text:
User:Memenen

I have been thinking about what Wikipedia will be like in about two or three years. In that time, nearly all the basics of nearly all subjects will be filled in and explored. Dilettantes will find nearly nothing to do--only in increasingly specialized areas will there be room to explore. By then, the encyclopedia will be overrun by open-minded scholars, who look at results rather than degrees, and who love the idea of working together to report on even the most detailed results in their fields. -- Larry Sanger 2001 (source) There is no end in sight for the expansion of Wikipedia. Even if dilettantes will find nearly nothing to do, that will not stop them from doing it. If Wikipedia is to be overrun by open-minded scholars then there needs to be a way to promote that process.

The history of Wikipedia Current Events
By the start of 2002, a link to "Current Events" existed on the Wikipedia Home Page, but was not as prominent as "Recent Changes".

Wikipedia Archives
A system for archiving the Current Events page seemed to have started in about the start of 2003.

The "Current Events" pages archives seem to go back to the start of 2002 but it is hard to reconstruct the true nature of the Current Events page from the existing Wikipedia archive (compare to Internet Archive).

See this page section for the results of my Wikipedia archives search, and doubts about the existence of archives at Wikipedia for "Current Events" before 2002.

Internet Archives
oldest archived Home Page for wikipedia at www.wikipedia.com. I find no evidence of a Current Events page (Mar 31, 2001).

The July 2001 Internet Archive entry does not have evidence of a Current Events page.

The oldest Internet Archive version I could find with a Current Events page was listed as "Sep 25, 2001". I'm not sure that that date is correct since the link for "Recent Changes" leads to:

Updates in the last 2 days List new changes starting from October 23, 2001 1:44 am.

There is one mention of "Current Events": Current events 12:21 am (3 changes) [Breaking news: Sinn Fein calls for Provisional IRA to Disarm after the wake of 11th of September.]. . . . . Aristotle

In the history of that October 23, 2001 version of the Current Events page it says "Last edited November 5, 2001 6:41 am" (Revision 81 according to the history) and the oldest entry is:

Revision 24: View Diff. . (edit) October 7, 2001 5:30 pm by The Cunctator

This suggests that the Current Events page did not start long before October, 2001. I suspect that the events of September 11, 2001 were a stimulus to the Wikipedia community to start paying closer attention to current events.

The oldest archived Current Events page for www.wikipedia.org (it says "Sep 25, 2001" but has pages from as late as November 5) seems to link to the same pages as described above for the "Sep 25, 2001" www.wikipedia.com Internet Archive entry.

September 11
If memory serves, Current Events began as the September 11 banner on the front page. I forget who initially put it up (within minutes of the attack), but I became the primary contributor/organizer of the September 11 pages over the following two weeks. Eventually the September 11 banner was replaced by a more general Current Events banner. There was some dispute over the proper naming of the separate page when it was created. But my memory is spotty. --The Cunctator 8 July 2005 01:46 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the account; it is good enough for me. --Memenen 8 July 2005 02:03 (UTC)

Logical extensions of wikipedia's Current Events are Wikinews and Wikinews broadcast. --Memenen 20:39, 13 August 2005 (UTC)

To do

 * scientific objectivity
 * Requested articles/Natural Sciences

For people who can't be bothered with discussion pages
Memenen, Note for you in Talk:Depolarization

Thx,

Synaptidude 5 July 2005 22:57 (UTC)

 * Thank you! (I guess). I didn't realize there was some meaning to being red.  If you really want to help, help save my aritcle scientist fun from deletion.  I'm curious as to how this "award" changes me to un-red.

 * In my watchlist, user names are red for anyone who has nothing on their user page. --Memenen 8 July 2005 00:18 (UTC)

 * I like you resting potential article. I covered much the same material in membrane potential, but they are complimentary. Synaptidude 9 July 2005 06:32 (UTC)

Not to do
I started this Memenen account one day when I could not log into my original User:JWSchmidt account. Now I find it useful because I can keep a short watch list on this account and a long watch list on the other account. --Memenen 04:36, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Forget your password

title: User:Memenen


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User talk:No1ZZTopfan

All the "" are not necessary. Rmhermen 00:31, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Welcome!
Hi No1ZZTopfan, and a warm welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have enjoyed editing as much as I did so far and decide to stay. Unfamiliar with the features and workings of Wikipedia? Don't fret! Be Bold! Here's some good links for your reference and that'll get you started in no time!

""

Most Wikipedians would prefer to just work on articles of their own interest. But if you have some free time to spare, here are some open tasks that you may want to help out :

""

Oh yes, don't forget to sign when you write on talk pages, simply type four tildes, like this: ~. This will automatically add your name and the time after your comments. And finally, if you have any questions or doubts, don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Once again, welcome! =)

- Mailer Diablo 23:18, 14 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:No1ZZTopfan


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Aldaric acid

Aldaric acids are a group of sugar acids, where the terminal hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of the sugars have been replaced by terminal carboxylic acids, and are characterised by the formula HO2C-(CHOH)n-CO2H. Oxidation of just the aldehyde yields an aldonic acid while oxidation of just the terminal hydroxyl group yields an uronic acid.) Aldaric acids cannot form cyclic hemiacetals like unoxidized sugars, but they can sometimes form lactones.

Synthesis and reactions
Aldaric acids are usually synthesized by the oxidation of aldoses with nitric acid. In this reaction it is the open-chain (polyhydroxyaldehyde) form of the sugar that reacts. These compounds are of interest as bio-derived chemicals including to bio-derived polyesters.

Structure
Nomenclature of the aldaric acids is based on the sugars from which they are derived; for example, glucose is oxidized to glucaric acid and xylose to xylaric acid.

Unlike their parent sugars, aldaric acids have the same functional group at both ends of their carbon chain; therefore, two different sugars can yield the same aldaric acid (this can be understood by looking at the Fischer projection of a sugar upside down—with normal aldoses, this is a different compound due to the aldehyde function at the top and the hydroxyl function at the bottom, but with aldaric acids, there is a carboxylic acid function on both ends, so upside down and right side up do not matter). For example, D -glucaric acid and L -gularic acid are the same compound (but the first name is preferred, because of D - prefix). A consequence of this is that some aldaric acids are meso forms with no optical activity despite their multiple chiral centers—this occurs if a sugar and its enantiomer oxidize to the same aldaric acid. An example is D -galactose—it has four chiral centers, but D -galactaric and L -galactaric acids, which have the opposite configuration at each chiral center and therefore would be expected to be enantiomers, are actually the same compound; therefore, galactaric acid is an achiral meso form with no optical activity. Again, this can be understood by taking the Fischer projection of either acid and looking at it upside down—the configuration is now switched at every carbon.

Adipic acid, HO2C(CH2)4COOH, is not an aldaric acid, but a simple dicarboxylic acid.

title: Aldaric acid


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Cosmological decade

A cosmological decade (CÐ) is a division of the lifetime of the cosmos. The divisions are logarithmic in size, with base 10. Each successive cosmological decade represents a ten-fold increase in the total age of the universe.

As expressed in log (seconds per Ðecade)
When CÐ is measured in log( seconds/Ð ), CÐ 1 begins at 10 seconds and lasts 90 seconds (until 100 seconds after Time Zero). CÐ 100, the 100th cosmological decade, lasts from 10100 to 10101 seconds after Time Zero. CÐ $$-\infty$$ is Time Zero.

The epoch CÐ −43.2683 was 10(−43.2683) seconds, which represents the Planck time since the Big Bang (Time Zero). There were an infinite number of cosmological decades between the Big Bang and the Planck epoch (or any other point in time). The current epoch, CÐ 17.6389, is 10(17.6389) seconds, or 13.799(21) billion years, since the Big Bang. There have been 60.9 cosmological decades between the Planck epoch, CÐ −43.2683, and the current epoch, CÐ 17.6389.

As expressed in log (years per Ðecade)
The cosmological decade can be expressed in log years per decade. In this definition, the 100th cosmological decade lasts from 10100 years to 10101 years after Time Zero. To convert to this format, simply divide by seconds per year; or in logarithmic terms, subtract 7.4991116 from the values listed above. Thus when CÐ is expressed in log( years/Ð ), the Planck time could also be expressed as 10(−43.2683 − 7.4991116) years = 10(−50.7674) years.

