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Walt Disney Studios (division)

The Walt Disney Studios is a major division of the Disney Entertainment business segment of The Walt Disney Company best known for housing its multifaceted film studio divisions. Founded on October 16, 1923, and based mainly at the namesake studio lot in Burbank, California, it is the seventh-oldest global film studio and the fifth-oldest in the United States, a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA) and one of the "Big Five" major film studios.

The Walt Disney Studios has prominent film production companies including Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributes and markets the majority of the content produced by these studios for both theatrical exhibition and the company's streaming services. In 2019, Disney posted an industry record of $13.2 billion at the global box office. The studio owns eight of the top ten highest-grossing films of all time worldwide, and several of the highest-grossing film franchises of all time.

Background
Walt Disney Productions began production of their first feature-length animated film in 1934. Taking three years to complete, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, premiered in December 1937 and became the highest-grossing film of that time by 1939. In the 1940s, Disney began experimenting with full-length live-action films, with the introduction of hybrid live action-animated films such as The Reluctant Dragon (1941) and Song of the South (1946). That same decade, the studio began producing nature documentaries with the release of Seal Island (1948), the first of the True-Life Adventures series and a subsequent Academy Award winner for Best Live-Action Short Film.

Walt Disney Productions had its first fully live-action film in 1950 with the release of Treasure Island, considered by Disney to be the official conception for what would eventually evolve into the modern-day Walt Disney Pictures. By 1953, the company ended their agreements with such third-party distributors as RKO Radio Pictures and United Artists and formed their own distribution company, Buena Vista Distribution. Disney Productions purchased in 1959 the Golden Oak Ranch for feature films and television series productions complimenting its main Burbank studio.

1980s
By the 1980s, the Walt Disney Company's collection of film units emerged as one of Hollywood's major film studios, mostly due to newly designed efforts in branding strategies, a resurgence of Walt Disney Productions' animated releases and unprecedented box office successes, particularly from Touchstone Pictures. The Walt Disney Productions film division was incorporated on 1983-4-1 as Walt Disney Pictures. In April 1983, Richard Berger was hired by Disney CEO Ron W. Miller as film president. Berger diversified the studio's output by green-lighting "more adult, more mature" films targeted toward adult audiences. As a result, Touchstone Films was started by Miller in February 1984 as a label for their films (rated PG and higher) with an expected half of Disney's 6 to 8 films yearly slate would be released under the label. Berger was pushed out as a new CEO was appointed for Walt Disney Productions later in 1984, as Michael Eisner brought his own film chief, Jeffrey Katzenberg and film studio president, Richard H. Frank. Touchstone and Hollywood Pictures were formed within that unit on February 15, 1984, and February 1, 1989, respectively.

In October 1984, Daily Variety had identified Disney as the seventh major film studio due to the hiring of Eisner as Disney chairman and his plans for the company. In late 1984, Fred Silverman and his InterMedia production company has struck a deal with the Walt Disney Studios. Organized in 1985, Silver Screen Partners II, L.P. financed films for Disney with $193 million in funding. In January 1987, Silver Screen III began financing films for Disney with $300 million raised, the largest amount raised for a film financing limited partnership by E.F. Hutton. Also in 1985, TV production company Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions begin signing a deal with Disney to produce feature films and TV shows.

In 1987, the Walt Disney Studios, which until now, had sporadically acquired independently produced films, has plans to aggressively pick up properties for distribution in an effort to become "more of a full-service company", and hired former Circle Films executive Chris Zarpass to the newly created position as vice president of production and acquisitions, and acquisitions had taken on new importance for the company, citing two purchases, which are Benji the Hunted, and Ernest Goes to Camp.

That year, In June 1987, the Walt Disney Studios decided to restructure their divisions at parent company, which included the financial and administrative divisions of Walt Disney Pictures and Television, appointing four directors to the newly created vice president positions, included were John Covas, Linda Stefansen, Anne Waldeck and Lloyd Wendkos, although Covas became the new vice president of administration for Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, while Linda Stefansen was promoted from director of finance at Walt Disney Pictures' marketing division to vice president of administration at the same company, Anne Waldeck was moved into the vice president administrative position for Buena Vista Home Video, and Lloyd Wendkos was named vice president of administration at Buena Vista International.

In April 1988, Touchstone became a unit of Walt Disney Pictures with newly appointed head Ricardo Mestres. With several production companies getting out of film production or closing shop by December 1988, Walt Disney Studios announced the formation of Hollywood Pictures division, which would only share marketing and distribution with Touchstone, to fill the void. Walt Disney Television and Touchstone Television were grouped together under Garth Ancier as president of network television for the Walt Disney Studios on April 18, 1989.

Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a controlling stake in one of Pacific Theatres' chains leading Disney's Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific to renovate the El Capitan Theatre and the Crest by 1989. The Crest was finished first while El Capitan opened with the premiere of The Rocketeer film on June 19, 1991.

1990s
In September 1990, the Walt Disney Company arranged for financing up to $200 million by a unit of Nomura Securities for Interscope films made for Disney. On October 23, 1990, Disney formed Touchwood Pacific Partners I to supplant the Silver Screen Partnership series as their movie studios' primary funding source. In 1992, Walt Disney Studios agreed to fund a production company, Caravan Pictures, for exiting 20th Century Fox chairman Joe Roth. In 1993, Miramax Films was purchased for $60 million by Disney.

On March 30, 1992, Disney Studios agreed to sell KCAL-TV to Pineland, Inc. for a 45% ownership stake in Pineland, so as to have interest in TV stations in both large markets, Los Angeles and New York City, allowing for increased original programming. Instead Pineland agreed to an unsolicited bid in May from Chris-Craft Industries thus ending the planned business merger with Disney's KCAL.

David Hoberman, president of Walt Disney Pictures and Touchstone, was promoted by Katzenberg to president of motion pictures at Walt Disney Studios in 1994-4, while Ricardo Mestres was forced out as president of Hollywood Pictures in exchange for a production deal.

On August 24, 1994, with Katzenberg's resignation, Walt Disney Studios was reorganized by spinning off a new TV group. Richard Frank became head of the newly formed Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications (WDTT). Roth moved in from Caravan Pictures to helm the remaining Walt Disney Studios as chairman. Hoberman stepped down as president in 1995-1 to take a five-year, multi-film deal for his production company, Mandeville Films.

Roth was appointed as chairman of Walt Disney Studios in 1996. In April 1996, due to ongoing post-Disney-CC/ABC merger realignment and retirement of its president, WDTT group's division were reassigned to other groups with most transferred to the Walt Disney Studios or CC/ABC. Units returning to the studio were Walt Disney Television, Disney Television Animation, Touchstone Television and Buena Vista Home Entertainment.

Buena Vista International - Latin America and two other companies became owners of Patagonik Film Group, an Argentina-based production company, in 1997. In late 1997, Disney bid on CDR's Epic movie library but lost to PolyGram Filmed Entertainment.

Disney's Buena Vista Distribution and Cinergi Pictures had a 25-picture distribution deal, with Disney taking a 5% stake in Cinergi stock. After nine films were delivered under the agreement, Cinergi sold its 12-film library (except for Die Hard with a Vengeance, co-financed with 20th Century Fox) to Disney on November 22, 1997, for $20 million in exchange for Disney's Cinergi shares, production advances of $35.4 million and other loans.

In 1998, the Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group was formed by Roth to unite the Disney, Touchstone and Hollywood film production units with leadership under David Vogel. This was in order to centralize the various production units and to make live-action film production within Disney more cost-efficient. Roth also determined that the studio's year production slate should be cut. In August 1998, Roger Birnbaum, Caravan's co-founder, left at Roth's prompting to co-found Spyglass Entertainment with former Morgan Creek Productions vice chairman and COO Gary Barber, in which Disney gave Caravan's development slate, a five-year distribution agreement and an advance to Spyglass. After Caravan's remaining three films were released, it went inactive. By May 2000, Disney had taken an equity stake in Spyglass.

