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Tokyo Marui

Tokyo Marui Co. Ltd (株式会社東京マルイ) is a Japanese toy company located in Adachi, Tokyo, famous for manufacturing toy cars and pioneering the design of battery-powered airsoft guns. Their products are principally sold in Japan, but are also exported worldwide.

The company had its own center for airsoft sport called Tokyo Marui BB Sports Field which was operated during 2009 and 2010. Their guns have appeared in numerous movies and it has merchandising arrangements with many games.

Automatic electric guns
Tokyo Marui was the first company to introduce airsoft guns powered solely by electric motor gearbox-driven spring-piston assembly in 1992, which they called "automatic electric gun" (AEG). This compact air pump system was implemented in their first battery-powered automatic firing replica, the FAMAS F1. Other airsoft guns were then introduced. The 3-gear AEG design developed by Tokyo Marui is still in use today, and has been copied numerous times through the years by many other airsoft manufacturers.

Tokyo Marui's airsoft replicas were made primarily from ABS plastic bodies, but also used metal parts where needed. Their more recent models, such as the Type 89 and AK-74M rifles have had full metal externals. The internal gearboxes of these guns are primarily powered by rechargeable batteries. A standard, unmodified Tokyo Marui gearbox will fire 0.20 g airsoft pellets at 240 to 300 ft/s — around 0.8 to 0.9 J of muzzle energy – depending on the model. These gearboxes may be modified for higher performance with aftermarket parts, but Japanese law limits their power output to 0.98 J.

Tokyo Marui makes the following AEGs:

 * M14 series
 * M14 SOCOM
 * M14 (fiber-type stock)
 * M14 (wood-type stock)
 * M16 & M4 series
 * Colt M16A1
 * Colt M16A1 Vietnam version
 * Colt M16A2
 * Colt M16 Golgo 13 (Limited edition)
 * Colt M733 Commando
 * Colt M4A1 R.I.S.
 * Colt M4A1 carbine New-type
 * Colt M4 SOPMOD (Electric Blow Back)
 * Colt M4 S-System
 * Colt M4 P.M.C
 * Colt M4A1 SOCOM Carbine (Electric Blow Back)
 * Colt M4 CQB-R Black (Electric Blow Back)
 * Colt M4 CQB-R Dark earth (Electric Blow Back)
 * H&K 416 (Electric Blow Back)
 * H&K 416 DEVGRU Custom (Electric Blow Back)
 * H&K 416 Delta Custom (Electric Blow Back)
 * H&K 416C (Electric Blow Back)
 * H&K 416D (Electric Blow Back)
 * Knight's M4 SR-16
 * Colt M4A1
 * Colt M993 Tan (limited edition)
 * Colt XM177E2 (discontinued)
 * Colt CAR-15 (discontinued)
 * Colt M653 Barnes version (limited edition)
 * RECCE Rifle (Electric Blow Back)
 * MP5 and G36 series Tokyo Marui MP5A4 Airsoft AEG.jpg

 * H&K G36C
 * H&K G36K (Electric Blow-Back)
 * H&K MP5A5 High-Cycle
 * MP5-J
 * MP5-K
 * MP5-K High Cycle
 * MP5-K PDW
 * H&K MP5SD5
 * H&K MP5SD6
 * H&K MP5KA4 PDW
 * H&K MP5A4 High Grade[[Image:FAMAS F1.JPG|thumb|right|The [[FAMAS F1]] was Tokyo Marui's first AEG.]]
 * H&K MP5A5 High Grade
 * H&K MP5 R.A.S.
 * H&K MP5KA4
 * H&K MP5 Navy (Limited Edition)
 * P90 series
 * P90
 * P90 Triple Rail
 * PS90 High-Cycle
 * FAMAS & Steyr series
 * Steyr AUG Special Receiver

AK-47 Type 3 (Electric Blow Back)
 * Steyr AUG Military-type (discontinued)
 * Steyr AUG High-Cycle
 * FA-MAS Special Version (Discontinued)
 * FA-MAS 5.56-F1 (First AEG ever made) (Discontinued)
 * SIG series
 * SIG SG 550 (discontinued, due to burst fire microchip malfunctions)
 * SIG SG 551 (discontinued, due to burst fire microchip malfunctions)
 * SIG SG 552-2 SEALS
 * AK series
 * AK-47
 * AK-47S
 * AK-47 Spetsnaz (limited edition)
 * AK-47 Beta Spetsnaz
 * AK-47 High-Cycle
 * AK-74MN (Electric Blow Back)
 * AKS-74U (Electric Blow Back)
 * AK-102 (Electric Blow Back)
 * G3 series
 * H&K G3A3 (discontinued)
 * H&K G3A4 (discontinued)
 * H&K MC51
 * H&K G3 SAS
 * H&K G3 SAS High-Cycle
 * H&K PSG-1
 * H&K G3/SG1
 * HK51 (limited edition)
 * Howa Type 89 series
 * Howa Type 89 (the government-issued supplies model for Japanese army as JGSDF; it is used by soldiers when training for CQB)
 * Howa Type 89 (the hobby model for private citizens)
 * Howa Type 89-F (AEG based on folding stock variant of standard Type 89 rifle for airborne/special forces, both civilian hobby and JSDF training models available)
 * Other
 * Heckler & Koch MP7A1

 * Uzi submachine gun (Discontinued)
 * Thompson M1A1

 * FN SCAR H
 * FN SCAR L
 * Automatic Electric Shotguns
 * AA-12
 * SGR-12
 * "Thor's Hammer" (Longer SGR-12)

Automatic electric pistols
Automatic electric pistols (AEP) run on 7.2V rechargeable batteries. These pistols and compact submachine guns are often more reliable than gas-powered replicas in cold weather. However, due to their lower voltage supplies and miniature gearboxes, they usually generate lower muzzle speeds (about 0.25 - .5J per BB, 25–50 m/s for 0.2g BB) and slightly slower rates of fire than replicas using a full-sized gearbox system.

Tokyo Marui makes the following automatic electric pistols:

 * H&K USP
 * M93R
 * Glock 18C
 * MP7A1
 * Škorpion vz. 61
 * Beretta M9a1
 * Steyr Mannlicher TMP (cancelled)
 * MAC-10
 * H&K P30
 * Škorpion vz. 61

AEG Boys series
Tokyo Marui makes LPAEG replicas scaled down for use by children from the age of 10. They are powered by 6 AA batteries and have lower power than their 1:1 scale counterparts.
 * H&K MP5A5
 * Colt M4A1 carbine
 * H&K G36C
 * Colt M4 SOPMOD
 * AK-47

Electric blowback pistols
Tokyo Marui's electric blowback pistols (commonly referred to as EBBs) are powered by four AAA batteries and typically fire at 160 ft/s with a 0.12 gram BB. Some models may be select fire, and most models have an additional grip safety that must be held in order for the pistol to fire, with the exception of the Combat Delta models that use the gun's usual grip safety. The pistols feature a very weak blowback, and the slide usually only moves a third of the distance that it would on a typical GBB or real firearm.

 * SIG Pro SP2340
 * Combat Delta (Colt Delta Elite 10mm)
 * Combat Delta Silver Model
 * M92F Military
 * M92F Silver Model
 * Desert Eagle .50AE
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Silver
 * KP85
 * Centimeter Master
 * Glock 18C
 * H&K P30
 * Ingram MAC-11 (New)
 * Beretta M9A1
 * Beretta M9A1 Silver

Gas blowback pistols
Tokyo Marui Gas blowback pistols are designed to use HFC134A refrigerant to fire BBs and also to blow back the slide, mimicking the recoil of automatic hand guns. Refrigerant is sold in canisters similar to small propane canisters used in portable gas range. Propane based "Green" gas can be used, but could damage the replica due to higher pressure it exerts to mostly plastic parts used in gas blowback replicas, but many replicas have proven safe to use with propane or green gas.

Desert Eagle Series:
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Non-Hard-Kick
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Hard-Kick
 * Desert Eagle .50AE 10"
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Chrome Stainless
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Biohazard 2 (1998 Limited Edition)
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Biohazard 2 10" Custom Ver. 98' Two-Tone (Limited Edition)
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Biohazard 2 10" Custom Ver. 2007 Chrome (Limited Edition)
 * Desert Eagle .50AE Hard-Kick Full Metal (Limited Edition)

Detonics .45 Series:
 * Detonics .45 Combat Master
 * Detonics .45 Combat Master Enviro Hard Chrome
 * Detonics .45 Combat Master Chrome Frame
 * Detonics .45 Combat Master Chrome Slide

Glock Series:
 * Glock 17
 * Glock 17 Custom Dark Earth
 * Glock 17 Custom Foliage Green
 * Glock 18c
 * Glock 19
 * Glock 22
 * Glock 26
 * Glock 26 Advance (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Glock 34

Hi-Capa/ M1911 Series:
 * Hi-Capa 4.3 (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Hi-Capa 4.3 Dual Stainless Custom (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Hi-Capa 5.1 (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Hi-Capa 5.1 Stainless (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Hi-Capa 5.1 R-Series Silver (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Hi-Capa 5.1 R-Series Black (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Hi-Capa 5.1 Match Custom (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Hi-Capa D.O.R
 * Hi-Capa Xtreme .45 (Fully Automatic) (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * M.E.U (Marine Expeditionary Unit)
 * M1911A1 Colt Government
 * Desert Warrior 4.3 (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Foliage Warrior 4.3 (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Night Warrior (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * Strike Warrior (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * 1911 Series 70
 * 1911 Series 70 Nickel Plated version
 * M45A1 CQB

Beretta M92 Series:
 * M9 Tactical Master (Tokyo Marui custom)
 * M92F Chrome Stainless
 * M92F Military Model
 * M92F Duo-Tone (Black slide with silver frame)
 * M92F Duo-Tone (Black frame with silver slide)
 * M92F Biohazard Samurai Edge Standard Model
 * M92F Biohazard Samurai Edge Jill Model 1999-2000 (Limited Edition)
 * M92F Biohazard Samurai Edge Chris Model 2000 (Limited Edition)
 * M92F Biohazard Samurai Edge Barry Model C/S.E-03 2001 (Limited Edition)
 * M9A1
 * M9A1 silver version

SIG Sauer Series:
 * SIG Sauer P226
 * SIG Sauer P226 Stainless
 * SIG Sauer P226 Silver Frame
 * SIG Sauer P226 Silver Slide
 * SIG Sauer P226E2

Others:
 * FN Five-Seven
 * Beretta PX4 Storm
 * Springfield XDM .40
 * Heckler & Koch USP Compact
 * Heckler & Koch USP
 * HK45 Tactical
 * S&W M&P9
 * S&W 4506 (Discontinued)
 * Browning Hi-Power (Discontinued)

Fixed slide gas pistols
Also known as "Non-Blowback" pistols.