In this definition, the current epoch is CÐ (17.6355 − 7.4991116), or CÐ 10.1364. As before, there have been 60.9 cosmological decades between the Planck epoch and the current epoch.

In theories of physical cosmology, the history of the universe can be segmented into five eras:

title: Cosmological decade


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User talk:Maria Fdez-Valmayor~enwiki

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Image015.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the imagesand I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 00:34, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Maria Fdez-Valmayor. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Maria Fdez-Valmayor~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:37, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 15:56, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maria Fdez-Valmayor~enwiki


text:
Reference question

In Canadian law, a reference question or reference case (formally called abstract review) is a submission by the federal or a provincial government to the courts asking for an advisory opinion on a major legal issue. Typically the question concerns the constitutionality of legislation.

Reference jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Canada
The Constitution Act, 1867, gives the federal Parliament the power to create a "General Court of Appeal for Canada", but does not define the jurisdiction of the Court. When Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada in 1875, it gave the federal Cabinet the power to refer questions to the Supreme Court for the Court's opinion. That provision has been carried forward and is now found in the current Supreme Court Act.

Under that provision, the federal Cabinet may submit a question to the Supreme Court of Canada by means of an order-in-council. Once the questions have been submitted to the Court, the Court has complete control over the process to be followed. The reference is treated in the same way as an appeal. The Attorney General of Canada is entitled to appear before the Court and to make submissions. The Attorneys General of the provinces and territories are entitled to notice of a reference and may appear on it. Interested parties are able to apply for intervener status to make submissions during the hearing. When necessary, the Court may appoint an amicus curiae to submit a factum to support a particular view.

Once the parties have been determined, the Court sets out a timetable for the filing of written submissions, and for the date of the hearing. Parties to the reference file detailed written submissions on the legal issues raised by the reference, supplemented by factual records if necessary. After all written submissions have been filed, the Court holds an oral hearing on the reference questions. At the conclusion of the hearing, the Court typically reserves its decision. At a later date, the Court releases its opinion on the reference, in the form of a detailed written judgment. Individual judges of the Court are entitled to dissent from the majority opinion, in the same way as with judgments in appeals.

The opinion given by the Supreme Court is in the form of a judicial decision but is not legally binding; nevertheless, no government has ever ignored the opinion.

Prior to 1949, there was an appeal from the Supreme Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, sitting in London. The Judicial Committee served as the highest court for the British Empire and Commonwealth. Many federal reference questions were appealed to the Judicial Committee, which had the final say and could overrule the decision of the Supreme Court.

Reference jurisdiction of the provincial courts
The provincial governments, under their respective Constitutional Questions Acts, are able to submit questions to the provincial Superior Court or Court of Appeal. The process is very similar to the federal government reference questions. Once the provincial Court of Appeal has given its decision on the reference question, the government or other parties to the reference have the right under the Supreme Court Act to appeal the decision to the Supreme Court of Canada.

Prior to 1949, appeals lay directly from the provincial courts of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. This right of direct appeal allowed litigants to by-pass the Supreme Court, so many provincial reference cases were never heard by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court was then required to follow the decision of the Judicial Committee.

Constitutionality of the reference jurisdiction
There have been challenges to the power of the federal government to confer the reference jurisdiction on the Supreme Court, but these challenges have been rejected, most recently in the Reference re Secession of Quebec in 1998.

Pursuant to the ruling of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Attorney-General of Ontario v. Attorney-General of Canada (References Reference) [1912] A.C. 571, the role of the courts in references is not judicial as such, but one of advising the executive branch of government.

Federal reference questions
There have been over 75 federal references to the Supreme Court since 1892. Prior to the abolition of appeals to the Judicial Committee, many of the earlier federal references went on appeal from the Supreme Court to the Judicial Committee. Since the abolition of appeals, the Supreme Court decision is the final say on a federal reference.

Decisions by the Supreme Court

 * Reference re Senate Reform, 2014 SCC 32
 * Reference re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6, 2014
 * Reference re Securities Act, 2011
 * Reference re Same-Sex Marriage, 2004
 * Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998 2 S.C.R. 217]
 * Reference re David Milgaard Conviction, [1992 1 S.C.R. 866] (April 14, 1992)
 * Reference re Ng Extradition, [1991 ] 2 SCR 858, 1991 CanLII 79
 * Reference re Manitoba Language Rights (1984), [1985 1 S.C.R. 721]
 * Reference re Authority of Parliament in Relation to the Upper House, [1980 1 S.C.R. 54] (The Senate Reference)
 * Anti-Inflation Reference, 1976
 * Reference re Farm Products Marketing Act, 1957
 * Reference re Regina v. Coffin, [1956 S.C.R. 191]
 * Wartime Leasehold Regulations Reference [1950 SCR 124]
 * Chemicals Reference [1943 SCR 1] (War Measures Act)
 * Re Eskimos, 1939

Decisions by the Judicial Committee on appeal

 * Reference re Persons of Japanese Race, [1946] S.C.R. 248
 * Attorney General of Alberta v Attorney General of Canada (Reference re Alberta Statutes), [1939] A.C. 117 (P.C.), affirming [1938] S.C.R. 100
 * Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General), [1929] UKPC 86, [1930] A.C. 124, overturning Reference re Meaning of the Word "Persons" in s. 24 of the BNA Act, [1928] S.C.R. 276 (more commonly known as the "Persons Case")
 * Reference re Marriage, [1912 AC 880], aff’g (1912), 46 S.C.R. 132
 * Attorney-General of Ontario v. Attorney-General of Canada (References Reference), [1912 A.C. 571]

Provincial reference questions
The provincial governments have the power to refer legal issues to their courts as well. Prior to the abolition of appeals to the Judicial Committee, those reference questions could be appealed directly to the Judicial Committee, by-passing the Supreme Court. Since the abolition of appeals to the Judicial Committee, there is a right of appeal from the provincial courts to the Supreme Court on a provincial reference.

Initial decisions by the provincial courts

 * Projet de loi fédéral relatif au Sénat (Re) (Quebec Senate Reference), 2013 QCCA 1807
 * Reference re: Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada, 2011 BCSC 1588 (anti-polygamy law)
 * Reference re Order in Council 215/93 Respecting the Electoral Divisions Statutes Amendment Act, 1994 ABCA 342, 157 AR 241, 119 DLR (4th) 1, 25 CRR (2d) 347, 24 Alta LR (3d) 1

Decisions of the Supreme Court on appeal

 * Reference re Assisted Human Reproduction Act, 2010 SCC 61, [2010 3 S.C.R. 457]
 * Reference re Firearms Act, [2000] 1 S.C.R. 783
 * Reference re Provincial Court Judges, [1997] 3 S.C.R. 3 (followed by Re Remuneration of Judges (No. 2), 1998)
 * Reference re Amendments to the Residential Tenancies Act (N.S.), [1996] 1 S.C.R. 186
 * Reference re Quebec Sales Tax, [1994 2 SCR 715, 1994 CanLII 48]
 * Reference re Goods and Services Tax, [1992 2 S.C.R. 44]
 * Reference re Provincial Electoral Boundaries (Sask.), 1991 CanLII 61, [1991 ] 2 SCR 158
 * Reference re Upper Churchill Water Rights Reversion Act, 1984
 * Quebec Veto Reference, [1982] 2 S.C.R. 793
 * Reference re Resolution to Amend the Constitution, [1981 1 S.C.R. 753] (The Patriation Reference).

Decisions of the Judicial Committee on appeal

 * Ontario (Attorney General) v. Canada Temperance Federation

Imperial reference questions relating to Canada

 * Labrador Boundary Reference, [1927 UKPC 25]

Reference jurisdiction in other countries
The government of the United Kingdom has the power to refer questions to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. This power served as one of the inspirations for the reference power under the Supreme Court Act. There has been one reference directly under this power to the Judicial Committee which related to Canada, concerning the Labrador boundary dispute between Canada and Newfoundland, which at that time was an independent dominion, not part of Canada. Other Commonwealth countries, such as India, South Africa, and Papua New Guinea also have implemented a reference jurisdiction in their constitutions. In the case of Papua New Guinea, their constitutional convention immediately prior to independence took counsel from Canadian legal academics on the use of the reference jurisdiction.

