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title: User:ABCD/monobook.js


text: Template:Generalitat de Catalunya

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Generalitat de Catalunya


text:
Talk:Japanese Paleolithic

Genetic Classification of Ainu
Removed the section that stated that the Ainu resembles Caucasoid. Not only do they in no way resemble Caucasoid (they do not resemble Caucasoids in skin tone, facial structure, etc) - but genetically, they are similar to proto-Australoids and Polynesians of South East Asia and Australia. Intranetusa (talk) 04:00, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It didn't state this as current fact, it stated that it used to be believed, which is true and notable. OTOH, if you want to add resemblance to Australoids, you need to have a reference for this. --JWB (talk) 07:06, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Earliest hominids in Japan?
in the jomon article it says that the accepted earliest time for hominid inhabitation of japan is 200,000 BC, but this article suggests 500,000. Is it a typo in this article (should be 50,000) or in the other one (should be 500,000) ?? --Ignignot 00:51, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * There are many finds for the 200,000 BCE date, and it is the most strongly supported by archeologists. The 500,000 BCE date only corresponds to one site to this day, and therefore is less solidly established. I will try to reflect this in the wording. PHG 10:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The dating is still valid after the Fujimura Shinichi scandal?--Countakeshi 00:04, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe no. Japanese Paleolithic may be dated back to around 100,000~150,000BCE.  Please someone translate 旧石器捏造事件.#218.229.2.9

 * Partly prompted by Elvenscout :), I am now in the process of translating the Japanese page linked above about a hoax involving Japanese paleolithic sites. Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 22:41, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

serious gaps here
There was a major scandal some years ago involving an amateur archeologist by the name of Fujimura Shinichi. Article Japanese Paleolithic Hoax right on the Wiki site covers this. The relevant dates and assertions in this article are either seriously misdated or just simply not true. The section on tools saying that the earliest stone tools ever were made in Japan is completely wrong. The manufacture of stone tools is well over a million years old and human occupation of Japan is nowhere near that old. Miami University is typical of many websites that make note of this *. Another is Australian ABC at * and the University of Southampton. *. Placing evidence of human habitation in Japan back 100k years needs real citations. These are serious credibility problems for Wikipedia.

--Malangthon 09:25, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

The extent of Fujimura's damage may extend to at least 180 sites in which he was involved. See the wiki entry on Shinichi Fujimura and link to Yamada Shoh's artcle wherein he states:

"Fujimura’s confession in the fall of 2001 confirmed that his forgery had begun as early as 1980 and involved 42 sites. It is possible that most of the sites with which he was involved in his long career – over 180 in all – were affected by his forgery."

What percentage of the whole for Japan is not clear. Fujimura's "evidence" however formed the basis of the 600K year old dating and renders this dating utterly false.

Malangthon 13:38 EPT 13 Oct., 2006

Ground tools and polished tools
No citation has been given for the statement that Japanese tools are unique and are the first of the ground stone tools anywhere on the planet. If no one can substantiate this, it needs to be removed. I have written a number of archeologists over the past few months and am getting no confirmation on this statement.

Malangthon 13:54 EPT 13 Oct. 2006

 * This statement is in "Prehistoric Japan, New perspectives on insular East Asia", Keiji Imamura, University of Hawai Press, Honolulu, ISBN 0-8248-1853-9. Regards PHG 05:16, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Response: Fair enough. However, this is more of the same that brought about the Fujimura scandal and reeks of Nihonronism. It is arguably just one more instance wherein the entire thrust is to place the mythical Japanese race at a distance from the rest of humanity. Imamura Keiji has references to back this up, yes? I press the point because this is convenient "truth" on the well tred path of Japanese psychomythology and needs to be correlated.

Malangthon 06:28, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

There is no reason why Paleolithic people could NOT have used ground stone tools; the technique is way simpler and easier to master than any form of chipping and particularly the direct percussion Levallois technique used by the Neanderthals(!). Late Paleolithic blade techniques maximized edge sharpness and raw material use efficiency to a degree unobtainable by grinding. The fact that grinding usually only appears in the Mesolithic or Neolithic does not make it more "advanced" than chipping, the different methods of which require extensive training and skill -- in fact, in terms of work time per inch of edge, grinding is massively more inefficient than chipping. In many cases the reason for grinding has been the absence of fine-grained, non-directional stone suitable for chipping or the need for special-purpose tools such as axes that need to be made of a stone that is better resistant to shattering but is coarse-grained or directional. If special circumstances in Paleolithic Japan were conductive to the adoption of ground stone axes, this is no reason to postulate that the inhabitants were in any way more "advanced" or "intelligent" than their mainland neighbours. When the Paleolithic and Neolithic (and later the Mesolithic) were defined in the 19th century based on Central European archaeology, a number of material criteria were suggested for identifying them. These included chipped vs. ground stone, pottery, and agriculture. However, these are not universally applicable criteria; for instance, chipping has continued in many places up to the historical period and even to the present day and has been used parallel with grinding, pottery appeared thousands of years ago in certain areas (e.g., Siberia and Alaska) where no actual agriculture has spread to this day, etc.. The evolutionist doctrine that certain inventions appear only during certain fixed phases of cultural evolution has been debunked more than a hundred years ago. PS. To my knowledge, no ground stone tools are known from the European, African or mainland Asian Paleolithic and I would suggest that Malangthon present evidence to the contrary before demanding the removal of the statement. Reading the article to the end should make it clear that there is no "mythical Japanese race" going back to the Paleolithic but a series of immigrations from various directions.--Death Bredon (talk) 20:26, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

Interwiki links
Hello all --

Elvenscout742 edited out the interwiki link to ja that I'd added to the Japanese rendering of the phrase "Japanese paleolithic age", i.e. 日本の旧石器時代, stating in their edit comment that "that's not the place for interWiki links." Would someone be so kind as to explain then where is the correct place? My thought in adding the link is that if someone wants to see the Japanese version of this article, they can click directly on the Japanese text right here from the en article. Otherwise they'd have to copy and paste into the ja wiki's search box in a separate browser window, which is somewhat less than convenient.

Does linking the Japanese text to the ja wiki violate some base Wikipedia policy? Does it get in anyone's way? Does it offend anyone? If so, by all means please state your case -- my ears are open. :) In the meantime, I'm adding the link back, as I find it most helpful when comparing the en and ja content.

Thank you, Eiríkr Útlendi 22:44, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm not sure about policy, but it certainly seems to violate a commonly accepted convention. The inter-wiki links are on the left-had side of the page. People who want to see pages on other language Wikipedias use those. Generally, one should not add links to other language Wikipedias in the main text of the article. You would not get away with this on, say, Junichiro Koizumi. Also, there is a template for this now, anyway. elvenscout742 15:32, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for responding, Elvenscout. Could you point me to the template?  Also, what of words in Japanese included in the main text of an article, but that are not the title of the article?  Is there also a kibbosh on interwiki linking using such words (say, for example, Japanese_language)?  Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 15:58, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I used the template in my recent edit here. I think it should probably be used on all those other Japanese history articles, too. I personally think that if a subject has a Japanese Wikipedia article, it should have an English one, too, so there should never be any need to link to Japanese Wikipedia in the body of an article. elvenscout742 16:14, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, thanks, Elvenscout. I'll keep an eye open for any J-only articles in need of translation.  :)  Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 16:44, 8 March 2006 (UTC) -- PS - thanks too for explaining the convention of the interwiki links on the left, which had previously completely escaped my notice.  Doh!

