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Trumbull College

Trumbull College is one of fourteen undergraduate residential colleges of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. The college is named for Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut from 1769 to 1784 and advisor and friend to General George Washington. A Harvard College graduate, Trumbull was the only colonial governor to support the American Revolution.

Opened in September 1933, Trumbull College is one of the eight Yale colleges designed by James Gamble Rogers and the only one funded by John W. Sterling. Its Collegiate Gothic buildings form the Sterling Quadrangle, which Rogers planned to harmonize with his adjacent Sterling Memorial Library.

History
Trumbull is one of the University's nine original colleges. Unlike the other eight colleges, which were funded and endowed by Edward Harkness, funds for Trumbull came from university benefactor John W. Sterling. Yale originally planned to name the college after John C. Calhoun, a Yale graduate, U.S. vice president, and secessionist. In deference to Sterling being a Civil War veteran from Connecticut, the university agreed to name the college after Jonathan Trumbull and gave the name Calhoun to another residential college (now re-named Hopper College).

Before University President James Rowland Angell instituted the residential college system in 1931, the site that was to become Trumbull contained two free-standing dormitory buildings flanking the old gymnasium. James Gamble Rogers, architect of eight of Yale's colleges, considered the dormitories to be his magnum opus and inscribed the initials of the men who worked on the project on shield carvings along the outside of the buildings. The buildings are modeled after King's College, Cambridge.

The gym was torn down and the dormitories connected with a new building in the Collegiate Gothic style. The new building contained the Trumbull dining hall, common room, and library. A new dorm wing was constructed parallel to the originals and a faculty member's house (first known as the Master's House and since April 2016 as the Head of College House) was added. With the Sterling Memorial Library to the north, the buildings formed the Sterling Quadrangle. The buildings split the quadrangle into three separate courtyards — Alvarez (Main) Court, Potty Court, and Stone Court.

Although the construction techniques were modern, Rogers went to lengths to make the buildings appear centuries old. He had workers distress stone walls with acid. They intentionally broke some of the leaded glass windows and then repaired them with extra leading in the medieval fashion. They created niches for statuary and left them empty, as if the statues had been lost or destroyed over time. They varied the carving techniques used on the exterior stone, to suggest to the practiced eye that the work had been done by different carvers over many years.

Each residential college was to be headed by a senior faculty member serving as college master. The university chose the first masters to reflect a diverse range of disciplines. President Angell, a psychologist, was especially keen to have a scientist among them. He recruited Stanhope Bayne-Jones, a Yale College graduate and Dean of University of Rochester Medical School, to come to Yale as Trumbull's first master.

Because Trumbull was pieced together using existing buildings, and on a small area of land, its original student rooms were older and amenities were less generous than those of some of its sister colleges. (The college has since been renovated and upgraded.) Still, the college's first faculty and students put the space to some creative uses. For example, Clements Fry, pioneering psychiatrist in the Department of University Health, opened a counseling office in a fourth-floor room off Stone Court. Students found space to put on plays and publish a college magazine.

During World War II, Yale turned much of its campus over to the military for training. By 1943 Trumbull was one of only three colleges that continued to house undergraduates (Timothy Dwight and Jonathan Edwards were the others).

In the first two decades of Yale's residential college system, students would apply for entry to their choice of college at the end of their freshman year. Although the university sought to give each college a diverse population, the colleges acquired reputations. Freshmen from wealthy families with social connections tended to shun Trumbull. As one chronicler of the university's history noted, "Calhoun and Davenport were strongly athletic and ‘white shoe,’ only engineers (it was whispered) congregated in Silliman and Timothy Dwight, and no one knew who lived in Trumbull." In other words, Trumbull maintained a reputation for housing serious students, many of whom were on scholarships. Some called Trumbull "the bursar's college." To overcome these social differences, the university began assigning most students to colleges randomly — beginning in 1954 at the end of the student's freshman year, and beginning in 1962 upon admission to Yale.

In 1968, Yale President Kingman Brewster announced a plan for admitting women to Yale and proposed that Trumbull be turned into housing for freshman women. Brewster held a "stormy" meeting with Trumbull students, who would have been forced to vacate their college. In response to the protest, Brewster changed his plan and reserved one of the Old Campus dormitories for women. The Trumbull College Council passed a motion "vigorously endorsing with rampant enthusiasm" the revised proposal.

Helen Brown Nicholas, wife of former Trumbull Master John Spangler Nicholas, died in 1972 and left the college a bequest to fund building of a chapel. Yale architecture professor Herbert Newman and his students designed the chapel, modifying an existing squash court in the Trumbull basement. It was dedicated in 1974. Frequently used as a theater, "Nick" Chapel remains in high demand by Yale students of all colleges.

The college was extensively remodeled during the 2005–2006 academic year, thanks in part to donations from the Alvarez family. All dorm rooms and bathrooms were renovated, and the dining hall kitchen and the activity areas in the basement received comprehensive upgrades and modernization.

Student life
Trumbull freshmen are housed in Bingham Hall along with students from Grace Hopper College. The dormitory's location on the southern corner of the Old Campus is site of the College House, Yale's first building in New Haven, and Osborn Hall, demolished in 1926 for Bingham Hall's construction. It is the only freshman dormitory with elevator access and contains a comparative literature library on its eighth story.

Trumbull College itself includes three courtyards, a buttery, dance studio, student kitchen, TV room, theatre, seminar room, art gallery, art studio, pottery studio, gym, music room, common room, computer rooms, library, dining hall, billiards and ping pong areas as well as a Head of College's House where many social activities are held.

Trumbull is the smallest of Yale's residential colleges, both in terms of students affiliated with the college and students housed in the college.

Faculty leaders

 * Fahmeed Hyder, professor of biomedical engineering at the Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science and professor of radiology and biomedical imaging at the Yale School of Medicine, was appointed to a five-year term as Head of College, beginning on July 1, 2023. Hyder's wife, Anita Sharif-Hyder, Associate Secretary for the University-Wide Committee on Sexual Misconduct, serves as Associate Head of College.
 * Surjit Chandhoke, lecturer and research scientist in the Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, is Dean of Trumbull College, living in the college and tracking students' academic progress as well as joining in many social activities. Before coming to Trumbull, she had been a long-term advisor to biology students.
 * Jorge Anaya (Assistant Director of Student Engagement at the Yale College Dean's Office), and Nils Rudi and Teresa Chahine (both professors at the Yale School of Management) are residential fellows in the college and often join students in activities.

College traditions

 * The phrase "We must consult Brother Jonathan" appears on the graduation certificates of the college.
 * Cornhole is a game in which teams throw a series of four bean-bags across to the other team's board, scoring 1 point for each that remains on the board, 3 points if it falls through a hole in the middle. After both teams have gone, the difference between their points is taken, and that difference is awarded to the winning team. Trumbull's cornhole games appear during its Fall Rumble in Trumbull festival as well as in the spring during its Pamplona event.
 * The Trumbulletin was Trumbull's tabloid magazine and the oldest residential college publication at Yale. The tradition continues in a reduced electronic form as weekly dispatches from the head of college.
 * Rumble in Trumbull: Trumbullians combat with massive foam gloves. Favorite past Rumbles include Jews vs. Gentiles and various competitions among suites. Good things to eat and many games appear during Rumble in Trumbull.
 * Pamplona: Trumbullians celebrate the end of spring classes with food, music, competitions, and the Running of the Bulls.
 * Running of the Bulls is a raucous run through Cross Campus and Trumbull's traditional rival college, neighboring Berkeley. It usually occurs on the day of Pamplona.
 * Trumbull seniors annually paint the Potty Court Statue before graduation. The class of 2008 painted the statue to look like then-Yale College Dean (now Yale President) Peter Salovey. The class of 2014 painted it to look like Harold, a golden retriever and former Trumdog who loved students.

Past traditions

 * Potty Court Frisbee was a game popular in the 1970s and 1980s played in the Potty Court by two teams of two players each. The general idea was to stand on the low stone wall next to the wrought iron arch at one end of the courtyard and throw a frisbee through the twin arch at the other end, while the other team's two players tried to stop it. Defenders could stand on and lean out from the low stone wall, and could hang from the arch, but could not touch the walkway under the arch. The throws alternated between the teams.

A throw that went through the arch above the level of the stone wall scored one point. A throw that went through one of the two narrow gaps at the top of the arch's ironwork was a "grundl" and scored two points. To discourage defenders from committing to defense of the arch before the opponent threw, the thrower could also score a point for a shot that hit the wrought iron fencing next to the arch, but a "fence shot" had to hit the fence on the fly or off a wall, while a shot through the arch was allowed to bounce off the ground. The first team to get seven points won. Other than the frisbee, no equipment was required, although some players wore leather gloves to protect their hands from the wrought iron.
 * The Beer and Bicycle Race was a team biathlon event from the 1950s and '60s, briefly revived in the '70s. The first race, in 1952, staged by the Trumbull Beer and Bike Society, was an over 70-mile relay from Trumbull to Vassar College. Riders had to consume a quart of beer before passing the baton to the next member of their team (although some sources suggest the beer had to be consumed before riding). Prizes were awarded for fastest times and best rider costumes. The annual April event became the center of press attention, partying, and celebration, and grew to the point that authorities at Vassar banned it in 1957.  It continued for a while with a new destination, Connecticut College. In 1964, Trumbull ran it on a 45-mile course through nearby towns, ending back at the Yale Bowl. It seems to have faded away after that, although Trumbull re-staged it for a few years in the 1970s as a double round-trip race between Trumbull and Sleeping Giant State Park.
 * The Trumbull Crier, during the 1990s, was a student who made announcements during dinner from the balcony of the college dining hall. The Crier would begin the announcements with, "Moo-ye, Moo-ye, it's six o'clock in Trumbull College, and all is well!" The first Trumbull Crier was Jeremy Monthy (Class of 1995), who came up with the concept. He made and wore a tricorn hat fitted with bull horns.

Notable alumni
Note: Records of the residential colleges of which graduates of Yale College were members are incomplete and not readily available.

