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Dayton's

Dayton's was an American department store chain founded in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1902 by George Draper Dayton. It operated several local high end department stores throughout Minnesota and the Upper Midwest for almost 100 years. Although it was regionally known as a high-quality shopping destination, Dayton's is best remembered for starting the discount shopping chain Target. The company was also instrumental in the history of shopping malls; opening the first indoor shopping mall in the United States, Southdale Center in Edina, Minnesota, in 1956.

In 1969, Dayton's merged with Michigan department store chain Hudson's to form the Dayton-Hudson Corporation. The Target division of the company eventually grew so large that in 2000 the corporation was renamed the Target Corporation. Dayton-Hudson had acquired Chicago-based Marshall Field's in 1990 and Target rebranded Dayton's stores as Marshall Field's stores in 2001 in an effort to focus more on discount retailing. In 2004, Marshall Field's was purchased by May Department Stores, which subsequently merged in 2005 with Macy's, turning the remaining Marshall Field's stores into Macy's department stores.

For most of the company's history, it was owned and operated by the Dayton family. Dayton's mark on Minnesota remains with three Twin Cities shopping malls started by Dayton's, Southdale, Rosedale, Ridgedale, and the original flagship location still standing.

Goodfellow & Company
Dayton's has roots in R.S. Goodfellow & Company, a dry goods business founded as Goodfellow and Eastman in 1878. George Draper Dayton constructed a six-story building at Nicollet Avenue and Seventh Street in 1902 and convinced Goodfellow's, then the fourth-largest department store in Minneapolis, to become the tenant. Designed by Charles Sedgwick, the building made of brick, iron, plate glass, pressed brick and terra cotta, was one of the largest buildings in the city and had all of the latest displays and innovations, including passenger and freight elevators. The Goodfellow's store opened June 24, 1902, and Reuben Simon Goodfellow retired shortly before, selling his interest to Dayton, who financed and partnered with George Loudon, F.H. Carleton, and J.B. Mosher to run the business.

Dayton's Dry Goods
By 1903, George Dayton had bought out one partner and renamed the store Dayton's Dry Goods Company. At this time, the company stated it would be known as "Dayton's". After the name change was completed, Dayton's operations were handled by George Dayton along with his son, Draper Dayton, and J.B. Mosher. Mosher left the company in December 1905. In 1911, the name was changed again to The Dayton Company.

Dayton's
Dayton's officially became The Dayton Company in 1911, and also purchased the property at Nicollet and Eighth Street in downtown Minneapolis to expand Dayton's retail footprint. By 1929, the downtown location consisted of three buildings: the original building from 1902 and two additions from 1913 and 1929, totaling about a million square feet.

Draper Dayton died unexpectedly at the age of 43 in 1923. Dayton's founder, George Draper Dayton, died in 1938 and his surviving son, George Nelson Dayton, succeeded him as president of the company.

1940s and 1950s
Expanding its downtown Minneapolis location in 1947, Dayton's added four floors to the existing eight-story building, bringing the total retail space to 12 floors, at a cost over $2 million (~$ in ).

On the hunt for new and different items for its clientele, in 1949, Dayton's accepted several Cootie games on consignment from its inventor, Minnesota resident William "Herb" Schaper. The games sold very well, and reorders were placed. Dayton's sold 5,500 Cootie games between Thanksgiving and Christmas and the Game of Cootie was on its way to becoming a classic.

Dayton's president George Nelson Dayton died at the age of 63 in 1950, 12 years after becoming president. One of the five sons of George Nelson Dayton, Donald C. Dayton, was named president of Dayton's at that time, thus becoming the third generation with the Dayton surname to helm the department store. George Nelson Dayton's five sons each inherited 20% of the business after the death of their father; all are credited with the management and expansion of Dayton's into the modern retail era, along with the creation of Target Corporation, not only changing the dynamics of retail in Minnesota, but also nationwide.

In August 1952, Dayton's announced the acquisition of Knowlton Company in downtown Rochester, Minnesota. Knowlton had been in business since 1848, and became Dayton's second store; thus the beginning of Dayton's establishing itself as a department chain store company. After almost two years of expansion and renovations, the Rochester Dayton's opened in March 1954.

Dayton's pending development of its first shopping center, Southdale Center, was announced in June 1952. Southdale was planned, conceived, constructed, and owned by the Dayton Company. Southdale became the first fully enclosed, climate-controlled shopping mall in the United States, changing the retail landscape. Dayton's purchased 500 acres in Edina, Minnesota, to construct the historic $10 million (~$ in ) complex, which opened in 1956 with around 50 shops. 40,000 visitors attended the grand opening of the mall and immediately its success exceeded all expectations. Southdale became Dayton's third store; it was the company's second location and first in a series of shopping centers in the Twin Cities.

In November 1954, Dayton's announced it had acquired Fantle Bros. Department Store in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. This marked the first purchase and location for a Dayton's-owned store outside of Minnesota, but it kept the Fantle name instead of converting to the Dayton's nameplate.

In 1955, Dayton's announced the acquisition of land in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, for a shopping mall. Prior to the opening of Southdale Center, Dayton's was planning to construct a second shopping center to be called "Northdale", but the name was changed to Brookdale. Brookdale was not scheduled to be constructed immediately.

In June 1958, Dayton's announced plans with the Radisson Hotels, adjacent to the downtown store, to construct a joint parking ramp for customers and guests of both companies and downtown visitors in general. The ramp was constructed to accommodate 750 cars, which did not make it the largest in town, but was designed for quick and convenient accessibility for patrons to both properties.

Also in 1958, Dayton's merged with Schuneman's Department Store in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Dayton's also announced it had acquired choice retail property in downtown St. Paul to construct a new store in the future. The Dayton's-Schuneman's store continued operations in the Schuneman's building. Schuneman's was thought to have annual sales of $12-$15 million at the time, while Dayton's was thought to be around $80 million. By early 1960, Dayton's owned all property on the block fronted by Wabasha, Cedar, and 6th and 7th Streets in St. Paul.

1960s
In February 1962, after acquiring additional property needed to expand in St. Paul, Dayton's announced the plans for a new five-story building and parking ramp for 650 cars, all located in one structure.

Brookdale Center opened in Brooklyn Center in March 1962. Planned before the successful opening of Southdale Center, Brookdale was the second shopping center developed by Dayton's, and further expanded its retail footprint into the growing suburbs. Dayton's was to construct and open a 195,000 sq ft Dayton's store at Brookdale in phase two of construction, opening in July 1966.

The new St. Paul store opened in August 1963 with 380,000 sq ft of retail space in five stories, taking up an entire city block. The estimated cost of the new project was $14 million. The old Dayton's-Schuneman building across the street was razed for new development.

By 1964, Dayton's had become the second-largest privately owned department-store chain in the country, with sales estimated to be at least $130 million (~$ in ) annually.

Dayton's announced its third shopping center development in 1966, Rosedale Center. The name continued the convention of "Dale" with the complex located in Roseville, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. Rosedale Center opened in August 1969 and became the location of the sixth Dayton's store. This large Dayton's location had three stories, employed more than 600 people, and had 190,000 sq ft of retail space.

Fantle's Department Store in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, was sold by Dayton's, 13 years after purchasing it in 1967. Fantle's had never converted to the Dayton's name, and Dayton's said the reason for the sale was that the company wanted to concentrate on stores in major metropolitan areas. However, Dayton's returned to Sioux Falls with a store bearing its own nameplate 11 years later.

In the '60s, Dayton's was one of the first retailers to recognize the buying power of the teen market, and it aggressively pursued it with youth-oriented merchandise, concerts, and attractions. From 1962 to 1966, it hosted a weekly teen dance with live music in the 8th-floor auditorium, attracting up to 5,000 teens per week. In 1966, it spearheaded a "Super Youthquake" movement at area Dayton's stores featuring the latest fashions and music, with artists including Simon & Garfunkel and The Yardbirds. The Yardbirds' appearance at Dayton's was the first U.S. tour date played by Jimmy Page. Dayton's efforts paid off, and in 1965, it won Seventeen magazine's award for outstanding youth retail. Dayton's captured and enjoyed a trendsetter reputation, which contributed greatly to its success and standing apart from other area retailers.

In August 1967, Dayton's changed its name to "The Dayton Corporation", added outside members to its board (increasing the board to 12 persons), and prepared for its first public stock offering. The Dayton family still owned an estimated 85% of the corporation's stock after the initial public offering in October of that year, and still owned 43% of the stock by 1977.

The 1960s closed with the merger of The Dayton Corporation and J.L. Hudson (Hudson's) of Detroit, Michigan. At the time of acquisition, J.L. Hudson was the nation's largest independently owned department-store company. Upon realization of the merger, Dayton Hudson Corporation became the 14th-largest nonfood retailer in the U.S., with combined sales over $800 million.

Target Stores
In an announcement made in July 1961, Dayton's entered a new era of shopping with a discount store chain to operate separately from Dayton's department stores. The new chain constructed stores in the Twin Cities area, and each store  featured about 125,000 sq ft of retail space. This move was the first by a department store chain in the upper Midwest to enter the discount retailing field. Named Target, the new stores would become the model for continued success by U.S. retailers, in a class by itself, even as it approached its 60th anniversary. Its success was so great that, in time, Target Corporation survived Dayton's, the original parent company.

The first Target store opened in May 1962 in Roseville, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul, Minnesota. Rapidly expanding, by the end of the year there were four Target stores, with locations in Roseville, Crystal, Duluth, and St. Louis Park, Minnesota.

