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Rebecca (novel)

Rebecca is a 1938 Gothic novel written by English author Daphne du Maurier. The novel depicts an unnamed young woman who impetuously marries a wealthy widower, before discovering that both he and his household are haunted by the memory of his late first wife, the title character.

A bestseller which has never gone out of print, Rebecca sold 2.8 million copies between its publication in 1938 and 1965. It has been adapted numerous times for stage and screen, including a 1939 play by du Maurier herself, the film Rebecca (1940), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and the 2020 remake directed by Ben Wheatley for Netflix. The story has been adapted as a musical.

The novel is remembered especially for the character Mrs Danvers, the West Country estate Manderley, and its opening line: "Last night, I dreamt I went to Manderley again."

Plot
While working as the companion to a rich American woman on holiday in Monte Carlo, the unnamed narrator, a naïve young woman in her early 20s, becomes acquainted with a wealthy Englishman, Maxim de Winter, a 42-year-old widower. After a fortnight of courtship, she agrees to marry him and, after the wedding and honeymoon, accompanies him to his mansion in Cornwall, the beautiful estate Manderley.

Mrs Danvers, the sinister housekeeper, was profoundly devoted to the first Mrs de Winter, Rebecca, who died in a sailing accident about a year before Maxim and the second Mrs de Winter met. She continually attempts to undermine the narrator psychologically, subtly suggesting to her that she will never attain the beauty, urbanity, and charm her predecessor possessed. Whenever the narrator attempts to make changes at Manderley, Mrs Danvers describes how Rebecca ran it when she was alive. Cowed by Mrs Danvers' imposing manner and the other members of West Country society's unwavering reverence for Rebecca, the narrator becomes isolated.

The narrator is soon convinced that Maxim regrets his impetuous decision to marry her, and that he is still deeply in love with the seemingly perfect Rebecca. In an attempt to please him, she revives the Manderley costume ball, a custom Rebecca had instated, with the help of Mrs Danvers. On her suggestion, the narrator wears a replica of the dress shown in a portrait of one of the house's former inhabitants, ignorant of the fact that Rebecca had worn the same costume to much acclaim shortly before her death. When the narrator enters the hall and Maxim sees the dress, he angrily orders her to change.

Shortly after the ball, Mrs Danvers reveals her contempt for the narrator, believing she is trying to replace Rebecca, and reveals her deep, unhealthy obsession with the dead woman. Mrs Danvers tries to get the narrator to commit suicide by encouraging her to jump out of the window. However, she is interrupted before the narrator does so by the disturbance caused by a nearby shipwreck. A diver investigating the wrecked ship's hull condition also discovers the remains of Rebecca's sailing boat, with her decomposed body still on board, despite Maxim having identified another body that had washed ashore shortly after Rebecca's death.

This discovery causes Maxim to confess to the narrator that his marriage to Rebecca was a sham. Rebecca, Maxim reveals, was a cruel and selfish woman who manipulated everyone around her into believing her to be the perfect wife and a paragon of virtue. On the night of her death, she told Maxim that she was pregnant with another man's child, which she would raise under the pretense that it was Maxim's, and he would be powerless to stop her. In a rage Maxim shot and killed her. He then disposed of her body by placing it in her boat and sinking it at sea. The narrator is relieved to hear that Maxim has always loved her and never Rebecca.

Rebecca's boat is raised, and it is discovered to have been deliberately sunk. An inquest brings a verdict of suicide. However, Rebecca's first cousin and lover, Jack Favell, attempts to blackmail Maxim, claiming to have proof that she could not have intended suicide based on a note she sent to him the night she died. It is revealed that Rebecca had had an appointment with a doctor in London shortly before her death, presumably to confirm her pregnancy. When the doctor is found, he reveals that Rebecca had cancer and would have died within a few months. Furthermore, due to the malformation of her uterus, she could never have been pregnant. Maxim assumes that Rebecca, knowing that she would die, manipulated him into killing her quickly. Mrs Danvers had said after the inquiry that Rebecca feared nothing except dying a lingering death.

Maxim feels a great sense of foreboding and insists on driving through the night to return to Manderley. However, before he comes in sight of the house, it is clear from a glow on the horizon and wind-borne ashes that it is ablaze.

Principal characters

 * The Narrator/the Second Mrs de Winter: A timid, naïve, middle-class woman in her early twenties, who enjoys sketching. Neither the narrator's first nor maiden name is revealed. She is referred to as "my wife", "Mrs de Winter", "my dear", and so on. The one time she is introduced with a name is during a fancy dress ball, in which she dresses as a de Winter ancestor and is introduced as "Caroline de Winter", although this is clearly not her own name. She signs her name as "Mrs M. de Winter", using Maxim's initial. Early in the novel she receives a letter and remarks that her name was correctly spelled, which is "an unusual thing," suggesting her name is uncommon, foreign or complex. While courting her, Maxim compliments her on her "lovely and unusual name". Despite her timidity, she gradually matures throughout the novel, refusing to be a victim of Rebecca's phantom-like influence any longer and becoming a strong, assertive woman in her own right.
 * Maximilian "Maxim" de Winter: The reserved, unemotional owner of Manderley. He marries his new wife after a brief courtship, yet displays little affection toward her after the marriage. Emotionally scarred by his traumatic marriage to Rebecca, his distance toward his new wife causes her to fear he regrets his marriage to her and is still haunted by Rebecca's death. Maxim killed Rebecca after she told him that she was carrying her lover's child, that he would have to raise as his own. He does eventually reveal to his new wife that he never loved Rebecca, but not until several months of marriage have passed. In the 1940 film adaptation, his full name is George Fortescue Maximilian de Winter.
 * Mrs Danvers: The cold, overbearing housekeeper of Manderley. Danvers was Rebecca's family maid when she was a child and has lived with her for years. She is unhealthily obsessed with Rebecca and preserving Rebecca's memory. She resents the new Mrs de Winter, convinced she is trying to "take Rebecca's place". She tries to undermine the new Mrs de Winter, but her efforts fail. After her scheme is ruined, Mrs Danvers apparently burns Manderley to the ground, preferring to destroy it than allow Maxim to share his home with another lover and wife. She is nicknamed Danny which is derived from her last name; her first name being unknown or unimportant, but in Sally Beauman's sequel Rebecca's Tale it was said to be Edith.
 * Rebecca de Winter: The unseen, deceased title character, who has been dead for less than a year. A famous beauty, and on the surface a devoted wife and perfect hostess, Rebecca was actually unfaithful to her husband Maxim. Her lingering presence overwhelms Manderley, dominating the visitors, the staff and the new Mrs de Winter. Through dialogue, it is slowly revealed that Rebecca possessed the signs of a psychopath: habitual lying, superficial charm, expert manipulation, no conscience and no remorse. She was also revealed to be somewhat sadistic—Danvers tells a story of Rebecca, during her teenage years, cruelly whipping a horse until it bled.

Minor characters

 * Frank Crawley: The hard-working, dutiful agent of Manderley. He is said to be Maxim's trusted advisor and faithful confidant. He soon becomes a good friend to the second Mrs de Winter, and helps her in the self-doubt of her inability to rule Manderley as its mistress.
 * Beatrice Lacy (formerly de Winter): Maxim's wilful and quick-witted sister, who develops an immediate fondness for the new Mrs de Winter. Prior to the novel, she had married Giles Lacy. She, along with her brother, is one of the few people who knew Rebecca's true, vile nature, and was one of her victims: Beatrice's husband was seduced by her.
 * Giles Lacy: The slightly slow-witted husband of Beatrice, and Maxim's brother-in-law. He was one of the many men who fell for Rebecca's charms.
 * Frith: The middle-aged, kind and devoted butler at Manderley. He already worked for the de Winters when Maxim was a boy.
 * Robert: A footman.
 * Mrs Van Hopper: The narrator's employer at the beginning of the novel, an obnoxious, overbearing American woman who relentlessly pursues wealthy and famous guests at the various hotels she stays at in order to latch on to their fame and boost her own status through association.
 * Clarice: Mrs de Winter's faithful and trusted maid. She aided her lady and mistress in fitting her white, frilly gown for the fancy dress ball. She replaces the original maid, Alice, later on.
 * Jack Favell: The crafty and sneaky first cousin of the late Rebecca de Winter and her most frequent lover. He and Rebecca grew up together, and he shares many of her worst traits, suggesting insanity runs in their family. He is strongly disliked by Maxim and several other characters. Since Rebecca's untimely demise, his one and only true friend and confidante is Mrs Danvers, whom he calls "Danny", just as Rebecca had done.
 * Colonel Julyan: The investigator of the inquest into the true cause of Rebecca's untimely demise.
 * Dr Baker: A doctor, who specializes in gynaecology. A few hours before her death, Rebecca went to see him in secret, when he diagnosed her with an unspecified type of cancer.

Locations

 * The fictional Hôtel Côte d'Azur, Monte Carlo
 * The fictional Manderley, a country estate which du Maurier's editor noted "is as much an atmosphere as a tangible erection of stones and mortar"
 * a fictional hotel somewhere in the South, where the Maxim and his second wife temporarily live after Manderley was burnt

Development
In 1937, Daphne du Maurier signed a three-book deal with Victor Gollancz and accepted an advance of £1,000. A 2008 article in The Daily Telegraph indicates she had been toying with the theme of jealousy for the five years since her marriage in 1932. She started "sluggishly" and wrote a desperate apology to Gollancz: "The first 15,000 words I tore up in disgust and this literary miscarriage has cast me down rather."