Peter Schneider was promoted to studio president in January 1999, while Thomas Schumacher was promoted to president of Walt Disney Feature Animation and Walt Disney Theatrical Productions while both became co-presidents of Disney Theatrical Group. As the first studio president, Schneider had supervisory control of all films released by the Disney labels. In July, Walt Disney Television, including Buena Vista Television Productions, were transferred from the Walt Disney Studios to ABC Television Network to merge with ABC's prime-time division, forming the ABC Entertainment Television Group.

2000s
Roth left to form his own production company in January 2000, with Schneider moving to a studio chairman role. Schneider left Walt Disney Studios in June 2001 to form his own theater production company partly funded by Disney. While no successor had been named, Dick Cook, chairman of the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (distribution); Thomas Schumacher, president of Walt Disney Animation; and Nina Jacobson, president of the Buena Vista Motion Picture Group (production) would take on the responsibilities of Schneider while continuing in their current positions. In February 2002, Cook was named as studio chairman. In January 2002, Buena Vista International - Latin America formed a joint venture production company, Miravista, with Admira, Telefónica's content production and distribution division, for primarily Brazilian and Mexican film productions.

In January 2003, Disney initiated a reorganization of its theatrical and animation units to improve resource usage and continued focus on new characters and franchise development. Walt Disney Feature Animation — sans Walt Disney Television Animation — and Buena Vista Theatrical Worldwide were organized under the Walt Disney Studios. In 2003, the studio set a worldwide box office record of $3 billion gross.

In September 2005, Disney and Kingdom Films formed a joint venture, Magic Films, to finance a slate of 32 films, which would not include sequels. Kingdom would provide financing with $135 million equity and a $370 million revolving credit line. With the exception of High School Musical 3 as a part of a Disney Channel franchise, Kingdom sued Disney in December 2008. In December 2005, Alan Bergman was promoted to president of the Walt Disney Studios.

In January 2006, the Walt Disney Company announced to acquire computer animation leader Pixar. The deal was finalized in May 2006. Pixar executive Ed Catmull would serve as president of both Pixar and Disney feature animation studios. Pixar executive vice president John Lasseter became chief creative officer for Pixar and the feature animated studios as well as helping to develop new Disney theme park attractions.

In July 2006, Disney announced a shift in its strategy of releasing more Disney-branded (i.e. Walt Disney Pictures) films and fewer Touchstone titles. The move was expected to reduce the Group's work force by approximately 650 positions worldwide. This was a cost-cutting move with its yearly slate would consist of 12 to 15 films.

After being transferred to various other division groups since they were acquired in 2004, The Muppets Studio was incorporated into the Walt Disney Studios' Special Events Group in 2006. In April 2007, Disney retired the Buena Vista brand. Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group and Buena Vista Pictures Distribution were renamed as Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, respectively. Hollywood Pictures was also retired as well. In July 2007, Disney CEO Bob Iger banned the depiction of smoking and tobacco products from Walt Disney Pictures-branded films, as well as limiting such depictions in Touchstone and Miramax films.

In April 2008, the Studio announced the formation of Disneynature, a nature film production label. The Studio launched its Kingdom Comics division in May, led by writer-actor Ahmet Zappa, television executive Harris Katleman and writer-editor Christian Beranek. Kingdom was designed to create new properties for possible film development and re-imagine and redevelop existing movies from the Disney library, with Disney Publishing Worldwide getting a first look for publishing.

On February 9, 2009, Walt Disney Studios entered a 7-year, 30-picture distribution deal with DreamWorks Studios, by which DreamWorks' films would be released through the Touchstone banner, with Disney collecting a 10 percent distribution fee. The deal also included a $175 million co-financing loan by Disney to DreamWorks for production and access to slots in Disney's pay television agreement, then with Starz. In late 2009, Miramax Films, a formerly independent Disney film unit, was transferred to the Walt Disney Studios, until its sale in 2010 to Filmyard Holdings. The Kingdom Comics unit's creatives and executives moved its deal to an independent Monsterfoot Productions.

On September 18, 2009, Cook was forced out as chairman, after allegedly having been asked to do so by Iger, for resisting change that Iger felt was needed and the previous year's poor results. He was then replaced by Disney Channels Worldwide president Rich Ross on October 5, 2009.

2010s
The Walt Disney Company completed its acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in December 2009 for $4.2 billion. Disney closed a deal with Paramount Pictures to transfer worldwide marketing and the distribution rights to Marvel's The Avengers and Iron Man 3 in October 2010.

In May 2011, Disney India and UTV Motion Pictures agreed to co-produce Disney-branded family films, with both companies handling creative function and UTV producing, marketing and distributing the films.

In August 2011, Disney fired Marvel Studios' marketing department in a restructuring. Disney would take over the marketing and distribution of future Marvel titles, beginning with the 2012 release of The Avengers.

On April 20, 2012, Ross was fired as studio chairman. Former Warner Bros. chief Alan Horn was named chairman on May 31, 2012. On October 30, 2012, Lucasfilm agreed to be purchased by the Walt Disney Company and a new Star Wars trilogy was announced. The deal was finalized on December 21. Later on the same day, Disney agreed to have Netflix as its exclusive U.S. television subscription service for first-run Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar Animation Studios, Marvel Studios and Disneynature feature films starting in 2016, replacing its agreement with Starz that ends in 2015.

In April 2013, the Walt Disney Studios laid off 150 workers, including staff from its marketing and home entertainment units. In July 2013, Disney acquired all of the distribution rights previously held by Paramount for Marvel Studios' Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Thor, and Captain America: The First Avenger. In December of that same year, Disney purchased the distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films from Paramount. Paramount will continue distributing the first four films and receive "financial participation" from any additional films. In March 2015, Iger expanded the studio's smoking and tobacco prohibition to include all films released by the studio—including PG-13 rated films and below—unless such depictions are historically pertinent. The studio and Shanghai Media Group Pictures signed a multi-year movie development agreement, before the March 6, 2014, announcement, in which Chinese themes would be incorporated into Disney-branded movies.

In August 2015, Marvel Studios was integrated into Walt Disney Studios with president Kevin Feige reporting to Disney studio chief Alan Horn instead of Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter. Perlmutter continued to oversee Marvel Television and Marvel Animation until 2019, in which they were folded back into Marvel Studios.

In January 2016, Disney received ownership of all fourteen DreamWorks films it distributed, in compensation for outstanding loans as DreamWorks was restructured into Amblin Partners. Later that same year, Disney distributed The Light Between Oceans—the fourteenth and final film in the DreamWorks distribution deal—and also the last film released under Touchstone.

On December 19, 2016, Walt Disney Studios became the first major studio to reach $7 billion at the global box office. This surpasses Universal's record from 2015 of $6.89 billion. Disney did it with five of the top 10 films of the year with a record four of them, The Jungle Book, Finding Dory, Captain America: Civil War, and Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, with opening weekend takes of over $100 million. Four films in 2016 grossed over $1 billion and another $966 million globally. Two studio units' (Pixar and Marvel Studios) combined lifetime library grosses passed $10 billion.

In November 2017, the studio briefly banned reporters of the Los Angeles Times from attending pre-release screenings for its films, after it had published reports on Disney's political influence in the Anaheim area that the company deemed to be "biased and inaccurate". After a boycott effort emerged among several notable critics and publications (including Washington Post blogger Alyssa Rosenberg, The New York Times, and Boston Globe critic Ty Burr), and several major film critic societies threatened to disqualify Disney films from their year-end awards in retaliation, Disney stated that the company "had productive discussions with the newly installed leadership at the Los Angeles Times regarding our specific concerns", and had reversed its ban.