Other jurisdictions, notably Australia and the United States, eschew reference jurisdiction for their courts. In the United States, the case or controversy clause of Article III of the United States Constitution limits federal courts to hear only actual cases; advisory opinions are not permitted at the federal level (although some state constitutions do provide for such opinions). Likewise, the Australian Constitution has a similar requirement in Chapter III of the Constitution.

title: Reference question


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1866 in rail transport

April events

 * April 29 – Ancona–Orte railway (Società per le strade ferrate romane) completed across the Apennine Mountains of the Kingdom of Italy.

May events

 * May 20 – Naples–Salerno railway completed throughout to Salerno in Italy.

June events

 * June 3 – First section of Jonica railway in Italy opens from Reggio Calabria to Lazzaro.
 * June 20 – The Great Southern and Western Railway of Ireland introduces the first of its Class 101 0-6-0 goods locomotive from its Inchicore Works, Dublin. This will become by far the most numerous of any class of locomotive to run in Ireland, with 111 built up to 1903, and almost half the class will still be in road service as Class J15 when Córas Iompair Éireann abandons steam at the end of 1962.

July events

 * July 2 - Cholsey and Wallingford Railway in England opens.
 * July 27 - The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad in the United States is chartered by a special act of Congress.

August events

 * August 11 – The Kansas Pacific Railroad tracks reach Manhattan, Kansas, where westward progress stalls while a bridge is built across the Big Blue River.
 * August 28 – The Danville, Urbana, Bloomington and Pekin Railroad, in Illinois, is incorporated.
 * August 29 – The first demonstration runs are held on the Mount Washington Cog Railway, in New Hampshire, as Peppersass, the road's first steam locomotive, hauls a platform of passengers up a 0.1-mile (161 m) section of track.

September events

 * September 1
 * Construction of the Randsfjorden Line in Norway is completed to Vikersund.
 * The South Eastern Railway of England opens its Cannon Street station (in the City of London), Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Dartford Loop Line.
 * September 7 – On the death of Matthias W. Baldwin, Matthew Baird becomes the sole proprietor of Baldwin Locomotive Works.
 * September 11 – Bristol and Exeter Railway opens the Chard and Taunton Railway to passenger service as a branch line of the B&ER.

November events

 * November 7 – The Ruse-Varna line, the first railway in Bulgaria, officially opens.

December events

 * December
 * Florence–Rome railway (Società delle Ferrovie Livornesi) completes its route via Perugia in Italy.
 * The Talyllyn Railway at Tywyn in Wales begins to carry passengers officially (probable date).
 * December 15 – Brescia–Cremona railway opens in Italy.

Unknown date events

 * The first 2-8-0 with a leading truck is built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works for the Lehigh and Mahanoy Railroad (United States).
 * The John Bull, eventually to become the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world, is retired from active service on the Camden and Amboy Railroad.
 * The Richmond and Danville Railroad acquires the Piedmont Railroad.
 * Construction on the Kansas Pacific Railway reaches Junction City, Kansas, from Kansas City.

January births

 * January 31 – William W. Atterbury, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1925–1935 (d. 1935)

September deaths

 * September 7 – Matthias W. Baldwin, American steam locomotive manufacturer and founder of Baldwin Locomotive Works (b. 1795).

Unknown date deaths

 * Holmes Hinkley, American steam locomotive manufacturer (b. 1793).

title: 1866 in rail transport


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Barry Adamson

Barry Adamson (born 11 June 1958) is an English pop and rock musician, composer, writer, photographer and filmmaker. He came to prominence in the late 1970s as a member of the post-punk band Magazine and went on to work with Visage, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, and the electro musicians Pan Sonic. In addition to prolific solo work, Adamson has also remixed Grinderman, The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Recoil and Depeche Mode. He also worked on the soundtrack for David Lynch's surrealistic crime film Lost Highway.

Early life
Adamson was born in Moss Side, Manchester, England to a white mother and a black father. He read comic books from an early age. At school he immersed himself in art, music and film and produced his first song - "Brain Pain" - at the age of 10. His diverse musical tastes range from Alice Cooper to Motown to David Bowie.

Career
After leaving school, Adamson drifted into graphic design whilst attending Stockport Art College but quit shortly after, preferring to venture into the exploding punk rock scene of the late 1970s. He joined ex-Buzzcocks singer Howard Devoto's band Magazine to play the bass guitar, with whom he scored one chart single, "Shot by Both Sides"; in late 1977, he also joined the Buzzcocks, as a temporary replacement for Garth Smith. He played on all of Magazine's albums in their original incarnation and contributed to Devoto's solo album and his next band, Luxuria. He also contributed to the studio-based band Visage, playing on the ensemble's first two albums, Visage and The Anvil.

After Magazine broke up, Adamson worked with another ex-Buzzcock, Pete Shelley, before joining Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, featuring on four of their albums: From Her to Eternity, The Firstborn Is Dead, Kicking Against the Pricks and Your Funeral, My Trial. After his stint with the band and a European tour with Iggy Pop in 1987, he went solo, releasing an EP, The Man with the Golden Arm in 1988, and his first solo album, Moss Side Story, the following year, the "soundtrack" to a non-existent film noir. The album incorporated newscasts and sampled sound effects and featured guest musicians Marcia Schofield (of The Fall), Diamanda Galas, and former colleagues from the Bad Seeds. Adamson's second solo album was the soundtrack to a real film this time – Carl Colpaert's Delusion, and he would go on to provide soundtracks for several other films.

Adamson's third album, Soul Murder, was shortlisted for the Mercury Music Prize in 1992.

His solo work has mostly been influenced by John Barry, Elmer Bernstein and Ennio Morricone, whilst his later works include jazz, electronica, soul, funk, and dub-styles.

In 1996, Adamson contributed to the AIDS-Benefit Album, Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip, produced by the Red Hot Organization. His own album that year, Oedipus Schmoedipus, reached #51 in the UK Albums Chart. It would later be included in the 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die list, along with Moss Side Story.

In 2002, Adamson left his long-term label, Mute Records, and started his own production home, Central Control International. In 2006, he released Stranger on the Sofa, first for his Central Control International imprint, to critical acclaim. Back to the Cat, his second album for the label, was released in March 2008.

In 2007 it was announced that Magazine would re-form for concerts in 2008. Adamson took part in the same band line-up that recorded Secondhand Daylight, with the exception of the late John McGeoch, who was replaced by Apollo 440 member Noko. However, Adamson has since withdrawn from the reunion and new recordings.

On 27 August 2010, Adamson released the track "Rag and Bone", as a digital download and as a 12-inch vinyl record.

In 2011, Adamson premiered his directorial debut, Therapist, for which he also provided the music. He then released a studio album, I Will Set You Free, on 30 January 2012.

Adamson collaborated with the Bad Seeds on their 2013 album, Push the Sky Away, playing bass guitar on two songs. He also toured with the band on drums and keyboards, to fill in for an ailing Thomas Wydler.

His 2016 album Know Where To Run was accompanied by a book with photos that Adamson shot in the US while on tour with Nick Cave. 2018 saw the release of Memento Mori, an album celebrating his 40th anniversary as a professional musician, which was followed by a concert at the Union Chapel in London. A recording of this concert was released on vinyl and CD.

Soundtrack material
Adamson's "Refugee Song" was included in Derek Jarman's The Last of England soundtrack. He composed the soundtrack to Delusion, which has also been released. Adamson also contributed soundtrack material to Gas Food Lodging and David Lynch's Lost Highway.

Instruments
In the earliest Real Life Magazine videos, Adamson played a Rickenbacker 4001, and on Secondhand Daylight, a Gibson EB-3. His primary bass during Magazine's touring was an Ovation Magnum Mk1. The Ovation can be seen in Magazine's appearance in Urgh! A Music War as well as on the cover of the live album Play. For the 2008 Magazine concerts, he alternated between the Ovation, a Fender Artist and a Fender Jaguar Bass. He often used a Boss Chorus unit on his basses, giving a slightly processed sound that was much imitated in the UK 1980s rock scene.

