text:
Talk:Odinic Rite

Deletion Debate
For a December 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Odinic Rite

Speedy Deletion
Hi,

I created the page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinic_Rite in relation to the Asatru entry but am getting the message that it may be speedily deleted. Why is this? With the Odinic Rite being the worlds longest running Odinist organisation I feel it should have an entry.

Thanks,

Fjorn.

 * Are they really "the worlds longest running Odinist organisation"? When was the organisation founded? // Liftarn

the article reads like an advert.

 * (a) both of you please remember to sign your comments with ~
 * (b) Yes, the article reads like an advert; rather than listing it for speedy deletion, why not stubbify it so it can be expanded in an NPOV fashion. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:37, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Liftarn, That is actually one facts this is not disputed. The article is looking better now and I seriously did not mean for it to look like an advert, please see the votes here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Odinic_Rite Like I said, I am getting the specific data to make an article worthy of Wikipedia. Fjorn Plus, along with the possitive comments made in the voting section I have also had them in my personal "talk" area.

UPDATE for you Liftarn, although very brief: The 6 most well known modern day revivers of Odinism / Asatru are Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson, Stephen A. McNallen, Valgard Murray, Heimgest, E. Max Hyatt/Edred Wodanson and Alexander Rudd Mills. Stephen A. McNalllen is one of the founders of Modern day Asatru/Odinism. He formed the Afastru Folk Assembly in 1996 after disolving the Asatru FREE Assembly from 1976 to 1987 and having a break. He offers GREAT wirings. Valgard Murray is also a similar kind o f person, setting up the Asatru Alliance in 1988, of course he had a small kindred of his own in 1976 and affiliated with the AFA. Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson formed the Ásatráarfélagið (Asatru Sect) in Iceland and got it legally recognised although it is not internationall like the AFA and the AFA and did have break-ups. Then their is Heimgest of the Odinic Rite who was involved from the early days in the OR and was officially made director. The OR has been continious from 1973 when it was called the Committee for the Restoration of the Odinic Rite / Odinist Committee with just a name changed when the Committee felt that the restoration had occurred and hence The Odinic Rite name! The OR has never disbanded from 1973 until the present day and has no signs of changing. It is the longest running Odinist organisatio nin hte world and has greatly influenced the AFA and AA, whom have also influenced the OR.

 * I used to be a regular at alt.religion.asatru so that's not news to me. Ok, so Odinic Rite was founded in 1973 under the name "Committee for the Restoration of the Odinic Rite / Odinist Committee". Ok, let's add that to the article! Btw, when did they change the name to just "Odinic Rite"? Anyway, 1973 is quite recently compared to 1907 when Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft was founded. And Ásatráarfélagið was officially recognised as a religious body in 1972, but ofcourse exister earlier. // Liftarn

 * : Liftarn Before I add anything to the article, and please believe me I am doing my best to keep to Wikipedia standards, I am working on the "exact" details withthe OR, I want it to be 100% correct which I am sure you can understand. The name was changed specifically to the Odinic Rite in 1980 but there was no departure of activites, no closing of the organisation, no structure change - it has continously run since 1973, where as all the others have stopped and then started and changed names. Also, the OR is the "longest" running and leading "international" Odinist organisation. The Ásatráarfélagið is specific to Iceland (not international) and as for the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft, it has ceased to be and started numerous times. However, I will ge the specifics for you. Remember, it is the "longest" running "international" Odinist organisation. Many thanks in advance, Fjorn

 * Then it should be "the oldest contiously running, international organisation under (almost) the same name". // Liftarn

Communita Odinista
For dab

Communita Odinista are good friends and comrades of the Odinic Rite but are not a part of the OR. Can you tell me where you read on their site that they are part of the OR? I agree that the Kindred listing is more informative than that of hearth but to say that the basic unit of the OR is a Kindred is simply not true. As for proving the existence of OR France, I can only point you to certain pages where ORF is mentioned such as a book by ORF member, an article by another ORF member and the contact email for the group wyrdiana@wanadoo.fr. The section is headed by Arnbald OR who is a regular guest at the OR Great Moot in London so I have no reason to doubt his existence. Also, why all the links to Else Christianssen pages? I don't mind but there is so much more that could be linked to. Hengest. Odinic Rite Information Officer.

thank you Hengest; I am currently trying to sort out the involved relationships of all these organizations, and since you seem to be very well informed, your contributions are very welcome. It is true that the CO do not claim to be part of OR: I found "Italy" listed in the article already, and figured it must be them. They also seem to be rather more nationalist and less concerned about political neutrality than even the OR. As for the French group, I found reference to them too, and of course they can exist without having an internet presence. There seems to be no mention of them on French Neopagan sites, however. Do you know when they were formed, and whether they are still operational? Concerning the German ORD, I found that they claimed organizational independence from the OR 'trunk' in 2004, while the OR itself still claims them as a 'branch'. I figured this may be a question of tactical representation with regard to the Germans, both the Neopagan subculture and the public, as opposed to internal fealty; or again it may reflect a genuine split within ORD, I don't know. Regarding hearth, all that is noted there that in OR terminology, it is synonymous to Kindred. If that is incorrect, maybe you should fix it. Regarding the Christensen links -- I don't know. I suppose we should remove them, since they are also on Else Christensen. I would much prefer a clean list of links to the various chapters. dab (ᛏ) 12:32, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Fylfot
somebody has inserted a reference to "Asatru" at swastika. afaik, the Odinic Rite are the only group who explicitly claim the "fylfot" as a historical sacred symbol, so I directed the link here, and am inserting a reference to the claim. dab (ᛏ) 16:53, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Contents
I feel that it would be more fitting for the White Horse Stone incident to be seperate after the History and Structure etc. I will add some more to the history but may also have some more activities to add which will complement the WHS part. I am unsure how to make changes to the Contents box though. Hengest 15:53, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

It changes automatically as long as you follow the heading conventions. WeniWidiWiki 15:55, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Ah yes, I see now. Thanks Hengest 16:46, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Comment
Although interesting, I found the article rather indigestible to read - if it can made easier to read and more flowing, it would be much improved. Brookie :) - a will o' the wisp ! (Whisper...) 19:23, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

if you know odinism please answer my question.
Odin a god of the norse see right? and thore is his son right? there are frost giants and trolls and demon and such right? My fathers family can from hungary the language spoken the is the closest languege to some of the baltic languages in the world. I am white my parents are white. some of my ancestors didn't come from black africa but are egyptian. What as of any do you know about the corrrelation of odin to cain and the caininits of the bible, what as of any corelation do you know of between thore, hamin at ore (the minataur of greece) and Horace the egyptian god. seeing as how the norse people migrated to the baltic sea and some of them over to the mongolian regins of the world from the south do you know of any correlation at all? And yes I know norse means north. and I am part w.a.s.p. for whatever its worth I am related to a family named war that is supposed to be out of the north seas. I do realize this question was part of the nazi endevore but my curiosities are for different reasons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.14.129.251 (talk • contribs)

your question seems to boil down to "is there a relationship between Norse paganism, Ancient Egyptian religion and the Biblical descendants of Cain?" The answer is, apart from universal mythological archetypes, very little. Norse paganism as attested in the 13th century already shows some Christian influence, and it can be argued that some aspects of Odin or Baldr are modelled after Christ. Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century speculated that the Æsir had come from "Asia", that is, Scythia, by what we would call "Thraco-Cimmerian" cultural influence on Iron Age Europe. The Scythians in turn saw some Mediterranean / Near Eastern influence, for example, there are suggestions that the word for "hemp" entered Germanic via Scythian from an ultimately Near Eastern source. Regarding Cain, Beowulf derives Grendel from Cainite ancestry, which, if the work dates to the 8th century, may have some bearing on actual pagan opinion, but Grendel is of course a monster or troll, not a god. I think that is about all that can be said on the subject. dab (𒁳) 15:26, 17 May 2007 (UTC) --- Thank you for your reply the subject just sticks out in my mind due to that whole ice age thing. I just don't have the time to read some references that other all ready have. I for some reason don't belive anything about that movie the thirteenth warior maybe it has to do with hollywoods recent symbolizations of christianity as bloodsuckers. But there always seemed to be a link not an influence. But maybe thats just how did you say UMA. As for grendal in beowulf isn't that a heroic tale about children growing up and facing there fears didn't grendel only appear during the storms. That sounds like vainity someone claiming that about beowulf I am really interested in the "family" nature of "different" religions. Thank you again though.

Proposed Merge April 2010
The_Book_of_Blotar seems to be little more than an adjunct to this article so it is proposed to merge it here.--GeezerBird (talk) 23:30, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It seems the person who added Book of Blotar, Nine Noble Virtues etc was trying to add as many entries as possible when in reality they are integral parts of the Odinic Rite. Hengest (talk) 18:21, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Also agree. There are no independent sources for either of the articles, but might as well include any information on the book in the article on the organization which is essentially the sole source of the information about the book. PubliusFL (talk) 08:49, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Merged. --GeezerBird (talk) 19:40, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Political Smearing
Somebody seems intent on smearing the Odinic Rite with allegations about alleged political affiliations of former members. The OR web site and the Wiki article clearly state "The OR website has a disclaimer to the effect that they are politically neutral and that members who involve themselves in political activity do so as private individuals not as representatives of the Odinic Rite." so any attempt to link the OR to the far right based on the private views of a few members is ludicrous. The OR is a denomination of a religion. We don't see anything about the political affiliations of the odd two or three members of other faiths. Hengest (talk) 18:35, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Recent
Moved to talk because insufficient WP:RS RJFJR (talk) 14:11, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Recently, in 2010, the Odinic Rite was slandered by Michael J. Murray aka the Alsherjargodi Valgard Murray, the of the Ásatrú Alliance.