Her husband, Tommy "Boy" Browning, was Lieutenant Colonel of the Grenadier Guards and they were posted to Alexandria, Egypt, with the Second Battalion, leaving Britain on 30 July 1937. Gollancz expected her manuscript on their return to Britain in December but she wrote that she was "ashamed to tell you that progress is slow on the new novel...There is little likelihood of my bringing back a finished manuscript in December."

On returning to Britain in December 1937, du Maurier decided to spend Christmas away from her family to write the book and she successfully delivered it to her publisher less than four months later. Du Maurier described the plot as "a sinister tale about a woman who marries a widower....Psychological and rather macabre."

Derivation and inspiration
Some commentators have noted parallels with Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre. Another of du Maurier's works, Jamaica Inn, is also linked to one of the Brontë sisters' works, Emily's Wuthering Heights. Du Maurier commented publicly in her lifetime that the book was based on her own memories of Menabilly and Cornwall, as well as her relationship with her father.

While du Maurier "categorised Rebecca as a study in jealousy ... she admitted its origins in her own life to few." Her husband had been "engaged before – to glamorous, dark-haired Jan Ricardo. The suspicion that Tommy remained attracted to Ricardo haunted Daphne." In The Rebecca Notebook of 1981, du Maurier "'remembered' Rebecca's gestation ... Seeds began to drop. A beautiful home ... a first wife ... jealousy, a wreck, perhaps at sea, near to the house ... But something terrible would have to happen, I did not know what..." She wrote in her notes prior to writing: 'I want to build up the character of the first [wife] in the mind of the second...until wife 2 is haunted day and night...a tragedy is looming very close and CRASH! BANG! something happens.'"

Du Maurier and her husband, "Tommy Browning, like Rebecca and Maximilian de Winter, were not faithful to one another." Subsequent to the novel's publication, "Jan Ricardo, tragically, died during the Second World War. She threw herself under a train."

Childhood visits to Milton Hall, Cambridgeshire (then in Northamptonshire) home of the Wentworth-Fitzwilliam family, may have influenced the descriptions of Manderley.

Literary technique
The famous opening line of the book "Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley again." is an iambic hexameter. The last line of the book "And the ashes blew towards us with the salt wind from the sea" is too in metrical form; almost but not quite an anapestic tetrameter.

Plagiarism allegations
Shortly after Rebecca was published in Brazil, critic Álvaro Lins pointed out many resemblances between du Maurier's book and the work of Brazilian writer Carolina Nabuco. Nabuco's A Sucessora (The Successor), published in 1934, has a main plot similar to Rebecca, for example a young woman marrying a widower and the strange presence of the first wife—plot features also shared with the far older Jane Eyre. Nina Auerbach alleged in her book Daphne du Maurier, Haunted Heiress, that du Maurier read the English version of the Brazilian book when the first drafts were sent to the same publisher as hers in order to be published in England, and based her famous best-seller on it.

Immediately following a 1941 article in The New York Times Book Review highlighting the two novels' many similarities, du Maurier issued a rebuttal in a letter to the editor. According to Nabuco's autobiography, Eight Decades, she (Nabuco) refused to sign an agreement brought to her by a United Artists' representative in which she would concede that the similarities between her book and the movie were mere coincidence. A further, ironic complication in Nabuco's allegations is the similarity between her novel and the novel Encarnação, written by José de Alencar, one of Brazil's most celebrated novelists of the nineteenth century, and published posthumously in 1893.

In 1944, according to The Hollywood Reporter, du Maurier; her U.S. publishers Doubleday; and United Artists, distributors of the film adaptation, were sued for plagiarism by Edwina Levin MacDonald who alleged that du Maurier had copied her 1927 novel Blind Windows, and sought an undisclosed amount of accounting and damages. The complaint was eventually dismissed on 14 January 1948.

Publishing history and reception
Du Maurier delivered the manuscript to her publisher, Victor Gollancz, in April 1938. On receipt, the book was read in Gollancz's office, and her "editor, Norman Collins, reported simply: 'The new Daphne du Maurier contains everything that the public could want.'" Gollancz's "reaction to Rebecca was relief and jubilation" and "a 'rollicking success' was predicted by him." He "did not hang around" and "ordered a first print run of 20,000 copies and within a month Rebecca had sold more than twice that number." The novel has been continuously in print since 1938 and in 1993 "du Maurier's US publishers Avon estimated ongoing monthly paperback sales of Rebecca at more than 4,000 copies."

Promotion
Du Maurier "did several radio interviews with BBC and other stations" and "attended Foyle's Literary Lunch" in August 1938 while Good Housekeeping, Ladies Home Journal, and House & Garden published articles on du Maurier.

Reception in the professional and popular press
The Times stated that "the material is of the humblest ... nothing in this is beyond the novelette." In the Christian Science Monitor of 14 September 1938, V.S. Pritchett predicted the novel "would be here today, gone tomorrow."

More recently, in a column for The Independent, the critics Ceri Radford and Chris Harvey recommended the book and argued that Rebecca is a "marvellously gothic tale" with a good dose of atmospheric and psychological horror.

Few critics saw in the novel what the author wanted them to see: the exploration of the relationship between a man who is powerful and a woman who is not.

Print history
Rebecca is listed in the 20th-Century American Bestsellers descriptive bibliography database maintained by the University of Illinois. The entry, by Katherine Huber, provided the detailed information on the English and American editions as well as translations listed below.

Critical reception
On 5 November 2019, the BBC News listed Rebecca on its list of the 100 most inspiring novels.

Awards
In the U.S., du Maurier won the National Book Award for favourite novel of 1938, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 14 on the UK survey The Big Read.

In 2017, it was voted the UK's favourite book of the past 225 years in a poll by bookseller W H Smith. Other novels in the shortlist were To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë, and 1984 by George Orwell.

Film
The best known of the theatrical film adaptations is the Academy Award–winning 1940 Alfred Hitchcock film version Rebecca, the first film Hitchcock made under his contract with David O. Selznick. The film, which starred Laurence Olivier as Maxim, Joan Fontaine as his wife, and Dame Judith Anderson as Mrs Danvers, was based on the novel. However, the Hollywood Production Code required that if Maxim had murdered his wife, he would have to be punished for his crime. Therefore, the key turning point of the novel—the revelation that Maxim, in fact, murdered Rebecca—was altered so that Rebecca's death was accidental. This change had not been made in Orson Welles' previous radio play which included a promotion of the film. At the end of the film version, Mrs Danvers perishes in the fire, which she had started. The film quickly became a classic, and at the time, was a major technical achievement in film-making.

In 2020, there was a Netflix adaptation, directed by Ben Wheatley and written by Jane Goldman, starring Lily James as the second Mrs de Winter, Armie Hammer as Maxim, and Kristin Scott Thomas as Mrs Danvers.

Television

Rebecca was adapted for The Philco Television Playhouse (10 October 1948), with Mary Anderson and Bramwell Fletcher; Robert Montgomery Presents (22 May 1950), with Barbara Bel Geddes and Peter Cookson; and Broadway Television Theatre (1 September 1952), with Patricia Breslin and Scott Forbes.

Theatre '62 presented an NBC-TV adaptation starring James Mason as Maxim, Joan Hackett as the second Mrs de Winter, and Nina Foch as Mrs Danvers.

Rebecca, a 1979 BBC adaptation, was directed by Simon Langton and starred Jeremy Brett as Maxim, Joanna David as the second Mrs de Winter, and Anna Massey (Jeremy Brett's former wife) as Mrs Danvers. It ran for four 55-minute episodes. It was broadcast in the United States on PBS as part of its Mystery! series.

Rebecca, a 1997 Carlton Television drama serial, starred Emilia Fox (Joanna David's daughter, in the same role played by her mother in 1979), Charles Dance as de Winter, and Dame Diana Rigg as Mrs Danvers. It was directed by Jim O'Brien, with a screenplay by Arthur Hopcraft. It was broadcast in the United States by PBS as part of Masterpiece Theatre. This adaptation is noteworthy for featuring an appearance by Rebecca, played by Lucy Cohu. It also shows Maxim saving Mrs Danvers from the fire, ending with an epilogue showing Maxim and the second Mrs de Winter relaxing abroad, as she explains what she and Maxim do with their days now they are unlikely ever to return to Manderley.

In 2008, a two-part Italian TV adaption, loosely based on the novel and named Rebecca, la prima moglie, aired on the national public broadcaster RAI. The episodes feature Alessio Boni as Maxim de Winter, Cristiana Capotondi as Jennifer de Winter and Mariangela Melato as Mrs Danvers. The mini-series was filmed in Trieste.

Noor Pur Ki Rani, an Urdu language Pakistani drama television series adaptation directed by Haissam Hussain and dramatized by Pakistani writer and author Samira Fazal, was broadcast on Hum TV in 2009. The main role was played by Sanam Baloch.

Radio
The first adaptation of Rebecca for any medium was presented 9 December 1938, by Orson Welles, as the debut program of his live CBS Radio series The Campbell Playhouse (the sponsored continuation of The Mercury Theatre on the Air). Introducing the story, Welles refers to the forthcoming motion picture adaptation by David O. Selznick; at the conclusion of the show he interviews Daphne du Maurier in London via shortwave radio. The novel was adapted by Howard E. Koch. Welles and Margaret Sullavan starred as Max de Winter and the second Mrs de Winter. Other cast included Mildred Natwick (Mrs Danvers), Ray Collins (Frank Crawley), George Coulouris (Captain Searle), Frank Readick (as Ben), Alfred Shirley (Frith), Eustace Wyatt (Coroner) and Agnes Moorehead (Mrs Van Hopper). Bernard Herrmann composed and conducted the score, which later formed the basis of his score for the 1943 film Jane Eyre.

