The tables displayed the times for the morning, afternoon, and evening prayers. The latitude that was used to create the table was 34° (which was correspondent to a location north of Damascus).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ibn al-Shatir


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Agesipolis I

Agesipolis I (Ἀγησίπολις; died 380 BC) was the twenty-first of the kings of the Agiad dynasty in ancient Sparta.

Agesipolis succeeded his father Pausanias, while still a minor, in 394 BC, and reigned fourteen years. Upon the death of Pausanias, Agesipolis and his brother, Cleombrotus I, were both placed under the guardianship of Aristodemus, their nearest relative. Agesipolis came to the crown just about the time that the confederacy (partly brought about by the intrigues of the Persian satrap Tithraustes), which was formed by Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos, against Sparta, rendering it necessary to recall his colleague, Agesilaus II, from Asia; and the first military operation of his reign was the expedition to Corinth, where the forces of the confederates were assembled.

The Spartan army was led by Aristodemus, and gained a victory over the allies. In 390 Agesipolis, who had now come of age, was entrusted with the command of an army for the invasion of Argolis. Having procured the sanction of the Olympic and Delphic gods for disregarding any attempt which the Argives might make to stop his march, on the pretext of a religious truce, he carried his ravages still farther than Agesilaus had done in 393; but as he suffered the aspect of the victims to deter him from occupying a permanent post, the expedition yielded no fruit but the plunder.

In 385 the Spartans, seizing upon some frivolous pretexts, sent an expedition against Mantineia, in which Agesipolis undertook the command, after it had been declined by Agesilaus. In this expedition the Spartans were assisted by Thebes, and in a battle with the Mantineans, the Theban generals Epaminondas and Pelopidas narrowly escaped death. Agesipolis took the town by diverting the river Ophis, so as to put the low ground at the foot of the city walls under water. The basements, being made of unbaked bricks, were unable to resist the action of the water. The walls soon began to totter, and the Mantineans were forced to surrender. They were admitted to terms on condition that the population should be dispersed among the four hamlets, out of which it had been collected to form the capital. The democratic leaders were permitted to go into exile.

Early in 382, an embassy came to Sparta from the cities of Acanthus and Apollonia, requesting assistance against the Chalkidian League, who were endeavoring to compel them to join their confederacy. The Spartans granted it, but were not at first very successful. After the defeat and death of Teleutias in the second campaign in 381 Agesipolis took the command. He set out in 381, but did not begin operations until the spring of 380. He then acted with great vigor, and took Toroni by storm; but in the midst of his successes he was seized with a fever, which carried him off in seven days. He died in the town of Aphytis, in the peninsula of Pallene. His body was immersed in honey and conveyed home to Sparta for burial.

Though Agesipolis did not share the ambitious views of foreign conquest cherished by Agesilaus, his loss was deeply regretted by Agesilaus, who seems to have had a sincere regard for him. He was succeeded as king by his brother Cleombrotus I. Paul Cartledge, however, suggests that Agesilaus' grief was partly due to the loss of a malleable "partner in crime".

title: Agesipolis I


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Talk:Tai Po District

Seperate?
Should Tai Po District, which includes Tai Po, Ting Kok, Sai Kung North, Ping Chau, Lam Tsuen, and Tai Po New Town be separated in two articles, or as two sections in one article?

I suggest embedding. - Alexander the Mans 09:27, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

I feel this article is far not complete... any suggetions to fill up the gap? - Alexander the Mans 09:31, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Tai Po District Council.svg
File:Tai Po District Council.svg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a non-free use rationale. Using one of the templates at Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

-- Marchjuly (talk) 01:58, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tai Po District


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Talk:Hyperbolic geometry

The saddle diagram is inappropriate
While it is true that surfaces of negative curvature have a saddle-like appearance, it is known that the only Euclidean 2-dimensional surface of constant negative curvature is the pseudo-sphere which looks quite unlike the diagram shown. As far as I can see, the pseudo-sphere is not mentioned in the article although it has some historical importance. JFB80 (talk) 11:01, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Not just the pseudo-sphere. See the section "Surfaces of constant curvature" at http://roguetemple.com/z/hyper/models.php.TheKing44 (talk) 14:00, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

 * To JFB80: If the surface is finite in extent, having a boundary, then it does not have to be the pseudo-sphere. If you disagree, please provide a citation or a proof. JRSpriggs (talk) 21:29, 5 December 2018 (UTC)

 * To TheKing44: All these are models. Yes we all know models exist. What I mean is a surface in Euclidean space which is a hyperbolic space.
 * To JRSpriggs: The usual case is for infinite space and this is what is normally understood. Is there any mention of special finite Euclidean constructions in the article?. But anyway why are you so much against mentioning the pseudo-sphere? As I said it has historical importance. JFB80 (talk) 17:23, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

 * To JFB80: I am not opposed to mentioning the pseudosphere and, in fact, it is already mentioned several times in the article. I just disagreed with your statement about it being the only way to embed a hyperbolic 2-space into an Euclidean 3-space. Although now, I am not so sure that you were wrong. Also a small part of the pseudosphere might well look like that diagram. JRSpriggs (talk) 22:36, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

"Universal hyperbolic geometry" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Universal hyperbolic geometry. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 14:26, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

Geodesics in the hemisphere model
Regarding the section Hyperbolic geometry. Lethe described the geodesics in the hemisphere model as "semicircles orthogonal to boundary". I reverted him saying "some are, but some are not.". Then David Eppstein reverted me with the challenge "Describe one that is not.".

Any semicircle in the hemisphere which is orthogonal to the boundary must either pass through the point (0, 0, +1) or be the intersection of hemisphere with a vertical plane which does not pass through (0. 0. 0). Any geodesic in the hemisphere must be the intersection of the hemisphere with a plane which does pass through (0, 0, 0). For example, the plane y = z. It will meet the boundary at a 45 degree angle (i.e. not orthogonal). JRSpriggs (talk) 03:04, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * You are thinking of geodesics for the spherical geometry on the hemisphere, I think? It is a different geometry than the one described here and has different geodesics. Another way to think of the hemisphere model of hyperbolic geometry: take the Klein model (a disk or ball in Euclidean space in which the hyperbolic geodesics are represented as Euclidean straight line segments), think of this disk or ball as being the projection of a higher-dimensional Euclidean sphere, and lift the line segments vertically onto the upper hemisphere. The resulting representations of hyperbolic geodesics on the hemisphere are always the intersections of the hemisphere with vertical planes, producing exactly semicircles perpendicular to the boundary. —David Eppstein (talk) 07:09, 3 October 2020 (UTC)
 * To David Eppstein: Thank you for clarifying that and correcting my mistake. JRSpriggs (talk) 00:07, 5 October 2020 (UTC)

comparison_of_geometries.svg
Hi, thanks for your reversion pointing out my previous swapped curvature signs. Could you please detail how this diagram can be improved to your satisfaction? Cheers, cmɢʟee⎆τaʟκ 10:45, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

 * It is fine now that you corrected the signs of the curvature. JRSpriggs (talk) 21:14, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks, JRSpriggs. Much appreciated, cmɢʟee⎆τaʟκ 18:58, 9 October 2020 (UTC)

Lobachesky
removed the note that the mention of russian mathematician-plagiarist has more to do with Soviet Cold War propaganda than historical facts. This name is not used in any serious English-language source, in extreme cases it is mentioned as an alternative with a reference to the Iron Curtain. I think it is necessary to return this comment or completely remove inappropriate references to this mathematician. When I studied the topic of non-Euclidean spaces at the university (including the history of this branch of mathematics), I never heard that name. I think that says a lot. Attempts to turn Wikipedia into a stronghold of communist propaganda should not be allowed. 217.19.208.109 (talk) 15:27, 8 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm curious about which book would talk about the "history of this branch of mathematics" and not mention Lobachevsky, do you have any available references? Cheers, jraimbau (talk) 11:15, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

