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Nude swimming

Nude swimming is the practice of swimming without clothing, whether in natural bodies of water or in swimming pools. A colloquial term for nude swimming is "skinny dipping".

In both British and American English, to swim means "to move through water by moving the body or parts of the body". In British English, bathing also means swimming; but in American English, bathing refers to washing, or any immersion in liquid for hygienic, therapeutic, or ritual purposes. Many terms reflect British usage, such as sea bathing and bathing suit, although swimsuit is now more often used.

In prehistory and for much of ancient history, both swimming and bathing were done without clothes, although cultures have differed as to whether bathing ought to be segregated by sex. Christian societies have generally opposed mixed nude bathing, although not all early Christians immediately abandoned Roman traditions of mixed communal bathing. In Western societies into the 20th century, nude swimming was common for men and boys, particularly in male-only contexts and to a lesser extent in the presence of clothed women and girls. Some non-Western societies have continued to practice mixed nude bathing into the present, while some Western cultures became more tolerant of the practice over the course of the 20th century.

The contemporary practices of naturism include nude swimming. The widespread acceptance of naturism in many European countries has led to legal recognition of clothing-optional swimming in locations open to the public. After a brief period of popularity in the 1960s–1970s of public "nude beaches" in the United States, acceptance is declining, confining American nude swimming generally to private locations.

History
Based upon rock painting found in caves, the human activity of swimming existed for many thousands of years prior to the first civilizations, during which humans were generally naked.

Ancient to early modern
In Ancient Egypt, clothing was symbolic of social status, making adult nudity an indicator of low status or poverty. However, children, even of the upper classes, would be naked until puberty. Manual laborers of either sex would wear a loincloth or skirt unless their tasks included swimming; fishermen and boatmen often being nude.

In ancient Rome, clothing also represented social status, but public bathhouses were an exception. Bathhouses might include swimming pools that were located in open courtyards.

Swimming became increasingly unpopular after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, being viewed by the Christian church as both sinful and unhealthy. In spite of church teaching, swimming and bathing returned in the 12th century, sometimes without segregation of the sexes. Defying the Church of England, Everard Digby's book The Art of Swimming (De Arte Natandi) was published in 1587. Melchisédech Thévenot's 1696 instruction book, also called The Art of Swimming, was illustrated by 40 copperplate etchings that showed swimming was normally nude.

Indigenous peoples swimming naked were depicted by colonists in the Americas beginning in the 16th century.

Australia
In the Victorian era, public baths and swimming pools were built in Adelaide to address problems of health and safety, but also to reduce the persistence of nude swimming in open waters. Swimming costumes were issued to pool patrons.

England
Modest clothing for bathing or swimming was not considered until the 15th century, when women began wearing bathing dresses and men linen drawers. In male only groups, men continued to swim nude in rivers and the sea until the mid 19th century.

18th century
The Bath Corporation official bathing dress code of 1737 prohibited men and women from swimming nude either in the day or in the night.

In the early 1730s, fashionable sea bathing initially followed the inland health-seeking tradition. Sea bathing resorts modelled themselves on Bath, and provided promenades, circulating libraries, and assembly rooms. While sea bathing or dipping, men and boys were naked, women and girls were encouraged to dip wearing loose clothing. Scarborough was the first resort to provide bathing machines for changing. Some men extended this to swimming in the sea, and by 1736, it was seen at Brighton and Margate, and later at Deal, Eastbourne, and Portsmouth.

In England, bathing in the sea by the lower classes was noted in Southampton by Thomas Gray in 1764, and in Exmouth in 1779. In Lancashire, working women and men bathed naked in the sea together in 1795: "Lower classes of people of both sexes made an annual pilgrimage to Liverpool where they dabbled in the salt water for hours at each tide in promiscuous numbers and not much embarrassing themselves about appearance."

19th century
At the beginning of the Victorian period in England, men and boys typically swam naked in the sea near bathing machines that were used by women. Some efforts were made to designate separate beach sections for males and females. An 1842 review of seaside resorts noted that naked men in the sea were a primary attraction for visitors to Ramsgate, including women. The writer finds this no different from women viewing images of nude men in art galleries, near-naked men in the opera, or workers in the water. On the River Cherwell near the University of Oxford, an area for male nude bathing was known as Parson's Pleasure.

In the latter half of the 19th century, the rise of the influence of Christian Evangelicals caused arrangements for mixed bathing to be reassessed. Moral pressures led some town councils to establish zones for the women and men to bathe separately. These areas were not policed; mixed bathing was a popular activity. Resorts attempted to placate the Evangelicals without upsetting traditional bathers. There are very few records of magistrates enforcing the bylaws. In 1895 Cosmopolitan reported: "At most English resorts, buff bathing is available before eight o'clock in the morning" while Brighton, Worthing, Hastings, Bexhill, Bognor and Folkestone still tolerated nude bathing at any time of the day, in areas away from the central bathing areas.

Drawers, or caleçons as they were called (fr:caleçon de bain), came into use in the 1860s. Even then, many protested against them and wanted to remain in the nude. Rev. Francis Kilvert, an English clergyman and nude swimmer, described men's bathing suits coming into use in the 1870s as "a pair of very short red and white striped drawers". Excerpts from Kilvert's diary show the transition in the England of the 1870s from an acceptance of nude bathing to the acceptance of bathing suits. Kilvert describes "a delicious feeling of freedom in stripping in the open air and running down naked to the sea."

In 1895, The Daily Telegraph, Standard, Daily Graphic and Daily Mail newspapers ran a campaign to reintroduce mixed bathing in all resorts, pointing out that its prohibition split up families and encouraged them to take their holidays abroad. Commercial pressure defeated the moral pressures. Sea bathing had ceased to be done for health reasons, and was done overwhelmingly for pleasure. As the segregated beaches in town disappeared, bathing costumes for men became part of the commercial package, and nude bathing ceased.

The introduction of mixed bathing throughout Europe and elsewhere certainly created pressure towards bathing costumes being worn by both genders. However, well into the latter days of the Victorian Era, whereas all females were routinely wearing modest bathing attire, many boys well into their teens in Victorian England, even when in a mixed gender setting, were still swimming and playing at the beach resorts completely naked. An article published on August 23, 1891, in the Syracuse Sunday Herald suggests naked boys of up to 15 years in age were problematic for American parents with daughters, and read:

"A 'Bewildered American' writes to the London Standard that he can't take his little girl to play in the sand at a British seaside resort without her being surrounded by crowds of naked boys. An English friend told him that they let their daughters play with naked boys of ten years of age, but draw the line at fifteen."

South Africa
From 1873, the East London, Eastern Cape town council promulgated measures to control swimming hours, apparel and especially separate swimming areas for men and women. These regulations were too conservative and constraining for the taste of the residents of this coastal town and for several decades they were the subject of legal battles, or were simply ignored. The dispute was finally settled in 1906 when mixed bathing was permitted with the proviso that both men and women should wear suitable swimming costumes.

United States
Benjamin Franklin and John Quincy Adams were known to skinny dip.

In 1850, Grand Rapids, Michigan addressed the issue of both men and women swimming nude in the Grand River by passing an ordinance allowing the activity only at night, between 8PM and 5AM.

20th century
Since the early 20th century, the naturist movement has developed in western countries, seeking a return to non-sexual nudity when swimming and during other appropriate activities.

Canada
In the late 19th to early 20th century, using tax revenue to provide public bathing facilities for working-class men was not politically popular in London, Ontario, while private establishments served the middle and upper classes. These included swimming at the YMCA, which required membership or payment of fees. However, the problem of men being publicly naked while swimming and bathing in open water was recognized. Efforts to regulate nude swimming with laws against doing so during daylight hours did not prevent increases in incidents in the 1860s through the 1880s by laborers and boys.

In the 19th century, boys and working class men in Toronto swimming nude in the Humber and Don Rivers was allowed in secluded swimming holes, while officially prohibited elsewhere. Skinny-dipping was seen by many as an innocent activity for young males, as long it did not intrude upon the sensibilities of females. In the 20th century, urban growth had encroached upon this isolation, and also created the problem of water pollution. The development of beaches in the Sunnyside district on the Lake Ontario waterfront marked the end of nude outdoor swimming.

As in the United States, men swam nude at the YMCAs until they became coed.

China
In 2004 after some local university students went skinny-dipping there, signs were placed at a riverside beach in a public park in Zhejiang province declaring a section to be a nudist beach. Following complaints from other park visitors, the signs were removed, although officially China has no law forbidding swimming nude. In a July 2005 heat wave, a number of incidents of men skinny-dipping were noted.

England
In English boys' schools (Manchester Grammar School, for example), students recall nude swimming being required at least from the 1930s until the 1970s. No official reason for the practice was given, but some mention the problem in the early years of fibres from wool swimsuits clogged pool filters. However, nude swimming continued when modern swimsuit materials were available.

In a less formal setting, young boys might be nude in mixed company, as shown in a home movie of an outing featuring young Brownies, Girl Guides and Scouts playing in the grounds of a stately home in 1940's Britain. While the girls and older boys wore suits, the boys of about ten years of age played in the river naked.

