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Yara International

Yara International ASA is a Norwegian chemical company. It produces, distributes, and sells nitrogen-based mineral fertilizers and related industrial products. Its product line also includes phosphate and potash-based mineral fertilizers, as well as complex and specialty mineral fertilizer products.

The company was established in 1905 as Norsk Hydro — the world's first producer of mineral nitrogen fertilizers — and de-merged as Yara International ASA on March 25, 2004. Yara is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange and has its headquarters in Oslo. The company has more than 17,000 employees, production sites on six continents, operations in more than 60 countries and sales to about 150 countries.

The Norwegian government owns more than a third of Yara and is its largest shareholder.

1900–1919
The history of Yara dates back to the establishment of Norsk hydroelektiske kvelstoffaktieselskab, or Norsk Hydro, as it later became known, in December 1905 after nitrogen fertilizer was successfully produced at Notodden. Norsk Hydro was founded by Sam Eyde, Kristian Birkeland, and Marcus Wallenberg Sr.. In 1903, Birkeland and Eyde had developed direct nitrogen fixation, called the Birkeland–Eyde process, based on a method used by Henry Cavendish in 1784.

The company used Norway's large hydroelectric-energy resources to produce its first product. Between 1906 and 1919 Norsk Hydro built two hydroelectric power plants in Notodden and Rjukan. The company sent its first shipment to China in 1913.

1960–1977
Following the successful production of mineral fertilizer, the company expanded into other businesses such as oil and metals. In 1969, Norsk Hydro entered into its first joint venture, with authorities in Qatar. With access to a competitive source of gas and a strategic location in the Middle East, the joint venture opened up a global market for the company.

Norsk Hydro was led by Johan Berthin Holte as CEO from 1967 until 1977. By the 1970s, the company was established in Asia, the Middle East and North America. The late 1970s to the mid-1980s was a period of rapid growth, through the acquisition of major fertilizer companies in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. At the end of the 1990s, the company was also established in Brazil and South Africa.

2004–2008
In 2004, Hydro Agri de-merged from Norsk Hydro and became an independent company called Yara International ASA. The company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange on March 25, 2004 and is a leading producer of ammonia, nitrates, nitrogen products, and NPK specialty fertilizers. Since then, Yara has continued to expand its global presence through investments in other countries, with many acquisitions, joint ventures, and new projects, primarily in Africa and North and South America.

In July 2006 Yara paid $126 million for a controlling share in Fertibras. This acquisition gave Yara more than 99% of the voting stock in Fertibras and 15% of Fosfertil, the largest producer in Brazil of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers.

2008–2014
In 2008, Thorleif Enger retired, and became CEO. On his appointment, Haslestad stated: "Yara must continue its growth strategy. The company has many exciting opportunities to pursue, for instance when it comes to the environment, where we contribute to better balance in agricultural development and deliver some interesting industrial solutions to environmental problems." Haslestad held the office until 2014, when the company fired him, saying they needed someone who could complete the upcoming merger negotiations and that Haslestad had been on the point of retiring. Svein Richard Brandtzaeg ten days earlier had decided not to leave Hydro to take over the helm of Yara, after contract negotiations were leaked and charges were laid against Enger, the prior CEO. In January Yara reached an agreement with Vale to sell its Brazilian shares of Fosfertil for $785 million US. Also in 2010, ANZ Bank called in the receivers on the 65% share of Burrup owned by, which was later sold to Yara and to Apache Corporation of New York, which had a gas supply agreement with Burrup. In 2016 the Oswal couple was still litigating the fairness of the proceedings, alleging coercion. Radhika has also been accused of dodging a $186 million tax bill. Also in separate proceedings, her husband is alleged to have taken more than $150 million from entities associated with the fertiliser plant and to have spent the money on private planes and other luxury goods. The two left Perth for Dubai in 2010.

On February 25, 2011 the US Treasury Department lifted sanctions that had been in place against Yara subsidiary Libyan Norwegian Fertilizer because of its affiliation with the Libyan government.

In March 2011 the Dutch government froze about €3 billion in Libyan assets, including Yara's Sluiskil joint venture, half-owned by the LIA and the NOCL On August 3, 2011 Yara announced that it was selling its share in its Russian Rossosh NPK plant for $390 million US, or 2.1 billion kroner (NOK).

In 2013 Yara was enmeshed in a scandal that involved many companies and transactions that may not have taken place, Dagens Næringsliv. Norway's business daily, reported that Yara had paid over eight million Norwegian krone to Shukri Ghanem, formerly Libya's prime minister, oil minister, and senior commander of the state oil company. Ghanem had been found dead in the Austrian Danube in 2012. Yara issued fictitious invoices to account for the money transfers, which were deposited in the bank account of a relative of Ghanem in the UBS Bank in Switzerland. The Norwegian (Økokrim) anti-corruption agency noticed the payments in 2011. The head of the upstream segment, Tor Halba, had warned of possible corrupt practices in a 2008 internal email. Investigators came across the payments when they seized business records for two Swiss-based businesses, one of them Yara's fertilizer trading subsidiary, Balderton. Yara's own investigation uncovered additional corruption in India. Økokrim charged the company with gross corruption in both cases.

On October 26, 2013 Yara acquired OFD Holding Inc.(OFD) from Omimex Resources Inc. for US$425 million, gaining production facilities in Colombia and distribution companies across Latin America.

2014
Norwegian authorities had been informed by the company in 2011 that it might have been involved in corruption in connection with 2008 negotiations leading to 2009's investment of 1.5 billion Norwegian kroner into a 50% share of Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company, or LIFECO.

In January 2014, the corporation agreed to pay a $48 million fine in a case involving corruption between 2004 and 2009. The company admitted bribing senior government officials in India and Libya, as well as to suppliers in Russia and India. The fine was the largest ever of its kind in Norway. The case puts two cohorts of Yara executives up against each other.

On 10 January 2014 the Norwegian Cabinet approved the indictment of former deputy CEO Daniel Clauw in connection with Norway's investigation of Yara. Three other Yara executives were also indicted in the case. They were sentenced July 7, 2015. Enger, the former CEO, received the harshest sentence, three years. The former chief legal officer, Kendrick Wallace, was given a 2½-year sentence, and Clauw and former upstream coordinator Tor Halba were given two-year sentences. Yara International announced in September 2014 that it was in talks with CF Industries about a possible merger of equals, a deal worth over $27 billion.

2015
In Zambia, Yara acquired Greenbelt Fertilizers, a company with a strong footprint in Zambia, Mozambique and Malawi. In September 2015, Svein Tore Holsether joined Yara as the company's new President and CEO. In 2015, the last Yara Prize was awarded before it was turned into the Africa Food Prize. The prize was launched in 2005. From 2016 and onwards, the Yara Prize has been turned into the Africa Food Prize, in collaboration with Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).

In February 2016 the two urea and two ammonia plants Yara has in Brega were operating at less than 50% of their capacity.

In 2017, Yara ordered the MV Yara Birkeland, which will be the world's first autonomous ship. Entering service in 2018, it will be fully autonomous by 2020.

In connection with the protests in Belarus in 2020, the opposition politician Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya called Yara International to stop working with Belarusian state-owned company Belaruskali or to ensure that they respect workers' rights. The state-owned company Belaruskali had previously fired employees who had taken part in strikes or demonstrations. In the course of this, Yara published a statement in which they called on the Belarusian state company to stop punishing workers.

In the same year, Yara International partnered with the energy company EnergyNest AS to integrate a 4MWh thermal energy storage unit in their facility in Porsgrunn, Norway.

Acquisitions, joint ventures and expansions

 * 30% of the Russian fertilizer producer OAO Minudobreniya ("Rossosh"), bought in February 2005.
 * In April 2006, an ammonia plant opened in Burrup, Australia. Yara presently holds a 35% stake and is involved in litigation with the other share-holder, Pankaj Oswal.
 * In July 2006, Yara bought a controlling interest in the Brazilian fertilizer distribution and marketing company Fertibras.
 * In September 2006, Yara bought 50% of the Geneva-based trading company Balderton Fertilisers SA.
 * In May 2007, Yara bought 30.05% of Finnish fertilizer company Kemira GrowHow and successfully tendered an offer to buy the rest.
 * In August 2007, Yara entered into a joint venture with Wilhelmsen Maritime Services that owned 50% of the Norwegian-registered company Yarwil, which provides emission reduction systems for NOx emissions from ship engines.
 * In July 2008, Yara entered into an agreement to acquire Canadian nitrogen producer SaskFerco, completing the deal in October 2008. Afterwards the fertilizer plant located in Belle Plaine began to operate as Yara Belle Plaine Inc.
 * 50% of a fertiliser factory in Brega, owned by Yara as a result of its 50% stake in Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company (LIFECO). The co-owners of LIFECO are the National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) and the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) — each with 25%. Yara got rid of its stake in LIFECO, at the end of 2020.
 * In September 2009, Yara began construction of a new Urea7 factory at Sluiskil, in the Netherlands.
 * In October 2009, Qafco, in which Yara has 25% equity interest, signed a letter of intent to build the Qafco-6 expansion project. The project included construction of a urea plant with a total daily production capacity of 3,850 tons.
 * In January 2010, Yara acquired the remaining 50% of Balderton Fertilisers.
 * In December 2012, Yara acquired Bunge Limited´s fertilizer blending facilities, brands, and warehouses in Brazil. Brazilian antitrust authorities, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense or Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica in Portuguese (CADE), approved the acquisition in May 2013. Yara and Bunge completed the transaction in August 2013.
 * In October 2013, Yara acquired the remaining 50% of Yarwil, previously owned by Wilhelmsen Maritime Services through a joint venture with Yara.
 * In November 2013, Yara acquired OFD Holding from Omimex Resources Inc. for fertilizer production facilities in Colombia and distribution companies in Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and Bolivia. This transaction further strengthened Yara's downstream footprint and growth platform in Latin America and was highly complementary to its recent acquisition of Bunge's fertilizer business in Brazil.

Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company B.V., registered in the Netherlands, is co-owned by Yara and "Libyan partners ... with close ties to Muammar Gaddafi and his clan" according to Dagens Næringsliv. Authorities have frozen the joint venture's bank accounts in the Netherlands.
 * In 2018, Yara opened a logistics-focused European Business Centre in Vilnius, Lithuania.
 * In 2018, Yara opened its Myanmar office, hiring agronomists and commercial employees for its local operations.
 * In December 2023, Yara acquired Agribios Italiana, an organic fertilizer business for an undisclosed amount.

Chairmen

 * Leif Teksum (2014—incumbent). Replaced Bernt Reitan after the annual general meeting on May 5, 2014. Teksum oversaw DNB's Swedish and Norwegian portfolio, and headed DNB's Norwegian business market and international operations before becoming Yara's chairman.
 * Bernt Reitan ( 2012—2014) announced in April 2014 he that he would not seek another term after May 2014. In September 2012 the election committee of Yara announced that they were unaware that Reitan's former employer, ALCOA was under investigated for corruption by the United States.
 * Øivind Lund (2004—2012)

CEOs

 * Thorleif Enger 2004—2008
 * Torgeir Kvidal 2014—2015
 * Svein Tore Holsether 2015—
 * Svein Tore Holsether 2015—

title: Yara International


text: User talk:62.178.1.162

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:62.178.1.162


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Gheorghe Pop de Băsești

Gheorghe Pop de Băsești or George Pop de Băsești, also known under the nickname Badea Gheorghe or Badea George (roughly Brother or Uncle Gheorghe/George) (1 August 1835 – 23 February 1919) was an Imperial Austrian-born Romanian politician, philanthropist and patriot, who served as vice president (1881–1902) and president (1902–1919) of the Romanian National Party at a time when Transylvania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary, and eventually as the president of the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia that declared the Union of Transylvania with Romania on 1 December 1918.

Early life
Gheorghe Pop de Băsești was born on 1 August 1835 in the village of Szilágyillésfalva/Băsești (Transylvania, Austrian Empire), as the son of Petru Pop de Băsești and Susana Pop de Turț, both members of the local gentry. He completed the gymnasium in Nagybánya/Baia Mare (the first 6 grades) and in Nagyvárad/Oradea (the last 2 grades of the gymnasium), before moving on to study Law at the Nagyvárad Academy.

After graduating from the Oradea Academy in 1859, Pop de Băsești found a clerk's job, but shortly after he was conscripted in the Austrian Imperial Army and participated in the Second Italian War of Independence (1859–1860).

In 1860, after he had been released from the active service, Pop de Băsești returned to his native county, where he worked as first praetor in Hadad/Hodod and as a judge. In 1860, he married Maria Loșonți, with whom he had 2 children: Maria Carolina (who died at the age of 1 on 16 January 1862) and Elena (1862–1940). According to a source, Maria Loșonți, the widow of the Baron Sebeși, had had with Pop de Băsești in 1859 another daughter out of wedlock, Ana, before they married one year later.

Deputy in the Diet of Hungary
On 22 June 1872, Pop de Băsești was elected for the first time deputy in the Hungarian diet in the Szilágycseh electoral district, where, for the following nine years (he was again elected in 1875 and 1878), he advocated for the rights of ethnic Romanians living in Transylvania. In that capacity Pop de Băsești protested vehemently against the consequences of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the Magyarization conducted via the education laws of 1868 and 1879, the Nationalities Law, the Electoral and Press laws, comparing the status of the Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary with that of the Irish in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: "For the Ireland of the Magyar state, for this is what the unfortunate Transylvania is, we have endured in these lands for longer than 2000 years. All our tribulations and hopes bond us to the land on which we live". On the adoption of the Trefort education bill in 1879, which sought to make the Hungarian language mandatory in primary and confessional schools, Pop de Băsești stated the following: "If it's a sin to make an attempt on another man's life, in the case of the present law it is a greater sin to make an attempt on the life of an ethnicity, even of more nationalities, of all nationalities of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen".

Pop de Băsești's personality gained the respect of his political opponent Kálmán Tisza, who declared: "You're a fierce man, fanatical Daco-Romanian! We are a world apart from each other. We shall never find any common ground. However I respect the deep conviction with which you defended so heartily the cause of your people".

In 1879, Pop de Băsești resigned from the Independence Party (Hungary) (where he held the position of vice president) after having lost the belief that Romanians' and Hungarians' interests could be reconciled. His resignation provided the occasion for Kálmán Tisza to attempt convincing Gheorghe Pop de Băsești to join his party: "We would need brave and determined men. Come and join us and I guarantee there is no dignity in Hungary you couldn't obtain", to which Pop de Băsești replied: "Even if you gave me the whole Hungary I would not betray the righteous cause of my poor and unfortunate people, who, beside God, my comrades and myself, has no other defenders against your oppressive tendencies".

Romanian National Party
Subsequently, Pop de Băsești joined the National Party of Romanians in Transylvania. Between 12–14 May 1881, he participated at the national conference in Nagyszeben that sealed the merger of the National Party of Romanians in Transylvania with the National Party of Romanians in Banat and Hungary into the Romanian National Party (Partidul Național Român, PNR). Pop de Băsești was also elected in the executive committee of the party as the central coordinator for the Szilágy, Szatmár and Máramaros counties.

In 1881, Pop de Băsești ran again for a deputy seat in Szilágycseh, however he lost after the authorities called in 120 gendarmes from 5 surrounding counties. He would not run again until 1905, after the PNR had abandoned the strategy of political passivism.

The Transylvanian Memorandum
At the 1887 national conference of the PNR the participants voiced their grievances in regard to the worsening situation of the ethnic Romanians in the Kingdom of Hungary and decided to present the Emperor a petition encompassing the growing complaints against the consequences of the Ausgleich: the discrimination and the Magyarization process conducted against the ethnic Romanians, their underrepresentation in the Hungarian Parliament through the electoral laws despite their demographic majority in Transylvania and the way the Ausgleich was adopted, without consulting the Transylvanians. Nevertheless, at the next national conference (1890) it was decided to postpone this endeavor to a later, more convenient date. As a result of this decision, in November 1891, Pop de Băsești asked for the resignation of the PNR president Vincențiu Babeș and argued that the leadership of PNR should be taken over "by an appeasing person, with a calm temperament and above all totally independent and master of his own ideas and beliefs". Heeding his call, the delegates of the PNR elected in 1892 Ioan Rațiu as president and Pop de Băsești as vice president of the PNR. The new leaders decided to task Vasile Lucaciu and Iuliu Coroianu with drafting and publishing the petition. Under the name of "Transylvanian Memorandum", the petition was approved by the PNR on 25 March 1892 and brought on 28 May 1892 to Vienna by 300 delegates of the PNR (among them 48 members from Szilágy County, including Pop de Băsești) to be presented to the Emperor Franz Joseph in a sealed envelope. At the request of the Hungarian government, Franz Joseph did not receive the delegation and forwarded the unopened envelope to the Hungarian Prime-Minister, which in turn forwarded it unopened to the Torda-Aranyos Ispán in order to be returned to the sender, Ioan Rațiu, arguing that the Hungarian Ministry of Interior was not authorized to present the Emperor with petitions of individuals not entitled to represent the ethnic Romanians in Hungary. Met with refusal, PNR published the memorandum in the press. Tensions ran high: Rațiu's home in Torda was damaged by Hungarian demonstrators, leading to protests in Romania. After a while, the government in Budapest gave in to pressure from the Hungarian nationalists and in May 1893 it launched proceedings against the PNR president, Raţiu, the vice president, Pop de Băsești, the secretaries Vasile Lucaciu and Septimiu Albini, and other PNR leaders who acknowledged their involvement in drafting and publishing the petition.

Consequently, on 7 May 1894, 14 leaders of the PNR, including Pop de Băsești, were put on trial in Kolozsvár for various charges, ranging from disturbing the peace to high treason. On 25 May 1894, the verdicts were handed down: all the accused were found guilty, and on 27 May 1894, the judge sentenced them to imprisonment for terms ranging from 5 years (Vasile Lucaciu) to 1 year, in total 31 years and 2 months. Pop de Băsești was handed the mildest sentence (of one-year imprisonment), his only regret being that he received less than the others. Present at the trial, Octavian Goga witnessed that moment: "All the accused acknowledged the sentences in a manful manner. Leading the group, Father Lucaciu seemed to be an ancient hero. Mr. Rațiu came in with his head held high. [..] Only Brother Gheorghe wept because he said they mocked him by handing him a milder sentence than his fellows."

On 28 July 1894, the PNR was banned by the Hungarian authorities, who invoked the lack of a party statute and "relations with foreign elements".

Pop de Băsești served his sentence in the Vác prison until 5 August 1895. As his wife Maria passed away he was shortly released on parole on 11 June 1895 so that he could attend her burial. Eventually all signatories of the memorandum were pardoned by Emperor Franz Joseph in 1895, following secret negotiations between Austria-Hungary and the Romanian king Carol I.

Later political activity
After Ioan Rațiu's death in 1902, Gheorghe Pop de Băsești was elected president of the PNR.

