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Talk:List of picture discs

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You know what would really make this page interesting? A nice tabular layout with a scan of each actual disc. Graham 03:06, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Isn't this page quite useless? There are so ridiculously many picture discs, it would be almost as hard to make a page "List of all records ever produced". This list will always be either mostly incomplete (which makes it useless) or unbelievably long. --222.1.132.122 14:08, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The same could be said of hundreds of 'list' articles on WP, why single this one out? If what you say is true, why are there only a few tens of entries on the page? I don't think there are that many picture discs around, as a fad it didn't last that long, and only the odd release made from time to time since. Graham 00:14, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * There are easily thousands of picture discs made, if not tens of thousands. In a scummy record store the other day, I randomly saw saw  Huey Lewis and The News and  Duran Duran picture discs.  And that was only after 5 minutes of browsing.  At some point I'll track these down and add them to the list.  But the point is, there are a lot of these.  And a lot of picture disc bootlegs. Michaelwsherman 11:10, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In fact just today I bought two 12" single picture discs which were both made in 2006. -- Borb 00:17, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Tag removed
Dilane 05:15, 25 March 2007 (UTC)
 * quite a nice list; short and concise
 * like many other lists it could be better;

I work in a record store and let me tell you that there are probably millions of picture discs. There are seven inch picture discs, 10 inch picture discs, 12 inch picture discs and odd shaped picture discs. This list would be cool if it was complete, but it never will be. Every band has picture discs. I have seen Engelbert Humperdink picture discs, Barry Manilow picture discs, in fact the Barry Manilow picture discs are in a double Lp set. That just goes to show that even if your music is awful, you can still get a picture disc made. What i'm trying to say is, there are so many picture discs that it would be impossible to make a list of all of them. I have seen thousands at my work and I guarantee I haven't even seen one percent of all of the picture discs that have been made. Abba to Zz top and everyone in between probably has had a picture disc made at one time or another. --Theologan 03:32, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right, for example I think nearly every major (Heavy) Metal release is also released as a picture disc besides the normal release. You could also just add just about the whole Iron Maiden catalogue to "Shaped Discs" section, I think. It's better just to add the released formats to the albums in the sections of each band. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.108.2.66 (talk) 15:06, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

It's a terrible mess, and not really the kind of thing Wikipedia is made for. The problem is that it has to be generated by hand, whereas the best solution would be to generate the list from tagged information in the albums' infoboxes. At the moment it has a mixture of picture discs, shaped discs (which may or may not also be picture discs), a special list dedicated to the band KISS, and a "misc" section that baffles me. -Ashley Pomeroy 17:39, 2 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree it's a mess. Couldn't they at least be alphabetized? Huw Powell (talk) 00:22, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Chronological order
I have edited the first part of the list to correct the chronological order. It seem only of interest to list discs produced prior to 1980 as after that almost every major group released at least one. New techniques post 1980 could be included as a section unto itself.

I feel pre 1970 disc should be a seperate section as they were not true picture discs in the modern sense of the term, but certainly of great interest.

Aimulti (talk) 10:43, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Does EVERYONE agree?
May I suggest that this page is changed in the following manner?

Section One. Picture Discs 1934 to 1969. These are very different in manufacture from the modern picture record.

Section Two. Picture discs and unusual pressings from 1970 to 1975. Complete list.

Section Three. Records using new techniques only. Post 1975.

If everyone agrees (within the next 14 days) I will go ahead and rework the page. Aimulti (talk) 21:49, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Blondes have more fun by Rod Stewart
Released in 1978 not 1980. Moved to correct position. Aimulti (talk) 09:06, 19 April 2008 (UTC)

Self promotional material, needs sources to go back in
This is a list of picture discs and one editor has done alot of edits putting in alot of I think trivial stuff about himself without sources. Does some body have good sources, put it back in.

About Curved Air, - First rock picture disc. Warner Bros. Records/Lymark Productions (production company) Designed by Mark Hanau. Winner of the New Musical Express (weekly music paper - UK) Special Award for Album Design 1971. Pressed by Metronome Records Gmbh. (Hamburg - Germany). NOTE. ''After the first 200 pressings the artwork on the "A" side was edited removing some credits and phone numbers. The first 200 have the text forming a complete almost unbroken circle and include the manager's home phone number (883-1021). '' RetroS1mone   talk  12:47, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

About Saturnalia, Matrix Records (Distributed by Polygram). Design & photography by Mark Hanau. VariVue 3D effect inserts. (see lenticular printing) Pressed by Metronome Records Gmbh. Inserts by VeriVue Inc. (Mount Vernon. NY). 24 Page booklet on 'Magical love' and Cosmology (plus Rainbow Theatre concert ticket) included in original release. RetroS1mone  talk  12:49, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Translumafractadisc,

- First Han-O-Disc produced for The Label (record company (UK) in 1979. Parts of the Medusa image light up in the dark and the face has a defraction grating (Rainbow film) under it. Parts of disc are also transparent, hence the name 'translumadefractadisc'. Designed by Mark Hanau. Process invented by Mark Hanau. Only solvent (THF) welded Han-O-Disc (discs were pressed in two thin halves). Later releases used Radio Frequency (RF) welding and then finally UV diacromate welding. See Picture discs.  RetroS1mone   talk  12:51, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

What's with the Picture discs released by MADONNA??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.234.106.81 (talk) 14:18, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

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User talk:Shrive22

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Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Flockmeal 03:11, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
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Red-tailed tropicbird

The red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) is a seabird native to tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One of three closely related species of tropicbird (Phaethontidae), it was described by Pieter Boddaert in 1783. Superficially resembling a tern in appearance, it has almost all-white plumage with a black mask and a red bill. The sexes have similar plumage. As referenced in the common name, adults have red that are about twice their body length. Four subspecies are recognised, but there is evidence of clinal variation in body size—with smaller birds in the north and larger in the south—and hence no grounds for subspecies.

The red-tailed tropicbird eats fish—mainly flying fish and squid—after catching them by plunge-diving into the ocean. Nesting takes place in loose colonies on oceanic islands; the nest itself is a scrape found on a cliff face, in a crevice, or on a sandy beach. A single egg is laid, then is incubated by both sexes for about six weeks. The parents make long food-foraging trips of about 150 hours during incubation, but once the chick has hatched, the parents specialize their foraging: one forages for the chick for a few hours at a time, while the other makes much longer trips to feed themselves.

This bird is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though it is adversely affected by human contact. Rats and feral cats prey on eggs and young at nesting sites. The bird's tail streamers were once prized by some Hawaiian and Maori peoples.

Taxonomy
The British naturalist Sir Joseph Banks encountered the red-tailed tropicbird on the Pacific Ocean in March 1769 on James Cook's first voyage, noting that it was a different species to the familiar red-billed tropicbird. He gave it the name Phaeton erubescens. It was the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon who formally described the species in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in 1781, noting it was a native of Isle de France (Mauritius). The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Phaethon rubricauda in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek phaethon, "sun", while the species epithet comes from the Latin words ruber "red" and cauda "tail". English ornithologist John Latham wrote about the red-tailed tropicbird in 1785 in his General Synopsis of Birds, recording it as common in Mauritius and the South Pacific. He also reported a black-billed tropicbird collected from Palmerston Island that ended up in Banks' collection. Latham did not give them binomial names, however. It was left to German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin to describe the species, which he did as Phaeton phoenicuros and P. melanorhynchos respectively in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae in 1788. Latham later described this black-billed specimen as the New Holland tropicbird, giving it the name Phaethon novae-hollandiae.

The British naturalist Walter Rothschild reviewed the described names and specimens in 1900 and concluded that the original use of P. erubescens was a nomen nudum. He concluded that the populations of Lord Howe, Norfolk and Kermadec Islands belonged to a distinct subspecies which he named P. rubicauda erubescens, due to their larger overall size, more robust bill and prominent reddish tinge to their plumage. He also classified P. melanorhynchus and P. novae-hollandiae as juveniles. The Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews then applied the name P. rubicauda roseotinctus to Rothschild's P. rubicauda erubescens.

"Red-tailed tropicbird" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC). Other common names include red-tailed bos'nbird or silver bos'nbird, the names derived from the semblance of the tail feathers to a boatswain's marlin spikes, and strawtail. The New Zealand Māori call it amokura, and the native Hawaiians koae ula.

Its closest relative is the white-tailed tropicbird (P. lepturus), the split between their ancestors taking place about four million years ago.

Four subspecies are recognised by the IOC:

 * P. r. rubricauda Boddaert, 1783 the nominate subspecies, from the western Indian Ocean. Subsequent specimens from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands were allocated to this taxon.
 * P. r. westralis Mathews, 1912 from the eastern Indian Ocean. Mathews described it as separate on account of its larger wings. More extensive analysis in 1989 showed that the wing and beak size overlap between this and the nominate subspecies, leaving intensity of colour as the only distinguishing feature.
 * P. r. roseotinctus Mathews, 1926 from the southwestern Pacific Ocean, including populations on Kermadec, Lord Howe, Norfolk and Raine Islands.
 * P. r. melanorhynchos Gmelin, 1789 from the western, central and southern Pacific Ocean, including populations on the Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa, the Marquesas and the Society Islands.

The ornithologist Mike Tarburton reviewed the known subspecies in 1989 and concluded that none were valid, noting that there was a clinal change in size in the species: those from Kure Atoll in the North Pacific being the smallest; ranging to those from the Kermadec Islands in the South Pacific being the largest. He also noted that the pink colouration was more intense in new plumage and faded after a few years in museum specimens.

Description

The red-tailed tropicbird measures 95 to 104 cm on average, which includes the 35 cm, and weighs around 800 g. It has a wingspan of 111 to 119 cm. It has a streamlined but solid build with almost all-white plumage, often with a pink tinge. The sexes are similar in plumage. A dark brown comma-shaped stripe extends back from the lores, through and over the eyes and reaching the ear coverts. The iris is dark brown. The bill is bright red, slightly paler at the base and black around the nostrils. The legs and base of the toes are pale blue-mauve, while the webbing and rest of the toes are black. The white feathers of the head and rump have concealed dark brown bases, while those of the mantle, back, tail rectrices and tail coverts have dark brown shaft bases. The two long tail feathers are orange or red with white bases for around a tenth of their length, and can be hard to see when the bird is flying. The white wings are marked by dark chevron-shaped patches on the tertials, and the dark shafts of the primary flight feathers are visible. The pink tinge is often more pronounced in the remiges of the upper wing. Moulting takes place outside the breeding season, the streamers being replaced before the rest of the feathers. Streamers are replaced at any time, one growing while the other is shed, and old streamers may litter the area around a breeding colony.

