text:
User talk:BaghdadKavad

Welcome to the Wikipedia
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 10:36, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hello
I've liked your comments on Persian related pages and liked your website as well (I thought I knew them all). I noticed soon after I joined that there's gonna be arguments on basic pages, and that I could be more productive writing new articles. I would value your opinion on the one I've been working on off and on for a few weeks. Its not the problem of too little information, on the contrary. I'm not sure what to add, what to leave out, how to format/organize, how technical to get (with theology, language), etc. There is the problem of lack of local information though. It is currently at agiary but I want to move it to 'Fire Temple'. If you don't check your talk page though it might be long completed by now! Khirad talk 18:36, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
سلام خداداد عزیز به داد ما هم برس. بویژه در مقاله استی ها .. یهویی دیدید که کورش کبیر هم شدا.. شوخی میکنم ولی واقعا میتوانم از تخصصات و تحقیقات جنابعالی در پاسخ دادن به تئوریهای نابخردانه در آن مدخل استفاده کرد. --Ali doostzadeh 00:06, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

dorood.. by the way check this: http://www.alwaraq.net/ --alidoostzadeh 22:28, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Justanid
Let me know if there is more information on this minor dynasty. I made the article here: Justanid --alidoostzadeh (talk) 02:33, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Please vote in survey over whether to have article title Human rights in Iran or Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran

 * 23 November 2007 Sinooher changed the article name from Human rights in Iran to Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
 * Koavf changed the article name back to Human rights in Iran 9 March 2008,
 * Crazy Suit changed it back to Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran a couple weeks later, 23 March 2008.

We should decide this once and for all and not what the name is as it makes a difference to the wording of the text in the article.

Arguements

 * In favor of Human rights in Iran, Arguement: Most of the Human Rights articles about a particular country are just Human rights in France or Human rights in Germany and do not include the full formal name of the country.

 * In favor of Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Arguement: some articles do include the full name of the country - e.g. Human rights in the People's Republic of China (not Human rights in China). Both Iran and China underwent a revolution in the last century and both now have radically different governments then they did before  their revolution, so it makes sence to include the full name of the regime. --BoogaLouie (talk) 16:26, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Please vote in survey over whether to have article title Human rights in Iran or Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran

 * 23 November 2007 Sinooher changed the article name from Human rights in Iran to Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
 * Koavf changed the article name back to Human rights in Iran 9 March 2008,
 * Crazy Suit changed it back to Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran a couple weeks later, 23 March 2008.

We should decide this once and for all and not what the name is as it makes a difference to the wording of the text in the article.

Arguements

 * In favor of Human rights in Iran, Arguement: Most of the Human Rights articles about a particular country are just Human rights in France or Human rights in Germany and do not include the full formal name of the country.

 * In favor of Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Arguement: some articles do include the full name of the country - e.g. Human rights in the People's Republic of China (not Human rights in China). Both Iran and China underwent a revolution in the last century and both now have radically different governments then they did before  their revolution, so it makes sence to include the full name of the regime. --BoogaLouie (talk) 16:31, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Happy New Year 2009!!!!
''' Happy New Year !!!! I wish for you and your family to have a wonderful 2009!!! Have fun partying and may you make many edits!!!   - Ravichandar My coffee shop  14:25, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Talkback
warrior 4321  16:15, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Help Request
I need help figuring out how to put a Genealogical table for my Bavand Dynasty article...--Khodadad (talk) 20:31, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Khodadad, take a look at Help:Table. The information should be there. --ANowlin: talk 22:02, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Reza Zia-Ebrahimi moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, does not have enough sources and citations as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. Praxidicae (talk) 15:28, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * By golly mate! It's a biographical entry. Anything I have written is there on the university page and his academia page and also in Reza's podcast interview. What parts need referencing?? You want me to show his birth certificate for his DOB? --BaghdadKavad (talk) 15:48, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * * Honestly, I even gave the page number for the quote I gave of his book! How much more reference does half a page of bio need? --BaghdadKavad (talk) 15:50, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Ok, I provided references even for things as little as linguistic ability and re-submitted. Hope this is satisfactory? --BaghdadKavad (talk) 16:11, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

May 2020
Hello BaghdadKavad. The nature of your edits gives the impression you have an undisclosed financial stake in promoting a topic, but you have not complied with Wikipedia's mandatory paid editing disclosure requirements. Paid advocacy is a category of conflict of interest (COI) editing that involves being compensated by a person, group, company or organization to use Wikipedia to promote their interests. Undisclosed paid advocacy is prohibited by our policies on neutral point of view and what Wikipedia is not, and is an especially egregious type of COI; the Wikimedia Foundation regards it as a "black hat" practice akin to black-hat SEO.

Paid advocates are very strongly discouraged from direct article editing, and should instead propose changes on the talk page of the article in question if an article exists. If the article does not exist, paid advocates are extremely strongly discouraged from attempting to write an article at all. At best, any proposed article creation should be submitted through the articles for creation process, rather than directly.

Regardless, if you are receiving or expect to receive compensation for your edits, broadly construed, you are  required by the Wikimedia Terms of Use to disclose your employer, client and affiliation. You can post such a mandatory disclosure to your user page at User:BaghdadKavad. The template Paid can be used for this purpose – e.g. in the form:. If I am mistaken – you are not being directly or indirectly compensated for your edits – please state that in response to this message. Otherwise, please provide the required disclosure. In either case, do not edit further until you answer this message. Praxidicae (talk) 15:29, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

"Financial Stake"??? I edited two biographical entried of the people I know personally who are historians of their field!!! Who would pay for that. No, I have no financial interests or any compensations received from edits. I am extremely curious as what on earth in my edits might constitute financial stakes? Did I promore a company or something without knowing it myself? --BaghdadKavad (talk) 15:45, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * A lot of people pay for this. However, your edits were promotional and not neutral. Can you please also explain how you became the copyright holder and taker of this photo, which I will note you specifically uploaded as own work? Praxidicae (talk) 16:57, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * But promoting scholarship, not a commercial thing! Was there anything commercial that I promoted? It is the page of a scholar, and so yes, I promoted him, but even the link to his book is to the book's Google Books site which is not commercial and just informational (I did not want to link to Amazon!). I am the copyright owner of it because as I said, I know Reza personally and I asked him for it. He knows I am making this page and some of the stuff, such as his Swiss nationality, are actually coming from him. Is that against Wikipedia rules? He gave me the pic and told me that putting it up is fine, and he is an amateur photographer, so my assumption is that he took it! In any case, I did not get paid for this, that is for certain and honestly no need to assume as such either. If you feel talking about a scholar and her/his research and publications is commercial promotion, then I cannot help. Remove it for all I care...--BaghdadKavad (talk) 19:52, 5 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Promotion is promotion, it doesn't matter if you're talking about the beauty of the sand in the Sahara just because you like it or trying to sell male enhancement supplements. You need to disclose as required per WP:COI. Praxidicae (talk) 19:58, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Ok... So, I actually checked and the pic was sent to me via a link, and the link is to Zia-Ebrahimi's public faculty page and the picture is public domain (https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/reza-zia-ebrahimi)! I will correct the attribution. What else do you want me to address? BaghdadKavad (talk) 11:23, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Reza Zia-Ebrahimi (May 6)
 Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Sulfurboy was:

Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.

 * If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Reza Zia-Ebrahimi and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window.
 * If you now believe the draft cannot meet Wikipedia's standards or do not wish to progress it further, you may request deletion. Please go to Draft:Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window, add "Db-g7" at the top of the draft text and click the blue "publish changes" button to save this edit.
 * If you do not make any further changes to your draft, in 6 months, it will be considered abandoned and may be deleted.
 * If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Reza_Zia-Ebrahimi Articles for creation help desk], on the [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Sulfurboy&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Reza_Zia-Ebrahimi reviewer's talk page] or use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.

Sulfurboy (talk) 14:57, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:Reza Zia-Ebrahimi
Hello, BaghdadKavad. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Draft space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for article space.

If your submission is not edited soon, it could be nominated for deletion under CSD G13. If you would like to attempt to save it, you will need to improve it. You may request userfication of the content if it meets requirements.

