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Terrence McGee

Terrence Dewayne McGee (born October 14, 1980) is an American former football cornerback and return specialist who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Northwestern State Demons and was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the fourth round of the 2003 NFL draft. During his career, McGee was considered a versatile threat for his kick return skills as well as his defensive play.

Early life and college
Terrence McGee grew up in Athens, Texas with his mother and brother, the latter of whom has been incarcerated since 1993. One of his hobbies outside of playing football included drawing with charcoal.

McGee attended Northwestern State University, where he played on the football team for four years. He saw sporadic snaps at cornerback in his freshman season before taking on punt return duty the following season, setting the NCAA FCS record with a 23.7 yard average on returns that year with three return touchdowns as a sophomore and earning All-America honors. As the Demons made the FCS playoffs in two consecutive years, McGee became one of the top FCS cornerbacks and even played safety and receiver his final year. He broke up 44 passes and collected 11 interceptions during his college career.

Professional career
McGee was selected by the Buffalo Bills in the fourth round of the 2003 NFL draft. In his rookie season, McGee intercepted two passes and forced a fumble as a part-time player.

After the departure of Antoine Winfield, the Bills acquired CB Troy Vincent who was injured and replaced. McGee was inserted as a starting cornerback alongside Nate Clements. During the 2004 season, McGee returned three kickoffs for touchdowns, leading Buffalo as it totaled six total kick return touchdowns on the year, which remains an NFL record.

On Christmas Eve 2005 against the Cincinnati Bengals, he became the first player to score touchdowns on an interception and a kick return in the same game. In 2006, he ran a fumble back for a touchdown in a 17–16 loss against the Indianapolis Colts.

McGee exhibited his speed in a Monday Night game against the Dallas Cowboys in 2007. Six minutes into the third quarter, McGee returned a kickoff 103 yards for a touchdown.

McGee signed a contract extension in September 2009. On December 22, 2009, McGee was placed on Injured Reserve due to a shoulder injury.

On February 14, 2013, McGee was cut by the Bills after a few more injury-plagued seasons and he retired shortly afterwards. He played in 122 games, starting 90 of them, and retains numerous cornerback and kick return records for the franchise to this day, making the Pro Bowl once and being named an All-Pro twice.

Bills franchise records

 * Most career kickoff return yards (5,450)
 * Most career kickoff return touchdowns (5)
 * Longest Kickoff return touchdown: 104
 * Most career fumble return yards (106)
 * Most passes defended (99)

Outside football
In 2010, McGee donated $25,000 to the Northwestern State athletic department, which at the time was the largest single donation by a former NSU player still professionally active.

Along with prominent local figures and fellow Bills alumni Fred Jackson and Brian Moorman, he operates SEAR, a high-end steakhouse in downtown Buffalo.

title: Terrence McGee


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Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur (VNIT) formally known as Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering (VRCE) is a public technical university located in the city of Nagpur, Maharashtra. Established in 1960, the institute is among 31 National Institutes of Technology (NITs) in the country. In 2007, the institute was conferred with the status of Institute of National Importance by the National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research Act, 2007 of the Parliament of India with all other NITs.

Formerly known as Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering (VRCE), the institute is named in honour of an eminent engineer, planner and statesman Sir M. Visvesvaraya. The Institute awards Bachelor's, Master's and Doctorate degrees in engineering, technology, architecture, science and humanities.

History
The institute's history can be traced back to 1947 when the Architecture Department was established by the Madhya Pradesh Government. Following the second five-year plan (1956–60) in India, several industrial projects were contemplated. The Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs) were established by the central government to mimic the IITs at a regional level and act as benchmarks for the other colleges in that state.

For the Western region in the year 1960, the institute was established under the name Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering (VRCE). It was established under the scheme sponsored by Govt. of India and Govt. of Maharashtra. The college was started in June 1960 by amalgamating the State Govt. Engineering College functioning in Nagpur since July 1956. In the meeting held in October 1962, the governing board of the college resolved to name it after the eminent engineer, planner, and statesman of the country M. Visvesvaraya.

The college started functioning in 1960 from a camp office in the premises of Government Polytechnic, Nagpur and subsequently, an area of about 214 acres was acquired to house an independent Regional Engineering College at its present location.

Campus
The VNIT Nagpur campus is located in the western part of Nagpur city near Ambazari Lake, about 7 km from Nagpur Railway Station and 8 km from Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport. There are three main entrances to the 225 acre campus: the Main Gate on South Ambazari Road, the Bajaj Nagar Gate and the Yashwant Nagar Gate. The campus has significant green space, and is mostly untouched by the pollution of the rest of the city.

The institute has a gymkhana, as well as grounds for tennis, badminton, basketball, volleyball, football, hockey, and cricket. An NCC unit is also located on campus. There is also an auditorium and a medical centre.

Infrastructure

 * Academic Block: Ground + 6 floors for faculty and PhD scholars.
 * Twenty Five Virtual Classrooms
 * Girls Hostel: 1000 capacity with dedicated messes, community rooms and Multi Activity Complex.
 * Boys Hostel: 7 hostels for its students. 1st year students share hostel rooms (two seater). 2nd year, 3rd year and 4th year students are given single room facility.
 * Class Room Complex
 * Health Center
 * Sports Facilities
 * Cricket Ground with six turf wickets. Cricket Pavilion with seating capacity - 500
 * Football Ground, Basketball Court and two Volleyball Courts with flood light arrangement.
 * Three Lawn Tennis Courts.
 * Kho-Kho, Kabaddi Grounds.
 * Well equipped gymnasium.
 * Indoor Badminton Stadium with four wooden sprung surfaced badminton courts.
 * Table Tennis Halls.
 * International Standard Swimming Pool

Departments, laboratories and research centers
VNIT Nagpur has many academic departments, with over 30 specialised laboratories and research centres.

Departments and laboratories
• Applied Mechanics

• Applied Statistics

• Applied and Environmental Microbiology

• Architecture and Planning

• Biomechatronics

• Biomedical Engineering

• Chemistry

• Chemical Engineering

• Civil Engineering

• Computer Science and Engineering

• Computational Physics

• Electrical and Electronics Engineering

• Electronics and Communication Engineering

• Geoscience and Technology

• Geobiology

• Humanities and Social Sciences

• Hydrologic Engineering

• Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

• Mathematics

• Mechanical Engineering

• Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

• Mining Engineering

• Physics

• Urban Design & Planning

====Centers ==== • Center of Excellence for Commbedded Systems

• Computer Aided Design (CAD)

• Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

• Material Engineering Center

• Center for Remote Sensing

• Center for Water Resources

• Center for VLSI and Nanotechnology

• Incubation Center (CIVN: Center for Innovation)

• Center for Distance Engineering Education Program (C-DEEP)

• V.R. Jamdar Siemens Center of Excellence

Academic programs
Undergraduate programs are offered in Architecture (B.Arch) and eight engineering (B.Tech.) disciplines:
 * Chemical Engineering
 * Civil Engineering
 * Computer Science and Engineering
 * Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 * Electronics and Communications Engineering
 * Mechanical Engineering
 * Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
 * Mining Engineering

The Engineering undergraduate programs are usually four years, while Architecture is a five-year program. The institute accepts an incoming freshman class of up to 798 students.

Graduate and research programs leading to Master's (M.Arch, M.Sc. and M.Tech.) and Ph.D. degrees, are offered by the Architecture department, as well as all basic science departments and all eight engineering departments. A range of special fields of study are available in graduate and research programs in each discipline. The institute has launched an MTech in EV Technology, and will soon offer Aeronautical Engineering. Up to 350 students are admitted to the Master's program each year.

The institute uses relative grading on a 10-point scale.

Admissions
Till 2012–13, admission to the undergraduate courses (B.Tech.) at NITs was through the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE). From 2013 to 2014, admission to the undergraduate courses (B.Tech.) is through the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Main. The National Institutes of Technology (NITs) have one of the lowest acceptance rates for engineering institutes, around 2 to 3 percent, second only to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) in India.

From 2015, the Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSSA)] conducts common counselling and allocates seats jointly for all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and Indian Institutes of Information Technology (IIITs). In 2015, over 1,300,000 candidates appeared for the JEE exam for admission to 28,000 undergraduate engineering seats (B.Tech.) in 68 centrally-funded technical institutes that included all 19 IITs (10,000 seats), 31 NITs (15,500 seats) and 18 IIITs (2,500 seats).

For B.Tech. at VNIT Nagpur in 2015, the acceptance rates were as following:
 * Computer Science and Engineering: 0.33 percent
 * Electronics and Communication Engineering: 0.58 percent
 * Mechanical Engineering: 0.67 percent
 * Electrical and Electronics Engineering: 0.82 percent
 * Civil Engineering: 1.23 percent
 * Chemical Engineering: 1.50 percent
 * Metallurgical and Materials Engineering: 2.18 percent
 * Mining Engineering: 2.61 percent

Undergraduate admissions for foreign students and NRIs are done through Direct Admission of Students Abroad (DASA) scheme which considers SAT scores.

Eighty percent of students to the postgraduate programs (M.Tech.) are admitted based on performance in the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) conducted by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). These students receive stipends and tuition assistance from the institute and the Indian government. Another 20% of students are admitted based on industry or other research organization sponsorship, with full tuition typically paid by the sponsoring institution.

The institute invites applications for PhD degree admissions in all departments every academic year.

Rankings
VNIT Nagpur has been ranked 41st among engineering colleges and 82nd rank Overall in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2023.

Cultural and non-academic activities

 * The annual Science & Technology festival of VNIT Nagpur, AXIS is every year and is one of the largest Science and Technology festival.
 * The Entrepreneurship Cell of VNIT Nagpur (also known as E-Cell, VNIT), organizes several activities throughout the year in order to promote entrepreneurship. Consortium is an entrepreneurship conclave organized in the campus of VNIT Nagpur by E-Cell to bring together all the stakeholders of the entrepreneurship ecosystem.
 * Aarohi is the annual cultural festival of VNIT Nagpur. Lasting three days, it is the largest youth event organized in the Octobers of Central India. It was started in 1989 by the pioneer batch of VNIT.

These college festivals are organised, financially managed and conducted entirely by the students of this institute. All these festivals and organisations are sponsored by private enterprise. Apart from these festivals, various other engineering streams based festivals are also being organised to motivate students towards Science and Technology. These include Symposium (Metallurgical and Material Science Engineering), Chemix (Chemical Engineering) etc.

VNIT Nagpur's Diamond Jubilee was held in 2020, with Union Minister for Road Transport and Highways, Nitin Gadkari attending as the chief guest at the inaugural function of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations.