Legacy
In his autobiography, It's So Easy (And Other Lies), Duff McKagan of Guns N' Roses said he was influenced by bass-driven bands such as that of Barry Adamson in Magazine. In an interview with German music magazine Gitarre & Bass, Billy Gould of Faith No More said that Adamson was one of his influences, because he combined soul music with post-punk when he played with Magazine.

Compositions

 * To Have and to Hold (1996) film score with Nick Cave & Mick Harvey

 * The World of Interiors (2001) film score

title: Barry Adamson


text:
Mirmo!

Mirmo de Pon! (ミルモでポン!) is a manga series written by Hiromu Shinozuka and serialized in Ciao magazine from July 2001 through December 2005. It was also published in twelve collected volumes by Shogakukan. The manga series was awarded in the 2003 Kodansha Manga Award and in the 2004 Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga. The series was licensed for an English language release in North America by Viz Media. Four months later, the show aired in Japan for the first time. Chuang Yi released the manga in English in Singapore.

An anime series named Wagamama Fairy: Mirumo de Pon! (わがまま☆フェアリー ミルモでポン!) by Studio Hibari was adapted from the manga. It premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo on April 6, 2002, and ran for 172 episodes until September 27, 2005. The anime series is also licensed by Viz Media for an English language release in North America, and by ShoPro Entertainment, as Mirmo!.

Plot
The fairy protagonist is a love fairy named Mirmo (Mirumo in the Japanese version). Katie Minami (Kaede Minami in the Japanese version) is the human protagonist and a cheerful and energetic eighth-grader who is shy around her male classmates, which makes it difficult for her to date. One day, on her way home from school, she walks into a mysterious shop and buys a blue cocoa mug. When she arrives at home, she peeks into the bottom of the mug and discovers an engraved note which says, "If you read this message aloud while pouring hot cocoa into the mug, a love fairy ("muglox") will appear and grant your every wish." The skeptical but curious Kaede follows the directions and announces her wish to date Dylan Yuki (Setsu Yuuki in the Japanese version), her crush. Mirmo arrives. At first, she is afraid of him but later understands that he is a muglox. Kaede soon finds out that Mirmo prefers eating chocolate and creating mischief over helping Katie.
 * Season 1

Mirumo is a prince of the muglox world. Horrified at the prospect of having to marry Rima (Rirumu in the Japanese version), his princess bride-to-be, Mirmo escaped the muglox world. Hot on his heels, however, are Rima, Yatch (Yashichi in the Japanese version) the bounty hunter, Mulu (Murumo; Mirmo's brother), and many other muglox as well. The villains of the first season are the Warumo gang, a gang of criminals who plan to overthrow the Marumo kingdom. Though they are villains, they actually aren't evil; they just pull childish pranks and faint after hearing an evil plan. At the end of the season, Akumi gives Warumo Gang a time sphere, which they play around with and accidentally smash, causing the muglox world to freeze. Mirmo, Mulu, Rima, Yatch and their partners save the muglox world by having the fairies dance in front of a magical door (which allows it to open) and having the partners find the magic time bird which flew into the door to escape being captured by them.

In this season, a new transfer student named Saori comes to Katie's school. The villain Darkman, created by the darkness in human hearts, tries to resurrect himself. He influences the minds of Akumi and the Warumo gang. Session magic is introduced for two-person magic, with each person combo producing different magic. Darkman controls Saori and uses her flute to control peoples' emotions. He is then defeated by Golden Mirmo, the outcome of three person session magic. With the help of Nezumi/Rato, he is resurrected until the muglox's four-person session magic gives Saori the power to defeat Darkman. The two worlds are separated until reunited by the muglox and their partners' friendship. Saori goes to Germany to study music with Akumi as her new partner.
 * Season 2

In this season, a robot octopus, Tako, convinces the gang to look for the legendary seven crystals which are drawn out by different emotions. After all are collected, the gang faces seven trials. Mirmo must pass these tests for the crystals to unite and form a pendant. Tako steals it to save his girlfriend and his land. In the end, they succeed and Tako becomes king of crystal land.
 * Season 3

Two new characters, Koichi and Haruka, are introduced. Koichi has a crush on Katie, and Haruka is Setsu's childhood friend who wants to be a cartoonist. Her partner Panta is a ghost muglox. Thanks to Azumi, Katie and Koichi kiss. Also, Koichi confessed to Katie after Katie had a whole day of helping him confess to his crush that she didn't know was her. Setsu starts to fall in love with Katie, and Koichi realizes that he is not right for Kaede and gives up on her. After Haruka tells Dylan she loves him, he chooses her over Katie. Haruka realizes Dylan's true love is Katie and gives up on him. Dylan tells Katie he loves her and they become a couple; Katie's wish is fulfilled. Mirmo has to leave in one hour or something terrible will happen, which the Warumo gang make so. Mirmo loses all memories of Katie and turns into a rabbit. Katie brings his memories back and he turns back to normal.
 * Season 4

Characters
The main characters of Mirmo! are mugloxes, or love fairies, and four human teenagers. The muglox Mirmo has been assigned the task of granting Kaede Minami's wishes, though he spends most of his time eating chocolate and running away from Rima, a female muglox assigned to Setsu Yuki, the boy Kaede is infatuated with. Yasichi, Mirmo's muglox archrival, is assigned to Azumi Hidaka, a girl who also loves Setsu and is jealous of Kaede. Mirmo's brother, Murumo, is assigned to Kaoru Matsutake, a boy who falls in love with Kaede. The muglox fairies use musical instruments as their magical tools. Later on in the show two new characters, Koichi Sumita and Haruka Morishita, enter the race of love for Setsu and Kaede's hearts. They get their very own muglox partners as well – Popii and Panta.

Manga
Mirmo! was published by Shogakukan in Ciao magazine from 2001 to 2006 and collected in 12 tankōbon volumes.

Anime
The series was adapted as a 172-episode anime series broadcast in Japan on TXN from April 6, 2002 through September 27, 2005.

Season 1

 * Episode 1 - Fairy Mirumo has arrived!
 * Episode 2 - Love from Rirumu!?
 * Episode 3 - Meet Ninja Yashichi!
 * Episode 4 - Kaede's Magical Diet
 * Episode 5 - Mini Mini Kaede's Large Adventure
 * Episode 6 - Was love taken away?
 * Episode 7 - Let's Repair Love
 * Episode 8 - Mirumo vs Murumo
 * Episode 9 - Super Obochama, Matsutake-kun
 * Episode 10 - Love's Four-cornered Battle
 * Episode 11 - Father comes, and returns immediately!
 * Episode 12 - Rirumu and Mogu-chan and...
 * Episode 13 - A Very Tiring Day
 * Episode 14 - Mirumo's Failure!?
 * Episode 15 - This is bad! The Warumo Group
 * Episode 16 - Kaede, off to Mirumo's hometown...
 * Episode 17 - Gift from the Gaia Tribe
 * Episode 18 - Summer! The Sea! I am Matsutake!
 * Episode 19 - Fireworks and Magic and Grandpa
 * Episode 20 - Mirumo, can you fit in!?
 * Episode 21 - Caught in the Haunted Mansion!?
 * Episode 22 - Yashichi's First Love
 * Episode 23 - Rirumu's Fairy Fortune-Telling
 * Episode 24 - Murumo's Decayed Tooth
 * Episode 25 - This is even serious! The Warumo Gang
 * Episode 26 - Rescue Mirumo's Hometown!
 * Episode 27 - Let's go to the Fairy School
 * Episode 28 - Do your best for the Double Athletic Meet
 * Episode 29 - Rirumu's Important Day
 * Episode 30 - What, Mirumo is part of the Warumo Gang!?
 * Episode 31 - It's Kinta!
 * Episode 32 - Murumo's Rival, Papi
 * Episode 33 - Goodbye, Azumi
 * Episode 34 - Mumotaro's Demon Extermination
 * Episode 35 - Movie Star? Yuuki-kun
 * Episode 36 - Mirumo has been captured!
 * Episode 37 - Mirumo vs Mekamirumo
 * Episode 38 - Leave it to Oiratachi!
 * Episode 39 - Nandakawakannaino?
 * Episode 40 - Chocolate Event of the Snow Mountains
 * Episode 41 - The Fairy Sugoroku Meet
 * Episode 42 - Mikan and Kotashi
 * Episode 43 - Kinta, again!
 * Episode 44 - All the best! Fairies
 * Episode 45 - Love through Oto's Chocolate? -
 * Episode 46 - News, 3 Daughters
 * Episode 47 - Is it so?
 * Episode 48 - The Fairy's Doodle Note
 * Episode 49 - Touching Matsutake's Fight!
 * Episode 50 - Defeat Mirumo of the Past!
 * Episode 51 - The Fairy World which has Stopped in Time
 * Episode 52 - Move! Mirumo's Hometown

