text:
Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/168.209.97.34/Proposed decision

all proposed

Arbitrators should vote for or against each point or abstain.
 * Only items that receive a majority aye vote will be enacted.
 * Items that receive a majority nay vote will be formally rejected.
 * Items that do not receive a majority aye or nay vote will be open to possible amendment by any Arbitrator if he so chooses. After the amendment process is complete, the item will be voted on one last time.
 * Items that receive a majority abstentions will need to go through an amendment process and be re-voted on once.

Conditional votes for or against and abstentions should be explained by the Arbitrator in parenthesis after his time-stamped signature. For example, an Arbitrator can state that he would only favor a particular remedy based on whether or not another remedy/remedies were enacted.

On this case, no arbitrators are recused and one is inactive, so 6 votes are a majority, except items with a vote from previous arbitrator James F., on which 7 votes are a majority.

Proposed temporary orders
1) {text of proposed orders}

 * Aye:

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Proposed principles
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Discourtesy and personal attacks
1) Wikipedia editors should conduct their relationship with other editors with courtesy and avoid personal attacks.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 15:29, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:21, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 16:05, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:44, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Edit warring and the three revert rule
2) Editors are expected to avoid edit wars and to respect the three revert rule consulting with one another on talk pages in a courteous manner regarding the content of articles.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 16:29, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:21, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 16:05, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:44, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Caching servers
3) In our decisions we should avoid requiring permanently blocking Proxy/caching servers that belong to an ISP if possible. (See User:202.72.131.230.)

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 01:38, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 13:06, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 23:43, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:44, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Proposed findings of fact
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Vandalism of userpage, trading of personal attacks
1) On September 9, 2004 a user with the IP address 168.209.97.34 repeatedly vandalized User OneGuy's user page, blanking it and inserting language insulting to OneGuy and to Islam, see, , . User OneGuy responded with this edit , terming 168.209.97.34 an "anti-Islamic bigot".

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 15:26, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:22, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 16:08, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:47, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Edit warring and violation of the 3 revert rule
2) On November 17, 2004 User OneGuy and a user with the IP address 168.209.97.34 engaged in an edit war at article, Aisha each party reverting the article about 10 times, see edit history.

 * Aye:
 * Fred Bauder 15:44, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)
 * James F. (talk) 18:22, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 16:08, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:47, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

168.209.97.34 as a caching server
3) The IP address 168.209.97.34 belongs to an ISP's caching server in South Africa; as such, many users can be considered to be editing as that IP address.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 01:31, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 13:07, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:47, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

168.209.97.34's identity
4) Given comments on the original case page, the user from 168.209.97.34 identified above in 1) and 2) can reasonably be assumed to be User:-lothario-.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 01:31, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 13:07, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:47, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Personal attacks
5) OneGuy and -lothario- have engaged in personal attacks on one another with very little attempt to discuss the issues at hand.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 01:31, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC) whoops!

 * Nay:
 * Unrepresentative, and overly harsh on OneGuy. Personal attacks don't seem to play a large role in this dispute, and this is the only example from either of them that I can find that is worthy of sanction.
 * No equivalency between actions. Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not equivalent - OneGuy was sorely provoked - David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:47, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC) (echo David and Neutrality)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * Some specific examples would be helpful Fred Bauder 13:09, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Inserting anti-Muslim POV
6) -lothario-, editing as 168.209.97.34, has engaged in a pattern of inserting POV into articles that appears to disparage Muslims and their beliefs in ways that violate the Neutral Point of View policy., , , (note ref to number of times 'kill' is in the Quran) Another example: On 9 Nov 2004, he added out of context verses to Jihad page. One example, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies." 4. Surah 8:60 .. The verse with context reads, "Strike terror (into the hearts of) the enemies of Allah and your enemies. But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all things)." Surah 8:60-61 For more see evidence page.

 * Aye:
 * mav 08:17, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 11:03, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 14:56, 2005 Jan 20 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 15:22, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 22:45, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * While the edits cited are not of the highest quality, for example, the killer of Margaret Hassan hardly needs to be identified as a Muslim, they do not violate Neutral Point of View. Fred Bauder 14:49, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred - just look at the evidence page. We only cite examples here. But I added another example with very clearly is a violation (out of context statement with an obvious bent). --mav

 * Abstain:

Remedies
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Both on personal attack parole
1) OneGuy and -lothario- are placed on standard personal attack parole for up to and including 2 months. If one of them makes any edits which are judged by an administrator to be personal attacks, then that person shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week.

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:02, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 03:53, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * Unrepresentative. I've barely seen any personal attacks from OneGuy. I considered objecting to it for lothario as well, but this sways me into supporting it in his case. Ambi 05:37, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * No equivalency between actions. Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Reconsidering - not equivalent - David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:52, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC) (too harsh on OneGuy)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no finding of fact which supports this remedy Fred Bauder 14:52, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

-lothario on short personal attack parole
1.1) -lothario- is placed on standard personal attack parole for up to and including 2 months. If he makes any edits which are judged by an administrator to be personal attacks, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week.

 * Aye:
 * Ambi 05:56, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC) I'd also consider supporting some sort of reprimand for incivility on OneGuy's part, but I can't think of a suitable remedy at present.
 * Only if 1.2 doesn't pass; otherwise nay. Grunt 🇪🇺 05:59, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC) Tho' I'd prefer a year
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC) (though "up to and including" is a strange way to word it)

 * Nay:
 * mav 07:52, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no finding of fact which supports this remedy Fred Bauder 14:53, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:18, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 00:23, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * POV parole essentially supercedes this. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 00:41, 2005 Jan 22 (UTC)

-lothario on long personal attack parole
1.2) -lothario- is placed on standard personal attack parole for up to and including one year. If he makes any edits which are judged by an administrator to be personal attacks, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week.

 * Aye:
 * Ambi 03:49, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC) (UTC) On second thoughts, a two-month personal attack parole is too short in a case like this. I'd also consider supporting some sort of reprimand for incivility on OneGuy's part, but I can't think of a suitable remedy at present.
 * An admonition not to respond in kind even to severe provocation? - David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Makes sense. Ambi 01:39, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 16:09, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 16:11, Jan 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC) (only if 1.1 doesn't pass, otherwise Nay)
 * David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC) (though "up to and including" is a strange way to word it)

 * Nay:
 * There is no finding of fact which supports this remedy Fred Bauder 14:54, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * FoF 1: "..a user with the IP address 168.209.97.34 repeatedly vandalized User OneGuy's user page...inserting language insulting to OneGuy and Islam..." -- Grunt 🇪🇺 23:49, 2005 Jan 21 (UTC)
 * Ambi 00:23, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:29, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:
 * I'd like to see some evidence that this is an issue. --mav 18:33, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * POV parole essentially supercedes this. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 00:40, 2005 Jan 22 (UTC)

-lothario banned for vandalizing user page
2) -lothario- is banned for three days for repeatedly vandalizing OneGuy's userpage with personal attacks.

 * Aye:
 * Ambi 05:56, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 05:59, 2005 Jan 1 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 02:29, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC) added "with personal attacks" 00:35, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:52, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Way too short, I would support a year Fred Bauder 14:36, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

-lothario on POV parole
3) -lothario- is placed on POV parole for up to and including one year. If he re-inserts any edits which are judged by a majority of those commenting on the relevant talk page in a 24-hour poll to be a violation of the NPOV policy, then he shall be temp-banned for a short time, up to one week.

 * Aye:
 * mav 08:25, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 15:03, 2005 Jan 20 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 15:26, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 15:58, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC) I've added the words 'in a 24-hour poll' - strike if you disagree
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 22:45, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * An abomination, an invitation to bans based on bias and misunderstanding of the NPOV policy Fred Bauder 14:36, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note the use of the word re-inserts. --mav

 * Abstain:

Oneguy admonished
4) Oneguy is admonished not to respond in kind even to severely provocative personal attack.

 * Aye:
 * David Gerard 11:03, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC) "Don't let the unpleasant users grind you down."
 * This addresses my concerns about OneGuy's responses. Grunt 🇪🇺 15:03, 2005 Jan 20 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 15:26, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 14:36, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 18:33, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ambi 22:45, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Enforcement
proposed wording to be modified by Arbitrators and then voted on

Further vandalism to userpages
1.1) Further vandalism to userpages by -lothario- may result in temporary blocks of up to a week by any administrator at the administrator's discretion. The blocking administrator has the authority to determine what constitutes "vandalism."

 * Aye:
 * Grunt 🇪🇺 02:43, 2005 Jan 2 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 04:54, Jan 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC) I'd prefer the broader one
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 14:36, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC) (unless 1.2 doesn't pass, then Aye)
 * mav 18:53, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC) (the next one is better)
 * Prefer 1.2 in light of vandalism here. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 00:42, 2005 Jan 22 (UTC)

 * Abstain:

Further vandalism to any page
1.2) Further vandalism by -lothario- may result in temporary blocks of up to a week by any administrator at the administrator's discretion. The blocking administrator has the authority to determine what constitutes "vandalism."

