text:
Facial nerve paralysis

Facial nerve paralysis is a common problem that involves the paralysis of any structures innervated by the facial nerve. The pathway of the facial nerve is long and relatively convoluted, so there are a number of causes that may result in facial nerve paralysis. The most common is Bell's palsy, a disease of unknown cause that may only be diagnosed by exclusion of identifiable serious causes.

Signs and symptoms
Facial nerve paralysis is characterised by facial weakness, usually only in one side of the face, with other symptoms possibly including loss of taste, hyperacusis and decreased salivation and tear secretion. Other signs may be linked to the cause of the paralysis, such as vesicles in the ear, which may occur if the facial palsy is due to shingles. Symptoms may develop over several hours. Acute facial pain radiating from the ear may precede the onset of other symptoms.

Bell's palsy
Bell's palsy is the most common cause of acute facial nerve paralysis. There is no known cause of Bell's palsy, although it has been associated with herpes simplex infection. Bell's palsy may develop over several days, and may last several months, in the majority of cases recovering spontaneously. It is typically diagnosed clinically, in patients with no risk factors for other causes, without vesicles in the ear, and with no other neurological signs. Recovery may be delayed in the elderly, or those with a complete paralysis. Bell's palsy is often treated with corticosteroids.

Infection
Lyme disease, an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria and spread by ticks, can account for about 25% of cases of facial palsy in areas where Lyme disease is common. In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas. The first sign of about 80% of Lyme infections, typically one or two weeks after a tick bite, is usually an expanding rash that may be accompanied by headaches, body aches, fatigue, or fever. In up to 10-15% of Lyme infections, facial palsy appears several weeks later, and may be the first sign of infection that is noticed, as the Lyme rash typically does not itch and is not painful. Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics.

Reactivation of varicella zoster virus, as well as being associated with Bell's palsy, may also be a direct cause of facial nerve palsy. Reactivation of latent virus within the geniculate ganglion is associated with vesicles affecting the ear canal, and termed Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2. In addition to facial paralysis, symptoms may include ear pain and vesicles, sensorineural hearing loss, and vertigo. Management includes antiviral drugs and oral steroids.

Otitis media is an infection in the middle ear, which can spread to the facial nerve and inflame it, causing compression of the nerve in its canal. Antibiotics are used to control the otitis media, and other options include a wide myringotomy (an incision in the tympanic membrane) or decompression if the patient does not improve. Chronic otitis media usually presents in an ear with chronic discharge (otorrhea), or hearing loss, with or without ear pain (otalgia). Once suspected, there should be immediate surgical exploration to determine if a cholesteatoma has formed as this must be removed if present. Inflammation from the middle ear can spread to the canalis facialis of the temporal bone - through this canal travels the facial nerve together with the statoacoustisus nerve. In the case of inflammation the nerve is exposed to edema and subsequent high pressure, resulting in a periferic type palsy.

Trauma
In blunt trauma, the facial nerve is the most commonly injured cranial nerve. Physical trauma, especially fractures of the temporal bone, may also cause acute facial nerve paralysis. Understandably, the likelihood of facial paralysis after trauma depends on the location of the trauma. Most commonly, facial paralysis follows temporal bone fractures, though the likelihood depends on the type of fracture.

Transverse fractures in the horizontal plane present the highest likelihood of facial paralysis (40-50%). Patients may also present with blood behind the tympanic membrane, sensory deafness, and vertigo; the latter two symptoms due to damage to vestibulocochlear nerve and the inner ear. Longitudinal fracture in the vertical plane present a lower likelihood of paralysis (20%). Patients may present with blood coming out of the external auditory meatus), tympanic membrane tear, fracture of external auditory canal, and conductive hearing loss. In patients with mild injuries, management is the same as with Bell's palsy – protect the eyes and wait. In patients with severe injury, progress is followed with nerve conduction studies. If nerve conduction studies show a large (>90%) change in nerve conduction, the nerve should be decompressed. The facial paralysis can follow immediately the trauma due to direct damage to the facial nerve, in such cases a surgical treatment may be attempted. In other cases the facial paralysis can occur a long time after the trauma due to oedema and inflammation. In those cases steroids can be a good help.

Tumors
A tumor compressing the facial nerve anywhere along its complex pathway can result in facial paralysis. Common culprits are facial neuromas, congenital cholesteatomas, hemangiomas, acoustic neuromas, parotid gland neoplasms, or metastases of other tumours.

Often, since facial neoplasms have such an intimate relationship with the facial nerve, removing tumors in this region becomes perplexing as the physician is unsure how to manage the tumor without causing even more palsy. Typically, benign tumors should be removed in a fashion that preserves the facial nerve, while malignant tumors should always be resected along with large areas of tissue around them, including the facial nerve. While this will inevitably lead to facial paralysis, safe removal of a malignant neoplasm is vital for patient survival. After tumor removal, the facial nerve can be reinnervated with techniques such as cross-facial nerve grafting, nerve transfers and end-to-end nerve repair. Alternative treatment methods include muscle transfer techniques, such as the gracilis free muscle transfer or static procedures.

Patients with facial nerve paralysis resulting from tumours usually present with a progressive, twitching paralysis, other neurological signs, or a recurrent Bell's palsy-type presentation. The latter should always be suspicious, as Bell's palsy should not recur. A chronically discharging ear must be treated as a cholesteatoma until proven otherwise; hence, there must be immediate surgical exploration. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging should be used to identify the location of the tumour, and it should be managed accordingly.

Other neoplastic causes include leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.

Stroke
Central facial palsy can be caused by a lacunar infarct affecting fibers in the internal capsule going to the nucleus. The facial nucleus itself can be affected by infarcts of the pontine arteries. Unlike peripheral facial palsy, central facial palsy does not affect the forehead, because the forehead is served by nerves coming from both motor cortexes.

Other
Other causes may include:
 * Diabetes mellitus
 * Facial nerve paralysis, sometimes bilateral, is a common manifestation of sarcoidosis of the nervous system, neurosarcoidosis.
 * Bilateral facial nerve paralysis may occur in Guillain–Barré syndrome, an autoimmune condition of the peripheral nervous system.
 * Moebius syndrome is a bilateral facial paralysis resulting from the underdevelopment of the VII cranial nerve (facial nerve), which is present at birth. The VI cranial nerve, which controls lateral eye movement, is also affected, so people with Moebius syndrome cannot form facial expression or move their eyes from side to side. Moebius syndrome is extremely rare, and its cause or causes are not known.
 * Facial piercings, namely eyebrow piercings or tongue piercings, can in very rare cases cause damage to the facial nerve.

Diagnosis
A medical history and physical examination, including a neurological examination, are needed for diagnosis. The first step is to observe what parts of the face do not move normally when the person tries to smile, blink, or raise the eyebrows. If the forehead wrinkles normally, a diagnosis of central facial palsy is made, and the person should be evaluated for stroke. Otherwise, the diagnosis is peripheral facial palsy, and its cause needs to be identified, if possible. Ramsey Hunt's syndrome causes pain and small blisters in the ear on the same side as the palsy. Otitis media, trauma, or post-surgical complications may alternatively become apparent from history and physical examination. If there is a history of trauma, or a tumour is suspected, a CT scan or MRI may be used to clarify its impact. Blood tests or x-rays may be ordered depending on suspected causes. The likelihood that the facial palsy is caused by Lyme disease should be estimated, based on recent history of outdoor activities in likely tick habitats during warmer months, recent history of rash or symptoms such as headache and fever, and whether the palsy affects both sides of the face (much more common in Lyme than in Bell's palsy). If that likelihood is more than negligible, a serological test for Lyme disease should be performed. If the test is positive, the diagnosis is Lyme disease. If no cause is found, the diagnosis is Bell's Palsy.

Classification
Facial nerve paralysis may be divided into supranuclear and infranuclear lesions. In a clinical setting, other commonly used classifications include: intra-cranial and extra-cranial; acute, subacute and chronic duration.

Supranuclear and nuclear lesions
Central facial palsy can be caused by a lacunar infarct affecting fibers in the internal capsule going to the nucleus. The facial nucleus itself can be affected by infarcts of the pontine arteries. These are corticobulbar fibers travelling in internal capsule.

Infranuclear lesions
Infranuclear lesions refer to the majority of causes of facial palsy.

Treatment
If an underlying cause has been found for the facial palsy, it should be treated. If it is estimated that the likelihood that the facial palsy is caused by Lyme disease exceeds 10%, empiric therapy with antibiotics should be initiated, without corticosteroids, and reevaluated upon completion of laboratory tests for Lyme disease. All other patients should be treated with corticosteroids and, if the palsy is severe, antivirals. Facial palsy is considered severe if the person is unable to close the affected eye completely or the face is asymmetric even at rest. Corticosteroids initiated within three days of Bell's palsy onset have been found to increase chances of recovery, reduce time to recovery, and reduce residual symptoms in case of incomplete recovery. However, for facial palsy caused by Lyme disease, corticosteroids have been found in some studies to harm outcomes. Other studies have found antivirals to possibly improve outcomes relative to corticosteroids alone for severe Bell's palsy. In those whose blinking is disrupted by the facial palsy, frequent use of artificial tears while awake is recommended, along with ointment and a patch or taping the eye closed when sleeping. Several surgical treatment options exist to restore symmetry to the paralyzed face in patients where function does not return (see section Tumors above).

Prognostic
A study followed thirty individuals with facial paralysis following a stroke. Six months after the onset of paralysis, two-thirds of the patients had fully recovered or only had mild facial paralysis.

