text:
Dongyang

Dongyang is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Jinhua in Central Zhejiang Province, China. It covers an area of 1744.05 km2 and administers eleven towns, one township, and six subdistricts. It is part of the Yangtze River Delta Economic Region.

As of the 2020 census, its population was 1,087,950 inhabitants however, its built-up (or metro) area, made of Dongyang and the neighboring city of Yiwu, was home to 2,947,340 inhabitants.

History
Dongyang county was first set up in AD 195 (2nd year of Xingping Reign of East Han Dynasty) and known as Wuning. In AD 688, the name was changed to Dongyang. The name Dongyang means "Eastern Sun".

Dongyang was no longer a county and became a county-level city on May 25, 1988.

Administrative divisions
Subdistricts:
 * Wuning Subdistrict (吴宁街道), Nanshi Subdistrict (南市街道), Baiyun Subdistrict (白云街道), Jiangbei Subdistrict (江北街道), Chengdong Subdistrict (城东街道), Liushi Subdistrict (六石街道)

Towns:
 * Weishan (巍山镇), Hulu (虎鹿镇), Geshan (歌山镇), Zuocun (佐村镇), Dongyangjiang (东阳江镇), Huxi (湖溪镇), Mazhai (马宅镇), Qianxiang (千祥镇), Nanma (南马镇), Huashui (画水镇), Hengdian (横店镇)

The only township is Sandan Township (三单乡)

Economy
Dongyang is home to numerous construction companies, the primary one being Zhongtian. Dongyang also produces magnets, chemicals, plastics, garments and agriculture and wooden sculptures.

The reform and opening policies of the 1970s have accelerated economic growth, and the city ranks among the top 100 cities in China, and the first well-off counties (cities) in Zhejiang Province. In 2005, the city's GDP reached 15.984 billion RMB yuan, earning fiscal revenue of 1.38 billion RMB yuan. Per-capita disposable income for urban households totaled 13,349 RMB yuan, and per-capita net income for farmers amounted to 6,903 RMB yuan.

Industry is a major component of Dongyang's economy. The city boasts a wide range of industrial sectors, led by electronic, machine building, magnetic material producing, and medical and chemical industries. At present, Dongyang has become the largest magnetic material production and exportation base in China. It is also the third largest medical and pharmaceutical city in Zhejiang, and boasts a group of leading companies in this sphere, such as Hengdian Kangyu Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Zhejiang Garden Biological High-tech Co., Ltd, and Zhejiang Hansheng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.

Dongyang is experiencing a period of great growth, comparable to other regions and cities in Eastern China. In the city square (called Holman Chen), many couples on pleasant evenings dance to traditional and Chinese pop songs.

In one of Dongyang's towns, Hengdian, there is a famous movie studio, where many films and TV shows about ancient China are made. Considered the Hollywood of the East, this vast movie set is a great day trip that is usually very quiet and empty. The movie set is home to a recreation of the Summer Palace, the Great Wall, an ancient Chinese Village and several small European Villages as well as a Pirate ship in a man-made lake. The movie Hero, starring Jet Li was filmed there, as well as the recent video game adaptation.

Tourist attractions
Lu Residential Complex is one of the key historical and cultural sites under state-level protection in China. Located in downtown Dongyang, the great architectural complex has been the habitation for the Lu family for 800 years. It is well known as the Imperial Palace in South China. It is composed of six groups of buildings. The residential complex is ancient, delicate, and magnificent, and the buildings inside dating from Ming and Qing Dynasties feature the typical Ming-Qing architectural style.

Hengdian World Studios is considered "Chinawood" (the Hollywood of China). The magnificent and elaborately designed bases and modernized studios there have attracted many directors both from home and abroad. Over 400 films have been shot in Hengdian World Studios, including some popular films, such as Opium War, the Emperor and the Assassin, Hanwu the Great, Hero, the Promise, Curse of the Golden Flower, and the Forbidden Kingdom, etc.

Dongbai Mountain (东白山)'s highest peak, Taibai Peak) is the main peak of the Kuaiji Mountains, with an altitude of 1194.6 meters. The main peak is located in Hulu Town, Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province. Since ancient times, it has been the head of the famous mountains in central Zhejiang, the "roof" of Zhejiang's geography.

Culture
Dongyang also has Baiyun Cultural Park, a place for relaxation with several representations of Daoism and Buddhism including a 50-foot statue.

Dongyang wood carving is reputed as one of the best folk handicrafts and a national treasure, as one of the four major schools of woodcarving in China. Dongyang woodcarving came into being early in the Tang dynasty. In the Song dynasty, it became state of the art. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Dongyang woodcarving flourished.

A famous local tradition in Dongyang is the virgin boy egg, an annual tradition in early spring time where the urine of prepubertal school boys preferably under 10 years is collected and boiled with eggs and then sold (for 1.50 yuan around twice the price of a regular boiled egg. ) and eaten, it is said "it tastes like spring". In 2008, Dongyang recognized the eggs as "local intangible cultural heritage."

Transport
Dongyang is approximately one and a half hours by train from Shanghai, where it is also possible to catch a long-distance bus (about 4 hours). Close to Dongyang is Yiwu, which is a 25-minute taxi ride away. Hangzhou is approximately two-hour taxi from Dongyang.

Sister city

 * 🇺🇸 Kokomo, Indiana, United States

Specialty
South jujube；Dongyang Soup Powder；Dongyang jujube；Dongbai Spring Tea; Virgin Boy Eggs.

title: Dongyang


text:
Brazilian teal

The Brazilian teal or Brazilian duck (Amazonetta brasiliensis) is the only duck in the genus Amazonetta. It is widely distributed in eastern South America.

Taxonomy
The Brazilian teal was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other ducks, swans and geese in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas brasiliensis. Gmelin based his description on the Mareca alia species (the second Mareca) that was described in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. The Brazilian teal is now the only species placed in the genus Amazonetta that was introduced by the German zoologist Hans von Boetticher in 1929.

It was formerly considered a perching duck, but more recent analyses indicate that it belongs to a clade of South American dabbling ducks which also includes the crested duck, the bronze-winged duck, and possibly the steamer ducks.

Two subspecies are recognised:
 * A. b. brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789) – the nominate race, found in Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, central Venezuela, eastern Colombia, and northeastern Peru
 * A. b. ipecutiri (Vieillot, 1816) – found in Brazil, northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay

Description
The ducks are light brown in colour. Drakes distinguish themselves from females in having red beaks and legs, and in having a distinctive pale grey area on the side of its head and neck. The colour of these limbs is much duller in females.

Distribution and habitat
They can be found throughout eastern South America, from central Brazil, to Uruguay, to northern and eastern Argentina, Paraguay, central Venezuela, northeastern Peru, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, eastern Bolivia, and eastern Colombia. Their preferred habitat is a body of freshwater away from the coast with dense vegetation nearby.

Behaviour
Brazilian teal live in pairs or in small groups of up to twenty birds. Both parents look after their hatchlings. They eat seeds, fruits, roots and insect, while ducklings eat only insects.

Status
They are plentiful and are listed as of Least Concern.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brazilian teal


text:
User talk:Masoud Sheykhi

Common cause of Regrinding cyclone pumps shaft failure  Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex

Masoud Sheykhi Common cause of pump shaft failure is due to breakage caused by the pump ingesting hard particles or foreign objects(Balls,etc).

If the pump shaft does not break from the sudden impact, it could still fail in the near future due to stress cracks. In some instances the hard particles(Balls,etc) will distort the impeller and cause the pump shaft to have excessive run out.

This will result in the impeller rubbing and literally gouging or imbedding itself into the pumps wear ring liner. This excessive force can easily break the pump shaft.

While it is not possible to eliminate this problem, regular inspection and maintenance will extend life and allow for replacement before it becomes a problem and ruins & outing.

title: User talk:Masoud Sheykhi


text:
Mike Ammann

Mike Ammann (born February 8, 1971) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a goalkeeper in England and Major League Soccer.

Youth
Ammann was born in Orange, California. The younger brother of Bob Ammann, he played for the Los Angeles Heat in the Western Soccer League in 1989. In 1989, Ammann graduated from Mater Dei High School. He entered Cal State-Fullerton where he played on the men's soccer team from 1990 to 1993. In 1993, the Titans went to the NCAA Final Four. That year, he also played for the East Los Angeles Cobras in the USISL.

Professional
After Mike Stevens, the director of Charlton Athletic, saw Ammann play in the 1994 NCAA Final Four, he offered him a trial. Ammann played for Charlton Athletic in the second tier of English football from 1994 to 1996.

When Major League Soccer started in 1996, Ammann was initially not signed, but late in the inaugural season he signed with the then-Kansas City Wiz. In 1997, he set a league record (since broken) of twenty-one wins, and ranked fourth in voting for the MLS Goalkeeper of the Year award. Before the 1999 season, Ammann was traded to the MetroStars with Mark Chung for Tony Meola and Alexi Lalas. That season the MetroStars squad finished with the worst record in league history. However, Ammann played well despite the lack of success, and was named Defensive Player of the Year two seasons in a row. The 2000 season was Ammann's best as the Metros went through a rebirth. Ammann was selected to the 2000 MLS All Star game and started in goal for the Eastern Conference.

Injuries and retirement
Ammann missed the last five weeks of the 2000 MLS season after Mamadou Diallo collided with him in a game against the Tampa Bay Mutiny. Diallo stepped on Ammann, resulting in three broken three ribs, a punctured lung, and a concussion. The incident, which was dubbed "Crime of the Century" by Metro teammate Mike Petke, saw Diallo receive no punishment. Ammann missed the rest of the regular season because of these injuries, returning for the playoffs and shutting out the Chicago Fire 2–0.