 * Aye:
 * I don't see the point in limiting it to user pages, particularly considering the vandalism of arbitration pages. Ambi 03:49, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree in light of vandalism of this page. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 16:11, 2005 Jan 9 (UTC)
 * Neutralitytalk 16:12, Jan 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * sannse (talk) 00:45, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * David Gerard 20:34, 19 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * mav 07:52, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC) (so long as repeatedly adding blatant POV is also considered vandalism)
 * Will a 24-hour poll on the talk page, as above, do? - David Gerard 15:58, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * ➥the Epopt 14:15, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fred Bauder 14:36, Jan 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nay:

 * Abstain:

Motion to close
Four Aye votes needed to close case

 * I think we're done here - everything has passed that is likely to pass. Ambi 22:45, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. -- Grunt 🇪🇺 23:43, 2005 Jan 21 (UTC)
 * Let's close. --mav 00:18, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed sannse (talk) 00:43, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Ditto. Neutralitytalk 03:19, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Majority leader

In U.S. politics (as well as in some other countries utilizing the presidential system), the majority floor leader is a partisan position in a legislative body.

United States
In the federal Congress of the United States, the roles of the House majority leader and the Senate majority leader differ slightly. At the state level, the majority leader of a given state legislative chamber usually performs a similar role to that of their federal counterpart.

Senate
In the Senate, the vice president of the United States is officially the president of the Senate and the president pro tempore serves as the president of the Senate in the absence of the vice president. However, in reality, the vice president seldom enters the Senate, let alone directly presides over the chamber, unless a tied vote is expected, and the president pro tempore has become a ceremonial role deprived of any leadership ability.

Thus, the majority leader is seen as the de facto leader of the Senate, especially in modern times, and thus, in accordance with Senate rules, the presiding officer of the day gives the majority leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate and they determine which bills get voted on. The majority leader is seen as the chief spokesperson for their party in the Senate.

In the United States Senate, the current majority leader is Chuck Schumer, who assumed the office on January 20, 2021.

House of Representatives
In the House of Representatives the majority leader's presence and power often depends on the session. In some sessions, the majority leader takes precedence over the speaker as House leader and legislative party leader either by force (which usually occurs when the speaker of the House is unpopular) or because the speaker of the House voluntarily surrenders power to the majority leader. In most sessions, the speaker of the House takes precedence as house leader and party leader, with the majority leader being irrelevant and largely powerless outside the fact they might be speaker of the House one day. Except, of course, for the fact that the majority leader (as well as the speaker and the minority leader) are the only members of the House that can speak on the floor for an unlimited amount of time and cannot be interrupted by the chair.

In the United States House of Representatives, the current majority leader is Steve Scalise, who assumed office on January 3, 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Majority leader


text:
Slane Castle

Slane Castle (Cáisleán Bhaile Shláine) is located in the village of Slane, within the Boyne Valley of County Meath, Ireland. The castle has been the family seat of the Conyngham family since it was built in the late 18th century, on land first purchased in 1703 by Brig.-Gen. Henry Conyngham.

It holds the Slane Festival within its grounds, with the Irish Independent claiming in 2004 that "Slane today is the kind of internationally recognised venue that can claim even Madonna's attention". Its sloping lawns form a natural amphitheatre.

History

On the eastward side of the castle demesne, directly between the River Boyne and the village's Church of Ireland church in Slane, lay the ruins of St. Erc's Hermitage, a 15th-century multi-storey chapel, and with some 500 metres westward of St. Erc's Hermitage an ancient well can also be found. In one of the central texts of Irish mythology, the Cath Maige Tuireadh, this well is said to have been blessed by the God Dian Cecht so that the Tuatha Dé Danann could bathe in it and be healed, allegedly healing all mortal wounds except decapitation. However, with the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and the policy of Christian reinterpretation for traditionally pagan sites, the well is now more commonly referred to as Our Lady's Well.

Prior to the 1688 overthrow of the House of Stuart, Slane Castle had been in the possession of the Flemings, Hiberno-Normans who had aligned themselves with the Jacobites in the War of the Grand Alliance, and thus after the Williamite victory, their property was chosen for confiscation. Christopher, 17th Baron Slane (1669 – 14 July 1726; created The 1st Viscount Longford by Queen Anne in 1713), was the last Fleming Lord of Slane.

Overlooking the River Boyne, just a few kilometres upstream from Newgrange and the site of the famous Battle of the Boyne, Slane Castle in its existing form was constructed under the direction of William Burton Conyngham, together with his nephew The 1st Marquess Conyngham. The reconstruction dates back to 1785 and is principally the work of James Gandon, James Wyatt and Francis Johnston. Francis Johnston was also the architect responsible for the gothic gates on the Mill Hill, located to the east of the castle.

The Conynghams are originally a Scottish Protestant family, who planted in Ireland in 1611, during the Plantation of Ulster in County Donegal. With that, the family asserted control over lands around the village of Tamhnach an tSalainn, near Donegal Town in the south of County Donegal. Concurrently, the then head of the family, Charles Conyngham, renamed the village in his own honour as Mountcharles (pronounced locally in South Donegal as 'Mount-char-liss'). The family also controlled an extensive estate in West Donegal, especially in The Rosses district.

The association between the Ulster-Scots Conynghams and the Slane Estate in County Meath dates back over 300 years, ever since the property was taken by the family following the Williamite Confiscations in 1701. Around that time, the family moved their main ancestral seat south from County Donegal in west Ulster to Slane.

The present owner of the castle is Henry Conyngham, the 8th Marquess Conyngham - the eldest son of Lord Conyngham is Alex, Earl of Mount Charles.

In 1984, Irish band U2 took up residence at the castle to write and record their album The Unforgettable Fire.

In 1991, a fire in the castle caused extensive damage to the building and completely gutted the eastern section facing the River Boyne. The castle reopened in 2001 after the completion of a ten-year restoration programme. In 2003, a cannon associated with the castle was found in the nearby River Boyne.

Concerts at Slane
Since 1981, the grounds of Slane Castle have been used to host rock concerts. The natural amphitheatre has an 80,000 person capacity. The concerts were launched by the then Earl of Mount Charles (popularly known for several decades as Henry Mount Charles or Henry Mountcharles; since March 2009, he has been known as The 8th Marquess Conyngham), the owner of the castle.

Performers who have headlined Slane concerts since 1981 include The Rolling Stones, U2, Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Queen, David Bowie, Neil Young, Bryan Adams, Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Robbie Williams, Madonna, R.E.M., Foo Fighters, Celtic Woman and Oasis. On 28 May 2011, Kings Of Leon headlined the 30th anniversary event at Slane Castle. Harry Styles performed on the 10th of June 2023.

Celtic Woman filmed their second DVD at Slane Castle, called Celtic Woman: A New Journey in August 2006, and in 2001 U2 filmed the DVD U2 Go Home: Live From Slane Castle, which was released in 2003. They also recorded their 1984 album, The Unforgettable Fire, there while taking up residence for a time. Parts of Madonna's documentary-film I'm Going to Tell You a Secret were filmed at Slane Castle in 2004. Bon Jovi performed at Slane Castle in June 2013.

title: Slane Castle


text:
Max Abraham

Max Abraham (26 March 1875 – 16 November 1922) was a German physicist known for his work on electromagnetism and his opposition to the theory of relativity.

Biography
Abraham was born in Danzig, Imperial Germany (now Gdańsk in Poland) to a family of Jewish merchants. His father was Moritz Abraham and his mother was Selma Moritzsohn. Attending the University of Berlin, he studied under Max Planck. He graduated in 1897. For the next three years, Abraham worked as Planck's assistant.

From 1900 to 1909, Abraham worked at Göttingen as a privatdozent, an unpaid lecturing position. Abraham developed his theory of the electron in 1902, in which he hypothesized that the electron was a perfect sphere with a charge divided evenly around its surface. Abraham's model was competing with that developed by Hendrik Lorentz (1899, 1904) and Albert Einstein (1905) which seem to have become more widely accepted; nevertheless, Abraham never gave up his model, since he considered it was based on "common sense". Abraham was a staunch opponent of the theory of relativity.

In 1909 Abraham travelled to the United States to accept a position at the University of Illinois, but ended up returning to Göttingen after a few months. He was later invited to Italy by Tullio Levi-Civita, and found work as the professor of rational mechanics at the Politecnico di Milano university until 1914.

When World War I started, Abraham was forced to return to Germany. During this time he worked on the theory of radio transmission. After the war, he still was not allowed back into Milan, so until 1921 he worked at Stuttgart as the professor of physics at Technische Hochschule.

After his work at Stuttgart, Abraham accepted the position of chair in Aachen; however, before he started his work there he was diagnosed with a brain tumor. He died on 16 November 1922 in Munich, Germany.

After his death, Max Born and Max von Laue wrote about him in an obituary: He loved his absolute aether, his field equations, his rigid electron just as a youth loves his first flame, whose memory no later experience can extinguish.

title: Max Abraham


text:
Category talk:2005 deaths

CfD discussion
The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 15:34, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Category:2005 deaths
It's only 2004, and we don't know who will die in 2005. How is this category useful?? 66.245.70.89 17:55, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. Just leave it alone, another 40 days or so and we will just need to create it again... :) --Sortior 22:32, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I agree with the fact that in about 35 days we would have to make it again. CMC 23:18, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * No doubt the category will be useful relatively soon. However, I might point out that someone has already added articles to this category, (Berkeley Software Distribution, for example), and while this is mildly amusing, it could attract more nonsense. Jonathunder 20:00, 2004 Nov 25 (UTC)
 * Wasnt' this already listed here? Empty: Re-Delete. -- User:Docu
 * Keep Remove it? when we know it will be needed soon? to quote Kenneth Williams' last words: what's the bloody point? jguk 00:30, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep. I'm with Kenneth Williams. :o) — OwenBlacker 21:24, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * I hope not: he wrote that just before he committed suicide. jguk 21:34, 26 Nov 2004 (UTC)

De Lorean, John Z. Appearing under the "L" category
Sorry, still fairly new to Wiki so don't know how to change this to have him showing up under the D's and not under the L's

Thanks!