In the case of Bell's palsy, 71% of individuals fully recover without any sequelae. Additionally, the majority of individuals begin to recover within seven days after the onset of paralysis.

title: Facial nerve paralysis


text:
Siege of Hōjūjidono

The siege of Hōjūjidono (法住寺合戦, Hōjūji kassen) was a siege that took place in Kyoto, Japan in 1184. It was part of the Genpei War and a key element of the conflict between Minamoto no Yoshinaka and his cousins Yoritomo and Yoshitsune for control of the Minamoto clan.

Overview
During the Genpei War (1180–1185), the retired and cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa supported the Minamoto clan, but got caught up in the internal power struggles.

For some time, Yoshinaka had desired to seize control of the clan from his cousins. Upon returning to Kyoto from his victories at Shinohara and Kurikara, he decided to split from the clan, plotting with Minamoto no Yukiie to kidnap Emperor Go-Shirakawa, and establish a government of their own, in the provinces north of Kyoto. But Yukiie did not, in the end, aid Yoshinaka in this scheme. Yoshinaka attacked the Hōjūjidono (also known as the Hōjūji Palace), set it aflame, killed the defenders, and seized Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Yoshinaka brutally attacked the emperor's troops in addition to gaining control over Shirakawa's Imperial Prison.

He was opposed by a number of court nobles and warrior monks from Mount Hiei and Miidera, but ultimately made it out of the city victorious, with the cloistered emperor as hostage.

However, at this point, the Minamoto armies, under Yukiie, Yoritomo, Yoshitsune, and Noriyori were surrounding the capital. Yoshinaka fled across the Bridge of Uji, where he fought the second Battle of Uji.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Siege of Hōjūjidono


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Permanent Assurance Company

Permanent Assurance Company
This is fancruft, and just duplicates The Crimson Permanent Assurance. I like Monty Python, but there's no need for this entry. P Ingerson 19:19, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Redirect. (There's nothing to merge). Fancruft or no, this is too silly even for Monty Python articles. I'm taking the liberty of pre-emptively merging and redirecting Very Big Corporation of America, before we have to VfD that, too. JRM 19:32, 2004 Dec 8 (UTC)

 * Delete, else I get to write my article on Johnny Zhivago. Wyss 20:25, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Please do. I don't know him, and I want to look up factual, neutral information on him. To where shall I turn? From whence cometh my help? Oh, I see: he's not notable. In that case, I am of course not interested, and think more highly of Wikipedia for making this distinguished decision ;-) JRM 20:33, 2004 Dec 8 (UTC)
 * Heh heh. He's more notable than lots of bands on wiki (most of which I think are usefully listed btw). Problem is, Johnny's fictional, you know, like those scrike conspiracy theories on the JFK assassination page which make it essentially useless and thereby do diminish wiki, but we know paranoid and paranormal prone topics are wiki's weak spots. Whatever. :) Maybe Sollog can luzz the dice or something and clue us all in with a bit of numerology. Wyss 01:04, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Is there already established superstition about not mentioning the Enlightened One's name in any other place but the article, in fear of bad luck and trolls flocking down on us? If not, should there be? :-D JRM 01:33, 2004 Dec 9 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, let's do an emperical test, shall we? ...sssSSSollog! Sollog! SSSssooolllooog! There. At worst, I've hexed this page for all time. At best, I've baited sockpuppets and assorted victim-zombie trolls. My head swims at the very thought. Wyss 01:56, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, delete. Completely useless. Katefan0 21:53, Dec 8, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete: It fell off the edge of the world, you know, and this duplicate should follow it. Geogre 22:07, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. It makes my brain hurt.  It will have to come out.  GUMBY!! - Lucky 6.9 22:38, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Crush with big foot (aka delete). Doesn't need its own article and nothing to merge into The Crimson Permanent Assurance. David Johnson 23:40, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. I am a big Python fan, but even I would sail the wide Accountant Sea to sink this one.  --Edeans 03:38, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Stop that, it's silly. (aka delete). I'm a fan, but not an obsessional one, so I can see this isn't needed separate from any article on the film. Average Earthman 14:33, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This entry is far too sensible.  It's a disgrace! --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 17:04, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Like everyone else, I like python, but this isn't encyclopedic. --Improv 22:20, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Radomir (town)

Radomir (Радомир ) is a town in the Radomir Municipality in the Pernik Province of Bulgaria.

Geography
The town of Radomir is located at 764 meters above sea level in the Radomir valley, at the foot of Mount Golo Bardo. It is the center of the historical-geographical region of Mraka. The climate is humid-continental (Dfb).

History
The town was first mentioned in a 15th-century source as Uradmur. The current form appears for the first time in a source from 1488. The name is derived directly from the personal name Radomir or its adjectival form.

Not many names of priests and clergymen have been preserved in the history of the small town, but it is a fact that the Radomir valley was defended in the Christian spirit even after the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule at the end of the 14th century. In 1418 a wave of discontent broke out in the vicinity of Radomir against the heavy taxes imposed by the Ottoman rulers. At that time the population did not exceed 6-7 thousand people in the whole valley, but it gave good handicrafts. The locals were mostly farmers and stockbreeders, but the craft went hand in hand with them. Very famous were the so-called "katzars", who produced barrels known as far as the Aegean. In the village of Dren there were woodcarvers incomparable in mastery. 1831 Ottoman population statistics show that 41% of the Christians in the kaza of Radomir, which included Pernik Province, were non-taxpayers and 82% of Christians were recorded as middle-class.

The population has a vigilant national consciousness. The first schools in Radomir were established by people who devoted themselves to worship. One of the prominent personalities during the national revival was Archimandrite Zinovii Poppetrov, who developed his vigilant activity in this area.

In 1918, Bulgaria was ruled by Ferdinand of Bulgaria, under whom Aleksandar Stamboliyski had been imprisoned for opposing Bulgaria's participation in the Balkan War and its alliance with the Central Powers in World War I. When in September the Allied forces broke into Bulgaria, Ferdinand agreed to release Stamboliyski in return for a promise to help restore order in the military. However, Stamboliyski instead aligned himself with the uprising and in Radomir proclaimed Bulgaria to be a republic. His supporters then attempted an attack on Sofia. The Radomir Rebellion was stopped when this force was defeated by Bulgarian and German tsarists, who also did not retain control for long as Bulgaria had signed an armistice with the Allies by the end of the month.

Places of interest
The village of Baykalsko is a quiet and beautifully preserved natural settlement. The old church of Sveta Bogoroditsa, partially destroyed and rebuilt in the 19th century, has a recently restored, historic bell tower. A new cemetery bears the remains of generations on the opposite side of the village. The mayor's office and the post office are located across from the church of Bogoroditsa. The village is home to fewer elderly people and a growing population of seasonal visitors. Natural trails leading in and about nearby Konyavo Mountain, and the Choklyovo Marsh (Чокльово блато, Choklyovo blato), are tourist attractions of Baykalsko. The old name of the village, Choklyovo, has not been restored to date.

The marsh of Choklyovo is a preserved area (Regional Environment and Waters Inspectorate — Sofia), as it is the natural habitat of rare bird species and a repository of therapeutic mud. The village overlooking the lake consists of small houses traditionally made of mud and sticks. There is some small-scale construction from the 1970s and 1980s and several newer villas. Legend has it that a Medieval ruler, settled opposite the lake, issued a decree for all houses to face in his direction.

Baykalsko may be reached by bus from Sofia or Kyustendil, or by train via Zemen. Bed & breakfast accommodations are available by arrangement.

Radomir is the boza capital of Bulgaria, often called Bozenburg.

Sport
The town is home to the FK Strumska Slava football team.

Royalty
Radomir (1000–?) was also the name of a Bulgarian prince.

Radomir was the surname of Gavril Radomir of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Гаврил Радомир), who ruled Bulgaria from October 1014 to August 1015.

Religion
The primary religion of the city's residents is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The religion played a main role in the daily life of many residents of the city.

Born in Radomir

 * Bogomil Bonev (1957 –), politician
 * Bogomil Simeonov (1922 – 1991), actor
 * Svetoslav Minkov (1902 – 1966), writer
 * Asen Daskalov (1899 – 1925), revolutionary
 * Simeon Ananiev (1955 –), scientist
 * Simeon Idakiev (1941 –), journalist and adventurer

Died in Radomir

 * Georgi Madzharov (1870 – 1923), educationalist
 * Zlatan Bojkiev (1822 – ?), revolutionary
 * Kliment Hadzhov (1878 – 1948), educationalist

Connected with Radomir

 * Zinovii Poppetrov (1838 – 1911), archimandrite

Honour
Radomir Knoll on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Radomir.

title: Radomir (town)


text:
User:Iustinus

Hi, I'm Iustinus.

My main area of activity is the Latin Wikipedia, but I find myself around here fairly often.

Egyptologists with Egyptian Names
The following Egyptologists have written their names (or had their names written) in Egyptian hieroglyphics in a published source:

 * Jean-François Champollion: šɜmpwllywn
 * Source: Lettre à M. Dacier, p. 54
 *  d hmpwllywn
 * Source: ibid, p. 56
 *  d hmpwllywn
 * Source: ?
 *  d hmpwllywn
 * Source: ?
 * Source: ?

