text:
Kimberly Quinn

Kimberly Quinn (formerly Fortier; née Solomon; born 1961) is an American journalist, commentator and magazine publisher and writer; latterly the publisher of British conservative news magazine The Spectator.

Early life
A native of Los Angeles, California, she is one of two daughters of businessman Marvin Solomon and actress Lugene Sanders. She is of Jewish heritage. She majored in Victorian Studies at Vassar College.

Professional career
She has written for The Wall Street Journal, Vogue and UK newspapers The Daily Telegraph, The Times, Evening Standard, and The Independent. She was the Communications and marketing director for Condé Nast Publications in the UK. She took her position at The Spectator in 1996. On 24 November 2006, Kimberly Quinn resigned from her post at The Spectator.

She has written a series of time travel adventures for young adults; the Chronicles of the Tempus series. The first work, The Queen Must Die (2010) was followed by The Queen at War (2013).

Personal life
In 1987, Quinn married American investment banker Michael Fortier; the couple divorced in 2000, following revelations of her affair with Stephen Quinn, publisher of Vogue and GQ magazines. In 2001, she married Quinn; during this marriage, she had an affair with David Blunkett, Home Secretary in Tony Blair's ministry. Quinn's three-year affair with David Blunkett ended acrimoniously in mid-2004. The affair was revealed by the News of the World in August 2004, according to the prosecution in the R v Brooks, Coulson and six others trial in October 2013, after the newspaper had intercepted voicemails.

During that period, Quinn gave birth to one son and became pregnant with a second child. The paternity of the two children became a matter of dispute. Blunkett's paternity of Quinn's elder child, William, was confirmed by DNA tests. Following the end of the affair between Quinn and Blunkett, moves by him to gain informal access to the first child were rejected by Quinn, and in early December 2004 Blunkett petitioned the Family Division of the High Court to grant him legal access. Controversy around a number of matters arising from the affair, particularly concerns over the handling of the visa of Quinn's nanny, contributed to Blunkett's resignation in mid-December 2004. Shortly after Blunkett's resignation, it was revealed by the News of the World that Quinn had also had an affair with Simon Hoggart, a political journalist and regular contributor to The Spectator.

In February 2005, Quinn gave birth to a second son, Lorcan Quinn. A month later, Blunkett announced that DNA tests had revealed he was not the father of Quinn's second child. Blunkett has said that Quinn's elder son attended a Jewish nursery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kimberly Quinn


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Alexanderson Day

Alexanderson Day, named after the Swedish radio engineer Ernst Fredrik Werner Alexanderson and held either on the last Sunday in June, or on the first Sunday in July, whichever comes closer to 2 July, is the day of the open house at the Swedish government VLF transmitter Grimeton, call sign SAQ, located near Varberg. On Alexanderson Day, Christmas Eve, and at other times during the year, the only workable Alexanderson alternator transmitter in the world is used to transmit short Morse messages on 17.2 kHz, which should be easily receivable in all of Europe. The transmitter is preserved as a historical remnant of early radio technology and as an example of VLF (Very Low Frequency) equipment.

These transmissions cannot be received by ordinary radios because of their low frequency. Modern enthusiasts often monitor the transmissions using a PC with a coil connected to the soundcard input and FFT analysis software, or a short-wave receiver with an upconverter, or any of several receivers designed to receive VLF transmissions directly. In recent years, Software-defined radio receivers have proven to be very useful and effective in receiving transmissions from SAQ around the world.

title: Alexanderson Day


text:
Talk:Nick Sackiewicz

"Soccer-specific stadium" is the correct singular form. Please stop changing it back.

I really wouldn't how you would know what is or isn't true about Mr. Sackiewicz. Please prove to myself and the world that the information about Mr. Sackiewicz is incorrect.

Heh--the whole thing sounded implausible from the start. BTW, I can keep replacing "stadia" with "stadium" until the Wikicows come home. Even if the article *is* fake.

title: Talk:Nick Sackiewicz


text:
Andrew V. Stoltenberg

Andrew Vincent Stoltenberg (January 26, 1865 – December 25, 1921) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Philippine–American War.

Biography
Andrew Vincent Stoltenberg was born in Aarnes, Trondenes, Norway. His father died when he was 4 years old and he was raised by an aunt and uncle. He left home as a young man and went to sea, arriving in the United States in 1882. In August 1890 he joined the United States Navy in San Francisco, California. He retired from the United States Navy after 30 years with the rate of Chief Gunner's Mate. He is buried in San Francisco National Cemetery.

Medal of Honor citation
As a Gunner's Mate Second Class, Stoltenberg received the Medal "for distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy in battle" at Catbalogan, Samar, Philippines, on July 16, 1900. Rank and organization: Gunner's Mate Second Class, U.S. Navy. Born: Boto, Norway. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 55, July 29, 1899.

Citation: "For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy in battle at Katbalogan, Samar, Philippine Islands, July 16, 1900."

title: Andrew V. Stoltenberg


text:
Minghsin University of Science and Technology

Minghsin University of Science and Technology (MUST; ) is a private university in Xinfeng Township, Hsinchu County, Taiwan.

History
I. Industrial Junior College Period

MUST was founded in 1966 that was known as Ming Hsin Engineering College (MEC). During this period, there were only some industrial associate degree programs, like Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Industrial Management, Chemical Engineering, etc..

'''II. Industrial and Commercial Junior College Period'''

MEC was renamed to Ming Hsin Institute of Technology and Commerce (MHITC) in 1993. During this period, commercial programs were added, like International Trade, Business Administration, etc..

'''III. College Period'''

In 1997, the Ministry of Education agreed MHITC to upgrade to Ming Hsin Institute of Technology (MHIT) with bachelor's degree programs and associate degree programs. During this period, some programs for service industries were added, like Hotel Management, Child Development and Education, etc..

'''IV. University Period'''

The Ministry of Education agreed MHIT to upgrade to a full university called Ming Hsin University of Science and Technology on 1 September 2002, and established three colleges: College of Engineering, Management, and Service Industries. In the same year, master's degree programs were added.

Campus
The campus is situated in Hsinchu County covering a complex of 32 acres (320,000 m²) overlooking Hsinchu City. It is close to both Hsinchu Industrial Park and the renowned Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park.