 * AMT Hardballer
 * Centimeter Master
 * Desert Eagle
 * Mk23 SOCOM (High grade, Movable slide)
 * Steyr M-GB (Movable slide)
 * Wilson Super Grade

Gas revolvers

 * Colt Python 2.5 in
 * Colt Python 2.5 in Chrome Stainless
 * Colt Python 4 in
 * Colt Python 4 in Chrome Stainless
 * Colt Python 6 in
 * Colt Python 6 in Chrome Stainless
 * M19 Combat Magnum 2.5 in (Relaunched)
 * M19 Combat Magnum 4 in (Relaunched)
 * M19 Combat Magnum 6 in (Relaunched)
 * Smith & Wesson M66 2.5 in
 * Smith & Wesson M66 4 in
 * Smith & Wesson M66 6 in

Gas Blowback Machine Guns
Recently, Tokyo Marui has delved into the world of Gas Blowback Machine Guns. These replicas work very similarly to Tokyo Marui's Gas Blowback Pistols, in that they use HFC134A refrigerant to blowback the bolt assembly to mimic the recoil of an automatic rifle or sub-machine gun when shooting the BBs.

Tokyo Marui has made gas powered replicas of these machine guns:

 * Heckler & Koch MP7|MP7A1
 * Colt M4A1 MWS (Released in 2015)
 * MTR16
 * Howa Type 89 (released in 2017)
 * Walther MPL (Discontinued shell-ejecting gas blowback sub-machine gun.)
 * Heckler & Koch MP5A3 (Discontinued shell-ejecting gas blowback sub-machine gun.)

Bolt action air rifle
These are bolt-action "sniper" rifles. Before each shot is fired, the shooter has to pull the bolt, cock the piston and load a BB into the chamber. All three versions of the VSR-10 share the same stock, same internals and same air chamber. The Pro-sniper version has a black stock, 430 mm long inner barrel and is the most accurate of the three versions. The Real Shock version has a metal weight in the piston to simulate recoil. Real Shock has a simulated wooden stock and the same 430 mm long inner barrel. However, due to the vibration caused by the heavier piston's impact, Real Shock is the least accurate of the three, albeit only by less than an inch difference at 20 m distance. G-spec is shortened version with a silencer attached. Inner barrel is 303 mm long, but has a slightly tighter bore. Due to short inner barrel its accuracy is close to Real Shock, but a couple mm more accurate. A needle-like contraption called air brake protrudes from the piston. The air brake plugs the cylinder before piston impacts, trapping a small amount of air between the piston and cylinder. This reduces impact vibration and adds to VSR series' unique accuracy.

 * VSR-10 Pro-sniper version
 * VSR-10 Pro-sniper version Tan
 * VSR-10 Pro-hunter version
 * VSR-10 Pro-hunter version Black
 * VSR-10 Real Stock Version Wood
 * VSR-10 G-Spec
 * VSR-10 G-Spec OD
 * L96 AWS Black
 * L96 AWS OD
 * M40A5 Black
 * M40A5 OD

Air shotgun and air rifles
Tokyo Marui makes several replicas that are powered by compressing a spring. For the shotgun and grenade launcher models, each shot fires three BBs at a time.

 * M3 Super 90
 * M3 Shorty
 * SPAS-12
 * SPAS-12 (Discontinued) Metal Stock version
 * M203 grenade launcher for M16A1 and M16A2
 * M203 grenade launcher for M4A1, M4A1 RIS, and Knight's SR-16
 * Tactical launcher, an M203 with stock and pistol grip for standalone use
 * XM177E2
 * M16A1
 * MP5A3
 * Uzi SMG
 * Heckler & Koch G3A3
 * Walther MPL (Discontinued)
 * Kel-Tec KSG
 * Walther MPK (Discontinued)

Spring Pistols
The spring is compressed by racking the slide. Some have hop-up and some do not.
 * HP Browning Competition (Discontinued)
 * Nambu Type 14 (Discontinued)
 * Walther P38
 * (AMC) .44 Auto Mag
 * (Springfield Armory) Omega 10mm Auto
 * Colt M1911A1 Government
 * (Smith & Wesson) M645
 * Desert Eagle (.44)
 * SIG P228 High Grade
 * Glock 17L High Grade
 * Glock 17 High Grade
 * (Ruger) KP85 High Grade
 * H&K P7M13
 * (AMT/IAI) Auto Mag III High Grade
 * S&W PC356
 * (Beretta) M8000 Cougar G
 * (Colt Mk IV Series 80) Centimeter Master
 * (H&K) SOCOM Mk 23 High Grade (Named one of the best spring pistols ever made.)
 * H&K USP High Grade
 * CZ 75 High Grade
 * Colt Double Eagle
 * (Beretta) M92F Military Model High Grade
 * Biohazard Ashford Luger Model (Limited Edition)
 * AMT Hardballer
 * Browning Hi-Power Competition (Discontinued)
 * Colt Python (Black or Silver)
 * P08 Luger (Discontinued)
 * Colt Single Action Army (Black or Silver)

Gindan Pistols
Tokyo Marui makes a small series of semi-automatic guns that fire by compressing the spring and releasing it as the trigger is pulled. These are mostly marketed at children in various colors, but Tokyo Marui has released black and silver editions which come in more professional looking boxes. The barrels create a short range hop-up effect. Tokyo Marui only recommends that a special .12 g silver projectile of theirs be used, and that it be loaded with a proprietary speedloader which holds 90 projectiles.
 * Glock 26
 * Walther PPK

Radio controlled models
Tokyo Marui was also at the forefront of the developing radio control hobby in the mid-1980s with a line of high-quality 1/10-scale electric buggies, monster trucks and even an unusual NASCAR Winston Cup stocker, all in kit form. This kit of Bill Elliott's Coors Melling Ford Thunderbird was built on a four-wheel drive buggy chassis; despite that full-scale NASCAR racers are rear-wheel drive. The body could be raised or lowered for either onroad or offroad use and two full sets of wheels and tires were included, pre-mounted sponge slick tires for onroad and knobby spiked rubber tires for offroad. The Big Bear Datsun, a 1/12-scale monster truck topped with a Datsun pickup truck body, powered by a Mabuchi RS-380 motor and initially sold via mail order, was one of the best-selling radio controlled models of the period and contributed greatly to the hobby's growth.

Scale variations on the simple and strong Big Bear chassis included both regular and "Super Wheelie" versions of the Jeep CJ-7 Golden Eagle and Toyota FJ40 Land Cruiser, each lacking the oversized wheels and tires of the Big Bear and equipped instead with more scale-looking Goodyear offroad tires. A proposed third version which would have been Marui's ninth release was that of a Mitsubishi Pajero, shelved due to licensing problems. Twelve models were released in all, numbered 1 through 13 since the aforementioned ninth model never made it to market.

Strong competition by the end of the decade, especially from Tamiya and Kyosho, caused Marui to pull out of the hobby-grade R/C market. They returned to the R/C market in 2000 with a still-popular line of ready-to-run, 1/24-scale military tanks (see below).

The company released and sold the following models:

 * Hunter 2WD entry-level sport buggy
 * Galaxy 2WD sport/mild competition buggy
 * Galaxy RS 2WD sport buggy
 * Shogun 4WD sport/mild competition buggy
 * Samurai 4WD competition buggy
 * Ninja 4WD competition buggy
 * Coors Melling Ford Thunderbird 4WD NASCAR stock car
 * Big Bear Datsun 2WD sport monster truck
 * CJ-7 Golden Eagle 2WD sport offroad, available in regular and "Super Wheelie"
 * Toyota Land Cruiser 2WD sport offroad, available in regular and "Super Wheelie"

Radio controlled battle tanks
Tokyo Marui has combined remote control and airsoft by making a series of 1/24 scale remote controlled tanks that fire BBs. By remote control, a user may move the tank forwards and backwards, turn in place, rotate the turret, elevate the barrel, and fire. The range is only 25 m for 0.2g BBs. The tanks run on eight AA batteries.
 * Leopard 2 A6
 * Tiger I
 * Tiger I Camouflage
 * M1A2 Abrams
 * Type 90 Tank JGSDF 71st Regiment

Others
Tokyo Marui has also in an attempt to compete with Tamiya manufactured 1:24 scale model cars, Mini 4WD of their own RC cars as well as licensed by other companies including Kyosho and educational models. The early nineties recession would force the company to scale back production to airsoft guns. Tokyo Marui has since returned to the RC car market, albeit the lucrative mini RC market with its 1:24 cars and also since 1994, builds remote driven Godzilla models. In 2007, Tokyo Marui released Z- scale model trains under the Pro-Z title including fully developed rail dioramas with several different trainsets. Recently, Tokyo Marui has entered the electric scooter market.

title: Tokyo Marui


text: User talk:69.193.90.42

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.193.90.42


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CSS Columbia

CSS Columbia was an ironclad steamer ram in the Confederate States Navy and later in the United States Navy.

