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Force Z

Force Z was a British naval squadron during the Second World War, consisting of the battleship HMS Prince of Wales (53), the battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916) and accompanying destroyers. Assembled in 1941, the purpose of the group was to reinforce the British colonial garrisons in the Far East and deter Japanese expansion into British possessions, particularly Malaya and Singapore. Lack of aircraft to protect Force Z, underestimation of the Japanese armed forces, and the political rather than naval motive for its deployment are blamed for the destruction of the force.

Strategy for Far East reinforcement
Inter-war British planning for a war against the Empire of Japan sought to defend British interests in China (the "offensive" strategy), and to defend imperial lines of communications, particularly through the Indian Ocean (the "defensive strategy"). Singapore was chosen as the main Royal Navy (RN) base. It put the fleet within steaming range of China. The base was also on the "Malay Barrier", the eastern forward defence zone for the Indian Ocean, although strictly speaking Singapore was not required to pursue a defensive strategy. In the 1920s the RN could reinforce the Far East fleet from Britain and the Mediterranean Sea to sufficiently pursue the offensive strategy. By the late 1930s, war with Germany and a stronger Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) had to be considered; in the event of a European war fewer naval forces would be available for the Far East fleet; reinforcement would arrive incrementally and the total end strength would suffice only for the defensive strategy.

In strategic discussions during 1940, Britain requested naval assistance from the United States in the Atlantic (against Germany) and the Malay Barrier (specifically to Singapore, against Japan) in the event that the United States entered the war. The required US naval forces would come from the Pacific Fleet. The Pacific Fleet was not large enough to fulfill both missions. The Americans had misgivings about deploying the Pacific Fleet to Singapore and chose the Atlantic. The Allies agreed that the Atlantic theatre was paramount and the choice was affirmed at the ABC-1 talks the next year.

Still, the British wanted a naval force at Singapore, which they believed was the only place where the vital Indian Ocean trade routes and the eastern British Dominions could be adequately covered. To accomplish this, American naval forces arriving in the Atlantic would replace British naval forces, freeing British naval forces to redeploy eastwards. In February 1941, the RN planned the creation and movement of the Eastern Fleet to the Indian Ocean and Singapore based on this substitution.

The reinforcement of the Far East by the Eastern Fleet would occur in two phases. The first phase moved, at the earliest possible time, a minimum force into the Indian Ocean able to counter Japanese cruisers engaged in commerce raiding; the first phase would occur early in the Atlantic substitution. The second phase moved the bulk of the Eastern Fleet to Singapore or - if Singapore had fallen - the eastern Indian Ocean after American naval mobilization in the Atlantic was complete. The transfer of the Eastern Fleet was projected to be completed 80 days after the entry of the United States into the war. The basic structure of the plan remained unchanged from February 1941 to early December 1941, although the details were regularly revised.

By August 1941, phase 1 was planned as Force H, joined as soon as possible by the phase 2 battleships, the Nelson-class battleship and Revenge-class battleships. The limiting factor to forming the full Eastern Fleet was a shortage of cruisers and destroyers. The first British capital ships to arrive in the Indian Ocean were the battleship HMS Revenge (06) in mid-September, and the battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916) in early October.

Return to offensive plans
The United States did not wait to enter the war to become active in the Atlantic. By August 1941, there was sufficient American participation in the Atlantic to make a peacetime execution of the British Far East naval reinforcement plan feasible. In September, it was proposed that phase 1 could be made more powerful, and the core of the Eastern Fleet could be in place by January 1942. The shortage of destroyers would prevent the deployment of capital ships beyond the Malay Barrier, but retaining capital ships in the Indian Ocean would free cruisers to operate beyond the Malay Barrier.

With such a powerful force, the RN returned to offensive plans against Japan in September. At ABC-1, the United States rejected reinforcing the United States Asiatic Fleet with a US aircraft carrier task force. The new RN plan resurrected the concept. Singapore would be the Eastern Fleet's main repair base. Manila, in the Philippines, would be its forward operating base come wartime. It would over-optimistically rely on Royal Air Force (RAF) cover in Malaya, and the major American air reinforcement of the Philippines announced at the Atlantic Conference; the latter factor may not even have been considered by RN strategists.

British assessment of Japanese intentions
In July, the Japanese moved into southern Indochina. In response, the British reassessed Japanese intentions from August to early September, which came to a number of conclusions. The Japanese were waiting for the outcome of the German invasion of the Soviet Union before deciding on a northern or southern expansion strategy, but were concentrating resources in anticipation of the former. Malaya was vulnerable due to the Japanese encroachment in Indochina, but was not immediately threatened due to the northern option and the monsoon season, which would prevent amphibious landings on Malaya until February 1942. The assessment was fatally flawed. It underestimated economic factors driving Japanese toward the southern strategy. It also failed to appreciate that the Gulf of Thailand was reasonably sheltered against the monsoon.

As a result, air reinforcement to Malaya was deferred; aircraft went to the Middle East, and to the Soviet Union as aid. Overall, Japan seemed at such a disadvantage that increased military deterrence might still prevent war or delay its onset.

Selecting Prince of Wales
In late August, Prime Minister Winston Churchill discussed Far East reinforcement with Admiral Dudley Pound, the First Sea Lord. Churchill proposed augmenting phase 1 with a King George V-class battleship. The United States declared its intent to deploy modern battleships to the Atlantic at the Atlantic Conference in early August; this would make a King George V-class ship available. Pound favoured keeping the King George Vs in Britain.

Pound proposed basing the Nelsons, the battlecruiser HMS Renown (1916), and an aircraft carrier at Singapore. This would be for deterrent value in peacetime, to be withdrawn to Ceylon on the onset of war; the British believed a wartime fleet at Singapore had to be competitive with a major portion of the IJN. Interestingly, Pound did not envision an aircraft carrier in the Far East until spring 1942.

In meetings on 17 and 20 October, the British Defence Committee formally discussed Far East naval reinforcement in response to the fall of the moderate Konoe government on 16 October. In agreement with August-September assessment of Japanese intentions, Churchill and his cabinet favoured the deployment of a modern battleship for deterrent effect. The RN, as part of its offensive strategy, planned to send the Nelson and Revenge-class battleships to Singapore, but the Nelsons could not deploy. HMS Nelson (28) was damaged in the Mediterranean Sea in late-September. Crew leave prevented HMS Rodney (29) from deploying until mid-December, and a gun refit scheduled from February to May 1942 was required before she could conduct further operations. With working up, the earliest either could reach the Far East was August 1942. The King George V-class HMS Prince of Wales (53) was, aside from the Revenges, the only worked-up battleship that could sail east before Spring 1942. On 20 October, the Committee decided to send Prince of Wales to Cape Town, South Africa. Once at Cape Town, a review would decide whether to send the ship onward to Singapore; this would keep Prince of Wales available to respond to an emergency in home waters.

Churchill requested an aircraft carrier for Force Z on 17 October, but nothing came of this; the earliest available carrier would be HMS Indomitable (92) in November after working up. Contrary to post-war accounts, Indomitable was not allocated to Force Z. Neither Admiralty plans during the period, nor the secret session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 19 December concerning the loss of Force Z, nor the 7 December tabulation of current and intended fleet strength in the Far East, allocate the carrier to the Eastern Fleet. The carrier did not receive any orders to this effect prior to grounding in Kingston, Jamaica, on 2 November, at the start of a three-week work-up. Joining Force Z by 8 December would have required no grounding and abandoning the work-up.

Prince of Wales sails to Singapore
Prince of Wales and the escorting destroyers HMS Electra (H27), HMS Express (H61), and HMS Hesperus (H57), were formed into Force G in Britain; they sailed from Greenock on 25 October 1941. The group was commanded by Admiral Sir Tom Phillips, who had played a major role in shaping naval strategy in the Far East. Hesperus was temporarily assigned from Western Approaches Command. Three days later HMS Legion (G74) also temporarily joined the escort while Electra and Express detached to refuel at Ponta Delgada in the Azores. Hesperus and Legion left Force G the following day with the return of the other destroyers. Force G refuelled at Freetown on 5 November and arrived at Cape Town early on the 16 November.