With the emergence of Tim Howard for the MetroStars, Ammann was traded to D.C. United for Richie Williams and an allocation before the 2001 MLS season. Injuries dogged him, however, and he retired after not playing a minute in 2002. Ammann's doctor had never performed the procedure prior to operating on Ammann and left him permanently disabled. Ammann suffers disabilities in his right and left arms and hands. Dr. Hazel was found guilty by a jury of malpractice in D.C. Courts.

Post-soccer career
Since 2003, Ammann worked in information technology and became the director of channel sales at Tintri. Ammann worked for Hitachi, ViON and EMC. In 2010, Ammann founded Twenty-Four Seven Goalkeeper, a goalkeeper academy in the Northern Virginia area, which taught both boys and girls of all ages. Ammann then merged 247GK with GK Icon and founded GK Icon USA some time before 2013. Ammann is currently the President of Purechannels, a global B2B Channel Marketing Agency. www.purechannels.com

Honors
Individual

 * MLS All-Star: 2000

title: Mike Ammann


text:
Carl Michael Ziehrer

Carl Michael Ziehrer (more rarely spelled Karl Michael Ziehrer) (2 May 1843 – 14 November 1922) was an Austrian composer. In his lifetime, he was one of the fiercest rivals of the Strauss family; most notably Johann Strauss II and Eduard Strauss.

Biography
Born in Vienna, Ziehrer was taught music by Simon Sechter, a famous Viennese music theorist and pedagogue, and Johann Emanuel Hasel. He was soon discovered by music publisher Carl Haslinger, one of Johann Strauss II's publishers, who had fallen out with Strauss regarding the receipts from the latter's lucrative Russian venture.

Haslinger sought to promote his promising young ward, and on 21 November 1863 the young conductor appeared as the head of a newly formed orchestra aimed at toppling the Strauss dynasty at the Dianabad-Saal in Vienna. Not long after that, he secured a place at one of the Viennese military bands. As was the current trend, he took over as Kapellmeister of a large civilian orchestra in 1873. He also published the journal "Deutsche Musikzeitung" around the same time, and was credited as being one of the important sources of music study in the late 1870s.

Not long after founding the music journal, he changed his publisher to Döblinger, and toured Eastern Europe and Germany for many years, earning a good reputation as a strict yet efficient conductor. It was in 1881 that he met his future wife, Marianne Edelmann, a famous operetta singer, in Berlin.

Throughout the period between 1885 and 1893, Ziehrer toured extensively and was a military bandmaster, having assumed the direction of the "Militärmusik des Infanterieregiments Hoch- und Deutschmeister", as well as the "Deutschmeister" decoration. His fame was such that he was invited to perform at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. After that, in a flurry of events, he toured 41 German cities and finally returned to Vienna, where he formed an even larger and successful orchestra that specialized in playing dance music. At this point, his works began to gain a wider circulation among the music-loving Viennese and work such as "Weaner Mad’ln", Op. 388, as well as the more famous "Wiener Bürger", Op. 419, were received with greater appreciation, the latter even temporarily triumphing over Strauss compositions when first published in 1890.

Despite being a strong challenger of the Strauss music dynasty, he was unable to triumph over them and remained under their influence, which numbered among them his personal appearance; he maintained a "Schnurrbart" (moustache) as well as a similar hair-style. By the turn of the century, Ziehrer felt that he needed to devote his time and attention towards composing, and his military band participation waned until he relinquished his last position in 1899, the year Johann Strauss II died.

Ziehrer enjoyed success in the operetta writing business, with stage works such as Die Landstreicher in 1899, but it was with the operetta Fremdenführer (Tourist Guide) that he achieved stage success. He was one of the composers who bridged the 'Golden Age' of operetta with the new influence of the emerging 'Silver Age', with composers such as Franz Lehár, who would dominate the operetta scene for many years later on.

In 1909, he was awarded the honorary post of the 'KK Hofballmusikdirektor', which was created for Johann Strauss I more than half a century earlier, and subsequently dominated within the Strausses with Johann Strauss II and Eduard Strauss also holding the office for many years. He was also the last person to hold this post, with the destruction of the Habsburg dynasty in World War I resulting in its dissolution. During the time before the war, he worked well with composers Franz Lehár, Oscar Straus, and Leo Fall, and was guest conductor at their concerts on many occasions.

The outbreak of the war sealed his career as a composer, and most of his property was destroyed. He died a poor and forgotten man on 14 November 1922 in Vienna probably of a stroke. He was buried in the Zentralfriedhof in the graves of honour. His wife was buried beside him.

His rich musical heritage may not be comparable to the Strausses, who dominated for well over a century, but he was more prolific, having composed over 600 waltzes, polkas and marches, which are still performed today. Some of his works are even more Viennese in nature than that of the Strausses. His works are vigorous and forceful, with cheerful melodies written even near the end of the Habsburg dynasty.

Ziehrer was the subject of 1945 biopic Viennese Girls and was played by Willi Forst who also directed the film.

Works

 * List of dances and marches by Carl Michael Ziehrer
 * List of operettas by Carl Michael Ziehrer

title: Carl Michael Ziehrer


text:
Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway

The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church, or the Free Church as it is commonly known (Den Evangelisk Lutherske Frikirke, shortened Frikirken), is a nationwide Lutheran church in Norway, consisting of 83 congregations and 21,817 baptised members. It was founded in 1877 in Moss. It is distinct from the Church of Norway, although both churches are members of the Lutheran World Federation. The Free Church is economically independent.

Doctrine and polity
The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church is founded on the Bible and the confession of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Frikirken 'believes, teaches, and confesses that the Bible is the only rule and guideline for faith, doctrine, and life'.

As a free church, the Frikirken is founded upon the local congregation (congregationalism). In each local congregation those who are baptised and confess the Christian faith are endowed with voting rights and responsibilities. Each congregation is led by ordained elders (presbyters), and each has the authority to call its clergy and all other personnel and pass its own church laws.

The highest authority in the denomination is the synod, which is a common national organisation, peopled with presbyters and representatives from each individual congregation. The synod convenes every three years, and it is governed by the synod board, which is made up of seven members, each of whom is elected by the general synod.

Schools, colleges, and publications
The Frikirken has established several educational and publishing organisations. In 1921, the Frikirken founded the Fredtun Frikirkens Secondary School, which has now been renamed the Stavern Folkehøyskole (Stavern Folk High School). The Frikirken also established the Lutheran Bible and Church Seminary (LBM) in 1965. The Seminary was eventually renamed the Frikirkens Theological College (FTH), before becoming the University College of Staffeldts Gate (HiS) in 2004, following a merge with the Bible School in Oslo. In January 2013, HiS became part of the NLA University College, and was subsequently renamed the NLA University College Staffeldtsgate. In partnership with several other denominational and missional bodies, the Frikirken contributed to the establishment of the China Lutheran Seminary in 1966, in Hsinchu City, Taiwan.

The Frikirken instituted its own publication, Budbæreren (the Messenger) in 1883. It releases ten issues annually.


text:
User talk:Eje211

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Martin TB 14:57, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Brood parasites
Hey. Do you remember, last year, you posted a question on the talk page for brood parasite?

I answered it. (Could have sworn it was more recently than last August, but... oh well.) DS 05:38, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

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Re: File:License_plate_preamble.jpg
Hi Eje. Sorry for taking so long to get back to you. I merely photographed this art piece that was on public display at the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.; I didn't make the display. I do happen to know, as a collector of license plates, though, that each of these plates was made by the respective state using official materials. Unfortunately, as for how the original artist acquired these plates that could be so conveniently arranged, I do not know the background story. But I do not think that the artist merely found plates that happened to fit into the pattern because some of them would not have been available to the general public (for example, the Georgia plate has 7 characters, including the space, whereas the general public would have been limited to 6 characters, and the Wyoming plate does not include the numerical county prefix that all genuine plates include). From the looks of the plates, I would estimate the piece to have been assembled in approximately 1989. Please let me know if there's any other information I can provide. Qqqqqq (talk) 16:10, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Kamelottlog2o.JPG
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Eje211


text:
Talk:Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway

Did the temp page althought I think most of these places put this information on their webpages so people can use it but I understand you have your procedures. Please feel free to edit it yourself as well.
 * Is there a possible copyright violation here? http://frikirken.no/Frikirken/English.php

Flummery warning!

 * The Evangelical Lutheran Free Church is founded on the Bible and the Lutheran Church’s confession.

As opposed to the Church of Norway then? Not likely a distinguishing feature of Evangelical ...etc... of Norway. There must be some real reason for a distinct Lutheran Free Church. Said: Rursus (☻) 16:26, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

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text:
User:Hinrich~enwiki

Hinrich

title: User:Hinrich~enwiki


text:
Cestria

Cestria may refer to:

 * The town of Chester le Street in County Durham, England
 * Cestria (Epirus), a town of ancient Epirus
 * Cestria (Power Rangers), a character in the Power Rangers
 * Historical Latin name for Chester, England and the county of Cheshire. (also as Cestriæ)

title: Cestria


text:
Talk:Summary judgment

U.S. courts and others
The article in its current form is essentially correct as a description of the procedure for summary judgment in the United States. Does it have any applicability in other legal systems, though? If not, it should note in the opening sentence that it applies only to the U.S. Presumably other systems have ways to avert unnecessary trials but they may use a different term and different sets of standards. JamesMLane 15:03, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

What?
The idea of an encyclopedia article is to explain things in lay terms. I cam here looking for such an explaination. Instead I found legalese gibberish.