As CSS Columbia
Columbia was built at Charleston, South Carolina in 1864 to a design by John L. Porter. She was launched in March 1864 and entered service later in that year. When the Union forces took possession of Charleston on 18 February 1865, they found Columbia near Fort Moultrie; she had run on a sunken wreck and been damaged on 12 January 1865. The ironclad already had her cannon and some armor plating removed; ship-worms were already at work boring into her wooden hull.

As USS Columbia
She was raised on 26 April and was towed by USS Vanderbilt to Hampton Roads, Virginia, where she arrived on 25 May 1865. Columbia was drydocked on 5 June and repairs were begun, but on 15 June, she was decommissioned and placed in ordinary. Her hulk was later sold for scrapping on 10 October 1867.

title: CSS Columbia


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User:Rholton/GFDL compliance rating sheet

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 * Images?
 * Movies?
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Questions of Author credit: How does the page give credit to the page author(s). Does each page include a link back to the corresponding page on Wikipedia? Does each page include a link back to the main page


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Zhiritskiy (crater)

Zhiritskiy is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the south of the large walled plain Fermi, and northwest of the crater Schaeberle.

This crater lies across the western rim of the much larger satellite crater Zhiritskiy F, a circular, eroded formation. Zhiritskiy is slightly elongated, having a minor protrusion in its outer rim toward the east. A pair of tiny craterlets lies along the southern rim, and a small but notable crater lies near the midpoint. There is also a smaller crater along the base of the northern inner wall. The interior floor is somewhat irregular in form, especially in the eastern half where the crater overlies the rim of Zhiritskiy F.

The crater was named after Soviet rocketry scientist Georgiy S. Zhiritskiy by the IAU in 1970.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Zhiritskiy.

title: Zhiritskiy (crater)


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Cheers (Obie Trice album)

Cheers is the debut studio album by American rapper Obie Trice. It was released on September 23, 2003 by Shady Records and Interscope Records. Eminem served as the executive producer for this album. This album serves as his first release from Shady Records since being signed in 2000. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA.

Recording and production
The album was recorded between 2002 and 2003, since being signed to Shady Records in 2000. The standard edition of the album consisted of seventeen tracks; Eminem served as executive producer and handled most of the audio production by himself. Additional audio production was provided by Denaun Porter, Dr. Dre, Emile, Fredwreck, Jeff Bass, Luis Resto, Mike Elizondo and Timbaland. The bonus tracks "8 Miles" and "Synopsis" had their audio production handled by DJ Green Lantern and DJ Muggs, respectively. Featured artists on Cheers include Eminem, Nate Dogg, Timbaland, Lloyd Banks, 50 Cent, Dr. Dre, D12 and Busta Rhymes.

Content
The title track celebrates Obie's successful debut into the rap game after being in the Detroit underground for many years. Topics Obie has touched on this album include his life on the streets of Detroit, problems with his mother, relationships with women and the soulful reminder that, despite having made it into the mainstream, he has not forgotten his friends.

Diss songs
The track "Shit Hits the Fan" is a track which insults Ja Rule. Examples of disses from Dr. Dre in the track are: "This little nigga, Ja Rule, Talking bout he's gonna slap me, Nigga please, you gotta jump and swing up to hit me at the knees." At the end of the song, Obie spoke over the beat telling Ja Rule to, "Go behind all the gangsta's you want. Matter of fact get every gangsta from every hood in the United States of America to back you. Ain't nobody reppin' with you, you can't see that?" This was intended to mock Ja Rule's street credibility, declaring that no one was backing him again and that he "fell off."
 * "Shit Hits the Fan"

The track "We All Die One Day" is a diss to Benzino and The Source. Examples from Lloyd Banks include a subliminal shot at Ja Rule and Irv Gotti like, 'Your boss and your captain soft'. Eminem dissed The Source with lines like, 'We burn Source covers like fuckin' Cypress Hill'.
 * "We All Die One Day"

The track "Outro", which features D12 in the song, was a diss to Murder Inc. Records and Benzino.
 * "Outro"

Artwork and packaging
The album's title is a homage to the long running NBC sitcom of the same name, and the album cover features a logo similar to that used on the show.

Commercial
The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 and number three on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums with 226,000 copies sold in its first week. It went on to be certified Gold in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and has been certified platinum in the United States for selling over 1.5 million copies, and worldwide sales of 2 million copies.

Critical
Cheers garnered generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 73, based on 12 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".

AllMusic's Jason Birchmeier said, "Cheers boasts 74 straight minutes of inventive production, original ideas, thought-out lyrics, and straight-up MCing -- even if it lacks outright hits like "In da Club" or "Lose Yourself." So cheers, indeed -- to Trice, that is -- because his debut is quite an accomplishment and deserves accolade, even if it's not a commercial juggernaut like its fellow Shady releases." J-23 of HipHopDX praised the production from Dr. Dre, Timbaland and Eminem, Obie's "raw and abrasive" delivery having "flawless execution" and working well alongside the guest artists that help elevate the record despite being unnecessary at points, concluding that: "Nevertheless, Cheers needs to be saluted. [It is] an excellent debut for Obie and he finds a great balance of radio friendly raps and hardcore hip-hop. While he isn't going to move 50 numbers, Cheers is the superior album. I'll drink to that." Melisa Tang of The Situation also gave praise to the beats for giving support to Obie's "skillful and witty flow" throughout the track listing but felt they only work half the time, concluding that: "Overall, Obie Trice has not failed to deliver. There is no doubt that he has the talent to succeed in the rap game, but the real test will be in winning over the haters, who constantly accuse him of riding on Eminem's phenomenal worldwide success." Jon Caramanica, writing for Rolling Stone, commended Obie for utilizing his "workmanlike emphasis of craft over style" when delivering humorous tracks like "Hoodrats" and "Got Some Teeth" but was more interested in his vitriol side on "Shit Hits the Fan" and "We All Die One Day", saying they "distract from his otherwise almost demure display of skill." PopMatters contributor Cynthia Fuchs felt the record was overlong and repetitive with its "misogynistic malice" and "hood life" indulgence but gave credit to tracks like "Oh!" and "The Set Up" for telling significant street tales and "Don't Come Down" and "Follow My Life" for being "compelling" tributes dedicated to Obie's mother.

Track listing
Notes
 * $undefined$ signifies an additional producer.
 * $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.

 * Sample credits
 * "Got Some Teeth" contains resung elements from "Without Me" by Eminem
 * "Don't Come Down" samples from "When You Believe" by Quincy Jones and Táta Vega
 * "Follow My Life" samples from "Big Poppa" by Notorious B.I.G.
 * "Spread Yo Shit" samples from "Blow My Buzz" by D12
 * "Outro" contains resung elements from "When the Music Stops" by D12

Personnel
Adapted from the Cheers liner notes.
 * Instrumentation
 * Jeff Bass – guitar (16)
 * Mike Dinkins – bass guitar (8)
 * Mike Elizondo – keyboards (6, 8, 12, 15)
 * Fredwreck – guitar, keyboards (9)
 * Steve King – guitar (1, 2, 11, 16), bass guitar (3)
 * Luis Resto – bass guitar (2), keyboards (1–4, 6, 8–11, 13, 15, 16)

 * Technical
 * Mike Strange – engineering (1–6, 8–17)
 * Mauricio "Veto" Iragorri – engineering (6, 8, 12, 15)
 * Jimmy Douglas – engineering, mixing (7)
 * Steve King – engineering (1–6, 8–17), mixing (1–5, 9–11, 13, 14, 16, 17)
 * Rich Hunt – engineering (3, 12, 15), assistant engineer (8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17)
 * Demacio Castellon – assistant engineer (7)
 * Rouble Kapoor – assistant engineer (6, 8, 12, 15)
 * Dr. Dre – mixing (6, 8, 12, 15)
 * Eminem – mixing (1–5, 9–11, 13, 14, 16, 17)
 * Timbaland – mixing (7)
 * Brian Gardner – mastering

 * Imagery
 * Slang Inc. – art direction and design
 * Jonathan Mannion – photography

title: Cheers (Obie Trice album)


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Talk:Kim Yu-sin

About his motivation to unify and final year's regret
Could you point the reference which say why he wanted to unify the coutries and he regreted for the expenses? --Ryuch 11:13, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Good question. Those statements were put in by the article's creator, User:Sjc196.  I recently bought a Hangeulpan of the Samguk Sagi, so I should be able to answer that question.  Unfortunately, I'm too lazy to read all three chapters on Kim Yu-shin at the moment. :-)  The good old Naver encyclopedia says that he prayed for unification upon joining the Hwarang.    His early interest in unification is also supported by the tale in the Samguk Yusa about the Goguryeo emissary coming to kill him.
 * Also scanning through the Samguk Sagi, we see in Yeoljeon vol. 2 (김유신중) where he mentions the wretched suffering of the common people, despite which Baekje must be punished.
 * For now I've removed the references to Korean ethnic identity from the article. That seems like a modern concept.  They can be put back in if someone can find a source for them.

