text:
Talk:Omega-3 fatty acid

Fundamental Contradiction in the Article !
In the introduction, Omega-3 fatty acid is described as playing "an important role in the human diet and in human physiology".

However, in the section "Health Effects", there appears to be negligible evidence for any proven benefits !

Have I missed something ?

Please would someone knowledgeable add an explanation for this ? Many thanks ! Darkman101 (talk) 21:09, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Omega-3 fatty acids are very important for human health and physiology. The "Health effects of omega-3 supplementation" is talking about omega-3 supplements (fish oil) which have not been demonstrated to be beneficial so there is no contradiction. That section is about supplements not omega-3 foods. Psychologist Guy (talk) 21:22, 1 July 2022 (UTC)
 * https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888689/ Atchoum (talk) 23:17, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * That review was heavily industry funded. Psychologist Guy (talk) 21:07, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

"Coromega" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coromega&redirect=no Coromega] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Mdewman6 (talk) 23:40, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

Benefits of EPA only vs EPA+DHA treatment
I started noticing recent publications are talking about significant benefit of Omega-3 with EPA only, on various health measures. For example see here
 * Omega-3 FAs reduced cardiovascular mortality and improved cardiovascular outcomes. The cardiovascular risk reduction was more prominent with EPA monotherapy than with EPA+DHA.

Also see: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002561962030985X

Any thoughts on this? Tal Galili (talk) 18:56, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The problem with most of these papers is that they are not neutral, they are funded by Omega-3 supplement companies. For example, your second link check the bottom of the paper "Potential Competing Interests" and "Grant Support". The authors of the paper are selling supplements and it was funded by a company selling DHA and EPA supplements. This type of research is really no different than the recent flawed trials we have seen on red meat that were funded by the beef industry. Industry-sponsored studies are nearly always biased in favour of the sponsor's products. Psychologist Guy (talk) 21:18, 19 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This is a great point!
 * I've added a new notes section, and will try to add comments about conflict of interests for citated sources from now on.
 * I don't think a biased paper should be excluded at all times, but I do agree it should be easily available for people to know about it and decide for themselves.
 * WDYT? Tal Galili (talk) 09:58, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Omega-3 fatty acid


text:
User:Johan Elisson/victorynames

Swedish regimental victory names:

Numbers according to Sveriges arméförband under 1900-talet.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Johan Elisson/victorynames


text:
Bordetella

Bordetella is a genus of small (0.2 – 0.7 μm), Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. Bordetella species, with the exception of B. petrii, are obligate aerobes, as well as highly fastidious, or difficult to culture. All species can infect humans. The first three species to be described (B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica); are sometimes referred to as the 'classical species'. Two of these (B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica) are also motile.

There are about 16 different species of Bordetella likely descending from ancestors who lived in soil and/or water environments. B. pertussis and occasionally B. parapertussis cause pertussis (whooping cough) in humans, and some B. parapertussis strains only colonize sheep. It has also been known to cause bronchitis in cats and bronchopneumonia in pigs.

B. bronchiseptica rarely infects healthy humans, though disease in immunocompromised patients has been reported. B. bronchiseptica causes several diseases in other mammals, including kennel cough in dogs and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. Other members of the genus cause similar diseases in other mammals, and in birds (B. hinzii, B. avium).

The genus Bordetella is named after Jules Bordet.

Pathogenesis
The three most common species of Bordetella are B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. These species are known to accumulate in the respiratory tracts of mammals. This is most commonly seen in human infants as a product of an illness known as whooping cough. The particular species responsible for this illness is B. pertussis, and can only be found in humans. Even with extensive vaccination research on B. pertussis, whooping cough is still considered endemic in many countries. Due to the fact B. pertussis is only found in humans and shows little genetic variation from the other Bordetella species, it is thought that it was derived from a common ancestor in recent years.

B. parapertussis can affect both humans and other mammals, primarily sheep. Similar to B. pertussis, it causes whooping cough in babies. Yet, when strains found in sheep are isolated there is a strong distinction between those found in humans. This suggests that the varying strains of this species evolved independently of one another, the one found in humans and the one found in sheep. With this particular distinction it means that there is little to no transmission between the two reservoirs.

The species B. bronchiseptica (gram-negative, aerobic) however has a broader host range, causing similar symptoms in a wide range of animals, while only occasionally affecting humans. These symptoms often manifest as chronic and asymptomatic respiratory infections. B. bronchiseptica is a small, coccobacillus shape sized at approximately 0.5 μm. It has peritrichous flagella that enables it to be motile. On a petri dish, colonies of this species appear small, grayish-white, smooth, and shiny. This species is also typically associated with kennel cough (Canine Respiratory Infectious Disease (CRID)) in dogs. The most thoroughly studied of the Bordetella species are B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, and the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed. Transmission occurs by direct contact, via respiratory aerosol droplets, or fomites. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx, and this interaction with epithelial cells is mediated by a series of protein adhesins.. These include filamentous haemaglutinin, pertactin, fimbriae, and pertussis toxin (though expression of pertussis toxin is unique to B. pertussis). As well as assisting in adherence to epithelial cells, some of these are also involved in attachment to immune effector cells.

The initial catarrhal phase of infection produces symptoms similar to those of the common cold, and during this period, large numbers of bacteria can be recovered from the pharynx. Thereafter, the bacteria proliferate and spread further into the respiratory tract, where the secretion of toxins causes ciliostasis and facilitates the entry of bacteria to tracheal/bronchial ciliated cells. One of the first toxins to be expressed is tracheal cytotoxin, which is a disaccharide-tetrapeptide derived from peptidoglycan. Unlike most other Bordetella toxins, tracheal cytotoxin is expressed constitutively, being a normal product of the breakdown of the bacterial cell wall. Other bacteria recycle this molecule back into the cytoplasm, but in Bordetella and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it is released into the environment. Tracheal cytotoxin itself is able to reproduce paralysis of the ciliary escalator, inhibition of DNA synthesis in epithelial cells and ultimately killing of the same. One of the most important of the regulated toxins is adenylate cyclase toxin, which aids in the evasion of innate immunity. The toxin is delivered to phagocytic immune cells upon contact. Immune cell functions are then inhibited in part by the resulting accumulation of cyclic AMP. Recently discovered activities of adenylate cyclase toxin, including transmembrane pore formation and stimulation of calcium influx, may also contribute to the intoxication of phagocytes.

Virulence factors
The virulence factors identified in the Bordetella are common to all three species. These include adhesins, such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin, tracheal colonization factor and fimbriae, and toxins, such as adenylate cyclase-hemolysin, dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin. These factors are then expressed and regulated most often by environmental stimuli. Differences in virulence factors relate to the loss of regulatory or control functions. Bordetella sp. is typically found to live within the hosts' respiratory tract and immune system and can transmit to new hosts. Bordetella pertussis also affects human adults and even with an 85% vaccination coverage over 160,000 related deaths occur each year all around the globe. There are few antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods but no change or progress have been discovered as of 2018. Most studies performed using Bordetella vaccines have many flaws and fail to come to an official conclusion.

Regulation of virulence factor expression
The expression of many Bordetella adhesins and toxins is controlled by the two-component regulatory system BvgAS. Much of what is known about this regulatory system is based on work with B. bronchiseptica, but BvgAS is present in B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica and is responsible for phase variation or phenotypic modulation.

BvgS is a plasma membrane-bound sensor kinase which responds to stimulation by phosphorylating a cytoplasmic helix-turn-helix-containing protein, BvgA. When phosphorylated, BvgA has increased affinity for specific binding sites in Bvg-activated promoter sequences and is able to promote transcription in in vitro assays.

Most of the toxins and adhesins under BvgAS control are expressed under Bvg+ conditions (high BvgA-Pi concentration). But there are also genes expressed solely in the Bvg− state, most notably the flagellin gene flaA. The regulation of Bvg repressed genes is mediated by the product of a 624-bp open reading frame downstream of BvgA, the so-called Bvg-activated repressor protein, BvgR. BvgR binds to a consensus sequence present within the coding sequences of at least some Bvg-repressed genes. Binding of this protein to the consensus sequence represents gene expression by reducing transcription.

It is not known what the physiological signals for BvgS are, but in vitro BvgAS can be inactivated by millimolar concentrations of magnesium sulfate or nicotinic acid, or by reduction of the incubation temperature to ≤ 26 °C.

The identification of a specific point mutation in the BvgS gene which locks B. bronchiseptica in an intermediate Bvg phase revealed a class of BvgAS-regulated genes that are exclusively transcribed under intermediate concentrations of BvgA-Pi. This intermediate (Bvgi) phenotype can be reproduced in wild-type B. bronchiseptica by growth of the bacteria in a medium containing intermediate concentrations of the BvgAS modulator, nicotinic acid. In these conditions, some, but not all of the virulence factors associated with the Bvg+ phase are expressed, suggesting this two-component regulatory system can give rise to a continuum of phenotypic states in response to the environment.

Vaccines
The Bordetella vaccine is non-essential, but highly recommended for dogs especially if they are expected to come into contact with other dogs at dog parks, boarding facilities, dog shows, training classes, etc. In fact, it can be required at certain facilities for entry. The vaccine can also be given to cats, but it is less commonly done because infection appears to be uncommon in adult cats. However, it may be a good idea to vaccinate a kitten if it is in a high-risk environment (i.e. living with multiple other cats).

The Bordetella vaccine specifically targets Bordetella bronchiseptica, the species typically responsible for kennel cough. The vaccine introduces the bacteria (live or dead) to the body in order to develop an immunity. It is important to remember that the vaccine only protects against one species of Bordetella. Therefore, it is possible for a pet to become infected with another Bordetella species or contract kennel cough from another source, such as the parainfluenza virus, even after being vaccinated for B. bronchiseptica. The Bordetella vaccine is also only about 70% effective.

