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Talk:Drudge Report

The irony
Why was "conservative" removed from the first sentence? Has the source suddenly become mainstream or centrist?  GaɱingFørFuɲ 3 6 5 00:55, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

Well, wouldn't we all agree that now it is more than just a little bit absurd that this is in the lede:  " . . . run by Matt Drudge . . . generally regarded as a conservative publication . . . though its . . . political leanings have recently been placed in question"

Talk about, understatement, hyperbole, and obfuscation!

It may used to have been conservative (even up to 2017), but now it is obviously the opposite.

Considering, for example: the beacon flashing "Drudge" red-bolder-headline today [2020-6-6] is: "ROMNEY WILL NOT SUPPORT TRUMP IN NOVEMBER!" [Really?!? What a shocking surprise! Romney! Of ALL people!], I'd say that Drudgereport at this point is in the same category as Huffington Post. 96.239.90.181 (talk) 01:53, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Drudge's company name and U.S. Trademark registration
As I write this, the article does not mention the name of Drudge's company or his successful "Drudge Report" trademark filing, so here it is, all public domain information:

 * State of Florida Division of Corporations - Digital, LLC
 * Florida Companies Directory - Digital, LLC

As an individual (not Digital, LLC), Matthew Drudge was granted U.S. Trademark protection for the phrase "Drudge Report" on January 15, 2019, filed on May 15, 2018. He did not get protection for the word "Report" or for the use of any particular font stylings or color, just the basic letters forming the words. The filing included a screenshot of his website. He used a Trump photo and headline "TRUMP GOES BIG" from 2018. The Miami, Florida address given for the trademark registration is the same address for his Digital, LLC business name. Why he sought trademark protection as an individual and not under his company name is unclear. However, such an action would allow him to sell the website specifically in the future and still use his business name for other commercial projects. I don't intend to edit the article, so I am providing this information for anyone who is interested.  5Q5 |✉ 17:25, 16 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I may add a line or two to the article eventually if no one else does.  5Q5 |✉ 13:33, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

What happened to Drudge?
The page massively supported Trump in 2016 and mocked him throughout the entire 2020 re-election campaign. The decline of the website confirmed by the Alexa ranking is massive, the page has lost nearly half of its readers compared with only one year ago indicating that many Conservatives and patriots are leaving this place as a source of information. Any further information why Drudge Report changed so drastically? 80.131.51.178 (talk) 02:58, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

 * If evidence ever comes forward citable to a reliable or notable source making the claim that Drudge was paid to make the site switch to anti-Trump in 2020 and/or a bonus in the millions offered if Biden won and became President then it might be suitable for inclusion in the article. As of this date I haven't seen any business record evidence that the website has been sold; however, it might be possible to furtively structure a deal in the millions so that editorial control was sold while Drudge remains technically the backseat owner on record. Without Drudge, it's not easy to continue calling it the Drudge Report.  5Q5 |✉ 13:46, 24 November 2020 (UTC)

Suggestions for update
I have made some preliminary changes here [], while leaving the current structure/organization intact—but believe it's well worth adding and/or expanding some related parts of the article. A couple brief examples: Those are just a start—the Drudge Report was and continues to be an amazing phenomenon, one that nobody has been able to replicate, and IMHO the current article fails to convey how unusual it's history has been, in so many different ways. Any thoughts? And anyone want to collaborate on adding and organizing some of the above? Thanks so much! Elle Kpyros (talk) 17:15, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The "business model" needs to explain how unique the Drudge Report is, how much it's worth (recent estimates of $100-200+ million), etc.
 * A "traffic" section should be separate. And the most recent and ongoing decline attributed to a change in Trump coverage means little without an understanding of the enormous traffic Drudge has historically attracted (as well as a huge prior decrease widely attributed to the explosion of Twitter and other social media).
 * The Drudge Report is just a three-column newspaper, a masthead with three columns beneath it containing textual news, some imagery, separated by vertical lines. The three-column format has been around in newspapers since the 1700s. Drudge can't copyright the format and would lose any infringement or trademark lawsuit if someone did their own "Report." He couldn't get trademark protection in 2019 for the word "Report" because of the commonly used terms "news report," "special report," etc. It would require a lot of start-up money for tech support and be willing to find links 24/7 to create a competitor website. Unique? Only in name recognition and influence I guess. The Connecticut-based Capitol Report and New York-based Empire Report have used an identical format to the Drudge Report for years. See this 2018 news story on both. I've never edited the Drudge Report article before, and don't intent to become a regular, but I'm working on a line or two to mention his business name and trademark filing, probably for next week.  5Q5 |✉ 17:14, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

Sounds like an interesting and welcome addition. I don't know about trademarks and the like—but I'd point out that although a competitor would only require a single person with a computer, no one has imitated him with anything remotely like his level of success. The two sites you cite appear to be direct imitations of Drudge, and whatever its strengths may be, the Capitol Report got 12 million views a year—while Drudge has had 1500 times more, with 1.5 billion views in a single month, putting it ahead of Disney (including ESPN, ABC News, etc.), Yahoo, Google, Time Warner, and every other media source save MSN. That's more than triple the numbers for The New York Times. Drudge's format—it's almost an anti-format—is surely a throwback to newspapers, but it was unique in the world of internet news. And what's most remarkable isn't the look of the site, but the influence wielded by a man in his bedroom who simply aggregates links. He drove enormous amounts of traffic to specific stories and outlets. What explains his incredible success—his curatorial skill or "taste" in articles? Elle Kpyros (talk) 18:49, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The Drudge Report uses a javascript code to auto refresh the page (Google search) at regular intervals; thus, massively inflating its page views. In addition, since it's a link site, the same people return multiple times to go to the next link. I would trust only the number of unique visitors in a site like Drudge. Page views have less meaning if you know the system is being gamed.  5Q5 |✉ 13:24, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

