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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wilhelm Imaging Research

Wilhelm Imaging Research was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep

Wilhelm_Imaging_Research
To me they look like a really minor private company, not far from the one-man's-name type. See the 'Company history' on their website - not referring to any company's success, just the founders' previous professional careers, no significant Wilhelm Imaging Research's clients or achievments mentioned!. Referencing to their website from wiki as well as adding an external link to one of the founder's speech will just gain them IMO undeserved Google rating. Wiki hardly has full info on industry leaders. Adding a company like Wilhelm's, whose claim of idustry leadership is VERY questionable, then creates a false opinion of their importance and ranking in their respective industry field. The words used seem like taken from a usual, one of trillions company advertising brochures. Delete.    Oneliner 16:59, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I have to wonder what your research consisted of, a simple Google search showed me that their clients include Hewlett-Packard, Epson, and Canon; they are called the definitive source on print longevity and the leading worldwide independent image permanence laboratory; Wilhelm is described as widely acknowledged to be one of the world's foremost independent experts on the light fading stability of digital and photographic color images and a pioneer of photo archivality testing.  Even a simple look at the first page of their website, which you claim you visited, shows that they are referenced by PC World, Byte magazine, US News & World Report, The Washington Post Magazine, et cetera.  So I'm very puzzled how you claim both that "to me they look like a really minor private company" and that their "claim of industry leadership is VERY questionable"; a claim does not become "VERY questionable" just because you can't bother yourself to investigate it.  Now as it happens, Wilhelm does have its critics, most notably Kodak, which wishes that Wilhelm wasn't an industry leader, and that Wilhelm's testing procedures were not the ones used by ... ah, almost everybody except Kodak.  Why?  Well, it could have something to do with Kodak preferring to use its own private testing procedures, which only subject the subject to about one-quarter of the light-stress, and then claim 15 times the longevity that Wilhelm testing does.  But, of course, that wouldn't have anything to do with the existence of this VfD, because then the correct response would clearly be to include Kodak's claims against Wilhelm in the article...  not delete the article and thus implicitly endorse the 'false opinion' that Wilhelm Imaging Research is not regarded as an industry leader by anyone except Wilhelm Imaging Research. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:11, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep for same reasons as above. If PC World, Washington Post, etc., know who you are, you're notable enough to be here. --Idont Havaname 23:39, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - extremely notable. While my initial stub isn't very good they have caused quite a few industry leaders to change their testing methodology (amongst them would be Kodak and Epson). - Ta bu shi da yu 01:25, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * P.S. What "industry speech" did I link to?! I linked to Wilhelm Research's main page (as you would for a company) and to an article in the The Sydney Morning Herald on how they've exposed Kodak's testing methodology. - Ta bu shi da yu 01:37, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. And thats my final answer.  —[[en:RaD Man|RaD Man (talk)]] 01:27, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: DCEdwards1966 04:55, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep: he is rather well known in Germany Lectonar 09:36, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Illinois Route 56

Illinois Route 56 (IL 56) is a 32.52 mi east–west state highway in northern and northeastern Illinois. It runs from the interchange of Illinois Route 47 at U.S. Route 30 (US 30) in Sugar Grove east to US 12/US 20/US 45 (Mannheim Road) by Bellwood. It is one of only three state highways (the other being IL 110 and IL 390) that require tolls.

Route description
IL 56 begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 30/IL 47 in Sugar Grove, located east of the Aurora Municipal Airport. While US 30 exits the road to travel south toward Montgomery, the road continues as IL 56. The road becomes a free limited-access road for the next 4 mi. IL 56 then meets Galena Boulevard at another partial cloverleaf interchange, which directly connects to Aurora and its downtown area. With the exception of the Golf View Road junction for westbound traffic, this interchange is the only intermediate exit between US 30/IL 47 and I-88. Travelling eastbound, IL 56 merges with I-88 just west of Orchard Road and continues along the tollway until intersecting with IL 31. The route travels north along IL 31 until turning east along State Street in North Aurora. The route then crosses over the Fox River before traveling along a sharp S-curve.

IL 56 travels along Butterfield Road in an east-northeast direction beyond IL 25, paralleling I-88. Butterfield Road serves as a major arterial road within the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor. Between the Batavia Spur of the Illinois Prairie Path and the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway overpass, IL 56 serves as the southern border for Fermilab. Beyond the EJ&E Railway overpass, the road becomes a divided highway. IL 56 then parallels the Aurora branch of the Illinois Prairie Path between IL 59 and St. James Farm. IL 56 goes through commercial and industrial developments beyond I-355 in Downers Grove, such as Yorktown Center in Lombard. In Oak Brook, IL 56 exits off the mainline to continue along Butterfield Road; traffic continuing straight would end up on 22nd Street. IL 56 then meets IL 83 and IL 38 at a series of interchanges north of the Oakbrook Center. The surrounding commercial development wanes as IL 56 goes through residential areas in Elmhurst, Hillside, and Bellwood. In Bellwood, IL 56 leaves Butterfield Road and briefly travels east along Washington Boulevard before ending at US 12/US 20/US 45 (Mannheim Road).

History
SBI Route 56 was the current IL 56 from Oak Brook to Bellwood on Butterfield Road. IL 56 originally traveled from US 330/IL 6 (now IL 38) in Oak Brook to US 45/IL 46 (now US 12/US 20/US 45) in Bellwood. It was then extended to US 20/IL 43 in 1934 in Oak Park. In 1942, IL 56 was extended southwest to IL 55 (22nd Street).

In 1972, the eastern end was truncated to its current location.

Illinois Route 55
SBI Route 55 originally ran from IL 54 (now IL 83) in Oak Brook to Michigan Avenue in Chicago via Cermak Road, Ogden Avenue, and 12th Street. IL 55 was removed east of Ogden Avenue in 1934. In 1940, IL 55 was extended west along 22nd Street and Butterfield Road to IL 53. By 1953, IL 55 was extended further west to IL 25 in North Aurora. With the opening of the East-West Tollway in 1958, IL 55 was extended west along IL 31 and the newly-built tollway to US 30/IL 47 in Sugar Grove.

On April 2, 1965, the Illinois State Division of Highways announced that IL 56 would replace IL 55 west of 22nd Street, which was duplicated by the designation of Interstate 55. The rest of IL 55 along Cermak Road was removed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Illinois Route 56


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June Haver

June Haver (born Beverly June Stovenour; June 10, 1926 – July 4, 2005) was an American film actress, singer and dancer. Once groomed by 20th Century Fox to be "the next Betty Grable," Haver appeared in a string of musicals, but she never achieved Grable's popularity. Haver's second husband was the actor Fred MacMurray, whom she married after she retired from showbusiness.

Early life
Beverly June Stovenour was born in Rock Island, Illinois, and later took the surname of her stepfather, Bert Haver. Her mother Maria Haver (née Carter) was an actress and her father Fred Christian Stovenour was a musician. After the family moved to Ohio, seven-year-old Haver entered and won a contest of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. At age eight, she won a film test by imitating famous actresses including Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn and Helen Hayes, but her mother prohibited her from becoming a child actress because she felt that Haver was too young to work in the film industry.

When Haver was 10, the family returned to Rock Island, where she began performing for Rudy Vallée and became a well-known child star on the radio. She worked regularly as a band singer by the time that she was in her teens, performing with the Ted Fio Rito Orchestra for $75 a week. She also worked with bandleaders Dick Jurgens and Freddy Martin.

Career
In the summer of 1942, Haver moved to Hollywood, where she finished high school. She acted in plays in her spare time, and during a performance as a southern belle, she was discovered by a scout from 20th Century Fox. In 1943, Haver signed a $3,500-per-week contract with the studio and made her film debut playing an uncredited role as a hat-check girl in The Gang's All Here. She was dropped shortly after because the studio executives felt that she looked too young, but she was later signed again after her costume and hairstyle were changed.

20th Century Fox had plans to mold Haver as a glamour girl stand-in for the studio's two greatest stars, Alice Faye and Betty Grable. She debuted on screen in a supporting role as Cri-Cri in Home in Indiana (1944) and had just turned 17 years old when her scenes were filmed. Even before Home in Indiana was released, she was assigned to replace Faye in the Technicolor musical Irish Eyes Are Smiling. Later that year, she costarred with her future husband Fred MacMurray in Where Do We Go From Here?, which was the only time that the pair appeared together in a film.

During her career at Fox, Haver was originally groomed to be the next Betty Grable (standing a diminutive 5'2", she was known as "Pocket Grable"). She costarred with Grable in the 1945 film The Dolly Sisters, for which she had to gain weight. While filming, rumors about a possible clash between the two actresses arose, mostly because of their frequent comparison, but Haver said: "Betty is a big star and I'm just starting. I try to be nice to her, and she reciprocated by being just as nice to me. It's silly to think two girls can't work together without quarreling. You see, I've two sisters. I'm the ham between the bread and butter — the middle sister — and I understand girls pretty well. Betty likes to talk about her baby, so we talk about her baby."

In 1946, Haver starred and received top billing in Wake Up and Dream and Three Little Girls in Blue, both of which were well-received and brought moderate success. The following year, the role of Katie was written into the film I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now just for Haver.

Haver's comedy star turn in 1948's Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! was a major success. The same year, she starred as Marilyn Miller in the musical Look for the Silver Lining (1949).

