text:
Talk:Sex differences in psychology

Untitled

 * Parent: Sex differences in psychology
 * Sex differences in cognition
 * Sex differences in memory
 * Sex differences in emotional intelligence
 * Sex differences in intelligence
 * Variability hypothesis
 * Sex differences in memory
 * Mental disorders and gender
 * Gender differences in suicide
 * Sex differences in schizophrenia
 * Sex differences in autism
 * Empathising–systemising theory
 * Imprinted brain hypothesis
 * Autism and LGBT identities
 * Neuroscience of sex differences
 * Social construction of gender difference
 * Other psychology-related sex difference articles
 * Sex differences in eyewitness memory
 * Neurosexism
 * Sex differences in narcissism
 * Age disparity in sexual relationships
 * Gender bias in psychological diagnosis

Reverted edit 11-21 - The case of David Reimer
My edit was reverted on November 21 on adding the case of David Reimer to the gender reassignment section. While I am not usually a proponent of single cases, the particular case of David Reimer is ubiquitously well-know and unique in the medical literature in regards to gender reassignment. No similar cases are known where gender reassignment happened in similar circumstances to a completely healthy infant with no sexual differentiation disorder. The section lacks content and has been "expand section" tagged which was one of the reasons for my contribution. Until or unless there are rigorous studies or research on gender reassignment (which is highly unlikely for ethical reasons), I believe that the case or Reimer serves its purpose for the section of gender reassignment.147.129.136.33 (talk) 18:58, 21 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Okay, looking back it does seem well sourced, and one of the faults I had with it at first was that it used the NYtimes (but I now see that isn't the main source). Anyway, the text is decent, it would preferably be sourced to a review article/book (although for biographical information that may be hard even though for this case there should be a bit), but is just somewhat too long for this article. It fits better in either of the sub-articles Gender identity or Gender role with a much shorter summary in this article. For example instead of mentioning his twin brother as a control, when he stopped identifying as female, or his suicide – and it may be better to say that he from an early age never identified as female, and how this likely caused mental health problems throughout most of his adult life.
 * I know I might be picky, but I have this article as one of those I really want to give a decent runthrough and clean up/improve, so while the content isn't perfect, I want to avoid introducing too much bloat. CFCF   💌 📧 21:49, 21 November 2015 (UTC)
 * That makes sense. I will abridge the original text and add additional sources according to what you have mentioned. There was actually book written about the case. I will include that as a new source. 147.129.138.165 (talk) 13:17, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Here's a WP:MEDRS study of 14 subjects, not just one.
 * http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa022236
 * Discordant Sexual Identity in Some Genetic Males with Cloacal Exstrophy Assigned to Female Sex at Birth
 * William G. Reiner and John P. Gearhart
 * N Engl J Med 2004; 350:333-341
 * 10.1056/NEJMoa022236

 * Cloacal exstrophy is a rare, complex defect of the entire pelvis and its contents that occurs during embryogenesis and is associated with severe phallic inadequacy or phallic absence in genetic males.

 * --Nbauman (talk) 06:40, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Sexual strategies theory
I've removed this paragraph to avoid placing undue WP:WEIGHT on the theories of individual researchers, or on non-mainstream theories; while this paragraph uses WP:WEASEL words to describe the theory, there's no indication here of its actual standing of among mainstream scholars. I've also added a summary of the use of evolutionary biology and other theories to explain gender differences in human sexuality, so the topic is currently well covered in the article. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 04:00, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Evolutionary psychology theories are prominent in explaining sexual differences. Very far from "individual researcher" hobby implied.

 * example 1: "The evolution of Desire" which summarizes David Buss massive sexual desire studies is cited 2500 times per google scholar (massive = 37 cultures huge number of cultures and studies with huge number of collaborators involved)

 * I have no doubt the edit was in good faith. But Sexual strategies theory is hugely known.

 * example 2: "Sexual strategies theory" is cited 3744 per google scholar . Hardly a fringe section to remove Jazi Zilber (talk) 18:33, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree that we should mention something about sexual strategy theories, but Sangdeboeuf has a point about not placing too much weight on individual researchers' theories/studies. Often, a lot of WP:Student editors add a lot of David Buss material, when the material should usually be minimal. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:24, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

 * David Buss is a mere name. There is a huge scholarship body that builds and develops on those key insights. This is just the base on which a huge scholarship is developing and has developed.

 * I personally find many other theories to be flimsy. But my editing tries to reflects whether a mentioned thing is a known view in the literature vs. some blogger of Op-Ed.

 * If we want to prune out anything that is not an absolute consensus we will start having multiple judgment calls that are far beyond wikipedia work, and more like journal editor work etc. neither of us can consider such nuanced issues decisively unless we have very solid grounds to build on Jazi Zilber (talk) 23:30, 17 June 2017 (UTC)

 * When it comes to consensus in the literature, we do need to keep WP:Due and WP:Fringe in mind; I think that is the main point regarding what is well known, lesser known, or barely discussed regarding this topic. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 00:34, 22 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Sexual strategies theory is a big thing - certainly not a WP:Fringe theory. It is unpopular among social constructionists but strongly supported by evolutionary theory. A section about sexual strategies theory and evolutionary psychology is much needed here. Unfortunately, an WP:Edit warring is likely here because students from different disciplines are taught widely different "truths". Here are some more relevant references:   Agnerf (talk) 07:00, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

LSE project

 * Note: A discussion similar to this one is going on at the Wikipedia:Education Noticeboard.

We will be improving the "Controversy" section over the next week as part of the LSE project "Genes, Brains and Society". J.birch2 (talk) 11:40, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

 * J.birch2, like I stated here, I reverted. Generally stick to WP:MEDRS-compliant sources. Do not engage in WP:Editorializing or WP:Synthesis, and do not give any one study WP:Undue weight. Also see WP:SCHOLARSHIP on avoiding primary sources. I suppose some of what you added can be included in a "Society and culture" section. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 13:39, 2 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi Flyer 22, as noted here, I was sad to see that you reverted quite a few good-faith edits while an editing project is still in progress. I fully agree the material added by students on Friday was unfinished and required better referencing and a somewhat different tone, and these are tasks we will pursue on Monday. To be clear, we will be working on this page intermittently until 15 Feb. I am willing to organize the new material under the heading "Society and Culture" rather than "Controversy". J.birch2 (talk) 19:33, 2 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Hi Flyer 22, I was sad to see that you again reverted a lot of good-faith edits on a section that is clearly a work in progress. This is disruptive. Please wait for the work to be finished and discuss it here before reverting. J.birch2 (talk) 11:51, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

 * J.birch2, after I reverted, it seems that a member of your class restored what I removed. So I have reverted again. I ask that you and others take the time to read and follow what WP:MEDRS and WP:SCHOLARSHIP state. Also read WP:Tone. Using wording like "This section briefly explains, in an impartial way, the study itself and the criticism it received" is an unneeded WP:Self reference. We avoid including that much material about a press release. We try to avoid press release material in general. See WP:PRESSRELEASE. And we avoid pseudo-headings, per MOS:PSEUDOHEAD. That piece was essay-like. That you and your class are editing in good-faith does not mean that you all should not be reverted. I am not being disruptive. See WP:Disruptive. See what WP:Student assignments state. It would be best if your class attempted to collaborate with experienced editors such as myself instead of just adding material for a grade. It is a simple act for a class to propose changes on the article's talk page, including via their sandbox, before adding material. That way the regular editors can collaborate with the class and advise the class. Student editing generally turns out better that way. I ask that you and your class take the time to discuss first, and not to WP:Edit war. Otherwise, I will feel the need to go to WP:Med and/or the WP:Education noticeboard for help. I know that Wikipedia has a lot of rules to abide by, but this is why new editors taking the time to talk with experienced Wikipedia editors is encouraged. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 12:12, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

User:J.birch2, was quite correct to revert these changes, even though I understand it must be frustrating when you notice this happening. Verifiability is one of Wikipedia's core standards, and to provide for this, citations to reliable sources should be added for all assertions added to the article. The research to find reliable sources and create citations for them should be done prior to writing the content you wish to add; in fact, it has to be that way, because if you are writing without having first consulted reliable sources, then your addition would be considered original research, which is prohibited. The policies and guidelines for adding content to articles that are subject to WP:MEDRS are even more stringent than for topics not in this field. Content that is added without required referencing may be removed by other editors; you may see this happening within hours, minutes, or even seconds, if someone happens to be online and notices it because the article is on their watchlist. There are a few approaches you can try, any of which will prevent further problems of this kind going forward, and avoid the frustration of having your students' edits undone, so I put them out here for your consideration: Some of the things you mentioned you were working on or that could stand improvement, like "improved tone" are not in the same league as verifiability issues; your content can go into the article with tone problems, bad grammar, typos, awkward phrasing, and a host of other sins, and get fixed up later, either by you, or by someone else. However, if content goes in without proper sourcing to a reliable source, then it may properly be challenged and removed, and should be. If you find a lot of reverts happening to content added by students in the class, may I respectfully suggest that you consider one of the bulleted proposals above. If I can be of any assistance to you in making your project a success, please don't hesitate to contact me here, by pinging me, or by writing to me on my talk page. Cordially, Mathglot (talk) 13:17, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * add citations at the same time as the content is added. If the citation isn't ready yet, don't add the content until it is.
 * Add the content here on the Talk page, in a new section; say you are working on it, ask for feedback, and add the references to the same section, on your own time schedule. No one will revert you here. When the content and all the references are in place, move it to the proper place in the article. This approach has the additional advantage that other editors can review your content, and let you know if it's ready to be published in the article or not.
 * Develop the new content in one of the sandbox pages of the students, and move it to the article from there. See Help:My sandbox.

