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Battle of Ap Bac

The Battle of Ấp Bắc was a major battle fought on 2 January 1963 during the Vietnam War in Định Tường Province (now part of Tiền Giang Province), South Vietnam. On 28 December 1962, US intelligence detected the presence of a radio transmitter along with a sizable force of Viet Cong (VC) soldiers, reported to number around 120, in the hamlet of Ap Tan Thoi in Dinh Tuong Province, home of the Army of the Republic of South Vietnam (ARVN) 7th Infantry Division. The South Vietnamese and their US advisers planned to attack Ap Tan Thoi from three directions to destroy the VC force by using two provincial Civil Guard battalions and elements of the 11th Infantry Regiment, ARVN 7th Infantry Division. The infantry units would be supported by artillery, M113 armored personnel carriers (APCs), and helicopters. However, Viet Cong forces anticipated a major attack from the South Vietnamese government from a variety of sources including movement of supplies, an undercover VC agent, and decoded radio communications from the ARVN. Accordingly the VC prepared for an attack by US and South Vietnamese forces.

On the morning of 2 January 1963, the South Vietnamese Civil Guards spearheaded the attack by marching toward Ap Tan Thoi from the south. However, when they reached the hamlet of Ap Bac, southeast of Ap Tan Thoi, they were immediately pinned down by elements of the VC 261st Battalion. Shortly afterward, three companies of the 11th Infantry Regiment were committed into battle in northern Ap Tan Thoi. However, they too could not overcome the VC soldiers who had entrenched themselves in the area. Just before midday, further reinforcements were flown in from Tan Hiep. The 15 US helicopters ferrying the troops were riddled by VC gunfire and five helicopters were lost as a result.

The ARVN 4th Mechanized Rifle Squadron was then deployed to rescue the South Vietnamese soldiers and US aircrews trapped at the southwest end of Ap Bac. However, its commander was highly reluctant to move heavy M113 APCs across the local terrain. Ultimately, their presence made little difference as the VC stood its ground and killed more than a dozen South Vietnamese M113 crew members in the process. The ARVN 8th Airborne Battalion was dropped late in the afternoon onto the battlefield. In a scene that characterized much of the day's fighting, they were pinned down and could not break the VC's line of defense. Under cover of darkness, the VC withdrew from the battlefield, winning their first major victory.

Background
Small-scale military actions, which would eventually escalate into the Vietnam War, started in the late 1950s, when South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem instituted an anti-Communist campaign aimed at rooting out "left behind" Viet Minh forces. At that time, North Vietnam was hoping for an election, promised under the Geneva Accords of 1954, that would unite North and South Vietnam. It was also worried about inciting the United States into directly supporting South Vietnam and had recommended avoiding battle at all costs. However, Diem's campaign was too successful to allow them to do nothing, and small-scale actions broke out across the country. North Vietnam remained worried about US involvement and refused military support, forcing the remaining Viet Minh to retreat into inaccessible areas in the forests and mountains. A stalemate of sorts followed as South Vietnamese forces took so long to reach these areas that the guerrilla fighters were able to retreat with little difficulty.

Large-scale American support began during the Kennedy Administration in the early 1960s, with the arrival of large numbers of the US Special Forces to help out in the field. The arrival of helicopters changed the nature of the battle considerably. Helicopters enabled South Vietnamese soldiers to quickly fly to almost any point in the country, leaving little time for a retreat. Throughout 1962, the combined forces were increasingly effective in routing the VC. These tactics, combined with armored personnel carriers, took a heavy toll on various fledgling VC units. The lightly armed VC had no weaponry capable of stopping the armored carriers and inevitably were forced to flee, taking heavy casualties.

The most successful South Vietnamese force had been the 7th Infantry Division, then under the command of Colonel Huỳnh Văn Cao. His US adviser was Lieutenant Colonel John Paul Vann, who directed much of the unit's activity in concert with his planner, Captain Richard Ziegler. They had scored the biggest successes of the military campaigns of 1962, killing along with the paramilitary and Civil Guard and Self Defense Corps, more than 2,000 VC fighters, and leaving thousands of others cut off from supplies.

However, South Vietnamese officers were often reluctant to absorb heavy casualties. On several occasions, Cao's forces were in an excellent position to trap and wipe out whole battalions of VC. However, he would fail to close the trap on one pretext or another and allow the enemy to escape. This behavior initially mystified Vann, who was attempting to build Cao into an aggressive commander. Unknown to Vann, Diem would reprimand or demote any officer who lost too many men, no matter how successful the operation. Diem was more interested in using the military to protect his regime than to take on the VC. His solution was to fill the ARVN with Catholic political cronies and friends like Cao, Lê Quang Tung, and Tôn Thất Đính, who had little military ability, but were very likely to help stop a coup attempt. After a skirmish on a highway that resulted in a small number of South Vietnamese casualties along with several trucks destroyed, Cao was called to Saigon and reprimanded by Diem. Upon his return, Vann and his group of advisers were forced to end the joint planning sessions that had been so successful earlier, and action essentially wound down in their region. Cao used the excellent military intelligence network they had developed to find areas devoid of VC, and planned operations only in those areas. In many other cases, operations were executed on paper only to report an increasing tempo of operations that did not exist.

In 1962, Diem decided to split the command of the area in the south around Saigon into two, the former III Corps area being reduced in size to cover the area northeast of Saigon, and the newly created IV Corps taking over the west and southwest. Cao was promoted to general and assumed command of the new IV Corps Tactical Zone, which included the area of operations of his 7th Infantry Division. Command of the 7th was given to Cao's chief of staff, Colonel Bùi Đình Đạm. Dam expressed concerns about his own abilities when the promotion was first presented to him by Diem. Nevertheless, he took Cao's former position and welcomed Vann's advisers back into the planning effort. Despite the change in leadership, the same problems continued to plague the 7th Infantry Division.

Prelude
In November 1962, the VC's Military Region 2 ordered the VC 261st Battalion and the 514th Battalion, the home battalion of Dinh Tuong Province, to destroy the strategic hamlets in their region and at the same time to attack South Vietnamese sweeping operations. Between 28 and 30 December 1962, an American aircraft equipped with eavesdropping equipment located a VC radio transmitter. It intercepted radio signals in the hamlet of Ap Tan Thoi in Dinh Tuong Province, where the ARVN 7th Infantry Division was headquartered. The radio intercept and other information obtained by Jim Drummond, Vann's intelligence officer, indicated that the VC used Ap Tan Thoi as a headquarters location. Furthermore, South Vietnamese and American intelligence personnel believed the VC had deployed a reinforced company of about 120 men to protect the transmitter. Confident that the VC unit was no larger than the reported number, the ARVN 7th Infantry Division was instructed to attack Ap Tan Thoi.

An operations plan suited for an attack on a small enemy formation was drafted by Ziegler, an adviser to Dam and the command staff of the 7th Infantry Division. Ziegler's plan, codenamed Operation Duc Thang I, called for the South Vietnamese to assault Ap Tan Thoi from three different directions: three rifle companies from the 11th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division, to move from the north; the Dinh Tuong Civil Guards Regiment to march north from the south in separate columns; and a company of 13 M113 armored personnel carriers with an infantry company on board from the southwest. The M113 carriers and the infantry company could act as both a mobile reserve and a reaction force, so it was positioned where it could be shifted to the contact area if the VC began to retreat. In addition, Dam would also deploy two rifle companies at Tan Hiep airfield (10.421°N, 106.336°W), which could be brought to the battlefield by helicopters from the US Army 93rd Transportation Company.

On previous occasions, US intelligence had tracked down the location of Viet Cong radio transmitters. However, those were often relocated before the South Vietnamese launched their attacks, so Ziegler privately questioned if the VC had as many as 120 soldiers in Ap Tan Thoi. However, in 1963, the VC had changed its policy from avoiding the ARVN to standing and fighting. The 1st Company, 261st Battalion, and the 1st Company, 514th Battalion, had a total strength of 320 regular soldiers and were positioned in Ap Bac and Ap Tan Thoi, respectively, which were separated by a distance of about 1.5 km. The combined companies were supported by approximately 30 local force soldiers from Chau Thanh District who served as scouts, ammunition bearers, litter-bearers, and emergency replacements. Together, elements of the VC 261st and 514th Battalions in Ap Tan Thoi and Ap Bac formed a "composite battalion", which was placed under the command of Colonel Hai Hoang.

Previously, the leadership of the 261st Battalion alternated between Hoang, a South Vietnamese revolutionary who had returned from North Vietnam after 1954, and Tu Khue, a native of North Vietnam. Khue was unpopular among the battalion's soldiers because he was very strict and demanding. However, he was meticulous about details. In contrast, Hoang was far more relaxed and commanded a high degree of confidence from the soldiers of the 261st Battalion. Thus, due to his strong leadership skills and popularity, Hoang was selected to take command of VC forces for operations in Ap Bac. Most of the soldiers under Hoang's command were equipped with captured US weaponry, such as M1 Garands, M1 carbines, BAR light machine guns, .30 caliber machine guns, and a single 60mm mortar.