There are three licensed ways to deliver the Bordetella vaccine to dogs: orally, intranasally, and subcutaneously. The two former methods are administered using live bacteria, while the latter is done with a killed bacteria. A comparative study done in 2013 by the School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison, Wisconsin studied the effectiveness of these three methods by vaccinating beagle puppies. The 40 beagles were divided into four groups; a group to test each of the three methods, plus one unvaccinated control group. After 42 days, the dogs were exposed to Bordetella bronchiseptica. This study determined that the live intranasal Bordetella vaccine was more effective than the killed subcutaneous vaccine, and the live oral vaccine works equally as well as the live intranasal vaccine.

title: Bordetella


text:
File:The Scorpions LatFS.jpg

Summary
Used on Wikipedia under fair use guidelines:
 * Low resolution copy of the album cover

RedWolf 02:08, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

title: File:The Scorpions LatFS.jpg


text:
Baljinath Pandit

Baljinath Pandit (1916–2007) was a Sanskrit scholar and authority on Kashmir Shaivism.

He obtained his Ph.D. at Punjab University and was professor of Sanskrit and Philosophy at Himachal Pradesh University. He was honored for his work by the President of India, and was also on the Muktabodha Indological Research Institute Academic Council.

In 1999 he was on the panel of "Seminar on Kashmir Shaivaism". He died on 7 September 2007.

Articles

 * Sahib Kaul's Flash of Self-Realization, Koshur Samachar, Kashmir News Network

title: Baljinath Pandit


text:
Talk:Jackson Heights, Queens

Untitled
Since when has Jackson Heights been a gay village? I know they have a growing gay population, but the area certainly does not cater specifically to the gay community. Darkcore 02:07, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I have removed the line in the trivia page about the gay population of Jackson Heights because it's unverifiable. aliceinlampyland 10:25, 6 May 2006 (UTC).

Ok, who ever erased most of the information about the Latin American population and KEPT the Asian Amercian and European American information in the beginning, is making him/herself look like a racist. Don't do that. Bootleg42 00:22, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

im sorry that wasent my true intention it was a mistake when i was editing the section i will post it up as soon as i can ........also i greatly disagree with who ever wrote the youth section saying that they call the travelers park "da park" and then go to the 7 eleven & the fact that someone wrote that most of the youth here listen to "hip hop " and "reggaeton" and rock is not as accepted or whatever the person who wrote this said. Also it was mentioned that the Jackson Heights youth go outside to "tag it up" on the streets. This is not true and its completely unverifiable.

Also i would like to add that jackson heights does NOT consist mainly of lower class residents since the Median Household Income is $45,889 this maybe be the case for neighborhoods such as corona but it is not the case of Jackson Heights and it most certainly isnt the case of the Jackson Heights Historical District where most of the residents are middle to middle upper class .....OK so next check your demographics before placeing unaccurate information up ....Forest Hills/Kew Gardens Median HH Income is  $53,704 this not much of a drastic difference and somehow you say that Jackson Heights is mainly lower and middle.

I have added a new line concerning the gay community to the trivia page, which is completely verifiable. I have no knowledge of DarkCore's relationship to Jackson Heights but my great grand parents, grand parents and mother have resided in Jackson Heights since the 30's and I have been a resident of Jackson Heights since 1983. Jackson Heights does not have a "growing" gay population it has an enormous gay population, and has had one since the '70's. While Jackson Heights does not cater exclusively to the gay community it is the center of gay life for any gay man whose primary language is spanish. For very long time, from the '80's to the early 90's there were as many as 11 gay bars in walking distance, all located on Roosevelt Avenue or adjacent streets. Aside from Christopher Street in the Village or Provincetown, MA or Castro Street in San Francisco, you could not find such a concentration of gay establishments within blocks of each other anywhere in the United States or Canada.--Casement 06:10, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

??? Would it be appropriate to add a section listing, and perhaps describing, the historic garden apartments in the Jackson Heights landmark district (building names, dates, architects, distinguishing attributes, ect.)? Daniel Karatzas' published history of the neighborhood provides useful information, but there is currently no comprehensive source online.Curiosus 05:43, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

if someone added a section like the one suggested above that would be great not only this but more pictures of the historical distric would be perfect.

Distance from midtown
I changed the entry in the first paragraph where it said Jackson Heights is "12.2 miles(19.8 km) northeast of midtown. Via google maps I calculated at 6.8 mile (10.9 km) walking distance from Jackson Heights east (not northeast) to midtown. Don't know if this is an approved method of verifying distance between two neighborhoods, but this distance is definitely much more accurate than what what in there before. If someone knows a better way to provide evidence of where Jackson Heights is in relation to midtown, please feel free to change what I did. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.201.133.35 (talk) 19:56, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

Population & map
In this article, it would be nice to have an official (heck, even an estimated) total population of the neighborhood; a rough idea of its size (either in acres or city blocks); and some sort of map showing its relationship to other parts of Queens or where it fits in NYC Jolomo 15:29, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Jackson Heights needs a Starbucks and a Barnes & Noble ,theres too much retail space to be filled. Hopefully it will be filled by a occupant that is worth it unlike those cheap clothing stores & cell phone stores that line 82nd st.

Diversity
How can Jackson Heights and Elmhurst both be "the most ethnically diverse neighborhood/community in the world"?

Also, the music in Jackson HTS is not "Pakistani and Bengali" it's HINDI lol. Get that right.

And it's not referred to as "Little Pakistan". It is and was always referred to as "Little India". Who wrote this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mujjuman (talk • contribs) 22:09, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

And whatever it is called, there's way more people from Bangladesh than India in JH these days. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.201.133.35 (talk) 15:16, 19 April 2016 (UTC)

Starbucks
Can anyone verify the Starbucks opening? I've heard rumors, but no one has been able to confirm. What's the source? Worldwidedeborah 16:28, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Verification

Hardly think it's worthy of a mention on the page. Since when is a Starbucks in a neighborhood anything but common? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.90.183.97 (talk) 05:07, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

The area of 72nd to 76th street between Broadway and 37th Ave is overrun with out of district shoppers who have no respect for the area. They double park constantly and litter the area without regard —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.127.241.2 (talk) 07:44, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Picture
Why does that second picture say Jackson Heights when its CLEARLY a picture of Corona. The picture shows 114th to about Junction boulevard. Im removing the picture. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.202.97.179 (talk) 00:28, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Foundation of Jackson Heights
Edward Bernays, in his book Propaganda (1928) pgs 56-57 cites the creation of Jackson Heights as an important example of his new idea (at the time) of the new concept of Public Relations. This then is an important part of the its history which is missing from the page. Curiously the prior pages describe another project, to include music rooms in new homes in order to stimulate demand for pianos. It would be interesting to know if this was also played out in Jackson Heights.

210.48.92.9 (talk) 05:26, 22 November 2009 (UTC)Paul Nash - webscool@ihug.co.nz

Namesake
Does anyone know who Jackson Heights was named after? Racingstripes (talk) 11:02, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

According to the Jackson Heights Beautification Group

''An article in the January 1924 issue of Queens Borough Magazine on the origin of the names of Queens neighborhoods indicated that Jackson Heights was named for John Jackson, the president of the Hunters Point and Flushing Turnpike Company (which operated the Jackson Avenue trolley). The word "Heights" was no doubt added because the parcel of land rose above adjacent acreage, and because it was seen as adding some well-needed cachet.'' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.208.180.240 (talk) 20:36, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Eagle Theater
This was the "Earle" until it became a Bollywood theater. (My dad used to take me there to see Tom & Jerry cartoons long before it became a porn theater.) Kostaki mou (talk) 16:57, 27 January 2016 (UTC)

More on movie theaters
The Jackson Heights Theater was originally named the Colony. There was a fifth theater, the Boulevard, on Northern Boulevard and 83rd. I believe this is also now a food court. I will check on this. Kostaki mou (talk) 23:51, 28 January 2016 (UTC)

 * It was on 83rd Street, not 82nd, as I originally stated. It is now a Latin-American restaurant under the same name.  Kostaki mou (talk) 15:49, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Regarding the "Summary of History" section has been removed
I just removed the following paragraph from the section "Summary of History":

The Jackson Heights name comes from John C. Jackson, is part of the original queens families and is head of the transportation development in the borough of the development 1859. The Jackson Avenue name is retained by this major road in a short stretch between Queens Plaza and Queens–Midtown Tunnel in Long Island City.[5] The name "heights" showed that the place was originally meant to be exclusive.[6]Another name jackson height goes by is “trains meadow” because of the lack of trains in the area. The present-day 7 train, just 20 minutes from Manhattan—came in 1917. Four things that affected Jackson Heights population; The 1965 Immigration Reform Act, which allowed working-class immigrants to be with their families in the U.S.;[54 The 1968 Fair Housing Act, which upheld fair housing;[54 In 1990, Julio Rivera, a gay man, was stabbed to death, which gave way to the Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project.[55] In the 1970s,The Latino demographics caused controversy, when many drug cartels were selling drugs, while some media sources placed culpability on the wire transfer stores along Roosevelt Avenue as vestiges of the drug-selling, these stores were actually useful to the community.[56] Little India was also controversial. Although Indians are a minority in Jackson Heights, a vibrant commercial area developed on 74th Street in the 1990s,[56] and by 1993, it was the largest Asian Indian shopping area in the country.[48]

It looks like this has been copied from what was on the page in the view-only mode, rather than adding new content. Therefore, it is redundant and I have removed it. I'll work on restoring the edits that were intended to be made based on this addition. epicgenius (talk) 20:34, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:36, 31 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Churros in Jackson Heights.jpg

title: Talk:Jackson Heights, Queens


text:
Stratellite

Stratellite is a brand name trademark of Sanswire for a future emissions-free, high-altitude stratospheric airship that provides a stationary communications platform for various types of wireless signals usually carried by communications towers or satellites. The Stratellite is a concept that has undergone several years of research and development, and is not yet commercially available; Sanswire, with its partner TAO Technologies, anticipates its current testing sequence to include the launch of a Stratellite into the stratosphere.