 * If there are any mentions, it happens only in the context of describing the propaganda by russians/communists, who in every field of science tried to come up with their own "discoverers". This is wildness and cannot be seriously mentioned on Wikipedia outside of the section on historical absurdities. There was a feeling that an article on such a neutral topic was written by absolutely biased editors, promoting their POV. 217.19.208.109 (talk) 18:18, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

 * This is just nonsense I'm not going to answer. I'm still curious about a reference on the history of geometry that doe not mention Lobachevsky in relation with hyperbolic geometry or that substitutes your wild claims, let me know if you find or recall one. Cheers, jraimbau (talk) 21:51, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

 * I assumed that this conversation would boil down to insults. I am 67 years old, and I will not allow myself to be treated like that! I have been using Wikipedia for over a dozen years, but I have never seen anyone allow the communists to promote their ideology here. Are you russian or do you work for them? 217.19.208.109 (talk) 00:36, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * You do know that when Lehrer used Lobachevksy's name in the song Lobachevsky (song), it was purely because it had the right number of syllables, and not because of any actual history, right? There is no serious dispute that Lobachevksy should be listed with Gauss and Bolyai as one of the founders of hyperbolic geometry, and the first to publish of the three. —David Eppstein (talk) 02:02, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I know I'm late to this discussion, but thanks a lot for a good laugh. –jacobolus (t) 04:30, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyperbolic geometry


text:
Talk:Tseung Kwan O

Untitled
Should Tseung Kwan O New Town, Tseung Kwan O village, and the Bay of Tsueng Kwan O be separated in three articles, or as three sections in one article?
 * The Tseung Kwan O village was the original location the place name "Tseung Kwan O" (將軍澳) referred to. The bay is named Junk Bay in English, although it is also "將軍澳" in Cantonese. The government adopted the names "Tseung Kwan O" and "將軍澳" for the new town development on the reclaimed lands from the Bay. — Instantnood 11:39, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Doesn't the name Junk Bay refer to the fact that rubbish was dumped here for reclamation? - Jlao04

Touched up a bit
I've touched up the article a bit, since it's the least service I can do for the town where I live :-p. Next step is to find some relevant sources to back up certain information on the page: (1) history of the name, (2) history of new town development. I'll also add a population section and cite the Census and Statistics Department website for that.--Lapin rossignol 16:04, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Merger?
Should this page be merged with Tseung Kwan O? - jlao   0  4  08:23, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Lost information?
Has someone cut about six sections from this article? I found a much longer mirror version at Netipedia: http://www.netipedia.com/index.php/Tseung_Kwan_O (of course this link may soon be updated to lose that info, but I've stashed it just in case)

1 Geography 2 Name 3 History 4 Tseung Kwan O Village 5 Population and Constituent Areas 6 Facilities 7 Transport 8 Industrial Estate 9 Shopping 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

In particular, this population info seems useful:

 * Population and Constituent Areas
 * According to statistics from the 2001 Census, the population of Tseung Kwan O New Town is around 290,095.

 * As Tseung Kwan O is not considered a formal entity in the census, the above population figure takes into account residents of the following areas in Sai Kung District which comprise Tseung Kwan O New Town: Hang Hau, Sheung Tak, Tsui Lam, Hong King, Po Lam, Yan Ying, Wan Hang, King Lam, Hau Tak, Fu Yu, Tung Ming, On Hong, and Kwon Ming.

Earthlyreason 09:06, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tseung Kwan O


text:
Talk:Ja'far Pishevari

Untitled
So someone put in a dispute notice without rasiing anything on the talk page. Refdoc 12:50, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Roozbeh added the NPOV tag on 18 Jul 2004, but I don't know why. I guess we can remove it. --Pouya 13:39, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I just realised, I think it is because the "South Azarbaijan" issue. There were a few edits here earlier and some edit warring on different places Refdoc 13:54, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

wikification and spin-off articles
while the issue of the secession is obviouly very interesting and article worthy, I do wonder whether the secession, the republic, the parrty etc should not get put all into one article and the remainder left as stubs/redirects. Refdoc 13:59, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Updates
I updated this stub a bit. -- Mrjahan October 21, 2006, 9:00 PM (UTC)

title: Talk:Ja'far Pishevari


text:
Empeg Car

The Empeg Car was one of the first in-car MP3 players developed. Originating in a personal project to build an in-car system that could perform MP3 playback in software, a British company called Empeg was formed in July 1998 to build a commercial version of the concept, this becoming available for sale in August 1999.

Although the original project employed an embedded PC board from Advantech running a Linux-based operating system, employing a 150 MHz Cyrix processor that was later upgraded to a 166 MHz Pentium, the Empeg Car was built around a system employing a StrongARM processor. Transfer of MP3 tracks to the player was facilitated by the provision of USB, Ethernet, and serial port connections. Initial production was limited to 400 units, after which the "mark II" version of the product, suitable for larger scale production, was to be offered from late 2000 onwards at an estimated starting price of around £900.

Prices started at $1,100 US for the 4GB version, reaching up to $2,400 for a 28GB unit that utilized two laptop drives (which was considered very large capacity at the time). The Empeg Car garnered quite a following and became beloved among the small group of users who bought one.

SONICblue - the former S3 company that had already acquired both the Rio line of MP3 portables by purchasing Diamond and the Rave-MP line by purchasing Sensory Science - took notice of the unit and decided the Empeg Car would fit into its plans. On November 1, 2000 Empeg was acquired by SONICblue Incorporated and the unit was renamed the Rio Car. The original British development team was rolled into the company and eventually took responsibility for all audio software development at SONICblue.

Unfortunately, SONICblue did not have a clear game plan with how to promote the Rio Car. Rio did little to market it and soon left it to languish. Despite their owners' strong devotion to the product, sales of new units were modest and on September 24, 2001 SONICblue discontinued the line. Fewer than 6000 players were ever produced.

Most of the resources, including people, code, and design work, behind the Empeg Car went into the following products:
 * Rio Receiver - Network enabled client for streaming music off a computer to anywhere in the home
 * Rio Central - A home stereo component that ripped CDs to MP3s and stored them on an internal hard drive. Supported Rio Receivers as clients.
 * Rio Karma - Portable 20gb music player

SONICblue went bankrupt in 2003, but the Rio division was purchased by D&M Holdings. The former Empeg employees still with Rio went on to produce the Rio Karma, the Rio Carbon, and several recent flash memory players. In 2005, D&M sold all of their audio player technology to SigmaTel, including all of the Empeg technology, and all of the patents, source code, and designs related to the Rio audio players. The former Empeg employees as well as other Rio technical employees are now employed by SigmaTel at their Austin, TX offices.

title: Empeg Car


text:
User:Karderio

Other account on french site :

title: User:Karderio


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/June Haver

June Haver
June Haver was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep.

Polish article about an actress. It has been listed on Pages needing translation for over two weeks and nobody has touched it during that time. I'm following the standard procedure for foreign language articles by listing it here after it has had a chance to be translated.
 * Comments copied from pages needing translation (not votes)
 * Polish, I think. Might be a text dump. Was marked as speedy originally. --jpgordon{gab} 17:46, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * It is Polish. Bart133 23:41, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll give it a stab. iMeowbot 14:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Okay, the old article was an IMDb rip translated to Polish. It's gone.  The current version could use more meat, but hopefully it's enough to get her a reprieve. Keep ? iMeowbot 16:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good work. Andrewa 17:06, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and thank you. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:03, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. [[User:Livajo|Ливай | ☺]] 02:26, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in current form. I think this can be removed from VfD because the original reason for proposing deletion is not applicable any more. - Andre Engels 02:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep in current form. No objection to removing from VfD. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:37, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep.--JuntungWu 13:50, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Ghost Busters

The Ghost Busters is a live-action children's sitcom that ran on CBS in 1975, about a team of bumbling detectives who investigate ghostly occurrences. Fifteen episodes were produced. The show reunited Forrest Tucker and Larry Storch in roles similar to their characters in F Troop.