In the days before the battle, Hoang anticipated a major attack from the South Vietnamese government, as VC intelligence agents in Dinh Tuong had reported the arrival of 71 truckloads of ammunition and other supplies from Saigon, about 65 km to the northeast. In addition, with the information provided by Pham Xuan An, a well-connected journalist and undercover VC agent in Saigon, Hoang's soldiers conducted last-minute anti-helicopter and anti-M113 training by studying US weaponry and South Vietnamese plans and manuals. Furthermore, using radios captured from the ARVN, the VC was able to intercept news of the attack due to unencoded radio communications from the ARVN. The VC also took full advantage of the local terrain by taking up positions in Ap Tan Thoi in the north, along a tree-lined creek in the southeast, and Ap Bac in the south. Their positions were well-concealed by trees and shrubs, making them difficult to see from the air and providing good protection from heavy weaponry. To the south and west of Ap Bac, the VC dug a series of foxholes in front of an irrigation dike, which afforded them an unobstructed field of fire in the surrounding rice fields. The foxholes were deep enough for one man to stand up or big enough to accommodate a two-person machine gun crew. Behind the foxhole line, the irrigation dike enabled VC units to communicate with each other. In short, the VC enjoyed a great advantage over any attacking force.

The fight begins
At 04:00 on the morning of 2 January, VC scouts around the hamlets of Ap Bac and Ap Tan Thoi reported hearing the sounds of truck and boat engines, so Hoang issued an alert order which prompted his troops to pick up their weapons and hurry to their foxholes. Most of the women, children, and older men in both hamlets fled and hid in the nearby swamps as soon as the order was issued.

Thirty CH-21 Shawnee helicopters were needed to airlift the entire ARVN 1st Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment, but only ten were available. As a result, Dam could only send one company at a time onto the battlefield. At around 07:00, the first wave of CH-21 helicopters offloaded the first South Vietnamese soldiers. These troops had to hold their positions until the rest of the battalions had arrived. Because of the delay in the arrival of the regular South Vietnamese army units, two Civil Guard battalions of Task Forces A and B—under the command of Dinh Tuong provincial chief Major Lam Quang Tho—were left to march against enemy positions by themselves.

As planned, the first Civil Guard battalion of Task Force A started north towards Ap Bac. Hoang knew the Civil Guard battalions were approaching, so he instructed his company commander in Ap Bac to be ready, as they would fire the first shots of the battle. VC radio operators, using captured US communications equipment, followed the movements of the Civil Guards by monitoring the frequencies the government troops were using. When the leading Civil Guard battalion came within 30 m of the south end of Ap Bac, the VC opened fire from their foxholes and immediately killed the leading company's commander and wounded the task force commander. Task Force A's momentum was stopped when the soldiers of the leading Civil Guard battalion sought shelter in a dike, where they tried unsuccessfully to outflank the VC. During that time, artillery support was ineffective, as Civil Guard forward observers would not stand up to observe the fall of artillery rounds. Consequently, one artillery round after another fell behind VC positions instead of on their foxholes. To make matters worse, Tho failed to send his second Civil Guard battalion of Task Force B to rescue the first.

North of Ap Tan Thoi, three ARVN 11th Infantry Regiment companies fared no better. They marched south in three separate axes towards their objective. Again, well-concealed VC soldiers of the 514th Battalion allowed their opponents to come within 20 m before opening fire. Immediately, the South Vietnamese infantrymen were forced to hug the ground. During the next five hours, they managed to launch three major assaults but failed to break the VC's line of defense. By 09:30, the last of Dam's reserve companies had been airlifted into Tan Hiep, about two hours late because American aircrews were prevented from landing their CH-21 helicopters, known as "flying bananas" for their shape, in the heavy fog that covered Tan Hiep Airfield most of the morning. With the ground attacks in the north and south bogged down, Dam decided to stretch out the defending VC units by attacking the east and the west.

Dam asked Vann, who was circling the battlefield aboard an L-19 reconnaissance aircraft, to reconnoiter possible landing zones on the east and west sides of Ap Bac where additional reinforcements could be inserted to launch their attacks. In response, Vann asked his pilot to make low passes over the trees which covered Ap Bac. Although he could not see any VC positions, Vann knew there was a well-fortified position at the south end of the hamlet, due to the impact of the VC's firepower on the Civil Guards since the battle's inception. As Vann's L-19 aircraft flew over the western tree line, the VC watched from their foxholes but held their fire because they knew the aircraft was trying to draw fire in order to mark their positions. Although Vann was suspicious, he decided it was a better landing zone because the area was tranquil despite the heavy fighting elsewhere.

Vann then ordered his pilot to make contact with the other L-19 that was leading the ten CH-21s with the first South Vietnamese reserve company from Tan Hiep. Vann relayed a message to the command pilot of the ten CH-21 helicopters, which were being escorted by a group of five recently deployed UH-1 Huey gunships, armed with 7.62mm machine guns and 2.75-inch rockets and instructed him to land the reserve companies about 300 m from the western and southern tree lines that covered Ap Bac in order to minimize the effectiveness of the VC's .30 caliber machine guns. However, in the early phases of the war, command relationships between US military units were not well-established, and American aircrews tended to disregard the instructions of advisors, especially Vann, who was regarded as domineering. Instead of following Vann's instructions, the command pilot led his helicopters over southern Ap Tan Thoi and along the creek to Ap Bac. The US pilots landed their helicopters 200 m west of Ap Bac, where they were hit multiple times by VC machine gun and small arms fire.

The five UH-1 gunships strafed VC positions with 2.75-inch rockets but failed to suppress the enemy fire. After South Vietnamese soldiers had disembarked from the helicopters, one CH-21 was too severely damaged to get off the ground. A second CH-21 was sent to rescue the crew, but it too was immobilized as soon as it touched the ground. One of the Hueys returned to pick up the crews of the two downed CH-21s. The main rotor was struck by enemy gunfire as it prepared to land. The aircraft flipped over to the right and crashed. Almost simultaneously, a third CH-21 sustained heavy damage and was forced to land on the rice fields a short distance from the first two helicopters. By 10:30, all the South Vietnamese soldiers who had landed on the field were under heavy fire from inside Ap Bac and refused to move. Sergeant Arnold Bowers, who had ridden in the first crashed helicopter, raced back and forth to rescue injured American airmen.

Arrival of the armored personnel carriers
After Bowers had attended to the injured men, he borrowed a field radio from the South Vietnamese to coordinate artillery and airstrikes. Later, two AD-6 Skyraiders arrived over Ap Bac and attacked the thatched houses with conventional bombs and napalm. The South Vietnamese soldiers, pinned down on the ground, believed their ordeal was over, so they stood up to see if the VC were retreating from their positions. The VC fired on the exposed soldiers and killed several. Vann then radioed Captain James B. Scanlon—senior adviser to the ARVN 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment—and told him that four US helicopters had either been destroyed or immobilized about 1,500 m southeast of the regiment's position. Scanlon was told to get his South Vietnamese counterpart, Captain Ly Tong Ba—commander of the 4th Mechanized Rifle Squadron, 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, to rescue the trapped South Vietnamese company and the helicopters.

Ba asserted that he would not take orders from Americans. He also argued that sending the 13 M113 armored personnel carriers through the Cong Ba Ky Canal would enable the VC to retreat because it might take too much time. An argument broke out between Vann and Ba. Finally, Vann radioed Ziegler at the command post at Tan Hiep and told him to ask the commander of the ARVN 7th Infantry Division to order Ba to move toward Ap Bac immediately. Shortly afterward, Ziegler returned with Dam's permission, and Ba was ordered to move his M113 carriers toward the white smoke rising from the burning hamlet. The American advisers were quietly confident that Ba's M113s could turn the tide of battle; on previous occasions, VC fighters often fled from the battlefield as soon as M113 armored personnel carriers turned up. However, in contrast to previous engagements, VC commander Hoang had ordered the soldiers of the 261st and 514th Battalions to throw everything they had at the South Vietnamese, as retreat through the muddy rice fields would result in certain death.

The South Vietnamese M113s had no problem crossing the generally shallow streams and rivers typical of the Mekong Delta, but the heavy 10-ton M113s became bogged down in the deeper Cong Ba Ky Canal, forcing the crews and the infantry company on board to cut down brush and trees and fill the canal until it was shallow enough for the M113s to cross. The rescue operation was further delayed when Ba tried to obtain proper authorization to advance because he was under orders not to take commands directly from the American advisers. Vann, flying above the armored formation, demanded that Ba advance immediately. Ba replied that he would not take instructions from Americans. When Vann threatened to have Ba shot, he reluctantly continued to advance, although very slowly, toward the entrenched VC.

Meanwhile, a fourth CH-21 returned to Ap Bac to rescue the downed helicopter crews. It was also heavily damaged by ground fire and forced to land on the muddy rice field. The VC had set a new record: the battle was the first time they had either destroyed or downed five helicopters within a few hours. At 13:30, Ba's M113 formation finally closed in on the downed helicopters on the west side of Ap Bac. The M113s approached the landing zone in a single file instead of in formation. They were immediately fired upon by VC inside the hamlet, who could concentrate their fire on one target at a time. The South Vietnamese M113 gun crews were exposed from the waist up, so they were easy targets for snipers; by the end of the day, 14 South Vietnamese M113 crewmen had been killed due to their exposure. The two leading M113s were able to pull up beside the downed helicopters, but one driver was killed while driving with his head outside the hatch, and Ba was knocked unconscious inside his carrier.