From 5Q5 - PROPOSED ADDITION TO THE ARTICLE as the opening paragraph in the Business model section:  Matt Drudge's business entity in Florida is a privately owned company called Digital, LLC, a limited liability company. As an individual, Drudge applied for and was granted a U.S. Trademark registration for the phrase "Drudge Report" on January 15, 2019, filed on May 15, 2018. The registration excludes the word "Report" from protection outside of the exact two-word phrase use and is for "standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color." The address recorded for the owner of the U.S. Trademark; that is, Matthew Drudge, and Drudge's Florida business entity Digital, LLC are the same. The references will of course appear in the article's lower reference section. If there is agreement I will publish it.  5Q5 |✉ 16:41, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

FROM 5Q5 - PROPOSED REVISION, SIMPLIFIED:  Matt Drudge's business entity in Florida is a privately owned limited liability company called Digital, LLC. Drudge applied for and was granted a U.S. Trademark registration for the phrase "Drudge Report" on January 15, 2019, filed on May 15, 2018. The registration excludes the word "Report" from protection outside of the exact two-word phrase use and is for "standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color."
 * I omitted the last sentence about addresses matching, as it seems unnecessary, though it is true. If there is no objection after a week sitting here on the talk page, I will go ahead and publish it in the article, sometime next week.  5Q5 |✉ 17:00, 3 December 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅.  5Q5 |✉ 15:33, 10 December 2020 (UTC)

Use of Russian government sources
As of 23:45, 8 April 2023 (UTC), Drudge has a second leading headline directly linked to Sputnik (news agency), a Russian propaganda outlet devoted to state-sponsored disinformation. Drudge has done this quite a bit over the years, and is not alone, with most right-leaning, conservative news aggregators making use of Russian disinformation sources to criticize liberals and Democrats in the US. I would like to see a sourced section in this article describing this phenomenon of the right wing in the US depending on Russian disinformation for their news. Viriditas (talk) 23:44, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Outdated Information
The Drudge report is no longer conservative, nor is it no longer owned by Matt Drudge: https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/matt-drudge-logs-off 172.79.199.4 (talk) 05:58, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I didn't read the whole thing thoroughly, but it seems very speculative, and they never say definitively he sold it. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 13:54, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drudge Report


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Petrila

Petrila (Petrilla) is a town in the Jiu Valley, Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located near the confluence of the rivers Jiul de Est, Taia, and Jieț.

The town administers four villages: Cimpa (Csimpa), Jieț (Zsiec), Răscoala (Reszkola), and Tirici.

History
A Romanian town in the Carpathian Mountains, Petrila is an ancient settlement, but its existence was not documented until 1493 in a donation letter between Vladislav the First, King of Hungary and a Romanian prince named Mihai Cande.

The name of the town was noted in 1733 as coming from the Latin word “petrinus” ("pietros" in Romanian), which can be translated into English to mean “of stone”, a reference to the large coal deposits in the area that would become a profitable export in the Industrial Revolution. The exploitation of coal deposits in and around Petrila made the town grow as a single-industry town, revolving either around the mining of coal or the processing of the coal mined there, which is listed under the grade “Pitcoal”. Mining operations began in 1840, but the town would remain sparsely populated until the arrival of Western Moldavian workers forced to relocate by the former president of Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu under Communist rule. The restructuring of the economy since the Romanian Revolution of 1989 has led to a decrease in production and supply for the region, including Petrila.

It was the site in recent times of the Petrila Mine disaster, wherein two methane gas explosions in a coal mine on November 15, 2008 killed at least 12 miners and/or rescue workers. This is not the first time this millennium a coal mine in Petrila has suffered such an incident; another similar incident occurred in 2001.

Economy
The mining in the town began in 1840 and the peak production of coal was in 1984 1,255,240 tonnes, since then it decreased to 504,000 tonnes.

Population
At the 2011 census, Petrila had a population of 21,373; of these, 93.97% were Romanians, 4.9% Hungarians, and 0.73% Roma. At the 2021 census, the town had a population of 19,600.

Natives

 * Ludovic Bács (1930–2015), composer
 * Ferenc Doór (1918–2015), painter
 * Alexandru Hrisanide (1936–2018 ), composer
 * Josef Kappl (b. 1950), rock musician
 * Horațiu Lasconi (b. 1963), footballer
 * Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu (1919–1989), philosopher and novelist
 * Maria von Tasnady (1911–2001), actress
 * Daniel Timofte (b. 1967), footballer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Petrila


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Nawabshah

Nawabshah (نوابشاھ, ) is a tehsil and headquarters of the Shaheed Benazirabad District of Sindh province, Pakistan. This city is situated in the middle of Sindh province. It is the 27th largest city in Pakistan. Nawabshah Tehsil (formerly known as Nasrat Tehsil from 1903 to 1907) was established in 1903 by the British government. The tehsil was a part of Hyderabad district (1903 - 1912). On 1 November 1912, Nawabshah was upgraded to a district status of Sind Division.