Season 2

 * Episode 53 - Marakasu has been Destroyed!?
 * Episode 54 - Mysterious Transfer Student, Shiori
 * Episode 55 - Hidaka-san's Brother?
 * Episode 56 - Cake Talk
 * Episode 57 - A Flower by the name of Rirumu
 * Episode 58 - Mirumo and Murumo's Ship
 * Episode 59 - The Warumo Group has finally disbanded!?
 * Episode 60 - Murumo's Things
 * Episode 61 - Dangerous Risaitaru
 * Episode 62 - Kinta and Ponta
 * Episode 63 - Lady, I am Kabi!
 * Episode 64 - In any case, it's Powerful Magic (Part 1)
 * Episode 65 - In any case, it's Powerful Magic (Part 2)
 * Episode 66 - Either one or Both?
 * Episode 67 - Whose Fault
 * Episode 68 - Super Sister, Momo-chan
 * Episode 69 - Important Friends
 * Episode 70 - Confined with the Animals
 * Episode 71 - Sorry
 * Episode 72 - Please meet Yamane
 * Episode 73 - Shall we Retreat?
 * Episode 74 - The Bouchama Quest, Mystery of the Perapera Sword
 * Episode 75 - Protect the Secret Base!
 * Episode 76 - Let's go to the TV Station!
 * Episode 77 - The Revival of Daaku
 * Episode 78 - Golden Mirumo!?
 * Episode 79 - Hello, I am Mirumo!
 * Episode 80 - Shiiru is Haruna
 * Episode 81 - The Way to Become Friends with Fairies
 * Episode 82 - Fairy Concert
 * Episode 83 - Charge! The Race of Wilderness
 * Episode 84 - Wild Shakebi
 * Episode 85 - The Honest Fairy, Mirumo?
 * Episode 86 - Tragedy of Kokanemochi Clan
 * Episode 87 - Attttack, Rrrrecive
 * Episode 88 - Fairy Stick Clock~Chapter 1~
 * Episode 89 - Fairy Stick Clock~Final Chapter~
 * Episode 90 - Story of Princess Kaederara
 * Episode 91 - Raise up! Warumo Kids
 * Episode 92 - Rirumu and Akumi's 30 Minutes Cooking
 * Episode 93 - Fairy In Love
 * Episode 94 - Super Dangerous! Mimomo Shop
 * Episode 95 - Fairy M's Lightning Proposal!?
 * Episode 96 - Must See! Fairies go on an Onsen Trip
 * Episode 97 - Doki! Date with Shiori
 * Episode 98 - Friendship that became Parapara
 * Episode 99 - Stinky Music Fair
 * Episode 100 - My Name is Daaku
 * Episode 101 - Melody that Saves the World
 * Episode 102 - Goodbye Mirumo...Ahh!

Season 3

 * Episode 103 - It begins from Tako
 * Episode 104 - It's really Carl
 * Episode 105 - I Like P Man
 * Episode 106 - Our Treasure
 * Episode 107 - The Rock Cannot be Broken
 * Episode 108 - Fairy Ninja! Garagara Battle
 * Episode 109 - It's really Doji! The Warumo Group
 * Episode 110 - That kind of Love, this kind of Love
 * Episode 111 - Tako's Crystal Battle
 * Episode 112 - The Fairy Pick!
 * Episode 113 - Run, jump and then, swim
 * Episode 114 - Goal of Tears
 * Episode 115 - How is the Squid?
 * Episode 116 - Fourteen-Love
 * Episode 117 - Quiz: Search for the Warumo Kids!
 * Episode 118 - Baramo has arrived!?
 * Episode 119 - Akumi and Shiori
 * Episode 120 - Legend of Rorerai
 * Episode 121 - Do not say Clumsiness!!
 * Episode 122 - Watermelon and Pool
 * Episode 123 - Cake Crumbles
 * Episode 124 - Goodbye, Kikuki-kun
 * Episode 125 - Strongest Duel! Aishi vs Koishi
 * Episode 126 - Okay! Yoimo Gang
 * Episode 127 - Rabbits are Scary
 * Episode 128 - Tako's Hometown
 * Episode 129 - Kaede, Motetemoote
 * Episode 130 - It's alright for Incho to become the Committee Head?
 * Episode 131 - Want to become a Woman
 * Episode 132 - It's Afro, it's Satoru, it's P Man!
 * Episode 133 - Why, the Warumo Group is really Strong!?
 * Episode 134 - Warrior of the Darumi Tribe. Kinta!?
 * Episode 135 - Kaitoh Papan
 * Episode 136 - King Mirmo
 * Episode 137 - It's really the King Mirmo!?
 * Episode 138 - Journey to the West
 * Episode 139 - Tako's Secret
 * Episode 140 - Meet TV Ninja!
 * Episode 141 - Murumo and the Flying Baby
 * Episode 142 - I am, Shinigami!
 * Episode 143 - F. D. C VS K. T. C
 * Episode 144 - The Warumo Group has Fallen in Love
 * Episode 145 - The Last Crystal
 * Episode 146 - Shock! The Seven Trials
 * Episode 147 - Tako's Kako
 * Episode 148 - Crystal Land
 * Episode 149 - Hole of Azase!
 * Episode 150 - Forever, Kumocho

Season 4

 * Episode 151 - Separating, Meeting, A New School Term
 * Episode 152 - Quarreling Shop of Love
 * Episode 153 - Teach me the Forces of Love
 * Episode 154 - I am Panta!
 * Episode 155 - Stomach black strike
 * Episode 156 - Love of Lavender
 * Episode 157 - Love of Lavender (Muglox Edition)
 * Episode 158 - Kikuki-kun's First Love!?
 * Episode 159 - Tako and Panta's arrival!
 * Episode 160 - Counterattack of the pine bamboo
 * Episode 161 - Large Confound Conflict! Chick Wars
 * Episode 162 - It is the U-Ray! The Warumo Group!
 * Episode 163 - Method of drawing a comedy manga!
 * Episode 164 - It's summer celebration! The large decisive battle!
 * Episode 165 - Sumita VS Kikuki-kun! Battle of love!
 * Episode 166 - The storm of love raging...
 * Episode 167 - The increase of shaking love!
 * Episode 168 - Work harder, Kaede Minami!
 * Episode 169 - Rescue Panta!
 * Episode 170 - Decision of each one!
 * Episode 171 - Kaede's wish, Mirumo's leave!
 * Episode 172 - Let's all Mirumo De Pon!!! (Finale)

Music
Thirteen CD soundtracks and character song compilations have been released for the Mirmo series. One was released by Toshiba-EMI, four by Tri-M, and the rest by Konami. In addition, Konami released two drama CDs for Mirumo.

Video games
Seven Mirumo video games have been created and released by Konami on a variety of platforms.

 * "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! – The Legend of Golden Maracas"(Launched May 2002, Game Boy Advance Use)
 * "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! – The Mirumo goes Magic School"(Launched March 2003, PlayStation Use)
 * "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! – The Knight Soldiers"(Launched September 2003, Game Boy Advance Use)
 * "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! – The 8Man's Fairy"(Launched December 2003, Game Boy Advance Use)
 * "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! – The Dream of Cake"(Launched July 2004, Game Boy Advance Use)
 * "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! – The Kagi and Tobira"(Launched December 2004, Game Boy Advance Use)
 * "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! – The Dokidoki Memoreal Panic"(Launched September 2005, Game Boy Advance Use)

Reception
The manga received the 2003 Kodansha Manga Award and the 2004 Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga. The anime also received TV Tokyo's award for top-rated new program in 2003.

title: Mirmo!


text:
President of Kosovo

The president of the Republic of Kosovo (Presidenti i Republikës së Kosovës, Председник Републике Косова), is the head of state and chief representative of the Republic of Kosovo in the country and abroad.