Newly hatched chicks are covered in thin, long, grey-white down, which is paler on the head. The lores are bare. The down is greyer in older chicks. The primaries, rectrices and scapulars are evident in the third week, and chicks are mostly feathered with residual down on underparts and under the wings after six weeks, and fully feathered by 11 weeks. Juvenile birds have a glossy white forehead, chin, throat and underparts, and prominent black barring and scaling on their crown, nape, mantle, back, rump and upper wing coverts. Their bills are blackish grey with a light blue-grey base, and grey legs and feet.

In Australian waters the red-tailed tropicbird could be confused with the silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) or various tern species, though it is larger and heavier-set, with a wedge-shaped tail. Its red bill and more wholly white wings distinguish it from the adult white-tailed tropicbird. Immature red-tailed tropicbirds likewise can be distinguished from immature white-tailed tropicbirds by their partly red rather than yellow bills.

The red-tailed tropicbird is generally silent while flying. Aside from during courtship displays, birds may give a short greeting squawk to their mate when arriving or leaving the nest. Birds give a low growling call as a defence call, and young chatter repetitively as a begging call—made whenever the parents are nearby.

Distribution and habitat
The red-tailed tropicbird ranges across the southern Indian, and western and central Pacific Oceans, from the East African coast to Indonesia, the waters around the southern reaches of Japan, across to Chile, and the Hawaiian Islands, where they are more common on the northwestern islands. It frequents areas of ocean with water temperatures from 24 to 30 C and salinity under 35% in the southern hemisphere and 33.5% in the northern hemisphere. In the Pacific Ocean, the southern boundary of its range runs along the 22 C summer surface isotherm.

The birds disperse widely after breeding. Evidence suggests birds in the Indian Ocean follow prevailing winds westwards, young individuals banded in Sumatra and Sugarloaf Rock, Western Australia, being recovered at Mauritius and Réunion respectively. Banding on Kure Atoll suggests birds in the North Pacific disperse in an easterly direction, following prevailing winds there. Strong winds can blow them inland on occasions, which explains some sighting records away from the coast and their preferred habitats.

Johnston Atoll It is the world's largest colony of red-tailed tropicbirds, with 10,800 nests in 2020. In the Pacific area, it nests on the Australian offshore territories of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, and on Queensland's coral islands (including Raine Island and Lady Elliot Island). In mid-2020 Australian scientists found a bird on Lady Elliott Island that they had banded 23 years earlier as a chick, but had not seen since, which had come back to breed on the island. In New Zealand territory it breeds on the Kermadec Islands. Elsewhere in the Pacific it breeds in Fiji, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Hawaii—with a large colony on Kure Atoll —the Cook Islands, Pitcairn Island, and islands off Japan and Chile.

There are large breeding colonies on Europa, Aldabra and Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, with smaller colonies in Madagascar, where it nests on the tiny island of Nosy Ve, the Seychelles, and Mauritius. It is also found on the Australian territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean. The warm waters of the Leeuwin Current facilitate the species nesting at Cape Leeuwin in southwestern Australia, yet is only a rare visitor to New South Wales at corresponding latitudes on the Australian east coast. It also nests at Ashmore Reef and Rottnest Island off Western Australia, as well as Sugarloaf Rock at Cape Naturaliste and Busselton on the Western Australian coastline itself.

It is an occasional visitor to Palau, breeding being recorded from the Southwest Islands, and was first recorded from Guam in 1992. It is an uncommon vagrant to New Zealand proper, where it has been recorded from the northern reaches of North Island, especially Three Kings Islands. It is a very rare vagrant to North America, with records from California and Vancouver Island.

Behaviour
The red-tailed tropicbird is a strong flyer, and walks on land with difficulty using a shuffling gait.

They can hover in midair by flying into the wind; pairs may even fly backwards and circle each other during courtship displays.

Breeding

The red-tailed tropicbird is thought to be monogamous, pairs remaining bonded over successive breeding seasons, although such information as age at first breeding and pair-formation is not known. It nests in loose colonies, on offshore islands and stacks, rocky cliffs, coral atolls and cays. It rarely nests on large bodies of land, though has done so in southern Western Australia. The nest itself is a shallow scrape, in either shaded sand or a rocky crevice, or under a shrub. Because the red-tailed tropicbird does not walk well, it lands by flying into the wind, stalling and dropping to the ground. The nest is often located within 1 m of the edge of the shrub (or other shaded area) to minimise walking distance. The tropicbird often chooses shrubs with fewer stems for accessibility.

The species is territorial to a degree, aggressively defending the nest site and pecking radius around it, commencing around three months before breeding. Birds are more aggressive at crowded colonies, where numbers are large or suitable nest sites less common. They adopt a defence posture, which consists of raising the humeri up and bringing the wrists together, drawing the neck into the body and shaking the head sideways, fluffing up the head feathers and squawking. Bill-jabbing and fights can break out, the two combatants locking bills and wrestling for up to 90 minutes.

Mate choice is likely to be based partially on the length of the tail streamers, a bird having longer tail streamers being more attractive as a mate. This tropicbird also probably mates assortatively for tail streamer length, meaning mates likely have streamers of about equal length.

In the leadup to breeding, males initiate an aerial courtship display of flying in large circles, alternating between gliding, short periods of rapid wing-beating, and low flight within a few metres of the water, while making sharp cackling calls. Initially flying in small groups, birds then pair off to repeat the display in pairs before bonding. Once pairs have established a nest, they do not perform the display.

The timing of breeding depends on location; in some places, birds breed in a defined breeding season, whereas in others, there is none. South of the equator, the latter is likely to be true. On islands near the equator, laying usually occurs from June to November, the majority of chicks fledging around January to February. On Christmas Island, breeding takes place at different times on different parts of the island due to prevailing weather conditions. Some birds may remain at the breeding site year-round. On sub-tropical Lady Elliott Island off Queensland, they nest in winter, which scientists think may be timed to avoid the common breeding times of most migratory species of seabird, such as the noisy Wedge-tailed Shearwater (mutton bird). Not much is yet known about their habits though.

The female red-tailed tropicbird lays one egg, which both parents incubate for 42 to 46 days. The male generally takes the first turn on the egg after it is laid. Ranging from 5.4 to 7.7 cm long (averaging between 6.3 and 6.8 cm, depending on location) and 4.5 to 4.8 cm wide, the oval eggs are pale tan with brown and red-black markings that are more prominent on the larger end.

Born helpless and unable to move around (nidicolous and semi-altricial), the chicks are initially blind, opening their eyes after 2–3 days. Until they are a week old, they open their beak only upon touch, so the parents have to stroke the base of the bill to initiate feeding. Feeding takes place once or twice a day, generally around midday. They are constantly brooded by the parents until they are a week old, after which time they are sheltered under the parents’ wings. They also rise up and gape at any nearby bird for food. Both parents feed the young, by shoving its beak into the chick's gullet and then regurgitating food. Initially covered with grey or white down, they grow their first feathers—scapulars—at 16–20 days. Their feet and beaks grow rapidly, outpacing the rest of their bodies. Chicks remain in the nest for 67 to 91 days until they fledge.

Feeding
The red-tailed tropicbird is mostly a, diving anywhere from an above-water height of 6 to 50 m, to a depth of about 4.5 m, although this may change seasonally. When diving, it remains briefly submerged—one study on Christmas Island came up with an average time of 26.6 seconds—generally swallowing its prey before surfacing. The red-tailed tropicbird sometimes catches flying fish in the air.

During incubation, foraging trips are relatively long, with an average excursion taking about 153 hours. These trips are to very productive areas. After the chicks hatch, on the other hand, the parents adopt a strategy where one takes long trips (these averaging about 57 hours) for self feeding, and the other takes short trips (about three hours long) to feed the chicks. The bimodality of the length of foraging trips is likely to be because it is the optimal balance of self-feeding and provisioning for chicks. On Christmas Island, birds generally forage far out to sea in the early morning and closer to shore in the afternoon.

Squid and flying fish make up a large portion of this bird's diet, along with some crustaceans, depending on location. Fieldwork in the Mozambique Channel revealed the diet of birds there to be mostly fish by mass but equal numbers of fish and squid caught. Fish recorded include the mirrorwing flyingfish (Hirundichthys speculiger) and spotfin flyingfish (Cheilopogon furcatus) and several other unidentified species of the flying fish family Exocoetidae, the pompano dolphinfish (Coryphaena equiselis) and common dolphinfish (C. hippurus), needlefish including the houndfish (Tylosurus crocodilus), and unidentified members of Hemiramphidae, Scombridae, and Carangidae. The purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) was by far the most common cephalopod eaten, followed by the common blanket octopus (Tremoctopus violaceus). A field study in Hawaii found flying fish dominated the prey species, the tropical two-wing flyingfish (Exocoetus volitans) and members of the genus Cypselurus prominent, followed by squid of the family Ommastrephidae including the purpleback flying squid and the glass squid (Hyaloteuthis pelagica), and carangid fish including the shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma). The red-tailed tropicbird has also been recorded eating porcupinefish (Diodontidae), although adults have been troubled when the victim fish inflates resulting in it being urgently regurgitated.

A strong flyer with large mouth and bill, the red-tailed tropicbird can carry relatively large prey for its size, parent birds commonly bearing dolphin fish that weighed 120 g—16% of their own weight—to their chicks.

Temperature regulation
When incubating during the day in a shaded nest, this bird has an average temperature of 39 C, compared to its average temperature when incubating at night of 37.1 C. The difference is likely due to activity levels, as the air temperature during these times does not differ significantly with a bird in the nest. After flying, the average body temperature is 40.9 C. The temperature of the feet is always lower than that of the body temperature during flight, but always higher than the air temperature. Thus, the feet are likely used to dissipate heat during flight.

Relationship with humans
The red-tailed tropicbird's tail streamers were highly prized by the Maori. The Ngāpuhi tribe of the Northland Region would look for and collect them off dead or stray birds blown ashore after easterly gales, trading them for greenstone with tribes from the south. English naturalist Andrew Bloxam reported that the feathers were valued in Hawaii, where the locals would pull them off the birds as they nested.

Status
The red-tailed tropicbird is classified as a least-concern species according to the IUCN on account of its large range of up to 20 e3km2. The population in the eastern Pacific has been estimated to be as high as 80,000 birds with a minimum of 41,000 birds. Around 9,000 birds breed on Europa Island, and 9,000–12,000 breed on the Hawaiian islands. Human presence generally affects the species adversely, by the destruction of habitat or introduction of pests. Within Australia, it is classified as near threatened, due to unexpected declines in some populations, the impact of humans, and the yellow crazy ant overrunning Christmas Island. It is listed as vulnerable in New South Wales.