Done and done. It is a matter of chaging the sort key in the category tag of the article. Good catch! 205.206.123.248 18:06, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Cross-categorization possible?
Pardon the probable wiki-ignorance, but by chance I found one of the YYYY deaths pages (not this one) and was curious about why it wasn't a subset of a parent Notable Deaths node.

title: Category talk:2005 deaths


text:
PCF theory

PCF theory is the name of a mathematical theory, introduced by Saharon, that deals with the cofinality of the ultraproducts of ordered sets. It gives strong upper bounds on the cardinalities of power sets of singular cardinals, and has many more applications as well. The abbreviation "PCF" stands for "possible cofinalities".

Main definitions
If A is an infinite set of regular cardinals, D is an ultrafilter on A, then we let $$\operatorname{cf}(\prod A/D)$$ denote the cofinality of the ordered set of functions $$\prod A$$ where the ordering is defined as follows: $$f<g$$ if $$\{x\in A:f(x)<g(x)\}\in D$$. pcf(A) is the set of cofinalities that occur if we consider all ultrafilters on A, that is, $$\operatorname{pcf}(A)=\{\operatorname{cf}(\prod A/D):D\,\,\mbox{is an ultrafilter on}\,\,A\}.$$

Main results
Obviously, pcf(A) consists of regular cardinals. Considering ultrafilters concentrated on elements of A, we get that $$A\subseteq \operatorname{pcf}(A)$$. Shelah proved, that if $$|A|<\min(A)$$, then pcf(A) has a largest element, and there are subsets $$\{B_\theta:\theta\in \operatorname{pcf}(A)\}$$ of A such that for each ultrafilter D on A, $$\operatorname{cf}(\prod A/D)$$ is the least element θ of pcf(A) such that $$B_\theta\in D$$. Consequently, $$\left|\operatorname{pcf}(A)\right|\leq2^{|A|}$$. Shelah also proved that if A is an interval of regular cardinals (i.e., A is the set of all regular cardinals between two cardinals), then pcf(A) is also an interval of regular cardinals and |pcf(A)|<|A|+4. This implies the famous inequality $$2^{\aleph_\omega}<\aleph_{\omega_4}$$ assuming that ℵω is strong limit.

If λ is an infinite cardinal, then J<λ is the following ideal on A. B∈J<λ if $$\operatorname{cf}(\prod A/D)<\lambda$$ holds for every ultrafilter D with B∈D. Then J<λ is the ideal generated by the sets $$\{B_\theta:\theta\in \operatorname{pcf}(A),\theta<\lambda\}$$. There exist scales, i.e., for every λ∈pcf(A) there is a sequence of length λ of elements of $$\prod B_\lambda$$ which is both increasing and cofinal mod J<λ. This implies that the cofinality of $$\prod A$$ under pointwise dominance is max(pcf(A)). Another consequence is that if λ is singular and no regular cardinal less than λ is Jónsson, then also λ+ is not Jónsson. In particular, there is a Jónsson algebra on ℵω+1, which settles an old conjecture.

Unsolved problems
The most notorious conjecture in pcf theory states that |pcf(A)|=|A| holds for every set A of regular cardinals with |A|<min(A). This would imply that if ℵω is strong limit, then the sharp bound $$2^{\aleph_\omega}<\aleph_{\omega_1}$$ holds. The analogous bound $$2^{\aleph_{\omega_1}}<\aleph_{\omega_2}$$ follows from Chang's conjecture (Magidor) or even from the nonexistence of a Kurepa tree (Shelah).

A weaker, still unsolved conjecture states that if |A|<min(A), then pcf(A) has no inaccessible limit point. This is equivalent to the statement that pcf(pcf(A))=pcf(A).

Applications
The theory has found a great deal of applications, besides cardinal arithmetic. The original survey by Shelah, Cardinal arithmetic for skeptics, includes the following topics: almost free abelian groups, partition problems, failure of preservation of chain conditions in Boolean algebras under products, existence of Jónsson algebras, existence of entangled linear orders, equivalently narrow Boolean algebras, and the existence of nonisomorphic models equivalent in certain infinitary logics.

In the meantime, many further applications have been found in Set Theory, Model Theory, Algebra and Topology.

title: PCF theory


text:
Albert Murray (writer)

Albert L. Murray (May 12, 1916 – August 18, 2013) was an American literary and music critic, novelist, essayist, and biographer. His books include The Omni-Americans, South to a Very Old Place, and Stomping the Blues.

Early life
Murray was born in Nokomis, Alabama. His biological mother, Sudie Graham, gave him up for adoption to Hugh and Mattie Murray. He grew up in the Magazine Point area of Mobile, Alabama.

He attended Tuskegee Institute on scholarship and received a B.S. in education in 1939. One of his fellow students was Ralph Ellison, who would later write the novel Invisible Man (1952), which established his reputation and gave him a lifetime income.

Murray briefly enrolled in a graduate program at the University of Michigan before returning to Tuskegee in 1940 to teach literature and composition. In 1941, he married Mozelle Menefee; they had a daughter, Michele. While based at Tuskegee, he completed additional graduate work at Northwestern University in 1941 and the University of Paris in 1951.

Military service
Murray joined the United States Army Air Forces in 1943 with the desire to "live long enough for Thomas Mann to finish the last volume of Joseph and His Brothers." In 1946, he transferred to the United States Air Force Reserve and enrolled at New York University on the GI Bill, where he received an M.A. in English in 1948. During this period, he became acquainted with Duke Ellington and solidified his close friendship with Ralph Ellison.

After briefly returning to his position at Tuskegee, he opted to pursue a more financially remunerative career as a member of the Active Guard Reserve in 1951 to better support his young family. Over the next decade, Murray was stationed in a number of locales (ranging from Morocco to California to Massachusetts) and taught a geopolitics course in the Tuskegee ROTC program. In 1962, after a doctor's exam revealed signs of heart disease, he retired from the United States Air Force as a major. He and his wife moved to the Lenox Terrace Apartments in Harlem, where they were based for the remainder of their lives.

Literary career
Thereafter, Murray began his literary career in earnest, regularly publishing in such periodicals as Life and The New Leader. The July 3, 1964 edition of Life included his article "The Problem Is Not Just Black and White", which examined seven books on race relations.

Murray published his first book in 1970. The Omni-Americans contained a series of essays and reviews on such topics as protest literature and the Moynihan Report on black poverty. In the introduction, he wrote that "the United States is in actuality not a nation of black people and white people. It is a nation of multi-colored people." According to author Walker Percy, The Omni-Americans "may be the most important book on black-white relations in the United States, indeed on American culture, published in this generation."

He followed that up with a non-fiction book about the American South called South to a Very Old Place (1971). It had begun as a reporting assignment by Harper's Magazine editor Willie Morris. South to a Very Old Place was reviewed by Toni Morrison in The New York Times and was a finalist for the National Book Awards.

Starting with Train Whistle Guitar (1974), Murray wrote four novels that featured an alter ego named Scooter. The novels follow Scooter from childhood through college and into his career as a musician and writer.

Murray wrote about the importance of blues and jazz music in such books as The Hero and the Blues (1973) and Stomping the Blues (1976). He received the 1977 ASCAP Deems Taylor Award for Stomping the Blues. In addition, he collaborated with Count Basie on the latter's memoir Good Morning Blues (1985).

He held visiting lectureships, fellowships, and professorships at several institutions, including the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism (1968), Colgate University (1970; 1973; 1982), the University of Massachusetts Boston (1971), the University of Missouri (1972), Emory University (1978), Drew University (1983), and Washington and Lee University (1993). From 1981 to 1983, he was an adjunct associate professor of writing at Barnard College. He received honorary doctorates from Colgate (Litt.D., 1975) and Spring Hill College (D.H.L., 1995).

As noted, he became close friends with Ralph Ellison after college. Their relationship informed the thinking and writing of both men. Trading Twelves: The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison and Albert Murray was published in 2000. Murray was also a friend of artist Romare Bearden. Bearden's six-panel collage The Block (1971) was inspired by the view from Murray's Harlem apartment. Murray later appeared in the 1980 documentary Bearden Plays Bearden.

Murray received greater attention in the 1980s and 1990s due to his influence on critic Stanley Crouch and jazz musician Wynton Marsalis. With Marsalis, Murray was the co-founder of Jazz at Lincoln Center. Crouch wrote about Murray at length in his book Always in Pursuit.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. concluded his 1996 New Yorker profile of Murray by noting: "This is Albert Murray's century; we just live in it."

He was the inaugural recipient of the Harper Lee Award in 1998.

Death
Murray died in Harlem on August 18, 2013. The following month, a memorial service was held at Jazz at Lincoln Center.