On 2 November, Churchill was notified that Pound intended to conduct the review agreed upon on 20 October before Force G arrived at Cape Town. Pound never conducted the review. The Admiralty, in accordance with its offensive plans, was committed to the move to Singapore before Prince of Wales sailed. On 21 October, the Admiralty informed relevant naval commands that the battleship was on route to Singapore. Once Force G sailed, the Admiralty sought to expedite the transit. On 6 November, Phillips expected to stay in Cape Town for seven days, and arrive at Singapore on 13 December. On 11 November, the Admiralty formally ordered Prince of Wales to combine with Repulse at Ceylon before proceeding to Singapore. The orders also suggested - with reservations from Churchill - that the battleship might abandon its escort in the interest of speed; consequently, Force G remained in Cape Town for only two days. Up to 5 October, Churchill still believed the decision to move Prince of Wales beyond Cape Town was still under review, and accepted Pound's advice and decisions; Churchill was unaware that the Admiralty had readopted an offensive stance the previous October.

British plans to provide media coverage of the arrival of Force G at Cape Town for propaganda and deterrence were disrupted by the shortened duration of the visit. Interviews of ships crew and visits by photographers were cancelled. Japanese diplomats reported the visit on 19 November; thereafter the Japanese expected Prince of Wales to arrive at Singapore at the end of November.

Force G departed Cape Town on the afternoon of 18 November. It refuelled at Mauritius and Port T, Addu Atoll on the journey eastwards. It arrived at Ceylon on 29 November and was joined by Repulse, and the destroyers HMS Encounter (H10) and HMS Jupiter (F85); the destroyers were transfers from the Mediterranean Fleet. Phillips disembarked and flew ahead to Singapore to meet with local commanders; on 4 December he also flew to the Philippines to meet with American commanders. Force G finally arrived at Singapore on 2 December and was redesignated to Force Z on 8 December at the outbreak of war.

Final deployment and loss
Phillips ordered Force Z to sortie on 8 December against Japanese amphibious landings on Malaya in the Gulf of Thailand. Encounter and Jupiter were out of action with defects and were replaced by the First World War destroyers HMAS Vampire (D68) and HMS Tenedos (H04). Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk by Japanese aircraft on 10 December 1941, becoming the first capital ships moving at sea to be sunk solely by enemy aircraft.

British air forces in Malaya were insufficient to provide air cover to Force Z. Poor pre-war forecasts of Japanese intentions caused the deferment of air reinforcement, and by the time war was likely it was impossible to provide sufficient reinforcement in time.

Phillips also failed to make full use of intelligence resources. As a result, he grossly underestimated the scale of attack, and believed that the majority of enemy attack aircraft would be level bombers rather than land-based naval torpedo bombers.

title: Force Z


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Sam Madison

Samuel Adolphus Madison Jr. (born April 23, 1974) is an American football coach and former cornerback who is the cornerbacks coach and pass game specialist for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the secondary/cornerbacks coach for the Kansas City Chiefs. He played college football for the Louisville Cardinals, and was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 1997 NFL draft. A four-time Pro Bowl selection, Madison also played for the New York Giants. He has won two Super Bowls, Super Bowl XLII as a player with the Giants and Super Bowl LIV as an assistant coach with the Chiefs.

Early years
Madison attended Florida A&M University Developmental Research School where he played wide receiver and defensive back. Aside from football he also lettered in basketball, baseball and track and field.

College career
Madison played college football for the University of Louisville. Madison was a three-year starter for the Cardinals and set the school records for interceptions with 16 and passes defended with 44. As a junior, he earned third-team All-America selection after recording 65 tackles, two sacks, 13 passes defensed and seven interceptions. As a senior, he was named a second-team All-America and first-team All-Conference USA after finishing with 52 tackles, two sacks, six interceptions and 16 passes defensed.

Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins selected Madison in the second round (44th overall) of the 1997 NFL draft. Madison was the eighth cornerback drafted in 1997.

Madison made the Pro Bowl for four straight years from 1999 to 2002. On March 1, 2006, the Dolphins released him. He finished his career with the Dolphins starting 127 of 138 games, recording 353 tackles, a sack, 31 interceptions and two touchdowns.

For much of his career as a Miami Dolphin, Sam Madison played alongside fellow cornerback Patrick Surtain. During their time together, Madison and Surtain were one of the most prolific cornerback tandems in NFL history, posting a combined 697 tackles, 7.5 sacks, 60 interceptions, and 2 touchdowns.

New York Giants
Madison signed a four-year contract with the New York Giants on March 10, 2006. He earned a Super Bowl ring with the Giants in Super Bowl XLII against the New England Patriots.

Madison appeared in just seven games for the Giants in 2008, recording eight tackles and an interception. He was placed on season-ending injured reserve with a broken ankle on December 30. He was released on February 9, 2009.

Kansas City Chiefs
On February 19, 2019, Madison was hired as the secondary and cornerbacks coach of the Kansas City Chiefs. In his first year as coach, Madison won Super Bowl LIV against the San Francisco 49ers. The Super Bowl win was his second win and first as a coach.

Miami Dolphins
On February 18, 2022, the Miami Dolphins announced they hired Madison as their cornerbacks coach and pass game coordinator.

Personal
Madison and his wife, Saskia, have two sons, Kellen and Kaden, and a daughter Kennedy. He donated a kidney to his daughter, who was three days shy of her 11th birthday, when both of hers were failing in 2016. His house was featured on an episode of MTV Cribs. In 2019, Madison worked for WTVX as a Miami Dolphins analyst.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sam Madison


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Talk:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub

Name too long
Why not rename this article into "sclerophyll forest"? -- Pixeltoo 10:12, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. This was the name given to the Major Habitat Type in the Global 200 by the WWF, and "Sclerophyll forest" is a more general term. However, there seems to be a conflict over whether "shrub" should be "scrub"; see my move request.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 20:54, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
 * "Mediterranean forests, woodlands and shrub" and "sclerophyll forest" overlap, but are not truly synonymous; Sclerophyll forests are a common vegetation type in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub biome, but the biome also includes conifer forests, woodlands, savannas, grasslands, shrublands, and scrublands. Sclerophyll forests can also be found in other biomes, like Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests. Tom Radulovich 01:34, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Temperate woodlands
I wish they'd make a topic the"Temperate Woodlands Biome." -- nepegg89 8:46, 7 December 2005 (EST)

 * See Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests or Temperate coniferous forests.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 20:12, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Article move to Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
In its website, the WWF refers to this Major Habitat Type as "Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub" - note "scrub" not "shrub". I wasn't sure, however, if the "shrub" form is a misspelling or just an alternate name, and which name has more precedence.  SCH ZMO  ✍ 21:28, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * WWF is pretty inconsistent with both the shrub/scrub and capitalization: check out this page: . Since this biome contains both shrublands (chaparral, maquis, matorral, fynbos, etc.) and scrublands (coastal sage scrub, garrigue, strandveld, etc.), neither name is incorrect. Using "shrub" rather than "scrub" is a bit more consistent with their other biomes, like Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands or Deserts and xeric shrublands. My suggestion would be to keep things simple and leave the article where it is, but make Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub redirect to it. Tom Radulovich 01:18, 27 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Not moved. — Nightst a  llion  (?) Seen this already? 17:38, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Mediterranean vegetation
What about renaming this article to Mediterranean vegetation? It's much simpler. Any possible distinction between the different terms can be explained in the article itself. --Eleassar my talk 15:56, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Qualification for cool-summer type
Summer drought, and not summer heat, is the common thread of Mediterranean climates and not summer heat -- particularly along some cool sea coasts. Although the cool-summer Mediterranean climate covers relatively little of the Earth's landmass, it has some significant cities whose natural vegetation fits the Mediterranean category, and not something else that might have some similarities of climate (maritime temperate and high-altitude monsoon climates, the former often abutting and the latter separated as a rule by long distances from cool-summer Mediterranean climates. Climates of San Francisco and Mexico City are similar due to small temperature range but have opposite distributions of rainfall.