Scanlon, with the help of Bowers, ran forward to aid the wounded men and carry them back to the M113 formation. At that point, South Vietnamese M113 crews backed off while firing their .50 caliber machine guns aimlessly into the sky. When Ba recovered, his company launched a frontal assault on the VC's foxhole line. Just when the M113 crews closed in on their objective, a VC squad leader and his men jumped out of their foxholes and tossed grenades at the lead formation of the attack force. Cohesion and morale among the crews of the armored formation quickly deteriorated as South Vietnamese sergeants, who served as both commanders and machine gunners of the carriers, were killed and were replaced by less experienced, poorly trained men.

In a last-ditch effort to overrun the VC's stronghold, an M113 equipped with a flamethrower was sent forward to within 100 m of the VC position to fire the western tree line. The flamethrower had a range of up to 200 m, but when the operator fired the device, the flame died after only 30 m. It was later discovered that the crew had mixed the incorrect amount of jelling agent with the gasoline. The final attack mounted by the M113 company failed. At around 14:30, defeated and with their morale sagging, the 4th Mechanized Rifle Squadron disengaged from the fight and withdrew.

By that stage, Vann was frustrated by the Civil Guard soldiers of Task Force B because they appeared to be in no hurry to reach Ap Bac, as they searched one house at a time while marching up from the southwest flank of the battlefield. In his final effort to defeat the VC, Vann flew into Tan Hiep and asked Cao to deploy an airborne battalion on the east side of Ap Bac, the most logical retreat route for the Viet Cong. Vann hoped to trap the Viet Cong inside the hamlets by blocking their retreat routes on all sides and annihilating them using an elite battalion of South Vietnamese paratroopers. To Vann's disappointment, Cao strongly opposed the idea and decided to drop one of his airborne battalions behind the M113 formation on the west side instead. Vann accused Cao of wanting to let the VC escape in order to avoid further South Vietnamese casualties. However, Cao argued that a surrounded and well-entrenched enemy would fight more fiercely than a retreating one, so he wanted the VC units inside the hamlets of Ap Bac and Ap Tan Thoi to expose themselves by retreating through the eastern side of the battlefield, where he could destroy them with artillery and air power. Cao had also lost confidence in Vann, because Cao felt Vann had placed the lives of many South Vietnamese soldiers at risk to save the lives of a handful of Americans. Major-General Tran Thien Khiem, Chief of the ARVN Joint General Staff, was present during the argument. He did not object to Cao's plan because it was consistent with President Diem's objective to save Vietnamese lives through the Rural Revolutionary Development and Chieu Hoi Programs, which encouraged VC fighters to join the South Vietnamese military.

Insertion of the airborne battalion
Believing it was useless to continue arguing with Cao, Vann climbed back into his L-19 reconnaissance aircraft and left Tan Hiep. Throughout the afternoon, he continued to press Cao to deploy the South Vietnamese paratroopers quickly. He was fearful that the battle would be the most significant defeat of South Vietnamese forces up to that point of the war. Cao promised to deploy the second Civil Guard battalion, which had just arrived at the southwest flank of Ap Bac, and to drop the ARVN 8th Airborne Battalion at around 16:00 behind Ba's armored personnel carriers. Late in the afternoon, a flight of C-123 Providers, with about 300 South Vietnamese paratroopers aboard, closed in on their objective and quickly drew machine gun fire from the hamlet. The C-123 pilots changed course to avoid the ground fire. However, either the South Vietnamese jumpmaster or the American flight leader did not compensate for the change. As a result, the paratroopers landed right in front of the entrenched VC positions, instead of behind the 4th Mechanized Rifle Squadron and the Civil Guards.

The VC were able to pick off one South Vietnamese paratrooper after another, some as they descended and others when their parachutes became stuck in the trees. Those paratroopers who reached the ground and survived tried to move forward, but the VC soldiers in defilade position fired on the paratroopers exposed in the open rice paddies. Undeterred, the ARVN 8th Airborne Battalion launched small-unit attacks, but on each occasion, they were repelled, and sporadic fighting continued until sundown. By the end of the day, the airborne battalion had lost 19 soldiers killed in action and another 33 wounded. American advisers Captain Fletcher Ware and Sergeant Russell Kopti, who had parachuted in with the South Vietnamese, were wounded. As night fell, Hoang knew that South Vietnamese forces were closing in from three directions. The eastern flank remained open, and he ordered both elements of the 261st and 514th Battalions, exhausted and low on ammunition, to assemble at the south end of Ap Tan Thoi. They evacuated through the rice fields, taking their dead and wounded comrades.

Vann wanted to use a C-47 flare plane to illuminate the rice fields on the eastern flank of Ap Bac and Ap Tan Thoi. He wanted to hit the VC with 500 rounds of artillery and destroy them as they retreated. Cao would not approve the use of flares because it could expose the airborne battalion's night defensive positions, and instead ordered 100 rounds of artillery to be fired at a rate of four shells per hour. At 22:00, VC commander Hoang led his two companies out of Ap Tan Thoi and headed for their base camp in the Plain of Reeds, while the local force units left by a different route for their hideouts in the local area. The 1st Company, 261st Battalion, led the column, followed by litter carriers carrying the dead and wounded. The 1st Company, 514th Battalion, covered the tail of the formation, with one of their platoons acting as a rear guard. The wounded VC soldiers were transferred onto sampans at the canal on the east side of Ap Tan Thoi while the rest of the formation marched on. At 07:00 on 3 January, Hoang's men successfully reached their destination without being detected.

Aftermath

On 3 January, Western journalists toured the deserted Ap Bac hamlet with American advisors. When reporter Neil Sheehan asked Brig. Gen. Robert York what had happened, the general replied: "What the hell's it look like happened, boy? They got away, that's what happened"! Shortly afterward, more than 18 hours too late, the South Vietnamese hit Ap Bac with an artillery barrage. The artillery rounds killed another five South Vietnamese soldiers and wounded 14 others. Vann, who had made key decisions in the early battle phases, blamed the South Vietnamese for the debacle. "It was a miserable damn performance, just like it always is. These people won't listen. They make the same mistake over and over again in the same way". According to Mark Moyar, in blaming the South Vietnamese, Vann wanted to conceal the Americans' flawed intelligence and poor leadership. He hoped to pressure the South Vietnamese to accept future changes he favored.

General Paul D. Harkins, commander of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), made a much more optimistic assessment of the battle. He considered the operation a major success; after the VC abandoned their positions, the South Vietnamese units captured the hamlets of Ap Bac and Ap Tan Thoi. Harkins' evaluation of the battle's success was based on US military doctrine from World War II, in which opposing forces fought a conventional combined arms battle with the objective, on each side, of gaining control of the opponent's territory. The VC, however, was more interested in exposing the weaknesses of Diem's regime and its military. Moyar (2008) argues that Harkins' resolutely optimistic assessments based on conventional doctrine avoided recognizing shortcomings in tactics and battle readiness and in the arrangement under which ARVN commanders and their American counterparts and advisers were operating. Largely because of his attitude, neither the South Vietnamese nor the American commands learned useful lessons from the battle.

The South Vietnamese units participating in the battle took heavy losses in their failed attempt to destroy the VC forces. South Vietnamese casualties included 83 killed in action and at least 100 wounded. The American participants, who included advisors and aircrews, counted three dead and eight wounded. Of the 15 American helicopters sent to support the operation, only one escaped undamaged, and five were downed or destroyed.

For the VC, the Battle of Ap Bac marked the first time they stood and fought a large South Vietnamese formation—despite being outnumbered by more than five to one. Against overwhelming odds, the VC had achieved their first de facto victory; they had successfully held off well-equipped ARVN forces supported by artillery and armored units as well as by American airpower. VC casualties were limited to 18 soldiers killed and 39 wounded, even though their positions had been hit by more than 600 rounds of artillery, napalm, and other ordnance released by 13 warplanes and five UH-1 gunships.

Ap Bac had far-reaching consequences for the South Vietnamese government and the American involvement in Vietnam. The battle was a milestone for the VC. For individual VC soldiers, the battle demonstrated they could defeat nominally superior ARVN forces, well equipped as they were with up-to-date military hardware and significant support and funding from the United States. Militarily, the morale and confidence of VC commanders and soldiers, who had experienced serious setbacks in the previous year, were greatly boosted. Politically, the VC 261st and 514th Battalions were able to exploit the prestige gained from having inflicted disproportionate losses on the ARVN forces to exercise greater influence in their areas of operations.

