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Royal elections in Poland

Royal elections in Poland (Polish: wolna elekcja, lit. free election) were the elections of individual kings, rather than dynasties, to the Polish throne. Based on traditions dating to the very beginning of the Polish statehood, strengthened during the Piast and Jagiellon dynasties, they reached their final form in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth period between 1572 and 1791. The "free election" was abolished by the Constitution of 3 May 1791, which established a constitutional-parliamentary monarchy.

Evolution
The tradition of electing the country's ruler, which occurred either when there was no clear heir to the throne, or to confirm the heir's appointment, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. Legends survive of the 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal family, Piast the Wheelwright of the Piast dynasty, and similar voting of his son, Siemowit (that would place a Polish ruler's vote a century before the earliest Icelandic ones by the Althing). Still, sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate whether those elections were more than a formality. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as wiec, was usually limited to the most powerful nobles (magnates) or officials, and was heavily influenced by local traditions and strength of the ruler.

Traditions diverged in different regions of Poland during the period of fragmentation of Poland. In the Duchy of Masovia, the hereditary principle dominated, but in the Seniorate Province, elections became increasingly important. In the other provinces both elements mixed together. By the 12th or 13th century, the wiec institution limited participation to high-ranking nobles and officials. The nationwide wiec gatherings of officials in 1306 and 1310 can be seen as a precursor of the general sejm (Polish parliament).

The elections reinforced the empowerment of the electorate (the nobility), as the contender to the throne would increasingly consider issuing promises that he undertook to fulfil in the event of a successful election. Wenceslaus II of Bohemia made the first of such undertakings (the Litomyšl Privilege) in 1291. Nonetheless, for most of the Piast dynasty, electors customarily endorsed rulers from that dynasty, in accordance with hereditary descent. The Piast dynasty came to an end with the death without an heir of the last of the Polish Piasts of the main line, Casimir III the Great, in 1370.

In a milestone for the process of the free elections, Casimir's nephew, Louis I of Hungary, became king after the agreement between him, Casimir III the Great and the Polish nobility (Privilege of Buda). Louis had no sons, which created another dilemma for the succession of the Polish throne. In an attempt to secure the throne of Poland for his line, he gathered the nobles and sought their approval to have one of his daughters retained as the queen regnant of Poland in exchange for the Privilege of Koszyce (1374).

The next election of a Polish king had occurred in 1386, with the selection of Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), Grand Duke of Lithuania, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I, Jadwiga of Poland, but had no promise that his dynasty would continue on the throne. He would need to issue more privileges to the nobility to secure the guarantee that upon his death, one of his sons would inherit. The royal council chose the candidates, and the delegates of nobility and towns confirmed them during the sejm. The principle of election continued in effect throughout the nearly two centuries of the Jagiellon Dynasty, but just as in Piast times, it actually amounted to mere confirmation of the incoming heir.

One could describe the monarchy of Poland at that time as "the hereditary monarchy with a[n] elective legislature." A major reason was the desire on the part of Polish nobility to retain the Polish–Lithuanian union, and the Jagiellon dynasty were the hereditary rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Nonetheless, the pretense of having a choice by elections remained important for the nobility, and when in 1530 Sigismund I the Old attempted to secure the hereditary throne for his 10-year-old son, there was a political crisis, and the Polish parliament, the sejm, ruled that a new king could be chosen during the life of his predecessor (that became known in the Polish politics as the vivente rege).

In 1572, Poland's Jagiellon dynasty became extinct upon the death, without a successor, of King Sigismund II Augustus. During the ensuing interregnum, anxiety for the safety of the Commonwealth eventually led to agreements among the political classes that pending election of a new king, the Roman Catholic Primate of Poland would exercise supreme authority, acting as interrex (from the Latin); and that special "hooded" confederations (Polish: konfederacje kapturowe, named after the hoods traditionally worn by their members) of nobility would assume power in each the country's regions. Most importantly, however, the Poles decided that they would choose the next king by election, and they finally established the terms of such election at a convocation sejm (sejm konwokacyjny) in 1573. On the initiative of nobles from Southern Poland, supported by the future Great Crown Chancellor and hetman Jan Zamoyski, all male szlachta (nobles) who assembled for the purpose would become electors. Any Catholic nobleman could stand for election, but in practice, only rich and powerful members of foreign dynasties or Commonwealth magnates had a serious chance for consideration. With the election of the first king of the "free election" period, the elections assumed their final form, which would remain stable for the next two centuries. These elections would be solidified in the Henrician Articles, passed by the first elected king, Henry of Valois.

Particularly in the late 17th and 18th centuries, the political instability from the elections led numerous political writers to suggest major changes to the system: most notably, to restrict the elections to Polish candidates only (that became known as the "election of a Piast"), as many kings were from foreign nations, meaning the Polish election became a multi-national struggle. The elections also often saw the Polish nobility attempt to elect a weak and controllable monarch, and there were large amounts of corruption, particularly related to bribes. None of the projects at reforming the Polish election came into force, however. The Constitution of 3 May 1791 eliminated the practice of electing individuals to the monarchy.

Procedure
Three special sejms handled the process of the royal election in the interregnum period:
 * Convocation sejm (Sejm konwokacyjny), called upon a death or abdication of a king by the Primate of Poland. Deputies would focus on establishing the dates and any special rules for the election (in particular, preparation of pacta conventa, bills of privileges to be sworn by the king) and on screening the candidates. It was to last two weeks.
 * Election sejm (Sejm elekcyjny), when the nobility voted for the candidate to the throne. It was open to all members of the nobility and so it often had many more attendees than a regular sejm. The exact numbers of attendees were never recorded and are estimated to vary from 10,000 to over 100,000; the usual numbers tended to be towards the lower end of the scale, around 10,000-15,000. Subsequently, the voting could last days (in 1573, it was recorded that it took four days). The entire sejm was to last six weeks. To handle the increased numbers, it would be held in Wola, then a village near Warsaw. Royal candidates themselves would be barred from attending the sejm but were allowed to send representatives.   Attending nobles would have discussed their preferences before attending the election sejm, during local sejmiks sessions, but often, matters came to a heated debate that would last days and could lead to fights and battles. Norman Davies notes that "in 1764, when only thirteen electors were killed, it was said that the Election was unusually quiet."
 * Coronation sejm (Sejm koronacyjny), held in Kraków, where the coronation ceremony was traditionally held by the Primate, who relinquished his powers to the chosen king. It was to last two weeks. The king-elect undertook various ceremonies and formalities, such as swearing an oath to uphold the pacta conventa and the Henrician Articles. The coronation itself would take place in the Wawel Cathedral. The two exceptions were the Warsaw coronations of Stanisław I Leszczyński and Stanisław August Poniatowski (reigned as Stanisław II Augustus), both of which took place in Warsaw.

Influence
The elections played a major role in curtailing the power of the monarch and so were a significant factor in preventing the rise of an absolute monarchy, with a strong executive, in the Commonwealth. Most tellingly, one of the provisions of the pacta conventa included the right of revolution (rokosz) for the nobility if it considered the king not to be adhering to the laws of the state.

While seemingly introducing a very democratic procedure, free elections, in practice, contributed to the inefficiency of the Commonwealth's government. The elections, open to all nobility, meant that magnates, who could exert significant control on the masses of poorer nobility, could exert much influence over the elections.

The elections also encouraged foreign dynasties' meddling in Polish internal politics. On several occasions, if the magnates could not come to an agreement, two candidates would proclaim themselves the king and civil wars erupted (most notably, the War of the Polish Succession of 1733–1738, and the War of the Polish Succession of 1587–1588, with smaller scale conflicts in 1576 and 1697). By the last years of the Commonwealth, royal elections grew to be seen as a source of conflicts and instability; Lerski describes them as having "become a symbol of anarchy".

List of elections
In the period of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 10 elections (composed of the convocation, election and coronation sejmik) were held in Poland, resulting in the elevation of 11 kings.

title: Royal elections in Poland


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Talk:Zakdorn

Untitled
I just wanted to state, for the record, how amused I am that of the two "notable Zakdorn" listed the one who has an article written about him is the minor bureaucrat who runs Federation Surplus Depot Z15, and the one who hasn't had an article written about him yet is the greatest living master of Stragema. :) Bryan 04:04, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Zakdorn


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Johnny Zhivago

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was - should be merged into either A Clockwork Orange or List of fictional bands