The following year, she starred in The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady and I'll Get By. In 1951, Haver was teamed with Fox's newest asset, Marilyn Monroe, and previous costar William Lundigan (her co-star from I'll Get By) in the low-budget comedy Love Nest. Though Haver was the lead and received top billing, most of the film's publicity centered on Monroe, who had a minor role and garnered under-the-title billing. Love Nest was Haver's only full-length film in black and white. Her other 15 films between 1943 and 1953 were shot in three-strip Technicolor.

Following her marriage to MacMurray in 1954, Haver mostly retired from acting (her last appearances were as herself on The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour in 1958 and in Disneyland '59). Her final film appearance was in 1953's The Girl Next Door. Haver and MacMurray adopted two daughters and remained together until MacMurray's death int 1991.

At the urging of friends Ann Miller and Ann Rutherford, Haver finally joined the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences at the age of 75. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Haver has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1777 Vine Street.

Personal life
Haver insisted that she had always been very close with her family. Her sisters followed her to Hollywood and served as her stand-ins, and her mother was Haver's personal secretary.

On March 9, 1947, Haver married trumpet player James Zito. She had met him at age 15 while touring with Ted Fio Rito's orchestra. They initially lost contact after Haver moved from Illinois to Beverly Hills but started dating when Haver made a short visit to her home town when she was already a film actress. Haver filed for divorce less than a year after eloping with Zito, winning interlocutory decree on March 25, 1948. She admitted to the press that the marriage was a failure from the beginning, saying: "I want to forget as soon as possible. We hadn't been married hours before I realized I had never really known Jimmy. He was a stranger. He was either down in the dumps or up high. I never knew from one moment to the next how he would be."

After her divorce from Zito, Haver started dating Dr. John L. Duzik, whom she had dated before her marriage to Zito. They planned to marry, but Duzik died on October 31, 1949, following surgery complications. While taking care of him in his final days, she started attending church more often. According to friends, she was inspired to become a nun during this period. Following Duzik's death, Haver reportedly became tired of Hollywood and did not fall in love with the men whom she dated afterward. In February 1953, Haver became a postulant nun with the Sisters of Charity of Leavenworth, an organization based in Leavenworth, Kansas, and she stayed until October, saying she left because of "poor health."

Around this time, Haver met Fred MacMurray, one of the wealthiest and most conservative actors in Hollywood, and a romantic relationship developed. On June 28, 1954, they were married. She told the press: "When I married Fred, he was terribly set in his ways. He was a fuss-budget. He hadn't quite progressed to being a lint picker, but he was already an ash-tray emptier, and that's just about as set in his ways as a man can get." Haver insisted on adopting a girl, but MacMurray, 18 years her senior, initially refused, explaining that he already had been a father. Shortly after, he agreed to adopt a child and, with the help of a doctor, they were able to adopt twin daughters. MacMurray died in 1991.

Haver died from respiratory failure on July 4, 2005, in Brentwood, California, at the age of 79. She was buried with MacMurray at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

Haver was a Republican and supported Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election.

Archive
The Academy Film Archive houses the Fred MacMurray-June Haver Collection. The film material is complemented by material in the Fred MacMurray and June Haver papers at the academy's Margaret Herrick Library.

title: June Haver


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Grand Prix du Comminges

The Grand Prix du Comminges was an automobile race held in France.

The race was named after the Comminges, one of the former Provinces of France in ancient Gascony in what is now the Haute-Garonne department of the Midi-Pyrénées region of France. The race began as part of a week-long festival organized by local officials in the town of Saint-Gaudens designed to attract tourists.

Grand Prix motor racing was at its zenith when the first race was first held in 1925 on a 27 km course from Saint-Gaudens to the town of Montréjeau and back again via a different route. The hilly terrain allowed for excellent viewing close to the beginning and end of the race from atop a hill at the outskirts of Saint-Gaudens. The course layout was modified a few times beginning with changes made to accommodate holding the official French Grand Prix in 1928.

At the 1932 race René Dreyfus was leading in his Bugatti going into the final lap. Rain fell and on the wet road he spun out on a sharp curve. Dreyfus was thrown from the vehicle as it somersaulted through the air but suffered only minor injuries. However, his car hurtled directly towards a large group of spectators gathered off to the side of the road but hit a small tree and smashed to the ground without injuring anyone.

Due to a controversy over vehicle regulations, both the 1937 and 1938 races had to be cancelled when major factory teams boycotted the event. After World War II, the creation of Formula One saw the Grand Prix du Comminges modified to a Formula Two event but, with the top drivers no longer competing, economics dictated cancellation after the 1952 race.

Winners

 * 1925 – 🇫🇷 M Goury (Bignan B)
 * 1926 – Louis Chiron (Bugatti T35)
 * 1927 – 🇫🇷 François Eysermann (Bugatti T37)
 * 1928 – 🇬🇧 William Grover-Williams (Bugatti T35C)
 * 1929 – 🇫🇷 Philippe Étancelin (Bugatti T35C)
 * 1930 – 🇫🇷 François Miquel (Bugatti T37A)
 * 1931 – 🇫🇷 Philippe Étancelin (Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 'Monza')
 * 1932 – 🇮🇹 Goffredo Zehender (Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 'Monza')
 * 1933 – 🇮🇹 Luigi Fagioli (Alfa Romeo Tipo-B 'P3')
 * 1934 – 🇮🇹 Franco Comotti (Alfa Romeo Tipo-B 'P3')
 * 1935 – 🇫🇷 Raymond Sommer (Alfa Romeo Tipo-B 'P3')
 * 1936 – 🇫🇷 Jean-Pierre Wimille (Bugatti T59/57)
 * 1939 – 🇫🇷 René Le Bègue (Talbot MD90)
 * 1947 – Louis Chiron (Talbot Monoplace C39)
 * 1948 – 🇮🇹 Luigi Villoresi (Maserati 4CLT/48)
 * 1949 – 🇫🇷 Charles Pozzi (Delahaye 145)
 * 1952 – 🇫🇷 André Simon / 🇮🇹 Alberto Ascari (Ferrari Tipo 500)

title: Grand Prix du Comminges


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Dimitrie Ghica

Dimitrie Ghica or Ghika (Albanian: Gjika) (31 May 1816 – 15 February 1897) was a Romanian politician. A prominent member of the Conservative Party, he served as Prime Minister between 1868 and 1870.

Dimitrie Ghica was born in the Albanian Ghica family, as the son of the Wallachian Prince Grigore IV Ghica by his first wife, Maria Hangerly. He married Charlotte Duport, and they had two daughters, Maria and Iza.

Ghica was a member of the Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society.

title: Dimitrie Ghica


text: User talk:66.210.102.254

title: User talk:66.210.102.254


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Side 3

Side 3
I don't know what any thing in this article means but it is obviously pointless fancruft. delete. --Bucephalus 17:09, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * If you don't know what any of it means, you should probably find out before you recommend its deletion. Knowing a bit more about the subject, I agree that it's far too granular and should be merged into the Mobile Suit Gundam article. -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:25, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry. What I meant by not knowing what any of it means is that it is not written in such a way that the article stands alone. As you say, it's granular. --Bucephalus 12:31, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, "What links here" will often clear up that question of context with just one click. -- Antaeus Feldspar 17:04, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I would like to ask that this article be redirected to the page Space Colony (Gundam). Side 3 is important in the Universal Century Gundam timeline, but can not stand on its own as an article. TomStar81 08:48, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, if you'll check carefully to make sure any useful information in Side 3 is merged into Space Colony (Gundam), you can turn Side 3 into a redirect yourself. I don't believe you need to wait for permission.  -- Antaeus Feldspar 18:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I will get right on it. Side 3 will be a redirect by the end of the day. TomStar81 19:06, 6 December 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Side 3


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Fantastic Four (disambiguation)

Fantastic Four is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.

Fantastic Four may also refer to:

Comics

 * Fantastic Four (comic book)
 * Fantastic Four Adventures, the Panini Comics comic that reprints Fantastic Four comics for the UK
 * Ultimate Fantastic Four, the Ultimate Marvel comic book variation on the classic team

Film

 * Fantastic Four (2005 film) based on the Marvel Comics series, directed by Tim Story
 * Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, a 2007 sequel, also directed by Tim Story
 * Fantastic Four (2015 film), a franchise reboot, directed by Josh Trank
 * The Fantastic Four (2025 film), an upcoming film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, directed by Matt Shakman
 * The Fantastic Four (unreleased film), a Roger Corman production completed in 1994, also based on the comic franchise

Television

 * Fantastic Four (1967 TV series), a 1967 animated series based on the comics
 * The New Fantastic Four, a 1978 animated series based on the comics, notable for not including The Human Torch
 * Fantastic Four (1994 TV series), a 1994 animated series as part of The Marvel Action Hour, also based on the comics
 * Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006 TV Series), also based on the comics

Music

 * The Fantastic Four (band), an R&B vocal group that recorded for the Motown and Westbound labels, among others, during the 1960s and 70s

Video games

 * Fantastic Four (1997 video game), a PlayStation video game based on the comics
 * Fantastic Four (2005 video game), from Activision, based on the 2005 film

title: Fantastic Four (disambiguation)


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Mount Chirripó

Cerro Chirripó is the highest mountain in Costa Rica, with an elevation of 3,821 meters (12,536 feet). It is part of the Cordillera de Talamanca, and the range's highest point. It is located in Chirripó National Park and is noted for its ecological wealth. The mountain was named "Chirripo", meaning "land of eternal waters", by indigenous Costa Ricans because there are many lakes and streams around the mountain. The high peaks in Chirripó National Park and La Amistad International Park host important areas of Talamancan montane forest and Costa Rican Páramo with high endemism and extremely high biodiversity. The peaks of these mountains constitute sky islands for many species of plants and animals. Snow has not fallen on the peak in the past 100 years or so, according to the University of Costa Rica, but hail is sometimes reported.