Organization
A president heads the university, and it is divided into four colleges, each having a variety of departments:

 * College of Engineering
 * Department of Mechanical Engineering
 * Department and Institute of Electrical Engineering
 * Department and Institute of Electronic Engineering
 * Department and Institute of Chemical Engineering
 * Department of Civil Engineering
 * Department of Opto-Electronic System Engineering
 * Department of Materials Science and Engineering
 * Department of Communications Engineering
 * Department of Environmental Informatics
 * Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
 * Institute of Construction Engineering and Management
 * Institute of Precision Mechatronic Engineering
 * College of Management
 * Department of Industrial Engineering and Management
 * Department and Institute of Information Management
 * Department of International Business
 * Department and Institute of Business Administration
 * Department of Finance
 * Institute of Engineering Management
 * Global Logistics Management Center
 * College of Service Industries
 * Department of Hotel Management
 * Department of Child Development and Education
 * Department of Leisure Management
 * Department of Senior Citizen Service Management
 * Center for Teacher Education
 * Senior Activity Center
 * College of Humanities and Social Science
 * Department of Applied Foreign Languages
 * Department of Sports Management
 * Arts Center
 * Center for Hakka Studies

Notable alumni

 * Chiu Ching-chun, Magistrate of Hsinchu County (2009–2018)


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Cmd.exe

Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd, is the default command-line interpreter for the OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows (Windows NT family and Windows CE family), and ReactOS operating systems. On Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windows CE 5.0 and Windows Embedded CE 6.0 it is referred to as the Command Processor Shell. Its implementations differ between operating systems, but the behavior and basic set of commands are consistent. cmd.exe is the counterpart of COMMAND.COM in DOS and Windows 9x systems, and analogous to the Unix shells used on Unix-like systems. The initial version of cmd.exe for Windows NT was developed by Therese Stowell. Windows CE 2.11 was the first embedded Windows release to support a console and a Windows CE version of cmd.exe. The ReactOS implementation of cmd.exe is derived from FreeCOM, the FreeDOS command line interpreter.

Operation
cmd.exe interacts with the user through a command-line interface. On Windows, this interface is implemented through the Win32 console. cmd.exe may take advantage of features available to native programs of its own platform. For example, on OS/2 and Windows, it can use real pipes in command pipelines, allowing both sides of the pipeline to run concurrently. As a result, it is possible to redirect the standard error stream. (COMMAND.COM uses temporary files, and runs the two sides serially, one after the other.)

Multiple commands can be processed in a single command line using the command separator &&.

When using this separator in the Windows cmd.exe, each command must complete successfully for the following commands to execute. For example:

In the above example, CommandB will only execute if CommandA completes successfully, and the execution of CommandC depends on the successful completion of CommandB. To process subsequent commands even if the previous command produces an error, the command separator & should be used. For example:

On Windows XP or later, the maximum length of the string that can be used at the command prompt is 8191 (213-1) characters. On earlier versions, such as Windows 2000 or Windows NT 4.0, the maximum length of the string is 2047 (211-1) characters. This limit includes the command line, individual environment variables that are inherited by other processes, and all environment variable expansions.

Quotation marks are required for the following special characters: & < > [ ] { } ^ = ; ! ' +, ` ~ and white space.

OS/2
The following is a list of the Microsoft OS/2 internal cmd.exe commands:

 * break
 * chcp
 * cd
 * chdir
 * cls
 * copy
 * date
 * del
 * detach
 * dir
 * dpath
 * echo
 * erase
 * exit
 * for
 * goto
 * if
 * md
 * mkdir
 * path
 * pause
 * prompt
 * rd
 * rem
 * ren
 * rename
 * rmdir
 * set
 * shift
 * start
 * time
 * type
 * ver
 * verify
 * vol

Windows NT family
The following list of internal commands is supported by cmd.exe on Windows NT and later:

 * assoc
 * break
 * call
 * cd
 * chdir
 * cls
 * color
 * copy
 * date
 * del
 * dir
 * dpath
 * echo
 * endlocal
 * erase
 * exit
 * for
 * ftype
 * goto
 * if
 * keys
 * md
 * mkdir
 * mklink (introduced in Windows Vista)
 * move
 * path
 * pause
 * popd
 * prompt
 * pushd
 * rd
 * rem
 * ren
 * rename
 * rmdir
 * set
 * setlocal
 * shift
 * start
 * time
 * title
 * type
 * ver
 * verify
 * vol

Windows CE
The following list of commands is supported by cmd.exe on Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windows CE 5.0 and Windows Embedded CE 6.0:

 * attrib
 * call
 * cd
 * chdir
 * cls
 * copy
 * date
 * del
 * dir
 * echo
 * erase
 * exit
 * goto
 * help
 * if
 * md
 * mkdir
 * move
 * path
 * pause
 * prompt
 * pwd
 * rd
 * rem
 * ren
 * rename
 * rmdir
 * set
 * shift
 * start
 * time
 * title
 * type

In addition, the net command is available as an external command stored in \Windows\net.exe.

ReactOS
The ReactOS implementation includes the following internal commands:

 * alias
 * assoc
 * beep
 * call
 * cd
 * chdir
 * choice
 * cls
 * color
 * copy
 * ctty
 * date
 * del
 * delete
 * delay
 * dir
 * dirs
 * echo
 * echos
 * echoerr
 * echoserr
 * endlocal
 * erase
 * exit
 * for
 * free
 * goto
 * history
 * if
 * memory
 * md
 * mkdir
 * mklink
 * move
 * path
 * pause
 * popd
 * prompt
 * pushd
 * rd
 * rmdir
 * rem
 * ren
 * rename
 * replace
 * screen
 * set
 * setlocal
 * shift
 * start
 * time
 * timer
 * title
 * type
 * ver
 * verify
 * vol
 * vol

Comparison with COMMAND.COM
On Windows, cmd.exe is mostly compatible with COMMAND.COM but provides the following extensions over it:

 * More detailed error messages than the blanket "Bad command or file name" (in the case of malformed commands) of COMMAND.COM. In OS/2, errors are reported in the chosen language of the system, their text being taken from the system message files. The HELP command can then be issued with the error message number to obtain further information.
 * Supports using of arrow keys to scroll through command history. (Under DOS this function was only available under DR DOS (through HISTORY) and later via an external component called DOSKEY.)
 * Adds rotating command-line completion for file and folder paths, where the user can cycle through results for the prefix using the, and for reverse direction.
 * Treats the caret character (^) as the escape character; the character following it is to be taken literally. There are special characters in cmd.exe and COMMAND.COM that are meant to alter the behavior of the command line processor. The caret character forces the command line processor to interpret them literally.
 * Supports delayed variable expansion with SETLOCAL EnableDelayedExpansion, allowing values of variables to be calculated at runtime instead of during parsing of script before execution (Windows 2000 and later), fixing DOS idioms that made using control structures hard and complex. The extensions can be disabled, providing a stricter compatibility mode.

Internal commands have also been improved:

 * The DELTREE command was merged into the RD command, as part of its /S switch.
 * SetLocal and EndLocal commands limit the scope of changes to the environment. Changes made to the command line environment after SetLocal commands are local to the batch file. EndLocal command restores the previous settings.
 * The Call command allows subroutines within batch file. The Call command in COMMAND.COM only supports calling external batch files.
 * File name parser extensions to the Set command are comparable with C shell.
 * The Set command can perform expression evaluation.
 * An expansion of the For command supports parsing files and arbitrary sets in addition to file names.
 * The new PushD and PopD commands provide access past navigated paths similar to "forward" and "back" buttons in a web browser or File Explorer.
 * The conditional IF command can perform case-insensitive comparisons and numeric equality and inequality comparisons in addition to case-sensitive string comparisons. (This was available in DR-DOS, but not in PC DOS or MS-DOS.)

title: Cmd.exe


text:
Phasor

In physics and engineering, a phasor (a portmanteau of phase vector ) is a complex number  representing a sinusoidal function whose amplitude ($ω$),  and initial phase ($A$) are time-invariant and whose angular frequency ($θ$) is fixed. It is related to a more general concept called analytic representation, which decomposes a sinusoid into the product of a complex constant and a factor depending on time and frequency. The complex constant, which depends on amplitude and phase, is known as a phasor, or complex amplitude, and (in older texts) sinor or even complexor.