The president is elected indirectly, by the Assembly of Kosovo, in a secret ballot by a two-thirds majority of deputies in functions. If no candidate achieves a two-thirds majority, at the third ballot the candidate who receives a simple majority is elected.

The vote in the Assembly should take place no later than a month before the end of the incumbent president's term of office. The president serves for a five-year term, renewable once.

History and precursor
The first post-war president, who served until his death in January 2006, was Ibrahim Rugova. His successor was Fatmir Sejdiu. When Sejdiu resigned from his post on 27 September 2010, Jakup Krasniqi served as acting president. On 22 February 2011, Behgjet Pacolli was elected as a president of Kosovo, which was quickly evaluated as unconstitutional move. On 4 April 2011, Behgjet Pacolli stepped down and it was decided that another candidate would be elected to serve for up to a year. A constitutional reform will be undertaken to allow for a popular vote for the president in 2013. On 7 April 2011, Atifete Jahjaga, Deputy Director of the Kosovo Police, with the rank of major general, was elected as president.

Officeholders
Political parties:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan=2| No. ! rowspan=2| Portrait ! rowspan=2| Name (Birth–Death) ! colspan=3| Term of office ! rowspan=2| Political party ! rowspan=2| Election ! Took office ! Left office ! Time in office !colspan=8|

Republic of Kosova

!colspan=8|

UN-administered Kosovo

!colspan=8|

Republic of Kosovo

 * }

title: President of Kosovo


text:
1883 in rail transport

January events

 * January 10 – The Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central Railway enters bankruptcy and is sold at foreclosure.
 * January 12 – The second transcontinental railroad line in North America is completed as the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks from Los Angeles, California, meet the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio at the Pecos River. The golden spike is driven by Col. Tom Pierce, the GH&SA president.
 * January 29 – Narrow gauge Bridgton and Saco River Railroad opens to Bridgton, Maine.

February events

 * February – Central Pacific Railroad completes construction of the largest locomotive in the world for its time, El Gobernador.
 * February 23 – The Malta Railway, a metre gauge railway, opens between Valletta and Mdina.

March events

 * March 30 – Construction on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad reaches Salt Lake City, Utah.

May events

 * May 5 – Construction of the Swanage Railway in England begins.

June events

 * June 5 – The first Express d'Orient is operated between Paris and Vienna.

August events

 * August
 * The Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad enters receivership.
 * The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, later to become part of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, building westward from Albuquerque, New Mexico, reaches Needles, California.
 * August 4 – Volk's Electric Railway, the first of its kind in Britain, opens at Brighton.
 * August 11 – The California Southern Railroad receives a court order in its favor ordering the Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) to allow it to cross SP tracks at Colton, California.
 * August 18 – Construction on the Canadian Pacific Railway reaches Calgary, Alberta.

September events

 * September 5 – Narrow gauge Monson Railroad opens to Monson, Maine.
 * September 8 – Northern Pacific Railway completes its connection to the Pacific coast in Washington Territory with a final spike ceremony at Gold Creek, Montana.
 * September 13 – A month after a frog war with the Southern Pacific Railroad in Colton, California, the first California Southern Railroad train arrives in San Bernardino.
 * September 28 – Formal opening of first electrified section of Giant's Causeway Tramway in Ireland, utilising hydroelectricity.

October events

 * October 3–9 – Russian writer Ivan Turgenev's body is returned by train from Paris Gare du Nord to Saint Petersburg Varshavsky railway station with crowds turning out to honor him.
 * October 4 – The first ever Express d'Orient passenger train service leaves Paris for Constantinople (now Istanbul) in the Ottoman Empire (Turkey), by way of Munich, Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest, Giurgiu, then, with passengers crossing the Danube by boat, a second train from Rustchuk to Varna, and from there by boat Espero to Constantinople. The train is officially renamed Orient Express in 1891.
 * October 30 – Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London Underground.

November events

 * November 18 – Standard time zones introduced on American and Canadian railroads, as agreed by the General Time Convention.

December events

 * December 28 – Boston and Maine Railroad leases the Eastern Railroad in Massachusetts.

Unknown date events

 * The National Railway Appliance Exhibition is held in Chicago, Illinois.
 * William Henry Vanderbilt resigns from the presidency of the New York Central system and appoints his heirs to chairmanship positions in the system's constituent railroad companies. James H. Rutter succeeds Vanderbilt as president.
 * Franklin B. Gowen retires from the presidency of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad.
 * First electric railways in North America: experimental lines at Toronto International Exhibition and by Leo Daft in Newark, New Jersey.
 * Philip Armour founds Armour Refrigerator Line, as a subsidiary of his meatpacking firm Armour and Company, to operate refrigerator cars that will carry Armour meat products.
 * The Colorado Midland Railway is incorporated.
 * Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad fully acquires the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad.

January births

 * January 14 – William Valentine Wood, president of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1941-8 (d. 1959).

December births

 * December 27 – Cyrus S. Eaton, president of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in the 1950s (d. 1979).

January deaths

 * January 13 – Webster Wagner, founder of Wagner Palace Car Company, dies (b. 1817).

July deaths

 * July 23 – Ginery Twichell, president of the Boston and Worcester Railroad beginning in 1857, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1870–1873 (b. 1811).
 * July 24 – Thomas Swann, president of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 1847–1853, dies (b. 1809).

October deaths

 * October 4 – Henry Farnam, president of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad 1854–1863 (b. 1803).

Unknown date deaths

 * William Swinburne, American locomotive designer and builder (b. 1805).

title: 1883 in rail transport


text: Category:Serbian politicians

title: Category:Serbian politicians


text:
Simon Gjoni

Simon Gjoni (Shkodër, 1925–1991) was an Albanian conductor, and composer of many popular pieces for piano and orchestra.

Life
Simon Gjoni was born on October 28, 1925, in the city of Shkodër, Albania. He was educated in a rank and file urban family and graduated from the "Illyricum" High School of the city. Very soon he learned to play guitar, trombone, the piano and devoted himself with enthusiasm and passion to the art of music. In the years of his youth, he composed over 200 original songs, which were immediately sung in the city of Shkodër and were spread all over Albania, such as "Lule Bore" (Hortensia), "Syte e tu si drite" (English: Your Eyes Like Light), "Weaving girl".

He completed his studies over the years 1952–1958 in the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (Czechoslovakia). During the years 1956-1958 in the city of Prague, he conducted: Franz Schubert's Rosamunde, Edvard Grieg's Peer Gynt, Jiří Antonín Benda's Pygmalion, K. Dittersdorff "Concert symphony for violin and contrabass", and Franz Liszt's Les Preludes.

In 1958 he returned to Tirana, where he started teaching at the Artistic Lyceum of Tirana and later in 1961 was among the first lecturers in Academy of Music and Arts of Albania, where he prepared whole generations of musicians and artists, teaching the subjects of polyphony, orchestration, conducting, intonation and chamber music. In 1958, while being a teacher, he also worked for the National Theatre of Opera and Ballet of Albania, where he conducted many worldwide renowned works, which were interpreted for the first time in Albania. Such works were: Gaetano Donizetti's Don Pasquale, Ruggero Leoncavallo's Pagliacci, Gioachino Rossini's Barber of Seville, Tish Daija's Pranvera (The Spring), and two ballets (by Sergei Vasilenko's Lola, and Alexander Krein's Laurencia). Under his care and passion, he recorded many works of the Albanian composers: such as Çesk Zadeja, Pjetër Gaci, Nova, Tish Daija, Tonin Harapi, Pjetër Dungu, Grimci, Kono etc., and the music of some Albanian movies. In 1967, he conducted in China works by Albanian composers. Gjoni was also one of the founders of the Symphonic Orchestra of the Albanian Radio-Television. He worked persistently and with discipline for the establishment and growth of that group.