 * Les Aspin (1960, History, the Arts, and Letters), United States Representative and Secretary of Defense
 * Chesa Boudin (2003), leftist lawyer, San Francisco District Attorney
 * Stephen Budiansky (1978, Chemistry), writer
 * Susan Bysiewicz (1983, Scholars of the House), Lt. Governor of Connecticut, Secretary of State of Connecticut
 * Ashton Carter (1976, Physics and History), Secretary of Defense
 * George Chauncey (1977, History) LGBT historian
 * Anderson Cooper (1989, Political Science), award-winning journalist and anchor of CNN's Anderson Cooper 360°
 * Charles Duhigg (1997, History), New York Times reporter and author
 * Austan Goolsbee (1991, Economics), economist, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, former chair of the Council of Economic Advisers to President Barack Obama
 * William Hamilton (1962, English), cartoonist and writer
 * John Hersey (1936), Pulitzer Prize-winning author; Master of Pierson College, 1965–1970
 * Sharon Isbin (1978, Music), classical guitarist
 * Larry Kelley (1937), professional football player, winner of the Heisman Trophy in 1936
 * Michael Kimmelman (1980, History), author and journalist.
 * Min Jin Lee (1990, History) author of Pachinko (novel).
 * Ron Livingston (1989, Theater Studies and Literature), actor
 * Ian McCutcheon (1978, Chemistry), author, neurosurgeon
 * Dana Milbank (1990, Political Science), political journalist
 * David Milch (1966, English), screenwriter, television producer
 * Wesley Morris (1997), 2012 Pulitzer Prize-winning film critic for the Boston Globe and former Trumbull Crier
 * ZZ Packer (1994) award-winning author
 * Carl Posy (1966), Israeli philosopher
 * Philip Proctor (1962), actor, comedian, member of the Firesign Theater
 * Kevin P. Ryan (1985), investor and entrepreneur
 * Benno C. Schmidt Jr. (1963), legal scholar, educator, 16th president of Yale University, 1986–1992
 * Jack Schlossberg (2015, History), John F. Kennedy's grandson
 * Allison Silverman (1994, Humanities), writer for The Daily Show and The Colbert Report
 * Ted Tally (1974, Drama), playwright, Academy Award-winning screenwriter
 * Ray Thornton (1950, Political Science), congressman, university president, and state supreme court justice

title: Trumbull College


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Tanespimycin

Tanespimycin (17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 17-AAG) is a derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin that is being studied in the treatment of cancer, specifically in younger patients with certain types of leukemia or solid tumors, especially kidney tumors.

It works by inhibiting Hsp90, which is expressed in those tumors.

It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.

Clinical trials
Bristol-Myers Squibb conducted Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical trials. However, in 2010 the company halted development of tanespimycin, during late-stage clinical trials as a potential treatment for multiple myeloma. While no definitive explanation was given, it has been suggested that Bristol-Myers Squibb halted development over concerns of the financial feasibility of tanespimycin development given the 2014 expiry of the patent on this compound, and the relative expense of manufacture.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tanespimycin


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The Return of the Condor Heroes

The Return of the Condor Heroes, also called The Giant Eagle and Its Companion, is a wuxia novel by Jin Yong (Louis Cha). It is the second part of the Condor Trilogy and was preceded by The Legend of the Condor Heroes and followed by The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber. It was first serialised between 20 May 1959 and 5 July 1961 in the Hong Kong newspaper Ming Pao.

The story revolves around the protagonist, Yang Guo, and his lover and martial arts master, Xiaolongnü, in their adventures in the jianghu (also called the wulin, the community of martial artists), where love between master and apprentice is seen as taboo. Jin Yong revised the novel in 1970 and again in 2004. There are 40 chapters in the second and third revisions. Each chapter has a title composed of four Chinese characters. Most of the revisions are either clarifications or minor alterations of character motivations or names. The Chinese title of the novel approximately translates to The Magical Condor and its Hero Companion.

Plot
The protagonist, Yang Guo, is the orphaned son of Yang Kang, the antagonist in the previous novel. The couple Guo Jing and Huang Rong take care of Yang Guo for a short period of time before sending him to the Quanzhen School on Mount Zhongnan for better guidance in moral values and "orthodox" martial arts. In Quanzhen, Yang Guo is often picked on and bullied by his fellow students, and discriminated against by his master, Zhao Zhijing. Yang Guo flees from Quanzhen and ventures unknowingly into the nearby Tomb of the Living Dead, where the Ancient Tomb School is based. There, he meets Xiaolongnü, a mysterious maiden of unknown origin, and becomes her apprentice. They live together in the tomb for many years until Yang Guo grows up.

Yang Guo and Xiaolongnü develop romantic feelings for each other, but their romance is forbidden by the prevailing norms of the wulin (martial artists' community). Throughout the story, their love meets with several tests, such as the misunderstandings that threaten to tear them apart, and their encounter with Gongsun Zhi, whom Xiaolongnü almost marries at one point. Finally, after their reunion and marriage, Xiaolongnü leaves Yang Guo again, owing to her belief she cannot recover from a fatal poison and promises to meet him again 16 years later, to prevent him from committing suicide. While Yang Guo is wandering the wulin alone, he meets several formidable martial artists and a giant eagle, and improves his skills tremendously after learning from them. His adventures gradually mould him into a courageous hero and perhaps the most powerful martial artist of his time. Yang Guo serves his native land by helping the ethnic Han people of the Song Empire resist invaders from the Mongol Empire, killing Möngke Khan at the Battle of Xiangyang. At the end of the novel, he is reunited with Xiaolongnü and they leave to lead the rest of their lives in seclusion after receiving praises and blessings from the wulin.

Comics
Asiapac Books acquired the rights to produce an illustrated version of the novel in 1995. The 18 volume comic series was illustrated by Wee Tian Beng and translated by Jean Lim with Jin Yong's approval. The lavishly illustrated series won the Prestigious Award in 1997 during the Asian Comics Conference held in South Korea. Notable deviations from the main story include funny strips that poke gentle fun at some of the story's events, in line with conventions of the comic book medium. The series was repackaged in 2021 and Asiapac produced a new limited collector's edition of the comic in both English and Chinese.

In 2002 ComicsOne published the first official English translation of Legendary Couple, a retelling of the novel. The comic series was illustrated by Wong Yuk-long while Jin Yong was credited as the writer.

Video games
In 1997, Softworld released a RPG based on the novel for DOS. The game is only available in Chinese and covers the first half of the novel to the point where Yang Guo meets the Condor. In 2000, Interserv International Inc. published another video game adaptation using a 3D engine.

Music
Fu Tong Wong composed an 8-movement symphony Symphony: The Hero with Great Eagle based on the novel.

title: The Return of the Condor Heroes


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Indelible Murtceps

The Indelible Murtceps were an Australian progressive rock and dance-pop band, which formed, as a side project of Spectrum, in October 1971. Sometimes referred to as the shortened name, Murtceps, they were "a stripped-back version... [that] could play anywhere and often." They worked the more lucrative dance and pub rock circuit. Whereas Spectrum performed in a full concert setting, commonly at larger venues, like the T.F. Much Ballroom, and at rock festivals.

The Indelible Murtceps' debut single, "Esmeralda", was issued in 1972, which peaked in the Go-Set National Top 40. It appeared ahead of their studio album, Warts Up Your Nose(1973), in the following year, which made the top 20. Sometimes both groups shared a stage; both disbanded after a joint final gig at the Dallas Brooks Hall on 15 April 1973. The performance was included on a shared live double album, Terminal Buzz (1973), which appeared in December that year.

History
The Indelible Murtceps were formed in Melbourne in October 1971 by Mike Rudd as a side project for his main group, Spectrum, using the same roster for both bands. The line-up was Mike Rudd on lead guitar, lead vocals and harmonica, Lee Neale on keyboards, Bill Putt on bass guitar and Ray Arnott on drums. With the advent of pub rock Spectrum's lengthy and complex material was precluding bookings on the lucrative local dance and pub circuit. Spectrum were performing in a full concert setting, using a large PA system and light show, sometimes augmented by a dance, performance troupe, The Tribe. They commonly appeared at larger venues, like the T.F. Much Ballroom, and at rock festivals.

Rudd created a performance set of simpler, dance-pop tunes, with a reduced stage set-up, for use by Indelible Murtceps, allowing Spectrum to continue its progressive course while supplementing members' incomes with the more frequent Murtceps gigs. The name 'murtceps' is 'spectrum' written backwards. According to music journalist, Ed Nimmervoll, the Murtceps were "a stripped-back version... [that] could play anywhere and often." Susan Moore of The Australian Women's Weekly recalled that Spectrum's "music was often regarded as 'progressive' and more for listening purposes, which didn't please dance audiences too much. So the band developed an alter ego which they called the Indelible Murtceps, who turned up when a dance band was required."

In January 1972 they appeared at the inaugural Sunbury Pop Festival, with Spectrum providing a separate set. Three live tracks by the Indelible Murtceps, "We are Indelible", "Be My Honey" and "But that's Alright", were issued on a various artists live album of the concert, Sunbury. They were one of three bands featured on a short film, Australian Colour Diary, No.43: 3 Directions in Australian (1972), directed by Peter Weir, which provided "a sample of three trends in recent Australian pop music".

During 1972 Murtceps recorded their debut album, Warts Up Your Nose, at Armstrong's Studios with Howard Gable as producer; it was released on 20 January 1973. Most tracks have satirical, scatological and sexual themes. According to Duncan Kimball of Milesago website the centrepiece is Rudd's epic 13-minute ode to marijuana, "Some Good Advice". The album was packaged in a brown cardboard cover, intended to evoke the "plain brown wrapper" traditionally associated with pornographic publications. By May 1972 they had released their debut single, "Esmeralda", which (like the song "Rene" by The Small Faces) was a light hearted ode to a prostitute. The single version was different from the album version. It peaked at No. 36 on the Go-Set National Top 40.