A common application is in the steady-state analysis of an electrical network powered by time varying current where all signals are assumed to be sinusoidal with a common frequency. Phasor representation allows the analyst to represent the amplitude and phase of the signal using a single complex number. The only difference in their analytic representations is the complex amplitude (phasor). A linear combination of such functions can be represented as a linear combination of phasors (known as phasor arithmetic or phasor algebra ) and the time/frequency dependent factor that they all have in common.

The origin of the term phasor rightfully suggests that a (diagrammatic) calculus somewhat similar to that possible for vectors is possible for phasors as well. An important additional feature of the phasor transform is that differentiation and integration of sinusoidal signals (having constant amplitude, period and phase) corresponds to simple algebraic operations on the phasors; the phasor transform thus allows the analysis (calculation) of the AC steady state of RLC circuits by solving simple algebraic equations (albeit with complex coefficients) in the phasor domain instead of solving differential equations (with real coefficients) in the time domain. The originator of the phasor transform was Charles Proteus Steinmetz working at General Electric in the late 19th century. He got his inspiration from Oliver Heaviside. Heaviside's operational calculus was modified so that the variable p becomes jω. The complex number j has simple meaning: phase shift.

Glossing over some mathematical details, the phasor transform can also be seen as a particular case of the Laplace transform (limited to a single frequency), which, in contrast to phasor representation, can be used to (simultaneously) derive the transient response of an RLC circuit. However, the Laplace transform is mathematically more difficult to apply and the effort may be unjustified if only steady state analysis is required.

Notation
Phasor notation (also known as angle notation) is a mathematical notation used in electronics engineering and electrical engineering. A vector whose polar coordinates are magnitude $$A$$ and angle $$\theta$$ is written $$A \angle \theta.$$ $$1 \angle \theta$$ can represent either the vector $$(\cos \theta,\, \sin \theta)$$ or the complex number $$\cos \theta + i \sin \theta = e^{i\theta}$$, according to Euler's formula with $$i^2 = -1$$, both of which have magnitudes of 1.

The angle may be stated in degrees with an implied conversion from degrees to radians. For example $$1 \angle 90$$ would be assumed to be $$1 \angle 90^\circ,$$ which is the vector $$(0,\, 1)$$ or the number $$e^{i\pi/2} = i.$$

Definition
A real-valued sinusoid with constant amplitude, frequency, and phase has the form:

 * $$A\cos(\omega t + \theta),$$

where only parameter $$t$$ is time-variant. The inclusion of an imaginary component:

 * $$i \cdot A\sin(\omega t + \theta)$$

gives it, in accordance with Euler's formula, the factoring property described in the lead paragraph:

 * $$A\cos(\omega t + \theta) + i\cdot A\sin(\omega t + \theta) = A e^{i(\omega t + \theta)} = A e^{i \theta} \cdot e^{i\omega t},$$

whose real part is the original sinusoid. The benefit of the complex representation is that linear operations with other complex representations produces a complex result whose real part reflects the same linear operations with the real parts of the other complex sinusoids. Furthermore, all the mathematics can be done with just the phasors $$A e^{i \theta},$$ and the common factor $$e^{i\omega t}$$ is reinserted prior to the real part of the result.

The function $$Ae^{i(\omega t + \theta)}$$ is an analytic representation of $$A\cos(\omega t + \theta).$$ Figure 2 depicts it as a rotating vector in the complex plane. It is sometimes convenient to refer to the entire function as a phasor, as we do in the next section.

Multiplication by a constant (scalar)
Multiplication of the phasor $$A e^{i\theta} e^{i\omega t}$$ by a complex constant, $$B e^{i\phi}$$, produces another phasor. That means its only effect is to change the amplitude and phase of the underlying sinusoid: $$\begin{align} &\operatorname{Re}\left( \left(A e^{i\theta} \cdot B e^{i\phi}\right) \cdot e^{i\omega t} \right) \\ ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( \left(AB e^{i(\theta + \phi)}\right) \cdot e^{i\omega t} \right) \\ ={} &AB \cos(\omega t + (\theta + \phi)). \end{align}$$

In electronics, $$B e^{i\phi}$$ would represent an impedance, which is independent of time. In particular it is not the shorthand notation for another phasor. Multiplying a phasor current by an impedance produces a phasor voltage. But the product of two phasors (or squaring a phasor) would represent the product of two sinusoids, which is a non-linear operation that produces new frequency components. Phasor notation can only represent systems with one frequency, such as a linear system stimulated by a sinusoid.

Addition
The sum of multiple phasors produces another phasor. That is because the sum of sinusoids with the same frequency is also a sinusoid with that frequency: $$\begin{align} &A_1\cos(\omega t + \theta_1) + A_2\cos(\omega t + \theta_2) \\[3pt] ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( A_1 e^{i\theta_1}e^{i\omega t} \right) + \operatorname{Re}\left( A_2 e^{i\theta_2}e^{i\omega t} \right) \\[3pt] ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( A_1 e^{i\theta_1}e^{i\omega t} + A_2 e^{i\theta_2} e^{i\omega t} \right) \\[3pt] ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( \left(A_1 e^{i\theta_1} + A_2 e^{i\theta_2}\right) e^{i\omega t} \right) \\[3pt] ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( \left(A_3 e^{i\theta_3}\right) e^{i\omega t} \right) \\[3pt] ={} &A_3 \cos(\omega t + \theta_3), \end{align}$$ where: $$A_3^2 = (A_1 \cos\theta_1 + A_2 \cos \theta_2)^2 + (A_1 \sin\theta_1 + A_2 \sin\theta_2)^2,$$

and, if we take $ \theta_3 \in \left[-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}\right]$, then $$\theta_3$$ is:
 * $\sgn(A_1 \sin(\theta_1) + A_2 \sin(\theta_2)) \cdot \frac{\pi}{2},$  if $$A_1 \cos\theta_1 + A_2 \cos\theta_2 = 0,$$ with $$\sgn$$ the signum function;
 * $$\arctan\left(\frac{A_1 \sin\theta_1 + A_2 \sin\theta_2}{A_1 \cos\theta_1 + A_2 \cos\theta_2}\right),$$ if $$A_1 \cos\theta_1 + A_2 \cos\theta_2 > 0$$;
 * $$\pi + \arctan\left(\frac{A_1 \sin\theta_1 + A_2 \sin\theta_2}{A_1 \cos\theta_1 + A_2 \cos\theta_2}\right),$$ if $$A_1 \cos\theta_1 + A_2 \cos\theta_2 < 0$$.

