text:
User talk:Rbanzan~enwiki

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 23:39, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Image:E30lasbordes.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 08:45, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Rbanzan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Rbanzan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:59, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rbanzan~enwiki


text:
User talk:Hans-Peter Scholz

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 23:39, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

Thank you from Germany for your kind and warm welcome! --Hans-Peter Scholz 23:42, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Hans-Peter Scholz


text:
T-class submarine

Two classes of submarine are known as the T class:

 * The AA-1-class submarine was a series of three experimental submarines of the United States Navy also known as the T class
 * The British T-class submarine was a series of 55 submarines of the Royal Navy that served in World War II

title: T-class submarine


text:
William Woollett

William Woollett (15 August 1735 – 23 May 1785) was an English engraver operating in the 18th century.

Life
Woollett was born in Maidstone, of a family which came originally from the Netherlands.

He was apprenticed to John Tinney, an engraver in Fleet Street, London, and studied in the St Martin's Lane academy. His first important plate was from The Destruction of the Children of Niobe of Richard Wilson, published by Boydell in 1761, which was followed in 1763 by a companion engraving from the "Phaethon" of the same painter. After Benjamin West he engraved his fine plate of the "Battle of La Hogue" (1781), and "The Death of General Wolfe" (1776), which is usually considered Woollett's masterpiece. In 1775 he was appointed engraver-in-ordinary to George III; and he was a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists, of which for several years he acted as secretary.

Woollett's plates combined engraving, etching, and dry-point; and were considered highly esteemed examples of the English school of engraving. Louis Fagan, in his Catalogue Raisonné of the Engraved Works of William Woollett (1885), enumerated 123 plates by Woollett.

Thomas Hearne became apprenticed to him in 1765, Woollett came to consider him the finest landscape engraver of his day; he stayed for six years.

Benjamin Thomas Pouncy (B.T. Pouncy) (died 1799), was a pupil.

He died in London; his is one of the many graves in Old St. Pancras Churchyard. He is not listed on the memorial to important lost graves erected in the 19th century.

Memorials
A monument to his memory, by Thomas Banks, stands in Westminster Abbey.

title: William Woollett


text:
CE marking

The presence of the logo (from French, "conformité européenne" meaning "European conformity") on commercial products indicates that the manufacturer or importer affirms the goods' conformity with European health, safety, and environmental protection standards. It is not a quality indicator or a certification mark. The CE marking is required for goods sold in the European Economic Area (EEA); goods sold elsewhere may also carry the mark.

The mark indicates that the product may be traded freely in any part of the European Economic Area, regardless of its country of origin. It consists of the CE logo and, if applicable, the four digit identification number of the notified body involved in the conformity assessment procedure.

Meaning
The mark on a product indicates that the manufacturer or importer of that product affirms its compliance with the relevant EU legislation and the product may be sold anywhere in the European Economic Area (EEA). It is a criminal offence to affix a mark to a product that is not compliant or offer it for sale.

For example, most electrical products must comply with the Low Voltage Directive and the EMC Directive, among others; toys must comply with the Toy Safety Directive. (The Low Voltage Directive is about electrical safety; EMC or Electromagnetic Compatibility means the device will work as intended without interfering with, or being affected by, the use or function of any other device.) The mark indicates compliance with as many norms (directives and regulations) as apply at the time of the declaration of compliance (see below). In the case of electrical products, several later norms such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) are relevant in addition to the Low Voltage Directive and EMC Directive. The exact significance of the mark therefore depends on when it was applied to a specific unit.

The marking does not indicate EEA manufacture or that the EU or another authority has approved a product as safe or conformant. The EU requirements may include safety, health, and environmental protection. If stipulated in any EU product legislation, assessment by a Notified Body or manufacture according to a certified production quality system may be required. Where relevant, the mark is followed by the registration number of the notified body involved in conformity assessment.

Not all products need CE marking to be traded in the EEA; only product categories subject to relevant directives or regulations are required (and allowed) to bear CE marking. Most CE-marked products can be placed on the market subject only to an internal production control by the manufacturer (Module A; see Self-certification, below), with no independent check of the conformity of the product with EU legislation; ANEC has cautioned that, amongst other things, CE marking cannot be considered a "safety mark" for consumers.

Countries requiring the CE marking
CE marking is mandatory for certain product groups intended for sale within the European Union, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and Turkey. The manufacturers of products made within these countries, and the importers of goods made in other countries, affirm that CE-marked goods conform to EU standards.

Following Brexit in 2020, the UK government proposed to replace the mark with the UKCA marking, with a deadline for replacement of 31 December 2024 in some product categories. For other product categories CE marking acceptance in Great Britain has been indefinitely extended. As Northern Ireland (a region of the UK) remained aligned to the European Single Market under the Northern Ireland Protocol, marking  remains mandatory for products placed on the market there, and the UKCA mark is not required. On 1 August, the UK's Department for Business and Trade announced that "The government intends to extend recognition of the marking for placing most goods on the market in Great Britain, indefinitely, beyond December 2024", with "different rules for medical devices, construction products, cableways, transportable pressure equipment, unmanned aircraft systems, rail products, marine equipment and ecodesign".

, marking was not required by countries of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), but CEFTA members Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro had applied for membership of the European Union, and were adopting many of its standards within their legislation, as had most Central European former member countries of CEFTA that joined the EU, before joining.

Rules underlying CE marking
The formal legal status of the mark is set out in various EU Directives and Regulations. The underlying principles are explained in the Commission's "Blue Guide".

Responsibility for CE marking lies with whoever puts the product on the market in the EU, i.e. an EU-based manufacturer, the importer or distributor of a product made outside the EU, or an EU-based office of a non-EU manufacturer.

The manufacturer of a product affixes the CE marking to it but has to take certain obligatory steps before the product can bear CE marking. The manufacturer must carry out a conformity assessment, set up a technical file, and sign a Declaration stipulated by the leading legislation for the product. The documentation has to be made available to authorities on request.

Importers of products have to verify that the manufacturer outside the EU has undertaken the necessary steps and that the documentation is available upon request. Importers should also make sure that contact with the manufacturer can always be established.

Distributors must be able to demonstrate to national authorities that they have acted with due care and they must have affirmation from the manufacturer or importer that the necessary measures have been taken.

If importers or distributors market the products under their own name, they take over the manufacturer's responsibilities. In this case they must have sufficient information on the design and production of the product, as they will be assuming the legal responsibility when they affix the CE marking.

There are certain rules underlying the procedure to affix the marking:
 * Products subject to certain EU directives or EU regulations providing for CE marking have to be affixed with the CE marking before they can be placed on the market.
 * Manufacturers have to check, on their sole responsibility, which EU legislation they need to apply for their products.
 * The product may be placed on the market only if it complies with the provisions of all applicable directives and regulations and if the conformity assessment procedure has been carried out accordingly.
 * The manufacturer draws up an EU declaration of conformity or a declaration of performance (for Construction Products) and affixes the CE marking on the product.
 * If stipulated in the directive(s) or regulation(s), an authorized third party (Notified Body) must be involved in the conformity assessment procedure or in setting up a production quality system.
 * If the CE marking is affixed on a product, it can bear additional markings only if they are of different significance, do not overlap with the CE marking and are not confusing and do not impair the legibility and visibility of the CE marking.

Since achieving compliance can be very complex, CE-marking conformity assessment, provided by a notified body, is of great importance throughout the entire CE-marking process, from design verification, and set up of the technical file to the EU declaration of conformity.

A guide to the implementation of directives and regulations based on the New Approach and the Global Approach (the "Blue Guide") was first published by the European Union in 2000. Updated versions were published on 28 February 2014 and 26 July 2016.

Self-certification
Depending on the level of risk of the product, the CE marking is affixed to a product by the manufacturer or authorized representative who needs to ensure that the product meets all the CE marking requirements. In some cases, if a product has minimal risk, it can be self-certified by a manufacturer making a declaration of conformity and affixing the CE marking to their own product. Self-certification exists only for products that have a minimal risk for their use, and this is clearly foreseen in the relevant directive and regulation according to the product "category". In order to certify, the manufacturer must do several things:

 * 1. Investigate whether the product needs to have a CE marking. The product must conform to all Directives and Regulations that apply to the product.
 * 2. Choose the conformity assessment procedure from the modules called out by the directive or the regulation for the product according to each category (level of risk) involved. There are several modules available for the Conformity Assessment Procedures, but only a few of them involve self-certification. The most of these procedure require a "type Approval" and a Production conformity assessment by a Notified Body. The common procedures (modules) of certification are as listed below. A product normally needs more than one procedure (Module) to be implemented:
 * Module A – Internal production control.
 * Module B – EC type-examination.
 * Module C – Conformity to type.
 * Module D – Production quality assurance.
 * Module E – Product quality assurance.
 * Module F – Product verification.
 * Module G – Unit verification.
 * Module H – Full quality assurance.
 * Module H1 – Full quality assurance and Design Examination.

The level of risk is defined by the "category" of each equipment. The higher the category, the higher the risk. After defining the category, the manufacturer, in order to obtain certification, shall then apply the relevant procedures for the specific category of the product or choose the relevant procedures for a higher-category product. The manufacturer, after insuring that the relevant modules for the product category have been applied, will affix the mark and draw up a Declaration of Conformity. The Declaration of Conformity contains a description of the product, the directive(s) and regulation(s) applied, the product category for each directive or regulation, the module chosen, and the name and registration number of the notified body involved in certification procedures (models).