The Library of America released an anthology of his nonfiction writing in 2016. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Paul Devlin served as editors. A follow-up collection with Murray's fiction and poetry was published in 2018.

Selected bibliography

 * The Omni-Americans (1970)
 * South to a Very Old Place (1971)
 * The Hero and the Blues (1973)
 * Train Whistle Guitar (1974)
 * Stomping the Blues (1976)
 * The Spyglass Tree (1991)
 * The Blue Devils of Nada (1996)
 * The Seven League Boots (1996)
 * Trading Twelves: The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison and Albert Murray (2000)
 * Conjugations and Reiterations: Poems (2001)
 * From the Briarpatch File: On Context, Procedure, and American Identity (2001)
 * The Magic Keys (2005)

title: Albert Murray (writer)


text:
Bray Wanderers F.C.

Bray Wanderers Football Club (Cumann Peile Fánaithe Bhré) are an Irish association football club playing in the League of Ireland First Division. The club in its present form was founded in 1942 in Bray, and was known until 2010 as Bray Wanderers A.F.C. It was elected to the league in 1985, and plays its home matches at the Carlisle Grounds. The club colours are green and white, and it goes by the nickname "The Seagulls".

Early Days
In 1922, some members of St Kevin's Gaelic football club in Bray left the club as a result of a dispute and formed a soccer club called Bray Wanderers. Through the 1930s and 1940s, however, Bray Unknowns were the leading team in the town, playing in the League of Ireland for nineteen seasons from 1924–25 to 1942–43. Bray Wanderers went into decline in the mid-thirties but was reformed in 1942–43 and entered the Athletic Union League Division 3 for the 1943–44 season. By the 1948–49 season Wanderers had reached Division 1 of the AUL but the period in between did not pass without controversy. In 1944 the club reached the Leinster Football Association Shield final but was disqualified for fielding an illegal player in the semi-final. When in Division 2 of the AUL in 1946–47 the club was expelled from the league due to the B team not fulfilling a league fixture, although the club was reinstated the following season. Wanderers won the Junior Cup in 1950-51 and again in 1953–54, defeating Ierne 1–0 in the Final. The following season Wanderers left the AUL and joined the Leinster Senior League.

Mid 1900s
In 1955–56 Wanderers won the FAI Intermediate Cup, defeating Workmens Club 2–1 in the final. There was also a first appearance in the FAI Cup against Longford Town in 1956. They won the FAI Intermediate Cup again two years later, defeating Chapelizod 2–1 in the final. In 1964–65 they were founder members of the League of Ireland B Division. However they left after just one season and once again went into decline. By 1973 Bray Unknowns were playing in the LSL and the management changed the name to Bray Wanderers in a partially successful effort to amalgamate the two.

League of Ireland
Bray Wanderers were elected to the League of Ireland when it was expanded to two Divisions for the 1985–86 season. They played their first game as a League of Ireland club on 8 September 1985 in a FAI League Cup match against Dundalk with Jim Mahon scoring the club's first goal at senior level. The Wanderers' secured promotion to the Premier Division by winning the League of Ireland First Division Championship that year. They were relegated back down to the First Division in the 1987–88 season. Wanderers did not regain Premier Division status until the 1990–91 season but had their first major success during their spell in the First Division. They won the FAI Cup in 1990 beating St Francis 3–0 in the first Lansdowne Road final with John Ryan becoming only the second player to score a hat-trick in a FAI Cup final. They made history by becoming the first ever First Division side to win the trophy. Due to this cup win, Wanderers competed in European competition, for the first time in their history in the 1990–91 season. They were defeated, however, by Trabzonspor in the European Cup Winners' Cup preliminary round.

After two seasons in the Premier Division, the club was once again relegated to the First Division where they remained for three seasons. In 1995–96 season, Wanderers were promoted back to the Premier Division as First Division champions, but were relegated back down in the following season. The next two seasons followed a similar pattern as they went back up and came straight back down. In 1998–99, a season they got relegated again, Wanderers won their second FAI Cup, defeating Finn Harps after two replays which earned them a spot in the 1999-2000 UEFA Cup against a Roy Hodgson led Grasshoppers.

In 1999–00, the club won promotion back to the Premier Division, and in 2000–01 Wanderers achieved their highest ever league finish of 4th place in the Premier Division. The club could not build on this as they were relegated back down in 2002–03 but were once again promoted in 2004. The club was relegated at the end of the 2009 season, but the demise of Cork City F.C. meant they were reinstated to the Premier Division. Finishing in a promotion/relegation play-off in 2010, the club maintained its Premier status following a penalty shoot-out with Monaghan United.

The following season, finishing sixth in the Premier Division, the club gained a place in the all-Ireland Setanta Cup, but early in 2012 conceded home and away matches to Glentoran FC in the first round of the competition (2–4 & 0–3).

In the 2012 season, Bray finished tenth of 12 clubs in the Premier Division, five points above Dundalk, who had to survive a promotion/relegation battle against Waterford United to ensure their survival in the top flight.

In 2013, Bray were again in the relegation mix, and having finished second-last they played First Division promotion play-off winners Longford Town over two legs, winning 5–4 on aggregate.

On 10 January 2014, it was announced that Alan Mathews would be the new manager with Barry O'Connor as his assistant. The club ended the season in tenth place, just one point above UCD, and entered the 2015 season as the fourth-longest surviving Premier Division club.

2015: Five managers in one season
The club had five first team managers in total across the 2015 season. On 1 April 2015, Mathews resigned suddenly, together with the rest of his backroom team, citing a breakdown in communication with the club's new owners: Gerry Mulvey & Denis O'Connor, who had taken over during the off-season. The club appointed Under-19 coach Maciej Tarnogrodzki as interim senior team manager the following day. The following month, the club announced that former Shamrock Rovers boss Trevor Croly had signed a three-year contract to manage the club.

Just one month later however, Croly also resigned in a similar fashion to Mathews before him. Mick Cooke was brought in to replace him as the fifth manager of the season (including temporary Player/Manager David Cassidy), and Bray finished the 2015 season in 8th position.

2016 - 2021
In July 2017, after much speculation about the future of the club, majority shareholder and interim chairman Gerry Mulvey released a statement which confirmed that the club was financially stable and outlined big plans for the future of the club. The statement was widely ridiculed, mainly due to its branding of Wicklow County Council as "the North Korea of Ireland for business" after the council's repeated refusal to allow the Carlisle Grounds to be rezoned.

In September 2017, the FAI launched an investigation into alleged match-fixing surrounding Bray Wanderers friendly against Waterford on 8 September 2017. The FAI released a formal statement in February 2018 affirming that no evidence to support any charge had been found.

The 2018 season went badly for Bray, with the club losing 28 of their 36 league matches and exiting every cup competition at the first time of asking. The financial situation was not any better, with players voting to strike due to unpaid wages and medical costs. The players were eventually paid before the strike went ahead. On 26 July 2018, after several weeks of speculation over Bray's future, the club was taken over by St. Joseph's Boys academy director Niall O'Driscoll. Mulvey remained in a minority role. Bray were officially relegated to the League of Ireland First Division in October 2018, ending a 12-year stay in the top flight of Irish football.

Merger with Cabinteely
In November 2021, Bray Wanderers and Cabinteely F.C. announced a merger, technically a takeover of Wanderers by Cabinteely. The newly created team would be known as Bray Wanderers and continue to play in the Carlisle Grounds, with the intention to apply for a First Division licence. Bray's former manager Pat Devlin returned for his second spell in the post, and the then Director of Football (DoF) at Cabinteely became the DoF for the new Bray Wanderers.

Since the merger and Devlin's return to Bray Wanderers, there have been a number of conflicts. One such incident saw Devlin and fans engage in an "ugly exchange" at an away fixture against Wexford FC. There was even a substantial drop in attendance at the Carlisle Grounds at one point, as Bray experienced one of the worst seasons in their history, going from a title challenging side to one near the bottom of the table. In mid-2022, club chairman Tony Richardson reportedly stated that the club were "making progress" in "eliminating crowd trouble which [..] marred some of their games this season", and the club stated that it had appointed a "Fan Liaison Officer [..] for dialogue with fans who wish to make their point". A report in the Bray People, after the clubs's eighth home league defeat of the season, referred to a "lack of goals" and a video reputedly showing "people throwing pyrotechnics [..] over the walls of the Carlisle Grounds". With a 5–1 home defeat in Bray's final home game of the 2022 season to Cobh Ramblers, the season ended with a 18.75% win record, among the worst season performances in the club's history.

In November 2022, former Wexford FC manager Ian Ryan was appointed as head coach, with Devlin remaining as "Head of Football". In March 2023, Bray progressed to the semi-final of the Leinster Senior Cup with a 2–1 victory over reigning League of Ireland Premier Division champions Shamrock Rovers. Bray Wanderers were eliminated by LSL side Usher Celtic and slipped to a 7th-place finish in the First Division.

Ownership
The current ownership of the club is as follows:
 * 51.0% - IngSoc Holdings (Tony Richardson)
 * 41.7% - Milway Dawn (Gerry Mulvey)
 * 4.9% - Pat Devlin
 * 2.2% - John Deering
 * 0.2% - John O'Brien

Supporters
Up to 2022, Bray Wanderers had a small, but loyal fanbase, with annual average attendances generally around 700–1000 home fans. That fanbase was nearly wiped out prior to the start of the 2022 season. For away matches the Bray Wanderers Supporters Club organise a bus to run direct to the relevant ground. The service was stopped for a period in 2022, but has since resumed.