The series is unrelated to the 1984 film Ghostbusters (although Columbia Pictures did pay Filmation a significant fee for a license to use the name). Like the film, the series spawned its own animated sequel in 1986.

The series utilizes slapstick, with scenes centered on the perpetual bumbling of the characters, good and evil alike. The series also makes references to classic cinema; the names "Spencer" and "Tracy" were taken from the actor Spencer Tracy, while the name Kong – not given to the gorilla – was an homage to King Kong.

Premise
Spencer, Tracy, and Kong, bumbling paranormal detectives, billed themselves as "The Ghost Busters." Kong (Tucker) was the leader of the trio with Spencer (Storch) as his partner, and Tracy (a gorilla, played by Burns) as their assistant who also drove their barely-functional jalopy. Their headquarters was situated in a run down office building in an unspecified city. Outside of normal office equipment, plus a large armoire on which Tracy hung numerous hats including his trademark beanie with a propeller, the office itself was also dilapidated, with peeling wallpaper and a pay phone near the door as the Ghost Busters' only means of communicating with prospective clients.

Spencer's name on the office door was misspelled "Spenser." His first name was given as Eddie in the second episode, "Dr. Whatsisname." Kong's first name was never mentioned in the original series.

Each episode consisted of the same formula: in the pre-credits teaser, a ghost or monster (usually accompanied by a half-witted sidekick), would manifest and vow to wreak havoc or vengeance on a particular person, the city, or even the world. After the credits, Kong would send Tracy and Spencer to a general store to get their next assignment from the unseen "Zero" (Scheimer). The tape-recorded message was usually hidden inside an everyday object such as a bicycle, typewriter, or toy. In a parodic homage to Mission: Impossible, the recording would end with Zero saying, "This message will self-destruct in five seconds"; after Tracy counted down the seconds, the message (and often the item in which it was hidden) would explode in Tracy's face.

The Ghost Busters' assignments would invariably take them to the same place, a spooky castle with an adjoining graveyard on the city's outskirts (Kong would point out that the castle was the only one in or near the city), and after a series of farcical chases, the ghouls would be cornered and dispatched back to the netherworld by a "Ghost De-Materializer", usually activated by Kong as he triumphantly shouted "Zap!"

Ghosts and monsters
The show frequently made use of ghostly characters and other characters from popular and literary culture, as well as real-life historical figures. These included:
 * Dr. Frankenstein and his monster
 * A Mummy
 * The Red Baron
 * The Canterville Ghost
 * Count Dracula
 * Billy the Kid
 * Belle Starr
 * The captain and first mate of the Flying Dutchman

Regular cast

 * Forrest Tucker as Kong
 * Larry Storch as Eddie Spencer
 * Bob Burns as Tracy (credited as the gorilla's "trainer")
 * Lou Scheimer as the voice of Zero

Production
In an interview conducted with Bob Burns III in 2007, he revealed that all 15 episodes were taped in a span of 9 weeks, every other day. Burns also revealed that the show did well enough in the ratings to warrant a second season, coming in at number two behind The Shazam!/ISIS Hour, but Filmation decided instead to put more money into its number-one program, thus canceling the show after one season. Though the series ended, reruns were broadcast for some time afterward.

Sequel
In 1986, after the success of the Columbia Ghostbusters film, the show was revived in animated format with Kong and Spencer's sons, Jake and Eddie Jr., inheriting their fathers' business (and Tracy the Gorilla) in Ghostbusters.

Home media
BCI Eclipse LLC (under its Ink & Paint classic animation entertainment label) (under license from Entertainment Rights PLC) released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 on April 17, 2007. This 2-Disc DVD boxset contains all 15 episodes from the original 1975 live-action series, uncut, re-mastered and transferred from the original broadcast videotapes, and presented in their original production order. It also contains extensive special features including interviews, photo galleries, rare footage and trailers from BCI's Ink & Paint brand. In addition, unlike many of BCI Ink & Paint's other Filmation releases, this DVD set appears to have been sourced from the original NTSC videotapes (the show having been recorded on tape rather than shot on film).

Prior to this, there were at least three VHS tapes released by Continental Video during the 1980s. These are now extremely hard to find. The show was billed as The Original Ghostbusters.

Australia received the complete series on DVD in a two-disc set on July 11, 2016.

As of 2009, this release has been discontinued and is out of print as BCI Eclipse has ceased operations.

Mill Creek Entertainment announced the re-release of the series on DVD.

title: The Ghost Busters


text:
Azerbaijan People's Government

The Azerbaijan People's Government (آذربایجان میللی حکومتی - Azərbaycan Milli Hökuməti; ) was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in northern Iran from November 1945 to December 1946. Like the unrecognized Republic of Mahabad, it was a puppet state of the Soviet Union. Established in Iranian Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijan People's Government capital was the city of Tabriz. It was headed by an ethno-separatist and communist government led by the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, which also followed a pan-Turkist discourse. Its establishment and demise were a part of the Iran crisis, an early event in the Cold War.

History
To supply the Soviet forces with war material through Iran, British and Soviet troops jointly occupied the country in August 1941. Soviet forces entering Iranian territory from the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR and British and Indian forces entering from Iraq soon took the control of the country. On 16 September, the British forced Reza Shah to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who ruled until 1979.

With the dethronement of Reza Shah in September 1941, Soviet troops captured Tabriz and northwestern Iran for military and strategic reasons. The Azerbaijan People's Government, set up by the Soviets, under leadership of Ja'far Pishevari was proclaimed in Tabriz in 1945. Lavrenti Beria was nominally in charge of the operation, but delegated it to Mir Jafar Baghirov, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan in Baku. The Democratic Party of Azerbaijan was also created by the direct order of Joseph Stalin and capitalized on some local people's dissatisfaction with the centralization policies of Reza Shah. It was supplied with money and weapons by the USSR. Stalin wanted to make pressure on Iran to get an oil concession in Iranian Azerbaijan. During this time, a revival of the Azerbaijani literary language, which had largely been supplanted by Persian, was promoted with the help of writers, journalists, and teachers from the Azerbaijan SSR. In the quest of imposing national homogeneity on the country where half of the population consisted of ethnic minorities, Reza Shah had previously issued in quick succession bans on the use of Azerbaijani language on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and, finally, in the publication of books.

The U.S. supported the Iranian complaint against Soviet actions lodged with the Security Council in Resolution 3 and Resolution 5; in mid December 1946, the U.S. supported the shah's government in sending the Iranian army to re-occupy Mahabad and Azerbaijan. The leaders of the Azerbaijan enclave in Iran fled to the Azerbaijan SSR, and the leaders of the Kurdish Republic were tried and sentenced to death. They were hanged in Chwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad in 1947.

1947's efforts centered on the issue of Soviet designs on Iran's northern oil resources. Following the election that year of a new Majlis, the newly elected deputies were reluctant to ratify the Soviet-Iranian oil agreement, which had been concluded under duress in March 1946 and had granted the Soviets 51% ownership and de facto control. On September 11, 1947, U.S. ambassador George V. Allen publicly decried intimidation and coercion used by foreign governments to secure commercial concessions in Iran, and promised full U.S. support for Iran to freely decide about its own natural resources. With this unequivocal encouragement, the Majlis refused to ratify the Soviet oil agreement on October 22, 1947; the vote was 102 to 2.