Notified bodies involved in certification procedures are organizations that have been nominated by a member state (according to an accreditation procedure) and have been notified by the European Commission. These notified bodies act as Independent Inspection organizations and carry out the procedures as listed in the relevant Modules applied as stated by the relevant directives and regulations. A manufacturer can choose any notified body (notified for the certain directive or regulation and relevant Modules) in any Member State of the European Union.

In reality, the self-certification process consists of the following stages:

Stage 1: Identify the applicable norm(s)

The first step is to identify whether the product needs to bear CE marking or not. Not all products are required to bear CE marking, only the products that fall within the scope of at least one of the sectoral norms (directives and regulations) requiring CE marking. There are more than 20 sectoral product norms requiring CE marking covering, but not limited to, products such as electrical equipment, machines, medical devices, toys, pressure equipment, PPE, wireless devices and construction products.

Identifying which norm(s) may be applicable, as there may be more than one, involves a simple exercise of reading the scope of each norm to establish which apply to the product (Such as the "Low Voltage Directive," 2014/35/EU). If the product does not fall within the scope of any of the sectoral norm, then the product does not need to bear CE marking (and, indeed, must not bear CE marking).

Stage 2: Identify the applicable requirements of the norm(s)

Each norm has slightly different methods of demonstrating conformity depending on the classification of the product and its intended use. Every Directive or Regulation has a number of 'essential requirements' that the product has to meet before being placed on the market.

The best way to demonstrate that these essential requirements have been met is by meeting the requirements of an applicable 'harmonised standard,’ which offer a presumption of conformity to the essential requirements, although the use of standards usually remains voluntary. Harmonised standards can be identified by searching the 'Official Journal' on the European Commission's website, or by visiting the New Approach website established by the European Commission and EFTA with the European Standardisation Organisations.

Stage 3: Identify an appropriate route to conformity

The process is not always a self-declaration process, there are various 'attestation routes' to conformity depending on the Directive or Regulation and classification of the product. Many products (such as invasive medical devices, or fire alarm and extinguisher systems, Pressure Equipment, Lifts etc.) in most cases, have a mandatory requirement for the involvement of an authorised third party e.g. a "notified body".

There are various attestation routes which include:

 * An assessment of the product by the manufacturer.
 * An assessment of the product by the manufacturer, with additional requirement for mandatory factory production control audits to be carried out by a third party.
 * An assessment by a third party (e.g. EC type test), with the requirement for mandatory factory production control audits to be carried out by a third party.

Stage 4: Assessment of the product's conformity

When all of the requirements have been established, the conformity of the product to the essential requirements of the norm(s) needs to be assessed. This usually involves assessment and/or testing, and may include an evaluation of the conformity of the product to the harmonised standard(s) identified in step 2.

Stage 5: Compile the technical documentation

Technical documentation, usually referred to as the technical file, relating to the product or range of products needs to be compiled. This information should cover every aspect relating to conformity and is likely to include details of the design, development and manufacture of the product.

Technical documentation will usually include:

 * Technical description
 * Drawings, circuit diagrams and photos
 * Bill of materials
 * Specification and, where applicable, EU declaration of conformity for the critical components and materials used
 * Details of any design calculations
 * Test reports and/or assessments
 * Instructions
 * EU declaration of conformity
 * Technical documentation can be made available in any format (i.e. paper or electronic) and must be held for a period of up to 10 years after the manufacture of the last unit, and in most cases reside in the European Economic Area (EEA).

Stage 6: Make a declaration and affix the CE marking

When the manufacturer, importer or authorised representative is satisfied that their product conforms to the applicable norms, an EU declaration of conformity must be completed or, for partly completed machinery under the Machinery Directive, an ECU declaration of incorporation.

EU declaration of conformity
The EU declaration of conformity must include: manufacturer's details (name and address, etc.); essential characteristics the product complies; any European standards and performance data; if relevant the identification number of the notified body; and a legally binding signature on behalf of the organization.

Product groups

The norms (directives and regulations) requiring CE marking affect the following product groups:
 * Active implantable medical devices (excludes surgical instruments)
 * Appliances burning gaseous fuels
 * Cableway installations designed to carry persons
 * Construction products according to Regulation (EU) No. 305/2011 under specific rules
 * Eco-design of energy related products
 * Electrical and electronic equipment, including radio equipment
 * Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
 * Explosives for civil uses
 * Fertilizers Regulation (EU) No. 1009/2019
 * Hot-water boilers
 * In vitro diagnostic medical devices
 * Lifts
 * Machinery
 * Measuring instruments
 * Medical devices
 * Noise emission in the environment
 * Non-automatic weighing instruments
 * Personal protective equipment
 * Pressure equipment
 * Pyrotechnics
 * Recreational craft
 * Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS)
 * Toys
 * Simple pressure vessels

Mutual recognition of conformity assessment
There are numerous 'Agreements on Mutual Recognition of Conformity Assessment' between the European Union and other countries such as the US, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Israel. Consequently, CE marking is now found on many products from these countries. Japan has its own marking known as the Conformity Mark.

Switzerland and Turkey (which are not members of the EEA) also require products to bear CE marking as an affirmation of conformity.

Characteristics of CE marking

 * The CE marking has to be affixed by the manufacturer or its authorized representative in the European Union according to its legal format visibly, legibly and indelibly to the product
 * When a manufacturer puts the CE marking on a product it implies that it complies with all the Essential Health and safety requirements from all the directives and regulations that applies to its product.
 * For example, for a machine, generally the Machinery directive applies, but often also:
 * Low voltage directive
 * EMC directive
 * sometimes other directives or regulations, e.g. ATEX directive
 * and sometimes other legal requirements, e.g. for food contact materials.

When the manufacturer of a machine puts the CE marking, it engages itself and guarantees, that it makes all the tests, assessments and evaluation on the product to conform to all the requirements of all the norms that apply to its product.
 * CE marking has been introduced by the COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 93/68/EEC of 22 July 1993 amending Directives 87/404/EEC (simple pressure vessels), 88/378/EEC (safety of toys), 89/106/EEC (construction products), 89/336/EEC (electromagnetic compatibility), 89/392/EEC (machinery), 89/686/EEC (personal protective equipment), 90/384/EEC (non-automatic weighing instruments), 90/385/EEC (active implantable medicinal devices), 90/396/EEC (appliances burning gaseous fuels), 91/263/EEC (telecommunications terminal equipment), 92/42/EEC (new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels), 93/42/EEC (medical devices) and 73/23/EEC (electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits).
 * The size of the CE marking must be at least 5 mm, if enlarged its proportions have to be kept.
 * If the appearance and workmanship of a product do not allow for the CE marking to be affixed on the product itself, the marking has to be affixed to its packaging or accompanying documents.
 * If a norm requires the involvement of a Notified Body in the conformity assessment procedure, depending on the legislation, an identification number may need to be put behind the CE logo. This is done under the responsibility of the Notified Body.

Misuse
The European Commission is aware that CE markings, like other certifications marks, are misused. CE marking is sometimes affixed to products that do not fulfill the legal requirements and conditions, or it is affixed to products for which it is not required. In one case it was reported that "Chinese manufacturers were submitting well-engineered electrical products to obtain conformity testing reports, but then removing non-essential components in production to reduce costs". A test of 27 electrical chargers with UK sockets in 2008 found that all the eight legitimately branded ones with a reputable name met safety standards, but none of those unbranded or with minor names did, despite bearing the mark; non-compliant devices were actually potentially unreliable and dangerous, presenting electrical and fire hazards.

There are also cases in which the product complies with the applicable requirements, but the form, dimensions, or proportions of the mark itself are not as specified in the legislation.

"China Export"
In 2008, a logo very similar to CE marking was alleged to exist and to stand for China Export because some Chinese manufacturers apply it to their products. However, the European Commission says that this is a misconception. The matter was raised at the European Parliament in 2008. The Commission responded that it was unaware of the existence of any "Chinese Export" mark and that, in its view, the misunderstanding had arisen because a producer had failed to respect the precise dimensions and proportions of the mark as prescribed in the legislation. The Commission was also aware of fraudulent misuse of the mark on products that did not comply with the standards, but that this is a separate issue. It had initiated the procedure to register CE marking as a Community collective trademark, and was in discussion with Chinese authorities to ensure compliance with EU legislation. Chinese (and other non-EU) manufacturers are permitted to use the mark provided that the goods have been manufactured in accordance with the relevant EU directives and regulations.

Nevertheless, and despite the Commission's assurance that it is without foundation, this urban myth continues to propagate on many websites.

In March 2017, another question was put to the European Commission on the statistics of the fraudulent use of the CE mark, reasserting the "China Export" myth. In reply, the Commission notes that it is the responsibility of Member States to take legal action on infringements; the Commission does not have statistics on the penalties that were imposed by Member States for the improper use of the CE marking.

Domestic plugs and sockets
Directive 2006/95/EC, the "Low Voltage" Directive, specifically excludes (amongst other things) plugs and socket outlets for domestic use which are not covered by any Union norm and therefore must not be CE marked. Throughout the EU, as in other jurisdictions, the control of plugs and socket outlets for domestic use is subject to national regulations. Despite this, the illegal use of CE marking can be found on domestic plugs and sockets, particularly so-called "universal sockets".

It is fairly common to see domestic sockets (and adaptors) that have an inbuilt 5 volt power supply. In the case of these sockets they must be CE marked, but the mark applies to the 5 volt converter only and not the rest of the socket or adaptor. This is comparable to dedicated 5 volt power supplies.

Legal implications
There are mechanisms in place to ensure that the CE marking is put on products correctly. Controlling products bearing CE marking is the responsibility of public authorities in member states, in cooperation with the European Commission. Citizens may contact national market surveillance authorities if the misuse of the CE marking is suspected or if a product's safety is questioned.