Germany
Mixed gender nude swimming in lakes, rivers and beaches following WWI was part of the social liberalization in the Weimar Republic. Some swimmers were part of the organized naturist movement, others sought only an escape from economic and political turmoil. Economic problems had eliminated support for swimming pools and other recreational facilities, these needs being replaced by "wild swimming" in natural bodies of water.

Greece
In the 1870s, sea bathing at the Athenian seafront was an activity dominated by working class men who swam naked. With the beginning of the 20th century, resorts for the middle class were established, a transition which was at odds with male nudity. This was dealt with by having separate male and female bathing areas, but these became difficult to enforce. In the 1910s, mixed gender bathing began, and became actual swimming away from shore rather that wading. Female beach attire became "semi-nude" by the standard of prior years, exposing women's arms and legs.

United States
In the United States, skinny-dipping by young people, mostly boys, was common in rural areas across the country. As towns such as Logan, Utah, Humboldt, Iowa, and Dixon, Illinois, grew in the 1890s, the traditional locations became more visible to the public, and local ordinances were implemented prohibiting nude swimming, but were difficult to enforce, or involved very young children who were not punished. In 1907 Nashville, Tennessee, deputy sheriffs took no action to stop nude swimming by men and boys in the Cumberland River if they were outside populated areas.

The 1927 California Channel Swim between Catalina Island and the mainland was declared clothing optional by the sponsor, William Wrigley. Two Black American swimmers stated their intention to swim nude, as did several other women, saying the suits available were a handicap.

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt described nude swims in the Potomac with his "tennis cabinet" in his Autobiography: "If we swam the Potomac, we usually took off our clothes".

Ernest Thompson Seton describes skinny dipping as one of the first activities of his Woodcraft Indians, a forerunner of the Scout movement, in 1902. A 1937 article on swimming at boy scout summer camps in Washington state makes no mention of the boys being naked in almost all the photographs. Descriptions of special "carnival" days that were coed did not mention whether swimsuits were available. It does state "Both boys and girls enjoy the thrill of swimming in the nude, so on occasion, suits may be discarded for the night plunge." Night swimming was allowed only in camps where this was safe. In 1937, boys swimming nude in creeks of Atlanta, Georgia resulted only in warnings.

Among the features of rural Vermont being overtaken by development in the 1970s, an editorial mentions the removal of forests that sheltered ponds where boys had been swimming naked for 200 years. Older residents of Duncanville, Texas, remembered the "Blue Hole" on Ten Mile Creek a few hundred feet west of Main Street as the place to skinny-dip for decades. In 1967, misbehavior including drinking, fighting, and accidents led to complaints and calls to make the place off-limits.

Swimming in indoor pools

Initially, men and boys swam in the nude in indoor swimming pools, as had previously been customary in lakes and rivers. YMCAs everywhere had nude swimming beginning in the 1890s until they became coed in the 1960s. Given the limits of chlorination at that time, behavioral measures were used to maintain water quality. In 1933, in addition to recommending nudity, all bathers were required to empty their bladder and shower before entering the pool. Those suffering from skin or respiratory disease were prohibited from using the pool. In 1940 health experts continued to favor boys wearing bathing suits only in pools visible to both sexes. Girls were issued cotton suits that could be boiled to disinfect them between uses; the wool suits used by boys could not because they would shrink. It was also noted that wool suits that had previously been used in salt water could not be washed effectively because salt prevents soap from lathering. In 1926, the American Public Health Association (APHA) standards handbook recommended that indoor swimming pools used by men adopt nude bathing policies and that indoor swimming pools used by women require swimsuits "of the simplest type". Students bringing their own suits was discouraged, the institutions not having control of decontamination.

In 1947 girls at the Liberty School in Highland Park, Michigan, also swam nude in their classes. Boys not having worn suits for years, girls requesting to do the same in order to give them more time in the pool rather than changing. After six weeks, the girls in the middle school were ordered to wear suits, but the elementary school girls continued to be nude. While following the wishes of parents who believed older girls should behave modestly, all the board members disagreed, stating that there was "no moral issue involved".

New developments in pool chlorination, filtration, and nylon swimsuits led the APHA to abandon its recommendation of nude swimming for males in 1962. However, the custom did not immediately cease. During the 1970s, the adoption of mixed-gender swimming led to the gradual abandonment of nude male swimming in schools. Federal Title IX rules mandating equality in physical education led most schools to switch to co-educational gym classes by 1980, ending nude swimming in public schools. In the 21st century, the practice has been forgotten, denied having existed, or viewed as an example of questionable behaviors in the past that are no longer acceptable. However, Jungian psychoanalyst Barry Miller views the sexualization of nudity in male only situations such as locker rooms and swimming pools as a loss.

Contemporary practices
In many countries in the 21st century, nude swimming mostly takes place at nude beaches, naturist facilities, private swimming pools, or secluded or segregated public swimming areas. Some Western countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, have no laws prohibiting nude swimming in public areas, but some countries around the world strictly enforce various laws against public nudity, including nude swimming. Some jurisdictions which maintain laws against public nudity may turn a blind eye to incidents of skinny dipping depending on the circumstances, as police officers on the spot decline to make arrests.

A 2006 Roper poll showed that 25% of all American adults had been skinny dipping at least once, and that 74% believed nude swimming should be tolerated at accepted locations. Nude swimming is fairly common in rural areas of the United States, where unexpected visitors are less likely. However, in some places, even that type of swimming is prohibited by law. There is no federal law against nudity. Nude beaches such as Baker Beach in San Francisco operate within federal park lands in California. However, under a provision called concurrent jurisdiction, federal park rangers may enforce state and local laws against nudity or invite local authorities to do so. Skinny-dippers generally deal with this by keeping an eye out for local patrols, who generally do not go out of their way to find violators. Many swimmers in the United States confine nude swimming to private locations due to concerns about attitudes to public nudity.

In Germany, nude bathing is more widespread than in many other countries. A 2014 study revealed Germans (28%) were the most likely of all nations surveyed to have been nude at a beach. As urban rivers in Europe become cleaner, and residents more often seek relief from rising temperatures, many swim or sunbathe nude.

The world record for the largest skinny dip—2,505 persons—was set on 9 June 2018 at Meaghermore beach in County Wicklow, Ireland. The record was set at an annual all-women's event known as Strip and Dip, which was created by cancer survivor Deirdre Featherstone. The 2018 event raised money for a national children's cancer charity.

Artistic depictions
Nude swimming was a common subject of Old Masters – painters from before the 19th century – and Romantic oil paintings, usually bucolic or in a mythological or historical settings. For example, Swedish painters Georg Pauli and Anders Zorn painted a number of nude swimming scenes.

Late in the 19th century, painters started to render nude boys and men in realistic settings. Daumier's Bathers shows youths clumsily hauling off their clothes (a symbol of repression) and a naked short stocky youth stepping cautiously into the water that represents freedom. Seurat's Bathers Asnières uses similar symbolism to show the bathers removing their everyday identities to step into the momentary sunlight.

The bathers in Thomas Eakins' The Swimming Hole each represent different stages in the artist's life. He prepared for this canvas by taking multiple photographs of his students frolicking at this location. The painting portrays a happy physical un-selfconsciousness seen through the perspective of age; a nostalgia for youth. By the 1880s, this nostalgia for youth was a veneer carefully disguising a latent homosexuality. In contrast, there were poets and painters who would contrast the free young beauty of bodies in the water with the approaching grind of maturity and responsibility. Henry Scott Tuke painted naked bathers in a soft, idealized style, deliberately avoiding overt sexuality.

Cezanne's monumental male bathers derive from memories of a happy childhood rather than direct observation. This was described by his friend Emile Zola as a time when "they were possessed with the joys of plunging (naked) into the deeper pools where the waters flowed, or spending the days stark naked in the sun, drying them selves on the burning sand, diving in once more to live in the river..."

In later periods, depictions of nude swimming scenes became rarer, but more likely to depict straightforward contemporary scenes. The cover of the August 19, 1911, edition of the Saturday Evening Post had a Leyendecker painting of three boys; the cover of the June 4, 1921, edition had Norman Rockwell's painting No Swimming, depicting boys in various states of undress escaping from the local authorities.

In film
A number of films have included nude swimming scenes, which have received varying reactions from reviewers and the public.