If the deletion has already occured, instructions on how you may be able to retrieve it are available here.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 13:02, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

Copyright infringement
You need to know that Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. You must not copy and paste text from sources you find on the web into articles as you did in the article Ormus. The infringing text has been removed because the material you copied is subject to copyright, as is almost everything on the web. When creating or expanding articles, you should completely rewrite the information from the source using your own words. Cwmhiraeth (talk) 10:45, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

Whatever on earth do you mean by that. I am an experienced contributor and I know what I am doing. I am the author of both the original article to which I reference (www.iranologie.com) which carries my name and is public domain, and the history section of this article. I am not going to paraphrase MYSELF to satisfy anything. Whatever your problem or that of others is with this article, there is no point in accusing me of copyright infringement. I am the copyright holder... Khodadad Rezakhani (BaghdadKavad) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:A448:402B:1:9137:4ED9:F204:9771 (talk) 20:06, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Just to make sure that you know that the above message is from me...--BaghdadKavad (talk) 20:17, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:BaghdadKavad


text:
Median voter theorem

In political science and social choice theory, Black's median voter theorem states that if voters and candidates are distributed along a one-dimensional spectrum and voters have single peaked preferences, any voting method satisfying the Condorcet criterion will elect the candidate preferred by the median voter.

The median voter theorem thus serves two important purposes:

 * 1) It shows that under a somewhat-realistic model of voter behavior, most voting systems will produce similar results.
 * 2) It justifies the median voter property, a voting system criterion generalizing the median voter theorem, which says election systems should choose the candidate most well-liked by the median voter, when the conditions of the median voter theorem apply.

Instant-runoff voting and plurality fail the criterion, while approval voting, Coombs' method, and all Condorcet methods satisfy it. Score voting satisfies the property under strategic and informed voting (where it is equivalent to approval voting), or if voters’ ratings of candidates fall linearly with ideological distance. Systems that fail the median voter criterion exhibit a center-squeeze phenomenon, encouraging extremism rather than moderation.

A related assertion was made earlier (in 1929) by Harold Hotelling, who argued politicians in a representative democracy would converge to the viewpoint of the median voter, basing this on his model of economic competition. However, this assertion relies on a deeply simplified voting model, and is only partly applicable to systems satisfying the median voter property. It cannot be applied to systems like instant-runoff voting or plurality at all, even in two-party systems.

Statement and proof of the theorem
Consider a group of voters who have to elect one from a set of two or more candidates. For simplicity, assume the number of voters is odd.

The elections are one-dimensional. This means that the opinions of both candidates and voters are distributed along a one-dimensional spectrum, and each voter ranks the candidates in an order of proximity, such that the candidate closest to the voter receives their first preference, the next closest receives their second preference, and so forth.

A Condorcet winner is a candidate who is preferred over every other candidate by a majority of voters. In general, a Condorcet winner might not exist. The median voter theorem says that:

 * 1) In one-dimensional elections, a Condorcet winner always exists.
 * 2) The Condorcet winner is the candidate closest to the median voter.

In the above example, the median voter is denoted by M, and the candidate closest to him is C, so the median voter theorem says that C is the Condorcet winner. It follows that Charles will win any election conducted using a method satisfying the Condorcet criterion. In particular, when there are only two candidates, the majority rule satisfies the Condorcet criterion; for multiway votes, several methods satisfy it (see Condorcet method).

Proof sketch: Let the median voter be Marlene. The candidate who is closest to her will receive her first preference vote. Suppose that this candidate is Charles and that he lies to her left. Then Marlene and all voters to her left (comprising a majority of the electorate) will prefer Charles to all candidates to his right, and Marlene and all voters to her right will prefer Charles to all candidates to his left.

Extensions

 * The theorem also applies when the number of voters is even, but the details depend on how ties are resolved.
 * The assumption that preferences are cast in order of proximity can be relaxed to say merely that they are single-peaked.
 * The assumption that opinions lie along a real line can be relaxed to allow more general topologies.
 * Spatial / valence models: Suppose that each candidate has a valence (attractiveness) in addition to his or her position in space, and suppose that voter i ranks candidates j in decreasing order of vj – dij where vj is j 's valence and dij is the distance from i to j. Then the median voter theorem still applies: Condorcet methods will elect the candidate voted for by the median voter.

History
The theorem was first set out by Duncan Black in 1948. He wrote that he saw a large gap in economic theory concerning how voting determines the outcome of decisions, including political decisions. Black's paper triggered research on how economics can explain voting systems. In 1957 Anthony Downs expounded upon the median voter theorem in his book An Economic Theory of Democracy.

The median voter property
We will say that a voting method has the "median voter property in one dimension" if it always elects the candidate closest to the median voter under a one-dimensional spatial model. We may summarize the median voter theorem as saying that all Condorcet methods possess the median voter property in one dimension.

It turns out that Condorcet methods are not unique in this: Coombs' method is not Condorcet-consistent but nonetheless satisfies the median voter property in one dimension. Approval voting satisfies the same property under several models of strategic voting.

Extensions to higher dimensions
In general, it is impossible to generalize the median voter theorem to spatial models in more than one dimension, though several attempts have been made to do so.

Nongeneralization
The table on the left shows an example of an election given by the Marquis de Condorcet, who concluded it showed a problem with the Borda count. The Condorcet winner on the left is A, who is preferred to B by 41:40 and to C by 60:21. The Borda winner is instead B. However, Donald Saari constructs an example in two dimensions where it is the Borda count that correctly identifies the candidate closest to the center (as determined by the geometric median).

The diagram shows a possible configuration of the voters and candidates consistent with the ballots, with the voters positioned on the circumference of a unit circle. In this case, A's mean absolute deviation is 1.15, whereas B's is 1.09 (and C's is 1.70), making B the spatial winner.

Thus the election is ambiguous in that two different spatial representations imply two different optimal winners. This is the ambiguity we sought to avoid earlier by adopting a median metric for spatial models; but although the median metric achieves its aim in a single dimension, the property does not fully generalize to higher dimensions.

Omnidirectional medians
Despite this result, the median voter theorem can be applied to distributions that are rotationally symmetric, e.g. Gaussians, which have a single median that is the same in all directions. Whenever the distribution of voters has a unique median in all directions, and voters rank candidates in order of proximity, the median voter theorem applies: the candidate closest to the median will have a majority preference over all his or her rivals, and will be elected by any voting method satisfying the median voter property in one dimension.

It follows that all Condorcet methods – and also Coombs' method – satisfy the median voter property in spaces of any dimension for voter distributions with omnidirectional medians.

It is easy to construct voter distributions which do not have a median in all directions. The simplest example consists of a distribution limited to 3 points not lying in a straight line, such as 1, 2 and 3 in the second diagram. Each voter location coincides with the median under a certain set of one-dimensional projections. If A, B and C are the candidates, then '1' will vote A-B-C, '2' will vote B-C-A, and '3' will vote C-A-B, giving a Condorcet cycle. This is the subject of the McKelvey–Schofield theorem.

Proof. See the diagram, in which the grey disc represents the voter distribution as uniform over a circle and M is the median in all directions. Let A and B be two candidates, of whom A is the closer to the median. Then the voters who rank A above B are precisely the ones to the left (i.e. the 'A' side) of the solid red line; and since A is closer than B to M, the median is also to the left of this line.

Now, since M is a median in all directions, it coincides with the one-dimensional median in the particular case of the direction shown by the blue arrow, which is perpendicular to the solid red line. Thus if we draw a broken red line through M, perpendicular to the blue arrow, then we can say that half the voters lie to the left of this line. But since this line is itself to the left of the solid red line, it follows that more than half of the voters will rank A above B.

Relation between the median in all directions and the geometric median
Whenever a unique omnidirectional median exists, it determines the result of Condorcet voting methods. At the same time the geometric median can arguably be identified as the ideal winner of a ranked preference election (see comparison of electoral systems). It is therefore important to know the relationship between the two. In fact whenever a median in all directions exists (at least for the case of discrete distributions), it coincides with the geometric median.

Lemma. Whenever a discrete distribution has a median M in all directions, the data points not located at M  must come in balanced pairs (A,A ' ) on either side of M  with the property that A – M – A ' is a straight line (ie. not like A0– M – A2 in the diagram).