Establishment
The Firqah-i Dimukrat, or Azerbaijani Democratic Party (ADP), publicly announced its formation in Tabriz on 3 September 1945 by a group of veteran communists headed by Ja'far Pishevari. After the announcement, the communist, Soviet-supported Tudeh party dissolved its Azerbaijan chapter and ordered its members to join ADP. ADP expanded throughout Iranian Azerbaijan, and initiated a local coup d'état with help from Soviet army, who prevented the Iranian army from intervening. During the first week of September 1945, the Azerbaijani Democratic Party, led by Ja'far Pishevari, a long-time leader of the revolutionary movement in Gilan, declared itself to be in control of Iranian Azerbaijan, promised liberal democratic reforms, and disbanded the local branch of Tudeh. Later in September 1945, at its first congress, the Azerbaijani Democratic Party authorized the formation of a peasant's militia. This militia started a bloodless coup on 18 November 1945 and by 21 November they had captured all remaining government posts in the province, and Iranian Azerbaijan "became an autonomous republic under the direction of a 39-member national executive committee". The power seems to have been exercised by Mohammed Biriya, the Minister of Propaganda and head of the local secret police.

At the same time, the US was steadily increasing its military assistance to the Iranian government. Under pressure by the Western powers, the Soviet Union revoked its support of the newly created state and the Iranian military succeeded in re-establishing Iranian rule in November 1946. According to Tadeusz Swietochowski:"As it turned out, the Soviets had to recognize that their ideas on Iran were premature. The issue of Iranian Azerbaijan became one of the opening skirmishes of the Cold War, and, largely under the Western powers' pressure, Soviet forces withdrew in 1946. The autonomous republic collapsed soon afterward, and the members of the Democratic Party took refuge in the Soviet Union, fleeing Iranian revenge. In Tabriz, the crowds that had just recently applauded the autonomous republic were now greeting the returning Iranian troops, and Azerbaijani students publicly burned their native-language textbooks. The mass of the population was obviously not ready even for a regional self-government so long as it smacked of separatism."

Soviet support
Declassified documents from the Cold War implicates the USSR in forming the government of Pishevari by the direct orders of Stalin. The Soviet military supported the new autonomous entity and prevented the Iranian army from restoring governmental control over the area. After the Soviet withdrawal, Iranian troops entered the region in December 1946 and Pishevari and his cabinet fled to the Soviet Union. According to Prof. Gary R. Hess:

"On December 11, an Iranian force entered Tabriz and the Peeshavari government quickly collapsed. The Soviet willingness to forego its influence in (Iranian) Azerbaijan probably resulted from several factors, including the realization that the sentiment for autonomy had been exaggerated and that oil concessions remained the more desirable long-term Soviet Objective."

Dissolution
On 13 June 1946, an agreement was reached between the Central Government in Tehran and the delegates from Azerbaijan, headed by Pishevari. Under the agreement, Pishevari agreed to abandon the APG's autonomy, to relinquish its ministries and premiership, and to become once more part of Iran. Its parliament was to be transformed into a provincial council – a system recognized and provided for in the Iranian Constitution.

By mid-December 1946, the Iranian army, backed by the United States and the British, reentered Tabriz, thus putting an end to Azerbaijan People's Government after a full year of its existence. During the lawless interregnum, approximately 500 supporters of the Ferqeh were killed. According to the U.S. Supreme Court Justice, William O. Douglas, while the Red Army had been on its best behavior when stationed in Azerbaijan, the Iranian Army behaved as an occupying force and brutalized the local inhabitants. The beards of peasants were burned, their wives and daughters raped. Houses were plundered and livestock were stolen. The Army left a trail of death and destruction behind it.

Many of the leaders took refuge in the Azerbaijan SSR. Ja'far Pishevari died in a car accident in Baku in 1947. Prime Minister Kordary was jailed for many years by the Shah and later released due to the efforts of his brother Kazem Kordary.

title: Azerbaijan People's Government


text:
Talk:Ian Liddell-Grainger

POV
Is it POV to describe his father's castle as "rather splendid"? Thryduulf 23:30, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Marriage
He isn't included in the list at Royal Marriages Act 1772 as having received permission from the Queen to marry. Opera hat (talk) 13:21, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

The Much Honoured
This is a style given to Scottish lairds and feudal barons. He is not said to be either. Robin S. Taylor (talk) 18:12, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Ian Liddell-Grainger


text:
Gzhel (disambiguation)

Gzhel is a Russian style of ceramics.

Gzhel may also refer to:
 * Gzhel (rural locality), several rural localities in Russia
 * Gzhel railway station, a railway station on the Moscow–Kazan line in the vicinity of Gzhel (selo), Moscow Oblast
 * Gzhel (theater), a Russian dance theater of Vladimir Mikhailovich Zakharov

title: Gzhel (disambiguation)


text:
Honda Domani

The Honda Domani (ホンダ・ドマーニ) is a car made by Honda and marketed in east Asia, including Japan. The car was mutually developed during Rover's collaboration with Honda. It was introduced in November 1992, replacing the Concerto in Honda's lineup, although that model lasted until 1995 in Europe.

The Domani was another example of Honda taking one product and selling multiple versions at different dealership sales channels in Japan, called Honda Clio for the more upscale Domani, Honda Integra SJ at Honda Verno locations from 1996 to 2000.

This was while Honda Primo sold the mechanically identical but aesthetically different Civic Ferio, along with the Civic three and five door hatchbacks. "Domani" is Italian for "tomorrow". In Japan, the Domani was also rebadged as the Isuzu Gemini.

First generation: MA4-7 (1992–1997)
It is mechanically identical to the early 1990s version of the Honda Civic (chassis code EG) and production ended in 1997. The Domani sedan had 1.6-liter and 1.8-liter engines at first (from 1992 to 1997), and also a 1.5-liter gasoline engine from 1994 onwards. It was offered as a four-door sedan only, in Ri, Vi, Si, Si G and Ri F trims. The Si and Si G had the 1.8-liter engine installed.

In Europe, five-door hatchback and wagon variants were available, replacing the Concerto sedan and five-door hatchback. The United Kingdom received two VTi trims of the Domani ("Civic"), chassis codes MB6 (five-door hatch) and MC2 (five-door estate) with the 1.8-litre DOHC VTEC B18C4 4-cylinder engine. They were sold there as the Honda Civic.

The version for Japan also was available with Honda's Real-Time Four Wheel Drive System, especially on RiF models.

The Honda Domani has a very close relative in the saloon of the Rover 400, with which it shared virtually all its main components. Renamed the Rover 45 when facelifted in the end of 1999, it was also sold as the MG ZS from August 2001. The Rover/MG derivatives were produced, with numerous facelifts, until the Rover Group went into administration in April 2005, by which time the design was thirteen years old.

Second generation: MB3-5 (1997–2000)
The second generation was introduced on January 31, 1997. It was based on the EK Civic.

A version for the market of Canada of the second generation Domani was built alongside the Civic in Alliston, Ontario, called the Acura 1.6 EL. This car was also exported back to Japan and Taiwan as the Honda Domani. In Japan, the Domani was replaced by the Honda Fit Aria as the compact sedan at Honda Clio dealerships for the model year of 2002. In 2006, the EL is replaced by the Acura CSX in Canada.

title: Honda Domani


text:
Paekākāriki

Paekākāriki is a town in the Kāpiti Coast District in the south-western North Island, New Zealand, and one of the northernmost towns of the wider Wellington region. It lies 22 km north of Porirua and 45 km northeast of the Wellington CBD. The town's name comes from the Māori language and can mean "parakeet perch". Paekākāriki had a population of 1,665 at the time of the 2013 census, up 66 from the 2006 census.

