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Thérèse Raquin

Thérèse Raquin is an 1868 novel by French writer Émile Zola, first published in serial form in the literary magazine L'Artiste in 1867. It was Zola's third novel, though the first to earn wide fame. The novel's adultery and murder were considered scandalous and famously described as "putrid" in a review in the newspaper Le Figaro.

Thérèse Raquin tells the story of a young woman, unhappily married to her first cousin by an overbearing aunt, who may seem to be well-intentioned but in many ways is deeply selfish. Thérèse's husband, Camille, is sickly and egocentric and when the opportunity arises, Thérèse enters into a turbulent and sordidly passionate affair with one of Camille's friends, Laurent.

In his preface, Zola explains that his goal in this novel was to "study temperaments and not characters". Because of this detached and scientific approach, Thérèse Raquin is considered an example of naturalism.

Thérèse Raquin was first adapted for the stage as an 1873 play written by Zola himself. It has since then been adapted numerous times as films, TV mini-series, musicals, and an opera, among others.

Plot summary
Thérèse Raquin is the daughter of a French sea captain and an Algerian mother. After her mother's death, her father takes her to live with her aunt, Madame Raquin, and Camille, her valetudinarian son. Because her son is "so ill", Madame Raquin dotes on him to the point of spoiling him, and he is very selfish. Camille and Thérèse grow up side-by-side and Madame Raquin marries them to each other when Thérèse turns 21. Shortly thereafter, Camille decides that the family should move to Paris so he can pursue a career.

Thérèse and Madame Raquin set up shop in the Passage du Pont Neuf to support Camille while he searches for a job. He eventually starts working for the Orléans Railway Company, where he runs into a childhood friend, Laurent. Laurent visits the Raquins and, while painting a portrait of Camille, contemplates an affair with the lonely Thérèse, mostly because he cannot afford prostitutes anymore.

It soon becomes a torrid love affair. They meet regularly and secretly in Thérèse's room. After some time, Laurent's boss no longer allows him to leave early, so the lovers must think of something new. Thérèse comes up with the idea of killing Camille, and they become infatuated with the idea of being able to be together permanently while being married. It seems Camille is the only obstacle in this. They eventually drown him during a boat trip, though in defending himself Camille succeeds in biting Laurent on the neck. Madame Raquin is in shock after hearing of her son's disappearance. Everybody believes that the drowning was an accident and that the couple actually tried to save Camille. Laurent is still uncertain about whether Camille is truly dead and frequently visits the mortuary, which he persists in although it disturbs him, until he finally finds the dead body there. Thérèse becomes far more nervous and has nightmares; the previously calm and centered Laurent also becomes nervous. Their feelings toward each other are greatly changing, but they still plot to marry without raising suspicion and therefore reap the rewards of their actions. Thérèse acts very subdued around family and acquaintances and Laurent publicly shows great concern and care for her, so Michaud, one of the family's regular visitors, decides that Thérèse should remarry and her ideal husband should be Laurent. They finally marry but are haunted by the memory of the murder; Laurent's bite scar serves as a constant reminder for them both. They have hallucinations of the dead Camille in their bed every night, preventing them from touching each other and quickly driving them even more insane. They vacillate between trying desperately to rekindle their passion to get rid of the corpse hallucinations (and trying to 'heal' the bite scar) and despising each other. Laurent, previously an untalented artist, is suddenly struck with surprising talent and skill, but he can no longer paint a picture (even a landscape) which does not in some way resemble the dead man. Sickened by this, he gives up art. They must also tend to Madame Raquin, who suffered a stroke after Camille's death. She suffers a second stroke and becomes completely paralyzed (except for her eyes), after which Thérèse and Laurent accidentally reveal the murder in her presence during one of their many arguments.

Madame Raquin, previously blissfully happy, is now filled with rage, disgust, and horror. During an evening game of dominoes with friends, Madame Raquin manages to move her finger with an extreme effort of will to trace words on the table: "Thérèse et Laurent ont ...". The complete sentence was intended to be "Thérèse et Laurent ont tué Camille" (Thérèse and Laurent killed Camille). At this point, her strength gives out and the words are interpreted as "Thérèse and Laurent look after me very well".

Thérèse and Laurent find life together intolerable. Laurent has started beating Thérèse, something she deliberately provokes to distract her from her life. Thérèse has convinced herself that Madame Raquin has forgiven her and spends hours kissing her and praying at the disabled woman's feet. The couple argue almost constantly about Camille and who was responsible for his death, so they exist in an endless waking nightmare. They are being driven to rashly plot to kill each other. At the novel's climax, they're about to kill each other when each realizes the other's plan. They break down sobbing in silent agreement of what they should do next, and reflect on their miserable lives. After a final embrace, they commit suicide by taking poison supplied by Laurent, all in front of the hate-filled, watchful gaze of Madame Raquin.

Characters

 * Thérèse Raquin – the eponymous protagonist, is the wife of Camille and the orphaned daughter of Madame Raquin's brother and an unknown African woman.
 * Camille Raquin – Thérèse's husband and first cousin.
 * Madame Raquin – Camille's mother and Thérèse's aunt. She works as a shopkeeper to support her family.
 * Laurent – a childhood friend and coworker of Camille who seduces Thérèse.
 * Michaud – the police commissioner and friend of Madame Raquin
 * Olivier – Michaud's son who works at the police prefecture
 * Suzanne – Olivier's wife
 * Grivet – an elderly employee of the Orléans Railroad Company, where Camille works
 * François – the Raquins' cat

Punishment and imprisonment
Throughout the book, there are references to chains, cages, tombs, and pits. These contribute to the impression that Laurent and Thérèse are in a state of remorse and are plagued by guilt. The book mentions how they always claw at the chains that bound them together. The shop that Thérèse owns is compared to a tomb, where Thérèse watches corpses walk by in the day.

Temperaments
In his preface to the second edition, Zola writes that he intended to "study temperaments and not characters". To his main characters, he assigns various humors according to Galen's four temperaments: Thérèse is melancholic, Laurent is sanguine, Camille is phlegmatic and Madame is choleric. For Zola, the interactions of these types of personalities could only have the result that plays out in his plot.

Human beast
Also in his preface, Zola calls both Thérèse and Laurent "human brutes" and the characters are often given animal tendencies. Zola would take up this idea again in his La Bête humaine (1890).

Literary significance and reception
Thérèse Raquin is generally considered to be Zola's first major work. Upon its release in 1867, Thérèse Raquin was a commercial and artistic success for Zola; this led to a reprint in book form in 1868. It gained additional publicity when critic Louis Ulbach (pen name: Ferragus) called Thérèse Raquin "putrid" in a long diatribe for Le Figaro; Zola capitalized on this for publicity and referred to it in his preface to the second edition.

Zola's book provided the clear inspiration for James M. Cain's 1934 novel The Postman Always Rings Twice, which has a similar plot.

Theatrical
Zola adapted the novel into a play, Thérèse Raquin, first staged in 1873. It was not performed in London until 1891, under the auspices of the Independent Theatre Society, since the Lord Chamberlain's Office refused to license it.

Stage productions of Zola's play include:
 * 2006 for the Royal National Theatre, London, adaptation written by Nicholas Wright
 * 2007 production of the Nicholas Wright adaptation by Quantum Theatre in Pittsburgh; staged in the empty swimming pool of the Carnegie Free Library of Braddock
 * 2008 production at Riverside Studios, London, adaptation by Pauline McLynn
 * 2009 production at Edinburgh Fringe Festival performed by pupils of the Cheltenham Ladies' College (adapted by Fiona Ross)
 * 2014 production touring from Bath, adapted by Helen Edmundson
 * 2014 production at Theatre Works, Melbourne, Australia; adapted and directed by Gary Abrahams
 * 2015 Edmundson adaptation at the Roundabout Theater at Studio 54 (New York City)
 * 2017 revival of the 2014 Gary Abrahams adaption touring Australia nationally

An opera based on the novel was written by the composer Michael Finnissy. Another opera, Thérèse Raquin, by Tobias Picker, opened in 2000.

The novel was made into the Broadway musical Thou Shalt Not, with music by Harry Connick Jr.

The play The Artificial Jungle by Charles Ludlam was an adaption of the novel, written in the hard-boiled crime style of James M. Cain.

Neal Bell adapted the novel into a play under the same title. It was first produced at New York University by Playwrights Horizons Theatre School on December 3, 1991, directed by Edward Elefterion, with Katie Bainbridge as the title role. Its first professional production was at the Williamstown Theatre Festival on June 30, 1993, directed by Michael Greif, with Lynn Hawley as Thérèse. On July 10, 1994, Michael Greif, in conjunction with La Jolla Playhouse in California, put up the West Coast premiere with Paul Giamatti in the role of Camille. Its professional New York premiere was on October 27, 1997, at the Classic Stage Company, directed by David Esbjornson, with Elizabeth Marvel as Thérèse. The Los Angeles premiere was directed by Charlie Stratton, with Leslie Hope as Thérèse.

A 2014 UK musical, Thérèse Raquin, with music by Craig Adams and book and lyrics by Nona Shepphard, featured Julie Atherton as Thérèse, Tara Hugo as Madame, Jeremy Legat as Camille and Ben Lewis/Greg Barnett as Laurent. After a sold-out run at The Finborough Theatre the Theatre Bench production transferred to Park Theatre in Finsbury Park and was nominated for a West End Frame award. A cast recording was released in 2015.