On 10 January 1905, Pop de Băsești summoned the national conference of the PNR in Nagyszeben, where it was decided to rescind the policy of political passivism and to engage again in the electoral process. At the elections that year he ran for the deputy seat in Szilágycseh, nevertheless he lost in the second round against the Liberal candidate, Baron Elemér Bornemisza, after harsh measures had been employed to rig the results: Pop de Băsești (then 69 years old) and his supporters were beaten (some of them to death) by political opponents. The situation would repeat during the 1906 elections.

Philanthropic work
Although he never abandoned politics, Gheorghe Pop de Băsești focused on providing for poor children in his native area, sponsoring Romanian-language magazines in Transylvania (Federațiunea, Lupta, Gazeta de Transilvania) and founding credit unions to help the ethnic Romanians. By 1909, Pop de Băsești led 6 credit unions: "Aurora" (Naybánya/Baia Mare), "Chiorana" (Nagysomkút/Șomcuta Mare), "Codreana" (Szilágyillésfalva/Băseşti), "Sătmăreana" (Szinérváralja/Seini), "Sălăgeana" and "Silvania" (Szilágysomlyó/Șimleu Silvaniei). He also served in the board of directors of the Banca Albina and wrote a book about agriculture.

When the World War I started, Pop de Băsești decided to write his testament and leave his whole wealth (estimated at around 4 million Kronen) to the Greek Catholic Metropolitan in Balázsfalva/Blaj. The will provided that the donated wealth was to be used to establish agricultural schools and Romanian cultural institutes, to award scholarships and to help preserve the local church and school in his native village of Băsești.

President of the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia
Towards the end of World War I, the Austrio-Hungarian monarchy began to disintegrate. On 18 October 1918, inspired by Wilson's Fourteen Points and mandated by the executive committee of the PNR, deputy Alexandru Vaida-Voevod demanded in the Hungarian Diet the right of self-determination of the Romanians in Hungary, and afterwards the executive committee established the Romanian National Council, which proceeded to organize elections for a National Assembly of all Romanians in Hungary.

On 30 November 1918 Pop de Băsești, elected as a representative and accompanied by lieutenant Alexandru Kiș of the Romanian National Guard, set off by train to Alba Iulia, despite his old age. The trip was not without incident: in the Războieni railway station their railcar was fired upon by the Hungarian National Guard, killing Ioan Arion. However, according to other sources, Ioan Arion, the 24-year old representative of Agriș, was killed in the Teiuș railway station. After he had arrived in Alba Iulia, on a blistering cold day, the monk Leon Manu asked him: "For the love of God, Brother George, how could you venture to make such a long and exhausting journey on such weather?", to which Pop de Băsești replied: "How could I have missed it since I've been waiting for this day for 80 years? I came even if I should pay with my life for this, because now nothing else remains for me to say but the following, like the righteous Simeon of the Gospels: 'Lord, now let your servant depart in peace'".

The event in Alba Iulia attracted large crowds, which put the local lodging capacity under strain. After a long wait and repeated requests, Pop de Băsești and lieutenant Kiș were finally given an unheated room in the Hotel "Hungaria" (whose name was later changed to "Dacia"). They were later joined there by Pop de Băseşti's son-in-law Francisc Hossu-Longin, who was the representative of Deva in the Great National Assembly.

On 1 December 1918, at Iuliu Maniu's proposal, Pop de Băsești was elected president of the Assembly. As a leading figure of the PNR he unified all the divergent currents in the Assembly and bridged the differences, his election as president ending all rivalries among the representatives. In his opening speech he emphasized that the Great National Assembly of all Romanians of Transylvania and the Banat was destined to obliterate the bondage of the past, ending with the following words: "Brethren, let yourselves be enthralled by the holy joy of this bright national feast and in the utmost brotherly harmony let us lay the foundation of our future happiness. God bless this assembly and its resolutions". On the same day the Assembly unanimously decreed the union between the Romanian Old Kingdom and Transylvania, the Banat, Crișana and Maramureș.

The next day the Assembly established the High National Romanian Council (Marele Sfat Național Român) as the provisional parliament of Transylvania, and the Directory Council of Transylvania, Banat and the Romanian Lands in Hungary (Consiliul Dirigent al Transilvaniei, Banatului și ținuturilor românești din Ungaria) as the provisional government of Transylvania, electing Gheorghe Pop de Băsești as president of the High Council and Iuliu Maniu as president of the Directory Council. After closing the session of the High National Romanian Council, Pop de Băsești repeated the words attributed to Simeon: "Lord, now let your servant depart in peace", adding "as I have seen the salvation of my people".

Death
After spending a couple of days at his daughter's house in Deva and two night stops in Teiuș and Cluj (also not without incidents), on the way back from the Ulmeni railway station to his home in Băsești, on an icy weather, Pop de Băsești caught a severe cold that would confine him to bed. According to another source, his overnight stay in the unheated hotel room in Alba Iulia was another cause for him becoming ill. The prolonged illness caused his death a few months later on 23 February 1919, at the age of 83, after skirmishes of the initial stage of the Hungarian–Romanian War had been occurring in the neighboring villages of Stremț/Bükktótfalu and Odești/Vadafalva.

Pop de Băsești was buried in his native village while the funeral procession was fired upon by Hungarian troops. His epitaph reads: "Lord, now let your servant depart in peace", the words he uttered at Alba Iulia. Pop de Băsești's birthplace is now home to a Gheorghe Pop de Băsești Memorial Museum.

title: Gheorghe Pop de Băsești


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title: File:Junák.png


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Otto Berman

Otto Biederman, known as Otto "Abbadabba" Berman (August 10, 1891 – October 24, 1935) was an accountant for American organized crime. He is known for having coined the phrase "Nothing personal, it's just business."

Early life
Berman was born in a Jewish family in New York City. At age fifteen, he was arrested and tried for attempted rape but was found not guilty. He later became an accountant, well known for his ability to figure complex mathematical equations and algebraic expressions in a matter of seconds, without the use of paper or pen. He met and befriended writer Damon Runyon. Runyon based his recurring character Regret on Berman, portrayed by character actor Lynne Overman in the movie version of Runyon's story, Little Miss Marker.

1930s
In the 1930s Berman became the accountant for, and advisor to, gangster Dutch Schultz. Berman was the handicapper for Cincinnati's Coney Island track in 1935, prior to his death. A Coney Island badge was located in his pocket. Locals identified him with the nickname "Abba Dabba".

Death
On October 23, 1935, Berman was having a meeting at the Palace Chophouse tavern in Newark, New Jersey, with Schultz and gunmen Abe Landau and Bernard "Lulu" Rosenkrantz when assassins hired by Lucky Luciano burst into the room. Berman was hit by several bullets as well as buckshot from a 12-gauge shotgun. He was the first of the four men to die, at 2:20 the next morning.

A photo of his bullet-riddled body appeared alongside a photo of Schultz undergoing surgery in the next morning's newspaper, under the headline, "Schultz, Five Pals Shot". In fact, only four others were shot: Berman, Landau, Rosenkrantz, and Marty Krompier, one of Schultz's lieutenants. The accompanying article claimed that Berman was a gunman for Schultz. An angry Damon Runyon quickly submitted an editorial to the newspaper, defending Berman.

Berman is buried next to his parents in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Glendale, Queens.

In popular culture
In the novel Billy Bathgate, Berman appears as the mentor to the main character.

Berman is played by Allen Garfield in The Cotton Club and by Steven Hill in Billy Bathgate.

title: Otto Berman


text:
Roger C. Carmel

Roger Charles Carmel (September 27, 1932 – November 11, 1986) was an American actor. He originated several roles on Broadway, played scores of guest roles in television series, was a lead in the sitcom The Mothers-in-Law and appeared in motion pictures. He is most famous for his three appearances as the conniving Harry Mudd in Star Trek.

Career
Carmel worked on Broadway from the late 1950s into the mid-1960s. He played multiple parts in The Power and the Glory (1958). He originated the roles of the 3rd Poet in Caligula (1960), Pasha in Once There Was a Russian (1961), The Deputy in Purlie Victorious (1961), and Mr. Andrikos in The Irregular Verb to Love (1963). He replaced Jack Creley in the role of Cardinal Wolsey in A Man for All Seasons (in 1962) and also replaced James Grout in Half a Sixpence (in 1966).

On television Carmel starred as the henpecked husband Roger Buell in the 1967 first season of the NBC sitcom The Mothers-in-Law, but was replaced by Richard Deacon in season two. When the first season ended, creator and producer Desi Arnaz told the entire cast that the show had a five-year guarantee but there was no money to give the contractual raises for the second season. While the other cast members agreed to forgo their salary increases, Carmel refused to forgo his. Carmel believed that Arnaz was illegally taking four salaries from the series—producer, creator, writer, and director—and this led him to quit the show (incidentally, the series was canceled the following year).

Carmel's television guest roles included the accountant Doug Wesley on CBS's The Dick Van Dyke Show and Colonel Gumm on ABC's Batman. He played the flamboyant and hapless galactic criminal Harcourt Fenton "Harry" Mudd in two episodes of the original series of Star Trek, "Mudd's Women" (1966) and "I, Mudd" (1967), and one episode of Star Trek: The Animated Series, "Mudd's Passion" (1973). He also appeared in roles on The Patty Duke Show; I Spy; Blue Light; The Everglades; Hogan's Heroes; Car 54, Where Are You?; Banacek; The Man from U.N.C.L.E.; The Munsters; Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea; Hawaii Five-O; The High Chaparral; McMillan & Wife; All in the Family, and The San Pedro Beach Bums. He was a regular contestant on Pantomime Quiz, also known as Stump the Stars. His film roles included Gambit, Myra Breckinridge, Breezy, Thunder and Lightning, and Jerry Lewis's comeback film Hardly Working (1981).