Predators recorded in Western Australia include large raptors such as the white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and the eastern osprey (Pandion cristatus); while silver gulls, and crows and ravens (Corvus spp.) raid nests for eggs and young. Vagrant red-billed tropicbirds (P. aethereus) have been implicated in egg loss of nests in Hawaii. Feral dogs and cats prey on nesting birds on Christmas Island, while feral cats are a severe problem on Norfolk Island. Rats have been a serious problem on Kure Atoll, causing heavy losses. Yellow crazy ants were discovered on Johnston Atoll in the north Pacific Ocean in 2010, hordes of which overrun nesting areas and can blind victims with their spray.

Also on Johnston Atoll, the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was burning stockpiled chemical weapons until 2000. It was studied over eight years to see if there were effects from potential contaminants. There appeared to be no impact on survival during the study period, although young birds from downwind of the plant were less likely to return there than those upwind of the plant—possibly due to the more intact vegetation at the latter site.

Scientists studying the bird on Lady Elliot Island off the Queensland coast in 2020 say that the lack of knowledge about its habits and populations means that they don't know how much environmental changes are affecting its populations. Their study includes taking DNA samples, banding new chicks and fitting birds with satellite trackers, in a bit to find out more about their movements.

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User talk:Lost and Found

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Broadcast seeding

In agriculture, gardening, and forestry, broadcast seeding is a method of seeding that involves scattering seed, by hand or mechanically, over a relatively large area. This is in contrast to:
 * precision seeding, where seed is placed at a precise spacing and depth;
 * hydroseeding, where a slurry of seed, mulch and water is sprayed over prepared ground in a uniform layer.

Broadcast seeding is of particular use in establishing dense plant spacing, as for cover crops and lawns. In comparison to traditional drill planting, broadcast seeding will require 10–20% more seed. It is simpler, faster, and easier than traditional row sowing. Broadcast seeding works best for plants that do not require singular spacing or that are more easily thinned later. After broadcasting, seed is often lightly buried with some type of raking action, often done using vertical tillage tools. Utilizing these tools increases the success rate of germination by increasing seed-to-soil contact.

Seeds sown in this manner are distributed unevenly, which may result in overcrowding. This method may not ensure that all seeds are sown at the correct depth. Incorrect depth, if too deep, would result in germination that would not allow the young plant to break the surface of the soil and prevent sprouting. If they are not sown evenly then there would be a lack of various nutrients from sunlight, oxygen, et cetera, in many crops or plants.

Not all seeds are good candidates for broadcast seeding. Often, only smaller seeds will sprout and continue to grow successfully when planted by way of broadcasting. In general, the larger the seed, the deeper it can be planted.

Broadcasting is used in areas of low rainfall and low soil fertility. It is a wasteful method of cultivation. It causes loss of seeds and the yield is low. Broadcast seeding is done at the onset of monsoons.It is prevalent in areas where labour is costly and expensive.

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title: User talk:Dewin


text:
Terje Håkonsen

Terje Håkonsen (born 11 October 1974) is a Norwegian professional snowboarder. He is considered one of the most influential snowboarders in the history of the sport. In the book The way of the snowboarder, Rob Reed wrote that "Haakonsen took the young sport of snowboarding and revolutionized nearly every aspect of it".

Håkonsen dominated freestyle competitions during the 1990s. He won the International Snowboarding Federation (ISF) World Championship in halfpipe three times: 1993, 1995 and 1997. He won the European Championship in halfpipe each and every time he participated (1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1997). Håkonsen won the US Open Halfpipe Finals three times (1992, 1993 and 1995), and the Mt. Baker Banked Slalom seven times (1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004 and 2012). He also took victory in the influential Innsbruck Air & Style competition in 1995. In 2007, Håkonsen set the world record for the highest air when he achieved a height of 9.8 metres above the top of the quarterpipe during a qualification round at The Arctic Challenge in Midtstuen, Oslo, with a backside 360.

Håkonsen's flowing style and his proficiency on all types of terrain are what have characterised his snowboarding and have had the greatest impact on the sport. While the foundations of his career were laid in halfpipe competitions, he also established himself as a dominant athlete through films and international snowboard productions. Here he would show his skills freeriding in powder, big mountains and in "big air" competitions — the forerunners to today's slopestyle competitions.

Background
Håkonsen was born and grew up in the mountain village of Åmot in Vinje municipality in Telemark. He is the son of Per Håkonsen from Meråker in Trøndelag and Sidsel Håkonsen from Sørøya in Finnmark. He has an older brother and a younger sister.

As a child, Håkonsen displayed excellent athletic abilities. Apart from participating in athletics, cross-country skiing and jumping, he was on the local downhill ski team and football team. Due to his football skills, he was nicknamed "little Maradonna", and it has been claimed that he could have played professionally if he had carried on.

Håkonsen currently lives in Oslo.

Career
The Uvyrdslåmi snowboarding team was founded in the summer of 1987 in Åmot. During the course of the first season, the club took on almost 100 members. Several of them - led by siblings Einar and Åshild Lofthus – quickly established themselves in the snowboarding elite on both the national and international scene. In the autumn of 1987, Håkonsen had his first goes on borrowed boards on the alpine slopes at Rauland and in the fields around his parents' house in Åmot. In February 1988 he bought his own second hand board, and the month after he participated in the Nordic Championship held at Rauland. Håkonsen won in the junior class, and quickly became part of the team of the Norwegian importer for snowboard manufacturer Burton Snowboards, Elling Balhald. After winning a number of Norwegian competitions in the 1988-1989 season, Håkonsen was invited to meet Craig Kelly at Juvass (Galdhøpiggen Summer Ski Centre). At the time, Kelly was the world's leading and best known snowboarder. Håkonsen has on several occasions said that he regarded Kelly as his mentor. In turn, Kelly saw the boy's potential and put him in touch with his sponsor, Burton Snowboards. At the age of 15, Håkonsen travelled to the USA by himself and negotiated his first professional contracts with Burton and Oakley. Håkonsen completed the final year of lower secondary school and then took the decision, due to the contracts, not to apply to upper secondary school.

Håkonsen made his international debut in February 1990 with a fifth-place finish in halfpipe at the World Cup in St. Moritz. One month later he began to be noticed a lot more following a fifth-place finish in halfpipe at the US Open as part of a strong field. Håkonsen also came fifth in the halfpipe and moguls in the same year at the world championships in Breckenridge. This was the last year that the moguls were included as an event in snowboarding competitions. During his first seasons, Håkonsen took part in both the freestyle and alpine branches of snowboarding. Despite the strong wishes of his sponsors that he participate in all forms of competition, Håkonsen opted to focus solely on halfpipe and freeriding during the course of the 1990-1991 season. Part of the reason that he had previously stopped competing in alpine skiing was that he was tired of the strict competitive regime, feeling there was too little play or action. He found the alpine discipline of snowboarding to have similar traits. In protest at the pressure to compete in all forms of competition, he began taking part in alpine events using a freestyle board. The last competition at which he participated in the alpine disciplines was the European championship in 1991. He took fourth place in the parallel slalom on the same board he used to win the halfpipe competition.

In the years that followed, Håkonsen dominated freestyle snowboarding. In the 1991-1992 season, he won 14 international competitions - including a number of world cup meetings - in a row. It has been claimed that he was the first snowboarder during this period to achieve a "rock-'n'-roll hero"-status. The 1994 season was the last one in which Håkonsen participated in the world cup with overall victory as a goal - he felt there was too little time for freeriding and too much focus on competitions.

After Håkonsen had featured in a number of different snowboarding films, Volcom produced a biographical film in 1996 about Håkonsen entitled Subjekt Haakonsen. This was followed up with The Haakonsen faktor in 1999. In 2005, he featured in the documentary First Descent, in which he was the first person to ever snowboard down peak 7601 in Alaska. When halfpipe was introduced as an Olympic event during the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Håkonsen boycotted the qualifiers. Håkonsen, as well as many other snowboarders, were unhappy with the IOC, particularly because they had chosen the International Ski Federation (FIS) to organise qualification instead of the snowboarders' own federation, the ISF. Håkonsen considered this to be a theft of the sport.

Life after the competitive career
Although Håkonsen never formally retired, it became increasingly rare to see him at competitions towards the end of the 1990s. Unhappy with the traditional competition format, he created his own competition, The Arctic Challenge, in 2000. The basic idea behind the competition was that it should be on the snowboarders' own terms. In 2002, The Arctic Challenge, along with other independent events, launched the Ticket to Ride World Snowboard tour. This tour, which is now known as the World Snowboard tour, is now the biggest, most prestigious international snowboard tour in the world.

Håkonsen is still a professional snowboarder. He spends most of his time recording films and working for sponsors, but periodically appears in competitions. In 2012 he won the Mt. Baker Banked Slalom for the seventh time. In the same year he came fifth in the quarterpipe and won "highest air" at the snowboarding world championships in Oslo. In March 2015 he won the Sudden Rush Banked Slalom in Laax, Switzerland.

In 2015, Håkonsen made disparaging comments on Twitter about professional skier Gus Kenworthy after Kenworthy came out as gay. Håkonsen's comments were widely criticized by the snowboard community, including professional snowboarders Todd Richards and Spencer O'Brien. In a following interview with Snowboarder Magazine, Håkonsen refused to apologize, saying that he was misunderstood and that "some people are thin-skinned."

In recent years in Norway, Håkonsen has become a spokesman for organic food and healthy dieting through interviews, TV appearances, and newspaper articles. He also opposed Oslo's bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and in September 2014 he participated in a live debate on the NRK 1 TV channel on the issue.

Philanthropy
Håkonsen's activities go beyond his own discipline and elite sport. Together with the philanthropist Jan Chr. Sundt, he has founded the Funkisstiftelsen foundation and Greener Events. The Funkisstiftelsen foundation is intended to initiate and inspire activities on snow for those with physical disabilities. Greener Events has established itself as a leader in facilitating and providing advice on environmental awareness for all types of sporting and cultural events.