Paekākāriki lies on a narrowing of the thin coastal plain between the Tasman Sea and the Akatarawa Ranges (a spur of the Tararua Ranges), and thus serves as an important transportation node. To the south, State Highway 59 climbs towards Porirua; to the north the plains extend inland from the Kāpiti Coast; at Paekākāriki the highway and North Island Main Trunk railway run close together between the coast and hills. Paekākāriki is also served by the nearby Transmission Gully and Kāpiti Expressway (both part of State Highway 1).

Etymology
The town's name comes from the Māori language Paekākāriki. Pae in Māori can mean 'perch' and kākāriki 'parakeet', so pae kākāriki can mean 'parakeet perch'. Though usually written in English without macrons, the New Zealand Geographic Board changed the official name to Paekākāriki on 21 June 2019.

The name was also spelled Paikakariki prior to 1905, but is recorded as Paekakariki as far back as 1850.

History
Prior to European settlement, the area was contested by Māori groups including Rangitāne and Muaūpoko. During the 1820s the war leader Te Rauparaha defeated and expelled the earlier inhabitants and claimed the region for Ngāti Toa and their allies. Ngāti Haumia, a hapū of Ngāti Toa, built their pa by the mouth of the Wainui steam at the northern end of Paekākāriki. Te Rauparaha, whose pa was on nearby Kapiti Island, died in 1849, the same year that a road connecting Paekākāriki with Porirua was completed. In 1850 the New Zealand Government resettled Wainui's inhabitants and merged their pa with the new settlement of Paekākāriki.

Paekākāriki's history has been intimately linked with the railway, and there is a museum at the Paekākāriki railway station commemorating this heritage. In 1886 the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company's line from Wellington to Longburn was completed, and Paekākāriki became an important stop on the journey. In 1908, the line was incorporated into the national network of the New Zealand Railways Department and became part of the North Island Main Trunk linking Wellington and Auckland, the North Island's most important line. In 1917, NZR withdrew dining cars from its passenger trains due to World War I economic difficulties and Paekākāriki became a main refreshment stop on the trip north; originally a temporary measure, the dining cars did not return for decades and Paekākāriki's status remained until the 1960s.

From 1940 the line south to Wellington through the new Tawa Flat deviation was electrified and at Paekakariki engines were changed, with a steam engine depot at Paekakariki. Electrified commuter services were also extended to Paekakariki. The locomotive depot gradually declined in importance due to changing motive power, and nowadays only FP/FT "Matangi" class electric multiple units are stabled here. The old steam locomotive depot is now the location of "The Engine Shed", the base of Steam Incorporated, one of New Zealand's premier railway preservation societies. The Paekakariki Station Precinct Trust has been established to manage the station area, including the museum and Steam Incorporated's depot, and firmly establish it as a historical and tourist attraction.

During the Second World War Paekākāriki served as a major base for US Marines fighting in the Pacific Campaign. There were three main camps, all situated in or adjacent to present-day Queen Elizabeth Park. At the height of the occupation there were over 20,000 Americans stationed in the region, significantly outnumbering locals. The camps were used for training purposes, as well as rest and recreation for those returning from the Pacific combat zone. Paekākāriki's steep surrounding hills proved suitable terrain for marching and mortar practice, whilst its beaches were used to stage amphibian invasions. They were the scene of an unfortunate tragedy in June 1943 when a landing craft was swamped by a wave during a nighttime training exercise. Nine men drowned in the heavy surf according to official figures; local rumour put the toll higher. The incident was not reported at the time due to wartime censorship provisions.

While the American base in Paekākāriki was only in existence for a few years it had an important and lingering impact on the region. Several local place names remain as reminders of this wartime presence. Tarawa Street, for example, commemorates one of the bloodiest battles of the Pacific War which locally based marines fought in directly after the camps were abandoned in October 1943.

Demographics
Paekākāriki is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area and covers 6.15 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Before the 2023 census, Paekākāriki had a smaller boundary, covering 5.89 km2. Using that boundary, Paekākāriki had a population of 1,746 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 78 people (4.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 144 people (9.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 711 households, comprising 831 males and 915 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.91 males per female. The median age was 44.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 327 people (18.7%) aged under 15 years, 222 (12.7%) aged 15 to 29, 930 (53.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 267 (15.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 89.3% European/Pākehā, 17.4% Māori, 3.1% Pasifika, 2.7% Asian, and 3.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 68.9% had no religion, 19.9% were Christian, 0.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.9% were Buddhist and 2.9% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 573 (40.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 126 (8.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $35,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 339 people (23.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 702 (49.5%) people were employed full-time, 267 (18.8%) were part-time, and 48 (3.4%) were unemployed.

Local government
Paekākāriki is administered by the Kāpiti Coast District Council and elects the Paekākāriki Community Board, one of the Council's four community boards.

Education
Paekākāriki School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of  as of.

In popular culture

 * The town was featured in the 1999 song "Paekakariki Beach", by the British rock group New Model Army. and in the 1948 song "Paekakariki, the land of the Tiki" by Ken Avery.
 * The town also appeared in an animated documentary by the Simmonds Brothers, entitled: "Paekakariki: Center of the Universe".
 * The American writer Leon Uris was stationed as a marine in Paekākāriki during World War II. He drew on his experiences there when writing his first novel Battle Cry.
 * An album entitled "Paekakariki Moon" by Warwick Murray, featuring songs written and sounds recorded in the town, was released in 2017.

title: Paekākāriki


text:
Ōtaki River

The Ōtaki River is in the southwestern North Island of New Zealand. It originates in the Tararua Range and flows for 45 km, heading southwest through a valley in the Tararua Ranges. It turns northwest in the area of Ōtaki Forks, where it is joined by the Waiotauru River. After continuing through Otaki Gorge towards Kāpiti Coast, it crosses State Highway 1 (SH1) south of Ōtaki and reaches the Tasman Sea south of the settlement of Ōtaki Beach.

The Ōtaki River is one of the major rivers that formed the fertile floodplains of the Kāpiti Coast. The Ōtaki Forks area, accessible via Otaki Gorge Road, is a popular recreational area and the start of several tramping tracks into the Tararua Range.

The Ōtaki River also offers fishing of brown trout and whitebait.

It was reported in 1863 that the river contains "what appears to be vein stones of carbonate, of lime in soft slate, are found in grade quantities."

title: Ōtaki River


text:
User talk:Az Paz

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Wants you to vote!]] 13:21, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Years Of Rice And Salt (band)
A tag has been placed on Years Of Rice And Salt (band) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band or musician, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you.  ceran  thor 22:25, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Az Paz


text:
Northeast Frontier Railway zone

The Northeast Frontier Railway (abbreviated NFR) is one of the 19 railway zones of the Indian Railways. It is headquartered in Maligaon, Guwahati in the state of Assam, and responsible for operation and expansion of rail network all across Northeastern states and some districts of eastern Bihar and northern West Bengal.

Divisions
Northeast Frontier Railway is divided into 5 divisions: Each of these divisions is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager, a Senior Administrative Grade officer of the rank of Joint Secretary to Government of India. The departmental setup at headquarters level and divisional setup in the field assists the General Manager in running the railways. Various departments namely engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal & telecom, operations, commercial, safety, accounts, security, personal and medical are headed by a Senior Administrative Grade / Higher Administrative Grade officer, provide technical and operational support to the divisions in train operations.
 * Katihar railway division
 * Alipurduar railway division
 * Lumding railway division
 * Rangiya railway division
 * Tinsukia railway division

History
In 1881, the Assam Railway and Trading Company opened a metre gauge line 65 km long from Dibrugarh to Makum. This company later started the first passenger train in Assam by the name of Dibru–Sadiya Railway. The North Eastern Railway was formed on 14 April 1952 by amalgamating two railway systems: the Assam Railway and Oudh and Tirhut Railway. Later, it was bifurcated into two railway zones on 15 January 1958, the North Eastern Railway and the Northeast Frontier Railway. to better serve the needs of the northeastern states.