or, via the law of cosines on the complex plane (or the trigonometric identity for angle differences): $$ A_3^2 = A_1^2 + A_2^2 - 2 A_1 A_2 \cos(180^\circ - \Delta\theta) = A_1^2 + A_2^2 + 2 A_1 A_2 \cos(\Delta\theta), $$ where $$\Delta\theta = \theta_1 - \theta_2.$$

A key point is that A3 and θ3 do not depend on ω or t, which is what makes phasor notation possible. The time and frequency dependence can be suppressed and re-inserted into the outcome as long as the only operations used in between are ones that produce another phasor. In angle notation, the operation shown above is written: $$A_1 \angle \theta_1 + A_2 \angle \theta_2 = A_3 \angle \theta_3.$$

Another way to view addition is that two vectors with coordinates $t = 0$ and $t = n 2π/ω$ are added vectorially to produce a resultant vector with coordinates $[A_{1} cos(ωt + θ_{1}), A_{1} sin(ωt + θ_{1})]$ (see animation).

In physics, this sort of addition occurs when sinusoids interfere with each other, constructively or destructively. The static vector concept provides useful insight into questions like this: "What phase difference would be required between three identical sinusoids for perfect cancellation?" In this case, simply imagine taking three vectors of equal length and placing them head to tail such that the last head matches up with the first tail. Clearly, the shape which satisfies these conditions is an equilateral triangle, so the angle between each phasor to the next is 120° ($ω$ radians), or one third of a wavelength $n$. So the phase difference between each wave must also be 120°, as is the case in three-phase power.

In other words, what this shows is that: $$\cos(\omega t) + \cos\left(\omega t + \frac{2\pi}{3}\right) + \cos\left(\omega t - \frac{2\pi}{3}\right) = 0.$$

In the example of three waves, the phase difference between the first and the last wave was 240°, while for two waves destructive interference happens at 180°. In the limit of many waves, the phasors must form a circle for destructive interference, so that the first phasor is nearly parallel with the last. This means that for many sources, destructive interference happens when the first and last wave differ by 360 degrees, a full wavelength $$\lambda$$. This is why in single slit diffraction, the minima occur when light from the far edge travels a full wavelength further than the light from the near edge.

As the single vector rotates in an anti-clockwise direction, its tip at point A will rotate one complete revolution of 360° or 2π radians representing one complete cycle. If the length of its moving tip is transferred at different angular intervals in time to a graph as shown above, a sinusoidal waveform would be drawn starting at the left with zero time. Each position along the horizontal axis indicates the time that has elapsed since zero time, $[A_{2} cos(ωt + θ_{2}), A_{2} sin(ωt + θ_{2})]$. When the vector is horizontal the tip of the vector represents the angles at 0°, 180°, and at 360°.

Likewise, when the tip of the vector is vertical it represents the positive peak value, ($[A_{3} cos(ωt + θ_{3}), A_{3} sin(ωt + θ_{3})]$) at 90° or $2\pi/3$ and the negative peak value, ($t = 0$) at 270° or $λ/3$. Then the time axis of the waveform represents the angle either in degrees or radians through which the phasor has moved. So we can say that a phasor represents a scaled voltage or current value of a rotating vector which is "frozen" at some point in time, ($\pi/2$) and in our example above, this is at an angle of 30°.

Sometimes when we are analysing alternating waveforms we may need to know the position of the phasor, representing the alternating quantity at some particular instant in time especially when we want to compare two different waveforms on the same axis. For example, voltage and current. We have assumed in the waveform above that the waveform starts at time $+A_{max}$ with a corresponding phase angle in either degrees or radians.

But if a second waveform starts to the left or to the right of this zero point, or if we want to represent in phasor notation the relationship between the two waveforms, then we will need to take into account this phase difference, Φ of the waveform. Consider the diagram below from the previous Phase Difference tutorial.

Differentiation and integration
The time derivative or integral of a phasor produces another phasor. For example: $$\begin{align} &\operatorname{Re}\left( \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t} \mathord\left(A e^{i\theta} \cdot e^{i\omega t}\right) \right) \\ ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( A e^{i\theta} \cdot i\omega e^{i\omega t} \right) \\ ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( A e^{i\theta} \cdot e^{i\pi/2} \omega e^{i\omega t} \right) \\ ={} &\operatorname{Re}\left( \omega A e^{i(\theta + \pi/2)} \cdot e^{i\omega t} \right) \\ ={} &\omega A \cdot \cos\left(\omega t + \theta + \frac{\pi}{2}\right). \end{align}$$

Therefore, in phasor representation, the time derivative of a sinusoid becomes just multiplication by the constant $i \omega = e^{i\pi/2} \cdot \omega$.

Similarly, integrating a phasor corresponds to multiplication by $\frac{1}{i\omega} = \frac{e^{-i\pi/2}}{\omega}.$ The time-dependent factor, $$e^{i\omega t},$$ is unaffected.

When we solve a linear differential equation with phasor arithmetic, we are merely factoring $$e^{i\omega t}$$ out of all terms of the equation, and reinserting it into the answer. For example, consider the following differential equation for the voltage across the capacitor in an RC circuit: $$\frac{\mathrm{d}\, v_\text{C}(t)}{\mathrm{d}t} + \frac{1}{RC}v_\text{C}(t) = \frac{1}{RC} v_\text{S}(t).$$

When the voltage source in this circuit is sinusoidal: $$v_\text{S}(t) = V_\text{P} \cdot \cos(\omega t + \theta),$$

we may substitute $$v_\text{S}(t) = \operatorname{Re}\left( V_\text{s} \cdot e^{i \omega t} \right).$$

$$v_\text{C}(t) = \operatorname{Re}\left(V_\text{c} \cdot e^{i \omega t} \right),$$ where phasor $$V_\text{s} = V_\text{P} e^{i\theta},$$ and phasor $$V_\text{c}$$ is the unknown quantity to be determined.

In the phasor shorthand notation, the differential equation reduces to: $$i \omega V_\text{c} + \frac{1}{RC} V_\text{c} = \frac{1}{RC}V_\text{s}.$$

$3\pi/2$

Solving for the phasor capacitor voltage gives: $$V_\text{c} = \frac{1}{1 + i \omega RC} \cdot V_\text{s} = \frac{1 - i\omega R C}{1 + (\omega RC)^2} \cdot V_\text{P} e^{i\theta}.$$

As we have seen, the factor multiplying $$V_\text{s}$$ represents differences of the amplitude and phase of $$v_\text{C}(t)$$ relative to $$V_\text{P}$$ and $$\theta.$$

In polar coordinate form, the first term of the last expression is: $$\frac{1 - i\omega R C}{1 + (\omega RC)^2}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + (\omega RC)^2}}\cdot e^{-i \phi(\omega)},$$ where $$\phi(\omega) = \arctan(\omega RC)$$.

