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Ōoka Tadasuke

Ōoka Tadasuke (大岡 忠相) was a Japanese samurai in the service of the Tokugawa shogunate. During the reign of Tokugawa Yoshimune, as a magistrate (machi-bugyō) of Edo, his roles included chief of police, judge and jury, and Yamada Magistrate (Yamada bugyō) prior to his tenure as South Magistrate (Minami Machi-bugyō) of Edo. With the title Echizen no Kami (Governor of Echizen or Lord of the Echizen), he is often known as Ōoka Echizen (大岡越前). He was highly respected as an incorruptible judge. In addition, he established the first fire brigade made up of commoners, and the Koishikawa Yojosho (a city hospital). Later, he advanced to the position of jisha bugyō, and subsequently became daimyō of the Nishi-Ōhira Domain.

Ōoka was born in 1677, but did not come into public notice until he was 35, when he was appointed an obscure judgeship. When he accepted this job, he found out that there was a long-standing boundary dispute between the farmers of the Yamada and Wakayama (Kishū) fiefs, which is also known as the "Case of the Inherited Rice Fields." While it was obvious that the Yamada claim was the just one, no previous judge had been foolish enough to irritate Yoshimune, Lord of Kishū, as he was very close to the shōgun, Tokugawa Ietsugu. However, Ōoka took up the case, and immediately settled it on its merits.

According to the story, the dispute began in the early 18th century when the lord of the Wakayama domain granted some rice fields to a group of farmers in the Yamada region. However, the grant was ambiguous, and there was confusion over the exact boundaries of the fields and who had the right to use them. The dispute continued for several generations, and the farmers of both regions became embroiled in bitter arguments and legal battles.

When Ōoka Tadasuke was appointed as the magistrate of the region, he was tasked with resolving the dispute once and for all. After carefully studying the case and listening to the arguments of both sides, Ōoka came up with a unique solution that satisfied everyone.

He ordered the farmers of both Yamada and Wakayama to plant their rice fields with red beans instead of rice. He then declared that whichever side produced a better harvest of red beans would be declared the rightful owners of the disputed rice fields.

The farmers of Yamada were known for their skills in growing rice and were initially confident that they would win the competition. However, the farmers of Wakayama had secretly been growing red beans for generations and had perfected their cultivation techniques. As a result, they were able to produce a much larger and healthier crop of red beans than the farmers of Yamada.

When the final harvest was taken, Ōoka Tadasuke declared that the farmers of Wakayama had proven their superior farming skills and deserved to be the rightful owners of the disputed rice fields. The decision was accepted by both sides, and the long-standing dispute was finally resolved.

Yoshimune was so impressed that when he became shōgun five years later, he took the unusual action of promoting Ōoka over hundreds of other candidates, to the important post of machi-bugyō (magistrate) of Edo (old name for Tokyo). The post of machi-bugyō combined the duties of mayor, police chief, judge, and fire marshal.

The city of Chigasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture has a festival for Ōoka in late April.

Famous cases
In addition, the figure has taken on a legendary status in a number of stories about his unorthodox and wise legal decisions, frequently used in rakugo (Japanese storytelling).

One of the most famous stories is called "The Case of the Stolen Smell" where he heard the case of a paranoid innkeeper who accused a poor student of literally stealing the fumes of his cooking by eating when the innkeeper was cooking to flavour his dull food. Although his colleagues advised Ōoka to throw the case out as ridiculous, he decided to hear it. The judge resolved the matter by ordering the student to pass the money he had in one hand to his other, and ruling that the price of the smell of food is the sound of money.

In "The Case of the Bound Jizō or Suspect Statue", Ōoka was called upon to discover the thief of a cartload of cloth from a local kimono maker. Ōoka ordered a statue of Jizō of the Narihira-san Tōsen-ji, a temple in Tokyo, to be bound and brought forth to be called to answer for dereliction of its custodial duty. When the bound statue arrived in the courtroom, the spectators burst into laughter. Ōoka sternly ordered each spectator to be punished with a token fine for their outburst: a small swatch of cloth. When the spectators paid their fines, the robbed kimono maker identified the piece of cloth from one spectator as identical to the cloth stolen in the crime. The spectator, who was the actual thief, was arrested, and Ōoka ordered the Jizō statue released as having discharged his duty. In 1925, the statue was removed from downtown Tokyo to a little temple called Nanjo-in on its outskirts. The statue still stands, and is wrapped in rope tied by hopeful victims of thieves. However, the statue is worn almost smooth because of over 200 years of binding.

Ōoka in fiction
Ōoka Tadasuke has been the central character in two jidaigeki television series. In one, Ōoka Echizen, actor Gō Katō played the lead. In the other, Meibugyō! Ōoka Echizen, Kinya Kitaōji played the same role.

In addition, series such as Abarenbō Shōgun have portrayed Ōoka as an intimate of the shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune. Ōoka was portrayed first by Tadashi Yokouchi and later by Ryo Tamura.

Other actors who portrayed Ōoka include Ichikawa Danjūrō XII in Honō no Bugyō Ōoka Echizen no Kami (Tokyo Broadcasting System, 1996) and Sakae Takita in the 1995 Taiga drama Hachidai Shogun Yoshimune.

He has been mentioned in the manga by Rumiko Takahashi, Ranma ½.

In 1984 Czechoslovakian sino- and japanologist Věnceslava Hrdličková has published book Stories of Judge Ōoka. In 1988 this book was adapted by Brno studio of Czechoslovak Television into 62 minute TV fairytale called Rozsudky soudce Ooky (Judgements of Ōoka the Judge). Ōoka was portrayed by Miroslav Donutil.

Dutch author Bertus Aafjes wrote a five-book series featuring Ōoka.

Ōoka as well as one of his famous cases was portrayed in both the manga and anime adaptations of Kaguya-sama: Love Is War

Ōoka is a major character in the Japanese tokusatsu series, Shiro Jishi Kamen (White Lion Mask).

English presentations
Stories of Ōoka began showing up in English in 1908, in "The Case of Ten-Ichi-Bo, a Cause Celebre in Japan" by W. J. S. Shand, published by the Tokyo Methodist Publishing House.

In 1956, an illustrated book was created by I.G. Edmonds, an American military officer. Published by the Pacific Stars & Stripes, it was called Solomon in Kimono: Tales of Ooka, a Wise Judge of Old Yedo. Edmonds' work was published in 1961 as Ooka the Wise, and then in 1966 renamed The Case of the Marble Monster and Other Stories and made widely available to American schoolchildren by the Scholastic publishing company.

Beginning in 1999, Judge Ōoka has appeared in the Samurai Detective series by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler. Books include The Ghost in the Tokaido Inn (1999), The Demon in the Teahouse (2001), In Darkness, Death (2004; Edgar Award winner), The Sword That Cut the Burning Grass (2005), A Samurai Never Fears Death (2007), and Seven Paths To Death (2008)

title: Ōoka Tadasuke


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User:Jit

Jit
No, I am not associated with the Just-in-time compiler, except by using it once in a while...

and nor am I associated to popular style of Zimbabwean dance music also called Jit, except by sharing the same name...

and no, I wasn't named after the Just In Time business strategy.

This is just my nickname, short for Jitendra.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Jit


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Full scale

In electronics and signal processing, full scale represents the maximum amplitude a system can represent.

In digital systems, a signal is said to be at digital full scale when its magnitude has reached the maximum representable value. Once a signal has reached digital full scale, all headroom has been utilized, and any further increase in amplitude will result in an error known as clipping. The amplitude of a digital signal can be represented in percent; full scale; or decibels, full scale (dBFS).

In analog systems, full scale may be defined by the maximum voltage available, or the maximum deflection (full scale deflection or FSD) or indication of an analog instrument such as a moving coil meter or galvanometer.

Binary representation
Since binary integer representation range is asymmetrical, full scale is defined using the maximum positive value that can be represented. For example, 16-bit PCM audio is centered on the value 0, and can contain values from −32,768 to +32,767. A signal is at full-scale if it reaches from −32,767 to +32,767. (This means that −32,768, the lowest possible value, slightly exceeds full-scale.)

Signal processing in digital audio workstations often uses floating-point arithmetic, which can include values past full-scale, to avoid clipping in intermediate processing stages. In a floating-point representation, a full-scale signal is typically defined to reach from −1.0 to +1.0.

Processing
The signal passes through an anti-aliasing, resampling, or reconstruction filter, which may increase peak amplitude slightly due to ringing.

It is possible for the analog signal represented by the digital data to exceed digital full scale even if the digital data does not, and vice versa. Converting to the analog domain, there is no clipping problem as long as the analog circuitry in the digital-to-analog converter is well designed.

If a full-scale analog signal is converted to digital with sufficient sampling frequency, and then reconstructed, the Nyquist theorem guarantees that there will be no problem in the analog domain due to "peak" issues because the restored analog signal will be an exact copy of the original analog signal. (However, if the signal is normalized in the digital domain, it may contain "intersample peaks" which exceed full scale after analog reconstruction.)

title: Full scale


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List of Indianapolis 500 winners

The Indianapolis 500 (also called the Indianapolis 500-Mile Race) is an annual American open-wheel car race held on American Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway (IMS), in Speedway, Indiana. It was first held in 1911 after the track's owners had experimented with several other long-distances auto races over the previous two years. The race was not held in 1917 or 1918 and again from 1942 to 1945 because of war. It was administered by the American Automobile Association between 1911 and 1955, then by the United States Auto Club from 1956 to 1997, and finally by the Indy Racing League/IndyCar beginning in 1998. The event usually covers 200 laps over a total distance of 500 mi. Each winning racer and team is presented with a small replica of the Art Deco sterling silver Borg-Warner Trophy, a replica of the pace car, a large sum of money, and a championship ring as prizes for winning the race. In the 107 editions of the Indianapolis 500 that have occurred as of the 2023 event, 75 different drivers have won.

A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, Rick Mears, and Hélio Castroneves share the record for the most victories with four each. Troy Ruttman and Unser are the youngest and oldest Indianapolis 500 winners, winning at the ages of 22 years and 80 days in 1952 and 47 years and 360 days in 1987, respectively. Juan Pablo Montoya holds the record for the longest period of time between two victories – 15 years between the 2000 and 2015 races. Castroneves holds the record for the longest span of wins. He won his first Indianapolis 500 in 2001 and his last (as of 2024) in 2021, a span of 20 years. It has been won by drivers from 11 different countries. A total of 55 American drivers have won 77 editions of the race, more than any other nationality. The winner of the first race was American racer Ray Harroun in 1911, and the most recent winner is American racer Josef Newgarden in 2024. Two editions of the Indianapolis 500, in 1924 and 1941, were won by two drivers sharing a car; relief drivers were used in the winning entries in 1911, 1912, 1923, and 1925, but they are not recognized as race winners. Team Penske has won the most races as a car entrant with 20 since their first in 1972.

title: List of Indianapolis 500 winners


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Thermal desorption spectroscopy

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) is the method of observing desorbed molecules from a surface when the surface temperature is increased. When experiments are performed using well-defined surfaces of single-crystalline samples in a continuously pumped ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, then this experimental technique is often also referred to as thermal desorption spectroscopy or thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS).

Desorption
When molecules or atoms come in contact with a surface, they adsorb onto it, minimizing their energy by forming a bond with the surface. The binding energy varies with the combination of the adsorbate and surface. If the surface is heated, at one point, the energy transferred to the adsorbed species will cause it to desorb. The temperature at which this happens is known as the desorption temperature. Thus TPD shows information on the binding energy.

Measurement
Since TPD observes the mass of desorbed molecules, it shows what molecules are adsorbed on the surface. Moreover, TPD recognizes the different adsorption conditions of the same molecule from the differences between the desorption temperatures of molecules desorbing different sites at the surface, e.g. terraces vs. steps. TPD also obtains the amounts of adsorbed molecules on the surface from the intensity of the peaks of the TPD spectrum, and the total amount of adsorbed species is shown by the integral of the spectrum.

To measure TPD, one needs a mass spectrometer, such as a quadrupole mass spectrometer or a time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer, under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The amount of adsorbed molecules is measured by increasing the temperature at a heating rate of typically 2 K/s to 10 K/s. Several masses may be simultaneously measured by the mass spectrometer, and the intensity of each mass as a function of temperature is obtained as a TDS spectrum.