20th century

 * 1918 – Tad's Swimming Hole was a silent comedy film by King Vidor; it had frontal shots of nude boys that were censored in some places e.g. Chicago.
 * 1933 – Ecstasy a Czech film directed by Gustav Machatý was banned in many places and censored in others. The film included a nude swimming scene with Hedy Lamarr in her film debut.
 * 1934 – Tarzan and His Mate featured the female lead (played by a double) swimming nude. However, religious groups lobbied to have the scene removed. Three versions of this movie now exist.
 * 1943 – Child Bride featured the female lead, 12-year-old Shirley Mills, swimming nude. It is considered the most notable scene on the film.
 * 1954 – Garden of Eden is a nudist film directed by Max Nosseck features Susan Lattimore. In Excelsior Pictures vs. New York Board of Regents the New York State Court of Appeals ruled that onscreen nudity was not obscene, allowing more open depictions of nudity in film.
 * 1960 – The Nudist Story is a British film directed by Ramsey Herrington set in the Avonmore Sun Camp, with people of all ages swimming in the camp pool.
 * 1960 – Pollyanna starts with a close-up of a nude 7-year-old blond boy, William Betz, on a rope swing dropping into White Sulfur Springs, Santa Rosa, California; his mother was an extra on the film. This motif showed that Harrington was a normal 'small American town' where the 'folk' enjoyed normal activities. Disney has a reputation for being morally conservative; thus boys swimming nude was an everyday event.
 * 1962 –  Something's Got to Give, an unfinished American film directed by George Cukor, features a long scene showing Ellen Wagstaff Arden (Marilyn Monroe) swimming nude in her home's swimming pool. She tries to encourage her husband Nicholas Arden (Dean Martin) to join her and also inadvertently shocks an insurace salesman (Phil Silvers), who has stopped by for a brief meeting with her husband, after she gets out of the pool.
 * 1965 –  Crónicas de un Niño Solo (Chronicle of a Boy Alone), an Argentine film directed by Leonardo Favio, features a long scene which shows a group of children swimming and walking nude in a forest lake.
 * 1968 –  Planet of the Apes, an American film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, features a scene in which George Taylor (Charlton Heston), Landon (Robert Gunner) and Dodge (Jeff Burton) are seen swimming nude together in a freshwater lake with lush vegetation which is in the middle of a desolate wasteland while their clothes are stolen and shredded by primitive mute humans.
 * 1968 – Robby, an American film directed by Ralph C. Bluemke and inspired by the Robinson Crusoe story. It features the male leads, 9-year-old Robby (Warren Raum) and 10-year-old Friday (Ryp Siani), walking, playing and sea bathing in the nude together during several lengthy scenes which show full frontal nudity and rear nudity of both boys.  As a result, the film failed to attain a wide distribution deal, as prospective distributors were wary about the extensive amount of nudity featured in the film. The film was shot on location on Vieques Island in Puerto Rico, the same island on which Lord of the Flies was shot five years earlier.
 * 1969 – Age of Consent. In director Michael Powell's film, an extended scene shows Helen Mirren (actually 24) playing a teenage girl, swimming underwater in an Australian reef.
 * 1969 – My Side of the Mountain, an American film directed by James B. Clark, features a brief scene of the male lead, Sam Gribley (Teddy Eccles), bathing nude in a forest lake.
 * 1969 – La Gran Aventura (The Great Adventure), a Mexican film directed by Roberto Rodríguez, features a brief scene in which Pepe (Julián Bravo) and Juanito (Nino del Arco) swim nude together in a lake alongside their pet dog before coming face to face and running away from a bull.
 * 1970 – Woodstock, an American Documentary film directed by Michael Wadleigh, includes a segment focusing on those swimming in the pond nude and talking about its benefits and symbolism relative to the event.
 * 1971 – The Last Picture Show is an American film by Peter Bogdanovich that includes a skinny dipping party at the home of one of the teenagers.
 * 1971 – Christa is a Danish film directed by Jack O'Connell (renamed Swedish Fly Girls in English) about flight attendants sharing an apartment in Copenhagen with much domestic nudity as well as visits to a nude beach that includes families with children.
 * 1971 – Walkabout, an Australian/British film directed by Nicolas Roeg, shows actress Jenny Agutter and actors David Gulpilil and Luc Roeg swimming nude. The nude swimming scenes are set in several water holes in the Australian outback, during an extended time disconnected from civilization.
 * 1972 – The Genesis Children, an art film directed by Anthony Aikman. Although it was called "very benign" by the US rating administration, it received an X rating. It has remained controversial ever since, because of several lengthy scenes featuring full frontal nudity and rear nudity which show a large group of teenage and preteen boys walking, dancing and swimming nude together on a beach.
 * 1974 – Visit to a Chief's Son, an American film directed by Lamont Johnson, features a brief scene in which Kevin (John Philip Hogdon) and his friend Codonyo (Jesse Kinaru) are seen swimming and playing nude together in a lake in which there are also several hippopotamus nearby. As Kevin goes into the water having taken off all his clothes, Codonyo remarks he notices his friend is already circumcised.  Because of this scene the film was originally given an R-rating.  In a 1974 interview, Johnson stated: "Four frames of film in which a barely perceptible view of a 12-year-old boy's penis appeared in an underwater sequence gave my movie Visit to a Chief's Son an R-rating until the objectionable subliminal flash was blown up to eliminate it. That my film, from its conception to its final cut an unabashed family, kids-and-animals-in-Africa picture, should have the same rating as The Exorcist is an obscenity symptomatic of our national disease of censorship".
 * 1974 – Vang Vir My 'n Droom (The Spots on My Leopard/Catch Me a Dream), a South African film directed by Tim Spring from a screenplay written by C.F. Beyers-Boshoff. The film features a lengthy opening scene showing the male lead, Robbie de Ridder (Mark Hopley), running, playing and sea bathing in the nude alongside a cheetah.
 * 1975 – Jaws, an American film directed by Steven Spielberg, features a brief scene showing Chrissie Watkins (Susan Backlinie), a young woman swimming nude in the ocean at night before being killed by a great white shark.
 * 1979 – Blauvogel (Blue Bird), a German film directed by Ulrich Weiß from a screenplay written by Gerd Gericke based on the 1950 novel by Anna Müller-Tannewitz. The film features a lengthy scene showing the male lead George Ruster (Robin Jaeger) alongside his adoptive Iroquois father Little Bear (Gheorghe Patru) and his young daughter Malia (Niculina Ursaru) all of whom are playing, swimming and fishing nude together in a forest river.
 * 1980 – The Blue Lagoon, an American film directed by Randal Kleiser from a screenplay written by Douglas Day Stewart based on the 1908 novel by Henry De Vere Stacpoole. In the late Victorian period, two cousins, nine-year-old Richard and seven-year-old Emmeline Lestrange, and galley cook Paddy Button, are shipwrecked on a tropical island in the South Pacific. The children, played by Glenn Kohan and Elva Josephson, are shown playing and swimming nude on the beach. When Paddy dies after drinking a barrel of rum, the film moves forward to Emmeline (Brooke Shields, age 14 at the time) and Richard (Christopher Atkins, age 18) as teenagers. The underwater scenes of Emmeline swimming nude were filmed with an adult body double. In the scenes in which Shields is topless, her long hair is covering her breasts, while Atkins does his own nude scenes, including full frontal.
 * 1980 – Return of the Secaucus 7, an American film written and directed by John Sayles, includes a skinny-dipping scene with full frontal male nudity.
 * 1982 – Paradise, a Canadian film directed by Stuart Gillard. Set in the Georgian period, a teenage boy and girl, fleeing a slave trader, swim nude at an oasis.
 * 1982 – Summer Lovers, an American film directed by Randal Kleiser, features a very brief scene showing Michael Pappas (Peter Gallagher), Cathy Featherstone (Daryl Hannah) and Lina Broussard (Valérie Quennessen) sea bathing in the nude as part of a montage sequence.
 * 1983 – Yentl, an American film directed, co-written, co-produced by, and starring Barbra Streisand is based on Isaac Bashevis Singer's story "Yentl: The Yeshiva Boy". Streisand plays a woman who disguises herself as a man ("Anshel") to attend the Yeshiva. A long scene shows Avigdor (Mandy Patinkin) and other male students from a Yeshiva swimming nude in a forest lake. Avigdor coaxes Anshel to join them which would reveal her deception.
 * 1984 – Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, an American/British film directed by Hugh Hudson, shows actor Danny Potts swimming nude. The nude swimming scene is set after a gorilla is attacked by a black panther that a 5-year-old Tarzan learns how to swim. Actor Eric Langlois also appears nude in some scenes depicting Tarzan as a 12-year-old.
 * 1985 – A Room with a View, a British film directed by James Ivory, includes a brief scene in which three male characters go skinny-dipping in a pond (with frontal nudity) and are happened upon by female characters taking a walk in the woods. In a prior scene Lucy Honeychurch (Helena Bonham Carter) had mentioned to her fiancé Cecil Vyse (Daniel Day-Lewis) that she had "bathed" in the same pond as a child with her brother Freddy until she was found out.
 * 1986 – Children of a Lesser God, an American film directed by Randa Haines. The main characters are James Leeds (William Hurt), a teacher at a school for the deaf and a deaf woman, Sarah Norman (Marlee Matlin) employed as a janitor. James encounters Sarah late at night swimming nude in the school pool, where he confesses he is falling in love with her, then falls (intentionally) into the pool fully clothed.
 * 1990 – Phares d'ouest: Dans le sillage de Christoph Colomb (Western Lights: In the Wake of Christopher Columbus), a French Documentary film directed by Bernard Poggi. Twelve youngsters (aged 10 to 15) from the French experimental school L'Ecole en Bateau (The Floating School) set out on a unique educational expedition. Sailing the "Kerrek Ven" - a 3-masted fishing schooner, they follow the voyages of Christopher Columbus from Seville to the Caribbean and Venezuela. It features a long scene which shows the boys playing and sea bathing in the nude together.
 * 1993 – The House of the Spirits, a film directed by Bille August, features a brief scene showing young Blanca Trueba (Hannah Taylor-Gordon) and Pedro Tercero (Josh Maguire) playing nude together in a forest river before they are abruptly separated by her father Esteban Trueba (Jeremy Irons).
 * 1993 – Wrestling Ernest Hemingway, an American film directed by Randa Haines, features a long scene showing the flamboyant retired seaman Frank (Richard Harris) swimming nude in a lake during a fishing trip on a boat alongside his introverted barber friend Walter (Robert Duvall). Frank coaxes and ultimately convinces his friend to join him. Walter accepts, but folds all of his clothes properly on the boat's seat before going into the water.