Japanese paleolithic hoax
Hey there folks --

I'm about halfway through translating ja:旧石器捏造事件 into English, and in checking my facts and making sure everything makes sense, I think I've stumbled across an error here in this Japanese_Paleolithic section. To wit, the article text states:

 * 90% of Paleolithic work in Japan was attributed to Fujimari and thus put serious doubt on the chronology of ancient man in Japan.

Grammar and spelling aside, it looks like this 90% figure is mistakenly interpreted. The closest I get in the Japanese article about the hoax is the following:

 * 実際「発見」された遺物の殆ど9割方は、まさに彼自身の手によって表面採集されたり発掘されたものであり、他人の手によって発掘されたものは、彼があらかじめ仕込んで置いたものだとされている.

 * In fact, as much as 90% of the "discoveries" were dug up by Fujimura himself, while artifacts dug up by others are thought to have been planted by him beforehand.

So it's apparently not 90% of all paleolithic work in Japan. I'll dig around elsewhere online and see what I can find about this. Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 18:24, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This page (Japanese only) indicates that roughly 85% of paleolithic finds in Miyagi Prefecture that Fujimura was involved in were bogus. Specifically, there were 148 sites in the prefecture that Fujimura was connected with, of which only 19 were found to actually be paleolithic, with the remaining 129 showing no paleolithic evidence.  Still not so sure about the 90% of [all] Paleolithic work in Japan claim, but I'll keep looking.  This other page on the Japanese Archaeological Association site looks promising... Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi 18:49, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm still not entirely sold on the 90% figure, but then I haven't been able to devote much time to looking into it at present. I've added a  flag to that sentence for the time being.

 * I've also finished translating the ja:旧石器捏造事件 page, the English for which now resides at Japanese Paleolithic Hoax. Comments and edits are welcome.  Have a look at the Talk page as well.  Cheers, Eiríkr Útlendi | Tala við mig 23:17, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Dating style
I noticed that someone had tried to swap the dating style from BC/AD to BCE/CE - but I don't see that they tried to get consensus for it on the talk page. So I am putting it back the way it was, especially as the history template now uses BC/AD. John Smith's (talk) 21:44, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Again an anon-user has unilaterally changed the dating style. If people wish to make a case for something other than BC/AD they should do so here, or at the very least explain it. Furthermore the edit was only partial - the rest of the article still used BC/AD. Thus I have restored the previous style. John Smith's (talk) 20:11, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

When the article was created, it used an inconsistent style because of the included infobox. Since the infobox is present on other pages involving Japan, this article should probably follow that style and stick to BC/AD. I noticed a recent change made the article match the infobox, so it should probably stay that way unless the infobox changes too.  Iridescence  talk  •  contrib  09:36, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

Japanese paleolithic tools
http://books.google.com/books?id=e75T03MIp3sC&pg=PA269&dq=Moro+japanese+knife&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O6vUUIu4Banr0QHqgoGwBQ&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Moro%20japanese%20knife&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=N0mzl3c6g6kC&pg=PA263&dq=Moro+japanese+knife&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O6vUUIu4Banr0QHqgoGwBQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Moro%20japanese%20knife&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=7qEoAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA133&dq=Moro+japanese+knife&hl=en&sa=X&ei=O6vUUIu4Banr0QHqgoGwBQ&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Moro%20japanese%20knife&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 18:36, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Hello?
Before I waste time, is anyone still watching this page? (2602:302:D13C:6BF0:A56C:B049:C529:64A6 (talk) 20:06, 24 August 2015 (UTC))

--Yep, that's what I thought. It's a ghost town like most of wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:302:D13C:6BF0:A56C:B049:C529:64A6 (talk) 08:29, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Removed unsourced climate claims
I have removed some climate claims that I could not reconcile with other sources. The text I removed states: "[...] although the period is associated with a warmer climate worldwide (30,000–20,000 before present), and the islands may have particularly benefited from it." The citation provided on that line does not discuss the climate during this time. In fact, the statement appears to be completely untrue as the period stated is during the Last Glacial Maximum; the worldwide climate would have been colder, not warmer. If I have missed something, feel free to revert but please provide a citation.  Iridescence  talk  •  contrib  09:32, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Hist401
— Assignment last updated by RekishiKyoushi (talk) 19:25, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:54, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Archaeology07s3872.jpg

title: Talk:Japanese Paleolithic


text:
Earl of Ross

The Earl or Mormaer of Ross was the ruler of the province of Ross in northern Scotland.

Origins and transfers
In the early Middle Ages, Ross was part of the vast earldom of Moray. It seems to have been made a separate earldom in the mid 12th century, when Malcolm MacHeth is found designated Earl of Ross. Malcolm had earlier been imprisoned at Roxburgh for rebelling against David I, but when Malcolm's brother-in-law Somerled invaded Scotland, David was forced to relent and grant the earldom unto Malcolm.

The title was later granted by William the Lion to Floris III of Holland in 1161 upon Floris's marriage to William's sister Ada of Huntingdon. However, Floris held the title only in a nominal sense, as he took no active part in the governance of Ross. The title seems not to have been passed on, for in 1291 Floris's descendant is found complaining that he had been deprived of the earldom.

The true founder was the famous Ferquhard, from the Irish Ó Beólláin (O'Beolain, Boland, Bolan) family. This Ferquhard was the son of the lay parson of the monastery of Applecross, and was hence known as MacIntagart, meaning "son of the priest". In 1215 the newly crowned Alexander II was forced to suppress a rebellion in Moray and Ross. Ferquhard sided with the king, and captured the rebel leaders, before beheading them and presenting their heads to Alexander. For this he was knighted. He was created Earl of Ross in the 1220s, probably in 1226.

The line of Ferquhard continued until the death of William, 5th Earl of Ross, in 1372. William had two daughters, the eldest of which, Euphemia, married Sir Walter Leslie, who then became jure uxoris Earl of Ross. The Leslies continued to hold the earldom until another heiress, also named Euphemia. This Euphemia was a sickly girl, who suffered from a hunchback. Though she was nominally Countess of Ross, Ross's governance was carried out by her grandfather, the ruthless and ambitious Robert, Duke of Albany. Euphemia's uncle Donald, Lord of the Isles, had a superior claim by right of his wife, Mariota Leslie. He feared Albany would take not only Ross but more. So, in 1411, he invaded Ross with 10,000 men and won the Battle of Dingwall and the Battle of Harlaw.