B. Dalton
B. Dalton Booksellers was announced in April 1966 as a new book-store chain to be launched and wholly owned by Dayton's. After research, Dayton's believed book stores would be a successful merchandising field for the company, due in part to the increase in education and disposable income of Americans. Named after Bruce Dayton, the head of Dayton's at the time (and one of George Nelson Dayton's five sons), Dayton's intent from the beginning was for B. Dalton to be a national book-store chain, with locations across the U.S. In 1966, the average book-store chain's retail footprint per store was roughly 2,500–2,900 sq ft; B. Dalton's first store was to be 7,200 sq ft. In August 1966, the first B. Dalton Bookseller, in the Dayton-owned Southdale Center in suburban Edina, opened. Expansion developed quickly, with the next store in the chain opening in February 1967 in St. Louis, Missouri; another six stores were planned at that time.

1970s
The bombing of the women's restroom at the St. Paul store occurred in 1970. Another, larger bomb was found nearby, but failed to detonate. A juvenile, 15 years old at the time of the bombing, was convicted of the crime.

Ridgedale, the fourth of the Dayton's "Dales" shopping centers in the Twin Cities, along with a Ridgedale Dayton's store, were announced in January 1972, amid concern over what was described as "an ecologically destructive project." After pressure by environmental groups, Dayton's moved ahead with construction, but shelved plans to further develop a new road by the property, and agreed to a moratorium on further development in the area until at least 1980. The shopping center, along with the new Dayton's store, opened in July 1974, and became the final "Dale" location.

Dayton's moved its Rochester store from downtown to Rochester's new Apache Mall in 1972. The mall had been open for a short time when Dayton's decided to leave the downtown area and construct a new 150,000 sq. ft. store at the mall. At that time, Apache Mall was the third-largest shopping center in Minnesota and the largest outside of the Twin Cities area. Dayton's move was considered a tipping point in the movement of retail commerce away from downtown Rochester.

Previously announced in 1971, the first Dayton's store outside of Minnesota opened in August 1973 in Fargo, North Dakota. The $5 million store was one of the anchors of the newly constructed West Acres Shopping Center, contained about 100,000 sq ft of retail space, and employed close to 200 people.

Crossroads Center in St. Cloud, Minnesota, opened in 1966 with Sears and J.C. Penney as anchors. The shopping center underwent an expansion in 1976, adding an additional 200,000 sq ft of retail space, resulting in the inclusion of a new Dayton's store, marking its entrance in the St. Cloud market. The St. Cloud Dayton's store opened in July 1976.

Dayton's agreed in 1973 to join the planned Homart Development Company's Burnsville Center shopping center project to be built in Burnsville, Minnesota. This was an unusual plan of action for Dayton's, as this would be its first location in a Twin Cities area shopping center not developed, owned, or managed by Dayton Hudson Corporation. The 180,000 sq ft Burnsville store became Dayton's 10th location when it opened in July 1977.

In September 1976, Dayton-Hudson Corporation announced the development of a new shopping center and Dayton's store to be built in Grand Forks, North Dakota. This was the company's first shopping center to be developed and constructed in North Dakota. The Columbia Mall (Grand Forks) opened in 1978, and while Dayton-Hudson remained at the mall, the company did not own the shopping center for long, selling it one year later.

Dayton's had not owned a store in Sioux Falls since selling Fantle's Department Store in 1967. In 1977, Dayton's announced the construction of a new Sioux Falls store, which would become the first with the Dayton's nameplate in South Dakota. The Sioux Falls market was chosen for a Dayton's location based on the familiarity of the Dayton's name with area residents, and because 1,500 Dayton's credit-card account holders resided in the area, though the closest Dayton's was about 250 miles away. The new Dayton's location contained about 100,000 sq ft of retail space and $3 million (~$ in ) in inventory when it opened at the Empire Mall in July 1978. It was also a unique store for Dayton's because it did not have the larger furniture, drapery, and carpet departments like its Minnesota counterparts, and was considered Dayton's most forward store in design and décor at the time of its opening.

In 1978, Bob Dayton, son of former Dayton's president Donald Dayton, walked away from his executive position to purchase a competing retailer, Harold, located just down the street on Nicollet Mall from Dayton's flagship store in Minneapolis. Harold was a high-end women's retailer in Minneapolis, and had been experiencing declining sales in recent years, due in part to previous absentee ownership. Bob Dayton had grown bored at Dayton's and was excited by the opportunity to purchase Harold, and go head-to-head against the business his great grandfather founded. Besides owning Harold, he also developed The Conservatory, a retail shopping center on Nicollet Mall directly across the street from Dayton's, and which was ultimately deemed a failure and demolished. Harold went out of business in 1990.

Dayton's continued to expand and announced its fifth shopping center, and first Wisconsin Dayton's store, in 1978. This would be its first shopping center to be built outside Minnesota, and would be located in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Valley View Mall (La Crosse, Wisconsin) opened in July 1980, with Dayton's as one of the four anchor stores.

In March 1978, Dayton's relocated its Home Store from Southdale Center to a newly constructed store nearby, also in Edina. This was unusual in that the Dayton's Home Store was no longer located within the same mall as the Dayton's store.

1980s
Kenneth Dayton, the last of the five Dayton brothers still affiliated with Dayton's, responsible for leading and guiding the company through the modern era, announced his retirement in June 1983. His retirement resulted for the first time in the company's history that a Dayton family member would no longer be employed by Dayton's.

Dayton's third North Dakota store was announced in November 1984. The store, located in Bismarck, North Dakota, at the Kirkwood Mall, was the site of a former F.W. Woolworth Company, later Woolco. The Bismarck store opened on August 1, 1985.

Dayton's was a trendsetter in the marketing of exclusive plush animals available during the holiday season. In 1985, it introduced Santabear, a toy bear so hugely popular that it generated $300 million (~$ in ) in sales within nine years. Its success inspired other retailers such as Macy's, Walmart, and Dayton's sibling Target Corporation to introduce their own holiday plush animals to bring customers into their stores during the holidays.

In July 1988, Dayton's announced future expansion by building larger stores for its Southdale and Rosedale locations, the first Dayton's construction since the opening of the Bismarck store in 1985. This expansion was seen as a response to the planned Mall of America to be constructed in nearby Bloomington, Minnesota. The new Dayton's stores were to be constructed next to the existing stores, which would be renovated to accommodate 50 new retailers at Southdale and 30 new retailers at Rosedale.

1990s
In April 1990, Marshall Field's was acquired from Batus Inc. by the department-store division of the Dayton–Hudson Corporation in a $1.04 billion (~$ in ) deal. The new ownership planned to retain the Marshall Field's name, as it was well-known and well-respected.

Dayton's again expanded into Wisconsin, and opened a new store in August 1991 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, at Oakwood Mall. After previously announcing its intentions in 1988, Dayton-Hudson also opened a new Dayton's in the summer of 1991 in Appleton, Wisconsin, at Fox River Mall, after closing a nearby Marshall Field's location.

With the opening of the nearby Mall of America in 1992, Dayton's is thought to have struck a deal with Equitable Real Estate Investment Management Inc, the owners of both Southdale Center and Rosedale Center. In exchange for Dayton's agreement to stay put at both malls and not defect to the Mall of America, Equitable gave Dayton's $40 million to construct two larger stores at both Southdale and Rosedale, and Dayton's gave Equitable its two old stores, which were renovated into mall space.

Dayton's new location opened at Southdale Center in August 1990. The new location was 370,000 sq ft, four stories, and featured many modern amenities, replacing the older, smaller original Dayton's location. The new 260,000 sq ft Rosedale counterpart opened in the summer of 1991.

For the first time since 1978, when the Edina Home Store opened, Dayton's opened a new store in the Twin Cities. The new location opened at Maplewood Mall in the St. Paul suburb of Maplewood in October 1996. The store was located in the former Carson's space, one of the eight area Carson's spaces purchased by Dayton's in a $74 million (~$ in ) cash deal in 1995 following the closure of the Twin Cities Carson's locations.

Another remodeled former Carson's property at Ridgedale Center was opened as a Dayton's location. This property became Dayton's second location at Ridgedale, housing the men's and home stores. Dayton's had been cramped at Ridgedale for years, so it was seen as advantageous to expand into two locations at the same mall; also, it was seen as a strategic move to keep Nordstrom out, as that company appeared to be interested in Ridgedale Center. Nordstrom eventually opened at the mall.

Target Corporation
Dayton-Hudson Corporation announced in January 2000 a name change to Target Corporation. Acknowledging that Target stores made up 80% of its revenue and that the Target name was better known nationally, Dayton-Hudson believed Target was the name, and direction, of the corporation's future. Taking on the name of one of its brands was considered unusual for a corporation, but Target had been Dayton-Hudson's top revenue producer for 23 years, and the corporate name change was met with enthusiasm by investors.

Name change
In January 2001, much to the dismay of shoppers in Minneapolis-St. Paul and Detroit, Dayton's and Hudson's were rebranded with the Marshall Field's nameplate, which has a higher national profile. This change was viewed as a strategic move and deemed necessary in the Internet age to create a unified presence. Dayton's popular sales events - Daisy Sale in summer and Jubilee Sale in fall, were renamed "Field Days" after 2001. The first sign of the name change came with the discontinuation of the Dayton's website in favor of the Marshall Field's site in May 2001. The demise of the Dayton's name in favor of the Marshall Field's nameplate occurred later in 2001, and affected the existing Dayton's stores, including eight in the Twin Cities, one in St. Cloud, one in Rochester, three in North Dakota, one in South Dakota, and three in Wisconsin.

Sale and final name change
After rumors dating back to 1995 that May Department Stores was interested in Dayton's, in 2004, Target Corporation announced the sale of the Marshall Field's department store group, including the 62 stores serving communities in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin, to May Department Stores. Target sold off its Mervyn's stores in a $1.65 billion (~$ in ) deal to a private investment fund in 2004. (Mervyn's went bankrupt in 2008).

In February 2005, May Department Stores merged with Federated Department Stores, owner of Macy's, in an $11 billion (~$ in ) deal. Later that year, in September, Marshall Field's stores were announced to be taking the Macy's name, ending the run of Marshall Field's – and the then-still freshly renamed Dayton's and Hudson's – as unique, upscale Midwestern department-store brands.