Despite the initial success of the Strategic Hamlet Program and the intensified military operations of 1962, the events at Ap Bac placed additional pressure on Diem's government because they showed it was not prepared to cope with the resurgence of the VC, particularly in the Mekong delta.

title: Battle of Ap Bac


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User talk:Crtfdgk

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Hamzah bin Hussein

Hamzah bin Al Hussein (حمزة بن الحسين; born 29 March 1980) is the fourth son of King Hussein bin Talal of Jordan overall and the first by his American-born fourth wife, Queen Noor. He was named Crown Prince of Jordan on 7 February 1999, a position he held until his older half-brother, King Abdullah II, rescinded it on 28 November 2004. He is a member of the Hashemite dynasty, the royal family of Jordan since 1921, and is a 41st-generation direct descendant of Muhammad.

Hamzah is reputed to be under house arrest since April 2021, after being accused of attempting to destabilise the Kingdom of Jordan and fomenting unrest. Hamzah officially renounced his title as prince in April 2022.

Biography
Born on 29 March 1980, Hamzah bin Al Hussein claims ancestry with the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the Hashemite family. Queen Noor states in her autobiography that she and King Hussein named Hamzah after Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib.

Hamzah received his elementary education in Jordan and Amman, and then attended Harrow School in England. He then joined the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, passing out as a commissioned officer in the Jordan Arab Legion in December 1999, with a number of prizes including the Sandhurst Overseas Sword, granted to the best overseas cadet and the HRH Prince Saud Abdullah Prize, presented to the cadet with the best aggregate mark in academic subjects.

Serving then as an officer in the Jordan Arab Army's 40th Armored Brigade, Hamzah attended a number of military courses and attachments in Jordan, the UK, Poland, Germany and the US. Currently holding the rank of Brigadier in the Jordan Arab Army, he served with the Jordan-United Arab Emirates force operating in former Yugoslavia under the umbrella of international peacekeepers. In the year 2006, he graduated from Harvard University.

Hamzah was sworn in as Regent on numerous occasions and deputized for King Abdullah II on a number of missions in the Kingdom and abroad. He headed the Royal Advisory Committee on the Energy Sector. He is also the Honorary President of the Jordan Basketball Federation, and is the chairman of the board of trustees of the Royal Automobile Museum, the President of the Royal Aero sports Club of Jordan and the President of Al-Shajarah (Tree) Protection Society.

Hamzah is a qualified rotor and fixed wing aircraft pilot, and participates in other sports such as Jujitsu and target-shooting.

Succession issue
On 7 February 1999, King Hussein died and his eldest son Prince Abdullah bin Al Hussein ascended to the throne of Jordan, having two weeks previously been designated to succeed his father as ruler in place of the king's brother, Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal. On the same day, in compliance with his father's wish, King Abdullah II decreed that he, in turn, would be succeeded not by a son of his own but by his half-brother, Hamzah, who was therefore accorded the title of crown prince.

Nearly six years later, on 28 November 2004, King Abdullah removed Hamzah as crown prince. In a letter from Abdullah to Hamzah, read on Jordanian state television, he declared the following:

""Your holding this symbolic position has restrained your freedom and hindered our entrusting you with certain responsibilities that you are fully qualified to undertake.""

No successor to the title was named at the time, but some analysts believed it probable that Abdullah intended to name his own son, Prince Hussein, to succeed him at some point in the future. Article 28(B) of Jordan's constitution provides that the king's eldest son automatically succeeds to the crown upon the monarch's death unless the king has designated one of his brothers to inherit the throne as crown prince, but Abdullah II confirmed that his son Hussein would succeed him by designating him as crown prince on 2 July 2009.

House arrest
On 3 April 2021, the BBC published a video of Hamzah in which he reported that he has been placed under house arrest as part of a crackdown on critics. It was stated that the video had been passed to the BBC through Hamzah's lawyer. On 7 April 2021, King Abdullah II publicly hinted that his tension with Hamzah, who had pledged loyalty to him two days after his house arrest began, was ending and that Hamzah was now "in his palace under my protection." Abdullah also stated that the crisis which resulted in Hamzah's house arrest started when Jordan's military chief of staff visited Hamzah and warned him to stop attending meetings with critics of the government. It was reported that Hamzah did not have the military or international support to launch a military coup. As such, some sources reported that the "sedition" was not a planned military coup, but rather a plan "to push for protests that would appear to be a popular uprising with masses on the street", which would subsequently pressure Abdullah to abdicate in Hamzah's favour.

In April 2022, Hamzah relinquished his royal title of prince, stating his "personal convictions" were not in line with "the approaches, trends and modern methods of our institutions". A month earlier, he had reportedly apologized to the King in a letter, wishing to "turn the page on this chapter in our country's and our family's history". In May 2022, the King formally announced that Hamzah had been put under house arrest and his communications and movements were limited due to his "erratic behavior and aspirations".

Marriages and family
Hamzah married his second cousin, Princess Noor bint Asem bin Nayef, at Al—Baraka Palace of Amman on 29 August 2003. The official wedding was held on 27 May 2004 at Zahran Palace. Hamzah and Noor divorced on 9 September 2009.

On 12 January 2012, Hamzah married Basmah Bani Ahmad Al-Outom. The couple issued a total of four daughters and two sons:
 * Princess Zein bint Hamzah (born 3 November 2012)
 * Princess Noor bint Hamzah (born 5 July 2014)
 * Princess Badiya bint Hamzah (born 8 April 2016)
 * Princess Nafisa bint Hamzah (born 7 February 2018)
 * Prince Hussein bin Hamzah (born 8 November 2019)
 * Prince Muhammad bin Hamzah (born 8 February 2022)

National

 * Jordan:
 * JOR Order of the Renaissance GC.SVG Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
 * Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan
 * Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence
 * Knight Officer of the Order of Military Merit

Foreign

 * Bahrain:
 * Order of Ahmad the Conqueror.gif Recipient of the Medal of Ahmad Al-Fateh
 * Italy:
 * ITA OMRI 2001 GC BAR.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
 * Norway:
 * St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
 * The Netherlands:
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau

title: Hamzah bin Hussein


text: User talk:69.225.32.149

title: User talk:69.225.32.149


text:
Bourgueil

Bourgueil is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

Bourgueil wine
Bourgueil is an appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) for wine in the Loire Valley region, and produces primarily red wine from the grape variety Cabernet Franc. Bourgueil wine was mentioned in the works of François Rabelais.

Transportation
Bourgueil is served by the A85 autoroute, a nearby railway line and the cycling-route, Loire a vélo.

Personalities
Bourgueil was the birthplace of:
 * Moses Amyraut (1596–1664), Protestant theologian and metaphysician
 * Antoine Brutus Menier (1795–1853), chocolatier
 * Jean Carmet (1920–1994), actor

In Acadian Genealogy, Bourgueil is notable as the birthplace of Guillaume Trahan.

title: Bourgueil


text:
User talk:Jon Cates

Jon,

Regarding your redirect 3 May 2006 (UTC) regarding the new Toughened glass page, however please be aware that this is new content. It is an expanded version of the existing text and does contain new information.

I did not notice your redirect and assumed that my article hadn't been submitted correctly - hence my resubmission.

The Architectural Glass is about glass in buildings. The Toughened Glass page clearly will have some overlapping content.

I will rv this page tomorrow to the text which I placed there.

Feel free to discuss on the Talk:Toughened glass page.

Regards,

Parasite 04:19, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:31, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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être and éteindre
Hello,

I just wanted to mention that I've changed back the été to éteint in Pluperfect since the verb used was éteindre, to put out, not être, to be.

Best regards,

- Tournesol 23:37, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Suicide attack
needs to be reverted -Xornok 19:21, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Joseph Haydn revert also... sorry about this... i just see you at all the pages right before i get there... not to mention, i have to do it manually, i figure id just give you a headsup until i can get my popup thing to work... it wont revert for me -Xornok 19:35, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

carlos perez rial
You were very quick - I was just going to do some redirects and I saw they were already there. I thought I'd had a blank spell or something. Jameswilson 02:37, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks!
...for the double redirect warnings... I'll watch it. --HolyRomanEmperor 17:41, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Meh
Thanks for the double-redirect-fixing stuff, benefits those of us who are too lazy to check :) – Gurch 18:10, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

AID
Hello,

As a recent editor of the article Shania Twain, you may have noticed the page isn't up to par with several other artist's pages. That's why I'm asking you to help it's nomination for an Article Improvement Drive, all you have to do is simply vote for it. If you would like to help, just vote here.

Thankyoubaby 20:36, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

trademark???
Are you seriously proposing that "U of M" is a trademark of the University of Michigan, so that their habitual stupid bigotry has legal status? The University of Minnesota has been called the U of M since before the birth of anyone now living, and I think the same is true of several others. The University of Minnesota is also called the "U of M" in some official contexts. Are you proposing that that's trademark infringement? Michael Hardy 20:33, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * UM and U of M is a trademark of the University of Michigan ... I point to [], also Michigan was the first school formed which was University of M********* (1817). --Jon Cates 20:43, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Do you have any particular reason to think they were using the phrase "U of M" before the others? Michael Hardy 23:02, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * #1 The University of Michigan was formed more than 15 years before any of other U of M styled Universities in the United States
 * #2 The University has properly registered it as a trademark and wordmark as noted in my reference.
 * While other schools maybe styled as U of M or UM, these are stylations and not official trademarks such as it is in the University of Michigan case. The University of Michigan case goes beyond the concepts of colloquialism and is indeed legally protected.