Johnny Zhivago
Fancruft. Gazpacho 04:04, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Keep. If you want to delete this and you might as well start deleting all fancruft. Do I see you doing that say in a Simpsons, Star Wars, Star Trek, or Pokemon page?  No.  So either get to work, or keep this page. —ExplorerCDT 04:12, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Overreact much? Gamaliel 04:15, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It's the usual response I get when I try to delete fancruft. Just being consistent. —ExplorerCDT 04:18, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Delete. Gamaliel 04:15, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect with A Clockwork Orange, there's not enough info for a seperate article. Shane King 04:19, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: Johnny Zhivago was mentioned in the VfD discussion for Moop. It seems that ExplorerCDT is having a little fun. DCEdwards1966 05:35, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. The information could be useful, but I don't think it's articleworthy.  Unless someone feels like hunting down information on a bunch of bands named Johnny Zhivago.  --Billfred 05:40, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep; if this has inspired the names of a lot of other bands, I guess it's worth an article. It does seem awfully insignificant even within the context of the movie, but if people have attached importance to it anyway, I don't see why it shouldn't have an article. Google turns up over 1,300 hits. Everyking 06:13, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Methinks ExplorerCDT is using wikipedia to make a point. Now isn't there a policy against using wikipedia to make a point? Anyway, I've seen this movie numerous times and I can't recall that scene at all, which tells you just how grandular it is. Nor can I recall who Marty is (though I don't think he's a 1955 movie, as the link states). There's nothing to merge here, as something mentioned once in passing has no real place in the film's article. Besides, stuff this minor gets deleted all the time, even when it relates to Simpsons, Star Trek, etc. Delete. No merge. No redirect. -R. fiend 06:16, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Just goes to show you we need a Marty disambig. —ExplorerCDT 06:21, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete --Carnildo 06:44, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Much as I enjoyed Burgess's book (couldn't see the movie because Kubrick refused to let it be shown here), this is not worth the bother.  This would perhaps merit an entry under trivia in an article on the Burgess novel or the Kubrick movie.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 11:14, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Comment: Hmmm no List of real bands named after fictional bands yet huh...
 * Delete. This is one line in a film - one throwaway line. IF a famous band called itself Johnny Zhivago (and they can't be that famouse because they don't have an article), then it would be worth a mention in their article, with a link to A Clockwork Orange. I could write an article on my coffee mug that is of more use than this (but won't because you're not meant to use Wikipedia to make a point). Average Earthman 14:51, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think the author was referring to Heaven 17, a fictiona band mentioned in the quote he gives, after which at least one real band has been named. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 16:19, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete nicely made point though - LiquidXY 15:07, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep...if it has indeed spawned many band names.-- Etaonish 17:15, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Heh heh. I was the one who originally brought up Johnny Zhivago in the VfD threads... threatening to start a Johnny Zhivago article to make a point about not listing fictional bands mentioned in movies, basically. ExplorerCDT is having fun with that. Delete  unless actual bands are detailed in the article. Wyss 17:32, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Oh, Wyss, you are so evil! ;-)  Delete.  Edeans 21:13, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge with and redirect to A Clockwork Orange . You were looking for Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point, but might have fared better with WP:FEITCTAJ (hmmm, it seems that doesn't exist... How odd. :-) And see List of fictional music groups, which lists our good Johnny. For your viewing pleasure and as a possible hoax reference, I mention the Rocklopedia Fakebandica, another, hmm, "encyclopedia" (I use the term loosely). And finally: johnnyzhivagonet, the site of an actual Johnny Zhivago (defunct since 2002, when they split up and reformed as Zen Motel). Does not validate the "large number of bands" claim, however, so add as trivia and redirect to titillate readers. :-) JRM 22:20, 2004 Dec 9 (UTC)
 * That makes it easy, a simple redirect to List of fictional music groups then. -R. fiend 00:01, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Of course, how silly of me. Merge with and redirect to the list instead; no need to burden A Clockwork Orange with it. List entry has no context, could use the line and a note about it having been used by a real band, but if you add it to the section "fictional groups that also existed", it should retain its own article... Uh oh, the plot thickens. ExplorerCDT, what have you done?! JRM 00:15, 2004 Dec 10 (UTC)
 * I've created what the Jews like to refer to as a golem. —ExplorerCDT 00:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Indeed you have. Now, to further complicate things, is it a person or a band? Specifically, does it go under "J", or "Z" (where it is now)? -R. fiend 01:35, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I thought Johnny Zhivago was a singer from Pynchon's books. No, wait that was Eddie Enrico. Never mind. It's all Banzai to me. Inky 22:58, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Merge and Redirect unless you can expand this article to show exactly how Johnny is descended from the famous Doctor Zhivago. (GD&RfC).  P Ingerson 00:10, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Del.Mikkalai 08:38, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. ComCat.

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Talk:Fried ice cream

Origins
Sources do not always agree on the exact origin, some say it was made in the US at the 1893 World's Fair while others claim it was a Japanese invention. The oldest print reference to anything like the dish is from the 14 April Chicago Daily Tribune that credits a Philadelphia company with making ice cream in a pastry and deep-fried. Other sources credit its invention to the Japanese and a US firm tried to patent it in 1972. Much later on, it appears in many restaurant reviews mostly Asian, then Mexican places Petropetro (talk) 00:40, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Temp?
The article says ice cream is usually kept at 5°C. Meanwhile, water freezes at 0°. Considering 5°C is almost the same temp as a normal fridge, I doubt that this is a true temp at which ice cream is kept. Thoughts? DarkSideOfTheSpoon 10:37, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Why shouldn't the generally negative view of this product taken by "guardians of the public health" be part of the article? Even if one regards them as self-appointed, self-righteous do-gooders? In the tobacco article, would it be fair to edit comments about health concerns out? Rlquall 04:06, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Is this American food? I thought it was japanese. Flying Hamster 04:08, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I've never seen it in Japan. Fen

Fried ice-cream was first seen in Hong Kong about 20 years ago, the 80s'.

 * The only place i've had it was an American sushi restaurant so go figure. Flying Hamster 04:16, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I've only had it in Mexican restaurants, and that includes both Tex-Mex and authentic Mexican.. <.<
 * It's a pretty common dessert to find in Mexican restaurants in the US. Pimlottc 22:37, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I`ve seen it on Japanese food here in Brasil... I`ll ask my girlfriend for the name --Unuser

If it's an "Americanized Mexican dessert" then what's the Mexican parent form, and how do they differ? Indium 03:51, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

The article says
 * The first place I ever found fried ice cream was a Chinese restaurant in the U.S., though the fried ice cream I had tonight at the local semi-upscale-ish Mexican restaurant (also in the U.S.) was quite different (the former was in a ball with no extra stuff except for the coating; the latter was sitting in a fancy little, crispy, fried pastry shell that was covered in cinnamon and sugar, with hot fudge and whipped cream on top of the ice cream itself). I did not realize it was Mexican in origin, but it does make sense, as there are a lot of really sweet desserts in Latin American cuisine. -RW 63.21.76.117 02:48, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've had it too, also a mexican restuarant. As I recall, the coating was made of crushed cornflakes. ProveIt (talk) 01:40, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Fried ice cream is pretty common in the south, and it's eveywhere in florida. I guess it's from all the latino people who migrated there. it's really tasty.

Why was there a "citation needed" for Coconut fried ice cream? That's pretty silly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.170.108.226 (talk) 04:13, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually they wanted citation for red bean. I think someone doesn't know about an. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.70.113 (talk) 00:07, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Salmonella?
The article says that "'Even though fried ice cream is coated in raw egg prior to deep frying, the egg remains uncooked due to the low temperature of the ice cream. If the egg is not carefully prepared or stored beforehand, this dish can result in Salmonella food poisoning.'"There are several problems with this. First, the egg does not remain uncooked "even though" the ice cream is coated with raw egg, the egg remains uncooked (if it does) even though it is fried. Second, raw egg either contains Salmonella or it does not. The bacteria come from the reproductive tract of the chicken, not from handling or preparation. Therefore, "careful preparation and storage" have nothing to do with preventing Salmonella poisoning. Third, even though the egg remains uncooked (if it does), it may be pasteurized by the frying process. Finally, and summing up, there is no evidence that this food either can or does cause Salmonella poisoning. The reference cited merely links to a broad warning of the dangers of raw egg. 83.78.47.229 (talk) 17:13, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Not Mexican
This article states 2 origins neither of which are Mexican. There may have been a case of several people inventing the wheel, but I can't find any evidence it originated in South America, and it surely isn't Asian. Since it is a common State Fair food, I think we should loose the Mexican/Asian references. If it's on the menu you'll find it. This article says it was new to Mexico in 2007 76.97.245.5 (talk) 23:28, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Infobox Origins
Currently the infobox lists "Origin: Thailand", but the article never states that (makes some references to possible Asian origin but none specifically to Thailand). Based on the text of the article it seems that the origin is murky at best, so I would think it would make the most sense to remove the origin parameter from the info box entirely, but if it does stay it should list the multiple possible options as seen in the article 2600:8807:C104:9900:A909:8618:BD24:F05D (talk) 20:41, 24 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fried ice cream


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Carl DeFaria

Carl DeFaria (born c. 1949) is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003 and was a cabinet minister in the government of Ernie Eves.

Background
DeFaria has a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto and a law degree from Osgoode Hall. He worked in criminal and constitutional law before entering political life. DeFaria was also an instructor of the Bar Admission Course for the Law Society of Upper Canada. His wife, Riina DeFaria, has also campaigned for the House of Commons of Canada on two occasions.

Politics
He ran for the Ontario legislature in the provincial election of 1990, as the Tory candidate in the working-class riding of Cambridge. He finished a distant third, behind prominent New Democrat Mike Farnan and a Liberal candidate.

DeFaria then ran for the federal Progressive Conservative Party in the federal election of 1993 in Mississauga East, placing a distant third, this time behind Liberal Albina Guarnieri and a Reform Party candidate.

He was elected in Mississauga East by more than 6,000 votes over his Liberal opponent in the provincial election of 1995, amid a Tory sweep of the Mississauga region. A moderate, DeFaria remained a backbencher during the Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris.

DeFaria was re-elected in the provincial election of 1999, defeating his Liberal opponent by more than 4,000 votes. He supported Ernie Eves to succeed Harris as party leader in 2002, and was named Minister of Citizenship with responsibility for Seniors on April 15, 2002.

In late 2002, he was criticized by some for issuing a pamphlet of Christmas songs entitled "Sing Along With Carl". One of the works was a Stephen Foster song from 1851, which referred to blacks as "darkies". DeFaria quickly apologized, claiming that he had not scrutinized the pamphlet carefully enough before its release.

