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Txakoli

Txakoli (pronounced ) or chacolí (pronounced ) is a slightly sparkling, very dry white wine with high acidity and low alcohol content produced in the Spanish Basque Country, Cantabria and northern Burgos in Spain. Further afield, Chile is also a minor producer.

It is normally served as an aperitif and drunk within one year of bottling as it cannot be stored for longer. The most common, white, variety has a pale green color, but there are red and rosé varieties. When served, it is normally poured into tall glasses from a height, often as an accompaniment to pintxos. It typically has between 9.5-11.5 ABV.

The 18th century Palace of Mendibile in Leioa near Bilbao today houses a museum dedicated to txakoli, the Museo del Txakoli, explaining the history of txakoli and with a large collection of machinery used for making it.

Name
This wine is called txakolin (pronounced ) in Basque, txakolina meaning "the txakolin". The term is attested from the middle of the 18th century onwards, occasionally also as a personal name. Traditionally the general form has been txakolin, although xakolin has been documented in Iparralde. Txakoli, considered a misspelling by the Euskaltzaindia, is attested from 1985 onwards. Derived forms are based on the root txakolin, for example txakolin-ardo (txakoli wine), txakolin-dantza (txakoli dance), txakolin-saltze (txakoli sale), txakolin gorri (red txakoli) or txakolin-etxe (txakoli house).

This wine is called chacolí (pronounced ) in Spanish, a word that comes from the Basque txakolin. The first reference to the name of this wine in Spanish was vino chacolín in a document from the Basque Country in 1520. The wine is occasionally called chacoli in French.

Most authors assume a Basque origin but the origin of the word is ultimately unknown, except for the ending -in which frequently occurs in liquids (cf ozpin "vinegar", pitipin or txuzpin "watered wines"), the word is obscure.

Amongst the more fanciful attempts at derivation is a suggested origin from etxeko ain (just enough for the home). Others opt for a French origin as it initially appeared as a term to identify French wines in villages of eastern Gipuzkoa. There are also authors who suggest a Spanish origin of the term.

History
Until the 1980s, txakoli was a home-made wine, drunk in the Basque Country, Cantabria and Valle de Mena, and almost in danger of dying out towards the middle of the 19th century. However, since some varieties of txakoli in the Basque Country managed to achieve denominación de origen certification from 1989 onwards, its quality, spread and appeal have increased.

Varieties
Txakoli is traditionally fermented in foudres (very old, large oak barrels) but most txakoli produced today is fermented in stainless steel vats. There are three DO certified varieties.

Most txakoli is grown in the Atlantic regions of the Basque Country, areas with high rainfall (between 1000 mm and 1600 mm of annual rainfall on average) and average temperatures between 7.5 °C and 18.7 °C, occasionally suffering from frost.

Txakoli from Getaria
Getariako Txakolina in Basque, Chacolí de Guetaria in Spanish. This variety comes from a small region in Gipuzkoa around the towns of Getaria, Zarautz and Aia and is of a very pale yellow to green color. This was the first variety of txakoli to receive the DO certification in 1989.

The cultivated area has increased from 60 ha to 177 ha since certification. Annually some 900,000 L are produced in this area, mostly on south-east facing slopes to protect the vines from the harsh Atlantic weather. Unlike the other varieties which are grown as most varieties of grapes, the grapes for this txakoli are grown according to the treille or trellis system (called parra in Basque). In this system, the vines are cultivated at a greater height above the ground, with the foliage forming a contiguous canopy to improve the microclimate. The white variety used is Hondarribi Zuri, the red grape is Hondarribi Beltza.

In recent years, other towns in Gipuzkoa have also started producing txakoli under this DO certification, including Orio, Zumaia, Arrasate, Eibar, Mutriku, Deba, Zestoa, Hondarribia, Villabona, Urnieta, Oñati, Beizama, Zerain and Olaberria.

Txakoli from Biscay
Bizkaiko Txakolina in Basque, Chacolí de Vizcaya in Spanish. This variety is made in most parts of Biscay, except for the far western end. This was the second txakoli to receive the DO certification in 1994.

It is grown on approximately 150 ha by 85 villages and towns throughout Biscay, producing some 700,000 L of txakoli annually. Records of wine making in this region go back to the 8th century and references to txakoli go back several centuries themselves. The quality of the txakoli varies, as the microclimatic conditions vary.

Both white and red grapes are used for making txakoli in Biscay. White varieties are Hondarribi Zuria and Folle blanche (called Munemahatsa in Biscay); the red variety used is Hondarribi Beltza ("black Hondarribia").

Historically another light red variety called Oilar Begi ("chicken eye") was also used. This variety had almost become extinct and is making a slow comeback.

Txakoli from Alava
Arabako Txakolina in Basque, Chacolí de Álava in Spanish. This variety comes from the far north-western end of Álava. It is the youngest of the three DO varieties of txakoli, having gained certification in 2001. It is yellowish in color, very acidic and slightly frothy.

It is grown over some 55 ha of land around the towns of Aiara, Amurrio, Artziniega, Laudio and Okondo. Wine-making has a long tradition in this region, going back as far as 760 AD in the historical record. In the late 19th century, grapes were grown on more than 500 ha of land, declining to 5ha in the late 20th century before the recent revival.

The most commonly used grape for this txakoli is Hondarribi Zuria ("white Hondarribia") but other grapes are also permitted: Bordeleza Zuria (Folle Blanche), Izkiriota Ttipia (Petit Manseng), Izkiriota (Gros Manseng) and Courbu.

Chacolí from Cantabria
Chacolí, in the original common French, Spanish and Basque spelling chacoli, was traditional also in the region of Cantabria until the end of the 19th century. Great amounts of wine were consumed and exported from the 13th to the 19th century, produced in the comarca of Trasmiera, with villages including Colindres, Arnuero, Meruelo, Argoños and Noja as the main vineyards and production areas of chacolí. The production of wine in Cantabria, even in the middle of the 20th century, far exceeded that of the Basque provinces. In Cantabria there are two wine geographical indications (one step below the DO) created in 2004 and 2005: Liébana wine and Costa de Cantabria wine. The Cantabrian region where the wine was called chacolí is included in the Costa de Cantabria wine GI. Chacolí is still produced in Cantabria, but on a very limited scale.

Chacolí from Burgos
It is also still produced in the Valle de Mena in the province of Burgos, included in the Castilla y León wine GI created in 2005, where efforts are being made to receive DO certification.

Chacolí from Chile
In Chile, a wine called chacolí has been made for decades: «The permanence until today of two alcoholic beverages of Spanish origin, one called Pajarete, produced in the valley of the Huasco River and the valley of the Elqui River and, the other, chacolí, A genuine product of the Copiapó Valley and the Choapa Valley, it is a historical testimony of the adaptation and reproduction of certain European products to recreate the daily life of their cultural and telluric origins.»

In the town of Doñihue in the Cachapoal Valley, the "Fiesta del Chacolí" is celebrated annually.

title: Txakoli


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Talk:José Feliciano

Cheo?
Quote from first paragraph in Childhood: "He was first exposed to music at age 3, and never was he called Cheo as was his counterpart Jose Luis Feliciano Vega."

An explanation of the meaning of "Cheo" would be helpful =) Kelise 23:14, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

"Cheo" is just an affectionate way to call guys named "José". Some other ways are "Chepe" and "Pepe", which of course can also be used with diminutives: "Cheíto" ("Little Cheo"), "Chepito" ("Little Chepe") and "Pepito" ("Little Pepe"). The quote refers to the fact that there's another Puerto Rican singer called José Feliciano, but he's been known as "Cheo": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheo_Feliciano --Alvabass 21:47, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Absolutely correct. Ronbo76 21:56, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

What's this "16th level Fighter/Warmage" mean? is it from an RPG or something? is there any source to it? hi —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.14.31.122 (talk) 00:03, 26 October 2007 (UTC) he ate milk ate drank pikles

What was the controversy over the singing of the Star-Spangled Banner? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.120.116.179 (talk) 01:49, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

You are totally missing the double cd set from 2000 (a modern anthology), producd by Mjestic,, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.32.170.14 (talk) 20:12, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

origin of blindness
why no discussion of the cause of his blindness? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.251.116.51 (talk) 04:01, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Maybe because he was born blind?