In 2017, Macy's announced that the Dayton's downtown Minneapolis flagship store, rebranded as Marshall Field's in 2001, and Macy's in 2006, would close, ending an era. Its final day of business was March 19, 2017, closing the book on more than a century of retail at that location. The building was purchased for $40 million by 601W Cos., an investment firm with a history of remodeling and reselling refurbished skyscrapers. In an innovative redevelopment of the property, with a nod to the past, it has been converted into "The Dayton's Project", a mixed-use retail, office space, and entertainment complex with some of the original Dayton's elements restored, while being redesigned for the 21st century.

title: Dayton's


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User talk:Anarchimede

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 03:16, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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very later but thank you Graham for your message. --Anarchimede 21:35, 23 Feb 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Anarchimede


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User talk:Dgrey

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 03:16, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Knowledge management
Individual pages do not have their own admins here, it's a shared job. I'm an admin, what would you like to know? -- Graham ☺ | Talk 14:41, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Which admin is most interested in the KM page? Dgrey 20:38, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

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Talk:List of people from Bucharest

That elusive noun
Bogdan created this article at "List of Bucharests". There is, God help us, only one Bucharest, so that would be a short list. I don't believe there is actually a common English-language word for people from Bucharest. In my own writing I've used "Bucharestean(s)", but now googling for that I suspect that every use of that on the Internet -- even a couple in Hungarian -- trace back to me! "Bucharesters" fares a little better (104 Google hits, + 23 for Bucharester). Bucharestians gets 220 + 24, but they appear to be mostly from two sources -- Bucharest In Your Pocket, probably the best English-language guide to the city, and pressreview.ro -- and without the terminal "s" it's mostly used as an adjective. So I guess "Bucharester" wins, and I'm moving this accordingly. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:20, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)

List would be more useful
The list would be more useful with dates of birth and death and a short description what each person is known for. 165.189.91.148 16:46, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * ✅: I added short description today. --Dostojewskij (talk) 20:10, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Alexandru Buşă
Who is Alexandru Buşă? Why does he merit being on the list? - Jmabel | Talk 17:39, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Apparently he added himself. bogdan 17:56, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of people from Bucharest


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Talk:Lucas David

Untitled
It looks like an edit war is going on here. Why is there no discussion on this talk page? Please don't revert this article without putting an explanation here, preferably including a link to some external site which backs up your argument. I'd like to see some attempts at producing a compromise wording.-gadfium (talk) 03:20, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC) ---

Lucas David Wikipedia article moved here due to constant vandalizing by Emax
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Emax [Contributions Emax http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&hideminor=0&namespace=&target=Emax&limit=5000&offset=0]

Lucas David was a Prussian historian
, who around 1550 wrote down extensive volumes on Prussian History.

Lucas David was born 1503 in Allenstein, Prussia in the Prince-Bishopric of Ermland. At first he held the position as chancelor of Prince Bishop Tiedemann Giese and later he was called to the Ducal Court in Königsberg. He became well known past the borders of his homeland for his Preußische Chronik (Prussian Chronicles). He is ranked as a 'modern' historian, who did his studies at the source. For poor Allenstein students he arranged stipends at the Leipzig University.

The Prussica-Sammlung Trunz started by another Allenstein native, Dr. August Trunz (1875-1963), contains works by Lucas David.

The dispute appears to me as a complete outsider to be one of nationalistic pride rather than any disagreement over the facts. The points of contention are:
 * 1) The city Lucas David was born in. I understand that Allenstein, Prussia and Olsztyn, Poland are the same place, and that the latter name is the correct one for the modern city. At the time David was born and worked, was the city referred to by both names according to one's loyalty, or was it at that point always called Allenstein? Would a suitable compromise be to say Lucas David was born 1503 in Allenstein, Prussia (now Olsztyn, Poland)...? In the final sentence, would Olsztyn be a more correct name to use, or should we also use both names?
 * 2) The name of the Prine-Bishipric. Again, was it called by both names in the 16th century? Would using both names be appropriate?

 * Olsztyn and Warmia were Polish at that time. Official languages of Poland were Polish and Latin (not German)--Emax 22:25, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Please comment on my attempts at a compromise.-gadfium (talk) 21:38, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Should we call him a Prussian or a Polish historian? It appears that there is no disagreement that he wrote about Prussian history. Why don't the parties concerned here suggest a compromise solution?

Please refer to the map in the article about Ducal Prussia. Prussia as a country originated in 1701 and Olsztyn was not part of it. Space Cadet 06:21, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC) - Please refer to factual maps of Prussia of the time of Lucas David. Space Cadet's enthusiasm (POV) for making maps of Ducal Prussia for wikipedia is recommendable, but shows his and other Polish fantasy, not facts. Please look for Allenstein (today Olsztyn in Polish) on

Map of Prussia: Allenstein map c 1550- 1650 http://wwwtest.library.ucla.edu/libraries/mgi/maps/blaeu/prvssia.jpg originally made by Caspar Henneberg and continued in use for over 100 years

Map of Prussia: Allenstein c 1598 http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/desbillons/atlas/seite71.html

The second map's description in French is very interesting. Especially the beginning: "Prussia belongs completely to Crown of Poland, except Duchy of Prussia..." Had you read it before posting these links?

These maps were obviously not supposed to present exact political borders - it is easily noticeable, that they define territory of Prussia in considerably different way, and the second one does not show borders of Ducal Prussia, despite such a body is clearly mentioned it in the text.

- To Chris 73, that compromised is fine with me. -

 * Is it for You, anon user aka kurfurst, so hard to understand that he was born in Poland?--Emax 04:34, Jan 12, 2005 (UTC)

To Space Cadet

in ref. to Lucas David Edit Summaries comments: Read User Emax Wikipedia Contributions: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&hideminor=0&namespace=&target=Emax&limit=5000&offset=0

Emax uses "m" for almost all his entries - m M is used for Minor- Emax constantly disguises his substantial None-Minor changes and additions by labeling them as minor. He is only one of the people that just plaster wikipedia with Polish-anything. Why does he not work and stay at the Polish Wikipedia? This is supposed to be the English-language wikipedia. -- Chris 73, as you can probably tell by now, for a long time there has been a large group of people, like User:Emax, who are determined to dictate and enforce only their ficticious fantasy version of == NPOV = Nonfactual Polish Opinion Version == They are not in the least bit deterred by facts and they will not let facts nore reason stand in their way. They oversaturate the supposedly English-language articles with all Polish words and names, which makes reading those articles almost impossible. Unfortunately compromise seems therefore very unlikely.

The history of locations and people of Prussia/Eastern Germany/Eastern Europe (since 1945 Western- and Northern-Poland) featured in Wikipedia article is thus very unreliable and untrustworthy.

Someone should correct the german version and the Norwegian one, which was translated (from wiki.de) by Wolfram :)--Emax 12:15, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have taken the liberty of re-adding some information (who the duke was) that was lost in the most recent revert skirmish. I have also added some common names of places in German. I don't care about which one is linked or highlighted, but I do think that not giving them is less than helpful. These regions were successively under different rules, and places thus have different names at different times. Mentioning these different names (at least the common ones) should not be construed as denigrating any particular name or some such, nor as "inaccuracy". I think one should be able to find this article through a Google search not only for "David" and "Olsztyn", but also for "David" and "Allenstein". And, frankly said, I didn't know that Królewiec was the Polish name for the city I knew as Kaliningrad. Again, I think giving these names makes it easier for the reader to understand what places the article talks about. Lupo 09:44, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dispute
There is an ongoing dispute and slow edit war about his nationality, and the nationality of his place of birth at the time of his birth (i.e. if Olsztyn/Allenstein was polish or german in 1503, and more so if Lucas David was polish or prussian). Hence i have added the disputed tag, hoping that the issue can be sorted out. Ideally, both views should be mentioned in the article. I will give it a try (again) -- Chris 73 Talk 11:37, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * Disputed by you and Helga Jonas (user HJ).--Emax 11:42, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)

 * In 1503 Olsztyn was part of Poland - take a book about Polish history in Your hands, and look up it. Would you also add a dispute tag in the article of New York if someone would claiming that the city is part of China?

 * Do you have any arguments (except Helga Jonas claimings?) chris 73? if not, remove the dispute tag.--Emax 21:38, Feb 3, 2005 (UTC)

Requests for comment
Olsztyn/Allenstein was part of Warmia/Ermland, removed from the Teutonic Knights and placed under the sovereignty of the King of Poland in 1466. However, the influence was limited, and the King for example did not have the rights to name a bishop. Lucas David did not write in polish but in german, and I have not yet seen a reference that indicates that he wrote anything in polish. Hence the claim that he is polish is disputed. At a minimum, the dispute tag should stay. I have added a request to Requests for comment -- Chris 73 Talk 01:19, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

 * From reading through the history on the city's official website  the City of Olsztyn was part of Poland from 1466 to 1772. As for what the "official" name of the city was when Lucas David was alive, it could have been either name. See

 * " The records speak of it as a town as early as in 1348, but it was five years later on October 31, 1353, that Allenstain was formally granted municipal rights....The location privilage issued by the Warmia Chapter said: "we wish this city to be called Allenstein". Thus the city took its name after the castle. The contemporary Polish name is nearly as old as the German original, because as early as in the end of 14th century the name was spelled Holstin, in 1448 the Polish historian Jan Długosz noted Olsztin, while the spelling Olstyn was used in Olsztyn itself in Copernicus times (1522). "

 * In reading the town's history, it suggests that at the time that Lucas David was born, most of the people in the area were probably still (ethnically?) Prussian, although about that time more Polish people started moving into the area.