-- Visviva 13:36, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the delayed response, I haven't logged in here for a while. I got the information from various websites (no access to written sources, unfortunately) after painstaking searching in order to write a history of the figures whom the ITF Taekwon-Do patterns are named after - Yoo-Sin is one of the patterns - and I noticed that Wikipedia had no entry for him so I added what I had. I apologise for not being able to name my source, but I am quite happy for Ryuch's revisions to remain.
 * Sjc196 16:08, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Title
Since the revised romanization of his name is Kim Yusin, should this article be moved to reflect that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Straitgate (talk • contribs) 05:12, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Why original childhood name was removed?
Why orginal childhood name Sandarra was removed?--Korsentry 07:49, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

List of Gukseon & Family
Hope there is no objection for adding the List Of Gukseon and List of Yushin Family..thanks Kungkang (talk) 02:53, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Gim Hongdo which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:29, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 22 June 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Seems like there is a rough consensus for a move. (non-admin closure) Wikiexplorationandhelping (talk) 12:50, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

Gim Yu-sin → Kim Yu-sin – Move to Kim Yu-sin per WP:NCKO and WP:COMMONNAME. This article was moved from Kim Yu-sin to Gim Yu-sin on July 22, 2022 last year on the basis that Revised Romanization sources use Gim Yu-sin instead of Kim Yu-sin. However, I have found zero sources that use variant spelling of Gim Yu-sin. Most sources I have found that use Revised Romanization all translate his surname as Kim not Gim. Here are four examples: - ⁂CountHacker (talk) 22:03, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * A History of Korea by Kyung Moon Hwang
 * "The Historical Drama Queen Seondeok : Imaginary Memory of an Ancient Heroine" by Sohn Byung Woo
 * Gyōnen’s Transmission of the Buddha Dharma in Three Countries by Ronald Green and Chanju Mun
 * The New Koreans by Michael Breen
 * Oppose As per The South Korean Ministry of education under multiple notice and guidelines (No. 2015-74 MOE Notice No. 2015-80  MOE Notice No. 2017-108  MOE Notice No. 2017-131  MOE Notice No. 2018-150  MOE Notice No. 2018-162  MOE Notice No. 2019-211  MOE Notice No. 2020-225  MOE Notice No. 2020-236  MOE Notice No. 2020-248) which also includes those approved textbooks translated into English, have it required that Revised Romanization is to be used for the transliteration. The official monument to Gim Yu-Sin has the Revised Romanization spelling for English speakers. As for other histories of Korea, I was able to find History books that did, indeed, have the Revised Romaninzation of Gim Yu-Shin. The History of Korea (Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) by Kim, Djun Kil (ISBN:9781610695816). Sanctusune (talk) 02:37, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment. Wikipedia articles are not regulated by the South Korean Ministry of Education. If you look at various other South Korean government sites, both local and federal, you will see that they do not use the spelling "Gim Yu-sin". On the Korea Tourism Organization website, we have the "Gyeongju Tomb of Kim Yu-sin". On the Cultural Heritage Administration website, we can see it refers to General Kim as Kim Yu-sin when discussing the Dano festival of Gangneung.  As for the shrine of Kim Yu-sin, I am not sure which monument that you are referring to. If you are referring to the one in Yongsan in Seoul, the only photos the signs at his shrine refer to the "The Shrine of General Kim Yu-sin".  This photo is from this website.  If you actually read The History of Korea (Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) Second Edition by Kim, Djun Kil, you would realize that it uses the term "Kim Yu-sin" not "Gim Yu-sin".  You can see that Djun Kil Kim uses that phrase in pgs 45-48. The fact is that in most English language sources using Revised Romanization the surname 김 is translated as Kim not Gim, just like how the surname 이 is translated as Yi not I. There is not a single source in the article that uses the term "Gim Yu-sin", and the only RR source is the English-language website for the local government of Jincheon County about the Gilsangsa Shrine. It also prefers to the general as "Kim Yu-sin".   ⁂CountHacker (talk) 03:41, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The only way to use to use Kim-yu-Shin according to Wikipedia naming conventions:Korean for pre 1945 Korean individuals is to show that this person is more commonly known by "Kim" instead of "Gim" Indeed, it is correct to say that Wikipedia does not follow the official South-Korean government guidelines but the reason for pointing this out was to show that, in fact, there is quite a lot places that show the spelling as Gim yu-Shin. In fact I found a few others as well. Korean History in Maps: From Prehistory to the Twenty-first Century. ISBN:9781107098466. The new history of Korean civilization by Chai-Shin Yu ISBN:9781462055593. As such, I do not find the argument to change the name from Gim Yu-Sin to Kim-Yu-Shin to be particularly compelling, but we shall see if anyone else disagrees. Sanctusune (talk) 04:15, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * From most of the South Korean government English sources, they prominently use "Kim Yu-sin" as the correct RR translation. Using the National History Thesaurus created by the National Institute of Korean History, it shows the Revised Romanization (shown as RO) is Kim Yu-sin. . I do acknowledge that after inspecting Korean History in Maps: From Prehistory to the Twenty-first Century, it does use "Gim Yu-sin". However, The new history of Korean civilization by Chai-Shin Yu does not use "Gum Yu-sin", rather it uses McCune–Reischauer and spells his name as "Kim Yu-sin". I think the dominance of the spelling "Kim Yu-sin" over "Gim Yu-sin" in English language sources using Revised Romanization is quite clear. So far, 4 academic books, 4 government websites, 1 plaque at a historic site, and 1 academic journal article uses "Kim Yu-sin", whereas only 1 academic book (Korean History in Maps) uses the variant of "Gim Yu-sin". If we include sources using McCune–Reischauer (which is most common romanization used in English language academia for Korean studies), it clearly establishes "Kim Yu-sin" as the WP:COMMONNAME that is used more often by academic journals, newspaper articles, government websites, academic history books, and etc. If you have more sources to prove that the Gim variant is more common, it would be of great help in determining the whether the page should be renamed.  ⁂CountHacker (talk) 06:09, 23 June 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support – Gim Yu-sin doesn't even show up on ngrams, and google results give a major advantage to Kim Yu-sin (~11.3k to ~1.6k). Skarmory   (talk •   contribs)  00:23, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kim Yu-sin


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Ukraine elections map

[[Media:Ukraine ElectionsMap Nov2004.png|Ukraine elections map]]
Brillant, simple, colorful, informative graphic that clearly demonstrates the geopolitical divisions in Ukraine. It looks best at about 500px, which is its size on the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election article. Neutralitytalk 04:05, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Neutralitytalk 04:05, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. I would like to support but the full image looks exceptionally jagged (see discussion at FPC talk) and I'm worried that this image will be very dated soon enough, which is less than useful for featured pictures I suppose. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:39, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. James F. (talk) 13:34, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Don't be put off by the lack of anti-aliasing on the original, this was provided by my request by User:Steschke. It is from the source image, which can be coloured in easily. As Neutrality said, it looks fine slightly smaller, but I kept it the original size when I uploaded so it would (a) have a smaller filesize and (b) be easier to edit. ed g2s  •  talk  16:11, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Featured images should be timeless. This graphic will be out of date very soon. Janderk 23:10, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Seeing as this may become a very significant event in the history of Ukraine, I'm not sure what it means to say that it will be "out of date". Are historical documents not "timeless"? ed g2s  •  talk  02:34, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Support. Shows that wikipedia has competence also at actual afairs and can illustrate an article significantly. --Steschke 02:56, 2004 Dec 1 (UTC)
 * Oppose. On its own, it's not particularly relevant for the Ukranian elections, as the winner is decided by popular vote, not by an electoral college. Besides, the legend is wrong: one of the districts in the middle of the country has a percentage of 47% for Yushchenko; but the colour is given as 50%-60%. Eugene van der Pijll 16:58, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The point of the map is not to show how much of the vote each candidate got, it is to show the geographical distribution of the vote, i.e. the clear East/West divide. It would be no more relevant for an electoral college system it representing this point. As for the key, it has been fixed. ed g2s  •  talk  19:42, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * But the geographical distribution of the vote is not the most important thing about the election results. It's the total number of votes of both candidates that is important. Image:Ukrainian_presidential_election_2004-10-31.png is a much better picture that this one, as far as the information it contains. The importance of the geographical distribution only becomes clear in its context in section Ukrainian presidential election, 2004. Eugene van der Pijll 22:04, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The fact that you feel the geographical distribution is not the most important thing about the election results is quite irrelevant. The East/West divide is a fact of the election result, and is very well illustrated by this picture. The picture therefore does its job of illustrating this point. Other pictures illustrating other points better have no relevance to this. ed g2s  •  talk  21:54, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree with Ed; this is an unactionable complaint. James F. (talk) 15:50, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. While it does add a lot the article it is not especially clear or informative; even though the results graphed are clear and shocking, the picture is not. ✏ Sverdrup 17:00, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, the legend is wrong, which is why in my original pic, I'd simply had it say "< 60%". In the Kirovohrad oblast' official results for Yushchenko were 47.08 while Yanukovich's were 46.48. But nonetheless, that detail aside, I think I'll vote for support. Aris Katsaris 20:17, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * support
 * above vote by User:66.47.230.45, could you please create an account/sign in if you want to vote. ed g2s  •  talk  19:42, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * support. I think it is good to have topical diagrams. If it becomes stale in the future, it can always be delisted. -- Solipsist 21:06, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This picture is neither beautiful nor fascinating. Just out of interest, that 74.69% - what is it pointing to?? Is it pointing to the river? Very unclear. Enochlau 20:26, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think that's Kiev. Mark1 05:05, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose --ScottyBoy900Q ∞ 00:17, 06 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The picture does not show the true geographical distribution of votes, because it is based on fraudulent results. Mark1 02:45, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * NOT promoted, +6/-6. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:46, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)


text:
Montes Alpes

Montes Alpes is a mountain range in the northern part of the Moon's near side. It was named after the Alps in Europe; the name was confirmed by the International Astronomical Union in 1935. It lies between the selenographic coordinates latitudes 52.81°N and 42.04°N, and longitudes 5.6°W and 3.22°E. The range thus crosses the lunar prime meridian, and is partially illuminated and partially in shadow during first and last quarters. The center of the range is at 48.36°N, 0.58°W, and has a diameter of 334 km.