The great height of Mount Chirripó relative to its surroundings is also evidenced by its particularly high topographic prominence of 3727 m, which makes it the 37th most prominent peak in the world. On clear days it is possible to see across the country from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea.

Climbing Mount Chirripó is possible by obtaining a permit from the National Park office in San Gerardo de Rivas. From the trailhead, the summit can be reached via a 19.5-kilometer (12.1 mile) hike.

Geography
Chirripó is the 38th most prominent peak in the world. The geography of Mount Chirripó is very irregular, due to its formation as a mountain, it also has a large number of lakes on the top, this is because during the ice age it was covered with snow, but when the ice melted these unique glacial lakes were formed.

Climate
Temperatures on Mount Chirripo during the day can range between 4 °C and 18 °C, and at night they can drop from 1 °C to −3 °C, with this and the Irazú Volcano being the only places in the country that can report these temperatures, so that in the morning the grass is covered with frost. The coldest temperature ever documented in Costa Rica was recorded here (−9 °C).

History
The earliest known civilization to inhabit the area of Chirripó was the indigenous Cabécar people. In 1904, Agustín Blessing Presinger became the first known European to climb the peak.

The first official hiking trail was constructed in 1965; it led to a small sheet-metal hut five kilometers away from the peak. Today, the hut has been replaced by a concrete building visited by 7,000 people each year. In 1975, Chirripó National Park was founded, enclosing and protecting 500 square kilometers of rain forest and mountains around the peak.

Since 1953, there have been five major wildfires in the area. Forest fires occurred in 1976, in the 1990s, and in 2012.

Route
The hike starts 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level in the village of San Gerardo in the Talamanca Range. From the valley, the path rises through fields and woodlands before ascending through lush rainforest. The forest gradually turns into scrubland. The trail continuously ascends and descends through ridges and valleys until it reaches the final visitors' refuge at 3,392 meters. From the refuge, there is a remaining two hour hike. Once the last ridge is crossed, there is a remaining 200 meters of steep path. The summit is a 6-meter wide platform of rocks.

title: Mount Chirripó


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Talk:Romas Kalanta

Lithuanian POV
Kalanta is clearly an important figure in Lithuanian history, but I'm not sure about all of the claims in this article. I have cleaned it up the best that I can. All of the resources that I can find seem to be from a Lithuanian point of view, so NPOV is naturally a concern. --timc | Talk 17:19, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not sure what other point of view there could be - he is a hero of Lithuania, however he is not enough of "antihero" for Russians to make their own stories about him, after all Soviet Union was much larger than Lithuania and consisted of many territories, therefore his suicide affected only a small part of the union. Also, there is no way to tell the story otherwise, as it is told how it happened, with facts mostly.
 * The official Soviet version at the time told to his parents and such was that Romas Kalanta was insane - but this was not strange, at the time people who opposed idea of communism were all considered insane and put to mental hospitals if they did something more than just believing, for example publicising their words publicly or disrupting something or such. However I doubt even the clever Russians would think now that he was really insane, he was an ordinary student before and such. Because it would have required lots of unnecessary info about putting patriots into mental hospitals at the time and such, which would be more related to Soviet Union in general, rather than Romas Kalanta, I decided to avoid talkng about that.
 * User:DeirYassin 14:20, 29 November 2004

Broken link
Reference 6: The link is broken (404) - https://books.google.com/books?id=Udl9U-0OY9gC&pg=PA291

The same in Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944%E2%80%9391) (reference 3).

--Mortense (talk) 23:53, 24 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Mortense. Fixed both. Renata (talk) 05:29, 25 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romas Kalanta


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Lorraine Garland

Lorraine Garland (born 15 February 1963) is a folk musician from Minneapolis, Minnesota. She sang and played fiddle with science fiction author Emma Bull in folk duo The Flash Girls, with the band Folk UnderGround, and in the goth / folk / rock / traditional Celtic duo Lorraine a' Malena with Malena Teves, which whom she also contributed to Chris Ewen's The Hidden Variable. She is currently one half of the folk / rock / Celtic duo Paul and Lorraine with Paul Score.

Garland is the former personal assistant to writer Neil Gaiman, for whom she worked for 20 years.

title: Lorraine Garland


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Špilberk Castle

Špilberk Castle (hrad Špilberk; Spielberg, locally Špilas) is a castle on the hilltop in Brno, Southern Moravia. Its construction began as early as the first half of the 13th century by the Přemyslid kings and completed by King Ottokar II of Bohemia. From a major royal castle established around the mid-13th century, and the seat of the Moravian margraves in the mid-14th century, it was gradually turned into a huge baroque citadel considered the harshest prison in the Austrian Empire, and then into barracks. This prison had always been part of the Špilberk fortress and is frequently referenced by the main character, Fabrizio, in Stendhal's novel, The Charterhouse of Parma.

History
Špilberk castle, royal house.JPG In 1620, after losing The Battle of White Mountain on November 8, the leading Moravian members of the anti-Habsburg insurrection were imprisoned in Špilberk for several years. The town of Brno bought the castle in 1560 and made it into a municipal fortress. The bastion fortifications of Špilberk helped Brno to defend itself against Swedish raids during the Thirty Years' War, and then successful defence led to further fortification and the strengthening of the military function of the fortress.

At the same time Špilberk was used as a prison. Protestants were the first prisoners forced to serve time here, followed later by participants in the revolutions of 1848–49, although hardened criminals, thieves and petty criminals were also kept here. Franz Freiherr von der Trenck, Austrian soldier and one of the most controversial persons of the period was also jailed and died here on October 4, 1749. Later, apart from several significant French revolutionaries captured during the coalition wars with France, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, famous as the former postmaster of Sainte-Menehould who had arrested King Louis XVI, was the most known of them all. A group of fifteen Hungarian Jacobins led by the writer Ferenc Kazinczy was also especially noteworthy.

More than a quarter of a century later, from 1822 on, specially constructed cells for "state prisoners" in the northern wing of the former fortress were filled with Italian patriots known as Carbonari, who had fought for the unification, freedom and independence of their country. The poet Silvio Pellico, who served a full eight years here, made the Špilberk prison famous all over Europe with his book Le mie prigioni – My prisons.

The last large "national" group of political prisoners at Špilberk consisted of nearly 200 Polish revolutionaries, mostly participants in the Kraków Uprising of 1846. After that, the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph dissolved the Špilberk prison in 1855, and after departure of the last prisoners three years later, its premises were converted into barracks which remained as such for the next hundred years.

Špilberk entered public consciousness as a centre of tribulation and oppression on two more occasions; firstly, during the First World War when, together with military prisoners, civilian objectors to the Austro-Hungarian regime were imprisoned here, and secondly in the first year of the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia. Several thousand Czech patriots suffered in Špilberk at that time, some of whom were put to death. For the majority of them however, Špilberk was only a station on their way to other German prisons and Nazi concentration camps. In 1939–41, the German army and Gestapo carried out an extensive reconstruction at Špilberk in order to turn it into model barracks in the spirit of the romantic historicism of the German Third Reich ideology.

The Czechoslovak army left Špilberk in 1959, putting to a definite end its military era. The following year, Špilberk became the seat of the Brno City Museum.

title: Špilberk Castle


text:
Temeraire

Temeraire or Téméraire (French for "reckless") may refer to:

 * HMS Temeraire, several ships of the Royal Navy
 * French ship Téméraire, several ships of the French Navy
 * Téméraire-class ship of the line, a class of ships designed and built for the French Navy
 * The Fighting Temeraire, a painting by J. M. W. Turner
 * Temeraire (series), a series of alternate history/fantasy novels by Naomi Novik
 * His Majesty's Dragon, released as Temeraire in the UK, the first novel in the series

title: Temeraire


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Nicolae Golescu

Nicolae Golescu (1810–1877) was a Wallachian Romanian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Romania in 1860 and May–November 1868.

Early life
A member of the Golescu family of boyars, Nicolae was born in Câmpulung as the son of Dinicu Golescu; he was educated together with his other three brothers in Switzerland. Nicolae and his brother Ștefan returned in 1830 to join the Wallachian Army, where Nicolae became a major in 1834.

In the same year he joined the Philharmonic Society, a group similar to the Freemasonry. In 1840 he was a prosecutor in the trial of the participants in the Mitică Filipescu plot, and later on he was Wallachia's Minister of Internal Affairs.

In 1842, Wallachia was under the protectorate of Imperial Russia, and Nicolae Golescu tried to obtain the mandate of Prince of Wallachia from Emperor Nicholas, but was denied and remained a Minister of Internal Affairs until 1847. In the meantime, he began taking part in gatherings of various revolutionary societies.

He joined the radical liberals, being part of the 1848 revolutionary committee, together with Ion Ghica, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Heliade Rădulescu and others (including his brother Ștefan and his cousin Alexandru G. Golescu).