Proof. This result was proved algebraically by Charles Plott in 1967. Here we give a simple geometric proof by contradiction in two dimensions.

Suppose, on the contrary, that there is a set of points Ai which have M as median in all directions, but for which the points not coincident with M  do not come in balanced pairs. Then we may remove from this set any points at M, and any balanced pairs about M, without M ceasing to be a median in any direction; so M  remains an omnidirectional median.

If the number of remaining points is odd, then we can easily draw a line through M such that the majority of points lie on one side of it, contradicting the median property of M.

If the number is even, say 2n, then we can label the points A0, A1,... in clockwise order about M starting at any point (see the diagram). Let θ be the angle subtended by the arc from M –A0 to M –An. Then if θ < 180° as shown, we can draw a line similar to the broken red line through M which has the majority of data points on one side of it, again contradicting the median property of M ; whereas if θ > 180° the same applies with the majority of points on the other side. And if θ = 180°, then A0 and An form a balanced pair, contradicting another assumption.

Theorem. Whenever a discrete distribution has a median M in all directions, it coincides with its geometric median.

Proof. The sum of distances from any point P to a set of data points in balanced pairs (A,A ' ) is the sum of the lengths A – P – A '. Each individual length of this form is minimized over P when the line is straight, as happens when P coincides with M. The sum of distances from P to any data points located at M is likewise minimized when P and M  coincide. Thus the sum of distances from the data points to P is minimized when P coincides with M.

Hotelling-Downs median voter theorem
A related theorem was discussed by Harold Hotelling as his 'principle of minimum differentiation', also known as 'Hotelling's law'. It states that if the voting system satisfies the median voter property, both candidates care only about maximizing their margin of victory, and candidates can choose their views "freely" (with voters supporting the candidate most like them), all candidates will take the same set of positions as the median voter.

As a special case, this law applies to the situation where there are exactly two candidates in the race.

 * 1) There are exactly two candidates in the race, with the winner selected by a simple majority;
 * 2) It is impossible for more candidates to enter or exit the race;
 * 3) Voters and candidates differ only along a one-dimensional ideological spectrum;
 * 4) Candidates can choose any set of positions on policy issues they wish;
 * 5) Both candidates only care about maximizing their expected vote share.

This theorem was first described by Hotelling in 1929. In practice, none of these conditions hold for modern American elections, though they may have held in Hotelling's time (when nominees were publicly-unknown candidates chosen by closed party caucuses in ideologically diverse parties). Most importantly, politicians must win primary elections, which often include challengers or competitors, to be chosen as major-party nominees, meaning politicians must compromise between appealing to the primary and general electorates. Similar effects imply candidates do not converge to the median voter under electoral systems that do not satisfy the median voter theorem, including primary elections, plurality, the two-round system, or instant-runoff voting.

Uses of the median voter theorem
The theorem is valuable for the light it sheds on the optimality (and the limits to the optimality) of certain voting systems.

Valerio Dotti points out broader areas of application: "The Median Voter Theorem proved extremely popular in the Political Economy literature. The main reason is that it can be adopted to derive testable implications about the relationship between some characteristics of the voting population and the policy outcome, abstracting from other features of the political process."

He adds that... "The median voter result has been applied to an incredible variety of questions. Examples are the analysis of the relationship between income inequality and size of governmental intervention in redistributive policies (Meltzer and Richard, 1981), the study of the determinants of immigration policies (Razin and Sadka, 1999), of the extent of taxation on different types of income (Bassetto and Benhabib, 2006), and many more."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Median voter theorem


text:
Paul Karrer

Professor Paul Karrer FRS FRSE FCS (21 April 1889 – 18 June 1971) was a Swiss organic chemist best known for his research on vitamins. He and Norman Haworth won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937.

Early years
Karrer was born in Moscow, Russia to Paul Karrer and Julie Lerch, both Swiss nationals. In 1892 Karrer's family returned to Switzerland where he was educated at Wildegg and at the Old Cantonal School Aarau where he matriculated in 1908. He studied chemistry at the University of Zurich under Alfred Werner and after gaining his Ph.D. in 1911, he spent a further year as assistant in the Chemical Institute. He then took a post as chemist with Paul Ehrlich at the Georg Speyer Haus, Frankfurt-am-Main. In 1919 he became Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Chemical Institute.

Research
Karrer's early research concerned complex metal compounds but his most important work has concerned plant pigments, particularly the yellow carotenoids. He elucidated their chemical structure and showed that some of these substances are transformed in the body into vitamin A. His work led to the establishment of the correct constitutional formula for beta-carotene, the chief precursor of vitamin A; the first time that the structure of a vitamin or provitamin had been established. George Wald worked briefly in Karrer's lab while studying the role of vitamin A in the retina. Later, Karrer confirmed the structure of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and extended his researches into the vitamin B2 and E. His important contributions to the chemistry of the flavins led to identification of lactoflavin as part of the complex originally thought to be vitamin B2.

Karrer published many papers, and received many honours and awards, including the Nobel Prize in 1937. His textbook Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie (Textbook of Organic Chemistry) was published in 1927, went through thirteen editions, and was published in seven languages.

Personal life
Karrer was married to Helena Froelich in 1914 and had three sons, one of whom died in infancy. He died on 18 June 1971, at the age of 82 in Zürich. His wife died in 1972.

Legacy
The prestigious Paul Karrer Gold Medal and lecture was established in his honour in 1959 by a group of leading companies such as CIBA AG, J.R. Geigy, F. Hoffmann-La Roche & Co. AG, Sandoz AG, Société des Produits Nestlé AG and Dr. A. Wander AG. It is awarded annually or biannually to an outstanding chemist who delivers a lecture at the University of Zurich.

The Paul Karrer Lecture Foundation is based at the Chemistry Institute of the University of Zurich at Rämistrasse 71, in Zürich.

title: Paul Karrer


text:
Talk:Mazurka

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 9 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: MandatoryStudentAccount.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:41, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
The example of "mazurka" that is to be downloaded here is not only very bad quality but what is more important - it is not representative. You should reconsider if it is appropriate...

When you say it is in triple time, what does that mean? Is it in three, or is it ridiculously fact, or both? Triple time, or triple meter means the same as "in three" - three beats per bar.

Second beat accent?
I see reference here to a typical feature of the mazurka being the accent on the second beat, and that tallies with other sources I've consulted. However, my listening (both to original "folk" mazurkas and to Chopin's mazurkas) suggests that an accent on the THIRD beat is more common, and the score example shown here also has accents on the third beats, not the second. Can anyone help clarify?

AB —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.96.137.113 (talk) 10:35, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Still stub?
Any objection to upgrading to Start class, or maybe C? Quantumobserver (talk) 20:22, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

Irish
Why was the note about the Irish mazurka erased?--tufkaa 22:12, 24 April 2006 (UTC)h
 * Because it was uncited, presented out of context and badly formatted, and looked like advertising as it was presented. Tuf-Kat 22:30, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Radetzky March
I removed a reference to this piece as being a mazurka. No way. It's a march (believe it or not). (Someone had earlier identified Khatchaturian's "Sabre Dance" as being a mazurka(!!!))

Kostaki mou 04:23, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Mazur, mazurek, mazurka
There is a difference between pl:Mazur (taniec) (dance) and pl:Mazurek (muzyka) (music). However this is not my field of expertise, and I am not sure if both of those terms are translated as mazurka. This is confusing, and expert opinion would help.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 00:42, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

!
It's named after Masovia ont Masuria

"not," ont "ont."

Balakirev
Mily Balakirev also wrote seven mazurkas. Someone should add him to the article.Tsd31411 03:56, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

How to order the "Outside Poland" section
I recently re-ordered this section based on geography, rather than alphabetical names of countries or the order added. First mentioned is Russia (east of Poland) then France (west) and other countries going farther west, ending with Australia, which is just special :). I will move Cape Verde and Curacao around (I wasn't sure where they were located). I will also move the recently added Portugal section to be in the European section. I would like to request that new additions maintain this order. Or if someone has an order that they think is better, let's discuss it. DBlomgren (talk) 20:09, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Tansman and Liapounov should be included
Alexandre Tansman should be included in this article as a major composer of Mazurka as he wrote at least 20. Also Liapounov wrote about 8 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.159.114.171 (talk) 17:17, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Editing this page
I have added just a little bit of information about Chopin's mazurkas because I believe that they are important to the genre of mazurkas as a whole. I have just added some basic information about Chopin's mazurkas--stylistic characteristics and how Chopin's mazurkas are similar and different from the traditional dance form.--Wordpainter2416 (talk) 01:18, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

popular culture section
The "popular culture" section which 74.77.170.126 removed is pretty awful, and probably should stay deleted, per WP:POPCULTURE. The mere mention of "mazurka" in a song or movie title isn't really encyclopedic, and this article now has enough real content that it doesn't need the padding. Argyriou (talk) 04:38, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

Spelling
It should be "mazurek" (masculine).

