text:
User talk:Mikegr~enwiki

Heya; great idea with the Tube navigation boxes, but would it be possible to format them with the skin-format (change '{|' to '{| id="toc"')?

Thanks.

James F. (talk) 23:16, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The skin-formatting will make them look like other boxes in the skin; slowly, we're (slowly) changing all the tables to use it, and it helps if people start new ones with it too :-)
 * James F. (talk) 23:27, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm adding the colored borders to some of these, as you appear to have been doing too, as on Talk:London Underground. I've changed your  lines to , as the  s weren't working in Firefox (not sure why, as the code looked right). Could I also ask that you use the colors from the table on the London Underground article, please:

 * Thanks; and good work! :o) — OwenBlacker 20:05, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)

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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Mikegr! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Mikegr~enwiki


text:
List of political parties in Somaliland

Somaliland has a multi-party system, with a constitutional limit of three official parties at the national level (determined for a 10-year period at the beginning of each decade based on municipal election results, in which more parties are allowed) as an attempt to avoid political tribalism. A single party often does not have win power alone, so the parties must instead form coalition governments. However, despite some parties having affiliations with political internationals of a particular ideology, politics in Somaliland tend to be more clan-based rather than ideology-based. As such, the programs of parties can fluctuate depending on the issues surrounding the clan(s) that support them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of political parties in Somaliland


text:
Breakdown voltage

The breakdown voltage of an insulator is the minimum voltage that causes a portion of an insulator to experience electrical breakdown and become electrically conductive. For diodes, the breakdown voltage is the minimum reverse voltage that makes the diode conduct appreciably in reverse. Some devices (such as TRIACs) also have a forward breakdown voltage.

Electrical breakdown
Materials are often classified as conductors or insulators based on their resistivity. A conductor is a substance which contains many mobile charged particles called charge carriers which are free to move about inside the material. An electric field is created across a piece of the material by applying a voltage difference between electrical contacts on different sides of the material. The force of the field causes the charge carriers within the material to move, creating an electric current from the positive contact to the negative contact. For example, in metals one or more of the negatively charged electrons in each atom, called conduction electrons, are free to move about the crystal lattice. An electric field causes a large current to flow, so metals have low resistivity, making them good conductors. In contrast in materials like plastics and ceramics all the electrons are tightly bound to atoms, so under normal conditions there are very few mobile charge carriers in the material. Applying a voltage causes only a very small current to flow, giving the material a very high resistivity, and these are classed as insulators.

However, if a strong enough electric field is applied, all insulators become conductors. If the voltage applied across a piece of insulator is increased, at a certain electric field strength the number of charge carriers in the material suddenly increases enormously and its resistivity drops, causing a strong current to flow through it. This is called electrical breakdown. Breakdown occurs when the electric field becomes strong enough to pull electrons from the molecules of the material, ionizing them. The released electrons are accelerated by the field and strike other atoms, creating more free electrons and ions in a chain reaction, flooding the material with charged particles. This occurs at a characteristic electric field strength in each material, measured in volts per centimeter, called its dielectric strength.

When a voltage is applied across a piece of insulator, the electric field at each point is equal to the gradient of the voltage. The voltage gradient may vary at different points across the object, due to its shape or local variations in composition. Electrical breakdown occurs when the field first exceeds the dielectric strength of the material in some region of the object. Once one area has broken down and become conductive, that area has almost no voltage drop and the full voltage is applied across the remaining length of the insulator, resulting in a higher gradient and electric field, causing additional areas in the insulator to break down. The breakdown quickly spreads in a conductive path through the insulator until it extends from the positive to the negative contact. The voltage at which this occurs is called the breakdown voltage of that object. Breakdown voltage varies with the material composition, shape of an object, and the length of material between the electrical contacts.

Solids
Breakdown voltage is a characteristic of an insulator that defines the maximum voltage difference that can be applied across the material before the insulator conducts. In solid insulating materials, this usually creates a weakened path within the material by creating permanent molecular or physical changes by the sudden current. Within rarefied gases found in certain types of lamps, breakdown voltage is also sometimes called the striking voltage.

The breakdown voltage of a material is not a definite value because it is a form of failure and there is a statistical probability whether the material will fail at a given voltage. When a value is given it is usually the mean breakdown voltage of a large sample. Another term is withstand voltage, where the probability of failure at a given voltage is so low it is considered, when designing insulation, that the material will not fail at this voltage.

Two different breakdown voltage measurements of a material are the AC and impulse breakdown voltages. The AC voltage is the line frequency of the mains. The impulse breakdown voltage is simulating lightning strikes, and usually uses a 1.2 microsecond rise for the wave to reach 90% amplitude, then drops back down to 50% amplitude after 50 microseconds.

Two technical standards governing performing these tests are ASTM D1816 and ASTM D3300 published by ASTM.

Gases and vacuum
In standard conditions at atmospheric pressure, air serves as an excellent insulator, requiring the application of a significant voltage of 3.0 kV/mm before breaking down (e.g., lightning, or sparking across plates of a capacitor, or the electrodes of a spark plug). Using other gases, this breakdown potential may decrease to an extent that two uninsulated surfaces with different potentials might induce the electrical breakdown of the surrounding gas. This may damage an apparatus, as a breakdown is analogous to a short circuit.

In a gas, the breakdown voltage can be determined by Paschen's law.

The breakdown voltage in a partial vacuum is represented as

V_\mathrm{b} = \frac {B\,p\,d}{\ln \left(A\,p\,d\right) - \ln\left[\ln\left(1 + \frac {1}{\gamma_\mathrm{se}}\right)\right]} $$

where $$V_\mathrm{b}$$ is the breakdown potential in volts DC, $$A$$ and $$B$$ are constants that depend on the surrounding gas, $$p$$ represents the pressure of the surrounding gas, $$ d $$ represents the distance in centimetres between the electrodes, and $$ \gamma_\mathrm{se} $$ represents the Secondary Electron Emission Coefficient.

A detailed derivation, and some background information, is given in the article about Paschen's law.

Diodes and other semiconductors
Breakdown voltage is a parameter of a diode that defines the largest reverse voltage that can be applied without causing an exponential increase in the leakage current in the diode. Exceeding the breakdown voltage of a diode, per se, is not destructive; although, exceeding its current capacity will be. In fact, Zener diodes are essentially just heavily doped normal diodes that exploit the breakdown voltage of a diode to provide regulation of voltage levels.

Rectifier diodes (semiconductor or tube/valve) may have several voltage ratings, such as the peak inverse voltage (PIV) across the diode, and the maximum RMS input voltage to the rectifier circuit (which will be much less).

Many small-signal transistors need to have any breakdown currents limited to much lower values to avoid excessive heating. To avoid damage to the device, and to limit the effects excessive leakage current may have on the surrounding circuit, the following bipolar transistor maximum ratings are often specified:

 * VCEO (sometimes written BVCEO or V(BR)CEO): The maximum voltage between collector and emitter that can be safely applied (and with no more than some specified leakage current, often) when no circuit at the base of the transistor is there to remove collector-base leakage. Typical values: 20 volts to as high as 700 volts; very early Germanium point-contact transistors such as the OC10 had values around 5 volts or less.
 * VCBO: The maximum collector-to-base voltage, with emitter open-circuit. Typical values 25 to 1200 volts.
 * VCER: The maximum voltage rating between collector and emitter with some specified resistance (or less) between base and emitter. A more realistic rating for real-world circuits than the open-base or open-emitter scenarios above.
 * VEBO: The maximum reverse voltage on the base with respect to the emitter. Typically around 5 volts - more for germanium transistors, less for UHF transistors usually.
 * VCES: Collector to emitter rating when base is shorted to emitter; equivalent to VCER when R = 0.
 * VCEX: Collector to emitter rating when a specific base-emitter voltage is supplied, such as in some high voltage switching scenarios.

Field-effect transistors have similar maximum ratings, the most important one for junction FETs is the gate-drain voltage rating.

Some devices may also have a maximum rate of change of voltage specified.

Electrical apparatus
Power transformers, circuit breakers, switchgear and other electrical apparatus connected to overhead transmission lines are exposed to transient lightning surge voltages induced on the power circuit. Electrical apparatus will have a basic lightning impulse level (BIL) specified. This is the crest value of an impulse waveform with a standardized wave shape, intended to simulate the electrical stress of a lightning surge or a surge induced by circuit switching. The BIL is coordinated with the typical operating voltage of the apparatus. For high-voltage transmission lines, the impulse level is related to the clearance to ground of energized components. As an example, a transmission line rated 138 kV would be designed for a BIL of 650 kV. A higher BIL may be specified than the minimum, where the exposure to lightning is severe.

title: Breakdown voltage


text:
Moropus

Moropus (meaning "slow foot") is an extinct genus of large perissodactyl ("odd-toed" ungulate) mammal in the chalicothere family. They were endemic to North America during the Miocene from ~20.4–13.6 Mya, existing for approximately. Moropus belonged to the schizotheriine subfamily of chalicotheres, and has the best fossil record of any member of this group; numbers of individuals, including complete skeletons, have been found.

The closest extant relatives of Moropus are other perissodactyls: horses, rhinos, and tapirs.