The Screen Guild Theater presented half-hour adaptions with Joan Fontaine, her husband at the time Brian Aherne, and Agnes Moorehead (31 May 1943), and with Loretta Young, John Lund and Agnes Moorehead (18 November 1948). Joan Fontaine and Joseph Cotten performed a half-hour adaptation 1 October 1946 on The Cresta Blanca Hollywood Players.

The Lux Radio Theatre presented hour-long adaptations with Ronald Colman, Ida Lupino and Judith Anderson (3 February 1941), and with Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh and Betty Blythe (6 November 1950). These were tie-ins to the Hitchcock film, and perpetuated the censorship of the novel which the Hays Office had imposed on that film, although Orson Welles' radio version which predated the film (and including a promotion for the film) was faithful to the original, asserting that Max de Winter had deliberately murdered Rebecca.

Theatre
Du Maurier herself adapted Rebecca as a stage play in 1939; it had a successful London run in 1940 of over 350 performances. The Talking Books for the blind edition read by Barbara Caruso borrows heavily from this stage adaptation which differs materially from the novel in many respects including changing the iconic ending of the novel.

A Broadway stage adaptation starring Diana Barrymore, Bramwell Fletcher and Florence Reed ran 18 January – 3 February 1945, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.

The book has also been adapted into a German-language musical, Rebecca, which opened in Vienna in 2006 and ran for three years.

Opera
Rebecca was adapted as an opera with music by Wilfred Josephs, premiered by Opera North in Leeds, England, 15 October 1983.

Sequels and related works
The novel has inspired three additional books approved by the du Maurier estate: In addition, a number of fan fiction websites feature sequels, prequels, and adaptations of this novel.
 * Mrs de Winter (1993) by Susan Hill. (ISBN 978-0-09-928478-9)
 * The Other Rebecca (1996) by Maureen Freely. (ISBN 978-0-89733-477-8)
 * Rebecca's Tale (2001) by Sally Beauman (ISBN 978-0-06-621108-4)

As a code key in World War II
One edition of the book was used by the Germans in World War II as the key to a book code. Sentences would be made using single words in the book, referred to by page number, line and position in the line. One copy was kept at Rommel's headquarters, and the other was carried by German Abwehr agents infiltrated into Cairo after crossing Egypt by car, guided by Count László Almásy. This code never was used, however, because the radio section of the headquarters was captured in a skirmish and hence the Germans suspected that the code was compromised.

This use of the book is referred to in Ken Follett's novel The Key to Rebecca—where a (fictional) spy does use it to pass critical information to Rommel. This use was also referenced in Michael Ondaatje's 1992 novel The English Patient.

Literature
The character of Mrs Danvers is alluded to numerous times throughout Stephen King's Bag of Bones. In the book, Mrs Danvers serves as something of a bogeyman for the main character Mike Noonan.

In Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next series, thousands of Mrs Danvers clones are created.

Television
The 1970 Parallel Time storyline of the Gothic soap opera Dark Shadows was heavily inspired by Rebecca including the costume ball scene. The second Dark Shadows motion picture Night of Dark Shadows also took inspiration from the novel.

The film was parodied on The Carol Burnett Show in a 1972 skit called "Rebecky", with Carol Burnett as the heroine, Daphne; Harvey Korman as Max "de Wintry" and in the guise of Mother Marcus as Rebecky de Wintry; and Vicki Lawrence as Mrs Dampers.

Another parody of the story is found in the second series of the sketch show That Mitchell and Webb Look from 2008. The sketch, which stars Robert Webb as Maxim, David Mitchell as Mrs Danvers, and Jo Neary as Rebecca, explores an alternate approach to a filmatization of the novel. Here, the story is narrated by Rebecca, who is haunted by the household's anticipation of a second Mrs De Winter.

The plots of some Latin-American soap operas have also been inspired by the novel, such as Manuela (Argentina), Infierno en el paraíso (Mexico), the Venezuelan telenovela Julia and its remake El Fantasma de Elena on Telemundo, and "La Sombra de Belinda" a telenovela from Puerto Rico.

Music
Meg & Dia's Meg Frampton penned a song titled "Rebecca", inspired by the novel.

Kansas alumnus Steve Walsh's solo recording Glossolalia includes a song titled "Rebecca" with the lyrics: "I suppose I was the lucky one, returning like a wayward son to Manderley, I'd never be the same..."

Steve Hackett included a song titled "Rebecca" on his album To Watch the Storms.

Taylor Swift's song "Tolerate It", featured on her album Evermore, is inspired by the novel.

Fashion
In 2013, Devon watchmakers Du Maurier Watches, founded by the grandson of Daphne du Maurier, released a limited edition collection of two watches inspired by the characters from the novel—The Rebecca and The Maxim.

title: Rebecca (novel)


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Category:Western cuisine

Cuisines of western origin, or with western influence

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Western cuisine


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1865 in rail transport

January events

 * January 5 – The Festiniog Railway in North Wales officially opens to passengers, the first narrow gauge railway in the British Isles to do so.
 * January 10 – The California Pacific Railroad absorbs the Sacramento and San Francisco Rail Road Company and the San Francisco and Marysville Rail Road Company.

February events

 * February – The Confederate States of America authorize military control of railroads for the American Civil War.
 * February 4 – The assets of Dayton, Xenia and Belpre Railroad in Ohio are sold in bankruptcy proceedings and split between the Little Miami Railroad and Columbus and Xenia Railroad.
 * February 9 – The Colorado and Clear Creek Railroad, predecessor to the Colorado Central Railroad, is chartered.
 * February 15 – The Chicago and North Western Railway and Galena and Chicago Union Railroad merge.

March events

 * March – The Central Pacific Railroad hires agents to recruit thousands of Chinese workers from Guangdong Province.
 * March 17 – The Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing Company shops in Berwick, Pennsylvania, are destroyed by fire.

April events

 * April – The funeral train for Abraham Lincoln travels from Washington, D.C., to Illinois.

May events

 * May – Opening of Talyllyn Railway in Wales.
 * May 5 – The first train robbery in the United States takes place, in North Bend, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati), committed by armed guerillas from the American Civil War.
 * May 25 – The first steel rails are rolled at a foundry in Chicago from Bessemer steel made in blast furnaces in Wyandotte, Michigan.

June events

 * June 7 – The Rednal rail crash in England, a derailment at a permanent way work site, kills thirteen.
 * June 9 – The Staplehurst rail crash in England, a derailment at a permanent way work site, kills ten and injures 49; Charles Dickens is amongst the survivors.
 * July 31 – Opening of the narrow gauge main line from Ipswich to Grandchester, Queensland, Australia.

August events

 * August 7 – The Lawrence Railroad and Transportation Company, with tracks in Pennsylvania and Ohio, is reorganized as the Lawrence Railroad Company.

September events

 * September 1 – The English company John Trevor-Barkley begins construction on the Bucharest–Giurgiu line, the first railroad line built in the territory of Romania.
 * September 13 – Algernon S. Buford becomes president of the Richmond and Danville Railroad.
 * September 14 – The Brockville and Ottawa Railway begins operations between Arnprior and Sand Point, Ontario, a distance of about 6 miles (10 km).

October events

 * October 2 – First section of Sri Lanka Railways, at this time known as Ceylon Government Railways, officially opens from Colombo to Ambepussa (54 km) on 5 ft 6in (1676 mm) gauge.
 * October 18 – Almelo railway station in the Netherlands is opened.

December events

 * December 20 – Alkmaar railway station in the Netherlands is opened.

Unknown date events

 * The United Kingdom Institution of Civil Engineers forms the Engineer and Railway Staff Corps.
 * The Union Pacific Railway, later to become the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad and not to be confused with the Union Pacific Railroad, begins operations.
 * A group of businessmen in San Francisco, led by Timothy Guy Phelps, found the Southern Pacific Railroad to build a rail connection between San Francisco and San Diego.
 * Erastus Corning resigns from his executive post for the New York Central Railroad.
 * The Canadian Engine and Machinery Company, predecessor of the Canadian Locomotive Company, is founded from the assets of the bankrupt Kingston Locomotive Works.
 * Missouri Car and Foundry Company, later to become part of American Car and Foundry, is founded in St. Louis, Missouri.
 * Pittsburgh & Steubenville Extension Railroad Tunnel opens for rail service.

March births

 * March 2 – Frederick Methvan Whyte, mechanical engineer for the New York Central Railroad, creator of Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives (d. 1941).

October births

 * October 9 – George Hughes, Chief Mechanical Engineer for the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 1904–1922, the London and North Western Railway 1922–1923 and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway 1925–1931 (d. 1945).

Unknown date deaths

 * William T. James, American inventor of the link motion and spark arrester (b. 1786).

title: 1865 in rail transport


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Immer heiterer

Immer heiterer ('More and More Cheerful') op. 235 is a waltz written by Johann Strauss II in 1860 for the Vienna Carnival Fasching. The waltz was marked as "im ländlerstil" which meant that it was to be performed in the same style as the ländler.

The work was first performed at the genial 'Strauss Ball' in the famous 'Sperl' ballroom in Vienna's Leopoldstadt and was popular when first performed although its 'twin' work, which is the compelling Accelerationen op. 234 won much acclaim.

The most significant  section of the waltz can be heard in the coda (tail-piece) where Strauss called for the members of the orchestra to give a chorus of laughter in spirit of the work.

title: Immer heiterer


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Phenylenediamine

Phenylenediamine may refer to:

 * o-phenylenediamine or OPD, a chemical compound C6H4(NH2)2
 * m-phenylenediamine or MPD, a chemical compound C6H4(NH2)2
 * p-phenylenediamine or PPD, a chemical compound C6H4(NH2)2
 * N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine or DMPD
 * N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine or TMPD, used in microbiology
 * N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine or DPD

title: Phenylenediamine


text: Category:European cuisine

title: Category:European cuisine


text:
Talk:Vanishing twin

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 12 August 2020 and 25 November 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Christinarose28.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:15, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Image
anyone have a image of what this sheath might look like?

