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Cumulus Media

Cumulus Media, Inc., is a broadcasting company of the United States and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States ahead of Audacy and behind iHeartMedia. As of June 2019, Cumulus lists ownership of 428 stations in 87 media markets. It also owns and operates Westwood One. Its headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia. Its subsidiaries include Cumulus Broadcasting LLC, Cumulus Licensing LLC and Broadcast Software International Inc.

Origins
Cumulus Media was established in August 1998 by radio consultant Lewis Dickey Jr. and media and technology entrepreneur Richard Weening. The Telecommunications Act of 1996, among other legislation, relaxed media ownership restrictions, allowing a single owner to possess or control an unprecedented number of radio stations per market and nationwide. Dickey, then a nationally known radio programming consultant, was acting as a consultant to a small radio group in which Weening had a personal investment. Weening signed onto Dickey's idea to acquire and operate radio stations in mid-size markets as opposed to the largest markets on which competing radio group Clear Channel Communications was focusing. Dickey was the radio expert and Weening was the corporate finance and start-up CEO. Dickey was president of both radio consulting firm Stratford Research and his family company, Midwestern Broadcasting, with two stations in Toledo, Ohio; these stations would later be acquired by Cumulus. Weening had successful experience as a start-up CEO in book and magazine publishing, online services and enterprise software systems. He was then CEO of Quaestus & Co., Inc., a private equity firm specializing in media and technology startups. For the new radio company, Weening chose the name Cumulus for the type of cloud formation for their ubiquity in the sky, which Weening and Dickey hoped would be the same for their stations across the country. Quaestus provided the seed capital to make the first station acquisitions as a model for the Cumulus business strategy.

The next significant milestone was obtaining a $50 million investment from the State of Wisconsin Investment Board (SWIB), which previously invested in Weening's magazine publishing company. With this capital in place, Cumulus began full-scale operations on May 22, 1997. Weening assumed the role of Executive chairman focusing on acquisitions deal structuring, corporate finance, and internet from the company's original headquarters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Dickey selected stations to buy and oversaw radio programming, operations and strategy as Executive vice-chairman. Dickey brought in highly regarded radio operator William Bungeroth to serve as President of Cumulus Broadcasting from new offices in Chicago's Hancock Center. Having a reputation as an advertising sales leader, Bungeroth oversaw market-level tactical execution, including the integration of newly acquired stations into market operating units. John Dickey, brother of Lewis and himself an experienced radio programming consultant. would oversee station content.

SWIB's investment was soon followed by another $50 million from Wisconsin-based Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company and $25 million from NationsBank Capital Corporation. With this financial backing secured, Dickey and Weening began acquiring radio stations yet managed to stay "under the radar", not attracting much notice or competition. In its first 12 months in operation, Cumulus acquired over 100 stations in 31 markets. Soon it was clear that the company would need over a billion dollars for its desired acquisitions, and an initial public offering of stock was soon made.

The Cumulus strategy, as articulated in public filings, was to acquire multiple stations in a city or market, consolidate them physically to share a common infrastructure to reduce operating expenses but enrich programming. Each station would be programmed with a unique music format, live programming, brand, and target audience. The central idea was to create a cluster of radio stations that could compete with newspapers by offering advertisers a range of target demographic choices comparable to the range of content sections in print. At the time of Cumulus' founding, newspaper display and classified advertising claimed the largest share of local advertising dollars. By offering a range of audiences like newspapers, Cumulus could gain a greater share of the local advertising dollar than the individual stations could garner separately. In addition, acquiring the top-performing stations in a given market as part of the operating cluster would yield more national advertising. The market focus would be on those deemed to offer substantial growth opportunities, while the station focus was the leading station in the market and other stations well-positioned for significant growth.

Initial public offering and accelerating acquisitions
Cumulus became a publicly traded company on June 26, 1998. The company raised $400 million selling 7.6 million common shares at $14.00 each, $125 million in preferred stock, and $160 million in Senior Subordinated Bonds. At that time Cumulus owned or was committed to buy 176 stations – 124 FM stations and 52 am stations in 34 U.S. markets. In its first 17 months, Cumulus acquired 207 stations, creating the first mid-size market radio conglomerate. Following the company's IPO, its stock fell from $14 to $8 per share on October 2, 1998 before beginning a climb to close 1999 at $50.75. Some radio executives familiar with small markets thought that Cumulus was overpaying to buy top stations in markets that did not have a great upside potential.

For 1998, Cumulus reported revenue of $98.8 million, with broadcast cash flow of $26.6 million. Its cash-flow margin reached 27 percent. For 1999, Cumulus reported $180 million in revenue and $46.7 million broadcast cash flow.

On November 19, 1999, Cumulus sold an additional 10 million shares at $24.93, raising $250 million. Acquisitions continued at an accelerating pace. At this point, the company owned or operated pending closing 246 stations in 45 markets. In a period of two years and six months, Cumulus became the second largest U.S. broadcasting group in terms of stations operated. It also raised a staggering $1.3 billion when considering sales of common and preferred stock shares, senior bank lines of credit, and senior subordinated debt or junk bonds which when issued were rated CCC+.

The stock market acknowledged the remarkable growth with a share price that rose to a high of $51.00 on December 31, 1999.

Challenges in 2000
Cumulus was a part-time participant in the euphoria of the dot-com bubble and was impacted by the hysteria that followed its burst. The reasons included very rapid growth and skyrocketing share price which in the euphoria period fed on itself. The hysteria which followed was driven by both the absence of earnings and rumors which suggested the rapid growth might be false.

The first quarter of 2000 proved to be troubling at Cumulus. A perfect storm of events drove the company's share price from $50 to $13 between January 1 and March 17 when over 30 million shares traded hands. Driving the decline was persistent rumours of possible accounting irregularities in the rapidly assembled radio group. On January 14 respected Wall Street analyst Frank Bodenchak advised institutional clients that Cumulus may miss his estimates for Q4 1999 and the year. A combination of the possible earnings miss and the rumours of accounting problems created a significant loss of investor confidence.

On March 17, Cumulus reported a loss of $0.20 per share vs $0.15 per share expectation. Broadcast cash flow was $12.3 million vs estimates around $17 million. In addition the Company reported that company CFO Rick Bonick had left earlier in January. It was not officially announced a fact that CNN Money says "roiled the already active rumour mill about accounting irregularities. The company also reported it would restate quarterly revenues in 1999 as some markets did not comply with Cumulus' revenue recognition policies and booked some advertising contracts for their full value rather than recognizing revenue as the ads aired. As a result, class-action lawsuits were filed against Cumulus charging the company with artificially inflating revenue and profit in 1999. PricewaterhouseCoopers, the company's auditors resigned in April citing material weaknesses in the Cumulus' financial controls arising from the possible revenue restatements.

Meanwhile, Dickey had taken over day-to-day station operations from Bungeroth who resigned in mid January.

During this same period Weening got into a dispute with the SEC over his proposal to reverse some of his and Dickey's 1999 compensation to help offset the earnings miss. While the proposal was never implemented, the SEC maintained it would have amounted to earnings management and was therefore an infraction. Weening finally agreed to pay a fine of $75,000 without conceding wrongdoing to settle the matter in 2003.

As the dust began to settle in April 2000 the company issued revised annual 10K reports for 1998 and 1999 that showed minor variations in quarterly revenue and adjusted net loss for 1999 from $20.8 million to $13.6 million and net loss for 1998 was restated from $13.7 million to $8 million, after the company found a $4.9 million tax benefit that had been under-reported. The restatement as it turns out had no material impact on the financials but in the context of the dot-com bust hysteria rumours of accounting irregularities drove a significant decrease in share price which threatened the company's ability to finance pending acquisitions.

Internet debate
Since November 1998 the company had been developing an internet platform for classified employment advertising. The new system would operate in tandem with the radio station cluster in each market and offer employers the chance to post available positions on the web and promote their company and the position on the radio stations. At the time of the dot-com bust the system was in beta test in two markets. One of the short-lived but important impacts of the dot-com bubble burst was a loss of confidence that the promise of the internet would ever happen. Many professional radio people like Dickey were skeptical and believed the best course for Cumulus was to focus on the radio strategy and drop the internet projects. Weening who had started a Silicon Valley e-commerce software company in the early 1990s had conceived and was overseeing development of the employment platform. Weening advocated for continuance of the project as a key potential source of revenue with a service that would be unique among radio companies. Ultimately, the board backed Dickey not Weening and the Internet project was scrapped.