The moving party may reference various documents in motion

What is a "moving party", and what are "documents in motion"?

Summary judgment is awarded if the moving (or cross-moving)

"Cross-moving"?

party can successfully argue that the undisputed facts and the law make it clear that it is not possible for the other party to prevail if the matter proceeds to a trial.

Wouldn't "can not win" be a better replacement for this entire statement?

In some legal systems, the court also has the power to grant summary judgment in favor of a nonmoving party.

A what?

A factual dispute does not preclude summary judgment unless the disputed fact is outcome determinative under the governing law.

"outcome determinative"? Does this statement mean that some factual disputes may not be important?

In other words, if a trial could result in the jury (or judge in a bench trial) deciding in the favor of the opposing party, a summary judgment is inappropriate.

How is this "in other words" for the statements it follows?

A decision granting summary judgment can be appealed...

Should this not be the start of a new paragraph?

Partly because of workload issues, it is not uncommon for the summary judgments of lower level US courts in complex cases to be overturned on appeal.

What workload issues would cause this?

Maury 14:28, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

An attempted rewrite in understandable language
I've been practicing law in New York for more than twenty-five years and teaching at law school for nearly as long. One cannot teach law without becoming acutely aware that there are many words that lawyers take for granted that are simply not understood by non-lawyers. I've tried to rewrite this in a way that can be understood by an educated layman. Unfortunately, civil procedure is not simple; otherwise, law would not be considered a "learned profession." Nevertheless, it is possible (and important) to give non-lawyers a general understanding of some of the most fundamental concepts in civil practice. I've tried to do so here. While I originally struggled to show deference to the prior draft, I see that I have not succeeded so well in that. My apologies. Please read this with a layman's eye, however, and see if I have not improved on what was here before. lawman

 * And you've done an excellent job. The article is not only clear, but I picked up several other bits of legal information I didn't know before, like the roles of the jury and judge. Well done! Maury 21:52, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, Maury. I rewrote this article with your comments in mind, and to demonstrate to my own satisfaction that it is possible to explain to others anything one understands, however complex. So, in a sense I rewrote it for you, and I'm gratified that you've returned to look again. That said, I must confess that I was shamed into rewriting a "legal" contribution by the incredibly scholarly level of some of the other articles contained in this publication, specifically those devoted to various aspects of linguistics and English usage. I never would have believed people capable of the level of good will and cooperation necessary to create such an eclectic, wonderful, and funfilled storehouse of knowledge. lawman

Talk page layout
Why should talk page threads go in chronological order? That has the undesirable effect of forcing someone to travel down to an intedeterminate bottom in order find out what's current, leaving outdated comments like this one permanently enshrined at the top --- permanently. These should go in reverse chrono order. What's the point of keeping this comment around, anyway? Hasn't it been superseded? lawman

 * The short answer, which should be familiar to a lawyer even if you don't agree with it, is, "Because we've always done it this way." If you start a new thread by clicking on the "Post a comment" link on the left-hand menu on any talk page, the software will automatically put your new thread at the bottom of the page.  Within each thread, keeping the conversation in chrono order is the format prescribed by Talk page guidelines.

 * The main reason for this procedure is that conversations are much easier to follow if they're in chronological order. New threads are sometimes on completely different subjects, but quite often they follow up on older threads, so chrono order should be used for threads as well as for the comments within each thread.  (Exception: Within a thread, you may use indentation to indicate that you're responding to a specific earlier post, and place your indented response immediately after the post you're answering, even if that puts it out of chrono order.  In effect, you're creating an unmarked sub-thread within the thread.)

 * It's also a good idea for each new thread to be given a heading. (Again, the software reminds you of this by providing a subject line when you click on "Post a comment".)  As you can now see from this page, when there are more than three headings, a table of contents is automatically generated.  Thus, in a page of any size, no one has to go to an indeterminate point; the TOC entries are hyperlinks to the headings (or subheadings).  There's generally no reason to use horizontal dividing lines on a talk page.

 * Along with using the TOC, people often use the "Page history" to read a talk page. If I see from my watchlist that there's been activity on a talk page I'm monitoring, I usually click the "hist" link on my watchlist to see the talk page history.  On that history, I go to the most recent comment that I recognize and remember reading.  Having found the entry for that comment, I click "cur" to the left of it.  That shows me the cumulated changes since the last time I read the page.

 * Material at the top isn't there permanently. We don't deleter talk page comments, even if they've been "superseded" -- the discussion on the talk page is a valuable adjunct to the article (and you should usually look at the talk page before making any major changes).  Earlier comments are, however, archived as the page grows.  Some pages, receiving little traffic, have never been archived.  On the other hand, Talk:George W. Bush has 32 archives in the can already.  The oldest post on the current talk page there was made less than two months ago.  See How to archive a talk page for more information. JamesMLane 01:52, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Worldwide Legal Practice Does Not Exist
What's with the "only U.S." complaint? Not every procedure has a direct analog in legal practice worldwide. Legal practice is inherently national or local. If you're looking for "the world's foremost authority" to harmonize the world's different legal practices, you'll have a long wait. . . and another encyclopedia.

Law Professor writes that summary judgment is unconstitutional
In a Virginia Law Review article to be published in the Spring of 2007, University of Cincinnati College of Law Professor Suja Thomas argues that summary judgment is unconstitutional. The article, Why Summary Judgment is Unconstitutional, is also available on the Social Science Research Network at www.ssrn.com. Anticipating what she describes (with understatement) as "resistance from many", Thomas carefully navigates Seventh Amendment history and jurisprudence and concludes that the "conventional wisdom" that summary judgment is constitutional is "wrong". Thomas, with an eye toward those who think that "summary judgment is necessary for the proper functioning of the Federal Courts" closes her analysis with an evaluation that settlements and trial prevention will continue as much without summary judgment as with. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User:Retiredlawyer (talk • contribs) 02:37, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think this would be worth extensive discussion here -- probably something along the lines of "here's why there's a Seventh Amendment issue, it was raised and rejected in thus-and-such case, but some scholars think that case was decided incorrectly (citation to Thomas)". What we should avoid is giving disproportionate attention to a POV that's distinctly in the minority. JamesMLane t c 08:35, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * We should definitely avoid giving disproportionate attention to a minority view, but it this is not a case of it being "raised and rejected in thus-and-such" case. The author, Thomas, says the whole thing is unconstitutional, that the primary citation, Fidelity & Deposit v US, was ruling on something else, and that the expediency arguments about keeping it around are flawed. It is certainly a minority view, but it was published in the Virginia Law Review, not on someone's homepage. Here is a link to SSRN page mentioned above . JoshNarins 13:35, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Disagreement over the SJ collision example
While the reasoning behind the SJ example is correct, I believe that the explanation of the Plaintiff's position is over-simplified and does not mirror real-world practice. In actuality, the Plaintiff would sign an affidavit stating that his light was green at the time of entering the intersection. If the plaintiff's affidavit is admissible (which, I don't see why it wouldn't be), SJ would be denied. This is because it is improper for the court to weigh evidence at a summary judgment stage and the issue must be submitted to the fact finder. Therefore, I think a sentence should be added to the example that states something to this affect. "However, if Plaintiff produces admissible evidence (such as his affidavit if based on personal knowledge) that Plaintiff had the green light, SJ is improper regardless of how much evidence exists to the contrary. This is because summary judgment's purpose is to pierce the pleadings and determine liability when material facts are not in dispute.  When the facts must be weighed, the case must be submitted to the fact finder." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.43.38.162 (talk • contribs), 5 April 2007

And There's the Rub in Having a Universally Editable Encyclopedia
The contributor who "doesn't see" why "plaintiff's affidavit wouldn't be" admissible confesses a remarkable dearth of imagination. First, in U.S. practice an affidavit is generally not admissible at all, unless it falls under an exception to the rule barring hearsay. Second, not every Plaintiff is prepared to lie, whether in writing or live testimony; some people will not swear that the light was green when they know it was red. However, these are but two of many reasons that the Plaintiff's testimony might be inadmissible or otherwise unavailable. Nonetheless, at least the contributor's suggestion was sensible, and would have added to the value of the example.

But, instead of a contributor tinkering with the example, it's simply been removed. Brilliant!

And -- if you really want to discuss the former "limitation" of the article to U.S. practice, I certainly think you've added immeasurable balance by referencing those equally important jurisdictions of England and Wales.

Congratulations! The article is now short, and understandable only to those who already knew the information it contains. But at least it maintains the all-important pretense that the world revolves around Europe.

This is somewhat incorrect- affidavits are a form of direct testimony, and thus aren't always hearsay. There are also "exceptions" to the hearsay rule. Rather, the affidavit is in fact one of the primary vehicles of discovery. 108.235.248.227 (talk) 21:16, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

... see Summary
On a lighter note, I had a quick style comment. While in a sleep-deprived state I skimmed this header:

 * For the simplification and shortening of a longer text see, Summary.

and mistook it for a link to a summary of this same article. This article is, after all, something of a "longer text". I'm not going to suggest any edits, as I remain in that same sleep-deprived state, but maybe someone else has an idea for clarifying that it's a link to the article about summaries, not to a summary of the article. Matt Fitzpatrick (talk) 16:29, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

This article is a mess
Another example of everything that's wrong with Wikipedia. But all the competent lawyers who actually understand summary judgment motions are too busy drafting the damn things for the paying clients to fix this pigpen of an article! --Coolcaesar (talk) 06:59, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

I agree. I am a non-US lawyer with familiarity with summary judgment applications in several jurisdictions (including the US) and this article is pretty bad. It's far too long, complicated, messy and the introduction is very US-centric. If I find the time I will try and draft something much shorter.