In any event even the cool-summer Mediterranean biomes have plant life that has evolved to meet the stresses of severe summer droughts.--Paul from Michigan (talk) 11:11, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Eucalyptus?!?!?!? Scrubland in Aliso Canyon???
how can you consider eucalyptus a mediterranean tree, if it is typical of australia???????? Scrubland in Aliso Canyon= i see a semidesertic hill in california (how can you consider it mediterranean vegetation???)

please erase those photos

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.39.119.123 (talk) 21:07, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

This comment reveals the ambiguity inherent in 'mediterranean-type' outside of the actual mediterranean basin (also that its author did not read the article). But this is the terminology that we have, and i see no way around it. Same discussion as around the name of the page itself. I think we need to make clear in this article why we have these terms, and how the biome relates to the actual mediterranean basin, the climate classification, and to ecology / biogeography of those regions.--Bpinab (talk) 03:43, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems
I have created a redirect from 'Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems'. But I am pre-empting a discussion on this subject.

'Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems' is a generic name for a biome which is used by ecologists and conservation managers. It could be used, for instance, to refer to historic or future, as well as modern, distributions of the biome. It is quite a clunky expression, and often shortened to 'MTE's'

In contrast, 'Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub' is the name for the current distribution of the biome as defined by wwf (here I'll say 'Mfws'). It is a horribly clunky expression and I have never seen it written, and doubt if it is ever heard spoken, outside of WWF's biome project.

'Mfws' cannot be used to generalise about features of the biome - eg to discuss the extent that parts of south eastern Australia might have MTE-type (careful!) attributes (where forests, woodlands and scrub communities dominate which are fire-prone, experience predicable summer droughts, and share many traits, ecosystems and taxa with Mfws of South or south west Australia). Similarly, the 'California chaparral and woodlands' has many ecosystems which do not fit well with the MTE concept. I am not here making an argument that we should include or exclude these ecoystems from the biome: WWF has done great work defining ecoregios and biomes as they have, we all recognise that environmental heterogeneity makes the task complex, boundaries have to go somewhere, and we have solid precedents with strict definitions to work with (eg Koppen), and it is all subjective anyway. All I am saying is that 'Mfws' is about the biome that exists at the present as defined cartographically by WWF, whereas MTEs are about generalising the ecology and behaviour of the ecosystem represented; perhaps there is place for both. I can see Mfws nesting within MTE, but not the other way around.

I propose an introductory paragraph (much shorter than this) describing the relationship between 'Mediterranean Basin', MTE, Mfws and 'Mediterranean Climate'. But perhaps there is merit in an MTE page?

Bpinab (talk) 14:24, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Article title "...scrubs", "...scrub", or something else?
I just reverted the move of this article to Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrubs. cited a map available at. However, I don't see any sources on that map. The original biome was named by the WWF at

Now, "official name" is not actually a criterion for selecting Wikipedia titles. WP:TITLE is the policy, with five criteria listed at WP:CRITERIA. I doubt that any variant of "Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub" is Recognizable or Natural: it's jargon that the WWF invented. Before we move the article, let's discuss possible alternatives, then select the best according to WP:CRITERIA. — hike395 (talk) 07:42, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Click on the map to see the list of biomes :) It was the only place I could actually find the official list from WWF.
 * Technically, the name lacks the Oxford comma, but I love the Oxford comma...

EDIT: I clicked your link, and thought about it, I agree "scrub" is better. Plural would be for the word "shrub", i.e. "shrubs". Thanks for undoing the change(s) :) LightProof1995 (talk) 07:45, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

Headline
Mediterranean climate environments is mainly defined by shrubs, so why would you call the headliner Mediterranean forests woodland and scrub? דולב חולב (talk) 15:14, 22 January 2024 (UTC)


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Sammy Knight

Sammy D. Knight, Jr. (born September 10, 1975) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the USC Trojans and was signed by the New Orleans Saints as an undrafted free agent in 1997. Knight was also a member of the Miami Dolphins, Kansas City Chiefs, Jacksonville Jaguars and New York Giants. He was also an assistant coach for USC.

Early life
Knight graduated from Rubidoux High School in Riverside, California, before attending the University of Southern California. He has three brothers who also played college football: Ryan was a record-setting prep All-American running back (rushing for 501 yards in a game) who then lettered four years (1984–87) at tailback at USC and led the Trojans in rushing in 1985 and 1986 (he is 20th on USC's career rushing list with 1,875 yards), Greg played defensive line at Colorado (1986) and Darryl lettered 3 years (1998–2000) at linebacker at USC. His father, Sam Sr., played on a California state championship basketball team at Riverside (Calif.) Community College in the early 1960s that was coached by Jerry Tarkanian. He is married to Freda Knight, a Hampton University Graduate. They have four daughters named Shianne, Samone, Savannah, and Sasha. Knight also has an older daughter named Aneka.

1997
On April 25, 1997, the New Orleans Saints signed Knight to a one-year, $138,500 contract as an undrafted free agent after he went undrafted in the 1997 NFL draft.

Throughout training camp, Knight competed to be the starting strong safety against Je'Rod Cherry, Vashone Adams, and rookie Rob Kelly. Head coach Mike Ditka named Knight the backup strong safety to begin the regular season, behind starting strong safety Vashone Adams.

He made his professional regular season debut in the New Orleans Saints' 38–24 season-opening loss at the St. Louis Rams. On September 28, 1997, Knight earned his first career start and recorded 11 combined tackles and made his first career interception during a 14–9 loss at the New York Giants in Week 5. Knight made his first career interception off a pass by Giants' quarterback Dave Brown, that was originally intended for wide receiver Kevin Alexander, and returned it for a 32-yard gain in the third quarter. On September 30, 1997, the New Orleans Saints released Vashone Adams after Knight surpassed him on the depth chart and became the starting strong safety. In Week 14, Knight recorded eight combined tackles and made two interceptions in the Saints' 16–13 win at the Carolina Panthers. Knight made two interceptions off pass attempts by Kerry Collins and Steve Beuerlein during the game. Knight finished his rookie season in 1997 with 84 combined tackles and five interceptions in 16 games and 12 starts.

1998
On February 18, 1998, the New Orleans Saints offered Knight a one-year restricted free agent contract tender to remain with the team. Knight became the starting free safety after Anthony Newman departed in free agency. Head coach Mike Ditka named Knight the starter to begin the season, alongside strong safety Chad Cota. Knight was inactive for two games (Weeks 4–5) due to an injury. On November 8, 1998, Knight made three tackles, two interceptions, and scored his first career touchdown during a 31–24 loss at the Minnesota Vikings in Week 10. Knight intercepted a pass by Vikings' quarterback Brad Johnson and returned in for a 91-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter. In Week 16, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles and returned an interception for a touchdown in the Saints 19–17 loss at the Arizona Cardinals. Knight intercepted a pass by Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer, that was intended for wide receiver Frank Sanders, and returned it for a 32-yard touchdown in the first quarter. Knight finished the 1998 NFL season with 75 combined tackles and a career-high six interceptions in 14 games and 14 starts. His six interceptions tied for eighth most in the league in 1998.

1999
On March 23, 1999, the New Orleans Saints signed Knight to a five-year, $10 million contract with a signing bonus of $2 million. Knight was named the starting strong safety and began the season alongside free safety Rob Kelly and cornerbacks Ashley Ambrose and Fred Weary. In Week 6, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles during a 24–21 loss to the Tennessee Titans. He started all 16 games for the first time in his career in 1999 and recorded 101 combined tackles and an interception.

2000
On January 5, 2000, the New Orleans Saints fired head coach Mike Ditka after they finished the 1999 season with a 3–13 record. On February 3, 2000, the New Orleans Saints hired Pittsburgh Steelers' defensive coordinator Jim Haslett as their new head coach. Defensive coordinator Ron Zook retained Knight as the starting strong safety. Knight started alongside starting free safety Darren Perry in 2000.