Changing of the guard
According to interviews with two former members of the Cumulus board, Lew Dickey and his brother John convinced the board to let them run the company. Dickey, whose family had just sold an Atlanta station for a reported $250 million, offered to invest in Cumulus if needed to close pending acquisitions. The board was concerned about the restatement of revenues and the shareholder lawsuits. This is consistent with reports in a radio industry newsletter which reported that it was a widely held belief in the Radio industry was that the Dickey brothers orchestrated events that lead to the board's decision not to back the Internet project, placing Dickey at the helm of Cumulus, moving the Cumulus headquarters from Milwaukee to Atlanta and to Weening's ultimate resignation as an employee and director in January 2001. According to public filings Weening, QUAESTUS management company and other Weening related interests sold their interests in Cumulus a year later in May 2002 at prices ranging from $17 to $21.50 per share not The $55 high but considerably higher than share prices after their sale.

The new CEO of Cumulus Media, as of September 2015 is Mary G Berner.

In April 2016, Talk Radio Network filed a lawsuit against Cumulus Media and associated defendants, alleging "antitrust violations, unfair competition, breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty, among other claims", similar to a lawsuit launched in 2012 and dropped in 2014 by the same plaintiff. In June 2016, Cumulus Media and Westwood One moved to have the new suit dismissed.

In June 2016, Cumulus Media announced the resignation of its executive vice president, treasurer and chief financial officer, Joseph P. Hannan, to "pursue other interests" after six years with the company, to be replaced by John F. Abbot. It had previously been reported in April 2016 that Cumulus was "going to great lengths to keep two of its executives on board" and that Hannan had been offered "a big bonus to stay" as incentive to remain with the company. In October 2016, it was announced Hannan had taken the role of chief financial officer at programmatic advertising company, Social Reality, Inc. [NASDAQ: SRAX]. Per SEC filings, Hannan would also "assist the company for several months to ensure a smooth transition". Noble Financial Analyst Michael Kupinski was reported to say that the resignation of CFO JP Hannan for John Abbot was "not a good sign" for the company and as a result of the change, a restructuring was likely.

Chapter 11 bankruptcy
On November 29, 2017, Cumulus filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy as part of a restructuring of the company. Cumulus exited bankruptcy on June 4, 2018.

Response to 2020 election fraud claims
On January 6, 2021, in response to attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election and the U.S. Capitol attack, Cumulus Media executives directed its on-air personalities to stop spreading misinformation about unsubstantiated claims of Biden stealing the election or face termination.

Current

 * Board of directors

 * Andy Hobson (Chairman of the Board)
 * Mary Berner (President & CEO)
 * Matthew Blank (Board Member)
 * Tom Castro (Board Member)
 * Deborah Farrington (Board Member)
 * Joan Gillman (Board Member)
 * Brian Kushner (Board Member)

 * Executive leadership

 * Mary Berner (President & CEO)
 * Richard Denning (EVP, Secretary & General Counsel)
 * Frank Lopez-Balboa (EVP, Chief Financial Officer)

Chairman, president and chief executive officer
By May 2002 the share price recovered to above the IPO price to a short-lived high of $22 on May 31, 2002. Dickey garnered some strong partners in the form of Bain Capital and Crestview partners who helped finance a series of ambitious acquisitions and partnerships which were creative, made Cumulus a significantly larger company but these acquisitions and Cumulus itself have struggled in the face of slow to no radio ad growth. (another researcher is working on this section)

In 2006, Cumulus acquired control of Susquehanna Radio, with the backing of 3 venture capital firms (Bain Capital Partners LLC, The Blackstone Group and Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P.) for a price of $1.2 Billion. The 33 Susquehanna stations were privately held in a separate partnership called Cumulus Media Partners, LLC (commonly referred to as CMP on the company's quarterly earnings calls) that was the subject of an equity-for-debt swap in May 2009 in an attempt to avoid defaulting on the terms of the CMP lending agreement. While Cumulus operated the CMP stations, they initially held only a minor ownership interest in them. On January 31, 2011, Cumulus announced a deal to acquire the remaining ownership of CMP from its equity partners in a stock transaction valued at approximately $740 million that is closed in August 2011. As a result of the CMP acquisition, Cumulus now owns a limited-partnership interest in San Francisco Baseball Associates LP, the owner of the San Francisco Giants baseball club.

In July 2010, Cumulus publicly announced formation of a similar venture with Crestview Partners to acquire up to $1 billion of additional radio assets.

In July 2007, the company announced its intention to "go private", however on May 11, 2008, the company announced it was unable to come to terms with the parties involved and the merger/acquisition agreement was terminated.

Like most major American radio station owners, Cumulus has been forced to write down the value of its radio station licenses, resulting in large non-cash losses – $498.9 million in 2008, $230.6 million in 2007, and $63.4 million in 2006.

The company's stock, priced over $56 in 1999, then over $22 in 2004, was as low as $0.45 per share toward the end of 2008.

Acquisition of Citadel Broadcasting and Dial Global
Starting in June 2010, Cumulus made multiple unsuccessful offers to buy out Citadel Broadcasting after its emergence from bankruptcy. In February 2011, Cumulus was again said to be in "exclusive negotiations" to acquire Citadel for $2.5 billion paid to Citadel shareholders, according to CNBC. Some Citadel shareholders were said to have been pushing the board to consider a sale. On March 10, 2011, Citadel Broadcasting stations announced via email that Cumulus had purchased Citadel Broadcasting. Citadel was made up of 225 radio stations in over 50 markets, as well as Citadel Media, one of the largest radio networks in the United States; it included the stations that made up the former ABC Radio group (like flagship stations KABC-AM, WLS-AM and WABC-AM). The deal was finalized on September 16, 2011, after acceptance by the FCC and Citadel's shareholders. As part of the deal, Cumulus Media will have to place 14 stations into a separate trust to comply with ownership limits. Following the acquisition, in an effort to focus on larger markets, Cumulus reached a deal with Townsquare Media to swap 65 radio stations in 13 markets, with the majority of the 65 stations being sold to Townsquare.

On August 29, 2013, it was reported by The Wall Street Journal that Cumulus would purchase the syndicator Dial Global for $260 million. To fund the sale, Cumulus, sold 53 more stations to Townsquare Media for $238 million, in markets such as Danbury, CT, Rockford, IL, Cedar Rapids, IA, Quad Cities IA/IL, Waterloo, IA, Portland, ME, Battle Creek, MI, Kalamazoo, MI, Lansing, MI, Faribault, MN, Rochester, MN, and Portsmouth, NH. Additionally, Townsquare Media acquired Peak Broadcasting, and Cumulus swapped 15 more stations in Dubuque, IA and Poughkeepsie, NY in exchange for Peak Broadcasting's Fresno cluster. The sale to Cumulus was completed on November 14, 2013.

Launch of Nash, CNN partnership, and Rdio/iHeartRadio partnerships
On January 11, 2013, after acquiring the station from Family Radio, Cumulus re-launched WFME in New York City as a country music station under its new Nash FM brand. Nash was designed to serve as an umbrella brand for all country music-related content across the company's properties, including radio, digital, and live events such as the "Nash Bash". All country stations owned by Cumulus would either be branded as Nash FM, or be strongly cross-promoted as part of the Nash family of properties.

In July 2014, Cumulus announced that it would end its partnership with ABC News Radio, and enter into a new partnership with CNN to syndicate news content for its stations through Westwood One beginning in 2015. The network will provide its content on a white label basis, allowing individual stations to use their own brands for the content. In turn, ABC announced that it would take the syndication of its radio content in-house, with distribution handled by Skyview Networks.

On September 15, 2013, Cumulus announced that it had entered into a partnership with music streaming service Rdio; Cumulus took a stake in Rdio, and provided the company with access to its advertising sales team for a freemium tier, the ability to offer Cumulus radio stations on the Rdio service, and $75 million in marketing on Cumulus stations over five years. The stations launched on Rdio in August 2015; prior to the deal, Cumulus partnered with the competing iHeartRadio service. However, in November 2015, Rdio filed for bankruptcy and sold its assets to Pandora Radio.

COVID-19 vaccine mandate controversy
On August 11, 2021, Cumulus Media CEO Mary Berner announced a company wide COVID-19 vaccine mandate. She stated that employees must be fully vaccinated by September 27, 2021. Unvaccinated employees had their employment terminated on October 11, 2021. Terminated employees were denied unemployment benefits.

It was reported that most exemption claims were being rejected. The rejections were reported to use boilerplate messages.

In December 2021, political commentator, radio show host, and author Dan Bongino, who has railed against a COVID-19 vaccine mandate, volunteered in an interview with The New Yorker and said that he was vaccinated against COVID-19 upon advice of his doctor. He threatened to quit over the mandate.

On May 9, 2023, former News/Talk 98.9 WKIM Memphis morning show co-host Bob Boccia, who has Crohn's disease, sued Cumulus Media after failing to accommodate his medical condition and religious beliefs. His suit details violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as well as breach of contract. He is the first former Cumulus employee to sue the company for its vaccine mandate.