Gjoni's activity as a composer has passed through all genres from the song, romance, cantata, suite, ballads, works for piano, clarinet, violin and major orchestral works such as: Symphonic dances, Symphonic poems, Symphonic Suite up to Symphony in Mib. Gjoni was a composer with a noble inspiration and pathos, whose music flows freely. Critic of music and musicologist George Leotsakos, in his letter dated 22 December 1991 characterized him as follows: "Simon Gjoni was an excellent composer, a predestined creator, with a profound aesthetic and musical culture, but above all with a marvelous human personality, with a golden heart in harmony with his refined culture."

Likewise, in the field of musical critique, he has left numerous theoretical works, related to the Albanian musical art and his work "The Instruments and the Art of Orchestration".

Composer Çesk Zadeja wrote the following on Gjoni on Drita, an Albanian cultural periodical, dated 1 December 1991, right after Gjoni's death: The name of Simon Gjoni will remain graven in the pentagram of the Albanian music. The highest assessment for each creator is then when his work (his message) has its repercussion in the profundity of the time, increasing its values along as the time passes by. These features are attributed to the talented artist, composer, conductor, lecturer and musicologist Simon Gjoni.

Discography

 * Kenge, Albanian Piano Music, Vol. 1, Kirsten Johnson, piano, Guild GMCD 7257; includes Gjoni's Song of Bravery.
 * Rapsodi, Albanian Piano Music, Vol. 2, Kirsten Johnson, piano, Guild GMCD 7300; includes Gjoni's Prelude in E minor and Toccata.

title: Simon Gjoni


text:
Premium fare

A premium fare is a fare on a public transport service set at least ten percent above the fare normally applying on that route or offered by alternative service - companies or public bodies often using a slower or less commodious vehicle. A premium fare might be levied at times where traffic-levels would otherwise be unbearably high, for instance on summer Fridays or during rush hours, or on a clearly identifiable route where a timely arrival is perceived as particularly important (e.g. reaching a ferry terminal or airport for an onward link for which a high price has already been paid). If the fare level deters some passengers this might reduce vandalism and maintenance costs and minimise the dwell-time required at any intermediate stops between the most popular stops. Many premium fare operations are non-stop (light) railway links and they can therefore abstract considerable capacity from any railway line also used by slower (normally less glamorous) services.

Along congested transport corridors or inner suburbs with lower car ownership levels and typically lower traffic speeds, the adverse impact of fast trains upon other passenger train timetables or parking opportunities raises issues of social equity. Political parties differ widely on whether public transport operations should meet their costs or be viewed partly as a welfare service supporting broader aims of balancing development, life-chances and job opportunities across a city region. Premium fares can thus be viewed as socially divisive, although when applied only to short periods of a working-day they can improve levels of safety and comfort through enticing travellers to spread their journey times. That might have multiplier benefits on personal stress, crime levels and pollution incidence if managed with sensitivity to the public good (rather than simply in pursuance of an operator's profit motive).

Emphasizing the benefits of an off-peak zonal rover ticket at a lower fare than peak-period options over an identical route is one well-tried way of making premium peak-hour fares seem more acceptable, it is an instance of a clever marketing slant. Road tolls as introduced on turnpikes can also be varied by time of day, day of week, or season with identical motives. These can also be market-led or community-determined and might be accrued to repay loans secured by a firm or transport agency to enable the construction of a bridge, tunnel or high-grade section of road. Again the higher priced option has to be demonstrably better than any alternative route that can be freely driven (excluding running costs of the vehicle).

Wherever a fare is deliberately pitched lower than the norm, this is termed predatory pricing and can lead to antitrust action where regulators have some authority. It is a tactic used to achieve a more monopolistic position in a local 'marketplace', in plain language to squeeze-out an upstart operator, or possibly a well-established one perceived as rather complacent or vulnerable for other reasons (such as poorly remunerated staff).

title: Premium fare


text: User talk:70.25.122.197

title: User talk:70.25.122.197


text:
Sergey Voychenko

Sergey Voychenko (Сяргей Войчанка, Siarhiej Vojchanka; Серге́й Войченко) (15 November 1955 – 9 December 2004) was a Belarusian artist and designer known for his creative posters and photography art work together with his partner Vladimir Tsesler.

Sergey Voychenko was born in Mariupol, Ukraine but his family moved to Minsk, Belarus (where his family roots were) when he was four years old. In 1969 he enrolled in an art school where he studied art and sculpture, and in 1975 got accepted to the Belarusian Art Academy, the department of design, where he met his future co-author Vladimir Tsesler. He got his first award for posters in 1984 for a series of posters called "History of Minsk."

Voychenko and Tsesler exhibited at the State Russian Museum in 2000.

In autumn 2004, Voychenko had a heart bypass surgery, but died only two months later. One month before his death, Voychenko and Tsesler had another exhibition on Montmartre in Paris.

title: Sergey Voychenko


text:
Judy Rebick

Judy Rebick (born August 15, 1945) is a Canadian writer, journalist, political activist, and feminist.

Early life
Born in Reno, Nevada, Rebick and her family moved to Toronto when she was 9. She became a socialist activist in the 1970s, joining the Revolutionary Marxist Group. She was a member of its successor, the Revolutionary Workers League, and wrote articles for the RWL's newspaper, Socialist Voice, until she left the organization in the early 1980s.

1980s
Rebick first gained prominence in her role as spokesperson for the Ontario Coalition for Abortion Clinics, a pro-choice group, in the 1980s.

In 1983, when a man attacked Henry Morgentaler with garden shears outside of his Toronto abortion clinic, Rebick blocked the attack, and Morgentaler escaped unharmed. Augusto Dantas was charged with assault and with possession of a weapon dangerous to the public good.

She became active in the mid-1980s with an internal group within the Ontario New Democratic Party called the "Campaign for an Activist Party". Though the CAP generated a significant degree of grassroot support, it was opposed by the party establishment, including party leader Bob Rae, and failed. Rebick lost her bid to become party president, losing to Gillian Sandeman, 818 votes to 361. In the 1987 provincial election, she was the NDP's candidate in the suburban Toronto riding of Oriole, where she placed third with 16.7% of the vote, losing to the incumbent, Liberal cabinet minister Elinor Caplan.

Rebick also worked for The Canadian Hearing Society during the 1970s and 1980s as special projects director.

1990s
Rebick became a nationally known figure as president of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women from 1990 to 1993. She was the co-host of a prime time debate show called Face Off on CBC Newsworld from 1994–1998 and then a women's discussion show Straight From the Hip, until 2000. She was a regular commentator on CBC TV's Sunday Report and CBC Radio. She was during that time also a columnist with Elm Street, the London Free Press, and on CBC Online.

2000s
With Jim Stanford, Svend Robinson and Libby Davies, she helped lead the New Politics Initiative, a movement that worked both inside and outside the New Democratic Party to refocus it as an activist party. The NPI's platform was rejected at the 2001 NDP convention in Winnipeg. She initiated the wind down of the NPI in 2003, claiming that many of its ideals had been embraced by new party leader Jack Layton.

In 2005, she published Ten Thousand Roses: The Making of a Feminist Revolution, which covers feminists movements in Canada from the 1960s through the 1990s. She also published Transforming Power: From the Personal to the Political (2009). From 2002 to 2011 she served three consecutive terms as the Canadian Auto Workers–Sam Gindin Chair in Social Justice and Democracy at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) in Toronto, Ontario.

Rebick, who is Jewish, took part in protests against the State of Israel's military actions in the 2009 Gaza conflict.

2010–present
After the conclusion of the G20 summit in Toronto in June 2010, Rebick suggested that police did not adequately address the problem of Black Bloc protestors who caused property damage, stating at the time, "What they could have done is arrest the Black Bloc at the beginning before they had a chance to be part of the bigger crowd, and that's what they didn't do."

Rebick began visiting Occupy camps starting with Zuccotti Park in New York on October 16, 2011, after the movement had exploded in growth overnight and camps had been established in cities throughout the US and Canada. She began promoting the Occupy movement, and in March 2012 her book Occupy This was released by Penguin Canada.

Her memoir, Heroes in My Head, was released in 2018. The book formed part of the basis for Mike Hoolboom's documentary film Judy Versus Capitalism, which was released in 2020.

In March 2022, she was amongst 151 international feminists signing Feminist Resistance Against War: A Manifesto, in solidarity with the Feminist Anti-War Resistance initiated by Russian feminists after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

title: Judy Rebick


text:
1927 in rail transport

January events

 * January 1 - John J. Bernet succeeds Frederick D. Underwood as president of the Erie Railroad.