21st century

 * 2001 – Y tu mamá también (And Your Mother Too), a Mexican film directed by Alfonso Cuarón, features a lengthy underwater scene of the male leads, Julio Zapata (Gael García Bernal) and Tenoch Iturbide (Diego Luna), swimming nude in an empty motel swimming pool.
 * 2007 – Into the Wild, an American film directed by Sean Penn, features a very brief scene showing Chris McCandless (Emile Hirsch) floating nude in a river.
 * 2008 – Watercolors, an American film directed by David Oliveras, includes a long scene showing Carter Melman (Kyle Clare) swimming nude in an empty school swimming pool after hours. He coaxes and ultimately convinces his shy classmate Danny Wheeler (Tye Olson) to join him. Danny accepts, but enters the pool wearing his underwear.
 * 2009 – A Single Man, an American film directed by Tom Ford, features a brief scene showing George Falconer (Colin Firth) and his student Kenny Potter (Nicholas Hoult) playfully sea bathing in the nude together at night.
 * 2010 – Piranha 3D, a 3D comedy horror film which features nude underwater swimming by Danni (Kelly Brook) and Crystal (Riley Steele).
 * 2011 – My Week with Marilyn, an American film directed by Simon Curtis, features a scene showing Marilyn Monroe (Michelle Williams) skinny dipping in the River Thames with production assistant Colin Clark (Eddie Redmayne).
 * 2013 – The F Word, an Irish-Canadian film directed by Michael Dowse, features a long scene showing Wallace (Daniel Radcliffe) and Chantry (Zoe Kazan sea bathing in the nude together at night before realizing their clothes have been stolen by their friends Allan (Adam Driver) and Nicole (Mackenzie Davis). The scene was filmed at the Scarborough Bluffs.
 * 2021 - Wildhood, a Canadian film directed by Bretten Hannam, features a scene in which Lincoln (Phillip Lewitski) and his Mi'kmaq two-spirit friend Pasmay (Joshua Odjick) are seen swimming nude together in a forest river. They are joined by Lincoln's younger half-brother Travis (Avery Winters-Anthony). However, he goes into the water wearing a swimsuit. When a raccoon tries to steal Travis' candy, Lincoln gets out of the water and frightens the animal away.
 * 2023 – No Hard Feelings, an American film directed by Gene Stupnitsky, features a scene in which Maddie Baker (Jennifer Lawrence) goes skinny dipping at the beach with nerdy teen Percy Becker (Andrew Barth Feldman), when their clothes are taken by drunken teenagers. Maddie comes out of the water naked to fight the thieves.
 * 2024 - Mother of the Bride, an American film directed by Mark Waters, features a brief scene showing Lana (Brooke Shields), Janice (Rachael Harris), Will (Benjamin Bratt), Scott (Wilson Cruz) and Clay (Michael McDonald) sea bathing in the nude together on a beach. Due to the beach being part of the property belonging to the luxury hotel they're staying in, they're berated and ridiculed for their behaviour by members of the staff.  The characters are shown running and undressing, none of their bodies can be seen, as it's filmed from the legs. A silhouette of them from behind can be seen. The nudity in the scene is implied.

title: Nude swimming


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title: Category:Pennsylvania culture


text:
Henry Cooper (Tennessee politician)

Henry Cooper (August 22, 1827 – February 4, 1884) was a Tennessee attorney, judge, and politician who served one term in the United States Senate, 1871–1877. During his career, Cooper had various political affiliations, including Whig, Know Nothing, and Democrat.

Early life
Henry Cooper was born on August 22, 1827, in Columbia, Tennessee. He had three brothers, including William Frierson Cooper and Edmund Cooper, and two half-brothers, including Duncan Brown Cooper.

Cooper attended Dixon Academy in Shelbyville, Tennessee, and graduated from Jackson College in Jackson, Tennessee, in 1847. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1850.

Political career
Cooper served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1853 to 1855 and again from 1857 to 1859. He was appointed judge of the former 7th Judicial Circuit in April, 1862. In January, 1866 he resigned this position and moved to Lebanon, Tennessee, where he became a professor at the Cumberland School of Law. In 1867 he moved to Nashville, where he served in the Tennessee State Senate, 1869-1870.

The Tennessee General Assembly elected him to the United States Senate for the term beginning March 4, 1871. He did not seek another term, and his Senate service ended on March 3, 1877.

Mining career and death
By the early 1880s, he was engaged in mining operations in Tierra Blanca, Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Cooper was murdered there by bandits on February 4, 1884. He was buried nearby, and a cenotaph to his memory was erected at Old City Cemetery in Shelbyville, Tennessee.

title: Henry Cooper (Tennessee politician)


text:
Talk:Rayleigh distribution

Derivation, relationship to Gaussian distribution, and higher dimensions
Some questions that came to mind after reading this article, perhaps appropriate additions: Zolot (talk) 18:10, 21 July 2011 (UTC)
 * How is The Rayleigh distribution related to a normal distribution mathematically? Each of the vector components are supposed to be normally distributed, so how does the Rayleigh parameter (σ) depend upon the normal distribution's parameters (σ and μ)? In particular, how does the R. dist. change when only one of these parameters varies? (What happens when you change either the width or the mean value of the normal distributed vector components generating the R. dist.)
 * Is there a short derivation of the R. dist. from a normal dist. that could be included? (Perhaps this will reveal the answer to my first question.)
 * Is this distribution only valid for two dimensional vectors? Is there a generalization for higher dimensions?

Confusion
This is also a geometry-based distribution in mathematical probabilities. I was disappointed to come here looking for more information on this distribution and significant theorems, only to get redirected to some stuff about radio broadcasting.

Perhaps this could be turned into a disambiguation page? Although I don't know enough about the Rayleigh probability distribution to write a decent article on it myself.

For this distribution and every other probability distribution on Wiki, please include the valid ranges of x. Like for gaussian, x goes from negative infinity to infinity... etc.

5/6/09 - The Rayleigh distribtion is a special case of Weibull, where m (the shape factor) = 2. The Weibull equation is:

 * $$f(t) = \frac{m}{t} \left( \frac{t}{c} \right)^m \exp-\left(\frac{t}{c}\right)^m$$

Setting m = 2 gives:

 * $$f(t) = \frac{2}{t} \left( \frac{t}{c} \right)^2 \exp-\left(\frac{t}{c}\right)^2

= \frac{2t}{c^2} \exp\left(\frac{-t^2}{c^2}\right)$$

Now, let x = 2t (and t = x/2) to get the form on the article page:

 * $$f(x) = \frac{x}{c^2} \exp\left(\frac{-\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)^2}{c^2}\right)

= \frac{x}{c^2} \exp\left(\frac{-\left(\frac{x^2}{2^2}\right)}{c^2}\right)

= \frac{x}{c^2} \exp\left(\frac{-\left(\frac{x^2}{4}\right)}{c^2}\right)$$

 * $$ = \frac{x}{c^2} \exp\left(\frac{-x^2}{4c^2}\right)

$$

This is different than the equation on the article page that has a 2 instead of the 4. So my question is, which is correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by ChrisHoll (talk • contribs) 05:49, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Hi Chris: The Matlab documentation has a 2 in the denominator of the exponential - Patrick Tibbits Tibbits (talk) 19:02, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Example
I thought the wind example addressed the ill-posed nature of the problem of predicting vector components given vector magnitude (i.e. that directional components map onto windspeed in a many:one fashion). Mrdthree (talk) 09:30, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Sigma notation very misleading if not improper
The sigma character is normally used to represent the standard deviation. For a Rayleigh distribution formula input parameter, it is actually a "scaling" term and is relatable to the standard deviation/variance and mean with the formulas within the Wiki. This scaling term really must be changed to another notation (note Matlab uses the term "parameter B").