Operational area

The area of Northeast Frontier Railway operations is characterized by exceptional beauty and at the same time by some of the most arduous terrain. This difficult terrain limits the rail network expansion, and the only state with a decent rail network is Assam. The network is not broad gauge in many parts and the rail lines are antiquated with speeds at some sections being limited to a maximum of 30 km/h. Before the Saraighat Bridge was constructed, passengers had to get down on the Amingaon side of the Brahmaputra and take a ferry across to Pandu Junction from where they could resume their journey. The majority of the tracks have been converted to BG and electrification is in process starting from Katihar till Guwahati.

Major sections
A few of the major sections under the Northeast Frontier Railway zone are:
 * Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line
 * New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section
 * New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section
 * Rangiya–Murkongselek section
 * Guwahati–Lumding section
 * Lumding–Dibrugarh section
 * Silchar–Sabroom section
 * Katihar–Siliguri section
 * Katihar–Jogbani branch line
 * Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line
 * New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line
 * Barauni–Guwahati line

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway is maintained and governed under the responsibility of Katihar division. It ascends 6850 ft from New Jalpaiguri; the climb begins at Sukna, continues uninterruptedly to Ghum (7407 ft) and descends the final 5 mi to Darjeeling. After independence, India's partition resulted in the isolation of the Northeast region. Consequently, the DHR was merged into Assam Railways, it was closed for the construction of the Assam–Bengal link line and one of its extension lines to Kishanganj was converted to metre gauge. DHR's other extension line to Kalimpong was washed away due to floods. On reopening, the DHR was merged with North Eastern Railway in 1952 and later into Northeast Frontier Railway in 1958.

The DHR achieved worldwide fame for many reasons such as:

 * A gateway to the Himalayas
 * The tiny four-wheeled steam locomotives of the 19th century
 * The curves, loops, "Z"s and steep grades crisscrossing the road

An interest in DHR all along has ensured that it continues to operate notwithstanding very heavy losses. The steam locomotive is an icon of this Railway. Tindharia workshop has kept 13 locomotives surviving, some of which are over 100 years old and the youngest is about 70 years old.

Timeline of DHR:

 * 20 January 1948: Purchased by the Government of India
 * 26 January 1948: Transferred to Assam Rail Link
 * 26 January 1950: Transferred to Assam Railway
 * 14 January 1952: Transferred to North Eastern Railway
 * 15 January 1958: Transferred to Northeast Frontier Railway

Loco sheds

 * Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri
 * Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Malda Town
 * Diesel Loco Shed, New Guwahati
 * Diesel Loco Shed, Mariani

Sicklines & Pitlines

 * Dibrugarh Coaching Depot, Dibrugarh
 * Pitline, Dibrugarh
 * N.F.Railway Mechanical Workshop, Dibrugarh
 * Coach Maintenance Depot/Sickline, Guwahati
 * Pitline, Guwahati
 * Pitline, New Guwahati
 * New Bongaigaon Carriage & Wagon Workshop, New Bongaigaon
 * Coach Maintenance Depot, Kamakhya
 * Automatic Coach Washing Pitline, Kamakhya
 * Silchar Coaching Depot, Silchar
 * Pitline, Silchar
 * DEMU cum Sick Shed, Agartala
 * Pitline, Agartala
 * Routine Overhaul(ROH) Depot, New Tinsukia
 * Tinsukia Carriage Depot, Tinsukia

Major stations
These are the major railway station which have large numbers of passenger frequencies and stoppages of trains in the zone.

title: Northeast Frontier Railway zone


text:
Talk:Ayerbe

[Untitled]
My English is not 100%, I agree, but this article is written in almost ununderstandable English. Can someone please take a look and make it readable. Thanks, --Jeroenvrp 13:22, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ayerbe


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User talk:Alfrem

Please refrain from personal attacks in edit summaries. For instance you wrote, in, "-POV, buffoon!". Please restrict your comments in the edit summary to a description of what you have modified in the article. - Ta bu shi da yu 04:14, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think you need to seriously consider your current behavior. Posting bogus claims of vandalism ( Vandalism in progress) because some other editors dislike your edits, or find them idiosyncratic, is a real breach of etiquette. You might find it more profitable, and possibly get someone to agree with you if you actually engaged in a dialog rather than throwing around spurious vandalism claims. Saswann 12:00, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * BTW, new entries on that page go at the top Saswann 12:04, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

You've recently made edits to Libertarianism that have been challenged and reverted, and the request has been made that you present evidence for your assertion. Please provide the references instead of just re-introducing your changes without comment, quacks and walks like vandalism otherwise. Chairboy 17:16, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Three revert rule
While you're looking up the axioms and ideologies, best keep in mind the Three revert rule. Rhobite 06:59, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Libertarianism x 2
I've found more than half a dozen sources, Alfrem. You've found zero. Just to review, they are:
 * 1) A professor teaching about different political philosophies including libertarianism
 * 2) about.com
 * 3) A libertarian web publication
 * 4) The Los Angeles Times
 * 5) another encyclopedia
 * 6) a think tank
 * 7) a book that describes the ideas of a libertarian philosopher on democracy, law, and constitutions (if that's not political philosophy, I don't know what is)

Additionally, I now submit the following sources, mostly professors:
 * 1) Robert Nozick was a "libertarian political philosopher (according to a senior fellow of the liberal Brookings Institution, and also according to a University of California Philosophy Professor that clearly knows more about this than either of us)
 * 2) Hans-Hermann Hoppe was a libertarian political philosopher as well (according to a distinguished economics professor)
 * 3) "libertarian political philosophy... presents a powerful case for natural rights and private justice," according to another professor.

That's eleven sources to your zero. Please don't make your changes again without a pretense of finding sources. I've already informed you about Wikipedia's policies on disrupting Wikipedia to make a point and on original research. If this continues, I'll seek action from administrators.

Dave (talk) 17:20, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

Number 1. is speacking from "small government" and "Libertarian Party". You can't expect that I check this nonsense all again. I need only one reasoned evidience, when you have one. So which is one? --Alfrem 17:34, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know which "number one" you're talking about, but they should all be sufficient. If you consider the fact that a libertarian philosopher wrote about constitutions to be "good enough", then #7 is the best.  If you consider newspapers to be good enough, then #5 would work (it's an article from the Los Angeles Times reprinted word-for-word on another site).  If you think that professors and think tank experts are authoritative, then any of the new sources (the second group of sources) should be good enough.  Regardless, due to the policy on Original Research, any one of those sources should be enough unless you provide one of your own. Dave (talk) 18:32, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * The nunber 7 is a liberal philosophy of classic liberalist Hayek. Your are not able to differ between libertarian and liberal. I don't will have longer time for you. bye. --Alfrem 19:02, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