Details
High-altitude airships, like the Stratellite, would hover lower than an orbiting satellite, but far above the jet stream and most weather, in the stratosphere approximately 13 mi (20 km) above the Earth. A single unit could then send broadband, mobile phone and digital television and radio signals to a large area. The unmanned Stratellite would be powered by solar cells and propelled by electric motors. So far, this technology remains unproven, and is very far from commercialization. A working proto-type that can perform all these functions doesn't exist.

Lag times would be reduced by a factor of nearly 2000 compared to geosynchronous satellites, and 15 for low orbiting satellites but with a smaller coverage area. When compared to terrestrial communications towers, Stratellite coverage would be larger, with lag times being more a function of internal communications equipment rather than distance.

Estimated broadband coverage of 300,000 mi2 (480,000 km2), roughly the size of Texas or France, is planned. Wireless signals could be transmitted to and from a 200 mi (320 km) diameter, but terrain features and man-made structures could partially or locally interfere with the signal. Since the Stratellite is designed for regular returns to the surface for maintenance, some overlap and redundancy would be required to maintain continuous service. Sanswire Networks initially plans to deploy this technology over major metropolitan areas.

Proponents claim a high-altitude communications platform, like the Stratellite, could make terrestrial broadcast towers obsolete, reducing the cost and time required for hardware updates. An update made to a single unit would effectively cascade to an entire grid of virtual broadcast towers. It will be possible to bring broadband service to a wide area currently without terrestrial towers quickly and with relative ease.

Company details
According to corporate press releases, the Stratellite and related assets were shipped to TAO Technologies in Stuttgart, Germany for further evaluation and design revision. Sanswire then formed a new German corporation known as Sanswire-TAO GmbH.

Sanswire is not the first company to propose such a craft. Similar proposals have been made by Advanced Technologies Group (ATG) in Bedford, England, SkyLINK, Inc, in England, and SkyTower Inc., a subsidiary of AeroVironment Inc. in Monrovia, California, in the United States.

Prior to September 25, 2008, Sanswire was previously known as GlobeTel Communications Corp.

On October 17, 2012, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida granted the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's motions for over US$3 million Remedies, and granted Motions For Disgorgement, Civil Penalties and Officer-And-Director Bars Against Timothy Huff, Lawrence Lynch, Joseph J. Monterosso, Luis Vargas.

Starting in November 2007, the Securities and Exchange Commission brought civil actions against the defendants in connection with GlobeTel Communications Corp., now World Surveillance Group Inc. (GlobeTel). GlobeTel reported millions of dollars in telecommunications revenue from 2002 to 2006 that the Commission alleged was fake. Huff and former GlobeTel chief financial officer Thomas Jimenez were sentenced to prison as a result of parallel criminal prosecutions. See U.S. v. Huff, 09-cr-60295-DMM (S.D. Fla.); U.S. v. Jimenez, 08-cr-60367-DTKH (S.D. Fla.). GlobeTel and Jimenez previously consented to the entry of judgments against them in the Securities and Exchange Commission's action.

The district court adopted a recommendation previously entered by a magistrate judge and ordered the following remedies:

Former GlobeTel Communications (GlobeTel) chief executive officer Timothy Huff to pay a $1.21 million penalty and $1.5 million in disgorgement plus prejudgment interest. Judge Joan A. Lenard calculated Huff's penalty by imposing a third-tier penalty for each of Huff's 10 most-serious false disclosures. She also ordered him to disgorge the full $1.5 million that he received when he exercised stock options in the midst of the fraud.

Former GlobeTel chief financial officer Lawrence Lynch to pay a $780,000 civil penalty.

Former GlobeTel former executive Joseph J. Monterosso to pay a $300,000 penalty and $675,000 in disgorgement plus prejudgment interest (joint-and-severable with Luis Vargas) and Monterosso barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years.

Former GlobeTel employee Luis Vargas to pay a $150,000 penalty and $675,000 in disgorgement plus prejudgment interest (joint-and-severable with Joseph J. Monterosso) and Vargas barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for 10 years.

title: Stratellite


text:
Makro

Makro is a Dutch international brand of warehouse clubs, also called cash and carry stores. Makro was founded by SHV Holdings, a Dutch conglomerate based in Utrecht in partnership with German company Metro AG, with the first warehouse club opened in Amsterdam in 1968. Currently, ownership of the worldwide chain of stores is split between different companies like Metro AG in Europe (except UK), SHV Holdings in Latin America (except Peru) and CP All in Asia. In many countries, access to stores is restricted to business customers, and the stores are not open to the general public.

History
SHV originated in 1896 from a merger between a number of large coal mining companies, some of which had been active since the 18th century.

In 1968, the first Makro store opened in Amsterdam. In the following years more stores opened in the Netherlands and several other European countries. In April 1971 the first Makro in the UK opened in Eccles, Manchester. Also in 1971, the first Makro store outside Europe opened in South Africa.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Makro extended its business to the Americas and Asia. Makro had also expanded to the United States in the mid-1980s. In 1989, Kmart bought the US locations, and converted most of them to Pace Warehouse in 1990.

Makro expanded to Asia with its first store in Thailand in 1989. Operating as Siam Makro, the company is a joint venture between Charoen Pokphand and SHV Holdings. In 1994, Siam Makro planned to be listed in the Stock Exchange of Thailand to fund an expansion programme.

The South African stores were subsequently in 1990 exchanged for a shareholding in Massmart and in 2004 SHV sold its Massmart shares.

Makro began operations in Malaysia around 1994 with its first outlet in Shah Alam, followed by another one in Selayang and in Johor Bahru. Makro Malaysia was a partnership between its parent Dutch company, the Selangor State Development Corporation (PKNS) and PKNS-Inchcape (a joint venture between PKNS and Inchcape). In its first year of operation, Makro Malaysia invested a total of RM 90 million. It had plans to open six to eight outlets in a few years.

In 1998, owner SHV Holdings sold the Makro stores in Europe to German partner Metro AG. The sale, announced on 29 October 1997, was approved by the supervisory board of Metro AG on 17 December 1997.

Makro who opened first store in the Philippines in 1996 through a joint-venture with SM Prime Holdings and Ayala Group. In 2004 Ayala sold its 28% stake to its joint-venture partners. In late 2007 SM Investments folded the Makro stores into its operations after it increased its ownership of Pilipinas Makro to 60%. The SM group took 100% in Makro, and later rebranded all Makro stores to SM Hypermarkets and SM Savemore, opening the stores to the general public.

On 31 January 2007, Makro Malaysia was acquired by Tesco and the 8 stores in Malaysia were converted to Tesco Extra.

In 2010, Makro Cash & Carry Indonesia was sold to Lotte Mart and rebranded as Lotte Mart Wholesale.

In 2011 Walmart took ownership of Makro in South Africa after acquiring a majority stake in Massmart.

In 2012, Metro sold the Makro UK business to Booker Group, while Makro-Habib in Pakistan was rebranded as Metro-Habib.

In 2013, SHV sold Siam Makro Pcl. (Thailand) to CP ALL, a subsidiary of CP Group.

In 2014, Metro sold the Makro Greek business to Sklavenitis and rebranded as The Mart in 2016.

In 2020, 30 of 54 Makro stores in Brazil, were acquired by Carrefour.

In December 2022, Makro Cash & Carry Belgium went bankrupt in Belgium. All 6 shops closed permanently.

Store locations
European stores can be found in the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. Stores have spread as Colombia, South Africa, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand.

Makro stores formerly existed in China, Greece, Belgium, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States.

Netherlands
Makro Netherlands operates 17 stores across the Netherlands, with seven of the stores also containing a fuel station. Makro Netherlands is owned by the Metro Group. Since January 2018, The Chief Executive Officer is Paulo Peerenboom.

Thailand
CP Axtra Public Company Limited was established in 1988. At the end of April 2020 there were 100 Makro stores and Makro FoodService stores in operation, serving a registered customer base of 2.6 million. Revenues for 2020 were 210 billion baht with a net profit of 6.2 billion baht. Siam Makro shares are traded on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET).

In 2013, Siam Makro was purchased by Charoen Pokphand Group for US$6.6 billion. CP Axtra (formerly known as Siam Makro) is owned by CP ALL, a subsidiary of CP Group.

In 2023 Siam Makro Change Name CP Axtra

United Kingdom
Makro UK operates 30 branches across the United Kingdom. Since 2012 Makro UK has been owned by Booker Group, and 11 of the Makro branches now operate as a combined Booker/Makro.

Venezuela
SVH operates 35 Makro warehouse clubs across the country and also have a supermarket chain named Mikro with 19 stores.

Spain

 * Makro España was founded in 1972
 * Operates 37 stores in 15 different regions
 * Had a total of 3700 employees (2021)
 * 2021 sales was €1097 million

Product range
Makro sells food and non-food products, usually located in different sections of the store. Each store also contains a hot-food cafeteria, and a cash machine.

The food section always includes a fresh fish section, a wine section, fresh meat and butchery department, and refrigerated aisles. The non-food area includes clothing, DIY, office supplies, electricals, computing, and seasonals such as garden furniture.

Special offers are featured via a printed and online fortnight brochure known as Makro Mail.

The stores are not open to the general public, but serve the following trades:

 * Newsagent's shops and convenience stores.
 * Restaurants, hotels and caterers.
 * Schools, universities, sport clubs and associations.

Customers can shop at Makro with a membership card.

Makro UK used to have the tag-line "The UK's No.1 Discounter". This tag-line was replaced with "For Professionals". Makro has subsequently changed this to "Your business partner everyday" [sic].