Description

Like other chalicotheres, Moropus differed from typical ungulates in having large claws, rather than hooves, on the feet. Three large, highly compressed claws were present on each of the front feet, supported inside by fissured bony phalanges. In a classic example of convergent evolution, Moropus and its kin developed feet which were structured quite similarly to those of the extinct giant ground sloths (such as Megatherium), their giant claws and ‘hands’ being a formidable defense against predators. The feet also (likely) featured similar qualities and functions to today’s extant Xenarthra—a unique group of animals containing the giant and silky anteaters, armadillos, the tamandua and the two- and three-toed sloths. The name Moropus translates to "slow (or sloth) foot", implying it was a clumsy mover. However, as with all schizotheriines, the articulation of the phalangeal (finger) bones shows that Moropus could retract the claws enough to walk smoothly with the front feet in a normal digitigrade stance, lifting the claws by hyperextension of the phalangeal hook.

Moropus was one of the largest chalicotheres, standing about 8 ft tall at the shoulder. Like other schizotheriines, the teeth were adapted to browsing, and the narrow skull with high nasal bones comes to a spoon-shaped tip, a characteristic common to leaf-eating mammals that browse selectively, grasping their food with mobile lips and a long tongue. The pelvis and hindlimbs would have allowed living individuals to rear up on their hind legs, using the front claws to hook tree branches and pull them within reach of the lips and tongue. Measurements of multiple individuals in at least one species (M. elatus) suggest there was sexual dimorphism, with one sex larger than the other.

Moropus was an uncommon animal in the woodland and savanna environments where it lived. However, at the Agate Springs bonebed in Nebraska, the remains of seventeen individuals were found in a thirty-six foot area, which suggests that in at least some situations Moropus came together in groups. The front and back legs of this genus were more similar in length than most advanced chalicotheres, which may indicate it was better adapted to life in more open environments, spending less time standing at trees and more time walking and running.

Fossil distribution

 * Phillips Ranch, Kern County, California estimated age: ~18.7 Mya.
 * Stewart Spring (UCMP 2027), Mineral County and Esmeralda County, Nevada estimated age: ~18.7 Mya.
 * Stage Hill I, aka Millennium's End Quarry, Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska estimated age: ~21.6—21.5 Mya.
 * Sucker Creek site, Sucker Creak Formation, Malheur County, Oregon ~16.4 Mya.
 * Anderson Ranch Formation, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska estimated age ~ 21.3-19.2 Mya.

Species distributions

 * M. elatus - Colorado, Nebraska
 * M. hollandi - Wyoming, Nebraska
 * M. merriami - Nevada, Nebraska
 * M. oregonensis - Oregon, Texas, Florida

title: Moropus


text:
Louis Del Grande

Louis Del Grande (born March 23, 1943) is a retired American-Canadian actor, comedian, and television writer. He is best known as the co-creator and star of the mystery-comedy CBC Television series Seeing Things (1981-87). He won four Gemini Awards for his work on the series, two for Best Actor in a Comedy Series and two for Best Comedy Series.

Early life
Del Grande was born and raised in Union City, New Jersey. His father and brother were both institutionalized, while his sister underwent intensive psychiatric treatment. At age 16, Del Grande began acting in New York City, eventually landing a part in the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.

Career
Del Grande moved to Toronto in 1964, drawn to Canada by the Stratford Festival, and soon found work as a stand-up comedian and comedy writer. In 1975, he was hired as head writer for a new sitcom, The King of Kensington, which became a hit in Canada until the end of the decade. He also appeared in the show a handful of times as Fred, a friend of Al Waxman's lead character Larry King. Del Grande later became (with Jack Humphries) the show's co-producer (a Fifth Estate documentary said the two producers ran Kensington "with an iron hand").

After a brief stint in Hollywood, Del Grande returned to Toronto where he created, wrote and produced Seeing Things, which aired from 1981 to 1987. Del Grande played a crime-solving clairvoyant tabloid reporter who was separated from his wife Marge (played by Del Grande's real-life wife, actress Martha Gibson). The series was popular and won Del Grande four Gemini Awards, two for best actor in a comedy and two for the show itself.

Outside Canada, Del Grande is probably best known as the ConSec scanner in the infamous "head explosion" scene in the David Cronenberg movie Scanners. He has also appeared in numerous theatrical and television movies and series, including Monkeys in the Attic, Due South, The Outer Limits and Goosebumps.

Personal life
Del Grande is married to Canadian actress Martha Gibson. For many years, the couple resided on Cape Breton Island.

title: Louis Del Grande


text: Category:Ecology books

title: Category:Ecology books


text:
Talk:Royal Varuna Yacht Club

I've cleaned up this page a lot. But it still reads a little like an advert and, ultimately, this page is a decent candidate for deletion. I've left the disclaimer since I feel the page would benefit from some more editing. Dybeck 15:42, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Previous deletion debate

title: Talk:Royal Varuna Yacht Club


text: Category:Elections in Turkmenistan

title: Category:Elections in Turkmenistan


text:
User:Leyh~enwiki

Greg Leyh WIKI Page

title: User:Leyh~enwiki


text:
Orvis

Orvis is an American family-owned retail and mail-order business specializing in fly fishing, hunting and sporting goods. Founded in Manchester, Vermont, in 1856 by Charles F. Orvis to sell fishing tackle, it is the oldest mail-order retailer in the United States.

Orvis operates 70 retail stores and 10 outlet/warehouse locations in the US and 18 retail stores and one outlet store in the UK. Owned by the Perkins family since 1965, the company has changed hands twice and has had five CEOs in its history.

History
Charles F. Orvis opened a tackle shop in Manchester, Vermont, in 1856. His 1874 fly reel was described by reel historian Jim Brown as the "benchmark of American reel design," the first fully modern fly reel.

Prior to the Civil War Orvis was sending out catalogs, which predated more famous ones from Sears, Roebuck by more than 20 years. Charles's daughter, Mary Orvis Marbury, took charge of the Orvis fly department in the 1870s. In 1892, she published an encyclopedic reference book on fly patterns Favorite Flies and Their Histories.

Following Charles's death in 1915, sons Albert and Robert managed the company until the 1930s, when it essentially collapsed during the Depression. Investors, led by Philadelphia businessman-sportsman Dudley Corkran, purchased Orvis in 1939 for US$4,500 (equal to $ today), and quickly revitalized the business. Corkran hired master bamboo rodbuilder Wes Jordan, who by the late 1940s had developed a Bakelite impregnation process that made Orvis bamboo rods uniquely impervious to weather, rot, and other perennial perils.

After World War II, as fiberglass claimed the fishing rod market, Orvis competed with bamboo rod builders, such as Payne, Gillum, and Garrison, while its fiberglass and graphite rods competed with Shakespeare, Fenwick, and other emerging post-bamboo-era firms. The firm produces high quality flies and fly-tying tools, employing professional tyers like A.K. Best and Tom Rosenbauer to create new versions for sale.

Purchase by the Perkins family
In 1965 after nine months of negotiations with Corkran, Leigh H. Perkins (27 November 1927 - 7 May 2021) bought Orvis for $400,000, equal to $ today. Perkins had since his youth held an admiration for the company which he purchased using $200,000 in savings and the rest in the form of a loan. At the time the company had 20 employees and $500,000 in annual sales. In 1966 Perkins established the Orvis fly-fishing school in Manchester, Vermont, which is thought to have been the first of its kind in the United States. His idea was to both to democratize the world of fly casting and at the same time to expand his customer base. Eventually the company was to establish a total of seven such fishing schools.

Perkins recognized the opportunity to make Orvis synonymous not only with fly fishing but with an entire way of life, and greatly enlarged the product line in the 1980s into gifts and clothing. Described by contemporaries as a genius at mail order, Perkins pioneered the trading of customer mailing lists among his chief competitors, including L.L. Bean, Eddie Bauer and Norm Thompson. Inspired by Perkin’s respect for working dogs, the company introduced the Orvis Dog Nest bed in 1977, which not only launched an entirely new category for the company, but which was the first of its kind sold in the United States.

Under Perkins and Jordan's successor as chief rod builder, Howard Steere, Orvis became one of the most innovative manufacturers of high-quality fly rods and reels, especially in the development of graphite fly rods. In 1989, Tom Peters, author of In Search of Excellence, named the Orvis fly rod one of the five best products made in the United States in the 1980s. Historian Kenneth Cameron has written that Perkins' accomplishment was to "define the look of contemporary fly fishing and the entire social universe in which it fits, no small achievement."

By the time that Perkins retired in 1992 and turned Orvis over to his sons the company had grown to have annual sales of $90 million and more than 700 employees. Under the leadership of Perkins' sons, then-CEO Leigh ("Perk") Perkins, Jr., and Executive Vice Chairman Dave Perkins, Orvis has more fully formalized- and broadened its corporate vision. Whilst Orvis has thrived and revenue has more than tripled under the second generation of Perkins leadership, a long-simmering corporate identity crisis had to be addressed: the company's growth had strained Orvis's sense of direction - e.g. between 1982 and 2000, Orvis purchased six other firms, most of whose own identities did not mesh well with Orvis and thus put the clarity of the brand at risk. As a result beginning in 2000 a rebranding effort began to focus Orvis as a name synonymous with a distinctive, outdoor style of living.

