text:
Flight plan

Flight plans are documents filed by a pilot or flight dispatcher with the local Air Navigation Service Provider (e.g., the FAA in the United States) prior to departure which indicate the plane's planned route or flight path. Flight plan format is specified in ICAO Doc 4444. They generally include basic information such as departure and arrival points, estimated time en route, alternate airports in case of bad weather, type of flight (whether instrument flight rules [IFR] or visual flight rules [VFR]), the pilot's information, number of people on board, and information about the aircraft itself. In most countries, flight plans are required for flights under IFR, but may be optional for flying VFR unless crossing international borders. Flight plans are highly recommended, especially when flying over inhospitable areas such as water, as they provide a way of alerting rescuers if the flight is overdue. In the United States and Canada, when an aircraft is crossing the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), either an IFR or a special type of VFR flight plan called a DVFR (Defense VFR) flight plan must be filed. For IFR flights, flight plans are used by air traffic control to initiate tracking and routing services. For VFR flights, their only purpose is to provide needed information should search and rescue operations be required, or for use by air traffic control when flying in a "Special Flight Rules Area."

Route or flight paths
Routing types used in flight planning are: airway, navaid and direct. A route may be composed of segments of different routing types. For example, a route from Chicago to Rome may include airway routing over the U.S. and Europe, but direct routing over the Atlantic Ocean.

Airway or flight path
Airway routing occurs along pre-defined pathways called flight paths. Airways can be thought of as three-dimensional highways for aircraft. In most land areas of the world, aircraft are required to fly airways between the departure and destination airports. The rules governing airway routing cover altitude, airspeed, and requirements for entering and leaving the airway (see SIDs and STARs). Most airways are eight nautical miles (14 kilometers) wide, and the airway flight levels keep aircraft separated by at least 1000 vertical feet from aircraft on the flight level above and below. Airways usually intersect at Navaids, which designate the allowed points for changing from one airway to another. Airways have names consisting of one or more letters followed by one or more digits (e.g., V484 or UA419).

The airway structure is divided into high and low altitudes. The low altitude airways in the U.S. which can be navigated using VOR Navaids have names that start with the letter V, and are therefore called Victor Airways. They cover altitudes from approximately 1200 feet above ground level (AGL) to 17,999 ft above mean sea level (MSL). T routes are low altitude RNAV only routes which may or may not utilize VOR NAVAIDS. The high altitude airways in the U.S. have names that start with the letter J and are called Jet Routes, or Q for Q routes. Q routes in the U.S. are RNAV only high altitude airways, whereas J routes use VOR NAVAID's the same way V routes do. J & Q routes run from 18,000 ft to 45,000 ft. The altitude separating the low and high airway structures varies from country to country. For example, it is 19,500 ft in Switzerland, and 25,500 ft in Egypt.

Navaid
Navaid routing occurs between Navaids (short for Navigational Aids, see VOR) which are not always connected by airways. Navaid routing is typically only allowed in the continental U.S. If a flight plan specifies Navaid routing between two Navaids which are connected via an airway, the rules for that particular airway must be followed as if the aircraft was flying Airway routing between those two Navaids. Allowable altitudes are covered in Flight Levels.

Direct
Direct routing occurs when one or both of the route segment endpoints are at a latitude/longitude which is not located at a Navaid. Some flight planning organizations specify that checkpoints generated for a Direct route be a limited distance apart, or limited by time to fly between the checkpoints (i.e. direct checkpoints could be farther apart for a fast aircraft than for a slow one).

SIDs and STARs
SIDs and STARs are procedures and checkpoints used to enter and leave the airway system by aircraft operating on IFR flight plans. There is a defined transition point at which an airway and a SID or STAR intersect.

A SID, or Standard Instrument Departure, defines a pathway out of an airport and onto the airway structure. A SID is sometimes called a Departure Procedure (DP). SIDs are unique to the associated airport.

A STAR, or Standard Terminal Arrival Route, ('Standard Instrument Arrival' in the UK) defines a pathway into an airport from the airway structure. STARs can be associated with more than one arrival airport, which can occur when two or more airports are in proximity (e.g., San Francisco and San Jose).

Special use airspace
In general, flight planners are expected to avoid areas called Special Use Airspace (SUA) when planning a flight. In the United States, there are several types of SUA, including Restricted, Warning, Prohibited, Alert, and Military Operations Area (MOA). Examples of Special Use Airspace include a region around the White House in Washington, D.C., and the country of Cuba. Government and military aircraft may have different requirements for particular SUA areas, or may be able to acquire special clearances to traverse through these areas.

Flight levels
Flight levels (FL) are used by air traffic controllers to simplify the vertical separation of aircraft and one exists every 100 feet relative to an agreed pressure level. Above a transitional altitude, which can vary from country to country and even within a country, the worldwide agreed upon pressure datum of 1013.25 millibars (corresponding to the pressure at sea level for the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, 101.325 kPa) or the equivalent setting of 29.92 inches of mercury is entered into the altimeter and altitude is then referred to as a flight level. The altimeter reading is converted to a flight level by removing the trailing two zeros: for example, 29000 feet becomes FL290. When the pressure at sea level is by chance the international standard then the flight level is also the altitude. To avoid confusion, below the transition altitude, height is referred to as a numeric altitude, for example 'descend 5000 feet' and above the transition altitude, 'climb flight level 250'.

Airways have a set of associated standardized flight levels (sometimes called the "flight model") which must be used when on the airway. On a bi-directional airway, each direction has its own set of flight levels. A valid flight plan must include a legal flight level at which the aircraft will travel the airway. A change in airway may require a change in flight level.

In the US, Canada and Europe for eastbound (heading 0–179 degrees) IFR flights, the flight plan must list an "odd" flight level in 2000 foot increments starting at FL190 (i.e., FL190, FL210, FL230, etc.); Westbound (heading 180–359 degrees) IFR flights must list an "even" flight level in 2000 foot increments starting at FL180 (i.e., FL180, FL200, FL220, etc.). However, Air Traffic Control (ATC) may assign any flight level at any time if traffic situations merit a change in altitude.

Aircraft efficiency increases with height. Burning fuel decreases the weight of an aircraft which may then choose to increase its flight level to further improve fuel consumption. For example, an aircraft may be able to reach FL290 early in a flight, but step climb to FL370 later in the route after weight has decreased due to fuel burn off.

 * RVSM

Alternate airports
Part of flight planning often involves the identification of one or more airports which can be flown to in case of unexpected conditions (such as weather) at the destination airport. The planning process must be careful to include only alternate airports which can be reached with the anticipated fuel load and total aircraft weight and that have capabilities necessary to handle the type of aircraft being flown.

In Canada, unlike the United States, unless specifically exempted by a company Operating Certificate, IFR flight plans require an alternate airport, regardless of the forecast destination weather. In order to be considered as a legally valid alternate, the airport must be forecast to be at or above certain weather minima at the estimated time of arrival (at the alternate). The minimum weather conditions vary based on the type of approach(es) available at the alternate airport, and may be found in the General section of the Canada Air Pilot (CAP).

Fuel
Aircraft manufacturers are responsible for generating flight performance data which flight planners use to estimate fuel needs for a particular flight. The fuel burn rate is based on specific throttle settings for climbing and cruising. The planner uses the projected weather and aircraft weight as inputs to the flight performance data to estimate the necessary fuel to reach the destination. The fuel burn is usually given as the weight of the fuel (usually pounds or kilograms) instead of the volume (such as gallons or litres) because aircraft weight is critical.

In addition to standard fuel needs, some organizations require that a flight plan include reserve fuel if certain conditions are met. For example, an over-water flight of longer than a specific duration may require the flight plan to include reserve fuel. The reserve fuel may be planned as extra which is left over on the aircraft at the destination, or it may be assumed to be burned during flight (perhaps due to unaccounted for differences between the actual aircraft and the flight performance data).