In 1909, Syed Nawab Ali Shah donated 200 acres of land to British government for construction of a town railway station and 60 acres of land for construction of buildings of district and taluka offices free of cost. To commemorate this, the British government then changed the name of Nasrat town to Nawabshah town

Nawabshah is called the heart of Sindh Province.

Climate
Nawabshah has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), narrowly missing a hot semi arid climate. The city is considered one of the hottest cities in Pakistan, with summer temperatures soaring as high as 53 °C. Temperatures above 45 °C are fairly common during late May and June. Winters start late, around mid-November, lasting to around mid-February, with night-time temperatures often reaching 4 °C, and temperatures below 0 °C occurring two or three times on average in January.

The highest temperatures each year in Pakistan, typically rising to above 50 °C, are usually recorded in Nawabshah District and Sibi from May to August. The climate is generally dry and hot, but sometimes the temperature falls to 0 °C. On 26 May 2010 record breaking severe heat wave hit the city and the mercury level reached 52 °C which was the highest temperature ever recorded in Nawabshah at the time. The climate is generally dry and hot, but sometimes the temperature falls to 0 °C. On January 7, 2011, temperatures dropped to 4 °C in the city. The highest annual rainfall ever is 685 mm, recorded in 2022.

Major education institutes
There are various educational institutions in the city, these include:
 * Government Habib College of Technology Nawabshah
 * Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences for Women
 * Provincial Institute of Teacher Education Nawabshah
 * Quaid-e-Azam Law College Nawabshah
 * Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology
 * Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad
 * Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

 * Bakhtawar Cadet College for Girls Shaheed Benazirabad
 * Benazir Institute of Urology and Transplantation
 * Bilawal Institute of Historical Research, NawabShah
 * Government Fatima Jinnah High School.
 * Government Islamia Girls Higher Secondary School
 * Loins Law College, Nawabshah
 * NORIN (Atomic Energy Cancer Hospital) Sakrand Road Nawabshah
 * Shah Sachal Sami Foundation

Sports locations

 * Bilawal Stadium, Benazirabad, Sindh,
 * Hockey Stadium, Nawabshah
 * Municipal Ground, Nawabshah
 * Millat Ground, Nawabshah
 * High School Ground, Sakrand

Parks

 * Bakhtawar Park
 * Shah Abdul Latif Park
 * Quaid-e-Azam Park
 * Lab-e-Gajrahwah Park
 * Abdul Qadir Park
 * Cinema Chowk Park Sakrand
 * Naz Bagh Kazi Ahmed
 * DC Chowk Park Nawabshah

title: Nawabshah


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Linaceae

Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes about 250 species in 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: the Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae). Leaves of the Linaceae are always simple; arrangement varies from alternate (most species) to opposite (in Sclerolinon and some Linum) or whorled (in some Hesperolinon and Linum species). The hermaphroditic, actinomorphic flowers are pentameric or, very rarely, tetrameric (e.g., Radiola linoides, Linum keniense).

In the Linoideae, the largest genus is Linum, the flaxes, with 180–200 species including the cultivated flax, Linum usitatissimum. Members of the Linoideae include herbaceous annuals and perennials, as well as woody subshrubs, shrubs, and small trees (Tirpitzia) inhabiting temperate and tropical latitudes of Eurasia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. The largest genus of the Hugonioideae is Hugonia (about 40 species); the Hugonioideae are woody vines, shrubs, and trees, and are almost entirely tropical in distribution. In addition to their growth habits and geographic distributions, the Linoideae and Hugonioideae can be differentiated by the number of fertile stamens (five in the Linoideae, 10 in the Hugonioideae) and fruit type (capsules in the Linoideae, fleshy drupe-like fruits in the Hugonioideae).

Genera in subfamily Linoideae
 * Anisadenia Wall. ex Meisn. (2 sp.)
 * Hesperolinon (Gray) Small (13 sp.)
 * Linum L. (approximately 200 species)
 * Radiola Hill (1 sp.)
 * Reinwardtia Dumort. (1 sp.)
 * Sclerolinon C.M.Rogers (1 sp.)
 * Tirpitzia Hallier f. (3 sp.)

Former genera; Cliococca (synonym of Linum L.)

Genera in subfamily Hugonioideae
 * Hebepetalum Benth. (3 sp.)
 * Hugonia l. (6 sp.)
 * Indorouchera Hallier f. (1 sp.)
 * Roucheria Planch. (7 sp.)

Former genera; Durandea (synonym of Hugonia L., ) and Philbornea (synonym of Hugonia L. )

Under the old Cronquist system of classifying the flowering plants, the Linaceae were placed in their own order, the Linales. Modern classifications place them in the order Malpighiales.

title: Linaceae


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Permafrost (disambiguation)

Permafrost is permanently frozen ground found in periglacial zones.