Another problem with the article
Jury nullification is irrelevant to summary judgment. Jury nullification is the kind of craziness one worries about ONLY when you get to the finding of fact in a jury verdict---a totally different stage of a trial. Summary judgment focuses only on the legal analysis of undisputed facts. The difference here is between PRETRIAL and TRIAL strategy, which is a key difference taught in first year civil procedure at all top American law schools. Whomever wrote that nonsense is clearly not a lawyer, or if they are a lawyer, they're probably what we call third tier trash. --Coolcaesar (talk) 17:10, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Ironically...
...this article really could benefit from a summary at the beginning. 82.1.109.96 (talk) 23:35, 5 December 2019 (UTC)

More Citations needed tag
I have inserted the more citations needed tag under the United States section, as there are virtually no reference citations at all in that section. 108.235.248.227 (talk) 21:36, 19 April 2021 (UTC)

This article is still a mess
Part of why this article is a mess is that there's way too much "how to" information in here, a violation of WP:NOT. The article should merely describe what the motion is and leave it at that. --Coolcaesar (talk) 17:50, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

Challenging unsourced edit on 19 October 2016
I'm challenging this edit on 19 October 2016 by 173.48.228.54. The edit is entirely unsourced in violation of WP:V and appears to be original research in violation of WP:NOR. It's also flatly incorrect in at least five or six ways that I don't have time to type out right now. For example, any experienced litigator knows that the easiest way to analyze a MSJ is to simply find its weakest point, since a triable issue of fact renders the rest of the MSJ immaterial. Any objections before I take out the trash? Coolcaesar (talk) 16:55, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Summary judgment


text:
User:Goldbird

Goldbird
Welcome

A soothing identifies for the given monents .I am gratful for your friendship and though of kindness contributions.thanks

regards, Glb. --- Needful Infor News:

http://www.hrw.org/women/ http://www.unhchr.ch/women/ --- links: --- Join your Homepage:
 * 1) Hmuns Right Watch
 * 1) United Nations office of the Hight Commissioner on Human Right

--- Memoral days
 * 1) See Glb
 * 2) See Khmer news
 * 3) See Kohsantepheap.

--

title: User:Goldbird


text:
Jane Porter

Jane Porter (3 December 1775 – 24 May 1850) was an English historical novelist, dramatist and literary figure. Her bestselling novels, Thaddeus of Warsaw (1803) and The Scottish Chiefs (1810) are seen as among the earliest historical novels in a modern style and among the first to become bestsellers. They were abridged and remained popular among children well into the twentieth century.

Life
Jane Porter was born in Durham, England, the third of five children of the Irishman William Porter and Jane Blenkinsop Porter of Durham. Tall and beautiful as she grew up, young Jane Porter's grave air earned her the nickname La Penserosa after John Milton's poem Il Penseroso. After her father's death, Jane's family moved to Edinburgh, where she studied at a charity school under the schoolmaster George Fulton. Her family was acquainted with Sir Walter Scott. After stints in Durham and Ireland, the Porter family moved to London in the 1790s, where the sisters entered a circle of famous and future-famous actors, artists, and literary women, including Elizabeth Inchbald, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, Hannah More, Elizabeth Hamilton, Selina Davenport, Elizabeth Benger and Mrs Champion de Crespigny.

Porter's siblings also achieved some fame. Her sister Anna Maria Porter was likewise a novelist. Her brother Sir Robert Ker Porter became a noted painter.

She died in Bristol at the age of 74.

Works
Porter is seen to have "crafted and pioneered many of the narrative tools most commonly associated with both the national tale and the historical novel," though her claims in her lifetime to have done so were often ridiculed and dismissed. Her 1810 work The Scottish Chiefs, about William Wallace, one of the earliest examples of the historical novel, was very successful. The French version was banned by Napoleon. It was said to have influenced Scott and other writers and has remained popular with Scottish children. The Pastor's Fireside (1817) was a story set in the 18th century about the later members of the House of Stuart. Though one of the most popular writers of her time, the profligacy and financial indecisions of her brothers kept her very poor, as she and Anna Maria were constantly obliged to use their incomes to pay off their brothers' debts.

Porter wrote Thaddeus of Warsaw in 1803, set in the late 18th century Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Despite its success, Porter did not benefit financially, as its copyright was held by its various publishers. To gain income from it, she resorted to ostensibly new editions published with prefaces and minor changes. She applied unsuccessfully for a literary pension, and being personally "totally destitute or nearly so", had to move between homes of her friends.

Porter contributed to periodicals and wrote the play Switzerland (1819), which seems to have been deliberately sabotaged by its lead, Edmund Kean, and closed after its first performance. She is sometimes associated with the 1822 production Owen, Prince of Powys, which closed after only three performances, but this was actually by Samson Penley.

Porter also wrote Tales Round a Winter Hearth (1826) and Coming Out; and The Field of Forty Footsteps (1828) with her sister, Anna Maria. A romance, Sir Edward Seaward's Diary (1831), purporting to record actual circumstances and edited by Jane, was written by her brother, Dr William Ogilvie Porter, as letters in the University of Durham Porter archives show.

In her later years, Porter continued to write pieces for journals. Many appeared anonymously or were simply signed "J. P." Her wide-ranging topics included Peter the Great, Simón Bolívar, and the African explorer Dixon Denham.

Influences
Porter, like many contemporaries, was fascinated by Lord Byron. The villain in The Pastor's Fireside, Duke Wharton, has been said to cast "an unmistakably Byronic shadow". Additional influences on her writing included her schoolmaster George Fulton, Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene and Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. She in turn influenced writers in her time.

Literature

 * Devoney Looser: Sister novelists : the trailblazing Porter sisters, who paved the way for Austen and the Brontës, New York; London; Oxford; New Delhi; Sydney: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022, ISBN 978-1-63557-529-3

Jane Porter biographies

 * Sister Novelists: The Trailblazing Porter Sisters, Who Paved the Way for Austen and the Brontës (Jane and Maria Porter) by Devoney Looser (2022)
 * reformation.org
 * indiana.edu
 * british-fiction.cf.ac.uk
 * What'sHerName Podcast

title: Jane Porter


text:
Anna Maria Porter

Anna Maria Porter (1778–1832) was a British poet and novelist.

Life
The sister of Jane Porter and Robert Ker Porter, she was probably born on 17 December 1778 and was baptized in Salisbury on 25 December 1778. She spent her infancy in Durham, England, the home town of her mother. Her father, William Porter (1735–1779), served as an army surgeon for 23 years and died before she was a year old. He is buried in St Oswald's Church, Durham. After the death of her father, her family settled in Edinburgh, where the Porter children attended charity school and enjoyed the friendship of Walter Scott.

Throughout her life, Anna Maria was known as Maria (pronounced ). Maria, being fair-haired, pretty, and outgoing, was nicknamed 'L'Allegra'. At the age of 14, Maria published her first book, Artless Tales. She was in London by the 1790s, publishing verse in the Universal Magazine. After Artless Tales, she also wrote a short novel Walsh Colville published anonymously in 1797. Though her sister Jane was the more acclaimed and popular writer, Maria was the more prolific. The Hungarian Brothers (1807), a historical romance set against the French Revolutionary Wars, was a success and went into several editions.

Maria also produced the humanitarian Tales of Pity on Fishing, Shooting and Hunting in 1814, and collaborated with her sister on collections of stories. She was one of the era's most published and respected fiction writers, with many of her works translated into French, but she also published poems and short stories and had an opera produced.

Anna Maria Porter died on 21 June 1832 from a typhus fever at the house of Mrs Colonel Booth, a friend of her brother Dr William Ogilvie Porter, Montpelier, near Bristol. Maria was buried at the churchyard of St Paul in that city.

Selected works

 * Artless Tales vol. 1 (1793)
 * Artless Tales vol. 2 (1795/6)
 * Walsh Colville (1797)
 * Octavia (1798)
 * The Lake of Killarney (1804)
 * A Sailor's Friendship, and a Soldier's Love (1805)
 * The Hungarian Brothers (1807)
 * Don Sebastian; or, The House of Braganza (1809)
 * Ballad Romances, and Other Poems (1811)
 * Tales of Pity on Fishing, Shooting, and Hunting (1814)
 * The Recluse of Norway (1814)
 * The Knight of St. John (1817)
 * The Fast of St. Magdalen (1818)
 * The Village of Mariendorpt (1821)
 * Roche-Blanche; or, the Hunters of the Pyrenees (1821)
 * Honor O'Hara (1826)
 * Tales Round a Winter Hearth (1826; a collaboration with Jane Porter)
 * Coming Out; and The Field of Forty Footsteps (1828; a collaboration with Jane Porter)
 * The Barony (1830)

Literature

 * Devoney Looser: Sister novelists : the trailblazing Porter sisters, who paved the way for Austen and the Brontës, New York ; London ; Oxford ; New Delhi ; Sydney : Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022, ISBN 978-1-63557-529-3

title: Anna Maria Porter


text:
Talk:Battle of Brześć Litewski

Untitled

 * Can anyone enlighten me on what the 'the march battalions of 82nd and 35th infantry regiments' are?