Description
This range forms the northeastern border of the Mare Imbrium lunar mare. To the west of the range is the level and nearly featureless mare, while on the eastern face is a more rugged continental area with a higher albedo. The range begins about one crater diameter northwest of the crater Cassini, at the Promontorium Agassiz, then stretches about 280 kilometres to the northwest and continues in intermittent fashion and the mountains proper end shy of one crater length from the eastern rim of the dark-floored crater Plato. The system of rilles named Rimae Plato may be found in between the eastern edge of Plato and the western edge of the Alpes mountains. The peaks of the Alpes range in height from 1,800m to 2,400m.

The Alpes range was part of the middle ring of the multi-ringed Imbrium Basin. The other mountain ranges around the Imbrium Basin (Montes Caucasus, Montes Apenninus, and Montes Carpatus) were part of the outer ring. The Alpes, being part of the middle ring, thus have a shorter radius to the center of Imbrium than the other ranges of the basin.

The northwestern third of the range is separated from the remainder of the mountains by the Vallis Alpes, a wide rift valley that extends from a narrow cleft in the Montes Alpes to the northeast, reaching the edge of the Mare Frigoris. The total length of this formation is about 166 km, and it reaches a maximum width of 10 km. Running down the center of this valley is a narrow cleft which is not observable through smaller telescopes. Sunrise and sunset in this area occur before the respective lunar quarters.

About one-third the length of the range from the southeast is Mons Blanc, a peak rising to a height of 3.6 km. This compares to a typical height of peaks in this range of 1.8 to 2.4 km. Midway between Mons Blanc and Promontorium Agassiz is Promontorium Deville. To the southwest of Promontorium Agassiz is the isolated Mons Piton, a peak rising to a height of 2.3 km. Blanc, Piton, and the Montes Teneriffe make up part of the inner ring of the Imbrium Basin.

title: Montes Alpes


text:
Star Wars: Force Commander

Star Wars: Force Commander is a real-time strategy video game released for the Microsoft Windows platform in 2000. It was co-developed by Ronin Entertainment and LucasArts, and published by LucasArts. Its plot interweaves between Star Wars: A New Hope and Return of the Jedi, taking place in key battles. Peter McConnell created remixed tracks of John Williams's original score with influences from hard rock and techno music.

Reception by critics was mixed. Critics cited poor controls as a primary issue. Reviewers were divided on the quality of the game's visuals, with some calling them dated and others considering them strong. Gameplay was generally considered simpler than other real-time strategy games.

Gameplay
Star Wars: Force Commander is a real-time strategy video game. The player commands forces as though they are the commander rather than an infantry unit. The game utilizes a birds-eye view around a 3D map. The levels are largely plot-focused, with initial levels playing as the Imperial faction against the Rebellion, whilst as the plot progresses and the character defects to the Rebellion, players then fight against the Imperials. Levels are ground assault based, as the game lacks space combat. Outsides of the main story-mode Campaign, scenarios can be re-played under the Scenario option, and players can set up their own battles in the Skirmish mode where up to four sides can compete against one another, though they only have the faction choice of Imperials or the Rebellion.

The game has multiple networked multiplayer options. Up to six players can join together, and Local area network (LAN) and TCP/IP connections are supported. The game was supported by the defunct Microsoft Gaming Zone. LAN gameplay is limited to two players. Multiplayer mode has an instant action mode but no campaign mode. Players can choose any combination of teams or work together to challenge the computer player.

Plot
The game interweaves an original story between the events of Star Wars: A New Hope and Return of the Jedi, sometimes intersecting with known Star Wars events. It is shown from the point of view of a young officer in the Imperial Navy, Brenn Tantor, who begins as a stormtrooper, but soon enough is given his own command. The first task (from the training missions) is to search for an escape pod that landed on Tatooine, and then track the droids that were inside. This is a reference to the opening scenes of Episode IV when C-3PO and R2-D2 escape the Empire via an escape pod which crashes on Tatooine.

The main character is loyal to the Empire for the first half of the game, until his brother, Dellis Tantor, discovers that the Empire killed their father. Dellis is imprisoned by the Empire for revealing this information, though Brenn is initially led to believe that Dellis has been killed. Brenn defects to the Rebel Alliance and proceeds to fight his former commanders. In addition to the Tatooine training missions, the player participates in the Battle of Hoth from the Imperial point of view, and the Battle of Endor as a Rebel. The game ends with the battle to capture the Imperial Palace on Coruscant, and ultimately the liberation of Dellis.

Development
Originally conceived as a 2D strategy game, LucasArts canceled the overall design after its first public viewing at E3 1998. LucasArts instead used an optimized version of a 3D engine supplied by Ronin Entertainment, delaying the game from its original late 1998 or early 1999 release timeframe to an early 2000 release. The company said it took the time to ensure innovation in this competitive genre on no exact deadline. The game was jointly developed by LucasArts and Ronin Entertainment, using Ronin's programmers and engine partnered with LucasArts's project leadership, designers, and artists. The final patch for the game is version 1.1 released in March 2000. The soundtrack consists of hard rock and techno remixes of John Williams' original Star Wars scores, done by Peter McConnell. More than 3,500 voice lines were recorded for the game.

Reception
Star Wars: Force Commander received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Greg Kasavin of GameSpot cited dated graphics, ineffective controls, and flawed gameplay as reason the game "falls short of its ambitious intent". Kasavin conceded the game "has some good ideas. Its campaign has an involving plot and interesting mission objectives", and praised the 3D mission briefings. Mark Hill of PC Zone said that playing from the perspective of the Galactic Empire was a "nice twist, but merely dumping this style of game into the Star Wars universe is not innovative enough." Nick Woods of AllGame said that the game's 3D models were "blocky and not detailed" and added that there are "many other RTS games on the market better than this one". Chris Kramer of NextGen said, "Another in a long string of Star Wars misses, Force Commander is not as bad as Rebellion, but isn't even as good as Myth II or Warzone 2100." Brian Wright of GamePro said, "All in all, Force Commander feels incomplete. While a lot of care has gone into certain parts of the game, much of it seems to have been thrown in without a second thought. Star Wars fans will certainly get a kick out of reliving scenes from the movies, like hunting for the droids on Tatooine, but the game's many flaws prevent Force Commander from bringing the ultimate Star Wars battle experience to your home PC."

The game won the award for "Most Disappointing Game of the Year" at GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2000 Awards.

In a feature on the history of Star Wars games, IGN's Rus McLaughlin called Force Commander "a blocky, buggy, undiluted failure". A similar article in GMR Magazine from March 2004 listed Force Commander as the worst Star Wars game. In the book Rogue Leaders: The Story of LucasArts, author Rob Smith said the "dated-looking visuals and clumsy controls turned off strategy gamers". Hollywood.com placed it fifth in a list of worst Star Wars video games. The staff said that Force Commander had "an unwieldy camera and uninspired combat". Rock Paper Shotgun's Alec Meer was also highly critical of the game. "I didn't make it past the first few levels. It was miserable."

In PC Gamer's article on the history of Star Wars games on PC, author Chris Thursten called the game "ambitious but rough around the edges". Craig Majaski of Gaming Age praised the game's easy learning curve, visuals and music. He praised the 3D presentation and said the models were "excellent", but noted that the camera often was difficult to control. Michael Lafferty of GameZone said that, while enjoyable, Force Commander did not provide as much depth as other real-time strategy games, specifically mentioning the Command & Conquer series. A CNET reviewer said that the game requires genre novices to frequently reference the documentation, but noted that "Star Wars fans and intermediate-level gamers who like third-person views" would enjoy the game. Soren Johnson, then a programmer at Maxis, berated the game's "infamously difficult" camera.

title: Star Wars: Force Commander


text:
Sarafand

Sarafand or Sarafend (Ṣarafand / صرفند) is an Arabic rendition of the Phoenician place-name *Ṣrpt.

Places

 * Sarafand, Lebanon, also spelled Sarafend
 * Sarepta, an ancient Phoenician city at the location of the modern Lebanese town
 * Tzrifin, area in central Israel previously known as "Sarafand" or "Sarafend", which used to contain two namesake Palestinian villages:
 * Sarafand al-Amar, 1920s–1940s site of Sarafand/Sarafend, the largest British military base in the Middle East
 * Sarafand al-Kharab
 * Al-Sarafand, a Palestinian village near Haifa

Other uses

 * Short Sarafand, a British 1930s biplane flying boat
 * West Nile virus: the Sarafend strain, one of its deadly strains

title: Sarafand


text:
École des Mines de Douai

IMT Nord Europe or École nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai is a French graduate school of engineering (grande école d'ingénieurs). It is located in the Hauts-de-France region, shared between 2 campuses: the science campus (cité scientifique) of the University of Lille (Villeneuve-d'Ascq, European Metropolis of Lille); and the city of Douai. It is accredited by the Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur (CTI) to deliver the French Diplôme d'Ingénieur.

The school trains high-level engineers and scientists (Master and PhD level) in various technological fields. A small number of students are accepted each year, after a very selective exam. It is a crucial part of the infrastructure of French industry.

It is affiliated to University of Lille and Institut Mines-Télécom (Mines-Télécom Institut of Technology - IMT).

The École des Mines de Douai merged with TELECOM Lille in 2017 to become the largest engineering school in France north of Paris under the name IMT Lille Douai, then IMT Nord Europe.