February events

 * February 14 - The Hull Paragon rail accident in England kills 12 people,

April events

 * April 1 - Odawara Express Railway Line, connecting to Shinjuku Station of Tokyo and Odawara Station, via Machida Station route officially completed in Japan.(as predecessor of Odakyu Line)
 * April 3 - Yosan Line, Takamatsu to Matsuyama route officially completed in Shikoku Island, Japan.

May events

 * May 15 - The Grand Trunk Western Railroad introduces the Maple Leaf passenger train between Chicago, Illinois and Montreal, Quebec.

June events

 * June 1
 * Turkish State Railways formed.
 * Aichi Electronic Railway Line, Atsuta Jingu-mae Station of Nagoya to Toyohashi Station route officially completed in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.(as predecessor of Meitetsu Nagoya Line)
 * June 29 - Great Western Railway (England) takes delivery of its first 'King' Class 4-6-0 express passenger steam locomotive from its Swindon Works, No. 6000 King George V.

July events

 * July 6 – Hebikubo Station (蛇窪駅), later renamed as Togoshi-kōen Station, in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, opens.
 * July 16 - Opening of Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway on the English Channel coast (8.25 mi of 15 in gauge).

August events

 * August 24 - The Sevenoaks railway accident in England kills 13.
 * August 25 - Detroit and Mackinac Railway officially abandons the section from Au Sable River Jct. to Comins and the Curran Branch between Hardy and Beavers.

September events

 * September 1 – The Trunk Line in Norway takes electric traction into use between Oslo and Lillestrøm.
 * September 24 – October 15 – Baltimore and Ohio Railroad celebrates its centennial in the Fair of the Iron Horse in Baltimore, Maryland.
 * September 27 – The G

October events

 * October 10 - First Maine Central Railroad train over Carlton Bridge ends rail ferry service across the Kennebec River at Bath, Maine.

December events

 * December 3 - Official opening of London Post Office Railway.
 * December 30 - The Ginza Line, the oldest subway line in Asia, opens in Tokyo, Japan between Asakusa and Ueno.

Unknown date events

 * Rail transport in Cameroon extended to Yaoundé.
 * American Locomotive Company builds first 4-6-4 tender locomotive, for the New York Central; also, the first 4-8-4, for the Northern Pacific Railroad.
 * American Car and Foundry acquires Shippers Car Line.
 * Narrow gauge Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad ends train service to the Rangeley Lakes House destination hotel.
 * First Dutch National Railway Museum established.

May deaths

 * May 23 - Henry Huntington, nephew of Collis P. Huntington and executive in charge of Pacific Electric Railway in the early part of the 20th century (born 1850).

October deaths

 * October 7 – Godfrey M. Hyams, financier for Deepwater Railway and Tidewater Railway, dies (b. 1859).
 * October 16 – David Macpherson, Canadian-born American civil engineer (b. 1854)

November deaths

 * November 17 - Charles Sanger Mellen, president of Northern Pacific Railway 1897-1903 and New Haven Railroad beginning in 1903, dies (born 1852).

title: 1927 in rail transport


text:
John St. John (American politician)

John Pierce St. John (February 25, 1833 - August 31, 1916) was an American politician who served as the eighth Governor of Kansas and later served as the Prohibition presidential nominee in 1884. Under his tenure as governor Kansas became the third state to enact a statewide prohibition of alcohol which would last until 1948 and remain in some form until 1987. After leaving elected office he maintained his position in the Prohibition party and remained active in the party's presidential politics and was a major figure in the party schism during the 1896 presidential election.

Early life
On February 25, 1833, John Pierce St. John was born in Brookville, Indiana, to Samuel St. John and Sophia Snell. In 1852, he became the conductor of an ox team which he led to California. During his time in California he fought against the Modoc Native Americans in California and Oregon. John was a congregationalist until the 1870s when he converted and became a Christian Scientist. From 1852 to 1859, he was married to Mary Jane Brewer and had one son until their divorce. On March 28, 1860, he married Susan J. Parker and later had two children with her.

Career
During the American Civil War he served as lieutenant colonel of the 143rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment in the Union Army from 1861 to 1864. At the end of the war he lived in Independence, Missouri until 1869 when he moved to Olathe, Kansas. From 1873 to 1874 he served in the Kansas Senate and was the Republican Governor of Kansas from 1879 to 1883.

He was the first governor of Kansas to have a formal inauguration ceremony. He was active in the temperance movement and successfully promoted a prohibition amendment to the state's constitution in 1881. St. John also helped create the Kansas Freedmen's Relief Association during the Great Exodus of African-Americans to Kansas in 1879. In 1879, the religious colony of Zion Valley was renamed to St. John in his honor to gain favor in winning the county seat of Stafford County. In 1882, he ran for reelection to a third term, but was defeated by George Washington Glick with 83,232 votes to 75,158 votes.

Presidential
He was the Prohibition Party candidate for President of the United States in the 1884 election. On October 2, 1884, he was nearly shot, with the bullet hitting the window next to him. He received 147,482 votes for 1.5% of the popular vote on a ticket with William Daniel which was an increase of 137,118 votes from Neal Dow's results in 1880 due to support from Frances Willard and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. He was blamed for James G. Blaine's defeat and on November 27, 1884, an effigy of him was burned in Topeka, Kansas in front of a crowd of three thousand people.

He was made chairman of the 1888 Prohibition national convention and oversaw the writing of the party's platform. He declined to seek the Prohibition Party's presidential nomination for the 1892 presidential election and instead nominated John Bidwell who went on to win the nomination and was named as the temporary chairman of the convention. At the 1896 Prohibition convention he supported the broad gauger faction that wanted to add women's suffrage and free silver to the party's platform, but after the narrow gauger faction successfully defeated those attempts John, Charles Eugene Bentley, and Helen M. Gougar led a walkout of the broad gaugers and created the breakaway National Party and nominated a rival ticket with Bentley as president and James H. Southgate as vice president. Following the 1896 election he became disillusioned with party and joined the People's Party although he would later return to the Prohibition party.

Later life
On December 3, 1887, he, with a group of followers, bought 10,000 acres of land in Newhall, California, to create a dry community. In 1912, he toured Kansas in support of women's suffrage. On June 20, 1916, he suffered from heat exhaustion, but was able to recover enough to attend the 1916 Prohibition national convention in July. St. John died after suffering heat exhaustion on August 31, 1916, in Olathe, Kansas. His funeral was attended by Governor Arthur Capper, former Governor George H. Hodges, and Herman P. Faris who served as the Prohibition Party's representative.

title: John St. John (American politician)


text:
John P. St. John

John P. St. John may refer to:

 * John St. John (American politician) (John Pierce St. John, 1833–1916), Governor of Kansas
 * John P. St. John (police officer) (1918–1995), Los Angeles Police Department homicide detective

title: John P. St. John


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Misfit mormon

Misfit mormon
Keep It's not hurting anything by being there [[User:GregNorc| GregNorc  ( talk )G| ]]
 * It's a website. And a blog. And they've got a logo. Looks like self-publicity to me. -- Karada 00:45, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Only 507 Google hits, and most of those are from their website and/or blogs... P Ingerson 01:48, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising with minimal text and no discussion. Geogre 01:50, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete [[User:Mo0|Mo0 [ talk ] ]] 05:02, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. What is this, like a Mormon gang? Katefan0 19:50, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * del.Mikkalai 08:54, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, redundant. The Mormon religion was a well documented "misfit" for most of the 19th century, perhaps this is a hearkening back to the days before it was mainstreamed... Fire Star 23:27, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe Herbie the dentist elf should join. --Christofurio 00:31, Dec 14, 2004 (UTC) (No vote, I just had to suggest that).
 * Delete - Nothing useful (Christofurio that Herbie crack is pretty funny)  --PresbyPaul 02:05, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - Non-notable group. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 02:35, Dec 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete - no useful information, Mormon religion already well documented in wikipedia --24.206.127.180 04:19, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete Useless --Catullus 08:59, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Perhaps put it into the main Mormon page? --YixilTesiphon