In September 1972 keyboardist Lee Neale had a nervous breakdown and left, he was replaced by John Mills on keyboards. Neale left the music industry. The Indelible Murtceps released a second single, "Indelible Shuffle", from the album in June. Ahead of the single, in March 1973, drummer Ray Arnott announced he was leaving both groups and Rudd decided they would play their final gig at the Dallas Brooks Hall on 15 April 1973. The performance appeared on the double live album, Terminal Buzz (December 1973), which was credited to both Indelible Murtceps and Spectrum. Rudd, Mills and Putt co-founded a new group, Ariel; while Arnott joined Mighty Kong.

title: Indelible Murtceps


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User talk:Veky

Hi Veky, welcome to Wikipedia!

Here are a few helpful links to start you off: Avoiding common mistakes, How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style, Policies and guidelines, Help, Merging pages.

If you need help or are curious about something, feel free to ask on my talk page or the village pump. You can sign your name and a date stamp on comments using four tildes ( ~ ). If you have any further questions, feel free to ask, and I hope you enjoy being a Wikipedian!

Andre ( talk )A| 01:54, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Veky


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Madison Mallards

The Madison Mallards are a collegiate summer baseball team based in Madison, Wisconsin that plays in the Northwoods League. Warner Park on Madison's Northside is the team's home field.

History
The history of minor league baseball in Madison begins with the early success of the Madison Muskies. A Midwest League Oakland A's affiliate, the Muskies were competitive and gained a healthy following in the years following their 1982 origins. By 1993 the crowds had declined and the Muskies became less profitable.

In 1994 the Muskies were replaced for a single season by the St Louis affiliate, Madison Hatters. 1996 began the five-year stint of the independent Madison Black Wolf, but once again low attendance and little interest plagued the team and they were forced to move to a more profitable community.

In 2001, area businessman Steve Schmitt introduced the Madison Mallards to Warner Park. The Mallards joined the Northwoods League, which features amateur college players playing summer ball during their off-season.

On October 17, 2019, the pro shop had significant damage done to it by a suspicious fire and the police investigated it as arson. There was an estimated $150,000 in damages.

Success
The Mallards made it to the playoffs in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2021. They have made four Northwoods League Championship Series appearances, which resulted in runner-up finishes in 2005 and 2008. They won the Northwoods League championship in 2004 and 2013.

Ownership
In 2014, the Mallards ownership group created Big Top Baseball. Big Top Baseball was a leader in summer collegiate baseball, operating four Northwoods League franchises in the state of Wisconsin at the time. Big Top Baseball owns and operates the Madison Mallards and Kenosha Kingfish and formerly owned the Wisconsin Rapids Rafters and Green Bay Bullfrogs, which were sold off during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Stadium
Warner Park, built in 1982, currently seats 6,750 people.

Dimensions
The playing surface of the field is artificial turf infield with grass outfield, and the dimensions from home plate are 308 1/3 feet to left field, 380 feet to center field, and 290 2/3 feet to right field. The 440-square-foot scoreboard, installed in 2013, is located in left-center field. 14 flat-screen televisions can be found throughout the stadium. There is a children's playground and picnic seating close to the foul lines in left field.

Attendance
The Mallards routinely lead the nation in attendance among collegiate summer baseball teams, averaging over 6,308 fans per game in 2017 and 6,249 in 2018.

Duck Blind
The club offers a promotion called the Duck Blind, a group of seats in right field that cost up to $41 and include unlimited food, soda, and beer. In 2018, the Duck Blind underwent a $1 million renovation.

Notable MLB alumni

 * Pete Alonso
 * Nico Hoerner
 * Jose Trevino (baseball)
 * Alec Mills
 * Matt Vierling
 * Phil Gosselin
 * Matt Thaiss
 * Danny Burawa
 * Derek Fisher
 * J.R. Graham
 * John Hicks
 * Ryan Spilborghs
 * Tony Gonsolin

title: Madison Mallards


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Talk:Flunitrazepam

Untitled
Reverting addition of "Josh Ladd" ...again —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.148.182.9 (talk) 21:22, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Reverting 81.205.28.135's 9 December 2004 edit:

"..., but, alcohol remains the #1 rape drug"

Be that as it may, that statistic is a non-sequitur here. It would be better suited for a "Date Rape" article.

 * why do they call them roofies when you always end up on the floor? I didn't do that edit, but I object to the revert, as it is not irrelevant to the text at all. Quite simply, the article without something to that effect becomes POV by not putting the potential abuse into perspective. An encyclopedic article should aim to be objective; as an analogy, presenting the horror of a plane crash without pointing out its unlikelyhood would be an instance of the same.
 * As a reference, you can source "J Analytical Toxicology; 1999 May", which states a prevalence of 0.4% flunitrazepam among rape victims who believe themselves to have been drugged. Fairly low, compared to 3% for GHB, 58% for alcohol, 6.6% for amphetamines, 2.3% for opiates, 14.3% for other benzodiazepines, 18.4% for marijuana, and 8.4% for cocaine. About one third of the cases showed more than one substance.
 * In short, Flunitrazepam is the least popular rape drug, and Ethanol is the most popular one. The text reverted does have a rather informal tone, but is a truth that should be included. Zuiram 15:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

I think Roche has since added something to the pill form that makes it so the fluid turns blue when you put it in, to help prevent it in facilitation with date rape. Nathan J. Yoder 19:26, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Side Effects
The article lists Chemical Side Effects including: "Unwanted intercourse in the vaginal region, and all other forms of sodomization"   Ummmm, i don't know much about Flunitrazepam and am no pharmacologist, but I would seriously want to see a source listing that as a side effect of the drug before putting it on wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.104.97.194 (talk • contribs) 12:25, November 8, 2007

How about a section on drugs that can be used to counteract its effects and thereby avert date rape -- even if it's to say there aren't any? -- EB —Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.134.167.78 (talk) 00:44, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Legal Use
Something should be said about its legal uses.

Where is it legal, and what is the scheduling of it?

 * In Norway, at least, it can be legally prescribed for anything, though the doctor will risk severe consequences if problems arise after prescribing it for anything other purpose than as a hypnotic. However, the name has been changed to Flunipam, in a silly attempt to avoid people obtaining it illicitly. Roche's version contains something to add color and taste to it, which is not present in the Norwegian version. We have not experienced any significant problems with it in the date-rape context. Zuiram 15:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Where did you get the information about taste additives to the Rohypnol Film-Coated Tablets? I have a pack here (yes, those oval-shaped, green-film-coated-deeply blue cored tablets by Roche), and I can tell you, they turn buccal cavity, or a drink deep blue, but their taste isn't much distinctive or strong. They taste, well, like slight sweet tablets. When I take a Rohypnol to get sleep (which is quite seldom), I take it buccaly, sublingualy -- under the toungue and let them dissolve and resorb there. In this way, the tablets are acting faster and the bioavailability is higher than after simple oral intake with a glass of water.--84.163.84.223 00:49, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

This article seems to focus almost entirely on its legal status in the United States.

 * Yes, the article should IMO be split into Flunitrazepam_abuse and Flunitrazepam, with the former containing the majority of the content in the current article, and the latter containing the rest plus the actual medical use information. Believe it or not, most of the people who get it in places where it is legal actually get it for legitimate purposes, and would probably be a lot more interested in reading about the same stuff they find in the other benzo articles than about its recreational uses (most of which are because drug users feel it is a very "good" drug, in the sense of good effect, good sleep quality, little hang-over and limited side-effects). Zuiram 14:06, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Be that as it may, that statistic is a non-sequitur here. It would be better suited for a "Date Rape" article. Kalmia 06:27, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As long as the article emphasises the abuse of this drug, hard facts about the abuse are in no way non-sequiteurs to the content. Anything else would IMNSHOO be a violation of NPOV. The article goes on and on about date rape use, among other things, information that by your rationale should be put in a date rape article rather than this one, so I suggest we get some consistency and neutrality. Zuiram 14:06, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

I think Roche has since added something to the pill form that makes it so the fluid turns blue when you put it in, to help prevent it in facilitation with date rape. Nathan J. Yoder 19:26, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

A dye has been added to make drinks change colour, as well as taste salty. It is difficult to impossible to use as a date-rape drug unless a)your "victim" doesn't have taste buds, and b)doesn't even glance at the drink before taking it. This makes it very hard for those of us who are being treated for genuine medical conditions with this drug - it is in the same class as Morphine in Australia, and doctors are very hesitant to prescribe it - I have confirmed with a doctor that it was only classed the same as Morphine due to its notoriety.

The reason the above is not true is because of the popularity of cola. From what I can gather the dye added is deap blue. In clubs it's very dark generally so cola looks exactly the same as cola with blue dye. The strong taste of phoric acid masks any salty taste, as will the alcoholic drink. It's a sad fact but some people will take what they cant have Blonde2max 19:52, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * With all due respect, phosphoric acid does *not* mask the salty taste. It is clear that there is something wrong with the drink. Some blue or very dark alcoholic drinks may mask it, though, so don't leave one of those alone. While some people will take what they can't have, which goes for many other things than just sex, this does not offset the fact that there are significant medical reasons for this drug to be available. The only real problem is that victims rarely contact police or hospitals quickly enough (within 72 hours) to secure evidence of a rape, which is not exclusively a problem with psychoactive compounds. Zuiram 15:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * By far the most abuse-prone galenic of flunitrazepam is the injectable solution, used in hospital settings as potent and long-acting sedative/hypnotic for prolonged sedation ("artificial coma") and even TIVA intravenous induction. In most countries, Rohypnol Injections (ampoules of 2 mg flunitrazepam to be diluted just prior injection/infusion) are however, classified as scheduled drugs, much as morphine and/or other strong opioids and the use/dispense of this particular galenic is strictly supervised not only by hospital authorities, but also national ones. The problem is, that the injection concentrate of Rohypnol 2 mg Inj. is about, or less, of 1 mL of slightly acidic and alcoholic tasting fluid, containing relatively strong dose of flunitrazepam. If someone drops a single little ampoule content in a drink, the victim would hardly notice any taste difference, yet getting fully dissolved active ingredient of 2 regular FlunitZ tablets. This works in 10 - 15 minutes, if the victim doesn't have a massive tolerance towards benzos, with almost a narcotic hypnosis and full amnesia for many hours.
 * Fortunately, much of the former uses of Rohypnol inj. soln. is been taken over by midazolam preparations. Yet this remains the actual peril of flunitrazepam beeing used as hideous konck-out agent, especially in eastern Europe and third world, despite the strict control of injectable Rohypnol.--84.163.84.223 00:20, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Usa biased
This article should be rewritten.