In case of an in-flight emergency it may be necessary to determine whether it is quicker to divert to the alternate airfield or continue to the destination. This can be calculated according to the formula (known as the Vir Narain formula) as follows:
 * $$C = D*O*\sec\theta / 2A,$$

where C is the distance from the Critical Point (equitime point) to the destination, D the distance between the destination and the alternate airfield, O is the groundspeed, A is the airspeed, θ = Φ +/- d (where Φ is the angle between the track to the destination and the track from the destination to the alternate airfield), and d is the drift (plus when the drift and the alternate airfield are on the opposite sides of the track, and minus when they are on the same side).

Flight plan timeline
Flight plans may be submitted before departure or even after the aircraft is in the air. However flight plans may be submitted up to 120 hours in advance either by voice or by data link; though they are usually filled out or submitted just several hours before departure. The minimum recommended time is one hour before departure for domestic flights, and up to three hours before international flights. This depends on the country the aircraft is flying out of.

Other flight planning considerations
Holding over the destination or alternate airports is a required part of some flight plans. Holding (circling in a pattern designated by the airport control tower) may be necessary if unexpected weather or congestion occurs at the airport. If the flight plan calls for hold planning, the additional fuel and hold time should appear on the flight plan.

Organized Tracks are a series of paths similar to airways which cross ocean areas. Some organized track systems are fixed and appear on navigational charts (e.g., the NOPAC tracks over the Northern Pacific Ocean). Others change on a daily basis depending on weather, west or eastbound and other factors and therefore cannot appear on printed charts (e.g., the North Atlantic Tracks (NAT) over the Atlantic Ocean).

Description of flight plan blocks (FAA) Domestic Flight Plan Form 7233-1,

 * 1) Type: Type of flight plan. Flights may be VFR, IFR, DVFR, or a combination of types, termed composite.
 * 2) Aircraft Identification: The registration of the aircraft, usually the flight or tail number.
 * 3) Aircraft Type/Special Equipment: The type of aircraft and how it is equipped. For example, a Mitsubishi Mu-2 equipped with an altitude reporting transponder and GPS would use MU2/G. Equipment codes may be found in the FAA Airman's Information Manual.
 * 4) True airspeed in knots: The planned cruise true airspeed of the aircraft in knots.
 * 5) Departure Point: Usually the identifier of the airport from which the aircraft is departing.
 * 6) Departure Time: Proposed and actual times of departure. Times are Universal Time Coordinated.
 * 7) Cruising Altitude: The planned cruising altitude or flight level.
 * 8) Route: Proposed route of flight. The route can be made up of airways, intersections, navaids, or possibly direct.
 * 9) Destination: Point of intended landing. Typically the identifier of the destination airport.
 * 10) Estimated Time Enroute: Planned elapsed time between departure and arrival at the destination.
 * 11) Remarks: Any information the PIC believes is necessary to be provided to ATC. One common remark is "SSNO", which means the PIC is unable or unwilling to accept a SID or STAR on an IFR flight.
 * 12) Fuel on Board: The amount of fuel on board the aircraft, in hours and minutes of flight time.
 * 13) Alternate Airports: Airports of intended landing as an alternate of the destination airport. May be required for an IFR flight plan if poor weather is forecast at the planned destination.
 * 14) Pilot's Information: Contact information of the pilot for search and rescue purposes.
 * 15) Number Onboard: Total number of people on board the aircraft.
 * 16) Color of Aircraft: The color helps identify the aircraft to search and rescue personnel.
 * 17) Contact Information at Destination: Having a means of contacting the pilot is useful for tracking down an aircraft that has failed to close its flight plan and is possibly overdue or in distress.

Some terms and acronyms used in flight planning

 * Above Ground Level (AGL)
 * A measurement of elevation, or "height", above a specific land mass (also see MSL).

 * International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 * The ICAO is the specialized agency of the United Nations with a mandate "to ensure the safe, efficient and orderly evolution of international civil aviation." The standards which become accepted by the ICAO member nations "cover all technical and operational aspects of international civil aviation, such as safety, personnel licensing, operation of aircraft, aerodromes, air traffic services, accident investigation and the environment." A simple example of ICAO responsibilities is the unique worldwide names used to identify Navaids, Airways, airports and countries.

 * Knot (Kt)
 * A unit of speed used in navigation equal to one nautical mile per hour.

 * Mean Sea Level (MSL)
 * The average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of tide; used as a reference for altitude (also see AGL).

 * Nautical mile (NM)
 * A unit of distance used in aviation and maritime navigation, equal to approximately one minute of arc of latitude on a great circle. It is defined to be 1852 metres exactly, or approximately 1.15 statute mile.

 * Route Forecast (ROFOR)
 * A format for reporting weather information.

 * Zero-Fuel Weight (ZFW)
 * The weight of the aircraft with crew, cargo, and passengers, but without fuel.

title: Flight plan


text:
User talk:Morinao

Honorary promotions and medals

 * Can't figure out where to put this anymore, but the Air & Space Forces Magazine version came out: https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/honorary-promotions/
 * Still working on the astronaut material, but got sidetracked because the American Indian Law Review accepted an article I submitted last year on the Wounded Knee Massacre, and a producer also contacted me on the same subject (he wants to film a documentary). The article was a Covid project that grew out of Senator Warren's staff citing me in their press releases (evidently I'm the only person to publish about the legal merits of revoking medals, or the history of actually revoking them in 1917). So I x-rayed Warren's bill, which was a total mess, and gave them and SASC/HASC some critical feedback, which resulted in them dropping it entirely. They were assuming that the modern criteria for the medal applied in 1890, thought that the MoH Roll was the list of all MoH recipients (it's a pension roll that probably had only a few of the Wounded Knee recipients on it), and presumed that impropriety tainted all of the medals (even one awarded to a soldier who didn't earn the medal there). Am very frustrated with the outcome of all this, because I actually support revoking some of the medals so long as they do it with statutory authority and have a process in place to properly screen the recipients for revocation, and then finally to give DoD a chance to weigh-in on it and decide for themselves. My idea is to use a scholarly review board to advise DoD, which is something that's been done several times for upgrades of medal packages tainted by structural discrimination. It would've worked, I think, but nobody is willing to compromise! Foxtrot5151 (talk) 00:53, 19 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Congratulations on the two articles! I can see how you might be disappointed at not achieving the optimal resolution for the Wounded Knee medals, which is to correct the historical record, but at least you prevented the status quo from getting worse.
 * Love the photo of Mitchell crouched under the wing of the airplane. Is that a swagger stick in his hand, or just a rod leaning against the wheel? Can't quite tell from the angle.
 * - Morinao (talk) 02:58, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Not sure what that is in the photo, doesn't seem like there would be a need for support next to the wheel chock, so maybe it was a stick? They didn't ask me on the photos--that's entirely on their media editors. I did get a chance to review it prior to publication, but it wasn't anything like a journal or academic press. I was actually hoping they would link to some of the false claims, but alas, they didn't.
 * I've been sending links to various USAF offices trying to get claims corrected. I got a major command to agree to fix an error about Mitchell in an article, already had the command historian at USAFA agree to fix the plaque on the Mitchell statue, and got the policy proponent to agree to fix an error on Mitchell's rank in USAF Handbook 1 (which claimed he'd been posthumously promoted by FDR). AFPC's decorations branch wrote me saying they don't control the USAF website on the MoH, and don't know who does! So they're escalating to see if they can figure it out, but that's pretty odd.
 * Working on a documentary on the Wounded Knee business, which may give it some new life. Not sure when that will be out, but presumably a year or so. Will be collaborating with several scholars of Native American history to produce a series of recommendations on what medals to revoke, and why. I imagine we'll publish something else afterward, probably an edited volume. 131.252.240.190 (talk) 22:57, 27 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Got a phone call this week from GEN Steve Lorenz, formerly AETC commander at Randolph AFB, and deputy chief of the Senate liaison office at the time of the Eaker & Doolittle recognition. He recalled it and said he thought everything I covered was accurate. He said Goldwater was a really nice guy, and would go out of his way to get gifts for the staffers like him. Foxtrot5151 (talk) 21:08, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Comment: FAA administrator
Interesting developments in relation to congressional waivers for veteran nominees. Similar to the OLC and CRS rulings that MajGen Bolden didn't need a waiver to be NASA adminstrator, the FAA's general counsel has stated that Phil Washington, a retired Army CSM doesn't need a waiver to be FAA administrator. This was in response to criticism from Senator Ted Cruz, ranking member of the Senate Commerce Committee that is processing (and delaying) Washington's nomination. SuperWIKI (talk) 17:15, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks, what's the barrier again, is it statutory? Foxtrot5151 (talk) 21:09, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I believe it is statutory. The FAA administrator must be a civilian per (c)(2). That said, Washington's nomination has been withdrawn in the meantime. SuperWIKI (talk) 21:44, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting, I just took a look. So being a retired member potentially runs afoul of that? Subsection d also has interesting language about the deputy administrator, and trying to prevent a conflict of interest if they are on active duty in the military. Foxtrot5151 (talk) 22:20, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * On your question? I believe so. And I believe this was very much sacred territory for Generals Quesada (who resigned his commission) and McKee (who received a waiver) when they were nominated. SuperWIKI (talk) 23:44, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message
 Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.