Simon Perkins, the son of Leigh “Perk” Perkins (former Orvis CEO), and grandson of Leigh H. Perkins took over the company as president in 2020

Conservation programs
Orvis's conservation activism began with Charles Orvis's work in fisheries conservation and management in the late 19th century and has continued since. Leigh Perkins continued with conservationism as a company value, donating to wildlife organizations before such practices were widespread. In 1994 Perkins was recognized for his efforts when he received the Chevron Corporation's Chevron Conservation Award for lifetime achievements in conservation.

Since the 1970s, Orvis has annually donated five percent of its pretax profits to conservation projects in cooperation with the Atlantic Salmon Federation, The Nature Conservancy, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the Ruffled Grouse Society, and Trout Unlimited among others.

title: Orvis


text:
Talk:Edwin Cheney

Untitled

 * Previous deletion debate

Edwin vs. Edward
Mr. Cheney's first name was Edwin. Check out Meryle Secrest's Frank Lloyd Wright: A Biography if a second opinion is needed.

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text:
H. B. Warner

Henry Byron Warner (born Henry Byron Lickfold; 26 October 1876 – 21 December 1958) was an English film and theatre actor. He was popular during the silent era and played Jesus Christ in The King of Kings. In later years, he successfully moved into supporting roles and appeared in numerous films directed by Frank Capra. Warner's most recognizable role to modern audiences is Mr. Gower in It's a Wonderful Life, directed by Capra. He appeared in the original 1937 version of Lost Horizon as Chang, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Early life
Henry Warner was born in St John's Wood, London, England in 1876, and educated at Bedford School. His father, Charles Warner, was an actor, and although Henry initially thought about studying medicine, he eventually performed on the stage. He had an older sister, Grace Warner (1873–1925), who was a stage actress and manager.

Stage
Warner's stage debut came in It's Never Too Late to Mend when he was 21. He acted in several plays before coming to the United States for the 1905–1906 season. His Broadway credits include Silence (1924), You and I (1922), Danger (1921), Sleeping Partners (1918), Out There (1917), and Blackbirds (1912).

Film
Warner began his film career in silent films in 1914 when he debuted in The Lost Paradise. He played lead roles in the silent era and also appeared in numerous Broadway plays. His greatest success was the role of Jesus in Cecil B. DeMille's silent epic The King of Kings in 1927. He received good reviews for this role, but with the advent of sound era, he turned toward supporting roles, mostly because of his age. He usually was cast in dignified roles in numerous films of the 1930s and 1940s. He played in the 1930 version of Liliom (as the Heavenly Magistrate), in Five Star Final (1931, as Michael Townsend), in Grand Canary (1934, as Dr. Ismay), and the 1935 version of A Tale of Two Cities as Gabelle. He portrayed the strict judge in Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936). He appeared in the original 1937 version of Lost Horizon as Chang, for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

Among his later films were You Can't Take It With You (1938), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Rains Came (1939), and The Corsican Brothers (1941). In It's a Wonderful Life (1946), he played an atypical role as the drunken druggist. Occasionally, Warner was seen in sinister roles as in the 1941 film version of The Devil and Daniel Webster, in which he played the ghost of John Hathorne. Also that year, he played the villainous role of Mr. Carrington in Topper Returns. He had a cameo in Sunset Boulevard (1950), directed by Billy Wilder, in which he played himself, playing cards with some other former silent film stars, including Buster Keaton and Anna Q. Nilsson. He had a cameo role in Cecil B DeMille's The Ten Commandments (1956). His last film role was an uncredited cameo in Darby's Rangers (1958).

Personal life
Warner was married twice, first to the former Mrs. F. R. Hamlin, who died in 1914, and from 1915 until 1933 to Marguerite L. "Rita" Stanwood. On 21 December 1958, Warner died in Los Angeles, California, of a heart attack, and is interred in a private vault at the Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles, California.

For his contributions to the motion picture industry, Warner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6600 Hollywood Boulevard.

Filmography

 * The Lost Paradise (1914) as Reuben Warren
 * The Ghost Breaker (1914) as Warren Jarvis
 * The Market of Vain Desire (1916) as John Armstrong
 * Shell 43 (1916) as William Berner
 * The Raiders (1916) as Scott Wells
 * The Beggar of Cawnpore (1916) as Dr. Robert Lowndes
 * The Vagabond Prince (1916) as Prince Torio
 * The Danger Trail (1917) as John Howland
 * Wrath (1917) as Feodor
 * The Seventh Sin (1917) as The Grand Duke
 * God's Man (1917) as Arnold L'Hommedieu
 * For a Woman's Honor (1919) as Captain Clyde Mannering
 * The Man Who Turned White (1919) as Captain Rand
 * A Fugitive from Matrimony (1919) as Stephen Van Courtlandt
 * Haunting Shadows (1919) as John Glenarm
 * The Pagan God (1919) as Bruce Winthrop
 * The Gray Wolf's Ghost (1919) as Doctor West
 * The White Dove (1920) as Sylvester Lanyon
 * One Hour Before Dawn (1920) as George Clayton
 * Felix O'Day (1920) as Felix O'Day
 * Uncharted Channels (1920) as Timothy Webb Jr
 * Dice of Destiny (1920) as Jimmy Doyle
 * When We Were 21 (1921) as Richard Carewe
 * Zaza (1923) as Bernard Dufresne
 * Is Love Everything? (1924) as Jordan Southwick
 * Whispering Smith (1926) as 'Whispering Smith'
 * Silence (1926) as Jim Warren
 * The King of Kings (1927) as Jesus
 * Sorrell and Son (1927) as Stephen Sorrell
 * French Dressing (1927) as Phillip Grey
 * Man-Made Women (1928) as Jules Moret
 * Romance of a Rogue (1928)
 * The Naughty Duchess (1928) as Duke de St. Maclou
 * Conquest (1928) as James Farnham
 * The Doctor's Secret (1929) as Richard Garson
 * Stark Mad (1929) as Prof. Dangerfield
 * The Divine Lady (1929) as Sir William Hamilton
 * The Trial of Mary Dugan (1929) as District Attorney Galway
 * The Gamblers (1929) as James Darwin
 * The Argyle Case (1929) as Hurley
 * The Show of Shows (1929) as The Victim - Guillotine Sequence
 * Tiger Rose (1929) as Dr. Cusick
 * Wedding Rings (1929) as Lewis Dike
 * The Green Goddess (1930) as Major Crespin
 * The Furies (1930) as Oliver Bedlow
 * The Second Floor Mystery (1930) as Inspector Bray
 * Wild Company (1930) as Henry Grayson
 * On Your Back (1930) as Raymond Pryor
 * Liliom (1930) as Chief Magistrate
 * The Princess and the Plumber (1930) as Prince Conrad of Daritzia
 * A Woman of Experience (1931) as Major Hugh Schmidt
 * The Reckless Hour (1931) as Walter Nichols
 * Five Star Final (1931) as Michael Townsend
 * Expensive Women (1931) as Melville Raymond
 * Charlie Chan's Chance (1932) as Inspector Fife
 * The Menace (1932) as Inspector Tracy
 * A Woman Commands (1932) as Col. Stradimirovitsch
 * Unholy Love (1932) as Dr. Daniel Gregory
 * Cross-Examination as Gerald Waring
 * Tom Brown of Culver (1932) as Dr. Brown
 * The Crusader (1932) as Phillip Brandon
 * The Phantom of Crestwood (1932) as Priam Andes
 * The Son-Daughter (1932) as Sin Kai
 * Supernatural (1933) as Dr. Carl Houston
 * Jennie Gerhardt (1933) as William Gerhardt
 * Christopher Bean (1933) as Maxwell Davenport
 * Sorrell and Son (1933) as Captain Stephen Sorrell
 * Grand Canary (1934) as Dr. Ismay
 * In Old Santa Fe (1934) as Charlie Miller
 * Behold My Wife (1934) as Hubert Carter
 * Night Alarm (1934) as Henry B. Smith
 * Born to Gamble (1935) as Carter Mathews
 * A Tale of Two Cities (1935) as Gabelle
 * The Garden Murder Case (1936) as Major Fenwicke-Ralston
 * Rose of the Rancho (1936) as Don Pasqual Castro
 * Moonlight Murder (1936) as Godfrey Chiltern
 * Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) as Judge May
 * Blackmailer (1936) as Michael Rankin
 * Along Came Love (1936) as Dr. Martin
 * Lost Horizon (1937) as Chang
 * Our Fighting Navy (1937) as British Consul Brent
 * Victoria the Great (1937) as Lord Melbourne
 * Girl of the Golden West (1938) as Father Sienna
 * The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938) as Chen Tsu
 * Kidnapped (1938) as Angus Rankeillor
 * The Toy Wife (1938) as Victor Brigard
 * Bulldog Drummond in Africa (1938) as Col. J.A. Nielsen
 * Army Girl (1938) as Col. Armstrong
 * You Can't Take It With You (1938) as Ramsay
 * Arrest Bulldog Drummond (1938) as Colonel Nielsen
 * Let Freedom Ring (1939) as Rutledge
 * Bulldog Drummond's Secret Police (1939) as Colonel Nielson
 * The Gracie Allen Murder Case (1939) as Richard Lawrence
 * Bulldog Drummond's Bride (1939) as Colonel Nielson
 * Nurse Edith Cavell (1939) as Hugh Gibson
 * The Rains Came (1939) as Maharajah
 * Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) as Senator Agnew
 * New Moon (1940) as Father Michel
 * Topper Returns (1941) as Mr. Carrington
 * The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941) as Justice John Hathorne
 * City of Missing Girls (1941) as Captain McVeigh
 * South of Tahiti (1941) as High Chief Kawalima
 * The Corsican Brothers (1941) as Dr. Enrico Paoli
 * Crossroads (1942) as Prosecuting Attorney
 * A Yank in Libya (1942) as Herbert Forbes
 * The Boss of Big Town (1942) as Jeffrey Moore
 * Hitler's Children (1943) as The Bishop
 * Women in Bondage (1943) as Pastor Renz
 * Action in Arabia (1944) as Abdul El Rashid
 * Enemy of Women (1944) as Col. Eberhart Brandt
 * Faces in the Fog (1944) as Defense Attorney Rankins
 * Rogues' Gallery (1944) as Prof. Reynolds
 * Captain Tugboat Annie (1945) as Judge Abbott
 * Strange Impersonation (1946) as Dr. Mansfield
 * Gentleman Joe Palooka (1946) as Sen. McCarden
 * It's a Wonderful Life (1946) as Mr. Gower
 * Driftwood (1947) as Rev. J. Hollingsworth
 * High Wall (1947) as Mr. Slocum
 * The Prince of Thieves (1948) as Gilbert Head
 * The Judge Steps Out (1949) as Chief Justice Hayes
 * El Paso (1949) as Judge Fletcher
 * Hellfire (1949) as Brother Joseph
 * Sunset Boulevard (1950) as himself
 * The First Legion (1951) as Fr. Jose Sierra
 * Savage Drums (1951) as Maou
 * Here Comes the Groom (1951) as Uncle Elihu
 * Journey Into Light (1951) as Wiz - the Wino
 * The Ten Commandments (1956) as Amminadab