Later life and death
Later in his career, Carmel was a frequent voice actor. He voiced Smokey Bear in fire safety advertisements and Decepticon deputy leader Cyclonus in the third season of the Transformers animated series (having originated the role in 1986's The Transformers: The Movie and voicing other characters in the series' second season). In the television commercials for the Naugles chain of Mexican fast-food restaurants, he played the character of Señor Naugles.

Carmel was found dead in his Hollywood apartment on November 11, 1986. His death certificate listed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as the cause. Prior to his autopsy, police had speculated a "narcotics overdose." He was interred in New Mount Carmel Cemetery in Glendale, Queens, New York City. His plot is in the section dedicated to his parents' synagogue, Temple Beth Emeth.

Television
• Route 66 (1960) – episode: "The Man on the Monkey Board" as Man in the Shower

• The Defenders (1961) – episode: "The Hundred Lives of Harry Simms" as Mr. Dinsmore

• Car 54, Where Are You? (1962) – episode: "Stop Thief" (uncredited)

• The Patty Duke Show (1964) – episode: "Author! Author!" as Mr. Blair

• The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964) – episode: "The Quadripartite Affair" as Milan Horth

• The Dick Van Dyke Show (1964) – episode: "It Wouldn't Hurt Them to Give Us a Raise" as Doug Wesley

• The Alfred Hitchock Hour (1965) – episode: "Crimson Witness" as Farnum Mullett

• The Munsters (1965) – episode: "Lily Munster, Girl Model" as Laszlo Brastoff

• The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1965) – episode: "The Ultimate Computer Affair" as Captain Cervantes

• Hogan's Heroes (1965) – episode: "The Prisoner's Prisoner" as General Karl Schmidt

• I Spy (1965) – episode: "Affair in T'Sien Cha" as Edwin Wade

• Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1965) – episode: "The Machines Strike Back" as Admiral Halder

• The Phyllis Diller Show (1966) – episode: "Phyllis, the General Stealer" as Cannon

• I Spy (1966) – episode: "The Barter" as Gordon Merritt

• Star Trek: The Original Series (1966) – Harry Mudd in S1:E6, "Mudd's Women"

• Star Trek: The Original Series (1967) – Harry Mudd in S2:E8, "I, Mudd"

• Batman (1967) – episodes: "A Piece of the Action" & "Batman's Satisfaction" as Colonel Gumm

• I Spy (1967) – episode: "Red Sash of Courage" as Pappas

• The Mothers-in-Law (1967–69) – Main cast as Roger Buell

• It Takes a Thief (1968) – episode: "The Bill Is in Committee" as Paz

• Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1969) – episode: "My Dog, the Thief: Parts 1 & 2" as McClure

• Ironside (1971) – episode: "Walls Are Waiting" as Mike Elman

• The High Chaparral (1971) – episode: "The New Lion of Sonora (Part 1)" as General Casados

• Hawaii Five-O (1971–1972) – 4 episodes as Misha the Bear

• Banacek (1972) – episode: "To Steal a King" as Oliver Garson

• Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973) – episode: "Mudd's Passion" as Harcourt Fenton Mudd (uncredited)

• McMillan & Wife (1973) – episode: "Death of a Monster... Birth of a Legend" as Houston Gorman

• McCloud (1975) – episode: "The Man with the Golden Hat" as David Kern

• The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries (1977) – episode: "Nancy Drew's Love Match" as John Bender

• All in the Family (1977) – episode: "Fire" as Mr. Ligway

• B.J. and the Bear (1979) – episode: "The Eyes of Texas" as Morton Jarvis

• Three's Company (1979) – episode: "Ralph's Rival" as Merl Denker

• The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo (1980) – episode: "Mystery on the Orly Express" as Hubert Hemmings

• Laverne & Shirley (1980) – episodes: "Murder on the Moose Jaw Express: Parts 1 & 2" as The Waiter

• Hart to Hart (1980) – episode: "'Tis the Season to Be Murdered" as Walter Brent

• Diff’rent Strokes (1982) – episode: "On Your Toes" as Dimitri Kuznetsov

• The Transformers (1985–1987) – 32 episodes as various voice roles

• The Berenstain Bears (1985-1986) - 29 episodes as various voice roles

• The New Adventures of Jonny Quest (1986) – as additional voices

• Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1986) – 4 episodes as various voice roles

• DuckTales (1987) – episode – episode: "Master of the Djinni" as Sultan (voice)

Filmography
• Stage Struck (1958) – Stagehand (uncredited)

• Act One (1963) – Hotel Clerk (uncredited)

• A House Is Not a Home (1964) – Dixie Keeler

• Goodbye Charlie (1964) – Inspector Frank McGill

• The Art of Love (1965) – Zorgus

• The Silencers (1966) – Andreyev

• Alvarez Kelly (1966) – Capt. Angus Ferguson

• The Venetian Affair (1966) – Mike Ballard

• Gambit (1966) – Ram

• Skullduggery (1970) – Otto Kreps

• Myra Breckinridge (1970) – Dr. Randolph Spencer Montag

• The Telephone Book (1971) – Analyst

• Breezy (1973) – Bob Henderson

• Thunder and Lightning (1977) – Ralph Junior Hunnicutt

• That's Life (1979)

• Hardly Working (1980) – Robert Trent

• The Transformers: The Movie (1986) – Cyclonus / Quintesson Leader (voice)

• Transformers: Five Faces of Darkness (1986) – Cyclonus / Motormaster / Quintesson Judge #2 / Unicron (voice)

Video

 * Roger C. Carmel in a Marathon candy bar commercial – Public Domain YouTube ad

title: Roger C. Carmel


text:
Talk:Hugo Heyrman

Moved (2005)

 * The following discussion is closed. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

NOTE: On February 14, 2005 we moved this article from "Dr. Hugo Heyrman" to its proper designation "Hugo Heyrman" to conform with with Wikipedia standards of consistency. JillandJack 13:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.

 * Now ten years later, this is a request to move the page Hugo Heyrman back to the artist name Dr. Hugo Heyrman. In this case it is indeed not just a title, but an official artist name, covering the GFDL licensing. There is a precedent for retaining a Dr. on a artist's name at Dr. Dre, as noted by - Solipsist 21:43, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC) Dr. Hugo (talk) 14:21, 2 November 2015 (UTC)

Comment on Moved (2005)
On February 14, 2005, User talk:JillandJack moved the article Dr. Hugo Heyrman back to Hugo Heyrman. At that time the move took place (regrettable) without any further discusion. Please also notice that the account of this user (talk:JillandJack) has later been blocked, and that this user was also a reincarnation of banned User:DW/BlackWidow/Angelique etc. See also: Thanks for your attention, Dr. Hugo (talk) 12:29, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Copyvio?
This article appears to be a copyright violation from http://www.jahsonic.com/HugoHeyrman.html However, that page may well have been authored by one of the anonymous editors contributing here. Can anyone clarify. -- Solipsist 10:01, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Note to Solipsist:

Hereby I confirm to be the original author of the text at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Hugo_Heyrman. The text at http://www.jahsonic.com/HugoHeyrman.html is a copy of the original, edited & published with my permission. -- Dr. Hugo Heyrman 12:57, 19 Dec 2004

... So this article should probably be at Hugo Heyrman, with a redirect from Dr. Hugo Heyrman.

Note to Solipsist:

-- Dr. Hugo Heyrman (in this case it is not just a title, but an official artist name) 12:57, 19 Dec 2004

 * Thanks Dr. Hugo, that should cover the GFDL licensing. I see you have a user name now - that's excellent.
 * I don't think I can now merge the page histories from the other related/blanked articles, but I can at least move this talk page and check the redirects.
 * I take your point on the article title. It doesn't quite conform to the manual of style, but that's OK. A more important rule is that an article should be at the most common name, or where people would expect to find it. There is a precedent for retaining a Dr. on a artist's name at Dr. Dre, most of the other examples are fictional characters. -- Solipsist 21:43, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Note to Solipsist:

Real thanks for accepting this specific case, the advice and also for mentioning the precedent example. -- Dr. Hugo 10:01, 25 Dec 2004

Wikipedia:Vanity guidelines
I would suggest you read: In relation to editing an article about yourself. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 16:49, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Vanity guidelines
 * Autobiography

The article requires third-party sources confirming notability as per Wikipedia guidelines (see Notability (people)). Otherwise this article runs the risk of going to the article for deletion process as a vanity, non-notable article. Also, given that the article is about a Wikipedia user, that has edited trhe article itself, the article will probably needs to be userfied (i.e. moved to the user's page). ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 17:03, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Third party sources
Dr, Hugo, can you please provide thir party sources that attest to some of the content you added? This is needd for Verifiability, otheerwise you carry the risk that the article will be marked for deletion and the content moved to your user page. Thanks. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 23:45, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Note to Jossi, in order to defend the notablity, hereby a reference to a list of reliable published sources, to attest the content of the article. A selection of the third-party sources are to be found online at 'Selected Bibliography': []. -- Hugo Heyrman 02:60, 24 januari 2006