Prizes and awards

 * Mickey Mouse club Hall of fame 1991.
 * Rider of the year, Transworld's snowboarding reader's awards, 1998.
 * Piperider of the year, Transworld's snowboarding reader's awards, 1999.
 * Best overall rider, Transworld's snowboarding reader's awards, 2000.
 * Best Overall rider, Transworld's snowboarding reader's awards, 2001.
 * Reader's choice, Transworld's snowboarding reader's awards, 2001.
 * NEA Snowboarding award, 2001.
 * Standout of the year, Transworld's snowboarding reader's awards, 2008.
 * Vinje Municipality Cultural Prize 2009

Film, video and TV

 * Pocahontas (1991). Mack Dawg Productions.
 * Riders on the storm (1992). Fall Line Films.
 * Project 6 (1993). Fall Line Films.
 * Totally Board 2 A new way of thinking (1992). Standard films.
 * Totally Board 3 Coming Down The Mountain (1993). Standard films.
 * Carving the white'' (1993). Rap Films.
 * Roadkill (1993). Fall Line Films.
 * Alive we ride (1993). Volcom.
 * Upping the Ante (1993) Mack Dawg Productions.
 * Totally Board 4 Run To The Hills (1994). Standard films.
 * MTV Sports (1994).
 * The garden (1994). Volcom.
 * Meltdown Project (1995) Mack Dawg Productions.
 * Freestyle swing (1995). Volcom.
 * Milk (1995). High Voltage Productions.
 * Totally Board 6 Carpe Diem (1996). Standard films.
 * Subjekt Haakonsen (1996). Volcom.
 * I Know What You Did Last Winter (1998). RJ Films.
 * The Haakonsen Faktor'' (1999). Volcom.
 * Extreme (1999). IMAX.
 * Luminous Llama (2000). Volcom.
 * Mt. Baker's Legendary Banked Slalom (Video) (2002).
 * Notice To Appear (2002). Fall Line Films.
 * White Balance (2003). Fall Line Films.
 * White Space (TV Short) (2003).
 * Først & sist (TV Series) (2003).
 * Big Youth Happening Two (2003). Volcom.
 * Escramble (2006). Volcom.
 * First Descent (2005). Universal studios.
 * AK and Beyond (2005). Universal studios.
 * Escramble (2006). Volcom.
 * Ticket to Ride (TV Series) (2006)
 * For Right or Wrong (2006). Burton snowboards.
 * Terje's season pass (2007). Friday productions and Burton Snowboards.
 * That's It, That's All (2008). Brain Farm Productions
 * It's Always Snowing Somewhere: Part 1 (2008).
 * Standing Sideways (2011). Burton Snowboards.
 * We Ride: The Story of Snowboarding (2012). Burn.
 * Jeremy Jones' Further (2012). Teton Gravity Research.
 * Supervention (2013). Field Productions
 * Veeco (2014). Volcom.
 * True to this (2014). Volcom.
 * Snowboarding For Me (2014). Oakley.
 * Supervention II (2016)

title: Terje Håkonsen


text: User talk:68.48.202.97

title: User talk:68.48.202.97


text:
Kevin Jones (American football)

Kevin S. Jones (born August 21, 1982) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies, earning consensus All-American honors in 2003. Jones was selected in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He played in the NFL for six seasons (2004–10) with the Detroit Lions and Chicago Bears.

High school
Jones was born in Chester, Pennsylvania. With his natural ability and his father's training regimen, he became a highly conditioned athlete at a very young age. Jones was a multi-sport athlete in high school (1997-2001) and competed at the varsity level as a freshman at Cardinal O'Hara High School in Springfield Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.

Track and field
Jones was a star track and field athlete, excelling in the 60 meters (6.79 sec), 100 meters (10.59 sec), long jump (6.92 m) and triple jump (14.57 m).

Football
O'Hara Head football coach, George Stratts reluctantly started Jones as a freshman. Jones had immediate success on the field and was a four-year starter, breaking many school records. As a senior, he led his team to a Philadelphia Catholic League Championship and became the Catholic League's all-time leading rusher.

Jones is the inaugural winner of the U.S. Army Player of the Year Award, named the "Hall Trophy", which is presented to the best high school football player in the country. Other notable recipients of the award include: Adrian Peterson, Jimmy Clausen, and Terrelle Pryor.

College reveal
In 2000, Jones was the No.1 overall recruit in the nation. Courted by many colleges, Kevin narrowed had his choices to Penn State and Virginia Tech. To the surprise of many, Jones chose to become a Hokie, making his decision the day after a home visit from Virginia Tech Head Coach, Frank Beamer.

Jones said of his decision, "If you're a blue-chipper from Pennsylvania, you go to Penn State. But I've always been a little contrary. On the day of my press conference, I still hadn't decided between Virginia Tech and PSU. As I sat down in front of everybody, I had both jerseys with me. I pulled the Penn State jersey out of a bag and said, "I will ... not be attending Penn State." Then I ripped off my sweater and had a Mike Vick jersey on underneath. The entire room was flabbergasted."

Jones' college reveal was so highly anticipated that it was covered nationally, and televised by several local news stations. Since then, the use of props (hats, shirts, gear, music etc.) by recruits to announce their college choice has become a staple of the recruiting experience. The phenomenon can be credited to Jones, who was the first to ever do so with his reveal in 2000.

College career
Jones played for Virginia Tech  and Hall of Fame coach Frank Beamer, from 2000 to 2003. He is the highest rated recruit to ever commit to the Virginia Tech football program. During his freshman season, Jones assumed the starting job, after an injury to starter, Lee Suggs. Jones set a school record for rushing yards for a freshman. In 2002, Suggs and Jones split time at tailback, and were together called "The Untouchables" as a result of a fan contest for giving the duo a nickname.

Kevin finished his college career with 3,475 yards and 35 touchdowns on 616 carries (an average of 5.6 yards per carry), and 24 receptions for 229 yards (an average of 9.5 yards per reception). His 3,475 rushing yards and 35 touchdowns both rank second on the school's career-record list. He was elected to the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in 2016.

College statistics

 * 2001: 175 carries for 957 yards (5.47) and 5 TD. 6 catches for 47 yards.
 * 2002: 160 carries for 871 yards (5.44) and 9 TD. 4 catches for 21 yards.
 * 2003: 281 carries for 1647 yards (5.86) and 21 TD. 14 catches for 161 yards.

Detroit Lions
Jones had a successful rookie season with the Detroit Lions and became only the third running back in franchise history to rush for over 1,000 yards in his rookie season, joining the ranks of Billy Sims and Hall of Famer Barry Sanders. He was sidelined at the end of the 2006 season with a foot injury.

In 2007, Jones began the season in a backup role. He became the starter in Week 7 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He rushed for 105 yards on 23 carries and one touchdown in a Week 8 victory over the division rival Chicago Bears. However, he suffered another season-ending injury. On March 13, 2008, the Lions released Jones.

Chicago Bears
On July 15, 2008, Jones signed a one-year, $605,000 contract with the Chicago Bears.

He was re-signed to a two-year contract worth approximately $3.5 million on March 6, 2009. The deal includes a $1 million bonus and $2 million in the first season. He was intended to be the primary backup to Matt Forte. On September 3, 2009, Jones was injured during a preseason game when he was hit out of bounds by Cleveland Browns linebacker Marcus Benard. He was out for the 2009 season with torn ligaments in his left ankle.

Jones was released on March 9, 2010, after the Bears signed Chester Taylor during the free agency period.

Hartford Colonials
On September 27, 2010, Jones signed with the Hartford Colonials of the UFL. In his only season with the Colonials, Jones played in two games where he rushed for 41 yards on 16 carries before being placed on injured reserve on October 21, 2010.

Personal
Jones retired from football in 2011 and returned to Virginia Tech as a student later that year to study industrial design in the College of Architecture and Urban Studies. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in industrial design in 2014.

While interning at a furniture design company in Switzerland, Jones manned the position of "grinder" as the only American in a 22-man crew aboard the 68 ft. racing yacht, Caol ila R. By the summer of 2014, Jones had worked five races with the team.

In 2014, Virginia Tech hired Jones as "Special Assistant to the Athletic Director". Jones stepped down from the position on June 12, 2016.

In 2015, Jones co-founded the design firm Void Design Haus in Blacksburg, Virginia, with Alex Barrette. They changed the company name to JoBa in 2016, as a combination of their last names.

On June 3, 2019, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers introduced Jones as a Bill Walsh Coaching Fellow, in a running backs coaching position role for the 2019 Mini-Camp.

title: Kevin Jones (American football)


text:
Jiedushi

The jiedushi (, Old Turkic: Tarduş) or jiedu, was a regional military governor in China; the title was established in the Tang dynasty and abolished in the Yuan dynasty. The post of jiedushi has been translated as "military commissioner", "legate", or "regional commander". Originally introduced in 711 to counter external threats, the jiedushi were posts authorized with the supervision of a defense command often encompassing several prefectures, the ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes and promote and appoint subordinates.

Powerful jiedushi eventually became fanzhen rulers (de facto warlords) and overrode the power of the central government of Tang. An early example of this was An Lushan, who was appointed jiedushi of three regions, which he used to start the An Lushan Rebellion that abruptly ended the golden age of the Tang dynasty. Even after the difficult suppression of that rebellion, some jiedushi such as the Three Fanzhen of Hebei were allowed to retain their powers due to the weakened state of the court. The jiedushi were one of the primary factors which contributed to the political division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a period marked by continuous infighting among rival kingdoms, dynasties, and regional regimes established by jiedushi.

710s
Hexi Jiedushi was created in 711 and headquartered in Liang Prefecture. It was lost to the Tibetan Empire in 766. Wang Junchuo (王君㚟), Xiao Song, Niu Xianke, Geshu Han, and Cui Xiyi (崔希逸) were jiedushi of Hexi.

Longyou Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Shan Prefecture (Ledu, Qinghai). In 747, Geshu Han was appointed jiedushi of Longyou.

Shuofang Jiedushi was created in 713 and headquartered in Ling Prefecture (southwest of Lingwu, Ningxia). It controlled Ordos, Ningxia, and north Shanxi. In 756 the jiedushi of Shuofang, Guo Ziyi, defeated the rebel Shi Siming in Hebei and recovered Chang'an and Luoyang from the rebels in 757. He was made Commandery Prince of Fenyang in 762 and retook Chang'an from the Tibetan Empire in 763. Shuofang was taken over by the warlord Han Zun (韓遵) in 887.

Youzhou Jiedushi, also known as Fanyang Jiedushi, was created in 713. It assumed control of Lulong in 762 and controlled You, Ji, Ping, Tan, Gui, and Yan prefectures. Its territory lay primarily in Tianjin north of the Hai River and parts of Beijing. It was headquartered in Ji county (southwest of Beijing). An Lushan was promoted to jiedushi of Pinglu, Fanyang (in north Hebei), and Hedong (central Shanxi) with an army of 150 000. He rebelled against the Tang dynasty in 755. Li Guangbi was promoted to jiedushi of Fanyang after recovering much territory from the rebels in Hebei, but he died soon after in 764. Li Huaixian, former general of An Lushan, delivered Shi Chaoyi's head to the Tang and surrendered in 763, becoming jiedushi of Youzhou and Lulong. Zhang Shougui (張守珪) was a jiedushi of Youzhou. Zhu Tao was a jiedushi of Lulong.