Unfortunately lost a day trying to figure out why my standard deviations & means weren't coming out per the stated formulas... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.170.224.10 (talk) 02:45, 10 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, it can be confusing, but the sigma is in fact the standard deviation of the bivariate normal distribution to which the Rayleigh distribution is isomorphic -- it comes right through the transformation via polar coordinates between the two. Perhaps best would be to use the parameterization $$\gamma = \sigma^2$$, which is the preferred form of Siddiqui. Dbooksta (talk) 21:03, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

Sigma exponent (obsolete remark)
Integration tests have shown that \frac{x}{\sigma^2} is indeed the correct normalisation (even though it seems strange from a dimension analysis point of view). 150.227.15.253 (talk) 13:14, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Is the formula:
 * $$f(x;\sigma) = \frac{x}{\sigma^2} e^{-x^2/(2\sigma^2)}, \quad x \geq 0,$$  really correct (YES!), shouldn't it rather be:

 * $$f(x;\sigma) = \frac{x}{\sigma} e^{-x^2/(2\sigma^2)}, \quad x \geq 0,$$  ? (NO!)150.227.15.253 (talk) 12:03, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Possible source of confusion detected in the opening paragraph example
The opening paragraph states "Assuming that the magnitudes of each component are uncorrelated, normally distributed". I normally understand "magnitude" as a scalar greater than zero. If we take this latter definition, the "magnitudes" of the each component cannot be normally distributed because, by definition, the normal distribution takes values both lower and greater than zero, so that this would be clear contradiction. I am aware that "magnitude", as it is written, might refer to a scalar real value, positive or negative, as vector components may be, so this at least needs clarification. I cannot fix this because I am not certain that given my interpretation the example holds and still produces a Rayleigh distribution, as this needs a proof. This is most probably a semantic problem in the common usage of the words "magnitude" and "component" so, if someone with clear knowledge of both the Rayleigh distribution and this subtleties in mathematical terms can, it would be very helpful.--Fermín MX 05:23, 12 June 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ferminmx (talk • contribs)

 * See how it reads now. PAR (talk) 06:07, 12 June 2014 (UTC)

Generating Random Variates
Formula is incorrect.

Random variate "U" should be "1-U" (non simplified version).

Simple proof:

If random variate U=1 then X should be infinite.

If random variate U=0 then X should be zero.

In the current (simplified) formula this is clearly not the case.

Remember, a random uniform distribution is uniform ONLY if the number of random variables is infinite.

Regards, Rob

 * Note that U and 1-U both have uniform distribution, so it does not matter which one you use.2.240.94.253 (talk) 14:01, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

Linear hazard rate with intercept equal to zero
The Rayleigh distribution has an increasing hazard rate proportional to x. This extends the scope of interpretation.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.83.33.64 (talk) 10:57, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

single dimension?
looking at the pictures it seems like this would represent a random variable in a single dimension that must always be greater than zero. For example, the amount of time something takes must always be greater than zero, but could potentially be much much larger. You could probably model this as a normal too, if the mean wasn't close enough to the zero bound that it would appear skewed? Say, people's heights at a certain age would meet a normal distribution, because there is a negligible probability of your height being near zero, but lifespans seem like they would be a Rayleigh distribution because there are plenty of samples close to zero (birth mortalities)

Would the introduction be much more accessible if it talked about something like this, instead of the vector thing? (it's difficult to think about because it's not obvious why you'd want to model a vector and none of the equations mention vectors, just magnitudes) Dominictarr (talk) 03:00, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rayleigh distribution


text: Category:Law enforcement in Sweden

title: Category:Law enforcement in Sweden


text:
Talk:Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch

Should merge into Arthur Quiller-Couch Charles Matthews 22:30, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch


text:
Talk:Éric Gagné

Verify
Can anyone verify that his name has an accent over the E in "Eric"? I have never seen that before anywhere. Also, an anon ruined the history of this page by copying and pasting the content to the new, accented location (as opposed to moving the article), but there's probably little that can be done about that now... R ADICAL B ENDER ★  22:30, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * It seems to be the French spelling, see the Google search . I'm not sure about it, but both é's look reasonable to me. Nobbie 10:14, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Having looked at various baseball sites, including his profile at ESPN it seems that his name is most often spelled as "Eric Gagne" and not "Éric Gangé" or "Eric Gangé". I've therefore moved it. violet/riga (t) 15:25, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The French tend to not include accents that are on the first letter of a capitalized word. I submit that the title should be Eric Gagne 128.61.70.49 10:18, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

It's a very tough issue. Most baseball sites omit accents entirely because of issues just like this one. His name most definitely has an accent over the last e in Gagne but I think all wikipedia articles on baseball should keep accents out of the article title. Zellin 01:33, Apr 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops, I meant "Eric Gagné" above. Don't know why I didn't write it that way. Anyway, I believe in maintaining accuracy, so we should write his name as he would write it. People who search for "Eric Gagne", the more common way people write his name, should be directed to "Eric Gagné", the correct spelling. 128.61.70.49 04:41, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with this. It is an insult not to include the accent and the redirect should be the other way around.  Anyone know how to do that without copy/paste? →Vik Reykja 22:52, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Requested move
Éric Gagné → Eric Gagné. Most sources use the unaccented "Eric Gagne", but "Eric Gagné" is also used. Here are some blog posts about whether his name has accents over it, which was all I could find on the subject. Nothing that says the E in Eric has one. Recury 18:37, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Survey
Add "# Support" or "# Oppose" on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~. Please remember that this survey is not a vote, and please provide an explanation for your recommendation.

Survey - in support of the move

 * Support as nominator. Recury 18:37, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Support move to Eric Gagne with no accents as that is how is name seems to be most often used in sports papers & reports. Blog posts are not the most reliable of sources. As a life long Dodgers fan, I will note that while many players have had accents and special characters on their uniforms, I never seen Gagne will an accent on anything. 205.157.110.11 22:17, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 *  Oppose . Support from those two choices. As nominator says, "Most sources use the unaccented "Eric Gagne", but "Eric Gagné" is also used". So that is clearly the appropriate name.  Sure, the current name is most clearly wrong, but do it right. At least make it a choice between the two reasonable alternatives, not between a really bad one and a marginal one. Gene Nygaard 22:34, 12 March 2007 (UTC) Changed 18:22, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Survey - in opposition to the move

 * Oppose. Clearly "Gagne" is wrong; it should be "Gagné". Here's an image of his name on the back of his jersey and an image of the cover of his book. However, that book cover doesn't have an accent on "Éric". This is a tougher call. In French, the name is Éric, but it is very, very common to not put accents on capital letters, especially first letters. But in real, typeset text, the accents are mandatory. It depends on whether Wikipedia is informal or "professional." English-language publishers tend to drop all accents (as we've seen with José and café), so here are some links to French Canadian sites that all include the accents on both his first and last name:  . These aren't blogs, but newspaper and media publishers. FJM 09:05, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No, "Gagne" is clearly not wrong. It is quite legitimate and proper to use the English alphabet when writing in English.  Or French when writing in French; you cite an article which has many people at spellings different from the ones used in Wikipedia articles.  For example, Danys Baez with no á, Armando Benitez with no í, and not only not an á but not even an é in Damaso Marte.
 * The proper article name is the one under which he is best known in English. He is never, never known in English with an "É", so that's the only one which is clearly wrong.  The others are a matter of picking an appropriate one from among legitimate choices.  Gene Nygaard 18:30, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I have never seen him actually wear that jersey in a game. It maybe a special edition retail version but there are several retail versions that obviously don't have the accent too. I can take a picture of my son's but I don't think that is needed. 205.157.110.11 01:53, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
If anyone can find any good sources that discuss the accents in his name, then I will gladly change/withdraw the nomination. Recury 18:37, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Er, nevermind. A book he wrote lists his name as "Eric Gagné". That should be good enough. Recury 18:41, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * For the record, this is how the article got where it is:
 * The move from "Éric Gagné" to "Éric Gagné" was an unreferenced, undiscussed move on 21 January 2006 by New World Man (talk | contribs) with an edit summary that only said "added diacritics".
 * Not only has New World Man not provided any discussion on this talk page, but has not edited any talk page since April of 2006, except to move talk pages as part of a whole lot of other unreferenced, undiscussed moves.
 * There is no reason whatsoever for you or anyone else to bust your ass off trying to give a post hoc justification to a bad move by some unresponsive editor like this. Gene Nygaard 22:53, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not, I'm just trying to figure out whether it should be at Gagne or Gagné. The cover of a book co-written by him would surely have the right accents, though. Recury 13:29, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

 * ''With 1–1½ votes for each of "Eric Gagne", "Eric Gagné" and "Éric Gagné", the consensus is not particularly clear, but it seems that Eric Gagné is acceptable to the greates number of participants. Thus, Éric Gagné shall be moved to Eric Gagné. --Stemonitis 16:15, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

The principal reason for NOT placing an accute accent, or any accent for that matter, on a letter, is quite simple; U.S. standard keyboard and its settings. So if the editors wish, they could simply use "Canadian multilingual keyboard" for their keyboard (available for all OS). By doing so, you would have ALL the Western European languages at your disposal.Thinghy 05:02, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * On a not-exactly-related note, another well-known baseball player, Greg Gagne, pronounced his name ['gægni]. I don't really know how that means anything, but it does show the contrast between French-Canada and Massachusetts.  And yes, the accent on 'Eric' does really come down to the question of how formal Wikipedia's French is.  That's a question I cannot answer.  --Xyzzyva 06:20, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Comparison to Dennis Eckersley
I think the paragraph about Gagne being "often compared" to Dennis Eckersley should be modified or cut. I've never heard such a comparison (let alone hearing it often), and there's no citation backing up the frequent comparison. On top of that, it's a deceptive comparison. Eckersley had a long career as a starting pitcher. Only about a dozen active pitchers have as many wins as Eckersley. Thus, the Eckersley/Gagne comparison may lead readers to assume that Eckersley was much less successful as a starter or that Gagne was much more successful as a starter. --JamesAM 00:24, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

I concur. You almost never hear Gagné compared to Eck. They are dissimilar pitchers in most respects -- Eck was a very good starter, G wasn't; Eck's career extended well into what you might call his baseball dotage, G is still young and there's no way to determine how long he'll be around; Eck wasn't especially injury prone, Gagné is like a fabregé egg. Their style of pitching is different, too: Eckersley relied on a shar slider more than anything else, and Gagné relies on throwing a million miles an hour. I'd say cut it. Where Anne hath a will, Anne Hathaway. 17:21, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I removed the following from the article:
 * Gagné has often been compared to Baseball Hall of Famer Dennis Eckersley. Both were former starters who found much success after moving to the bullpen. Gagné's dominating stretch from 2002-2004 is similar to Eckersley's :during the 1988-1992 seasons. They both have won a Cy Young Award as a relief pitcher, only a handful in the history of the game to do so. In fact, Gagné was the first reliever since Eckersley to win the award.