On December 1, 2023, former 107.5 The Game in South Carolina sports talk radio host Tim Hill filed a civil rights lawsuit against Cumulus for firing him back in 2021 over their vaccine mandate. Hill is claiming a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, making him the second former Cumulus host to sue the company over this vaccine mandate.

401(k) Lawsuit
On February 15, 2023, Cumulus Media paid "$1 million to settle a lawsuit filed by seven former employees who said the fee practices and investment selections of the company's 401(k) plan violated ERISA".

FCC actions
On December 30, 2008, Cumulus Media was issued a $14,000 Notice of Apparent Liability by the Federal Communications Commission related to the stations in the Macon, Georgia, cluster. According to the FCC, Cumulus failed to comply with record-keeping requirements and its Equal Employment Opportunity rules regarding information on recruitment sources. Cumulus, along with two other companies, had 30 days to pay or file a statement asking for reduction or cancellation of the forfeitures.

In January 2016, the Federal Communications Commission's Enforcement Bureau reached a "record-setting" $540,000 settlement with Cumulus over sponsorship identification in radio ads promoting a proposed energy project, reported to be the largest payment in FCC history for a single-station violation of the Commission's sponsorship ID laws. In August 2019, the FCC proposed Cumulus Media pay another $233,000 fine for additional violations of its sponsorship identification rules and not reporting them to the FCC after agreeing to do so under its 2016 consent decree.

Restatements
On March 17, 2000, the company was forced to restate revenue and broadcast cash flow for three-quarters of 1999 after discovering that some of its sales force had prematurely booked revenue to meet sales goals.

On November 8, 2005, the company decided to amend and restate its results for the second quarter of 2005.

title: Cumulus Media


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Edit Summary Request
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preciso do seu e-mail. me retorne na ptwiki. Quintinense (talk) 03:32, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Raul Togni Neto

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2015 Pan American Games
Hi there. I noticed you added "" to the article. I'm not sure what the edit did besides add the number "126" next to Brazil. Thanks. Magnolia677 (talk) 17:50, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, thanks. But the "126" is without context.  Can it be removed?  Or, should something be added like "this random number 126 means..."  Thanks again.  Magnolia677 (talk) 18:00, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

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Brazil at the 2015 Pan American Games
Hi, can you please follow the format on the Canada at the 2015 Pan American Games page when editing Brazil (and other countries) pages. Thanks! Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 22:58, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * For athletes competing in the same event, you just need to list the event once. There are other examples, if you notice a difference... Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 01:54, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I am following the rules of WP:Olympics MOS guidelines, which is why I said that. Thanks! Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 02:03, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Sorry I must have been reading something else. I think those === are needed only when posting for disciplines with own articles (diving for ex.) But for cycling we can also remove them since they are all in one article. Also for team sport rosters there will be templates for each of them. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 02:37, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

June 2015
I noticed that you have posted comments to the page User talk:Jonas kam in a language other than English. When on the English-language Wikipedia, please always use English, no matter to whom you address your comments. This is so that comments may be comprehensible to the community at large. If the use of another language is unavoidable, please provide a translation of the comments. For more details, see Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines. Thank you. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 02:59, 15 June 2015 (UTC) There is currently a discussion at Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents regarding an issue with which you may have been involved. Thank you. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 03:05, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

Water polo at the 2015 Pan American Games
Hi ,

I’m the GreenGiant23. I created and updated many 2015 Pan American Games including these ones: Water polo at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's tournament and Water polo at the 2015 Pan American Games – Women's tournament. I’m trying to reach a consensus (Consensus) with you: are we choosing to use templates for the standings or are we deciding to update it manually w/o templates? If we decide to go with templates, we should does it with both pools and not only with pool with your favorite team (Brazil). Let’s collaborate together to improve the 2015 Pan An Games pages and do the best job with it, regardless of the nationality.

Best regards, TheGreenGiant23 (talk) 22:30, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, then you should do it with the other too and at the same time. Concerning easiness with the templates, I disagree, it not just creating useless templates once they are finished, but it’s became much harder to find them and updating them. When you have 1 article on 1 page, it takes far less time and you can watch and supervise only 1 page not thousands. Let's have a consensus (Consensus) here. TheGreenGiant23 (talk) 01:03, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

 * A consensus its when 2 people with opposite mind reach an agreement, of the contrary of what you just did. There is no such templates in any other majors games such as Olympics or World Championships. So, I don’t know why we should just doing that here, knowing that other didn’t thinks it was necessary to do it for more important and complex competitions. I try to find the good faith in your argumentation. TheGreenGiant23 (talk) 02:12, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

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2015 Pan American Games men's rugby sevens game B2 listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 2015 Pan American Games men&. Since you had some involvement with the 2015 Pan American Games men's rugby sevens game B2 redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Stefan2 (talk) 11:36, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

2015 Pan American Games women's water polo game B1 listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 2015 Pan American Games women&. Since you had some involvement with the 2015 Pan American Games women's water polo game B1 redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Stefan2 (talk) 17:14, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

2015 Pan American Games men's rugby sevens game B3 listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 2015 Pan American Games men&. Since you had some involvement with the 2015 Pan American Games men's rugby sevens game B3 redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Stefan2 (talk) 17:15, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Pool B Men's Rugby sevens at the 2015 Pan American Games
Template:Pool B Men's Rugby sevens at the 2015 Pan American Games has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Frietjes (talk) 13:53, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

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Ionosonde Juliusruh

The Ionosonde Juliusruh is a facility of the institute for atmospheric physics near Juliusruh in northeastern Germany for sounding the ionosphere with radar systems in the short wave range (frequencies between 1 MHz and 30 MHz). The landmark of the station is a 70 metre high grounded free standing steel framework tower, which was built in 1960/61 and which carries a cage aerial for the transmitter of the ionosonde.

title: Ionosonde Juliusruh


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User talk:Keane4

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

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[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:20, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

Richard Cromwell (actor)
Saw your revision to Richard Cromwell (actor), thanks for your contributions, and thanks for using the edit summary box. I saw the source material cited in the edit box.

Whenever you have a source for your material (which should be as frequently as possible) please add a reference to the bottom of the article page. Even if you don't know the proper style for citing your sources, please add them to the main article anyway, and err on the side of providing too much information. Others can help reformat them to proper style. -- Un focused  16:16, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

I came across a page in the Filmbug forum in which someone posting as Joan Radabaugh, and claiming to be Richard Cromwell's niece, says that his father's name was actually Ralph R. Radabaugh, not Hobart Radabaugh. She was responding to this article there, which I'd guess was either written by you or was copied and pasted from the article here at Wikipedia. I'm curious. Is this Joan Radabaugh who she claims to be? I was about to edit the WP article to change Hobart to Ralph R. when I checked the talk page and found that the article had been written largely by another person claiming to be a relative. I guess I'll leave it to you two to sort it all out, though. Whyaduck 13:09, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Hi Whyaduck. Thanks for letting me know about the Filmbug discussion. Yes, Joan Radabaugh is in fact whom she claims to be, though I have never met her within the family: my 2nd cousin Dan Putnam (Cromwell's nephew) has mentioned her over the years. I will attempt to get in touch with her. In fact, I just posted this blurb on Filmbug, so stay tuned. . . (Thanks again, Bill Keane). <<>> ''Hi Joan Radabaugh--My name is Bill Keane and I hope this message reaches you as we are 2nd or 3rd cousins, once or twice removed. I'm the guy that wrote most of that Wikipedia article which appears reprinted in Filmbug. I know our mutual cousin Dan Putnam, and met Opal Radabaugh Putnam (your aunt?) many times over the years. I will reference the changes you mentioned, though Dan never said anything and I've sent him copies of the article many times. I, like Dan, and probably like you, have a treasure trove of "Cousin Roy"/Richard Cromwell memorabilia gathered from my Stocking relatives on my mom, Sally's side. (Sally met Roy on several occasions when she was growing up and my late, great-aunt Marguerite Stocking Buttrey was a very close friend of his). In fact, I've even corresponded with Angela Lansbury over the years about Cromwell. Please e-mail me at: keane4@mindspring.com. Thanks regards, Bill K.'' Keane4 10:28 a.m (P.S.T), 10 January 2007

Interested in an L.A.-area Wiki meetup?
It appears as though L.A. has never had a Wiki meetup. Would you be interested in attending such an event? If so, checkout User:Eric Shalov/Wikimeetup.