Addendum for main page: born in Puerto Rico (not just "origin") and lives in Lehigh Acres, Lee County, Florida. Somebody got hold of his home number and harassed him and his assistant back in 2010. Local print coverage referencing the Police Reports: http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2010/feb/05/legendary-singer-jose-feliciano-complains-harassin/ VulpineLady (too lazy to log in) 71.49.108.207 (talk) 04:25, 25 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed about the "born in Puerto Rico". Have changed it.  Skinsmoke (talk) 01:45, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

edit: rather he USED to live in Lehigh and won't confirm if he still does or not. Given what happened in '10 I wouldn't be all that keen on confirming, either, if I were in his shoes. http://www.news-press.com/article/20121123/ENT/311230009/Jose-Feliciano-wants-wish-you-merry-Florida-concert?odyssey=mod|defcon|img|Home Word on the street says he's still here for part of the year, but I think that counts as OR. 71.49.108.207 (talk) 04:40, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

Chart positions
The chart positions given in the tables in this article are exclusively Anglo-American based. What about chart positions in Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, etc.? Is it really necessary to waste a whole column on the American Country charts to show one minor success? As an example, his 1971 hit "Che Sarà/Que Serà/Shake A Hand", not even listed here, made it to number one in Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden, number two in Argentina, Belgium and Italy, number seven in Germany and Puerto Rico, and number nine in Norway. Skinsmoke (talk) 01:35, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

I don't believe the entry for "Feliz Navidad" on the Singles table is correct. The chart lists the song as peaking at #10 on the US chart, which is assumed to be the Hot 100. During 1963-1973, Billboard did not allow Christmas songs to appear on the Hot 100. I believe there was a separate Holiday chart. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.255.78.253 (talk) 16:42, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The chart positions need references, or they should be removed.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  17:13, 22 January 2016 (UTC)
 * If not referenced in 30 days, I plan to remove.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  03:33, 9 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Removed. Please do not restore, unless you can provide appropriate citations.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  15:07, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Maybe someone who can be arsed (i.e., not me) would like to revise the IPA spelling of his name? My concern is that "Feliciano" is rendered as pronounced with a voiceless dental fricative, which sound does not exist in Puerto Rican or North American Spanish. See here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Spanish#cite_note-seseo-5 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.144.253.131 (talk) 09:58, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

Second name "Montserrate/Montserrat"?
There seems to be some confusion about whether his second name is "Montserrate" or "Montserrat" without an "e". The English article gives the first spelling, but the Spanish article gives the second - which seems far more likely to me, as this is a very common Catalan name (a well-known example is the soprano Montserrat Caballé). It's named after the Virgin of Montserrat, one of Catalonia's patron saints, and to my knowledge is never spelled with an extra "e" - that isn't some masculine form of the name, since Montserrat is simply the name of a mountain with an abbey in which the Virgin's relics supposedly lie). Strangely, however, the spelling with an "e" appears in the Catalan version of the article. Other versions (such as the French one) appear to have copied the English version, and maybe whoever wrote the Catalan one simply didn't notice the error - which it probably is. Since I don't know for sure, I haven't changed it myself, but the fact remains that the various language versions of the article have different spellings, which need to be tidied up in one direction or the other.213.127.210.95 (talk) 15:35, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

 * If you lived in Puerto Rico, you would know that, whether as a given name or as a surname, Monserrate is written in Spanish always without a "t" after the "s" and always with a final "e". This is the Spanish writing.  Catalan is a whole different language.  And just as John is Johann and William is Guglielmo, names change as they travel from one language to another. 194.230.160.120 (talk) 19:01, 3 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Whoops, that should be "...without a 't' before the 's'." 194.230.160.120 (talk) 19:03, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

Discography changes
I'm cleaning up the discography in my spare time, and it's going slowly. I've been doing it on a separate document so that I can publish it all at once and not leave things looking undone. I'm also planning to move it to a separate page so that the discography tables are not collapsed and can be shown without making this page seem too long.

The main change I wanted to mention before publishing it is incorporating the separate lists of English and Spanish albums into the Hit albums chart. It seems redundant to have a chart that incorporates most but not all of his releases and then have lists of all of his releases sorted by language. In trying to think of who to compare his discography to, the first other bilingual artist that came to mind was Celine Dion, and I see that her album discography is a Featured list. Her French and English albums co-exist on one chart, and this has been deemed acceptable by the many editors who approved the list for Featured status. And for both artists it's fairly simple: their English-language albums have English-language titles, and the albums that are sung in their native tongue do not.

I've spent a lot of time hunting down the origins of the chart statistics from the Fantastic Feliciano blog that's currently being used to cite pretty much everything, so many countries will be given citations that fall under Wikipedia guidelines. I've also divided up the Hit singles chart by decade so that the column headings are visible more often, and I've given the "Feliz Navidad" chart entries from 2007 to the present a chart of their own. I wanted to hear if others disagree with anything I'm doing before publishing it, so please add comments if you have concerns. Danaphile (talk) 00:25, 16 April 2019 (UTC)

Thanks for this, but you seem to have omitted his amazing cover of 'California dreaming' from 1968, to which 'Light my fire' was the B side Blancsursanctus (talk) 23:31, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

Fans etc
This article reads like an orgy of fan worship. It ignores the simple fact that many people couldn't stand Jose. Sardaka (talk) 13:13, 1 October 2021 (UTC)

Added POV template, this article is just a fan page.Sardaka (talk) 08:37, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Anthem
The article makes repeated mentions of his "controversial" 68 national anthem rendition. Can we add some details on who found it controversial and why? Ashmoo (talk) 14:44, 28 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I added some info about that and two sources. It seemed Feliciano sang the words but the tune / rhythm he used was completely different. Some people cheered, others booed. --The Eloquent Peasant (talk) 01:00, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

José Feliciano 1st guitar was NOT from his father
José Feliciano, 1st guitar wasn’t from his father it was from Benjamin Borges who got it from Nagoya Japan. He brought it to Jose in a brown paper bag as a gift. Jose’s father and my father were life long friends they came on the same plane to the United States. My mother took him to his eye appointments and was there every step of the way.So No, his guitar wasn’t from his father it was from Benjamin Borges my father. Jose knows that,Jose’s father was also my sisters godfather. 67.222.245.48 (talk) 15:12, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:José Feliciano


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User talk:APPER

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Whosyourjudas (talk) 05:10, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Nice cleanup of Rumtopf --NeilN 00:43, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Article
Thank you for giving me that link. I was interviewed by a reporter last week and was wondering when the article would come out. - SimonP 16:04, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Surviving veterans of World War I
You are reading the chart incorrectly. The charts list the number of surviving veterans currently living in each country not how many are left surviving from that country (hence why Germany is still listed as having one veteran, even though the last one died on January 1). There are three Italian veterans remaining: Francesco Domenico Chiarello, Delfino Borroni and Lazare Ponticelli (who served for both France and Italy during World War I). Cheers, CP 02:09, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Uh, sorry :/ --APPER (talk) 18:39, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Re: de:User:Joy
OK, so how do I fix the problem then? Ask this user to give up their username? What if they say no? What happens to *my* edits over there? --Joy [shallot] (talk) 13:23, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Asking the user is a good option, maybe he will give up the name. The problem is, that the foundation (better: the technical stuff) don't really speed up the SUL process. The current process lasts for over three years now and I thought the next step would be the usurpation of accounts with some more edits (maybe automatically), but at the moment nothing happens.
 * This is a very unsatisfying situation, but as a bureaucrat I'm only doing bureaucratical stuff - and don't make the rules. A reason why this is so important are your imported edits - these are assigned to de:User:Joy, which isn't you. It's technically not possible to assign these edits to your account (at least for me - with database access this might be possible). This wouldn't be a problem in future, if everyone would have a SUL account - but as I said, at the moment I can't help you. Believe me - I'm as unsatisfied with this situation as you. --APPER (talk) 13:37, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I asked them, we'll see.

 * It looks like each individual Wikipedia makes up its own rules - other languages allow usurpation for a minor, non-zero number of edits, but German doesn't. What would be a good place to bring this issue up for general discussion - de:Wikipedia Diskussion:Benutzernamen ändern/Benutzernamens-Übernahme or somewhere else? --Joy-temporary (talk) 10:03, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

 * "What happens to *my* edits over there?" They were imported after the local de:User:Joy account was created, so if de:User:Joy becomes de:User:Joy-renamed, the edits will be reattributed to de:User:Joy-renamed as explained in bug 26942. Similarly, your imported edits to Hindi Wikipedia were reattributed to hi:User:Joy-temp after the renaming. --188.120.236.147 (talk) 22:29, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Oh, crap. But thanks for telling me. --Joy [shallot] (talk) 23:41, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

WikiHistory on German Wikipedia
Hi Apper, if I've understood correctly, you're the author of the above. There's a discussion here about how we could use it on the English Wikipedia, because it's very easy to read. Can you help us work out how to do that? Sarah (talk) 20:32, 29 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:APPER


text:
Photopigment

Photopigments are unstable pigments that undergo a chemical change when they absorb light. The term is generally applied to the non-protein chromophore moiety of photosensitive chromoproteins, such as the pigments involved in photosynthesis and photoreception. In medical terminology, "photopigment" commonly refers to the photoreceptor proteins of the retina.