Film and television
Film and television adaptations of the novel include:
 * Thérèse Raquin (1915), Italian silent film, directed by Nino Martoglio
 * Thérèse Raquin (1928), German film
 * Thérèse Raquin (1950), BBC adaptation starring Sonia Dresdel as Thérèse
 * Thérèse Raquin (1953), with Simone Signoret
 * Thérèse Raquin (1956), German TV movie
 * Thérèse Raquin (1965) Swedish TV movie
 * Thérèse Raquin (1966), German TV movie
 * Teresa Raquin (1977), Mexican TV series
 * Thérèse Raquin (1979) Belgian TV movie
 * Thérèse Raquin (1980), BBC series starring Kate Nelligan as Thérèse, Brian Cox as Laurent, and Alan Rickman as Vidal (Laurent's artist friend, who is unnamed in the novel)
 * Thérèse Raquin (1985), Italian miniseries
 * Thirst (2009), Korean horror film which borrowed several plot elements from Thérèse Raquin
 * In Secret (2013), American film starring Elizabeth Olsen as Thérèse, Jessica Lange as Madame Raquin, Oscar Isaac as Laurent and Tom Felton as Camille; directed by Charlie Stratton

Radio

 * Thérèse Raquin (1998), BBC Radio 4 radio adaptation starring Anna Massey as Thérèse
 * Thérèse Raquin (2009), BBC Radio 4 "Classic Serial" adaptation in two parts starring Charlotte Riley as Thérèse and Andrew Buchan as Laurent

Publication history

 * 1867, France, Lacroix, December 1867, hardback
 * 1881, Translation by Mary Neal Sherwood
 * 1886, Translation by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly
 * 1902, Translated by Edward Vizetelly
 * 1962, Penguin Classics translation by L. W. Tancock
 * 1992, Oxford World's Classics translation by Andrew Rothwell
 * 1995, Penguin Classics translation by Robin Buss
 * 2013, Vintage (Random House) translation by Adam Thorpe

title: Thérèse Raquin


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Talk:Fluke

What about the "flukes" mentioned on Flamberge? I don't see anything weapon-related in this disambig. RoseOfKali (talk) 05:38, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

"Whale tail"?
The link to the "whale tail" article is to a link that mainly discusses women's underwear, with some additional business about Porches and statues. I would be inclined to either delete that line on the disambig page entirely, or to change the link to Whale or something similar. However, I have never edited a disambiguation page before, so I don't know what guidelines govern this kind of edit. There is absolutely no indication that anybody calls g-string flash a "fluke," though, so what I do know is that the page as it stands is inaccurate. KASchmidt (talk) 05:11, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Fluke


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User:Lerush

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title: User:Lerush


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Formula Junior

Formula Junior is an open wheel formula racing class first adopted in October 1958 by the CSI (International Sporting Commission, the part of the FIA that then regulated motorsports). The class was intended to provide an entry level class where drivers could use inexpensive mechanical components from ordinary automobiles. The idea to form the new class came from Count Giovanni "Johnny" Lurani who saw the need of a class for single-seater racing cars where younger drivers could take their first steps. It is often speculated that this class was founded as a reaction to Italy's lack of success in the 500cc Formula Three, and although Italian marques dominated the first year of the formula, they were soon overtaken by British constructors.

History
The rules for the class required the cars to be powered by production-based engines with a maximum volume of 1000 cc with a 360 kg (792 lb) car or 1100 cc with a 400 kg (880 lb) car – in practice the latter was used in almost all successful FJs (the USA adopted other cc/weight ratios but they were rarely used). Parts like engine block, head and cylinders had to come from a production car; single or twin overhead camshafts, limited slip differentials and modifications to the number of main bearings were all forbidden. The brakes and transmission also had to be production-based. Constructors were allowed to increase the number of gears, but only inside a production gearbox casing.

In Italy the popular Fiat 1100 engine was the obvious choice and in 1958 there were few other suitable engines in Italy; elsewhere the 1000 cc Mini engine as well as the DKW and the Saab three-cylinder two-stroke engines were obvious choices, as was the new oversquare Ford engine from the 105E Anglia. The first Italian FJ cars were very much in the front-engined tradition of contemporary Grand Prix cars; the first international Formula Junior championship in 1959 was won by the Swiss driver and engineer Michael May in an Automobili Stanguellini. The British constructors were initially not particularly interested; the 500cc Formula Three was still just about viable, and small-capacity sports car racing had become the accepted route into racing. As the formula gathered momentum, though, constructors started to take note.

In the UK, Frank Nichols of Elva produced the Elva 100 series powered by a BMC A-Series (Sprite or Mini) engine or a DKW two-stroke engine tuned by Gerhard Mitter in Germany. The Elva became first mass-produced British Formula Junior car. Other early British designs included the Gemini (earlier called Moorland) and Lola Mk 2.

Although these early British FJs were front-engined, the F1 car was undergoing a mid-engined revolution and there were also strands of thinking in FJ that stemmed from the 500cc Formula Three where rear-engined cars had been the norm. It was not long before Cooper started to produce a car similar to their contemporary F1/F2 thinking, later F3s and "bobtail" sports car fitted with BMC A-series engines. On the engine side, Keith Duckworth of Cosworth Engineering took an interest in Formula Junior and managed to get hold of two of the new engines to be used in the 1959 Ford Anglia. Lotus also came into the game with their Lotus 18, a simplified derivative of their Formula One and Formula Two chassis fitted with a 997 cc Ford Anglia engine. Later Lotus also raced in Formula Junior with Lotus 20, Lotus 22 and Lotus 27. These two marques (Cooper and Lotus), with close links to their Grand Prix teams, soon came to dominate Formula Junior on an international level.

In Sweden, Saab produced the Saab Formula Junior, mainly to test new engine designs.

In Russia the most used engine came from the Moskvitch.

Through the formula's lifetime, though, the number of manufacturers increased. By the end of 1960 there were over 100 manufacturers worldwide, and by the end of 1963 the number had increased to almost 500 – but the vast majority of race wins went to the British constructors of mid-engined cars. Brabham's first racing car was the mid-engined BT1 (originally called the MRD, but renamed when it was realised that the initials had unfortunate connotations in French) in 1961. By 1963 the class had become expensive, the scope for wins in homebuilt or amateur cars was diminishing and the cost of tuning a 1000 cc engine to get up to 120 hp was getting too high. The 1963 series was the last series in the UK and Europe.

In the early 1960s, after Formula One was reduced to a 1.5l engine capacity and Formula Two disappeared, Formula Junior suffered from playing two roles, both an introduction to single-seater racing for novices, and the only international single seater category below F1. The latter role meant that costs were pushed up too high for many amateurs (competing against works or near-works Coopers and Lotuses meant that there was little chance of success in major races), and it was decided that two new formulae were needed to replace FJ; one-litre Formula Two and Formula Three were reintroduced for 1964, with F2 allowing pure-bred race engines and aimed very much at professional and serious up-and-coming drivers, and F3 essentially being a slightly tamer version of FJ for amateurs and those at an earlier stage in their career.

Slightly later in the 1960s, classes based on the same original idea as FJ evolved as low-cost introductions to single-seater motor racing, notably Formula Ford and Formula Vee.

Because many cars and engines are still readily available, Formula Junior is now a popular category in historic racing.

Drivers with a background in Formula Junior include: Jim Clark, Peter Arundell, Lorenzo Bandini, Giacomo Russo, Fritz d'Orey, Trevor Taylor, John Surtees (whose association with the formula was very brief), Denny Hulme, Ed Leslie, Pat Pigott and Jack McAfee. German Gerhard Mitter successfully raced (40 wins) and sold (130) two-stroke-engines for FJ.

title: Formula Junior


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Don Messer's Jubilee

Don Messer's Jubilee was a Canadian folk musical variety show first broadcast on radio and later on television. The radio version aired from produced from 1939 to 1958 in Charlottetown for CBC Radio. The Television version show shot at the studios of CBHT in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It was broadcast by CBC Television nationwide from 1957 until 1969, after almost two decades in various formats on CBC radio.

Taking its name from band leader and fiddler Don Messer, the half-hour weekly program featured Messer and his band "Don Messer and His Islanders", as well as a guest performer. The show followed a consistent format throughout its years, beginning with a tune named "Goin' to the Barndance Tonight", followed by fiddle tunes by Messer, songs from some of his "Islanders" including singers Marg Osburne and Charlie Chamberlain, numbers by the Buchta Dancers, the featured guest performance, and a closing hymn. It ended with "Till We Meet Again".

The series began 7 November 1957 as a regional program limited to CBC's Nova Scotia and New Brunswick stations. On 7 August 1959, CBC stations throughout Canada carried the show as a summer replacement for Country Hoedown's Friday evening time slot. That fall, Don Messer's Jubilee became a regular season CBC series as of 28 September 1959, becoming a Monday night fixture until its final 1968-1969 season when it returned to the Friday evening timeslot.

Outside of Hockey Night In Canada, in the mid-1960s Don Messer's Jubilee was the #1 show in the country, earning higher ratings than even the imported CBS variety show, The Ed Sullivan Show. The guest performance slot gave national exposure to numerous Canadian folk musicians, including Stompin' Tom Connors, Catherine McKinnon, Anne Murray, Gordon Lightfoot and Canadian singer Bud Spencer.

The cancellation of the show by the public broadcaster in 1969 caused a nationwide protest, including the raising of questions by Members of Parliament in the House of Commons. The last CBC broadcast was on 20 June 1969. Independent TV station CHCH-TV in Hamilton, Ontario picked up the show for about four years. It was distributed to stations throughout Canada in syndication. The show ended following Messer's death in 1973.

title: Don Messer's Jubilee


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Talk:Right ascension

Is this way of calculating it correct?
If you are on the Tropic of Cancer and looking directly straight up, at the zenith, on the March equinox, then the object is at 0 hours R.A.

If you wait an hour and look up it is at 1 hour R.A.

Is this correct?

Similarly, if you wait a month, 1 year/12 days, and do the same thing then it is at 2 hours.