In 1415 Euphemia was persuaded or forced to resign the earldom in favor of Albany's son, John. However, the Albany Stewarts would meet their downfall when King James I returned to Scotland in 1424. Robert was believed to have murdered James's brother David, who was King Robert III's heir. And he sought to capture James, the last living son. In addition, while James was in prison in London, Albany did nothing to try and free him. In revenge James had the entire family forfeited and executed (with the exception of James the Fat who escaped to Ireland). By then, the earldom had officially passed to Alexander Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, who continued to hold it until John forfeited it in the 1470s.

In 1481 James III granted the earldom unto his second son, also named James. James had already been made Marquis of Ormond at his baptism. In 1487 his earldom was raised to a dukedom, and he was granted the additional titles Earl of Ardmenach and Lord of Ardmannoch, Brechin and Navarre. James entered the clergy, and thus never married or had issue. He died in 1503, and all his titles became extinct.

The fourth creation was on 20 May 1565, for Henry, Lord Darnley, who was also created Lord Ardmannoch. Shortly thereafter he was created Duke of Albany. After his murder at Kirk o' Field, he was succeeded by his infant son James, whose accession as James VI a few months later returned the titles to the Crown.

Upon the investiture of Charles Stuart as Duke of Albany on 2 December 1600, he was also granted the Marquisate of Ormonde, the Earldom of Ross, and the Lordship of Ardmannoch. Charles's elder brother Henry died unexpectedly in 1612, and he became Prince of Wales as heir apparent to the throne. He acceded as king in 1625, and the titles again reverted to the Crown.

Ross currently has no earl, but it is possible the title will one day be revived for a member of the royal family. There was speculation that the title might be revived for Prince Harry; it was not.

Early mormaers/earls of Ross

 * Malcolm MacHeth (died 1168)
 * With the crown
 * Ferquhar (died 1249)
 * William I (died 1274)
 * William II (died 1323)
 * Hugh, Earl of Ross (died 1333) (from whom descend the chiefs of Clan Ross).
 * William (died 1372)
 * Euphemia I (died c. 1394)
 * Married Sir Walter Leslie
 * Alexander Leslie (died 1402)
 * Euphemia II (died c. 1424) (resigned c. 1415)
 * John Stewart, (died 1424)
 * Mariota (died c. 1429) (sister of Alexander Leslie, Earl of Ross)
 * m. Donald, Lord of the Isles
 * Alexander of Islay (died 1448)
 * John of Islay (died c. 1498) (forfeited 1476)

Earls of Ross, creation of 1481

 * James Stewart (1476–1504)

Earls of Ross, creation of 1565

 * Henry Stuart (1546–1567) (later Duke of Albany and King of Scotland)
 * James Stuart (1566–1625) (later King of Scotland and King of England)

Earls of Ross, creation of 1600

 * Charles Stuart (1600–1649) (became king in 1625)

title: Earl of Ross


text:
Caesarean text-type

In textual criticism of the New Testament, Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Koine Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types (Byzantine, Western and Alexandrian). In particular a common text-type has been proposed to be found: in the ninth/tenth century Codex Koridethi; in Codex Basilensis A. N. IV. 2 (a Greek manuscript of the Gospels used, sparingly, by Erasmus in his 1516 printed Koine New Testament); and in those Gospel quotations found in the third century works of Origen, which were written after he had settled in Caesarea. The early translations of the Gospels in Armenian and Georgian also appear to witness to many of the proposed characteristic Caesarean readings, as do the small group of minuscule manuscripts classed as Family 1 and Family 13. However, some text-critics, such as Kurt and Barbara Aland have disputed the existence of a Caesarean text-type.

Description
A particularly distinctive common reading of the proposed text-type is in Matthew 27:16-17, where the bandit released by Pontius Pilate instead of Jesus is named as "Jesus Barabbas" rather than — with all other surviving witnesses — just "Barabbas". Origen notes particularly that the form "Jesus Barabbas" was common in manuscripts in Caesarea, whereas he had not found this reading in his previous residence in Alexandria. Otherwise the Caesarean readings have a mildly paraphrastic tendency that seems to place them between the more concise Alexandrian, and the more expansive Western text-types. None of the surviving Caesarean manuscripts is claimed to witness a pure type of text, as all appear to have been to some degree assimilated with readings from the Byzantine text-type.

Some writers have questioned the validity of this grouping, claiming that the classification is the result of poor research. Insofar as the Caesarean text-type does exist (in Matt, Luke and John is not well defined), then it does so only in the Gospels. The proposed Caesarean witnesses do not appear to have any common distinctive readings in the rest of the New Testament. Some of the Caesarean manuscripts have the so-called Jerusalem Colophon.

The Caesarean text-type was discovered and named by Burnett Hillman Streeter in 1924. According to some scholars such as Kurt and Barbara Aland, it is only a hypothetical text-type.

There are no pure Caesarean manuscripts. In many cases, it is difficult to decide the original reading of the group, for instance in Mark 1:16:
 * αμφιβαλλοντας τα δικτυα — ƒ$13$ 565.
 * αμφιβληστρα βαλλοντας — ƒ$1$
 * αμφιβληστρον βαλλοντας — 700.
 * βαλλοντας αμφιβληστρον — 28.

Classification
H. von Soden — Iota (Jerusalem) (I), in part (most strong "Caesarean" witnesses are found in Soden's I$α$ group, with family 1 being his I$η$ and family 13 being I$ι$).

Kirsopp Lake, an outstanding British textual critic, developed the hypothesis of the relationship between ƒ$1$, ƒ$13$, Θ, 565, 700, and 28. Streeter carried Lake's work another step forward by pointing to Caesarea as the original location of the family.

F. G. Kenyon — Gamma (γ)

M. J. Lagrange — C

Supposed witnesses
The earliest potential witnesses to something alike the Caesarean manuscripts are and some of the (now non-existent) manuscripts used by Origen (185 – c. 253). According to biblical scholar Teofilio Ayuso, Papyrus 45 and the quotations of Origen count as "proto-Caesarean", however the full Caesarean text only appears later in manuscripts such as Koridethi (Θ) and the early Armenian and Georgian manuscripts. Notwithstanding this association of and a "proto" or "pre-Caesarean" text-type, biblical scholar Larry Hurtado quashed any sort of affiliation between  and the Caesarean text-type. He argued only that and Codex Washingtonianus (W) had a close relationship in the Gospel of Mark, but not with any other witness considered to represent the Caesarean text-type. Therefore, Hurtado states "the 'pre-Caesarean' witnesses are not Caesarean at all," and accordingly and W "[do] not belong to any major text-type."