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Flemish mazurka (under French Mazurka)
While it is true that the mazurka as it is typically played and danced in Flanders (and the Netherlands) is at a slower pace, it needs a citation. According to my research it originated at the festival Gennetines in France and Flemish visitors of Gennetines brought it back with them. But I don't have any citations for that so I won't put it in the article. AmedeeVanGasse (talk) 08:26, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

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Property management

Property management is the operation, control, maintenance, and oversight of real estate and physical property. This can include residential, commercial, and land real estate. Management indicates the need for real estate to be cared for and monitored, with accountability for and attention to its useful life and condition. This is much akin to the role of management in any business.

Property management is the administration of personal property, equipment, tooling, and physical capital assets acquired and used to build, repair, and maintain end item deliverables. Property management involves the processes, systems, and workforce required to manage the life cycle of all acquired property as defined above, including acquisition, control, accountability, responsibility, maintenance, utilization, and disposition.

An owner of a single-family home, condominium, or multi-family building may engage the services of a professional property management company. The company will then advertise the rental property, handle tenant inquiries, screen applicants, select suitable candidates, draw up a lease agreement, conduct a move-in inspection, move the tenant(s) into the property and collect rental income. The company will then coordinate any maintenance issues, supply the owner(s) with financial statements and any relevant information regarding the property, etc.

Roles
This profession has many facets, including managing the accounts and finances of real estate properties and participating in or initiating litigation with tenants, contractors, and insurance agencies. Litigation is sometimes considered a separate function set aside for trained attorneys. Although a person will be responsible for this in their job description, there may be an attorney working under a property manager. Special attention is given to landlord/tenant law; most commonly, evictions, non-payment, harassment, reduction of pre-arranged services, and public nuisance are legal subjects that gain the most attention from property managers. Therefore, it is a necessity that a property manager is current with applicable municipal, county, state, and Federal Fair Housing laws and practices.

Australia
Every state of Australia except South Australia require a proper license in order to manage a property. The purpose of this regulation is to ensure that a property manager is as well-prepared for the job as possible. (There may be exceptions like managing an extremely small property for a relative.) In South Australia, if you run a property management business, you must be a registered land agent.

All tenancy applications received are reference checked inclusive of identification, means of income, previous tenancy references and workplace references. Additionally tenants are checked against the National Tenancy Information Centre of Australia which records details of defaulting tenants.. In recent year property management in Australia has changed from a brick and mortar business to virtual online.

Canada
In Canada, the laws governing property management and landlord/tenant relations are, generally speaking, a Provincial responsibility. Each Province and Territory makes its own laws on these matters. In most cases, any person or company can offer property management services, and there are licensing requirements. Other than specific laws in each Province and Territory governing these matters, they are governed by English Common Law, except in the province of Quebec where the Civil Code is used in place of English Common Law. In some cities, the Provincial Legislation is supplemented by City by-laws.

British Columbia
The licensing of property managers is regulated by the provincial government and licensing by the BCFSA is a regulatory agency established by the provincial government.Its mandate is to protect the public interest by enforcing the licensing and licensee conduct requirements of the Real Estate Services Act. The BCFSA is responsible for licensing individuals and brokerages engaged in real estate sales, rental and strata property management. The BCFSA also enforces entry qualifications, investigates complaints against licensees and imposes disciplinary sanctions under the Act.

The BCFSA is responsible for ensuring that the interests of consumers who use the services of real estate licensees are adequately protected against wrongful actions by the licensees. A wrongful action may be deliberate or may be the consequence of inadequate exercise of reasonable judgment by a licensee in carrying out their duties and responsibilities.

The BCFSA is responsible for determining what is appropriate education in real estate matters for individuals seeking to be licensed as real estate practitioners and arranging for licensing courses and examinations as part of the qualification requirement for licensing. Under the authority of the BCFSA, licensing courses are delivered by the UBC Sauder School of Business, Real Estate Division.

Ontario
In Ontario, no licensing is required to operate, however ACMO – the Association of Condo Managers of Ontario is a self-governing body for certification and designation of its members who run buildings with more than 600 units. (RECO) the Real Estate Council of Ontario, regulates licensed realtors in Ontario. The provincial government is revising its condominium act. After public consultation, it hopes to put forth legislation during the 2015–2016 session requiring Condo Management firms and staff or condo employees and boards to be accredited.

Saskatchewan and Alberta
Both require property managers to hold a real estate license.

Germany
In Germany, property management is divided into the areas of home owner's association management (WEG-Verwaltung), rental management (Mietverwaltung), and special property management (Sondereigentumsverwaltung) with different clients and tasks. Since 2018, a license in accordance with the Trade Regulation Act (§ 34 C GewO) is mandatory for property managers. This requires sufficient insurance as well as sound financial circumstances and reliability. There are no requirements regarding professional trainings or degrees. However, there is a training obligation of twenty hours within a period of three years. Receiving a license as a property manager in Germany is accompanied by membership of the relevant chamber of industry and commerce.

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, property management companies (PMCs) and property management practitioners (PMPs) are regulated under the Property Management Services Ordinance (PMSO) (Chapter 626 of the Laws of Hong Kong), which was enacted in 2016. Only some sections under the PMSO have commenced operation and they are the ones concerning the establishment of the Property Management Services Authority (PMSA) as the regulator for the industry. Apart from establishing the PMSA, the PMSO provides a legal framework for the regulatory regime, and the details of the regime, including the licensing criteria for PMCs and PMPs, are being formulated by the PMSA (public consultation underway ) and will be set out in subsidiary legislation. Other sections of the PMSO will commence operation after the subsidiary legislation is passed by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and commences operation.

Certain classes of persons are exempted from the licensing requirement. Those not exempted are required to obtain a licence and failure to do so is a criminal offence subject to a maximum penalty of a fine of HK$500,000 and imprisonment for two years. Those who are licensed are subject to disciplinary actions (including verbal warning, written reprimand, penalty up to HK$300,000, imposition of a condition on licence, suspension and revocation of licences ) by the PMSA if they commit a "disciplinary offence" as defined under section 4 of the PMSO. The PMSA may issue codes of conduct containing practical guidance to licensees, including the matters that the PMSA considers to be relevant to determining whether a licensee has committed a disciplinary offence.

Under the PMSO, property management services (PMSs) are to be prescribed under seven specified categories as follows:
 * 1) General management services relating to a property;
 * 2) Management of the environment of a property;
 * 3) Repair, maintenance and improvement of a property;
 * 4) Finance and asset management relating to a property;
 * 5) Facility management relating to a property;
 * 6) Human resources management relating to personnel involved in the management of a property; and
 * 7) Legal services relating to the management of a property.

Only those PMCs providing PMSs falling within more than one category of PMSs are required to be licensed, and individuals who assume a managerial or supervisory role in these PMCs are also required to be licensed. In other words, PMCs providing PMSs falling within only one category of PMSs are not required to be licensed, and individuals working in the front line without assuming a managerial or supervisory role are not required to be licensed either. All types of properties (i.e. whether residential, commercial or otherwise) are covered by the PMSO, but "property" is given a technical meaning and refers to those which have a deed of mutual covenant (DMC) (a document containing terms that are binding on all flat owners of a multi-unit or multi-storey building ) since only PMSs provided to buildings with multi-ownership are intended to be regulated. In other words, PMCs and PMPs providing PMSs to properties without a DMC are not to be regulated under the PMSO.