Recent edits re "racist organisation"
A number of recent edits have altered the lede from describing the OR as a "religious organisation" to calling it a "racist organisation". I've reverted it each time as (a) none of the sources are reliable and (b) they don't in fact support describing the OR as racist. (One source explicitly contradicts the assertion!)

I have no view on whether or not the OR is a racist organisation. If it is, then presumably there are reliable sources out there which can back up this assertion and if they can be found we can argue about the best way of editorialising the information they provide. For now the IP editor's continual reinsertions are becoming disruptive and I'm going to semi-protect this article so that only registered users can edit. Kim Dent-Brown  (Talk)  14:30, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Somewhat related, idk if it is relevant to the article that Yeowell was a member of a fascist organisation in the 1930s, when he was in his teens. The info is referenced, and apparently it is undisputed, but since this isn't a biography page on Yeowell it feels as if this information is simply here to smear the organisation based on guilt by remote association.
 * It would be just as true to state that Yeowell fought against fascism in WWII, with the 77th Indian Infantry Brigade, and apparently went on to serve in the French Foreign Legion until about 1954. "Was a member of Mosley's party in his teens" does not seem to reflect directly on his 1970s views once you know he spent his 20s and 30s fighting for the Allies, so I would suggest the focus on his youthful political views is here cited with selective bias without explaining what it has got to do with the organisation Yeowell co-founded when he was in his 50s. --dab (𒁳) 09:56, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

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Racism
There seems to be a number of users who are sympathetic to the organization that scrub any mentions of racism from the article. I believe that this is a mistake, as there are a number of reputable secondary sources describing the OR's racism. Both "Northern Gods for Northern Folk: Racial Identity and Right-wing Ideology among Britain’s Folkish Heathens" by White, E. and "Corpus Linguistics and Ideology: A study of racist discourse in the Odinic Rite website" by Thomas, D. cover the racism pervasive throughout the organization's site and publications. Chapter two of Norse Revival: Transformations of Germanic Neopaganism, by Stefanie von Schnurbein, mentions the OR as being explicitly racialist.

Given multiple peer reviewed sources, it seems like an oversight to not mention the racism of the OR, or at least the accusations thereof. The organization's denials of being racist or their claims of their own identity shouldn't factor in to their description on Wikipedia. To quote the manual of style: "When there is a discrepancy between the term most commonly used by reliable sources for a person or group and the term that person or group uses for themselves, use the term that is most commonly used by recent reliable sources." Given the reliable sources describe the organization as racist and white supremacist, it seems like we should be using those terms. Alexander-Of-The-Monday (talk) 00:47, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

 * Alexander-Of-The-Monday, I restored it in the lede, as clearly some BS is being practised there despite 'racial' being used and BUP membership being mentioned in sections below. The lede isn't there to somehow normalize a fascist organization's rationalizing nonsense. The real motive behind the group's membership is very clearly not some supposed religion, but racism, and if anything should be relegated to sections below it's the former. If it's scrubbed again I'm asking others, elsewhere... 88.104.31.40 (talk) 17:33, 11 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I’ve removed it because the racism is self-evident from links and article body, adding “racist” is redundant since neo-volkisch is by definition racist. Dronebogus (talk) 08:42, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:11, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:12, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:12, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:11, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:13, 23 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:16, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

It's considered a white supremacist group, which has been duly addeed, cited, and the article has been put in the related category. Skyerise (talk) 14:25, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:11, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

Rewrite
I was bold and did an extensive rewrite of the article, and managed to replace all but one of the affiliated sources with independent ones. It also addresses the concerns brought up in the previous talk page section. Any comments? Skyerise (talk) 16:33, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Looks a lot better than it did before, thanks for doing the hard work. Hopefully no more propagandists come along to "fix" the article again. Alexander-Of-The-Monday (talk) 10:38, 10 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I am a Alsherjagothi of The Odinic Rite of Midgard and would love to talk to you and update you on the direction of the Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:16, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

TRUTH & UPDATE ON ODINIC RITE
I want to update the site with facts and also introduce the existence of The Odinic Rite of Midgard which is one an the same with The Odinic Rite. HvíturÚlfurORM (talk) 19:07, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Odinic Rite


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Talk:DQN

Untitled
This should probably be merged with 2chan or an appropriate wiki entry for one of the chan boards, as most memes are.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:DQN


text: User talk:67.9.155.224

title: User talk:67.9.155.224


text:
Talk:Oesterreichische Nationalbank

Untitled
I moved this page from Österreichische Nationalbank to Oesterreichische Nationalbank, which is and has always been its official name. Martg76 19:37, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oesterreichische Nationalbank


text:
Nikos Aliagas

Nikos Aliagas (Νικόλαος "Νίκος" Αλιάγας, Nikólaos "Níkos" Aliágas; born 13 May 1969) is a Greek-French journalist and entertainer, known for being the host of the French reality program Star Academy and The Voice – La plus belle voix.

Biography
Both of his parents, Andreas and Harula Aliagas are Greek. His father comes from the area of Stamna in Aetolia-Acarnania while his mother comes from Messolonghi, located in the same regional unit in Greece. He lived between France and Greece during his childhood.

He was a guest star on a Greek program Koita ti Ekanes in late-2003 and featured clips from Star Academy. He has published a book called I was born Greek: The mythology or The school of life (Γεννήθηκα Έλληνας: Η Μυθολογία Ή Το Σχολείο Της Ζωής). He was the presenter of a show on Alpha TV called Gros Plan where he met international stars like Celine Dion, Jean Paul Gaultier, Sylvester Stallone and Helena Paparizou. He is the French presenter of The Voice: la plus belle voix.

He is multilingual, being able to speak five languages.

title: Nikos Aliagas


text:
Canada–Central American Four Free Trade Agreement

The Canada–Central American Four Free Trade Agreement was a proposed free trade agreement between Canada and the Central American states of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (collectively referred to as the Central American Four or CA4). Twelve rounds of negotiations were undertaken between 2001 and 2010, after which no agreement had been reached. Canada and Honduras instead decided to pursue a bilateral agreement between themselves, and those negotiations concluded successfully in August 2011.

The United States negotiated and ratified a similar treaty with these countries, called the Central American Free Trade Agreement. In a referendum on October 7, 2007, the voters of Costa Rica narrowly backed the free trade agreement with the U.S., with about 52 percent of "Yes" votes.


text:
Category talk:Dukes of Braganza

Untitled
Please see my notice at Talk:Duke of Braganza - I am not at all sure that these individuals would all have held this title. john k 19:40, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The important thing is that there is no discrepancy between this category and the article. If changes occur in one, the other should also be changed. -- Itai 21:03, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Dukes of Braganza


text:
User:Jg325

{|-  Who I am
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Welcome to my rather bare Wikipage. I'm originally from a North Carolina, having come to D.C. in 2003 for college. Graduated from Georgetown University undergrad, and now am finishing up my master's in Security Studies, focusing on International Security/Central Asia.

Lately, my biggest interest has been keeping up my French language ability and translating entries from the French Wikipedia to port (and cite) them into the English Wikipedia. Go figure, all of the articles I have focused on are France-related, such as:

 * the 2010 Redistricting of French Legislative Constituencies
 * the politican Antoine Waechter
 * the Paris Métro station Gare de Châtelet-Les Halles
 * the cities of Marnes-la-Coquette and Scy-Chazelles. (French cities are a treasure trove of bare English entries with large corresponding French articles.)

title: User:Jg325


text:
User talk:Wrek

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

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title: User talk:Wrek


text:
Ripsaw (newspaper)

Ripsaw (sometimes called Rip-Saw, RipSaw or The Duluth Rip-Saw) was a Duluth, Minnesota newspaper published from 1917 to 1926 and relaunched from 1999 to 2005. The paper was a scandal sheet during the first years of publication, with a reputation for muckraking, sensationalism and criminal libel. The revival was similar in tone, though the publishers changed.

The Great Family Journal
The original Duluth Ripsaw was founded by John L. Morrison, a fundamentalist Christian who abhorred alcohol, gambling and prostitution. The paper debuted on March 24, 1917. Issues were published every other Saturday, with copies sold at newsstands for five cents. The newspaper's offices were originally in downtown Duluth's Fargusson Building, and later moved to the Phoenix Building.

Morrison produced the Ripsaw almost entirely by himself. Three known helpers were stenographer Alice B. Bartlett, a cartoonist who signed his work "Webster," and Isadore Cohen, a pre-teenaged newsboy who hawked papers in front of the old St. Louis County State Bank. Other writers were also periodically featured, but the vast majority of the work was always done by Morrison, who called himself the "head sawyer" of the "Great Family Journal."

The Ripsaw began shortly after St. Louis County outlawed the sale of alcohol. When Superior, Wisconsin, followed a few months later with its own voter-instituted prohibition, the Twin Ports were nominally dry, but alcohol was available at bootleg outlets and in townships nearby. Local politicians and police did little to enforce the prohibition, and Morrison ridiculed them for it in the Ripsaw. He also editorialized in favor of streetcars, public toilets and higher pay for policemen.

During the Ripsaw 's first year, Duluth Chief of Police Robert McKercher and City Auditor "King" Odin Halden were both ousted from their positions after being labeled crooked in the Ripsaw.

Microfilm copies of the Ripsaw are located in the Duluth Public Library and in the Library of the Minnesota Historical Society in St. Paul, for researchers interested in reading specific articles from the paper.