Prominence
Afterwards, on 11 June 1848, when the Wallachian revolution started in Bucharest, Nicolae Golescu was a Minister of Internal Affairs for the Provisional Government. The following week, he and Ana Ipătescu took initiative in rallying civilians in defense of the revolutionary power, as it was threatened by conservative plot (June 19).

However, on 25 July, the government resigned on pressure from the Ottoman Empire, and after the Ottoman intervention of September, Nicolae Golescu went into exile, to return in the 1850s and support Alexandru Ioan Cuza's bid for the throne of a united Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia).

In 1866, after joining the alliance of Liberals and Conservatives against Cuza's unsanctioned personal regime, he was for a short time one of the regents. He was then Foreign Minister and a member of Ion C. Brătianu's Liberal Party, formed during the rule of Carol I.

title: Nicolae Golescu


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Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelists of the Roses

Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelists of the Roses (遊戯王真デュエルモンスターズII 継承されし記憶) is a video game developed by Konami based on the manga series Yu-Gi-Oh!. The game was released on September 6, 2001 in Japan, and worldwide throughout 2003. The story is a sequel to Yu-Gi-Oh! Forbidden Memories and is loosely based on the War of the Roses. The series' main characters, Yugi Mutou and Seto Kaiba, play opposing teams known as the Lancastrians and the Yorkists. Each team is playable, battling various characters throughout the plot to prevent a ritual summoning by using sorcerous rose cards.

Using designs by creator Kazuki Takahashi, the game's battle system is based on a chessboard-style battlefield, with over 800 cards from the franchise. Several new features of The Duelist of the Roses differ from the original card game, such as altered card effects, terrain placement, reincarnations, and deck leader promotions. In addition, each monster card features updated 3D computer graphics modelling, which first appeared in Forbidden Memories. Due to content censorship, dialogue and visuals were changed to allow distribution in North America and Europe.

''Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelist of the Roses'' received mixed reviews from critics. Some publications praised its story and visuals, while the majority of criticism focused on the gameplay, lack of innovation, and high difficulty. The game was a commercial success, selling over one million units worldwide. Sony Interactive Entertainment went on to commemorate the game with a Greatest Hits title, and it stands as one of the best-selling video games for the PlayStation 2 format.

Gameplay

The gameplay begins with a dialogue between Seto Kaiba and Simon McMooran. First, McMooran allows the player to choose from several starter decks with a lead deck leader; each deck leader is dealt in threes, based on the name that McMooran requests at the beginning of the game. Kaiba then allows the player to choose between two teams: the Lancastrians (Red Rose) or the Yorkists (White Rose). Each choice later determines which characters to face in future duels, which are displayed on a world map within the game.

Each duel takes place on a 7x7 battlefield that resembles a chessboard. Each space has a unique terrain that is specific to the character they are fighting. Different terrains (such as normal, forest, meadow, dark, sea, wasteland, mountain, toon, crush, and labyrinth) can increase or decrease different types of monsters' attack and defence by 500 points, as well as increase each character's movement space. Three terrains have special effects: labyrinth, which no cards can pass through except for a few monsters with special effects; crush, which destroys monsters with less than 1500 attack points; and toon, which weakens all monsters except toon monsters.

Each duelist includes a "Deck Leader" who is also placed on the battlefield. It represents the duelists and can move around the battlefield while being vulnerable to attacks from the opponent. Each deck leader has a total of forty cards per duel; each deck has a "deck cost", which is a card's strength-based value. For each battle, the deck must be less than a specific deck cost that is significant to the opponent. Each deck leader can play one card per turn and is placed adjacent to them. When two monster cards collide on the field, they are flipped face up, and a battle is commenced similar to the trading card game, with life points deducted accordingly. Spell and trap cards can also be placed throughout the field and activated under a variety of conditions.

The duel ends when one player's life points are depleted, or when a player ends a turn with their deck leader completely surrounded by enemy monsters in their summoning areas. Additionally, a duel can end after 99 turns, and the player with the most remaining life points is declared the winner. After winning the duel, players can obtain the opponents' cards that were placed in their graveyard during the duel, using a system known as "graveyard slots"; the mechanism is similar to that of slot machines. Players can also obtain cards through the "Reincarnation" system in their deck menu, which allows them to sacrifice one card in exchange for three random cards.

Monsters can be promoted throughout the game and earn experience by surviving each duel, destroying enemy monsters, and attacking the opposing deck leader. When a monster has gained enough experience, it is promoted to the next rank. To act as a deck leader, a monster must have been promoted at least once. Some deck leaders have unique abilities based on their type and rank, such as increasing and decreasing nearby monsters' points, increasing life points, and moving an additional space on the field.

Plot

The game is loosely based on the Wars of the Roses, a series of conflicts fought between the House of Lancaster and House of York for control of England in the 15th century. Yugi Mutou takes on the role of Henry Tudor, the head of the House of Tudor, while Seto Kaiba plays Christian Rosenkreuz, the leader of the Yorkist clan force. Other characters from the series take on the roles and names of those involved in the conflict.

The player controls the "Rose Duelist," who is summoned from an unknown time period to 1485 by a Lancastrian druid to help them defeat the Yorkists and reclaim the throne. Both sides have eight "rose cards" with sorcerous abilities. The Lancastrians want the Yorkists' white rose cards because Seto's forces are using their power to create a barrier that protects their territory, and the Yorkists want the Lancastrians' red rose cards because Seto needs all 16 rose cards to attempt a forbidden "rose summoning" that would give the Yorkists great power. The Rose Duelist also requires all 16 cards to conjure enough power to return to their appropriate time period, forcing the player to choose a side.

If the Lancastrians are sided with, the Rose Duelist obtains the white rose cards by defeating the Yorkist forces, which are represented by antagonists Maximillion Pegasus, Weevil Underwood, and Rex Raptor. The Rose Duelist finally defeats Seto for the final rose card at Stonehenge, but the victory is fleeting as Seto reveals that the power released from their duel (along with all of the rose cards brought to the site by the Rose Duelist) has fulfilled the requirements for the great summoning, and that he feigned allegiance to the Yorkists to force the Lancastrians to summon the Rose Duelist in the first place. Seto then summons Manawyddan fab Llyr, a powerful mythological figure known as the card guardian, whom he intends to use to establish his rule over England. The Rose Duelist defeats Manawyddan fab Llyr and banishes him from the time period, ensuring Lancastrian victory. According to the epilogue, Yugi was crowned King of England, but it is unknown whether the Rose Duelist were ever returned to the time period from which they were summoned.

If the Yorkists are sided with, the Rose Duelist will face Yu-Gi-Oh! series protagonists like Joey Wheeler, Téa Gardner, and Mutou. After collecting all of the rose cards, Seto summons Manawyddan fab Llyr once more at Stonehenge. This time, however, Manawyddan reveals himself to be Nitemare's brother from Yu-Gi-Oh! Forbidden Memories, and he is furious that they summoned his brother in Egypt only to lock him away again. To end the summoning, the Rose Duelist must defeat Manawyddan fab Llyr. After the duel, Seto informs the Rose Duelist that he has been looking for a true card guardian for a long time because an ancestor of his made a pact with one (again, referencing Forbidden Memories). Seto abandons the Rose Duelist with his white rose pendant, and his forces flee England, allowing the Lancastrians to take control of the throne.

Lancastrians

 * Yugi Mutou as Henry Tudor, later Henry VII of England
 * Téa Gardner as Elizabeth of York
 * Tristan Taylor as Thomas Grey
 * Mai Valentine as Lady Margaret Beaufort
 * Joey Wheeler as Christopher Urswick
 * Shadi as John Morton
 * Ryo Bakura as Jack Cade
 * Solomon Muto as Jasper Tudor

Yorkists

 * Seto Kaiba as Christian Rosenkreuz
 * Weevil Underwood
 * Rex Raptor
 * Bonz
 * Bandit Keith
 * Meikyū Brothers
 * Player Killer of Darkness (also known as PaniK)
 * Maximillion Pegasus as Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby
 * Ishizu Ishtar
 * Slysheen as Richard III of England

Release and marketing
On September 6, 2001, ''Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelist of the Roses'' was released exclusively in Japan for the PlayStation 2. It is a sequel to Yu-Gi-Oh! Forbidden Memories, the tenth overall instalment of the series, and Konami's first Yu-Gi-Oh! release for the PlayStation 2 platform. The game was titled ''Yu-Gi-Oh! True Duel Monsters II: Inherited Memories'' in Japan, and early releases included the Japanese versions of three out of five cards: "Fairy King Truesdale", "Cypher Solder", "Slate Warrior", "Electromagnetic Bagworm", and "Rigours Reaver".

Due to censorship issues, content from the original Japanese release had to be reworked before the game was released in North America and Europe. Several elements related to Christianity and other religious symbolism, which were used throughout the historical accuracy of the game's plot, were removed. Furthermore, several card artworks and monster animations were edited to include more clothing because it appeared provocative and graphic.

Initial copies were shipped on February 13, 2003. Three days later, it received a wide release throughout North America, with early releases included three cards: "Alpha the Magnet Warrior," "Beta the Magnet Warrior," and "Gamma the Magnet Warrior". On September 26, 2003, The Duelist of the Roses was released throughout Europe. In December 2002, Sony Interactive Entertainment re-released it as a Greatest Hits title in Japan, followed by North America and Europe in 2004.