Photosynthetic pigments
Photosynthetic pigments convert light into biochemical energy. Examples for photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins. These pigments enter a high-energy state upon absorbing a photon which they can release in the form of chemical energy. This can occur via light-driven pumping of ions across a biological membrane (e.g. in the case of the proton pump bacteriorhodopsin) or via excitation and transfer of electrons released by photolysis (e.g. in the photosystems of the thylakoid membranes of plant chloroplasts). In chloroplasts, the light-driven electron transfer chain in turn drives the pumping of protons across the membrane.

Photoreceptor pigments
The pigments in photoreceptor proteins either change their conformation or undergo photoreduction when they absorb a photon. This change in the conformation or redox state of the chromophore then affects the protein conformation or activity and triggers a signal transduction cascade.

Examples of photoreceptor pigments include:
 * retinal (in rhodopsin)
 * flavin (in cryptochrome)
 * bilin (in phytochrome)

Photopigments of the vertebrate retina
In medical terminology, the term photopigment is applied to opsin-type photoreceptor proteins, specifically rhodopsin and photopsins, the photoreceptor proteins in the retinal rods and cones of vertebrates that are responsible for visual perception, but also melanopsin and others.

title: Photopigment


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Drogheda United F.C.

Drogheda United Football Club (Cumann Peile Dhroichead Átha Aontaithe) is a professional Irish association football club based in Drogheda, County Louth playing in the League of Ireland Premier Division. They play their home matches at Weavers Park.

The current club is the amalgamation of two former clubs in the town: Drogheda United, a non-league club founded in 1919; and Drogheda F.C., founded in 1962. The clubs merged their operations to form the current club in 1975 and have achieved success since 2005 by winning two Setanta Sports Cups, an FAI Cup, a League Cup, and their first league title, the 2007 League of Ireland Premier Division.

Since 2021, the club has competed in the League of Ireland Premier Division, having been automatically promoted as winners of the 2020 League of Ireland First Division.

1919–1975: early years
Founded in 1919 the original Drogheda United were a non-league club for all of their early years of existence but on Saturday 22 June 1963 another Drogheda Club – Drogheda F.C. (founded in 1962) were elected to the League of Ireland when the league was expanded to include twelve teams rather than ten. In their first season there they finished tenth and also in each of the next three seasons finished in the bottom three. In the 1967–68 season they achieved a respectable fifth-place finish and the following season finished in sixth place. When the league expanded to include fourteen teams the club dropped down the table again finishing in the bottom five in each of the next six seasons and also recording their heaviest league defeat 8–1 to Cork Hibernians in the 1970–71 season. They did, however, get to FAI Cup final that season where they were beaten 3–0 by Limerick in a replay after the first match ended 0-0.

1975–2003
In 1975 Drogheda F.C. amalgamated with Drogheda United to form Drogheda United F.C. and the 1975–76 season saw an improvement in fortunes on the field as they finished sixth in the league and they also reached the FAI Cup Final for the second time, this time losing 1–0 to Bohemians. For the next three seasons, quite the opposite at what had happened before, they finished in third place. During these seasons Drogheda United also achieved two club records – their biggest league victory (7–1 v Finn Harps) and Cathal Muckian scoring 21 league goals in a season. The club then endured another tough spell in the league finishing in the bottom half for the next five seasons bar the 1982–83 season when they managed to achieve their second highest ever league placing of second-place (they later won the league in 2007) finishing sixteen points behind Athlone Town. They did win their first ever trophy during these seasons also, the League of Ireland Cup in the 1983–84 season.

The 1984–85 season saw the introduction of the League of Ireland First Division to begin the following season with Drogheda United among the four clubs who were relegated from the Premier Division but in this season also Drogheda United entered European Competition for the first time where they were destroyed against Tottenham Hotspur in the UEFA Cup First Round 14–0 on aggregate. They remained in the First Division until the 1988–89 season when they went up as First Division Champions. Their joy was short-lived, however, as the following season they were relegated although this time they achieved promotion at the first time of asking. In the next two seasons Drogheda battled bravely against relegation surviving by one point and on goal difference in the respective seasons. However, they were relegated for the third time in the 1993–94 season.

Drogheda United were very much becoming a yo-yo club, swapping divisions every season between the 1993–94 and 2000–01 seasons when in 2000–01 they finished a disappointing ninth in the ten-team First Division. In 2002–03 they were promoted to the Premier Division under Harry McCue and were there until the 2016 season, as they got relegated in 2015, coming in twelfth place.

2003–2008: Paul Doolin
In 2003, McCue was sacked as manager of Drogheda United. Paul Doolin took over and upped the standard of training and fitness levels. However, he found that to compete with the big clubs like Bohemians and Shelbourne he would need a professional squad. In 2004, he made the squad fully professional and gave part-time players the option to turn professional or leave the club. The change to full-time saw the club's fortunes drastically improve. They won their first FAI Cup in 2005, beating Cork City in the final and won back-to-back Setanta Cups in 2006 and 2007.

They also qualified for the UEFA Cup for the 2006–07 season thanks to their 2005 FAI Cup success. This time they fared better than in their first foray into Europe as they defeated HJK Helsinki 4–2 on aggregate in the first qualifying round and were just eliminated 11–10 in an epic penalty shoot-out in the next round against IK Start of Norway. They were also in the UEFA Cup Qualifying stages for the 2007–08 campaign, losing to Helsingborgs IF in the second round.

United finally won the League of Ireland for the first time in 2007, beating Cork City 2–1 at United Park with three games to go. Guy Bates scored the winning goal for Drogheda that day, shooting himself into Drogs folklore. Drogheda were dominant in the league, only losing three games and winning the title by seven points.

The league win meant that Drogheda would be playing in the Champions League Qualifiers for the first time in their history in the 2008–09 season. They succeeded in their first qualifier against Levadia Tallinn, beating them 3–1 on aggregate. They played the second qualifying round against Dynamo Kyiv which, they ended up losing 4–3 on aggregate. In the first a late goal for Kyiv secured a 2–1 victory at Dalymount Park. In the second game, an early Kyiv goal after 13 minutes seemed to have finished the tie, but remarkably, on 41 minutes, Drogheda were awarded a penalty. Shane Robinson stepped up and slotted home the spot-kick. Drogheda then worked tirelessly trying to get the second goal, but they gave away a penalty on 72 minutes, which was converted. 2–1 down, it seemed the tie was over now. Amazingly however, Graham Gartland scored an 88th-minute goal to make it 2–2. Adam Hughes got a further chance when he had an open goal, but miskicked the ball and it flew over the bar. Then, Shane Robinson hit a shot from a tight angle which hit the post. Despite Drogheda's late rally, they were knocked out by Dynamo Kyiv.

2008: examinership

In October 2008 Drogheda went into examinership, like Cork City, after failing to pay back a €500,000 loan to the Revenue Commissioners and €10,000 rent to Bohemians for their use of Dalymount Park in their Champions League Qualifiers. Their plans for a new €35m stadium fell through and in November 2008 they were deducted 10 points. After successfully raising money through various fund raisers arranged by the supporters, the club escaped extinction on 30 January 2009 when a judge ruled in Drogheda's favour, to the delight of the teary eyed chairman Vincent Hoey.

2009 season
In the 2009 season Drogheda got off to a difficult start. Due to bankruptcy, the club went part-time and lost their entire league-winning squad, and manager, Paul Doolin, who took over Cork City. Former Cork and Longford boss Alan Mathews took over. Mathews had to sign a side of semi-pros and free agents. Drogheda were in the bottom half of the table for the whole season, despite some shock wins. On 10 November 2009 they beat Bray Wanderers 2–0 in a relegation play-off.

2010 season
The 2010 season was disastrous on and off the pitch. Drogheda started terribly and after a 6–0 loss at the hands of Sligo Rovers on 15 May, Alan Mathews quit his managerial post. The club appointed youth team coach and Drogheda native Darius Kierans as manager even though he had yet to complete his Europa A licence which is an FAI requirement for league managers. After much objection from the FAI, Kierans became Director of Football and the club appointed Paul Lumsden as Interim Manager. Lumsden took the team for only one game before resigning. Brian Donnelly was then appointed as the second Interim Manager of the season but he too resigned in September. On 27 September, the club announced the imminent arrival as manager of another former player – Bobby Browne. Despite finishing rock-bottom of the table with only four wins and nine draws (a total of 21 points) in 2010 and being relegated, Drogheda United were reprieved after the extinction of Sporting Fingal in February 2011.