In the provincial election of 2003, he lost to Liberal candidate Peter Fonseca (a well-known Olympic athlete) by about 3,000 votes, amid a general regional decline in Tory support.

Later life
He ran for the Mississauga South federal Conservative nomination in 2004, losing to Phil Green.

In 2005, DeFaria was appointed director of the Serious Crimes Unit by Timorese President Xanana Gusmão. His task was to windup war crimes probes before the UN pullout on May 20, 2005. He faced some criticism that the UN was leaving before the war crime trial process was finished. He said, "Obviously, we would like to have all of the people who have been indicted brought to justice. It will be up to the Timorese government. I'm sure if they decide to pursue it, they will have a lot of support from the international community."

In the 2006 federal election, DeFaria ran for the Conservative Party of Canada, finishing second to longtime Liberal incumbent Albina Guarnieri.

title: Carl DeFaria


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User:PullUpYourSocks

For the time being I am no longer actively working on wikipedia articles. You can still contact me through the Talk page, but I may be slow to respond.

Licencing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:PullUpYourSocks


text: Category:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration images


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Paraffin oil

Paraffin oil may refer to:

 * (in British English) paraffin, called kerosene in North American English
 * (in North American English) any of various hydrocarbon oils obtained from petroleum, for example mineral oil

title: Paraffin oil


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Minh Mạng

Minh Mạng or Minh Mệnh (, 明 命, lit. "the bright favour of Heaven"; 25 May 1791 – 20 January 1841; born Nguyễn Phúc Đảm, also known as Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu) was the second emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam, reigning from 14 February 1820 until his death, on 20 January 1841. He was the fourth son of Emperor Gia Long, whose eldest son, Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh, had died in 1801. He was well known for his opposition to French involvement in Vietnam, completing the final Vietnamese conquest of Champa, temporary annexation of Cambodia, and his rigid Confucian orthodoxy.

Early years
Born Nguyễn Phúc Đảm at Gia Định in the middle of the Second Tây Sơn – Nguyễn War, Minh Mạng was the fourth son of lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh – future Emperor Gia Long. His mother was Gia Long's second wife Trần Thị Đang, later known as the empress Thuận Thiên. At the age of three, under the effect of a written agreement made by Gia Long with his first wife the Empress Thừa Thiên, she took Đảm in and raised him as her own son. Following Thừa Thiên's death in 1814, it was supposed that her grandson, Crown Prince Cảnh's eldest son Mỹ Đường, would be responsible for conducting the funeral. Gia Long however, brought out the agreement to insist that Phúc Đảm, as Thừa Thiên's son, should be the one fulfilling the duty. Despite opposition from mandarins such as Nguyễn Văn Thành, Gia Long was decisive with his selection.

In 1816, Gia Long appointed Đảm as his heir apparent. After the ceremony, Crown Prince Đảm moved to Thanh Hòa Palace and started assisting his father in processing documents and discussing country issues.

Gia Long's death coincided with the re-establishment of the Paris Missionary Society's operations in Vietnam, which had closed in 1792 during the chaos of the power struggle between Gia Long and the Tây Sơn brothers before Vietnam was unified. In the early years of Minh Mạng's government, the most serious challenge came from one of his father's most trusted lieutenants and a national hero in Vietnam, Lê Văn Duyệt, who had led the Nguyễn forces to victory at Qui Nhơn in 1801 against the Tây Sơn dynasty and was made regent in the south by Gia Long with full freedom to rule and deal with foreign powers.

Policy towards missionaries
In February 1825, Minh Mạng banned missionaries from entering Vietnam. French vessels entering Vietnamese harbours were ordered to be searched with extra care. All entries were to be watched "lest some masters of the European religion enter furtively, mix with the people and spread darkness in the kingdom." In an imperial edict, Christianity was described as the "perverse European" (practice) and accused of "corrupting the hearts of men".

Between 1833 and 1838, seven missionaries were sentenced to death, amongst them Pierre Borie, Joseph Marchand, and Jean-Charles Cornay. He first attempted to stifle the spread of Christianity by attempting to isolate Catholic priests and missionaries from the populace. He asserted that he had no French interpreters after Chaigneau's departure and summoned the French clergy to Hue and appointed them as mandarins of high rank to woo them from their proselytising. This worked until a priest, Father Regereau, entered the country and began missionary work. Following the edict which forbade further entry of missionaries into Vietnam, arrests of clerics began. After strong lobbying by Duyệt, the governor of Cochin China, and a close confidant of Gia Long and Pigneau de Behaine, Minh Mạng agreed to release the priests on the condition that they congregate at Đà Nẵng and return to France. Some of them obeyed the orders, but others disobeyed the order upon being released, and returned to their parishes and resumed preaching.

Isolationist foreign policy
Minh Mạng continued and intensified his father's isolationist and conservative Confucian policies. His father had rebuffed a British delegation in 1804 proposing that Vietnam be opened to trade; the delegation's gifts were not accepted and turned away. At the time, Vietnam was of no interest to the European powers, since most of the continent was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. Nevertheless, Napoleon had seen Vietnam as a strategically important objective in the Anglo-French power struggle in Asia, as he felt that it would make an ideal base from which to contest the East India Company's foothold in the Indian subcontinent. With the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy and the final exile of Napoleon in 1815, the military scene in Europe quieted and French interest in Vietnam was revived. Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau, one of the volunteers of Pigneau de Behaine who had helped Gia Long in his quest for power, had become a mandarin and continued to serve Minh Mạng, upon whose ascension, Chaigneau and his colleagues were treated more distantly. He eventually left in November 1824. In 1825, he was appointed as French consul to Vietnam after returning to his homeland to visit his family after more than a quarter of a century in Asia. Upon his return, Minh Mạng received him coldly. The policy of isolationism soon saw Vietnam fall further behind the pace of technology and become more vulnerable to outside encroachment as political stability returned to continental Europe, allowing European powers free hand to once again direct their attention towards increasing their influence in Asia. With his Confucian orthodoxy, Minh Mạng shunned all western influence and ideas as hostile and avoided all contact.

In 1819, Lieutenant John White of the United States Navy was the first American to make contact with Vietnam, arriving in Saigon. Minh Mạng was willing to sign a contract, but only to purchase artillery, firearms, uniforms and books. White was of the opinion that the deal was not sufficiently advantageous and nothing was implemented. In 1821, a trade agreement from Louis XVIII was turned away, with Minh Mạng indicating that no special deal would be offered to any country. That same year, East India Company agent John Crawfurd made another attempt at contact, but was only allowed to disembark in the northern ports of Tonkin; he gained no agreements, but concluded relations with France posed no threat to Company trade. In 1822, the French frigate La Cleopatre visited Tourane (present day Đà Nẵng). Her captain was to pay his respects to Minh Mạng, but was greeted with a symbolic dispatch of troops as though an invasion had been expected. In 1824 Minh Mạng rejected the offer of an alliance from Burma against Siam, a common enemy of both countries. In 1824 Henri Baron de Bougainville was sent by Louis XVIII to Vietnam with the stated mission "of peace and protection of commerce. Upon arriving in Tourane in 1825, it was not allowed ashore. The royal message was turned away on the pretext that there was nobody able to translate it. It was assumed that the snub was related to an attempt by Bougainville to smuggle ashore a Catholic missionary from the Missions étrangères de Paris. Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau's nephew, Eugène Chaigneau, was sent to Vietnam in 1826 as the intended consul but was forced to leave the country without taking up his position.

Further fruitless attempts to start a commercial deal were led by de Kergariou in 1827 and Admiral Laplace in 1831. Another effort by Chaigneau in 1829 also failed. In 1831 another French envoy was turned away. Vietnam under Minh Mạng was the first East Asian country with whom the United States sought foreign relations. President Andrew Jackson tried twice to contact Minh Mạng, sending Edmund Roberts in 1832, and Consul Joseph Balestier in 1836, to no avail. In 1837 and 1838, La bonite and L'Artémise were ordered to land in Tourane to attempt to gauge the situation in Vietnam with respect to missionary work. Both were met with hostility and communication was prevented. Later, in 1833 and 1834, a war with Siam was fought over control of Cambodia which for the preceding century had been reduced to impotence and had fallen under the control of its two neighbours.

In 1824, a Burmese envoy dispatched by Burmese king, presenting a proposal of a Burma-Vietnam alliance against Siam, which was immediately declined by Minh Mang. Minh Mang saw a risky war against Siam, the former ally, might have jeopardized Vietnamese hegemony in Cambodia, which had been acquired by his father Gia Long. Second, he had careful watched the British seizure of Singapore in 1819 and were waging war in Burma, thus he saw Britain as the new rising threat, and urged the Chakri dynasty of Siam should focus with Burma in their struggle against the British expansion.

After Vietnam under Gia Long gained control over Cambodia in the early 19th century, a Vietnamese-approved monarch was installed. Minh Mạng was forced to put down a Siamese attempt to regain control of the vassal as well as an invasion of southern Vietnam which coincided with rebellion by Lê Văn Khôi. The Siamese planned the invasion to coincide with the rebellion, putting enormous strain on the Nguyễn armies. Eventually, Minh Mạng's forces were able to repel the invasion as well as the revolt in Saigon, and he reacted to Western encroachment by blaming Christianity and showing hostility, leading to the European powers asserting that intervention was needed to protect their missionaries. This resulted in missed opportunities to avert the colonisation of Vietnam through having friendly relations, since strong opposition was raised in France against an invasion, due to the costs of such a venture. After the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839, Minh Mạng attempted to build an alliance with European powers by sending a delegation of two lower rank mandarins and two interpreters in 1840. They were received in Paris by Prime Minister Marshal Soult and the Commerce Minister, but they were shunned by King Louis-Philippe. This came after the Society of Foreign Missions and the Holy See had urged a rebuke for an "enemy of the religion". The delegation went on to London, with no success.