Recent changes to the Makro UK structure include the closure of three stores: Wolverhampton, Coventry and Swansea. Metro announced that the company has to be financially independent by 2011, and in 2012 Makro UK was sold to the rival wholesaler Booker Group in an agreement valued at around £140 million.

title: Makro


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Canopus

Canopus is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Carina and the second-brightest star in the night sky. It is also designated α Carinae, which is romanized (transliterated) to Alpha Carinae. With a visual apparent magnitude of −0.74, it is outshone only by Sirius.

Located around $20.3$ from the Sun, Canopus is a bright giant of spectral type A9, so it is essentially white when seen with the naked eye. It has a luminosity over 10,000 times the luminosity of the Sun, is eight times as massive, and has expanded to 71 times the Sun's radius. Its enlarged photosphere has an effective temperature of around $9.81$. Canopus is undergoing core helium burning and is currently in the so-called blue loop phase of its evolution, having already passed through the red-giant branch after exhausting the hydrogen in its core. Canopus is a source of X-rays, which are likely being emitted from its corona.

The prominent appearance of Canopus means it has been the subject of mythological lore among many ancient peoples. Its proper name is generally considered to originate from the mythological Canopus, who was a navigator for Menelaus, king of Sparta. The acronycal rising marked the date of the Ptolemaia festival in Egypt. In ancient India, it was named Agastya after the revered Vedic sage. For Chinese astronomers, it was known as the Old Man of the South Pole. In Islamic astronomy, it is Suhail or Suhayl, a name that is also commonly used to imply rareness of appearance (as the Canopus infrequently appeared to a gazer at Middle Eastern latitutes)

Nomenclature
The name Canopus is a Latinisation of the Ancient Greek name Κάνωβος/Kanôbos, recorded in Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest (c.150 AD). Eratosthenes used the same spelling. Hipparchos wrote it as Κάνωπος. John Flamsteed wrote Canobus, as did Edmond Halley in his 1679 Catalogus Stellarum Australium. The name has two possible derivations, both listed in Richard Hinckley Allen's seminal Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning.

 * Argo Navis was the ship used by Jason and the Argonauts in the legend of the Trojan War. The brightest star in the constellation was given the name of a ship's pilot from another Greek legend: Canopus, pilot of Menelaus' ship on his quest to retrieve Helen of Troy after she was taken by Paris.
 * A ruined ancient Egyptian port named Canopus lies near the mouth of the Nile, site of the Battle of the Nile. It is speculated that its name is derived from the Egyptian Coptic Kahi Nub ("Golden Earth"), which refers to how Canopus would have appeared near the horizon in ancient Egypt, reddened by atmospheric extinction from that position.

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN, which included Canopus for this star. Canopus is now included in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

Canopus traditionally marked the keel of the ship Argo Navis. German celestial cartographer Johann Bayer gave it—as the brightest star in the constellation—the designation of α Argus (Latinised to Alpha Argus) in 1603. In 1763, French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille divided the huge constellation into three smaller ones, and hence Canopus became α Carinae (Latinised to Alpha Carinae). It is listed in the Bright Star Catalogue as HR 2326, the Henry Draper Catalogue as HD 45348, and the Hipparcos catalogue as HIP 30438. Flamsteed did not number this southern star, but Benjamin Apthorp Gould gave it the number 7 (7 G. Carinae) in his Uranometria Argentina.

An occasional name seen in English is Soheil, or the feminine Soheila; in Turkish is Süheyl, or the feminine Süheyla, from the Arabic name for several bright stars, سهيل suhayl, and Canopus was known as Suhel in medieval times. Alternative spellings include Suhail, Souhail, Suhilon, Suheyl, Sohayl, Suhayil, Shoel, Sohil, Soheil, Sahil, Suhayeel, Sohayil, Sihel, and Sihil. An alternative name was Wazn "weight" or Haḍar "ground", implying the anchor stone used by ship, rather than being related to its low position near the horizon. Hence comes its name in the Alfonsine tables, Suhel ponderosus, a Latinization of Al Suhayl al Wazn. Its Greek name was revived during the Renaissance.

Observation
The Spanish Muslim astronomer Ibn Rushd went to Marrakesh (in Morocco) to observe the star in 1153, as it was invisible in his native Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He used the different visibility in different latitudes to argue that the Earth is round, following Aristotle's argument which held that such an observation was only possible if the Earth was a relatively small sphere.

English explorer Robert Hues brought Canopus to the attention of European observers in his 1592 work Tractatus de Globis, along with Achernar and Alpha Centauri, noting:"'Now, therefore, there are but three Stars of the first magnitude that I could perceive in all those parts which are never seene here in England. The first of these is that bright Star in the sterne of Argo which they call Canobus. The second is in the end of Eridanus. The third is in the right foote of the Centaure.'"

In the Southern Hemisphere, Canopus and Sirius are both visible high in the sky simultaneously, and reach a meridian just $73.3$ apart. Brighter than first magnitude, Canopus can be seen by naked eye in the early twilight. Mostly visible in mid to late summer in the Southern Hemisphere, Canopus culminates at midnight on December 27, and at 9 PM on February 11.

When seen from latitudes south of 37°18′ S, Canopus is a circumpolar star. Since Canopus is so far south in the sky, it never rises in mid- to far-northern latitudes; in theory the northern limit of visibility is latitude 37°18′ north. This is just south of Athens, Richmond, Virginia (USA), and San Francisco, and very close to Seville and Agrigento. It is almost exactly the latitude of Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton, California, from which it is readily visible because of the effects of elevation and atmospheric refraction, which add another degree to its apparent altitude. Under ideal conditions, it can be spotted as far north as latitude 37°31′ from the Pacific coast. Another northernmost record of visibility came from Mount Nemrut in Turkey, latitude 37°59′. It is more easily visible in places such as the Gulf Coast and Florida, and the island of Crete (Greece) where the best season for viewing it around 9 p.m. is during late January and early February.

Canopus has a B–V color index of +0.15—where 0 is a blue-white—indicating it is essentially white, although it has been described as yellow-white. Canopus' spectral type has been given as F0 and the incrementally warmer A9. It is less yellow than Altair or Procyon, with indices measured as 0.22 and 0.42, respectively. Some observers may have perceived Canopus as yellow-tinged because it is low in the sky and hence subject to atmospheric effects. Patrick Moore said that it never appeared anything but white to him. The bolometric correction for Canopus is 0.00, indicating that the visual absolute magnitude and bolometric absolute magnitude are equal.

Canopus was previously proposed to be a member of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, however it is not located near the subgroups of that association, and has not been included as a Sco-Cen member in kinematic studies that used Hipparcos astrometric data. Canopus is not thought to be a member of any nearby young stellar groups. In 2014, astronomer Eric Mamajek reported that an extremely magnetically active M dwarf (having strong coronal X-ray emission), 1.16 degrees south of Canopus, appears to share a common proper motion with Canopus. The projected separation of the M dwarf 2MASS J06234738-5351131 ("Canopus B") is approximately 1.9 parsecs. However, despite this large separation, it is still within the estimated tidal radius (2.9 parsecs) for the massive star Canopus.

No star closer than Canopus is more luminous than it, and it has been the brightest star in Earth's night sky during three epochs over the past four million years. Other stars appear brighter only during relatively temporary periods, during which they are passing the Solar System much closer than Canopus. About 90,000 years ago, Sirius moved close enough that it became brighter than Canopus, and that will remain so for another 210,000 years. But in 480,000 years, as Sirius moves further away and appears fainter, Canopus will once again be the brightest, and will remain so for a period of about 510,000 years.

Role in navigation
The southeastern wall of the Kaaba in Mecca is aligned with the rising point of Canopus, and is also named Janūb. The Bedouin people of the Negev and Sinai knew Canopus as Suhayl, and used it and Polaris as the two principal stars for navigation at night. Because it disappears below the horizon in those regions, it became associated with a changeable nature, as opposed to always-visible Polaris, which was circumpolar and hence 'steadfast'.

The south celestial pole can be approximately located using Canopus and another bright star, Achernar, as the three make an equilateral triangle. Canopus sits on an imaginary line that extends 36° one way to Sirius and 37° to the south celestial pole.

Canopus's brightness and location well off the ecliptic make it useful for space navigation. Many spacecraft carry a special camera known as a "Canopus Star Tracker" plus a Sun sensor for attitude determination. Mariner 4 used Canopus for second axis stabilisation (after locking on the Sun) in 1964, the first time a star had been used.

Spectrum
Canopus was little-studied by western scientists before the 20th century. It was given a spectral class of F in 1897, an early use of this extension to Secchi class I, applied to those stars where the hydrogen lines are relatively weak and the calcium K line relatively strong. It was given as a standard star of F0 in the Henry Draper Catalogue, with the spectral type F0 described as having hydrogen lines half the strength of an A0 star and the calcium K line three times as strong as Hδ. American astronomer Jesse Greenstein was interested in stellar spectra and used the newly built Otto Struve Telescope at McDonald Observatory to analyze the star's spectrum in detail. In a 1942 paper, he reported that the spectrum is dominated by strong broad hydrogen lines. There are also absorption lines of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, iron, and many ionised metals. It was studied in the ultraviolet by an early astronomical satellite, Gemini XI in 1966. The UV spectra were considered to be consistent with an F0 supergiant having a temperature of $1.7$, the accepted parameters for Canopus at the time. New Zealand-based astronomers John Hearnshaw and Krishna Desikachary examined the spectrum in greater detail, publishing their results in 1982.

When luminosity classes were added to the MK spectral classification scheme, Canopus was assigned class Iab indicating an intermediate luminosity supergiant. This was based on the relative strengths of certain spectral lines understood to be sensitive to the luminosity of a star. In the Bright Star Catalogue 5th edition it is given the spectral class F0II, the luminosity class indicating a bright giant. Balmer line profiles and oxygen line strengths indicate the size and luminosity of Canopus.