It doesn't cite any sources for Eckersley comparisons, and they're not actually that similar, as per above. If someone can make a compelling case for its inclusion -- including a citation for someone making an honest appraisal of the two, and concluding that they are in some meaningful way similar -- then I'll put it back. Until then, it doesn't seem to belong.Where Anne hath a will, Anne Hathaway. 20:38, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed Wiki Link
I removed the following from the article:

 * List of Major League Baseball all-time saves leaders

Gagne isn't on the list, so I don't really see how it belongs here. If I've just missed him, let me know, but until such a time as his name appears on that page, there's no reason to link to it from his. As it was, it seemed to imply that he is on that list. Where Anne hath a will, Anne Hathaway. 05:30, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

He's 50th. ~Guest

Fixed. Where Anne hath a will, Anne Hathaway. 20:11, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * At some point, that link became a redirect to 300 save club, and as he has fewer than 200 he's not on that list, and thus the link is now removed. Echoedmyron (talk) 00:36, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

Eric Gagne
Let's stop with him becoming a member of the Red Sox until the trade becomes official. See http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2955966. He has to wave his no-trade cause. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 19:07, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Buster Olney just announced that it was official--Yankees10 19:46, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

How do we even know he is going to wear number #38 for the Sox? Its only been 4 minutes since the deadline ended --DiscoEv
 * I've added him as # 36 on Boston Red Sox 2. I hope its ok. --  J A 10  Talk • Contribs 05:50, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Moved bio to references section, early life needs cleanup
I moved the external link for the bio to the references section and cited it for the early life section. Other sections probably refer to it as well and should add where needed. I rewrote the Early Life section, removing unencyclopedic material, sourcing what I could, and tagging what I couldn't. davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  20:39, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Jockbio isn't reliable, I'll look for better sources. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 20:42, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Better sources are always good and if you find them, by all means use them in preference to JockBio.  However, I disagree that JockBio isn't reliable enough to use here.  Two dozen other articles use it.  I'm opening the question for debate below.  davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  21:47, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The MLB biography in has information on his early life.  davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  22:48, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Yea, I'm going to use that, I was planning to make this article featured, but I delayed it because of instability, and instead I'm working on a few others first (I'm almost done with Bob Meusel). Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 23:02, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Featured? Wow.  Doesn't it have to be Good first? davidwr/  (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  02:45, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Not really, either good or a Peer review is fine. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 04:11, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Reliability of JockBio.com
Regarding the removal of :

Is http://www.jockbio.com a reliable enough source for sports biographies? Their own web site bills them as The comprehensive, professionally researched and written story of an athlete’s life—the one thing you can NEVER find on the net...even at an athlete’s own web site! and claims the bios are written by Some of the most widely published sportswriters in the country. Self-promotion doesn't make it true. However, false advertising laws and the desire to maintain a good reputation do lend credibility to these claims. With that in mind, until proven otherwise I'd judge it somewhere somewhere between a blog and a reputable newspaper by the standards of Verifiability. In particular: ''Articles should rely on reliable, third-party published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy. Sources should be appropriate to the claims made: exceptional claims require exceptional sources.'' Since the source is being used to support claims that are repeated in print newspapers and official records of the day, the claims are mundane and not exceptional. This makes jockbio a good secondary source for pre- and early-professional-career information and a lot easier to track down than primary sources or contemporary secondary sources such as newspapers of the day. These preferred sources may not be online, may not be easily searchable, or may not be easily available without payment. 24 other articles cite jockbio.com. What do you all think: Should the jockbio.com removal edit be undone?  I'm asking to avoid a revert war. davidwr/ (talk)/(contribs)/(e-mail)  21:45, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

I just looked at random jockbios articles, comments like "Ryan is already viewed as a leader by his Washington teammates. That says a lot about his maturity and the way he plays the game. He has the kind of make-up that suggests he'll rise to the occasion under the pressure of a pennant race or the playoffs." from the Ryan Zimmerman article there, makes me think PoV "blog" here, others had rather obvious typos, etc. I'm rather surpriced that Jockbio doesn't name who are Some of the most widely published sportswriters in the country., and how they got those sources. It isn't reliable. Thanks Jaranda wat's sup 22:14, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

I noticed http://www.jockbio.com/HTML/whoweare.html, some of the writers are in college, the founder, Mark Stewart seems to be a childrens book author and same with the other founder Mike Kennedy, not the most published sportswriters in the buisness. Jaranda wat's sup 22:22, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I footnoted to JockBio for the reference to Gagné's starring role in the Junior World Championships, but for nothing else. Feel free to change it if you find a better reference for the Junior World Championships.  Also, if there is a verifiable reference that explains how Gagné learned English (which I deleted from the article, because I couldn't find any source stating that he learned it through sitcoms), please add the description and the reference.AyaK 01:17, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Assessment
I have assessed this as B Class as, despite its weaknesses, it seems to cover most of what is required of a Good Article (but certainly not all), and as low importance, as I do not feel that many people outside of baseball would be familiar with the subject of the article. Cheers, CP 20:24, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Description of first game played for the Brewers
I recommend removing (and already removed once) the description of the outcome of the first game that Gagné played for the Brewers due to non-notability. Unless it somehow turns out to be his only game, then it's really no more special than any other game he'll play for them. There's really nothing particularly noteworthy about it to make it worth mentioning separately, as will become more and more apparent the more games he plays for Milwaukee. Cumulative statistics for the entire or significant portions of the season would be more appropriate. The problem with including a description of this one game, however, is that it encourages other editors to add to the trend, and before you know it, we have a long and unencyclopedic list of individual non-noteworthy games here. We're best off removing it now. -- Dachannien TalkContrib 04:18, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

moved to Éric Gagné
I moved Eric Gagné to Éric Gagné. Like French Canadian, this name is, of course, Éric with accent and not Eric like English language. GabrieL (talk) 02:13, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Some user already move to an unaccented e, I support and already move to an accented e, he is French Canadian. Steam5 (talk) 03:23, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Hit and run
Gagné was apparently involved in a hit and run that almost no major outlets reported on. From what I have found, he was acquitted of most charges due to suffering a concussion during the accident. The only sources I could find were questionable blogs. It seems no one has gone out of their way to request court records of the case. Jcc724 (talk) 12:26, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Éric Gagné


text:
Loren Pope

Loren Brooks Pope (July 13, 1910 – September 23, 2008) was an American writer and educational consultant, best known for his book, Colleges That Change Lives. He was also the education editor of The New York Times.

Background
Born in Minneapolis, Pope grew up in northern Virginia. He was a Democrat, in a family of stalwart Republicans. He was an alumnus of DePauw University. Pope married and divorced Charlotte Swart Pope and Ida Wallace Pope. Pope was married 24 years to Viola Barrett Greenland Pope, who lived to the age of 96.

In 1965, Pope, founded the College Placement Bureau, one of the first independent college placement counseling services in the United States.

His first book, The Right College: How to Get In, Stay In, Get Back In (Macmillan, 1970), was followed by a nationally syndicated article series, "Twenty Myths That Can Jinx Your College Choice," published in The Washington Post Magazine and Reader's Digest. A second book, Looking Beyond the Ivy League: Finding the College That’s Right for You (Penguin, 1995), was written and published several years later. Pope was also known for commissioning the Pope-Leighey House in 1939, designed and constructed originally in Falls Church, Virginia, by Frank Lloyd Wright. Pope, who was working as a $50-a-week copy editor at the Washington Evening Star (his employer financed the construction), convinced Wright to build the small house by writing him a famously flattering letter. Pope opened, "There are certain things a man wants during life, and, of life. Material things and things of the spirit. The writer has one fervent wish that includes both. It is for a house created by you." He closed with the plea, "Will you create a house for us? Will you?" The architect's reply was brief: "Dear Loren Pope: Of course I am ready to give you a house."