Jiannan Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Yi Prefecture (益州) (Chengdu). It was split into Jiannan Dongchuan Jiedushi and Jiannan Xichuan Jiedushi in 757 and then merged again from 763 to 764, and then split again from 766 to 779. It controlled 25 prefectures in Chengdu and areas to its north and south in Sichuan. East River controlled 12 prefectures from Jiange to Luzhou. It was headquartered in Zi Prefecture (梓州) (Santai, Sichuan). West River controlled the Chengdu area and surrounding prefectures. Wei Gao and Xianyu Zhongtong were jiedushi of Jiannan.

Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 719 and headquartered in Ying Prefecture (營州) (Chaoyang, Liaoning). It controlled Pinglu, Lulong and other prefectures in Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Liaoning, and northeast Hebei.

730s
Hedong Jiedushi was created in 730 and headquartered in Taiyuan, controlling Shi, Lan, Fen, Xin, and Dai prefectures in central and north Shanxi. Liu Gongchuo (柳公綽) was a jiedushi of Hedong. In 883 Li Keyong was appointed jiedushi of Hedong after recovering Chang'an from Huang Chao. In 885 Li Keyong captured Chang'an and laid waste to it. He was defeated by Zhu Wen in 902 and died in 908. Liu Zhiyuan was a jiedushi of Hedong.

Lingwu Jiedushi was created in 733 and headquartered in Huile (回樂) (southwest of Lingwu, Ningxia). It controlled Ling, Hui, and Yan prefectures.

750s
Huainan West Circuit Jiedushi, also known as Huaixi Jiedushi, was created in 756 and lasted until 818. It was headquartered in Yingchuan Prefecture (潁川郡) (Xuchang, Henan), Zhengzhou (in Henan), Shou Prefecture (Shou County, Anhui), An Prefecture (Anlu northwest of Wuhan, Hubei), Cai Prefecture (Runan County, southeast Henan) from 773 to 776, and Bian Prefecture (Kaifeng, Henan) from 776 to 779. In 757 Gao Shi was appointed jiedushi of Huainan. Li Zhongchen was jiedushi until he was expelled by his nephew Li Xilie. Wu Yuanji and Wang Bo were jiedushi of Huainan.

Jiangxi Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered in Hong Prefecture (Nanchang, Jiangxi). It was renamed Zhennan Jiedushi in 865. It controlled Hong, Jiang, Xin, Yuan, Fu, Rao, Qian, and Ji prefectures, covering mostly Jiangxi. Li Gao was the jiedushi of Jiangxi during the Li Xilie rebellion.

Lingnan Jiedushi was created in 756 and headquartered in Guangzhou. It ended in 862 when its territory was split into West and East circuits. Lingnan West Circuit covered Guangxi and northern Vietnam. It was headquartered in Yong Prefecture (邕州) (south of Nanning, Guangxi). Lingnan East Circuit covered Guangdong and was headquartered in Guangzhou.

Hezhong Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in Hedong (southwest of Yongji, Shanxi). It controlled Jin, Jiang, Ci, and Xi prefectures.

Jingli Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in Jingzhou (Jingzhou District, south central Hubei). It controlled 17 prefectures in Jingzhou, Hubei, Changde, and Hunan. It was annexed by Zhu Wen in 905.

Shannan East Circuit Jiedushi was created in 757 and headquartered in Xiangzhou. Its territory encompassed areas of Suizhou, Shiyan, Hubei, Nanyang, and Henan. In 763 Liang Chongyi was appointed jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit. He committed suicide in 781. Yu Di was a jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit.

Zhenhai Army Jiedushi, also known as Zhejiang West Circuit Jiedushi (浙江西道) was created in 758 and lay in parts of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangxi. It was headquartered in Sheng Prefecture (昇州) (Nanjing, Jiangsu) and Suzhou (Jiangsu). In 761 it moved to Xuanzhou (Xuancheng, southeast Anhui), 787 to Runzhou (Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and 808 to Hangzhou (Zhejiang). The jiedushi of Zhenhai Army, Du Shenquan, played a pivotal role in defeating the rebel Pang Xun. Han Huang, another jiedushi of Zhenhai Army, was chief minister in 785.

Zhenwu Jiedushi was created in 758 and headquartered in the Chanyu Protectorate (northwest of Horinger). It controlled the Chanyu Protectorate, Lin Prefecture (麟州), Sheng Prefecture (勝州), East Shouxiang city (東受降城), and held areas in Shenmu (Shaanxi), and Baotou in Inner Mongolia. It was merged into Shuofang Jiedushi in 764. Zhuye Chixin was a jiedushi of Zhenwu.

Binning Jiedushi existed from 759 until 885, when it was renamed Jingnan Army. It was headquartered in Bin Prefecture (Shaanxi) and governed Changwu and parts of Gansu.

Shanguo Jiedushi was created in 759 and headquartered in Shanzhou. It controlled Shan, Guo, and Hua prefectures. It was renamed Baoyi Army in 889.

760s
Fengxiang Jiedushi was created in 760 and included Fengxiang and Long Prefecture (隴州) (Long County, Shaanxi and Huating County, Gansu). It was headquartered in Fengxiang. Li Maozhen and Zheng Zhu were jiedushi of Fengxiang.

Chengde Army Jiedushi was one of the Three Fanzhen of Hebei after the An Lushan Rebellion. From 762 it was headquartered in Heng Prefecture (恆州)/Zhen Prefecture (鎮州) (Zhengding, Hebei), and controlled Heng, Ji, Shen, Zhao, De, and Di prefectures. Its territory were primarily located in Shijiazhuang, Zanhuang, and Hebei. Li Baochen, adopted son of An Lushan, was in charge of Heng Prefecture under An Qingxu. He surrendered to Tang and retained control over central Hebei east of the Taihang Mountains. Li Weiyue requested succession of Chengde Army in 781 and was denied, so he rebelled, and was killed a year later by his subordinate general Wang Wujun. Han Lingkun, Wang Chengzong, Wang Tingcou were jiedushi of the Chengde Army.

Henan Jiedushi was revived in 762 and was sometimes known as the Biansong Jiedushi from then onward. It officially became the Biansong Jiedushi in 776 until 781 when it was renamed Xuanwu Army. The Biansong Jiedushi was headquartered in Bian Prefecture (Kaifeng), and governed Shangqiu as well as east Henan. In 781 its seat was moved to Song Prefecture (宋州) (south of Shangqiu, east central Henan). Biansong Jiedushi was the home territory of Zhu Wen.

Ziqing-Pinglu Jiedushi was created in 762 and headquartered in Qingzhou, Shandong. It controlled 15 prefectures encompassing most of Shandong and parts of Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu. Li Zhengji became the jiedushi of Ziqing-Pinglu after the An Lushan Rebellion and worked together with Tian Yue to curtail the imperial court's attempt to weaken local powers.

Weibo Jiedushi was created in 763 and headquartered in Wei Prefecture (northeast of Daming County and southeast of Handan, south Hebei). It controlled Wei, Bo, Bei, Wei, Chan, and Xiang prefectures in Shandong, north Henan, and south Hebei. It was renamed Tianxiong Army in 904. Tian Chengsi, Tian Hongzheng, Tian Xu were jiedushi of Weibo.

Zhaoyi Army Jiedushi was created in 766 and headquartered in Xiang Prefecture (Anyang, Henan).

Jingyuan Jiedushi was created in 768 and lasted until 894 when it was renamed Zhangyi Army. Jingyuan's territory was located in Jingchuan, Zhenyuan, Gansu, and Ningxia. Its headquarter was in Jing Prefecture (north of Jingchuan, northeast Gansu. Surviving the Battle of Talas in 751, Duan Xiushi went on to become the jiedushi of Jingyuan until he was dismissed in 780 by Yang Yan. He was killed during the Jingyuan mutiny in 783 for denouncing the usurper Zhu Ci. Jingyuan was annexed by Li Maozhen in 899.

780s
Shannan West Circuit Jiedushi was created in 780 and headquartered in Liang Prefecture (梁州) (east of Hanzhong, Shaanxi). It was annexed by Wang Jian in 902.

Heyang Sancheng Jiedushi was created in 781 and headquartered in Heyang (河陽) (south of Mengzhou). It controlled Mengzhou and Mengjin.

Yiwu Army Jiedushi was created in 782 and headquartered in Dingzhou (in Hebei). Sun Fangjian (孫方諫) was a jiedushi of Yiwu Army.

Henghai Army Jiedushi was created in 785 and lasted until 829. It was headquartered in Cangzhou (southeast Hebei) and controlled Cang, Jing, De, and Di prefectures.

Xiasui Jiedushi was created in 787 and controlled Xia, Sui, Yin, and You prefectures in Shenmu and south Ih Ju League, Inner Mongolia.

790s
Wuning Jiedushi was created in 795 and headquartered in Xuzhou. Shi Pu was a jiedushi of Wuning. Wang Shi was appointed jiedushi of Wuning in 862.

813
Caizhou Jiedushi controlled Cai, Shen, and Guang prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Runan, southeast Henan.

Chenxu Jiedushi was in charge of Chen and Xu prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Xuchang.

Eyue Jiedushi was in charge of E, Mian, An, Huang, Qi, and Yue prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Jiangxia (Wuchang, Hubei).

Xiangyang Jiedushi controlled Xiang, Deng, Fu, Ying, Tang, Sui, Jun, and Fang prefectures in north Hubei and southwest Henan around 813. It was headquartered in Xiangyang.

Xusi Jiedushi controlled Xu, Su, and Hao prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Xuzhou.

Zhenghua Jiedushi controlled Zheng and Hua prefectures around 813. It was headquartered in Baima.

850s
In 851 the Guiyi Army Jiedushi was created from territories reclaimed by Zhang Yichao from the Tibetan Empire. It was situated east Xinjiang and Gansu, and was headquartered in Sha Prefecture (west of Dunhuang, Gansu).

940s
Qingyuan Army Jiedushi was created in 949 and headquartered in Quanzhou. It controlled Zhangzhou, Xiamen, and other areas in Fujian. Liu Congxiao was made jiedushi of Qingyuan Army in 949 after Wang Yanzheng's fall.

950s
In 951 Bian Hao crushed Chu and was promoted to jiedushi of Wu'an Army (in Hunan).