Morrison's demise
The Ripsaw's decline began with the October 25, 1924 issue. Morrison accused State Senator Mike Boylan of threatening him with mayhem and death, Cass County Probate Judge Bert Jamison of having acquired syphilis at a brothel and Victor L. Power, a former mayor of Hibbing, of corrupt legal practices and a weakness for women and whiskey. All three retaliated.

Morrison was arrested by a sheriff from Walker, Minnesota (the county seat of Cass County) on charges of criminal libel brought by Jamison. Morrison was sentenced to 90 days in the Cass County jail, but raised bail and returned to Duluth pending appeal.

While Morrison was held in Cass County, Power instigated criminal and civil libel actions, claiming the October 25 Ripsaw article was written for the sole purpose of injuring him politically. The Duluth police held a warrant for Morrison's arrest pending his release from the Cass County jail. A jury in Hibbing, Minnesota, found him guilty, and he was sentenced to 90 days in the county workhouse. He immediately appealed. Later, Morrison was ordered to make a public apology to Power. The charges against him were dropped and his sentence rescinded. Later that month, Morrison pleaded guilty to the charges of criminal libel brought by Jamison.

The most powerful blow to the "Great Family Journal" came in the summer of 1925. Senator Boylan, who, according to the Oct. 25, 1924 Ripsaw, had threatened to kill Morrison, was trying to have the paper shut down. He worked with Rep. George Lommen to draft several bills allowing suppression of scandalous newspapers. Sen. Freyling Stevens, a powerful lawyer, introduced the senate version of what would become known as the "Minnesota gag law," for which he is credited with authorship.

The Public Nuisance Bill of 1925 was approved by the Minnesota Senate and House of Representatives. It allowed a single judge, without jury, to stop a newspaper or magazine from publishing, forever.

Governor Theodore Christianson signed the Public Nuisance Law, but Morrison was unaware of this change. On April 6, 1926, the Ripsaw attacked Minneapolis Mayor George Emerson Leach: "Minnesotans do not want loose-love governor." In the next issue, Duluth Commissioner of Public Utilities W. Harlow Tischer was the target: "Tischer and his gang fail to establish graft plan."

Morrison was served with a warrant for his arrest based on a complaint from Leach under an obscene-literature ordinance recently rushed through the Minneapolis City Council. The next day, a temporary restraining order was placed on the Ripsaw by State District Judge H. J. Grannis of Duluth. Tischer claimed that the charges of graft were untrue and he demanded that the Ripsaw be stopped. The Finnish Publishing Company, which printed the Ripsaw, was also named in the injunction, and news dealers and newsboys were barred from distributing the paper.

Morrison's trial was set for May 15, 1926. Morrison did not appear in court, as he had fallen ill. On May 18, 1926, Morrison was rushed to St. Francis Hospital in Superior at around 1 a.m. Nine hours later, he was pronounced dead. The cause was reported in the Duluth Herald to be an embolism, a blood clot on the brain. The Herald reported that Morrison "had been ill for 10 days, suffering from pleurisy following an attack of influenza, a general breakdown and attacks of syncope."

Tischer continued to insist the injunction against the Ripsaw be maintained, even after Morrison's death. Judge E. J. Kenney, however, allowed a continuation of the Ripsaw "without the articles objected to by Commissioner Tischer."

On June 1, 1931, the "gag law" was found to be unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court, in what is considered to be the first and most important freedom of the press decision in U.S. history.

Rebirth
The Ripsaw returned in January 1999. Brad Nelson and Cord R. Dada published a monthly scandal sheet similar to Morrison's original Ripsaw. Its first lead story, "Dotygate," accused Duluth Mayor Gary Doty and his administration of various crimes associated with the demolition of buildings on East First Street to make way for construction of the Duluth Technology Village.

The Ripsaw became a weekly publication on April 5, 2000. Paul Lundgren was hired as managing editor and the paper was transformed into an alternative news, arts and entertainment source. One year later, it was accepted into the Association of Alternative Newsweeklies.

While Morrison's original Ripsaw fought for temperance, the new Ripsaw reveled in the exploits of Slim Goodbuzz, who wrote a "Barfly on the Wall" column.

The comic strip "Violet Days," by Chris Monroe, which is now featured in the Minneapolis Star Tribune and Duluth News Tribune, first appeared in the Ripsaw reincarnation.

Co-publisher Cord R. Dada sold the majority of his ownership in the paper to Brad Nelson's brother Tim Nelson in April 2001, relieving himself of all duties at the Ripsaw and leaving Brad Nelson as the majority owner and sole publisher of the paper. Within a few months, Lundgren was dismissed and Nelson became editor/publisher.

The last weekly issue was published on Dec. 31, 2003. Three months later, the Ripsaw returned to monthly status, this time as a full-color magazine edited by Tony Dierckins. It lasted 10 issues before reverting to newsprint for its final three issues, which were published every other month, ending in September 2005.

Spinoffs
Barrett Chase and Scott Lunt founded the website Perfect Duluth Day in 2003. Chase was a cartoonist and copy editor for the Ripsaw, and Lunt helped deliver the paper. Former Ripsaw Managing Editor Paul Lundgren became a part-owner of Perfect Duluth Day in 2009, as did freelance illustrator Brian Barber.

The Ripsaw's former "Web Jërk" and Assistant Art Director Adam Guggemos went on to found Duluth's weekly Transistor in 2004, which featured columns and comic strips by former Ripsaw contributors.

title: Ripsaw (newspaper)


text:
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title: User:ABCD/monobook.css


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User talk:Silver86

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 19:41, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

LainOS
Hi. I've put the article at User:Silver86/LainOS (complete with its history) and added a link to your userpage as you requested. Standard warnings with respect to use of deleted content apply: simply recreating in article space will see it speedily deleted; some people don't like the use of deleted material anyway; if you merge the info somewhere, you must retain the redirect in your userspace so that the article history is still available to satisfy the attribution requirements of the GFDL. Thanks. Splash talk 16:29, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Nomination of Choichirō Yatani for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Choichirō Yatani is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Choichirō Yatani until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ChrisGualtieri (talk) 02:24, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Silver86


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Irish Daily Star

The Irish Daily Star (formerly known simply as The Star) is a tabloid newspaper published in Ireland by Reach plc, which owns the British Daily Star.

The Irish Daily Star became known for its comprehensive in-depth coverage of and thorough focus on crime, often featuring sensational coverage. It also focuses heavily on celebrity matters, and has a large sports section. Between 2003 and 2011, a Sunday edition was published, as Irish Daily Star Sunday. Like its British tabloid counterpart, the Irish Daily Star has a red-top mast head.

History
First published on 29 February 1988, nominally the paper was the Irish version of the UK tabloid Daily Star. It did, however, contain more Irish content than any similar Irish editions of the UK national newspapers. The tabloid had strong nationalist leanings, claiming on its slogan to be "Better... because we're Irish".

The newspaper's offices were located in Terenure, Dublin 6W, until November 2010. They then relocated to Building 4 of the Dundrum Town Centre complex. The Star employs 70 staff directly. The controlling editor of the paper for many years was Gerard Colleran, who often appears on television programmes such as Tonight with Vincent Browne. Michael O'Kane took over from Colleran as editor of the Irish Daily Star on 25 November 2011. Colleran then became managing director of the tabloid.

In September 2018, Reach plc, publisher of the Mirror, acquired the 50% stake formally owned by Northern & Shell.

In April 2020, the editor Eoin Brannigan left the Irish Daily Star.

In July 2020, it was announced that Independent News & Media had reached an agreement to sell their 50% stake in Independent Star to Reach plc. The agreement is subject to competition authority approval and is expected to close in late 2020.

In November 2020, the acquisition of the 50% stake owned by Independent News & Media was approved by the regulator and the minister.

Content
While the Daily Star focuses almost exclusively on celebrity content, the Irish Star includes mostly coverage of Irish issues and sport.

In Northern Ireland, The Irish Star features a green masthead, in order to distinguish it from the UK version which is also sold there. It also differs from the Irish Daily Star in that it features more news about Northern Ireland.

Circulation
According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, Ireland, the average daily circulation of the Irish Daily Star:

Business
The 2011 accounts showed that The Irish Daily Star made a profit of €1.44 million for 2011, this was down 63% year-on-year. Revenue was down 20% year-on-year. The company shed 20 staff in 2011, bringing its employment to 118.

Staffing numbers were down to 110 in January 2013, with 80 of those posts full-time and 9 job cuts pending.

Staff numbers reduced to 50 by 31 December 2017.

Kate Middleton photographs and subsequent reorganisation (2012/2013)
The Irish Daily Star published controversial topless pictures of Kate Middleton on 15 September 2012. St James's Palace said there could be "no motivation for this action other than greed". Editor Michael O'Kane defended the publication, saying to the BBC: "I did this as a service to our readers, I'm a little taken aback by the reaction in the UK. It only seems to be an issue in the UK because she is your future queen. But from our point of view in Ireland, Kate Middleton is just another of the fantastic line of celebrities".

In response to the publication of the topless photographs of Kate Middleton, later that day Northern & Shell, the co-owner of the Irish Daily Star, announced it was "taking immediate steps to close down the joint venture".

On 17 September 2012, editor Michael O'Kane was suspended pending an investigation into the matter. The following day, it was reported that the "Northern & Shell company was indicating that the company's focus was on exiting the publishing joint venture" rather than closure specifically. It was subsequently reported, that the contract between Northern & Shell and Independent News & Media allows either one of them to give notice of an intention to withdraw and that lawyers from Northern & Shell were trying to extricate Desmond's company from the agreement.