Permafrost may also refer to:

 * Permafrost (novella), a 2019 novella by Alastair Reynolds
 * "Permafrost" (story), a 1987 Hugo Award winning novelette by Roger Zelazny
 * Permafrost: Literary Journal, the student newspaper of the University of Alaska Fairbanks English department
 * Permafrost (album), a 1993 dark ambient album by Thomas Köner
 * "Permafrost", a track from the 1979 album Secondhand Daylight by UK-based post-punk band Magazine
 * Permafrost, a character on the Static Shock television series
 * Dr. Permafrost, a (nominal) villain of the comic series Tom Strong
 * Permafrost, a zone in the fictional universe of EverQuest, a computer game

title: Permafrost (disambiguation)


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Túathal Techtmar

Túathal Techtmar ('the legitimate'), son of Fíachu Finnolach, was a High King of Ireland, according to medieval Irish legend and historical tradition. He is said to be the ancestor of the Uí Néill and Connachta dynasties through his grandson Conn of the Hundred Battles. The name may also have originally referred to an eponymous deity, possibly even a local version of the Gaulish Toutatis.

Legend
Túathal was the son of a former High King deposed by an uprising of "subject peoples" who returned at the head of an army to reclaim his father's throne. The oldest source for Túathal's story, a 9th-century poem by Mael Mura of Othain, says that his father, Fíacha Finnolach, was overthrown by the four provincial kings, Elim mac Conrach of Ulster, Sanb (son of Cet mac Mágach) of Connacht, Foirbre of Munster and Eochaid Ainchenn of Leinster, and that it was Elim who took the High Kingship. During his rule Ireland suffered famine as God punished this rejection of legitimate kingship. Túathal, aided by the brothers Fiacha Cassán and Findmall and their 600 men, marched on Tara and defeated Elim in battle at the hill of Achall. He then won battles against the Ligmuini, the Gailióin, the Fir Bolg, the Fir Domnann, the Ulaid, the Muma, the Fir Ól nÉcmacht and the Érainn, and assembled the Irish nobility at Tara to make them swear allegiance to him and his descendants.

Later versions of the story suppress the involvement of the provincial nobility in the revolt, making the "subject peoples" the peasants of Ireland. The Lebor Gabála Érenn adds the detail of Túathal's exile. His mother, Eithne Imgel, daughter of the king of Alba (originally meaning Britain, later Scotland), was pregnant when Fíachu was overthrown, and fled to her homeland where she gave birth to Túathal. Twenty years later Túathal and his mother returned to Ireland, joined up with Fiacha Cassán and Findmall, and marched on Tara to take the kingship.

The Annals of the Four Masters features a similar revolt a few generations earlier, led by Cairbre Cinnchait, against the High King Crimthann Nia Náir. On this occasion Crimthann's son Feradach Finnfechtnach is the future king who escaped in his mother's womb, although the Annals claim he returned to reclaim his throne only five years later. The story repeats itself a few generations later with Elim's revolt against Fíachu, and the exile and return of Túathal. Geoffrey Keating harmonises the two revolts into one. He has Crimthann hand the throne directly to his son, Feradach, and makes Cairbre Cinnchait, whose ancestry he traces to the Fir Bolg, the leader of the revolt that overthrew Fíachu, killing him at a feast. The pregnant Eithne flees as in the other sources. Cairbre rules for five years, dies of plague and is succeeded by Elim. After Elim had ruled for twenty years, the 20- or 25-year-old Túathal was prevailed upon to return. He landed with his forces at Inber Domnainn (Malahide Bay). Joining up with Fiacha Cassán and Findmall and their marauders, he marched on Tara where he was declared king. Elim gave battle at the hill of Achall near Tara, but was defeated and killed.

Túathal fought 25 battles against Ulster, 25 against Leinster, 25 against Connacht and 35 against Munster. The whole country subdued, he convened a conference at Tara, where he established laws and annexed territory from each of the four provinces to create the central province of Míde (Meath) around Tara as the High King's territory. He built four fortresses in Meath: Tlachtga, where the druids sacrificed on the eve of Samhain, on land taken from Munster; Uisneach, where the festival of Beltaine was celebrated, on land from Connacht; Tailtiu, where Lughnasadh was celebrated, on land from Ulster; and Tara, on land from Leinster.

He went on to make war on Leinster, burning the stronghold of Aillen (Dún Ailinne) and imposing the bórama, a heavy tribute of cattle, on the province. One story says this was because the king of Leinster, Eochaid Ainchenn, had married Túathal's daughter Dairine, but told Túathal she had died and so was given his other daughter, Fithir. When Fithir discovered Dairine was still alive she died of shame, and when Dairine saw Fithir dead she died of grief.

Túathal, or his wife Baine, is reputed to have built Ráth Mór, an Iron Age hillfort in the earthwork complex at Clogher, County Tyrone. He died in battle against Mal mac Rochride, king of Ulster, at Mag Line (Moylinny near Larne, County Antrim). His son, Fedlimid Rechtmar, later avenged him.

Dates
The Annals of the Four Masters gives the date of Túathal's exile as AD 56, his return as 76 and his death as 106. Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Érinn broadly agrees, dating his exile to 55, his return to 80 and his death to 100. The Lebor Gabála Érenn places him a little later, synchronising his exile with the reign of the Roman emperor Domitian (81–96), his return early in the reign of Hadrian (122–138) and his death in the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161).