 * Thanks Hugo. Can you provide cites to these refs? For example. when you say...
 * During the sixties, Dr. Hugo Heyrman profiled himself as an avant-garde artist with happenings, film- and video experiments.
 * ...we need a cite in which a third party (what we call a secondary source), that confirms that statement (such as a neswpaper article, a magazine article, an online interview, etc.
 * Another example, when you say:
 * Online since 1995, Dr. Hugo Heyrman became one of the pioneers in Net.art.
 * ...we need a citation in which a source other than you, referred to you as a pioner of net art.
 * Yet another example, when you say ...
 * For Dr. Hugo Heyrman ideas are tools; his personal approach to surface, texture and colour contributes to the possibilities of painting, and the adventure of the visual arts.
 * ...we need a source in which that is stated, etc.
 * (BTW, if you place four tildes like this: ~, your signature and a time/dat stamp wil be added automatically.) ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 02:30, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Attempt to NPOV the article
I have attempted to WP:NPOV the article as an example on how this biography can be treated. I have added marks such as: where we should expect verifiable sources. Hope this helps. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 02:45, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Note to Jossi: real thanks for the advise on the structural editing of the article. Dr. Hugo 03:12, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You are welcome. Regarding the cite to:
 * History of Internet Art, review by Matthew Turlington http://www.doctorhugo.org/review.html.
 * Where was that published? If it was published only in your website, that may be not sufficient for inclusion. Thanks. Also note that Mr. Turlingon may not be notable enough to be cited as a source for an article in Wikipedia ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 04:26, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Note to Jossi, Thanks for mentioning the Mr. Turlingon's cite. Regarding footnote 5, I corrected it, to place it into a more referential time context. Dr. Hugo 12:13, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks. The article now is looking good but many of the sources I am not so sure about. IMO, in these bios less is more. Please note:
 * All sources and references cannot be from either yourself, or your website. Sources have to be from secondary sources.
 * Sources need to be relevant for verifiability. If you provide a reference, the reference needs to verify the text
 * For example this cite: Prix Jeune Peinture Belge http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jeune_Peinture_Belge is not meaningful for verifiability. Also refs 8 and 9, seem to be primary sources. Ref 5 is supposed to be to assert verifiability about being a pioneer of digital art. What we need is a secondary source saying that Heryman is such. Otherwise we need to delete the text for NPOV. ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 16:02, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Note to Jossi: I must say that your remarks are to the point. I take it as a challenge to oblige your requests one by one. I corrected 4 into a secondary source, made it less is more and added a See also. Dr. Hugo 19:10, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Excellent. Thanks. I wish it would be so easy with other biographies... :) ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 00:51, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Note to Jossi: hereby a wikifying correction for [citation needed], and a question if I can add an image? Photo by Charles François (Drhugoheyrman.1.jpg). Dr. Hugo 07:59, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Hugo, Yes, you can add a photo, if you have the rights for it and you are willing to place such photo in the public domain under the GNU. See Copyrights ≈ jossi ≈ t • @ 16:09, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Edit request
This is a request to move the content of the page Hugo Heyrman back to the artist name Dr. Hugo Heyrman, with a (Redirected from Hugo Heyrman) In this case it is indeed not just a title, but an official artist name, covering the GFDL licensing. There is a precedent for retaining a Dr. on a artist's name at Dr. Dre, Dr. Atl,… See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms#Visual_arts At Wikipedia we see that classifying an artist under his artist name is also more encyclopedic and logical than the other way around (by his birth name). Sincères salutations, Dr. Hugo (talk) 04:21, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

On February 14, 2005, User talk:JillandJack moved the article Dr. Hugo Heyrman back to Hugo Heyrman. At that time the move took place (regrettable) without any further discusion. Please also notice that the account of this user (talk:JillandJack) has later been blocked, and that this user was also a reincarnation of banned User:DW/BlackWidow/Angelique etc. See also: Thanks for your attention, Dr. Hugo (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 17 November 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: No move. We have no agreement that "Dr." is commonly enough used to include. Cúchullain t/ c 15:57, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Hugo Heyrman → Dr. Hugo Heyrman – This is a request to move the content of the page Hugo Heyrman back to the artist name Dr. Hugo Heyrman, with a (Redirected from Hugo Heyrman) In this case it is indeed not just a title, but an official artist name, covering the GFDL licensing. There is a precedent for retaining a Dr. on a artist's name at Dr. Dre, Dr. Atl,…See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms#Visual_arts At Wikipedia we see that classifying an artist under his artist name is also more encyclopedic and logical than the other way around (by his birth name). Sincères salutations Dr. Hugo (talk) 12:36, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment are you the artist in question? If not, are you a fan? -- 70.51.44.60 (talk) 06:20, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Argument, yes it’s correct, I’m the artist. Thanks for your attention, Dr. Hugo (talk) 12:00, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

-- Gerardo Murillo Cornado was a Mexican painter and writer who signed his works Dr. Atl. -- Theodor Seuss Geisel was an American writer, cartoonist, animator, book publisher, artist,, best known under the pen name Dr. Seuss. -- Dr. Love (artist) is a Georgian street/graffiti artist based in Tbilisi, Georgia. -- Dr Lakra (Jeronimo Lopez Ramirez, born 1972, Mexico) is an artist and tattooist based in Oaxaca, Mexico. This shows that it’s logical to categorize an artist under his artist name on Wikipedia. Are there no Wikipedian editors defending this specific cultural case? Thanks for your attention, Dr. Hugo (talk) 12:00, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per the very few reliable sources for this individual in Google Books, none of which have "Dr" as part of an art name; therefore argument above not convincing at all. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:56, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Argument, this is not correct: here is one with “Dr” as part of an art name & here are some more Wikipedia precedent/examples:
 * I tried to look up that source that is cited above (ISBN 9053496858, ISBN 9789053496855). I was surprised to find that it was not available through Amazon.com, so it must be rather obscure, and perhaps self-published, so it is not clear whether it is usable as a source to establish the common name (or for other purposes for the article). —BarrelProof (talk) 15:30, 20 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Argument, source to establish the actual common name: A link to a book with “Dr” as part of an artist name. or this ISBN 9789053496855, a book about the artist/painter “Dr. Hugo Heyrman". Sincères salutations. Dr. Hugo (talk) 16:19, 20 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:CREDENTIAL, and subject is more often referred to without the "Dr" bit anyway. Snuggums (talk / edits) 15:47, 18 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Argument, the reason why the subject is online more often referred to without the “Dr" is clear. The artist started using the “Dr” only after he became a “Doctor of Arts” in 1995, and since then it became common to use this “new” artists name. Googling “Dr. Hugo Heyrman” finds confirming sites. See also; Name changes: Sometimes, the subject of an article will undergo a change of name. When this occurs, COMMONNAME still applies, but we give extra weight to sources written after the name change is announced. If the sources written after the change is announced routinely use the "new" name, Wikipedia should follow suit and change relevant titles to match. An encyclopedic article is a work in progress. Thanks for your attention, Dr. Hugo (talk) 12:00, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose: There are lots of articles on Wikipedia about people who have doctorate degrees, and very few of them have "Dr." in the article title. That is (properly) only done in exceptional cases where it is clear that the "Dr." is included consistently by reliable sources as part of the common name of the person. We do not seem to have adequate evidence that "Dr." would be included consistently by reliable sources when discussing this person. —BarrelProof (talk) 15:45, 20 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Argument: Indeed, it is not done or wanted for people who have doctorate degrees to use “Dr.” in the article title. Also very true is that lots of articles on Wikipedia are indeed about people who have doctoral degrees, and very few of them have "Dr." in the article title. The main reason seems evident, only very few persons are using “Dr.” as part of an artist name. On Wikipedia we find only a few of these artist’s names (precedent examples are mentioned above; (talk) 2:00, 19 November 2015 (UTC). Maybe some of these “Dr.” artist’s don't even have a degree, but they are all diverse in their unique qualities of artistic authenticity. It has a cultural/archival value that these linguistic precedents exist in a contemporary online encyclopedia as Wikipedia. It also shows that the point of this discussion is not about degrees, and not about persons (not using an artist name) who are so exceptional in their work as a professional doctor, insofar that the “Dr.” became part of the common name of the person. An encyclopedic article is a work in progress, see also; Name changes: Sometimes, the subject of an article will undergo a change of name. When this occurs, COMMONNAME still applies, but we give extra weight to sources written after the name change is announced. If the sources written after the change is announced routinely use the "new" name, Wikipedia should follow suit and change relevant titles to match. To clarify this case, next to the existing Wikipedia precedents, a reason for extra weight can be the fact, that since the last twenty years the artist works under this "new" artist’s name consequently. Googling “Dr. Hugo Heyrman” finds confirming bibliographical sources (written after the name change is announced) referencing to published books and mainstream press publications. I hope that the article can be updated with the artist's name and further wikified. Sincères salutations, Dr. Hugo (talk) 06:03, 21 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Hugo Heyrman


text:
Talk:Otto Berman

Apparently
Apparently, this guy could use differential equations and probability while filing financial statements. I dug around for a sample and came back empty handed. Could be very interesting to link it if someone get lucky —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wk muriithi (talk • contribs) 02:03, 18 December, 2004 (UTC)

"The winning policy numbers were derived from horse race tracks from the betting results on the pari-mutuel boards. Berman told Schultz that he could manipulate the betting so that heavily played numbers would never win. At first Schultz turned him down because he wanted to keep the game honest. However, the following year when Schultz was embroiled in expensive tax matters, he hired Berman.

