text:
Talk:British Invasion

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Luridshadow.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:16, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
Look, I get that we need citations for many things, but this one seems pretty obvious. The Britannica article (used as the very first cite) says "What followed would be called—with historical condescension by the willingly reconquered colony—the second British Invasion." What else could this refer to but previous military invasions? Later, there is a quote of Walter Cronkite saying "The British Invasion this time goes by the code name Beatlemania." (emphasis added) Again, what else could this refer to? Do we have to find a quote of someone explicitly saying "We called it the British Invasion because it's a fun historical allusion?" Simishag (talk) 20:28, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for bringing this here. I am afraid there is no specific evidence in here to support the statement as it stands. There is no reference to the American Revolution or the War of 1812. It may seem like "this is obvious", but it may not be obvious to everyone and I have never heard of the war of 1812 as part of this picture before. The guidelines are pretty clear that "sources must support the material clearly and directly". Putting all this together from the quotes could be taken to be WP:synthesis. It might be possible to change it to something like, "it alluded to previous military invasions of the United States" with this citation, but if you want to keep the specific claims it would be best to find some more direct source, I have been looking but have no turned on up yet.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 20:40, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The phrase "British invasion" was a colloquilism used to describe any manner of things coming from England to America and was in use long before 1964. It was used in reference to sports, theatre, business and other subjects and yes, it alludes to past military invasions of the U.S. by the British. The problem with the sentence in question is that it gives the impression the phrase was invented to describe the Beatles and other British groups and was taken directly from its historical context, when it was just another use of a colloquialism that had been around for many decades. Piriczki (talk) 14:25, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * If this is true, then that seems to support the case for mentioning the allusion by pointing out that it's been used in similar contexts in the past. I am fine with rewording the sentence to note that. I'm also fine with not mentioning specific conflicts, although I'm not sure that's really an issue since there were only 2 such conflicts. Simishag (talk) 16:46, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It needs to be reliably sourced that it was a colloquialism and/or it was used before otherwise the sentence can not go in no matter how obvious it seems. Edkollin (talk) 23:08, 12 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but I have not been able to find anything reliable to back up even the American Revolution reference so far, despite several hours looking.--''' SabreBD  (talk ) 23:12, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Mary Poppins and My Fair Lady
Someone asked whether "Mary Poppins, released on 27 August 1964, became the most Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated Disney film in history, and My Fair Lady, released on 25 December 1964, won eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director." is original research. If that sentence is original research, then so are the two phrases from which it is composed, the first appearing in the Mary Poppins (film) article in Wikipedia, the second appearing in the My Fair Lady (film) article in Wikipedia.

 * I'm sure the original research tag refers to the entire paragraph, in particular the claim that "other aspects of British arts became popular due to the invasion" which goes beyond what the source actually says. The Bond films and the British Invasion of Broadway actually pre-dated the Beatles' arrival. In addition, the source seems to tie Americans' fascination with all things British to the advent of transcontinental flight. The reference to other aspects of British arts may have a place in the article but to attribute their popularity, particularly Academy Awards won, entirely to British musical groups might be a stretch as the films and actors mentioned had entrely different audiences. Piriczki (talk) 20:04, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

I didn't attribute Academy Awards nominated and won entirely to British musical groups. Rather I mentioned such things to support the paragraph's first sentence, "Outside of music other aspects of British arts became popular due to the invasion" (which sentence someone else had already entered). P.L. Travers authored the Mary Poppins books starting in 1934, and My Fair Lady (based on Shaw's Pygmalion) had already been filmed before, in 1938, and had been on Broadway before, starting in 1956. Yet the popularity of each member of the ensemble of British works in the arts, film, and music in the early to mid 1960s, especially those two films, all occurring fairly close in time to each other, tended to reinforce the popularity of each of the other members of that same ensemble, if by no other means than conversational association.71.103.143.39 (talk) 01:19, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

 * The original research tag was for the whole paragraph because the source never directly tied the other arts popularity to the invasion. What it did was indirectly say these other arts were part of the invasion. Edkollin (talk) 23:46, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Tax exiles and the Kinks
The second to last paragraph of British Invasion contains two inaccurate or misleading statements. The first, that British bands came to the United States because they "could make a lot of money without the burden of British taxes" is inaccurate. Earnings outside the United Kingdom were still taxed at home. A taxpayer had to reside outside the UK to avoid taxes, hence the number of British musicians who became tax exiles, although this didn't occur until the 1970s. The second statement, that the Kinks were banned from touring in the US because the American Federation of Musicians were "convinced that British bands were getting a disproportionate share of musician's income" is misleading at best. While the union may have had some resentment toward British acts, the Kinks were denied permits by the American Federation of Musicians because of complaints of bad behavior on stage and failing to appear for a performance during their 1965 US tour. It also didn't help that they refused to sign a release to perform on the TV show Hullabaloo and Davies punched a representative of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. This touring problem was unique to the Kinks and doesn't seem to be applicable to the British Invasion as a whole. Piriczki (talk) 18:52, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree. Given that they are misleading, we should remove them.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 19:40, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

 * For now get rid of the synthesis but not delete. Nowhere does the source say The Beatles and the Kinks were writing about going to the U.S. because of lower tax burdens. It implied but did not directly say the Kinks were banned because of resentment. The source considered reliable did say British musicians came to U.S. save on taxes. That claim is disputed but without sourcing to back it up. The source does say the American Federation of Musicians were "convinced that British bands were getting a disproportionate share of musician's income". Without proof the source is wrong these 2 claims should stay. If proof is presented one of the claims is wrong all material based on the article should be deleted. Edkollin (talk) 07:04, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

Background
I find it strange that the British invasion should effectively be described as being based on American music and James Bond. Is this a mainstream view? If not it should be removed203.184.41.226 (talk) 04:07, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * American music yes James Bond not as much. Claim in aritcle about Bond isnot backed up by source so put warning Edkollin (talk) 19:01, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree on both counts. All the books I've read over the years are clear that the Beatles and other groups were very much influenced by Motown and other American music (groups like the Rolling Stones by Chicago blues). Primarily African American music. In my mind that was always sort of the ironic thing about the "british invasion" they brought American black music back to white America. But the James Bond stuff, no, never heard that. MadScientistX11 (talk) 22:49, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

The notion of a rock (or r'n'b) group consistently writing their own songs as a self-contained creative unit was pretty much new though. Most fifties and early sixties acts had relied heavily on paid, professional songwriters who wrote to order. The Beatles (and later The Stones and The Who) pioneered the "write and play your own stuff" rock band, the idea soon spreading all around the western world. 83.254.151.33 (talk) 02:36, 8 February 2014 (UTC)

Adolf Hitler and the British invasion
Being a voracious reader, I once read something that I found interesting, namely that Adolf Hitler was indirectly responsible for the British Invasion. The reason is this: several million Americans went to Britain during WWII and they brought the Blues with them. It was the post war kids (George, Paul, John, Mick, and Jimmy, etc.) who grew up listening to it and helped create the British sound. If there's no WWII, there's no later Beatles, Stones, or Yardbirds. Assuming the original source is ever found, does this sound like a legitimate entry into this article? 209.179.21.14 (talk) 14:50, 31 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Not really. US culture in general was permeating Britain - through movies and radio in particular - well before WWII.  And, in particular, places like Liverpool (and Hamburg) were international seaports, with cultural exchanges - including records - regularly and routinely taking place between seafarers.  There was certainly a cultural effect from the American GIs coming to Britain and Europe, but it's too far-fetched to say that it directly helped to create the British sound.  Many factors were indirectly responsible.  Most sources suggest that the beat groups that emerged in the UK did so because of a combination of the skiffle boom, relatively cheap musical instruments, the influence of records imported through the seaports, the high tempo demanded of performers in the German nightclubs, and European tours such as the American Folk Blues Festival which were promoted by local music fans.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 15:06, 31 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Well I wasn't trying to imply it was the sole reason for it. The US and Britain have always been culturally close, and American music has planted roots all over the world. In the 1930s Dixieland jazz was so popular in the USSR that Stalin eventually felt obligated to ban it, in order to save his people from this decadent American cultural influence. And while WWII is not solely responsible, it is an interesting question to ponder on just different it would have been had there been no massive influx of American servicemen during the war. But that's the problem of counter factual history: you just can never know the answer.209.179.21.14 (talk) 14:38, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