Looking up on the September equinox will make a star a little past 12 hours. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slothman32 (talk • contribs) 11:16, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

 * No, it's not right. At the Vernal Equinox, the right ascension (RA) is 0o; at the Summer Solstice, the RA is 90o; at the Autumnal Equinox, the RA is 180o; at the Winter Solstice, the RA is 270o; and at yet another Vernal Equinox, the RA is 360o, or back to 0o. In other words, it completes a 0o - 360o cycle in one year, NOT in one day. That's to say, it takes the RA roughly 3 months to advance 6 hours, or 1 year to advance 24 hours. And keep in mind that the angular speed of RA is not uniform in time.

 * One way to avoid confusion in visualizing either the Equatorial Coordinate System or the Ecliptic Coordinate System is to assume that the Earth does NOT spin, or rotate, around its own axis but only translates along its orbit around the Sun.
 * --Roland 02:40, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

To understand the origin of the expression right ascension
The altitude-azimuth (alt-az) coordinate system is appropriate for localization of terrestrial objects but the earth's rotation causes celestial objects to move with time both in altitude and azimuth at a variable rate making it really difficult to "track" objects. Alt-az coordinates of an object vary with time and are different for different places on earth.

It is very convenient to consider a system in which only a single coordinate depends on time. One way is to tilt the alt-az mounting of the observing instrument by an angle equal in order that it is aligned parallel to the earth's axis. This polar aligned axis is called the declination or dec axis which now points toward the celestial pole instead of the zenith. Now once a sky object is located it can be tracked with a single motion (the old azimuth motion).

Declination runs from d=+90° at the north celestial pole through zero at the celestial equator to -90° at the south celestial pole. A given declination is represented by a circle of declination on the celestial sphere except for zero declination, the greatest circle called the celestial equator. At latitude f declination d=f is always on the zenith.

The meridian circles of earth localization system are replaced by great circles of hour angles (HA) measured east (or west) of the local meridian. Each hour corresponds to 15° of arc along the celestial equator. The projection of the local meridian on the celestial sphere is zero hours. Rising objects are east and setting objects west. Due east on the eastern horizon (which contains the celestial equator) is six hours east, the western horizon six hours west. A celestial object with HA 2 hours east (HA=2h00mE) will cross the meridian in two hours. The ancient astronomers measured this quantity referred to the rising point on the horizon and called it ascension.

In the RA-DEC system, now used, the great circles of HA are fixed on the celestial sphere with the zero point defined as one of the intersections of the celestial equator and the ecliptic, the vernal equinox. This coordinate is called right ascension and increases to the east from zero hours at the vernal equinox around the celestial sphere through 24 hours (360°). RA and HA are both measured in hours (h) minutes (m) and seconds (s) of time. The sky is divided into 24 hours so each hour corresponds exactly to 15° of arc (angle), each minute 15' of arc and each second 15" of arc. One degree of arc corresponds to 4 miutes of time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.158.9.93 (talk) 15:20, December 16, 2004

What A Terrible Diagram
The illustrative diagram used for both RA and Dec is horrible! It falls into the category of "crummy diagram for somebody who already knows the subject, and for someone who does not: Just about useless". I mean this in the nicest possible way: It would be great if it could be replaced by one or better yet about three diagrams that serve to illustrate the point better.

First of all the declination angle looks like a vector sticking up from the equator. Second, the ecliptic plane as a heavy yellow band is visually emphasized over the equatorial plane which is the entire point of the coordinate system. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.107.0.73 (talk) 11:49, January 17, 2007

Rewrites in the second para.
I did an overhaul of the second paragraph, to make it flow better and to make it more accurate. RA is not a "time" as the previous version had all-but-implied; it's an angle that is customarily (but not always!) measured in units of time for the sake of convenience.

Also, I'd never heard the term Sidereal Hour Angle, which is apparently legitimate terminology in celestial navigation. If one were to confuse this with the definition of Hour Angle used in ordinary astronomy, serious confusion would result. Therefore, I added a sentence to clarify this. Jthorstensen 22:53, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

We're all new at this Prof. Thorstensen :) "Since an arc has 360 degrees, an hour of right ascension is equal to 15 degrees of arc, a single minute of right ascension equal to 15 minutes of arc, and a second of right ascension equal to 15 seconds of arc." Uh, I'm about to flunk (anything less than an 'A' is flunking) my undergraduate for nonmajors astronomy course since I'd rather learn than follow dogma. Anyway, 'Sine there are 360 degrees in the arc of a full circle, an hour of right ascension is equal to 15 degrees of arc, an arcminute is equal to 15/60 degrees of an arc... 60 seconds in an minute and 60 minutes in a day and 24 hours in 360 degrees up, over, and around the sky? arcminute qv http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcminute 128.195.84.188 05:14, 10 June 2007 (UTC)David dlevine@uci.edu (soon to be no more...)

Give the concept meaning
I'd like to see some reference points to help understand how this really applies. What RA would galactic center have?
 * See Galactic Center.—RJH (talk) 20:39, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

Is really how you measure the zero point of Right Ascension?
It seems so stone age and so difficult to measure. Do we use Stone Henge to calibrate this? The first point of Aries must point fairly precisely toward a particular star, or this system would be even more moronic than it sounds. What star is it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.161.72.57 (talk) 09:22, 23 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It isn't based on a particular star because the coordinates will change over time due to precession of the Earth. Thus the RA coordinates are given for a particular epoch. Cf. Galactic coordinate system.—RJH (talk) 20:42, 10 November 2009 (UTC)
 * RJHall is correct, and here is (I hope) another helpful note: the vernal point is where the center of the Sun appears to cross the celestial equator at the exact moment of the March equinox. This point changes slightly every year, for exactly the reasons RJHall mentioned: precession and nutation.  So you could say that on March 21 of any year, the Sun has a right ascension of approximately 0 hours. CosineKitty (talk) 22:27, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't the article say that the equator crosses the ecliptic in Pisces rather than Aries? (thumbnails added to right.)  JDoolin (talk) 12:39, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Great article
What a wonderful clear article this is. Thank you for eschewing the mumbly dense language that so often is used to write these things. Much appreciated. NaySay (talk) 12:49, 8 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Absolutely, no other language uses such precise jargon (rarely translated as deemed to be "dumbing down", or worse "an approximation") as English astronomy.- Adam37 Talk  21:16, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

Early notation
In an old astronomy book, right ascension is listed using a typographic ligature of A and R. I wonder how common that practice was?—RJH (talk) 19:11, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Error in example?
I am wondering whether the example in the current article is correct. There one reads:

"For example, if a star with RA = 01:30:00 is at a location's meridian, then a star with RA = 20:00:00 will be in the meridian 18.5 sidereal hours later."

I see it in the following way:

After 24h the second star should return to 20:00.

1:30h is 18,5h earlier than 20:00.

It should therefore be reached after 24h -18,5h =5,5h.

Am I missing an important thing?

Theoritician (talk) 16:44, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Sidereal hour angle
This is not the correct term, as can be verified from the references to to nautical almanacs. Star hour angle (SHA) is the correct term, and is the angle measured to the West from the first point af Aries to the star. RA is not expressed in sidereal time, but in UTC and can be converted to SHA by SHA.= 360 -RA when RA has been converted to an angle at 15 degrees per hour. Reference should also be made to the Nautical Almanacs giving the position of the first point of Aries for every second of each year with an accuracy of one tenthe of a minute of arc. Ref. Nautical Almanacs as listed. Dg 101.171.213.76 (talk) 05:04, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Aries vs Pisces?
I notice my question wasn't addressed, and that's probably because I put my question out of order, (sorry about that) but above I posted a question about Aries vs. Pisces. Why is the zero-point of right ascension called the first point of Aries, when the zero Right Ascension point on the star maps appears in Pisces? JDoolin (talk) 02:20, 1 February 2013 (UTC)
 * is this to do with it being an anachronism? It was called the first point of Aries back in the era of Astrology, some 2000+ years ago, due to precession and nutation the point of zero Right Ascension has apparently moved however anachronistically its still called 'first point of Aries'.shaidar cuebiyar (talk) 00:00, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Hey people, all you have to do is click the Wikilink first point of Aries and it explains it right there. Is this what is supposed to be confusing? We can't explain things like that in every single occurance in every single article all over Wikipedia, it would get too cumbersome. That's the point of Wikilinks. Tfr000 (talk) 01:35, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

I removed the tag, for the above reasons. Tfr000 (talk) 17:58, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Comparability
We have figures giving the Right Ascension of all of the planets, but not that of the Earth (even though the Earth's should actually be something like 0° or 90°, right?). However, isn't this measurement confusing, since it only measures the direction that a planet's north pole is facing exclusively in relation to the Earth's orbit? Isn't there an accurate measurement which can show what direction a planet's north pole is facing in relation to its own orbital plane? BigSteve (talk) 20:33, 14 March 2013 (UTC)
 * That is called obliquity.- Adam37 Talk  21:23, 23 June 2018 (UTC)  Your earlier point confuses RA, RA is just where in the sky the object is east-to-west, as published at Greenwich on the true Vernal Equinox, examining the entrails of a dead goat, basically. A slightly different figure, tweaked from the east, is given for Rome, near where such matters originated.- Adam37  Talk  21:23, 23 June 2018 (UTC)

h:m:s in radians?
The table giving hours, minutes, and seconds in radians lists them as π/12, π/720, and π/43200. While years of training have taught us to always reduce fractions, in this case it seems to me that listing them in their unreduced form as 2π/24, 2π/1440, and 2π/86400 might make the entries less mysterious, thereby reducing cognitive load. Comments? Vaughan Pratt (talk) 18:28, 20 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Maybe. To me 2π/86400 isn't really any more meaningful than π/43200. Radians are somewhat intuitive for distance around the circumference, but not so much for angles. Tfr000 (talk) 20:46, 21 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes, I prefer degrees myself. I also agree that my suggested version would not be meaningful for those who did not know that 2π radians is a full turn of the Earth in one day, or that a day has 24 hours, 1440 minutes, and 86400 seconds.  I had in mind those who did know those things and would therefore immediately see the rationale for those fractions instead of having to do arithmetic to verify them.  Vaughan Pratt (talk) 02:32, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