Thanks CooCan 15:11, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * A march battalion (Polish batalion marszowy, German Marschbefehl) is a battalion-sized force formed of all the rear units of an infantry regiment. It usually includes all the tabors, field kitchen staff, all the reserve soldiers, military police, commander's reserves, guards, aides, and all the people who can be pressed into first line service to fill in the gaps.

 * As far as I remember the name is derived from the fact that such battalions are usually left in the barracks after the regiment has left for the war and spend some time there to gather all the late-commers, volunteers and such, and then have to follow the main force of the regiment, usually by fast and forcible march.

 * This idea was used by several armies of the era, Polish, German and French included. Does it explain a tad? Halibutt 23:35, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Made into an article :) See March battalion for details. Halibutt 17:07, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:German Soviet.jpg
The image Image:German Soviet.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --01:27, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Use English spelling in the title
This article uses Polish spelling for geographical names in the English Wikipedia. Should I post a request to renaming this article on WP:RM? Dimawik (talk) 20:16, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Brześć Litewski


text:
User talk:Aaarrrggh

Hi, Aaarrrggh. There isn't anything obviously wrong with your attempted edits on the Atheism page. However, if you study the history of the article, you will see that this page has undergone about 500 edits over the past few months, mostly taking the form of edit/revert/edit/revert, precisely in the area which you are trying to edit; namely, the definition. The article was in "protected" status for 25 days as a cooling off period in the edit war, and just came off that status. Administrators are hanging back waiting to see if the editors can compromise or the article has to be protected again. Right now, progress is being made on the Talk page regarding the definition, and while that is happening, people are letting the current definition stand, despite an emerging consensus that it is not adequate. Please refrain from editing the main article and triggering a renewed edit-war. But, by all means, participate in the Talk page discussion where people are working hard to achieve a consensus. Incidentally, welcome to Wikipedia, and good luck with your future contributions!

P.S. I'm assuming this new user account isn't a sockpuppet for one of the parties to the current dispute, but if it is: surely you can't think that is going to work. Your efforts would be better directed toward the emerging compromise, which is close to succeeding. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BM (talk • contribs) 15:11, 4 December 2004 (UTC)

Darwin
(William M. Connolley 09:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)) Just to say, keep up the good work on removing AL from Darwin.

 * I disagree with the above comment, of course. Please read the debate before reverting, and add comments. I explained in detail why I thought the coincidence was relevant and good writing. I mention similar citations (SJ Gould essay and Scientific American columns) not as an appeal to authority, but simply as examples of writers generally considered good using examples of coicidences to illustrate a topic.

 * Lastly, please stop shouting. All caps off is more civil. Vincent 11:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The shouting I think was fully justified by the fact that you have added this irrelevant information to the article on AT LEAST 16 separate occasions. It is consistently removed, and this is entirely due to the fact that it is out of place in an introduction to the life of Charles Darwin, and has no relevance whatsoever in the article. And what you have demonstrated above is exactly an appeal to authority. I am once again removing this information, and I will do so every single time you add it.

To better illustrate this point - imagine you know nothing about Darwin, and come to wikipedia to learn a little about him. You start reading the article and come across this point. To me, it would just seem like a baffling point that serves no purpose and teaches me nothing whatsoever about Darwin. It is such a tiny little piece of trivia, and I cannot understand why anybody could be so obssessed with it as to add it at least 17 times (as I see you have now re-inserted it once again). I will not stop removing it, simply because it is completely irrelevant, and teaches us nothing about Charles Darwin.

Oh, and thank you for your comments William. It's comforting in some way to know that I'm not the only one who is getting frustrated by the repeated insertion of such an irrelevant point. Aaarrrggh 11:45, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * If you knew nothing of Darwin, then associating him with Lincoln immediately and vividly will localize him in time for you. I'm not particularly obsessed with the fact (which I honestly do find interesting and appropriate) I'm offended by the deletions and the name calling that has accompanied them. It's not like I was repeating the false story of his death bed conversion, or for that matter the equally false story that he lost his faith because of his scientific discoveries. Oh, and shouting is never justified, you're just losing your temper. 16 times in a week is less than three times a day, so I am following the 3-revert rule. Cheers. Vincent 12:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I was certainly not involved in any name calling towards you. I appreciate the fact that the information you are adding is factually correct (and I have also noticed that you have added some perfectly relevant information to the article in the past), but the problem I have with it is not related to accuracy, it is related to relevance. And yes, I was shouting because I was losing my temper. This was justifiably so - the fact you are adding is simply not relevant, has been deleted numerous times by people other than myself, and is something you do not seem prepared to discard. Can you not see that it has no place in this encyclopedia article, and especially not in an introductory section regarding Darwin's early life. What does Abraham Lincoln have to do with Darwin's early life? Nothing. Do you see my point? ::Aaarrrggh 13:16, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That's why it's a coincidence, but it is still an interesting one. Unless you're british, and then you're insulted at having Darwin the Holy smeared by association with the evil Lincoln. (I'm Canadian BTW, not American.) Anyway we're in a tit-for-tat war, with you and others losing your tempers, resorting to shouting and expletives. I have developed my argument, I have given distinct reasons for keeping the mention, while you guys just keep repeating your "it's irrelevant" justification. Hey, I am not the only one to point this out. Google generates 4000 results on a search for AL, CD, and b'day. Vincent 06:09, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Jesus. Aaarrrggh 11:41, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Darwin Arbitration
I have just asked for arbitration. From you I have asked the committee to request you stop removing the fact from the article. Vincent 04:56, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * (William M. Connolley 16:29, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)) Hopefully they won't. But there are plenty of other people who will, anyway.

 * Also see my comments at Requests for arbitration/Vfp15 and Charles Darwin/Evidence gK ¿? 02:58, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I was actually absent from wikipedia for some time, and missed all of the arbitration proceedings. I was glad with the outcome however :) Aaarrrggh 07:20, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Creationism
Hi! I just thought that I'd have a word about strategy/tactics on the Creationism article. If the range of positions is from 10 (Ungtts) to -10 (you), then I suppose I'm somewhere about 8 or 9, but I'm trying my hardest to look for compromise over material without compromise of integrity. It's important to make edits that the pro-creationist can live with, just as it's important for them to make edits that you can live with; unless one side or the other digs its heels in and refuses to allow any compromise, that should lead to an article worthy of Wikipedia. The trouble is that if you're too gung ho about your position (whatever its merits), you risk pushing Ungtss into that kind of stubborn posture, and we're in for an edit war, with no winners. I'm not saying that that's happened yet — just giving a friendly warning not to get too hot under the collar. Not that I don't get that way myself sometimes, but I try to stave it off until there's no other useful response (it still doesn't do any good, but it doesn't do any harm either). Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:13, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem Mel Etitis, although if you look at the recent post I made on the creationism talk page, I have just agreed (at least partly) with what Ungtss just said about not defining creationism as the 'rejection of science'. I made this edit only a few minutes ago, so you probably haven't seen it yet. By the way, when you say I'm -10 and you rate yourself as 8 or 9, do you mean to say you tend to favour the creationist arguments? I know this is largely irrelevant, as the majority of the changes you have made have been quite fair in my opinion (and I do admit I can become a little agressive sometimes, although I am trying hard to be as open as I can be. I believe my recent post on the creationism talk page reflects this), but I didn't have you down as a creationist advocate. Perhaps I just misunderstood your point above (placing me on the negative scale made me think you stood at 8 or 9 on the opposite end). I'm asking you this out of pure curiosity by the way, of course you don't actually have to reply if you don't want to. Aaarrrggh 18:58, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You're quite right — I was careless; I meant -8 or -9. I've been trying to save a comment to the Talk:Creationism page for the last ten minutes, but have had five edit conflicts in a row... Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:10, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * lol, yeah it's actually almost been like chatting in real time for the last half hour or so. I have just noticed that Ungstt has reverted your most recent edit that I actually agreed with. I am going to change this back to how you left it. I have explained in further detail on the talk page. Aaarrrggh 19:23, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