 * "Interesting questions to ponder" are not relevant to this article. Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:52, 4 August 2014 (UTC)

Actually "interesting questions" should be relevant to any article if they're on topic. Your response Ghmyrtle is just snotty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.252.183.253 (talk) 23:40, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

"Beyond the Beatles" section a mess!!! Needs re-working
The "Beyond the Beatles" section is going to need a lot of work. The problem isn't in the content, per se, but how things are worded and sequenced. The ordering is jumbled and confusing and does not convey a clear, smooth narrative that is helpful to the reader. It looks as if all of the parts have just been stitched together haphazardly over the course of time. So, we need to give it an "architecture." I could do a re-write of the section that keeps the content (and sources) exactly the same, but puts everything in a clear, coherent order, with improved wording. Garagepunk66 (talk) 20:40, 10 April 2015 (UTC)Garagepunk66 (talk) 01:08, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I've worked on it a bit--switching things around and changing the wording slightly, as to keep the same meaning, but to be far more clear. The reader can now more clearly delineate the later (beyond the Beatles) wave of the British Invasion, particularly the harder, more blues-based groups that would arrive as 1965 approached. Garagepunk66 (talk) 01:07, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned references in British Invasion
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of British Invasion's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "ALLMUSIC": From The Zombies: [ allmusic Biography]. From The Pretty Things: [ Allmusic.com biography]

Reference named "The Great Rock Discography": From Glad All Over:  From The Walker Brothers:  From Bay City Rollers:  From The Pretty Things:  From Manfred Mann: </li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 23:30, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

How many listings did The Beatles have on the Hot 100 in 1964 ?
"In the next year alone, the Beatles would have 30 different listings on the Hot 100." The correct number of different listings is 31, not 30. The Billboard Hot 100 charts and Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002 both prove that fact conclusively. Yet someone keeps changing the number 31 to 30. I would ask that the number 30 be corrected to 31 and left that way permanently.107.185.145.26 (talk) 17:48, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

 * 1) I Want to Hold Your Hand
 * 2) I Saw Her Standing There
 * 3) She Loves You
 * 4) Please Please Me
 * 5) From Me to You
 * 6) My Bonnie
 * 7) Twist and Shout
 * 8) There's a Place
 * 9) Roll Over Beethoven
 * 10) All My Loving
 * 11) Can't Buy Me Love
 * 12) You Can't Do That
 * 13) Do You Want to Know a Secret
 * 14) Thank You Girl
 * 15) Love Me Do
 * 16) P.S. I Love You
 * Why
 * 1) Four by the Beatles
 * 2) Sie Liecht Dich
 * 3) Ain't She Sweet
 * 4) A Hard Day's Night
 * 5) I Should Have Known Better
 * 6) And I Love Her
 * 7) If I Fell
 * 8) I'll Cry Instead
 * 9) I'm Happy Just to Dance with You
 * 10) Matchbox
 * 11) Slow Down
 * 12) I Feel Fine
 * 13) She's a Woman

Piriczki (talk) 18:42, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

I see. Joel Whitburn had lumped "Ringo's Theme (This Boy)" by George Martin And His Orch. together with The Beatles' hits to give the appearance of 31 total for 1964.107.185.145.26 (talk) 15:09, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
Howdy, Wikipedians! I will be working on this article as part of a class assignment for the next few weeks. My goal is to make this article better and get it into a place where it can reach a greater rating and to interact with all of you to get better exposure to the editing process. Therefore, any input you have and any changes you can make that will make the article better will be greatly appreciated.

In conjunction with this article, I will be working on the Folk Rock article, which has excessive information on the British Invasion. I hope to add any new information to this article and use this article to better the summary of British Invasion in Folk Rock. I plan on helping organize this article. For example, the “Outside music” section, I believe, may need a better title and better organization. So far, I am considering organizing it by subject matter. I also think the “Influence” section contains a lot of good information, but I feel that information also can be separated into subsections. In addition to that, is there a particular reason why the information of the end of the British Invasion is under the Influence section?

Thanks in advance! Luridshadow (talk) 17:53, 26 February 2018 (UTC)

Clean sweep
"On May 8, 1965, the British Commonwealth came closer than it ever had or would to a clean sweep of a weekly Hot 100's Top 10, lacking only a hit at number two instead of 'Count Me In' by the US group Gary Lewis & the Playboys."

Casey Kasem, who repeatedly cited this statistic, always mistakenly said on "American Top 40" that all of the records, except "Count Me In", in the top 10 that week were by British acts, whereas The Seekers, whose "I'll Never Find Another You" was at #5 that week, were not British but rather Australian. Thus it was that the British Commonwealth, instead of just the British per se, missed a clean sweep that week by only one position.98.149.97.245 (talk) 17:54, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I removed any reference to Casey Kasem. I don't think of him as a reliable source. He made too many exaggerated or poorly researched statements on his radio show. Binksternet (talk) 22:49, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

"British invasion" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect British invasion and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 February 9 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 18:00, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

Beatles' 4 April 1964 top 5 matched by Drake then doubled by Taylor Swift
Tkbrett regarded my contribution to the British Invasion as "strange inclusion of trivia in a reference". How so? Both Drake and Taylor Swift's accomplishments versus The Beatles in this regard are in quite a few published articles, many of which are very recent. As just one example, see https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/taylor-swift-midnights-drake-beatles-billboard-hot-100.html .98.149.97.245 (talk) 21:09, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

 * This article is about the 1960s British invasion. Trivia about chart accomplishments are better served at the article for the Billboard Hot 100. I don't even think it's worth a note mention in this article.  Tkbrett  (✉) 21:39, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * However, the same sentence does contain Gary Trust's article on Ariana Grande's early 2019 matching The Beatles' top 3 of that same 4 April 1964 Hot 100 . Trust's article has not been regarded as better served at the article for the Billboard Hot 100 .  On those grounds, references to articles referring to Drake matching and Taylor Swift doubling the feat should all the more be included at the same sentence as well.98.149.97.245 (talk) 21:57, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * But the Grande feat isn't mentioned in this article either though, as that's something to mention at the Billboard Hot 100 article, not here.  Tkbrett  (✉) 21:59, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I disagree. The Grande feat is mentioned in reference 31, attached to the end of the same sentence.98.149.97.245 (talk) 22:02, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * It is not mentioned in either the body or a note. What you are seeing is the title of an article. That's a source for the Beatles' April 4, 1964, achievement.  Tkbrett  (✉) 22:22, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Then would you object to me similarly adding the title of the article, about the Drake and Taylor Swift feats, that I mentioned to you, to the end of the same sentence? Somehow, someone needs to mention, in the British Invasion article, that The Beatles' feat has now been both met and surpassed, but it can't be mentioned as long as someone objects to the addition of reference(s), right at that same place.  Without such reference(s), the public would be led to believe, mistakenly, that The Beatles' feat is still unrivaled.  Also please note that I cannot edit the Billboard Hot 100 article (because it is closed to general edits), which also, for whatever reason, seems to prefer highlighting the Grande feat, though it is lesser, to the Drake and Swift feats, relegating the latter two to the numerical tables.98.149.97.245 (talk) 22:35, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The statement already has three citations, it doesn't need another. You seem to be misunderstanding why those citations are there.
 * Also, you didn't even add a new source. Instead you put an unsourced statement about Drake and Swift into a ref template.
 * What it says on the Billboard Hot 100 page is irrelevant to this page. The things you want to add here are not relevant to the 1960s British invasion but are instead relevant to that page.  Tkbrett  (✉) 00:25, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Again, I cannot edit the Billboard Hot 100 article, at all, because it is closed to general edits, and given that fact, who would you say should signify that first Drake met, then Taylor Swift doubled, The Beatles' feat, so that the public is not misled? For example, should someone in Wikipedia edit the Billboard Hot 100 article appropriately because I cannot edit it all?98.149.97.245 (talk) 02:50, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Also I disagree with your assessment that I didn't add a new source, meaning, that I never did. I did, if you would just look again at the first sentence of this dialogue.  And if you object to more than three references at a single point, even though other parts of the same article have more than three references at a single point, then would you have any objection to me displacing Reference 31, which I had personally put into the article a long time ago, by https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/taylor-swift-midnights-drake-beatles-billboard-hot-100.html, the new source that I provided, thereby not increasing the total number of references there beyond three?  I have nothing to gain personally by such a request.  All I wish is that the public not have any possibility of being misled, which is the case currently.98.149.97.245 (talk) 12:25, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to talk in circles if you are not going to try to understand. This is not a new source, you just put a statement into a ref template. And the source that is there is not misleading anyone because it's only a title, not something in the body or a note. And it's not covered in the body or a note because it is not relevant to this page. I am done responding to posts here.  Tkbrett  (✉) 12:40, 5 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Forget my first attempt, which incurred your objection. Instead focus on https://slate.com/culture/2022/11/taylor-swift-midnights-drake-beatles-billboard-hot-100.html, which is a bona fide reference.98.149.97.245 (talk) 13:23, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