The heating procedure is often controlled by the PID control algorithm, with the controller being either a computer or specialised equipment such as a Eurotherm.

Other methods of measuring desorption are Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) or using infrared detectors, thermal conductivity detectors etc.

Quantitative interpretation of TPD data

TDS spectrum 1 and 2 are typical examples of a TPD measurement. Both are examples of NO desorbing from a single crystal in high vacuum. The crystal was mounted on a titanium filament and heated with current. The desorbing NO was measured using a mass spectrometer monitoring the atomic mass of 30.

Before 1990 analysis of a TPD spectrum was usually done using a so-called simplified method; the "Redhead" method, assuming the exponential prefactor and the desorption energy to be independent of the surface coverage. After 1990 and with use of computer algorithms TDS spectra were analyzed using the "complete analysis method" or the "leading edge method". These methods assume the exponential prefactor and the desorption energy to be dependent of the surface coverage. Several available methods of analyzing TDS are described and compared in an article by A.M. de JONG and J.W. NIEMANTSVERDRIET. During parameter optimization/estimation, using the integral has been found to create a more well behaved objective function than the differential.

Theoretical Introduction
Thermal desorption is described by the Polanyi–Wigner equation derived from the Arrhenius equation.

r(\sigma) = -\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{\mathrm{d}t} = v(\sigma) \sigma^n e^{-E_\text{act}(\sigma)/RT}, $$ where
 * $$ r(\sigma) $$ the desorption rate [mol/(cm2 s)] as a function of $$ \sigma $$,
 * $$ n $$ order of desorption,
 * $$ \sigma $$ surface coverage,
 * $$ v(\sigma) $$ pre-exponential factor [Hz] as a function of $$ \sigma $$,
 * $$ E_\text{act}(\sigma) $$ activation energy of desorption [kJ/mol] as a function of $$ \sigma $$,
 * $$ R $$ gas constant [J/(K mol)],
 * $$ T $$ temperature [K].

This equation is difficult in practice while several variables are a function of the coverage and influence each other. The “complete analysis method” calculates the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy at several coverages. This calculation can be simplified. First we assume the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy to be independent of the coverage.

We also assume a linear heating rate:

(equation 1)

T(t) = T_0 + (\beta t), $$ where:
 * $$	\beta $$ the heating rate in [K/s],
 * $$T_0 $$ the start temperature in [K],
 * $$t $$ the time in [s].

We assume that the pump rate of the system is indefinitely large, thus no gasses will absorb during the desorption. The change in pressure during desorption is described as:

(equation 2)

\frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{d}t} + P/\alpha = \frac{\mathrm{d}(a\,r(t))}{\mathrm{d}t}, $$

where:
 * $$ P $$ the pressure in the system,
 * $$ t $$ the time in [s].
 * $$ a = A/KV $$,
 * $$ A $$ the sample surface [m2],
 * $$ K $$ a constant,
 * $$ V $$ volume of the system [m3],
 * $$ r(t) $$ the desorption rate [mol/(cm2 s)],
 * $$ \alpha = V/S $$,
 * $$ S $$ the pump rate,
 * $$ V $$ volume of the system [m3],

We assume that $$S$$ is indefinitely large so molecules do not re-adsorp during desorption process and we assume that $$ P/\alpha $$ is indefinitely small compared to $$ \frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{d}t} $$ and thus:

(equation 3)
 * $$ a\,r(t) = \frac{\mathrm{d}P}{\mathrm{d}t}. $$

Equation 2 and 3 lead to conclude that the desorption rate is a function of the change in pressure. One can use data in an experiment, which are a function of the pressure like the intensity of a mass spectrometer, to determine the desorption rate.

Since we assumed the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy to be independent of the coverage. Thermal desorption is described with a simplified Arrhenius equation:

(equation 4)

r(t) = -\frac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{\mathrm{d}t} = v_n \sigma^n e^{-E_{\mathrm{act}}/RT}, $$ where:
 * $$ r(t) $$ the desorption rate[mol/(cm2 s)],
 * $$ n $$ order of desorption,
 * $$\sigma $$ surface coverage,
 * $$ v_n $$ pre-exponential factor [Hz],
 * $$ E_\text{act} $$ activation energy of desorption [kJ/mol],
 * $$ R $$ gas constant,
 * $$ T $$ temperature [K].

Using the before mentioned Redhead method (a method less precise as the "complete analysis" or the "leading edge" method) and the temperature maximum $$T_m$$ one can determine the activation energy:

(equation 5)

for n=1

E_\text{act}/{RT_m}^2 = v_1/\beta e^{-E_\text{act}/RT_m}, $$

(equation 6)

for n=2

E_\text{act}/{RT_m}^2 = \sigma_0 v_2/\beta e^{-E_{\mathrm{act}}/RT_m}. $$

M. Ehasi and K. Christmann described a simple method to determine the activation energy of the second order. Equation 6 can be changed into:

(equation 6a)

\ln(\sigma_0 {T_m}^2) = -E_\text{act}/RT + \ln({\beta - E_\text{act}/v_2R}), $$ where: $$ \sigma_0 $$ is the surface area of a TDS or TPD peak.

A graph of $$ \ln(\sigma_0 {T_m}^2) $$ versus $$ 1/T_m $$ results in a straight line with a slope equal to $$-E_\text{act}/R$$. Thus in a first-order reaction the $$T_m$$ is independent of the surface coverage. Changing the surface coverage one can determine $$n$$. Usually a fixed value of the pre-exponential factor is used and is $$\beta$$ known, with these values one can derive the $$E_\text{act}$$ iteratively from $$T_m$$.

title: Thermal desorption spectroscopy


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Category:Hungarian composers

Hungarian composers, from the 15th century to the present.

title: Category:Hungarian composers


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Owen Thomas Edgar

Owen Thomas Edgar (June 17, 1831 – September 3, 1929) was, according to data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the longest surviving U.S. veteran of the Mexican–American War.

Biography
He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He enlisted in the United States Navy as a 2nd-class apprentice on February 10, 1846, and was discharged as an Apprentice First Class on August 8, 1849. Edgar saw service on the frigates Potomac, Allegheny, Pennsylvania and Experience.

After the war, he worked at the Bureau of Engraving and Printing for twenty-one years, then worked at a bank for another thirty-one years. He spent his final ten years living at the John Dickson Home in Washington, D.C.

He became the last surviving American veteran of the Mexican-American War on June 17, 1929 when fellow war veteran William Buckner died at the age of 101 in Paris, Missouri.

Death and interment
Edgar died September 3, 1929, at the age of 98 after suffering a fall from a chair that fractured his leg, and was buried in Washington's Congressional Cemetery.

title: Owen Thomas Edgar


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WLU

WLU may refer to:

Universities

 * Washington and Lee University, in Lexington, Virginia, United States
 * West Liberty University, in West Liberty, West Virginia, United States
 * Wilfrid Laurier University, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Other uses

 * Western Labor Union, a defunct trade union of the United States
 * Wuliwuli language, an extinct language of Australia

title: WLU


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Regency Council (Poland)

The Regency Council of the Kingdom of Poland (Rada Regencyjna, or Rada Regencyjna Królestwa Polskiego) was a semi-independent and temporarily appointed highest authority (head of state) in partitioned Poland during World War I. It was formed by Imperial Germany and Austria-Hungary within historically Polish lands in September 1917 after dissolution of the previous authority – Provisional Council of State (January – August 1917), due to the oath crisis.

The council was supposed to stay in office until the appointment of a new monarch or regent. On 7 October 1918, the Regency Council declared the independence of Poland. That same month, the council took over the command of the Polska Siła Zbrojna armed forces.

History
The members of the Regency Council included: Cardinal Aleksander Kakowski, archbishop of Warsaw; Prince Zdzisław Lubomirski, president (mayor) of Warsaw; and landowner Józef Ostrowski, conservative politician, former chairman of the Polish Club in the Duma in St. Petersburg.

Together with the State Council and other branches of the government, the Regency Council exercised limited administrative powers, mainly in education and justice. In spite of this, Council made some crucial decisions, like creation of Dziennik Ustaw - most important Polish publication of legal acts, still functioning.

On 7 October 1918, the council declared the independence of Poland from Germany and Austria-Hungary. On 11 November, it transferred its military authority, and on 14 November the rest of its authority, to Józef Piłsudski, which led to dissolution of council the same day. Piłsudski served from 22 November as temporary chief of state of the newly independent Polish state

Prime Ministers

 * Jan Kucharzewski (November 26, 1917 – February 27, 1918)
 * Antoni Ponikowski (February 27 – April 3, 1918)
 * Jan Kanty Steczkowski (April 4 – October 23, 1918)
 * Józef Świeżyński (October 23 – November 5, 1918)
 * Władysław Wróblewski (November 5–11, 1918)

title: Regency Council (Poland)


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User:Xxcarolinexx

metamorphous

igneous

sedimentary

ventifact

glacier

title: User:Xxcarolinexx


text:
Category:Western Hockey League

This category lists articles related to the current junior hockey Western Hockey League.

This category is not for articles related to the defunct professional Western Hockey League of the 1920s.

title: Category:Western Hockey League


text: Template:Africa-stub

title: Template:Africa-stub


text:
Hauptwohnsitz

In German-speaking countries, Hauptwohnsitz (Main domicile) denotes the primary place of residence. In Germany and Austria, the concept of Hauptwohnsitz has special legal ramifications, primarily involving tax.

In Austria the Hauptwohnsitz has an important meaning in the context of financial adjustment between the federation and the local municipalities. On the basis of the census determined number of inhabitants with Hauptwohnsitz, the municipality receives its budget from the federal government. Hauptwohnsitze count themselves for a municipality in two regards: By the direct payment per head, and an increase in premiums after exceeding certain thresholds for the number of inhabitants. This leads to frequent censuses to match the budget of a municipality to its number of inhabitants. In fact, many municipalities are negatively affected by this system. The city of Graz, Austria's second largest city, counts about 260,000 registered Hauptwohnsitze, however, almost 300,000 people do have their main residence there, as there are many students still having their Hauptwohnsitz registered in their hometowns. Since those are not taken into account concerning fiscal distribution, Graz faces serious economic problems. Currently there are campaigns trying to motivate students having their Hauptwohnsitz registered there.

The Hauptwohnsitz in Germany is based on the main center of ones' interest (Lebensmittelpunkt). The Hauptwohnsitz is also the place in which one exercises the right to vote, and where the municipal administration issues a citizen's ID card and passport. The income tax revenue is split between the federal government, the Land government and the municipality where the respective taxpayer has their Hauptwohnsitz. Apart from the Hauptwohnsitz a person can establish multiple secondary places of residence (Nebenwohnsitze, sg. Nebenwohnsitz) where they are also registered as residents but do not have a right to vote. A number of German municipalities impose a secondary-residence tax (Zweitwohnungssteuer) on persons having such a secondary residence, the rationale for that being that they have to provide services to these persons but do not share in their income tax.

On the other hand, the cost of a secondary residence (including the secondary-residence tax) for employment purposes is tax decuctible.

title: Hauptwohnsitz


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Lord Chaos (Marvel Comics)

Lord Chaos is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Jim Starlin, the character first appeared in Marvel Two-In-One Annual #2 ( 1977). Lord Chaos is an abstract entity. It is the cosmic counterpart of Master Order and serves as the embodiment of chaos.

Publication history
The character debuted in Marvel Two-In-One Annual #2 (1977), created by Jim Starlin. It appeared in the 2016 Ultimates 2 series.

Fictional character biography
Lord Chaos is an abstract entity that embodies disarray and confusion. It is the opposing force to "brother" entity Master Order. The pair are rarely seen, but appear to manipulate events to prompt Spider-Man to solicit the Thing to join the Avengers and Warlock in the first war against the Titan Thanos and defeat him.

Lord Chaos and Master Order were then seen observing King of the Norse Gods Odin and master villain Dormammu play a cosmic game of chess. They next conspired with other metaphysical and "omnipotent" beings against the Beyonder. They were then summoned by the Silver Surfer to regain control over their servant the In-Betweener. Lord Chaos and Master Order imprisoned the In-Betweener for his transgressions.

They also attend the funeral of Eon and speak with cosmic hero Quasar.