 * Carl Richard Lepsius: lˤpsyws
 * Source: "Lepsius Graffito" of 1842
 * ryšrd lpśywz
 * Source: Letter from Ippolito Rosellini to Lepsius, see Champollion och Hieroglypherna — Egyptologin 200 År p. 31.
 * Source: Letter from Ippolito Rosellini to Lepsius, see Champollion och Hieroglypherna — Egyptologin 200 År p. 31.
 * Source: Letter from Ippolito Rosellini to Lepsius, see Champollion och Hieroglypherna — Egyptologin 200 År p. 31.

 * Lise Manniche: lizɜmɜnnjqj (or -nnyq)
 * Source: The Prince Who Knew His FateISBN 039920850X
 * Source: The Prince Who Knew His FateISBN 039920850X

 * Erzherzog Rainer: rɜynr
 * Source: Festschrift zum 100-jährigen Bestehen der Papyrussamlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek: Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer, on cover and title page.
 * Source: Festschrift zum 100-jährigen Bestehen der Papyrussamlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek: Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer, on cover and title page.

 * Jordi Clos qlwɜś
 * Source: logo of the Fundación Arqueológica Clos, as seen e.g. on the back cover of En Busca de los Faraones Negros.
 * Source: logo of the Fundación Arqueológica Clos, as seen e.g. on the back cover of En Busca de los Faraones Negros.

 * L Marceau (publisher): mcrśɜw
 * Source: logo of Imprimerie française et orientale L. Marceau, as seen e.g. on the back page of Monuments divers en Egypte et en Nubie.
 * Source: logo of Imprimerie française et orientale L. Marceau, as seen e.g. on the back page of Monuments divers en Egypte et en Nubie.

I'll put this together into an actual article when I can assemble a viable bibliography.

la:Usor:Iustinus

title: User:Iustinus


text: Category:Prime ministers of Bangladesh

title: Category:Prime ministers of Bangladesh


text:
Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer

Lawrence Sawyer, Baron Sawyer (born 12 May 1943), known as Tom Sawyer, is a British trade unionist and Labour Party politician. He was General Secretary of the Labour Party from 1994 to 1998.

Early life
Sawyer was educated at Dodmire School, Eastbourne Comprehensive School and Darlington Technical College.

Trade unions
Aged fifteen, Sawyer went to work on the factory floor of a Durham engineering works. He became a National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) Officer in 1971, becoming their Northern Regional Officer in 1975. In 1981, he was made Deputy General Secretary of NUPE and served through its merger to become UNISON until 1994.

The Labour Party
In his NUPE role he served as a National Executive Committee Member of the Labour Party between 1981 and 1994 and was elected to serve as its Chair from 1990 to 1991.

In 1994, Sawyer became General Secretary of the Labour Party and led the Party successfully into the 1997 General Election. He was a moderniser who helped bring about the New Labour era. He stood down at the 1998 Party Conference and was created a Life Peer as Baron Sawyer, of Darlington in the County of Durham on 4 August 1998. He is now a director of several companies and public sector bodies.

The Labour History Archive and Study Centre at the People's History Museum in Manchester holds the papers of Sawyer, which range from 1985 to 1998.

Other Positions
In 2005, Lord Sawyer became the chancellor of the University of Teesside, replacing former Conservative MP and member of the European Commission, Leon Brittan. Sawyer served in this role until 2017.

Sawyer has been a life-long admire of William Morris, the socialist writer and craftsman and in 2018 Sawyer began a five year term of office as President of the William Morris Society.

title: Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer


text: Category:Prime ministers of Egypt

title: Category:Prime ministers of Egypt


text:
Aouzou Strip

The Aouzou Strip (قطاع أوزو, Bande d'Aozou) is a strip of land in northern Chad that lies along the border with Libya, extending south to a depth of about 100 kilometers into Chad's Borkou, Ennedi Ouest, Ennedi Est, and Tibesti Regions for an area of 114,000 km2. It is named after the small town and oasis of Aouzou. The strip played a significant role in the Chadian–Libyan War when it was claimed, alongside the Borderlands region, by Libya.

Inclusion in Italian Libya
The Aouzou strip was defined for the first time in the discussions between France and Italy after World War I, in relation to an award to Italy for the victory in that war. At the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, the Kingdom of Italy did not receive any of the German colonies, but instead was given the Oltre Giuba from the United Kingdom, and France agreed to give some Saharan territories to Italian Libya.

After many discussions during the 1920s, in 1935 the Franco-Italian Agreement was signed between Benito Mussolini and Pierre Laval, which included a provision under which Italy would receive the Aouzou strip, which was to be added to Libya. France's other motivations in concluding this agreement with Italy were to settle the status of the Italian Tunisian community in its protectorate of the country, to remove irredentist Italian claims to Nice, and to prevent Italy from growing closer to Nazi Germany by keeping it closely aligned with France and the United Kingdom (the Stresa Front).

This policy failed two years later after Italy drifted into the German orbit by concluding the Pact of Steel with Nazi Germany, leading to the "instruments of ratification" of the Mussolini-Laval Treaty never being exchanged with France. Despite this, the new border was conventionally assumed to be the southern boundary of Libya until 1955.

History
Claimed to be rich in uranium deposits, the area was the cause of dispute with Libya, which led to a war between the two countries. In 1973, Libya engaged in military operations in the Aouzou Strip to gain access to minerals and to use it as a base of influence in Chadian politics. This ultimately resulted in the Chadian–Libyan conflict. Libya then claimed an area it called the Borderlands which included the Aouzou Strip.

Libya argued that the territory, as part of the Borderlands, was inhabited by indigenous people who owed vassalage to the Senoussi Order and subsequently to the Ottoman Empire, and that this title had been inherited by Libya. It also supported its claim with an unratified 1935 treaty between France and Italy (the Mussolini-Laval Treaty), the colonial powers of Chad and Libya, respectively, that confirmed the possession of the strip by Italy.

The frontier claimed by the Chadian government was based on a 1955 treaty between France and Libya, which, in turn, referred back to an 1899 agreement between Great Britain and France about "spheres of influence." Despite other differences, this was one position on which all Chadian political parties and factions were able to agree.

Libya occupied the Aouzou Strip during the first half of 1973. During the so-called Toyota War in 1987, the final stage of the Chadian–Libyan conflict, Chadian forces were able to force the Libyans to temporarily retreat from part of the Strip. A cease-fire between Chad and Libya held from 1987 to 1988, followed by unsuccessful negotiations over the next several years. Finally a 1994 International Court of Justice decision found (by a majority of 16 to 1) in favour of Chad sovereignty over the Borderlands and the Aouzou strip, and ended the Libyan claim.

The United Nations Security Council established the United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group in Resolution 915 (May 1994) to monitor the withdrawal of Libyan troops, and terminated it in Resolution 926 (June 1994), when the withdrawal was completed.

title: Aouzou Strip


text: Category:Presidents of Israel

title: Category:Presidents of Israel


text:
One-Two-Go Airlines

One-Two-Go Airlines Co. Ltd (วัน-ทู-โก แอร์ไลน์) was a low-cost airline based in Don Mueang district, Bangkok, Thailand. Its main base was Don Mueang International Airport, Bangkok. It was owned and managed by Orient Thai Airlines and CEO Udom Tantiprasongchai and his wife Nina Tantiprasongchai. The One-Two-Go brand was retired in July 2010, after the fatal crash of flight OG 269 in September 2007 was blamed substantially on misconduct by the airline, with the aircraft re-branded under Orient Thai Airlines. On 9 October 2018, Orient Thai Airlines ceased all operations.

History
The airline started operations on 3 December 2003.

Following the crash of Flight 269 in Phuket, Thailand on 16 September 2007, One-Two-Go was banned from flying in European Union nations due to safety concerns.

On 8 April 2009, the European Commission added One-Two-Go Airlines to its blacklist of airline operators banned from entering European airspace.

Corruption within One-Two-Go Airlines and the Thai Department of Civil Aviation was a factor for the crash investigators of Flight 269.

Australia's Channel 9 broadcast a program in November 2007 which detailed accusations of maintenance fraud and specifically by CEO Udom Tantiprasongchai, coercion and bribery of pilots to fly excessive hours. The program contained an interview with lead Thai investigator Director-General Vuttichai Singhamany as he reviewed the daily flight rosters for One-Two-Go given to him by reporter Ferguson, documenting the Captain and First Officer's schedules showing that both pilots had flown beyond the legal limit for the week and for the month of the crash. Director-General Vuttichai said he would demand an explanation for the fraud from One-Two-Go.

In late February 2008, the victim's families, concerned about the impartiality and transparency of the crash investigation, created a website and on-line petition called InvestigateUdom.com calling for a proper investigation into the root causes of the crash.

The lead Thai Department of Civil Aviation investigator reported that documents he had received from One-Two-Go were fiction. The National Transportation Safety Board (which were also investigating the accident) report included the true work rosters, obtained by the family of a victim. The United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) report documented possible check ride fraud among four other One-Two-Go pilots in the months following the crash.

Three years after the crash, the British government began its inquest process into the deaths of the eight British citizens killed. The inquest, held 22–23 March 2011, was presided over by H.M. Coroner, S.P.G. Fisher. Coroner Fisher relied on a British aviation investigator, the NTSB, and Thai reports, and victim and family statements to make his conclusions. He cited the "flagrant disregard for passenger safety" by the airline and said, "the primary failure so far as I am concerned relates to the corporate culture which prevailed both One-Two-Go Airlines and Orient Thai Airlines prior to and following the air crash." Fisher twice contacted the airline to send a representative to the hearing. The airline replied that they would not take part in the proceedings.