- Eric 21:36, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tyrone Power
Hi you really need to be able to cite a reputable written source for the bi category on Tyrone Thanks Arnie587 14:38, 6 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi you can find a bit via google on this link various claims are made about relationships with Howard Hughes, Errol Flynn, Cary Grant etc. a lot of it seems to come from a book by Hector Arce "The secret life of Tyrone Power" which is slated on Amazon.com for lack of identified sources. I just wonder whether people may have said things against him because they had a grudge or were jealous... Cheers Arniep 00:30, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Deborah Kerr
Hello, has the Michael Russnow interview with Deborah Kerr that you refer to in your updates to her page been published anywhere? SteveCrook 03:12, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

What's My Line List
I really don't think the list belongs in the article. The list is a) incomplete b) long and intrusive in the article and c) belongs in its own article (like the list of mystery guests article)

You're absolutely right. The list and the show was like a who's who of the 50s and 60s. But it's an article on What's My Line. Not 60's celebrities. Unless there's some reason I'm overlooking, I think it should be reverted until someone can make a complete list (or even an incomplete list to build on) in a seperate article TheHYPO 01:15, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Alan Freed TV
Keane4: Would you please list a reference for the material you just inserted? Thanks Steve Pastor 00:16, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

A tag has been placed on Arthur Hill Gilbert, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself. If you plan to expand the article, you can request that administrators wait a while for you to add contextual material. To do this, affix the template   to the page and state your intention on the article's talk page. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

A tag has been placed on Arthur Hill Gilbert, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you feel that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion. To do this, add  on the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag) and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this.

Arthur Hill Gilbert
Bill Keane responds: Yes, I'm a little rusty, but am working on this article. Stay tuned. (and I welcome your feedback here, etc.) Thanks, --keane4 22:19, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Hi there; did you intend to write more in this article? I ask because it has so far attracted two speedy deletion tags, and will surely go unless it has some work done quickly. If you want to create a page but do not have time to finish it, may I suggest that you create it either in your sandbox or in a sub-page (WP:SUBPAGE), and move it into the article-space when it's done?--Anthony.bradbury 22:15, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Good article now; well done. I'm glad I didn't delete it!--Anthony.bradbury 09:54, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Richardcromwell.DVDcover.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Richardcromwell.DVDcover.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Also a relative
I have been doing genealogy research on my family and LeRoy Radabaugh (Richard Cromwell) is my great uncle. I would love to connect with Keane4 to connect with family. my email is tazdell@netzero.net. Thank you —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alisadellinger (talk • contribs) 04:28, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Richard Cromwell, circa '33 (from Bill Keane collection).jpg
-

Bill Keane responds:

To whom it may concern, please note... Regarding Image: "Richard_Cromwell,_circa_'33_(from_Bill_Keane_collection).jpg" This is an 8x10 glossy personally given by Richard Cromwell (actor), aka Roy Radebaugh, to his cousins and my late grandparents: Lowell ("Socks") & Ethel Stocking of Santa Monica, CA, circa 1933. I have owned this photo for 15 years upon inheritance from my late grandparents. Thanks for not deleting it as there are clearly no copywrite issues as it is from my personal collection.

Please feel free to edit this page to be more in compliance with my obvious wished to have this photo, a personal possession of mine, to be perpetually included on Wikipedia, and anywhere else on the web going forward. My intent is to upload the photo to the Richard Cromwell (actor) article, and not have it unnecessarily deleted. My only request is that if the photo is used elsewhere in the future, then it be properly attributed to my personal collection. Thanks very much for your assistance in properly conveying my wishes.

Much obliged, Bill Keane,aka Keane4, Conejo Valley, CA. 08/31/08, Wikipedia article contributor since 2004/2005 keane4 (talk) 23:45, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

-

Thanks for uploading Image:Richard Cromwell, circa '33 (from Bill Keane collection).jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. Even if you created the image yourself, you still need to release it so Wikipedia can use it. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you made this image yourself, you can use copyright tags like PD-self (to release all rights), (to require that you be credited), or any tag here - just go to the image, click edit, and add one of those. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by STBotI. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 22:36, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Image discussion at article 17 Mile Drive
A discussion is underway about images on an article you have contributed to. Please help find a consensus for the article stub at: Talk:17-Mile Drive.--Amadscientist (talk) 05:49, 13 July 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Eunice Murray for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Eunice Murray is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Eunice Murray until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Orange Mike |  Talk  22:45, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:50, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Keane4


text:
Talk:Dennis Prager

Alma mater
GuardianH and Hipal, regarding the recent edits and reverts, is there a Wikipedia policy or guideline about whether or how a college can be listed as an alma mater in a box when the subject did not receive a degree? Llll5032 (talk) 16:57, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I've always taken it to mean that you have a degree from that school. However our articles on Alma_mater and alumni both support that it includes people who didn't get a degree.  I'm not sure where I stand on inclusion.  My primary concern would be people like me who would assume inclusion=graduation.  I also don't like the implication of "failed out" that some might read into the lack of a diploma.  I know that is not always the case (Bill Gates). Springee (talk) 17:39, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Infoboxes are meant to highlight aspects of notability. It's problematic to provide anything beyond basic information that's not tied to notability. --Hipal (talk) 22:06, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * His educational background is tied with his notability, hence why it's included. He attended classes at both institutions, so it only makes sense to place though institutions in the alma mater parameter, given that Leeds and Columbia were Prager's last-attended higher education institution. They should be restored for now as a WP:PRESERVE. GuardianH (talk) 23:51, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Would the WP:PRESERVE option be to return to the status quo box wording as of August 4 and before? Llll5032 (talk) 00:11, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * That could work. I would opt to remove the (no degree) distinctions to avoid unnecessary clutter and do it by simple omission. GuardianH (talk) 01:45, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * His educational background is tied with his notability Howso? --Hipal (talk) 03:13, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Same reason why we put educational backgrounds and degrees attained for most persons: academic training is formative. Being a talk show host and conservative icon, Prager is no different. Since the alma_mater parameter for the linked name of the last-attended institution of higher education is satisfied in this case, it's due for inclusion. If you disagree, we might consider putting it in the education parameter instead if very little information is available or relevant, but I think the alma_mater parameter works just fine. GuardianH (talk) 03:49, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I prefer the current infobox status (showing only the college where he earned degree), though I would not revert if the other schools are reinstated. If the other schools are included in the box, "no degree" (or equivalent) should be shown to avoid misleading readers about his status at those schools. Including them, however, with the clarifier, seems unduly kludgy and even a little gratuitous. Alternatively, showing "BA" for Brooklyn and nothing for the other two schools could still leave an improper perception that he received degrees from them also, even if not specified. The article text adequately covers the situation regarding the non-degree schools. DonFB (talk) 05:46, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Either the status quo box wording as of August 4 that includes the schools but notes the lack of degrees, or the current box wording that omits the non-degree schools, appears to be closest to consensus. Is there a preference? Llll5032 (talk) 20:28, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Same reason why we put educational backgrounds and degrees attained for most persons That's not notability at all. --Hipal (talk) 16:17, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Until we find the required consensus to do otherwise, I think in order to follow BLP the infobox should only contain Brooklyn College. --Hipal (talk) 23:31, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * If there are no policy-based objections, I'll be removing the other two entries. --Hipal (talk) 19:10, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

Aipac and Zionism!! 2603:8001:A53C:D88:F8BC:D64F:318E:A499 (talk) 19:06, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dennis Prager


text:
Savo Milošević

Savo Milošević (Саво Милошевић, ; born 2 September 1973) is a Serbian professional football manager and former player.

A former forward, he signed for English club Aston Villa after making a name for himself at Partizan. He would go on to spend the vast majority of his career in Spain, where he amassed La Liga totals of 91 goals in 241 games for Zaragoza, Espanyol, Celta and Osasuna. Over the course of his 16-year professional career, Milošević played for eight clubs and scored over 220 goals in nearly 600 official appearances.

At the international level, Milošević played for the national team of FR Yugoslavia (later renamed Serbia and Montenegro) and Serbia, making over 100 caps for both teams combined. He appeared in two World Cups and one European Championship, at which he earned the Golden Boot at Euro 2000.

Partizan
Milošević started playing football at the age of six and spent his youth in the Drina Valley. At the age of 14, he was spotted by Partizan scouts, who convinced the club to secure his transfer for 5,000 Deutsche Mark.

In 1992, Milošević made his senior debut for Partizan, scoring 14 goals in 31 games during his first season at the club. He went on to score an impressive 21 and 30 league goals in his next two seasons respectively – competition-bests in both years – as the Belgrade-based club won back-to-back national championships, including the double in the 1993–94 season.

Aston Villa
In the summer of 1995, then Aston Villa manager Brian Little bought Milošević from Partizan for £3.5 million, a club record at the time. His spell in England lasted three seasons, during which time he earned the tabloid nickname "Miss-a-lot-ević" owing to his frequent goalscoring dry spells.

However, Milošević did score 33 goals in 117 games for Villa (29 in the Premier League), including one in the 1996 Football League Cup final, a 3–0 win against Leeds United.