Notable alumni

 * Neelam Saxena Chandra - poet and author
 * Satyendra Pakhale - industrial designer, architect
 * Sudev Nair - actor
 * Vijay P. Bhatkar - scientist, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri awardee, founding director of Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
 * Budaraju Srinivasa Murty - director, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
 * Ramesh Jain - professor of Information & Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine
 * Nemkumar Banthia - professor of civil engineering at the University of British Columbia and CEO of IC-IMPACTS
 * Akhilesh K. Gaharwar - professor of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University.
 * Pradeep Kar - chairman and founder, Microland
 * Dinesh Keskar - senior vice president of sales in Asia-Pacific and India at Boeing Commercial Airplanes
 * Hemant Karkare - late chief of Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad
 * Sanjay Joshi - former member of the Bhartiya Janata Party national executive; Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Pracharak.
 * Anand Teltumbde - scholar, writer, and civil rights activist who is a management professor at the Goa Institute of Management
 * Rashmi Urdhwareshe - An Indian automotive engineer, she is the director of the Automotive Research Association of India. In March 2020 she received the Nari Shakti Puraskar.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Paul-Marie Yembit

Paul-Marie Yembit (22 December 1917 – 21 January 1978) was the first vice president of Gabon under Léon M'ba.

A member of the Bapounou people, he was born in the village of Moussambou and educated in local Catholic schools, then at the public secondary school of Lambaréné. He was a businessman in Mouila from 1943 to 1952, then was elected to the Territorial Assembly, representing Ngounié Province. In March 1957, he was re-elected to the Legislative Assembly. A member of the Gabonese Democratic Bloc, he also became Minister of Agriculture and Livestock in March 1957, later holding ministerial posts until becoming vice president in February 1961. M'ba replaced Yembit with Omar Bongo in November 1966, and had elections held the following year to confirm Bongo's position.

Yembit died in Libreville on 21 January 1978, aged 60.

title: Paul-Marie Yembit


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Taco Cabana

Taco Cabana is an American fast casual restaurant chain that serves Tex-Mex cuisine. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of YTC Enterprises LLC, and headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. Taco Cabana is recognized for its "pink" color scheme and semi-enclosed patio dining areas. Many menu items are handmade daily on-site, in open-display cooking areas.

Formation of the restaurant chain
Taco Cabana was founded by Felix Stehling in September 1978, with its first restaurant at the corner of San Pedro and Hildebrand Avenue in Midtown San Antonio. Stehling purchased a vacant Dairy Queen because the family needed additional parking space for their bar across the street, the Crystal Pistol. Stehling decided to open a taco stand. The open-air design of the existing structure led to the "patio cafe" concept that defined the chain's subsequent locations. Felix Stehling's wife, Billie Jo Stehling, created the décor and interior theme for the restaurant chain. After finding all of the patio furniture stolen following the first night of business, Stehling decided to keep the place open 24 hours.

The restaurant focused on fresh foods rather than pre-packaged or pre-prepared foods. The restaurant served beer and margaritas, staying open 24/7 and allowing takeout orders. As the business grew, Stehling asked his two brothers to help expand the chain throughout San Antonio. It soon grew to nine restaurants. In 1986 the brothers left the company after differences in opinion on how to manage the business.

In 1990, Taco Cabana began expansion into neighboring states and continued its growth throughout Texas. Richard Cervera became president of the company in 1990, implementing a plan to franchise the brand.

IPO and imitators
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the success of Taco Cabana encouraged imitators such as Two Pesos. In January 1987 Taco Cabana filed a suit against Two Pesos for allegedly duplicating Taco Cabana's branding style. Two Pesos lost the case and appealed, and in 1992 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Taco Cabana and awarded the company $3.7 million in damages.

In 1992 Taco Cabana went public with its first stock offering, and ended the year with 17 restaurants. In January 1993 Taco Cabana announced that it was purchasing cash-strapped Two Pesos' restaurant assets in exchange for 940,000 shares of Taco Cabana stock, valued at approximately $22 million. For $30 million, the sale included all 30 San Antonio restaurants of Two Pesos. Taco Cabana converted most Two Pesos locations into Taco Cabana restaurants, closed others and sold the associated Shortstop Hamburger chain.

Taco Cabana sales hit a high in 1994 at $127 million. That year, Stehling resigned as chairman and was succeeded by Richard Cervera. Despite the rise in revenues the company saw while Cervera was in charge, stock prices for Taco Cabana drastically dropped, and Cervera resigned in 1995 and was replaced by Stephen Clark.

Business model change and purchase
In 1995, Cervera resigned as president for a position with the House of Blues, remaining chairman and CEO.

Stephen Clark was appointed both COO and president. Clark began an evaluation of Taco Cabana's operations with his own management team. He closed several of the company-owned restaurants, restructured some of the franchisee debt, sold assets not related to restaurants, and slowed the expansion. In 1996, Taco Cabana introduced a new type of restaurant to the Dallas-Fort Worth area which was reminiscent of an old Mexican cafe. It featured a rounded front, clay tile roofing, aged wood paneling, and stainless steel counter tops. As customer visits and profits increased, there were plans to extend the designs to new restaurants.

Acquisition by Carrols
By 2000, Taco Cabana spent around $30 million on brand image and while profits had grown, the stock price remained low. Clark began looking at sale options. In 2001 the company became privately held as a wholly owned subsidiary of Carrols Restaurant Group. After the acquisition, Clark left the company and was succeeded by Mike Biviano.

In 2001, it introduced its Mexican grill concept, including made-to-order grilled beef, chicken, pork and shrimp. Throughout 2002, the franchise closed seven stores in the Phoenix, Arizona area, but Taco Cabana proved profitable. In 2003 Taco Cabana began creating a new restaurant prototype with an eight-foot char-grill. That year Taco Cabana opened nine new restaurants. In 2004, it marketed the concept of fresh food and San Antonio heritage. From 2004 through 2005 Taco Cabana added five more restaurants.

The franchise operated 120 restaurants in 2005.

Fiesta Restaurant Group
In 2012, Carrols spun off the Taco Cabana brand and its sister brand Pollo Tropical to establish Fiesta Restaurant Group, Inc. – a public-traded company of its own. As of October 1, 2012, it operated 160 restaurants. In December 2012, Fiesta announced that would be moving the location of its headquarters to Addison, Texas, with plans to grow substantially over the next 2 years.[10] Later that year, the founder, Felix Stehling, died at the age of 87.[9] In January 2016, Fiesta had 162 company-owned and six franchised Taco Cabana restaurants. In February 2016, there were plans to open up to 10 new Taco Cabana restaurants in Texas, adding to the 164 company-owned stores and 6 franchised ones.[11] In 2017, the store saw some declines in sales in the second quarter, which Fiesta attributed to less marketing. As of July 2017, it had 176 Taco Cabana stores.[12] On January 14, 2020, it was announced that Fiesta Restaurant Group will be closing 19 Texas Taco Cabanas immediately, citing - “eliminate all stores with significant losses".[13]

Renovations

In 2012, Taco Cabana began renovating its restaurants across the system. The new design featured decorative metal "estrella" (star) lights hanging from the ceiling, papel picado accents and large street-life photos from Mexico decorating the walls.

Acquisition by Yadav
In August 2021, Yadav Enterprises, Inc. finalized a deal to purchase Taco Cabana from Fiesta Restaurant Group, Inc. in a deal reportedly worth $85 million. Fiesta cited the reason for the sale is to focus on the Pollo Tropical brand.

Menu and ordering
In 2002, it temporarily introduced flautas to the menu, which were then made permanent after they proved popular. In 2003, Taco Cabana introduced the "premium bowl," a precursor for salads and bowls on the menu. In April 2004, Taco Cabana introduced the Dozen Breakfast Tacos Box, a promotion that proved popular enough to become permanent. During 2006 through 2010, new products were tested, including the Shrimp Tampico and grilled pupusa. Taco Cabana has introduced a number of temporary items since then, some becoming permanent items, with steak street tacos added in December 2010, brisket tacos added in April 2011, sopapillas and flan in June 2011, and shrimp in February 2013.

In 2012, the company's chefs were experimenting with street food. In 2015, Taco Cabana began using an online mobile ordering app. In January 2018, the chain began offering certain breakfast foods all day. The chain continues to showcase a variety of alcoholic beverages, including its signature $2 margaritas. In March 2018, the chain brought back Texas smokehouse brisket. It continues to have taco boxes with a dozen tacos of various sorts, with all breakfast tacos available in the mornings and several breakfast tacos available all-day. It sells some of its hot sauces as of 2017.

In mid-March 2020, all of the restaurants abandoned their in-store dine-ins and began take-away service caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. By June, some allowed outdoor dine-ins, and by early 2021, all Taco Cabana dining rooms and patios were open for guests.

Programs
Taco Cabana has its own app where guests can find TC locations and order online for delivery or pick-up, including margaritas and other alcoholic beverages. TC also has a loyalty rewards program called MYTC, where guests who sign-up can receive offers and brand news as well. They can also accrue points for future food purchases.

Charity work
In Texas, Taco Cabana has been involved with several local military organizations, and the Brand offers a daily 20% discount in-restaurant/drive-thru for those in the military (excluding alcohol and gift card purchases).

Over the years, TC has supported many fundraisers and charities across Texas, including the Warrior and Family Support Center (WFSC) at the Brooke Army Medical Center, the Boys and Girls Clubs of Texas, the National Kidney Foundation, Susan G Komen, Eva's Heroes and in 2021 hosted a Halloween Treats For A Cause fundraiser for local market food banks. Since 2010 Taco Cabana has hosted Taco Treat fundraisers for the WFSC.

In addition to the daily 20% discount in-restaurant/drive-thru for military personnel, Taco Cabana also offers a daily 20% discount for senior citizens and students – both with valid IDs.

title: Taco Cabana


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User talk:Sateeshr

Hi! welcome to Wikipedia!

Hope you enjoy contributing to Wikipedia. Be bold in editing pages. Here are some links that you might find useful:

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-- utcursch | talk

title: User talk:Sateeshr


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One Must Fall

One Must Fall (OMF) is a fighting game series for the IBM PC compatible, programmed by Diversions Entertainment.

One Must Fall
The original One Must Fall is a game demo created in the wake of the success of Street Fighter II. It features two human fighters who greatly resemble the Karate Champ fighters who fight in a single arena. Players can kick, punch, throw, create fireballs, teleport, and do a jumpkick. The game was completely retooled for a commercial release, as the original concept was considered too repetitive. This prototype was featured in several collections of shareware and freeware games.