Lord Chaos and Master Order participated in the congress of metaphysical and abstract beings to determine Thanos' fitness to wield the Infinity Gauntlet. They chose to join Adam Warlock and the other cosmic deities in a bid to stop Thanos. With the other abstract beings, they battled Thanos, and then battled Nebula when she obtained the Gauntlet from Thanos. The congress of abstract beings then witnessed Adam Warlock's cosmic trial to determine his worthiness to wield the Infinity Gauntlet. Lord Chaos and Master Order were next seen among a group of abstract beings questioning the Beyonder from the Dimension of Manifestations.

In Infinity Crusade it is learned that they must obey the dictates of Eternity and Infinity.

During the Time Runs Out storyline, the Beyonders are revealed to have killed Lord Chaos, Master Order, and the In-Betweener as part of destroying abstract entities in each reality across the multiverse.

Following the restoration of the universe after the Secret Wars, Lord Chaos along with Master Order became disgruntled by Galactus' evolution from a force of destruction to a force of creation. They eventually put Galactus on trial before the Living Tribunal. The Tribunal ruled in Galactus' favor and allowed him to remain in his new form, claiming that the universe being in a new iteration meant the cosmic hierarchy wasn't established anew. Master Order and Lord Chaos took this council to heart, and murdered the Tribunal in order to take his place as the personification of multiversal law.

They attempted to turn Galactus back to his world-devourer form. However, for the same reason Order and Chaos could kill the Living Tribunal, they couldn't stop Galactus from fighting back his transformation. If there wasn't a hierarchy yet, it meant Galactus was also on the same level as Order and Chaos, so they couldn't impose their will on him. Because of this, Order and Chaos traveled to their servant, the In-Betweener, and forced him to become the uniting force in a fusion that combined Master Order and Lord Chaos into a single being, the self-proclaimed new order, Logos.

Powers and abilities
Lord Chaos is an abstract being who embodies the metaphysical concept of Chaos. It has no physical form, although on occasion it has manifested as an image of a disembodied bald inhumanly warped and distorted male head. It has the ability to control and manipulate time, reality, and space.

Thanos wielding the Infinity Gauntlet ranked Lord Chaos' scale of power as above that of Galactus, but below that of Eternity. Lord Chaos and Master Order were able to easily kill Living Tribunal by blasting him with energy and also defeat Lifebringer Galactus after transforming into Logos.

Other versions
Lord Chaos and Master Order battle Thanos once more in an alternate universe when he possesses the Heart of the Universe.

title: Lord Chaos (Marvel Comics)


text:
Wikipedia:Requests for comment/ExplorerCDT

In order to remain listed at Requests for comment, at least two people need to show that they tried to resolve a dispute with this user and have failed. This must involve the same dispute, not different disputes. The persons complaining must provide evidence of their efforts, and each of them must certify it by signing this page with ~. If this does not happen within 48 hours of the creation of this dispute page (which was: 06:32, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)), the page will be deleted. The current date and time is:, 29 July 2024 (UTC).

 * (ExplorerCDT | talk | contributions)

Statement of the dispute
''The user repeatedly attempted to pre-empt attempts to reach consensus by way of the VfD process, and actively avoids communication on substantive issues relating to his conduct. The complainants feel that the user should either give an acceptable defence of his pre-emptive actions, or undertake not to pre-empt ongoing VfD discussions again.''

Description
''Early on December 6th, the user repeatedly blanked a number of pages that were the subject of an ongoing Votes for Deletion discussion, and inserted redirections to other pages which are not under VfD discussion. The complainants interpret this as an attempt to pre-empt the discussions on deletion. The complainants feel that the user may have acted out of a wish to provoke those who opposed the deletion of those pages.''

''Attempts to discuss this with him were rebuffed by a message to "shut up" in one instance and in the case of other users the comments were simply deleted from his talk page. This appears to be his normal way of dealing with disagreement. The complainants think that while this is fine on Usenet, it falls short of the commitment to communication to be expected of a Wikipedia editor.''

''While it would be wrong to second guess the result of the ongoing VfDs, the complaintants think that it was becoming clear by the morning of December 6th that no consensus for delete had begun to emerge. The user must therefore have acted knowing that he could not pretend to be anticipating a decision to delete, and the complainants think that the most likely motivation was that he anticipated that the decision would go against the proposal to delete, and that accordingly his action may have been an attempt to force the issue by provoking an overreaction by those who were editing the pages.'' --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 17:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Evidence of disputed behavior
(provide diffs and links)
 * 06:42, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, exit polls -
 * 06:42, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, vote suppression -
 * 06:43, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. election voting controversies, Ohio -
 * 06:43, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, voting machines -
 * 06:45, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. election voting controversies, Florida -
 * 06:52, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, exit polls -
 * 06:54, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. presidential election controversy, vote suppression
 * 06:55, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. election voting controversies, Ohio -
 * 06:58, 6 Dec 2004: Redirects page subject to ongoing VfD discussion, 2004 U.S. election voting controversies, Florida -
 * See also "Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute" section for user's problematic response to an attempt to resolve.

Applicable policies
{list the policies that apply to the disputed conduct}
 * Dispute_resolution, in particular Avoidance.
 * Deletion_policy in particular blanking a page under active discussion on VfD.

Evidence of trying and failing to resolve the dispute
(provide diffs and links)
 * 06:59, 6 Dec 2004, User:L33tminion writes to user's talk page: "Please do not redirect pages on VFD unless there is a clear consensus to do so."
 * 07:00, 6 Dec 2004, user replies to User:L33tminion on his talk page: "Be_Bold. Simple.  Shut up."
 * 07:01, 6 Dec 2004, user makes same post to User talk:L33tminion
 * 07:03, 5 Dec 2004, User:Leif writes to user's talk page, "You are mistaken. Please do not blank these pages again. There are active discussions on VfD about if each one should be kept, and to blank them right now without consensus is not remotely the type of bold editing that Wikipedia:Be_Bold is talking about."
 * 07:04, 6 Dec 2004, User blanks User:Leif's comment.
 * 07:07, 6 Dec 2004, user writes of User:Leif's page, Be_Bold. You have your interpretation, I have my interpretation. it will continue to be done."
 * 07:10, 6 Dec 2004, [[User:Leif] replies on user's talk page, "Thank you for your prompt reply. You are still mistaken. What do you believe makes this different from any other VfD issue? You may vote delete, like anyone else. You may not remove the article before the time is up. I would be surprised if you continue to blank these pages and don't get blocked by a sysop. Good luck."
 * 07:15, 6 Dec 2004, User: L33tminion replies "Please note that I consider such blatant disregard for the vfd progress and repeated blanking of articles to be vandalism. "Be bold" means editors should not hesitate to improve articles, and this by no means excuses vandalism."
 * 07:24, 6 Dec 2004 User:jpgordon reacts to the redirects on user's talk page: "Warning: if you are so bold as to continue bypassing the VfD process (as well as vandalizing articles such as Microsoft), you will be blocked."
 * 07:33, 6 Dec 2004 User blanks comments from User:jpgordon, User:L33tminion and User:Leif) leaving the "shut up" comment on his talk page.
 * 16:01, 6 Dec 2004 User:jpgordon restores warning
 * 16:03, 6 Dec 2004 User blanks that warning, too, leaving the "shut up" comment on his talk page. No attempt is made to communicate with User:jpgordon
 * 21:10, 6 Dec 2004, User: Tony Sidaway writes to user's talk page: "While I applaud the boldness, I don't think that kind of boldness is really in keeping with the principle of consensus. Where you know (and you did know) that an edit will be contentious, and in particular when you are aware that the page is under VfD discussion, removing the link to the article's VfD page (which is one of the effects of your edit) is in my opinion not a good move. Telling someone you disagree with to "shut up" is, I'm sure you'll recognise, very poor wikikette. Please do not remove VfD notices, or redirect pages under VfD discussion to other pages."
 * 22:14, 6 Dec 2004, user removes User: Tony Sidaway's comment, leaving the "shut up" comment on his talk page. No attempt is made to communicate with User: Tony Sidaway.

Users certifying the basis for this dispute
(sign with ~ )
 * [[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 10:38, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 16:17, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * L33tminion | (talk) 17:56, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Other users who endorse this summary
(sign with ~ )
 * Kevin Baas | talk 17:30, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * Dr Zen 23:58, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * [[User:GRider|GRider\talk]] 20:34, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Response
This is a summary written by the user whose conduct is disputed, or by other users who think that the dispute is unjustified and that the above summary is biased or incomplete.

You all overreact and blow this out of proportion. I admit, I was overbold, out of line, and I have never been one for diplomacy. So what if I was ticked off two days ago? We all have our bad days. Don't make this out to be a crazily unnecessary crisis intervention as if I were addicted to Heroin and hurting people. Ban me, or send me back to editing with my tail between my legs and just leave me alone already. I learned my lesson. No need to string this along ad nauseam. —ExplorerCDT 18:24, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

{Add summary here, but you must use the endorsement section below to sign. Users who edit or endorse this summary should not edit the other summaries}

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):

Outside view
This is a summary written by users not directly involved with the dispute but who would like to add an outside view of the dispute.

Do I understand correctly, based on the timeline of the evidence presented here, that ExplorerCDT in fact stopped the behavior being complained of once the complaints were brought to his attention? Granted, the response to these complaints could have been a little less hostile, and the practice of removing comments from his talk page with rude edit summaries and little or no answer does not leave a favorable impression with me. But this is not, strictly speaking, against policy, as users generally have wide latitude in how they maintain user talk pages.

Users who endorse this summary (sign with ~ ):
 * 1) Michael Snow 17:47, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * 2) Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 21:12, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Discussion
All signed comments and talk not related to a vote or endorsement, should be directed to this page's discussion page.

Satisfaction
Now that ExplorerCDT has agreed his behaviour was out of line and inappropriate (in his response), I am satisfied that we can put the issue behind us. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 19:53, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Re:Outside View
What the diffs don't show is that ExplorerCDT actually did this twice per page (except for one). Thus, he did not stop upon confrontation. When he stopped, he did not stop because he thinks what he did was wrong. He stopped because he thought that he couldn't get away with it, as his behavior in trying to resolve the dispute and his comments on his user talk page clearly show. The user has not demonstrated nor given any assurance, explicit or implicit, nor any indication, that he will not repeat this disturbing behavior in the future. Kevin Baas | talk 18:09, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)

 * Well, that means he continued his edits after being reverted once. Does that count as "confrontation"? A revert is an edit, not a means of communication. Misunderstanding this principle, and misusing edit summaries as a means of conducting debate, has needlessly aggravated a good many edit wars. --Michael Snow 18:22, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Response to outside view

 * Do I understand correctly, based on the timeline of the evidence presented here, that ExplorerCDT in fact stopped the behavior being complained of once the complaints were brought to his attention?
 * Only now that the RfC has been raised, ExplorerCDT has undertaken not to do it again. In response to User:Leif, however, he said at 7:07, after the last redirect, "it will continue to be done."  This was the last substantive statement on the subject by ExplorerCDT prior to our raising the RfC, despite repeated independent attempts to resolve the issue with ExplorerCDT.  So I think you can see that it was by no means clear, because of his evident reluctance to respond to complaints, that he was about to change his mind. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 22:06, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Granted, the response to these complaints could have been a little less hostile, and the practice of removing comments from his talk page with rude edit summaries and little or no answer does not leave a favorable impression with me. But this is not, strictly speaking, against policy, as users generally have wide latitude in how they maintain user talk pages.
 * It was and remains my position that the problem was caused by ExplorerCDT's failure to respond. Had he said then, as he says now: "I learned my lesson.", or more simply just said the he would no longer engage in such edits, then the RfC would not have been necessary.  A RfC is more usually used to deal with legitimate disputes where neither party can reach agreement.  Here I used it to force a user to respond when repeated attempts to engage him in dialog had resulted only in his statement of his determination to continue with the problematic behavior. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 22:06, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * misusing edit summaries as a means of conducting debate, has needlessly aggravated a good many edit wars.
 * I hope you'll give us credit for not engaging in edit wars. Here at least three of us attempted to talk to ExplorerCDT and get his agreement not to pre-empt the vote.  We did so by using the best means available, the talk page of the user in question.  Only when he repeatedly ignored our attempts to engage him did we (Tony Sidaway, jpgordon and L33tminion) seek other means to resolve the problem.  We're not involved in editing the disputed page.  --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 22:13, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I certainly didn't mean to insinuate that those certifying the RfC are engaging in edit wars. I'm not finding fault with them. This was a side comment in response to the implications of Kevin Baas's comment above, and has more to do with the problem of excessive reverting generally.
 * In general, I wasn't criticizing the use of RfC for this matter - in fact, it looks to me like RfC has brought us to a point where we can close the book on it - but I wanted to see if my understanding of the allegations was correct. Otherwise it might not have been clear that ExplorerCDT at least moderated his editing conduct, if not his attempts at diplomacy, during the course of the dispute. --Michael Snow 23:40, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * No problems. Sometimes a user refuses to communicate, and often it doesn't mean he's not listening,just not communicating his change of opinion.  In our complaint, we said we thought ExplorerCDT should either defend his actions or undertake not to repeat them.  I personally was prepared to be persuaded that sometimes a redirect, handled sensitively, may be appropriate response to a VfD, but if there is a justification for that I would need to see the argument.  The point was that if a user does something that strikes several other people, independently, as prima facie poor conduct, he should justify that conduct and not just rudely ignore their complaints. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 06:02, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