On 24 November 2012, Michael O'Kane resigned as editor of the Irish Daily Star. The same day, The Telegraph reported that IN&M and N&S were working together "to secure the future of the newspaper" and that there was "no change to the status of the 25-year-old joint venture" but that there will be further changes, to be announced in the future, at the paper. The following day, The Sunday Times reported that the changes will be "rationalisation" in nature and would be announced over the coming weeks.

On 10 January 2013, the reorganisation was announced. IN&M assumed full executive responsibility for the Irish Daily Star. These included pay cuts for all staff, nine staff redundancies and cost cuts of overheads. The Irish Daily Star will relocate to Talbot Street in Dublin from its current offices in Dundrum. Gerry Lennon has been appointed managing director of the Irish Daily Star in addition to his existing role of managing director of the Sunday World.

The Irish Daily Star is also going to start sharing some functions with the Sunday World.

Editors

 * Eoin Brannigan (2017–2020)
 * Des Gibson (2014 – 2017)
 * Gerard Colleran (until 2011 and 2014)
 * Michael O'Kane (2011–2012)
 * Neil Leslie (2020 – present day)

Contributors
Authors such as Donn McCleann, Gary O'Brien and Derek Foley feature on the paper's websites.

title: Irish Daily Star


text:
McAlmont & Butler

McAlmont & Butler are an English rock/soul music duo, comprising singer David McAlmont and guitarist Bernard Butler.

History
Formed in 1994, David McAlmont and Bernard Butler had already experienced individual success: Butler as the guitarist in Suede, and McAlmont as a solo singer as well as part of the duo Thieves.

The duo was formed after Butler met McAlmont at the Jazz Café in Camden. He presented the singer with the beginnings of the song "Yes", which was then an instrumental. The single, released in May 1995, was described as "a conceptual masterpiece" and the production likened to that of Phil Spector. In support of "Yes", the duo appeared at London's Hanover Grand in May 1995 (supported by Edwyn Collins ) and on Later... With Jools Holland the following month. "Yes" reached number 8 in the UK Singles Chart, and its success encouraged the duo to write and record more material. The follow-up single, "You Do", was released in October 1995. The same month, McAlmont was interviewed by the NME – apparently intoxicated – in which he highlighted how his and Butler's working relationship had deteriorated and they had little communication, as well as accusing Butler of homophobia; he later retracted his comments and issued Butler an apology. In November, The Sound Of... McAlmont & Butler was released as a compilation of the group's recording sessions.

The duo split following the release of the album; the split has been attributed to either McAlmont's NME interview or that from the outset the duo planned to have a limited duration.

Reformations
After pursuing solo careers for several years, the duo reunited in 2002 and released Bring It Back and two singles – "Falling" and "Bring It Back". The group toured in promotion of the album.

Preparations for a third album were made, although negotiations with EMI Records fell through and the label dropped the band. Despite this, the song "Speed" – taken from the album sessions – was released by Rough Trade Records in 2006.

In 2014, Butler organised two special shows as McAlmont & Butler in aid of the Bobath Centre, a cerebral palsy treatment organisation. The performances were held at the Union Chapel and the Assembly Hall, both in Islington. The duo were supported by The Magic Numbers, and the shows received positive reviews; both The Guardian and the Evening Standard rating them four stars.

In November 2015, the group headlined a UK tour.

title: McAlmont & Butler


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National Bank of Romania

The National Bank of Romania (Banca Națională a României, BNR) is the central bank of Romania and was established in April 1880. Its headquarters are located in the capital city of Bucharest.

The National Bank of Romania is responsible for the issue of the Romanian leu and as such it sets the monetary policy, holds the currency reserves and manages the exchange rate.

History
The bank's first governor was Ion Câmpineanu. Eugeniu Carada is associated to the National Bank, as he was the founder of the bank and he was elected director of the bank, but he never accepted the role of Governor.

In 1916, in the wake of the Central Powers' invasion, the valuables of the National Bank of Romania, together with many other valuables (the Romanian Treasure) were sent to Moscow for safekeeping, but were never returned (except for the Pietroasele treasure - now on display at the National Museum of Romanian History, the numismatic collection of the National Bank, some paintings and archives).

On 28 July 1959, an armed group of six Jewish Romanian, members of the Romanian Communist Party apparatus (the Ioanid Gang: Alexandru Ioanid, Paul Ioanid, Igor Sevianu, Monica Sevianu, Sașa Mușat and Haralambie Obedeanu) were alleged to have stolen from an armored car of the National Bank of Romania 1,600,000 lei (about 250,000 U.S. dollars at 1959 prices). It was allegedly the most famous bank robbery in the Eastern bloc. Beyond accusations based on various ideological guidelines, no reasons for the alleged robbery, or for the Ioanid group to have perpetrated it, were ever given at the trial.

Although the persons on trial were accused of intending to donate the money to Zionist organizations that would send Romanian Jews to Israel, the stolen sum was in lei, which at the time could not be exchanged for hard currency anywhere in the world. All these aspects, together with the numerous cases of sentences based on false accusations, have led most persons to doubt that any robbery actually took place or that those charged with the crime committed it.

The Old BNR Palace

The head office of the National Bank of Romania with the view of Lipscani Street is one of the most imposing and massive bank edifices in Romania, nowadays a historic, art monument, and protected as such. It was erected on the former site of the inn built by Șerban Cantacuzino (1678–1688).

On 26 February 1882, architects Cassien Bernard and Albert Galleron were assigned the task to blueprint the BNR Palace. The construction of the building in the eclectic style of the late 19th century, with some neo-classical elements, proceeded between 12 July 1884 (when the foundation stone was laid) and June 1890 under the direction of the architect engineer Nicolae Cerchez assisted by architect E. Băicoianu.

The New BNR Palace
With the façade on Doamnei Street, the new wing of the BNR Palace was built during World War II, after having laid the foundation stone back in 1937.

The construction works carried on between 1942-44 under the direction of architect Ion Davidescu assisted by two other architects, Radu Dudescu and N. Crețoiu.

The building is emblematic of the neo-classical style with rationalist influences that prevailed in the interwar period. It impresses by the monumental granite stairs, the huge Corinthian columns forming the façade, and the large, white marble-coated halls inside the building.

Responsibilities
The main tasks of the National Bank of Romania are the following:

 * to define and implement the monetary policy and the exchange rate policy;
 * to conduct the authorisation, regulation and prudential supervision of credit institutions and to promote and oversee the smooth operation of the payment systems with a view to ensuring financial stability;
 * to issue banknotes and coins as legal tender on the territory of Romania;
 * to set the exchange rate regime and to supervise its observance;
 * to manage the official reserves of Romania.

title: National Bank of Romania


text:
Crevillent

Crevillent (Crevillente) is a town and municipality located in the Alicante province, part of the Valencian Community, Spain. It is situated in the comarca of Baix Vinalopó, and lies at the foot of the hill range known locally as Serra de Crevillent. , it has a total population of 28,609 inhabitants.

The terrain is dry, and its main vegetation is composed by carob trees, almond trees, olive trees and esparto. Crevillent is a major producer and exporter of carpets and pomegranates.

The town was probably settled by Romans. In 1263, during the period known as Reconquista, James I of Aragon captured the city from the Moors and became a part of the Kingdom of Valencia.

The most important tourist places of the city is a museum with works of Mariano Benlliure, a Valencian sculptor. Also remarkable is its Moors and Christians festival.

Many of the agricultural areas, particularly El Realengo, contain ruins of prisons, ovens and torture houses used during Francisco Franco's reign and the Spanish Civil War in the early 1900s.

People

 * Francisco Mas Magro, Doctor and candidate for the Nobel Prize in 1953
 * Cristian López, footballer born 1989
 * Juanfran, football player
 * Manolo Galván, songwriter

title: Crevillent


text:
Talk:Code duello

Is the term "pugilism" really necessary here? I might be ignorant, but to me it is not synonymous with boxing; it is a sport involving padded sticks, a la American Gladiators or the military bayonet training. ThePedanticPrick 19:44, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

During the Renaissance?
Cheaters would be shot, usually out of hand.

Personal pistols didn't come into wide use in Europe until the Renaissance ended. The flintlock mechanism didn't even exist until the mid-1600s. I think this statement was just thrown in to stroke someone's ego. Someone who didn't bother to wonder if their claim was grossly anachronistic. --75.58.66.29 06:33, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Problems with Irish Code Duello illustration
I have removed the illustration.

The problem is not one of fair use or copyright; the illustration in question was lifted directly from Down the river: or, Practical lessons under the code duello, by George W. Hooper. That book was published in 1874, and is obviously now public domain.

The problem is that the book is comes from is not a dispassionate, carefully researched work on duelling. Rather, it's a satire. The illustrations were clearly not intended to be accurate depictions of real events; instead they, like the text, are intended for humor. Among the other illustrations are:

1) a pompous man who has slipped on the wet ground and is sliding on his ass down a mudbank;

2) a chronic drinker rescued from near-drowning after falling overboard from a ship (even though unconscious, he still clutches his bottle in one hand); and

3) a group of men, parties to a duel, utterly perplexed and staring at a paper lying on the ground. The men are so caught up in the ritualist minutiae surrounding "affairs of honor" that, when a formal written statement is passed from the representatives of one side to the other side's representatives, and the paper is accidentally dropped as it's passed between hands, the men can only ponder -- under Code Duello, whose responsibility is it to pick it up off the floor?

As for the illustration in question, it's presented in the Wikipedia article without the caption that accompanied it in Hooper's book -- "it is the most beautiful ceremonty I ever witnessed." Kinda gives it a whole new meaning, doesn't it.