,, , , Uncial 0188, 174, 230, 406 (?), 788, 826, 828, 872 (only in Mark), 1071, 1275, 1424 (only in Mark), 1604, 2437, ℓ 32.
 * Other manuscripts

Textual features
(Apparent Caesarean witnesses in Bold)

 * και υποστρεψας ο εκατονταρχος εις τον οικον αυτου εν αυτη τη ωρα ευρεν τον παιδα υγιαινοντα (and when the centurion returned to his house in that hour, he found the slave well) - C (N) Θ (0250) ƒ$1$ (33. 1241.) g$13$ syr$1$
 * omit. - Majority of MSS

 * δια Ησαιου του προφητου (through Isaiah the prophet) – Θ ƒ$1$ ƒ$h$ 33.
 * δια του προφητου (through the prophet) — Majority of MSS

 * και το βαπτισμα ο εγω βαπτιζομαι βαπτισθησεσθε (and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with) - Majority of MSS
 * omit. — B D L Z Θ 085 ƒ$1$ ƒ$13$ it syr$1$ sa

 * Ιησουν τον Βαραββαν (Jesus Barabbas) — Θ ƒ$13$ 700.* syr$s, c$ arm geo
 * τον Βαραββαν (Barabbas) — Majority of MSS

 * ενα μονον αρτον εχοντες (only having one loaf) —  Θ ƒ$1$ 565. 700 k sa
 * omit — Majority of MSS

 * των Ηρωδιανων (of the Herodians) —  W Θ ƒ$s, pal$ ƒ$1$ 28. 565. 1365. i k cop$1$ arm geo
 * Ηρωδου (of Herod) — majority of mss

 * εν ταις καρδιαις υμων, ολιγοπιστοι (in your hearts, Oh little-faithed ones) — Θ 28. 565. 700. pc syr$13$
 * omit. - Majority of MSS

 * προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting) —  A C D L W Θ Ψ ƒ$sa$ ƒ$h$ Majority of MSS
 * προσευχη (prayer) — B 0274 k

 * μη αποστερησης (do not defraud) — A B$1$ C D X Θ 565. 892. 1009. 1071. 1195. 1216. 1230. 1241 1253. 1344. 1365. 1646. 2174. Byz Lect
 * omit. — B* K W Δ Ψ ƒ$13$ ƒ$2$ 28 700 1010. 1079. 1242. 1546. 2148. ℓ 10 ℓ 950 ℓ 1642 ℓ 1761 syr$1$ arm geo

 * ανθρωπος τις εφυτευσεν αμπελωνα (a certain man planted a vineyard) — W Θ ƒ$13$ 565 aur c
 * αμπελωνα ανθρωπος εφυτευσεν (a man planted a vineyard) — Β C Δ Ψ 33. 1424.

 * θεασαμενοι αυτον ερχομενον ειπαν προς εαυτους (seeing him coming, he said towards them) — Θ 565. 700. c
 * θεασαμενοι αυτον ερχομενον ειπον (seeing him coming, he said) — N ƒ$s$ 28.
 * προς εαυτους ειπαν οτι (he said towards them, "Because...) — Β C L W' Ψ 33. 892.
 * ειπαν προς εαυτους (he said towards them) — D
 * ειπον προς εαυτους οτι (he said towards them, "Because...) — A Majority of MSS

 * λέγοντες ὅτι Ἐγώ ο Xρηστός (saying that, "I am the Messiah") — W Θ ƒ$13$ 28 61. 115. 255. 299. 565. 700. 1071. b c g$13$ l vg$13$ sa bo geo$2$ arm arab$mss$ Cyp
 * λέγοντες ὅτι Ἐγώ εἰμι (saying that, "I am he") — Majority of MSS

title: Caesarean text-type


text:
Gaétan Soucy

Gaétan Soucy (October 21, 1958 – July 9, 2013) was a Canadian novelist and professor.

Life
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Soucy studied physics at Université de Montréal, completed a master's degree in philosophy, and studied Japanese language and literature at McGill University.

Soucy wrote four novels. His first two, L'Immaculée conception (translated as The Immaculate Conception by Lazer Lederhendler) and L'Acquittement (translated as Atonement by Sheila Fischman) are extraordinary, dark and baroque works. His third novel, La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes (translated as The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches by Fischman) caused a sensation in Quebec and was immediately translated into more than ten languages. His fourth novel, Music-Hall!, was published in 2002, and translated as Vaudeville! by Fischman.

La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes was chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004, where it was defended by actor, film director, screenwriter, and musician Micheline Lanctôt.

He died on 9 July 2013 in Montreal of a heart attack.

Awards and honours

 * 1998: Grand prix du livre de Montréal, for L'Acquittement
 * 1999: Prix Ringuet, for La Petite Fille qui aimait trop les allumettes
 * 1999: Prix du grand public du Salon du livre de Montréal - La Presse, for La Petite Fille qui aimait trop les allumettes
 * 1999: Nominated for the Prix Renaudot, for La Petite Fille qui aimait trop les allumettes
 * 2003: Prix des libraires du Québec, for Music-Hall !
 * 2003: Prix Jean-Hamelin (prix France-Québec), for Music-Hall !
 * 2003: Prix Nessim-Habif, for his body of work
 * 2004: Médaille de l'Assemblée nationale
 * 2006: Shortlisted for the Giller Prize, for The Immaculate Conception

title: Gaétan Soucy


text:
Synthetic personalisation

Synthetic personalisation is the process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language usage. It developed from critical discourse analysis (CDA), a branch of sociolinguistics concentrating upon how power is articulated.

Norman Fairclough, credited with developing the concept, calls it "a compensatory tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people 'handled' en masse as an individual. Examples would be air travel (have a nice day), [and] restaurants (welcome to Wimpy!)" (2001: 52).

The use of second person pronouns contributes significantly to the process of synthetic personalisation within the mass media. It is extremely common to encounter constructions such as "See you after the break" on television shows prior to commercial breaks. (This example is also common in Paddy Scannell's concept of Broadcast Sociability.)

Mary Talbot ([1995]/2003) used the concept in her work on a synthetic sisterhood in teenage girls' magazines, analysing the linguistic devices (pronouns, presuppositions) constructing a simulated friendship between reader and producer. Using a variety of sociolinguistic concepts, including positive politeness, she comments upon the ideological implications, such as patriarchy.

title: Synthetic personalisation


text:
User talk:Synack~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 00:53, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
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 * Manual of Style

The article you created has been deleted. Please do not create joke articles. It is considered vandalism and can cause your edit priviledges to be revoked. - UtherSRG 00:53, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Synack. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Synack~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:15, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 19:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Synack~enwiki


text:
User talk:198.150.183.44

November 2019
Hello, I'm Chevvin. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the help desk. Thanks. — Chevvin 20:21, 26 November 2019 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits referred to above, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so that you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

January 2023
Hello, I'm Blaze Wolf. An edit you recently made to Template:Generations sidebar seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want more practice editing, the sandbox is the best place to do so. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. ― Blaze WolfTalkBlaze Wolf#6545 20:25, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.150.183.44


text:
The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches

The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches (La petite fille qui aimait trop les allumettes) is a novel by Canadian novelist Gaétan Soucy. It was one of the novels chosen for inclusion in the French version of Canada Reads, broadcast on Radio-Canada in 2004, where it was championed by actor, film director, screenwriter, and musician Micheline Lanctôt. The book caused a sensation in Quebec and was immediately translated into more than ten languages. It was translated into English as The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches by Sheila Fischman.