--Jon Cates 23:19, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

What makes you think the others are not official trademarks? And, as I asked, do you have any particular reason to think the University of Michigan was using the phrase "U of M" before the others? You did not answer that. In the case of the University of Minnesota, it is not a mere colloquialism, but is used officially in many instances. Michael Hardy 20:11, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have only stated, and continue to state, that UM and U of M are trademarks of the University of Michigan. That is a fact. This diatribe that you find yourself on is not appropriate. I have referenced my statements, and they are valid. Thank you for showing concern, yet as I have forwarded evidence of my statements, I respectfully ask that you end this diatribe. Jon Cates 01:25, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

No, that is not all you said. You wrote: "While other schools maybe styled as U of M or UM, these are stylations and not official trademarks". So what makes you think they're not?

Also, you said "The University of Michigan case goes beyond the concepts of colloquialism". That would be relevant in this context ONLY if the others do NOT "go beyond the concepts of colloquialism". But at the University of Minnesota, the name "U of M" is not merely colloquial; it is used in various official ways to refer to the University of Minnesota. It's also used on informational signs on interstate highways to direct people to the University of Minnesota's Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses. That's not just colloquialism.

You have not "referenced [your] statement" that the others are not trademarks, nor your statement that the Unviversity of Michigan was called the U of M before the others were. Michael Hardy 21:49, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

-- Note from an external reader:

Note that Univ. Michigan doesn't claim to have registered "U of M" as a wordmark, though it appears it makes a generic claim of ownership: http://www.logos.umich.edu/guidelines/markguidelines.html

Indeed, there doesn't seem to be any reference of anyone having trademarked the phrase in online database of the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/gate.exe?f=login&p_lang=english&p_d=trmk

UM-Flint
Hi, Jon, since you have edited the UM-Flint site a lot, is it your opinion that we should add photographs to it, much like A2 has? Thanks for your consideration. I have many photos. Je vous parlerai plus tard, alors. Zea_m 17 August 2006

Black people article arbitration
Although I will not withdraw from the resolution to the Black People article arbitration, I do want to inform you I will not be participating further in the conversation or any article contributions for a while. I made my point clearly and I have found that the disruptions of EditingOprah have simply not been handled for what they are. He is the sole holdout in the article and he has sockpuppeted enough times to be banned. Finally, his and DeeCeeVoice's ignorance have really upset me because they remind me of how far we have to go in America. We have a lot of people who are caught up in being dictators, bosses, gangstas, niggas, thugs, and so forth. Because their ignorant perspective is financially supported by white corporations and the media, they evidently control too much of how discourse in black america is handled and until black people take charge of our own destiny, we cannot do anything but watch. By brother said one day about rap "Isn't it amazing how everyone can listen to a black man speak, he is that powerful". My response was "what a shame all that power is wasted on speaking about things of so little value" --Zaphnathpaaneah 06:51, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

How much longer do we have to keep the Black People article locked?
The mediation has not gone anywhere since, and the article itself remains locked. EditingOprah is the lone holdout. Why will you not consider the matter resolved and unlock the article? --Zaphnathpaaneah 05:25, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

I am not an admin, so I can not unprotect the page. As the other user as not responded, I will close the MedCab case. --Jon Cates 06:17, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Requested Move at Case Closed
I write to you because I have read your contributions for the RfC for the name of the article Case Closed/Detective Conan (Currently archived at Talk:Case Closed/Name dispute discussions. A page move request has been made to move the page (and 11 related pages) to Detective Conan; please comment it on Talk:Case Closed.--Samuel CurtisShinichian-Hirokian-- TALK · CONTRIBS 13:17, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:University of Michigan-Flint Seal.jpg
Hello Jon Cates, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:University of Michigan-Flint Seal.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Jon Cates. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Please note that it is possible that the image on your page is included vie a template or usebox. In that case, please find a free image for the template or userbox. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 05:42, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

From what I understand the land straddles the City of Flint and Flint Township. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.244.173.156 (talk) 02:27, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Jon, any advice on submitting this biography without getting it deleted.
I feel the biography is notable and have been seeing him in the news lately with his new project. I compare it to oneredpaperclip.com as far as web 2.0 flare

The oneredpaperclip guy's first wikipedia article was nothing more than this:

Originally from Belcarra, British Columbia, Canada, Kyle MacDonald has planted more than one hundred thousand trees, delivered more than one thousand pizzas, but eaten only one scorpion. He has also traded one red paperclip for a house only once.

He coordially invites you to edit his wikipedia bio as creatively as you desire.

When he's not stealing a flag from the Prime Minister's office or promoting Alberta Beef by hitch-hiking in a parade, you might find him leaving his wallet in El Segundo or hanging out in Bangkok modeling Italian Soccer jerseys to fund 4am Red-Bull and Rum-fueled urban hitchhikes. He also enjoys writing third-person bio pages for his website and loves to stand on street corners in Montreal hawking shoddily-bound English literature to Francophones in sub-zero temperatures.

Mark Timms article I am trying to submit is this:

Originally from Belcarra, British Columbia, Canada, Kyle MacDonald has planted more than one hundred thousand trees, delivered more than one thousand pizzas, but eaten only one scorpion. He has also traded one red paperclip for a house only once.

He coordially invites you to edit his wikipedia bio as creatively as you desire.

Timms(born February 10, 1978) is a native citizen of Greenwood, South Carolina. Timms Graduated from Cambridge Academy in 1996 and went on to attend Lander University. Timms became active in politics and soon became vice-chair to the Republican party's 3rd Congressional district during the term of Lindsay Graham, current United States Senator. Mark was also active in local beautification and bipartisan politics in the small town of Hodges, South Carolina. Mark ran for mayor of Hodges at the age of 19. Mark lost by a few votes but became known as the youngest person to ever run for an office in Greenwood County.

In July of 2007, Timms travelled to 36 states in 5 days without turning off the engine with YouTube celebrity, Chris Thompson in an attempt to create a Guiness Record of 48 states in 7 days.

Timms latest project has been raising money for the first consumer generated independent Super bowl commercial. Timms hopes to make a nano-fractional commercial and donate the remaining proceeds to a charity voted on by the public.

I have to admit, Mark Timms does indeed live in my hometown but i do not know him personally. Just trying to submit a worthwhile article. Any advice to get it in would be great. Thanks! Lindsay Barton —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.59.125.179 (talk) 23:05, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Yes, it's 3 miles SW of the city, but within city limits.

http://www.airnav.com/airport/KFNT —Preceding unsigned comment added by FlyFNT (talk • contribs) 01:44, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:University of Michigan-Flint Seal.jpg)
Thanks for uploading File:University of Michigan-Flint Seal.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Hazard-Bot (talk) 04:51, 5 April 2013 (UTC)

Michigan Wikipedians
Greetings Jon Cates! I noticed that you made mention of the University of Michigan or Ann Arbor on your userpage. If you are a current student, faculty, or other affiliate at the University of Michigan, I would like to welcome you, on behalf of the Michigan Wikipedians, to our next weekly meeting on Monday September 30 (and every Monday thereafter). The meetings are held at 8:00 PM (EDT) in the University of Michigan Shapiro Library, room 4041. New and experienced editors alike are most welcome. Do not hesitate to leave me a message if you have any questions, and feel free to stop by the MWiki talk page. The Michigan Wikipedians are excited to meet you!   A rbitrarily 0   ( talk ) 00:40, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

New deal for page patrollers
Hi ,

In order to better control the quality  of new pages, keep out the spam, and welcome the genuine newbies, the current system we introduced in 2011 is being updated and improved. The documentation and tutorials have also been revised and given a facelift. Most importantly a new user group New Page Reviewer has been created.

Under the new rule, you may find that you are temporarily unable to mark new pages as reviewed. However, this is nothing to worry about - most current experienced patrollers are being accorded the the new right without the need to apply, and if you have significant previous experience of patrolling new pages, we strongly encourage you to apply for the new right as soon as possible - we need all the help we can get, and we are now providing a dynamic, supportive environment for your work.

Find out more about this exiting new user right now at New Page Reviewers and be sure to read the new tutorial before applying. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:28, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jon Cates


text:
Talk:Lists of countries by GDP

Untitled
why are these numbers so outdated?? the 2006 figures are out already. -- Preceding unsigned comment by 201.81.8.106 on 28 March 2007 at 20:07 (UTC). Comment signed by Kndimov (talk) 23:12, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of countries by GDP


text: User talk:69.211.122.247

title: User talk:69.211.122.247


text:
User talk:Lindy 9us

Hola I'm only 11 but i am a M.K. (missionary kid). i have been to Africa and i Live in Tennessee. i used to live in Michigan but Me and my Family have moved down to Tennessee. I like being a M.K. I have met many people and had to say good-bye to many people but i have gotten used to it. This site has really helped me with school. I am homeschooled, My mom teaches me. We are going to Africa again this coming up fall. We might go to Africa in April for 6 weeks but i might stay here with my mom and sister and my dad just might go by himself. P.S. I'm a Jesus Freak i hope you become one too.

title: User talk:Lindy 9us


text:
Talk:Gnomon

Untitled
I was just wondering why there is no reference here to the fact that the Greek word "gnomon" describes a figure similar to the letter "L" and that is in widespread use throughout the world as a "Carpenter's Square". Essentially the L shape is indicative that the figure adjoins to a square and thus produces the next larger square in a sequence of squares. For example, the gnomon on a square of 1 would be 3, that on a square of 4 would be 5, that on a square of 9 would be 7, and so forth.