Minutes of RA to minutes of arc
The article states that 1m of right ascension is equivalent to 15 minutes of arc. But isn't that only true at the celestial equator? Close to the poles, isn't 1m of right ascension much less than 15 minutes of arc? In which case, the wording might be "1m of right ascension, or 15 minutes of arc at the celestial equator". Assambrew (talk) 19:50, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Right ascension is by definition an angle measured in the equatorial plane, or as the article puts it, "the angular distance of a particular point measured eastward along the celestial equator" (my emphasis). So this is not a meaningful question - you can't measure something along the celestial equator and close to the poles. HairyDan (talk) 19:58, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Effects of precession
"The Earth's axis rotates around a small circle (relative to its equator)..." - what on earth is "relative to its equator" supposed to mean in this sentence? The earth's axis moves relative to distant stars, or to an inertial frame of reference - not to the equator (which moves with it) HairyDan (talk) 19:54, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Precise definition of origin
From DELTA-DOR QUASAR CATALOG UPDATE PROCEDURE (a publication from the CCSDS, which defines spacecraft communication standards, relating to precision navigation and orientation)

> 5.3.1.1 The Angular positions shall be specified by a pair of angular coordinates: RA and DEC. It should be noted that while right ascension used to be defined as the angular distance along the celestial equator from the intersection of the equator and the ecliptic, but this is no longer true once one becomes concerned with accuracy levels < 100 milliarcseconds (500 nrad).

> 5.3.1.2 Since 1 January 1998, right ascension, and most importantly the origin of RA, have been defined by conventional agreement as to the value of the RA of extragalactic radio sources [continues…]

This suggests to me that the article should have a section describing this more precise definition of the RA origin, based on the source cited in this reference. Does that sound right? --Raisins31415 (talk) 04:53, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

This is described in an authoritative source describing how the origin of RA is now redefined relative to the Quasars: https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Science/ICRS/ICRS.html Is someone interested in taking a shot at adding a section about this new definition? Custard31415 (talk) 18:49, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

Æquinōx and solstice… right ascension or declination?
This is somewhat of a followup to Roland’s comment on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk%3ARight_ascension#Is_this_way_of_calculating_it_correct?

I’m using JPL Horizons to calculate them, with UTC second precision, and I’m getting good results for the æquinoctēs, namely two seconds each in which the declination is exactly 0 (which follows the definition): 2022-03-20 15:33:23 and :24 (RA 359.99996 and 359.99997 respectively); 2022-09-23 01:04:25 and :26 (RA 180.00052 and 180.00053), but for the solstices, the declination is at its maximum/minimum for long (between 21:05 and 22:40, minute precision, on 2022-12-21). I can figure out the solstice timing from the RA (precisely 90 at 2022-06-21 09:13:52, precisely 270 on 2022-12-21 21:48:14), but I’m puzzled about why the RA is not 0 and 180 on the æquinoctēs… it makes me cringe using two different data to determine the same thing half of the time. mirabilos (talk) 07:14, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

How to determine the right ascension (RA) right now by observation?
I know how to calculate the RA for right now or any given time using available formulas. But how do you determine the RA for right now by observation? What do you observe to determine the RA for right now? For instance, I can predict by calculation that at a future time the RA will be at a certain value, but how can I verify by observation that the prediction was right when the predicted time arrives? --Roland (talk) 18:35, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Right ascension


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User talk:Lerush

Hello
Welcome to Wikipedia, Fansuskia Devochka Lerush! Seabhcán 19:15, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lerush


text:
Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II

The Eastern Front was a theatre of World War II which primarily involved combat between the nations and allies of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Combat in the Eastern Front began with the two powers remaining peaceful towards each other, with the annexation of countries such as Albania and portions of Poland by Germany and its allies, and the annexation of Finland and the rest of Poland by the Soviet Union. However, in 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, putting an end to the peacetime. The majority of major battles in the Eastern Theatre from 1941 until the end of the war in 1945 were fought between the two powers. The following timeline indicates major events taking place on the Eastern Front.

1939

 * March 14–15: Under German pressure, the Slovaks declare their independence and form a Slovak Republic. The Germans occupy the dismantled Czech lands in violation of the Munich agreement and form the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
 * March 31: France and Great Britain guarantee the integrity of the borders of the Polish state.
 * April 7–15: Fascist Italy invades and annexes Albania.
 * August 23: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression agreement and a secret protocol dividing eastern Europe into spheres of influence.
 * September 1: Germany invades Poland, initiating World War II in Europe.
 * September 3: Honoring their guarantee of Poland’s borders, Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.
 * September 17: The Soviet Union invades Poland from the east. The Polish government flees into exile via Romania, first to France and then later to Great Britain.
 * September 27–29: Warsaw surrenders on September 27. Germany and the Soviet Union divide Poland between them.

1940

 * November 30, 1939 – March 12, 1940: The Soviet Union invades Finland, initiating the so-called Winter War. The Finns sue for an armistice and cede the northern shores of Lake Ladoga to the Soviet Union. They also cede the small Finnish coastline on the Arctic Ocean.
 * April 9 – June 9: Germany invades Denmark and Norway. Denmark surrenders on the day of the attack. Norway holds out until June 9.
 * May 10 – June 22: Germany attacks western Europe, specifically France and the neutral Low Countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg). Luxembourg is occupied on May 10; the Netherlands surrenders on May 14; and Belgium surrenders on May 28. On June 22, France signs an armistice agreement by which the Germans occupy the northern half of the country and the entire Atlantic coastline. In southern France, a collaborationist regime with its capital in Vichy is established.
 * June 10: Italy enters the war. Italy invades southern France on June 21.
 * June 28: The Soviet Union forces Romania to cede the eastern province of Bessarabia and the northern half of Bukovina to Soviet Ukraine.
 * June 14 – August 6: The Soviet Union occupies the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) on June 14–18. On July 14–15, it engineers Communist coup d’états in each of these countries and then annexes them as Soviet Republics on August 3–6.
 * July 10 – October 31: The air war known as the Battle of Britain ends in defeat for Nazi Germany.
 * August 30: Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy arbitrate a decision on the division of the disputed province of Transylvania between Romania and Hungary. The loss of northern Transylvania forces Romanian King Carol to abdicate in favor of his son, Michael, and brings to power a dictatorship under General Ion Antonescu.
 * September 13: The Italians invade British-controlled Egypt from Italian-controlled Libya.
 * September 27: Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.
 * October: Italy invades Greece from Albania on October 28.
 * November: Hungary (November 20), Romania (November 23), and Slovakia (November 24) join the Axis.

1941

 * June 22: Operation Barbarossa launched – Axis invasion of the Soviet Union
 * June 22: Battle of the Baltic (1941) – Kriegsmarine inflicts heavy damage on the Soviet Navy
 * June 22 – July 9: Battle of Bialystok-Minsk – Soviet 3rd and 10th armies encircled
 * June 23 – June 30: Battle of Brody – Soviets lose hundreds of tanks in a staggering defeat
 * July 1: German army entered Latvian capital Riga
 * July 10 – September 10: Battle of Smolensk – Soviet 16th and 20th armies encircled with over 300,000 troops
 * July 15 – August 8: Battle of Uman (1941) Battle of Western Ukraine – destruction of Soviet tank armies
 * August 8 – September 19: Battle of Kiev – Soviet Southwestern Front encircled with over 600,000 red army troops, which will later be known as the largest encirclement in the world
 * September 8, 1941 – January 18, 1944: Siege of Leningrad – the city of Leningrad and armies of the Leningrad Front encircled, deadliest siege in history
 * Operation Silver Fox – German and Finnish forces advance north of Leningrad on Murmansk
 * Battle of Roslavl
 * October 24, 1941 – January 7, 1942: Operation Typhoon – German advance on Moscow
 * October 21 – October 27: Battle of Rostov – Germans initially occupied Rostov but were over-extended and driven back along shore of Sea of Azov by the Red Army
 * Battle of Vyazma-Bryansk – see Battle of Moscow
 * October 10: Battle of Vyazma – occupied by Germans
 * October 6: Battle of Bryansk – occupied by Germans
 * October 2, 1941 – January 7, 1942: Battle of Moscow – Operation Typhoon stalls. Soviet Winter counter-offensive
 * Crimean Campaign – eight-month-long campaign by Axis forces to conquer the Crimean peninsula
 * First Battle of Kharkov— Germans occupy Kharkov
 * November 16, 1941 – July 4, 1942: Siege of Sevastopol – Crimea is occupied by the Germans
 * December 5, 1941 – April 30, 1942: Winter Campaign of 1941–1942 – Massed Soviet troops are able to push the overextended Germans back all along the front (see Battle of Moscow)

1942

 * January – April: Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive (1942) – disastrous Soviet attempt to cut off the Rzhev salient
 * February 8: Demyansk Pocket – 100,000 German troops surrounded, but saved by air supply and are able to break out
 * May 12 – May 30: Second Battle of Kharkov – The Soviet spring offensive to re-take the city that ended in encirclement by elements of the 6th Army and 1st Panzer Army
 * June 28: Operation Blue – The Axis summer offensive to capture the oil fields in the Caucasus. Later on the goal of capturing Stalingrad was added.
 * June 28: Battle of Voronezh (1942) – Voronezh taken by the advancing Germans
 * July: First Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive – Soviets fail again at Rzhev and suffer heavy losses
 * July 17 – February 2, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad – Bloodiest battle in history
 * July 23, 1942 – February 1, 1943: Battle of the Caucasus – German troops climb Mount Elbrus but Axis cannot fight their way through to the Caspian Sea oilfields
 * November 19: Operation Uranus launched – Romanian 3rd and 4th armies destroyed; 300,000 Axis troops trapped at Stalingrad
 * November–December: Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive – another disastrous Soviet attempt to cut off Rzhev salient; Georgy Zhukov's worst defeat
 * December 12 – December 29: Operation Winter Storm – fails to relieve Stalingrad
 * December 15 – February 25, 1943: Operation Saturn – Soviet offensive destroys the Axis position in the Caucasus and Donbas

1943

 * March: Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive (1943) – Rzhev finally evacuated by the Germans
 * February 16 – March 15: Third Battle of Kharkov – Erich von Manstein traps over-extended Red Army
 * July 5 – August 1: Battle of Kursk – Massed German units defeated by defense in depth
 * July 30: Battle of the Mius
 * August: Battle of Belgorod
 * August: Fourth Battle of Kharkov
 * Battle of Smolensk (1943) – Smolensk retaken by a large Soviet Offensive
 * September – November: Battle of the Dnieper – Soviet forces push up to the Dnieper River and take some bridgeheads
 * October: Battle of Lenino
 * November: Battle of Kiev
 * December 1943 – August 1944: Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive – The Soviets break out of their beachheads on the Dnieper and advance towards the Carpathian Mountains; Ukraine is liberated.