Domestic program
The beginning of Minh Mang rule over Vietnam was vastly unsettling. Vietnam was divided into autonomous domains governed independently by Viceroys under Gia Long. The first cholera pandemic reached Vietnam in summer 1820 removed 206,835 tax payers from royal tax registers, while political scientist Samuel Popkin suggested that around one million people might have been perished due to the disease, out of Vietnam's total population of around eight million.

On the domestic front, Minh Mạng continued his father's national policies of reorganising the administrative structure of the government. These included the construction of highways, a postal service, public storehouses for food, monetary and agrarian reforms. He continued to redistribute land periodically and forbade all other sales of land to prevent wealthy citizens from reacquiring excessive amounts of land with their money. In 1840 it was decreed that rich landowners had to return a third of their holdings to the community. Calls for basic industrialisation and diversification of the economy into fields such as mining and forestry were ignored. He further centralised the administration, introduced the definition of three levels of performance in the triennial examinations for recruiting mandarins. In 1839, Minh Mạng introduced a program of salaries and pensions for princes and mandarins to replace the traditional assignment of fief estates.

Diseases, disasters and rebellions against oppression and misery were very frequent, undermining the king's strength. Vietnam was at its low point of coherence in history. About 200 rebellions were recorded during his twenty-year reign.

Conquests and ethnic minority policy
Despite ongoing intra-turmoil, Minh Mang exhibited his admiring to Confucian rule and classical Chinese culture, while imposing ethnic assimilation at home and pursuing territorial expansion and interference in neighboring Laos. Minh Mang put his support to Vientiane's king Chao Anou, his close ally, to wage war against Siam. But the outcome did not go for their plan. Anou was defeated and then was detaining to the Siamese in late 1828 by Chao Noi, ruler of Muang Phuan, also a tributary of Minh Mang. Chao Noi was arrested by the Vietnamese for betraying, then being executed in Hue by Minh Mang. Muang Phuan was annexed into Vietnam in 1832 as Tran Ninh prefecture.

Minh Mạng enacted the final conquest of the Champa Kingdom after the centuries long Cham–Vietnamese wars. He aggressively repressed culture of the Cham and indigenous highland peoples. The Cham Muslim leader Katip Sumat was educated in Kelantan and came back to Champa to declare a Jihad against the Vietnamese after Emperor Minh Mạng's annexation of Champa. The Vietnamese coercively fed lizard and pig meat to Cham Muslims and cow meat to Cham Hindus against their will to punish them and assimilate them to Vietnamese culture.

The Chinese or Hoa particularly concentrated in urbanized areas such as Saigon, Cho Lon, and Hanoi. They organized themselves into bang or 'congregations.' Two groups of Chinese that people tended to distinct, known as Minh Hương and Thanh nhân. The Minh hương were Chinese refugees of the Ming dynasty that had migrated and settled down in Vietnam earlier during the 17th century, who married with Vietnamese women, had been substantially assimilated to local Vietnamese and Khmer populaces, and loyal to the Nguyen, compared to the Thanh nhân, Chinese immigrants of the Qing dynasty that recently arrived in Southern Vietnam, who dominated the grain trade. During the reign of Minh Mạng, a restriction against the Thanh nhân was issued in 1827, which prohibits the Thanh nhân access to the state bureaucracy, rice monopoly and foreign trade. Their alternate option was having themselves to be adjusted and integrated into Vietnamese society like the Minh Hương.

Minh Mang sent troops to crushed a rebellion in Cambodia in 1820, then incorporated Cambodia into Vietnam in 1834 as the new Tây Thành province. Since then, until his death, Minh Mang had been trying to force the Cambodians to adopt Vietnamese culture by the cultural assimilation progress of what historian David P. Chandler dubbed The Vietnamization of Cambodia. Siamese accounts describe that Khmer nobles in Phnom Penh was forced to dress like Vietnamese, abide to Vietnamese laws, and were called "the new Yuon (Viet)". Cambodian revolts were put down brutally. Douglas Johnson recalled year 1836 as the momentum marked the greatest territorial extent of the Vietnamese empire, also high point of its stability which most revolts in Minh Mang's realm had been suppressed. However, continuous uprisings in Cambodia, Tonkin, and wars with Siam put Minh Mang's expansion to an query, as all sides became exhausted.

Rebellions
Minh Mạng was regarded as being in touch with the concerns of the populace. Frequent local rebellions reminded him of their plight. Descendants of the old Lê dynasty fomented dissent in the north, appealing not only to the peasantry but to the Catholic minority. They attempted to enlist foreign help by promising to open up to missionaries. Local leaders in the south were upset with the loss of the relative political autonomy they enjoyed under Duyệt. With Duyệt's death in 1832, a strong defender of Christianity passed. Catholics had traditionally been inclined to side with rebel movements against the monarchy more than most Vietnamese and this erupted after Duyệt's death. Minh Mạng ordered Duyệt posthumously indicted and one hundred lashes were applied to his grave. This caused indignation against southerners who respected Duyệt. In July 1833, a revolt broke out under the leadership of his adopted son, Lê Văn Khôi. Historical opinion is divided with scholars contesting whether the grave desecration or the loss of southern autonomy after Duyệt's death was the main catalyst. Khôi's rebels brought Cochinchina under their control and proposed to replace Minh Mạng with a son of Prince Cảnh. Khôi took into hostage French missionary Joseph Marchand within the citadel, thinking that his presence would win over Catholic support. Khôi enlisted Siamese support, which was forthcoming and helped put Minh Mạng on the defense for a period.

Eventually, however, the Siamese were defeated and the south was recaptured by royalist forces, who besieged Saigon. Khôi died during the siege in December 1834 and Saigon fell nine months later in September 1835 and the rebel commanders put to death. In all the estimates of the captured rebels was put between 500 and 2000, who were executed. The missionaries were rounded up and ordered out of the country. The first French missionary executed was Gagelin in October 1833, the second was Marchand, who was put to death along with the other leaders of the Saigon citadel which surrendered in September 1835. From then until 1838 five more missionaries were put to death. The missionaries began seeking protection from their home countries and the use of force against Asians.

Minh Mạng pursued a policy of cultural assimilation of non-Viet ethnic groups which from 1841, through 1845, led to southern Vietnam experiencing a series of ethnic revolts.

Ruling style

Minh Mạng was known for his firmness of character, which guided his instincts in his policy making. This accentuated his unwillingness to break with orthodoxy in dealing with Vietnam's problems. His biographer, Marcel Gaultier, asserted that Minh Mạng had expressed his opinions about national policy before Gia Long's death, proposing a policy of greater isolationism and shunning westerners, and that Long tacitly approved of this. Minh Mạng was regarded as more nuanced and gentle than his father, with less forced labour and an increased perceptiveness towards the sentiment of the peasantry.

Although he disagreed with European culture and thinking, he studied it closely and was known for his scholarly nature. Ming Mạng was keen in Western technologies, namely mechanics, weaponry and navigation which he attempted to introduce into Vietnam. Upon hearing of the vaccination against smallpox, he organised for a French surgeon to live in a palatial residence and vaccinate the royal family against the disease. He was learned in Eastern philosophy and was regarded as an intellectually oriented monarch. He was also known for his writings as a poet. He was known for his attention to detail and micromanagement of state affairs, to a level that "astonished his contemporaries". As a result, he was held in high regard for his devotion to running the country. When Minh Mạng died, he left the throne to his son, Emperor Thiệu Trị, who was more rigidly Confucianist and anti-imperialist than his father. During Thiệu Trị's reign, diplomatic standoffs precipitated by aspiring European imperial powers on the pretext of the "treatment" of Catholic priests gave them an excuse to use gunboat diplomacy on Vietnam, and led to increasing raids and the eventual colonisation of Vietnam by France. Nevertheless, during his reign Minh Mạng had established a more efficient government, stopped a Siamese invasion and built many national monuments in the imperial city of Huế.

Family and succession
Minh Mạng had a large number of wives and concubines. He is reported to have fathered 142 children from 43 wives. His sons included: Miên Tông (Emperor Thiệu Trị), Miên Định (Prince of Thọ Xuân), Miên Thẩm (Prince of Tùng Thiện), Miên Trinh (Prince of Tuy Lý), Miên Bửu (Prince of Tương An), Miên Lâm (Prince of Hoài Đức), Miên Triện (Prince of Hoằng Hóa), Miên Lịch (Yên Thành). Three of his daughters, Nguyệt Đình, Mai Am and Huệ Phố, were famous poets.

Minh Mạng's sons also had a remarkable number of offspring: Prince of Thọ Xuân fathered 144 children, including 78 sons and 66 daughters, Prince of Tuy Lý, another son, had 77 sons and 37 daughters. He is succeeded by Emperor Thiệu Trị, who himself fathered 29 princes and 35 princesses.

He decided to name his descendants (Nguyễn Phước or Nguyễn Phúc: all members of the Nguyễn dynasty) by choosing the Generation name following the words of the Imperial succession poem to avoid confusion. For boys, the following poem is shown in Chữ Quốc Ngữ (modern Vietnamese script) and in chữ nôm:

 * Đế Hệ Thi
 * Miên Hường Ưng Bửu Vĩnh
 * Bảo Quý Định Long Trường
 * Hiền Năng Kham Kế Thuật
 * Thế Thoại Quốc Gia Xương.