He started in the New Orleans Saints' season-opener against the Detroit Lions and collected a season-high ten combined tackles and returned an interception for a touchdown in their 14–10 loss. Knight intercepted a pass by Lions quarterback Stoney Case, that was originally intended for tight end David Sloan, and returned it for a 37-yard touchdown in the first quarter. On November 3, 2000, Knight made four combined tackles, forced a fumble, and made his first career sack in the Saints' 20–10 win against the Carolina Panthers in Week 11. Knight had a strip/sack on Panthers' quarterback Steve Beuerlein and it was recovered and returned for a 90-yard touchdown by teammate Keith Mitchell in the third quarter. In Week 16, he recorded seven combined tackles and returned an interception for a touchdown as the Saints defeated the Atlanta Falcons 23–7. Knight intercepted a pass by Falcons'quarterback Doug Johnson and returned it for a 31-yard touchdown in the second quarter. Knight started in all 16 games in 2000 and recorded 100 combined tackles, five interceptions, two sacks, two touchdowns.

The New Orleans Saints finished first in the NFC West with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On December 30, 2000, Knight started in his first career playoff game and recorded five combined tackles and made two interceptions during the Saints' 31–28 win against the St. Louis Rams in the NFC Wildcard Game. Knight intercepted two pass attempts by Rams' quarterback Kurt Warner. The following week, he made four combined tackles as the Saints lost 34–16 at the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Divisional Round.

2001
Knight returned as the starting strong safety in 2001 and started alongside free safety Jay Bellamy and cornerbacks Kevin Mathis and Fred Thomas. He started in the New Orleans Saints' season-opener at the Buffalo Bills and recorded three combined tackles, deflected three passes, and made a career-high three interceptions in their 24–6 victory. Knight made three interceptions off pass attempts by Bills' quarterback Rob Johnson. On October 28, 2001, Knight made eight combined tackles, broke up two passes, made a sack, and intercepted two passes by quarterback Kurt Warner during a 34–31 victory at the St. Louis Rams in Week 7. In Week 15, he collected a career-high 17 combined tackles (12 solo) and deflected a pass in the Saints' 43–21 loss at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He started in a 16 games in 2001 and recorded 96 combined tackles (78 solo), six pass deflections, four interceptions, and a sack. He was selected to the 2002 Pro Bowl and was voted second-team All-Pro in 2001.

2002
Head coach Jim Haslett retained Knight and Jay Bellamy as the starting safeties in 2002. In Week 3, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (ten solo), deflected a pass, and made an interception during a 29–23 win at the Chicago Bears. On December 29, 2002, Knight recorded nine combined tackles, broke up two passes, and made a season-high two interceptions in the Saints' 10–6 loss at the Carolina Panthers in Week 17. Knight intercepted two passes by Panthers' quarterback Rodney Peete. He started in all 16 games in 2002 and recorded a career-high 104 combined tackles (80 solo), deflected 11 passes, made five interceptions, and made two sacks.

2003
On February 27, 2003, Knight opted out the last year of his five-year contract and became an unrestricted free agent. Knight voided the final year after it became possible that the New Orleans Saints were going to release him. Knight was set to receive a salary of $1.92 million in 2003.

Miami Dolphins
On May 13, 2003, the Miami Dolphins signed Knight to a two-year, $2.38 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $300,000.

Throughout training camp, he competed to be the starting strong safety against Arturo Freeman. Head coach Dave Wannstedt named Knight the starting strong safety to begin the regular season, alongside free safety Brock Marion. In Week 14, he collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (11 solo) during a 12–0 loss at the New England Patriots. Knight started all 16 games in 2003 and recorded 96 combined tackles (64 solo), six pass deflections, and three interceptions.

2004
Head coach Dave Wannstedt retained Knight as the starting strong safety in 2004. He started alongside free safety Antuan Edwards. In Week 8, Knight collected a season-high nine combined tackles (six solo) in the Dolphins' 41–14 loss at the New York Jets. On December 20, 2004, Knight made nine combined tackles, two pass deflections, and two interceptions during a 29–28 win at the New England Patriots in Week 15. Knight intercepted two pass attempts by Patriots' quarterback Tom Brady. In Week 17, Knight recorded seven combined tackles and made his first career safety during a 30–23 loss at the Baltimore Ravens. Knight was credited with his first career safety during a fumble by running back Jamal Lewis in the fourth quarter. He started in all 16 games in 2004 and made 98 combined tackles (52 solo), four interceptions, and a safety.

2005
On March 11, 2005, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Knight to a five-year contract. Knight reunited with former teammates Willie Roaf (Saints) and Patrick Surtain (Dolphins).

Head coach Dick Vermeil named Knight the starting strong safety to begin the regular season, alongside free safety Greg Wesley.

On October 16, 2005, Knight recorded five combined tackles, deflected a pass, and returned a fumble for a touchdown during a 28–21 victory against the Washington Redskins in Week 6. Knight recovered a fumble after teammate Carlos Hall stripped the ball from Redskins' running back Rock Cartwright. In Week 10, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles (seven solo) during a 14–3 loss at the Buffalo Bills. On November 27, 2005, Knight made six solo tackles,a season-high three pass deflections, a sack, and made his first interception as a member of the Chiefs during a 26–16 win against the New England Patriots in Week 12. Knight and Greg Wesley intercepted Patriots' quarterback Tom Brady four times during the game. On December 31, 2005, Kansas City Chiefs' head coach Dick Vermeil announced his decision to retire at the conclusion of the 2005 NFL season. Knight started in all 16 games in 2005 and recorded 89 combined tackles (70 solo), 11 pass deflections, two interceptions, two sacks, and a touchdown.

2006
On January 7, 2006, the Kansas City Chiefs hired Herman Edwards as their new head coach after reaching a trade agreement with his previous team, the New York Jets. Edwards opted to retain Gunther Cunningham as Defensive coordinator. Knight and Greg Wesley returned as the starting safeties in 2006. In Week 13, he collected a season-high ten solo tackles in the Chiefs' 31–28 loss at the Cleveland Browns. He started in all 16 games in 2006 and recorded 83 combined tackles (74 solo), four pass deflections, two sacks, and an interception.

2007
On March 22, 2007, the Kansas City Chiefs cut Knight after he declined to restructure his contract.

Jacksonville Jaguars
On August 13, 2007, the Jacksonville Jaguars signed Knight to a one-year, $820,000 contract. Head coach Jack Del Rio named Knight the starting strong safety to start the 2007 season, alongside rookie Reggie Nelson. In Week 6, he collected a season-high 12 solo tackles and made a pass deflection during the Jaguars' 37–17 win against the Houston Texans. On November 25, 2007, Knight made two solo tackles, broke up a pass, and made his last career interception off a pass by J. P. Losman during a 36–14 win against the Buffalo Bills in Week 12. He started in all 16 games in 2007 and recorded 93 combined tackles (79 solo), 11 pass deflections, and four interceptions.

The Jacksonville Jaguars finished second in the AFC South with an 11–5 record and earned a wildcard berth. On January 5, 2008, Knight recorded 13 combined tackles (ten solo) during a 31–29 victory at the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wildcard Game. The following week, the Jaguars were eliminated from the playoffs after a 31–20 loss at the New England Patriots in the AFC Divisional Round.

New York Giants
On March 3, 2008, the New York Giants signed Knight to a three-year, $5.15 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $1.25 million. Knight was signed as a replacement for Gibril Wilson who departed during free agency.

Knight entered camp slated as the starting strong safety, but saw competition from Michael Johnson. Head coach Tom Coughlin named Knight the backup strong safety to begin the regular season, behind Michael Johnson. On November 29, 2008, the New York Giants placed Knight on injured reserve due a hip injury. He finished the season with 12 combined tackles (ten solo) in nine games and no starts. On February 9, 2009, the New York Giants released Knight.