When the effects of stellar rotation speed on spectral lines are accounted for, the MK spectral class of Canopus is adjusted to A9II. Its spectrum consists mostly of absorption lines on a visible continuum, but some emission has been detected. For example, the calcium K line has weak emission wings on each side of the strong central absorption line, first observed in 1966. The emission line profiles are usually correlated with the luminosity of the star as described by the Wilson-Bappu effect, but in the case of Canopus they indicate a luminosity much lower than that calculated by other methods. More detailed observations have shown that the emission line profiles are variable and may be due to plage areas on the surface of the star. Emission can also be found in other lines such as the h and k lines of ionised magnesium.

Distance
Before the launch of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for Canopus varied widely, from 96 light-years to 1200 light-years (or 30 to 370 parsecs). For example, an old distance estimate of 200 parsecs (652 light years) gave it a luminosity of, far higher than modern estimates. The closer distance was derived from parallax measurements of around $≥298 days$. The larger distance derives from the assumption of a very bright absolute magnitude for Canopus.

Hipparcos established Canopus as being $25.1$ ($310 light-years$) from the Solar System; this is based on its 2007 parallax measurement of $7,400 K$. At 95 parsecs, the interstellar extinction for Canopus is low at 0.26 magnitudes. Canopus is too bright to be included in the normal observation runs of the Gaia satellite and there is no published Gaia parallax for it.

At present the star is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of 20 km/s. Some 3.1 million years ago it made the closest approach to the Sun at a distance of about 52.87 pc. Canopus is orbiting the Milky Way with a heliocentric velocity of 24.5 km/s and a low eccentricity of 0.065.

Physical characteristics
The absorption lines in the spectrum of Canopus shift slightly with a period of $21 minutes$. This was first detected in 1906 and the Doppler variations were interpreted as orbital motion. An orbit was even calculated, but no such companion exists and the small radial velocity changes are due to movements in the atmosphere of the star. The maximum observed radial velocities are only 0.7 to $6,900 K$. Canopus also has a magnetic field that varies with the same period, detected by the Zeeman splitting of its spectral lines. Canopus is bright at microwave wavelengths, one of the few F-class stars to be detected by radio. The rotation period of the star is not accurately known, but may be over three hundred days. The projected rotational velocity has been measured at 9 km/s.

An early interferometric measurement of its angular diameter in 1968 gave a limb-darkened value of $33 mas$, close to the accepted modern value. Very-long-baseline interferometry has been used to calculate Canopus' angular diameter at $310 light-years$. Combined with distance calculated from its Hipparcos parallax, this gives it a radius of 71 times that of the Sun. If it were at the centre of the Solar System, it would extend 90% of the way to the orbit of Mercury. The radius and temperature relative to the Sun means that it is 10,700 times more luminous than the Sun, and its position in the H-R diagram relative to theoretical evolutionary tracks means that it is $95 parsecs$ times as massive as the Sun. Measurements of its shape find a 1.1° departure from spherical symmetry.

Canopus is a source of X-rays, which are probably produced by its corona, magnetically heated to several million Kelvin. The temperature has likely been stimulated by fast rotation combined with strong convection percolating through the star's outer layers. The soft X-ray sub-coronal X-ray emission is much weaker than the hard X-ray coronal emission. The same behaviour has been measured in other F-class supergiants such as α Persei and is now believed to be a normal property of such stars.

Evolution
The spectrum of Canopus indicates that it spent some 30 million years of its existence as a blue-white main sequence star of around 10 solar masses, before exhausting its core hydrogen and evolving away from the main sequence. The position of Canopus in the H–R diagram indicates that it is currently in the core-helium burning phase. It is an intermediate mass star that has left the red-giant branch before its core became degenerate and is now in a blue loop. Models of stellar evolution in the blue loop phase show that the length of the blue loop is strongly affected by rotation and mixing effects inside the star. It is difficult to determine whether a star is currently evolving towards hotter temperature or returning to cooler temperatures, since the evolutionary tracks for stars with different masses overlap during the blue loops.

Canopus lies on the warm side of the instability strip and does not pulsate like Cepheid variables of a similar luminosity. However its atmosphere does appear to be unstable, showing strong signs of convection.

Canopus may be massive enough to explode by iron-core collapse supernova.

Cultural significance
Canopus was known to the ancient Mesopotamians and represented the city of Eridu in the Three Stars Each Babylonian star catalogues and later MUL.APIN around 1100 BC. Canopus was called MUL.NUNKI by the Babylonians, which translates as "star of the city of Eridu". Eridu was the southernmost and one of the oldest Sumerian cities. From there is a good view to the south, so that about 6000 years ago due to the precession of the Earth's axis the first rising of the star Canopus in Mesopotamia could be observed only from there at the southern meridian at midnight.

Today, the star Sigma Sagittarii is known by the common name Nunki.

Canopus was not visible to the mainland ancient Greeks and Romans; it was, however, visible to the ancient Egyptians. Hence Aratus did not write of the star as it remained below the horizon, while Eratosthenes and Ptolemy—observing from Alexandria—did, calling it Kanōbos. An Egyptian priestly poet in the time of Thutmose III mentions the star as Karbana, "the star which pours his light in a glance of fire, when he disperses the morning dew." Under the Ptolemies, the star was known as Ptolemaion (Greek: Πτολεμαῖον) and its acronychal rising marked the date of the Ptolemaia festival, which was held every four years, from 262 to 145 BC.

The Greek astronomer Posidonius used observations of Canopus to calculate quite accurately the Earth's circumference, around 90 – 120 BC.

India
In Indian Vedic literature, Canopus is associated with the sage Agastya, one of the ancient siddhars and rishis (the others are associated with the stars of the Big Dipper). To Agastya, the star is said to be the 'cleanser of waters', and its rising coincides with the calming of the waters of the Indian Ocean. Canopus is described by Pliny the Elder and Gaius Julius Solinus as the largest, brightest and only source of starlight for navigators near Tamraparni island (ancient Sri Lanka) during many nights.

China
Canopus was described as Shou Xing, the Star of Longevity, in the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) completed in 94 BC by Chinese historian Sima Qian. Drawing on sources from the Warring States period, he noted it to be the southern counterpart of Sirius, and wrote of a sanctuary dedicated to it established by Emperor Qin Shi Huang between 221 and 210 BC. During the Han dynasty, the star was auspicious, its appearance in the southern sky heralding peace and absence war. From the imperial capital Chang'an, the star made a low transit across the southern sky, indicating true south to observers, and was often obscured by clouds. During this time it was also equated with Old Man of the South Pole (in ) Under this name, Canopus appears (albeit misplaced northwards) on the medieval Chinese manuscript the Dunhuang Star Chart, although it cannot be seen from the Chinese capital of Chang'an. The Chinese astronomer Yi Xing had journeyed south to chart Canopus and other far southern stars in 724 AD. Its personification as the Old Man Star was popularised in the Tang dynasty, where it appeared often in poetry and memorials. Later still, during the Ming dynasty, the star was established as one of the Three Stars (Fu Lo Shou), appearing frequently in art and literature of the time. This symbolism spread into neighbouring cultures in Asia. In Japan, Canopus is known as Mera-boshi and Roujin-sei (the old man star), and in Mongolia, it was personified as the White Old Man. Although the link was known in Tibet, with names such as Genpo karpo (Rgan po dkar po) or Genkar (Rgan dkar) "White Old Man", the symbolism was not popular. Instead, Canopus was more commonly named Karma Rishi སྐར་མ་རི་ཥི།, derived from Indian mythology. Tibetans celebrated the star's heliacal rising with ritual bathing and associated it with morning dew.

Polynesia
Bright stars were important to the ancient Polynesians for navigation between the many islands and atolls of the Pacific Ocean. Low on the horizon, they acted as stellar compasses to assist mariners in charting courses to particular destinations. Canopus served as the southern wingtip of a "Great Bird" constellation called Manu, with Sirius as the body and Procyon the northern wingtip, which divided the Polynesian night sky into two hemispheres. The Hawaiian people called Canopus Ke Alii-o-kona-i-ka-lewa, "The chief of the southern expanse"; it was one of the stars used by Hawaiʻiloa and Ki when they traveled to the Southern Ocean. The Māori people of New Zealand/Aotearoa had several names for Canopus. Ariki ("High-born"), was known as a solitary star that appeared in the east, prompting people to weep and chant. They also named it Atutahi, Aotahi or Atuatahi, "Stand Alone". Its solitary nature indicates it is a tapu star, as tapu people are often solitary. Its appearance at the beginning of the Maruaroa season foretells the coming winter; light rays to the south indicate a cold wet winter, and to the north foretell a mild winter. Food was offered to the star on its appearance. This name has several mythologies attached to it. One story tells of how Atutahi was left outside the basket representing the Milky Way when Tāne wove it. Another related myth about the star says that Atutahi was the first-born child of Rangi, who refused to enter the Milky Way and so turned it sideways and rose before it. The same name is used for other stars and constellations throughout Polynesia. Kapae-poto, "Short horizon", referred to it rarely setting as seen in New Zealand; Kauanga ("Solitary") was the name for Canopus only when it was the last star visible before sunrise. The people of the Society Islands had two names for Canopus, as did the Tuamotu people. The Society Islanders called Canopus Taurua-e-tupu-tai-nanu, "Festivity-whence-comes-the-flux-of-the-sea", and Taurua-nui-o-te-hiti-apatoa "Great-festivity-of-the-border-of-the-south", and the Tuamotu people called the star Te Tau-rari and Marere-te-tavahi, the latter said to be the true name for the former, "He-who-stands-alone".

Africa
In the Guanche mythology of the island of Tenerife (Spain), the star Canopus was linked with the goddess Chaxiraxi.