(Reply to your message on my page:) it's a pleasure. In fact, on the whole Ungtss is one of the more civilised creationist types on Wikipedia, so that (even though discussions can get a bit heated at times), things are generally easier than with other articles. I'm planning to leave the Talk:Creationism alone for a little while, until it's quietened down a bit; then I'll archive the firct part of the page. It's getting huge, which is part of the reason for all the edit conflicts — it takes so long to save an edit. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:55, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I do agree with you about Ungtss. We clearly disagree quite strongly in terms of our perspective, but I have to credit him for his overall attitude. One of my first experiences after having signed up to wikipedia was in taking a role in a very heated edit war on the atheism page. User samspade was trolling and determined to write about atheism from a christian perspective. In contrast to samspade, ungsst has been very civil and has at least taken part in dialogue and reasoning. I think it is partly because of the experience with mr. Spade that I came into the creationism article a little hot-headedely - I think I was expecting a similar experience. Anyway, hopefully with the likes of us and others (feloniousmonk for one), we will be able to make sure the article doesn't relapse back into anything like its former state. Aaarrrggh 20:08, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I encourage the more rational (pro-science) people not to give up here or anywhere on this issue. It has been my policy throughout 45 or more years of scientific work to ignore astrology, flying-saucer advocacy, Uri Geller, The Bermuda Triangle, Chariots of the Gods, and such tripe, because the more attention you give them, the more prominent they become. A prime example was Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision, which Harlow Shapley tried to have suppressed, only looking like a martinet and aggrandizing Velikovsky as a martyr. There are BIG differences in the case of Creationism/Intelligent-Design. One is that we face not a small, scattered passle of nincompoops, but a number of well-organized fanatics. Next, they do not just publish newsstand and cheap bookstore potboilers, but they invade school boards and legislatures. Finally, and worst for the future of science, many of these people seem to be pretty intelligent and they read a lot of scientific matter, understanding it in part, but then warping it. The warps are subtle. For example, in seeing the original Wikipedia "liquefaction" entry I only noticed that it omitted the liquifaction of gases (Ammonia, Nitrogen, and so on, culminating with Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' Nobel Prize for Helium). I added a line about gases, but then saw comments and changes from Zeizmic and Vsmith (as I recall) who know more geology than I to the effect that a lot of the science was wrong. Thus the original author appears to have partly digested some geology materials in order to insert ideas based on biblical cataclysms and a link to Creationism. I am glad that Zeizmic and Vsmith took an interest and fixed up a lot. At any rate, the neo-Luddites from the Intelligent Design school are crafty enough to understand and quote some science, thus grafting their idea system into it where they can produce a superficially plausible result. This approach is hard to attack, but it must crumble under careful scrutiny and we have to engage therein or the next generation will be raised with a view of science that is warped.Pdn 17:32, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your kind words and encouragement. I agree with everything you have said. I will not allow wikipedia to become a haven for anti-science agenda setters such as Salva, and I will continue to make sure pseudoscientific nonsense such as creationism and intelligent design are treated cautiously and critically here. I'm not trying to supress information, but I am trying to protect the truth and to supress dishonest agenda's where and when I can see them. Thank you for your kind words :-) Aaarrrggh 00:01, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Creationism/Salva/Fundamentalists
I understand your point, and indeed I agree, that creationism probably has no basis in science. I have heard many creationists claim that evidence exists to back creationism, but that evolutionists are ignoring it. I find that hard to believe, and I have never seen anything even suggesting that could be true.

Nevertheless, if Salva will present valid points, I will, and you should, listen to them. Any post that will contribute to Wikipedia becoming/remaining a "respected resource for information" should be included. -- Ec5618 17:09, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree in principle with what you are saying, but the problem is that in my experience, creationists tend to use all kinds of deceptive techniques to try to bend facts and to bend evidence to their own pre-decided conclusions. If Salva can do the impossible and provide valid reasons and evidence for creationism, I won't have a problem with him putting such information into the article. If he tries to bend facts or uses outright distortion and lies to promote his agenda, I will step in to stop him. I am not worried about real information EC, I am just concerned about the inevitability of the kind of edits that I think Salva wishes to make. If he proves me wrong and adds valuable information to the article, I will not stop him. Aaarrrggh 17:21, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Then we're in agreement. Now, let's try to expand this article. -- Ec5618 17:39, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

Kansas School Board
I have written to each member and have gotten some great feedback from one, agreement from 2 more. I am asking the one hot-shot if I can forward her mails on. If so, I'll ask for an e-mail from you if you want to see her mail. She warns that the Kansas activity is spreading to other states, but she feels that by 2006 lawsuits and embarrassment will give her and her supporters (now 4 out of ten board members) a good shot at reversing the disaster that is occurring (in Kansas).Pdn 06:10, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Pdn - I would REALLY appreciate you sending me any correspondence you have had with any of the members of the Kansas School Board. I will offer my full support to anybody on that Board who wishes to teach real science as opposed to creationism in Kansas city schools. If you are able to forward any of these emails, please feel free to send them here: aaarrrggh_uk_1999@yahoo.com (I know the email address is a little garbled, but I do use it). Any help you or anybody else would like regarding this issue, I'll only be too pleased to give :-) 81.178.91.128 14:37, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Invitation to Inquiry
Aaarrrggh, you are cordially invited to join Inquiry. Adraeus 12:21, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sam Spade took over the project, and twisted its purpose. Unfortunately, the project can't be deleted; however, I'm moving it offsite so I can exhibit more control over the documentation and membership. Adraeus 13:58, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Parapsychology
It's Aaarrggh here once again Adraeus, for some reason I seem to be having a lot of problems logging into wikipedia recently. If you arrange an offsite project for the same purpose I would be delighted to help you. I had a quick look on your userpage and noticed you're a member of CSICOP. I think I would be interested in joining them at some point myself. I have recently joined a humanist group in Manchester where I live, and have been thinking more recently about taking an active role in promoting not only atheism and humanism, but critical thought itself to a wider audience. It is something I've been thinking about quite a lot recently, having been greatly impressed by the methods taken by the likes of James Randi and Penn and Teller. A friend of mine who had disagreed with me for a long time about the claims of physics and other such nonsense was recently 'converted' to the skeptical approach after watching that James Randi video I just linked to. He actually said it was a combination of me discussing these issues with him, and the presentation given by Randi that finally won him over, but it gave me a lot more confidence as it was the first time I had ever been directly responsible for changing somebody else's outlook. Anyway, I guess I'm saying I'm definately interested in your project, and I'd also be interested in helping you out with your 'centre for atheism' project too, if you would like me to. 81.178.91.128 14:31, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

"Miscellaneous critique..." section of Creationism
I appreciate the effort you've been putting into Creationism, but I'm curious what you'd think about just removing the entire "Miscellaneous critique..." section. It reads to me like it's simply restating the information in the "Scientific critique..." section. Also, it has, to my mind, a large number of POV-laden statements, including the one you're currently going back and forth with Dabbler on, about whether to characterize young-earth creationists as making a "strong challenge" toward evolution or manifesting "aggressive hostility" toward evolution. While I agree with your comment about the "strong challenge" language being problematic in terms of making the YEC case sound like it constitutes a strong logical challenge, when it really doesn't, the characterization of what they are engaged in as "aggressive hostility" is equally problematic in a different way, because it exhibits a clear anti-creationist POV. And generally, that whole sentence is problematic from a POV standpoint, in that it basically is undertaking to paint young-earth creationists' motivations in a negative light. I don't think a neutral presentation should attribute motives to one side of a controversy from the perspective of the other side. That's what people do when they're actually debating an issue: they attempt to undercut the other side's arguments by calling its motives into question. As I understand the NPOV policy, a good Wikipedia article scrupulously avoids that sort of thing.

Anyway, as I said on the article's talk page recently, I notice a lot of POV problems throughout that "Miscellaneous critique..." section, and given how it doesn't really provide new information not already covered in the "Scientific critique..." section, I think it makes a lot of sense, rather than wrestling over each POV problem individually, to just delete the whole section. I think the article would be stronger as a result. Also, the energy currently going into reverting back and forth within that section could then be applied to improvements elsewhere in the article.

What do you think? John Callender 15:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright tags
Thanks for uploading Image:Breast.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Krystyn Dominik 04:13, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Krystyn. I've replied to this query on your talk page. If you could add the tags for me, I'd be grateful :). Thanks Aaarrrggh 16:57, 13 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I hardly know anything about laws and stuff. According to the image that you pointed out, the tag claims it is a GFDL meaning it is okay to edit/distribute/make profit/etc., on the image. I will replaced replaced the tag with  . --Krystyn Dominik 17:01, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok thanks. I really don't know much about this kind of thing myself to be honest. Aaarrrggh 17:07, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

Thankyou for your message. Am I safe in assuming you are an atheist? Andycjp 16th August 2005.

 * ;-D Aaarrrggh 08:29, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Science is Broken
Just in case you are interested. Found this page http://nov55.com/ovr.html explaining what is wrong with the current practice of "science". Written by a non-creationist biologist. RossNixon 11:12, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The "logic" in the reference cited is probably as good as its spelling:

"Sometimes it is shear (sic) propaganda that overtakes science, as in global warming. " ("shear" instead of "sheer")! Pdn 15:37, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sigh. Ross, I find it desperately sad that people such as yourself have such a child-like view of the world around them. It seems to me that you will cling onto anything that 'shows' a 'flaw' within science. You don't care about the validity or truth of anything, as long as it serves your own hilariously stupid agenda. Your bible is not actually true ross - give it a break :-) Aaarrrggh 15:51, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

Hahaha I read that link and it was soo bullshit Bifgis 03:04, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

On the Evolution article
Look, we had reached a consensus on the Evolution page - I'm sure Nowa and I, among others would have appreciated it if you had brought the proposition to the table beforehand. Anyway, I don't fully understand why you think that the new revision was pushing a "creationist" agenda. If you refer to the discussion carried out before you arrived to the scene, you will see that a comprehensive and fully justified conclusion was reached.

It has been awhile since we last spoke on Wikipedia, and I admit that a degree of arrogance had previously fueled my cause, but I have taken in a lot of knowledge since then, and have discovered that it is a frivalous endeavor to try and gain any credentials whatsoever as a Young-Earth creationist. There is no scientific objectivity in the minds of fundamentalists, atheist and theist alike, so let's just both try and bring our bigotries away from Wikipedia so that we can write a good article, OK?

While I do not believe in the YE business, I think that the ID philosophies are justifiable, and valid in today's scientific arena. You cannot dismiss this fact. Creationism today is not the same as it was 100 years ago, and the entire reason that this controversy has resurfaced anew is that science has progressed. So read Nowa's statements again and rethink your impulsivity. Salva 02:25, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "While I do not believe in the YE business, I think that the ID philosophies are justifiable, and valid in today's scientific arena. You cannot dismiss this fact."