Zaragoza
Milošević signed for La Liga club Real Zaragoza in 1998 for £8.5 million, again recording some impressive goalscoring performances, notably netting 21 in the 1999–2000 season as the team secured fourth place.

Parma
After rediscovering his form in Spain, Milošević joined Parma in the summer of 2000 for €25 million. He was a regular starter in his first season in Italy, playing in 21 out of 34 Serie A matches and scoring 8 goals; in the next season, however, he was sparingly used.

Milošević was loaned back to Spain in January 2002, re-joining his former club Zaragoza to replace Blackburn Rovers-bound Yordi. He scored six times during his second spell, finishing as the club's joint top scorer – alongside Yordi and Roberto Acuña. His second spell at Zaragoza ended unsuccessfully, with the club eventually relegated.

In the 2002–03 campaign, Milošević played for Espanyol on loan, again finishing as his team's top scorer but narrowly escaping relegation, a fate that would befall him the following year with Celta de Vigo. Milošević was able to help Celta reach the round-of-16 in their first ever appearance in the UEFA Champions League, with his one goal in seven appearances in the competition coming in a 3–2 group stage home win against Ajax.

Later years

In mid-July 2004, aged 30, Milošević signed a three-year contract with another Spanish top flight club, Osasuna. In his second season with the Navarrese, he scored 11 goals in 32 games to help the team qualify for the Champions League. Though Milošević failed to score in ten appearances in the subsequent UEFA Cup semi-final run, he did provide two assists in a 3–0 away win against Bayer Leverkusen in the first leg of the quarter-final (which Osasuna won 4–0 on aggregate).

In the summer of 2007, Milošević's contract expired and he left Osasuna after three seasons at the club. He took an eight-month break from competitive football, during which – in October 2007 – he had a trial with Major League Soccer's Toronto FC with a view of signing with them for the 2008 season. The deal fell through and, on 8 March 2008, he agreed terms with Rubin Kazan prior to the start of the Russian Premier League campaign.

On 2 November 2008, Milošević scored the decisive goal for Rubin in a game against Saturn Ramenskoye, securing the team their first ever national championship. He retired shortly afterwards, aged 35.

International career
Milošević represented the Yugoslavia under-21 national team at the 1992 Toulon Tournament, reaching the final with the team. He later earned 102 caps for Serbia, making his international debut for the nation (then named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) on 23 December 1994, in a 2–0 friendly loss to Brazil. Milošević scored 37 goals for his country over the course of a 14-year international career.

After appearing in two games at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Milošević scored five goals at UEFA Euro 2000, earning him the Golden Boot, an award he shared with Dutch forward Patrick Kluivert.

Milošević made his 100th international appearance on 16 June 2006 during the FIFA World Cup in Germany, in a 6–0 group stage loss against Argentina, becoming the first Serbian player to reach this milestone. As a formal farewell from international football, he was called up for a friendly with Bulgaria on 19 November 2008, scoring twice and missing two penalties in a 6–1 win before being replaced by Dragan Mrđa.

Montenegro (assistant)
From 2011 to 2012, Milošević was an assistant manager to Branko Brnović at the Montenegro national team.

Partizan
On 27 March 2019, Milošević was named by the board of directors at Partizan as the club's new manager. His first win as Partizan manager came on 3 April 2019, beating Čukarički 3–2 at home.

In Milošević's first Eternal derby as manager of Partizan, his team suffered a 2–1 away loss to Red Star Belgrade, with Ricardo Gomes's 90th-minute strike proving only a consolation.

At the end of his first season in charge, Milošević succeeded in qualifying Partizan for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League qualifying rounds, and on 23 May 2019, won his first managerial trophy as his side beat Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the 2018–19 Serbian Cup final, courtesy of a Bojan Ostojić goal.

In July and August 2019, Partizan secured their ninth participation in the group stages of the UEFA Europa League. Under Milošević's leadership, Partizan knocked-out Connah's Quay Nomads, Yeni Malatyaspor and Molde in the qualifiers. On 30 August, Partizan was drawn in to Group L of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League, alongside Manchester United, Astana and AZ Alkmaar.

Olimpija Ljubljana
On 16 June 2021, Milošević was named new manager of Slovenian PrvaLiga side Olimpija Ljubljana. He left the club less than four months later, on 10 October 2021.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
On 29 September 2023, Milošević was appointed as the new head coach of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team. He was victorious in his first game in charge against Liechtenstein in a UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying match on 13 October 2023. Milošević suffered his first defeat against Portugal on 16 October; Bosnia and Herzegovina lost the game 5–0 at Bilino Polje, the biggest defeat in its history on home ground.

Milošević's contract expired on 21 March 2024, following the country's defeat against Ukraine in the UEFA Euro 2024 qualifying play-offs. On 16 April 2024, it was officially announced that the contract would not be extended.

Personal life

Milošević was born into an ethnic Serb family in the Semberija city of Bijeljina and was raised in Johovac, both in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, the then-SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia, where he lived with a younger brother Andrija (1975–2013) and younger sister Cvijeta "Mira". He also holds Bosnian citizenship. Milošević's mother died in 2000 from cancer; he has paternal ancestry from the large Milošević brotherhood of the Vasojevići tribe in northeastern Montenegro, and was a relative of Slobodan Milošević.

Milošević was a political supporter of the Democratic Party led by Boris Tadić, having supported it since 1993 after meeting with Zoran Đinđić and officially becoming a member in 2003. He took part in the 1996–97 protests and the 5 October overthrow.

Milošević was married to Vesna, with whom he has two sons and a daughter. One of his sons, Nikola, is also a footballer. On 11 June 2011, his father Stevan (1953–2011) was shot in the chest and killed in the family house in Glavičice by his grandfather Savo (1928–2012), after a family row; the latter was later detained.

International

 * Scores and results list FR Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro and Serbia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Milošević goal.

Player
Partizan
 * First League of Serbia and Montenegro: 1992–93, 1993–94
 * Yugoslav Cup: 1993–94

Aston Villa
 * Football League Cup: 1995–96

Rubin Kazan
 * Russian Premier League: 2008

Individual
 * First League of FR Yugoslavia top goalscorer: 1993–94, 1994–95
 * UEFA Euro 2000: Golden Boot, Team of the Tournament

Manager
Partizan
 * Serbian Cup: 2018–19

title: Savo Milošević


text:
User talk:Rex raju

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

[[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 18:21, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

Asimo
Hi, Rex raju! Thanks for adding the Image:Asimo.jpg. Could you clarify the source of the image and, more importantly, what models are displayed on it. I understand that on the left is the latest model, but which one is on the right? Paranoid 23:48, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rex raju


text:
User:Rcsteiner

The Wikipedian Rcsteiner is a programmer and personal computer enthusiast who is currently in his mid-40's, who spent most of his life in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area, and who has recently moved to Atlanta, Georgia.

He has used a wide variety of computer systems over the years starting with CDC Cyber systems and the KRONOS operating system and continuing through current versions of Microsoft Windows, OS/2, and Linux, and he's been programming UNIVAC 1100/2200 series mainframe systems professionally for 15 years, mainly as an applications programmer within the airline industry.

title: User:Rcsteiner


text:
IMPATT diode

An IMPATT diode (impact ionization avalanche transit-time diode) is a form of high-power semiconductor diode used in high-frequency microwave electronics devices. They have negative resistance and are used as oscillators and amplifiers at microwave frequencies. They operate at frequencies of about 3 and 100 GHz, or higher. The main advantage is their high-power capability; single IMPATT diodes can produce continuous microwave outputs of up to 3 kilowatts, and pulsed outputs of much higher power. These diodes are used in a variety of applications from low-power radar systems to proximity alarms. A major drawback of IMPATT diodes is the high level of phase noise they generate. This results from the statistical nature of the avalanche process.

Device structure
The IMPATT diode family includes many different junctions and metal semiconductor devices. The first IMPATT oscillation was obtained from a simple silicon p–n junction diode biased into a reverse avalanche break down and mounted in a microwave cavity. Because of the strong dependence of the ionization coefficient on the electric field, most of the electron–hole pairs are generated in the high field region. The generated electron immediately moves into the N region, while the generated holes drift across the P region. The time required for the hole to reach the contact constitutes the transit time delay.

The original proposal for a microwave device of the IMPATT type was made by Read. The Read diode consists of two regions (1) the avalanche region (a region with relatively high doping and high field) in which avalanche multiplication occurs and (2) the drift region (a region with essentially intrinsic doping and constant field) in which the generated holes drift towards the contact. A similar device can be built with the configuration in which electrons generated from the avalanche multiplication drift through the intrinsic region.

An IMPATT diode generally is mounted in a microwave package. The diode is mounted with its low–field region close to a silicon heat sink so that the heat generated at the diode junction can be readily dissipated. Similar microwave packages are used to house other microwave devices.