>It would be better suited for a "Date Rape" article.

I agree

21 April 2006

rohypnol as sterilization drug
There have been rumours that rohypnol sterlizes the victim permanently... what is the real scene?

Pure speculation, accoarding to my doctor.

 * Not just speculation, but in fact BS.
 * The origin of the rumor is the use of the fictive drug Progesterex together with rohypnol, the stated (though illogical) goal being to avoid conception. This is, of course, just silly, as there is no such thing as progesterex, and conception only occurs if you leave DNA evidence which would be bound to be discovered with the amount of side effects such a drug would have if it weren't fictive. Zuiram 15:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

similarity to mogadon (Nitrazapam)
from what i can gather the only diffrence between the two is one flourine atom. What are the diffrencies between the two that give such a diffrent effect as a date rape drug.

 * I'm not sure there is such a difference, at least not in favour of preferring rohypnol for this use. For one thing, a too low dose will not induce anterograde amnesia, and a too high dose will actually act as a stimulant. (I have a source to verify this, if I can find the link, but the text is in Norwegian. In short, a Norwegian medical facility tested this based on rumors that abusers were taking it for stimulant purposes. They found that above 5mg or so, the effect paradoxically reverses.) Zuiram 15:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Chemically, flunitrazepam is 1-methylated and 5-ortho-fluorinated derivative of nitrazepam. This chemical modification increases its potency some 10-fold; it also speeds the absorption of the drug from the GIT (effective plasma levels after about 10 - 15 min post 2 mg p.o., t(max) in 45 - 60 min). So, 1 mg Rohypnol has about the hypnotic potency of 10 mg Mogadon, but it "kicks" much faster and harder, which is why it's a particulary effective knock-out agent.--84.163.109.201 (talk) 05:46, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

MEDIA HYPE. America never calls them Nitrazepam or Flunitrazepam or Diazepam - it's all brand names, which the consumer doesn't even know belong to one family. More to the point, there are plenty of medications that produce near-instant incapacitation or loss of consciousness when mixed with any quantity of alcohol whatsoever, and they're *NOT* benzodiazepines. Or even sedatives. I'd name a few particularly notorious substances, but I don't want to tip off our dear wannabe-rapists and poisoners out there. Eastern Europeans over the age of 80, from law enforcement backgrounds, who have been to rehab, or who have run afoul of prostitutes with sticky fingers will most definitely know of the most famous one, but there are far more. 208.127.80.59 (talk) 11:57, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

Legal status
The article states that flunitrazepam was "never approved for medical use in the United States", and immediately afterwards states that it was temporarily placed in "Schedule IV" and was then moved to "Schedule III". Supposedly, it is *considered* for Schedule I classification. Please note that only substances which have no recognized medical use by the FDA are placed in Schedule I, therefore, if flunitrazepam "was never approved for medical use in the United States", it could *never* have been classified in any schedule lower than Schedule I, and it would federally be Schedule I at this time (which the article implies is not the case).

Conclusion: unless someone can cite that either:
 * flunitrazepam is and has been a Schedule I drug in the US since it became a controlled substance, OR
 * flunitrazepam was never classified by the FDA as a controlled substance,

I will *remove* the passage which states that flunitrazepam "...was never approved for medical use...", as this sentence renders the entire paragraph self-contradictory --(Patrick 01:58, 4 July 2006 (UTC))

I suggest there is a difference between "FDA approval" for a drug and "no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States" (see Controlled Substances Act). Is the latter criteria even decided by the FDA (as you suggest)? Think for example, about drugs that have no licence for children (yet are used/prescribed for such) or drugs that are licenced elsewhere (e.g. Europe, Mexico, Canada) but not (yet) in the US. Colin°Talk 08:46, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that drugs exist that are not classified by the FDA as having medical use or not (uncontrolled substances), such as ginko biloba, for example, yet have widely accepted medical use. Like I said above, if someone can cite a source that says that the drug in question was at some point uncontrolled, then the statement that it had no accepted medical use at some point is true, only until it becomes scheduled, of course. As far as I know, however, flunitrazepam has been a controlled substance since its inception due to its nature as a benzodiazepine derivative. Therefore, in order for the statement to be true, the drug must have been scheduled under Schedule I (which, as stated in the article, is not currently the case, but possibly up for debate). (Patrick 21:46, 4 July 2006 (UTC))

2mg tablets.
In October 2005 I was prescribed flunitrazepam, under the name Rohypnol, with the Roche logo on the blister pack. This was in Japan, and I while I assume the 2mg pills are still manufactured, I cannot find any verification of this. It is also available in Japan in 1mg tablets under the name Silece(サイレース), manufactured by Eisai Co., Ltd.

Amnesia Effects?
Can it make the user forget memory from the period immediately before the pill was taken? I ask because this is how it is used on Arrested Development.

 * Not as far as I know. It takes too long for the drug to enter the system for it to affect the transfer to long-term memory. The last 15 minutes before it kicks in could be sensitive to an extreme dose, which would need medical attention anyway, so isn't very relevant. It takes anywhere from 15 to 45 minutes before you start to notice the effects, but 1 hour to reach peak plasma concentration, so if the effect is strong enough to cause amnesia after 15 minutes, it will at the very least be strong enough to cause paradoxical disinhibition (aggression, etc.) at peak concentration, and quite possibly strong enough to be a serious problem. Zuiram 14:14, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

So under Anastasia or in cases of duster huffing and otherwise and extreme drunkenness who the hell are we or what exactly happens in memory blackouts and how long can they last? Is the men in black involved? Carsoncannon (talk) 03:48, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Can I decide and Carry out whatever operations I imagine? Shouldn't I be able to set up npc copies of individuals or slight alterations to not infringe on personal likleyness? Carsoncannon (talk) 03:51, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Is it like a deep fake or like do we no clip out of reality into the car realm? Carsoncannon (talk) 04:53, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Or is it like dajavu back to the past when we dreamed about the future? Carsoncannon (talk) 04:54, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

Is there a drug or medical device that produces these effects? Carsoncannon (talk) 04:54, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

For the record I mean cat realm or cat city not car realm but I guess either are appropriate or fuck ford can I trade my piece of shit van into or repair it into a my neighbor Totoro cat bus? I mean as far as vehicles and what's possible with VR technology and robotics this van is absolutely not worth $30000 grand or whatever the remaining payments are unless it comes or I can repair it's lack of a complimentary sexy drivers assistant that actually fucks you or lets you fuck her and supplies drugs on demand then fuck you ford motor company your now in debt to me for 13.50 bitch pay up or watch ads' Carsoncannon (talk) 05:36, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

section neutrality disputed-Drug-facilitated sexual assault
same as this discussion: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Date_rape_drug#weasel_words...

^^^POV warrior

Why is the neutrality disputed when you clarified with your citation that alcohol is much more commonly used in date rape than pharmaceuticals? Nobody disputed your citation. I removed the tags from the article as there is no dispute and as far as I am concerned your citation and data you added is correct and a productive addition to the article.-- Literature geek |  T@1k?  13:44, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Flunitrazepam is cheap. Now the drug used to facilitate sexual assault is Seroquel. Take a look at the price. Pharmaceutical industry doesn't care about sexual assault or health. They want money. So, Seroquel instead of Rohypnol.--Justana (talk) 01:50, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Contradiction in section "Sleep depth"
The section "Sleep depth" says that flunitrazepam causes a decrease in delta sleep. It also states that an increase in delta sleep causes poorer sleep quality. Therefore, the statement that flunitrazepam decreases sleep quality seems to contradict the other information in this section. Tones of Proudness (talk) 18:50, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

It should have said increaded delta activity reflects better sleep. Someone must have altered the text or else the original author (might have been me can't remember) miswrote the sentence. I reread over the reference and fixed the sentence accordingly and removed the banner.-- Literature geek |  T@1k?  19:22, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Clarification of usage level
At the end of the lead is the following sentence:
 * Test results indicated that flunitrazepam was only used in around 1% of reported date rapes according to Robertson and 0.33% according to urine lab tests done by El Sohly

I find this ambiguous. Taken literally, it means 1% of all date rape cases, regardless of whether any drug was used. Since the vast majority of date rapes don't involve a secret incapacitating drug, 1% could actually be seen as a very high number (if you are just comparing to levels of similar purpose drugs). And, does the source actually limit itself to "date rape" as opposed to "sexual assault" which the title of the source implies. Is the source used just for the 1% figure, or is also used for the opinion that this is a small level, and popular belief is contradicted. --Rob (talk) 17:06, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

OTHER substances are used FAR more often and to greater effect. It's 50% the media being idiots, and 50% conscientious folks not wanting to give perverts, muggers & poisoners info about far more accessible, effective, and dangerous incapacition agents... also, the western media hasn't really caught on (or doesn't wish to acknowledge) that the "spiked drink, unwitting unconscious party taken advantage of" scenario of date night actually most often occurs with a male victim, a prostitute or female criminal posing as a potential one-night-stand doing the spiking, and the John's wallet and valuables the target. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.127.80.59 (talk) 12:09, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

A Question regarding counteraction of flunitrazepam and some personal insights about it.
I have looked most places and have been unable to find an answer to this question. Is there anything that will counteract the effects of flunitrazepam after it has been ingested? Many date rapes go unreported so the actual statistics are quite a bit higher than given in reports. The "Blue" color is actually noticeable in most colas and semi-dark soft drinks as it changes the appearance and either makes the drink seem much darker or it gives the drink a bluish hue. however there is always a salty after taste to the soft drink but in alcohol it is much less noticeable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by EdtheAminal (talk • contribs) 22:55, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

Lack of focus on therapeutic use of Flunitrazepam/Reassessment
The article barely talks about the therapeutic uses of Flunitrazepam, except for a single sentence in the lead. This is something that is in dire need of correction. I have reassessed the article from a B-class to a C-class article for this reason.