Former destinations
During its seven-year existence, One-Two-Go Airlines served the following domestic destinations, all from its base at Don Mueang International Airport in Bangkok:

 * Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai International Airport)
 * Chiang Rai (Chiang Rai International Airport)
 * Phuket (Phuket International Airport)
 * Surat Thani (Surat Thani International Airport)
 * Nakhon Si Thammarat (Nakhon Si Thammarat Airport)
 * Trang (Trang Airport)
 * Khon Kaen (Khon Kaen Airport)
 * Krabi (Krabi International Airport)
 * Ubon Ratchathani (Ubon Ratchathani Airport)
 * Phitsanulok (Phitsanulok Airport)
 * Narathiwat (Narathiwat Airport)
 * Udon Thani (Udon Thani International Airport)
 * Hat Yai (Hat Yai International Airport)

Former fleet

One-Two-Go Airlines had operated the following aircraft:

 * 6 McDonnell Douglas MD-82 (Operated by Orient Thai Airlines)

 * 1 McDonnell Douglas MD-83

 * 2 McDonnell Douglas MD-87
 * 4 Boeing 757-200 (operated by Orient Thai Airlines)

 * 2 Boeing 747-100 (operated by Orient Thai Airlines)

 * 2 Boeing 747-300 (operated by Orient Thai Airlines)

The airline was in negotiations to purchase several used MD-80s aircraft for expansion. This never happened.

Incidents and accidents
On 16 September 2007, One-Two-Go Airlines Flight 269, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 (registered as HS-OMG) flying from Bangkok with 123 passengers and seven crew members, crashed in strong winds and heavy rain after attempting to land at Phuket International Airport. The aircraft was mostly destroyed in the blazing inferno that soon developed after the crash as the fuselage tore in two. 90 people were killed, including 5 of the crew members. 45 of the dead were tourists. In addition to the 90 dead, 26 people were "seriously injured" and 14 "suffered minor injuries". Thai aviation officials initially claimed that weather was a probable factor. The cause of the crash was later determined to be multiple flight crew errors caused by systemic failures including corruption and lack of training at One-Two-Go and within Thailand's Civil Aviation Authority, Department of Civil Aviation. "An Australian television show" says that One-Two-Go violated safety rules, such as by having pilots fly without getting enough rest, and submitted fake documentation to hide it.

title: One-Two-Go Airlines


text:
Tellabs

Tellabs, Inc. is a global network technology company that provides networking and communications solutions to both private and governmental agencies. The company offers a range of products and services, including optical transport systems, access systems, managed access solutions, and network management software. The company was founded by Michael Birck in 1974 and is headquartered in Carrollton, Texas. It is currently owned by Marlin Equity Partners, who established an independent business for its product portfolio to accelerate the development of Optical local area network (OLAN) technology. Designed for enterprise and government clients, OLAN uses fiber, which is faster, more secure, and more stable compared to traditional copper infrastructure.

Early years
Tellabs traces its roots to a meeting in 1974 over a kitchen table in suburban Chicago. According to company founder Michael Birck, a group of six men with backgrounds in electrical engineering and sales drank coffee and brainstormed ideas for a new telecom company. Their aim was to build a company that offered products and services tailored to customer needs. After raising $110,000 in capital, they incorporated as Tellabs in the spring of 1975; the name combined the idea of telephones and laboratories. The start-up only had a one-man research department, a second-hand soldering iron picked up for $25, and an outdated oscilloscope. In a matter of months, Tellabs began making echo suppressors, which suppress annoying echoes on phone calls. During this time, the founding partners drew no salaries.

The company went public in July 1980, ending the year with sales of $43.7 million. In September 1981, Tellabs introduced the industry's first echo canceller, an advance over the original echo suppressors that synthesized an echo and electronically subtracted it. By 1990, Tellabs had grown to 2,000 employees at 25 locations globally and sales of $211 million.

Tellabs made several acquisitions and expanded globally in the 1980s and into the 1990s, including Coherent Communications Systems Corp. and Martis Oy in Finland. In 1991, the company took a new direction, releasing its SONET-based TITAN 5500 digital cross-connect system. These systems switched traffic from one circuit to another, connecting traffic inside and between networks.

Richard Notebaert, who had led Ameritech, the Midwestern AT&T spin-off until it was acquired by SBC in 1999, took over Tellabs as CEO in September 2000. Pundits labeled Notebaert the “$6 billion man.” However, as the Chicago Sun-Times also reported, the telecom industry also collapsed. The Chicago Sun-Times reported: “Telecom went from boom to bust as venture capital dried up and customers cancelled orders for the sort of equipment made by Tellabs and its competitors, including Nortel Networks and Lucent Technologies.” In 2003, following industry trends and after 28 years as a manufacturer, Tellabs sold its last plant in Illinois and outsourced its manufacturing. The company continued downsizing.

2003 to present
In 2003, Tellabs began offering residential Broadband PON in a partnership with Verizon FiOS. Krish Prabhu, former chief operating officer of Alcatel took over as CEO in February 2004. Prabhu saw opportunities as Internet usage grew demanding faster connections as well as video and better VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) calling. Tellabs acquired two companies in 2004. They purchased Advanced Fiber Communications (AFC), a provider of broadband access solutions with a customer base of more than 800 service providers worldwide at the time of the merger in a deal worth $1.9 billion and Marconi Communications North American Access, which sold fiber-access services to regional Bell operating companies and local exchange carriers. At the time of the merger, Marconi had a customer base that included many of the world's largest telecommunications operators, managing more than 4 million lines of capacity and about 1 million deployed lines. By 2007, nearly half of Tellabs' revenue came from products added since 2003.

Prabhu also presided over more cutbacks as the telecom industry continued to struggle. In January 2008, Tellabs announced that it was cutting 225 jobs during the year. This would leave Tellabs with about 3,500 jobs, down from a peak of 9,000 during the boom in 2001. Prabhu stepped down in March 2008 for personal reasons; Birck praised him at his departure. Tellabs internally promoted Robert W. Pullen, who had 23 years of varied experience at Tellabs, to succeed Prabhu as chief executive and president effective March 1, 2008. He was the chairman of the executive board of the Telecommunications Industry Association. In 2009 Tellabs acquired WiChorus, a San-Jose based Silicon Valley start-up with a mobile packet core platform, a decision that led to the decline of their data business. After Pullen was hospitalized in June 2012 due to cancer, Dan Kelly was appointed acting CEO and president; Kelly later assumed the full offices in November 2012, following Pullen's death. Kelly had previously served as executive vice president of global products and had worked with the company for over 25 years.

In 2013, Tellabs was acquired by Marlin Equity Partners, a global investment company. Marlin announced plans to establish an independent business for the Tellabs Access product portfolio, aiming to accelerate Tellabs' development of Optical local area network (OLAN) technology. Marlin announced it would target OLAN to Enterprise and Government agencies, while continuing to support and expand its Telecommunications portfolio. The Optical Transport, Metro Ethernet and Mobility business units of Tellabs were spun off into Coriant, a separate company owned by Marlin Equity. Mike Dagenais, an industry veteran who had previously served as CEO of Radisys Corporation and as president and CEO of Continuous Computing, was tapped to head Tellabs as president and CEO. The focus of Tellabs is now OLAN technology. OLAN uses fiber, which is faster, more secure, and more stable in comparison to traditional copper infrastructure. For service providers, Tellabs Access Platforms provide Broadband access to more than 5 million homes in North America. On October 11, 2017, it was announced that Jim Norrod had been named president and CEO of Tellabs, following the retirement of Mike Dagenais.

In December 2019, Tellabs announced that Rich Schroder had been appointed president and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Schroder has held numerous positions within Tellabs and most recently served as Chief Operating Officer. Schroder is a telecom industry veteran with past experience running global multi-site organizations in Asia, Europe and across the U.S. on behalf of AFC, Marconi, RELTEC, DSC and Siemens.

Corporate
Tellabs global corporate headquarters is located in the northwest quadrant of Dallas, Texas, in the city of Carrollton, Texas.

Optical Line Terminals
The optical line terminal provides centralized end-to-end LAN intelligence, management and control. It also provides aggregation and distribution functions and typically resides in the main data center of a building. An OLT has two primary functions. Converting the signal used by FiOS service providers to the frequency and framing being used in the PON system and coordinating the multiplexing between the conversion devices on the optical network terminals (ONTs) located on the customers' premises. Tellabs Optical Line Terminals minimize the physical space required within the main data center.

Optical Network Terminals
Tellabs designs Optical Network Terminals, aimed for use in high-volume passive optical network (PON) commercial deployments. Tellabs Optical Network Terminals provide narrowband and broadband subscriber services over a PON platform to the IP/Ethernet end-points; all services are supported natively over a single fiber, including analog voice, VoIP, high-speed data, IP video, RF video, smart buildings apps, security, surveillance, environmental and automation for modern high-performance LANs.

Element Management
Tellabs Panorama PON Manager is the cornerstone of an Optical LAN end-to-end system. It provides centralized intelligence and element management across the entire LAN, from OLT to ONT and extends to subtended powered devices. Tellabs describes its PON Manager as helping define LAN resources in software and then dynamically allocate them, based on real-time requirements.

Advanced Software Packages
Tellabs Optical LAN solution is designed to improve LAN availability uptime and increase operational efficiencies and network security. Tellabs offers multiple packages: Advanced Availability Software Package builds LANs that minimize annual network downtime while lowering costs, reducing human error, and improving security; Tellabs Advanced Operational Software Package improves IT efficiencies by increasing the speed of LAN configurations, monitoring, troubleshooting and MACs while once again reducing human error and network security risks; and Tellabs Advanced Security Software Package enhances physical LAN defensibility, enabling consistent protection policies that are centrally managed while continuing to reduce human error and increasing network stability.