The "sheath" is in fact the remains when of the amniotic sac. It is a very thin membrane, pale and whiteish. The remains of the twin may have disintegrated completely, leaving just an empty sac, or if the bones have started to form ( (ie. after about 12 weeks of gestation) it contains the mummified body of the twin, called the fetus papyraceous, or "paper fetus". (Althea@wombtwin.com)

Wombtwin survival
That wombtwin survival stuff is totally bogus on the same level as starsign astrology and alien mindcontrol. It doesn't really deserve mentioning in an article about a medical phenomenon. (sven@scientist.com)

Wombtwin survivors vary a lot. They often have medical proof (see above) and many have no proof whatever but a deep inner conviction of once having had a twin. Others have vague symptoms they don't understand (such as irrational negativity or paranoia) that clear up once they have realise they are a wombtwin survivor and work through the feelings that are associated with being one. (Althea@wombtwin.com)

 * Neat theory, but smells like original research t'me. --Jack (Cuervo) 10:08, 30 August 2005 (UTC)
 * There's now a reference to Coast to Coast AM on it (added Jan 8), the references serve to unbalance an otherwise good article. -- Some annonymous guy

The list of signs (besides medical proof that the pregnancy started off as multiple) reminds me of the signs that one might be "otherkin", an extreme brand of new-age beliefs so obscure it doesn't even have a Wikipedia article (but feel free to Google it if you're curious. Basically, they think they're reincarnated elves, dragons, etc.). I guess it just goes to show that people who feel "different" can come up with all sorts of non-scientific explanations. I always felt "different" too, but there are perfectly rational explanations for that without delving into speculation, reincarnation, or anything else non-scientific. In cases where there is medical proof, the "symptoms" of being a "wombtwin survivor" may mistake corrolation for causation. It shows a level of ignorance as to how memory works to suggest that someone could have in-utero or neonatal memories. I've suggested that the "wombtwin" article be merged into this one, but mainly because it has some decent scientific information along with its non-scientific info. Otherwise, I'd just list it as an article for deletion under the "no neologisms" policy. --Icarus 02:04, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Correction to above post: turns out there is an "otherkin" article. I hadn't found one when I'd looked ages ago, but there's been one for over a year now.  I wonder if I misspelled it when I'd looked a while ago, or if it was really so long ago that I'd looked. --Icarus 04:23, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

The remarks about "uterine memory" are of course quite reasonable but there is now a whole science of prenatal psychology that has been in existence for more than 20 years and most people are prepared to take it seriously.(Altheahayton 18:09, 18 March 2006 (UTC))

WombTwin Survival is signicant just not so much the psyche effects. The "uterine memory" may be of the surviving twin but I would like to see actual research on the mothers loss, chemical reaction to this loss and surviving twin. The conditioning of the primary caregiver who may implant this mourning. I am a believer in Hokie-Pokie/ Psyche possiblities, yet the infinate outcomes of miracle/ divine intervention make the study nearly impossible for man to test and log- just observe effects. The abscence of a physical life in this realm does not include the spirit, so eitherway I will help to guide anyone who believes oneway as THE way of exsistence to see that you have 2 eyes to see, billions of nerves to feel and a heart that will beat as your spirit sees fit. For all the miscarriages, loss of love - greiving is a serious accusation and should not be labeled on an innocent child. Look in the eyes of life with joy and not remorse for the spirits not physically with us. JB

I have to disagree with JB: this is VERY important work and more people should be aware of the real grief the loss of a twin engenders. This is no "accusation" - this describes a reality. The psychological effects are in fact very marked, once you know what to look for, and I am learning, slowly. This does indeed require further research, which I am carrying out by means of a questionnaire on my website, wombtwin.com. I will get back to you with the results - which I am currently subjecting to statistical analysis with the help of a database expert - but so far I have one incontrovertible result: a 95% positive response to the statement "Deep down, I feel alone, even among friends." In my new book "Untwinned" (see main page) there are several articles that correlate being a surviving twin with suicidal feelings, both in childhood and in adulthood. This is not "labelling an innocent child", this is finally finding words to describe an emotional reality that has haunted that child since birth. This can be healed, once it is fully understood. Althea (Jan 2007)

George Noory, a researcher? plleeease! ;)
The Coast to Coast AM show is as much entertainment as anything else. It is not directed in any scientific way. I took the liberty of removing the part that referred to it as research. I would not mind seeing the rest of the sentence vanish as well.

But i feel that the point about memories of a deceased twin is worth mentioning—with the appropriate qualification as mere hypothesis, of course (as in a largely unqualified idea, as distinguished from theory—which tends to imply a great deal more examination and supporting evidence). It is fairly well accepted that fetuses do perceive things, and remember, to some extent. —überRegenbogen 15:48, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

How can you tell?
"It is hypothesized that some instances of vanished twins leave no detectable trace". Does this mean to say it is possible to find out if you were conceived with a vanishing twin in some cases? What traces are left and how long are they detectable for? 86.147.254.0 18:15, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * This area of science is very controversial. Some scientists think the phenomenon is fairly common, while others think it is very rare.  In some cases, yes, there are signs of the so-called vanished twin.  This can range from actual delivery of a small amount of material (some hair and tooth or two, perhaps) to simply a "shadow" of the shape of a second twin imprinted on the placenta.  In both cases, the dection would be made at birth.  It may be possible to detect some twins sooner.  For instance, if you have an amnicentisis done that indicates a boy is present (due to precense of Y chromosome) and then later 7. deliver a girl, the inference could be that there was once a boy present.  The makers of the Baby Gender Mentor test have used this explanation to supposedly account for cases where their test gave an inaccurate prediction.  Note, however, that that test is controversial itself and that the makers are being sued for alleged false claims and other abuses.
 * It is hypothesized that since some "vanished" twins leave a fair amount of evidence and some leave just a very small trace, that there may be be some other twins that leave no detectable evidence at all. The theory is that someday a new method of detection would be developed that would spot even more vanished twins. It is just a guess really.  By definition it can't be proven.  It's like saying, "there may be fish species in the ocean that we don't know about".  The statement cannot be disproven because one cannot prove a negative.
 * This whole article needs better sourcing about what specific scientist has stated what, and what their evidence is. Johntex\talk 18:26, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for your prompt and imformative reply. I edited the article slightly to make it clearer when it can be detected. 86.147.254.0 19:05, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

I have just published an anthology of papers on the subject of vanishing twins and the psychological effects on the survivor. (ISBN 0952565498.) In it there is a list of signs and indications of a lost twin pregnancy based on my own literature research. There are countless citations for individual signs but I can't think of any single citation that lists them all, except my book. I have entered them below as they appear in my book, if I included them in the article, perhaps with some short notes, would I have to give a citation for each? Im not sure how you give citations in wikipeda, so I haven't edited the article at this time.

INDICATORS OF A LOST TWIN:- 1. Drugs to stimulate ovulation 2. Extra large around the waist in first trimester 3. Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester 4. Untrasound images of a vanishing twin 5. Trauma in pregnancy such as an accident, an infection, surgical treatment or extreme emotional stress. 6. A breech birth 7. An unusual placenta 8. Attachments to placenta 9.The fetus papyraceous 10. Fetus in fetu 11. Teratoma 12 Mirrored organs/ lefthandedness 13 Split organs, additional bones 14 Uncertain sexuality 15 Genetic chimera (microchimerism) 16 Cerebral palsy

Altheahayton 18:48, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Well I did it today. There are now some references and I'll add some more later on when I have time. Altheahayton 15:38, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

reorganisation and wikification
I did some fairly large reorganisation, and added some headings. (I'm not entirely satisfied with my "Stuff" heading, but i felt that the things that are now in it needed to be roped off somehow.) There is still a lot of semi-redundant info that needs to be integrated into the article in a much more graceful way. And the references still need to be wikified. —überRegenbogen 16:09, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I've sifted the paragraph of redundancy into the rest of the article. I may tackle converting the parenthetica references in to footnotes, but no promises; i do tend to wander on to other things. ;) —überRegenbogen 16:35, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Baby Gender Mentor
Recent Front Page FA Baby Gender Mentor has quite a few cites regarding vanishing twin--ZayZayEM 07:37, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Vanished Twins
Science Channel aired a 2004 documentary film which examined the case of a 7-year-old Kazakhstani boy whose stomach had become distended. In April 2003, Surgeons tried to remove what they thought was a large cyst, but instead found his twin. At the end of the show, an expert estimates that 1 in 8 of pregnancy started out as twins, but only 10% of those pregnancy carried the twins through full term. Kowloonese (talk) 04:37, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

clarification on handedness
It isn't clear to me what is meant by this line: "It was hypothesized for a long time that non-right-handed and left-handed individuals may be the survivors of 'mirror image' identical twinning" Can anyone rewrite that or something? I looked at the source, but it still wasn't clear to me. Ozy42 (talk) 20:27, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

This puzzled me but I have worked this out. It means anyone who isn't right-handed may have been one of a twin. Presumably depends on the idea that right-handedness is the default, and left-handedness only occurs in mirror-image twins. Would be clearer if it said "left-handed or ambidextrous individuals", or simply "non-right-handed individuals". 146.90.30.39 (talk) 23:00, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

Consequences to the psyche of a survivor
I think this section could really do with some more references and alternative theories. I know that this is a fairly contested subject within psychology, but only one opinion is presented here.