As I already told you, Hayek's "liberalism" is the same as libertarianism in the United States. I even gave you a link. Here's a quote: "In the United States, where it has become almost impossible to use "liberal" in the sense in which I have used it, the term 'libertarian' has been used instead." Since you obviously don't pay attention to the sources I provide, I won't burden you with any more. but if you continue to disrupt the Libertarianism article, I will report you for that and for original research. Dave (talk) 19:12, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * You are so silly! Hayek couldn't use his term "liberal" in America and used "libertarian" for "liberal" instead. And you mean that liberal would be the same. --Alfrem 19:41, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Libertarianism
I would prefer not to have to file an RFC on your behaviour. Please stop reverting Libertarianism to remove footnotes and the wikilink to political philosophy, You have so far not given us any compelling reason why it is not a political philosophy, and quite a few people are asking you to stop reverting that page. If you continue this behaviour, you risk being seen as deliberately disrupting Wikipedia. - Ta bu shi da yu 23:44, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No, you must give the evidience. Your POV! You make the same politcal nonsense against me. 1:"a few people" --Alfrem 00:11, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User conduct RFC
Due to your constant reversion of Libertarianism and your unwillingness to provide evidence to back up your POV, I have placed evidence of your conduct on RFC. I have done this so that the community may review what has happened and to comment on what they see is happening. The Wikipedia community will be given a chance to make comment and suggestions as to whether you have been fair and reasonable, or whether you have been unfair, disruptive and displayed a willingnes to push your POV at the expense of all other points of view. I would recommend that you provide a response in the relevant section of this RFC. - Ta bu shi da yu 29 June 2005 01:34 (UTC)

Anarcho-Capitalism
I am asking you nicely to refrain from deleting content from the anarcho-capitalism article until you collect refrences that explain what it is you're doing. If for no other reason than the fact that you cannot explain it yourself to anyone's satisfaction.Saswann 30 June 2005 13:29 (UTC)

David Friedman
You changed the David Friedman article to suggest that he was an anarchist rather than a libertarian. This is not true, please stop messing with articles about Libertarianism. Edward 2005-06-30 18:36:10 (UTC)

 * He's not an anarchist?! —Tamfang 06:37, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Arbitration Committee request filed
I have filed an ArbCom request because of your behaviour on Libertarianism. I have tried to reason with you numerous times, to no avail. Please respond on the page Requests_for_arbitration. - Ta bu shi da yu 7 July 2005 08:49 (UTC)

 * I have. Your last answer was "brick wall". --Alfrem 7 July 2005 08:52 (UTC)

 * This does not bode well for you, and I will be adding this to the evidence page if the ArbCom accepts the case. - Ta bu shi da yu 7 July 2005 09:00 (UTC)

 * evidence for what? --Alfrem 7 July 2005 09:13 (UTC)

 * POV pushing and revert warring. - Ta bu shi da yu 7 July 2005 23:50 (UTC)

The RFC page
The page is not "locked" to other contributors. Please do not revert again. - Ta bu shi da yu 7 July 2005 23:54 (UTC)

From Administrators%27_noticeboard/3RR: ''The 3RR is intended as a means to stop sterile edit wars. It does not grant users an inalienable right to three reverts every twenty-four hours.'' Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy, and legalistic game-playing won't protect you from the consequences of your undisguised intentions and actions. --Calton | Talk 8 July 2005 05:56 (UTC)

 * My undisguised intension is only NPOV. --Alfrem 8 July 2005 07:48 (UTC)

 * Bilge. Let me highlight the parts you skipped over, so you can't miss them. You undisguided intention is to continously attempt to impose your idiosyncratic definition, under the lawyeresque assumption that if you stick to bureaucratic rules that the bureaucracy is powerless to stop you.

 * Except that Wikipedia is not a bureaucracy, and is free to collectively bend, alter, or interpret the RULES IT SETS FOR ITSELF. And it has explicitly stated -- in the above quote -- that endless reversions will not be tolerated. Was that clear, or do you need a larger typeface to read it? --Calton | Talk 9 July 2005 03:47 (UTC)

 * Oh, and since you seem so fond of rules-lawyering, perhaps you should acquaint yourself with Don't disrupt Wikipedia to make a point regarding your kneejerk reversions. Or are Wikipedia rules something that only applies to other people? --Calton | Talk 9 July 2005 03:51 (UTC)

 * NPOV is not Don't disrupt Wikipedia to make a point. But "kneejerk" is your POV and obvious what you like. --Alfrem 9 July 2005 07:49 (UTC)

I'm listing you for violating the three revert rule on Libertarianism and the politics and elections/democracy template, and so you will probably be blocked for 24 hours. I have also reported your behavior to the arbitration committee, asking them to block you until they reach a decision about what to do with you. Repeatedly reverting everything I do across multiple articles doesn't make you look very good. Dave (talk) July 9, 2005 15:20 (UTC)

NPOV looks always good. But not your point of view. No evidence. --Alfrem 05:31, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Ummm...
... don't know quite how to point this out to you gently, but the following sources you provided on Talk:Libertarianism:
 * "Libertarians buy into the system to a still lesser degree. We need a distinction between political and non-political Libertarians. Political Libertarians seek to bring about freedom via political means to change the political system. They have bought into the system in that they employ political means.
 * Non-political Libertarians reject political means to bring about freedom. They tend to buy into the system to a lesser degree than political Libertarians, but they still tend to believe they can't be free unless the political system is changed. They may focus on educational activities such as distributing literature and writing letters to newspapers. They've bought into the system to the extent they believe they must obey the system and the system must be changed for them to be free." Frederick Mann - http://www.mind-trek.com/reports/tl50c.htm

and

 * "Libertarianism is typically formulated as a theory of the permissible use of force. This political libertarianism holds that the use of force is permissible just in case it violates no one's libertarian rights (e.g., is consensual or is necessary to prevent a rights violation). Here we will briefly note two other topics that libertarianism could be taken to address. One is moral permissibility in general. Libertarianism, that is, could be taken as giving a full moral theory of permissible action. This ethical libertarianism says that an action is permissible just in case it violates no one's libertarian rights. This is a much more radical doctrine than political libertarianism. For it denies that there are any impersonal duties and that there are any non-enforceable duties owed to others. Most political libertarians probably reject ethical libertarianism." - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/#5

actually mean that there are Libertarians who believe that it is a political philosophy. This directly contradicts your statements you have made several times that Libertarianism does not involve itself with politics at all.

I am trying to reconcile these two conflicting comments you have made. Would you care to explain further? - Ta bu shi da yu 03:03, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no contradiction. You have made the generalization about _all_ Libertarians. When you aim to limited government, then it is political, but it is not _the_ libertarian philosophy. --Alfrem 07:31, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration accepted
Requests for arbitration/Alfrem has been accepted. There is a pending temporary injunction at Requests_for_arbitration/Alfrem/Proposed_decision. Fred Bauder 13:23, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Temp injunction
The arbitration committee has issued a temporary injunction, prohibiting you from editing libertarianism pending the outcome of your arbitration case. →Raul654 20:00, July 13, 2005 (UTC)

Final decision
The arbitration commitee has reached a final decision in the Requests for arbitration/Alfrem case →Raul654 22:13, August 12, 2005 (UTC)

You have been blocked
You are blocked for a period of 48 hours for violating the ban imposed on you against editing Libertarianism and its related articles. If you would like to make more constructive edits, you are welcome to do so once the block expires. --Ryan Delaney talk 21:39, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alfrem


text:
Talk:Turpentine

Questions

 * 1) What is "mineral" turpentine?
 * 2) What are the consequences of turpentine poisoning?

This is from http://www.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2005/87-7614-644-8/html/kap06_eng.htm

Used as extraction liquid, cleaning liquid, degreasing product and as solvent in a number of product types, including paint.

 * 1) Mineral turpentine is a complex mixture of substances defined as: ”Low-boiling unspecified naphtha – A colourless, refined raw oil distillate free of rancid or repellent odours, with a boiling point interval of approximately from 149°C to 204°C”.

Mineral turpentine is thus a mixture of branched and equal-chained paraffins, naphthans and alkyl aromatic carbonhydrids.

