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George Tucker (politician)

George Tucker (August 20, 1775 –April 10, 1861) was an American attorney, politician, historian, author, and educator in Virginia. His literary works include The Valley of Shenandoah (1824), the first fiction of colonial life in Virginia, and Voyage to the Moon (1827), which is among the nation's earliest science fiction novels. He also published the first comprehensive biography of Thomas Jefferson in 1837, as well as his History of the United States (1856). Tucker's authorship, and his work as a teacher, served to redeem an earlier life of unprincipled habits which had brought him some disrepute.

Tucker was a son of the first mayor of Hamilton, Bermuda, Daniel Tucker. He immigrated to Virginia at age 20, was educated at the College of William and Mary, and was admitted to the bar. His first marriage to Mary Farley ended childless with her death in 1799; he remarried and had six children with wife Maria Carter, who died at age 38 in 1823. His third wife of 30 years was Louisa Thompson, who died in 1858.

Aside from his law practice, Tucker wrote distinctive compositions for various publications. His topics ranged widely from the conceptual to the technical—from slavery, suffrage, and morality to intracoastal navigation, wages, and banking. He was elected in 1816 to the Virginia House of Delegates for one term, and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1819 to 1825. From his youth until early middle age, Tucker's lofty social lifestyle was often profligate, and occasionally scandalous. Nevertheless, upon completion of his congressional term, his eloquent publications led Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to offer him an appointment as Professor of Moral Philosophy at the newly founded University of Virginia; he accepted and held that post until 1845.

After retiring, Tucker relocated to Philadelphia, continuing his research, and expounding upon a variety of subjects, which included monetary policy and socio-economics, until his death in Virginia at the age of 85.

Family and early life in Bermuda
George Tucker was born August 20, 1775, on St. George's Island, Bermuda. He was the second son of Daniel and Elizabeth Tucker, who were distant cousins, and members of the Tucker family that included Henry Tucker. Daniel and his brothers established a mercantile partnership with a fleet of vessels shipping goods to British America, Newfoundland, and the West Indies. Daniel was also a founder and mayor of the port of Hamilton, Bermuda. Tucker offers a description of his physique in his Autobiography: “I was 5 ft in height, and tho’ somewhat slender, well proportioned. I had great animal spirits, and unceasing mobility. My face was somewhat of a feminine cast."

Tucker was educated primarily by a tutor engaged from Great Britain and also by Josiah Meigs. His assigned reading included Tom Jones, The Vicar of Wakefield, and Arabian Nights, among the mainstays of an education on the American continent. At age fifteen he helped form a literary club, which he says he named the Calliopean Society; this may have been an imitation of the original started earlier in New York. Tucker at age 16 began to read the law under a successful and prosperous lawyer, George Bascomb. At Bascomb's death, the firm's clients urged Tucker to assume their representation, but feeling quite unqualified, he declined, and initiated plans for a career in the United States.

According to Tucker's Autobiography, at this time he encountered his first love interest, in a distant cousin, Nancy Tucker. The longer he suffered in silence with his feelings, the stronger they grew, until finally he resolved to call upon her at home and make his declaration. Upon his arrival, the two entered a parlor where he offered her his hand, which was accepted, all in silence. The tongue-tied handholding continued for 10–15 minutes until interrupted by the entrance of her mother, and the visit ended. Very soon thereafter the girl fell ill and died and left Tucker in grief, which he described as a "most serious affliction." Six years passed before he expressed an interest in another woman.

Immigration to the United States, education and first marriage
Shortly after his mother's death in 1795, Tucker sailed for Philadelphia, intending to continue his legal education in the United States. He briefly considered London for his studies but discarded the idea, in order to optimize his chances for "political advancement." After a free-spending time with other Bermudians in the capital city, he ran out of funds, and proceeded to Williamsburg, Virginia to seek advice and borrow money from his famous cousin St. George Tucker, a maneuver he would repeat. He was admitted to the College of William & Mary, where he studied law under St. George and graduated after two years. Tucker was pleased to find the academic work undemanding, and his social life entertaining, as he gained access to the finer homes through his cousin.

Tucker traveled to New York and Philadelphia and, with letters of introduction in hand, was able to further acquaint himself with his adopted country and noted leaders, including George Washington and New York governors John Jay and George Clinton. Despite his enjoyment of this high society, he returned to Williamsburg and there began a courtship with Mary Byrd Farley, who was possessed of much charm and fortune, and to whom he proposed. Though he had initially preferred to delay the wedding until he was admitted to the bar, he gave in to his heart's desire, borrowed the needed funds from an uncle, and they married in April 1797. To help Mary, who was chronically ill with consumption, Tucker arranged a trip to his old home in Bermuda. The stay there provided Mary no relief from her illness and confirmed their desire to be in Virginia. They returned to Williamsburg, setting up residence, and he began to read for admission to the bar, which was completed after some procrastination. Except for trips to North Carolina to collect rents on his wife's property, Tucker avoided work, attending horse races in Fredericksburg, and frequenting fashionable watering places with friends and family. He made Thomas Jefferson's acquaintance at this time. Mary never recovered from her infirmities, and died childless in 1799.

Mary's death complicated Tucker's facile life, as her estate, though considerable, was fraught with legal problems. It included a sugar plantation, thousands of acres of land, and a share in the Dismal Swamp Company. After a prolonged trip to the sugar plantation in Antigua, and on to Martinique and Bermuda, he returned to Williamsburg and then determined his future was in the nearby state capital of Richmond, Virginia as a practicing attorney. Tucker ultimately succeeded in salvaging only part of his late wife's fortune.

Richmond society, second marriage, slavery and politics
Tucker arrived in Richmond in the summer of 1800 with a letter of introduction from St. George to Governor James Monroe. His cousin's letter accurately portrayed Tucker's character and also foretold his future there: "To the best qualities of the heart he unites an excellent understanding, which has been well cultivated, and a very comprehensive knowledge of the world; nature has blessed him with a most exuberant flow of spirits, which sometimes betray him into acts of levity..." Tucker effectively entered the desired social circles in Richmond, bolstered by a well-furnished home near the Governor's own, and soon could count among his acquaintances not only the Governor (whom Tucker called "that slow dull man"), but also George Wythe, Edmund Pendleton, and George Hay. (Tucker later boasted that, with the exception of John Adams, he had conducted personal intercourse with every president from Washington to Buchanan.)

While in Richmond, he met Charles Carter (1765–1829), who introduced him to daughter Maria Ball Carter—a granddaughter of Betty Washington Lewis and descendant of Robert Carter I. Tucker described her as, "being a decided beauty, she had a face distinguished for sweetness and intelligence, conversed sensibly and sang sweetly." They soon fell in love, and in February 1802 he married Maria, age seventeen and pregnant.

While Tucker began writing for publication, as an attorney he was initially deficient, being disabled by his fear of speaking in the courtroom; he later gained the requisite self-confidence. Tucker later became a founding member of the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society (now the Virginia Museum of History and Culture) in Richmond. This was an effort led by John Marshall and John Floyd; Tucker was named to the Society's Standing Committee.

Politically, Tucker was a Jeffersonian Republican, who delighted at the split in the Federalists between John Adams and Alexander Hamilton. He joined in the resentment toward Federalist attempts to "appoint a president" by party caucus; in time he became a pro-bank Republican. He once gave a speech in support of a Federalist in a local election, and a staunch Republican, Lewis Harvey, called him a party traitor and liar. In reaction Tucker, routinely prone to a hot temper, took a swing at Harvey, but missed due to the intervention of a neutral party. Assuming his challenge unsuccessful, Tucker demanded satisfaction, which Harvey accepted. Tucker carefully arranged the duel, stipulating an extraordinary distance in paces, so as to diminish the superior marksmanship of his opponent. Fortunately for Tucker the duel was avoided at the last moment—though not before he had completed his will and arranged his estate for his expecting wife. Their first child, Daniel George, was born November 23, 1802.

Positions on slavery
Tucker sought out the foremost authors in Richmond to advance his interest in literature and the arts. A conspiracy of slaves initiated a futile attempt to destroy the city, and he was prompted to publish an essay suggesting a remedy to slavery, entitled Letter to a Member of the General Assembly of Virginia (1801). Tucker's Letter expressed his early opposition to slavery, portraying it as unproductive and uneconomical. He wrote that no country "can attain great heights in manufactures, commerce or agriculture where one half of the community labours unwillingly, and the other half does not labour at all." He recommended that revenues be secured (with a tax on slaveholders) and used to establish a colony for the slaves west of the Mississippi. He further asserted that the slave's inferiority was a result of time and circumstance, and not heredity.

In the 1820s, however, Tucker's views of slavery changed notably with personal experience, and profit, realized in his purchase and sale of slaves for his account and that of his father-in-law, Charles Carter. For years, he opposed the concepts of abolition and colonization as impractical, but he later reverted to his earlier conclusion that a more beneficial, commercially oriented, society was inevitable. While noting the spurious benefits of slavery, he predicted its eventual demise; he ultimately freed his own slaves in 1845, 16 years before his death.

Dissipation and rigged lottery
Tucker's law practice could not support the expenses essential to his extravagant social exploits, which included gambling at cards and races, and he proceeded to waste the capital from Mary Tucker's estate. He was drawn to speculative investments and ultimately was embroiled in a financial scandal. In 1803, he joined other prominent citizens in organizing a lottery to raise funds for the Richmond Academy. He bought several chances for himself and, as remaining chances dwindled, resold some of them for a profit; he also was said to have positioned himself as one of four or five holders sure to be a winner. He held the winning stub when his ticket was found lodged in a joint of the drawing drum.

Tucker was asked for reimbursement, and after negotiation, paid it in part, borrowing the remainder from members of the academy board. He also acted as custodian of other funds, blended them with his own and spent it on overindulgence and land speculation. Later he was required to defend himself in these matters before the Virginia General Assembly. Though he was officially cleared of wrongdoing, the incidents tarnished his reputation and highlighted the style of his living in Richmond. Meanwhile, Maria gave birth to their eldest daughter, Eleanor Rosalie, on May 4, 1804.