Jiedushi titles

 * Anhua Jiedushi (安化)
 * Biansong Jiedushi (汴宋)
 * Binning Jiedushi (邠寧)
 * Caizhou Jiedushi (蔡州)
 * Chengde Army Jiedushi (成德軍)
 * Chengxu Jiedushi (陳許)
 * Eyue Jiedushi (鄂岳)
 * Fanyang Jiedushi (范陽)
 * Fenghua Jiedushi (奉化)
 * Fengxiang Jiedushi (鳳翔)
 * Fufang Jiedushi (鄜坊)
 * Guiyi Army Jiedushi (歸義軍)
 * Hedong Jiedushi (河東)
 * Henan Jiedushi (河南)
 * Henghai Army Jiedushi (橫海軍)
 * Hexi Jiedushi (河西)
 * Heyangsancheng Jiedushi (河陽三城)
 * Hezhong Jiedushi (河中)
 * Huainan Jiedushi (淮南)
 * Huaixi Jiedushi (淮西)
 * Jiangxi Jiedushi (江西)
 * Jiannan Jiedushi (劍南)
 * Jiannan East River Jiedushi (劍南東川)
 * Jiannan West River Jiedushi (劍南西川)
 * Jianxiong Army Jiedushi (建雄軍)
 * Jinghai Jiedushi (靜海)
 * Jingjiang Army Jiedushi (靜江軍)
 * Jingli Jiedushi (荊澧)
 * Jingyuan Jiedushi (涇原)
 * Lingnan Jiedushi (嶺南)
 * Lingwu Jiedushi (靈武)
 * Lulong Jiedushi (盧龍)
 * Ningyuan Army Jiedushi (寧遠軍)
 * Pinglu Jiedushi (平盧)
 * Qingyuan Army Jiedushi (清源軍)
 * Qinlong Jiedushi (秦隴)
 * Shanguo Jiedushi (陜虢)
 * Shannan Jiedushi (山南)
 * Shannan East Circuit Jiedushi (山南東道)
 * Shannan West Circuit Jiedushi (山南西道)
 * Shuofang Jiedushi (朔方)
 * Tianxiong Army Jiedushi (天雄軍)
 * Weibo Jiedushi (魏博)
 * Weiwu Army Jiedushi (威武軍)
 * Wu'an Army Jiedushi (武安軍)
 * Wuchang Jiedushi (武昌)
 * Wuning Jiedushi (武寧)
 * Xiangyang Jiedushi (襄陽)
 * Xiasui Jiedushi (夏绥)
 * Xuanwu Army Jiedushi (宣武軍)
 * Xusi Jiedushi (徐泗)
 * Yanmen Jiedushi ( t or, s )
 * Yiding Jiedushi (易定)
 * Yiwu Army Jiedushi (義武軍)
 * Youzhou Jiedushi (幽州)
 * Zhaoyi Army Jiedushi (昭義軍)
 * Zhendong Jiedushi (鎮東)
 * Zhenghua Jiedushi (鄭滑)
 * Zhenhai Army Jiedushi (鎮海軍)
 * Zhennan Jiedushi (鎮南)
 * Zhenwu Jiedushi (振武)
 * Zhongwu Jiedushi (中吳)
 * Ziqing-Pinglu Jiedushi (淄青平盧)

Notable jiedushi
Notable jiedushi:
 * An Lushan
 * Abe no Nakamaro
 * Gao Xianzhi
 * Geshu Han
 * Guo Ziyi
 * Qu Chengyu
 * Li Keyong
 * Li Cunxu
 * Li Maozhen
 * Liu Congjian
 * Liu Rengong
 * Liu Shouguang
 * Li Jiqian
 * Li Guangbi
 * Shi Jingtang
 * Shi Siming
 * Tian Chengsi
 * Wang Zhongsi
 * Zhu Wen

title: Jiedushi


text: User talk:130.88.243.228

title: User talk:130.88.243.228


text:
Maude

Maude may refer to:

Places

 * Cape Maude, a high ice-covered cape forming the east end of Vaughan promontory in Antarctica
 * Mount Maude, a peak in Washington state, US

Australia

 * Maude, New South Wales, a village on the lower Murrumbidgee River
 * Maude, South Australia, a locality
 * Maude, Victoria, a rural township

Other uses

 * Maude (name), a female given name (including a list of people with the name)
 * Maude (TV series), a 1972–1978 CBS television situation comedy
 * Maude (restaurant), a Michelin-starred restaurant by Curtis Stone in Beverly Hills, California
 * Maude system, implementing reflective logic and rewriting logic

title: Maude


text:
Tara Dakides

Tara Dakides (born August 20, 1975) is an American snowboarder and co-owner of O-matic Snowboards. She was born in Mission Viejo, California, and has snowboarded since she was 13 years old. She now resides in Mammoth Lakes, California.

Career
As a child, she took part in gymnastics and skateboarding. When she was a teenager, she branched out into several other more dangerous sports and became involved in motocross, surfing, mountain- and snow-based sports. This variety of sports experience gave her an edge in the X Games competitions.

At the Winter X Games in 1999, Dakides won a silver medal in slopestyle and a gold in big air. In 2000, she won two gold medals, one in slopestyle with a combined score of 88.50 after three runs, the other in big air with a combined score of 78.00. In 2001, she won another big air gold medal with a score of 89.00, and finished seventh in slopestyle. At the 2001 Sims World Championships, she was first in slopestyle and fifth in big air At the 2002 X Games, she won her third slopestyle gold medal. She also received EXPN's Snowboarder of the Year award.

In May 2003, Dakides participated in the Gumball 3000 rally race. She continues to race in motocross, shifter carts in addition to racing in the Baja 1000 competition.

Media
She has appeared as a cover model for various sports magazines and has appeared in various video games. In 2001, she was on the cover of Sports Illustrated and was named "The Coolest Sports Woman in 2001".

Dakides was featured on Spike TV's special edition of MXC on April 22, 2004 which was taped at the Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida and was dubbed MXC Almost Live. At the end of the episode, Dakides successfully ran the Log Drop after being challenged by Tony Hawk.

During her appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman in 2004, Dakides attempted to perform a stunt outside the Ed Sullivan Theater but fell 15 feet from a ramp while not wearing a helmet. She was taken to hospital and required stitches on the back of her head. She recovered and returned to the show for an interview a few days later.

Dakides is a spokesperson for the Surfrider Foundation, a non-profit environmental organization.

Dakides was nominated for the 2005 Teen Choice Awards in the category of Choice Xtreme Athlete - Female, losing out to surfer Layne Beachley. She was ranked #90 on FHM's 100 Sexiest Women of 2004. She was featured in episode 62 of MTV Cribs.

Dakides appeared as the captain of the Denver Hurlers on Game Show Network's show Extreme Dodgeball. She also had a role in the film Chalet Girl in which she played herself and starred alongside Gossip Girl star Ed Westwick and Felicity Jones.

title: Tara Dakides


text:
Ermanno Olmi

Ermanno Olmi (24 July 1931 – 7 May 2018) was an Italian film director and screenwriter best known for directing Il Posto (1961) and The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1977), which won the Palme d'Or. Throughout his career Olmi blended Italian neorealism with Christian humanism, with many of his films following humble characters through the spiritual trials of harsh conditions.

Early life
Olmi was born to a working-class Catholic family in Bergamo, in the Lombardy region in northern Italy, and raised in nearby Treviglio.

When Olmi was three years old, his family moved to Milan, where his parents found work with the utility company Edison-Volta. At age 16, Olmi began working there as a messenger. Olmi was initially interested in architecture, but was inspired to pursue cinema by the works of Roberto Rossellini. He began taking art classes and convinced Edison-Volta to start a documentary division. As head of the new division, Olmi made as many as 40 corporate documentaries.

Olmi's first feature film, Time Stood Still began as a corporate documentary about a hydroelectric dam.

Career
Olmi's first scripted film was the acclaimed Il Posto, which follows a young man entering corporate life. Parts of the story were drawn from Olmi's experiences working in Milan. The film starred non-professional actor Loredana Detto, who Olmi would later marry.

Following from his humble start in corporate documentaries, Olmi typically helmed minimal productions, often writing, directing, filming, and editing the films himself.

Perhaps his best known film is The Tree of Wooden Clogs (L'Albero degli zoccoli), which was awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival. The film drew heavily on Olmi's grandmother's stories about peasant life in agricultural regions of Italy. In 1983 his film Walking, Walking was screened out of competition at Cannes. In 1988, his La leggenda del santo bevitore (The Legend of the Holy Drinker), based on the novella by Joseph Roth and starring Rutger Hauer, won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival as well as a David di Donatello award.

In 1982, Olmi founded Ipotesi Cinema, a film school in the village of Bassano del Grappa.

His The Profession of Arms (Il mestiere delle armi) also won a David di Donatello award.

Awards

 * 1978: Palme d'Or for The Tree of Wooden Clogs
 * 1988: Golden Lion for The Legend of the Holy Drinker
 * 2004: Leopard of Honour
 * 2008: Honorary Golden Lion

David di Donatello

 * 1962: Best Director for Il Posto
 * 1989: Best Director for The Legend of the Holy Drinker
 * 2002: Best Director for The Profession of Arms

Nastro d'Argento

 * 1979: Best Director for The Tree of Wooden Clogs
 * 1989: Best Director for The Legend of the Holy Drinker

Filmography

 * Time Stood Still (1959)
 * Il Posto (1961)
 * The Fiances (1963)
 * A Man Named John (1965)
 * One Fine Day (1968)
 * In the Summertime (1971)
 * The Circumstance (1973)
 * The Tree of Wooden Clogs (1978)
 * Walking, Walking (1983)
 * Long Live the Lady! (1987)
 * The Legend of the Holy Drinker (1988)
 * The Secret of the Old Woods (1993)
 * Genesis: The Creation and the Flood (1994)
 * The Profession of Arms (2001)
 * Singing Behind Screens (2003)
 * One Hundred Nails (2007)
 * The Cardboard Village (2011)
 * Greenery Will Bloom Again (2014)

Legacy
Olmi has been the subject of many retrospectives. In 2019, the Austrian Film Museum conducted a complete retrospective of Olmi's work (excluding only his short films) – together with the films of Federico Fellini – in collaboration with the Cineteca Nazionale and the "Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Vienna".

Also in 2019, Film at Lincoln Center honored Olmi with a two-week retrospective. The series was co-produced by Istituto Luce Cinecittà and presented in association with the Ministry of Culture of Italy. The films then traveled to Cleveland, where the Cleveland Institute of Art Cinematheque hosted a seven-part retrospective.

In 2008 he received the Honorary Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. He had turned down the same award in 2004, feeling that it would have signified a premature end to his career.