Therefore: $$v_\text{C}(t) =\operatorname{Re}\left(V_\text{c} \cdot e^{i \omega t} \right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + (\omega RC)^2}}\cdot V_\text{P} \cos(\omega t + \theta - \phi(\omega)).$$

Ratio of phasors
A quantity called complex impedance is the ratio of two phasors, which is not a phasor, because it does not correspond to a sinusoidally varying function.

Circuit laws
With phasors, the techniques for solving DC circuits can be applied to solve linear AC circuits.

 * Ohm's law for resistors: A resistor has no time delays and therefore doesn't change the phase of a signal therefore $−A_{max}$ remains valid.
 * Ohm's law for resistors, inductors, and capacitors: $t = 0$ where $t$ is the complex impedance.
 * Kirchhoff's circuit laws: Work with voltages and current as complex phasors.

In an AC circuit we have real power ($$) which is a representation of the average power into the circuit and reactive power (Q) which indicates power flowing back and forth. We can also define the complex power $V = IR$ and the apparent power which is the magnitude of $Z$. The power law for an AC circuit expressed in phasors is then $V = IZ$ (where $S = P + jQ$ is the complex conjugate of $S = VI^{*}$, and the magnitudes of the voltage and current phasors $I^{*}$ and of $I$ are the RMS values of the voltage and current, respectively).

Given this we can apply the techniques of analysis of resistive circuits with phasors to analyze single frequency linear AC circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Multiple frequency linear AC circuits and AC circuits with different waveforms can be analyzed to find voltages and currents by transforming all waveforms to sine wave components (using Fourier series) with magnitude and phase then analyzing each frequency separately, as allowed by the superposition theorem. This solution method applies only to inputs that are sinusoidal and for solutions that are in steady state, i.e., after all transients have died out.

The concept is frequently involved in representing an electrical impedance. In this case, the phase angle is the phase difference between the voltage applied to the impedance and the current driven through it.

Power engineering
In analysis of three phase AC power systems, usually a set of phasors is defined as the three complex cube roots of unity, graphically represented as unit magnitudes at angles of 0, 120 and 240 degrees. By treating polyphase AC circuit quantities as phasors, balanced circuits can be simplified and unbalanced circuits can be treated as an algebraic combination of symmetrical components. This approach greatly simplifies the work required in electrical calculations of voltage drop, power flow, and short-circuit currents. In the context of power systems analysis, the phase angle is often given in degrees, and the magnitude in RMS value rather than the peak amplitude of the sinusoid.

The technique of synchrophasors uses digital instruments to measure the phasors representing transmission system voltages at widespread points in a transmission network. Differences among the phasors indicate power flow and system stability.

Telecommunications: analog modulations
The rotating frame picture using phasor can be a powerful tool to understand analog modulations such as amplitude modulation (and its variants ) and frequency modulation.

$$x(t) = \operatorname{Re}\left( A e^{i \theta} \cdot e^{i 2\pi f_0 t} \right),$$ where the term in brackets is viewed as a rotating vector in the complex plane.

The phasor has length $$A$$, rotates anti-clockwise at a rate of $$f_0$$ revolutions per second, and at time $$t = 0$$ makes an angle of $$\theta$$ with respect to the positive real axis.

The waveform $$x(t)$$ can then be viewed as a projection of this vector onto the real axis. A modulated waveform is represented by this phasor (the carrier) and two additional phasors (the modulation phasors). If the modulating signal is a single tone of the form $$Am \cos{2\pi f_m t} $$, where $$m$$ is the modulation depth and $$f_m$$ is the frequency of the modulating signal, then for amplitude modulation the two modulation phasors are given by,

$${1 \over 2} Am e^{i \theta} \cdot e^{i 2\pi (f_0+f_m) t},$$ $${1 \over 2} Am e^{i \theta} \cdot e^{i 2\pi (f_0-f_m) t}.$$

The two modulation phasors are phased such that their vector sum is always in phase with the carrier phasor. An alternative representation is two phasors counter rotating around the end of the carrier phasor at a rate $$f_m$$ relative to the carrier phasor. That is,

$${1 \over 2} Am e^{i \theta} \cdot e^{i 2\pi f_m t},$$ $${1 \over 2} Am e^{i \theta} \cdot e^{-i 2\pi f_m t}.$$

Frequency modulation is a similar representation except that the modulating phasors are not in phase with the carrier. In this case the vector sum of the modulating phasors is shifted 90° from the carrier phase. Strictly, frequency modulation representation requires additional small modulation phasors at $$2f_m, 3f_m$$ etc, but for most practical purposes these are ignored because their effect is very small.

title: Phasor


text:
Fab lab

A fab lab (fabrication laboratory) is a small-scale workshop offering (personal) digital fabrication.

A fab lab is typically equipped with an array of flexible computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales and various materials, with the aim to make "almost anything". This includes technology-enabled products generally perceived as limited to mass production.

While fab labs have yet to compete with mass production and its associated economies of scale in fabricating widely distributed products, they have already shown the potential to empower individuals to create smart devices for themselves. These devices can be tailored to local or personal needs in ways that are not practical or economical using mass production.

The fab lab movement is closely aligned with the DIY movement, open-source hardware, maker culture, and the free and open-source movement, and shares philosophy as well as technology with them.

History
The fab lab program was initiated to broadly explore how the content of information relates to its physical representation and how an under-served community can be powered by technology at the grassroots level. The program began as a collaboration between the Grassroots Invention Group and the Center for Bits and Atoms at the Media Lab in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a grant from the National Science Foundation (Washington, D.C.) in 2001.

Vigyan Ashram in India was the first fab lab to be set up outside MIT. It is established in 2002 and received capital equipment by NSF-USA and IITK

While the Grassroots Invention Group is no longer in the Media Lab, The Center for Bits and Atoms consortium is still actively involved in continuing research in areas related to description and fabrication but does not operate or maintain any of the labs worldwide (with the excmobile fab lab). The fab lab concept also grew out of a popular class at MIT (MAS.863) named "How To Make (Almost) Anything". The class is still offered in the fall semesters.

Popular equipment and projects
Flexible manufacturing equipment within a fab lab can include:
 * Mainly, a rapid prototyper: typically a 3D printer of plastic or plaster parts
 * 3-axis CNC machines: 3 or more axes, computer-controlled subtractive milling or turning machines
 * Printed circuit board milling or etching: two-dimensional, high precision milling to create circuit traces in pre-clad copper boards
 * Microprocessor and digital electronics design, assembly, and test stations
 * Cutters, for sheet material: laser cutter, plasma cutter, water jet cutter, knife cutter.

FabFi
One of the larger projects undertaken by fab labs include free community FabFi wireless networks (in Afghanistan, Kenya and US). The first city-scale FabFi network, set up in Afghanistan, has remained in place and active for three years under community supervision and with no special maintenance. The network in Kenya, (Based in the University of Nairobi (UoN)) building on that experience, started to experiment with controlling service quality and providing added services for a fee to make the network cost-neutral.