2011 season
Mick Cooke, manager of Monaghan took over as manager on 27 February 2011, becoming the sixth Drogheda manager in nine months. Cooke appointed former Drogs goalkeeper, Robbie Horgan as his assistant, and inherited the players who had been signed by Bobby Browne to play in the First Division so hopes weren't high. After an awful start, Drogheda beat local rivals Dundalk 2–1 in Oriel Park. The win turned their season around and despite operating on the lowest playing budget in the league, Drogheda managed to avoid relegation. Shortly after, Cooke put pen to paper on a new three-year deal with the club.

2012 season
In 2012, Cooke and Horgan set about building on the foundations of the previous season. Cooke finally had his own team of players and despite having less than a tenth of the budget that the club had in the glory days under Paul Doolin, Drogheda have had their best season by far since then. Between 1 June and 4 August, Drogheda went on an eight-game winning run in the league and cup – the longest winning run in the club's history. On 23 September 2012, Drogheda won the final of the EA Sports Cup beating Shamrock Rovers 3–1 – their first trophy since 2007. The icing on the cake came on 19 October when Drogheda beat the newly crowned 2012 League Champions Sligo Rovers 2–1 at United Park through a first half Alan McNally header and 88th minute Brian Gannon chip to qualify for the Europa League.

2013 season
In 2013, Drogheda reached three finals and despite failing to add to their silverware, reflected the club's rise under Cooke. They were beaten 7–1 in the Setanta Cup final by Shamrock Rovers and 2–0 in the League Cup final by the same opponent. They also reached their first FAI Cup final since winning the competition in 2005, narrowly losing out on a 3-2 thriller against Sligo Rovers. In the Europa League qualifying rounds that season, the club were drawn against Swedish giants Malmö and only lost by a single goal over two legs after a battling performance. Despite this success, Mick Cooke left the club by mutual consent at the end of the season.

2016 and 2017 seasons
In November 2015 Drogheda appointed former UCD manager Pete Mahon as manager of the club. John Gill took over as assistant manager with Mark Kinsella ex Irish international remaining part of the coaching staff.

In 2015, Drogheda were relegated after finishing bottom of the league. The following season they finished second in the First Division, achieving promotion through the play-offs, before being relegated again after another 12th-place finish in 2017. In 2018, Tim Clancy was appointed as manager after the departure of Mahon.

2018 season
Clancy's first season in charge of the Drogs saw them finish in 4th place, after a rebuild of the squad who were relegated in 2017. It was enough for a place in the playoffs, but despite beating Shelbourne on penalties after 2 legs, Drogheda failed to beat Finn Harps on aggregate, meaning they would remain in the second tier. Harps would go on to win promotion after defeating Limerick 3–0 on aggregate.

2019 season
2019 was a bittersweet year for Drogheda. They managed to maintain a close title race with Shelbourne up until the penultimate game of the season, when the Reds beat them 3–1 on home soil to secure the title. A second-place finish granted them a playoff spot yet again, and after a 6–2 aggregate win over Cabinteely, they reached the playoff final, meeting Finn Harps for the second year running. Unfortunately for the Drogs, a late winner from Chris Lyons at United Park was not enough, as they shipped 2 goals in the second leg in Ballybofey, condemning them to playoff heartbreak once again. On 30 October, the club and wider Drogheda community was rocked by the passing of a legendary figure, Vincent Hoey, fondly remembered as "Mr. Drogheda United", former chairman and the man responsible for keeping the club afloat through their years of administration

2020 season
Drogheda were pipped as favourites to go all the way in the 2020 season, as Tim Clancy strengthened his team with the additions of former captain Derek Prendergast, as well as Brandon Bermingham, Hugh Douglas and David Odumosu. United opened their season with a 2–0 away win at Cobh Ramblers on 22 February, followed by a 1–0 home loss to Longford Town F.C. 6 days later. They hammered relegated side UCD 5–1 at home on 6 March, and sat top of the table with 6 points when the league was suspended as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic on 12 March. A break of over 3 months would follow, and they finally returned to action with a 2–2 draw to Shamrock Rovers II on 2 August, without spectators. The Drogs only lost 3 games between the months of August and November, and their title race with Bray Wanderers went down to the final day, when they travelled to the Stradbrook to face Cabinteely on 27 October. At the beginning of the evening, Drogheda were 1 point behind their Wicklow counterparts, but a 2–0 win courtesy of goals from James Brown and Luke Heeney meant they would lift the trophy on a historic night which granted them a place in the 2021 League of Ireland Premier Division.

2021 season
There was little expectation on the newly promoted Drogs team as the 2021 season approached, but this changed when Tim Clancy began his recruitment. The young coach managed to attract the experienced heads of Gary Deegan, Dane Massey, Dinny Corcoran and Ronan Murray, all veterans of the league. Darragh Markey and Daniel O'Reilly also added to an already very youthful and talented group of players. The season was opened on 19 March when Drogheda beat Waterford 1–0 at home. A 4–0 away win against rivals Longford Town on 10 April turned heads the way of the County Louth side, but they had to wait a bit longer for their next 3 points of the campaign, a 7-0 thumping of Waterford's reserve side at the RSC on 8 May. This was followed by a 4-game winning run, including a 3–1 win over Saint Patrick's Athletic on 14 May, a 1–0 away victory at Finn Harps, and a 4–1 home win against Longford. Another impressive performance came when Drogheda won 2–1 against Sligo Rovers at the Showgrounds on 12 June, Chris Lyons scoring a brace. Their surprise victories meant the newly promoted side were pushing for European places deep into the season, when many expected them to be in a relegation dogfight. On 20 August, Drogheda pulled off a historic victory over their rivals Dundalk at Oriel Park, the first time they had done so for 9 years, courtesy of a Mark Doyle brace. Just over 2 weeks later, they defeated Bohemians at Head In The Game Park. Their last win of the season came against high fliers Derry City on 24 October. Unfortunately for the Drogs, they finished the season with 3 losses in a row, but it didn't manage to take away from their impressive season, finishing 7th with a respectable 44 points, and making sure of a Premier Division place for 2022

2022 season
Drogheda's impressive 2021 campaign meant their squad was practically torn apart by the bigger clubs in the pre season of 2022. Their manager, Tim Clancy, was signed by St Patrick's Athletic. Shelbourne legend Kevin Doherty, who had been assistant manager to Clancy since 2018, assumed the role of first team manager, and former Longford Town coach Daire Doyle joined his management team. Key players such as Killian Phillips and James Brown secured lucrative moves to the UK. Doherty had a big job on his hands to paper the cracks left in his team, but did well to hang on to a number of key players, as well as recruiting others. Drogheda grabbed their first win of the season on 4 March, beating UCD 4–2 at home. On 18 March, Drogheda beat their Louth rivals Dundalk for the 3rd time in 4 games. On 20 May, 10 man Drogheda came back from a 1–0 deficit to beat Finn Harps at home, with 3 goals in the final 20 minutes. They followed this up with a historic home victory over league champions Shamrock Rovers 3 days later, and a 1–1 draw at Dalymount Park against Bohemians on 27 May. On 9 July, Dean Williams scored one of the fastest goals in League of Ireland history, when his 1st-minute strike gave Drogheda their second derby win of the season at home to Dundalk. They secured safety with a 1–0 victory over Bohemians on 7 October, and finished the season in 8th place with 38 points.

The Claret & Blue Club
In response to the economic difficulties facing the country, a group of supporters established The Claret & Blue Club in June 2009 with the aim of providing a steady income stream to Drogheda United FC. Supporters who join the Claret & Blue Club donate at least €5 per week to the club, and in return, they receive a membership card entitling them to discounts of up to 10% in a range of local businesses, including restaurants, tile shops, shoe shops and many more. Each member is also entered in a monthly prize draw, with a top prize every month of a sun holiday courtesy of Panorama Holidays. Other prizes include hotel vouchers, tickets to Irish World Cup qualifier games, betting vouchers etc. Publicity on the Derek Mooney Show on RTÉ Radio one and full-page ads in the Drogheda Independent and Drogheda People resulted in a surge of membership, and after only four weeks of existence, the Claret & Blue Club was in a position to bring in over €35,000 to the club annually, with membership figures rising daily. It was hoped that the Claret & Blue Club will take full ownership of the club in 2010 and run the club similar to the way Shamrock Rovers is run by the Shamrock Rovers Members Club. However the target of 500 members was not reached and membership levels settled at just over half that target.