In December 2017, Disney announced plans to purchase 21st Century Fox (21CF) for $52.4 billion. In preparation for integration of 21st Century Fox assets in March 2018, Disney created a new segment named Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International, merging two segments and transferring various units to the new segment, including the Janice Marinelli-led Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. On June 28, 2018, DisneyToon Studios was shut down.

On June 8, 2018, Disney announced Lasseter would be leaving the company by the end of the year, but would take on a consulting role until then. On June 19, 2018, Pete Docter and Jennifer Lee were announced as Lasseter's replacements as chief creative officers of Pixar and Disney Animation, respectively.

In December 2018, the studio surpassed $7 billion in global box office for the calendar year. It was the second time in history that any studio had surpassed the $7 billion mark, after Disney's own industry-record global gross of $7.6 billion in 2016.

Following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox, Disney announced that the film divisions of Fox Entertainment Group (including 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox 2000 Pictures, 20th Century Fox Animation, Blue Sky Studios, and Fox Family) would be folded into the Walt Disney Studios. Fox's filmed entertainment CEO Stacey Snider exited following the acquisition. Fox executives Emma Watts, Nancy Utley and Stephen Gilula joined the Walt Disney Company on March 20, 2019. On March 21, 2019, Disney announced that the Fox 2000 label would be shut down by the end of the year after releasing its films in production. 20th Century Fox Animation was also repositioned to directly report to chairman Horn. 20th Century Fox and its related studios will keep their headquarters on their studio lot in Century City, thanks to a seven-year lease from the Fox Corporation.

On May 1, 2019, president Alan Bergman was promoted to co-chairman. Horn added the new title of the studio's chief creative officer.

Disney announced a round of layoffs for the studio, mostly from 20th Century Fox, in the production and visual effects departments. They also announced on July 31, 2019, that the Fox Research Library will be folded into the Walt Disney Archives and the Imagineering Research Library by January 2020. The studio announced a 10-year lease of most of the Pinewood Studios near London from the Pinewood Group in September 2019 to start in 2020.

In August 2019, Disney became the first studio to have five films to gross over $1 billion at the worldwide box office in a single year. Walt Disney Studios became the first major studio to reach $10 billion at the global box office in December 2019, breaking their previous record in 2016. The studio ended 2019 eventually earning $13.2 billion in worldwide box office. Disney achieved this on the strength of Avengers: Endgame, The Lion King, Captain Marvel, Toy Story 4, Aladdin, Frozen II, and Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker all earning over $1 billion.

2020s
On January 17, 2020, Disney announced it would drop the "Fox" name from the studio's 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures branding. The two studios were renamed as 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures, respectively. Similar to other Disney film units, films produced under the 20th Century Studios began to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in the same year. Searchlight Pictures continues to operate their autonomous distribution unit in North America.

In December 2020, it was announced that effective January 1, 2021, Bergman would become chairman, overseeing creative, production, marketing, and operations for it, while Horn would remain as the studios' Chief Creative Officer, focusing solely on Disney's creative pipeline, and working in conjunction with Bergman on the studio's creative plans.

On February 9, 2021, Disney announced that Blue Sky Studios would be closed effective April 2021, due in part to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic's continued economic impact on the company's businesses; it was no longer sustainable for Disney to run a third feature animation studio. The studio's film library and intellectual properties would still be retained by Disney. Disney Music Group was reorganized back under Walt Disney Studios on February 8, 2023. On April 26, 2023, 20th Digital Studio was dissolved.

Leadership

 * Alan Bergman, Chairman, Disney Entertainment
 * Asad Ayaz, President, Marketing, The Walt Disney Studios and Disney+
 * Bernardine Brandis, Executive Vice President, Business Affairs
 * Ken Bunt, President, Disney Music Group
 * Louis D'Esposito, Co-President, Marvel Studios
 * Pete Docter, Chief Creative Officer, Pixar Animation Studios
 * Kevin Feige, President, Marvel Studios
 * David Greenbaum, President, Walt Disney Pictures and 20th Century Studios
 * Steve Asbell, President, Production, 20th Century Studios
 * Matthew Greenfield, President, Searchlight Pictures
 * Derval Whelan, President, Distribution, Searchlight Pictures
 * Kathleen Kennedy, President, Lucasfilm
 * Jennifer Lee, Chief Creative Officer, Walt Disney Animation Studios
 * Tom MacDougall, President, Walt Disney Music
 * Jim Morris, President, Pixar Animation Studios
 * Paige Olson, Chief Counsel
 * Paul Roeder, Executive Vice President, Communications – Studios, International and DTC
 * Thomas Schumacher, Chief Creative Officer, Disney Theatrical Group
 * Paul Shurgot, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
 * Clark Spencer, President, Walt Disney Animation Studios
 * Philip Steuer, President, Production, Physical, Post Production and VFX production
 * Cathleen Taff, President, Distribution, Franchise Management and Audience Insight
 * Tony Chambers, Executive Vice President, Theatrical Distribution
 * Andrew Flatt, Executive Vice President, Managing Director, Disney Theatrical Group
 * Anne Quart, Executive Vice President, Producing and Development, Disney Theatrical Group
 * Carolyn Wilson, Senior Vice President, Human Resources

Film production
Walt Disney Pictures is the namesake studio that encompasses the release of its own live-action productions, in addition to films produced by the company's animation studios, mainly Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios. Marvel Studios—acquired through Disney's purchase of Marvel Entertainment in 2009—produces superhero films based on Marvel Comics characters, including the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise. Lucasfilm—acquired by Disney in 2012—develops and produces films, including those in the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises. 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures—acquired by Disney in 2019 and together former members of the "Big Six" studios—produce a varied slate of films, with the latter focusing on specialty and prestige films. 20th Century also releases films produced by the animated film unit of 20th Century Animation. Disneynature is an independent film label devoted to producing nature documentary films.

Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributes and markets the content produced by the aforementioned studios for both theatrical exhibition and the company's streaming services, with the exception of the Searchlight label, which operates its own autonomous theatrical distribution and marketing unit. Disney also owns and operates the El Capitan Theatre and Hollywood Masonic Temple.

Disney Music Group
Disney Music Group is the music recording division consisting two owned record labels—Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records—along with Disney Music Publishing, the publishing entity that administers the company's music, and as well as Disney Concerts.

Disney Theatrical Group
Disney Theatrical Group is the division producing live theatrical and stage events. It is currently under the leadership of Thomas Schumacher. The Disney Theatrical Productions division has been responsible for the production of many different musicals, touring events, ice shows and other live theatrical events. Their shows include: Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, Aida, Tarzan, Mary Poppins, Newsies and numerous incarnations of Disney on Ice.

Former units
In its history, Disney has created or acquired other film banners that have since been closed, divested, or retired.

Live-action

 * Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group/Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (1998–c. 2006) an umbrella unit for live action production companies (defunct)
 * Touchstone Pictures (1984–2016) created to release films targeted at more mature adult audiences until it was retired from theatrical distribution; was last used for Disney's distribution deal with DreamWorks from 2011 to 2016.
 * Hollywood Pictures (1989–2001, 2006–2007) created as an adult-oriented production unit similar to Touchstone, then briefly revived as low-budget genre film label until it became inactive.
 * Caravan Pictures (1992–1999) a production unit created to fill the production schedule, which was replaced by an outside deal with Spyglass Entertainment.
 * Miramax Films (1993–2010) acquired as an independent film studio in 1993 and operated as an autonomous unit until 2009, when it was folded into the Walt Disney Studios; it continued to serve as a distribution label until it was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings in 2010.
 * Dimension Films (1993—2005) A genre film label acquired through the Miramax purchase, until the Weinstein brothers left Disney and took the label with them in 2005 when they formed The Weinstein Company (the label's next parent).
 * Fox 2000 Pictures (2019–2021) Mid-budget unit of 20th Century Studios. (defunct)
 * 20th Digital Studio (2008–2023) web series and web films digital media production label of 20th Century Studios

Animation

 * Skellington Productions (1986–1996)
 * Circle Seven Animation (2004–2006) shut down without the production of films.
 * ImageMovers Digital (2007–2010) a jointly-owned motion capture animation facility that was later shut down.
 * Disney Television Animation (1985–2003) transferred to Disney Channel
 * Disneytoon Studios (2003–2018) transferred from Disney Television Animation (1990-2003).
 * Blue Sky Studios (2019–2021) acquired within 21st Century Fox purchase. Announced closure in February 2021, closed in April 2021.
 * Marvel Animation (2019–2020) transferred from Marvel Television to Marvel Studios in 2019, closed in 2020.