title: H. B. Warner


text: Category:Elections in Tuvalu

title: Category:Elections in Tuvalu


text:
Talk:Caravan (trailer)

Limited Living Space (400 sq. ft.)
"By law, travel trailers are limited to 400 square feet (37 m2) of living area, and many models offer exactly that plus any optional slide-outs."

According to 24 CFR 3282 travel trailers less than 400 square foot of living space are exempt fro building codes for manufactured housing. Larger models exist but are subject to HUD's standard for housing. Manufacturers and park managers seek "a consensus outcome where RVs are clearly defined as recreational units and manufactured housing is clearly defined as housing in a way that everyone knows exactly where the line between them is." Tdreid (talk) 05:01, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Please note that those laws only related to one country (USA by the looks of it), not to the entire world.  Stepho  talk 08:46, 3 March 2016 (UTC)

"In Europe, the origins of travel trailers and caravanning can be traced back to the travelling Romani people, and showmen who spent most of their lives in horse-drawn caravans."
Surely there must be more use of caravans as at least temporary accomodation than this? Especially since it links to the living van article on caravans for agricultural traction engine crews, who presumably were mainly not romani or showmen. --Eldomtom2 (talk) 20:10, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

English
Caravans vary from basic models which may be little more than a tent on wheels to those containing several rooms with all the furniture and furnishings and equipment of a home. Construction of the solid-wall trailers can be made of metal or fiberglass. Travel trailers are used principally in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.[3][4] 2402:4000:21C2:4F59:C156:8D3:1CD8:8AF2 (talk) 07:07, 1 December 2021 (UTC)

Caravan
description 157.32.202.227 (talk) 11:37, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Can you rephrase that in sentences of more than one word?  Stepho  talk 23:45, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Caravan (trailer)


text: Category:Elections in Wallis and Futuna

title: Category:Elections in Wallis and Futuna


text:
Category:Psychology books

This category is for non-fiction books about psychology. For novels about psychology, see Category:Psychological novels.

title: Category:Psychology books


text:
Category:Elections in Transnistria

See also: Category:Referendums in Transnistria

title: Category:Elections in Transnistria


text:
Illinois Route 114

Illinois Route 114 is a rural east–west state route that connects State Road 10 in Indiana, USA, with Illinois Route 1 and Illinois Route 17 (Dixie Highway), which overlap in Momence. This is a distance of 7.40 mi.

Route description
Illinois 114 follows the southern bank of the Kankakee River for its entire length, and is the access road for the small camps on the Kankakee River east of Momence. It is a two-lane, undivided surface road.

History
SBI Route 114 was established in 1924. Its routing has not changed since it was initially designated.

title: Illinois Route 114


text: Template:BRstds

title: Template:BRstds


text:
Model Parliament

The Model Parliament is the term, attributed to Frederic William Maitland, used for the 1295 Parliament of England of King Edward I.

History
This assembly included members of the clergy and the aristocracy, as well as representatives from the various counties and boroughs. Each county returned two knights, each borough elected two burgesses, and each city provided two citizens. That composition became the model for later parliaments, hence the name.

A similar scheme had been used in summoning Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1265, but it had been called by Simon de Montfort in the midst of the Second Barons' War against Henry III of England. The same scheme was remarkably adopted by a king who was Henry's son and heir although he had quelled Montfort's uprising.

Edward I summoned the parliament to meet at Westminster on 13 November 1295. In calling the parliament, Edward proclaimed in his writ of summons that "what touches all, should be approved of all (Quod omnes tangit ab omnibus approbari debet), and it is also clear that common dangers should be met by measures agreed upon in common".

Parliament's legislative authority was then limited, and its primary role was to levy taxes. Edward's paramount goal in summoning the parliament was to raise funds for his wars, specifically the planned campaigns against the French and the Scots for the forthcoming year and countering an insurgency in Wales. That "sound finance" by taxation was a goal of summoning the parliament but was tied into "counsel" to the king and "the element of service" for feudalism.

However, the resulting parliament became a model for a new function as well, the addressing of grievances with the king. "The elected members were far more anxious to establish the second function: to discuss grievances. A kind of quid pro quo was looked for: money for the Scottish campaign of 1296 would be forthcoming if certain grievances were addressed. This consciousness was growing, even if all was still in an embryonic state". The concept of "Parliament" was in fact such that the division into House of Commons and House of Lords had not yet taken place. The Model Parliament was unicameral and summoned 49 lords to sit with 292 representatives of the Commons.

The Model Parliament created a precedent in which each "successor of a baron" (which includes Lords Spiritual) who received a writ to the parliament of 1295 "had a legal right to receive a writ". However, that strictly-hereditary right was not recognized formally until 1387.

title: Model Parliament


text:
Talk:Bill Schelter

Previous deletion debate
This is considerably after the fact, but I can't believe that someone suggested deleting this page. The information about what happened to Bill Schelter was not available anywhere, and his work on the GNU'd Macsyma had been a really great contribution for people who apply math in their everyday work.
 * Previous deletion debate
 * I second that. --Amit 11:08, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * As do I.

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title: Talk:Bill Schelter


text: Category:Elections in Somaliland

title: Category:Elections in Somaliland


text: Category:Somaliland

title: Category:Somaliland


text: Category:Futurology books

title: Category:Futurology books


text:
Wolfgang Thierse

Wolfgang Thierse (born 22 October 1943) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as the 11th president of the Bundestag from 1998 to 2005.

Early life and career
Thierse was born in Breslau (Wrocław in present-day Poland). He is a Roman Catholic and grew up in East Germany. After his A-levels he first worked as a typesetter in Weimar. Then he studied German language and literature at Humboldt University in Berlin, where he was an active member of the Catholic Student Community. He also became a research assistant in the university's Department of Cultural Theory / Aesthetics. In 1975–76 he was employed by the Ministry of Culture of the German Democratic Republic. But when he joined the protests against the expulsion of singer-songwriter and dissident Wolf Biermann from the GDR he lost his job.

From 1977 to 1990 Thierse worked as a research assistant at the Central Institute of the History of Literature in the Academy of Arts and Sciences of the GDR. He was one of the editors of the "Historical Dictionary of Aesthetic Concepts".

Early political career
Although his father had been a member of the Centre Party in the Weimar Republic and later of the Christian Democratic Union (East Germany), Wolfgang Thierse did not belong to any political party before 1990. That did not mean that he was not interested in politics. His father regularly listened to the West Berlin radio station RIAS, so Wolfgang had a chance to hear speeches from debates in the West German parliament. He was particularly impressed by Carlo Schmid, Herbert Wehner, and later Willy Brandt.

In October 1989, Thierse joined the opposition group New Forum and in January 1990 the Social Democratic Party in the GDR, whose leader he became in June. In August 1990, under Thierse's leadership, the East German Social Democratic Party quit the governing coalition, apparently denying the coalition, which was led by Christian Democrats, a ruling majority.

With regard to German reunification Thierse was in favour of a gradual process, but he realized soon that the majority of the population of the GDR wanted to join the West German state as quickly as possible.

When the East German SPD merged with the West German SPD Thierse became the SPD's deputy leader, an office he held until 2005. Until 2009 he belonged to the SPD's national executive. He also belonged to various party commissions, which dealt with subjects like the party's basic values, or the special problems of East Germany. He was elected as a member of the East German parliament in 1990.