Share issue
In January 2011, a Claret and Blue Club steering committee announced new plans for a share issue. It was hoped that 200 shares would be sold at €1000 each and that this new revenue would provide stability for 2011–12 and allow the club to finally become a supporter-owned community club. In early 2012 Drogheda United became a member's owned and run club when a new company Drogheda Utd FC Limited was formed consisting of members who paid €1,000 each into the company.

Emblem
The crest of Drogheda United is an adaptation of the town arms of Drogheda, which feature the heraldic symbols of a star and crescent over a shield depicting St. Lawrence's Gate, three lions and a ship. The three lions passant – as Drogheda lay within the Pale and was a besieged garrison town – and the ship represents the town's port.

The club crest focuses on the star and crescent element of the town arms of Drogheda.

They share the same club colours as Trabzonspor, in Turkey – and in 2011 the two sides became sister clubs.

Supporters and rivalries
Drogs is a nickname for supporters of the club. When the name Drogs started to appear in two newspapers in the late 1990s, The Sun and the Drogheda Leader, the club wrote to the Drogheda Leader Newspaper demanding that the name not be used adding that it was not used in the stadium by the fans. The newspaper argued that it had not invented the name and that the fans in the shed side of the stadium often sing a song called Super Drogs. The club considered the name was degrading and was purely a Drogheda Leader nickname not used by the supporters. In recent years the club officially embraced the nickname.

The most vocal supporters stand on "the shed side" of United Park. Many Drogs attend every home match while a smaller group travel around the country to support the team at away matches. They sing football/Drogheda United chants, wear club colours (claret and blue), wave banners and flags and generally try to help lift the team and demonstrate fervent support. One section of their supporters are known as 'F45U' (Famous 45 Ultras.)

Drogheda United Supporters Club (DUSC) was formed more than two years ago. Its main aim is to promote Drogheda United F.C. throughout the community. The supporters club works hand-in-hand with the football club in various ways including contributing to the match day programme, organising fund raising nights like quizzes and race nights and by organising buses to away matches.

Drogheda United's main rivalry is with their neighbour club Dundalk FC, with whom they contest the Louth Derby. The club's home grounds lie no more than 35 km apart, and fans regularly travel in their numbers to witness the encounter. Fans of the respective clubs despise each other and it makes for one of the biggest rivalries in the country. Since 2010, Dundalk have had the better share of results, but since Drogheda's promotion from the First Division in 2020, it has been quite an even encounter, with 5 wins for Dundalk and 4 wins for Drogheda.

Drogheda have also developed a smaller rivalry with their second nearest club, Shelbourne, due to both teams regularly competing in close proximity to each other on the league table.

Honours

 * League of Ireland Premier Division
 * Champions: 2007
 * Runners-up: 1982–83, 2012
 * League of Ireland First Division
 * Champions (5): 1988–89, 1990–91, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2020
 * Runners-up: 1994–95, 1996–97, 2016, 2019
 * FAI Cup
 * Champions: 2005
 * Runners-up: 1970–71, 1975–76, 2013
 * League of Ireland Cup
 * Champions (2): 1983–84, 2012
 * Runners-up: 2013
 * Setanta Sports Cup
 * Champions (2): 2006, 2007
 * Runners-up: 2013
 * League of Ireland First Division Shield
 * Champions: 1990–91
 * Runners-up: 1994–95
 * Leinster Senior Cup
 * Runners-up: 1992–83, 1985–86
 * LFA President's Cup
 * Runners-up: 1970–71
 * League of Ireland Shield
 * Runners-up: 1971–72
 * Tyler Cup
 * Runners-up: 1979

Matches
As of 10 January 2024

Statistics
Graham Gartland has the most appearances for the club in European competitions having appeared a record 12 times in Drogheda's colours in UEFA competitions. He also is tied with Eamon Zayed, on 3 goals, as Drogheda United's leading goalscorer(s) in UEFA competitions.

Finnish international Markus Halsti has played against Drogheda in four matches, lining out with both HJK and Malmö.

Former Drogheda player Gary Rogers holds the record for most appearances in European competition for an Irish domestic player, lining out 54 times during his stints with Saint Patrick's Athletic, Sligo Rovers, and neighbouring club Dundalk.

Most League goals
(Players in bold still playing for Drogheda)

First-team squad
As of 11 July 2024

Notable players

 * Republic of Ireland internationals

 * League of Ireland XI representatives

 * Irish League XI representatives

 * Republic of Ireland B internationals

 * Republic of Ireland U23 internationals

 * Republic of Ireland U21 internationals

 * Republic of Ireland futsal internationals

 * Other internationals

 * Notable academy graduates

title: Drogheda United F.C.


text: Category:California State Reserves

title: Category:California State Reserves


text:
User talk:Jerclarke

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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Whosyourjudas (talk) 05:13, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Pleiades (software company), requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Jakew 00:02, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

jeez it got deleted fast. How do I get email updates of this page so that you don't delete posts I create? Jeremyclarke (talk)

File source problem with File:Peterwintonick.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Peterwintonick.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

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File permission problem with File:Peterwintonick.jpg
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Proposed deletion of Manticore (DC Comics)

The article Manticore (DC Comics) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG."

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Orphaned non-free image File:Globalvoices-logo-horizontal.png
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title: User talk:Jerclarke


text:
User:APPER

I'm APPER and I'm working on the german Wikipedia.

de:Benutzer:APPER

title: User:APPER


text:
Talk:Oh, Inverted World

Title
Speculation on the title reads like WP:OR -- should have citations if we want to have in article. Gerardw (talk) 11:41, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oh, Inverted World


text:
Talk:Regional Municipality of Sudbury

Untitled
The Regional Municipality's legal, official and proper name was Regional Municipality of Sudbury. What's the point of moving the article to an incorrect name? Bearcat 05:15, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Because of naming conventions. All Regional Municipalities in Ontario are NAME REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY, ONTARIO. I'd have to have a blip in this. Change it back unless you can prove some how that Sudbury is somehow different than the other Regional Municipalities. The official name is irregardless. The page for say Simcoe County is not at County of Simcoe, Ontario and Ottawa is not at City of Ottawa, Ontario despite those being the official names. Earl Andrew 16:45, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, I suppose, but you only changed Sudbury and Hamilton-Wentworth to the NRM format; Ottawa-Carleton and Haldimand-Norfolk were left as RM of N. If they were all consistent, I probably wouldn't care so much. Oh, and just FWIW, you know as well as I do that County of Simcoe is a naming format you'd hardly ever see used for a county in Ontario anyway. Bearcat

title: Talk:Regional Municipality of Sudbury


text:
User talk:Nullig

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Nullig


text:
Talk:Global 500

Untitled
I was trying to find the list to add it in here, but apparently Fortune now only lets subscribers look at it. I found the one from 2001, but I'm doubtful as to whether that will be more misleading than helpful (it still has companies like Enron listed, for instance). john k 05:16, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Global 500


text:
Hadronization

Hadronization (or hadronisation) is the process of the formation of hadrons out of quarks and gluons. There are two main branches of hadronization: quark-gluon plasma (QGP) transformation and colour string decay into hadrons. The transformation of quark-gluon plasma into hadrons is studied in lattice QCD numerical simulations, which are explored in relativistic heavy-ion experiments. Quark-gluon plasma hadronization occurred shortly after the Big Bang when the quark–gluon plasma cooled down to the Hagedorn temperature (about 150 MeV) when free quarks and gluons cannot exist. In string breaking new hadrons are forming out of quarks, antiquarks and sometimes gluons, spontaneously created from the vacuum.

Statistical hadronization
A highly successful description of QGP hadronization is based on statistical phase space weighting according to the Fermi–Pomeranchuk model of particle production. This approach was developed, since 1950, initially as a qualitative description of strongly interacting particle production. It was originally not meant to be an accurate description, but a phase space estimate of upper limit to particle yield. In the following years numerous hadronic resonances were discovered. Rolf Hagedorn postulated the statistical bootstrap model (SBM) allowing to describe hadronic interactions in terms of statistical resonance weights and the resonance mass spectrum. This turned the qualitative Fermi–Pomeranchuk model into a precise statistical hadronization model for particle production. However, this property of hadronic interactions poses a challenge for the statistical hadronization model as the yield of particles is sensitive to the unidentified high mass hadron resonance states. The statistical hadronization model was first applied to relativistic heavy-ion collisions in 1991, which lead to the recognition of the first strange anti-baryon signature of quark-gluon plasma discovered at CERN.