One Must Fall: 2097
Released in 1994 by Epic MegaGames, One Must Fall: 2097 replaced the human fighters with robots. In-game competitors were connected to a machine which allowed them direct control as well as sensation of their robot counterparts. Eleven robots and ten customizable pilots were available for play, along with five arenas and four tournaments. The pilots vary in strength, speed and endurance, thus the many robot/pilot combinations allow for larger replay value.

One Must Fall: Battlegrounds
Developed by Diversions Entertainment and co-published in December 2003 by Diversions Publishing and Trisynergy Inc. following nearly seven years of development, One Must Fall: Battlegrounds brought the One Must Fall series into a second installment released in an age where the gaming world expected graphics and gameplay in three dimensions with internet gameplay as integral portion of the offering.

title: One Must Fall


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Gelsemiaceae

Gelsemiaceae is a family of flowering plants, belonging to the order Gentianales. The family contains only three genera: Gelsemium, Mostuea and Pteleocarpa. Gelsemium has three species, one native to Southeast Asia and southern China and two native to Central America, Mexico, and the southeastern United States. The eight species of Mostuea are native to tropical areas of South America, Africa, and Madagascar. The two genera were formerly classified in the family Loganiaceae. Pteleocarpa was originally placed in Boraginaceae or in its own family Pteleocarpaceae, but it is most closely related to Gelsemiaceae with which it shares significant characters.

The family Gelsemiaceae was described in 1994. It is distinguished by having no latex or stipules and by having heterostylous flowers with yellow to white corollas and superior ovaries.

In 2014, a molecular phylogenetic study of the lamiids (aka Garryidae) resolved Gelsemiaceae as sister to the anomalous genus Pteleocarpa. The authors of that study believe that Gelsemiaceae should be expanded to include Pteleocarpa. The APG IV system published in 2016 includes Pteleocarpa in Gelsemiaceae.

title: Gelsemiaceae


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File:J. Geils Band - Best of the J. Geils Band.jpg

Cover for album Best of the J. Geils Band by The J. Geils Band.

Fair use rationale for

 * It is believed that the use of this image on the English-language Wikipedia to illustrate an article on the audio recording in question falls under the "Non-profit educational" clause of the Fair Use doctrine currently upheld by United States law. (17 U.S.C. § 107)
 * The image is irreplaceable; a free analogue is impossible to produce as the original will be covered by copyright for the foreseeable future
 * Owing to the limited web-resolution of the image, only a small portion of a copyrighted work is used
 * For the same reasons, the portion of the copyrighted work used is of inherently lower quality than the original, reducing the risk of competitiveness and therefore the effects of this copy on the market for or value of versions held by the owner of the copyright


text:
Best of The J. Geils Band

Best of the J. Geils Band is the first Best Of album by American rock band The J. Geils Band, released in 1979.

Track listing

 * 1) "Southside Shuffle" (from Bloodshot) (Justman, Wolf) – 3:43
 * 2) "Give It to Me" (from Bloodshot) (Justman, Wolf) – 6:27
 * 3) "Where Did Our Love Go" [live] (from Blow Your Face Out) (Lamont Dozier, Brian Holland, Eddie Holland) – 3:55
 * 4) "Ain't Nothin' But a House Party" (from Bloodshot) (Del Sharh, Joseph Thomas) – 4:43
 * 5) "Detroit Breakdown" (from Nightmares...and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle) (Justman, Wolf) – 6:00
 * 6) "Whammer Jammer" [live] (from Live Full House) (Juke Joint Jimmy) – 2:44
 * 7) "I Do" (from Monkey Island) (Frank Paden, Johnny Paden, Jesse Smith, Willie Stephenson) – 3:09
 * 8) "Must of Got Lost" (from Nightmares...and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle) (Justman, Wolf) – 2:53
 * 9) "Looking for a Love" [live] (from Live Full House) (James Alexander, Zelda Samuels) – 5:03

Personnel

 * Peter Wolf – lead vocals
 * J. Geils – guitar
 * Magic Dick – harmonica
 * Seth Justman – keyboards, vocals
 * Danny Klein – bass
 * Stephen Jo Bladd – drums, vocals

Production

 * Producers: Allan Blazek, J. Geils, Geoffrey Haslam, Seth Justman, Bill Szymczyk
 * Digital mastering: Barry Diament
 * Arranger: J. Geils

title: Best of The J. Geils Band


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User:Tobacman

I am an Assistant Professor at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. My interests lie primarily at the interface between Economics and Psychology. I grew up in Rockville, Maryland, and Iowa City, Iowa, and have traveled and worked extensively in Indonesia.

title: User:Tobacman


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Ferdinand Hérold

Louis Joseph Ferdinand Herold (28 January 1791 – 19 January 1833), better known as Ferdinand Hérold, was a French composer. He was celebrated in his lifetime for his operas, of which he composed more than twenty, but he also wrote ballet music, works for piano and choral pieces. He is best known today for the ballet La Fille mal gardée and the overture to the opera Zampa.

Born in Paris to a musical family, Hérold trained at the Paris Conservatoire and won France's premier musical prize, the Prix de Rome in 1812. After a time in Italy he returned to Paris and worked first at the Théâtre Italien and then at the Opéra. He wrote several ballets for the latter, but was best known as a composer of opéra comique. Some of them, particularly in his early days, were hampered by poor librettos, but later he had more successes than failures, and his last two operas, Zampa (1831) and Le Pré aux clercs (The Clerk's Meadow, 1832) were immensely popular, and remained in the repertory in France and elsewhere for decades after his early death from tuberculosis in 1833.

As a ballet composer Hérold was a pioneer, raising the standard of ballet scores from being simple arrangements of popular tunes to well-orchestrated music illustrating the action of the ballets. His operas influenced later composers from Bizet and Offenbach to Wagner and Smetana.

Background and early years
The Herold family was of Alsatian origin (the surname was written without an acute accent). The composer's father, François-Joseph Herold (1755–1802) was the son of an organist in Seltz. François-Joseph studied music with C. P. E. Bach in Hamburg and moved to Paris in about 1780, where he worked as a composer, pianist and teacher. In 1790 he married Jeanne-Gabrielle Pascal. Their only child, Louis Joseph Ferdinand Herold, later widely known as Ferdinand Hérold, was born in what is now the rue Herold in the 1st arrondissement on 28 January 1791. Wanting the boy to have an all-round education, François-Joseph sent him, aged eleven, to one of the best boarding schools in Paris, the Hix institute in the Champs-Élysées. The school included music in the curriculum, and Hérold studied solfège with François-Joseph Fétis. At the same time he continued his piano studies with his godfather, Louis Adam.

François-Joseph did not intend his son to follow him into the musical profession, but his death, from tuberculosis, in 1802 left Hérold free to do so. In 1806, when he was nearly 16, he entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he studied piano with Adam, harmony with Charles-Simon Catel and violin with Rodolphe Kreutzer. In 1810 he won the conservatoire's first prize for piano, playing one of his own compositions. In 1811 he was admitted to the composition class of Étienne Méhul, who esteemed his talents greatly, saw him as his successor, and became a much-loved father-figure to him. During 1812 works by Hérold were performed publicly for the first time. They included a piano concerto given on 6 April at the Théâtre Italien with the composer as soloist. In October 1812 Hérold was awarded France's premier musical prize, the Prix de Rome, which he won with a cantata, La Duchesse de la Vallière. The prize carried with it liberally subsidised residence and tuition at the Villa Medici, the French Academy in Rome, where Hérold went in 1813. There, he composed his first symphony and an anthem. Like his father, Hérold suffered from tuberculosis, and the climate of Rome did not suit him; he moved south to Naples in 1815.

In Naples, Hérold won the approval of Joachim Murat, whom Napoleon had installed as King of Naples. Hérold was engaged as court pianist to Murat's wife, Queen Caroline, and music teacher to their daughters. While in Naples, Hérold was commissioned in 1814 to write his first opera, La gioventù di Enrico quinto (The Boyhood of Henry V), to a libretto from Alexandre Pineux-Duval's play La jeunesse de Henry V about Prince Hal of England. It was premiered in January 1815 at the Teatro del Fondo before Murat's court, with Manuel García in the title role. Shortly after this, the Napoleonic empire began to disintegrate, and Hérold left Naples, making a circuitous journey back to Paris. He went via Rome and Venice to Vienna, where he met Antonio Salieri, whom he admired, and heard operas by Mozart.

Return to Paris
Hérold arrived back in Paris in August 1815, where he took the post of maestro al cembalo (deputy conductor and répétiteur) at the Théâtre Italien. In 1816 the composer François-Adrien Boieldieu invited him to collaborate on a new opera Charles de France, to which Hérold contributed the second act. In the same year he composed the opera Les Rosières, dedicated to Méhul, produced successfully at the Opéra-Comique. He had another success with La Clochette (The Bell, 1817), based on the story of Aladdin and his lamp; it ran well in Paris and was seen in Vienna (with additional numbers by Franz Schubert) After these, he had difficulty finding adequate librettos, and suffered four failures in a row between 1818 and 1821, following which he gave up composing operas for more than two years.

In 1821 the director of the Théâtre Italien asked Hérold to go to Italy to find new works and recruit new singers. Across a four-month trip he visited seven major Italian cities and attended performances of Rossini operas including La donna del lago, which made a strong impression on him, La gazza ladra and Ricciardo e Zoraide. He recruited singers including Giuditta Pasta, Filippo Galli for his Parisian employer.

During 1823 Hérold had another opera produced, Le Muletier; despite an unimpressive libretto the music was well received. The biographer Thomas Betzwieser writes that in Le Muletier Hérold "found his own language for the first time" so that this work marks the emergence of his personal style. A one-act piece for the Paris Opéra, L'Asthénie, had a moderate run but was not well reviewed, and it was not until 1826 that he had another success, with Marie at the Opéra-Comique.

In November 1826 Hérold gave up his post at the Théâtre Italien and became premier chef de chant (senior voice coach) at the Opéra, working on major works in the grand opéra genre such as Le Siège de Corinthe, Guillaume Tell, and Robert le diable. His position as chef de chant meant that he was barred from having his own operas performed at the Opéra, and his principal commissions there over the next three years were for ballet music: Astolphe et Jaconde (1827), La Somnambule (The Sleepwalker) (1827), La Fille mal gardée  (1828) Lydie (1828), La Belle au bois dormant (The Sleeping Beauty) (1829) and La Noce de village (Village Wedding) (1830).