Fab Academy
Fab Academy leverages the Fab Lab network to teach hands-on, digital fabrication skills. Students convene at Fab Lab "Supernodes" for the 19 week course to earn a diploma and build a portfolio. In some cases, the diploma is accredited or offers academic credit. The curriculum is based on MIT's rapid prototyping course MAS 863: How to Make (Almost) Anything. The course is estimated to cost US$5000, but varies with location and available scholarship opportunities. All course materials are publicly archived online here.

Fab City
Fab City has been set up to explore innovative ways of creating the city of the future. It focuses on transforming and shaping the way how materials are sourced and used. This transformation should lead to a shift in the urban model from 'PITO to DIDO' that is, 'product-in, trash-out' to, data-in, data-out'. This can eventually transform cities into self-sufficient entities in 2054; in line with the pledge that Barcelona has made. The Fab City links to the fab lab movement, because they make use of the same human capital. The Fab cities make use of the innovative spirit of the users of the fab labs.

Green Fab Labs
The Green Fab Lab Network, which started in Catalonia's Green Fablab, is made up of fablabs that embrace the concepts of an open source symbiotic economy and the circular economy through green entrepreneurship. For example, they promote distributed recycling, where locals recycled their plastic waste turning locally sourced shredded plastic into items of value with fused particle fabrication/ fused granular fabrication (FPF/FGF) 3D printing, which not only is a good economic but also a good environmental option.

List of labs
Listing of all official Fab Labs is maintained by the community through website fablabs.io. As of November 2019, there existed 1830 Fab Labs in the world in total. Currently there are Fab Labs on every continent except Antarctica.

title: Fab lab


text:
Talk:Plate armour

Citations?
Proper Citations? Having done a google search and come up with this, I discovered that Reference.com has a section that is word-for-word the first paragraph of this article. Should this perhaps be corrected and Cited properly?
 * There seem to be a number of websites that actually mirror the content created on wikipedia (experts.about.com, for instance). While this is somewhat disturbing, as articles that might be treated as historically accurate and NPOV on a site other than wikipedia might be seen as far from accurate or very POV on wikipedia. However, I don't think this text was stolen from another article. Also, please sign with your signature. -- Xiliquiern 15:33, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Needs more references, anyone know what books would be best to research from? Weights are important, if Possible Piece for piece. Nothing illustrates the armors mobility than the average weights of every suit. Justinian1979 14:19, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

cranes?

 * knights in jousting armour could be heavy enough and fat!!!! like pigs....and severely restricted in motion to require a kind of gallows to lift them.

this seems in direct contradiction to the preceding statement. references? dab (T) 14:45, 8 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * This is just a myth. Even a knight in jousting armour - which could weigh more than 90lbs - was able to mount his horse without pulleys, perhaps with the help of a squire. --Dy-Lac 08:50, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Sheesh. Didn't stop anon from inserting it right after where I say it is a myth... dab (T) 13:13, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Do we have any sources for this explanation of it being a myth? Not that I doubt it (always sounded suss to me, the whole winch thing) but I'd like to see where the information came from. --Maelin 14:37, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I would change the reference to Kelly from villian to outlaw far more accurate and less debatable

 * Actually, if I remember correctly, the myth from knights having armors so heavy that they needed winches to mount their horses came from "A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur´s Court" by Mark Twain

Replying to the second comment: Plate armor actually wieghed 60 lbs., and knights in training literally did backflips to make themselves comfortable with the added wieght. (which I cracked up when I saw that bizzare feat). Furthermore, to back you up, articulated plate mail wasn't emcumbering, and provided freedom of movement far beyond the common belief. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.171.146.24 (talk) 04:30, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

half sword
The italian schools also taught half sword, depending on how you group the manuals. Solotuner, which is a swedish copy of Talhoffer, contains halbschwert as well. Should we include this information when talking about aiming for the gaps in armor? Perhaps it's own article or section? What thinks dab? Sethwoodworth 10:24, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Pictorial representation and deeper description
The article could use more indepth description of the differences between Gothic and Milanese armour. Is there a pictorial representation of the Italianate form that could be added? Finally, I can find nothing on Wikipedia about Maximilian armour, that which was developed in Germany during Maximilian's reign. Can anyone with such knowledge or resources add this? Srnec 05:35, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Imperial Japanese musketeers
The article mentions "Imperial Japanese" musketeers in the early 19th century. That seems to be self-contradictory: The Empire of Japan is said to have begun in 1871. I'm not sure what we should link to instead - Edo period? -- Huon 18:25, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Weight of plate armor
uon In this article, it states that a full set of armor can weigh only 45 pounds, if it's well made. I would like to know more what the average weight is, instead of the lightest. If anyone knows anything about it, that would be an addition that at least I would appreciate.

 * 45 is a good average number for early mid and late midieval period Sethwoodworth 19:41, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I will have to disagree. It might be a better representation of the late medieval period, with the use of highly specialized and very efficient suits (Gothic, Maximilian). During the early medieval period (of plate armour use), however, I think that the weight was significantly great, up to 30 or 40 pounds more because people were wearing partial (or in some cases, nearly full) plate segments over a complete set of chainmail. Needless to say, this practice was quickly dropped as the defensive potential of plate armour was realized and armours mostly of plate with chain in vulnerable areas began to appear. -- Xiliquiern 15:38, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * There wasn't a large period where armor was worn over complete sets of mail. Breastplates at least, partial armors were worn for 50+ years.  It isn't certain if the Black Prince style full waisted breastplate was worn over mail or not.  But it's reasonable to assume it was worn double for at least some time.  But on the other hand the aketon was a defense well used by itself, it's not that hard to figure out how to attach tassets and partial mail to the base coat.  No archeological evidence either way.  Sethwoodworth 20:28, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Swim?
Some sources for the comment on swiming in full armor would be great. Even "just" 45 pounds is pretty heavy. I don't doubt it's possible, I just want more details. -- Djof 20:59, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Answers.com provides this:
 * "The weight was so well spread over the body that a fit man could run, or jump into his saddle. Modern re-enactment activity has proven it is even possible to swim in armour."
 * I'll see what I can find tomorrow from more historical sources. Xiliquiern 01:25, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * That page I linked to, I just noticed, simply provides the Wikipedia article, so it is not a source. It appears that swimming in armour (oyogijutsu) was practiced by the Japanese, though swimming in articulated plate would be different from swimming in the Japanese armours. I haven't been able to find any reputable websites that provide any sort of historical backing for the claim, and none of the books I've looked over have made any mention of swimming in full plate. Xiliquiern 18:24, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I am a practitioneer of Medieval re-enactment and I have swum in wearing armour. I have practised, though, competitive swimming on Finnish national level in my youth, so I had distinctive advantage, but yes, it is possible. 15.203.169.124 06:59, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, with any organized military, the soldiers are going to be in pretty decent shape. I think it's fair to say that they could swim if you could. Gamer 2k4 (talk) 16:54, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Can't find the source on it any longer (grr) but there was a Swedish(?) Olympic swimmer, 1920's-ish, who put this to the test. Yes, possible, but also extremely difficult. Think he was wearing chain mail.