In March 2008, the Ultra group of Bray Wanderers fans, "Na Fánaithe", was formed by five members of the supporters club. Unlike similar groups in Dublin, such as "Briogáid Dearg", "SRFC Ultras", "Shed End Invincibles" and "Notorious Boo Boys", Na Fánaithe is a much smaller group.

In July 2022, Bray Wanderers fans formed a new supporters club, the "1985 Seagulls" group.

Honours

 * FAI Cup: 2
 * 1990, 1999
 * League of Ireland First Division: 3
 * 1985–86, 1995–96, 1999–2000
 * League of Ireland First Division Shield: 1
 * 1995–96
 * Leinster Senior League: 3
 * 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60
 * FAI Intermediate Cup: 2
 * 1955–56, 1957–58
 * FAI Junior Cup: 2
 * 1950–51, 1953–54
 * Enda McGuill Cup: 1
 * 2005

Source:

Records

 * Record Victory: 7–0 v Cobh Ramblers 17 October 1997, 7–0 v St. Mochta's 2007 FAI Cup, 17 June 2007
 * Record League Defeat: 8–1 v Dundalk 4 May 2015
 * Most Points in a Season: 72 in 1999–00
 * Most League Goals in a Season: 19, Eamon Zayed, 2003
 * Most League Goals: 72, Jason Byrne 1998–03, 2012–13

title: Bray Wanderers F.C.


text:
User talk:Runic code

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! BTW, you can sign your name using three tildes, like this:. Four tildes ( ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Here are some things you can do to get started:
 * How to edit a page
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If you'd like to get even more involved in Wikipedia, such as voting on featured articles or collaboration of the week and much more, you can always visit the community portal. Again, welcome! Johnleemk | Talk 15:37, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Image:Reckoningmodern.GIF listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Reckoningmodern.GIF, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Ejfetters 16:15, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Image:Goa'uld_alphabet.GIF
I believe an image you created: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Goa%27uld_alphabet.GIF has a typo in it. There are two symbols for 1,000,000 (one is missing a comma) and there is no symbol for 100,000. Screech (talk) 21:07, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

File:Ancient alpahabet.GIF listed for deletion
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title: User talk:Runic code


text: Category:Havana

title: Category:Havana


text:
Category talk:4 Non Blondes albums

CfD discussion
The following discussion comes from Categories for deletion. -[[User:Aranel|Aranel ("Sarah ")]] 15:39, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Category:4 Non Blondes albums
According to allmusic.com, 4 Non Blondes only had one album. Gamaliel 03:08, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep - per recent discussion of category:Ashlee Simpson albums, categories containing items have plural names to accommodate 1 or more, i.e. the category name could be read as album(s). Even with one album, the category is useful to allow traversal from category:albums by artist. -- Rick Block 04:53, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Let me clarify. I take no issue with the name of the category or naming conventions.  I listed it here because they have only one album and broke up years ago and, unlike Ashlee Simpson, will never have a second album.  A category which will only ever have one item is a pointless category. Gamaliel 08:26, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep What Rick said. Do we really have to vote on this every time? DCEdwards1966 07:06, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment' Haven't been around this page much, to know all the previous discussions, but thought I'd mention that people who create categories like this are just following the instructions at WikiProject Albums, "Each album page is then placed into two categories, "Category: albums" and "Category: albums"..." It should be discussed with the folks there if there's a problem. [[User:CatherineMunro|Catherine\talk]]
 * Delete. anthony 警告 00:57, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

title: Category talk:4 Non Blondes albums


text:
Vishal Haryana Party

The Vishal Haryana Party (translation: Greater Haryana Party) was a political party in the Indian state of Haryana, led by Rao Birender Singh.

The party was formed in an effort to bring culturally similar groups in the region together, but recognized a need to gain financial stability in order to maintain the Haryana state. It was first regional party of Haryana and successfully made its own Chief minister only after six months of formation of Haryana state in 1967. Initially, the party included only twenty-nine members, formed from non-Jan Sanghis present in the legislature at the time.

In the 1971 elections, the party released a manifesto that castigated the Congress Party for its 'semi-authoritarian' governance of the region, as well as promoting their own support for farmers. The success of the party in the 1971 elections was attributed to Singh's personality; however, those same results appeared to show that their emphasis on local political issues detracted from further success.

It merged with Congress (I) on 23 September 1978. It officially lost its status as a registered political party as of 23 July 1981.

Electoral performance
===General election results ===

=== Vidhan Sabha results ===

title: Vishal Haryana Party


text:
Hampton Wick

Hampton Wick is a Thamesside area of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, England, contiguous with Teddington, Kingston upon Thames and Bushy Park.

Market gardening continued until well into the twentieth century. With its road and rail connections to London along the M4 corridor, it is within the London commuter belt.

Although north of the River Thames, the area forms part of the Kingston upon Thames and East Molesey post towns based on the south side of the river. As the river flows north past Hampton Wick and Kingston, it is actually west of Kingston.

History
There is evidence of Roman occupation. Kingston Bridge, the first bridge linking the village with Kingston upon Thames is dated from about 1219 and replaced the Roman ford at this point.

Cardinal Wolsey is believed to have lived in Hampton Wick (in Lower Teddington Road) while waiting for Hampton Court Palace to be built. The parish of Hampton was split in the century after this time to form Hampton Wick.

Sir Richard Steele also lived in Hampton Wick, in a house he whimsically called "The Hovel". He dedicated the fourth volume of Tatler to Charles, Lord Halifax "from the Hovel at Hampton Wick, April 7, 1711", around the time he became Surveyor of the Royal Stables at Hampton Court Palace, Governor of the King's Comedians, a Justice of the Peace and a knight.

The architect Edward Lapidge both designed and donated the land for a church, St John's Hampton Wick, built in 1831. Lapidge had been born in the village. He also designed the present Kingston Bridge. In 2010, after five years of closure, the church re-opened its doors under the Church of England's church planting scheme. Services were resumed in December 2010.

Hampton Wick in popular culture
A tone poem Hampton Wick for orchestra was composed by Harry Waldo Warner and won the Hollywood Bowl Competition in 1932, then was premiered by Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra in 1934. The music was based on a poem by Onslow Frampton which was the pen name of Warner himself.

In Cockney rhyming slang, "Hampton Wick" (often shortened to "Hampton") means "dick" or "prick", both of which are British vulgar slang names for the penis. Hence a character called Hugh Jampton in the 1950s BBC radio programme The Goon Show amongst many other similar examples. Another use of the term appeared in the 2000s BBC TV series The Office when Tim Canterbury bemoans the quality of Slough's nightlife, recollecting a Tudor-themed club memorably displaying a punning notice stating "Don't get your Hampton Court" in the men's toilets. The title of rocker Sammy Hagar's 1982 album Standing Hampton also relates to the same piece of rhyming slang.

Hampton Wick was the setting for the 1970s Thames Television situation comedy George and Mildred. The area is near the former Thames studios at Teddington and filming took place at Manor Road in Teddington. Hampton Wick was also the title of The Two Ronnies' first "classic serial" spoof drama in their first BBC series (1973). Hampton Wick is referenced by British singer-songwriter Jamie T in the title track of his 2009 EP Sticks 'n' Stones. The Two Ronnies also use the word to comic effect in their 1971 sketch "The Ministry of Pollution" where the Minister of Pollution (Barker) says, "North and Southampton will be joined together into one enormous hampton".

Hampton Wick (Station) also featured in the sitcom The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin as the first of his train-based excuses for arriving late for work: "Eleven minutes late, staff difficulties, Hampton Wick."

Sport and leisure
Hampton Wick Royal Cricket Club, founded in 1863, is a cricket club at the Royal Cricket Grand Pavilion in Bushy Park. The team currently plays in division three of the Surrey Championship League. The club's first eleven finished the 2006 season as unbeaten champions of the Fullers League Division 2 1st-XI league and gained promotion to Division 1.

The Royal Paddocks Allotments are adjacent to Bushy Park and Hampton Wick Royal Cricket Club. They were established following a lease made by King George V in 1921.

Economy and transport
The main economic features here are transport. Kingston University has a large hall of residence in the town. Some professional offices are by Kingston Bridge and these include a major office of HSBC bank. The A308 splits the Royal Parks, leading nearby to the A309 and A312 roads, north–south. Equally, the A311 passes through the heart of the district forming its short, convenience High Street and provider further connections than another B road by the park to the larger commercial centre of Teddington, centred less than 1 mi from Hampton Wick's railway station which is another economic hub of the area.

Hampton Wick railway station has connections to London Waterloo.

title: Hampton Wick


text:
User talk:Hokuto~enwiki

I've just edited the Ise Shrine entry; most important to the edit: the previous editor stated that at the time of the regular removals (shikinen sengū) the shrines are "burned," but this is not true. They are carefully dismantled and their parts recycled wherever possible. Also, the shrines have been traditionally known in English as the "Grand Shrines of Ise," in reflection of the customary name Daijingū. Naikū and Gekū are not connected by a sacred forest, although shrine forests can be found in the mountains surrounding the towns (Uji and Yamada are present-day districts of the adminstrative unit Ise shi 市 or city) Finally, I corrected the spelling of the kami names, adding a couple of macrons where necessary.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hokuto. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hokuto~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:49, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hokuto~enwiki


text: Talk:Thug Ride

title: Talk:Thug Ride


text:
User:Livii

livii - found on Monkeyfilter, Metafilter, livejournal, and in various fandoms.