In the UK, sale of any product that carries a mark that is not so approved, or outside the scope of approval is a specific offence under Section 1 of the Trade Descriptions Act 1968. The seller of such an article is as equally guilty as the manufacturer or importer. Ignorance as to the true status of the sold item is no defence against a prosecution (strict liability). Under the Act, the misrepresentation is that the sold item conforms to a specification that it does not or that there is no such specification to which it can conform.

The procedures, measures and sanctions applying to counterfeiting of the CE marking vary according to the respective member state's national administrative and penal legislation. Depending on the seriousness of the crime, economic operators may be liable to a fine and, in some circumstances, imprisonment. However, if the product is not regarded as an imminent safety risk, the manufacturer may be given an opportunity to ensure that the product is in conformity with the applicable legislation before being forced to take the product off the market.

Use in computer systems
, the mark does not have a Unicode code point, nor is one in prospect. According to the Unicode principles, the mark is a typeface choice for the two ordinary upper-case letters, C and E, with a specific kerning arrangement. The exact geometry that constitutes the mark is provided in the vector graphics data of the Adobe Illustrator Artwork and Encapsulated PostScript files available from the European Commission.

Motor vehicles
On motor vehicles and related parts, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's (UNECE) type approval can overrule some EU legislation, so the "emark" or "Emark", is often seen instead of the CE logo. Unlike the CE logo, the UNECE marks are not self-certified.

Reversed epsilon
A mark called the 'reversed epsilon' (ɜ) predates the CE mark but continues to be required on aerosol sprays and measuring container bottles.

Other

 * (EAC) – The Eurasian Economic Union's conformity mark
 * (US)
 * (US FDA)
 * (GS)
 * (TSE)
 * - UK conformity mark
 * (TSE)
 * - UK conformity mark
 * (TSE)
 * - UK conformity mark

title: CE marking


text:
Schlechter

Schlechter is a family surname of German origin. Derived from the high German surname Schlachter, the name hails from the Bavarian region and was typically given to families within the butcher professions. Notable people with this surname:

 * Carl Schlechter (1874–1918), Austrian chess master
 * Emanuel Schlechter (1906–1943), Polish lyricist, composer, writer
 * Lambert Schlechter (born 1941), Luxembourg author
 * Rudolf Schlechter (1872–1925), German taxonomist

title: Schlechter


text:
User talk:Csublime

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Do you want to put Charlie Groth in your user namespace as User:Csublime? Dunc|☺ 23:41, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah I did it anyway. see Votes for deletion/Charlie Groth Dunc|☺ 23:45, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

License tagging for Image:CharlieGroth2.jpg
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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you need help on selecting a tag to use, or in adding the tag to the image description, feel free to post a message at Media copyright questions. 20:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:CharlieGroth.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:CharlieGroth.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 19:46, 29 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 19:46, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Csublime


text:
Talk:Atari Games

Hasbro/Atari Mix-up
I'm a little confused how Atari Games got in Hasbro Interactives control. If Hasbro resurrected the home software portion of Atari, wasn't that the console version of Atari sold to Jack Tramiel, not the Atari Games division? According to the article, WMS Industries controlled Atari Games, then suddenly Hasbro Interactive has control. Was Hasbro Interactive part of WMS? It's all just a bit confusing, there is no explanation in the article how Hasbro Interactive got control of Atari Games from WMS Industries - Gantry 23:42, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I was an employee of Hasbro Interactive when they went under, so maybe I can shed some light on this. Hasbro purchased the right to the Atari name and the IP for several classic Atari games (e.g. "Combat" and others).  When Hasbro killed Hasbro Interactive (HI), Infogrames came along and bought up all their IPs and code library, titles in production, etc.  Infogrames then, just recently, changed their name to Atari.  Apparently they bought the right to use the name however they wanted.  I don't know what happened to the Atari Games division, the division that made the arcade games.  It was spun off from Atari years ago and operated as a seperate company.  AFAIK, HI had no rights to any Atari Games properties, just Atari (remember Atari Games and Atari are not the same thing).

 * So, Hasbro bought some Atari properties, not Atari Games. They had control of the Atari brand until they went under.  Then Infogrames bought the Atari brand from the dead HI.  Then Infogrames changed their name to Atari.  Clear? :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:58, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Atari was split into Atari Games (the arcade manufacturer) and Atari Inc (making video games and computers) in 1984. Time Warner kept Atari Games and sold Atari Inc to Jack Tramiel. There are some more details in Atari. Hasbro bought the rest of Atari Inc, but not Atari Games. I don't think that Hasbro or the Ex-Infogrames company have any relationship with Atari Games, beside having bought a company of the same name and maybe sharing IP rights of old arcade games. The remains of Atari Games are now owned by Midway Games/WMS or whatever their name is today, but it seems like they got out of the arcade business. --Tjansen 15:09, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I googled a bit and found this: http://games.ign.com/objects/027/027391.html Midway Games West was closed because of bad sales, Hasbro has nothing to do with it. I rewrote that sentence in the article. --Tjansen 15:22, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarifications guys, it makes much more sense now. I couldn't see the relationship between HI and Atari Games before, that's because there wasn't one.  The last paragraph is much easier to understand.  Well done -- Gantry 17:11, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, it was a little more involved then that. Atari Corp. had regained rights to the logo with stylized name back around the time of TWI's wipe out of the Atari Games name.  When WMS bought TWI and started up Atari Games under Midway Games, they had to license the logo.  In 1997 Hasbro bought Atari Corp. from JTS Corp. and put it under HI as Atari Interactive.  They didn't just purchase the name and the IP for several games, they got *all* the properties of the '72-'84 Atari Inc. that Atari Corp. had.  This included the rights to the arcade game names/characters/etc. of the '72-'84 period (which actually fell under Atari Consumer because of the ports of arcade games to thier consoles and computers).  Starting in '98 Hasbro had a series of agressive, closed door proceedings with WMS/Midway with regards to the ownership of those arcade properties.  It came out with Midway not wanting to lease the logo any more and Hasbro cementing ownership of all the pre-1984 arcade titles but not the actual code itself (i.e. the game roms).  That's when they changed their name to Midway Games West, but put a positive spin on it by releasing that false press release about not wanting to get confused.  Consequently, a company could lease the pre-84 arcade titles/code from either company but could only use the Atari name if they got it from Hasbro.  For example, when Tempest 3000 was being developed for the Nuon system, they found they could lease it from either one.  The same thing happened when the 3-in-1 Atari coin-op that came out a few years ago (Missile Command, Centipede, Millipede) by Team Play.  They got the roms from Midway, and when they got them the Atari name was replaced with Midway Games by all the (c) years.  However it was a dual project between Infogrames and Midway, but the Infogrames part had not come through yet.  So the US production has an (c) for Infogrames on the marquee and Team Play changed the copyrights to that as well on the games.  The euro-release was supposed to have the full Atari credits and logo.

 * Infogrames bought Hasbro Interactive (which included Atari Interactive), not just the Atari properties themselves. Likewise, there appears to be a bit of confusion on what Infogrames did with the name.  In 2003 they reorganized their US subsidiary as a seperate entity entitled Atari Inc., of which they are a major shareholder.  They kept their European division and renamed it simply Atari Europe (since it's a division and not a seperate corporation).  Both fall under the banner "Atari Holdings" of the main French company, which has not changed its name - Infogrames Entertainment.

--Marty Goldberg 23:31, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

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Tengen
Please update the page ? Tengen --Archimëa (talk) 22:33, 17 April 2014 (UTC) 09/23/1999 	D0603820 	Dissolved (For Single Document) 09/12/1996 	A0481167 	Certificate of Amendment 	NAME CHANGE FROM: TIME WARNER INTERACTIVE (CALIFORNIA) INC. 06/30/1994 	A0448318 	Certificate of Amendment 	NAME CHANGE FROM: TENGEN INC. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Archimëa (talk • contribs) 22:34, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

New Atari Games
What is the link for the New Atari Games? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:C8:C001:8A3A:EC2B:3222:1C78:BE27 (talk) 21:29, 7 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Nothing. That's a scam company using the name illegally. oknazevad (talk) 04:36, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atari Games


text:
Fifth Council of Constantinople

Fifth Council of Constantinople is a name given to a series of six councils held in the Byzantine capital Constantinople between 1341 and 1351, to deal with a dispute concerning the mystical doctrine of Hesychasm. These are referred to also as the Hesychast councils or the Palamite councils, since they discussed the theology of Gregory Palamas, whom Barlaam of Seminara opposed in the first of the series, and others in the succeeding five councils.

The result of these councils is accepted as having the authority of an ecumenical council by Eastern Orthodox Christians.

History
As it became clear that the dispute between Barlaam and Palamas was irreconcilable and would require the judgment of an episcopal council, a series of six patriarchal councils was held in Constantinople on 10 June 1341, August 1341, 4 November 1344, 1 February 1347, 8 February 1347, and 28 May 1351 to consider the issues.

The First Synod was convened on 10 June. It was assembled by Eastern Roman Emperor Andronicos Palaiologos III in the Church of Hagia Sophia. Patriarch John XIV Kalekas was allowed to preside the council (despite initially being an anti-hesychast). The sessions were public and they enjoyed a heavy attendance of about 150 (or more) Bishops, Metropolitans, Priests, Laymen and Monks from Mount Athos. The synod condemned Barlaam, who recanted

Barlaam's primary supporter Emperor Andronicus III died just five days after the synod ended. Although Barlaam initially hoped for a second chance to present his case against Palamas, he soon realised the futility of pursuing his cause, and left for Calabria where he converted to the Roman Church and was appointed Bishop of Gerace.