"Berman would go to the designated track where the winning policy numbers would be established, usually Cincinnati (where Schultz had hidden ownership in River Downs Race Track), New Orleans, or in Florida. After the races were concluded that produced the first two numbers, he would call George Weinberg in New York who would tell him which numbers would cost them the most money for that day. Berman would then go to the pari-mutuel windows and place a bet that would influence the third digit in the gang’s favor. Once when asked about the success of Berman’s efforts, George Weinberg replied, “pretty near everyday was a winning day.” Estimates of Schultz’s income from the policy rackets were from $12 to $14 million annually." - http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/mob_bosses/schultz/rackets_3.html -- Beardo 06:25, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Certainly refering to him as a Mafia accountant is flat wrong. He worked for Schultz who was not in the Mafia as no non-Italians ever were.Jrm2007 09:15, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Schultz was in the Jewish Mafia.209.169.124.117 05:32, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otto Berman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Yara International

Yara International was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Yara International
Delete from me. Just seems like an ad for this company to me. Somebody in the WWW 10:03, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yeah, delete. It already has a mention under Norsk Hydro and this entry doesn't really add anything. iMeowbot~Mw 10:23, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn in itself (very few employees, for example). Wyss 14:53, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Week keep. Or redirect to Norsk Hydro and emphasize the name in the article. Hydro itself is notable and fertilizers were the orginal business of Hydro. --Wikimol 22:36, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * del wikipedia is not yellow pages. Mikkalai 02:28, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep compared to many other companies listed on Companies_of_Norway, yara is definetly neither among the smallest nor of the less important. But are there any presedence for how big/important a company should be to deserve an article? (Yara has a weight of 4% on the Norwegian main stock index, ranking it the 9'th biggest in market cap.) Shanes 08:02, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 09:13, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep it (unsigned, by 66.15.73.97; notice by Wikimol 21:40, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC))
 * Keep. A company of its importance should be included in a great encyclopaedia. Dr Zen 05:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * According to Hoover's Online, $5.7 Billion in revenues, 7533 employees, competes with other major companies in this industry. Keep.  As a side note, the current contents don't strike me as excessively like an ad.  Rossami (talk) 00:53, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:My Way (Sid Vicious song)

I created the "My Way (Sid Vicious song)" page beacause I'm a Sid fan and believe that the record is vastly different from Sinatra's version. It has a life of it's own.

title: Talk:My Way (Sid Vicious song)


text:
Glass Slippers

Glass Slippers was a 40-episode South Korean drama series that aired on SBS in 2002, starring Kim Hyun-joo and Kim Ji-ho as the two orphaned sisters.

Plot
6 year-old Yoon-hee and her elder sister Tae-hee were raised by their widowed father. Their mother had died giving birth to Yoon-hee. After years of struggles, their father who had already suffered from cancer was killed in a car accident, leaving the girls with no choice but to find their rich paternal grandfather who lost touch with them due to his disapproval of their mother. At the train station, they were robbed by a group of gangsters. Tae-hee, while chasing them, did not notice that Yoon-hee, who followed her, got knocked unconscious by the Oh family's truck. Tae-hee got beaten by the gangsters and was helped by a boy named Jae-hyuk until both got to see her grandfather. They looked for Yoon-hee in despair, unaware that she has lost her memories after regaining consciousness and moved away with the Ohs. Based on the name carved on her mother's ring, Yoon-hee assumed that her name was 'Sun-woo' and used it as her identity.

15 years later, Tae-hee works in her grandfather's company, and is romantically involved with her childhood crush and co-worker Jae-hyuk (unbeknownst to Tae-hee it was Jae-hyuk's revenge plan on her grandfather who had indirectly caused his grandfather's death years ago). In contrast, Sun-woo grows up in the Oh family and often gets abused (especially by Seung-hee). She almost gets raped by Seung-hee's step-father thus gets kicked out of the house by his wife. Seung-hee's crush Chul-woong has desires on Sun-woo, so he lets her take refuge at his home. Tae-hee, not giving up on finding her sister, tracks down the Oh's address and confronts Seung-hee upon seeing her wearing Sun-woo's ring. Quickly learned that Sun-woo is Tae-hee's long-lost sister, out of jealousy and greed, Seung-hee pretends to be Yoon-hee and moves in the Kim's family. Tae-hee seems happy while her grandfather remains suspicious of Seung-hee. He overhears Seung-hee's phone conversation with her mother and right away exposes her deceptive plan. However, Seung-hee lied that the real Yoon-hee's fate is unknown, not saying a word about Sun-woo. He is devastated thus decides to keep the truth from Tae-hee.

Coincidentally, Sun-woo gets a job in her grandfather's company and frequently interacts with Tae-hee and the grandfather. They are fond of Sun-woo until Jae-hyuk becomes so in love with her which breaks Tae-hee's heart. He aborts his revenge plan in order to run away with Sun-woo, but the grandfather soon finds out and sends him to prison for a few days before Tae-hee bails him out. Unable to forgive Tae-hee's grandfather, Jae-hyuk ends his relationship with Sun-woo and engages to Tae-hee. Sun-woo moves out on her own and subsequently becomes ill. She is diagnosed with leukemia, which can be cured only if her sibling or relative donates suitable bone marrow. As Sun-woo cannot remember any of them, she is ready to give up and spend her time left with Chul-woong. In the meantime, Tae-hee's grandfather assigns his chauffeur who is Chul-woong's father to find his real granddaughter. Being told by Seung-hee's step-father, Chul-woong's father informs that his missing granddaughter is indeed Sun-woo, who recently gets fired by him for the sake of Tae-hee and Jae-hyuk. In shock and regret, he rushes to see Sun-woo before the car accident kills him, as well as puts Chul-woong's father in a coma. Seung-hee bribes her step-father to keep secret, which makes him (and his wife) feel bad for Sun-woo. Jae-hyuk, who never stops loving Sun-woo, secretly covers her hospital bills while looking for evidence to expose Seung-hee. By chance, he meets Seung-hee's step father and is revealed the truth about her, which he tells Tae-hee right away. At this point, Sun-woo dreams about her father and the family's past moments. She wakes up as soon as Tae-hee arrives, the sisters share a long hug upon reunion. After kicks Seung-hee out of the house, Tae-hee donates her bone marrow for surgery to save Sun-woo. Sun-woo forgives the Ohs, but Seung-hee still holds grudge against her.

Sun-woo recovers well from the surgery. Jae-hyuk maintains a good companionship with Tae-hee while trying to get back with Sun-woo. Understanding her sister's feelings, Sun-woo rejects Jae-hyuk and accepts Chul-woong's marriage proposal. Before their wedding, Seung-hee orders a gang to kidnap Sun-woo. In order to protect her, Chul-woong fights against them and gets stabbed, thus dies in Sun-woo's arms and tears. Seung-hee is put to prison and still blames Sun-woo for having stolen her entire life from her. Jae-hyuk is taking a flight to U.S. Sun-woo, all of sudden, shows up at the airport and they share a brief farewell moment. Sun-woo and Tae-hee return to the house where they lived as children.

Cast

 * Kim Hyun-joo as Kim Yoon-hee/Lee Sun-woo
 * Ha Seung-ri as young Yoon-hee
 * Kim Ji-ho as Kim Tae-hee, Yoon-hee/Sun-woo's elder sister
 * Yoo Hae-won as young Tae-hee
 * Han Jae-suk as Jang Jae-hyuk, Tae-hee's childhood crush and fiancé, Sun-woo's lover
 * Choi Woo-hyuk as young Jae-hyuk
 * So Ji-sub as Park Chul-woong, Seung-hee's crush, Sun-woo's admirer and later fiancé
 * Kim Gyu-ri as Woo Seung-hee, the main villain
 * Park Eun-bin as young Seung-hee
 * Kim Jung-hwa as Park Yeon-woong, Chul-woong's younger sister
 * Baek Il-seob as Chairman Kim Pil-joong, Yoon-hee/Sun-woo and Tae-hee's grandfather
 * Ha Jae-young as Kim Hyun-ho, Yoon-hee/Sun-woo and Tae Hee's father
 * Kim Chung-ryeol as Yeon Seo-jeon, Yoon-hee/Sun-woo and Tae-hee's cousin
 * Shin Tae-hoon as young Seo-joon
 * Lee Hee-do as Hwang Kuk-do, Seung-hee's stepfather
 * Song Ok-sook as Oh Kim-sun, Seung-hee's mother
 * Kim Chung as Seo-joon's mother
 * Hyun Suk as Park Kwi-joong, Chairman Kim's chauffeur
 * Son Young-joon as Oh Han-young, Jae-hyuk's assistant
 * Lee Ki-young as Lee In-soo, Gangster leader
 * Sung Dong-il as Mr. Can, Gangster leader's assistant
 * Kim Hyung-jong as Soo-tak
 * Seo Hyun-ki

Original soundtrack
CD 1:
 * 1) 너의게로 가는 길– Kim Ji-woo
 * 2) 고백 할게– Jia
 * 3) 너를 지켜줄거야– Lee Jong-won (CAN)
 * 4) For Your Love – Jang Hye-jin
 * 5) Help Me Love – Park Wan-kyu
 * 6) 비상지아– Park Wan-kyu
 * 7) Gloomy Sunday – Jeon Seung-woo & Park Chae-won
 * 8) 서툰 고백 – Kim Jin-woo
 * 9) 제발.. – Kim Jin-woo
 * 10) 너를 지켜줄거야 (Piano Version)
 * 11) 문 길 (Guitar Version)
 * 12) Tears (Piano Version)
 * 13) 빈들에서 (Piano Version)
 * 14) 너를 보낸 새벽 (Chorus Version)
 * 15) 별 헤는 밤 (Harmonica Version)

CD 2:
 * 1) Nuh Wa Ham Gge (Piano Version)
 * 2) Yak Sok (Piano & Guitar Version)
 * 3) Pa Ran Mi So (Guitar Version)
 * 4) Nae Ahn Eh Nuh (Guitar Version)
 * 5) Do Shi Eh Ah Chim (Piano Version)
 * 6) Uh Rin Shi Jul (Piano Version)
 * 7) Mun Gil (Piano Version)
 * 8) Tears (Guitar Version)
 * 9) Nuh Reul Ji Kyuh Jool Gguh Ya (Violin Version)
 * 10) Nuh Wa Ham Gge (Guitar Version)
 * 11) Yak Sok (Piano Version)
 * 12) Byul He Neun Bam (Piano Version)
 * 13) Bin Deul Eh Suh (Guitar Version)
 * 14) Uh Rin Shi Jul (Piano Version)
 * 15) Sae Ro Oon Shi Jak (Guitar Version)
 * 16) Tears (Guitar Version)
 * 17) Pa Ran Mi So (Harmonica Version)
 * 18) Sae Ro Oon Shi Jak (E.Guitar Version)
 * 19) Uh Rin Shi Jul (Guitar Version)

Remake
In 2016 filmed remake "Threads of Destiny" studio FILM.UA quality rating Kinopoisk 7.084 out of 10.

title: Glass Slippers


text:
Kuraray

Kuraray Co., Ltd (株式会社クラレ) is a Japanese manufacturer of chemicals, fibers and other materials. Their main manufacturing facilities are located in Kurashiki, Okayama. The company's Tokyo administrative offices are located in Otemachi, Chiyoda in the Ote Center Building and its Osaka offices are located in the Umeda Hankyu Building). , Kuraray was the sole worldwide producer of Vectran liquid crystal polymer (LCP) fibre.