If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:21, 28 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Morinao


text:
User talk:Digby

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

wikiversity vote
If you cast a wikiversity vote, please make a link at your Wikimedia meta-wiki user page linking back to your wikipedia user page. If you do not do so, your vote will not count. --JWSchmidt 15:52, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Carla Rotolo
Please help write the Carla Rotolo article. Thanks Friuli (talk)

Nomination of Criticism of Mother Teresa for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Criticism of Mother Teresa is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Criticism of Mother Teresa until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Capitals00 (talk) 05:09, 31 August 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Digby


text:
User talk:Craig.lz

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight
As a member of WikiProject Comics, I thought you might be interested in the Comics Collaboration of the Fortnight we have set up. Please feel free to vote on the articles listed, although bear in mind that a vote for a particular article means you are pledging to help improve the article. The goal of the collaboration is to improve articles to Featured Article status, as we feel Comics is under-represented in that area. Thanks for your help. Steve block talk 15:23, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Reader-response criticism
Greetings! The category you keep assigning, Category:Reader-response criticism, does not exist, and it isn't appropriate to add it to any article. If you want to create it, fine, but please don't leave red-linked categories on articles. Thanks. Her Pegship  (tis herself) 21:30, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Respect Thread Conversions
I'm looking for folks to help convert Respect Threads to wiki formatting on Project Fanboy: WikiFans. Respect Threads, showcase scans of feats performed by comic book characters and have gained an audience on several comic book message boards. A few other wiki editors and myself are trying to convert them from the unprofessional look of a bunch of posts on a message board to the formatting common with WikiMedia wiki's. To view an example of what we're doing, here is a link to Respect Silver Surfer.

I was wondering if you might have time to contribute your comic book knowledge and/or scans of comic book characters performing feats, and help us out with our Respect Articles project?Millennium Cowboy (talk) 02:58, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia trainers requested in New South Wales
Wikimedia Australia is looking for experienced Wikipedians to help out at training sessions across New South Wales, in particular in Newcastle, Wollongong, Port Macquarie and in Parkes. If you're interested, the details are at the following link:

 * http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimediaau-l/2013-July/003677.html

We'd love to see you there! Lankiveil (speak to me) 13:24, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Craig.lz


text:
User talk:Earthliberator

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, Articles for deletion page etc.) use NaodW29-nowiki623d80cd2b57494a00000001 (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type NaodW29-nowiki623d80cd2b57494a00000002 (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the test area.
 * You can get help at the Help Desk
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines, Neutral point of view, Civility, Wikiquette, What Wikipedia is not
 * If you made IP edits before creating a user account, you can attribute your IP edits to your account at Changing attribution for an edit.

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop a note at New user log.

-- Utcursch | Talk to me

2004
There really is no sensible way to question that the page is disputed. As I keep saying, it is a simple matter of language. Astrotrain is presently arguing that it should not be disputed; but is incapable of registering that it factually is disputed. I would go further, and claim that it is obvious that the page is biased, not neutral, and should be disputed. Nothing will avail to persuade Astrotrain of that. Curiously, I tagged the article originally to avoid a brewing edit war. Astrotrain and I were reverting each other, and rather than persist with that, I simply tagged the article and let Astrotrain have his/her way. Now Astrotrain wants to remove the tag as well; apparently I am not allowed to have an opinion on the page at all. Others have entered the fray, and while there have been other disputes among the other editors, the bulk of editors have likewise concluded that Astrotrain’s choices of what to include and exclude are biased. Astrotrain simply does not get it. I originally found the encyclopedia a wonderful resource. Now I find it a flawed resource, and a frustrating project, because I have no choice about which editors to work with. I imagine you will quickly get as discouraged as I am. I spend entirely too much time arguing with those of closed and narrow minds. Still, there are some splendid things about the encyclopedia, so I am not giving up just yet.— Ford 21:38, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC) .

Grammar
Hi, you have recently made a small correction to Kinnaur. Have you read this article through?. If not, and since you say that you have a keen interest in grammar, maybe you should. If you are not put off by the amount of work that is to be done there with respect to the syntax, spelling, typos and stuff, your help would be very useful. However beware! the author of this article (User:Mr_Tan) can be really "difficult" (see Talk:Zanskar). For a short overview of what is wrong with the article, see Talk:Kinnaur (last entry).

Moumine 23:03, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Eva Braiman
Eva Braiman has been proposed for deletion. An editor felt this person might not be notable enough for an article. Please review Notability (people) for the relevant guidelines. If you can improve the article to address these concerns, please do so.

If no one objects to the deletion within five days by removing the "prod" template, the article may be deleted without further discussion. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but if an editor is still not satisfied that it meets Wikipedia guidelines, it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. NickelShoe (Talk) 15:57, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Spirit4.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Spirit4.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 08:09, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Jackdaniels.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Jackdaniels.JPG. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 07:01, 29 September 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Rettetast 07:01, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Spirit3.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Spirit3.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 05:34, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Spirit3.JPG)
 Thanks for uploading Image:Spirit3.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. - AWeenieMan (talk) 02:07, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Spirit.JPG)
Thanks for uploading Image:Spirit.JPG. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:09, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:FRKKentucky.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:FRKKentucky.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the image. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Sdrtirs (talk) 19:21, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

I created this image myself... --Earthliberator (talk) 01:35, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Earthliberator


text:
User talk:Debian~enwiki

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Debian. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Debian~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:23, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:01, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Debian~enwiki


text:
User talk:Nairipezeshkian

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:Nairipezeshkian


text:
Kiato

Kiato (Κιάτο) is a town in the northern part of Corinthia in the Peloponnese, Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of Sikyona. Kiato is situated on the Gulf of Corinth, near the mouth of the river Asopos. It has much tourist activity mainly in the summer. The ancient city Sicyon was located 4 km southwest of present Kiato. Kiato is 4 km northwest of Velo, 13 km southeast of Xylokastro and 18 km northwest of Corinth. The Greek National Road 8A (Patras - Corinth - Athens) passes southwest of the town. It had a station on the now decommissioned Piraeus-Patras railway. The new Kiato railway station is an interchange station of Proastiakos (suburban railway) lines to Athens and to Aigio.

Notable people

 * Emilios T. Harlaftis (1965–2005), astrophysicist
 * Giannis Spanos (b. 1943-2019), composer
 * Alexandros Alexandris (b. 1968), footballer

title: Kiato


text: Category:Oratorios

title: Category:Oratorios


text:
User talk:Satcho

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:Satcho


text:
User talk:Kev24612

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

Battle of Trafalgar (music)
The article you wrote, Battle of Trafalgar (music), is uncategorized. Please help improve it by adding it to one or more categories, so it may be associated with related articles. A stub marker or other template doesn't count - please put in an actual category in the article. Eli Falk 16:04, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

Battle of Trafalgar (music)
I have added a "" template to the article Battle of Trafalgar (music), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Resurgent insurgent 13:10, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

BWMFS
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on BWMFS, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because BWMFS fits the criteria for speedy deletion for the following reason: this page is a redirect to a deleted page To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting BWMFS, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate BWMFS itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 18:53, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Devolutions
A tag has been placed on Devolutions requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a band, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for musical topics.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. tgies (talk) 19:05, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kev24612


text:
Moses de León

Moses de León (c. 1240 – 1305), known in Hebrew as Moshe ben Shem-Tov, was a Spanish rabbi and Kabbalist who first publicized the Zohar. Modern scholars believe the Zohar is his own work, despite his claim that he took traditions going back to Shimon bar Yochai and committed them to writing. His other works include Sefer ha-Rimon, written in Hebrew, and hundreds of pseudepigraphic responsa, commentaries, and Kabbalistic tracts which he falsely attributed to earlier authorities.