 * It is not a fact, and yes, I deny it. Intelligent Design is not a scientific theory, and has no scientific basis whatsoever. It is a politically designed euphemism for creationism, created by christian fundamentalists to get around the 1987 supreme court ruling that banned the teaching of creationism in American public schools for violating the constitutional separation of church and state. The 'controversy' lies entirely in the public arena, and in the public arena alone. It is nothing more than a clever little technique of christian fundametnalist propaganda, and is totally invalid. Interestingly, I had something of a religious conversion of my own recently, and will of course be insisting that Flying Spaghetti Monsterism is taught in Kansas schools after the recent atrocities against science that took place there.

 * "Creationism today is not the same as it was 100 years ago, and the entire reason that this controversy has resurfaced anew is that science has progressed."

 * Creationism today is pretty much identical to how it was 100 years ago, except the christian fundamentalists who advocate it today have become more media savvy. There is no assertive evidence to back up any claims put forward by these religious types, and their theories are nothing more than cleverly worded biblical literalism. I will continue to prevent you from pushing forward your christian, creationist agenda wherever I catch you doing it. Good day to you Salva! :-) Aaarrrggh 16:55, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

Parapsychology
Hi Aaarrggh. I do not think parapsychology is a psuedo-science. It is the seekers themselves who have corrupted it. I don't think it has looked in the right places, won't look in the right places and it is a haven for screwball ideas. I suspect all it will ever find is short range telepathy ( 20 feet or so) of uncontrolled shared visual hallucinations. I don't think that is what parapsychologists want, nor does anyone else. It is not what has been expected. It will have little affect on science, like the emotional contagion which probably makes it possible.User: Kazuba 15 Feb 2006
 * It is a pseudo-science. A scientific discipline that studies telepathy and ESP? We may aswell start setting up scientific institutions to study gods will, vampires and magic spells. -- void main 02:02, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Quizmania
Just to clear up a few points, to keep the article factually correct: -- 9cds(talk) 02:08, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Calls cost 60p. I am glad you have changed this to correct this fact.
 * The answers are not made up on the spot by the producers. This is quite obvious on the bonus round, which you have singled out. There is a 1 in 99 chance of guessing the correct answer (less if you note down previous incorrect answers, or if you're lucky enough to catch the presenter going through the incorrect answers). Once the two number digit has been guessed correctly, then the envelope which the presenter holds is opened, which contains a card with the two digit number hand-written on it. Also note that the presenters very often say "The answers have been locked into the computer, and can not and will not be changed". To even suggest the producers change the answers in order to get more calls is nowhere near NPOV. You have no proof to suggest this is happening.
 * The show is a TV show. It is not a business, by any definition of the word. A business is something that supplies goods or services. This is a phone in quiz tv show. You do not have to phone in. Nobody has to. The fact that ITV may be making money from the show does not mean the show is a business. It is not, and never will be. It is a TV show.

 * To clarify: Firstly, the addition I made never actually claimed that the calls to quizmania cost £1.50 a minute - that particular sentence began with the phrase "Shows like quizmania..." which to me implied that it was a comment on shows of this genre, not necessarily quizmania itself. I did agree that it was a little misleading however, so added the 60p comment in brackets purely for clarity.

 * I do not see your point about the bonus round not being 'made up on the spot'. There is nothing to prevent them from using any number they wish. I could guess '25', and there would be no way anybody could independantly verify whether this was the correct number or not. I'm sure they do pay out sometimes, but they would have to do this even if the show was a scam anyway, because they need to have at least a few examples of genuine payouts should anyone come asking for evidence.
 * Because they show the number after it has been guessed. Do you honestly think they do camera tricks, and change the envelope part way through the show?

 * Your comment about the presenters saying: "The answers have been locked into the computer, and can not and will not be changed" regarding the bonus round is irrelevant as far as I can tell. We have to take their word for it.
 * That is regarding all rounds. We also have to take your word for that they don't lock the answers into the computer.

 * "To even suggest the producers change the answers in order to get more calls is nowhere near NPOV. You have no proof to suggest this is happening."

 * - It is neutral point of view to present totally legitimate criticisms. While I do not have conclusive 'proof', I have provided analytical evidence (consider the fact that the questions they ask have no definitive 'right or wrong' answer, for example - highly suggestive and totally legitimate criticism). I have also provided citations for my points - the BBC article which provides illumination on general criticisms of shows of that genre, and the times article which notes that Quizmania earned ITV a whopping £1.2 million in just a 2 week period, which neatly brings me onto your final point.
 * There is no citing of sources. We cannot post non-NPOV statements on wikipedia.
 * You say:

 * "* The show is a TV show. It is not a business, by any definition of the word. A business is something that supplies goods or services. This is a phone in quiz tv show. You do not have to phone in. Nobody has to. The fact that ITV may be making money from the show does not mean the show is a business. It is not, and never will be. It is a TV show."

 * Actually, it is a business, or call it a 'money spinning enterprise'. Call it whatever you want, but it is certainly not just a tv show. It is desgined to specifically make money (I refer you once again to the above times article), yet this type of program simply could not work if it presented realistic and genuine opportunities for people to win the amounts of money it appears to be promising. I have no doubt that they will genuinly pay out sometimes, but I would do this anyway if I were designing a system identical to this that was a scam. Equally, the point about people 'not having to phone in' is equally irrelevant. I do not have to purchase a BMW car - does this mean BMW is not a business?
 * It still isn't a business _or_ an enterprise. Go get your dictionary out.

 * I have put the article back how it should be. I have altered the word 'business' to 'enterprise', but the points remain valid and remain unaltered.

Aaarrrggh 09:02, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Please do NOT put the article back until we have discussed this.

As an added note, the only reason they do not show adverts during Quizmania is so that they can show more adverts during the daytime. That is also how they can afford to do it. You may remember that ITV have never shown adverts at night. -- 9cds(talk) 02:10, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This is an absurd statement. Firstly, the number of adverts they show during the day wouldn't make any difference whatsoever how many adverts they show at night-time. That's just absurd. It doesn't work like that. Equally, the statemnet that "You may remember that ITV have never shown adverts at night" is totally and utterly false. ITV have shown adverts at night-time for years. As someone who has suffered from Insomnia and watched cheesy tv during the wee hours as a student, I can vouch for this personally.
 * Then why do they get away with showing more adverts at night? -- 9cds(talk) 12:18, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Aaarrrggh 09:02, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

3rr
Please refrain from undoing other people's edits repeatedly. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia under the three-revert rule, which states that nobody may revert an article to a previous version more than three times in 24 hours. (Note: this also means editing the page to reinsert an old edit. If the effect of your actions is to revert back, it qualifies as a revert.) Thank you.-Localzuk (talk) 13:30, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, understood. However, this article is now going to a vote. I hope we can sort this out that way. Aaarrrggh 13:31, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

April Gaede and Prussian Blue
Here's the photo that Phiwum keeps removing from the article: - user seems to have a POV against this photo and this person is a public figure and fair game. Szygny 21:09, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

March 2014
Hello, I'm Sminthopsis84. I noticed that you recently removed some content from Fertilisation without explaining why. In the future, it would be helpful to others if you described your changes to Wikipedia with an accurate edit summary. If this was a mistake, don't worry; I restored the removed content. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! Sminthopsis84 (talk) 13:43, 16 March 2014 (UTC)

Reference Errors on 21 March
Hello, I'm ReferenceBot. I have automatically detected that an edit performed by you may have introduced errors in referencing. as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/RBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/RBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=ReferenceBot%20–%20&section=new report it to my operator]. Thanks, ReferenceBot (talk) 00:17, 22 March 2015 (UTC)
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User:Praveece
You accidentally posted a message on this user's userpage, I reverted it for you. I'll let you put the message on the user's talk page yourself if you still want to.

Also, I understand your frustration with the Kundalini article but you should try to keep it more civil and not use summaries like "removed bullshit". :p — Jeraphine Gryphon (talk) 11:34, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Aaarrrggh


text:
Bartek (tree)

The Bartek Oak (Dąb Bartek) is one of the oldest oak trees in Poland. It grows in Zagnańsk near Kielce in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Its age, previously estimated at up to 1200 years, has recently been established to be 686 years (in 2016), with a corer used to extract a sample for a ring count. An accurate count is impossible, as Bartek's interior has hollowed with age. There are several older trees in Poland, both oaks and yews (some over 1000 years old), yet none of them have matched Bartek's fame.

The 33,5-metre tall Bartek measures 970 cm at CBH (circumference at breast height) and 13.5 metres in girth at its base. Its crown spreads about 40 metres. King Casimir III (1310–1370) is known to have held court under Bartek. King Jan III Sobieski rested under the oak on his way back from the Battle of Vienna (1683). He reputedly hid a Turkish sabre, an arquebus and a bottle of wine inside it to commemorate the victory.

The oak is still alive, but is in decline. In 1829 it had 14 main branches, today only 8 are left. In the 1920s the hollow inside the trunk was covered with limestone. The limestone was removed in the 1960s, replaced with resin-based filling and covered with bark. The living sapwood is very thin (5–20 cm). The weakened trunk has begun to lean toward the heavy branches.

title: Bartek (tree)


text:
Humphrey Prideaux

Humphrey Prideaux (3 May 1648 – 1 November 1724) was a Cornish churchman and orientalist, Dean of Norwich from 1702. His sympathies inclined to Low Churchism in religion and to Whiggism in politics.