Acebulf (talk) 05:13, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

Discrepancy
"While 80% of flunitrazepam that is taken orally is absorbed...". This does not agree with the infobox. Scott McNay (talk) 04:55, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

Vagueness
"Flunitrazepam and other sedative hypnotic drugs are detected frequently...". And how often is frequently"? 5%? 95%? If the source material uses that word and no better source is available, then please put it in quotes to indicate that the source, not the article editor, is vague. Scott McNay (talk) 05:01, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

Uncertain date
"About 20 years ago...". Surely that depends upon when the sentence was written, and was not intended to be a floating date. Scott McNay (talk) 05:13, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

roofies
roofies Dawhoda (talk) 13:06, 7 August 2015 (UTC)

US status
I don't understand the status of this drug in the US (I'm British). I've always assumed this was primarily a US market drug, and there is a whole subculture around them there (the 'roofies' thing - there was even a Family Guy episode about it). However, the article states it's not licensed there. It's certainly not widely used in the UK, so where in the world is it used? Is the 'roofies' date rape thing just an urban myth? --Ef80 (talk) 21:29, 13 September 2016 (UTC)

Drugs become well known the world over whether they were ever licensed for clinical use or not and flunitrazepam was never licensed in the US nor was it in Australia. It has been withdrawn in France (I think 2014 - first in pharmacies and then in hospital use). It was available in Spain in 2015 as a tablet of 1 mg and as an injectable solution. In the UK it was introduced as a 1mg and 2mg tablet and then the 2 mg was withdrawn and all tablets were dyed following Daily Mail medical opinion that it was being used as a date-rape drug. All countries where it is still available require special prescribing protocols. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.17.219.43 (talk) 14:05, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

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Use in anesthesia
In the first paragraph, the medication is said to be used "early in anesthesia." The subsequent reference does not support this. I suggest removing this indication, or adding an appropriate reference. Korey Pesicka (talk) 00:22, 27 March 2017 (UTC)

"Roofies" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Roofies and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 17 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. CycloneYoris talk! 03:24, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flunitrazepam


text:
Regional Italian

Regional Italian (italiano regionale, ) is any regional variety of the Italian language.

Such vernacular varieties and standard Italian exist along a sociolect continuum, and are not to be confused with the local non-immigrant languages of Italy that predate the national tongue or any regional variety thereof. Among these languages, the various Tuscan, Corsican and Central Italian lects are, to some extent, the closest ones to standard Italian in terms of linguistic features, since the latter is based on a somewhat polished form of Florentine.

The various forms of Regional Italian have phonological, morphological, syntactic, prosodic and lexical features which originate from the underlying substrate of the original language of the locale.

Regional Italian and the languages of Italy
The difference between Regional Italian and the actual languages of Italy, often imprecisely referred to as dialects, is exemplified by the following: in Venetian, the language spoken in Veneto, "we are arriving" would be translated into sémo drio rivàr, which is quite distinct from the Standard Italian stiamo arrivando. In the regional Italian of Veneto, the same expression would be stémo rivando or siamo dietro ad arrivare. The same relationship holds throughout the rest of Italy: the local version of standard Italian is usually influenced by the underlying local language, which can be very different from Italian with regard to phonology, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. Anyone who knows Standard Italian well can usually understand Regional Italian quite well, while not managing to grasp the regional languages.

Origin
Many contemporary Italian regions already had different substrata before the conquest of Italy and the islands by the ancient Romans: Northern Italy had a Ligurian, a Venetic, and a Celtic substratum in the areas once known as Gallia Cisalpina "Gallia on this side of the Alps"; Central Italy had an Umbrian and Etruscan substratum; Southern Italy and Sicily had an Oscan and Italic-Greek substratum respectively; and finally, Sardinia had an indigenous (Nuragic) and Punic substratum. These languages in their respective territories contributed in creolising Latin, the official language of the Roman Empire.

Even though the Sicilian School, using the Sicilian language, had been prominent earlier, by the 14th century the Tuscan dialect of Florence had gained prestige once Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) and Giovanni Boccaccio all wrote major works in it: the Divina Commedia, the Canzoniere and the Decameron. Italian, defined as such, began to spread and be used as a literary and prestigious means of expression across the whole peninsula, Sicily and Corsica in the late Middle Ages; on the other hand, it would be introduced to Sardinia by a specific order only in the second half of the 18th century (1760), when the island's ownership passed over to the House of Savoy. It was up to Pietro Bembo, a Venetian, to identify Florentine as the language for the peninsula in the Prose nelle quali si ragiona della volgar lingua (1525), in which he set up Petrarch as the perfect model. Italian, however, was a literary language and so was a written rather than spoken language, except in Tuscany and Corsica.

The popular diffusion of a unified Italian language was the main goal of Alessandro Manzoni, who advocated for a single national language mainly derived from "cultured" Florentine language. Having lived in Paris for many years, Manzoni had noticed that French (defined as the capital's dialect) was a very lively language, spoken by ordinary people in the city's streets. On the other hand, the only Italian city where even the commoners spoke something similar to literary Italian was Florence, so he thought that Italians should choose Florentine as the basis for the national language.

The Italian Peninsula's history of fragmentation and colonization by foreign powers (especially France, Spain and the Austrian Empire) between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and its unification in 1861 played a considerable role in further jeopardizing the linguistic situation. When the unification process took place, the newly founded country used Italian mainly as a literary language. Many Romance and non-Romance regional languages were spoken throughout the Italian Peninsula and the islands, each with their own local dialects.

Italian as a spoken language was born in two "linguistic labs" consisting of the metropolitan areas in Milan and Rome, which functioned as magnets for internal migration. Immigrants were only left with the national language as a lingua franca to communicate with both the locals and other immigrants. After unification, Italian started to be taught at primary schools and its use by ordinary people increased considerably, along with mass literacy. The regional varieties of Italian, as a product of standard Italian mixing with the regional languages, were also born.

The various regional languages would be retained by the population as their normal means of expression until the 1950s, when breakthroughs in literacy and the advent of TV broadcasting made Italian become more and more widespread, usually in its regional varieties.

Characteristics of regional Italian
Establishing precise boundaries is very difficult in linguistics, and this operation at the limit can be accomplished for individual phenomena (such as the realization of a sound), but not for all of them: it is necessary to proceed in part by abstractions. In general, an isogloss is an imaginary line that marks the boundary of a linguistic phenomenon. The line traditionally referred to as La Spezia-Rimini (though it is currently moving to the Massa-Senigallia line) is an important isogloss for Southern Europe, which delimits a continuum of languages and dialects characterized by similar phenomena that differ from others for these same phenomena.

This imaginary line is used here to define not only a boundary between dialect groups, but also between Northern regional Italian on the one hand and Central and Southern regional Italian on the other. Other well-defined areas are the Tuscan, the Extreme Southern Italian (comprising the peninsular part of Calabria, Salento and Sicily), and finally the Sardinian ones.

Based on borders like La Spezia-Rimini, here are the most well-identified groups of regional Italian.

Northern Italy
Northern regional Italian is characterized by a different distribution of the open and closed e and o compared to the Florentine model, particularly evident in Milan, where the open e is pronounced at the end of the word (perché ) or in the word body in closed syllable (i.e. followed by consonant: stesso ) and the closed e in word body in open syllable (i.e. not followed by consonant: bene ). Except for the extreme Ligurian Levante, in Liguria, and especially in the capital, there is the opposite phenomenon: there is a tendency to close all the e even where the Italian standard does not envisage it. In Genoa and Bologna for example the names Mattèo, Irène, Emanuèle and the name of the city itself are pronounced with the closed e; moreover, there is no difference in the pronunciation of the word pesca either to mean "peach" (standard ) and "fishing" (standard ), both pronounced.

There is also a strong tendency to pronounce all the e's before a nasal consonant as closed (usually when the nasal consonant is in the same syllable of the e) so that /ɛ/ becomes /e/. Sempre (always) is pronounced as in Northern Italy while the standard pronunciation is, The only exceptions being the words that end in -enne and -emme A characteristic of the North in opposition to the South is the almost always voiced consonant in intervocalic position, whereas in the south it is always voiceless:  vs. . Also in opposition to the south, the north is characterized by the reduction of phonosyntactic doubling at the beginning of the word (after vowels) and the almost total abandonment of the preterite tense in verb forms as it is not present in the majority of Gallo-italic languages (they are replaced by the present perfect).

Sometimes, for older speakers, northern varieties lack geminated consonants (see gemination), especially in Veneto. The lack of the gemination standardly found in combinations of prepositions + articles (e.g. alla, dello, sull' etc.) is very widespread in casual speech, resulting in "sull'albero" sounding like in contrast with the standard pronunciation.

The consonants /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ are labialized in standard Italian ([ʃʷ, tʃʷ, dʒʷ]), but in northern varieties they're not.

Final N's (even though they're not usually found in words with an Italian origin) are usually pronounced as velars in northern varieties, so the typical Venetian surname "Martin" is pronounced as  in Northern Italy but  in Central and Southern Italy.

In some cases, certain unstressed vowels may be pronounced more subtly or reduced in Northern Italian varieties compared to standard Italian. One example is the pronunciation of the suffix -ano for conjugating a first conjugation verb (-are) to a third plural person (they), which most of the times is phonetically realized as

Widespread use of determiners before feminine names (la Giulia) is also noted in almost all the north while the determiner coupled with male names (il Carlo) is typical of the Po Valley.

In the northern vocabulary words like anguria (also common in Sardinia and Sicily), which means "watermelon", instead of cocomero, bologna for mortadella (but not everywhere), piuttosto che ("rather than") in the sense of "or" and not "instead", etc. are in use. The last, in particular, is a custom that has begun to spread also in other areas of Italy, stirring up linguistic concern, as it is used with a semantic sense in contrast to that of standard Italian.