Personal life
In 1959, Olmi moved to the Asiago plateau, where he would live for the rest of his life. Olmi led a relatively simple life away from the spotlight of the film industry, only rarely sitting for interviews and keeping no copies of his films. Olmi reportedly hesitated to travel by air.

In 1963 Olmi married Loredana Detto, who had played Antonietta Masetti in his film Il Posto (1961). The couple had 3 children; Fabio, Elisabetta, and Andrea.

Olmi died on 7 May 2018 in Asiago. His death was mourned by then Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni as well as director Martin Scorsese.

title: Ermanno Olmi


text: File:LicenceToKillNovel.jpg

title: File:LicenceToKillNovel.jpg


text:
Kukkarahalli Lake

Kukkarahalli Lake also called Kukkarhalli Kere (Lake is ‘’kere’’ in local Kannada language), located in the heart of the Mysore city, adjoins the Manasgangotri (University of Mysore), the Kalamandir (Rangyana) and the Central Food Technological Research Institute  (CFTRI) campus (separated by the Hunsur Road). It provides lung-space to the city. Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar (1794–1868) of the Mysore dynasty (Kingdom of Mysore) was responsible for getting the lake created, in the year 1864, to provide water for irrigation to about 4000 ha (10,000 acres) of land outside the city. The Lake also used to be a source of water supply to the city of Mysore but over the years, sewage and excessive land encroachments (mostly illegal) and blockage of water flow sources almost led to the eutrophication of the lake. The University of Mysore and the citizen forums of Mysore continue to make efforts to preserve the lake by implementing several remedial measures. There is a 3.5-km walkway on the periphery of the lake with shaded stone benches for visitors to sit, relax and enjoy the scenic serenity of the lake.

Access
The lake is located within the Mysore city limits. The Mysore City railway station is about 3 km from the Lake.

Hydrology
The lake drains a catchment area of more than 414 km2 and the water body spreads over 62 ha. Dewan Poornaiah feeder canal, 27 km long, which passes through Hinkal, Bogadi, Kudremala and Manasagangotri outfalls into the Lake. The Lake is J-shaped. The maximum depth of lake is reported to be 5 m. The east–west bund holds water on one side. Sandy loam to clay loam form the dominant geological condition of the Lake. On the northern side another temporary bund hold back the direct flow of waste water into the lake.

The highest flood level in the lake is 755.73 m.

Water quality
A detailed study of the physico-chemical and bio-chemical parameters of the lake waters carried out in the period 1981-2001 confirmed the deteriorating status of the lake necessitating action for restoration. There was a high percentage of chemicals but low percentage of total plankton (43%). The activity of chemicals lead to the liberation of extra quantity of cellular products which increased to 53.19%. Lake indicated high productivity of bio-chemical products; with death and decay of algal blooms adding to the biochemical concentration. The lake waters showed high electrolytes, low dissolved oxygen, high phosphate and nitrogen content with abundance of plankton blooms, all of which have contributed to a high degree of eutrophication. The non potability of the water body is indicated by the high degree of faecal contamination with organisms that produce H2S that may include forms of Salmonella, Proteus, Citrobacter and some strains of Klebsiella. The distribution pattern of plank tonic forms, for the decade ending 2001, as per laboratory tests of lake's water samples provides the values of parameters such as the Chlorococcales, Desmids, Diatoms, Blue-greens and Euglenoids, as the biological indicators of water body, as given in table below which testify to the lake's eutrophication status. The numbers indicate the microorganisms present in the sample per litre.

Utility of algal biomass
Scientists have reported that exploitation of polluted waters which are rich in algal biomass for biotechnological products could be a feasible proposition and that the Phycobiliproteins from algae could be used as sensitive fluorescent dye, as immunochemical reagent and also as efficient fluorochromes in multiple colour analysis.

Bird watching
The lake was once a big attraction to bird watchers. According to naturalists, about 176 species of birds (a large number of them migratory birds, including birds from Siberia) with 10,000 to 15,000 of them visited the lake during winter to roost. Organised bird watching expeditions around the lake used to be actively pursued by the Mysore Amateur Naturalists (MAN) Association. In recent years, with the lake getting into a eutrophic state (though since restored), the number of birds visiting the lake has substantially decreased. Now, the number of birds visiting the lake has reduced to about 2,000. They are found to breed in the isolated bird island. The birds now found in the lake (some of the birds are pictured in the gallery) are spot-billed pelicans, little cormorant, painted storks, openbill storks, Eurasian spoonbills, black-crowned night herons and Oriental darters. BirdLife International has included Kukkarahalli Lake in the list of 38 important Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the State of Karnataka.

Lake restoration
During the year 2003–2004, with grants of about US$0.2 million (Rs 91 lakhs) provided by the Asian Development Bank, Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation (KUIDFC) in association with the University of Mysore under whose jurisdiction the Lake falls and citizens groups, carried out the restoration works of the lake. In order to effectively reduce the external loading of pollutants and the intervention of wastes into the lake ecosystem the measures implemented have covered the following with funds provided by the Asian Development Bank.
 * Widening of the bund on the southern side,
 * Forming a new walkway on the western side for the benefit large number of morning walkers who visit the lake,
 * Shaded (bougainvillea creepers) stone benches for visitors to sit, relax and enjoy the scenic serenity of the lake.
 * Improving the eastern and the northern pathway,
 * Fencing of the lake perimeter
 * The iron watch tower (within the lake) about 100 ft from the shores has been restored
 * Lighting arrangement along the southern bund.
 * Adopting rainwater harvesting methods to improve the quality and quantity of water inflows
 * Augmenting supply to the lake with fresh water inflow with filtered municipal back water wash
 * Adopting aeration of water techniques: boating is one of the methods widely adopted houses - a boating center has been established
 * Removal of algae by manual methods
 * Engineering methods to clean the boundary conditions of the lake such as desilting and opening of the intake channel
 * Ban on immersion of idols during festivals
 * Banned dumping of medical waste in the lake
 * Increased security system to restrict human influence
 * Increased aquaculture
 * Stakeholders participation for collective ownership and responsibility to restoration activities

title: Kukkarahalli Lake


text:
Talk:Frogurt

from VfD:

I thought we didn't need articles on one-episode Simpsons jokes? Luigi30 03:22, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Unnecessarily detailed. Delete or merge if appropriate. - Vague | Rant 03:24, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Entirely too specific fancruft. This is no more notable than any of the other thousands and thousands of jokes on that show. [[User:Livajo|力伟|☺]] 03:28, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: DCEdwards1966 03:29, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete minor fan trivia Cdc 05:41, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's not exactly tomacco; Delete - RedWordSmith 06:07, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)
 * As I recall, "frogurt" was simply what someone called frozen yogurt. As it's a pretty easy transition from "frozen yogurt" to "frogurt" I wouldn't be surprised if this was not unique to the Simpsons. A redirect (no merge) might work, but unless my assumptions can be verified deletion is probably better. -R. fiend 07:18, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Wyss 20:51, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. What happened to Homer after he ate the frogurt? It's just a cliffhanger now, and I want to know more. I'd say ideally merge/move to an episode title, but if not, keep it. I love stuff like this. Everyking 23:24, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Neutral, but there was an actual product by this name, a frozen yogurt. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:40, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * "Frogurt" is just shorthand for "frozen yogurt", and the term doesn't originate with this one joke. Redirect.  -Sean Curtin 01:44, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect to frozen yogurt. It's listed in that article as an alternate name; the term has been in use since the 1970s.-- Paul Richter 04:23, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is a valid term. Redirect to frozen yogurt. [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 19:19, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. I don't think simple descriptions of food really belong on wikipedia, but when frozen yoghurt goes to wiktionary, we can just change the redirect. --Improv 22:00, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect Spinboy 20:36, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * delete or merge any Simpsons reference can be included there and a frozen yogurt description, abbreviated or not, doesn't belong in an encyclopedia.
 * Redirect to frozen yogurt. —tregoweth 21:07, Dec 12, 2004 (UTC)

end moved discussion

title: Talk:Frogurt


text:
Kashubian alphabet

The Kashubian or Cassubian alphabet (kaszëbsczi alfabét, kaszëbsczé abecadło) is the script of the Kashubian language, based on the Latin alphabet. The Kashubian alphabet consists of 34 letters:

A, Ą, Ã, B, C, D, E, É, Ë, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, Ł, M, N, Ń, O, Ò, Ó, Ô, P, R, S, T, U, Ù, W, Y, Z, Ż

The Kashubian language also uses some digraphs: ch, cz, dz, dż, rz and sz. The digraphs cz, dż, sz, ż are pronounced in a different manner from their Polish counterparts – they are palato-alveolar, not retroflex – but rz is pronounced the same as in Polish.

Literature

 * Eugeniusz Gòłąbk: Wkôzë kaszëbsczégò pisënkù. Oficyna Czec, Gduńsk 1997, p. 25 ISBN 83-87408-02-6.

title: Kashubian alphabet


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clarking

Clarking
Probably a slang word within a small circle of friends or at a particular school. I can't find it on the web. --LeeHunter 03:24, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Never heard of it and Google doesn't find it. Neologism. David Johnson 10:09, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Either a fossil of an insult to someone named Clark or a twist of being a clerk (clark) in a class because you're there so much.  Very funny.  Neologism, not caught on.  Geogre 14:41, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Actually, clarking is a way obscure slang word but it's been around for decades and has lots of meanings, most of them having to do with male anatomy. I'm sure I've heard it used once or twice. Better to wait for a more comprehensive and accurate article. Wyss 20:49, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.22.127.141

title: User talk:69.22.127.141


text:
Craig Kelly (snowboarder)

Craig Kelly (April 1, 1966 – January 20, 2003) was an American professional snowboarder. Kelly is known as the 'Godfather of Freeriding'; Terje Håkonsen called Kelly the best snowboarder of all time. Over his 15-year professional career, he won 4 world championships and 3 U.S. championships; he won the Mt. Baker Banked Slalom snowboarding competition in 1988, 1991, and 1993.

Education
Kelly graduated from Mount Vernon High School in 1983. He attended the University of Washington but left the school to pursue professional snowboarding just prior to earning his degree.

Life and snowboarding career
Kelly was a rider for Sims Snowboards, founded by Tom Sims, from 1983 until 1987. He spent the remainder of his life riding for Burton Snowboards, owned by Jake Burton Carpenter.

Kelly starred in a Wrigleys Gum commercial in 1988/1989 where he was featured doing a 540. He appeared in Warren Miller movies for several consecutive years. In 2003, following his death, Warren Miller dedicated a segment in his film titled "Journey" to Kelly. Kelly had uncredited starring roles in the Greg Stump films Siberia and P-Tex, Lies & Duct Tape, and was the first snowboarder to appear in an IMAX movie.