Life
Moses de León was born in León, Kingdom of León in modern-day Spain, then united with the Crown of Castile. He might have been born in Guadalajara and his surname, then, comes from his father, Shem-Tov de León. He spent 30 years in Guadalajara and Valladolid before moving to Ávila, where he spent the rest of his life. Moses de León died at Arévalo in 1305 while returning to his home.

Resources

 * Kohler, Kaufmann et al., "Leon, Moses (Ben Shem-Tob) de." Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901–1906, citing:
 * Ahimaaz Chronicle, ed. London, pp. 95 et seq.;
 * Adolf Jellinek, Moses b. Schem-Tob de Leon und Seine Verhältniss zum Sohar, Leipsic, 1851;
 * Grätz, Gesch. vii. 231 et seq.;
 * Abraham Geiger, Das Judenthum und Seine Geschichte, iii. 75 et seq., Breslau, 1871;
 * Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi and C. H. Hamberger, Hist. Wörterb. p. 177;
 * Moritz Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 1852 et seq.;
 * idem, Hebr. Bibl. x. 156 et seq.
 * Avishai Bar Asher, R. Moses de León - Sefer Mishkan ha-Edut, Los Angeles: Cherub Press, 2013

title: Moses de León


text:
User talk:Jpbrennan

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:Jpbrennan


text:
User talk:EricLong

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

 * Try the Tutorial. If you have less time, try How to edit a page.
 * To sign your posts (for eg. on talk pages) use 	 ~  (four tildes). This will insert your name and timestamp. To insert just your name, type (3 tildes).
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * For help, see Where to ask a question.
 * Some other pages that will help you know more about Wikipedia: Manual of Style and Five pillars, Neutral point of view, Civility, What Wikipedia is not
 * You can contribute in many ways: write a great article, fight vandalism, upload pictures, perform maintainance tasks, contribute to existing projects...

I hope you stick around and keep contributing to Wikipedia. Drop us a note at New user log.

-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:EricLong


text:
Talk:Loganville, Georgia

Having lived in Loganville all my life, I can confirm it is in fact located in Walton County. A small part of it does extend into Gwinnett county, however, I have no idea why the city itself would be counted as being located in Gwinnett, seeing as the bulk of the city is in fact located in Walton County. It must be some kind of technicality.PiccoloNamek 08:16, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC) (Image removed, as it is a copyright violation) – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 16:02, Feb 14, 2005 (UTC)

- I agree, I live in Loganville and I also have to say that it is located in Walton County. If its in Gwinnett county the county school board is gravely mistaken. /sarcasm

- I am also going to throw in that the LARGE majority lays in Walton County and not in Gwinnett. 23:17 Feb. 28

Perhaps we should so as the Snelville wikipage has done with the School Sections? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellville#Education

Assessment
If you would like to know why I assessed the article the way I have, please use my talk page. Ethan (talk) 03:12, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Loganville, Georgia. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160602200744/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:03, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

Hi
I would like to say that I live here and I hate it, very much. There is nothing of substance and beyond tax reasons, there is no reason under the sun to live here or consider it. Please go live somewhere else, preferably in Gwinnett. The people here are old and racist, it sucks a lot, may I reiterate that I hate it here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MarsNapoleon (talk • contribs) 23:51, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Loganville, Georgia


text: Category:Ukrainian mathematicians

title: Category:Ukrainian mathematicians


text: Category:1250 births

title: Category:1250 births


text:
Culver Field

Culver Field is a former baseball ground located in Rochester, New York. Located at the northwest corner of University Avenue and Culver Road, Culver Field was home of the Rochester Broncos from 1886 until it burned down on October 8, 1893.

Re-built for the 1898 season, the new Culver Field played host to the newly named Rochester Beau Brummels for a decade. However, the right field bleachers collapsed May 19, 1906, leading to dozens of injuries and lawsuits. After the 1907 season, the ballpark was acquired by Gleason Works, which turned the site into the plant that stands to this day.

Late in the 1898 season, three neutral-site games were played in Rochester, between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Cleveland Spiders of the National League. The games of August 27 and 29 were played at Culver Field. The game of the 28th (a Sunday) was played at the Ontario Beach Grounds in the Charlotte section of the city.

title: Culver Field


text:
Talk:Usj

USJ is not Utara Subang Jaya, it is UEP-Subang Jaya. This part of Subang Jaya was originally a rubber estate called Seafield Estate. The company which managed the rubber estate is the United Estate Plantation thus UEP in short. Sime Darby you and I know was a plantation based company. They acquired this choice estate land and turned it into a housing estate. The rest is history.

Today, it has the highest per capita of homes having Internet access in the country. There are approximately 32,000 houses here. We have two community websites namely www.usj.com.my and www.nwatch.net.my where we meet everyday for social intercourse. Visit us at these two websites and get to know more about our dynamic community.

title: Talk:Usj


text:
Talk:First Baptist Church in America

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on First Baptist Church in America. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121007065217/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=19&ResourceType=Building to http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=19&ResourceType=Building

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:13, 1 October 2017 (UTC)

First Baptist Church in America vs. First Baptist Meetinghouse
This article is about the congregation as well as the building, therefore I' m moving this page back to First Baptist Church in America, which is where it has been for decades and also the name the congregation uses. BCorr | Брайен 17:07, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:First Baptist Church in America


text:
Talk:Trouble (Bonnie McKee album)

There is a story behind that mile long personnel list, and I'll be adding it soonish. iMeowbot 08:22, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Bonnie mckee trouble.jpg
The image Image:Bonnie mckee trouble.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --21:41, 16 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Trouble (Bonnie McKee album)


text:
North Khorasan province

North Khorasan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country. Its capital is the city of Bojnord. North Khorasan is one of the three provinces that were created after the division of Khorasan in 2004. Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided into three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament of Iran (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) were Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan.

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the population of the province was 791,930 in 198,626 households. The following census in 2011 counted 867,727 people in 240,885 households. In 2014 it was placed in Region 5. At the time of the most recent census in 2016, the population had dropped slightly to 863,092 in 254,747 households.

History
Greater Khorasan has witnessed the rise and fall of many dynasties and governments in its territory throughout history. Various tribes of Persians, Arabs, Turks, Kurds and Turkmens have brought change to the region time and time again. Ancient geographers of Iran divided Iran into eight segments, of which the largest was the territory of Greater Khorasan. Esfarayen, among other cities of the province, was one of the focal points for settlement by Aryan tribes entering Iran.

The Parthian empire was based near Merv in Khorasan for many years. In Parthian times, Esfarayen was one of the important villages of Nishapur.

During the Sassanid dynasty, the province was governed by a Spahbod (Lieutenant General) called "Padgoosban" and four margraves, each commander of one of the four parts of the province.

In the year 651, the army of Islamic Arabs invaded Khorasan. The territory remained in the hands of the Abbasid clan until 820, followed by the rule of the Iranian Taherid clan in the year 896 and the Samanid dynasty in 900. Khorasan was divided into four parts during the Muslim conquest of Persia, each section being named after the four largest cities; Nishapur, Merv, Herat, and Balkh.

Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Khorasan in 994 and in the year 1037 Tuğrul Beg, the first of the Seljuq empire rulers, conquered Nishapur.