 * Hi Mathglot, I have created a sandbox page for the time being. The students are beginner editors, learning the ropes by trying to improve poor quality pages in need of improvement. I feel as though there are steps short of immediate reversion, such as use of the tag (or one of the various similar tags), that would provide them with a warmer welcome to Wikipedia. J.birch2 (talk) 13:52, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I will get in touch to ask for feedback when the sandbox page is ready. J.birch2 (talk) 15:15, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Please explain to the students that they cannot use primary sources in an article like this (about a broad well-studied topic). They must use secondary and tertiary sources (like textbooks and meta review articles). Thanks! Kaldari (talk) 21:01, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks Kaldari. The plan was to improve the "Controversy" section, as requested by the maintenance template on that section. This section is aiming to report on controversies and is not aiming to make medical claims. An informative "Controversy" section would inevitably cite critiques of the science, not just textbooks and meta-analyses. J.birch2 (talk) 21:49, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * The sources for a controversy section may not need to meet WP:MEDRS (if they don't make any medical claims), but primary sources are generally not appropriate for making controversial claims on Wikipedia. According to WP:PRIMARY: "A primary source may only be used on Wikipedia to make straightforward, descriptive statements of facts... any interpretation needs a secondary source." Since there are plenty of secondary sources available about this topic (even its controversies), no primary sources should be needed. A good secondary source that comes to mind is Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference by Professor Cordelia Fine. It deals largely with controversies concerning sex differences in psychology. Your students' use of the secondary source Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences by Professor Rebecca M. Jordan-Young is fine within a controversy section, in my opinion, but writing an entire section about one primary source, such as the "structural connectome" study isn't appropriate, per WP:WEIGHT and WP:PRIMARY. Hope that's helpful. Kaldari (talk) 22:14, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * - Do you have any opinions about the use of secondary sources such as the two books mentioned above in a "Controversies" section (if given proper attribution)? They're a bit on the pop-science side, but they are written by academics in the field and seem like reputable sources concerning controversies around this topic. I would hesitate, however, to use a source like Inferior: The True Power of Women and the Science that Shows It that is written by a science journalist rather an accredited academic. Kaldari (talk) 22:37, 4 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Your choice of Fine's book was spot on; check the reading list for PH427 at LSE. As far as science writers, I think they can be even better than academics. Science writers are in the business of writing about science and explaining it to non-scientists (the majority of Wikipedia readers), whereas an academic might be excellent in what they do, but the audience for their publications is primarily other academics, or students of their specialty hoping to join that group. Some academics are also excellent writers for a general public, but not all are, whereas a science writer who isn't good at it, won't find employment. I haven't looked at the Saini book so I can't give an opinion about it in particular.
 * The maintenance templates were placed on that section in 2015. I'm not sure why just on that section in particular rather than at the top of article, which, like many articles, suffers from WP:SYSTEMICBIAS. interestingly, the content of that section now is virtually the same as it was in 2015. Mathglot (talk) 05:27, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Mention of Cordelia Fine reminded me of her Wikipedia article, which is on my watchlist, and I revisited a matter there (because I'd missed a revert). Anyway, I'd rather that editors stick to academic sources than non-academic sources even for controversy matters on a topic like this. But like I stated, controversy material is a society and culture matter. And our society and culture sections tend to include non-academic sources (media sources too as an aspect of that), including in our medical articles. As seen at WP:MEDSECTIONS, we include a "Society and culture" section in our medical articles when there is enough material for one. Such a section can include social perceptions, cultural history, stigma, economics, religious aspects, legal issues, and so on (with WP:Due weight in mind, of course). Fines is an academic, but like the lead of her Wikipedia article currently states, she "has written three popular science books on the topics of social cognition, neuroscience, and the popular myths of sex differences." So, yeah, she's within the popular science realm in addition to the more academic realm. I don't mind the books Kaldari suggested for including in the Controversy section, which can also be titled "Society and culture" and consist of more than just controversy information. But WP:In-text attribution should be used, since a lot of what Fine and others state is their opinion. It's just like when student editors or other types of editors are all about citing Julia Serano and cite what she states as fact/in Wikipedia's voice. Per WP:In-text attribution and WP:YESPOV, non-fact statements need in-text attribution. As seen with this revert I made, J.birch2's class is also looking to add controversy material to the Neuroscience of sex differences article. The same standards for such a section apply there as well. And when it comes to the word medical for non-society and culture material, I'm going to go ahead and note that WP:Med and WP:MEDRS include biomedical matters such as how the brain works (whether it's about a mental disorder, memory, or something else). That is why the Neuroscience of sex differences article and this article should generally stick to WP:MEDRS-compliant sources. Of course, the Sex differences in psychology article also addresses social issues; so WP:MEDRS-compliant sources are not needed for that unless it's about the interaction between biology and social environment. That stated, an academic source, not a media source or popular science source, should still be used in that case; see WP:MEDPOP. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 22:09, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

---

emoticons
"Women are twice as likely as men to use emoticons in text messages"

Would this be relevant in this article? Benjamin (talk) 19:54, 13 February 2019 (UTC)
 * If you can find a source for it, then yes. Qzekrom 💬 theythem 03:32, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Of course. Which section? Benjamin (talk) 08:18, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Seems trivial and like a WP:RSBREAKING matter at first. And it would be a trivial matter if the research didn't touch on why the difference exists. But looking here, I do see that a source states, "The study also confirms previous research that women are more emotionally expressive in nonverbal communication; however, in this research, the authors found that while women may use emoticons more than men, the men used a larger variety of emoticons to express themselves." I'm not opposed to something being added to the article about this, but I'd prefer that it's coming from an academic/non-primary source...per WP:SCHOLARSHIP. As for which section, seems it would best fit in the "Emotion" section. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 10:07, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

van Hemert
I've removed this. The source, a research paper, is a primary source for the claims made. Per WP:MEDRS, we generally rely on secondary and tertiary sources such as review articles and textbooks for scientific and/or medical claims. "On the other hand" is textbook WP:SYNTH. Besides which, the authors seem to be using their own idiosyncratic notion of "feminine countries". Even if this were duly weighted with more high-level sources, this concept would need explanation and attribution. Femininity is generally considered (rightly or wrongly) a property of individuals, not countries. —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 07:40, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

Source 68 not reachable
Source 68 is down — Preceding unsigned comment added by Animusel (talk • contribs) 11:47, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

Are there any specific ideas on how I can improve upon this article? Acates07 (talk) 21:51, 29 September 2021 (UTC)Acates07

Merger proposal with Gender psychology
I propose to merge Gender psychology into Sex differences in psychology. These articles have the same scope (WP:DUP), or if there is some slight difference I can't perceive, they nevertheless significantly overlap. If each article was expanded to featured article, they would continue to discuss the same topics as each other. They also do not represent different perspectives on the issue; both cover biology, cognition, sociocultural influences and history in essentially the same way, and I can only assume that they would continue to do so for the other content in each. While gender and sex are different concepts, both of these two articles are discussing both concepts (with both primarily discussing sex), which is in line with how the literature approaches them in this subject area. Continuing on from that, the literature does also most commonly use the term sex differences, and generally the topic is primarily referring to sex not to gender. This is the basis of my proposed direction for the merge. The name Sex differences in psychology is also more consistent with similar articles - e.g. other psychology articles Sex differences in memory, Sex differences in cognition, and Sex differences in intelligence, and the "parent" article Sex differences in humans. Cheers.--Xurizuri (talk) 08:08, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support and agree with the direction of the merge. The "gender psychology" article is also much shorter, and appears to be more of a hodgepodge. Crossroads -talk- 04:23, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Merge completed. --Xurizuri (talk) 05:40, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

Three empathy sections
Sex differences in psychology is also covered within two other articles: Sex differences in emotional intelligence and Empathy. It would make a lot more sense to combine these three as they have a duplicate scope, following the conventions of WP:SUMMARY. That is, the section would exist primarily within one article, and the other two articles would summarise the section.

I propose that the three sections are merged into this article, under the existing section Sex differences in psychology. This should be the primary location of the section because of the size of the resulting section.
 * It would be WP:UNDUE within Empathy, however a summary section there would not be.
 * While empathy is absolutely relevant to emotional intelligence, it doesn't rest entirely comfortably within its scope. As such, it would be WP:UNDUE there, however a summary section would not be.
 * It would be undue to have a full section in this article.