Plot
The novel is about two siblings who live in complete isolation with their father. They are both his "sons". One day the father kills himself by hanging and his sons decide one of them needs to go to the nearby village to get a coffin. While in the village it is revealed that one of the sons is actually a female, although she has no concept of that (she has no idea of sexuality and thinks she was castrated when she was very young and that is why she doesn't have testicles). It also becomes apparent she has been being used for sex by her brother and there are even more nefarious occurrences which have been happening on their property. However; she has such little understanding of the outside world, that she believes all of this to be completely normal and rejects the outsiders' views of her family situation.

The main character's only source of knowledge is from the books found in her household library. Most of these books are medieval stories about chivalry, knighthood and saving princesses. She becomes somewhat infatuated with the mine inspector she meets In the village who questions her about her living situation. She impulsively tries to get him to have sex with her, although this is more of a carnal urge and something she is probably used to with her brother and father. He succumbs at first but ultimately denies her, making her upset. He goes on to tell her that others will come and try to change her way of life. She flees in anger, riding the family horse back to their mansion. Once there, she encounters her brother about to dismember and burn their father's body. She informs him about what she has learned in the village and urges him not to do anything to their father's corpse. Her brother then goes through the house and arranges mannequins to appear as if they have fortified the household. She believes her brother is going mad and moves to an area of the property she calls "the vault," somewhere her brother is afraid to go. She brings a book of spells which she continuously writes in.

Her brother begins building a shooting post from two letters on the property and dons himself king with a dead raccoon cap. She remains in the vault chronicling her thoughts. A figure emerges from the forest on a machine they have never seen before. It's the mine inspector who the main character now believes is her prince. He finds her in the vault, making a horrific discovery. He has looked at the baptismal records and sees that there are supposed to be twin sisters on this property.

The mine inspector ventures into the vault and sees a humanoid figure bandaged from head to toe, still alive and another figure, a skeleton, hidden behind a glass case. The narrator explains that she believes they have been there forever and her father used to attend to them and spend time with them but then stopped and she has been feeding and tending to them ever since. The living figure is referred to as the 'Fair Punishment'.

She makes it further obvious the Fair Punishment is her twin and the decomposed body in the glass case is her mother, although she does not understand it. When the twins were four years old, the Fair Punishment had a habit of playing with matches that resulted in a fire which killed their mother. The Fair Punishment survived but was severely burned, and the father believed being burned alive was her punishment for her misdeeds. The mine inspector then tells her he wants to take her to safety. He also points out that she is pregnant with her brother's child. They leave on his motorcycle. He is her prince and they are riding away on his steed. As they are riding into the pines, the inspector is shot in the back by the brother. He is killed instantly.

She returns to the vault as more villagers begin to appear at the property. As her brother surrenders, she packs up belongings and escapes into the pines. The book ends with her giving birth.

Film adaptation
A film adaptation by Simon Lavoie, The Little Girl Who Was Too Fond of Matches, was released in 2017, and garnered seven nominations at the Canadian Screen Awards.


text: User talk:69.196.94.63

title: User talk:69.196.94.63


text:
User talk:198.189.14.2

February 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for reverting your recent experiment with the page Keka. Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox instead. Thank you. November Hotel Romeo Hotel Sierra Two Zero One Zero  ✈  19:21, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

March 2011
Welcome to Wikipedia. The project's content policies require that all articles be written from a neutral point of view, and not introduce bias or give undue weight to viewpoints. Please bear this in mind when making edits such as your recent edit to Modesto Junior College. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Orphan Wiki 19:06, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Your recent edits
Hello. In case you didn't know, when you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion, you should sign your posts by typing four tildes ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment. You could also click on the signature button located above the edit window. This will automatically insert a signature with your username or IP address and the time you posted the comment. This information is useful because other editors will be able to tell who said what, and when. Thank you. --SineBot (talk) 19:58, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

September 2011
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Drug metabolism with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Tgeairn (talk) 16:47, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

Patriot Act
I have removed the edits to the page Patriot Act by this IP as they appeared to be non-constructive. Andrewr04 (talk) 09:21, 11 April 2012 (UTC)

April 2012
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Keilana | Parlez ici 23:48, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

July 2012
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits, such as the one you made to Diophantine equation with this edit, did not appear to be constructive, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. QU TalkQu 21:19, 2 July 2012 (UTC)

September 2012
Hello, I'm McGeddon. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Infidelity because it didn't appear constructive. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! McGeddon (talk) 15:55, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Infidelity. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Lugia2453 (talk) 18:47, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

April 2013
Hello, I'm I dream of horses. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act because it didn't appear constructive. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. I dream of horses If you reply here, please leave me a message on my talk page. @ 20:34, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

September 2013
Hello, I'm Excirial. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Chicken McNuggets, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 17:55, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Please refrain from making nonconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Chicken McNuggets with this edit. Your edits appear to constitute vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Administrators have the ability to block users from editing if they repeatedly engage in vandalism. Thank you. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 18:00, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

October 2013
Hello, I'm A.amitkumar. I noticed that you recently removed some content from Telecommunications device for the deaf, with this edit, without explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry, the removed content has been restored. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks.  A m i t  웃  19:14, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

January 2014
Hello, I'm Excirial. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to Thermogenics, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Excirial ( Contact me, Contribs ) 20:00, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

November 2014
Hello, I'm Rrburke. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to The Pursuit of Happyness— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. -- Rrburke (talk) 22:13, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

September 2015
Hello, I'm RA0808. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Shooting of Oscar Grant— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. RA 0808 talkcontribs 16:33, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

November 2015
Hello, I'm Serols. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Pregnancy from rape— because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Serols (talk) 18:09, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

January 2017
Hello, I'm Alex Cohn. I wanted to let you know that I reverted one of your recent contributions —the one you made with this edit to Henry I of England— because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Alex Cohn (talk) 20:06, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

November 2018
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, you may be blocked from editing.

--Nicoljaus (talk) 06:29, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

December 2018
Hello, I'm Everedux. An edit that you recently made to Concurrence seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want more practice editing, please use the sandbox. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! Everedux (talk) 23:33, 13 December 2018 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Hello, I'm Neils51. An edit that you recently made to Concurrence seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want more practice editing, please use the sandbox. If you think a mistake was made, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! Neils51 (talk) 23:33, 13 December 2018 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

March 2019
Welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for reverting your recent experiment with the page Boogie (rapper). Please take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox instead, as someone could see your edit before you revert it. Thank you. – Gilliam (talk) 18:19, 28 March 2019 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself or logging in with an existing account so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

April 2019
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did with this edit to History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States. Your edits appear to be vandalism and have been reverted or removed. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeated vandalism can result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Gaelan 💬✏ 18:12, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