Critical response
''Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelist of the Roses'' garnered mixed reviews from critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average based on ratings from publications, the video game scored 59 out of 100 based on 14 reviews, indicating "mixed or average". On GameRankings, which assigns a similar metric average, the game scored 63% out of 100. Some critics praised the game's overall accuracy to the original card game. Andrew Reiner, writing for Game Informer, stated that "If a small portion of you has always wondered what a game like this is all about, this is the best card game that money can buy." Absolutely Playstation also gave it a positive review, echoing similar sentiments about the game's faithfulness to the original franchise. Michael J. Nam of GameSpy praised the "interesting" story for "diverging from the typical rehashing of a franchise universe seen in many similar tie-ins."

Most publications were split about the game's mechanism and features. Play Magazine praised the game as a "beautifully produced, rule heavy, text heavy, story heavy, lore heavy, chess-like card battle royale," while GameNOW stated that "As you get deeper into the game, the attack/defence system starts to make sense, and the whole play experience becomes very tense and strategic." GamePro had a mixed reaction to the gameplay, but ultimately said that it was "best appreciated by newcomers to the Yu-Gi-Oh game who want to learn how to play." Conversely, G4TV thought the game was "really freaking hard," while PGNx Media called it a "run-of-the-mill game." GameSpot compared the game negatively to the original trading card methods, saying "The presentation is terribly stripped-down, and as an odd duck sort of hybrid strategy game, it doesn't offer much accessibility or depth." Electronic Gaming Monthly called the game "surprisingly addictive" but found it to be a difficult experience to play.

Some critics thought The Duelist of the Roses was a letdown for the series. PSX Nation stated that the game was "strictly for fanboys, PS2 library completists, or masochists in search of a higher-than-normal threshold of pain in their interactive diet." Official PlayStation Magazine added that the game's difficulty was "ratcheted up so high" and "designed to make you feel like a total loser." Netjak compared it to Forbidden Memories and found it "confusi[ng] and frustrat[ing]." Yahoo! gave it a negative review, writing that "When these sorts of loaded odds are all you get in lieu of a competitive computer player, the whole thing feels like you're being cheated rather than challenged."

Commercial sales
''Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelist of the Roses'' was a commercial success. Between January 2000 and 2005, the game sold 68,420 copies in Japan, ranking as the 30th best-selling video game in the country. Since April 2020, it has sold a total of 76,248 units across the country. Despite its sales, it was the lowest-performing game in the Yu-Gi-Oh! series, selling less than ''Yu-Gi-Oh! Monster Capsule GB'', which sold 129,095 units in Japan.

Duelist of the Roses sold 859,966 units in the United States between January 2000 and 2005. By July 2006, the game sold 950,000 copies; Next Generation ranked it as the 60th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006. By 2010, The Duelist of the Roses had sold over 1.11 million copies throughout North America. Konami confirmed that the game sold 1.37 million units between the United States and Europe.

title: Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelists of the Roses


text: Category:Transportation in Vietnam

title: Category:Transportation in Vietnam


text: User talk:206.207.224.20

title: User talk:206.207.224.20


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The Impressionable Jon Culshaw

The Impressionable Jon Culshaw is a satire sketch show starring the impressionist Jon Culshaw, made by Ronin Entertainment. A deal with ITV enabled Culshaw to make this while simultaneously starring in BBC Two's Dead Ringers. He also starred in the show Alter Ego, which was shown on ITV and was made prior to The Impressionable Jon Culshaw. The show ran for six episodes in one series from 25 February to 31 March 2004.

The show has been criticised for having too many impressions, with some feeling that Culshaw did not do some of the characters justice. This is unsurprising, as Culshaw's repertoire of impressions numbers over 350. Culshaw used most of the impressions that featured on Dead Ringers, but there were some new ones. Some of the more notable impressions are those of Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, George W. Bush and Trevor McDonald. The show received praise for its production values which were higher than Dead Ringers.

Some of the characters impersonated also featured in person on the show, where they meet Culshaw, who is impersonating them, and they interview themselves. This idea first featured in Alter Ego.

title: The Impressionable Jon Culshaw


text:
User:Wolf530/newuser

Here's a good welcome message: -~

It displays as such:

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -Wolf530 17:56, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Other good welcome messages reside at: Standard user greeting

title: User:Wolf530/newuser


text:
Talk:Open-source culture

There are at least ten people who will be contributing to it over the next two weeks who have a vested interest in OSC as artists, lawyers, and scholars. If, after this time, you still really have a twitch about it, help us redistribute this body of knowledge across other pages on Wikipedia (or nix it).Brianh 05:27, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Definition of Open Source Culture (and relation to ther articles)
I would argue that what you are defining is a position on intellectual property, not open source culture. I would define open source culture as culture that is de facto open source: i.e. cultural artifacts and pracices whose sources are open. As a model, we might look at the open source software article. Mtribe 19:16, Nov 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe this could be merged with free content or free culture movement (which should probably be at free culture (which currently redirects to Lessig's Free Culture)).
 * I don't think the movement for (and culture surrounding) wider FLOSS-like copyright licensing and (where applicable) development models really has a definite name (although `free culture' is probably what I have heard used most often). There probably needs to be a large discussion about what we call this in WP and better categorisation, linking, and, maybe merging of articles in this area.  Is there a Wikiproject?
 * --Joe Llywelyn Griffith Blakesley talk contrib 00:44, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

A lot of this article is point of view and speculation on something that doesn't exist (as so-called "open source culture"). I've moved a lot of the material to open source where it was dulicating a lot. --71.161.220.178 01:34, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

The rest of the material was a thesis on open source with no supporting references. I've redirected this article to open source. People are free to retrieve any old material from the article's history if they think its useful elsewhere. I did my best to move it to appropriate articles. --71.161.214.41 04:59, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I've rved the redirect to promote discussion of the merge. --Karnesky 01:50, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

How long should we wait for discussion, before redirecting to this article to it's higher quality cousin, open source? --71.161.223.99 17:31, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It is usually best to make your case on the talk page you want to merge to & wait about a week (depending on comments and consensus. --Karnesky 17:39, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

The merge of material has already been made, I'm just trying to install a redirect. --71.161.216.8 01:10, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

I just rewrote the introduction and intellectual property sections of this article. I also tried to move it to "open-source culture," but made a typo during the move (oops). I've submitted an admin request to fix the move.

Full disclosure: I'm a university prof at Brown. This article was originally written by students in a seminar I taught at Columbia University. I now teach a similar seminar at Brown. The title of the seminar is "Open-Source Culture: Art, Technology, Intellectual Property." So I'm not really in an impartial position vis-a-vis the disambiguation issues with "open source" and "free culture." That said, I think it would probably make sense to mere "open source culture" into "open source". Mtribe 06:29, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Specify fixation
The link to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation in the first paragraph should not point to the disambiguation page. This is because the definitions of fixation on the disabiguation page are somewhat contradictictory (depending on the context).

title: Talk:Open-source culture


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Adagio

Adagio (Italian for 'slowly', ) may refer to:

Music

 * Adagio, a tempo marking, indicating that music is to be played slowly, or a composition intended to be played in this manner
 * Adagio (band), a French progressive metal band

Albums

 * Adagio (Sweetbox album)
 * Adagio (Solitude Aeturnus album)

Films

 * Adagio (2000 film), a 2000 Russian film
 * Adagio (2023 film), a 2023 Italian film

Songs

 * Adagio in C Minor, by Nicholas Britell for the TV series Succession
 * Adagio for Strings, by Samuel Barber
 * Adagio in G minor, attributed to Tomaso Albinoni, composed by Remo Giazotto
 * "Adagio" (Lara Fabian song), from the 2000 album Lara Fabian
 * performed by Dimash Kudaibergen
 * Adagio for Strings (Tiësto), a 2005 cover of Barber's Adagio by Tiësto
 * "Adagio in D Minor" (John Murphy song), from the soundtrack to the 2007 film Sunshine
 * "Adagio", by Epica, on the 2008 The Classical Conspiracy album
 * "Adagio For TRON", from the 2010 TRON: Legacy soundtrack, by Daft Punk
 * "Adagio", by Secret Garden, on the 1996 album Songs from a Secret Garden
 * "Adagio in C Minor", by Yanni, from the 1997 album Tribute
 * “Adagio”, by Safri Duo, from the 2001 album Episode II
 * "Adagio of Spartacus and Phrygia", by Aram Khachaturian, from Spartacus (ballet)

Human motion

 * Adagio (acrobatics), a form of acrobalance found in circus and dance
 * Adagio (ballet technique)

Other uses

 * Adagio (hotel), an apartment hotel brand
 * Adagio Dazzle, a character in the movie My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Rainbow Rocks
 * Adagio, a playable half-angel half-dragon character in the video game Vainglory

title: Adagio


text:
Karat (band)

Karat (Ger. for "carat") is a German rock band, founded in 1975 in East Berlin, then part of the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany. Karat also gained a strong following in West Germany when its 1982 album Der blaue Planet (The Blue Planet) was one of the year's top sellers in both East and West Germany, making Karat one of the more prominent bands in German-language rock music.