Tuscany
In Tuscany and especially in Florence, the Tuscan gorgia is very well known. That is, the lenition of the occlusive consonants in the post-vocalic position, including at the beginning of the word if the previous word ends up by vowel: la casa "the house", even to its total disappearance. Also phonological in nature are forms without the diphthong uo of Standard Italian (ova, scola, bona, foco instead of uova, scuola, buona, fuoco), while in the syntax a tripartite system of demonstrative adjectives is in use: questo ("this") to indicate something close to the speaker (first person), codesto (lost in other varieties) for something close to the contact person (second person), or quello "that" for something far from both (third person). A Tuscan stereotype is use of forms resembling the impersonal for the first person plural: (noi) si va instead of noi andiamo ("we are going"), past tense (noi) si è andati, and use of te rather than tu as second person singular subject pronoun: Te che fai stasera? rather than Tu che fai stasera? ("What are you doing tonight?"). Also typical of several areas including Tuscany is the use of the article before a female given name (la Elena, la Giulia); such use passed from Tuscany to other regions when used before the surname of well-known people, particularly of the past (il Manzoni). In the vocabulary there is the use of spenge instead of spegne ("extinguishes") or words like balocco instead of giocattolo ("toy"), busse instead of percosse or botte ("beatings"), rena instead of sabbia ("sand"), cencio instead of panno ("cloth").

The Tuscan historical dialects (including Corsican) belong to the same linguistic system as Italian, with few substantial morphological, syntactic or lexical differences compared to the standard language. As a result, unlike further from Tuscany in Italy, there are no major obstacles to mutual intelligibility of the local Romance languages and Regional Italian.

Central Italy, Southern Italy and Sicily
Central and Southern regional Italian is characterized by the usage of the affricate consonants in place of fricatives after nasal consonants (insolito instead of ), and by the doubling of the g 's and b 's (abile  instead of, regina  instead of ). A popular trait in the everyday southern speech is the usage of the apocope of the final syllable of the words, (ma'  for mamma "mom", professo'  for professore "professor", compa'  for compare "buddy, homie" etc.).

In continental Southern Italy there is a different distribution of closed and open vowels (The pronunciation "giòrno" with an open o is very widespread in Campania for example), while in Calabria, Salento and Sicily closed vowels are completely missing and speakers just pronounce open vowels, while in the other regions the discrepancies with the pronunciation Standards are minor (albeit relevant) and non-homogeneous; on the Adriatic side is more evident, as in certain areas of central-east Abruzzo (Chieti-Sulmona), largely in central-northern Apulia (Foggia-Bari-Taranto), and in eastern Basilicata (Matera) where it is present The so-called "syllabic isocronism": free syllable vowels are all pronounced closed and those in close syllables all open (see the well-known example un póco di pòllo instead of un pòco di póllo "a bit of chicken"); Even in the Teramo area (northern Abruzzo), and up to Pescara, the vowels are pronounced with a single open sound (for example dove volete andare stasera? , Thus showing an inexplicable coincidence with the phonetic outcomes of Sicily and Calabria, although there is no direct link with them. As already mentioned here, the intervocalic s is always voiceless, and the use of the preterite is also frequent instead of the use of the present perfect. In continental southern Italy, from Rome down to Calabria, possessive pronouns often are placed after the noun: for example il libro mio instead of il mio libro ("my book").

Another characteristic of regional Italian varieties in central and southern Italy is deaffrication of /tʃ/ between vowels, both word-internally and across word boundaries. In almost all peninsular Italy from Tuscany to Sicily luce is pronounced rather than, la cena is pronounced  instead of  as it is pronounced in northern Italy and in standard Italian.

Sardinia
Based on the significant linguistic distance between the Sardinian language (and any other traditionally spoken by the islanders) and Italian, the Sardinian-influenced Italian emerging from the contact between such languages is to be considered an ethnolect and sociolect of its own, as features divergent from Italian are local in origin, not attributable to more widespread Northern or Southern Italian varieties. While Sardinian phonetics and the introduction of Sardinian words in a full Italian conversation are prevalent, especially if they are Italianised in the process (e.g. tzurpu "blind" and scimpru "dumb" becoming ciurpo and scimpro), the regional Sardinian variety of Italian embracing the most diverging syntactic and morphological changes is situated at the low end of the diastratic spectrum, and its usage, though relatively common among the less educated, is not positively valued by either bilingual Sardinian speakers, who regard it as neither Sardinian nor Italian and nickname it italianu porcheddìnu ("piggy Italian", standing for "broken Italian"), or Italian monolinguals from Sardinia and other parts of the country.

Sardinianised Italian is marked by the prevalence, even in common speech, of the verb's inversion, following rules of Sardinian (and Latin) but not Italian, which uses a subject-verb-object structure. The (often auxiliary) verb usually ends up at the end of the sentence, especially in exclamatory and interrogative sentences (e.g. Uscendo stai?, literally "Going out are you?", from the Sardinian Essinde ses?, instead of Stai uscendo?; Studiando stavo! "Been studying have I!", from Istudiende fia!, instead of Stavo studiando!; Legna vi serve? "In need of some wood are you?" from Linna bos serbit?, instead of Avete bisogno di un po' di legna?). It is also common for interrogative sentences to use a pleonastic tutto "all", from the Sardinian totu, as in Cosa tutto hai visto? "What all have you seen?" from Ite totu as bidu? compared with the standard Italian Cosa hai visto?. The present continuous makes use of the verb essere "to be" as in English rather than stare (e.g. Sempre andando e venendo è! "Always walking up and down she/he is!" from Semper/Sempri andande e beninde est! compared with the standard Italian Sta sempre andando e venendo!): that is because the present continuous built with verb stare does not, in such regional variety, express the idea of an action ongoing at a certain point, but rather something that will take place in the very near future, almost on the point of happening (e.g. Sto andando a scuola with the meaning of "I'm about to go to school" rather than "Right now as we speak, I'm going to school"). It is also common to use antiphrastic formulas which are alien to Italian, by means of the particle già (Sard. jai / giai) which is similar to the German use of ja... schon especially for ironic purposes, in order to convey sardonic remarks (e.g. Già sei tutto studiato, tu! "You're so well educated!" from Jai ses totu istudiatu, tue! which roughly stands for "You are so ignorant and full of yourself!", or Già è poco bello! "He/It is not so beautiful!" from Jai est pacu bellu! meaning actually "He/It is so beautiful!"). One also needs to take into consideration the presence of a number of other Sardinian-specific idiomatic phrases being literally translated into Italian (like Cosa sembra? "What does it look like?" from Ite paret? meaning "How do you do?" compared to the standard Italian Come stai?, Mi dice sempre cosa! "She/He's always scolding me!" from the Sardinian Semper cosa mi narat! compared to the standard Italian Mi rimprovera sempre!, or again Non fa! "No chance!" from Non fachet! / Non fait! compared to standard Italian Non si può!), that would make little sense to an Italian speaker from another region.

As mentioned earlier, a significant number of Sardinian and other local loanwords (be they Italianised or not) are also present in regional varieties of Italian (e.g. porcetto from the Sardinian porcheddu / porceddu, scacciacqua from the Sardinian parabba / paracua "raincoat", continente "Mainland" and continentale "Mainlander" with reference to the rest of the country and its people as well, etc.).

Some words may even reflect ignorance of the original language on the speaker's part when referring to a singular noun in Italian with Sardinian plurals, due to a lack of understanding of how singular and plurals nouns are formed in Sardinian: common mistakes are "una seadas", "un tenores", etc.

Regarding phonology, the regional Italian spoken in Sardinia follows the same five-vowel system of the Sardinian language without length differentiation, rather than the standard Italian seven-vowel system. Metaphony has also been observed: tonic e and o have a closed sound whenever they are followed by a closed vowel (i, u), and they have it open if they are followed by an open one (a, e, o). Hypercorrection is also common when applying the Italian rule of syntactic gemination; intervocalic t, p, v, c are usually elongated. Intervocalic voicing is the same as in Northern Italy, that is.

title: Regional Italian


text:
2-Methoxyestradiol

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME2, 2-MeO-E2) is a natural metabolite of estradiol and 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2). It is specifically the 2-methyl ether of 2-hydroxyestradiol. 2-Methoxyestradiol prevents the formation of new blood vessels that tumors need in order to grow (angiogenesis), hence it is an angiogenesis inhibitor. It also acts as a vasodilator and induces apoptosis in some cancer cell lines. 2-Methoxyestradiol is derived from estradiol, although it interacts poorly with the estrogen receptors (2,000-fold lower activational potency relative to estradiol). However, it retains activity as a high-affinity agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) (10 nM, relative to 3–6 nM for estradiol).

Clinical development
2-Methoxyestradiol was being developed as an experimental drug candidate with the tentative brand name Panzem. It has undergone Phase 1 clinical trials against breast cancer. A phase II trial of 18 advanced ovarian cancer patients reported encouraging results in October 2007.

Preclinical models also suggest that 2-methoxyestradiol could also be effective against inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Several studies have been conducted showing 2-methoxyestradiol is a microtubule inhibitor and is inhibitory against prostate cancer in rodents.

, all clinical development of 2-methoxyestradiol has been suspended or discontinued. This is significantly due to the very poor oral bioavailability of the molecule and also due to its extensive metabolism. Analogues have been developed in an attempt to overcome these problems. An example is 2-methoxyestradiol disulfamate (STX-140), the C3 and C17β disulfamate ester of 2-methoxyestradiol.

Clinical effects
2-Methoxyestradiol was found to increase sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in men by 2.5-fold at a dose of 400 mg/day and by 4-fold at a dose of 1,200 mg/day. Conversely, it did not seem to suppress testosterone levels.

title: 2-Methoxyestradiol


text:
Jonathan Edwards College

Jonathan Edwards College (informally JE) is a residential college at Yale University. It is named for theologian and minister Jonathan Edwards, a 1720 graduate of Yale College. JE's residential quadrangle was the first to be completed in Yale's residential college system, and was opened to undergraduates in 1933.