Member of the German Bundestag, 1990–2013
Following the German reunification, Thierse served as member of the Bundestag, the lower house of the parliament of Germany. He was his parliamentary group's deputy chairman from 1994 on, under the leadership of its chairman Rudolf Scharping. From 1995 until 1998, he was a member of the Committee on the Election of Judges (Wahlausschuss), which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.

President of the Bundestag, 1998–2005
After the SPD's victory in the 1998 general elections, Thierse was elected President of the Bundestag on 26 October. That was "a historic date", as he called it, because it was the first time that a citizen of the former GDR became Germany's second highest representative. He had not been a lifelong resistance fighter against the rule of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany nor had he ever identified with that rule, he said, but he represented a large majority of the East German population in that. Journalists call him "the advocate of the East". He served for two terms until October 2005, when he was succeeded by Norbert Lammert. In addition, he was chairman of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) from 2002 until 2009.

He has never given the impression "to be in the sole possession of truth". It is most important to him that you "include" your opponents, the "other" person, the "other" opinion. Therefore, it is necessary for speakers to put aside their manuscripts sometimes and to enter into a real dialogue with the speakers before them.

As president of the Bundestag, Thierse visited numerous countries. He has always shown a great interest in inter-cultural dialogue. In his speeches he addressed a variety of questions such as the consequences of globalization on the one hand and increasing individualization on the other, or problems of the environment.

Thierse passionately promoted the idea that the Bundestag should move to Berlin, thereby underlining the process of reunification. It was highly satisfactory for him when he was able to open its first meeting there in 1999.

In response to the CDU donations scandal in 2000, Thierse imposed a $21 million fine on former Chancellor Helmut Kohl's party for accepting illegal financing. At the time, the fine was the largest in the history of the federal republic. Thierse accused Kohl of "intentional violations of political contribution laws and the Constitution over many years."

Thierse was especially involved in the fight against right-wing extremism. He takes part in discussions, campaigns and demonstrations. He visits neo-Nazi strongholds, particularly in East Germany, and encourages people to stand up for democracy.

In 2002, Thierse demanded the abolition of checks on former Stasi employees.

Vice-President of the Bundestag, 2005–2013
After the 2005 elections, Thierse was elected Vice President of the Bundestag, serving alongside President Norbert Lammert. He also served on the Committee on Cultural Affairs and Media. In addition, he was a member of the Art Advisory Board of the German Bundestag.

Other activities

 * Action Reconciliation Service for Peace (ASF), Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Central Committee of German Catholics (ZdK), Member
 * Cusanuswerk, Member of the Advisory Board
 * Foundation for the Humboldt Forum in the Berlin Palace, Member of the Council
 * Green Helmets, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Willy Brandt Foundation, chairman of the Board of Trustees
 * Foundation Flight, Expulsion, Reconciliation, Member of the Board of Trustees (2010–2013)
 * Freya von Moltke Foundation for the New Kreisau, Member of the Board of Trustees (2005–2009)
 * German Historical Museum (DHM), Member of the Board of Trustees (2005–2013)
 * Hertha BSC, Member of the Business Advisory Board (2005–2009)
 * German Federal Cultural Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (2002–2005)

Recognition
Among the honours Thierse received are an honorary doctorate (awarded by the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Münster) and the Federal Cross of Merit.

Personal life
Wolfgang Thierse is married with two children. He lives in Prenzlauer Berg, a north-eastern part of Berlin.

Thierse has published several books, especially about the situation in East Germany. In 2003 a CD was published with Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" read by Thierse. The proceeds were for the "Green Berets", a charity that helped young Muslims and Christians to rebuild destroyed areas like Bosnia or Afghanistan.

"Peter and the Wolf" is another fairy tale read on CD by Wolfgang Thierse. Again the profit is for charity.

Controversy
On 30 December 2012, Thierse caused outrage by an interview in a Berlin paper ("Berliner Morgenpost"), criticizing gentrification tendencies in formerly poor Berlin inner city districts such as Prenzlauer Berg and Kreuzberg. He specifically mentioned so called "Swabians" (German: "Schwaben") who serve as prototype for wealthy migrants from western Germany who often work in highly paid jobs in the Berlin media and culture industry, as well as government and industry organizations, replacing the original Berlin under-class population. Thierse specifically mentioned the usage of Swabian or more generally South-German terms for food like "Wecken" or "Pflaumendatschis" instead of the Berlin dialect variants for rolls or plum cakes respectively. Furthermore, those Swabians (symbolizing all migrants from the former West Germany) would be attracted by the cultural gems of Berlin and its status as chaotic, poor and sexy metropolis, but after some time in town would like to transform it in another variant of their small wealthy south German towns of origin.

Thierse received strong criticism from prominent Swabians such as Cem Özdemir (chairman of Germany's Green Party) and by European Commissioner for Energy Günther Oettinger (CDU, conservative party), as well as by fellow high-ranking SPD party members. Oettinger pointed out that the Berlin state would only be a viable state because of Germany's internal rescue fund ("Länderfinanzausgleich") which is mainly financed by the two German states that comprise parts of the historic region of Swabia, namely Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, and in addition by Hesse. The state of Berlin is by far the main beneficiary of this rescue fund.

Some commentators (inter alia, Germany's Stern magazine ) even raised accusations against Thierse of discrimination against large parts of the West German population. Germany's Federal minister for Economic Cooperation, Dirk Niebel (FDP, liberal party), born and raised in Hamburg but representing a south-western constituency around Heidelberg, called Thierse furiously in a public reaction reported by the news magazine "Focus", a "pietistischer Zickenbart" ("pietistic bitchy greybeard").

On 1 January 2013, Thierse re-affirmed his previous statements in the Berlin paper "Tagesspiegel": He called the public criticism "ridiculous", mentioned that intra-German migrants should be allowed to use their South German dialects only in their states/regions of origin and furthermore talked about an "Organisierte Schwabenschaft" (roughly "Organized Swabians") that would have appeared in the nationwide media and that would abuse its influence. In particular this term "Organisierte Schwabenschaft" caused significant outrage, especially in West Germany, since the usage and wording resembled to the usage of similarly sounding racist terms by right-wing extremists against immigrants and religious minorities. According to the weekly "Die Zeit" magazine, Thierse would have de-masked himself as a "babbit" who did serious harm to the gentrification debate by introducing ethnic terms and regional prejudice into the public discussion.

Prominent former TV host and political correspondent Ulrich Kienzle accused Thierse in an emotional personal letter to him of talking nonsense and artificially intensifying a deeply rooted rivalry between South Germans and Prussians that would date back to even before the Battle of Königgrätz where Prussian forces defeated Austria and its South German allies. This victory eventually led to the Prussia-dominated German Empire in 1870–1871.

In an online essay for Der Spiegel, Jan Fleischhauer pointed out that so called "Schwaben-Hass" (discrimination or hatred vs Swabians) would be a politically correct variant of xenophobia for left-wing intellectuals and bohemians used to hide respectively camouflage otherwise totally unacceptable political positions against foreign infiltration or domination by immigrants.

For reconciliatory efforts, Thierse received a "Goldene Narrenschelle", an order of Carneval from Vereinigung Schwäbisch-Alemannischer Narrenzünfte (VSAN), an umbrella organization of Swabian–Alemannic Fastnacht.

Selected publications

 * (Hg.): Arbeit ist keine Ware. Herder, Freiburg im Breisgau [u.a.] 2009, ISBN 978-3-451-30290-9.
 * (Hg.): Grundwerte für eine gerechte Weltordnung. Eine Denkschrift der Grundwertekommission der SPD zur internationalen Politik. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-518-06720-6.
 * Zukunft Ost. Perspektiven für Ostdeutschland in der Mitte Europas. Rowohlt, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-87134-442-7.
 * mit Avraham Burg: Das Parlament in der deutschen und in der israelischen Demokratie. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Herzliya 2000.
 * "Ernst Barlachs Plastik "Der Schwebende" zwischen Ost und West". In: Barlachs Engel. Stimmen zum Kölner Schwebenden. Herausgegeben von Antje Löhr-Sieberg und Annette Scholl unter Mitarbeit von Anselm Weyer. Greven Verlag, Köln 2011, S. 54–57. ISBN 978-3-7743-0481-9.

Literature

 * Michael F. Feldkamp (ed.), Der Bundestagspräsident. Amt – Funktion – Person. 16. Wahlperiode, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-7892-8201-0

title: Wolfgang Thierse


text: Category:Business books

title: Category:Business books


text:
Talk:Jason Allen (American football)

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title: Talk:Jason Allen (American football)


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Meremere

Meremere is a small town in the northern Waikato region in the North Island of New Zealand. It is located on the east bank of the Waikato River, 50 kilometres north of Hamilton and 63 km south of Auckland.

Meremere was the site of fighting in 1863 during the New Zealand Wars, at which time the settlement (then known as Mere Mere) was the site of a Māori defensive outpost.

For a number of years a coal-fired power station operated in Meremere, and much of the workforce lived in the town. The station was the first government-built large scale thermal power station, opening in 1958 and was a notable landmark for travellers along State Highway 1, which runs past the town. An aerial ropeway carried buckets of coal to the station from the Maramarua coal mine. The station closed in 1991 and there were plans during the 1990s to convert the station into a waste to energy plant, using waste from Auckland. These plans, known as the Olivine project, did not eventuate. The site was used as a recycling centre from 2007 to at least 2017.