While this situation isn't the typical definition of a merge, it's the closest thing to it that I can think of. As such, I plan to follow the merging procedure for this. -- Xurizuri (talk) 12:52, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per the guideline on related articles. It says, "Articles on distinct but related topics may well contain a significant amount of information in common with one another. This does not make either of the two articles a content fork. As an example, clearly Joséphine de Beauharnais will contain a significant amount of information also in Napoleon I of France; this does not make it a fork. Another example is where two articles cover the same topic, but are clearly directed at different audiences. In such cases, one of the articles will be prefixed by the text 'Introduction to ...', for example General relativity and Introduction to general relativity."
 * As you've said, what you've proposed isn't the typical definition of a merge. What examples can you point to this being done? Regardless, I don't think it'll be helpful for the reader base. This information is pertinent to all three articles and it should be developed according its relationship to the the article in question. We shouldn't have them be copies of each other. GBFEE (talk) 19:44, 5 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose, and GBFEE put it well. This is not what merges are and this is not necessary or helpful to readers. Crossroads -talk- 19:50, 5 January 2022 (UTC)
 * From my reading of the articles, the sections are very much directed at the same audience, they're just also incomplete. All of them attempt to very directly describe what sex differences there are in empathy. They don't just all happen to discuss it, that is the function of the section. Re-reading what I wrote, I think I didn't explain well enough about the merge thing. I am not proposing a merge. I am just using the merge procedures and language, because there isn't a specific procedure for deciding which of multiple options is most appropriate for the target of the summaries. I will also agree that this isn't a conventional use of WP:SUMMARY. However, that doesn't mean it isn't allowed or appropriate. My very strong view is that these three sections are duplicates but wouldn't be best served as a full article. This is the most helpful way of dealing with it that I can think of. I know I certainly wouldn't want to check three places to get a full understanding of the issue. --Xurizuri (talk) 12:52, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * If all the information is in one place, the readers will still have to click on an extra article to get the information they may need or want if they aren't already at the article that has all of the material. The sections can be developed according to their relationships to the articles. Some information in a section can be trimmed if it's not necessary that readers get that information right there, and they can find additional information through the "main" or "see also" navigational templates. It's understandable that the empathy page would hold the most empathy material since it's the main page for empathy. The other sections in the other articles can be trimmed accordingly, but I don't think they should be trimmed down to tiny versions. If information in the sections very much help understanding the topic, it should stay there. More peripheral stuff can be cut, leaving readers to go to the main empathy article for more information. I'm not certain what you mean by "they're just also incomplete", as Wikipedia in general is incomplete. GBFEE (talk) 21:00, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * on reflection and having re-read your comments, I had a bad idea. --Xurizuri (talk) 01:01, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

Links within the article
I've noticed that there are several sections that give a single sentence of information. There is a link to a different article within, but would it not be easier to put more information within those sections rather than a link to a different page? RyCo13 (talk) 17:11, 30 April 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Rahneli (talk) 02:40, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

Disputed content from student editor
I encourage to discuss the content they wish to change and/or include here. As I mentioned in my recent edit summary, there were numerous issues with this large edit. I've partially reverted it a second time, but retained a couple of solid grammatical fixes made by this editor. The other aspects of this edit do not seem to me to be improvements, and would need to be discussed individually before they can be re-added. Generalrelative (talk) 19:48, 16 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Honestly, a significant portion of that material, perhaps even most (I'd have to check some of the sources to see their nature), seems to be sourced to exactly the sort of sources we strongly prefer, that of academic reviews and books. I really think the material cited to such a source should be restored, with grammar fixes and in-text attribution as necessary. If there are still NPOV issues then that should be resolved by adding countervailing sources of high quality. Crossroads -talk- 14:59, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * By all means, go ahead, Crossroads. I'd be happy to evaluate each edit individually. Generalrelative (talk) 15:41, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Gender, Race and Computing
— Assignment last updated by BingoBongoBungo (talk) 23:37, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sex differences in psychology


text:
Hermann Bonitz

Hermann Bonitz (29 July 1814 – 25 July 1888), German scholar, was born at Langensalza in Prussian Saxony.

Having studied at the University of Leipzig under G. Hermann and at Berlin under Böckh and Lachmann, he became successively teacher at the Blochmann-Institut in Dresden (1836), Oberlehrer at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium (1838) and the Graues Kloster (1840) in Berlin, professor at the gymnasium at Stettin (Szczecin) (1842), professor at the University of Vienna (1849), member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1854), member of the council of education (1864), and director of the Graues-Kloster-Gymnasium (1867). He retired in 1888, and died in that year at Berlin.

He took great interest in higher education, and was chiefly responsible for the system of teaching and examination in use in the high schools of Prussia after 1882. But it is as a commentator on Plato and Aristotle that he is best known outside Germany. His most important works in this connection are: Other works: He also wrote largely on classical and educational subjects, mainly for the Zeitschrift für die österreichischen Gymnasien.
 * Disputationes Platonicae Duae (1837); Platonische Studien (3rd edition, 1886).
 * Observationes Criticae in Aristotelis Libros Metaphysicos (1842).
 * Observationes Criticae in Aristotelis quae feruntur Magna Moralia et Ethica Eudemia (1844).
 * Alexandri Aphrodisiensis Commentarius in Libros Metaphysicos Aristotelis (1847).
 * Aristotelis Metaphysica (1848–1849).
 * Über die Kategorien des A. (1853).
 * Aristotelische Studien (1862–1867).
 * Index Aristotelicus (1870).
 * Über den Ursprung der homerischen Gedichte (5th edition, 1881).
 * Beiträge zur Erklärung des Thukydides (1854), des Sophokles (1856–57).

A full list of his writings is given in the obituary notice by Theodor Gomperz in the Biographisches Jahrbuch fr Altertumskunde (1890).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hermann Bonitz


text:
Pont d'Oxford

The Pont d'Oxford is a cable-stayed bridge over the Isère river in Grenoble, France. It was completed in 1991.

The bridge is named after the city of Oxford, with which Grenoble is twinned.

title: Pont d'Oxford


text:
Plateia

Plateia or Platia (πλατεία) is the Greek word for town square. Most Greek and Cypriot cities have several town squares which are a point of reference in travelling and guiding. In traditional societies like villages and provincial communities, plateies are the central places for feasts, celebrations, events and meetings.

Ancient Greek Cities
The original ancient Greek word (plural plateiai) meant one of the (usually 3) main streets in an ancient Greek city such as Naples. The stenopoi, narrower, mainly north-south, streets were placed between the plateia in the orthogonal town plan to form rectangular blocks for buildings.

Notable squares (plateies) in Greece

 * Athens:
 * Amerikis Square - Patissia
 * Eleftherias Square
 * Exarcheion Square - Exarcheia
 * Iroon Square - Psyri
 * Karaiskaki Square - Metaxourgeio
 * Klauthmonos Square
 * Koliatsou Square
 * Kolonaki Square - Kolonaki
 * Kotzia Square (by the city hall of Athens)
 * Koumoundourou Square
 * Kypselis Square - Kypseli, Athens
 * Lysikratous Square - Plaka
 * Mavili Square
 * Mitropoleos Square (by the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens)
 * Monastiraki Square
 * Omonoia Square (Plateia Omonoias, Concord Square)
 * Pagratiou Square - Pagrati
 * Syntagma Square (Constitution Square, Greek: Plateia Syntagmatos)
 * Viktoria Square
 * Suburban Athens:
 * Agia Paraskevi Square - Agia Paraskevi
 * Iroon Square - Ano Liosia
 * Agia Triada Square - Argyroupoli
 * Chalandriou Square - Chalandri
 * Dourou Square - Chalandri
 * Karaiskaki Square - Ilioupoli
 * Davaki Square Plateia Davaki - Kallithea, SW of Athens
 * Plateia Othonos - Neo Irakleio
 * Aristotelous Square, Athens - Thrakomakedones
 * Iroon Square (Plateia Iroon) - Vrilissia
 * Pavlou Mela Square Plateia Pavlou Mela - Axioupoli
 * Central Square Kentriki Plateia - Didymoteicho
 * Egon Square - Edessa
 * Eleftherias Square - Feres
 * Central Square Kentriki Plateia - Filiatra
 * Central Square Kentriki Plateia - Fyli
 * Agia Triada Square - Glyka Nera
 * Marathonas Square - Grammatiko
 * Bakogiannis Square - Heraklia
 * Daskalogiannis Square Plateia Daskalogianni (named after Daskalogiannis) - Heraklio
 * Elefterias Square - Plateia Elefterias - Katerini
 * Agoras Square (meaning Market Square) Plateia Agoras - Kilkis
 * Vizyinou Square - Komotini
 * Nikis Square - Plateia Nikis - Kozani
 * Lassani Square - Plateia Lassani - Kozani
 * Laou Square - Lamia
 * Agiou Dimitriou Square - Lechaina
 * Christos Elkomenos Square - Monemvasia
 * Sapphous Square - Mytilene
 * Plateia Syntagmatos and Trion Navarchon Square - Nafplio
 * Patras:
 * Agia Sofia Square (in the Agia Sofia neighbourhood)
 * Georgiou I Square (Dimokratias)
 * Marouda Square - a square featuring the statue of Konstantinos Giannias
 * Olga Square Plateia Olgas(Ethnikis Antistasis)
 * Pyrosvesteio Square (in the Pyrosvesteio neighborhood)
 * A square in the Agios Andreas neighborhood by Trion Navarcheion Street
 * A square in the Agios Dionyssios neighborhood
 * A square by Agiou Nikolaou Street near the Port of Patras
 * A square at the east end of Dimitri Gounari Street near the Drosia neighbourhood
 * A square in the Tsivdi neighborhood
 * A square on Akrotiriou Street by Damaskou
 * A square by Akrotiriou Street near Evvoias Street
 * A square on Georgiou Olympou Street
 * Two squares on Lontou Street
 * Ypsila Alonia Square Plateia Ypsila Alonia - all in Patras
 * Korai Square Plateia Korai - Piraeus
 * Eleftherias Square - Rhodes
 * Eleftherias Square - Servia
 * Agias Mimas Square - Spetses
 * Aristotelous Square - Thessaloniki
 * Eleftherias Square - Thessaloniki
 * Kennedy Square, and two others - Tripoli
 * Riga Fereou Square - Volos
 * Kampana Square - Kefalonia

In Cyprus

 * Eleftheria Square - Nicosia
 * Faneromeni Square - Nicosia
 * Solomos Square - Nicosia
 * Eleftheria Square - Larnaca
 * Troodos Square - Troodos mountains; used as a point of reference for meteorological, (time) distance and altitude purposes.

title: Plateia


text:
Last words (disambiguation)

Last words are a person's final words spoken before death.