Tucker in his Autobiography confessed to frequently misplacing his pocketbook over the years, and estimated his loss in the aggregate to be more than a thousand dollars in cash (the equivalent of $26,000 in 2020). To this he added, "This heedlessness I had from a child, and during my practice of the law, I strewed the upper country as well with countless umbrellas, gloves, watches, cufflinks, handkerchiefs, and knives."

Rural settings
In 1806, Tucker relocated his family, including newborn daughter Maria, to the Carters' home in Frederick County, Virginia, and attempted to put his financial house in order. Business required his frequent return to Richmond, and on one occasion he was arrested there for a delinquency owed to a loan company. The immediate problem was solved with the intervention of St. George. Tucker economized for two years, living a rural life with the Carters and other family members and was able to purchase a home near the Dan River. In May 1808, the family moved to "Woodbridge" in Pittsylvania County, where daughter Eliza Lewis Carter was born in December. Maria was then faced with rearing four children in more rural, less favorable living conditions. For his part, Tucker was disappointed with the local social life. While he thought all his neighbors "friendly and civil," they were also "unpolished and plain." Tucker put greater effort into his law practice and became more successful, acquiring additional clients spread across four counties. He was also elected Commonwealth's Attorney for Pittsylvania County. Maria gave birth to daughter Lelia in October 1810 and Harriett in May 1813.

Self-described act of chivalry
In 1811, Tucker was in Richmond to attend a benefit performance, and put his life in danger during the infamous Richmond Theatre fire. The event, including a play entitled The Father, or Family Feuds and a pantomime afterwards named ''Raymond and Agnes, was held in December at the Richmond Theatre. It being Christmas time, the auditorium was packed—with 518 adults and 80 children.

In his Autobiography Tucker relates that, "The play was over... and there appearing to be much delay in bringing on the afterpiece... I had fortunately quitted the [play]house while it was on fire, tho' I did not know the fact... but the cry of fire prevented my reaching my lodgings, and hurried me back to witness a spectacle of human woe which I have never seen equalled. I was instrumental in saving several females from the flames." In the process, he suffered a head injury when struck by a falling timber, and was left with a permanent scar above his eye. The tragedy took the lives of 72 people, including the sitting Governor of Virginia, George William Smith. Victims also included many of the upper echelons in Richmond society.

Elective office and early writing
Tucker's maritime roots in Bermuda instilled an interest in intracoastal navigation, and he began an intense campaign with the legislatures of North Carolina and Virginia to improve the waterways to Norfolk along the Roanoke, Dan, and Staunton Rivers, in order to avoid inefficient portage required to Petersburg and Richmond. This effort culminated in his own bids for election to a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Pittsylvania County, which failed in 1813 and 1814 but then succeeded in 1816. It was at this time that Tucker and Maria suffered the first loss of a child, Harriett, from whooping cough at age three.

In the House of Delegates Tucker's most valued contributions were made in writing rather than speaking. He was asked to draft a valedictory address in tribute to James Madison, whose administration was then drawing to a close. It was well received, except for the critique of fellow delegate Philip Doddridge who regretted that a "foreigner" should be assigned the task. Tucker took strong exception to the insult. Nevertheless, when he was offered a cane with which to attack Doddridge, though tempted, he thought better of it.

Tucker continued his work in literature along with his law practice, and in 1814–1815 the Philadelphia Port Folio published a series of his essays entitled Thoughts of a Hermit. Financial success was for once his as a result of these endeavors. He also realized profits from land sales near the Dan River, and the sale of Woodbridge when the family moved again, to Lynchburg, Virginia in 1818.

The death of daughter Harriett had been painful enough, but Maria's depression became uncontrollable and chronic when daughter Rosalie died unexpectedly at age 14 in 1818. Also during this period Maria's father, Charles Carter, encountered his own financial setbacks, and prevailed upon Tucker for assistance. Tucker, with the help of Lawrence Lewis, was able to settle the Carters at "Deerwood", sharing part of the profits from Charles' management there.

With financial success came more clients and opportunities to serve his community. Tucker received many cases in debt collection, and he was appointed trustee of the Lynchburg Female Academy and vestryman at St. Paul's Episcopal Church. He was also elected to serve in the United States House of Representatives from 1819 to 1825, representing the Lynchburg area in the 16th, 17th, and 18th United States Congresses. His financial largess was short-lived, as Tucker was unable to resist the allure of society and lavish living in Washington, not to mention the increased expenses of a larger immediate family.

Though Tucker and Maria were warned against her having more children in her vulnerable physical and emotional state, she again conceived, and died in pregnancy in February 1823. In the carriage to Washington after the funeral, Tucker muffled his face with a handkerchief to hide his tears and feigned a toothache in response to inquirers. Maria's death indeed weighed heavily upon him, as he reflected on his plausible neglect in the midst of her travails. He also was much concerned for his son Daniel's indolence and unbalanced behavior, which years later resulted in the son's hospitalization and ultimate death in 1838 in Philadelphia.

Due in part to these personal trials, he made no momentous contributions to Congress beyond his reliable positions representing Virginia's interests, with a consistent Jeffersonian Republican voting record. He did serve as chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War. There are notable disparities between Tucker's more statist voting record and the nationalism predominant in his writings during this period and later. In his essay On Instructions to Representatives, he provides an explanation in political theory—an inevitable obligation to think one way and yet vote another, in compliance with constituent preferences.

Tucker's self-assessment as a congressman is otherwise much less forgiving: “In addition to the pecuniary engagements and difficulties which unfitted my mind for the current business of legislation, I spent all my leisure hours playing chess, to which I was shamefully and regretfully, but passionately devoted. I had then a livelier ambition to be a great chess player than to be a distinguished member of Congress.“

Academics
Near the end of Tucker's third congressional term in 1824, Thomas Jefferson presented him with an offer on behalf of the fledgling University of Virginia, sanctioned by Trustees James Madison and Joseph C. Cabell, to serve as the first Professor of Moral Philosophy. The offer met the school's desire to appoint a non-Federalist to the post, and Tucker's connections with Cabell and St. George would also have facilitated his selection. Another factor was Tucker's recent 1822 Essays on Various Subjects of Taste, Morals, and National Policy, which included papers from the Port Folio. Madison had been provided a copy of these and recommended them to Jefferson, saying they were "among the best answers to the charges of our national ...backwardness." Tucker's selection may also have been an accommodation to some of the school's opponents, including Episcopalians, Federalists, and notable western Virginians, many of whom were friends of Tucker's. Presumably, his prior monetary indiscretions were overlooked since no related formal charges were extant.

From Tucker's perspective, the offer was most opportune, as he considered his congressional seat in jeopardy, as well as his pocketbook. The professorship included a steady income, extra fees from philosophy students, tenure, and rent-free quarters on the University Lawn. Tucker accepted the offer, effective in 1825, and also was chosen the first chairman of the faculty. As well as his primary discipline, he also assumed charge of the subjects of Political Economics and Rhetoric for the university. He was content with family life in Charlottesville, Virginia, though he "found solitude unbearable" after Maria's death and began an earnest search for a wife, whom he found in Louisa A. Thompson, a widow from Baltimore. In their thirty years together Tucker later said he had found "the same warmth and devoted affection with which I have been previously blest."

Tucker's primary philosophical interest was what he and his contemporaries called "mental philosophy," which involved the investigation of the principles and faculties of the human mind. He maintained that modern philosophers had acquired the discipline to free themselves from medieval "mysticism and folly," in the same manner that modern chemists cast aside alchemy.

Tucker's effectiveness in the lecture hall is not objectively certain, and he may well have encountered difficulty with public speaking as he had in the courtroom previously. His continued faculty chairmanship certainly testified to his relative popularity among colleagues, and he published numerous works—including one satire, a fiction, three books on economics and statistics, a Jefferson biography, as well as two pamphlets. Together with Robley Dunglison he founded and edited the Virginia Literary Museum (1829–1830) in which he published voluminous writings, and he frequently sent essays to newspapers and other magazines.

Politics
Some of Tucker's writing reflected a growing political skepticism of the workings of democracy beginning with the 1796 election. By the late 1820s, he was persuaded that political leadership positions should be reserved primarily for prosperous people with a tangible, and taxable, interest in government. Andrew Jackson's election in 1828 was for Tucker an example of the "triumph of democratic demagoguery which could bring about class warfare." Tucker worked arduously in Virginia to oppose Jackson and was a solid supporter of Henry Clay, with his second choice being Daniel Webster.

He opposed universal suffrage, and favored limiting the franchise to half of free men, and allowing slaveholders to cast votes on behalf of three-fifths of their slaves; he also argued in favor of eliminating the secret ballot. Tucker also promoted the Second National Bank and strongly criticized Jackson for defunding it.

Works of fiction
Tucker's premier literary work was The Valley of Shenandoah (1824), the first fictional tale of life in Virginia. His writing began on July 1 and the book was completed by August 31. In relating the downfall of an aristocratic family in the commonwealth's valley, it drew upon his personal witness of the financial ruin of his in-laws, the family of Charles Carter, and described the inability of an estate owner to manage his monetary affairs, such as he had personally experienced. Tucker further used the novel's characters, again reflecting personal experience, to emphasize that happiness in love and life resulted from the moderation of one's passions. The Valley stressed Tucker's professorial objective, that history must inform the reader with "the progress of society and the arts of civilization; with the advancement and decline of literature, laws, manners and commerce." He also conveyed through the fiction his view that gentility was independent of wealth, that the relationship between masters and slaves was imbued with mutual trust and happiness, and that the strong currents of socio-economic change were on the whole beneficent.

In his negotiations with the publisher Harpers, Tucker relates: "As an excuse for not offering me more liberal terms, one of them, the eldest partner, said, “Why, we shall have to give a man fifty dollars to read your book. 'Oh,' said I, 'what chance have you then to sell it if you have to hire a man to read it?'" Harpers offered to pay him $500, which he declined, and the publication was delayed at an unknown price.