Demographics
Statistics New Zealand describes Meremere as a rural settlement, which covers 1.59 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2. Meremere is part of the larger Maramarua statistical area.

Meremere had a population of 543 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 78 people (16.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 81 people (17.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 162 households, comprising 288 males and 267 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.08 males per female, with 165 people (30.4%) aged under 15 years, 102 (18.8%) aged 15 to 29, 246 (45.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 33 (6.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 47.5% European/Pākehā, 51.4% Māori, 11.0% Pacific peoples, 7.2% Asian, and 3.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 58.0% had no religion, 27.6% were Christian, 2.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.1% were Hindu, 2.2% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 2.8% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 27 (7.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 108 (28.6%) people had no formal qualifications. 30 people (7.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 186 (49.2%) people were employed full-time, 51 (13.5%) were part-time, and 48 (12.7%) were unemployed.

Drag strip
Meremere Dragway, New Zealand's only permanent drag racing facility, is nearby and hosts many popular motorsports events throughout the year including Import All-Stars, 4&Rotary Nationals, Nostalgia Drags, the IHRA Championships and Nightspeed Dragwars.

A new motorsports circuit has also been constructed alongside State Highway 1 to the south of Meremere, at Hampton Downs.

Education
Meremere School is a co-educational state primary school, with a roll of  as of.

The school became a full primary school in 2019, introducing classes for Year 7 and 8.

title: Meremere


text: User talk:66.30.5.153

title: User talk:66.30.5.153


text:
Roland Young

Roland Young (11 November 1887 – 5 June 1953) was an English-born actor. He began his acting career on the London stage, but later found success in America and received an Academy Award nomination for his role in the film Topper (1937).

In 1960, Young was posthumously honored with two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions in the television and motion pictures industries.

Early life
Born in London, England, Young was the son of an architect, and early indications were that he would pursue the father's career. He was educated at Sherborne School, Sherborne, Dorset and University College London before being accepted into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where his classmate was Gordon Richards.

Career
Young made his first stage appearance in London's West End in Find the Woman in 1908, and in 1912 he made his Broadway debut in Hindle Wakes. He appeared in two comedies written for him by Clare Kummer, Good Gracious Annabelle! (1916) and A Successful Calamity (1917) before he served with the United States Army during World War I. He returned to New York when the war ended, and married Kummer's daughter Majorie in 1921 after they costarred in Kummer's Rollo's Wild Oat. For the next few years, he alternated between New York and London. He made his film debut in the 1922 silent film Sherlock Holmes, in which he played Watson opposite John Barrymore as Holmes.

He signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and made his talkie debut in The Unholy Night (1929), directed by Lionel Barrymore. He was loaned to Warner Bros. to appear in Her Private Life (also 1929), with Billie Dove and Fox Film Corporation, winning critical approval for his comedic performance as Jeanette MacDonald's husband in Don't Bet on Women (1931). He was again paired with MacDonald Annabelle's Affairs (1931), a talkie version of Good Gracious Annabelle!. He appeared in Cecil B. de Mille's The Squaw Man, and played opposite Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne in The Guardsman (both 1931). He appeared with Evelyn Brent in Columbia's The Pagan Lady (also 1931) and Pola Negri in RKO's A Woman Commands (1932). His final film under his MGM contract was Lovers Courageous (1932), opposite Robert Montgomery. He had a starring role in a risqué comedy for Fox entitled Pleasure Cruise (1933) alongside Genevieve Tobin.

Freelance performer
Young began to work as a freelance performer and found himself in constant demand. He appeared with Jeanette MacDonald, Genevieve Tobin and Maurice Chevalier in One Hour With You (1932) and with Kay Francis in Street of Women (1932). Alexander Korda invited him to return to Britain to make his British film debut in Wedding Rehearsal (1932). He returned to Hollywood and appeared in a diverse group of films that included comedies, murder mysteries, and dramas, and also worked on Broadway. Among his films of this period were Ruggles of Red Gap (1935), David Copperfield (1935) (playing Uriah Heep), and the H. G. Wells fantasy The Man Who Could Work Miracles (1936).

In 1937, he achieved one of the most important successes of his career in Topper, as a bank president haunted by the ghosts of his clients, played by Cary Grant and Constance Bennett. It was one of the most successful films of the year, and Young was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Topper's wife was played by Billie Burke, who wrote in her memoir that Young "was dry and always fun to work with". They also appeared together in The Young in Heart (1938), and both of the Topper sequels, Topper Takes a Trip (1938) and Topper Returns (1941). He continued to play supporting roles in comedies such as Yes, My Darling Daughter, with Fay Bainter and Priscilla Lane, but over the next few years the importance of his roles again decreased. He achieved another success as Uncle Willie in The Philadelphia Story (1940) with Katharine Hepburn, Cary Grant and James Stewart. His last starring role was in the final instalment of the Topper series, Topper Returns in 1941, with Billie Burke, Joan Blondell and Carole Landis.

Artwork
As a visual artist, Young drew caricatures of notables, some of which appeared in Life magazine in the early 1920s. In 1925, a collection was published in the form of a limited-edition book, Actors and Others.

Later life and career
He continued working steadily through the 1940s, playing small roles opposite some of Hollywood's leading actresses, such as Joan Crawford, Marlene Dietrich, Paulette Goddard and Greta Garbo in her final film, Two-Faced Woman (1941). In 1945, he began his own radio show and appeared in the film adaption of Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None. By the end of the decade his film career had declined, and his final films, including The Great Lover (1949), in which he played a murderer opposite Bob Hope, and Fred Astaire's Let's Dance (1950), were not successful.

In the 1950s, Young appeared on several episodic television series, including Lux Video Theatre, Studio One, Pulitzer Prize Playhouse and The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre.

Recognition
Young has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for film at 6523 Hollywood Blvd. and another for television at 6315 Hollywood Blvd. Both were dedicated 8 February 1960.

Personal life
Young was married twice, to Marjorie Kummer from 1921 until 1940, and to Patience DuCroz from 1948 until his death at home in New York City at 65 in 1953.

Partial list of stage appearances

 * Hindle Wakes (1912)
 * Good Gracious, Annabelle (1916)
 * A Successful Calamity (1917)
 * The Gipsy Trail (1917)
 * Buddies (1919)
 * Rollo's Wild Oat (1920)
 * ''The Devil's Disciple (1923)
 * Beggar on Horseback (1924)
 * The Last of Mrs. Cheyney (1925)
 * The Queen's Husband (1928)
 * Her Master's Voice (1933)
 * Spring Thaw (1938)
 * Another Love Story (1943)

Writing

 * Actors and Others (Pascal Covici, 1925)
 * Not For Children: Pictures and Verse (Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1930)
 * Thorne Smith: His Life and Times (Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1934)

title: Roland Young


text:
Brigadeführer

Brigadeführer (, lit. 'brigade leader') was a paramilitary rank of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that was used between 1932 and 1945. It was mainly known for its use as an SS rank. As an SA rank, it was used after briefly being known as Untergruppenführer in late 1929 and 1930.

History
The rank was first created due to an expansion of the SS and assigned to those officers in command of SS-Brigaden. In 1933, the SS-Brigaden were changed in name to SS-Abschnitte; however, the rank of Brigadeführer remained the same.

Originally, Brigadeführer was considered the second general officer rank of the SS and ranked between Oberführer and Gruppenführer. This changed with the rise of the Waffen-SS and the Ordnungspolizei. In both of those organizations, Brigadeführer was the equivalent to a Generalmajor and ranked above an Oberst in the German Army or police. The rank of Generalmajor was the equivalent of brigadier general, a one-star general in the US Army.The insignia for Brigadeführer was at first two oak leaves and a silver pip; however, the design was changed to three oak leaves in April 1942 after the creation of the rank SS-Oberst-Gruppenführer. Brigadeführer in the Waffen-SS or police also wore the shoulder insignia of a Generalmajor and were referred to as such after their SS rank (e.g. SS-Brigadeführer und Generalmajor der Waffen-SS und Polizei).

title: Brigadeführer


text:
Whitton, London

Whitton is an area of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England. Historically, it was the north-western part of Twickenham manor, bounded by the River Crane and the Duke of Northumberland's River.

Whitton High Street is one of the best-preserved 1930s high streets in London. The most common type of housing in the area is 1930s detached and semi-detached housing. Whitton lies on the A316 road, which leads to the M3 motorway, and Whitton railway station is on the line from London Waterloo to Windsor. As a mainly residential area in outer London, many residents commute to Central London.

History
Whitton was formally part of the ancient parish of Twickenham until 1862 when it became a separate parish, with the church of St Philip and St James opening that year. Due to rapid development, the parish was divided again in 1958; the two electoral wards that make up the area still broadly follow these two parish boundaries.

Bronze Age
In 1999, excavations on the former Feltham marshalling yard, located on the western border of Whitton, unearthed remains of an Iron Age furnace and post holes from a round house. There are various remains of former mills and other industrial archaeological features adjoining the River Crane; this part of the river is classified as an Archaeological Priority Area.