Furthermore, the image, even apart from the caption and the context of Hooper's book, is simply not credible as a depiction of a real event. The offender's pose is reminiscent of a penitent in church, and he seems far too calm for a man who is about to have the flesh flayed from his back. For that matter, everyone seems far too calm.

In short, these are not accurate depictions, were never intended to be regarded as accurate depictions, and should not be regarded as such. Using this illustration to depict a Code Duello apology is no different than taking the cartoon on the cover of "The New Yorker" magazine's July 21, 2008 issue (Obamas in terrorist garb), then using it, divorced from that context and without any explanation, as a generic depiction of Barack and Michelle Obama.

For those wishing to verify any of this, Hooper's book is online at

http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=APF7327

... and the illustration is question is on page 54B. (On a side note, it's a pretty funny book, if you can get past the 19th-century purple prose, and if you're interested in duelling, code duello, etc.) Unguts (talk) 22:44, 28 April 2009 (UTC)Unguts, 4-28-09

Worthiness?
A concept I have read about, but have no knowledge of, is worthiness to duel. If someone was far beneath you in station, you were not obligated to acknowledge their accusation. I've seen references to sending a couple of ruffians over to beat the man who accused a higher person of dishonesty (the poor being essentially without honor or worthy only of contempt). Can anyone document whether this is true or not? 155.213.224.59 (talk) 18:33, 19 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Code duello


text:
Talk:Salmonella

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2019 and 21 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nathalie.solorzano. Peer reviewers: Tythomas13.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 September 2019 and 13 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Vuej2093.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Huge overlap between Salmonella page and Salmonellosis page
This appears to be a pretty big issue - I think in future it would be good to move all info on symptoms and cases of outbreaks to the salmonellosis page and have this page reflect the lifestyle of the bacteria more. Information on the molecular mechanisms of infection may be better suited to this page, with a link on the salmonellosis page to this one for those who are interested. Currently it seems as though much of the content on the two pages is a cut-and-paste between the two.

(input welcome on these points) Maonao (talk) 03:53, 11 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree. Please start the process if you can.  There's lots of material here that should be moved to the Salmonellosis article.  Molecular mechanisms of infection can be detailed here but may need to be presented briefly in the Salmonellosis article since many infectious disease articles have a "Mechanism" or "Pathophysiology" section.  CatPath (talk) 16:10, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

Good article on Salmonella to link
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/dfbmd/disease_listing/salmonellosis_gi.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.204.106.25 (talk) 11:02, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Species
I've been doing research on Salmonella recently and our section here in outdated. I'm editing so that it follows Dr. Janda's The Enterobacteria (2005). Jhay116 (talk) 15:03, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Salmonella in eggs
Could someone comment on how Salmonella became present in eggs only in the 20th century? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.8.232.59 (talk • contribs) 19:47, 4 December 2004 (UTC)

... and how to treat it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.231.189.80 (talk • contribs) 22:33, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

 * See Salmonellosis —QuicksilverT @ 19:47, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

 * No, when you find out, could you add your findings (and the sources) to this page? Thank you. JFW | T@lk  10:28, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * As I recall, somebody made the discovery that chickens grow larger if fed lots of antibiotics. This had the unfortunate effect that some strains of salmonella became resistant, and these more harmful strains became endemic.

 * Ironically, food poisoning from salmonella is due to modern food preparation methods. It used to be that most people were resistant to salmonella, especially those living in poverty — less sanitary preparation results in more bacteria being ingested. The human immune system is well equipped to deal with regular infection by a particular organism, but now that salmonella is rarely found in food, it causes severe reactions when encountered. Undercooked chicken and eggs are not harmful if eaten regularly. --[[User:Eequor| ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ]]] 07:02, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually (according to some Dietary groups, like primal diet group) it seem that salmonella grows especially in food AFTER it has been cooked and then left for the night, and not eaten straight away. So it might be that more and more people changed their habits in the 20th century. For example in Italy people use to eat raw eggs often, just drinking them. That had a special expression, it was called "sucking eggs". The current generation do it very very rarely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.138.135.18 (talk • contribs) 16:50, 1 February 2005 (UTC)

 * I added the bit on Reiter's syndrome, I thought it would be potentially important information here. Reiter's syndrome mentions salmonella, as does its external link.  I heard about Reiter's syndrome as a consequence of salmonella last night on Discovery Health Channel (I think). --AshyRaccoon 21:13, Apr 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * I came to this page looking for info about the consequences of a salmonella infection, and to find out which places in the world you can safely, say, eat raw eggs... More non-med info would be nice! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.211.195.217 (talk • contribs) 20:16, 28 November 2006(UTC)

Gram-negative
Whoever keeps reverting my edits on 'gram-negative'... Please do not just revert the edit but tell us why being Gram-negative is important! If it is not an indication that the bug will cause illness, what is the significance? Tell me why I need to know that it is "Gram-negative"!

We need to edit these articles so that they can be understood by someone who does not have two years in med school already. —Preceding unsigned comment added by KeyStroke (talk • contribs) 16:09, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Gram staining is the primary classification used in microbiology. It literally describes the result of a particular staining procedure, but the implications explain two intrinsic physiologically lineages within eubacteria.
 * By stating that salmonella are gram negative we are summarrizing that it has a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane, a periplasmic space, a thin peptidoglycan layer and an inner membrane. Gram postive prokaryotes have only one membrane and a very thick peptidoglycan cell wall. Gram negatives also have intrinsic resistance to much older forms of antibiotics like the original pennicillins.
 * Neither gram type of bacteria is more inclined to cause illness than the other. Virulent gram positives include: Bacillus anthracis(Anthrax), Staphylococcus aureus(maybe the deadliest), Steptococcus sp., and all the Clostridia(Botulism, Tetanus, and C. difficile), etc. Gram negative virulent bacteria include: E.coli(the bad kind not the normal kind), Yersinia pestis(The Bubonic plague), Salmonella sp., Vibrio cholerae(Cholera, and the fastest swimming bacteria!), etc.
 * Every bacteria page states the gram type just like every politician page states their party. There is great importance to being gram negative or not, but the salmonella page is not the one to try and tackle the issues. Contact me to discuss further.... Adenosine | Talk 08:26, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

 * but was the one that started this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.49.245.12 (talk • contribs) 02:03, 16 February 2007(UTC)

 * Also, consider this: Yes these articles need to be understandable by people who (like me) have not gone to med school. But that's why "Gram-negative" is a link to a page telling us what it means. –MiguelMunoz (talk) 09:53, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

Out of curiosity, what's the origin of the name?
Why is it called Salmonella? does it have anything to do with salmons? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Arthurian Legend (talk • contribs) 05:03, 6 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Information on the main article page sows that the genus salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist, although it was his subordinate Theobald Smith (better known for his work on anaphylaxis) who first discovered the bacterium in 1885 from pigs.
 * See: Salmonella and Daniel Elmer Salmon  -- User:Micjohn

 * I still think the person who actually discovered salmonella can be disputed. Some sources, like the USDA link on the article page, say Salmon discovered it while others say Smith discovered it.  I don't think there can be one concrete answer for the discovery of salmonella. THE evil fluffyface (talk) 19:42, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, I think the most logical explanation for the name would have to be Daniel's surname. It has nothing to do with salmons... unless you mean eating raw fish and then getting salmonella off it. I highly doubt that would be why they call it what they do.  Lady  ★  Galaxy  03:06, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Per the FDA's CFSAN (Food Safety Network) page:
 * "In the late 1800s, Dr. Theobald Smith, a researcher under Dr. Daniel E. Salmon in the USDA's Bureau of Animal Industry, was the first American to identify Salmonella as a separate strain or genus. Although Smith actually identified the bacteria, Salmon's name as administrator was listed first on the research paper, so the new bacterium was named for Salmon."
 * -- MarcoTolo (talk) 20:29, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

I`m not sure if it's vandalism, but the latest edits have added the following phrase to the article

"Salmonella is properly pronounced voicing the initial "l," since it is named for pathologist D.E. Salmon, and originated from the salmon fish, just as Swine Flu comes from pigs."

that just sounds wrong 67.55.11.193 (talk) 06:02, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

 * It is wrong, and was vandalism or ignorance. The bacterium has nothing to do with the fish. Which is the point, since it's not pronounced like the fish. S  B Harris 06:11, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

 * and then so but why is silencing the initial L necessarily incorrect? Is there an orthodox way of pronouncing the surname that requires all consonants to be pronounced? Is this akin to the custom of pronouncing the surname "Christ" with the vowel sound in "bit" instead of "bite"?Trueno Peinado (talk) 00:58, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

It is lacking
This should have the symptoms listed in the article.Philippe Auguste (talk) 03:57, 7 December 2007 (UTC)
 * There's a link to salmonellosis, which has a discussion of the symptoms. --Joelmills (talk) 04:10, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Groups...
It seems that there are a couple of different nomenclatures out there for naming/grouping salmonella. I read through and  find myself less enlighted than I had hoped 'cause it doesn't explain the "Groups".