Using the pseudonym Joseph Atterley, in 1827 he wrote the satire A Voyage to the Moon: With Some Account of the Manners and Customs, Science and Philosophy, of the People of Morosofia, and Other Lunarians. It is one of the earliest American works of science fiction, and was relatively successful, earning Tucker $100 from the sale of 1000 copies. It received positive reviews from the American Quarterly Review and the Western Monthly Review. Tucker uses The Voyage to ridicule the social manners, religion and professions of some of his colleagues, and to criticize some erroneous scientific methods and results apparent to him at the time.

First biography of Jefferson
In 1836, Tucker completed his manuscript of a comprehensive biography, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States. He sent his composition to James Madison for his approval, as the latter had assisted in its formation. Tucker included for his sanction a proposed dedication to the recipient. Madison replied with his full approbation and signature on June 26, 1836, just hours before his death the following day.

This study of the life of Jefferson was published in two volumes the following year, and received complimentary assessment in the Edinburgh Review from Lord Brougham, as "a very valuable addition to the stock of our political and historical knowledge. In it, Professor Tucker does not always accord with the illustrious subject of his biography. The work, indeed, manifests a laudable desire to do justice, and to decide impartially on contested topics; and hence, perhaps, it failed to give satisfaction to the ardent supporters, as well as to the bitter opponents, of Mr. Jefferson." Tucker gave the publication a positive assessment, saying he was paid 50 cents per copy upon an initial printing of 2000 copies.

Sojourn in Great Britain
Tucker considered a trip abroad would enhance his insight and résumé generally, and specifically prepare him for a possible, though not likely, diplomatic appointment. He expected there was much to be learned for his country's benefit in the British factories, great estates, and crowded cities. With his finances in order and a three-month leave from the university, in 1839 he made a trip to Great Britain and after some time in Shakespeare country, Stratford-Upon-Avon, he settled in Liverpool. He did not succeed in making all the expected social connections, with the exception of the 1st Earl of Leicester and his wife, with whom he frequently discussed politics and agriculture. Though admiring the succinct debates in Parliament, he found Queen Victoria's procession "more fit to amuse a child than one of my age." On the whole he found conversation did not come easily with the British, and concluded that "...there were more churls in England than in all of Europe besides." This journey, along with his interest in the doctrines of Thomas Robert Malthus on populace, inspired Tucker to expound upon the mixed blessings of a prospective urbanized world. Some of his hypotheses were included in The Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth (Boston, 1843). This work gained him one of his proudest honors, a membership in the Statistical Society of Paris.

His enthusiasm for teaching at the university ebbed in his final years there. He was also perturbed by an increase in religious enthusiasm on campus and a temperance movement, which he mildly protested. Tucker zealously defended higher salaries for more tenured professors, and he was enraged when the university reduced his annual salary from $1500 to $1000. Having produced documentation proving that Jefferson had intended his salary be guaranteed for life, he convinced the university to reinstate his original salary.

Resignation from faculty and relocation
With the resignation of Henry St. George Tucker, Tucker's last contemporary on the faculty, Tucker in 1845 resigned his own professorship and moved with his wife to Philadelphia. There he enjoyed a reunion with his friend Robley Dunglison, and the availability of more libraries, and meetings at the American Philosophical Society to which he was elected in 1837. Nevertheless, there were drawbacks—for one, the lack of accommodation that slaveholding had brought him—he had emancipated all five of his slaves upon his departure from Charlottesville. He later expressed doubt about the wisdom of this decision when he learned that three of them had, by law, been exiled from Virginia, and shortly thereafter died. As well, the two freed slaves who accompanied him to Philadelphia immediately deserted their posts upon arrival there.

Social life in the urban setting did not initially live up to his expectations, but after a time his writing and lecturing upon a variety of subjects filled the void. He also joined The American Institute for the Advancement of Science and successfully urged its members to establish a section on Political Economics and Statistics. He as well engaged in a debate, as antagonist of Malthusian population theory with proponent Alexander Hill Everett.

History of the United States
In 1856, Tucker completed his four-volume History of the United States, From Their Colonization to the End of the 26th Congress in 1841. Tucker had sprightly begun his work on this production in 1850, at the age of 75. Robley Dunglison commented as follows on the work: "To aid him in the execution of his work, as [Tucker] himself remarks, it had been his good fortune to have a personal knowledge of many, who bore a conspicuous part in the Revolution, and of nearly all those who were the principal actors in the political dramas which succeeded. The history extends to the elevation of General William Henry Harrison to the Presidency in 1841, which is as far as Tucker thought he could prudently go." The work includes a brief review of slavery, in which Tucker took issue with Jefferson's decades-old view in his Notes on the State of Virginia (1781), that slavery still had a degenerative effect upon slaveholders.

According to Tucker, previews of the work by his colleagues brought commendation, the reception of the publisher was encouraging, and payment advances were arranged with a bank. Then came the bank failures and loss of credit from the Panic of 1857, and printing was halted. Tucker's final comment on the situation was an optimistic one, for the future of the economy and for his authorship.

Final years
Though Tucker may have displayed in his old age "a spirit of pugnacity becoming earlier years," as one critic claimed, such a nature was not in evidence with his family. He corresponded positively and frequently with his children and vacationed with them in the summers in Virginia and New York. He appears to have been consistent in his devotion to his family, which was returned by them in kind. His exchanges with them were replete with a concern for their financial well-being. Musing on his own past errors, he told them that "except for the loss of friends, a want of prudence in money matters has contributed nine-tenths of the pain and vexation of [my] life."

Even after the death of his wife Louisa in 1858, Tucker's vitality persisted and, not long before the American Civil War began, in January 1861 he journeyed south through Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia to Alabama to visit a friend in Mobile. In reaction to Georgia's secession from the union, speaking from his lingering southern loyalty, he commented, "it seems a poor remedy for an unpopular President." He thought the overriding need for "a wise provident government" would bring the southern states back under a modified constitution. But after some time spent in the south, he was compelled to say the people "seemed to be crazed in the fancies of imaginary evils and their strange remedies." Indeed, Tucker's youthful loyalties to the agrarian south had in his maturity given way to a belief in the value and necessity of a commercial-industrial society. Nationalism had replaced statism as the foundation of his politics, and he could not understand why a compromise in lieu of war would not be embraced.

Tucker concluded his literary career, at age 84, with his 226-page book, Political Economy for the People (1859).

Tucker sustained head injuries at Mobile Bay when, awaiting his ship's departure for return to the north, he was struck by a large bale of cotton being loaded on board. He was moved to the home of daughter Eleanor and husband George Rives in Albemarle County, Virginia, where he died on April 10, 1861, two days prior to the Battle of Fort Sumter and the beginning of the American Civil War. He was buried at the University of Virginia Cemetery.

Works

 * Letters on the Conspiracy of Slaves in Virginia (Richmond, 1800)
 * Letters on the Roanoke Navigation (1811)
 * Recollections of Eleanor Rosalie Tucker (Lynchburg, 1819)
 * Essays on Subjects of Taste, Morals, and National Policy, under the pen-name "A Citizen of Virginia" (Georgetown, 1822)
 * This was reprinted in England and translated into German.
 * Principles of Rent, Wages, and Profits (Philadelphia, 1837)
 * Public Discourse on the Literature of the United States (Charlottesville, 1837)
 * The Theory of Money and Banks Investigated (Boston, 1839)
 * Essay on Cause and Effect (Philadelphia, 1842)
 * Essay on the Association of Ideas (1843)
 * Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth in Fifty Years (New York, 1843)
 * Memoir of the Life and Character of Dr. John P. Emmet (Philadelphia, 1845)
 * Correspondence with Alexander H. Everett on Political Economy (1845)
 * Banks or No Banks (New York, 1857)
 * Essays, Moral and Philosophical (1860)
 * Banks or No Banks (New York, 1857)
 * Essays, Moral and Philosophical (1860)
 * Essays, Moral and Philosophical (1860)
 * Essays, Moral and Philosophical (1860)

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Louisiana (disambiguation)

Louisiana is a state in the United States.

Louisiana may also refer to:

Historical places

 * Louisiana (New France), a historical North American region claimed by France, 1682–1763 and 1803
 * Louisiana (New Spain), a historical North American region claimed by Spain, 1764–1803
 * Louisiana Purchase, a vast area in North America bought by the United States in 1803
 * District of Louisiana, a temporary U.S. governmental district, 1804–1805
 * Louisiana Territory, a historic, organized territory of the United States, 1805–1812
 * French Louisiana, two distinct places of North America.

Other places

 * La Luisiana, a municipality in Spain
 * Louisiana, Kansas, a ghost town
 * Louisiana, Missouri, a city
 * Luisiana, Laguna, a municipality in the Philippines
 * Louisiana road (Croatia), an old road in Croatia
 * Luiziana, a city in Paraná, Brazil

Entertainment

 * "Louisiana 1927", a song by Randy Newman
 * Louisiana, a song by Underworld, from the album Barking
 * Louisiana (1919 film), a lost 1919 American silent comedy film
 * Louisiana (1947 film), a movie starring Jimmie Davis, then governor of that state
 * Louisiana (1984 film), a TV movie by Philippe de Broca, also known as Lousiane
 * Louisiana, an 1880 novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett

Ships

 * USS Louisiana, five U.S. Navy ships have borne this name
 * CSS Louisiana, an 1862 ironclad ship of the Confederate States Navy
 * Louisiana (shipwreck), steamboat that sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913

Other

 * Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns, the athletic program of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette
 * Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, near Copenhagen, Denmark

title: Louisiana (disambiguation)


text:
Dubmatique

Dubmatique is a French Canadian hip hop group formed in the 1990s in Montreal, Quebec. Groupmates Dj Choice, OTMC, and Jérôme-Philippe are the first French-language hip-hop group from Canada to have a number one hit single on the francophone pop charts. Dubmatique is often regarded as one of the groups that launched French Canadian Hip Hop, and within this category they are the only group to have an album certified Platinum.