 * Well I'm not certain I know what you're talking about for the carpentry square, but what I did was look up on Google, and typed in the engine: define:gnomon (search results), and got this definition:
 * pronounced NO-mon, a Greek word meaning "the one who knows." The gnomon is the pointer on a sundial, the part of the sundial that "knows" the time.
 * That said, a figure similar to the letter L that you mentioned may be Γ, which is uppercase gamma, the Greek counterpart to G. That would be why that L-looking character is used in reference to a gnomon. --D. F. Schmidt (talk) 14:23, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

We may want to include a picture from the Mars rover, seeing as most of those are of gnomons and they're all public domain. I'm not quite sure how to post them here, though.

Parallelogram
Another definition of gnomon, from www.answers.com:

The geometric figure that remains after a parallelogram has been removed from a similar but larger parallelogram with which it shares a corner.

And this can be extended to mean something you cannot see (the missing part of the parallelogram) but can still guess it's there because of the stuff around it. You see the word used this way in lit-crit.

--If you look up gnomon on Merriam-Webster's online, and click to see the illustration, the relationship between the carpenter's square and the geometric definition of gnomon becomes clear. Perhaps it would be useful to include a similar illustration in the main article. Thanks. (I'm new to this, so please bear with me as I learn the ropes.)--Mise-en-abyme 04:42, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

disambiguation?
Why is the Gnomon workshop in this article and not on the disambiguation page? ..or why isn't all the other disambiguation page stuff crammed into this article too?

 * Fixed —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.97.20.102 (talk) 14:59, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

bulleted items
User:Gentlemath, do we really want the "History" section to be in bulleted-list format? (I undid it, but you reinstated it). I think it makes it harder to read and to understand any connections, because bulleted lists are usually reserved for lists of discreet items. Right now it looks more like a powerpoint slide than an article, and we all know how crummy powerpoint presentations are for presenting large amounts of text. (Wikipedia's Manual of style agrees - "Bulleted and numbered lists: Do not use lists if a passage reads easily using plain paragraphs.")

I didn't do a very good job of turning it back into prose/text, but I think bulleting items is the wrong approach. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 13:22, 3 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I kind of agree with you but I also didn't do a great job on prose. I just liked the idea of an evolution from sundial to odd number. I tried one paragraph since there is no natural break. How about this? Do you think the bold is is too aggresive? Actually I am not sure if the instrument for drawing perpendicular lines or a line drawn perpendicularly came first. I opted for putting the instrument next to the shape of the instrument.

 * Anaximander (610–546 BC) is credited with introducing this Babylonian instrument to the Greeks. Perhaps because the gnomon often rises vertically from a horizontal face, Oenopides used the phrase drawn gnomon-wise to describe a line drawn perpendicular to another. . Later, the term was used for an L-shaped instrument like a steel square used to draw right angles. This shape may explain its use to describe a shape formed by cutting a smaller square from the corner of a larger one. Extending this, Euclid extended the term to the plane figure formed by removing a similar parallelogram from a corner of a larger parallelogram. Even more generally, Hero defined a gnomon as that which, added to an entity (number or shape), makes a new entity similar to the starting entity. In this sense Theon of Smyrna used it to describe a number which added to a polygonal number produces the next one of the same type. The most common use in this sense is an odd integer especially when seen as a figurate number between square numbers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gentlemath (talk • contribs) 19:46, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Projects
This page actually has hardly anything to do with China and also not much to do with time (sundial does). I didn't want to delete the headers but ....--Gentlemath (talk) 19:50, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Linking references to the text
I am not able to make a reference on the line about Gnomons used during the Apollo Program to the footnote I made. Can somebody fix that for me? Thanks...I have not learned how to do it myself.

title: Talk:Gnomon


text:
Juglans cinerea

Juglans cinerea, commonly known as butternut or white walnut, is a species of walnut native to the eastern United States and southeast Canada.

Distribution
The distribution range of J. cinerea extends east to New Brunswick, and from southern Quebec west to Minnesota, south to northern Alabama and southwest to northern Arkansas. It is absent from most of the Southern United States. The species also proliferates at middle elevations (about 2000 ft above sea level) in the Columbia River basin, Pacific Northwest; as an off-site species. Trees with 7 ft (over mature) class range diameter at breast height were noted in the Imnaha River drainage as late as January 26, 2015. Butternut favors a cooler climate than black walnut and its range does not extend into the Deep South. Its northern range extends into Wisconsin and Minnesota where the growing season is too short for black walnut.

Description
J. cinerea is a deciduous tree growing to 20 m tall, rarely 40 m. Butternut is a slow-growing species, and rarely lives longer than 75 years. It has a 40 – stem diameter, with light gray bark.

The leaves are alternate and pinnate, 40 – long, with 11–17 leaflets, each leaflet 5 – long and 3 – broad. Leaves have a terminal leaflet at the end of the leafstalk and have an odd number of leaflets. The whole leaf is downy-pubescent, and a somewhat brighter, yellower green than many other tree leaves.

Flowering and fruiting
Like other members of the family Juglandaceae, butternut's leafout in spring is tied to photoperiod rather than air temperature and occurs when daylight length reaches 14 hours. This can vary by up to a month in the northern and southernmost extents of its range. Leaf drop in fall is early and is initiated when daylight drops to 11 hours. The species is monoecious. Male (staminate) flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green slender catkins that develop from auxiliary buds and female (pistillate) flowers are short terminal spikes on current year's shoots. Each female flower has a light pink stigma. Flowers of both sexes do not usually mature simultaneously on any individual tree.

The fruit is a lemon-shaped nut, produced in bunches of two to six together; the nut is oblong-ovoid, 3 – long and 2 – broad, surrounded by a green husk before maturity in midautumn.

Soil and topography
Butternut grows best on stream banks and on well-drained soils. It is seldom found on dry, compact, or infertile soils. It grows better than black walnut, however, on dry, rocky soils, especially those of limestone origin. Butternut's range includes the rocky soils of New England where black walnut is largely absent.

Butternut is found most frequently in coves, on stream benches and terraces, on slopes, in the talus of rock ledges, and on other sites with good drainage. It is found up to an elevation of 1500 m in the Virginias – much higher altitudes than black walnut. The nuts are eaten by wildlife.

Associated forest cover
Butternut is found with many other tree species in several hardwood types in the mixed mesophytic forest. It is an associated species in the following four northern and central forest cover types: sugar maple–basswood, yellow poplar–white oak–northern red oak, beech–sugar maple, and river birch–sycamore. Commonly associated trees include basswood (Tilia spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), beech (Fagus grandifolia), black walnut (Juglans nigra), elm (Ulmus spp.), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), hickory (Carya spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), red maple (Acer rubrum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). In the northeast part of its range, it is often found with sweet birch (Betula lenta) and in the northern part of its range it is occasionally found with white pine (Pinus strobus). Forest stands seldom contain more than an occasional butternut tree, although in local areas, it may be abundant. In the past, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Indiana, and Tennessee have been the leading producers of butternut timber.

Canopy competition
Although young trees may withstand competition from the side, butternut does not survive under shade from above. It must be in the overstory to thrive. Therefore, it is classed as intolerant of shade and competition.

Butternut canker
The most serious disease of J. cinerea is butternut decline or butternut canker. In the past, the causal organism of this disease was thought to be a fungus, Melanconis juglandis. Now this fungus has been associated with secondary infections and the primary causal organism of the disease has been identified as another species of fungus, Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum. The fungus is spread by wide-ranging vectors, so isolation of a tree offers no protection.

Butternut canker first entered the United States around the beginning of the 20th century, when it arrived on imported nursery stock of Japanese walnut.

Symptoms of the disease include dying branches and stems. Initially, cankers develop on branches in the lower crown. Spores developing on these dying branches are spread by rainwater to tree stems. Stem cankers develop 1 to 3 years after branches die. Tree tops killed by stem-girdling cankers do not resprout. Diseased trees usually die within several years. Completely free-standing trees seem better able to withstand the fungus than those growing in dense stands or forest. In some areas, 90% of the butternut trees have been killed. The disease is reported to be spreading rapidly in Wisconsin. By contrast, black walnut seems to be resistant to the disease.

Hybrid resistance
Butternut hybridizes readily with Japanese walnut. The hybrid between butternut and the Japanese walnut is commonly known as the 'buartnut' and inherits Japanese walnut's resistance to the disease. Researchers are back-crossing butternut to buartnut, creating 'butter-buarts" which should have more butternut traits than buartnuts. They are selecting for resistance to the disease. Most butternuts found as landscaping trees are buartnuts rather than the pure species.

Other pests
Bunch disease also attacks butternut. Currently, the causal agent is thought to be a mycoplasma-like organism. Symptoms include a yellow witches' broom resulting from sprouting and growth of auxiliary buds that would normally remain dormant. Infected branches fail to become dormant in the fall and are killed by frost; highly susceptible trees may eventually be killed. Butternut seems to be more susceptible to this disease than black walnut.