History
The École des Maîtres-ouvriers mineurs de Douai was founded on 27 March 1878 on the same model as the École des mines d'Alès, founded forty years earlier. It was originally a vocational school providing for the training needs of skilled workers "Maîtres-mineurs" for the coal mining industry. Chief Engineers Lebleu and Peslin were its first directors. The number of admissions was 24 in 1878 and 20 in 1879, enough to meet demand, but fell to 15 in 1880 and averaged only 13 in the following decade. An Alumni Societe (Société amicale des anciens élèves) was founded in 1886.

On 10 February 1892 Henry Küss was entrusted with the Douai mineralogical district, including mining school, a post he held until 1906. Under Kuss the number of admissions averaged 27.5. Only candidates who had working experience as minors were admitted. To reassure critics who denounced training of civil servants and thought over-rapid improvement in the social status of workers would be dangerous, In 1905 Henry Küss stated that the pupils did "not need a very extensive scientific background, which they would anyway with very few exceptions be unable to assimilate. By 1906, out of 393 alumni whose occupations were known, 151 were supervisors and 110 were surveyors or verifiers. From 18 January 1906 graduates of the school could be appointed contrôleurs des Mines in the colonies. By 1913 more than 80 of Küss's former pupils were working in the colonies or foreign countries.

In the 1960s the school made basic changes to adapt to the recession in the coal industry. In 1965 it became a school for general engineers with two streams, Buildings/Public Works, and Mechanical/Metallurgy. Studies took four years, interspersed with five mandatory internships in companies. The school was authorized to issue an Engineering diploma in 1966. Research activity developed from the mid-1970s, and a technology incubator was founded in 1985 to support creation of innovative new businesses. In 1980 the school became the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines.

The École des Mines de Douai merged with TELECOM Lille in 2017 to become the largest engineering school in France north of Paris under the name IMT Lille Douai.

Education of IMT Nord Europe
All Institut Mines-Telecom (IMT) schools are Grandes Écoles, a French institution of higher education that is separate from, but parallel and connected to the main framework of the French public university system. Similar to the Ivy League in the United States, Oxbridge in the UK, and C9 League in China, Grandes Écoles are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process. Alums go on to occupy elite positions within government, administration, and corporate firms in France.

Although the IMT schools are more expensive than public universities in France, Grandes Écoles typically have much smaller class sizes and student bodies, and many of their programs are taught in English. International internships, study abroad opportunities, and close ties with government and the corporate world are a hallmark of the Grandes Écoles. Many of the top ranked schools in Europe are members of the Conférence des Grandes Écoles (CGE), as are the IMT schools. Degrees from the Institut Mines-Telecom are accredited by the Conférence des Grandes Écoles and awarded by the Ministry of National Education (France) (Le Ministère de L'éducation Nationale).

First year
The selected students have various profiles. At the beginning the school offers a training with general courses:
 * Mechanical engineering, materials science, computer-aided design
 * Chemical engineering, environmental stakes
 * Automation engineering, signal processing
 * Programming, algorithms, information technology, mathematics, analysis, probabilities, statistics,
 * Sports
 * Project management, team management, law, economics
 * Foreign languages: English as a first mandatory language, second mandatory language (German, Spanish, Russian or Mandarin Chinese), third optional language (German, Russian, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Italian, Portuguese)

During the second semester, several elective courses are offered and give students the opportunity to learn a particular subject related to engineering topics. These courses are divided into 4 sections:
 * Materials, mechanics, design: Chemical properties - Steel - Glass and refractory materials - Mechanical applications - Advanced computer-aided design - Structural materials
 * Chemistry, environment, energy: Organic chemistry - Petroleum engineering - Nuclear engineering - Nuclear chemistry - System optimization
 * Electrical engineering, electronics, automation: Electricity & environment - Automation - Numerical signal processing - Matlab/Simulink - Programming of sequential functions
 * Computer engineering and mathematics: Cryptography and secret codes - Complex analysis - Advanced Excel - Numerical analysis - Data analysis - Web programming - Introduction to ActionScript - Embedded software development

The first year is equivalent to a bachelor's degree in general engineering: students have general knowledge about several engineering topics.

Second year
The second year is the first master year. Students are required to select a minor and a major. This couple of courses gives them a very personalized educational path. There are 13 minors and 8 majors. Some minors cannot be selected with some majors.

The 8 majors offered are:
 * Environment and industry
 * Civil Engineering
 * Energy Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Quality Engineering
 * Computer Engineering
 * Industrial Engineering and Industrial Automation
 * Technology of Polymers and Composites

Third year
During the third year, in order to complete their technical knowledge students are required to study courses linked to professional positions. They have to select one group of courses among the following ones:
 * Strategic Management
 * Entrepreneurship
 * Business and Sales
 * International
 * Research and Development
 * Law expertise
 * Logistics
 * Purchasing

Academic partnerships of Mines Douai
Mines Douai has a various range of academic partnerships with French and foreign universities. French students can go to a foreign university during the second year and/or the third year. They can also earn a double degree with some of the universities below. Foreign students can also come to Mines Douai.

Partnerships in France for an academic exchange

 * The other Écoles des Mines: Albi, Alès, Nancy, Nantes, Paris and Saint-Étienne.
 * L’École Spéciale des Travaux Publics (Paris).
 * L’Institut national des sciences et techniques nucléaires (INSTN) (Saclay ou Cadarache).
 * University of Lille

Partnerships in France for a double degree

 * University of Lille
 * Audencia (Nantes)
 * Télécom École de Management (Évry)
 * IFP School (Rueil-Malmaison)
 * Sciences Po Paris
 * Sciences Po Lille
 * University of Marne-la-Vallée

Foreign partnerships for an academic exchange

 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Vienna University of Technology
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Technical University, Sofia
 * 🇨🇦 Canada: Université de Sherbrooke
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: University of Santiago, Chile
 * 🇨🇳 China: Zhejiang University Hohai University
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic: Technical University of Ostrava
 * 🇩🇪 Germany : Technical University of Berlin, Braunschweig University of Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology, Clausthal University of Technology, Bauhaus
 * 🇮🇳 India: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune University, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Kyoto Institute of Technology
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco: National School of Mineral Industry, École nationale supérieure d'électricité et mécanique (ENSEM) de Casablanca
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Wrocław University of Technology
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: University of Minho
 * 🇷🇴 Romania: University of Galați, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, Politehnica University of Timișoara
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia: Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Polytechnic University of Catalonia, University of Zaragoza
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland: Université de Berne, ETH Zurich
 * UK: Durham University

Foreign partnerships for a double degree

 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro State University
 * 🇨🇦 Canada: École polytechnique de Montréal, École de technologie supérieure
 * 🇨🇳 China: Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohai University, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Tongji University, Southeast University
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: RWTH Aachen University (IKV and IKA)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand: University of Auckland
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Novosibirsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering (Sibstrin)
 * 🏴 Scotland: University of the West of Scotland
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales de Madrid
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: École nationale d'ingénieurs de Sfax
 * UK: Imperial College London, Cranfield University
 * 🇺🇸 USA: University of Delaware, Georgia Institute of Technology
 * 🇻🇳 Vietnam: National University of Civil Engineering

Other schools of Mines in France

 * École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Albi Carmaux (Mines Albi-Carmaux)
 * École nationale supérieure des Mines d'Alès (Mines Alès)
 * École nationale supérieure des Mines de Nancy
 * École nationale supérieure des Mines de Nantes (Mines Nantes)
 * École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris (Mines ParisTech)
 * École nationale supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Sainte-Etienne)
 * École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Rabat (Mines Rabat)

title: École des Mines de Douai


text:
User:JustJuthan

Hi Wiki-ers!

Absolutlely LOVING the whole concept of Wikipedia and have been making my own modest contributions where possible.

Bio

 * Age: 38
 * Location: Melbourne, Australia
 * Profession: IT Consultant
 * Kids: 2
 * Interests: Formula One, Space flight, Music, WWII, Home Theatre
 * Spare time: none

Contributions

 * 2005 Formula One season
 * 2004 Formula One season
 * 2003 Formula One season
 * 2002 Formula One season
 * 2001 Formula One season
 * 2000 Formula One season
 * Hitler's death
 * Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, ASTP and Space Shuttle mission pages
 * Saturn V
 * F-1
 * Bill Hunter
 * Finding Nemo
 * Warsaw Pact
 * Wehrmacht
 * Ian Kershaw
 * Johnny Warren

I have a blog here if anyone is interested enough.

title: User:JustJuthan


text:
Fullerton College

Fullerton College (FC) is a public community college in Fullerton, California. The college is part of the California Community Colleges System and the North Orange County Community College District. Established in 1913, it is the oldest community college in continuous operation in California.

History
In April 1913, the governing board of Fullerton Union High School approved a motion to establish a two-year postgraduate course of study at the high school. At this time, Fullerton was primarily an agricultural community, which specialized in the production of citrus produce. Delbert Brunton, who was the Fullerton High principal, established the new Fullerton Junior College to provide such postgraduate study.

Twenty-six freshman students enrolled in the first year, and the school had a curriculum of 10 courses. "In 1922 the college was reorganized as an independent junior college district. After holding classes on the Fullerton Union High School campus for its first 23 years, the college began moving to its own fourteen-acre campus next door in 1936."

In 2002, North Orange County voters passed a $239 million facilities bond measure, of which nearly $135 million was allotted to Fullerton College. It was used for renovation of current campus facilities and also to construct new facilities. On June 13, 2005, the new library inside of the LLRC was opened, and a formal dedication occurred on October 28, 2005. A bond measure that passed in 2014 will award the North Orange County Community College District (NOCCCD) $574 million to fund construction and renovation projects for the next 25 years.

In 2021, the college introduced an American Indian and Indigenous Studies degree program. This was announced with the school's celebration of Indigenous People's Day.