The IMPATT diode operates over a narrow frequency band, and diode internal dimensions must correlate with the desired operating frequency. An IMPATT oscillator can be tuned by adjusting the resonant frequency of the coupled circuit, and also by varying the current in the diode; this can be used for frequency modulation.

Principle of operation
If a free electron with a sufficient energy strikes a silicon atom, it can break the covalent bond of silicon and liberate an electron from the covalent bond. If the electron liberated gains energy by being in an electric field and liberates other electrons from other covalent bonds then this process can cascade very quickly into a chain reaction, producing a large number of electrons and a large current flow. This phenomenon is called avalanche breakdown.

At breakdown, the n– region is punched through and forms the avalanche region of the diode. The high resistivity region is the drift zone through which the avalanche generated electrons move toward the anode.

Consider a dc bias VB, just short of that required to cause breakdown, applied to the diode. Let an AC voltage of sufficiently large magnitude be superimposed on the dc bias, such that during the positive cycle of the AC voltage, the diode is driven deep into the avalanche breakdown. At t=0, the AC voltage is zero, and only a small pre-breakdown current flows through the diode. As t increases, the voltage goes above the breakdown voltage and secondary electron-hole pairs are produced by impact ionization. As long as the field in the avalanche region is maintained above the breakdown field, the electron-hole concentration grows exponentially with t. Similarly this concentration decays exponentially with time when the field is reduced below breakdown voltage during the negative swing of the AC voltage. The holes generated in the avalanche region disappear in the p+ region and are collected by the cathode. The electrons are injected into the i – zone where they drift toward the n+ region. Then, the field in the avalanche region reaches its maximum value and the population of the electron-hole pairs starts building up. At this time, the ionization coefficients have their maximum values. The generated electron concentration does not follow the electric field instantaneously because it also depends on the number of electron-hole pairs already present in the avalanche region. Hence, the electron concentration at this point will have a small value. Even after the field has passed its maximum value, the electron-hole concentration continues to grow because the secondary carrier generation rate still remains above its average value. For this reason, the electron concentration in the avalanche region attains its maximum value when the field has dropped to its average value. Thus, it is clear that the avalanche region introduces a 90° phase shift between the AC signal and the electron concentration in this region.

With a further increase in t, the AC voltage becomes negative, and the field in the avalanche region drops below its critical value. The electrons in the avalanche region are then injected into the drift zone which induces a current in the external circuit which has a phase opposite to that of the AC voltage. The AC field, therefore, absorbs energy from the drifting electrons as they are decelerated by the decreasing field. It is clear that an ideal phase shift between the diode current and the AC signal is achieved if the thickness of the drift zone is such that the bunch of electron is collected at the n+ – anode at the moment the AC voltage goes to zero. This condition is achieved by making the length of the drift region equal to the wavelength of the signal. This situation produces an additional phase shift of 90° between the AC voltage and the diode current.

Origins
In 1956 W. T. Read and Ralph L. Johnston of Bell Telephone Laboratories proposed that an avalanche diode that exhibited significant transit time delay might exhibit a negative resistance characteristic. The effect was soon demonstrated in ordinary silicon diodes and by the late 1960s oscillators at 340 GHz had been produced. Silicon IMPATT diodes can produce up to 3 kilowatts of power continuously, with higher power available in pulses.

TRAPATT
A microwave oscillator device with a similar structure to the IMPATT diode is the TRAPATT diode, which stands for "trapped plasma avalanche triggered transit". This mode of operation produces relatively high power and efficiency, but at lower frequency than a device operated in IMPATT mode.

title: IMPATT diode


text:
Doug Scott

Douglas Keith Scott (29 May 1941 –7 December 2020 ) was an English mountaineer and climbing author, noted for being on the team that made the first ascent of the south-west face of Mount Everest on 24 September 1975. In receiving one of mountaineering's highest honours, the Piolet d'Or Lifetime Achievement Award, his personal style and his climbs were described as "visionary".

Over the years he was on 40 expeditions to the high mountains of Asia, during which he made some 30 first ascents. In 2020 he was diagnosed with cancer, and he died of the disease in December 2020.

Early life
Scott was born in Nottingham, England, and was the eldest of three sons. Scott would later discover that his mother was born at almost the exact same time as famed mountaineer Edmund Hillary, which Scott felt was an uncanny coincidence.

Scott was educated in Nottingham at Cottesmore Secondary Modern and Mundella Grammar schools. He started climbing at the age of 13, his interest sparked by seeing climbers on the Black Rocks in Derbyshire whilst hiking with the Scouts. His father, George Douglas Scott, was a policeman and amateur boxer, who was the Amateur Boxing Association 1945 British Heavyweight Champion. His father gave up the game to focus on the family. Scott lived on the outskirts of Nottingham with his father and mother, Edith Joyce Scott, and younger brothers, Brian and Garry. All were encouraged towards the open countryside, particularly the Peak District.

After two years at Loughborough Teachers' Training College (1959–61), Scott taught geography, history, PE and games for ten years at his old secondary modern school.

Mountaineering
Scott was considered one of the world's leading high-altitude and big-wall climbers and was the recipient of numerous awards for his achievements. He was the first English person to reach the summit of Mount Everest and, on the descent, he survived an unplanned bivouac with Dougal Haston 100 metres below the summit, without oxygen, sleeping bags and, as it turned out, without frostbite. Apart from his first ascent of the southwest face of Everest with Haston in 1975, all his other Himalayan climbs were achieved in lightweight or pure Alpine style. He pioneered big wall climbing on Baffin Island, Mount Kenya and in the Karakoram, famously on The Ogre with Chris Bonington, and later on Shivling in the Indian Himalayas.

Scott was a founder member of the Nottingham Climbers Club (1961), president of the Alpine Climbing Group (1976–82), vice president of the British Mountaineering Council (1994–97) and president of the Alpine Club (1999–2001). He was made a CBE in 1994. In 1999 he was awarded the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. In 2005 he was presented with the Golden Eagle Award by the Outdoor Writers and Photographers Guild. Also in 2005, following on from Tom Weir and Adam Watson, he became the third recipient of the John Muir Trust Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of his mountaineering accomplishments and commitment to conservation and supporting mountain people and mountain environments around the world. Following on from Walter Bonatti and Reinhold Messner he received the Piolet d'Or Lifetime Achievement Award in Chamonix in 2011.

Scott was made a Freeman of the City of Nottingham in 1976 and has since had a Nottingham tram named after him. He was awarded an honorary MA by the universities of Nottingham and Loughborough, 1993; Hon. MEd Nottingham Trent, 1995; Hon Dr. Derby University, 2007; and Hon Dr. Loughborough University, 2017.

Charity work in Nepal
During Scott's climbing career, his understanding of the culture and the people in the regions where he climbed grew as he formed strong bonds and relationships. In 1991 he raised the funds and organised the installation of 17 fresh-water standpipes in Askole, the last settlement before K2, that reduced infant mortality by half. He along with his wife Sharu Prabhu founded the charity Community Action Nepal (CAN), and spent much of his time fundraising for this cause and regularly visited some of the 60 CAN projects out in Nepal. Scott & Prabhu were also advocates of responsible tourism & set up Community Action Treks (CAT) in 1989 to help improve conditions of labour in the trekking industry. He received the British Guild of Travel Writers Tourism and Community Merit Award 1996, and CAT received the Responsible Tourism Award 2008. CAN was awarded the first British Expertise International (BEI) Charity Project of the Year Award along with CAN's partner, WYG, in 2017.

Volunteering
Scott held various volunteering positions within the mountaineering community. He was a member of the Hunt Committee contributing to the Hunt Report on Outdoor Education 1976. He was British Mountaineering Council (BMC) representative on the UIAA and a member of the UIAA Management Committee 2008–2012; member of UIAA Mountaineering Commission and chairman of the Traditional Values Working Group 2011 until his death. He was chairman of Mount Everest Foundation 2014–2017 and vice chairman of the Mountain Heritage Trust 2014–2017. He was an honorary member of the Climbers Club, the Alpine Club and the American Alpine Club. He was a vice president of the BMC between 1994 and 1997 and went on to become a patron of the BMC in 2015.