Hérold married Adèle Elise Rollet in 1827. They had three children: Ferdinand, who became a lawyer and subsequently a senator; Adèle, who married a member of the Paris Conseil municipal; and Eugénie, a gifted musician, who, like her father and grandfather was consumptive, and died aged 20.

Final years
Betzwieser writes that the composer's last three years were dominated by the writing of "his two masterpieces": Zampa (1831) and Le Pré aux clercs (1832). The first had a romantic libretto by Mélesville that appealed to the public and brought out the best in Hérold. The work had a tentative start because of a financial crisis at Opéra-Comique and the defection of the company's leading tenor, but it quickly became one of the most popular opéras comiques of the 19th century, in France and elsewhere, being staged in the US and Britain in 1833.

In mid-1832 the Opéra-Comique had to close because of a cholera outbreak and civil disorder. During this period Hérold finished Le Pré aux clercs, to a libretto by Eugène de Planard based on Prosper Mérimée's historical novel Les Chroniques du temps de Charles IX (1829). Betzwieser writes that it aroused wild enthusiasm at its premiere on 15 December 1832.

By the time of the first performance of Le Pré aux clercs in December 1832 the composer's tubercular condition had grown worse. His strength was taxed by the need to rehearse a new leading lady at short notice when the soprano cast for the role withdrew after her demand for higher fees was refused. Five weeks after the premiere he died, nine days short of 42, at his house in Paris, and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Hérold left an unfinished opera, Ludovic. His friend Fromental Halévy completed the score, and it was performed three months after Hérold's death. By the end of the 19th century Le Pré aux clercs had been performed more than 1,500 times in Paris.

Music
The musicologist Gustav Choquet wrote in 1904 that Hérold's early symphonic, choral and chamber works show that the composer could have excelled in concert works had he continued in that type of composition, but the stage "possesses an irresistible attraction for a man gifted with ardent imagination and capacity for expressing emotion", leading Hérold to opera and the ballet.

Ballets

Until Hérold's day the role of the composer was not a prestigious one in the world of ballet. In The International Encyclopedia of Dance, Ole Nørlyng observes that ballet scores before then "seldom rose above light arrangements of well-known melodies and dance tunes". Hérold, and his friend Adolphe Adam (son of his godfather and piano teacher), made the first steps to elevating ballet scores to a higher musical level. Hérold continued the practice of using familiar operatic tunes (partly to aid audiences' comprehension of mime scenes), but he borrowed carefully and with discrimination. La Belle au bois dormant is an early example, using music from, inter alia, Weber's  Der Freischütz and showing, ("if in a crude form", in Nørlyng's phrase) the first steps towards more dramatically penetrating ballet music.

Nørlyng adds that in addition, Hérold "had a never-failing elegance of orchestration, a melodic richness, and the ability to create dramatic effects". Nonetheless, Hérold did not treat the role of ballet composer with the attention he gave to his operas: he was known to compose his ballets at the dinner table while talking to friends. When they objected to his spending his talents on such trivial work he replied, "Plus j'écris, plus les idées me viennent" ("The more I write, the more ideas come to me").

Although Hérold's name is associated in the public mind with the music for La Fille mal gardée, the score he wrote for the Opéra in 1828 differs substantially from that played in modern productions of the ballet. His score is known to have incorporated some music from an earlier production of the ballet, as well as other contemporary sources, notably Rossini. Later productions have added music by Peter Ludwig Hertel, and the most famous number in the piece, the clog dance, is a modern invention, based on one of Hertel's tunes, by John Lanchbery, who revised the whole score in 1959 for Frederick Ashton's production. Lanchbery maintained that the orchestration of Hérold's score is inferior to that of his operas, probably because it was hurriedly composed.

Eugène Scribe's libretto for La Somnambule (which inspired Bellini's opera La sonnambula) led Hérold to produce what Nørlyng describes as a graceful, pastoral score, in which, innovatively, Hérold sought to connect the music to the drama through the use of melodic motifs.

Operas
Betzwieser comments that despite many deficiencies in the librettos of his early operas, Herold's talent for music drama was clear from the outset, and that he advanced the genre of opéra comique with his colourful and varied orchestration, and his gift for smooth transition between the spoken and sung sections of his works. In a 1904 survey of Hérold's work, Choquet praised La Clochette for its abundance of new and fresh ideas, its stagecraft and original instrumentation. He added that although its immediate successors showed the composer's industry and fertility, operas like Le premier venu (1818), Les Troqueurs (1819), L' Amour platonique (1819), and L'Auteur mort et vivant (1820) had "librettos that were neither interesting nor adapted for music". Le Muletier (1823), however, is "full of life and colour, and assured his reputation". Choquet adds that after the success of the lively Le Muletier it is puzzling that a man of Hérold's literary tastes and culture should have chosen to set dramas "so tame and uninteresting as L'asthenie (1823), and Le Lapin blanc (1825)": he concludes that Hérold's urge to compose led him to accept any libretto offered to him.

By the time of the comedy Marie (1826) Hérold was incorporating elements of both Rossini's and Beethoven's musical language. In Betzwieser's view Marie represents "a crucial turning point in Herold's writing", and the poet Gérard de Nerval described the work as the "golden link" between Hérold's early operas and the later masterpieces Zampa and Le Pré aux clercs. For Zampa, a variant of the Don Juan story – with a female statue rather than a male one bringing nemesis to the antihero – Hérold wrote an overture that contains five different themes related to the action and score of the opera. In the three acts of Zampa Hérold, in Betzwieser's view, shows particular skill in differentiating between the traditional numbers of opéra comique, "from the solo numbers (ballade, barcarole, chanson etc.), used to illustrate the various characters, to the large-scale finales, notable for their skilful variation and the building of a dramatic climax". Berlioz found things to praise in Zampa but thought Hérold lacked a style of his own, yet was neither Italian, nor French, nor German: "His music strongly resembles those industrial products made in Paris according to processes invented elsewhere and slightly modified; it is Parisian music", which, Berlioz thought, was why the Parisian middle classes loved it. But Betzwieser observes that Zampa's Romantic features made it highly successful outside France, and writing in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians the British critic Elizabeth Forbes commented in 1992, "All the music is perfectly suited to its subject, while the portions devoted to Zampa and the statue are highly dramatic as well as melodious".

Forbes writes that Le Pré aux clercs is acknowledged by composers and musicians as one of the finest of its period. The story covers similar ground to Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots, but in an intimate, more personal way. Forbes finds the score "a chain of fine numbers, extremely melodious and pretty, but also dramatically well suited to the various characters", with a balance between comedy and romance. In a 2016 analysis of the score, Gérard Condé writes, "Though doubtless derivative in certain respects, the score of Le Pré aux clercs went on to serve as a recipe book for the next half-century: Lecocq, Offenbach, Varney, Audran and even Bizet consulted it with profit, each to his own ends". In the overture Hérold does not use themes from the opera, but ranges from an opening fugue to a quick march. Wagner and Smetana both knew the opera well, and in another 2016 analysis, Damien Colas writes that echoes of Le Pré aux clercs may be found in the former's Das Liebesverbot (1836) and the latter's The Bartered Bride (1866). In The Oxford Companion to Music (2011) Sarah Hibberd writes, "the power of Le Pré aux clercs in particular suggests that [Hérold] might have fulfilled his ambition to compose a grand opéra had he lived".

Operas
Source: Arthur Pougin Herold.

 * 1815 La gioventù di Enrico quinto
 * 1816 Charles de France ou Amour et gloire
 * 1816–1817 Corinne au capitole
 * 1817 Les Rosières
 * 1817 La Clochette ou Le diable page
 * 1818 Le Premier venu ou Six lieues de chemin
 * 1819 Les Troqueurs
 * 1819 L'Amour platonique
 * 1820 L'Auteur mort et vivant
 * 1823 Le Muletier
 * 1823 L'Asthenie
 * 1823 Vendôme en Espagne

 * 1824 Le Roi René ou La Provence au XVe siècle
 * 1825 Le Lapin blanc
 * 1826 Marie (also called Almédon ou le monde renversé)
 * 1828 Le Dernier jour de Missolonghi
 * 1829 L'Illusion
 * 1829 Emmeline
 * 1830 L'Auberge d'Auray
 * 1831 Zampa ou La Fiancée de marbre
 * 1831 La Marquise de Brinvilliers
 * 1832 La Médecine sans médecin
 * 1832 Le Pré aux clercs
 * 1833 Ludovic (completed by Halévy)

Ballets
Source: Pougin.

 * 1827 Astolphe et Joconde ou Les coureurs d'aventures
 * 1827 La Somnambule ou L'arrivée d'un nouveau seigneur
 * 1828 La Fille mal gardée

 * 1828 Lydie
 * 1829 La Belle au bois dormant
 * 1830 La Noce de village

Choral
Source: Pougin.
 * La Duchesse de la Vallièr, cantata
 * Regrets des Braves, stances sur la mort de le duc de Berry
 * Les Grandes Journées, chant national
 * Hymne aux Morts de Juillet
 * Le Chasseur des montagnes, romance

Piano music
Source: Pougin.

 * Four concertos for piano and orchestra
 * 7 Sonatas, opp. 1, 3 ,5 and 9
 * 9 Caprices, in three suites, opp. 4, 6 and 7:
 * Caprice with string quartet accompaniment, op. 8
 * Caprice on la Clochette, op. 12
 * Caprice on la Médecine sans médecin, op. 58
 * 11 Fantaisies brillantes on themes from operas, op. 21, 23, 24, 28, 32, 33, 38, 39, 43, 45 and 49
 * 23 Rondos, op. 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 27, 29, 31, 34, 36, 37 40 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54, 55, 57 and 59

 * Variations (on diverse themes), op. 2, 11, 19, 30, 35, 48, 56
 * La Promenade sur mer, fantasie on a Neapolitan barcarolle, op. 15
 * Polonaise on les Voitures versées, op. 20
 * Air de ballet, op. 50
 * Allegro-bacchanale, op. 51
 * Scène du ballet de la Belle au bois dormant, op. 52
 * Divertissement on les Rosières, op. 10
 * Grande Bacchanale de Spontini, for piano with accompaniment of violin, double bass and tambour de basque (ad libitum), op. 13

Instrumental music
Source: Pougin.
 * 2 symphonies: No.1 in C Major & No.2 in D Major
 * Air varié for bassoon, with two violons, viola, double bass, two clarinets and two horns
 * Trio concertant for two bassoons and horn
 * 3 String Quartets: No.1 in D Major, No.2 in C Major & No.3 in G minor

title: Ferdinand Hérold


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Open Range (2003 film)

Open Range is a 2003 American Revisionist Western film directed and co-produced by Kevin Costner, written by Craig Storper, based on the novel The Open Range Men by Lauran Paine, starring Robert Duvall and Costner, with Annette Bening, Michael Gambon, and Michael Jeter appearing in supporting roles. The film was the final on-screen appearance of Jeter, who died before it was released, and the film was dedicated to Jeter's memory, as well as to Costner's parents, Bill and Sharon.