Mahmud Qaznavi retaliated against the invaders several times, and finally, the Qaznavi Turks defeated Sultan Sanjar. But there was more to come, as in 1157 Khorasan was conquered by the Khwarazmids. In 1220 was annexed by the Mongols of Genghis Khan. When in 1226 the great conqueror finally died, Khorasan was inherited by his son Tolui and then by Tolui's son Hulegu, the first emperor of the Mongolic Ilkhanate of Persia.

In the 14th century, a flag of independence was hoisted by the Sarbedaran movement in Sabzevar, and in 1368, Khorasan came into the hands of Tamerlane.

In 1507, Khorasan was occupied by Uzbek tribes. After the death of Nader Shah in 1747, it was occupied by the Afghans.

In 1824, Herat became independent for several years when the Afghan Empire was split between the Durranis and Barakzais. The Persians sieged the city in 1837, but the British assisted the Afghans in repelling them. In 1856, the Persians launched another invasion, and briefly managed to recapture the city; it led directly to the Anglo-Persian War. In 1857 hostilities between the Persians and the British ended after the Treaty of Paris was signed, and the Persian troops withdrew from Herat. Afghanistan reconquered Herat in 1863 under Dost Muhammad Khan, two weeks before his death.

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of North Khorasan Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

Cities
According to the 2016 census, 484,346 people (over 56% of the population of North Khorasan Province) live in the following cities:

North Khorasan today
North Khorasan Province is one of the most diverse territories in Iran today, largely reflecting the ethnic make-up of Iran. Most people in North Khorasan are Shia Muslims, who are often Khorasani Kurds, Persians, Khorasani Turks and so on, although there is also a small minority of Sunnis who generally are Turkmen. There used to be a sizeable population of Lurs inhabiting this province, however, most returned to their native area in western Iran as there are no signs of them in the province today.

Previously, there used to be a sizeable community of Arabs who settled in the area during the Arab invasion of Iran. However, by 1875 they had intermarried so extensively with Persians and Turks that they were indistinguishable, having largely abandoned the Arab language and culture in favour of the local one.

Attractions
This province contains many historical and natural attractions, such as mineral water springs, small lakes, recreational areas, caves, and protected regions, and various hiking areas. Most of the historical relics are from the Qajar era, as earthquakes continue to ravage older relics.

The Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran lists 1,179 sites of historical and cultural significance in all three provinces of Khorasan.

Some of the popular attractions of North Khorasan are:

 * Besh Qardash (five brothers) and Baba-Aman springs
 * Jameh Mosque of Jajarm

Colleges and universities

 * University of Bojnurd
 * Islamic Azad University of Bojnurd
 * Eshragh Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)
 * Islamic Azad University of Shiravan
 * Hakiman Institute of Higher Education (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)
 * Khorasan University of Medical Science (Bojnurd, North Khorasan)

title: North Khorasan province


text:
Piazza delle Erbe, Verona

Piazza delle Erbe (Market's square) is a square in Verona, northern Italy. It was once the town's forum during the time of the Roman Empire.

Description
The northern side of the square is occupied by the ancient town hall, the Torre dei Lamberti, the Casa dei Giudici ("Judges' Hall") and the frescoed Mazzanti Houses. The western side, the shortest one, features the Baroque Palazzo Maffei, decorated by statues of Greek gods. It is faced by a white marble column, on which is St. Mark's Lion, symbol of the Republic of Venice.

The north-western side occupies the site of the ancient Roman Capitol Hill, which looked towards the forum. Numerous of its buildings facing the square have maintained façade frescoes. On the southern side is the crenellated Casa dei Mercanti ("House of the Merchants", also known as Domus Mercatorum), now the seat of the Banca Popolare di Verona. Other buildings, the tall houses of the Ghetto, are reminiscent of medieval tower-houses.

The square's most ancient monument is the fountain (built in 1368 by Cansignorio della Scala), surmounted by a statue called Madonna Verona, which is however a Roman sculpture dating to 380 AD. Also historical is the capitello, dating to the 13th century, during which it was used for several ceremonies, including the oath of investment of the city's medieval podestà and pretors. Towards Via Cappello is another column, with a 14th-century aedicula with reliefs of the Virgin and the Saints Zeno, Peter and Christopher.

Buildings around the square

 * Palazzo Maffei
 * Torre dei Lamberti
 * Casa dei Mercanti
 * St. Mark's Lion

title: Piazza delle Erbe, Verona


text:
Air Niugini

Air Niugini Limited is the flag carrier of Papua New Guinea, based in Air Niugini House on the site of Port Moresby International Airport, Port Moresby. It operates a domestic network from Port Moresby to 12 major airports while its subsidiary company, Link PNG, operates routes to minor airports. It also operates international services in Asia, Oceania, and Australia on a weekly basis. Its main base is Port Moresby International Airport, which is located in 7 Mile, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Niugini is the Tok Pisin word for New Guinea.

History
The airline was established in November 1973 as the national airline of Papua New Guinea with the government holding 60% of the shares, with the rest divided between Australian airline companies Ansett (16%), Qantas (12%) and Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) (12%). It started as an exclusively domestic carrier; however it expanded to offer international services shortly thereafter. In founding the airline, the government aimed to encourage regional development in a country without an extensive road network. The airline was established using DC-3 and Fokker F27 aircraft.

In 1975 when PNG gained independence, pilots from the two airlines operating for the government were from Ansett Australia and Trans Australia Airlines. The majority of these pilots elected to return to these companies and continue their careers in Australia. This left a huge shortage in the pilot strength (over 95%) and consequently replacements were recruited from both Australia and New Zealand. These pilots had little or no experience in airline operations and few if any skills or experience operating in the extremely hostile environs of PNG.

Nonetheless, they were trained by the outgoing pilots from Ansett and TAA and with the first class training behind them continued to provide safe and reliable services to all of PNG. When Air Niugini took over the international routes - then operated by Qantas - once again the senior pilots were called upon to convert from basic turboprop aircraft (F27) to B707-338C 4-engine jet aircraft. Considerable alarm was expressed that these "jungle pilots" could not possibly operate large jet aircraft hitherto flown by Qantas flight crews. Again with excellent training and support from Qantas, the PX crews converted successfully to the venerable B707 and from there took over all the check and training on those two aircraft and continued thereafter to the various replacement aircraft being primarily A300-B4, A310-300, B757 and B767.

There were two crashes internally on the domestic operation with the total loss of one F28 aircraft and one DHC7, both due to pilot error. No deaths or injuries occurred in either crash.

International services commenced very early on in the history of the airline with a leased Boeing 720 from 6 February 1976 to 2 February 1977. This was later replaced with a Boeing 707 purchased from Qantas. During the late 1970s, internal services were performed by a combination of Fokker F28 jet and Fokker F27 turbo-prop aircraft. By the end of 1975 Air Niugini leased Boeing 727-200 type aircraft from Ansett and TAA to serve routes to Brisbane. The airline also acquired a lease of a Boeing 707 from Qantas to commence a weekly service to Manila and Hong Kong. In 1976, the government bought out the Qantas and TAA holdings and in 1980 acquired the Ansett shares to make the airline wholly government owned. The fleet of F-27s was phased out in the early 1980s with the introduction of the newly developed de Havilland Canada Dash 7 four-engine turbo-prop.

In 1979, Air Niugini opened routes to Honolulu and to Singapore via Jakarta. That same year, new facilities were opened at Jacksons Airport and new Sales Offices opened in Hong Kong, Tokyo, Europe and the United States. Air Niugini operated their Boeing 707 from Auckland to Hong Kong via Port Moresby in a tripartite agreement with Air New Zealand and Cathay Pacific. This service ran from 1981 to 1985.

In 1984, the airline replaced the two Boeing 707 aircraft with an Airbus A300 on lease from TAA. This was replaced several years later with two Airbus A310s as the carrier expanded to offer flights principally between Australian Eastern capital cities and destinations in Asia such as Singapore and Manila via their hub Port Moresby.

The airline endured considerable hardships in the 1990s, with unrest in Bougainville and a volcanic eruption in Rabaul destabilising the company's busiest domestic services. The Asian currency crisis also made an impact, with Air Niugini posting financial losses during this decade. The government of Papua New Guinea responded by cutting jobs from the airline, suppressing wages, as well as opening offices in Asia and Europe in an attempt at having the airline run profitably. The reforms bore fruit by 2003, with the airline posting a profit of US$15.8 million for that year.