Television

 * Walt Disney Television (1983–1994) transferred to Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications. (1994–1996)
 * Touchstone Television, transferred to Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications and later renamed as ABC Studios.

Distribution and marketing

 * Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (1998–c. 2001) an umbrella unit for distribution and marketing. (defunct)
 * Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (1978–2018) transferred to Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International and later, Disney Platform Distribution.

Other

 * Kingdom Comics (2009–2013) with executives departing for a production deal
 * The Muppets Studio (2006–2014) transferred from Disney Consumer Products to Disney Studios' Special Events Group, then back to Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
 * Fox VFX Lab (2019) Acquired within 21st Century Fox purchase. Announced closure in August 2019.

title: Walt Disney Studios (division)


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Rock in Rio

Rock in Rio is a recurring music festival originating in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It later branched into other locations such as Lisbon, Madrid and Las Vegas.

Nine incarnations of the festival have been held in Rio de Janeiro, in 1985, 1991, 2001, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2022, nine in Lisbon, in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2022, three in Madrid in 2008, 2010 and 2012 and one in Las Vegas, in 2015. Brazilian entrepreneur and advertiser Roberto Medina was responsible for the inception and organization of the festival, as well as moving the 2004 edition to Lisbon, while controversially keeping the brand "Rock in Rio". In 2011, Rock in Rio returned to its original location, Rio de Janeiro, with a new line-up of singers and groups.

Rock in Rio is one of the largest music festivals in the world, with 1.38 million people attending the first event, 700,000 attending the second and fourth, about 1.2 million attending the third, and about 350,000 people attending each of the three Lisbon events.

In May 2018, Live Nation Entertainment acquired a majority stake in the festival (including from previous stakeholder SFX Entertainment), with Medina continuing to manage the festival's operations. Live Nation stated that it intended to "[integrate] their industry expertise" into their overall business.

In 2022, Lisbon hosted the 9th edition on several dates in June at Bela Vista Park. Rio de Janeiro hosted its edition on several dates in September.

Rock in Rio (1985)
The first edition of the festival was held from 11–20 January 1985. Queen, George Benson, Rod Stewart, AC/DC, and Yes were the headliners, each occupying top spot for two nights (Benson, however, ceded it to James Taylor for their second night in the same bill, due to the huge delay Taylor's extended performance had caused to his concert two days before). About 1.38 million people attended the 10-day-long festival.

Rock in Rio in numbers

 * The City of Rock, which was built for the festival, covered an area of 250,000 m2 (around 2.7 million square feet)
 * 1,600,000 litres of beverages were served, using 4 million plastic cups.
 * 900,000 hamburgers.
 * 500,000 pizza slices.
 * McDonald's sold 58,000 hamburgers in a single day, which was a Guinness World Record until the fourth edition in 2011, where 79,000 hamburgers were sold by Bob's.

The full list of artists who performed at Rock in Rio:

 * 01/11 Friday
 * Queen
 * Iron Maiden
 * Whitesnake
 * Baby Consuelo e Pepeu Gomes
 * Erasmo Carlos
 * Ney Matogrosso
 * 01/12 Saturday
 * George Benson
 * James Taylor
 * Al Jarreau
 * Gilberto Gil
 * Elba Ramalho
 * Ivan Lins
 * 01/13 Sunday
 * Rod Stewart
 * The Go-Go's
 * Nina Hagen
 * Blitz
 * Lulu Santos
 * Os Paralamas do Sucesso

 * 01/14 Monday
 * James Taylor
 * George Benson
 * Alceu Valença
 * Moraes Moreira
 * 01/15 Tuesday
 * AC/DC
 * Scorpions
 * Barão Vermelho
 * Eduardo Dusek
 * Kid Abelha e os Abóboras Selvagens
 * 01/16 Wednesday
 * Rod Stewart
 * Ozzy Osbourne
 * Rita Lee
 * Moraes Moreira
 * Os Paralamas do Sucesso
 * 01/17 Thursday
 * Yes
 * Al Jarreau
 * Elba Ramalho
 * Alceu Valença

 * 01/18 Friday
 * Queen
 * The Go-Go's
 * The B-52's (with Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth)
 * Lulu Santos
 * Eduardo Dusek
 * Kid Abelha e os Abóboras Selvagens
 * 01/19 Saturday
 * AC/DC
 * Scorpions
 * Ozzy Osbourne
 * Whitesnake
 * Baby Consuelo e Pepeu Gomes
 * 01/20 Sunday
 * Yes
 * The B-52's (with Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth)
 * Nina Hagen
 * Blitz
 * Gilberto Gil
 * Barão Vermelho
 * Erasmo Carlos

 * Both Queen shows were filmed (early on 12 and 19 January) and broadcast throughout Brazil by Globo. Each show was watched by nearly 200 million people in over 60 countries and in front of 250,000-500,000 people for each night setting a world record for the biggest paying audience ever at the time. It was later broadcast in the United States on MTV as "Queen: Live in Rio".
 * Iron Maiden was the only non-Brazilian act to play just one concert at the festival (on its opening night, headlined by Queen), due to other bookings, while every other international act performed twice. During the song "Revelations", lead singer Bruce Dickinson hit himself accidentally with a guitar and cut his eyebrow. Dickinson continued to sing in spite of heavy bleeding. They performed in front of a crowd of 500,000 people.
 * The Go-Go's broke up after their two Rock in Rio performances, (headlined by Queen and Rod Stewart) though they would later reunite in the 1990s. The two Rock in Rio shows were the debut and swansong for short-tenured Go-Go's member Paula Jean Brown, who had replaced Jane Wiedlin. (Wiedlin would return to the reunited 1990s lineup.)
 * Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth, at the time Talking Heads drummer and bass player, respectively, took part at the B-52's concerts. They joined the band from the third song on and played along with them for the remainder of the performance.
 * The 20 January appearance of the B-52's would turn out to be their last with guitarist Ricky Wilson, who died from AIDS in October of that year as the band was finishing their next album.
 * Initially, Def Leppard was scheduled to play at the festival. However, they dropped out about two months before the event, due to delays on the recording process of the album Hysteria. Eleven days before the date Def Leppard would have played at the festival, drummer Rick Allen suffered an accident that cost him his left arm. They were replaced by Whitesnake, which happened to be the last touring date for the supporting Slide It In album tour.