April 2022
Hello, I'm Aman.kumar.goel. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the Teahouse. Thanks. Aman Kumar Goel (Talk) 17:35, 26 April 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:198.189.14.2


text:
User talk:Geoffsauer

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:55, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Eserver logo.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Eserver logo.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 03:06, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Writing about yourself or your company
Please note autobiographical material is strongly frowned upon on Wikipedia. Have a read through WP:AUTO. Thanks. --Wafulz 04:15, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:Geoffrey sauer.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Geoffrey sauer.jpg. Wikipedia gets thousands of images uploaded every day, and in order to verify that the images can be legally used on Wikipedia, the source and copyright status must be indicated. Images need to have an image tag applied to the image description page indicating the copyright status of the image. This uniform and easy-to-understand method of indicating the license status allows potential re-users of the images to know what they are allowed to do with the images.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 02:05, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Discussion on Wikipedia talk:External links
Hi. Your edits are being discussed here:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:External_links#Links_to_online_libraries --Timeshifter 05:02, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Geoffrey sauer.jpg

The file File:Geoffrey sauer.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused personal photo. Out of scope."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 11:29, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geoffsauer


text:
User talk:Lmach

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 00:56, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

High Schools?
Why not? Space considerations? "Adults-only"? Wahkeenah 1 July 2005 04:38 (UTC)

 * Hi, I believe that current policy is to include only highly recognized high schools (and I'm not sure of this with the school from that article), besides there was already high density of links in the first paragraph and that's just not very readable. Feel free to change it, if you think I'm wrong. "Adults-only"? Certainly not, I would be against myself in the first place. --Lmach 1 July 2005 20:50 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lmach


text: User talk:69.141.202.112

title: User talk:69.141.202.112


text:
Xu Zhihong

Xu Zhihong (, born 1942) is a Chinese botanist and former President of Peking University. He is a former vice-president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2009, Zhihong was conferred upon the award of Hilal-i-Quaid-i-Azam in recognition of his services to Pakistan. Asteroid 90826 Xuzhihong, discovered by the Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program in 1995, was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 October 2009 (M.P.C. 67219).

title: Xu Zhihong


text:
Talk:Oroonoko

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): SaltyLass.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:52, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Great article - however...
This is certainly a magisterial article and as a mere gnome with notions of upperosity I am reluctant to see it tinkered with. However, I venture to question one revert and suggest one change:

"Instead of identifying Oroonoko with physical features that are native to Africa, the speaker associates Oroonoko as a great man who looks and acts like an European-English aristocrat."

Somebody corrected "an European-English aristocrat" to "a European-English aristocrat" and the edit was reverted. I suggest that the revert is incorrect, since the rule that the indefinite article "an" is the only one suitable for preceding a noun beginning with a vowel can be safely ignored if the first sound in the noun is not a vowel sound - e.g., since the word "Europe" begins with a "y" sound, we don't write "an European country" but "a European country". My other point is that we have to associate something "with" something else - we don't associate something "as" something else. I have not read the novel, and so I don't want to suggest an alternative wording for the sentence, because right now I am not sure what it means. Lexo (talk) 21:56, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

To follow up: I looked up the "a/an" controversy in both Hart's Rules and Fowler and saw that "a" is prescribed for words beginning with vowels or vowel combinations that imply silent consonants such as "y", so I made the edit. After all, we would not describe Geogre as "an uniquely gifted contributor and editor" but as "a uniquely gifted contributor and editor". Lexo (talk) 22:03, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

 * You have found a soft spot! Fowler is delightful.  I do the "an" sometimes in a fussy way.  For example, it's entirely hypercorrective, fuddy duddy, and fussy, but I'll do "an historian," nearly as a language joke.  H, after all, is not a consonant.  It is an aspiration mark (hence the Greeks using a mere aspiration mark to indicate it).  The same is true of the /y/ sound created with "European."  It's a joke, nearly, and the reversion was probably because of an edit summary that implied that I didn't know what I was doing.
 * To be serious about it, in both instances (y-sounds and h-aspirant), the "an" is optional. I believe in our allowing options, and I dislike the decreasing freedom of our editors created by -bot generated edits and the sort.  Therefore, I usually do the antique usage as a bit of a point.  In fact, I will always say "a European," and I will never say "an historical."  Geogre (talk) 10:42, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I notice that New Hart's Rules is silent on the subject (I keep the more up-to-date edition in work, where I need it; last night at home I was looking up an older edition) but the New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors yields this (p.16): "an: use a not an before words such as hotel and historical where the initial h is sounded." On the other hand, Fowler 3rd edition, which I have before me (at home I was using Fowler 2) does indeed allow the option of "an historical" (p.2), at least in written English.  In case you were wondering, I also have Fowler 1 and indeed the bros. Fowler's The King's English, now definitely out of date but still interesting. I myself would write "a historical" but would pronounce it more like "a 'storical". Lexo (talk) 11:13, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * If we want to be linguistic, and, really, there is no need to have that desire, we'd argue that the aspiration of /h/ is getting hard in contemporary English. Most folks have no ambiguity about "an hour," but they also do not aspirate that /h/.  Now me, I love King's English.  It was one of the Fowlers, I think, that had the rule that "an exclamation point is to be used only in direct discourse, and then when one of the parties is on fire."  If I were to be serious, and, really, there is no need for that, either, my own view is that written English is an artificial language, the it is not dependent upon our speech in most respects, and therefore there is no need to change its conventions because our speech has changed with regard to h's and y's.  This thought leads me to appear to be archaic because of a view that is actually somewhat avant garde.
 * (I can rant for a while on this subject, and I do when I have to teach elementary writers. I tell them that there is absolutely nothing wrong with the dialects they speak, nor with the slang they employ, but written English is an artificial language, that none of us, from the Bahamas to Indonesia, write the way we speak, that the artificiality of written English allows us to understand each other, whether from South Africa or the Orkney Islands, in print, when we would never understand each other in person.  For that reason, I rather like consistent rules in written English and pay less attention to how we speak.)  Geogre (talk) 11:27, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Funnily enough I was reading King's English last night and reflecting that an inexperienced writer who were to use it as a style guide now would get some very strange and arguably incorrect ideas about acceptable usage in 2008 - for example, the Fowlers' ideas of what constitutes an unacceptable "Americanism" is well out of date. I wouldn't use "muthafucka" in a formal letter, but unlike them I have no problem with "standpoint".  I agree with you about consistent rules in written English, though.  Everybody needs and deserves the capacity to write a standard version of English.  There's a great, bitter joke about it in An Béal Bocht, referring to the Gaeilgeoirí who travelled as linguistic tourists in the west of Ireland: "The gentlemen had fluent English from birth but they never practised this noble tongue in the presence of the Gaels lest, it seemed, the Gaels might pick up an odd word of it as a protection against the difficulties of life."  The social point is even stronger in the original - "gentlemen" translates daoine uaisle, lit. "noble folk", and the adjective is repeated in teanga uasal, "noble tongue". Lexo (talk) 15:26, 21 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "The Fowlers' ideas...is well out of date." Hmmm.  In my defence, I was up early this morning with my infant daughter. Lexo (talk) 23:15, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