Services
Tellabs offers three services: Professional Network Services, which it describes as providing support at all stages of the network life cycle, Technical Support Services, which offers a variety of technical support agreement options to meet the specific needs of organization's network, and Network Training Services, which offers a variety of network training programs to keep staff up to date to support all phases of network's life cycle.

title: Tellabs


text:
Qarmatians

The Qarmatians (قرامطة; ) were a militant Isma'ili Shia movement centred in al-Hasa in Eastern Arabia, where they established a religious—and, as some scholars have claimed, proto-socialist or utopian socialist   —state in 899 CE. Its members were part of a movement that adhered to a syncretic branch of Sevener Ismaili Shia Islam, and were ruled by a dynasty founded by Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, a Persian from Jannaba in coastal Fars. They rejected the claim of Fatimid Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah to imamate and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi, and they revolted against the Fatimid and Abbasid Caliphates.

Mecca was sacked by a Qarmatian leader, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, outraging the Muslim world, particularly with their theft of the Black Stone and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.

Name
The origin of the name "Qarmatian" is uncertain. According to some sources, the name derives from the surname of the sect's founder, Hamdan Qarmat. The name qarmat probably comes from the Aramaic for "short-legged", "red-eyed" or "secret teacher". Other sources, however, say that the name comes from the Arabic verb قرمط (qarmaṭ), which means "to make the lines close together in writing" or "to walk with short steps". The word "Qarmatian" can also refer to a type of Arabic script.

The Qarāmiṭah in Sawad (southern Iraq) were also known as "the Greengrocers" (al-Baqliyyah) because they followed the teachings of Abū Hātim al-Zutti, who in 908 forbade animal slaughter. He also forbade radishes and alliums such as garlic, onions, and leeks. By 928, it is uncertain whether the people still held on to those teachings.

Early developments
Under the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE), various Shiite groups organised in secret opposition to their rule. Among them were the supporters of the proto-Ismā‘īlī community, of whom the most prominent group were called the Mubārakiyyah.

According to the Ismaili school of thought, Imām Ja'far al-Sadiq (702–765) designated his second son, Isma'il ibn Ja'far (ca. 721–755), as heir to the Imamate. However, Ismā‘īl predeceased his father. Some claimed he had gone into hiding, but the proto-Ismā‘īlī group accepted his death and therefore accordingly recognized Ismā‘īl's eldest son, Muhammad ibn Isma'il (746–809), as Imām. He remained in contact with the Mubārakiyyah group, most of whom resided in Kufa.

The split among the Mubārakiyyah came with the death of Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl (ca. 813 CE). The majority of the group denied his death; they recognized him as the Mahdi. The minority believed in his death and would eventually emerge in later times as the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the precursors to all modern groups.

The majority Ismā‘īlī missionary movement settled in Salamiyah (now in Syria) and had great success in Khuzestan (southwestern Iran), where the Ismā‘īlī leader al-Husayn al-Ahwāzī converted the Kūfan man Ḥamdān in 874 CE, who took the name Qarmaṭ after his new faith. Qarmaṭ and his theologian brother-in-law ‘Abdān prepared southern Iraq for the coming of the Mahdi by creating a military and religious stronghold. Other such locations grew up in Yemen, in Eastern Arabia (Arabic Bahrayn) in 899, and in North Africa. They attracted many new Shi'i followers because of their activist and messianic teachings. The new proto-Qarmaṭī movement continued to spread into Greater Iran and then into Transoxiana.

Qarmatian Revolution
A change in leadership in Salamiyah in 899 led to a split in the movement. The minority Ismā‘īlīs, whose leader had taken control of the Salamiyah centre, began to proclaim their teachings that Imām Muḥammad had died and that the new leader in Salamiyah (Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah) was in fact his descendant come out of hiding and was the Mahdi (a Messianic figure who will appear on Earth before the Day of Judgment and rid the world of wrongdoing, injustice and tyranny). Qarmaṭ and his brother-in-law opposed this and openly broke with the Salamiyids; when ‘Abdān was assassinated, he went into hiding and subsequently repented. Qarmaṭ became a missionary of the new Imām, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (873–934), who founded the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa in 909.

Nonetheless, the dissident group retained the name Qarmaṭī. Its greatest stronghold remained in Bahrain, which then included much of eastern Arabia as well as the islands that comprise the present state. It was under Abbasid control at the end of the ninth century, but the Zanj Rebellion in Basra disrupted the power of Baghdad. The Qarmaṭians seized their opportunity under their leader, Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, a Persian who hailed from Jannaba in coastal Fars. Eventually, from Qatar, he captured Bahrain's capital Hajr and al-Hasa in 899, which he made the capital of his state and once in control of the state he sought to set up a utopian society.

The Qarmaṭians instigated what one scholar termed a "century of terror" in Kufa. They considered the pilgrimage to Mecca a superstition, and once in control of the Bahrayni state, they launched raids along the pilgrim routes crossing the Arabian Peninsula. In 906, they ambushed the pilgrim caravan returning from Mecca and massacred 20,000 pilgrims.

Under al-Jannabi (ruled 923–944), the Qarmaṭians came close to capturing Baghdad in 927, and sacked Mecca in 930. In their attack on Islam's holiest sites, the Qarmatians desecrated the Zamzam Well with corpses of Hajj pilgrims and took the Black Stone from Mecca to Ain Al Kuayba in Qatif. Holding the Black Stone to ransom, they forced the Abbasids to pay a huge sum for its return in 952.

The revolution and desecration shocked the Muslim world and humiliated the Abbasids, but little could be done. For much of the tenth century the Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf and Middle East and controlled the coast of Oman and collecting tribute from the caliph in Baghdad as well as from a rival Isma'ili imam in Cairo, the head of the Fatimid Caliphate, whose power they did not recognize.

Qarmatian society
The land over which they ruled was extremely wealthy with a huge slave-based economy according to academic Yitzhak Nakash: "The Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the islands and in Hasa and Qatif. Nasir Khusraw, who visited Hasa in 1051, recounted that these estates were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that the people of Hasa were exempt from taxes. Those impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions. The Qarmathian state had a powerful and long-lasting legacy. This is evidenced by a coin known as Tawila, minted around 920 by one of the Qarmathian rulers, and which was still in circulation in Hasa early in the twentieth century."

Collapse
According to Farhad Daftary, the catalyst of the collapse of Qarmatian movement as a whole happened in the year 931, when Abu Tahir al-Janabi, the Qarmatian leader in Bahrain, handed over the reins of the state in Bahrain to Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani, a young Persian man who had been believed by the Qarmatians to be the Mahdi. However, Abu Tahir soon realized al-Isfahani's appointment was a disastrous mistake, after the "Mahdi" executed some nobles and insulted Muhammad and the other prophets. The incident shocked the Qarmatians and the Islamic community as a whole, and Abu Tahir ordered the youth's execution.

Al-Isfahani lasted as leader only 80 days before his execution but greatly weakened the credibility of Qarmatians within the Muslim community in general and heralded the beginning of the end of their revolutionary movements.

After their defeat by the Abbasids in 976, the Qarmatians began to look inwards and their status was reduced to that of a local power. This had severe consequences for the Qarmatians' ability to extract tribute from the region; according to Arabist historian Curtis Larsen:

"As tribute payments were progressively cut off, either by the subsequent government in Iraq or by rival Arab tribes, the Carmathian state shrank to local dimensions. Bahrain broke away in CE 1058 under the leadership of Abu al-Bahlul al-Awwam who re-established orthodox Islam on the islands. Similar revolts removed from Carmathian control at about the same time. Deprived of all outside income and control of the coasts, the Carmathians retreated to their stronghold at the Hofuf Oasis. Their dynasty was finally dealt a final blow in 1067 by the combined forces of Abdullah bin Ali Al Uyuni, who with the help of Seljuk army contingents from Iraq, laid siege to Hofuf for seven years and finally forced the Carmathians to surrender."

In Bahrain and eastern Arabia, the Qarmatian state was replaced by the Uyunid dynasty, and it is believed that by the mid-11th century, Qarmatian communities in Iraq, Iran, and Transoxiana had either been integrated by Fatimid proselytism or disintegrated.

By the mid-10th century, persecution forced the Qarmatians to leave what is now Egypt and Iraq and move to the city of Multan, now in Pakistan. However, prejudice against the Qarmatians did not dwindle, as Mahmud of Ghazni led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud in 1005. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism.

According to the maritime historian Dionisius A. Agius, the Qarmatians finally disappeared in 1067, after they lost their fleet at Bahrain Island and were expelled from Hasa near the Arabian coast by the chief of Banu, Murra ibn Amir.

Imamate of Seven Imams
According to Qarmatians, the number of imams was fixed, with Seven Imāms preordained by God. These groups considers Muhammad ibn Isma'il to be the messenger – prophet (Rasūl), Imām al-Qā'im and Mahdi to be preserved in hiding, which is referred to as Occultation.