Cultural scope
This is an important historical article for the music and culture of both N America and Britain. As such, the longer term impact of the British Invasion in the long term is underplayed, or, too briefly illustrated. What is not mentioned at any proper length is the more intimately interwoven expressions and sharing of both artists and the wider counterculture that it gave birth to, kind of just saying that "because the Vietnam War made America a battleground, it all sort of went away except for British Prog Rock". The legacy of the British Invasion was far deeper and profound and sometimes went in reverse or interbred. No mention of Woodstock? No mention of David Bowie going to America to reincarnate. The greatest hybrid band ever: The Police or others like Fleetwood Mac. The opener of world music: Peter Gabriel. Comedy: Monty Python, Jethro Tull. Jimi in London, schooling the Brit virtuosos. Live Aid. And that's just off the top of my head.

Because of the British Invasion, the heartbeat of both cultures were forever reunited, and if you came of age 1960 to 1990, you couldn't avoid it and cherished it most likely. Thmaui (talk) 10:08, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Chart of Billboard Hot 100 number-ones by British artists, by weeks
The chart would be a useful summary, if only it were accurate, but it is not. Only one week of "I Feel Fine" is in the 1964, resulting in a total of 24 weeks for that year, and the other two weeks are in 1965, resulting in a total of 28 weeks for that year. Since all three members of America were American, 1972 had zero weeks. And so forth.98.149.97.245 (talk) 19:47, 11 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:British Invasion


text:
Talk:Arend Heyting

Formalisation of intuitionistic logic
A claim commonly made about Heyting is that he put intuitionistic logic on a formal footing, and clearly he is a central figure in this story, which I think would be appropriate to outline in this article. There was early work done on the formalisation of intuitionistic logic on this by Kolmogorov (1925) and Gentzen and Goedel in the 1930s, and of course Brouwer's notes about the interpretation of mathematical statements in the absence of principle of the excluded middle is very much to the point here (1929?): does anyone know where I could find an account of the orginins and exchange of ideas? Charles Stewart 21:36, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Arend Heyting


text:
User talk:Someoneinmyheadbutit'snotme

Black Sabbath Lyrics
Thank you very much for correcting the Best of Black Sabbath "War Pigs" lyrics, although I could have swore that it was lawn chairs or something. Oh well, you corrected me, and thank you for it.

Kinneyboy90 01:37, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Invasion, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. -- King of Hearts | (talk) 18:34, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Male and Female, this week's Collaborations of the week. Please come and help them become featured-standard articles. -- King of Hearts | (talk) 23:17, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Invasion
I just want to let you know that Invasion which you voted for as a COTW is now being considered for a featured article. Leave your input at Featured article candidates/Invasion. RENTA FOR LET?  03:57, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Aeronautics, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. -- King of Hearts | (talk) 19:50, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Frog won!
Dijxtra 21:24, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for English Interregnum, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. Juppiter 03:21, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Classic Rock
Hello. I was wondering if you would like to participate in my classic rock survey. I'm trying to find the most like classic rock song. There is more information on my user page. Hope you participate! 00:17, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've updated my Classic Rock List with your songs. You might find that some of your votes aren't present. If that is so it is because I felt that those songs weren't truly classic rock. If you have any comments feel free to leave me a message on my talk page. RENTA [[Image:FraiseFruitPhoto.jpg|25px]] FOR LET?  02:26, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've added all your songs to the list (most of your picks were already on them) except for the song Love Bites. My reasoning for not putting it on was because the band wrote the song in 1988 I belive. I feel that classic rock is strictly permitted to the '60s and '70s. However if you strongly disagree with my reasoning, I'll be happy to put it into the list. RENTA [[Image:FraiseFruitPhoto.jpg|25px]] FOR LET?  04:06, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

AID
-Litefantastic 00:29, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Fair Use Images
Hello, Sorry to bother you, but per Fair use criteria, specifically item 9, fair use images are not allowed on user pages. Please remove all fair use images from your favorite albums page, and favorite musicians page (although I like your taste in music). If you have any questions, feel free to ask. Thanks.

Makemi RfA
Thank you for voting on my RfA. It passed with a consensus to promote of 45/7/1. To those of you concerned about the fact that I am a relative newcomer, I encourage you to poke me with a sharp stick if I make a mistake. Or better yet, let me know on my talk page, and I'll do my best to fix it. Nice username, by the way. Mak emi 04:49, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Homer Simpson wins!
Joyous | Talk 18:38, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Whirly World Award

COTW Project
You voted for History of the World Wide Web, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. PDXblazers 19:37, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

FLOSS longifying
In Comparison of BitTorrent software you changed FLOSS to Free/Libre/Open-Source Software. This is too long for a table heading, so reverted it. Is that okay with you? --logixoul 11:55, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's okay, but the link just pointed to the redirect, so as long as it now goes to Free/Libre/Open Source Software, then it's fine.--Someoneinmyheadbutit'snotme 14:40, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Thanks. --logixoul 18:59, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

I really like your user name
Reading it made my day. --Go for it! 05:36, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Latin America won!
Joyous | Talk 19:10, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

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Question
Just wondering: what was the purpose of this and this edit to this week's collaborations? RexNL 23:56, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. It is not necessary to optimize the code of an article by removing the whitespace around templates, images and interwiki links. It makes the code harder to read (especially for newcomers). Also, it doesn't affect the size of the article itself, since the parser automatically skips line breaks after templates, images and interwiki links. Thanks for the effort though. RexNL 09:43, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

COTW Project
You voted for Caribbean Sea, this week's Collaboration of the week. Please come and help it become a featured-standard article. -Scottwiki 03:38, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

thanks!
Posted by (^'-')^ Covington 07:50, 24 April 2006 (UTC), on behalf of the the AID Maintenance Team

Marijuana Wiki
Hi there,

I see that you are a pro-Cannabis Wikipedian so I hope this will be of some interest to you.

I've started a Marijuana wiki (aka The Sticky Wiki) which I think you might be interested in. I'm hoping you can help me get started with this project. Whereas lots of articles about weed get speedy-deleted on Wikipedia, they would be totally cool over at MarijuanaWiki. But really I want the site to be more of a marijuana community than merely an encyclopedia.

To give you an example, I want to have city guides about where to score, find pot-friendly cafes, marijuana events, and what represents a good price in that city. Etc. (You can check out the featured article: "Toronto" to see what I mean). I also want to have grow diaries and marijuana blogs. All in all, basically more communal than encyclopedic.

I am in need of admins/moderators, and people experienced with MediaWiki to help build policy, categories, and templates, etc. If you'd be interested in helping me with this project, the URL is MarijuanaWiki

Thanks for your time and consideration. Hope to see you there!

p.s. Pink Floyd is my favorite band ;)

-- nsandwich 00:28, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for coming on board. It seems you have a lot of experience when it comes to editing/moderating so I would like to +admin you if that's ok with you. I am a little out of my league when it comes to some of the technical stuff like template-design.

 * A good place to start writing would be if you could put together a city guide for your city ;)

-- nsandwich 00:49, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Cole Hamels
How did you come to find out that Cole Hamels and Heidi Strobel are engaged?

Cleanup Taskforce
I added Ken McElroy to your desk. Please look at it and ewither accept or let me know and I'll reassign it. Thank you. RJFJR 22:26, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm confused
''In response to the message posted on my userpage. 1) Sweet. 2) It's not a secret. Check out the handy "edit" button. 3) I'd prefer if you directed messages to the talk page, rather than just posting on the user page.''