The film was a box office success and was critically praised.

Plot
In Montana in 1882, "Boss" Spearman is a seasoned open range cattleman, who, with hired hands Charley Waite, Mose, and Button, is driving a herd cross-country. Charley is a former Union soldier who served in a "special squad" during the Civil War and feels immense guilt over his past as a killer of both enemy soldiers and civilians.

Boss sends Mose to the nearby town of Harmonville for supplies. The town is controlled by ruthless Irish immigrant and rancher Denton Baxter, who hates open-rangers for using his land to feed their herds. Mose is badly beaten and jailed by the town's corrupt marshal, Poole, after defending himself in a fight with some of Baxter's men. The only Harmonville inhabitant willing to openly defy Baxter is Percy, the livery stable owner.

Boss and Charley become concerned when Mose does not return. They retrieve him from the jail but not before Baxter gives them an ultimatum to leave the area before nightfall. Mose's injuries are so severe that Boss and Charley take him to the local physician, Doc Barlow. There they meet his assistant, Sue. Charley is attracted immediately but assumes that Sue is the doctor's wife and chooses not to stay the night even after being invited.

After catching masked riders scouting their cattle, Boss and Charley sneak up on their campsite, disarm, and humiliate them. At the same time, other riders trash their camp and shoot Mose, and Charley's dog Tig dead. Button is badly injured after being shot in the chest. Charley and Boss vow to avenge their friend. They leave Button at the doctor's house and go into town; with help from Percy, they capture Poole and his deputies, subdue them with chloroform stolen from the Barlows, and lock them up in their own jail.

Charley learns that Sue is the doctor's sister, not his wife. He declares his feelings for her, and she gives him a locket for luck. Charley leaves a note with Percy, in which he states that if he should die, money from the sale of his saddle and gear are to be used to buy Sue a new tea set, having accidentally destroyed her previous set while suffering a flashback to his war days.

Boss and Charley are pitted against Baxter and his men. Before the fight begins, as the two indulge in candy bars and cigars, Charley confesses to Boss that his full name is Charles Postlewaite, and he asks Boss to reciprocate. Boss says his real name is Bluebonnet Spearman, but makes Charley swear not to tell anyone. As Baxter and his men approach, Charley confronts them and shoots Butler, the hired gunman who killed Mose. An intense gun battle erupts in the street, with Boss, Charley and Percy outnumbered before the townspeople begin to openly fight against Baxter. Baxter's men, Poole and his deputies, and the local saloonkeeper are killed off one-by-one and Baxter ends up wounded and alone, trapped in the jailhouse. Boss shoots open the jailhouse door and engages him in a brief close-quarters gunfight which leaves Baxter mortally wounded.

Sue's brother tends to the wounded townspeople while the dead are buried, and the town is cleaned up. Charley speaks to Sue in private, telling her he must leave. She counters that she has a "big idea" about their future together and that she will wait for him to return. He does return, and proposes to Sue, who accepts. After Button has recovered, Charley and Boss decide to retire from the cattle business after delivering their current herd and settle down in Harmonville, taking over the saloon.

Cast

 * Robert Duvall as Boss Spearman / Bluebonnet Spearman
 * Kevin Costner as Charley Waite / Charles Travis Postelwaite
 * Annette Bening as Sue Barlow
 * Michael Gambon as Denton Baxter
 * Michael Jeter as Percy
 * Diego Luna as Button
 * James Russo as Marshal Poole
 * Abraham Benrubi as Mose Harrison
 * Dean McDermott as Doc Barlow
 * Kim Coates as Butler
 * Herbert Kohler Jr. as Cafe Man
 * Peter MacNeill as Mack Langley
 * Cliff Saunders as Ralph
 * Patricia Stutz as Ralph's Wife
 * Julian Richings as Wylie
 * Ian Tracey as Tom
 * Rod Wilson as Gus

Inspiration
Kevin Costner grew up reading the western romance novels of Lauran Paine and Open Range is based on Paine's 1990 novel The Open Range Men. Screenwriter Craig Storper wanted to make a movie about "the evolution of violence in the West." Storper continues: "These characters don't seek violence... But the notion that it's sometimes necessary... is the Western's most fundamental ideal."

Casting
Robert Duvall was the only actor that Costner had in mind for the role of Boss Spearman. Costner said that if Duvall had turned down the part, he might not have made the movie at all. Duvall accepted the role immediately, and Costner gave him top billing. Duvall got bucked off a horse and broke six ribs while practicing his riding for this role.

On the audio commentary for the DVD of the movie, Costner remarked that he cast Abraham Benrubi as his way of apologizing for his being cut from Costner's previous movie, The Postman.

Filming
Cinematographer J. Michael Muro, was hand-picked by director Kevin Costner for his work on Dances with Wolves.

The movie was filmed on location on the Stoney Indian Reserve in Alberta, Canada. Clayton Lefthand of the Stoney Sioux First Nations worked as a film liaison.

Filming took place from June 17, 2002, to September 8, 2002. Production spent over one million dollars to build a town from scratch because Costner didn't like any of the existing ones. The town was designed by Production Designer, Gae S. Buckley and built in 7 weeks. The location was so far from civilization that they had to spend $40,000 to build a road to get there before they could start construction. Professional cowboys handled 225 head of cattle on the set.

Box office
Open Range was a success at the box office, making $14 million in its opening weekend in the U.S. across 2,075 screens. Against a budget of $22 million, it finished its theatrical run with $58.3 million in North America and $10 million from foreign markets for a total of $68.3 million worldwide.

Critical reception
The film received mostly positive reviews, receiving a 79% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 184 reviews, with an average rating of 6.80/10. The site's consensus states: "Greatly benefiting from the tremendous chemistry between Kevin Costner and Robert Duvall, Open Range is a sturdy modern Western with classic roots."

Roger Ebert gave it three and a half out of four stars, calling it "an imperfect but deeply involving and beautifully made Western". Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film four out of five stars, writing, "Duvall gives his best performance in ages" in a "tough, muscular, satisfying movie".

In particular, the gun fighting scenes were intentionally filmed in giant wide shots and were praised for their intense realism by a number of critics and yet were the reason the film earned an R rating. Kevin Carr of FilmThreat.com said on the gun action in Open Range: "After The Matrix redefined action in the late 1990s, every crummy action sequence tries to repeat the power of 'bullet time' often with little success. The action in Open Range is filmed real time, grabbing the audience and showing them that when this kind of stuff happens in real life, it happens faster than you think it would." A review on Moviola stated that the film has "one of the most exciting final gunfights ever filmed". IGN, USA Today, Total Film and Guns & Ammo all also say the shootout scene is one of the best of all time.

Awards
The film won the 2004 Western Heritage Award, and was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award, an MTV Movie Award (Diego Luna), a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award as well as a Taurus Award for stunt artist Chad Camilleri. It was #48 in TimeOut London's "The 50 greatest westerns" list.

title: Open Range (2003 film)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cultural studies: two paradigms

Cultural studies: two paradigms was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Bethel Johnson

Bethel Johnson (born February 11, 1979) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the New England Patriots in the second round of the 2003 NFL Draft. He played college football for Texas A&M Aggies.

Johnson earned two Super Bowl rings with the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVIII and Super Bowl XXXIX. He has also been a member of the New Orleans Saints, Minnesota Vikings, Philadelphia Eagles, Houston Texans and Toronto Argonauts.

Early life
Johnson attended Corsicana High School in Corsicana, Texas and as a senior, he led his team to the Class 4A state title game, and made 44 receptions for 1495 yards and 17 receiving touchdowns.

College career
Johnson attended Texas A&M University, and finished his college football career with 117 receptions for 1740 yards (14.9 yards per reception), and 11 receiving touchdowns. His 117 receptions and 1740 receiving yards both rank second in school career records.

 * Sophomore - 27 catches for 514 yards and 3 TD.
 * Junior - 42 catches for 440 yards and 0 TD.
 * Redshirt Senior - 40 catches for 718 yards and 8 TD. He also averaged 21 yards per KR and 11.6 yards per PR.

New England Patriots
Johnson was selected 45th overall in the 2003 NFL Draft. In his rookie season, ranked second in the NFL with a 28.2 yards per kickoff return average, returning 30 kickoffs for 847 yards and a touchdown, while also catching 16 passes for 209 yards and 2 scores. In 2003 and 2004 he won the Super Bowl with the New England Patriots.

New Orleans Saints
He was traded to the Saints on June 5, 2006 for defensive tackle Johnathan Sullivan, who was drafted sixth overall by the Saints in 2003. Saints coach, Sean Payton, questioned Johnson's "conditioning, his stamina and endurance" during the preseason.

Johnson was cut from the Saints before the 2006 regular season began after injuring his knee in a preseason game.

Minnesota Vikings
Johnson was then signed by the Minnesota Vikings on October 10, 2006. He appeared in 11 games with two starts for the Vikings that season, catching nine passes for 156 yards. He became a free agent in the 2007 offseason.

Philadelphia Eagles
On March 8, 2007, he signed a one-year contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. He was released on June 5, after he failed a physical.

Houston Texans
On July 9, 2007, Johnson signed with the Houston Texans. However, he was released on August 31, during final cuts and spent the rest of the season out of football.

Toronto Argonauts
On May 26, 2008, Johnson was signed by the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was released on September 30, due to his lack of progress; ranking just seventh on the team in receiving with 16 catches for 189 yards and no touchdowns.

title: Bethel Johnson


text: User talk:66.167.191.178

title: User talk:66.167.191.178


text:
User:Tobacman/Academic Research on Wikipedia

Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better organize information in articles related to Wikidemia, or Academic Research on Wikipedia. This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. If you would like to help, please inquire on the talk page and see the to-do list there.

Title
WikiProject on Wikidemia; alternatively Academic Research on Wikipedia

Scope
This WikiProject aims primarily to design, implement, and discuss academic research on Wikipedia. As dedicated Wikipedians, we seek to better understand what promotes or circumscribes Wikipedia's success and why.