Ismaili imams not accepted as legitimate by Qarmatians
In addition, the following Ismaili imams after Muhammad ibn Isma'il had been considered heretics of dubious origins by certain Qarmatian groups, who refused to acknowledge the imamate of the Fatimids and clung to their belief in the coming of the Mahdi.
 * Isma'il ibn Ja'far (765–775)
 * Abadullah ibn Muhammad (Ahmad al-Wafi) (813–829)
 * Ahmad ibn Abadullah (Muhammad at-Taqi) (829–840)
 * Husayn ibn Ahmad (Radi Abdullah) (840–881)
 * Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah (881–934) (Founder of Fatimid Caliphate)

Qarmatian rulers in Eastern Arabia

 * Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi (894–914)
 * Abu Tahir al-Jannabi (914–944)
 * Ahmad Abu Tahir (944–970)
 * Abul Kassim Sa'id (970–972)
 * Abu Yaqub Yousuf (972–977)
 * Descendants of Abu Yaqub Yousuf ruled until 1077

Substitution after Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
Farhad Daftary writes about the fate of the successors of Abu Tahir al-Jannabi: "It may be noted that at the time the Qarmaṭī state was still being ruled jointly by Abū Ṭāhir’s brothers. Abū Ṭāhir’s eldest son Sābūr (Shāpūr), who aspired to a ruling position and the command of the army, rebelled against his uncles in 358/969, but he was captured and executed in the same year. But the ruling sons of Abū Sa'īd al-Jannābī themselves did not survive much longer. Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad died in 359/970, probably of poisoning, and his eldest brother Abu’l-Qāsim Sa'īd died two years later. By 361/972, there remained of Abū Ṭāhir’s brothers only Abū Ya'qūb Yūsuf, who retained a position of pre-eminence in the Qarmaṭī state. Henceforth, the grandsons of Abū Sa'īd were also admitted to the ruling council. After the death of Abū Ya'qūb in 366/977, the Qarmaṭī state came to be ruled jointly by six of Abū Sa'īd’s grandsons, known collectively as al-sāda al-ru'asā'. Meanwhile, al-Ḥasan al-A'ṣam, son of Abū Manṣūr Aḥmad and a nephew of Abū Ṭāhir, had become the commander of the Qarmaṭī forces. He was usually selected for leading the Qarmaṭīs in military campaigns outside Baḥrayn, including their entanglements with the Fāṭimids."

title: Qarmatians


text:
San Rafael Department

San Rafael is one of the departments of Mendoza Province, Argentina. The seat of the department is in the city of San Rafael.

Statistics

 * Geographical location: 34° 15´ to 36° southern latitude and 70° 10´ to 66° 55´ eastern longitude.
 * Area: 31,235 km2 (20.82% of the provincial area)
 * Extension: 204 km from north to south. 298 km from east to west
 * Altitude: 750 m above sea level.

Neighboring departments

 * North: San Carlos Department, Santa Rosa Department, Mendoza and La Paz Department, Mendoza
 * East: San Luis Province and General Alvear Department
 * South: La Pampa Province and Malargüe Department
 * West: Chile.

Administration
The department is subdivided in 18 districts: Ciudad, El Cerrito, Cuadro Nacional, Las Malvinas District, El Sosneado, Las Paredes, La Llave, Cuadro Benegas, Cuadro Nacional, Cañada Seca, Goudge, Jaime Prats, Monte Comán, Rama Caída, Real del Padre, Punta del Agua, Villa Atuel and Villa 25 de Mayo.

title: San Rafael Department


text:
Teenagers from Outer Space (film)

Teenagers from Outer Space (a.k.a. The Gargon Terror (UK title), The Boy from Outer Space, and originally titled The Ray Gun Terror) is a 1959 American independent black-and-white science fiction cult film released by Warner Bros. The film was produced, written and directed by Tom Graeff and stars David Love, Dawn Bender, Bryan Grant, Harvey B. Dunn, Tom Graeff and King Moody. Teenagers from Outer Space was distributed theatrically by Warner Bros. on a double feature with Gigantis the Fire Monster, the English-dubbed version of the 1955 Japanese giant monster film Godzilla Raids Again.

In the film, a young alien named Derek abandons his crew to search for a new life on Earth, while one of his crewmates is sent to find him as they attempt to eradicate human life in order to farm Earth with giant lobster-like livestock they call Gargons.

In 1987, the film entered the public domain in the United States because Warner Bros. did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.

Plot
A flying saucer arrives on Earth while searching for planets suitable to raise "Gargons", a lobster-like but air-breathing monster that is a reserve food supply on their home planet. Crewman Thor shows his alien contempt for Earth's creatures by needlessly vaporizing a dog named Sparky with a disintegrator raygun. Another crew member, named Derek, discovers an inscription on Sparky's dog tag and fears the Gargons might destroy Earth's native inhabitants. This makes the other aliens scoff at the thought. Being members of the "supreme race", they disdain "foreign beings", no matter how intelligent; they pride themselves that "families" and "friendships" are forbidden on their world. Derek reveals an ancient book and turns out to be a member of an underground rebellion, which commemorates the more humane periods of their world's history, before they became mechanized slaves. Asking for the book, the Captain and Thor disarms Derek. Taking him as prisoner, they plan to put Derek on trial and have him executed by the high court. The Gargon they brought with them suddenly falls sick to Earth's atmosphere. While his crew members are distracted, Derek escapes on foot. Eventually, the Gargon regains consciousness. When the Captain gives his report, it is revealed that Derek is the son of the Leader of their race, although he is unaware of this. Thor is sent to hunt down Derek, with orders to bring him back alive or kill him and any other intelligent beings to protect their mission to Earth. The rest of the crew return to their home world, leaving the Gargon behind in a nearby cave.

Meanwhile, Derek arrives at the address he found on the dog's tag, where he meets Betty Morgan and her Grandpa. They have a room to rent, and Derek inadvertently becomes a boarder. When Betty's friend, reporter Joe Rogers, cannot make it to their afternoon swim at Alice Woodward's place, Derek tags along with Betty. He shows the tag to Betty, who recognizes it immediately. Derek takes her to the place where the spacecraft landed and shows her Sparky's remains. She does not believe him, so he describes Thor's weapon that can also vaporize humans. Betty takes this surprisingly well and vows to help Derek stop his crew mate.

For the rest of the day, Betty and Derek have several run-ins with Thor, who vaporizes several humans (including Alice and Professor Simpson from earlier), and Joe follows up on stories of skeletons popping up all over town. Eventually, Thor is wounded in a shootout with the police and then kidnaps both Derek and Betty to help him receive medical attention, in the process revealing Derek's true parentage to them. Two car chases and a gunfight follow, and Thor is finally captured by Earth authorities after plummeting off a cliff in a stolen car.

Shortly after, the Gargon grows immensely large after devouring a policeman investigating the alien's landing site and attacking numerous people. Derek and Betty go to the car wreck site to look for Thor's raygun. They kiss and Derek vows to stay on Earth. The Gargon suddenly appears and ruins their romantic moment but Derek finds the raygun under a rock just in time for them to escape; unfortunately, it is damaged and out of power. The giant Gargon begins heading towards the town so they follow and confront it, having used the electricity from the overhead power lines to fuel the raygun's components. Derek eventually kills the monster, but it's too late: the invading fleet appears in Earth's orbit.

Derek retrieves Thor from the police and everyone, including Joe and Grandpa, hurry to the landing site. He then reunites with the Captain and meets his father for the first time. Derek pretends to feel regret for his insubordination and offers to help guide the spaceships to land. Derek then goes into the spacecraft alone and makes the ultimate sacrifice: leading the invasion fleet at full speed directly towards his ground location, which causes a massive explosion. Derek's father, the Captain and Thor are killed in the process. Derek is then remembered by Betty for declaring, "I shall make the Earth my home. And I shall never, never leave it."

Cast

 * David Love as Derek
 * Dawn Bender (billed as Dawn Anderson) as Betty Morgan
 * Bryan Grant as Thor
 * Harvey B. Dunn as Gramps Morgan
 * Tom Graeff (billed as Tom Lockyear) as Joe Rogers
 * King Moody as Spacecraft Captain
 * Ralph Lowe as Morro, Spaceship Crew
 * Bill DeLand as Sol, Spaceship Crew
 * Billy Bridges as Motorist picking up Thor
 * Sonia Torgeson as Alice Woodward
 * Jim MacGeorge as Detective Mac
 * Frederick Welch as Dr. C.R. Brandt, MD
 * Helen Sage as Nurse Morse
 * Gene Sterling as The Alien Leader
 * Sol Resnick as the Junior Astronomer
 * Don Chambers as the Senior Astronomer
 * Carl Dickensen as Gas Station Attendant
 * Ursula Hansen as Hilda, Simpson's Secretary
 * James Conklin as Professor Simpson

Production
Teenagers from Outer Space was filmed on location in and around Hollywood, California, in the fall of 1956 and winter of 1957. With a number of tell-tale landmarks like Bronson Canyon in Griffith Park and Hollywood High School, which gives away the film's otherwise generic location. One notable aspect of the film is that it was largely the work of a single person, Tom Graeff, who, in addition to playing the role of reporter Joe Rogers, wrote, directed, edited and produced the film, on which he also provided cinematography, special effects and music coordination. Producers Bryan and Ursula Pearson ("Thor" and "Hilda") and Gene Sterling ("The Leader") provided the film's $14,000 budget, which was less than shoestring even by the standards of the day.

Cost-effective measures
According to Bryan Pearson, the crew employed many guerrilla tactics in order to cut costs: Director Tom Graeff secured, for free, the location used for Betty Morgan's house by posing as a UCLA student (which he had attended and graduated from 5 years earlier). The older woman who owned the house even let the crew use her electricity to power their equipment.

Graeff shot in many nearby locations, mostly in the vicinity of Sunset Boulevard and Highland Avenue, that doubled as more important city landmarks. Graeff's steady hand and framing kept most of the real locations subdued, creating a convincing low-budget illusion of a small town.