Campus
The college is located in the city of Fullerton, California, in northern Orange County. The campus is within walking distance of the downtown section.

The Fullerton College library first opened in 1913, in a small section of the Fullerton High School Library. It moved into the high school gymnasium in 1929 and to a small space in the new science building in 1938. A specialized facility was constructed in 1957 and named the William T. Boyce Library in 1962 in honor of William T. Boyce, who served as dean and president from 1918 to 1951. A new library was constructed and opened on June 13, 2005, and formally dedicated on October 28, 2005.

Artist-in-residence program
The Fullerton College Art Department hosts a yearly artist-in-residence (AIR) program which was started in 1972 with a visit from painter Wayne Thiebaud. August 2013 marked the 100th fall semester of the AIR program. It was celebrated with the first exhibit of the entire AIR art collection at the Fullerton College Art Gallery.

Student life
The students of Fullerton College have established a student body association named Associated Students of Fullerton College. The association is required by law to "encourage students to participate in the governance of the college".

Associated Students of Fullerton College is a voting member of a statewide community college student organization named Student Senate for California Community Colleges. The statewide Student Senate is authorized by law "to advocate before the Legislature and other state and local governmental entities".

Actors and artists

 * James Cameron — Academy Award Winning movie director and screenwriter, and an explorer of the seas. Attended Fullerton College from 1973 to 1974.
 * William Conrad — Actor, producer and director whose career spanned five decades in radio (Gunsmoke), film (The Killers) and television (Cannon).
 * Jerome Ranft — Sculptor
 * Melissa Villaseñor — Actress, comedian, and former Saturday Night Live cast member
 * Cress Williams — Actor, appeared in numerous TV shows including Beverly Hills, 90210, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, NYPD Blue, ER, Becker, Nash Bridges, Providence, Black Lightning
 * Bill Blackbeard — Writer
 * Renee Griffin — Actress
 * Steven Seagal — Actor and martial artist
 * Matthew Lillard — Actor
 * Eden Espinosa — Actress and singer
 * Mitch Pileggi — Actor
 * Jason Scott Lee — Actor
 * Ryan O'Donohue - Actor
 * Florence Arnold — Painter
 * Ruby Berkley Goodwin — Actress
 * Nathan Baesel — Actor
 * Harry Anderson — Actor, comedian, and magician

Music

 * Gwen Stefani — Lead singer of band No Doubt and fashion designer
 * Bobby Hatfield — Singer and member of The Righteous Brothers
 * Scheila Gonzalez — Grammy winning multi-instrumentalist
 * Jack Cooper — Composer, arranger, instrumentalist
 * Dan Radlauer — Composer
 * Leo Fender — Founder of the Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company
 * Mark D. Sanders — Songwriter
 * Tim Buckley — Singer-songwriter
 * Kye Palmer — Trumpet player, The Tonight Show Band

Politics

 * Pat Nixon — Wife of former President Richard M. Nixon and First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974
 * Cristian Terheș — Member of the European Parliament for Romania
 * Mike Wilson — Member of the Kentucky Senate
 * Sharon Quirk-Silva — Member of the California State Assembly
 * Cruz Reynoso — Former associate justice of the Supreme Court of California from 1982–1987

Sports

 * Justin Carter — Basketball player for Maccabi Kiryat Gat of the Israeli Premier League
 * Bobby Cramer — MLB pitcher
 * Jim Fassel — NFL and UFL coach, started as a quarterback at Fullerton and later returned to coach the Fullerton football team in 1973.
 * Lynn Hill — Climber
 * Kevin McLain — Former American football linebacker in the NFL, played for the Los Angeles Rams
 * Monte Nitzkowski — Swimmer and water polo player.
 * Steve DeBerg — Former NFL quarterback
 * Dave Wilson — Former NFL quarterback
 * Brian Noble — Former NFL linebacker
 * John Pease — Former NFL and college coach
 * Mike Horan — Former NFL kicker
 * J. C. Pearson — Former NFL player
 * Floyd Rhea — Former NFL player
 * Brig Owens — Former NFL player
 * Howie Livingston — Former NFL player
 * Larry Mac Duff — Former NFL and college coach
 * Bill Bathe — Former MLB catcher
 * John Young — Former MLB player
 * Steve Kiefer — Former MLB player
 * Dan Stevens — Former MLB player
 * Al Hrabosky — Former MLB pitcher
 * Steve Trachsel — Former MLB pitcher
 * Ron Johnson — Former MLB player and minor league manager
 * Robert Frojen — Water polo player, 1956 Olympic team
 * Marvin Burns — Water polo player, 1952 and 1960 Olympic teams
 * Bill Johnson — Olympic swimmer on the 1968 800m freestyle relay team
 * Bob Horn — Water polo goalie, 1956 and 1960 Olympic teams
 * Jerry Pimm — College basketball player and head coach
 * Bobby Dye — College basketball player and head coach
 * Sharron Backus — College softball player and head coach
 * Rick Sloan — Track & field Decathlete 1968 Olympics
 * Doug Nordquist — Track & field high jumper 1984 Olympics
 * Don Johnson, college basketball player and coach

title: Fullerton College


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/F G D

F G D was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

F G D
Looks like a description of a card from some trading-card game. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 04:09, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopedic. Gazpacho 04:30, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Probably copied from the back of the card and therefor a copyvio. DCEdwards1966 05:11, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * EXTREME DELETE. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 06:26, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * (Extreme) Delete. Copyvio, fancruft, non-encyclopedic, and non-notable!  --Idont Havaname 07:10, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I summon the Blue Eyes White Dragon and use it's Breath of Deletion on the Five God Dragon, destroying the monster and making you lose 2,000 life points. -- [[User:Bobdoe|Bobdoe (Talk)]] 08:31, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Randy 12:02, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete moderately, delete calmly, delete gently, delete mildly, delete tenderly, but delete. Unencyclopedic. Probable copyvio. [[User:Dpbsmith|Dpbsmith (talk)]] 00:09, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Icky-poo. Summon the Five God Dragon for total annihilation! - Lucky 6.9 00:26, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete with extreme prejudice Wyss 12:21, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/F G D


text:
User talk:Aud 30

Don’t Stress Out!!

Encephalitis means an inflammation of the brain, but it usually refers to brain inflammation caused by a virus. It may also be called acute viral encephalitis or aseptic encephalitis. There are two different forms that encephalitis is categorized in, primary encephalitis and secondary encephalitis. Primary encephalitis occurs when a virus directly invades your brain and spinal cord. While Secondary encephalitis occurs when a virus first infects another part of your body and then secondly enters your brain. Encephalitis can be caused by many different viruses. One of the most dangerous viruses is herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV is more commonly present in cold sores around the mouth. But when it enters the blood stream and attacks the brain it may be fatal in as many of half the patients. HSV is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis. The best part about HSV is that it is very rare in encephalitis. Less commonly, encephalitis can result from a bacterial infection, such as meningitis, or it may be a complication of other infectious diseases like rabies, cytomegalovirus infection, listeriosis, syphilis, or Lyme disease. Certain parasites, like toxoplasmosis, also can cause encephalitis in people with weakened immune systems, like those with HIV/AIDS or cancer. Even prolonged stress can weaken the immune system and cause encephalitis. Recently a good friend of my parents was diagnosed with Sporadic Encephalitis. His condition started with just flu like symptoms, along with diarrhea. His wife took him to the hospital because he got really dehydrated. When he was there the doctors just observed him and then sent him home. While he was at home he began to have a seizure. His wife then immediately called 911 and he was but into the emergency room and placed in ICU. He remained in ICU for 2 weeks. After the swelling of the brain went down and he stabilized he was slowly brought out of the induced comma. The doctors said that the causes behind his encephalitis was that he was over stressed, over worked, drank to much liquor and had weakened his immune system. They also said that only 30% of people survive sporadic encephalitis and that he was really lucky to be alive. His only words about the situation were that if he had been betting on a football game with a 70% chance of losing he wouldn’t have placed the bet. He also said that after experiencing this he has a whole new look on life and that God must actually have a plan for him.:)

Bibliography http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/encephalitis.html http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?objectid=A63631AF-C85E-40BB-A5BD3F9EC09245C7&dsection=3 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encephalitis.html

title: User talk:Aud 30


text:
Mexican Navy

The Mexican Navy is one of the two independent armed forces of Mexico. The actual naval forces are called the Armada de México. The Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR) (English: Naval Secretariat) includes both the Armada itself and the attached ministerial and civil service. The commander of the Navy is the Secretary of the Navy, who is both a cabinet minister and a career naval officer.

The Mexican Navy's stated mission is "to use the naval force of the federation for external defense, and to help with internal order". As of 2020, the Navy consisted of about 68,200 men and women plus reserves, over 189 ships, and about 130 aircraft. The Navy attempts to maintain a constant modernization program to upgrade its response capability.

Given Mexico's large area of water (3149920 km2) and extensive coastline (11122 km), the Navy's duties are of great importance. Perhaps its most important on-going missions are fighting the Mexican drug war, which includes protecting Pemex's oil wells in Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. Another important task of the Mexican Navy is to help people in hurricane relief operations and other natural disasters.

The Mexican navy is the second largest navy in Latin America and North America, and the third largest in the Americas after the United States and Brazil.

History

The Mexican Navy has its origins in the creation of the Ministry of War in 1821. From that year until 1939 it existed jointly with the Mexican Army in the organic ministry. Since its declaration of independence from Spain in September 1810, through the mid decades of the 19th century, Mexico found itself in a constant state of war, mostly against Spain which had not recognized its independence. Therefore, its priority was to purchase its first fleet from the U.S. to displace the last remaining Spanish forces from its coasts.