Career highlights
Highlights of Scott's climbing career include:
 * 1965: Tarso Tiroko, Tibesti mountains of Chad with Ray Gillies, Clive Davies and Pete Warrington
 * 1967: South face of Koh-i-Bandaka, Hindu Kush with Ray Gillies
 * 1970: Salathe Wall of El Capitan with Peter Habeler
 * 1972: Mount Asgard, Baffin Island with Dennis Hennek, Paul Nunn and Paul Braithwaite
 * 1974: Changabang, first ascent with Bonington, Haston et al.
 * 1974: Pic Lenin, Pamirs, with Clive Rowland, Guy Lee, Braithwaite
 * 1975: Southwest face of Everest, with Haston
 * 1976: South face Denali, Alaska, with Haston
 * 1977: Baintha Brakk (more commonly known as The Ogre), Karakoram, with Bonington, and descent with both legs broken at the ankle with the selfless help of Mo Anthoine and Clive Rowland
 * 1978: Mount Waddington, Canada, with Rob Wood
 * 1979: North ridge of Kangchenjunga, with Peter Boardman and Joe Tasker.
 * 1979: Nuptse, North face, Nepal, with Georges Bettembourg, Brian Hall and Alan Rouse
 * 1981: Shivling, India, with Bettembourg, Greg Child and Rick White
 * 1982: Shishapangma, Tibet, south face, with Alex MacIntyre and Roger Baxter-Jones
 * 1983: Lobsang Spire, Karakoram, with Child and Peter Thexton
 * 1984: Chamlang, East ridge, Nepal, with Michael Scott, Jean Afanassieff and Ang Phurba
 * 1988: Jitchu Drake, Bhutan, with Sharavati Prabhu and Victor Saunders
 * 1992: Nanga Parbat, Central Mazeno Peaks, with Sergey Efimov, Alan Hinkes, Ang Phurba and Nga Temba.
 * 1998: Drohmo, South pillar, Nepal, with Roger Mear
 * 2000: Targo Ri, Central Tibet, with Julian Freeman-Attwood and Richard Cowper

Personal life
In 1962 he married Janice Brook, with whom he had three children, Michael, Martha and Rosie. The marriage was dissolved in 1988. In 1993 he married Indian climber, Sharavati Prabhu, with whom he had two sons, Arran and Euan. The marriage was dissolved in 2003. In 2007 he married Patricia Lang, residing together in the Northern Fells of the Lake District.

In March 2020, Scott was diagnosed with inoperable cerebral lymphoma. He died at his home in Cumbria, England of the disease on 7 December 2020, aged 79.

Books
He authored: He contributed to:
 * Doug Scott, Big Wall Climbing, ISBN 0-7182-0967-2
 * Doug Scott and Alex MacIntyre, The Shishapangma Expedition, ISBN 0-89886-723-1
 * Doug Scott, Himalayan Climber: A Lifetime's Quest to the World's Greater Ranges, ISBN 1-898573-16-6
 * Doug Scott, Up and About, The Hard Road to Everest (2015) ISBN 978-1-910240-41-0
 * Doug Scott, "The Ogre" (2017) ISBN 978-1-911342-79-3
 * Doug Scott, "Kangchenjunga" (2021) ISBN 978-1-912560-19-6
 * Everest the Hard Way (Chris Bonington, 1976) ISBN 0-340-20833-3
 * Great Climbs (Chris Bonington, 1994) ISBN 9781857325744
 * General editor of Philip's Guide to Mountains (Philip's, 2005) ISBN 978-0540085798
 * Himalaya: The exploration and conquest of the greatest mountains on earth (Phillip Parker, 2013) ISBN 978-1-844862-21-4

title: Doug Scott


text:
Gunn diode

A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode, a two-terminal semiconductor electronic component, with negative differential resistance, used in high-frequency electronics. It is based on the "Gunn effect" discovered in 1962 by physicist J. B. Gunn. Its main uses are in electronic oscillators to generate microwaves, in applications such as radar speed guns, microwave relay data link transmitters, and automatic door openers.

Its internal construction is unlike other diodes in that it consists only of N-doped semiconductor material, whereas most diodes consist of both P and N-doped regions. It, therefore, conducts in both directions and cannot rectify alternating current like other diodes, which is why some sources do not use the term diode but prefer TED. In the Gunn diode, three regions exist: two are heavily N-doped on each terminal, with a thin layer of lightly n-doped material between them. When a voltage is applied to the device, the electrical gradient will be largest across the thin middle layer. If the voltage increases, the layer's current will first increase. Still, eventually, at higher field values, the conductive properties of the middle layer are altered, increasing its resistivity and causing the current to fall. This means a Gunn diode has a region of negative differential resistance in its current–voltage characteristic curve, in which an increase of applied voltage causes a decrease in current. This property allows it to amplify, functioning as a radio frequency amplifier, or to become unstable and oscillate when it is biased with a DC voltage.

Gunn diode oscillators

The negative differential resistance, combined with the timing properties of the intermediate layer, is responsible for the diode's largest use: in electronic oscillators at microwave frequencies and above. A microwave oscillator can be created simply by applying a DC voltage to bias the device into its negative resistance region. In effect, the diode's negative differential resistance cancels the load circuit's positive resistance, thus creating a circuit with zero differential resistance, which will produce spontaneous oscillations. The oscillation frequency is determined partly by the properties of the middle diode layer but can be tuned by external factors. In practical oscillators, an electronic resonator is usually added to control frequency in the form of a waveguide, microwave cavity, or YIG sphere. The diode is usually mounted inside the cavity. The diode cancels the resonator's loss resistance, producing oscillations at its resonant frequency. The frequency can be tuned mechanically, by adjusting the size of the cavity, or in the case of YIG spheres, by changing the magnetic field. Gunn diodes are used to build oscillators in the 10 GHz to THz frequency range.

Gallium arsenide Gunn diodes are made for frequencies up to 200 GHz, gallium nitride materials can reach up to 3 terahertz.

History

The Gunn diode is based on the Gunn effect, and both are named for physicist J. B. Gunn. At IBM in 1962, he discovered the effect because he refused to accept inconsistent experimental results in gallium arsenide as "noise", and determined the cause. Alan Chynoweth of Bell Telephone Laboratories showed in June 1965 that only a transferred-electron mechanism could explain the experimental results. It was realized that the oscillations he detected were explained by the Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory, named for British physicists Brian Ridley, Tom Watkins and Cyril Hilsum who in scientific papers in 1961 showed that bulk semiconductors could display negative resistance, meaning that increasing the applied voltage causes the current to decrease.

The Gunn effect and its relation to the Watkins–Ridley–Hilsum effect entered electronics literature in the early 1970s, e.g., in books on transferred electron devices and, more recently, on nonlinear wave methods for charge transport.

Principle
The electronic band structure of some semiconductor materials, including gallium arsenide (GaAs), have another energy band or sub-band in addition to the valence and conduction bands which are usually used in semiconductor devices. This third band is at higher energy than the normal conduction band and is empty until energy is supplied to promote electrons to it. The energy comes from the kinetic energy of ballistic electrons, that is, electrons in the conduction band but moving with sufficient kinetic energy such that they are able to reach the third band.

These electrons either start below the Fermi level and are given a sufficiently long mean free path to acquire the needed energy by applying a strong electric field, or they are injected by a cathode with the right energy. With forward voltage applied, the Fermi level in the cathode moves into the third band, and reflections of ballistic electrons starting around the Fermi level are minimized by matching the density of states and using the additional interface layers to let the reflected waves interfere destructively.

In GaAs, the effective mass of the electrons in the third band is higher than those in the usual conduction band, so the mobility or drift velocity of the electrons in that band is lower. As the forward voltage increases, more and more electrons can reach the third band, causing them to move slower, and the current through the device decreases. This creates a region of negative differential resistance in the voltage/current relationship.

When a high enough potential is applied to the diode, the charge carrier density along the cathode becomes unstable and will develop small segments of low conductivity, with the rest of the cathode having high conductivity. Most of the cathode voltage drop will occur across the segment so that it will have a high electric field. Under the influence of this electric field, it will move along the cathode to the anode. It is impossible to balance the population in both bands, so thin slices of high-field strength will always be in a background of low-field strength. So in practice, with a slight increase in forward voltage, a low conductivity segment is created at the cathode, resistance increases, the segment moves along the bar to the anode, and when it reaches the anode, it is absorbed, and a new segment is created at the cathode to keep the total voltage constant. Any existing slice is quenched if the voltage is lowered and resistance decreases again.

The laboratory methods used to select materials for manufacturing Gunn diodes include angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.

Applications

Because of their high-frequency capability, Gunn diodes are mainly used at microwave frequencies and above. They can produce some of the highest output power of any semiconductor device at these frequencies. Their most common use is in oscillators, but they are also used in microwave amplifiers to amplify signals. Because the diode is a one-port (two terminal) device, an amplifier circuit must separate the outgoing amplified signal from the incoming input signal to prevent coupling. One common circuit is a reflection amplifier that separates the signals using a circulator. A bias tee is needed to isolate the bias current from the high-frequency oscillations.