Colleges That Change Lives
His final and best-selling work, Colleges That Change Lives, profiled his top 40 choices—schools that he said would "do as much as, and perhaps even more than, any name-brand schools to fully educate students and to give them rich, full lives." He focused mainly on small liberal arts colleges, arguing that smaller, less selective institutions offered superior educational experiences. The first edition was first published in 1996, with revised editions in 2000 and 2006. A final fourth revision was published in 2012 after Pope's death, updated by Hilary Masell Oswald. A non-profit organization modeled after the book now carries the name.

The fourth edition profiles 40 choices for liberal arts colleges that "have one primary mission: educate the undergraduate. Each appeals to a slightly different type of teenager, but they all share a mission to raise students' trajectories and develop thinkers, leaders, and moral citizens. The little-known truth is that these colleges have been on the cutting edge of higher education for decades. Many of them have outperformed most of the ranking sweethearts in the percentages of graduates who become America's scientists and scholars."

title: Loren Pope


text: Category:Law enforcement in New Zealand

title: Category:Law enforcement in New Zealand


text:
Montería

Montería is a municipality and city located in northern Colombia and the capital of the Department of Córdoba. The city is located 50 km away from the Caribbean sea, by the Sinú River. The city and region are known for their distinct cultural heritages, which include a blend of mainly colonial Spanish descendants, indigenous Zenú peoples, Crypto-Jews, and more recently, Middle East immigrants. The city is home to the Sombrero Vueltiao, a national symbol; and is the home of Porro folklore music. The city has an inland seaport connected to the Caribbean Sea by the Sinú River.

History
The area where the Department of Córdoba is located today was first settled by Zenú Indians, who lived near the banks of three rivers: the Sinú (Finzenú), the San Jorge (Panzenú) and the Nechí (Zenúfana). Montería was founded on May 1, 1777 by Spanish officer Antonio de la Torre y Miranda, being governor of the Province of Cartagena officer Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta. The city, which had been named Montería by its inhabitants and located on the east side of the Sinú river, was then renamed "San Jerónimo de Buenavista" and moved to the west side of the river.

San Jerónimo de Buenavista was chosen by Antonio de la Torre y Miranda to name the city, in order to honor Saint Jerome, but people referred to it as Montería. In 1803, the city was burned by a group of natives, so the residents decided to move back to the Sinú's east bank, where it remains today. In recent years, Monteria has seen a growth in population on the west side. In 1923, it became a municipality of Bolívar Department, and in 1952, it was designated as capital of the new Department of Córdoba. Montería was located within the boundaries of the Colombian Department of Bolívar until 1952 when it separated from Bolívar and became the capital of the new Department of Córdoba.

With a population of approximately 400,000, the city is considered to be one of the ten most important cities in Colombia and is locally known as La Perla del Sinú (The Pearl of the River Sinú).

Geography and climate
The city, which lies in the Sinú valley, is divided by the Sinú river and surrounded and sparsely populated by tropical flora and fauna. The town's weather is mainly warm and moderately humid, with average yearly temperatures of 27 °C. The area is subject to flooding.

Newspapers

 * El Espectador (national daily newspaper)
 * El Heraldo de Barranquilla (regional newspaper)
 * Diario El Meridiano de Córdoba(regional newspaper)
 * El Tiempo (national daily newspaper)
 * El Universal (regional newspaper)

Economy
The town's outskirts fuel the economy mainly through cattle and cattle ranching; within the city limits, there is a highly prosperous commercial district consisting of several shopping centres and malls, streets lined with shops, and numerous restaurant chains. It is considered to be the “Cattle Farming Capital” of Colombia, and celebrates this title with a yearly festival. The singer-songwriter Manuel Turizo (along with his older brother Júlian, also a talented musician) was born in Montería and grew up on a local cattle farm, the family having been involved in the cattle industry. In one particular interview, when asked what his “favorite foods” were, Turizo answered confidently, “''The ‘cow-meat’! Cows!''”

Additionally, Montería is one of the most important destinations for musical acts in the country, featuring several excellent stadiums, arenas, convention centres, and other performance venues. Montería has hosted many notable musicians and celebrities on tour, such as Maelo Ruiz, Jorge Celedón, Shakira, Years and Years, Juanes, Carlos Vives, and others.

Transportation
Monteria lies on a major highway connecting Medellín to Sincelejo and extending to Cartagena and Barranquilla. It has an effective public transportation system and arterial connections to the rest of the country.

Public transportation
As is common in most Colombian municipalities, public transportation is tightly integrated into the city. A system of taxis and several lines of large and small buses serve the community on surface streets. The streets of Monteria are also full of motorcycle taxis or "rapimotos" that provide economical transportation.

A passenger-only ferry system known as "Planchones", consists of roofed wooden rafts. It traverses the Sinu river along a system of manual cable tows. It was made as a way to cross the river before a proper bridge could be built and has served as an alternative to cross the river ever since. It is one of the most remarkable features of the city.

Water
The city is served by a fishing port, but the waters of the Sinu river do not run deep enough and are not wide enough to serve as a commercial channel. High quality sand is brought up from the bottom of the river in buckets placed by divers, for use in the making of cinder blocks for local and regional construction projects.

Air travel
Monteria is home to an international airport, Los Garzones Airport, which provides service to major cities via Avianca, Easyfly and LATAM airlines.

Major cities served from the airport include Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Panama City.

Demographics
The region is populated by a diverse mix of people, including the descendants of Spaniards/Basque, Arabs, French, Italians and Sinu Indians, a tribe of natives with their own language that once produced ornate pottery and goldworks. According to 2018 estimates, the population of Monteria was 490,935, with a population density of 160 persons per square kilometer.

Sites of interest
Sites of interest in Monteria include:
 * The city's 1st Avenue runs along the Sinú river.
 * Simon Bolivar Park separates the river from 1st Avenue and is home to wild monkeys and sloths.
 * San Antero Beach is a beach which has a lot of tourist attractions.
 * The Colonial-era Cathedral of Saint Jeronimo is surrounded by a park.
 * Alamedas del Sinu is a shopping center in the area.
 * The bridge spanning the Sinu river is a local landmark.
 * Centro Comercial Buenavista Montería

Sporting clubs

 * Centro Recreacional Tacasuán
 * Club Campestre
 * Club de golf
 * Jaguares de Cordoba - Professional Soccer team that plays in Jaraguay Stadium in Montería

Education
Both public and private educational institutions run the gamut from unlicensed private preschools to fully accredited universities.

Universities

 * University of Cordoba (website) (Public)
 * Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana (website) (Catholic)
 * Universidad del Sinú
 * Fundación Universitaria Luis Amigó
 * Cooperative University of Colombia
 * Corporación Universitaria del Caribe

Health care
A new hospital was recently constructed in Barrio Urbina, called The Hospital of Saint Jeronimo. Other facilities include 2 government hospitals, 17 health care facilities and 32 health care clinics.

External links and references

 * El Meridiano De Cordoba - Local Paper (Spanish).
 * Fact Sheet, Colombian Government
 * Cordoba Official Government Website
 * Monteria Official Government Website
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20120414101215/http://www.turismonteria.com/

title: Montería


text:
Theodore Zeldin

Theodore Zeldin  (born 22 August 1933) is a scholar and current Associate Fellow of Green-Templeton College, Oxford. He is the author of A History of French Passions, a quotidian history of the French people, as well as An Intimate History of Humanity. He is also a Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, having previously been its dean for 13 years, and a member of the British Academy and the Royal Society of Literature.

Personal life
Theodore Zeldin was born on 22 August 1933, the son of Russian-Jewish parents who later chose to become naturalised British subjects. His father was a civil engineer, an expert in bridge-building, a colonel in the Russian Czarist Army, and a socialist who rejected the Bolsheviks. Zeldin's mother, the daughter of an industrialist, was a dentist who completed her training in Vienna. Escaping from the Russian Civil War, Zeldin's parents emigrated to Palestine, where his father worked for the British Colonial Service building railways. He was disappointed by the failure of the movement for Arab-Jewish solidarity, which he favoured together with other scientists and intellectuals, and of which the railwaymen's trade union was a vocal advocate.

Zeldin was educated at the English School Heliopolis (a coeducational boarding school) and at Aylesbury Grammar School. He graduated from Birkbeck, University of London at the age of 17, having studied philosophy, history, and Latin, and then from Christ Church, Oxford studying modern history. He received Firsts from both, followed by a doctorate from the newly established St Antony's College in Oxford. He has been a Fellow (now Emeritus) of the college since 1957 and was its dean for thirteen years, playing a lead role in developing it as the university's centre for international studies. Now, as an Associate Fellow of Green-Templeton College, Oxford, he is active in its Future of Work project.

Zeldin has been elected a Fellow of the British Academy and of the Royal Society of Literature, and is a member of the European Academy. He has been decorated as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, a Commander of the Légion d'Honneur and a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters of France. Zelda also holds the Wolfson Prize, Britain's top award for History.