Coaching
In 2010 and 2011 Knight was part of the USC coaching staff as a graduate assistant primarily working with the safeties.

title: Sammy Knight


text:
Talk:Anton Rubinstein

Health and medical condition
Did Rubinstein suffer from Ptosis? Most images of him display very drooped eyelids. Also, did he suffer from Strabismus? Such images also show his eyes to squint diagonally upwards. Any proper insight would be helpful. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.229.224.133 (talk) 16:23, 18 November 2012 (UTC)

Comments
The second movement from Anton Rubinstein's Piano Concerto no. 2 in F major, op. 35 is really great and I've been looking on the web for any comments on it --I don't seem to have been able to spot any so far. At around the 5 to 6th minute it has a romantic melody, very nice and very lyrical, that lasts only for just a little. It's such pieces, short élans of lyricism and beauty within musical pieces that are like little islands in the middle of the ocean and that, because of this, sound even mystical --another one, I recollect, in Mozart's last string quartets (Quator en ré mineur K421, second movement Menuetto [Allegretto]).--Wikichris 14:30, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I deleted this sentence from the biographical information: However, Rubinstein did not practice any religion at all (except for pantheism late in his life), and so anti-semitism could not apply (at least in any type of "religious" sense). It is almost outlandish to claim that anti-semitism was practiced only on a religious basis. --Maxn 17:22, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Composer project review
I've reviewed this article as part of the Composers project review of its B-class articles. This is a B-class article, but its composer-related content is superficial, and could use expansion. My full review is on the comments page; questions and comments should be left here or on my talk page.  Magic ♪piano 16:53, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Melody in F picture
I removed this because it was not in fact as stated the cover of Rubinstein's Melody in F, but the cover of some other work (a waltz in fact, whereas the Melody is in duple time) by another composer. --Smerus (talk) 14:01, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

Rubinstein and Liszt
What is the status of the story that Liszt was unkind to Rubinstein in Vienna 1846? It is not mentioned in Walker's 3-volume biography of Liszt, who does mention earlier (Paris 1840) and later (Weimar and Rotterdam) encounters, where Liszt's favorable disposition towards Rubinstein is clear. In 1840, Liszt reportedly predicted a brilliant career for the boy Rubinstein and from 1854 on Rubinstein was a regular guest in Liszt's home, although their musical tastes differed. Zwart (talk) 11:30, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The story appears to come from Schonberg. Actually the article as a whole is rather too heavily dependent on Schonberg and Sachs, and I think needs extensive rewriting with some more scholarly references.--Smerus (talk) 15:14, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Liszt did not meet Rubinstein in Paris in 1840. Liszt was on a tour of the British Isles at that time and wasn't in Paris at all.  It seems that Liszt first heard Rubinstein in mid-August 1841.  The date is unknown, but a letter from Marie von Cettriz (wife of General von Cettriz) to her step-daughter, written in Nonnenwerth and dated 15th August 1841, describes events with Liszt of recent days, and therefore putting Liszt in Nonnenwerth at that time.  Her next letter, dated 26th August 1841 and again from Nonnenwerth, says, "Liszt was expected back.  We were looking forward to seeing him again and hoping he would have a lot to tell us about what he had been doing.  He got here at 1pm and soon came round cheerfully to report to us about Ems and the baths.  He had heard the little Russian boy Rubinstein play, and described him as truly remarkable and the greatest of all the child prodigies he had heard..."  So this would seem to date Liszt's having heard Rubinstein to mid-August 1841, and to place it at or near Ems.
 * As for Liszt's being unkind to Rubinstein, this isn't a fair picture. In his autobiography, Rubinstein wrote:
 * "In 1846 I went to Vienna because that city was one of the principal music centres in Europe, and there too lived Liszt, the king of musicians, on whose help and protection I relied. These hopes, however, were at first dashed by the cold and distant manner with which he received me, bidding me remember that a talented man must win the goal of his ambition by his own unassisted efforts.  This estranged me from him [...] It was now two months since I had called on Liszt.  My prolonged absence had at last reminded him of my existence.  He took it into his head to pay me a visit, and one day he made his way up to my attic accompanied by his usual retinue.  The first sight of my quarters seemed to shock the whole party, more especially Liszt himself, who during his sojourn in Moscow had visited my family and knew our style of living.  He showed however much tact and delicacy, and in the most friendly manner asked me to dine with him on the same day - a most welcome invitation since the pangs of hunger had been gnawing at me for several days.  After this I was always on good terms with Liszt."
 * Liszt's generosity towards and willingness to help other artists, both financially and artistically, was legendary and unparalleled. Liszt's extremely high opinion of Rubinstein is also well-documented over many decades.  Much more likely therefore, regarding the Vienna meeting, is that Rubinstein - aged all of 16, let's remember - presented himself to Liszt slightly clumsily and perhaps giving Liszt the impression that he expected Liszt to open doors and smooth his path for him.  Liszt's own father had died when Liszt was 15, and Liszt supported himself and his mother from that point on, living and teaching in Paris.  Liszt liked people who worked hard for themselves and didn't simply rely on others, and perhaps wished Rubinstein to learn a similar sense of self-support.  But equally clearly, Liszt did not forget about Rubinstein, visiting him as described above, and doing much else to help him (e.g. conducting the first performance of his opera "The Siberian Hunters", welcoming him any time to his home in Weimar, dedicating two of his most important and forward-thinking piano works to Rubinstein, and always having nothing but the highest praise for him in correspondence and conversation with others).

80.6.233.241 (talk) 14:51, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:01, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anton Rubinstein


text:
Tim Bowens

Timothy L. Bowens (born February 7, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle for 11 seasons with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels, and was chosen with the 20th pick of the 1994 NFL draft by the Dolphins.

The Dolphins were initially criticized for picking Bowens, as he was overweight and had played only nine games in his college career at Mississippi. He had a terrific rookie season in 1994, and Bowens was named 'The NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year' by the Associated Press. He played with the Miami Dolphins for 11 years before he retired after the 2004 NFL season.

High school career
Tim Bowens was born and grew up in Okolona, Mississippi, one of two county seats in rural Chickasaw County. He played football at Okolona High School. He was an All-State pick as a senior and an All-District pick as a junior and senior. As a senior, he led his team to the Class AA semifinals and an 11-2 record. He was also a two-year letter winner in basketball.

title: Tim Bowens


text:
Libertarians for Life

Libertarians for Life (LFL, L4L) is a nonsectarian group expressing an opposition to abortion within the context of libertarianism. Based in Wheaton, Maryland, Libertarians for Life believes abortion is not a right, but "a wrong under justice".

Views
To explain and defend its stance on abortion, Libertarians for Life argues that:
 * 1) Human offspring are human beings, persons from fertilization.
 * 2) Abortion is homicide – the killing of one person by another.
 * 3) There is never a right to kill an innocent person. Prenatally, we are all innocent persons.
 * 4) A prenatal child has the right to be in the mother's body. Parents have no right to evict their children from the crib or from the womb and let them die. Instead both parents, the father as well as the mother, owe them support and protection from harm.
 * 5) No government, nor any individual, has a just power to legally "de-person" any one of us, born or preborn.
 * 6) The proper purpose of the law is to side with the innocent, not against them.

None of the arguments are based upon religious belief, and are intended to appeal equally to atheists and theists. This is a point of pride for the group, claiming to rely on science and reason, while both anti-abortion allies and abortion rights opponents use what they view as non-scientific or unreasoned arguments.

Activities
Doris Gordon founded Libertarians for Life in 1976 "because some libertarian had to blow the whistle." In 1988, the Libertarians for Life unsuccessfully attempted to change the Libertarian Party position on abortion, so it would be similar to the party's 1988 presidential nominee, Ron Paul.

title: Libertarians for Life


text:
David Boston

David Byron Boston (born August 19, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes, earning first-team All-American honors in 1998. Selected by the Arizona Cardinals with the eighth overall pick in the 1999 NFL draft, Boston became a Pro Bowl selection with the Cardinals in 2001. He also played for the San Diego Chargers, Miami Dolphins, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Early years
Boston was born in Humble, Texas, and played youth football in the Humble Area Football League.

College career
Boston became a three-year starter for the Ohio State Buckeyes (1996–98). He set several Ohio State receiving records during that time. His 191 pass receptions as a Buckeye was a record and is now the second most in school history (K.J. Hill, 2019). His 2,855 career receiving yards and 1,435 single-season receiving yards were school records until surpassed by Michael Jenkins in 2003 and Jaxon Smith-Njigba in 2021. With 34 career touchdown receptions (and one two-point conversion), Boston averaged 5.89 points per game. Additionally, he held the school touchdown reception record until Chris Olave surpassed it in 2021.