The common grackle has been reported to destroy immature fruit and may be considered a butternut pest when populations are high.

Butternut is very susceptible to fire damage, and although the species is generally wind firm, it is subject to frequent storm damage.

Conservation
The species is not listed as threatened federally in the US, but is listed as "Special Concern" in Kentucky, "Exploitably Vulnerable" in New York State, and "Threatened" in Tennessee. This species is also listed as "Endangered" in Illinois.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada placed the butternut on the endangered species list in Canada in 2005.

Approximately 60 grafted butternut trees were planted in a seed orchard in Huntingburg, Indiana, in 2012 as part of a larger effort by the USDA Forest Service to conserve the species and to breed resistance to butternut canker disease. Forest Service staff from the Hoosier National Forest, the Eastern Region National Forest genetics program, the Northern Research Station, and the Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center at Purdue University are involved in the project.

Famous specimens
The American Forest National Champion is located in Oneida, New York. In 2016 its circumference at breast height was 288 in, the height was 67 ft, and the spread was 88 ft.

The Bush butternut tree was planted by settler George Bush (1845) in current Tumwater, Washington, brought from Missouri. It was seriously damaged in a windstorm in 2015, and collapsed on May 1, 2021, at the age of 176 years.

Butternut wood has been found at the pre-Columbian Viking settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, an island where butternut does not grow and to which it therefore is presumed to have been transported from more southerly locations. The butternut log specimens found there were cut with European tools.

Culinary Use
The butternuts are edible and were made into a butter-like oil by Native Americans for various purposes. The young green nuts, while still soft, can be pickled; survivalist Bradford Angier recommends this be done with a change of salt water every other day for a week, and a subsequent seasoning of at least two weeks. The sap can be used to make syrup.

Lumber
Butternut wood is light in weight and takes polish well, and is highly rot resistant, but is much softer than black walnut wood. Oiled, the grain of the wood usually shows much light. It is often used to make furniture, and is a favorite of woodcarvers.

Fabric dye
Butternut bark and nut rinds were once often used to dye cloth to colors between light yellow and dark brown. The husks contain a natural yellow-orange dye. To produce the darker colors, the bark is boiled to concentrate the color. This appears to never have been used as a commercial dye, but rather was used to color homespun cloth.

In the mid-19th century, inhabitants of areas such as southern Illinois and southern Indiana – many of whom had moved there from the Southern United States – were known as "butternuts" from the butternut-dyed homespun cloth that some of them wore. Later, during the American Civil War, the term "butternut" was sometimes applied to Confederate soldiers. Some Confederate uniforms apparently faded from gray to a tan or light brown. It is also possible that butternut was used to color the cloth worn by a small number of Confederate soldiers. The resemblance of these uniforms to butternut-dyed clothing, and the association of butternut dye with home-made clothing, resulted in the derisive nickname.

Fishing
Crushed fruits can be used to poison fish, though the practice is illegal in most jurisdictions. Bruised fruit husks of the closely related black walnut can be used to stun fish.

title: Juglans cinerea


text:
CSS Fredericksburg

CSS Fredericksburg was a casemate ironclad that served as part of the James River Squadron of the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. Laid down in 1862 and Launched the following year, she did not see action until 1864 due to delays in receiving her armor and guns. After passing through the obstructions at Drewry's Bluff in May 1864, she participated in several minor actions on the James River and fought in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm from September 29 to October 1. On January 23 and 24, 1865, she was part of the Confederate fleet at the Battle of Trent's Reach, and was one of only two Confederate ships to make it past the obstructions at Trent's Reach. After the Confederate attack failed, Fredericksburg withdrew with the rest of the James River Squadron. On April 3, as the Confederates were abandoning Richmond, Fredericksburg and the other vessels of the James River Squadron were burned. Her wreck was located in the 1980s, buried under sediment.

Background and description
In mid-1862, Fredericksburg was laid down by the Confederate States Navy in the Rocketts Landing area of Richmond, Virginia to a plan by the Chief Naval Constructor, John L. Porter. The ship was one of the ironclads built to Porter's shallow-draft "diamond hull" configuration with a flat bottom and hull sides that met the base of the casemate at a 90° angle. By substituting straight lines and angles for the traditional keel and curving frame of the hull, Porter optimized his design to be quickly built by ordinary carpenters, rather than highly skilled shipwrights that were in short supply in the Confederacy, at the cost of being able to mount fewer guns than those ironclads built with traditional hulls. Their shallow draft and flat bottom restricted these ships to rivers and inland waters.

Porter supervised the work of constructing Fredericksburg, but it is uncertain how exactly he followed his design as surviving documents disagree in many ways. The plan showed an overall length of 188 ft and a length between perpendiculars of 170 ft with a maximum beam of 40 ft, a moulded beam of 34 ft and a depth of hold of 9 ft. The naval historian Saxon T. Bisbee quotes a beam of 40 ft with a depth of hold of 10 ft and a draft of 9 to 10 ft while US Navy historian Paul J. Marcello provides a figure of 13 ft for the ironclad's draft. She had a tonnage of 700 long tons. The ship's casemate was shaped like a rectangle and Porter's plan showed two pilothouses on the casemate's roof, although operational reports from her captain make no mention of the rear pilothouse.

The Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond was contracted to produce her propulsion system, although Bisbee believes that it is possible that the Richmond-based Shockoe Foundry may have produced them. The ship was propelled by a pair of 24 in direct-acting steam engines that each drove a 7 ft propeller. Porter's plan shows Fredericksburg as having three horizontal boilers measuring 7 feet tall, 5 ft in diameter, and 15 ft long, but it is not known if the final construction varied from the blueprints or not. Bisbee believes that the boilers probably were of the fire-tube type. Fredericksburg could move at a speed of about 5 kn and had a crew of 150. She also carried about 20 to 25 Confederate States Marines in case of a battle that required naval boarding.

Fredericksburg eventually received her armament of one 7 in Brooke rifle on a pivot mount in the bow, two 6.4 in Brooke rifles, one on each broadside and a 10 in Columbiad muzzle-loading smoothbore gun on a pivot mounting in the stern. Naval historian Paul H. Silverstone states that she was armed with one 11 in smoothbore cannon, an 8 in rifled cannon, and two 6.4 in rifled cannons, and naval historian W. Craig Gaines states that she was armed with four 6 in rifled cannons.

Gaines states that she had 4 in of wrought-iron armor. The area where the casemate met the deck was armored with 2 in of iron, and the armor extended below the waterline. The top of the casemate consisted of 2-inch-thick iron bars, spaced 9 in apart. After the Battle of Chaffin's Farm in September–October 1864, the ship's captain recommended that additional iron bars be positioned between the bars to better protect the crew, although it is uncertain if this was ever done. Fredericksburg had less armor than Virginia II, which gave her a lighter draft but made her comparatively weaker.

Construction and career

Named for the Virginia city, Fredericksburg's construction was partially funded from monies raised by women's organizations for ship construction; the ship was one of several ironclads sometimes known as the "Ladies Gunboats". An attempt to launch the warship on June 6, 1863, failed when the Confederates were unable to get her into the water, but another on June 11 was successful. Her fitting out was prolonged by a lack of iron, which was in short supply in the Confederacy. The shortage led to work on the ironclad CSS Virginia II being delayed until after Fredericksburg was armored, as there was not enough metal available to work on both ships at the same time. The ship was complete, except for her armament by November 30. High waters on the James River in early 1864 threatened to wash away stockpiles of timber and inundate the shipyard's wharves, further delaying her completion.

In March, Fredericksburg was commissioned and taken to Drewry's Bluff on the James River, where she was fitted out, placed under the command of Commander Thomas R. Rootes. She was assigned to the James River Squadron. The James River Squadron had been commanded by Captain French Forrest until May 6, when Captain John K. Mitchell replaced Forrest. As of April 30, Fredericksburg's armament was reported to be close, but not quite, complete, and she was still not fully ready when Mitchell took command. By May 15, she was fully ready for combat.

The vessels of the James River Squadron could not initially move downriver beyond Drewry's Bluff, as the river had been obstructed there in 1862 to prevent Union incursions up the river. Pilings had been driven into the river which was also blocked with stone-filled cribs and blockships. However, in May 1864, the obstructions were partially dismantled to allow for a Confederate offensive against the Union vessels in the James. On May 23, Fredericksburg passed through the remainder of the obstructions, and Virginia II and the ironclad CSS Richmond passed through the next day. General P. G. T. Beauregard placed artillery batteries along the south side of the river to support the naval advance, but Fredericksburg suffered boiler damage on May 29 that required a day to repair. Mitchell was aware that the Union would have strong advantages in a naval battle, and he and his officers declined to attack. Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant moved across the James as part of an advance against Richmond in June, and established a supply depot at City Point on the James. The primary goal of the Union naval forces on the James became to protect City Point, and to further that goal, five blockships were sunk at Trent's Reach, which was 20 miles upriver from City Point.