Resides in Canada, doing graduate studies in law.

title: User:Livii


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Derek J. de Solla Price

Derek John de Solla Price (22 January 1922 – 3 September 1983) was a British physicist, historian of science, and information scientist. He was known for his investigation of the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient Greek planetary computer, and for quantitative studies on scientific publications, which led to his being described as the "Herald of scientometrics".

Biography
Price was born in Leyton, England, to Philip Price, a tailor, and Fanny de Solla, a singer. He began work in 1938 as an assistant in a physics laboratory at the South West Essex Technical College, before studying Physics and Mathematics at the University of London, where he received a Bachelor of Science in 1942. He then worked as an assistant to Harry Lowery carrying out research on hot and molten metals, and working towards a London external Ph.D. in experimental physics, which he obtained in 1946. This work led to several research papers and to a patent for an emissive-correcting optical pyrometer. He then went to the USA on a Commonwealth Fund fellowship, working in Pittsburgh and Princeton, returning to England in 1947. He was married that year to Ellen Hjorth in Copenhagen.

In 1948 Price took a 3-year position as a teacher of applied mathematics at Raffles College, Singapore, which was to become part of the National University of Singapore. There he met C. Northcote Parkinson, the naval historian, who stimulated a love of history in Price that would change the direction of his career. While in Singapore, he formulated his theory on the exponential growth of science. He was looking after the university's complete run of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, while Raffles College had its library built. He started reading these, and as he placed the volumes in chronological order he noticed that their yearly height increased exponentially with time. This led to a presentation at the Sixth International Congress of the History of Science in Amsterdam, in 1950.

Returning to England, Price decided to make a career in the history of science, and enrolled for a second Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge, supported by an ICI fellowship. He had initially intended to work on a survey of scientific instruments, but during his studies he discovered The Equatorie of the Planetis, a Peterhouse manuscript in Cambridge University Library. The manuscript, written in Middle English, describes an Equatorium, an astronomical calculating instrument, and became the basis of the thesis for his PhD, which he obtained in 1954, and also for a book, published the following year. He believed the work to be by Geoffrey Chaucer, who had written A Treatise on the Astrolabe, but it is now attributed to a St Albans monk called John Westwyk.

Price received a Nuffield Foundation award for research in the History of science, which enabled him to work on scientific instruments during 1955–1956. He first prepared a catalogue of the instrument collection of the British Museum, and then a catalogue of all the ancient astrolabes that he was able to locate.

While working on his Ph.D. in Cambridge, Price met Joseph Needham, the historian of Chinese science. As a result of his work on the Equatorium Price was invited to participate in a project on medieval Chinese astronomical clocks. This led to the book Heavenly Clockwork by Needham, Wang Ling and Price, which was published in 1960.

Another interest in ancient technology concerned the Antikythera mechanism. This machine had been retrieved from a wreck off the island of Antikythera in 1900, and its function had remained unknown. Price started working on this in the 1950s, and continued on and off for twenty years using various techniques including gamma radiography. He published two papers on the mechanism, in 1959 and 1974, showing that it was a planetary computer, dating from about 80 BCE. Also, with Joseph Noble, he studied the machinery of the Tower of the Winds in Athens, and showed it to be water-driven clockwork, showing times and seasons.

Around 1950, Price adopted his mother's Sephardic name, "de Solla", as a middle name. He was a "British Atheist ... from a rather well-known Sephardic Jewish family", and although his Danish wife, Ellen, had been christened as a Lutheran, he did not, according to their son Mark, regard their marriage as "mixed", because they were both atheists.

After obtaining his second doctorate, Price found advancement difficult in England. One colleague alleged that Price, who came from a lower-class background, was "not socially house-trained," and he suspected that he was turned down for university positions for personal reasons. Price decided to move to the United States. In 1957 he became a consultant to the Smithsonian Institution, and then a fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. At Princeton he studied ancient astronomy with Otto Neugebauer. In 1959 he joined the Department of History at Yale University initially as a one-year visitor. He would remain at Yale for the rest of his life.

Price gave a series of lectures in Yale in 1959, which formed the basis for a book, Science since Babylon (1961). In 1960, a Department of History of Science and Medicine was formed at Yale, largely through the efforts of John Fulton who had been Professor of the History of Medicine since 1951. Price became Professor of the History of Science, and on Fulton's death in 1960 became chairman of the department. In 1962 he became the Avalon Professor of the History of Science.

The quantitative study of science, Scientometrics, and its application to science policy, became the principal focus of Price's work from the 1960s onwards. In 1963 his best-known book Little Science, Big Science was published. Early in that year, he met Eugene Garfield, founder of the Science Citation Index (SCI), and formed a lasting collaboration. SCI would provide most of the data for his quantitative work, allowing studies not just of the quantity of scientific publication, but, for example, of the impact of those publications, and of the duration of that impact. In 1965, Price gave the first Science of Science Foundation lecture, entitled The Scientific Foundations of Science Policy, given at the Royal Institution in London. He argued that as science grew exponentially it presented new challenges to policy-makers, and that they could be helped by the kind of Scientometric work he was carrying out and promoting. Clearly exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely, and the slowing of growth rates will correspond to pressing issues around allocation of resources. He also emphasised the critical importance of communication, referring to the "invisible college", a network of scientific communication that exists outside formal channels. The lecture was reviewed at length in the journal Nature.

Price died of a heart attack at the home of his oldest friend, Anthony Michaelis, in London, during a visit to attend the wedding of his niece. He was survived by his wife, Ellen, and their three children, Linda, Jeffrey, and Mark.

In 1984, Price received, posthumously, the ASIS Research Award for outstanding contributions in the field of information science.

Since 1984, the Derek de Solla Price Memorial Medal is awarded by the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics to scientists with outstanding contributions to the fields of quantitative studies of science.

Scientific contributions
Price's major scientific contributions include:
 * Price's square root law or Price's law, on the topic of authors publishing academic literature, proposed that half of the publications come from the square root of all authors. For example, if 100 papers are written by 25 authors, then $$\sqrt{25}=5$$ out of the 25 authors will have contributed 50 papers. However, empirical data suggest that Price's law is a poor fit, while the related Lotka's law is a good fit;
 * Studies of the exponential growth of science and the half-life of scientific literature;
 * Quantitative studies of the network of citations between scientific papers (Price 1965), including the discovery that both the in- and out-degrees of a citation network have power-law distributions, making this the first published example of a scale-free network;
 * Price's model, a mathematical theory of the growth of citation networks, based on what would now be called a preferential attachment process (Price 1976). This is closely related to the Matthew effect;
 * An analysis of the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient Greek analogue computer and astronomical instrument (Price 1959, 1974).
 * A full bibliography is provided by Yagi et al. (1986)

Selected publications

 * Reprinted 2019 by Good Press.
 * See review.
 * see review
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * Reprinted 2019 by Good Press.
 * See review.
 * see review
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * See review.
 * see review
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * See review.
 * see review
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * (Winner of 1976 JASIS paper award.)
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.
 * Second edition 1986; with supplement 2008: ISBN 9780521087162.

title: Derek J. de Solla Price


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Pseudolarix amabilis

Pseudolarix amabilis is a species of coniferous tree in the pine family Pinaceae. The species is commonly known as golden larch, but being more closely related to Keteleeria, Abies and Cedrus, is not a true larch (Larix). P. amabilis is native to eastern China, occurring in small areas in the mountains of southern Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and eastern Sichuan, at altitudes of 100 - 1500 m. The earliest known occurrences are of compression fossils found in the Ypresian Allenby Formation and mummified fossils found in the Late Eocene Buchanan Lake Formation on Axel Heiberg Island.

Growth
It is a deciduous coniferous tree reaching 30 - 40 m tall, with a broad conic crown. The shoots are dimorphic, with long shoots and short shoots similar to a larch, though the short shoots are not so markedly short, lengthening about 5 mm annually. The leaves are bright green, 3–6 cm long and 2–3 mm broad, with two glaucous stomatal bands on the underside; they turn a brilliant golden yellow before falling in the autumn, hence the common name "golden larch". The leaves are arranged spirally, widely spaced on long shoots, and in a dense whorl on the short shoots.

The cones are distinctive, superficially resembling small globe artichokes, 4–7 cm long and 4–6 cm broad, with pointed triangular scales; they mature about 7 months after pollination, when (like fir and cedar cones) they disintegrate to release the winged seeds. The male cones, as in Keteleeria, are produced in umbels of several together in one bud.

Characteristics
The golden larch is an attractive ornamental tree for parks and large garden. Unlike the true larches, it is tolerant of summer heat and humidity, growing successfully in the southeastern United States where most larches and firs do not succeed. In Europe growth is most successful in the Mediterranean region with notable specimens in northern Italy; further north in the United Kingdom it will grow, but only very slowly due to the cooler summers.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Pseudolarix amabilis


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United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) is a UN Special Political Mission tasked with assisting the people of Afghanistan.

UNAMA was established on 28 March 2002 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1401.