I also think the section needs to be rewritten to match wikipedia standards, it appears to be written by someone trying to plug their website. The information within that section also appears highly dubious.

Can someone explain this line to me.
"It was hypothesized for a long time that non-right-handed and non-left-handed individuals may be the survivors of "mirror image" identical twinning." Is it saying that people who are right or left handed may have been in a vanishing twin pregnancy?FusionLord (talk) 08:10, 13 August 2012 (UTC)

Yes indeed they may be either. The idea is that a single zygote (fertilised egg) splits into two identical twins. If this happens relatively late in the process, that is, 2-3 days after fertilisation, then the developing blastocyst may split so that two "mirror-image" twins are created. If one twin dies, then the handedness of the survivor depends on which twin survived. It may be either the right-handed twin or the left-handed twin, so one can only be sure that the surviving twin is a womb twin survivor, if they are left-handed. Left-handedness is a physical indication of being a womb twin survivor (ie. someone who started life as a twin but their co-twin died in the womb or around birth) but only one of many other signs and indications — Preceding unsigned comment added by Altheahayton (talk • contribs) 18:02, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: BIOL 4610H_6610 Cell Biology
— Assignment last updated by Theinfamousgenequeen (talk) 16:46, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

Which Is The Result Of Love Marriage — Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.81.232.141 (talk) 06:53, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vanishing twin


text:
Tyskie

Tyskie is a Polish brand of beer. Its name comes from the brewery located in the Upper Silesian town of Tychy. It is brewed by the Tychy Princely Brewery (Polish Tyskie Browary Książęce), part of the Kompania Piwowarska brewery group, which was acquired by Asahi Group Holdings in 2017.

Beers
The main brands are Tyskie Gronie (pale lager).

History
The brewery is one of the oldest in Europe. Beer has been produced in Tychy continuously for almost 400 years. From 1629, the brewery, then known in German as the "Fürstliche Brauerei Tichau" (Princely Brewery Tychy), was in the ownership of the German noble. From 1861, the brewery became known as the "Fürstliche Brauerei in Tichau" (Princely Brewery in Tychy) and came under the management of from the German princely (German Fürsten) House of Pless. Between 1918 and 1939, the brewery merged with neighbouring competing companies, but came under provisional administration of the Polish state intermittently from 1934 due to unpaid taxes. During World War II, the brewery was put under the management of the occupying authorities.

Types of beer produced
In its beginnings, the brewery produced three kinds of beer: mailings, yeast and tableware. Only the high quality beer was intended for sale, and the other two were a beer allowance drunk mainly by brewers and their families. In the early nineteenth century the brewery produced only two beverages: beer and Bavarian malt, both top-fermenting. Bavarian malt with a classical composition, saturated color was brown, sweet, and low-hopped. The standard favorite was the dark niskoekstraktowe, weak and only for immediate consumption. After the expansion of the brewery in the nineteenth century and the introduction of bottom-fermenting, they started to produce Tyskie lager, a relatively short Bavarian beer. The first beers were light and were sold under the Książęce brand. In the interwar period, popular brands from Tyskie were the Książęce Tyskie Pilsen (Princely Tychy Pilsner), the Książęce Tyskie Export, the Książęce Tyskie Beer full, and Tyskie Porter.

Export
Tyskie is one of the leading brands of beer in Poland, with around 18% of the Polish market. Tyskie also has a large export distribution through its parent company. The main export brands are Tyskie Gronie, a 5.0% pale lager Tyskie Gronie is 5.2% ABV in produced by Tychy Brewery Princely. Tyskie Gronie (abv 5.0%) is also brewed and canned by the Grolsche brewery in Enschede, Netherlands, for the UK market (imported by Asahi UK Ltd).

Marketing
Tyskie bottles are known for their distinctive white packaging. The label depicts a royal crown to commemorate John III Sobieski king of Poland, who was born in 1629, the same year the family von Promnitz established a brewery in the town of Tychy.

Tourism
In 2004, the Tyskie Brewing Museum was founded on the brewery premises in Tychy. The Tyskie Brewing Museum represents an important "anchor point" of the European Route of Industrial Heritage in Poland.

Honors
In 2002, Tyskie Gronie won The Brewing Industry International Awards, receiving the two most prestigious awards - Gold Medal and Grand Prix.

In 2005 in Munich at a global beer fair hosted by Drink Tec, Tyskie again received the Grand Prix.

In 2011 Tyskie received the Gold Medal du Monde Selection – International Institute for Quality Selections.

title: Tyskie


text: Category:1265 births

title: Category:1265 births


text:
Talk:Reform Act 1867

Untitled
was there an increase in party dominance?

did voter behaviour change?

did parties change their policy and presentation?

did the new electoral register rule help or hinder the development of democratic politics?

Bright
"the radical Bright" Can someone explain this "Bright"? Memenen 00:52, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

John Bright. john k 08:12, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Russell and Gladstone
The article currently says, ''Earl Russell resigned when his proposed reforms were rejected and William Gladstone became leader of the Liberal party in 1866. In 1866, Gladstone's Whig government introduced a Reform Bill. ''

Besides the oddness of calling Gladstone a Whig (he was a Tory, and then a Liberal, but never a Whig), this is simply wrong - Gladstone did not become PM until 1868. The whole account seems garbled. Can anyone clear things up? john k 08:12, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Complete Changes
I am editing in the full changes to the seats as per Cook in British historical facts, 1830-1900. Shipguy 23:41, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

What a Mess!
This article is a mess, full of unlikely-sounding interpretations and at times hard to follow. For example, I doubt the repeated insistence that Disraeli did things only to thumb his nose at Gladstone is a solidly grounded interpretation of how this bill took the form it did. I hope someone who knows the subject will clean it up thoroughly.

Lubejob 06:19, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

I agree--this one should be nominated for a "Worst of Wikipedia" award. Totally and completely un-useful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.123.249.72 (talk) 17:11, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Spiting Gladstone was certainly a major part of what Disraeli was up to, if Roy Jenkins' Gladstone biography is any guide. That said, the article isn't particularly well or sophisticatedly written. john k 19:10, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Four years after the above comments were made, the article is still a bit of a mess. pmr (talk) 17:54, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

 * That is my understanding as well - Disraeli accepted amendments (most notably Hodgkinson's which had the effect of massively increasing the electorate) provided they did not come from Gladstone. Agree the article needs some serious work.05:51, 24 May 2019 (UTC)Paulturtle (talk)

Necessary improvements
Certainly the First Reform Act was preceded by a mass movement in the country. IT would be useful to know to what extent the 1867 Act was a result of social movements. Johncmullen1960 (talk) 12:33, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Context - what next?
Hi,

The article currently does a pretty good job of saying what went before, but I can't see any pointers on which articles to look to to see what happened next. The big dangling question for me is that of further enfranchisement - it looks like this act doubled enfranchisement from 1 to 2 million, but out of a total of 5 million - so when did the next three million get the vote?

Perhaps a succession box, listing acts that progressively enfranchised more groups, might be a good way of showing this?

Thanks, 217.46.192.153 (talk) 11:11, 12 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Reform Act, which covers all the UK Reform Acts, has a graph which tries to show [[image:VotingbyGender.PNG|20px]] votes by gender. It's not very good (I know, because I made it), and could do with somebody with better graphing skills making a better version.--ML5 (talk) 11:26, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Norfolk Meirion?
One of the disenfranchised boroughs is given as "Great Yarmouth, Norfolk Meirion". What does this mean? A Google for the phrase "Norfolk Meirion" returns no hits other than Wikipedia and mirrors thereof. Is it simply a mistake? 86.136.250.154 (talk) 08:26, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Date?
Can we get a date when this came into effect? The article only includes the year, 1867. I'm wondering whether the clauses about demise of the crown would be part of the body of law carried over into Canada-- which depends on whether it was before or after July 1.Stevecudmore (talk) 19:47, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

incomprehensible
I came here to find out who was entitled to vote after this act of parliament. I shall now go elsewhere to find this out, because it does not say. I see there is a flag for clarification needed in the section 'background' against the explanation of what the qualification was in order to vote. I agree, it does not explain this. That flag was dated 2014, so plainly no one has stopped by to sort the problem since then, and very probably much before. I expect this is a case that people who understand do not notice that someone inexperienced in this area of history would not understand simply from what is written here. What is compounding of rent? How does £7 qualify one to vote? How would a £50 savings qualification be calculated?Sandpiper (talk) 00:05, 10 September 2016 (UTC)

Tidying up the treatment of various English boroughs
I've made a few alterations to clarify the treatment of various English boroughs under the reforms of 1867/68.

Specifically:

- The 1867 Act disenfranchised four boroughs, not two only as previously stated. See section 12 of the Act, where the four boroughs are plainly listed.

- I have added a note to clarify that the four boroughs were disenfranchised for corruption (again, see section 12 of the 1867 Act) and I have added the number of MPs returned by each of these boroughs.

- I have also added notes to clarify the point that of the seven English boroughs disenfranchised by the Scottish Reform Act 1868, four had only one MP (having had their representation halved in 1832) and the other three had two MPs (but had been due to lose a seat each under the 1867 Act). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.235.8.61 (talk) 13:45, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Rent calculation
"This was ensured by a £7 annual rent qualification to vote—or 26 shillings a week" £7 annual rent is 140 shillings per year. Spread over 52 weeks that is 2.69 shillings a week, so 2 shillings and 8d a week

I don't know what the correct value should be, but the quoted sentence can't possibly be right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Twidale (talk • contribs) 08:38, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Reform Act 1867


text:
David Eagleson

David Newton Eagleson (October 4, 1924 – May 23, 2003) was an American lawyer who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California from 1987 to 1991.