 * 帝系詩
 * 綿洪膺寶永
 * 保貴定隆長
 * 賢能堪繼述
 * 世瑞國嘉昌

Note: Hường replaced Hồng and Thoại replaced Thụy because it was taboo to use the names of passed emperors or fathers.''

The meaning of each name is roughly given as follows: Girls receive also a different name on each generation, for example: Công-chúa, Công-nữ, Công Tôn-nữ, Công-tằng Tôn-nữ, Công-huyền Tôn-nữ, Lai-huyền Tôn-nữ, or shorten to Tôn-nữ for all generations afterward.

title: Minh Mạng


text:
Tsuyoshi Kusanagi

Tsuyoshi Kusanagi (草彅 剛) is a Japanese actor, singer, television host, and a former member of SMAP, one of the best-selling boy bands in Asia.

Early life
Kusanagi grew up in Kasukabe, Saitama, Japan.

Music
In 1987, at age 13, Kusanagi auditioned to enter Johnny & Associates, a Japanese talent agency that recruits and trains young boys, preteens to teens, to become singers and members of boy bands. After five of the other band members auditioning individually from 1986 through 1987, in autumn 1987, twenty boys, from ages ten to seventeen, were put together into a group called The Skate Boys, which was initially created as backup dancers for a famous boy band, Hikaru Genji. In April 1988, producer Johnny Kitagawa chose six out of the twenty boys to create a new boy band and named them "SMAP".

A year after the dissolution of SMAP, Kusanagi, alongside former members Shingo Katori, and Goro Inagaki formed the group, Atarashii Chizu.

Acting
He had the lead role in the movie, Yomigaeri (黄泉がえり) (January 18, 2003; a Japan public presentation). Moreover, his Korean-language-Japanese-produced movie The Hotel Venus (ホテルビーナス) (March 6, 2004 Japan public presentation) was submitted to the Moscow International Film Festival on June 25, 2004.

In 2020, Kusanagi took on the role of Nagisa, a transgender nightclub worker in Eiji Uchida's Midnight Swan. The film won numerous awards, such as Picture of the Year, and he was subsequently awarded the Japan Academy Film Prize for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role.

Television
As a member of the boyband SMAP, Kusanagi used to co-host the weekly variety show SMAP×SMAP alongside his bandmates for 20 years. In 2001, he hosted the variety show Chonangang on Fuji TV. Determined to debut in Korea, Kusanagi started learning the Korean language and appearing on Korean variety shows. This focus on Korean culture led to him adopting Chonangang as his Korean persona in various SMAP concerts, even releasing several singles. Originally, Chonangang was intended to focus on Kusanagi's journey in South Korea, however lasted eight years due to its popularity. Because of the show's success, the format shifted to feature interviews with popular Korean celebrities such as Lee Min-ho, and led to Kusanagi interviewing former South Korean Presidents Roh Moo-hyun, and Lee Myung-bak on TBS.

Personal life
Kusanagi announced his marriage on December 30, 2020.

Arrest
On April 23, 2009, at around 3 a.m., Kusanagi was arrested on suspicion of public indecency at Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo. On April 24, 2009, he held a press conference accompanied by his attorney and apologized for his misbehavior. Prosecutors decided not to indict Kusanagi because of his apology. He took a one-month-long hiatus and returned to the taping of SMAPxSMAP on May 28, 2009.

Publications

 * Kore ga Boku desu. (April 1997) ISBN 978-4847012792
 * Okiraku (March 2007) ISBN 978-4048944892
 * Kusanagiron (May 2008) ISBN 978-4087804942
 * Okiraku 2 (March 2016) ISBN 978-4047317321
 * Jeongmal Book (December 2002) ISBN 978-4838714254
 * Jeongmal Book Hangul (December 2002) ISBN 978-4838714186
 * Jeongmal Book 2 (November 2004) ISBN 978-4838715589
 * Jeongmal Book 2.5 (November 2004) ISBN 978-4838715596
 * Tsuki no Machi Yama no Machi (February 2011) ISBN 978-4847019647
 * Document Kusanagi Tsuyoshi in Yomigaeri (2003) ISBN 978-4048535755
 * The Hotel Venus Starring Kusanagi Tsuyoshi (2004) ISBN 978-4048537353
 * Nippon Chinbotsu Photo Book featuring Kusanagi Tsuyoshi (2006) ISBN 978-4048539807
 * Yama no Anata Tokushi no Koi (2008) ISBN 978-4087804959

title: Tsuyoshi Kusanagi


text:
Dorados de Sinaloa

Dorados de Sinaloa, or Dorados, is a Mexican professional football club based in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.

History
Dorados de Sinaloa was founded on August 9, 2003. The Dorados was the youngest team to play on First Division de México, having joined the division for the first time for the Apertura 2004 tournament when the club was only one year old. The Dorados currently play in the Liga de Expansión MX, the second tier of the Mexican league.

First promotion and relegation
On 20 December 2003, the Dorados won their first title in the Apertura 2003 tournament of Primera División A. Guadalupe Castaneda scored the goal, beating the Cobras of Ciudad Juárez. They finished as runners-up in the Apertura 2004, and won the play-off promotion beating Club León with a goal from Roberto Dominguez and winning the promotion to Liga MX just one year after the club was founded. The club was relegated to the Apertura in a 2006 tournament after playing for just two years in the top tier.

Return to first Division
On July 27, 2015, the Dorados played their first game in the First Division after 8 seasons in the Second Division. The game was celebrated in the Banorte Stadium versus Jaguares de Chiapas, with a 0–0 final score. Their first 3 points came in the second game of the season on July 31, against Xoloitzcuintles de Tijuana in the Caliente Stadium. Dayro Moreno scored for the North Californian team, but Mauricio Martín Romero scored the first goal of Dorados in the 2015–16 Liga MX season. The Dorados played and won their first game in the first division in 9 years, 1–2. The previous game being on April 22, 2006, when the Dorados beat Jaguares de Chiapas 4–2, with goals from Andrés Orozco, Cristian Patiño, and Pep Guardiola.

Second relegation
On April 16, 2016, after losing 5–2 to Tigres UANL, the Dorados were demoted after just one season in Liga MX, finishing last in the relegation table of 2015–16 Liga MX season marking the second time the club was relegated to Ascenso MX.

Rivalry with Club León
When the Dorados de Sinaloa arrived at Primera División A in 2003, a rivalry was born. When the franchise was first created in 2003, Dorados became champions in their first tournament, becoming the first team to ever accomplish this feat in Primera A. In their second tournament, Dorados made it to the final once again, falling to Club León. Despite losing this final, Dorados and León played the promotion game to Primera División de México where Dorados were victorious. Dorados and Leon have played a total of four finals, with each team winning two.

Since the relegation of Dorados to the Ascenso MX, the two sides have not played in a league match.

Honours

 *  Ascenso MX: 4
 * Apertura 2003, Clausura 2007, Clausura 2015, Apertura 2016
 *  Campeón de Ascenso: 2
 * 2004, 2015
 *  Copa MX: 1
 * Apertura 2012
 * International Copa Ricardo:
 * Second Place

Reserve teams

 * Dorados de Sinaloa (Liga TDP)
 * Reserve team that plays in the Liga TDP, the fourth level of the Mexican league system.

Notable players

 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Casartelli
 * 🇦🇷 César Gradito
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Latorre
 * 🇦🇷 Pablo Gabriel Torres
 * 🇦🇷 Milton Caraglio
 * 🇦🇷 Gaspar Servio
 * 🇦🇷 Gabriel Hachen
 * 🇧🇷 Flavio Rogerio
 * 🇧🇷 Iarley
 * 🇧🇷 Lucas Silva
 * 🇨🇱 David Henriquez
 * 🇨🇴 Andrés Orozco
 * 🇨🇴 Yimmi Chara
 * 🇨🇷 Óscar Rojas
 * 🇪🇨 Jefferson Montero
 * 🇪🇨 Vinicio Angulo
 * 🇪🇨 Segundo Castillo
 * 🇪🇨 Walter Ayovi
 * 🇲🇽 Miguel Becerra
 * 🇲🇽 Everaldo Begines
 * 🇲🇽 Jared Borgetti
 * 🇲🇽 Omar Briceño
 * 🇲🇽 Guadalupe Castañeda
 * 🇲🇽 Jorge Iván Estrada
 * 🇲🇽 Hugo García
 * 🇲🇽 Carlos Alberto Hurtado
 * 🇲🇽 Héctor López
 * 🇲🇽 David Mendoza
 * 🇲🇽 Aurelio Molina
 * 🇲🇽 Luis Padilla
 * 🇲🇽 Mario Padilla
 * 🇲🇽 Christian Patiño
 * 🇲🇽 Carlos Pinto
 * 🇲🇽 Aldo Polo
 * 🇲🇽 Sergio Quiróz
 * 🇲🇽 Lorenzo Ramírez
 * 🇲🇽 Jaime Ruiz
 * 🇲🇽 Diego Mejia
 * 🇲🇽 Alfredo Frausto
 * 🇲🇽 Mario Osuna
 * 🇲🇽 Javier Güemez
 * 🇲🇽 Joel Sánchez
 * 🇲🇽 Cirilo Saucedo
 * 🇲🇽 Christian Valdéz
 * 🇲🇽 Cuauhtémoc Blanco
 * 🇲🇽 Fernando Arce
 * 🇲🇽 Elio Castro
 * 🇲🇽 Raúl Enríquez
 * 🇲🇽 Moisés Velasco
 * 🇵🇦 Roberto Nurse
 * 🇪🇸 Pep Guardiola
 * 🇺🇸 Joe Corona
 * 🇺🇾 Sebastián Abreu
 * 🇺🇾 Héctor Giménez
 * 🇺🇾 Nelson Maz
 * 🇺🇾 Jonathan Lacerda
 * 🇺🇸 Sonny Guadarrama