 * So the answers seem to be: 1) Country of birth: Poland 2) ethnically: possibly (probably?) Prussian 3) City name: either Allenstein or Olstyn (depending upon what language was being spoken?). So unless anyone can find anything more definitive, the best thing may be to note what is definately known (born in Poland, in the Warmia Bishopric) and also note what is conjecture.

 * It is interesting that for historical figures, they mention Mikołaj Kopernik (Nicolaus Copernicus), Feliks Nowowiejski, Erich Mendelsohn, Maria Zientara - Malewska, Jan z Łajs, and Seweryn Pieniężny, but do not mention Lucas David.

 * BTW: Copernicus was the administrator of Olsztyn from 1516-1521, not long after Lucas David's birth. There is a letter making a pleas to the Polish King Sigismund I, dated on January 16, 1521 after the city had survived a siege by the Teutonic Knights. Copernicus apparently wrote in German, Polish and Latin.

 * If anyone knows German or Polish, they might check to see what our sister Wikipedias have written Olsztyn and Olsztyn BlankVerse 12:02, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * From de:Olsztyn: Allenstein was part of Ermland, one of the four Diocese (founded 1245) of Prussia, and under direct control of the catholic church, and not reigned by the teutonic knights. During the first division of poland 1772 it became part of prussia. de:Ermland also adds that the bishops reigned since the beginning of the 15th century, under the souvereignity of the polish-lithuanian Jagiellonen-Wasa-Wettin kings. During the Protestant Reformation (16th century), the bisops defended Ermland, and the region recieved an exempt status and was governed by a Prince-Bishop.
 * So I would agree that (1) Country of birth: Poland, or maybe more precisely in Warmia Bishopric of Poland the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (2)Ethnicity: Prussian, (3) City name: Both, any order OK. I'll give it a try on the main page -- Chris 73 Talk 00:20, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * You mean Kingdom of Poland not PLC. And btw, you can forget the Poland-related articles from ger. wiki...--Emax 00:33, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * So what does the polish article say? BTW, i found two references online, but unfortunately all in german. Googling for "Lucas David" OR "David Lucas" OR "Lukas David" OR "David Lukas" 1503 -wikipedia gives among other unrelated references  (no nationality mentioned, but listed in "German Biography") and  (old encyclopedia entry, lists him as Prussian). I could not find any english references online. What are your references? -- Chris 73 Talk 00:43, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * All I found was a brief mention of him in English on a Lithuanian website where he was called a German historian. I don't remember what I used for my search string, although I remember one search was for "Lucas David" +Olsztyn  BlankVerse 08:57, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Because he written the history of Prussia and Prussia is associated by the most people with Germany (the most people known only the history after the partitions of Poland)--Emax 13:53, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems like an old German reference - not very trustfully (both links are the same) - its not easy to read it because of the old german capitals, but isnt there written that: "...1537-38 Mitglied des Senats fur die polnische Nation und ercheint noch als angehoriger der dortigen Universitat. Obgleich er schon fruh vieleich bevor er sein Vaterland verliess (Poland) zum protestantischen glaubes ubergetreten war... " ?--Emax 00:57, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * This Member of the senate seems to be a student group at the University of Leipzig. As for the Vaterland, this means Prussia. Quote: ...beschäftigte er sich eingehend mit dem Studium der Vaterländischen Geschichte... (he intensified his studies of the history of his fatherland), and the next sentences details this as Prussian history, and he also eventually wrote the Preussische Chronik (Prussian Chronic). It is pretty sure that the article refers to him as a Prussian, and leaving his fatherland refers to moving to Leipzig.
 * As a side note, I also found the following comments interesting: Schon Herzog Albrecht hatte, um den von Polnische in Katholischer Seite ausgehenden Darstellungen entgegenzuwirken, den Gedanken ergriffen, eine "gewisse, glaubwürdige, rechtsinninge Chronik des Landes Preussen" anschaffen zu lassen. (Even Herzog Albrecht was planning to arrange for a "solid, truthful and honest" history of Prussia to rectify the polish and catholic description of the events), and Auch die Stände des Landes, denen die polnischen Arbeiten "zur schmälerung dieser Lande Gerechtigkeit zu gereichen" schienen, nahmen sich dieser Sache [...] an (Also the different social classes, whom the polish works seem "to belittle this country" supported this work). Guess Wikipedia is not the first reference that has this problem with national POV. And, oh, I am sure that Herzog Albrecht hired a polish guy to correct the history of prussia against polish POV.
 * In any case, I am still waiting for your references, and it would be nice if you could also summarize the related polish Wiki articles for this discussion, just for comparison. -- Chris 73 Talk 04:14, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems that the german reference is the only one on the internet (i cant found some English or Polish). As i already said the old german reference (which is btw not very trustfully but..) said that:

 * He was in the Senate for the Polish nation and that befor he leave his fatherland (Poland). he become protestant. -  I dont know what kind of Senate the reference mean (but student groups were not called Senates) He was born in Poland, so his fatherland was Poland.

 * If Helmut Kohl would leave Germany after he ending his career as politician in Germany, and move to Spain and starting there a career as a journalist, someone could claiming that:

 * "Helmut Kohl (b xxxx in xxxx) was a Spanish journalist and politician. He was deputy for the bundestag and chancellor for the German nation, than leave his fatherland and became journalist in Spain..."

 * Someone who is born in the USA and was member of the american Senate, even if he go to Irak and starting to fight aginst the USA is still an American.--Emax 13:53, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * What kind of ethnicity his forfathers had is irrelevant. Condoleezza Rice is an American politician and not a Nigerian one or some other African. Dirk Nowitzki is a German basketball player, not Polish. If you look on the French national soccer team, the most players are not "looking" very French - but they are French.

 * There is even no evidence that Lucas David forfathers were Germans, they could've been be Poles, or Scots, Austrians, Italians, Lithuanians, Sweds etc. --Emax 14:10, Feb 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Isn't there one of the big German encyclopedias that has some old editions in the public domain? Do they have anything to say about Lucas David? And are there any German encyclopedias that are online (doesn't Microsoft have a bunch of different versions of Encarta in different languages?)? And what about Polish references? Are there any old public domain encyclopedias, or modern encyclopedias that are online? BlankVerse 08:57, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon 1972 Lucas David
, dt. Historiker -short for: deutscher Historiker (German historian) --

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title: Talk:Lucas David


text:
Talk:Cuisine of Quebec

Pepsi
Apologies for referencing an ethnic slur and perhaps raising a controversial subject, but I think the section on the rise of American fast food in the the 1950s probably could use a mention of Pepsi, its popularity in Quebec, and the use of the brand name as a pejorative for French speakers. I haven't the time to write this now, but if someone would take up the challenge I think it would be valuable. There's a brief mention of this on the Pepsi page (in the "Rivalry with Coca-Cola" section, mentioning its dominance in Quebec, Claude Meunier, and "Ici, c'est Pepsi" --Mark Asread (talk) 13:22, 12 December 2020 (UTC)
 * https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/how-pepsi-won-quebec/article1059953/
 * https://maisonneuve.org/post/2010/02/4/how/

 * I'm not super familiar with this, but is this a big enough thing to talk about in the History section? Did the insults create a lot of tension between the English and French leading up to the Quiet Revolution, for example? Like Whippet cookies being created in Montreal though, its certainly worth mentionning anyways so I put a picture that mentions it and links to the subject in the Gallery for now --Safyrr (talk) 03:13, 16 December 2020 (UTC)

How to disambiguate?
I've noticed other users couldn't fix some of the links, like for "green frogs" or "green pepper". I dont know how to do that. Green frog refers to Lithobates clamitans, green pepper to Capsicum annuum, savory to Satureja hortensis. I've also noticed turkey links to the country and not the bird. (November 2020, User:Safyrr) —Preceding undated comment added 14:04, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Scratch pad
Not ready to write on this just yet, but I'll come back to it.

If someone else wants to write on Quebec cheeses, here are some good links:

 * http://www.quebeciscooking.com/extracheese.htm
 * http://www.bonjourquebec.com/anglais/restauration/fromages.html
 * http://www.saveurs.sympatico.ca/ency_5/quebec/intro.htm
 * http://www.fromageduquebec.qc.ca/familles.html

And on wine, beer, cider and various alcohols from Quebec:

 * http://www.radio-canada.ca/actualite/lepicerie/docArchives/2004/07/14/reportage.shtml
 * http://www.bonjourquebec.com/anglais/restauration/alcools.html
 * http://www.bonjourquebec.com/anglais/idees_vac/circuits/vins.html
 * http://www.cidreduquebec.com/acceuil_ang.htm
 * http://www.appleicewine.com
 * http://www.broue.com/quebec/
 * http://www.vignerons-du-quebec.com
 * http://www.cam.org/~lav_lec/vins/vignes.html
 * http://www.culture.ca/canada/topic-theme-e.jsp?data=200406/sfp6200000062004e.html

Something's missing
No one seems to have written or even mentioned cretons yet.--24.203.61.236 06:31, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Pig's legs?
As leg of pork is not a very suitable meat for stewing, does this mean pig's feet (trotters)? Itsmejudith 14:45, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

 * They're pork hocks --Shawa666 (talk) 07:15, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

No connection to the cuisine of France?
Is there no close connection between the cuisines of Quebec and France, or are they mostly different? Is the situation in this regard different in Montreal (being cosmopolitan) than in other parts of Quebec? If someone could expand the article in this area, and also the history of Quebec cuisine, that would be perfect. Khodavand 22:21, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Kansas City is in the Deep South?
Since when? I argue the article means Quebec is known for BBQ in the style of Kansas City but that isn't deep south cuisine. 128.122.88.119 (talk) 13:43, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