Rock in Rio 2 (1991)
The second edition was held from 18–27 January 1991 at the Maracanã stadium. Headliners were Guns N' Roses, Prince and George Michael, each being top billed for two of the event's nine nights. INXS, New Kids on the Block and A-ha also had top billing, for one night each. The third night, headlined by Guns N' Roses, attracted more than 100.000 people to the stadium, the biggest audience of the nine-day event. A-ha broke the record for largest paying attendance at a concert with 198,000 fans in attendance. Full list of artists who performed at Rock in Rio 2:

 * 18/01 Friday
 * Prince
 * Joe Cocker
 * Colin Hay
 * Jimmy Cliff
 * 19/01 Saturday
 * INXS
 * Billy Idol
 * Carlos Santana
 * Engenheiros do Hawaii
 * Supla
 * Vid & Sangue Azul
 * 20/01 Sunday
 * Guns N' Roses
 * Billy Idol
 * Faith No More
 * Titãs
 * Hanoi Hanoi

 * 22/01 Tuesday
 * New Kids on the Block
 * Run-DMC
 * Roupa Nova
 * Inimigos do Rei
 * 23/01 Wednesday
 * Guns N' Roses
 * Judas Priest
 * Queensrÿche
 * Megadeth
 * Lobão
 * Sepultura
 * 24/01 Thursday
 * Prince
 * Carlos Santana
 * Alceu Valença
 * Laura Finocchiaro
 * Serguei

 * 25/01 Friday
 * George Michael
 * Deee-Lite
 * Elba Ramalho
 * Ed Motta
 * 26/01 Saturday
 * A-ha
 * Happy Mondays
 * Paulo Ricardo
 * Debbie Gibson
 * Information Society
 * Capital Inicial
 * Nenhum de Nós
 * 27/01 Sunday
 * George Michael
 * Lisa Stansfield
 * Deee-Lite
 * Moraes Moreira e Pepeu Gomes
 * Léo Jaime

Guns N' Roses's 20 January concert was their first ever with then new drummer Matt Sorum and keyboard player Dizzy Reed. George Michael's second concert, on 27 January, the festival's closing day, featured his ex-Wham! partner Andrew Ridgeley, who joined Michael for a few songs at the encore.

Rock in Rio 3 (2001)
The third Rock in Rio festival took place in 2001. Its seven nights were headlined, respectively, by Sting, R.E.M., Guns N' Roses, 'N Sync, Iron Maiden, Neil Young and the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Once O Rappa complained about their assigned time, as the contract predicted a night concert that wound up scheduled for 6:30 PM while the lesser known in the country Deftones remained in the evening, they were expelled, and five other Brazilian bands, Jota Quest, Raimundos, Charlie Brown Jr., Skank and Cidade Negra, withdrew from the festival in protest.

Iron Maiden released their set as Rock in Rio. Profits from the sale of the album were donated to the Clive Burr fund, helping their former drummer pay mounting medical bills for his multiple sclerosis.

A notable appearance at Rock in Rio 3 was that of American hard rock band Guns N' Roses, their first large show since 1993, with a new line-up featuring vocalist Axl Rose guitarists Buckethead, Robin Finck & Paul Tobias, bassist Tommy Stinson, drummer Brain and keyboardists Dizzy Reed & Chris Pitman.

Carlinhos Brown, the opening act on the day Guns N' Roses performed, was attacked by water bottles throughout his performance. Bassist Nick Oliveri of Queens of the Stone Age performed nude for part of their set and was arrested for indecent exposure after the concert, being released soon after.

Full list of artists who performed at Rock in Rio 3:

 * 12/01 Friday
 * Sting
 * Daniela Mercury
 * James Taylor
 * Milton Nascimento
 * Gilberto Gil
 * Orquestra Sinfônica Brasileira
 * 13/01 Saturday
 * R.E.M.
 * Foo Fighters
 * Beck
 * Barão Vermelho
 * Fernanda Abreu
 * Cássia Eller
 * 14/01 Sunday
 * Guns N' Roses
 * Oasis
 * Papa Roach
 * Ira! & Ultraje a Rigor
 * Carlinhos Brown
 * Pato Fu

 * 18/01 Thursday
 * 'N Sync
 * Britney Spears
 * 5ive
 * Sandy & Junior
 * Aaron Carter
 * Moraes Moreira
 * 19/01 Friday
 * Iron Maiden
 * Rob Halford
 * Sepultura
 * Queens of the Stone Age
 * Pavilhão 9
 * Sheik Tosado

 * 20/01 Saturday
 * Neil Young
 * Sheryl Crow
 * Dave Matthews Band
 * Kid Abelha
 * Elba Ramalho & Zé Ramalho
 * Engenheiros do Hawaii
 * 21/01 Sunday
 * Red Hot Chili Peppers
 * Silverchair
 * Capital Inicial
 * Deftones
 * O Surto
 * Diesel

Rock in Rio 4 (2011)
The fourth edition of Rock in Rio, back to its origins, was held on 23, 24, 25, 29 and 30 September, and 1 and 2 October 2011, at an area (pt) to be built next to the old City of Rock – which is currently the site of the Olympic Village of the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Three different stages were employed, with the headlining concerts at the Palco Mundo (World Stage), the secondary ones in Palco Sunset (Sunset Stage), and DJs playing at a specialized stage for electronic music. The closing acts, Guns N' Roses and System of a Down, entered following a poll on the festival's website. Maroon 5 was a last hour addition, following Jay-Z leaving for personal reasons.

Full list of artists who performed at Rock in Rio 4:
 * 09/23 Friday
 * Palco Mundo: Rihanna, Elton John, Katy Perry, Claudia Leitte, opening concert with Os Paralamas do Sucesso, Titãs, Milton Nascimento, Maria Gadú and the Brazilian Symphony Orchestra
 * Palco Sunset: Móveis Coloniais de Acaju, Orkestra Rumpilezz, Mariana Aydar, Bebel Gilberto, Sandra de Sá, Ed Motta, Rui Veloso, Andreas Kisser, The Asteroids Galaxy Tour, The Gift
 * 09/24 Saturday
 * Palco Mundo: Red Hot Chili Peppers, Snow Patrol, Capital Inicial, Stone Sour, NX Zero
 * Palco Sunset: Marcelo Yuka (pt), Cibelle, Karina Buhr, Amora Pêra (Sandra Pêra), Tulipa Ruiz, Nação Zumbi, Milton Nascimento, Esperanza Spalding, Mike Patton/Mondo Cane, Orquestra Sinfônica de Heliópolis
 * 09/25 Sunday
 * Palco Mundo: Metallica, Slipknot, Motörhead, Coheed and Cambria, Gloria
 * Palco Sunset: Matanza, BNegão (pt), Korzus, The Punk Metal Allstars (East Bay Ray from Dead Kennedys, Mike Clark Suicidal Tendencies, João Gordo from Ratos de Porão and Marcel Schmier from Destruction), Angra, Sepultura, Tarja Turunen, Les Tambours du Bronx
 * 09/29 Thursday
 * Palco Mundo: Stevie Wonder, Jamiroquai, Kesha, Janelle Monáe, Legião Urbana with Brazilian Symphonic Orchestra
 * Palco Sunset: Marcelo Jeneci, Curumin, Baile do Simonal, Diogo Nogueira, Afrika Bambaataa, Paula Lima, Joss Stone
 * 09/30 Friday
 * Palco Mundo: Shakira, Lenny Kravitz, Ivete Sangalo, Jota Quest, Marcelo D2
 * Palco Sunset: Buraka Som Sistema, Mixhell, Céu, João Donato, Cidade Negra, Martinho da Vila, Emicida, Monobloco, Macaco, Pepeu Gomes
 * 10/1 Saturday
 * Palco Mundo: Coldplay, Maroon 5, Maná, Skank, Frejat
 * Palco Sunset: Cidadão Instigado (pt), Júpiter Maçã, Tiê, Jorge Drexler, Zeca Baleiro, Erasmo Carlos, Arnaldo Antunes
 * 10/2 Sunday
 * Palco Mundo: Guns N' Roses, System of a Down, Evanescence, Detonautas Roque Clube, Pitty
 * Palco Sunset: The Monomes, David Fonseca, Os Mutantes, Tom Zé, Titãs, Xutos & Pontapés, Marcelo Camelo, The Growlers
 * Eletrônica Palco: Nalaya Brown