After Barlaam's departure, Gregory Akindynos became the chief critic of Palamas. A second council was convened in Constantinople by the regent John Kantakouzenos. The sessions once again took part in the Hagia Sophia cathedral. The council gathered on August 1341, condemned Akindynos and affirmed the findings of the earlier council. This council affirmed the Hagioritic tome of Gregory Palamas. The tome was signed by all the Metropolitans present.

Akindynos and his supporters gained a brief victory at the third synod held in 1344 which excommunicated Palamas and one of his disciples, Isidore Buchiras.

Another Synod was called on February 2, 1347. It condemned Akindynos and deposed John XIV Kalekas from the Patriarchal throne. Isidore Buchiras was chosen as Patriarch. Isidore was allowed to preside in the later sessions. The last few sessions produced a Tomos which was signed by about thirty bishops all in all.

In May 1351, a patriarchal council was convened at the Palace of Blachernae which conclusively exonerated Palamas and condemned his opponents.

title: Fifth Council of Constantinople


text:
Santos de Guápiles F.C.

Asociación Deportiva Santos, commonly known simply as Santos de Guápiles, is a Costa Rican association football club, which currently plays in the Liga FPD.

The club plays in Estadio Ebal Rodríguez in Guápiles, Limón, Costa Rica.

History
The club was founded in 1961 and have never been league champions. They were runner-up twice, in 2001–02 and in the 2012 Verano championship. They reached the top tier after winning promotion in 1999 after beating Municipal Liberia in a May 1999 play-off final marred by violence off the pitch.

Stadium
Santos play their home games in the Estadio Ebal Rodríguez, where Alajuelense's Wilson Muñoz scored the first Primera División goal in a 1999 4–0 league win over the hosts.

Current squad
As of June 28, 2024

title: Santos de Guápiles F.C.


text:
Open compensation plan

An open compensation plan (or system or policy) is one with a defined pay scale and no rules about keeping employee pay confidential. Open compensation plans are noted for reducing employee turnover. One example of an organization with an open compensation system is the U.S. military.

title: Open compensation plan


text:
Metron

Metron may refer to:

 * Metron (character), DC Comics character
 * Metron (skipper), a genus of butterflies in the grass skipper family
 * Metron, a fictional species in Star Trek: The Original Series
 * Metron Aviation, an air traffic flow management company
 * Metron of Pydna, a general of Alexander the Great
 * Metron S, a synonym for Iproheptine, an antihistamine
 * Metron, a typeface for Prague Metro by Jiří Rathouský
 * Metron (poetry), plural metra, a 3 or 4-syllable repeating section of a poetic metre
 * Metron, an international journal of statistics founded in 1920 by Italian statistician Corrado Gini
 * Metron, in Heim theory, a (two-dimensional) quantum of (multidimensional) space, a unit of measure
 * A trio of characters in the Heisei Ultraseven universe

title: Metron


text:
See No Evil (2006 film)

See No Evil is a 2006 slasher film directed by Gregory Dark, written by Dan Madigan, produced by Joel Simon, and starring professional wrestler Kane (Glenn Jacobs). The first major film produced by WWE Films, the film went through many different working titles before the final title of See No Evil was chosen. The original working title of the film was Eye Scream Man, but was later changed to The Goodnight Man, then Goodnight before settling on See No Evil.

See No Evil was released on May 19, 2006, by Lionsgate. The film was panned by critics and has grossed $18.8 million against a budget of $8 million. A sequel, titled See No Evil 2, was released on DVD on October 21, 2014.

Plot
Officer Frank Williams and his partner Blaine investigate an abandoned house, where they find a young woman with her eyes ripped out. A large figure with an axe then murders Blaine and Frank has his arm chopped off before he is able to shoot the attacker in the head. Afterwards, detectives find seven bodies in the house, all of which have had their eyes ripped out.

Four years later, Frank and his partner Hannah take a group of delinquents - Christine, Kira, Michael, Tyson, Zoe, Melissa, Richie, and Russell to clean up the abandoned Blackwell Hotel in order to turn it into a homeless shelter, as explained by the owner Margaret.

That night, while Michael, Zoe, Russell, and Melissa go upstairs to the penthouse, Tyson and Richie decide to look for the previous owner's safe, and find what appears to be the body of a recently deceased man. Richie panics and runs off, only to be dragged into an elevator with a hook by Jacob Goodnight. When Margaret mentions the elevator is being used, Hannah goes to check on the group, but is killed in the elevator. Christine tries to help Kira escape the hotel, but Jacob attacks Kira with his hook and drags her into a dumbwaiter. Christine and Frank go upstairs to find the others, and run into Tyson who tells them what happened to Richie. Frank realizes it must be Jacob and is then pulled into the ceiling by the hook and killed.

Kira is held hostage by Jacob because of her religious tattoos, and is kept captive in a cage where she witnesses Richie having his eyes torn out. Melissa and Russell go off into a room on their own, but are chased by Jacob. Russell tries to lower Melissa out of a window, but he is killed by Jacob. Then, Jacob drops Melissa out the window. She survives her fall, but then she is killed by a pack of stray dogs. Jacob then attacks Michael and Zoe. Zoe nearly escapes from Jacob but her cell phone rings, alerting Jacob to her location. He subsequently kills her by forcing the cell phone down her throat. Michael finds Christine and Tyson as they try to rescue Kira, but they are attacked again by Jacob, who knocks out Michael while the other two escape up the elevator shaft.

The pair find Kira but are interrupted by Jacob before they can release her. Tyson creates a distraction but is electrocuted with his own taser and crushed with the bank vault. Margaret then shows up, and reveals herself as Jacob's mother, who lured Frank back to the hotel to get revenge on him for shooting her son, and explains the prisoners are merely a "bonus". Margaret attempts to shoot Kira, but Jacob intervenes and throws her headfirst into a nail on the wall. Michael reappears to help the girls battle Jacob, and the trio is eventually able to stab him through the eye with a pipe and throw him out of a window, where his heart is impaled by a shard of glass, apparently killing him.

Cast

 * Kane as Jacob Goodnight
 * Christina Vidal as Christine Zarate
 * Samantha Noble as Kira Vanning
 * Luke Pegler as Michael Montross
 * Michael J. Pagan as Tyson Simms
 * Rachael Taylor as Zoe Warner
 * Penny McNamee as Melissa Beudroux
 * Craig Horner as Richie Bernson
 * Mikhael Wilder as Russell Wolf
 * Steven Vidler as Officer Frank Williams
 * Cecily Polson as Margaret
 * Tiffany Lamb as Hannah
 * Sam Cotton as Young Jacob Goodnight
 * Corey Parker Robinson as Officer Blaine
 * Annalise Woods as Young Girl
 * Zoe Ventoura as Eyeless Woman

Release
The film was released on May 19, 2006.

Box office
See No Evil grossed $15 million in North America and $3.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $18.6 million against a budget of $8 million.

In North America, See No Evil was projected to gross $4.6 million from 1,257 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up grossing $15 million, finishing third at the box office.

Home media
See No Evil was released on DVD on November 28, 2006, and grossed $45.16 million. In Australia, See No Evil was released on May 28, 2008.

The DVD release included audio commentary by writer Dan Madigan, director Gregory Dark and co-executive producer Jed Blaugrund, as well as the actor of Kane, who portrayed the lead protagonist in the film.

Sequel
On August 6, 2013, WWE Studios announced a sequel to the film, with Kane reprising his role as Jacob Goodnight, the Soska Sisters directing and Danielle Harris, Katharine Isabelle, Chelan Simmons, Kaj-Erik Eriksen, Greyston Holt, Lee Majdoub and Michael Eklund having joined the cast.

Filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia from late September 2013 to early October 2013, See No Evil 2 was released on DVD on October 21, 2014.

title: See No Evil (2006 film)


text:
Bhavnagar

Bhavnagar is a city and the headquarters of Bhavnagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was founded in 1723 by Bhavsinhji Gohil. It was the capital of Bhavnagar State, which was a princely state before it was merged into the Indian Union in February 1948.

Bhavnagar is situated 190 kilometres away from the state capital Gandhinagar and to the west of the Gulf of Khambhat. It has always been an important city for trade with many large and small scale industries along with the world's largest ship breaking yard, Alang which is located 50 kilometres away. Bhavnagar is also famous for its version of the popular Gujarati snack 'Ganthiya' and 'Jalebi'.

History

The Gohil Rajput of the Suryavanshi clan faced severe competition in Marwar. Around 1260 AD, they moved down to the Gujarat's coastal area and established three capitals: Sejakpur (now Ranpur), Umrala, and Sihor. Sejakpur was founded in 1194.

In 1722–1723, the forces led by Khanthaji Kadani and Maratha Pilaji Gaekwad attempted to raid Sihor but were repelled by Maharajah Bhavsinhji Gohil. After the war, Bhavsinhji realized the reason for repeated attacks was the location of Sihor. In 1723, he established a new capital near Vadva village, 20 km away from Sihor, and named it Bhavnagar after himself. It was a carefully chosen and strategic location because of its potential for maritime trade. Naturally, Bhavnagar became the capital of Bhavnagar State. In 1807, Bhavnagar State became a British protectorate.

The old town of Bhavnagar was a fortified town with gates leading to other important regional towns. It remained a major port for almost two centuries, trading commodities with Mozambique, Zanzibar, Singapore, and the Persian Gulf.