India
In India, there is no statutory regulation of property management companies, real estate agents or developers. In 2013, a Real Estate Regulation and Development Bill was passed by the Union Cabinet, but has yet to take effect. The bill seeks to set up 3 regulatory bodies in the country. The Real Estate Regulation and Development Bill was passed by the Union Cabinet in early 2016 and this is expected to bring about a sea change in the management of real estate in India.

New Zealand
Commercial Property Management leasing agents in New Zealand are required to have a real estate agents licence and operate and audited trust bank account. Commercial leases are covered by the Property Law Act 1952.

Residential property management in New Zealand is an unlicensed and unregulated industry. Property managers in New Zealand do not require any registration, minimum knowledge or skill. The New Zealand Government reviewed whether all forms of property management need any legislation. Following completion of the review, the Associate Minister of Justice, Hon Nathan Guy, announced on 2 July 2009 that no new occupational regulation would be imposed on property managers in part due to there already being existing laws which could be used to protect consumers.

New Zealand licensed Real Estate Agents may offer Residential Property Management service with qualified Real Estate Agents as Property Managers, or property manager's working under the Licensed Real estate agency. Member Agents are supposed to adhere to the Real Estate Institute of New Zealand property management code of practice which according to the REAA outlines industry best practices for dealing with the public. Critics state the Real Estate Agents Authority complaint committee as having less scope or jurisdiction for adverse judgement against negligent Property Management licences as they would otherwise to those in "real estate agency work", unsatisfactory property management conduct cases can receive findings of "no further action" as opposed to "unsatisfactory conduct" due to "conduct unrelated to estate agency work". Best practice guidelines imply Licensed Real Estate agencies conducting property management business should collect rent through an audited trust account which brings some certainty to the security of the Landlord and Tenants rental Monies though REAA cases implies that this is not always so.

The Residential Tenancies Act 1986 sets out the rights and responsibilities of residential landlords and tenants, including the requirement to have a written tenancy agreement and the need to lodge tenancy bonds (if one is required) with the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The Tenancy Tribunal and its adjudicators/mediators hear and make judgement on disputes (between landlord and tenants) in relation to any breaches of The Residential Tenancies Act 1986 and The Unit Titles Act 2010.

On July 1, 2019, the Healthy Homes Standards became law. The healthy homes standards introduce specific and minimum standards for heating, insulation, ventilation, moisture ingress and drainage, and draught stopping in rental properties. All private rentals must comply within 90 days of any new or renewed tenancy after 1 July 2021, with all private rentals complying by 1 July 2024

The Unit Titles Act 2010 sets out the law for the ownership and management of unit title developments, where multiple owners each hold a unit title. The Act covers the set-up of such developments, body corporate governance, the rights and obligations of the body corporate and unit owners, disclosure between buyers and sellers, dispute resolution etc. The Unit Titles Regulations 2011 provide operational guidelines. The body corporate is responsible for financial and administrative functions relating to the common property and the development. All unit owners are members of the body corporate. A body corporate can delegate some of its powers and duties to a body corporate committee and a professional body corporate manager may be contracted to provide services.

Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, there is no legal obligation to form a property management company. However, management companies are generally formed to manage multi-unit developments, and must then follow the general rules of company law in terms of ownership and administration.

Since July 2012, it has become mandatory for all property service providers, including property management companies, to be registered and fully licensed by the Property Services Regulatory Authority of Ireland.

The National Consumer Agency (NCA) has campaigned in this area, and in September 2008 it launched a website explaining consumer rights. The NCA does not have a legislative or regulatory function in the area, unless a consumer complaint is in relation to a breach of consumer law.

Romania
No specific regulatory or licensing body exists at this time (November 2012). However, under financial business law, Any business offering Property Management as a chargeable, fee earning act of commerce may only do so if such services are listed in their Company Acts of Constitutions, i.e., legally pre-declared list of business activities. Under Romanian law, no business can derive income from any such service that is not declared in this way and should be demonstrable upon request by the client of legal entities.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, there is no statutory regulation concerning property management companies. Companies that manage rented residential property are often members of the Association of Residential Letting Agents. Companies or individual landlords who accept tenancy deposits for "assured shorthold tenancies" (the usual form of residential tenancy) are required by statute to be members of a Tenancy Deposit Scheme.

United States
Most states, such as New York, and Colorado, require property management companies to be licensed real estate brokers if they are collecting rent, listing properties for rent, or helping negotiate leases and doing inspections as a third-party. A property manager may be a licensed real estate salesperson but generally they must be working under a licensed real estate broker. Most states have a public license check system online for anyone holding a real estate salesperson or real estate broker's license. A few states, such as Idaho, Maine, and Vermont do not require property managers to have real estate licenses. Other states, such as Montana, Oregon, and South Carolina, allow property managers to work under a property management license rather than a broker's license. Some states, like Pennsylvania, allow property managers to work without a real estate license if they do not negotiate leases, hold tenants' money, or enter into leases on the property owner's behalf.

Owners who manage their own property are not required to have a real estate license in many states; however, they must at least have a business license to rent out their own home. Owners who do not live near the rental property may be required, by local government, to hire the services of a property management company. Some states with high tourism numbers, such as Hawaii, have strict property management rules.

In California, third-party apartment property managers must be licensed with the California Bureau of Real Estate as a Real Estate Broker. A broker's license is required for any person or company that, for compensation, leases or rents or offers to lease or rent, or places for rent, or solicits listing of places for rent, or solicits for prospective tenants, or negotiates the sale, purchase or exchanges of leases on real property, or on a business opportunity, or collects rents from real property, or improvements thereon, or from business opportunities. California Code of Regulations, Title 25, section 42, requires property owners of apartment buildings with 16 or more units to have on-site resident managers living on their properties. There is no such requirement for apartment buildings with less than 16 units.

The designation Real Estate Broker is often confused by those unfamiliar with terms of the industry as Realtor, real estate agent, or Real Estate Salesperson and definitions vary from US state to state.

Panama
In order to be able to manage properties in Panama, at that moment, no licenses are required, as long as the company is focused on managing properties. Nevertheless, a real estate company which plans to buy and sell properties requires a license.

Kenya
In Kenya the Estate Agents Registration Board (EARB) is the regulatory body for estate agency practice in Kenya and it derives its mandate from Estate Agents Act, 1984 Cap 533 which was operationalized in 1987. As per the provisions of the Act, the Board is charged with the responsibility of registering estate agents and ensuring that the competence and conduct of practicing estate agents are of a standard sufficiently high to ensure the protection of the public. The Board also keeps a list of registered members on its website that is accessible to members of public, In accordance with section 9 of the Estate Agents Act. The Board recently drafted a proposal with a set of amendments to the Estate Agents Act.

Associations that real estate agents and property developers can join include: Kenya Property Developers Association (KPDA) KPDA was established in Nairobi in 2006 as the representative body of the residential, commercial and industrial property development sector in Kenya. It is an emerging Business Member Organisation which works in proactive partnership with policy-makers, financiers and citizens to ensure that the property development industry grows rapidly but in an organized, efficient, economical and ethical manner. Another Association is the Kenya Professional Realtors Association (KPRA). KPRA is a professional organization that advances Real Estate Professional Services for Real Estate Professionals who buy, sell and manage real estate and related businesses. KPRA Provides a variety of services to its members including professional designation, training certification, education and legislative representation, as well as membership in local and regional businesses affiliated with KPRA.

Professional designations
Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA International) offers industry-standard designations that certify the training to property managers:
 * Real Property Administrator (RPA)
 * Facilities Management Administrator (FMA)
 * Systems Maintenance Administrator (SMA)
 * Systems Maintenance Technician (SMT)

Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM)
 * Certified Property Manager (CPM)
 * Accredited Residential Manager (ARM)
 * Accredited Commercial Manager (ACoM)
 * Accredited Management Organization (AMO)

Manufactured Housing Institute (MHI)
 * Accredited Community Manager (ACM)
 * Professional Housing Consultant (PHC)

National Apartment Association (NAA) has the following designations:
 * Certified Apartment Manager (CAM)
 * Certified Apartment Property Supervisor (CAPS)
 * Certificate for Apartment Maintenance Technicians (CAMT)
 * National Apartment Leasing Professional (NALP)

National Association of Residential Property Managers (NARPM) offers designations to certify ethical and professional standards of conduct for property managers:
 * Residential Management Professional (RMP)
 * Master Property Manager (MPM)
 * Certified Support Specialist (CSS)
 * Certified Residential Management Company (CRMC)
 * Certified Maintenance Coordinator (CMC)
 * Certified Residential Management Bookkeeper (CRMB)

State-specific designations include the following:
 * California – Certified Community Association Manager (CCAM)
 * Florida – Community Association Manager (CAM)
 * Minnesota – Certified Community Association Manager (CCAM)
 * Minnesota – Certified Residential Manager (CRM)

The Community Associations Institute also has designations in the United States for residential property managers who manage planned communities such as Condominiums, Home Owners Associations and Cooperatives. National designations include:
 * Association Management Specialist (AMS)
 * Certified Manager of Community Associations (CMCA)
 * Large Scale Manager (LSM)
 * Professional Community Association Manager (PCAM) – Highest designation awarded.