1944

 * January: – Korsun Pocket
 * January 27: – Siege of Leningrad raised
 * January 14 – March 1: – Leningrad-Novgorod Strategic Offensive
 * April 8 – May 12: – Battle of the Crimea
 * February – July: – Battle of Narva – Soviet Leningrad-Novgorod Strategic Offensive brought to a halt by German forces including Estonian conscript formations
 * June – August: Operation Bagration – destruction of German Army Group Centre
 * July – August: Lvov-Sandomir Offensive – destruction of German Army Group South
 * July: Soviet Narva Operation – Soviet capture of Narva town
 * July 26 – August 12: Battle of Tannenberg Line – Soviet advance to Tallinn harbour brought to a halt by German forces
 * August: Operation Iassy-Kishinev (German "Operation Jassy-Kischinew") – defeat of German forces in Romania and switching of sides of Romania
 * August 23: In a coup led by young King Michael, a pro-Allied government ousts the pro-Nazi regime of Romania and declares war on Germany
 * August – September: Warsaw Uprising – failed due to lack of outside support
 * August 29 – October 28: Slovak National Uprising – Failed coup of Slovak-Soviet irregular forces in Slovakia
 * August – October: Battle of the Baltic (1944) – German Army Group North trapped in Courland
 * September 19: Soviet Union signs Moscow Armistice with Finland
 * October 6 – October 28: Battle of Debrecen – German Army Group Fretter-Pico surrounded and destroyed Soviet Mobile Group Pliyev of the 2nd Ukrainian Front
 * October 16 – October 30: Gumbinnen Operation (First East Prussian Offensive) - Soviet forces unsuccessfully try to advance into East Prussia after the Battle of Memel
 * October: Battle of Belgrade
 * December 29, 1944 – February 13, 1945: Battle of Budapest

1945

 * January 12 – February 2: Vistula-Oder Offensive – Soviet advance from Poland to deep within the borders of Germany (seen from the location of the borders then)
 * January 13 – April 25: Second East Prussian Offensive – Soviet forces advance in East Prussia and besiege Königsberg.
 * February 2 – February 24: Lower Silesian offensive
 * February 13 – May 6: Siege of Breslau
 * March 6 – March 17: Lake Balaton Offensive – Last German offensive of the war
 * March 15 – March 31: Upper Silesian offensive
 * April 2 – April 13: Vienna Offensive – Soviets break into Austria and take Vienna
 * April 16 – April 19: Battle of the Seelow Heights – Zhukov's costly frontal assault on Berlin
 * April 16 – May 2: Battle of Berlin – Nine days of street-by-street fighting
 * April 24 – May 1: Battle of Halbe – Elements of German 9th Army escape to the west
 * April 30: Death of Adolf Hitler
 * May 7: Unconditional surrender of Germany in Rheims
 * May 8: End of World War II in Europe
 * May 6 – May 11: Prague Offensive
 * May 8 – May 9: Liberation of Bornholm


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University for Continuing Education Krems

The University for Continuing Education Krems (Universität für Weiterbildung Krems) is an Austrian university specializing in further education for working professionals. It is located in Krems an der Donau, Lower Austria.

Name
The Austrian Ministry of Education, Science and Research calls the university the Danube University Krems in English and the Legal Information System of the Republic of Austria calls the university the University of Continuing Education Krems in the English translation of the Universities Act 2002.

History
The first 93 students enrolled in 1995, when the institution began operation with programs in European Studies and journalism. In 2004, the Austrian parliament passed the Danube University Act (DUK-Gesetz) granting the institution the rights of a full university (such as appointing its own professors). More than 27,000 students have graduated from the university.

Courses
The University for Continuing Education Krems has specialized in further education of working professionals. It currently offers more than 200 academic courses and degree programs (leading to Master's degrees) in the fields:
 * Medicine, Health and Social Services
 * Economics and Business Management
 * Law, Administration and International Affairs
 * Education, Media and Communication
 * Arts, Culture and Building

Students
Today, more than 8,000 students (average age: 40 years) from over 90 countries study at the university. 26 percent of the students come from foreign countries.

Campus

The University for Continuing Education Krems is located in the Wachau region along the Danube, which has been named a world cultural heritage site by the UNESCO. A renovated tobacco factory dating back to the onset of the 20th century and new buildings on Campus Krems provide students and educators room for research and studying. The design for the new buildings is the creation of architect Dietmar Feichtinger, who places a new façade of steel, glass and aluminium opposite the industrial building from the previous century.

Faculty of Health and Medicine
Departments:
 * Health Sciences and Biomedicine
 * Evidence-based Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology
 * Interdisciplinary Dentistry
 * Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine
 * Psychotherapy and Biopsychosocial Health

Faculty of Business and Globalization
Departments:
 * Management and Economics
 * Legal Studies and International Relations
 * E-Governance and Administration
 * Migration and Globalization
 * Knowledge and Communication Management
 * European Policy and the Study of Democracy

Faculty of Education, Arts and Architecture
Departments:
 * Continuing Education Research and Educational Management
 * Interactive Media and Educational Technologies
 * Arts and Image Science
 * Building and Environment

Vice-chancellor
On 2 February 2007, vice-chancellor Helmut Kramer resigned due to "conceptional differences on strategic leadership". In May 2007 Heinrich Kern was assigned new vice-chancellor. The interim vice-chancellor, Ada Pellert, who also had applied, was not considered on the shortlist of three by the nomination committee. This was followed by protests in the university senate claiming the decision to be gender-discriminating.

On 8 August 2007, the university issued a statement that the discussions on the vice-chancellor's nomination are based on structural problems in the university. The university decided to split the organisation into two universities. Kern and Pellert were asked to apply for the positions of the two universities' vice-chancellors.

In July 2008 deputy vice-chancellors Ada Pellert and Hanna Risku resigned. In August 2008, vice-chancellor Heinrich Kern resigned according to an agreement with the university council. Former deputy vice-chancellor Jürgen Willer was elected new vice-chancellor. Willer took office in January 2009. He resigned from the office in September 2012. In its session held on 20 February 2013, the University Council elected Friedrich Faulhammer, former general secretary of the Federal Ministry for Science and Research, to become its new vice-chancellor. Faulhammer has been in office since 1 August 2013.


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User:MyNameIsNeo7/Kurtis Stryker

(There is already a page that is exactly the same).

 * Because this page was created to test the layout for Kurtis Stryker (If you looked at the history of this page, you'd know that.) -- Striker 08:30, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

title: User:MyNameIsNeo7/Kurtis Stryker


text:
Talk:West Croydon railway station

To be added to text:

Platforms in use are 1, 3 and 4: Platform 2, while signed, has been decommissioned and is railed off.
 * I vote for ignoring the above comment by 212.85.1.201, as it comes from a user who has recently done a lot of vandalism - see his edit history Yogi de 10:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:West Croydon railway station


text:
Molson family

The Molson family of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, was founded by John Molson, who immigrated to Canada in 1782 from his home in Lincolnshire, England. They are considered to be one of Canada's most prominent business families with a combined net worth of C$1.75 billion.

History
John Molson's success saw him and his offspring build Canada's largest brewery (Molson Brewery), finance its first steamboat and build the first railroad. His sons established Molson's Bank, which printed its own currency, and in the city of Montreal, which was overwhelmingly Catholic, they financed the construction of a Protestant church.

The three Molson family mausoleums, built by Irish-born architect George Browne, are among Mount Royal Cemetery's most prestigious funerary monuments.

Hartland Molson, a businessman and statesman, expanded the family's brewing operations nationwide, co-purchased the Canadian Arena, which included the Montreal Forum and the Montreal Canadiens ice hockey club (1957–1964), and co-sponsored Hockey Night in Canada with his brother, Thomas Henry Pentland Molson. He also served as a Governor of McGill University, and he was a senator for 38 years.

Philanthropy
As major contributors to the economy, Hartland Molson and his brother Thomas Henry Pentland Molson gave back by creating the Molson Foundation in 1958, which awarded annual grants for outstanding achievement in the arts by Canadian citizens (renamed the Molson Family Foundation in 1981). The Thomas Henry Pentland Molson Prize for the Arts is awarded by The Canada Council for the Arts annually to distinguished individuals in the arts and the social sciences and humanities, and is intended to encourage continuing contribution to the cultural and intellectual heritage of Canada. The Thomas Henry Pentland Prize for general excellence is awarded annually at Selwyn House School, which he attended in 1911. The Thomas Henry Pentland Molson Family Scholarship is awarded annually by the Lester B. Pearson United World College of the Pacific.

William, Thomas and John Molson Jr. provided McGill University's first endowed chair, the Molson Chair in English Language and Literature, currently held by Maggie Kilgour. In addition, in 1860, William Molson donated Molson Hall, the west wing of the university's Arts Building. Later generations of the Molson family provided funds to expand the university's medical buildings, as well as a gift of land for the Redpath Library. The university's Percival Molson Memorial Stadium is named in honour of Percival Molson, who was killed during World War I and left $75,000 in his will to help pay most of the total costs of constructing the stadium.