Bhavsinhji ensured that Bhavnagar benefited from the revenue that was brought in from maritime trade, which was monopolized by Surat and Cambay. As the castle of Surat was under the control of the Siddis of Janjira, Bhavsinhji brokered an agreement with them, giving the Sidis 1.25% of the revenue by Bhavnagar port. Bhavsinhji entered into a similar agreement with the British when they took over Surat in 1856. Whilst Bhavsinhji was in power, Bhavnagar grew from a small chieftainship to a considerably important state. This was due to the addition of new territories as well as the income provided by maritime trade. Bhavsinhji's successors continued to encourage maritime trade through Bhavnagar port, recognizing its importance to the state. The territory was further expanded by Bhavsinhji's grandson, Vakhatsinhji Gohil, when he took possession of lands belonging to Kolis and Kathis, obtained Rajula from the Navab Saheb Ahmad Khan, and merged Ghogha Taluka into the state.

In 1793, Vakhatsinhji conquered the forts of Chital and Talaja, and later conquered Mahuva, Kundla, Trapaj, Umrala and Botad. Bhavnagar remained the main port of the state, with Mahuva and Ghogha also becoming important ports. Because of the maritime trade, the state prospered compared to other states. During the late 19th century, the Bhavnagar State Railway was constructed. This made Bhavnagar the first state that was able to construct its railway system without any aid from the central government, which was mentioned in The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Mr. Peile, a political agent, described the state as follows: "With flourishing finances and much good work in progress. Of financial matters I need say little; you have no debts, and your treasury is full." Between 1870 and 1878, the state were put under joint administration, due to the fact that Prince Takhtsinhji was a minor. This period produced some notable reforms in the areas of administration, revenue collection, judiciary, the post and telegraph services, and economic policy. The ports were also modernized. The two people who were responsible for those reforms were E. H. Percival of the Bombay Civil Service and Gaurishankar Udayshankar Oza, Chief Minister of Bhavnagar State Bhavnagar Boroz.

In 1911, HH Maharani Nundkanvarba of Bhavnagar was awarded the Order of the Crown of India, the highest Imperial award for women of the British Empire. The former princely state of Bhavnagar was also known as Gohilwad, "Land of the Gohils" (the clan of the ruling family).

Merger with the Indian Union in 1947
Until the independence of India in 1947, Bhavnagar was an independent state ruled by the Rajput Gohil family. In 1947, the Deputy Prime Minister of the newly independent Indian Union Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel undertook the ambitious and complex process of unifying 562 princely states with the Union of India. The last ruling Maharajah of Bhavnagar, Krishnakumar Sinhji handed over the administration of his Bombay State to the people's representative in 1948.

Maharaja Krishna Kumarsinhji was one of the first to merge his kingdom to the Union of India.

The erstwhile royal family of Bhavnagar continues to lead an active role in the public eye as well as in business (hotels, real estate, agriculture, and ship-breaking) and is held in high regard by the population both in the city as well as areas that comprised the former princely state of Bhavnagar.

Topography
Bhavnagar is a coastal city on the eastern coast of Saurashtra, also known as Kathiawar, located at 21.77°N, 72.15°W. It has an average elevation of 24 metres (78 ft). It occupies an area of 53.3 km2 (20.6 sq mi) and 5th most populated city of Gujarat. The general slope dips towards the northeast at the apex of Gulf of Khambhat. A small non-perennial river named Kansara Nala passes through the outer area of the city.

Climate
Like most of Gujarat, Bhavnagar has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh), with hot, dry summers from March to mid-June, the wet monsoon season from mid-June to October, and mild winters from November to February. There is essentially no rainfall outside the monsoon season, whilst during the monsoon the city receives around 655 mm of rain on average, though variability is extreme as can be seen from annual totals as high as 1428.9 mm in 1970 but as little as 157.2 mm in 1974. The semi-arid classification is due to the city's high evapotranspiration. The average temperature from November to February is around 23 C, with low humidity.

Geology
The region of Saurashtra is a geologically active part of West India, and falls in the seismic zone 3 of the Zoning Map of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The region as a whole and the area around Bhavnagar, in particular, has been tectonically unstable.

Between 9 August 2000 and 15 December 2000, there was a series of earthquakes in east Saurashtra with epicenters in Bhavnagar. 132 earthquakes between magnitude 0.5 to 3.8 were recorded. There were five earthquakes greater than magnitude 3, with a maximum magnitude of 3.8. These events were confined to an area which covered the southern part of Bhavnagar city and Tarsamiya village on the outskirts of the town. There was no loss of life recorded due to this earthquake.

According to historical records, an earthquake of magnitude 7 occurred near Bhavnagar in February 1705. Earthquake swarm activity also occurred in and around Paliyad (60 km north of Bhavnagar) during July–August 1938 for about two months, with four earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to 5 and a maximum magnitude of 6.0.

City planning and architecture
Multiple town planning schemes were designed and implemented under the guidance of the progressive rulers of Bhavnagar. During the reign of Sir Takhtsinhji, the British State Engineer Proctor Sims supervised the construction of Barton Library, Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital. A few architectural examples include:
 * Takhteshwar Temple (1893) is located on a hill, on a high plinth, offering a commanding view of Bhavnagar. The high shikhara rising above the pillared rectangular mandapa makes it an important landmark.
 * Gangajalia (1893) is a temple dedicated to Ganga-Devi, with a chhatri, pavilion, and bridge all of white marble. It is located in the middle of a former tank. It was designed by Sir John Griffith, principal of Sir J J School of Arts, Bombay.
 * Nilambag Palace (1894), now a heritage hotel, is set amidst a huge estate of 10 acre. It was designed by a British architect, William Emerson as a royal residence; he also designed the Sir Takhtsinhji Hospital and later Victoria Memorial in Calcutta. It combines elements of Indian architecture with a modern outlook.
 * Barton Library (1895) is a two-storeyed building, appropriately designed for a road junction. It has two wings and a central tower, constructed in ashlar stone masonry, with Gothic arch windows and a sloping roof with Mangalore tiles. It is one of the oldest libraries of Gujarat and also houses a museum.
 * Town Hall (1932) was formerly a Darbar Hall, where the coronation of Sir Krishnakumarsinhji took place. It is an imposing structure in the colonial style, set in a well laid out garden.
 * Modern & Contemporary Architectural services is provided by various leading Architectural firm like SAGA whose work is diverse yet of unified character, not only functional, aesthetic and techno-savvy.

Modern Bhavnagar comprises Takhteshvar Plots, Krishnanagar, Sardarnagar and surrounding area. During 1935–1937, Krishnanagar area was planned and developed by late Shri Virendrabhai C. Mehta, the official town planner for the State of Bhavnagar. In 1961, he extended his Krishnanagar plan towards Sardarnagar. In 1975, he created a master plan for Bhavnagar.

A salient feature of town planning is to have gardens at the junction of roads. Gardens are located at Ghogha Circle, Mahila College Circle, Rupani Circle, Meghani Circle, Shivaji Circle, Sardarnagar Circle, Jewels Circle and Crescent Circle.

The city of Bhavnagar was one of the earliest towns to have underground drainage in Gujarat, and was among the first cities in Gujarat to have a water filtration plant. When set up by Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji, the filtration plant was the largest in Asia.

Education
Bhavnagar has various schools and educational institutions. Nanabhai Bhatt, Gijubhai Badheka, Manbhai Bhatt (founder of Shishuvihar), Harbhai Trivedi, and Taraben Modak helped develop the rural and women's education. Samaldas Arts College where Mahatma Gandhi studied in 1888 is one of the oldest institutions to provide higher education. Some of the other institutions which provide higher education are Bhavnagar University, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar.

Schools

 * Amar Jyoti International School
 * Fatima Convent School
 * Shree Dakshinamurti Vinay Mandir, Bhavnagar.
 * Shree Gyanmanjari Vidyapith
 * Shree Naimisharanya School
 * The K. P. E. S. School

Universities and colleges

 * Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar
 * Government Medical College, Bhavnagar
 * Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
 * Samaldas Arts College (first college in Bhavnagar)
 * Shantilal Shah Engineering College
 * Smt. R.D. Gardi Bhavnagar Stree (affiliated to SNDT Women's University)

Research and development
Because of its salt and marine environment, Bhavnagar has a research and development centre known as - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSMCRI).

Economy and industry
Bhavnagar is an important center for the diamond cutting and polishing industry in Gujarat as well as India. Thousands of skilled diamond-polishing workers are employed in diamond-cutting and polishing firms, whose subsidiary offices are involved in cities like Surat, Mumbai, and Antwerp. Bhavnagar stands second in the diamond cutting and polishing industry after Surat in India, with 6,000 units operating from the district and employing more than 300,000 people.

Industrial Estates
Bhavnagar district has various Industrial estates where many MSME industries are growing very rapidly with a great reputation around the world. Many aides from the state and central government helped increase the
 * Exports of cotton, ship machinery and dehydrated onions
 * Manufacturing of ISO & Shipping Containers
 * Diamond cutting, polishing, and marketing
 * Manufacture of diamond jewellery
 * Manufacture of plastic rope, yarn, twine
 * Re-rolling mills for steel recovered from the ship-breaking yard at Alang
 * Manufacture of investment castings with lost wax process (ferrous and non-ferrous)
 * Other large-scale manufacturing industries, such as fert

Agriculture
Main crops:
 * Groundnut, onion, cotton, and bajra.
 * Guavas and pomegranate.and mango
 * Sagwadi Farm of Gyr cattle breed

Demographics
India census, Bhavnagar had a population of 593,768. Bhavnagar has an average literacy rate of 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 91% and female literacy of 80%. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Adult males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

Transportation

Bhavnagar is well-connected to other cities of Gujarat such as Ahmedabad, Surat and Vadodara by road, with bus services operated by the state-owned transport corporation. Buses serve as local transport within the city.