1980s to breakthrough: early career and breakthrough
In the 1980s, Disoul and OTMC became friends in the country of Senegal. In the early 1990s Disoul moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He joined a hip-hop radio show named Dubmatique, with co-host Cedric it was eventually decided that it would become a group. In the mid-1990s, OTMC came to Canada and joined the group. Shortly after, they invited Dj Choice. In 1994, they made their first appearance by doing a freestyle on the mix-tape Tape 9-Too Leust by Cut Killer.

By 1995, the group were doing shows in local clubs. They participated at the launch of the album Simple et Funky by Alliance Ethnik and the soundtrack for the movie La Haine. They won the award Best Hip Hop Group of the Year at the Gala Mimi. That same summer, they performed at the music festival Les FrancoFolies de Montréal.

In 1997, on the French Canadian market, they released their first album named La force de comprendre. It was soon certified platinum, selling over 125,000 copies. Because of the singles and music videos for Soul Pleureur, La force de comprendre, and Plus rien n’est pareil, they reached the top of the charts on commercial radio stations and TV channels for music videos. The reviews were favourable on both lyrics and the production. The album featured French rappers Menelik and 2 Bal.

Dubmatique went on to perform 150 shows on stages throughout Quebec. At the French Canadian equivalent of the "Grammy Awards" called "Le Gala de L'ADISQ", the band won the Félix Award of "Best Rock Alternative Album" (Their first year at "Le Gala de L'ADISQ", there was no Hip Hop section). They were nominated for Group of the year, and Revelation of the year.

In 1998 the band won the Félix Award for Group of the year, and two more nominations for Show of the year and Best Seller. On the English side of Canada they were nominated for a Juno Award for the Best selling Francophone album.

1999 to 2001: subsequent success
Their second album, the self-titled Dubmatique was released in 1999. They launched the singles and music videos of La vie est si fragile with the violinist Ashley MacIsaac and Mémoires. The album was certified gold and sold 35,000 copies in the first week. They collaborated with two members of the group IAM: Shurik’n was featured on the song L’avenir, and Akhenathon remixed the single La force de comprendre from the first album. Montreal artists were also featured: El Winner of Latitude Nord, D-Shade of Shades of Culture and Mr. Len. The record was well received and Dubmatique continued to perform around Quebec and fill up large venues. Finally at "Le Gala de L'ADISQ", they won the Félix Award for "Hip Hop Album of the year", were nominated for Group of the year. Additionally at "Le Gala Soba" they won two Sound of Blackness Awards for Best Group of the year, and Best Francophone Hip Hop Group of the year.

Dj Choice did not participate on the production of their third album. Disoul and OTMC worked with Sonny Black, Jaynaz, Ray Ray, and Stéphane Dufour. In 2001 they released the album Influences. Ragga Dub and Sexcite-Moi, a collaboration with the rock singer Éric Lapointe, were chosen as the singles and music videos to launch the album. The group continued to do well on the charts. They won the Félix Award for Best Hip Hop Album of the year. This record is also annotated to be the first appearance by best selling R&B singer Corneille on a professional project.

2004 to present day: solo projects and reunions
In 2004, their label Tox released the compilation Mémoires that contained all of their hits. Shortly after, Disoul and OTMC launched solo projects. In 2005, Disoul decided to use his real name, Jérôme-Philippe and released a self-titled album where he mixed rapping and singing. OTMC followed up in 2006 with a Hip Hop album named Sincérité volontaire. Their respective songs would play on the radios throughout Quebec and sales were respectable.

In 2008, a group was created by a fan on Facebook to urge Dubmatique to reunite, and over 50,000 fans joined. This motivated OTMC and Disoul to make an album. In 2009 they launched Trait d’union. Dj Choice participated and produced the song Patience a collaboration with Sir Pathetik, Imposs and John John. Singers Barnev Valsaint, Jennifer Silencieux, and Mike Coriolan also participated. Singles and music videos for La Vibe and Cold World were released. Les FrancoFolies de Montréal music festival organised their first reunion show.

Awards
1995 Meeting Group of the Year

1997 Gala de l'ADISQ
 * Félix Award Win: Best Rock Alternative Album ((at the time the "gala de l'ADISQ" did't have a Hip Hop section))
 * Félix Award Nomination: Group of the year
 * Félix Award Nomination: Revelation of the year

1998 Gala de l'ADISQ
 * Félix Award Win: Group of SHEESHHHthe year
 * Félix Award Nomination:Show of the year by writer-composer-performer
 * Félix Award Nomination: Best selling album

1998 Juno Award
 * Juno Award Nomination: Best Selling Francophone Album

1998 Much Music Video Awards
 * Much Music Video Awards Win: Best French Video

1999 Gala de l'ADISQ
 * Félix Award Win: Best Hip Hop Album
 * Félix Award Nomination: Group of the year

1999 Soba Gala
 * Sound of Blackness Award Win: Best Group of the year
 * Sound of Blackness Award Win: Best Francophone Hip Hop Group of the year

2002 Gala de l'ADISQ
 * Félix Award Win: Best Hip Hop Album

Collaborations

 * Cut Killer "Tape 9-Too Leust" (1994) - Freestyle -
 * Cut Killer "Freestyle Canada" (1999) - Freestyle -
 * Online "Everest" (2010) - Superstar -

Discography

 * 1997: La force de comprendre
 * 1998: Dubmatique
 * 2001: Influences
 * 2009: Trait d'union

title: Dubmatique


text:
Talk:List of Air Canada destinations

Opening comments
Bermuda, Cayman Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands are not countries. Guadeloupe and Martinique are not even dependencies or territories but département d'outre-mer. -- 04:30, December 13, 2004, UTC

Why categorise Oceania destinations between North America and South America?

Its irritating that Hweiwei listed Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Bermuda, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles as countries, whereas Hongkong and Macau are not. I wonder where he could draw a line to differentiate them.

I have changed canada, united states and mexico to be sub-headings under north america. previously they were just levels of indentation, all organized under the single heading 'north america'. I feel the new layout is better because it allows the table of contents to be used, plus headings are more obvious than indentation, i feel. -- Fudoreaper 00:56:01, 2005-08-09 (UTC)

 * This list of destinations is not date referenced. Are these destinations being served in 2005 or what? We need to know how current the list is or it is of no value. Ardfern 20:06, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

AC Hubs
The labeling of Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal as hubs is relevant to this page, but the current system could use improvement. Also, I would like to see a source for the status of Montreal as Air Canada's main hub. Certainly their headquarters are there, but I have never heard Air Canada label it as such, and based on their operations there, it certainly doesn't warrant that distinction. Jamincan 04:58, July 12, 2005 (UTC)

I've never really been satisfied indicating the hubs with the bolded Hub behind the airports name. Perhaps having an initial section listing their Hubs would be more suitable. Jamincan 12:48, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Central Mountain Air serves some of these destinations on behalf of Air Canada
Several of the destinations listed are served by Central Mountain Air on behalf of Air Canada.

According to, "Central Mountain also operates the following domestic routes on behalf of Air Canada from Calgary to Grande Prairie, Lethbridge, Medicine Hat, and Cranbrook."

I dont have a problem with leaving the destinations in because they are part of the AC Network but the Destinations Header should reflect the fact that some of the destinations arent served solely by Air Canada or Jazz.

Also, some destinations are missing. A partial list is 1. Hamilton, Ontario 2. Mont Joli/Rimouski, PQ 3. Sarnia, Ontario 4. Cleveland, Ohio 5. Harrisburg, Penn... All Jazz served cities

Refer to destinations list on AC Jazz webpage

I'll revise the list when I get a chance unless someone else beats me to it. DSatYVR 17:35, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Guangzhou
Until the route is started, it seems that the suitable spot to mention the future route YVR-CAN is under the Upcoming New Routes section. I've removed the mention of Guangzhou as a listed destination once already, but User:207.216.102.131 seems to have added it again. I believe the same user was the one who originally added it, as well as included its mention in the Upcoming New Routes section. If the consensus is against me and people believe that it should be included under the listed routes section, but in the meantime, I think it should only be mentioned once, and the Upcoming New Routes section seems more suitable. Jamincan 00:47, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * removed - AC will not be servicing CAN - not in online timetable - change of plans --Rosetown 22:34, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

AC Network Weather link added again
I've added this link again. Not sure why it was deleted. How is weather at destination not relevant? DSatYVR 01:21, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Why does this list include subsidiary destinations?
Does it say in any MOS that the list here OUGHT to include subsidiary destinations (i.e. AC Jazz)? If not, let's REMOVE the subsidiary destinations and put them in a new list. AC and AC Jazz should be considered separate entities. WhisperToMe 00:11, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

I split the destinations - AC Jazz-only destinations and destinations served by AC and AC Jazz are listed at Air Canada Jazz destinations WhisperToMe 22:25, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I removed AC Jazz only stations from new format list too.116.71.22.165 (talk) 04:57, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Birmingham?
One thing I don't understand is why Birmingham (BHX) is on that list. I would remove it unless there is a source, but I am certain I haven't heard anything about this. Should it be removed or does someone have a source? 82.46.152.122 (talk) 11:51, 12 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Its on the list because Air Canada used to serve Birmingham, in the 60s maybe, I can't remember exactly when. The Air Canada destination list includes both current (white Background) and former (grey) destinations.  Ravendrop 07:53, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