The Tswana people of Botswana knew Canopus as Naka. Appearing late in winter skies, it heralded increasing winds and a time when trees lose their leaves. Stock owners knew it was time to put their sheep with rams. In southern Africa, the Sotho, Tswana and Venda people called Canopus Naka or Nanga, “the Horn Star”, while the Zulu and Swazi called it inKhwenkwezi "Brilliant star". It appears in the predawn sky in the third week of May. According to the Venda, the first person to see Canopus would blow a phalaphala horn from the top of a hill, getting a cow for a reward. The Sotho chiefs also awarded a cow, and ordered their medicine men to roll bone dice and read the fortune for the coming year. To the ǀXam-speaking Bushmen of South Africa, Canopus and Sirius signalled the appearance of termites and flying ants. They also believed that stars had the power to cause death and misfortune, and they would pray to Sirius and Canopus in particular to impart good fortune or skill. The ǃKung people of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana held Canopus and Capella to be the horns of tshxum (the Pleiades), the appearance of all three marking the end of the dry season and start of the rainy season.

Americas
The Navajo observed the star and named it Maʼii Bizòʼ, the “Coyote Star”. According to legend, Maʼii (Coyote) took part in the naming and placing of the star constellations during the creation of the universe. He placed Canopus directly south, naming it after himself.

The Kalapalo people of Mato Grosso state in Brazil saw Canopus and Procyon as Kofongo "Duck", with Castor and Pollux representing his hands. The asterism's appearance signified the coming of the rainy season and increase in manioc, a food staple fed to guests at feasts.

Australia
Canopus is identified as the moiety ancestor Waa "Crow" to some Koori people in southeastern Australia. The Boorong people of northwestern Victoria recalled that War (Canopus) was the brother of Warepil (Sirius), and that he brought fire from the heavens and introduced it to humanity. His wife was Collowgullouric War (Eta Carinae). The Pirt-Kopan-noot people of western Victoria tell of Waa "Crow" falling in love with a queen, Gneeanggar "Wedge-tailed Eagle" (Sirius) and her six attendants (the Pleiades). His advances spurned, he hears that the women are foraging for grubs and so transforms himself into a grub. When the women dig him out, he changes into a giant and carries her off.

The Kulin people know Canopus as Lo-an-tuka. Objects in the sky are also associated with states of being for some tribes; the Wailwun of northern New South Wales know Canopus as Wumba "deaf", alongside Mars as Gumba "fat" and Venus as Ngindigindoer "you are laughing".

Tasmanian aboriginal lore holds that Canopus is Dromerdene, the brother of Moinee; the two fought and fell out of the sky, with Dromerdene falling into Louisa Bay in southwest Tasmania. Astronomer Duane Hamacher has identified Canopus with Moinee in a paper dating Tasmanian Aboriginal oral tradition to the late Pleistocene, when Canopus was much closer to the South celestial pole.

Legacy
Canopus appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the state of Goiás.

Two U.S. Navy submarine tenders have been named after Canopus, the first serving from 1922 to 1942 and the second serving from 1965 to 1994.

The Royal Navy built nine Canopus-class ships of the line in the early 19th century, and six Canopus-class battleships which entered services between 1899 and 1902.

There are at least two mountains named after the star: Mount Canopus in Antarctica; and Mount Canopus or Canopus Hill in Tasmania, the location of the Canopus Hill astronomical observatory.

In popular culture
The fictional planet Arrakis, of Frank Herbert's 1965 novel Dune, orbits Canopus.

title: Canopus


text:
Shepherds' Crusade

Shepherds' Crusade may refer to:
 * Shepherds' Crusade (1251)
 * Crusade of the Poor (1309), also called the Shepherds' Crusade
 * Shepherds' Crusade (1320)

title: Shepherds' Crusade


text:
Young Adelaide Voices

Young Adelaide Voices is a large children's choir in Adelaide, South Australia, run by Christie Anderson. They have won many international awards as well as at home and interstate. They were formerly known as the Adelaide Girls Choir, but became known as Young Adelaide Voices in November 2004, since which time membership has also been open to boys.

Young Adelaide Voices is a community choir formed in 1988. The choir has 250 members aged 5 to 25 years old, placed in 7 choirs according to age and experience. The choristers sing for a wide variety of functions, from community events to national and international conferences. In addition, the choir often performs as guest artists for professional organisations such as the Adelaide Festival Centre, the South Australian Police Band and the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, with whom they have sung over 40 times and recorded one of their 9 CDs.

There have been four overseas tours to the UK, Europe, Canada and America, as well as interstate trips to Brisbane, Canberra and New South Wales. Their international performances have earned the choir world renown. The Concert Choir has given recitals in such places as Westminster Abbey, St Martin-in-the-Fields and St Paul's Cathedral, and even Disneyland in America.

title: Young Adelaide Voices


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Canopus Corporation

Canopus Co., Ltd. was a manufacturer of video editing cards and video editing software. The company's focus shifted from enthusiast video cards to other areas of video hardware and software after the release of their Spectra line of products. Some of their previous competitors included Matrox and Pinnacle Systems. In 2005, Thomson Multimedia acquired Canopus to bolster their Grass Valley broadcasting and network product line.

When 3dfx's Voodoo series of PC-gaming-oriented 3D graphics cards became popular in the mid-1990s, Canopus produced the Pure3D, a Voodoo graphics processor-based graphics card with 6 MB of memory instead of the standard 4 MB. When the Voodoo 2 was released, the Canopus Pure3D II was praised for the fact that their cards were shorter than competitors' Voodoo 2 cards. Canopus had a reputation for driver optimization that gave a performance advantage over other cards. They were the cards of choice for Maximum PC's 1998 Dream Machine.

Canopus also released a version of the nVidia TNT that offered a unique internal cable that connected the TNT card to the Voodoo2 based Pure3D II—as opposed to the standard connection with an external cable.

The Canopus DVStorm2 was a realtime video editing card that Canopus discontinued in early 2005. Canopus is also known for EDIUS, non-linear video editing software, and a transcoder application called ProCoder, and their ADVC range of DV (IEEE1394) video conversion units.

title: Canopus Corporation


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Masao Abe

Masao Abe (阿部 正雄) was a Japanese Buddhist philosopher and religious studies scholar who was emeritus professor at Nara University. He is best known for his work in comparative religion, developing a Buddhist-Christian interfaith dialogue which later also included Judaism. His mature views were developed within the Kyoto School of philosophy. According to Christopher Ives: "Since the death of D. T. Suzuki in 1966, Masao Abe has served as the main representative of Zen Buddhism in Europe and North America."

Training
Abe's father was a medical doctor, his mother a practitioner of Pure Land Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism, from whom came his early faith in Amida Buddha. Born in Osaka, Abe was the third of six children. His higher education began at Osaka Municipal University, where he studied Economics and Law. For four years during the late 1930s he worked in a business office at a private trading company in neighboring Kobe. Yet Abe was seriously troubled by an ongoing personal crisis, which stemmed from the perceived conflict: rationality versus faith in the Amida of Pure Land Buddhism. This conflict he thought he could conclusively resolve in favor of faith through the study of philosophy, by which he could overcome objections posed by reason.

Abe entered Kyoto University in April 1942. It was a courageous step, as he changed career direction in mid-stream, exceptional in Japanese life, yet even more so considering the current political situation. He studied Western philosophy under Hajime Tanabe. Also, Abe studied Zen under the direction of Shin'ichi Hisamatsu, a philosophy professor at Kyoto University and a lay practitioner of the Rinzai school. Guided by Hisamatsu, Abe worked with others to revitalize Buddhist youth organization at Kyoto University throughout the 1940s. Professor Hisamatsu challenged Abe's quasi-theistic faith in Amida Buddha; instead Hisamatsu became for Abe a vital religious model, of a rigorous adherent of Sunyata (which may be called emptiness) as an ultimate reality. In consequence, Abe came to understand Amida Buddha as a sacred fiction.

Abe's spiritual progression under Hisamatsu was complex and dialectical. Hisamatsu taught that the revered image of Amida Buddha was but a stage on the way to realizing a "formless" Buddha, whereby one could awaken to one's True Self. Nonetheless Abe first reacted to Hisamatsu by coming to discover and experience an infinite grace from the Amida Buddha. Abe's profound quest continued. In December 1951, during a group Zen sitting at the Reiun Temple of the Myōshin-ji in Kyoto, Abe personally challenged Hisamatsu, screaming to him, "Is that the True Self?" Hisamatsu replied, "That's the True Self." Thereafter Abe entered an intense phase and struggled with the view that "It's all a lie!" (which he cried out while dousing himself with a bucket of ice water at a subsequent group sitting). He agonized over the seeming proximity of the Deity and the devil, and with his own complicity. Finally, Abe told Hisamatsu, "I just cannot find any place where I can stand." Hisamatsu told him, "Stand right at that place where there is nowhere to stand."

Along this way Abe confronted, and managed to distinguish and overcome, a "positive nihilism" associated with the secular, irreligious philosopher Frederich Nietzsche. Reflecting on his life development, Abe acknowledged the crucial role of Shin'ichi Hisamatsu in his spiritual formation. "Without him I am not what I am."

Academia
Among Abe's chief academic influences would be the aforementioned Shin'ichi Hisamatsu (1889–1980) and also Keiji Nishitani (1900–1990), as well as Hajime Tanabe (1885–1962), key professors for Abe at Kyoto University, and Kitaro Nishida (1870–1945), teacher of Hisamatsu and Nishitani, and teacher of his own successor Tanabe. Abe follows Nishida's Kyoto school of philosophy. During the 1950s and early 1960s Abe was in communication with the well-known Buddhist scholar Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1870–1966), e.g., at Columbia University in New York City; Abe is said to have later assumed Suzuki's role as academic transmitter of Buddhism. Also in New York City, at the Union Theological Seminary, Abe encountered the Christian professors and teachers Paul Tillich (1886–1965) and Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971).

From 1952 to 1980, Abe served as professor of philosophy at Nara University. Before he had been professor at Kyoto Women's College (1946–1948) and Otani University (1948–1950). Thereafter, while at Nara, Abe was concurrently professor at Kyoto University from 1955 to 1958, and from 1964-1980 professor at Hana Zono University. Also in the mid-1950s he studied Christian theology in New York City at the Union Theological Seminary and at Columbia University. Then in 1980 he left Nara University and moved to California, to the Department of Religion at the Claremont Graduate School, and later in 1983 to the University of Hawaii where he served as Professor of Japanese Philosophy. From 1965 Abe participated and made presentations at many universities and colleges throughout the U.S.A. while serving as a visiting professor in residence (with his wife Ikuko). During these years Abe shared in the Buddhist-Christian dialogue while at universities in Europe.