The National Association of Home Builders has a specialized designation for the affordable housing industry through the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program: • Housing Credit Certified Professional (HCCP)

In the UK:
 * Association of Residential Managing Agents (ARMA)
 * Institute of Residential Property Management (IRPM)

In Kenya:
 * Estate Agents Registration Board (EARB)
 * Kenya Property Developers Association (KPDA)
 * Kenya Professional Realtors Association (KPRA)

Property management software
Property management software continues to grow in popularity and importance. As it decreases in price, smaller companies and amateur property managers can function using some of the same best practices and efficiency as larger companies. Online asset management software (OPMS, or online property management software) has been a significant cause of the price declines. In addition to the core property management software options, a quickly growing number of closely related software products are being introduced to the industry.

A property management system, also known as a PMS, is a comprehensive software application used to cover objectives like coordinating the operational functions of the front office, bookings, communication with guests, planning, reporting, etc. This kind of software is used to run large-scale hotels and vacation properties.

Percentage of rent
This is the most common model, and is used by property management companies in the residential space that manage multi-home units and single family homes. The property owner in this case signs a property management agreement with the company, giving the latter the right to let it out to new tenants and collect rent. The owners don't usually even know who the tenants are. The property management company usually keeps 10-15% of the rent amount, and shares the rest with the property owner.

Fixed fee
This is the most common revenue model used by companies when monitoring empty homes or empty land sites. The work here involves monitoring the property and ensuring that it is safe and secure, and reporting back to the owner. As there is no income from these properties, a fixed monthly fee is usually charged to the owner.

Guaranteed rent
This model is also used in the residential space, but mostly for small units in high demand locations. Here, the company signs a rental agreement with the owner and pays them a fixed rent. As per the agreement, the company is given the right to sublet the property for a higher rent. The company's income is the difference between the two rents. As is evident, in this case, the company minimizes the rent paid to the owner, which is usually lower than market rates.

Revenue share
This model applies to the service apartment space and other commercial establishments, such as retail or business centers that generate revenue. In this case, the property manager signs an agreement with the property owner, with the right to convert the property into a revenue generating business such as a business center, service apartment, etc. Instead of paying rent to the owner, the management company shares a percentage of revenue. There are also hybrid structures here, where a combination of a fixed rent and a share of revenue is shared with the property owner.

title: Property management


text:
Talk:Expletive (disambiguation)

Placeholder
Placeholder_name

shoudl they go somewhere here while we are talking about subjects being replaced where not one. I don't see placeholders in teh grammar page either! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.197.28.252 (talk) 09:00, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

Wrongheaded syntax
I've revised the syntax half of this page rather radically because it struck me as wrongheaded. One example: I can imagine that there do exist recent grammar books that claim that expletive "it" is not a pronoun, but I haven't seen them. For a recent theoretical approach, see Andrew Radford, Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English; for a recent descriptive work, see Huddleston and Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. -- Hoary 10:44, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I wasn't going to touch the non-syntactic stuff, but the earlier statement that "bad-language" expletives "often share the characteristics of lacking meaning and grammatical function" was so blatantly wrong that I had to fiddle with it and I ended up revising it quite a lot. (If you're lost, syntactic expletives definitely do have a grammatical function -- that's precisely why English requires them.) -- Hoary 08:35, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Darned strange revision
While I do think Wikipedia should include examples with swear words wherever that's necessary or helpful, I don't think the section on expletive attributives needs so many of the examples to be swear words (especially ones as offensive as "bloody," which as I recall, is supposed to be very offensive in the U.K.); and indeed, I think the current set-up suggests (incorrectly) that an inoffensive word like "wretched" is only sort-of an expletive attributive. So, I'm changing it. (Just in case anyone was concerned I was trying to clean Wikipedia of swear words, or anything.) Ruakh 18:44, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm British, and I bloodied up the article before Ruakh changed it. Yes, "bloody" is offensive; here, it needs to be. Meanwhile, "darned" makes me think of a somewhat mandarin American politician of the old school (George notdubya Bush, say), attempting to sound jus' plain folks while expressing irritation, admiration or whatever. And I said, I still believe correctly, that "wretched" works very much as an expletive attributive does, but is not called an expletive simply because it's not offensive. See Huddleston and Pullum, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language p. 558; note how H and P distinguish between two kinds of "expressive attributives", the being inoffensive (dear, poor, wretched) and the second potentially offensive (bleeding, bloody, fucking). They point out that the the two kinds are actually used in the same way, and use "expletive" for the second. Thus the distinction is one of (potential) offensiveness, and this is obscured by the use of the milquetoasty darned. It's for this reason that I've reverted Ruakh's revision. However, I'm sure that the revision was made in good faith -- and I did notice, and have adopted, some of the tweaks to internal links. -- Hoary 07:21, 2005 Mar 11 (UTC)

 * I notice that you reverted much more than the change from "bloody" to "darned." I also made changes that did not hinge on whether "expletive attributive" could describe certain uses of inoffensive words, and you reverted those as well. May I ask why?

 * Also, if it is indeed the case that only offensive words qualify as "expletive attributives," then the word "expletive" actually only has two uses: syntactic expletives, and bad language (with an "expletive attributive" being a use of bad language in an expressive attributive). If that is so, then the article needs to be changed significantly: the second section and all other references to expletive attributives need to be deleted, and a short note needs to be added to the third section explaining how bad language earned the name "expletive." Ruakh 19:03, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * P.S. I should also note that some sources (e.g., WordNet r2.0; see http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=darned) do describe "darned" as an expletive when used in this sense. I don't have access to H&P, but perhaps the reason they don't call "wretched" an expletive is that it can only be used as an adjective? (For example, you can say "You'd damned well better [...]," but you can't say "You'd wretched well better [...]," because "damned" is a full expletive, while "wretched" is not?) Ruakh 21:53, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * No, Huddleston and Pullum don't distinguish between the group including wretched and that including bloody on the grounds that the former are only adjectival. Instead, it's a matter of (potential) offensiveness.

 * To me, darned is only adjectival, and "I hope he darned chokes on his pretzels" is unidiomatic. I can imagine that this differs among idiolects: to you, it may be idiomatic. This is one reason why I'm dissatisfied by the use of darned here. If bloody is gratuitously offensive even for use here (and to me it is not, but to others it might be), I thought for a moment that we could compromise with damned; however, this for me has the same drawback: "I hope he damned chokes on his pretzels" again isn't idiomatic.

 * Like the great majority of words in natural languages, expletive has a long history; since first introduced, its meanings have changed. The core meaning has surely been something like "meaningless verbal filler" (MVF). But to explain it as such would be to ignore its much commoner use these days to mean "bad language" (BL), and this would be perverse and unhelpful. True, if expletive covers both MVF and BL, there at first seems no reason to point out that it also means MVF-used-as-BL. However, some people use the term in just this way. Moreover, explaining the term as (i) MVF, (ii) MVF used as BL, (iii) BL in general makes the result easier to understand. Or anyway, I hoped that it would, although my attempt at this may well have been incompetent.

 * If wretched and similar inoffensive words are not "expletive", why discuss them? What I hoped to do was to comment on an idé reçue about the "expletive" use of bloody and the like: that they are bad not (only) because they're offensive but also because they're meaningless filler. This seems a reasonable position; but if you hold it you should also oppose the use of the similarly meaningless wretched, and I don't think that anybody does. Strictly speaking, this does indeed seem beyond the normal scope of an article on expletive and it certainly wouldn't merit a long section. I hoped that a short paragraph would be justifiable.