Among James Gamble Rogers' original eight residential colleges, it is distinct in incorporating pre-existing buildings. Since its renovation in 2008, the college houses 212 students and several faculty fellows. In total, it has around 425 affiliated students and 250 affiliated fellows.

History
In 1930, Yale President James Rowland Angell announced a "Quadrangle Plan" for Yale College, establishing small collegiate communities in the style of Oxford and Cambridge in order to foster more social intimacy among students and faculty, relieve dormitory overcrowding, and reduce the influence of on-campus fraternities and societies. Professor Robert Dudley French was one of the earliest advocates of this plan and visited Oxford and Cambridge to study aspects of their college systems. In 1930, Angell appointed him Master of Jonathan Edwards College, the first such appointment at Yale.

JE's early years saw a flourishing of political activity among students. In 1934 the Yale Political Union was founded in the college.

During World War II, JE was one of three residential colleges which remained open to civilian students. During this time, it became a significant site of intelligence community activity. Master French, who remained at the college through 1953, and his successor, William Dunham, were conduits for undergraduate recruitment into intelligence positions. Fellow and future dean Joseph Curtiss was extensively involved in CIA reconnaissance projects, including one known as the "Yale Library Project."

Until the university abolished the practice 1962 and placed students in the colleges by lottery, the college admitted students by application after completion of their freshman year. During the 1960s, Master Beekman Cannon deepened a tradition of performing arts in the college, hosting operas, plays, recitals, and musical satire.

Namesake

Jonathan Edwards matriculated at Yale College in 1716 near his 13th birthday. Four years later, he graduated as valedictorian of his class of about twenty. This was at a time when entrance into either Harvard or Yale required ability in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Edwards received his Masters of Arts from Yale in 1722. In 1724, he returned to the college as a tutor respected for his theological orthodoxy, anti-Arminianism, and devotion to Yale.

Design
The dominant architectural style of JE is Gothic Revival, and the campus consists of two- to four-story buildings surrounding an open courtyard. It is the only one of James Gamble Rogers' eight colleges to blend new and pre-existing buildings. Less ornate than the adjacent Memorial Quadrangle, JE became the template for Yale's gothic residential projects. JE's immediate forerunner is in the York-Library dormitory, a short, L-shaped building completed in 1924 to complement the Memorial Quadrangle and complete the Gothic corridor along Library Street (now Library Walk). When the college plan was approved several years later, Rogers reconfigured and expanded the dormitory, renaming its wings as Dickinson Hall and Wheelock Hall after early alumni who were the founding presidents of Princeton and Dartmouth. The construction of the dormitories also required the demolition of Kent Chemical Laboratory, replaced with Kent Hall, and the addition of a dining hall and Head's house that fully enclosed the quadrangle.

JE's final building, Weir Hall, was incorporated into the college several decades into the college's tenure. Its construction began in 1911 when George Douglas Miller decided to build a dormitory for Skull and Bones. Though Miller salvaged the castellated towers of Alumni Hall, a campus building originally constructed in 1851, the new dormitory was never completed and was purchased by the university in 1912. It served as home to Yale's Department of Architecture from 1924 until 1965, when it was converted to a residential and library building for JE.

Expansion and renovation
Though the basic architectural program of the college has remained unchanged since its opening, JE has undergone several significant renovations. In 1965, the annexation of Weir Hall allowed for the construction of the Robert Taft Library, faculty offices, and college seminar rooms, expanding the limited library space available in the original college.

In 2007, as part of a twelve-year program to renovate all of Yale's residential colleges, Newman Architects led a major, yearlong renovation of JE. The renovation aimed to improve connectivity and accessibility, upgrade building systems, and restore and enhance building facilities. Most residential suites were reconfigured, administrative offices were consolidated, and the college was retrofitted with elevators and lower-level staircases. Residences for upperclassmen and graduate affiliates were added to Weir Hall, completing JE's multi-decade annexation of the building. After several months of delays due to the complexity of the renovation, the college was rededicated in December 2008 in a ceremony commemorating the seventy-fifth anniversary of the residential college system.

Facilities
The freshman class lives in Farnam Hall on the Old Campus, and approximately half of the junior class lives in McClellan Hall. Due to the small size of the college and the proximity of McClellan, more upperclassmen live in annex housing than any other college (this isn't a good thing). The Great Hall, the Rogers-designed dining hall in JE, is in the style of an Elizabethan banquet hall, with a high timber truss ceiling and oak-paneled walls. The style is unique among the residential colleges, but akin to that of the University Commons. Unlike Commons, which is the largest dining venue on campus, the Great Hall was designed to be one of the smallest dining halls at Yale. On the upper walls are portraits of former heads, usually commissioned at the end of their tenure. Both libraries in JE are located in Weir Hall. At the foot of Weir Hall is Curtis & Curtiss Library, a non-circulating library of JE memorabilia. It was designed by Rogers and features stained glass pieces produced by G. Owen Bonawit. The two-story Robert Taft Library, named for Senator Robert Taft, originally belonged to Weir Hall and was given over to the college in 1965. JE contains one of the smallest central college courtyards at Yale, which partially explains why very few people spend time there. At the college's founding, the courtyard comprised a lawn, sometimes referred to as the "Greensward," and an elliptical pathway. Once an open expanse of grass, the courtyard was landscaped in 1989 and a gated Head's Courtyard was constructed at the courtyard's east end.

Three iron entryway gates were cast by blacksmith Samuel Yellin. Yellin emblazoned the main gate with the dates "1720" and "1932", the year of Edwards' graduation from Yale and the year of the college's founding, respectively.

Memorabilia
Tributes to Jonathan Edwards are found throughout the college. Given to Yale by Edwards' descendants, original portraits by Joseph Badger of Edwards and his wife, Sarah Pierpont Edwards, hang in the Head of College's House dining room, and facsimiles hang in the Senior Common Room.

A walnut slant top desk believed to have belonged to Edwards also resides in the Head of College's House. The desk was discovered in the basement of the old Divinity School during its demolition in 1931 and moved to JE.

In 2008, stone-cut replicas of the Edwards' tombstones, hand carved by The John Stevens Shop, were installed in the college's basement.

Sculpture
Sculptures have adorned the courtyard since its opening. In the 1930s, the courtyard featured an early eighteenth-century bronze statue of a young slave holding a sundial, purported to have belonged to Elihu Yale. It has since been transferred to the Yale University Art Gallery. In 2012, a bronze sundial honoring Master Gary Haller was installed near the site of the original sundial, bearing the crest and badge of the college.

Since 1998, the Yale University Art Gallery has loaned a twelve-foot bronze sculpture by Dimitri Hadzi, entitled "Floating Helmets", to the Head's Courtyard.

The JE Press
JE is one of two residential colleges which maintains active use of its print shop, the JE Press. JE owns three manual press, one of which belonged to Frederic Goudy, and an automated Vandercook press. The JE Press is overseen by printer Richard Rose, who teaches classes each year in the printing arts.

Exhibitions
The work of artists affiliated with the college are on rotating display their art in the college's basement art gallery. A permanent installation of prints by Walker Evans can also be found in the basement, as well as historical memorabilia and ephemera printed by the JE Press.

Insignia
The official insignia of JE is its shield, described in heraldic terms as ermine, a lion rampant vert. Designed by Fritz Kredel, it is a simplified version of the coat of arms believed to have been used by the Edwards family. A green, rearing heraldic lion symbolizes courage and purity of heart. Its crimson tongue and nails exhibit willingness to pursue its goals with passion both of speech and strength. The veil of white that surrounds the lion symbolizes the grace of God. This shield is used on formal decorations and college letterhead.

Other insignia have been informally adopted for the college. A red apple surrounded by a green serpent, a reference to the Book of Genesis, is used on blazers and other college apparel. It recalls the Reverend Jonathan Edwards' preoccupation with the doctrine of original sin. It was devised by the first Master and Fellows, and designed by H. Dillington Palmer. It forms the silver head of the ebony mace of the College.

The college's mascot is the Spider, derived from a line in Jonathan Edwards' early descriptive writings on the creatures as well as his famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," in which Edwards opines that "The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked." Members of the college are called "Spiders."

The unofficial motto of the College is "JE SUX." In 1975, several JE students came up with a strategy for victory in the annual Bladderball game. The plan was to take possession of the giant bladderball with a meathook. The bladderball deflated after being punctured by the meathook, prematurely ending the game and causing students of other colleges to chant "JE Sucks!" That winter, the jeer was lightheartedly adopted by JE's intramural ice hockey team, who went on to claim the intramural title. Since then, JE students have adopted the phrase as their rallying cry, with a slight twist: "Sux" instead of "Sucks," a gesture to the university's motto, Lux et Veritas.

Student Activities
Yale's residential colleges compete in an annual intramural competitions in several dozen events. Each year, the most winning college across all events receives the Tyng Cup. After clinching the cup only twice in the first seventy-five years of the competition, JE won three consecutive Tyng Cup championships in 2009-'10, 2010-'11, and 2011-'12. It is currently tied for eighth in all-time Tyng victories.

Like its counterparts in the other residential colleges, the Jonathan Edwards College Council (JECC) is the elected student council that governs student life in the college. In conjunction with the Head of College and Dean, the JECC manages student facilities, capital purchases, and residential policies. In addition, many college traditions are organized by the JECC. However, only around 27% of JE students are interested in anything the JECC has to say. The Social Activities Committee is a volunteer student group which plans and hosts study breaks, dances, and miscellaneous college events.

Culture Draw
In a tradition dating back to the 1960s, a raffle is held each semester for the students of the college to attend cultural and artistic performances in New York and New Haven. Fellows of the college accompany groups of students to each performance, usually taking them to dinner beforehand. Culture Draw events usually include performances of the Metropolitan Opera and New York City Ballet, Broadway musicals and plays, and symphony orchestra concerts.

Dances
The JE Screw is the college's iteration of the "screw" dances popular at Yale, during which suitemates will set up blind dates for each other and require pairs to "find each other" prior to the dance. JE Screw customarily takes place in the fall semester and is open to members of the college and their dates.

Considered the most formal of residential college balls, the Spider Ball is traditionally held immediately before Reading Period.