The company is listed in the first section of Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a member of the Nikkei 225 stock market index.

Kuraray is a member of the Mizuho keiretsu.

History
In April 2015, Kuraray acquired the Australian manufacturer of biobased barrier films Plantic Technologies. In September 2017, Kuraray acquired Calgon Carbon for $1.1 billion, an activated carbon maker based in Pittsburgh. In February 2021, Kuraray signed the global framework of the United Nations Global Compact.

Product Offerings
Various products are described below:

 * Clarino
 * EVAL
 * Felibendy (nonwoven fabric of Sophista composite fiber, see below)
 * Genestar
 * MOWIOL
 * MOWIFLEX
 * MOWITAL / PIOLOFORM
 * KURARAY POVAL
 * Septon
 * Sophista (fiber: polyester core, ethylene vinyl alcohol-coated)
 * Vectran
 * Butacite® / TROSIFOL brand polyvinyl butyral

Incidents
In May 2018, an explosion occurred in Kuraray's Pasadena plant in the US, injuring 21 workers. The plant is the world's largest ethylene vinyl alcohol plant. Kuraray agreed to pay a total of $92 million in settlement to the affected employees. In September 2019, a plasticizer leaked from Kuraray's plant in Fayetteville to the Cape Fear River, forcing the Brunswick County to stop drawing water from the river.

title: Kuraray


text:
American manual alphabet

The American Manual Alphabet (AMA) is a manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language.

Letters and digits
The letters and digits are signed as follows. In informal contexts, the handshapes are not made as distinctly as they are in formal contexts.

The manual alphabet can be used on either hand, normally the signer's dominant hand – that is, the right hand for right-handers, the left hand for left-handers. Most frequently, the manual alphabet is signed just below the dominant shoulder of the signer. When used within other signs or in a context in which this is not plausible, this general rule can be disregarded.

J and Z involve motion. J is I with a twist of the wrist, so that the little finger traces the curve of the printed form of the letter; Z is an index finger moved back and forth, so that the finger traces the zig-zag shape of the letter Z. Both of these "tracings" are made as seen by the signer if right-handed, as shown by the illustrations in this article. When signed with the left hand, the motions are in mirror image, therefore unreversed for the viewer. However, fluent signers do not need to "read" the shapes of these movements.

In most drawings or illustrations of the American Manual Alphabet, some of the letters are depicted from the side to better illustrate the desired hand shape. For example, the letters G and H are frequently shown from the side to illustrate the position of the fingers. However, they are signed with the hand in an ergonomically neutral position, palm facing to the side and fingers pointing forward.

Several letters have the same hand shape, and are distinguished by orientation. These are "h" and "u", "k" and "p" (thumb on the middle finger), "g" and "q" and, in informal contexts, "d" and "g/q". In rapid signing, "n" is distinguished from "h/u" by orientation. The letters "a" and "s" have the same orientation, and are very similar in form. The thumb is on the side of the fist in the letter "a", and in front for "s". When used within fingerspelled English words, letters of the manual alphabet may be oriented differently than if they were to stand alone.

Rhythm, speed and movement
When fingerspelling, the hand is at shoulder height; it does not bounce with each letter. A double letter within a word is signed in different ways, through a bounce of the hand, a slide of the hand, or repeating the sign of a letter. Letters are signed at a constant speed; a pause functions as a word divider. The first letter may be held for the length of a letter extra as a cue that the signer is about to start fingerspelling.

Uses
Fingerspelling is primarily used for borrowing words from English. It is typically only used in a specific set of circumstances. The following are words that might need to be fingerspelled: proper names, brand names, place names, and all other words that do not have a conventional sign. In other instances, use fingerspelling sparingly.

Changes and variations in the manual alphabet
Like other languages, American Sign Language is constantly evolving. While changes in fingerspelling are less likely, slight changes still occur over time. The manual alphabet looks different today than it did merely decades ago. A prime example of this pattern of change is found in the "screaming 'E'". Older generations of deaf individuals still insist that the "E" handshape requires that the thumb make contact with the tips of the index and middle fingers. Meanwhile, younger generations are beginning to produce a handshape that separates the thumb from the other fingers on the lower end of the palm.

English and the manual alphabet
Since fingerspelling was originally developed in order to incorporate the English language into sign language, it is very closely linked to English. Studies have shown that deaf individuals process reading and fingerspelling similarly. As a result, fingerspelling has had a profound impact on the literacy of deaf and hard of hearing children. This conclusion is widely accepted, but the debate lies in which methods of teaching best utilize this relationship.

ASL and phonetics
Phonetics does not have to be constricted to just speech but it can also be used when signing to others. When signing, the person's expressions could greatly determine the outcome of what they are trying to communicate to the other person. For example, if the signer was trying to sign that they were mad, they would use facial expressions and body language to really determine how they were feeling. Although spoken language also uses these forms of expression, they are not relied on as heavily as Sign Language. The phonetics of verbal speech and sign language are similar because spoken dialect uses tone of voice to determine someone's mood and Sign Language uses facial expressions to determine someone's mood as well. Phonetics does not necessarily only relate to spoken language but it can also be used in American Sign Language (ASL) as well. When signing in ASL, people will not sign words the same way they are spoken either. The relationship between spoken dialect and ASL varies because there is association between certain signs and their words and they are signed differently because ASL is not signed the same way it is spoken.

title: American manual alphabet


text:
Talk:Evaporative cooling (atomic physics)

For a January 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Magnetic evaporative cooling

Ice 9?
What is Ice 9? Did you mean ICE-9 (flexible curriculum of nine essential questions for understanding and evaluating technology)? 10:24, 18 December 2004 User:Matevzk

Analogy
The article contains the analogy:
 * A way to visualize this is to take a bowl and fill it almost all the way up with popcorn. Then shake the bowl enough so that the bouncing isn't enough to spill over the side. Every so often one of the popped corns will jump out, "evaporating" from the bowl.

This seems misleading to me, since in the popcorn case the energy that ejects the popcorn from the bowl comes from an external source (the shaking) whereas in evaporative cooling it comes from the heat energy of the particles. Maybe ordinary evaporative cooling would be a better analogy? Gdr 01:30, 2005 Mar 19 (UTC)

The analogy is indeed somewhat incorrect! If the original author has no objections, can I replace this with a explanatory animation?

--BotCyborg (talk) 19:10, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Temperature change
The article claims that temperatures around 50 picoKelvin are needed to make a BEC from Rubidium atoms. According to Weiman, Cornel et al. however, temperatures only need to be in the tens of microKelvins. Since they won the nobel prize for making the first gaseous BEC out of Rubidium, I say we go with their numbers.

See "Observations of Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapor," M.H. Anderson, J.R. Ensher, M.R. Matthews, C.E. Wieman, and E.A. Cornell, Sci. 269, 198-201 (1995)

A copy of the article is available off the NIST website at http://www.bec.nist.gov

Hermes917 00:37, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

I think the ICE-9 reference was to the kurt vonnegut novel Cat's Cradle, Ice-nine.

generalization
I suggest to change the title of the article into something more general (evaporative cooling - or, as this is already used - evaporative cooling (atomic physics)). The reason is that many experiments nowadays use optical dipole traps in which they perform evaporative cooling as well. Tim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.20.144.130 (talk) 10:20, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Adding to what the OP has said, I guess we should change the title to the more general term "Evaporative cooling (atomic physics)", as is widely used by the atomic physics community! Unless anyone has any serious objection, I am strongly in favor of changing the title. Moreover, the article is missing relevant theoretical and experimental details, which I would try to add asap.

--BotCyborg (talk) 19:08, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

New figure
I'm working on a figure to illustrate evaporative cooling. Added what I have right now. Any suggestions? 21:36, 8 June 2015 User:Shreyaspotnis

External links modified
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text:
Philippe de Chérisey

Philippe Louis Henri Marie de Chérisey, 9th marquess de Chérisey (13 February 1923 – 17 July 1985) was a French writer, radio humorist, surrealist and supporting actor (using the stage name Amédée).

He is best known for his creation of fake parchments published in the 1967 book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède, as part of his involvement in the Priory of Sion hoax between 1962-1983.