Participants

 * Tobacman 04:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Possible Research Questions

 * Who contributes to Wikipedia? (demographics/ education / other volunteerism and community involvement)
 * How does feedback to contributors affect subsequent propensities to contribute?
 * What interventions can increase the quantity and quality of Wikipedia articles?
 * What makes contributeors mad?
 * What makes contributors excited and motivatd?

 * Who reads Wikipedia articles?
 * What interventions can successfully publicize Wikipedia to larger audiences?

 * How can vandalism be decreased or fixed more quickly?
 * How can disputes (e.g., edit wars) be resolved more efficiently?

Methodology

 * many different methodologies would be possible and useful
 * some questions can be examined by direct analysis of existing data
 * i would especially like to run some randomized experiments; this is the only way to be SURE we can draw causal inferences about results.

Caveats?

 * Privacy
 * Consent to participate
 * Uncertain effects on Wikipedia quality


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Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition

The Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition (1937) (名古屋汎太平洋平和博覧会) was a world's fair held in what is now part of the Minami Ward of Nagoya city, Japan from 15 March to 31 May in 1937.

History
Sponsored by the Japanese government and with HIH Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko as chairman, the Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition was intended to promote industry, transportation, education, science, construction, architecture, social welfare, tourism, fine arts and crafts. Each of the participating nations or colonies had its own pavilion to promote its products and culture, and each of the prefectures of Japan (with the exception of Tottori and the external territories of Taiwan, Karafuto and Korea) also had a pavilion. In addition, major Japanese industries also sponsored their own pavilions.

Over the two and a half months of operation, the Nagoya Exhibition received more than 4,800,000 visitors, or roughly four times the population of the greater Nagoya area at the time. Daily attendance averaged at 61,643 people.

List of participating countries

 * 1) Japan
 * 2) Manchukuo
 * 3) Siam
 * 4) Netherlands East Indies
 * 5) Brazil
 * 6) China
 * 7) Mysore
 * 8) Singapore
 * 9) Philippines
 * 10) Mexico
 * 11) Guatemala
 * 12) Honduras
 * 13) Costa Rica
 * 14) El Salvador
 * 15) Panama
 * 16) Venezuela
 * 17) Colombia
 * 18) Peru
 * 19) Chile
 * 20) Australia
 * 21) French Indochina
 * 22) Burma
 * 23) Ceylon
 * 24) Union of South Africa
 * 25) Argentina
 * 26) Canada
 * 27) Cuba
 * 28) United States

The Second Sino-Japanese War erupted only two months after the Exposition closed.

title: Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition


text:
Talk:Tuil

This article was listed on votes for deletion; see Votes for deletion/Tuil. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 04:46, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tuil


text:
Talk:Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario

Untitled
This article had been proposed for deletion. Archived discussion at Votes_for_deletion/Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. Spinboy 08:38, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

what about the CHEO telethon hosted by CJOH?
in 2007 over $5 million was raised to benefit the hospital with donations coming from the community and local businesses.

External links modified
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canadian pediatric trauma centres?
In the introduction, five Canadian Children's hopsitals are listed. But is the Children's hospital in Montreal not also a pediatric trauma centre? Can someone with proper knowledge of the classifications and services please review and edit if appropriate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.210.162.178 (talk) 19:35, 17 December 2018 (UTC)


text:
7400

7400 or variant, may refer to:

In general

 * A.D. 7400, a year in the 8th millennium CE
 * 7400 BCE, a year in the 8th millennium BC
 * 7400, a number in the 7000 (number) range

Electronics and computing

 * Texas Instruments 7400-series integrated circuits
 * PowerPC 7400 CPU chip
 * MITS 7400 Scientific and Engineering Calculator

Other uses

 * 7400 Lenau, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 7400th asteroid registered
 * 7400 (District of Kolonjë), one of the postal codes in Albania
 * GWR 7400 Class locomotives

title: 7400


text:
4000

4000 or variation, may refer to:

 * 4000 (number)
 * 4000 BCE, a year in the 4th millennium BC
 * A.D. 4000, the last year of the 4th millennium CE, a century leap year starting on Saturday
 * 4000s AD, a decade, century, millennium in the 5th millennium CE
 * 4000s BCE, a decade, century, millennium in the 5th millennium BC
 * 4000 Hipparchus, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 4000th asteroid registered
 * Mobro 4000, a barge operated by MOBRO
 * Weather Star 4000, a computer system used to display local forecasts on The Weather Channel
 * Hawker 4000, a supermidsized businessjet
 * Delta 4000, a rocket series
 * Audi 4000, a compact executive sedan
 * 4000 (District of Shkodër), one of the postal codes in Albania
 * 4000-series integrated circuits

title: 4000


text:
Tunnel ionization

In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom (or molecule). In an intense electric field, the potential barrier of an atom (molecule) is distorted drastically. Therefore, as the length of the barrier that electrons have to pass decreases, the electrons can escape from the atom's potential more easily. Tunneling ionization is a quantum mechanical phenomenon since in the classical picture an electron does not have sufficient energy to overcome the potential barrier of the atom.

When the atom is in a DC external field, the Coulomb potential barrier is lowered and the electron has an increased, non-zero probability of tunnelling through the potential barrier. In the case of an alternating electric field, the direction of the electric field reverses after the half period of the field. The ionized electron may come back to its parent ion. The electron may recombine with the nucleus (nuclei) and its kinetic energy is released as light (high harmonic generation). If the recombination does not occur, further ionization may proceed by collision between high-energy electrons and a parent atom (molecule). This process is known as non-sequential ionization.

DC tunneling ionization
Tunneling ionization from the ground state of a hydrogen atom in an electrostatic (DC) field was solved schematically by Lev Landau, using parabolic coordinates. This provides a simplified physical system that given it proper exponential dependence of the ionization rate on the applied external field. When $E \ll E_a$, the ionization rate for this system is given by:
 * $$ w = 4 \omega_a \frac{E_a}{\left|E\right|} \exp\left[ -\frac{2}{3}\frac{E_a}{\left|E\right|} \right]$$

Landau expressed this in atomic units, where $m_\text{e} = e = \hbar = 1$. In SI units the previous parameters can be expressed as:
 * $$E_a = \frac{m_\text{e}^2 e^5}{(4\pi \epsilon_0)^3 \hbar^4} $$,
 * $$\omega_a = \frac{m_\text{e} e^4}{(4\pi \epsilon_0)^2 \hbar^3}$$.

The ionization rate is the total probability current through the outer classical turning point. This rate is found using the WKB approximation to match the ground state hydrogen wavefunction through the suppressed coulomb potential barrier.

A more physically meaningful form for the ionization rate above can be obtained by noting that the Bohr radius and hydrogen atom ionization energy are given by
 * $$a_0 = \frac{4\pi \epsilon_0 \hbar^2}{m_\text{e} e^2} $$,
 * $$E_\text{ion}=R_\text{H} = \frac{m_\text{e} e^4}{8 \epsilon_0^2 h^2} $$,

where $$R_\text{H} \approx \mathrm{13.6\, eV} $$ is the Rydberg energy. Then, the parameters $$ E_a $$ and $$\omega_a $$ can be written as
 * $$E_a = \frac{2 R_\text{H}}{e a_0} $$, $$\omega_a = \frac{2 R_\text{H}}{\hbar}$$.

so that the total ionization rate can be rewritten
 * $$ w = 8 \frac{R_\text{H}}{\hbar} \frac{2 R_\text{H}/a_0}{\left|e E\right|} \exp\left[ -\frac{4}{3}\frac{R_\text{H}/a_0}{\left|eE\right|} \right]$$.

This form for the ionization rate $$ w $$ emphasizes that the characteristic electric field needed for ionization $$E_a = {2 E_\text{ion}} / {e a_0} $$ is proportional to the ratio of the ionization energy $$E_\text{ion} $$ to the characteristic size of the electron's orbital $a_0$. Thus, atoms with low ionization energy (such as alkali metals) with electrons occupying orbitals with high principal quantum number $$ n $$ (i.e. far down the periodic table) ionize most easily under a DC field. Furthermore, for a hydrogenic atom, the scaling of this characteristic ionization field goes as $Z^3$, where $$ Z $$ is the nuclear charge. This scaling arises because the ionization energy scales as $$ \propto Z^2 $$ and the orbital radius as $\propto Z^{-1}$. More accurate and general formulas for the tunneling from Hydrogen orbitals can also be obtained.

As an empirical point of reference, the characteristic electric field $$ E_a $$ for the ordinary hydrogen atom is about $51 V$ (or $5.1 MV/cm$) and the characteristic frequency $$ \omega_a $$ is $4.1 THz$.

AC electric field
The ionization rate of a hydrogen atom in an alternating electric field, like that of a laser, can be treated, in the appropriate limit, as the DC ionization rate averaged over a single period of the electric field's oscillation. Multiphoton and tunnel ionization of an atom or a molecule describes the same process by which a bounded electron, through the absorption of more than one photon from the laser field, is ionized. The difference between them is a matter of definition under different conditions. They can henceforth be called multiphoton ionization (MPI) whenever the distinction is not necessary. The dynamics of the MPI can be described by finding the time evolution of the state of the atom which is described by the Schrödinger equation. When the intensity of the laser is strong, the lowest-order perturbation theory is not sufficient to describe the MPI process. In this case, the laser field on larger distances from the nucleus is more important than the Coulomb potential and the dynamic of the electron in the field should be properly taken into account. The first work in this category was published by Leonid Keldysh. He modeled the MPI process as a transition of the electron from the ground state of the atom to the Volkov states (the state of a free electron in the electromagnetic field ). In this model, the perturbation of the ground state by the laser field is neglected and the details of atomic structure in determining the ionization probability are not taken into account. The major difficulty with Keldysh's model was its neglect of the effects of Coulomb interaction on the final state of the electron. As is observed from the figure, the Coulomb field is not very small in magnitude compared to the potential of the laser at larger distances from the nucleus. This is in contrast to the approximation made by neglecting the potential of the laser at regions near the nucleus. A. M. Perelomov, V. S. Popov and M. V. Terent'ev included the Coulomb interaction at larger internuclear distances. Their model (which is called the PPT model after their initials) was derived for short-range potential and includes the effect of the long-range Coulomb interaction through the first-order correction in the quasi-classical action. In the quasi-static limit, the PPT model approaches the ADK model by M. V. Ammosov, N. B. Delone, and V. P. Krainov.