Last Words may also refer to:

History

 * List of last words, collection of last words attributed to historical figures

Film and television

 * Last Words (1968 film), a short film directed by Werner Herzog
 * Last Words (2020 film), an American film directed by Jonathan Nossiter
 * "Last Words" (How I Met Your Mother), a television episode

Literature

 * Last Words, a poem by Emily Brontë published in The Complete Poems of Emily Brontë (1908)
 * Last Words, a poem by Anne Brontë published in Complete poems of Anne Brontë (1920)
 * Last Words: The Final Journals of William S. Burroughs, a 2000 book edited by James Grauerholz
 * Last Words (book), a 2009 memoir by George Carlin

Music

 * The Last Words (band), an Australian punk band
 * Last Words: The Final Recordings, a 2011 album by Screaming Trees
 * Last Words (EP), by Ryan Hemsworth, 2012
 * ”Last Words” (Ai song), 2003
 * "Last Words" (Ten Sharp song), 1986
 * "Last Words", a song by the Real Tuesday Weld from The London Book of the Dead

title: Last words (disambiguation)


text:
Michelle Stephenson

Michelle Stephenson (born 3 January 1977) is a British pop singer and television presenter. At the age of 17, she was briefly a member of the girl group that would go on to become the Spice Girls.

Touch (Spice Girls)
Alongside Melanie Brown, Victoria Adams (later Beckham), Melanie Chisholm and Geri Halliwell, Stephenson completed the original 1994 line-up of Touch, a girl group that would later go on to become the Spice Girls. Stephenson received the highest scores at the first audition, where she sang Dina Carroll's song "Don't Be a Stranger". Stephenson was a member of the group for only a short period before commitment issues prompted Heart Management to remove her. According to Bob Herbert, she was fired because "she just wasn't fitting in... she would never have gelled with it and I had to tell her to go". Stephenson later challenged Herbert's claim, stating that it was her decision to leave due to her mother being diagnosed with breast cancer. Beckham later dismissed this claim, saying she "just couldn't be arsed" to put in the work the rest of the group was doing. Chisholm stated in her 2022 memoir, Who I Am: My Story, that Michelle was undecided if she wanted to remain in the band or attend university, and that she did not share the same passion for the band as the others, even being found sunbathing during early rehearsals. Stephenson was replaced by Emma Bunton.

Stephenson has given several conflicting interviews about her time with the group, stating that she both does and does not regret leaving them. She has also joked she would have been known as Mel S and it would have been confusing if the band also had a Mel C and a Mel B, and has also asserted she was going to be known as Sexy Spice. (The nicknames were given by Top of the Pops magazine after launch.) Stephenson claims she was very close with Geri whilst in the band and wishes they had remained friends, but noted in an interview that she and Beckham did not always see eye to eye.

Stephenson's boldest claim was that the reason Beckham does not have any solo lines in the group's first song "Wannabe" is due to the single being written with Stephenson as part of the group, Beckham subsequently refusing to take Stephenson's solo lines. However, many other accounts suggest that "Wannabe" was written after Stephenson had left the group, and that Beckham's absence from the track was due to a scheduling conflict during the writing sessions.

Presenting and music
Stephenson worked briefly as a television presenter for LWT, ITV, Friendly TV, and BSkyB. She also filmed a television show in Malta called Wild Games before forming a songwriting partnership with Ben Hackett and Mike Edwards (under the name SHEsongs). She has also worked as a session singer for various record companies. She performed backing vocals for singers like Ricky Martin and Julio Iglesias, while working on her own songs as well. In November 2003, Stephenson recorded and released an EP entitled SHESongs, featuring six songs called "In Control", "Fall Over", "Hey Sugar", "Dirty Music", "Boom, Boom", and "Happens for a Reason".

Albums

 * 1997: Spice Girls – Old Spice the Early Years (Interview)
 * 2003: SHEsongs (EP)

title: Michelle Stephenson


text:
1999 Major League Soccer season

The 1999 Major League Soccer season was the fourth season of Major League Soccer. It was also the 87th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer in the United States, and the 21st with a national first-division league. This was the last season which used the 35 yard line shootout rule to resolve tied games, and that of the countdown timer, with MLS Cup 1999 adopting the IFAB-standard running clock thereafter.

The Columbus Crew moved into the first soccer-specific stadium when Columbus Crew Stadium opened on May 15, 1999.

The regular season began on March 20, and concluded on October 10. The 1999 MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 16, and concluded with MLS Cup 1999 on November 21. D.C. United won their second double by winning the Supporters' Shield and defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy in MLS Cup.

Season format
The season began on March 20 and concluded with MLS Cup on November 21. The 12 teams were split evenly into two conferences. Each team played 32 games that were evenly divided between home and away. Each team played every other team in their conference four times, for a total of 20 games. The remaining schedule consisted of two games against each team from the opposite conference.

The top four teams from each conference qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs. The conference semifinals and finals were played as a best-of-three series, and the winners advanced to MLS Cup. In all rounds, draws were broken by penalty shootout if necessary. The away goals rule was not used in any round.

The team with the most points in the regular season was awarded the MLS Supporters' Shield. The winner of MLS Cup, and the runner-up, qualified for the CONCACAF Champions' Cup.

Bracket

 * Best of Three series winner will advance.

Conference semifinals
Eastern Conference

 * D.C. United advance 2–0, to the Conference Finals.

 * Columbus Crew advance 2–0, to the Conference Finals.

Western Conference

 * Los Angeles Galaxy advance 2–0, to the Conference Finals.

 * Dallas Burn advance 2–1, to the Conference Finals.

Conference finals

 * D.C. United advance 2–1, advance to MLS Cup '99.

 * Los Angeles Galaxy advance 2–1. advance to MLS Cup '99.

title: 1999 Major League Soccer season


text:
Talk:Financial system in Australia

Obviously this needs some extension into: and anything else you can think of. 3mta3 07:55, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Insurance (life and general)
 * Superannuation
 * Stock exchange, futures exchange, etc.

Merging with Banks of Australia
Disagree with merge. The financial system comprise of:

 * Financial institutions—banks (and other authorised deposit-taking institutions), insurers, superannuation providers, finance companies;
 * Financial markets—debt, equity, derivative markets
 * Payments system—cash, cheques, EFTPOS, RTGS and other high-value payment systems

--Kelvin 10:32, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Financial system in Australia


text:
Category:Line 1 Yonge–University stations

This is a list of Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) subway stations on Line 1 Yonge–University in Toronto, Canada.


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Duga radar

Duga (Дуга́, lit. 'arc' or 'curve') was an over-the-horizon radar (OTH) system used in the Soviet Union as part of its early-warning radar network for missile defense. It operated from July 1976 to December 1989. Two operational duga radars were deployed, with one near Chernobyl and Liubech in the Ukrainian SSR (present-day Ukraine), and the other in eastern Siberia (present-day Russia).

The duga system was extremely powerful, reaching over 10MW, and emitted in the shortwave radio bands. It was given the nickname Russian Woodpecker by shortwave listeners for its emissions randomly appearing and sounding like sharp, repetitive tapping noises at a frequency of 10Hz. The random frequency hops often disrupted legitimate broadcasts, amateur radio operations, oceanic, commercial, aviation communications, and utility transmissions, resulting in thousands of complaints by many countries worldwide. The signal became such a nuisance that some communications receivers began including "Woodpecker Blankers" in their circuit designs.

The unclaimed signal was a source of speculation, giving rise to theories such as Soviet brainwashing and weather modification experiments. However, because of its distinctive transmission pattern, many experts and amateur radio hobbyists realized it was an over-the-horizon radar system. NATO military intelligence had already given it the reporting name STEEL WORK or STEEL YARD, based on the massive size of the antenna, which spanned 700 m in length and 150 m in height. This massive structure formed a phased array and was necessary in order to provide high gain at HF as well as facilitating beam-steering, though it is unconfirmed whether the latter was actually used in normal operation. While the amateur radio community was well aware of the system, the OTH theory was not publicly confirmed until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Genesis
The Soviets had been working on early-warning radar for their anti-ballistic missile systems through the 1960s, but most of these had been line-of-sight systems that were useful for rapid analysis and interception only. None of these systems had the capability to provide early warning of a launch, within seconds or minutes of a launch, which would give the defences time to study the attack and plan a response. At the time, the Soviet early warning satellite network was not well developed. An over-the-horizon radar sited in the USSR would help solve this problem, and work on such a system for this associated role started in the late 1960s.

The first experimental system, Duga, was built outside Mykolaiv in Ukraine, successfully detecting rocket launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome at 2500 km. This was followed by the prototype Duga, built on the same site, which was able to track launches from the far east and submarines in the Pacific Ocean as the missiles flew towards Novaya Zemlya. Both of these radar systems were aimed east and were fairly low power, but with the concept proven, work began on an operational system. The new Duga-1 systems, built in 1972, used a transmitter and receiver separated by about 60 km.

"Russian Woodpecker"
At some point in 1976, a new and powerful radio signal was detected simultaneously worldwide, and quickly dubbed 'the Woodpecker' by amateur radio operators. Transmission power on some Woodpecker transmitters was estimated to be as high as 10MW equivalent isotropically radiated power. Even prior to 1976, a similar 'woodpecker' interference is remembered by radio amateurs occurring in the high frequencies. As early as 1963, or before, radio amateurs were calling this "the Russian Woodpecker". Little is known about the power levels or Russian designation but it was probably a forerunner of the Duga radar systems. It was also speculated at that time, at least among radio amateurs, that this was an over-the-horizon radar.

These signals even caused interference on 27MHz CB radios in the late 60s and early 70s sometimes completely blocking even local communications in Portugal for example, leading to the supposition of several megawatts of RF power transmission.

Triangulation by amateur radio hobbyists and NATO showed the signals came from a location in present-day Ukraine, at the time called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (part of the USSR). Confusion due to small differences in the reports being made from various sources led to the site being variously located near Kyiv, Minsk, Chernobyl, Gomel or Chernihiv. All of these reports were describing the same deployment, with the transmitter only a few kilometers southwest of Chernobyl (south of Minsk, northwest of Kyiv) and the receiver about 50 km northeast of Chernobyl (just west of Chernihiv, south of Gomel). At one time there was speculation that several transmitters were in use.