Theblindsage (talk) 07:19, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

I found sources on swimming with armor
Full plate doesn't seems very likely: https://vimeo.com/13634653

Japanese 30 lbs armor seems to be possible: https://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/swim-samurai-33-lbs-medival-armor-article-1.1178426 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLcT5J7yg9k

Mail shirt also probably possible:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwd2ZEav2vE

Obviously, very exhausting.

Norfindel (talk) 00:05, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

There is a website with a lot of information about japanese traditional swimming, including samurai armor swimming. It has videos showing how it is done today: https://pop-japan.com/culture/swimming-the-way-of-the-samurai/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.154.230.28 (talk) 21:36, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Proposed Heavy Edit
Goals of this edit would be to increase the information available on this rather broad topic. I would like to see the chronology and development of plate armour an apparent feature of this article, as it is almost paramount to understanding the development of tactics and weapons throughout history. I would also like to see a more culturally broad representation of plate armour, including references to the Middle Eastern and Eastern adoptation of plate (in some cases). Here follows my proposed additions/edits:
 * Western (European Armour)
 * Classical Plate Armour
 * use of bronze plate by Greeks and Romans
 * greaves, helmets, ocassionally corselets
 * Age of Mail (10th-13th Century)
 * lessened use of plate, greater use of mail
 * pointed open-faced helm with nasal → barrel (pot) helms → pointed closed-faced helm
 * Transition Period (Late 13th - Early 15th Century)
 * basis of mail, padded, scale armour being reinforced later with plate
 * brigandine of plates, knee cops, ailettes/pauldrons, greaves, gauntlet, besagews, etc added piece by piece
 * Gothic and Milanese Period (15th - 16th Century)
 * completed harnisse is refined and tweaked
 * plate thickness and composition different for sword and bridle, increased size of shoulder/elbow cops → more articulated plates, long pointed solerets, heaume → basinet → sallet & armet, fluting began at end of century
 * Maximilian Period (Early to Mid 16th Century)
 * heavily fluted harnisse
 * more 'globose' in appearance, blunted sabatons,
 * Modified Armours
 * Parade and Decorative Armours - increased weight, decreased defensive capability (due to firing, creasing, etching, etc)
 * Three-Quarter & One-Half Suits - firearms cause need to lose protection below knee, eventually lost leg and arm plates altogether for weight and mobility, armets → open faced helmets
 * Speciality Armours
 * Pikemans Armour
 * Jousting Harnisse

Less recorded pictures (excepting japanese), harder to extrapolate dates of use, more difficult to determine influences
 * Eastern (Oriental) Armour
 * Turkish Armour
 * Mostly mail, with large sewn plates integrated later c. 15th - 16th Century
 * Ceremonial/Decorative addition of silver work, gilding, engraving
 * Helmets of plate, short sleeved mail coats with banded plate, later cuisses and greaves
 * Indian Armour
 * Similar to Turkish, incorporated plated strapped over mail
 * 17th century use of european style cuirasse, 18th century almost totally plate sewn with chain
 * Japanese Armour
 * early riveted plate (lots of little plated riveted to make one cuirasse)
 * complex system of laminate, mail, plate and mail, woven thread, scales

 * Composition
 * Discuss metal properties and technique of use, reason for creasing, etc

 * Modern Plate Armour
 * Information is already there, perhaps discuss the more recent innovations and use of sewn ceramic plates (Iraq)

Please let me know if any of you are opposed to this edit, would like to help me, or would like to be notified if/when it is "done". Xiliquiern 17:59, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

The edit looks a tad linear in its understand of armour history and a bit too fond of periodization. Any article on the second half of the 15th century would have to mention the difference between 'milanese' and 'gothic' harness rather than grouping them all under 'gothic,' and the fact that rather than progressing linearly as your scheme suggests european helms coexisted for long periods, for instance the armet was invented around the same time as the sallet, and was simply less popular for many years. Also brigandine was very popular well beyond the 'transitional' periods end, into the 16th century. --Wilhelm Ritter 15:41, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree totally. I simply tried to present a very rough overview of the vast amount of information. The difference between (and regional popularity of) milanese and gothic armour would certainly be addressed, as well as the development of the armet simultaneously with the sallet (here, I was trying to show popularity of use throughout Europe, though regional popularity could easily be addressed as well). Since the concept of brigandine did not change greatly after the 'transitional' periods (as far as I know), I meant to include a statement noting its prevalence into the 16th century. When I write this, I think a focus on simultaneous creation/development of multiple armour systems in different regions should definitely be an important aspect of the article and should have been reflected in my outline. I would certainly like to have your input during the creation of the article - knowledgeable editors in this area seem limited. If you have another way of potentially breaking up the 'periods' of armour development for the article, I would like to see it as well. -- Xiliquiern 18:05, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Well, to use the Gothic/Milanese example I'd say that it would be important to emphasize the other styles of armour that coexisted with them but don't surivive in full suits--ie Western European armour of Flemish or French or English fashion like that you see on English effigies, and not just on the two stylest that have the most sruviving complete harnesses. I'll be a compromise when describing the differences between encyclopedic readability and scope and amount of information. Also, throw in a word about anime armour (ie breastplates made of lames, not solid, like hussar armour) in the mid 16th century, and about munition armour from the late 15th century on, but other than that it sounds good. Wilhelm Ritter 19:57, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

-

Dancing?
I remember reading that knights could even dance while wearing full plate armor. Although, I'm not sure if this is accurate, but it might well be as knights were not hindered by the armor while running, jumping, and walking. If I remember correctly, the book I read stated that a nobleman was famous for being able to dance in full plate armor. I'm not sure if this was true for all knights, but it might. Do you think we need to put this in the article?SCGhosthunter1 15:38, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * you'll need to find the reference for where you read it, but if you do, why not. dab (𒁳) 15:42, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Dancing in armour is no big deal. Done in the Society for Creative Anacronism regularly.15.203.169.126 07:01, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Interwiki to russian article
What I should do with interwiki if ru:латы (full plate armour) and ru:Пластинчатый доспех (plate armour) are two different articles ? And ru:Пластинчатый доспех classifies any armourwhich has plates, including scale armour and brigandine (a member of russian wikipedia)