The city is well-served by railways. Bhavnagar Terminus under the Bhavnagar railway division, provides connections to Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Surat, Vadodara, Mangalore, Kochi, Trivandrum, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Kanpur, Kakinada (Train No. 12756) and other major cities of India.

Bhavnagar airport is connected to Mumbai by air links. Daily flights are currently operated by Alliance Air (India).

Private auto rickshaws are other modes of transport within the city and nearby villages.

Tourism
Bhavnagar has several places and sites of interest to tourists :
 * Nilambag Palace is the residence of the current Maharajah of Bhavnagar, HH Maharaol Vijayrajsinhji Virbhadrasinhji Gohil, and his family. It is now also a heritage palace hotel and a restaurant too.
 * Seashore at Ghogha features a sea-side palace, about 22 km from Bhavangar, which was once a retreat of the Bhavnagar royal family, and is now a hotel-guesthouse for travellers.
 * Barton Library is a two-storeyed building, with two wings and a central tower, constructed in ashlar stone masonry with gothic arch windows and a sloping roof with Mangalore tiles. Opened in 1882, it is one of the oldest libraries in Gujarat and also houses a museum.

 * Gandhi Smriti is a memorial library for Mahatma Gandhi. It also has a fine collection of art objects representing the culture of the Saurashtra region.
 * Takhteshwar Temple, established in 1893 by Maharaja Takhtsinhji, is a historic Hindu temple in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India, dedicated to Shiva.

Bhavnath Mahadev Temple is a historical and old temple of the city. It was built in 17th century. This temple is heritage protected site.

Ports
Bhavnagar port had trade links with Southeast Asia, Africa, Arabia and ports of Red Sea since the early 18th century. The old port Bhavnagar Harbar was built by the state of Bhavnagar, and hosted a light beacon since 1860. Bhavnagar port was later modernized in 1930 under the supervision of J. Johnston, then port officer of Bhavnagar state. Wharfs, warehouses, and railway transportation were added. A new port, 8 km south of the old port, was built and made operational in the 1950s due to heavy silting at the location of the old port. This port also had a lighthouse, which was damaged in the 2001 earthquake.

Notable people
Bhavnagar has produced many reformists, thinkers, socialists, poets, writers, artists, educationists, and independence activists.

 * Gijubhai Badheka – educationist and reformer
 * Thakkar Bapa - social worker
 * Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji – last Ruler of Bhavnagar
 * Mulshankar Bhatt – an educationist
 * Nanabhai Bhatt – founder of Lok Bharti, educationist, creative writer, thinker
 * Nazir Dekhaiya – poet
 * Gangasati – a medieval Gujarati saint poet who wrote many devotional songs. The shrine of Gangasati and Panbai is situated on the riverbed of the Kalubhar river.
 * Parthiv Gohil – Bollywood & Gujarati film singer
 * Shaktisinh Gohil – Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, former minister of education, health, finance, Narmada, in Gujarat government
 * Sheldon Jackson – a first class cricketer of Saurashtra
 * Chirag Jani – cricketer of Saurashtra cricket team
 * Kavi Kant – a royal poet of Bhavnagar state
 * Apara Mehta – television actress
 * Asoka Mehta – (24 October 1911, Bhavnagar – 10 December 1984, New Delhi) Indian Freedom Fighter and Socialist Politician.
 * Balwantrai Mehta – second chief minister of Gujarat martyred in 1965.
 * Asha Parekh – Bollywood film actress
 * Daksha Pattani - Gujarati academic and author
 * Sir Prabhashanker Pattani - Secretary of King, Bhavnagar State
 * Takhtsijhji Gohil - Maharaja Of Bhavnagar.
 * Prahlad Parekh – poet
 * Ravishankar Raval – a painter, art teacher, art critic, journalist, and essayist
 * Somalal Shah – a painter
 * Gaurishankar Udayshankar, Chief minister-Regent of Bhavnagar 1870-1887 - for Takhtsinhji
 * Jitu Vaghani, Education Minister Government of Gujarat

Food
Bhavnagar is popular for its fafadiya ganthiya, bhavnagari samosa, Kathiyawadi Chanamath, pav ganthiya and bateta bhungla.

title: Bhavnagar


text:
John Sibthorp

John Sibthorp (28 October 1758 – 8 February 1796) was an English botanist.

Education
Sibthorp graduated from the University of Oxford in 1777 where he was an undergraduate student at Lincoln College, Oxford. He subsequently studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and University of Montpellier.

Career and research
In 1784, he succeeded his father to the Sherardian chair. Leaving his professional duties to a deputy, he left England for Göttingen and Vienna, in preparation for a botanical tour of Greece (1786) and Cyprus (1787).

Returning to England at the end of the following year, he took part in the foundation of the Linnean Society of London in 1788, and set to work on a Flora of Oxfordshire, which was published in 1794 as Flora Oxoniensis. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in Mar 1788.

He made a second journey to Greece, but developed consumption on the way home and died in Bath on 8 February 1796. He was buried at Bath Abbey, with a monument carved by John Flaxman which includes a garland of Sibthorpia europaea.

His will bequeathed his books on natural history and agriculture to the University of Oxford, and also founded Oxford's Sibthorpian Professorship of Rural Economy (subsequently titled the Sibthorpian Professorship of Plant Science). He directed that his endowment should first be applied to the publication of his Flora Graeca and Florae Graecae Prodromus, for which, however, he had done little beyond collecting some three thousand species and providing the plates. The task of preparing the works was undertaken by Sir J.E. Smith, who issued the two volumes of the Prodromus in 1806 and 1813, and six volumes of the Flora Graeca between 1806 and 1828. The seventh appeared in 1830, after Smith's death, and the remaining three were produced by John Lindley between 1833 and 1840. The work's first edition ran to a mere thirty copies and featured 966 colour plates; a supplementary volume depicting wildflowers of Corfu was painted for Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, and founder of the Ionian Academy, by G. Scola (or Scala), a talented botanical illustrator.

The standard botanical author abbreviation Sibth. is applied to species he described.

Herbarium
His herbarium (of three collections; 2,462 'Flora Graeca' specimens, 70 'Flora Oxoniensis' specimens and 444 miscellaneous specimens) is stored within the Fielding-Druce Herbarium of the University of Oxford.

Sibthorpian Chair and Professor
The chair of Sibthorpian Professor at the University of Oxford is named after him. Current and previous holders include

 * Nicholas Harberd (since 2007)
 * Chris J. Leaver (1990–2007)
 * David Smith (1980–1987)
 * Geoffrey Emett Blackman (1945–1980)
 * James Anderson Scott Watson
 * John Harrison Burnett
 * Joseph Henry Gilbert

Personal life
Sibthorp was born in Oxford, the youngest son of Humphry Sibthorp (1713–1797), who, from 1747 to 1784, served as Sherardian Professor of Botany at the University of Oxford and his first wife Sarah Waldo.

title: John Sibthorp


text:
Chã das Caldeiras

Chã das Caldeiras (lit. 'Plain of the Calderas') is a small community of approximately 700 inhabitants in the crater of the volcano Pico do Fogo on the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. The village consists of two main neighborhoods: Portela and Bangaeira, founded in 1920 and 1917, respectively. At an elevation of about 1,700 meters, it is the highest village in Cape Verde. It is part of the municipality of Santa Catarina do Fogo. The main organizing body in the village is the Associação dos Agricultores de Chã (Chã Farmers Association), an agricultural cooperative that holds considerable sway over the local economy. Chã is the only area in Cape Verde that grows significant quantities of grapes and produces export-quality wines.

There is no running water or electricity in Chã, though residents are increasingly using generators at night to light and power their homes. All non-drinking water is collected rainwater, stored in large cistern tanks for use in the dry season (November to July).

The Count Of Montrond
In 1870, the Count of Montrond (François Louis Armand Fourcheut De Montrond, France) stopped on the island en route to Brazil. He brought with him the vines that kicked off wine production in the caldera. He also produced coffee and exported it to Portugal. With his background in engineering and medicine, he oversaw construction of a road from Sao Filipe to Mosteiros and sank wells that are still in use today. Proficient in the use of herbs and herbal remedies, he imported medicinal herbs for use on the island.

At the age of 60, he fell off of a horse and died of an infection in a broken leg.

Many of the inhabitants of Chã, with their light skin, blond hair, and blue eyes, can trace their ancestry back to the biologically prolific Count of Montrond.

1995 Eruption

In April 1995, an eruption of the Pico do Fogo damaged several houses in Chã das Caldeiras. Pico do Fogo erupted again in November 2014, destroying 75% of the buildings in Portela, Bangaeira and Ilhéu de Losna. Most of these were covered by lava. After the eruption, the majority of the inhabitants left the village. Cabeça Fundão on the park's edge became the seat of the natural park. A few homes have been rebuilt.

Natural setting
A large crater rim with 1000-meter escarpments, called the Bordeira, encircles the village. On the plain is one large volcanic peak (2,829 m from sea level) and several smaller peaks and lava fields from recent eruptions, most notably 1951, 1995 and 2014 (during which the entire population had to be evacuated). The entire caldera, some 67 km2, is a protected area as part of the Fogo Natural Park (Parque Natural do Fogo), a cooperative effort between the German and Cape Verdean governments.