To add

 * Bûche de noël
 * Pain au fromage (sandwich log "frosted" with cheese whiz)
 * Pâté chinois (shepherd's pie/cottage pie)
 * Tarte au sucre (sugar pie)
 * Pouding chômeur
 * BeaverTails
 * Oreilles de crisse (pork rinds)
 * guédille
 * Montreal-style smoked meat
 * Montreal-style bagel
 * Montreal hot dog
 * Casse-croûte
 * Shish taouk
 * Fondue parmesan
 * Coquille Saint-Jacques
 * Chicken vol-au-vents
 * Fish spread/mousse
 * Salmon pie
 * Chicken pie
 * fèves au lard (distinct from baked beans)
 * Ketchup (but not the smooth kind, the type that is more like a relish with various vegetables such as peppers, celery, onion, even cabbage) & other such canned goodies
 * Sucre à la crème & cornets

- Sweet Nightmares  16:33, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

Traditional vs Contemporary
The article doesn’t just pertain to traditional cuisine like beans, tourtière and maple syrup. Anymore than the articles Canadian cuisine or American cuisine. Read through it. Poutine, hot chicken, pâté chinois, pizzaghetti etc are all 20th century inventions. There’s no reason why the souvlaki pita shouldn’t be included, it’s as prevalent as the Nova Scotian donar. --- Steven Bjerke97  talk  20:43, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cuisine of Quebec


text:
National Revolutionary Movement for Development

The National Revolutionary Movement for Development (Mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement, MRND) was the ruling political party of Rwanda from 1975 to 1994 under President Juvénal Habyarimana, running with first Vice President Édouard Karemera. From 1978 to 1991, the MRND was the only legal political party in the country. It was dominated by Hutus, particularly from President Habyarimana's home region of Northern Rwanda. The elite group of MRND party members who were known to have influence on the President and his wife are known as the akazu. In 1991, the party was renamed the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement, MRND or MRNDD).

Following the Rwandan genocide in 1994, the party was banned.

History
The party was established by Habyarimana on 5 July 1975, exactly two years after he had ousted the first post-independence president Grégoire Kayibanda in a coup d'état. Habyarimana established a totalitarian state and banned the Parmehutu party, which had been dominated by Hutus from southern Rwanda. The MRND replaced Parmehutu as the sole legally permitted party in Rwanda. A new constitution was approved in a 1978 referendum. It codified the MRND's status as the only legal party, and declared that every Rwandan citizen was automatically a member of the MRND.

Presidential elections were held in 1978 with Habyarimana as the sole candidate. He was re-elected with 99% of the vote. Parliamentary elections followed in 1981, with two MRND candidates contesting each of the 64 seats. Habyarimana was re-elected again in 1983 and 1988, whilst parliamentary elections were held under the same system in 1983 (with the National Assembly enlarged to 70 seats) and 1988.

The party's name was changed after the legalisation of opposition parties in 1991. The youth wing of the party, the interahamwe, later developed into a militia group that played a key role in the Genocide against Tutsi. After Habyarimana's death in April 1994, hardline elements of the party were among the chief architects of the genocide; the Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR), which played a significant role, was originally a hard-line faction of the MRND that became a separate party.

After Rwanda was conquered by the rival Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front led by Paul Kagame, both the MRND and the CDR were driven from power and banned in July 1994.

Ideology
Habyarimana was described as relatively moderate, though he (and his regime) are said to have used propaganda methods, ethnically discriminating against the Tutsi (albeit less extreme than their predecessors), advanced a conservative social agenda and were anti-communist.

Structure
Habyarimana was the president of the party, and as such was the only candidate for president of the republic. However, in a minor concession to democracy, voters were presented with two MRND candidates at Legislative Assembly elections.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Phonebooking

Phonebooking
We read that "Phonebooking refers to the act of attacking a person with phone books. Started by a group of students at the University of Waterloo, the practice has now spread to a number of universities around North America." It has escaped the notice of the New York Times since 1996. This article links to a site that appears to celebrate "phonebooking". (I didn't investigate it far, as boredom overtook me.) Well, phonebooking is either for real, in which case the article might be seen as indirectly advocating violence, or else it's all posed and just for laughs, in which case it's too silly for words. Maybe it's somewhere in between. Does anyone much care? -- Hoary 03:25, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * To clarify, it's a humorous practice. Could you clarify which point under the Deletion Policy you are using to justify the deletion of this article, so I can respond to it more fully? I plan to expand this, but I created it less than 30 minutes ago.  I'd appreciate a reasonable amount of time to get more information down.  Thanks! -- Revived 03:40, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Let's say "non-notable" for instance. Delete.  --fvw *  03:52, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)
 * While that may be your opinion, that is not a valid reason to delete an entry according to the Deletion Policy... [rest of Revived's response and further discussion of deletion policy and practice and What Wikipedia is not is moved to User talk:Revived to save space - Samaritan 05:11, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)].

 * Phonebooking is described as "attacking an unsuspecting victim" with a phone book . As such, it's a form of sucker punch. So doesn't the author of the article complaining about [the article] being caught unawares by vfd sound like poetic justice? Samaritan 04:34, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * You're implying that I engage in phonebooking. In fact, I do not. -- Revived 04:41, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean it personally, and have edited my comment to reflect what I meant. I'm sorry. Samaritan 04:44, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yup, no offense intended by me, either. If people like to wave phone books around (and take photos of this), let them. (But deep disappointment. Have north American universities really reverted to the world of Billy Bunter? How about doing something useful, like smashing crony capitalism?) -- Hoary 05:08, 2004 Dec 19 (UTC)

 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 06:30, Dec 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: current article is mis-information. Kappa 07:02, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable practise. It appears that most of the 264 hits on Google are due to the idea being so stupid that it received some blogging by people who like to note dumb ideas. --LeeHunter 17:59, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn, college prank. Thwock. Wyss 19:14, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * D, nn. A 00:31, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Move to wictionary. Spinboy 04:37, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: nonnotable prank. Wile E. Heresiarch 06:13, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
The Beekeeper (album)

The Beekeeper is the eighth studio album by American musician Tori Amos. It was released on February 20, 2005, through Epic Records and is her second release for the label. As with many of Amos' releases throughout the 2000s, The Beekeeper is a concept album, heavily inspired by the practice of beekeeping and its connection to femininity and female empowerment. The album's nineteen tracks are separated into six different "gardens" (denoted in the booklet of the limited edition of the album), and are inspired by topics such as her experiences with motherhood ("Ribbons Undone"), betrayal ("Witness"), and Christian mythology ("Marys of the Sea").

The Beekeeper continues the stripped-back approach of Amos' previous album Scarlet's Walk (2002), now with strong elements of soul music, augmented by guest vocals from the London Community Gospel Choir and Amos' use of the Hammond B-3 organ. Supporting musicians on the album include frequent collaborators Matt Chamberlain on drums, Jon Evans on bass, and Mac Aladdin on guitar. Live performance was emphasized during the recording sessions, rather than having musicians record their parts separately using overdubs.

The album was a success upon its release, reaching the top five in the US and receiving generally positive reviews from critics, although some criticism was directed at its length and production. "Sleeps with Butterflies" and "Sweet the Sting" were released as singles to promote the album, with the former reaching number four on the Billboard Adult Alternative Airplay chart (her second-highest position on the chart to date). The album was supported by the Original Sinsuality and Summer of Sin tours, which ran from May through July and August through September of that year, respectively. Similarly to Scarlet's Walk, a double-disc limited edition of The Beekeeper was released, containing a bonus DVD with the extra track "Garlands" and a mini-documentary about the album's songs and a "Beekeeper Mix" packet of wildflower seeds.

Background
After the release of the covers album Strange Little Girls in 2001, Amos left Atlantic Records for Epic to release Scarlet's Walk. A primary motivation for the label switch was the company's president Polly Anthony. Amos felt Anthony would commit to properly promoting her work, something she felt Atlantic had not done with her recent releases. However, with Anthony's resignation in 2003 and Epic's merger with BMG Entertainment, she ended up in a similarly frustrating position.

Like many of Amos' releases throughout the 2000s, The Beekeeper is a concept album. Alongside the inspiration from beekeeping, female spirituality and the experiences of women in Christianity play a large role, particularly in songs such as "Original Sinsuality" and "Marys of the Sea". Songs from the album are separated into six different "gardens", detailed in the limited edition booklet: "roses and thorns", "herbs and elixirs", "the greenhouse", "the desert garden", "the orchard", and "the rock garden".

During the writing of the album, Amos was concurrently writing her first book, Piece by Piece with journalist Ann Powers, which goes into detail about the background of many tracks appearing on The Beekeeper along with other songs from her discography.

Recording
The Beekeeper was recorded throughout 2004 at Martian Engineering Studios in Cornwall, England, with the mixing handled by Amos' husband Mark Hawley and Marcel van Limbeek. The album was self-produced. In addition to Chamberlain, Evans, and Aladdin, the London Community Gospel Choir appears on the tracks "Sweet the Sting", "Mother Revolution", "Witness", and "Hoochie Woman".

Special emphasis was put on recording the tracks live in lieu of recording various parts separately and using overdubs. In some instances, multiple keyboard instruments would be recorded within the same take; the piano stool was positioned in between Amos' piano and Hammond organ, allowing her to switch between the two without the need for separate takes.

Music and lyrics
The opening track, "Parasol", takes inspiration from Georges Seurat's Seated Woman with a Parasol (Study for "La Grande Jatte"). The song depicts a woman who is exiting a relationship with a controlling partner, as she now has to confront herself and her experience to be able to recover from said relationship. "Sweet the Sting" is a primary example of the album's soul influence, enhanced by the prominent vocals of the London Community Gospel Choir and Amos' Hammond B-3 organ. Stevie Wonder's "Pastime Paradise" was a significant influence on the track. "The Power of Orange Knickers" features vocals from Irish singer-songwriter Damien Rice. The track was written as a response to frequent use of the word "terrorist" (particularly after the September 11 attacks) and to those who twist the term for their own personal or political gain. Amos wrote the lyrics with the intention of "undressing" the word and finding a more basic and universal definition for it.