The article Full Text PDFFull Text HTML talks about Salmonella typhi and Salmonella Group A, Salmonella Group B, Salmonella Group C, Salmonella Group D. Also, since S. paratyphi is thought to cause enteric fever (aka typhoid fever)... I'm wondering where that fits in. Aside from that... I'm wondering where the evidence is on treating salmonellosis. eMedicine seems to suggest you Tx 'em all. A book I have (Toronto Notes) suggest you treat all the S. typhi. Any one out there that can explain this? Nephron T|C 03:50, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I have updated the Salmonella page to include the division of the genus into typhoidal and non-typhoidal forms. There is another group that is sometimes (rarely, as far as I can tell) referred to, which is the group that causes bacteremia. I only saw this reference in one paper that I've read so far, so I left it out. If we were to include it, then S. Choleraesuis and S Dublin were mentioned in the paper as the only two serovars that cause it, but you may be able to include the iNTS serovars in this category as well. Then it becomes an issue of whether you count ones that cause enteric disease in most people, and bacteremia in those who are immunocompromised. Maonao (talk) 03:41, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Okay, so why does the top of the page say there are two types of salmonella: S. bongori and S. enterica, but later in the article, it identifies Salmonella Typhi. Why isn't that mentioned at the top of the article? –MiguelMunoz (talk) 09:51, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

News
Wall Street Journal reports "Swiss researchers recently showed how salmonella bacteria produce a subset of "kamikaze" fighters. Making up about 15% of the total salmonella population, these suicide salmonella secrete a chemical flag that tricks the immune system into killing them and, more important, virtually all of the benign bacteria around them. Freed from the competition of the body's benign gut bacteria, the majority of salmonella bacteria can move in and cause disease." May be worth a mention (if true). Rod57 (talk) 23:57, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Would be good if someone could find a link to scientific literature that addresses this. Maonao (talk) 03:44, 11 April 2014 (UTC)
 * 2008 article is . Artoria2e5 🌉 09:59, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Lifespan — general
Can someone tell me how long it takes the germ to die? How long should you wait to use something you can't disinfect but that you might have touched while working with raw chicken? Also, I'd like to see a wide range of info left in. The stuff at the top is the clear basic intro, but who knows what other people may be looking for. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dnrsewell (talk • contribs) 21:26, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

I deleted the following sentence. It seemed like vandalism since it was ostensibly complete nonsense, and there was no citation for me to check so that I could correct it. "Salmonella die extremely slowly in acid media, and common disinfectants destroy them within a few millennia." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.186.185.248 (talk) 13:30, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * See Salmonellosis —QuicksilverT @ 19:47, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Lifespan on surfaces
This article mentions sanitizing food contact surfaces. It would be helpful to also mention how long Salmonella can live on a surface. — Epastore (talk) 00:24, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

History
I don't know why, but about a month ago the brief history of this article was removed by an anonymous IP in a war of vandalism. Although the vandalism was restored, I'm not sure why the background information never was. So I brought it back. Mr. Salmon still has his own article on here, and it's short enough as it is... so I don't think this will hurt.  Lady  ★  Galaxy  03:07, 26 October 2008 (UTC)

Although adequate cooking kills the salmonella bacteria, the poison produced by the living bacterium will remain!
Although adequate cooking kills the salmonella bacteria, the poison produced by the living bacterium will remain! This can be important to those who may need to know if they can safely re-cook older meat and then either feed it to their pets or else feed it to humans! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.111.108.173 (talk) 18:33, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Poison from a biological source is called a "toxin". — QuicksilverT @ 12:19, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

German expansion completed
87.158.155.97 (talk) 10:15, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Note: Since it went into far more technical detail than all the other sections, I highly summarized the German section on "Nomenclature" to keep the entire article in balance. Does anyone think this entire section should be translated anyway? 87.158.155.97 (talk) 10:40, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Citation removed
The following link was stuck in the references section "http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2010-03-11-foodrecall11_ST_N.htm", but it wasn't actually cited inline so it ended up creating a reflist error. Perhaps someone meant to use this in support of a point and didn't know where to put it? Matt Deres (talk) 21:09, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Sources of Infection
Don't animals such as snails carry the disease too? --TangoFett (talk) 11:03, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Enteritis Salmonella and food poisoning
Translated some from the French page 153.19.230.254 (talk) 21:35, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

Unclear wording under "DEATH" section removed
I removed the phrase "but the rate of egg yolk contamination is theoretically unlikely" since that doesn't make any sense as written. There seems to be a missing word, such as "a [high] rate...is theoretically unlikely". However, I can't find anything in the sources cited that states this. I'd be happy to re-insert this phrase if clarification is provided. 98.122.100.101 (talk) 20:19, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I moved the stuff in the Death section about eggs to the sources of infection section. Maonao (talk) 03:47, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

Citation for rate(s) in Germany?
The article states "It is estimated that every fifth person in Germany is a carrier of Salmonella."—is this really true? It doesn't seem possible, I think a citation is needed. Also perhaps a quick explanation why this is the case? Historian932 (talk) 15:28, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

Translation tag
...er, just out of curiosity, why does this have a "finish translating from the Dutch Wikipedia article"? The Dutch equivalent is rather shorter than the English language one. Queenmomcat (talk) 01:34, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks like until 78.27.33.6 edited it in October 2010 that hatnote linked to the French article (possible vandalism?). I reverted it. It does look like there's some unique content in the French version, but none of it seems to be cited. —Mu Mind (talk) 04:26, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

Anti-Salmonella food prep
Since public awareness of the danger of Salmonella in eggs became an issue in the '80s, people have been afraid of eating things like Caesar salads, for example, made with raw eggs, or home prepared mayonnaise. At the time, many food scientists and biologists stated that the acidity in those foods, from lemon juice or vinegar, was enough to kill or denature or something (I've forgotten the details) the Salmonella. In Caesar dressing, mayonnaise and Hollandaise (there are probably many more), the egg yolks are combined with lemon juice or vinegar before the oil portion of the ingredients is added.

Taken logically, it's ridiculous to think that yesterday a Caesar salad was okay, but today, when you now know about Salmonella in eggs, it's a deadly dish, but that was the general reaction. In spite of that, or because of it, it would be good to give some real world examples of what's safe and what's not in food prep, at least with eggs, since they seem to be the focus, e.g., 1 tsp. of lemon juice to 1 egg yolk -- I made that up, but something like that. I can try to find some refs on this online, but I don't know how successful I'll be. Huh. Well I did find an article. Here's the link, and it tells how to make egg yolks safe for home use in dressings and sauces that aren't cooked. I'm not sure of the date, but here's the full info on title, author etc:

 * O. Peter Snyder, Jr., Ph.D.

 * Hospitality Institute of Technology and Management

 * 670 Transfer Road, Suite 21A

 * St. Paul, Minnesota 55114 USA

If anyone else is knowledgeable on this aspect of Salmonella, I'd like to see some kind of common sense section here. I realize this is a culinary issue, but it's directly related, and this article is probably where people are going to start looking for this kind of info. It won't change things for those who are in panic mode, but it might give the rest of us the comfort of some safe guidelines in feeding ourselves and our families. I mean, I spent years eating Caesar salads, good ones, without ill effects, but now I'm a little about it without some kind of guidelines to reassure me. Really, it would be a public service. Zlama (talk) 23:24, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The new link is at https://web.archive.org/web/20130402063411/http://www.hi-tm.com/Documents/Mayonnaise.pdf. This doesn't look like MEDRS, but it might not need to, considering it's food stuff already set up for HACCP. It starts with FDA requirements for acidity but puts pasteurization on top. Pretty cool. Artoria2e5 🌉 10:05, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Salmonella subterranean
Information about a recently discovered species of Salmonella, Salmonella subterranean, should be added under the Salmonella Nomenclature section. It was discovered in 2005 and now brings the total number of species of Salmonella to 3. For those interested, Su L. H. & Chiu C. H. (2007). Salmonella: Clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature. Chang Gung Med J 30, 210-219. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MicrobeLady (talk • contribs) 19:37, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Unsourced stat may reflect out-dated info
This sentence: "According to the World Health Organization, over 16 million people worldwide are infected with typhoid fever each year, with 500,000 to 600,000 fatal cases." in the "Enteritis Salmonellosis or Food Poisoning Salmonella" section is unsourced. It probably referred to an out-of-date source, since this source (http://www.globalhydration.com/resources/waterbone-disease#typhoid) states: "Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 21.5 million persons each year", meaning that the global stat of 16 million annually is less than the 21.5 million cases in the developing world alone annually. This conflict of data should be reconciled. $cammer (talk) 04:04, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

Any immunity after first infection?
I haven't heard much about this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.84.95.229 (talk) 05:35, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

What about Host Adaptation?
I think that this article could use a section devoted to research concerning the evolution of Salmonella and its serotypes in the case of host adaptation. There are several different ways to talk about host adaptation in Salmonella: through genetic sequencing and the study of mutations in pseudogenes, through multiple horizontal gene transfers, and even through an O-antigen polymorphism. See (http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/10/1624.full.pdf+html), (http://iai.asm.org/content/70/5/2249.short), and (http://iai.asm.org/content/66/10/4579.full.pdf+html) Benson.334 (talk) 02:28, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Review
About invasive Salmonella species 10.1128/CMR.00002-15 JFW | T@lk  14:20, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 21:22, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Add desciption to image?
Could someone with the knowledge add a description to the image? How many general audience readers know what they are looking at? - I don't. (It's a beautiful photo, BTW.) Specifically, what technique was used to create the image? What tissue are the bacteria embedded in? Something like "3D scanning electron microscope image of Salmonella, stained violet, from lymph node biopsy" I just made all that up - it's a suggestion for the format, not the facts. Regards IiKkEe (talk) 13:50, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

I figured it out. IiKkEe (talk) 16:57, 19 September 2017 (UTC)

Lead changes
I have completed a Lead revision, reorganization, and expansion using only material from the Body of the article, hopefully to better summarize the contents of the Body, since many general readers stop after reading the Lead. The goals were readability, conciseness, relevance, accuracy and clarity.