What are you talking about? QuizQuick 13:32, 9 August 2006 (UTC) Ah, ok. Sorry about posting on your userpage.

RE: I love you
Silly kid. You're welcome ;)Rosa 15:21, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

cool man!
I saw your userpage completely by chance today and I just had to say this: Awesome! You have an amazing number of userboxes. Even though my current userpage does not show it, I love userboxes. Nice userpage! Cheers! --Suleyman Habeeb 20:27, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Userboxes
You have 233 userboxes. Isn't that a bit too many? J I P | Talk 18:22, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Random smiley
Jerry lavoie 03:32, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

My concern about your username
Hello, Someoneinmyheadbutit'snotme, and welcome to Wikipedia!

I hope not to seem unfriendly or make you feel unwelcome, but I noticed your username, and am concerned that it might not meet Wikipedia's username policy. After you look over that policy, could we discuss that concern here?

I'd appreciate learning your own views, for instance your reasons for wanting this particular name, and what alternative username you might accept that avoids raising this concern.

You have several options freely available to you:
 * If you can relieve my concern through discussing it here, I can stop worrying about it.
 * If the two of us can't agree here, we can ask for help through Wikipedia's dispute resolution process, such as asking for a "third opinion", or requesting comments from other Wikipedians. Wikipedia administrators usually abide by agreements reached through this process.
 * You can keep your contributions history under a new username. Visit Changing username and follow the guidelines there.

Let me reassure you that my writing here means I don't think your username is grossly, blatantly, or obviously inappropriate; such names get reported straight to Usernames for administrator attention or blocked on sight. This is more a case where opinions might differ, and it would be good to reach some consensus — either here or at Requests for comment/User names. So I look forward to a friendly discussion, and to enjoying your continued participation on Wikipedia. Thank you. — N96 23:06, 21 June 2007 (UTC) 23:06, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I have been contributing for over two years now with this username, and far from anyone taking issue with it, I have received a few complements for it. I fail to note which point of the guideline could apply to my username and I think you should state more explicitly which aspect of it causes you concern. Someoneinmyheadbutit'snotme 01:41, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

No worries, the result was ✅ Allow your username anyway. Regards. NikoSilver 12:50, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Wow, I didn't even realize there was already a RFC for it! Someoneinmyheadbutit'snotme 18:14, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Total Commander logo.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Total Commander logo.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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News
Just to let you know, there is now a Wikipedia:WikiProject Motörhead.--Alf melmac 18:43, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for the help on the Emerson page. It's unbelievable how bad vandalism is to the "Today's Featured Article"! Mike Searson 17:36, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

Userboxes
So, are you gay, bi, or straight? Your userboxes confused me. Dustihowe (talk) 19:42, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

---
A young woman was about to finish her first year of college. Like so many others her age, she considered herself to be a very liberal Democrat and was very much in favor of the redistribution of wealth.

She was deeply ashamed that her father was a rather staunch Republican, a feeling she openly expressed. Based on the lectures that she had participated in and the occasional chat with a professor, she felt that her father had for years harbored an evil, selfish desire to keep what he thought should be his.

One day she was challenging her father on his opposition to higher taxes on the rich and the addition of more government welfare programs. The self-professed objectivity proclaimed by her professors had to be the truth and she indicated so to her father. He responded by asking how she was doing in school. Taken aback, she answered rather haughtily that she had a 4.0 GPA and let him know that it was tough to maintain, insisting that she was taking a very difficult course load and was constantly studying, which left her no time to go out and party like other people she knew. She didn't even have time for a boyfriend and didn't really have many college friends because she spent all her time studying.

Her father listened and then asked, "How is your friend Audrey doing?" She replied, "Audrey is barely getting by. All she takes are easy classes, she never studies and she barely has a 2.0 GPA. She is so popular on campus, college for her is a blast. She's always invited to all the parties and lots of times she doesn't even show up for classes because she's too hung over."

Her wise father asked his daughter, "Why don't you go to the Dean's office and ask him to deduct a 1.0 off your GPA and give it to your friend who only has a 2.0. That way you will both have a 3.0 GPA and certainly that would be a fair and equal distribution of GPA."

The daughter, visibly shocked by her father's suggestion, angrily fired back, "That wouldn't be fair! I have worked really hard for my grades! I've invested a lot of time, and a lot of hard work! Audrey has done next to nothing toward her degree. She played while I worked my tail off!"

The father slowly smiled, winked and said gently, "Welcome to the Republican Party." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chenzo23 (talk • contribs) 21:09, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Template:User knows
A tag has been placed on Template:User knows requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section T3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a deprecated or orphaned template. After seven days, if it is still unused and the speedy deletion tag has not been removed, the template will be deleted.

If the template is intended to be substituted, please feel free to remove the speedy deletion tag and please consider putting a note on the template's page indicating that it is substituted so as to avoid any future mistakes (<noinclude>{{transclusionless}}</noinclude>).

Thanks. --MZMcBride (talk) 21:11, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:BitComet logo.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:BitComet logo.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Aurox Logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Aurox Logo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:About-Asianux 01.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:About-Asianux 01.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:11, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

new WP:RDREG userbox
The box to the right is the newly created userbox for all RefDesk regulars. Since you are an RD regular, you are receiving this notice to remind you to put this box on your userpage! (but when you do, don't include the |no. Just say   ) This adds you to Category:RD regulars, which is a must. So please, add it. Don't worry, no more spam after this - just check WP:RDREG for updates, news, etc. flaminglawyerc 22:54, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

ICQ template
Today I found your ICQ template. It had multiple problems in its code, and clearly didn't do what you had intended it to. I think I fixed all of the problems, and that it now does precisely what it was supposed to do. I have changed font sizes and the size of the white field a little, in accordance with my taste. Unfortunately, I am not a programmer, so it took me a lot of edits to reach a satisfying result, using the method of trial and error. Please let me know what you think about it. Debresser (talk) 22:11, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Alphatk-aqua.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Alphatk-aqua.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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AfD nomination of Doomtree
An article that you have been involved in editing, Doomtree, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. B.Wind (talk) 23:02, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

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If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 17:53, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Changes to Descent to the Underworld (album)
The record received two official reviews from the Russian online webzine Froster.org one 7/10 that was not mentioned and zet another 10/10 that we listed with citations. I could gladly dig out the if you wish. Csabi911 (talk) 17:57, 17 December 2013 (UTC) My apologies just realized that the link was pointing to the 7/10 but showing 10/10. this indeed is confusing. I will dig out the link for both articles and add them. In the meantime we leave it as you corrected. Csabi911 (talk) 18:08, 17 December 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Delirium album artwork
Hey there! If every other Lacuna Coil album release has album artwork, why hasn't any user successfully uploaded the album artwork for Delirium? My account is far too new to create any sort of uploads. MisfitGhoul (talk) 16:09, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

September 2017
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Die Another Day (song). Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been reverted. Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continual disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you. — I B  [ Poke ] 14:20, 19 September 2017 (UTC)
 * If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant notice boards.
 * If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.

ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message
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"Children of the Grave(song)" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:Someoneinmyheadbutit'snotme


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Robertson

Peter Robertson
This page appaears to be a non-notible vanity page. I was about to go and wikify it, but thought to run a short search through amazon and google for links to this person or his books and found neither. I recommend we delete this as a vanity page unless other evidence is found that it is not. -SocratesJedi 21:37, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I did some more googling, didn't find anything of note, though it doesn't help that his name is extremely common. Delete. Spangineer 00:01, Dec 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: If the article doesn't give us a way to verify (published in what journal?), and if this journalist (he's a journalist, so "author" is a little off the mark) isn't notable enough that he comes up on a Google search, then he's both not notable enough for an encyclopedia article and not verifiable. (The previous applies to living authors, obviously, and those who work in the public sphere.  Google testing the French symbolist poet Laforgue wouldn't be appropriate.)  Geogre 00:33, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: no evidence of notability. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:46, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Wyss 20:18, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Abstaining for now. —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 08:55, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment. The page is empty when I visited it. Enochlau 06:16, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Carol Bellamy

Carol Bellamy (born January 14, 1942) is an American nonprofit executive and former politician. She is chair of the board of the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund (GCERF). Previously, she was director of the Peace Corps, executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and president and CEO of World Learning. She is also the chair of children's rights advocacy organization ECPAT International, working to end the sexual exploitation of children. After three terms in the New York State Senate, she was the first woman to be elected to any citywide office in NYC as President of the New York City Council, a position she held until her unsuccessful bid for Mayor of New York in 1985; she was the second to last person to hold this position.