Boston's best-remembered moment remains his game-winning five-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Joe Germaine with 19 seconds remaining in the 1997 Rose Bowl.

College statistics
Source:

Arizona Cardinals
Boston left Ohio State with a year of eligibility remaining, and was drafted with the eighth overall pick in the first round of the 1999 NFL draft by the Arizona Cardinals. In 2000, David was an alternate selection for the Pro Bowl. In 2001, Boston had 98 receptions for a league-leading 1598 yards and eight touchdowns, starting in the Pro Bowl and earning All-Pro honors.

San Diego Chargers
Boston signed a seven-year, $47 million contract ($12 million guaranteed) with the San Diego Chargers in 2003. That season, he caught 70 passes for 880 yards and seven touchdowns, though head coach Marty Schottenheimer suspended him for a game after he cursed out strength coach Dave Redding. Despite his excellent on-field performance, Chargers GM A. J. Smith traded Boston to the Miami Dolphins for a sixth round draft choice.

Miami Dolphins
Before the 2004 season, Boston tested positive for a minor HCG infraction and was ordered to serve a four-game suspension. The suspension became moot after he tore ligaments in his knee and was unable to play for the entire season. The Dolphins cut him at the end of the year, then proceeded to re-sign him for the veterans' minimum in 2005 for $700,000. He played in five games that year before tearing knee ligaments again.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
In 2006, Boston signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was released by the team on September 12, 2007 after being injured.

Toronto Argonauts
After spending the 2007 season out of football, Boston signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League on April 21, 2008. Boston reported to training camp but his medical report showed a stress fracture in his right foot and recommended surgery. He was placed on the suspended list, never practicing or playing in the pre-season. A second doctor's opinion, however, was that it was a two-year-old injury and cleared him to play in the regular season opener on June 27, 2008, when he recorded two receptions for a total of 16 yards. Following the game, however, Boston reported feeling too much pain and opted to follow the original doctor's suggestion of surgery requiring a 10 to 12 weeks rehabilitation period. He never played another down of pro football.

Personal life
Boston's father, Byron, is an American football official in the NFL. He was not permitted to officiate regular season games in which David was playing. Byron worked as a line judge for one of his son's preseason games, between the Cardinals and the San Diego Chargers on August 14, 1999.

On March 27, 2000, David Boston and Na'il Diggs were traveling northbound in a Hummer on I-71 in Columbus, Ohio. A Ford Escort driven by Danielle Carfagna was traveling the wrong way on the interstate and collided with the Hummer. Boston and Diggs were injured, and Carfagna was killed in the accident. Boston suffered lingering nerve damage from the accident. Police were not able to determine why the woman was driving the wrong way.

On October 19, 2004, Boston was accused of punching a male airline ticket agent who wouldn't let him board a plane at an airport in Burlington, Vermont. He pleaded no contest, was fined $500 and paid $211 in restitution.

On August 23, 2007, Boston was arrested in Pinellas Park, Florida and charged with DUI after a failed sobriety test was conducted. Boston was released on his own recognizance. Boston's breath test resulted in a reading of 0.00 BAC. On September 10, 2007 it was released to the media that David Boston tested positive for GHB, a recreational drug that the body produces naturally. After learning of the drug charges the Buccaneers quickly came to an injury settlement with Boston allowing him to be released. On September 12, 2007, Boston was officially released by Tampa Bay when they decided to sign Mark Jones.

title: David Boston


text:
Hilltown, Pennsylvania

Hilltown is an unincorporated community in Hilltown Township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. Hilltown is located at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 152 and Broad Street.

title: Hilltown, Pennsylvania


text:
Tafheet

Tafheet (تفحيط), or popularly hajwalah (هجولة), (colloquially known as Arab drifting or Saudi drifting), is a type of street racing-like subculture believed to have started in the late 1970s in Saudi Arabia, that involves driving cars that are generally non-modified or factory-setup (sometimes stolen or rented cars) at very high speeds, around 160 –, across wide highways throwing the car left and right to mimic the appearance of drifting. In the process, drivers often drive dangerously close to traffic, barriers, and spectators watching from the roadsides without any protection.

Tafheet driver practice and events are generally seen on the wide sectioned highways of Riyadh, Al-Qassim Province and, less notably, in other parts of Saudi Arabia. In the United Arab Emirates, tafheet are commonly seen on the highways of Abu Dhabi and Dubai, which also feature long straightaways.

Apart from the risk involved for the drivers, the spectators are also at a high risk of injury or possible death. Unfortunately, sometimes the drivers would lose control of their vehicle and drive into other road users, or worse the spectators.

The technique differs from high-speed cornering on tracks as cars drift sideways at high speed and recover with opposite lock. Tafheet practice and events occur with little or no concern for vehicle occupants, other drivers, or spectator safety, and as a result there often are fatal accidents.

Culture
Some of the more popular tafheet maneuvers include:

 * Akheyat: turning the car 180 degrees from side to another completing a full 360 by starting from the right to the left or opposite, kind of street sweeping
 * Harakat Almawt (Death movements): power slides where one must keep the car going on forward in a straight line until the car stops by itself without fixing the steer or going off track
 * Sefty: spinning the car a full 360 degrees starting from any side and then spinning the opposite side of the first 360 with a short power slide between
 * Ta'geed: spinning the car a full 360 degrees while driving either straight or sideways more than once
 * Tanteel: repeatedly creating a power slide and steering it back with opposite lock at high speed 160 –, starting with 4 or more power slides and usually concluded with Ta'geed, Sefty, or Axeyat. It is also considered the main maneuver.
 * Tatweef: passing another vehicle, truck, or more going sideways at very high speed up to 160 km/h on a public highway no matter how busy the traffic is

Lack of hobbies amongst youth in the country, and lack of interest in the arts by mainstream society, has been cited as the motivation for youths to participate in drifting exhibitions.

The cars are generally stock mid-size or entry-level luxury sedans, such as the Toyota Camry, Kia Optima, Chevrolet Cruze, Kia Cadenza, Honda Accord, etc., minimizing personal cost and repair liability. While there have been instances involving high-end vehicles such as Ferraris, Nissan GT-Rs, and Toyota Land Cruisers, these are relatively less common compared to joyriders stealing sedans or compact cars for the purpose of drifting, abandoning them after an event.

SUVs and pickup trucks such as the Toyota Land Cruiser and the Toyota Hilux are sometimes used for this purpose.

Response
Often the police receive reports about high-speed drifting from concerned citizens demanding an arrest because of the risk to public safety. The drifters are rarely caught as the events are organised using an illegal spotter or spotters who use mobile phones to disband the vehicle activity before the police arrive on the scene. Although the police response is rapid, investigations often prove fruitless; generally, the spectators and drivers have left or are dispersing into regular traffic when the police arrive. Videos of tafheet events are often uploaded to the Internet to be seen by the spectators and drivers. Occasionally, police attempt to intercept the drivers but are chased away by both the drivers and spectators.

At the peak of reckless driving, Saudi Arabia had one of the highest car-caused death tolls in the world.

In March 2014, a 23-year-old Saudi nicknamed "The King of Nazeem Neighborhood" was sentenced to ten years in prison and 1,000 lashes for a series of car drifting and firearms offenses in Riyadh and Al-Qassim Province. The drifter was also banned from driving for life.

To combat this, academies and leagues have since been established by professional racers in the region, in an effort to mitigate illegal street drifting incidents and to educate youths against the dangers of such activities, encouraging them instead to participate in officially sanctioned events.

With the Saudi government eager to end this life-endangering activity, the police needed to come up with a prompt solution. Speed limit cameras and GPS tracking systems began to roll out nationwide to ease apprehending the street drifters and enforcing stricter sanctions on reckless driving, among several measures taken by Saudi Arabia.

title: Tafheet


text:
User talk:Anupendra

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 14:36, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Anupendra! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

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Proposed deletion of Startup Leadership Program

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text:
User talk:Pixelbox

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~ ~ ~. Four tildes (~ ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! -- Graham ☺ | Talk 14:36, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Pixelbox


text:
Dwight Stephenson

Dwight Eugene Stephenson (born November 20, 1957) is an American former professional football player who was a center for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL) from 1980 to 1987. He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide. Stephenson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1998.