Reviewed annually, this mandate has been altered over time to reflect the needs of the country and was extended for one year, on 15 March 2024, by the UN Security Council Resolution 2727 (2024).

Resolution 2678 (2023) Stressing the important role that the United Nations will continue to play in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan.

The Security Council also passed a second Resolution 2679 (2023) calling for an integrated and independent assessment with forward-looking recommendations for an "integrated and coherent approach" to address Afghanistan’s challenges.

The Security Council also recognized that the renewed mandate of UNAMA is consistent with its resolutions 1662 (2006), 1746 (2007), 1806 (2008), 1868 (2009), 1917 (2010), 1974 (2011), 2041 (2012), 2096 (2013), 2145 (2014), 2210 (2015), 2274 (2016), 2344 (2017), 2405 (2018), 2460 (2019), 2489 (2019), 2543 (2020), 2596 (2021), 2626 (2022)

The United Nations has been involved in the region since 1946 when Afghanistan joined the General Assembly. Agencies such as UNICEF have been operating in Afghanistan since 1949.

Structure
UNAMA's headquarters is in Kabul and it maintains a field presence across Afghanistan, as well as liaison offices in Pakistan and Iran. The Mission has around 1,164 staff: 770 Afghan nationals, 298 international staff and 68 UNVs. (Figures from June 2021.) The Mission has offices in Bamyan, Faizabad, Gardez, Herat, Mazar-e-Sharif, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunduz, Maimana, Pul-i-Khumri, and Jalalabad. The UNAMA opened a temporary remote office in Almaty, Kazakhstan in September 2021 to continue international humanitarian cooperation as result of the Taliban takeover.

Since 2008, and following a directive of the UN Secretary-General, UNAMA is an integrated mission. This means that the Special Political Mission, all UN agencies, funds and programmes, work in a multidimensional and integrated manner to better assist Afghanistan according to nationally defined priorities.

The SRSG is responsible for all UN activities in the country and directly oversees the Security Section, Strategic Communication Service, Human Rights Section, and Peace and Reconciliation. The SRSG's Chief of Staff oversees UNAMA's Field Offices.

Two deputy Special Representatives (DSRSG) oversee the main pillars of the mission – political and developmental issues. Included under these pillars are mission sections specializing in issues such as political analysis, reporting, and outreach, and donor coordination, as well as the coordination of UN agencies funds and programmes.

Leadership
UNAMA is headed by Special Representatives of the Secretary-General (SRSG) for Afghanistan, Roza Otunbayeva, who was appointed to the post in September 2022, replacing Deborah Lyons. Nine Special Representatives have served in this capacity - Lakhdar Brahimi, (former Algerian Foreign Minister) served from October 2001 to January 2004, Jean Arnault held the post from February 2004 to February 2006, followed by Tom Koenigs from March 2006 to December 2007, Kai Eide from 2008 to 2010, Staffan di Mistura from 2010 to 2011, Ján Kubiš from 2012 to 2014, Nicholas Haysom from 2014 to 2016, Tadamichi Yamamoto from 2016 to 2020, and Deborah Lyons from March 2020 to June 2022.

Markus Potzel was appointed Deputy SRSG (political) in June 2022. Indrika Ratwatte was appointed Deputy SRSG (humanitarian) in November 2023.

Political affairs
The Deputy SRSG (political) also has specific responsibility for political affairs: political outreach, conflict resolution, and regional cooperation. Responsibilities include the analysis and reporting, political affairs, Women, Peace and Security, rule of law and liaison’s offices in Islamabad and Teheran.

Development and Humanitarian Assistance
UNAMA's Deputy SRSG (humanitarian) is expected to manage UN support for development efforts in Afghanistan, including capacity building and coordination of humanitarian assistance from international bodies. Ratwatte (DSRSG humanitarian) also holds the post of UN Resident Coordinator for Afghanistan, responsible for the coordination of the work of the UN Country Team.

The UNCT in Afghanistan comprises 20 agencies, funds and programmes with offices in Afghanistan.


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Cobh Ramblers F.C.

Cobh Ramblers Football Club (CRFC; Cumann Peile Chóstóirí Chóbh) is an Irish football club. The club, founded in 1922 and elected to the League of Ireland in 1985, hails from Cobh, County Cork and play their home matches at St. Colman's Park. The club's colours are claret and blue. The club was a founding member of the Cork Athletic Union League in 1947 and is the only one of the 14 founding clubs still in existence today.

History
Cobh Ramblers was originally a field hockey club, and until the British withdrawal from Ireland, many club members played football with the British Army soldiers who were stationed at Cobh. This led to the re-formation of Cobh Ramblers as a football club.

Founded in 1922, Cobh Ramblers Football Club first won the Munster Senior Cup in 1925. Additional (provincial) Munster Senior Cup titles were captured in the 1930s, 1940s, 1950s and 1970s.

At a national level, the club played in the 1976 FAI League Cup, reaching the semi-finals.

Cobh Ramblers joined the League of Ireland in 1985, after many years as a Munster Senior League side. One of the most successful of those teams was the team of 1983, who got to the semi-final of the FAI Cup humbling many senior clubs on the way. They met Sligo Rovers in the semi-final that year and captured the imagination of the Irish footballing public, drawing crowds of over 20,000 to Flower Lodge for the home games as St Colmans Park was too small. There were 3 replays until Sligo finally won 3–2 and went on to win the Cup.

Cobh won promotion to the Premier Division in 1988, after finishing First Division runners-up to Athlone Town. Lasting just one season in the top flight, they won promotion again at the end of the 1992–93 season, this time as runners-up to Galway United. A play-off win over Finn Harps saw Ramblers retain their Premier Division status at the end of the 1993–94 season, but the club were relegated in second-last place the following year.

With Ramblers having played all but four of their League of Ireland campaigns in the First Division, they rarely get to play their local rivals Cork City, a Premier Division team, with the two usually only being able to match up in pre-season friendlies and the occasional cup match, Cobh being the minnows in terms of League of Ireland experience.

In recent years, fan numbers have not been as high as they were during the glory days when Ramblers were in the top flight of Irish football and playing glamorous pre-season matches against the likes of Celtic and Arsenal. Though even with its lower attendance at home matches (usually about 600 or so, over 1000 for the 2008 season), the fans in attendance are loyal and take part in club fund-raisers and events as well as watching the match. It is hoped though that with a new younger generation becoming interested in the League of Ireland, due to promotion of the league and sport as a whole, that attendance and the fortunes of the club might improve.

Ramblers appeared on live television for the first time on Friday, 10 November 2006 in an away fixture at Galway United, where they lost 1–0.

On 10 November 2007 Cobh Ramblers beat Athlone Town 1–0 in Lissywoollen in what was a tense and nervous display. This victory gave Cobh Ramblers their first piece of Senior Silverware and crowned them First Division Champions. During the 2007 season, with their young squad, they recorded a 27-game unbeaten run, keeping 22 clean sheets. Their points tally of 77 points was also a record for the league.

However, after suffering relegation from the League of Ireland Premier Division, Ramblers subsequently failed to obtain a licence for the First Division due to financial constraints and so compete in the Newstalk A Championship (Ireland's third tier).

In 2010 Ramblers missed out on gaining promotion back to the League of Ireland losing to Salthill Devon in a play off.

The Ramblers most noted past player is former Irish international and Manchester United star Roy Keane, while Irish international Stephen Ireland is a product of the Youth System. Westlife singer Nicky Byrne, who was also a footballer on the books at Leeds United, had a spell with the club too.

On 18 March 2014, the club parted company with manager Dave Hill by mutual consent after five years. He was replaced by Martin Cambridge on an interim basis. In March 2015 Martin Cambridge tendered his resignation and Stephen Henderson returned to the club as first team manager. In Oct 2015 Stephen Henderson signed a new three-year contract with the club. In 2016 Henderson guided Ramblers to munster senior cup victory and to a 3rd-place finish in the first division. Cobh Ramblers were the only side to defeat first division champions Limerick that season and this coincided with a run of 5 victories in their last 5 league games to reach the playoffs. They narrowly lost 3–2 on aggregate to Drogheda Utd despite overturning a 2–0 deficit in the return leg at United Park after only nine minutes.

In 2018, Ramblers reached the final of the EA Sports Cup Final. In the semi-final they defeated Dundalk 1–0 at home with striker Chris Hull scoring the winner. After defeating Dundalk, and denying the eventual champions a treble, Ramblers lost the final away to Derry City 3–1.

Stadium
St Colman's Park was redeveloped during the mid-2000s. Construction of a new state of the art changing facility and press office along with a new chairman's office was completed in 2006 along with new floodlights and a 900-seater stand replacing the old shed. The east stand, too has seen improvement with 450 new seats being installed. Plans for a new 900 seater stand adjacent to the existing stand have temporarily been put on hold due to minor financial difficulties at the club. A new slick surface was also added prior to the clubs admission to the Eircom/Airtricity League Premier Division in 2009.

The stadium has hosted international underage games including games in the 1994 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship qualifiers.

Munster Schools Senior Cup games have also been staged at the stadium including the final which was won by local Cobh school, Coláiste Muire in 2010.

Under-19s
The National under-19 league was introduced in 2011, replacing the old A Championship. Cobh Ramblers won the Southern Division that year, gaining promotion to the Elite Division. During the 2022 season, the Cobh's under-19 team secured the LOI Tier 2 League title with a record of 14 wins and 4 draws from 18 games.