The radar system was given the code 5Н32-West by the Soviets, and was set up in two closed towns, Liubech-1 held the two transmitters and Chernobyl-2 the receivers. Unknown to civilian observers at the time, NATO was aware of the new installation. A second installation was built near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in Bolshya Kartel and Lian, but did not become active for some time.

NATO Reporting Name
The NATO reporting name for the Duga-1 is often quoted as STEEL YARD. Many online and several print references use this name. However some sources also use the term STEEL WORK (or STEEL WORKS). As any "official" sources using NATO Reporting Names are likely to be classified, establishing the true name will be difficult. The earliest found open source mention of a NATO Reporting Name for this system, a reference publication in print while the system was still active, unambiguously uses the term STEEL WORK. Jane's Information Group is an often quoted open source reference for information across several military fields and subjects. Their "Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems", several editions over a number of years, uses the term "Steel Works".

Civilian identification
Even from the earliest reports it was suspected that the signals were tests of an over-the-horizon radar, and this remained the most popular hypothesis during the Cold War. Several other theories were floated as well, including everything from jamming western broadcasts to submarine communications. The broadcast jamming theory was discarded early on when a monitoring survey showed that Radio Moscow and other pro-Soviet stations were just as badly affected by woodpecker interference as Western stations.

As more information about the signal became available, its purpose as a radar signal became increasingly obvious. In particular, its signal contained a clearly recognizable structure in each BPSK modulated pulse, which was eventually identified as a 31-bit pseudo-random binary sequence with properties much like Barker codes, with a bit-width of 100 μs resulting in a 3.1 ms pulse. The auto-correlation of this pulse/sequence results in a single 100μs pulse 31 times the amplitude of the received sequence, giving a resolution of 15 km (the distance light travels in 50μs) and process gain of almost 30 dB. This system took advantage of pulse compression to increase the power of the received echoes thereby increasing the sensitivity and effective range. When a second Woodpecker appeared, located in eastern Russia, but also pointed toward the US and covering blank spots in the first system's pattern, this conclusion became inescapable. These further installations allowed for more precise pin-pointing of potential targets or missiles in multiple dimensions thanks in part to the properties of the Barker codes that allow for multiple radars operating on the same frequencies without significant interference.

In 1988, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) conducted a study on the Woodpecker signal. Data analysis showed a pulse repetition interval (PRI) of about 90ms, a frequency range of 7 to 19MHz, a bandwidth of 0.02 to 0.8MHz, and typical transmission time of 7 minutes.

The pulses transmitted by the Woodpecker had a wide bandwidth, typically 40 kHz. Their repetition frequencies were 10Hz, 16Hz and 20Hz with the most common frequency of 10Hz, while the 16Hz and 20Hz modes were rarely used.

Jamming the Woodpecker

To combat this interference, amateur radio operators attempted to jam the signal by transmitting synchronized unmodulated continuous wave signals at the same pulse rate as the offending signal. They formed a club called The Russian Woodpecker Hunting Club.

Signal disappearance
Starting in the late 1980s, even as the FCC was publishing studies, the signals became less frequent, and in 1989, they disappeared. Although the reasons for the eventual shutdown of the Duga systems have not been made public, the changing strategic balance with the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s may have had a part to play. Another factor perhaps was the success of the US-KS early-warning satellites, which began entering service in the early 1980s, and by this time had grown into a complete network. The satellite system provides immediate, direct and highly secure warnings, whereas any radar-based system is subject to jamming, and the effectiveness of OTH systems is also subject to atmospheric conditions.

According to some reports, the Komsomolsk-on-Amur installation in the Russian Far East was taken off combat alert duty in November 1989, and some of its equipment was subsequently scrapped. The original Duga-1 site lies within the 30 km Zone of Alienation around the Chernobyl power plant. As of today, the radar appears permanently deactivated and will not likely receive future maintenance because such arrangements were not implemented within Russian and Ukrainian talks; with regards to the Dnepr early warning radar systems at Mukachevo and Sevastopol, most of the antenna still stands and is often used by radio amateurs who visit the area using their own portable radio equipment.

Locations
The original Duga was the first experimental system. It was built outside the Black Sea port of Mykolaiv in southern Ukraine, and successfully detected rocket launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome about 2500 km away. Duga is able to track launches from the Far East and from submarines in the Pacific Ocean, as the missiles fly towards Novaya Zemlya in the Arctic Ocean. This huge radar complex was restored in 2002 after a fire seriously damaged it. The transmitter was located at 46.80722°N, 32.22°W and the receiver at 47.0412°N, 32.19925°W. It appears that the original Duga transmit and receive sites near Mykolaiv, Ukraine were demolished in 2006.

The original Duga was supplanted by a pair of installations: western, Duga-1, and eastern, Duga-2. Duga-1 was built in northern Ukraine, between Liubech and Chernobyl-2. The receiver is located at 51.30529°N, 30.06593°W, 12 kilometers west-north-west of Chernobyl; the transmitter is located at 51.63777°N, 30.70289°W about 50 km northeast of Chernobyl (just west of Chernihiv, south of Gomel).

Duga-2, the eastern system, is located near Komsomolsk-on-Amur in Khabarovsk Krai, with the receiver at 50.38555°N, 137.3283°W, some 30 km southeast of the city, and the transmitter at 50.89296°N, 136.83677°W, 45 km north of the city.

Media appearances
The Ukrainian-developed computer game series S.T.A.L.K.E.R. has a plot focused on the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and the nuclear accident there. The game features many actual locations in the area, including the Duga-1 array. The array itself appears in S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky in the fictional city of Limansk-13. While the 'Brain Scorcher' from S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl was inspired by theories that Duga-1 was used for mind control, it does not take the form of the real array.

Markiyan Kamysh's 2015 book Stalking the Atomic City: Life Among the Decadent and the Depraved of Chornobyl depicts illegal trips to the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, including to the Duga, and was praised by reviewers as the most interesting literature debut of the year in Ukraine. The novel has since been translated into French (2016), Italian (2019), and English (2022).

In Call of Duty: Black Ops, the map "Grid" is placed in Pripyat near the Duga-1 array. A game later in the series, Cold War, uses the duga as location for a possible final mission and as a map in the Zombies game-mode “Outbreak”, the map being appropriately named "Duga". The said map has rappel lines that can take the player(s) up to the top or middle of the Duga, despite the actual radar array lacking this.

The Duga antenna array is also featured on the revised map "Verdansk '84" in the game Call of Duty: Warzone.

The 'Russian woodpecker' appears in Justin Scott's novel The Shipkiller.

The Duga at Chernobyl was the focus of the 2015 documentary film, The Russian Woodpecker, by Chad Gracia. The film includes interviews with the commander of the duga, Vladimir Musiets, as well as the Vice-Commander, the Head of the Data Center, and others involved in building and operating the radar. The documentary, which won numerous awards, also includes drone video footage of the array and handheld video footage of the surroundings as well as a climb to the top by the cinematographer, Artem Ryzhykov. The film also proposes a conspiracy theory that the Chernobyl disaster was engineered to cover up failures in the radar's design.

The Duga radar is featured in the drone racing simulator Liftoff, as "The Russian Woodpecker".

The Duga radar is also featured in the films of the Divergent series, where it was used as the giant wall and fence surrounding the main city. In wide shots, its structure was used to create computer-generated imagery of the superstructure and several close-up scenes were shot directly at its location.

A Duga radar is featured in the 2017 game Player Unknown's Battlegrounds in a map which portrays a fictional Russian Military base.

The Chernobyl DLC for the game Spintires features a representation of the sarcophagus and an antenna array similar in appearance to Duga.

The Duga radar is heavily featured in the virtual reality game Proze: Enlightenment, a suspense/puzzle game with the theory that the radar is being used by mind controlling experiments during the 1950-60s. The game actually starts with the player ascending one of the pylons on a maintenance lift.

A Duga radar is featured in the 2019 video game Chernobylite.

In episode 12 of the first season of the NBC science fiction series Debris, the Duga radar array makes an appearance as a fictional array in the state of Virginia.

The Chernobyl Duga site is featured in the Science Channel series "Mysteries of the Abandoned" (season 1, episode 1).

At the end of the first S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2: Heart of Chornobyl gameplay trailer, a Duga radar made an appearance.

title: Duga radar


text:
Don Pyle

Don Pyle is a Canadian record producer and musician, who has also been a member of multiple bands. Pyle is openly gay.

Life and career
Pyle's first group was a punk band called Crash Kills Five, which was active from 1979 to 1981. Crash Kills Five released one EP in 1980, titled What Do You Do At Night?. It was in this four piece band that Pyle first played with two members, Reid Diamond and Brian Connelly, who would later become his bandmates in Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet. Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet were together for eleven years; during this time, they recorded three LPs and thirteen EPs and became widely known when the song "Having An Average Weekend" became the theme for the Canadian sketch comedy television series The Kids in the Hall. The band also won a Juno Award for Instrumental Artist of the Year at the Juno Awards of 1992. Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet also recorded with B-52s vocalist Fred Schneider for his solo album Just Fred.

Pyle also played with several other bands such as King Cobb Steelie and Fifth Column while on hiatus from Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet. During these periods he began producing recordings for other bands, including the debut single and LP by King Cobb Steelie and a record by Phleg Camp. After Shadowy Men broke up in 1994, he and Reid Diamond then formed the band Phono-Comb with Dallas Good for the express purpose of playing and recording with Jad Fair. After releasing one single and an LP, Fair returned to solo performing, and the trio released another single. Beverly Breckenridge of Fifth Column then joined the group to play bass and the quartet recorded the LP Fresh Gasoline for Quarterstick/Touch and Go Records, with Steve Albini producing.