Early life and college
Stephenson was born in Murfreesboro, North Carolina. He played college football at the University of Alabama under coach Bear Bryant. Bryant called Stephenson the best center he ever coached, and described him as "a man among children". He was the Crimson Tide's starting center from 1977 to 1979, and was a member of Alabama's back-to-back national championship teams of 1978 and 1979. He was a two-time second-team All-American; in 1978 by United Press International (UPI) and 1979 by the Associated Press (AP) and UPI. "His speed, his foot quickness, was off the chart," said Mike Brock, a former Alabama lineman. "You couldn't compare it to other people who played at that time. There was no way for defenses to deal with him."

Professional career
Stephenson was drafted by Don Shula and the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 1980 NFL draft. He was used on special teams only until late in the 1981 season, when starting center Mark Dennard was injured. A few seasons later, Stephenson was "universally recognized as the premier center in the NFL".

With the exceptionally explosive Stephenson as offensive captain, the Dolphins offensive line gave up the fewest sacks in the NFL for a record six straight seasons, from 1982 to 1987, which doubled the length of the previous record. He retired from pro football in 1987, after sustaining a left knee injury in a play involving New York Jets Marty Lyons and Joe Klecko. Stephenson was voted as an All-Pro five consecutive times from 1983 to 1987. He was selected to play on five Pro Bowl squads over the same span. He was named AFC Offensive Lineman of the Year by the NFLPA five consecutive times (1983–87) and voted the Seagram's Seven Crowns of Sports Offensive Lineman of the Year three consecutive times (1983–85). He started at center in the AFC Championship Game three times, in 1982, 1984, and 1985. He was the starting center in the Dolphins' two most recent Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX. In 1985, Stephenson was the recipient of the NFL Man of the Year Award for "outstanding community service and playing excellence."

Honors and later life
On December 12, 1994 Stephenson was added to the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll.

Despite the brevity of his career, in 1999, Stephenson was ranked number 84 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. Also in 1999, he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame, and in 2011, Stephenson was inducted into the Hampton Roads Sports Hall of Fame, for his contributions to sports in southeastern Virginia.

In 1998, Stephenson was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was quoted as saying that "I know I’m not going to make every block, but I don’t like to ever get beat. That’s what keeps me motivated. There’s always the next play to get ready for.”

In 2005, Stephenson was named the Walter Camp Man of the Year.

He is the namesake of Pro Football Focus' annual Dwight Stephenson Award, honoring the player the website considers best in the NFL regardless of position.

After retiring from football, as of 2013, Stephenson had worked as a construction manager and general contractor in Florida. He remains a strong supporter of the University of Alabama's football team.

title: Dwight Stephenson


text:
Tongariro Alpine Crossing

The Tongariro Alpine Crossing in Tongariro National Park is a tramping track in New Zealand, and is among the most popular day hikes in the country. The Tongariro National Park is a World Heritage site which has the distinction of dual status, as it has been acknowledged for both its natural and cultural significance.

The crossing passes over the volcanic terrain of the multi-cratered active volcano Mount Tongariro, passing the eastern base of Mount Ngauruhoe.

The full distance of the track is usually 19.4 km.

Walk details
The Tongariro Alpine Crossing is usually walked from Mangatepopo in the Ruapehu region to Ketetahi Hot Springs, due to the Mangatepopo end being higher in altitude (1120 m) than the Ketetahi Hot Springs end (760 m), therefore requiring less climbing. The crossing takes about seven hours of steady walking to complete in good weather, taking longer in winter or if walked from the Ketetahi end.

As of October 2023, the Department of Conservation instituted a booking system for the hike in order to gather better information about its usage.

The crossing is a linear journey, starting on the west side of Mount Tongariro and finishing on the north side. Originally, this meant that returning to the western end required retracing the 19.4 km crossing, walking 26 km via State Highways 46 and 47 back to the other trailhead, or completing the Tongariro Northern Circuit. Nowadays there are many local companies that offer shuttle services between the track end points

The track begins at the western end near the Mangatepopo Hut with a low gradient until the foot of the steep Tongariro saddle. After the climb to the saddle, the path takes descents and ascents into and back out of two different craters, passing the Emerald Lakes and along the edge of the Blue Lake. The last two hours of the walk involve a long descent down the northern flank of the volcano, passing the Ketetahi Hot Springs. New Zealand Mountain Safety Council's video on the Tongariro Alpine Crossing

Climbing of Mount Ngauruhoe as a side trip from the main crossing is not allowed anymore (as requested by the local iwi) and track markings were removed. There are no guaranteed fresh water supplies on the walk. Springs in the area are often scalding hot and tainted with minerals and dissolved metals from the volcanic activity. Most natural water in the area is not drinkable. Access is not permitted to Ketetahi Hot Springs, about 10 minutes from the Ketetahi hut. The springs are located on 38 ha of private land owned by the local iwi Ngāti Tuwharetoa that has never been part of Tongariro National Park. The area of the springs is dangerous and a person was badly burned in 2007 when they entered the closed area.

Alpine exposure and 2007 name change
Until 2007 the crossing was called the "Tongariro Crossing", but this was changed to the "Tongariro Alpine Crossing" to emphasize the extreme weather on the exposed terrain. Almost the entire length of the crossing is in volcanic terrain with no vegetation and fully exposed to weather – at moderate altitude. As the crossing is easily accessible, it is walked by large numbers of tourists and casual walkers each year. The Department of Conservation is concerned about trampers being unprepared for the conditions they may encounter and introduced the name change to warn the many poorly equipped visitors of potential hazards. Key hazards are the high wind chill factor, the rapid change in weather and very poor visibility in the sudden storms with blinding snow and cloud. In 2006, two people of an estimated 65,000 walkers died on the track. Although the route is marked with poles, it is quite common in poor weather for visibility to be severely reduced. Poles may be snow covered or destroyed by wind gusts in winter.

Volcanic features
Most of the walk is through raw volcanic terrain. The three volcanoes in the area are all highly active and the terrain reflects this. Solidified lava flows, loose tephra, and solidified volcanic lava bombs abound. Large amounts of minerals are brought to the surface and are highly visible in the colours of rocks and ridges. Active fumaroles abound on several sections of the walk, constantly emitting steam and sulphur dioxide gas into the air and depositing yellow sulphur specks around their edges. The lakes and pools on the walk are deeply coloured by the volcanic minerals dissolved in them. Some areas feature large springs emitting near-boiling water and torrents of steam. The terrain underfoot for most of the walk is either sharp edged new volcanic rock or loose and shifting tephra, mainly ash and lapilli. In some crater areas it is finer ash that has become moist and compacted.

In August 2012 a small eruption of 10,000 cubic metres of ash from the Te Maari (sometimes spelled Te Māri or Te Mari) craters on Mt Tongariro sent a shower of ash and blocks up to 1m in diameter over the track. The blocks damaged the roof of the Ketetahi hut which is 1.5 km west of the explosive craters. No one was hurt. The alpine crossing was temporarily closed as about 75% of the track is within 3 km of Te Maari. The track is usually to windward of Te Maari as the prevailing wind is west to south west in this region. When mixed with rain the ash forms a gritty mud. In late November 2012 Te Maari crater again erupted an ash cloud 4,000m high over a 5-minute period. About 100 people were in the vicinity including a group of 20 13-year-old students from Gulf Harbour school but no one was injured. The crater is visible from the Ketetahi area. There are no tracks to Te Maari as it is an unstable, volcanically active zone. The Tongariro Alpine track was closed for 4 days but the other 12 tracks on the mountains were left open. Fumaroles remain active around the active rim of Te Maari crater and there is a strong smell of sulphur gas close to the rim.

title: Tongariro Alpine Crossing


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Fred Mulley

Frederick William Mulley, Baron Mulley, PC (3 July 1918 – 15 March 1995) was a British Labour Party politician, barrister-at-law and economist.