Rock in Rio 5 (2013)
Rock in Rio 5 was held in September 2013. The headline acts, chronologically, were: Beyoncé, Muse, Justin Timberlake, Metallica, Bon Jovi, Bruce Springsteen and Iron Maiden.
 * Friday 13 September
 * Palco Mundo: Beyoncé, David Guetta, Ivete Sangalo, Cazuza - O Poeta Está Vivo
 * Palco Sunset: Living Colour + Angélique Kidjo, Maria Rita + Selah Sue, Vintage Trouble + Jesuton, Flávio Renegado + Orelha Negra
 * Eletrônica: Otto Knows, Life Is A Loop, Ask 2 Quit, Sweet Beats
 * Saturday 14 September
 * Palco Mundo: Muse, Florence and the Machine, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Capital Inicial
 * Palco Sunset: The Offspring, Viva A Raul Seixas – C/ Detonautas Roque Clube, Zeca Baleiro & Zélia Ducan, Marky Ramone + Michael Graves, BNegão + Autoramas
 * Eletrônica: TBA, TBA, Anderson Noise, Mau Mau, Paula Chulap
 * Sunday 15 September
 * Palco Mundo: Justin Timberlake, Alicia Keys, Jessie J, Jota Quest
 * Palco Sunset: Ivan Lins + George Benson, Kimbra + Olodum, Nando Reis + Samuel Rosa, Aurea + The Black Samba
 * Eletrônica: DJ Harvey, dOP, Renato Ratier, Triple Crown
 * Thursday 19 September
 * Palco Mundo: Metallica, Alice in Chains, Ghost, Sepultura + Les Tambours du Bronx
 * Palco Sunset: Rob Zombie, República + Dr. Sin + Roy Z, Sebastian Bach, Almah + Hibria
 * Eletrônica: Gesaffelstein, Brodinski, The Gaslamp Killer, DJ Ride
 * Friday 20 September
 * Palco Mundo: Bon Jovi, Nickelback, Matchbox Twenty, Frejat
 * Palco Sunset: Ben Harper + Charlie Musselwhite, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals + Donavon Frankenreiter, Mallu Magalhães + Banda Ouro Negro, The Gift + Afroreggae
 * Eletrônica: Paul Oakenfold, Dexterz, Rodrigo Vieira, Ferris
 * Saturday 21 September
 * Palco Mundo: Bruce Springsteen, John Mayer, Phillip Phillips, Skank
 * Palco Sunset: Gogol Bordello + Lenine, Ivo Meirelles + Fernanda Abreu + Elba Ramalho, Moraes Moreira + Pepeu Gomes + Roberta Sá, Orquestra Imperial + Lorenzo Jovanotti
 * Eletrônica: Loco Dice, DJ Vibe, Guti, Flow & Zeo
 * Sunday 22 September
 * Palco Mundo: Iron Maiden, Avenged Sevenfold, Slayer, Kiara Rocks
 * Palco Sunset: Sepultura + Zé Ramalho, Helloween + Kai Hansen, Destruction + Krisiun, Andre Matos + Viper
 * Eletrônica: Felguk, DJ Marky, Maximum Hedrum, Boteco Electro

Rock in Rio 6 (2015)
The sixth Brazilian edition was held from 18 to 27 September 2015 at the City of Rock. The headliners were Queen + Adam Lambert, Metallica, Rod Stewart, Elton John, System of a Down, Slipknot, Rihanna and Katy Perry.
 * Friday 18 September
 * Palco Mundo: Queen + Adam Lambert, OneRepublic, The Script, Rock in Rio 30 Anos
 * Palco Sunset: Tribute to Cássia Eller, Lenine + Nação Zumbi + Martin Fondse, Ira! + Rappin' Hood and Tony Tornado, Dônica + Arthur Verocai
 * Eletrônica: DJ Meme, Kerry Chandler, Barbara Tucker, Tribute to Lincoln Olivetti, Tribute to Raul Seixas
 * Saturday 19 September
 * Palco Mundo: Metallica, Mötley Crüe, Royal Blood, Gojira
 * Palco Sunset: Korn, Ministry + Burton C. Bell, Angra + Dee Snider + Doro Pesch, Noturnall + Michael Kiske
 * Eletrônica: Crookers, Headhunterz, Tropkillaz, A Liga, Chemical Surf
 * Sunday 20 September
 * Palco Mundo: Rod Stewart, Elton John, Seal, Os Paralamas do Sucesso
 * Palco Sunset: John Legend, Magic!, Baby do Brasil, Alice Caymmi + Eumir Deodato
 * Eletrônica: Matador, Pig and Dan, Gui Boratto, Flow & Zeo ft. Karina Zeviani, Elekfantz
 * Thursday 24 September
 * Palco Mundo: System of a Down, Queens of the Stone Age, Hollywood Vampires, CPM 22
 * Palco Sunset: Deftones, Lamb of God, Halestorm, Project46 + John Wayne
 * Eletrônica: Vintage Culture, Anderson Noise + Mau Mau + Renato Cohen, 2 Attack (Paula Chalup + Mau Mau)
 * Friday 25 September
 * Palco Mundo: Slipknot, Faith No More, Mastodon, De La Tierra
 * Palco Sunset: Steve Vai + Camerata Florianópolis, Nightwish + Tony Kakko, Moonspell + Derrick Green, Clássicos do Terror
 * Eletrônica: Alok, Felguk, Marcelo Cic, Volkoder, Hnqo
 * Saturday 26 September
 * Palco Mundo: Rihanna, Sam Smith, Sheppard, Lulu Santos
 * Palco Sunset: Sérgio Mendes + Carlinhos Brown, Angélique Kidjo, Erasmo Carlos + Ultraje a Rigor, Brothers of Brazil
 * Eletrônica: Matthias Tanzmann + Davide Squillace, DJ Vibe + Rui Vargas, Leo Janeiro + Leozinho, Conti + Mandi
 * Sunday 27 September
 * Palco Mundo: Katy Perry, A-ha, AlunaGeorge, Cidade Negra
 * Palco Sunset: Rio 450 Anos, Al Jarreau, Aurea + Boss AC, Suricato + Raul Midón
 * Eletrônica: Life is a Loop, Diego Miranda + Rodrigo Shà, Ely Yabu, Amanda Chang

Rock in Rio 7 (2017)
The seventh Brazilian edition was held in the City of Rock from 15 to 24 September 2017. The headliners were Maroon 5, Justin Timberlake, Aerosmith, Bon Jovi, Guns N' Roses, The Who, and Red Hot Chili Peppers. Singer Lady Gaga was scheduled to perform on 15 September, but had to cancel 24 hours before due to fibromyalgia. Maroon 5 performed a second concert due to her absence. Shawn Mendes and 5 Seconds of Summer also performed.

Rock in Rio 8 (2019)
The eight Brazilian edition was held from 27 September to 6 October 2019. It marked the first performance of singer Pink in Latin America

Rock in Rio 9 (2022)
The ninth edition of the Rock in Rio in Brazil took place between 2–11 September 2022.

Rock in Rio Lisboa (2004)
After the huge success of Rock in Rio 3 in Brazil, Roberta Medina decided to organize a festival of the same stature in Lisbon. The decision to maintain the name Rock in Rio was controversial, and detractors of the idea in Brazil started calling it Rock in Rio Tejo, after the Tagus river (rio Tejo, in Portuguese) which runs through the Portuguese capital.

The first edition of Rock in Rio Lisboa, as the festival was officially called, took place in 2004. Although the festival had a slight change of name, it kept the same structure as the Brazilian editions. An entire City of Rock, with an area of over 260,000 audience was erected at the Bela Vista park, with a large centre stage and several tents where different artists would perform, simultaneously.