A Boeing 767 was acquired in August 2002, replacing the Airbus aircraft, and was used to offer expanded international services. Combined with aggressive pricing, this made it the most competitively priced airline on many of its routes. A sharing agreement still exists with Qantas in which that airline buys "blocks" of seats on Air Niugini's flights between Port Moresby and Australia.

The financial turnaround seems to have stymied pressure from various sectors, including the IMF and the Australian Government, to privatise the national carrier. The PNG government has voiced concerns that privatisation would jeopardise domestic routes that provide a vital service to regional people and encourage economic development, but which fail to realise a profit.

From September 2004, Fokker 100s have been introduced to start to replace the aging Fokker F28 aircraft that are used on domestic routes, the daily Cairns service, and the twice a week service to Honiara in the Solomon Islands.

In March 2006, Transport and Civil Aviation Minister Don Polye announced an open air policy, which would allow other airlines to fly international routes into and from Papua New Guinea. The policy will take effect in 2007.

In December 2007, Air Niugini returned its leased Boeing 767 aircraft to its owners, Air New Zealand. The airline briefly entered a wet lease arrangement with Viva Macau before taking up a lease with Icelandair for a Boeing 767-300ER and a Boeing 757-200W. The 757 was returned in March 2011 and replaced with two additional 767-300ER aircraft.

On 18 April 2008, flights commenced on the Sydney-Port Moresby route initially using leased Embraer 190 aircraft leased from SkyAirWorld of Australia.

On 15 October 2014, Air Niugini announced a wholly owned subsidiary airline company, Link PNG, which commenced operations on 1 November 2014 to coincide with Air Niugini's 41 years of operation. Link PNG principally services routes to provincial and district centres which were being operated by the Air Niugini Dash-8-Q200 and Q300 aircraft. 7 Fokker-70 aircraft were acquired (October 2015) from KLM and were transferred during Oct-Dec 2015.

In June 2018, people rioting in the town of Mendi following disputed election results destroyed a Link PNG Dash-8 at the town's airport.

On 14 June 2019, Air Niugini announced it would take over the Cairns-Hong Kong route that Cathay Pacific was abandoning. They would fly via Port Moresby hoping to have considerable income derived from transporting live seafood to Asian markets.

In July 2023 Air Niugini announced the order of two Boeing 787-8 as replacements for their pair of aging 767-300ER. The airline ordered six Airbus A220-100s in November 2023, with a further two A220-100s and three A220-300s to be leased. The Airbus A220s will replace Air Niugini's Fokker 70s and Fokker 100s. A SkyUp Airlines Boeing 737 was acquired under a wet lease in 2023.

Destinations
Air Niugini operates to 23 domestic destinations and 8 international destinations in 6 countries across Asia and Oceania as of May 2023:

Codeshare agreements
Air Niugini has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 * Cathay Pacific
 * Qantas
 * Solomon Airlines

Current Air Niugini fleet
, the Air Niugini fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Current Link PNG fleet
The Link PNG fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of September 2022):

Former fleet
Aircraft that have limited info:
 * Douglas DC-3
 * Douglas C-47
 * Fokker F27
 * Fokker F28

Incidents and accidents
In the morning of 28 September 2018, Flight PX 73 (operated by Boeing 737-800 P2-PXE) landed 150 yd short of the runway into a lagoon off Chuuk International Airport in Weno, Chuuk of the Federated States of Micronesia. There were 47 people on board the aircraft (36 passengers and 11 crew). According to initial reports, all 47 survived, and there were no serious injuries. However, shortly after the crash, the airline reported one missing passenger. On Monday, 1 October, two days after the crash, Air Niugini announced the death of a single male passenger.

title: Air Niugini


text:
Talk:Shiing-Shen Chern

weird link
Hi, at the bottom of the page there is a link to Themistocles M. Rassias in the "see also" section. The only reason for this seems to be that Chern was Rassias co-advisor. Chern has a LOT of students several of which are probably more notable. Could someone remove that link?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.237.41.75 (talk) 10:57, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
The family name capitalisation (CHERN) I have removed. Although I wish it were an English standard, there have been discussions about introducing it to en.WP and currently the consensus seems to be not to. If this position changes I will be more than happy to recapitalise it! VivaEmilyDavies 18:22, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

These web pages have newspaper obituaries

 *

 *

which include family details. Those seem to say that he had two children.

Charles Matthews 08:25, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Also this PDF from MSRI:

 * .

Charles Matthews 08:32, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Name ordering
I have moved the article back to Shiing-Shen Chern, as this Western order is the one used in mathematics, and Chern is not known under other orderings of his name. This is similar to Shing-Tung Yau or Fanghua Lin or Yuan T. Lee or Gang Tian, and standard convention in mathematics. Kusma (討論) 08:18, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

GR transcription
I've come across this page via a link from the GR Talk page. It's always nice to learn of someone using GR to spell their name! However, a detailed discussion of the technicalities of Chinese romanization certainly doesn't belong in the lead section of this article. I've now rearranged the article somewhat & moved the new Transliteration section further down. --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 12:58, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

PS As a result the lead is now perhaps a bit thin. I leave it to an expert to summarize the importance of Chern's work in a sentence or two. --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 13:07, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Citations needed
Some inline citations would be useful: ie explicit references to the External links or other published sources. --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 22:39, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Is this the Chern number guy too?
Vol 461 |8 October 2009| doi:10.1038/nature08293 Observation of unidirectional backscattering-immune topological electromagnetic states Zheng Wang1*, Yidong Chong1{*, J. D. Joannopoulos1 & Marin Soljacˇic´1 To detect the possible presence of non-trivial topological band properties in a photoniccrystal system it is sufficient5–7 to compute its Chern numbers. (Although the original proposal5,6 focused on ‘Dirac points’, it is not necessary to restrict to such band structures; thus, the use of a variety of photonic-crystal systems is possible7.) The Chernnumber of band n of a two-dimensional (2D) periodic photonic crystal is an integer defined by6

6. Raghu, S. & Haldane, F. D. M. Analogs of quantum-Hall-effect edge states in photonic crystals. Phys. Rev. A 78, 033834 (2008).

Never mind, it redirects from Chern classes. Nerdseeksblonde (talk) 22:13, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Shiing-Shen Chern. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100818015117/http://www.icm2010.org.in/imu-prizes to http://www.icm2010.org.in/imu-prizes

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:39, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Shiing-Shen Chern. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110725045157/http://www.jiaxing.gov.cn/art/2008/10/28/art_93_1125.html to http://www.jiaxing.gov.cn/art/2008/10/28/art_93_1125.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110607082120/http://math.berkeley.edu/events_series_chern.html to http://math.berkeley.edu/events_series_chern.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:30, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Huh???
The section Research contains this "sentence":

"Chern classes, the complexification of Pontryagin classes, which have found wide-reaching applications in modern physics, especially string theory, quantum field theory, condensed matter physics, in things like the magnetic monopole."

First of all, this "sentence" is not a sentence, because there is no verb that applies to the subject ("Chern classes").

But mathematically speaking, it is simply incorrect.

Rather: The Pontryagin classes of a real vector bundle π are the (even-indexed) Chern classes of the complexified version of the bundle π. 2601:200:C000:1A0:80D8:6B79:C0AF:2203 (talk) 01:37, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shiing-Shen Chern


text:
Slim Brundage

Myron Reed "Slim" Brundage (November 29, 1903 – October 18, 1990) was the "founder and janitor" of the College of Complexes, a radical social center in Chicago during the 1950s. It was known as Chicago's Number One "beatnik bistro".

Biography
Slim Brundage was born at an insane asylum (a fact that he was proud of), where his mother worked, in Blackfoot, Idaho. His mother died when he was seven and his socialist journalist father placed him in an orphanage. His youth was troubled; he dropped out of grade school and ran away from home at age 14 to become a hobo. He changed his first name to Slim (given his body weight) and was educated at flophouses and boxcars across the country. Two years later, he became a member, and then organizer, of Industrial Workers of the World in Aberdeen, Washington. He thought the world would be better without bosses and politicians and was jailed for his protest activities.