"Jamaica Inn" features mandolin playing by Mac Aladdin. The song took inspiration from the Daphne du Maurier novel of the same name, and stories from Cornwall locals of ships running aground and being looted by wreckers. "Barons of Suburbia" features extensive use of mixed meter, alternating between, , and. The song reportedly took months to write, with the pre-chorus taking shape much earlier than the rest of the track. "Sleeps with Butterflies" continues the theme of nature and pollination-themed imagery. Much like portions of the previous track, its chorus took months for Amos to complete, eventually coming as a spur-of-the-moment creation on the piano. "General Joy" was written in July 2004 and criticizes the war on terror. "Mother Revolution" concerns the concept of mothers suffering the deaths of their children in global conflict. As Amos said in a 2005 interview with Uncut: "what I find really disturbing about this global war, is you don't see any of the world leaders sending their children to be butchered. It's always someone else's children, someone else's blood." "Ribbons Undone" was inspired by Amos' daughter Natashya. "Cars and Guitars" features prominent upright bass playing by Evans and was inspired by the concept of a woman reaching an emotional breaking point and driving away to abandon her family.

"Witness", a song described as being about betrayal, also heavily features elements of soul music. "Original Sinsuality" is a solo piano-and-vocal performance. The song gave its name to the album's supporting tour and was used as the opening song in each of its shows. Amos stated the song "suggests it's not sin you find in the garden, it's original sinsuality", a term created to represent a situation in which her character is encouraged to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, rather than being dissuaded from it. "Ireland" exerts a reggae influence and was inspired by writer James Joyce. The album's title track was originally written after Amos' mother had suffered a medical emergency, and later took on new meaning after the passing of Amos' brother in a car accident: "I was drawn to the idea that in a bee colony, the drones are the ones that go first. I thought that it was nature's parallel for the loss of this man before his time." "Martha's Foolish Ginger" is a track which Amos has said to have worked on over a period of several years, having created its title and written its chorus while struggling to finish the song until being inspired by a trip to San Francisco during her 2003 Lottapianos tour.

"Hoochie Woman" continues the soul-influenced theme of prior tracks combined with various percussive elements. Inspired in part by a book entitled Sextrology, "Goodbye Pisces" portrays the end of a relationship with lyrics influenced by astrological signs and ages. "Marys of the Sea" was heavily inspired by a translation of The Gospel of Mary Magdalene with commentary from Jean-Yves Leloup. Amos wrote the song with the intention of including multiple different sides to the story of Mary Magdalene; both as her being part of the sacred marriage, but also tackling the sexist attitudes towards women held by Saint Peter, Paul the Apostle, and many hailing from early Orthodox Christian tradition. The piano riff for the song's verse was written prior to the section's melody or lyrics; Amos said that while writing the song, she came up with "about seventeen [melodies] that I sing in the shower" before finding the right one to use. Amos also cited the tale of Melusine, a figure in European folklore described as having the upper-half of a woman and lower-half of a fish or serpent (similar to a mermaid), as an inspiration for the song. The album's closer, "Toast", was written in dedication to Amos' late brother. "Garlands" (originally entitled "Washington Square") is a bonus track only available on the limited edition DVD.

Promotion and release
Photography for the packaging of The Beekeeper was done by Kevin Mackintosh, with art direction handled by Sheri Lee and Dave Bett. It became the first of Amos' albums to not have any commercial physical single releases. Rather, "Sleeps with Butterflies" and "Sweet the Sting" were released to radio stations on promotional CDs and were available to stream online for the public. "Sleeps with Butterflies" peaked at number four on the US Triple A chart, her second-highest peak on the chart behind the previous album's "A Sorta Fairytale", which peaked at number two. Amos promoted the track with various television appearances, including on the Late Show with David Letterman and Weekend Today.

The Beekeeper was released in various territories through February 20–22, 2005. It reached a peak position of number five in the US, becoming her fifth top ten album. As with Scarlet's Walk, a limited edition double-disc version of The Beekeeper was released, containing a DVD with the bonus track "Garlands" and a mini-documentary on the album entitled The Beekeeper: A Walk Through the Gardens and a "Beekeeper Mix" packet of wildflower seeds.

"Sweet the Sting" and "The Beekeeper" later appeared on the 2006 boxset A Piano: The Collection.

Critical reception
The Beekeeper received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. While much of the material was praised, many critics felt the album was overproduced and overly long. Barry Walters of Rolling Stone praised the album's second half, highlighting the "harrowing starkness" of "Original Sinsuality" and the title track's electronic elements, but found its length "frustrating" and stated that "with some ruthless editing and remixing, this maddeningly uneven eighty-minute disc could have been her best in ages." PopMatters rated the album 6 out of 10, naming "Toast", "Parasol", "General Joy", and "Original Sinsuality" (the latter in particular) as highlights, yet derided "Sleeps with Butterflies", "Hoochie Woman", and "Ireland" and stated that the album's production and arrangements led to it sounding like "a collection of outtakes from a much better album."

Keith Phipps of the A.V. Club was critical of much of the album. While he did praise "Parasol", he felt most of the album "floats by without stirring much interest". In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine awarded the album 3.5 stars out of 5. He praised the album's sense of cohesion, stating it "flow[s] with the grace and purpose of a song suite", and calling it "an ambitious, restless work that builds on her past work without resting on her laurels."

Aftermath
Amos has gone on to express disappointment about the album's stripped-back arrangements. She described the album's sound as "no make-up, no airbrush, no nothing", going on to refer to it as "not one of my favourite records because of that." Subsequently, Amos would apply a band-centric ethos to American Doll Posse (2007) and a heavy emphasis on arrangements for Abnormally Attracted to Sin (2009) in contrast with the approach of The Beekeeper.

Tour
Two tours were held in promotion of The Beekeeper: the Original Sinsuality Tour, which ran through the spring and early summer of 2005, and the Summer of Sin Tour, which occurred in August and September that same year. Each show featured songs from The Beekeeper alongside tracks from Amos' previous albums, with a "Tori's Piano Bar" segment in the middle of the main set consisting of a couple covers of songs by a wide range of artists. Aside from "Original Sinsuality"s permanent spot as the show-opener, each show contained a unique setlist as is typical of Amos' shows. Amos was joined by the London Community Gospel Choir during the June 4 show, appearing on "Mother Revolution", "Witness", "Sweet the Sting", and "Hoochie Woman". The shows, particularly those from the Summer of Sin Tour, were positively received.

Select shows from the tours were released as a series of six live albums entitled The Original Bootlegs. The first five shows came from the Original Sinsuality Tour whilst the final volume came from an August show from the Summer of Sin Tour. Saratogian.com praised the August 23 performance at Saratoga Performing Arts Center, calling it "magical" and praising her lively stage presence and setlist choices. The Salt Lake Tribune called the September 6 concert at the USANA Amphitheatre "smoldering" and gave particular praise to the performance of "Winter".

Track listing
Note: An additional track, "Garlands" (placed in "the orchard") appears on the DVD included in the limited edition of the album.

Personnel

 * Tori Amos – Bösendorfer piano, Hammond B-3 organ (1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 14), vocals, handclaps (16)
 * Mac Aladdin – acoustic and electric guitars, mandolin (4), twelve-string guitar (17)
 * Jon Evans – bass guitar, upright bass (4, 10), Hammond bass pedals (14), handclaps (16)
 * Matt Chamberlain – drums, handclaps (16)
 * Damien Rice – additional vocals (3)
 * London Community Gospel Choir – backing vocals (2, 8, 11, 16)
 * Kelsey Dobyns – additional backing vocals (9)
 * Alison Evans – handclaps (16)
 * Chelsea Laird – handclaps (16)

title: The Beekeeper (album)


text: Category:National parks of Venezuela

title: Category:National parks of Venezuela


text:
Avondale, Chicago

Avondale is one of Chicago's 77 officially designated community areas. It is on the Northwest Side of the city. The northern border is Addison Street from the north branch of the Chicago River in the east to Pulaski Road in the west. The neighborhood extends further west along Belmont Avenue to the Union Pacific/Northwest Line. Its southern border is Diversey Avenue from the Union Pacific/Northwest Line to the Chicago River.

History
The first European settler in Avondale was Abraham Harris who settled the area three years after its 1850 incorporation into Jefferson Township. In 1869, Avondale was incorporated as a village. It has been speculated that developer and Pennsylvania native John Lewis Cochran named the village in honor of the miners and rescue workers who died in the Avondale coal mine fire. Atypical for the time, Avondale was racially integrated in the nineteenth century with twenty African American families moving to the area and building Avondale's first church in the 1880s. Avondale, along with the rest of Jefferson Township, was annexed by the City of Chicago in 1889.

Factories and other industries sprang up around the start of the 20th century due to the Chicago River and Avondale's dense network of transportation corridors that were built in the 1870s and improved after its annexation into Chicago including replacement of cable cars with electric powered streetcars. The resulting jobs in the area were responsible for drawing the initial wave of European immigrants.

Avondale was the site of one of Chicago's "Seven Lost Wonders", the Olson Park and Waterfall complex at Diversey and Pulaski.

Beginning in the 1980s, Latino settlement began in Avondale. A multiplicity of other diverse Eastern European ethnicities came to the area following the End of Communism in 1989, leading to Avondale's nickname as the neighborhood "Where Eastern Europe meets Latin America".

Starting in the mid-2000s, gentrification began to take hold in the Avondale area as it had in neighboring Wicker Park, Logan Square and Bucktown.