New Design?
Hello all, just wondering if anyone's interested in a little reformatting? Personally speaking, I find the page to be a little cluttered and the mix of terminated and currents destinations, etc. is a little confusing for the average reader. To make it more functional and flowing does anyboy agree with re-formatting it to a page similar to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_destinations ? In my oppinion this page is a good basic format for ordering the information by continent etc. Anyone agree? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gdandsnahb (talk • contribs) 20:29, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree, this format is messy and hard to read. Thankyoubaby (talk) 03:52, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * So let's change it? Fine with all — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gdandsnahb (talk • contribs) 19:28, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm against changing it. I have no problem with it currently.  We need a lot more input before consensus is reached.  These things often take time.  Ravendrop 19:43, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd have to agree with Ravendrop. As for recent work I've just recently sorted the table by continent as per one recent concern, so that issue has been resolved.  As for terminated destinations, when I get the time I can look for references to the terminated destinations, enabling to separate terminated and current destinations in the same table via the end dates, similar to the official Wikipedia featured List of Braathens destinations. Sb617 (Talk) 23:13, 7 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It would look much better if the continents were subtitles, it's just another column to the chart making it less reader friendly. I just think that the page looks week and takes that extra bit of time to understand what you're reading. Will see what others have to say. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gdandsnahb (talk • contribs) 01:09, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree. Furthermore, adding the end and start years will make this long table even more complicated. The reason it works for Braathens is because all the destinations are former destinations. If consensus finds to keep the table, I suggest following the KLM style and removing the terminated destinations and putting them in a list format below the table. Thankyoubaby (talk) 05:39, 8 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you^ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gdandsnahb (talk • contribs) 17:58, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Ecuador?
Air Canada has never to my knowledge served Ecuador, neither scheduled nor as a charter. Can we either find a reference or get it out of there? A year later it is still in here - can we remove Ecuador or find a reference please? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.62.173.75 (talk) 14:30, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

Why independent pages?
Can anyone please give me some good reasons why this kind of pages shouldn't be merged with the pages about airlines themselves? If this kind of pages exist, what purposes do the "Destinations" sections on the main pages serve? The way I see it, this kind of pages exist as independent pages merely for the purpose of boosting the page count.  Cédric wants to abolish "Convention №. 2" like abolishing slavery. 08:07, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

Flights to Sweden?
https://www.skyscanner.ca/flights-to/stoc/airlines-that-fly-to-stockholm.html 73.87.74.115 (talk) 19:50, 12 October 2017 (UTC)
 * No, Air Canada does not fly there, but codeshares on flights into Sweden. -- Acefitt 22:12, 12 October 2017 (UTC)

Oh. 73.87.74.115 (talk) 00:20, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

Air Canada Rouge destinations
The IP editor(s) who added the deleted list of Air Canada Rouge destinations here may wish to read the reasons why the list of Air Canada Rouge destinations were deleted. This can be seen here: Articles for deletion/List of Air Midwest destinations.

In brief, lists of airline destinations are not suitable content for Wikipedia. Additionally, they are impossible to source in a way that meets our requirements for lists of company services, particularly the requirement that the source be clearly independent of the provider of the services listed. It is therefore highly likely that this page too will be deleted. FOARP (talk) 08:40, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Air Canada destinations


text:
Polyester (film)

Polyester is a 1981 American comedy film directed, produced, and written by John Waters, and starring Divine, Tab Hunter, Edith Massey, and Mink Stole. It satirizes the melodramatic genre of women's pictures, particularly those directed by Douglas Sirk, whose work directly influenced this film. The film is also a satire of suburban life in the early 1980s, involving topics like divorce, abortion, adultery, alcoholism, racial stereotypes, foot fetishism, and the religious right.

Polyester was filmed in Waters' native Baltimore, Maryland, like many of his previous films. It featured a gimmick called Odorama, whereby moviegoers could smell what they were viewing on-screen with special scratch-and-sniff cards (a stylistic tribute to the work of William Castle, whose films typically featured attention-grabbing gimmicks).

Following Stunts, it was among the earliest films that New Line Cinema produced.

Plot
Early 1980s housewife Francine Fishpaw watches her upper-middle-class family's life crumble in their suburban Baltimore home. Her husband Elmer is a polyester-clad lout who owns an adult movie theater, causing anti-pornography protesters to picket the Fishpaws' house. Francine's Christian beliefs are offended by the behavior of her children—Lu-Lu, her spoiled, promiscuous daughter, and Dexter, her delinquent, glue-sniffing son who derives sexual pleasure from stomping on women's feet.

Francine's cocaine-snorting mother La Rue is a class-conscious snob. She compounds her daughter’s troubles by robbing her blind, constantly deriding her obesity, and berating her for befriending her former housecleaner Cuddles Kovinsky; Cuddles is a “simple-minded” woman who tries to console Francine with "seize-the-day" bromides and has inherited a large sum of money from a wealthy, former employer.

After Francine discovers Elmer having an affair with his secretary Sandra Sullivan, she confronts them during a motel tryst and demands a divorce. Francine then falls into alcoholism and depression, exacerbated by her children's behavior; Lu-Lu is impregnated by her degenerate boyfriend Bo-Bo Belsinger, and she announces she is getting an abortion. Soon after, Dexter is arrested at a supermarket for stomping on a woman's foot, and the media reveals that he is the “Baltimore Foot-Stomper” who has been serially attacking and terrorizing local women.

Lu-Lu attempts to go to an abortion clinic, but anti-abortion picketers attack her. She returns home and tries to induce a miscarriage, causing Francine to call an unwed mothers' home. Two nuns come and transport Lu-Lu to a Catholic home. Bo-Bo and his friend, who come to trash the Fishpaw house on Halloween, shoot Francine’s mother (La Rue), but she retrieves the gun and shoots Bo-Bo dead. After Lu-Lu flees the unwed mothers' home, she returns home to find Bo-Bo's dead body; she is so distraught that she attempts suicide. Francine comes home and faints after witnessing her daughter's suicide attempt—and the apparent suicide (by hanging) of the family dog Bonkers, based on a suicide note left near the dog's dangling body.

Some time later, Francine's life begins to look up, as Dexter is released from jail, having been rehabilitated; Lu-Lu suffers a miscarriage from her suicide attempt, and she is contrite about her past, becoming an artistic flower child who embraces macramé. Francine quits drinking, confronts and rebukes her mother, and finds new romance with Todd Tomorrow. Todd proposes marriage to an elated Francine, but she discovers that Todd and La Rue are romantically involved and conspiring to embezzle her divorce settlement, drive her insane and sell her children into prostitution.

Elmer and Sandra break into the house to murder Francine, but Dexter and Lu-Lu kill them; Dexter steps on Sandra's foot, causing her to accidentally shoot Elmer, and Lu-Lu uses her macramé to strangle Sandra. When Cuddles arrives with her German chauffeur/fiancé Heintz, their car runs over La Rue and Todd, killing them. The film concludes with a happy ending for Francine, her children, and newlyweds Cuddles and Heintz.

Cast

 * Divine as Francine Fishpaw
 * Tab Hunter as Todd Tomorrow
 * David Samson as Elmer Fishpaw
 * Edith Massey as Cuddles Kovinsky
 * Mink Stole as Sandra Sullivan
 * Ken King as Dexter Fishpaw
 * Mary Garlington as Lu-Lu Fishpaw
 * Joni Ruth White as La Rue
 * Stiv Bators as Bo-Bo Belsinger
 * Hans Kramm as Heintz
 * Rick Breitenfeld as Dr. Arnold Quackenshaw
 * Susan Lowe as Shirley Evans, mall victim
 * Cookie Mueller as Betty Lalinski
 * George Hulse as Principal Kirk
 * Michael Watson as Freddy Ashton
 * Mary Vivian Pearce and Sharon Niesp as Nuns
 * Jean Hill as Gospel bus hijacker
 * Leo Braudy as Abortion picketer
 * Dorothy Braudy as Abortion picketer
 * George Figgs as Abortion picketer
 * Marina Melin as Supermarket Victim
 * Chuck Yeaton as Hospital Reporter

Production
The Dreamlanders, Waters' usual acting troupe, serve minor roles in Polyester, compared to Waters' previous films Desperate Living, Female Trouble and Pink Flamingos, which starred several Dreamlanders in major roles. Only two, Divine and Edith Massey, receive top billing. This movie was also Massey's final collaboration with Waters before her 1984 death. Dreamlander perennials Mink Stole, Mary Vivian Pearce, Cookie Mueller, Sharon Niesp, Marina Melin, Susan Lowe and Jean Hill have plot integral roles; however, they are much smaller compared to earlier films. Principal photography took place over the course of three weeks in October 1980.

Polyester was the first Waters film to skirt the mainstream, even garnering an R rating (his previous films were all unrated or rated X—the equivalent of the Motion Picture Association of America's present-day NC-17 rating). The film is set in a middle-class Baltimore suburb instead of its slums and bohemian neighborhoods, the setting of Waters' earlier films.

During an interview on The Ghost of Hollywood, cinematographer David Insley revealed that the helicopter used to shoot the opening scenes had to make an emergency landing on a nearby golf course while it was open. After the helicopter was cleared for safety, it was towed from the fairway using a flatbed.

This was Insley's third collaboration with Waters and his first as lead cinematographer. Insley also photographed Hairspray and Cry-Baby.

Music
Three songs are featured.
 * 1) "Polyester" by Tab Hunter – words and music by Chris Stein and Debbie Harry
 * 2) "Be My Daddy's Baby (Lu-Lu's Theme)" by Michael Kamen – words and music by Harry and Kamen
 * 3) "The Best Thing" by Bill Murray – words and music by Harry and Kamen

Women's pictures
Polyester was a send-up of women's pictures, an exploitative film genre popular from the 1950–1960s and typically featured bored, unfulfilled, or otherwise troubled women, usually middle-aged suburban housewives, finding release or escape through the arrival of a handsome younger man. Women's pictures were typically hackneyed B-movies, but Waters specifically styled Polyester after the work of the director Douglas Sirk, asking Insley to make use of similar lighting and editing techniques, even using film equipment and movie-making techniques from Sirk's era. By chance, Insley viewed some of Sirk's films at a local screening celebrating the director.