Norman
In Norman times, Whitton was the western rural part of Twickenham, which in turn was part of the Manor of Isleworth – itself part of the hundred of the same name in the ancient county of Middlesex. The manor had belonged to Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia in the time of Edward the Confessor, but was granted to Walter de Saint-Valery (Waleric) by William the Conqueror after 1066.

Tudor
Around 1540, gunpowder started to be produced on Hounslow Heath, which at the time covered a large part of Twickenham. The site, beside the River Crane, was to become known as the Hounslow Gunpowder Mills, and was chosen in part as it was away from built-up areas, lessening the impact of accidental explosions. The site remained active until 1927.

By the 16th century the area that was to become Whitton started to see large houses being developed, as the fashionable society in Twickenham started to spread outward. The Elizabethan and Jacobean courtier Sir John Suckling built a house in the vicinity of the present Murray Park (his son the poet Sir John Suckling was born in Whitton in 1609). Sir John later replaced his first house with a grander residence on land adjoining today's Warren Road.

Stuart
Around 1640, Edmund Cooke built a large house close to the centre of the village. In 1709, this house was bought by the court painter Sir Godfrey Kneller, who had it demolished and replaced with a larger house reputedly designed by Sir Christopher Wren. This house was originally known as Whitton Hall, but was renamed Kneller Hall following Kneller's death in 1723. It was considerably modified by later owners, before it was acquired by the state in 1847 for use as a teacher training college, it was home to the Royal Military School of Music.

At the centre of the original village, about 200 metres from Kneller Hall, is the White Hart, an inn dating back to at least the mid-17th century and possibly much earlier. Records relating to this inn seem to suggest that Whitton had an importance that was not well recorded, or that travellers passed through it in considerable numbers. A document of 1685 shows that it provided three beds and stabling for ten horses, numbers which did not seem to fit with Whitton's apparent status as a sleepy rural hamlet with only a few dozen inhabitants.

Georgian
At the northern end of Whitton was Whitton Park, the estate of Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll. The Duke established the estate in 1722 on land that had been enclosed some years earlier from Hounslow Heath. An enthusiastic gardener, the Duke imported large numbers of exotic species of plants and trees for his estate; he received professional advice from the Scottish gardener James Lee (1715–1795). After the Duke's death in 1761, his nephew John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, moved many of these plants and trees, including mature trees, to the Princess of Wales' new garden at Kew, which later became Kew Gardens. Some of the Duke's trees can still be seen at Kew Gardens to this day.

Victorian
Whitton was renowned as a market garden, known for its roses, narcissi, lilies of the valley and for its apple, plum and pear orchards. Indeed, until the 1920s the village was still separated from the surrounding towns by open fields and much of the earlier character of the old village was retained well into the 1940s.

Following the coming of the railways in the mid-19th century, there was some housing development along Nelson, Kneller and Hounslow Roads. Whitton was initially served by what is now Hounslow railway station, which opened on 1 February 1850.

Early 20th century
Whitton developed rapidly following the opening of Whitton railway station, on Percy Road, in 1930. Houses replaced the market gardens and the former Whitton Park estate, while new parades of shops were built on either side of Percy Road from the new railway station to the junction with Nelson and Hounslow Roads, this stretch then being renamed High Street Whitton.

At around the same time, the A316 Chertsey Road was built through the south of the area. Today, this road leads to the M3 motorway, with links to Southampton and the South West of England.

World War II
A number of houses were damaged by enemy bombing in the early years of the Second World War. Before 1944, 86 Hounslow Road received a direct hit from a German bomb and was badly damaged, though not destroyed. In June 1944, 81 High Street received a direct hit from a V-1 flying bomb. Part of the parade of shops and the flats above were totally destroyed and several people were killed. Around the same time, a house on Lincoln Avenue was also destroyed by a V-1 and several adjoining houses were severely damaged.

A common sight during the Blitz was of RAF fighters scrambling from nearby airfields almost at rooftop height, low enough for the pilots to be seen in their cockpits.

Economy
Most people travel outside of the town for their work as very little land is in employment use. Many people travel into Central London making use of the good transport connections, or work in nearby district centres such as Twickenham and Richmond or the bigger metropolitan centres such as Hounslow and Kingston upon Thames. London Heathrow Airport is important to the local economy both through direct employment and the cluster of international firms that have their European headquarters in the Thames Valley area.

The town centre is the third largest in the Richmond upon Thames. In 2014, it received a £2 million programme of economic regeneration including new street lighting, yorkstone pavements and a £5 million redevelopment of the railway station was completed in December 2016.

Notable inhabitants

 * Charles Calvert (1768–1832), brewer and Member of Parliament, lived at Kneller Hall.
 * Phil Collins (1951–), musician.
 * Elvis Costello (1954–), musician.
 * Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723), portrait painter, built a house in 1709 in Whitton; its site is now occupied by the mid-19th century Kneller Hall, home of the Royal Military School of Music.
 * Michael MacLeod (1930–2018), graphic designer noted for his crisp packet designs.
 * Munira Wilson (1978–), Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament.
 * Lucy Irvine (1956–), British adventurer and author, was born in Whitton

Leisure activities
With a third of the borough being green and open space – five times more than any other borough in London – Whitton has much to offer in the way of leisure activities.

Parks and open spaces
The town has one long linear park along the River Crane, London and five smaller neighbourhood parks that have sport facilities and children's playgrounds along with three cemeteries. Close to the town are the large Bushy Park and Richmond Park that are managed by The Royal Parks and serve as the larger district parks for the area. Hounslow Heath, a large open space and local conservation area is heavily used by the town's residents.

 * Borough Cemetery along Powder Mill Lane and operated by London Borough of Hounslow.
 * Heathfield Recreation Ground ("the Rec") was opened in the 1930s and is laid out to accommodate sport pitches and a pavilion. In 2022 a 1.8ha extension was added, designated as a nature zone and named Jubilee Meadows in recognition of the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.
 * Hounslow Heath is located directly to the north of Whitton. It is one of the largest open spaces in West London and managed by London Borough of Hounslow as a nature reserve.
 * Hounslow Heath Open Space is the part of Hounslow Heath within London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and managed as a recreation ground and contains a children's playground.
 * Chase Green is located between Redway Drive and Godfrey Avenue, next to Chertsey Road (A316) and is a registered Village Green and contains a children's playground and a dog park.
 * Crane Park, the largest nearby park, lies to the south on the London Loop walking route. It is managed as a number of wildlife habitats and is home to a number of protected species such as bats and common kingfishers. The river is also the historic boundary line between Whitton and Twickenham.
 * Hounslow Cemetery along Hanworth Road and operated by London Borough of Hounslow
 * Kneller Gardens was opened in 1931 and is set out as grassland and children's playgrounds.
 * Murray Park was opened in 1914 and is set out as grassland and children's playgrounds.
 * Twickenham Cemetery was opened in 1868 by the local council and serves as the main burial ground for Twickenham.

Cycling
Richmond is part of the London Cycle Network, offering on and off-road cycle paths throughout the area.

Leisure centres
The local authority operated Whitton Sports and Fitness Centre, based at the Twickenham School site, has a modern gym, sports hall and astroturf pitches. There are also three large commercial health clubs just over the town's boundary at The Stoop, Twickenham Golf Course and Twickenham Stadium.

Sport clubs
There are a number of sports clubs in Whitton including the Whitton Lions rugby club and Hounslow and Whitton Cricket Club both located at the Whitton Park Sports Association, and the Whitton Tennis Club based next to Kneller Hall.

Cinema
The Odeon cinema in the high street closed in December 1961; since then, residents have had to travel to nearby towns such to visit a cinema. The local council has built a new arts centre in Twickenham which has a 300-seat auditorium for dual theatre and cinema use. This was due to open in 2017, opposite Twickenham station, but has not yet been formally named.

Youth centre
In September 2013, Richmond Council opened a youth centre located behind Whitton High Street in Britannia Lane.

Heritage
With the Royal Court often staying in Richmond and Hampton Court in the eighteenth century, Twickenham was a very fashionable place to live and this has left the area with a unique cultural heritage. Many residents remember childhood outings to a number of important historical houses on the doorstep of Whitton including Ham House, Hampton Court Palace, Marble Hill House, Sion House and Strawberry Hill House. The only remaining country house left in Whitton is Kneller Hall, which was home to the Royal Military School of Music.

There is on only one Conservation Area in the locality: Rosecroft Gardens. In addition, there are a number of listed buildings such as Kneller Hall, the Shot Tower at Crane Park along with a number of locally listed buildings.

Primary schools
There are five primary schools in Whitton. Two of them are voluntary-aided faith schools – Bishop Perrin Church of England Primary (opened in 1936) and St. Edmund's Roman Catholic Primary (opened in 1938). The other three have no faith designation – Chase Bridge Primary School, Heathfield Schools Partnership and Nelson School.

Chase Bridge Primary and Heathfield Schools Partnership are maintained by the local authority, with Heathfield being a federation of nursery, infants (opened 1931) and Junior schools on one site. Nelson Primary (opened 1911) is now an academy run by the Latchmere Academy Trust.

Secondary schools
Whitton has two secondary schools, Twickenham School in Percy Road, and Turing House School in Hospital Bridge Road. An independent school, Radnor House, is planning to relocate its senior students to Whitton's Kneller Hall, subject to planning permission.