Early life and education
Bellamy was born in Plainfield, New Jersey in 1942, and raised in Scotch Plains, graduating from Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School in 1959. She attended Gettysburg College, where she was a member of Delta Gamma, and graduated in 1963. She earned her J.D. degree from New York University School of Law in 1968, and was a Peace Corps volunteer in Guatemala from 1963 to 1965.

Business career
Bellamy was a managing director at Bear Stearns from 1990 to 1993, a Principal at Morgan Stanley from 1986 to 1990, and an associate in the New York law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore from 1968 to 1971. In 1968, she was to be one of the subjects of Jean-Luc Godard's film One A.M. (later released as One P.M. by D. A. Pennebaker) where she described her philosophy of using business to accomplish social change. Her speech was then satirized by Rip Torn wearing a US Civil War uniform in front of a Brooklyn middle school class.

New York State Senate
Bellamy was a member of the New York State Senate from 1973 to 1977, sitting in the 180th, 181st and 182nd New York State Legislatures.

New York City Council
She mounted an uphill campaign for President of the New York City Council in 1977. While her opponents spent hundreds of thousands of dollars in their campaigns, Bellamy carried on with just $90,000 in funds, and, despite her initially low public profile, managed to finish a strong second in the Democratic primary with 25 percent of the vote, behind the incumbent Paul O'Dwyer, who got 30 percent, and ahead of City Councilman Carter Burden, Assemblyman Leonard Stavisky and developer Abe Hirschfeld. Because no candidate had received at least 40 percent, O'Dwyer and Bellamy met in a runoff two weeks later, which she won handily, getting 58 percent of the vote. In the November general election, she easily beat the Republican candidate, Assemblyman John Esposito, by a 5-to-1 margin, becoming the first woman elected to citywide office in New York. She held the Council Presidency until her unsuccessful bid for Mayor of New York in 1985.

Other positions
Bellamy was a member of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Board until she resigned from the board at the behest of Governor Mario Cuomo in 1985. In 1982 she considered running for Governor of New York. In 1990 she was an unsuccessful candidate for New York State Comptroller. She served on the New York State Board of Regents, which oversees all state education activities and the state Department of Education, from 2005 to 2006.

Peace Corps
From 1993 to 1995, Bellamy was the director of the Peace Corps. Appointed by then US President Bill Clinton, she was the first director to have previously been a volunteer.

GCERF
As of 2014 Carol Bellamy is the Chair of the Governing Board of the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund which is the first global effort to support local, community-level initiatives aimed at strengthening resilience against violent extremist agendas, for example through job creation and empowering women and youth. As a public-private partnership operating in the fields of security and development, the fund works with governments, civil society, and the private sector in beneficiary countries to support national strategies to address the local drivers of violent extremism.

UNICEF
Bellamy was appointed to the position of executive director of UNICEF in 1995 by Boutros Boutros-Ghali, then the Secretary-General of the United Nations. She was granted a second five-year term in 2000 by Boutros-Ghali's successor, Kofi Annan. UN policy states that agency heads may serve no more than two five-year terms.

Bellamy is credited with having left behind a fiscally sound organization with strong internal controls. She increased UNICEF's resources from roughly $800 million ($966 m in 2004 terms) in 1994 to more than $1.8 billion in 2004.

NGOs
Bellamy was appointed the President and CEO of the Brattleboro, Vermont-based World Learning and president of its School for International Training in 2005. World Learning is a global organization with operations in more than 75 countries that fosters global citizenship through experiential education and community-driven development programs. Organizations that fund World Learning include the Tides Foundation and Rockefeller Financial Services.

On July 25, 2007, Bellamy was elected chair of the board of directors of the Fair Labor Association (FLA). The FLA advocates for workers' interests by promoting international labor standards. "For eight years the FLA has been strengthening its capacity to work with companies, factories, civil society organizations and others to end sweatshop labor and protect workers' rights. It is now moving beyond its rigorous monitoring program to focus greater attention on identifying the root causes of these problems and to develop sustainable compliance programs," said Bellamy in accepting the position.

Other
In April 2009, Bellamy was appointed as chair of the International Baccalaureate (IB) board of governors. Between 2010 and 2013, Carol Bellamy was the chair of the Board of Directors of the Global Partnership for Education. Bellamy is a member of the Board of the American University of Beirut.

Honors
In 1981, she was selected to be one of the first Young Leaders of the French-American Foundation.

Bellamy is a former Fellow of the Harvard Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and an honorary member of Pi Alpha Alpha. At its 1982 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded Bellamy the college's highest honor, the Medal of Distinction.

Bellamy received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Bates College in 2003. She returned to her alma mater, the NYU School of Law, to deliver a commencement day speech in May 2006.

For her work with UNICEF, she was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun in 2006. In 2009, she was recognized for her work by France with the Legion of Honour.

title: Carol Bellamy


text:
13th root

Extracting the 13th root of a number is a famous category for the mental calculation world records. The challenge consists of being given a large number (possibly over 100 digits) and asked to return the number that, when taken to the 13th power, equals the given number. For example, the 13th root of 8,192 is 2 and the 13th root of 96,889,010,407 is 7.

Properties of the challenge
Extracting the 13th root has certain properties. One is that the 13th root of a number is much smaller: a 13th root will have approximately 1/13th the number of digits. Thus, the 13th root of a 100-digit number only has 8 digits and the 13th root of a 200-digit number will have 16 digits. Furthermore, the last digit of the 13th root is always the same as the last digit of the power.

For the 13th root of a 100-digit number there are 7,992,563 possibilities, in the range 41,246,264 – 49,238,826. This is considered a relatively easy calculation. There are 393,544,396,177,593 possibilities, in the range 2,030,917,620,904,736 – 2,424,462,017,082,328, for the 13th root of a 200-digit number. This is considered a difficult calculation.

Records
The Guinness Book of World Records has published records for extracting the 13th root of a 100-digit number. All world records for mentally extracting a 13th root have been for numbers with an integer root:

 * The first record was 23 minutes by De Grote (Mexico).
 * The most published time was at one time 88.8 seconds by Klein (Netherlands).
 * Mittring calculated it in 39 seconds.
 * Alexis Lemaire has broken this record with 13.55 seconds. This is the last official world record for extracting the 13th root of a 100-digit number.
 * Mittring attempted to break this record with 11.8 seconds, but it was rejected by all organizations (Saxonia Record club, Guinness, 13th root group).
 * Lemaire broke this record unofficially 6 times, twice within 4 seconds: the best was 3.625 seconds.
 * Lemaire has also set the first world record for the 13th root of a 200-digit number: 513.55 seconds and 742 attempts on April 6, 2005, and broken it with 267.77 seconds and 577 attempts on June 3, 2005.
 * The same day, Lemaire has also set in front of official witnesses an unofficial record of 113 seconds and 40 attempts.
 * On February 27, 2007, he set a world record of 1 minute and 47 seconds
 * He broke this record on July 24, 2007, with a time of 1 minute and 17 seconds (77.99 seconds) at the Museum of History of Science, University of Oxford, UK
 * Lemaire broke his record on November 15, 2007, with a time of 72.4 seconds
 * Lemaire broke his record on December 10, 2007, with a time of 70.2 seconds

title: 13th root


text:
Inland Sea, Gozo

The Inland Sea, sometimes called Qawra in Maltese and also known as Dwejra, is a lagoon of seawater on the island of Gozo linked to the Mediterranean Sea through an opening formed by a narrow natural arch.

It was probably formed where a geological fault in the limestone had created a sea cave and the roof then collapsed.

On one side there is a gently shelving stony beach with several fishermen's huts. The boats are often pulled up on to the stony beach. The bottom of the lagoon is also mostly pebbles and rocks and is fairly shallow. Exiting through the tunnel towards open sea, the floor drops away in a series of shelves to a depth of up to 35 meters on the outside. It is reported that Jacques Cousteau said the Inland Sea was among his top ten dives.