Coaches

 * 🇲🇽 Juan Carlos Chávez (2003–2004)
 * 🇨🇷 Alexandre Guimarães (2004)
 * 🇲🇽 José Luis Real (2004–2005)
 * 🇲🇽 Carlos Bracamontes (2005)
 * 🇪🇸 Juanma Lillo (2005–2006)
 * 🇲🇽 Jose Luis Saldivar (2006)
 * 🇲🇽 Jacques Passy (2006)
 * 🇺🇾 Hugo Fernández (2006–2008)
 * 🇦🇷 Jorge Almiron (2008–2009)
 * 🇲🇽 Ricardo Rayas (2009–2011)
 * 🇲🇽 Francisco Palacios (Interim) (2011)
 * 🇺🇾 Robert Dante Siboldi (2012)
 * 🇲🇽 Francisco Ramirez (2012–2014)
 * 🇲🇽 Diego Torres (2014)
 * 🇲🇽 Eduardo Fentanes (Interim) (2014)
 * 🇦🇷 Carlos Bustos (2015)
 * 🇲🇽 Omar Briceño (Interim) (2015)
 * 🇨🇴 Luis Fernando Suarez (2015–2016)
 * 🇲🇽 José Guadalupe Cruz (2016)
 * 🇲🇽 Gabriel Caballero (2016–2017)
 * 🇲🇽 Diego Ramirez (2017–2018)
 * 🇲🇽 Francisco Ramírez (2018)
 * 🇦🇷 Diego Maradona (2018–2019)
 * 🇲🇽 José Guadalupe Cruz (2019)
 * 🇲🇽 David Patiño (2020)
 * 🇲🇽 Rafael García (2021–2024)
 * 🇺🇾 Sebastián Abreu (2024–)

title: Dorados de Sinaloa


text:
Talk:History of Denmark

Rating
More thorough referencing would be needed for C or B rating.--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 08:48, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

German children after WWII
I'm moving the following two links here from the main page.

 * Danish Study Says German Children Abused 10,000 German children who fled unaccompanied to Denmark as World War II drew to a close in the spring of 1945 were subjected to inhumane treatment.
 * A Legacy of Dead German Children Ten thousand German children under five died in Danish camps

Yes, it is completely true that Danish doctors etc didn't treat German refugees in Denmark cordially, but during the last months of 1944 and the first months of 45, Germany had placed 250,000 German refugees in Denmark which at the time had a population of 4 million. So one in 16-17 was a German refugee, and this number doesn't include the German soldiers in Denmark. The soldiers left in 1945, but the British occupation zone in NW Germany rejected a Danish request to have the 250,000 German refugees transferred to the British zone. These people were hated because they'd been placed in Denmark by Nazi authorities and because they occupied a very large number of Danish public buildings, most importantly schools and community halls. Were these people treated like they would have wished? No, they weren't, but much of the story is that Danish doctors were afraid of being labelled as Nazis or pro-Germans should they treat the war refugees. In addition, many Danish doctors held a great grudge against all Germans since the Germans and the Schalburg Corps had raided Odense Hospital during the war and gunned down a number of innocent young doctors. Whenever I asked my grandparents about what had been the worst incidents during the war, they always mentioned these murders. A third aspect of the story is that the Danish government deliberately isolated the refugees from the general public in order to avoid young German women fraternising with Danish males since any Danish-German marriage would have given both persons the right to stay in Denmark according to contemporary Danish law. A fourth aspect was that some German doctors didn't wish help from Danish doctors. A fifth, that the calorie rations awarded to the Germans was taken from the tables used by the Germans during the war, and that this ration was met. This was done despite that if one had given the average man on the street the choice between giving food to German refugees or giving it to starving Dutchmen, French, Norwegians or Finns, he would have chosen anyone but the Germans. Denmark sent food to all four countries. In any case, Danes don't normally consider the German refugees an important event in national history. Rather, a Danish POV would have been that the refugees should have been glad they weren't simply expelled in 1945. The death rate among the German refugees was high, but it is hardly surprising given that these people were in very poor shape when they arrived in Denmark; women, children and old men, without adequate food and physically exhausted from the flight from East Prussia. This rate also needs to be compared to similar rates in Poland and Germany among people in similar conditions. This material really belongs under the occupation of Denmark article, but it can't simply be reduced to two external links making every reader passing by conclude that the Danish government and people committed genocide. Valentinian T / C 21:27, 12 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I follow your reasonable arguments. This will need some work in future, and not mere external links without any explanation.--Kresspahl 07:53, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * If anybody perceived my post above as rude, that was not my intention, however Danish-German relations right after the war are incredibly complicated and a very sensitive issue. As I see it, at least three problems are all connected; #1: the German refugees in Denmark, #2: the German minority in South Jutland and why its membership rate suddenly dropped sharply in 1945, #3: The sharp rise in the membership rate of the Danish minority in Sourthern Schleswig, combined with a very heated Danish debate in 1945-47/48 about whether Denmark should be reunited with Southern Schleswig or not, and if so, on what conditions. Many Schleswigers saw reunification with Denmark as a means to get the East Prussian refugees removed from Southern Schleswig as well. As I understood my grandparents; people back then held a great fear that the refugees would stay permanently (the last left around 1947/48). In addition, everybody expected that WWIII would start around 1965 and that it - again - would involve a German occupation of Denmark. Even more problematic: the time was a time of shortage. When this story broke, I remember seeing an interview on the TV with a Danish doctor that had treated German refugees, who simply stated that he could have done more, but he couldn't get penicillin and other medical supplies. And if he had two sick children, both in equally poor condition and only one dose of penicillin, he wouldn't split the dose in two, since such a treatment wouldn't have worked for either child; in that case, he would give it to one child, if one of the two children was Danish, he would give it to that child in order not to cause problems for himself. What I'm trying to say is that each of these issues is sensitive enough on its own, but the problem is that these issues are connected. Valentinian T / C 08:45, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This has already been debated over at Allied war crimes during World War II. I proposed a balanced section on Denmark that of course never made it into the (rather horrible) article but it ended the discussion. Those articles linked to are not exactly good examples of objective journalism and the only reliable sources aside from reactions from the red cross and the medical society would be the thesis in question. MartinDK 08:48, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Denmark's Historical Journal (Historisk Tidsskrift) contained a commentary to this PhD dissertation where the commentator notes that the author of the dissertation forgets that the German forces in Denmark had been murdering Danish doctors for c. 1 year before the Germans requested medical assistance for the German refugees. This included several murders committed or thwarted in the very same days as the negotiations with the Danish Medical Association took place, and the order to these murders generally came from the same Otto Bovensiepen as the Danish Medical Association was negotiating with (the first such murder happened the same day Bovensiepen arrived in Denmark, but he is believed to have given the order to the 15 other murders). The total in Denmark is that 10 MDs were murdered, an additional three attempted murders failed and an additional three were never carried out. The commentary is in Danish only but worth a read. Another commentator notes that - although it is often ignored - sources indicate that the Germans also ran their own medical service. Valentinian T / C 14:50, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

EEC Membership
Elsewhere I see that Denmark joined the EEC on 1 January 1973 along with the UK and Ireland, but this article says the Danish people voted in 1973 to join. What's the real story? —Largo Plazo 14:50, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The real story is the one you found elsewhere. The Danish European Communities membership referendum, 1972 was in October 1972. Thanks for finding the error. Hemmingsen 15:37, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Map showing Denmark-Norway's colonial possessions in 1800
I've noticed that the map in this article containing the above title contains borders which are thoroughly inconsistent with the year 1800. In fact, it seems to be a map from the post-World War I period. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gryps5 (talk • contribs) 00:24, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No it is accurate. Though you do need to click on the map to get the enhanced version; the miniscule colonial possessions tend to be invisible to the naked eye on the thumb.--Saddhiyama (talk) 00:35, 22 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No, Gryps5 has it right. The map displays the extent Denmark-Norway and the colonies as of circa 1800 on a base map of the world as of the 1920s or so, which is a somewhat confusing thing to do. It would be nice to have the rest of the world match the borders as of 1800 as well, but since commons:Category:Blank maps of the world for historical use doesn't seem to have an appropriate base map yet, it is probably beyond my graphical skills to fix it. Hemmingsen 15:07, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes that is true. I misunderstood his comment to mean the borders showing the Danish colonial possessions. --Saddhiyama (talk) 15:37, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Denmark - Netherlands relations
I have used The loss of Eastern Denmark part of the article in this article: Denmark - Netherlands relations. I hope its okay. Ahmetyal 13:30, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

The first monarchy in Europe
It is stated in this article that the Danish monarchy is the oldest in Europe. This is not correct if Harold Blue-tooth is taken as the first King of Denmark. His reign began in 957. Aethelstan became king of England in 927, 30 years before. It may be argued that the Monarchy of England ended with Anne but it is clearly incorporated in that of Great Britain. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Corieltauvus (talk • contribs) 19:36, 4 April 2013 (UTC)