The first of the Goidels?
The scholar T. F. O'Rahilly suggested that, as in many such "returned exile" stories, Túathal represented an entirely foreign invasion which established a dynasty in Ireland, whose dynastic propagandists fabricated an Irish origin for him to give him some spurious legitimacy. In fact, he proposed that Túathal's story, pushed back to the 1st or 2nd century BC, represented the invasion of the Goidels, who established themselves over the earlier populations and introduced the Q-Celtic language that would become Irish, and that their genealogists incorporated all Irish dynasties, Goidelic or otherwise, and their ancestor deities into a pedigree stretching back over a thousand years to the fictitious Míl Espáine.

Professor Dáithí Ó hÓgáin reckoned his Celtic name was Teutovalos ('tribe-ruler') and he was a great leader of the northern branch of the Venii tribe, or the 'people of Condos' who overthrew the kingship of the Lagini at Tara. When the genealogies were written a few centuries later his name was noted as 'Tuathal', and the epithet teachtmhar, a Celtic compound meaning 'appropriator of wealth' was added referring to his followers large-scale raids on the British coast. The Venii's special designation for themselves became Gaídhil, i.e. Goidels, and their principal groups were called Connachta and Eoghanacht.

Romans in Ireland?
Taking the native dating as broadly accurate, another theory has emerged. The Roman historian Tacitus mentions that Agricola, while governor of Roman Britain (AD 78–84), entertained an exiled Irish prince, thinking to use him as a pretext for a possible conquest of Ireland. Neither Agricola nor his successors ever conquered Ireland, but in recent years archaeology has challenged the belief that the Romans never set foot on the island. Roman and Romano-British artefacts have been found primarily in Leinster, notably a fortified site on the promontory of Drumanagh, fifteen miles north of Dublin, and burials on the nearby island of Lambay, both close to where Túathal is supposed to have landed, and other sites associated with Túathal such as Tara and Clogher. However, whether this is evidence of trade, diplomacy or military activity is a matter of controversy. It is possible that the Romans may have given support to Túathal, or someone like him, to regain his throne in the interests of having a friendly neighbour who could restrain Irish raiding. The 2nd-century Roman poet Juvenal, who may have served in Britain under Agricola, wrote that "arms had been taken beyond the shores of Ireland", and the coincidence of dates is striking.

title: Túathal Techtmar


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Greek National Road 44

National Road 44 (Εθνική Οδός 44, abbreviated as EO44) is a single carriageway road in central Greece. It connects Thebes with Karystos on southern Euboea, via Chalcis and Eretria. The total length of the GR-44 is nearly 160 km. The highway lies in the regional units of Boeotia and Euboea.

Route
The west end of the GR-44 is in downtown Thebes, where it connects with the GR-3. It crosses Motorway 1 east of Thebes, and runs north to Chalcis. At Chalcis it crosses the Euripus Strait, and enters the island of Euboea. The GR-77 towards northern Euboea branches off. The GR-44 continues to the southeastern part of the island, passing along the south coast through the towns Eretria, Amarynthos and Aliveri. Beyond Aliveri it leaves the coast, and it runs south through Styra, ending in Karystos.

National Road 44 passes through the following places:

 * Thebes
 * Eleonas
 * Ritsona
 * Chalcis
 * Vasiliko
 * Eretria
 * Amarynthos
 * Aliveri
 * Zarakes
 * Styra
 * Karystos

title: Greek National Road 44


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Lochs of Spiggie and Brow

The Lochs of Spiggie and Brow are located west of Boddam in the parish of Dunrossness, in the South Mainland of Shetland, Scotland, about 6 km north of Sumburgh.

They are designated as a Special Protection Area and a Site of Special Scientific Interest for wildlife conservation purposes.

Loch of Spiggie
The Loch of Spiggie was historically a voe (Shetland Dialect: fjord or inlet) in which a sand bar formed, cutting off the sea. It is considered "the only moderately large loch" in the South Mainland of Shetland, and is the fourth longest loch in Shetland. It is roughly rectangular, with the longest dimension approximately north–south, and the maximum width is almost 0.5 mi; its area is roughly 1 km2.

The loch is an RSPB nature reserve. The loch supports many species of birds, including lapwing, tufted duck, redshank, snipe and whooper swan. Additionally, various seasonal visiting birds also make use of the loch – in spring, long-tailed duck and skylark; and in summer, oystercatcher, curlew, mallard, arctic tern, kittiwake and great skua. The birds breed in the marshes and farmland next to the loch.

Loch of Brow
The Loch of Brow is a smaller loch, about 0.25 km2 in area, lying to the south-east of the Loch of Spiggie, into which it outflows.

The remains of a broch can be found on a small island in the loch. It used to be accessible by a number of stepping stones which formed a "rough causeway", however these now lie 2 ft under water. The remnants of a circular hollow approximately 8.5 m in diameter can be seen, which is thought to have been the interior lining of the broch. A small portion of an outward-facing wall was excavated at the north end that suggested the broch's walls may have been between 3.5-4.0 m thick.

title: Lochs of Spiggie and Brow


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1997–98 FA Premier League

The 1997–98 FA Premier League (known as the FA Carling Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the sixth season of the FA Premier League. It saw Arsenal lift their first league title since 1991 and, in so doing, became only the second team to win The Double for the second time.

It was Arsenal's first full season under French manager Arsène Wenger, who became the third manager to win the Premier League. Wenger followed in the footsteps of Alex Ferguson and Kenny Dalglish and, while both Ferguson and Dalglish were Scottish, Wenger was the first manager from outside the British Isles to win a league title in England.