FAR Looming - Citations needed
This article is currently listed as a featured article, however it now fails the criteria for being one as there are numerous unsourced statements within the article. This is just not acceptable for a featured article. It has been tagged for needing more references to address this. If the article's sourcing issues are not addressed soon, it will be taken to featured article review to be delisted as a featured article. It also is lacking an infobox, the lead does not appear to be properly summarize the article. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 03:13, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Please be specific; what content do you feel is inadequately sourced? KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 20:14, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * As I've already noted, there are large numbers of unsourced paragraphs. You cannot just claim that is sourced because it has footnotes, it still needs some kind of actual, real citations. And re your edit summary removing the tag - this article passed FA in 2006. It does not meet the current, far more stringent standards and does need massive reference improvement. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 20:46, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Please note that article tagging is generally a last resort - to be used when you've tried to work with editors and are getting no response. I suggest you be a little more civil and a little less template-happy. Please identify the sections you feel require inline cites, thank you. KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 13:07, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
 * No, templates are not a "last resort" and are perfectly acceptable to put on any article with issues, particularly a supposed featured article that does not meet the featured article criteria. Randomly removing it and trying to pretend there are no issues with the article and just attacking people for pointing out an obvious flaw is what is uncivil. The article has problems. It was tagged as such. If you'd really rather prefer I got tag every last uncited sentence and kill the article with template overload, fine, or you could just actually LOOK at the article. The lack of citations is blatant and damned hard not to see: The first paragraph if Biographical and historical background - entirely unsourced. All but one sentence of "Fact and fiction in the narrator" - unsourced. "Models for Oroonoko" - all but a few sentences, again unsourced. "Slavery and Behn's attitudes" - two sentences cited, the rest not. "Historical significance" not a single citation. "Literary significance" - two cited sentences. Three cited sentences in "The New World setting" - the rest not. "Character analysis" has one whole cited sentence. "Women in Oroonoko" appears to possibly be cited, but with the issues in the rest, I'm inclined to think its only three sentences that have citations. "Adaptation" uncited except one sentence. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 14:22, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

We will have to disagree on template usage, and indeed what is civil and not. I am having difficulty understanding your entire approach here, or your intent, from the extremely bizarre phrasing of "FAR Looming" - wth is that supposed to mean? If there are areas where this article formerly met FA criteria, but now the criteria has changed and the article might require some attention, it is a Good Thing to identify and fix those issues. If the article cannot be brought up to FA status in a reasonable amount of time - remembering to try to strike a balance between "the world will not end tomorrow " and "eventually is good enough" - then FAR is in everyone's interest, as I am sure we all want WP to have high standards for FAs and for the FAs to meet those standards. Yet your choice of subject seems to be combative and threatening from the start. I passed that by, and asked a clear simple query - you are the one raising the complaint, ergo presumably you can identify the problems - and you respond, again, aggressively and with hostile phrasing. Why are you being so combative? I'm trying to help here. I don't understand your approach, and I confess you startled me enough with your last post to cause me to almost wash my hands of this article and you. I would very much appreciate you either working with others on this (I sincerely hope I am not the only respondent to your concerns) and cease your treatment of this talk page as a battlefield and your fellow editors as the enemy. You will, I am sure, find people much more willing to try to address your concerns than if you continue to berate and chastise them for daring to ask what your concerns might be, so as to address them. KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 19:40, 18 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I came across this FA article that no longer fails to meet FA criteria. I tag it as needing ref improving so that it can retain its FA status. Someone removes the tag with the "helpful" edit summary of "this n that". I replace the tag with an edit summary explaining "restore refimprove - FA article should not have any unsourced statements - this one does; tag is indicating this needs fixing - quickly - before film ends up in an FAR" (accidentally saying film instead of article as I was also working on a film issue. Same person removed the tag again, stating "The text is full of attributions, plus the footnoted material. You've looked so closely you're referring to the subject as a film? Maybe leave it to someone else.)". I again restore the tag, and this time leave a note on the talk page more fully explaining that the article currently fails the FA criteria. The purpose in tagging and then this note was to give any interested editors a chance to correct the issues before starting a FAR. In some of these older articles, it is often the case where it is "sourced" just lacking the proper inline citations. Then you popped in and again removed the tag, saying "Please explain what you think is inadequately sourced on talk. Do not re-add this template to an article which has managed to achieve FA; overkill at least" - despite my having already explained the problems above and having left notes at the relevant projects alerting them to the need to give this article some love (particularly when it is one of the few Book FAs out there). Yes, it achieved FA in 2005 - 4 years ago when the FA criteria were, compared to today, laughable at best. It does not meet WP:FAC and honestly, I did not find it very helpful at all that you removed the tag with that note, indeed it was mildly annoying, mildly hostile, and mildly insulting as it seemed that you just presumed I hadn't already done so and had not even bothered to look first. Removing the tag does not help alert people to the problems nor call attention to the need for repairs. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 19:50, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I'd looked. I had read. And I found vague complaints, not the details anyone would need to even begin a productive discussion. You finally did give details in the post you made immediately prior to this, and while you found my request for not slapping tags on articles and my request for useful information to be "annoying" and "hostile" I assure you I find your subject, which echoes tabloid fear-mongering headlines, and your repeated insistence that I have been uncivil, not the behavior I would expect of a civilized person. I am now presuming that you consider your portion "done" by edit warring to keep a top level template on the article, and reluctantly giving a few meagre details after much prodding by me; and that you have no intention of actually attempting to fix this article yourself. Am I correct in that assumption? KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 22:07, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't see it as "fear-mongering" but reality. It does not meet the featured article criteria. As an attempt at courtesy, I was alerting any active editors that it needed work or it would be taken to FAR. Removing a maintenance template without fixing the problems is just as bad, IMHO. Nor should I have to give a line by line summary of everything wrong. As noted above, the lack of sourcing is glaringly obviously by the lack of citations throughout the article. It is not my job nor responsibility to fix the massive sourcing problems. I didn't write the article nor do I edit it. I gave appropriate notice and if you want to complain about the "edit warring" go ahead. If there are any active editors, they have been alerted to the issue. If no one seems interested in actually fixing the article rather than complaining about its being tagged, then it will be sent to FAR for appropriate review and delisting to a more appropriate classification. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 22:20, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes really; as the one adding the tag, you do indeed have to give a line by line summary of what you think is wrong. Otherwise, you are merely vandalizing the page by adding what amounts to graffiti. Please either list your concerns so someone can address them, or cease this. You seem to feel its perfectly ok for you to do a drive-by templating and say "fix it" and then have us play a guessing game about what precisely you want fixed. That, not to be too terribly indelicate, is bullshit. You put the tag on; you're the only one who seems to think its needed, ergo the onus is on you to explain. If you are too damn lazy to do anything but make vague hostile threats and add tags to articles, then perhaps you could go troll Usenet, or something similarly suited to your attitude. If you actually think this article needs improvement, then rather than spending all your time insulting other editors and edit warring to add tags, you might want to actually, as Outriggr suggest below, read the damn thing and make and post a list. You might even, if it would not be too terribly difficult for your abilities, attempt to fix some of the issues yourself. Good day, ma'am. KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 14:36, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Please don't assume bad faith of me in removing the tag. The edit summary "This n that" meant that I made some minor edits to wording that I thought improved the article a tiny bit—that "tiny bit" is a hell of a lot more than adding a tag, revert warring over it, and otherwise making no substantive comment about the article. I have found your approach extraordinarily hostile (towards want entity?—I have no idea—I, for example, have no stake in this article, and yet you bloviate at me, or KillerChihuahua, as if we are somehow the enemy—WTF?). You are stating as fact that this does not meet your idea of a featured article. That is your opinion; please stop stating it as fact. Like KillerChihuahua, I considered washing my hands of this, and I actually am, except that I saw my edit summaries brought up here. I'll be honest, sir or ma'am: your approach is strangely aggressive, threatening ("far looming"?), passive ("it will be sent to FAR"?--no buddy, have the guts to REFER TO YOURSELF--YOU are going to send it to FAR, right? Is that so hard to say?) You have yet to make a substantive criticism of the article, beyond the usual citation-counting crap. Do you not understand what it means for attributions to references to be incorporated into a sentence? Here's an example: "Also, as Ernest Bernbaum argues in "Mrs. Behn's 'Oroonoko'", everything substantive in Oroonoko could have come from accounts by William Byam and George Warren that were circulating in London in the 1660s. However, as J.A. Ramsaran and Bernard Dhuiq catalog, Behn provides a great deal of precise local color and physical description of the colony." To draw conclusions about an article, you have to read it. Goodbye. Outriggr (talk) 08:42, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * AnmaFinotera, are you going to help make the article meet the current FA criteria? I'd be willing to work with you on that. SlimVirgin  talk| contribs 18:08, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Copied from User talk:AnmaFinotera