In 1922, he settled in Chicago where he frequented forums on free speech; at the time, there were about 20 to 30 organizations. He worked as a bouncer and janitor of the Dil Pickle Club and later founded his own club, College of Complexes, in 1933 but closed after three months. Three years later, he became the director of the Hobo College. He reopened College of Complexes in 1951 with a $6,000 workman's pension. In the 1950s, author James T. Farrell was one of the speakers before moving to New York City. The organization moved locations through the 1950s into the 1960s and the Chicago Police Department's Red Squad unit visited them several times because of College of Complexes's anti-Cold War stance. In 1960, the shop hosted a Beat Convention to nominate a Beat Party candidate for President of the United States. Brundage ran for the nomination himself and, though he provided a place to sleep and free food for beatniks from out of town, he did not succeed. He shut down the organization in 1961, retired to Guadalajara in 1975, and later moved to Southern California in 1980s.

Brundage was also a writer and poet closely associated with the Beats. 'little theater' playwright/actor, president emeritus of the Hobo College in the 1930s, housepainter, humorist, and chief architect of the scandalous Beatnik Party during the 1960 elections. He called himself "The Janitor" because of his blue-collar background.

In 1997, Franklin Rosemont edited a collection entitled From Bughouse Square to the Beat Generation: Selected Ravings of Slim Brundage - Founder & Janitor of the College of Complexes, published by the Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company as part of its Bughouse Square Series.

He was married to artist Margaret Brundage (née Johnson) from 1927 to 1939, and Katarine C. Wood from 1940. At age 86, in 1990, he died from a brain hemorrhage in El Cerrito, California, while attending a senior citizens' bingo party. He was buried at German Waldheim Cemetery.

title: Slim Brundage


text:
Putnam Grounds

Putnam Grounds can refer to two nineteenth century baseball stadiums.

Putnam Grounds in Brooklyn, New York were the home of the Brooklyn Putnams. It was also the site of the National Association of Base Ball Players championship in 1860, serving as neutral ground for the game between the Brooklyn Atlantics and the Brooklyn Excelsiors. The game was suspended during the fifth inning due to the unruly crowd.

Putnam Grounds in Troy, New York was home to the Troy Trojans baseball club from May 28, 1879 to September 20, 1879. It was located at Peoples Ave and 15th St, close to the public park known as Beman Park.

title: Putnam Grounds


text:
First Cambodia Airlines

First Cambodia Airlines (SC: 柬埔寨第一航空) was a privately owned airline based in Cambodia. Because of financial problems, it ceased operations in 2004.

Code data

 * IATA Code: F6
 * ICAO Code: FCC
 * Callsign: FIRST CAMBODIA

History
The airline was established in February 2004, but ceased operations on 2 August 2004 after financial difficulties meant its aircraft had to be returned to the lessor.

Services
First Cambodia Airlines operated services from Phnom Penh to Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Guangzhou.

Fleet
The First Cambodia Airlines fleet consisted of 1 leased Airbus A320-232 aircraft from ILFC.

title: First Cambodia Airlines


text:
Cosgrove Hall, Northamptonshire

Cosgrove Hall is an early-18th-century Grade II listed country house in Cosgrove, Northamptonshire. It was built on the site of an earlier house by the Furtho family. It is not open to the public. It may have been built by John Lumley of Northampton. In the nineteenth century, the building belonged to John Christopher Mansel. In May 1945, Queen Geraldine of Albania, the Queen consort to King Zog I of Albania, opened a fête at the hall. The building was destroyed by fire in October 2016.

As well as the hall the other Grade II buildings on the estate are the dovecote, the stable block and the ice house. In front of the house, there is an excavated Roman bath house, viewable from the Grand Union Canal.

title: Cosgrove Hall, Northamptonshire


text:
Haymakers' Grounds

Haymakers' Grounds was a baseball grounds in Lansingburgh, New York, which is now part of Troy, New York. It was home to the Troy Haymakers of the National Association from 1871 to 1872 and home to the Troy Trojans of the National League from 1880 to 1881.

Most sources give the location of the ballpark as 104th Street (north); 2nd Avenue (west); 103rd Street (south); and 5th Avenue (east). Those streets were previously numbered 4th and 3rd. Before the streets were numbered, they had names: 2nd Avenue was State Street; 4th/104th was Vail Street; 3rd/103rd was Thomas Street; and 5th Avenue was Whipple Street. This is in the vicinity of the public park called Knickerbacker Park, which contains a monument outlining the history of Troy's brief major league experience.

The streets were renumbered to correspond with Troy's numbering system, and also the fact that some names were duplicated: For example, Troy has an east-west thoroughfare called State Street.

An alternate name for this location, as seen in some references, is "the Vail Lot" or "Vail's lot". The Vail family were early settlers of the area, and this location hosted baseball games starting in the 1860s.

The NL club played home games at Putnam Grounds, Troy, in 1879, and at Troy Ball Club Grounds, Watervliet, in 1882.

title: Haymakers' Grounds


text:
Nasdaq Vilnius

The Nasdaq Vilnius is a stock exchange established in 1993 (Vilnius Stock Exchange, VSE) and currently operated by Nasdaq, Inc.. Shares are listed on a Nasdaq Baltic stock exchange together with stocks from Latvia and Estonia.

OMX Vilnius (OMXVGI) is a stock market index for the Nasdaq Vilnius Exchange.

History
VSE, together with Riga Stock Exchange and Tallinn Stock Exchange is part of the joint Baltic market that was established to minimize investing barriers between Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian markets (OMX Baltic 10).

Trading day
It has a pre-market session from 08:45am to 10:00am, a normal trading session from 10:00am to 04:00pm and post-market session from 04:00pm to 04:30pm.

Companies
As of June 15, 2018, market capitalization of Vilnius stock exchange equities was 3.9 billion euro, and consist of 30 companies.

Companies formerly listed on Nasdaq Vilnius

 * Agrowill Group
 * Akmenės cementas
 * Alita
 * Alytaus tekstilė
 * Anykščių vynas
 * Vakarų laivų gamykla
 * Bankas Hermis
 * Biržų akcinė pieno bedrovė
 * City Service
 * Dirbtinis pluoštas
 * Dvarčionių keramika
 * DnB NORD bankas
 * Ekranas
 * Endokrininiai preparatai
 * Kalnapilis
 * Kauno pienas
 * Kėdainių cukrus
 * Kauno tiekimas
 * Klaipėdos baldai
 * Klaipėdos jūrų krovinių kompanija
 * Krekenavos agrofirma
 * Kuro aparatūra
 * Lietkabelis
 * Lietuvos dujos
 * Lietuvos draudimas
 * Lietuvos jūrų laivininkystė
 * Limarko laivininkystės kompanija
 * Lietuvos taupomasis bankas
 * Lifosa
 * Lisco Baltic Service
 * Liteksas ir Calw
 * Lithun
 * Marijampolės pieno konservai
 * Mažeikių elektrinė
 * Mažeikių Nafta
 * Mažeikių pieninė
 * Medienos plaušas
 * Metalo komercija
 * Naftos terminalas
 * Naujieji Verkiai
 * Panevėžio pienas
 * Panevėžio cukrus
 * Pramprojektas
 * Ragutis
 * Sanatorija Eglė
 * Sanitas
 * Sema
 * Snoras
 * Stumbras
 * Šiaulių oda
 * Šiaulių stumbras
 * Švyturys
 * Trinyčiai
 * Utenos gėrimai
 * Ūkio bankas
 * Šiaulių stumbras
 * Viešbutis Lietuva
 * Vilniaus bankas
 * Vilniaus kailiai
 * Vilniaus Pergalė
 * Žiemys

title: Nasdaq Vilnius


text:
Lufthansa Cargo

Lufthansa Cargo AG is a German cargo airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Lufthansa. It operates worldwide air freight and logistics services and is headquartered at Frankfurt Airport, the main hub of Lufthansa. Besides operating dedicated cargo planes, the company also has access to cargo capacities of 350 passenger aircraft of the Lufthansa Group.