The biggest expansion was in summarizing the diseases caused by Salmonella - I realize there are separate articles on this, and I have tried to hit only the highlights here: 3 short sentences expanded to 7 long sentences. Regards IiKkEe (talk) 16:20, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

New emerging Salmonella strain in Sub-Saharan Africa
There's a new emerging Salmonella strain in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with increased ESBL production and antibiotic resistance. This particular strain only causes bloodstream infections in different SSA communities and acquires a virulence plasmid. I think it is good to update this piece of information. Here is the link to the article: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11844-z. --Ntam97 (talk) 02:21, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salmonella


text:
File:Fischer projection example.png

Fischer projection example.

The image was drawn using BKchem, Sodipodi and GIMP by user Mykhal.

title: File:Fischer projection example.png


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Calgary Zoo

The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo is located in Bridgeland, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, just east of the city's downtown and adjacent to the Inglewood and East Village neighborhoods. It is accessible via Calgary's C-Train light rail system, by car via Memorial Drive, and by bicycle and footpath via the Bow River pathway. A large portion of the zoo is located on St. George's Island in the Bow River.

The zoo is operated by the Calgary Zoological Society, an independent not-for-profit organization that is Alberta's oldest registered charity. The AZA-, WAZA-, and CAZA-accredited zoo was among the first in Canada to be accredited by all three associations. It is home to over 1,000 animals, excluding individual fish and insects, and 272 different species. The 120-acre zoo is organized by seven distinct zones: Destination Africa, Canadian Wilds, Penguin Plunge, Dorothy Harvie Botanical Gardens and ENMAX Conservatory, TransAlta Rainforest, Eurasia, and Prehistoric Park. The zoo is open every day except for Christmas Day.

The zoo has also received international recognition as one of the top zoos in the world for conservation research. In 2013, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums said "the Calgary Zoo sets itself apart as one of the top zoos in the world." In 2015 the zoo was named one of the top three most respected organizations in Alberta and one of Alberta's 10 most beloved brands.

History
St. George's Island was Calgary's first park, used by the community for picnics, relaxing, and socializing. The first collection of animals appeared on the island in 1917. The Calgary Zoological Society was established on 9 January 1929.

Several animals died during floods in June 1929 when St. George's Island was swamped.

Destination Africa opened in 2003 to include two new facilities The TransAlta Rain Forest and the African Savannah. The zoo opened Penguin Plunge, an Arctic/Antarctic penguin addition in 2012.

In April 2013, the Calgary Zoo announced a master plan for rebuilding the zoo over 20 years. The initial focus on the master plan was preparing for the arrival of two giant pandas in 2018 for a five-year stay.

The Calgary Zoo Foundation rebranded itself as the Wilder Institute and instituted the new joint Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo branding in 2021.

2013 flooding
The Calgary area suffered extensive flooding in June 2013 resulting in over $50 million in damage to the island section of the Calgary Zoo and parts of its Canadian Wild zone (see 2013 Alberta floods). In a 12-hour period, with flood waters rising, zoo staff managed to move 140 animals to higher ground. In the end, the only animals lost were a number of fish, two peacocks, and a pot-bellied pig. The zoo was closed for most of July 2013; the northern 60 acres of the zoo reopened to the public for August through November. The zoo fully reopened in November 2013 with new animals, exhibits, and features unveiled in 2014, including mandrills and Komodo dragons.

Overview
The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo has many different exhibits in its 92 acres of land.

Destination Africa
Opened in 2003, the Destination Africa project was among the zoo's most ambitious expansions. The complex of four buildings includes the TransAlta Rainforest and the African Savannah. The TransAlta Rainforest occupies 2,900 square metres (31,000 square feet) and features a collection of African rainforest flora and fauna. The African Savannah building is home to hippos, Masai giraffes, red river hogs, and a baobab tree. A 340,000-litre (80,000-gallon) indoor pool for hippos offers view of the creatures underwater.

In the warmer months, the doors lift to connect the building with the rest of the Savannah exhibit, home to Hartmann's mountain zebras, grey crowned cranes and ostriches. Many other animals of the grasslands, including African lions, also reside in the Savannah exhibit. In the TransAlta Rainforest, there are primates such as western lowland gorillas, eastern black-and-white colobus, and mandrills, and a number of reptiles including leopard tortoises,  Malagasy tree boas, a panther chameleon and a pair of dwarf crocodiles, as well as an aviary containing various species of African birds.

Land Of Lemurs
In 2017, the Land of Lemurs was opened to the public, with 3 different species of lemurs residing within; the black-and-white ruffed lemur, the ring-tailed lemur, and the red-fronted lemur.

Canadian Wilds
The Canadian Wilds were built in the 1990s to house the majority of zoo's collection of North American birds and mammals. The area includes outdoor enclosures in three zones: the Aspen Woodlands, the Northern Forest, and the Rocky Mountains. Animals in the enclosures include dall sheep, river otters, caribou, bighorn sheep, mountain goats, grizzly bears, polar bears, muskoxen, moose, whooping cranes, black bears, cougars, wood bison, and grey wolves.

Rocky Mountain Bird Aviary
This aviary includes a barred owl, golden eagle, great grey owl, bald eagle, snowy owl, and rough-legged hawk.

Dorothy Harvie Botanical Gardens and ENMAX Conservatory
The outdoor gardens are among the zoo's most popular attractions and include the Dorothy Harvie Gardens. The zoo's sheltered location supports many marginally hardy plant species. The conservatory comprises the indoor component of the zoo's gardens. It includes a number of "themed" areas such as the tropical garden, the rainforest, the arid garden, and the butterfly garden. A number of animals including birds and invertebrates are housed in the conservatory. The ENMAX Conservatory was completely renovated in 2009 and features an increased emphasis on teaching visitors the importance of plants and improving energy efficiency. The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo achieved LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Gold in energy conservation and responsible building practices, the first facility of its kind to achieve this level of certification.

Exploration Asia (Formerly Eurasia)
The western portion of St. George's Island is dedicated to Eurasian animals. Animals in this area include Amur tigers, snow leopards, Pallas's cats, Japanese macaques, red pandas, Japanese serows, Bactrian camels, and Komodo dragons. This section was also home to four giant pandas which debuted in early May 2018. The giant pandas were on loan from the Chengdu Research Base in Chengdu, Sichaun, China. Panda Passage featured adult male Da Mao, cubs Jia Yueyue and Jia Panpan as well as their mother Er Shun. Since then, the pandas have been returned to China because of bamboo supply chain issues arising from CoVID-19. Formerly residing in the Panda's habitat area was a herd of Asian elephants (relocated to the Smithsonian National Zoo) and later a male Indian rhinoceros named Sabari (now residing in Safari Niagara, Ontario). The area known as Panda Passage has since been renamed to Gateway to Asia and has seen the addition of a Malayan tapir and 2 white-handed gibbons.

Prehistoric Park
The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo's six-acre Prehistoric Park features life-sized dinosaurs in their re-created geographical environment, including replicas of an inland sea and volcanic mountain, and more than 100 species of living plants. Dinosaurs include Albertosaurus, Allosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Apatosaurus, Baryonyx, Centrosaurus, Corythosaurus, Deinonychus, Dilophosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Elasmosaurus, Euoplocephalus, Iguanodon, Metriacanthosaurus, Nothosaurus, Omeisaurus, Pachyrhinosaurus, Parasaurolophus, Protoceratops, Pteranodon, Pterosaur, Stegosaurus, Struthiomimus, Styracosaurus, Tanystropheus, Triceratops, Tylosaurus, Tyrannosaurus rex, and Yangchuanosaurus.

Penguin Plunge
Penguin Plunge and a renovated gift shop were opened in the spring of 2012 and is located at the entrance of the Zoo. The exhibit includes king penguins, Humboldt penguins, gentoo penguins, and rockhopper penguins. Penguin Plunge consists of two main areas, an indoor climate-controlled habitat and an outdoor open-air habitat. In summer, the outdoor exhibit holds the warm-weather South American Humboldt penguins which are housed inside during the winter. On winter days when the temperature is between +5 °C and -25 °C without wind above 20 km/h, the king penguins go on scheduled walks for exercise and enrichment.

Other/Former Animals
The zoo contains a flock of Chilean flamingos next to the enclosure containing both a herd of alpacas and greater rheas. Indian peafowl are allowed to venture around openly and freely across the zoo grounds, and are taken to an off-site facility for the winter months.

Prior to the 2013 flooding, the zoo also had an area section dedicated to South American animals such as giant anteaters, red-bellied piranhas and various New World monkeys, as well as a number of birds including several species of macaw and two Andean condors. There also used to be an Australian animal portion, notorious for the Creatures of the Night exhibit, mostly consisting of various nocturnal animals such as bats. Also present were a number of kangaroos, emus, monitor lizards, and for a brief temporary time, koalas.

Conservation
One third of the zoo's 130 species are cared for within Species Survival Plans, a global initiative to protect at-risk genetic diversity. Twenty-nine species at the zoo are in danger of extinction. Other species are considered "ambassadors" for endangered species. The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo uses a team of educators including animal keepers, interpreters, teachers, and volunteers to increase awareness among visitors about the beauty of nature and threats to wildlife. Each year the zoo's formal programs connect directly with more than 575,000 adults and children.

The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo is home to a team of biologists who have earned international recognition as North America's leaders in the science of species recovery and reintroduction. The science journal Nature rates the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo as one of the top five zoos in the world for conservation research, alongside New York, San Diego, Frankfurt, and London. In June 2012, the head of the Calgary Zoo's Centre for Conservation Research, Dr. Axel Moehrenschlager, was awarded the Canadian Wildlife Federation's Roland Michener Conservation Award which recognizes individuals who have shown a commitment to "promote, enhance, and further the conservation of Canada's natural resources". Dr. Moehrenschlager is chair of the Reintroduction Specialist Group within the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the world's largest conservation network. He is the first North American to hold this position.