Demographics
Avondale has traditionally had a large Polish population, with patches of German, Scandinavian, and Italians settlement as well. In recent years this blue-collar neighborhood has witnessed an increase in its social diversity. The collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe witnessed an influx of Eastern European immigrants such as Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians and Belarusians, particularly alongside Poles in the "Polish Village". The emigration of peoples from the Soviet Bloc in Avondale since then has grown to include Russophone nationals from Central Asia and even Mongolia. A strong Filipino community is present in Avondale as well, which is home to Chicago's Filipino TV outlet. Latino settlement beginning in the 1980s led to an increase in Avondale's Hispanic population from 37.6% in 1990 to 62.0% in 2000, with increased numbers of Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Central American immigrants. Because of gentrification, the last decade has seen a reversal of this trend, as the non-Hispanic white population has been expanding faster than the Hispanic population.

Transportation
Avondale is served by the 'L' at two stations along the Blue Line. The Blue station is on the northeastern edge next to the Kennedy Expressway at the intersection of Kimball Avenue and Belmont, less than three blocks away from St. Hyacinth's former mission of Our Lady of Lourdes; the Blue station is located in the median of the same expressway adjacent to the neighboring Villa District.

Avondale is also accessible by a number of bus routes run by the CTA.
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Polish Village

The Polish Village or Jackowo and Wacławowo, together make up one of Chicago's largest and most vibrant Polish Patches. The neighborhoods derive their Polish names from the two contiguous Polish Roman Catholic parishes- Saint Hyacinth's Basilica (Bazylika Św. Jacka) and St. Wenceslaus Church (Kościół Świętego Wacława). Milwaukee Avenue is the district's main commercial strip, which includes a number of sausage shops, restaurants, and bakeries. In English the area is usually referred to as the Polish Village - the name featured on signs hung on street lamps over the district. Pulaski Avenue, named after the Polish Revolutionary War hero, runs through the area.

The Polish communities of Jackowo and Wacławowo appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as Polish settlement spread further northwest along Milwaukee Avenue. The neighborhood experienced its heyday as the cultural nexus of Chicago's Polonia during the 1980s and 1990s with the so-called Solidarity and Post-Solidarity waves of Polish migration to Chicago, including a number of political refugees. Until the recent installation of an automated system, on Sunday mornings the CTA driver would announce "Yats- koh- voh", signaling the stop for St. Hyacinth Basilica as Poles shuttled off the bus on their way to Mass. Local landmarks and institutions increasingly became revitalized and renewed while taking on an increasingly ethnic hue by catering to these recent arrivals from Poland. The historic Milford Theatre served as the central Polish cinema arts venue like Jefferson Park's Gateway Theater today, with locals giving it the nickname "Cinema Polski", drawing even street photographer Vivian Maier.

A distinct flowering of Polish arts and culture took place here in Avondale, an environment where Poles could finally freely express themselves without worrying about incurring the wrath of government censors or political repression. The events and activities organized here by Chicago's Polish community played a key role in shaping the chain of events that eventually resulted in the collapse of the Communist government in Poland, bringing down the Iron Curtain that had divided Europe since after World War II. An expressive and now decaying mural in the McDonald's parking lot combining Polish patriotic and folkloric motifs by Caryl Yasko titled "Razem", or together in Polish, was painted thanks in part to funds furnished by the Polish American Congress in 1975. It now stands near the corners of Belmont and Pulaski in mute testament to this bygone renaissance.

Just to the north of Jackowo is Wacławowo and the parish of St. Wenceslaus, with its impressive church. Housing stock there primarily consists of brick two-flats built in the first half of the 20th century prior to World War II, although there are a number of bungalows present in the area neighboring the Villa District to the north.

Belmont Gardens
Belmont Gardens spans the Chicago Community Areas of Logan Square and Avondale like neighboring Kosciuszko Park, located within its northwest portion, where the Pulaski Industrial Corridor abuts these residential areas. The boundaries of Belmont Gardens are generally held to be Pulaski Road to the East, the Union Pacific/Northwest rail line to the West, Belmont Avenue to the North, and Fullerton Avenue to the South.

Most of the land between Fullerton Avenue and Diversey Avenue as well as Kimball Avenue to the Union Pacific/Northwest rail line was empty as late as the 1880s, mostly consisting of the rural "truck farms" that peppered much of Jefferson Township. This began to change with the annexation of this rustic hinterland to the city in 1889 in anticipation of the World's Columbian Exposition that would focus the country's eyes on Chicago just a few years later in 1893.

Belmont Gardens's first urban development began thanks to Homer Pennock, who founded the industrial village of Pennock, Illinois. Centered on Wrightwood Avenue, which was originally laid out as "Pennock Boulevard", was planned to be a hefty industrial and residential district. The development was so renowned that the village was highlighted in a "History of Cook County, Illinois" authored by Weston Arthur Goodspeed and Daniel David Healy. Thwarted by circumstances as well as the decline of Homer Pennock's fortune, this district declined to the point that the Chicago Tribune wrote about the neighborhood in an article titled "A Deserted Village in Chicago" in 1903. The original name of the Healy Metra Station was originally named after this now lost settlement.

While Homer Pennock's industrial suburb failed, Chicago's rapid expansion transformed the area's farms into clusters of factories and homes. At the start of the 20th century as settlement was booming, Belmont Gardens and Avondale were at the Northwestern edge of the Milwaukee Avenue "Polish Corridor"- a contiguous stretch of Polish settlement which spanned this thoroughfare all the way from Polonia Triangle at Milwaukee, Division and Ashland to Irving Park Road.

Belmont Gardens offered more than just a less congested setting for its new residents. Due to its proximity to rail along the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, the area developed a plethora of industry that still survives in the city's Pulaski Industrial Corridor. It was adjacent to his own factory that Mr. Walter E. Olson built what the Chicago Tribune put at the top of its list of the "Seven Lost Wonders of Chicago", the Olson Park and Waterfall Complex, a 22-acre garden and waterfall remembered by Chicagoans citywide as the place they fondly reminisce heading out to for family trips on the weekend. The ambitious project took 200 workers more than six months to fashion it out of 800 tons of stone and 800 yards of soil.

Latino settlement in the neighborhood began in the 1980s. Today the area still retains its blue collar feel as much of surrounding Logan Square and Avondale undergo increased gentrification.

Kosciuszko Park
Kosciuszko Park spans the Chicago Community Areas of Logan Square and Avondale like neighboring Belmont Gardens, located within its northwest portion, where the Pulaski Industrial Corridor abuts these residential areas. Colloquially known by locals as "Koz Park", or even the "Land of Koz", the area is a prime example of a local identity born thanks to the green spaces created by Chicago's civic leaders of the Progressive Era.

The boundaries of Kosciuszko Park are generally held to be Central Park Avenue to the East, Pulaski Road to the West, George Street to the North, and Altgeld to the South.

Most of the land between Fullerton Avenue and Diversey Avenue as well as Kimball Avenue to Pulaski Road was empty as late as the 1880s, mostly consisting of the rural "truck farms" that peppered much of Jefferson Township. This began to change with the annexation of this rustic hinterland to the city in 1889 in anticipation of the World's Columbian Exposition that would focus the country's eyes on Chicago just a few years later in 1893.

Kosciuszko Park's first urban development began thanks to Homer Pennock, who founded the industrial village of Pennock, Illinois. Centered on Wrightwood Avenue, which was originally laid out as "Pennock Boulevard", was planned to be a hefty industrial and residential district. The development was so renowned that the village was highlighted in a "History of Cook County, Illinois" authored by Weston Arthur Goodspeed and Daniel David Healy. Thwarted by circumstances as well as the decline of Homer Pennock's fortune, this district declined to the point that the Chicago Tribune wrote about the neighborhood in an article titled "A Deserted Village in Chicago" in 1903.

While Homer Pennock's industrial suburb failed, Chicago's rapid expansion transformed the area's farms into clusters of factories and homes. At the start of the 20th century as settlement was booming, Kosciuszko Park and Avondale were at the Northwestern edge of the Milwaukee Avenue "Polish Corridor"- a contiguous stretch of Polish settlement which spanned this thoroughfare all the way from Polonia Triangle at Milwaukee, Division and Ashland to Irving Park Road.

Kosciuszko Park offered more than just a less congested setting for its new residents. Due to its proximity to rail along the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, the area developed a plethora of industry that still survives in the city's Pulaski Industrial Corridor.

Adjacent to Kosciuszko Park's border with Avondale proper near the intersection of George Street and Lawndale Avenue is St. Hyacinth Basilica, which began in 1894 as a refuge for locals to tend to their spiritual needs. A local shrine, St. Hyacinth's features relics associated with Pope John Paul II, as well as an icon with an ornate jeweled crown that was blessed by the late pontiff. Other institutions further enriched the institutional fabric of the Polish community in the area. In 1897, the Polish Franciscan Sisters began building an expansive complex on Schubert and Hamlin Avenues with the construction of St. Joseph Home for the Aged and Crippled, a structure that would also serve as the motherhouse for the order. When it opened in 1898, it became the city's first and oldest Catholic nursing home. One of the industries the nuns took upon themselves to support these charitable activities was a church vestment workshop which opened in 1909 on the second floor. In 1928 the Franciscan Sisters further expanded the complex by building a new St. Joseph Home of Chicago, a structure that stood until recently at 2650 North Ridgeway. Designed by the distinguished firm of Slupkowski and Piontek who built many of the most prestigious commissions in Chicago's Polish community such as the Art Deco headquarters of the Polish National Alliance and Holy Trinity High School among others, the brick structure was an imposing edifice. One of the building's highlights was a chapel with an altar that was dedicated to the Black Madonna. The entire complex was sold to a developer who subsequently razed the entire complex, while the new "St. Joseph Village" opened in 2005 on the site of the former Madonna High School and now operates at 4021 W. Belmont Avenue. The park later became home to one of the two first Polish language Saturday schools in Chicago. While the school has since moved out of their small quarters at the park fieldhouse, the Tadeusz Kościuszko School of Polish Language continues to educate over 1,000 students to the present day, reminding all of its origins in Kosciuszko Park with its name.