On calm days fishing boats, known in Maltese as luzzijiet, can pass through the tunnel. Some of the boats are used to take visitors through the archway and then for a tour of the nearby cliffs and other sites, mainly to the Fungus Rock and to the site of the former large natural arch in the cliffs called the Azure Window.

title: Inland Sea, Gozo


text:
Francization

Francization (in American English, Canadian English, and Oxford English) or Francisation (in other British English), also known as Frenchification, is the expansion of French language use—either through willful adoption or coercion—by more and more social groups who had not before used the language as a common means of expression in daily life. As a linguistic concept, known usually as gallicization, it is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce, or understand in French.

According to the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the figure of 220 million Francophones (French-language speakers) is underestimated because it only counts people who can write, understand and speak French fluently, thus excluding a majority of African French-speaking people, who do not know how to write. The French Conseil économique, social et environnemental estimate that were they included, the total number of French speakers passed 500 million in the year 2020. French has the world's fastest-growing relative share of speakers.

In 2014, a study from the French bank Natixis claimed French will become the world's most-spoken language by 2050. However, critics of the study state that French coexists with other languages in many countries and the study's estimates are prone to exaggeration.

The number of Francophones in the world has been rising substantially since the 1980s. In 1985, there were 106 million Francophones around the world. That number quickly rose to 173.2 million in 1997, 200 million in 2005, 220 million in 2010 (+10% from 2007). and reached 274 million in 2014. Forecasts expect that the number of French speakers in Africa alone will reach 400 million in 2025, 715 million (readjusted in 2010) by 2050 and reach 1 billion and 222 million in 2060 (readjusted in 2013). The worldwide French-speaking population is expected to quadruple, whereas the world population is predicted to grow by half.

Africa

Africa has 32 French-speaking countries, more than half its total (53); French was also the most widely spoken language in Africa in 2015.

However, Nigeria, the most populous country on the continent, is predominantly English speaking.

The Francophone zone of Africa is two times the size of the United States of America (including Alaska).

French was introduced in Africa by France and Belgium during the colonial period. The process of francization continued after the colonial period.

French became the most spoken language in Africa after Arabic and Swahili in 2010. The number of speakers changed very rapidly between 1992 and 2002, with the number of French learners in sub-Saharan Africa increasing by 60.37%, from 22.33 million to 34.56 million people. A similar trend in the Maghreb region is occurring. However, as figures provided by the OIF for the Maghreb region were combined with those of the Middle East, the exact count for the Maghreb countries alone is not possible. In this larger region (Maghreb and Middle East), an increase from 10.47 million to 18 million people learning French was observed between 1992 and 2002.

Consideration should be given to the number of French speakers in each country to get an idea of the importance the French language holds in African as a second language.

Many African countries without French as an official language have recently joined the OIF:
 * Cape Verde (official language: Portuguese)
 * Egypt (official language: Arabic)
 * Ghana (official language: English)
 * Guinea Bissau (official language: Portuguese)
 * Mozambique (official language: Portuguese)
 * São Tomé and Príncipe (official language: Portuguese)

The French language currently plays an important role in Africa, serving more and more as a common language or mother tongue (in Gabon, Ivory Coast, Congo, Cameroon and Benin in particular). The African Academy of Languages was established in 2001 to manage the linguistic heritage.

Francophone African countries counted 370 million inhabitants in 2014. This number is expected to reach between 700 and 750 million by 2050. There are already more francophones in Africa than in Europe.

Asia
Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos were once part of French Indochina, part of the French Empire. French culture, in aspects of architecture, culinary and linguistics, has been integrated into the local ones, although the latter remained highly distinct. French used to be the official language and was considerably popular and influential in these colonies, but after they were decolonised and gained independence, the new governments generally removed its influence, by implementing the native language as the only official language in the newly independent states. Currently, the presence of the French language in these countries is minor than before.

England
England, and therefore the English language, was deeply francized during the Middle Ages. This was a result of the conquest of England by William the Conqueror from Normandy in 1066, a king who spoke exclusively French and imposed the French language in England. Old English became the language of the poor population and French the language of the court and wealthy population. It is said that during this period, people in England spoke more French than those in France. Today, it is estimated that 50% to 60% of the English language comes from French or Latin.

Cookery gives a good example of this tendency: the names of many farm animals have Anglo-Saxon roots. However, the names of their meat (once exclusive to the wealthy) have Old French origins:

 * Pig (Anglo-Saxon) – Pork from the Old French porc
 * Cow (Anglo-Saxon cou) – Beef from the Old French bœuf
 * Chicken (Anglo-Saxon) – Poultry from the Old French pouletrie or poule
 * Sheep (Anglo-Saxon scæp) – Mutton from the Old French moton

France
"Francization" is also used to mean any of many cultural assimilation policies implemented by French authorities since the French Revolution. These aimed to impose or maintain the dominance of the French language and French culture. Before the Revolution, French was still a minority language in France by number of speakers, but was the prestige language. The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts under King Francis I of France prescribed the official use of the French language, the langue d'oïl dialect spoken at the time in the Île-de-France, in all documents. Other languages, such as Occitan, began to disappear as written languages.

With the decline of Latin, French became increasingly important for writing. Often, people were encouraged or compelled to adopt French, thereby developing a French identity at the expense of their existing one. Use of other languages was often suppressed. This occurred, for example, among the Alemannic-speaking inhabitants of Alsace and the Lorraine Franconian-speaking inhabitants of Lorraine after these regions were conquered by Louis XIV during the seventeenth century, to the Flemings in French Flanders, to the Occitans in Occitania, and to Basques, Bretons, Catalans, Corsicans and Niçards. Corsica passed from the Republic of Genoa to France in 1769 after the Treaty of Versailles. Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859. Francization occurred in Corsica, and caused a near-disappearance of the Italian language as many of the Italian speakers in these areas migrated to Italy.

Shortly after the fall of the Ancien Régime, the new revolutionary government adopted a policy of promotion of French as a unifying and modernizing language, simultaneously denigrating the status of minority languages as bulwarks of feudalism, Church control of the state, and backwardness in general. In less than a year after coming to power (1792), the Committee for Public Instruction mandated that the newly-expanded public education be fortified by sending French-speaking teachers to areas that spoke other languages. This programme achieved many of its aims during the 19th century: by the 1860s, nearly 80% of the national population could speak French.

After the Treaty of Turin was signed in 1860 between the Victor Emmanuel II and Napoleon III as a consequence of the Plombières Agreement, the County of Nice was ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy united with Piedmont-Sardinia. The Italian language was the official language of the County of Nice, used by the Church, at the town hall, taught in schools, used in theaters and at the Opera, was immediately abolished and replaced by French. The French government implemented a policy of Francization of society, language and culture of the County of Nice. The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County have been francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice, as well as certain surnames (for example the Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont").

By 1900, French had become the mother tongue of the majority of adults in France. Jules Ferry introduced free, compulsory education during the French Third Republic, and openly tried to strengthen the centralised state by instilling a French national identity in the population. French was presented as the language of modernity, as opposed to regional languages such as Breton or Basque, labelled as barbaric or tribal. Pupils caught speaking these languages were punished by making them display tokens of shame. In Occitan-speaking areas that school policy was called the vergonha.

Historically, no official language was recognized by the French Constitution. In 1994, French was declared constitutionally to be the language of the French Republic. In 1998, France became a signatory of the European Charter on Minority Languages; however, it has yet to ratify it, with general agreement among the political class that supportive measures are neither popular enough to attract wide support nor banal enough to be uncontroversial, with concerns specifically about courts forcing the state to act if the rights enshrined in the charter are recognised.

Initiatives to encourage the use of minority languages are limited by the refusal of the French Government to recognize them, on the basis of the French Constitution, which states that "The language of the Republic of France is French". This view was upheld in 2021, when Deputy Paul Molac unexpectedly won a majority vote in the French National Assembly to allow for immersive education in minority languages in state-run schools. The Assembly's decision was immediately contested by the French Constitutional Council, which struck out the parliament's vote. The Council also deemed unconstitutional the use of diacritical marks not used in French, such as the tilde in "ñ".