WP:RFAr discussion
The followind discussion is from WP:RFAr:

 * Well looking solely at the first three (after which I think I got the idea) it seems he's been a little, um, over-bold, by redirecting pages involved in an ongoing vfd, thus removing the notice that sends people who might be interested in the page's future to the appropriate deletion discussion. I daresay anybody concerned could quite easily revert, but it does seem to be rather against the principle of seeking consensus to pre-empt the discussion in this matter. Did you try contacting him on his talk page and asking him if he could hold off until a consensus is reached?
 * Please note that he systematically removes anything from his talk page that disturbs him - including the "notice on his talk page" mentioned in the voting section below. Arbitrators should remember to check the history of talk pages before casting votes. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 16:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * So I selectively delete messages I've already read and have no desire to keep up. I get the point.  But don't think anything disturbs me more than you trying to read my mind.  Heck, I can't even do that—and it's MY mind! —ExplorerCDT 17:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * User talk pages, like all talk pages, are there for everyone to read, not just you, and it is explicitly against policy to delete other people's comments on talk pages. Kevin Baas | talk 18:54, 2004 Dec 6 (UTC)
 * It is MY talk page. —ExplorerCDT 22:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I put my comment out of chronological order because I think Tony's communicates more effectively. We have a differnece in philosophy: I do not own my talk page, nor do I believe that anyone owns their talk page.  The wikipedia community owns the talk pages, including the user talk pages.  Each user owns their user page, and that is well sufficient for them to have their own unique voice, and to express themselves freely and without censor, without infringing on the rights of others to do the same. Kevin Baas | talk 08:39, 2004 Dec 7 (UTC)
 * So it is. But deleting entries other than for cleanup or archiving of old content is regarded as a faux pas.  This is the wording:
 * Deleting your user talk page or removing text from your user talk page. Talk pages are part of the historical record in Wikipedia, and your user talk page is the best way others have of communicating with you. It's OK to clean up or archive old content, but please be very careful before removing content from your talk page; it makes it look as though you're trying to hide criticism.
 * You may disagree with something someone has said on your talk page; that's okay, say so. Just don't delete it without acknowledging; that's very rude and might make people think you're trying to sweep criticism, legitimate or otherwise, "under the carpet." Incidentally I would normally make this point on a user's talk page, but your habit of deleting and ignoring such comments forces me to use a more general page in this instance. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 04:36, 7 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * For the sake of diligence I looked at the last example you list; this seems to be a rather witty but decidedly POV comment on a famous computer operating system. Not good editing practice, but surely not banning material. --[[User:Tony Sidaway|Tony Sidaway|Talk]] 12:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Not banning, perhaps, but certainly vandalism; this is a knowledgeable user, familiar with the ways and standards of Wikipedia. However, other than subverting the VfD consensus process, most of his edits seem OK (albeit headstrong.) --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 16:15, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not the only one who thought redirecting that Golem of topics was necessary, I just had more audacity to do what should have been done long ago.—ExplorerCDT 17:02, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * What do you think the purpose of the word "Votes" in Votes for deletion is? --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 17:09, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think we both know that they don't count for much. —ExplorerCDT 17:19, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)


text:
Seed (disambiguation)

A seed is an encased plant embryo.

Seed(s) or The Seed(s) may also refer to:

Films

 * Seed (1931 film), a film notable for an early appearance by Bette Davis
 * Seed, a 1997 short film starring Rose McGowan
 * The Seed (2006 film), short film by Joe Hahn
 * Seed (2007 film), a Canadian horror film by Uwe Boll
 * The Seed (2021 film), a British body horror film by Sam Walker
 * Seed Productions, Hugh Jackman's film production company

Gaming

 * Seed (2006 video game), a defunct MMORPG developed by Runestone Game Development
 * Seed (upcoming video game), an upcoming MMO simulation game developed by Klang Games
 * Map seed, a number or text string used to initialize a procedural map generator in a video game

Groups and labels

 * Seed Records, a record label
 * The Seeds, a 1960s rock 'n' roll band

Albums

 * Seed (Nick Harper album), 1995
 * Seeds (Brother Cane album), 1995
 * Seed (Afro Celt Sound System album), 2003
 * Seed (Mami Kawada album), 2006
 * Seeds (Hey Rosetta! album), 2011
 * Seeds (Georgia Anne Muldrow album), 2012
 * Seeds (TV on the Radio album), 2014

Songs

 * "Seed", by The Academy Is... from Santi
 * "Seed", by Carbon Leaf from Nothing Rhymes with Woman
 * "Seed", by Korn from Follow the Leader
 * "Seed", by Mudvayne from The Beginning of All Things to End'
 * "Seed", by Sublime from Sublime
 * "Seeds", by Bruce Springsteen from Live/1975–85
 * "The Seed (2.0)", by The Roots and Cody Chesnutt, 2002
 * "The Seed", by Aurora from A Different Kind of Human (Step 2)

Periodicals and books

 * Seed (magazine), a U.S. science magazine
 * Seed (student newspaper), published at Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
 * Chicago Seed (newspaper), published in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., in the late 1960s
 * The Seed (novel), a 1940 novel by Tarjei Vesaas

Series

 * Seed (TV series), a Canadian TV series

Episodes

 * "Seed" (The Walking Dead), 2012 episode
 * "Seeds" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), 2014 episode
 * "Seeds", 2018 episode, see list of The Handmaid's Tale episodes
 * "Seeds", 2007 episode, see Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 7)
 * "Seeds", 2008 episode, see Sons of Anarchy (season 1)
 * "The Seed", 2008 episode, see Stargate Atlantis (season 5)

Visual arts

 * Sculptures by the Singaporean sculptor Han Sai Por
 * Seed Series (1998)
 * Seeds (2006)

Education

 * SEED Foundation, operates boarding schools for disadvantaged youth in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland
 * SEED School (Toronto), a Toronto District School Board alternative high school located in Toronto, Canada

Organizations

 * SEED (organization), a global partnership for action on sustainable development and the green economy
 * The Seed (organization), a controversial drug rehabilitation program in the United States that operated between 1970 and 2001
 * Seed Mob, a climate change activist organisation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people

Computing

 * Backdoor.Win32.Seed, a backdoor Trojan
 * Random seed, a value used to initialize a pseudo-random number generator
 * SEED, a Korean block cipher
 * in data build tool, a type of CSV file based reference table for predefined data
 * Seed (programming), a JavaScript library of the GNOME
 * Seed7, an extensible general-purpose programming language
 * Seeding (computing), a practice within peer-to-peer file sharing
 * Seed (BitTorrent), a peer that has a complete copy of a torrented file and still offers it for upload
 * Seeds (cellular automaton), a cellular automaton rule similar to Conway's Game of Life

Other uses in science and technology

 * AOL Seed, an open content submission website and platform where writers and photographers could submit their work and get paid for each work submitted
 * Seed, a synonym for sperm or semen
 * Seed crystal, a small crystal from which a larger single crystal is to be grown
 * Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data, a data specification from the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks
 * Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS), a multi-year astronomical survey seeking to identify extrasolar planets and disks around nearby stars using the Subaru telescope in Hawaii

Other uses

 * Bīja, literally "seed", a metaphor for the origin or cause of things in Buddhism and Hinduism
 * Seed (sports), a ranked competitor for the purposes of a tournament draw
 * Seed (surname)
 * Seed money, an early stage in the development of an entrepreneurial firm

title: Seed (disambiguation)


text: Category:Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League


text:
1997 Alberta general election

The 1997 Alberta general election was held on March 11, 1997, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.

Ralph Klein's Conservatives were re-elected, with increased number of seats in the Legislature. Liberal Official Opposition lost some seats dropping from 32 to 18, but retaining the status of Official Opposition. NDP gained two, to have a grand total of two seats.

Background
The Progressive Conservative Association had governed Alberta since 1971, and premier Ralph Klein led the party into his second general election as party leader. The previous election in 1993 was the best result for the Liberal Party since its last electoral victory in 1917.

This was the second consecutive election fought on a new set of electoral boundaries, due to an Alberta Court of Appeal decision that was critical of the map created in 1992. The government amended the Electoral Boundaries Commission Act, introducing the present system where the commission is made up of a justice from the Court, two members appointed by the governing party, and two members appointed by the official opposition. A new Commission was created, which issued its recommendations for a new set of electoral boundaries in 1996.

Results
Ralph Klein's second election as leader of the PCs was considerably more successful than his first. The party won over half the popular vote, and 63 of the 83 seats in the legislature for its eighth consecutive term in government. The party continued to dominate in Calgary and rural areas, and managed to regain a foothold in Edmonton where it won two seats.

The Liberal Party of Grant Mitchell lost about 7% of the popular vote it had won in the 1993 election. The party's legislative caucus was reduced from 32 members to 18.

Pam Barrett led the New Democratic Party back into the legislature with two seats (both in Edmonton), despite winning an even smaller share of the popular vote than in 1993.

The Social Credit Party also re-emerged, placing a strong second in several rural ridings, but did not win any seats.

Overall voter turnout was 53.75%.

Notes:

* Party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

x – less than 0.005% of the popular vote

Results by riding
8,492 68.93% 2,197 17.83% 482 3.91% 1,125 9.13% 3,380 58.65% 1,481 25.70% 300 5.21% 468 8.12% 100 1.74%||| 7,180 60.96% 3,151 26.75% 754 6.40% 661 5.61% 6,195 60.49% 2,130 20.80% 643 6.28% 1,244 12.15% 4,593 58.32% 2,323 29.50% 948 12.04% 6,664 54.07% 4,091 33.19% 1,144 9.28% 158 1.28% David Crowe (Green) 187 1.52%||| 4,115 43.52%||| 4,310 45.58% 547 5.79% 300 3.17% 115 1.22%||| 5,964 66.88% 2,456 27.54% 467 5.24% 5,952 53.83% 3,636 32.88% 712 6.44% 610 5.52% 109 0.99%||| 4,857 59.78% 1,990 24.49% 609 7.50% 613 7.54% 8,842 64.48% 3,336 24.33% 654 4.77% 836 6.10% 8,237 57.78% 5,195 36.44% 307 2.15% 421 2.95% 75 0.53%||| 8,274 66.47% 3,020 24.26% 348 2.80% 778 6.25% 8,849 60.35% 4,339 29.59% 720 4.91% 735 5.01% 4,410 48.53% 2,817 31.00% 891 9.81% 916 10.08% 8,247 58.02% 4,919 34.61% 435 3.06% 583 4.10% 7,761 65.89% 2,906 24.67% 533 4.53% 560 4.75% 5,118 58.67% 2,701 30.96% 876 10.04% 4,556 58.56% 2,576 33.11% 536 6.89% 94 1.21%||| 5,468 48.36% 3,269 28.91% 2,085 18.44% 450 3.98% 6,379 58.36% 3,297 30.16% 1,183 10.82% 9,190 53.19% 7,226 41.82% 342 1.98% 503 2.91% 7,815 64.33% 2,894 23.82% 696 5.73% 715 5.89% 12,304 75.21% 2,860 17.48% 485 2.96% 624 3.81% 69 0.42%||| 7,232 51.34% 5,414 38.43% 640 4.54% 646 4.59% 132 0.94%||| 8,478 56.18% 4,995 33.10% 534 3.54% 1,070 7.09% 5,157 59.06% 1,471 16.85% 518 5.93% 1,568 17.96% 6,864 47.61% 6,364 44.14% 922 6.39% 235 1.63% 5,754 63.18% 2,217 24.34% 383 4.21% 728 7.99% 6,492 60.41% 2,912 27.10% 823 7.66% 488 4.55% 6,063 63.28% 1,432 14.95% 2,056 21.46% 5,149 54.56% 3,314 35.11% 961 10.18% 3,484 34.93% 3,127 31.35% 2,842 28.49% 376 3.77% 100 1.00% William Finn	(Forum) 29 0.29% 3,860 32.32%||| 4,802 40.21% 3,250 27.21% 4,373 40.43%||| 4,456 41.20% 1,494 13.81% 460 4.25% 3,634 33.36%||| 4,769 43.78% 1,845 16.94% 420 3.86% 98 0.90% Richard Johnsen (Nat. Law) 83 0.76% 2,641 25.96%||| 5,752 56.54% 913 8.97% 840 8.26% 3,474 34.38%||| 4,765 47.15% 1,366 13.52% 335 3.32% 76 0.75% Carl Williams (Ind.) 46 0.46% 4,368 36.18%||| 5,785 47.92% 1,198 9.92% 630 5.22% 69 0.57%||| 5,819 37.52%||| 7,528 48.55% 1,970 12.70% 92 0.59% Maury Shapka (Nat. Law) 75 0.48% 2,793 24.96% 2,284 20.41%||| 5,638 50.38% 419 3.74% 4,358 35.44%||| 5,140 41.80% 2,229 18.13% 524 4.26% 5,259 40.71%||| 6,322 48.94% 713 5.52% 542 4.20% 61 0.47%||| 4,672 38.72%||| 6,047 50.11% 831 6.89% 435 3.60% 55 0.46%||| 3,679 28.23%||| 6,757 51.84% 1,804 13.84% 776 5.95% 2,993 29.97%||| 5,113 51.19% 1,266 12.68% 546 5.47% 52 0.52%||| 2,583 27.98%||| 3,357 36.36% 2,767 29.97% 485 5.25% 5,122 35.43%||| 6,066 41.96% 2,261 15.64% 805 5.57% 87 0.60% Naomi Rankin (Comm.) 61 0.42% 5,078 38.91%||| 6,007 46.03% 1,156 8.86% 674 5.16% 19 0.15% 4,096 30.44% 4,214 31.31%||| 4,272 31.74% 552 4.10% 47 0.35% Myles Kitagawa (Green) 236 1.75%||| 7,973 50.79% 5,953 37.92% 1,012 6.45% 635 4.04% 59 0.38%||| 5,420 55.64% 4,008 41.14% 280 2.87% 5,753 64.49% 1,995 22.36% 1,143 12.81% 5,592 63.08% 2,003 22.59% 1,247 14.07% 9,551 69.76% 1,944 14.20% 592 4.32% 1,566 11.44% 7,012 59.53% 2,206 18.73% 583 4.95% 1,960 16.64% 4,799 53.71% 2,901 32.47% 419 4.69% 483 5.41% 191 2.14% Louis Real Theriault (Ind.) 114 1.28% 6,414 61.62% 1,181 11.35% 1,068 10.26% 1,725 16.57% 6,857 51.42% 4,797 35.97% 767 5.75% 891 6.68% 3,389 60.33% 1,139 20.28% 442 7.87% 624 11.11% 3,813 29.46%||| 7,578 58.54% 674 5.21% 853 6.59% 5,679 45.23% 4,765 37.95% 806 6.42% 1,043 8.31% 240 1.91%||| 6,726 69.17% 2,075 21.34% 868 8.93% 5,337 50.84% 3,924 37.38% 508 4.84% 703 6.70% 5,853 51.48% 3,232 28.43% 1,065 9.37% 1,177 10.35% 6,958 56.95% 1,562 12.78% 247 2.02% 3,422 28.01% 3,745 61.25% 2,323 37.99% 5,750 63.80% 912 10.12% 879 9.75% 1,439 15.97% 4,683 55.37% 2,547 30.11% 560 6.62% 655 7.74% 5,751 46.91% 4,966 40.51% 367 2.99% 1,145 9.34% 5,297 43.76% 4,980 41.14% 737 6.09% 987 8.15% 71 0.59%||| 5,610 54.69% 880 8.58% 481 4.69% 3,264 31.82% 8,610 47.80% 8,305 46.11% 1,064 5.91% 5,388 42.52%||| 6,275 49.51% 476 3.76% 491 3.87% 6,696 43.53% 6,680 43.43% 1,198 7.79% 781 5.08% 6,267 48.85% 3,906 30.44% 895 6.98% 1,742 13.58% 7,235 72.40% 1,272 12.73% 600 6.00% 862 8.63% 6,090 49.71% 3,639 29.70% 1,684 13.74% 810 6.61% 5,616 55.33% 2,787 27.46% 602 5.93% 1,125 11.08% 6,232 52.61% 1,568 13.24% 668 5.64% 3,348 28.27% 4,498 41.96% 3,795 35.40% 2,130 19.87% 275 2.57% 7,244 58.39% 1,166 9.40% 2,060 16.60% 1,622 13.07% 279 2.26% 5,759 54.12% 2,954 27.76% 704 6.62% 1,183 11.12%
 * Airdrie-Rocky View|||
 * Carol Louise Haley
 * Carol Louise Haley
 * James Welsh
 * James Welsh
 * Doris Bannister
 * Doris Bannister
 * Peter Smits
 * Peter Smits
 * Athabasca-Wabasca|||
 * Mike Cardinal
 * Athabasca-Wabasca|||
 * Mike Cardinal
 * Athabasca-Wabasca|||
 * Mike Cardinal
 * Tony Mercredi
 * Tony Mercredi
 * Dean Patriquin
 * Dean Patriquin
 * Curtis Gunderson
 * Curtis Gunderson
 * Harlan Light (Green)
 * Harlan Light (Green)
 * Mike Cardinal
 * Banff-Cochrane|||
 * Janis Tarchuk
 * Janis Tarchuk
 * Judy Stewart
 * Judy Stewart
 * Jeff Eamon
 * Jeff Eamon
 * Scott Mudford
 * Scott Mudford
 * Brian Evans
 * Barrhead-Westlock|||
 * Kenneth R. Kowalski
 * Barrhead-Westlock|||
 * Kenneth R. Kowalski
 * Kenneth R. Kowalski
 * Dale Greig
 * Dale Greig
 * Joe Woytowich
 * Joe Woytowich
 * J. Harvey Yuill
 * J. Harvey Yuill
 * Kenneth R. Kowalski
 * Bonnyville-Cold Lake|||
 * Denis Ducharme
 * Bonnyville-Cold Lake|||
 * Denis Ducharme
 * Denis Ducharme
 * Leo Vasseur
 * Leo Vasseur
 * Robert Kratchmer
 * Robert Kratchmer
 * Robert Kratchmer
 * Robert Kratchmer
 * Calgary-Bow|||
 * Bonnie Laing
 * Calgary-Bow|||
 * Bonnie Laing
 * Calgary-Bow|||
 * Bonnie Laing
 * Mark Dickerson
 * Mark Dickerson
 * Brent Johner
 * Brent Johner
 * Ronnie Shapka (Nat. Law)
 * Ronnie Shapka (Nat. Law)
 * Ronnie Shapka (Nat. Law)
 * Ronnie Shapka (Nat. Law)
 * Bonnie Laing
 * Calgary-Buffalo
 * Terri-Lynn Bradford
 * Terri-Lynn Bradford
 * Terri-Lynn Bradford
 * Gary Dickson
 * Neil McKinnon
 * Neil McKinnon
 * Raymond Neilson
 * Raymond Neilson
 * Ralph Holt (Nat. Law)
 * Ralph Holt (Nat. Law)
 * Gary Dickson
 * Calgary-Cross|||
 * Yvonne Fritz
 * Yvonne Fritz
 * Keith Jones
 * Keith Jones
 * Maurizio Terrigno
 * Maurizio Terrigno
 * Maurizio Terrigno
 * Maurizio Terrigno
 * Yvonne Fritz
 * Calgary-Currie|||
 * Jocelyn Burgener
 * Calgary-Currie|||
 * Jocelyn Burgener
 * Jocelyn Burgener
 * Mairi Matheson
 * Mairi Matheson
 * Liz Blackwood
 * Liz Blackwood
 * Jeff Townsend
 * Jeff Townsend
 * Richard Shelford (Nat. Law)
 * Richard Shelford (Nat. Law)
 * Jocelyn Burgener
 * Calgary-East|||
 * Moe Amery
 * Moe Amery
 * Kelly McDonnell
 * Kelly McDonnell
 * Marg Elliot
 * Marg Elliot
 * Raymond (Chick) Hurst
 * Raymond (Chick) Hurst
 * Moe Amery
 * Calgary-Egmont|||
 * Denis Herard
 * Calgary-Egmont|||
 * Denis Herard
 * Denis Herard
 * Pam York
 * Pam York
 * Larry Kowalchuk
 * Larry Kowalchuk
 * Douglas Cooper
 * Douglas Cooper
 * Denis Herard
 * Calgary-Elbow|||
 * Ralph Klein
 * Calgary-Elbow|||
 * Ralph Klein
 * Ralph Klein
 * Harold Swanson
 * Harold Swanson
 * Shawn Christie
 * Shawn Christie
 * Lera G. Shirley
 * Lera G. Shirley
 * Frank Haika (Nat. Law)
 * Frank Haika (Nat. Law)
 * Ralph Klein
 * Calgary-Fish Creek|||
 * Heather Forsyth
 * Heather Forsyth
 * Marie Cameron
 * Marie Cameron
 * Muriel Turner-Wilkinson
 * Muriel Turner-Wilkinson
 * Jeff Willerton
 * Jeff Willerton
 * Heather Forsyth
 * Calgary-Foothills|||
 * Patricia Black
 * Calgary-Foothills|||
 * Patricia Black
 * Patricia Black
 * Albert W. Ludwig
 * Albert W. Ludwig
 * Brenda Wadey
 * Brenda Wadey
 * Kevin Davidson
 * Kevin Davidson
 * Patricia Black
 * Calgary-Fort|||
 * Wayne Cao
 * Calgary-Fort|||
 * Wayne Cao
 * Wayne Cao
 * Shirley-Anne Reuben
 * Shirley-Anne Reuben
 * Ken Sahil
 * Ken Sahil
 * Bren Blanchet
 * Bren Blanchet
 * Calgary-Glenmore|||
 * Ron Stevens
 * Calgary-Glenmore|||
 * Ron Stevens
 * Calgary-Glenmore|||
 * Ron Stevens
 * Wayne Stewart
 * Wayne Stewart
 * Grace Johner
 * Grace Johner
 * Vernon Cook
 * Vernon Cook
 * Dianne Mirosh
 * Calgary-Lougheed|||
 * Marlene Graham
 * Calgary-Lougheed|||
 * Marlene Graham
 * Marlene Graham
 * Darryl G. Hawkins
 * Darryl G. Hawkins
 * Mara Vogel
 * Mara Vogel
 * Hub Blanchet
 * Hub Blanchet
 * Jim Dinning
 * Calgary-McCall|||
 * Shiraz Shariff
 * Calgary-McCall|||
 * Shiraz Shariff
 * Shiraz Shariff
 * Amar Singh
 * Amar Singh
 * Rory M. Cory
 * Rory M. Cory
 * Rory M. Cory
 * Rory M. Cory
 * Harry Sohal
 * Calgary-Montrose|||
 * Hung Pham
 * Calgary-Montrose|||
 * Hung Pham
 * Hung Pham
 * Diane Danielson
 * Diane Danielson
 * Christopher Dick
 * Christopher Dick
 * Christopher Dick
 * Christopher Dick
 * Neeraj Varma (Nat. Law)
 * Neeraj Varma (Nat. Law)
 * Hung Pham
 * Calgary-Mountain View|||
 * Mark Hlady
 * Mark Hlady
 * Patricia Ennis
 * Patricia Ennis
 * Gordon M. Christie
 * Gordon M. Christie
 * Jason Nicholas
 * Jason Nicholas
 * Mark Hlady
 * Calgary-North Hill|||
 * Richard Charles Magnus
 * Calgary-North Hill|||
 * Richard Charles Magnus
 * Richard Charles Magnus
 * John Schmale
 * John Schmale
 * Jason Ness
 * Jason Ness
 * Richard Charles Magnus
 * Calgary-North West|||
 * Greg Melchin
 * Richard Charles Magnus
 * Calgary-North West|||
 * Greg Melchin
 * Calgary-North West|||
 * Greg Melchin
 * Frank Bruseker
 * Frank Bruseker
 * Jeff Pattinson
 * Jeff Pattinson
 * Douglas A. Picken
 * Douglas A. Picken
 * Frank Bruseker
 * Calgary-Nose Creek|||
 * Gary Mar
 * Calgary-Nose Creek|||
 * Gary Mar
 * Gary Mar
 * Peter Willott
 * Peter Willott
 * Doral Johnson
 * Doral Johnson
 * Greg Greene
 * Greg Greene
 * Gary Mar
 * Calgary-Shaw|||
 * Jonathan Niles Havelock
 * Calgary-Shaw|||
 * Jonathan Niles Havelock
 * Jonathan Niles Havelock
 * Sharon L. Howe
 * Sharon L. Howe
 * Shawn Keown
 * Shawn Keown
 * Michael Roth
 * Michael Roth
 * Almas Walden (Nat. Law)
 * Almas Walden (Nat. Law)
 * Jonathan Niles Havelock
 * Calgary-Varsity|||
 * Murray D. Smith
 * Murray D. Smith
 * Carrol Jaques
 * Carrol Jaques
 * Dirk Huysman
 * Dirk Huysman
 * Mike Bressers
 * Mike Bressers
 * Joel Ashworth (Green)
 * Joel Ashworth (Green)
 * Murray D. Smith
 * Calgary-West|||
 * Karen Kryczka
 * Karen Kryczka
 * Paul Adams
 * Paul Adams
 * Rudy Rogers
 * Rudy Rogers
 * Craig Chandler
 * Craig Chandler
 * Danny Dalla-Longa
 * Cardston-Taber-Warner|||
 * Ron Hierath
 * Cardston-Taber-Warner|||
 * Ron Hierath
 * Ron Hierath
 * James Jackson
 * James Jackson
 * Suzanne Sirias
 * Suzanne Sirias
 * Ken Rose
 * Ken Rose
 * Clover Bar-Fort Saskatchewan|||
 * Rob Lougheed
 * Clover Bar-Fort Saskatchewan|||
 * Rob Lougheed
 * Clover Bar-Fort Saskatchewan|||
 * Rob Lougheed
 * Muriel Abdurahman
 * Muriel Abdurahman
 * Michael Berezowsky
 * Michael Berezowsky
 * Max Cornelssen (Ind.)
 * Max Cornelssen (Ind.)
 * Max Cornelssen (Ind.)
 * Max Cornelssen (Ind.)
 * Muriel Abdurahman
 * Cypress-Medicine Hat|||
 * Lorne Taylor
 * Cypress-Medicine Hat|||
 * Lorne Taylor
 * Beverley Britton Clarke
 * Beverley Britton Clarke
 * Don Crisall
 * Don Crisall
 * Maurice Perron
 * Maurice Perron
 * Lorne Taylor
 * Drayton Valley-Calmar|||
 * Tom Thurber
 * Drayton Valley-Calmar|||
 * Tom Thurber
 * Tom Thurber
 * Moe Hamdon
 * Moe Hamdon
 * Tom Fuller
 * Tom Fuller
 * Roy Andresen (Ind.)
 * Roy Andresen (Ind.)
 * Roy Andresen (Ind.)
 * Roy Andresen (Ind.)
 * Tom Thurber
 * Drumheller-Chinook|||
 * Shirley McClellan
 * Drumheller-Chinook|||
 * Shirley McClellan
 * Einar B. Davison
 * Einar B. Davison
 * Dale Trefz
 * Dale Trefz
 * Dale Trefz
 * Dale Trefz
 * Dunvegan|||
 * Glen Clegg
 * Dunvegan|||
 * Glen Clegg
 * Dunvegan|||
 * Glen Clegg
 * Fred Trotter
 * Fred Trotter
 * Margaret McCuaig-Boyd
 * Margaret McCuaig-Boyd
 * Glen Clegg
 * Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview|||
 * Julius E. Yankowsky
 * Glen Clegg
 * Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview|||
 * Julius E. Yankowsky
 * Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview|||