Biography
Eagleson was born in Los Angeles, California, and educated in the public schools. After serving in World War II, Eagleson earned his law degree from the USC Law School in 1950. On June 6, 1951, he was admitted to the State Bar of California. Eagleson then practiced law in Long Beach, California for 20 years.

In December 1970, Governor Ronald Reagan appointed Eagleson to the Los Angeles County Superior Court, where from 1980 to 1981 he served as presiding judge. From 1979 to 1980, he was president of the California Judges Association. In November 1981, Governor George Deukmejian named Eagleson as an associate justice to the Court of Appeal, Second District, Division Five.

In March 1987, Governor Deukmejian appointed Eagleson as an associate justice to the Supreme Court. A conservative Republican, Eagleson was elevated to the high court after voters removed liberal Chief Justice Rose Bird and two of her allies from the Court in the 1986 general election as a result of the trio's opposition to capital punishment. Eagleson tended to uphold capital sentences. During his four years on the court, Eagleson wrote 54 majority opinions. Among Eagleson's notable opinions is Thing v. La Chusa (1989), which sharply limited the availability of the cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional distress in California.

After stepping down from the high court, Eagleson practiced as a mediator and arbitrator in Los Angeles.

Personal life
On May 16, 1953, Eagleson married Virginia Mae Brown, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth K. Eagleson, an attorney, and Victoria Eagleson, who both reside in Southern California. Beth, in her eulogy for her father delivered before the court on which he once served, cited Thing as the opinion most representative of her father's voice and philosophy:

"When I read Thing v. LaChusa, I recognized not only Dad’s life philosophy, but I heard his voice . . . . For those of you who never knew him, but want to know what kind of man he was, read Thing v. LaChusa. Dave Eagleson is there and will tell you everything you need to know."

title: David Eagleson


text:
Rebecca (1940 film)

Rebecca is a 1940 American romantic psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was Hitchcock's first American project, and his first film under contract with producer David O. Selznick. The screenplay by Robert E. Sherwood and Joan Harrison, and adaptation by Philip MacDonald and Michael Hogan, were based on the 1938 novel of the same name by Daphne du Maurier.

The film stars Laurence Olivier as the brooding, aristocratic widower Maxim de Winter and Joan Fontaine as the young, never-named woman who becomes his second wife, with Judith Anderson, George Sanders and Gladys Cooper in supporting roles. The film is a gothic tale shot in black-and-white. Maxim de Winter's first wife Rebecca, who died before the events of the film, is never seen. Her reputation and recollections of her, however, are a constant presence in the lives of Maxim, his new wife and the housekeeper, Mrs. Danvers.

Rebecca was theatrically released on April 12, 1940, to critical and commercial success. It received eleven nominations at the 13th Academy Awards, more than any other film that year. It won two awards; Best Picture, and Best Cinematography, becoming the only film directed by Hitchcock to win the former award. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot

On the French Riviera, Maxim de Winter stands at a cliff edge, seemingly contemplating suicide. A young woman shouts at him to stop him in his tracks, but he curtly asks her to walk on.

Later, at a Monte Carlo hotel, the same young woman, serving as a paid companion to the pompous aging Mrs. Van Hopper, again encounters the debonair widowed Maxim de Winter. Aspiring to social prominence, Mrs. Van Hopper is obsequious to the aristocratic de Winter, but is soon confined to her room due to illness. Maxim invites the companion on excursions, which she conceals from her employer as tennis lessons, and the young woman soon becomes infatuated, though puzzled by such attention. On her recovery, Mrs. Van Hopper decides to leave Monte Carlo; her companion furtively informs Maxim of her departure, and Max unexpectedly proposes marriage. After being informed of the proposal by Maxim, a shocked Mrs. Van Hopper privately tells her companion that Maxim is marrying her as a desperate distraction because he is still tormented by thoughts of his beloved dead wife, Rebecca. She asserts that her companion is ill-prepared to be the second Mrs. de Winter and cannot hope to succeed as the mistress of the stately Manderley.

Maxim takes his new bride back to Manderley, his grand mansion by the sea. Manderley is dominated by its housekeeper, Mrs. Danvers, a chilly individual who had been a confidante of the first Mrs. de Winter and who resents her "usurper." Danvers feeds the bride’s insecurity by showing her Rebecca's grand bedroom suite, preserved unchanged and denied to the new wife, and by retaining items throughout the house that carry Rebecca’s monogram.

Eventually, constant reminders of Rebecca's glamour and sophistication convince the new Mrs. de Winter that Maxim is still in love with his tragically drowned first wife, which could explain his restlessness and irrational outbursts of anger. She tries to assert her new role by holding a costume party as Maxim and Rebecca had done annually. Danvers suggests she copy the dress that one of Maxim's ancestors is seen wearing in a portrait. However, when she appears in the costume, Maxim is appalled as Rebecca had worn an identical dress at her last ball, just before her death.

When Mrs. de Winter confronts Danvers about this, Danvers tells her she can never take Rebecca's place and tries to persuade her to jump to her death from the second-story window of Rebecca's room. At that moment, however, the alarm is raised because a ship has run aground due to the fog and, during the rescue of its crew, a sunken boat with Rebecca's body in it has been discovered.

Maxim now confesses to his new wife that his first marriage had been a sham from the start. Rebecca had declared that she had no intention of keeping to her vows but would pretend to be the perfect wife and hostess for the sake of appearances. When Rebecca implied she was pregnant by her cousin and lover, Jack Favell, she taunted Maxim that the estate might pass to someone other than Maxim's line. During a heated argument, Rebecca fell, struck her head, and died. Afraid he would be blamed for her death, Maxim took the body out in a boat which he then scuttled; some days later he identified another body that washed ashore as Rebecca's.

The crisis causes the second Mrs. de Winter to shed her naïve ways. When the inquest considers the possibility of suicide, Favell attempts to blackmail Maxim, threatening to reveal a letter from Rebecca hinting at a pregnancy that made suicide improbable. When Maxim informs the police of the attempted blackmail, they must investigate Favell’s accusations that Maxim murdered Rebecca. Further investigation with a doctor, however, reveals that Rebecca was not pregnant but terminally ill due to cancer, so the suicide verdict stands. Maxim realizes Rebecca had been trying to goad him into killing her to ruin him.

As a free man, Maxim returns home to see Manderley on fire, set ablaze by the deranged Mrs. Danvers. All escape except Danvers, who dies when the ceiling collapses on her.

Cast

 * Joan Fontaine as the second Mrs. de Winter
 * Laurence Olivier as George Fortescue Maximilian "Maxim" de Winter, owner of Manderley
 * Judith Anderson as Mrs. Danvers, housekeeper of Manderley
 * George Sanders as Jack Favell, Rebecca's first cousin and lover
 * Reginald Denny as Frank Crawley, Maxim's estate manager of Manderley and friend
 * Gladys Cooper as Beatrice Lacy, Maxim's sister
 * C. Aubrey Smith as Colonel Julyan
 * Nigel Bruce as Major Giles Lacy, Beatrice's husband
 * Florence Bates as Mrs. Edythe Van Hopper, employer of the second Mrs. de Winter
 * Edward Fielding as Frith, oldest butler of Manderley
 * Melville Cooper as Coroner at trial
 * Leo G. Carroll as Dr. Baker, Rebecca's doctor
 * Leonard Carey as Ben, the beach hermit at Manderley
 * Lumsden Hare as Mr. Tabbs, boat builder
 * Forrester Harvey as Chalcroft the innkeeper
 * Philip Winter as Robert, a servant at Manderley

Hitchcock's cameo appearance, a signature feature of his films, takes place near the end; he is seen walking, back turned to the audience, outside a phone box just after Jack Favell completes a call.

Preproduction
In 1938, Hitchcock read the galley proofs of Rebecca whilst filming Jamaica Inn, an adaptation of another Daphne du Maurier novel. Hitchcock considered independently purchasing the film rights, but was unable to match the high amounts offered by major studios. The high projected sales figures for the novel made Rebecca a highly desirable property, and the rights ultimately went to Selznick International for $50,000 - the same price Selznick had paid for Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind. Selznick officially assigned Hitchcock to direct the adaptation in September 1938.

Hitchcock and David O. Selznick clashed over the adaptation of Rebecca, with Selznick favouring fidelity to the novel while Hitchcock wished to make changes, particularly hoping to add some dynamism to the character of the second Mrs. de Winter.

Selznick first offered the job of writing the screenplay to Daphne du Maurier, but she declined. Selznick unsuccessfully pitched a number of writers to Hitchcock to script Rebecca including Clemence Dane, John Balderston, Ben Hecht, and Hugh Walpole. By November 1938, Selznick eventually agreed to pay Hitchcock $5,000 to write an initial outline. Hitchcock worked with his wife, Alma Hitchcock, assistant Joan Harrison, and British writer Michael Hogan to produce a 45-page double-spaced "storyline" which he submitted to Selznick on 3 June 1939. Selznick responded with a lengthy memo, describing himself as "shocked beyond words" and criticizing the ways in which the treatment diverged from the source material. Of the unnamed protagonist, Selznick wrote:

"Every little thing that the girl does in the book, her reactions of running away from the guests, and the tiny things that indicate her nervousness and her self-consciousness and her gaucherie are all so brilliant in the book that every woman who has read it has adored the girl and has understood her psychology... We have removed all the subtleties and substituted big broad strokes."