Dolmen lead image
Why wouldnt a stone dolmen, the oldest type of architecture found in Denmark, be a good image to represent Danish history?·maunus · snunɐɯ· 20:06, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Hi. Because this page is about the history of Denmark. The stone dolmen is a very good representing image of the prehistory of what we now know as Denmark. It is important to know how "prehistory" differs from "history" in this context. RhinoMind (talk) 20:16, 6 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Normally history articles include prehistory, and the distinction is mostly used in specialist literature. The scope of this article should include prehistory.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 20:19, 6 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes and the article already includes a rather large section on the prehistory of what we now know as Denmark. But putting an image representing prehistory at the top of an article about history is not representing. Also mind that "Denmark" did not exist in the prehistory of Scandinavia. Another important twist. RhinoMind (talk) 20:23, 6 January 2016 (UTC)
 * That is a silly argument. To most readers - professional historians included - the history of Denmark is the human past of the current Danish territory and starts with the earliest human occupation. The dolmen perfectly shows the depth and scope of the Danish history. But I am not going to waste more time argueing about this, given that the article in general is extremely bad.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 20:27, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Well, it would be a lot more helpful if you verbalized (or tried to fix) what you say is "extremely bad". I (and perhaps others) would love to look into it.
 * Btw, I don't see how this could mean such a big deal. I just moved some images. I also moved images from the Nordic Iron Age and Nordic Bronze Age to represent the prehistory section in general, not just the Stone Age and Bronze Age. Was that also an "extremely bad" thing to do? RhinoMind (talk) 20:34, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

Scope of this article
I propose that the scope of this article should be include archeological prehistory going back to the earliest settlements of the territory that is today Denmark. This is the scope that the average reader will expect, and also the scope that is included in most generalist "histories" of Denmark. Starting abruptly in the 8th century because that is when written sources begin and the strict specialist definition of history is employed is not helpful to the reader.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 20:19, 6 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi. I agree and are not about to make any change in this regard, because as the article stands, it exactly does what you just describe in your post.

 * If you intend to change the order of preference in the lede, however, I strongly disagree. Because the notion of Denmark, as a word, as a concept, as a nation, as a kingdom and in other regards, is strongly tied to exactly the 8th century. RhinoMind (talk) 20:27, 6 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I dont have a problem with the order of presentation in the lead, but with your implied argument that the article on "history" should exclude "prehistory". If that is not your intention then I have no problem.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 20:33, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

 * I surely recognize the inclusion of a section on prehistory. As you also pointed out, we do not need a clear-cut divide between the two in such a general Wikipedian article. RhinoMind (talk) 20:37, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

As an extra comment, I think it would be quite helpful to the future of this article, if it was specified more clearly how much the emphasis should be on Denmark as a nation vs. the geographical area we now call Denmark. It would solve similar problems down the road, it would probably also help making the article more cohersive in its content and focus. I don't know if there is any consensus on this in other "History of ..." articles? Personally I feel that a lot of detailed information on the nation of Denmark could perhaps be moved to the Denmark page. But first of all, I believe it would be a really good idea to improve the prehistory of Scandinavia page. It is written almost entirely from a Swedish perspective as it stands now. And it doesn't even do it in a good way in my opinion. I have had thoughts on this for quite a while, more thoughts than time I guess. RhinoMind (talk) 21:04, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

 * The answer to this question is in the literature. The first step is to identify and acquire the literature that an article about the History of Denmark should rely on. Then we should follow the approach taken by that literature.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 22:59, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

 * In the literature the prehistoric era of Denmark is referred to as Oldtiden or Fortiden in Danish sources. These words could be translated as "Ancient times" or "The past". It is not referred to as "history". Besides, I would think it to be a good idea if an article on the Prehistory of Denmark was branched off at some point. This is done for other countries as well and would be a good place to elaborate more on this extensive period. I still think it would be a good idea to at least include some general information on the prehistoric era in this article though, in the case of an offshoot article. RhinoMind (talk) 15:51, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * But in Danish "Forhistorie" and "forhistorisk" is reserved for the "deep prehistory" (palaeontological and geological time). Oldtiden is also used for the classical period of Rome and Greece. So that argument strikes me as specious. The question is whether books about the history of Denmark includes the stone age and its periods - and I know that several do, as do the National Museum. ·maunus · snunɐɯ· 16:57, 14 January 2016 (UTC)
 * 1. For-historie directly translates as "pre-history" and it is a very common term when dealing with the Iron Age, Bronze Age and Stone Age of Scandinavia and also Denmark specifically. There are very clear lines in scholarly works between "for-historien" and "historien". Same thing for the word Fortiden. I even made a double check of this to be completely sure of how this term was used, before writing my comment above.  2. I am not aware of how the word Oldtiden is used when Danish sources are dealing with other cultures past, but when Danish sources use the word Oldtiden about Denmarks past, it is equivalent to Forhistorien. 3. It is a bit sad, that the major source of Denmark's pre-history in this article is only referred to as "Jensen". Some important information must have been removed at some point. However, I am 99% sure it is the works of Jørgen Jensen that is meant. I will add it to the page when I find the time. 4. Both this and my immediate comment above are meant as statements and documentation. I am not trying to argue for or against anything. RhinoMind (talk) 02:56, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
 * A direct translation is not a translation. Today, outside of archeology the word "forhistorie" is not generally used in the specialist sense (the history/prehistory distinction actually originated in Denmark with Christian Jürgensen Thomsen), but refers mostly to the deep geological prehistory. Fortiden simply means "past" and covers both history and prehistory. In Danish "oldtid" simply means ancient times, the study of ancient greek and roman culture is called "oldtidskundskab". It is correct that in relation to the Danish past it generally means pre-iron age. But "oldtiden" is also generally considered a part of Danish history - as can be seen for example at the Danish national museum.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 03:25, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

 * Note. I have now "linked" the pre-history section to the Prehistory of Scandinavia article. It is necessary to view the pre-history of Denmark in a Scandinavian context for many reasons. I intend to improve the prehistory of Scandinavia article when I find the time. It needs a broader scope, a Scandinavian scope. RhinoMind (talk) 22:15, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

misplaced subject remooved
PerV (talk) 03:58, 17 January 2016 (UTC)

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Cnut v Canute
There has been a segment of text about St. Canute (Canute IV) loitering haplessly in the prior section, right after some text about Cnut the Great. It dates from, so is not damage from a subsequent edit. It's persisted for years unnoticed, but it actually makes no sense in the context in which it appeared, as if it were drafted elsewhere and misplaced before being pasted into WP.

The text clearly relates to Canute's final raid plans in 1086, not to Cnut's unifying kingship in the 10th c. As such I've relocated it without discussion, but I'm putting this here to explain myself. The fact that Cnut and Canute are similar (alternate orthographies of a common name) could lead anyone to overlook the error or to dispute the edit. --dgc (talk) 05:26, 24 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Denmark


text:
Dominique

"Dominique" is a 1963 French language popular song, written and performed by Belgian singer Jeannine Deckers, better known as Sœur Sourire ("Sister Smile" in French) or The Singing Nun. The song is about Saint Dominic, a Spanish-born priest and founder of the Dominican Order, of which she was a member (as Sister Luc-Gabrielle). The English-version lyrics of the song were written by Noël Regney. In addition to French and English, Deckers recorded versions in Dutch, German, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, and Portuguese.

It was a top selling record in 11 countries in late 1963 and early 1964.

Commercial performance
"Dominique" reached the Top 10 in 11 countries in late 1963 and early 1964, topping the chart in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It reached the Top 5 in Norway, Denmark, Ireland and South Africa, with the song making it into the lower reaches of the Top 10 in the Netherlands, West Germany, and the United Kingdom. The song reached and stayed at No. 1 on Top 40 radio station WABC in New York City for the four weeks of 19 November through 10 December. On WLS Chicago, the song was No. 1 for the three weeks 15–29 November 1963. On both the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and "Easy Listening chart", "Dominique" was No. 1 for the four weeks 7–28 December 1963.

The song won the Grammy Award for Best Gospel or Other Religious Recording (Musical) in 1964. It was also a nominee for Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Sœur Sourire was a nominee for Best Female Vocal Performance. It was the second foreign language song to hit No. 1 on the Hot 100 in 1963, the first being "Sukiyaki" by Kyu Sakamoto. For the next ten years or so, although there were a number of hits with most of the vocals in a language other than English (e.g., The Sandpipers' "Guantanamera", René y René's "Lo Mucho Que Te Quiero", etc.), no other purely foreign language song reached the Billboard Hot 100's top 40 until the Spanish language hit "Eres tú (Touch The Wind)" in 1974. "Dominique" outsold Elvis Presley during its stay on the Billboard Hot 100; it was the second to last No. 1 hit before the British Invasion.

The song
"Dominique" became a worldwide hit in 1963 and was the first, and only, Belgian number-one hit single in the American Billboard charts.

It is remembered chiefly for its refrain, which goes:
 * Domi-nique -nique -nique s'en allait tout simplement,
 * Routier, pauvre et chantant.
 * ''En tous chemins, en tous lieux,
 * Il ne parle que du Bon Dieu,
 * Il ne parle que du Bon Dieu.

A literal English translation is:
 * Domi-nic -nic -nic went about simply,
 * a poor singing traveller.
 * On every road, in every place,
 * he talks only of the Good Lord,
 * he talks only of the Good Lord.

The lyrics of the chorus of Regney's English-language translation are:
 * Domi-nique -nique -nique, o'er the land he plods along,
 * And sings a little song.
 * Never asking for reward,
 * He just talks about the Lord,
 * He just talks about the Lord.