Annual Festivities
As a Fall semester in-gathering, students hold a "Great Awakening" courtyard picnic to commemorate the legacy of Jonathan Edwards and the American religious revival he inspired.

In October, students plant hundreds of tulip bulbs in courtyard planters, which bloom at the end of the spring semester. They also crown a Tulip Princess, a member of the college who most embodies the character or appearance of the flower.

Drawing on the Polish tradition of Dyngus Day, the "Wet Monday" water fight occurs each year at midnight on Easter Monday. While freshmen blitz the college with water balloons and squirt guns, upperclassmen attempt to defend the college quadrangle with an arsenal of hoses, water balloons, and other creative deterrents.

Men of JE
Formed in the fall of 1990 as a parody of singing group culture at Yale, the Men of JE are an audition-only a cappella group with a semi-secret membership. Claiming to be "part a cappella group, part defender of Yale and JE ideals," the Men are known to pester and prank students in Branford and other residential colleges. They traditionally perform original songs at JE events, whether or not they are invited to do so.

Branford College rivalry
Borne of their proximity, JE has a longstanding rivalry with Branford College. For decades, students from each college have caused mischief within their counterpart's buildings and grounds. It's relatively common for Branford students to stand in the JE courtyard and brag about how much better their courtyard is. JE students try their best to counter these claims, but they don't have too much to defend. Though most of the antics are spontaneous, every semester the Men of JE lead a late night brigade to Branford to disrupt last-minute studying at the end of Reading Period.

Sister college
JE's sister college at Harvard is Eliot House, a relationship formalized in 1934. The hospitality of each college is open to the fellows and students of the other; this primarily occurs during The Game, when Eliot House and JE host students of the other college.

Fellowship
By nomination of the Head of College and approval of the Council of Heads of College, any Yale faculty member or professional employee can be named a fellow of JE. The Head of College may also nominate associate fellows, defined broadly as any person who is not an employee or recent graduate of Yale College. Fellows hold weekly fellows dinners in the college, teach college seminars, advise students on their course of study, and participate in the ceremonies and traditions of the college. The fellowship's most senior members appointed as president of the Junior Common Room and president of the Senior Common Room by order of seniority. Notable living fellows include Bob Alpern, Harold Bloom, David Bromwich, Scott Ellaway, Shelly Kagan, Frank Rich, Herbert Scarf, Tom Steitz, Florian Hill and Robert Stern.

Fellowships
The Alan S. Tetelman Fellowship, endowed in memory of a JE alumnus and professor of metallurgy at UCLA who was killed in a 1978 plane crash, supports lectures and research fellowships at Yale. It is administered by the Head of JE, who invites distinguished scientists and science advocates to give the semesterly Tetelman Lecture. Past lecturers include Robert Ballard, Harry Blackmun, Ben Carson, Murray Gell-Mann, the Dalai Lama, David Lee, Amartya Sen, Maxine Singer, and James Watson. The Tetelman Fellowship also supports undergraduate research in the natural and applied sciences.

In 1962, JE received a large bequest in memory of Robert C. Bates, a fellow of the college and professor of French, by his sister Amy Bradish Groesbeck. These funds are disbursed as teaching and undergraduate research fellowships.

Notable alumni

 * Winthrop Rockefeller, 1935, governor of Arkansas, son of John D. Rockefeller Jr., and grandson of John D. Rockefeller (left Yale in 1934)
 * Stanley Rogers Resor, 1939, US Secretary of the Army
 * McGeorge Bundy, 1940, National Security Advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson, dean of Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences
 * John Lindsay, 1944, mayor of New York
 * Frederick P. Rose, 1944, New York builder and philanthropist
 * Murray Gell-Mann, 1948, physicist, 1969 winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Nicholas F. Brady, 1952, US senator from New Jersey, US Secretary of the Treasury (1988–1993)
 * Lewis H. Lapham, 1956, writer and publisher
 * Wilbur Ross, 1959, Wall Street financier, member of the Forbes 400
 * Gus Speth, 1964, environmentalist, co-founder of the Natural Resource Defense Council, and dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
 * John Kerry, 1966, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts, US senator from Massachusetts, US presidential candidate (2004), and US Secretary of State
 * Fred Smith, 1966, founder and president of FedEx
 * Karl Marlantes, 1967, businessman and author
 * Roland W. Betts, 1968, investor, lead owner in George W. Bush’s Texas Rangers partnership (1989–1998), and developer and owner of Chelsea Piers
 * Ron Rosenbaum, 1968, Gonzo journalist and writer, columnist for The New York Observer
 * Peter Ochs, 1971, theologian and professor of Judaic studies
 * Gary Locke, 1972, governor of Washington (1997–2005), US Secretary of Commerce (2009-2011), and US Ambassador to China (2011-2014)
 * Gary Lucas, 1974, guitarist, Grammy-nominated songwriter, recording artist and soundtrack composer
 * Christopher Buckley, 1975, author of Thank You for Smoking and son of William F. Buckley
 * Ronni Alexander, 1977, lead plaintiff in Alexander v. Yale and professor of international relations
 * Donald Ingber, 1977, cell biologist and bioengineer, discoverer of tensegrity architecture
 * Donna Dubinsky, 1977, CEO of Palm, co-founder of Handspring, member of the Forbes 400
 * Pamela Karlan, 1980, legal scholar
 * Ann Packer, 1981, author of The Dive from Clausen's Pier
 * Paul Bass, 1982, journalist and founder of the New Haven Independent
 * Marvin Krislov, 1982, president of Oberlin College
 * Amy Klobuchar, 1982, US senator from Minnesota
 * Stephen Prothero, 1982, author and scholar of American religion
 * Amity Shlaes, 1982, author and journalist
 * Tom Perrotta, 1983, novelist, author of Little Children, Election and The Abstinence Teacher
 * Andrew Solomon, 1985, writer, author of The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression
 * Jane Mendelsohn, 1986, novelist, author of I was Amelia Earhart
 * Christopher A. Wray, 1989, Director FBI
 * Angela Warnick Buchdahl, 1994, Senior Rabbi of Central Synagogue
 * David Leonhardt, 1994, writer for The New York Times
 * Theo Epstein, 1995, formerly the youngest general manager in the history of MLB, when the Boston Red Sox hired him at the age of 28; currently President of Baseball Operations for the Chicago Cubs.
 * Anne Wojcicki, 1996, co-founder of 23andMe
 * Robert Lopez, 1997, Tony Award-winning composer and lyricist of Avenue Q and The Book of Mormon
 * Nathan Chen, 2024, Two-time Olympic champion (2022), three-time world champion (2018, 2019, 2021), three-time grand prix final champion (2017-2019), and six-time U.S. champion (2017-2022) in figure skating

Heads and Deans
In 2016, the title of "Master" was changed to "Head of College"

title: Jonathan Edwards College


text:
Andre Rodgers

Kenneth Andre Ian Rodgers (December 2, 1934 – December 13, 2004) was a Major League Baseball shortstop who played for the New York / San Francisco Giants (1957–60), Chicago Cubs (1961–64), and Pittsburgh Pirates (1965–67). He also played one season in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Taiyo Whales (1969). He batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 ft tall and weighed 200 lb (14 stone, 4).

Career
A native of Nassau, Bahamas, Rodgers was the first Bahamian to play in the integrated major leagues (though Ormond Sampson, who debuted in 1932, played in the Negro leagues). He was a talented cricket player who paid his own way for a tryout with the Giants in 1954. Rodgers failed to make the team that year. He had to learn the rules of baseball, not to jump away from curveballs, and consequently, he adjusted and made his debut in 1957. Rodgers was a part of the Giants roster until October 1960 when he was traded to the Milwaukee Braves for Alvin Dark, who ultimately became the San Francisco manager at the time.

Before the 1961 season started, the Braves traded Rodgers to the Cubs. In 1962, he became the regular Cubs shortstop when Ernie Banks moved to first base. In that season, Rodgers, second baseman Ken Hubbs and Banks set a league record for double plays. After four productive seasons for the Cubs, Rodgers was traded to the Pirates.

In an 11-year career, Rodgers compiled a .249 batting average with 45 home runs and 245 RBI in 854 games. But even more important than the success he accomplished in his career was the fact that he opened the door for countrymen to follow, such as Ed Armbrister, Tony Curry, Wenty Ford, and Wil Culmer. Indeed, in the immediate years following his success, baseball began to emerge as the most popular sport in the Bahamas, and, in the 1960s, had become even more popular than cricket.

Andre Rodgers died in Nassau at the age of 70. Andre Rodgers National Baseball Stadium, which opened at Nassau's Queen Elizabeth Sports Centre in 2022, is named in his honor.

title: Andre Rodgers


text:
3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone

3-Aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP, also called Triapine) is substance of interest for the treatment of cancer. It is a thiosemicarbazone derivative of 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde. It presents an N-N-S array of donor sites that strongly bind iron, robbing iron-containing enzymes of their prosthetic group.

It belongs to the family of drugs called ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors.

3AP is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, the rate determining enzyme in the supply of deoxynucleotides (DNA building blocks) for DNA synthesis. DNA synthesis is required for cellular proliferation and DNA repair. It is a very strong iron chelator and in the body it is likely that the iron chelate is the active species that quenches the active site tyrosyl radical required by ribonucleotide reductase for its enzymatic activity. The 3AP iron chelate is redox active and there have been several reports in the literature ascribing this property to some of the biological activities of 3AP. 3AP was chosen, based on the results of studying and the screening these products, as the candidate inhibitor most likely to express activity in the setting of human neoplastic disease. Vion Pharmaceuticals has also filed several use patents concerning the antiviral and antifungal activity of 3AP.

3AP was initially developed by Vion Pharmaceuticals until company declared bankruptcy in December 2009. Nanotherapeutics, Inc. acquired the product from bankruptcy in 2010 and supported trials at NCI until 2018 when the product was transferred to Nanoshift, LLC. Nanoshift LLC and Nanopharmaceutics, Inc. continue to support clinical studies with the NCI.