Under-17s
Cobh Ramblers entered a team in the first ever League of Ireland under-17 season in 2015. The side was made up of players from across the county of Cork. As of 2020, the under-17 side was coached by former Cork City F.C. and Cardiff City defender, Darren Dennehy.

Supporters
Cobh Ramblers fanbase, known as the "Claret and Blue Army", used to locate in the East stand, behind the goal. Nowadays they locate at the far end of the South stand. There is also a Cobh Ramblers Supporters Club, who are involved in fundraising for the club.

In 2019, Cobh Ramblers changed the ownership structure of the club and became a fully fan owned entity. Now operating under the guise of Cobh Ramblers Co-Operative Society.

Honours

 * League of Ireland First Division: 1
 * 2007
 * EA Sports Cup
 * Runners-up: 1
 * Munster Senior League: 15
 * 1925–26, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1943–44, 1956–57, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85
 * Munster Senior Cup: 7
 * 1924–25, 1943–44, 1978–79, 1982–83, 2015–16, 2021–22, 2022–23
 * FAI Intermediate Cup: 2
 * 1979–80, 1982–83
 * Enda McGuill Cup: 1
 * 2013–14
 * Munster Youths Cup: 3
 * 1989–90, 1993–94, 1999–0

Notable former managers

 * 🇮🇪 Alfie Hale (1988–1989)
 * 🇮🇪 Damien Richardson (1995)
 * 🏴 Ian Butterworth (1998)
 * 🏴 Dave Hill (2009–2014)
 * 🇮🇪 Stephen Henderson (2004–2008 & 2015–2019)
 * 🇮🇪 Shane Keegan (2022–2023)

Notable former players

 * 🇮🇪 Roy Keane
 * 🇮🇪 Nicky Byrne
 * 🇮🇪 David Meyler
 * 🇮🇪 Jaze Kabia
 * 🏴 Jason Kabia
 * 🇮🇪 Colin Falvey
 * 🏴 John Hollins
 * 🇮🇪 Stephen Ireland
 * 🇮🇪 Graham Cummins
 * 🇮🇪 Michael Devine (footballer)

title: Cobh Ramblers F.C.


text:
1907 Romanian peasants' revolt

A peasant revolt (Răscoala țărănească din 1907) took place in Romania between 21 February and 5 April 1907. It started in northern Moldavia and, after three weeks in which it was localized in that area, it quickly spread, reaching Wallachia, including as far as Oltenia. The main cause was the discontent of the peasants over the inequity of land ownership, which was mostly in the hands of just a few large landowners.

Following the fall of the Conservative Party government on March 12, the new Liberal government crushed the revolt violently with the help of the Romanian Army, killing thousands of peasants in the process.

Background
The 1864 land reforms gave the peasants full ownership rights for part of the land for which they previously had only the right to use. However, the peasants remained even after these reforms dependent on the local landlords. Additionally, the peasant population was rising fast, leading to rapidly shrinking properties: from an average family property of 3.42 ha in 1896 down to 3.27 ha in 1905 and 3.06 ha in 1907. The state was also a big landholder; however, its policies for selling the land often did not favor poorer peasants, who were in the greatest need for land.

Needing to supplement their shrinking properties, the peasants were forced to use land owned by the landlords, who owned large estates. As population grew, the peasants became more and more desperate for land, leading to rapidly rising rents. At that time, peasants formed up to 80% of the Romanian population and about 60% of them owned small plots, or no land at all, while the large landowners owned more than half of the arable land.

The National Liberal Party's policy to encourage peasant cooperatives was not successful, as many landlords feared the organization of the peasants, preferring to lease to individual peasants rather than to cooperatives. According to Ioan Lahovary, the Conservative Minister of Domains, a landlord could drive out a peasant refusing to pay his rent, but noted that for driving out a cooperative of 500 peasants, a regiment would be needed and the government may refuse to put it at the landlord's disposal. As such, by the end of 1907, there were only 103 village cooperatives having a membership of 11,118 leasing 37344 ha, most of it leased from the state.

By 1900, most large landowners preferred to live in the cities and did not want to bother with the administration of their properties. Therefore, the peasants no longer leased directly from the landowner, but sub-leased it from an intermediary lessor (arendaș, or Arendators ). The fall of the price of grain on the world markets meant that the lessors would demand ever greater rents in order to make ends meet.

The blame for the revolt was initially put on Jewish intermediaries, given that many of the lessors were of Jewish background, especially in Northern Moldavia. The revolt quickly spread southward, losing some of its anti-Semitic character and becoming basically a protest against the existing system of land tenure.

Course of events
The revolt began on the lands administered by one lessor, Mochi Fischer, in the village of Flămânzi by Trifan Roman Grosu, Ion Dolhescu, and Grigore Roman, due to Fischer's refusal to renew the leases of the local peasants. Fischer used to lease about 75% of the arable land in three Romanian counties in Moldavia (the so-called "Fischerland").

The peasants, fearing that they would remain without work and, more importantly, without food, began to act violently. Scared, Fischer fled to a friend in Cernăuți, leaving the peasants without signed contracts. The fear of remaining out of work, combined with the activities of alleged Austro-Hungarian instigators, led the peasants to revolt. The revolt soon spread across most of Moldavia, with several landowners' properties destroyed and many lessors killed or wounded. The Conservative government (Partidul Conservator), led by Prime Minister Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino, couldn't handle the situation and resigned, and the Liberals (Partidul Național-Liberal) of Dimitrie Sturdza assumed power, with Ion I. C. Brătianu as Minister of the Interior and General Alexandru Averescu as Minister of War.

On 18 March a state of emergency was declared, and then a general mobilization, with 140,000 soldiers being recruited by 29 March. The Romanian Army began firing on the peasants; thousands of peasants perished and more than 10,000 were arrested.

Peasants
The exact number of peasant deaths is unknown, and even the course of events are not clear, because the government, to hide the size of the massacre, ordered the destruction of all documents relating to the uprising.

Historian Markus Bauer mentions a greatly underestimated official figure of 419 deaths, while an unofficial figure, circulated by the press and widely accepted, of about 10,000 peasants killed, has never been proven to be true. The same figure of 419 deaths was mentioned by Ion I. C. Brătianu in the Romanian Parliament. The data available to the Prime Minister Dimitrie Sturdza indicated 421 deaths between 28 March and 5 April 1907. Likewise, about 112 were injured and 1,751 detained. Newspapers patronized by Constantin Mille, Adevărul and Dimineața, gave a figure of 12,000–13,000 victims. In a conversation with the British ambassador in Bucharest, King Carol I mentioned a figure of "several thousand".

Prince Johann of Schönburg-Hartenstein, the minister plenipotentiary of Austria-Hungary in Bucharest at the time, and also General Averescu estimated the number of dead between 1,000–2,000. According to figures given by Austrian diplomats, between 3,000-5,000 peasants were killed, while the French Embassy mentioned a death toll ranging between 10,000–20,000. Historians put the figures between 3,000–18,000, the most common being 11,000 victims.

Another assessment of the number of victims was made by Major Gheorghe Dabija who in February 1910 was appointed by General Grigore C. Crăiniceanu to analyze 32 files that referred to this event. Based on these documents, Dabija drew up a 117-page report which he submitted to the Ministry of War, from which it emerged that 1,786 peasants had been shot.

Army
Only ten members of the Army were killed in the revolt: an officer, Lt. I. Nițulescu, killed in Stănești, Giurgiu County, two sergeants and seven soldiers. Four others were injured: an officer, Capt. Grigore Mareș, also wounded in Stănești, two sergeants and a soldier. Seventy-five soldiers of the Fifth Dorobanți Regiment ("Vlașca") appeared before military courts and charged with revolt; 61 were sentenced to hard labor for life and 14 to five years in prison.

Aftermath
Many intellectuals, among them Nicolae Iorga, Alexandru Vlahuță, Ion Luca Caragiale, Constantin Stere, Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, and Radu Rosetti, protested against the violent intervention of the forces of repression. Others emphasized that the government had a special responsibility for the fate of the peasantry and the country in general, and therefore an urgent solution to the "peasant question" was required.

The Liberal government began a campaign to repress any kind of political organization of the peasants. Many teachers, priests and other countryside intellectuals were arrested, as were pro-universal suffrage activists Vasile M. Kogălniceanu and Alexandru Vălescu, who were regarded as instigators of the revolt.

The government also began enacting a series of reforms in order to provide some relief to the peasantry, but without expropriating the landlords. The December 23, 1907 law on agricultural contracts limited the degree to which the peasants could be exploited by the landlords and lessors: it set maximum prices for land leases, it set minimum wages for peasants working on landlords' estates and it established Casa Rurală, a bank which was supposed to help peasants to buy lots of 5 ha from landlords. A law passed on April 12, 1908 banned anyone leasing more than 4000 ha at one time.

Legacy
The events continued to resonate in the Romanian conscience, and were the subject of one of the novels of the interwar period, Răscoala ("The Revolt"), by Liviu Rebreanu, published in 1932. A film based on the book, Răscoala, was produced in 1965. The revolt also formed the subject of a painting by Octav Băncilă, and of a monumental statue which can still be seen in Bucharest.

title: 1907 Romanian peasants' revolt