The Mexican Navy has participated in many naval battles to protect and defend Mexico's interests. Some of the most important battles were:

The first French intervention in Mexico (The 'Pastry War') (November 1838 – March 1839) Second invasion by the United States (April 9, 1914 – November 23, 1914)
 * Attempts by Spain to reconquer Mexico:
 * Takeover of the San Juan de Ulúa fort (1821–1825)
 * The invasion of Cabo Rojo (1829)
 * Battle of Mariel (February, 1828)
 * An entire Armada was captured at Veracruz
 * Texan Independence (1836–1845)
 * Texas Navy
 * Yucatán Independence (1841–1848)
 * Naval Battle of Campeche
 * The Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
 * The Second French Intervention (1862–1867)
 * The Mexican Revolution (1910–1919)
 * First Battle of Topolobampo
 * Second Battle of Topolobampo
 * Third Battle of Topolobampo
 * Action of 9 April 1914
 * Fourth Battle of Topolobampo
 * United States occupation of Veracruz

Historical ships

 * Schooner Anáhuac
 * Schooner Iguala

 * Cutter Campechana
 * Cutter Chalco
 * Cutter Chapala
 * Cutter Orizaba
 * Cutter Texcoco
 * Cutter Zumpango
 * Cutter Papaloapan
 * Cutter Tampico
 * Cutter Tlaxcalteca
 * Cutter Tuxpan
 * Ship Congreso Mexicano (previously called Asia and San Jerónimo)
 * Brigantine Constante
 * Brigantine Vicente Guerrero
 * Steamer paddle frigate Guadalupe
 * Steamer paddle frigate Montezuma
 * Steamer gunboat Libertad

 * Steamer gunboat Independencia
 * Steamer Guerra Demócrata
 * Steam yacht Orizaba
 * Gunboat Democráta
 * Gunboat México
 * Corvette MEXICAN CORVETTE Zaragoza
 * School ship Yucatán
 * Pontoon Chetumal
 * Gunboat Tampico
 * Gunboat Veracruz
 * Gunboat Nicolás Bravo
 * Transport vessel Progreso
 * Transport Vicente Guerrero
 * Gunboat Agua Prieta
 * Coastal defence Battleship Anáhuac
 * Auxiliary ship Zaragoza II
 * School ship Velero Cuauhtémoc

Organization
The President of Mexico is commander in chief of all military forces. Day-to-day control of the Navy lies with the Navy Secretary, José Rafael Ojeda Durán. In Mexico there is no joint force command structure with the army, so the Secretary reports directly to the President. The Navy has a General Headquarters and three naval forces. There are furthermore eight regions (four on the Pacific coast, three on the Mexican Gulf coast and the Región Naval Central, grouping the naval forces, based in and around the capital Mexico City, such as the 7th Naval Infantry Brigade, the Central Special Operations Group and the Air Transport Squadron), thirteen zones, and fourteen naval sectors.

The Navy is divided into three main services designated as "forces":
 * Gulf and Caribbean Sea Naval Force
 * Pacific Naval Force
 * Naval Infantry Force

Other notable services include:
 * Naval Aviation
 * Search and Rescue

Officers are trained at the Mexican Naval Academy, called the "Heroica Escuela Naval Militar" ("Heroic Military Naval School"), located in Antón Lizardo, Veracruz.

Naval Infantry
The Mexican Naval Infantry Corps was reorganized in 2007–2009 into 30 Naval Infantry Battalions (Batallones de Infantería de Marina – BIM), a paratroop battalion, a battalion attached to the Presidential Guard Brigade, two Fast Reaction Forces with six battalions each, and three Special Forces groups. The Naval Infantry are responsible for port security, protection of the ten-kilometer coastal fringe, and patrolling major waterways.

The Naval Infantry also is responsible for 23 National Service Training Units under the responsibility of the Navy Secretary, enforcing the National Service obligation for Mexicans of teenage and young adult age.

Search and rescue units
In 2008, the Mexican Navy created its new search and rescue system, allocated in strategic ports at Pacific and Gulf of Mexico ports, to provide assistance to any ships which are in jeopardy or at risk due to mechanical failure, weather conditions or life risk to the crew. To provide such support, the Navy has ordered Coast Guard Defender class ships (two per station, and one 47-Foot Motor Lifeboat coast guard vessel). Other stations will be provided only with Defender-class boats.

Maritime role
On April 1, 2014, SEMAR officially announced the creation of Port Protection Naval Units (Unidades Navales de Protección Portuaria: UNAPROP) which will include a marine section. The main task of UNAPROPs is to ensure maritime surveillance and inspection.

Training and education

The Navy offers several options for graduate studies in their educational institutions:

It is the school where future officers are trained for the General Corps of the Navy. Candidates can enter upon completing high school. Upon completion of studies, graduates obtain the degree of Sub-Lieutenant and the title of Naval Science Engineer.
 * Heroica Escuela Naval Militar

This school Located in Mexico City, offers a career in medicine. Officers are trained with skills for the prevention and health care of naval personnel. By adopting a professional examination, graduates are commissioned Sub-Lieutenants.
 * Naval Medical School

In the Naval Engineering School, officers are responsible for the preventive and corrective maintenance of systems and electronic equipment installed on ships and installations of the Mexican Navy. This school offers career of Electronic Engineering and Naval Communications. It is located between the town of Mata Grape and Anton Lizardo, 32 km from the port of Veracruz.
 * Naval Engineering School

Here the time to achieve a nursing degree lasts eight semesters. Officers are trained with the knowledge and skills necessary to enable them to assist medical personnel in caring for patients in hospitals, sanatoriums, clinics, health sections on land, aboard ships and at The Naval Medical Center.
 * Naval Nursing School

The Naval Aviation School trains pilots for the Mexican Naval Aviation as well as staff from the Federal Preventive Police and Naval personnel from various countries of Central America. This school is located on La Paz, Baja California Sur.
 * Naval Aviation School

Located in Acapulco, members of The Navy are trained for marine search, rescue and diving. It also trains state police officers and firefighters.
 * Search, Rescue and Diving School

Modernization and budget
The annual Navy's budget is in a one to three proportion of the national budget relative to the Mexican Army and Mexican Air Force. The Navy has a reputation for being well-run and well-organized. This reputation allows for a close relationship with the United States Navy (USN), as evidenced by the procurement of numerous former USN ships.

Ships
The Secretary of the Navy, Admiral Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza, announced on October 1, 2007, detailed plans to upgrade and modernize the country's naval capabilities. On the following day, La Jornada newspaper from Mexico City, disclosed the Mexican Navy plans, which are among others, to build six offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) with a length of 86 m, 1,680 tons and each housing a Eurocopter Panther helicopter as well as small high-speed interception boats. The budget for this project is above US$200 million.

Another project is to build 12 CB 90 HMN high speed (50 kn) interception boats under license from a Swedish boat company Dockstavarvet to the Mexican Navy. Also, a number of fully equipped planes for surveillance and maritime patrol are being considered. Combinations of options and development are being defined.

Shipbuilding
The Mexican Navy depends upon their naval shipyards for construction and repairs of their ships. There are five shipyards located in the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific Ocean:
 * Gulf of Mexico
 * Naval shipyard 1 (ASTIMAR 1) – Tampico, Tamaulipas
 * Naval shipyard 3 (ASTIMAR 3) – Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz
 * Pacific Ocean
 * Naval shipyard 6 (ASTIMAR 6) – Guaymas, Sonora
 * Naval shipyard 18 (ASTIMAR 18) – Acapulco, Guerrero
 * Naval shipyard 20 (ASTIMAR 20) – Salina Cruz, Oaxaca

Missiles
The Mexican Navy initiated studies to develop and construct its first missile, according to a May 2005 interview with the undersecretary of the Navy, Armando Sanchez, the missile was to have an average range of 12 to 15 km and be able to target enemy ships and aircraft. The undersecretary added that they already had the solid propellant, and the basic design of the missile. All aspects relative to their fuselage were solved as well as the launch platforms. The Mexican Navy was developing the software to direct the missile to its target. In July 2008, the project was reported to be 80% complete. Despite this effort, the missile development was canceled in 2009 due to "problems with the propulsion system".

Radar modernization
In 2009, the Mexican Navy began operating a batch of new MPQ-64 Sentinel radars in the oil-rich Gulf of Mexico. The radar network was installed in 2007 for a trial phase while military personnel were trained to get familiar with the system. The new installations will work together with combat surface vessels that patrol the area.

Present fleet
The Mexican Navy includes 60 smaller patrol boats and 32 auxiliary ships. It acquired 40 fast military assault crafts, designated CB 90 HMN, between 1999 and 2001 and obtained a production license in 2002, enabling further units to be manufactured in Mexico.

Future
For the year 2008 budget, the Mexican Congress approved a US$15 million fund to build only 17 out of the 60 combat boats requested. These ships, designated CB 90 HMN, are to increase the Mexican Navy's fast boat fleet. Additional budgets will be awarded each passing year. In total, the Mexican Navy has over 189 operational ships.

In January 2013, the 112th Session of US Congress authorized the transfer of the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates USS Curts (FFG-38) and USS McClusky (FFG-41) to the Mexican Navy, but due to the cost of overhauling the vessels and the removal of all the weapons systems and most of the electronics and radar gear by the USN prior to transfer, this is still undecided by Mexico. The offer expired on January 1, 2016.

2014
On March 25, 2014 Beechcraft Corporation received an order of 2 T-6C+ military trainers from the Mexican Navy.

On June 24, 2014, the Mexican Government requested the purchase of 5 UH-60Ms in USG configuration from the U.S.; its estimated cost is $225 million. Also on June 24, BAE Systems announced it was awarded a contract by the Mexican Government to supply the navy with 4 Mk 3 57mm naval guns, for the ships of the Reformador class.

title: Mexican Navy