 * Julius E. Yankowsky
 * Johanne Tardif
 * Johanne Tardif
 * Bill Stephenson
 * Bill Stephenson
 * Doug Smith
 * Doug Smith
 * Andy Chichak (Ind.)
 * Andy Chichak (Ind.)
 * Edmonton-Calder
 * Lynn Faulder
 * Edmonton-Calder
 * Lynn Faulder
 * Lynn Faulder
 * Lynn Faulder
 * Lance D. White
 * Alex McEachern
 * Alex McEachern
 * Edmonton-Castle Downs
 * Ihor Broda
 * Edmonton-Castle Downs
 * Ihor Broda
 * Edmonton-Castle Downs
 * Ihor Broda
 * Edmonton-Castle Downs
 * Ihor Broda
 * Ihor Broda
 * Pamela Paul
 * Peter Johnsen
 * Peter Johnsen
 * David H. Friesen
 * David H. Friesen
 * Edmonton-Centre
 * Don Weiderman
 * Edmonton-Centre
 * Don Weiderman
 * Edmonton-Centre
 * Don Weiderman
 * Don Weiderman
 * Laurie Blakeman
 * Jenn Smith
 * Jenn Smith
 * Alan Cruikshank
 * Alan Cruikshank
 * Emil van der Poorten (Forum)
 * Emil van der Poorten (Forum)
 * Michael Henry
 * Edmonton-Ellerslie
 * Jasbeer Singh
 * Edmonton-Ellerslie
 * Jasbeer Singh
 * Jasbeer Singh
 * Debby Carlson
 * Henry Johns
 * Henry Johns
 * Ken Way
 * Ken Way
 * Debby Carlson
 * Edmonton-Glengarry
 * Don Clarke
 * Edmonton-Glengarry
 * Don Clarke
 * Don Clarke
 * Don Clarke
 * Bill Bonner
 * William Kobluk
 * William Kobluk
 * Barbie-Jo Williams
 * Barbie-Jo Williams
 * David Sharkey (Nat. Law)
 * David Sharkey (Nat. Law)
 * Laurence Decore
 * Edmonton-Glenora
 * Kim MacKenzie
 * Edmonton-Glenora
 * Kim MacKenzie
 * Kim MacKenzie
 * Howard Sapers
 * Arlene Young
 * Arlene Young
 * Jon Dykstra
 * Jon Dykstra
 * Sam Thomas (Nat. Law)
 * Sam Thomas (Nat. Law)
 * Howard Sapers
 * Edmonton-Gold Bar
 * Susan Green
 * Susan Green
 * Susan Green
 * Hugh MacDonald
 * Walter Heneghan
 * Walter Heneghan
 * David J. Parker (Green)
 * David J. Parker (Green)
 * David J. Parker (Green)
 * David J. Parker (Green)
 * Bettie Hewes
 * Edmonton-Highlands
 * Jim Campbell
 * Edmonton-Highlands
 * Jim Campbell
 * Jim Campbell
 * Chris Smith
 * Chris Smith
 * Pam Barrett
 * Tim Friesen
 * Tim Friesen
 * Edmonton-Manning
 * Tony Vandermeer
 * Edmonton-Manning
 * Tony Vandermeer
 * Edmonton-Manning
 * Tony Vandermeer
 * Tony Vandermeer
 * Ed Gibbons
 * Hana Razga
 * Hana Razga
 * R. Jordan Harris
 * R. Jordan Harris
 * Peter Sekulic
 * Edmonton-McClung
 * Michael Mooney
 * Edmonton-McClung
 * Michael Mooney
 * Michael Mooney
 * Michael Mooney
 * Grant Mitchell
 * Richard Vanderberg
 * Richard Vanderberg
 * Patrick D. Ellis
 * Patrick D. Ellis
 * Wade McKinley (Nat. Law)
 * Wade McKinley (Nat. Law)
 * Grant Mitchell
 * Edmonton-Meadowlark
 * Laurie Pushor
 * Laurie Pushor
 * Laurie Pushor
 * Karen Leibovici
 * Terry McNally
 * Terry McNally
 * Aaron Hinman
 * Aaron Hinman
 * Geoff Toane (Nat. Law)
 * Geoff Toane (Nat. Law)
 * Karen Leibovici
 * Edmonton-Mill Creek
 * Sukhi Randhawa
 * Sukhi Randhawa
 * Sukhi Randhawa
 * Gene Zwozdesky
 * Stephen Crocker
 * Stephen Crocker
 * Christie Forget
 * Christie Forget
 * Edmonton-Mill Woods
 * Ziad N. Jaber
 * Edmonton-Mill Woods
 * Ziad N. Jaber
 * Edmonton-Mill Woods
 * Ziad N. Jaber
 * Ziad N. Jaber
 * Don Massey
 * Ricardo Acuna
 * Ricardo Acuna
 * John Filp
 * John Filp
 * Raymond Boyko (Green)
 * Raymond Boyko (Green)
 * Don Massey
 * Edmonton-Norwood
 * Andrew Beniuk
 * Andrew Beniuk
 * Andrew Beniuk
 * Sue Olsen
 * Sherry McKibben
 * Sherry McKibben
 * Ray Loyer
 * Ray Loyer
 * Andrew Beniuk
 * Edmonton-Riverview
 * Gwen Harris
 * Edmonton-Riverview
 * Gwen Harris
 * Gwen Harris
 * Gwen Harris
 * Linda Sloan
 * Donna Fong
 * Donna Fong
 * David Prenoslo
 * David Prenoslo
 * William Chapman (Nat. Law)
 * William Chapman (Nat. Law)
 * Edmonton-Rutherford
 * Brenda Platzer
 * Edmonton-Rutherford
 * Brenda Platzer
 * Brenda Platzer
 * Brenda Platzer
 * Percy Wickman
 * Will Hodgson
 * Will Hodgson
 * David Lincoln
 * David Lincoln
 * Ian Zaharko (Ind.)
 * Ian Zaharko (Ind.)
 * Percy Wickman
 * Edmonton-Strathcona
 * John Logan
 * Edmonton-Strathcona
 * John Logan
 * John Logan
 * Mary MacDonald
 * Mary MacDonald
 * Raj Pannu
 * John Forget
 * John Forget
 * Eshwar Jagdeo (Nat. Law)
 * Eshwar Jagdeo (Nat. Law)
 * Al Zariwny
 * Edmonton-Whitemud|||
 * David Hancock
 * David Hancock
 * Corky Meyer
 * Corky Meyer
 * Charan Khehra
 * Charan Khehra
 * Kevin Bialobzyski
 * Kevin Bialobzyski
 * Randy T. Fritz (Nat. Law)
 * Randy T. Fritz (Nat. Law)
 * Mike Percy
 * Fort McMurray|||
 * Guy C. Boutilier
 * Guy C. Boutilier
 * John S. Vyboh
 * John S. Vyboh
 * Rodney McCallum
 * Rodney McCallum
 * Adam Germain
 * Grande Prairie-Smoky|||
 * Walter Paszkowski
 * Adam Germain
 * Grande Prairie-Smoky|||
 * Walter Paszkowski
 * Grande Prairie-Smoky|||
 * Walter Paszkowski
 * John A. Croken
 * John A. Croken
 * Linda Smith
 * Linda Smith
 * Walter Paszkowski
 * Grande Prairie-Wapiti|||
 * Wayne Jacques
 * Walter Paszkowski
 * Grande Prairie-Wapiti|||
 * Wayne Jacques
 * Grande Prairie-Wapiti|||
 * Wayne Jacques
 * Ray Stitsen
 * Ray Stitsen
 * Campbell Ross
 * Campbell Ross
 * Wayne Jacques
 * Highwood|||
 * Don Tannas
 * Wayne Jacques
 * Highwood|||
 * Don Tannas
 * Highwood|||
 * Don Tannas
 * Howard Paulsen
 * Howard Paulsen
 * Hugh Logie
 * Hugh Logie
 * John Bergen
 * John Bergen
 * Don Tannas
 * Innisfail-Sylvan Lake|||
 * Gary Severtson
 * Innisfail-Sylvan Lake|||
 * Gary Severtson
 * Gary Severtson
 * Raymond C. Reckseidler
 * Raymond C. Reckseidler
 * Linda Neilson
 * Linda Neilson
 * Carl Thorsteinson
 * Carl Thorsteinson
 * Gary Severtson
 * Lac La Biche-St. Paul|||
 * Paul Langevin
 * Lac La Biche-St. Paul|||
 * Paul Langevin
 * Paul Langevin
 * Vital Ouellette
 * Vital Ouellette
 * Grace Johnston
 * Grace Johnston
 * Peter Tychkowsky
 * Peter Tychkowsky
 * Don Ronaghan (Forum)
 * Don Ronaghan (Forum)
 * Paul Langevin
 * Lacombe-Stettler|||
 * Judy Gordon
 * Lacombe-Stettler|||
 * Judy Gordon
 * Garfield Marks
 * Garfield Marks
 * Lynne Gendron
 * Lynne Gendron
 * Bob Argent
 * Bob Argent
 * Judy Gordon
 * Leduc|||
 * Albert Klapstein
 * Leduc|||
 * Albert Klapstein
 * Albert Klapstein
 * Terry Kirkland
 * Terry Kirkland
 * Bill Schlacht
 * Bill Schlacht
 * Henry Neumann
 * Henry Neumann
 * Terry Kirkland
 * Lesser Slave Lake|||
 * Pearl M. Calahasen
 * Lesser Slave Lake|||
 * Pearl M. Calahasen
 * Pearl M. Calahasen
 * Ralph Chalifoux
 * Ralph Chalifoux
 * Glenn Laboucan
 * Glenn Laboucan
 * Robert J. Alford
 * Robert J. Alford
 * Pearl M. Calahasen
 * Lethbridge-East
 * Leah Waters
 * Lethbridge-East
 * Leah Waters
 * Leah Waters
 * Leah Waters
 * Ken Nicol
 * Inga Jesswein
 * Inga Jesswein
 * Jonathan Williams
 * Jonathan Williams
 * Ken Nicol
 * Lethbridge-West|||
 * Clint Dunford
 * Lethbridge-West|||
 * Clint Dunford
 * Clint Dunford
 * Leslie Vaala
 * Leslie Vaala
 * Tom Hovan
 * Tom Hovan
 * Brian Stewart
 * Brian Stewart
 * Don Ferguson (Green)
 * Don Ferguson (Green)
 * Clint Dunford
 * Little Bow|||
 * Barry McFarland
 * Barry McFarland
 * Alida Hess
 * Alida Hess
 * Marko Hilgersom
 * Marko Hilgersom
 * Barry McFarland
 * Livingstone-Macleod|||
 * David Coutts
 * Barry McFarland
 * Livingstone-Macleod|||
 * David Coutts
 * Livingstone-Macleod|||
 * David Coutts
 * Ernie Patterson
 * Ernie Patterson
 * Gwen De Maere
 * Gwen De Maere
 * Bob Bysouth
 * Bob Bysouth
 * Medicine Hat|||
 * Rob Renner
 * Medicine Hat|||
 * Rob Renner
 * Medicine Hat|||
 * Rob Renner
 * Trevor Butts
 * Trevor Butts
 * George Peterson
 * George Peterson
 * Dale Glasier
 * Dale Glasier
 * Rob Renner
 * Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills|||
 * Richard Marz
 * Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills|||
 * Richard Marz
 * Richard Marz
 * Dave Herbert
 * Dave Herbert
 * Anne Wilson
 * Anne Wilson
 * Don MacDonald
 * Don MacDonald
 * Peace River|||
 * Gary Friedel
 * Peace River|||
 * Gary Friedel
 * Peace River|||
 * Gary Friedel
 * Bruce MacKeen
 * Bruce MacKeen
 * Gary Friedel
 * Ponoka-Rimbey|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Gary Friedel
 * Ponoka-Rimbey|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Gary Friedel
 * Ponoka-Rimbey|||
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Joshua Phillpotts
 * Joshua Phillpotts
 * Liz Wetheral
 * Liz Wetheral
 * Randy Jones
 * Randy Jones
 * Halvar C. Jonson
 * Red Deer-North|||
 * Stockwell Day
 * Red Deer-North|||
 * Stockwell Day
 * Stockwell Day
 * Norm McDougall
 * Norm McDougall
 * Linda Kaiser
 * Linda Kaiser
 * E. Patricia Argent
 * E. Patricia Argent
 * Stockwell Day
 * Red Deer-South|||
 * Victor Doerksen
 * Red Deer-South|||
 * Victor Doerksen
 * Victor Doerksen
 * Larry Pimm
 * Larry Pimm
 * Joanne Stanley
 * Joanne Stanley
 * Randy Thorsteinson
 * Randy Thorsteinson
 * Victor Doerksen
 * Redwater|||
 * Dave Broda
 * Redwater|||
 * Dave Broda
 * Dave Broda
 * Mary Anne Balsillie
 * Mary Anne Balsillie
 * Tom Turner
 * Tom Turner
 * Don Bell
 * Don Bell
 * E. Benjamin Toane (Nat. Law)
 * E. Benjamin Toane (Nat. Law)
 * Nicholas Taylor
 * Rocky Mountain House|||
 * Ty Lund
 * Ty Lund
 * Roxanne V. Prior
 * Roxanne V. Prior
 * Christine McMeckan
 * Christine McMeckan
 * Lavern J. Ahlstrom
 * Lavern J. Ahlstrom
 * Ty Lund
 * Sherwood Park|||
 * Iris Evans
 * Sherwood Park|||
 * Iris Evans
 * Iris Evans
 * Bruce Collingwood
 * Bruce Collingwood
 * Vaughn Dyrland
 * Vaughn Dyrland
 * Bruce Collingwood
 * Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert
 * Gary Swinamer
 * Bruce Collingwood
 * Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert
 * Gary Swinamer
 * Spruce Grove-Sturgeon-St. Albert
 * Gary Swinamer
 * Gary Swinamer
 * Colleen Soetaert
 * Thomas Elchuk
 * Thomas Elchuk
 * Clinton Day
 * Clinton Day
 * Colleen Soetaert
 * St. Albert|||
 * Mary O'Neill
 * St. Albert|||
 * Mary O'Neill
 * Mary O'Neill
 * Len Bracko
 * Len Bracko
 * Chris Samuel
 * Chris Samuel
 * John Reil
 * John Reil
 * Len Bracko
 * Stony Plain|||
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Stony Plain|||
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Peter Marchiel
 * Peter Marchiel
 * Felice Young
 * Felice Young
 * Pat Hansard
 * Pat Hansard
 * Stan Woloshyn
 * Strathmore-Brooks|||
 * Lyle Oberg
 * Strathmore-Brooks|||
 * Lyle Oberg
 * Lyle Oberg
 * Roger Nelson
 * Roger Nelson
 * Richard Knutson
 * Richard Knutson
 * Dan Borden
 * Dan Borden
 * Vegreville-Viking|||
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Vegreville-Viking|||
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Vegreville-Viking|||
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Ross Demkiw
 * Ross Demkiw
 * Greg Kurulok
 * Greg Kurulok
 * Clifford Gundermann
 * Clifford Gundermann
 * Ed Stelmach
 * Vermilion-Lloydminster|||
 * Steve West
 * Vermilion-Lloydminster|||
 * Steve West
 * Steve West
 * Pat Gulak
 * Pat Gulak
 * Wes Neumeier
 * Wes Neumeier
 * Jeff Newland
 * Jeff Newland
 * Steve West
 * Wainwright|||
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * Wainwright|||
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * Ronald Williams
 * Ronald Williams
 * Lilas I. Lysne
 * Lilas I. Lysne
 * Jerry D. Barber
 * Jerry D. Barber
 * Robert A. (Butch) Fischer
 * West Yellowhead|||
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * West Yellowhead|||
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * Ivan J. Strang
 * Duco Van Binsbergen
 * Duco Van Binsbergen
 * Glenn Taylor
 * Glenn Taylor
 * John Ahlstrom
 * John Ahlstrom
 * Duco Van Binsbergen
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Wetaskiwin-Camrose|||
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * LeRoy Johnson
 * Jody Saddleback
 * Jody Saddleback
 * Rick Jantz
 * Rick Jantz
 * Karen Richert
 * Karen Richert
 * Bruce Hinkley (Forum)
 * Bruce Hinkley (Forum)
 * Ken Rostad
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * Peter Trynchy
 * Whitecourt-Ste. Anne|||
 * Peter Trynchy
 * Sara Lynn Burrough
 * Sara Lynn Burrough
 * Chauncey Featherstone
 * Chauncey Featherstone
 * Earle Cunningham
 * Earle Cunningham
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * Peter Trynchy
 * }
 * }