Full list of artists who performed at Rock in Rio Lisboa:

 * 28/05
 * Paul McCartney
 * 29/05
 * Peter Gabriel
 * Ben Harper
 * Jet
 * Gilberto Gil
 * Rui Veloso
 * Nuno Norte
 * 30/05
 * Foo Fighters
 * Evanescence
 * Seether
 * Kings of Leon
 * Charlie Brown Jr.
 * Xutos & Pontapés
 * 4/06
 * Metallica
 * Incubus
 * Slipknot
 * Sepultura
 * Moonspell

 * 5/06
 * Britney Spears
 * Black Eyed Peas
 * Daniela Mercury
 * Sugababes
 * João Pedro Pais
 * Nuno Norte
 * 6/6
 * Sting
 * Alicia Keys
 * Pedro Abrunhosa
 * Alejandro Sanz
 * Ivete Sangalo
 * Luís Represas

Rock in Rio Lisboa 2 (2006)
The second edition of Rock in Rio Lisboa was held in 2006, on 26/27 May and 2/3/4 June.
 * 05/27 Friday
 * Shakira
 * Jamiroquai
 * Ivete Sangalo
 * D'ZRT
 * 05/28 Saturday
 * Guns N' Roses
 * The Darkness
 * Xutos e Pontapés
 * Pitty
 * 06/02 Friday
 * Roger Waters
 * Santana
 * Rui Veloso
 * Jota Quest
 * 06/03 Saturday
 * Red Hot Chili Peppers
 * Da Weasel
 * Kasabian
 * Orishas
 * 06/04 Sunday
 * Sting
 * Anastacia
 * Corinne Bailey Rae
 * Marcelo D2

Rock in Rio Lisboa & Madrid (2008)
The third edition of Rock in Rio took place in Lisbon, Portugal, on 30 May 31 and 1 June and 5–6. The dates for Arganda del Rey, Madrid, were 27 June 28 and 4–6 July.

Rock in Rio Lisboa 3
30 May
 * Paulo Gonzo
 * Ivete Sangalo
 * Amy Winehouse
 * Lenny Kravitz (and Daniel R.)

31 May
 * Skank
 * Alanis Morissette
 * Alejandro Sanz
 * Bon Jovi

1 June
 * Docemania
 * Just Girls
 * 4 Taste
 * Xutos & Pontapés
 * Tokio Hotel
 * Joss Stone
 * Rod Stewart

5 June
 * Metallica
 * Machine Head
 * Apocalyptica
 * Moonspell

6 June
 * Linkin Park
 * The Offspring
 * Muse
 * Kaiser Chiefs
 * Orishas

Rock in Rio Madrid
27 June
 * Alanis Morissette
 * Jack Johnson
 * Manolo García
 * Neil Young

28 June
 * Mando Diao
 * El Canto Del Loco
 * Tokio Hotel
 * Carlinhos Brown

4 July
 * Shakira
 * Jamiroquai
 * Amy Winehouse
 * Stereophonics

5 July
 * The Police
 * Alejandro Sanz
 * Estopa
 * Ivete Sangalo

6 July
 * Lenny Kravitz
 * Franz Ferdinand
 * Chris Cornell
 * Tiësto

Rock in Rio Lisboa & Madrid (2010)
==== Rock in Rio Lisboa 4  ==== 21 May / 82.000
 * Shakira
 * John Mayer
 * Ivete Sangalo
 * Mariza

22 May / 45.000
 * Elton John
 * Trovante
 * Leona Lewis
 * 2 MANY DJS LIVE
 * João Pedro Pais

27 May / 85.000
 * Muse
 * Snow Patrol
 * Xutos & Pontapés
 * Fonzie (replaced Sum 41)
 * Sum 41 (canceled)

29 May / 88.000
 * Miley Cyrus
 * McFly
 * D'ZRT
 * Amy Macdonald

30 May / 38.000
 * Rammstein
 * Motörhead
 * Megadeth
 * Soulfly

Rock in Rio Madrid 2
4 June / 51.000
 * Bon Jovi
 * Paul van Dyk
 * Mägo de Oz (replaced John Mayer)
 * John Mayer (canceled)

5 June / 90.000
 * Shakira
 * Rihanna
 * Calle 13
 * David Guetta

6 June / 40.000
 * Miley Cyrus
 * McFly
 * Amy Macdonald

11 June / 30.000
 * Rage Against the Machine
 * Jane's Addiction
 * Cypress Hill
 * Tiësto

14 June / 48.000
 * Metallica
 * Motörhead
 * Sôber
 * Marillion

Rock in Rio Lisboa & Madrid (2012)
==== Rock in Rio Lisboa 5  ====
 * 5/25 Friday
 * Palco Mundo: Metallica, Evanescence, Mastodon, Sepultura, Tambours Du Bronx
 * Palco Sunset: Kreator + Andreas Kisser, Mão Morta + Pedro Laginha, Ramp + Teratron
 * Eletrónica Heineken: Chase and Status, DJ Set & Rage, Dr Lectroluv, Life is a Loop, Leo Janeiro, Tha lovely Bastards (Mad Mac and Nuno Lopes), Bis Boys Please, MC Johnny Def
 * Rock Street:
 * 5/26 Saturday
 * Palco Mundo: Linkin Park, Smashing Pumpkins, The Offspring, Limp Bizkit
 * Palco Sunset: Xutos & Titãs, Mafalda Veiga & Marcelo Jeneci, Rita Redshoes & Moreno Veloso
 * Eletrónica Heineken: Azari & III, The Magician, Punks Jump Up, The Discotexas Band, Pedro Quintão, Mirror People (Rui Maia/X Wife), MC Johnny Def
 * Rock Street:
 * 6/1 Friday
 * Palco Mundo: Lenny Kravitz, Maroon 5, Ivete Sangalo, Expensive Soul
 * Palco Sunset: Boss Ac & Zé Ricardo + Paula Lima, Orelha Negra + Hyldon + Kassin, Black Mamba & Tiago Bettencourt
 * Eletrónica Heineken: Jamie Jones, Maceo Plex, Dyed Soundorom, Kings of Swingers (Renato Rathier + Mau Mau), Magazino, José Belo + Zé Salvador, MC Johnny Def
 * Rock Street:
 * 6/2 Saturday
 * Palco Mundo: Stevie Wonder, Bryan Adams, Joss Stone, The Gift
 * Palco Sunset: Luis Represas & Joao Gil & Jorge Palma, Amor Electro & Moska, Ana Free + The Monomes
 * Eletrónica Heineken: Masters at Work (Louie Vega + Kenny Dope Gonzales) , The Martinez Brothers, JohnWaynes Live DJ, Miguel Rendeiro, DJ Poppy, MC Johnny Def
 * Rock Street:
 * 6/3 Sunday
 * Palco Mundo: Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Xutos & Pontapés, James, Kaiser Chiefs
 * Palco Sunset: Rui Veloso + Erasmo Carlos, David Fonseca + Convidado, Carminho + Convidado
 * Eletrónica Heineken: DJ Harvey, DJ Vibe, Dop Live, DJ Dixon, Stereo Addiction, Mc Johnny Def
 * Rock Street:

==== Rock in Rio Madrid 3  ====
 * 6/30 Saturday
 * Maná, Lenny Kravitz, Luciano, Macaco
 * 7/5 Thursday
 * Rihanna (canceled), Swedish House Mafia, Calvin Harris
 * 7/6 Friday — "Noche Electrónica"
 * David Guetta, Pitbull, Erick Morillo, Pete Tong, Afrojack, Wally Lopez, Martin Solveig
 * 7/7 Saturday
 * Red Hot Chili Peppers, Incubus, Gogol Bordello, Deadmau5

Rock in Rio Lisboa 8 (2018)
24 June sold out almost three months prior to the festival.