After Phono-Comb broke up, Pyle began a new musical project with Andrew Zealley called Greek Buck. More experimental than his previous outfits, Greek Buck was noted primarily for their soundtrack compositions, such as those composed for films directed by John Greyson including The Law of Enclosures (1999) and Proteus (2003), Sarah Polley's film I Shout Love, and most famously, the theme song of the series Queer As Folk.

In April 2007, Pyle launched his "Trouble in the Camera Club" photography show at The Beaver Cafe/bar in Toronto. The extensive collection of photographs documented the birth of the punk music scene in Toronto clubs during 1976–1980. An on-line version of the show was available on his official website.

Trouble in the Camera Club was published as a photo and essay book by ECW Press in 2011 and included over 300 photographs of Toronto punk bands such as Viletones, and Teenage Head. His photos of international artists include Iggy Pop, Ramones, Dead Boys, The Heartbreakers, Vibrators and The Troggs.

As a producer, music recorder, and mixer, his credits include releases by The Sadies, Iggy Pop, Peaches, John Doe, Andre Williams, and others. He composed and produced music for films by Ron Mann, Sarah Polley, and John Greyson as well as composing and/or producing music for The Inside Out Film and Video Festival, TV Ontario, Dragon's Den, and others.

In 2012 and 2013, Pyle released recordings by his two bands. The Filthy Gaze of Europe, his collaboration with Dallas Good, had a 7" released by Ugly Pop records, with vocals by Damian Abraham, and Chris Colohan, with cover art by G. B. Jones. Black Heel Marks released an album called Feel Free in June 2013 that included Pyle in collaboration with Tacoma rock band Girl Trouble, Sandro Perri, and others.

title: Don Pyle


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Behzti

Behzti (Punjabi ਬੇਇੱਜ਼ਤੀ, Dishonour) is a play written by the British Sikh playwright Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti. The play sparked controversy in the United Kingdom in December 2004. A controversial scene set in a Gurdwara (Sikh temple) included scenes of rape, physical abuse and murder, with some members of the Sikh community finding the play deeply offensive to their faith. On the opening night, 18 December 2004, at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre (The Rep), in Birmingham, England, a protest was organised by local Sikh leaders which turned violent, with the Rep cancelling performances of the play two days later. The case became part of a wider discussion in Britain about the limits of free speech and whether this can be curtailed where it offends the faith of religious groups.

Plot
The plot revolves around the elderly Balbir and her daughter Min who have a difficult and tempestuous relationship. Though both Sikhs, they have been largely ostracised from the local Sikh community following the suicide of Balbir's husband Tej some years before. Seeking to secure her daughter's future, Balbir presses Mr Sandhu, a respected figure in the local gurdwara, to look into potential marriage partners for her daughter. Subsequently it emerges that Mr Sandhu had been conducting a gay affair with Tej, and that Tej had killed himself out of shame that it would be revealed. Mr Sandhu goes on to rape Min in the gurdwara, though this is covered up by others in the temple. Balbir later kills Mr Sandhu with a kirpan, and Min forms relationship with Elvis, her mother's black care-worker.

Cancellation
The opening night performance on 18 December 2004 was cancelled after violence erupted among protesters gathered around the theatre. Three people were arrested for public order offences and three police officers were injured. The Sikh protest organizers stated that they did not support the violence of a minority of protesters, and stated they would be happy to see minor changes in the script so that the play was not set in a Sikh gurdwara.

Sewa Singh Mandla, organiser of the protest and chairman of the Council of Sikh Gurdwaras in Birmingham, stated:

"In a Sikh temple, sexual abuse does not take place, kissing and dancing don't take place, rape doesn't take place, homosexual activity doesn't take place, murders do not take place."

On 20 December 2004, after an emergency meeting of the theatre management and discussions involving the local Sikh community, West Midlands Police and the Commission for Racial Equality, The Rep decided to cancel the play.

Response to protest and cancellation
Supporters of the play said the cancellation was an affront to freedom of speech. More than 700 arts figures, including Prunella Scales, Tariq Ali, Terry Jones, Andrew Motion, Jude Kelly, Richard Eyre, Ayub Khan-Din, Willy Russell, Jonathan Coe, Sheila Hancock, Timothy West, and Samuel West signed a letter in support of the playwright. The letter read, in part:

"We all have the right to protest peacefully if a work of art offends us. We do not have the right to use violence and intimidation to prevent that work of art from being seen by others."

Gurharpal Singh, professor of inter-religious relations at the University of Birmingham, writing in The Guardian, criticised the protestors for promoting an essentially outdated view of Sikhs rooted in the concerns of early Sikh migrants rather than the modern British-born Sikh youth, and the Labour government of Tony Blair as backing the "promotion of religion in public life", ignoring internal tensions in communities and stifling dissent. The author responded "Religion and art have collided for centuries, and will carry on doing battle long after my play and I are forgotten. The tension between who I am, a British-born Sikh woman, and what I do, which is write drama, is at the heart of the matter. These questions of how differences in perspective and belief are negotiated in Britain today will, I hope, continue to bring about a lively and vital debate."

Stephen Glover, writing for The Daily Mail, as reported by The Skih Times, commented that while deploring censorship, he did feel a "degree of sympathy for the Sikhs", and found it hard "not to admire" the defence of their beliefs.

Sarita Malik, writing for ArtsProfessional magazine, noted that the reaction to Behzti showed a sharp divide between minorities and the art community.

One protester, Pritpal Singh, unsuccessfully appealed his conviction, arguing that the assembly was legal and that his rights were violated by the order to disperse. Lady Justice Hallett, speaking for the majority, said the defendant's claim failed to address the rights of those who were frightened or endangered by the protest.

Reception
Jasdev Singh Rai, director of the Sikh Human Rights Group, writing for The Guardian, criticised the play as sensationalist. He stated that "the gurdwara is where the [Sikh holy book] Guru [Granth Sahib] is in residence, and therefore has a different significance than a synagogue, a church or a mosque" and that by depicting a rape there Bhatti "disrespected the sanctity of the Guru." Rai defends the "subjective inscrutability of sacred icons" and cites the work of Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault in their criticisms of "the constructed paradigms of rationalism". He states that "freedoms are never absolute, least of all in multicultural, multiracial societies where responsibilities to co-exist must limit them" and concludes that "the legacy of colonialism lingers, now disguised as a defence of 'free speech'. Ironically, it finds its most xenophobic expression among liberals."

Helen Cross, writing in The Birmingham Post, described Behzti as "a terrific new play". She went on to say that it was "offensive, and furious and bloodthirsty and angry in all the right places." She noted that much of the action took place in a Gurdwara, and described the play as a "searing comedy" that included rape, abuse, murder, but was "hugely funny, touching and tremendously important." She further credited the writer's ability to "expose hypocrisy and pretence where they find it."

Christie Davies, in an essay published by the Social Affairs Unit, an NGO, noted that he had not seen the play, but that he had read it, and could "imagine" how it could be performed. Davies described it as a "clumsy patch-work quilt with weak and hurried stitching."

Asians in Media magazine said of the play: "If you're looking for some witty and thought provoking drama then Behzti is definitely for you. Gurpreet's new play is set in a Gurdwara (Sikh Temple) and explores a number of themes with a variety of interesting characters. "

In 2005 Behzti won the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize for the best play written by a woman in the English language.

The play has been translated into French by Rudi Bekaert and performed in Brussels on 16 November 2005. It was produced in Belgium and France in October–December 2006. It was published (in French) by the theatre publishing house Les Solitaires Intempestifs.

Mohan Singh, a local Sikh community leader, said: "When they're doing a play about a Sikh priest raping somebody inside a gurdwara, would any religion take it?"

The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Birmingham, Vincent Nichols, said the play was offensive to people of all faiths: "The right to freedom of expression has corresponding duties to the common good. Such a deliberate, even if fictional, violation of the sacred place of the Sikh religion demeans the sacred places of every religion."

The cancellation of the play is discussed in Nigel Warburton's 2009 book Free Speech: A Very Short Introduction, where he states that "the effects of the storming of the theatre are far wider than the particular case: the danger of such episodes is that they cause writers to self-censor for fear of violence."

title: Behzti


text:
Christopher Nolan (author)

Christopher Nolan (6 September 1965 – 20 February 2009) was an Irish poet and author. He was born in Mullingar, Ireland, but later moved to Dublin. He was educated at the Central Remedial Clinic School, Mount Temple Comprehensive School and at Trinity College, Dublin. His first book was published when he was fifteen. He won the Whitbread Book Award for his autobiography in 1987. He was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters in the UK, the medal of excellence from the United Nations Society of Writers, and a Person of the Year award in Ireland.

Because of his cerebral palsy, he experienced quadriplegia since birth. He died due to choking on 20 February 2009.

Early life
Christopher Nolan was born to parents Joseph and Bernadette Nolan. He grew up in Mullingar, Ireland. Due to asphyxiation at birth, Christopher was born with permanent impairment of his "nerve-signaling system, a condition he said is now labelled dystonia." Because of these complications, Nolan was born with cerebral palsy, and could only move his head and eyes. At the beginning of his life people believed he was intellectually disabled, but his mother proved them wrong. Bernadette brought her son to see Dr. Ciaran Barry. He was a consultant of physical medicine and rheumatology who possessed a particular interest in children with cerebral palsy. Dr. Barry was attached to the Central Remedial Clinic. He played games with Christopher, the toddler, and in so doing noted the child anticipated his actions and informed his mother that he was of sound mind.