Parthia
Didn't the Parthians invent it? Brutannica 06:34, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Almost certainly not. The panoply of ancient Greek hoplites seems to predate Parthia. --Eyrian 06:47, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * You may be thinking of some variety of lamellar armour. Stephen Aquila (talk) 00:40, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Links
I'm reading up on plate and thought it would be kind if I shared where I was learning about it. http://www.ceu.hu/medstud/manual/SRM/armor.htm http://web.mit.edu/21h.416/www/militarytechnology/armor.html http://www.oakeshott.org/metal.html http://www.samuraisword4u.com/samurai-armor/the-samurai-armor --70.57.87.47 (talk) 07:53, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Merger
I found the article Medieval plate mail on Special:Newpages, and it seemed more appropriate as a section of another article. I know next to nothing on the subject myself and am not sure if plated mail would be a better article to merge it into. --Ginkgo100talk 04:46, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The Medieval plate mail article is incorrectly named (plate mail is a misnomer), provides no new information, and it's references are very poor(a poorly executed literature review and a website for an RPG). It should be deleted not merged. Mercutio.Wilder 07:10, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

Kevlar (History)?
I do not see kevlar vests as used by modern military personnel to be 'plate armour.' In particular it seems to be closer to a modern version of a brigandine, coat of plates, or covered lamellar armour and may not belong in a discussion of plate armour.Mad2Physicist (talk) 07:51, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Additionally, the statement that ballistic inserts' role is to prevent blunt force trauma is incorrect. While there certainly going to be all kinds of trauma including blunt force if you catch a .308 with only the ballistic fiber for armor, what you are probably going to die from is the penetrating bullet puncturing various organs. IOTV vest will only catch up to 9mm and it fails beyond that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 214.25.29.6 (talk) 14:54, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

Article scope
While it is interesting that tanko denotes ancient Japanese armour made from iron plates, I do believe the term "plate armour" primarily denotes the armour used in 14th to 17th century Europe. Even the lorica segmentata as a remote predecessor is of dubious relevance.

It would be better to write a dedicated article about Japanese armour, including tanko, and link that from here. Also the armour article is in desolate shape, and would be the correct place to present a global overview of this history of armour. --dab (𒁳) 09:13, 21 July 2011 (UTC)
 * "I do believe the term "plate armour" primarily denotes the armour used in 14th to 17th century Europe." Thats your personal opinion, but if that were the case the article should be titled armour used in 14th to 17th century Europe or Plate armour of Europe  or European plate armour  Just because you have no knowledge or interest in plate armours from other cultures does notmean that readers of wiki articles should be deprived of accurate information on the subject. Even though the Japanese were primary users of lamellar armour the article on lamellar armour is open to lamellar armour of all cultures, to have an exclusive article on Japanese lamellar armour there would need to be an article titled Japanese lamellar armour

Before you talk about the shape of any other article you should take a good look at the plate armour article, whole sections have absolutely NO references, maybe you should do some research and help fix the plate armour article before you take on a subject which you say you have no knowledge ofSamuraiantiqueworld (talk) 14:15, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

What is "plate armour" who used it and how did it get here

 * The name of the article is "Plate armour", not European plate armour, there were many cultures that made and used plate armour, the term "plate armour" does not belong to any one country or culture. Since people who come to wikipedia expect accurate information on a subject its important to fully expand the article to include the origins of plate armour, who used plate armour, and when it was used, as well as what is and is not plate armour etc.

The Japanese were early manufacturers of armour consisting of iron plates and many centuries later the Japanese took European designs in plate armour and started to manufacture and use plate armour of their own after many centuries of using lamellar armour, this is part of the history of plate armour and can not be minimized just to satisfy editors who's only interest is European plate armour.

I would suggest starting an article titled European plate armours etc in order to satisfy editors who want an European plate armour only article.Samuraiantiqueworld (talk) 14:06, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

 * There are too many parallels between European and Eastern plate armour development to warrant wholly separate articles. The current layout works well IMO, although we could maybe do with a little (no more than a sentence or two) on Japanese armour being readded to the lead section. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward) - talk 09:30, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Chris, thanks for your help on this article, I was having some resistance by one editor who insisted that this article was primarily about European plate armour, I felt that due to the title of the article all plate armour from any culture should be included so that any interested reader could get a more comprehensive knowledge about the subject.Samuraiantiqueworld (talk) 18:06, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

wow. This is a question of article title. Yes, this is the article about "European plate armour during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period". "Plate armour" is just the WP:UCN term for that. Japanese armour is usually called Japanese armour, that's why the article on Japanese armour is over there.

If you insist, we can rename this article to European plate armour during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, which is undoubtedly a major topic in its own right. The problem is simply that Wikipedia policy prescribes that the most commonly used English term should be the article title. I do not have time to explain such basics to people who choose not to Get It. Of course inasmuch as there are parallels to Japan, they should be mentioned, just as parallels to European armour should be mentioned at Japanese armour. For the very marginal evidence that the term is also used for certain Japanese types of armour, there is always WP:DISAMBIG.

There is, of course, no "Renaissance" or "Early Modern period" in Japanese history, hence the insistence to insert content about "Renaissance Japan" is at the very least, to be as charitable as possible, well-meaning article degradation. --dab (𒁳) 15:19, 12 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Just start an article that is exclusively about European plate armour if you insist on having an article thats exclusively about European plate armours. These is much more than "marginal" evidence that the term "plate armour" is used for Japanese armour.Samuraiantiqueworld (talk) 04:31, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Rifled firearms? I don't think so
The article states, "It was only the development of powerful rifled firearms which made all but the finest and heaviest armour obsolete." This is not true at all. Rifled firearms were not used until the mid Nineteenth century. Non rifled firearms were still powerful enough to break through most armour and it is that which brought there downfall. Any good source about military history or technology (and even other Wikipedia articles) can attest to this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.141.137.18 (talk) 02:51, 5 December 2011 Why has this not been changed yet? (UTC)

Critique
The wikipedia page I chose to critique is on the subject of plate armor. The article gives a description of plate armor, its history, its uses, and its effect on other technologies. I am focusing on the first part of the article up to the part on jousting armor since the remaining sections focus mainly on modern day body armor. The article is well written and organized effectively, but there are some things that could use improvement.

All of the sources seem to be complete and credible. Two of the nine sources covered in the section are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s website. The other sources include a couple of books and three websites. Two websites are complete with bibliographies but one website called Themiddleages.net does not list its sources, even though the information does seem to be consistent with what I have learned about the subject.

There are numerous illustrations that show plated armor. However, I would have preferred to see separate illustrations of specific plated armor with descriptions. For example, illustrations could be added to show a typical plated helmet, shield, and breast plate.

There does not seem to be any frivolous information in the article. All of the information is relevant to the subject and would help any reader who was interested in the subject.

This wikipedia article differs from an encyclopedia entry because it is more specific. A typical encyclopedia entry would have grouped plated armor under a general armor category. Also, the article discusses other technologies that the plated armor affected such as weapon development.

The only improvements I would make would be to add some illustrations with descriptions as mentioned before. The section on Late Middle Ages could also be expanded to show more of the development of the armor from the 13th century. Finally, the one questionable source could be replaced with a more reliable one. In conclusion, the article is well written and provides the basic information needed to understand the history and uses of plated armor. Hist406-13tmalone (talk) 21:17, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Plate armour