Cover versions

 * Mary Ford recorded an English-language version that was released in November 1963 by Calendar Records.
 * Sister Adele (a.k.a. Madelaine) also recorded a cover version of the song in 1963, which was released on Diplomat Records.
 * The Cuban artist La Lupe, the Mexican artist Angélica María, the Colombian artist Aníbal Velázquez and the Venezuelan artist Mirla Castellanos recorded Spanish language versions of this song.
 * The Brazilian singer Giane recorded a Brazilian Portuguese version of this song.
 * Spike Jones recorded a version that combined "Dominique" with "When the Saints Go Marching In", merging both the melodies and the styles of the two songs.
 * A variation including "When the Saints Go Marching In" is the Regimental March of the 5th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment.
 * Tommy Roe recorded an English version of the song for his U.S. album release, "Something for Everybody" in 1964.
 * Sandler and Young revived the song in late 1966, a version that appeared on the Billboard easy listening chart. The performance was a medley including other religious-themed songs including "Deep River" and "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen".
 * The Czech singer Judita Čeřovská covered this song in 1964 under the name "Dominiku".
 * Gisele MacKenzie recorded a cover version "Gisele MacKenzie SINGS DOMINIQUE AND OTHER FAVORITES" in 1962.

Soundtrack appearances

 * In the 1966 film The Singing Nun, very loosely based on Deckers, Debbie Reynolds, playing the title role, sings an English-language version of the song (with different lyrics from those of Deckers' English-language version).
 * The song is heard in the 1985 film Heaven Help Us.
 * In the 1987 Married... with Children episode "Thinnergy", "Dominique" is one of several songs Peg (Katey Sagal) sings in an attempt to annoy Al (Ed O'Neill).
 * It was used in the 1990 film Mermaids with Cher.
 * It was used in the 1993 film as elevator music For Love or Money with Michael J Fox.
 * The song was referenced in The Simpsons episode "Bart's Friend Falls in Love" (1992), where Milhouse van Houten visits his girlfriend in an all-girls convent school. A nun playing guitar and singing "Dominique" passes along, followed by several equally happy little girls. The nun's character voice was provided by cast member Maggie Roswell, who knew none of the song's actual French lyrics and instead made up her own.
 * In 1999, it was sung in Everybody Loves Raymond by Robert and Raymond when they learn Debra's sister is becoming a nun.
 * The song also featured in an episode of Welsh sitcom High Hopes.
 * In 2009, the song was used in the third series premiere of British teen drama Skins.
 * In 2009, it was also used in Mad Men in the episode "The Color Blue", when Don Draper walks into Suzanne Farell's apartment for the second time.
 * In 2012, the song is featured prominently in US anthology series American Horror Story: Asylum, the events of which take place in 1964. The original Belgian French version of the song is playing over and over in the common room of the insane asylum, and the inmates are punished if they disrupt or stop the song from playing. The record for the song is smashed by then inmate Judy Martin in a later episode stopping its constant play, the song is briefly mentioned by Sister Mary Eunice in the episode "The Name Game" when she recapped the event of Judy destroying it right as she reveals the new jukebox she has bought for Briarcliff Asylum.
 * In season 2 of episode 20 (titled 'Rock n Roll Fantasy') of Just the Ten of Us, it is sung by Heather Langenkamp, who played Marie Lubbock. It originally aired 28 April 1989.
 * In the season 3 episode of the science fiction series Dark Matter, entitled "All the Time in the World", it is sung by Anthony Lemke and Zoie Palmer. Lemke, who is fully bilingual, plays a character who is caught in a time loop similar to "Groundhog Day" and spends his time learning French from the spaceship's android.
 * In 2019, the song appears at the beginning of first episode of season two of Happy!, the Syfy and Netflix Series.

Samples

 * The musician Poe used a sample of the song in her album Haunted, on the track "House of Leaves".
 * The anonymous Australian rock band TISM sampled the song in the chorus to their 1998 song "I Might Be a Cunt, But I'm Not a Fucking Cunt".

title: Dominique


text:
TCAM

TCAM may refer to:
 * Telecommunications Access Method
 * Ternary content-addressable memory
 * Telecommunications Conformity Assessment and Market Surveillance Committee
 * Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicine
 * Transport Chemical Aerosol Model

title: TCAM


text:
Talk:Steve McNair

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title: Talk:Steve McNair


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Talk:Politics of Denmark

''' Attention! Wikipedians interested in Danish related subjects should check out Danish wikipedians' notice board. Hopefully it can help to locate and fill holes in the english wikipedia's coverage of Denmark. Have a look and fill in articles that you know of, not covered by the list.'''

Municipal powers etc
This page needs a section on municipalities and the new regions. Nstenberg

Rewriting and repositioning
I've removed the section "political conditions" and rewritten the content, changed the title to "political forces". Nstenberg
 * This article requires a thorough review in terms of the tone and grammar; I have only been able to undertake a superficial copyedit.--Soulparadox 06:00, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Cabinet vs Government
I dont know if there is some sort of common consensus regarding the word cabinet. Denmark does not have a cabinet, but the word is still used to describe the the danish ministers as a group. Can something better be used?

 * I believe government would be a more comprehensive / universal term, as there not is a distinction between cabinet and government in Danish. Bertilvidet 08:50, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I've just createt a page called Government of Denmark. It's inspired by Government of Sweden. I've put a link to the page in the Politics-of-Denmark template.

There is however a small "problem": First of all, there is a page called "Cabinets of Denmark", which has a list of previous governments. I was wondering if this title should be changed to List of Danish Governments etc. The term "cabinet" isn't good in this kind of encyclopedia. Nsteberg 28.juli, 2006.

Political inclination
Would it be wrong to note that the politics in Denmark are very incfluenced by the fact that we've had so many social democratic governments; Denmark is socialistically inclined... Ghent 15:24, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't see Socialdemokraterne in themselves as the cause of the welfare state - that would signify Denmark is unique compared to other Nordic countries in this respect - which it is not. I think the socialistic part of scandinavian culture allowed SD to transform the society - essentially to carry out the will of the (majority of the) people. The question is where this cultural trait came from in the first place. Gardar Rurak 12:05, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

monarchy
This section seems like a direct copy from the British monarchy section from the politics of the UK. If the general powers, duties and responsibilities of the Danish monarch are similar to the British monarch, then fine, but I feel it would be better to use original content in this instance.Lapafrax 21:18, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

The last paragraph of the monarchy section also seems very non-neutral... Frogs 23:15, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nyalliance.jpg
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Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Denmark" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

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Picture of PM with G W Bush
The Image of the Danish Prime Minister with George W Bush shows Anders Fogh Rasmussen, not the current (June 2009) Prime Minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen. Text and picture therefore do not agree. This section needs editing with or without a new image. I do not feel I know enough about Danish politics to make the necessary changes.Gordoncph (talk) 09:00, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Politics of Denmark


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User:SimonP/VfD

 * Johnny Zhivago (listed 04:04, 9 Dec 2004) - merge into A Clockwork Orange - SimonP 04:13, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Dominique (listed 04:23, 9 Dec 2004) - delete - SimonP 04:29, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Gogo (Final Fantasy VI) (listed 05:23, 9 Dec 2004) - keep and cleanup - SimonP 05:50, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Presbyterian Church USA (listed 05:57, 9 Dec 2004) - keep and cleanup - SimonP 06:02, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * William Fremd High School (listed 06:40, 9 Dec 2004) - keep - SimonP 06:45, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

title: User:SimonP/VfD


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Schreibersite

Schreibersite is generally a rare iron nickel phosphide mineral, (Fe,Ni)3P, though common in iron-nickel meteorites. It has been found on Disko Island in Greenland and Illinois.

Another name used for the mineral is rhabdite. It forms tetragonal crystals with perfect 001 cleavage. Its color ranges from bronze to brass yellow to silver white. It has a density of 7.5 and a hardness of 6.5 – 7. It is opaque with a metallic luster and a dark gray streak. It was named after the Austrian scientist Carl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers (1775–1852), who was one of the first to describe it from iron meteorites.

Schreibersite is reported from the Magura Meteorite, Arva-(present name – Orava), Slovak Republic; the Sikhote-Alin Meteorite in eastern Russia; the São Julião de Moreira Meteorite, Viana do Castelo, Portugal; the Gebel Kamil (meteorite) in Egypt; and numerous other locations including the Moon.

In 2007, researchers reported that schreibersite and other meteoric phosphorus bearing minerals may be the ultimate source for the phosphorus that is so important for life on Earth. In 2013, researchers reported that they had successfully produced pyrophosphite, a possible precursor to pyrophosphate, the molecule associated with ATP, a co-enzyme central to energy metabolism in all life on Earth. Their experiment consisted of subjecting a sample of schreibersite to a warm, acidic environment typically found in association with volcanic activity, activity that was far more common on the primordial Earth. They hypothesized that their experiment might represent what they termed "chemical life", a stage of evolution which may have led to the emergence of fully biological life as exists today.

Lightning strikes may have provided an alternative source of reduced phosphorus species for the synthesis of early biomolecules.

title: Schreibersite


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Talk:The Ladykillers (1955 film)

Melody
I can't deny that the music attributed to Boccherini was "played" by the pretended musicians in the Ladykillers. Still, Haydn (Roman Hoffstetter) String Quartet No.5 in F Major Op.3, 2nd Movement seems to have been used as well. Do these just sound similar? Or was it used as an alternate tune as background? Student7 (talk) 18:43, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Ladykillers (1955 film)