In 2005, the Molson Family Foundation donated the Hartland Molson Hall at Bishop's College School and the building is named for Senator Hartland Molson, where many Molson family members attended school.

The Molson Family Foundation, together with several members of the family, contributed the major part of the funds required for the construction of the Molson Fine Arts Building at Bishop's University. The building bears witness to the interest of members of the Molson family in the welfare of Bishop's University, over a period of more than 60 years: Walter Molson, Trustee 1928–1951, John H. Molson, President of Corporation 1947–1966, J. David Molson, Trustee 1965–1968, William M. Molson, Trustee 1968–1976, Eric H. Molson, Trustee 1976–1984.

Notable members of the Molson family

 * John Molson (1763–1836)
 * John Molson Jr. (1787–1860)
 * John Molson (1820–1907)
 * William Alexander Molson (1852–1920)
 * William Hobart Molson (1888–1951), only son of Dr. William Alexander Molson
 * Samuel Elsdale Molson (1822–1893)
 * John Elsdale Molson (1863–1925)
 * Arthur Hugh Molson, Baron Molson (1903–1991)
 * Thomas Molson (1791–1863)
 * Martha Molson (1824–1900)
 * John Henry Robinson Molson (1826–1897)
 * Mary Anne Molson (1828–1922)
 * Harriet Molson (1830–1913)
 * William Markland Molson (1833–1913)
 * Harry Markland Molson (1856–1912)
 * Frederick William Molson (1860–1929)
 * John Henry Molson (1896–1977)
 * J. David Molson (1928–2017), son of John Henry Molson
 * John Thomas Molson (1837–1910)
 * Lillias Savage Molson (1866–1919)
 * Herbert Molson (1875–1938)
 * Thomas Henry Pentland Molson (1901–1978)
 * Eric Molson (b. 1937)
 * Andrew Molson (b. 1967)
 * Justin Molson (b. 1969)
 * Geoff Molson (b. 1971), CEO and President of the Montreal Canadiens and former VP with Molson
 * Mary Dorothy Molson MacDougall (1904–1992)
 * Naomi Elizabeth Molson Mather (1906–1992)
 * Hartland Molson (1907–2002)
 * Kenneth Molson (1877–1932)
 * Mabel Molson (1879–1973)
 * Percival Molson (1880–1917)
 * Walter Molson (1883–1953)
 * William Molson (1793–1875)
 * Anne Molson (1824–1899), married cousin John Molson (1820–1907)

title: Molson family


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The Accursed Kings

The Accursed Kings (Les Rois maudits ) is a series of seven historical novels by French author Maurice Druon about the French monarchy in the 14th century. Published between 1955 and 1977, the series has been adapted as a miniseries twice for television in France.

American author George R. R. Martin called The Accursed Kings "the original game of thrones", citing Druon's novels as an inspiration for his own series A Song of Ice and Fire.

Plot
Set in the 14th century during the reigns of the last five kings of the direct Capetian dynasty and the first two kings of the House of Valois, the series begins as the French king Philip the Fair, already surrounded by scandal and intrigue, brings a curse upon his family when he persecutes the Knights Templar. The succession of monarchs that follows leads France and England to the Hundred Years' War.

Novels
The first six novels of Les Rois maudits were published in France by Del Duca between 1955 and 1960, and the final volume was released by Plon in 1977. The initial six books were first issued in English (translated by Humphrey Hare) between 1956 and 1961, by Rupert Hart-Davis in the United Kingdom and by Scribner's in the United States, with periodic reprints through the 1980s. Between 2013 and 2015, HarperCollins reissued the entire series in print and audiobook, including the last instalment The King Without a Kingdom, which had never previously been published in English.

Book 1 - Le Roi de fer (1955)

 * (English title: The Iron King)

French King Philip the Fair rules with an iron fist, but is surrounded by scandal and intrigue. Philip's daughter Isabella, Queen of England, plots with the ambitious Robert of Artois to catch the wives of her three brothers—Marguerite, Jeanne and Blanche—in their suspected adulterous affairs. Robert's own motive is to avenge himself on Jeanne and Blanche's mother, his great aunt Mahaut, Countess of Artois, who he believes has stolen his rightful inheritance. Philip's younger brother Charles, Count of Valois, resents the power and influence of the common-born Guillaume de Nogaret, Philip's prime councillor and keeper of the seal, and Enguerrand de Marigny, Philip's Chamberlain. When Philip's self-serving persecution of the Knights Templar ends with the Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay being burned at the stake, Molay curses his accusers—Pope Clement V, Nogaret and Philip himself—to the 13th generation. Marguerite and Blanche are sentenced to life imprisonment for their crimes, and their lovers Gautier and Philippe d'Aunay are tortured and executed. Jeanne, innocent of adultery herself but complicit in the scandal, is imprisoned indefinitely. Forty days after Molay's execution, Clement dies of fever; shortly thereafter, Mahaut's lady-in-waiting Béatrice d'Hirson arranges for Nogaret's painful death by means of a poisoned candle. Philip fears that Molay's curse is to blame; soon enough, he suffers a cerebral hemorrhage and collapses during a hunt, and dies days later.

Book 2 - La Reine étranglée (1955)

 * (English title: The Strangled Queen)

Philip's eldest son has been crowned Louis X, but his adulterous wife Marguerite remains imprisoned at the Château Gaillard. Seeking to remarry and father a male heir, Louis sends Robert of Artois to compel Marguerite to sign a statement, in exchange for her freedom, that her marriage to Louis was never consummated and that her daughter Jeanne is illegitimate. She refuses, and Louis' plan to secure an annulment and marry the beautiful Clemence of Hungary is further stalled by the papal conclave's failure to elect a new pope. Marigny finds that his enemies—led by Charles, Count of Valois—are systematically excluding him from the new king's inner circle. Louis' brother, Philippe, Count de Poitiers, and Valois both try to assert some influence over the indecisive king, Philippe for the good of the kingdom and Valois for personal gain. Desperate for freedom, Marguerite reconsiders, but her "confession" never reaches Robert. When he returns to her prison, Marguerite is ill from her confinement—and on Valois' orders, Robert's man Lormet strangles her to death. Though his initial efforts to destroy Marigny fail, Valois manages—with the help of the Lombard banker Tolomei—to assemble a barrage of criminal charges that sees Marigny executed.

Book 3 - Les Poisons de la couronne (1956)

 * (English title: The Poisoned Crown; literally "The Poisons of the Crown")

Louis, now a widower, marries the beautiful Clemence of Hungary. Her discovery of his illegitimate daughter prompts Louis to confess all of his sins to her, and he swears to do whatever penance she requires. Mahaut and Béatrice use magic to assure that Philippe takes back his wife, Mahaut's daughter Jeanne, from her imprisonment. Louis' uncle Charles, Count of Valois, continues grasping for influence over royal affairs by trying to secure the allegiance of the new queen, his niece by his previous marriage. Tolomei's nephew, the young banker Guccio Baglioni, marries noblewoman Marie de Cressay in secret. With encouragement from Robert of Artois, Mahaut's vassal barons revolt against her. Louis is compelled to intervene, and strips her of power when she refuses to submit to his arbitration. Mahaut poisons Louis with Béatrice's help, and he dies, leaving behind a pregnant Clemence and the court in turmoil.

Book 4 - La Loi des mâles (1957)

 * (English title: The Royal Succession; literally "The Law of Males")

With Louis dead and Clemence pregnant, Louis' uncle Charles and brother Philippe plot against each other for the regency. Waiting in the wings is Marguerite's brother Eudes of Burgundy, who seeks to defend the rights of Louis and Marguerite's daughter Jeanne. Philippe outmaneuvers his rivals and assumes power. Having trapped the embattled cardinals together in Lyon, he forces a papal conclave that—with some subterfuge—elects Jacques Duèze as Pope Jean XXII. Marie de Cressay gives birth to Guccio's son in a convent, and within days Clemence gives birth to Louis' son Jean. With Clemence deathly ill, Hugues de Bouville and his clever wife Marguerite enlist Marie as wet nurse to the young king. The Countess Mahaut recognizes the infant Jean as the only obstacle between Philippe—who is married to her daughter Jeanne—and the French throne. Fearful of Mahaut, Hugues and Marguerite switch Jean with Marie's child Giannino when the baby king is presented to the barons by the countess. Poisoned by Mahaut, the infant dies almost immediately. Without direct proof of her guilt, and unsure of Philippe's involvement, the Bouvilles are compelled to keep their secret or possibly be implicated themselves. As Philippe secures his support and accedes the throne, the Bouvilles coerce a devastated Marie to raise Jean as her own and—as a means to keep the secret—never see Guccio again.

Book 5 - La Louve de France (1959)

 * (English title: The She-Wolf of France)

Louis and Philippe's younger brother Charles IV is now the French king. His sister Isabella is still married to the English King Edward II, whose open favour of his lover Hugh Despenser and the extended Despenser family has marginalized Isabella and incited rebellion among Edward's vassal barons. When rebel Baron Roger Mortimer escapes imprisonment in the Tower of London and flees to France to plot against Edward, Isabella later follows on the pretext of negotiating a treaty with her brother, and joins Mortimer as his lover and co-conspirator. A guilt-ridden Bouville finally admits the truth about the French boy king to Pope Jean, whose link to Philippe encourages him to keep the secret. Mahaut seeks her revenge against Isabella—now popularly called the "She-Wolf of France"—by plotting her expulsion from France and certain death at Edward's hands. However, aided by forces from Holland and Edward's own dissenting barons, Mortimer and Isabella invade England and depose Edward in favor of his and Isabella's son Edward III. The daughter and wife of kings, Isabella does not want to give the order to have the elder Edward killed, but a jealous and petulant Mortimer forces her hand, and his minions brutally murder the imprisoned and humiliated former king, following Hugh Despenser's trial and most cruel execution.