Due to the severity of the palsy, he used a wheelchair. In an interview, his father explained how, at the age of 10, he was placed on medication by Dr. Barry that "relaxed him so he could use a pointer attached to his head to type." To write, Nolan used a special computer and keyboard; in order to help him type, his mother held his head in her cupped hands while Christopher painstakingly picked out each word, letter by letter, with a pointer attached to his forehead.

He communicated with others by moving his eyes, using a signal system. When he was young, his father told him stories and read passages from James Joyce, Samuel Beckett and D. H. Lawrence to keep his mind stimulated. His mother strung up letters of the alphabet in the kitchen, where she kept up a stream of conversation. His sister, Yvonne, sang songs and acted out skits. His mother stated that "he wrote extensively since the age of 11 and went on to write many poems, short stories and two plays, many of which were published." Many of the writings described here by Nolan's mother were compiled for his first publication, the chapbook Dam-Burst of Dreams.

Mature work
Upon becoming a teenager, Nolan received his education from the Central Remedial Clinic School, Mount Temple Comprehensive School and at Trinity College, Dublin. At the age of fifteen, he published his first book, a collection of poems titled Dam-Burst of Dreams. He was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters in the UK, the medal of excellence from the United Nations Society of Writers, and a Person of the Year award in Ireland. He wrote an account of his childhood, Under the Eye of the Clock, published by St. Martin's Press, which won him the UK's Whitbread Book of the Year Award in 1987 at the age of 21. He soon dropped out of Trinity College to write a novel entitled The Banyan Tree (1999).

Nolan spent more than a decade writing The Banyan Tree. According to The New York Times the book is a multi-generational story of a dairy-farming family in Nolan's native county of Westmeath. The story is seen through the eyes of the aging mother. It was inspired, he told Publishers Weekly, by the image of "an old woman holding up her skirts as she made ready to jump a rut in a field." A review of the book was done in The New York Times by Maghan O'Rourke. She reviews the book and relates it to James Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, in the story the protagonist leaves his mother in Ireland while he moves on to travel the world. Nolan however, gives the reader a version of the mother's story. "And so, in the end, one suspects that he wants Minnie's good-natured, commonplace ways to stand as their own achievement, reminding us that life continues in the places left behind."

Death
While working on a new novel, on 20 February 2009, Nolan died suddenly, aged 43, in Beaumont hospital in Dublin, after a piece of salmon became trapped in his airway.

Irish president Mary McAleese, upon hearing the news, said:

Christopher Nolan was a gifted writer who attained deserved success and acclaim throughout the world for his work, his achievements all the more remarkable given his daily battle with cerebral palsy.

Minister for Arts Martin Cullen TD reflected that people should draw inspiration from Nolan's life. "With grace and courage, and with the support of his family, he never gave up and he never gave in [...] His bold creativity has ensured a written legacy."

Nothing has been released from the book in progress in 2009 since his death.

Publications
Nolan's autobiography Under the Eye of the Clock (published 1987), won the Whitbread Award and was named Book of the Year. Although an autobiography, it is narrated by a fictional character named Joseph Meehan who details Nolan's life as a third-person biography. The book reveals the deep relationship between Nolan and his mother, whom he calls Nora. Under the Eye of the Clock shows how Nolan's parents engaged him in conversation and outdoor activities like hiking and horseback riding. The book was a best-seller in Britain and the United States. Nolan's writing style is often compared to James Joyce and Dylan Thomas. Critics also point out Nolan's distinct writing style omits articles and uses participle construction other than relative clauses.

Nolan wrote The Banyan Tree (published 1999) in perspective of a country woman, Minnie O'Brien. The novel spans 80 years of Minnie's life, cutting from present to past to show the individuality of a woman and a mother who is determined to save the family's farm. The Philadelphia Inquirer appreciated "Nolan's soaring language and lilting alliterative style [which] suffuse [...] much of the book with a sense of the miraculous" and The New York Times Book Review found it "richly – even baroquely – told [...] Nolan writes with verve."

Dam-Burst of Dreams (published 1981), provided Nolan critical acclaim that compared him to the works of W. B. Yeats and James Joyce. The collection was published four years after Nolan was administered Lioresal but some of the poems were written when Nolan was just 12 years old. The title of the collection emphasized the recurrent theme of the overflow and release of his mental intellect. The collection's poems are heavy with alliteration and incorporate neologisms that draw from combinations of pre-existing root words.

Influences and mentors
Nolan often discouraged inquiries about his literary influences. During an interview he once wrote: "Everything is an influence to a person trapped in a nightmare!" Nolan's enthusiasm for literature however was largely attributed to his father's appreciation of James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, and D. H. Lawrence. Every night his father would read him several passages from Joyce's Ulysses and other literary works. Listening to such pieces not only kept Nolan stimulated but piqued his interest in writing his own poetry.

In a poetry competition hosted by the British Spastics Society, Nolan received praise from writer Edna Healey, wife of then Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey. As a judge of the competition she was one of the early recognizers of Nolan's writing abilities. Healey was later invited as a guest on the BBC program titled "The World this Weekend." On the broadcast in response to the question "what was the most impressive moment," she remarked that reading Nolan's work: "Was the highspot of my year."

When enrolling him for secondary school, Nolan's family struggled to convince educators that Nolan would be able to function in a regular class setting. Mount Temple Comprehensive School headmaster John Medlycott believed it was possible to devise a set-up to accommodate Nolan:

We tried not to make concessions [...] He came into a mixed ability class and went to all his classes. We didn't demand homework, but he followed the normal school curriculum. We didn't smother him: it was up to him to sink or swim, and he swam.

Thanks to Medlycott, Nolan was accepted into Mount Temple and later was received by Trinity College, Dublin after Medlycott provided a personal recommendation.

Pop culture
Nolan's life story and works have been referenced in several musical works. Rock band U2, whose members attended school with Nolan, wrote their song "Miracle Drug" (from How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb) about him.

Bono said of Nolan: We all went to the same school and just as we were leaving, a fellow called Christopher Nolan arrived. He had been deprived of oxygen for two hours when he was born, so he was quadriplegic. But his mother believed he could understand what was going on and used to teach him at home. Eventually, they discovered a drug that allowed him to move one muscle in his neck. So they attached this unicorn device to his forehead and he learned to type. And out of him came all these poems that he'd been storing up in his head. Then he put out a collection called Dam-Burst of Dreams, which won a load of awards and he went off to university and became a genius. All because of a mother's love and a medical breakthrough.

On R.E.M.'s 1988 Green album, the song "The Wrong Child" was inspired by Nolan's memoir Under the Eye of the Clock. The song deals with a child who wishes to play with his peers outside but is instead laughed at. Throughout the song the refrain "I'm not supposed to be like this / But it's okay" is repeated several times.

Nolan was once approached by a Los Angeles film producer who was interested in making his biography into a movie. Nolan declined the offer and responded:

I want to highlight the creativity within the brain of a cripple [...] and while not attempting to hide the crippledom I want instead to filter all sob-storied sentiment from his portrait and dwell upon his life, his laughter, his vision, and his nervous normality. Can we ever see eye-to-eye on that schemed scenario?

Honours
In 1988 he was made a member of Aosdána.

Every year, his secondary school Mount Temple Comprehensive School holds an award show in his honour. The "Eye of the Clock Awards" are hosted in the last week of school for all students. These awards are given to students for extraordinary efforts in school and are inspired by Nolan's efforts in school.

title: Christopher Nolan (author)


text:
Talk:Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin

Old talk
Why does the article title refer to him as Fedor, and the article as Feodor? Which is right?--Lucky13pjn 08:00, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Well, this is a question of phonetics. In Russian, the name is Фёдор (Fyodor, or Feodor, because the Russian letter ё is pronounced as in the word yearn). If one chooses to write Fedor (as in the name of the article), that the e letter will be pronounced as in feather, which is not correct. I even see articles about Russian folks with Theodore in them. KNewman 12:02, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Imperial Russian History
— Assignment last updated by Soviethistorian (talk) 04:48, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin


text:
Hjalmar Holand

Hjalmar Rued Holand (October 20, 1872 – August 6, 1963) was a Norwegian-American historian and author. He was the author of a number of books and articles principally dealing with the history of Door County, Wisconsin, of the Upper Midwest, and with Norwegian-American immigration.

Background
Hjalmar Rued Holand was born in Høland, Akershus, Norway. Holand, at age 13, along with his older sister, Helene, immigrated to America to stay with an older brother and his wife, living in Chicago. Unhappy with the living arrangements, Holand left Chicago to stay with another sister, Annette Johnson, living in Wautoma, Wisconsin. He received his BA from the University of Wisconsin in 1898, earning his MA the following year. Holand was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in anthropology and cultural studies during 1950.

Career
Holand lived most of his life on a farm near Ephraim, Wisconsin. He was an early advocate of the now widely recognized realization that Vikings visited the New World in voyages that pre-dated Christopher Columbus. Holand also made an effort to confirm the authenticity of the Kensington Stone together with other rune stones and Viking relics found throughout North America. Holland also wrote a two volume history of Door County, Wisconsin, which was published in 1917 and founded and was the long-time president of the Door County Historical Society.

Holand is most frequently associated with his two volume history of Norwegian-American immigration. Holand spent many years collecting the stories as he traveled to various Norwegian-American settlements in the Upper Midwest. The results were De Norske Settlements Historie released in 1908 and Den Siste Folkevandring Sagastubber Fra Nybyggerlivet I Amerika published in 1930. Both were written and published in Norwegian. These works have subsequently been translated and published in English. The first was a partial translation released in 1978, and the second was a complete translation released in 2006.