title: 1997 Alberta general election


text:
South Western Sydney

South Western Sydney is a region of the metropolitan area in southwest Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the predominantly working class area of Greater Western Sydney. The region lies in the Cumberland Plain.

Local government areas
There are a number of different boundaries and definitions for Sydney's South-West with majority of definitions including the suburbs within City of Liverpool as well as surrounding areas.

This can also include the Macarthur region which is often referred to as 'Outer South-West', particularly referring to the local government area of City of Campbelltown as well as Camden Council and occasionally also the Wollondilly Shire.

In the broadest sense, South-Western Sydney can also include Fairfield City Council as it is south of Prospect Reservoir even though geographically the council is west of Sydney CBD and not south-west.

Institutions
Several institutions have 'South Western Sydney' in their title, including:
 * South Western Sydney Local Health District
 * South Western Sydney Institute
 * South Western Sydney Clinical School

title: South Western Sydney


text:
Hoo St Werburgh

Hoo St Werburgh, commonly known as Hoo, is a large village and civil parish in the Medway district of Kent, England. It is one of several villages on the Hoo Peninsula to bear the name Hoo, a Saxon word believed to mean "spur of land" or to refer to the "distinct heel-shape of the ridge of hills" through the settlement. Hoo features in Domesday Book, and had a population of 7,356 at the 2001 census, rising to 8,945 at the 2011 census. The civil parish includes Chattenden to the west.

History
St Werburgh was the daughter of King Wulfhere of Mercia, and niece of King Æthelred, his brother and successor. She was born between 640 and 650. The first church of Hoo may have been built in the reign of the 8th-century King Æthelbald of Mercia, though presumably a monastery existed nearby at an earlier time. This, together with land at Hoo All Hallows, is likely to have been placed under the rule of the leading Mercian monastery of Medeshamstede, now known as Peterborough.

A significant, and possibly unique, feature of this ancient parish church are the two Royal hatchments of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. These were later restored and can be viewed in the church. The Reverend Ferdinando Booth of the same family as Archbishop Lawrence Booth was vicar here from 1675 to 1680.

The parish records of 1851 gave the population as 1,065. According to official census figures, the population was, in 1891, 1,400; in 1971, 7,725; and in 1981, 7,944.

Broad Street appeared as Brodestrete in 1478. Jacobs Lane is named after the family of Stephen Jacobe of Hoo (1480). A workhouse was in use here until the 1930s, and the secondary school bears the name "The Hundred of Hoo Academy".

Hoo was connected to the Chattenden and Upnor Railway by a 1 mi-long branch which closed in the 1890s.

Although historically and mostly referred to as Hoo, in 1955 the Parish Council, during a revision of the Ordnance Survey map of the area, requested that Hoo should be shown as 'Hoo St Werburgh'. The Parish Council formally submitted an application in February 1968, under Section 147(4) of the Local Government Act 1933, for the name of the civil parish to be changed to 'Hoo St Werburgh'. In response, the County Council presented a change of name document which ordered and declared that with effect from the first day of October 1968, and until further order, the name of the civil parish shall be Hoo St Werburgh.

Village amenities
Hoo Village Hall & Jubilee Hall are located on Pottery Road Recreation Ground. Hoo Village Hall & Jubilee Hall are run as a charitable trust by a management committee.