Odorama
Odors, especially Francine's particularly keen sense of smell, play an important role. To highlight this, Waters designed Odorama, a "scratch-and-sniff" gimmick inspired by the work of William Castle and the 1960 film Scent of Mystery, which featured a device called Smell-O-Vision. Special cards with spots numbered 1 through 10 were distributed to audience members before the show, in the manner of 3D glasses. When a number flashed on the screen, viewers were to scratch and sniff the appropriate spot. Smells included the scent of flowers, pizza, glue, gas, freshly cut grass, and feces. For the first DVD release, the smell of glue was changed due to, as Waters states, "political correctness". The gimmick was advertised with the tag "It'll blow your nose!" After being prompted to scratch and sniff a bouquet of roses, viewers are subjected to a series of mostly foul-smelling odors, and thus fall victim to the director's prank.

The ten smells (developed by 3M per Waters in the supplements section of the DVD release) are:
 * 1) Roses
 * 2) Flatulence
 * 3) Model airplane glue
 * 4) Pizza
 * 5) Gasoline
 * 6) Skunk
 * 7) Natural gas
 * 8) New car smell
 * 9) Dirty shoes
 * 10) Air freshener

A video release omits the onscreen flashing numbers as well as the opening introduction explaining Odorama. This version, created by Lorimar-Telepictures, was shown on cable TV in the United States. The Independent Film Channel released reproduction Odorama cards for John Waters film festivals in 1999. Waters expressed his delight at having audiences actually "pay to smell shit" on the 2004 DVD release commentary track.

Paramount Pictures used the Odorama name and logo as part of the Rugrats Go Wild release in 2003, upsetting Waters when he learned that New Line Cinema had let the copyright lapse. The 2011 film Spy Kids: All the Time in the World used a scratch-and-sniff card branded "Aromascope", advertised as providing the fourth dimension in its "4D" format.

Odorama cards were recreated by Midnight Movies, Little Joe Magazine, and The Aroma Company to allow viewers to interact with Polyester as intended for a screening at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2011.

Critical response
Polyester received some positive reviews from the mainstream press. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: Ordinarily, Mr. Waters is not everyone's cup of tea — but Polyester, which opens today at the National and other theaters, is not Mr. Waters' ordinary movie. It's a very funny one, with a hip, stylized humor that extends beyond the usual limitations of his outlook. This time, the comic vision is so controlled and steady that Mr. Waters need not rely so heavily on the grotesque touches that make his other films such perennial favorites on the weekend Midnight Movie circuit. Here's one that can just as well be shown in the daytime.

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a score of 94% based on reviews from 31 critics, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The critics' consensus states, "As proudly tacky as its titular fabric, Polyester finds writer-director John Waters moving ever so slightly into the mainstream without losing any of his subversive charm."

In popular culture
The 2000 single "Frontier Psychiatrist" by the Australian electronic music group The Avalanches samples the film.

title: Polyester (film)


text:
Talk:Orange Grove affair

Untitled

 * sees Carr facing the prospect of entering the witness box at ICAC – a situation he has faced only once before, early in his term, over the removal of the then Director General of the Department of Community Services.
 * Carr stands accused of sending his Chief of Staff, Graeme Wedderburn, to make it clear to the Assistant Planning Minister, Di Beamer, that she was to follow the proper planning processes.
 * What will become devastatingly apparent is that Di Beamer is a Minister well out of her depth, and on top of her failure in her capacity as Juvenile Justice Minister to handle the crisis at the state’s highest security juvenile detainee centre, she will be struggling to keep her place in the Ministry beyond early 2005.
 * When Orange Grove is closed to retailing the operator, Nabil Gazal and Gazcorp, is expected to sue for damages, leaving the beleaguered ratepayers of Liverpool possibly liable for millions.

Now that the heat has gone out of this issue, it should be noted that Carr did not enter the witness box, ICAC found that no one had acted corruptly, Di Beamer remains a Minister and Gazcorp did not sue Liverpool Council. Jeendan 09:04, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * So much hoohah and hype over nothing. No-one was charged over the affair. It was a media beat-up. LemonForest (talk) 05:08, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orange Grove affair


text: Category:1992 songs

title: Category:1992 songs


text: User talk:68.209.15.213

title: User talk:68.209.15.213


text:
Milaine Thériault

Milaine Thériault (born November 14, 1973, in Saint-Quentin, New Brunswick) is a retired Canadian cross-country skier.

In February, 2004 Thériault won her second consecutive women's five km free technique at the Haywood NorAm Canada Cup competition in Kelowna, British Columbia

Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

World Championships

 * a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.

Team podiums

 * 1 podium

title: Milaine Thériault


text: Category:2001 songs

title: Category:2001 songs


text:
Template:PeerYearBox

This page lists all peers who held extant titles between and.

title: Template:PeerYearBox


text:
Encamp

Encamp is one of the parishes of Andorra, located on the Valira d'Orient river. It is also the name of the main town in the parish. Other settlements include Vila, El Pas de la Casa, Grau Roig, El Tremat, La Mosquera and Les Bons. As of 2004, it has about 11,800 inhabitants. The centre of the municipality lies 1300 m above sea level. The highest mountain in the parish is Pic dels Pessons (2865 m). It borders France and Spain.

Climate
Encamp has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Encamp is 9.8 C. The average annual rainfall is 805.4 mm with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 18.9 C, and lowest in January, at around 2.1 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Encamp was 36.0 C on 29 June 1935; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -16.0 C on 2 February 1956.

Radio transmitter
Radio Andorra operated a transmitter at Lake Engolasters in Encamp from 7 August 1939 until 9 April 1981. The antenna still exists at an elevation of 1600 m (coordinates: 42.52167°N, 1.56944°W).

Economy
The economy of the parish is mostly based on its tourism industry, particularly skiing and hiking. There is also retail industry in the town of Encamp. There is a hydroelectric power station.

Transport
A road tunnel is being built between Encamp and Anyós in the neighbouring parish of La Massana; It cut journey times from 10 to 15 minutes to 5 minutes.

A cable car used to connect the town with Lake Engolasters, but it has been dismantled. However, a 2-stretch funitel built in 1998 connects Encamp with a ridge at 2.500 m within Grandvalira ski resort, thus assuring a lift+ski link with El Pas de la Casa and the rest of the domain.

Education
The Spanish international primary school Escuela Española de la Vall d'Orient is located in Encamp.

Notable people

 * Josep Carles Laínez (born 1970 in Valencia) is a Spanish writer, has a home in Encamp
 * Verònica Canals i Riba is the current Minister of Tourism

title: Encamp


text:
Canillo

Canillo is one of the parishes of Andorra. Canillo is also the name of the main town of the parish. The parish is considered the religious center of Andorra with the Sanctuary and Chapel of Our Lady of Meritxell, patron saint of Andorra, and contains one of the best-preserved romanesque churches in the Pyrenees, Sant Joan de Caselles. It has a population of 4,826, as of 2011. Despite having a tourist vocation, the parish of Canillo still retains many livestock and agricultural traits. It borders France.

History
The etymological origin of the name of the parish Canillo and its capital is pre-Roman, Iberian or Celtic. It is documented for the first time in the Acta de Consagració i Dotació de la Catedral de la Seu d'Urgell (Deed of Consecration and Endowment of the Cathedral of La Seu d'Urgell), during the 9th century, as Kanillave or Sant Serni de Kanillave. Later on it was referred to as Canilau as it appears in a document from 1176.

In Prats is located the sanctuary of Roc de les Bruixes, a set of rock-engraved ritual themes dating from the Bronze Age and the Iberian era, to the Early Middle Ages. Originally it was a sacred place from where the Iberians extracted stone powder to make ointments. Late Gothic remains such as the necropolis of Sant Joan de Caselles or the one aside Sant Serni de Canillo in the late 7th and 8th century provide proof of the early Christianity in Andorra.

The parish maintains its traditional character from the Medieval Period including old mills and traditional mountain houses. Such as the flour mill of the Peano, a sample of the old sources of wealth of the country, and the buildings that can be found in the old quarter of the capital, such as Ca Armany, Cal Fluix or Cal Ferrer Nou, as well as the old quarter of Soldeu or Incles.

The church of Sant Joan de Caselles, Romanesque building from the end of the 11th century, is perhaps one of the most emblematic churches of the Principality. Inside the temple there is a Romanesque stucco Majesty on a mural painting (12th century) and a Gothic altarpiece from the 16th century with German and Italian influences. The other churches in Canillo include the parish church of Sant Serni located in the old town of Canillo, original from the 12th century with the structure and interior elements of Baroque style (17th-18th centuries), the church of Sant Miquel de Prats (12th-13th centuries) and the church of Santa Creu de Canillo (1781) located in Canillo at the river bank of the Valira river.

Culture and folklore
The town figures into the Andorran legend El buner d'Ordino, in which a bagpiper from the parish of Ordino, en route to a festival in Canillo, is chased and treed by wolves, but frightens them off by playing his instrument.

The parish is intimately related to the national legend of Charlemagne. The legend explains that Charlemagne entered through the Valleys from Incles, and made a ring on the mountain of Pic Negre of Juclà to tie his horse, marking the borders between Andorra and Sabartés (Ariège), which It was in the Carolingian era Sabart, a small town today annexed to Tarascon. Not far from the place it's found the Creu Gótica de Carlemany (Gothic Cross of Charlemagne), a tribute to the blacksmiths of the country.

Also the Creu dels Set Braços (Cross of the seven arms) can be found in the parish. The cross is the origin of the tragic legend about a boy from Prats who thought that the devil could go find him someday. He accidentally killed one of his friends who wanted to scare him to make him a joke after returning from the town of Canillo to bring a barrel of wine. The body disappeared mysteriously, some say by the devil himself. In the place where the accident happened, they placed a cross in order that the passers remember and removed the consequence of such ugly act. The cross had seven arms, like seven were the young people who wanted to make fun of their compatriot. One of them disappeared, and, strangely coinciding, the cross also lost one of his arms.