 * "That was a bloody good meal" seems entirely idiomatic to me. (I don't think I'd say it myself, and I'd have been startled if my mother had said it, but various friends would say it.) I'm not aware here of any oddness about the "bad" word bloody being used for something good. Thus I think it's better to say that the word "suggests the anger, irritation, admiration, etc. of the speaker" than that it "suggests the strength of feeling (usually anger or irritation) of the speaker", though I'm not happy with my phrasing either and will change it in the next few minutes. -- Hoary 03:27, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

 * Re: "True, if expletive covers both MVF ['meaningless verbal filler'] and BL ['bad language'], there at first seems no reason to point out that it also means MVF-used-as-BL.": But you're not saying that it covers both MVF and BL. You're saying that it covers one type of MVF (syntactic expletives), and that it covers BL. There's a whole type of MVF (expletive attributives) that you say is only expletive if it is also BL; that is, the qualifying criterion is not that the word in question is MVF, but that it is BL. If you want to say that BL is especially expletive when it's also MVF, then that merits a mention within the section on BL, but it doesn't merit a separate, MVF-seeming section before we even get to the BL section.

 * Re: the strength-of-feeling change: How it is now (after your most recent change) looks good. :-) Ruakh 04:03, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't quite follow, I'm afraid. But I think that the problem may be either in the second paragraph or in the way that the order (A, B, C) of present-day uses in the second paragraph differs from that (A, C, B) in what follows. Without fixing the order discrepancy, I've done a little work on that second paragraph and hope that I've slightly improved it. -- Hoary 04:25, 2005 Mar 12 (UTC)

 * -Hoary- When I read this page, I was taken aback by the following:

 * "Expletive attributives common in English include damned, fucking, and motherfucking. Note that not all uses of such words are of this kind: "The concert was fucking brilliant" contains an expletive attributive, but "They filmed themselves fucking""
 * That seemed to be excessively descriptive for an article that defines "Expletive" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.167.57.98 (talk) 02:38, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, darn it. I've edited the article accordingly, but I think I've thereby weakened it as "damned" now sounds (I think) merely quaint rather than possibly offensive. I'm inclined to self-revert. -- Hoary 05:44, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * As native speaker, professional practitioner, and occasional educator of the English language, I find myself agreeing with HOARY on every point. I would also like to bring to an sharper point that, while all expletives are intensifiers, not all intensifiers are expletives, insomuch that said intensifiers and expletives are expressive attributives.  That which differentiates the expletive from the general mass of intensifiers is its vulgarity.  And, No, not its "bad language", because using "bad language" in this context is bad language, even bloody bad language.  Now that last sentence provided a good example of that which is "bad language."  Moreover, its final clause shows two expressive attributive intensifiers: even and bloody.  However, only the latter, bloody, could be considered an expletive, and then only if the writer's audience is British or some non-American colonials that might find "bloody" to be offensive.

 * On the topic of expletives in general, any argument about whether an English word is or is not an expletive based on whether it might be offensive or not cannot meet common ground when it crosses various English speaking cultures. This is to say that a word may be an expletive in one place and not in another.  For example, the expletive "bitchin'" became widely used in California surfer vernacular in the '60s but its use spread into the Valley and continued to be used as the surfers and valley kids grew up and used it in front of their kids, such that it became a completely unoffensive intensifier... in California.  So, imagine my surprise when I visited family in Los Angeles and the bishop at church, same denomination as my church back home, introduced this "bitchin'" new family who had just joined the congregation.  The sound of that word resonating in the chapel nearly knocked me right off the pew right and onto the floor, but nobody gasped or chuckled.  I looked around: nothing, no reaction.  Being from the Midwest, the "B" word in its various forms was one of the two most offensive expletives one could utter, and the single most offensive in the presence of a female.  Direct reference to a female at hand not required, using the word would most probably get the user slapped or worse.  A zero tolerance word, it was one where you would crane your head around in all directions before saying it, unless starting a brawl is what you wanted and for those who wanted to start a brawl that was   a very popular way to get it going.  Likewise, in rural Minnesota and Wisconsin, "goshdarn" is widely seen as an end run to "God damn" and so even more offensive than the real words because it's the sin of blasphemy by intent plus an overtly dishonest attempt to loophole the law of God.  A "Goddamn", while still offensive, can slide by as a slip of the mind in the gust of a moment, but "goshdarn" is a recidivist trying to trick God with a bald face lies.  Not only will offense taken, one can expect a stranger's lecture on the hypocrisy of "goshdarn" and how it would be better to say "Goddamn" because at least that is keeping it honest.  So, like bloody or bitch or goshdarn, categorizing a word as an expletive cannot be applied universally across the entirety of the English language.  It is culturally and anthropologically dependent on that which the audience of the writer or speaker might find offensive.

 * After all this, the broader point of the sharp point I wanted to bring is that language's sole purpose is to bring people together into communities of notions, ideas, emotions, and understanding. As the web of people who use our language grows and change, as society evolves, language must adapt in lock-step.  This weird pathological need people have to categorize speech and cast hard rules and control how thought is allowed to be presented, in spite of wide general understanding of so called unacceptable grammar, inhibits our collective growth.  The common use of the contraction "ain't" dates back to the 1500s, but even after 500 years we call it unacceptable and the intellectual contributions of anyone brought up using that word who has not since otherwise reformed and conformed to its grammatically acceptable counterparts are too often dismissed out of hand for coming from someone too ignorant to put forward a thought worth considering.  The irony of all our English sticklers is that English was chosen back at the beginning of the Renascence to be the language of expression and the language of science.  By way of inquisitions and papal dominance, European languages became strictly regulated, censored, and transformed by church and state through education and media in a manner that completely changed the way people spoke and in turn, transformed the way people thought throughout entire countries.  If there is an idea that is subversive to the powers that be, obliterate any words that can express that idea.  To control language is to control thought.  The dark art of mind control practiced from the 13th to the 15th centuries was not voodoo magic, it was schooling people not only on what to think but how to think it with systems of logic to narrow thinking (i.e. limiting expression to a strict set of rules, relying on past events, tradition, and lore to drive current decision making without considering or even having it occur to explore other alternatives or possibilities, etc).  England's break from Catholicism and efforts by King Henry VIII and King James, along with the Magna Carta, freed speech, freed English to develop organically and grow unfettered to incorporate any idea anyone might have such that today English has over 20 million words, more words than any other language in the world.  In contrast, French continues to be completely and strictly regulated by the State in an effort to prevent the polluting of all that is French.  As a result, France has the smallest vocabulary in the Western World with not even a million words.  For example, in English we feel nostalgia and we feel homesick, two different sentiments.  In French, there is one word for both.  What's interesting about that is that a number of studies of the French people indicate that the French do not recognize any distinction between these two feelings.  It's like English affords its speakers an extra emotion or a deeper understanding of that particularly type of emotion that is collaterally missed by the French by being surmised into an aggregate.

 * The study of language and its parts is important, especially as it helps one communicate more clearly to reach common ground and overcome cultural biases resulting from not communicating within acceptable norms, but let it stop there. All these grammar pages, especially the discussion boards, seem to lose themselves in meaningless minutia.  Does the language rule us or do we rule the language.  If one does not think that this is precisely what the first amendment of the Bill of Rights is about, then that is a mistake.  Expression trumps all, not artificially contrived rules for expression imposed by self-appointed expert institutions of conforming thought and their legitimated, legitimizing legates - an upward cycle of people pretending authority over thought itself - word - logos - logic.  People should guide the language they speak, not the other way around.  Let the language breathe and in return it will give breath and mind.  And A-fucking-men to that! Added at 08:03, 4 January 2012 by 204.106.254.151

 * today English has over 20 million words -- Then either (a) I look forward to the hundred-volume third edition of the OED, or (b) I resign myself to the utter inadequacy of anything like its second edition.
 * In contrast, French continues to be completely and strictly regulated by the State in an effort to prevent the polluting of all that is French. Extraordinary. Terrifying. But how, and where? (The last I heard, the AF is sluggishly attempting to put out an overdue revision of something purporting to be an official dictionary, which is routinely ignored by the government, let alone the populace.)
 * As a result, France has the smallest vocabulary in the Western World with not even a million words. The poor Frenchies!
 * For example, in English we feel nostalgia and we feel homesick, two different sentiments. In French, there is one word for both.  What's interesting about that is that a number of studies of the French people indicate that the French do not recognize any distinction between these two feelings. I wonder what these studies are. In the meantime, French has two words for bicycle: vélo (masc) and bicyclette (fem). I'm willing to bet that a majority of miserable anglophones are like me in lacking any notion of a gender difference among bicycles.