Book 6 - Le Lis et le lion (1960)

 * (English title: The Lily and the Lion)

Charles dies and is succeeded by his cousin Philippe of Valois, thanks in no small part to the machinations of Robert of Artois. Meanwhile, young Edward III has married Philippa of Hainaut, and the popularity of his regent Mortimer is waning. When Mortimer orchestrates the execution of Edward's uncle Edmund, Earl of Kent, Edward reclaims the throne and has Mortimer executed. With Philippe in his debt, Robert reopens his claim on Artois, but is forced to forge documents that Mahaut has destroyed. In love with Robert and excited by danger, Béatrice poisons Mahaut, and then her daughter Jeanne, to aid Robert's cause. When his case unravels, Robert refuses Philippe's offer of a quiet defeat, and is subsequently implicated in a lifetime of crimes. Now a fugitive and outlaw, Robert spends years wandering Europe before he seeks out Edward. Convincing the English king to make his claim on the French throne with force, Robert is killed in battle just as campaign is picking up speed. Twelve years later, Giannino Baglioni is summoned to Rome by the self-declared tribune Cola de Rienzi, who reveals to the Sienese banker that Giannino is actually Jean I, the rightful King of France. Rienzi's murder, however, thwarts Jean's bid for the throne, and he eventually dies in captivity in Naples, the last direct victim of the curse inflicted upon Philippe's house. The epilogue to the novel suggests, however, that the curse would reverberate over the House of Valois and France itself until the burning of Joan of Arc in Rouen a century after the main events of the novel.

Book 7 - Quand un Roi perd la France (1977)

 * (English title: The King Without a Kingdom; literally "When A King Loses France")

Cardinal Talleyrand-Périgord recounts the troubled reign of Philippe's son, Jean II "The Good", who continues the reversal of fortune for France set in motion by his father. Jean creates discord among his lords by the disproportionate favour he bestows upon the handsome Charles de La Cerda, whose subsequent murder ignites a bitter feud between Jean and his treacherous son-in-law, Charles, King of Navarre. Encouraged by the Navarese and taking advantage of the turmoil in France, Edward III renews his claim to the French throne. His son, Edward, the Black Prince, mounts a relatively small but largely unchecked invasion of France. Finally confronted by Jean's forces, which vastly outnumber his, young Edward still manages to turn the tables and defeat the French, capturing Jean, his youngest son Philippe and many of his great lords.

Television adaptations
Les Rois maudits has been adapted twice for French television.

1972 miniseries
The 1972 TV adaptation of Les Rois maudits was broadcast by the ORTF from 21 December 1972 to 24 January 1973, and starred Jean Piat as Robert d'Artois and Hélène Duc as Mahaut d'Artois. Adapted by Marcel Jullian and directed by Claude Barma, its six episodes were directly based on—and named after—the first six novels in Druon's series. Dubbed "the French I, Claudius", the series was "hugely successful", and brought the novels "from cult to mainstream success". The production was shot in studio, with minimal sets. Bertrand Guyard of Le Figaro praised the production and cast in 2013. The series was broadcast in the United Kingdom by the BBC in French with English subtitles in June–July 1974 and again in August–September 1975.

2005 miniseries
In 2005, Les Rois maudits was again adapted in a joint French-Italian production directed by Josée Dayan, starring Philippe Torreton as Robert and Jeanne Moreau as Mahaut. Broadcast on France 2 from 7 November to 28 November 2005, its five episodes are named after novels 1–3 and 5–6 (the exception being La Loi des mâles). The series premiered with 8.6 million viewers, and the finale garnered over 6.2 million viewers. Overall Les Rois maudits averaged 7.2 million viewers, an audience share of 27.9%.

The miniseries was nominated for a 2006 Globes de Cristal Award for Best Television Film or Television Series.

Reception
According to John Lichfield, The Independent French correspondent and a friend of Druon's, "Les Rois maudits was written to make money very quickly... [Druon] himself was not very proud of it." However the series was "popular and critically praised", and numbered among Druon's best known works. Lichfield noted: "Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings) was one of the few works of contemporary western literature to be published in Russian in the Soviet Union in the 1960s. Thus, the playful, arch-conservative Maurice Druon, not the dour and radical Jean-Paul Sartre or Albert Camus, became the voice of France to Russian bibliophiles, including the young Vladimir Putin. When Putin became president of Russia, he started an unlikely friendship with his literary hero."

In his youth, Druon had cowritten the lyrics to Chant des Partisans (1943), a popular French Resistance anthem of World War II. In 1948 he received the Prix Goncourt for his novel . Though Ben Milne of the BBC noted in 2014 that Druon is "barely known in the English-speaking world", American author George R. R. Martin called the author "France's best historical novelist since Alexandre Dumas, père". Martin dubbed The Accursed Kings "the original game of thrones", citing Druon's novels as an inspiration for his own series A Song of Ice and Fire. Martin's UK publisher HarperCollins began reissuing the long out of print Accursed Kings series in 2013, with Martin himself writing an introduction. He wrote: "The Accursed Kings has it all. Iron kings and strangled queens, battles and betrayals, lies and lust, deception, family rivalries, the curse of the Templars, babies switched at birth, she-wolves, sin, and swords, the doom of a great dynasty … and all of it (well, most of it) straight from the pages of history. And believe me, the Starks and the Lannisters have nothing on the Capets and Plantagenets."

Writing for The Wall Street Journal, Allan Massie praised Druon's "thorough research, depth of understanding and popular touch", noting that "Druon’s re-creation of medieval Paris is so vivid that it loses nothing in comparison with the evocation of the city in the greatest of French medievalist novels, Victor Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris". Massie added:

"There are murders galore in these books—one queen is strangled, one king poisoned and another thought to be poisoned while still a baby at his christening. There is skulduggery, conspiracy and civil war. There are men of great ability and few scruples, and scarcely a page without dramatic incident... The characters are impressive, but few are admirable. Almost the only likeable one is the young Siennese banker Guccio—and bankers are important figures in the novels, for Druon never lets us forget that even in his world of kings, barons and knights, it is money that rules, money that oils the wheels of war and politics... The novels are not recommended to the squeamish, but anyone with strong nerves will delight in them. Few figures in literature are as terrible as the Countess Mahaut, murderer and maker of kings."

In 2013, Stefan Raets suggested that The Iron King could be considered a grimdark historical novel. In a 2013 Booklist Starred Review, David Pitt called the novel "historical fiction on a grand scale, full of political intrigue, family drama, and characters who, while drawn from life, are larger than it". Russell Miller wrote for Library Journal: "Adding to the intrigue is Druon's marvelous depiction of the swirl of those lives that move around him... Seasoned with sex, betrayal, brutal warfare, cold pragmatic calculating, and curses from the lips of martyrs dying at the stake, this tale cuts a memorable swath through the reader's imagination. The flavor of the times, the smells, sounds, values, and superstitions give this work a fine readability as well as a sensation of reality."

The Sunday Times called The Iron King "dramatic and colourful as a Dumas romance but stiffened by historical accuracy and political insight" and a "blood-curdling tale of intrigue, murder, corruption and sexual passion". The Times Literary Supplement described it as "barbaric, sensual, teeming with life, based in wide reading and sound scholarship... among the best historical novels".

Les Rois maudits was parodied on French television in the successful 1973 series  starring Roger Pierre and Jean-Marc Thibault.

title: The Accursed Kings


text:
Harper College

William Rainey Harper College is a public community college in Palatine, Illinois. It was established by referendum in 1965 and opened in September 1967. It is named for William Rainey Harper, a pioneer in the junior college movement in the United States and the first president of the University of Chicago.

Campus
Harper College has a 200 acre campus, approximately 25 mi northwest of downtown Chicago, in the suburb of Palatine, Illinois.

Harper also offers classes and services at other locations:
 * Harper College Learning and Career Center in Prospect Heights, Illinois
 * The Harper Professional Center in Schaumburg, Illinois
 * Harper College works in partnership with the Illinois Small Business Development Center (ISBDC), which is part of the Harper Professional Center in Schaumburg.
 * Harper College works in partnership with the North Suburban Cook County American Job Center in Wheeling, Illinois

Service area
Harper College District 512 comprises these communities: Arlington Heights, Barrington, Barrington Hills, Elk Grove Village, Hoffman Estates, Inverness, Lake Barrington, Mount Prospect, North Barrington, Palatine, Prospect Heights, Rolling Meadows, Schaumburg, South Barrington, Tower Lakes, Wheeling and small portions of Buffalo Grove, Carpentersville, Deer Park, Des Plaines, Fox River Grove, Hanover Park and Roselle.

Football
The football program was eliminated in January 2012.

 * 2003 NJCAA Division III National Champions
 * 2004 NJCAA Division III National Champions
 * 2008 NJCAA Division III National Champions
 * Notable coaches, John Eliasik (member of NJCAA and Region IV Halls-of-Fame) and Dragan Teonic (2008 National Champions).

Cross country

 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2011
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2012
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2013
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2014
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2015
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2016
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2017
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2018
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2023

Track and field

 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2005
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2006
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2007
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2008
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2009
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2011
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2012
 * NJCAA National Division III Runners-Up 2013(M)
 * NJCAA National Division III Runners-Up 2015(M)
 * NJCAA National Division III Runners-Up 2017(W)
 * NJCAA National Division III Champions 2023(W)

Wrestling

 * Coach Dan Loprieno inducted in 2008 to the NJCAA Region IV Hall of Fame.
 * NJCAA 2010 Wrestling Champions
 * NJCAA Division III National Champions in 2006 and 2001. The 2006-07 team finished second in the nation, earned fifth consecutive district title and had 10 National qualifiers and seven All-Americans.