Canillo is the place of the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Meritxell. According to legend, a shepherd found the image of the Virgin on a winter day under some flowering roses and decided to take it home. The image, however, returned three times to the same place where it had been found. Finally, the Andorrans decided to build a chapel there. In 1873, the General Council of the Valleys declared her the patron saint of the country and on 8 September 1921 it was declared the National Holiday of the Principality.

The original sanctuary was of Romanesque style and was completely restored in the 17th century. In 1972, the sanctuary burned down, being completely destroyed along with the Romanesque statue of the Virgin. The construction of a new sanctuary was entrusted to the Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill Levi. The new building was inaugurated in 1976. Inside it is still revered a replica of the Romanesque carving statue of the Virgin that was destroyed in the fire.

The sanctuary was declared a Minor basilica on 13 May 2014 by Pope Francis and joined the Marian Route (Ruta Mariana), a cultural-religious nature route, together with Our Lady of the Pillar, Our Lady of Torreciudad, Our Lady of Montserrat and Our Lady of Lourdes.

Geography
The localities of Canillo parish include Soldeu, Bordes d'Envalira, El Tarter, Sant Pere, Ransol, Els Plans, El Vilar, l'Armiana, l'Aldosa, El Forn, Incles, Prats, Meritxell and Molleres. Unlike the rest of Andorra, Canillo is divided by veïnats (neighborhoods). Canillo Parish is Andorra's largest parish, at 121 square kilometers (47 sq mi).

Large natural places and areas in the parish include the Incles Valley, the Ransol Valley and the Montaup Valley. On the hiking trail of the Incles Valley is located the Estany de Juclà, the largest lake in Andorra, with 21.3 hectares (0.21 km2).

Climate
Canillo has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). The average annual temperature in Canillo is 6.2 C. The average annual rainfall is 992.2 mm with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 15.0 C, and lowest in January, at around -1.4 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Canillo was 36.0 C on 1 July 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -23.0 C on 11 February 1956.

Events and festivities
One of the earliest celebrations in Canillo during January is Sant Antoni, in which the traditional markets are celebrated and vianda is distributed, which is a mountain soup. The crema del mai (burning of mai) is celebrated to left behind the hard winter: traditionally a spruce fir tree was burned and people in town sang and danced around it until the flames consumed it. The tree is still burning up nowadays, one of those used as a decoration on the public road during Christmas, and theater groups encourage the party for the little ones.

Another very deeply rooted festival is the Carnival, also known as the Harlequin Festival where the typical costume is that of harlequin, which is made out of clothes and scrolls (bells) and appears after the hanging of the king Carnival or rei Carnestoltes.

Already in the middle of the summer, the Canillo Festival is celebrated and began the Sheepdog Contest at the Planells de Mereig, organized by the local government and the Association of the Canillo Sheepdog Contest, as part of the Championship of the Catalan Countries.

Sports
Soldeu-El Tarter hosted World Cup alpine events for the first time in February 2012; and then in February 2016 a super-G and a combined. The World Cup finals (eight events) are scheduled for Soldeu in March 2019.

During the summer, mountain activities such as railroads, hiking and climbing routes are organized in the parish, as well as bike and cycling routes in Grand Valira and Vall d'Incles. In Canillo is located the highest golf course in Europe, located at 2,250 m altitude (7382 feet), created by the British architect Jeremy Pern.

The Palau de Gel d'Andorra, sports and leisure center located in Canillo for ice skating, ice hockey and curling is the headquarters of the Andorran Federation of Ice Sports and clubs.

Demographics
The largest ethnic group in Canillo are Andorrans. There is also a significant number of Spaniards and Portuguese people. The following table shows the largest foreign ethnic groups in Canillo by nationality, as of 2013:

Notable people

 * Carles Font-Rossell (born 1967 in Canillo) was the Permanent Representative to the United Nations for Andorra and also Ambassador of Andorra to the United States
 * Xavier Capdevila Romero (born 1976 in Canillo) an Andorran ski mountaineer, he now lives in Escaldes-Engordany
 * Marc Casal (born 1987 in Canillo) is an Andorran figure skater

title: Canillo


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Escaldes–Engordany

Escaldes–Engordany is one of the seven parishes of Andorra. The Escaldes–Engordany parish was founded on 14 June 1978 and has the second largest population after Andorra la Vella. The parish is composed of the areas les Escaldes, Engordany, Els Vilars d'Engordany, Engolasters, and El Fener. As of 2014 it has a population of 13,634. Notable events include the town's annual jazz festival. It borders four parishes: Encamp to the north and northeast, Sant Julià de Lòria in the southwest, Andorra la Vella in the west, and La Massana in the northwest. Escaldes–Engordany also borders Spain in the east, south and southeast.

Climate
Escaldes–Engordany has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Escaldes–Engordany is 8.5 C. The average annual rainfall is 799.9 mm with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 17.3 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.9 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Escaldes-Engordany was 33.0 C on 16 August 1974; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -21.0 C on 30 January 1935.

Post office
Andorra has no post offices of its own. Postal needs are served by Spanish P.O. (Correos Espanyols) or French P.O. (La Poste). 'Las Escaldes' Spanish Andorra Postal Agency opened in January 1928. Spanish Andorra Post Office is currently (2020) at 6 Carrer del Prat Gran, Les Escaldes, Escaldes–Engordany. Note: There has never been a French Andorra postal agency in Les Escaldes. Postal Code is AD700

Education
The Spanish international primary school Escuela Española de Escaldes serves the community.

Notable people

 * Pilar Burgués Monserrat (born Escaldes 1958) short story writer
 * Antoni Martí (1963–2023) architect and politician who was the Prime Minister of Andorra between May 2011 and May 2019.
 * Ludmilla Lacueva Canut (born 1971) fiction and non-fiction writer

Sport

 * brothers Emili Pérez (born 1966) & Xavier Pérez (born 1968) former cyclists, competed at the 1988 & 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Xavier Capdevila Romero (born 1976 in Canillo) from Escaldes–Engordany ski mountaineer.
 * Ariadna Tudel Cuberes (born 1978 in Escaldes–Engordany) road cyclist and ski mountaineer.
 * David Albós (born 1984 in Escaldes–Engordany) professional road racing cyclist.
 * Sergi Moreno (born 1987 in Escaldes–Engordany) footballer
 * Marc Vales (born 1990 in Les Escaldes) footballer
 * Claudia Guri (born 1995 in Escaldes) athlete and former basketball player

title: Escaldes–Engordany


text:
Sant Julià de Lòria

Sant Julià de Lòria is one of the parishes of Andorra, in the far south of the country. It is also the name of the main town of the parish, which at 908 m is the lowest settlement in Andorra. Other settlements in the parish include Bixessarri, Aixàs, Aixovall, Certers, Llumeneres, Nagol, Aixirivall, Auvinyà, Juberri, Fontaneda, and Canòlic. It is bordered by Andorra la Vella in the north, Escaldes-Engordany in the northeast and Catalonia, Spain in the south, east, west, northwest, southwest and southeast.

Education

 * University of Andorra
 * Naturlandia - Tobotronc
 * Festa Major de Sant Julià
 * Museu del Tabac

Notable people

 * Òscar Ribas Reig (born 1936 in Sant Julià de Lòria) the first prime minister of Andorra in 1982
 * Gilbert Saboya Sunyé (born 1966 in Sant Julià de Lòria) economist and politician. He is currently the Minister of Foreign Affairs

Sport

 * Francesc Repiso Romero (born 1964 in Sant Julià de Lòria) sport shooter, he competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Antoni Bernadó (born 1966 in Sant Julià de Lòria) long-distance runner who finished 87th in Men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics, 49th in 2000, 57th in 2004, 58th in 2008 and 74th in 2012. He is the first and so far only athlete to have finished five Olympic Marathons
 * Marina Fernández (born 1996 in Sant Julià de Lòria) footballer who plays as a midfielder
 * Jordi Aláez (born 1998 in Sant Julià de Lòria) footballer and beach soccer player

title: Sant Julià de Lòria


text:
Ordino

Ordino is the most northerly parish in the Principality of Andorra. It's mostly the main area of Valira del Nord or Valira d'Ordino river valley. Ordino is also the name of the main town of the parish. Other settlements in the parish are El Serrat, Ansalonga, Sornàs, La Cortinada, Llorts, Segudet, Arans, Les Salines and Arcalís. It is home to the Sorteny National Park, the largest nature area of Andorra. It has a population of 4,858, as of 2017. The town preserves a vast medieval center, mainly linked to the culture of the country.

Geography
The parish has borders with France (Occitania) and also with the parishes of La Massana, Canillo, and Encamp. The only main road and only all year external link is the CG-3 leading to the neighbouring parish of La Massana. With 85 km2 is the third largest parish after Canillo and Encamp.

The town of Ordino lies on the footslopes of Casamanya (2740 m), a mountain which has spectacular panoramic views from its summit being located almost exactly in the centre of Andorra.

Climate
Ordino has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Ordino is 8.0 C. The average annual rainfall is 942.4 mm with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 15.9 C, and lowest in January, at around 1.5 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Ordino was 32.9 C on 18 August 2012; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -18.9 C on 23 February 2005.

History
The etymological origin of the name of the parish Ordino and its capital is pre-Roman, and it is documented for the first time in the Acta de Consagració i Dotació de la Catedral de la Seu d'Urgell (Deed of Consecration and Endowment of the Cathedral of La Seu d'Urgell), during the 9th century, as Hordinavi or Sant Cebrià d'Hordinavi.

Ordino is historically known for its ironworks of the 16th century, especially Farga del Serrat and Farga de l'Areny. Besides being the industrial center of Andorra, Ordino is considered the cultural center of Andorra. Here Antoni Fiter i Rossell wrote the Manual Digest (1748), called the "Bible of Andorra," which tells the story, the government and the Andorran customs.