History
Karat developed out of the East Berlin jazz-rock fusion group Panta Rhei, which lost much of its focus in 1973 when its lead-singer Veronika Fischer left to pursue a solo career, and dissolved in 1975 when three further members left to form a new band named Karat. The initial Karat lineup consisted of: singer Hans-Joachim "Neumi" Neumann, keyboardist and songwriter Ulrich "Ed" Swillms, bassist Henning Protzmann, drummer Konrad "Conny" Burkert, acoustic guitarist Herbert Dreilich, and electric guitarist Ulrich Pexa. The following year Burkert was replaced by Michael Schwandt, and Pexa by Bernd Römer. Neumann left in 1977 due to military service, after which Austrian-born Dreilich became the band's vocalist.

By 1978, Karat had released several singles, and these were compiled together with other original songs into a debut self-titled album. Although most of this was fairly pedestrian German-language rock, it contained the hit single "König der Welt" ("King of the World"), a song which stood out and established Karat's signature style of a melodic brand of progressive rock. Poet Kurt Demmler wrote the words to this song, which like much of Karat's later output were philosophical in character.

Karat's second album, titled Über sieben Brücken (Across Seven Bridges) and released in 1979, brought the band a great deal of attention. It included the seven-minute long, classically structured "Albatros" ("Albatross"), the lyrics to which ("... der Albatros kennt keine Grenzen."/"... the albatross knows no borders.") had a double meaning that implied an indirect criticism of the GDR's austere travel restrictions and the Berlin Wall. The title track "Über sieben Brücken mußt Du geh'n" ("You Must Cross Seven Bridges") is still the band's best-known song. Its deeply moving personal reflection introduced Karat to audiences outside of East Germany, especially when West German singer Peter Maffay recorded a cover version of it that became a massive hit for him in 1980.

Karat's third album, titled Schwanenkönig (Swan-King) and released in 1980, expanded the band's following in both East and West Germany, although it failed to produce any top hits. Its cerebral lyrics were penned by journalist Norbert Kaiser, who continued to author many of the band's lyrics over the following six years.

In contrast, the 1982 album Der blaue Planet (The Blue Planet) sold more than 1.3 million copies, propelled by its uptempo, radio-friendly title track referring to the looming dangers of nuclear and environmental cataclysm (a topic of some popular concern at the time). This song is still heard on German radio stations, partly for nostalgic reasons. Der blaue Planet became not only Karat's best-selling record, but the best-selling album of any East German recording artist ever, in or outside the country.

With its follow-up album Die sieben Wunder der Welt (The Seven Wonders of the World) in 1983, Karat drifted toward more emotionally stirring tunes like "Mich zwingt keiner auf die Knie" ("No one Forces Me to my Knee"). This period is considered by many to be the highest point of the band's success, as it appealed to audiences in both East and West Germany, other countries of Eastern and Western Europe, and even in the Soviet Union. In 1984, Karat and its lyricist Norbert Kaiser were honored with the National Prize of the GDR for Arts and Literature. That year Karat also appeared on the popular West German television show Wetten, dass..?, where it was the only music group ever to be invited from the GDR. In 1986, Karat received the Goldene Europa, West German television's oldest award.

Bassist and founding member Henning Protzmann left the band, and was replaced by Christian Liebig for Fünfte Jahreszeit (Fifth Season), released in 1986. This record had a more commercially oriented sound, with songs like "Hab' den Mond mit der Hand berührt" ("Touched the Moon with my Hand") and "Glocke Zweitausend" ("The 2000 Bell"). The latter track included Silly singer Tamara Danz, with whom Swillms, Römer and Dreilich had also briefly performed in the short-lived East German supergroup the Gitarreros.

A turning point came in 1987, when another founding member, principal composer and first keyboardist Ulrich "Ed" Swillms, left Karat, citing health concerns. A second keyboardist, Thomas Kurzhals, had already been recruited in 1984, and he remained in the band. (Swillms would return 18 years later as a loosely associated member). The group's first album produced without Swillms, ... im nächsten Frieden (... in The Next Peace), was released in 1990 shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and reflected a strong shift toward a radio-friendly pop rock structure. Although this album included a duet between lead singer Herbert Dreilich and Peter Maffay on a new version of "Über sieben Brücken," it was almost completely ignored. Karat, along with other East German bands such as The Puhdys and City, seemed to be passé when their East German fans were suddenly able to buy western albums with ease. During 1990 many top western rock acts performed in East Germany for the first time, and free shows such as Roger Waters' The Wall extravaganza in Berlin, which did not include any East German performers, took their toll on the East German performers' audience base.

Karat released a second self-titled album in 1991, with the title intended to suggest a new beginning. Instead it sold poorly, and Karat would not record again for four years.

The doldrums in popularity for East German recording artists began to give way around 1993-1994. Karat's albums, having been re-released as compact discs by DSB (the privatized successor to East German state-owned record label AMIGA), began to sell fairly well again. Karat celebrated its 20th anniversary with a sold-out concert at a horse racing track in the Karlshorst district of Berlin, with appearances by well-wishers including the bands City and The Puhdys, and singer Ute Freudenberg. Coinciding with this concert was the release of an album that returned to Karat's more distinctive style of progressive rock, Die geschenkte Stunde (The Given Hour). This was the first album to include new keyboardist Martin Becker, and it sold fairly well to the band's core fan base of eastern Germans. Thereafter Karat was widely considered one of the former GDR's top remaining acts, yet it eschewed the Ostalgie movement and emphasized its new material in concerts. The 1997 album Balance received similar success, including its relative comeback hit "Der Ozean" ("The Ocean").

An abrupt shock came in October 1997, when lead singer Herbert Dreilich suffered a stroke on stage in Magdeburg. He survived the event, but returned to performance only after a full year of recuperation and songwriting. Afterward, Karat's pace slowed considerably. In 2000, the band released the compilation Ich liebe jede Stunde (I Love Every Hour), consisting of a few remakes, a few new songs, and some of its most popular older material remastered. The band's 25th anniversary was celebrated in front of a crowd of 20,000 people in Berlin, with former first keyboardist Ulrich "Ed" Swillms making a guest re-appearance, and sharing the stage with the German Film Orchestra Babelsberg and Peter Maffay. A year later recordings from this concert were released as a live album and DVD, titled 25 Jahre Karat - Das Konzert (25 Years of Karat - The Concert). The 2003 album Licht und Schatten (Light and Shadow) was to be Dreilich's last personally completed effort (notably, it contained one of only two Karat songs ever recorded in English, "Someone Got Hurt," a demo from 1983 that may have been a reference to Dean Reed). In 2004, a tour with The Puhdys and City was cancelled at the last minute when Dreilich was diagnosed with liver cancer. He died that December, at the age of 62.

The band quietly celebrated its 30th anniversary with the release of a 2-CD set, 30 Jahre Karat (30 Years of Karat). The first CD was a collection of further remasterings of several of its better-known songs, and included a guest performance by well-respected Austrian group The Schürzenjäger. The second CD contained songs Herbert Dreilich wrote and was working on in the last years of his life, performed by himself where recordings existed and by others where they did not, finished for release. It ended off with the heartbreaking "Manchmal denk' ich" ("Sometimes I Think"), sung by the band's long-standing friend and contributor Thomas Natschinski.

At Herbert Dreilich's suggestion, the band replaced him with his 35-year-old son Claudius Dreilich, who had previously been manager of an IKEA furniture store in Austria. The younger Dreilich bore an uncanny resemblance to his father, both in appearance and in vocal style. He was well received by the other members of the band, whom he had already known for many years, as well as its fans. Former first keyboardist Ulrich "Ed" Swillms also rejoined the group, although appearing only occasionally in live performance.

However, due to a legal dispute with the elder Dreilich's widow, who claimed ownership of the name "Karat" because her husband had registered it as a trademark in 1998, the band stopped using it, and in January, 2006 adopted the name K...!. After a protracted legal process, in June 2007 the Berlin courts ruled that the name Karat should belong to the members of the band. The name K...! was retired, and the band returned to calling itself Karat.

During the summer and fall of 2007, Karat took part in a large multi-band tour, called Ost-Rock in Klassik ("East-Rock in Classical"), where famous East German rock acts played their biggest hits in a classical style together with the German Film Orchestra Babelsberg, conducted by Bernd Wefelmeyer. A series of smaller concerts followed.

In April, 2010 the band celebrated its 35th anniversary with two concerts in the Alte Oper Erfurt. A Special Jubilee Edition Box Set was released, containing all previously released albums newly remastered, and an extra CD of rarities. In the same year Karat also released a new album named Weitergeh'n ("Movin' On"), a book about the band and its history, and during that autumn and winter gave a special Anniversary Tour.

Since then the band Karat has continued to hold live performances and to record, occasionally releasing new singles.

Keyboardist and songwriter Ed Swillms died on 27 June 2023, at the age of 76.