Life
The third son of Edmond Prideaux, he was born at Padstow, Cornwall, on 3 May 1648. His mother was a daughter of John Moyle. After education at Liskeard grammar school and Bodmin grammar school, he went to Westminster School under Richard Busby, recommended by his uncle William Morice. On 11 December 1668 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he had obtained a studentship. He graduated B.A. 22 June 1672, M.A. 29 April 1675, B.D. 15 November 1682, D.D. 8 June 1686. In January 1674, Prideaux recorded in his letters a visit to his home of William Levett; with Levett came Lord Cornbury, son of the Earl of Clarendon, Levett's principal patron. In other letters, Prideaux mentioned alliances with Levett in ongoing church political maneuverings. At the university he was known for scholarship; John Fell employed him in 1672 on an edition of Florus. He also worked on Edmund Chilmead's edition of the chronicle of John Malalas.

Prideaux gained the patronage of Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, as tutor to his son Charles, and in 1677 he obtained the sinecure rectory of Llandewy-Velfrey, Pembrokeshire. In 1679 Finch presented him to the rectory of St Clement's, Oxford, which he held till 1696. He was appointed also, in 1679, Busby's Hebrew lecturer in Christ Church College. Finch gave him in 1681 a canonry at Norwich, and Sir Francis North in February 1683 presented him to the rectory of Bladon, Oxfordshire, which included the chapelry of Woodstock. He retained his studentship at Christ Church, where he was acting as unsalaried librarian.

Prideaux married and left Oxford for Norwich, ahead of James II's appointment (October 1686) of John Massey, a Roman Catholic, as Dean of Christ Church. He exchanged (1686) Bladon for the rectory of Saham-Toney, Norfolk, which he held till 1694. He engaged in controversy with Roman Catholics, especially on the point of the validity of Anglican orders. As canon of Norwich he improved the financial arrangements of the chapter, and put the records in order. In December 1688 he was made archdeacon of Suffolk by his bishop William Lloyd, an office which he held till 1694. While Lloyd became a nonjuror, Prideaux exerted himself at his archidiaconal visitation (May 1689) to secure the taking of the oaths; out of three hundred parishes in his archdeaconry only three clergymen became nonjurors. At the Convocation which opened on 21 November 1689 Prideaux was an advocate for changes in the Book of Common Prayer, with a view to the comprehension of Dissenters. Subsequently he officially corrected a lax interpretation of the Toleration Act 1688, as though it exempted from the duty of attendance on public worship. Gilbert Burnet consulted him in 1691 about a measure for prevention of pluralities, and Prideaux drafted a bill for this purpose. Richard Kidder consulted him in the same year about a bill for preventing clandestine marriages.

From 1689 to 1694 Prideaux resided at Saham. He declined in 1691 the Oxford Hebrew chair vacated by the death of Edward Pococke, a step which he afterwards regretted. Saham did not suit his health, and he returned to Norwich. In a letter written on 28 November 1694 after receiving the news of John Tillotson's death, he said that he had no expectations of future advancement. Early in 1697 he was presented to the vicarage of Trowse, near Norwich, a chapter living, which he held till 1709. He succeeded Henry Fairfax as dean of Norwich, and was installed on 8 June 1702. On the translation to Ely (31 July 1707) of John Moore, Prideaux recommended the appointment of Charles Trimnell, his fellow canon, as bishop.

In 1721 Prideaux gave his collection of oriental books to Clare Hall, Cambridge. From about 1709 he had suffered severely from the stone, which prevented him from preaching. An operation was badly managed; attacks of rheumatism and paralysis reduced his strength. He died on 1 November 1724, at the deanery, Norwich, and was buried in the nave of the Norwich Cathedral, where there was a stone to his memory, with an epitaph composed by himself.

Works
Among his other works were a Life of Mahomet (1697), with a polemical tract against the deists. Its scholarship depended in particular on Pococke. It was criticised by George Sale, in his notes to his translation of the Quran. Its year-of-publication reprint was followed by a third, and a fourth; and four further editions between 1712 and 1718, and yet another reprint in 1723. The Old and New Testament connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations (1715–17) was a significant work, of which many editions were brought out; it drew on James Ussher. It was among the earliest English works to use the term Vulgar Era, though Kepler used the term as early as 1635. It covered the historical interval between the Old and New Testaments, and led to a controversy between Prideaux and his cousin, Walter Moyle. Jean Le Clerc wrote a critical examination of it, which was published in English in 1722. The French translation was by Moses Solanus and Jean-Baptiste Brutel de la Rivière.

He published the following pamphlets: The Validity of the Orders of the Church of England (1688), Letter to a Friend on the Present Convocation (1690), The Case of Clandestine Marriages stated (1691). Other works were:
 * Marmora Oxoniensia, &c., Oxford, 1676, a catalogue and chronology of the Arundel marbles and related collections; the numerous typographical errors were ascribed to the carelessness of Thomas Bennet as corrector of the press. There were later editions, by Michael Maittaire and Richard Chandler.
 * De Jure Pauperis et Peregrini, &c., Oxford, 1679, (edition of the Hebrew of Maimonides, with a Latin version and notes).
 * A Compendious Introduction for Reading ... Histories, &c., Oxford, 1682.
 * Directions to Churchwardens, &c., Norwich, 1701; 7th edition, 1730.
 * The Original and Right of Tithes, &c., Norwich, 1710; reprinted 1713; 1736.
 * Ecclesiastical Tracts, &c., 1716.

His letters (1674–1722) to John Ellis were edited for the Camden Society in 1875 by Edward Maunde Thompson.

Marriage and children
On 16 February 1686 Prideaux married Bridget Bokenham, only child of Anthony Bokenham of Helmingham, Suffolk, and left a son:
 * Edmund Prideaux (1693-1745) of Prideaux Place, Padstow, Cornwall, a lawyer of the Middle Temple and a talented amateur architectural artist.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Humphrey Prideaux


text:
Thomas Pringle

Thomas Pringle (5 January 1789 – 5 December 1834) was a Scottish writer, poet and abolitionist. Known as the father of South African poetry, he was the first successful English language poet and author to describe South Africa's scenery, native peoples, and living conditions.

Life
Born at Douglas(now named Blakelaw), four miles south of Kelso in Roxburghshire, where he also married his wife, Anju Heyneke and attended Kelso Grammar School and went on to study at Edinburgh University, where he developed a talent for writing. Due to an injury in an accident in infancy, he did not follow his father into farming, but after attending Kelso grammar school and later Edinburgh University worked as a clerk and continued writing, soon succeeding to editorships of journals and newspapers, including William Blackwood's Edinburgh Monthly Magazine. He features as the character Mehibosheth in John Paterson's Mare, James Hogg's allegorical satire on the Edinburgh publishing scene first published in the Newcastle Magazine in 1825.

In 1816 one of Pringle's poems celebrating the countryside near Kelso came to the attention of the novelist Sir Walter Scott, who admired it. A friendship developed between the two and by Scott's influence, whilst facing hard times and unable to earn a living, Pringle secured free passage and a British Government resettlement offer of land in South Africa, to which he emigrated in 1820. This was a scheme to populate the eastern frontier of the Cape with English-speaking settlers and provide a buffer against the Africans. He headed a party whose farms were granted in the Baviaans River Valley miles away from the bulk of the 5,000 other settlers who were granted land in the area of Grahamstown. Being lame, he himself took to literary work in Cape Town rather than farming, opened a school with fellow Scotsman John Fairbairn, and conducted two newspapers, the South African Journal, and South African Commercial Advertiser. However, both papers became suppressed for their free criticisms of the Colonial Government, and his school was closed.

Without a livelihood, and with debts, Thomas returned to Britain and settled in London. An anti-slavery article which he had written in South Africa before he left was published in the New Monthly Magazine, and brought him to the attention of Buxton, Zachary Macaulay and others, which led to his being appointed Secretary of the Anti-Slavery Society. He began working for the Committee of the Anti-Slavery Society in March 1827, and continued for seven years. He offered work to Mary Prince, a former slave, enabling her to write her autobiography describing her experiences under slavery in the West Indies. This book caused a sensation, partly arising from libel actions disputing its accuracy, and went into many editions. He also published African Sketches and books of poems, such as Ephemerides.

As Secretary to the Anti-Slavery Society he helped steer the organisation towards its eventual success; in 1834, with a widening of the electoral franchise, the Reformed British Parliament passed legislation to bring an end to slavery in the British dominions – the aim of Pringle's Society. Pringle signed the Society's notice to set aside 1 August 1834 as a religious thanksgiving for the passing of the Act. However, the legislation did not come into effect until August 1838, and Thomas Pringle was unable to witness this moment; he had died from tuberculosis in December 1834 at the age of 45.

In his memory, Josiah Conder's Biographical Sketch of the Late Thomas Pringle (1835) was published, sold bound together with Thomas Pringle's own Narrative of a Residence in South Africa (1834).

His remains were interred in Bunhill Fields, where he was commemorated with a memorial stone bearing an elegant inscription by William Kennedy. In 1970, however, his remains were brought to South Africa, to the church near the farm his family owned in the Baviaans Valley, and re-interred there.

Books

 * Pringle, Thomas – Narrative of A Residence in South Africa 2 vols. Doppler Press (1834; 1986 reprint)
 * Meihuizen, Nicholas – Ordering Empire: The Poetry of Camões, Pringle and Campbell. Peter Lang (2007)
 * Vigne, Randolph (ed.) – The South African Letters of Thomas Pringle. Van Riebeeck Society (2011)
 * Vigne, Randolph – Thomas Pringle: South African Pioneer, Poet & Abolitionist. James Currey (2012)

title: Thomas Pringle