Sensors and measuring instruments
Gunn diode oscillators generate microwave power for: airborne collision avoidance radar, anti-lock brakes, sensors for monitoring the flow of traffic, car radar detectors, pedestrian safety systems, "distance travelled" recorders, motion detectors, "slow-speed" sensors (to detect pedestrian and traffic movement up to 85 km/h (50 mph)), traffic signal controllers, automatic door openers, automatic traffic gates, process control equipment to monitor throughput, burglar alarms and equipment to detect trespassers, sensors to avoid derailment of trains, remote vibration detectors, rotational speed tachometers, moisture content monitors.

Radio amateur use
By virtue of their low voltage operation, Gunn diodes can serve as microwave frequency generators for very low-powered (few-milliwatt) microwave transceivers called Gunnplexers. British radio amateurs first used them in the late 1970s, and many Gunnplexer designs have been published in journals. They typically consist of an approximately 3 inch waveguide into which the diode is mounted. A low voltage (less than 12 volt) direct current power supply that can be modulated appropriately is used to drive the diode. The waveguide is blocked at one end to form a resonant cavity, and the other end usually feeds a horn antenna. An additional "mixer diode" is inserted into the waveguide, and it is often connected to a modified FM broadcast receiver to enable listening of other amateur stations. Gunnplexers are most commonly used in the 10 GHz and 24 GHz ham bands, and sometimes 22 GHz security alarms are modified as the diode(s) can be put in a slightly detuned cavity with layers of copper or aluminium foil on opposite edges for moving to the licensed amateur band. If intact, the mixer diode is reused in its existing waveguide, and these parts are well known for being extremely static sensitive. On most commercial units, this part is protected with a parallel resistor and other components, and a variant is used in some Rb atomic clocks. The mixer diode is useful for lower frequency applications even if the Gunn diode is weakened from use, and some amateur radio enthusiasts have used them in conjunction with an external oscillator or n/2 wavelength Gunn diode for satellite finding and other applications.

Radio astronomy
Gunn oscillators are used as local oscillators for millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave radio astronomy receivers. The Gunn diode is mounted in a cavity tuned to resonate at twice the fundamental frequency of the diode. The cavity length is changed by a micrometer adjustment. Gunn oscillators capable of generating over 50 mW over a 50% tuning range (one waveguide band) are available.

The Gunn oscillator frequency is multiplied by a diode frequency multiplier for submillimeter-wave applications.

title: Gunn diode


text:
Talk:Fist of the North Star

It's a franchise: restructure accordingly
Hi, I think now that we have to consider the enormous amount of adaptations/spinoffs/videogames and even adaptations of spinoffs that CONTINUE to flow out of the Fist of the North Star universe, this page should really be reorganized as the homepage of the FotNS franchise, meaning that the original manga should get it's own page, as should the 1986 movie, the TV series, etc, this page being a written history of all these different elements. These things are all unique enough to warrant their own pages, and the amount of spinoffs and adaptations is huge. We have:

-original manga

-TV series (2 parts)

-1986 movie

-live action movie

-new fist of the north star

-fist of the blue sky (manga)

-fist of the blue sky (anime)

-the "Den" OVAs and movies

-Raoh Gaiden manga

-Raoh Gaiden tv series

-toki gaiden manga

-jagi gaiden manga

-yuria gaiden manga

-bunches of videogames

-stuff im forgetting

Anyway, I think my opinion on this is pretty undeniable. 69.250.117.1 (talk) 18:31, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Influences
The Fist of the North Star anime mythos goes a lot deeper than just "Mad Max." There seems to be a lot of Buddhist and of course Japanese myth influences on it. In the animated movie, the 1985 animated movie, you see the statues of guardian kings Ungyo and Agyo, for example. Also the Manga makes frequent references to astrology, and how certain characters are the way they are because they were born under certain stars. Kenshiro for example, was born under an evil star, which dictated he would wonder the earth alone. All successors to the Hokuto Shinken martial arts style are born under that star. Ryuken, Kenshiro's master, was born under it, and Kenshiro's first life, Kenshiro Katsumi, was also born under that evil star. In the anime "Fist of the South Sky," we see Kenshiro in his first life as Kenshiro Katsumi. At least, I think its Katsumi. All I know is that there are two Kenshiro's in the myth; the first one was a Japanese martial artist born in China, and the second one, Kenshiro of Hokuto No Ken, is the reincarnation of that character. Kenshiro is as powerful as he is because his soul reincarnates repeatedly, that is, not just of Kenshiro Katsumi, he is also the reincarnation of the founder of the martial art though my information could be mistaken.

Following the rules of wikipedia, and since the discussion forum is restricted primarily to how to improve the article (with SOME flexibility), let me get to the point; I think this article would be greatly improved by having a section on the connections the manga and the anime have to east asian spiritual beliefs, particularly astrology. The astrology in Hokuto No Ken is decidedly Japanese, of the Shinto religion; it is not seen anywhere else in east asia. Also, the series makes frequent references to internal martial arts. For example, in the 1985 animated movie, in a flashback scene with the character Jagi, when Jagi storms into the room where Kenshio is meditating, we see the character Kenshiro doing movements similar to Tai Chi, implying that the internal martial arts of China somehow influenced the creation of the mythological martial art of Hokuto Shinken. Well, at least I HOPE its a myth....

Sorry for being soap boxy; if its not too much trouble, to improve the article, please add a section on anything at all the creators used from Japanese or otherwise east asian folklore. The series IS pretty saturated with it, and the article would be incomplete without such references.

sorry for the length

206.63.78.51 (talk) 22:38, 27 May 2008 (UTC)stardingo747

 * Unless its can be sourced, it all seems to be original research from your part. We know Buronson and Hara were influenced by Mad Max and Bruce Lee because we procured statements confirming such and such. Every other influences on the series has to be adequately sourced too. I know Raoh was modeled after Arnold Schwarzenegger since one of the Hokuto no Ken guidebooks in Japan says so. Also, in what volume of Souten no Ken does it say that Yan-Wang is the past-life incarnation of Kenshiro? Jonny2x4 (talk) 01:55, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * He's right about the astrological signs. I mean, it is called Fist of The NORTH STAR. And Different characters are said to have different traits according to the star signs under which they where born. Er ouz (talk) 19:15, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Direct download?
The TV series seems to be available for legal download from http://www.toei-anim.com/ondemand/ - should this be mentioned in the article? -Malkinann (talk) 21:22, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, it should.Evan1975 (talk) 07:07, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Splitting the article, a new try
I'm going for another try. The article consists of a whole lot of information on spin-offs, adaptations, different versions and so on. It's 64kb long, which in this case justifies a splitting. I'll add the template to the article. I'm not familiar with Fist, so maybe an experienced Fist fan can help out here. -- Soetermans |  is listening  |  what he'd do now?  20:43, 15 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The TV series doesn't deviate that much from the original manga aside from the fact that the first season was composed mostly of fillers. On the other hand, the movies and OVAs take several liberties with the plot. At the very least, I think the Ten no Haoh manga and anime needs to be covered in another article. Jonny2x4 (talk) 05:16, 20 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I do not believe a split of that nature would be beneficial to the article, and it would violate the MoS. The manga volume lists, however, should be split out to List of Fist of the North Star chapters following the usual format for such lists. -- AnmaFinotera  (talk · contribs) 01:50, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the section on the 1986 animated movie can be split into a new article. The section is pretty hefty (it's a shame that the production info is unsourced), and the fact that the film was reviewed by the Washington Post and the New York Times certainly helps to establish its "notability".
 * I agree with Jonny2x4: The Ten no Haoh manga (and TV adaptation) needs to be covered in another article --although, I don't see it getting much coverage on this article.
 * Fist of the North Star should be used to create List of Fist of the North Star chapters.--Nohansen (talk) 02:55, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

I've been bold and split off the 1986 movie and split off most of the "Availability" section to make the chapter list. This has brought the article down to nearly 49 KB. Does the article need further splitting? --Malkinann (talk) 23:02, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Aditional information on French adaption of TV Series
I am not sure where the appropriate place to put this information is on the main article
 * The TV series was translated into French, under the name "Ken Le Survivant" (Ken the survivor), and produced by the main TV channel TF1
 * The dubbing team did not like the violence, and often mistranslated the original, as commented on at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29#Criticism_and_defense_of_dubbing
 * Available on DVD in French (at least Vol 1 is)

--Urquan78 (talk) 00:17, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Review(s)

 * Mania.com: Anime S2 Complete series
 * ANN: Shelf Life TV collection part 1 Shelf Life TV collection part 2

--KrebMarkt (talk) 08:41, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

 * EX Gabriel Yuji (talk) 15:45, 6 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Fandom Post: Thirty Years Later Gabriel Yuji (talk) 01:01, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Fist of the North Star: La Película" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Fist of the North Star: La Película. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 May 10 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC  678  01:20, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Fist of the North Star