He shocked the snowboard industry by walking away from multimillion-dollar deals at the height of the snowboard craze, to pursue his passion for freeriding. It was in freeriding where Craig felt the happiest. At the time, this was an unheard-of strategy for a pro snowboarder.

Kelly was part owner and on the board of directors of Island Lake Catskiing near Fernie B.C., where he spent a lot of time freeriding and filming.

The distinctive fluid manner with which he rode was recognized and acclaimed in the snowboarding community. He was called a "style master" by TransWorld Snowboard Magazine editor Jon Foster. Kelly also appeared in an enormous number of video and photo shoots. He was known for looking straight at the camera, even in the midst of a difficult aerial manoeuvre.

The Craig Kelly World Snowboard Camp was created to help kids improve their snowboarding skills. From 1988 to 1992 it was located in Whistler Blackcomb. Kelly was responsible for the design and development of the following Burton signature models: The Mystery Air, The Craig Kelly Air, The CK Slopestyle, The Cascade, and The Omen. Jake Burton is quoted as saying, “When I started listening to Craig that was when my company became successful and really took off,” adding that “… when the rest of the industry listened to Craig, that was when the sport really took off.”

In the last few years of his life, Craig embarked on a 14-month journey starting up in Alaska and going down to Chile with his partner (girlfriend) Savina and two friends for adventure, surfing and living. He returned from his journey with his new baby Olivia, as a "souvenir," he said, from his trip.

Kelly died on 20 January 2003 near Revelstoke, British Columbia, Canada in an avalanche which trapped 8 people and killed 6 others. At the time, he was studying to become a Certified Canadian Mountain Guide.

Craig Kelly memorial
In 2012 the owner of Baldface lodge, Jeff Pensiero, asked Keith Berens of Live Metal Studio to design a memorial sculpture for Kelly.

The memorial is a 10-ft welded steel sword (often mistaken for a cross), with coloured glass set within it and a prayer wheel made from local yew wood beneath. It was unveiled on 20 January 2013.

The sword overlooks Baldface Lodge near Nelson, British Columbia. It was sponsored by Baldface Lodge and Burton Snowboards.

title: Craig Kelly (snowboarder)


text:
Symplocarpus foetidus

Symplocarpus foetidus, commonly known as skunk cabbage or eastern skunk cabbage (also swamp cabbage, clumpfoot cabbage, or meadow cabbage, foetid pothos or polecat weed), is a low-growing plant that grows in wetlands and moist hill slopes of eastern North America. Bruised leaves present an odor reminiscent of skunk.

Symplocarpus combines the Greek word symploce, meaning "connection" and carpos, meaning "fruit", to indicate that the plant has a compound fruit.

Linnaeus gave the plant its species name of foetidus, Latin for "bad-smelling". The plant produces a strong odor, which is repulsive to many but sometimes described as smelling like "fresh cabbage with a slight suggestion of mustard". The odor increases in intensity over time, as the plant matures, likely due to increased ripeness in the plant's stamens.

Description
The plant grows from a thick rhizome, typically measuring 30 cm (1 ft). It has leaves that are large, each 40 – long and 30 – wide. Blooming early in the spring, just its blossoms can be seen above the mud.

The plant is generally pulled back into the earth as it develops every year. The roots permanently wrinkle up due to their contractile activity. Particularly towards the top or older end of older roots, these marks or wrinkles have an odd ring-like appearance. As time elapses the entire stem is buried below ground and the plant becomes practically impossible to dig up.

The spathe, which is 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tall and comes in a variety of colours, contains a spadix that is 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long in which the flowers reside. While older spathes develop a darker general color with purple smears, younger spathes have a yellowish-green color. Due to thermogenic properties, spathes can melt the surrounding ice in a circle around the spathe. The spathes are hood-like or shell-like in shape. Their mottling closely mimics the fluttering lights and hues frequently observed on underbrush as the sun passes through the leaves of the trees above. On the forest floor, this usually makes it difficult to observe them.

Eastern skunk cabbage flowers have both male and female reproductive organs, making them perfect. Dichogamy, or the division of gender expression into two temporal periods, is a common feature of blooming plants and serves to avoid self-fertilization. Because the flowers are protogynous, the pistils, which are the female reproductive components, reach sexual maturity before the male parts do (stamens). The flowers are inconspicuously crowded on the spadix. The spathes act as the conspicuous portion of the plant. The inflorescence differs in size and the amount of flowers it contains. Due mostly to the crowding effect, the flowers do not show three (or its multiple) floral parts, as should be expected for monocots, but four perianth parts. These look almost cuboidal in shape and overlap each other to make a box-like arrangement. In opposition to the components of the perianth are the stamens. The two-celled anthers are extrorse and move rather flexibly. The pistil's overall structural shape is distinctive: the style is cuboidal, the ovary is one cell, and the stigma has three lobes.

The leafage consists of two whitish sheathing leaves, which have parallel veins characteristic of monocots. The true leaves are rolled within the hard-coiled center. When the tips have pierced the encasing sheath-like leaves, they are typically tinted purplish like the plant's spathe. The first and even second leaves' tips may have this hue on the exterior. These inner, or true, leaves appear to diverge from monocotyledonous plants and lean more toward the dicotyledonous plants' netted veining. The unfolding of the first three leaves reveals a progressive shift toward the later leaves' netted veining. The veining is palmately netted in every instance. The leaves have fairly big air spaces and loosely packed cellular structures under a microscope. There are several rhaphides present in the leaf's enormous bundle masses. There are a number of other crystal forms, some of which are cuboidal in shape or even spherical.

Symplocarpus foetidus reproduce by hard, pea-sized seeds which, when fully grown, drop onto the slimy substrate after developing inside the spadix. Birds, small animals, and floods can then spread the seeds.

Taxonomy
Symplocarpus foetidus was first described as Dracontium foetidum by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753. The British botanist Richard Anthony Salisbury placed Dracontium foetidum L. in genus Symplocarpus in 1812. However, the name Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. was invalidly described by Salisbury. Five years later, the American botanist William P. C. Barton provided a valid description for Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W.P.C.Barton.

Distribution and habitat
The native region of the eastern skunk cabbage is eastern North America. Its geographic range includes eastern Canada, the northeastern United States, and the states of Tennessee and North Carolina in the southeast and Minnesota in the west. In Canada, the plant's distribution ranges from western Nova Scotia to southeastern Manitoba. In Tennessee, it is protected as an endangered species. Its habitats include moist regions including marshes, wet forests, and stream banks. Like others in the arum family, the eastern skunk cabbage grows best in areas with great moisture.

Ecology
Eastern skunk cabbage belongs to a select group of thermogenic plants for its capacity to create temperatures of up to 15 – above air temperature through cyanide-resistant cellular respiration (via alternative oxidase) in order to melt its way through frozen ground. One mechanism behind maintaining heat around the plant is the thermogenic oscillation of the spadix: independent of light, a precise thermal regulator is produced by an oscillatory temperature-sensing model in the spadix under dynamic external temperature variation. An equilibrium between heat production and loss, due to heat radiation, evaporation, conduction and convection, is maintained in the spadix. Additionally, the airflow around the spathe effiectively maintains heat generated by the spadix.

Eastern skunk cabbage blooms while there is snow and ice on the ground, yet early insects that also emerge at this time effectively pollinate it. According to certain research, the heat the plant generates may aid in dispersing its odour in the atmosphere in addition to enabling the plant to flourish in cold environments.

Skunk cabbage plants generate skunk-like floral odours that contain dimethyl disulfide, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, and esters, whereas only female plants produce aromatic hydrocarbons and indole chemicals. The fact that the spathe is warmer than the surrounding air may induce carrion-feeding insects to enter it more than once, promoting pollination.

Calliphora vomitoria and other blowflies are common pollinators of skunk cabbage. Curiously, spiders' webs were frequently noticed at the entrance to the spathes. The flower's carrion-like odor attracts the flies, which become tangled in the spider's web and become food for the spider.

Uses
Numerous Native American cultures employed the eastern skunk cabbage substantially as a medicinal herb, spice, and mystical talisman. The plant was mainly utilised for its antispasmodic and expectorant qualities, which are still used in contemporary herbalism. In particular, the Winnebago and Dakota tribes utilised it to encourage phlegm evacuation in asthma patients. Different cultures also utilised it as a talisman and seasoning. It was employed as the medicine "dracontium" in pharmaceutical goods from 1820 until 1882 to treat respiratory conditions, neurological disorders, rheumatism, and dropsy. Internal administration of the plant's rootstock can be used to treat a variety of respiratory and nervous conditions, including hay fever, asthma, whooping cough, catarrh, and bronchitis. Young leaves that have been completely dried are particularly useful when reintroduced in soups or stews.

Toxicity
Since its roots are antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, and slightly narcotic, it is not recommended to directly consume the raw plant. While high quantities of the root can produce nausea and vomiting, headaches, and dizziness, handling the fresh leaves can burn skin. Other symptoms of poisoning include swelling of the lip, throat, and tongue. This is due to calcium oxalate crystals, which are moderately harmful to humans. It is possible to eliminate the toxicity with care, such as changing the water frequently when boiling the leaves, or thoroughly drying the plant.

title: Symplocarpus foetidus


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Precision seeding

In agriculture, precision seeding is a method of seeding that involves placing seed at a precise spacing and depth. This is in contrast to broadcast seeding, where seed is scattered over an area.

Although precise hand placement would qualify, precision seeding usually refers to a mechanical process. A wide range of hand-push and powered precision seeders are available for small- to large-scale jobs. Using a variety of actions, they all open the soil, place the seed, then cover it, to create rows. There are also precision seeders for planting flats of seeds for indoor seed starting. The depth and spacing is generally adjustable to accommodate a range of crops and the desired plant density; the degree of adjustability depends upon the chosen seeder.

In commercial production, precision seeding is an alternative to placing larger quantities of seed in a row, by dribbling seed or setting several seeds in each position. Depending on the device, precision seeders may place only one, or a very few seeds per position. This is an advantage, in that it saves seed and it avoids crowding, or the need for thinning, allowing plants the space to grow efficiently. On the downside, by placing fewer seeds, a very high germination rate is required to make full use of the seeded area.

title: Precision seeding


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Skunk cabbage

Skunk cabbage is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

 * the genus Lysichiton
 * Asian skunk cabbage, Lysichiton camtschatcensis, grows in eastern Asia
 * Western skunk cabbage, Lysichiton americanus, grows in western North America
 * Eastern skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus, grows in eastern North America
 * Veratrum californicum (California corn lily, white or California false hellebore), locally called skunk cabbage, grows in western North America

title: Skunk cabbage