Brussels and the Flemish periphery
In the last two centuries, Brussels transformed from an exclusively Dutch-speaking city to a bilingual city with French as the majority language and lingua franca. The language shift began in the eighteenth century and accelerated as Belgium became independent and Brussels expanded beyond its original city boundaries. From 1880 onwards, more and more Dutch-speaking people became bilingual, resulting in a rise of monolingual French speakers after 1910. Halfway through the twentieth century, the number of monolingual French-speakers carried the day over the (mostly) bilingual Flemish inhabitants. Only since the 1960s, after the fixation of the Belgian language border and the socio-economic development of Flanders was in full effect, could Dutch stem the tide of increasing French use. The francization of the Flemish periphery around Brussels still continues because of the continued immigration of French speakers coming from Wallonia and Brussels.

Quebec
The Government of Quebec has francization policies intended to establish French as the primary language of business and commerce. All businesses are required to provide written communications and schedules in French, and may not make knowledge of a language other than French a condition of hiring unless this is justified by the nature of the duties. Businesses with more than fifty employees are required to register with the Quebec Office of the French language in order to become eligible for a francization certificate, which is granted if the linguistic requirements are met. If not, employers are required to adopt a francization programme, which includes having employees, especially ones in managerial positions, who do not speak French or whose grasp of French is weak attend French-language training.

As part of the francization programme, the Quebec government provides free language courses for recent immigrants (from other countries or other provinces) who do not speak French or whose command of French is weak. The government also provides financial assistance for those who are unable to find employment because they are unable to speak French.

Another aspect of francization in Quebec regards the quality of the French used in Quebec. The Quebec Office of the French language has, since its formation, undertaken to discourage anglicisms and to promote high standards of French-language education in schools.

The francization programs have been considered a great success. Although French as a mother tongue has gone from 80.6% to 77.4% in the province between 1971 and 2016, knowledge of french among the province's population went from 88.5% to 94.5% over the same period. English as a mother tongue fell from 13.1% to 8.8% of the province's population between 1971 and 2016 while knowledge of French among people with English as a mother tongue rose from 37% to 69% over the same period. In 1971, only 14.6% of allophone students were studying in a french school. In 2012, that number had reached 87.5%

French is also becoming increasingly attractive to foreign speakers, suggesting that the francization programmes have been successful.

Montreal is a particular interesting case because, unlike the rest of Quebec, the French-speaking proportion of the population diminished. However, this does not mean that the francization programmes failed, as the share of English speakers diminished as well; it seems more likely that the decrease was caused by the fact that 93% of new immigrants to Quebec choose to settle in Montreal, with a corresponding rise in languages other than English and French. The government of Quebec estimates that, over the next 20 years, the Francophone proportion of Montreal will go back up.

But those estimations seem to underestimate the francization of Montreal for some experts, because statistics show that the proportion has already risen from 55.6% (1996) to 56.4% (2001).

The success of francization of Quebec can also be seen over the borders of its territory: in Ontario, the proportion of English speakers dropped from 70.5% in 2001 to 68% in 2006, while the proportion of French speakers went up from 4.06% (488 815) in 2006 to 4.80% (580 000) in 2009. However, this statistic must be examined in conjunction with the effects of Quebec francophone out-migration. Interprovincial migration, especially to Ontario, results in a net loss of population in Quebec. The number of French-speaking Quebecers leaving the province tends to be similar to the number entering, while immigrants to Quebec tend to leave.

None of the Quebec statistics are adjusted to compensate for the percentage—approximately 20%—of Anglophones who departed the province by the mid-1980s as a consequence of linguistic nationalism. By 2001, over 60% of the 1971 population of Quebec Anglophones had left the province.

The Charter of the French Language has been a complete success, according to Hervé Lavenir de Buffon (general secretary of the « Comité international pour le français, langue européenne »), who said in 2006: "Before Bill 101, Montreal looked like an American city. Now Montreal looks like a French-speaking city; that proves how well Bill 101 has worked!"

New Brunswick
The policy has been even more successful in New Brunswick, for example: the city of Edmundston went from around 89% French-speaking in 1996 to 93.4% in 2006, the city of Moncton from 30.4% in 1996 to 33% in 2006, Dalhousie (from 42.5% to 49.5%) and Dieppe (from 71.1% in 1996 to 74.2% in 2006). Some cities even passed 50% of French speakers between 1991 and 2006 like Bathurst, which passed from 44.6% of French speakers in 1996 to 50.5% in 2006, or Campbellton, from 47% in 1996 to 55% in 2006.

Rates of francization may be established for any group by comparing the number of people who usually speak French to the total number of people in the minority language group. See Calvin Veltman's Language Shift in the United States (1983) for a discussion.

Of the language
There are many examples of francization in history and popular culture:
 * Crème anglaise replacing the word "custard" on restaurant menus.
 * Anne Boleyn choosing the French spelling Boleyn over the traditional English Bolin or Bullen.
 * Mary, Queen of Scots, choosing the spelling Stuart over Stewart for the name of her dynasty. (The Scots had dual nationality and Mary, Queen of Scots was brought up in France.)
 * The common "-escu" final particle in Romanian being traditionally changed to "-esco" in French spellings and being occasionally adopted by the persons themselves as a French equivalent of their names (see Eugène Ionesco, Irina Ionesco, Marthe Bibesco).
 * Courriel, short for courrier électronique, replacing e-mail (originally from Quebec).

The same exists for other languages, for example, English, in which case objects or persons can be anglicized.

title: Francization


text:
Hawaiian duck

The Hawaiian duck (Anas wyvilliana) or koloa is a species of bird in the family Anatidae that is endemic to the large islands of Hawaii. Taxonomically, the koloa is closely allied with the mallard (A. platyrhynchos). It differs in that it is monochromatic (with similarly marked males and females) and non-migratory. As with many duck species in the genus Anas, Hawaiian duck and mallards can interbreed and produce viable offspring, and the koloa has previously been considered an island subspecies of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). However, all major authorities now consider this form to be a distinct species within the mallard complex. Recent analyses indicate that this is a distinct species that arose through ancient hybridization between mallard and the Laysan duck (Anas laysanensis). The native Hawaiian name for this duck is koloa maoli (meaning "native duck"), or simply koloa. This species is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and its population trend is decreasing.

Appearance
Both male and female are mottled brown in color and resemble a female mallard. The males are usually bigger than the females. The speculum feathers of both sexes are green to blue, bordered on both sides by white. The tail is dark overall, unlike the black-and-white tail of a mallard. The feet and legs are orange to yellow-orange. The bill is olive green in the male and dull orange with dark markings in the female. The adult male has a darker head and neck. The female is generally lighter-colored than the male and has plain back feathers. A first-year male Hawaiian duck looks like an eclipse-plumaged male mallard. Seasonal plumage differences, individual variation, and variation between islands can make it difficult to differentiate between Hawaiian ducks, female mallards and hybrids of Hawaiian ducks and mallards. In addition, the extent of hybridization at a location can contribute to the difficulty of identification.

Body size
The male Hawaiian duck has an average length of 48 – and the female has an average length of 40 –. On average, the male weighs 604 g and the female weighs 460 g. The Hawaiian duck is typically smaller than the mallard by 20 to 30 percent.

Diet
Hawaiian ducks are "opportunistic feeders". Their diet consists of freshwater vegetation, mollusks, insects, and other aquatic invertebrates. Specifically, they are known to consume snails, insect larvae, earthworms, tadpoles, crayfish, mosquito larvae, mosquito fish, grass seeds, rice, and green algae.

Vocalization
The Hawaiian duck quacks like a mallard, but its call is softer and it quacks less frequently.

Behavior
The Hawaiian duck is a very wary bird, often found in pairs instead of large groups. The koloa is most prominently found residing in the tall, wetland grasses and streams near the Kohala volcano on the main island of Hawaiʻi. They are very secretive birds and do not associate with other animals.

Reproduction
Some pairs nest year-round, but the primary breeding season is from December to May, during which pairs often engage in spectacular nuptial flights. The clutch size is usually eight. The female lays two to ten eggs in a well-concealed nest lined with down and breast feathers. Incubation lasts about four weeks. The young can take to the water soon after hatching, but cannot fly until about nine weeks of age. Offspring become sexually mature enough to reproduce after a year.

A potential conservation problem is hybridizing with the mallard. It is currently unknown whether the female Hawaiian duck attracts the male mallard or whether the color variation of the male mallard attracts the female. In any case, evolution has not moved fast enough for the species to reach reproductive isolation, since this interbreeding creates viable hybrids. This interbreeding is one of the main causes for the endangerment of the Hawaiian duck.