In response to Selznick's notes, Hitchcock, with Joan Harrison and Scottish writer Philip MacDonald, began work on a new treatment which hewed closer to du Maurier's novel. A first script was completed on 29 July 1939. In the final weeks before shooting was to begin, Selznick hired Robert E. Sherwood to make some final revisions to the script and rework the story's climax, paying him $15,000. A final shooting script was dated September 7. Charles Bennett, who was in close contact with Hitchcock and Selznick at the time they were working on Rebecca, stated that the final script was "ninety percent the work of Michael Hogan, although some rewrites were done by Joan. Very little, at the end, was contributed by the one who is most famous and therefore most credited, Sherwood".

Although Selznick insisted that the film be faithful to the novel, Hitchcock did make some other changes, though not as many as he had made in a previously rejected screenplay, in which he altered virtually the entire story. In the novel, Mrs. Danvers is something of a jealous mother figure, and her past is mentioned in the book. In the film, Mrs. Danvers is a much younger character (Judith Anderson would have been about 42 at the time of shooting), and her past is not revealed at all. The only thing known about her in the film is that she came to Manderley when Rebecca was a bride.

Casting
The process of casting Rebecca occurred in parallel with the development of the screenplay over the course of several months leading up to the beginning of shooting in September 1939.

For the role of Maxim de Winter, Selznick and Hitchcock originally sought Ronald Colman, whom Selznick had under contract. Colman declined the role over concerns that the film would be a "woman-starring vehicle" and over the "murder angle". Selznick subsequently pitched actors Melvyn Douglas, Walter Pidgeon, Leslie Howard, and William Powell, before he and Hitchcock ultimately settled on English actor Laurence Olivier.

The casting of the second Mrs. de Winter was contentious and no fewer than 126 actresses, ranging from major stars to unknowns, were considered for the role. Relative newcomer Joan Fontaine was ultimately selected less than two weeks before the start of principal photography. Selznick initially argued for English actress Nova Pilbeam, having been impressed by her performance in Hitchcock's Young and Innocent (1937). Hitchcock rejected her, arguing that while she was "correct casting according [to the] book", she was not appropriate for his vision of the character. Laurence Olivier unsuccessfully advocated for the role to go to his lover (and later wife) Vivian Leigh. Among the actresses Hitchcock tested for the role were Lucile Fairbanks, Marjorie Reynolds, and Jean Muir. By August 19, the list of finalists for the role had been narrowed to Margaret Sullavan, Anne Baxter, Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine. Selznick ultimately offered the role to Fontaine, announcing her casting on 5 September 1939, just three days before filming was to begin.

Australian stage actress Judith Anderson was cast in the role of Mrs. Danvers at the suggestion of Kay Brown of Selznick International. As a condition of auditioning, Anderson insisted that Hitchcock personally direct her screen test. Other actresses who had been considered for the role included Flora Robson, Elsa Lanchester, and Alla Nazimova.

Lucile Watson, Laura Hope Crews, Mary Boland, Alice Brady, and Cora Witherspoon were considered for the minor role of Mrs. van Hopper, the protagonist's social-climbing employer in the beginning of the story. Hitchcock ultimately selected Florence Bates for the role after seeing her in a theatrical production at the Pasadena Playhouse. Bates, a lawyer by training who had only appeared on camera once before, required an unusually large number of retakes for some of her scenes. Selznick was displeased with her line readings, stating "I think there is no line which she could not improve on".

Censorship
Before Selznick purchased the rights to Rebecca, he submitted a synopsis of the novel to the Production Code office, an industry body administered by Joseph Breen which strictly policed the morality of films released by major US studios. In the final act of the novel, Maxim de Winter confesses to the narrator that he shot Rebecca to death after she taunted him with her infidelities and claimed to be pregnant with another man's child. The discovery of Rebecca's body triggers an inquest into her death. Maxim avoids being charged, despite Jack Favell, Rebecca's cousin and lover, suspecting his guilt and directing the police to investigate him. The Production Code office described this as "a clear violation of the Production Code, since it apparently justifies and condones murder".

Selznick proceeded with the adaptation despite this warning. Breen's office rejected an initial script, outlining three chief issues (along with a long list of objectionable phrases to be excised such as "for God's sake", "you ass" and "lovers"):

1. As now written, it is the story of a murderer, who is permitted to go off "scot free."

2. The quite inescapable inference of sex perversion.

3. The repeated references, in the dialogue, to the alleged illicit relationship between Favell and the first Mrs. de Winter, and the frequent references to the alleged illegitimate child-to-be.

To remedy the first issue, Breen demanded that either de Winter be punished for his crime, or that Rebecca's death be rewritten to be accidental. The latter solution, which was ultimately adopted, had been first proposed by Hitchcock in a meeting with Breen and his assistant at the Victor Hugo Restaurant. Selznick, a strident critic of the Production Code, was annoyed at having to make this concession, complaining that "the whole story of Rebecca is of a man who has murdered his wife, and it now becomes the story of a man who buried a wife who was killed accidentally!"

The "sex perversion" mentioned in the second point was in reference to the implied lesbian attraction felt by Mrs. Danvers toward Rebecca. Breen complained of the impropriety of "Mrs. Danvers' description of Rebecca's physical attributes, [and] her handling of the various garments, particularly the night gown". Breen insisted that in the final cut "there must be no suggestion whatever of a perverted relationship between Mrs. Danvers and Rebecca." Scholar David Boyd describes Danvers' attraction to Rebecca as "inescapably clear to all but the most innocent of viewers" in the present day, though it is unclear whether this interpretation would have been accessible to audiences in 1940. Asked about it later in life, Judith Anderson denied intentionally playing Mrs. Danvers as a lesbian, stating that "we never thought of such things at that time".

The references to the extramarital affair between Favell and Rebecca de Winter remained explicit in the final cut of the film, as well as Rebecca's illegitimate pregnancy, though the character of Dr. Baker, implied in the book to be an abortionist, is portrayed in the film as a respectable physician.

Production

Principal photography on Rebecca began on 8 September 1939, having been postponed twice from 30 August and then 5 September. The film was budgeted at $800,000 and 36 days of shooting, but went significantly behind schedule, ultimately concluding after 63 days on 20 November 1939. The start of production coincided with the beginning of World War II, Britain having declared war on Germany on 3 September. Hitchcock and the mostly British cast feared for their families in Britain, with fears circulating that London might soon experience German bombing.

Selznick initially assigned Harry Stradling as cinematographer, but he withdrew from the project after the distressing experience of being fired from Intermezzo by Selznick. Selznick sought Gregg Toland as a replacement, but, finding him unavailable, instead hired Toland's mentor, George Barnes.

Art director Lyle Wheeler designed 40 sets for Rebecca, 25 of them interiors, mostly of Manderley. Matte painting was used to fill out shots of the sets with hand-painted details such as upper walls, ceilings and chandeliers.

Two miniatures of Manderley were created. The larger miniature occupied most of a large stage. It was used for relatively close shots, such as the views of flames through the windows during the burning of Manderley. The size of this miniature made it impossible to position a camera to encompass the full house and grounds, so a smaller version was constructed for long shots. This half-size miniature was used for the opening of the film.

Hitchcock later said that Selznick wanted the smoke from the burning Manderley to spell out a huge "R", which Hitchcock thought lacked subtlety. While Selznick was preoccupied by Gone with the Wind (1939), Hitchcock was able to replace the smoky "R" with the burning of a monogrammed négligée case lying atop a bed pillow. Hitchcock edited the film "in camera" (shooting only what he wanted to see in the final film) to restrict the producer's power to re-edit the picture. But Selznick relished the post-production process; he personally edited the footage, laid in Franz Waxman's score, and supervised retakes and extensive re-recording of the dialogue of Sanders, Bates and Fontaine. Rewrites and reshooting were called for after a rough cut was previewed on December 26, 1939.

The Hollywood Reporter reported in 1944 that Edwina Levin MacDonald sued Selznick, Daphne du Maurier, United Artists and Doubleday for plagiarism. MacDonald claimed that the film Rebecca was stolen from her novel Blind Windows, and sought an undisclosed amount of accounting and damages. The complaint was dismissed on January 14, 1948 and the judgment can be read online.

Production credits
The production credits on the film were as follows:
 * Director – Alfred Hitchcock
 * Producer – David O. Selznick
 * Screenplay – Robert E. Sherwood and Joan Harrison
 * Cinematography – George Barnes (photography)
 * Art direction – Lyle R. Wheeler (art direction), Joseph B. Platt (interiors designed), Howard Bristol (interior decoration)
 * Music – Franz Waxman (music), Lou Forbes (music associate)
 * Special effects – Jack Cosgrove
 * Film editor – Hal C. Kern (supervising film editor), James E. Newcom (associated film editor)
 * Scenario assistant – Barbara Keon
 * Sound – Jack Noyes (recorder)
 * Assistant director – Edmond Bernoudy

Box office
The film earned $3 million in theater rentals from the U.S. and Canada and $1 million in Britain on its initial release. It was re-released in Britain in 1945 and made $460,000.

According to Kinematograph Weekly, it was the most popular film of 1940 in Britain.

Reception
When it premiered at the Radio City Music Hall, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times called it "an altogether brilliant film, haunting, suspenseful, handsome and handsomely played". Variety called it "an artistic success" but warned it was "too tragic and deeply psychological to hit the fancy of wide audience appeal". Film Daily wrote: "Here is a picture that has the mark of quality in every department - production, direction, acting, writing and photography - and should have special appeal to femme fans. It creates a new star in Joan Fontaine, who does fine work in a difficult role, while Laurence Olivier is splendid." Harrison's Reports declared: "A powerful psychological drama for adults. David O. Selznick has given it a superb production, and Alfred Hitchcock has again displayed his directorial skill in building up situations that thrill and hold the spectator in tense suspense." John Mosher of The New Yorker wrote that Hitchcock "labored hard to capture every tragic or ominous nuance, and presents a romance which is, I think, even more stirring than the novel".