Phenomenological studies of string model and fragmentation
The QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics) of the hadronization process are not yet fully understood, but are modeled and parameterized in a number of phenomenological studies, including the Lund string model and in various long-range QCD approximation schemes.

The tight cone of particles created by the hadronization of a single quark is called a jet. In particle detectors, jets are observed rather than quarks, whose existence must be inferred. The models and approximation schemes and their predicted jet hadronization, or fragmentation, have been extensively compared with measurement in a number of high energy particle physics experiments, e.g. TASSO, OPAL and H1.

Hadronization can be explored using Monte Carlo simulation. After the particle shower has terminated, partons with virtualities (how far off shell the virtual particles are) on the order of the cut-off scale remain. From this point on, the parton is in the low momentum transfer, long-distance regime in which non-perturbative effects become important. The most dominant of these effects is hadronization, which converts partons into observable hadrons. No exact theory for hadronization is known but there are two successful models for parameterization.

These models are used within event generators which simulate particle physics events. The scale at which partons are given to the hadronization is fixed by the shower Monte Carlo component of the event generator. Hadronization models typically start at some predefined scale of their own. This can cause significant issue if not set up properly within the Shower Monte Carlo. Common choices of shower Monte Carlo are PYTHIA and HERWIG. Each of these correspond to one of the two parameterization models.

The top quark does not hadronize
The top quark, however, decays via the weak force with a mean lifetime of 5×10−25 seconds. Unlike all other weak interactions, which typically are much slower than strong interactions, the top quark weak decay is uniquely shorter than the time scale at which the strong force of QCD acts, so a top quark decays before it can hadronize. The top quark is therefore almost a free particle.

title: Hadronization


text: Category:The Shins albums

title: Category:The Shins albums


text:
File:RedDwarfShip.jpg

Summary
New CGI Red Dwarf mining ship as seen in the Re-mastered Series I to III, and in Series VIII.

title: File:RedDwarfShip.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vagabond (planet)

Vagabond (planet) was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete

Vagabond (planet)
A random factoid orbiting some fictional universe. Wile E. Heresiarch 05:21, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Merge with Perry Rhodan. DCEdwards1966 06:40, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Wow, Perry Rhodan! My dad has the first 25 books. Meanwhile, not notable, merge into Perry Rhodan. - Vague | Rant 06:42, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with Perry Rhodan and delete, else I'll start laboriously cataloguing every single spaceship and orbital, whether Culture, Idiran, Affront or Zetetic Elench, in Iain M Banks' Culture novels. And I Can! --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 10:36, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, I can't tell if you're joking, so: don't do it just because you can. Write for the ages is my advice. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:10, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought it sounded pretty blatantly like a joke to me. Mike H 20:18, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, why don't we just move it to an article about whatever particular book this is from? I support keeping the content somewhere. I also want to urge Tony to begin cataloguing; we will deal with it here if it's too trivial. Everyking 11:23, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * ... we will deal with it here if it's too trivial -- I'm afraid you have it backwards. Step 1 in writing an article is to pick a topic worth writing about. Wile E. Heresiarch 15:10, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * My point was that I figure it probably is worth writing about, but on the off chance that it gets too trivial, we will deal with it here. Hey...didn't I already say that? Everyking 15:24, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Apologies, I thought it was obvious from my previous comments that I'm as likely to sprout wings and fly to the moon as I am to write detailed fancruft articles on inconsequentialities unsuitable for an encyclopedia, even though I like the Culture novels very much indeed. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 15:21, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC) deletia and insertions --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 19:51, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Could you please avoid the use of the term "fancruft"? Everyking 15:24, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Could you please avoid criticism of use of the term "fancruft"? ---Improv 15:31, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * From now on i decleare the term fancruft be reverted to fancrust 206.176.103.66 15:36, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course not. It is offensive to other users and demeans their work. Everyking 15:48, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Your criticism of the use of the term fancruft is offensive to me and demeans my work on VfD :) (sorry, in a silly mood) --Improv 03:32, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It is offensive to other users and demeans their work. -- Good. If their work is fancruft, it should be demeaned, pour encourager les autres. We're writing an encylopedia, not having a love-in.  -- GWO
 * No 1: i was kidding and 2:I originaly thought it [the word] was crust, not cruft... to put it simply i was fooling around and while the comment was not ment to refer in any way to the works by other users (i have not seen any so i have no comment on their work), it appeirs to have been taken the wrong way and was not ment to offend other users. 206.176.103.66 17:51, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete: Foghat! (No redirect, IMO, and we really can't merge & delete, so just delete.)  Geogre 19:29, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 21:28, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Piecrust. --jpgordon{gab} 21:39, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quite trivial piece of information, not even marked as fictional. jni 16:10, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, but if there's already some page that harbors this trivia then a redirect could work. And didn't I see mousebeavers on some rodent porn site? -R. fiend 19:08, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is subtrivial fancruft of an extremely unuseful nature.  It refers to a single planet in a single book, which means that if one has read the book that person already knows all there is to know about the planet, and if one has not read the book that person most likely has never heard of the planet and would not be inclined to seek it out in an encyclopedia.  I think a redirect would be most unhelpful as well because the main article on this series of books or the series' protagonist should not be bogged down by minutae of this type. Indrian 05:02, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete CO GDEN  18:41, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Waste management

title: Category:Waste management


text:
Cyrillic numerals

Cyrillic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script, developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the late 10th century. It was used in the First Bulgarian Empire and by South and East Slavic peoples. The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals as part of his civil script reform initiative. Cyrillic numbers played a role in Peter the Great's currency reform plans, too, with silver wire kopecks issued after 1696 and mechanically minted coins issued between 1700 and 1722 inscribed with the date using Cyrillic numerals. By 1725, Russian Imperial coins had transitioned to Arabic numerals. The Cyrillic numerals may still be found in books written in the Church Slavonic language.

General description
The system is a quasi-decimal alphabetic numeral system, equivalent to the Ionian numeral system but written with the corresponding graphemes of the Cyrillic script. The order is based on the original Greek alphabet rather than the standard Cyrillic alphabetical order.

A separate letter is assigned to each unit (1, 2, ... 9), each multiple of ten (10, 20, ... 90), and each multiple of one hundred (100, 200, ... 900). To distinguish numbers from text, a titlo is sometimes drawn over the numbers, or they are set apart with dots. The numbers are written as pronounced in Slavonic, generally from the high value position to the low value position, with the exception of 11 through 19, which are written and pronounced with the ones unit before the tens; for example, ЗІ (17) is "семнадсять" (literally seven-on-ten, cf. the English seven-teen).

Examples:
 * Slavic-numerals-1706.svg – 1706
 * [[Image:Cyrillic numerals-7118.svg|42px|҂зр︮и︯і]] – 7118
 * A long titlo may be used for long runs of numbers:.

To evaluate a Cyrillic number, the values of all the figures are added up: for example, ѰЗ is 700 + 7, making 707. If the number is greater than 999 (ЦЧѲ), the thousands sign (҂) is used to multiply the number's value: for example, ҂Ѕ is 6000, while ҂Л҂В is parsed as 30,000 + 2000, making 32,000. To produce larger numbers, a modifying sign is used to encircle the number being multiplied. Two scales existed in such cases (similar to the long and short scales): one is 'Малый счёт' or Lesser count giving a new name and sign /every order of magnitude/, and the other is 'Великий счёт' or Greater Count (both are squaring except for the end—extending to 10 in the 49th power).

Table of values

 * In some varieties of Western Cyrillic, Ч was used for 60 and Ҁ was used for 90.

title: Cyrillic numerals


text: Talk:Mount Madison

title: Talk:Mount Madison


text: User talk:203.106.230.8

title: User talk:203.106.230.8


text: Category:24 deaths

title: Category:24 deaths


text:
SIMPLE IRA

A Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees Individual Retirement Account, commonly known by the abbreviation "SIMPLE IRA", is a type of tax-deferred employer-provided retirement plan in the United States that allows employees to set aside money and invest it to grow for retirement. Specifically, it is a type of Individual Retirement Account (IRA) that is set up as an employer-provided plan. It is an employer sponsored plan, like better-known plans such as the 401(k) and 403(b) (Tax Sheltered Annuity plans), but offers simpler and less costly administration rules, as it is subject to ERISA and its associated regulations. Like a 401(k) plan, the SIMPLE IRA can be funded with pre-tax salary contributions, but those contributions are still subject to Social Security, Medicare, and Federal Unemployment Tax Act taxes. Contribution limits for SIMPLE plans are lower than for most other types of employer-provided retirement plans as compared to conventional defined contribution plans like Section 402(g), 401(k), 401(a), and 403(b) plans.