Many local children go to other Richmond Borough secondary schools, or to secondary schools in neighbouring boroughs. Significant numbers go to The Heathland's School in nearby Hounslow or to the Richmond upon Thames School (RTS) just over the A316 in Twickenham.

Churches
In 1862 Whitton separated from St Mary's, Twickenham to become the parish of St Philip and St. James Whitton. In anticipation of this change Church of St Philip and St James (C of E) was built. In 1935, due to population growth, St Augustine of Canterbury, Whitton, was created as a London Diocesan Home Mission church in 1935, within the parish of St Philip and St Paul, and met in the main hall of Bishop Perrin School, Hospital Bridge Road. Later in 1958 it became the parish of 'St. Augustine Whitton' to coincide with the opening of new St Augustine's, Whitton that was opened further up Hospital Bridge Road.

Whitton Methodist Church, in Percy Road, now shares its building with Calvary Chapel Twickenham, which is a Baptist church.

A non-conformist Gospel Hall was built in 1881 on the western side of Nelson Road a few metres to the north of the junction with Warren Road. This became redundant with the opening of Whitton Baptist Church in Hounslow Road in 1935 and was later used by various commercial enterprises. The building of Whitton Baptist Church was funded by the compensation paid for the compulsory purchase of St Margaret's Baptist Church, which was demolished during the construction of the Great Chertsey Road approach to the new Twickenham Bridge across the Thames in 1932. Another Baptist church, The Free Grace Baptist Church, was formed in 1964 and meets in a former Salvation Army Hall in Powder Mill Lane.

The Catholic Church of St Edmund of Canterbury is in Nelson Road and was opened in 1934 by the Edmundite Fathers (Society of Saint Edmund). In 1988 the Edmundite Fathers left Whitton, since when the parish has been in the care of secular clergy.

Roads
Whitton has good road links and is less than 10 miles from the M25. Journeys to Kingston upon Thames take twenty minutes, journeys to Hounslow take 5 minutes or 10 minutes by foot, whilst a journey to Richmond is ten minutes.

The A316 becomes the M3 at Sunbury-on-Thames and connects with the M25 at junction 2. Going the other direction the A316 passes by Twickenham town centre and then Richmond, Kew, Mortlake, and finally Chiswick where it joins The Great West Road A4.

Tube/trains
The principal rail service from Whitton railway station is the Windsor Line into London Waterloo, taking 30 minutes on the ‘semi-fast’ service operated by South Western Railway. There is also a ‘stopping’ service that calls at all stations and takes 40 minutes via Richmond, or 50 minutes via Brentford. Residents living in the north of the town use the closer Hounslow on the Hounslow Loop Line and Waterloo-Reading mainline.

As London Underground does not serve the Twickenham area, connections are often made at Richmond for the District line, or at Hounslow East for the Piccadilly line. Plans to increase the frequency of the 'semi-fast' service to four trains per hour were first discussed in the Wessex Route Study consultation held in 2014 and are expected to be included in the new South Western franchise. However, Richmond Council has requested these go via the Hounslow Loop and not Richmond due to concerns about the amount of time the level crossing would need to be down in Barnes.

Buses
Whitton is served by London Buses routes 110, 111, 281, 481, H20 and H22.

Geography
Whitton is located between the two district centres of Hounslow to the north, and Twickenham town centre to the east and is for the most part suburban housing. The land is between 60 and 70 feet above sea level and is noticeable flat and fertile and was once home to extensive market gardens until the turn of the twentieth century. The soil is mainly Taplow gravel with some patches of brick clay.

The borough's main arterial road, the A316, running between Chiswick and the M3 motorway was built in the 1930s. Over time areas south of the A316 have been transferred to Twickenham apart from the Rosecroft Estate (which can only be accessed via the A316 thus cutting off Whitton from the rest of Twickenham and helping to develop the separate community identity in Whitton.

Whitton residents have a Twickenham (TW2), Whitton, Hounslow (TW3 & TW4) or Isleworth (TW7) post town and postcode. Residents who live in Whitton but on the border of Whitton and Hounslow have a Whitton, Hounslow (TW3 & TW4) post town and postcode. Prior to 2015, these residents who were on the border only had a post town of Hounslow despite living in Whitton. However, Vince Cable, the Twickenham MP when to Parliament and requested Royal Mail to create Whitton as a post town. In 2015, Royal Mail created Whitton as a unique postal district where now residents of Whitton who live on the border of Whitton and Hounslow can put Whitton in their address.

Nearest places
Whitton is bordered by a number of other residential districts, with other areas of Twickenham and the centre itself nearby. Large nearby towns including Richmond, Hounslow and Kingston upon Thames are also close and have an even greater pull, especially Richmond, due to their shopping facilities and employment opportunities.

title: Whitton, London


text:
Talk:Aurangzeb

Execution of Opponents
Change the following text "In 1675 the 9th Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur was arrested on orders by Aurangzeb and later execute after he refused to Convert in Islam," to "In 1675 the 9th Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur was arrested on orders by Aurangzeb and later executed after he refused to Convert in Islam. " Mohib Alvi 22:00, 13 August 2023 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mohibalvi (talk • contribs)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done SKAG123 (talk) 19:29, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

Lead
The lead that you are restoring is full of heavily detailed points regarding mainly Hindutva-driven criticism of the subject whereas most of the article is clearly not about that. That's why I had made a simpler version for a lead to cover the necessary points without going into too many details. Capitals00 (talk) 18:50, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Though I'm not averse to simplification, I think, perhaps, you oversimplified the content in the lead. The section on Assessments and Legacy is long and detailed and reducing it to one sentence (admired and criticized) is overly simplistic. You might want to write a longer summary that includes major opinions on why he is both admired as well as criticized. Also, for the purposes of consensus, it might not be a bad idea to propose the change on the talk page first.RegentsPark (comment) 18:59, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The current leads talk too much about temple destruction, a notion that has been already conclusively addressed in scholarship. Same with those executions which were politically motivated, not religiously.
 * The current paragraph is:
 * Aurangzeb has been described as one of the most controversial rulers in Indian history,[6] though his rule has also been the subject of praise.[7] Multiple interpretations of Aurangzeb's life and reign over the years by critics have led to a very complicated legacy. Some argue that his policies abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, citing his introduction of the jizya tax and other policies based on Islamic ethics; his demolition of Hindu temples; the executions of his elder brother Dara Shikoh, King Sambhaji of Maratha[8][9] and Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur;[10][11][d] and the prohibition and supervision of behaviour and activities that are forbidden in Islam such as gambling, fornication, and consumption of alcohol and narcotics.[12][13] At the same time, some historians question the historical authenticity of the claims of his critics, arguing that his destruction of temples has been exaggerated,[14][15] and noting that he built more temples than he destroyed,[16] paid for their maintenance, employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims.[17]

 * It should be changed to:
 * Known for creating the largest Indian empire, he was the longest reigning monarch of Mughal empire. His rule has been the subject of praise and criticism. Some of his critics argue that he policies abandoned his predecessors' legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance and while others rejected these assertions arguing that he employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors, and opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims.
 * Of course, I will add the sources. Capitals00 (talk) 12:16, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you please explain why are you calling the original paragraph Hindutva? It is not religious or political if it is simply reporting history. I would say that it should be changed back to what it was as this is the more accurate and comprehensive description of Aurangzeb. Understand1528 (talk) 15:27, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Ping . Capitals00 (talk) 05:06, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Looks good though I'd tweak the language a bit, mainly to connect the main arguments of the two sides. How about this. Known for being the longest reigning monarch of the Mughal empire and for creating the largest Indian empire, Aurangzeb also has a complicated legacy. His critics, citing his actions against the Sikhs and his conservative view of Islam, argue that he abandoned the legacy of pluralism and tolerance that characterized the early Mughal emperors. Other scholars, however, reject these assertions, arguing that he opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims and that he employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors. Technically you don't need to cite anything since this is the lead, and all the material is in the body, but, given that this is Aurangzeb, .....! RegentsPark (comment) 16:40, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I would replace “the largest Indian Empire” with “one of the largest Indian Empires.”
 * it is generally disputed whether Aurangzeb or Ashoka’s empire was larger. SKAG123 (talk) 01:00, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Template
Add the tamplate of Auranzeb at the end of the article. .(Sulaymaan114 (talk) 13:18, 29 November 2023 (UTC))
 * WP:COMMONNAME applies, so I have changed the spelling from "Auranzeb" to "Aurganzeb" in the name of the template and in the template, so it is now called Template:Aurangzeb

-- Toddy1 (talk) 16:42, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

Inclusion of Aurangzeb's official biographies
There are two official biographies of Aurangzeb written by Mughal court historians in Persian. Alamgirnama written by Mirza Mohammed Qasim and Maasir-i-Alamgiri by Saqi Mustad Khan. I propose to include a reference to these official biographies. Any objections may be registered here. PastaMonk 10:00, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

 * No because they are primary sources (see WP:PRIMARY.
 * I would support including quotations from these sources if it adds anything of value to the article. SKAG123 (talk) 02:44, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * There should be no objections to merely explaining that they exist; actually using them is more tricky. Johnbod (talk) 04:15, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aurangzeb