The town of Ordino include the parish church of Sant Corneli i Sant Cebrià, already mentioned in 839, was mainly built during the 12th and 13th centuries. The Romanesque church of Sant Martí de la Cortinada, with 12th-century murals, is also a good example of romanesque Andorran art.

Manor houses like Fiter-Riba or Casa Rossell, which holds the original Manual Digest and Areny-Plandolit family house, owners of Farga de l'Areny, represented the good society of Andorra between the 17th and 19th centuries. Both mansions were acquired in 1972 by Consell General and converted into an ethnological and historical museum.

The parish and town is the namesake of the Andorran legend El buner d'Ordino, in which a bagpiper from Ordino, en route to a festival in Canillo, is chased and treed by wolves, but frightens them off by playing his instrument.

Culture
Ordino has been part of the culture of Andorra and the Catalan language as major headquarter of Fundacio Ramon Llull (Ramon Llull Foundation), an international organization constituted in 2008 in order to promote Catalan language and culture internationally.

The National Auditorium of Andorra (Catalan: Auditori Nacional d'Andorra) is located in Ordino town. The International Narciso Yepes Festival, a series of classical music concerts, has been held there every October since 1983. The festival was started by the late guitarist, Narciso Yepes.

The Postal and Postcard Museum of Andorra (Catalan: Museu Postal d'Andorra) and the Miniature Museum (Catalan: Museu de la Miniatura) are localed in the parish of Ordino.

La Ruta del Ferro, which translates into English as the Iron Route, is a cultural route of old iron ore mines and rural cottages across the Valira del Nord, between Llorts and La Cortinada. It is part of the old road that the carriers used to carry the iron from the mines of Llorts to the ironwork forges of La Massana.

Events and festivities
A festival deeply rooted in the town of Ordino is El Roser d'Ordino or The Rose Festival, in which the processions and devotions during the month of July have given way to the Roses festival, a spring symbol linked to love, beauty and devotion. Traditionally, the day before the youth went to pick roses that grew in the fields and orchards, preparing the bouquets and placed in a basket that gave to women. The celebration was religious in the morning, in the afternoon there was a parade and a harvest (La Plega del Carbassó) and everything ended with a dance at night.

During two days, usually the first weekend of August, the streets of Ordino are filled with buners, an aerophone instrument that receives a wide variety of names depending on the area (bag of moans, xeremia, coixinera, Ordino's bagpipe, bottle or cleat) and is a symbol of the parish by its legend. All events are popular, celebrated by local people and parishioners, who have gone from town to town and from a popular festival to a popular festival playing the bagpipes.

The sings of Caramelles (religious songs from the Old Catalonia sung during the Easter), and its dances, are also popular and traditional in the parish.

Sports
The Comú d'Ordino, the local government, has a sports center (CEO) with swimming pool, gym, squash, sauna and rock climbing wall; along with the CTEO sport center with indoor and outdoor fields. It's also the parish were the start and finish of Ultra Trail Andorra take place, one of the most important mountain trail races in Southern Europe. FC Ordino, founded in 2010, is one of the major sport clubs in the parish. The club's football section currently plays in Primera Divisió, the Andorran Premier Division.

In the extreme northwest of the parish is the Vallnord (Ordino-Arcalis sector ski station) ski resort which has peaks up to 2,625 m.

Vallnord is part of the annually Freeride World Tour El Dorado route since 2015, as part of the major ski events in Andorra; along with the FIS International Youth Trophy Trofeu Borrufa celebrated every January. The ski station has also hosted since 2005 main stages of the European Championships of Ski Mountaineering and World Championships of Ski Mountaineering.

During summer the ski resort is open as bike park. In mountain biking, Vallnord was the venue for events during the 2008, 2009 and 2013 UCI Mountain Bike World Cup. The 2015 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships were held in Vallnord.

In road cycling, Arcalis was used for a stage finish in the 1994 Vuelta a España, and Pal as a stage finish in the 2010 Vuelta a España. Vallnord was used for stage finishes in the 2007, 2009 and 2011 Volta a Catalunya. Stage 10 of the 1997 Tour de France, Stage 7 of the 2009 Tour de France and Stage 9 of the 2016 Tour de France also all finished at Arcalis.

The major national road bicycle touring event, La Volta als Ports, finish in Arcalís. The race, also known as the Tour of the Andorran Passes or the Andorran Vuelta, was developed during the mid-1970s and has become one of the largest cyclotourism road event in Southern Europe.

Environment
As of October 2020, Ordino is part of the UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

title: Ordino


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Insite Incentive AB

Insite Incentive AB
Insite Incentive AB was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Pure advertising listing. --Calton 04:38, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. If the initial description doesn't give it away, the use of "we" throughout the article certainly does. Gsd97jks 04:54, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Also, copyvio: taken straight from . Aerion//talk 05:07, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete spam Cdc 06:57, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. We are so incompetent we don't even bother to say what country we are located in. -- Paul Richter 08:34, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ad. utcursch 09:22, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Copyvio or advertising about a Swedish company. I'm Swedish and have never heard fo this company, but I'm not that interested in economy and companies. Jeltz 11:33, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * Delete: Pure ad. Why, I wonder, do all these firms offer "solutions?"  What if I'm not a chemist?  Geogre 16:29, 13 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. Katefan0 19:45, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, ad. Wyss 12:19, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Matvei Zakharov

Matvei Vasilevich Zakharov (Матве́й Васи́льевич Заха́ров; August 17, 1898 – January 31, 1972) was Marshal of the Soviet Union, Chief of the General Staff, and Deputy Defense Minister.

Biography
Zakharov was born in Voylovo, a village in Kalininsky District, Tver Oblast to peasant parents. Zakharov joined the Red Guards (precursor to the Red Army) in 1917, and took part in the Storming of the Winter Palace. He served under Kliment Voroshilov during the Russian Civil War. Zakharov graduated from the Frunze Military Academy in 1928, and from Soviet General Staff Academy in 1937 (his graduation was actually a year ahead of schedule, due to the lack of officers in the Red Army because of the explosive growth of the army, as well as Stalin's purges.) Zakharov held a number of high-ranking positions before World War II even began. In 1937 he was made the Chief of Staff of the Leningrad Military District, then in 1938–1940 he was the Deputy Chief of the General Staff, and then the Chief of Staff of the Odessa Military District.

By the end of 1941, after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, he was moved north, where he was made the Chief of Staff of the Northwestern Theatre. Soon thereafter, he was made the Chief of Staff of the Kalinin Front, a role he held for most of 1942. In 1943, he was made the Chief of Staff of the Steppe Front, which was renamed the 2nd Ukrainian Front around mid-year. It was in this capacity that Zakharov proved himself as one of the Soviet Union's top military commanders. He helped plan a number of brilliant operations against German forces, first as a subordinate to Marshal Ivan Konev, and then under Marshal Rodion Malinovsky. After the cessation of hostilities with Germany, Zakharov was transferred east, where he was made the Chief of Staff of the Transbaikal Front, and helped plan the subsequent Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation. Zakharov described in his memoirs how in April–June 1941, the commanders of the Odessa military district were aware of German reconnaissance aircraft violating soviet airspace, and claimed that the Red Army did not have the equipment to shoot them down - though other sources say that Stalin had given an order that German aircraft were not to be fired on.

After the war, Zakharov held a number of key positions in the army. In 1945–1960, Zakharov was the Commandant of the General Staff Academy, Deputy Chief of the General Staff, Chief Inspector of the Army, Commanding General of the Leningrad Military District and, from November 1957, Commander in Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. On May 8, 1959, Zakharov was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union.

In January 1960, the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that within two years, 1,200,000 men, including 250,000 officers, were to be demobilised from the armed forces. When this decision was ratified by the Supreme Soviet on 14 January, the only officers to say anything were Malinovsky and Zakharov, who supported it. It is likely that officers more senior than Zakharov who did not speak, such as Marshal Sokolovsky kept quiet because they opposed the decision.

In April 1960, Zakharov was appointed Chief of the General Staff and Deputy Minister of Defence, replacing Marshal Sokolovsky. In 1963, having apparently fallen out with Khrushchev, he was demoted to the job he had held 18 years earlier, as head of the General Staff Academy. Khrushchev later stated that Zakharov was removed because he used to fall asleep during important meetings. He was reinstated in October 1964, he was reinstated as Chief of the General Staff and USSR First Minister for Defence, after his successor Marshal Biryuzov had been killed in an airplane crash, and Khrushchev had been ousted. When he retired through ill health in September 1971, he was the last active Marshal to have taken part in the events of 1917.

Marshal M. V. Zakharov died on January 31, 1972. The urn containing his ashes is buried by the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. His memoirs, which appear to have been written after 1964, were not published until 1989.

Honours and awards

 * Hero of the Soviet Union (8 September 1945, 22 September 1971)
 * Five Orders of Lenin (21 February 1945, 8 September 1945, 21 June 1957, 2 February 1958, 22 February 1968)
 * Order of the October Revolution (16 August 1968)
 * Order of the Red Banner, four times (22 February 1938, 31 December 1942, 3 November 1944, 6 November 1947)
 * Order of Suvorov, 1st class, twice (13 September 1944, 28 April 1945)
 * Order of Kutuzov, 1st class, twice (27 August 1943, 22 February 1944)
 * Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 1st class (17 May 1944)
 * Order of the Red Star (31 December 1939)
 * Honorary weapon with gold National Emblem of the Soviet Union (22 February 1968)
 * Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"
 * Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (28 April 1970)
 * Order of Klement Gottwald

title: Matvei Zakharov


text:
User talk:Dench

Welcome!

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Proposed deletion of Gruumsh

The article Gruumsh has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fictional character that fails WP:GNG, WP:NFICTION. Pure WP:PLOT. BEFORE fails to find anything that's not an in-universe fictional biography summary. Could be soft deleted by redirecting to List of Forgotten Realms deities."

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:55, 27 November 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Gruumsh for deletion
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The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Gruumsh until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Nomination of Umber hulk for deletion
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The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Umber hulk until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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title: User talk:Dench