Hoo has one 1.5-acre allotment site (made up of 35 plots) located off Everest Drive. The allotments site is managed by the Parish Council.

Formerly a primary school, Hoo has a library located next to St Werburgh Church on Church Street. The library is managed by Medway Council.

Hoo has one public convenience (toilets, including disabled toilet) and carpark located on Stoke Road. The public convenience and carpark is managed by Medway Council.

Hoo has a 1.0-acre green and landscaped gardens located in the centre. The village green and gardens are managed by Medway Council. The gardens are also looked after and tended to by a group of volunteer residents.

Hoo has a pond and surrounding nature reserve located off Hemony Grove. The pond and reserve is managed by a private maintenance company, although the site is open to the public for recreation. Public liaison is Medway Council.

Recreation grounds
Hoo has three recreation grounds managed by the Parish Council.

Kingshill Recreation Ground, located off Fourwents Road, is a 7.71-acre site which includes a play park, surfaced football and basketball pitch, woodland walks and open space surrounded by treeline.

Pottery Road Recreation Ground, located off Pottery Road, is a 5.32-acre site which includes an older children's play park and separate younger children's play park, enclosed surfaced football and basketball pitch, skate half pipe, skate ramps, adult exercise equipment, sheltered seating area and open space surrounded by treeline.

Hoo Common, located off Elm Avenue, is a large site which includes woodland walks, meadows and open space surrounded by treeline.

Transport
Arriva Southern Counties operates bus route 191 to Chatham every 20 minutes, with one service every hour continuing in the opposite direction to Isle of Grain.

Future development
As part of the developing Local Plan, Medway Council has proposed to expand and develop Hoo into a "small rural town". The expansion could be supported by a new railway station.

Education
Hoo is served by a number of schools. Hoo St Werburgh Primary School is for pupils aged 4–11 years of age. There are a total of 386 pupils arranged into 14 classes with two classes per year group. Attached to the school is the Marlborough Centre which caters for children diagnosed as autistic. The centre has 54 children arranged into six classes.

The Hundred of Hoo Academy (formerly The Hundred of Hoo School) is for pupils aged 4–18 years of age. There are a total of 1,757 pupils. The academy holds specialist Arts College status and is named after the "hundred of Hoo" featured in Domesday Book. The academy offers advanced media facilities and provides secondary education as well as one form entry primary education. Pupils draw from the various villages on the Hoo Peninsula.

Governance
Hoo is within the Rochester & Strood parliament constituency.

Local government
Hoo is governed by two tiers of local government:
 * Medway Council is a Unitary Authority, responsible for the majority of council services, combining the typical functions of a county council and a district council.
 * Hoo Parish Council is a Parish Council, responsible for a small number of local council services.

Notable residents
Thomas Aveling, a pioneering agricultural engineer, was born in Elm, Cambridgeshire on 11 September 1824 before moving to Hoo. He was the co-founder of Aveling and Porter which became the largest manufacturer of steam rollers in the world. Aveling died on 7 March 1882 and is buried in the churchyard at St Werburgh Church. There is a road in Hoo called Aveling Close, named after Aveling.

William Lionel Wyllie, a prolific maritime painter, was born in Camden Town, London on 5 July 1851. He once lived at Hoo Lodge, located on top of a ridge, which would have provided inspiration with its panoramic view of the River Medway and the maritime activity at Chatham Dockyard. The corvette HMS Calypso (1883) was built at Chatham, which Wyllie painted in 1897. Wyllie died on 6 April 1931 at Primrose Hill, London. There is a road in Hoo called Wylie Road (incorrectly spelled), named after Wyllie.

Declan Galbraith, best known for his 2002 hit single "Tell Me Why", which peaked at #29 in the UK Singles Chart, is from Hoo.

Pauline Parker, known for the 1954 Parker–Hulme murder case in Christchurch, New Zealand, now lives in Hoo following her release after serving a 5-year prison sentence. She currently runs a children's riding school in the area.

title: Hoo St Werburgh


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Plant embryonic development

Plant embryonic development, also plant embryogenesis, is a process that occurs after the fertilization of an ovule to produce a fully developed plant embryo. This is a pertinent stage in the plant life cycle that is followed by dormancy and germination. The zygote produced after fertilization must undergo various cellular divisions and differentiations to become a mature embryo. An end stage embryo has five major components including the shoot apical meristem, hypocotyl, root meristem, root cap, and cotyledons. Unlike the embryonic development in animals, and specifically in humans, plant embryonic development results in an immature form of the plant, lacking most structures like leaves, stems, and reproductive structures. However, both plants and animals including humans, pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.

Morphogenic events
Embryogenesis occurs naturally as a result of single, or double fertilization, of the ovule, giving rise to two distinct structures: the plant embryo and the endosperm which go on to develop into a seed. The zygote goes through various cellular differentiations and divisions in order to produce a mature embryo. These morphogenic events form the basic cellular pattern for the development of the shoot-root body and the primary tissue layers; it also programs the regions of meristematic tissue formation. The following morphogenic events are only particular to eudicots, and not monocots.

Plant
Following fertilization, the zygote and endosperm are present within the ovule, as seen in stage I of the illustration on this page. Then the zygote undergoes an asymmetric transverse cell division that gives rise to two cells - a small apical cell resting above a large basal cell. These two cells are very different, and give rise to different structures, establishing polarity in the embryo.
 * apical cell:The small apical cell is on the top and contains most of the cytoplasm, the aqueous substance found within cells, from the original zygote. It gives rise to the hypocotyl, shoot apical meristem, and cotyledons.
 * basal cell:The large basal cell is on the bottom and consists of a large vacuole and gives rise to the hypophysis and the suspensor.

Eight cell stage
After two rounds of longitudinal division and one round of transverse division, an eight-celled embryo is the result. Stage II, in the illustration above, indicates what the embryo looks like during the eight cell stage. According to Laux et al., there are four distinct domains during the eight cell stage. The first two domains contribute to the embryo proper. The apical embryo domain, gives rise to the shoot apical meristem and cotyledons. The second domain, the central embryo domain, gives rise to the hypocotyl, root apical meristem, and parts of the cotyledons. The third domain, the basal embryo domain, contains the hypophysis. The hypophysis will later give rise to the radicle and the root cap. The last domain, the suspensor, is the region at the very bottom, which connects the embryo to the endosperm for nutritional purposes.

Sixteen cell stage
Additional cell divisions occur, which leads to the sixteen cell stage. The four domains are still present, but they are more defined with the presence of more cells. The important aspect of this stage is the introduction of the protoderm, which is meristematic tissue that will give rise to the epidermis. The protoderm is the outermost layer of cells in the embryo proper.

Globular stage
The name of this stage is indicative of the embryo's appearance at this point in embryogenesis; it is spherical or globular. Stage III, in the photograph above, depicts what the embryo looks like during the globular stage. 1 is indicating the location of the endosperm. The important component of the globular phase is the introduction of the rest of the primary meristematic tissue. The protoderm was already introduced during the sixteen cell stage. According to Evert and Eichhorn, the ground meristem and procambium are initiated during the globular stage. The ground meristem will go on to form the ground tissue, which includes the pith and cortex. The procambium will eventually form the vascular tissue, which includes the xylem and phloem.

Heart stage
According to Evert and Eichhorn, the heart stage is a transition period where the cotyledons finally start to form and elongate. It is given this name in eudicots because most plants from this group have two cotyledons, giving the embryo a heart shaped appearance. The shoot apical meristem is between the cotyledons. Stage IV, in the illustration above, indicates what the embryo looks like at this point in development. 5 indicates the position of the cotyledons.

Proembryo stage
The proembryo stage is defined by the continued growth of the cotyledons and axis elongation. In addition, programmed cell death must occur during this stage. This is carried out throughout the entire growth process, like any other development. However, in the torpedo stage of development, parts of the suspensor complex must be terminated. The suspensor complex is shortened because at this point in development most of the nutrition from the endosperm has been utilized, and there must be space for the mature embryo. After the suspensor complex is gone, the embryo is fully developed. Stage V, in the illustration above, indicates what the embryo looks like at this point in development.

Maturation
The second phase, or postembryonic development, involves the maturation of cells, which involves cell growth and the storage of macromolecules (such as oils, starches and proteins) required as a 'food and energy supply' during germination and seedling growth. In this stage, the seed coat hardens to help protect the embryo and store available nutrients. The appearance of a mature embryo is seen in Stage VI, in the illustration above.

Dormancy
The end of embryogenesis is defined by an arrested development phase, or stop in growth. This phase usually coincides with a necessary component of growth called dormancy. Dormancy is a period in which a seed cannot germinate, even under optimal environmental conditions, until a specific requirement is met. Breaking dormancy, or finding the specific requirement of the seed, can be rather difficult. For example, a seed coat can be extremely thick. According to Evert and Eichhorn, very thick seed coats must undergo a process called scarification, in order to deteriorate the coating. In other cases, seeds must experience stratification. This process exposes the seed to certain environmental conditions, like cold or smoke, to break dormancy and initiate germination.

The role of auxin
Auxin is a hormone related to the elongation and regulation of plants. It also plays an important role in the establishment polarity with the plant embryo. Research has shown that the hypocotyl from both gymnosperms and angiosperms show auxin transport to the root end of the embryo. They hypothesized that the embryonic pattern is regulated by the auxin transport mechanism and the polar positioning of cells within the ovule. The importance of auxin was shown, in their research, when carrot embryos, at different stages, were subjected to auxin transport inhibitors. The inhibitors that these carrots were subjected to made them unable to progress to later stages of embryogenesis. During the globular stage of embryogenesis, the embryos continued spherical expansion. In addition, oblong embryos continued axial growth, without the introduction of cotyledons. During the heart embryo stage of development, there were additional growth axes on hypocotyls. Further auxin transport inhibition research, conducted on Brassica juncea, shows that after germination, the cotyledons were fused and not two separate structures.

Somatic embryogenesis
Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo. Applications of this process include: clonal propagation of genetically uniform plant material; elimination of viruses; provision of source tissue for genetic transformation; generation of whole plants from single cells called protoplasts; development of synthetic seed technology. Cells derived from competent source tissue are cultured to form an undifferentiated mass of cells called a callus. Plant growth regulators in the tissue culture medium can be manipulated to induce callus formation and subsequently changed to induce embryos to form the callus. The ratio of different plant growth regulators required to induce callus or embryo formation varies with the type of plant. Asymmetrical cell division also seems to be important in the development of somatic embryos, and while failure to form the suspensor cell is lethal to zygotic embryos, it is not lethal for somatic embryos.

Androgenesis
The process of androgenesis allows a mature plant embryo to form from a reduced, or immature, pollen grain. Androgenesis usually occurs under stressful conditions. Embryos that result from this mechanism can germinate into fully functional plants. As mentioned, the embryo results from a single pollen grain. Pollen grains consists of three cells - one vegetative cell containing two generative cells. According to Maraschin et al., androgenesis must be triggered during the asymmetric division of microspores. However, once the vegetative cell starts to make starch and proteins, androgenesis can no longer occur. Maraschin et al., indicates that this mode of embryogenesis consists of three phases. The first phase is the acquisition of embryonic potential, which is the repression of gametophyte formation, so that the differentiation of cells can occur. Then during the initiation of cell divisions, multicellular structures begin to form, which are contained by the exine wall. The last step of androgenesis is pattern formation, where the embryo-like structures are released out of the exile wall, in order for pattern formation to continue.

After these three phases occur, the rest of the process falls in line with the standard embryogenesis events.

Plant growth and buds
Embryonic tissue is made up of actively growing cells and the term is normally used to describe the early formation of tissue in the first stages of growth. It can refer to different stages of the sporophyte and gametophyte plant; including the growth of embryos in seedlings, and to meristematic tissues, which are in a persistently embryonic state, to the growth of new buds on stems.

In both gymnosperms and angiosperms, the young plant contained in the seed, begins as a developing egg-cell formed after fertilization (sometimes without fertilization in a process called apomixis) and becomes a plant embryo. This embryonic condition also occurs in the buds that form on stems. The buds have tissue that has differentiated but not grown into complete structures. They can be in a resting state, lying dormant over winter or when conditions are dry, and then commence growth when conditions become suitable. Before they start growing into stem, leaves, or flowers, the buds are said to be in an embryonic state.

title: Plant embryonic development