Selected bibliography

 * De Norske Settlements Historie (1908) - (published in English as Norwegians in America in 1978)
 * Nils Otto Tank (1909)
 * History of Door County, Wisconsin (1917)
 * Old Peninsula Days (1925)
 * Coon Prairie (1927)
 * Coon Valley (1928)
 * Den Siste Folkevandring Sagastubber Fra Nybyggerlivet I Amerika (1930) – (published in English under the title History of the Norwegian Settlements in 2006)
 * Wisconsin’s Belgium Community (1931)
 * The Kensington Stone (Ephraim, WI: Privately published, 1932)
 * Westward from Vinland (1940) - (republished under the title Norse Discoveries and Explorations in North America, 982-1362 in 1969)
 * America 1355-1364 (1946)
 * Explorations in America before Columbus (1956)
 * My First Eighty Years (1957)
 * A Pre-Columbian Crusade to America (1962)

Other sources

 * Burton, Paul and Frances Ephraim Stories (Ephraim: Stonehill Publishing, published in 1999. reprinted in 2003)
 * "H. Holand, Noted Author and Historian, Dead at 90". Door County Advocate. August 8, 1963, pp. 1 and 3)

title: Hjalmar Holand


text:
Aníbal González Irizarry

Aníbal González Irizarry (February 25, 1927 – November 14, 2018) was a Puerto Rican educator, journalist and news broadcaster.

Early years
González Irizarry was born and raised in Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico, where he received his primary and secondary education. He completed 3 years of high school at Sabana Grande High School before his family moved to San Juan. There he attended the "Escuela Superior Central" (Central High School) of Santurce. In 1942, when he was 15 years old, he began to work at "WPRA" a radio station in Mayaguez and soon became the station's main broadcaster.

Radio broadcaster
In 1950, González Irizarry moved to New York City to work in a factory. Whilst there he found a position at the radio station "WWRL" in a program called "La Voz Hispana del Aire" (The Hispanic Voice on the Air). In that program, he created a character which he called "Monje Loco" (Crazy Monk). In 1951, he joined the radio station "WENX" and was named Director of Spanish Programs.

In 1953, González Irizarry joined the United States Army and after returning from the Korean War was honorably discharged. He then returned to New York and continued to work in the radio as a broadcaster. He enrolled and graduated from "The School of Radio and Television Techniques".

News anchor
In 1956, González Irizarry returned to Puerto Rico and joined WKAQ, a Telemundo affiliate as its radio program announcer. He continued his academic career and graduated with a Law Degree from the University of Puerto Rico School of Law. Telemundo first introduced Telenoticias (TV News) in 1954 and in 1977, Telenoticias en Accion in a new format with him as main anchor along with Ramon Enrique Torres, Bruni Vélez and Junior Abrams.

Later years and death
González Irizarry married Ruth Perez Perez and they had two children: Anibal Jr. and Lissette. In 1994 he retired as anchor of Telenoticias en Accion in Telemundo. Besides news broadcasting, González Irizarry taught Communications at the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón in Santurce. He was the co-pastor of the Disciples of Christ Church in Ponce. and also served as spokesperson for Medicare advanced health plans in Puerto Rico. González Irizarry died on November 14, 2018, of natural causes at Pavia hospital in Santurce, Puerto Rico. He was cremated and his aches were taken to his hometown of Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico.

title: Aníbal González Irizarry


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Impreza

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - redirected

Impreza
Most of this article looks like copyvio and whatever was legit needed to be merged with 'Subaru Impreza'. I have now done this. Stombs 08:13, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. -Sean Curtin 23:18, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect - and with the nominator and merger's kind agreement, could we pull this off VfD? Samaritan 23:23, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Thank you, guys. I do agree that redirecting would be wiser. Please excuse my inexperience—first time using VfD and I had been under the wrongful impression that redirecting would delete the target page. I do know better now and will redirect—though I hope someone else can take this off VfD in case I muck it up. Stombs 23:32, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Redirect ...grrrr. Wyss 22:44, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Impreza


text: User talk:68.62.60.236

title: User talk:68.62.60.236


text:
Taverner's Bible

Taverner's Bible, more correctly called The Most Sacred Bible whiche is the holy scripture, conteyning the old and new testament, translated into English, and newly recognized with great diligence after most faythful exemplars by Rychard Taverner, is a minor revision of Matthew's Bible edited by Richard Taverner and published in 1539. First editions of Taverner's Bible are extremely rare.

History
The successful sale of Matthew's Bible, the private venture of the two printers Grafton and Whitchurch, was threatened by a rival edition published in 1539 in folio (Herbert #45) by "John Byddell for Thomas Barthlet" with Richard Taverner as editor. This was, in fact, what would now be called "piracy," being Grafton's Matthew Bible revised by Taverner, a learned member of the Inner Temple and famous Greek scholar. He made many alterations in the Matthew Bible, characterized by critical acumen and a happy choice of strong and idiomatic expressions.

His revision seems to have had little influence on subsequent translators, although a few phrases in the King James Bible can be traced to it. Daniell sums up its influence, "indeed a version which had no influence".

It was not reprinted in its entirety. Quarto and octavo editions of the New Testament alone were published in the same year as the original edition, and the Old Testament was reprinted as part of a Bible in 1551. The Old Testament and Apocrypha were also issued by Day and Seres in five sections (Herbert #81, #82, #86, #87, #94) between 1549 and 1551.

title: Taverner's Bible


text:
Humppa

Humppa is a type of music from Finland. It is related to jazz and very fast foxtrot, played two beats to a bar ( or ). Typical speed is about 110 to 130 beats per minute. Humppa is also the name of a few social dances danced to humppa music. All dances involve bounce that follows the strong bass of the music. In Finnish, the word humppa can also be used for all social dancing. The name humppa was invented by Antero Alpola for a radio show in the 1950s. He picked it up from German Oktoberfest where the locals used the word to describe the playing of the band. The band probably used a tuba, as the sound of tuba on the first beat is like hump, the second beat coming as a pa. (The related German style is known as oompah.)

There are three different dances typically danced to humppa music, and they have existed long before the word "humppa" was coined. One form of Humppa dance is related to one-step, which arrived in Finland 1913. In this kind of humppa, both dancers take a step on each first beat (on "hump") and progress to the direction of dance. This is danced making turns in closed position or making figures by changing various open positions. The second Humppa form is related to two-step, which came to Finland in 1910. This Humppa has some rhythm and movement from samba and waltz. A third form of dance, Nilkku, is based on a slow, slow, quick, quick rhythm. The first quick step hardly takes any weight and gives the dance an appearance of limping.

In early 1970s pop music and dancing alone almost killed social dancing, but revival of humppa since mid-1970s keeps the traditional social dancing alive.

The revival meant that humppa had become the most popular music and dancing form for older people and also for countryside's youth in the Eastern and South-Eastern parts of the country. Most popular humppa artists from the 1970s include male singers Erkki Junkkarinen, Henry Theel, Mikko Järvinen, Eino Valtanen, Eero Aven, female singers Berit (Finnish singer), Eija-Sinikka, Hanne (Finnish singer) and bands Tulipunaruusut, Kaisa & Kumppanit and Mutkattomat. The most popular humppa event were probably Humppa festivals of Lappeenranta.

title: Humppa


text: User talk:213.55.92.6

title: User talk:213.55.92.6


text:
Askesian Society

The Askesian Society — was a debating club for scientific thinkers in London (1796-1807). The name was taken from the Greek term Askesis, meaning 'training' or 'application'.

History
Founded on 23 March 1796 in London.

It was founded by William Allen, who allowed the use of his laboratory at No. 2 Plough Court for the society's scientific experiments. The other two principal founders were Richard Phillips and William Haseldine Pepys, both Quakers from the Lombard Street area.

The club was formed to fill the void after the departure of Bryan Higgins and his chemistry lectures.

Members had to present a paper or pay a fine, which led to Luke Howard's 1802 presentation On The Modification of Clouds, which established the still used terms "stratus," "cumulus," and "cirrus."

They often held theatres for "laughing gas evenings", where members would watch as fellows would sup nitrous oxide and stumble around the stage.

The Society disbanded in 1807, with many of its members going on to join the Mineralogical Society, the Geological Society, the Linnean Society and the Royal Society of London.

title: Askesian Society


text:
Talk:Vasubandhu

Untitled

 * I appreciate one contributor's change from "consciousness only" to "representation only". Thich Nhat Hanh uses the term "manifestation only" (see for example pp2-4 of Transformation at the Base). I have not cracked the code yet, but several writers insist that Vasubandhu and the western idealists had rather different intentions.

 * On "mind" vs. "consciousness" vs. "manifestion" vs. "representation", there is an article I haven't read with the tantalizing title "The Meaning of vijnapti in Vasubandhu's Conception of Mind," Bruce Cameron Hall, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, v9, 1986, pp7-23

 * Also according to Nhat Hahn (ibid p6n11), Sylvain Levi discovered Sanskrit originals of Vasubandu in the 1920s. Which, if any, English translations are from the Sanskrit? From Tibetan? From Chinese?

 * FWIW, according to the bibliography oflink The Magic of Consciousness by Lin Chen-Kuo, Kizo Inazu's Bonkanwa Taiso Sechin Yuishikiron Genten reproduces Sanskrit originals of the Twenty Verses and Thirty Verses.

Somebody has changed "representation" to "consciousness". Popular though the latter is, it is not the meaning of Sanskrit vijñapti. See the above comments.--Stephen Hodge 17:39, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

The terms cittamatra & vijnaptimatra both exist, & some scholars say they are different in meaning, & apply them to different philosophers/ies. Which is/are relevant here? Peter jackson (talk) 17:07, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Can someone have a go at editing this article better to reflect differences among scholars as to whether V was 1 person or 2? Peter jackson (talk) 17:10, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vasubandhu


text: Category:Film editors

title: Category:Film editors