Season summary
At the end of the 1997–98 FA Premier League season, a record total of nine English teams qualified for European competition.

Premiership champions Arsenal and runners-up Manchester United qualified for the Champions League, while UEFA Cup places went to Liverpool, Leeds United, Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers. Qualifying for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup were Chelsea (as defending champions) and FA Cup runners-up Newcastle United. Crystal Palace, while finishing bottom, qualified for the Intertoto Cup.

Manchester United led the table for most of the season, before a dip in form during the final two months of the campaign saw Arsenal overtake them in April, taking advantage of games in hand, and win the league title with two matches remaining, although the gap between the champions and runners-up was a single point in the final table as Arsenal lost their final two fixtures and Alex Ferguson’s men won both of theirs. Arsenal then completed the double by winning the FA Cup. Despite the sudden dismissal of FA Cup winning player-manager Ruud Gullit, Chelsea won the League Cup and European Cup Winners Cup under new player-manager Gianluca Vialli.

The gap between the Premier League and Division One of the Football League was highlighted at the end of 1997–98 when all three newly promoted teams were relegated. Crystal Palace were confined to bottom place in the final table having won just two home games all season and lost most of their games in the second half of the campaign. Barnsley's first season in the top division ended in relegation, although they did reach the FA Cup quarter finals and knock out Manchester United in the Fifth Round. Bolton Wanderers went down on goal difference, with 17th place being occupied by Everton: despite preserving top flight football for the 45th season running, Howard Kendall quit as manager at Goodison Park after his third spell in charge.

Another mark of the gap was that the three relegated teams in the previous season took the top three places in the 1997–98 Football League. Had Sunderland not lost the play-off final to Charlton Athletic on penalty shootout, the 20 teams from 1998–99 Premier League would have been exactly the same as those in the 1996–97 Premier League.

Teams
Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the First Division. The promoted teams were Bolton Wanderers (returning after a season's absence), Barnsley (playing in the top flight for the first and only time) and Crystal Palace (playing in the top flight after a two year absence). They replaced Sunderland, Middlesbrough and Nottingham Forest, who were relegated to the First Division after top flight spells of one, two and three years respectively.

Personnel and kits
A list of personnel and kits of the clubs in the 1997–98 FA Premier League.

Hat-tricks

 * Note: 4 Player scored 4 goals; P Player scored a perfect hat-trick; (H) – Home; (A) – Away

title: 1997–98 FA Premier League


text:
Dutch Leonard

Dutch Leonard was the name of two Major League Baseball pitchers:

 * Hubert "Dutch" Leonard (1892–1952), left-handed pitcher with the Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers
 * Emil "Dutch" Leonard (1909–1983), right-handed pitcher with the Brooklyn Dodgers, Washington Senators, Philadelphia Phillies, and Chicago Cubs

title: Dutch Leonard


text:
Yamana

Yamana may refer to:

 * Yamana, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia
 * Yamana clan, a Japanese clan
 * Yamana Gold, a Canadian-based gold mining company operating in South and Central America
 * Yahgan people in Chile and Argentina
 * Yahgan language

title: Yamana


text:
List of STEP (ISO 10303) parts

An incomplete list of parts making up STEP (ISO 10303):

Descriptions methods

 * Part 1 - Overview and fundamental principles (1994). Unfortunately outdated, not covering the role of AICs and modules.
 * Part 11 - EXPRESS language reference manual
 * Part 12 - EXPRESS -I language reference manual (withdrawn)
 * Part 14 - EXPRESS -X language reference manual

Implementation methods

 * Part 15 - SysML XMI to XSD transformation
 * Part 21 - STEP-File Clear text encoding of the exchange structure
 * Part 22 - SDAI Standard data access interface specification
 * Part 23 - C++ language binding of the standard data access interface
 * Part 24 - C language binding of the standard data access interface
 * Part 25 - EXPRESS to OMG XMI binding
 * Part 26 - Binary representation of EXPRESS-driven data using HDF5
 * Part 27 - Java TM programming language binding to the standard data access interface with Internet/Intranet extensions
 * Part 28 - STEP-XML XML representation for EXPRESS-driven data

Conformance testing methodology and framework

 * Part 31 - General concepts
 * Part 32 - Requirements on testing laboratories and clients
 * Part 34 - Abstract test methods for application protocol implementations
 * Part 35 - Abstract test methods for SDAI implementations

Integrated generic resources

 * Part 41 - Fundamentals of product description and support
 * Part 42 - Geometric and topological representation
 * Part 43 - Representation structures
 * Part 44 - Product structure configuration
 * Part 45 - Materials
 * Part 46 - Visual presentation: Works in combination with part42 and allows to specify how to display 2D or 3D geometric models together with annotation data. The original design intend was that data according to this part could be displayed by computer systems supporting the Graphical Kernel System or PHIGS. Today other display interfaces such as OpenGL for 3D and Java 2D are more appropriate to display part 46 based data.
 * Part 47 - Shape variation tolerances: This part supports the representation of Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing principles for computer sensitive data exchange. But it does not cover how to present the data for humans.
 * Part 49 - Process structures and properties
 * Part 50 - Mathematical constructs
 * Part 51 - Mathematical description
 * Part 52 - Mesh-based topology
 * Part 53 - Numerical analysis
 * Part 54 - Classification and set theory
 * Part 55 - Procedural and hybrid representation
 * Part 56 - State
 * Part 57 - Expression extensions
 * Part 58 - Risk
 * Part 59 - Quality of product shape data
 * Part 61 - Systems engineering representation