Women's basketball

 * Julie Jestus, 2006 NJCAA Region IV Hall of Fame

Women's volleyball

 * NJCAA Division III National Champions 2016
 * NJCAA Division III National Runners-Up 2017

Notable alumni

 * Angelo Dawkins, WWE professional wrestler, One half of the tag team, The Street Profits.
 * Quincy Black, linebacker for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * Curtis Blaydes (attended), professional Mixed Martial Artist, current UFC Heavyweight Contender
 * Will Brooks, football player, MMA fighter for the PFL, formerly with the UFC and former Bellator MMA Lightweight Champion
 * Mauro Fiore, class of 1984, cinematographer In 2010, Fiore won the Academy Award for Cinematography for "Avatar."
 * Jason and Clay Guida, professional mixed martial arts fighters
 * Dave Kingman, 1968, Major League Baseball Player - 440 Career Home Runs.
 * Charlie Kirk, 2015, activist and talk show host (attended)
 * E. E. Knight, class of 1985, science fiction and fantasy author
 * Al Levine (born 1968), Major League Baseball pitcher
 * John Loprieno, class of 1980: actor, writer, director
 * Marlee Matlin, actress. In 1986 she won both the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama for her role in Children of a Lesser God.
 * Rosemary Mulligan, Illinois state legislator, class of 1982
 * Steve Octavien, linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys
 * Haley Reinhart, singer-songwriter and actress
 * Mike Rio, junior college national wrestling champion at 149 lbs; current MMA fighter; formerly for the Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Christopher J. Schneider, professor of sociology at Wilfrid Laurier University.
 * Rob Sherman (1953–2016), political activist, perennial candidate, and businessman

title: Harper College


text:
Overhead line crossing

An overhead line crossing is the crossing of an obstacle—such as a traffic route, a river, a valley or a strait—by an overhead power line. The style of crossing depends on the local conditions and regulations at the time the power line is constructed. Overhead line crossings can sometimes require extensive construction and can also have operational issues. In such cases, those in charge of construction should consider whether a crossing of the obstacle would be better accomplished by an underground or submarine cable.

Crossings of roads and railway lines
Overhead line crossings of roads, railway lines, and small- and medium-sized watercourses do not normally require special construction. However, in the first years of overhead line building a scaffold under the line was required, when a railway line or a road was crossed. Later in Germany and some other countries on each end of a powerline crossing of a state-operated railway a dead-end tower was required, which can still be seen on some old power lines. For overhead line crossings of motorways the pylons must be rebuilt before they wear out, because these demand additional maintenance. If local conditions are appropriate, an overhead line can be implemented by way of a valley bridge. For example, the Koersch valley bridge near Esslingen, Germany carries the 110 kV, three-phase line of the EnBW AG with 2 circuits. Because of the danger of short circuits from falling objects, undercrossings are typically avoided.

Crossings of overhead lines at state borders
There is frequently an anchor pylon on each side of the border, particularly if the lines on either side of the border are operated by different companies. This setup reduces maintenance work, which would otherwise require direct coordination of workers on both sides of the border, and avoids possible authority problems associated with border crossings as much as possible.

Crossings of other overhead lines
At crossings of overhead lines by other overhead lines, the two lines must be kept at the necessary safety distances between the lines and the ground. As a rule, the line with the lower voltage passes under the line with higher voltage. Construction workers try to plan these crossings in such a way that their construction is as economical as possible. This is usually done by leaving unchanged the line that is crossed, if possible. Undercrossings of existing lines are often constructed in proximity to the line's pylons, since this can often be accomplished without raising the existing pylons and while keeping the necessary safety distances between the ground and the other line.

In the course of undercrossings the pylon picture is frequently changed, and because of its small height it is preferable to create an arrangement with conductors in one level. Sometimes at such crossings there can be problems because of the maximum pylon height allowed for flight safety reasons. If it is not possible at a given location for the pylons of the upper line to be built at a necessary height, the line running below it will be rebuilt on smaller pylons or replaced with an underground cable.

A unique undercrossing of two powerlines can be found north of Kincardine at Scotland at 56°5'17"N  3°43'11"W. Here crosses the powerline Kincardine-Tealing two other lines. One of the two circuits of Kincardine-Tealing powerline crosses these lines on two small pylons and the other circuit via an underground cable.

Special crossings from overhead lines of other overhead lines
There are some crossings between two overhead powerlines, which are unique, either as both lines are of special type or the unique way of implementation

Overhead line crossings of aerial tramways
Overhead lines should cross the route of an aerial tramway only above it, if at all.

The necessary protection distances from overhead lines to the ropes of an aerial tramway are subject to regulations concerning the construction of aerial tramways and overhead lines. In the case of an undercrossing of an aerial tramway, the maximum safety distances between the overhead line and the floor of the aerial tramway cab must be followed absolutely.

In principle, over- and undercrossings of aerial tramways are completely regulated. However, frequently at the range of the crossing section, special precautionary measures are taken. Thus, at overhead line crossings at which the overhead line runs above the rope of the aerial tramway, two catch ropes are occasionally installed to prevent the conductor from falling off the rope of the tramway in case a pylon or insulator were to break. Alternatively, auxiliary cross-bars can be installed on the pylons of the overhead line under the conductors, which prevent the conductor cables from falling in case of an insulator failure on the aerial tramway. Occasionally, the span field of the line over the aerial ropeway can be scaffolded with a rigid construction along its whole length, or at least for the span which crosses the aerial tramway.

At crossings at which the aerial tramway runs above the power line, the line is frequently installed on special masts in the crossing range, which scaffold the line in the area of the aerial tramway crossing. Such a measure is not necessary according to power line regulations, but it is often done because, in case of aerial tramway failure, it is possible to rescue people from the tram without switching off the overhead line. Such constructions may be seen at 110 kV power line crossings of the Penkenbahn at Mayrhofen, the Patscherkofelbahn at Innsbruck and south of Zermatt.

Overhead line crossings of broad rivers and straits
Overhead line crossings of broad rivers and of straits, if the terrain on both sides is relatively even, frequently consist of four pylons: two particularly substantial anchor pylons for bracing the conductors of the crossing section, and two tall carrying masts to keep the line high over the water. These pylons have broader cross-bars and greater distances between the cross-bars than the other pylons of the line, in order to prevent the conductor cables from striking against each other during strong winds. In contrast to normal pylons, the two carrying masts at both ends of the crossing are frequently equipped with flight safety lamps, and have stairways for easy access to the top. Overhead line crossings of rivers and straits with spans of over 2 km are frequently prohibitively expensive to build and operate; because of the danger of wind-induced oscillatory movements of the conductor cables, it is necessary either to install very large leader distances or to mount insulators between the conductors in the area of the span. Bundle conductors, which are used for almost all extra-high voltage lines, are more susceptible to oscillations from wind forces than single conductors. Therefore, single conductors must be used for the crossing section, which means the crossing section of the power line determines the maximum transmittable power.

Further, one cannot build pylons arbitrarily high at either end of the crossing section, and there is a usually a considerable minimum height because of ships crossing under the line, so there is often a high mechanical tension in the conductors at long spans. This tension requires conductors made largely of steel, which have a worse electrical conductivity than the common overhead line conductors consisting of copper, Aldrey or aluminum-encased steel, and also limits the amount of transmittable electrical power. For this reason, for crossings with a span width of more than approximately 2 km, those in charge of construction should consider laying an underwater cable as the more practicable solution. Alternatively, it might be possible to erect one or more pylons in the water to be crossed. Such crossings can be seen occasionally in North America. They are, however, only used when it is more economical and practical to do so than to lay a cable underwater, such as when the water is not very deep and no large passage heights are needed for vessels. Also, such construction can be very problematic as far as getting legal permission to build, because pylons standing in the water are likely to be considered dangerous obstacles for ships, especially in foggy conditions.

In some cases on bridges small crossing a wider waterway pylons or crossbars for the conductors can be mounted. Such a solution, which may lead to safety problems at bridge maintenance, was for example realized at the Danish Storstrøm Bridge.

It is quite likely that overhead line crossings of broad waters can be replaced with underwater cables. The overhead line crossing the Strait of Messina — which, with a span of 3646 meters, was one of the longest overhead line crossings in the world, with 200-meter pylons among the highest in the world — was replaced by a submarine cable, because of its small maximum transmittable electrical power.

Overhead line crossing of valleys
Overhead line crossings of valleys consist of two anchor pylons, one at either end of the valley. If the topography of the valley is suitable, these do not need to be very high. In very wide valleys, it is better to use a pylon for each phase in order to achieve sufficient distance between the conductors. In these cases there is frequently a further anchor pylon behind the crossing, used in order to realize the angle change of the conductor cables behind these. The problems associated with large spans also exist in these cases, but these can be easily and economically ameliorated, if the topography does not require high crossing pylons, by using a separate pylon for each conductor.

Structures
A crossing pylon is used for crossing over a body of water or a valley. Due to the long span, crossing pylons across rivers and sea straits are frequently taller than standard pylons. They may have marking lamps, and unlike standard pylons, often have stairways for easy access to the top. In many cases, their height makes them ideal for carrying radio antennas and transmitting equipment.

Crossing pylons for valleys, depending on the local topography, are not necessarily tall, but the distance between the conducting cables must be sufficient to prevent high winds knocking the conductors into one another; these pylons have wide crossbars to prevent this. For very long spans each phase has a separate pylon, particularly if the pylons are short.

Special crossing pylons are often used where aerial tramways cross power lines. These pylons are designed with integral scaffolding so that the tramway cars can be reached without touching a live power line. This enables passengers to be rescued from the tramway if it fails without cutting the power from the power line. Such installations can be found, for example, south of Zermatt, Switzerland; at the Patscherkofelbahn near Innsbruck, Austria; and at the Penkenbahn in Mayrhofen, Austria.

title: Overhead line crossing