On June 21, the James River Squadron and a Confederate shore battery known as Battery Dantzler bombarded Union ships stationed at Trent's Reach. The naval fire was at a range of almost 2 mi and was not effective. Union forces under the command of Major General Benjamin Butler began building the Dutch Gap Canal in August to try to bypass Confederate land defenses in the area. On August 13, Confederate naval forces fired on the Union troops building the canal. Fredericksburg participated in the action, along with Virginia II, Richmond, and the gunboats CSS Drewry, CSS Nansemond, and CSS Hampton. The Confederate vessels fired approximately 147 shots during the engagement, but did little damage. The shooting lasted from 06:00 to 18:00, and about 30 Union soldiers were killed or wounded. Union return fire damaged Fredericksburg's smokestack. Four days later, the three ironclads helped repulse a small Union attack against a Confederate position at Signal Hill, which was the location of a Confederate battery downstream from Drewry's Bluff.

On September 29, Butler's Union Army of the James attacked the Confederate land positions in the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. The three Confederate ironclads were in the area, and were called upon to fire at the Union lines. Union troops took Fort Harrison, but were unable to capture Chaffin's Bluff. The ironclads participated in the fighting from September 29 to October 1. Their fire was effective and they suffered little damage, although a rifled cannon on Fredericksburg burst on September 30. The Union gains on land allowed them to construct a battery known as Fort Brady on the now-captured Signal Hill upriver from Battery Dantzler. While Battery Danztler still controlled part of the river for the Confederates and prevented Union ships from travelling upriver to Fort Brady, the Confederate vessels were unable to move downriver to Battery Danztler. On October 22, while patrolling the river, the James River Squadron was surprised by the presence of a Union shore battery which had been recently constructed upstream from Fort Brady. The three ironclads moved against the battery to allow the wooden gunboats of the fleet to escape, before falling back to Chaffin's Bluff. Fredericksburg suffered minor damage during the engagement, with her smokestack and the roof to her casemate damaged.

Trent's Reach
On October 24, Fredericksburg was sent upriver to the Rocketts area, where she was given a replacement cannon for the gun that had burst and had the roof of her casemate protected with iron bars. Fredericksburg, Virginia II, and Richmond went down to Fort Brady on December 7 and exchanged fire with the Union position. Rootes did not command Fredericksburg due to illness from December 1864 until February 1865. Lieutenant Francis E. Shepperd commanded her for a time during December 1864, and from January 14 through 25, 1865. By the beginning of 1865, the situation was becoming bleaker for the Confederates due to several military defeats, and it was decided to risk an attack against the Union fleet on the James in hopes of breaking the blockade on the river and destroying the depot at City Point. The Union obstructions at Trent's Reach had been damaged by high water, and part of the Union fleet had been transferred to North Carolina for operations against Fort Fisher. On the night of January 23/24, the Confederate fleet, composed of Fredericksburg, Richmond, Virginia II, Hampton, Drewry, Nansemond, the gunboats CSS Torpedo and CSS Beaufort, and the torpedo boats CSS Hornet, CSS Wasp, and CSS Scorpion moved downriver towards Trent's Reach. Fredericksburg was in the lead as she had the lightest draft. The ships successfully passed Fort Brady in the darkness, but Torpedo ran aground not long after and had to be abandoned.

Fredericksburg was able to cross the Union obstructions at Trent's Reach at about 01:30 on January 24, but suffered hull damage during the process. The damage caused the ship to spring a leak. While Hampton also passed the obstructions, none of the other Confederate ironclads could. Virginia II ran aground, and the Confederates decided not to push further that night and recalled Fredericksburg and Hampton back across the obstructions. Drewry also became grounded and was abandoned; Union fire sank her later in the morning and the resulting explosion pushed Scorpion towards Union lines, where she was captured. Fredericksburg withdrew to Battery Dantzler. Union vessels arrived during the morning and reached the obstructions, firing on the now-freed Virginia II, and Richmond who were still in the process of moving upriver towards the battery. The two Confederate ironclads were able to reach the safety of Battery Dantzler, which provided fire support, striking the gunboat USS Massasoit. Union forces also brought up a Drummond light so that the river could be illuminated during nighttime. While the Confederates considered another attempt through the obstructions that night, it was decided not to risk a movement, and the surviving vessels of Mitchell's squadron withdrew to Chaffin's Bluff. In addition to the hull damage from crossing the obstructions, Fredericksburg also lost an anchor during the affair.

Shortly after the battle at Trent's Reach, Mitchell was replaced as commander of the James River Squadron by Admiral Raphael Semmes. Lieutenant Alphonse Barbot took command of Fredericksburg in February. Fredericksburg was repaired, but did not see further action. On April 3, Semmes was informed that the Confederates were abandoning Richmond. The vessels of the James River Squadron were taken upriver from Chaffin's Bluff to the obstructions at Drewry's Bluff, and the ships, including the ironclads, were burned early that morning. The men of the James River Squadron served on land, moving with the Confederate government to Danville, Virginia, before eventually surrendering in North Carolina. The wreck of Fredericksburg survived later dredging operations, despite being incompletely removed in 1871 and 1872, and the site was rediscovered in the 1980s. Fredericksburg lies parallel to the river, buried under 6 ft to 15 ft of sediment. Bisbee reports that the site has been heavily disturbed.

title: CSS Fredericksburg


text: User talk:68.34.35.23

title: User talk:68.34.35.23


text:
Melling

Melling may refer to:

Places

 * Melling, Merseyside, an area of Sefton, Merseyside, England
 * Melling, Lancashire, a village near Carnforth, Lancashire, England
 * Melling, New Zealand, a suburb of Lower Hutt, New Zealand
 * Melling Branch, a railway branch line
 * Melling railway station

Motorsport

 * Melling Racing, a NASCAR team that ran from 1982 to 2003

Other uses

 * Melling (surname)
 * Melling, name of a GWR Hawthorn Class 2-4-0 locomotive
 * Melling School, a book series by Margaret Biggs, published in the 1950s and 1960s

title: Melling


text:
User talk:Antitext

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 01:37, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Track times
Hey, I just wanted to thank you for all your good work fixing the formatting of the track times on album pages. Jobs like that are pretty tedious, and it's good to see someone happy to do them. Chairman S. |  Talk  01:48, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

All Wound Up (album)
i saw u edited this page, do u have a copy of this album?

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Autechre-cichlisuite cover.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Antitext


text:
User:Hina~enwiki

Project Meeting - May 31, 2005

Admin (10min)

 * Team lunch today.
 * Welcome new members to the team.
 * Create accounts for new team members.
 * Purchase new computers for new team members.
 * Update online calendars.
 * Defense Travel System (DTS) training next week.
 * Content from program WAR VTC - 3/18/2005.
 * Relay info to those who did not attend.
 * Discuss start and end times for meetings (need to be on time).
 * Future project meetings - recommend 10 minutes at the end of each meeting for group training.
 * Update project management planning
 * Work breakdown schedule (WBS)
 * Task managers in GForge (Use for everything > 2 hours of effort)
 * Make updates to Current events page.

Upcoming events

 * Current events

Action item review (10min)

 * Action items from last project mtg
 * Current project admin tasking

Immediate tasking (10min)

 * Upgrade server hardware.
 * Upgrade server OS to version 9.3.2
 * Perform system vulnerability analysis.

Other external tasking (15min)

 * External activities

Internal tasking (10min)

 * Internal activities

General discussion items - tasking related (5min)

 * Follow up on notes from last week's install meeting
 * thi s is a test

Process improvement (10min)

 * Dry run on PDAS PI briefing for Friday.
 * Progress with External document release procedure
 * Ensure adequate training of tools.
 * Update GForge tasks.

SSC ICER tools training (15min - JDL)

 * Wiki name space formatting procedures.
 * Moving wiki pages.
 * Tips for creating useful meta data.

Action Items

 * TBD

title: User:Hina~enwiki


text:
Talk:Richard Wilbur

Untitled
This is basically nothing but florid praise for Wilbur, not appropriate for an encyclopedia. --Tothebarricades.tk 01:39, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't write the most of this text, but I tend to agree with what was written. I do know someone who hates Wilbur's translation of Moliere though.  Go ahead and change what you think is inappropriate.  I think the qualifications in the second half of the second paragraph are appropriate: he is sometimes considered too lightweight because he is easier to read, and comparison to Auden or Frost is apt.  --Chinasaur 09:19, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

His translation of "The Misanthrope" and "Tartuffe" are excellent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.135.108.63 (talk • contribs) 10:59, 30 January 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 03:42, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 14:26, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Nutcracker
The Nutcracker (2012) was just removed from the section Poetry collections on lack of evidence of its existence. I do see a reference to it at Richard Wilbur's page at the Library of Congress Website. Since Wilbur was Poet Laureate -- a position at the Library of Congress -- I would expect this site to be authoritative. However, this is just about the only reference to it, and The Nutcracker is conspicuous by its absence at Amazon, Bookfinder, and WorldCat. If anyone knows what's going on here, please chime in! Phil wink (talk) 02:24, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

Attribution
References copied from Richard Wilbur to Richard Wilbur Award See former article history for a list of contributors. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 17:14, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Wilbur