Rules

 * Only an "eligible employer" may establish a SIMPLE IRA. An eligible employer is one with no more than 100 employees. An employer who has already established a SIMPLE IRA may continue to be "eligible" for two years after crossing the 100-employee limit.
 * Employees are not required to make regular IRA contributions to their SIMPLE IRA account.
 * A SIMPLE IRA requires a certain minimum contribution from the employer. The employer may either:
 * Match the contributions of each employees dollar-for-dollar up to 3% of the employee's compensation (or a smaller percentage in certain cases); or
 * Contribute a flat 2% of the compensation for each employee with at least $5,000 in compensation for the year, regardless of the amount the employee contributes.
 * Employees who are not yet age 50 are allowed to contribute up to $14,000 in 2022. Participants who are age 50 or older are allowed to contribute $17,000 for 2022. These limits are different from the limits that apply to 401(k), 403(b), and 457 plans.
 * The SIMPLE plan can technically be funded with either an IRA or a 401(k). There is almost no benefit to funding it with a 401(k), because the lower contribution limits of the SIMPLE are required as is the expensive extra administration of the 401(k).
 * An employee is allowed to make a direct rollover from a SIMPLE IRA into a Traditional IRA after at least two years has passed from the date the employee first participated in the plan.
 * An employee is allowed to make a direct rollover from an IRA, a 401(k), or a 403(b) into a SIMPLE IRA after two years of participation. An employee is allowed to make a direct rollover from another SIMPLE plan into a SIMPLE IRA during the first two years of participation in a SIMPLE IRA.

If a participant, who is not yet 59½ years old, wishes to take a distribution and it has been less than two years since their first contribution into the plan, they could be required to pay a penalty of up to 25% (10% if more than two years) to the Internal Revenue Service. This two-year rule applies to all distributions, including rollovers from the SIMPLE IRA. Any amount withdrawn and not rolled over, regardless of age, is also subject to ordinary income tax for the year in which the distribution is made.

Additional references

 * Internal Revenue Code Section 408(p)
 * Internal Revenue Code Section 408(p)
 * Internal Revenue Code Section 408(p)

title: SIMPLE IRA


text:
User talk:Jm1234567890

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:25, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
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Nomination of Flexon for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Flexon is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Flexon until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Störm  (talk)  17:13, 30 March 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jm1234567890


text:
User talk:Gothicform

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:25, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
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Signing comments
Hello Gothicform. Just wanted to say that it's standard wikipedia convention to sign yr comments on talk pages. I noticed you hadn't done so with yr recent comment on the English language talk page. It helps to make the conversation more personable and easier to follow. As described above in Flockmeal's welcome message you can sign yr name by just typing four tildes (~) which will be converted into yr name plus current date and time. Also when replying to someone if you prefix yr comment with a colon it will indent it. --Oska 10:56, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Like so. --Oska 10:56, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

New version of panorama
Hi Gothicform. Have you uploaded your preferred version of Image:Lincoln pano1a.jpg? dbenbenn | talk 22:06, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, I noticed you licensed some of your photos for non-commercial use only. These will have to be deleted unless you're willing to release them under the GFDL or some other free license.  dbenbenn | talk 14:33, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

No im not willing to do them under the GDFL, for a start ive already commercially sold them to clients and secondly i dont fancy people making money out of my work without me being compensated. non commercial use is cool, commercial use is just cheap. i have however started taking a pic for wikipedia everytime i go somewhere that i can put under a free license. --Gothicform 14:56, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Alright, I've nominated them for deletion at Images and media for deletion/2005 September 13. dbenbenn | talk 18:57, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * and yet he's perfectly willing to use other people's images for his own financial gain on his site. Go figure.

 * You dont know what you're talking about. Whoever you are??? Perhaps you're unaware that ALL images on that site if someone asks for licensing details like a company we pass them on to whoever took the photo and don't take a single penny (I could work as an agent taking a cut but I don't)? ALL images on the site are used with the permission of others and we don't make a penny from them. This is completely different to GNUing images I took personally which rather reduces their market value. I am only too happy to contribute images to wikipedia and regularly do, just not the very top ranked ones. You're not privy to the vast amount of pic requests we get and what happens with them so maybe you shouldn't judge so quickly. Go figure. --Gothicform 14:31, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Nice work on The Stump
Just a quick Thank You for the nice work on The Stump. At first I thought I'd come back to the wrong page, because it now looks so much better than before! I especially like the photos taken from the roof and the inside. Good job! --JanesDaddy 20:43, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Pathetic. You're either Gothicform, or he's paying you to suck up to him. The guy is poison, stop pretending otherwise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.166.56 (talk) 23:12, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

3 Revert Rule
Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule. Rather than reverting, discuss disputed changes on the talk page. The revision you want is not going to be implemented by edit warring. Thank you. Gzkn 02:04, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

Mediation request regarding Emporis "controversy" section
Montalto has requested informal mediation regarding the Emporis "Controversy" section and has identified Gothicform, MatthieuN, UnitedPakistan, Elk Salmon, and 86.6.160.50 as involved parties.

I've tried to summarize the dispute on the mediation page. If you are interested in mediation, please let me know either on the mediation page or on the Emporis talk page -- I have some ideas that I think may be helpful to resolve the dispute constructively.

Thanks -- I'm looking forward to working with you all. TheronJ 15:12, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Image:P1010236.jpg
I am unable to see on the source page of this image that is it released under the creative commons liscence. Did you gain permission from the copyright holder because if so please add a copy of the email/communication in the image description page! Million_Moments (talk) 15:38, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * cool. thanks! Million_Moments (talk) 08:11, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of James Newman (journalist)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article James Newman (journalist), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Raven1977 (talk) 05:36, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

File:P1010070-01.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:P1010070-01.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. The Evil IP address (talk) 09:35, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

File:P1010236.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:P1010236.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. The Evil IP address (talk) 09:37, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

File:Stump2.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Stump2.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. The Evil IP address (talk) 09:42, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

File:Stump3.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Stump3.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. The Evil IP address (talk) 09:43, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

File:Stump5.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Stump5.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. The Evil IP address (talk) 09:45, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

File:Stump1.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Stump1.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. The Evil IP address (talk) 09:46, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:P1010070-01.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:P1010070-01.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to , stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to .

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. SchuminWeb (Talk) 20:56, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gothicform


text: Category:20s deaths

title: Category:20s deaths


text:
Mineral lick

A mineral lick (also known as a salt lick) is a place where animals can go to lick essential mineral nutrients from a deposit of salts and other minerals. Mineral licks can be naturally occurring or artificial (such as blocks of salt that farmers place in pastures for livestock to lick). Natural licks are common, and they provide essential elements such as phosphorus and the biometals (sodium, calcium, iron, zinc, and trace elements) required for bone, muscle and other growth in herbivorous mammals such as deer, moose, elephants, hippos, rhinos, giraffes, zebras, wildebeests, tapirs, woodchucks, fox squirrels, mountain goats, porcupines, and frugivorous bats. Such licks are especially important in ecosystems such as tropical rainforests and grasslands with poor general availability of nutrients. Harsh weather exposes salty mineral deposits that draw animals from miles away for a taste of needed nutrients. It is thought that certain fauna can detect calcium in salt licks.

Overview
Many animals regularly visit mineral licks to consume clay, supplementing their diet with nutrients and minerals. In tropical bats, lick visitation is associated with a diet based on wild figs (Ficus), which have very low levels of sodium, and licks are mostly used by females that are pregnant or lactating.

Some animals require the minerals at these sites not for nutrition, but to ward off the effects of secondary compounds that are included in the arsenal of plant defences against herbivory. The minerals of these sites usually contain calcium, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. Mineral lick sites play a critical role in the ecology and diversity of organisms that visit these sites, but little is still understood about the dietary benefits.

The paths animals made to natural mineral licks and watering holes became the hunting paths predators and early humans used for hunting. It is hypothesized that these salt and water paths became trails and later roads for early humans.

Nonetheless, many studies have identified other uses and nutritional benefits from other micronutrients that exist at these sites, including selenium, cobalt and/or molybdenum. In addition to the utilization of mineral licks, many animals suffer from traffic collisions as they gather to lick salts accumulated on road surfaces. Animals also consume soil (geophagy) to obtain minerals, such as moose from Canada mining for minerals from the root wads of fallen trees.