Foundation and early years
Recognizing the growing importance of the cargo business, Lufthansa established its cargo subsidiary in 1977 called German Cargo Services GmbH. Previously, cargo operations were executed in-house, under the Lufthansa Cargo name, when – in an effort to restructure the company – the cargo division was re-integrated into its parent, and split up into two parts (one for scheduled operations using Lufthansa-owned aircraft, and one for freight and logistics services using chartered or leased aircraft).

In 1996, Hinduja Cargo Services was founded as a joint venture between Hinduja Group and Lufthansa Cargo. The company operated a fleet of Boeing 727 freighters, flying from airports in the Indian subcontinent to feed Lufthansa Cargo's hub at Sharjah airport. The airline suspended operations in 2000 in favour of direct services from Frankfurt using Lufthansa Cargo aircraft.

Development since 2000
In 2000, Lufthansa Cargo was a founding member of the WOW Alliance, a global cargo airline alliance, but left in 2007 as it did not see any benefits for the future.

In 2002 the special logistics company time:matters was founded, which was sold in the meantime, but is now again a wholly owned subsidiary of Lufthansa Cargo.

Lufthansa Cargo was created as a limited stock company on 30 November 2004, along with Lufthansa Cargo Charter. Lufthansa Cargo uses LH (the same IATA code as Lufthansa), as well as GEC (the former ICAO code of German Cargo) as airline codes.

As of 2007, Lufthansa Cargo used to operate a hub for intra-Asian flights at Astana International Airport in Kazakhstan, but was forced to relocate it to Yemelyanovo Airport in Russia in 2007, because otherwise the airline would have been banned from entering Russian airspace, in what was described as an act of economic blackmail by the Russian authorities.

In 2004, Jade Cargo International was founded as a joint venture between Shenzhen Airlines, Lufthansa Cargo, and the German Investment Corporation, a German governmental entity. This venture operated a fleet of six Boeing 747 freighters that flew to destinations that include Frankfurt, Chennai, Shanghai, and Chengdu. Jade ended operations in 2011.

As of 2011, all Lufthansa Cargo aircraft were based at Frankfurt Airport, the seventh busiest freight hub in the world, where the airline enjoys a strong co-operation with Fraport, the operator of the airport. Cargo facilities at the airport are divided into two places (Cargo City North and South), of which the first one is nearly exclusively used by Lufthansa Cargo. Lufthansa Cargo previously had a secondary base at Leipzig/Halle Airport, the European hub for DHL Express, from where it operated flights on behalf of DHL. Activities at this airport gradually came to an end following the formation of AeroLogic as a joint venture between Lufthansa and DHL, which henceforth caters for the DHL flights, allowing Lufthansa Cargo to concentrate on other services.

In May 2011, Lufthansa Cargo opened another hub at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, India, to transport temperature-sensitive goods, especially pharmaceuticals, between South East Asia and Europe (and onwards to the United States).

In 2019, heyworld GmbH was founded as a wholly owned subsidiary of Lufthansa Cargo with a focus on eCommerce logistics. The company and another Lufthansa subsidiary was planned to benefit from the Airbus A321F operations.

In September 2020, Lufthansa Cargo confirmed it was retiring its remaining McDonnell Douglas MD-11F during 2021 despite the grown freight demand in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The last MD-11F flight took place on 17 October 2021.

In June 2024, Lufthansa Cargo announced to inaugurate its first freighter services from Munich Airport with scheduled flights to Istanbul.

Destinations
, Lufthansa Cargo serves 57 cities worldwide with its cargo aircraft.

Current fleet
, the Lufthansa Cargo fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
The initial fleet of Lufthansa Cargo had previously belonged to German Cargo, and was expanded by cargo-converted former Lufthansa mainline Boeing 747-200s. From 1998, the airline began to gradually phase out all other aircraft types in favour of a fleet entirely consisting of the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (which Lufthansa received as freighter versions in 2001 after MD-11 production ended) version and its successor, the Boeing 777 freighter. In March 2011, the order of five Boeing 777F was announced, the same aircraft type which had earlier been chosen for AeroLogic. Almost the entire Lufthansa Cargo fleet today is composed of purpose-built freighter aircraft. Lufthansa Cargo had planned to retire its remaining MD-11s by December 2020, but the retirement was delayed due to the increased cargo demand caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

With the delivery of the first Boeing 777F, Lufthansa Cargo started to name their aircraft in a scheme referring to typical greetings of the countries they serve. The first 777F was named Good day, USA, while an MD-11F was named Buenos días México for example.

Former fleet
Over the years, the following aircraft types were operated:

Accidents and incidents

 * On 11 December 1978, the Lufthansa heist took place. A group of criminals managed to get into the Lufthansa Cargo offices at JFK Airport in New York City. They threatened staff by pointing guns and stole more than $5 million dollars( 27 million today ). Only a small portion of the money was recovered.
 * On 26 July 1979, a Boeing 707 freighter (registration D-ABUY) operating Flight 527 crashed into a hilly slope shortly after take-off, killing all 3 crew-members onboard. The cause of the accident was mainly attributed towards the lack of Brazilian Air Traffic control to pay necessary attention to aircraft in their airspace and warn aircraft of the impending collision with terrain.
 * On 18 October 1983, a Boeing 747-200 freighter registered D-ABYU operating as Flight 683 overshot the runway during an aborted takeoff at Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong having experienced a failure of the number 2 engine. The aircraft was substantially damaged, but was repaired and returned to service.
 * On 7 July 1999, a Boeing 727-243 freighter leased from Hinduja Cargo Services operating as Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8533 from Nepal to India, crashed into a mountain after takeoff from Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, killing all five people on board.
 * On 7 November 2004, at 16:35 local time, a Boeing 747-200 freighter, owned and operated by Air Atlanta Icelandic, overshot the runway upon take-off at Sharjah International Airport and was damaged beyond repair. The aircraft, registered TF-ARR, had been leased by Lufthansa Cargo to operate Flight 8457 to Frankfurt Airport. The pilots had decided to abort the take-off run even though the remaining runway length did not suffice to bring the aircraft to a halt because of a burst tyre and the ATC notification of an alleged fire (which turned out to be not true). The four people on board were not injured.
 * On 27 July 2010, at 11:38 local time, Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460, an MD-11 registered D-ALCQ, crashed upon landing at King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and was damaged beyond repair in the ensuing fire. The Pilot in command and the Officer — the only two people on board — were able to leave the aircraft by themselves.
 * On 24 November 2013, Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8258, an MD-11 registered D-ALCE, bounced during landing at Viracopos International Airport and initiated a go around. The aircraft landed with substantial damage. It was later repaired and returned to service.

title: Lufthansa Cargo


text:
Category:Language games

A language game is a simple language or code, combined with a context that shows what to do with the language.

 * See also the category Word games.

title: Category:Language games


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wolfi landstreicher

Wolfi landstreicher was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE

 * del. hype. non-notable. Mikkalai 08:38, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * tentative delete, I stuck a cleanup tag on this in the hopes that someone would make it a worthwhile article, it does score quite a few google hits. Please prove me right someone. --fvw *  09:04, 2004 Dec 17 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless it's cleaned up. If it's kept, it should be moved to Wolfi Landstreicher without leaving a redirect. --Gene s
 * Delete, insufficient evidence of notability. Wyss 23:32, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Tentative Keep (correcting the capitalization, of course). Writing for Green Anarchy argues for notability, it is pretty influential within U.S. anarchism. Ditto Anarchy (subtitled "A Journal of Desire Armed"); the internal link in our article is bogus (just to the word anarchy), but see an article of his on their site at . I am sure Willfill Disobediance is a typo for the anarchist magazine Willful Disobedience; I'm not sure how influential it may be. The misspelling tends to argue against vanity in the narrow sense. I think this is probably an OK stub on an at least moderately significant figure in an area where not a lot of us are expert. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:12, Dec 18, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.