The zoo focused on saving eight highly endangered Western Canada species: whooping crane, Vancouver Island marmot, swift fox, black-footed ferret, black-tailed prairie dog, burrowing owl, northern leopard frog and greater sage grouse. It also works on conservation projects around the world, including:
 * Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary, Ghana
 * Snow leopards in Central Asia, and
 * Gorillas in the Democratic Republic of Congo

In 2008, the zoo's Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary project, a collaboration involving 17 Ghana villages, was awarded the United Nations Equator Prize as one of the world's top 25 conservation initiatives. It has become a model for community-based conservation throughout Africa.

Notable animal births
In March 2012, Amur tiger Katja gave birth to three Amur tiger cubs at the zoo. The species is so highly endangered (there are an estimated 350 individuals worldwide), the births represented a 1% jump in the global population. In 2014, it became necessary to separate Vasili and Samkha, the two male tiger cubs, now almost full grown, from sister Kira and mom Katja (12 years old). Based on the Species Survival Plan recommendation, which manages genetics for future breeding, they were moved to Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg. In May 2018 Vasili was moved to Toronto Zoo in Toronto.

In early 2016, a western lowland gorilla infant was born to Kioja. Named Kimani, she was underweight at birth, but quickly recovered and is currently in perfect health.

In August 2016 a king penguin chick named Edward hatched, born to mother Grace. The following year another king penguin chick hatched and was named Cleopatra to follow a theme of royal names.

In May 2017 a Przewalski's horse foal was born at the Calgary Zoo's Wildlife Conservation Centre. While not visible to the public, this is an important addition to the genetic diversity of the endangered wild horse.

In June 2018 a bactrian camel calf was born to Eva. He was later named Gobi.

Events
Zoolights is a Christmas lights festival held annually at the Zoo. It closes only on Christmas Day. The month-long, animal-themed show features more than one million lights and is the largest seasonal light show in western Canada.
 * Zoolights

Incidents
Following a series of high-profile incidents in 2008 and 2009, some commentators criticized the zoo's conduct and operations.

Past incidents cited included:
 * In January 2009, a two-year-old male Turkmenian markhor died after becoming entangled in an exhibit's play toy.
 * In 2009, a knife was accidentally left in the western lowland gorilla enclosure.
 * In September 2010, Calgary Zoo staff announced the overnight death of a second tiger cub born earlier in the week to a Siberian tiger. Zookeepers were not aware that Katja, the 10-year-old mother, was expecting, saying it is hard to detect pregnancy in tigers. Katja did not nurse her young. Zoo staff noticed her carrying the first kitten in her mouth, which is likely how it died. The zoo's veterinary team says both Siberian tiger cubs suffered similar head trauma.
 * On 5 December 2009, an 18-month-old female capybara died after being crushed by a hydraulic door. A worker did not follow a long-standing procedure in operating the door.

The zoo's director said all the incidents are unrelated. An independent review was solicited by the zoo in December 2009 and was conducted by the Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The report, released in 2010, spotlighted systemic problems. In response, the zoo developed a 36-point plan that included improving animal care procedures and collection planning, addressing staffing issues like training and structure, enhancing security systems and safety drills, and upgrading aging zoo infrastructure. Later that year, the zoo hired noted animal welfare specialist, Dr. Jake Veasey, who has since instituted major changes and spearheaded new investment in animal facilities.

Additional incidents and animal deaths also include:

 * In October 2011, a zookeeper resigns following the death of a corn snake, as the keeper had left it unattended near a heat source.
 * In September 2014, a problem with an ozone sensor in the hippopotamus pool is blamed for the deaths of 85 tilapia.
 * In February 2016, an otter drowned after becoming tangled in pants given to it by a zookeeper.
 * In December 2016, seven Humboldt penguins died, drowning in a holding pool.
 * In May 2023, a Masai Giraffe has died of a broken neck after getting its ossicone caught in a cable around their enclosure.

title: Calgary Zoo


text:
Darkane

Darkane is a Swedish metal band that originated in Helsingborg in 1998. Their music contains ample thrash elements interspersed with acoustic interludes and symphonic features, such as the in-studio use of synthesizers and occasionally full orchestras and choir singing. The name "Darkane" is a portmanteau of the words "dark" and "arcane".

Formation and Rusted Angel (1998–2000)
Darkane was formed by former Agretator guitarist Christofer Malmström and drummer Peter Wildoer, who recorded a 2-song demo in 1998. On the strength of these two songs, Darkane landed a record deal with War Music, and the band's lineup was completed by bassist Jörgen Löfberg, guitarist Klas Ideberg, and vocalist Bjorn "Speed" Strid. However, as vocalist of the already-established Soilwork, Speed was unable to continue dividing his time, and decided to leave Darkane. After a period of several months without a vocalist, he was replaced by vocalist Lawrence Mackrory, who was recommended by the band's producer, Daniel Bergstrand.

Mackrory recorded all vocals on the debut album, Rusted Angel, and performed several live dates with the band later that year. However, due to other commitments, Mackrory was unable to tour with the band in early 1999, and was replaced by Andreas Sydow, who had been a member of a cover band with Malmström years earlier.

Insanity and Expanding Senses (2001–2003)
After playing many festivals and shows for the next several months, the band signed a new record deal with Nuclear Blast, and returned to the studio to record their second album. These recording sessions would prove challenging, as electrical storms, floods, and equipment malfunctions caused significant issues during the production of the album, which was named Insanity as a result.

After more European touring and their first North American show in 2001, the band began work on their third album, Expanding Senses, which was released in 2002.

Layers of Lies (2004–2007)
Darkane toured extensively following the release of Expanding Senses, and by early 2004 had almost an entire album's worth of songs written. However, at that time, drummer Peter Wildoer suffered a wrist injury, and began experiencing severe wrist pain. The band went on hiatus to allow Wildoer to recover. During this hiatus, guitarist Christofer Malmström released a solo album (Non Human Level) which was a compilation of unreleased songs he had written from 1998 to 2004. Guitarist Klas Ideberg spent time working with his side project Terror 2000.

By late 2004, Wildoer's injury had healed, and the band reconvened to record their fourth album, Layers of Lies, released in May 2005. After more extensive touring, the band started putting together the live compilation DVD Layers of Live, however, this effort would take several years, not being released until 2010. On 13 August 2007, vocalist Andreas Sydow decided to end his tenure with Darkane. This led to the arrival of former Construcdead and The Defaced vocalist, Jens Broman on 25 October 2007.

Demonic Art and switching singers (2008–2011)
On 6 October 2007 it was announced that Darkane was writing new material for their fifth studio album Demonic Art, which was later released on 24 October 2008. Peter Wildoer posted this message on his website: "'This coming winter we will start recording Darkane's fifth record. We have about nine songs ready. We were hoping to enter the studio earlier but in typical Darkane bad luck, our studio got flooded and badly damaged. So now we're looking for a new location for the studio and as soon as we find that we need to rebuild the studio which takes a lot of time. Hopefully we will start recording around Christmas (fingers crossed). In some weeks, we'll start working on the mix of the upcoming Darkane DVD. I just hope the DVD will be released early next year'."

Darkane's only full-length DVD was shot in May 2006 in the band's hometown of Helsingborg, Sweden.

On 6 August 2011 it was announced that vocalist Jens Broman was leaving the band due to personal issues. He was replaced by former Darkane vocalist Lawrence Mackrory, who appeared on the debut album, Rusted Angel.

The Sinister Supremacy (2012–present)
On 30 July 2012, it was announced that Darkane was back in the studio recording their sixth studio album, which they plan to release in early 2013. Once released, this will be their first studio album since 2008's Demonic Art and with Lawrence Mackrory on vocals since 1999's Rusted Angel.

The album's title The Sinister Supremacy and release date of 28 June 2013, was announced on 4 April 2013. Regarding the title, the band said: "The Sinister Supremacy is a metaphor for the evil that controls us. It's the dark part of our minds and it's inside us all. It tells us it's OK to do bad things, to hurt other people, and hurt ourselves. It guides us into making choices based on pure selfishness, and it thrives on complete chaos."

The track listing and the album cover, were revealed on 9 May 2013. The album cover was done by Carlos Holmberg (ex-Soilwork) and the cover is a Rorschach test as seen by an individual who has completely succumbed to the sinister supremacy, according to the band.

On June 24, 2022, after 9 years the band released their long-awaited follow-up to 2013's The Sinister Supremacy titled Inhuman Spirits.

On May 16, 2024, the band announced that vocalist Lawrence Mackrory had departed the band. Less than a week later, the band announced Tobiasz Bennedal as their new vocalist.

Current members

 * Peter Wildoer – drums (1998–present)
 * Christofer Malmström – lead guitar (1998–present)
 * Klas Ideberg – rhythm guitar (1998–present)
 * Jörgen Löfberg – bass guitar (1998–present)
 * Tobiasz Bennedal – vocals (2024–present)

Former members

 * Björn Strid – vocals (1998)
 * Lawrence Mackrory – vocals (1998–1999, 2011–2024)
 * Andreas Sydow – vocals (1999–2007)
 * Jens Broman – vocals (2007–2011)

Albums

 * Rusted Angel (1999)
 * Insanity (2001)
 * Expanding Senses (2002)
 * Layers of Lies (2005)
 * Demonic Art (2008)
 * The Sinister Supremacy (2013)
 * Inhuman Spirits (2022)

Other releases

 * A Tribute to Accept (cover of "Restless & Wild" by Accept)
 * A Tribute to the Beast (cover of "Powerslave" by Iron Maiden)

title: Darkane