As it is a complex mixture it is not possible to state an exact molecular weight or an unambiguous molecular structure.

Mineral turpentine (stoddard solvent) is a clear liquid with a characteristic odour.

 * 1) Mineral turpentine shows acute, narcotic effects on the central nervous system {12}. Inhalation of vapours leads to headache, dizziness, intoxication and seisures. At very high concentrations there may be fainting and death {1}.

Symptoms after inhalation includes effects on the central nervous system from slight discomfort such as dizziness and headache to reduced performance in neuro-phsycological tests. In serious cases, chronic brain damage has been diagnosed {1}.

-- FirstPrinciples 13:28, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * "mineral" turpentine would be turpentine substitute - I'll set up some redirects.
 * Not too sure, but it is easy enough to find Hazchem data for turpentine, such as half way down this link or . Most search results will be for mineral turpentine, so check that you are looking at the right data sheet.
 * The general summary would seem to be: inhaled in large quantities - can cause inflamation of the throat and lungs and is likely to cause dizziness, drowsiness and nausea. If swallowed - its likely to also cause vomiting and diarrhoea and can get coughed into the lungs, in which it is likely to cause severe lung damage leading to pulmonary edema. -- Solipsist 14:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) How to safely dispose of turpentine?

Bold on redirects
Hi MPF - I just noticed your un-bolding on turpentine. Its actually in the Wiki manual of style that alternative names for an article should be in bold. I think there is a better reference somewhere, specifically relating to en-bolding words from REDIRECT links (but I can't find it just now). I put the bolds in after creating a bunch of redirects this afternoon, following a comment on the talk page. On the other hand, I'm conflicted, as I would also agree that it gives these less common names undue emphasis. -- Solipsist 20:30, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi Solipsist - my feeling is make them bold if there's just one or two major alternative names, but when there's several similar ones as in this case (and all derivatives of the main name), then making them all bold clutters things up a bit too much. - MPF 21:10, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm tempted to agree. Its a combination of this being a fairly short article, and some of the redirects being obscure or old fashioned - this can't be too uncommon, but lets ignore the Manual of Style for most of the terms in this case. Perhaps 'turps' should still be in bold, although that one is also trouble in that most current uses of the name 'turps' is a careless reference to turpentine substitute. Perhaps there should be a disambing page for 'turps' on its own. I set up the original redirect for 'turps', but now feel it might be misleading to make it a straight redirect to turpentine. -- Solipsist 21:26, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Good idea on making turps a disambig page, as most times it will mean the substitute. I've also just converted paint thinner from a redirect here to a redirect to the substitute, as all the pages linking to it were fairly clearly referring to the substitute - MPF 21:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * OK done. -- Solipsist 22:48, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Chemical Structure
Does anybody know of the chemical structure of turpentine? I could not find it on google at all. As it is C10H16 it dosen't follow the standard hydrocarbon naming format.. but my best guess would be cyclodecayne. Chemical Structure: (using E to signify a triple bond) |   C E C - C   /         | \ -C-          -C- |            | -C-           -C- \ |  |   | /    C - C - C    |   |   | Grade 11 chemistry at it's finest ;) Could someone with a better chem background help? --142.177.87.18 04:11, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Grade 3 grammar at ITS (not it's) finest.  140.147.236.194 (talk) 13:10, 20 October 2009 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Ok, on second glance I found the following possibilities:

5-Isopropyl-2-methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene

6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane

1-Isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene

1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzene

2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene

(1R)-2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene

(1R)-6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane

(1S)-2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene

(1S)-6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane

(R)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene

(S)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene

5-Isopropyl-2-methylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene

But which one is it? --142.177.87.18 04:27, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Terpentine is actually a mixture of different hydrocarbons including pinene, terpinene and other terpenes. The actual constituents can vary depending on the source, method of manufacture, etc.  The chemical formula given in the article in basically an average of the combined constituents, not the chemical formula for a single organic compound.  If you look at Dictionary of chemical formulas/Merge/C10, there are a number of chemicals with the formula C10H16 and many of those are found in terpentine.  Edgar181 12:44, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

Drinking turpentine
On the recent addition on a news story about drinking turpentine to try and induce an abortion - it seems more likely that this has been slightly misreported and probably involved drinking turpentine substitute, so perhaps should be moved to that article. -- Solipsist 06:34, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed the addition. The article makes no claim that drinking turpentine can be lethal and I don't see the point in listing all the things that turpentine isn't used for.  The article NFPA 704 says that turpentine would cause irritation with only minor residual injury.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Phoenix Hacker (talk • contribs) 04:46, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Boiling point vs. flash point
Admittedly, I don't know much about chemistry, but are the boiling point and flash point of this substance reversed? How can the flash point be so much lower (or lower at all, for that matter) than the boiling point? Buck Mulligan 05:04, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The articles on Flash point, Boiling point and Vapour pressure give pretty good explanations for this. I don't know much about chemistry either, but I think it is normal for the flash point to occur at a temperature lower than the boiling point. To reach the flash point of a combustable liquid you just need a reasonable concentration of vapour above the surface of the liquid, just enough for combustion to start. All(?) liquids evaporate at temperatures below their boiling point, as explained in the Vapour pressure article. You can see this if you fill a bath of hot water. The bath water will probably be around 30°C, well below its boiling point at 100°C, but you will still see plenty of steam rising from the hot bath. -- Solipsist 14:07, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Other kinds of turpentine
I know very little chemistry, but I am reading an encyclopedia article (Maxwell, Jeanine M. "Turpentine." World Book Online Reference Center. 2007. 27 June 2007)  []  which says that 30% of turpentine is distilled from resin, but that 70% of turpentine is sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of paper production. This Wiki article seems to be saying that all turpentine is gum turpentine -- distilled from resin. Please understand that I am truly ignorant, and I ask because I wonder if the World Book article's information is possibly out-of-date? Is gum turpentine now the most common form produced? NaySay 14:40, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think this issue was already discussed. I'll see if I can find it for you.SamanthaG (talk) 20:52, 25 September 2008 (UTC)

Dubious
Our hazard section claims that turpentine burns the skin. This is nonsense. Along with many artists and anyone who has ever done shop class at school, I have frequently had it all over my hands with no irritation at all. In fact it was formerly widely used as burn treatment, and still a component in many approved medicines intended to be applied to the skin. Googling for MSDSs, I see that some claim that prolonged contact may cause dermatitis. Taking into account the tendency of MSDSs to be extremely cautious (to avoid getting sued), this is obviously a very long march short of "burns the skin." In our comments about vapour, we might also note that the OSHA time-weighted PEL is 560 ppm, which is not particularly severe for a volatile organic solvent (e.g. PEL for gasoline is 300 ppm.) -- 202.63.39.58 (talk) 01:26, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * - I changed this from "burns" to "irritates" for the time being. In common parlance burning is something that involves heat and oxidation. If turpentine causes a "burning sensation" or causes "chemical burns" then that could be addressed specifically. cheers -Fletch - January 4th 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.200.179.234 (talk) 07:26, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

History Question
When did people first distill turpentine? How long has it been in use? Artemis-Arethusa (talk) 13:45, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

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VOC laws
EPA requires limiting Volatile Organic Compounds so most paint is no longer solvent based, or emulsified in water as the solvent. Industry commonly uses powder coating (the paint is in solid form) to avoid VOC issue and because less paint is wasted. Shjacks45 (talk) 09:56, 4 July 2019 (UTC)

More Physical properties needed
This article needs something like the Physical properties table in White spirit to compare the various versions- gum (from different trees), wood, and sulfate, to compare with the petroleum substitutes. Maybe a table containing everything, and used in both articles?71.230.16.111 (talk) 05:19, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Turpentine