Abe contributed to and led many conferences on comparative religion, Buddhism, and related subjects. He was perennially involved with: the East-West Philosophers' Conference at the University of Hawaii; and the International Buddhist-Christian Theological Encounter (the "Abe-Cobb group") which, along with Professor John B. Cobb, Jr., Abe directed.

In addition to his contributions of creative insight and scholarship, Masao Abe also brought to interfaith meetings a serenity and a quiet charm. Here, for example, his fellow academic Arvind Sharma recalls a moment with Abe at a conference in 1986:

"Abe broke into a smile. I still remember it vividly because it had a compelling ineffable quality about it. It was so totally unencumbered. It seemed curiously and totally detached from the environment, a happening complete in itself, with a childlike simplicity beguiling in its guilelessness. When his face assumed its normal expression, one was left with the feeling of something very precious—found fleetingly and then lost irretrievably—until he smiled again."

Apparently, the source of this "giving gift" had passed through spiritual trials. Abe earlier was required to walk down a path of terrifying dread, and to make a leap into the abyss, in order to find "that place where there is nowhere to stand."

Dialogue
Abe sought to advance the interreligious dialogue while serving in his widespread teaching assignments; he led many seminars on Buddhism and western religions, particularly Christianity. A frequent procedure followed by the convened representatives of different religions was: first to attempt to understand the other's faith perspective from the inside (without compromising each one's own faith), to the extent of being able to "see" how things may look from the other's point of view; second, there would follow a period during which each would "return" to their own faith; thereafter, a more fruitful discussion might commence. Abe further sought to encourage dialogue through his various philosophical and spiritual writings.

Generally Abe has received praise for his efforts. Professor Jürgen Moltmann found that the Buddhist scholar's presentation was profound and precise concerning a central topic of Christian theology. "Here reciprocal understanding is not only furthered, but Christianity and Buddhism in their immiscible difference are led into a common reality. In light of this common reality, perhaps a mutual transformation does not yet begin, but certainly a reciprocal liking and opening for each other."

In 1983 Professor Abe disclosed aspects of his inner motivation. He wrote that, in addition to his abiding interest in Buddhism, he was profoundly concerned with the spiritual foundation for all of "humanity in a global age. To provide this foundation, a comparative and dialogical study of Buddhism and Western thought, Christianity included, is absolutely necessary."

An essay with responses

 * Abe's essay is entitled "Kenotic God and Dynamic Śūnyatā", which discusses emptiness in Christianity and Buddhism. Abe refers to St. Paul in his letter to the Philippians 2:5-11, especially the verses stating that "Christ Jesus, who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself, taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men." Abe eventually extrapolates to posit an emptying of God the Father, and hence an ontological resemblance between Christianity and the Buddhist concept of sunyata or emptiness as an ultimate reality. In the process, Abe discusses Buddhist social ethics and social responsibility. Also, he addresses the Shoah; here, he raises the difficult issue of a "collective karma" manifested in guilt felt by those far removed from the time and locale of these genocidal crimes. Abe writes for an educated multi-religious readership, with keen awareness and observation, informed to a certain extent by Process theology developed within modern Christianity, and from a perspective nurtured in the Kyoto school of Buddhist philosophy. His essay has been published as follows.
 * The Emptying God: A Buddhist-Jewish-Christian Conversation (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis 1990), edited by John B. Cobb, Jr., and Christopher Ives. Professor Cobb was a leader in Process theology. Herein Abe's essay "Kenotic God and Dynamic Sunyata" appears, which is addressed by one Jewish (Eugene Borowitz) and six Christian (Thomas J. J. Altizer, John B. Cobb, Jr., Catherine Keller, Jürgen Moltmann, Schubert M. Ogden, and David Tracy) theologians. Then follows a "Rejoinder" by Abe. Several subsequent responses and replies appear in the journal Buddhist-Christian Studies (Honolulu: Univ.of Hawaii).
 * Divine Emptiness and Historical Fullness. A Buddhist-Jewish-Christian Conversation with Masao Abe (Valley Forge: Trinity Press 1995), edited by Christopher Ives. Abe's essay "Kenotic God and Dynamic Sunyata" appears again (Part I) and is addressed afresh by eight new scholars. Two Jewish responses by Richard Rubenstein and Sandra B. Lubarsky are followed by four Christian, i.e., by Heinrich Ott, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, Hans Waldenfels, and Christopher Ives (Part II). Abe then replies (Part III). The conclusion presents the two responses of Hans Küng, and of Wolfhart Pannenberg, to each of which Abe replies (Part IV).
 * Book Review by Edward L. Shirley
 * Book Review by Harold Kasimow
 * Previously Abe had authored a forerunner of this essay, entitled "Buddhism and Christianity as a Problem of Today". It appeared in the periodical Japanese Religions in 1963, here also followed by Western responses.

A Zen view of time
By realization through Zen practice of the Buddhist teaching of the impermanence of all things (Skt: anitya) (Jpn: mujō), we come to experience that we are living-dying at each and every moment. "If we grasp our lives not objectively from without but subjectively from within, we are not moving from life to death but are in the midst of this process of living-dying." By a careful reading of Dōgen (1200–1253) and a watchful understanding of the inner sense of time, Abe learns and teaches how the objectification of time can alienate us from our own experience of its impermanence.

Dōgen puzzled over a seeming contradiction in Buddhism. All sentient beings are originally enlightened, yet Buddhist teachings "arouse the longing for enlightenment" in those who hear it. If we do religious practice we may become enlightened due to an "acquired awakening" yet "original awakening" is ours "before our parents were born". Dōgen rejects as naturalistic fallacy a theory of "original awakening" that would equate a given human self-consciousness with genuine enlightenment. Also Dōgen rejects the idea that practice is a means to the goal of enlightenment. The epistemological process of enlightenment is undertaken by zen practice, but the process itself becomes enlightenment, i.e., the path is the way of awakening. Abe quotes Dōgen: "In the Buddha Dharma, practice and realization are identical. [O]ne's initial negotiating of the Way in itself is the whole of original realization. Thus, even while directed to practice, one is told not to anticipate a realization apart from practice, because practice points directly to original realization."

Instead of waiting for the time of awakening while sitting in meditation, one is "directly knowing temporal conditions" for the "time has already arrived". "There is no time that is not the right time." "Dōgen denies continuity of time and emphasizes the independence of each point of time... ." Prof. Abe then quotes Dōgen to illustrate:

"'[I]t being an established teaching of Buddhism not to speak of life becoming death, Buddhism speaks of the unborn. It being a confirmed Buddhist teaching that death does not become life, it speaks of non-extinction. Life is a stage of time and death is a stage of time, like, for example, winter and spring. We do not suppose that winter becomes spring, or say that spring becomes summer.'"

Subjectively from within, "the process of our living-dying [is] being without beginning and without end." For Buddhists, there is no beginning of the universe (no creation), and there is no end (no last judgment). "We must realize the beginninglessness and endlessness of samsara, that is, the transmigration of living-dying." Prof. Abe mentions several experiences:

 * "[E]ach and every moment can be a beginning and an end in itself: time begins and ends with each moment. Accordingly, time is not understood to be a unidirectional movement but is seen as a sheer series of moments that can move reciprocally. Here a sort of reversibility of time is realized."
 * "[I]f we clearly realize the beginninglessness and endlessness of living-dying at this particular moment, the whole process of living-dying is concentrated within this moment. In other words, each moment embraces the whole process of beginningless and endless time within itself. Thus, one can in fact transcend time at this very moment."
 * "The Buddhist view, based on full immersion in the depth of the moment, is that there is no difference between past and future. The temporal distinction belongs to the observer's perspective on the horizontal and historical plane. In the vertical or depth dimension, Buddhists insist, time is overcome."
 * "Although karma works deterministically on the horizontal dimension of time, once the vertical, or transtemporal, dimension is opened up as one awakens to the truth of no-self, that person is no longer a slave to karma but becomes its master. This means that on the basis of the realization of the true self as no-self at the bottomless depth of the vertical dimension of time, the present act can emancipate one's self from past karma and create new karma that will affect the future as, for instance, in the form of a vow."

Author

 * Zen and Western Thought (London: Macmillan; Univ.of Hawaii 1985), edited by William R. LaFleur, with foreword by John Hick.
 * A Study of Dōgen. His Philosophy and Religion (SUNY 1992), a collection of his articles edited by Steven Heine.
 * Buddhism and Interfaith Dialogue (Univ.of Hawaii 1995), a collection of his articles edited by Steven Heine (ISBN 0-8248-1751-6).
 * Zen and Comparative Studies (Univ.of Hawaii 1997), a collection of his articles edited by Steven Heine (ISBN 0-8248-1832-6).
 * Zen and the Modern World: A Third Sequel to Zen and Western Thought (Univ.of Hawaii 2003), a collection of his articles edited by Steven Heine.
 * "Buddhism" at 69-137, in Our Religions. The seven world religions introduced by preeminent scholars from each tradition, edited by Arvind Sharma (HarperOne 1994).

Collaborations

 * The Emptying God: A Buddhist-Jewish-Christian Conversation (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Press 1990), edited by John B. Cobb, Jr., and Christopher Ives (ISBN 0-88344-670-7). Reprint 2005 by Wipf and Stock, Eugene, Oregon.
 * Divine Emptiness and Historical Fullness. A Buddhist-Jewish-Christian Conversation with Masao Abe (Valley Forge: Trinity Press 1995), edited by Christopher Ives.
 * Masao Abe. A Zen Life of Dialogue (Boston: Charles E. Tuttle 1998), edited by Donald W. Mitchell.