The film holds a 98% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 104 reviews, with an average rating of 8.90/10. The site's consensus describes it as "a masterpiece of haunting atmosphere, Gothic thrills, and gripping suspense". On Metacritic it has a score of 86 out of 100, based on reviews from 16 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Rebecca won the Film Daily year-end poll of 546 critics nationwide naming the best films of 1940.

Rebecca was the opening film at the 1st Berlin International Film Festival in 1951. The Guardian called it "one of Hitchcock's creepiest, most oppressive films". In a poll held by the Empire magazine in 2008, it was voted 318th 'Greatest Movie of All Time' from a list of 500. In 2016, Empire ranked the film at No. 23 on their list of "The 100 best British films" because although it was an American production the film was set in England and mainly starred English actors and actresses. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". A restored nitrate print of Rebecca was shown at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood in 2019. The screening was introduced by Christopher Nolan.

Accolades
Rebecca won two Academy Awards: Best Picture and Best Cinematography; and was nominated for nine more: It is the only film since 1936 (when awards for actors in supporting roles were first introduced) that, despite winning Best Picture, received no Academy Award for acting, directing or writing.

Rebecca was twice honored by the AFI in their AFI 100 Years... series
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – No. 80
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains – Mrs. Danvers, No. 31 Villain

title: Rebecca (1940 film)


text: Category:1239 births

title: Category:1239 births


text:
Acadian World Congress

The Acadian World Congress, or Le Congrès Mondial Acadien, is a festival of Acadian and Cajun culture and history, held every five years. It is also informally known as the Acadian Reunion. Its creator was André Boudreau (1945-2005).

History
An earlier series of Acadian national conventions (fr:) occurred from 1881 to 1979 in the Atlantic Canada region of Acadia.

1994 World Congress
The first World Congress took place from August 12, 1994 to August 22, 1994 in Moncton and in nine other communities in southeastern New Brunswick, including, Bouctouche, Shediac, Saint-Joseph, Richibucto, Cap-Pelé, Dieppe, New Brunswick, Saint-Antoine, Rogersville, Saint-Louis-de-Kent and Saint Thomas. Conferences, shows and family reunions were on the program. The number of participants was estimated at more than 200,000.

The official opening ceremony took place on August 13, 1994 at Aboiteau Beach in Cap-Pelé, in the presence of Jean Chrétien, the Prime Minister of Canada, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary General of the UN, Frank McKenna, Premier of New Brunswick, Alfred Siefer-Gaillardin, Ambassador of France to Canada, Claude Ryan, Minister of Municipal Affairs of Quebec and Antonine Maillet, writer.

The song, "Sommet des femmes en Acadie" was organized by the Fédération des Dames d'Acadia. The 1994 Acadian World Congress was recognized by UNESCO as an activity of the World Decade for Cultural Development (1988-1997). The president and founder of this first congress was André Boudreau, native of Nigadoo, New Brunswick.

1999 World Congress
The second congress was held from July 31, 1999 to August 15, 1999 in several parishes in Louisiana, including, Terrebonne, Lafayette, East Baton Rouge. The 1999 event featured the reunions of over 80 Acadian families, three major concerts (Houma, Oak Alley Plantation, and Lafayette Cajundome), and academic conferences centered on economics, culture, women's issues, genealogy and genetics. The President and executive director of the 1999 event was Brian Gabriel Comeaux of Lafayette, Louisiana.

2004 World Congress
The third Congress took place from July 31, 2004 to August 15, 2004 in several Nova Scotia regions in the ancestral Acadia region including Clare, Chéticamp, Grand-Pré, and Halifax, Nova Scotia. The Congress took place during the 400th anniversary of Acadia, for which there was also a program during the year. The theme song was "Je reviens au Berceau de l'Acadie" by Grand Dérangement and Carole Daigle.

The Official Opening took place on July 31 at Université Sainte-Anne and was centered around the theme of the return to ancestral lands. It was followed by cooking parties in halls throughout the southwest of the province. The program included conferences, family gatherings, a "festival of festivals", and a mass. The August 15th mega-show took place on the Halifax Citadel, a place of imprisonment during the deportation of the Acadians.

The Congress President was Allister Surette and the Executive Director was Vaughne Madden.

2009 World Congress
The fourth congress took place in the Acadian Peninsula in northeastern New Brunswick from August 7, 2009 to August 23, 2009.

The opening ceremony took place in the region of Lamèque-Shippagan-Miscou, while the closing ceremony was held in the region of Tracadie-Sheila and Neguac. The theme song was "Enfin retrouvés" by Daniel Léger.

The Congress President was Jean-Guy Rioux and the managing director was Robert Frenette.

2014 World Congress
The fifth Congress was held along the Canada–United States border, co-hosted by Maine's Aroostook County in the United States and its neighbouring counties in Canada (Témiscouata in Quebec, and Victoria, Madawaska and Restigouche in New Brunswick).

The Congress President was Émilien Nadeau the general director was Léo-Paul Charest.

2019 World Congress
The 2019 Congress was held from August 10, 2019 to August 24, 2019 on Prince Edward Island and in southeastern New Brunswick, with its central events held in Summerside.

The Congress' vision was to promote a contemporary Acadia through its urbanity, its rurality and its cooperation.

The kick-off was launched at Abram-Village, Prince Edward Island during a night run on the Confederation Bridge. The closing concert took place in Shediac, New Brunswick.

The Congress President was Claudette Thériault and the general director was Vaughne Madden.

2024 World Congress
The 2024 Congress is planned to be held in the municipalities of Argyle and Clare in southwestern Nova Scotia.

title: Acadian World Congress


text:
Blue Point

Blue Point may refer to:
 * Blue Point, New York
 * Blue Point Brewing Company
 * Blue point, a color pattern of some Siamese cats
 * Blue Point (horse) (born 2014), thoroughbred racehorse
 * The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), also called the bluepoint oyster
 * Bluepoint Games
 * Literal translation of the electric equipment manufacturer Blaupunkt

title: Blue Point


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alethea W. McCormick

Alethea W. McCormick
Alethea W. McCormick was proposed for deletion. This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete.

Vanity article. User:134.181.37.132 (who briefly used the account User:Nywalton and then went back to the anon ip) has begun creating articles on himself and his entire family - Nathaniel Y. Walton, Alethea W. McCormick and David S. Walton. I've also warned 134.181 that he will be blocked if he keeps removing vfd notices. Gamaliel 20:00, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Katefan0 21:03, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is getting silly. — [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 22:51, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Being a "proud father" is no excuse for starting vanity pages. --MarkSweep 00:44, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity... P Ingerson 01:21, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Actually, I suspect this is being created by her brother...  If deleted, also delete the redirect Alethea Meigs (Walton) McCormick.  Rossami (talk) 02:51, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Does the whole family not all have articles yet? -R. fiend 07:55, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete along with rest of contiguous family articles. Vanity. --Improv 19:25, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. reasons listed above. Gsd97jks 22:59, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like other '/delete' pages is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion or on the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David S. Walton

David S. Walton
Vanity article. User:134.181.37.132 (who briefly used the account User:Nywalton and then went back to the anon ip) has begun creating articles on himself and his entire family - Nathaniel Y. Walton, Alethea W. McCormick and David S. Walton. I've also warned 134.181 that he will be blocked if he keeps removing vfd notices. Gamaliel 20:01, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. Katefan0 21:03, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)
 * Despite this user's history of creating glowing articles about him and his family members, and also of repeatedly removing VFD notices, I'm a bit undecided about this one. If the claims regarding pediatric glaucoma are true and seeing his role in the Children's Glaucoma Foundation, he actually may be notable enough to keep. Of course, it would need to be rewritten, with all this glowing praise in every sentence cut out. I'd also prefer if some unrelated to the subject wrote the article. But given the user's history of removing VFDs and continuing to create these articles, I think it is unlikely he'd respond to our requests. Delete, unless the article shapes up by the time this discussion is over. — [[User:Knowledge Seeker|Knowledge Seeker দ (talk)]] 22:59, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless notability can be independently established. --MarkSweep 00:44, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Delete. P Ingerson 01:22, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I was able to find several medical journal articles he authored confirming that he is a specialist in pediatric glaucoma (such as    ).  I can not find any articles which cite his work, though, so I'm having trouble determining if he exceeds the average professor test.  Abstain leaning toward delete.  Family members should not write articles.  It makes it too hard to keep the article true to NPOV.  Rossami (talk) 02:38, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * And I'm a specialist in mocking vanity and belittling accomplishments. Delete, along with the rest of his family album. -R. fiend 07:48, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I searched Web of Knowledge, and found 34 journal articles from a DS Walton affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Googling his name suggests he is an Associate Clinical Professor. So in academic terms, I don't feel that a sufficient case for exceptional notability has been made. Since it was a family member who wrote the original article, that tips the balance for me to delete. Average Earthman 12:23, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I understand the dislike of vanity articles and vow not to do so again and endorse the deletion of Alethea W. McCormick and Nathaniel Y. Walton. However, I do feel that this article, curtailed appropriately, is appropriate. Dr. Walton is now a full Professor and one a few private physicians in that position at Harvard. Additionally, he is renowned leader in the fight against childhood glaucoma whose name is worthy if not necessary of publication on this site. Keep. Nywalton 08:12, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * The edit history shows the above comment was written by 134.181.37.132. --Carnildo 08:16, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)