Other cost-cutting measures did not work as well; the aliens' costumes were simple flight suits clearly decorated with masking tape, dress shoes covered in socks and surplus Air Force flight helmets. The use of stock footage in lieu of real special effects, and pre-Spielbergian "looking" shots that replaced actual visuals of the invading alien spaceships, seriously undercut the film's ending. Props included a single-bolted-joint skeleton re-used for every dead body seen on screen, a multi-channel sound mixer that was not camouflaged (clearly bearing the label "Multichannel Mixer MCM-2") as a piece of alien equipment and a dime store Hubley's "Atomic Disintegrator" toy as the aliens' disintegrator ray gun.

Graeff hired special effects technician Paul Blaisdell to slightly modify the ray guns with small slivers of mirror to make the guns look as if they were really firing a ray. Blaisdell said Graeff also paid him to design the film's one-sheet poster, but Graeff couldn't afford Blaisdell's fee to design the Gargon monsters that appear in the film (Graeff did those effects himself by superimposing silhouetted images of various animals in Bert I. Gordon fashion).

Sound design and score
Graeff also pre-recorded some of the film's dialogue for several scenes and had the actors lip-synchronize their dialogue with their scene actions, using a novel synchronization system invented by director Tom Graeff, dubbed Cinemagraph. The film score used stock music, which had been composed by William Loose and Fred Steiner. The same stock music has been recycled in countless B-movies, like Red Zone Cuba, The Killer Shrews and most notably Night of the Living Dead.

Release and legacy
In June 1958 Bryan Pearson, who invested $5,000 in the production with his wife Ursula, took Graeff to court in order to gain back the original investment and a percentage of any profits. The Pearsons had learned that Graeff had allegedly sold the film (originally titled The Boy From Out of This World), which did not happen until early 1959. He heard nothing more on their investment or a percentage of profits to which they were entitled. The legal dispute dragged on for a year. Pearson received his $5,000 investment, but the judge ruled there was no profit to share. Graeff and the Pearsons, who had been good friends during the production of Teenagers, never spoke to each other again.

The film failed to perform at the box office, placing further stress on an already-burdened Graeff, and in the fall of 1959, he suffered a breakdown, proclaiming himself as the second coming of Christ. After a number of public appearances, followed by a subsequent arrest for disrupting a church service, Graeff disappeared from Hollywood until 1964. He committed suicide in 1970.

The film went on to become a cult classic among sci-fi fans and was later shown on Mystery Science Theater 3000 (as well as "riffed"), Elvira's Movie Macabre, and Off Beat Cinema. It was also included in the video game Destroy All Humans!; it becomes unlocked and ready to play in full once the player beats the game.

Critical reception
The film opened on June 3, 1959 to negative, but not crippling, reviews: the Los Angeles Times review stated "what a curious little film this is [...] there are flashes of astonishing sensitivity half-buried in the mass of tritisms". And of the director, Tom Graeff, "when he stops spreading himself so incredibly thin, I think his work will bear watching". Writing in DVD Savant, although film critic Glenn Erickson described the film as "staged at the level of a high-school play," with the giant Gargon "...a crudely-matted silhouette that may be the least-convincing [special] effect of the 1950s," the film nevertheless is "actually quite touching - the show finds its own humble level of dramatic integrity."

Public domain status
In 1987, the film entered the public domain in the United States and worldwide because Warner Bros. did not renew the film's copyright registration in the 28th year after its creation. As a result, the film has received numerous "bargain bin" DVD releases. MST3K's version was released by Rhino Home Video as part of their "Collection, Volume 6" box set.

title: Teenagers from Outer Space (film)


text:
Talk:Empirical formula

Untitled
The definition given suggests that C3H7 is also a valid empirical formula for hexane, but I'm not sure if this is a flaw in the definition or not. Noser 19:29, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You are correct - it was a flaw in the example. Fixed it. -Vsmith 03:44, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Valence exchange technique
I removed the following two paragraphs from the article.And let me inform you that chemistry labs are terrible

 * To calculate the empirical formula for two elements (excluding transition metals, lanthanides and actinides), switch the valency of the two elements involved. For example, equation for water is H2O. The valency of H (hydrogen) is 1, and the valency of O (oxygen) is 2. Switch the valencies and you get H2O.

 * N.B. This only works for TWO elements.

The proposed calculation technique lists four exceptions: three large groups of elements, and any compound with more than two elements. But in this very article, the example of hexane contains only two elements, neither of which is in the listed exceptional groups, but hexane's empirical formula is C3H7, not CH4 as predicted by the technique

This makes me think that the technique is simply not worth the trouble. If any editor feels strongly about it, feel free to put it back, but please list all the exceptions (explaining why it fails for hexane, hydrazine, and hydrogen peroxide, for instance). Also include a reference to a reputable source which explains the technique and the reason it works. ACW 20:50, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Chemical v Molecular v Empirical Formula
The article on Empirical Formula equates "chemical formula" with "empirical formula," and distinguishes "molecular formula"

The article on Chemical Formula equates "chemical formula" with "molecular formula" and distinguishes "empirical formula"

(There is no separate article on "Molecular Formula")

So who is right?

There are many types of chemical formula. An empirical formula and a molecular formula are both types of chemical formula. So to say chemical formula is specify an empirical formula or that a chemical formula is specify a molecular formula are both wrong. Jasoninkid (talk) 18:18, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

arxiv.org link
Should probably be changed to external link section??Mikejens (talk) 15:21, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Should probably be deleted, it is of very limited interest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.3.201.86 (talk) 17:35, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

Moved into external link section. It's not worthy of being in the content, however I thought that someone may find it useful. 58.7.8.182 (talk) 14:03, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Old question
Can any body please solve this, show all the workings: 81.8 Carbon, 18.2 Hydrogen --Reeba 09:27, 19 July 2007 (UTC) 81.8*12=981.6/36.4=27 18.2*1=18.2*2=36.4/36.4=1 c=27 h=1

Section "Use in physics"
This section needs to be moved to an article of its own, as the introduction refers only to the meaning in chemistry. Alas, many authors have applied changes to this part, so one needs a tool to extract all of them from the history to make the transplant conform to the license. --Mopskatze (talk) 12:04, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

German (Hungarian) terminology
Locus:

"The empirical formula is used as standard for most ionic compounds, such as CaCl2, and for macromolecules, such as SiO2."

Maybe a slight supplement can make the text more congruent with German (Hungarian) terminology (the proposed addition is at the end of the quoted sentence):

"The empirical formula is used as standard for most ionic compounds, such as CaCl2, and for macromolecules (including inorganic "giant molecules", covalent crystals like SiO2: crystals forming a single giant covalent network, a covalent lattice)."

Sorry for my bad English. Sorry also if the terminology "covalent lattice" or "covalent crystal" is not used in English, or would prove to be inconsistent with the article's treatment. Any way, at least in Hungary, and probably also in Germany, it is the standard term for materials like diamond, graphite and quartz. (German equivalent can bee seen here.) "Macromolecule" is rarely used here for covalent crystals (at least in secondary education), although it is sometimes mentioned that they can be regarded as such.

Physis (talk) 14:58, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

Now I found the corresponding articles on English Wikipedia:

Bonding in solids:
 * Ionic solid
 * Molecular solid
 * Network solid (...)
 * Metallic solid

As for network solid, it seems to be mentioned also as covalent lattice or also as covalent crystal.

The corresponding link included now to the variant:

"The empirical formula is used as standard for most ionic compounds, such as CaCl2, and for macromolecules (including inorganic "giant molecules", covalent crystals like SiO2: crystals forming a single giant covalent network, a covalent lattice)."

Physis (talk) 15:13, 16 July 2011 (UTC)

Forgotten subjects
I would argue that empirical formulas also include all formulas that "uses math without being a part of mathematics as such", and which are build upon empiric knowlidge. Formulas that cannot be verified, but are known through expierience. Some very good examples exists within mechanical engeneering. Such as for solid mechanics (or strength mechanics - like pressure, buckling, bending or comination of these), further also for mechanical elements such as gear-wheel-connections, tolerances, bearings and aerodynamics. And not only within construction, there are formulas for production aswell. Like how often shall a certain lathe steel be replaced, if you want a certain quality. Etc. Also within engeneering of buildings lots of empiric formulas are used. Boeing720 (talk) 22:54, 2 March 2014 (UTC)
 * That's covered by Empirical relationship, but maybe the hatnote pointing there should be improved. —  H HHIPPO  21:47, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Empirical formula


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Battle of Uji (1184)

Minamoto no Yoshinaka tried to wrest power from his cousins Yoritomo and Yoshitsune, seeking to take command of the Minamoto clan. To that end, he burned the Hōjūji Palace, and kidnapped Emperor Go-Shirakawa. However, his cousins Noriyori and Yoshitsune caught up with him soon afterwards, following him across the Bridge over the Uji, New Year's Day, 1184, which Yoshinaka had torn up to impair their crossing.

This was an ironic reversal of the first Battle of the Uji, only four years earlier. Much as the Taira did in that first battle, Minamoto no Yoshitsune led his horsemen across the river, and defeated Yoshinaka.

title: Battle of Uji (1184)


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Cuda

Cuda or CUDA may refer to:

 * CUDA, a parallel programming framework by Nvidia
 * Barracuda Networks, an American computer security and data storage company
 * Milan Čuda (born 1939), Czech volleyball player
 * Plymouth Barracuda, an automobile
 * Cuda, a Celtic/Brythonic goddess residing in what is now the Cotswolds

title: Cuda


text:
International Intellectual Property Alliance

The International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA) is a coalition of seven trade associations representing American companies that produce copyright-protected material, including computer software, films, television programs, music, books, and journals (electronic and print media). Formed in 1984, it seeks to strengthen international copyright protection and enforcement by working with the U.S. government, foreign governments, and private-sector representatives.