Editor or translator

 * Editor: A Zen Life. D. T. Suzuki Remembered (Boston: Charles E. Tuttle 1998).
 * Translation with Richard DeMartino: Hisamatsu Shin'ichi, "The Characteristics of Oriental Nothingness", in Philosophical Studies of Japan (Tokyo 1960), 2: 65-97.
 * Translation with Christopher Ives: Kitaro Nishida, An Inquiry into the Good (Yale Univ. 1990), of Zen no kenkyū, introduced by Abe.
 * Translation with Norman Waddell: Dōgen, The Heart of Dōgen's Shōbōgenzō (SUNY 2002), from work published in The Eastern Buddhist (Kyoto 1971-1976), as edited by D. T. Suzuki.

title: Masao Abe


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Edward Jayakody

Jayakody Arachchige Don Edward Timothy Jayakody (එඩ්වඩ් ජයකොඩි; born 6 April 1952), popularly known as Edward Jayakody, is a Sri Lankan musician, singer and composer. He has directed the music for hundreds of Sinhala films and television serials and has also composed many songs for children's programming ("Koppara Koppara").

Jayakody won the Swarna Sanka Award in 1987 for Best Male Singer for the film Gedara Budun Amma. He won the award for Best Music Director in 1979 and 1980 for the plays Nidane and Aparadaya Saha Danduwama.

Early life and education
Jayakody was born on 6 April 1952 in Hettimulla, Kegalle, Sri Lanka, the youngest of six children of Don Raphial Jayakody and Victoria Jayakody (d. 2017). While receiving his early education at Bandaranaike Junior School, he joined the church choir. He received his secondary education at St. Mary's College in Kegalle and learned music under teacher H. Samarapala.

Music career
During the period from 1968 to 1976, Jayakody participated in the "Maliban Guwan Thotilla" and many amateur music programs. He entered the Government College of Music in 1976 (presently the Faculty of Aesthetic Education of Kelaniya University) and during that time took part in music programs conducted by popular musicians. In 1976, he sang on the popular radio program "Pibidena Gayaka Parapura" on the radio, and he won second place in the grand finale of the program. He entered singing with the song Karadiya Gambare for a 1977 radio musical program. Its lyrics are by Premakumara Jayawardena and the music was composed by Rohana Weerasinghe.

During the 1980s, he released two cassettes and a CD, Seethala Pinimatha, Kerakena Rode and Samanalaya Mala Ha Lamaya. He also holds a government position as Educational Assistant Music Director. Jayakody made several children's songs such as Kopara Kopara, Katu Akule, Rajjuruwo Udai, Sulangak Vee and Chakgudu Gudu. At the same time, he was appointed as the Music Teacher at Nalanda College, where he worked for a while and then transferred to Gurukula College, Kelaniya. In 1986, Jayakody was promoted to Staff Education Officer in the Music Division and attached to the Ministry of Education. Around the same time, he unveiled his second album Kerakena Rode. He received his Master's degree in 1992 from the Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University, Lucknow.

Apart from singing, he composed and worked as the music director for more than fifty-two singers. He also composed music for a number of stage plays and teledramas. He has performed as an actor in seventeen stage plays including maiden acting in 1975 stage play Spartacus and then in Kontha Nona, Angara Ganga Galabhasi, Mawatha Api, Sekkuwa, Nari Bena, Gajaman Puwatha, Oedipus and Satara Waram Raja Daruwo. In 2010, Jayakody and Charitha organized a musical tour titled Wasanthaye Aga to Europe from October 16. In 2019, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka conferred a lifetime achievement award for Jayakody for his contribution to the Sri Lankan music industry.

He has contributed playback singing to several films, including Seilama, Gedara Buddha Amma, Mangala Thagga, Himagira, Saroja and Kiri Kawadi. He made maiden cinema appearance in the musical film Guththila with the titular role. Jayakody's album Deduna Palama was released on April 6, 2003.

Jayakody has performed his solo musical concert titled Marambari since January 2010. So far, 13 Marambari concerts have been held in Italy alone. The series was a huge success in Canada, London, France, Australia, New Zealand, Dubai and the United States. In November 2017, Marambari concert was held at Apeksha Hospital, Maharagama. The tenth anniversary of Jayakody's Marambari solo concert was held on the evening of the 31 January 2020 at the Bandaranaike Memorial Conference Hall, Colombo.

Apart from singing, Jayakody made his maiden cinematic acting through the film Guththila where he played the titular role.

Personal life
Jayakody is married to popular singer Charitha Priyadarshani. They married on 17 January 1991. The couple has one son, Chandeepa and one daughter, Sharanya Rasodi. Chandeepa was engaged to Deshaki de Silva. To celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary, Jayakody and Charitha remarried on the same date.

title: Edward Jayakody


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Burton Island State Park

Burton Island State Park is a state park in northwest Vermont, USA. The park comprises Burton Island, an island of 253 acres (1 km2) and located off St. Albans Point in Lake Champlain, close to the International Boundary with Canada. The park is administered by the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation, as part of the Vermont State Park system.

There are 17 tent sites and 26 lean-to sites plus 15 boat moorings and a 100-slip marina with Wi-Fi connection, dockside electricity, and a marine holding-tank pumpout facility. Restrooms have running water and hot showers. There are 3 miles of shoreline, hiking trails, a nature center/museum, park store and food service, rowboat and canoe rentals, and places to swim and picnic.

The park is only accessible by boat. The Island Runner ferry departs from the dock in nearby Kamp Kill Kare State Park seven times daily.

Burton Island State Park is nearby other islands of Lake Champlain that are state parks, including Woods Island State Park, and Knight Island State Park. Knight Point State Park is on the nearby coast. Ball Island, a smaller island in the area, is privately owned.

title: Burton Island State Park


text:
List of Mississippi railroads

The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

Common freight carriers

 * Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway (AGR)
 * Alabama Southern Railroad (ABS)
 * BNSF Railway (BNSF)
 * Canadian National Railway (CN) through subsidiary Illinois Central Railroad (IC)
 * Columbus and Greenville Railway (CAGY)
 * Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC)
 * CSX Transportation (CSXT
 * Golden Triangle Railroad (GTRA)
 * Grenada Railway (GRYR)
 * Luxapalila Valley Railroad (LXVR)
 * M&B Railroad (MNBR)
 * Meridian Southern Railway (MDS)
 * Mississippi Central Railroad (MSCI)
 * Mississippi Delta Railroad (MSDR)
 * Mississippi Export Railroad (MSE)
 * Mississippi Southern Railroad (MSR)
 * Mississippian Railway (MSRW)
 * Natchez Railway (NTZR)
 * Norfolk Southern Railway (NS) including subsidiary Alabama Great Southern Railroad (AGS)
 * Old Augusta Railroad (OAR)
 * Port Bienville Railroad (PBVR)
 * Ripley and New Albany Railroad (RNA)
 * R.J. Corman Railroad/Tennessee Terminal (RJCK)
 * Vicksburg Southern Railroad (VSOR)
 * West Tennessee Railroad (WTNN)

Passenger carriers

 * Amtrak (AMTK)

Defunct railroads

 * Private freight carriers
 * Albertson Great Eastern Railroad
 * Champion Lumber Company
 * Epps and Northwestern Railroad
 * Laurel and Northwestern Railroad
 * Laurel and Tallahoma Western Railway

 * Electric
 * Biloxi Electric Railway and Power Company
 * Gulfport and Mississippi Coast Traction Company
 * Hattiesburg Traction Company
 * Jackson Railway and Light Company
 * Jackson Light and Traction Company
 * Meridian Light and Railway Company
 * Meridian Street Railway and Power Company
 * Pascagoula Street Railway and Power Company
 * Southern Railway and Light Company
 * Southern Light and Traction Company
 * Vicksburg Railway and Light Company
 * Vicksburg Light and Traction Company
 * Vicksburg Traction Company

title: List of Mississippi railroads


text:
McGarvie model

The McGarvie model is a proposition for change to the Australian Constitution to remove references to the monarchy and establish a republic. It is also known as the Australian Democracy Model.

The model was developed by former Governor of Victoria Richard McGarvie and originally submitted to the Republic Advisory Committee in 1993. At the Constitutional Convention of 1998, it was the second most popular model of the four voted upon.

Under the McGarvie model, a Constitutional Council would appoint and dismiss the head of state, the Governor-General. The Constitutional Council would be bound to act in accordance with the Prime Minister's advice by a convention backed by the penalty of public dismissal for breach.

The three members of the Constitutional Council, who can act by majority, are determined automatically by constitutional formula, with places going first to former Governors-General (with priority to the most recently retired), and excess places going (on the same basis) in turn to former state governors, lieutenant-governors (or equivalent), judges of the High Court or judges of the Federal Court.

The tenure of the head of state would be under the same arrangements as the existing practice for the current Governor-General. The head of state would also have the same range of powers as the current Governor-General, but, except for the reserve powers, they could only be exercised on the advice of the Federal Executive Council or a Minister. Otherwise there would be no codification of the constitutional conventions.

The only eligibility requirement for a head of state under the McGarvie model would be Australian citizenship because the process for selecting the head of state is designed to ensure a non-political head of state.

Supporters of the model claim that, although described as "no-risk but uninspiring" and occasionally as "elitist", it has the considerable advantage of being developed by one with experience as a governor and hence a working knowledge of how the system of governorship actually functions in Australia. They claim it is straightforward, easily implemented, demonstrates twin requirements of practicality and principle, and keeps the separation of powers intact.

Legal commentators have remarked that the McGarvie model is broadly consistent with the constitution's existing arrangements under the monarchy and that it requires the least change to constitutional practice.

Some republicans have been critical of the appointment process in the McGarvie model and argue that a model without any public participation in its selection mechanism would not be successful in any referendum to change the constitution.

title: McGarvie model