Many experiments have been carried out on the MPI of rare gas atoms using strong laser pulses, through measuring both the total ion yield and the kinetic energy of the electrons. Here, one only considers the experiments designed to measure the total ion yield. Among these experiments are those by S. L. Chin et al., S. Augst et al. and T. Auguste et al. Chin et al. used a 10.6 μm CO2 laser in their experiment. Due to the very small frequency of the laser, the tunneling is strictly quasi-static, a characteristic that is not easily attainable using pulses in the near infrared or visible region of frequencies. These findings weakened the suspicion on the applicability of models basically founded on the assumption of a structureless atom. S. Larochelle et al. have compared the theoretically predicted ion versus intensity curves of rare gas atoms interacting with a Ti:sapphire laser with experimental measurement. They have shown that the total ionization rate predicted by the PPT model fits very well the experimental ion yields for all rare gases in the intermediate regime of Keldysh parameter.

Analytical formula for the rate of MPI
The dynamics of the MPI can be described by finding the time evolution of the state of the atom which is described by the Schrödinger equation. The form of this equation in the electric field gauge, assuming the single active electron (SAE) approximation and using dipole approximation, is the following
 * $$i\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\Psi(\mathbf{r},\,t)=-\frac{1}{2m}\nabla^2\Psi(\mathbf{r},\,t) + (\mathbf{E}(t)\cdot\mathbf{r}+V(\mathbf{r}))\Psi(\mathbf{r},\,t) ,$$

where $$ \mathbf{E}(t) $$ is the electric field of the laser and $$ V(r) $$ is the static Coulomb potential of the atomic core at the position of the active electron. By finding the exact solution of equation (1) for a potential $$ \sqrt{2 E_\text{i}}.\delta(\mathbf{r}) $$ ($r < r_0$ the magnitude of the ionization potential of the atom), the probability current $$ \mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r}, t) $$ is calculated. Then, the total MPI rate from short-range potential for linear polarization, $r > r_0$, is found from
 * $$ W(\mathbf{E}, \omega)=\lim_{x\to\infty}\int_0^\frac{2\pi}{\omega} \int_{-\infty}^\infty \int_{-\infty}^\infty \mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r}, t)\,dz\,dy\,dt $$

where $$ \omega $$ is the frequency of the laser, which is assumed to be polarized in the direction of the $$ x $$ axis. The effect of the ionic potential, which behaves like $$ {Z} / {r} $$ ($$ Z $$ is the charge of atomic or ionic core) at a long distance from the nucleus, is calculated through first order correction on the semi-classical action. The result is that the effect of ionic potential is to increase the rate of MPI by a factor of
 * $$ I_\text{PPT}=(2(E_\text{i})^{\frac{3}{2}}/F)^{n^{*}} $$

Where $$ n^{*}=Z/\sqrt{2 E_\text{i} } $$ and $$ F $$ is the peak electric field of laser. Thus, the total rate of MPI from a state with quantum numbers $$ l $$ and $$ m $$ in a laser field for linear polarization is calculated to be
 * $$ W_\text{PPT}=I_\text{PPT}W(\mathbf{E}, \omega)=|C_{n^{*}l^{*}}|^{2}\sqrt{\frac{6}{\pi}}f_{lm}E_{i}(2(2 E_\text{i})^{\frac{3}{2}}/F)^{2n^{*}-|m|-3/2}(1+\gamma^{2})^{|m/2|+3/4}A_{m}(\omega, \gamma)e^{-\frac{2}{3}g(\gamma)(2 E_\text{i})^{\frac{3}{2}}/F} $$

where $$ \gamma= \frac{\omega \sqrt {2 E_\text{i}}}{F} $$ is the Keldysh's adiabaticity parameter and $r = R_c$. The coefficients $$ f_{lm} $$, $$ g(\gamma) $$ and  $$ C_{n^{*}l^{*}} $$ are given by
 * $$ f_{lm}= \frac{(2l+1)(l+|m|){!}}{2^{|m|}|m|{!}(l-|m|){!}} $$
 * $$ g(\gamma)=\frac{3}{2\gamma} ((1+\frac{1}{2\gamma^{2}})\sinh^{-1}(\gamma)-\frac{\sqrt{1+\gamma^{2}}}{2\gamma})$$
 * $$|C_{n^{*}l^{*}}|^{2}= \frac{2^{2n^{*}}}{n^{*}\Gamma(n^{*}+l^{*}+1)\Gamma(n^{*}-l^{*})}$$

The coefficient $$ A_{m}(\omega, \gamma)$$ is given by
 * $$ A_{m}(\omega, \gamma)=\frac{4}{\sqrt{3\pi}}\frac{1}{|m|!}\frac{\gamma^{2}}{1+\gamma^{2}}\sum_{n>v}^{\infty}e^{-(n-v)\alpha(\gamma)}w_{m}\left(\sqrt{\frac{2\gamma}{\sqrt{1+\gamma^{2}}}(n-v)}\right)$$,

where
 * $$ w_{m}(x)=e^{-x^{2}}\int_0^x (x^2-y^2)^m e^{y^2}\,dy $$
 * $$ \alpha(\gamma)= 2(\sinh^{-1}(\gamma)-\frac{\gamma}{\sqrt{1+\gamma^{2}}})$$
 * $$ v= \frac{E_\text{i}}{\omega}(1+\frac{1}{2\gamma^{2}}) $$

The ADK model is the limit of the PPT model when $$ \gamma $$ approaches zero (quasi-static limit). In this case, which is known as quasi-static tunnelling (QST), the ionization rate is given by
 * $$ W_\text{ADK}=|C_{n^{*}l^{*}}|^{2}\sqrt{\frac{6}{\pi}}f_{lm}E_{i}(2(2 E_\text{i})^{\frac{3}{2}}/F)^{2n^{*}-|m|-3/2}e^{-(2(2 E_\text{i})^{\frac{3}{2}}/3F)} $$.

In practice, the limit for the QST regime is $E_\text{i}$. This is justified by the following consideration. Referring to the figure, the ease or difficulty of tunneling can be expressed as the ratio between the equivalent classical time it takes for the electron to tunnel out the potential barrier while the potential is bent down. This ratio is indeed $W(\mathbf{E}, \omega)$, since the potential is bent down during half a cycle of the field oscillation and the ratio can be expressed as
 * $$ \gamma =\frac {\tau_\text{T}} {\frac{1}{2}\tau_\text{L}}$$,

where $$ \tau_\text{T} $$ is the tunneling time (classical time of flight of an electron through a potential barrier, and $$ \tau_\text{L} $$ is the period of laser field oscillation.

MPI of molecules
Contrary to the abundance of theoretical and experimental work on the MPI of rare gas atoms, the amount of research on the prediction of the rate of MPI of neutral molecules was scarce until recently. Walsh et al. have measured the MPI rate of some diatomic molecules interacting with a $l^{*} = n^{*} - 1$ CO2 laser. They found that these molecules are tunnel-ionized as if they were structureless atoms with an ionization potential equivalent to that of the molecular ground state. A. Talebpour et al. were able to quantitatively fit the ionization yield of diatomic molecules interacting with a Ti:sapphire laser pulse. The conclusion of the work was that the MPI rate of a diatomic molecule can be predicted from the PPT model by assuming that the electron tunnels through a barrier given by $$ {Z_\text{eff}} / {r} $$ instead of barrier $$ {1} / {r} $$ which is used in the calculation of the MPI rate of atoms. The importance of this finding is in its practicality; the only parameter needed for predicting the MPI rate of a diatomic molecule is a single parameter, $\gamma < 1/2$. Using the semi-empirical model for the MPI rate of unsaturated hydrocarbons is feasible. This simplistic view ignores the ionization dependence on orientation of molecular axis with respect to polarization of the electric field of the laser, which is determined by the symmetries of the molecular orbitals. This dependence can be used to follow molecular dynamics using strong field multiphoton ionization.

Tunneling time
The question of how long a tunneling particle spends inside the barrier region has remained unresolved since the early days of quantum mechanics. It is sometimes suggested that the tunneling time is instantaneous because both the Keldysh and the closely related Buttiker-Landauer times are imaginary (corresponding to the decay of the wavefunction under the barrier). In a recent publication the main competing theories of tunneling time are compared against experimental measurements using the attoclock in strong laser field ionization of helium atoms. Refined attoclock measurements reveal a real and not instantaneous tunneling delay time over a large intensity regime. It is found that the experimental results are compatible with the probability distribution of tunneling times constructed using a Feynman path integral (FPI) formulation. However, later work in atomic hydrogen has demonstrated that most of the tunneling time measured in the experiment is purely from the long-range Coulomb force exerted by the ion core on the outgoing electron.

title: Tunnel ionization


text: Talk:Best of The J. Geils Band

title: Talk:Best of The J. Geils Band


text: User talk:68.60.172.62

title: User talk:68.60.172.62


text:
Stevenson High School

Stevenson High School may refer to:
 * One of the following Adlai E. Stevenson High Schools in the United States:
 * Stevenson High School (Lincolnshire, Illinois)
 * Adlai E. Stevenson High School (Livonia, Michigan)
 * Adlai E. Stevenson High School (New York City)
 * Adlai E. Stevenson High School (Sterling Heights, Michigan)
 * Stevenson High School (Stevenson, Washington)
 * Stephenson High School, a public school in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States
 * George Stephenson High School, a secondary school in Killingworth, North Tyneside, United Kingdom.

title: Stevenson High School


text:
Talk:Black Hills War

Query
"Days later, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's 7th Cavalry attacked a camp of the Lakota and their Cheyenne allies on the banks of Greasy Grass Creek Little Big Horn River. The resulting Battle of the Little Bighorn saw the Sioux and Cheyenne, under the leadership of Tatanka Iyotake and Tašunka Witko, defeat the 7th Cavalry, killing 258 soldiers (43% of the regiment present) in one of the worst defeats of the Indian Wars for the Army."

Note the bolded section: vandalism? Seems like some Japanese kids are putting up their names for leading the battle against Custer...

Lol, Japanese Kids? What kind of moron are you? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.111.244.252 (talk) 21:20, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.174.113.21 (talk) 06:43, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

I agree. Deleted.--Dwane E Anderson (talk) 10:05, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Oops, my mistake! Apparently those are the native language names of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. I reverted it.--Dwane E Anderson (talk) 10:11, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Regardless, these only serve to confuse the flow of the article. The links to the articles on these people should serve to infomr our readers about alternative names etc. --Kevin Murray (talk) 16:56, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

1
Some say that General Custer came to the Black Hills in 1874 with a larger personal purpose. Namely, he was trying to position himself for a Presidential run. Does anyone have information on this subject?