Albums

 * 1978 Karat
 * 1979 Über sieben Brücken ("Across Seven Bridges")
 * 1979 Albatros ("Albatross") — West German debut album, compiling first two East German albums.
 * 1980 Schwanenkönig ("Swan King")
 * 1982 Der blaue Planet ("The Blue Planet")
 * 1983 Die sieben Wunder der Welt ("The Seven Wonders Of The World")
 * 1985 10 Jahre Karat – Auf dem Weg zu Euch – Live ("10 Years Of Karat – Coming At You – Live") — Live album.
 * 1987 Fünfte Jahreszeit ("Fifth Season")
 * 1990 ... im nächsten Frieden ("... In The Next Peace")
 * 1991 Karat (second self-titled album)
 * 1995 Die geschenkte Stunde ("The Given Hour")
 * 1997 Balance ("Balance")
 * 2000 Ich liebe jede Stunde ("I Love Every Hour") — Compilation album.
 * 2001 25 Jahre Karat – Das Konzert ("25 Years Of Karat – The Concert") — Live album.
 * 2003 Licht und Schatten ("Light And Shadow")
 * 2005 30 Jahre Karat ("30 Years Of Karat") — Compilation album.
 * 2010 Ich liebe jede Stunde Jubiläums-Edition ("I Love Every Hour Jubilee Edition") — 14-CD Box set containing all released albums remastered and a CD of rarities.
 * 2010 Weitergeh'n ("Movin' On")
 * 2013 Symphony - Live album.
 * 2015 Seelenschiffe ("Soul Ships")
 * 2015 40 Jahre - Live von der Waldbühne Berlin ("40 Years - Live From The Waldbühne Berlin")
 * 2018 Labyrinth

Films

 * 2001 25 Jahre Karat - Das Konzert (VHS, DVD)
 * 2007 Ostrock in Klassik (DVD)
 * 2010 Live aus der Alten Oper Erfurt (DVD)
 * 2011 Albatros (DVD)

Literature
All titles are in German:
 * Pop Nonstop – Caroline Gerlach, VEB Lied der Zeit, 1985.
 * Über sieben Brücken – Wolfgang Schumann, Henschel Verlag, 1995.
 * Meine Jahre mit Karat ("My Years with Karat") – Jens Fritzsche, 2005.
 * Über sieben Brücken musst du gehn – Christine Dähn, Verlag Neues Leben, 2010.
 * Karat (1) (Songbook) – Gert Friedrich, HMV, 1980.
 * Karat (2) (Songbook) – Gert Friedrich, HMV, 1981.
 * Karat (3) (Songbook) – Gert Friedrich, HMV, 1984.
 * Über sieben Brücken (Songbook) – Gert Friedrich, HMV, 1985.

title: Karat (band)


text:
Justice and Truth Alliance

The Justice and Truth Alliance (originally in Alianţa Dreptate şi Adevăr; or D.A. for short, meaning "yes" in Romanian) was a political alliance comprising two political parties in Romania, namely the centre-right liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the initially left-wing Democratic Party (PD), which later switched to center-right ideology.

Although the National Union PSD+PUR had won the largest number of seats in the Parliament, the Justice and Truth Alliance formed the government from 2004 to 2007 in a coalition with the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ) and the Conservative Party (PUR), which had changed sides after DA's candidate won the presidential elections.

Background
The alliance had its origins in a collaboration between the two parties which began in early 2002 at the initiative of the PNL's former president, Valeriu Stoica. The creation of the alliance was formally approved on 29 September 2003 by the executives of both parties, after months of negotiations between the parties. It was established as a vehicle for of coordinating opposition efforts against the ruling Social Democratic Party (PSD). Its name was chosen in reference to the PSD's alleged corruption - as PNL president Theodor Stolojan put it, "we want the alliance to set us free from corruption and lies."

On 25 October 2004, the Justice and Truth alliance endorsed its co-chairman Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu (at that time also the leader of the PNL) as its leader in the 2004 Romanian general election. According to Popescu-Tăriceanu, the alliance's political priorities were:

 * Stimulating investments and private initiative;
 * Creating of new jobs and increasing net incomes to alleviate poverty;
 * Delivering a "responsible social policy" in the field of education, healthcare, pensions, and social assistance;
 * Fighting corruption;
 * Establishing a non-political judiciary.

In the 2004 presidential election and the simultaneous legislative election, held on 28 November, the DA polled better than expected in both races. It came within a few percentage points behind the PSD, eliminating the previous government's majority as a result. A new post-electoral alliance was formed between the Justice and Truth (DA), the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ), and the Conservative Party (PC), forming thus a simple majority (accounting for 54.5% of the seats) which then had the legitimacy to appoint ministers in a new grand coalition government. The protocols of the alliance between DA and UDMR were signed on 20 December 2004 while those between DA and PUR were signed on 23 December 2004.

DA's presidential candidate, Traian Băsescu, won the presidential election and was subsequently the 4th President of Romania. DA, alongside the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ) and the Humanist Party of Romania (which subsequently became the Conservative Party) both quit the ruling coalition 3 December 2006, consequently leaving the two remaining parties (i.e. PD and PNL) without a simple majority in the Parliament.

During early April 2007, Popescu-Tăriceanu dismissed the Democratic Party (PD) ministers from the government and formed a minority cabinet along with the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ), thereby marking the end of the alliance.

Legislative elections
Notes:

1 Justice and Truth Alliance members: PNL (28 senators and 64 deputies) and PD (21 senators and 48 deputies).

Notable members

 * Theodor Stolojan (PNL)
 * Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu (PNL)
 * Traian Băsescu (PD)
 * Emil Boc (PD)

title: Justice and Truth Alliance


text:
Taï National Park

Taï National Park (Parc National de Taï) is a national park in Côte d'Ivoire that contains one of the last areas of primary rainforest in West Africa. It was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1982 due to the diversity of its flora and fauna. Five mammal species of the Taï National Park are on the Red List of Threatened Species: pygmy hippopotamus, olive colobus monkeys, leopards, chimpanzees, and Jentink's duiker.

Taï National Park is approximately 100 km from the Ivorian coast on the border with Liberia between the Cavalla and Sassandra rivers. It covers an area of 3300 km2 with a 200 km2 buffer zone up to 396 m.

The Taï Forest reserve was created in 1926 and promoted to national park status in 1972. It was recognized as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1978 and added to the list of Natural World Heritage Sites in 1982.

The Taï Forest is a natural reservoir of the Ebola virus. The World Health Organization has expressed concern over the proximity of this reservoir to Félix-Houphouët-Boigny International Airport at Abidjan.

Geography
The park consists of 4540 km2 of tropical evergreen forest located at the south western corner of Côte d'Ivoire, bordering Liberia. Altitudes vary from 80 m to 396 m (Mt. Niénokoué). The park is situated on a Precambrian granite peneplain of migmatites, biotites and gneiss which slopes down from the gently undulating drier north to more deeply dissected land in the south where the rainfall is heavy. This plateau at between 150 and 200 m is broken by several granite inselbergs formed from plutonic intrusions, including the Mont Niénokoué in the southwest. A large zone of varied schists runs north-east to south-west across the park, dissected by tributaries of the main watercourses which run parallel to it: the N'zo, Meno and Little Hana and Hana rivers, all draining southwest to the river Cavally. In the wet season these rivers are wide, but in the dry season become shallow streams. The northern border of the adjoining N'Zo Faunal Reserve is formed by the large reservoir behind the Buyo Dam on the N'zo and Sassandra rivers. There is some swamp forest in the northwest of the park and in N'zo. The soils are ferralitic, generally leached and of low fertility. In the southern valleys there are hydromorphic gley and more fertile alluvial soils (DPN, 1998). Gold and some other minerals exist in small quantities.

Climate
There are two distinct climatic zones of sub-equatorial type. Annual rainfall ranges from a mean of 1700 mm in the north to 2200 mm in the southwest, falling from March/April to July, with a shorter wet season in September to October. There is no dry season in the south but in the north it is marked from November to February/March, accentuated briefly by dry northeasterly Harmattan wind. These only began to affect the region about 1970 after half the country's forests had been felled. There is only a small temperature fluctuation between 24 and 27 C due to oceanic influence and the presence of forests, but mean diurnal temperatures can range from 25 to 35 C. The relative humidity is high (85%). The prevailing winds are monsoonal from the south-west. In 1986, Côte d'Ivoire suffered a 30% rainfall deficit, possibly due to loss of forest cover: 90% of the country has been deforested in the past fifty years resulting in greatly diminished evapotranspiration.

Flora
The park is one of the last remaining portions of the vast primary Upper Guinean rain forest that once stretched across present-day Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia and Sierra Leone to Guinea-Bissau. It is the largest island of forest remaining in West Africa remaining relatively intact. Its mature tropical forest lies within a WWF/IUCN Centre of Plant Diversity and in the center of endemism of eastern Liberia and western Côte d'Ivoire, probably as the result of having been an Ice Age refugium, having over 50 species endemic to the region. The park contains some 1,300 species of higher plants of which 54% occur only in the Guinean zone. The vegetation is predominantly dense evergreen ombrophilous forest of Upper Guinean type of 40–60 m emergent trees with massive trunks and large buttresses or stilt roots.

Two main types of forest can be recognised grading from diverse moist evergreen forest with leguminous trees in the southern third to moist semi-evergreen forest in the north. Large numbers of epiphytes and lianes form an important element at the lower levels including Platycerium, Nephrolepis biserrata, Drymaria and Asplenium africanum. The Sassandrian moist evergreen forest on schistose soils in the south-west is dominated by species such as ebony (Diospyros gabunensis), Diospyros chevalieri, Mapania baldwinii, Mapania linderi and Heritiera utilis (syn. Tarrietia utilis), with numerous endemic species, especially in the lower Cavally Valley and the Meno and Hana depressions near Mont Niénokoué. The last stands of the large endemic tree Kantou guereensis are here. The poorer soils of the north and south-east support species such as palm Eremospatha macrocarpa, west African ebony Diospyros mannii, Diospyros kamerunensis, Parinari chrysophylla, Chrysophyllum perpulchrum and . Species such as Gilbertiodendron splendidum, Symphonia globulifera and Raphia occur in the swamp forests of river backwaters and oxbows. The inselbergs are vegetated, according to their substrate, with savanna-like grassland and deciduous trees such as Spathodea campanulata. Plants once thought to be extinct, such as Amorphophallus staudtii, have been discovered in the area. Since commercial timber exploitation officially ceased in 1972, the forest has recovered well, although large areas are dominated by planted species.