Activities
IIPA works closely with the U.S. Trade Representative in compiling the annual Special 301 reviews of foreign countries that the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative considers to have inadequate protection of intellectual property rights. IIPA was the principal representative of the entertainment industry in assisting the U.S. government in the World Trade Organization (WTO) TRIPS negotiations, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) negotiations, and at the Diplomatic Conference leading to the completion in 1996 of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) "Internet" treaties—i.e., the Copyright Treaty and the Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

IIPA has also worked with the U.S. government in drafting Intellectual Property Rights Chapters of free trade agreements. It participates in policy development in copyright and enforcement issues in bilateral and regional initiatives such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). IIPA participates in trade actions brought under trade laws like the Generalized System of Preferences and other trade preference programs.

IIPA is a non-governmental organization at WIPO.

Member associations
The seven trade associations that make up the IIPA membership include:
 * Association of American Publishers (AAP)
 * Business Software Alliance (BSA)
 * Entertainment Software Association (ESA)
 * Independent Film & Television Alliance (IFTA)
 * Motion Picture Association (MPA)
 * National Music Publishers' Association (NMPA)
 * Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)


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User:Vlado-do

I think I know Wikipedia since late in 2002, when I worked on a web site and was looking for something like Wikipedia's WikiWiki engine... but only now, just before the end of 2004, I made my first contribution to Wikipedia. Certainly not the last, as I'm looking up things in Wikipedia more and more often...

My Wikipedia username mirrors my homepage's (German) domain name, vlado-do.de.

de:Benutzer:Vlado-do

title: User:Vlado-do


text:
Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru

This is a chart of cultural periods of Peru and the Andean Region developed by John Rowe and Edward Lanning and used by some archaeologists studying the area. An alternative dating system was developed by Luis Lumbreras and provides different dates for some archaeological finds.

Most of the cultures of the Late Horizon and some of the cultures of the Late Intermediate joined the Inca Empire by 1493, but the period ends in 1532 because that marks the fall of the Inca Empire after the Spanish conquest. Most of the cut-off years mark either an end of a severe drought or the beginning of one. These marked a shift of the most productive farming to or from the mountains, and tended to mark the end of one culture and the rise of another.

The more recent findings concerning the Norte Chico civilization are not included on this list, as it was compiled before the site at Caral was investigated in detail.

title: Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru


text:
Cantemir, Moldova

Cantemir is a town in Moldova. It is the administrative center of Cantemir District.

Demographics
According to the 2014 census, the population of Cantemir amounted to 3,429 inhabitants, a decrease compared to the previous census in 2004, when 3,872 inhabitants were registered. Of these, 1,631 were men and 1,798 were women.

Footnotes:

* There is an ongoing controversy regarding the ethnic identification of Moldovans and Romanians.

* ''Moldovan language is one of the two local names for the Romanian language in Moldova. In 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova interpreted that Article 13 of the constitution is superseded by the Declaration of Independence, thus giving official status to the name Romanian. ''

title: Cantemir, Moldova


text:
John Vining

John Middleton Vining (December 23, 1758 – February 1802) was an American lawyer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a Continental Congressman from Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as United States Representative and United States Senator from Delaware.

Early life and family
Vining was born in Dover in the Delaware Colony, son of John and Phoebe Wynkoop Vining. His father was a prominent and successful lawyer and landholder, who had been a Speaker of the Colonial Assembly and Chief Justice of Delaware. He was also the good friend of Caesar Rodney, who stood as godfather for his son John, the subject of this article. Vining's father died when his son was eleven years old, and from him John and his sister inherited a large fortune. On November 29, 1790, while he was a U.S. Representative in New York City, he married Anna Maria Seton, a poet, musician, and daughter of William Seton of New York. She fit well into Vining's social circle, and they had four sons, John, William, Benjamin and Charles, but she died prematurely in 1800.

Political career
Vining studied law under George Read in New Castle, Delaware, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1782, starting a practice in Dover. Because of his family's wealth and prominence he was elected three times to represent Delaware in the Continental Congress. First elected April 8, 1784, he served until October 27, 1786, although, like many of his contemporaries, his attendance was irregular. He was then elected to the 1787/88 and 1788/89 sessions of the Delaware House of Assembly.

In a special election on January 7, 1789, Vining defeated four other candidates to win election as the only member from Delaware to the 1st U.S. House of Representatives. Two years later he was re-elected to a second term. Although he arrived weeks late for every session, he was an energetic and conscientious legislator, consistently voting in support of the administration, particularly favoring a strong executive. He served on thirty-eight committees in the 1st U.S. House, including the committee considering the first proposed amendments to the Constitution, and the joint committee on rules.

Vining's positions were generally loose-constructionist, or Hamiltonian. Accordingly, he strongly favored the federal assumption of the state's revolutionary war debts. In the debate over the location of a national capital, he sought consideration for Wilmington, Delaware, but once that lost, supported an immediate move to Philadelphia, and the later construction of a city on the Potomac River.

In 1793 he returned to Dover, Delaware as a State Senator, but was soon elected to the U.S. Senate. He served there for five years, from March 4, 1793, until his resignation on January 19, 1798, and subsequent retirement from public life.

Death and legacy
Vining died in Dover and is buried in an unmarked grave in the Christ Episcopal Church Cemetery at Dover.

Vining was a handsome, friendly, and outspoken member of a prominent and wealthy family. He was described as a "colorful", speaker who "brandished a florid metaphor", but also as "verbose" and "not above resorting to inflammatory language". His sister, Mary, who was a frequent companion of Anthony Wayne, lived with Vining, and together they entertained frequently and lavishly. Because of this hospitality and generosity he was known as "the pet of Delaware". But he spent through his fortune and suffering from alcoholism, and the death of his wife, went through a rapid decline on the way to an impoverished and premature death. His sister dedicated herself to raising Vining's four sons, but they died young as well, within a year of her death in 1821.

Elizabeth Montgomery in her Reminiscences in Wilmington wrote: "His brilliant talents, not nourished by application, withered in the bud. Indolence and generosity engendered extravagance that wasted his substance".

Almanac
Elections were held October 1. Members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. The State Councilmen were elected for a three-year term and the State Assemblymen for a one-year term. They chose the Continental Congressmen for a one-year term. U.S. Representatives took office March 4 and have a two-year term. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term.

After 1792 elections were moved to the first Tuesday of October and members of the General Assembly took office on the first Tuesday of January. The Legislative Council was renamed the State Senate and the House of Assembly was renamed the State House of Representatives.

Vining family

 * Captain Benjamin Vining (1685–1735), port collector in Salem and Marblehead, Massachusetts
 * Married first, Ann
 * Married second, Mary Middleton. She married secondly Nicholas Greenberry Ridgely (1674–1755), and were parents of Dr. Charles Greenberry Ridgely
 * John Vining (1724–1770), married Phoebe Wynkoop
 * Mary "Polly" Vining (1756–1821)
 * John Middleton Vining (1758–1802), married Anna Maria Seton
 * John Vining (1791–1817), U.S. Navy
 * William Henry Vining (1794–1822), lawyer
 * Benjamin Vining (c. 1796 – 1822) U.S. Army
 * Charles Ridgely Vining (1798–1821)
 * Mary "Polly" Vining (born c. 1730), married the Rev. Charles Inglis
 * Benjamin Vining (c. 1730 – 1785)

Images

 * Portrait courtesy of the Delaware Public Archives.
 * Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

title: John Vining


text: User talk:84.9.31.130

title: User talk:84.9.31.130


text:
Tan Chai Ho

Datuk Seri Tan Chai Ho (born 7 February 1949) was Deputy Minister of Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia) from 29 March 2004 to 26 February 2008. He was a Member of Parliament of (P124) Bandar Tun Razak in Wilayah Persekutuan (Federal Territory) of Malaysia) representing the National Front (Barisan Nasional) coalition for 3 terms until he lost to Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim of Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) in the 2008 general election. He subsequently announced that he will retire from politics prior to the 2013 general election.

Education
Tan underwent his primary education at SJK (C) Kepong, Kuala Lumpur from 1956 to 1961. He then completed his Senior Cambridge secondary education in 1967, and subsequently Form Six In 1969. His was a company secretary by profession.

Position history
Positions held in the private sector :

Family business in Company Secretarial Services. Director of Kojadi Cooperation

Positions held in the Malaysian cabinet

i) 11 May 1995 – 13 May 1999 – Appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Domestic Trade & Consumer Affairs.

ii) 14 December 1999 – Mac 2004 Appointed as Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Energy, Communications & Multimedia.

iii) 29 March 2004 – 26 February 2008 Appointed as Deputy Minister of the Ministry Of Home Affairs.

Honours

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia :
 * MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Member of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (AMN) (1983)
 * Kesatria Mangku Negara.png Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (KMN) (1990)
 * MY Darjah Jasa Negara - Order of Meritorious Service - PJN.svg Commander of Order of Meritorious Service (PJN) – Datuk (1996)
 * Federal Territory (Malaysia) :
 * MY-FED Darjah Mahkota Wilayah - Grand Commander - SMW.svg Grand Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SMW) – Datuk Seri (2009)

title: Tan Chai Ho


text: User talk:81.157.68.146

title: User talk:81.157.68.146