Endemic plants
84% of the endemic plants (31 total species) on Fogo are located in Chã and on the Bordeira. 48% of these are designated as rare and/or threatened on the Ministry of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries' (MAAP) “Red List,” which includes the species Cynanchum daltonii, Echium volcanorum, Erysimum caboverdeanum, Verbascum cystolithicum, Lavandula rotundifolia, Periploca laevigata sp. chevalieri, Euphorbia tuckeyana, and Tornabenea bischoffii and the genus Diplotaxis. These plants are specifically adapted to the caldera's climate (periodically, Chã receives frost during the winter months) and volcanic soils. Chã's endemic plants, along with its unique terrain, are under increasing strain due to overgrazing and to the fuel and fodder collecting of the local populations.

Fauna
Its fauna mainly include insects, not as many in the lower areas, it is one of the places where it is non-existent. A warbler, the Cape Verde warbler (Acrocephalus brevipennis) are one of several places in the island that are not founded as their habitat is up to 1,300 meters of elevation.

Climate
Unlike the rest of the archipelago (which has an extremely dry, arid, and warm variation of a desert climate), Chã das Caldeiras has a cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) due to its elevation, which also makes it Cape Verde's coolest village. Due to its climate, it has a cool average temperature at 13.5 °C, and a relatively high amount of rain (for Cape Verdean standards) at 524 mm; the largest amount of which falls in September (198 mm). It is also a factor that enables the village to grow and withhold a grape and winery industry; something that could hardly be achieved or sustained in any of its low-lying counterparts.

Agriculture

Chã has a lot of vegetation (albeit not in the lava fields), which grows in the rich volcanic soils adjacent to the crater rim. Because of its altitude (elevation 1,629 m), Chã is blessed with milder temperatures and greater precipitation than surrounding areas.

Products in the caldera include fruits (apples, grapes, quince fruit, pomegranate, figs, peaches and tomatoes) and vegetables (beans, corn, potatoes, yams, manioc, and peppers) for local consumption and commercial production. The Associação buys excess fruit from the local farmers and turns it into white, red, rosé, and passito wine (label “Chã”); grape (grappa), apple, quince, and peach spirits (label “Espírito da Caldeira”); apple, quince, and peach marmalade; grape, fig, and quince compotes; apple and pomegranate jelly; and pomegranate and grape juice for commercial sale.

Also famous is home-made goat cheese, queijo de cabra. The Associação also roasts and grinds Fogo coffee, Café do Fogo (label “Café das Caldeiras”), grown on the northern flank of the island. The local economy is based primarily on this specialty agriculture and animal-raising, the majority of which is sold domestically or to tourists. The “Chã” label wines, however, are available outside of the country on a limited basis, especially in Cape Verdean enclaves in Massachusetts, Lisbon, Paris, and Rotterdam.

Wines and Pomace brandy
The “Chã” label wines, made by the Associação (with help from the Italian NGO Cospe and the EU), are full-bodied and rich in color and extract. All of the grapes used in the wines are locally grown by farmers inside the caldera, which has a 120-year wine-making tradition. The first wines made in the crater to be exported were sent to Brazil and Guinea-Bissau, then a Portuguese colony like Cape Verde.

Chã's climate and terrain are optimal for viticulture. Days are usually hot and dry, nights cool and humid. With sufficient rain, high-quality, semi-sweet grapes grow (1.2 km2 total) in the caldera's rich volcanic soils. In 2006, the Associação produced 40,000 cases of wine (12 bottles each) from 100,000 kg of grapes. The percentage of alcohol in the “Chã” wines (14%) is greater than what is found in wines from the EU or California (usually between 11.5 and 12.5%).

The red wine, vinho tinto, made from the low-lying Portuguese preta tradicional variety of grapes, has a dark red color with shades of purple. Odors include tones and flavors of small, dark fruits like the currant or blackberry. This sensation is enriched with shades of pepper and Muscat nut. The wine's rich body, best when served at room temperature (20 °C), combines well with the strength of the alcohol. The soft, velvet tannins of the wine can be appreciated when it is still young. (Market forces being such, Chã's reds have not yet been aged for any considerable time. The majority of the label is consumed within a year of production.) The red is perfect alone or to accompany any meat of strong taste.

The white wine, vinho branco, made from locally grown Moscatel grapes, has a fresh taste, unique clarity, and golden shades. Odors include that of semi-sweet citric fruits like the grapefruit. These characteristics are noticed visually and on the palate, where the wine combines harmoniously with the alcohol content. The white also has a subtle, residual sweetness to be enjoyed with appetizers or with fish, shellfish, white meats, or Chã's goat cheese. This elegant wine is best served at a temperature of 10 °C and can be saved for 2–3 years if stored correctly.

The rosé wine, vinho rosé, uses a similar variety of dark grapes as the red. It has an elegant rose color with flavors of small, sweet fruits like currants and strawberries. Like the white, the rosé is fresh on the palate and is best savored alone or with light meals, again at 10 °C. It too can be enjoyed up to three years.

New to the “Chã” family of wines is the sweet vinho passito, made with the same Moscatel variety of grapes as the vinho branco. However, unlike with the white, the grapes used for the passito are first sun-dried, after which these uvas passas, or raisins, are put through the regular fermentation and filtration processes. Because dried grapes are used, the alcohol content in the passito is lower, at about 10.6%, than what is found in the other “Chã” wines (14%). The passito has a dark amber color; is slightly more viscous than the white, red, and rosé; and has a pleasant acidity to balance its sweetness. Odors include that of figs and dried fruits like raisins, prunes and dates. The passito is ideal between 12° and 14 °C as either a post-dinner or dessert wine or, simply, as a “wine of meditation.”

Wine making at the Associação
During the wine-making process, much attention is given to the hygienic conditions of the cellar and machines. After arrival, the grapes are cleaned and are either crushed (to make red wine) or pressed (to make white and rosé). This process is done as quickly as possible to prevent contamination and odor. The pulp is then put in specially-designed barrels in the cellar, where the temperature remains cool even during the hottest days, to begin the fermentation process. This is when the sugar of the grapes turns to alcohol and where the unique characteristics of the wine begin to develop.

The red wine ferments with the grape skins and is pressed afterwards. Then, the wine is fermented for a second time to eliminate remaining bacteria and reduce its vinegar-like acidity. After the second fermentation, the young wine is filtered and drawn into barrels for conservation. The white and rosé wines, on the other hand, are immediately filtered after the first fermentation to maintain freshness and to avoid bacteria growth. Until the wines are bottled, they remain in barrels (to avoid exposure to sunlight and air), except for periodic filtrations to improve clarity.

Manecom
Chã's best-known wine, however, is called Manecom, a traditional, semi-sweet or -dry, house-made wine. (It should not be confused with the “Chã” label red, white, rosé, and passito wines.) Most households make Manecom for commercial production and personal consumption. The wine can either be a red or white, dry or sweet, but the sweet red variety is by far the most popular.

Manecom gets its name, legend has it, from a man named Manuel Montrond, supposedly the first person to live in Chã. Manuel Montrond in Portuguese, took a liking to the strong, sweet red wine he made. Other inhabitants coined Manuel's wine Manecom. The name stuck and remains to this day.

Vinha Maria Chaves wines
New since 2012 is the harvesting of grapes and the production of wines by "Vinha Maria Chaves", a new vineyard created during the last 10 years. The vineyard is about 25 hectares of surface and is located just beneath the crater. Adjoining, there is the newly constructed winery "Adega de Monte Barro", for the vinification, aging and bottling of the wines. 4 qualities of wines are produced : santaLuzia (white), sanVicente (rosé), sanTiago (red) and sanFilipe (red). These wines are produced with the grapes from the Maria Chaves vineyard and grapes from Chã das Caldeiras. These wines will be mainly exported. During the festivities of April 30, 2013, the "Adega de Monte Barro" was inaugurated and the new wines were presented to the President, the prime minister and other officials of Cape Verde.

Pomace brandy

After the white wine is fermented, the remnant pomace of moscatel grapes is distilled to produce a pomace brandy : destilado de uva (label “Espírito da Caldeira”), that is bright and clear. The spirit's strength enables the drinker to taste, and feel on his/her palate, the flavor of Moscatel grapes. The after taste is smooth and has a hint of sweetness to balance the spirit's high alcohol content (45%).

Spirits of fruits or herbs
The quince spirit, destilado de marmelo, is produced from well-ripened quince fruit. Odors include that of the sweet, tart fruits of the caldera (like quince, apples, and grapes), flavors which combine nicely with the strength of the spirit's alcohol. The finish of the destilado de marmelo is smooth, gentle, and sweet.