Early life
Mulley was born in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, the son of William Mulley, a general labourer from The Fens, and his wife Mary (née Boiles), a domestic servant. He attended Warwick School on a scholarship between 1929 and 1936, leaving with the higher school certificate. As his father, who by this time was unemployed, could not afford to support him through university, Mulley instead became an accounts clerk under the national health insurance scheme. He served in the Worcestershire Regiment during the Second World War, reaching the rank of sergeant, but was captured in 1940 and spent five years as a prisoner of war in Germany. During this time he obtained a BSc in economics from the University of London as an external student and became a chartered secretary.

At the end of the war, Mulley received an adult scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a first-class degree in politics, philosophy and economics in 1947. After a brief spell as an economics fellow at St Catharine's College, Cambridge (1948–50), he trained as a barrister, being called to the Bar in 1954.

Parliamentary career
Mulley had been a member of the Labour Party and the National Association of Clerks and Administrative Workers since 1936, and at the 1945 general election he unsuccessfully contested the constituency of Sutton Coldfield. He became Member of Parliament for Sheffield Park in 1950, a position he held until deselected by his local party prior to the 1983 general election, when his constituency disappeared in a redistribution of boundaries.

During a long career in politics Mulley held many ministerial positions, including Minister of Aviation (1965–67), Minister for Disarmament (1967–69), and Minister of Transport (1969–70, 1974–75). While at the Transport Ministry he believed it would be inappropriate to be seen to be a car driver; thus, although he owned an Austin Maxi, his wife was the sole user of it during this period.

In 1975 Harold Wilson brought him into the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Education and Science, and in 1976 became Secretary of State for Defence.

He fell asleep during the Queen's Jubilee Review of the Royal Air Force at RAF Finningley in 1977 when there was considerable noise around him. Having a small sleep during exercise was referred to by members of the RAF as having a "Fred Mulley". It was suggested in Private Eye that Mulley was guilty of treason (then still a capital offence) for having slept with the Queen.

Writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, former Cabinet minister Edmund Dell argued that Mulley was both a party loyalist of "unassailable" working-class credentials and a genuine Oxbridge intellectual, an unusual combination that made him valuable to Wilson and to Wilson's successor, James Callaghan.

House of Lords
After retiring from the House of Commons in 1983, he was created a life peer as Baron Mulley, of Manor Park in the City of Sheffield on 30 January 1984, and he held a variety of directorial positions.

Legacy
A main road in the Lower Don Valley in Sheffield is named after him.

title: Fred Mulley


text:
User:210.151.108.110

IP adress 211.128.71.202 & 210.151.108.110 are, mostly Sheynhertz-Unbayg's contribution.

title: User:210.151.108.110


text:
Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley

Ivo Francis Walter Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley (13 March 1859 – 10 April 1927), styled The Honourable Ivo Bligh until 1900, lord of the manor of Cobham, Kent, was a British nobleman, parliamentarian and cricketer.

Bligh captained the England team in the first ever Test cricket series against Australia with The Ashes at stake in 1882/83. Later in life, he inherited the earldom of Darnley and sat at Westminster as an elected Irish representative peer.

Background and education
Bligh was born in London, the second son of John Bligh, 6th Earl of Darnley, by Lady Harriet Mary, daughter of Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1882. At Cambridge, he was secretary of the University Pitt Club. and played for Cambridge against Oxford in the Real Tennis Varsity Match of 1880.

Cricket career
Although the history of Test cricket between England and Australia dates from 1877, it was after an English team led by Monkey Hornby lost to the Australians at The Oval in 1882, that The Sporting Times newspaper wrote a mock obituary to English cricket, noting that the body would be cremated and the ashes sent to Australia. The following winter's tour to Australia was billed as an attempt to reclaim The Ashes. Bligh's team was successful, winning the three-match Ashes series two-one, although a fourth game, not played for The Ashes, and hence a matter of great dispute, was lost.

A small terracotta urn was presented to The Hon. Ivo Bligh, as England captain, by a group of Melbourne women after England's victory in the Test series. The urn is reputed to contain the ashes of a bail, symbolising "the ashes of English cricket". While the urn has come to symbolise The Ashes series, the term "The Ashes" predates the existence of the urn. The urn is not used as the trophy for the Ashes series, and, whichever side "holds" the Ashes, the urn remains in the MCC Museum at Lord's. Since the 1998/99 Ashes series, a Waterford crystal trophy has been presented to the winners.

Bligh is commemorated by a poem inscribed on the side of the urn:

 * When Ivo goes back with the urn, the urn;
 * Studds, Steel, Read and Tylecote return, return;
 * The welkin will ring loud,
 * The great crowd will feel proud,
 * Seeing Barlow and Bates with the urn, the urn;
 * And the rest coming home with the urn.

Bligh also played for Cambridge University and Kent in a first-class cricket career which lasted from 1877 to 1883. He was elected President of the Marylebone Cricket Club for 1900/01 and of Kent County Cricket Club in 1892 and 1902.

Public offices
Bligh succeeded his elder brother Edward as Earl of Darnley in 1900. As the holder of an Irish peerage he was not automatically entitled to a seat in the House of Lords (his brother's English peerage, the barony of Clifton, had passed to Edward's daughter Elizabeth), but was elected as soon as was practicable, in March 1905, to sit in Parliament as an Irish representative peer.

The year after his succession to the family titles, Lord Darnley was appointed a deputy lieutenant and justice of the peace for Kent. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 4th Volunteer Battalion, The Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment) on 16 July 1902.

Personal life
He married Florence Rose Morphy, daughter of John Stephen Morphy, of Beechworth, Victoria, Australia on 9 February 1884. She had been a music teacher at Rupertswood, where her future husband had stayed during his tour of Australia. They had two sons and a daughter:
 * Esmé Bligh, 9th Earl of Darnley (1886–1955)
 * Hon. Noel Gervase Bligh (14 November 1888 – 1984), married Mary Jack Frost and had issue
 * Lady Dorothy Violet Bligh (8 February 1893 – 16 January 1976)

In 1884, he became a Christian through Dwight L. Moody's preaching, after C. T. Studd invited him to attend Moody's campaign meeting.

He served as the President of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1900.

Lord Darnley died at Shorne, Kent in April 1927, aged 68, being succeeded in the family titles by his eldest son, Esmé. His wife, 'Florence, Dowager Countess of Darnley', presented the urn to the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) after her husband's death. She died in August 1944, having been honoured as one of the first Dames of the British Empire in 1919.

Ivo Bligh is buried in the family vault at the collegiate church of St Mary Magdalene, Cobham, Kent.

Art collection
As owner of the art collection at Cobham Hall from 1900, he lent various pieces to London exhibitions, but in May 1925 he sold a number of pieces.

title: Ivo Bligh, 8th Earl of Darnley


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Krzysztof Kosiński

Krzysztof Kosiński, also Kryshtof Kosynsky of Rawicz Coat of Arms (Криштоф Косинський, Kryshtof Kosynsky; Krzysztof Kosiński; 1545–1593) was a Cossack noble from the Podlachia region. He was a colonel of the Registered Cossacks and self-proclaimed Hetman of Ukraine. He led two consecutive rebellions against local Ruthenian nobility, known as the Kosiński Uprising.

His forces were first defeated by Duke Janusz Ostrogski in the Battle of Piątek on 2 February 1593. Kosiński promised to subject his forces to the Polish Monarchy; however, he soon escaped to Zaporizhzhia, where he began organizing a new army. In 1593 he set out for Cherkasy but was soon killed.

Kosiński uprising (1591–1593) is a name applied to two rebellions in the eastern parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (modern-day Ukraine) organised by Krzysztof Kosiński against the local Ruthenian nobility and magnates.

title: Krzysztof Kosiński


text:
William Duer

William Duer may refer to:
 * William Duer (Continental congressman) (1743–1799), New York speculator, Continental congressman and Assistant Secretary of the Treasury
 * William Alexander Duer (1780–1858), U.S. jurist, president of Columbia University, son of the Continental congressman
 * William Duer (U.S. Congressman) (1805–1879), U.S. lawyer and congressman from New York City; grandson of the Continental congressman

title: William Duer