Integrated application resources

 * Part 101 - Draughting
 * Part 104 - Finite element analysis
 * Part 105 - Kinematics
 * Part 107 - Finite element analysis definition relationships
 * Part 108 - Parameterization and constraints for explicit geometric product models
 * Part 109 - STEP assembly model for products
 * Part 110 - Computational fluid dynamics data
 * Part 111 - Elements for the procedural modelling of solid shapes
 * Part 112 - Standard modelling commands for the procedural exchange of 2D CAD models

Application Protocol
The 'APs' utilize the lower-level information of integrated resources in well defined combinations and configurations to represent a particular data model of an engineering or technical application.
 * Part 201 - Explicit draughting. Simple 2D drawing geometry related to a product. No association, no assembly hierarchy. Practically a subset of AP202 and 214.
 * Part 202 - Associative draughting. 2D/3D drawing with association, but no product structure. Practically a subset of AP214.
 * Part 203: Configuration controlled 3D designs of mechanical parts and assemblies. Mainly used for 3D design and product structure. A subset of AP214 but most widely used.
 * Part 204 - Mechanical design using boundary representation
 * Part 207 - Sheet metal die planning and design
 * Part 209 - Composite and metallic structural analysis and related design
 * Part 210 - Electronic assembly, interconnect and packaging design. The most complex and sophisticated STEP AP.
 * Part 212 - Electrotechnical design and installation. Designed as a complement for AP214, but not fully harmonized with it.
 * Part 214 - Core data for automotive mechanical design processes
 * Part 215 - Ship arrangement
 * Part 216 - Ship moulded forms
 * Part 218 - Ship structures
 * Part 219 - Dimensional inspection information exchange
 * Part 221 - Functional data and their schematic representation for process plant
 * Part 223 - Exchange of design and manufacturing product information for cast parts, currently on CD level
 * Part 224 - Mechanical product definition for process plans using machining features
 * Part 225 - Building elements using explicit shape representation
 * Part 227 - Plant spatial configuration
 * Part 232 - Technical data packaging core information and exchange
 * Part 233 - Systems engineering
 * Part 235 - Materials information for the design and verification of products
 * Part 236 - Furniture catalog and interior design
 * Part 237 - Fluid dynamics
 * Part 238 - STEP-NC Application interpreted model for computerized numerical controllers
 * Part 239 - Product life cycle support
 * Part 240 - Process plans for machined products
 * Part 242 - Managed model-based 3D engineering
 * Part 243 - Modelling and Simulation information in a collaborative Systems Engineering Context (MoSSEC)

ATS - Abstract test suite
An ATS is a formal description on how to test STEP implementations for conformance. They contain a test plan for postprocessors (exporting STEP data) and preprocessors (importing STEP data). The structure of an ATS is defined in part 34.

The original plan of STEP was to have for every AP 2xx a corresponding ATS 3xx, but only a few were finally realized till today.

 * Part 304 - Abstract test suite: Mechanical design using boundary representation
 * Part 307 - Abstract test suite: Sheet metal die planning and design

AIC - Application interpreted constructs
AICs are specializations of the integrated application and generic resources. This is done by subtyping interfaced entities and adding further constraints and rules. No new stand-alone entities are created and no new explicit attributes are added. Most AICs are specializations in the geometric area. AICs did not exist back in 1994 when the first release of STEP got published. But when the 2nd generation of APs grows up it becomes clear that APs do not only share not only the IRs but also a lot of specializations. AICs are a big step towards AP interoperability.
 * Part 501 - Edge-based wireframe
 * Part 502 - Shell-based wireframe
 * Part 503 - Geometrically bounded 2D wireframe
 * Part 504 - Draughting annotation
 * Part 505 - Drawing structure and administration
 * Part 506 - Draughting elements
 * Part 507 - Geometrically bounded surface
 * Part 508 - Non-manifold surface
 * Part 509 - Manifold surface
 * Part 510 - Geometrically bounded wireframe
 * Part 511 - Topologically bounded surface
 * Part 512 - Faceted boundary representation
 * Part 513 - Elementary boundary representation
 * Part 514 - Advanced boundary representation
 * Part 515 - Constructive solid geometry
 * Part 517 - Mechanical design geometric presentation
 * Part 518 - Mechanical design shaded representation
 * Part 519 - Geometric tolerances
 * Part 520 - Associative draughting elements
 * Part 521 - Manifold subsurface
 * Part 522 - Machining features
 * Part 523 - Curve swept solid

AM - Application modules
see ISO 10303 Application Modules

title: List of STEP (ISO 10303) parts


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Mathmos

Mathmos Limited is a British company that sells lighting products, most famously the lava lamp invented by its founder Edward Craven Walker. It is headquartered in its factory in Poole, Dorset.

Company history
The Astro lamp, or lava lamp, was invented around 1963 by Edward Craven Walker. It was adapted from a design for an egg timer spotted in a pub in Dorset, England. Edward and Christine Craven-Walker licensed the product to a number of overseas markets whilst continuing to manufacture for the European market themselves under the original name of the company, Crestworth. The rights to produce and sell the lamp on the American market for the duration of the patent were sold to Lava Simplex International, in 1966. The American company has now closed the American factory and has the lava lamps made in China.