Rock in Rio Lisboa 9 (2022)
The festival was originally set to take place in June 2020, but was postponed to 2021 and again to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rock in Rio USA (2015)
"Rock in Rio USA" was the first North American edition of the festival, being held in Las Vegas on 8, 9, 15 and 16 May 2015. The festival took place on two weekends, oriented towards rock and pop music. Rock Weekend took place on 8 and 9 May, and Pop Weekend took place on 15 and 16 May. It took place in the City of Rock (Las Vegas), located north of the Las Vegas Strip.
 * Friday 8 May
 * Main Stage: No Doubt, Maná, The Pretty Reckless, Smallpools, Cirque du Soleil
 * Mercedes-Benz Evolution Stage: Foster the People, Gary Clark, Jr., Theophilus London, Saints of Valory
 * EDM Stage: AN21, Ftampa, Wax Motif, MVTH
 * Saturday 9 May
 * Main Stage: Metallica, Linkin Park, Rise Against, Hollywood Undead
 * Mercedes-Benz Evolution Stage: Deftones, Sepultura featuring Steve Vai, Coheed & Cambria, Of Mice & Men
 * EDM Stage: Alok, Caked Up, The Gaslamp Killer, Felguk
 * Friday 15 May
 * Main Stage: Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Echosmith, Ivete Sangalo
 * Mercedes-Benz Evolution Stage: Jessie J, Charli XCX, Tove Lo, James Bay
 * EDM Stage: Heidi Lawden, Valida, Jeniluv, Whitney Fierce
 * Saturday 16 May
 * Main Stage:Bruno Mars, John Legend, Empire of the Sun, Big Sean
 * Mercedes-Benz Evolution Stage: Joss Stone, Magic!, Mayer Hawthorne, Mikky Ekko
 * EDM Stage: DJ Vibe, Lovefingers, Renato Ratier, Behrouz

Live broadcasts
The TV Globo Networks broadcast selected Rock in Rio concerts in Brazil, with cable affiliate Multishow broadcasting live concerts. In Nigeria, TNT and A&E broadcasts the festival live.

In Portugal, Rock in Rio Lisboa is broadcast by SIC Radical.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rock in Rio


text:
Convergence (economics)

The idea of convergence in economics (also sometimes known as the catch-up effect) is the hypothesis that poorer economies' per capita incomes will tend to grow at faster rates than richer economies. In the Solow-Swan growth model, economic growth is driven by the accumulation of physical capital until this optimum level of capital per worker, which is the "steady state" is reached, where output, consumption and capital are constant. The model predicts more rapid growth when the level of physical capital per capita is low, something often referred to as “catch up” growth. As a result, all economies should eventually converge in terms of per capita income. Developing countries have the potential to grow at a faster rate than developed countries because diminishing returns (in particular, to capital) are not as strong as in capital-rich countries. Furthermore, poorer countries can replicate the production methods, technologies, and institutions of developed countries.

In economic growth literature the term "convergence" can have two meanings. The first kind (sometimes called "sigma-convergence") refers to a reduction in the dispersion of levels of income across economies. "Beta-convergence" on the other hand, occurs when poor economies grow faster than rich ones. Economists say that there is "conditional beta-convergence" when economies experience "beta-convergence" but conditional on other variables (namely the investment rate and the population growth rate) being held constant. They say that "unconditional beta-convergence" or "absolute beta-convergence" exists when the growth rate of an economy declines as it approaches its steady state. According to Jack Goldstone, "in the twentieth century, the Great Divergence peaked before the First World War and continued until the early 1970s, then, after two decades of indeterminate fluctuations, in the late 1980s it was replaced by the Great Convergence as the majority of Third World countries reached economic growth rates significantly higher than those in most First World countries", thus the present-day convergence should be regarded as a continuation of the Great Divergence.

Limitations
The fact that a country is poor does not guarantee that catch-up growth will be achieved. Moses Abramovitz emphasised the need for 'Social Capabilities' to benefit from catch-up growth. These capabilities include an ability to absorb new technology, attract capital and participate in global markets. According to Abramovitz, these prerequisites must be in place in an economy before catch-up growth can occur, and explain why there is still divergence in the world today.

The theory also assumes that technology is freely traded and available to developing countries that are attempting to catch-up. Capital that is expensive or unavailable to these economies can also prevent catch-up growth from occurring, especially given that capital is scarce in these countries. This often traps countries in a low-efficiency cycle whereby the most efficient technology is too expensive to be acquired. The differences in productivity techniques are what separates the leading developed nations from the following developed nations, but by a margin narrow enough to give the following nations an opportunity to catch-up. This process of catch-up continues as long as the following nations have something to learn from the leading nations, and will only cease when the knowledge discrepancy between the leading and following nations becomes very small and eventually exhausted.

According to Professor Jeffrey Sachs, convergence is not occurring everywhere due to the closed economic policy of some developing countries, which could be solved through free trade and openness. In a study of 111 countries between 1970 and 1989, Sachs and Andrew Warner concluded that the industrialized countries had a growth of 2.3% per year per capita, open economy developing countries 4.5% and closed economy developing countries had only 2%.

Robert Lucas stated the "Lucas paradox" which is the observation that capital is not flowing from developed countries to developing countries despite the fact that developing countries have lower levels of capital per worker. However, this statement has recently received serious objections.

Examples
There are many examples of countries that have converged with developed countries which validate the catch-up theory. Based on case studies on Japan, Mexico and other countries, Nakaoka studied social capabilities for industrialization and clarified the features of human and social attitudes in the catching-up process of Japan in the Meiji period (1868-1912). In the 1960s and 1970s the East Asian Tigers rapidly converged with developed economies. These include Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan – all of which are today considered developed economies. In the post-war period (1945–1960) examples include West Germany, France and Japan, which were able to quickly regain their prewar status by replacing capital that was lost during World War II.

Some economists criticise the theory, stating that endogenous factors, such as government policy, are much more influential in economic growth than exogenous factors. For example, Alexander Gerschenkron states that governments can substitute for missing prerequisites to trigger catch-up growth. A hypothesis by economic historians Kenneth Sokoloff and Stanley Engerman suggested that factor endowments are a central determinant of structural inequality that impedes institutional development in some countries. Sokoloff and Engerman proposed that in the 19th century, countries such as Brazil and Cuba with rich factor endowments such as soil and climate are predisposed to a guarded franchise with limited institutional growth. Land that is suitable for sugar and coffee such as Cuba experienced economies of scale from the establishment of plantation that in turn created the small elite families with vested interest in guarded franchise. The exogenous suitability of land for wheat versus sugar determines the growth rate for many countries. Therefore, countries with land that is suitable for sugar converge with other countries that also have land that is suitable for growing sugar.

Sokoloff and Engerman explained this convergence in their article "History Lessons: Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World." They explained that the United States and Canada started out as two of the poorest colonies in the New World but grew faster than other countries due to their soil qualities. They argued that the United States and Canada had land suitable for growing wheat which meant that they had small scale farming, since wheat does not benefit from economies of scale, and this led to a relatively equal distribution of wealth and political power enabling the population to vote for broad public education. This differentiated them from countries such as Cuba that had land suitable for growing sugar and coffee. Such countries did benefit from economies of scale and so had large plantation agriculture with slave labor, large income and class inequalities, and limited voting rights. This difference in political power led to little spending on the establishment of institutions such as public schools and slowed down their progress. As a result, countries with relative equality and access to public education grew faster and were able to converge on countries with inequality and limited education.

Types of convergence
As classified by Oded Galor:

 * Absolute convergence: Lower initial GDP will lead to a higher average growth rate.

The implication of this is that poverty will ultimately disappear 'by itself'. It does not explain why some nations have had zero growth for many decades (e.g. in Sub-Saharan Africa)

 * Conditional convergence: A country's income per worker converges to a country-specific long-run level as determined by the structural characteristics of that country.

The implication is that structural characteristics, and not initial national income, determine the long-run level of GDP per worker. Thus, foreign aid should focus on structure (infrastructure, education, financial system etc.) and there is no need for an income transfer from richer to poorer nations.

 * Club convergence: It is possible to observe different "clubs" or groups of countries with similar growth trajectories. Most importantly, several countries with low national income also have low growth rates.

Thus, this is in contrast to the theory of conditional convergence, and would suggest that foreign aid should also include income transfers and that initial income does in fact matter for economic growth.

title: Convergence (economics)