"A United States Civil War
It is technically incorrect to this day to refere to a conflict between a Native American tribe or tribes and the US govt. as a "Civil war". Civil war implies that one country is a war with itself. The federally recognised native tribes are to this day for all intents and purposes separate countries. Just as separate as Canada or Mexico is from the US. Some even straddles the borders with Mexico and Canada. This was even more true back then. Afterall nations do not relate to thier own internal parts via treaties. Treaties are made between countries. Based on these facts I am removing the phrase civl war. --Hfarmer 07:22, 12 October 2005 (UTC) The federally recognised native tribes are to this day for all intents and purposes separate countries. I agree with the delete, but they are not "countries" (i.e. nation states) any longer. They are autonomous tribal entities for purposes of governing their reservations but have been full citizens of the United States (the original "native Americans") since 1924. BTW I am Teton Lakota.--Buckboard 15:27, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Naming
The Great Sioux War is actually how this conflict is most commonly known. Just on Google, references to it triple the "Black Hills war," and the ratio becomes even worse against the Black Hills War in professional and scholarly publications. Currently, there are 32 uses of "Black Hills War" on Google Books, 284 of "Great Sioux War"; 111 uses of "Great Sioux War" on Google Scholar, just 1 of "Black Hills War". 71.129.81.136 15:32, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Expeditions
I have come upon various conflicting sources regarding the name of the expedition(s) of the soldiers in the Black Hills War. I have seen Little Big Horn Expedition, but I have also seen reports of the Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition and  which mainly consist of discussions of the trials and tribulations of General Crook. It occurs to me that perhaps the various expedition names were applied to the different columns of troops operating independently during the war. If so, then there might be some value in adding new articles for each "expedition" to tie into this main article. If nothing else, the above sources can help us flesh out details about the Crook advance. Either way, there seems to be potential here, but before we proceed, I would like to hear from some more knowledgeable editors. Thanks a million. CosmicPenguin (Talk) 18:26, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It gets messier too - Powder River Expedition claims Crook's operation under its name too. Also muddling the waters is the Stanley Yellowstone Expedition of 1873 which Custer also participated in.  I need a serious de-befuddling here. CosmicPenguin (Talk) 18:37, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Battlefield Picture Shown
The painting included with the article was clearly not painted by anybody who has seen the Little Bighorn Battlefield, AKA "Custer's Last Stand." The picture shows a mountainous region where the actual battlefield was on the plains. There is a ridgeline at the battle site, but the hills roll gently down to the river. 198.182.9.170 (talk) 19:23, 25 June 2008 (UTC)Keith Sogge

Flags
The Native American flags are anachronistic - they did not exist at the time of this conflict - and are being removed per Wiki policy WP:Flags. 2.1.3 - Historical Considerations.

Sensei48 (talk) 02:38, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Black Hills War


text:
Randall Gay

Randall Jerome Gay, Jr. (born May 5, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the LSU Tigers. He was signed by the New England Patriots as an undrafted free agent in 2004.

Gay also played for the New Orleans Saints. He played on a Super Bowl winning team with both the Patriots and the Saints, and is also noted for being one of the two Louisianan-born (other being former LSU and Saints teammate, Devery Henderson) having won a championship at both the college and pro level for teams of Louisiana, his home state.

Early life
At Brusly High School in Brusly, Louisiana, Randall Gay was a four-year letterman in football. He also lettered in weight lifting (three years) and track (one year). He was a first-team All-Metro selection, and a first-team All-District selection in football during his last two years of high school. As a senior, in only eight games, he rushed for 1,067 yards and 13 touchdowns, caught three touchdown passes, and returned two punts for touchdowns.

College career
He played college football at Louisiana State University. He won a BCS National Championship with the Tigers in 2003 as a nickel back.

New England Patriots
On April 29, 2004, he was signed by the Patriots shortly after the NFL draft as an undrafted free agent. His rookie year, Gay beat out cornerback Christian Morton, the Patriots' 7th-round draft pick, for a place on the roster. Later in the season, Gay was placed into the starting lineup because of injuries to veterans Ty Law and Tyrone Poole. Gay's rookie season concluded with a victory in Super Bowl XXXIX, in which he started opposite Asante Samuel where he was the leading tackler with 11 solo tackles. Gay was involved in several low level controversies as a Patriot: He failed to make a full contribution in 2005 and 2006, due to injuries that landed him on injured reserve. This led to some long running criticisms from the tough vocal New England fans and repeated questions about him on the region's talk shows and in the papers. Hence, after failing to deliver up to expectations of New England Patriots fans in both the 2005 and 2006 seasons, before the 2007 training camp, Gay was quoted as saying:

"You know how it is, It's like, 'Oh man, you're still getting a paycheck?' and 'Two years in a row!?!' That's the kind of stuff you really don't want to hear, because in your heart you want to be back out there.

I can say this, I'm the most anxious person for training camp. I'm about the only one here that's ready for it to come."

Gay returned in 2007 and played primarily as a nickel back and a backup safety. He did start several games, including the AFC Divisional Game against the Jacksonville Jaguars. Gay intercepted a career-high three passes while playing in every game of the 2007 season en route to a perfect regular season that ended with the Patriots' defeat at the hands of the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII.

New Orleans Saints
On March 2, 2008, Gay signed a four-year, $17.8 million contract with the New Orleans Saints. The deal included a $3.75 million signing bonus and $6.9 million in guaranteed money. He was a member of the Saints' 2009 Super Bowl XLIV Championship team. Gay suffered a concussion early in the 2010 season that eventually led to him being placed on injured reserve on October 20, 2010.

Gay was released by New Orleans on July 28, 2011, and retired thereafter. In 2012, he was a named plaintiff in one of the lawsuits filed by former players against the NFL regarding the league's history of players suffering concussions.

Personal life

 * Gay majored in marketing at LSU.
 * Gay played both cornerback and safety, as he did against the Indianapolis Colts in 2005.
 * After Super Bowl XXXIX, one of Gay's college professors attempted to order a replica jersey of her former student. The NFL Shop denied her request because the word "Gay" was on a blacklist of words considered related to drugs, sex, or gangs. After the incident was reported in the press, "Gay" was removed from the banned name list because it is the actual name of an NFL player.
 * Randall and his wife, Desha, have two sons. After Gay's retirement, he and Desha decided to go to law school together. In 2015, they both graduated from Southern University Law Center in Baton Rouge.

title: Randall Gay


text: Category:Pakistani singers

title: Category:Pakistani singers


text:
Strychnos

Strychnos is a genus of flowering plants, belonging to the family Loganiaceae (sometimes Strychnaceae). The genus includes about 100 accepted species of trees and lianas, and more than 200 that are as yet unresolved. The genus is widely distributed around the world's tropics and is noted for the presence of poisonous indole alkaloids in the roots, stems and leaves of various species. Among these alkaloids are the well-known and virulent poisons strychnine and curare.

Etymology
The name strychnos was applied by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History to Solanum nigrum. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek στρύχνον (strúkhnon) – "acrid", "bitter". The meaning of the word strychnos was not fixed in Ancient Greece, where it could designate a variety of different plants having in common the property of toxicity.

Distribution
The genus has a pantropical distribution.

Taxonomy
The genus is divided into 12 sections, though it is conceded that the sections do not reflect evolution of the genus, and all sections except Spinosae are polyphyletic:

 * Strychnos (53 species)
 * Rouhamon (21 species)
 * Breviflorae (32 species)
 * Penicillatae (17 species)
 * Aculeatae (1 species)
 * Spinosae (4 species)
 * Brevitubae (18 species)
 * Lanigerae (32 species
 * Phaeotrichae (1 species)
 * Densiflorae (8 species)
 * Dolichantae (9 species)
 * Schyphostrychnos (1 species)

Selected species

 * Strychnos benthami C.B. Clarke
 * Strychnos camptoneura Gilg & Busse
 * Strychnos chromatoxylon Leeuwenb.
 * Strychnos elaeocarpa Gilg ex Leeuwenb.
 * Strychnos icaja Baill.
 * Strychnos ignatii P.J. Bergius
 * Strychnos madagascariensis Poir.
 * Strychnos mellodora S. Moore
 * Strychnos millepunctata Leeuwenb.
 * Strychnos nux-blanda A.W.Hill - (Assam to Southeast Asia)
 * Strychnos nux-vomica L.
 * Strychnos potatorum L.f.
 * Strychnos psilosperma F.Muell.
 * Strychnos pungens Soler.
 * Strychnos spinosa Lam.
 * Strychnos staudtii Gilg
 * Strychnos tetragona A.W.Hill
 * Strychnos toxifera R.H.Schomb. ex Lindl.
 * Strychnos usambarensis Gilg ex Engl.

 * The strychnine tree, Strychnos nux-vomica, native to tropical Asia, is the source of the poison strychnine.
 * Strychnos tonga, native to Tonga, is a synonym of "'Strychnos spinosa''.
 * Strychnos ignatii ("St. Ignatius bean"), is a closely related Asian shrub/tree.
 * The species Strychnos toxifera, a principal plant source of the arrow poison curare.
 * Three trees from Southern Africa, commonly known as "monkey oranges", are drought-tolerant and produce popular edible fruits: the corky-barked monkey orange or suurklapper, Strychnos cocculoides, the Natal orange or green or spiny monkey orange, Strychnos spinosa, and the black or spiny-leaved monkey orange Strychnos pungens.
 * The ripe seeds of Strychnos potatorum,  known as Therran or Nirmal, can be ground and used as a coagulant to purify water; or they may be rubbed against the inside walls of the earthenware water containers. Mrs Grieve's Herbal of 1931 also mentions traditional water purification uses of an Indian species called Strychnos pseudo (not a valid botanical name).
 * Two very well preserved fossilised corollas with stamens and styles from flowers of a plant that has been named Strychnos electri (the Latin name of amber is electrum), believed to be a vine, were discovered in amber from the Dominican Republic. The amber is from tropical tree Hymenaea protera, formerly abundant but now extinct, which formed part of the forest canopy. The age of the amber is believed to be between 15 and 45 million years, from the mid-Tertiary period. This demonstrates an early date for these plants.

title: Strychnos


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Królewiec

Królewiec may refer to:
 * The Polish name for Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (formerly Königsberg)
 * The Polish name for Krolevets, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine
 * Królewiec, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
 * Królewiec, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland
 * Królewiec, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland
 * Królewiec, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland

title: Królewiec