In Europe Craven-Walker’s original lava lamp designs have been in continuous production since the early 1960s and are still made today by Mathmos in Poole, Dorset, UK. The Mathmos lava lamp formula developed initially by Craven-Walker in the 1960s and then improved with his help in the 1990s is still used.

Lava lamp sales by Mathmos have been through a number of ups and downs. After selling millions of lamps worldwide in the 1960s and 70s, they did not revive until the 1990s. In 1989, Cressida Granger and David Mulley took over the running of Walker's original company, Crestworth, situated in Poole, Dorset, and changed the name to Mathmos in 1992.

The name Mathmos comes from the seething lake of lava beneath the city Sogo in the 1962 comic Barbarella.

The 1990s re-launch of the original lava lamps saw sales grow strongly for Mathmos again from 10,000 lamps a year in 1989 to 800,000 lamps a year in 1999. Mathmos won two Queens Awards for Export and a number of other business awards. Edward Craven-Walker remained a consultant and company director at Mathmos until his death in 2000.

Modern Mathmos
Since 1999, and under the sole ownership of Cressida Granger, Mathmos widened its product range whilst maintaining and building on the classic Mathmos lava lamp range. Mathmos developed new products both in house with the Mathmos Design Studio and with a number of external designers such as Ross Lovegrove, El Ultimo Grito, Studio Job, and Sabine Marcelis.

New lines include a range of colour changing and rechargeable lights, several of which have won design awards. Mathmos has recently turned its attention back to its classic British made lava lamp range In  2013, it celebrated its 50th anniversary with a limited edition of the classic Astro by Christine Craven Walker, wife and business partner of the inventor. They also showed the biggest lava lamp in the world in London’s Southbank Centre.

In 2016, Mathmos launched Neo, the first lava lamp tested for children and adults, and opened a “Special Projects” division offering giant bespoke lava lamps. The first one is in Selfridges, London as part the new accessories department designed by David Chipperfield.

In 2017 Mathmos launched Neo wall the only wall mounted lava lamp. Mathmos also launched their first limited edition collaboration with Liam Gallagher's fashion brand Pretty Green during London Design Week with a window in London’s Carnaby Street.

Mathmos celebrated the centenary of the birth of its founder and the inventor of the lava lamp Edward Craven Walker in 2018. Mathmos lava lamps appeared in a number of exhibitions including Pop & Protest and the Festival of Lights in Berlin that year. Mathmos also launched its second sell-out collaboration with Pretty Green and had a dedicated programme on its British production process as part of ITV's Made in Britain series.

A new giant lava lamp iO was launched in 2019 the FIRST100 numbered edition selling out within hours. New candle powered lava lamps Pod and Pod + were also launched. The new lamps were photographed at Second Home co-working space in London Fields and in the iconic Barbican in London.

In 2020 Mathmos teamed with Poole Museum as part of the Light Up Poole event. Showcasing its lava lamps in the windows and throughout the museum. Mathmos moved into a new larger factory in Poole just before lockdown and has stayed open through the Covid-19 pandemic working safely throughout.

Business and marketing awards

 * Queens Awards for Export 2000 and 1997
 * Fast Track 100 (3rd fastest growing manufacturer 1999)
 * Yell Award best commercial website 1997
 * Design Week Best Consumer website 1998

Product design awards

 * "Grito" lamp shade: Red Dot Award 2006
 * "Airswitch tc" light: Gift Magazine Design Homewares winner 2005.
 * "Aduki" Design Week commendation 2003
 * "Tumbler" light: Form 2001 award, Red Dot Award 2002, Design Week commendation 2002
 * "Fluidium": Design Week finalist best consumer product 2001, FX Magazine finalist best lighting product 2000
 * "Bubble" Light: Industrial Design Excellence Award (IDEA) 2001, D&AD commendation 2001, Red Dot Award 2001, Light Magazine Decorative Lighting Award 2001

Exhibitions and design yearbooks

 * Mathmos Vintage Lava Lamp Exhibition 2009 at London Design Festival
 * "Astro" Design Icons Exhibition Harrods & Design Museum 2008
 * "Telstar" Space Age, Museum of Childhood 2007
 * "bubble, Airswitch tc, aduki ni, grito" all in the V&A permanent collection from 2006
 * "Airswitch tc" V&A "Touch Me" exhibition spring 2005
 * "Fluidium" "Blobjects and Beyond" San Jose Museum of Art 2005
 * ‘bubble" Great Expectations Exhibition Design Council 2003
 * "Aduki" light: International Design Year Book 2003
 * "Tumbler" International Design Year Book 2002.
 * "Bubble" "Skin" exhibition at Cooper Hewitt Museum New York 2001
 * "bubble" Design Council exhibition New York 2002, International Design Year Book 2001
 * 50th Birthday Exhibition at The Royal Festival Hall London September 2013
 * Launch of 50th Birthday limited edition Astro at Aria, Islington, London; September 2013
 * Astro displayed at The Geffrye Museum London as part of The London Design Festival
 * Mathmos Lava Lamps Poole Museum as part of Light Up Poole 2020 >
 * “Astro Lava Lamp” at Pop & Protest Exhibition at Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg 2019

title: Mathmos