Early life
Coming from a wealthy family in the Lorraine, de Chérisey decided to become an actor against his family's wishes. He enrolled in the René Simon drama school in 1946 where he started his actor's training, and his most notable film appearance was in Jeux interdits in 1952. He was known as a bon viveur, regularly enjoyed wine and frequented public libraries where his natural curiosity made him follow up anything that took his fancy.

Surrealism
Philippe de Chérisey was a follower of the surrealist movement. He claimed acquaintance with Eugene Ionesco and was like him a member of the College of Pataphysics, although - like his membership of Oulipo - there is no evidence that he was actively involved. His desire to subvert the norms of culture, or in other words, create an alternate reality that became more real than reality itself, was done within the context of the Priory of Sion and to promote the claim that Pierre Plantard was the direct descendant of Dagobert II. He considered himself a satirist from his days in French radio, and continued this persona within the theme of the Priory of Sion calling himself a prankster. The best known example of this is his esoteric novella Circuit (originally written in 1968, but not actually deposited within the Bibliothèque nationale de France until 1971).

Rennes-le-Château
By the early 1960s Philippe de Chérisey met Pierre Plantard, and together they developed an interest in Rennes-le-Château. From the mid-1950s local hotelier Noël Corbu circulated a story to boost trade, that the 19th century priest Bérenger Saunière of Rennes-le-Château had discovered the treasure of Blanche of Castile. The author Robert Charroux published Corbu's story in his 1962 book Trésors du Monde. In a letter dated 2 April 1965 to his girlfriend, de Chérisey wrote: "Don't tell anyone, but I'll be setting out again for four days in the Pyrenees with Plantard to see if we can get any closer to Mary Magdalene." A mixture of de Chérisey's humor and surrealism can be identified within his activities relating to the Priory of Sion hoax, Gisors and Rennes-le-Château, contained in his correspondence as well as in his documents that he deposited in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris.

Parchments
During the early 1960s, de Chérisey forged two parchments, photocopies of which appeared in the 1967 book L'Or de Rennes by Gérard de Sède. De Sède's book adapted Corbu's story to fit-in with Plantard's claims about the Priory of Sion. The parchments hinted at the survival of the line of the Frankish king Dagobert II, that Plantard claimed to be descended from, as well as attempting to verify the existence of the 1000-year-old secret society, the Priory of Sion. The two parchments were later used as source material for the 1982 book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, which was itself used as a primary source for the 2003 bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code. Other documents, containing fake genealogies, were planted in the French National Library, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.

Pierre Plantard and Gérard de Sède fell out over book royalties when L'Or de Rennes was published in 1967, at the same time Philippe de Chérisey announced that he had forged the parchments. De Chérisey elaborated about this in his 1978 unpublished document L'Énigme de Rennes, claiming they were originally made for his friend Francis Blanche, as material for a French radio serial entitled Signé Furax. A second document by de Chérisey entitled Pierre et papier ("Stone and Paper") provides a more detailed explanation, giving the more complicated decoding technique to one of the parchments by using a Knight's Tour 25-letter alphabet, omitting the letter "w", the knowledge of which can only be known to the forger. An English translation of this document, together with a reproduction of the original, was published by Jean-Luc Chaumeil in 2010.

Details of the forgeries
The text of parchment I was copied from Codex Bezae, an Old Latin/Greek diglot from the 5th century CE contained in the book by Fulcran Grégoire Vigouroux, Dictionnaire De La Bible (1895). Philippe de Chérisey's reason for copying the passage from the Codex Bezae was his interest in the phrase "In Sabbato Secundo Primo", also found in the Gospel of Luke 6:1. Philippe de Chérisey stated: "This phrase has given headaches to the anonymous (secret) societies. It has to be said that 'A day of Sabbath, second first' is not really translatable. No one has ever heard of that. So, as the disciples walk through a cornfield and, being hungry, eat the corn, there and then, it must mean 'Second Sabbath following the first day of the shewbread.' This is the only interpretation we could find." De Chérisey went on to provide his own interpretation: "In Sabbato Secundo Primo does not mean 'A day of Sabbath, second first' but rather 'As second in command, Sabassius became first.' What is interesting is that the witches' meetings are called 'Sabbaths', not because of the Jewish celebrations, but because of Sabassius, god of the Phrygians".

This parchment also contained an encrypted message written in modern French: "À Dagobert II Roi et à Sion est ce trésor et il est là mort." (translated as "To King Dagobert II and to Sion does this treasure belong, and he is there, dead").

De Chérisey also chose to copy material from Vigouroux because he was a priest connected with the Church of St Sulpice, a location that had been exploited as part of the Priory of Sion myths as created by Plantard and de Chérisey, so de Chérisey's utilisation of this priest fitted in nicely into these myths.

According to an investigation into the Priory of Sion hoax by the American news program 60 Minutes, parchment II was copied from a 19th-century version of the Latin Vulgate published by John Wordsworth and Henry J. White Novum Testamentum Domini Nostri Iesu Christi latine secundum sancti Hieronymi (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1889–1954), and the original forged parchments are now in the possession of Jean-Luc Chaumeil, a French writer, who states that he had their age analyzed, and it was confirmed that they were merely decades old, not centuries. Chaumeil also has letters by de Chérisey, which contain proof that De Chérisey was knowingly engaging in a fraud.

That Philippe de Chérisey was not a specialist of Latin paleography and had even a bit lost his Latin knowledge (got from high school) is demonstrated in his copying of the Latin Text from the Codex Bezae for one of his parchments: for instance, he made several of the most basic errors in copying the Latin uncials, which therefore garbles the spelling of multiple words. This information is frequently omitted by those who present the parchments as being authentic.

In an interview during the 1970s with author Jean-Luc Chaumeil, Philippe de Chérisey asserted: "the parchments of the Gospel according to Saint Luke fabricated by me and for which I pinched the uncial text from the work L'archéologie chrétienne (Christian Archaeology) by Dom Cabrol at the National Library, section C25".

Philippe de Chérisey asserted in a letter dated 29 January 1974 to French author Pierre Jarnac: "P.S. Do you know that the famous manuscripts supposedly discovered by the Abbé Saunière were composed in 1965? And that I took responsibility for being the author?"

According to Henry Lincoln, one of the co-authors of Holy Blood Holy Grail, Plantard admitted to him in person that the various documents had been forged, and identified de Chérisey as their creator.

Relationship with Plantard
A schism developed between Pierre Plantard and Philippe de Chérisey in 1983, when de Chérisey began collaborating with Paul Rouelle (his dentist) on a book which would have incorporated the Priory of Sion concepts.

French author Pierre Jarnac reproduced part of a letter he received dated 22 May 1985 from Pierre Plantard: "You need to know only that I have no involvement whatsoever with the 'deathless prose' of Monsieur Philippe de Chérisey, who was the co-author with Monsieur Paul Rouelle of the book COURT-CIRCUIT, lodged with the BN in December 1984 or January 1985, which dragged my name through the mud. The Marquis de Chérisey was a good friend of mine from university days, but I very often disapprove of his books which are really quite bizarre."

Later years
Philippe de Chérisey died in Paris on 17 July 1985, while working to finish an encyclopedia of trema. His funeral was held at the Church of the Holy Trinity in Paris and he was buried in the family vault at Rœux (Pas-de-Calais). His former wife Phyllis Phillips died in 1987.

His death was announced by Gino Sandri in number 10 of Etudes Mérovingiennes (August 1985), the journal of the association Cercle Saint Dagobert II.

Works

 * Un mauvais quart d'heure à passer, ou La Vengeance de la grosse molaire ( and Pierre Tchernia, 1949). Bibliothèque nationale, manuscript 4- YA RAD- 4097
 * with Grégoire (= Roland Dubillard), Livre à vendre, Paris : Éditions de Paris (1957, new edition Paris : J.-C. Simoën, 1977).
 * Anacharsis à l'Exposition : Textes d'Amédée, présentés par Philippe Dasnoy, Bruxelles: Éditions Jeune Belgique (1958), 2 vols (letters read by the author during the "Étoile 58" Belgian radio-programme).
 * Le pied à coulisse (Radiodiffusion française, 1960). Bibliothèque nationale, manuscript 4- YA RAD- 8630.
 * Circuit (dated 1968, deposited in the Bibliothèque nationale 28 June 1971; EL 4-Y-413). Slightly different versions of this novel exist in the possession of private individuals
 * L'Or de Rennes pour un Napoléon (1975). Bibliothèque nationale, 4-LB44-2360
 * L'Enigme de Rennes (1978). Bibliothèque nationale, EL 4-Z PIECE-110 and EL 4-Z PIECE-111
 * "Jarry lecteur de Poe et de Shakespeare", in AARevue 115 (janvier-février 1979), Liège.
 * "Catalogue des circonflexes communs", "Circonflexe des propres" et "Circonflexe et Tréma", in AARevue 123 ("Absolu 107", sept.-oct. 1979).
 * Lettre ouverte à Monsieur Laurent Dailliez (1980). Bibliothèque nationale, EL 4-Y PIECE- 344
 * Court-circuit by Paul Rouelle, avec un feu d'artifices de Ph. de Cherisey, Liège : P. Rouelle (1983, enlarged ed. Paris : l'Oeil du sphinx, 2010).
 * "Jésus Christ, sa femme et les mérovingiens", in Nostra L'Actualite Insolite (Number 584, 1983).
 * L'Affaire Jean-Luc Chaumeil (1984). Bibliothèque nationale, EL 4-Z PIECE-245
 * Un veau à cinq pattes: notes sur l'oeuvre de l'abbé H. Boudet, sur ses sources, son tempérament, son idéal et sa vie (France secret, 2008). ISBN 978-2-916797-16-8

title: Philippe de Chérisey