Location and environment
The former range of the Hawaiian duck included all of the main Hawaiian islands except the islands of Lānaʻi and Kaho’olawe. Hawaiian ducks were found on the hottest coasts with suitable ponds as well as in the mountains that were up to 7,000 feet high.(Perkins 1903, cited in Banko 1987b). This includes low wetlands, river valleys, and streams in mountains. "Genetically-pure Koloa populations were believed to occur on the islands of Kaua'i. Ni'ihau, and highlands of Hawai'i with hybrid swarms on O'ahu and Maui, but there is now evidence of hybridization within pure populations. " The Hawaiian duck was extirpated on all other islands, but was subsequently reestablished on Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, and Maui through release of captive-reared birds. However, all the Hawaiian ducks in the reestablished populations have bred with feral mallard ducks and have produced hybrid offspring that are fully fertile; consequently, "pure" Hawaiian ducks are still only found on Kauaʻi. With an approximate population of 2,200 birds. This consists of 2,000 on Kaua`i and 200 on Hawaiʻi. However, these ducks are in decline due to hybridization. They are also vulnerable to predators because of the low location of their nests on the ground. This makes it easier for invasive predators such as cats, pigs, dogs, and mongooses to attack them. In addition to predators, Kauai has experienced a loss of lowland wetland habitat, in turn affecting the Hawaiian ducks.

Conservation status
Wildlife refuges including Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge on Kaua'i are essential breeding areas for Hawaiian ducks. The species was reintroduced to O’ahu between 1958 and 1982. In 1989, twelve of these captured birds were released on the island of Maui. The species was also reestablished on the island of Hawai'i between 1976 and 1982 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2005). Throughout the 1980s, the importation of mallards to Hawai'i was limited in an effort to reduce hybridization with Hawaiian ducks. Other conservation efforts for the Hawaiian duck include the development of "techniques for the identification of hybrids", which in turn will result in "simultaneous genetic testing and morphological characterisation".

Hybridization
Hybridization is arguably one of the most serious but overlooked threats to the Hawaiian duck, specifically interbreeding between Hawaiian ducks and feral mallards. Since hybridization has been happening for an extended period of time, it is unlikely there are any pure individuals of the species left. "Determination of the population status of Hawaiian ducks and whether there are any pure Hawaiian ducks left on O`ahu will require simultaneous genetic testing and morphological characterization to develop reliable morphological criteria for distinguishing Hawaiian ducks, female mallards, and hybrids. Once such criteria are available they can be used to identify birds for removal in order to reduce interbreeding and introgression."

It has been shown that offspring between mallards and the Hawaiian duck produce fertile offspring. It has also been shown on Kauai that breeding Hawaiian duck/mallard crosses with Hawaiian ducks over time reduces the expression of the mallard genes showing promise to restoring the natural population. Efforts are underway to remove mallards from the islands in order to preserve the genetic diversity of the Hawaiian duck.

Other factors influencing population
The Hawaiian duck's population is affected by habitat loss, modifications to wetland habitats for flood control, non-native invasive plants, diseases, environmental contaminants, hunting and predation. The primary avian diseases of concern in Hawai’i are avian malaria and avian pox, which have devastated forest birds and greatly limited their distributions (Reed, et al. 2012). Predation threats to the koloa maoli include feral cats, rats, and small Indian mongooses, which eat the eggs and young.

Other ways that the Hawaiian ducks are being threatened is through the predation of dogs, introduced fish, and also other birds that are being introduced into their habitat. The previous hunting of water birds in these area from 1800s to the 1900s also played a major role in the decline of this species. Urban development along with loss of their natural habitat due to the use of the land for local agriculture plays a major role to the indefinite decline of this now endangered species. Amongst the threat of urban development certain problems arise such as human disturbance, whether it be recreation or through tourism. Through their constant migration from their ever-degrading habitat, another obstacle arises, that which is drought. In the late 1800s, the mallard, also known as Anas platyrhynchos, were flown in to stock up the ponds of Hawaiʻi for ornamental purposes, but soon enough they were massively imported throughout the 1950s and the 1960s.

Interbreeding with feral mallards is the result, as the hybrids seem to be less well adapted to the local ecosystem. This interbreeding is rather common due to the high numbers of feral mallards. Several attempted reintroductions have already failed due to the hybrid ducks produced in captivity faring badly in the wild. The "conversion of flooded taro fields to dry sugar-cane acreage" destroys parts of this species' habitat.

Conservation actions
Throughout the cold winters a wild refuge is a very important factor for this species. The Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge makes this all possible for the Anas wyvilliana to procreate when their habitat is not suitable for their survival. The species was then for the first time introduced into O’ahu where only a scarce amount of almost 326 captive birds of the species were released into the wilderness between the years of 1958 and 1982. Later on in 1989 only twelve of these captured birds were released into the island of maui. Due to these efforts to conserve and procreate, the species was finally reestablished on the Big Island between 1976 and 1982. Throughout the later years in the 1980s, "the importation of A. platyrhynchos was restricted by the state, with exceptions only for research and exhibition". Other efforts have or are being done to further progress the conservation of the Anas wyvilliana such as development of, "techniques for the identification of hybrids". This will result in "simultaneous genetic testing and morphological characterisation".

Endangerment recovery
Many plans for this species' survival has been set, but there is still much more information required in order to obtain maximum results. More information is still required for distinguishing hybrids (visually is too difficult, requires genetic screening), conserving habitat, examining migratory patterns and measuring the extent different wetlands affect the Hawaiian duck. It is an ongoing issue that requires constant attention, the more accurate the research is, the better of an idea we have of where money should be spent to help the Hawaiian duck survive. With that said, the Hawaiian Bird Conservation Action Plan has come up with a five-year plan to hopefully negate some of the species' main threats such as hybridization, habitat restoration/management and predator control. They want to "manage hybridization on all islands by removing feral Mallards and hybrids to the maximum extent practicable." Other conservation plans include plans to "obtain public acceptance of feral duck control", "continue protection and restoration of important wetland habitats", and "develop alternative predator control methods and explore the use of predator fences."*

title: Hawaiian duck


text: Talk:Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology


text:
Mexican duck

The Mexican duck (Anas diazi) is a species of dabbling duck that breeds in Mexico and the southwestern United States.

Distribution and habitat
Most of the population is resident, but some northern birds migrate south to Mexico in winter. The species also occurs widely, but in limited numbers, in Colorado in all seasons and there are photographs of birds referable to this taxon from Utah, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Montana.

It is a bird of most wetlands, including ponds and rivers, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food or grazing. It nests usually on a river bank, but not always particularly near water.

Diet
Mexican ducks are fond of the green shoots of alfafa and feed at night on irrigated fields.

Description
Both sexes of this 51–56 cm length bird resemble a female mallard, but with a slightly darker body. The Mexican duck is mainly brown, with a blue speculum edged with white, obvious in flight or at rest. The male has a brighter yellow bill than the female.

Call
The male has a nasal call, whereas the female has the very familiar "quack" commonly associated with ducks.

Taxonomy
Including the Mexican duck in the mallard is a relic from the usual practice of much of the mid-late 20th century, when all North American "mallardines" as well as the Hawaiian and Laysan ducks were included in the mallard proper as subspecies. This was based on the assumption that hybridization, producing fertile offspring, is an indicator of lack of speciation.

Rather, in these birds it indicates a fairly recent allopatric radiation, which has not yet established solid barriers against gene flow on the molecular level; mate choice is conferred by cues of behavior and plumage in the mallardine ducks, and this, under natural conditions, has precluded a strong selective pressure towards establishment of genetic incompatibility.

Conservation status
Although a species of least concern, the Mexican duck is undergoing a slow but marked decline due to destruction of habitat and overhunting. It hybridizes with mallards which are better-adapted to utilizing habitat altered by human activity and thus are spreading throughout this range. Concern has been expressed that this combination of factors may ultimately lead to the disappearance of the Mexican duck as a recognizable taxonomic entity (Rhymer & Simberloff 1996, McCracken et al. 2001, Rhymer 2006), but fairly limited measures such as wetland preservation and preferential hunting of drake mallards would prevent this. The Mexican duck was listed as endangered species at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in 1967 but was removed in 1978.

title: Mexican duck