The forest plants still play a large role in the lives of people in the Taï region. The fruit of Thaumatococcus daniellii locally known as katamfe or katempfe, yoruba or soft cane is used in traditional medicine and contains a protein substance five thousand times sweeter than sugar cane. The bark of the Terminalia superba, or "tree of malaria", is used by the ethnic Kroumen for the treatment of malaria. This means that the park is an attic of genetic potential not yet explored by natural science and medicine.

Fauna
The fauna is fairly typical of West African forests but very diverse, nearly 1,000 vertebrate species being found. The park contains 140 species of mammal and 47 of the 54 species of large mammal known to occur in the Guinean rain forest, including twelve regional endemics and five threatened species. The region's isolation between two major rivers has added to its particular character.

Mammals
Mammals include 11 species of primates: western red colobus, Diana monkey, Campbell's mona monkey, lesser and greater spot-nosed monkey, black-and-white colobus, ursine colobus, green colobus, sooty mangabey, the dwarf galago and Bosman's potto. There were more than 2,000 West African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the 1980s. In 1995, Marchesi et al. estimated the total number of chimpanzees in Taï to be 4,507, with perhaps 292 in N'Zo and nearby reserves (however there is no doubt that such numbers have declined in the last 15 years). These chimpanzees are noted for using tools (DPN, 1998).

Also found in the park are two bats, Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat and Aellen's roundleaf bat, Pel's flying squirrel, giant pangolin, tree pangolin and long-tailed pangolin, Liberian mongoose, African golden cat, leopard, red river hog, giant forest hog, water chevrotain, bongo, and African forest buffalo. African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) have also been observed within the park, although in 2001 they numbered only about 100 individuals in the south of the park compared to some 1,800 in 1979.

Taï National Park also hosts an exceptional diversity of forest duikers including Jentink's duiker, banded or zebra duiker, Maxwell's duiker, Ogilby's duiker, black duiker, bay duiker, yellow-backed duiker and the royal antelope. Forest rodents include the rusty-bellied brush-furred rat, the Edward's swamp rat and the woodland dormouse. Also recorded in the park is the Defua rat, which is characteristic of secondary forest.

The dwarf or pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) numbered at around 500 in the park in 1996, and it is one of the few viable populations remaining.

Birds
The park lies within one of the world's Endemic Bird Areas. At least 250 bird species have been recorded, 28 being endemic to the Guinean zone. There are 143 species typical of primary forest, including African crowned eagle, lesser kestrel, white-breasted guineafowl, rufous fishing owl, brown-cheeked hornbill, yellow-casqued hornbill, western wattled cuckooshrike, rufous-winged thrush-babbler, green-tailed bristlebill, yellow-throated olive greenbul, black-capped rufous-warbler, Nimba flycatcher, Sierra Leone prinia, Lagden's bushshrike, copper-tailed glossy-starling, white-necked rockfowl, and Gola malimbe.

Reptiles and amphibians
Two crocodiles, the slender-snouted crocodile and the dwarf crocodile, and several turtles, such as Home's hinge-back tortoise, are amongst about 40 species of reptiles that live in the park. At least 56 species of amphibians are known from the park; these include a true toad Amietophrynus taiensis and a reed frog found only in 1997 (Hyperolius nienokouensis), both only known from Ivory Coast.

Invertebrates
Arthropods represent the largest share of biomass in tropical forests. Invertebrate species include a rare freshwater mollusc Neritina tiassalensis and many thousands of insect species including 57 dragonflies, 95 ants, 44 termites and 78 scarabeid beetles (DPN, 1998).

Local human population
The original tribes of the forest region were the Guéré and Oubi, for totemic reasons, did not eat chimpanzees and thus preserved the chimpanzee populations. French influence dated from only the mid-19th century. Evidently, there was little settlement in the area before the late 1960s, when reservoir construction in the N'Zo valley and, later, drought in the Sahel, pushed people southwards. A population in the area of about 3,200 in 1971 had grown to 57,000 twenty years later. The park is now neighbored by 72 villages, and hundreds of illegal squatters live in the park.

Of the three main groups of farmers, the rural Bakoué and Kroumen cleared forest selectively, sparing medicinal trees; by contrast the Baoulé, in addition to the incomers who include refugees displaced by the dam on the N'Zo river, from the Sahel and from the conflicts in both Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire who now form 90% of the population, have indiscriminately fragmented and destroyed much of the forest in the buffer zone. In its place, cash and food crops are planted in shifting cultivation in order to lessen the mortality from malaria. The east side of the park has suffered most from this. These people neither support the park, nor are informed about it by the authorities (DPN, 2002).

Scientific research and facilities
The park was the site of a UNESCO Man & Biosphere project on the effects of human interference within the natural forest ecosystem. This was a vast research project carried out under the auspices of the Institute for Tropical Ecology and the Centre for Ecological Research at the University of Abobo-Adjamé in the nearby town of Taï. International scientific cooperation was exemplified by the Ivoirian, French, Italian, German and Swiss teams which worked together on various research programs. This level of research continues. The site and research projects have great potential for training and scientific study. The French Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer (ORSTOM) has worked here for a number of years. In 1984, a Dutch team surveyed the area, using an ultra-light aircraft for low altitude photography to identify dying trees for use as timber. There has been Ivorian research into forest termites, included under the IUCN/WWF Plants Campaign 1984-1985; and by the government Institute of Forestry into plantation crops. Between 1989 and 1991 BirdLife International conducted the Taï Avifaunal Survey, summarised in Gartshore et al. (1995). The Dutch Tropenbos Foundation published a detailed fully referenced study of the park in 1994. From 1979 to 1985, Swiss researchers studied chimpanzees, continuing until 1994 into the transference of an ebola virus to humans and antibodies for it to be found in other animals.

There is an ecological station (L'Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale) in the Audrenisrou basin in the core zone and a German team base at Fedfo camp in the buffer zone. There is also a Biosphere Reserve station 18 km south-east of Taï village, which consists of several prefabricated houses, a communal kitchen, two well-equipped laboratories, and an electric generator. It is controlled and financed nationally and managed by 2-3 Ivoirian personnel.

Between 1993 and 2002, the Project Autonome pour la Conservation du Parc National de Taï (PACPNT), financed by GTZ, KfW and the WWF, with the Parks Department (Direction des Parcs Nationaux et Réserves (DPN)), worked to improve management and surveillance, monitored and inventoried the condition of the flora and fauna, launched pilot conservation projects with local people, and made comparative studies of seven species of monkeys. Phase I reported in 1997 and Phase II in 2002. This project has produced over 50 papers covering subjects such as tool-using and the ebola virus in chimpanzees and the fauna as a potential source of foods and medicines. In 2002, technical and scientific management of the park was assigned to the national Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Reserves which covers management policy, wardening, research, education and communication for all parks. A Scientific Council of the involved NGOs international and local, was set up. A second research station and a canopied walkway on the east side of the park have been. However, a national workshop on the forest zone held in 2002 to 2003 focused on the lack of scientific research, monitoring, evaluation, coordination with foreign institutions and access to research done; also the persistence of low levels of popular participation and sustainable development of protected forest lands. A better inventory of the forest's resources is still needed.

title: Taï National Park


text:
Walter Leigh Rayfield

Walter Leigh Rayfield (7 October 1881 – 19 February 1949) was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Rayfield was one of the seven Canadians to be awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions on one single day, 2 September 1918, for actions across the 30 km long Drocourt-Quéant Line near Arras, France. The other six were Bellenden Hutcheson, Arthur George Knight, William Henry Metcalf, Claude Joseph Patrick Nunney, Cyrus Wesley Peck and John Francis Young.

Details
Rayfield was 36 years old, and a private in the 7th (1st British Columbia) Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

These events took place from 2–4 September 1918 during the operations east of Arras, France:"Ahead of his company, he rushed a trench occupied by a large party of the enemy, personally bayoneting two and taking ten prisoners. Later, he located and engaged with great skill, under constant rifle fire, an enemy sniper who was causing many casualties. He then rushed the section of trench from which the sniper had been operating, and so demoralised the enemy by his coolness and daring that thirty others surrendered to him. Again, regardless of  his personal  safety, he left cover under heavy machine-gun fire and carried in a badly wounded comrade." He was awarded the Silver Medal of the Belgian Order of the Crown on 22 December 1919. Rayfield was the Progressive Party of Canada "Soldier candidate" in the federal election of 1921 for Toronto East. Liberal nominee Mrs. Philip G. Kiely (Elizabeth Bethune Kiely) stood aside for Rayfield, so that her votes could go to him, but the Conservative candidate won. He was Sergeant-at-Arms of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario and governor of Toronto Jail.

He died in 1949, and is buried at Prospect Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Soldier's Plot, Section 7, grave 4196).

The Medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

title: Walter Leigh Rayfield


text:
Talk:Go Seonji

The redirect works, so I've removed the delete tag. --jpgordon{gab} 17:35, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Go Seonji