 * Only a portion of the conversation in question is here. The full discussion can be found here. —C.Fred (talk) 22:19, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I have removed the interspersed posts, as they made no sense at all without the posts by C. KillerChihuahua ?!?Advice 22:27, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps someone should put the parenthetical citations back in. Removing them is vandalism, isn't it? Did the person who did it get banned? 74.243.97.155 (talk) 01:12, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

Dead Link Fixed
Link to ebook text from The University of Adelaide updated so that it would be usable. Geoffr111 (talk) 1:16, 4 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oroonoko


text:
Pierre Maury

Pierre Maury (1282 or 1283 – after 1324) was a shepherd in the Comté de Foix. His life is known through his deposition, and the depositions of his friends and associates, to Bishop Jacques Fournier who was hunting for Cathar heretics. He plays a prominent role in Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie's study Montaillou, village occitan de 1294 à 1324 and in some ways is that book's protagonist.

Early life
Maury was born in the small town of Montaillou one of eight known children of Raymond Maury, a weaver. While most in the town of Montaillou did some weaving, Raymond Maury was the only one to sell his wool rather than use it in the home, and was only two artisans in the town at the time, the other being Arnaud Vital, a cobbler. Needing humidity for the weaving, his house had a special cave-like area where he worked. Raymond Maury's weaving could not sustain the family and like most villagers he kept some sheep. Pierre Maury became a shepherd caring for the sheep of a number of the villagers. During his youth he was converted from Catholicism to Albigensianism by his brother Guillaume, and neighbour Guillaume Belot.

Cathar links
At age 18 Maury left home for the Val d'Arques where he worked as a shepherd for his cousin Raymond Maulen. While living with and working for his cousin, Maury fell in love with Bernadette d'Esquinath, a girl from the village. This passionate relationship persisted for two years, but his fellow Cathars disapproved as she was a Catholic. Pierre abandoned Bernadette when he was hired as a shepherd by Raymond Pierre, and became involved with his employer's daughter, another Bernadette. The Pierres were dedicated Cathars and since Raymond was without sons, he hoped to make Maury his heir. Pierre became closely involved in the Cathar community, helping guide Perfects from village to village. Through this duty he developed a much envied collection: pieces of bread, each blessed by a different Cathar parfait.

In 1305 however, Jacques Authié, a local Cathar leader was captured, and the villagers of Arques, fearing punishment, abandoned the open practice of Albigensianism and traveled en masse to Avignon to seek absolution from the Pope. Maury refused to renounce his Albigensianism and did not participate. He stayed in the village to look after the flocks of those who were away. When the now Catholic villagers returned, Maury went home to Montaillou. Since the villagers had revealed all to the authorities, Maury was now a known but unabsolved heretic; and he became a fugitive from the Inquisition.

He spent Christmas of 1305 with his family in Montaillou before going into the employ of Barthélemy Borrel who sent him to Catalonia to look after sheep he owned there. Living amongst the nomadic groups of shepherds Maury no longer had many dealings with Cathars and was unknown to the local Inquisition. After two years of working for Borrel, Maury visited the fair in Laroques d'Olmes. There he stayed with his 18-year-old sister, Guillemette, and brother-in-law Bertrand Piquier. That night Piquier severely beat his wife. While a husband's power was considered absolute, Maury was greatly concerned about this brutality to his sister. A few days later he returned to the town and stole away with his sister, entrusting her to a pair of parfaits.

For his absenteeism during this incident Borrel fired Maury, but he soon found another job working as a shepherd for Guillaume André. He spent three years working for André, travelling through Catalonia and Foix with the flocks of sheep and other shepherds. At some point in this period he was accused of fraternizing with a known heretic, but escaped the charge by pretending to having been miles away from the incident, a story backed up by his friends. He also successfully avoided the round-up of the heretics of Montaillou in 1308, being warned by Bernard Fort, who supplied flour to the shepherds. In 1309 Maury left the employ of André and worked for Pierre Constant of Rasiguières for a year before joining with his brother Arnaud in working for Raymond Boursier. In 1311 Pierre and Arnaud left this group, Arnaud going home to Montaillou and Pierre to Catalonia where he joined a team of shepherds working for Barthélemy Companho.

Bélibaste affair
In Catalonia he came in contact with the small group of Cathar exiles led by the parfait Guillaume Bélibaste. Over the next several years Maury traveled through Catalonia and the eastern Pyrenees. As a skilled shepherd his services were in demand and he could find work throughout the region. Maury became comparatively wealthy for a peasant due to his skill, hard work, and ability to find the best paying employers. Despite his many travels he frequently met up with Bélibaste, who pressured the nomadic shepherd to settle down. At one point, Belibaste prevailed on him to marry Raymonde Piquier, a blacksmith's daughter, who was Belibaste's lover and pregnant with his child. Pierre agreed and the pair were married. But the marriage lasted only a few days. Bélibaste then told Maury to have it annulled. Months later Raymonde gave birth to a child. Most of Maury's friends were convinced that the parfait had used Pierre to cover the breaking of his own vow of chastity. Maury however, continued to trust the parfait.

Capture
Bélibaste's Cathar community was demolished when the Inquisition sent Arnaud Sicre to infiltrate and inform on the group. Soon afterwards, Bélibaste, then Maury, were captured. In 1324 Maury was imprisoned and there is no record of him past this date.

title: Pierre Maury


text:
Category:Shepherds

Articles relating to shepherds, persons who tend, herd, feed, or guard herds of sheep.

title: Category:Shepherds