Enough. Please read this and this and any amount of other material about language by qualified, informed linguists, or anyway pay no attention to the santorum about language emitted by know-nothings. -- Hoary (talk) 01:09, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

PS Twenty million, one million -- let's not quibble over niceties as long as the number is big and impressive and far more than the poor frogs can muster. But as for any "one million" figure, it's probably related to this. About which, please read "The 'million word' hoax rolls along". -- Hoary (talk) 03:52, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Yet another meaning
The sense of 'bad language' seems to have extended to another class of words sometimes called expletives - interjections of anger or frustration, even those that aren't swear words, such as "sugar" or "bother". -- Smjg 16:34, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

needs so many of the examples to be swear words
In my humble opinion, bloody is not offensive at all in England, in fact its considered to be rather old fashioned. For example, its not a word you'd hear at my local skate park, where I can assure you that the use of expletives has increased to the point that not only is there at least one expletive between each word in the intended sentence, but indeed many of the words also contain expletives between syllables. Use of the word bloody is more likely to be found in distinguished gentlemens clubs in London than in the conversations of young people. So I would be inclined to leave the phrase "as is" as it achieves its goal and is not offensive to the degree required to justify removal from this site (some of us quite like the human imperfections of wikipedia (even though it should have been spelt wikipaedia !!). Cheers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.33.82.91 (UTC) (talk • contribs) 19:57, 25 July 2006

List of fictional expletives?
Where in the wide world of sports did it go? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ziggythehamster (talk • contribs) 04:08, 6 February 2007 (UTC).

 * See Articles for deletion/List of fictional expletives. —RuakhTALK 05:30, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Category Richard Nixon?
Forgive my ignorance, but should this article really be in Category:Richard Nixon? If so, what is the rationale? Silly rabbit 21:49, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Wrong
Whereas it makes no sense to ask what the it refers to in "It is important that you work hard for the exam",

This isnt true, consider the following

"It is important" "What is important?" "That you work hard for the exam" 81.79.81.15 03:52, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, good point. "Refer to" wasn't the best choice. But what meaning does it add? That you work hard for the exam, perhaps? If so, then the result would be That you work hard for the exam is important that you work hard for the exam. And this isn't just unidiomatic, it's actually wrong (in my idiolect, anyway). -- Hoary 05:27, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah, but the thing about that is that you're using the copula "is." cf. "She's the Queen of England," which by your algorithm would become "The Queen of England is the Queen of England," - an uninformative tautology..... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.122.133.201 (talk) 16:50, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia is not censored
Quote: "In original Wikipedia content, a profanity should either appear in its full form or not at all; words should never be bowdlerized by replacing letters in the word with dashes, asterisks, or other symbols." Therefore I have removed the dashes and asterisks in the article.--Nemissimo (talk) 21:23, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Well done! For those who prefer arbitrarily censored "facts" there's always Conservapedia. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 07:51, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Split proposal
As currently written, this article treats several phenomena whose main similarity is their name. While this would be appropriate for a dictionary, it is not the way Wikipedia articles are arranged.

Arguably what this article calls "expletive attributives" and what it calls "bad language" are the same or closely-related topics. I do not think one could seriously argue, though, that "syntactic expletives" are the same phenomenon. Furthermore, the current lead section provides an etymology and list of definitions of the word rather than an overview of the various phenomena, offering further evidence of the article's problematic arrangement.

I would recommend that a new article, possibly called "Syntactic expletive", be created, and that "Expletive" be re-written to treat just expletive attributives and possibly profanity (though the page Profanity already exists). Hatnotes should be added to each page directing readers to the other page.

Another option would be to create three new pages, treating these three meanings, and to turn this page into a DAB. Would anyone like to argue for this option or to suggest another one? Cnilep (talk) 03:44, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Actually, "expletive attributives" are entirely different from "bad language". Here is two examples:

 * "It was around like 200 meters high."
 * "Like" in this sentence is expletive attributive. (No, it is not redundancy, because it is meaningless.) But it is not bad language.

 * "If you are listening to this, Miss Newman, bugger off."
 * "Bugger off" here is an example of bad language, but it is not meaningless.

 * But on the whole, I agree with split. 80.191.138.163 (talk) 19:01, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

In light of 80.191.138.163's suggestion, I have made Syntactic expletive and Expletive attributive separate pages, and included Profanity as a third disambiguated link on this page. Cnilep (talk) 12:04, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Expletive (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Pixelfire

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
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Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 10:46, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

edit war in Bundeswehr article
Hallo Pixelfire, I would like to draw your attention to a possibly beginning edit war in the Bundeswehr article. Some IP-user (IP starting always with 83.109.) has repeatedly changed the text concerning the Bundeswehr tradition. He or she insists that the Bundeswehr is a successor of the Wehrmacht. The person is obviously not willing to discuss this matter but just keeps reverting any change. I would like to ask you for assistance as I can not permanently watch wikipedia over the week. Also, according to the rules edit wars should be solved by organizing a majority against such revert practices. --KuK 13:07, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Re: de:User talk:Pixelfire
You 're welcome. --Meno25 23:15, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Wolfgang Schneiderhan
Moin, Pixelfire! In the phrase "General Wolfgang Schneiderhan", general should be capitalized because it is being used as his title. For disambiguation purposes within an article title, it should not be capitalized; 'general' is included as his profession merely to differentiate him from the violinist of the same name. Manual of Style (capital letters) has more information on the convention. Cheers! Olessi (talk) 23:47, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah. Ok. thaks. :) --Pixelfire (talk) 14:57, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Germany Invitation
--Zeitgespenst (talk) 21:31, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Coat of Arms of the 1st GE Armoured Division.svg

A tag has been placed on Coat of Arms of the 1st GE Armoured Division.svg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section R2 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a redirect to an article talk page, image description page, image talk page, mediawiki page, mediawiki talk page, category talk page, portal talk page, template talk page, help talk, user page, or user talk page from the article space.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Coat of Arms of the GE Armoured Brigade 9.svg

A tag has been placed on Coat of Arms of the GE Armoured Brigade 9.svg requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section R2 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a redirect to an article talk page, image description page, image talk page, mediawiki page, mediawiki talk page, category talk page, portal talk page, template talk page, help talk, user page, or user talk page from the article space.

If you think that your page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. DASHBot (talk) 18:11, 5 March 2013 (UTC)

April 2023
Hello, I'm Sideswipe9th. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Jess Bush, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. ''Please do not add unsourced birth dates to biographical articles of living or recently deceased people. Thanks.'' Sideswipe9th (talk) 22:42, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pixelfire


text:
User talk:Sgfhk321

Welcome to the Wikipedia
Here are some links I thought useful:

 * Tutorial
 * Help desk
 * Foundation issues
 * Policy Library
 * Utilities
 * Cite your sources
 * Verifiability
 * Wikiquette
 * Civility
 * Conflict resolution
 * Neutral point of view
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Brilliant prose
 * Featured pictures
 * Boilerplate text
 * Current polls
 * Mailing lists
 * IRC channel

Feel free to contact me personally with any questions you might have. The Village pump is also a good place to go for quick answers to general questions. You can sign your name by typing 4 tildes, like this: ~.

Be Bold!

[[User:Sam Spade|Sam Spade Arb Com election]] 10:48, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

HKWNB, HKCOTW, Current events
Hi. I noticed you have edited some Hong Kong-related articles. You might be interested to take a look at HK wikipedians' notice board, HK Collaboration of the Week and Current events in Hong Kong and Macao. Happy editing! — Instantnood 11:18, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Clown.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Clown.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that your image can be used under a fair use license. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If your image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why your image was deleted. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 10:42, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sgfhk321