He has been married to Deirdre Wilson, the co-inventor of relevance theory, since 1975; they live in an Art Deco house outside Oxford. His hobbies are 'gardening, painting and mending things'.

Publications

 * The Political System of Napoleon III (1958)
 * Edited (with Anne Troisier de Diaz) Émile Ollivier, Journal: 1846-1863 (1961)
 * Émile Ollivier and the Liberal Empire of Napoleon III (1963)
 * Conflicts in French Society: Anticlericalism, Education and Morals in the Nineteenth Century: Essays (1970)
 * France, 1848-1945: Volume I - Ambition, Love and Politics (1973) Volume II - Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (1977) (Oxford History of Modern Europe series).  Rearranged and reissued with additional material as:
 * History of French Passions: vol 1: Ambition and Love; vol 2: Intellect and Pride; vol 3: Taste and Corruption; vol 4: Politics and Anger; vol 5: Anxiety and Hypocrisy (1979-81)
 * The French (1982)
 * Foreword to Jeremy Jennings, Georges Sorel: The Character and Development of His Thought (1985)
 * Introduction to Le tunnel sous la Manche: chronique d'une passion franco-anglaise (1987)
 * Happiness (novel) (1988)
 * An Intimate History of Humanity (1994)
 * Conversation (2000)
 * Guide to an Unknown City (2004)
 * Guide to an Unknown University (2006)
 * Gary Hill & Gerry Judah (with Jenny Blyth) (2007)
 * The Hidden Pleasures of Life: A New Way of Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future (2015)

title: Theodore Zeldin


text: Category:Pennsylvania state senators

title: Category:Pennsylvania state senators


text: Category:Pennsylvania General Assembly

title: Category:Pennsylvania General Assembly


text:
Category:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives

This is a category of members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. Those who served as representatives before the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 should be located in Category:Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly.


text:
STS-61-H

STS-61-H was a NASA Space Shuttle mission planned to launch on 24 June 1986 using Columbia. However, it was canceled after the Challenger disaster.

Crew notes
Before Buchli was assigned to STS-61-H, Norman E. Thagard was the potential Mission Specialist 3 for this flight.

Mission objectives
The main task of the mission was to bring two commercial satellites into orbit – Palapa B3 and Westar-6S, and military communication satellite - Skynet-4A, The British Skynet and the Indonesian Palapa were supposed to be accompanied by an astronaut from the two countries.

After the Challenger disaster, the deployment of commercial satellites by the Space Shuttle was stopped, and for several years no international astronauts were nominated. Thus, neither the British nor the Indonesian payload specialists got a second chance for a spaceflight. The NASA crew however stayed together and participated in a 56-hour-long simulated mission known as STS-61-M(T) in 1987. The crew finally flew on STS-29, with Anna L. Fisher being replaced by James P. Bagian.

Skynet 4A was launched on 1 January 1990 with a Titan III, Westar-6S was renamed Galaxy-6 and launched on 12 October 1992 by an Ariane 44L. Palapa-B3 was renamed to Palapa B2P and was launched on 20 March 1987 with a Delta-3920.

title: STS-61-H


text:
River-class frigate

The River class was a class of 151 frigates launched between 1941 and 1944 for use as anti-submarine convoy escorts in the North Atlantic. The majority served with the Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), with some serving in the other Allied navies: the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), the Free French Naval Forces, the Royal Netherlands Navy and, post-war, the South African Navy.

The first orders were placed by the Royal Navy in 1940, and the vessels were named for rivers in the United Kingdom, giving name to the class. In Canada, they were named for towns and cities, though they kept the same designation. Originally called a "twin-screw corvette", the name "frigate" was suggested by Vice-Admiral Percy W. Nelles of the Royal Canadian Navy. Canada originally ordered the construction of 33 frigates in October 1941. The design was too big for the locks on the Lachine Canal so it was not built by the shipyards on the Great Lakes and therefore all the frigates built in Canada were built in dockyards along the West Coast or along the St. Lawrence River below Montreal. In all, Canada ordered the construction of 70 frigates, including ten for the Royal Navy, which transferred two (USS Asheville (PF-1) and USS Natchez (PF-2)) to the United States Navy. Twelve were built in Australia for the RAN (four to a modified design).

After World War II, they found employment in many other navies the world over; several RCN ships were sunk as breakwaters. One, HMCS Stormont (K327), was purchased by Aristotle Onassis and converted into the luxury yacht Christina O.

Design
The River-class ships were designed by naval engineer William Reed, of Smith's Dock Company of South Bank-on-Tees, to have the endurance and anti-submarine capabilities of the Black Swan-class sloop sloops, while being quick and cheap to build in civil dockyards using the machinery (e.g. reciprocating steam engines instead of turbines) and construction techniques pioneered in the building of the Flower-class corvettes. Its purpose was to improve on the convoy escort classes in service with the Royal Navy, including the Flower class.

Improvements over the corvette design included markedly better accommodation. The twin engines gave only 3 kn more speed but extended the range of the ship to nearly double that of a corvette to 7200 nmi at 12 kn. Among other lessons applied to the design was armament better designed to combat U-boats, including a twin 4 in mount forward and 12-pounder (76 mm) aft. Fifteen Canadian frigates were initially fitted with one 4 in gun forward but with the exception of HMCS Valleyfield (K329), they were all eventually upgraded to the twin mount. For underwater targets, it was equipped with a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar with depth charge rails and four side-mounted throwers aft for a 10-charge pattern (some had 8 throwers for a 14-charge pattern for a brief period until this was abandoned).

River-class frigates were the first Royal Canadian Navy warships to carry the 147B Sword horizontal fan-beam active sonar transmitter, in addition to the regular ASDIC. This allowed the ship to maintain contact with targets even while firing, unless a target was struck. Better radar and radio direction-finding equipment improved the RCN's ability to find and track enemy submarines over previous classes. The River-class design was used as the basis for the United States Navy's Tacoma-class frigate (which served in the Royal Navy as the Colony-class frigate); the hull design was later elaborated into the Loch-class frigate and subsequently the Bay-class frigate.

Ships in class
Two hundred and forty-three frigates were built in Britain, Canada and Australia for seven navies during World War II.

Survivors
On display in Brisbane, Australia is HMAS Diamantina (K377), the last complete River-class frigate, preserved at the Queensland Maritime Museum.

HMCS Stormont (K327) served as a convoy escort during the Battle of the Atlantic and was present at the D-Day landings. In 1947, Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis purchased her for scrap value and converted her into a luxurious superyacht named Christina O, after his daughter. The vessel is now owned by John Paul Nicolaou, who lets the yacht for elite charters and cruises.

SLNS Gajabahu, formerly HMCS Hallowell (K666) served as a convoy escort during World War II and later transferred to the Israeli Navy and then the Royal Ceylon Navy, which later became the Sri Lankan Navy. She was withdrawn from active duty in 1980 and is now used as a training ship by Sri Lanka.

UBS Mayu, formerly HMS Fal, is preserved in Seikkyi, Myanmar.

In fiction
"HMS Saltash" was a fictional River-class frigate in Nicholas Monsarrat's 1951 book The Cruel Sea. (In the 1953 Jack Hawkins film version she is called "HMS Saltash Castle", and was played by the corvette HMS Portchester Castle (K362).)

HMCS New Glasgow (K320) played the fictional frigate "HMS Rockhampton" in the 1955 John Wayne film The Sea Chase. (She had just been recommissioned as a Prestonian class upgrade of the Canadian River-class frigate, after ten years in reserve.)

"HMS Nairn" was a fictional River-class frigate in Alistair MacLean's 1955 book HMS Ulysses.

title: River-class frigate


text:
Quirites

Quirites is the name of Roman citizens in their peacetime functions. Its use excluded military statute. During the mutiny of his legions in 47 BC, Julius Caesar expressed the dismissal of his army by addressing them as Quirites, implying his soldiers had been returned to civilian life.

Etymology
Latin Quirītis most likely stems from an earlier *quiri-, although an etymology from *queri- cannot be excluded in view of the sporadic assimilation of *e to an i in the following syllable. Its original meaning remains uncertain. According to linguist Michiel de Vaan, since the quirīs and Quirīnus are connected with Sabellic immigrants into Rome in ancient legends, it may be a loanword. Ancient etymologies derived the term from the Sabine word for "spear", or from the Sabine capitol of Cures, after the Sabine people were assimilated early in Roman history.

The etymology *ko-wir-, then *co-uiri-um, 'assembly of the men', has been proposed by some scholars, although de Vaan notes that it "is not credible phonetically and not very compelling semantically".

Combined in the phrase populus Romanus quirites (or quiritium) it denoted the individual citizen as contrasted with the community. Hence ius quiritium in Roman law is full Roman citizenship. Subsequently, the term was applied (sometimes in a deprecatory sense, cf. Tac. Ann. ~. 42) to the Romans in domestic affairs, Romani being reserved for foreign affairs.

The English word cry comes from French crier, from Latin quirītāre, meaning 'to raise a plaintive cry, a public outcry'. According to Varro, it originally meant 'to implore the aid of the Quirītes or Roman citizens' (quiritare dicitur is qui Quiritum fidem clamans implorat).

title: Quirites