Artificial salt licks
Artificial salt licks are used in the husbandry of livestock and to attract or maintain wildlife, whether it be for viewing, photography, farming, or hunting purposes. Maintaining artificial salt licks as a form of baiting is illegal in some states in the United States, but legal in others. Inadvertent salt licks may lead to unintended wildlife-human interactions.

In the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas and the longhunter watched salt licks to hunt game. Many became well-known, including Bledsoe Lick in Sumner County, Tennessee; the Blue Lick in central Kentucky; 'Great Buffalo Lick' in Kanawha Salines, now present-day Malden, West Virginia; the French Lick in southern Indiana; and the Blackwater Lick in Blackwater, Lee County, Virginia.

Mythology
In Norse mythology, before the creation of the world, it was the divine cow Auðumbla, and because she licked the cosmic salt ice, she gave form to Búri, ancestor of the gods and grandfather of Odin. On the first day as Auðumbla licked, Buri's hair appeared from the ice, on the second day his head, and the third his body.

title: Mineral lick


text:
User talk:The Zaniak

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 05:28, Dec 2, 2004 (UTC)
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Brisbane meetup
Delivered on behalf of Dihydrogen Monoxide. Giggabot (talk) 14:24, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Brisbane meetup invitation
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Brisbane meetup with Sue Gardner invitation
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More details can be found at Meetup/Brisbane/7. I hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 02:50, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

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title: User talk:The Zaniak


text:
California State Parks

The California State Parks system (Spanish: Parques Estatales de California) is the public park system of California. The system is administered by the California Department of Parks and Recreation, a department of the California Natural Resources Agency. The California State Parks system is the largest state park system in the United States.

California State Parks administers 279 separate park units on 1.4 e6acre, with over 280 mi of Californian coastline; 625 mi of lake and river frontage; nearly 15,000 campsites; and 3,000 mi of hiking, biking, and equestrian trails. Headquartered in Sacramento, park administration is divided into 21 districts.

History
California's first state park was the Yosemite Grant, which today constitutes part of Yosemite National Park. In 1864, the federal government set aside Yosemite Valley for preservation and ceded the land to the state, which managed the famous glacial valley until 1906.

California's oldest state park, Big Basin Redwoods State Park, was founded in 1902. Until 1921, each park was managed by an independent commission or agency.

In 1927, the California Legislature, with the support of Governor C. C. Young, established the State Park Commission, and its original membership included: Major Frederick R. Burnham, W. F. Chandler, William E. Colby (Secretary), Henry W. O'Melveny, and Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur. The following year, a newly established State Park Commission began gathering support for the first state park bond issue. Its efforts were rewarded in 1928 when Californians voted nearly three-to-one in favor of a $6 million park bond act. In addition, Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. completed a statewide survey of potential park lands that defined basic long-range goals and provided guidance for the acquisition and development of state parks. With Newton B. Drury (later to be named director of the National Park Service) serving as acquisition officer, the new system of state parks rapidly began to grow. William Penn Mott Jr. served as director of the agency under Governor Ronald Reagan.

In May 2008 The National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the park system as a whole on their list of America's Most Endangered Places.

On January 10, 2008, Governor Schwarzenegger's office announced that the California State Park System will consider indefinite closures of all or part of 48 specific individual parks (one in five) to help meet the challenges of the looming (projected) $14.5 billion deficit facing California for its 2008-2009 budget year. On September 25, 2009, Governor Schwarzenegger's office announced that all state parks would remain open during the 2009-2010 fiscal year using one-time budget reduction methods in maintenance, equipment, and services.

A record wet winter in 2023 caused more than $210 million in storm damage to California's State Parks.

Operation
Responsible for almost one-third of California's scenic coastline (280 miles), California State Parks manages the state's finest coastal wetlands, estuaries, beaches, and dune systems. California State Parks contains the largest and most diverse natural and cultural heritage holdings of any state agency in the nation. State park units include underwater preserves, reserves, and parks; redwood, rhododendron, and wildlife reserves; state beaches, recreation areas, wilderness areas, and reservoirs; state historic parks, historic homes, Spanish era adobe buildings, including museums, visitor centers, cultural reserves, and preserves; as well as lighthouses, caverns, ghost towns, water slides, conference centers, and off-highway vehicle parks.

These parks protect and preserve an unparalleled collection of culturally and environmentally sensitive structures and habitats, threatened plant and animal species, ancient Native American sites, historic structures and artifacts. The Department employs State Park Peace Officers Law Enforcement to protect and preserve the State Parks and the millions of people who visit them each year. Parks are patrolled by sworn State Park Peace Officers, of which there are two classifications, State Park Ranger and State Park Lifeguards. Subdivisions of California State Parks include the California Office of Historic Preservation, Off-Highway Motor Vehicle Recreation Division, and the Boating & Waterways Division.

The Parks Forward Commission was formed after the California Legislature called for the formation of a multidisciplinary advisory council to conduct an independent assessment and make recommendations. The commission issued a report in 2015 that noted the lack of maintenance for many parks along with visitors who do not reflect the diversity of California's population. The report also said the agency is using outdated technology for managing the parks and providing reservations while being overwhelmed by the responsibility for managing the park system.
 * Parks Forward Commission

Classification
The sites managed and preserved by the department are categorized into different types. There are 87 State Parks, 63 State Beaches, 51 State Historic Parks, 32 State Recreation Areas, 16 State Natural Reserves, 14 State Park Properties, 8 Vehicular Recreation Areas, 2 State Marine Reserves, 1 State Historical Monument, 1 State Seashore, and 1 Wayside Park.

The Public Resources Code provides the classification of units of the state park system. All units that are or will become part of the system, except those units or parts of units designated by the state legislature as wilderness areas or are subject to any other provision of law are classified by the State Park and Recreation Commission into one of these classifications.

State Park
State Parks "consist of relatively spacious areas of outstanding scenic or natural character, oftentimes also containing significant [...] values. State recreation units "consist of areas selected, developed, and operated to provide outdoor recreational opportunities" and are classified as either State Recreation Areas, Underwater Recreation Areas, State Beaches, and Wayside Campgrounds.

State Recreation Area
State Recreation Areas consist of "areas selected and developed to provide multiple recreational opportunities," and are selected for "having terrain capable of withstanding extensive human impact and for their proximity to large population centers, major routes of travel, or proven recreational resources." Underwater Recreation Areas consist of "areas in the nonmarine aquatic environment selected and developed to provide surface and subsurface water-oriented recreational opportunities..."

State Beach
State Beaches consist of "areas with frontage on the ocean or bays designed to provide beach-oriented recreational activities." Wayside Campgrounds consist of "relatively small areas suitable for overnight camping and offering convenient access to major highways." Historical units are "nonmarine areas established primarily to preserve objects of historical, archaeological, and scientific interest, and archaeological sites and places commemorating important persons or historic events." State seashores "consist of relatively spacious coastline areas with frontage on the ocean, or on bays open to the ocean [...] possessing outstanding scenic or natural character and significant recreational, historical, archaeological, or geological values."

State Historic Parks
State Historic Parks consists of 47 specially-designated historic sites across California, that highlight crucial events in the history of California and provide an educational opportunity for those interested in learning about Californian history, namely students. These include battlegrounds, Californian missions, historic estates, cave paintings, and colonial fortifications, among others.

State Reserve
State Reserves "consist of areas embracing outstanding natural or scenic characteristics or areas containing outstanding cultural resources of statewide significance," and are classified as either State Natural Reserves which consist of areas selected and managed to preserve their ecology, fauna, flora, geological features, and scenic qualities "in a condition of undisturbed integrity," or State Cultural Reserves which consist of areas selected and managed to preserve the integrity of historic structures and features as well as areas with spiritual significance to California indigenous people.

State Wilderness
State Wildernesses are areas where the environment has not been affected by humans and are relatively undeveloped state-owned or leased lands which have retained their original characters and influence or have been restored to a near-natural appearance. State wildernesses can be established within other state parks system units. Natural preserves are nonmarine areas of outstanding natural or scientific significance established within the boundaries of other units to preserve features natural features such as rare or endangered species and their supporting ecosystems. Cultural preserves are those established also within other units to preserve cultural features such as sites, buildings or zones important to the human history of California.

State Marine Reserve
State Marine Reserves have a uniform classifications established by the Marine Managed Areas Improvement Act: State Marine Reserve, State Marine Park, State Marine Conservation Area, State Marine Cultural Preservation Area, and State Marine Recreational Management Area.

title: California State Parks


text: Category:10s deaths

title: Category:10s deaths