The destilado com ervas digestivas, or spirit with herbs, has the unique taste, aroma, potency, and medicinal properties to help with post-dinner digestion. The spirit is a combination of herbs that have been used as a traditional medicine by the people of Chã for generations.

title: Chã das Caldeiras


text:
Portia

Portia may refer to:

Biology

 * Portia (spider), a genus of jumping spiders
 * Portia tree, a plant native to Polynesia
 * Anaea troglodyta or Portia, a brush-footed butterfly

Other uses

 * Portia (given name), the history and usage of the given name
 * Portia (moon), a moon of Uranus
 * Portia, Missouri, a community in the United States
 * PORTIA, portfolio-management software from Thomson Financial
 * Portia Club, a women's club in Payette, Idaho, U.S.
 * HMS Lennox (1914) or HMS Portia, a Laforey-class destroyer launched in 1914

title: Portia


text:
Talk:List of landmarks in Chicago

This list was taken from Chicago school (architecture) with only a couple additions. However not all the buildings are still standing. They were listed on that page as examples of a particular architectural style. Can they be considered landmarks if they no longer exist? (Leiter I building I know is gone.) They certainly are not designated landmarks. Rmhermen 23:46, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)

I was in Chicago around Christmas and remember seeing a grave all by itself in the city. I remember my relative telling me that it belonged to a family that refused to have the body exumed when the cemetery was moved. I forget exactly where it was. I was just curious as to who it is and whether it was a notable citizen or a famous citizen of Chicago. Morganismysheltie 21:40, 5 May 2006 (UTC)
 * One of Chicago's first innkeepers. See Lincoln Park (Chicago), history section. Rmhermen 00:38, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Landmark Designation
This list should clearly define what constitutes a landmark. The definition should probably be items either listed on the National Historic Register or designated by the City's Commission on Chicago Landmarks. All other items should be removed or moved to a see also section. TonyTheTiger 17:54, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Strongly Suggest you follow the City's Commission on Chicago Landmarks as well as well known landmarks by local communities like Promontory Point (Hyde Park) -- Ishmael Rufus 15:31, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Merger Discussion
Perhaps instead of merging this page with Chicago Landmark we could move this page to Chicago Attractions or some such. Speciate 05:43, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I intend to move Chicago Landmark page to List of Chicago landmarks and apply for a WP:FL. TonyTheTiger (talk/cont/bio) 15:52, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In truth this page should be deleted and redirected upon closer inspection. It constitutes WP:OR in the sense that these are landmarks according to the editor.  This weeks CHICOTW is producing THE list of Chicago Landmarks.  Many of the famous Chicago institutions are not actually designated as Chicago Landmarks. TonyTheTiger (talk/cont/bio) 13:30, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

 * So, what happened ? Does this article contain anything not already in Chicago Landmark ? -- Beardo 04:17, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of landmarks in Chicago


text:
HSwMS Thor

Thor has been the name of at least two ships of the Swedish Navy:

 * HSWMS Thor (1841), was a steam corvette launched in 1841 and decommissioned in 1887.
 * HSWMS Thor (1898), was a coastal defence ship that was launched on 7 March 1898.

title: HSwMS Thor


text:
The Marine

The Marine is a 2006 American action film directed by John Bonito from a story written by Alan B. McElroy and Michelle Gallagher. It stars professional wrestler John Cena, in his acting debut and was executively produced by Vince McMahon through the film production division of WWE called WWE Films and distributed in the United States by 20th Century Fox. In the film, a recently discharged U.S. Marine goes after some diamond thieves after they kidnapped his wife.

The Marine was released theatrically on October 13, 2006 to negative reviews and grossed $22 million against a production budget of $15 million. It is the first entry in The Marine film series, spawning five direct-to-video sequels.

Plot
In Iraq, John Triton, a U.S. Marine, arrives at an al-Qaeda hideout, where a group of terrorists are preparing to behead several hostages. Disregarding direct orders to wait for reinforcements, Triton attacks the extremists and rescues the hostages. The next morning, his colonel informs Triton that he is being honorably discharged for disobeying direct orders.

Now retired, Triton finds it hard to settle back into normal life. He is fired from his job as a security guard for using excessive force on an employee's ex-boyfriend and his bodyguards. Triton's wife Kate decides the two need a vacation to help Triton adjust to his new life. Meanwhile, criminal Rome robs a jewelry store with his gang: girlfriend Angela, Morgan, Vescera, and Bennett. Rome is in collusion with an anonymous partner, with whom he is planning on sharing the profits from the diamonds. On the run, the gang stops at a gas station where Triton and Kate have stopped. When two policemen arrive to buy gas, Morgan shoots and kills one of the officers, causing Rome to shoot the other officer while Angela kills the gas station attendant. When Triton reacts to Kate being kidnapped, Bennett knocks him out. Triton regains consciousness and gives chase in the policemen's car. The chase leads to a lake, where Triton falls out of the patrol car and into the lake, seemingly to his death.

Rome and his gang walk through a swamp to avoid the police. Kate tries to escape several times. Triton emerges from the lake to find Detective Van Buren, who is pursuing the gang. Van Buren denies Triton permission to pursue the gang, but Triton heads into the swamp anyway. After an altercation between Morgan and Vescera, Rome decides to kill Vescera. Rome gets a call from his anonymous partner, and Rome tells him that he intends to cut the partner out of the deal.

The gang arrives at a lodge and decide to rest there for the time being. Meanwhile, Triton is kidnapped by two fugitives who believe he is a police officer looking for them. He subdues them and tracks the gang to the lodge. He kills Morgan and Bennett then drags the bodies under the lodge, where he again meets Detective Van Buren.

Kate rushes out of the lodge, but Angela attacks and recaptures her. Meanwhile, Triton enters the lodge and finds himself face-to-face with Rome and his gun. Van Buren enters the room but points his gun at Triton, revealing himself to be the anonymous partner. Rome opens fire on Triton, who uses Van Buren as a human shield, killing him. Rome makes his escape and joins up with Angela and Kate before firing at a gasoline tank and blowing up the lodge. Triton makes a narrow escape, having been blown into the swamp.

Rome escapes in Van Buren's car, but abandons it due to a police tracking device. Angela seduces and kills a truck driver for his truck. Triton is arrested by a marine patrol officer, but steals the officer's vessel after handcuffing him. He races to the marina that is Rome's destination and jumps on Rome's truck, throwing Angela into the windshield of an oncoming bus, killing her and spilling the diamonds. Rome scrapes Triton off the truck by careening through a warehouse, then leaps out just before the truck crashes into a lake. Triton engages Rome in hand-to-hand combat and knocks him out before he leaves Rome in the burning warehouse to rescue Kate, who is drowning in the truck. A badly-burned Rome returns and tries to choke Triton with a chain, but Triton kills Rome by breaking his neck with the chain. The final scene depicts Triton and Kate kissing as the police arrive.

Cast

 * John Cena as Sergeant John Triton
 * Robert Patrick as Rome, Gang Leader
 * Kelly Carlson as Kate Triton, John's Wife
 * Anthony Ray Parker as Morgan, Rome's Crew
 * Abigail Bianca as Angela, Rome's Lover & Crew
 * Damon Gibson as Vescera, Rome's Crew
 * Manu Bennett as Bennett, Rome's Crew
 * Jerome Ehlers as Detective Van Buren, Rome's Accomplice
 * Drew Powell as Joe Linwood
 * Firass Dirani as Rebel Leader
 * Frank Carlopio as Frank
 * Jeff Chase as Billy
 * Jamal Duff as Paul

Production
The Marine was originally written with Al Pacino in mind for the part of criminal Rome, with Stone Cold Steve Austin as hero Triton. After Austin and WWE parted ways in 2004, Randy Orton was set to be the main character. Orton turned down the role because of his bad conduct discharge from the Marines in the late 1990s, and was replaced by John Cena. Pacino turned down the role of Rome due to the low salary offered. After Pacino turned it down, Ray Liotta was considered for the role of Rome, but Robert Patrick got the part instead.

Principal photography for the film was actually shot and completed in 2004. In order to cover for John Cena's absence from WWE events, a storyline was written after Carlito beat Cena for the WWE United States Championship, saying that he was stabbed by Carlito's bodyguard Jesús and was taking time off to recover.

Filming was done at Movie World Studios in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The Marine Base was filmed at Bond University. The part in which skyscrapers are shown is the downtown area of Brisbane, Australia. Other footage was shot in bush land surrounding Brisbane. The opening segment of the downtown scenes was filmed in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Cena was approached by Vince McMahon to do the movie which he accepted for outside fame. On making the movie he said "I enjoyed the business plan, I didn't enjoy the experience".

Box office
In its first weekend, the film made approximately $7.1 million at the United States box office. In its first weekend, it placed #6 domestically. After a total of ten weeks in theaters, the film grossed $18.8 million domestically.

Critical response
The film received mostly negative reviews, holding a 17% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews (with an average rating of 4 out of 10), with the site's general consensus stating "Overblown in every possible way, The Marine is either so bad it's good or just really, really bad." Eric the Actor was a fan of the film and wanted to promote the film due his fondness for Cena on the Howard Stern Show; however, his promotion and rally for people to go and see this film failed.

Home media
The film was released on DVD on January 30, 2007, which featured the "rated" version and the "unrated" version. The Blu-ray version was released on February 13, 2007, with a DTS-HD Lossless Master Audio 5.1 track and a 1080p HD transfer. The DVD grossed $27.3 million in domestic video sales.

Sequels
The film has spawned five direct-to-video sequels:
 * The Marine 2, featuring Ted DiBiase, Jr. in the main role, released on December 29, 2009
 * The Marine 3: Homefront, released on March 5, 2013
 * The Marine 4: Moving Target, released on April 21, 2015
 * The Marine 5: Battleground, released on April 25, 2017
 * The Marine 6: Close Quarters, released on November 13, 2018

The last four sequels have starred professional wrestler Mike "The Miz" Mizanin in the role of Jake Carter.

title: The Marine


text: User talk:4.27.191.42

title: User talk:4.27.191.42


text:
User:Alaudo

My name is Alexander Galkin, I live and work in Hamburg, Germany.

I am a sysop in Esperanto-Wikipedia and my activitiy in English and German Wikipedias is limited to the articles cross-references from Esperanto-Wiki. If you want to leave me a message, you'd better do it on the discussion page in Esperanto-Wiki, the personal page there can be accesses through this link:

Alternatively ou can send me an E-mail, you just put my nickname here, in English Wikipedia and add "@gmail.com". I usually reply mails within 2-3 days, so if nothing happens for a week most probably your letter was considered junk by my anti-spam filter, just send it once more and do not forget to write my name and "Wikipedia" somewhere in the letter - this will drastically increase its chances to pass through my Cerberus.

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title: User:Alaudo