It was the park of Kosciuszko Park however that weaved together the disparate subdivisions and people into one community. Dedicated in 1916, Kosciuszko Park owes its name to the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kosciuszko. Best known as the designer and builder of West Point, Kosciuszko fought in the American Revolution and was awarded with U.S. citizenship and the rank of brigadier general as a reward. Kosciuszko was one of the original parks of the Northwest Park District which was established in 1911. One of the ambitious goals of the Northwest Park District that was in keeping with the spirit of the Progressive Movement popular at the time was to provide one park for each of the ten square miles under its jurisdiction. Beginning in 1914, the district began to purchase land for what would eventually become Mozart, Kelyvn, and Kosciuszko Parks, and improvement on these three sites began almost immediately. For Kosciuszko, noted architect Albert A. Schwartz designed a Tudor revival-style fieldhouse, expanded in 1936 to include an assembly hall, just two years after the 22 separate park districts were consolidated into the Chicago Park District. The park complex expanded during the 1980s with the addition of a new natatorium at the corner of Diversey and Avers.

The green space afforded by the park quickly became the backdrop for community gatherings. Residents utilized the grounds at Kosciuszko Park for bonfires, festivals and neighborhood celebrations, and for a time, even an ice skating rink that would be set up every winter. Summertime brought the opportunity for outdoor festivities, peppered with sports and amateur shows featuring softball games, social dancing, a music appreciation hour, and the occasional visit by the city's "mobile zoo".

Today "The Land of Koz" is a diverse neighborhood, and becoming even more so as gentrification advances further northwest. New people are entering Kosciuszko Park and joining earlier residents whose roots trace back to Latin America and Poland. Yet the park that lent the neighborhood its name still serves its residents, where through play, performance, and even the occasional outdoor film screening it functions as the venue where the community can come together.

Economy
In 1937, Dad's Root Beer was founded in Avondale by Ely Klapman and Barney Berns. The company operated a bottling plant in the community before the company moved operations. The factory has since been converted into condominiums.

As of 2014, the top 5 employing industry sectors in Avondale are retail trade (20.9%), manufacturing (14.8%), utilities (12.4%), accommodation and food service (9.8%), and finance (7.4%). Over half of these workers come from outside of Chicago and 45.5% come from outside of Avondale within the city. The top 5 employing industry sectors of community residents are accommodation and food service (11.5%), healthcare (11%), professional (10.1%), retail trade (9.6%), and administration (8.3%).

Education
Avondale residents are served by Chicago Public Schools, which includes neighborhood and citywide options for students. There are also a number of private parochial schools run by Roman Catholic congregations in the area.

Carl Von Linne School, 3221 N. Sacramento, on Sacramento between Belmont and School is a neighborhood school. The school features a comprehensive gifted program and a dual language program. There is an emphasis on fine arts including visual arts, ceramic, music, dance, digital arts, and culinary arts. The school has a "sprouting teens garden" on the east side of the building and a "kitchen community culinary garden" in the main playground.

The United Neighborhood Organization operates the Carlos Fuentes School in Avondale.

Public libraries
The Chicago Public Library operates no branches located in the Avondale community area. Although the branch in nearby Kosciuszko Park was one of the system's most utilized branches, it was closed by the 1950s. Branches are available nearby in adjacent neighborhoods, such as Logan Square, Irving Park, and Belmont Cragin.

Politics
The Avondale community area has supported the Democratic Party in the past two presidential elections. In the 2016 presidential election, Avondale cast 10,290 votes for Hillary Clinton and cast 1,345 votes for Donald Trump (83.77% to 10.95%). In the 2012 presidential election, Avondale cast 7,940 votes for Barack Obama and 1,415 votes for Mitt Romney (82.43% to 14.69%).

Parks
Avondale was cited by the Chicago Tribune as being in the top tier of Chicago's "park poor" neighborhoods. This situation was further aggravated when Avondale Park was reduced to just over one acre in size during the building of the Kennedy Expressway, taking over most of its green space, including the park's playfield, separate boys' and girls' playgrounds, a wading pool, a sand box and tennis courts while leaving the fieldhouse designed by Clarence Hatzfeld intact.

The substantial green spaces in the Avondale community area are Brands Park, followed by Avondale Park. Parks adjacent to Avondale such as Kosciuszko Park, Athletic Field Park and Ken-Well Park are heavily utilized by residents as well. Additionally, there are playlots under the supervision of other parks such as Grape Playlot, Park-view Playlot, Nelson Playlot, Elston Playlot, and Sacramento Playlot, found within Avondale.

Culture
Avondale has a number of strong and simultaneously diverse cultural centers. St. Hyacinth Basilica continues to be a strong cultural and civic institution for Chicago's Polish Community. True to stereotype, the neighborhood "where Eastern Europe meets Latin America" is also home to the new second location of the Puerto Rican Arts Alliance in the former firehouse of Engine 91. The Hairpin Arts Center is located in Avondale near its border with Logan Square at the gateway to Chicago's Polish Village, serving all of the diverse communities who make their home in these neighborhoods.

Notable people

 * Vivian Maier, photographer who achieved posthumous fame. A resident of various neighborhoods including Rogers Park, she took photos in Chicago's Polish Village.
 * Lucy Parsons, labor organizer and founder of Industrial Workers of the World. She perished in a fire in Avondale in 1942.
 * Carlos Ramirez-Rosa, member of the Chicago City Council representing the 35th Ward and the first openly gay, Latino alderman. He is a resident of Avondale.
 * Louise Schaaf (1906-2020), supercentenarian notable for being, at the time of her death, the oldest person in Illinois and the oldest known person born in Germany. She resided near Belmont and California in Avondale until 1959 when she moved to the Norwood Park neighborhood.

title: Avondale, Chicago


text:
Snook (comedian)

Snook, the alter-ego of Pete Soucy, is a Newfoundland comedian and actor. He is the face of NLClassifieds.com.

Pete Soucy
Peter "Pete" Soucy was born in Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador, moved with his family to Gander in 1969, where he attended school before eventually attending NSCAD in Nova Scotia.

Soucy taught High School Visual Arts for five years between 1983 and 1989, four years in Clarenville High School, Clarenville, NL, and one at Bishops College in St. John's.

Since 1986, Soucy has been acting, writing, designing, and directing for stage, radio and television. A graduate of the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Soucy later taught Visual Arts for several years in secondary schools. His most successful play, FLUX, has been adapted for television, published, and performed in several provinces and states.

In 1987, Soucy co-founded the Day Job Theatre. Since then he has appeared in many television commercials and has completed a three-year term as Artistic Director of Rebel Island Theatre and the NaGeira Theatre Festival in Carbonear.

Soucy unsuccessfully ran for the Liberals in the 1999 provincial election losing to Jack Harris, who was leader of the NDP at the time.

Soucy subsequently hosted VOCM's Backtalk in St. John's, NL.

Following the resignation of Judy Foote as MP for Bonavista-Burin-Trinity in 2017, Soucy unsuccessfully ran for the Liberal party nomination losing narrowly to Churence Rogers.

Awards

 * Newfoundland and Labrador Arts Council Award - 1986
 * Kari Award - 1996

Snook
Snook, Soucy's most popular character has been described as "a street-smart corner boy" and is said to come from St. John's, Newfoundland. He has a recognizable slicked-back hairstyle and is usually seen holding a cigarette. Snook performs at various comedy festivals and venues, hosts television series, and has released several comedy CDs and DVDs. He also appeared in his own segment Stuff about Stuff, on the NTV Evening Newshour.

Television
CBC Here and Now - weekly commentaries for three seasons in the 1990s NTV Evening Newshour - weekly commentaries continuing to the present "NL Now" Christmas Special - 2017
 * Wicked Night Out - (Host)
 * Lorne Elliott's Madly Off in All Directions
 * CBC Television's Canada Now
 * Hatching, Matching and Dispatching - 2005 (Voice)
 * Above and Beyond as Sadler - 2006 (mini-series)
 * Jake Thompson's "NL Now" - 2016

 * Also appeared on CBC's Son of a Critch as the policeman

Film

 * Rare Birds as Bystander - 2001
 * Young Triffie as Ranger Jenkins - 2006

Other
Snook is regularly hired to perform at special events, corporate functions, and in ad campaigns. Such as the act of 'Go Healthy' in Newfoundland and Labrador.

DVDs

 * Snook's Wicked DVD
 * Snook's Christmas DVD

CDs

 * Snook's Christmas (My Gift, Someone Else's Money) (2004)
 * Snook's Childhood (or Snook ruins a bunch of Kids Songs) (2007)
 * Another Snook's Christmas (Right Price, Easy to Mail) (2009)

title: Snook (comedian)


text:
Power of the Dragonflame

Power of the Dragonflame is the fifth studio album by Italian symphonic power metal band Rhapsody. It is also the last chapter in the.

The album was originally released by the german label Limb Music on March 2002 in Europe and a month later, on April 2002, in the United States.

In 2017, the online music magazine Loudwire ranked it as the 9th best power metal album of all time.

Rhapsody

 * Fabio Lione – vocals
 * Luca Turilli – lead and rhythm guitars
 * Alex Staropoli – keyboards, harpsichord, piano, orchestral arrangements
 * Alex Holzwarth - drums

Additional personnel

 * Michael "Miro" Rodenberg – producer
 * Sascha Paeth – producer, bass gthe "Emerald Sword Sagauitar, classical guitar (track 11)
 * Dana Lurie – lead violin
 * Johannes Monno – classical guitar (track 11)
 * Thunderforce – additional drums
 * Herbie Langhans, Cinzia Rizzo, Robert Hunecke-Rizzo, Oliver Hartmann, Miro – choir (epic)
 * Previn Moore and Bridget Fogle – choir (church)
 * Bridget Fogle – female baroque voice
 * Manuel Staropoli – baroque recorders
 * Jay Lansford – narration

title: Power of the Dragonflame